bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Fletcher George P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Criminal law has become codified law. Everyplace you go in the Western world, you will find a criminal code that lays out the definitions of offenses in the code’s “special part” and prescribes general principles of responsibility in the code’s “general part.” Germans are proud of their code enacted in 1975. Americans cherish their Model Penal Code, which has provided the model for the recent reform of criminal codes in at least thirty-five states. The French show off a new 1994 code, as do the Spanish in their 1995 innovation. One of the first items of business in the post-Communist countries of Eastern Europe is to adopt new criminal codes to reflect their new emphasis on human rights and the just treatment of criminal suspects.
One consequence of codification is that every country goes its own way. Every country has adopted its own conception of punishable behavior, its own definitions of offenses, its own principles for determining questions of self-defense, necessity, insanity, negligence, and complicity. Criminal law has become state law, parochial law. If there was ever much unity among the countries that succeeded to the domain of Roman law, there is none now. If there was ever a common vocabulary and set of principles used by common law jurists, that commonality has long since disintegrated. In the United States today, it is almost impossible to find two states that have the same law of homicide. Every state that has followed the Model Penal Code has amended and adapted the model code to meet its own local preferences.
The Crime versus the Offender
Authors: Fletcher George P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When defense lawyer Clarence Darrow was defending two young men accused of a brutal and senseless murder, he appealed to the jury to direct their condemnation to the crime instead of the accused criminals. They should hate the evil done, he said, but not those who did it. Judging crime, he argued, did not preclude compassion for those charged as offenders. With his plea for understanding, he managed to rescue the two defendants, Nathan Loeb and Richard Leopold, from a threatened death sentence.
Introduction Greetings From Another World: Romantic Rediscoveries
Authors: Silver Carole G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In A Letter, Quoted By Jonathan Cott In Beyond the Lookina Glass, his friend, David Dalton remarked on “how elemental the Victorians were, how intact that cord was that tied them to savage Celtic tradition, almost like an underground railway transporting treasures from the incredible depths of the past to the very door of the crystal palace” (Acknowledgements).
On The Origins Of Fairies
Authors: Silver Carole G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1846, WILLIAM JOHN THOMS, who contributed the term folklore to the English language, commented in The Athenaeum that “belief in fairies is by no means extinct in England” (Merton, p. 55). Thoms was not alone in his opinion; he was merely echoing and endorsing the words of others such as Thomas Keightley, the author of The Fairy Mytholo BJ. For believers were not limited to gypsies, fisherfolk, rural cottagers, country parsons, and Irish mystics. Antiquarians of the romantic era had begun the quest for fairies, and throughout Victoria’s reign advocates of fairy existence and investigators of elfin origins included numerous scientists, social scientists, historians, theologians, artists, and writers. By the r88os such leading folklorists as Sabine Baring-Gould, Andrew Lang, Joseph Jacobs, and Sir John Rhys were examining oral testimony on the nature and the customs of the “little folk” and the historical and archaeological remains left by them. At the be ginning of the twentieth century, eminent authors, among them Sir Arthur Conan Doyle and Arthur Machen, swelled the ranks of those who held the fairy faith and publicized their findings. In a remarkable “trickle up” of folk belief, a surprisingly large number of educated Victorians and Edwardians speculated at length on whether fairies did exist or had at least once existed.
“Come Away Thou Human Child”: Abductions, Change, and Changelings
Authors: Silver Carole G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When, In A Climatic Moment in Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights (1847), Lockwood is troubled by an apparition of Catherine Earnshaw and hysterically exclaims “she must have been a changeling-wicked little soul” (p. 13), he is expressing a fantastic anxiety peculiar to the period. Similarly, when Edward Rochester, angered at her rejection of his prenuptial caresses, accuses Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre of being not his Jane but a “changeling,” he is attempting to fathom what to him is a strange transformation in personality and behavior. In actuality even more than in fiction, changelings-that is, children perceived as abnormal surreptitiously sub stituted for normal ones-were very much a part of the Victorian world. An article in the Daily Telegraph of 19 May 1884 informed readers that Ellen Cushion and Anastatia Rourke were arrested at Clonmel on Saturday charged with cruelly illtreating a child three years old, named Philip Dillon. The prisoners were taken before the Mayor, when evidence was given showing that the neighbours fancied that the boy, who had not the use of his limbs, was a changeling left by the fairies in ex change for the original child. While the mother was absent, the prisoners entered her house and placed the lad naked on a hot shovel under the impression that this would break the charm.
Little Goblin Men: On Dwarfs and Pygmies, Racial Myths and Mythic Races
Authors: Silver Carole G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This fear took on new meaning in the 1870s, when actual races of “little people” known as Pygmies were discovered, mainly in central Africa. But even before that time, and throughout the Victorian period, dwarfs natural and supernatural- had been conflated with each other and equated with goblins (a generic name for small, hostile, unattractive, grotesque, and almost exclusively male supernatural creatures) and thus with malice and evil. By the end of the century, the dwarf, remythified and racialized, had become a new variety of monster.
Henry VI: The Loss of Empire
Authors: Saccio Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Of Henry VI it has been wittily pointed out that he is the only king of England to have been twice crowned, twice deposed, and twice buried. He also reigned over England nearly twice as long as any of the other later Plantagenets. Born in 1421 to Henry V and the French princess Catherine, he succeeded to his father’s throne in August 1422, at the age of nine months. He was formally crowned king of England at Westminster in 1429 and king of France at Paris in 1431. France he lost in 1453 to the successful generals of his maternal uncle Charles VII.
Henry VIII: The Supreme Head
Authors: Saccio Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We must begin with two negative statements. First, Shakespeare’s Henry VIII may not be entirely the work of William Shakespeare. Written probably in 1613, at the close of Shakespeare’s career and more than a dozen years after he had completed his other histories, the play may also contain the hand of his successor in the post of principal dramatist for the King’s Men, John Fletcher.
The Poem of Queen Esther
Authors: Delgado João Pinto , Slavitt David R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Describing the Monarchy of Ahasuerus, the grandeur of his opulent house, the banquet and the guest list, how he ordered Queen Vashti to appear, her disobedience, his vow in response to this refusal, and the law generally established on this subject.
War And Peace
Authors: Meron Theodor 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, I will examine attitudes towards war and demonstrate the anti-war bent of many of Shakespeare’s characters. War was a major theme, perhaps the most important theme, in Shakespeare’s plays, especially the Histories but also his classical and mythological plays. War provided Shakespeare with a dramatic vehicle through which his characters could highlight and praise such concepts as honour, courage and patriotism. In addition, it was the ideal setting for an articulation of ethical and humanitarian attitudes towards war. Shakespeare’s treatment of war cannot be understood without taking into account both the perspective on war provided by the literature of chivalry and the immediate historical context of the period when he was writing, some two centuries after Agincourt.
A pagan knight?: shakespeare’s ancient wars
Authors: Meron Theodor 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Shakespeare’s ability to extrapolate medieval and Christian concepts of chivalry to Roman, Trojan, early British and mythical wars and yet, at the same time, employ those early wars as a purported source and authority for chivalry should not come as a surprise. In this respect, he follows the tradition of chivalric and English humanist literature. English medieval and humanist writers regarded the Roman and Greek heroes as chivalrous pagan knights and good citizens, similar to those of the Middle Ages, except for their paganism. Shakespeare was apparently familiar with The Song of Roi.and, an eleventh-century epic poem ( I Henry VI, l.iii.8-9), which describes the Saracen Blancadrin as “one of the wisest of the pagans [and a] most valiant and worthy knight.
The Brave Or The Wise?: Two Conflicting Of Chivalric Conceptions Honour
Authors: Meron Theodor 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Shakespeare’s abiding interest in chivalry1-William Henry Schofield remarked that Shakespeare’s “whole face was tanned by the sun of chivalry” - is reflected in his writings. In this chapter, I would like to demonstrate by a number of texts how deeply Shakespeare’s work is rooted in the literature, norms and myths of chivalry.
Chivalry as a Normative Ideal
Authors: Meron Theodor 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The literature of chivalry paints a noble and idealistic picture of the perfect knight. For the modem reader, that image is unrealistic and unachievable, a beautiful fiction. Nevertheless, as a catalogue of virtues and values, it remains an enviable model for honourable conduct in peace and in war. Divorced from its aristocratic and martial as¬pects, chivalry’s pertinence persists, not only for honourable and therefore humanitarian behaviour in war, but also as a model of responsible conduct in the civil society. Commands to spare the enemy who asks for mercy, to aid women in distress, to keep one’s promise, to act charitably and to be magnanimous transcend any one particular historical period or sociopolitical context. Malcolm Vale suggests that chivalric ideals such as honour, loyalty, courage and generosity fulfilled a fundamental human need, especially among the warrior elites. Chivalry was thus “the sentiment of honour in its medieval guise ... [, which] among warrior classes ... possesses a universal and, perhaps, an eternal validity.”1 By creating a culture in which honour and shame are cardinal, chivalry sends a lasting message. In his classical Libre del ordre de cavayleria, translated into English by William Caxton in the fifteenth century, Ramon Lull writes that the duties of the chevalier sans reproche are to defend the faith against unbelievers, to defend the temporal lord and to protect the weak, women, widows and orphans.
Slaves, Trade, and Religious Change in Eighteenth-Century Esulalu
Authors: Baum Robert M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As the people of Esulalu faced the difficult task of integrating Floup and Koonjaen communities and creating a common Diola tradition, they also confronted the disruptive influence of a growing European commercial presence in the region. As early as the midseventeenth century, European willingness to sell such strategic items as muskets, gunpowder, and iron created clear military and economic advantages for those societies willing to engage in trade. An expanding market for slaves and the increasing availability of iron and muskets escalated both the level and frequency of violence throughout the Casamance. Despite the Diolas’ initial reluctance to trade directly with Europeans, it became increasingly difficult to avoid participation in this Atlantic trade system. By the early eighteenth century, Diola communities utilized various African middlemen to become actively involved in the sale of rice, slaves, and beeswax in exchange for cattle or for European trade goods.
Chandogya Upanisad
Authors: Olivelle Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Chandogya (the Upanisad of “the singers of the Samaveda,” i.e., the Udgatr priest) is a section of the Chandogya Brahmana belonging to the Tannlya school of the Samaveda. Like the BrhadĀraiyaka, the Chandogya is the work of an editor or a series of editors who created an anthology of passages and stories that must have previously existed as separate texts. The unifying theme, if there is one, of the Upanisad is the speculation regarding the cosmic and ritual correspondences of the Saman (the Samavedic chant in the Soma sacrifice: see CU 2.2.1 n.) and especially of the High Chant (Udgftha), the central element of a Saman. The preoccupation with these chants is consistent with the fact that the authors were Samavedic priests. In a similar fashion, the works of the Rgveda speculate on the Uktha (AA 2.3.1, 4), the B.gvedic recitation (BU 1.6.1 n.), and the BrhadĀraiyaka begins with the parts of a horse, consistent again with the fact that the Adhvaryu, the Yajurvedic priest, is in charge of butchering the sacrificial animal. The fact that the Chandogya and the BrhadĀraiyaka include versions of identical passages and stories indicates that the editors of both have drawn from a common stock of Upanisadic lore.
Lanyer And Spenser
Authors: Woods Susanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Edmund Spenser left London and the Merchant Taylor’s School for the fens of Cambridge in April 1569, three months after yay Amelia Bassano was born. Their lives have few apparent connections, but the one they certainly have is important: both
were at Elizabeth’s court between 1589 and 1591, during which time Spenser very probably made himself and his Faerie Queen part of the court entertainments supervised by Lanier’s protector, the lord chamberlain.1 In the thinly allegorized autobiographical poem Colin Clouts Come Home Again, “Colin” tells of his trip to “Cynthia’s” court accompanied by “the shepherd of the Ocean” (Sir Walter Raleigh). There “that Goddesses,” the queen, “to mine oaten pipe inclined her care” and found the poet’s performance “worth harkening to amongst the learned throng” (11. 359-60, 68). Lanier may well have been among those who heard Spenser read his poetry to the queen and her court “at timely hour’s” (1. 362).
Lanyer And Shakespeare
Authors: Woods Susanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
William Shakespeare (1564-1616) and Amelia Lanier have been linked in many minds since 1973, when A. L. Rows declared that he had discos red the “dark lady” of Shakespeare’s son nets.1 There is no direct evidence for any connection between
Shakespeare and Lanier, but Rose’s identification of her with Shakespeare’s Petrarchan fiction has received so much notice that I address it briefly here and return to it in more detail at the end of this chapter. More interesting than the speculation about a roman tic or sexual relationship, in my judgment, is what Lanier as a poet may have found in Shakespeare’s published work. This chapter seeks to situate Lanier fairly in relation to Shakespeare.
Lanyer And English Religious Verse
Authors: Woods Susanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Religion defined the social, political, and intellectual life of me devil and Renaissance Europe. From the imperialist folly of the Crusades to individual sacrifices, from cathedrals and epics to vestments and sonnets, religion also infused and trans- ported the period’s artistic imagination. Today many find it hard to grasp the ubiquity and power of religion in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. It underlay virtually every assumption about the nature, purpose, and value of life, and what appear to us as small differences within a hegemonic worldview were reasons for debate, imprisonment, and even martyrdom.
Divine Dis-order:On Social Planes
Authors: Sered Susan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Okinawans like to use the word tege-tege yasa. This is a special Okinawan word; Japanese don’t say this word. It means something like ‘I don’t mind’ or ‘almost’ or ‘it’s not good and it’s not bad but that’s okay.”‘ (Kumi Yamada Okinawan friend, key informant, and interpreter) Social relations in Henza tend to be easygoing, nonhierarchical, and, for the most part, without rigid rules or reified classifications. For Henza villagers, the ubiquitous term yasashii (lit. ‘easy’) encodes positive valences of dis-order: a broad attitude of tolerance toward deviance and difference, indifference to categorical opin ions and prohibitions, and rejection of ambition, authority and pushiness. Although Japanese-English dictionaries tell us only that yasashii means “nice” or “gentle,” in Henza, being yasashii is the single most important personal quality for women and for men (cf. T. Lebra 1984: 137); it conveys profound cosmological and communal connotations and it is a central element of village identity. Villagers often comment that “nothing ever gets done here,” “nothing here is ever organized well,” “nothing ever starts on time,” and “no one ever knows exactly how to do things correctly.” These comments, however, are rarely made in a plaintive manner. To the contrary, depending on the speaker and the situation, these sorts of remarks are made either as simple statements of fact or with a certain amount of pride. Dis-order is not seen as bothersome but rather as a group expression of being yasashii. According to Mrs. Yasamura, “Henza people are all yasashii; there are no people with bad hearts here.” A bad heart, other villagers explained, is what causes people to hurt other people. As we see in the next chapter, in the context of a cosmology without a punishing deity, a “bad heart” is the ultimate symbolic statement of cosmic disharmony. “There are no people here with bad hearts” suggests that the normal, natural, existential state of being in Henza is yasashii.
Divine Dis-order:On Cosmological Planes
Authors: Sered Susan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“In the old days Henza was called kami’s country because there are many things here related to kami.” (Mrs. Adaniya, eighty-four years old) “Henza’s religion is the natural one, that came up in the natural way, but now people from mainland Japan come and say, 'What are these people doing?’ Even if I explain that this is the natural way, the custom, they don’t understand.” (former village headman) MRS. ASATO: The Agaregusuku [east sacred grove] kami-sama is a male kami-sama, it is big, its body is muscular, very hairy.
Born to Be Kami-sama
Authors: Sered Susan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Initiation into the priestess role does not include either formal or informal instruction regarding ritual tasks; the essence of the priestess role is pres ence rather than doing. Initiation or more properly, accession-is therefore concerned primarily with the process through which a woman recognizes, assumes, experiences, and becomes kami-sama. During the time that I was in Henza, a new village priestess, Mrs. Hamabata, began to sit in the kami-sama’s seat. In this chapter I describe the process in detail.1 I spoke to Mrs. Hamabata for the first time in February, shortly after a ritual to in form the kami-sama that she will begin to sit as a priestess in May. The events that she describes in this first excerpt took place over a period of about twenty years. MRS. HAMABATA: My husband’s mother, also my mother. We used to go of ten. My legs were hurting, arthritis. I went to see the doctor, and they had so many records on me at the hospital, I went every month and they couldn’t find anything, an examination of the whole body and they couldn’t find anything. One hospital, Awase Hospital, I went there from when they first opened the hos pital. It was so strange that I felt so bad, but they said there was nothing wrong. with me. Then the parents died and we moved into this house. We have been in Henza for seven years. Before that we lived in Naha.
Progress And Revolution
Authors: Stevenson William R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Freedom as Detachment from “Outward Things” he beginning of believers’ dissociation from their cultural context, and ultimately of the church’s role as a progressive agent of change in history, then, resides in Christian freedom’s declaration of the “things indifferent” (adiaphora) (3.19.7, 838).1 The adiaphora are of course those things believers can literally take or leave, things ultimately irrelevant to their spiritual journey and their salvation in Christ. To announce this irrelevance is not to devalue such things per se, but only to place their value in the proper light. Their value consists not in their intrinsic worth as much as in their significance as symbols of divine mercy and grace. Hence, their value emerges not only when believers approach them in a spirit of temperance and detachment for what they are but also in a spirit of enjoyment and gratitude for God’s lovingkindness, which they signify. The double danger of either “mistaken strictness” or “mistaken laxity”2 is thus to be avoided. We should, as Calvin paraphrases Paul, “use this world as if not using it” (3.rn.1, 72o[on I Corinthians 7:30-31]). Or as Bavinck expresses the point, the believer should “possess everything as not possessing it,” thereby “put[ting] his confidence in God alone” (459).
The Acts Of Peter Among The Novels And Histories
Authors: Thomas Christine M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The complicated compositional processes among the various versions of the Acts of Peter would not incline the observer to class it among the works of ancient historiography. Histories are works of known authors, written with literary aspirations. Several features of the Acts of Peter, however, show that the purpose of the narrative was historiographic, although the nature of the historical consciousness differs radically from that found in the more literary historical texts of antiquity. The first of these features is characterization. Although the development of the characters in the Acts of Peter shows distinct similarities to novelistic processes, the types of characters chosen and their precise treatment have very few points of comparison with the five surviving erotic novels, but find their counterparts among the historical and biographical novels.
Master Texts and Slave Narratives: Race, Form, and Intertextuality in the Field of Cultural Production
Authors: Rushdy Ashraf H A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the 1960s a set of intellectual and social conditions associated with the civil rights and Black Power movements generated a change in the historiography of slavery. This convergence of an intellectual change in the academic study of the American past and the social movements of the decade, especially Black Power, in turn, affected the fictional representation of slavery from the late sixties to the present.
Serving the Form, Conserving the Order: Charles Johnson’s Oxherding Tale
Authors: Rushdy Ashraf H A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In order to demonstrate how race is a proscriptive political construct created and recreated in daily life, both Flight to Canada and Dessa Rose explore the performative aspect of a given social role and challenge those who hold simplistic notions of authenticity. Ishmael Reed and Sherley Anne Williams complicate representations of black social subjects by showing how racial identities, even those held to be most inauthentic historically and most dangerous for contemporary racial politics (the “Uncle Tom” and the “Mammy”), are based on intricate performances within perilous social conditions.