bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Alkyl Aryl Ethers by O-Arylation of Alcohols with Diaryliodonium Salts: Scope, Limitations, and Mechanism
Authors: Stuart David R. , Gallagher Rory T. , Jha Soocheta , Metze Bryan E. 
Published: October 2023

AbstractWe describe the development of a C–O coupling reaction between aryl(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)iodonium salts and aliphatic alcohols under weak base conditions. The scope of the reaction is presented, with 16 examples ranging in yield from moderate to high (54–96%). The limitations of the reaction are also presented. Mechanistic experiments reveal a complex network of reactions that include side reactions that generate arynes and oxidize the alcohol nucleophile.
Vestibular Prehabilitation—A Single UK Center Experience and Literature Review
Authors: Ferguson Lucie , Ruane Victoria , Mukerji Nitin , Quail Jenna , Mansoor Hussein , Prasad K. S. Manjunath , Ahmad Noweed 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Objectives To assess whether vestibular prehabilitation with intratympanic gentamicin is a useful preoperative adjunct in allowing for early mobilization and short length of stay in patients with vestibular schwannoma (VS).
Design Retrospective single-center study and literature review.
Setting Tertiary neurosurgical center.
Participants Adult patients undergoing surgery for VS.
Main Outcome Measures Our primary outcome measures were evidence of compensation following prehabilitation (defined as saccades becoming more covert and clustered on video head impulse testing—vHIT), length of stay, and days until mobilization. Secondary outcome measures were reduction in gain on vHIT following treatment as well as need for antiemetics postoperatively.
Results Ten patients have been treated at our center and the majority have shown preoperative reduction in gain and evidence of compensation on vHIT. Median time to mobilization was 1 day and modal length of stay was 6 days. We found the current evidence to be variable, with small sample sizes and significant variation in outcome measures used.
Conclusion Overall we have found that the use of vestibular prehabilitation enables early mobilization, shortened length of stay and appears to be a promising preoperative adjunct in this population. Further research and assessment with a multicenter prospective clinical trial is merited.
Surgical Nuances and Predictors of Requirement for Suprameatal Tubercle Removal in Microvascular Decompression for Trigeminal Neuralgia
Authors: Iwasaki Koichi , Uezato Minami , Nishida Namiko , Yoshimoto Naoya , Kitamura Kazushi , Gomi Masanori , Hashikata Hirokuni , Sasaki Isao , Toda Hiroki 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Objective Suprameatal tubercle (SMT), a bony prominence located above the internal acoustic meatus, is reported to impede the microscopic view during microvascular decompression (MVD) for trigeminal neuralgia (TN). For an enlarged SMT, removal of the SMT may be required in addition to the routine MVD to precisely localize the offending vessels. The objective of this study is to investigate the predictive factors influencing the requirement of SMT removal during trigeminal MVD.
Methods We retrospectively reviewed 197 patients who underwent MVD for TN, and analyzed the correlation of the SMT height and other clinicosurgical data with the necessity to remove the SMT during MVD. The parameters evaluated in the statistical analyses included maximum SMT height, patient's clinical characteristics, surgical data including the type and number of offending vessels, and surgical outcomes.
Results SMT removal was required for 20 patients among a total of enrolled 197 patients. In the univariate analysis, maximum SMT height, patient's age, and number (≥ 2) of offending vessels were associated with the requirement for SMT removal. Multivariate analysis with binary logistic regression revealed that the maximum SMT height and number (≥ 2) of offending vessels were significant factors influencing the necessity for SMT removal. A receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed that an SMT height ≥ 4.8 mm was the optimal cutoff value for predicting the need for SMT removal.
Conclusion Large SMTs and the presence of multiple offending vessels are helpful in predicting the technical difficulty of trigeminal MVD associated with the necessity of SMT removal.
Reproduction in the era of genomics and automation
Authors: Chebel Ricardo C. , Bisinotto Rafael S. , Giordano Julio , Maggiolino Aristide , de Palo Pasquale 
Published: October 2023

Much progress has been made in the reproductive efficiency of lactating dairy cows across the USA in the past 20 years. The standardisation of evaluation of reproductive efficiency, particularly with greater focus on metrics with lesser momentum and less lag-time such as 21-day pregnancy rates (21-day PR), and the recognition that subpar reproductive efficiency negatively impacted profitability were major drivers for the changes that resulted in such progress. Once it became evident that the genetic selection of cattle for milk yield regardless of fertility traits was associated with reduced fertility, geneticists raced to identify fertility traits that could be incorporated in genetic selection programs with the hopes of improving fertility of lactating cows. Concurrently, reproductive physiologists developed ovulation synchronisation protocols such that after sequential treatment with exogenous hormones, cows could be inseminated at fixed time and without detection of oestrus and still achieve acceptable pregnancy per service. These genetic and reproductive management innovations, concurrently with improved husbandry and nutrition of periparturient cows, quickly started to move reproductive efficiency of lactating dairy cows to an upward trend that continues today. Automation has been adopted in Israel and European countries for decades, but only recently have these automated systems been more widely adopted in the USA. The selection of dairy cattle based on genetic indexes that result in positive fertility traits (e.g. daughter pregnancy rate) is positively associated with follicular growth, resumption of ovarian cycles postpartum, body condition score and insulin-like growth factor 1 concentration postpartum, and intensity of oestrus. Collectively, these positive physiological characteristics result in improved reproductive performance. Through the use of automated monitoring devices (AMD), it is possible to identify cows that resume cyclicity sooner after calving and have more intense oestrus postpartum, which are generally cows that have a more successful periparturient period. Recent experiments have demonstrated that it may be possible to adopt targeted reproductive management, utilising ovulation synchronisation protocols for cows that do not have intense oestrus postpartum and relying more heavily on insemination at AMD-detected oestrus for cows that display an intense oestrus postpartum. This strategy is likely to result in tailored hormonal therapy that will be better accepted by the public, will increase the reliance on oestrus for insemination, will improve comfort and reduce labour by reducing the number of injections cows receive in a lactation, and will allow for faster decisions about cows that should not be eligible for insemination.
Does Aesthetic Osseous Genioplasty Impact Upper Airway Volume?
Authors: Valls-Ontañón Adaia , Arjooca Sebastian , Saavedra Oscar , Giralt-Hernando Maria , Asensio-Salazar Javier , Haas Orion Luiz , Hernández-Alfaro Federico 
Published: October 2023

Abstract

Background
Although maxillomandibular advancement is the treatment of choice for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) in the presence of underlying maxillomandibular complex hypoplasia, there is still a gap in the literature regarding the impact of genioplasty upon upper airway volume (UAV).

Objectives
The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of isolated osseous genioplasty upon UAV.

Methods
A retrospective analysis of all patients subjected to isolated osseous genioplasty between July 2015 and July 2022 was conducted. Cone-beam computed tomography was performed preoperatively and postoperatively to assess the chin and hyoid 3-dimensional (3D) spatial position and UAV changes after surgery.

Results
A total of 44 patients were included in the study. Regarding surgical movements of the chin, almost all patients received a sagittal movement (n = 42; 39 forward and 3 backward), while in 8 patients a vertical movement (5 upward and 3 downward) was applied, and in 6 patients the chin was centered. Statistically significant increases in total UAV (P = .014) and at the level of the oropharynx (P = .004) were observed. Specifically, chin centering, upward and forward movements enlarged the oropharynx volume (P = .006, .043 and .065, respectively). Chin advancement enlarged the hypopharynx volume (P = .032), as did upward movement of the hyoid bone (P &lt; .001).

Conclusions
Results of the study suggest that aesthetic osseous genioplasty impacts the UAV: each 3D spatial chin movement differently impacts the upper airway by enlarging or narrowing it. However, further studies addressing the apnea-hypopnea index are required to assess its effectiveness in treating OSAS.

Level of Evidence: 4
Right ventricular free wall and four-chamber longitudinal strain in relation to incident heart failure in the general population
Authors: Espersen Caroline , Skaarup Kristoffer Grundtvig , Lassen Mats Christian Højbjerg , Johansen Niklas Dyrby , Hauser Raphael , Jensen Gorm Boje , Schnohr Peter , Møgelvang Rasmus , Biering-Sørensen Tor 
Published: October 2023

Abstract

Aims
Right ventricular free wall (RVFWLS) and four-chamber longitudinal strain (RV4CLS) are associated with adverse events in various patient populations including patients with heart failure (HF). We sought to investigate the prognostic value of RVFWLS and RV4CLS for the development of incident HF in participants from the general population.

Methods and results
Participants from the 5th Copenhagen City Heart Study (2011–2015) without known chronic ischaemic heart disease or HF at baseline were included. RVFWLS and RV4CLS were obtained using two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography from the right ventricular (RV)-focused apical four-chamber view. The primary endpoint was incident HF. Among 2740 participants (mean age 54 ± 17 years, 42% male), 43 (1.6%) developed HF during a median follow-up of 5.5 years (IQR 4.5–6.3). Both RVFWLS and RV4CLS were associated with an increased risk of incident HF during follow-up independent of age, sex, hypertension, diabetes, body mass index and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), (HR 1.06, 95%CI 1.00–1.11, P = 0.034, per 1% absolute decrease and HR 1.14, 95%CI 1.05–1.23, P = 0.001, per 1% absolute decrease, respectively). Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) modified the association between RV4CLS and incident HF (P for interaction = 0.016) such that RV4CLS was only of prognostic importance among those with LVEF &lt; 55% (HR 1.21, 95%CI 1.11–1.33, P &lt; 0.001 vs. HR 0.94, 95%CI 0.80–1.10, P = 0.43 in patients with LVEF ≥ 55%).

Conclusion
In participants from the general population, both RVFWLS and RV4CLS were associated with a greater risk of incident HF independent of important baseline characteristics and TAPSE, and LVEF modified the relationship between RV4CLS and incident HF.
Oscillatory shear stress is elevated in patients with bicuspid aortic valve and aortic regurgitation: a 4D flow cardiovascular magnetic resonance cross-sectional study
Authors: Trenti Chiara , Fedak Paul W M , White James A , Garcia Julio , Dyverfeldt Petter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract

Aims
Patients with bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) and aortic regurgitation have higher rate of aortic complications compared with patients with BAV and stenosis, as well as BAV without valvular disease. Aortic regurgitation alters blood haemodynamics not only in systole but also during diastole. We therefore sought to investigate wall shear stress (WSS) during the whole cardiac cycle in BAV with aortic regurgitation.

Methods and results
Fifty-seven subjects that underwent 4D flow cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging were included: 13 patients with BAVs without valve disease, 14 BAVs with aortic regurgitation, 15 BAVs with aortic stenosis, and 22 normal controls with tricuspid aortic valve. Peak and time averaged WSS in systole and diastole and the oscillatory shear index (OSI) in the ascending aorta were computed. Student’s t-tests were used to compare values between the four groups where the data were normally distributed, and the non-parametric Wilcoxon rank sum tests were used otherwise. BAVs with regurgitation had similar peak and time averaged WSS compared with the patients with BAV without valve disease and with stenosis, and no regions of elevated WSS were found. BAV with aortic regurgitation had twice as high OSI as the other groups (P ≤ 0.001), and mainly in the outer mid-to-distal ascending aorta.

Conclusion
OSI uniquely characterizes altered WSS patterns in BAVs with aortic regurgitation, and thus could be a haemodynamic marker specific for this specific group that is at higher risk of aortic complications. Future longitudinal studies are needed to verify this hypothesis.
Impact of myocardial perfusion and coronary calcium on medical management for coronary artery disease
Authors: Hijazi Waseem , Feng Yuanchao , Southern Danielle A , Chew Derek , Filipchuk Neil , Har Bryan , James Matthew , Wilton Stephen , Slomka Piotr J , Berman Daniel , Miller Robert J H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract

Aims
Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) remains one of the most widely used imaging modalities for the diagnosis and prognostication of coronary artery disease (CAD). Despite the extensive prognostic information provided by MPI, little is known about how this influences the prescription of medical therapy for CAD. We evaluated the relationship between MPI with computed tomography (CT) attenuation correction and prescription of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and statins.

Methods and results
We performed a retrospective analysis of consecutive patients who underwent SPECT MPI at a single centre between 2015 and 2021. Myocardial perfusion abnormalities and coronary calcium burden were assessed, with attenuation correction imaging 77.8% of patients. Medication prescriptions before and within 180 days after the test were compared. Associations between abnormal perfusion and calcium burden with ASA and statin prescription were assessed using multivariable logistic regression. In total, 9908 patients were included, with a mean age 66.8 ± 11.7 years and 5337 (53.9%) males. The prescription of statins increased more in patients with abnormal perfusion (increase of 19.2 vs. 12.0%, P &lt; 0.001). Similarly, the presence of extensive CAC led to a greater increase in statin prescription compared with no calcium (increase 12.1 vs. 7.8%, P &lt; 0.001). In multivariable analyses, ischaemia and coronary artery calcium were independently associated with ASA and statin prescription.

Conclusion
Abnormal MPI testing was associated with significant changes in medical therapy. Both calcium burden and perfusion abnormalities were associated with increased prescriptions of medical therapy for CAD.
National trends in emergency coronary artery bypass grafting
Authors: Keeling William B , Binongo Jose , Wei Jane , Leshnower Bradley G , Farrington Woodrow , Halkos Michael E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
Emergency coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is often omitted from current research, and volumes as well as outcomes are unknown. The purpose of this research is to examine national trends in emergency CABG.

METHODS
The Society of Thoracic Surgeons national adult cardiac surgical database was queried from 2005 to 2017 for patients who underwent emergency and emergency salvage isolated CABG procedures, and 92 607 patients were included for analysis. Generalized linear mixed models were used to assess time trends, taking into account the clustering effect of region.

RESULTS
Over the study period, volumes of emergency and emergency salvage CABG declined from 7991 to 6916 cases/year. Emergency and emergency salvage cases accounted for ∼4.9% of all CABG procedures performed nationwide in 2005 and 4.1% in 2017. The predicted risk of mortality (PROM) declined in the entire patient cohort over time from 12% to 8% (P &lt; 0.0001). Rates of important postoperative morbidities also declined including prolonged intubation, re-exploration for haemorrhage and postoperative pneumonia (P &lt; 0.001). Observed-to-expected mortality rates rose over the study period from 0.81 to 1.06 as the overall PROM declined from 9.3% to 7.6%. Emergency salvage CABG rates also declined over the course of the study from 358 to 323 cases/year. The observed-to-expected ratios for mortality increased for emergency salvage CABG during the study from 1.16 to 1.66, and emergency salvage mortality rates averaged 46.5%.

CONCLUSIONS
The volume of patients undergoing emergency and emergency salvage CABG in the USA has declined. Increases in mortality are largely driven by emergency salvage cases, and the PROM algorithm may not accurately reflect the risk involved for these patients.
Robert Creeley
Authors: Gold Alexandra J. 
Published: October 2023

Robert White Creeley (b. 1926–d. 2005) was born in Arlington, Massachusetts, to Genevieve and Oscar Creeley. Creeley’s early life was marked by tragedy, as the poet suffered both the loss of his left eye in an automobile accident and the loss of his father by age five, after which he was raised by his mother along with his sister, Helen. He would go on to matriculate at Harvard College before dropping out to serve as an ambulance driver with the American Field Service in World War II. On return, Creeley married his first wife, Ann McKinnon, with whom he had three children; the couple settled on a New Hampshire farm before venturing abroad to France and Spain. Throughout this period, in the 1950s, Creeley established himself as a serious writer, engaging in correspondence with influential poets like Denise Levertov and Charles Olson, publishing verse and fiction in little magazines, founding his own Divers Press, and teaching at the experimental Black Mountain College alongside other avant-garde luminaries. Following his Black Mountain stint and a divorce, Creeley moved to New Mexico, where he lived and worked throughout the 1960s as a poet, secondary school teacher, and later professor. There, he met his second wife, writer and artist Bobbie Louise Hawkins, with whom he shared two daughters and two stepdaughters. His first major poetic volume, For Love, also appeared in this period. Though he had previously published several small volumes and numerous essays and stories, it was For Love (1962) and the subsequent Words (1967) and Pieces (1968) that crystallized Creeley’s role as a significant postwar American poet and earned him greater acclaim. On the heels of these volumes, in the late 1960s, Creeley took up a teaching post at SUNY Buffalo, where he remained for over three decades and established a renowned poetics program. During this time, from the mid-to-late 1970s through the early 2000s, Creeley divorced Hawkins, met and married his third wife, Penelope Highton (with whom he had two more children), and enjoyed a prolific poetic career, publishing volumes like Hello (1976), Mirrors (1983), Echoes (1994), and Life & Death (1999), among myriad other collaborations, chapbooks, and projects. In 2003, Creeley joined the Brown University faculty where he taught until his 2005 death from pneumonia; his final collection, On Earth: Last Poems and an Essay (2006), was posthumously published.
Advanced Theory of Mind
Authors: Miller Scott A. 
Published: October 2023

The term theory of mind refers to beliefs about the mental world—to what people know or believe about beliefs, desires, emotions, and other mental states. Many basic forms of such understanding emerge early in development, and these early achievements have long been the most common focus of research on theory of mind. Development of theory of mind, however, is by no means complete by age five or six; rather, recent research documents a number of further developments that build on and extend the early forms of understanding. These further developments include understanding of second-order false belief (John thinks that Mary thinks . . . .), the capacity for higher-order recursive thinking (A thinks that B thinks that C thinks . . . .), understanding of interpretive diversity (two people may hold different beliefs about the same aspect of reality), understanding of opacity (the truth of some utterances depends on the utterance and not on the reality), the ability to interpret nonliteral utterances (e.g., lies, jokes, irony, sarcasm), and the ability to perceive the true emotion in instances of hidden or multiple emotions. Mastery of such knowledge typically extends across late childhood and adolescence, and, in some instances, even adults fall short of ceiling in their performance. Individual differences in understanding are, therefore, considerably more marked than is true in early childhood, and such differences have been shown to contribute to a number of other developments in both the cognitive and the social domains. This point holds true for typically occurring development, and it is often especially the case in clinical syndromes, most notably autism spectrum disorder or ASD. Theory of mind, including advanced theory of mind, is therefore of considerable pragmatic importance. Theory of mind also presents a number of important theoretical challenges, challenges that relate to central issues in developmental psychology. What is the nature of the underlying cognitive system that makes advanced theory-of-mind mastery possible? How does this system differ from the forms of knowledge available to the young child? And what are processes by which the initial system transforms into the advanced one? The sections to come will address these and other issues in the study of advanced theory of mind. In most instances the answers offered will be partial ones, and, therefore, needed directions for future research will be a continuing theme.
An affirming approach to caring for transgender and gender-diverse youth
Authors: Vandermorris Ashley , Metzger Daniel L 
Published: October 2023

AbstractIncreasing numbers of youth identify as transgender or gender-diverse (TGD). Many paediatricians and primary care providers (PCPs) will encounter this population in their practice, either for gender-related care or general health needs. This statement is intended as a resource to guide paediatricians and PCPs in implementing an affirming approach to routine health care provision for all youth. Furthermore, it presents information to assist providers in responding to requests for counselling from TGD youth and their families around potential options for medical transition, and in making referrals to specialized services, if desired and relevant. Finally, as demand for gender-affirming care is anticipated to continue to increase, some health care providers (HCPs) may wish to develop the knowledge and skills required to initiate adolescents on hormone-blocking agents and gender-affirming hormones. This document is not intended to be a clinical practice guideline, but will provide foundational information regarding these potential components of gender-affirming care, recognizing that the needs and goals of individual adolescents may or may not include such interventions. Additional resources relevant to developing the expertise required to provide gender-affirming interventions will also be identified.