bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diurnal birds of prey (Falconiformes)
Authors: Browna Joseph w. , Mindell david p. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
the diurnal birds of prey constitute the Order Falconiformes, and are generally classiAed into Ave reciprocally monophyletic families (1): Cathartidae (New World vultures, seven species; North and South America), Sagittariidae (Secretary Bird, one species; Africa), Pandionidae (Osprey, one species; cosmopolitan), Accipitridae (hawks, eagles, kites, and Old World vultures, 240 species; cosmopolitan) (Fig. 1), and Falconidae (falcons and caracaras, 64 species; cosmopolitan). Falconiform taxa are generally characterized by morphological adaptations to predation, be it active hunting (hooked bills and strong talons) or eating carrion (long necks and unfeathered heads), although extensive specialization exists in the order. Here, the relationships and divergence times of the families of Falconiformes are reviewed. Among the traditional avian orders, the controversy currently surrounding the status of Falconiformes as a natural (monophyletic) group is eclipsed only by that of Pelecaniformes (tropicbirds, boobies and gannets cormorants and shags, anhingas, pelicans, and frigatebirds) and Caprimulgiformes (nightbirds). Falconiformes has been variously considered monophyletic, polyphyletic, and paraphyletic (2). thebasis for this debate involves both the possible inclusion of traditionally nonfalconiform taxa (owls) into Falconiformes, and the possible exclusion of families traditionally thought to belong to the order.
Woodpeckers, toucans, barbets, and allies (Piciformes)
Authors: Moorea William S , Migliab Kathleen J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Order Piciformes is a diverse assemblage of bird species that vary greatly in size, appearance, distribution, ecology, and life history. To the extent one can make descriptive generalizations, they tend to be stocky, brightly colored birds with disproportionately large bills—taken to an extreme in the toucans—and arboreal habits (Fig. 1). 7eir distributions are restricted to the Asian, African, and New World tropics, with the exception of the woodpeckers, which collectively have a more expansive distribution that includes the Old and New World temperate regions. Most species are insectivorous but many eat fruit at least occasionally and the barbets are primarily frugivorous. Cavity nesting is pervasive in the order, as is particularly well known for the woodpeckers, which have adaptations of the bill, skull, and associated musculature and enervation that renders them extraordinarily effective at excavating nest cavities in wood. thehoneyguides are nest parasites, but parasitize only cavity-nesting species. Here we review the relationships and divergence times of the Order Piciformes and its constituent clades to the level of families.
Monotremes (Prototheria)
Authors: Springer Mark S , Krajewskib Carey W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Monotremes are the sole living representatives of the mammalian Subclass Prototheria (1). Living monotremes have traditionally been viewed as the descendants of pre-tribosphenic mammalian ancestors that lacked the distinctive tribosphenic molar that is capable of both shearing and grinding functions. Following the recent discoveries of several tribosphenic mammals from the Mesozoic of Gondwana, Luo et al. (2, 3) proposed that tribospheny evolved independently in the Laurasian clade Boreosphenida, which includes marsupials and placentals, and the Gondwanan clade Australosphenida, which includes monotremes. Other authors argue in favor of a single origin for tribosphenic mammals that excludes living and fossil monotremes (4, 5). Extant Monotremata are the Duckbilled Platypus and four species of echidnas (Tachyglossidae; Fig. 1), which are conAned to Australia and New Guinea (6). Platypuses and echidnas exhibit a mosaic of reptile-like primitive features that were inherited from early therapsids, more derived features such as hair and three middle ear ossicles that are shared with other living mammals, and evolutionary specializations that are unique to Monotremata and to each monotreme family. Primitive features include a cloaca and the retention of certain bones in the skull and shoulder girdle. Monotremes also lay shell-covered eggs that are hatched outside of the body of the mother. Here, we review relationships and divergence times of the monotremes.
Rhinoceroses, tapirs, and horses (Perissodactyla)
Authors: Ryder Oliver A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Perissodactyls comprise the odd-toed ungulates, an order of mammals that was once more species-rich and that occupied a wide variety of terrestrial habitats. thesurviving species of this order include the horses, asses, zebras of the Family Equidae (Fig. 1), four extant species of tapirs that are included in a monogeneric family, Tapiridae, and the surviving species of rhinoceros that constitute the four genera of the Rhinocerotidae (1). theEquidae contains seven extant species (2). Four species of tapir survive, and Ave extant species of rhinoceros survive in Africa and Asia (1).
On Every type of quantificational expression in Chinese*
Authors: Cheng Lisa Laishen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I would like to thank Anastasia Giannakidou, Helen de Hoop, Riny Huybregts, Manfred Krifka, and Rint Sybesma for discussions and suggestions. I also thank the audience in the Workshop on DP structure, nominalization, and the role of DP, EACL 4, the 11th Symposium on Contemporary Linguistics, as well as audiences in Utrecht and Nijmegen. I thank Boya Li, Chinhui Lin, and Guozheng Peng for making time to discuss their judgements with me.
A Dynamic Approach to the Syntax-Phonology Interface: A Case Study from Greek∗
Authors: Revithiadou Anthi , Spyropoulos Vassilios 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we investigate the consequences of the Multiple Spell-Out Hypothesis (henceforth, MSOH; Uriagereka 1999b; Chomsky 2000 et seq.) for prosodic constituency based on evidence from Greek phrasing. More specifically, our focus of investigation falls on the phrasing of clitic-doubled DP objects and that of subjects. The basic idea in the MSO program is that certain pieces of structure abandon the main syntactic computation before its completion and thus, become inaccessible to further computation. Consequently, such derivational cascades can be argued to be independently processed at the PF interface, predicting an isomorphism between syntactic and prosodic islands, i.e. opaque domains for the application of both syntactic and phonological rules.
Spelling Out Prosodic Domains: A Multiple Spell-Out Account∗
Authors: Sato Yosuke 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter proposes a general syntax-prosody mapping hypothesis couched within the recent derivational model of syntactic computation known as the Multiple Spell-Out Hypothesis, or MSO (Uriagereka 1999b and Chomsky 2000, 2001, 2004a, 2008; see also Epstein et al. 1998). This hypothesis, which uniquely maps mid-derivational complex objects in syntax to prosodic domains at the PF component, correctly demarcates a set of structural domains within which a variety of prosodic alternations across languages are found and possible. Specifically, the proposed syntax-prosody hypothesis, couched within Uriagereka’s version of the MSO model, makes correct predictions about possible domains within which Taiwanese tone sandhi, French liaison, Gilyak lenition, and Kinyambo high tone deletion are found. However, a certain pattern of soft consonant mutation across CP vs TP boundaries in Welsh poses an apparent problem to the proposed analysis because Uriagereka’s system would not be able to draw a distinction pertinent to the Spell-Out operation between these two categorial nodes. I argue that this problem receives a straightforward explanation once the proposed hypothesis is expanded to incorporate another version of the MSO model known as Phase Theory (Chomsky 2000 et seq.), in particular the notion of CP phase.
The Significance of Desire
Authors: Brink David O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is a venerable tradition of treating practical reason and theories of the good, especially the agent’s own good, as grounded ultimately in facts about the responses that an agent does or would have to various situations and options upon suitable reflection. These are response-dependent conceptions of practical reason and the good. An important form of response-dependence is a reductive form that aims to reduce facts about reasons and the good to facts about desire. Such desiderative conceptions of response-dependence treat practical reason and the good as consisting in facts about what an agent would desire to care about and pursue upon suitable reflection. Even those who deny that all reasons or intrinsic goods are grounded in desire often assume that some are desire-dependent. Though I will address the more modest claim that some aspects of practical reason or the good are desiredependent, it will be easier to begin with pure desiderative conceptions. One possible focus is desiderative conceptions of practical reason. But many of the same issues arise for desiderative conceptions of the good as well, and it will be useful to discuss these at points. Indeed, it may be most plausible to assign desire an ultimate role when we turn our attention from practical reason or the good, as such, to the narrower topic of a person’s good or well-being.
Treatment
Authors: Emery Alan E H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Above all, patients and their families should have a positive attitude to the disease. This involves three Ps:
This means having a good well-balanced diet, avoiding obesity, taking physiotherapy, using special orthoses, and even surgery to correct scoliosis. There are also methods of assisted ventilation that are now available that can transform an individual’s life in the later stages of the disease.
Education and employment
Authors: Emery Alan E H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In planning the future education and possible employment of those with dystrophy, careful consideration has to be given to the possible effects of the disease on intellectual ability and the severity of the disease. In all cases it is important to plan ahead.
In the case of Duchenne muscular dystrophy those boys who prove to be severely mentally handicapped may well require special care. Otherwise the boys’ interests are usually best served by attending a normal school as long as possible.
The future
Authors: Emery Alan E H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Until a few years ago, there seemed little chance of ever really understanding what caused muscular dystrophy, let alone finding a cure. Because the muscle histology (Chapter 3) in each of these disorders was so similar, there was a general feeling that they all might therefore share the same cause.
At first it was thought they might be due to some defect in the blood supply to the muscle. This was not a new idea because Duchenne had entertained a similar notion over 100 years ago, but the proponents never managed to produce any really convincing evidence. Then in 1970, based largely on electromyographic work, the idea that dystrophy might be due to a defect in the muscle’s nerve supply came into vogue. It was suggested that perhaps some hypothetical substance that normally passed down a nerve to ‘feed’ the muscle (the so-called trophic factor) was missing or defective in muscular dystrophy. A great deal of research effort was expended on this idea, but when the original nerve studies on which it was based were seriously questioned the whole concept was thrown into doubt.
Omnisubjectivity
Authors: Zagzebski Linda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this paper I describe and begin a defence of the possibility of a divine attribute I call omnisubjectivity. Omnisubjectivity is, roughly, the property of consciously grasping with perfect accuracy and completeness the first-person perspective of every conscious being. I argue that omnisubjectivity is entailed by omniscience or, at any rate, by cognitive perfection. If God is omni subjective, that would solve two puzzles of omniscience: (1) an omniscient being ought to be able to tell the difference between the different qualia of conscious beings, and (2) an omniscient being ought to be able to tell the difference between the first-person and third-person perspectives on the same state of affairs. Using the model of human empathy, I argue that it is possible for a being to assume the first-person perspective of another being without assuming identity with the other being or forgetting who he is. I end by briefly identifying some interesting metaphysical, moral, and theological consequences of omni subjectivity.
Quine and Tarski on Nominalism
Authors: Mancosu Paolo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I would like to trace the trajectory of two important nominalists in twentieth-century analytic philosophy, Quine and Tarski. Each one of them had his own trajectory with regard to nominalism but their paths intersected at two important points: the academic year 1940 – 1 when both were at Harvard (together with Carnap) and in 1953 at the conference in Amersfoort organized by Beth on ‘ ‘Platonism and Nominalism in Contemporary Logic ‘ ‘. These two points of intersection will be important in the exposition but I will also be interested in their individual development with respect to the topic at hand.
On Locating Composite Objects
Authors: Brzozowski Jacek 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The world contains a number of objects composed of other objects. A table is composed of a few pieces of wood and some nails; an H2O molecule is composed of two hydrogen atoms and an oxygen atom; and some say there is something composed of the table and the H2O molecule. When some things compose some further thing, the former are proper parts of the latter. (A proper part of a thing is a part that is not identical to that thing.) The proper parts compose a composite object and a composite object decomposes into its proper parts.
Gunk, Topology, and Measure
Authors: Arntzenius Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is standardly assumed that space and time consist of extensionless points. It is also a fairly standard assumption that all matter in the universe has point-sized parts. We are not often explicitly reminded of these very basic assumptions. But they are there. For instance, one standardly assumes that one can represent the states of material objects, and of fields, by functions from points in space and time to the relevant point values. Electric fields, mass densities, gravitational potentials, etc are standardly represented as functions from points in space and time to point values. This practice would seem to make no sense if time and space did not have points as parts.
Beware of the Blob: Cautions for Would-Be Metaphysicians
Authors: Wilson Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, I will voice a discomfort that some of us have entertained with respect to the waves of philosophical speculation about the constitution of matter that have become abundant within the past fifteen years or so (for want of a better term, I ‘ll dub this literature ‘ ‘the new metaphysics ‘ ‘). In rough measure, such investigations revolve around sweeping questions of the sort, ‘ ‘How might an extended object be comprised of smaller parts? ‘ ‘ In many ways, musings of this general character appear familiar enough, for they display many affinities with discussions found in noted savants of the past such as Leibniz, Kant, Bolzano, and Whitehead. Nonetheless, that was then and this is now, a consideration that leaves the discomfited puzzled by the fact that the modern discussions forge ahead relying upon the strongly classical terminology of older days.
The Development of Ethics
Authors: Irwin Terence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Development of Ethics is a selective historical and critical study of moral philosophy in the Socratic tradition, with special attention to Aristotelian naturalism. It discusses the main topics of moral philosophy as they have developed historically, including: the human good, human nature, justice, friendship, and morality; the methods of moral inquiry; the virtues and their connexions; will, freedom, and responsibility; reason and emotion; relativism, subjectivism, and realism; the theological aspect of morality. This volume examines early modern moral philosophy from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century. Volume 3 will continue the story up to Rawls’s Theory of Justice. The present volume begins with Suarez’s interpretation of Scholastic moral philosophy, and examines seventeenth- and eighteenth-century responses to the Scholastic outlook, to see how far they constitute a distinctively different conception of moral philosophy. The treatments of natural law by Grotius, Hobbes, Cumberland, and Pufendorf are treated in some detail. Disputes about moral facts, moral judgments, and moral motivation, are traced through Cudworth, Clarke, Balguy, Hutcheson, Hume, Price, and Reid. Butler’s defence of a naturalist account of morality is examined and compared with the Aristotelian and Scholastic views discussed in Volume 1. The volume ends with a survey of the persistence of voluntarism in English moral philosophy, and a brief discussion of the contrasts and connexions between Rousseau and earlier views on natural law. The emphasis of the book is not purely descriptive, narrative, or exegetical, but also philosophical. Irwin discusses the comparative merits of different views, the difficulties that they raise, and how some of the difficulties might be resolved. The book tries to present the leading moral philosophers of the past as participants in a rational discussion that is still being carried on, and tries to help the reader to participate in this discussion.
Natural Law And ‘Modern’ Moral Philosophy
Authors: Irwin Terence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The mid-17th century is often taken to mark the beginning of ‘modern’ philosophy, because of Descartes’s attack on his Scholastic predecessors. Since this is also the period of the ‘Scientific Revolution’ and of the emergence of the modern nation-state, it would be satisfying (to some historians) to find a similarly sharp break in the history of moral philosophy. This desire to see the origin of a new age in the 17th century is shared by some 17th and 18th-century writers. Hobbes takes himself to turn away from the errors of the ‘old moral philosophers’ by explaining the virtues as ways of fulfilling natural law. He is not alone in supposing that moral philosophers have taken a new direction by identifying moral philosophy with the study of natural law.
Sound Structure in Language
Authors: Rischel Jørgen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book presents Jørgen Rischel's most important work on language and sound structure. It includes some of the most original and groundbreaking research of four decades. The chapters focus on stress, syllabification, accent, and vowel harmony, and their interactions with other aspects of language. They include exemplary descriptions of the sound systems of a wide range of languages, cover both synchronic and diachronic analysis, and reflect the authors lifelong interest in typology. The book will interest phonologists, phoneticians, and language typologists throughout the world.
Morphemic Tone and Word Tone in Eastern Norwegian
Authors: Rischel Jørgen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The tonal accents of Norwegian (generally referred to as tone 1 and tone 2) are traditionally described as described as word tones, i.e. tonemes associated with words. It seems to be implied by the label ‘word tone’ that there is a basic one-to-one relationship, every word containing one tonal accent, no matter how the word is structured.
The Copula and Semantic Continuity in Plato’ S Sophist
Authors: Leigh Fiona 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lesley Brown first made a radical claim about uses of the Greek verb ‘to be’ (einai) in Plato’s Sophist some twenty years ago (1986). The view has proved quite influential. It has attracted support from scholars such as Myles Burnyeat and Charles Kahn, who endorse it in works that treat of ancient texts besides the Sophist. Brown’s paper has been anthologized in a well-received and popular collection of papers on Platonic metaphysics and epistemology. The proposal concerning einai was subsequently developed by her beyond the Sophist —and beyond Plato—in an essay on the verb that appeared in a collection of papers on language in ancient Greek thought. And in recent papers on the Sophist , Job van Eck and Blake Hestir have each assumed the validity of Brown’s reading without question.
Kinēsis Vs. Energeia : A Much-Read Passage in (But Not of) Aristotle’S Metaphysics
Authors: Burnyeat M F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We are to discuss what is now one of the most famous passages in Aristotle: Metaphysics Θ 6, 1048b18–35, on the distinction between and. The Passage, as I shall capitalize it, has been endlessly analysed by philosophical enthusiasts. It is a particular favourite with those trained in analytic philosophy. But few of these enthusiasts have attempted to explain how it fits into the overall programme of U.2 Ignoring context is usually a fault. But not here, for the good reason that the Passage does not fit into the overall programme of U, was not written for U, and should not be printed in the place we read it today. So I shall argue.
Testing the assumption of complexity invariance: the case of Elfdalian and Swedish
Authors: Dahl ÖSten 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 1, Geoffrey Sampson discusses what he calls “the assumption of (total) invariance of grammatical complexity ”, and quotes the claim by Hockett (1958): “the total grammatical complexity of any language, counting both morphology and syntax, is about the same as that of any other. ”
Carnap and Ontological Pluralism∗*
Authors: Eklund Matti 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My focus here will be Rudolf Carnap’s views on ontology, as these are presented in the seminal “Empiricism, Semantics and Ontology” (1950). I will first describe how I think Carnap’s distinction between external andinternal questions is best understood. Then I will turn to broader issues regarding Carnap̓s views on ontology. With certain reservations, I will ascribe to Carnap an ontological pluralist position roughly similar to the positions of Eli Hirsch and the later Hilary Putnam. Then I turn to some interrelated arguments against the pluralist view. The arguments are not demonstrative. Some possible escape routes for the pluralist are outlined. But I think the arguments constitute a formidable challenge. There should be serious doubt as to whether the pluralist view, as it emerges after discussion of these arguments, will be worth defending. Moreover, there is an alternative ontological view which equally well subserves the motivations underlying ontological pluralism.