bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A comprehensive performance evaluation algorithm for substation secondary equipment: An improved analytic hierarchy process entropy weight and learning vector quantization neural network approach
Authors: Wang Wei , Zhang Jianfei , Wang Sai , Chen Xuewei 
Published: January 2024

AbstractThis paper introduces a comprehensive performance evaluation algorithm explicitly designed for secondary equipment in substations, specifically targeting the relay protection system. In contrast to the current evaluation systems, this novel method navigates the complex internal interconnections and mechanisms inherent within secondary system equipment. Such complications have previously impeded the accuracy and breadth of evaluations, thereby limiting the degree of precision and innovation attainable within substations. The proposed approach effectively integrates the improved Analytic Hierarchy Process entropy weight (IAHP‐EW) method with the Learning Vector Quantization (LVQ) neural network. Initially, the IAHP‐EW method identified the comprehensive evaluation indicators and their corresponding weights for relay protection devices. Following weight allocation, these evaluation indicators are scrutinized and computed utilizing the multivariate regression analysis algorithm, resulting in performance evaluation outcomes for the relay protection system. These outcomes are subsequently classified and utilized in training the LVQ neural network, promoting the network's capacity to autonomously evaluate the performance status of the relay protection system. To corroborate the viability and effectiveness of this proposed performance evaluation and prediction algorithm, empirical operating data from a local substation is used. The results suggest a significant improvement in the evaluation accuracy of secondary equipment performance, indicating potential for practical application and a valuable contribution to the field through the introduction of a novel approach to performance assessment of substation relay protection systems.
Into nonlinearity and beyond for Zernike-like wavefront sensors
Authors: Haffert S. Y. 
Published: January 2024

Context. Telescopes like the Extremely Large Telescope (ELT) and the Giant Magellan Telescope (GMT) will be used together with extreme adaptive optics (AO) instruments to directly image Earth-like planets. The AO systems will need to perform at the fundamental limit in order to image Earth twins. A crucial component is the wavefront sensor. Interferometric wavefront sensors, such as the Zernike wavefront sensor (ZWFS), have been shown to perform close to the fundamental sensitivity limit. However, sensitivity comes at the cost of linearity; the ZWFS has strong nonlinear behavior.
Aims. The aim of this work is to increase the dynamic range of Zernike-like wavefront sensors by using nonlinear reconstruction algorithms combined with phase sorting interferometry (PSI) and multi-wavelength measurements.
Methods. The response of the ZWFS is explored analytically and numerically.
Results. The proposed iterative (non)linear reconstructors reach the machine precision for small aberrations (<0.25 rad rms). Coupling the nonlinear reconstruction algorithm with PSI increases the dynamic range of the ZWFS by a factor of three to about 0.75 rad rms. Adding multiple wavebands doubles the dynamic range again, to 1.4 radians rms.
Conclusions. The ZWFS is one of the most sensitive wavefront sensors, but has a limited dynamic range. The ZWFS will be an ideal second-stage wavefront sensor if it is combined with the proposed nonlinear reconstruction algorithm.
LOFAR detection of extended emission around a mini halo in the galaxy cluster Abell 1413
Authors: Lusetti G. , Bonafede A. , Lovisari L. , Gitti M. , Ettori S. , Cassano R. , Riseley C. J. , Govoni F. , Brüggen M. , Bruno L. , van Weeren R. J. , Botteon A. , Hoang D. N. , Gastaldello F. , Ignesti A. , Rossetti M. , Shimwell T. W. 
Published: January 2024

Context. The relation between giant radio halos and mini halos in galaxy clusters is not understood. The former are usually associated with merging clusters, while the latter are found in relaxed systems. In recent years, the advent of low-frequency radio observations has challenged this dichotomy by finding intermediate objects with a hybrid radio morphology.
Aims. We aim to investigate the presence of diffuse radio emission in the cluster Abell 1413 and determine its dynamical status to explore the relation between mini halos and giant radio halos.
Methods. We used LOFAR observations centred at 144 MHz to study the diffuse radio emission. To investigate the dynamical state of the system, we used newly analysed XMM-Newton archival data. Abell 1413 shows features that are typically present in both relaxed (e.g., peaked X-ray surface brightness distribution and some large-scale inhomogeneities) and disturbed (e.g., flatter temperature and metallicity profiles) clusters.
Results. This suggests that Abell 1413 is neither disturbed nor fully relaxed, and we argue that it is an intermediate-phase cluster. At 144 MHz, we discover a wider diffuse component surrounding the previously known mini halo at the cluster center. By fitting the radio surface-brightness profile with a double-exponential model, we can disentangle the two components. We find an inner mini halo with an e-folding radius, re, 1 = 28 ± 5 kpc, and an extended component with re, 2 = 290 ± 60 kpc. We also evaluated the point-to-point correlation between the radio and X-ray surface brightness, finding a sublinear relation for the outer emission and a superlinear relation for the mini halo. The mini halo and the diffuse emission extend over different scales and show different features, confirming the double nature of the radio emission and suggesting that the mechanisms responsible for the re-acceleration of the radio-emitting particle might be different.
Accelerated particle beams in a 3D simulation of the quiet Sun
Authors: Frogner L. , Gudiksen B. V. 
Published: January 2024

Context. Charged particles are constantly accelerated to non-thermal energies by the reconnecting magnetic field in the solar atmosphere. Our understanding of the interactions between the accelerated particles and their environment can benefit considerably from three-dimensional atmospheric simulations that account for non-thermal particle beam generation and propagation. In a previous publication, we presented the first results from such a simulation, which considers quiet Sun conditions. However, the original treatment of beam propagation ignores potentially important phenomena such as the magnetic gradient forces associated with a converging or diverging magnetic field.
Aims. Here we present a more general beam propagation model incorporating magnetic gradient forces, the return current, acceleration by the ambient electric field, corrected collision rates due to the ambient temperature, and collisions with heavier elements than hydrogen and the free electrons they contribute. Neglecting collisional velocity randomisation makes the model sufficiently lightweight to simulate millions of beams. We investigate how each new physical effect in the model changes the non-thermal energy transport in a realistic three-dimensional atmosphere.
Methods. We applied the method of characteristics to the steady-state continuity equation for electron flux to derive ordinary differential equations for the mean evolution of energy, pitch angle, and flux with distance. For each beam, we solved these numerically for a range of initial energies to obtain the evolving flux spectrum, from which we computed the energy deposited into the ambient plasma.
Results. Magnetic gradient forces significantly influence the spatial distribution of deposited beam energy. The magnetic field converges strongly with depth in the corona above loop footpoints. This convergence leads to a small coronal peak in deposited energy followed by a heavy dip caused by the onset of magnetic mirroring. Magnetically reflected electrons carry away 5 to 10% of the injected beam energy on average. The remaining electrons are relatively energetic and produce a peak in deposited energy below the transition region a few hundred kilometres deeper than they would in a uniform magnetic field. A diverging magnetic field at the beginning of the trajectory, which is common in the simulation, enhances the subsequent impact of magnetic mirroring. The other new physical effects do not qualitatively alter the picture of non-thermal energy transport for the atmospheric conditions under consideration.
Innovations in the Assessment of Skeletal Muscle Health: A Glimpse
into the Future
Authors: Beausejour Jonathan P. , Knowles Kevan S. , Wilson Abigail T , Mangum L. Colby , Hill Ethan C. , Hanney William J. , Wells Adam J. , Fukuda David H. , Stout JeffreyR. , Stock Matt S. 
Published: January 2024

AbstractSkeletal muscle is the largest organ system in the human body and plays critical
roles in athletic performance, mobility, and disease pathogenesis. Despite
growing recognition of its importance by major health organizations, significant
knowledge gaps remain regarding skeletal muscle health and its crosstalk with
nearly every physiological system. Relevant public health challenges like pain,
injury, obesity, and sarcopenia underscore the need to accurately assess
skeletal muscle health and function. Feasible, non-invasive techniques that
reliably evaluate metrics including muscle pain, dynamic structure,
contractility, circulatory function, body composition, and emerging biomarkers
are imperative to unraveling the complexities of skeletal muscle. Our concise
review highlights innovative or overlooked approaches for comprehensively
assessing skeletal muscle in vivo. We summarize recent advances in
leveraging dynamic ultrasound imaging, muscle echogenicity, tensiomyography,
blood flow restriction protocols, molecular techniques, body composition, and
pain assessments to gain novel insight into muscle physiology from cellular to
whole-body perspectives. Continued development of precise, non-invasive tools to
investigate skeletal muscle are critical in informing impactful discoveries in
exercise and rehabilitation science.
Autonomous drone swarms and the contested imaginaries of artificial intelligence
Authors: Weber Jutta 
Published: January 2024

AbstractAI-based, autonomous weapon systems (AWS) have the potential of weapons of mass destruction and thereby massively add to the intensifying dialectic of fear between ground and space and the pervasive mass human vulnerability of being tracked and targeted from above. Nevertheless, the dangerous effects of the proliferation of AWS have not been and still are not widely acknowledged. On the one hand, the capabilities and effects of AWS are downplayed by the military and the arms industry staging these systems as precise and clean. Recently, it is also argued that they can be built on the basis of a ‘responsible’ or ‘trustworthy’ artificial intelligence (AI). On the other hand, inadequate sociotechnical imaginaries of AI as a conscious, evil super-intelligence circulated by Hollywood blockbuster films such as 'Terminator' or 'Ex Machina' dominate the public discourse. Their massive overstatement of the power of the technology and also their focus on often irrelevant imaginaries such as the ‘Terminator’ hinders a realistic understanding of the AI’s capabilities. Against this background, arms control advocates develop new imaginaries to show the loss of ‘meaningful human control’ (Sharkey 2016) and its problematic consequences. In October 2023, the deployment of autonomous military in the battlefield has already been officially confirmed by an Ukrainian drone company (Hambling 2023).
Immobilisation efficacy of conducted electrical weapons on captive white-tailed deer
Authors: Grunwald Patrick J. , Ruder Mark G. , Osborn David A. , Muller Lisa I. , Goode Kaitlin O. , D’Angelo Gino J. 
Published: January 2024

Context Wildlife emergencies (e.g. injured animals) often require capture or humane dispatch of animals to resolve the situation. Conducted electrical weapons (CEWs) have the potential to immobilise white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) for a short duration to avoid potential risks of extended immobilisation (e.g. chemical immobilisation) and increase safety for managers and the public during humane killing by gunshot. Aims To test rapid immobilisation with minimal long-term physiological consequences of CEW immobilisation of white-tailed deer. Methods We arranged five treatment groups of captive deer, including (1) chemical immobilisation with 5-s CEW exposure (n = 5), (2) chemical immobilisation with 15-s CEW exposure (n = 5), (3) 5-s CEW exposure with no chemical immobilisation (n = 10), (4) 15-s CEW exposure with no chemical immobilisation (n = 10) and (5) a control group with no chemical immobilisation or CEW exposure (n = 10). We conducted treatments 1 and 2 to determine short-term physiological effects of CEWs on deer, related to overall welfare. In treatment groups 1 and 2, we sedated deer to collect blood immediately before CEW exposure, and 2 days and 5 days post-exposure for serum biochemical analysis (to measure physiological markers of organ and tissue damage). We observed deer before, during and after treatments to evaluate potential behavioural changes. Key results All deer showed signs of muscle paralysis immediately after exposure to CEW and regained muscle control immediately after the exposure ended. Serum biochemistry results for treatment group 1 and 2 revealed significant increases in creatine kinase (CK) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) 2 days post-treatment, before returning to pre-exposure concentrations by day 5-post-exposure, suggesting temporary myopathy. By 15-days post-exposure, deer that were only exposed to the CEW had 27 of 39 (69%) remotely fired probes still attached. No long-term behavioural or physiological changes were observed post-treatment. Conclusions Our findings suggest that for immobilisation of white-tailed deer, short-term exposure to a CEW to is a potential alternative to typical capture techniques and can provide sufficient immobilisation to approach and humanely kill deer by gunshot if necessary in wildlife emergencies. Implications As with all capture techniques, trainings and protocols should be developed to ensure the safety of personnel and animals during CEW exposures.
Variation in the Fataluku voiced coronal (j)
Authors: Grama James , Heston Tyler M. , Ross Melody Ann 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This paper represents the first variationist investigation of the voiced coronal phone (j) in Fataluku, a Papuan
language of Timor-Leste. Here, we implement the Boruta algorithm at the front end of our analysis pipeline to quantify predictor
importance, then use classification trees and mixed-effects regression to disentangle observed effects. Analysis suggests that
word position is highly predictive of (j) realization, with glides more likely word-medially and obstruents word-initially. Region
is an important predictor word-medially; speakers in Tutuala show nearly categorical [j], indicating strong allophony. Outside of
Tutuala, medial tokens vary according to gender and education; among speakers with limited formal education, men show higher rates
of glides than women, but speakers with secondary education exhibit higher obstruent rates and no gender differences. Initial
tokens, by contrast, are undergoing a change in progress towards affricate realizations. We interpret these findings in the
context of locally-specific conceptions of place for Fataluku people in Timor-Leste, particularly that of Tutuala.
Exploring cone-shaped solitons, breather, and lump-forms solutions using the lie symmetry method and unified approach to a coupled breaking soliton model
Authors: Kumar Sachin , Dhiman Shubham Kumar 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In this research article, we investigate the coupled breaking soliton (cBS) model using two distinct analytical methods, namely, the Lie symmetry approach and the Unified method. We start by applying the Lie group technique to the cBS model, allowing us to establish infinitesimals, vector fields, commutative and adjoint tables, and an adjoint transformation matrix. Through the utilization of the adjoint transformation matrix, we identify a one-dimensional optimal system of subalgebras. This essential stage allows the cBS model to be reduced into several collections of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) relating to similarity variables resulting from symmetry reduction. By solving these ODE systems under specific parametric constraints, we successfully obtain exact solutions in terms of closed form. Furthermore, the Unified method is employed to address the governing equation, leading us to deduce polynomial and rational function solutions. The dynamic behaviours and characteristics of these such solutions are comprehensively explored through 3-dimensional (3D) plots and contour plots. The graphics show breather solitons, cone-shaped solitons, lump solitons, and patterns of flower petals, periodic solitons, and solitary waves. Additionally, we have connected our mathematical findings with real-world phenomena, which enrich our research work. Furthermore, breathers and lumps arise in many fields of mathematical physics, including fluid dynamics, plasma physics, ocean engineering, nonlinear optics, and physical sciences, as well as several other areas of nonlinear dynamics.
Study on the piezoelectric properties and the mechanism of strain-regulated piezoelectricity in flexible Janus monolayers Cr2X3Y3 (X/Y = Cl, Br, I)
Authors: Xu Furong , Dai Songli , Cen Weifu , Zeng Qinghua , Tian Zean 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Piezoelectric materials hold significant promise in piezoelectric electronics and piezoelectric optoelectronics. As a new member of this family, the 2D Janus structures characterized by central symmetry breaking have attracted much attention due to the out-of-plane piezoelectric effects. In this work, the mechanical, piezoelectric properties, and the strain regulation mechanism of Juans structure material (Cr2X3Y3, X/Y = Cl, Br, I) are systematically investigated by the first-principles methods. The calculated mechanical properties show that Cr2X3Y3 with a lower Young’s modulus of 27.31∼29.76 N m−1 is more sensitive to applied stresses, theoretically exhibiting exceptional piezoelectric properties. The in-plane piezoelectric coefficients d
11 for Cr2Br3Cl3, Cr2I3Cl3, and Cr2I3Br3 are 4.92, 9.89, and 7.86 pm V−1, respectively; the out-of-plane piezoelectric coefficients d
31 are 1.13, 2.33, and 1.64 pm V−1, respectively. Cr2I3Cl3 has the highest values of d
11 and d
31 due to the large electronegativity difference between iodine and chlorine atoms. Based on the analysis, it can be deduced that Cr2X3Y3 demonstrates substantial piezoelectric responses in both in- and out-of-plane, with potential strain regulation effects. The d
31 values of Cr2I3Cl3 show an approximately linear relationship to strain in the range from −2% to 4% and remain consistently above 2.10 pm V−1 across a broader range of strain from −4% to 6%, underscoring its robustness to strain. Our study indicates that two-dimensional Janus Cr2X3Y3 monolayers would emerge as promising candidates for diverse applications in multifunctional electronic devices.
Parameter estimation of the Bardeen-Kerr black hole in cloud of strings using shadow analysis
Authors: Kumar Vishvakarma Bijendra , Veer Singh Dharm , Siwach Sanjay 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
We consider the rotating generalization of the Bardeen black hole solution in the presence of a cloud of strings (CoS). The parameter space for which the black hole horizon exists is determined. We also study the static limit surface and the ergo-region in the presence of the CoS parameter. We consider photon orbits and obtain the deformation of black hole shadows due to rotation for various values of the CoS parameter. The shadow deformation is used to determine the black hole spin for different values of the black hole parameters.
Generalized GHZ entanglement states for optimal rotation detection of quantum spin systems using majorana representation
Authors: Mafi Yousef , Kazemikhah Payman , Kookani Ali , Aghababa Hossein , Kolahdouz Mohammadreza 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
A multitude of engineering and scientific applications require the estimation of an unknown axis’ rotation, known as the reference frame alignment problem. These problems can be categorized using the quantum Cramer–Rao bound. Detecting rotations is typically focused on smaller angles, as errors are more significant in this range. Therefore, selecting the optimal combination of measurement techniques based on a quantum entangled state for a particular setup is a critical step. This paper proposes a linear combination of anticoherence and coherence measures based on the generalized GHZ entanglement states. The anticoherence measures, optimizes the spin system’s average fidelity in detecting rotated states, while the overlap between states in any spin number is minimal. The optimal quantum rotosensors are characterized by the minimal average fidelity given by the overlap before and after averaging over all directions. The individual subsystems’ states have substantial overlap with GHZ states, making the generalized GHZ state the entanglement quantum spin-j state with coherence decay rate ϵ beneficial in finding the optimal rotation detection on noncoherent entanglement state.
Second sound of heat conduction in one-dimensional dielectric materials
Authors: Xu Mingtian 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Although recent experiment have shown that second sound can occur in graphite above 200 K, there have been no reports of second sound being observed in low-dimensional materials. In the present work, based on phonon hydrodynamics we found that second sound can occur in a single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) with a length of no less than 2.1333 microns and no more than 2.1209e-4 meters for the initial temperature field with sinusoidal changes in the axial direction. The constraint conditions for relaxation times of the normal and resistive scatterings, as well as the conditions for the axial length and initial temperature distribution required for the occurrence of the second sound in dielectric nanowires are also derived from the Guyer-Krumhansl equations. For both SWCNTs and nanowires it was found that the small normal scattering relaxation time and large resistive scattering relaxation time are beneficial for the occurrence of second sound. Our results show that in comparison with two-dimensional materials, such as graphene, it is easier to experimentally excite second sound in the SWCNTs.
Raman spectroscopy assisted support vector machine: a steadfast tool for noninvasive classification of urinary glucose of diabetes mellitus
Authors: Rehan Imran , Khan Saranjam , Ullah Rahat 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The currentstudy presents the application of a Raman spectroscopy-assisted Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithm for the analysis and classification of urine samples of diabetes mellitus and healthy control subjects. Raman spectra of pathological as well as control samples were acquired in the spectral range of 600 to 1800 cm−1. Spectral differences were observed in Raman spectra of diabetic and non-diabetic urine samples based on variations in their chemical composition. Effective machine-learning techniques were utilized to highlight the spectral differences between diabetic and normal urine samples. Data classification was carried out by using SVM models with different kernel functions: radial basis function (RBF), polynomial function, linear function, and sigmoid. The algorithm classifies data sets into different classes based on even subtle variations in the spectral features. The classification performance of the model was evaluated by employing a 10-fold cross-validation method. The best performance was obtained with RBF having a diagnostic accuracy, precision, sensitivity, specificity, F-score, and AUC of approximately 94%, 100%, 90%, 100%, 0.94, and 0.99 respectively.