bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multiple‐point adsorption of terbium ions by lead ion templated thermosensitive gel: elucidating recognition of conformation in gel by terbium probe
Authors: Güney Orhan 
Published: April 2003

AbstractLead ion templated thermosensitive heteropolymer gel which has recognition ability of methacrylate pairs has been synthesized and characterized. The gel consists of a main monomer component, N‐isopropylacrylamide (NIPA), responsible for volume phase transition, methacrylic acid (MAA) moieties imprinted as pairs to adsorb terbium ions and cross‐links. An imprinting technique was applied using lead ion complex with methacrylate ligands in dioxane media. After gel was obtained, lead ions were removed by washing and the imprinted gel showed strong binding ability to terbium ions, comparable with that of the non‐imprinted gel prepared without lead ions. It was found that the Tb3+ fluorescence intensity was considerably increased upon binding this ion to both imprinted and non‐imprinted gels, but the largest enhancement of fluorescence intensity was observed when Tb3+ was bound to imprinted gel in shrunken state. This is because of the decrease of coordinated water molecules on Tb3+ and the strong binding of this ion to methacrylate pairs which are encoded within the weakly cross‐linked network of imprinted gel. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Canopy leaching of cations in Central European forest ecosystems – a regional assessment
Authors: Langusch Jens‐Johann , Borken Werner , Armbruster Martin , Dise Nancy B. , Matzner Egbert 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe leaching of Ca, Mg, and K from canopies is a major pathway of these cations into forest soils. Our aim was to quantify rates of canopy leaching and to identify driving factors at the regional scale using annual fluxes of bulk precipitation and throughfall from 37 coniferous and deciduous forests of North and Central Europe. Total deposition of Ca, Mg, K, and H+ was estimated with Na as an index cation. The median canopy leaching increased in the order: Mg (0.11 kmolc ha–1 a–1) < Ca (0.31 kmolc ha–1 a–1) < K (0.39 kmolc ha–1 a–1). Canopy leaching of Ca and K was positively correlated with the calculated total H+ deposition and H+ buffered in the canopy, whereas canopy leaching of Mg was not. With contrasting effects, fluxes of SO4‐S and NH4‐N in throughfall explained to 64 % (P<0.001) of the Ca canopy leaching. Fluxes of NH4‐N and Ca were negatively correlated, suggesting that buffering of H+ by NH3 deposition reduced canopy leaching of Ca. Amount of bulk precipitation and SO4‐S in throughfall were identified as much weaker driving factors for canopy leaching of K (r2=0.28, P<0.01). Our results show that Ca is the dominant cation in buffering the H+ input in the canopy. At the regional and annual scale, canopy leaching of Mg appears to be unaffected by H+ deposition and H+ buffering in the canopy.
A Generalized Least Square Model for the Determination of Monomer Reactivity Ratios in Free Radical Copolymerization Systems
Authors: Habibi Ali , Vasheghani‐Farahani Ebrahim , Semsarzadeh Mohamad A. , Sadaghiani Kambiz 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe reliable estimation of monomer reactivity ratios is a key problem in the development of process models, and, thus, is an important issue in both process design and control. Copolymers of isobutyl methacrylate (i‐BMA), and lauryl methacrylate (LMA) were prepared by free radical bulk copolymerization at 70 °C using 2,2′–azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as initiator. The monomer reactivity ratios as well as the 95% confidence intervals were calculated from Fineman‐Ross, Ezrielev‐Brokhina‐Roskin, Kelen & Tudos, extended Kelen & Tudos and a linear iterative method proposed by Mao and Huglin. The estimation process was performed by applying nonlinear techniques based on Marquardt optimization, “ordinary least square” (OLS) and “generalized least square” (GLS) approaches and the results were compared with each other. The novel GLS estimator program developed during this study was employed to ascertain the shape of the copolymer composition curve and good agreement between experimental and calculated copolymer composition was obtained. Also, both real and simulated data was presented, which show GLS method is a statistically valid technique for estimating reactivity ratios by accounting response error structure. This new estimation method handles regression models with error terms that are heteroskedastic or serially correlated, or both.95% joint confidence interval for reactivity ratios from “NLLS” analysis.magnified image95% joint confidence interval for reactivity ratios from “NLLS” analysis.
QSARs for the skin sensitization potential of aldehydes and related compounds
Authors: Patlewicz Grace , Roberts David W , Walker John D 
Published: April 2003

AbstractAlthough not all aldehydes are skin sensitizers, many of them, covering a diverse range of structures, show varying degrees of sensitization potential. Based on consideration of their reaction chemistry, it is possible to identify structural features associated with sensitization potential or the lack of it. Many aldehydes, including several fragrance allergens, can sensitize by Schiff base formation. A QSAR based on reactivity and hydrophobicity parameters has been developed for these aldehydes. The QSAR can be extended to include 1,2‐diketones, which can also react by Schiff base formation. The findings indicate that for skin sensitization, as for several other areas of toxicology, chemicals are better classified in terms of their reaction chemistry rather than in terms of their functional groups, i.e., based on mechanisms of action as opposed to chemical class.
Mechanisms of action for general and polar narcosis: A difference in dimension
Authors: Roberts David W. , Costello Jayne F. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThere are currently two schools of thought surrounding the existence of polar and non‐polar narcosis mechanisms in aquatic toxicity. Some authors argue that there is a real distinction between the two modes of action but recently support has grown for the suggestion that there may be no real difference and that the apparent distinction disappears when membrane/water partition ceofficients Kmware used, and has arisen purely because the octanol/water partition coefficient P is in fact an inadequate descriptor of partitioning into a lipid membrane. In this paper the evidence is analysed and it is concluded that although practically useful QSARs covering both general and polar narcotics can be developed based on log Kmw, there is nevertheless a real mechanistic difference between general and polar narcosis, which manifests itself by: significantly different QSARs, even when based on log Kmw, for general and polar narcotics treated separately; differences in FATS; non‐additivity between general narcotics and polar narcotics in mixture toxicity studies. We propose that this difference is based on a difference in physical chemistry, general narcotics acting via 3‐D partition (able to move in all directions in the hydrocarbon‐like interior of the membrane) and polar narcotics acting via 2‐D partition (involving binding between a functional group on the narcotic and the polar phosphatidyl choline head groups at the membrane surface). Based on this hypothesis a mathematical model is derived which can explain: why log P based QSARs covering diverse general narcotics are of statistically better quality than log P based QSARs covering diverse polar narcotics; why the slopes of log P based QSARs are larger for general narcosis than for polar narcosis: why the intercepts of log P based QSARs are larger for polar narcotics than for general narcotics; why some chemicals show additive toxicity both with general and polar narcotics.
QSAR analysis of metal ion toxicity data in sunflower callus cultures (Helianthus annuus “Sunspot”)
Authors: Enache Monica , Dearden John C. , Walker John D. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractToxicity data in sunflower callus cultures were determined for 12 metal ions: Ca(II), Cd(II), Co(II), Cu(II), K(I), Li(I), Mg(II), Mn(II), Na(I), Ni(II), Zn(II) and La(III). Based on fresh and dry weight measurements, in vitro EC50 values in solution and in callus tissue were determined. The correlations of the two toxicity data sets were modest. Pearson's correlation analysis of the toxicity data set determined in callus tissue and numerous parameters considered relevant in QSAR analysis showed the existence of a lower number of significant relationships, compared to the analogous analysis of EC50 values in solution. Presented here are the corresponding significant regression equations. Different types of properties appeared to correlate with toxicity, making it difficult to identify their potential significance, for example properties of the metallic state like densities, atomic properties like atomic radii and ionisation energies, chemical properties of metals like electronegativity and other surrogate measures considered to reflect qualities affecting interaction with ligands included as the chemical softness parameter, the covalent index, the first hydrolysis constant, quantitative measures of the stability of a metal complex in solution and hydration data.
Potential energy for slantwise parcel motion
Authors: Gray S. L. , Thorpe A. J. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractTwo formulations for the potential energy for slantwise motion are compared: one which applies strictly only to two‐dimensional flows (SCAPE) and a three‐dimensional formulation based on a Bernoulli equation. The two formulations share an identical contribution from the vertically integrated buoyancy anomaly and a contribution from different Coriolis terms. The latter arise from the neglect of (different) components of the total change in kinetic energy along a trajectory in the two formulations. This neglect is necessary in order to quantify the potential energy available for slantwise motion relative to a defined steady environment. Copyright © 2000 Royal Meteorological Society.
Possible steps required in the internalization of nude Epstein—Barr virus
Authors: Barile Giuseppe , Di Certo Maria Grazia , Trivedi Pankaj , Faggioni Alberto 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe hypothesis proposed is that the internalization of nude EBV by Raji cells—a CR2‐positive line—involves a multi‐step mechanism. Our data also indicate that Raji cells do not acquire the ability to kill EBV until after the virions attach to the membrane.
Erb‐B2 homodimerization inhibits MUC1 transcription in cultured human mammary epithelial cells
Authors: Canbay Emel 
Published: April 2003

AbstractMUC1 mucin is a heavily O‐glycosylated transmembrane protein that is aberrantly expressed in many carcinomas, including breast cancer. In the present study, the effect of signaling generated from the Erb‐B2 homodimer as a result of transcription of the MUC1 gene was investigated in human mammary epithelial cell lines (MTSV1‐7 and Hb2) stably transfected with a pBAT/trk‐neu construct in which the extracellular domain of Erb‐B2 was replaced with the corresponding domain from the nerve growth factor (NGF) receptor. In this system, NGF stimulated homodimerization of Erb‐B2 and phosphorylation of its intracellular domain. MTSV1‐7/trk‐neu and Hb2/trk‐neu cells were transiently transfected with a construct in which the MUC1 promoter caused expression of a CAT reporter gene, and were then treated with NGF. These studies showed that MUC1 expression was inhibited by NGF treatment in both cell lines, suggesting that its expression can be regulated by signals resulting from the homodimerization of Erb‐B2.
ālim Ḍākū and the Mystery of the Rubber Sea Monster: Urdu Detective Fiction in 1930s Punjab and the Experience of Colonial Modernity
Authors: Daechsel Markus 
Published: April 2003

AbstractDetective fiction counts amongst the most successful literary products that the metropolitan west has exported to the world periphery. Between the end of the nineteenth century and the outbreak of the Second World War the genre acquired a global presence – both in the form of translations of existing works such as the Sherlock Holmes stories, and in the form of numerous indigenous adaptations. This kind of literature represented a prime example of the mass-produced and mass-circulated print entertainment that was part and parcel of the emergence of mass consumption as a social form. Detective fiction was, thus, both a carrier and an expression of modernity. While some literary theorists have pointed to longstanding historical antecedents, detective fiction would not have made sense in earlier historical epochs. The principles of scientific enquiry permeate the genre throughout, not just in terms of the ubiquitous magnifying glasses, finger-prints and assorted scientific apparatuses, but in terms of the subject matter itself – the fact that it is possible to make sense of an increasingly confusing world by uncovering hidden causal connections through rational enquiry.
On Early Chinese Morphology and its Intellectual History
Authors: Branner David Prager 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe medieval Chinese tradition tells us that a given Chinese character may change its meaning when its reading is altered slightly. Modern scholars have sought principles for these changes, and from those principles have reconstructed a skeletal system of early Chinese morphology – with such elements as derivation by tone change, causative infixes, transitivising prefixes, etc. Yet it is an arresting fact that some of pre-modern China's linguistically most astute scholars inveighed against the multiple readings on which this research is based. They seem to have held strong opinions, not always made explicit, about precisely how it is that Chinese characters represent language. These two views, modern and traditional, represent fundamentally different models of how early Chinese evolved into modern Chinese.
DECOMPOSITION PRINCIPLE FOR ANALYZING REGION QUADTREES
Authors: ITO AKIRA , INOUE KATSUSHI , WANG YUE 
Published: April 2003

Given a binary image of square size, it is desirable to identify the amount of shift of the foreground pixels such that it minimizes the total number of leaves of the region quadtree that represents the image. This problem is called quadtree normalization. For this problem, the best known algorithms have time complexities O(N2 log N), where N is the side length of given images (so, N2 is the total number of pixels). In this paper, we show an algorithm that has the optimal complexity O(N2) for some class of images. Our strategy consists of two stages: decomposing the given image into axis-parallel rectangles at first and integrating the contributions of individual rectangles afterwards. To do this, we derive the necessary and sufficient condition on any decomposition scheme, in a conditional form of the well-known Inclusion–Exclusion Principle. It turns out that the generated primitives must be "strictly overlapped" to some extent. The optimal linear-time complexity can be achieved in the case when the total area of the decomposed rectangles is bounded by O(N2) e.g. for the class of images whose foreground part is drawn with the finite number of rectangles. We only sketch the outline of the first decomposition stage of the new algorithm, but the last integrating stage is described in details.
Synthesis of SnO2 Nanoparticles by the Sol-gel Method From Granulated Tin
Authors: Zhang Jianrong , Gao Lian 
Published: April 2003

Abstract
SnO2 sols were prepared by the sol-gel method starting from granulated tin. Calcining the dried gel powder at 773 K for 2 h formed almost monodispersed SnO2 nanoparticles whose average diameter was 5 nm and surface area as high as 143 m2/g.
Localized Negatively Charged Interfaces for Seawater Electrolyte‐Based Zinc‐Air Batteries
Authors: Liu Yurong , Feng Suyang , Shan Lutong , Zhu Yousheng , Zhou Chuancong , Li Jing , Shi Xiaodong , Kang Zhenye , Tian Xinlong , Rao Peng 
Published: February 2025

AbstractSeawater electrolyte‐based zinc‐air batteries (S‐ZABs) are considered the promising choice for highly efficient marine power supply, owing to their high specific energy, low cost, and eco‐friendliness. However, the air‐cathode suffers from the sluggish oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) kinetics together with the severe adsorption of Cl− in seawater electrolytes, which severely limits the service life and efficiency of S‐ZABs. Herein, precisely decorating axially coordinated Cl ions (Cl−) on Fe atomic sites (Cl‐FeSA/NC) to construct a local negatively charged interface to inhibit the adsorption of Cl− is proposed, which exhibits a desirable ORR activity, and good stability with almost no loss in electrocatalytic performance after long‐term stability test. Moreover, the assembled battery achieves a peak power density of 208.0 mW cm−2, which is 1.45 times higher than commercial Pt/C‐based S‐ZABs. Density functional theory calculations reveal that the axially coordinated Cl− not only constructs a local negatively charged interface to inhibit the corrosion and poisoning of Fe active sites by Cl−, but also regulates the electronic states of Fe active sites to optimize adsorption/desorption energy of intermates, thus improving the electrocatalytic activity and stability of Cl‐FeSA/NC.
A Scalable Route to Constructing Hydrogel‐Encapsulated Lithium‐Ion Sieves‐Based Photothermal Fabric Adsorbent for Solar‐Enhanced Lithium Extraction from Seawater
Authors: Han Zihang , Qi Shumao , Fu Mengtao , Han Li , Hong Chenxiao , Shen Zhongyi , Wang Xuecheng , Su Kaiyuan , Xue Xiaogang , Zhang Bowu , Gu Jianzhong , Ma Hongjuan 
Published: February 2025

AbstractLithium extraction from seawater is deemed as the promising solution to coping with the booming demand for lithium. However, the trace lithium concentration and low temperature in seawater limit the adsorption amount of lithium on conventional adsorbents. Here, a novel scalable method is developed for constructing a photothermal fabric adsorbent for lithium extraction by encapsulating graphite powder (GP) and lithium‐ion sieves (LISs) with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), which is then simultaneously coated onto commercial cotton fabric through electron beam (EB) irradiation‐induced crosslinking. Benefited from the evaporation‐induced ion concentration effects and solar‐heated microenvironment, the lithium adsorption kinetics of the adsorbent is accelerated with the assistance of solar illumination, which achieve a 55.0% lithium removal ratio in seawater in just 30 min sun illumination, whereas just 30.0% under dark condition. A 21‐day solar‐assisted offshore adsorption test confirmed the photothermal fabric adsorbent can sequester 15.71 mgLi g−1, ≈25.9% increase in comparison with that without solar illumination. Considering the cost of the adsorbent as low as 2.98 $ kg−1, this research provides a simple and scalable method for the preparation of low‐cost photothermal adsorbent for efficient extraction of lithium from seawater on an industrial scale.
Electrocrystallization of Copper 7,7,8,8‐Tetracyanoquinodimethane Charge‐Transfer Complex on Flexible Substrates for Real‐Time Ammonia Gas Sensing
Authors: Wang Ren , Kilani Mohamed , Lin Jiancheng , Chandrawati Rona , Mao Guangzhao 
Published: February 2025

AbstractReal‐time monitoring of public safety, individual health, and environmental conditions relies on accurate continuous data collected by gas sensors, which provide users with cost‐effective insights to support informed decision‐making. This study presents an innovative approach that simplifies the manufacturing process of nanowire (NW)‐based gas sensors by enabling direct electrodeposition of NW crystals on various substrates, such as silicon wafers and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Copper 7,7,8,8‐Tetracyanoquinodimethane (CuTCNQ), a charge‐transfer complex, is electrodeposited directly onto photolithographically patterned interdigitated triangle‐tip electrodes and functions as a chemiresistive gas sensor that responds to ammonia gas through charge interactions. The sensor's performance can be precisely controlled using electrochemical techniques, allowing for tailored sensitivity across different concentration ranges. To enhance the practical application of this technology, a flexible, near‐field communication‐based passive tag is developed by integrating the CuTCNQ gas sensor with a flexible printed circuit board. This device enables on‐demand ammonia concentration analysis and operates battery‐free and wireless through mobile phone scanning. This capability is crucial for wearable or industrial devices and aligns with the increasing demand for robust environmental monitoring solutions. This approach represents a significant step forward in improving both human health and environmental protection through accessible and efficient gas sensing technology.
Fabrication of Graphene Polyhedra: Unveiling New Structures, Forms, and Properties
Authors: Lim Joong Yeon , Kim Seonghwan , Rahman Muhammad Toyabur , Kim Young‐Seong 
Published: February 2025

AbstractA hybrid nanoporous carbon alloy material is synthesized using a core–shell structure based on metal–organic frameworks, revealing a novel graphene polyhedral form. The presence of carbon and metal as doped cobalt carbides based on morphed graphene within the graphene polyhedra is confirmed through a combination of X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy analyses. These novel graphene polyhedra exhibit magnetoelectric coupling properties at room temperature. The magnetic state control is verified using a magnetic probe; the changes in the magnetic state increased with a higher applied bias, and the poling direction of the magnetic phase is reversed based on the scanning direction of the probe. This discovery holds promise for future applications in ultrafast devices and carbon‐based spintronics research.
Micro‐Engraving UV‐Sensitive Thin‐Film Transistor from Metal–Metal Oxide Nanoparticles with Band‐Gap Engineering
Authors: Yang U Jeong , Park Sehyun , Choi Woosung , Tsukruk Vladimir V. 
Published: February 2025

AbstractAs known, n‐type inorganic semiconductor nanoparticles such as zinc oxide nanoparticles have been explored in various sensing applications, which demand high‐density electronic elements placement for rapid operation. Herein, high‐resolution designs of conductive channels of noble metal‐doped zinc oxide nanoparticles is demonstrated using an engraving transfer printing process and silver metal doping approach. Such thin‐film transistors with reduced feature size to 2 µm fabricated exhibited significantly enhanced electron mobility up 3.46 × 10−2 cm2 V−1 s−1 and light sensitivity. Furthermore, the integration of this micropatterning technology and metal doping in thin‐film transistors is utilized for control of current–voltage characteristics under the ultraviolet radiation with high sensitivity. It is suggested that this approach to design of doped inorganic nanoparticle channels paves the way for high‐density thin‐film transistors suitable for optoelectronic circuit, UV photodetectors and neuromorphic computing systems.