bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Confidentiality of Personal Health Information
Authors: Pearson Steven D , E.Sabin James , Emanuel Ezekiel J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IntegraCare is a fictitious name, but these cases are real and in the public domain. They highlight a growing concern about the confidentiality of personal medical information in an age of large health-care organizations and dizzying technological advances. Confidentiality, however, has always been central to medical ethics, extending back to the time of the Hippocratic oath. Confidentiality is a deeply held value in medicine and a pillar of the patient-doctor relationship. It is generally agreed that health care is improved when patients feel safe confiding sensitive medical information to their caregivers and that patients who fear their private stories will be disclosed may withhold pertinent information (Ethical Force Program, 2000). But how can patients be sure that the information they provide will remain confidential? In the past, they had only the personal integrity of their individual doctors to worry about. But now, personal information of all kinds is recorded electronically and seems to pass through semipermeable membranes to places and organizations of which we have little knowledge. Anyone who has received unwanted e-mail from a merchant who obtained the e-mail address from some unknown source has felt the uneasy feeling of being watched, and even invaded. As health information joins the cavalcade of available personal electronic data, many are asking, what are the legitimate uses of personal health information outside the immediate clinical setting? And, even when personal health information is shared with others for good reasons, how can the appropriate level of privacy for individuals be protected? The struggle to define boundaries between respect for individual privacy and the collection of health data for legitimate uses has led to widespread debate over how competing ethical values can be appropriately balanced.
Why Financial Services Mergers?
Authors: Walter Ingo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first chapter of this book considered how reconfiguration of the financial services sector fits into the process of financial intermediation within national economies and the global economy. The chapter also explored the static and dynamic efficiency attributes that tend to determine which channels of financial intermediation gain or lose market share over time. Financial firms must try to “go with the flow” and position themselves in the intermediation channels that clients are likely to be using in the future, not necessarily those they have used in the past. This usually requires strategic repositioning and restructuring, and one of the tools available for this purpose is M&A activity. The second chapter described the structure of that M&A activity both within and between the four major pillars of the financial sector (commercial banking, securities, insurance, and asset management), as well as domestically and cross-border. The conclusion was that, at least so far, there is no evidence of strategic dominance of multifunctional financial conglomerates over more narrowly focused firms and specialists, or vice versa, as the structural outcome of this process.
The Key Lessons
Authors: Walter Ingo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book has portrayed the contours of the mergers and acquisitions landscape in financial services. It identified (1) what drives the broad structure of the industry, (2) how the patterns of financial takeovers have transformed it and are likely to continue reshaping the industry going forward, (3) what motivates financial sector M&A deals and what they are supposed to achieve, (4) what it takes to execute them successfully, (5) whether they actually “work” in terms of market share and shareholder value, and (6) whether the outcomes are good for the efficiency and stability of the financial system. An effort was made to link the basic underpinnings of competitive advantage in this unique industry to the observed outcomes based on available performance data and individual case studies.
Bringing the Outside in Learning and Knowledge Management Through External Networks
Authors: Maznevski Martha , Athanassiou Nicholas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most knowledge management initiatives focus on getting knowledge moving around inside a firm—sharing best practices, creating knowledge directories, acquiring leading edge technology, and so forth (Kostova, Athanassiou, and Berdrow, 2004). Although the outside environment is accepted as a source of knowledge, few companies think about how to manage their external knowledge resources strategically, to create value beyond an immediate and specific piece of knowledge or information. In this chapter, we address the issue of bringing the outside in—managing external networks of relationships to increase their knowledge-related value for the firm.
Market Research in Product Development
Authors: Leonard Dorothy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The greatest challenge in product and service innovation is to match what customers will buy to what the organization can produce. Usually the knowledge requisite to accomplish that task resides in two different contexts: that of the users and that of the organization’s developers. It falls to marketing professionals to blend the experience base of the user with the experience base of the creators. Marketers must absorb enough of the customers’ worldview and experience to envision value-adding products and services—especially those which the customers themselves cannot describe—and to use that vision to guide the development of the innovation. Since the early twentieth century, marketing research has developed a highly sophisticated set of tools focused on that task of discovery. The advent of computers has allowed the splintering of huge amounts of data on customer preferences and behaviors into ever more atomized clusters that can be targeted with specialized offerings. Companies can collect information and data about relatively small population segments, say, stay-at-home mothers with two or more children or Hispanic middle school art teachers.
Perspectives on Research and Development Organizing and Managing Innovation in a (Global) Knowledge-Based Economy
Authors: Augier Mie , Teece David J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
R&D and (the Economics of) Knowledge There is no doubt that technological innovation is the primary driver of economic growth. While classical economists ranging from Adam Smith to Karl Marx were aware of the importance of technology and knowledge in economic growth, it was probably Schumpeter who brought innovation to center stage. Indeed, according to Joseph Schumpeter, innovation is the engine of the capitalist system: ‘‘The fundamental impulse that sets and keeps the capitalist engine in motion comes from the new consumers’ goods, the new methods of production or transportation, the new markets, the new forms of industrial organization that capitalist enterprise creates’’ (Schumpeter, 1942 p. 83). Schumpeter was ignored for decades, while economists modeled firms as employing more capital, labor, and other factors of production to increase output—possibly with technical change as a shift parameter in the production function.
Globalizing Local Knowledge in Global Companies
Authors: Gilbert Xavier 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Acompelling justification for globalization is that it yields substantial competitive advantages without which companies could no longer survive, such as access to new markets, opening the door to volume-related cost advantages, first-entrant advantages, or market power, to name a few. A business presence in multiple geographical locations also gives a significant advantage that is not always fully exploited: an abundance of insights into fast-evolving global competitive advantages—provided the global firm can leverage the locally developed knowledge.
What is menopausal hormone therapy?
Authors: Segal Sheldon J , Mastroianni Luigi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term “hormone replacement therapy” (HRT) probably has a commercial origin but doctors and women accepted it for several decades. That changed after the release of the interim report from the Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) study in July 2002. Shortly afterward, the National Institutes of Health recommended that the term “menopausal hormone therapy” would be preferable. The familiar term “hormone replacement therapy” will thus soon become obsolete as the Food and Drug Administration requires pharmaceutical companies to act on this recommendation regarding nomenclature. Because menopause is brought about by the decrease in levels of ovarian hormones, the initial rationale was that replacing these hormones could offset the deficiency. The term “HRT” implies that the replacement of the diminished natural hormone production prevents the symptoms of estrogen deprivation. “Replacement” would be an acceptable description of the hormone therapy if, indeed, one could determine the precise hormonal status of perimenopausal women and were able to customize treatment for each woman. This is not what usually happens and, in fact, would be very impractical. Efforts have been made to do this hormonal calibration using a simple saliva test. The test has been available for many years but it is not widely used. In most cases, it is no more helpful than having the health care provider determine what may be required on the basis of an examination and the symptoms reported by a patient.
Why should women consider hormone therapy?
Authors: Segal Sheldon J , Mastroianni Luigi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For most women, the onset of menopause is easily recognized. As the name implies, menstrual periods stop. This is when women first start to wonder whether they should consider hormone therapy. Hot flashes are the symptom that most of the time prompts women to seek guidance on menopause from a doctor or other health care provider. Hot flashes are an indication of vasomotor instability causing dilation of small capillaries thought the body. This causes a sudden flushing and reddening of the face, usually accompanied by perspiration. When hot flashes occur at night, sleep is often interrupted. Many women awaken night after night, their bed drenched in perspiration. During the day, the hot flashes occur unpredictably and can be the cause of awkward social and professional situations. At menopause, estrogen production by the ovary falls below a critical level. Hot flashes and associated sleep disturbances are caused by this estrogen deprivation. Many scientific studies have shown conclusively that estrogen administration prevents hot flashes. These studies have compared the effectiveness of placebos and estrogen and find an enormous difference. Symptoms are controlled in almost all estrogen users. For women who choose not to use estrogens or any other therapy, hot flashes usually last from one to two years before abating spontaneously, but about 25% find that the condition persists for five years or longer.
Can HT protect brain function and prevent Alzheimer’s disease?
Authors: Segal Sheldon J , Mastroianni Luigi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The commonly held belief that there is decreased cognitive function (mental acuity) with age is justified, but there is great individual variation. Some mental processes do slow down with age, but many do not. Studies from several countries including the United States have reached this conclusion. Research into aging has been greatly advanced by the Study of Aging in America program sponsored for more than a decade by Chicago’s MacArthur Foundation. As part of this research, millions of dollars were provided to scientists and doctors around the country to support studies on aging within their particular areas of expertise. John Rowe and Robert Kahn present the results of the Aging in America Study in their book, Successful Aging. Fears of mental decline, loss of memory, and especially of Alzheimer’s disease are widespread among older people. According to the Aging in America study, about 10% of people over the age of 65 may have Alzheimer’s disease, and the proportion increases with age. Among the oldest, people from 85 to 100 years of age or more, as many as 50% may have some degree of Alzheimer’s. These are probably reliable statistics; specialists believe that cognitive tests and medical examinations now available enable them to make a diagnosis with 90% confidence.
Herbal products for menopause
Authors: Segal Sheldon J , Mastroianni Luigi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Doctors are usually unwilling to make recommendations that are not based on evidence. Our professional decisions are guided by the information and experience of modern medicine, arguably the best and most sophisticated the world has ever known. Sometimes, this elicits the criticism that we medicalize conditions that are a normal part of life. Disapproval is leveled particularly at medical management of the menopause, an event which predictably occurs in the lives of all women who survive into their 50s and beyond. The complaint is that many health care providers are likely to recommend hormone treatment without considering other options, while failing to provide common-sense guidance on healthy living and preventive measures that have stood the test of time. Many women are skeptical about hormones and react by seeking alternative approaches to manage the symptoms of the menopause. These include relaxation techniques, chiropractic massage, herbal medicines, and megavitamins. In a survey of menopausal women, as many as four out of five indicated that they had used nonprescription remedies to manage both the short-term and long-term consequences of menopause. One explanation for this is that they are reluctant to embark on a longterm course of prescription medication, the rationale for which has not been fully described and explained. This is particularly true for HT. There are, of course, other reasons for the concern about HT.
Can phytoestrogens, antioxidants, and vitamins replace HT?
Authors: Segal Sheldon J , Mastroianni Luigi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Phytoestrogens, antioxidants, and vitamins are not unfamiliar topics in the discussion of menopause. Among the many alternatives to HT that women lean toward or for which they seek guidance, the most popular are phytoestrogens: soy estrogens in particular. The appeal is understandable since the highly touted benefits claimed for phytoestrogen products sound like all the advantages that scientists are trying to achieve by developing designer estrogens. This multibillion-dollar research effort, supported by federal grants and pharmaceutical company research budgets, is trying to find or develop compounds that retain the benefits of estrogens for the menopausal woman while minimizing or eliminating the risk. New advances are emerging continuously. Now in advanced clinical trials (placebo-controlled, double-blind, prospective studies) are new designer estrogens that protect bone mineral density, improve the blood lipid profile (good cholesterol vs. bad cholesterol), do not stimulate the endometrium, and provide full antagonism of estrogens in breast cancer models. At last two of them are racing to the finish line after hundreds of millions of dollars of research investment and careful FDA scrutiny. In all likelihood, both will soon be available on the prescription drug market.
Should aging men use nonprescription androgens?
Authors: Segal Sheldon J , Mastroianni Luigi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Barry Bonds wiped out Mark McGwire’s home run record just three years after it was set. Muscle Builder magazine would be thrilled to have either one of them on its cover. Spindle-legged and paunchy Babe Ruth reigned as Sultan of Swat for 34 years before lanky Roger Maris unseated him in 1961. The Maris record held for 37 years. When Bonds was heading toward his record 73 home runs, a baseball league official, concerned about the possible use of steroids by players to build greater muscle mass, is quoted as saying, “Look at these guys. Look at their arms, their upper bodies, their thighs. All of a sudden they’re huge. You can’t do that in the gym.” After Bonds started the next season with four homers in the first two games, his team trainer said, “They all take vitamin supplements. Barry does that, uses protein drinks, over-the-counter stuff.” By the end of the season the players union had agreed to random testing for steroids, and a noted sports orthopedist, James Andrews, was quoted as saying that the bulking up and the increased injuries in baseball are attributable to steroids and supplements. Professional athletes don’t like to talk about steroid use, so we are left to speculate. The quantity of nonprescription steroids purchased by professional and amateur athletes, including high school athletes, is mind boggling. One study put the annual dollar amount at $800 million. That’s four times as much as the total spent on all prescription androgens combined.
Sex and the aging man
Authors: Segal Sheldon J , Mastroianni Luigi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the assumption that many readers may turn to this chapter first before deciding whether to read the book, we’ll start with the encouraging news that androgen supplementation therapy (AST) can increase sexual interest and improve sexual function. It is also possible for men on androgen supplementation to retain adequate sperm production to remain fertile if they wish to. Alternatively, there are AST regimens that reduce sperm counts sufficiently to make fertility nearly impossible. In other words, AST may be able to double as a male contraceptive. Male fertility does not necessarily decline with aging, in distinct contrast to female fertility. The term “partial androgen deficiency in the aging man” is coined specifically to exclude a decline of fertility with aging. The reason for this is that the hormone-producing capacity of the testis is not linked to sperm production, so even though hormone production may be declining, sperm production can continue. The ovary functions very differently from the testis; hormone and egg production are linked through their anatomical association as different parts of the same structure, the ovarian follicle. Moreover, in addition to the decline in fertility as the follicle count decreases with age, there is also a loss of egg fertilizability. Genetically built into the biology of the ovary is an aging factor that affects the eggs directly. This does not happen to sperm. Even if there is a decline in total sperm count with aging, this change is not reflected in a decreased ability of the sperm of aging men to fertilize an egg.
The Mechanical Theory Of Heat
Authors: Mccormmach Russell 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his book on natural philosophy in 1782, William Nicholson discussed the nature of heat in the section on chemistry, a science, he said, which was still in its analytic stage, almost “purely experimental,” consisting of “many facts and little theory.’’ Cavendish addressed this serious deficiency in natural philosophy with a theory of heat based jointly on his researches into specific and latent heats and on his researches into mechanics. Having examined these two lines of research separately, we now look at the theory that combined them. To bring together, as Cavendish did, two well-developed, general subjects, each with its own methods, concepts, and language, is one of the most difficult tasks of theoretical physics, and potentially one of the most rewarding.
Does language equal thought?
Authors: Napoli Donna Jo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An idea fundamental to cognitive science is that it may be possible to describe our thought processes through some representational system. Whether the appropriate representational system has properties similar to linguistic properties (such as observing similar principles) is an open question that scholars will no doubt be debating for years. Here, however, I’d like to address related questions, ones that I believe we can answer together: Do we think in language? Could we think without a language?
One way to interpret these questions is as follows: Does language construct a mental world that cognitively fences us in? This might well be a familiar question to you since it is frequently debated.
Can computers learn language?
Authors: Napoli Donna Jo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As I am writing this book, in 2001, humans can interact verbally with computers in multiple ways. To take a simple example, when I dial the operator at my college and request the campus directory, a recorded voice asks me for the name of the person I’d like to speak to. When I say the name, the recording responds, “Did you say [the name]?” If I respond positively, the phone number of that person is automatically dialed for me. If I respond negatively, the recording apologizes and a human operator comes on the line. Here a voice recognition program is at play. Such programs have been around for quite some time, and they are used in a variety of situations. One of my friends, who has cerebral palsy and is a quadriplegic, has a computer that has been programmed to recognize her voice and make written files of whatever she says. She’s used this program for years to type with her voice. There’s no doubt, then, that voice recognition by computers is possible.
Whose speech is better?
Authors: Napoli Donna Jo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Not all speakers of a given language speak the same way. You’ve noticed speech variations on television. Maybe you’ve seen the movie My Fair Lady, in which Henry Higgins believes that the Queen’s English is the superior language of England (and, perhaps, of the world). So the question arises, whose speech is better? And this question is subsumed under the larger question of whether any language is intrinsically superior to another.
Before facing this issue, though, we need to face another matter. Consider these utterances:
Would you mind if I borrowed that cushion for a few moments?
Could I have that pillow for a sec?
Give me that, would you?
Should the United States adopt English as the official language and overhaul the educational system accordingly?
Authors: Napoli Donna Jo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The English Only Movement (EOM) has among its goals an adoption of English as the official language of the United States. Because the EOM is a strong and vocal movement in many states, it is important to face this proposal. But to do so, we have to understand exactly what it means for a language to be “official.” Then we can consider its effects on schools. While the following discussion concerns the situation in the United States, many countries today have linguistically pluralistic societies, so analogous issues arise elsewhere.
The two largest groups that support the EOM are the U.S. English Foundation and English First. The former, with a membership of over a million, wants (among other things) improved education in English for immigrants in order to enhance their economic opportunities. English First, with only a little over 150,000 members, wants (among other things) to have English declared the one and only official language of the United States.