bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ternäre Hydroxide. I. Synthese, Struktur und Eigenschaften von Li2[Sn(OH)6] · 2 H2O
Authors: Reuter H. , Bargon G. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFarblose Kristalle von Li2[Sn(OH)6] · 2 H2O wurden durch Umsetzung von SnCl4 mit LiOH in wäßriger Phase erhalten. Die Kristallstruktur der Verbindung konnte an Einkristallen aufgeklärt werden.Li2[Sn(OH)6] · 2 H2O: monoklin, P21/n (Nr. 14), a = 502.3(1), b = 692.3(1), c = 1020.2(3) pm, β = 99.78(1)°, V = 349.6(2) · 106 pm3, Z = 2, R/Rw = 0.0192/0.0472, N(I) > 2σ(I) = 1527, N(Par.) = 54.Innerhalb des Kristallverbandes sind nur wenig verzerrte, oktaedrische [Sn(OH)6]2−‐Ionen über Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen mit Wassermolekülen zu Schichten verknüpft, die ihrerseits untereinander über tetraedrisch koordinierte Lithium‐Ionen verbunden sind; die Struktur ist in Übereinstimmung mit den IR‐Daten und Ergebnissen der 119Sn‐Festkörper‐NMR‐Spektroskopie; Hydratwasser wird bei 117.1°C abgespalten, die Kondensationsreaktion zum ternären Oxid erfolgt bei 257.7°C.
Hypophosphatemia and hypouricemia in pediatric allogeneic bone marrow transplant recipients
Authors: Uçkan Duygu , Çetin Mualla , Dida Abdi , Batu Abdulselam , Tuncer Murat , Tezcan İlhan 
Published: December 2004

Abstract: Increased phosphate (P) uptake by the replicating neutrophils during engraftment syndrome has been described to play a role in the development of hypophosphatemia (HP) in bone marrow transplantation patients, and suggested as a measure of neutrophil recovery. Here, the relationship of serum P with engraftment was determined in 56 children who underwent allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Uric acid (UA) levels were also analyzed to study the contribution of cytolysis on P levels. HP and hypouricemia (HU) developed at least once in 63 and 57% of patients respectively, before and until day +20 after transplantation. The minimal values of P and UA were observed at day +10 and were significantly lower than the baseline values (p < 0.01). The mean neutrophil engraftment was at day +13, following the P and UA nadir by 3 days. In addition there was a significant correlation between P and UA levels (p = 0.01). The levels of of both P and UA returned to pretransplant values at day +20. A significant correlation (p < 0.05) between platelet engraftment and P levels was also demonstrated. HP and HU seen in pediatric patients undergoing BMT reflects a combination of pathophysiologic mechanisms.
Tacrolimus‐based immunosuppression with steroid withdrawal in pediatric kidney transplantation – 4‐year experience at a moderate‐volume center
Authors: Jensen Sena , Jackson Elizabeth Connor , Riley Lena , Reddy Sudhakar , Goebel Jens 
Published: December 2004

Abstract: Tacrolimus‐based immunosuppression with steroid withdrawal in pediatric kidney transplantation was pioneered at the University of Pittsburgh but is not broadly practiced at other centers. We present our 4‐year experience with a modified Pittsburgh protocol at our own moderate‐volume center. Seventeen pediatric kidney transplant recipients were treated with a tacrolimus‐based immunosuppressive regimen involving steroid withdrawal over 6–12 post‐transplant months in most cases and followed for up to 49 months. Patient and graft survival as well as graft function were excellent, and beneficial effects on several cardiovascular parameters were noted. Complications included fungal infections, glucose intolerance and post‐transplant lymphoproliferative disease and were generally managed successfully. While awaiting longer‐term follow‐up data, we conclude that tacrolimus‐based immunosuppression with steroid withdrawal in pediatric kidney transplantation is potentially beneficial and feasible even at centers managing a rather small number of recipients.
Risk factors for moderate‐to‐severe acute graft‐vs.‐host disease after allogeneic stem cell transplantation in children
Authors: Svennilson Johan , Remberger Mats , Ringdén Olle 
Published: December 2004

Abstract: Severe acute graft‐vs.‐host disease (aGVHD) remains a major cause of transplantation‐related mortality. However, because of a graft‐vs.‐leukaemia effect, a mild (grade I) aGVHD is desirable. As risk factors predisposing for aGVHD are not necessarily the same in children and adults, we have performed a retrospective analysis of risk factors (RFs) for grade II–IV aGVHD in 258 paediatric patients undergoing allogeneic stem cell transplantation at our centre. Thirty‐two potential RFs were assessed with univariate analysis in logistic regression. Eleven factors were selected for further evaluation in stepwise elimination multivariate analysis. Three independent RFs were found: (1) donor other than human lekocyte antigen (HLA)‐identical sibling [odds ratio (OR) 6.1, p < 0.001); (2) single drug [cyclosporine A (CsA) or methotrexate (Mtx)] graft‐vs.‐host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis (OR 7.0, p < 0.001); and (3) ABO disparity of any kind (OR 2.4, p = 0.02). The RFs were additive: moderate‐to‐severe aGVHD was seen in none of the patients without any RFs; in 16% with one RF; in 32% with two RFs and in 67% with all three RFs present. Single drug GVHD prophylaxis (CsA or Mtx), any kind of ABO mismatch, and non‐sibling donors are RFs for grade II–IV acute GVHD in paediatric SCT. We encourage the use of combination GVHD prophylaxis in children. ABO mismatch should be considered when choosing between otherwise equally suitable donors.
Testing predictions of the lake food web theory on pelagic communities of Australian reservoirs
Authors: Matveev Vladimir 
Published: December 2004

Several predictions of the theory developed for pelagic food webs of the Northern Hemisphere were tested on water bodies of Eastern Australia. Eleven reservoirs, representing trophic and latitudinal gradients were sampled for nutrients, phytoplankton, zooplankton and pelagic fish. Two models of regression analysis, which analysed possible interactions between trophic levels were based on different sets of data. In one, each reservoir was represented by only one pair of observations – annual mean or single observation (“regional model”). In the other, seasonal means of four frequently sampled reservoirs similar in productivity were used (“temporal model”). Significant variation in total phytoplankton biovolume (TPB) was predicted by total phosphorus concentration (TP), total nitrogen concentration (TN), mean crustacean length and acoustic biomass of planktivorous fish in both models. This suggested that nutrient limitation, zooplankton grazing and positive effects of fish were probably important in controlling the biomass of primary producers at both regional and temporal scales. In the regional model, the biomass of fish was also negatively correlated with Daphnia biomass and mean crustacean length, suggesting that the trophic cascade hypothesis may be applicable to Eastern Australia for the considered range of reservoir productivities.The biovolume of cyanobacteria was not correlated to any variables tested in the regional model. In contrast, nutrient and food web variables had significant effects on cyanobacterial biovolume in the temporal model. This suggested that factors governing seasonal succession were probably more important for cyanobacteria than variation in reservoir productivity or location.Contrary to previous views, no negative relationship between total biomass of zooplankton and TPB was found in both models, suggesting that the community structure of zooplankton rather than its total biomass mediates top‐down effects. Many predictions of the food web theory remained robust in spite of substantial differences in animal taxonomy and physical environment of Australian ecosystems.
Determinants of lepidopteran community composition and species diversity in eastern deciduous forests: roles of season, eco‐region and patch size
Authors: Summerville Keith S. , Crist Thomas O. 
Published: December 2004

Ecologists have long recognized that factors operating at both local and regional scales influence whether a given species occurs in an ecological community. The relative roles of variables manifested at local and regional scales on community structure, however, remain an unexplored issue for many faunas. To address this question, we compared the community composition and species diversity of forest Lepidoptera between (i) large forest tracts in historically glaciated and unglaciated regions of the eastern deciduous forest in North America, and (ii) large and small forest patches within a highly fragmented forest landscape. Specifically, we used seasonally stratified sampling to test whether regional and local differences in moth communities were related to variation in stand structure and floristic composition. At the local scale, we tested three alternative hypotheses describing the effects of patch size on moth species richness: species impoverishment, species replacement, or species supplementation.Cluster analysis revealed significant compositional differences in moth communities sampled between (i) early and late seasons, (ii) glaciated and unglaciated forest eco‐regions, and (iii) large and small forest patches. Canonical correspondence analysis suggested that floristic variation at regional scales had a greater role in determining moth community composition than local vegetation or patch‐size effects. Species richness was higher in the glaciated North Central Tillplain, and was attributable to a more diverse herbaceous feeding moth assemblage. Finally, we found evidence that both species impoverishment and species replacement processes structure the moth fauna of small woodlots; the richness of moths with larvae that feed on woody plants decreased with patch area, but herbaceous feeding species increased in diversity in smaller patches. Thus, our results suggest that local and regional differences in moth community structure are mediated by differences in host‐plant resources attributable to regional biogeographic history and local differences in patch size. Because community composition appeared to be more sensitive to environmental variation than species richness, we suggest that monitoring lepidopteran species diversity in forests will not detect significant changes in species composition due to environmental change.
Implication of climate change for the persistence of raptors in arid savanna
Authors: Wichmann Matthias C. , Jeltsch Florian , Dean W. Richard J. , Moloney Kirk A. , Wissel Christian 
Published: December 2004

Arid savannas are regarded as one of the ecosystems most likely to be affected by climate change. In these dry conditions, even top predators like raptors are affected by water availability and precipitation. However, few research initiatives have addressed the question of how climate change will affect population dynamics and extinction risk of particular species in arid ecosystems. Here, we use an individual‐oriented modeling approach to conduct experiments on the population dynamics of long lived raptors. We investigate the potential impact of precipitation variation caused by climate change on raptors in arid savanna using the tawny eagle (Aquila rapax) in the southern Kalahari as a case study.We simulated various modifications of precipitation scenarios predicted for climate change, such as lowered annual precipitation mean, increased inter‐annual variation and increased auto‐correlation in precipitation. We found a high impact of these modifications on extinction risk of tawny eagles, with reduced population persistence in most cases. Decreased mean annual precipitation and increased inter‐annual variation both caused dramatic decreases in population persistence. Increased auto‐correlation in precipitation led only to slightly accelerated extinction of simulated populations. Finally, for various patterns of periodically fluctuating precipitation, we found both increased and decreased population persistence. In summary, our results suggest that the impacts on raptor population dynamics and survival caused by climate change in arid savannas will be great. We emphasize that even if under climate change the mean annual precipitation remains constant but the inter‐annual variation increases the persistence of raptor populations in arid savannas will decrease considerably. This suggests a new dimension of climate change driven impacts on population persistence and consequently on biodiversity. However, more investigations on particular species and/or species groups are needed to increase our understanding of how climate change will impact population dynamics and how this will influence species diversity and biodiversity.
Growing tall vs growing wide: tree architecture and allometry ofAcacia karrooin forest, savanna, and arid environments
Authors: Archibald Sally , Bond William J. 
Published: December 2004

In order to investigate how environmental factors other than light availability affect tree architecture, differences in branching architecture and allometry were analysed in populations ofAcacia karrooHein. from three different environments in South Africa: forests, savannas and arid‐shrublands. Factors such as fire and herbivory have a large effect on tree life history in certain environments and are likely to have selected for trees that have different architectures from those of forest trees, whose major limitation is light assimilation.Significant differences were found in stem architecture and branching architecture between trees in each environment. Compared with forest trees, trees in savannas had an elongated growth form with small canopy and leaf areas, and tall, thin, unbranched trunks. Trees in arid areas showed opposite trends with wider canopies, and increased lateral branching. Savanna trees had significantly smaller spines than trees in other environments, and both forest and savanna trees showed delayed reproduction.These differences are probably related to a trade‐off between an architecture geared towards rapid height‐gain and one promoting lateral spread, and can be explained with reference to the different selective pressures in each environment. In forests, vertical and horizontal growth are both important. However, in savannas there is a great pressure for rapid vertical growth to escape fires, while in arid areas a defensive, lateral growth form is selected for.Savanna trees and arid karoo trees have evolved architectures that are more extreme vertically and laterally than the range of architectures displayed in a forest community.
Dual Control of Melanogenesis and Melanoma Growth: Overview
Authors: MISHIMA YUTAKA , KONDOH HIROFUMI 
Published: December 2004

Utilizing increased melanin pigmentation and accentuated melanogenesis seen in malignant melanoma, we newly developed melanoma‐selective boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) after designing and synthesizing the 10B‐DOPA analogue, 10B‐p‐boronophenylalanine (10B‐BPA). After multi‐disciplined and extensive basic and pre‐clinical investigations, we successfully treated 18 cases of human melanoma.Recently, we found that accentuated synthesis of melanin monomers, richest within coated vesicles (CV) in melanoma cells, plays a critical role in attracting 10B‐BPA through chemical complex formation of monomers and 10B‐BPA. CV are indeed BPA‐localizing organelles. This led us to the new clinical endeavor that BPA may possess the potential ability to suppress melanin polymer formation through ‘melanin monomer trapping’ out of the melanogenic pathway which is highly regulated by the function of CV in pigment cells. It was soon found that melanin polymer formation can be suppressed by BPA at the chemical and cellular levels, then at the clinical level.Our discovery, that single molecule 10B‐BPA possesses the dual nature of eradication of melanoma with BNCT and suppression of melanin hyperpigmentation, resulted from pursuing bilateral feedback at each stage from pure science to clinical application and vice versa.A further example of bilateral feedback is the development of gene‐transfer applied BNCT (gBNCT). This also has its roots in clinical hurdles faced in treating amelanotic melanomas by 10B‐BPA BNCT. The transfer of tyrosinase and melanin monomer synthesis‐related genes into target cancer cells has produced more effective BNCT and may lead to gBNCT for non‐melanoma cancers.
Sun protection offered by fabrics: on the relation between effective doses based on different action spectra
Authors: Laperre Jan , Gambichler T. 
Published: December 2004

Background: Ultraviolet (UV) radiation threshold levels have been suggested by the International Commission on Non Ionising Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). The ICNIRP action spectrum differs from the action spectrum proposed by the International Commission on Illumination (CIE). Industrial hygienist employs the first approach while dermatologists and photobiologists commonly use the CIE spectrum. Objectives: By means of the ICNIRP and CIE action spectra we aimed to calculate the ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) for clothing as a function of the UV index, and to elucidate the relation between the two action spectra. Methods: Using a theoretically calculated solar spectrum that was determined by means of radiation transfer modelling the relation between the effective doses were assessed which were obtained by using the ICNIRP or the CIE action spectra. Employing the guidelines set out by the ICNIRP and the CIE the protection requirements for clothing were also calculated. Results: It was found that the UPF of a textile material should be at least 2.25 times the maximum UV index observed on a cloudless day to comply with the guidelines of the CIE, or should be at least 4.13 times the maximum UV index to comply with the guidelines of the ICNIRP. Conclusions: In Northern Europe a UPF 40 +  should indeed comply with the exposure limits (EL) proposed by the CIE or ICNIRP. However, in Southern Europe, where UV index can, as in Australia, be as high as 11 the EL can in principle be exceeded for outdoor workers or individuals staying outside the whole day. Taken into consideration the exposure geometry a clearly lower UPF seem to be sufficient in a realistic exposure situation. Nevertheless we recommend a UPF 40 + that is sufficient in extreme exposure situations in every geographical location and also resistant against UPF‐decreasing effects (‘worst case scenario’).
Seborrheic keratosis in the Korean males: causative role of sunlight
Authors: Kwon Oh S. , Hwang Eun J. , Bae Jae H. , Park Hyo E. , Lee Jong C. , Youn Jai I. , Chung Jin H. 
Published: December 2004

Background/Purpose: Seborrheic keratoses (SKs) are common epidermal tumors in the white population over 40 years. The etiology of SKs is not well known; however, exposure to sunlight was suggested to play a role in the development of them. To our knowledge, no well‐designed study has been undertaken in order to investigate the clinical characteristics of SKs in a brown‐skinned Korean population. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and clinical features of SKs in the Korean males and to investigate the possible relationship of SKs with sun exposure and possible risk factors of developing SKs.Methods: A total of consecutive 303 male volunteers, aged 40–70 years, were recruited from general community and public health centres. Each volunteer was interviewed regarding demographic data, sunlight sensitivity, lifetime cumulative sun exposure and smoking history. Skin examination was performed except for scalp, buttocks and genitals. All SKs were recorded about the anatomical distribution, the size of each lesion measured with a caliber, color and morphology.Results: The mean overall prevalence of SKs in the Korean males, aged 40–70 years was 88.1%. A considerable increase in the prevalence of SKs was shown from 78.9% at 40 years to 93.9% at 50 years and 98.7% in those over 60 years. The mean number of lesions per person was 5.5 at 40 years, 9.2 at 50 years and 13.4 at 60 years. Seborrheic keratoses were considerably more frequent on exposed areas (0.47 ± 0.06/percentage of body surface area, BSA) than partly exposed areas (0.04 ± 0.01/percentage of BSA). The majority of lesions were concentrated on the face (0.98 ± 0.09/percentage of BSA) and on the dorsum of each hand (0.51 ± 0.08/percentage of BSA). The size of each lesion on exposed areas also became significantly larger by decade significantly (P < 0.01). The estimated area covered by SKs per percentage of BSA on exposed areas was 5.7‐fold larger than that on partly exposed areas at 40 years, 11.2‐fold larger at 50 years and 18.3‐fold larger at 60 years. Aging by decade showed a 2.08‐fold increased risk for SKs (n ≥ 6) (95% CI, 1.07–4.08) at 50 years and a 3.47‐fold risk (95% CI, 1.67–7.20) at 60 years on exposed areas compared with the 40‐year age group, for developing many SKs (n ≥ 6). Lifetime cumulative sunlight exposure of more than 6 h per day was associated with a 2.28‐fold higher risk of SKs than a sun exposure of less than 3 h per day. A tendency for an odds ratio value reduction was found on increasing Fitzpatrick skin types I–III to VI, V; however, this was without statistical significance.Conclusions: Seborrheic keratoses are common in the Korean males, aged 40–70 years, and may be a major pigmentary problem. Both aging and cumulative sunlight exposure were found to be independent contributory factors.
Photosystem II protein phosphorylation follows four distinctly different regulatory patterns induced by environmental cues
Authors: PURSIHEIMO S. , MARTINSUO P. , RINTAMÄKI E. , ARO E.‐M. 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACTDifferential redox regulation of thylakoid phosphoproteins was studied in winter rye plants in vivo. The redox state of chloroplasts was modulated by growing plants under different light/temperature conditions and by transient shifts to different light/temperature regimes. Phosphorylation of PSII reaction centre proteins D1 and D2, the chlorophyll a binding protein CP43, the major chlorophyll a/b binding proteins Lhcb1 and Lhcb2 (LHCII) and the minor light‐harvesting antenna protein CP29 seem to belong to four distinct regulatory groups. Phosphorylation of D1 and D2 was directly dependent on the reduction state of the plastoquinone pool. CP43 protein phosphorylation generally followed the same pattern, but often remained phosphorylated even in darkness. Phosphorylation of CP29 occurred upon strong reduction of the plastoquinone pool, and was further enhanced by low temperatures. In vitro studies further demonstrated that CP29 phosphorylation is independent of the redox state of both the cytochrome b6/f complex and the thiol compounds. Complete phosphorylation of Lhcb1 and 2 proteins, on the contrary, required only modest reduction of the plastoquinone pool, and was subject to inhibition upon increase in the thiol redox state of the stroma. Furthermore, the reversible phosphorylation of Lhcb1 and 2 proteins appeared to be an extremely dynamic process, being rapidly modulated by short‐term fluctuations in chloroplast redox conditions.