bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of carrageenans by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. I. kappa‐Carrageenans
Authors: Ackloo Suzanne , Terlouw Johan K. , Ruttink Paul J. A. , Burgers Peter C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMatrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) and electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectra of small kappa‐carrageenans are reported and discussed. MALDI spectra can be obtained in both positive and negative ion mode. In the absence of extraneous metal ions, positive ions are formed by the attachment of one Na+ ion to the carrageenan, whereas for negative ions one Na+ ion is detached from the sulfate group. Multiply charged species are not observed in MALDI. Intense ESI spectra can be obtained in negative ion mode and now multiply charged species are seen. Alkali exchange experiments show that in these small carrageenan anions one, but only one, alkali metal ion is bound in a bidentate coordination with two ionic sulfate groups. G2‐type ab initio calculations on model ions HO− [M+] −OH (M = Li, Na, K, Cs), as well as arguments based on a simple Coulombic interaction model, show that the bidentate stabilization energy drops rapidly as the size of the alkali cation increases. Exchange of Na+ with Li+ leads to expulsion of the Na+ ion generating, in ESI, intense multiply charged anions. An attempt is made to rationalize this behavior in terms of hydration effects. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Differential stable isotope labeling of peptides for quantitation and de novo sequence derivation
Authors: Goodlett David R. , Keller Andrew , Watts Julian D. , Newitt Richard , Yi Eugene C. , Purvine Samuel , Eng Jimmy K. , Haller Priska von , Aebersold Ruedi , Kolker Eugene 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe have demonstrated the use of per‐methyl esterification of peptides for relative quantification of proteins between two mixtures of proteins and automated de novo sequence derivation on the same dataset. Protein mixtures for comparison were digested to peptides and resultant peptides methylated using either d0‐ or d3‐methanol. Methyl esterification of peptides converted carboxylic acids, such as are present on the side chains of aspartic and glutamic acid as well as the carboxyl terminus, to their corresponding methyl esters. The separate d0‐ and d3‐methylated peptide mixtures were combined and the mixture subjected to microcapillary high performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS/MS). Parent proteins of methylated peptides were identified by correlative database searching of peptide tandem mass spectra. Ratios of proteins in the two original mixtures could be calculated by normalization of the area under the curve for identical charge states of d0‐ to d3‐methylated peptides. An algorithm was developed that derived, without intervention, peptide sequence de novo by comparison of tandem mass spectra of d0‐ and d3‐peptide methyl esters. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Strategies for determination of insulin with tandem electrospray mass spectrometry: implications for other analyte proteins?
Authors: Fierens Colette , Stöckl Dietmar , Thienpont Linda M. , De Leenheer André P. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractUsing human insulin (MW 5808 Da) as a model compound, the possible strategies towards optimization of sensitivity and selectivity of measurement by electrospray ionization with a standard triple quadrupole mass spectrometer were investigated. For measurement in selected ion‐monitoring (SIM) mode, these strategies involved systematic variation of instrumental parameters and spray pH. In this investigation four different operating modes were used corresponding to positive/negative ionization modes with acidic/basic sprays and pH reversed (hereafter termed ‘wrong‐way‐round’ operation); the cone voltage was optimized for each mode of operation. When collision‐activated dissociation (CAD) is employed, two additional operation modes are possible: namely, low collision energies (10–35 eV, CAD‐l) for the generation of sequence‐specific fragments and high collision energies (>80 eV, CAD‐h) for the generation of nonspecific fragments. Overall, this results in twelve different modes of operation.Loop‐injection of aqueous insulin standards were run for each of the twelve operating modes and measurements made for five different charge states (n = 2–6) observable with our instrument that has an upper mass limit of m/z 4000. The signal/noise (S/N) ratio was optimized for each charge state, resulting in 60 measurements. The best S/N ratios (20 000) were achieved under positive SIM conditions with charge state 6 (m/z 969) and under ‘wrong‐way‐round’ negative SIM conditions with charge state 3 (m/z 1935). Lower S/N ratios were observed under positive CAD‐h conditions with charge state 5 (m/z 1163, S/N 15 000) and positive CAD‐l conditions with charge state 6 (m/z 969, S/N 10 000). All other operating modes gave maximum S/N ratios of 4000.For measurement of insulin standards, the results obtained show SIM to give the best S/N ratio. However, for samples in complex matrices, our general experience suggests CAD to be the preferable operating mode. Consequently, for the development of a quantitative method for proteins in general, it might be advocated that all of the twelve operating modes and all relevant charge states be investigated to find the optimum S/N ratio. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of fatty acids by graphite plate laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Park Kyung‐Ho , Kim Hie‐Joon 
Published: August 2002

AbstractFatty acids obtained from triglycerides (trioelin, tripalmitin), foods (milk, corn oil), and phospholipids (phosphotidylcholine, phosphotidylserine, phosphatidic acid) upon alkaline hydrolysis were observed directly without derivatization by graphite plate laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (GPLDI‐TOFMS). Mass‐to‐charge ratios predicted for sodium adducts of expected fatty acids (e.g. palmitic, oleic, linoleic and arachidonic acids) were observed without interference. Although at present no quantitation is possible, the graphite plate method enables a simple and rapid qualitative analysis of fatty acids. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐speed gradient parallel liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry with fully automated sample preparation for bioanalysis: 30 seconds per sample from plasma
Authors: Deng Yuzhong , Wu Jing‐Tao , Lloyd Thomas L. , Chi Cecilia L. , Olah Timothy V. , Unger Steve E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this work, a high‐throughput and high‐performance bioanalytical system is described that is capable of extracting and analyzing 1152 plasma samples within 10 hours. A Zymark™ track robot system interfaced with a Tecan Genesis™ liquid handler was used for simultaneous solid‐phase extraction of four 96‐well plates in a fully automated fashion. The extracted plasma samples were injected onto four parallel monolithic columns for separation via a four‐injector autosampler. The use of monolithic columns allowed for fast and well‐resolved separations at a considerably higher flow rate without generating significant column backpressure. This resulted in a total chromatographic run cycle time of 2 min on each 4.6 × 100 mm column using gradient elution. The effluent from the four columns was directed to a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer equipped with an indexed four‐probe electrospray ionization source (Micromass MUX™ interface). Hence, sample extraction, separation, and detection were all performed in a four‐channel parallel format that resulted in an overall throughput of about 30 s per sample from plasma. The performance of this system was evaluated by extracting and by analyzing twelve 96‐well plates (1152) of human plasma samples spiked with oxazepam at different concentrations. The relative standard deviation (RSD) of analyte sensitivity (slope of calibration curve) across the four channels and across the 12 plates was 5.2 and 6.8%, respectively. An average extraction recovery of 77.6% with a RSD of 7.7% and an average matrix effect of 0.95 with a RSD of 5.2% were achieved using these generic extraction and separation conditions. The good separation efficiency provided by this system allowed for rapid method development of an assay quantifying the drug candidate and its close structural analog metabolite. The method was cross‐validated with a conventional liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) assay. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interactions of Natural Colloidal Material and Phenanthrene in the Aquatic Environment
Authors: Tulve Nicolle S. , Young Thomas C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractResuspension of contaminated aquatic sediments by natural and anthropogenic activities (i.e., dredging, boat activities, fish, wildlife, storms, runoff) increases the flux of natural colloidal material and colloidally bound contaminants into the overlying water column. Colloidal material extracted from lower Fox River sediments was analyzed for various physical and chemical characteristics and subjected to batch aggregation studies under controlled conditions of pH (∼3–8) and colloid concentrations (5 and 9 mg L−1 as TOC equivalents) in the presence of dissolved phenanthrene in solution. Under water chemistry conditions where pH and K+ concentration are typical of most natural waters (10−2 M K+ and pH∼8), the presence of phenanthrene in solution (average [phen] = 0.2–0.4 mg/L) prevents particle aggregation and decreases the settling rate of these particles. Ultimately, this increases the total concentration of colloidally bound contaminants in the water column. Dredging is the most popular remediation technique for removing contaminated sediments from the aquatic environment. However, this laboratory study suggests that for typical waters, dredging may potentially elevate the concentrations of contaminants found in the water column. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Long‐Term Contaminant Trends at the Picillo Farm Superfund Site in Rhode Island
Authors: Boving Thomas B. , Blue Julie 
Published: August 2002

AbstractEnvironmental disasters, such as the infamous Love Canal site or the Valley of Drums, have taken many years
and consumed billions of dollars to investigate and remediate. In consequence, a large amount of geologic and
hydrologic information has been gathered over the past few decades. Because of the difficulties involved with
compiling this information, scientists and professionals rarely use the data to investigate the unique
long‐term databases. This article presents for the first time the compilation of chemical fate and
transport data from the Picillo Farm Superfund site in Rhode Island. The data cover a quarter of a century worth
of geologic, hydrogeologic, and geochemical information and indicate significant changes in the contaminant
inventory and the center of mass contaminant location over time. Many of these changes would have been missed if
a data set of shorter duration were evaluated. Thus, compiling and evaluating data collected over many years can
be extremely valuable in understanding the fate and transport of contaminants and determining the effectiveness
of remediation. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Treatment of Highly Contaminated Groundwater: A SITE Demonstration Project
Authors: Sullivan Daniel , Merdinger Michael , Kosco William , Ray Asim B. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractFrom September through November 1994, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) conducted a
field demonstration of the remediation of highly contaminated groundwater at the Nascolite Superfund site
located in Millville, New Jersey. Besides high concentrations of the major contaminant, methyl methacrylate
(MMA), the groundwater also contained small amounts of volatile and semivolatile organic compounds.
ZenoGem® technology, an integrated bioreactor and ultrafiltration membrane system, was employed for this
demonstration project. Approximately 30,000 gallons of groundwater containing MMA in concentrations of 567 to
9,500 milligrams per liter (mg/L) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) values ranging from
1,490 to 19,600 mg/L was treated. The demonstration focused on the system's ability to remove MMA and
reduce COD from the groundwater. Results of the three‐month demonstration showed that average MMA and COD
removal efficiencies were greater than 99.9 and 86.9, respectively. The total cost of treatment, depending on
the duration of the project, is estimated to vary from $0.22 to $0.55 (in 1994 dollars)
per gallon of groundwater treated. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons.
Brownfields Update: The Reform of the Brownfields Economic Redevelopment Initiative
Authors: Green Keith E. , Bonner Colleen E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis journal first reported on the U.S. EPA's Brownfields Initiative in the summer 1995 edition of
Remediation. At that time, the initiative was only about 15 months old, most of the state
programs were in proposal stages, and little federal legislation addressing brownfields had been proposed.
Today, brownfields has become such a common term that almost every environmental professional is familiar with
it. The EPA has placed extremely high priority on the Brownfields Initiative and it has become a politically hot
issue. This article provides an update on the current status of EPA's Brownfields program and also
discusses recent legislation proposed by Congress to promote brownfields redevelopment. © 2001 John Wiley
& Sons, Inc.
Hepatitis B and hepatitis C co‐infection in patients with HIV
Authors: Herrero Martínez E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAn Erratum has been published for this article in Reviews in Medical Virology 11 (5) 2001, 343HAART has increased the life expectancy of patients with HIV. However, as their life expectancy increases, it becomes increasingly important to focus on the management of concurrent illnesses such as chronic HBV and HCV infections which have the potential to increase mid to long term morbidity and mortality. Shared epidemiological risks have resulted in the HIV infected population having a higher incidence of both HBV and HCV than those uninfected with HIV. Co‐infection with HIV modifies the natural history of HBV infection, increasing the rate of viral replication, risk of carriage and chronic hepatitis but without increasing liver necroinflammatory processes. In chronic HCV infection, the presence of HIV enhances the risk of severe liver disease. There is no evidence as yet that HBV directly impacts on HIV disease progression but HCV infection increases the risk of death or an AIDS defining illness and impairs CD4+ T cell recovery during antiretroviral therapy. Treatment of either hepatitis virus is complex because of pharmacokinetic interactions with components of HAART regimens. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molecular techniques should now replace cell culture in diagnostic virology laboratories
Authors: Carman Bill 
Published: August 2002

AbstractCell cultures have been important historically for the development of virology. However, I will argue that they are no longer essential for a diagnostic laboratory and should be replaced with nucleic acid detection methods. This change of technology should be cost‐neutral once the full costs to the laboratory of cell cultures, including staff time, are calculated. Molecular methods are more sensitive than cell cultures and provide answers much more rapidly, especially for negative samples. Since negative results are frequently as important to our clinical colleagues as positive results, we should change now to routine diagnostic services based upon nucleic acid detection. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Convergence properties of functional estimates for discrete distributions
Authors: Antos András , Kontoyiannis Ioannis 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSuppose P is an arbitrary discrete distribution on acountable alphabet 𝒳. Given an i.i.d. sample (X1,…,Xn) drawnfrom P, we consider the problem of estimating the entropy H(P) or some other functional F=F(P) of the unknown distribution P. We show that, for additive functionals satisfying mild conditions (including the cases of the mean, the entropy, and mutual information), the plug‐in estimates of F are universally consistent. We also prove that, without further assumptions, no rate‐of‐convergence results can be obtained for any sequence of estimators. In the case of entropy estimation, under a variety of different assumptions, we get rate‐of‐convergence results for the plug‐in estimate and for a nonparametric estimator based on match‐lengths. The behavior of the variance and the expected error of the plug‐in estimate is shown to be in sharp contrast to the finite‐alphabet case. A number of other important examples of functionals are also treated in some detail. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 19: 163–193, 2001
Blind equalization of quadrature partial response‐trellis coded modulated signals in Rician fading
Authors: Cirpan Hakan A. , Ucan Osman N. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this paper, a blind maximum‐likelihood channel estimation algorithm is developed for quadrature partial response‐trellis coded modulated (QPR‐TCM) signals propagating through a Rician fading environment. A hidden Markov model (HMM) formulation of the problem is introduced and the Baum–Welch parameter estimation algorithm is modified to provide a computationally efficient solution to the resulting optimization problem. Performance analysis of the proposed method is carried out through the evaluation of bit‐error probability upper bound for Rician fading channels. Also, some illustrative simulations are presented. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
To appreciate variation between scientists: A perspective for seeing science's vitality
Authors: Wong E. David 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAt the heart of theoretical and practical ideas about science education is an image of scientific work. This image draws attention to particular features of scientific work, which then guides scholarship and pedagogy in science education. In the field of science education, much discussion in this vein focuses on the question, “What is the nature of science?” Most images of science found in education, psychology, and philosophy emerge from conceptual and methodological perspectives that emphasize norms, conventions, and broad trends. Some groups are motivated to distinguish science from other activities while some groups work in the opposite direction and blur the lines between science and others ways of knowing. Underlying both perspectives is an implicit focus on general qualities common to groups or subgroups (e.g. believing that ideas are subject to change, explanations demand evidence, science is a complex social activities, etc.). I propose that the vital qualities of science are best illuminated by just the opposite process: by appreciating the uncommon, rather than common, features. By attending to individual variation, we are more likely to understand what makes science a creative, motivating, and deeply personal enterprise. In addition, appreciating these variations reveals judgment, creativity, adaptation—the hallmark of scientific work. Implications of this perspective for science education are discussed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 86:386–400, 2002; Published online in Wiley Interscience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/sce.10023
A partial matching method for a fully automated directory assistance system using touch‐tone telephones as input devices
Authors: Oku Masahiro , Nagai Ryoji , Noda Ryousuke , Hayashi Tomosada , Higashida Masanobu 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe have been developing a fully automated Japanese directory assistance system using touch‐tone telephones as input devices. This system is characterized by a newly developed input interface, called the degenerated keyword input method, which reduces the user's input workload. This input method associates one push on a button with one character of kana (Japanese syllabary). Since each touch‐tone button on a telephone can represent several different kana characters, using a touch‐tone numeral string as the search keyword inevitably leaves some ambiguity. This paper proposes a partial matching method, which is especially suitable for the fully automated Japanese directory assistance system. This method eliminates ambiguity in the degenerated keyword inputs and allows fast and highly accurate database searching. The method features the following. (1) It focuses on the PAT‐tree in the field of full‐text searching, and derives modified semi‐infinite strings (sistrings) at a word level, rather than at a character level, in the PAT‐tree for each record. (2) Word boundaries are marked in the index records, and only those candidates whose word boundary position coincides with the last character of the search keyword are selected as retrieval results. This use of word boundaries reduces retrieval noise. This paper also describes the results of evaluation experiments conducted to validate the proposed method. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 33(6): 19–31, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.1129
Recognition of abdominal organs using 3D mathematical morphology
Authors: Fujimoto Hideyuki , Gu Lixu , Kaneko Toyohisa 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper describes a method for recognizing abdominal organs in a computed tomography image primarily based on mathematical morphology. We first identify the coordinate origin and the scale in the abdominal region and then set up four regions for recognition. The recognition process consists of two steps: segmentation and identification. For the segmentation step we employ a differential top‐hat (DTT) operation. For the identification step, we first identify the vertebra that the lowest rib meets. The gravity center of this vertebra is used to set the coordinate origin. In three regions, we separate organs based on threshold values, while in a region containing the liver and stomach we use RE (Recursive Erosion) and GI (Geodesic Influence) in order to separate touched organs. The separated organs are identified or labeled based on the size and position. This method is judged to be effective since we were able to obtain a recognition or labeling rate of approximately 91%. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 33(8): 75–83, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.1148
Towards sustainable urban water resource management: a case study in Tianjin, China
Authors: Bai Xuemei , Imura Hidefumi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSustainable water resource management has become a critical issue for the development of cities that suffer scarce water resources. Tianjin City, located in China's Huaihe basin, one of the most polluted and water‐scarce river basins in the country, is a typical example in which water is posing a major constraint to the development. This paper examines the current status of the use of water resources, and the current practices and policy measures taken for water resource management in Tianjin, with a view to drawing lessons through an evaluation of these measures. The study illustrates the role of cities and their complex interaction with their peripheries for the allocation of scarce water resources, and it suggests that a systems approach should be adopted in order to analyse and understand the complexity of the entire picture. Based on this review and evaluation of Tianjin's experience, the authors propose a framework for sustainable water resource management in cities, emphasizing the importance of taking full consideration of resource/environmental capacity and an integrated systems approach for problem solving. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment