bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High risk factors of hostage barricade incidents in a Japanese sample
Authors: Yokota Kaeko , Iwami Hirokazu , Watanabe Kazumi , Fujita Goro , Watanabe Shoichi 
Published: April 2004

AbstractHostage taking incidents in which the police besiege a particular location are known as hostage barricade incidents. The first aim of the present article was to examine the process of risk assessment in hostage incidents, using a group of police officers as the sample. The second aim was to identify the risk factors involved in hostage incidents and examine the degree of concordance between the risk as assessed by the police officers and the figures obtained from the analysis of actual hostage barricade incidents. For the purpose of this study, a survey was carried out across Japan, and 45 police officers responsible for hostage negotiation responded to the questionnaires. Additionally, a sample of 116 actual hostage barricade incidents that occurred in Japan from 1970 to 2002 was utilised to examine the high risk factors involved in such cases. As per the results, a majority of the police officers (73.3%), in response to an open‐ended question, indicated that the highly excited state of the hostage takers was dangerous for the hostages. Moreover, it was demonstrated in all 116 incidents that several factors such as ‘a long siege’ tended to increase the risk of deaths, though this was very rare (n = 4). On the other hand, the proportion of injuries to the hostages was high in expressive situations such as domestic situations or suicide attempt scenarios. On the whole, the results obtained from the analyses of actual incidents were consistent with those obtained from the police officers' risk assessment in many respects. However, the correlation between the degree of risk as assessed by the police officers and the actual rate of deaths/injuries to the hostages was very low. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Limited long‐term naive CD4+ T cell reconstitution in patients experiencing viral load rebounds during HAART
Authors: Choremi‐Papadopoulou H. , Tsalimalma K. , Dafni U. , Dimitracopoulou A. , Kordossis T. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractLong‐term (3.5 years) immune reconstitution in relation to viral load response was determined. Plasma HIV‐1 RNA was suppressed in 40 patients (full responders) up to 42 months, and 17 patients achieved partial response. The measurements of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocyte subsets (CD45RA, CD45RACD62L, CD45RO, CD28, CD38) were carried out by flow cytometry. Full responders had a significant increase of CD4+ and all CD4+ T subsets both up to 6 and from 6 to 42 months, while the increase for partial responders was only up to 6 months. By 6 months, higher slopes were observed in full versus partial responders in the % of CD28 on CD4+ and the % of CD4+ memory subset and in both naïve and memory CD4+ subsets from 6 to 42 months. The percentage of CD8+ and its subsets was decreased significantly in full responders both up to 6 and from 6 to 42 months (except for an increase in the CD8+CD45RA+ CD62L+ cells), while in partial responders this decrease was only up to 6 months. Lower slopes were observed in full versus partial responders from 6 to 42 months in the percentages of CD8+, CD8+CD45RO+, CD8+CD28−, and CD8+CD38+ T cells. In conclusion, full responders have a stronger long‐term naive CD4+ T cell subset reconstitution than partial responders. J. Med. Virol. 73:235–243, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A two decade survey of respiratory adenovirus in Taiwan: The reemergence of adenovirus types 7 and 4
Authors: Lin Kuei‐Hsiang , Lin Yung‐Cheng , Chen Hsiu‐Lin , Ke Guan‐Ming , Chiang Chi‐Jung , Hwang Kao‐Pin , Chu Pei‐Yu , Lin Jih‐Hui , Liu Ding‐Ping , Chen Hour‐Young 
Published: April 2004

AbstractFrom November 1999 to December 2001, three outbreaks of adenovirus (Ad) respiratory infection occurred in southern Taiwan. To determine the circulating serotypes and molecular epidemiology, a total of 524 virus strains were randomly selected from 1,064 strains isolated from 1981 to 2001, and were studied using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐RFLP. The major subgenus found was subgenus B (45%), followed by subgenus E (29%) and subgenus C (25%). Ad3 and Ad7 were the major types found during the 1st outbreak, which occurred from November 1999 to March 2000, while Ad4 was found mainly during the 2nd and 3rd outbreaks in October 2000 and September 2001, respectively. Both Ad7 and Ad4 were reemerged serotypes, whereas Ad3 was consistently isolated during the survey, although it declined drastically from 36 to 2% in 2001. Genotype analysis in this study showed that the only strain of Ad7 found in 1983 was Ad7a, but all randomly selected strains of Ad7 isolated during 1999–2000 were Ad7b. The clinical features of 217 patients were analyzed during the 1999–2000 outbreaks. About 79% of the total cases were less than 7 years old. The ratio of male to female was 2:1. Severe infections, such as pneumonia and acute bronchitis, accounted for nearly half of the cases (43%). These results show the reemergence and changing of serotypes, the clinical association of respiratory adenovirus infections, and the molecular epidemiology of Ad7 genotypes in Taiwan during the past two decades. J. Med. Virol. 73:274–279, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Production of interferon gamma in respiratory syncytial virus infection of humans is not associated with interleukins 12 and 18
Authors: Garofalo Roberto P. , Hintz Karen H. , Hill Vanessa , Ogra Pearay L. , Welliver Robert C. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractIn order to understand early events in the immune response to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection, we studied the presence of various chemokines and cytokines in respiratory secretions of human infants with RSV infection. Interferon gamma (IFNγ) was present in 30/39 (76.9%) subjects tested, but the IFNγ‐inducing cytokines interleukin (IL)12 and IL18 were detectable in 6/40 (15%) and 11/38 (28.9%) subjects, respectively. Quantities of IL12 and IL18 did not correlate with those of IFNγ. IL18, but neither IFNγ nor IL12 was found in significantly greater concentrations in subjects with mild, nonhypoxic forms of bronchiolitis than in those with upper respiratory illness alone or hypoxic bronchiolitis. The findings suggest that IFNγ may be induced independently of the activities of IL12 and IL18 during RSV infection. Immune responses characterized by relatively greater release of IL18 may be associated with milder forms of bronchiolitis. J. Med. Virol. 73:289–294, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Novel method for quantification of brain cell swelling in rat hippocampal slices
Authors: Nakajima Ryuichi , Nakamura Takeshi , Ogawa Miyuki , Miyakawa Hiroyoshi , Kudo Yoshihisa 
Published: April 2004

AbstractWe have developed a novel device for the quantification of edematous morphology changes in acute brain slices. We can also carry out real‐time monitoring of detailed hippocampal cells. The device we developed is based on infrared differential interference contrast microscopy (IR‐DIC) and a custom‐made real‐time computerized image‐analysis system for quantification of the morphological dynamics of cells in slice preparations. We applied the coefficient of variation (CV) of light intensity in IR‐DIC images to evaluate the change in morphological dynamics. We examined three kinds of edema in the CA1 region of rat hippocampal acute slices under conditions of hypotonic, strong excitation, and experimental ischemia, together with field excitatory postsynaptic potential (fEPSP) recording from radiatum in CA1 the region. There were notable close relationships among the edema formations, the light transmittance, the extent of changes in CV, and features of fEPSP during the three different insults. The present results indicate that CV is a reliable quantification index for edema formation in brain tissue and confirm that applying CV for the analysis in addition to the light transmittance analysis presents additional important information on brain tissue swelling. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytokine‐induced cell death in human oligodendroglial cell lines: I. Synergistic effects of IFN‐γ and TNF‐α on apoptosis
Authors: Buntinx Mieke , Moreels Marjan , Vandenabeele Frank , Lambrichts Ivo , Raus Jef , Steels Paul , Stinissen Piet , Ameloot Marcel 
Published: April 2004

AbstractMultiple sclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system. Myelin and oligodendrocytes are considered the major targets of injury caused by a cell‐mediated immune response. There is circumstantial evidence that proinflammatory cytokines like tumor necrosis factor α (TNF‐α) and interferon γ (IFN‐γ) could have disease‐promoting roles in multiple sclerosis (MS). In the present study, the cytotoxic effects of IFN‐γ and TNF‐α on the human oligodendroglial cell lines human oligodendroglioma (HOG) and MO3.13 were analyzed. When the oligodendroglial cell lines were cultured in the presence of IFN‐γ or TNF‐α, apoptotic cell death was observed in both cell lines after >24 hr incubation. Apoptosis was evidenced by a decrease in cell viability, apoptotic changes in cell and nucleus morphology, and disruption of the membrane asymmetry. Our data show that TNF‐α and IFN‐γ induce apoptosis in a dose‐dependent fashion in both oligodendroglial cell lines and that their synergistic effect results in enhanced cell death. Understanding the regulation of cell death pathways in oligodendrocytes is critical for protecting myelin‐producing cells and their associated axons during injury in patients with MS. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Influence of Monomer Structure on the Propagation Kinetics of Acrylate and Methacrylate Homopolymerizations Studied via PLP‐SEC in Fluid CO2
Authors: Beuermann Sabine , Buback Michael , El Rezzi Véronique , Jürgens Michael , Nelke Dorit 
Published: April 2004

AbstractSummary: Propagation kinetics of free‐radical homopolymerizations of methyl acrylate, dodecyl acrylate, butyl methacrylate, dodecyl methacrylate, glycidyl methacrylate, cyclohexyl methacrylate, and isobornyl methacrylate in solutions containing 40 wt.‐% CO2 were studied applying the PLP‐SEC technique. The obtained apparent propagation rate coefficients, kp,app, are by up to 40% below the associated bulk kp values. This reduction is assigned to a lowering of local monomer concentration, cM,loc, at the site of the free‐radical chain end rather than to a decrease of the actual propagation rate coefficient. With the alkyl (meth)acrylates, intersegmental interactions between polar groups of the same polymer molecule are responsible for deviations of cM,loc from the analytical overall monomer concentration, cM,a. Increasing size of the flexible alkyl ester group reduces the differences between cM,loc and cM,a due to shielding effects. Methacrylates with cyclic ester groups do not follow this trend. In case of isobornyl methacrylate, which polymerizes to a rigid material with large side groups, relative size of monomer and CO2 matters and reduces cM,loc significantly below cM,a.image
Lack of attribute searchability: Some thoughts
Authors: Mittal Banwari 
Published: April 2004

AbstractEstablished theory about the searchability of product attributes has advanced a tripartite classification of product attributes and, correspondingly, a three‐pronged view of consumer evaluation procedures. Using this theory as a springboard, this article takes a closer look at the procedures consumers seem to utilize for evaluation of products that vary in their attribute searchability. Reflecting on current theory and practice, the consumer is construed to employ evaluation procedures different from those indicated by the product‐attribute typology. This is so both because consumers view the attributes differently and because they rely on biased heuristics, as might suit their expertise and involvement. To capture these consumer assessment dynamics, propositions are advanced and empirical methods to test them are suggested. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Entropic structure of multicomponent reactive flows with partial equilibrium reduced chemistry
Authors: Giovangigli Vincent , Massot Marc 
Published: April 2004

AbstractIn this paper, we investigate the system of equations modelling multicomponent reactive flows with detailed transport and complex chemistry in the limit of partial equilibrium. The reduced system is obtained using a projection step compatible with the chemical entropy production. The reduced multicomponent transport and convection fluxes are shown to be compatible with the mathematical entropy thus providing a symmetric form as well as normal forms for the reduced system. This yields global existence and asymptotic stability around constant equilibrium states for the Cauchy problem on the partial equilibrium manifold in all space dimensions. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sonic and kinetic phase transitions with applications to Chapman–Jouguet deflagrations
Authors: Colombo Rinaldo M. , Corli Andrea 
Published: April 2004

AbstractWe consider an n × n system of hyperbolic conservation laws and focus on the case of strongly underdetermined sonic phase boundaries. We propose a Riemann solver that singles out solutions uniquely. This Riemann solver has two features: it selects phase boundaries by means of an exterior function and it allows compound waves. Then we prove the global existence of weak solutions to the Cauchy problem. Applications to Chapman–Jouguet deflagrations are given. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Delta and singular delta locus for one‐dimensional systems of conservation laws
Authors: Nedeljkov Marko 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThis work gives a condition for existence of singular and delta shock wave solutions to Riemann problem for 2×2 systems of conservation laws. For a fixed left‐hand side value of Riemann data, the condition obtained in the paper describes a set of possible right‐hand side values. The procedure is similar to the standard one of finding the Hugoniot locus. Fluxes of the considered systems are globally Lipschitz with respect to one of the dependent variables. The association in a Colombeau‐type algebra is used as a solution concept. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley &Sons, Ltd.
Novel structure of an arrayed‐waveguide grating multiplexer with flat spectral response
Authors: Lee Tsung‐Hsin , Tu Kun‐Hung , Lee Ching‐Ting 
Published: April 2004

AbstractA novel structure of arrayed‐waveguide grating (AWG) multiplexers with a graded‐index free‐propagation region (FPR) used to increase the wavelength pass band is presented. The 1‐dB and 3‐dB wavelength pass bands increase with the increase of the graded‐index FPR length. Flat and broadened spectral responses are obtained by using this novel structure. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 41: 444–445, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20165
Isolated magnetic dipole antenna: Application to GPS
Authors: Rowson Sebastian , Poilasne Gregory , Desclos Laurent 
Published: April 2004

AbstractAn electrically small, low‐profile, antenna structure suitable for mobile devices is presented. An example of GPS implementation inside a cellular phone shows high antenna efficiency and integration flexibility. High isolation is shown by little detuning from various phone holding positions and high out of band rejection. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 41: 449–451, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20167
A K‐band suspended microstripline‐fed linear tapered slot antenna and its E‐plane arrays
Authors: Wu Chen 
Published: April 2004

AbstractA suspended microstripline‐fed linear tapered slot antenna element and its E‐plane linear arrays are presented in this paper. The element is studied and designed using the finite‐difference time‐domain (FDTD) method. The simulated results show that the element has a good antenna performance from 17 to 24 GHz. To build the E‐plane arrays, a unique five‐piece assembled structure which guarantees a uniform air‐filled thin substrate in the suspended microstrip line parallel feed‐network, has been developed. Four E‐plane arrays with different numbers of elements (4, 8, 16, and 32) are fabricated and their antenna gains and patterns are examined experimentally. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 41: 451–455, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20168
A very compact electromagnetic bandgap structure for suppressing surface waves in integrated circuits
Authors: Fu Yunqi , Yuan Naichang , Zhang Guohua 
Published: April 2004

AbstractA very compact electromagnetic bandgap structure is presented for integrated‐circuits applications. This structure, which is one kind of high‐impedance surface with periodic interdigital elements, is adopted to increase the fringe capacitor in order to compress the overall size of the high‐impedance surface. Its design uses the effective‐circuit model. The measured results show that a 30% to 40% size reduction can be obtained. This will be very valuable for practical applications. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 41: 455–457, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20169
Compact ridged‐waveguide bandpass filters and diplexers
Authors: Shelkovnikov Aleksandr , Goussetis George , Budimir Djuradj 
Published: April 2004

AbstractA ridged‐waveguide diplexer incorporating integrated compact ridged‐waveguide filters and a ridged‐waveguide T‐junction is presented. The compact size of the filter is achieved by integrating a bandpass periodic filter, and a low‐pass structure is used in order to suppress spurious responses. Simulation using the mode‐matching method has been carried out for ridged‐waveguide filters and T junctions and the results are presented. The measured results are in good agreement with the simulated results. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 41: 465–467, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20173
Equivalent electric circuit of the P‐i‐N photodiode for the pulse incident excitation
Authors: Lazović Miomira V. , Matavulj Petar S. , Radunović Jovan B. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractAn equivalent electric circuit of a P‐i‐N photodiode, for the case of the pulse‐light excitation, is derived and incorporated using SPICE. We consider only nonlinearity, which is the result of the change of the photodiode's reverse‐bias voltage. We compare our SPICE model with a previously published analytical model. The results obtained prove the superiority of the derived model, which has potential application in comprehensive OEIC modeling. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 41: 468–471, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20174
Compact triple‐band planar inverted‐F antenna for mobile handsets
Authors: Qi Dongsheng , Li Binhong , Liu Haitao 
Published: April 2004

AbstractA novel compact triple‐band (GSM, DCS, and ISM) planar inverted‐F antenna is presented. A prototype was constructed and studied. The S11 parameters are measured and bandwidths of 3.4%, 10.3%, and 2.1% are obtained for the corresponding band, respectively. For practical application, the presence of the plastic case and the hand were considered, and the resulting data of their influence were obtained and discussed. The radiation patterns and gains are also measured. All the results show that this type of PIFA is suitable for mobile‐communication applications. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 41: 483–486, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20179
High‐conversion‐gain millimeter‐wave ×4 subharmonic mixer with cascode 4th‐harmonic generator
Authors: An Dan , Kim Sung Chan , Sul Woo Suk , Han Hyo Jong , Park Hyung Moo , Rhee Jin Koo 
Published: April 2004

AbstractIn this paper, a millimeter‐wave ×4 subharmonic mixer has been designed and fabricated. The cascode 4th‐harmonic generator is proposed for high conversion gain. The measurement of an LO power of 13 dBm shows a conversion gain of 3.4 dB, which is one of the best conversion gains at 60.4 GHz. Isolations of LO to IF and LO to RF were obtained −53.6 and −46.2 dB, respectively. The high conversion gain achieved in this work is the first to be reported among millimeter‐wave subharmonic mixers. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 41: 490–493, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20181
Zn‐diffused LiNbO3 2 × 2 balanced‐bridge optical switch with post thermal‐treatment
Authors: Twu Ruey‐Ching 
Published: April 2004

AbstractA Zn‐diffused 2 × 2 balanced‐bridge optical switch is demonstrated on a Z‐cut LiNbO3 substrate for the first time. A post thermal‐treatment is used for precisely maintaining the 3‐dB‐power division of the two directional couplers in the device. The crosstalk ratio of both output waveguides is about −23 dB, while the measured propagation loss of a straight‐channel waveguide is kept within the range of 1.1–1.25 dB/cm. In the design, without using electrically controllable couplers as 3‐dB splitters or combiners, the total device length can be reduced to 18 mm. The switching voltage‐length product is 8.5 V‐cm for the TM polarized light at 1.32 μm. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 41: 493–496, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20182
MRI investigation of the threshold for thermally induced blood–brain barrier disruption and brain tissue damage in the rabbit brain
Authors: McDannold Nathan , Vykhodtseva Natalia , Jolesz Ferenc A. , Hynynen Kullervo 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe ability of MRI‐derived thermometry to predict thermally induced tissue changes in the brain was tested, and the thermal thresholds for blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption and brain tissue damage were estimated. In addition, the ability of standard MRI to detect threshold‐level effects was confirmed. These safety thresholds are being investigated to provide guidelines for clinical thermal ablation studies in the brain. MRI‐monitored focused ultrasound heating was delivered to 63 locations in 26 rabbits. Tissue changes were detected in T2‐weighted imaging and T1‐weighted imaging (with and without contrast) and with light microscopy. The probability for tissue damage as a function of the accumulated thermal dose, the peak temperature achieved, the applied acoustic energy, and the peak acoustic power was estimated with probit regression. The discriminative abilities of these parameters were compared using the areas under the receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves. In MRI, BBB disruption was observed in contrast‐enhanced T1‐weighted imaging shortly after the ultrasound exposures, sometimes accompanied by changes in T2‐weighted imaging. Two days later, changes in T2‐weighted imaging were observed, sometimes accompanied by changes in T1‐weighted imaging. In histology, tissue damage was seen at every location where MRI changes were observed, ranging from small (diameter <1.0 mm) areas of tissue necrosis to severe vascular damage and associated hemorrhagic infarct. In one location, small (diameter: 0.8 mm) damage was not detected in MRI. The thermal dose and peak temperature thresholds were between 12.3–40.1 equivalent min at 43°C and 48.0–50.8°C, respectively, and values of 17.5 equivalent min at 43°C and 48.4°C were estimated to result in tissue damage with 50% probability. Thermal dose and peak temperature were significantly better predictors than the applied acoustic energy and peak acoustic power (P < 0.01). BBB disruption was always accompanied by tissue damage. The temperature information was better than the applied acoustic power or energy for predicting the damage than the ultrasound parameters. MRI was sensitive in detecting threshold‐level damage. Magn Reson Med 51:913–923, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.