bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Global warming, regional trends and inshore environmental conditions influence coral bleaching in Hawaii
Authors: Jokiel Paul L. , Brown Eric K. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractHawaiian waters show a trend of increasing temperature over the past several decades that are consistent with observations in other coral reef areas of the world. The first documented large‐scale coral bleaching occurred in the Hawaii region during late summer of 1996, with a second in 2002. The bleaching events in Hawaii were triggered by a prolonged regional positive oceanic sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly greater than 1°C that developed offshore during the time of annual summer temperature maximum. High solar energy input and low winds further elevated inshore water temperature by 1–2°C in reef areas with restricted water circulation (bays, reef flats and lagoons) and in areas where mesoscale eddies often retain water masses close to shore for prolonged periods of time. Data and observations taken during these events illustrate problems in predicting the phenomena of large‐scale bleaching. Forecasts and hind‐casts of these events are based largely on offshore oceanic SST records, which are only a first approximation of inshore reef conditions. The observed oceanic warming trend is the ultimate cause of the increase in the frequency and severity of bleaching events. However, coral reefs occur in shallow inshore areas where conditions are influenced by winds, orographic cloud cover, complex bathymetry, waves and inshore currents. These factors alter local temperature, irradiance, water motion and other physical and biological variables known to influence bleaching.
Sunken roads as habitats for forest plant species in a dynamic agricultural landscape: effects of age and isolation
Authors: Deckers Bart , Becker Piet De , Honnay Olivier , Hermy Martin , Muys Bart 
Published: December 2004

AbstractAim  This study tests the hypothesis that linear, woody habitat patches surrounding small, sunken rural roads not only function as an unstable sink but also as a true, sustainable habitat for forest plants. Furthermore, factors affecting the presence of forest plant species in sunken roads are determined. Finally, the implications of these findings for the overall metapopulation dynamics of forest plant species in fragmented agricultural landscapes are assessed.Location  The study area, c. 155 km2 in size, is situated in a fragmented agricultural landscape within the loamy region of central Belgium.Methods  Forest species presence–absence data were collected for 389 sunken roads. The effect of area, depth, age and isolation on sunken road species richness was assessed using linear regression and analysis of variance (anova). Analysis of covariance was employed to study the interaction between age and isolation. Differences in plant community dispersal spectra in relation to sunken road age and isolation were analysed by means of linear regression and anova.Results  Sunken roads proved to function as an important habitat for forest plants. The sink‐hypothesis was falsified by a clear species accumulation in time: sunken road species richness significantly increased with the age of the elements. Sunken road age mainly affected species richness through effects on both area and depth, affecting habitat quality and diversity. Furthermore, sunken road isolation had a significant impact on species richness as well, with the number of forest species decreasing with increasing isolation of the elements, indicating dispersal limitation in sunken road habitats. Moreover, a significant age × isolation interaction effect was demonstrated. Differences in regression slopes for isolation between age classes revealed that the effect of isolation intensified with increasing age of the elements. Differential colonization in relation to forest species dispersal capacities probably account for this, as confirmed by the analysis of sunken road plant community dispersal spectra, with the fraction of species with low dispersal capacities increasing with increasing age and decreasing isolation of the elements.Main conclusions  During sunken road development, area and depth increase and, gradually, suitable habitat conditions for forest plant species arise. Depending on their ecological requirements and dispersal capacities, forest species progressively colonize these habitats as a function of the element's isolation. The functioning of sunken roads as a sustainable habitat for forest species enhances the metapopulation viability of forest plants in agricultural landscapes and has important consequences for forest restoration practices. Moreover, the results of this work call for integrating the presence of forest species in small‐scaled linear habitat patches in forest fragmentation studies.
Community structure and zonation patterns of rocky shores at high latitudes: an interocean comparison
Authors: Ingólfsson Agnar 
Published: December 2004

AbstractAim  To compare the structure of communities of sheltered rocky shores at high latitudes in widely separated regions in order to search for similarities and dissimilarities.Locations  Three regions with similar physical environments were investigated: south‐western Iceland, southern Alaska, and the Magellanic region.Methods  Cover of algae and sessile animals was estimated and animals were counted in quadrats laid along a number of transects in each of the three regions. Transects were divided into 10 height intervals with reference to tidal levels, and comparisons made on the basis of average distributions of species within each of 11 defined guilds.Results  Icelandic and Alaskan shores had a number of species in common, although these were in the minority. No species was common to southern and northern regions, with the possible exception of Mytilus edulis. Most defined guilds were present in all regions, but their taxonomic composition was often radically different. The molluscan filtering guild was the guild showing greatest similarity in the three regions, while canopy‐forming algae were absent from the Magellanic region and balanid filterers were virtually absent from Iceland. Crustacean grazers were only prominent in Iceland, and molluscan grazers were more common there than in the other regions. Zonation of species was recognizable and species diversity increased seawards in all regions.Main conclusions  Few, if any, assembly rules could be detected when comparing regions, except for the universal increase in species diversity seawards. The absence of ‘key’ species in one region may affect the distribution of other species. All major opportunities for resource exploitation are not utilized in all regions. In some instances it is possible to recognize ecological equivalents in different regions. No recurrent distinct zones are apparent when regions are compared. A universal descriptive system of zonation, such as developed by Stephenson & Stephenson (1949) and Lewis (1964), was found to be not applicable.
Genetic structuring in Andean landlocked populations of Galaxias maculatus: effects of biogeographic history
Authors: Zattara Eduardo E. , Premoli Andrea C. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractAim  To test whether the genetic diversity of diadromous and landlocked populations of the small puyen Galaxias maculatus (known as jollytail in Australia and inanga in New Zealand) follow the same structuring patterns observed for migratory and non‐migratory species of the genus Galaxias. This work also aimed to test whether the genetic structuring of a group of populations could be predicted from differences in the geomorphologic history of the region they inhabit.Location  Eight landlocked populations were sampled from cold‐temperate lakes in north‐western Patagonia. The study area could be split latitudinally into two sectors that differed in their geomorphology, each of them hosting four populations. The southern sector shows evidence of a higher degree of glacial coverage, and the lakes are probably remnants of a big proglacial palaeolake. Lakes in the northern sector, on the other hand, suggest no common origin.Results  Significant genetic structuring was found among the studied populations (Θ = 0.188), being the highest value reported to date for the species. Significant correlation was found between genetic diversity and lake area and perimeter. Diversity also showed a slight latitudinal variation suggesting the presence of genetically distinct groups of populations. The comparison of populations from the two geographical sectors showed that those from the north had a higher diversity, more private alleles and strong structuring, while those from the south were less diverse and much more homogeneous.Main conclusions  Non‐migratory populations of G. maculatus show much higher values of genetic structuring than those reported for diadromous populations. This follows the pattern seen when comparing migratory and non‐migratory species of Galaxias. This agrees with population genetics theory which predicts that restricted gene flow would result in greater among‐population divergence. Also, differences between northern and southern populations agreed with what was predicted by the geomorphologic history of the study area. During the Last Glacial Maximum ice cover in that region may have reduced the habitat of G. maculatus to a refuge with an impoverished gene pool. When the ice receded, leaving a great proglacial lake, that former population expanded and became fragmented after water levels descended. This resulted in present day lakes harbouring homogeneous populations with reduced diversity. The northern sector, in contrast, was less affected by glaciers, resulting in more geomorphologically stable lakes holding genetically diverse populations.
Metastasis of lung cancer to the finger: a report of two cases
Authors: Nakamura Hiroyuki , Shimizu Tadamichi , Kodama Kazuo , Shimizu Hiroshi 
Published: December 2004

Case 1  A 73‐year‐old man complained of a 2‐month history of an asymptomatic nodule on the left thumb. The nodule had enlarged gradually and was accompanied by tenderness. The nodule on the tip of the left thumb was about 1 cm in diameter, well demarcated, fleshy, and reddish, with a granulomatous appearance (Fig. 1a). Histopathologic findings of the digital nodule revealed a dense dermal infiltration of cells with a marked nuclear atypicality, cell keratinization, and intercellular bridges (Fig. 1b). Because the diagnosis of a metastatic carcinoma of the skin was suspected, subsequent systemic examination was considered. Computed tomography revealed the presence of a primary carcinoma in the left lung, which was diagnosed as squamous cell carcinoma, T4N0M1, stage IV, and there were multiple metastases. The histopathologic finding of the digital nodule was similar to that of the lung lesions. The patient underwent radiation therapy for the digital tumor, and systemic chemotherapy which was stopped because of adverse side‐effects. The patient died 6 months after identification of the tumor.(a) Clinical appearance of Case 1. Tumor on the tip of the left thumb. (b) Histopathology of the tumor of Case 1 showing dense dermal infiltration of the cells, with marked nuclear atypicality, cell keratinization, and intercellular bridges (hematoxylin and eosin staining; original magnification, × 40)imageCase 2  A 71‐year‐old man presented with a nodule on the left ring finger 1 month after operation for cancer of the left lung. Pathologic findings of the lung revealed a moderate or highly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma with cell keratinization, pT2N1M0, stage II. The finger tumor gradually enlarged in size. Physical examination showed an approximately 2 cm in diameter, elastic, hard, relatively well‐demarcated, and hyperkeratotic tumor on the tip of the left ring finger (Fig. 2a). The lesion was accompanied by erosions in its center and a dark, erythematous swelling at the surrounding edges. A skin biopsy of the digital tumor was taken. Histologic examination revealed a dense dermal infiltration with marked nuclear atypicality and a tendency to keratinize. Squamous cell carcinoma with moderate or high cell differentiation was pathologically diagnosed (Fig. 2b), the same as recognized in the lung cancer specimen. This case was diagnosed as metastatic carcinoma to the finger, associated with primary lung cancer.(a) Clinical appearance of Case 2. Tumor on the tip of the left ring finger with an erosion at its center and an erythematous swelling at the surrounding edges. (b) Skin biopsy from the nodule of Case 2 showing the proliferation of marked atypical squamous cells in the dermis and keratinization of the cells (hematoxylin and eosin staining; original magnification, × 40)image
Lachlan Orogen subduction–accretion systematics revisited
Authors: SPAGGIARI C. V. , GRAY D. R. , FOSTER D. A. 
Published: December 2004

Geological and Ar–Ar data provide a link between the formation of mélange, now preserved in the Howqua River region (Governor Fault Zone, central Lachlan Orogen), and ca 450–420 Ma east‐directed subduction that contributed to formation of the Tabberabbera Zone. These data support a previously presented model comprising three accretionary subduction zones to explain closure of a marginal ocean basin. An additional, west‐dipping subduction zone at ca 470 Ma has recently been suggested for the central and western Lachlan Orogen boundary, but is not required to explain the field relationships and chronology.
Low‐cycle fatigue of 1Cr–18Ni–9Ti stainless steel and related weld metal under axial, torsional and 90° out‐of‐phase loading
Authors: CHEN X. , AN K. , KIM K. S. 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACTThe fatigue behaviour of base metal and weld joints of 1Cr–18Ni–9Ti stainless steel has been studied under uniaxial, torsional and 90° out‐of‐phase loading. A significant degree of additional hardening is found for both base metal and weld metal under 90° out‐of‐phase loading. Both base metal and weld metal have the same cyclic stable stress–strain relationship under torsional cyclic loading and 90° out‐of‐phase cyclic loading. Base metal exhibits higher cyclic stress than weld metal under uniaxial loading, and Young's modulus and yield stress of weld metal are smaller than those of base metal. Weld metal exhibited lower fatigue resistance than base metal under uniaxial and torsional loading, but no significant difference was found between the two materials under 90° out‐of‐phase loading. A large scatter of fatigue life is observed for weld metal, perhaps because of heterogeneity of the microstructure. The Wang–Brown (WB) damage parameter and the Fatemi–Socie (FS) damage parameter, both based on the shear critical plane approach, were evaluated relative to the fatigue data obtained.
Validity of bolt‐removal and gap‐insertion techniques to experimentally simulate the vibration of a cracked rotor
Authors: KEINER H. , GADALA M. S. , TANG C. W. 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACTExperimental studies of the vibration of a cracked rotor are essential in the development of vibration monitoring techniques. The greatest difficulty in conducting experimental parameter studies is the extensive amount of work required when placing a fatigue crack (FC) of known size and location in the structure. Two alternative techniques, the bolt‐removal method (BRM) and the gap‐insertion method (GIM), have been suggested to provide an easy mechanism to experimentally simulate the behaviour of a breathing crack. This study aims to qualitatively and quantitatively evaluate these methods and compare them with the results from a grown FC in a slow rotating drum specimen. Deflection results show good agreement, particularly in the vertical direction. For the horizontal direction the two simulation techniques overestimate the deflection from the FC for large crack sizes. However, overall GIM and BRM provide close enough results to support the usage in experimental parameter studies at significantly lower cost.
Application of the Dang‐Van criterion for life determination under uniaxial random tension–compression with different mean values
Authors: KLUGER K. , ŁAGODA T. 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACTIn this paper the experimental fatigue lives of specimens made of 10HNAP steel with the lives calculated with the Goodman and Gerber methods of cycle amplitude transformation and the Dang Van criterion for uniaxial loading are compared. Cycles were counted with the rain flow algorithm and damage was accumulated according to the Palmgren–Miner hypothesis. This paper includes comparison of the results for constant amplitude loading with a non‐zero mean value and for random loading with zero or non‐zero mean values. It has been shown that for 10HNAP steel the algorithm of fatigue life calculations using the Dang Van criterion gives satisfactory results.
Fatigue crack growth under non‐proportional mixed‐mode loading in ferritic‐pearlitic steel
Authors: DOQUET V. , POMMIER S. 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACTMode II fatigue crack growth tests as well as tests in sequential mode I and then mode II were performed on ferritic‐pearlitic steel. For ΔKII ranging from 7 to , bifurcation occurs after 12–450 μm of coplanar growth at a decreasing speed. By contrast, hundreds of micrometres of constant speed coplanar growth were obtained under sequential mode I and then mode II loading, for and ΔKI ranging from 0.25 to 1.0 ΔKII. The crack growth rate is a simple sum of the contributions of each mode for ΔKI= 0.25 ΔKII but above this value a synergetic effect is found. The mechanism of this fast‐propagation mode is discussed in the light of strain range maps ahead of the crack tip obtained by digital SEM image correlation and elastic–plastic finite element calculations. The stability of the crack path according to the maximum growth rate criterion is demonstrated.
Cyclic tearing and crack growth in circumferentially cracked straight pipes
Authors: KUMAR D. VENU , MURTHY D. S. RAMACHANDRA , SEETHARAMAN S. , GUPTA S. K. , BHASIN V. , VAZE K. K. , KUSHWAHA H. S. 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACTEarthquake load, which is cyclic in nature and of short duration, is the main design basis accident load for designing the primary heat transport (PHT) piping components of Nuclear Power Plants. Adequate protection of piping components from the effects of earthquake requires detailed knowledge of strength and deformation characteristics of the components and assemblies making up the piping system. Fracture behaviour of 23 pipes was studied by conducting cyclic tests under four‐point bending. Fifteen pipes were of carbon steel (SA333 Grade 6) of 219 mm, 324 mm and 406 mm ODs and eight pipes were of stainless steel (AISI Type 304LN) of 168 mm OD with through‐wall circumferential crack. Six pipes were tested under displacement control and the rest under load control. The effect of various parameters such as location and size of initial crack in base metal and weld metal, cyclic load range and displacement increment on crack growth and number of cycles for failure was investigated. The investigations showed significant reduction in the fracture resistance under cyclic loading conditions. Crack growth equations have been proposed for carbon steel pipes with and without weld under cyclic tearing.
The behavioural dynamics of fishers: management implications
Authors: Salas Silvia , Gaertner Daniel 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIn pursuing their livelihood, fishers develop strategies when faced with changes in regulations and other fishery conditions. Changes involve each individual in a decision‐making process governed by his/her own goals or constraints. Despite this reality, the complex dynamics of fishing has usually been ignored in designing management initiatives, which has contributed to management failures in many parts of the world. Fishers have generally been treated as fixed elements, with no consideration of individual attitudes based on their operating scales (geographical, ecological, social and economic) and personal goals. We review existing research on the social, economic and behavioural dynamics of fishing to provide insight into fisher behaviour and its implications for fisheries management. Emphasis is placed on fisher perception, and how fishers develop dynamic fishing tactics and strategies as an adaptive response to changes in resource abundance, environmental conditions and market or regulatory constraints. We conclude that knowledge of these dynamics is essential for effective management, and we discuss how such information can be collected, analysed and integrated into fisheries assessment and management. Particular emphasis is placed on small‐scale fisheries, but some examples from industrial fleets are provided to highlight similar issues in different types of fisheries.
Changing the tune: the structure of the input affects infants’ use of absolute and relative pitch
Authors: Saffran Jenny R. , Reeck Karelyn , Niebuhr Aimee , Wilson Diana 
Published: December 2004

Abstract Sequences of notes contain several different types of pitch cues, including both absolute and relative pitch information. What factors determine which of these cues are used when learning about tone sequences? Previous research suggests that infants tend to preferentially process absolute pitch patterns in continuous tone sequences, while other types of input elicit relative pitch use by infants. In order to ask whether the structure of the input influences infants’ choice of pitch cues, we presented learners with continuous tone streams in which absolute pitch cues were rendered uninformative by transposing the tone sequences. Under these circumstances, both infants and adults successfully tracked relative pitches in a statistical learning task. Implications for the role played by the structure of the input in the learning process are considered.
The role of speech rhythm in language discrimination: further tests with a non‐human primate
Authors: Tincoff Ruth , Hauser Marc , Tsao Fritz , Spaepen Geertrui , Ramus Franck , Mehler Jacques 
Published: December 2004

AbstractHuman newborns discriminate languages from different rhythmic classes, fail to discriminate languages from the same rhythmic class, and fail to discriminate languages when the utterances are played backwards. Recent evidence showing that cotton‐top tamarins discriminate Dutch from Japanese, but not when utterances are played backwards, is compatible with the hypothesis that rhythm discrimination is based on a general perceptual mechanism inherited from a primate ancestor. The present study further explores the rhythm hypothesis for language discrimination by testing languages from the same and different rhythmic class. We find that tamarins discriminate Polish from Japanese (different rhythmic classes), fail to discriminate English and Dutch (same rhythmic class), and fail to discriminate backwards utterances from different and same rhythmic classes. These results provide further evidence that language discrimination in tamarins is facilitated by rhythmic differences between languages, and suggest that, in humans, this mechanism is unlikely to have evolved specifically for language.