bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Frontal polymerization of acrylic monomers for the consolidation of stone
Authors: Vicini Silvia , Mariani Alberto , Princi Elisabetta , Bidali Simone , Pincin Silvia , Fiori Stefano , Pedemonte Enrico , Brunetti Antonio 
Published: February 2005

AbstractPolymeric products are largely used for consolidation of stone in the field of cultural heritage. Nevertheless, the main problem of polymeric compounds is related to their macromolecular nature, it being difficult for a polymer to penetrate inside the pores which may have a very small diameter. These considerations are the starting points for in situ polymerization. According to this technique, not the pre‐formed polymer, but the monomer is introduced into the stone and it is polymerized in situ in a subsequent step.Frontal polymerization (FP) is a particular technique in which the heat released by the exothermal reaction of monomer to polymer conversion is exploited to promote the formation of a hot traveling front able to propagate and self‐sustain the reaction.In the present work, FP is performed inside the pores of the stone and the results lead to the conclusion that the hot front is still active in the presence of an inorganic material which dissipates partially the heat released during the polymerization. In addition some recent applications of FP are discussed in comparison with the traditional polymerization for the in situ consolidation and protection of stones. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of dendritic cells in differentiated thyroid cancer
Authors: Tsuge Kaori , Takeda Hiroaki , Kawada Sumio , Maeda Kunihiko , Yamakawa Mitsunori 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIn this study, the types and localization pattern of dendritic cells (DCs), the expression of chemokines on carcinoma cells and of the relevant receptors on DCs, and the adhesion molecules expressed on vascular endothelial cells and DCs were examined in thyroid carcinomas. Papillary carcinoma had a higher frequency of CD1a+ immature DCs than other thyroid tumours. Macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)‐3α was expressed strongly on the majority of papillary carcinoma cells and weakly on a minority of follicular carcinoma cells. DCs positive for chemokine receptor‐6 (CCR‐6) were densely accumulated in papillary carcinoma. DC‐SIGN+ DCs were accumulated in papillary carcinoma but rarely in follicular carcinoma. A binding assay for DC‐SIGN‐mediated adhesion of isolated DCs revealed significant inhibition of DC adhesion to papillary carcinoma tissues by neutralizing antibodies against intercellular adhesion molecule‐2 or DC‐SIGN. These results clearly indicated marked differences between papillary carcinoma and follicular carcinoma in the accumulation of immature DCs, in MIP‐3α expression on carcinoma cells, and in the frequency of CCR‐6+ DCs and DC‐SIGN+ DCs. Copyright © 2005 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Elevated nuclear maspin expression is associated with microsatellite instability and high tumour grade in colorectal cancer
Authors: Bettstetter Marcus , Woenckhaus Matthias , Wild Peter J , Rümmele Petra , Blaszyk Hagen , Hartmann Arndt , Hofstädter Ferdinand , Dietmaier Wolfgang 
Published: February 2005

AbstractMaspin, a member of the serpin family, has been reported to suppress metastasis and angiogenesis in breast and prostate cancers. Overexpression of maspin was associated with adverse prognostic features in several other tumours. In this study, expression of maspin was analysed in 41 colorectal carcinomas with high‐frequency microsatellite instability (MSI‐H) and 159 microsatellite stable colorectal cancers (MSS/MSI‐L) by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and partly by relative quantitative real‐time RT‐PCR and western blot analyses. Significant upregulation of maspin expression was found in MSI‐H tumours compared to both MSS/MSI‐L tumours and matched benign colonic mucosa. Increased maspin expression was also found in three MSI‐H colon cancer cell lines, but not in three MSS colon cancer cell lines by RT‐PCR and western blot analyses. Regulation of maspin expression depended on promoter methylation as tissue specimens and cell lines expressing maspin showed unmethylated maspin promoters, whereas promoter hypermethylation was found in specimens with loss of maspin expression. Intense nuclear maspin immunostaining was seen specifically in MSI‐H tumours (p = 0.013), de‐differentiated tumours (p = 0.006), and at the invasion front. These findings provide new insights into the role of maspin in colorectal cancer progression and may be useful for diagnosis and treatment strategies. Copyright © 2005 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Frequency of BRAF T1796A mutation in papillary thyroid carcinoma relates to age of patient at diagnosis and not to radiation exposure
Authors: Powell Ned , Jeremiah Steve , Morishita Mariko , Dudley Ed , Bethel Jackie , Bogdanova Tetyana , Tronko Mykola , Thomas Gerry 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIn this study, the frequency of BRAF mutation was investigated in a series of 67 cases of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) in patients from Ukraine. Thirty‐two patients were aged 30 years or older at the time of diagnosis and 35 were under 16. Tumour was microdissected from paraffin wax‐embedded sections, DNA extracted, and the presence of the BRAF T1796A mutation demonstrated by two different methods: PCR followed by restriction enzyme digestion or primer extension assay and detection using MALDI‐TOF mass spectrometry. Eighteen (58%) of the adult cases, but only one of the 35 cases aged less than 16 harboured a BRAF T1796A mutation. There was complete agreement between the two methods used, suggesting that the MALDI‐TOF assay is a robust alternative to conventional mutation analysis. RET rearrangement was also examined in the young cohort. The overall frequency of RET rearrangement was 45.7%. Eight of the younger group of patients were born after 1 December 1986 and were therefore not exposed to radioiodine in fallout from Chernobyl. None of the PTCs from these eight patients were positive for BRAF mutation. The frequency of RET rearrangement was 44% in the 27 cases exposed to radiation and 50% in the eight not exposed. These results suggest that the different molecular biological profiles observed are associated with the age of the patient at diagnosis with PTC, rather than being associated with radiation exposure. Copyright © 2005 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Morphology profiles obtained by reaction‐induced phase separation in epoxy/polysulfone/poly(ether imide) systems
Authors: Giannotti MI , Mondragon I , Galante MJ , Oyanguren PA 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe reaction‐induced phase separation in epoxy/aromatic diamine formulations simultaneously modified with two immiscible thermoplastics (TPs), poly(ether imide) (PEI) and polysulfone (PSF), has been studied. The epoxy monomer was based on the diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) and the aromatic diamine was 4,4′‐methylenebis(3‐chloro 2,6‐diethylaniline) (MCDEA). Phase‐separation conversions are reported for various PSF/PEI proportions for blends containing 10 wt% total TP. On the basis of phase‐separation results, a conversion–composition phase diagram at 200 °C was compiled. This diagram was used to design particular cure cycles in order to generate different morphologies during the phase‐separation process. It was found that, depending on the PSF/PEI ratio employed, a particulate or a morphology characterized by a distribution of irregular PEI‐rich domains dispersed in an epoxy‐rich phase was obtained for initially miscible blends. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) characterization revealed that the PEI‐rich phase exhibits a phase‐inverted structure and the epoxy‐rich matrix presents a bimodal size distribution of TP‐rich particles. For PSF/PEI ratios near the miscibility limit, slight temperature change result in morphology profiles. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Investigation on the effect of the presence of hyperbranched polymers on thermal and mechanical properties of an epoxy UV‐cured system
Authors: Sangermano Marco , Malucelli Giulio , Bongiovanni Roberta , Priola Aldo , Harden Adrian 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe use of hydroxyl‐functionalized hyperbranched polymers (HBPs) (Boltorn® H20, H30 and H40) was investigated with respect to a UV‐cured epoxy system. Their presence induced an increase of the final epoxy conversion, which was interpreted on the basis of a chain‐transfer reaction. A decrease of the Tg values in the photocured films was observed when the amount of HBP additive in the photocurable formulation was increased. When the amount of HBP in the photocurable resin was increased, the density of photocured films increased, indicating a decrease on the free volume. Moreover, a clear increase in toughness was observed and attributed to the plasticization effect induced by the presence of HBP. This effect is particularly interesting for epoxy thermosets, which are characterized by good mechanical properties, although they are brittle and fragile. By increasing the toughness properties of these photocured resins it may be possible to broad their applications. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis and characterization of novel biodegradable unsaturated poly(ester amide)s
Authors: Guo Kai , Chu C. C. , Chkhaidze E. , Katsarava R. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA series of novel biodegradable unsaturated poly(ester amide)s (UPEAs) were synthesized through the solution polycondensation of two unsaturated monomers, di‐p‐nitrophenyl fumarate and L‐phenylalanine 2‐butene‐1,4‐diol diester p‐toluene sulfonate, and four other saturated monomers in different combinations. The UPEAs were obtained in fairly good yields with N,N‐dimethylacetamide (DMA) as the solvent. The number‐average and weight‐average molecular weights of the UPEAs, measured by gel permeation chromatography, ranged from 10 to 30 kg/mol, they had a rather narrow molecular weight distribution of 1.40. The chemical structures of the novel biodegradable UPEAs were confirmed by both IR and NMR spectra. The UPEAs had higher glass‐transition temperatures than saturated PEAs of similar structures, and their glass‐transition temperatures were affected more by the CC double bond located in the diamide part than by those in the diester part. The solubility of the polymers was poor in water but better in DMA and dimethyl sulfoxide. With the availability of these inherent CC double bonds in the UPEA backbones, these UPEAs have the functionality of CC bonds, such as photochemical reactivity or the ability to react with or be modified by other bioactive or other environmentally sensitive compounds, and this can easily extend their applications to biomedical and pharmaceutical areas. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 1463–1477, 2005
Donor–acceptor copolymers for red‐ and near‐infrared‐emitting polymer light‐emitting diodes
Authors: Thompson Barry C. , Madrigal Luis G. , Pinto Mauricio R. , Kang Tae‐Sik , Schanze Kirk S. , Reynolds John R. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractWe report a comparative study of two organic soluble, vinylene‐based, alternating donor–acceptor copolymers with 1,4‐(2,5‐dihexadecyloxyphenylene) as the donor; the acceptor is either a 2,5‐linked pyridine or a 5,8‐linked 2,3‐diphenylpyrido[3,4‐b]pyrazine. The polymers are synthesized via a Heck coupling methodology from a dihalo monomer and a divinyl monomer to yield number‐average molecular weights of 16,000 g/mol for the pyridine polymer (PPyrPV) and 6500 g/mol for the pyridopyrazine polymer (PPyrPyrPV), with high solubility in common chlorinated solvents and lower solubility in less polar solvents (e.g., tetrahydrofuran). Thin‐film measurements show band gaps of 2.2 and 1.8 eV for PPyrPV and PPyrPyrPV, respectively. Both polymers exhibit photoluminescence in solution and in the solid state and exhibit electroluminescence when incorporated into light‐emitting diodes. In this case, a broad red emission centered at 690 nm for PPyrPV and a near‐infrared emission centered at 800 nm for PPyrPyrPV have been observed. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 1417–1431, 2005
New poly(amidoamine)s containing disulfide linkages in their main chain
Authors: Emilitri Elisa , Ranucci Elisabetta , Ferruti Paolo 
Published: February 2005

AbstractNovel poly(amidoamine)s (PAAs) containing disulfide linkages regularly arranged along their backbones were synthesized by the stepwise polyaddition of 2‐methylpiperazine to N,N′‐bis(acryloyl)cystamine (BACy1) or N,N′‐bis(acryloyl)‐(L)‐cystine (BACy2). Both bisacrylamides had, in turn, been obtained by the reaction of acryloyl chloride with the corresponding amines. All the products were characterized with 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, and the average molecular weights of the polymers were determined by size exclusion chromatography. Both PAAs showed different solubility properties. In particular, PAA‐Cy1, derived from BACy1, was sparingly soluble in water, whereas PAA‐Cy2, derived from BACy2, was very soluble in aqueous media. The polymerization rates were investigated with 1H NMR spectroscopy. In both cases, the experimental data were consistent with pseudo‐second‐order kinetics. The calculated kinetic constants were 5.96 × 10−3 and 5.90 × 10−2 min−1 L mol−1 for the polyaddition of BACy1 and BACy2, respectively. The observed hydrolytic degradation rate of PAA‐Cy2 in a pH 7.4 tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (TRIS) buffer was comparable to that of conventional amphoteric PAAs, that is, PAAs containing carboxyl groups in their repeating unit. Degradation experiments carried out in the presence of 2‐mercaptoethanol with both PAAs demonstrated that the disulfide groups contained in its repeating units were susceptible to reductive cleavage in the presence of thiols. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 1404–1416, 2005
Atom transfer radical polymerization of styrenic ionic liquid monomers and carbon dioxide absorption of the polymerized ionic liquids
Authors: Tang Huadong , Tang Jianbin , Ding Shijie , Radosz Maciej , Shen Youqing 
Published: February 2005

AbstractPolymeric forms of ionic liquids have many potential applications because of their high thermal stability and ionic nature. Two ionic liquid monomers, 1‐(4‐vinylbenzyl)‐3‐butyl imidazolium tetrafluoroborate (VBIT) and 1‐(4‐vinylbenzyl)‐3‐ butyl imidazolium hexafluorophosphate (VBIH), were synthesized through the quaternization of N‐butylimidazole with 4‐vinylbenzylchloride and a subsequent anion‐ exchange reaction with sodium tetrafluoroborate or potassium hexafluorophosphate. Copper‐mediated atom transfer radical polymerization was used to polymerize VBIT and VBIH. The effects of various initiator/catalyst systems, monomer concentrations, solvent polarities, and reaction temperatures on the polymerization were examined. The polymerization was well controlled and exhibited living characteristics when CuBr/1,1,4,7,10,10‐hexamethyltriethylenetetramine or CuBr/2,2′‐bipyridine was used as the catalyst and ethyl 2‐bromoisobutyrate was used as the initiator. Characterizations by thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and X‐ray diffraction showed that the resulting VBIT polymer, poly[1‐(4‐vinylbenzyl)‐3‐butyl imidazolium tetrafluoroborate] (PVBIT), was amorphous and had excellent thermal stability, with a glass‐transition temperature of 84 °C. The polymerized ionic liquids could absorb CO2 as ionic liquids: PVBIT absorbed 0.30% (w/w) CO2 at room temperature and 0.78 atm. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 1432–1443, 2005
Synthesis of poly(methyl methacrylate)‐b‐poly(vinyl chloride)‐b‐poly(methyl methacrylate) block copolymers by CuCl/2,2′‐bipyridine‐catalyzed living radical block copolymerization initiated from α,ω‐di(iodo)poly(vinyl chloride) prepared by single‐electron‐transfer/degenerative‐chain‐transfer mediated living radical polymerization
Authors: Percec Virgil , Guliashvili Tamaz , Popov Anatoliy V. , Ramirez‐Castillo Ernesto 
Published: February 2005

Abstractα,ω‐Di(iodo)poly(vinyl chloride)s with number‐average molecular weights (Mn's) of 2100–29,800 and weight‐average molecular weight/number‐average molecular weight (Mw/Mn) ratios of 1.66–2.16 were synthesized by the single‐electron‐transfer/degenerative‐chain‐transfer mediated living radical polymerization of vinyl chloride initiated with CHI3 and catalyzed by Na2S2O4. These α,ω‐di(iodo)poly(vinyl chloride)s were used as initiators for the metal‐catalyzed living radical block copolymerization of methyl methacrylate mediated by CuCl/2,2′‐bipyridine. Poly(methyl methacrylate)‐b‐poly(vinyl chloride)‐b‐poly(methyl methacrylate) block copolymers with Mn values of 36,500–95,700 and Mw/Mn values lower than 1.20 were synthesized by this novel and general synthetic method. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 1478–1486, 2005
Electrosyntheses of freestanding polyindole films in boron trifluoride diethyl etherate
Authors: Xu Jingkun , Nie Guangming , Zhang Shusheng , Han Xuejun , Hou Jian , Pu Shouzhi 
Published: February 2005

AbstractHigh‐quality freestanding polyindole (PIn) films were synthesized electrochemically through the direct oxidation of indole in pure boron trifluoride diethyl etherate (BFEE). The oxidation potential of indole in this medium was measured to be only 0.86 V versus a saturated calomel electrode, which was lower than that determined in acetonitrile/0.1 mol L−1 Bu4NBF4. PIn films obtained from this medium showed better electrochemical behavior and better thermal stability with a conductivity of 10−1 S cm−1, and this indicated that BFEE was a better medium than acetonitrile for the electrosyntheses of PIn films. Structural studies showed that the polymerization of indole ring occurred at the 2,3‐position. As‐formed PIn films could be partly dissolved in acetone, acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran, and so forth. Fluorescent spectral studies indicated that PIn was a good blue‐light emitter. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the fluorescence of PIn. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 1444–1453, 2005
Block and random copolymers as surfactants for dispersion polymerization. I. Synthesis via atom transfer radical polymerization and ring‐opening polymerization
Authors: Jakubowski Wojciech , Lutz Jean‐François , Slomkowski Stanislaw , Matyjaszewski Krzysztof 
Published: February 2005

AbstractAtom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) were combined to synthesize poly(ϵ‐caprolactone‐co‐octadecyl methacrylate‐co‐dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) copolymers possessing a triblock or random block structure. Various synthetic pathways (sequential or simultaneous approaches) were investigated for the synthesis of both copolymers. For the preparation of these copolymers, an initiator with dual functionality for ATRP/anionic ring‐opening polymerization, 2‐hydroxyethyl 2‐bromoisobutyrate, was used. Copolymers were prepared with good structural control and low polydispersities (weight‐average molecular weight/number‐average molecular weight < 1.2), but one limitation was identified: the dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) block had to be synthesized after the ϵ‐caprolactone block. ROP could not proceed in the presence of DMAEMA because the complexation of the amine groups in poly(dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) deactivated tin(II) hexanoate, which was used as a catalyst for ROP. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 1498–1510, 2005
Conservation of natural enemies in cotton: comparative selectivity of acetamiprid in the management of Bemisia tabaci
Authors: Naranjo Steven E , Akey David H 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe integrated control concept emphasizes the importance of both chemical and biological control for pest suppression in agricultural systems. A two‐year field study was conducted to evaluate the selectivity of acetamiprid for the control of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) in cotton compared with a proven selective regime based on the insect growth regulators (IGRs) pyriproxyfen and buprofezin. Acetamiprid was highly effective in controlling all stages of B tabaci compared with an untreated control, and generally produced lower pest densities than the IGR regime. Univariate analyses indicated that nine of 17 taxa of arthropod predators were significantly depressed with the use of acetamiprid compared with an untreated control, including common species such as Geocoris punctipes (Say), Orius tristicolor (White), Chrysoperla carnea Stephens sensu lato, Collops vittatus (Say), Hippodamia convergens Guérin‐Méneville, and Drapetis nr divergens. Compared with results from independent, concurrent studies using mixtures of broad‐spectrum insecticides at the same research site, acetamiprid depressed populations of fewer predator taxa; but, for eight predator taxa significantly affected by both regimes, the average population reduction was roughly equal. In contrast, only four taxa were significantly reduced in the IGR regime compared with the untreated control and three of these were omnivores that function primarily as plant pests. Principal response curves analyses (a time‐dependent, multivariate ordination method) confirmed these patterns of population change for the entire predator community. Predator:prey ratios generally increased with the use of both IGRs and acetamiprid compared with an untreated control, but ratios were consistently higher with IGRs. Parasitism by aphelinid parasitoids was unaffected or depressed slightly in all insecticide regimes compared with the control. Because of its high efficacy, acetamiprid may play an important role in later stages of B tabaci control where less emphasis is placed on selectivity. However, our results suggest that acetamiprid would be a poor substitute for the currently used IGRs in the initial stage of control where insecticide selectivity is crucial to a functional integrated control program for B tabaci in cotton. Published in 2005 for SCI by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inheritance of resistance and cross‐resistance to deltamethrin in Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) from Pakistan
Authors: Sayyed Ali H , Attique M Naveed R , Khaliq Abdul , Wright Denis J 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA field population of Plutella xylostella (L) from Pakistan was found to be highly resistant to deltamethrin (>500‐fold) but had little or no resistance to spinosad, fipronil, indoxacarb, abamectin, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) var kurstaki, Bt var aizawai or Cry1Ac when compared with a susceptible laboratory population, Lab‐UK. A sub‐population was selected for six generations (laboratory G3–G8) with deltamethrin (delta‐SEL), while a second sub‐population was left unselected (UNSEL). Bioassays at G9 found that selection with deltamethrin gave resistance ratios of >230 compared with UNSEL (>6730 compared with Lab‐UK). The delta‐selected population showed no apparent cross‐resistance to spinosad, fipronil or indoxacarb. Logit regression analysis of F1 reciprocal crosses between delta‐SEL and Lab‐UK indicated that resistance to deltamethrin in the delta‐SEL population was inherited as an autosomal, incompletely dominant (DLC = 0.67) trait. A direct test of monogenic inheritance based on a back‐cross of F1 progeny with delta‐SEL suggested that resistance to deltamethrin was controlled by more than one factor. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry