bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Galaxies and Star Clusters – From the Computer to the Real World
Authors: Spurzem Rainer , Baumgardt Holger , Berczik Peter , Boily Christian , Deiters Stefan , Kroupa Pavel , Patsis Panos 
Published: July 2005

AbstractG01 New evidence for a connection between massive black holes and ULXG02 Long‐Term Evolution of Massive Black Hole BinariesG03 NBODY Meets Stellar Population SynthesisG04 N‐body modelling of real globular star clustersG05 Fokker‐Planck rotating models of globular clusters with black holeG06 Observational Manifestation of chaos in spiral galaxies: quantitative analysis and qualitative explanationG07 GRAPE Clusters: Beyond the Million‐Body ProblemG08 Orbital decay of star clusters and Massive Black Holes in cuspy galactic nucleiG09 An Edge‐on Disk Galaxy CatalogG10 Complexes of open clusters in the Solar neighborhoodG11 Search for and investigation of new stellar clusters using the data from huge stellar cataloguesG12 Computing 2D images of 3D galactic disk modelsG13 Outer Pseudoring in the GalaxyG14 Where are tidal‐dwarf galaxies?G15 Ultra compact dwarf galaxies in nearby clustersG16 Impact of an Accretion Disk on the Structure of a stellar cluster in active galactic nucleiG17 Order and Chaos in the edge‐on profiles of disk galaxiesG18 On the stability of OB‐star configurations in the Orion Nebula clusterG19 Older stars captured in young star clusters by cloud collapseG20 General features of the population of open clusters within 1 kpc from the SunG21 Unstable modes in thin stellar disksG22 From Newton to Einstein – Dynamics of N‐body systemsG23 On the relation between the maximum stellar mass and the star cluster mass
Lofar
Authors: Beck Rainer , Brueggen Marcus , Falcke Heino 
Published: July 2005

AbstractH01 A first glance at LOFAR: Experience with the Initial Test StationH02 The Square Kilometer Array (SKA) – Status and ProspectsH03 LOFAR calibration: confrontation with real WSRT dataH04 Simulations of magnetic fields in the cosmosH05 RM structure in the polarized synchrotron emission from our Galaxy and the Perseus cluster of GalaxiesH06 Mapping the Reionization Era through the 21 cm Emission LineH07 Spiral galaxies seen with LOFARH08 Software Infrastructure for Distributed Data ProcessingH09 The Low Frequency Array (LOFAR) – Status and ProspectsH10 Coincident cosmic ray measurements with LOPES and KASCADE‐GrandeH11 Radio relics in a cosmological cluster merger simulationH12 Detection of radio pulses from cosmic ray air showers with LOPESH13 Geosynchrotron radio emission from extensive air showersH14 Imaging capabilities of future radio telescopesH15 Digital signal processing system of Multi‐Beam Meter Wavelengths Array.H16 The Multi‐Beam Meter Wavelengths ArrayH17 Monitoring of the Solar Activity by LOFARH18 Calibration of LOPES30H19 An Outreach Project for LOFAR and Cosmic Ray DetectionH20 Galactic tomography based on observations with LOFAR and EffelsbergH21 150 MHz observations with the Westerbork and GMRT radio telescopes of Abell 2256 and the Bootes field: Ultra‐steep spectrum radio sources as probes of cluster and galaxy evolutionH22 Experience of simultaneous observations with two independent multi‐beams of the Large Phased ArrayH23 GRID Computing at Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe suitable for LOFAR
Formation of Brown Dwarfs and Planets: Observations, Experiments and Theory
Authors: Wuchterl Günther , Günther Eike , Helling Christiane 
Published: July 2005

AbstractI01 NIR Imaging Spectroscopy of Extrasolar PlanetsI02 Eccentricity growth in protoplanetary disks with embedded planetsI03 Brown dwarf atmospheres: the dust in the L – T transition regionI04 Model Atmospheres of Substellar Atmospheres at a Young Age:Influence of Gravity and DustI05 Detection of Planetary Transits using Wavelet Analysis and Genetic AlgorithmsI06 Automated Difference Imaging for Extrasolar Planet SearchesI07 The formation of planets around stars with various massesI08 The Multiplicity of exoplanet host starsI09 Direct imaging of planets around young stars, the case of GQ Lup bI10 On the Nucleation of NH3 under the Atmospheric Conditions of Jovian‐like PlanetsI11 Unveiling a new low‐mass star formation site in NGC 1333 with SCUBAI12 Linear analysis of the stability of protoplanets: Possible planetary evolutions and comparisons to the Jeans‐analysisI13 Triggered planet formation in young stellar clustersI14 Convective Radiation Fluid‐Dynamics: Formation and Early Evolution at the Substellar Limit and Beyond
Gas‐Phase Dehydrogenation of Methanol with Mononuclear Vanadium‐Oxide Cations
Authors: Engeser Marianne , Schröder Detlef , Schwarz Helmut 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe reactions of methanol with mass‐selected V+, VOH+, VO+, and VO2+ cations are studied by Fourier‐transform ion‐cyclotron resonance (FT‐ICR) mass spectrometry in order to investigate the influence of the formal oxidation state of the metal on the reactivity of vanadium–oxide compounds. Interestingly, the most reactive species is the low‐valent hydroxide cation VOH+, for which a formal condensation reaction prevails to afford VOCH3+. In contrast, atomic V+ is oxidized and the high‐valent dioxide cation VO2+ is reduced by methanol. The dehydrogenation of methanol mediated by VO+ does not involve any change of the metal's oxidation state. For the latter reaction, the experimental results are complemented by a theoretical investigation by using density functional theory.
Cyclic β‐Tetra‐ and Pentapeptides: Synthesis through On‐Resin Cyclization and Conformational Studies by X‐Ray, NMR and CD Spectroscopy and Theoretical Calculations
Authors: Büttner Frank , Norgren Anna S. , Zhang Suode , Prabpai Samran , Kongsaeree Palangpon , Arvidsson Per I. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe solution‐phase synthesis of the simplest cyclic β‐tetrapeptide, cyclo(β‐Ala)4 (4), as well as the solid‐phase syntheses through side chain anchoring and on‐resin cyclization of the cyclic β3‐tetrapeptide cyclo(‐β3hPhe‐β3hLeu‐β3hLys‐β3hGln‐) (14) and the first cyclic β3‐pentapeptide cyclo(‐β3hVal‐β3hPhe‐β3hLeu‐β3hLys‐β3hLys‐) (19) are reported. Extensive computational as well as spectroscopic studies, including X‐ray and NMR spectroscopy, were undertaken to determine the preferred conformations of these unnatural oligomers in solution and in the solid state. cyclo(β‐Ala)4 (4) with no chiral side chains is shown to exist as a mixture of rapidly interchanging conformers in solution, whereas inclusion of chiral side chains in the cyclo‐β3‐tetrapeptide causes stabilization of one dominating conformer. The cyclic β3‐pentapeptide on the other hand shows larger conformational freedom. The X‐ray structure of achiral cyclo(β‐Ala)4 (4) displays a Ci‐symmetrical 16‐membered ring with adjacent CO and N‐H atoms pointing pair wise up and down with respect to the ring plane. CD spectroscopic examinations of all cyclic β‐peptides were undertaken and revealed results valuable as starting point for further structural investigations of these entities.
Monolayers of Salen Derivatives as Catalytic Planes for Alkene Oxidation in Water
Authors: Pasc‐Banu Andrea , Sugisaki Claudia , Gharsa Thierry , Marty Jean‐Daniel , Gascon Ignacio , Krämer Michael , Pozzi Gianluca , Desbat Bernard , Quici Silvio , Rico‐Lattes Isabelle , Mingotaud Christophe 
Published: July 2005

AbstractMonolayers at the gas/water interface have been used as an adjustable catalytic system in which the molecular density may be modified. MnIII–salen complexes bearing perfluoroalkyl substituents have been organized as a Langmuir film on an aqueous subphase containing a urea/hydrogen peroxide adduct (UHP, the oxidant) and cinnamyl alcohol (the substrate). The catalytic activity of the monolayer for the epoxidation of the alkene dissolved in water has been demonstrated and the reaction kinetic investigated. For a constant area per molecule of catalyst, the reaction rate exhibits first‐order dependence on oxidant concentration and zero‐order dependence on alkene concentration, in agreement with the reaction orders reported for MnIII–salen‐catalyzed epoxidation reactions carried out in solution. Furthermore, kinetic experiments suggest an enhanced activity of the catalysts assembled in a Langmuir film relative to that observed in bulk reaction. Finally, varying the molecular density of the catalyst at the gas/water interface highlights an important dependence of the catalytic activity of the layer with the mean molecular area. A strong increase of the catalytic properties of the monolayer was observed for a mean molecular area of 140–145 Å2, an increase which was supposedly related to a modification of the MnIII–salen complex orientation at the interface upon compression. This hypothesis was supported by PM‐IRRAS (polarization modulation infrared reflection adsorption spectroscopy) experiments performed in situ on the monolayer. Such results demonstrate that a soft and adjustable molecular system like a Langmuir film can be used to better understand the reactivity in various heterogeneous and/or pseudohomogeneous (such as those based on dendrimers) catalytic systems.
Debenzylation of Tertiary Amines Using Phosgene or Triphosgene: An Efficient and Rapid Procedure for the Preparation of Carbamoyl Chlorides and Unsymmetrical Ureas. Application in Carbon‐11 Chemistry.
Authors: Lemoucheux Laurent , Rouden Jacques , Ibazizene Meziane , Sobrio Franck , Lasne Marie‐Claire 
Published: July 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Stereoselective Synthesis of β‐(Chloro)vinylsilanes Using a Regio‐ and (E)‐Stereoselective Bis‐Stannylation of Unsymmetrically Substituted Butadiynes: Application to the Synthesis of a Masked Triyne.
Authors: Simpkins Simon M. E. , Kariuki Benson M. , Arico Caterina S. , Cox Liam R. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Oxadiazinones as Chiral Auxiliaries: Diastereoselective Aldol Addition Reactions of N3‐Glycolyl‐3,4,5,6‐tetrahydro‐2H‐1,3,4‐oxadiazin‐2‐ones.
Authors: Hoover Trisha R. , Hitchcock Shawn R. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Properties of Oligonucleotide Chimeras Containing 5′‐Amino‐2′‐deoxy‐2′‐fluoroarabinonucleosides
Authors: Viazovkina Ekaterina , Min Kyung‐Lyum , Galarneau Annie , Damha Masad J. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Diastereocontrolled Synthesis of Phosphorothioate DNA via an Oxazaphospholidine Approach Using a Novel Class of Activators, Dialkyl(cyanomethyl)ammonium Salts
Authors: Oka Natsuhisa , Wada Takeshi , Saigo Kazuhiko 
Published: July 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Understanding High Diastereomeric Discrimination in Formation of Oligoribonucleotide Phosphorothioate Linkages: The First Study of pKa‐Dependent Activation in Solid‐Supported Coupling of 2′‐O‐Substituted Ribonucleoside Phosphoramidites
Authors: Ravikumar Vasulinga T. , Cole Douglas L. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of High Quality Phosphorothioate Oligonucleotides as Antisense Drugs. Use of I‐Linker in the Elimination of 3′‐Terminal Phosphorothioate Monoesters
Authors: Ravikumar Vasulinga T. , Kumar R. Krishna , Capaldi Daniel C. , Cole Douglas L. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthetic Studies on d‐Biotin. Part 6. An Expeditious and Enantiocontrolled Approach to the Total Synthesis of d‐Biotin via a Polymer‐Supported Chiral Oxazaborolidine‐Catalyzed Reduction of meso‐Cyclic Imide.
Authors: Chen Fen‐Er , Yuan Jian‐Li , Dai Hui‐Fang , Kuang Yun‐Yan , Chu Yong 
Published: July 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Curtisians M—Q: Five Novel p‐Terphenyl Derivatives from the Mushroom Paxillus curtisii.
Authors: Quang Dang Ngoc , Hashimoto Toshihiro , Nukada Makiko , Yamamoto Isao , Tanaka Masami , Asakawa Yoshinori 
Published: July 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Conversions of Nitrogen‐Containing Heterocycles Induced by Electron Transfer
Authors: Nastapova N. V. , Yanilkin V. V. , Morozov V. I. , Eliseenkova R. M. , Bredikhina Z. A. , Bredikhin A. A. , Buzykin B. I. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Practical Approach to the Fused β‐Carboline System. Asymmetric Synthesis of Indolo[2,3‐a]indolizidinones via a Diastereoselective Intramolecular α‐Amidoalkylation Reaction.
Authors: Ardeo Ainhoa , Garcia Eva , Arrasate Sonia , Lete Esther , Sotomayor Nuria 
Published: July 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Nitrogen Heterocycles from Methyl α‐ and β‐D‐Glucopyranosides.
Authors: Pedrosa Maria Teresa Capanema , Alves Rosemeire Brondi , Prado Maria Auxiliadora Fontes , de Souza Filho Jose Dias , Alves Ricardo Jose , D' Accorso Norma Beatriz 
Published: July 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Thermodynamics of 7‐Methylguanosine Cation Stacking with Tryptophan Upon mRNA 5′ Cap Binding to Translation Factor eIF4E
Authors: Niedzwiecka Anna , Stepinski Janusz , Balaspiri Lajos , Darzynkiewicz Edward , Stolarski Ryszard 
Published: July 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Diversity Observed in Manganese(III)‐Schiff Base Complexes: Models for a Variety of Biological Systems
Authors: Bermejo Manuel R. , Garcia‐Deibe Ana M. , Gonzalez Ana M. , Hoyos Olga L. , Maneiro Marcelino , Rey Manuel 
Published: July 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Asymmetric Synthesis of Cyclic Hydroxy Ketones Derived from Enol Ethers via Sharpless Asymmetric Dihydroxylation. A Study in the Correlation of the Enol Ether Chain Length and Enantioselectivity.
Authors: Marcune Benjamin F. , Karady Sandor , Reider Paul J. , Miller Ross A. , Biba Mirlinda , DiMichele Lisa , Reamer Robert A. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Pd‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reaction of Alkyl Tosylates and Bromides with Grignard Reagents in the Presence of 1,3‐Butadiene.
Authors: Terao Jun , Naitoh Yoshitaka , Kuniyasu Hitoshi , Kambe Nobuaki 
Published: July 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of 2‐(Diarylmethylene)‐3‐benzofuranones Promoted via Palladium‐Catalyzed Reactions of Aryl Iodides with 3‐Aryl‐1‐(2‐tert‐butyldimethylsilyloxy)phenyl‐2‐propyn‐1‐ones.
Authors: Lin Chi‐Fong , Lu Wen‐Der , Wang I‐Wen , Wu Ming‐Jung 
Published: July 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Some Functionalized Arylaminomethyl‐1,2,4‐triazoles, 1,3,4‐Oxa and Thiadiazoles.
Authors: Abdel‐Aal M. T. , El‐Sayed W. A. , Abdel Aleem A. H. , El Ashry E. S. H. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Enantioselective Baeyer—Villiger Oxidation of Prochiral Perhydro‐pyranones with Recombinant E. coli Producing Cyclohexanone Monooxygenase.
Authors: Mihovilovic Marko D. , Rudroff Florian , Kandioller Wolfgang , Groetzl Birgit , Stanetty Peter , Spreitzer Helmut 
Published: July 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution of Hydrogen Through Lithiated Phosphine Borane Complexes and N‐Phosphorylphosphazenes.
Authors: Andujar Sanchez Carmen M. , Iglesias Ma. Jose , Perez Alvarez Isidro J. , Lopez Ortiz Fernando 
Published: July 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Suppression of Exonucleolytic Degradation of Double‐Stranded DNA and Inhibition of Exonuclease III by PNA
Authors: Slaitas A. , Ander C. , Foeldes‐Papp Z. , Rigler R. , Yeheskiely E. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
2′‐O,4′‐C‐Ethylene‐Bridged Nucleic Acid (ENA) for Effective Antisense Formation
Authors: Morita Koji , Yamate Koji , Kurakata Shin‐ichi , Watanabe Kenji , Imanishi Takeshi , Koizumi Makoto 
Published: July 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Crystal Structure of Calf Spleen Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase in a Complex with Multisubstrate Analogue Inhibitor with 2,6‐Diaminopurine Aglycone
Authors: Koellner Gertraud , Stroh Albrecht , Raszewski Grzegorz , Holy Antonin , Bzowska Agnieszka 
Published: July 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Total Synthesis of (+)‐Geldanamycin (I) and (‐)‐o‐Quinogeldanamycin (II): Asymmetric Glycolate Aldol Reactions and Biological Evaluation.
Authors: Andrus Merritt B. , Meredith Erik L. , Hicken Erik J. , Simmons Bryon L. , Glancey Russell R. , Ma Wei 
Published: July 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Qualitative und quantitative Analyse eines Supraleiters – Experiment für die Chemieolympiade in Kiel
Authors: Näther Christian , Nick Sabine 
Published: July 2005

AbstractIm Juli 2004 fand zum 36. Mal die Internationale Chemieolympiade statt. 236 der besten Schülerinnen und Schüler aus 61 Ländern kämpften um Medaillen. Begleitet wurden diese von mindestens einem Mentor aus jedem Land. Im Verlauf der Olympiade mussten die Schüler neben einer theoretischen auch eine praktische Klausur absolvieren, die aus zwei Aufgaben bestand [1]. Die organische Aufgabe, die von Frau Dr. Patzke und Herrn Prof. Dr. Bader aus Frankfurt entwickelt wurde, beinhaltete die Spaltung des Polycarbonates Makrolon zu Bisphenol A sowie dessen Derivatisierung mit Natriumchloracetat. In der zweiten Aufgabe, die von den Autoren dieses Beitrages entwickelt wurde, mussten die Schüler eine qualitative und quantitative Analyse eines Supraleiters durchführen [2]. Neben der Aufgabe für den eigentlichen Wettbewerb mussten auch Vorbereitungsaufgaben erstellt werden, welche in Zusammenhang zur Olympiaaufgabe stehen und in den einzelnen Ländern zuvor geübt werden konnten. Im diesem Beitrag berichten wir über die Entwicklung und Hintergründe unserer Aufgabe für die praktische Klausur. Ein Experiment, welches recht einfach durchgeführt werden kann und auch einiges an „Chemie”︁ in sich birgt.
Comparison between HOMA‐IR and ISI‐gly in detecting subjects with the metabolic syndrome
Authors: Carnevale Schianca Gian Piero , Sainaghi Pier Paolo , Castello Luigi , Rapetti Rachele , Limoncini Anna Maria , Bartoli Ettore 
Published: July 2005

AbstractBackgroundTo verify whether, as index of insulin resistance, ISI‐gly (insulin sensitivity index) is more efficient than HOMA‐IR (homeostatic model assessment) or QUICKI (quantitative insulin sensitivity check index) in detecting patients with the metabolic syndrome.MethodsExcluding patients with known diabetes, endocrine, liver and kidney diseases, we enrolled 553 subjects who were screened for metabolic abnormalities. After 5 days of a balanced weight maintenance diet, we performed an OGTT (oral glucose tolerance test) and measured fasting and 2‐h postload blood sugar and insulin, from which we calculated ISI‐gly, HOMA‐IR and QUICKI, stratifying patients in tertiles. Statistical comparisons were performed for a number of metabolic variables between tertiles of the same index, as well as between tertiles of different indexes presumably expressing identical insulin resistance.ResultsAll variables reflecting the metabolic syndrome were significantly more altered in the top as compared to the intermediate and the lowest tertile for HOMA‐IR, the opposite for ISI‐gly. Comparing homologous measurements of the top tertile of HOMA‐IR with the lowest tertile of ISI‐gly (presumably expressing identical insulin resistance), fasting glucose and insulin were significantly higher, while 2‐h OGTT values were significantly lower. The opposite occurred comparing the lowest HOMA‐IR to the highest ISI‐gly tertile, the diagnostic predictive values of the latter in detecting metabolic derangements being also higher. Data from QUICKI 1st to 3rd tertiles exactly matched those obtained from HOMA‐IR 3rd to 1st tertile.ConclusionsISI‐gly, which includes postload glucose and insulin concentrations, provides a more accurate estimate of whole‐body insulin sensitivity than HOMA‐IR or QUICKI, derived from fasting measurements only, thus constituting a more sensitive tool for screening and preventing metabolic abnormalities. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Duplicated members of the Groucho/Tle gene family in fish
Authors: Aghaallaei Narges , Bajoghli Baubak , Walter Ingrid , Czerny Thomas 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe highly conserved Groucho/Tle gene family has widespread functions during embryonic development and in adults. For mammalians, four full‐length Tle paralogues are known, whereas the whole spectrum of this gene family in fish species has not been analysed yet. Most detailed data exist for medaka, where 3 Tle genes have been described, Tle1, Tle3, and Tle4. We now isolated 3 additional Tle genes from the medaka genome. Sequence analysis identifies these genes as Tle2a, Tle2b, and Tle3b. Database searches of genomic sequences revealed an identical set of Tle paralogues being present in distantly related fish species, indicating duplicated Tle2 and Tle3 genes for the complete teleost lineage. Like the previously analysed medaka Tle genes, the three new genes show a broad expression pattern during embryogenesis. Nevertheless, a detailed comparison of all six Tle genes reveals critical differences in certain aspects of their expression pattern. In particular, we concentrated on the activity of Tle genes during ear development and found Tle2a and Tle2b expressed in this sensory organ. Developmental Dynamics 234:143–150, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neptune is involved in posterior axis and tail formation in Xenopus embryogenesis
Authors: Takeda Masatoshi , Kurauchi Takayuki , Yamazaki Takeshi , Izutsu Yumi , Maéno Mitsugu 
Published: July 2005

AbstractIn order to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the posterior axis and tail formation in embryogenesis, the function of Neptune, a zinc‐finger transcription factor, in Xenopus laevis embryos was investigated. Injection of neptune mRNA into the animal pole area of embryos resulted in the formation of an additional tail structure that included a neural tube and muscle tissue. This activity required FGF signaling since coinjection of a dominant‐negative FGF receptor RNA (XFD) completely blocked the formation of a tail structure. A loss‐of‐function experiment using a fusion construct of neptune and Drosophila engrailed (en‐neptune) RNA showed that endogenous Neptune is necessary for formation of the posterior trunk and tail. Furthermore, activity of Neptune was necessary for the endogenous expression of brachyury and fgf‐8 at the late gastrula stage. These findings demonstrate a novel function of Neptune in the process of anterior‐posterior axis formation through the FGF and brachyury signaling cascades. An experiment using a combination explant with ventral and dorsal marginal tissues showed that cooperation of these two distinct tissues is important for the tail formation and that expression of Neptune in prospective ventral cells may be involved in the activation of the process of tail formation. Developmental Dynamics 234:63–73, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Enzymatic sensitivity enhancement of biogenic monoamines on a chip
Authors: Vlčková Markéta , Schwarz Maria A. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractDetection of biogenic monoamines in nanomolar concentrations is of great importance for probing the brain chemistry and for their analytics in biological fluids. The sensitivity enhancement of amperometric detection of neurotransmitters (NTs) and their metabolites after their electrophoretic separation on a microchip is presented and is based on coupled enzymatic reactions. The current response of the analyte is amplified by cyclic oxidation on a gold electrode mediated by reduced nicotinamide dinucleotide coenzyme and glucose oxidase enzyme present in the electrophoresis buffer. Using this approach, detection limits of about 10 nM for NTs and their metabolites can be reached.