bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Judges as an instrument of centralization
Authors: Baczko Adam 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThe Taliban judicial system was one of the elements of a broader administration, which incorporated the formal principles of state functioning. Within this clandestine government, Taliban judges were part of a system of cross-recognition and legitimization based on a differentiation between political, military, and judicial functions. Taliban leaders employed judges to buttress the hierarchy within the movement and thus maintain a centralized authority. However, judges depended on combatants to carry out their activities in their jurisdiction, which transferred to the relationship between leaders and commanders the latter’s respect for judicial authority. But while subordinate commanders were forced to close ranks, the most important ones had the means to resist, forcing the political leadership of the movement to make deals. The Taliban exemplified the problems posed by the differentiation of civilian and military functions in war. The relative autonomy of the judicial system was part of a cross-legitimization between fields. In return for recognizing the judge, which reinforced the magistrate’s credibility, the commander obtained a legal grounding for his action. In practice, however, wartime conditions placed constraints on the autonomy of judges and their ability to legitimize the commanders.
“Thai Nurses’ and Midwives’ Perceptions Regarding Barriers, Facilitators, and Competence in Neonatal Pain Management”
Authors: Mala Onanong , Forster Elizabeth M. , Kain Victoria J. 
Published: December 2023

Background:
Effective neonatal pain management is reliant upon the expert care of nurses and midwives working in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). Previous research has explored barriers, facilitators, and some aspects of nurse competence in managing neonatal pain; however, this research has been predominantly performed in Western countries. To date, little is known about the barriers, facilitators, and perceived competence of Thai nurses and midwives in relation to neonatal pain management in NICUs. Exploring Thai nurses’ and midwives’ perceptions in these areas is crucial for understanding the contextual nuances of neonatal pain management, which can guide the provision of care for these high-risk neonates.

Purpose:
To investigate nurses’ and midwives’ perceptions of barriers, facilitators, and competence regarding effective neonatal pain management in Thai NICUs.

Methods:
Data were collected using virtual one-to-one, semistructured interviews with 12 neonatal nurses and midwives between July and August 2021 in 3 units of 2 tertiary hospitals in Southern Thailand. Inductive thematic analysis was used to examine interview data.

Results:
These data revealed following 3 major themes: (a) barriers to effective neonatal pain management, (b) facilitators of effective neonatal pain management, and (c) perceptions of competence.

Implications for Practice:
Assisting nurses and midwives in overcoming barriers and strengthening facilitators while enhancing their competence may result in better neonatal pain management.

Implications for Research:
This study adds to our understanding that further research is needed to develop the interventions designed to change at individual, unit, and organizational levels, particularly implementing parent-friendly visitation and ongoing professional development in neonatal pain management.
The VANCO Trial Findings Are Generalizable to a North American Trauma Registry
Authors: Patterson Joseph T. , Slobogean Gerard P. , Gary Joshua L. , Castillo Renan C. , Firoozabadi Reza , Carlini Anthony R. , Joshi Manjari , Allen Lauren E. , Huang Yanjie , Bosse Michael J. , Obremskey William T. , McKinley Todd O. , Reid J. Spence , O'Toole Robert V. , O'Hara Nathan N. ,   and METRC
Published: December 2023

OBJECTIVES:
To estimate the generalizability of treatment effects observed in the VANCO trial to a broader population of patients with tibial plateau or pilon fractures.

METHODS:

Design and Setting: Clinical trial data from 36 United States trauma centers and Trauma Quality Programs registry data from more than 875 Level I–III trauma centers in the United States and Canada.

Patient Selection Criteria: Patients enrolled in the VANCO trial treated with intrawound vancomycin powder from January 2015 to June 2017 and 31,924 VANCO-eligible TQP patients admitted in 2019 with tibial plateau and pilon fractures.

Outcome Measure and Comparisons:
Deep surgical site infection and gram-positive deep surgical site infection estimated in the TQP sample weighed by the inverse probability of trial participation.

RESULTS:
The 980 patients in the VANCO trial were highly representative of 31,924 TQP VANCO-eligible patients (Tipton generalizability index 0.96). It was estimated that intrawound vancomycin powder reduced the odds of deep surgical infection by odds ratio (OR) = 0.46 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.25–0.86) and gram-positive deep surgical infection by OR = 0.39 (95% CI, 0.18–0.84) within the TQP sample of VANCO-eligible patients. For reference, the trial average treatment effects for deep surgical infection and gram-positive deep surgical infection were OR = 0.60 (95% CI, 0.37–0.98) and OR = 0.44 (95% CI, 0.23–0.80), respectively.

CONCLUSIONS:
This generalizability analysis found that the inferences of the VANCO trial generalize and might even underestimate the effects of intrawound vancomycin powder when observed in a wider population of patients with tibial plateau and pilon fractures.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Single-Level Anterolateral and Posterior Interbody Fusion Techniques are Associated With Equivalent Long-Term Lumbar Reoperations
Authors: Narendran Nakul , Nilssen Paal K. , Skaggs David L. , Kim Sang D. , Perry Tiffany G. , Mikhail Christopher M. , Tuchman Alexander 
Published: December 2023

Study Design.Retrospective cohort study.Objective.This study compares reoperation rates and complications following single-level anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF)/lateral lumbar interbody fusion (LLIF) and transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF)/posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF).Summary of Background Data.ALIF, LLIF, TLIF, and PLIF are widely used for degenerative disc disease. Lumbar interbody fusions have high rates of reoperation, primarily related to adjacent segment pathology and pseudarthrosis.Materials and Methods.The PearlDiver database was queried for patients (2010–2021) who had single-level ALIF/LLIF or TLIF/PLIF with same-day, single-level posterior instrumentation. ALIF/LLIF were combined, and similarly, TLIF/PLIF were combined, given how these operations are indistinguishable from Current Procedural Terminology coding. All patients were followed for ≥2 years and excluded if they had spinal traumas, fractures, infections, or neoplasms before surgery. The two cohorts, ALIF/LLIF and TLIF/PLIF, were matched 1:1 based on age, sex, Elixhauser-comorbidity index, smoking status, and diabetes. The primary outcome was the incidence of all-cause subsequent lumbar operations. Secondary outcomes included 90-day surgical complications.Results.After 1:1 matching, each cohort contained 14,070 patients. All-cause subsequent lumbar operations were nearly identical at five-year follow-up (9.4% ALIF/LLIFvs.9.5% TLIF/PLIF,P=0.91). Survival analysis using all-cause subsequent lumbar operations as the endpoint showed an equivalent 10-year survival rate of 86.0% (95%CI: 85.2-86.8). Within 90 days, TLIF/PLIF had more infections (1.3%vs.1.7%,P=0.007) and dural injuries (0.2%vs.0.4%,P=0.001). There was no difference in wound dehiscence, hardware complications, or medical complications.Conclusion.As utilized in real-world clinical practice, single-level anterolateralversusposterior approaches for interbody fusion have no effect on long-term reoperation rates.
Impact of Various Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate Equations on the Pharmacokinetics of Meropenem in Critically Ill Adults
Authors: Barreto Erin F. , Chang Jack , Rule Andrew D. , Mara Kristin C. , Meade Laurie A. , Paul Johar , Jannetto Paul J. , Athreya Arjun P. , Scheetz Marc H. ,   For the BLOOM Study Group
Published: December 2023

IMPORTANCE:
Meropenem dosing is typically guided by creatinine-based estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), but creatinine is a suboptimal GFR marker in the critically ill.

OBJECTIVES:
This study aimed to develop and qualify a population pharmacokinetic model for meropenem in critically ill adults and to determine which eGFR equation based on creatinine, cystatin C, or both biomarkers best improves model performance.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS:
This single-center study evaluated adults hospitalized in an ICU who received IV meropenem from 2018 to 2022. Patients were excluded if they had acute kidney injury, were on kidney replacement therapy, or were treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Two cohorts were used for population pharmacokinetic modeling: a richly sampled development cohort (n = 19) and an opportunistically sampled qualification cohort (n = 32).

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES:
A nonlinear mixed-effects model was developed using parametric methods to estimate meropenem serum concentrations.

RESULTS:
The best-fit structural model in the richly sampled development cohort was a two-compartment model with first-order elimination. The final model included time-dependent weight normalized to a 70-kg adult as a covariate for volume of distribution (Vd) and time-dependent eGFR for clearance. Among the eGFR equations evaluated, eGFR based on creatinine and cystatin C expressed in mL/min best-predicted meropenem clearance. The mean (se) Vd in the final model was 18.2 (3.5) liters and clearance was 11.5 (1.3) L/hr. Using the development cohort as the Bayesian prior, the opportunistically sampled cohort demonstrated good accuracy and low bias.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE:
Contemporary eGFR equations that use both creatinine and cystatin C improved meropenem population pharmacokinetic model performance compared with creatinine-only or cystatin C-only eGFR equations in adult critically ill patients.
Highly variable molecular signatures of TDP-43 loss of function are associated with nuclear pore complex injury in a population study of sporadic ALS patient iPSNs
Authors: Rothstein Jeffrey D. , Warlick Caroline , Coyne Alyssa N. 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThe nuclear depletion and cytoplasmic aggregation of the RNA binding protein TDP-43 is widely considered a pathological hallmark of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) and related neurodegenerative diseases. Recent studies have artificially reduced TDP-43 in wildtype human neurons to replicate loss of function associated events. Although this prior work has defined a number of gene expression and mRNA splicing changes that occur in a TDP-43 dependent manner, it is unclear how these alterations relate to authentic ALS where TDP-43 is not depleted from the cell but miscompartmentalized to variable extents. Here, in this population study, we generate ∼30,000 qRT-PCR data points spanning 20 genes in induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) derived neurons (iPSNs) from >150 control, C9orf72 ALS/FTD, and sALS patients to examine molecular signatures of TDP-43 dysfunction. This data set defines a time dependent and variable profile of individual molecular hallmarks of TDP-43 loss of function within and amongst individual patient lines. Importantly, nearly identical changes are observed in postmortem CNS tissues obtained from a subset of patients whose iPSNs were examined. Notably, these studies provide evidence that induction of nuclear pore complex (NPC) injury via reduction of the transmembrane Nup POM121 in wildtype iPSNs is sufficient to phenocopy disease associated signatured of TDP-43 loss of function thereby directly linking NPC integrity to TDP-43 loss of function. Therapeutically, we demonstrate that the expression ofallmRNA species associated with TDP-43 loss of function can be restored in sALS iPSNs via two independent methods to repair NPC injury. Collectively, this data 1) represents a substantial resource for the community to examine TDP-43 loss of function events in authentic sALS patient iPSNs, 2) demonstrates that patient derived iPSNs can accurately reflect actual TDP-43 associated alterations in patient brain, and 3) that targeting NPC injury events can be preclinically and reliably accomplished in an iPSN based platform of a sporadic disease.
Trigeminal nerve direct current stimulation causes sustained increase in neural activity in the rat hippocampus
Authors: Chen Liyi , Deng Zhengdao , Asamoah Boateng , Laughlin Myles Mc 
Published: December 2023

AbstractTranscranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive neuromodulation method that can modulate many brain functions including learning and memory. Recent evidence suggests that tDCS memory effects may be caused by co-stimulation of scalp nerves such as the trigeminal nerve (TN), and not the electric field in the brain. The TN gives input to brainstem nuclei, including the locus coeruleus that controls noradrenaline release across brain regions, including hippocampus. However, the effects of TN direct current stimulation (TN-DCS) are currently not well understood. In this study we hypothesized that TN-DCS manipulates hippocampal activity via an LC-noradrenergic bottom-up pathway. We recorded neural activity in rat hippocampus using multichannel silicon probes. We applied 3 minutes of 0.25 mA or 1 mA TN-DCS, monitored hippocampal activity for up to 1 hour and calculated spikes-rate and spike-field coherence metrics. Subcutaneous injections of xylocaine were used to block TN and intraperitoneal injection of clonidine to block the LC pathway. We found that 1 mA TN-DCS caused a significant increase in hippocampal spike-rate lasting 45 minutes in addition to significant changes in spike-field coherence, while 0.25 mA TN-DCS did not. TN blockage prevented spike-rate increases, confirming effects were not caused by the electric field in the brain. When 1 mA TN-DCS was delivered during clonidine blockage no increase in spike-rate was observed, suggesting an important role for the LC-noradrenergic pathway. These results provide a neural basis to support a tDCS TN co-stimulation mechanism. TN-DCS emerges as an important tool to potentially modulate learning and memory.HighlightsTrigeminal nerve direct current stimulation (TN-DCS) boosts hippocampal spike ratesTN-DCS alters spike-field coherence in theta and gamma bands across the hippocampus.Blockade experiments indicate that TN-DCS modulated hippocampal activity via the LC-noradrenergic pathway.TN-DCS emerges as a potential tool for memory manipulation.Figure Graphic Abstract
Sequential Optimal Experimental Design of Perturbation Screens Guided by Multi-modal Priors
Authors: Huang Kexin , Lopez Romain , Hütter Jan-Christian , Kudo Takamasa , Rios Antonio , Regev Aviv 
Published: December 2023

AbstractUnderstanding a cell’s expression response to genetic perturbations helps to address important challenges in biology and medicine, including the function of gene circuits, discovery of therapeutic targets and cell reprogramming and engineering. In recent years, Perturb-seq, pooled genetic screens with single cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) readouts, has emerged as a common method to collect such data. However, irrespective of technological advances, because combinations of gene perturbations can have unpredictable, non-additive effects, the number of experimental configurations far exceeds experimental capacity, and for certain cases, the number of available cells. While recent machine learning models, trained on existing Perturb-seq data sets, can predict perturbation outcomes with some degree of accuracy, they are currently limited by sub-optimal training set selection and the small number of cell contexts of training data, leading to poor predictions for unexplored parts of perturbation space. As biologists deploy Perturb-seq across diverse biological systems, there is an enormous need for algorithms to guide iterative experiments while exploring the large space of possible perturbations and their combinations. Here, we propose a sequential approach for designing Perturb-seq experiments that uses the model to strategically select the most informative perturbations at each step for subsequent experiments. This enables a significantly more efficient exploration of the perturbation space, while predicting the effect of the rest of the unseen perturbations with high-fidelity. Analysis of a previous large-scale Perturb-seq experiment reveals that our setting is severely restricted by the number of examples and rounds, falling into a non-conventional active learning regime called “active learning on a budget”. Motivated by this insight, we develop IterPert, a novel active learning method that exploits rich and multi-modal prior knowledge in order to efficiently guide the selection of subsequent perturbations. Using prior knowledge for this task is novel, and crucial for successful active learning on a budget. We validate IterPertusing insilico benchmarking of active learning, constructed from a large-scale CRISPRi Perturb-seq data set. We find that IterPertoutperforms other active learning strategies by reaching comparable accuracy at only a third of the number of perturbations profiled as the next best method. Overall, our results demonstrate the potential of sequentially designing perturbation screens through IterPert.
Comparison of chronic aerosol inhalation with combustible cigarette and e-cigarette on the psychiatric behaviors and neuroimmune profile in mice
Authors: Xu Zhibin , Ren Jiayan , Jing Xiaoyuan , Mo Zhi-zhun , Li Zixuan , Zhao Yiqing , Wang Ruoxi , Wu Zehong , Jiang Xin-tao , Tian Ye , Wang Liping , Chen Zuxin , Liu Xin-an 
Published: December 2023

AbstractWith the worldwide use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) as a substitution for tobacco, the effects of e-cigarette vapor exposure on human health have been investigated. However, the comparison of long-term effects of aerosol inhalation with combustible cigarette and e-cigarette on the psychiatric behaviors has not been fully revealed. The present study examines the distinct effects of combustible cigarette and e-cigarette on anxiety, depression, cognition, and social behaviors. Here we found that the combustible cigarette induced the higher level of anxiety after long-term inhalation compared to the e-cigarettes with or without the tobacco flavor. Since the mechanism of action on the psychiatric behaviors entails the alterations on the neuroimmune-sensors and principal regulators such as glial cells, we further profiled the alterations of microglia and astrocytes by chronic inhalation of combustible tobacco cigarette, specifically the negative correlations between the IBA-1 level in the locus coeruleus (LC) and the latency to nest in VLT; as well as the GFAP level in LC and the open arm time in EPM were observed. Our current data provided an insight into the less impact of e-cigarettes on the anxiety-like behaviors and neuroimmune activation compared to combustible tobacco cigarettes which is not related to the flavor in e-cigarette, and the modulation on the neuroimmune signals in LC could be a therapeutic target for smoking-related anxiety.
Way leaves, rights of way and ducting policies for 5G mobile network deployment in India using international best practices
Authors: Mitra Anuradha , Sridhar V. , Sarangi Gopal K. 
Published: December 2023

Purpose
This paper aims to draw lessons for telecommunications (telecom) network deployment in India, from a study of policy and regulatory approaches taken by other federal administrations in streamlining processes for site clearances, grant of rights of way (RoW) and approvals for local infrastructure deployment and sharing. With the urgent need for setting up small cells and rapid fiberisation of networks in the 5G era, the importance of such processes has gained prominence.

Design/methodology/approach
The authors adopt qualitative thematic content analysis with three-tier coding and classification to identify themes in archival and current documentary data and information obtained from subject-matter experts in the countries studied.

Findings
Formulation and implementation of telecom policy is led by national governments. However, national telecom administrations, in recognition of new needs, have co-opted states and local authorities as partners in development of telecom networks, providing the overall framework, guidance and appropriate incentives where required.

Practical implications
This cooperative model could work well in India, where telecom policy making and regulation is the prerogative of the central government, but administration of RoW and local clearances for cable laying, tower siting and associated infrastructure activities for expanding telecom networks are left to decentralised decision-making in the states and local bodies.

Originality/value
This research attempts to sytematise, thematise and draw cross-country comparisons to inform regulatory and administrative policy for 5G infrastructure rollout in India.
Spillover effect of foreign direct investment on wage-inequality in Indian manufacturing industries
Authors: Gupta Arpit , Chand Arya Kumar Srustidhar 
Published: December 2023

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to study the spillover effects of foreign direct investment (FDI) on skilled–unskilled wage inequality in the Indian manufacturing industries.

Design/methodology/approach
The authors show theoretically with a model of spillover that if foreign firms (receiving FDI) have a negative spillover effect on domestic firms (not receiving FDI), then the level of capital and skilled workers in the domestic firms falls down. Consequently, the authors conduct an empirical analysis by using system GMM estimation technique on the firm-level data of the Indian organised manufacturing sector.

Findings
The authors show that wage inequality worsens when there is negative spillover effects like competition spillover or skill spillover effect of FDI in India.

Originality/value
To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first attempt to measure the various spillover effects of FDI on the wage inequality in the Indian manufacturing industries by using firm-level data.
The adoption of evidence-based policing: the pivotal role of first-line police leaders across England and Wales
Authors: Pepper Ian , Rogers Colin , Turner James 
Published: December 2023

Purpose First-line leaders across the emergency services are instrumental in leading the development of a workforce fit to face current and future challenges. As such in addition to utilising their specific craft, leaders need to be equipped to understand and apply evidence-based practices. With a focus on first-line leadership in policing, this paper will have both national and international resonance for those organisations attempting to embed an evidence-based culture.Design/methodology/approach The paper utilises a review of literature to develop a viewpoint identifying challenges and benefits of the adoption of evidence-based policing (EBP) by first-line leaders.Findings First-line leaders, whether police officers, police staff or volunteers, require opportunities to develop their own knowledge, understanding and skills of applying EBP in the workplace. Acknowledging challenges exist in the widespread adoption of EBP, such learning, at the appropriate educational level, will enable leaders to effectively champion the adoption of EBP, informing both their own decision-making and professional practices as well as those across their teams.Practical implications The first-line leader role is highly influential, as such, it is essential that these leaders develop their knowledge, understanding and application of EBP in the workplace in order to lead the expected cultural change.Originality/value This paper provides a current framework for the understanding of the context and potential impact of educationally levelled formal leadership learning required to champion the broad adoption of EBP across policing.