bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Population structure and dispersal of the saltmarsh mosquito Aedes vigilax in Queensland, Australia
Authors: Chapman H. F. , Hughes J. M. , Jennings C. , Kay B. H. , Ritchie S. A. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryPopulation genetics of the mosquito Aedes vigilax (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae), a major vector of arboviruses (e.g. Barmah Forest, Ross River), were investigated to obtain an indirect estimate of mosquito dispersal characteristics in typical habitats of Aedes vigilax in south‐east Queensland: on the off‐shore islands of Moreton Bay and on the mainland where disjunct breeding populations of Ae. vigilax are distributed along intertidal marsh. Six allozyme loci were assessed for genetic differentiation between samples from 11 localities. Significant larval variation between some breeding sites was attributed to site‐specific selection. Non‐significant genetic differentiation was found among collections of adult mosquitoes caught in light traps throughout the study area (exceeding 60 × 27 km), indicating widespread dispersal. As distances of ≤ 9 km over water did not appear to act as effective barriers to Ae. vigilax dispersal, localized control activities applied to Ae. vigilax breeding sites are unlikely to be effective against the vagile adult population. Therefore, the contiguous shires programme of broad acre control is endorsed to prevent the spread of arboviruses carried by Ae. vigilax
Insecticide resistance in Brazilian Triatoma infestans and Venezuelan Rhodnius prolixus
Authors: Vassena C. V. , Picollo M. I. , Zerba E. N. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryResistance levels to insecticides used in control of Chagas Disease vectors were assessed in two species of bugs (Hemiptera: Reduviidae): Triatoma infestans (Klug) from Brazil and Rhodnius prolixus Stål from Venezuela. The resistance ratios, compared to susceptible laboratory strains, were determined by topical application bioassays. The T. infestans PA strain exhibited resistance ratios of 7× to deltamethrin, 3.6× to β‐cyfluthrin and 3.3× to cypermethrin, but was susceptible to β‐cypermethrin and lambda‐cyhalothrin. Rhodnius prolixus CA strain showed resistance to all the pyrethroids evaluated, the resistance ratios ranging between 4.5× to lambda‐cyhalothrin and 12.4× to cypermethrin. Deltamethrin resistance in both strains was decreased by piperonyl butoxide, suggesting oxidative metabolism as cause of resistance.
Resistance to dieldrin + fipronil assorts with chromosome inversion 2La in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae
Authors: Brooke B. D. , Hunt R. H. , Coetzee M. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryCyclodiene insecticide resistance in malaria vector mosquitoes of the Anopheles gambiae species complex (Diptera: Culicidae) has been reported previously from several parts of Africa. We report resistance to dieldrin, a cyclodiene, in two laboratory strains of An. gambiae Giles sensu stricto code‐named Ian P20 from Nigeria (1979) and CIG from Cote d'Ivoire (1997). Dieldrin resistance levels were high in adult female mosquitoes (40–75% survived exposure to 4% dieldrin for 1 h) and was closely linked with chromosomal paracentric inversion 2La. This inversion did not occur in Hardy–Weinberg proportions, but showed an excess of heterozygotes in both strains, which may account for the high levels of resistance. This linkage also suggests that dieldrin resistance in Ian P20 is dominant. After subsamples of strain Ian P20 were exposed for 1 h to dieldrin 4% or fipronil 2% (discriminating concentrations), the resultant mortality‐rates (61% and 65%) were not significantly different. Most survivors after fipronil treatment also survived subsequent exposure to dieldrin (46/50 = 92%). This apparent cross‐resistance between insecticides of two classes (cyclodiene and phenyl pyrazole) has implications for the management of insecticide resistance in wild populations of the An. gambiae complex.
Rates of development ofHydrotaea rostrataunder summer and winter (cyclic and constant) temperature regimes
Authors: Dadour I. R. , Cook D. F. , Wirth N. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe black carrion flyHydrotaea rostrataRobineau‐Desvoidy (Diptera: Muscidae) is a muscid, which occurs on approximately one‐third of decomposing human corpses involved in homicide cases in south‐western Australia. Work to date on its development rates is scant with only one published source available. The current study measured the precise developmental rates of this species using high repetition and sampling rates. A comparison was made of the developmental rates between constant and cyclic temperatures in winter and summer temperature regimes in south‐western Australia. Developmental times for 90% of first stage larvae to emerge as adult flies are: summer constant, 21.6 days, summer cyclic, 23.5 days, winter constant 64.5 days and winter cyclic, 48.3 days. These data will allow forensic entomologists to make more accurate determinations of post‐mortem intervals in cases whereH. rostratalife history stages are present.
Diptera as vectors of mycobacterial infections in cattle and pigs
Authors: Fischer O. , Mátlová L. , Dvorská L. , . Švástová P , Bartl J. , Melichárek I. , Weston R. T. , Pavlík I. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryMycobacteria were isolated from 14 (4.5%) of 314 samples, containing 7791 adult Diptera, which were collected in the Czech Republic and Slovakia in 1997–2000. These flies were collected from three cattle herds with paratuberculosis, two pig herds with mycobacterial infections and one farm that kept both cattle and pigs and that did not have problems of mycobacterial infections. Mycobacterium intracellulare was isolated from Eristalis tenax Linnaeus (Diptera: Syrphidae) captured from a pig herd. Mycobacterium avium ssp. avium (serotype 8) was isolated from flies of the genera Drosophila Fallén (Diptera: Drosophilidae) and Musca Linnaeus (Diptera: Muscidae) originating from a pig herd. Mycobacterium spp. were isolated from Musca spp. and Mycobacterium fortuitum was isolated from dung flies of the genus Scatophaga Meigen (Diptera: Scatophagidae), Musca spp. and Stomoxys calcitrans Linnaeus (Diptera: Muscidae) captured in the same herd. Mycobacterium scrofulaceum was isolated from S. calcitrans from the farm with both cattle and pigs. Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis was isolated from Scatophaga spp. collected from pastures grazed by one of the cattle herds and from Calliphora vicina Robineau‐Desvoidy (Diptera: Calliphoridae) and Lucilia caesar Linnaeus (Diptera: Calliphoridae) captured in a slaughterhouse, where cattle infected with paratuberculosis were slaughtered. Mycobacterium phlei was isolated from flies of the genus Lucilia captured at a waste bin. These data indicate that mycobacteria may be spread by adult flies that have been in contact with material contaminated with these pathogens.
Annual cycles of four flea species in the central Negev desert
Authors: KRASNOV B. R. , BURDELOVA N. V. , SHENBROT G. I. , KHOKHLOVA I. S. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract Bionomics of fleas (Siphonaptera) parasitizing rodent hosts, mostly the gerbil Gerbillus dasyurus (Wagner) and the jird Meriones crassus Sundevall (Gerbillidae), were investigated in the central Negev desert of Israel. Populations were sampled weekly (by Sherman trapping of hosts) from August 2000 to July 2001. Among 1055 fleas of nine species captured, four species predominated (94%). Two species of Pulicidae, Xenopsylla dipodilli Smit and X. ramesis (Rothschild), reproduced perennially, whereas adults of Nosopsyllus iranus theodori Smit (Ceratophyllidae) and Stenoponia tripectinata medialis Jordan (Hystrichopsyllidae) occurred only in cool months (October–March). During their main activity season on the most infested host species (estimated from > 300 trap‐nights/month), prevalence of these four flea species reached 40–70%, 20–30%, 100% and 50–70%, respectively, with infestation intensities of 2–2.7, 7–12, 2–3.5 and 2.5–7 fleas per infested rodent, respectively. Xenopsylla dipodilli oviposition peaked during autumn with parous rate > 80% by September–October. During December–April, the majority of X. dipodilli females were immature and/or nulliparous (defined as having mature ovaries but no follicular relics). In contrast, X. ramesis had two reproductive peaks, in mid‐spring and autumn, evidenced by the influx of immature females in late spring and summer (30–40%) and in winter (20–30%) after maximal parous rates: 80–100% in March–April and 95–100% in October–November. Nosopsyllus iranus theodori and Stenoponia tripectinata medialis adults occurred only during cool months. At the beginning of activity, during October–November, the sex ratio of N. i. theodori was strongly biased to females (86%) that were immature and/or nulliparous. In winter, adult females were 52–65% parous and 10–32% immature. In March, as the adult population of N. i. theodori declined, 78% of females were parous and 12% immature. Seasonal activity of S. t. medialis (November–March) was shorter than for the other three species; females were predominantly nulliparous in November (80%), after which the proportion of parous females increased gradually to 84% in February. Two females of S. t. medialis collected in March were mature but nulliparous, suggesting that this species of flea might ‘oversummer’ (as pupae or teneral adults) in the cocooned stage.
Isoenzyme variation in Aedes aegypti correlated with Dirofilaria immitis infectability
Authors: Nayar J. K. , Knight J. W. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract From the Vero Beach strain of the mosquito Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae), substrains were selected for susceptibility (SS) and refractoriness (RR) to the dog heartworm Dirofilaria immitis (Leidy) (Filarioidea: Onchocercidae). These two lines and their reciprocal F1 hybrids were analysed for genetic variation at 14 enzyme loci, using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Six of the enzyme loci showed variation (sample size 48 alleles/locus/line). Three of these were monomorphic in the refractory line but polymorphic in the susceptible, i.e. aconitase hydratase (Acoh), isocitrate dehydrogenase‐1 (Idh‐1) and phosphoglucomutase (Pgm).The other three loci, glucose‐6‐phosphate isomerase (Gpi), hexokinase‐1 (Hk‐1) and isocitrate dehydrogenase‐2 (Idh‐2), were polymorphic in both SS and RR lines and their hybrids. At two loci (Hk‐1, Pgm) three alleles were detected, whereas the other polymorphic loci had only two alleles. For Hk‐1, the most frequent allele was Hk‐180 (0.563) in refractory and Hk‐1100 in the susceptible (0.521) and F1 hybrids. For Pgm the most frequent alleles were Pgm125 in the susceptible line (0.646) and Pgm100 in the F1 hybrids (0.563 and 0.604) and refractory line (1.000). The mean observed heterozygosity (Ho), the mean Hardy–Weinberg expected heterozygosity (He) and the mean number of alleles per locus in the refractory line were lower, but not significantly so, than in the susceptible line and their reciprocal F1 hybrids; the proportion of polymorphic loci was significantly lower in the refractory than in the susceptible line and their F1 hybrids. Within both lines all polymorphisms were in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, whereas significant departures from predicted frequencies were observed in SS × RR hybrids at four polymorphic loci (Acoh, Gpi, Hk‐1, Pgm) and at three polymorphic loci (Acoh, Hk‐1, Pgm) in RR × SS hybrids. The average Nei's and modified Rogers' genetic distances between the lines were 0.024 and 0.139, respectively. These electrophoretic data show that the refractory line (putatively lacking fi allele) can be distinguished from the susceptible line ( fi/fi) and their hybrids (heterozygous fi) by isozyme marker frequencies, but it remains to be seen whether this difference is causal or chance linkage. In any case, this model system of Ae. aegypti/D. immitis provides opportunities to better understand and manipulate the molecular biology of filariasis transmission.
Experiences of volunteer patients during undergraduate examinations: printed information can lead to greater satisfaction
Authors: Welfare  , Price  , Han  , Barton  
Published: March 2003

Background Whilst most patients are happy to participate in medical examinations, previous studies have shown that some are dissatisfied with the information that they receive beforehand.Objectives To demonstrate that patient satisfaction can be improved by the provision of written information.Methods Thirty‐seven patients attending the final MBBS examination were sent written information about what to expect. The patients' experiences were assessed by means of an anonymous postal questionnaire 1 week after the examination. Their satisfaction with the level of information received beforehand was compared with that of an historical cohort who had received no written informationResults The patients had few complaints about their experience of participating in examinations and many enjoyed it. Only 5% of patients registered dissatisfaction with the level of information that was provided, compared with 18% in the previous study (P = 0·077).Conclusions Written information led to a (near significant) improvement in patients satisfaction when compared to a previous cohort. We recommend that all patients attending for medical examinations should be provided with written information.
Phylogeographic differentiation in the mitochondrial control region in the koala,Phascolarctos cinereus(Goldfuss 1817)
Authors: Houlden Bronwyn A. , Costello Brian H. , Sharkey Deirdre , Fowler Elizabeth V. , Melzer Alistair , Ellis William , Carrick Frank , Baverstock Peter R. , Elphinstone Martin S. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe koala,Phascolarctos cinereus, is a geographically widespread species endemic to Australia, with three currently recognized subspecies:P.c. adustus,P.c. cinereus, andP.c. victor. Intraspecific variation in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region was examined in over 200 animals from 16 representative populations throughout the species’ range. Eighteen different haplotypes were defined in the ≈ 860 bp mtDNA control region, as determined by heteroduplex analysis/temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (HDA/TGGE). Any single population typically possessed only one or two haplotypes yielding an average within‐population haplotypic diversity of 0.180 ± 0.003, and nucleotide diversity of 0.16%. Overall, mtDNA control region sequence diversity between populations averaged 0.67%, and ranged from 0% to 1.56%. Nucleotide divergence between populations averaged 0.51%, and ranged from 0% to 1.53%. Neighbour‐joining methods revealed limited phylogenetic distinction between geographically distant populations of koalas, and tentative support for a single evolutionarily significant unit (ESU). This is consistent with previous suggestions that the morphological differences formalized by subspecific taxonomy may be interpreted as clinal variation. Significant differentiation in mtDNA‐haplotype frequencies between localities suggested that little gene flow currently exists among populations. When combined with microsatellite analysis, which has revealed substantial differentiation among koala populations, we conclude that the appropriate short‐term management unit (MU) for koalas is the local population.
Allelic and haplotype variation of major histocompatibility complex class IIDRB1andDQBloci in the St Lawrence beluga (Delphinapterus leucas)
Authors: Murray Brent W. , Michaud Robert , White Bradley N. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractIn order to assess levels of major histocompatibility complex (Mhc) variation within the St Lawrence beluga (Delphinapterus leucas) the variation at the belugaMhc DRB1class II locus was assessed by single‐strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis of the peptide‐binding region for 313 whales collected from 13 sampling locations across North America. In addition, samples from west Greenland and the St Lawrence were also typed at theDQBlocus, allowing comparison to a previous study and assessment of linkage disequilibrium of alleles at the two loci. Comparisons ofDRB1andDQBallele frequencies among all sampling locations indicated genetic structure (α < 0.005). Most of this structure resulted from differences between the different wintering groups. Significant genetic structure (α = 0.05) exists among each pair of the following groups at both theDRB1andDQBloci; St Lawrence, Hudson Strait, Bering Sea, Cunningham Inlet, and Davis Strait (minus Cunningham Inlet), except the St Lawrence and Hudson Strait for theDQBlocus. In the St Lawrence population, six of the eightDRB1alleles are present representing all five known allelic lineages. Evidence of linkage disequilibrium between theDRB1andDQBis present in two sampling locations, the St Lawrence and Nuussuaq (α = 0.05). Analysis of probableDRB1–DQBhaplotypes among groups of beluga suggests a haplotype reduction in the St Lawrence.
Genetic differentiation in the striped dolphin Stenella coeruleoalba from European waters according to mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) restriction analysis
Authors: García‐martínez J. , Moya A. , Raga J. A. , Latorre A. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractWe used mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) restriction analysis to study genetic variation in 98 striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba) stranded on coasts from different European countries and from animals caught by fisheries. A total of 63 different restriction sites was mapped after digestion of mtDNA with 15 restriction endonucleases that yielded a total of 27 haplotypes. No haplotype was shared between Mediterranean and Atlantic areas. All the analyses indicate the existence of two different populations with a very limited gene flow across the Strait of Gibraltar.
Population genetic structure and the effect of founder events on the genetic variability of moose, Alces alces, in Canada
Authors: Broders H. G , Mahoney S. P , Montevecchi W. A , Davidson W. S 
Published: March 2003

AbstractMoose, Alces alces, occur naturally throughout most of Canada but successful introductions of known numbers of animals have been made to the islands of Newfoundland and Cape Breton. Five microsatellite loci were used to investigate the population genetic structure and any change in genetic variability due to founder events of moose in Canada. Comparisons of allele frequencies for moose from 11 regions of the country suggested that there are at least seven genetically distinct populations (P < 0.05) in North America, namely Alberta, eastern Ontario, New Brunswick, Cape Breton, Labrador, western Newfoundland, and the Avalon Peninsula of Newfoundland. The average population heterozygosity was approximately 33% (range from 22 to 41%). upgma analysis of Nei’s genetic distances produced phenograms similar to what would be expected when geographical location and population history are considered. The loss of heterozygosity due to a single founder event (n = 3; two introductions and a natural colonization) ranged from 14 to 30%, and the cumulative loss of heterozygosity due to two successive founder events (an introduction followed by a natural colonization) was 46%. In these examples loss of genetic variability has not been associated with any known phenotypic deviances, suggesting that populations may be established from a small number of founders. However, the viability of these founded populations over evolutionary timescales cannot be determined and is highly dependent upon chance.
Mitochondrial DNA sequence variation within the remnant populations of the endangered numbat (Marsupialia: Myrmecobiidae: Myrmecobius fasciatus)
Authors: Fumagalli L. , Moritz C. , Taberlet P. , Friend J. A. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe numbat has been reduced to two populations in Western Australia. To better understand the effects of range reduction on gene flow and genetic variation, and to address questions crucial for the species’ management, we analysed mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences of free‐ranging individuals and museum specimens. The results suggest recent connectivity between the remnant populations, although one of those may have lost significant amounts of genetic diversity during the recent population size reduction. We propose that for management purposes the remnant populations should be treated as a single historical lineage and that, subject to certain caveats, consideration should be given to population augmentation by translocation.
Genetic relationship and distribution of the Japanese wild boar (Sus scrofa leucomystax) and Ryukyu wild boar (Sus scrofa riukiuanus) analysed by mitochondrial DNA
Authors: Watanobe T. , Okumura N. , Ishiguro N. , Nakano M. , Matsui A. , Sahara M. , Komatsu M. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractMitochondrial genetic variations were used to investigate the relationships between two Japanese wild boars, Japanese wild boar (Sus scrofa leucomystax) and Ryukyu wild boar (S.s. riukiuanus). Nucleotide sequences of the control (27 haplotypes) and cytochrome b (cyt‐b) regions (19 haplotypes) were determined from 59 Japanese wild boars, 13 Ryukyu wild boars and 22 other boars and pigs. From phylogenetic analyses, the mtDNA of Ryukyu wild boar has a distinct lineage from that of Japanese wild boar, which was classified into the Asian pig lineage. This result suggests that the Ryukyu wild boar has a separate origin from the Japanese wild boar.
A phylogeographical analysis of the Bemisia tabaci species complex based on mitochondrial DNA markers
Authors: Frohlich D. R. , Torres‐Jerez I. , Bedford I. D. , Markham P. G. , Brown J. K. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractMitochondrial 16S (~550 bp) and cytochrome oxidase I (COI) (~700 bp) sequences were utilized as markers to reconstruct a phylogeography for representative populations or biotypes of Bemisia tabaci. 16S sequences exhibited less divergence than COI sequences. Of the 429 characters examined for COI sequences, 185 sites were invariant, 244 were variable and 108 were informative. COI sequence identities yielded distances ranging from less than 1% to greater than 17%. Whitefly 16S sequences of 456 characters were analysed which consisted of 298 invariant sites, 158 variable sites and 53 informative sites. Phylogenetic analyses conducted by maximum parsimony, maximum‐likelihood and neighbour‐joining methods yielded almost identical phylogenetic reconstructions of trees that separated whiteflies based on geographical origin. The 16S and COI sequence data indicate that the B‐biotype originated in the Old World (Europe, Asia and Africa) and is most closely related to B‐like variants from Israel and Yemen, with the next closest relative being a biotype from Sudan. These data confirm the biochemical, genetic and behavioural polymorphisms described previously for B. tabaci. The consideration of all global variants of B. tabaci as a highly cryptic group of sibling species is argued.