bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preparation of sorbitol from D‐glucose hydrogenation in gas–liquid–solid three‐phase flow airlift loop reactor
Authors: Wen Jian‐Ping , Wang Chang‐Lin , Liu Yan‐Xin 
Published: March 2004

AbstractA new process for D‐glucose hydrogenation in 50 wt% aqueous solution, into sorbitol in a 1.5 m3 gas–liquid–solid three‐phase flow airlift loop reactor (ALR) over Raney Nickel catalysts has been developed. Five main factors affecting the reaction time and molar yield to sorbitol, including reaction temperature (TR), reaction pressure (PR), pH, hydrogen gas flowrate (Qg) and content of active hydrogen, were investigated and optimized. The average reaction time and molar yield were 70 min and 98.6% under the optimum operating conditions, respectively. The efficiencies of preparation of sorbitol between the gas–liquid–solid three‐phase flow ALR and stirred tank reactor (STR) under the same operating conditions were compared. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Photocatalytic degradation of chlorobenzene using solar and artificial UV radiation
Authors: Bhatkhande Dhananjay S , Sawant Sudhir B , Schouten Jaap C , Pangarkar Vishwas G 
Published: March 2004

AbstractIn this work photocatalytic degradation of chlorobenzene has been studied using solar and artificial UV radiations. The effect of pH and the presence of different anions on the degradation of chlorobenzene has been studied for both cases. Chlorobenzene has been found to be a strongly adsorbing and hence rapidly degrading species when subjected to photocatalysis. The effect of pH in the range of 3–10 and the presence of different anions at a concentration of 0.1 mol dm−3 on the adsorption was studied. Both pH and the presence of anions affect adsorption and the degradation but the overall effect is negligible (<5%). Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Characteristics of aqueous microenvironments in non‐ionic surfactant reverse micelles and their use for enzyme reactions in non‐aqueous media
Authors: Sawada K , Ueda M 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe polarity of water solubilized in the interior of non‐ionic surfactant reverse micellar systems has been investigated using optical probes. Small amounts of water incorporated on the inside of various reverse micellar systems, polyoxyethylene sorbitan trioleate (Tween‐85)/isopropyl alcohol/n‐hexane mixture and polyoxyethylene tert‐octylphenyl ether (TX‐100)/cyclohexane, were found to have low polarity compared with bulk water. The polarity of water in both Tween‐85 and TX‐100 reverse micellar systems corresponded to that of methanol. The activity of the proteases α‐chymotrypsin and subtilisin in Tween‐85 and TX‐100 reverse micellar systems has also been investigated. It was found that the amounts of water in the reverse micellar system have a significant influence on the activity of enzymes. In the TX‐100 reverse micellar system, neither enzymes showed any activity. In contrast, the activity of enzymes in the Tween‐85 reverse micellar system was similar to that in the aqueous system and followed standard Michaelis–Menten kinetics. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Enzyme processing of wool fabrics in a non‐ionic surfactant reverse micellar system
Authors: Sawada K , Ueda M 
Published: March 2004

AbstractModification of wool fabrics with an enzyme in a reverse micellar system has been investigated using polyoxyethylene sorbitan trioleate as a surfactant. The protease, Bioprase 30L, used in this study was satisfactorily solubilized in the reverse micellar system and maintained its activity even in an organic media. Modification of wool fabrics with Bioprase 30L was evaluated by the fabric's weight loss, measurement of tear strength, scanning electron microscopy, and measurement of shrinkage. Effective modification of wool fabrics with enzymatic hydrolysis can be attained without causing serious loss of fiber strength. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis of 1,1‐diethoxyethane using a continuous flow reactor: catalyst deactivation and effect of feed purity and of solvent addition
Authors: Gomez Manuel F , Arrúa Luis A , Abello Ma Cristina 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe synthesis of 1,1‐diethoxyethane from ethanol and acetaldehyde was studied in a continuous flow reactor using Amberlyst 15 as catalyst. The resin underwent an important activity loss with both analytical quality reagents and industrial raw materials. The deactivation was related to a deterioration in acidity as a consequence of sulfonic group hydration mainly promoted by water from reaction. A higher ethanol conversion and a lower deactivation rate at long time on‐stream were observed when n‐hexane was added to the feed. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Extraction of zinc from blast‐furnace dust using ammonium sulfate
Authors: Saleh Hesham I , Hassan Kamaleldin M 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe reaction between roasted zinc blast‐furnace dust (BFD) and ammonium sulfate was studied in the temperature range 250–450 °C using different molar ratios to determine the maximum extraction of zinc. The reaction products are characterized. The composition of the untreated and roasted BFD, and reaction products was investigated by chemical, thermal, X‐ray diffraction and fluorescence analyses. The decomposition of ammonium sulfate leads to the formation of (NH4)2S2O7, NH4HSO4 and (NH4)3H(SO4)3. The main zinc reaction products are ZnSO4, ZnSO3, (NH4)2Zn(SO4)2, (NH4)2Zn2(SO4)3 and (NH4)2Zn4(SO4)5. The reaction mechanisms of these formations are discussed in detail. The identity of these products depends essentially on the temperature as well as the molar ratios of the reactants. The optimum conditions for the formation of soluble zinc compounds are molar ratio 1:8 of roasted zinc dust (ZnO) and (NH4)2SO4 at 350 °C. Under these conditions, up to 95% of zinc was leached with 0.5 M sulfuric acid. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Efficient production of hydrogen from wastewater sludge
Authors: Wang CC , Chang CW , Chu CP , Lee DJ , Chang Bea‐Ven , Liao CS 
Published: March 2004

AbstractEfficient production of hydrogen, approximately ten times greater than reported in the literature, could be achieved using Clostridium bifermentans isolated from waste water sludge as inoculum. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Differential effects of prenyl pyrophosphates on the phosphatase activity of phosphotyrosyl protein phosphatase
Authors: Chen Huei‐chen , Chen Chau‐Huei , chuang Nin‐nin 
Published: March 2004

AbstractPhosphotyrosyl protein phosphatase (PTPase) 1B was purified from human placenta. Immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that the isolated PTPase 1B appears as a complex with the receptor for protein kinase C (RACK1) and protein kinase C (PKC)δ. The abilities of PTPase 1B and PKCδ to associate with RACK1 were reconfirmed by an in vitro reconstitution experiment. The E. coli expressed and biotinylated mice‐RACK1–encoded fusion protein was capable of recruiting PTPase 1B and PKCδ in the antibiotin immunoprecipitate as a complex of PTPase 1B/RACK1/PKCδ. Thus PTPase 1B enzyme preparation was subjected to further purification by selective binding of PTPase 1B onto PEPTaxol affinity column in the absence of ATP. The purified PTPase 1B enzyme exihibited dose‐dependent phosphatase activity towards [γ–32P]‐ATP labeled mice β‐tubulin‐encoded fusion protein. The dephosphorylation reaction with PTPase 1B was enhanced with geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate, but not with farnesyl pyrophosphate. Interestingly, additional incubation of the purified PTPase 1B enzyme preparation with RACK1, geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate failed to modulate the dephosphorylation activity of PTPase 1B. In contrast, the enhancement effect of farnesyl pyrophosphate on the kinase activity of PKCδ was sustained in the presence of RACK1. That is, farnesyl pyrophosphate may function as a signal to induce the kinase activity of PKCδ in PTPase 1B/RACK1/PKCδ complex but geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate may not for PTPase 1B. J. Exp. Zool. 301A:307–316, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analysis of cerebro‐spinal fluid protein composition in early developmental stages in chick embryos
Authors: Gato A. , Martín P. , Alonso M.I. , Martín C. , Pulgar M.A. , Moro J.A. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractFoetal cerebro‐spinal fluid (CSF) has a very high protein concentration when compared to adult CSF, and in many species five major protein fractions have been described. However, the protein concentration and composition in CSF during early developmental stages remains largely unknown. Our results show that in the earliest stages (18 to 30 H.H.) of chick development there is a progressive increase in CSF protein concentration until foetal values are attained. In addition, by performing electrophoretic separation and high‐sensitivity silver staining, we were able to identify a total of 21 different protein fractions in the chick embryo CSF. In accordance with the developmental pattern of their concentration, these can be classified as follows: A: high‐concentration fractions which corresponded with the ones described in foetal CSF by other authors; B: low‐concentration fractions which remained stable throughout the period studied; C: low‐concentration fractions which show changes during this period. The evolution and molecular weight of the latter group suggest the possibility of an important biological role. Our data demonstrate that all the CSF protein fractions are present in embryonic serum; this could mean that the specific transport mechanisms in neuroepithelial cells described in the foetal period evolve in very early stages of development. In conclusion, this paper offers an accurate study of the protein composition of chick embryonic CSF, which will help the understanding of the influences on neuroepithelial stem cells during development and, as a result, the appropriate conditions for the in vitro study of embryonic/foetal nervous tissue cells. J. Exp. Zool. 301A:280–289, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Traced studies on metabolism of astaxanthin in Atlantic salmon (salmo salar)
Authors: Xu Youqing , Ding Zhaokun 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe present studies were performed to investigate the metabolism of astaxanthin (Ax) in Atlantic salmon, especially in the liver of salmon. The investigations were undertaken in vivo salmon that were fed a diet containing 60 ppm 15, 15′ 14C‐labelled Ax prior to sacrifice. The samples of blood, bile, liver, gastrointestinal tract and contents, muscle, skin, remaining carcass and feces were taken for scintillation counting. The highest radioactivity (71.36%) of 14C‐labelled Ax was found in the gastrointestinal contents and feces, 7.13% in the bile and 10.68% in the samples of liver, muscle, and skin at the end of the experiments. The metabolites of 14C‐labelled Ax were extracted from the bile of the salmon and analyzed using thin‐layer chromatography (TLC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Predominant 14C‐labelled Ax and its cis‐isomers were found and no conjugation of 14C‐labelled Ax was observed. These results indicate that 14C‐labelled Ax was not conjugated into larger colorless compound in Atlantic salmon liver. J. Exp. Zool. 301A: 317–323, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Technical aspects of the piezo, laser‐assisted, and conventional methods for nuclear transfer of mouse oocytes and their efficiency and efficacy: Piezo minimizes damage of the ooplasmic membrane at injection
Authors: Chen Shee‐Uan , Chao Kuang‐Han , Chang Chia‐Yi , Hsieh Fon‐Jou , Ho Hong‐Nerng , Yang Yu‐Shih 
Published: March 2004

AbstractAssessment of the advantages and disadvantages of the piezo, laser, and conventional methods for nuclear transfer has remained elusive. Furthermore, although the piezo method had been used by some investigators for research of sperm injection and nuclear transfer for several years, many researchers have failed to operate the technique smoothly and achieve reproducible results. The procedures of nuclear transfer using piezo were ascertained and described in detail. Mouse oocytes were enucleated, and injected with cumulus cells using the piezo, laser, or conventional methods. We investigated the time needed and survival of nuclear transfer. Development was compared among the three methods and parthenogenetic control specimens. The average time of nuclear transfer for each oocyte was significantly shorter using the piezo (118±9 s) and laser methods (120±11 s) than using the conventional method (170±11 s). The damage rate was smaller for the piezo group (10%) than the laser (37%) and conventional (40%) groups. The percentages of blastocyst formation (14%, 12%, and 11%) and the number of nuclei of blastocysts (54±13, 51±11, and 52±12) were similar among the piezo, laser, and conventional groups, but significantly lower than for the control group (83%, 105±14). The piezo technique is more efficient than the conventional method for nuclear transfer. The laser method is easy to operate, but the equipment is expensive. In addition, piezo induced fewer traumas while breaking the membrane than the aspiration techniques used in the laser and conventional methods. J. Exp. Zool. 301A:344–351, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Function of TGF‐β2 in the growth of chicken primordial germ cells and germinal ridge stroma cells during embryonic development
Authors: Fujioka Tsuyoshi , Soh Tomoki , Fujihara Noboru , Hattori Masa‐Aki 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe development of chicken embryonic gonads is locally regulated by the systematic action of growth factors. Recently, we used suppressive subtraction cloning to identify transforming growth factor β2 (TGF‐β2) as a growth factor gene preferentially expressed in chicken embryonic ovaries and testes during the early periods of development (Hattori et al. 2002a. Prominent expression of transforming growth factor β2 gene in the chicken embryonic gonad as revealed by suppressive subtraction cloning. Gen Comp Endocrinol 125:311–316). In the present study, the function of TGF‐β2 in chicken embryonic gonads was investigated using a serum‐free culture system in the presence of several growth factors, which may behave as mitogenic or survival factors of primordial germ cells (PGCs). Chicken germinal ridges containing PGCs and germinal ridge stroma cells (GRSCs) were collected from six‐day embryos. Addition of TGF‐β2 caused a dose‐dependent inhibition of the number of co‐cultured PGCs and GRSCs in the presence of these growth factors. However, there was no obvious difference between embryonic ovaries and testes in the effects of TGF‐β2. Immunocytochemical analysis using anti‐SSEA–1 antibody revealed that TGF‐β2 induced fragmentation of PGCs. Expression of the TGF‐β2 gene was estimated in the co‐cultured PGCs and GRSCs by semi‐quantitative RT‐PCR. The mRNA level of TGF‐β2 was significantly suppressed in the presence of the growth factors. These results suggest that TGF‐β2 is a gonadal regulator preferentially expressed at the early stages of chicken embryonic development and reduces the growth of PGCs and GRSCs by suppressing proliferation. However, expression of TGF‐β2 may be controlled by mitogenic or survival factors of PGCs. J. Exp. Zool. 301A:290‐296, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of peritoneal injection of NH4HCO3 on nitrogen excretion and metabolism in the swamp eel monopterus albus— increased ammonia excretion with an induction of glutamine synthetase activity
Authors: Lim Chiat Koo , Chew Shit Fun , Tay Angeline Su Ling , Ip Yuen Kwong 
Published: March 2004

AbstractMonopterus albus has to deal with high environmental ammonia concentrations during dry seasons and agricultural fertilization in rice fields. In this study, NH4HCO3 (10 μmol per g fish) was injected into the peritoneal cavity of M. albus, raising the level of ammonia in the body, in order to elucidate the strategies involved in defense against the toxicity of exogenous ammonia. During the subsequent 24 h after NH4HCO3 injection, there was a significant increase in the ammonia excretion rate, which indicates that the main strategy adopted by M. albus was to remove the majority of the exogenous ammonia through enhanced ammonia excretion. Exogenous ammonia was not detoxified into urea for excretion or accumulation. Six hours post‐injection of NH4HCO3, ammonia content in the tissues built up significantly, especially in the brain, which suggests that M. albus had high tolerance of ammonia toxicity at the cellular and sub‐cellular levels. By hour 12 post‐injection, there were significant increases in the activities of glutamine synthetase in the muscle, liver, and gut, accompanied by significant increases in glutamine contents in the muscle and the liver. There was also a significant increase in the glutamine content in the brain at hour 6 post‐injection of NH4HCO3. These results confirm the capability of M. albus to detoxify ammonia through glutamine synthesis. Overall, injection of NH4HCO3 had only minor effects on the contents of FAAs, other than glutamine, in tissues of M. albus because the majority (70%) of the injected ammonia was excreted within the 24–h period. J. Exp. Zool. 301A:324–333, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Seasonal concentrations of reproductive steroids in the gonads of the atlantic hagfish, Myxine glutinosa
Authors: Powell Mickle L. , Kavanaugh Scott I. , Sower Stacia A. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractChanges in gonadal morphology, gonadal estradiol, and progesterone were examined in Atlantic hagfish, Myxine glutinosa, during a period of 17 months, beginning in April, 2001. Atlantic hagfish were captured from the ocean on a monthly basis. A total of 60 hagfish were divided into three different size classes of twenty hagfish each (small 20–35 cm, medium 35–45 cm, large 45–55+cm) and transported to the University of New Hampshire for sampling. Overall, in the medium and large size hagfish, estradiol and progesterone had significantly elevated peaks in January, 2001. There were significant increases in estradiol concentrations in January, with relatively low fluctuations in levels for the rest of the sampling period. Progesterone concentrations increased significantly in January, 2002, in medium and large hagfish, and remained elevated until June and April, 2002, for the two size classes respectively. The majority of hagfish sampled were females or hermaphrodites; few true males were identified in any of the samples. The number of females with large eggs increased following the estradiol peak in January and hermaphrodites with mature sperm were identified in the July, 2002, sample. These data represent the first evidence for a seasonal reproductive cycle in M. glutinosa and only the second seasonal reproductive cycle identified in any hagfish species. J. Exp. Zool. 301A: 352‐360, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Localization of vitellogenin mRNA expression and vitellogenin uptake during ovarian maturation in the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii
Authors: Jasmani Safiah , Ohira Tsuyoshi , Jayasankar Vidya , Tsutsui Naoaki , Aida Katsumi , Wilder Marcy N. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractIn situ hybridization and immunohistochemical techniques were used to investigate the dynamics of vitellogenin (Vg) mRNA expression and Vg uptake during ovarian maturation in the hepatopancreas and ovary at differing stages of ovarian maturation in both intact and eyestalk ablated female Macrobrachium rosenbergii. In the hepatopancreas of intact animals, Vg mRNA expression was detected faintly two days after ecdysis, and signals showed a gradual increase as the molt cycle advanced to the premolt stages, but decreased at the late premolt stage. Vg mRNA was detected in the R‐cells of the hepatopancreas, indicating that these cells are responsible for synthesizing Vg. No Vg mRNA expression was observed in the ovary. Immunohistochemistry results for the hepatopancreas showed a pattern of staining intensity similar to that of in situ hybridization. Increases in the accumulation of yolk protein in the oocytes occurred concomitantly with increasing Vg mRNA expression. In eyestalk ablated animals, Vg mRNA expression and Vg uptake showed similar but accelerated patterns to those of intact animals. This study has confirmed on the cellular level previous results that Vg synthesis is intrinsically correlated to ovarian maturation and the molt cycle in M. rosenbergii. J. Exp. Zool. 301A:334‐343, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Novel probes for imaging amyloid‐β: F‐18 and C‐11 labeling of 2‐(4‐aminostyryl)benzoxazole derivatives
Authors: Shimadzu Hiroshi , Suemoto Takahiro , Suzuki Masako , Shiomitsu Tsuyoshi , Okamura Nobuyuki , Kudo Yukitsuka , Sawada Tohru 
Published: March 2004

Abstract2‐(4‐Methylaminostyryl)‐6‐(2‐[18F]fluoroethoxy)benzoxazole ([18F]BF‐168) was prepared and found to be a potential probe for imaging amyloid‐β. The precursor, a 6‐(2‐tosyloxyethoxy)benzoxazole derivative, was fluorinated with [18F]KF and Kryptofix 222 in acetonitrile, and the crude product purified by semi‐preparative HPLC to give [18F]BF‐168. The radiochemical purity was >95% and the maximum specific activity was 106 TBq/mmol at the end of synthesis. The synthesis time was 110 min from the end of bombardment.2‐(4‐[N‐methyl‐11C]methylaminostyryl)‐5‐fluorobenzoxazole ([11C]BF‐145) was also prepared from 2‐(4‐aminostyryl)‐5‐fluorobenzoxazole, [11C]MeI and 5 N NaOH in DMSO, and purified by semi‐preparative HPLC. The radiochemical purity was >95% and the specific activity was 40–70 TBq/mmol at the end of synthesis. The synthesis time was 45 min from the end of bombardment. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis, radio‐LC‐MS analysis and biological evaluation of 99mTc‐techmazenil
Authors: Kieffer Davy , Cleynhens Bernard , Verbeke Kristin , Vanbilloen Hubert , de Groot Tjibbe , Terwinghe Christelle , Verbruggen Alfons , Bormans Guy 
Published: March 2004

AbstractA 99mTc‐labelled compound with the biological characteristics of flumazenil would be useful for determination of neuronal viability after the onset of a stroke. Therefore, we have derivatized Ro‐15‐3890 (a flumazenil metabolite bearing a carboxylic acid group instead of an ethyl ester) by coupling it with a bisamino bisthiol tetraligand bearing a 3‐hydroxypropyl side chain (3‐hydroxypropyl‐BAT) to enable labelling with technetium‐99m. After purification by RP‐HPLC, the ligand was deprotected and labelled in a ‘one pot’ reaction, yielding a 99mTc‐BAT‐propylester of Ro‐15‐3890 (99mTc‐techmazenil). Radio‐LC‐MS analysis of the isolated main peak showed the molecular ion mass (608.0618) of the expected 99mTc‐techmazenil. The biodistribution of 99mTc‐techmazenil was investigated in normal mice and indicated that the tracer is cleared from plasma mainly by the hepatobiliary system and shows a very low uptake in brain. In vitro binding studies on mice brain slices indicated that techmazenil does not bind to benzodiazepine receptors. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mumps epididymo‐orchitis with prolonged detection of virus in semen and the development of anti‐sperm antibodies
Authors: Jalal H. , Bahadur G. , Knowles W. , Jin L. , Brink N. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractEpididymo‐orchitis is the most common complication of mumps in post‐pubertal men. A case of MMR vaccine failure, in whom mumps and mumps‐associated unilateral epididymo‐orchitis developed, is presented in this article. Mumps virus was isolated from the semen 14 days after onset and mumps RNA was detected in semen for up to 40 days using RT‐PCR. Epididymo‐orchitis was associated with transient but significant reduction in sperm count and severe abnormalities in sperm morphology. It also led to the appearance of anti‐sperm antibodies, which may have potential long‐term adverse effects on the patient's fertility. Sequencing of the SH gene of the virus showed this to be a new mumps genotype distinct from the virus circulating currently in the UK. J. Med. Virol. 73:147–150, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.