bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A quantitative comparison of the hominoid thalamus: II. Limbic nuclei anterior principalis and lateralis dorsalis
Authors: Armstrong Este 
Published: August 2005

AbstractStructures in the limbic system are commonly thought to be similar in form and function in all mammalian brains. In the study reported here, two thalamic limbic nuclei, N. anterior principles and N. lateralis dorsalis, were compared among a group of extant of extant hominoids. The nuclear volumes, neuronal densities, number of neurons per nucleus, and volumes of neuronal perikarya were measured. Humans have much larger nuclei but the nuclei constitute a similar proportion of the whole thalamus as found in the other hominoids. Whereas the human limbic nuclei were observed to have a decrease in the densities of nerve cells compared with those of the other hominoids, this difference is less than that found in most other thalamic nuclei. Consequently the estimated number of neurons is much higher for humans. The total number of neurons best separates the human limbic nuclei from those of the other hominoids. This preliminary study suggests that during hominid evolution neurons were preferentially added to the limbic nuclei of the thalamus.
Functional articulation of some hominoid foot bones: Implications for the Olduvai (hominid 8) foot
Authors: Oxnard Charles E. , Lisowski F. Peter 
Published: August 2005

AbstractPrevious observations on twelve fossil foot bones (Olduvai 8; Day and Napier, 64) together with multivariate morphometric studies of one of them, the talus (Day and Wood, '68) suggested human–like bipedality for this foot. Subsequent studies showed the conclusions on the talus to be wrong: The fossil talus, as defined by eight measures, does not resemble that of man but is reminiscent of those of creatures known (extant—orangutans) or believed (extinct—some fossil apes and monkeys) to be arboreal in habitus (Oxnard '72; Lisowski, et al., '74, '76). A reassessment of the entire Olduvai 8 foot is therefore necessary to answer the problem posed by a foot that has a non–human talus with, apparently, a human arched pattern of the remaining tarsal and metatarsal bones.The dry bones of a series of feet of extant hominoids have been rearticulated and are found to be close to the actual relationships presented by dissected specimens in which ligaments, articular cartilages and soft tissues are present.Similar rearticulation applied to casts of the individual Olduvai foot bones produces a structure that is not arched in the same manner as the human foot; it displays features that ally it more closely with the feet of various apes. Sections of casts of the already rearticulated Olduvai foot (from both the Wenner Gren Foundation and the Kenya National Museums) show that the human–like appearance of the original rearticulation is due to a series of incorrect osteological alignments. Although casts do not permit study of surface features, the dimensions of the casts are sufficiently accurate to permit rearticulation in this manner.It is thus clear, (a) that the Olduvai foot is not adapted for bipedality in the manner of man, and (b) that it displays features in which it resembles the feet of arboreal creatures. Such anatomical characters as relate to bipedality in the fossil suggest usage as in an arboreal species that also walks bipedally with flattened arches (like a chimpanzee or gorilla) rather than with the high arches of man.
Components of racial variation in finger ridge‐counts
Authors: Jantz Richard L. , Hawkinson Cleone H. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractPrincipal components analysis was used to evaluate finger ridge–count variability as an indicator of genetic relationships between populations. The analysis was carried out on American White, American Black and African Black samples, each including both sexes. Each individual is represented as a vector of 20 counts, a radial and an ulnar count for each digit. No assumptions were made prior to analysis concerning the number of meaningful components, and all were examined sequentially. The first five eigenvectors extracted from the within‐group correlation matrix have loadings very similar to those previously described by Roberts and Coope ('75). However, it is the component scores derived from the sixth eigenvector which show the most marked variation, accounting for 45% or more of the D2in all Black‐White comparisons. A number of other components also show significant intergroup heterogeneity, but they often do not accord with what is known of the genetic relationships between the populations. Apparently a large amount of ridge‐count variation is not genetically meaningful, at least as far as these populations are concerned.
Skin reflectance relationships with temperature and skinfolds
Authors: Little Michael A. , Sprangel Christopher J. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractSkin reflectance measurements were taken with six filters at a site on the medial aspect of the upper arm (underarm) prior to and following topical application of a cold compress. Skinfolds were measured at the underarm and triceps sites. The experiment was designed to test for effects of skin surface temperature and subcutaneous fat variations on skin color as determined by reflectometry.Topical cold‐induced erythema of the skin produced marked declines in % reflectance at the shorter visible wavelengths over the range of violet, blue, and green, and only slight declines in % reflectance at the longer visible wavelengths (red range). This is consistent with the observation from past work that there is little hemoglobin absorptance at the red end of the visible spectrum. A positive relationship between the change in % reflectance following topical cold application and underarm skinfold was recorded. Hence, the thickness of fat deposits may contribute to variation in skin reflectance. Since only large temperature differences influenced skin reflectance measurements, the need is not great for fieldworkers to control for surface temperature at the underarm site during skin reflectance survey.
The emissary foramina: Their value in platyrrhine systematics
Authors: Conroy Glenn C. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA discriminant analysis was performed on 226 ceboid skulls using data on emissary foramina size and shape. The purposes of the study are to 1) measure the success with which these discriminating variables can distinguish among platyrrhine genera and 2) derive a set of classification functions which will permit the classification of new cases with unknown group membership (i.e., fossil skulls). This technique is able to correctly classify 80% of the 226 ceboid skulls. Support is given to the allocation of Chiropotes, Cacajao, and Pithecia into one morphologically unified subfamily, Pitheciinae. Alouatta, Ateles, and Lagothrix also share many similarities in emissary foramina size and shape and their inclusion into one subfamily, Atelinae, is probably warranted. The distinctiveness of Cebus in these same morphological features is apparent. Possibilities for extending this procedure to study fossil lineages in platyrrhines are discussed.
Cone‐shaped epiphyses in Japanese children
Authors: Wetherington Ronald K. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractCone‐shaped epiphyses (CSE) are reported in left‐hand radiographs of a sample of 1,399 otherwise normal Japanese children aged 5–11 years. CSE occurred in only three centers: distal thumb, mid‐index finger, and mid‐fifth finger. The overall frequency of 23% shows a female bias (32% to 16%), which disappears when mid‐5 cones are excluded. Chi‐squared analyses show significant gender bias for mid‐5 cones alone or in combination with the other phalanges, and show significant center associations: CSE in distal‐1 and/or mid‐2 are more common in association with mid‐5 cones than they are without mid‐5 cones. The CSE female bias in mid‐5 is essentially unchanged across age‐cohorts when bone‐age is controlled for precocity, and no significant trends in CSE frequency with age are noted for either gender.
Bilateral asymmetry in cone epiphysis of the middle phalanx, fifth finger
Authors: Wetherington Ronald K. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe form of epiphyseal‐diaphyseal dysostosis in the phalanges of the hand having the appearance of a cone‐and‐crater (cone‐shaped epiphysis) is a common variant in otherwise normal individuals. Dysplasia on the radial margins of the epiphysis and diaphysis, typically resulting in clinodactyly, is another variant and is also common in Down's syndrome. Both variants frequently involve brachymesophalangia. The strong female bias in cone epiphyses and the lack of such bias in dysplasia not involving cones has led to the interpretation of distinct etiologies for the two patterns. A single case displaying brachymesophalangia with cone epiphysis in the middle phalanx of the left fifth finger and brachymesophalangia with clinodactyly in the corresponding bone of the right hand is reported. This is evidence that in certain cases the two patterns of mid‐5 dysostosis are manifestations of the same condition.
On the assumption of equality of variance‐covariance matrices in the sex and racial diagnosis of human skulls
Authors: Uytterschaut H. T. , Wilmink F. W. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractMany papers have been devoted to the assumption of equality of variance‐covariance matrices (Σg) with respect to the use of discriminant analysis. Most of them concentrate on the “effect” of inequality on the results, in particular on discriminant functions. In the present paper, the assumption of equality of covariances itself was investigated for measures on human skulls. Data for both sexes were compared, as well as data on several racial groups. A likelihood ratio test was used. It was concluded that the equality of Σg between the sexes and among subraces was not questioned, whereas the results warrant some caution as to the equality of Σg among the main racial groups.
Adult stature and age at menarche in Zapotec‐speaking communities in the Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico, in a secular perspective
Authors: Malina Robert M. , Selby Henry A. , Buschang Peter H. , Aronson Wendy L. , Wilkinson Richard G. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAdult stature and the age at menarche among individuals from Zapotec‐speaking communities in the Valley of Oaxaca in southern Mexico are considered in a secular perspective. Four sets of observations are utilized: (1) adult stature in males and females from five rural communities; (2) age at menarche in adult women and school girls from a single rural community; (3) earlier studies of adult stature in the Valley of Oaxaca; and (4) estimated stature from long bones excavated in various archaeological sites in the Valley of Oaxaca. There were no significant differences among the five communities for stature; hence, the data were pooled for analysis and comparison. Results of linear regression of stature and stature adjusted for the estimated effects of aging after 30 years of age on year of birth indicate negligible secular changes in either sex. Comparisons with statures from earlier surveys, the earliest dates to 1899, also indicate negligible changes. When adult women are grouped according to age, there are no differences in mean ages at menarche between the older and younger women. Mean age at menarche for the total adult sample is 14.53 ± 0.08 years, which compares favorably with the probit estimate for school girls, 14.70 ± 0.32 years. These results thus suggest virtually no secular change in adult size and maturity of the Zapotec‐speaking population in the Valley of Oaxaca over the past 80 years. Differences in stature between contemporary populations and estimated statures from long bones from several archaeological sites in Oaxaca are small, and thus suggests little secular change over the past one to two–thousand years.
Changes in maternal postpartum adiposity and infant feeding patterns. Juan comas prize–1981
Authors: Quandt Sara A. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe relationship between maternal fatness and infant feeding practices was studied in 46 healthy Caucasian women from parturition to 6 months postpartum. Mothers reported infant feeding practices in diary form throughout the study. Weight, triceps and subscapular skinfolds, and midarm circumference were measured on seven occasions. Upper arm fat area was computed. All women breast fed their infants for at least 5 months, with no nonbreast milk food introduced for at least 2 months. All women had declining or stable postpartum weights. Linear regressions of upper arm fat area on days since parturition were used to ascertain overall direction of change in adiposity for each woman. Declining fat area occurred in 17 cases and was associated with a breast‐feeding pattern of short frequent feeds. In the remaining 29 cases, increasing fat area was associated with significantly longer and less frequent feeds. It is hypothesized that these different fat change patterns result from differential activity of adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase, which is itself mediated by serum prolactin concentration. Relevance of these findings for resolution of the controversy surrounding the critical body composition hypothesis and lactation amenorrhea is discussed.
The Taung endocast: A reply to Holloway
Authors: Falk Dean 
Published: August 2005

AbstractIndices of rostrality (ir, ir′) are developed to assess the extent to which the medial end of the lunate sulcus (L) is rostrally positioned in photographs and figures of lateral views of primate brains and endocasts, and indices are determined for chimpanzees, SK 1585 and the Taung endocast. Ir quantifies the extent of rostrality as it has traditionally been viewed (in A‐P projections) while ir′ takes dorsal curvature into account. The ir of the feature that I have identified as the lunate sulcus of Taung is within one standard deviation of the mean ir for Pan and its ir′ is within 1.5 standard deviations from the mean ir′ for Pan. Both findings are compatible with my earlier statement that the medial end of the lunate sulcus of the Taung endocast is in a pongid‐like position. Use of stereoplotting to transfer the position of L from chimpanzee endocasts and brains to australopithecine endocasts is critically assessed: Holloway stereoplotted five chimpanzee brains and then transferred their mean coordinates that describe the lunate sulcus to the Taung endocast. If stereoplotting successfully transfers the extent to which L is rostrally located, one would expect the mean L of Pan and its transferred counterpart in Taung to have identical index values of rostrality. However, the ir of the lunate sulcus that Holloway located on Taung is over two standard deviations lower than the mean ir for the five chimpanzees he stereoplotted to determine its angular coordinates, and Holloway's ir′ for Taung is one standard deviation lower than the five chimpanzees' mean ir′. These discrepancies are shown to be due to shape differences, and it is concluded that stereoplotting should not be used to transfer sulci between differently shaped endocasts without correcting for these differences. I also reply to Holloway's criticisms of my use of L/H indices, palpation, techniques for sampling endocasts, and illustration of the Taung endocast. It is shown that there is room on the Taung specimen for the lateral end of L, and the pongid‐like sulcal pattern of Taung is reaffirmed. Thus, we do not yet know when human‐like sulcal patterns first appeared in the hominid fossil record.
The O.H.7 (Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania) parietal fragments and their reconstruction: A reply to Wolpoff
Authors: Holloway Ralph L. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractGiven Wolpoff's (1981) dimensions for lambda‐bregma and biparietal breadth, it was possible to reconstruct a new version of the O.H.7 hominid parietals. The constraints of the anatomical features of the original parietal fragments plus Wolpoff's constraints from his own reconstruction, permit testing his claims as a hypothesis. By comparing the resulting distortion of Wolpoff's proposed reconstruction with that of the original reconstruction by Tobias, it is clear that the latter's is far superior to the former's, and that the cranial capacity of O.H.7 of roughly 700 ml is most probable.
Humidity as a source of measurement error in osteometrics
Authors: Albrecht Gene H. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA simple experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that variation in humidity causes expansion of bone and, thereby, affects measurements of dried, preserved skulls. The experiment consisted of subjecting ten macaque skulls to increased humidity for 24 hours. Measurements of nine skull dimensions taken immediately before and after humidification revealed a statistically significant treatment effect of increased skull size with increased humidity. The length of the molar tooth row increased by about 0.1 mm (0.50%) while the greatest length of the skull increased by about 0.9 mm (0.57%). The specimens returned to their original dimensions within 1–2 days after being removed from the humidity chamber. These results confirm the impression gained by the practical experience of measuring museum specimens in different locations and environments. It appears that bony changes associated with humidity differences represent a real, though minor, source of measurement error in osteometrics.
Observations of physical abnormalities among the wild bonobos (Pan paniscus) of Wamba, Zaire
Authors: Kano Takayoshi 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe wild bonobos (Pan paniscus) of Wamba, Zaire have an extremely high frequency of external abnormal traits. Out of 96 animals in a sample comprising all age and sex classes from two different natural groups, 46 individuals had at least one limb defect. The frequency of abnormalities was greater in males than in females, and increased directly with age. Almost all infants and juveniles had completely normal limbs, but virtually all males and over half the females which had reached their prime were found to have one or more limb defects. These findings indicate that congenital factors contribute little to the frequency of abnormalities in this sample. Survival rate is the same in individuals with defects as in those without defects. It appears that individual social status is far more important in procuring foods than locomotor ability. Thus, the operation of such abnormalities as a selective factor in intraspecific competition is minimized in the network of their social relations.
Stride length and speed for adults, children, and fossil hominids
Authors: Alexander R. McN. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractResearch workers studying the relationship between stride length (L) and speed (u) in human walking have often expressed their results as multiples of stature (h): they have given values of L/h and u/h. They have claimed or implied that this takes account of differences of body size and that L/h should be the same function of u/h for people of all sizes. It is shown that this is not true for comparisons of children with adults. Further, it is argued by dimensional analysis that \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ {\rm u/}\sqrt {{\rm gh}} $\end{document} is a more appropriate speed parameter that u/h (g is the acceleration of free fall). It is shown that L/h is approximately the same function of \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ {\rm u/}\sqrt {{\rm gh}} $\end{document} for children aged 4 or more years as for adults. The empirical relationship between L/h and \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ {\rm u/}\sqrt {{\rm gh}} $\end{document} is used to make new estimates of walking speed for the early hominid footprints found at Laetoli, Tanzania. The speeds obtained are equivalent to mean speeds of human walking observed in small towns (i.e., they give approximately equal values of \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ {\rm u/}\sqrt {{\rm gh}} $\end{document}).
A commingling analysis of quantitative neuromuscular performance in a Kansas Mennonite community
Authors: Devor Eric J. , Crawford Michael H. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe method of commingling analysis is applied to distributions of six quantitative neuromuscular traits. Results show that only two of these traits may be described by the single normal distribution commonly associated with quantitative variables. The remaining four traits show significant skewness which is best accounted for by a mixture of three component distributions. The pattern of commingling found suggests the presence of a major (megaphenic) effect operating in these traits. Further, evidence is found which links the major effect in three of the four commingled traits to a single process which may be related to neurological control. The etiology of the major effect (i.e., whether genetic or environmental) cannot be determined from commingling analysis, but some suggestions are offered based upon the nature of the traits themselves and the major effects.
Patterns of molar wear in hunter–gatherers and agriculturalists
Authors: Smith B. Holly 
Published: August 2005

AbstractTooth wear records valuable information on diet and methods of food preparation in prehistoric populations or extinct species. In this study, samples of modern and prehistoric hunter–gatherers and agriculturalists are used to test the hypothesis that there are systematic differences in patterns of tooth wear related to major differences in subsistence and food preparation. Flatness of molar wear is compared for five groups of hunter–gatherers (N = 298) and five groups of early agriculturalists (N = 365). Hunter–gatherers are predicted to develop flatter molar wear due to the mastication of tough and fibrous foods, whereas agriculturalists should develop oblique molar wear due to an increase in the proportion of ground and prepared food in the diet.A method is presented for the quantitative measurement and analysis of flatness of molar wear. Comparisons of wear plane angle are made between teeth matched for the same stage of occlusal surface wear, thus standardizing all groups to the same rate of wear. Agriculturalists develop highly angled occlusal wear planes on the entire molar dentition. Their wear plane angles tend to exceed hunter–gatherers by about 10° in advanced wear. Wear plane angles are similar within subsistence divisions despite regional differences in particular foods. This approach can be used to provide supporting evidence of change in human subsistence and to test dietary hypotheses in hominoid evolution.
Dating and rating of Harris's lines
Authors: Maat George J. R. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractWell‐preserved skeletons of 50 Dutch whalers from the 17th and 18th centuries, buried on the island of Zeeusche Uytkyck, were excavated during the Spitsbergen Expedition 1980A research program of the Arctic Center of the University of Groningen.
In order to estimate the biological age of these skeletons at the time that Harris's lines were formed, a method which was developed from routine X‐ray data on tibial growth was tested. Formation ages of diaphyseal lines and strong metaphyseal lines appear to correspond well with hypoplastic enamel deformations within the same individuals. Because of the involvement of both the bone and tooth developmental systems, and of the resistance of these lines to bone remodeling, it can be assumed that they generally are the result of serious health insults.