bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Monte Carlo Modeling for Electron Microscopy and Microanalysis
Authors: Joy David C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book describes how Monte Carlo modeling methods can be applied to Electron Microscopy and Microanalysis. Computer programs for two basic types of Monte carlo simulation are developed from physical models of the electron scattering process; a Single Scattering program capable of high accuracy but requiring long computation times, and a Plural Scattering program which is less accurate but much more rapid. The programs are optimised for use on personal computers and provide a real time graphical display of the interaction. These programs are then used as the starting point for the development of programs aimed at studying particular effects in the electron microscope including backscattering, secondary electron production, EBIC and cathodo- luminescence imaging, and X- ray microanalysis. The computer code is given in a fully annotated format so that it may be readily be modified for use in specific problems. Many examples of the applications of these methods are provided, together with a complete bibliography.
The Plural Scattering Model
Authors: Joy David C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We will develop in this chapter a second Monte Carlo simulation of the interactions of an electron with a solid. This new model is based on the same physical principles as the single scattering approach discussed above but makes certain simplifying assumptions that greatly reduce the computation time required. Thus, whereas the single scattering model discussed in Chap. 3 attempts to take into account every elastic scattering event encountered by the incident electron, the “plural scattering” model described here tries only to compute the net effect produced by a number of successive scattering events. In addition, we average and pre calculate other parameters of the trajectory with the object of minimizing the amount of computation required during the simulation. Although these simplifications have some effect on the resultant accuracy of the model, the errors are, when the model is correctly applied, insignificant, while the saving of time is considerable. This model is, therefore, widely used, especially for problems where the incident beam is traveling into a bulk (i.e., not thin and so not electron-transparent) specimen. We saw at the end of Chap. 3 that the single scattering model, while certainly appropriate to the task of modeling electron interactions in a bulk solid, is rather slow because a great number of steps in the trajectory are required to advance the electron a small distance as its energy decreases. Consequently, in applications where the majority of electrons deposit all of their energy in the target, a single scattering Monte Carlo simulation is, for many users, too slow to be either enjoyable or very useful. The procedure that we describe here follows the outline of a method that was first described by Curgenven and Duncumb (1971), and which was specifically designed to produce good data in short computing times on small computers.
The Trinity, Language, and Modern Thought
Authors: Thompson John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Trinity is a divine mystery, yet we must seek as far as possible to interpret it in human language. It may be about God in heaven but theology, as Karl Barth reminded us, is done in Basel, or wherever—that is, on earth. What, therefore, the theology of the church seeks continually to do is to articulate conceptually faith in the triune God in a manner that corresponds as closely as possible to its truth claims and eliminates erroneous conceptions. We do so in the modern age, post-Enlightenment. Speaking of one important aspect of this enterprise—the basic concept of person in the Trinity—Walter Kasper writes, “At issue in this question is … the correct conception of the centre and basic structure of the Christian message in the context of modern thought. The issue is the Christian answer to the situation of atheism that has been brought about by Christian theism.”1 This gives us the twin themes of our chapter: first, the most acceptable concepts and language to employ when speaking of the Trinity, and second, the Trinity in relation to the present age, especially the practical issues of atheism and theism.
D
Authors: Ellis Peter Berresford 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Da Derga’s Hostel. [11 “The Destruction of Da Derga’s Hostel” is one of the most popular tales of a king ignoring the prophecy of his fate. A hostel by the River Dodder owned by a Leinster chieftain, it is the place to which Conaire Mor, the High King, travels in spite of warnings of impending doom on the way. He contrives to break all his taboos (geis). The hostel is besieged by Conaire’s enemies. Although Conaire and his men wreak great destruction before perishing, he is slain.
L
Authors: Ellis Peter Berresford 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Labraid Loinseach. [I] See Moen. Labraid Luatblam ar Cleb. [I] “Labra Swift Hand on the Sword.” Ruler of Magh Mell and husband of Lf Ban, whom he sent to Cuchulainn with a promise to send the goddess Fand to him in exchange for one day’s fighting against three champions whom he could not overcome himself.
R
Authors: Ellis Peter Berresford 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ragallach. [I] A king of Connacht whose death at the hands of his own child is foretold. Ragallach attempts to avoid his fate by destroying his only child, a daughter. The child is saved and raised by a swineherd. She grows into a beautiful maiden and Ragallach makes her his concubine. She fulfils the prophecy.
S
Authors: Ellis Peter Berresford 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sacra. A name anciently applied to Ireland, mentioned by Rufus Festus Avienius (ca. fourth century A.o.) in an account of the voyage of Himilco the Phoenician in 510 B.c. Sacrifices. In Celtic literature there is little evidence of human sacrifice being practised except in a story in the Dinnsenchas tract (Book of Leinster), which speaks of children being sacrificed to Cromm Cruach, an idol set up by Tighernmas on Magh Slecht. The story is put forward as an aberration rather than a norm. Cromm Cruach was qickly overthrown.
W
Authors: Ellis Peter Berresford 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Wales. Cymru. Separated from their fellow British Celts by the beginning of the eighth century A.D., the Celts of the western peninsula of Britain were consolidated into several kingdoms. Offa, the Anglo-Saxon king of Mercia, who attempted to annex all the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms under his rule, ordered the construction of a rampart from the River Dee to River Wye in A.D. 782, marking the western border of the English kingdoms and hemming the British Celts, called weliscor “foreigners” by the Anglo-Saxons, into their peninsula. It was designed on the principle of Hadrian’s Wall. Any British Celts found on the English side were subject to severe penalties.
The Imaginary War
Authors: Oakes Guy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Duck and cover are unforgettable words for a generation of Americans, who listened throughout the Cold War to the unescapable propaganda of civil defence. Yet it would have been impossible to protect Americans from a real nuclear attack, and, as Guy Oakes shows in The Imaginary War, national security officials knew it. The real purpose of 1950’s civil defence programs, Oakes contends, was not to protect Americans from the bomb, but to ingrain in them the moral resolve needed to face the hazards of the Cold War. Uncovering the links between national security, civil defence, and civic ethics, Oakes reveals three sides to the civil defence program: a system of emotional management designed to control fear; the fictional construction of a managable world of nuclear attack; and the production of a Cold War ethic rooted in the mythology of the home, the ultimate sanctuary of American values. This fascinating analysis of the culture of civil defence is a strong indictment of the official mythmaking of the Cold War. It will essential reading for all those interested in American history, politics, and culture.
Aubrey Beardsley, Dandy of the Grotesque
Authors: Snodgrass Chris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book analyses Beardsley’s most characteristic works, clarifying why his art is indispensable to understanding fin-de-siècle Victorian culture. Beardsley’s various grotesque figures serve as emblems of monstrous’ metaphysical contortion, even as his elegant designs simultaneously recuperate such dislocations formalistically. Alternating between an urge to outrage and a craving for authority, Beardsley’s elegant designs and dandy’ sensibility effect what might be called a caricature’ of traditional canonical meaning.
Aubrey Beardsley, Emblem of the Victorian Decadence
Authors: Snodgrass Chris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
AUBREY Beardsley’s work was first published ill the spring of 1893. He died ill March 1898 at the age of twenty-five. Despite the extreme brevity of his career, probably no other artist or writer prior to the electronic age achieved more notoriety or exercised a more pervasive influence on his era in such a short time. Contemporary critic D. S. MacColl wrote that “the wild-fire speed with which his reputation spread” outran every previous example of rapid fame (“AB” 17).1 Less than two years after Beardsley’s work first appeared, Max Beerbohm could proclaim that he belonged to the “Beardsley Period” (Works160), a designation Osbert Burdett would adopt as the title for his famous study of the age. A shaping force of the Art Nouveau movement, a profound influence on countless artists and designers, cited as the “real king” and “dominating artistic personality” of his time, “the one ‘genius’ of the ‘Eighteen-Nineties’” (S. Wilson, Beardsley5; Muddiman 6; Huneker 17), Beardsley was thought by numerous observers to have set the standard for the art of the period.2 Arthur Symons summarized the case: “No artist of our time, none certainly whose work has been in black and white, has reached a more universal ... fame; none has formed for himself, out of such alien elements, a more personal originality of manner; none has had so wide an influence on contemporary art” (“AB” 90-91).3 As Holbrook Jackson put it in his classic book The Eighteen Nineties,“The appearance of Aubrey Beardsley in 1893 was the most extraordinary event in English art since the appearance of William Blake” (91).
Introduction
Authors: Kamensky Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If you want to understand what the act of speaking meant to the men and women who lived in early New England, start with Cotton Mather’s diary. A would-be minister plagued throughout his childhood with a debilitating stutter, Mather conceded that the whole issue of speech was “a matter of more than ordinary Thoughtfulness unto me.” But if Mather wrote a good deal more about the spoken word than did most of his contemporaries, he was hardly alone in his fascination with the promise and perils of the human tongue, a topic that intrigued most English people in his day and was a matter of particular concern to Mather’s “Puritan” coreligionists.
The Sweetest Meat, the Bitterest Poison
Authors: Kamensky Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Its author claimed that the story was as old as history, if not as old as speech itself. Once upon a time in an ancient land, the sovereign, King Amasis, directed his young manservant to “goe into the market and to buy the best and profit ablest meat he could get.” When the boy returned to the palace bearing a parcel of “nothing but tongues,” the disappointed king “asked him the reason why he bought no other meat.” The servant, one Lyas, readily replied: “I was commaunded to buy the best meate, and from the tongue come many good and profitable speaches.” Logical enough, to be sure. But Amasis, still craving variety for the royal table, decided to try once more.
A Most Unquiet Hiding Place
Authors: Kamensky Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What if New England was no different? The question has dogged me since I undertook this project. It is easy enough to demonstrate that early New Englanders came to cherish their rules for right speaking, and that they imposed penalties upon those who breached them. But were theirs different rules, different penalties, different mentalités from those of other early modem peoples? Isn’t anxiety over loose words and concern with reputation endemic to face-to-face societies, a seeming universal of village life? Does the vaunted exceptionalism of England’s northern colonies-which, in any case, is very much in doubt these days-extend to the Puritan understanding of speech? What, in short, is the exclusive New England “angle” to my story?
The Tongue Is a Witch
Authors: Kamensky Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The setting: Boston and its environs, the first stormy months of 1692. The temper of the times: confused, troubled, anxious in the extreme. And the level of noise: positively deafening. Cacophonous enough, in fact, that no less eminent a preacher than Cotton Mather feels compelled, for the first time (though hardly the last), to inveigh in print against loose words-in particular, against unfettered female speech. Instructing the pious matrons of New England on the “character and happiness of a virtuous woman,” he recalls for them the psalmist’s decree: “I will take heed unto my ways that I sin not with my Tongue; I will keep my Mouth with a Bridle.” Mindful of the “usual” charge that women’s “Tongues are frequently not so Governed by the Fear of God, as they ought to be,” he exhorts the “daughter of Zion” to cultivate a “silver tongue”-speech rare and pure, free of boastful “dross.” Mather urges her, “Be careful that you don’t Speak too soon. . . . And be careful that you don’t Speak too much.” For “‘tis the Whore, that is Clamorous, and the Fool, that is Full of words.”
An Ethic For Enemies
Authors: Shriver Donald W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Shriver shows that the concept of forgiveness, long relegated to the realm of the personal, is surprisingly relevant and important to political life. He uses three examples from recent American history - our relations with Germany and Japan, and the civil rights struggle - to show the importance of forgiveness in overcoming the traditional hatreds that threaten to cripple our society.
Forgiveness In Politics In Christian Tradition
Authors: Shriver Donald W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the signs of the new twentieth-century dialogue between Jews and Christians is the use, increasingly common, of the term Hebrew Bible as substitute for the traditional Christian term Old Testament. In the first century of the Christian movement, its Bible was the Hebrew Bible, and most Christians today consider that collection of thirty-nine books to have an authority wholly akin to that of the twenty-seven books added to compose the “New Testament.” The latter phrase was almost certainly derived from Jeremiah: God’s promise of a new covenant, which, Christians believed, was effected in Jesus of Nazareth. Into the great range of issues among scholars and contemporary adherents of these two great religions, we need not enter here. But it is proper to record my impression, strengthened by the work of numerous modern Jewish and Christian scholars, that the ethical teachings of Jesus recorded in the New Testament are, on the whole, not only consistent with those of the Hebrew Bible but are dominated by the biblical teachings of the synagogues in which Jesus himself was brought up. In the records they made of the teachings of Jesus, early Christians accentuated the authority of the teacher but not the originality of what he taught. He may have “taught them as one who had authority, and not as their scribes” (Matt. 7:29). But in numerous ways he did teach what the scribes taught; indeed, on many occasions he called scribes, Pharisees, and his own followers back to the ancient authority of Moses and the prophets. Like the Hebrew prophets themselves, Jesus could easily be termed an ethical conservative in that he revered the Mosaic tradition and called upon all his hearers to test contemporary “tradition” against that older one.2 This, in itself, would be enough reason for Christians early and late to take the Hebrew scriptural tradition, by whatever name, as authoritative.
Political Ethics As Moral Memory
Authors: Shriver Donald W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his introductory essay to Kant’s Religion Within the Limits of Reason Alone, John Silber calls attention to Ivan Karamazov, in whom Feodor Dostoevsky personified Kantian abstract moral individualism and subjected it to subtle rejection. In The Brothers Karamazov, Ivan and Alyosha discuss the ancient nagging question: What can any one of us do about the atrocious evils that some of us perpetrate? Or the assorted evils that all of us sometimes condone? We can protest against them, Ivan answers; and in the final analysis that is what, above all and always, we must do, never settling for any form of erasure, atonement, retribution, or future “harmony” that makes evil into something to forget or something to serve some final triumph of good on earth, in heaven, or in hell. For atrocities like the landowner’s torture of an eight-year-old child for causing a minor injury to his dog, I want to forgive. I want to embrace. I don’t want more suffering. And if the sufferings of children go to swell the sum of sufferings which was necessary to pay for truth, then I protest that the truth is not worth such a price. I don’t want the mother to embrace the oppressor who threw her son to the dogs! She dare not forgive him! Let her forgive him for herself, if she will, let her forgive the torturer for the immeasurable suffering of her mother’s heart. But the suffering of her tortured child she has no right to forgive; she dare not forgive the torturer, even if the child were to forgive him! And if that is so, if they dare not forgive, what becomes of harmony? Is there in the whole world a being who would have the right to forgive and could forgive? I don’t want harmony. For love of humanity I don’t want it. I would rather be left with unavenged suffering. I would rather remain with my unavenged suffering and unsatisfied indignation, even if I were wrong. Besides, too high a price is asked for harmony; it’s beyond our means to pay so much to enter on it. And so I hasten to give back my entrance ticket, and if I am an honest man I am bound to give it back as soon as possible. And that I am doing. It’s not God that I don’t accept, Aloysha, only I most respectfully return to Him the ticket.
Vengeance And Forbearance: Germans And Americans
Authors: Shriver Donald W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The world is not likely to forget Adolf Hitler and his works. Now that he lies almost fifty years in the past, what influence, if any, should twelve years of Nazism exert upon the relation of other nations to Germany and its people? There are answers to the question which the assumptions of this study require. These answers must rest upon the following. If the crimes of Nazism were unique, remembering them accurately is a unique moral responsibility of politicians, educators, and citizens of the world, beginning with Germans themselves. If the crimes of a government cannot be totally divorced from the responsibilities of its citizens, questions of collective shared guilt cannot be excluded from political philosophy and political ethics. If one group of humans has, as its responsibility, the acknowledgment and correction of errors of its predecessors, their contemporary neighbors have the right to ask if, in fact, the acknowledgment and correction are genuine, active, and promising of permanent change. Further: if political history in one nation develops in part from its relations to other nations, then they are mutually implicated in each other’s virtues and vices, and the net of collective responsibility requires acknowledgment and correction on all sides. Finally, if one of the enduring problems of political relations is their repair in the face of evils inflicted by one side or another, other requirements for that repair come up for deliberation: what sort of “justice,” what restorations of damage, what degree of possibility that people once bent on killing each other can enter into some new form of positive political community?
Keepers of The Covenant
Authors: Rohrer James R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rohrer challenges the traditional interpretation of the decline of the Congregationalists. Drawing heavily on unpublished manuscripts, the author shows that, rather than failing to adapt to the democratizing culture of the western migration, they were in fact aggressive frontier evangelists. In the course of proving this, Rohrer overturns many generalizations about the Congretationalists, and challenges conventional wisdom about church growth and religious declension.
The Missionary Impulse
Authors: Rohrer James R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Evangelism did not come naturally to most Congregational ministers during the late eighteenth century. Although R. Pierce Beaver has called New England “the well-spring of American missionary concern and action,”1 orthodox pastors in the colonial era displayed remarkably little interest in evangelism beyond their own parishes. In theory, of course, Puritans possessed a strong motivation for missionary endeavor. According to Calvinist doctrine Christian magistrates were obliged to seek the conversion of heathen subjects, and the royal charters of both Massachusetts and Plymouth imposed this responsibility upon the founders of New England. The “principall Ende” of settlement, the Massachusetts charter asserted, was to “Wynn and incite the Natives … [to] the onlie true God and Saviour of Mankinde,” an objective underscored by the colony’s General Court when it adopted a Great Seal depicting an Indian, bow and arrow in hand, pleading with Englishmen to “come over and help us.” But during the next century and a half only a relative handful of Puritan ministers actually undertook missions to New England’s native inhabitants, and no effort was made to preach the gospel to unchurched whites in other colonies. In 1797, surveying the history of recent Christian missions, the Connecticut General Association frankly observed that New England’s contribution was paltry compared to the efforts made by evangelicals in England and on the Continent. Reflecting upon the “myriads” of Americans languishing “in darkness and the shadow of death,” the ministers sadly confessed that “we must see our labors in a very diminutive point of view.”
The CMS and the Republican Frontier
Authors: Rohrer James R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As CMS missionaries fanned out across the northern frontier in the 1790s and early nineteenth century, they encountered a society that in many respects differed from the world they knew in Connecticut and Massachusetts. From northern New England to the Ohio territory, the American backcountry was populated primarily by marginal farmers who were land-rich but cash-poor. Many of these settlers had purchased their land on credit, and looked with deep suspicion or even open hostility upon the elite creditors who seemed to control their economic destiny.