bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Creators and Saviors
Authors: Bierhorst John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The typical Brazilian culture hero is a part-time creator who sets in place no more than a few selected features of the universe. And even in these cases his acts are not always creative in the full sense, since they may result from thefts or accidents. Nor do the storytellers place great emphasis on the hero’s role as deliverer, or savior. The slaying of monsters, though regularly mentioned, is seldom a prominent theme. It is true that the twins kill the jaguar in tales reported from nearly everywhere in the region, but it is rarely suggested that they do so on behalf of humanity.
From Myth to Politics
Authors: Bierhorst John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the official Creation myth of the Incas, the god Wirakocha emerged from Lake Titicaca, made men and women, caused the sun to rise, then proceeded north to the site of Cuzco, the future capital; and while the sun was ascending, it spoke to the man named Manco Capac, charging him to rule the empire. As founder of the royal dynasty, the chosen one became known as “Manco Capac Inca,” with the term “Inca” used in the sense of chief, or ruler.
Addictive Behavior
Authors: Goldstein Avram 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As we have seen in previous chapters, neurotransmitters and receptors are the neurochemical units on which the addictive drugs act. Our ultimate aim is to understand how the neurochemical effects of the drugs cause changes of mood and behavior—changes that lead to compulsive drug use. This chapter describes three different experimental approaches to studying the behavioral effects of addictive drugs.
Are Addicts Born or Made?
Authors: Goldstein Avram 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Of all the people who try an addictive drug, some will never use it again; they just don’t like it. Some are willing to use it occasionally, to enjoy it socially with friends; but it is not important to them and they can happily do without it. Some become regular users and integrate the drug into their lives, but nevertheless are able to give it up without much trouble if they decide to. Finally, there are those who use a drug frequently and regularly and find themselves unable to quit, or at least can quit only with the greatest difficulty, and even then are likely to relapse. This last group—the addicts—represents the greatest problem for society and the greatest challenge for medical science.
Prohibition vs. Legalization—A False Dichotomy
Authors: Goldstein Avram 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Frustration with our present drug policies has fueled well-meaning suggestions that the illicit drugs should be legalized. If the “drug problem” is defined as a crime problem, then there is a certain simplistic logic to making the drugs legal. On the other hand, if addiction is basically a brain disease, then legalizing the drugs would be the very opposite of treating the addicts. To analyze the arguments for legalization, we need to know what, exactly, is meant by the word. Is cocaine to be sold to minors in supermarkets? Except for the most extreme libertarians, even those who advocate legalization agree that there have to be some legal restrictions after all. So we must ask, which drugs, what restrictions, and why? This chapter examines the dual strategy of supply reduction and demand reduction, draws lessons from the history of alcohol prohibition in the United States, and addresses directly the principal arguments for and against legalization. It concludes—as explained further in chapter 20—that neither blanket prohibition nor blanket legalization is appropriate, but that each drug requires its own appropriate level of regulatory control.
Baltic Interlude
Authors: Quandt Richard E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Two important shifts in the Mellon Foundation’s interests in the second half of 1994 were to have a significant impact on my activities in the last five years of the decade. First, it seemed reasonable to consider whether it might not be useful and opportune to expand the Foundation’s activities in Eastern Europe to the Baltic countries, which had recently achieved their independence from the Societ Union. Second, in the light of the favorable political changes in South Africa, the Foundation decided that the time had come for a major program in that country.
The first of these ideas did not represent a firm decision to start philanthropic activities in the Baltic countries; rather it indicated an open mind that suggested that it would be desirable to undertake an in-depth investigation of the pros and cons of such a program. Given my background in Eastern Europe, it was natural that I should undertake such an investigation. In contrast, the South African program already had the full commitment of the Foundation and it had been entrusted to my colleague, Thomas Nygren. However, since it was fairly obvious from the very beginning that the focus of such a program would be on higher education, which tends to imply, among others, assistance to research libraries, I was asked to assist him. However, the present chapter is devoted entirely to the Baltic countries, except for a brief allusion in the concluding section to some of my experience with a South African library consortium.
The Risk of Legal Liability for Attributions of Visual Art
Authors: Spencer Ronald D 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the six legal claims most usually made against experts —academic and independent art scholars, art dealers,museum curators, and others—who make decisions about the attribution of visual art. The first section sets out the required legal elements for each type of claim by analyzing a court decision in the context of the specific art-related facts of the case.A careful analysis of these elements suggests not only the defenses to such claims but also actions the art expert can take that will lessen the risk of liability.The second section addresses the widely held view that making authenticity or attribution decisions and styling them as “opinions” reduces the expert’s potential legal liability for the decision.
Fire and Transition in Things Fall Apart
Authors: Jabbi Bu-Buakei 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Although Chinua Achebe’s fundamental theme as a beginning novelist was the neo-Negritude assertion of dignity in the African past,’ which was of course legitimate as a matter of historical necessity, the focus of drama in his first novel may, rather, be said to be a society’s response to the complex challenge of contact with a colonizing cultural force. For the impressively proud African past which he depicts in Things Fall Apart shows a people caught in the initial throes of contact with an imperial force which is self-righteously bent upon a “civilizing” mission. The impact of that force on the host culture, especially on the minds and lives of the indigenous Africans, is the plane of action on which the story unfolds its tragic drama. Culture, like life itself, is a dynamic or continuing process, and its quality often depends upon a people’s responses to evolutionary pressures from within or to stresses generated from outside through friction with new sets of values and institutional structures. Transition and change, and seldom stasis, usually result from such meetings between different cultures and peoples.
Fungal Infections in Blood or Marrow Transplant Recipients
Authors: Marr Kieren A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Blood or marrow transplantation (BMT) has been used increasingly for therapy of hematological and non-hematological malignancies. Our understanding of the basic mechanisms by which transplantation of donor stem cells yields effective therapy of malignancies has evolved over the last few decades, with resultant changes in conditioning regimens and stem cell products influencing the risks for infectious complications. Perhaps one of the most important recent changes impacting infectious risks involves the introduction of nonmyeloablative, or toxicity-reduced transplant regimens. These regimens, which to date have been investigated primarily in people who are ineligible for standard myeloablative BMT because of medical conditions or age, employ lower doses of myeloablative conditioning therapy, with some regimens yielding very little neutropenia or gastrointestinal mucositis (Childs et al, 2000; Garban et al, 2001; Junghanss and Marr, 2002a; Junghanss et al, 2002b). Although the depth and duration of neutropenia may be dramatically reduced, these patients may have a protracted period of graft-vs.-host disease (GVHD). Graft-vs. host (GVH) effects result from infused donor-derived immune cells recognizing host cells, resulting in potentially beneficial antitumor effects and detrimental organ toxicities (GVHD). Thus, a certain degree of GVH may be desired in order to achieve graft vs. tumor effects. The major risk periods for fungal infections can thus occur both early and late after BMT—early risks are associated with myelosuppression and organ toxicities, and late risks are associated with GVHD and its therapies. Recent studies have reported a trend toward late infections in both myeloablative and nonmyeloablative BMT recipients (Jantunen et al, 1997; Wald et al, 1997; Williamson et al, 1999; Baddley et al, 2001; Martino et al, 2001; Grow et al, 2002; Junghanss et al, 2002b; Marr et al, 2002c). Fungal infections, especially those caused by filamentous organisms, now occur predominantly during the GVHD period. The results of case-series and one case-control study published to date suggest that patients who undergo nonmyeloablative BMT have fewer early bacterial infections associated with shorter periods of neutropenia, but retain significant risks for aspergillosis and candidal infections late after transplant, in association with late CMV infection and GVHD (Martino et al, 2001; Junghanss and Marr, 2002a; Junghanss et al, 2002b).
Introduction
Authors: Brown Henry Box 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
While America is boasting of her freedom and making the world ring with her professions of equality, she holds millions of her inhabitants in bondage. This surely must be a wonder to all who seriously reflect on the subject of man holding property in man, in a land of republican institutions. That slavery, in all its phases, is demoralizing to every one concerned, none who may read the following narrative, can for a moment doubt. In my opinion unless the Americans purge themselves of this stain, they will have to undergo very severe, if not protracted suffering. It is not at all unlikely that the great unsettledness which of late has attached to the prices of cotton; the very unsatisfactory circumstance of that slaveholding continent being the principal fleld employed in the production of that vegetable, by the dealing in, and the manufacture of, which, such astonishing fortunes have been amassed — will lead to arrangements being entered into, through the operation of which the bondmen will be made free.
What Is Fibromyalgia?
Authors: Wallace Daniel J , Wallace Janice Brock 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
If you have the chronic pain of fibromyalgia, you may be frustrated by the lack of understanding shown by people around you. This is particularly true of the people you live and work with. If only they could feel for one day how you feel all year! Pain has no memory and no mercy. Is it like a bad flu or a severe headache? How can you find the words to describe it?
When the Arthritis Foundation tried to categorize the 150 different forms of musculoskeletal conditions in 1963, it created a classification known as soft tissue rheumatism. Included in this listing are conditions in which joints are not involved. Soft tissue rheumatism encompasses the supporting structures of joints (e.g., ligaments, bursae, and tendons), muscles, and other soft tissues. Fibromyalgia is a form of soft tissue rheumatism. A combination of three terms—fibro(from the Latin fibra, or fibrous tissue), myo-(the Greek prefix myos, for muscles), and algia (from the Greek algos, which denotes pain)— fibromyalgia replaces earlier names for the syndrome that are still used by doctors and other health professionals such as myofibrositis, myofascitis, muscular rheumatism, fibrositis, and generalized musculoligamenous strain. Fibromyalgia is not a form of arthritis, since it is not associated with joint inflammation.
I’m Not Crazy!
Authors: Wallace Daniel J , Wallace Janice Brock 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
“You look fine, and I can’t find anything wrong with you. Maybe you’re just depressed or stressed out.” Nearly all of my patients have heard this before. And they start to wonder: Am I really crazy? How could it all be in my mind? This chapter will summarize the behavioral surveys that rheumatologists and psychiatrists have performed on fibromyalgia patients.
Is fibromyalgia a manifestation of depression or the reverse? Well-designed studies have addressed this issue, but many used different methods, populations, ethnic groupings, referral sources, and geographical distributions. In any case, the results were reasonably similar. On average, these studies showed that about 18 percent of fibromyalgia patients have evidence of a major depression at any office visit and 58 percent have a history of major depression in their lifetime. What does this mean? At any point in time, the overwhelming majority of fibromyalgia patients are not seriously depressed. And if they are depressed, it’s usually because they do not feel well. This condition is called reactive depression and is reversible with treatment, as opposed to endogenous depression, which is caused by chemical imbalances and is much harder to treat. A well-designed study of depressed patients demonstrated that fewer than 10 percent had two or more tender points.
Democratic Rulemaking
Authors: Richardson Henry S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the introduction, I sketched the magnitude of the problem posed by administrative discretion. At this point in the argument, the stage has been set for a solution. It is time to assemble the players so as to describe the conditions necessary to avoiding bureaucratic domination. There are four main elements of my story that need now to be combined. First, I have shown in an abstract way how the normative fruitfulness of democratic deliberation allows the legislature’s conclusions to be handed off to the agencies as premises to guide further truth-oriented deliberation about what we ought to do.1 For instance, once the legislature had spoken, it was reasonable for officials in the Department of Transportation to presume that transportation ought to be made available to the disabled and to go on from there to figure out how best to do this. Second, in characterizing types of practical reasoning, I distinguished different patterns of constraint. A narrowly instrumental constraint that attempted to keep controversial decisions about public ends out of the agencies is, I argued, naive; but the broadly instrumental constraint that builds on the idea of specifying ends will prove useful. Third, I have shown how flexible agency deliberation can and often does extend beyond specifying legislatively set ends to establishing new ends in a rationally defensible way. In the second round of rulemaking under the Biaggi Amendment, this involved articulating a new, superordinate (or more final) end, that of avoiding discrimination against the disabled, to help guide the specification of the legislatively mandated end, that of making special efforts to make transportation accessible to the disabled. Yet this move came about largely because of the bureaucratic entrepreneurship of the DOT’s acting assistant secretary for environment, safety, and consumer affairs, Martin Convisser, and the creative agenda management of the DOT’s general counsel, Linda Kamm. Hence, while they were indeed engaged in a flexible remaking of aims, such processes should be more closely guided by public input than was this one. Finally, I have followed the process of formulating the public will through the electoral process to the passage of legislation.
Consequences of Election Web Sites
Authors: Bimber Bruce , Davis Richard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Does visiting a campaign Web site influence people? Does a Web site visit affect how much and what voters know about candidates? Does it help shape their feelings toward candidates or their votes?
The picture that emerged in the last chapter shows that audiences for campaign Web sites are composed of well-informed, politically interested citizens, most of whom (but not all) have quite clear preferences among candidates. For that very reason, one should expect that whatever effects Web sites have on their audiences are likely subtle. Rather than persuading large numbers of voters to change their minds, or even helping undecided voters choose a candidate, Web sites are likely to influence citizens on a small scale and in nuanced ways, at best. In this chapter, we turn to these “so what?” issues.
The ultimate goal of candidates’ use of Web sites is to strengthen the commitment of voters in some way. How that might happen can be broken down along a hierarchy of potential effects of Web sites, from the least to the most consequential politically. The first of these simply involves motivating a site visitor to return.
Riding a Great Wave, 1960–1975
Authors: Dowbiggin Ian 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Few predicted it, but euthanasia suddenly burst onto the national scene in the 1960s and 1970s as an issue of sustained public interest. Under the shadow of nuclear war, in the wake of the thalidomide tragedy, amid a demoralizing war in southeast Asia, and in response to the aging of the U.S. population and the mounting use of life-prolonging medical technology, Americans became increasingly obsessed with death and terminal illness as experiences that deserved detailed study and discussion. As a national dialogue on dying spread, the idea of death with minimal pain and loss of individual dignity grew popular. Thanks to the rising public interest in the concepts of patient autonomy and individual rights, euthanasia ceased being interpreted as a predominantly social or biological matter and was largely transformed into a personal issue. Increasingly it was viewed as a civil liberty, a freedom from interference in one’s personal life, rather than a legal practice monitored (and possibly applied) by the state. Privacy became the keyword of the new, revitalized euthanasia movement, and the term “euthanasia” was steadily replaced by the phrase “the right to die.”
Founding Exclusions
Authors: Marx Anthony W . 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
State-building requires nation-building—at a minimum the containment or avoidance of civil war and conflict threatening the existence of the state, and beyond that to ensure obedience, tax compliance, or military service necessary for governance. Even federated states face these pragmatic requirements. Early aspirants to absolutist rule—and their opponents or competitors—gradually came to understand and acted upon this imperative for cohesion to make their authority effective and legitimate. Under their rule, institutional state power had become increasingly centralized, but further consolidation of that state power required engagement and support by the populace. To so tie elites and the masses emerged as a central political dilemma, with states then having relatively little capacity for achieving this goal. And this dilemma was not solved by spreading literacy or economic development, for these were both undeveloped and at least as divisive as unifying of the populace. Ironically, consolidation of large-scale states heightens the imperative for popular cohesion but also makes such cohesion less likely. With the incorporation of more diverse peoples and greater centralized political power, that power is often fought over or resisted. In all three leading countries of western Europe, early modern monarchs faced substantial challenges to their authority, with the conflict over growing state power coming to a head. Spain had been rocked by local resistance fed by continued regional dispersion of power and loyalty.
Zenith of Affirmative Action
Authors: Anderson Terry H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
“Bring Us Together” was Richard Nixon’s campaign slogan, and after his inauguration in January 1969 most Americans desired just that: a time of national healing and unity. But that was not to be. Urban riots, campus demonstrations, the Vietnam war, and what Time called the counterculture “youthquake” had ended political and social consensus and divided the nation. On one side was a vocal minority who opposed the president and the establishment, the sixties culture; on the other were those who supported it and who Nixon eventually labeled the “great silent majority.” By June 1970, a month after the Kent State tragedy, a government commission wrote that division in the nation was “as deep as any since the Civil War.” The division was exemplified in two powerful social currents during the late 1960s and throughout the 1970s—empowerment and liberation. Since the mid-1960s many young blacks had become tired of asking whites for their rights, listening to liberals talk about gradual change, and they became more militant, shouting for “Black Power.” The war was another factor, for many young black men could not understand why they were drafted to fight 12,000 miles away in Vietnam when they were beaten by white cops in the South. Activist Stokely Carmichael blasted selective service as nothing more than “white people sending black people to make war on yellow people to defend the land they stole from red people.” Such ideas were gaining currency within the black community as Nixon took office in 1969.
Constructing a Monitoring System
Authors: Donabedian Avedis 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The additional thought I want to introduce now is that these strategies and methods should not be used haphazardly. They should be viewed rather as a system of interrelated parts conducted in an organized manner. The many parts allow for stepwise growth and also for a mutuality of support and interaction among parts that adds to efficiency and effectiveness. The organizational structure of the system could also be simple or elaborate, depending on the scale of the monitoring effort. It should have the following characteristics.
Bringing about Behavior Change
Authors: Donabedian Avedis 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
I shall try to answer these difficult questions in two steps. First, I shall describe some activities and interventions meant to bring about changes in the behavior of those who deliver care - changes that, if they occur, can be expected to improve quality. And then, I will offer some opinions about the factors that may influence whether or not the desired behaviors will occur and bring about the hoped-for improvements in care. But, before I begin, I must warn the reader that a great deal of what I am about to say will be speculative, a matter of opinion rather than demonstrable fact.
Dream Charter: The Declaration of Independence
Authors: Cullen Jim 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The wigs, the breeches, the unsmiling faces in from portraits: for those of us who drink coﬀee at Starbucks, surf the World Wide Web, or stand at automatic teller machines that give us currency featuring those portraits, the American Revolution might well have occurred on another planet. There are places—for many Americans, they’re thousands of miles away—that preserve battlefields and remind tourists what actually happened in the 1770s and 1780s. But even for those who visit them, the Revolutionary past is compartmentalized, an interlude in another time and place more likely to be accessed via resort hotels and interstate highways than classrooms or textbooks.
This isn’t quite as true of other eras in American history. As already suggested, the Puritans remain vivid precisely because they’re so irritating. And the Civil War, though it began a mere seventy-eight years after the Revolution—a lifetime for a hardy soul of those days—seems much more recent.