bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Histologic and ultrastructural changes after large-colon torsion, with and without use of a specific platelet-activating factor antagonist (WEB 2086), in ponies
Authors: Wilson D. V. , Patterson J. S. , Stick J. A. , Provost P.J. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The role of platelet-activating factor (paf) in mediating the colonic damage that develops after large-colon torsion was studied in 14 ponies. Morphologic changes in areas of the ascending colon and selected abdominal and thoracic viscera after 1 hour of large-colon torsion and 3 to 5 hours of reperfusion were determined, as well as the protective effects of systemic administration of a specific paf antagonist (WEB 2086). Ponies were selected then allocated at random and in equal numbers to 2 groups that received 1 of 2 treatments prior to induction of large-colon torsion: group 1 —control (saline solution), and group 2 — WEB 2086 (3 mg/kg of body weight loading dose and 3 mg/kg/h for the remainder of the study). In each pony, full-thickness tissue specimens from the gastrointestinal tract —cecum, pelvic flexure, left and right ventral colon, and right dorsal colon —heart, left lung, liver, left adrenal gland, spleen, and right kidney were collected and histologically evaluated. Edema, mucosal necrosis, and neutrophil infiltration in colonic sections were graded from 0 (normal) to 3 (most severe changes). Sections of liver and lung from 3 ponies in each group, and colon from 1 pony in each group, also were examined by transmission electron microscopy to determine the presence of ultrastructural alterations.
Ischemia and reperfusion induced marked changes in all sections of colon in all ponies: moderate to severe submucosal edema, moderate necrosis of the superficial epithelium and lamina propria, and necrosis of the mucosal crypt epithelium. Extra-vascular neutrophil accumulation was evident in all sections of colon and cecum, but not in other tissues. Ultrastructural lesions were not present in hepato-cytes or pneumocytes, or in the endothelial cells of liver, lung, and colon. Bacteria were observed by electron microscopy in 5% of hepatic sinusoids. Administration of a specific paf antagonist, WEB 2086, failed to reduce severity of the observed lesions, indicating that it was not cytoprotective at the dosage used in this model of ischemia-reperfusion injury.
Characterization of Toxoplasma and Trichinella isolates from muscles of black bears in Pennsylvania
Authors: Dubey J. P. , Briscoe Nancy , Gamble Ray , Zarlenga D. , Humphreys J. G. , Thulliez P. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
During the hunting season of 1992, 322 black bears from Pennsylvania were examined for Toxoplasma gondii- and Trichinella spp-induced infections. Toxoplasma gondii antibodies were found in 79.8% of 322 bears–titer < 1:25 in 65 (20.2%), 1:25 in 18 (5.6%), 1:50 in 11 (34.5%) and 1:500 in 128 (38.7%) bears –by use of the modified agglutination test. Muscle tissues from 89 of these bears were bioassayed for T gondii parasites. Muscles from 64 bears, including heart from 1 bear, and heart alone from another bear, were digested in pepsin, and the digested samples were bioassayed in mice. Toxoplasma gondii was isolated from 5 bears; from the heart of 1, heart and skeletal muscles of 1, and skeletal muscles of 3. The T gondii antibody titers for the 5 bears with detectable T gondii were: ≥ 1:25 in all 5 bears by use of the modified agglutination test; < 1:10 (3 bears, considered Toxoplasma-negative), 1:20 and 1:320 by use of the Sabin-Feldman dye test; < 1:64 (3 bears, considered Toxoplasma-negative), 1:128, 1:512 by use of the indirect hemagglutination test, and < 1:16 (2 bears, considered Toxoplasma-negative), 1:32, 1:64, and 1:512 by use of the latex agglutination test. Toxoplasma gondii was not isolated from feces of 5 cats fed muscles from the remaining 25 bears with T gondii antibody titer < 1:25. Tissue cysts of the 4 T gondii isolates from bears were rendered noninfective by freezing at – 13 C. Antibodies against Trichinella spp were found in 6 (1.8%) of 319 bear sera; Trichinella spp larvae were detected in muscle digests of 2 of 63 bears, and in histologic sections of muscles from 3 of 162 bears. Genetic typing indicated that the 2 Trichinella isolates from bears were a sylvatic genotype and were not the species found in domestic pigs.
Tidal breathing flow-volume loops in horses with recurrent airway obstruction (heaves)
Authors: Petsche Vicki M. , Derksen Frederik J. , Robinson N. Edward 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Tidal breathing flow-volume (tbfv) loops were determined in a group of control horses and in horses affected with recurrent airway obstruction (heaves). The latter group was studied when the condition was in remission and under increasing amounts of airway obstruction as reflected by measurements of change in pleural pressure, pulmonary resistance, and dynamic compliance. The tbfv loops of control horses had biphasic inspiratory and expiratory patterns; peak inspiratory and peak expiratory flows were detected early in inspiration and expiration, respectively. Tidal volume was unaffected by heaves, but at all stages of heaves, respiratory frequency was increased principally because of shorter inspiratory time, and therefore, inspiratory flow rate was increased. In horses with heaves, tbfv loops did not have a biphasic pattern; peak inspiratory flow was observed late in inspiration, and peak expiratory flow was observed early in expiration. As airway obstruction became more severe, peak expiratory flow increased as pulmonary resistance increased so that, during severe airway obstruction, tbfv loops had a characteristic appearance with high peak expiratory flow early in expiration followed by low flow rate.
Endoscopic evaluation of the nasopharynx, pharynx, and larynx of Jersey cows
Authors: Anderson David E. , DeBowes Richard M. , Gaughan Earl M. , Yvorchuk Kathleen E. , St.Jean Guy 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Endoscopy of the nasopharynx, pharynx, and larynx was performed in each of 25 adult Jersey cows, age and body weight of which ranged from 2 to 6 years and 300 to 365 kg, respectively. The endoscopic appearance of normal anatomic structures of the proximal portion of the airway were described. Observations specific to female dairy cattle were: the nasal septum, which tapered caudodorsally in the distal third of the nasal passage; the ability to observe both ethmoturbinates from the same viewing side; presence of a pharyngeal septum; the nasopharyngeal opening of the auditory tubes dorsolateral to the pharyngeal septum; and the appearance of the larynx — a triangular epiglottis with round borders and prominent corniculate process of the arytenoid cartilages. Tracheoscopy was performed in 13 cows. Of 11 cows for which the soft palate could be observed immediately after withdrawing the endoscope, 7 had dorsal displacement of the soft palate.
Diagnosis of paratuberculosis in dairy cattle, using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibodies against Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in milk
Authors: Sweeney Raymond W. , Whitlock Robert H. , Buckley Carol L. , Spencer Pam , Rosenberger Ann E. , Hutchinson Lawrence J. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
An elisa containing lipoarabinomannan (lam) antigen was used to detect antibodies in milk and serum for diagnosis of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis infection in dairy cattle. In experiment 1, milk and serum samples were obtained from 25 cows, and subjected to lam elisa testing immediately, and after 1 year of storage at −70 C. Milk samples, with and without a commonly used chemical preservative, were tested. There was no significant difference in lam elisa results between fresh and frozen samples or between preserved and unpreserved milk samples. In experiment 2, milk samples were collected daily from 30 cows over a 14-day period. The day-to-day coefficient of variation was 0.19 for milk lam elisa and was 0.15 for serum lam elisa, with no statistically significant time effect detected. In experiment 3, single milk, serum, and fecal samples were obtained from 764 cows. The fecal samples were cultured for M paratuberculosis to identify infected cows, and the serum and milk samples were subjected to lam elisa testing. Results were compared, using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curves. The milk lam elisa had specificity (± 95% confidence limits) of 87 ± 8.1% when the cutoff was set at 50% sensitivity, and specificity of 83 ± 9.1% when sensitivity was set at 60%. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.85 ± 0.03 for the milk elisa and 0.75 ± 0.02 for the serum elisa. In this population of cattle, the milk lam elisa had comparable accuracy to serum lam elisa, although the milk lam elisa was slightly less reproducible (higher coefficient of variation).
Substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactive nerve fibers in lungs from adult equids
Authors: Sonea Ioana M. , Bowker Robert M. , Edward Robinson N. , Broadstone Richard V. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Distribution of pulmonary nerves immunoreactive for either substance P or calcitonin gene-related peptide was determined, using immunohistochemical methods on healthy lungs from adult equids. The overall patterns of distribution of substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity were similar. Distribution of immunoreactive nerves was not uniform throughout the lungs; nerve fibers immunoreactive for these peptides were more frequently observed near the hilus of the lung than in the caudal lobes or in the periphery of the lung. Nerve fibers immunoreactive for substance P or calcitonin gene-related peptide were most abundant in the lamina propria of the trachea and larger airways, particularly within and directly below the airway epithelium; they were also frequently associated with bronchial and pulmonary vessels. Presence of nerve fibers immunoreactive for substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide in peribronchial neural ganglia indicated that these sensory nerves may modulate parasympathetic regulation of pulmonary function. Nerve fibers immunoreactive for substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide were, therefore, well placed to detect inhaled agents and to contribute to the pulmonary response to irritants and pathogens.
Analysis of mononuclear cell functions in Holstein cattle with leukocyte adhesion deficiency
Authors: Nagahata Hajime , Nochi Hiromi , Sanada Yasuyuki , Tamoto Koichi , Noda Hiroshi , Kociba Gary J. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Lymphocyte functions in cattle affected with leukocyte adhesion deficiency (lad, termed blad in cattle) were evaluated by lymphocyte markers, blastogenic response, and immunoglobulin concentrations; mononuclear phagocyte functions were assessed by chemotactic and luminol-dependent chemiluminescent (cl) responses to determine the effects of impaired expression of leukocyte CD18 on mononuclear cell functions. Deficient CD18 expression on lymphocytes and mononuclear phagocytes from cattle with blad was clearly detected by use of flow cytometric analysis. There were no significant differences in the population of peanut agglutinin (pna)-positive and surface immunoglobulin-bearing blood lymphocytes from clinically normal cattle and cattle with blad, as determined by flow cytometric analysis. Lymphocytes from cattle with blad had strong mitogen-induced blastogenic responses, which were greater than those from controls. Adherence of mononuclear phagocytes from cattle with blad was markedly impaired, and their chemotactic responses had diminished values, compared with those of controls. Luminol-dependent cl of mononuclear phagocytes from affected cattle, stimulated by opsonized zymosan, had significantly (P < 0.01) decreased values, compared with those of controls. Concentrations of IgG were markedly increased in serum from cattle with blad, compared with those in controls. These results indicated that impaired expression of leukocyte CD18 has marked effects on adhering activity of mononuclear phagocytes, and significantly inhibits cl response of mononuclear phagocytes mediated by inactivated-complement 3b-dependent functions. High selective immunoglobulin concentrations indicated that lymphocytes of B-cell lineage may have normal function.
Comparison of microscopic and flow cytometric detection of platelet antibody in dogs suspected of having immune-mediated thrombocytopenia
Authors: Kristensen Annemarie T. , Weiss Douglas J. , Klausner Jeffrey S. , Laber Judy , Christie Douglas J. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
A flow cytometric platelet immunofluorescence assay (fc-pifa) was compared with a previously developed microscopic platelet immunofluorescence assay (mi-pifa) for detection of circulating platelet antibody. Both assays were performed on serum from 10 healthy dogs with normal platelet count, and on serum from 27 thrombocytopenic dogs—18 had primary immune-mediated thrombocytopenia (imt), and 9 had imt in addition to other immune-mediated disease (secondary imt). Both assays yielded negative results for all control dogs. The mi-pifa and fc-pifa results were in agreement in 23 dogs with imt (14 positive and 9 negative). There was linear correlation between mi-pifa scores and fc-pifa results (r = 0.873). Positive results were obtained for 55.5% of the dogs with suspected imt, using the mi-pifa, compared with 67%, using the fc-pifa; however, the difference was not statistically significant. Use of fresh or frozen fixed donor platelets as the antigen source yielded similar results in the fc-pifa.
Cardiopulmonary effects of medetomidine in heartworm-infected and noninfected dogs
Authors: Venugopalan C. S. , Holmes E. P. , Fucci V. , Keefe T. J. , Crawford M. P. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Medetomidine, an investigational drug indicated for clinical use as a short-term chemical restraint in dogs, was evaluated for its cardiopulmonary effects, in 10 naturally heartworm-infected (HW+) and 10 noninfected (hw−) Beagles. The drug was randomly administered IV (30 μg/kg of body weight) and IM (40 μg/kg) in single injections to all dogs. Heart rate, respiratory rate, ecg, blood gas tensions, blood pH, central venous and arterial pressures were measured at 0, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 180 minutes.
Medetomidine induced an immediate significant (P ≤ 0.001) increase in mean arterial blood pressure followed by decreased blood pressure that remained below normal throughout the study in both groups, irrespective of route of administration. Medetomidine increased central venous pressure, over time, for both groups and both routes of administration. Heart and respiratory rates were significantly (P ≤ 0.001) decreased after medetomidine administration and remained reduced for the duration of the study in all dogs. The ecg variables were not significantly different between groups or between routes of administration. The HW+ dogs tended to have higher mean Pao2 than did HW− dogs at several postinjection determination times, particularly when the drug was administered IM. The Pao2; decreased during the first 30 minutes in both groups and tended to increase gradually thereafter. The pH decreased over time for both groups and both routes. A significant (P ≤ 0.05) decrease in pH was seen in the HW− dogs, compared with HW+ dogs at each measuring time for both routes. The Paco2 did not significantly change for groups or routes.
In general, bradycardia was the predominant cardiovascular effect seen after medetomidine administration in all dogs, irrespective of route. Lowering of blood pressure and heart rate (after a transient blood pressure increase) was synchronized with sedation in these dogs. The overall clinical response with regard to cardiopulmonary effects in HW+ dogs was similar to that in HW− dogs.
Evaluation of quantitative acid-base balance and determination of unidentified anions in swine
Authors: Frischmeyer Karen J. , Moon Paula F. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Arterial blood samples were collected from 19 anesthetized pigs before and after hemorrhage was induced. Blood gas tensions and concentrations of sodium, potassium, chloride, lactate, and total protein were measured. Results indicated that hydrogen ion (H+) concentration calculated from a specific formula was a biased and imprecise estimate of measured H+ concentration. The bias was 5.45 nEq/L, with limits of agreement from −7.92 to 18.83 nEq/L. Because albumin is the fraction of plasma protein most important in acid-base balance, the agreement between predicted and measured H+ concentration was reevaluated, using an albumin charge estimate and a reference swine albumin-to-globulin ratio. This improved the ability of the formula to predict H+ concentration; the bias decreased to 1.33 nEq/L with limits of agreement from −12.16 to 9.49 nEq/L. The formula and a simplified approach for clinical application were biased and unacceptably imprecise estimators of lactate (L−) concentration. The formula approach underestimated L− concentration by 2.8 (−12.4, 6.7) mEq/L, whereas the simplified method overestimated L− concentration by 5.0 (−3.8, 13.9) mEq/L.
Effects of chemical restraint on the endoscopic appearance of laryngeal and pharyngeal anatomy and sensation in adult cattle
Authors: Anderson David E. , Gaughan Earl M. , DeBowes Richard M. , Lowry Stephen R. , Yvorchuk Kathleen E. , Jean Guy St. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Effects of 2 drugs commonly used for chemical restraint of cattle were evaluated for their effect on laryngeal and pharyngeal anatomy, function, and response to stimuli. Eighteen adult Jersey cows, free of respiratory tract disease, were studied. Cows were assigned at random to 1 of 3 treatment groups. Endoscopic evaluations were performed before and at a predetermined time interval after administration of each drug. Responses to stimuli were evaluated by stimulating 7 preselected sites (epiglottis, left and right arytenoid cartilages, left and right vocal folds, and left and right dorsolateral pharyngeal walls) with a closed, transendoscopic biopsy probe. Xylazine HCl (0.05 mg/kg of body weight, IV) was administered to group-1 cows (n = 6), and endoscopy was repeated 5 minutes after administration of the drug. Xylazine (0.07 mg/kg, IV) was administered to group-2 cows (n = 6), and endoscopy was repeated 5 minutes after administration of the drug. Acepromazine maleate (0.035 mg/kg, IV) was administered to group-3 cows (n = 6), and endoscopy was repeated 10 minutes after administration of the drug. Responses to stimuli were scored as brisk (0), moderate (1), slow (2), and absent (3). Scores for responses to stimuli were compared, using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test for data within groups, and a general linear models procedure, using the Kruskal-Wallis test between groups. Interobserver agreement rates were generated for each group. A value of P< 0.05 was considered significant.
Xylazine profoundly changed laryngeal sensitivity and function at both dosages. The corniculate processes of the arytenoid cartilages were observed to be in a markedly adducted position after sedation.
Response to stimuli was significantly (P = 0.03) slower than normal after sedation, using both dosages. Displacement of the soft palate dorsal to the epiglottis was persistent in 50% of the cows after stimulation tests subsequent to sedation with xylazine. Acepromazine had a mild effect on laryngeal sensitivity and function. The corniculate processes of the arytenoid cartilages were observed in paramedian position after sedation. Acepromazine did not significantly affect responses to stimuli. Effects of sedation on responses to stimuli were not significantly different for groups 1 and 2. However, effects for group 3 were significantly different from those for groups 1 and 2 (P = 0.006 and 0.004, respectively).
Endoscopic evaluation of the proximal portion of the respiratory tract of cattle should be performed without sedation, when possible. If sedation is required to facilitate restraint for endoscopy, acepromazine maleate is recommended over xylazine on the basis of results of this study.
Radiographic geometric variation of equine long bones
Authors: Hanson Peter D. , Markel Mark D. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
As more sophisticated research is performed to refine fracture fixation techniques for horses, it is important that normal values for the geometric properties of the bones of the appendicular skeleton be determined and that suitable controls be available. We evaluated the geometric properties of total bone width, cortical bone width, and medullary canal/trabecular bone width measured from 2 radiographic projections of equine long bones (humerus, radius, third metacarpal bone, femur, tibia, and third metatarsal bone) obtained from a general population of horses. Measurements were performed on slices separated by intervals equal to 5% of the bone's length. Slices were then grouped into 5 regions: proximal epiphysis, proximal part of the metaphysis, diaphysis, distal part of the metaphysis, and distal epiphysis. Results validated use of the contralateral bone as a control for assessing experimental models or clinical cases. Of 858 homotypic slice comparisons between left and right bones, significant (P ≤ 0.05) differences were detected in 31 (3.6%) of the comparisons. Of 168 homotypic region comparisons, significant differences were observed in 3 (1.8%) of the comparisons. The greatest variation between left and right bones was observed in metaphyseal regions, areas with bony protuberances, and regions with prominent bone superimposition. At a power of 0.8 for the statistical tests performed in this study, the mean homotypic variation of bones in each region is < 5.8% for the proximal epiphysis, 11.3% for the proximal part of the metaphysis, 6.8% for the diaphysis, 12.2% for the distal part of the metaphysis, and 5.2% for the distal epiphysis.
Pulmonary vascular pressures of strenuously exercising Thoroughbreds after administration of flunixin meglumine and furosemide
Authors: Manohar Murli 
Published: January 2024

Summary
High-intensity exercise results in a dramatic increase in mean pulmonary capillary blood pressure of horses, and administration of furosemide 4 hours before exertion significantly attenuates this exercise-induced increment. To test whether this effect of furosemide is mediated via release of prostaglandins, right atrial and pulmonary vascular pressures were measured in 8 healthy, sound, exercise-trained Thoroughbreds at rest and during incremental-step exercise on a treadmill. Horses were studied on 3 separate occasions: after IV administration of saline (0.9% NaCl) solution, after administration of furosemide (250 mg, IV, 4 hours before exercise) alone, and after administration of flunixin meglumine (1.1 mg/kg, IV, q 8 h for 3 days) and furosemide (250 mg, IV, 4 hours before exercise; last dose of flunixin meglumine was administered 90 seconds after furosemide injection). Experiments on each horse were separated by at least 7 days and were performed in random order. At rest and at the highest workload (14.5 m/s on a 5% uphill incline), mean pulmonary capillary blood pressure recorded after administration of furosemide alone was not significantly different from that recorded after administration of flunixin meglumine and furosemide. However, these values were significantly (P< 0.05) less than corresponding values of mean pulmonary capillary blood pressure recorded after administration of saline solution. Thus, it was concluded that furosemide-induced attenuation of the increment in pulmonary capillary blood pressure during strenuous exercise is probably not mediated via prostaglandin production.