bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
For The Soul Of The People Protestant Protest Against Hitler
Authors: Barnett Victoria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Organized religion is often justly accused of hypocrisy and complacency, of which there can be no better example than the acquiescence of German Christians in Hitler’s genocidal persecution of the Jews. One church, however, has long been explicitly exempted from this charge. The Confessing Church, which broke away from the state church to protest against Nazi interference in church affairs, was labelled a `resistance movement’ and produced many examples of moral heroism and not a few martyrs. As the book reveals, however, the `resistance’ of the Confessing Church was neither unqualified nor unanimous. Victoria Barnett has interviewed more than sixty Germans who were active in the Confessing Church. They reflect on what happened to them politically and morally during the Third Reich and how those experiences affected their values and politics after 1945. The resulting frank testimony provides the material for an engrossing case-study in moral behaviour that is not only an important contribution to our understanding of German behaviour under Nazism, but a timely addition to the ongoing debate about the proper relation of religion to political belief and action.
Nationalism, Nazism, and the Churches: The Early Period
Authors: Barnett Victoria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
He Mass Display of enthusiasm at Tempelhof Field on May 1 demonstrated the two kinds of responses Hitler drew from his admirers. One was jubilant hysteria, which Hitler’s personal charisma triggered in those who believed in him. In rigid contrast were the rows upon rows of brown- and black-shirted SA and SS members standing in the broad center of the field. Their emotions were betrayed only by the hundreds of right arms that simultaneously jutted into the air and the hundreds of voices that bellowed “Sieg Heil” as one voice. Both responses represented Hitler’s power: the spontaneous emotions of the masses and the controlled obeisance of his disciplined party-in the locked step, the uniforms, the unquestioning loyalty to his dictates.
Convictions and Conflicts
Authors: Barnett Victoria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
He Ways in which individuals confronted Nazism depended upon their backgrounds and personalities as well as upon their political persuasions. Both theological and temperamental differences among the leaders of the various churches played a major role in the alliances and divisions within the church opposition to Hitler. The radically different situations of the regional churches in 1934 magnified these personal differences. Germany’s churches were divided regionally along borders that often reflected confessional differences as well. Some regional churches were predominantly Lutheran; in others, the Reformed tradition had played a stronger historical role. In the Evangelical Church of the Old Prussian Union, the Reformed and Lutheran traditions had been united since 1817.
Christian Faith And Political Vision In Germany
Authors: Barnett Victoria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There Is One Aspect of religious belief that invariably sets it apart from the rest of society: The human soul, however bound it becomes by worldly powers, ultimately possesses the capacity to free itself. However religious institutions may affirm and participate in the political systems in which they find themselves, religion remains an inherently revolutionary force (this is what Iwand meant by a confessing church being “in opposition in every system”). This is why religious groups pose such a threat in totalitarian societies, which either persecute religious groups or try to co opt them ideologically (perhaps Hitler failed to transform the Protestant church into a Reich church because he tried to do both). It is why one measure of a free society is the extent to which it protects the freedom of different religious groups.
Faith And The Fatherland
Authors: Barnett Victoria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since 1945, German National Identity has been bound inseparably with the process of Vergangenheitsbewiiltigung. The kind of “Germanness” that people claim for themselves and wish for their country is one indicator of how they have chosen to examine their past. Many of those who most explicitly wish to atone for Germany’s Nazi past also deliberately reject any continued claim on a territorial or symbolic Fatherland.
Point Defects and Ionic Crystals: Color Centers as the Key to Imperfections
Authors: Teichmann Jurgen , Szymborski Krzysztof 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Point defects are localized positions of atomic dimensions in a crystal in which the perfection of the crystal lattice is interrupted—say, because an atom is out of place. One especially interesting class of these imperfections came to be called “color centers.” There are several reasons why ionic crystal point defects in general, and alkali halide color centers in particular, occupy an important place in the history of solidstate physics.
The German Professions in History and Theory
Authors: Jarausch Konrad H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the last two centuries, paid work has become a central dimension of the human experience. While the hours of toil have decreased and leisure time has been more sharply differentiated, a person’s occupation has turned from a series of intermittent jobs into a lifelong full-time pursuit. “Our work is always our mistress,” a German high school teacher typically reflected in 1937. “In this regard every true man is a kind of bigamist who is not as faithful in marriage as his wife. . . . He has something that he loves beyond her and to which he dedicates more time, energy, and often more passion. . . .” Crucial for material wellbeing, the occupational role has come to exert a considerable formative influence upon its members.
A Struggle for Existence: The Professionalization of German Architects
Authors: Clark Vinc ent 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the forty or fifty years since scholars began studying the professions, they have employed two basic approaches. One academic approach considered professions in an ethical perspective; thus, for these scholars, professions were distinguished from other occupations by higher ethical considerations, which they believed motivated professional practice.1 The other approach, which has been dominant perhaps since the late 1960s, has emphasized professionalization as a means of achieving domination over a particular area of work and its economic rewards.
Conflict Within the Legal Profession: Simultaneous Admission and the German Bar, 1903-1927
Authors: Ledford Kenneth E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years, historians of Germany have turned increasingly toward a study of the professions as a means of understanding the Burgertum (middle class), especially theBildungsburgertum (educated middle class), as a whole. Interest in the professions and professionalization has produced a series of studies treating specific occupational groups and illustrating particular aspects of the professionalization process.
Introduction
Authors: Kresin Vladimir Z , Morawitz Hans , Wolf Stuart A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book has several goals. There has been interest in high temperature superconductivity since well before the breakthrough in 1986 by Georg Bednorz and Alex Mueller [1] that started the recent revolution. In fact, from the theoretical standpoint there are many ways to achieve superconductivity at very high temperatures, even well beyond what has been achieved experimentally.
Introduction
Authors: Smith Jeffery A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much of the impetus for change in modern history can be traced to a form of social consciousness which matured and unfolded in the Enlightenment. A common characteristic of the American and French Revolutions was the professed objective of humanity’s liberation from oppression and deprivation. In the Declaration of Independence, the people were said to have a right to establish governments that seemed to them “most likely to effect their safety and happiness.” The first of the king’s “repeated injuries and usurpations” listed in that document was his refusal to “assent to laws the most wholesome and necessary for the public good.”
World Revolution and American Reform
Authors: Smith Jeffery A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In The First Few Months Of Publication, Benjamin Franklin Bache attempted to follow his announced plans for making the General Advertiser an educational newspaper. The second issue, for instance, had articles on calculating erosion and checking the quality of gunpowder. Having promised in the first issue “to gratify the Public” with anecdotes about his grandfather, he also inserted an account from an English newspaper of some of Franklin ‘s accomplishments.
Missiles and Magnolias
Authors: Schulman Bruce J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Our economy is no longer agricultural,” William Faulkner observed in 1956. “Our economy is the Federal Government.” In characteristic fashion, Faulkner likened the South’s surrender of its pastoral heritage to the Edenic Fall. The South, he contended, had “sold state’s rights” during the Depression in return for the fruits of the New Deal. In Faulkner’s conception, the historical experience of his native land after 1945 recapitulated the path of his characters, the denizens of fictional Yoknapatawpha County. Southern leaders, motivated by pride and avarice, reenacted the drama of the Original Sin. They exchanged the richness of the region’s land and people for the foolish promise of progress.
“Shadows on the Sunbelt”
Authors: Schulman Bruce J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Roads—Tobacco Road, “Dixie Highway,” “Crossroads Blues,” “On the Road Again.” Highways have long claimed a place of distinction in southern culture. They have also dominated political debate and concentrated economic effort. The region, Mississippi senator Pat Harrison admitted in the 1930s, had an obssession with “climbing out of the mud.” Pavement symbolized progress. For visitors to the region, nothing so altered the face of the South as the construction of the National Defense Interstate Highway System in the late 1950s. Federal-aid roads paved the South, laying more road below the Mason-Dixon line in three years than southerners themselves had cleared in the years from 1789 to 1930.
Conclusion: Place Over People
Authors: Schulman Bruce J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1939, David Lilienthal, chairman of the TVA and devoted New Dealer, took stock of his own and his President’s recent actions in the South. “How could TVA help change the income level, not only of the section,” Lilienthal wondered, “but of the low income groups—how could we increase the income which remains in the hands of the great masses of miserable people, most of them darned good stuff, too?” But policies aimed at aiding poor people seldom materialized. Instead, from 1940 until the 1980s, federal economic policy stressed regional development rather than human development. Originally designed to secure an “American standard of living” for the southern people, federal policy increasingly concentrated on ensuring an American standard of industrial progress for southern places.
Imaging by Light Optical Microscopy
Authors: Vandervoort G F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The light optical microscope, a relatively simple instrument compared with most of the other instruments discussed in this book, is still the single most important, most widely used instrument for the study of microstructure. Nearly all studies of micro-structure should begin with examination by light microscopy. Such examinations are relatively rapid, compared with electron microscopy techniques, and efficient. Such an examination will permit categorization of the basic microstructural constituents present; definition of their relative size, shape, and quantity; assessment of the normalcy or abnormality of the microstructure relative to composition, processing history, and service conditions; and an indication of the need for further examination by more specialized techniques.
Prologue: Readings Old and New-A Critique
Authors: Hunsinger George 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This study offers a new way of reading Karl Barth’s Church Dogmatics one not previously developed in detail. A number of attempts have been made in the past to discover a single overriding conception that would serve as a key to reading Barth. Such a conception, if it could be found, would have a number of advantages. Not only would it serve to guide the reader through the nearly ten thousand pages of labyrinthine argument which constitute Barth’s masterwork. It would also make it possible to bring Barth more readily into dialogue with other theologies and other fields of discourse than might otherwise be the case. It could even ease the task of developing responsible and penetrating criticisms.
Truth as Mediated: Revelation
Authors: Hunsinger George 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As the motif of objectivism signifies, in Barth’s theology truth is always conceived as ‘‘mediated.’’ Truth is not immediately apprehensible in matters of revelation and salvation; it is not directly accessible to us on the basis of general considerations or by our own innate powers of cognition and perception. Whether it is a question of God’s identity in relation to us (“revelational objectivism”) or of our identity in relation to God (“so teriological objectivism”) the truth is never something that is accessible to us except as mediated by Jesus Christ. In matters of revelation and salvation, Jesus Christ must be regarded as the sole Mediator of truth.
Truth as Mediated: Salvation
Authors: Hunsinger George 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Soteriological objectivism, the other major category pertaining to christological mediation in Barth’s theology, signifies that Jesus Christ is regarded as the sole Mediator not only of revealed truth, but also of saving truth. Truth in Barth’s theology is a category that governs not only our knowing of God’s identity, but also God’s knowing of our identities in Jesus Christ. Soteriological objectivism, briefly stated, means that there is finally no other truth about us than the truth of who we are before God in Jesus Christ. We have no existence before God that stands in independence of Jesus Christ. ‘‘The truth of our existence is simply this-Jesus Christ has died and risen again for us. It is this and this alone which is to be proclaimed to us as our truth” (11/1, 167 rev.).
Greater Syria
Authors: Pipes Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pan-Syrian nationalism—the dream of creating a Greater Syria out of what is now Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Jordan, and a part of Turkey—has profoundly, if quietly, affected Middle Eastern politics since the end of the First World War. This is the first full account of Pan-Syrian nationalism and its role in Middle Eastern politics. The book provides the historical context for understanding such important political episodes as the Syrian occupation of Lebanon and its confrontation with Israel.
Failed Efforts To Constitute Greater Syria, 1920-1973
Authors: Pipes Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the Syrian Kingdom lasted a scant hundred days, never to be recreated, its brief existence had a lasting impact on the politics and imagination of many residents in Greater Syria. Passions and dreams aroused by the kingdom retained power for decades. Most expectations of Pan-Syrian unity, even those of antimonarchists, referred back to the ephemeral but exciting success of Prince Faysal in 1920. Conversely, the division of Greater Syria decided on at San Remo met a resistance that has never disappeared. Indeed, the reluctance to accept the imposed boundaries of 1920 to 1923 has proved an abiding theme of politics in the area and a major source of political turmoil. The following two chapters record some of the tumult between 1920 and the present.
Fluid Dynamics for the Study of Transonic Flow
Authors: Ramm Heinrich J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This new title leads readers step-by-step through the transition from subsonic to supersonic flow, and will help them develop an understanding of the complex theoretical principles involved. The work provides complete information on the fundamentals as well as matters of increasing complexity demonstrating the logic behind the computer analysis that is a necessary part of such a study. The book will be of use to anyone who needs to acquire an understanding of transonic flow, practising engineers as well as students of fluid mechanics.
The Theory of Inviscid Transonic Flow
Authors: Ramm Heinrich J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some of the important characteristics of transonic flow can readily be derived from inviscid one-dimensional gas dynamics. The shape of the Laval nozzle (Fig. 2.1) for the establishment of supersonic flow, for instance, is the result of the peculiar behavior of the flow at the Mach number of 1. In a Laval nozzle, the Mach number increases steadily, reaching the value M = 1 at the nozzle “throat,” the station of minimum cross-sectional area A, and becomes supersonic in the diverging part of the nozzle. As the Mach number increases in the nozzle, the flow properties pressure p, density p, and temperature T decrease monotonically.
Steps Toward The Optimum Transonic Aircraft
Authors: Ramm Heinrich J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter can only give a few outstanding problems in transonic aircraft design. The reader is encouraged to acquaint himself with this important discipline from the extensive literature. For a general study of aircraft performance and the special problems in the transonic speed range, see, for example, ref. 39.
The realization that the shock wave-boundary layer interaction has an outstanding effect on the performance of transonic flight articles was found to lead to studies trying to accomplish two major tasks: (1) to develop a computational method for the accurate determination of the shock wave-boundary interaction in terms of the pressure coefficient distribution on the body surface; and (2) to find body geometries for which the shock strength or the location of the shock wave would discourage separation and minimize the shifting of the shock wave during aircraft maneuvers.
Sources and Agents of Religious Reform
Authors: Commins David Dean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Changes in Damascene ulama’s status constituted one stimulus for subjecting prevailing religious beliefs and practices to reexamination. An additional stimulus came from their interaction with Islamic intellectual trends originating outside Damascus. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries religious reform movements that sprang up throughout the Muslim world appeared to represent a ubiquitous urge to revive "true" Islamic beliefs and practices.1 The “WahhiibI” movement in Arabia is the best-known example of the early modem religious reform movements (its first phase lasted from 1744 until 1818). Scholars have traced the roots of reform movements from West Africa to India to the Wahhiibts’ influence on ulama from those lands who visited Medina and Mecca and returned home imbued with WahhabI ideas. The question of whether the Arabian reform movement influenced Damascene ulama arises because of the Wahhiibts’ proximity to Syria and because Syrian opponents of religious reform accused the salafis of propagating Wahhabism. Another possible source of influence on Damascene salafis lay to the east in Baghdad, where the AliisI family of ulama led a reform movement in the nineteenth century.
Conservative Ulama and Antisalafi Action
Authors: Commins David Dean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The stiffest opposition to the salafis came from ulama who defended customary practices and beliefs. These ulama constituted a distinct faction of religious scholars who shared a common interpretation of Islam, loyalty to Sultan Abdiilbamid, and a strong aversion to European manners and ideas. They may also have shared a common social identity anchored in wealth and status in the Damascene ulama corps.
Heart of Darkness
Authors: Huggins Nathan Irvin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Negro, for sufficient reason, has felt himself outside American society. And white Americans, on the other hand, while intent on excluding Negroes from the mainstream of American life, were nevertheless dimly conscious of the black man within it. “Negroes,” as Henry May has said, “like white Southerners, had to break into the dominant respectable culture of the day before they could break out of it.” 1 Yet the black-white relationship has been symbiotic; blacks have been essential to white identity (and whites to blacks). This interdependence has been too profound to be measured by the simple meting out of respective contributions to American culture. Whites have needed blacks as they have needed the blackface minstrel mask-a guise of alter ego. And blacks-sensing this psychic dependency-have been all too willing to join in the charade, hiding behind that minstrel mask, appearing to be what white men wanted them to be, and finding pleasure in the deception which too often was a trick on themselves. The way that the Negro has been used by whites, and the way he has permitted himself to be used, exposes the deep moral tensions that have characterized American race relations. Harlem in the 1920s gave to this interdependency a sophistication and charm, but at its very core the game of masks remained the same.
The Iron Fist Meets the Invisible Hand
Authors: Logan Charles H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Government production of goods and services is often defended as being a necessary response to market failure. Where the “invisible hand”of the market fails to produce goods and services of adequate quality, or in sufficient quantity, or at an appropriate price, or to distribute them properly, the “iron fist”of the state must take action. Conversely, privatization is often seen as a remedy for government failure in these matters. Does imprisonment represent an area of “government failure”today? Imprisonment, since it serves the public as a whole rather than individual consumers, can be characterized as a public good. Public goods are generally financed and arranged for (but not necessarily produced) by government.
Issues of Cost and Efficiency
Authors: Logan Charles H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Among claims made for the superiority of proprietary prisons, the most frequent and most salient-but not necessarily the strongest-is that they will be less expensive, or at least more efficient. So far, very little systematic empirical evidence exists either for or against this premise. As a result, both advocates and critics of proprietary prisons base their contentions on theoretical (or often ideological) grounds and on analogies to privatization in other areas. Those arguments will be reviewed here, along with all the empirical evidence available at this time. The relative cost and efficiency merits of public and proprietary prisons can be examined within three areas: finance, construction, and operation. Greatest attention here will be given to the area of operation.
Issues of Flexibility
Authors: Logan Charles H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A major promise of proprietary prisons is that they will bring with them the flexibility and innovation typical of entrepreneurial activity and commonly found among small businesses. They will have less of the bureaucracy that tends to preserve the status quo in government and other large organizations. As enterprises subject to competition and market discipline, they will be more free to engage in purchasing and subcontracting without the bureaucratic regulations that are needed to control government spending.