bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A model of sequential effects in common pool resource dilemmas
Authors: Budescu David V. , Au Wing Tung 
Published: October 2002

AbstractExperimental games are often used as models of social dilemmas in which small groups of players have unrestricted access to, and share, a common and finite resource of desirable goods in the absence of any binding coordination mechanism. Examples are fishing, hunting, and use of computational facilities. Experimental studies of social dilemmas employ different protocols of play that differ from each other in terms of the information available to the players when they register their requests from the common resource. In this study we focus on the sequential protocol, where each participant has complete information about his or her position and the total requests of the previous movers, and the positional protocol, where each player only knows his or her position, but has no information about the other's requests. Previous research has found a robust position effect: individual requests are inversely related to the players' positions in the sequence with the first mover requesting most, and the last mover requesting the least. In an attempt to characterize the nature and intensity of the position effect, we developed and tested a descriptive model with one free (individual specific) parameter. The parameter is estimated from the players' requests under the positional protocol (i.e. in the absence of any information about the other's requests) and, as such, quantifies the social norm of ‘advantage of the early mover’. In a range of cases examined, including different group sizes, resource pool sizes, and positions, the model predicted very accurately individuals' requests in the sequential protocol (with full information about position and others' requests). Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Acceptance of a price discount: the role of the semantic relatedness between purchases and the comparative price format
Authors: Bonini Nicolao , Rumiati Rino 
Published: October 2002

AbstractTwo studies are reported where people are asked to accept or not a price reduction on a target product. In the high (low) relative saving version, the regular price of the target product is low (high). In both versions, the absolute value of the price reduction is the same as well as the total of regular prices of planned purchases. As first reported by Tversky and Kahneman (1981), findings show that the majority of people accept the price discount in the high‐relative saving version whereas the minority do it in the low one. In Study 1, findings show that the previous preference reversal disappears when planned purchases are strongly related. Also, a previously unreported preference reversal is found. The majority of people accept the price discount when the products are weakly related whereas the minority accept when the products are strongly related. In Study 2, findings show that the classic preference reversal disappears as a function of the comparative price format. Also, another previously unreported preference reversal is found. When the offered price reduction relates to a low‐priced product, people are more inclined to accept it with a control than a minimal comparative price format. Findings reported in Studies 1 and 2 are interpreted in terms of mental accounting shifts. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The colonial urochordate Botryllus schlosseri: from stem cells and natural tissue transplantation to issues in evolutionary ecology
Authors: Rinkevich Baruch 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe urochordates, whose stem groups may have included the direct predecessors of the chordate line, serve as an excellent model group of organisms for a variety of scientific disciplines. One taxon, the botryllid ascidian, has emerged as the model system for studying allorecognition; this work has concentrated on the cosmopolitan species Botryllus schlosseri. Studies analyzing self–nonself recognition in this colonial marine organism point to three levels of allorecognition, each associated with different outcomes. The first level controls natural allogeneic rejections and fusions, in which blood‐shared chimeras are formed. The second level leads to morphological resorption of partners within chimeras while the third allows the development of somatic and germ cell parasitic events. Recent studies on multi‐chimeric entities formed in allogeneic fusions reveal evolutionary links between allorecognition, stem cell biology and ecology. Thus, the Botryllus system generates perspectives from different biological disciplines to yield a unique life history portrait. BioEssays 24:730–740, 2002. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Two‐dimensional near‐IR correlation spectroscopy study of molten globule‐like state of ovalbumin in acidic pH region: Simultaneous changes in hydration and secondary structure
Authors: Murayama Koichi , Ozaki Yukihiro 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe molten globule‐like states of ovalbumin (OVA) in acid aqueous solutions are investigated by generalized two‐dimensional (2D) Fourier transform near‐IR (FT‐NIR) correlation spectroscopy. This new method allows us to explore the changes in hydration and the secondary structure simultaneously. FT‐NIR spectra are measured for OVA aqueous solutions with concentrations of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 wt % over a pH range of 2.4–5.4. Concentration‐perturbed 2D correlation spectra are calculated for the spectra in the 4850–4200 and 7500–5350 cm−1regions at different pH values. The 2D NIR synchronous spectrum in the 4850–4200 cm−1region shows a significant change upon going from pH 5.4 to 3.6. An autopeak at 4265 cm−1that is due to a combination of a symmetric CH2stretching mode and a CH2bending mode of side chains seen at pH 5.0 disappears completely in the synchronous spectrum at pH 3.6. This suggests that some amino acid residues of OVA are subjected to microenvironmental changes with decreasing pH. More remarkable changes are observed in the synchronous spectra at pHs below 2.8. A band near 4600 cm−1arising from a combination of amide B and amide II modes (amide B/II) shifts downward with considerable broadening between pH 3.0 and 2.4, suggesting that the strength of the hydrogen bonds of amide groups of OVA changes significantly. The synchronous and asynchronous spectra in the 4850–4200 cm−1region show that the intensities of the bands attributable to amide groups and side chains of OVA and that of the band near 4800 cm−1arising from water change in phase with the increase in the concentration above pH 2.8, but they vary out of phase below pH 2.8. The 2D synchronous map in the 7500–5350 cm−1region also shows marked changes upon going from pH 2.8 to 2.6. A broad autopeak at around 6950 cm−1assigned to free water and bound water with weak hydrogen bonds becomes very weak in the synchronous spectrum at pH 2.6, while broad autopeaks around 6450 cm−1suddenly appear that are due to bound water with several hydrogen bonds and the first overtone of an NH stretching mode of the amide groups of OVA. Therefore, it is very likely that protein hydration and the hydrogen bonds of amide groups change simultaneously in a narrow pH region of 2.8–2.6. It is probably that below pH 2.6 the protein assumes a molten globule‐like state in which the whole molecule is very flexible, and side chains (but not the backbone chain) fluctuate significantly. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Biospectroscopy) 67: 394–405, 2002
Effect of biogenic amines on oxidation of farmorubicin by Fenton‐like reagents
Authors: Kruk Irena , Lichszteld Krzysztof , Aboul‐Enein Hassan Y. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate the effect of dopa and catecholamines on the generation of oxygen active species during oxidation of farmorubicin by “Fenton‐like” reagents using chemiluminescent and spectrophotometric techniques. The tested catechols were found to reduce the light emission accompanying oxidation of farmorubicin by Co(II) + H2O2 and Cu(II) + H2O2 mixtures. The quenching effect was followed by their rapid oxidation to aminochromes possessing toxic activities. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Biospectroscopy) 67: 421–427, 2002
Two‐dimensional correlation spectroscopy and principal component analysis studies of temperature‐dependent IR spectra of cotton–cellulose
Authors: Kokot Serge , Czarnik‐Matusewicz Boguslawa , Ozaki Yukihiro 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe FTIR spectra were measured for raw Uplands Sicala‐V2 cotton fibers over a temperature range of 40–325°C to explore the temperature‐dependent changes in the hydrogen bonds of cellulose. These cotton–cellulose spectra exhibited complicated patterns in the 3800–2800 cm−1 region and thus were analyzed by both the exploratory principal component analysis (PCA) and two‐dimensional (2‐D) correlation spectroscopy methods. The exploratory PCA showed that the spectra separate into two groups on the basis of thermal degradation of the cotton–cellulose and the consequent breakage of intersheet H‐bonds present in its structure. Frequency variables, which strongly contributed to each principal component highlighted in its loadings plot, were linked to the frequencies assigned to vibrations of the OH groups involved in different kinds of H‐bonds, as well as to vibrations of the CH groups. Deeper insights into reorganization of the temperature‐dependent hydrogen bonding were obtained by 2‐D correlation spectroscopy. Synchronous and asynchronous spectra were analyzed in the temperature ranges of 40 to 150 and 250 to 320°C, the ranges indicated by PCA. Detailed band assignments of the OH stretching region and changes in the patterns of the hydrogen bonding network of the cotton–cellulose were proposed with the aid of the 2‐D correlation spectroscopy analysis. Below 150°C, distinctly different bands assigned to the less stable Iα and the more stable Iβ interchain H‐bonds O6H6…O3′ were observed at about 3230 and 3270 cm−1, respectively. Evaporation of water entrapped in the cellulose network was examined by means of the band at about 3610 cm−1. The cooperativity of hydrogen bonds, which play a key role in the cellulose conformation, was monitored by frequencies assigned to intrachain H‐bonds. It was possible to separate the frequencies assigned to the O2H2…O6 and O3H3…O5 intrachain H‐bonds into two separate ranges, the spread of which was controlled by the cooperativity effect. The temperature dependence of the asynchronous spectra indicated that the less stable O3H3…O5 bonds gave rise to an absorption extending from 3300 to 3384 cm−1, while the more stable O2H2…O6 bonds were characterized by the absorption between 3400 and 3470 cm−1. The final breaking of the inter‐ and intrachain H‐bonds, which occurs at the higher temperatures, was monitored by the asynchronous peaks at 3533 and 3590 cm−1, respectively. On the basis of both the exploratory PCA and 2‐D correlation spectroscopy investigations, it was possible to extract well‐defined wavenumber ranges assigned to different kinds of intra‐ and interchain hydrogen bonds, as well as to the free OH groups of the cotton–cellulose. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Biospectroscopy) 67: 456–469, 2002
The effect of ajmalicine spiking and resin addition timing on the production of indole alkaloids from Catharanthus roseus cell cultures
Authors: Lee‐Parsons Carolyn W. T. , Shuler Michael L. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe potential for the feedback inhibition of indole alkaloid synthesis was investigated by spiking suspension cultures of Catharanthus roseus with 0, 9, or 18 mg/L ajmalicine on day 0. The production of ajmalicine, catharanthine, and serpentine were inhibited in a dose‐dependent manner. The inhibition was transient as the exogenous ajmalicine was ultimately either metabolized in the medium or within the cell. The addition of neutral resin has previously been shown to enhance ajmalicine production. To minimize product inhibition and product metabolism, Amberlite XAD‐7 resin was added to immobilized cultures of C. roseus starting on either day 0, 5, or 15, and fresh resin was exchanged for spent resin every 5 days. The addition of resin did not decrease the viability of the culture. Growth was reduced only in cultures with resin added on day 0. Alkaloid production was enhanced to different extents by the timing of resin addition, suggesting that feedback inhibition or product metabolism was present throughout the culture period. Ajmalicine recovery was nearly 100% when the resin was added initially either on day 0 or day 5. Ajmalicine recovery was reduced to 55% when the resin was added later in the culture period starting on day 15, presumably because of resin saturation or the inaccessibility of alkaloids trapped in the vacuole. Delaying the addition of XAD‐7 resin until 5 days after the start of the culture resulted in the highest improvement in ajmalicine production, i.e ∼70% and also resulted in the complete recovery of ajmalicine from the cell. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 79: 408–415, 2002.
Selective recovery of lactate dehydrogenase using affinity foam
Authors: Fernandes Sheryl , Hatti‐Kaul Rajni , Mattiasson Bo 
Published: October 2002

AbstractSelective isolation of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) from porcine muscle extract was studied using foam generated from the vigorous stirring of a non‐ionic surfactant, Triton X‐114 derivatized with Cibacron blue. The cloud point of the surfactant‐dye conjugate was higher than that of the native Triton X‐114, and also the foam prepared from the affinity surfactant was more rigid taking a longer time to collapse. The equilibrium dissociation constant between pure LDH and surfactant‐dye conjugate was 5.0 μM as compared to the value of 2.2 μM for the enzyme and free dye as measured by differential spectroscopy. The isolation procedure involved mixing of the porcine muscle extract with the affinity foam, separating and collapsing the foam, and warming the solution formed to 37°C to yield the surfactant‐dye phase and an aqueous phase containing the enzyme. The effect of surfactant concentration and protein load on enzyme recovery and purification was investigated. Under optimal conditions, LDH was quantitatively recovered with high purification factor in a very short time. Both recovery and purification were higher when foam prepared from an equivalent mixture of surfactant‐dye conjugate and unmodified surfactant was used. The selectivity of interaction between LDH and detergent‐dye conjugate was confirmed by lowered recovery when NADH was included during the binding step. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 79: 472–480, 2002.
Use of frozen bagged seed inoculum for secondary metabolite and bioconversion processes at the pilot scale
Authors: Junker B. , Seeley A. , Lester M. , Kovatch M. , Schmitt J. , Boryscwicz S. , Lynch J. , Zhang J. , Greasham R. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractFrozen bagged seed inoculum was prepared, thawed and tested for seven cultures. Thawing techniques were developed and other key influences on thawing rate were quantified; seed bag thawing without a water bath rarely required more than 4 to 5 h and was as short as 0.5 to 1 h for lower fill volume bags. Testing included growth of bagged seed as a function of bag fill volume (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 3.5 L), comparison of culture age at time of bagging, growth of bagged versus laboratory‐prepared seed, productivity of production cultures derived from bagged versus laboratory‐prepared seed, growth of bagged seed as a function of volume percent glycerol added at time of bagging, and growth of bagged seed as a function of frozen storage time and temperature. For each culture tested, conditions were developed such that seed tanks inoculated with bagged seed showed only minimal delay in attaining the target oxygen uptake rate (OUR) relative to seed tanks inoculated with laboratory‐prepared inoculum. Although the bag fill volume did influence culture growth in some cases, bag fill volumes required were reasonable (typically 2.0 to 3.5 L) compared with laboratory seed inoculum volumes of 2.0 L. In the most remarkable example, frozen bagged seed was prepared from a second‐stage seed‐tank cultivation of Glarca lozoyensis, then thawed and inoculated into first‐stage seed medium. It grew to the desired OUR in a similar timeframe as laboratory‐prepared inoculum inoculated into first‐stage seed medium. Thus, the frozen bagged seed replaced an existing laboratory inoculum preparation period of 7 days without an appreciable delay in either of the two subsequent seed‐tank growth stages. Furthermore, productivities were found to be comparable for bagged‐seed‐derived and laboratory‐seed‐derived production cultivations for four different fermentation processes. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 79: 628–640, 2002.
Supercritical fluid extraction of a lignocellulosic hydrolysate of spruce for detoxification and to facilitate analysis of inhibitors
Authors: Persson Per , Larsson Simona , Jönsson Leif J. , Nilvebrant Nils‐Olof , Sivik Björn , Munteanu Florentina , Thörneby Lars , Gorton Lo 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis work describes a novel approach to detoxify lignocellulosic hydrolysates and facilitate the analysis of inhibitory compounds, namely supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). The efficiency of the fermentation of lignocellulosic dilute‐acid hydrolysates depends upon the composition of the hydrolysate and the organism used. Furthermore, it has been shown that inhibitors in the hydrolysate reduce the fermentation yield. This knowledge has given rise to the need to identify and remove the inhibiting compounds. Sample clean‐up or work‐up steps, to provide a clean and concentrated sample for the analytical system, facilitate the characterization of inhibitors, or indeed any compound in the hydrolysates. Removal of inhibitors was performed with countercurrent flow supercritical fluid extraction of liquid hydrolysates. Three different groups of inhibitors (furan derivatives, phenolic compounds, and aliphatic acids) and sugars were subsequently analyzed in the hydrolysate, extracted hydrolysate, and extract. The effect of the SFE treatment was examined with respect to fermentability with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Not only did the extraction provide a clean and concentrated sample (extract) for analysis, but also a hydrolysate with increased fermentability as well as lower concentrations of inhibitors such as phenolics and furan derivatives. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 79: 694–700, 2002.
A memorial review of Jay Bailey's contribution in prokaryotic metabolic engineering
Authors: Hatzimanikatis Vassily , Liao James C. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWhen mentioning prokaryotic metabolic engineering, most people will immediately think of Jay Bailey. Jay's contribution to this fast‐growing field is evident and familiar to many. Therefore, instead of a detailed technical review, we attempt in this article to summarize his contribution and dissect reasons for his success in this area from a standpoint of one of his former students (VH) and of a colleague in the field (JCL). This short review is by no means complete and provides only a partial view of Jay's contribution to the metabolic engineering of prokaryotes. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 79: 504–508, 2002.
Analysis of fermentation processes using flow microfluorometry: Single‐parameter observations of batch bacterial growth
Authors: Fazel‐Madjlessi Jila , Bailey J. E. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe laser flow microfluorometer (FMF) can determine the amounts of certain components in single cells at sample rates of several thousand cells per second. This technique has been employed to characterize Bacillus subtilis populations in batch fermentations with different inocula. Protein and nucleic acid distributions obtained by FMF analyses at different times during the batch have been decomposed using an optimized fit of summed subpopulation distributions. The results of these decomposition calculations, some of which have been approximately confirmed by independent microscopic observations, indicate that the relative numbers of single rods, cell chains, spores, and swollen rounded cells change dramatically during the entire fermentation including the stationary phase. The dynamics of these subpopulations may be related to secondary metabolite production. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 79: 532–538, 2002.
Disability versus futility in rationing health care services: defining medical futility based on permanent unconsciousness—PVS, coma, and anencephaly
Authors: Batavia Andrew I. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAll societies must ration health care services in the face of unlimited demand. The concept of medical futility may appear to be an uncontroversial means by which to ration services. Depending upon how it is applied, however, limiting services based on alleged medical futility may violate prohibitions against disability‐based discrimination. In particular, use of medical futility to require removal of life‐sustaining interventions has been held to violate the Americans with Disabilities Act. The ADA protects both people with disabilities who are conscious and people in unconscious states, such as permanent vegetative state (PVS), coma, and anencephaly. Ultimately, as the number of people in permanently unconscious states increases, our society will have to recognize that consciousness is an essential characteristic defining human beings and determining whether a legal right to unlimited life‐sustaining intervention should apply. This article proposes to define medical futility to preclude life‐sustaining interventions after a stated period of permanent unconsciousness and to redefine the end of life consistently as neocortical death. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tibiofemoral angle in Malawians
Authors: Igbigbi P.S. , Msamati B.C. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe determined the tibiofemoral angle from 323 unilateral radiographs of the knee joint in adult black Malawians, comprising 219 males and 104 females, aged 18–55 years. The mean tibiofemoral angle in males was 174.14 with a standard deviation (SD) of 3.47° and, in females, 174.46 SD 4.30°. The range of the angle for both genders was 164–185°. There was no significant difference in the angle between male and female Malawian subjects (P > 0.1). The results showed ethnic differences from Caucasian values (often quoted in standard textbooks of anatomy and orthopedics) and did not show the sexual dimorphism seen in Caucasian subjects. Comparison of the results with those in Nigerians and East Africans demonstrated regional and country‐to‐country variations. The clinical importance of the angle in the diagnosis and management of valgus and varus deformities is stressed for practicing orthopedic surgeons. Clin. Anat. 15:293–296, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.