bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antioxidant insights of wild olive (acebuche) oil ophthalmic nanoemulsions against arterial hypertension
Authors: Santana‐Garrido Álvaro , Durán‐Lobato Matilde , Mate Alfonso , Martín‐Banderas Lucía , Vázquez Carmen María 
Published: January 2024

Aims/Purpose: Many systemic and ocular disturbances are closely related to oxidative stress, including hypertensive eye diseases. In this context, the oral administration of wild olive oil, also known as acebuche (ACE) oil (Olea europaea var. sylvestris), proved to modulate local production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by the enzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase1. Here we aimed to develop an ophthalmic formulation based on ACE oil as a localized therapy against oxidative damage associated with arterial hypertension (AH).Methods: Nanoemulsions (NEs) of ACE oil were successfully produced, characterized, and evaluated in vivo in terms of efficacy. The antioxidant properties of these NEs were tested in mice with AH induced via administration of Nω‐nitro‐L‐arginine‐methyl‐ester (L‐NAME), which underwent intravitreal or topical ophthalmic treatment with ACE oil NEs. At the end of the treatments, a histological analysis of the cornea and retina was performed together with an evaluation of the activity/expression of NADPH oxidase in these ocular tissues.Results: Adequate ophthalmic formulations were designed to present the features for ophthalmic administration, including a nanometre size (below 200 nm), moderate negative ZP, adequate osmolality and pH, among others. Histological analysis indicated that NEs reduced hypertension‐dependent morphological alterations in the cornea and retina. Furthermore, the evaluation of the activity and expression of NADPH oxidase suggest a noticeable antioxidant effect of NEs through downregulation of NOX1, NOX2 and NOX4 isoforms and counteracting excess ROS production in the hypertensive eye.Conclusions: Topical administration, via intravitreal or drop instillation, of an ophthalmic formulation based on ACE oil NEs might show promise against ocular pathologies related to AH. Interestingly, this therapeutical approach provided better outcomes compared to long‐term dietary administration of the oil, both in terms of cumulative dose and treatment time required.References1. Santana‐Garrido Á et al. Antioxidants. 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9090885
Study of the single or combined action of three different neuroprotection strategies in an acute hypertension model in mice
Authors: Valiente‐Soriano Francisco Javier , Ortega Alejandro Gallego , Muñoz María Norte , Rios Cristobal De Los , Agudo‐Barriuso Marta , Vidal‐Sanz Manuel 
Published: January 2024

Aims/Purpose: To study the neuroprotective effects of a TrkB receptor activator (DHF), a calcium channel blocker that prevents Ca2+ toxic influx (ITH12657) and/or a P2X7 receptor blocker (ITH15004) administered alone or in combination in an animal model of acute ocular hypertension (AOHT).Methods: Pigmented adult mice (C57BL/6 strain) were separated into 9 experimental groups (n = 8 per group), 7 received intraperitoneal injections of the neuroprotective drugs alone or in combination, 1 received saline as the vehicle group and 1 was naïve. AOHT was performed by connecting the anterior chamber of the left eye to a bottle of saline at a height of 130 cm achieving an intraocular pressure of 97 mmHg for 60 min. Longitudinally in vivo analysis of the pSTR amplitude and the inner retinal thickness was measured by electroretinogram and SD‐OCT, respectively; and ex vivo analysis of the retinal ganglion cell population was identified immunohistochemically by Brn3a at 7 after AOHT in all experimental groups.Results: The neuroprotectant treatment administered alone had a beneficial effect on the pSTR wave response amplitude (50–60% amplitude response) compared to vehicles (⁓25% amplitude response), which increased in all treatment combinations (⁓75%) except for ITH12657+ ITH15004 at 7 days after AOHT. Similar results were obtained in the inner retinal thickness, with the combined treatments producing a better retinal response after 7 days of AOHT, particularly for DHF + ITH15004 and DHF + ITH12657 + ITH15004 which showed no difference compared to control thicknesses. Regarding the RGC population, all treatments had a neuroprotective effect (⁓70% population survival at 7 days) compared to vehicles (⁓40%) which was not increased by their combination.Conclusions: The single or combined action of three different neuroprotective strategies results in functional and morphological protection of the retina 7 days after AOHT.
Two different visual stimuli that cause axial eye shortening and choroidal thickening have no additive effect
Authors: Ingrassia Lea , Swiatczak Barbara , Schaeffel Frank 
Published: January 2024

Aims/Purpose: Previous studies identified two visual stimuli that can make the human eye shorter and potentially inhibit myopia: [1] watching digitally filtered movies that kept the red channel in focus but were low pass filtered in the blue and [2] reading text with inverted contrast. We have tested whether the two mechanisms may be additive, perhaps causing even more inhibition of eye growth.Methods: Fifteen emmetropic (average refraction: −0.6 ± 0.7 D) and fifteen myopic (average refraction: −3.7 ± 1.8 D, range −6 to −1.5D) young subjects (average age: 26 ± 4 years) read text from a large screen (65″) in a dark room at 2 m distance. Text with inverted contrast (bright letters on dark background) was digitally filtered in real time by custom‐developed software written in Visual C++ to present the red channel of the RGB colour format unfiltered while green and blue were blurred (red in focus) accordingly to the human longitudinal chromatic aberration function. Changes in axial length before and after 30 min of reading were measured using low coherence interferometry with auto positioning system (Lenstar LS‐900).Results: Unexpectedly, in emmetropes, significant eye elongation was found after 30 min of reading text with inverted contrast, combined with the red in focus filter (+5.7 ± 15.3 μm). As previously found, unfiltered text with inverted contrast made eyes shorter (−7.9 ± 14.7 μm, p < 0.05). Strikingly, no such changes were observed in myopic eyes, neither with the red in focus filter, nor when text with inverted contrast remained unfiltered.Conclusions: In emmetropes, the two stimuli had no additive effects but rather cancelled each other out. There may be a simple explanation: the red in focus filter made the text very blurry in the blue channel. Apparently, this removed the spatial information that is needed by the retina to detect defocus in the blue. Therefore, our finding supports the view that the emmetropic retina needs some spatial information in the blue to generate eye growth inhibiting signals—and they were lost in myopes.References1. Swiatczak B, Schaeffel F. (2022). Myopia: why the retina stops inhibiting eye growth. Sci Rep.2. Swiatczak B, Schaeffel F. (2022). Transient Eye Shortening During Reading Text With Inverted Contrast: Effects of Refractive Error and Letter Size. Transl Vis Sci Technol.
Retinal vessel analysis in vascular occlusions of the eye
Authors: Schätzel Jana , Eichhorn Jakob , Stachs Oliver , Fuchsluger Thomas 
Published: January 2024

Aims/Purpose: This cohort study investigates how the static and dynamic vessel parameters differ in patients with vascular occlusions and if there are any variations between the different types of vessel occlusion.Methods: Patients with the diagnosis of branch retinal artery obstruction BRAO, central retinal artery obstruction CRAO, branch retinal vein obstruction BRVO, central retinal vein obstruction CRVO, anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy AION and any combination of these Combo were included in our study. During their inpatient stay for cardiovascular diagnostics all patients were examined via static and dynamic vessel analysis (IMEDOS Health GmbH, Jena) to obtain the arteriovenous ratio (AVR), the central retinal artery equivalent (CRAE), the central retinal vein equivalent (CRVE) and the flicker light induced dilation of the retinal arteries (FLA) and veins (FLV). The vessel density was determined via OCT angiography (Heidelberg Engineering GmbH, Heidelberg).Results: 34 patients (70% male; 30% female; mean age 69.6 ± 11.3 years) with 9 (26.5%) CRVO, 8 (23.5%) AION, 5 (14.7%) BRAO and 4 (11.8%) CRAO, BRVO and Combo each have been included. The best visual acuity (BCVA) of the diseased eye differed significantly between the groups (AION 0.41 ± 0.61, CRAO 2.40 ± 0.20, BRAO 0.16 ± 0.05, CRVO 0.81 ± 0.86, BRVO 0.18 ± 0.10, Combo 1.53 ± 0.68; p < 0.001) whereas the BCVA of the healthy eyes were comparable. The CRVE showed a significant difference between the groups CRAO – CRVO (p = 0.008), CRAO – Combo (p < 0.001) and BRAO–Combo (p = 0.026). The FLV of the diseased eye was significantly higher in patients with AION than in the CRAO group (p = 0.049). The parameters of the static vessel analysis of the healthy eyes were comparable.Conclusions: Preliminary analysis shows significant differences of individual parameters of the retinal vessel analysis between different types of vascular occlusion. The diagnostic and research benefit for the individual patient remains to be further evaluated.
Association between chromatic sensitivity and peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer thickness in healthy eyes
Authors: Pérez‐Carrasco M° Jesús , Carballo‐Álvarez Jesús , Puell María 
Published: January 2024

Purpose: Knowledge of the retinal structure—chromatic sensitivity relationship of healthy eyes would be important for early detection of retinal neuropathies such as glaucoma. This study investigated the association between colour vision thresholds and the thicknesses of the retina in healthy young eyes.Methods: Measurements were made in 56 healthy eyes of 56 young subjects of mean age 25 ± 2.4 years (range 20–31 years), and distance visual acuity ≤0.1 logMAR. Chromatic sensitivity was measured using the Color Assessment and Diagnosis (CAD) test. The macular thicknesses of the central fovea, parafovea, and macular ganglion cell complex (mGCC), and the thickness of the peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer (pRNFL) were measured by spectral‐domain optical coherence tomography (SD‐OCT). Relationships between red‐green (RG) and yellow‐blue (YB) thresholds and the retinal thicknesses were examined through Spearman correlation.Results: Significant correlations were detected between pRNFL thickness, in the inferior hemisphere, and the RG and YB‐thresholds (r = −0.30, p = 0.03 and r = −0.31, p = 0.02; respectively). Decreased pRNFL thickness correlated with worse colour thresholds. No significant correlations were found between macular thicknesses and colour thresholds.Conclusions: Greater inferior pRNFL thickness was related to better chromatic sensitivity in healthy eyes of young subjects.
Incidence of choroidal neovascularisation in the fellow eye in neovascular age‐related macular degeneration patients and its correlation with type of drusen
Authors: Xirou Tina , Bontzos Georgios , Smoustopoulos Georgios , Georgopoulos Efstathios , Aikaterini Nikiforou , Xirou Christina Garnavou , Kabanarou Stamatina 
Published: January 2024

Aims/Purpose: To study the incidence of choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in the fellow eye of patients with neovascular age‐related macular degeneration (nAMD) and its association with the presence and type of drusen.Methods: This is a retrospective study reviewing patient records' between 2018 and 2022. Forty‐four patients with newly‐diagnosed unilateral nAMD were included. All patients have been followed up for at least 4 years. The presence and type of drusen (soft, hard, pachydrusen/PED) were documented. The risk of developing nAMD in the fellow eye was estimated depending on age, gender, type of drusen, choroidal thickness and other factors.Results: The presence of soft drusen, pachydrusen/PED and hard drusen was documented in 46.4%, 25.3% and 18.9% of patients, respectively. The risk of developing CNV in fellow eye, overall, was 20.7%. In particular, the risk in any drusen group was significantly increased in comparison with the group without drusen (vs. 3.5%, p < 0.01 < 0.01, < 0.01). According to the multivariate Cox regression analysis, age (HR, 1.053; p = 0.03) and drusen type (p = 0.01) were the main risk factors. In comparison with the group without drusen, pachydrusen (HR = 18.46; p = 0.01) and soft drusen (HR = 2.41; p = 0.28) demonstrated an increased risk.Conclusions: In patients with unilateral nAMD, the incidence of developing CNV in the fellow eye is increased and depends on the type of drusen. Pachydrusen/PED was the main risk factors but soft and hard drusen increase this risk as well but to a lesser degree.
Immunohistochemical characterization of pluripotency of an iPSC line derived from a patient with cone‐rod dystrophy related to a mutation in the PROM1 gene
Authors: Hernández‐Rodríguez Leticia , Puertas‐Neyra Kevin , García‐Ferrer Yenisey , De la Fuente Miguel , Coco Rosa , Fernandez‐Bueno Ivan 
Published: January 2024

Purpose: PROM1 gene encodes the protein Prominin‐1 which plays a critical role in the morphogenesis of photoreceptors outer segments. The c.1354dupT mutation in PROM1 causes a premature stop codon and it has been related with different inherited retinal diseases (IRD) phenotypes. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the expression of key pluripotency genes by studying protein transcription factors and surface markers on the iPSC line [DCB]‐FiPSC1‐Ep5F‐2.Methods: Our group generated the iPSC line [DCB]‐FiPSC1‐Ep5F‐2 from a patient with Cone‐rod dystrophy (CRD) related to the mutation c.1354dupT in the PROM1 gene. iPSC was grown on matrigel coated 15 μ‐slide 8‐well culture plates and fixed with 10% formalin solution. Plates were washed with Tris Buffered Saline and blocked (0.3%Triton X‐100 and 3%Donkey serum) for 60 min. Then, different combinations of primary antibodies related to pluripotency (OCT4, SSEA3, SOX2, SSEA4, TRA1‐60, NANOG and TRA1‐81) were incubated at 4°C overnight. Afterwards, species‐specific secondary antibodies were conjugated and immunostaining with DAPI was used. Finally, the samples were evaluated by confocal microscopy.Results: Immunofluorescence analysis of the iPSC line [DCB]‐FiPSC1‐Ep5F‐2 revealed the expression of the common embryonic stem cell markers such as the transcription factors OCT4, NANOG and SOX2, and the surface markers SSEA3, TRA‐1‐81, SSEA4 and TRA‐1‐60. Transcriptional markers stain cell nuclei, while surface markers stain cell membranes showing that iPSCs have the potential for pluripotency and multilineage differentiation.Conclusions: Although molecular characterization is necessary to completely elucidate iPSC pluripotency and bank this line in an international depository, the [DCB]‐FiPSC1‐Ep5F‐2 patient derived iPSC line could be useful as a disease model for the development of personalized therapies.
Retinal haemorrhage after cardiopulmonary resuscitation of a patient
Authors: Kontou Evgenia , Sgouros Panagiotis , Smoustopoulos Georgios , Papadopoulos Alexandros , Bontzos George , Garnavou‐Xirou Christina , Xirou Tina 
Published: January 2024

Aims/Purpose: We present a rare case of a patient who presented with bilateral retinal haemorrhage after cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).Methods: A 37‐year‐old man, with a medical history of allergic bronchial asthma and a BMI >35, was referred to our emergency department from the cardiology clinic. He complained of sudden, painless, monocular visual acuity reduction after cardiac arrest and CPR because of an acute myocardial infarction (right coronary). He underwent a complete ophthalmic examination, as well as multimodal imaging and he was under close monitoring for the following months.Results: In his initial ophthalmic examination, best corrected visual acuity was 0.1 in his right eye and 1.0 in his left eye (Snellen's chart). Intraocular pressure was 14 mmHg and 15 mmHg in his right and left eye, respectively. Dilated fundus examination showed bilaterally scattered sub‐retinal, intraretinal and pre‐retinal haemorrhages in the posterior pole, with involvement of the right fovea. After the resolution of the haemorrhages, a fluoroangiography was performed which revealed delayed central retinal vein filling in the right eye. 2 months later, during follow‐up examination, visual acuity in the right eye was 0.7 and in the left eye 1.0. The haemorrhages have been absorbed bilaterally, leaving in the right eye a sub‐foveal photoreceptor and RPE disruption.Conclusions: Retinal haemorrhages can be observed after CPR. According to the literature, there have been reports of retinal haemorrhages in infants after CPR. Meanwhile, there is only one published case of an adult with associated comorbidities with this clinical presentation. The underlying pathophysiology of this clinical entity is still unclear, although a potential relationship between the increase in central venous pressure during CPR, and sequential retinal venous stasis is suspected.
Swept source optical coherence tomography and optical coherence tomography angiography in central serous chorioretinopathy
Authors: hager Ben amor , Namsia Walid , Yasmine Walha , Arije Jouini , Eya Essassi , Sana Khochtali , Moncef Khairallah 
Published: January 2024

Aims/Purpose: To describe swept source optical coherence tomography (SS‐OCT) and SS‐OCT angiography (SS‐OCT‐A) findings in central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR).Methods: A retrospective study including 20 patients (22eyes) with acute CSCR, 31 patients (44eyes) with chronic CSCR, 35 uneffected fellow eyes and 50 healthy subjects (50 eyes). SS‐OCT was performed for all eyes with quantitative and qualitative analysis. SS‐OCT‐A was practiced for 17 eyes of the acute group, 38 eyes of the chronic group, 29 uneffected fellow eye and all the healthy subjects with quantitative and qualitative assessment.Results: The SS‐OCT revealed a serous retinal detachment in 100% of eyes with acute CRSC and 69% of eyes with chronic CSCR. The Pigment epithelial detachment was present in 9 eyes in the acute group and in 5 eyes in the chronic group. Outer nuclear layer thickness was lower in the chronic group compared to the acute group and the fellow eyes. Three eyes with acute CSCR and 11 eyes with chronic CSCR had alterations in the ellipsoid zone. The interdigitating zone was thickened and regular, granular, defective and atrophic. Macular oedema and hypereflective membrane were only present in chronic CSCR. Other abnormalities were present in both groups such as fibrin, hyperreflective dots and pigment epithelial irregularities. Subfoveal choroidal thickness and Haller's layer thickness were significantly higher in the acute CSCR, chronic CSCR and the fellow eyes than in the control group. The SS‐OCT‐A showed vascular abnormalities and vascular rarefications in superficial (SCP) and deep (DCP) capillary plexus. The vascular densities (VD) of SCP and DCP in chronic CSCR were lower than those in the acute group, fellow eyes and the control group. We objected in the two groups (acute and chronic) hypointense areas, pattern hyperintense and hypointense and a hyperintense neovascular membrane, the later was only found in the chronic CSCR. The VD of choriocapillaris in acute and chronic CSCR were lower compared to fellow eyes and the control group.Conclusions: SS‐OCT shows structural retinal and choroidal changes during the acute and chronic phase of CSCR. The qualitative and quantitative vascular changes attested by SS‐OCT‐A affect not only the choriocapillaris but also the retinal capillary plexuses.
Hyperreflectivity of the outer portion of the outer nuclear layer seen on optical coherence tomography in some cases of NR2E3‐associated retinopathy
Authors: Fong Sammi Wing Fai , Arno Gavin , Webster Andrew R. , Michaelides Michel , Mahroo Omar 
Published: January 2024

Aims/Purpose: Bi‐allelic variants in NR2E3 are associated with Enhanced S‐cone Syndrome. Several features have been described on optical coherence tomography (OCT) including schisis, outer nuclear layer (ONL) thickening and ellipsoid zone thickening in some patients. We have observed that in some individuals, the outer portion of the ONL appears hyperreflective compared with the inner portion. We investigated the prevalence of this sign in our genetically confirmed patient cohort.Methods: The electronic genetic database of Moorfields Eye Hospital was searched for patients with molecularly confirmed autosomal recessive NR2E3‐retinopathy. Patients who had undergone macular OCT (Spectralis, Heidelberg Engineering) were included. The horizontal foveal scan from the right eye (at the first visit for which OCT was available) was examined. The presence or absence of the specific sign was noted, together with presence of other features including schisis, atrophy or scarring.Results: 33 patients from 29 unrelated families were included (mean (SD) age, 29 (17) years; range from 5 to 59 years). Of these, 7 (21%) showed some hyperreflectivity in the outer ONL. The mean (SD) age of these individuals was 18 (12) years. The mean (SD) age of the rest of the cohort was 32 (17) years. The difference was not quite statistically significant (p = 0.052). After exclusion of those with schisis, atrophy or scarring (n = 14), the proportion with the hyperreflectivity sign was 37% (7 of 19 patients). The difference in ages reached significance (p = 0.024).Conclusions: A significant proportion of patients (21–37%) with autosomal recessive NR2E3‐retinopathy show this sign. One limitation of this study is that the prominence of the sign is dependent upon the type of scan performed (more distinct on single line scans with greater averaging than on regular volume scans). Patients with the sign were younger on average, suggesting it may be more prevalent in earlier stages.
Vitreous haemorrhage revealing haemophilia C
Authors: Jallouli Aida , Maamouri Rim , Belhedi Mariem , Lazzem Wiem , Chouaieb Sonia , Cheour Monia 
Published: January 2024

Aims/Purpose: To report a rare case of vitreous haemorrhage revealing factor XI deficiency in 83‐year‐old man.Results: A 83‐year‐old man presented with 6 months history of painless visual loss in the right eye (OD). There was no prior ophthalmic history, trauma or unusual bleeding tendency. Ophthalmic examination showed a best corrected visual acuity limited to hand motion in OD and 20/40 in the left eye (OS). Slit examination revealed the presence of bilateral grade 3 nuclear cataract. Fundus examination was unremarkable in OS but could not be visualized in OD. B scan ultrasonography revealed vitreous haemorrhage without retinal detachment. Etiological assessment revealed prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time. Further investigations revealed the presence of a hereditary coagulopathy, namely, haemophilia C or factor XI deficiency (factor XI level < 1%). The patient underwent successful cataract extraction and pars plana vitrectomy with silicone oil tamponade without prophylactic treatment. Peri‐operative fundus examination revealed superior branch retinal vein occlusion. Partial visual recovery was noted. No bleeding events were observed during follow‐up.Conclusions: Factor XI deficiency is a rare disorder. Haemorrhagic symptoms are variable since there is no correlation between haemorrhagic risk and factor level. In severely affected patients, cataract extraction and vitrectomy can be performed safely without prophylactic treatment.