bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification of a pheromone blend attractive to Manduca sexta (L.) males in a wind tunnel
Authors: Tumlinson James H. , Brennan Margaret M. , Doolittle Robert E. , Mitchell Everett R. , Brabham Annette , Mazomenos Basilios E. , Baumhover Alfred H. , Jackson D. Michael 
Published: February 2005

AbstractAnalyses of solvent rinses of the external surfaces of pheromone glands excised from calling female tobacco hornworm moths, Manduca sexta (L.), revealed the presence of the following compounds: (Z)‐9‐hexadecenal, (Z)‐11‐hexadecenal, (E)‐11‐hexadecenal, hexadecanal, (E,Z)‐10,12‐hexadecadienal, (E,E)‐10,12‐hexadecadienal, (E,E,Z)‐10,12,14‐hexadecatrienal, (E,E,E,)‐10,12,14‐hexadecatrienal, (Z)‐11‐octadecenal, (Z)‐13‐octadecenal, octadecanal, and (Z,Z)‐11,13‐octadecadienal. The two trienals were identified by mass and PMR spectral analyses and by ozonolyses, and their structures were confirmed by synthesis. In a wind tunnel male tobacco hornworm moths exhibit the same behaviors in response to a synthetic blend of all of the components, the gland rinse, or a calling female. Both (E,Z)‐10,12‐hexadecadienal and (E,E,Z)‐10,12,14‐hexadecatrienal are required to stimulate males to complete the characteristic behavioral sequence: anemotaxis, approaching and touching the pheromone source, and bending their abdomens in apparent copulatory attempts. The other components of the blend may play more subtle roles.
Knockdown resistance to dichlorodiphenyl‐trichloroethane and pyrethroid insecticides in the napts mutant of Drosophila melanogaster is correlated with reduced neuronal sensitivity
Authors: Bloomquist Jeffrey R. , Soderlund David M. , Knipple Douglas C. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractResistance to pyrethroid insecticides and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) was investigated in the napts (no action potential, temperature sensitive) mutant of Drosophila melanogaster. In surface contact bioassays, the napts strain showed threefold resistance to deltamethrin at the LC50 level when compared to susceptible Canton‐S flies. Cross‐resistance was also observed to DDT and the pyrethroids NRDC 157 [3‐phenoxybenzyl [1R,cis]‐3‐(2,2‐dibromovinyl)‐2,2‐dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate], fenfluthrin, and MTI‐800 [1‐(3‐phenoxy‐4‐fluorophenyl)‐4‐(4‐ethoxyphenyl)‐4‐methylpentane]. The onset of intoxication by pyrethroids in napts flies was markedly delayed, a finding that is consistent with the existence of a resistance mechanism involving reduced neuronal sensitivity. Resistance at the level of the nerve was confirmed by electrophysiological recordings of spontaneous and evoked activity in the dorsolongitudinal flight muscles of poisoned flies. Preparations from napts insects treated with fenfluthrin displayed longer latencies to the appearance of spontaneous activity and also an absence or reduction in burst discharges compared to equivalent preparations from susceptible individuals. These results are discussed in light of competing hypotheses concerning the mechanism underlying knockdown resistance and reduced nerve sensitivity in insects.
Degradation of juvenile hormone and methylation of juvenile hormone acid by corpora cardiaca–corpora allata of the cockroach, Nauphoeta cinerea: II. Physiological aspects
Authors: Meyer Walter R. , Lanzrein Beatrice 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIn vitellogenic females of Nauphoeta cinerea, injected (10R)‐juvenile hormone (JH) III was degraded more rapidly than racemic JH III: we measured a half‐life of 21 min (with or without coinjection of lipophorin) for the former and 24 min (with coinjection of lipophorin) and 43 min (without coinjection of lipophorin) for the latter. One to two hours after injection, JH III acid was the major metabolite observed; in addition, several highly polar products were found. The half‐life of injected racemic JH III acid was 19 min with coinjection of lipophorin and 4 min without. The JH III acid titer in hemolymph was low (around 5–10 pmol/ml) in last instar larvae and previtellogenic and pregnant females and reached higher values (40–100 pmol/ml) in vitellogenic and ovulating females. Racemic JH III acid could be methylated in vitro to JH III by corpora cardiaca–corpora allata (CC‐CA) from penultimate instar larvae and females at stages between adult ecdysis and ovulation and at the very end of pregnancy, but not by CC‐CA from last instar larvae and adult females at earlier stages of pregnancy. This indicates that CC‐CA are capable of methylating JH III acid only at stages when JH III is detectable in the hemolymph. In double‐labelling experiments with CC‐CA from vitellogenic females and L‐[14C]methionine and [3H]JH III acid as precursors, we observed that only a small proportion (1–8%) of total biosynthesized JH III was derived from JH III acid when the latter was present at physiological concentration. This suggests that in vivo recycling of JH III acid by CC‐CA plays only a minor role in the regulation of the titer of JH III and JH III acid.
Control of copulation‐enhanced protein synthesis in the long hyaline gland of the male grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes
Authors: Cheeseman Michael T. , Gillott Cedric 
Published: February 2005

AbstractControl of copulation‐enhanced protein synthesis in the accessory reproductive gland of the male grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes, has been studied by measurement of in vivo incorporation of [35S]methionine into a juvenile hormone (JH)‐regulated Mr 72,000 glycoprotein, long hyaline protein I (LHPI). In normal males, incorporation into LHPI was enhanced within 4 h of the commencement of mating and had increased even further when measured 24 h later. Short (15 min) copulations, in which small amounts of LHPI were discharged, stimulated incorporation into LHPI but brief genital contact did not. Neither severance of the nervi corporis allati nor allatectomy (CA−) on day 1 prevented copulation‐enhancement of incorporation into LHPI. Decapitation after 15 min of copulation also failed to prevent copulation‐enhanced incorporation into LHPI. This suggests that neither the CA nor the corpus cardiacum/brain complex is essential for the response. There was, however, a strong positive correlation between the amount of LHPI lost at copulation and the subsequent rate of incorporation into LHPI. These results suggest that control of copulation‐enhanced incorporation of amino acids into LHPI is peripheral and linked to the extent of gland emptying.
Effects of potential inhibitors on N‐acetylation of octopamine by tissue extracts from malpighian tubules and cerebral ganglia of Periplaneta americana L
Authors: Martin Richard J. , Downer Roger G. H. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractN‐acetyltransferase activity in extracts of Malpighian tubules and cerebral ganglia from Periplaneta americana L. was monitored using high performance liquid chromatography with coulometric electrochemical detection. Several potential inhibitors were tested against the tissue preparations, and the results indicate distinct differences in the nature of the enzyme derived from the two sources. The Malpighian tubule and cerebral ganglia extracts were sensitive to sulfhydryl inhibition and divalent cations, and both preparations also showed end‐product inhibition with coenzyme A. Juglone, an inhibitor of choline acetyltransferase, inhibits N‐acetyltransferase activity from both tissues; however, separate studies with choline indicate that the N‐acetylation observed in this study is not due to choline acetyltransferase. A number of phenyl, phenol, catechol and indole derivatives were tested and the results indicate that the presence of a 4‐hydroxyl group on the phenol ring enhances the capacity of phenol and catechol derivatives to inhibit N‐acetyltransferase. Demethylchlordimeform inhibits the production of N‐acetyl‐p‐Octopamine by Malpighian tubule preparations and intact tissues whereas other formamidines, BTS‐27271 and amitraz, inhibit N‐acetyl‐p‐Octopamine production only in intact tissues.
Xenobiotic absorption and binding by proteins in hemolymph of the weevil Diaprepes abbreviatus
Authors: Shapiro Jeffrey P. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA synthetic coumarin, 7‐amino‐3‐phenyl coumarin (coumarin‐10), was used to study the uptake of ingested xenobiotics into hemolymph. Larvae were forcefed coumarin‐10 in peanut oil, and hemolymph was extracted and analyzed by fluorescence spectroscopy. Coumarin‐10 entered hemolymph within 5 min, reaching a steady state of concentration within 1 h. Assayed 2 h after feeding, hemolymph titers of 1–5 ng/μl were proportional to log dose between 10 and 100 ng/mg body weight; hemolymph did not reach saturation. Fluorescence spectra of hemolymph in saline revealed that energy was readily transferred from hydrophobic residues of hemolymph proteins to coumarin‐10. Ultracentrifugal density gradients revealed that 94% of absorbed coumarin‐10 was bound to sedimenting proteins while 6% bound to lipophorin. Native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (N‐PAGE) on minigels identified two major proteins responsible for binding. Though readily separated by native electrophoresis, these proteins were not fully separable by HPLC using a wide variety of columns. Gel permeation‐HPLC of the sedimenting proteins from hemolymph revealed a single major peak of 480,000 Mr. When upper and lower electrophoretic bands were isolated by preparative N‐PAGE, the upper band (band I) yielded subunits of 75,000 and 71,000 Mr, while the lower band (band II) yielded only one size subunit of 75,000 Mr on denaturing (SDS) PAGE. The fluorescent products bound by sedimenting proteins were identified by thin‐layer chromatography and scanning fluorescence densitometry as coumarin‐10 (80% of total) and a polar metabolite (20%). In addition, lipophorin‐containing fractions contained an apolar metabolite (3% of total fluorescence). In vitro binding studies utilizing fluorescent energy transfer demonstrated saturation binding with a KD of 1.5 μM.
The effect of severing the dorsal vessel on egg production in Rhodnius prolixus
Authors: Davey Kenneth G. , Chiang R. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractSevering the dorsal vessel (DV) behind the corpus allatum (CA), or in the anterior part of the abdomen of Rhodnius prolixus, greatly reduces egg production, an effect which is abolished by the topical application of juvenile hormone l (JH l). Severing the DV in the posterior abdomen does not result in a marked reduction of egg production, although severing the alary muscles in segments V and VI has a similar effect to severing the DV in the anterior abdomen. Reduced egg production caused by severing the DV on day 8 postemergence does not occur if the nerves connecting the CA to the brain are severed on day 1 post emergence. However, egg production is reduced if the DV is severed on day 1 post emergence and the connections between the brain and the CA severed on day 8, suggesting that inhibition of the CA caused by severance of the DV requires innervation from the brain. An isolated CA implanted into an animal decapitated immediately after feeding escapes from the inhibition imposed by severance of the DV. Conversely, the CA in an insect, the head of which has been decapitated just anterior to the CA, remains inhibited. This result suggests that the head posterior to the brain must be present to maintain inhibition. It is concluded that DV severance acts on the brain via some humoral influence to impose inhibition on the CA, and that an endocrine center in the head is required in order to maintain the inhibition.
Changes in the hemolymph of the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans, after a blood meal
Authors: Chen Andrew C. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe stable fly hemolymph was analyzed after a blood meal. The hemolymph volume increased to approximately three times the pre‐feeding level 3–6 h after a blood meal and gradually returned to normal 18 h after the blood meal. The osmotic pressure decreased approximately 10% following a blood meal and gradually returned to normal with a pattern that was a mirror‐image of that of the hemolymph volume. Concentrations of cations and anions are not directly affected by the ingested blood, indicating a possible selective excretory mechanism.
Nonvitellogenic female protein in Musca domestica
Authors: Pereira Sirlei D. , Marinotti Osvaldo , de Bianchi Antonio G. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractDuring vitellogenesis in Musca domestica, a major hemolymph protein, in addition to vitellogenin, appears preferentially in females. This protein is synthesized by the adult fat bodies, secreted into the hemolymph, and is not taken up by the ovaries during vitellogenesis. We have designated this protein nonvitellogenic female protein (NVFP). It is composed of only one type of polypeptide (Mr=70,000) and occurs in two different forms. Synthesis of NVFP is induced by a protein diet, attaining maximum concentrations in females at the middle of the gonotrophic cycle. In males its maximum concentration never surpasses 10% of the concentration in females. The quantitative variation of the NVFP is cyclic and coincident with the gonotrophic cycles of Musca domestica.
Profiles of free and conjugated ecdysteroids and ecdysteroid acids during pupal‐adult development of Manduca sexta
Authors: Lozano Ruben , Thompson Malcolm J. , Svoboda James A. , Lusby William R. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe levels of individual free and conjugated ecdysteroids and ecdysteroid acids, labeled from [14C]cholesterol, in five different age groups of male Manduca sexta during pupal‐adult development were determined by HPLC. Eight free ecdysteroids, eight ecdysteroid phosphates, and two ecdysteroid acids were identified. Newly ecdysed pupae contained predominantly 3‐epiecdysteroids in each of the free, conjugated, and acidic ecdysteroid fractions. The titer of each ecdysteroid fraction rose sharply by day 4, and this was particularly noteworthy with respect to free ecdysone and 3‐epi‐20‐hydroxyecdysonoic acid. This stage demonstrated high degrees of ecdysone biosynthesis, oxidative catabolism, and phosphorylation. As development proceeded to day 16, total ecdysteroid titer remained constant; a decreasing free ecdysteroid titer was accompanieid by increasing titers of both conjugates and acids resulting from the metabolic processes of hydroxylation, oxidation, epimerization, and phosphorylation. The predominant metabolites throughout development were 3‐epi‐20‐hydroxyecdysonoic acid and the phosphate conjugates of 3‐epi‐20‐hydroxyecdysone and 3‐epi‐20,26‐dihydroxyecdysone. The ultimate inactivation of the ecdysteroids of M. sexta during pupal‐adult development is possibly mediated by two pairs of metabolically‐linked processes, one leading to a 3‐epiecdysteroid acid, and the other to 3‐epiecdysteroid phosphates.
Stimulated synthesis of the female‐specific storage protein in male larvae of the silkworm Bombyx mori treated with juvenile hormone analog
Authors: Kajiura Zenta , Yamashita Okitsugu 
Published: February 2005

AbstractApplication of methoprene to fourth (penultimate) instar larvae of the silkworm Bombyx mori induced the appearance of the feeding dauer larvae at the fifth (last) instar and prevented pupal metamorphosis. Methoprene also increased the protein concentrations of hemolymph last instar larvae by preventing sequestration of storage proteins by the fat body. Usually, the female‐specific storage protein 1 (SP1)* disappears from the male hemolymph at the time of the last larval instar. However, exposure of male larvae to methoprene at the penultimate instar enhanced the accumulation of SP1 in the hemolymph. The SP1 accumulated in males did not differ in molecular weight and immunoreactivity from the SP1 produced in female larvae. Both sexes of fourth instar larvae allatectomized on day 1 instantly accumulated SP1 in the hemolymph, and methoprene application after allatectomy suppressed the hemolymph accumulation of the SP1. In contrast, if allatectomy was carried out at a later stage of the fourth larval instar, SP1 concentration in hemolymph of fifth instar larvae did not increase, suggesting the different juvenile hormone action for regulation of SP1 synthesis in the penultimate instar larvae of silkworms.
Ploidy levels and DNA synthesis in fat body cells of the adult mosquito, Aedes aegypti: The role of juvenile hormone
Authors: Dittmann Frank , Kogan Philip H. , Hagedorn Henry H. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractAdult females of the mosquito Aedes aegypti showed two cycles of DNA replication in the fat body based on microspectrophotometric measurement of changes in nuclear DNA. The first cycle began after emergence and resulted in 80% of diploid fat body cells becoming tetraploid and 20% becoming octoploid by the end of the third day. The second replication cycle occurred 48–72 h after a blood meal and resulted in an increase in octoploid nuclei to 67% Topical application of juvenile hormone or methoprene to abdomens isolated at emergence stimulated an increase in ploidy levels above that normally seen in situ. Synthesis of DNA, estimated by incorporation of injected [3H]‐thymidine, rose after emergence and remained high for 2 days. Synthesis increased again after a blood meal, reached a peak by 6 h, and returned to low levels by 24 h after the meal. The timing of DNA synthesis and a measurable increase in ploidy were temporally separated. The ploidy increase, but not DNA synthesis, was correlated with increases in juvenile hormone levels.
Production of antibodies to Manduca sexta cerebral neurosecretory cells
Authors: Flanagan Thomas R. , O'Brien Martha A. , Agui Noriaki , Bollenbacher Walter E. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractUnderstanding the neuroendocrine regulation of insect development depends upon having antibody probes to the neurohormones involved, which are usually present at trace levels, making antibody generation difficult. This report describes a simple method for producing antibodies specific to cerebral neurosecretory cells (NSC) of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, and to the neurohormone(s) they produce. The method involves the isolation of only a few hundred NSC somata (∼ 0.3 μg of protein) that serve as the immunogen. The cerebral NSC used were the L‐NSC III, the prothoracicotropes, that produce the prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH), the principal neuroendocrine effector of insect molting and metamorphosis. A PTTH‐containing extract of microsurgically isolated somata of the L‐NSC III was injected intraperitoneally into a Balb/c mouse. The antiserum produced specifically immunostained the L‐NSC III in wholemounts of brains from different developmental stages. This antiserum also contained antibodies directed against PTTH, as shown by its ability to inhibit the neurohormone's biological activity in an in vitro prothoracic gland bioassay. Such antiserum can be used to investigate the ontogeny and phylogeny of NSCs. With the hybridoma technique, monoclonal antibodies to individual NSC proteins (PTTH) could be obtained, circumventing the need to purify them for antibody production. This method should be applicable to comparable neurosecretory cell systems in other insect species.
Neither barium nor calcium prevents the inhibition by Bacillus thuringiensis δ‐endotoxin of sodium‐ or potassium gradient‐dependent amino acid accumulation by tobacco hornworm midgut brush border membrane vesicles
Authors: Wolfersberger Michael G. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractRapid filtration assays were used to determine the effects of barium, calcium and an insecticidal δ‐endotoxin from Bacillus thuringiensis on sodium and potassium ion gradient dependent phenylalanine accumulation by brush border membrane vescles from the larval midgut of the tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta). Neither barium nor calcium had a significant effect on sodium ion gradient dependent phenylalanine accumulation by the membrane vesicles. Both barium and calcium inhibited potassium ion gradient dependent phenylalanine accumulation by the membrane vesicles. B. thuringiensis δ‐endotoxin inhibited both sodium and potassium ion gradient dependent phenylalanine accumulation by the vesicles. Inhibition of both sodium and potassium ion gradient dependent phenylalanine accumulation increased similarly with increasing δ‐endotoxin inhibition of either sodium or potassium dependent phenylalanine accumulation by the vesicles.
How parasitoids deal with the immune system of their host: An overview
Authors: Vinson S. Bradleigh 
Published: February 2005

AbstractInsects have evolved many mechanisms that reduce their potential for serving as hosts for entomophagous species. Some of these mechanisms involve escape, mimicry, and repellancy, which are effective defense mechanisms against both predators and parasitoids. But, insects have a second line of defense against parasitoids and parasites. These may include repellancy and a cuticular barrier to invasion but they include several internal defenses that are collectively referred to as immune mechanisms.The current understanding of insect immunity is reviewed as background to examining the ways in which insect parasitoids have evolved to successfully handle the immune system of the host. The various means that parasitoids utilize to handle the insect immune systems have been divided into five approaches. These five approaches are described and current knowledge of the mechanisms used by parasitoids to deal with the immune system of their host is explored.
In vitro rearing of parasitoids: Role of host factors in nutrition
Authors: Nettles Jr. William C. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractEvidence for the role of host components in the growth and development of parasitoids is briefly reviewed, and implications concerning the development of in vitro culture media are discussed. In vitro development of the entomophagous parasitoids Eucelatoria bryani Sabrosky (Diptera: Tachinidae) and Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) is dependent on low‐molecular‐weight host chemicals. Asparagine, but not aspartic acid, and several other free amino acids are essential dietary ingredients for E. bryani. From insect hemolymph, small, unidentified polar molecules with characteristics similar to sugars are needed for pupation of T. pretiosum. Both adaptive and nonadaptive changes likely are responsible for the dependence of parasitoids on host factors. The genetic changes have no apparent adverse effect unless the parasitoids are fed artificial media devoid of certain chemicals that are obtained in vivo from host insects. The rearing of at least several species of important entomophages to control pest insects of great economic importance is dependent on the identification of constituents from host insects and inclusion of these chemicals in artifical diets.
Possible role of teratocytes of the gregarious parasitoid, Cotesia ( = Apanteles) glomerata in the suppression of phenoloxidase activity in the larval host, Pieris rapae crucivora
Authors: Kitano Hideo , Wago Haruhisa , Arakawa Tōru 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA number of theories have been proposed concerning the means of avoiding host's encapsulation by parasitoid larvae. Our available data, however, are still not sufficient to explain the encapsulation–inhibiting effects of the gregarious endoparasitoid Cotesia ( = Apanteles) glomerata on its larval host, Pieris rapae crucivora. This study was prompted initially by the observation that the hemolymph obtained from parasitized fifth instar larvae failed to melanize. Phenoloxidase (PO) activity in the hemolymph of parasitized and nonparasitized Pieris larvae was determined spectrophotometrically by measuring the degree of dopachrome formation in diluted hemolymph with Ca2+‐free saline. PO activity was inhibited in host hemolymph containing young‐phase teratocytes, 1.5‐day‐old cells 40–45 μm in diameter, but not in that containing old‐phase teratocytes, 7‐day‐old cells 90–100 μm in diameter. Similar results with young‐phase teratocytes were obtained in vitro. Our data suggest that young teratocytes may suppress PO activity in the host hemolymph and interfere with encapsulation of C. glomerata larvae by the host. However, the mechanism of PO suppression remains to be determined.