bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Non-Communitarians: Refugee and Asylum Policies
Authors: Noll Gregor , Vedsted-Hansen Jens 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While the internal dimension of immigration policies has been an integral part of EC co-operation ever since the 1957 Treaty of Rome, immigration policies vis-á-vis third-country nationals, and the related issue of asylum, became a serious EC concern only in the mid-1980s. Developing the single market and abandoning internal border controls were seen as conditioned upon the establishment of common control at the external borders. This resulted in the attempts to harmonize immigration policies with respect to non-EC citizens, and asylum policies as well. As it will emerge, there are important disparities in harmonization of the two policy areas.
Monetary movements, taxation, and the Treaty ‘freedoms’
Authors: Usher J A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Linkages were clearly made between monetary movements and taxation m Council Directive 88/361,1 which finally established the basic principle of free movement of capital as a matter of Community law, with effect for most Member States from 1 July 1990. With regard to tax harmonization, Directive 88/361 expressly envisaged in its art. 6(5) that the Commission would submit to the Council by 31 December 1988 proposals aimed at eliminating or reducing risks of distortion, tax evasion, and tax avoidance ‘linked to the diversity of national systems for the taxation of savings and for controlling the application of these systems’, and the Council was to take a position by 30 June 1989. As stated in the previous Chapter, this initiative failed. However, the start of the third stage of Economic and Monetary Union has led to the elimination of exchange risks and differential interest rates for the eleven participants and thus made the legal theory of moving money to other Member States a realistic proposition for ordinary taxpayers. No doubt this was one reason for the resuscitation in 1998 of a proposal for withholding taxes on investment income; however, legal problems and political initiatives may be observed with regard to tax incentives, tax competition, tax evasion, and tax discrimination. Furthermore, in the context of monetary movements, possible conflicts with other substantive provisions of the EC Treaty arise from the wording of art. 58(1) (a) (formerly art. 73d(1)(a)). This states that the provisions of art. 56 (i.e. the liberalization of capital movements and payments inside and outside the Community) ‘shall be without prejudice to the right of Member States: (a) to apply the relevant provision of their tax law which distinguish between tax-payers who are not in the same situation with regard to their place of residence or with regard to the place where their capital is invested; …’
The Role of Fault in the Law of Unjust Enrichment
Authors: Birks Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fault can creep into the law of unjust enrichment on the plaintiff’s side or on the defendant’s. A plaintiff who would otherwise be entitled to a restitutionary claim may be denied restitution because he has been at fault. For example, in respect of payments made by mistake some jurisdictions have chosen to bar claims where the plaintiff’s mistake is judged to be inexcusable. More frequently it is the fault of the defendant which is made relevant. A system can go as far as to allow innocent defendants to escape restitutionary liability altogether. More selectively, the requirement of fault on the part of the defendant may be confined to particular causes of action in unjust enrichment.
Reforming Non-Compensatory Damages
Authors: Burrows Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lord Goff’s influence on the common law, through both his writings and his judgments, has been immense and is plain for all to see. What is less well known has been his contribution to legislative reform through the great help he has given over the years to the Law Commission. In my early weeks at Conquest House, I received a call from him offering me whatever assistance he could give; and over the past few years I have greatly benefited from discussions with him on a number of Law Commission projects, ranging from illegal transactions,2 through mistake of law, to liability for psychiatric illness.
Federalism and Takeover Law: The Race to Protect Managers from Takeovers
Authors: Bebchuk Lucian Arye , ferrell Allen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Twenty-five years ago, William Cary (1974) published his most lasting contribution to corporate law: his Yale Law Journal article entitled ‘Federalism and Corporate Law: Reflections upon Delaware’ —one of the most well-known and widely cited articles in corporate law (Shapiro 1991: 1462). In the article, he argued that Delaware’s reliance on revenues generated from corporate charters had led it to favour corporate managers in crafting its corporate code. Cary believed that managers, often at the expense of shareholders, enjoyed unjustifiably lax constraints with regard to issues ranging from fiduciary obligations to a parent’s treatment of a corporate subsidiary. To stop this harmful ‘race to the bottom’, Cary proposed that Congress adopt ‘federal standards of corporate responsibility’ (1974: 701).
Environmental Federalism in the United States: The Risks of Devolution
Authors: Engel Kirsten , rose-Ackerman Susan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Federalism in the United States is currently characterized by two recent developments: the federal government is devolving regulatory policy making and enforcement to the states, and the federal courts are challenging long-held views of federal power. Both developments have important and problematic implications for environmental policy. Although there are indeed benefits from state involvement in environmental affairs, the current decentralizing trends should not obscure the risks associated with too great a reliance on lower-level governments.
Ever Decreasing Circles? The Crisis in Standards Setting in the Wake of US v. Microsoft
Authors: Lea* Gary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is comparatively rare for competition law cases to attract mass media attention but there can be few members of the general public in any of the major industrialized nations who are unaware of the fact that Microsoft, one of the world’s largest companies and a leading software supplier, has been ‘in trouble’ over allegations of anticompetitive practices: when a company can slip from first to fifth largest in the world by market capitalization, wiping over 15 per cent ($81 billion) off its stock market valuation, even the most jaded observer will sit up and take notice.
New Bottles, but No Wine
Authors: Maniatis* Spyros 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Intellectual property law is changing. Pressure for change comes from several sides. New technologies, the information economy’s potential for growth at the national and international level, international co-operation on intellectual property under the World Intellectual Property Organization and the World Trade Organization, lobbying from industries for more protection are all pushing for new developments that bring with them expectations, uncertainties, and risks. The world wide web is challenging notions of territoriality. Some commentators argue that the whole system of intellectual property needs a total overhaul; others, including this author, are more cautious. The intellectual property regime may be regarded as a form of regulation, whether national or international. Inevitably it collides with other forms of regulation.
Review of Trade Mark and Passing off Cases
Authors: Maniatis* Spyros 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Jeryl Lynn Trade Mark challenges the current belief that the system of registration has been liberalized to such an extent that, provided the applicant can produce evidence of distinctiveness acquired through use, it is possible to overcome the obstacle of section 3(1)(a) of the Trade Marks Act 1994 (the 1994 Act). The trade mark, registered since 1995, was ‘Jeryl Lynn’ for medicinal and pharmaceutical preparations and substances and sanitary substances in class 5. The name was chosen in honour of Jeryl Lynn Hilleman from whom the original mumps virus was extracted and used to produce a live attenuated mumps vaccine; the patent for the vaccine had expired in the mid-1980s. The applicant for invalidation of the registration had produced from the respondents’ own vaccine a new strain of attenuated mumps, RIT 4385; the vaccine was marketed under the trade mark ‘Priorix’ and in the accompanying literature there was a reference to RIT 4385 as being ‘derived from Jeryl Lynn mumps strain’.
A Unified Approach to the Fundamental Freedoms
Authors: Jarass Hans D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The four fundamental freedoms of the EC Treaty have developed an importance far beyond what would have been expected. They encompass the free movement of goods in Article 28 EC, the free movement of workers in Article 39 EC, the freedom of establishment in Article 43 EC and free movement of services in Article 49 EC.2 This chapter outlines the theory and basic structure of the fundamental freedoms focusing on what they have in common.3
Judicially-Created Exceptions to the Free Provision of Services
Authors: O’Leary Siofra , Fernández-Martínf’ José M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Articles 45, 46 and 55 EC permit exceptions from the freedom to provide services in so far as the activity in question is related to the exercise of official authority, or on grounds of public policy, public security and public health. This chapter focuses on further exceptions to the prohibition on restrictions of the free provision of services which have been fashioned by the European Court of Justice. It first reviews developments in the Court’s case law which have led it, beyond direct and indirect discrimination, to prohibit, in addition, non-discriminatory national restrictions which are liable to impede the free provision of services. These indistinctly applicable restrictions are permissible if they can be justified with reference to imperative requirements of public interest. This open-ended category of justifications, created by the ECJ itself, is meant to reflect the social, moral and cultural diversity which still exists between the Member States and which, at least in the absence of further harmonization, may come into conflict with fundamental freedoms guaranteed by the EC Treaty. In order for indistinctly applicable national measures which restrict free movement to be justifiable, they must, in addition, comply with the principle of proportionality.
The Currency of Money
Authors: Fox David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To travel abroad would be said to buy currency from an exchange dealer. The second sense is the one developed in this chapter. It refers to a feature of the characteristic proprietary regime applying to money, and in particular to the way in which title to money is exempted from the full force of the general rule on derivative transfers of title expressed in the maxim nemo dat quod non habet. In this sense, ‘currency’ is often used interchangeably with ‘negotiability’, which reflects the common origin of the rules on transfer of title to money and money instruments in what would nowadays be identified as the law of negotiable instruments.
Some Restrictions in Linguistic Expressions of Spatial Movement
Authors: Nikanne Urpo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the link between spatial cognition and language. The investigation supports the idea of Jackendoff (1983) that linking between these two representations is not direct; it is intermediated by a level of representation referred to as conceptual structure. The constraints that govern the form of conceptual structure are also the reason for some structural differences between spatial structures and the linguistic structures expressing them. The theoretical assumptions are based on the approach of Conceptual Semantics (Jackendoff 1983, 1987a, 1990; Nikanne 1990). The main focus is on the constraints of conceptual-structure formation and their effects on the linking between linguistic and spatial representations.
Preparing for dental practice
Authors: Trevor Burke F J , Freeman Ruth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book prepares dental students and vocational dental practitioners for primary dental practice. It will also be helpful to general dental practitioners to enable them to undertake continuing professional development. The book provides a background to the holistic approach that dentists need to use when identifying treatment needs, and covers the integration of treatment and its planning, aspects of dental team building, practice selection and management matters. The first chapter examines issues in relation to career choices, the location of the practice together with the means by which access to dental care may be increased. Chapters 2 and 3 take the reader from outside to inside the dental practice to examine relationships within the practice. This includes those with the patient as well as the dental team. The fourth chapter describes clinical excellence in primary dental care by examining clinical decision-making, the need for referral as well as the place of prevention and restorative philosophies in treatment of patients. The last chapters examine the business of dental practice and suggest future pathways for the newly qualified dental practitioner.
Software Infrastructure for Computer-Assisted Orthopaedic Surgery
Authors: Jaramaz Branislav , Delp Scott L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Computer assisted surgery (CAS) systems are used in a variety of surgical specialities, including neurosurgery, craniofacial surgery, and orthopaedics. Although the clinical applications span several surgical disciplines, many of the software components are common. These common software components can facilitate the development of new systems and enable deployment into novel clinical applications if a robust software platform can be defined and developed.
Robotic Systems for Orthopaedic Surgery
Authors: Taylor R H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Robotic systems for orthopaedic surgery are Computer-Integrated Surgery (CIS) systems first, and ‘medical robots’ second. In other words, the robotic manipulator itself is just one element of a larger system that typically includes preoperative planning based on medical images, intra-operative registration to presurgical plans, a combination of robotic assist and manually controlled tools for carrying out the plan, and patient verification and follow-up.
Rationale for Computer-assisted Orthopaedic Knee Surgery
Authors: Rauh Michael A , Krackow Kenneth A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On any given day in our modern world we are intensely exposed to computer technology and methodology from computer assisted automobile wheel alignment to bar coding and inventory management at the store checkout counter. The medical field is no different. Our anesthesiologists utilize computerized electronics to monitor their tasks, while the nursing staff enter patient and case information into the hospital database. Yet, all of this sophistication happens while orthopaedic surgeons use nothing more than rulers, hammers, screwdrivers, goniometers and power saws.
Knee reconstructive surgery: preoperative model system
Authors: Picard F , Moody James E , DiGioia III Anthony M , Jaramaz Branislav , Plakseychuk Anton Y , Sell David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first chapter has already reminded us of the rationale of Total Knee Replacement (TKR) and only a few important requirements for the standard TKR surgery have been listed in the following paragraph. The functional result of a TKR depends on preoperative management, the surgeon’s skills, knee kinematics properties, bone quality, soft tissue damages, implant design, and post-operative follow-up.
CRA hip and knee Reconstructive Surgery: Ligament Reconstructions in the Knee – intra-operative Model System (non-image based)
Authors: Sati Marwan , Stäubli Hans-U , Bourquin Yvan , Kunz Manvela , Nolte Lutz-Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) rupture is a very common sports-related injury. Endoscopic or minimally invasive ACL reconstruction with an autogenous graft has become a standard due to the reduced trauma involved and the possibility to perform the procedure on an out-patient basis. There was a recent consensus within the International Knee Society1 that, according to state of the art knowledge on proper ACL placement, approximately 40% of ACL ligaments are currently being misplaced! An advanced arthroscopy course held by the society tested the misplacement rate of ligament placement in 24 cadaver knee following intensive instruction and practice on plastic model.
Accuracy and Validation
Authors: Mor Andrew B , Jaramaz Branislav , DiGioia III Anthony M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Validation of a system’s performance is very important to users of CAOS systems, and is an area in which no standardization has yet occurred. While all CAOS systems promise increased accuracy, and the possibility of less invasive surgery, the surgeon’s reliance on the system, especially when coupled with reduced exposure, requires that the CAOS system be thoroughly characterized and tested to ensure that it achieves its advertised accuracy under operating room conditions. The characterization of system performance must be tested at all steps of a procedure in which the CAOS system is utilized, from preoperative imaging to surgical intervention.
Future Challenges
Authors: Troccaz Jocelyne , Merloz Philippe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two major populations of patients use orthopaedic surgery: those who have suffered trauma, and those who require correction of mechanical disorders. Orthopaedic surgery is a real public health issue: for instance, in Europe it concerns about 1,000,000 patients a year, and costs about 3,000,000,000 Euros. These populations are mostly young people (the average age is 40 and the median is 50), who will live for many years following the intervention.
The search for better dialysis membranes: the peritoneum and the beginnings of peritoneal dialysis
Authors: Cameron J Stewart 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For a while Europe, and then the whole world, was occupied by the First World War. Nevertheless in the United States a further paper—besides that of Hess and McGuigan—employing in vivo dialysis appeared: Alice Rhode, a pupil of Abel’s, used in vivo dialysis to quantify ammonia in the blood [1]. After the end of the war this work in Baltimore continued to attract a good deal of attention. Clearly there was the possibility of a useful treatment, but the technical problems were formidable. Apart from the hirudin problem, if dialysis was ever to become successful in humans, another difficulty of the Abel–Rowntree–Turner dialyser had to be resolved: the relative fragility of the collodion membranes, and the tedium of their manufacture.
Hypertension and stroke
Authors: Hammersley Louise 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hypertension is common among almost all populations. It is a major risk factor for stroke, which is an extremely important cause of disability and death in all ethnic minority populations. However, these conditions warrant particular attention in people of black or African-Caribbean origin. This chapter outlines aspects of screening and health promotion, and emphasizes important practical issues in the clinical management of hypertension in this group.
24-hour availability and extended services
Authors: Burns Tom , Firn Mike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Availability seven days a week, round the clock (‘24/7’), is one of the rallying cries of assertive outreach purists (Hoult 1986; Marshall and Lockwood 1998; Smyth and Hoult 2000). Like the team approach it is a central tenet of the assertive outreach ideology and was heavily stressed in early studies. Hoult’s service in Sydney is the one where such crisis intervention, round the clock, is promoted in most detail. Interestingly, it is not known how often the original Madison service, while stressing the importance of 24-hour availability, actually made contact out of hours. Careful reading of the service details (Stein and Test 1978) indicates that this was on-call availability from home and very much a safety net rather than an active provision.
Engagement
Authors: Burns Tom , Firn Mike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Engagement is the most overused and under-defined term in the assertive outreach vocabulary. Definitions range from the ability of teams to retain patients in the service, to attempts to describe the qualities required of the patient/worker relationship. Table 10.1 classifies the varied activities and strategies that together can help build regular contact, promote a therapeutic alliance, and maximize our ability to provide long-term continuity of care to those patients who have come to be known as ‘hard to engage’. The selected vignettes and discussion of the strategies in this chapter should equip the reader with a working definition and a toolbox for practice.
Bipolar affective disorder
Authors: Burns Tom , Firn Mike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bipolar affective disorder is the term currently used for what was originally called ‘manic–depressive psychosis’. Manic–depressive psychosis was one of the major mental illnesses that Kraepelin distinguished in his original studies (Kraepelin 1919) and it affects just under 0.7% of the adult population (Weissman et al. 1996). He distinguished it from schizophrenia (then called ‘dementia praecox’) not so much on the grounds of the symptoms as on the course of the illness. Dementia praecox was characterized by a gradual decline in functioning punctuated by episodes of severe disturbance, but manic–depressive patients often showed full recovery between episodes, although the disturbed periods could be equally severe. French psychiatrists called it ‘folie circulaire’ (Falret 1854).
Housing and homelessness
Authors: Burns Tom , Firn Mike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Without affordable housing for the mentally ill we have little foundation for care in the community. Yet housing, or the lack of it, is a source of frustration to professionals working in the field of mental health and contributes to the debate about shortcomings in this policy. In the past, the responsibility for seeking out this scarce resource lay with social workers and local authority departments. Nowadays, this is seldom the case, and generic working means that regardless of our profession we need to assist our patients when they find themselves in a housing crisis. Housing is high on the patient’s agenda, and also because homelessness causes major difficulties, frequently leading to admission. These may have to be extensively prolonged despite patients being clinically ready to leave hospital.
Physical health care
Authors: Burns Tom , Firn Mike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
People with severe mental illnesses suffer worse physical health than the general population. They are significantly more likely to die early: the ‘standardized mortality’ of schizophrenia is 1.6, which means that for any given age, their risk of dying is raised by 60% (Harris and Barraclough 1998). Their overall life expectancy is correspondingly lower than the norm. Some of this increased mortality and lowered life expectancy is due to suicide—but not all. The main causes of this increased mortality are respiratory and cardiovascular deaths. Kendrick (1996) found that a quarter of 101 severely mentally ill patients, studied in 16 general practices, were significantly obese, over half were regular smokers, 11 were hypertensive, 21 had persistent cough or sputum, and 24 suffered shortness of breath! Changes in lifestyle or earlier and better treatment could prevent much of this. Working closely with this patient group means that we need to understand more about why their health is so poor and what we can do about it.