bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neonatal nutrition and longitudinal growth from birth to adolescence in baboons
Authors: Rutenberg Gary W. , Coelho Anthony M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractClinically normal baboons (Papio cynocephalus anubis [Kingfjdon, 1971]) were used in an experiment which (1) examined growth in 48 subjects randomly assigned to three diet treatments (LC = low calorie; MC = medium calorie; HC = high calorie); (2) tested the hypothesis that different amounts of caloric availability during the neonatal period (birth to 16 weeks) had a significant effect on growth and development as measured by weight, crown‐rump length, and triceps circumference in the subsequent infant, juvenile, and adolescent periods; (3) evaluated the rate of growth in these subjects; and (4) evaluated the extent to which they were capable of canalization (catch‐up and catch‐down growth). The LC subjects were fed 40% fewer calories than MC subjects and HC subjects were fed 40% more calories than MC subjects. Early in life baboon growth was influenced by caloric shortages and excesses. Canalization of growth attainment occurred in both the LC and HC infants after preweaning dietary treatments had ceased. This suggested that removal of environmental (caloric) insults allowed growth to be regulated by its genetic component (developmental canalization) and to return to a more normal growth pattern. Catch‐up growth of LC infants occurred by 26 weeks. Catch‐down growth of HC infants to normal levels occurred by 26 weeks. This indicates that growth canalization can work in both directions (reduction from caloric excess and increase from caloric insufficiency) within the same time frame. Following infancy, there were few significant treatment differences in growth of males, whereas females retain the effects of neonatal dietary treatments throughout the 5‐year study.
A case of chondrodystrophic dwarfism in the Italian late Upper Paleolithic
Authors: Frayer David W. , Macchiarelli Roberto , Mussi Margherita 
Published: August 2005

AbstractDuring excavations by P. Graziosi at Romito Cave near Papasidero (Cosenza) in Calabria, Italy, two skeletons (Romito 1 and 2) were discovered in a common grave. Although the specimens were briefly described by Messeri (Atti X Riuniuone Scientifica Ist. Ital. Preist. Protest., pp. 301–307, 1966), it is generally unknown in the anthropological literature that one of these individuals is a chondrodystrophic dwarf. As such, the specimen provides the earliest known case of dwarfism in the human skeletal record, extending the time span of this genetically determined growth abnormality to approximately 10,000 years ago. The specimen (Romito 2) exhibits features typical of chondrodysplasia, including a high domed skull, compressed cranial base, and in the postcranial skeleton extremely shortened diaphyseal lengths. The unique combination of these features suggests this pathological condition is acromesomelic dysplasia. Besides providing evidence for a greater antiquity of dwarfism than previously known, the fact that this individual reached late adolescence attests to tolerance of Upper Paleolithic groups for severely abnormal individuals and their ability to support members who were of limited economic value to the social group.
Frequency and distribution of enamel hypoplasias in a historic skeletal sample
Authors: Lanphear Kim M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA skeletal sample of 296 individuals from a 19th century American poorhouse cemetery is examined for the frequency and chronogical distribution of linear enamel hypoplasias on the mandibular canines and maxillary central incisors. Dental enamel hypoplasias may be considered to be indicators of increased exposure to health risk at the time of weaning. The purpose of this study is to examine childhood stress and provide a relative measure of that stress, as evidenced by hypoplasias, in a historic sample that represents an industrializing population.The frequency of enamel hypoplasias per individual by tooth ranged from 70 to 73%, with a peak age at stress of 2.5 to 3 years for the maxillary central incisor and 3.5 to 4 years for the mandibular canine. There were no significant differences in the presence of hypoplasias between males and females.The peak age at stress between 2.5 and 4 years in this 19th century sample transects the ranges reported for prehistoric populations (2–6 years) and for modern groups (0–3 years). These results indicate that the stress associated with weaning probably occurred earlier in incipient industrial societies than in prehistoric hunter/gatherers and agriculturalists, yet not as early as in modern industrial groups. The high level of childhood stress in this skeletal sample compared with that of other samples may indicate a change in health, at least among the lowest class, associated with the cultural transition from an agricultural to an industrial society.
Position and orientation of the foramen magnum in higher primates
Authors: Luboga S. A. , Wood B. A. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe location of the foramen magnum, with respect to the longitudinal axis of the cranium, and its orientation with respect to the Frankfurt Horizontal, have been studied in a total of 328 modern human and Pan crania. The samples were chosen in order to examine the effect of overall size difference on foramen magnum disposition. Foramen position (expressed as three indices) and inclination are relatively invariant among the modern human samples, but the foramen magnum is consistently, and statistically significantly, more anteriorly located in Pan paniscus than in Pan troglodytes. Sexual dimorphism is virtually non‐existent. There is an apparent allometric effect on foramen position, but not on inclination, so that larger crania in the modern human and Pan paniscus samples tend to have more posteriorly situated foramina. The disposition of the foramen is unrelated to cranial base angle or facial prognathism, except that in Pan paniscus its relative anterior location is linked with the more flexed cranial base in that species.These results provide a comparative context for the examination of differences in foramen magnum disposition in fossil hominids. Differences in foramen magnum position and orientation between KNM‐ER 1813 and A. africanus are most unlikely to be due to within‐taxon variability.
Functional and morphological stasis during molecular evolution
Authors: Williams Robert C. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe evolutionary distance between two sets of proteins was estimated using the techniques of Miyata and Yasunaga (1980) and Kimura (1980). Human β2‐microglobulin was compared with the homologous murine molecule, while human and equine α‐globin were similarly treated. It was found that a large amount of molecular evolution has occurred in β2‐microglobulin since its divergence from the common ancestor of mice and humans. Kimura's estimate of evolutionary distance, K, is 0.353, while those of Miyata and Yasunaga are KS = 0.708 and KA = 0.171. The respective values for human and equine α‐globin are 0.152, 0.293, and 0.084. In spite of this molecular evolution, it is shown that murine β2‐microglobulin can effect the expression of HLA class I antigens on the surface of human‐mouse hybrid cells and that the tertiary structures of human and equine deoxyhemoglobin are nearly identical. These observations are discussed in the light of Kimura's theory of neutral allelic drift.
Prevalence of antibodies interactive with HTLV‐I antigens in selected Solomon Islands population
Authors: Armstrong Martine Y. K. , Hrdy Daniel B. , Carlson James R. , Friedlaender Jonathan S. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractSerum samples obtained in 1986 from healthy individuals in three distinct Solomon Islands populations were screened for antibodies to human lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV‐I). One of the populations tested lives on the remote Polynesian outlier atoll, Ontong Java. The other two groups, the Baegu and the Lau, are Melanesians living on Malaita, the most populous of the larger Solomon Islands. Eighty‐eight of a total of 601 (14.6%) sera tested were repeatably reactive in an enzyme‐linked immunsosorbent assay (ELISA) that uses as antigen a lysate of HTLV‐I viral particles. The prevalence of antibodies interactive with HTLV‐I antigens varied among the three groups, ranging from 8.5% (16/188) in the Baegu, through 13% (7/54) in the Lau, to 18.1% (65/359) among the Ontong Java poplation. The specificity of the screening ELISA was confirmed by protein immunoblot. No serum samples were obtained from children under 9 years of age. Although 121 of the 601 sera came from children between the ages of 9 and 19, none of these were reactive in the HTLV‐I ELISA. Starting in the third decade, the prevalence of HTLV‐I seropositivity increased with age, from 8.8% (10/113) between the ages of 20 and 29 to a peak of 25.9% (15/58) and 25% (15/60) in the sixth and seventh decade, respectively. This age‐specific prevalence pattern is strikingly similar to that which is seen in populations where HTLV‐I infection is endemic.
Lipid and apolipoprotein levels in six Solomon Island societies differ from those in a U.S. white population
Authors: Kottke Bruce A. , Friedlaender Jonathan S. , Zebra Kim E. , Sing Charles F. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractLevels of plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, and apolipoproteins (apo) AI, AII, and E in 560 males and 744 females from six Solomon Island societies were compared with levels in age‐and sex‐matched participants in the Rochester Family Heart Study (RFHS). The overall average cholesterol, triglyceride, apo AI, and apo AII levels for all the Solomon Island societies were significantly lower than levels for the RFHS (P < 0.001). The mean level of apo E for these societies was significantly higher than levels in RFHS in spite of the fact that the levels of triglycerides were significantly lower. Normally, apo E is a major constituent of triglyceride‐rich verylow‐density lipoprotein (VLDL). For both sexes, none of the Solomon Island societies showed a significant correlation of plasma cholesterol levels with apo E. In the RFHS, this correlation was 0.50 in males and 0.43 in females. Mean apo E levels are estimated to be 4.15–6.0% of the high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) protein in the different Solomon Island societies. This study establishes a distinctive Solomon Island lipid profile characterized by the high apo E levels, which appear to be associated primarily with the HDL particle, whereas, in normal Western populations, it is associated primarily with VLDL, and only small quantities are associated with HDL.
Effects of acculturation and age on the exercise capacities of Solomon Islanders
Authors: Weitz Charles A. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractSubmaximal exercise tests were carried out on 197 females and 290 males from five populations in the Solomon Islands to determine how acculturation affects the fitness of different age and sex groups. Males and females in the least acculturated group show the highest fitness levels, reflecting strenuous work patterns. Subjects from the most acculturated groups exhibit the lowest levels of fitness, a consequence of their more sedentary life‐styles. Unexpectedly, older females in these groups show exercise capacities that are equal to those of younger women. This may be a consequence of generational differences in the practice of traditional activities, such as those associated with gardening. Groups ranked intermediate in acculturation show variable patterns. For some age and sex groups, modernization has reinforced and even intensified strenuous activity patterns, resulting in high levels of fitness. For others, modernization has promoted inactivity and/or altered dietary patterns, resulting in increased body fat and low levels of fitness.
Cross‐sectional growth of young Shipibo Indian children in Eastern Peru
Authors: Hodge Linda G. , Dufour Darna L. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis paper reports measurements of weight and recumbent length for a cross‐sectional sample of 149 Shipibo infants and children between birth and 35.99 months of age from eight villages in the Peruvian Amazon Basin. The Shipibo are an Amerindian population experiencing a period of local environmental disruption and rapid cultural change. Compared with the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) references values, Shipibo children are smaller and shorter than American children. The differences are least at birth. Deficits in linear growth begin between 3 and 6 months of age and continue through 35.99 months of age. Weight‐for‐length ratios are generally adequate compared to the NCHS values in all age groups. This pattern of growth is similar to that reported for non‐Amerindians in many developing countries and is assumed to represent a pattern of growth under mild‐to‐moderate undernutrition. High infant mortality rates suggest that an interaction of suboptimal nutrition and infectious diseases is contributing to the pattern of growth retardation seen; however, genetic differences cannot yet be discounted.
Morphometric analysis of craniofacial growth in Cebus apella
Authors: Corner Brian D. , Richtsmeier Joan T. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe present study was undertaken to provide a quantitative description of craniofacial growth in Cebus apella in three dimensions. Landmarks from a cross‐sectional sample of sexed and dentally aged crania were collected using a 3Space digitizer. Two methods of three‐dimensional form analysis, euclidian distance matrix analysis (EDMA) and finite‐element scaling analysis (FESA), were used to investigate growth changes in the cranium. Male and female growth was examined by comparing the youngest male mean form to all other age/sex specific mean forms. In addition, form differences between the sexes were studied by comparing male and female mean forms at each age.The cranium was divided into four regions for analysis: muzzle, upper face, neurocranium, and basicranium. Growth changes within each region were examined. In the muzzle and neurocranium, most growth occurs along the anteroposterior axis. Growth around pterion and the lower orbital rim is prominent within the upper face. The basicranium shows a surprisingly large amount of form change with growth. This form change is due to the mediolateral expansion of the basioccipital, and to the posterior migration and inferior rotation of basion.Males and females have similar growth patterns, but males tend to be larger than females in nearly all dimensions at every developmental age except the youngest. Evidence suggests that craniofacial sexual dimorphism is primarily due to males growing faster than females for approximately the same amount of time.
Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring: Assessing the diurnal variation of blood pressure
Authors: James Gary D. , Pickering Thomas G. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe purposes of this paper are to examine the effects of activity, situation of measurement, mood, and occupation on the daily variation of blood pressure and to discuss the potential utility of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in physical anthropological studies. The subjects of the blood pressure variability study are 125 men who were referred to the Hypertension Center at New York Hospital—Cornell Medical Center for evaluation of hypertension. There were 1,386 blood pressure measurements from these subjects available for study, which were taken using noninvasive ambulatory blood pressure monitoring techniques. Pressures were transformed to z scores using the subject's daily mean pressure and standard deviation to assess the relative elevation during the experience of the various factors. The results show that activity and mood are the most significant sources of blood pressure variation (P < .005) and are additive. Occupation, which may be an indicator of social class in this population, also modified the mood effects. Because ambulatory blood pressure monitors obtain many readings over a day under a variety of circumstances, their use can improve epidemiological and human biological studies of the inheritance and variability of blood pressure. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring is an important new tool in the study of human biological variation.
Spondyloarthropathy: Erosive arthritis in representative defleshed bones
Authors: Rothschild Bruce M. , Woods Robert J. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractErosive changes and syndesmophyte formation, characteristics of spondyloarthropathy, were present in 79/2906 skeletons in the Todd Collection. Holistic assessment of this defined population allowed it to be distinguished from rheumatoid and other erosive forms of arthritis. Characterization of the nature and distribution of osseous alterations in a contemporary skeletal population allowed development of a standard for recognition of the disease in skeletal populations.
Phylogenetic and biogeographic significance of the tarsiiform primate Asiomomys changbaicus from the eocene of Jilin Province, people's Republic of China
Authors: Beard K. Christopher , Wang Banyue 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA newly discovered Paleogene mammal locality in Jilin Province, People's Republic of China has yielded a dentary fragment of the tarsiiform primate Asiomomys changbaicus. Unlike most other Eocene primates from Asia, the phylogenetic position of A. changbaicus is well resolved: it represents the sister taxon of Stockia powayensis, a probable washakiin omomyid from the early Uintan of southern California. The phylogenetic position and geographic provenance of A. changbaicus demonstrate the feasibility of primate dispersal between North America and Asia during middle Eocene time. This finding establishes a biogeographic link between the most diverse known radiation of tarsiiform primates, which occurred in the Eocene of North America, and the present range of the genus Tarsius. Accordingly, biogeographic considerations no longer detract from the hypothesis of a close phylogenetic relationship between Tarsius and a clade of North American Omomyidae.
Biomechanical association of dental and temporomandibular pathology in a medieval Nubian population
Authors: Sheridan Susan G. , Mittler Diane M. , Van Gerven Dennis P. , Covert Herbert H. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAn analysis of the relationship between oral pathology and degenerative change at the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) was undertaken on an archaeological sample of 122 adult crania from the Medieval site of Kulubnarti in Sudanese Nubia. The crania were sorted into 2 groups: those demonstrating clearly visible bony changes at the joint (TMJ+) and those without visible change (TMJ−). These groups were compared according to 1) age; 2) sex; 3) active dental pathologies (abscesses, caries, partial socket resorption); 4) tooth loss with complete socket resorption; and 5) dental attrition.No statistically significant association was evident between degenerative change at the TMJ and age, active dental pathologes, or dental attrition; however, sex differences and posterior tooth loss with complete socket resorption revealed a significant correspondence to degenerative TMJ changes. Both of these factors agree with the clinical literature and with biomechanical models (most notably that of Hylander) based upon modern populations. Furthermore, the results support the contention that paleopathological conditions can be analyzed from a clinical and functional biomechanical perspective.
What's old and new in molecular phylogenetics
Authors: Marks Jonathan 
Published: August 2005

AbstractWhile it is fairly easy to devise a phylogenetic tree based on molecular data, it has proven difficult to tell how reliable any such tree is. Thus while the genetic inference that humans, chimpanzees, and gorillas cluster together is widely accepted, the genetic inference that the primary division among Old World human populations is between Asia and EurAfrica is not. A molecular phylogenetic inference linking humans and chimpanzees was proposed in the 1980s based on the technique of DNA hybridization. Despite several recent publications in primary and secondary source material, much confusion still exists surrounding the work. This paper tries to clarify issues that may still be confusing to physical anthropologists, and proposes criteria upon which to judge the robusticity of a phylogenetic inference based on DNA hybridization, in light of a recent published claim of replication. The claim of replication is considered critically. Interestingly, the original DNA hybridization data may actually show a chimp‐gorilla link, in harmony with other phylogenetic results.
Morphometric data for adult lion‐tailed macaques (Macaca silenus)
Authors: Harvey N. C. , Clarke A. S. , Lindburg D. G. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractBasic morphometric data were collected from 22 adult lion‐tailed macaques (M. silenus) of both sexes. M. silenus is a rare primate species from which adequate morphometric data have not heretofore been available for comparative purposes. Data collected included measures of gross body size (weight; crown‐rump and rump‐heel length), and for males, measures of secondary sexual characteristics (canine tooth and testes size). Degree of sexual dimorphism was marked, with males significantly larger and heavier than females. The three body size measures were correlated for males but not for females. There was substantial variation among individual males in secondary sex characteristic measurements. The data indicate that lion‐tailed macaque morphometrics are consonant with the general pattern of positive allometry for body size and sexual dimorphism characteristic of the primate order.
Cranial deformation and nonmetric trait variation
Authors: Konigsberg Lyle W. , Kohn Luci A. P. , Cheverud James M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractCranial deformation is known to influence many traditional craniometric variables, but its effects on nonmetric trait variation are not well characterized. In this study, we examine the effects of three types of deformation (annular, lambdoid flattening, and fronto‐occipital) on nonmetric traits, using a large sample of protohistoric and prehistoric crania. Our results indicate that a few traits are increased or decreased in relative frequency by particular types of deformation, but that these effects have little impact on the calculation of biological distances between groups. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Partial skeleton of Proconsul nyanzae from Mfangano Island, Kenya
Authors: Ward C. V. , Walker A. , Teaford M. F. , Odhiambo I. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA partial skeleton attributed to Proconsul nyanzae (KNM‐MW 13142) is described. The fossils were found at a site on Mfangano Island, Kenya, which dates to 17.9 ± .1 million years ago. KNM‐MW 13142 consists of six partial vertebrae (T12‐S1), a nearly complete hipbone, most of the right femur and left femoral shaft, a fragmentary tibia and fibula, and a nearly complete talus and calcaneus. This skeleton provides the first pelvic fossil known for any East African Miocene hominoid. The new Proconsul specimen is compared to a large sample of extant anthropoids to determine its functional and phylogenetic affinities. In most aspects of its anatomy, KNM‐MW 13142 closely resembles nonhominoid anthropoids. This individual had a long, flexible spine, narrow torso, and habitually pronograde posture, features characteristic of most extant monkeys. Evidence of spinal musculature suggests a generalized condition intermediate between that of cercopithecoids and hylobatids. The hindlimb of KNM‐MW 13142 exhibits relatively mobile hip and ankle joints, with structural properties of the femur like those of hominoids. This mix of features implies a pattern of posture and locomotion that is unlike that of any extant primate. Many aspects of the Proconsul nyanzae locomotor skeleton may represent the primitive catarrhine condition. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.