bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pharmacodynamic Activity of Five Oral Cephalosporins Against Haemophilus influenzae
Authors: Stein Gary E. , Schooley Sharon , Walker Robert D. , Strenkoski‐Nix Laura 
Published: October 2023

Study Objectives. To determine the time above minimum inhibitory concentration (T > MIC) and serum bactericidal activity of five oral cephalosporins against two strains of Haemophilus influenzae.Design. Randomized, crossover study.Setting. University‐associated research center.Subjects. Ten healthy volunteers.Interventions. Each subject received a single dose of cefpodoxime 200 mg, cefuroxime 500 mg, cefaclor 500 mg, cefprozil 500 mg, or loracarbef 400 mg each week for 5 weeks. Blood for serum levels was obtained at time zero and 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, and 12 hours after each dose.Measurements and Main Results. Cefopodoxime produced serum concentrations above the MIC for more than 90% of the time for both β‐lactamase‐negative and ‐positive strains of H. influenzae. Moreover, it had serum bactericidal activity for 12 hours against both isolates. Cefuroxime was the second most active cephalosporin, with serum concentrations above the MIC of both isolates for 60% of the time. Cefuroxime provided serum bactericidal activity for 12 hours against the β‐lactamase‐negative strain and 6 hours against the β‐lactamase‐positive strain of H. influenzae. Even though the T > MIC was less than 50% of the study period for the other cephalosporins, all but cefaclor provided serum bactericidal activity for 12 hours against the β‐lactamase‐negative isolate. Cefaclor provided measurable serum bactericidal activity for only 3 hours. The duration of serum bactericidal activity of cefprozil, loracarbef, and cefaclor against the β‐lactamase‐positive isolate was 4, 2, and 0 hours, respectively.Conclusion. Cefpodoxime was the most active cephalosporin studied based on T > MIC and serum bactericidal activity against isolates of H. influenzae.
High‐Dose versus Standard‐Dose Epinephrine Treatment of Cardiac Arrest after Failure of Standard Therapy
Authors: Sherman Bruce W. , Munger Mark A. , Foulke Garrett E. , Rutherford William F. , Panacek Edward A. 
Published: October 2023

Study Objective. To assess the efficacy of high‐dose epinephrine (HDE) compared with standard‐dose epinephrine (SDE) in emergency department patients in cardiac arrest after SDE failed to improve asystole or ventricular fibrillation.Design. Prospective, multicenter, blinded, controlled trial.Setting. Eight academic center emergency departments.Patients. One hundred forty patients treated for cardiac arrest.Measurements and Main Results. Primary outcomes were either improvement in cardiac rhythm or return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). Of the 140 patients enrolled, 78 received HDE and 62 received SDE. Of the 34 patients with ventricular fibrillation, 3 were resuscitated with HDE and 2 with SDE (p=0.60). Of those with asystole, ROSC occurred in 12 of HDE and 5 of SDE recipients (p=0.11). No patient had return of significant neurologic function and none survived to hospital discharge. Overall, there was no advantage to HDE after failure of SDE.Conclusion. Our results are similar to those of controlled clinical trials comparing HDE with SDE in cardiac arrest.
Fentanyl Pharmacokinetics in Patients Undergoing Renal Transplantation
Authors: Koehntop Douglas E. , Rodman John H. 
Published: October 2023

Study Objective. To describe the pharmacokinetics of fentanyl in patients undergoing renal transplantation.Design. Prospective.Setting. A large university teaching hospital.Patients. Eight patients (mean ± SD age 35.5 ± 11.5 yrs, weight 73.4 ± 24.8 kg) with end‐stage renal failure receiving kidneys from a living relative; three patients were never dialyzed, three were receiving peritoneal dialysis, and two were receiving hemodialysis.Interventions. Plasma was sampled before and at intervals up to 8 hours after intravenous injection of fentanyl 25 pg/kg before skin incision.Measurements and Main Results. Mean ± SD (range) preoperative values were blood urea nitrogen (BUN) 66 ± 30 (35–111) mg/dl; albumin 3.6 ± 0.7 (2.6‐4.5) g/dl; and triglycerides 414 ± 352 (156–1270) mg/dl. Elimination half‐life was 382 ± 205 minutes; volume of distribution for the central compartment 0.74 ± 0.48 L/kg; volume of distribution at steady state (Vdss) 3.1 ± 2.0 L/kg; total body clearance 7.5 ±5.1 ml • kg−1 • min−1 • A significant inverse relationship between degree of azotemia and fentanyl clearance was found. The two patients with the highest preoperative BUNs had the lowest multiple of clearance and Vdss, and were also the only ones to require postoperative mechanical ventilation.Conclusion. Although all patients received a kidney that functioned well after revascularization, the large intersubject variability in fentanyl kinetics may, in part, reflect their heterogeneity in dialysis status and renal failure‐induced abnormalities. Marked decreases in fentanyl clearance do occur in these patients, appear to be related to very high BUN concentrations, and can lead to prolonged postoperative ventilatory depression.
Biological and Clinical Correlates after Chemotherapy and Granulocyte Colony‐Stimulating Factor Administration
Authors: Higa Gerald M. , DeVore Russell F. , Auber Miklos L. , Lynch Joseph P. , Landreth Kenneth S. 
Published: October 2023

Study Objective. To evaluate specific biological markers to improve understanding and use of granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF) in patients receiving chemotherapy.Design. Prospective, randomized study.Setting. University‐affiliated hospital and cancer center.Patients. Twenty‐five patients randomized to begin G‐CSF either 24 hours after chemotherapy (standard arm), or on the day the absolute neutrophil count (ANC) was below 1000/mm3 after chemotherapy (delayed arm).Interventions. To determine the effect of G‐CSF on granulopoiesis, peripheral blood mononuclear cells were assayed by semisolid culture medium and flow cytometry for granulocyte progenitors and clonogenic CD34 antigen‐positive cells. These biological markers were correlated with G‐CSF administration schedules and the ANC.Measurements and Main Results. The effect of timing of G‐CSF administration on rate of neutrophil recovery, duration of neutropenia, length of G‐CSF therapy, delays of chemotherapy cycles, and neutropenic fever events was evaluated. Regardless of G‐CSF schedule or chemotherapy regimen, the appearance of mobilized hematopoietic progenitors begins at the neutrophil nadir and parallels granulocyte recovery. Our data also demonstrate that proper timing of G‐CSF administration produces similar rates of neutrophil recovery and comparable clinical outcomes.Conclusion. Based on the correlation between biological markers and ANC, we propose that the postchemotherapy ANC is a surrogate marker of renewed granulopoietic activity. The relevance of this finding in relationship to the clinical application of G‐CSF remains to be further defined.
Can an apophatic meditation promote long‐term adjustment in hope? A time‐series model of centering meditation
Authors: Dorais Stephanie , Gutierrez Daniel , Fox Jesse , Niles Spencer G. 
Published: October 2023

AbstractThe authors investigate the effects of centering meditation on state hope among college and graduate students through a randomized controlled trial. Participants (n = 150; 65% white, 84% female) were randomized to either a centering meditation group or a waitlist control group. Time‐series analyses indicated that centering meditation significantly improved hope, suggesting long‐term dynamic adjustment, compared to a control group. Specifically, the autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) procedures indicated that the treatment group exhibited a statistically significant upward trend in hope, ARIMA (1, 1, 0). As expected, the control group's levels of hope were stationary, ARIMA (1, 0, 1). The study highlights the potential benefits of centering meditation as an evidence‐based counseling intervention for improving hope in the college population.
Indirect Z‐scheme TiO2/BC/g‐C3N4 for efficient photocatalytic reduction of Cr(VI) in aqueous solution
Authors: Chen Mingliang , Wang Guanghui , Dai Jialing , Li Haifeng , Deng Nansheng 
Published: October 2023

AbstractBACKGROUNDThere is increasing concern regarding the rising issue of Cr(VI) pollution in aqueous solutions. It is crucial to find an effective technology for the removal of Cr(VI) in aqueous solutions. In this work, a novel TiO2/BC/g‐C3N4 heterostructure photocatalyst was successfully prepared by a simple hydrothermal method and characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, photoluminescence, ultraviolet–visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The photocatalytic reduction behavior of Cr(VI) on the TiO2/BC/g‐C3N4 heterostructure was investigated under visible light irradiation, and the possible mechanism of photocatalytic reduction of Cr(VI) was elucidated.RESULTSThe TiO2/BC/g‐C3N4 heterostructure photocatalyst exhibited better photoreduction activity for Cr(VI) under visible light irradiation. After 100 min irradiation with visible light, the TiO2/BC/g‐C3N4 photocatalyst achieved a removal efficiency of 89% for Cr(VI). Compared with TiO2, TiO2/BC and TiO2/g‐C3N4, the photocatalytic removal efficiency of Cr(VI) on the TiO2/BC/g‐C3N4 increased by 40%, 20% and 10% respectively. The photocatalytic reduction of Cr(VI) was dependent on the initial concentration of Cr(VI), catalyst dosage, pH value and atmosphere. Moreover, TiO2/BC/g‐C3N4 presented excellent stability and reusability after five cycles.CONCLUSIONThe TiO2/BC/g‐C3N4 heterojunction enables highly efficient photocatalytic reduction of Cr(VI) under visible light irradiation. This enhancement is primarily attributed to the construction of an indirect Z‐scheme TiO2/BC/g‐C3N4 heterojunction, which significantly improves the separation efficiency of photo‐ generated charge carriers during the photochemical process. Furthermore, the presence of BC enhances the adsorption performance of Cr(VI) on TiO2/BC/g‐C3N4, thereby facilitating its photocatalytic reduction. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
Achieving diagnostic excellence through prevention and teamwork (ADEPT) study protocol: A multicenter, prospective quality and safety program to improve diagnostic processes in medical inpatients
Authors: Schnipper Jeffrey L. , Raffel Katie E. , Keniston Angela , Burden Marisha , Glasheen Jeffrey , Ranji Sumant , Hubbard Colin , Barish Peter , Kantor Molly , Adler‐Milstein Julia , John Boscardin W. , Harrison James D. , Dalal Anuj K. , Lee Tiffany , Auerbach Andrew 
Published: October 2023

AbstractBackgroundFew hospitals have built surveillance for diagnostic errors into usual care or used comparative quantitative and qualitative data to understand their diagnostic processes and implement interventions designed to reduce these errors.ObjectivesTo build surveillance for diagnostic errors into usual care, benchmark diagnostic performance across sites, pilot test interventions, and evaluate the program's impact on diagnostic error rates.Methods and AnalysisAchieving diagnostic excellence through prevention and teamwork (ADEPT) is a multicenter, real‐world quality and safety program utilizing interrupted time‐series techniques to evaluate outcomes. Study subjects will be a randomly sampled population of medical patients hospitalized at 16 US hospitals who died, were transferred to intensive care, or had a rapid response during the hospitalization. Surveillance for diagnostic errors will occur on 10 events per month per site using a previously established two‐person adjudication process. Concurrent reviews of patients who had a qualifying event in the previous week will allow for surveys of clinicians to better understand contributors to diagnostic error, or conversely, examples of diagnostic excellence, which cannot be gleaned from medical record review alone. With guidance from national experts in quality and safety, sites will report and benchmark diagnostic error rates, share lessons regarding underlying causes, and design, implement, and pilot test interventions using both Safety I and Safety II approaches aimed at patients, providers, and health systems. Safety II approaches will focus on cases where diagnostic error did not occur, applying theories of how people and systems are able to succeed under varying conditions. The primary outcome will be the number of diagnostic errors per patient, using segmented multivariable regression to evaluate change iny‐intercept and change in slope after initiation of the program.Ethics and DisseminationThe study has been approved by the University of California, San Francisco Institutional Review Board (IRB), which is serving as the single IRB. Intervention toolkits and study findings will be disseminated through partners including Vizient, The Joint Commission, and Press‐Ganey, and through national meetings, scientific journals, and publications aimed at the general public.
COVID‐19 vaccine effectiveness by HIV status and history of injection drug use: a test‐negative analysis
Authors: Puyat Joseph H. , Wilton James , Fowokan Adeleke , Janjua Naveed Zafar , Wong Jason , Grennan Troy , Chambers Catharine , Kroch Abigail , Costiniuk Cecilia T. , Cooper Curtis L. , Lauscher Darren , Strong Monte , Burchell Ann N. , Anis Aslam , Samji Hasina ,   COVAXHIV Study Team
Published: October 2023

AbstractIntroductionPeople living with HIV (PLWH) and/or who inject drugs may experience lower vaccine effectiveness (VE) against SARS‐CoV‐2 infection.MethodsA validated algorithm was applied to population‐based, linked administrative datasets in the British Columbia COVID‐19 Cohort (BCC19C) to ascertain HIV status and create a population of PLWH and matched HIV‐negative individuals. The study population was limited to individuals who received an RT‐PCR laboratory test for SARS‐CoV‐2 between 15 December 2020 and 21 November 2021 in BC, Canada. Any history of injection drug use (IDU) was ascertained using a validated administrative algorithm. We used a test‐negative study design (modified case−control analysis) and multivariable logistic regression to estimate adjusted VE by HIV status and history of IDU.ResultsOur analysis included 2700 PLWH and a matched population of 375,043 HIV‐negative individuals, among whom there were 351 and 103,049 SARS‐CoV‐2 cases, respectively. The proportion of people with IDU history was much higher among PLWH compared to HIV‐negative individuals (40.7% vs. 4.3%). Overall VE during the first 6 months after second dose was lower among PLWH with IDU history (65.8%, 95% CI = 43.5–79.3) than PLWH with no IDU history (80.3%, 95% CI = 62.7–89.6), and VE was particularly low at 4–6 months (42.4%, 95% CI = −17.8 to 71.8 with IDU history vs. 64.0%; 95% CI = 15.7–84.7 without), although confidence intervals were wide. In contrast, overall VE was 88.6% (95% CI = 88.2–89.0) in the matched HIV‐negative population with no history of IDU and remained relatively high at 4–6 months after second dose (84.6%, 95% CI = 83.8–85.4). Despite different patterns of vaccine protection by HIV status and IDU history, peak estimates were similar (≥88%) across all populations.ConclusionsPLWH with a history of IDU may experience lower VE against COVID‐19 infection, although findings were limited by a small sample size. The lower VE at 4–6 months may have implications for booster dose prioritization for PLWH and people who inject drugs. The immunocompromising effect of HIV, substance use and/or co‐occurring comorbidities may partly explain these findings.
Effect of water and protic solvents on polysaccharide‐based column efficiency
Authors: dos Santos Pereira Alberto 
Published: October 2023

In the present study, polysaccharide‐based columns were used to evaluate the efficiency of columns in response to the introduction of water and protic solvents (methanol and ethanol) into the mobile phase, replacing acetonitrile. While increasing water content frequently enhances enantiomer resolution, the inclusion of water, particularly when combined with methanol and ethanol in the mobile phase, has an adverse impact on mass transfer, thus influencing the column plate height. These effects are more pronounced with ethanol, and in many cases, van Deemter plots exhibit the absence of a minimum point optimal in the explored range. Consequently, acetonitrile and its water mixtures are the preferred choices to mitigate these effects for situations in which the chiral column is operated at a relatively high flow rate (> 1 mL/min in a 4.6 mm column).
Creative tourism and visitor motivation
Authors: Li Pierce Qiang , Kovacs Jason F. 
Published: October 2023

AbstractCreative tourism has been explained as a new genre of tourism that offers the visitor an opportunity to develop their creative potential through an engaged experience in the destination visited. Despite a growing literature on the topic, little attention has been given to examining what motivates creative tourists to visit particular places and events. This paper aims to address this research gap by applying the push‐pull framework to investigate the travel motivations of creative tourists. To do so, the responsive interviewing model was employed to survey 20 of such tourists who had visited creative spaces and spectacles in three of China's UNESCO‐designated creative cities. Through a qualitative thematic analysis of the transcribed interviews, a new push‐pull framework is introduced to conceptualise the travel motivations of creative tourists. Our paper concludes with practical considerations for destination managers seeking to design and market creative tourism experiences.
A chat about actinic keratosis: Examining capabilities and user experience of ChatGPT as a digital health technology in dermato‐oncology
Authors: Lent Heather C. , Ortner Vinzent K. , Karmisholt Katrine E. , Wiegell Stine R. , Nissen Christoffer V. , Omland Silje H. , Kamstrup Maria R. , Togsverd‐Bo Katrine , Haedersdal Merete 
Published: October 2023

AbstractBackgroundThe potential applications of artificial intelligence (AI) in dermatology are evolving rapidly. Chatbots are an emerging trend in healthcare that rely on large language models (LLMs) to generate answers to prompts from users. However, the factuality and user experience (UX) of such chatbots remain to be evaluated in the context of dermato‐oncology.ObjectivesTo examine the potential of Chat Generative Pretrained Transformer (ChatGPT) as a reliable source of information in the context of actinic keratosis (AK) and to evaluate clinicians' attitudes and UX with regard to the chatbot.MethodsA set of 38 clinical questions were compiled and entered as natural language queries in separate, individual conversation threads in ChatGPT (OpenAI, default GPT 3.5). Questions pertain to patient education, diagnosis, and treatment. ChatGPT's responses were presented to a panel of 7 dermatologists for rating of factual accuracy, currency of information, and completeness of the response. Attitudes towards ChatGTP were explored qualitatively and quantitatively using a validated user experience questionnaire (UEQ).ResultsChatGPT answered 12 questions (31.6%) with an accurate, current, and complete response. ChatGPT performed best for questions on patient education, including pathogenesis of AK and potential risk factors, but struggled with diagnosis and treatment. Major deficits were seen in grading AK, providing up‐to‐date treatment guidance, and asserting incorrect information with unwarranted confidence. Further, responses were considered verbose with an average word count of 198 (SD 55) and overly alarming of the risk of malignant transformation. Based on UEQ responses, the expert panel considered ChatGPT an attractive and efficient tool, scoring highest for speed of information retrieval, but deemed the chatbot inaccurate and verbose, scoring lowest for clarity.ConclusionsWhile dermatologists rated ChatGPT high in UX, the underlying LLMs that enable such chatbots require further development to guarantee accuracy and concision required in a clinical setting.
Statistical post‐processing of visibility ensemble forecasts
Authors: Baran Sándor , Lakatos Mária 
Published: October 2023

AbstractTo be able to produce accurate and reliable predictions of visibility has crucial importance in aviation meteorology, as well as in water‐ and road transportation. Nowadays, several meteorological services provide ensemble forecasts of visibility; however, the skill and reliability of visibility predictions are far reduced compared with other variables, such as temperature or wind speed. Hence, some form of calibration is strongly advised, which usually means estimation of the predictive distribution of the weather quantity at hand either by parametric or nonparametric approaches, including machine learning‐based techniques. As visibility observations—according to the suggestion of the World Meteorological Organization—are usually reported in discrete values, the predictive distribution for this particular variable is a discrete probability law, hence calibration can be reduced to a classification problem. Based on visibility ensemble forecasts of the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts covering two slightly overlapping domains in Central and Western Europe and two different time periods, we investigate the predictive performance of locally, semi‐locally and regionally trained proportional odds logistic regression (POLR) and multilayer perceptron (MLP) neural network classifiers. We show that while climatological forecasts outperform the raw ensemble by a wide margin, post‐processing results in further substantial improvement in forecast skill, and in general, POLR models are superior to their MLP counterparts.
Classification of tastants: A deep learning based approach
Authors: Dutta Prantar , Jain Deepak , Gupta Rakesh , Rai Beena 
Published: October 2023

AbstractPredicting the taste of molecules is of critical importance in the food and beverages, flavor, and pharmaceutical industries for the design and screening of new tastants. In this work, we have built deep learning models to classify sweet, bitter, and umami molecules– the three basic tastes whose sensation is mediated by G protein‐coupled receptors. An extensive dataset containing 1466 bitter, 1764 sweet, and 238 umami tastants was curated from existing literature. We analyzed the chemical characteristics of the molecules, with special focus on the presence of different functional groups. A deep neural network model based on molecular descriptors and a graph neural network model were trained for taste prediction. The class imbalance due to fewer umami molecules was tackled using special sampling techniques. Both models show comparable performance during evaluation, but the graph‐based model can learn task‐specific representations from the molecular structure without requiring handcrafted features. We further explain the deep neural network predictions using Shapley additive explanations. Finally, we demonstrated the applicability of the models by screening bitter, sweet, and umami molecules from a large food database. This study develops an in‐silico approach to classify molecules based on their taste by leveraging the recent progress in deep learning, which can serve as a powerful tool for tastant design.