bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Nine Numbers of the Cosmos
Authors: Rowan-Robinson Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How old is the universe? How far away are the galaxies and how fast are they travelling away from us? What do the atoms in our bodies, our very existence, tell us about the history of the universe? Are we in a special place in the universe? What is dark matter and why do astronomers think it pervades the universe? How heavy is the vacuum? How do galaxies form? Michael Rowan-Robinson answers these questions and encapsulates all that modern astronomy has learnt about the universe around nine numbers. Some, like the age of the universe are natural choices. Others are less obvious. His motto is Montaigne's 'What do I know' and the reader emerges with a genuine feel for what we really know about the universe and also what we do not know. Only one of the nine numbers is known with real precision and four of them are extremely poorly known. Difficult ideas like the origin of the elements, the General Theory of Relativity, quantum theory, and the standard model of particle physics, ideas which underpin modern cosmology, are explained in a simple way. Speculative ideas like inflation, 'Theories of Everything', strings and superstrings, are here but they are treated with a refreshing scepticism. Although most of what we know has been learnt during the twentieth century, Rowan- Robinson gives a historical perspective and pays homage to the achievements of the Greeks, renaissance astronomers and the age of Newton. He ends the book with a look forward in time, predicting that with the advent of the MAP and PLANCK- Surveyor space missions, the Large Hadron Collider and other planned experiments, all the nine numbers will be accurately known by 2015. But many questions and mysteries will remain and the book ends with the prediction that the origin of the Big Bang itself will remain a mystery in 2100 and perhaps even in the year 3000.
Why are we all different human beings?
Authors: Little Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In reading the future histories of Jean and Jeanne, perhaps the first impression that the stories make is how different their lives are: different events, different fates, and different outcomes. This obscures a point that is so obvious that it hardly needs to be stated: Jean and Jeanne are both human beings and because of this their lives have far more in common than their histories might suggest. Perhaps it would help to imagine their stories if Jean had been born a whale and Jeanne a human being, and then to think how great would have been the differences in their lives.
Can we alter our inheritance?
Authors: Little Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The lives of both Jeans are inextricably tangled with gene differences but Jeanne Dream is doubly lucky: not only does the knowledge of the differences contribute to her healthy life, she also can escape from the worst excesses by being given new genes—she is privileged because she can escape her Genetic Destiny. Is this science fiction, fact, or merely wishful thinking? All animals and plants live and die in the shadow of their genes: this is an inescapable fate for all of Earth’s living creatures except, perhaps, for human beings. In the past few years it has become increasingly clear that it may be possible to alter the genes in our bodies and so avoid some of their influence.
Information-theoretic Characterization of Bayes Performance and the Choice of Priors in Parametric and Nonparametric Problems
Authors: Barron Andrew R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The risk of Bayes procedures (predictive densities) with Kullback-Leibler loss and the asymptotics of the posterior distribution are examined for densities with Kullback neighborhoods assigned positive prior probability. Necessary and sufficient conditions for consistency of the posterior distribution are proved. Examples reveal that the posterior distribution can behave quite peculiarly, while, in contrast, the cumulative risk of predictive densities has nice properties that can be used in advance of observing the data to help choose the prior.
Bayesian Model Averaging and Model Search Strategies
Authors: Clyde Merlise A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In regression models, such as generalized linear models, there is often substantial prior uncertainty about the choice of covariates to include. Conceptually, the Bayesian paradigm can easily incorporate this form of model uncertainty by building an expanded model that includes all possible subsets of covariates. In Bayesian model averaging, predictive distributions or posterior distributions of quantities of interest are obtained as mixtures of the model-specific distributions weighted by the posterior model probabilities. A major difficulty in implementing this approach is that the number of models in the mixture is often so large that enumeration of all models is impossible and some type of search strategy is required to determine a subset of models to use. In the case of an orthonormal design, some computationally simple approximations to the posterior model probabilities are introduced. These are used to develop efficient methods for deterministic or stochastic sampling from high-dimensional model spaces.
Synaptic plasticity in the amygdala
Authors: Chapman Paul F , Chattarji Sumantra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The amygdala clearly plays a key role in a number of important behaviours, including learning emotional and other associations. Although the amygdala promises to be an exceptionally good model system for studying the relationship between synaptic plasticity and learning, we are just beginning to explore the properties of basic synaptic physiology in the amygdala. Moreover, much of what we know is based on assumptions of similarity between the amygdala and the hippocampus. As more information accumulates, it is becoming clear that synaptic responses in the lateral and basolateral amygdala, where most investigations have been conducted, show similarity to synaptic responses in neocortical neurons. An emerging consensus also suggests that long-term potentiation (LTP) is similar, but not identical, to that of the hippocampus. Differences include dependence on N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor activation (seen in some synapses, in some subnuclei, but not in all), the type and range of tetanic stimuli sufficient to induce potentiation, and the sensitivity to deletion of genes for certain cell signalling molecules. These similarities and differences suggest that understanding the mechanisms of LTP in the amygdala is a tractable problem, and that its solution could contribute significantly to our understanding of learning, memory, and emotion.
Tricriticality
Authors: Janse van Rensburg E J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The phase diagram of a model of interacting polygons (or walks) may include a tricritical point, which makes an understanding of tricriticality essential if the thermodynamic nature of interacting polygons is considered. In the case of the models described in this monograph, the theory of tricriticality will give a framework for the description of the (intuitive) phase behaviour expected from a typical interacting model. In this respect it is very useful, since it guides numerical and mathematical approaches to the models in general. It is important not to forget that tricriticality is not mathematically rigorous, but is based on a large number of assumptions which form a belief-system within which models are described. The basic theory of tricriticality was reviewed extensively by I.D. Lawrie and S. Sarlbach [225], see also R. Brak, A.L. Owczarek and T. Prellberg [34].
Density functions and free energies
Authors: Janse van Rensburg E J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I shall revisit and extend the ideas first introduced in Section 2.1. The main concern will be the limiting free energy in an interacting model of polygons, and its relation to the density function of the model, which will be defined as the exponential of the Legendre transform of the free energy :F41(z). The results in eqns (2.1)-(2.6) will be reformulated in terms of the density function, and its properties will have consequences for thermodynamic properties of the model. Legendre transforms have been used effectively in a self-avoiding walk problem [165], see also the book by R.S. Ellis 1103] and reference [2501. The density function formulates the thermodynamic problem in Section 2.1 into a purely combinatorial question. The reformulated problem contains no activities, but it is still possible to give answers to some thermodynamic questions regarding the original model.
Maxwell
Authors: Darrigol Olivier 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
War es ein Gott, der diese Zeichen schrieb? So asks Boltzmann, quoting from Goethe, in an epigraph to his lectures on Maxwell’s theory. In the nineteenth century section of the physicists’ pantheon. Maxwell’s rank remains the highest. The tribute is well deserved. Maxwell wrote the field equations which still form the basis of our understanding of electromagnetism. He subsumed optics under electromagnetism. He founded statistical physics. He created a new style of theoretical physics. As the first director of the Cavendish Laboratory, he contributed to the increasing sophistication of British experimental physics.
Open currents
Authors: Darrigol Olivier 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Neumann’s and Weber’s systems dominated continental electrodynamics until the late 1880s. Faraday’s experimental researches did not have the intended destabilizing effect, and Maxwell’s field theory was mostly ignored.1 Dielectrics were understood in Mossotti’s terms of electricity displaced by distance forces. Diamagnetism was reduced to Amperean currents interacting according to Weber’s forces, or to ordinary magnetism according to Becquerel’s view. Lines of force were rarely used and only as a descriptive tool, leaving the deeper mathematics to Neumann, Weber, and Kirchhoff. Even the Faraday effect was subsumed under Weberian concepts: in 1858 Franz Neumann’s son Carl derived the main properties of the magneto-optical rotation from the interaction of the optical ether particles with the Amperean currents according to a generalized Weber force.2 In sum, every known experimental fact seemed compatible with the received views.
Charged particles
Authors: Kovetz Attay 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since Maxwell’s equations are linear in q and j, solutions corresponding to several point charges, all at rest, are obtained by superposing the solutions (14.1)-(14.2). Usually, one simply adds up the V’s of (14.2)2, rather than the E’s of (14.1)2, because scalars are easier to add than vectors.
Electrostatics
Authors: Kovetz Attay 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In spite of the similarity in the differential equations and aether relations, it is not true that every problem (with q = 0) in electrostatics translates into one in magnetostatics, and vice versa; for the jump conditions are different. But the mathematical techniques for solving problems in electrostatics and magnetostatics are quite similar. That is why only one of them, usually electrostatics, is studied in detail.
Semiconductors and Insulators
Authors: Singleton John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thus far we have been mainly preoccupied with the properties of metals, and we shall return to them in later chapters. However, Section 3.3.2 indicated that certain substances with even numbers of valence electrons per unit cell may not conduct electricity at T = 0 because they possess the correct number of electrons to exactly fill a band, given that the next available empty states are somewhat removed in energy. Such materials are known as semiconductors or insulators; as they have proved to be technologically very important, we shall take some time to consider the general properties of their bandstructure. The concepts encountered will serve to illustrate the general principles which we have derived in the previous three chapters. For brevity I shall refer to such materials collectively as ‘semiconductors’; as we shall see, the distinction between a semiconductor and an insulator is fairly nebulous.
Introduction to Distance Sampling
Authors: Buckland S T , Anderson D R , Burnham K P , Laake J L , Borchers D L , Thomas L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Offers a comprehensive introduction to distance sampling, a statistical method used by many biologists and conservationists to estimate animal abundance. The text discusses point transect sampling and line transect sampling and also describes several other related techniques. There are updates on study design and field methods, laser range finders, theodolites and the GPS and advice is given on a wide range of survey methods. Analysis methods have also been generalized, through the use of various types of multiplier and exercises for students in wildlife and conservation management are included.
The Hilbert Challenge
Authors: Gray Jeremy J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
David Hilbert was arguably the leading mathematician of his generation. He was among the few mathematicians who could reshape mathematics, and was able to because he brought together an impressive technical power and mastery of detail with a vision of where the subject was going and how it should get there. This was the unique combination which he brought to the setting of his famous 23 Problems. Few problems in mathematics have the status of those posed by David Hilbert in 1900. Mathematicians have made their reputations by solving individual ones such as Fermat's last theorem, and several remain unsolved including the Riemann hypotheses, which has eluded all the great minds of this century. A hundred years on, it is timely to take a fresh look at the problems, the man who set them, and the reasons for their lasting impact on the mathematics of the twentieth century. In this fascinating new book, Jeremy Gray and David Rowe consider what has made this the pre-eminent collection of problems in mathematics, what they tell us about what drives mathematicians, and the nature of reputation, influence and power in the world of modern mathematics. The book is written in a clear and lively manner and will appeal both to the general reader with an interest in mathematics and to mathematicians themselves.
Possible mechanisms for a magnetic animal compass
Authors: Edmonds D T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One important application of magnetism in biology is the magnetic compass, used by many animals for navigation while migrating. The form of the magnetic field of the Earth and some general facts about the animal compass are described. At this time the transducer used in the animal compass is not known but magnetic induction, the presence of magnetite crystals and the lifetime of free radicals are discussed as possible mechanisms for the compass.
Atomic Physics
Authors: Foot C J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is primarily intended to accompany an advanced undergraduate course in atomic physics. However, the elementary atomic physics covered in the early chapters should be accessible to undergraduates when they are first introduced to the subject. The book describes some of the latest advances and the applications to Bose-Einstein condensation of atoms, matter-wave interferometry and quantum computing with trapped ions. To complement the usual quantum mechanical treatment of atomic structure the book strongly emphasizes the experimental basis of the subject, especially in the later chapters.
Revealing a lognormal cascading process in turbulent velocity statistics with wavelet analysis
Authors: Arneodo A , Manneville S , Muzy J F , Roux S G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We use the continuous wavelet transform to extract a cascading process from experimental turbulent velocity signals. We mainly investigate various statistical quantities such as the singularity spectrum, the self-similarity kernel and spacescale correlation functions, which together provide information about the possible existence and nature of the underlying multiplicative structure. We show that, at the highest accessible Reynolds numbers, the experimental data do not allow us to distinguish various phenomenological cascade models recently proposed to account for intermittency from their lognormal approximation. In addition, we report evidence that velocity fluctuations are not scale-invariant but possess more complex self-similarity properties, which are likely to depend on the Reynolds number. We comment on the possible asymptotic validity of the multifractal description.
Voodoo Science
Authors: Park Robert L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book examines the social, economic and political forces that elicit or support flawed or fake science and sustain it in the face of often overwhelming contrary evidence. "Voodoo Science" is intended to include pseudoscience, or irrational beliefs dressed up in scientific garb, the misuse of science to deliberately mislead or confuse, and pathological science, in which scientists persist with their interpretations long after the evidence has decisively ruled against them in the perspectives of an objective observer. The book attempts to delineate the contexts in which fraud can arise in science, and also to assess the trends in the Public's ability to assess scientific issues and integrate scientific understanding in their judgements and world view. The story is told through examples ranging from impossible perpetual motion machines to magnet therapy. Drawing on his eighteen years of exposing bad science, Park does not hesitate to name names and point fingers. Park lays the ultimate blame for "voodoo science" not on the media, the government, or the scientific illiteracy of the public, but on the scientific community itself, and the failure of scientists to communicate to the public.
Advanced Distance Sampling
Authors: Buckland S T , Anderson D R , Burnham K P , Laake J L , Borchers D L , Thomas L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This advanced text focuses on the uses of distance sampling to estimate the density and abundance of biological populations. It addresses new methodologies, new technologies and recent developments in statistical theory and is the follow up companion to Introduction to Distance Sampling (OUP, 2001). In this text, a general theoretical basis is established for methods of estimating animal abundance from sightings surveys, and a wide range of approaches to analysis of sightings data is explored. These approaches include: modelling animal detectability as a function of covariates, where the effects of habitat, observer, weather, etc. on detectability can be assessed; estimating animal density as a function of location, allowing for example animal density to be related to habitat and other locational covariates; estimating change over time in populations, a necessary aspect of any monitoring programme; estimation when detection of animals on the line or at the point is uncertain, as often occurs for marine populations, or when the survey region has dense cover; survey design and automated design algorithms, allowing rapid generation of sound survey designs using geographic information systems; adaptive distance sampling methods, which concentrate survey effort in areas of high animal density; passive distance sampling methods, which extend the application of distance sampling to species that cannot be readily detected in sightings surveys, but can be trapped; and testing of methods by simulation, so that performance of the approach in varying circumstances can be assessed. Authored by a leading team this text is aimed at professionals in government and environment agencies, statisticians, biologists, wildlife managers, conservation biologists and ecologists, as well as graduate students, studying the density and abundance of biological populations.
Living in Groups
Authors: Krause Jens , Ruxton Graeme D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Group Living is a widespread phenomenon within the animal kingdom and has attracted considerable attention in a number of different contexts. This book is focused on the unifying concepts regarding group behaviour that have been developed over the last two decades. The authors set out to discuss the mechanisms that govern the evolution and maintenance of grouping behaviour throughout the animal kingdom, and the ecological factors that control observed group size and group composition in particular situations. Although the book's emphasis is on the elaboration of a conceptual framework, extensive examples and case studies illustrate the diversity of grouping phemonema across taxonomic boundaries, and demonstrate the general applicability of the concepts involved. This book will familiarise the reader with the latest ideas on the ecology and evolution of group-living animals, providing a summary and critical synthesis of the extensive and diverse literature on the subject.
Semantic Processing in Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Garrard Peter , Patterson Karalyn , Hodges John R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although difficulty with learning new information is almost always the first and most prominent cognitive problem encountered by patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the early appearance of expressive language difficulties has also come to be seen as a salient characteristic of the condition. In a disease which eventually impacts on all aspects of cognitive function, it seems reasonable to suppose that multiple elements of the complex system underpinning language use (syntax and phonology, to name but two) should be subject to decay, and at advanced stages it is often difficult to distinguish among the contributions of these various functional components. There is now wide spread agreement, however, that in the early to middle stages of the disease, language disturbance is for the most part attributable to breakdown of the brain’s store of world knowledge—semantic memory.
Motor Functioning
Authors: Kidron Daphne , Freedman Morris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has become increasingly evident that motor features are not only common in patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) but that their presence may also provide insight into the natural course and possible heterogeneity of this disease (Table 15.1). Included among the motor finding in AD are extrapyramidal signs such as bradykinesia, rigidity and tremor, myoclonus, seizures, primitive reflexes such as the grasp, suck, snout, glabellar and palmomental reflexes, ideational and ideomotor apraxia, agnosia, motor impersistence, motor perseveration and utilization behavior. Pyramidal signs such as hyperreflexia and extensor plantar responses have also been associated with AD (Franssen et al.1993; Golaz et al.1992).
The Assessment of Dementia
Authors: Miller Edgar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The overall aim of this chapter is to provide an account of the psychological assessment of people with dementia or who might be suspected of having dementia. Potentially this is an extremely wide field and might cover a vast range of material. A number of different issues can arise and a very large number of different techniques and methods might legitimately be employed. In order to keep this chapter to a manageable size and also to assist in preventing some key points being obscured by material of more peripheral concern, a restriction has been placed on the aspects to be covered.
Nonlinear prediction and noise reduction
Authors: Sprott Julien Clinton 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most important applications of time-series analysis is prediction (or forecasting). This task has been highly developed over many years assuming the dynamics are governed by a linear model plus random noise. In this chapter we briefly review some linear methods and then describe predictors designed to exploit the possibility that the aperiodic fluctuations may be low-dimensional chaos.