bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Insomnia Definitions, Terminology, and Classifications on Clinical Practice
Authors: Krystal Andrew D. 
Published: June 2005

There is a need for newer, more clinically useful classifications for insomnia. Identification of specific subtypes of insomnia helps anchor research, allows for prediction of prognosis/course of the condition, and may allow for individualization of treatment. Existing classifications differ, and many terms remain inadequately defined, which leads to diagnostic confusion. Historically, insomnia has been classified according to symptom type, symptom duration, and underlying cause, but these classifications have not been based on evidence of their utility, and newer research suggests the need for change.Symptoms may include difficulty falling asleep, trouble staying asleep, and not feeling restored by sleep, although it has not been clear that it is possible to identify distinct subtypes of patients by symptom or that distinguishing symptom type affects the course of clinical treatment. Classification of insomnia by duration most commonly involves three categories: transient (no more than a few days), short‐term (up to 3 weeks), and long‐term (more than 3 weeks). This categorization is of uncertain utility and has been primarily based on nonempiric concerns about treatment with sedative‐hypnotic medications for periods longer than several weeks. The subtyping of insomnia in terms of whether there is an identifiable underlying cause such as a psychiatric or medical illness was based on an unproven assumption that in most instances other disorders caused insomnia.Recent studies suggest the need to revisit these classification strategies. Evidence that symptom types typically overlap and change over time complicates the categorization of subjects by whether they have difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep or have nonrestorative sleep. New studies of the treatment of chronic insomnia change the perspective on duration of treatment and, as a result, classification of duration of disease. Two studies of nightly pharmacotherapy for insomnia including more than 800 insomnia patients have not identified any increase in the risks after 3 to 4 weeks of treatment. In addition, nonpharmacological treatments demonstrate long‐lasting efficacy in patients with chronic insomnia, and the development of abbreviated cognitive‐behavioral therapies, which are particularly well suited to primary care practice, have improved their applicability. Newer studies of the relationships between insomnia and associated medical and psychiatric conditions undermine the notion that insomnia is always a symptom and caused by an underlying condition. They suggest that, although it is important to identify and treat these conditions, this may not be sufficient to alleviate the insomnia, which may adversely affect the course of the associated disorder. As a result, treatment targeted specifically to the insomnia should be considered.All of these developments point to an increasing ability to tailor therapy to the particular needs of patients and to optimize the clinical management of insomnia.
A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THE ROLE OF ANTHROPOLOGY IN PUBLIC POLICY
Authors: Stull Donald D. , Moos Felix 
Published: June 2005

In comparison with the other social and behavioral sciences, there has been a general lack of anthropological input or interest in public policy.This absence from the public policy arena has been the result of both historical developments and theoretical biases within the field. Nevertheless, there have been certain periods when significant numbers of anthropologists have worked in policy areas‐the 1930s. World War Il‐but even then their influence was not great. However, in recent years we have witnessed a rapidly growing emphasis on public policy in applied anthropology which promises to give the discipline the opportunity to become atruly holistic policy science.In addition to the discussion of the factors which have impeded and, more recently, contributed to anthropological involvement with public policy, each of the symposium papers is briefly introduced.
EXPECTATIONS AND WELFARE WORK: WIN IN NEW YORK CITY
Authors: Mead Lawrence M. 
Published: June 2005

Work requirements for welfare recipients have done l i t t l e to reduce the welfare rolls. The usual explanation that limited skills and openings prevent recipients working is unpersuasive, since low‐skilled work seems to be quite widely available. This study of the Work Incentive (WIN) program, the main welfare work program, in New York City found that whether recipients work depends mainly on whether WIN seriously expects them to. Thus, the welfare work problem is more political than economic.It lies in our reluctance to obligate recipients to function socially as we would other people.
PUBLIC POLICY AS THE CONTINUATION OF MORAL PHILOSOPHY BY OTHER MEANS
Authors: Branden William P. 
Published: June 2005

The paper suggests that the oldest and newest glsubfieldslg of political science—political philosophy and public policy analysis–share important features lacking in those areas of the discipline that have modeled themselves after the natural sciences. Both are incompatible with the belief social sciences can be “value‐free” and both are legitimate academic pur‐ suits that aspire to systematic and rigorous analysis of significant questions or problems. Fundamental considerations link the two enterprises. (1) Public policy analysis as currently practiced i s based largely on economics which i s the instantiation of a particular moral philosophy. (2) Logical problems in the basic assumptions of applied economics and policy analysis require the kind of fundamental reexamination to which moral philosophy can contribute.The second section uses three health policy examples–tax expenditures that promote the purchase of health insurance, euthanasia, and long‐term institutional care for the elderly–to show how moral philosophy can help in policy analysis.The third section, an examination of Graham Allison's three epistemological models for understanding public policy, demonstrates that work in public policy also should stimulate philosophical inquiry.
CARTER, REAGAN, AND THE QUEST FOR LEADERSHIP
Authors: Klrkwood Ronn B. 
Published: June 2005

Books reviewed in this article.Laurence E. Lynn, Jr., and David deF. Whitman, The President as Policymaker: Jimmy Carter and Welfare ReformAnthony King (Ed.), Both Ends of the Avenue: The Presidency, the Executive Branch, and Congress in the 1980sFred I. Creenstein (Ed.), The Reagan Presidency: An Early Assessment
EVALUATING TVA: THE CONTRIBUTION OF ECONOMIC. HISTORICAL. AND ADMINISTRATIVE ANALYSIS
Authors: Webber David J. 
Published: June 2005

William U. Chandler. The Myth of TVA: Conservation and Development in the Tennessee Valley, 1933–1983Robert F. Durant. When Government Regulates Itself: EPA, E V A, and Pollution Control in the 1970sErwin C. Hargrove and Paul K. Conkin, eds. TVA: Fifty Years of Grossroofs Bureaucracy
INDUSTRY‐UNIVERSITY TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER IN MICROELECTRONICS
Authors: Larsen Judith K. , Wigand Rolf T. 
Published: June 2005

Federal, state and local governments have encouraged university‐industry cooperation in recent years through a number of different policies and programs. Industry has increasingly been looking to universities for new ideas, closer collaboration and more timely access to research results. Various levels of government have become increasingly involved in joint funding with industry in new university‐industry research centers and institutes. State and local governments spend considerable effort to attract high‐technology industry, using university‐industry collaborative programs as one incentive. Yet despite the theoretical and policy importance of this topic, it has received little systematic research attention.This contribution reports the results of a National Science Foundation‐funded study investigating technology transfer in microelectronics between Arizona State University located in the Phoenix metropolitan area and surrounding microelectronics firms. The results describe state and local initiatives influencing such technology transfer, how the initial technology transfer contact comes about, how research goals, topics and activities are decided upon, and how resources and funding support is secured. In addition satisfaction from, benefits and costs of, as well as attitudes bout technology transfer are reported.
A FEMINIST CASE AGAINST NATIONAL FAMILY POLICY: VIEW TO THE FUTURE
Authors: Spakes Patricia 
Published: June 2005

This paper examines the goals of current family policy proposals from a feminist perspective. It reveals the fundamental pronatalist values that are inherent in such proposals. It reviews recent research that raises questions regarding the actual impact of Scandinavian family policies (which are often used as a model), in terms of actually achieving the stated objective of enhancing equality between the sexes. It briefly explores the family policy that already exists in the United States, having been judicially enacted by the Supreme Court, and finally, it shows how most current family based policy proposals serve to maintain inequality rather than to promote equality, both in society and the home.The paper attempts to raise issues that policymakers need to consider in order to establish a long range policy goals that will truly benefit women and their families.
FEDERAL‐STATE RELATIONS IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF SURFACE MINING POLICY
Authors: Harris Richard 
Published: June 2005

The federal Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 not only established national performance standards and permitting procedures for the coal industry, but also provided for stateprimacy. The principle of state primary is both simple and intuitively appealing: Because states do not have adequate resources to develop effective regulatory programs, the federal government would set up comprehensive procedures and criteria to guide the states in preparing their own plans. The obvious advantage of state primacy is that i t provides for flexibility in implementation.Ultimately, state primacy is an experiment in cooperative federalism, a sharing of authority and responsibility between the states and the federal government to insure both the general welfare and sensitivity to local conditions. The history of surface mining regulation is instructive because i t points out the pitfalls and promise of cooperative federalism as well as the critical role of the courts in making state primacy work.
Atopic Dermatitis—More Than a Simple Skin Disorder
Authors: Anderson Miriam Lim 
Published: June 2005

PurposeTo describe atopic dermatitis (AD) in relation to a case study, the diagnostic criteria, complications, prevalence, future implications, and management for the primary care provider.Data sourcesExtensive literature review on the condition, supplemented with an actual case study.ConclusionsAlthough there are many scientific studies done on AD, the exact pathogenesis and cure for this condition are still to be discovered. It is usually chronic and has some fatal sequelae in those who have been exposed to viral infections. Asthma, allergic rhinitis (AR), and AD are considered the atopic triad. Further studies that may help improve medical providers’ understanding of AD are going on and offer hope to those afflicted by this disorder.Implications for practiceChildren over 5 years old may have outgrown their symptoms, so it is best to diagnose this condition at an early age to provide better management outcomes. Because it is part of an atopic triad, the nurse practitioner must think beyond the presenting skin condition to consider possible respiratory system conditions. AD may herald the onset of asthma and AR.
The Effect of ENSO on Tibetan Plateau Snow Depth: A Stationary Wave Teleconnection Mechanism and Implications for the South Asian Monsoons
Authors: Shaman Jeffrey , Tziperman Eli 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
An atmospheric stationary wave teleconnection mechanism is proposed to explain how ENSO may affect the Tibetan Plateau snow depth and thereby the south Asian monsoons. Using statistical analysis, the short available record of satellite estimates of snow depth, and ray tracing, it is shown that wintertime ENSO conditions in the central Pacific may produce stationary barotropic Rossby waves in the troposphere with a northeastward group velocity. These waves reflect off the North American jet, turning equatorward, and enter the North African–Asian jet over the eastern Atlantic Ocean. Once there, the waves move with the jet across North Africa, South Asia, the Himalayas, and China. Anomalous increases in upper-tropospheric potential vorticity and increased wintertime snowfall over the Tibetan Plateau are speculated to be associated with these Rossby waves. The increased snowfall produces a larger Tibetan Plateau snowpack, which persists through the spring and summer, and weakens the intensity of the south Asian summer monsoons.
The Modeling of Trapped-Fetch Waves with Tropical Cyclones—A Desktop Operational Model
Authors: MacAfee Allan W. , Bowyer Peter J. 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
The authors’ development of an underlying theory of trapped-fetch waves with tropical cyclones was presented in an earlier paper. Based on this work a simple, desktop Lagrangian-based trapped-fetch wave model was developed. Although initially a training tool, operational meteorologists recognized that the model could assist them in real-time assessment of trapped-fetch wave potential. Hence, the model was integrated into the Canadian Hurricane Centre’s operational prediction workstation. Because of this integration and the computational speed of the model, after reviewing the output from a full spectral wave model, the forecaster uses this simple model to assess, in more detail, trapped-fetch wave potential in various track prediction scenarios.
The trapped-fetch wave model and the ensemble of parametric hurricane wind models used to drive the model are outlined in this paper. A number of case studies are examined and additional applications suggested.
Expression of chemokine receptor CXCR4 in nasopharyngeal carcinoma: pattern of expression and correlation with clinical outcome
Authors: Wang Na , Wu Qiu-Liang , Fang Yan , Mai Hai-Qiang , Zeng Mu-Sheng , Shen Guo-Ping , Hou Jing-Hui , Zeng Yi-Xin 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a tumor derived from epithelial cells and Epstein-Barr virus infection has been reported to be a cause of this disease. Chemokine receptor CXCR4 was found to be involved in HIV infection and was highly expressed in human malignant breast tumors and the ligand for CXCR4, CXCL12 (SDF-1), exhibited high expression in organs in which breast cancer metastases are often found. The metastatic pattern of NPC is quite similar to that of malignant breast tumors. In this study, we investigated the expression of CXCR4 in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) tissues by immunohistostaining. We found different staining patterns, which included localization in the nucleus, membrane, cytoplasm or a combination of them. The staining intensity was also variable among samples. The metastatic rates in patients with high compared to low or absent expression was 38.6% versus 19.8%, respectively (P = 0.004). High expression of CXCR4 was associated with poor overall survival (OS = 67.05% versus 82.08%, P = 0.0225). These results suggest that CXCR4 may be involved in the progression of NPC and that a high level of CXCR4 expression could be used as a prognostic factor.
The Hybridization of Layered Niobates with N,N′-Dimethylbipyridinium Ions by an Acid–Base Reaction
Authors: Hattori Takeshi , Sugito Yoshikazu , Yui Tatsuto , Takagi Katsuhiko 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
The hybridization of 1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium dihydroxide [MV2+(OH−)2] into H4Nb6O17 was successfully carried out by a novel neutralization method. X-ray diffraction analysis showed the direct intercalation of the MV2+ ions into both of the two chemically different niobate layers in place of the alkylammonium–niobate composite as the precursor.
X-ray Crystallographic Characterization of Potassium Pentaphenyl[60]fullerene
Authors: Matsuo Yutaka , Tahara Kazukuni , Nakamura Eiichi 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
X-ray crystal structures of three differently solvated forms of potassium pentaphenyl[60]fullerene, K(C60Ph5)(thf)3, [K(thf)6][C60Ph5], and [K(18-crown-6)(dmf)][C60Ph5], indicate that the potassium cation and the fullerene cyclopentadienide become separated easily by cation solvation, and suggest that a solvent-separated ion pair is responsible for the formation of bilayer vesicles upon dissolution of KC60Ph5 in water.
The value of testing urine in non-gonococcal urethritis
Authors: Wasef W , Hughes S , Sugunendran H , Alawattegama A 
Published: June 2005

This audit was conducted to look into the necessity of testing urine threads, in the diagnosis of non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU). In a sample of 280 NGU cases, it was found that in 8.8% of cases there was a risk of the diagnosis being missed, should Gram-stained urethral smears be totally relied on. The study showed that examining urine threads is beneficial in diagnosing NGU, especially, in symptomatic men with negative Gram-stained urethral smears. It should be noted, however, that in the group of patients studied for this audit, urine threads testing did not detect any chlamydia-positive NGU cases.
Correlates of sexually transmitted infections in young Australian women
Authors: Khan Asaduzzaman , Hussain Rafat , Schofield Margot 
Published: June 2005

The study examined correlates of three common sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among Australian women. The sample comprised 9582 women aged 22–27 years who took part in the second postal survey in 2000, of the young cohort of the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health. Self-reported rates of diagnosis in past four years were: chlamydia 1.47%( n = 141), genital herpes 1.75% ( n = 168), and genital warts 3.45% ( n = 331). Multivariate analyses revealed that the odds of all three STIs increased with number of male sexual partners and illicit drug use. Younger and rural women had higher odds of being diagnosed with chlamydia. The odds of both genital herpes and genital warts were higher with longer oral contraceptive pill use and higher stress, while women who had experienced violence were found to have higher odds of herpes. The identification of factors associated with common STIs among young Australian women will inform better-targeted health promotion and disease prevention programmes.
Seeing words that are not there: Detection biases in schizotypy
Authors: Tsakanikos Elias , Reed Phil 
Published: June 2005

Objective. The present study introduced a novel word‐detection paradigm to examine detection biases as a function of different schizotypy dimensions in a sample of undergraduate students.Method. The participants (N=80) were asked to detect fast moving (8 frames/second) words among simultaneously moving non‐words.Results. Positive schizotypy was associated with a tendency to report words that never appeared in the trials. This effect was independent of task order, impulsivity and social desirability. None of the schizotypy measures were associated with correct words (detection accuracy).Conclusions. A bias to report events in the absence of corresponding events may constitute a cross‐modal mechanism responsible for translating internally generated experiences into perceptual experiences.
Premorbid intelligence and brain injury
Authors: Morris Paul Graham , Wilson J. T. Lindsay , Dunn Laurence T. , Teasdale Graham M. 
Published: June 2005

Objectives. To determine whether NART scores are associated with severity of brain injury and therefore presumably affected by brain injury. In addition, to compare the Cambridge Contextual Reading Test (CCRT) with injury severity in head‐injured individuals.Design and methods. Participants were 55 survivors of traumatic head injury, who completed the NART and the CCRT. The scores on these premorbid measures were then compared with indices of injury severity from their initial neurosurgical admission.Results. The NART was significantly correlated with Glasgow coma scale, with greater severity of injury associated with poorer performance. Poorer NART performance was also significantly more likely amongst those whose injury resulted in coma. The CCRT was preferred by patients, though it was also significantly associated with Glasgow coma scale and presence of coma.Conclusions. The data suggest that performance on both the NART and the CCRT are affected by brain injury severity and thus may underestimate true premorbid ability in these individuals. Similar findings would be likely with the conceptually identical WTAR measure. These measures should be used with appropriate caution and may be usefully supplemented by predictions based on demographic information.
Rural Definitions for Health Policy and Research
Authors: Hart L. Gary , Larson Eric H. , Lishner Denise M. 
Published: June 2005

The term “rural” suggests many things to many people, such as agricultural landscapes, isolation, small towns, and low population density. However, defining “rural” for health policy and research purposes requires researchers and policy analysts to specify which aspects of rurality are most relevant to the topic at hand and then select an appropriate definition. Rural and urban taxonomies often do not discuss important demographic, cultural, and economic differences across rural places—differences that have major implications for policy and research. Factors such as geographic scale and region also must be considered. Several useful rural taxonomies are discussed and compared in this article. Careful attention to the definition of “rural” is required for effectively targeting policy and research aimed at improving the health of rural Americans.
Dough‐Kneading‐Inspired Design of an Adhesive Cardiac Patch to Attenuate Cardiac Fibrosis and Improve Cardiac Function via Regulating Glycometabolism
Authors: Sun Yage , Zhang Xiaoping , Nie Xiongfeng , Yang Rong , Zhao Xinrui , Cui Chunyan , Liu Wenguang 
Published: February 2024

AbstractRecently, hydrogel adhesive patches have been explored for treating myocardial infarction. However, achieving secure adhesion onto the wet beating heart and local regulation of pathological microenvironment remains challenging. Herein, a dough‐kneading‐inspired design of hydrogel adhesive cardiac patch is reported, aiming to improve the strength of prevalent powder‐formed patch and retain wet adhesion. In mimicking the polysaccharide and protein components of natural flour, methacrylated polyglutamic acid (PGAMA) is electrostatically interacted with hydroxypropyl chitosan (HPCS) to form PGAMA/HPCS coacervate hydrogel. The PGAMA/HPCS hydrogel is freeze‐dried and ground into powders, which are further rehydrated with two aqueous solutions of functional drug, 3‐acrylamido phenylboronic acid (APBA)/rutin (Rt) complexes for protecting the myocardium from advanced glycation end product (AGEs) injury by reactive oxygen species (ROS) ‐responsive Rt release, and hypoxanthine‐loaded methacrylated hyaluronic acid (HAMA) nanogels for enhancing macrophage targeting ability to regulate glycometabolism for combating inflammation. The rehydrated powders bearing APBA/Rt complexes and HAMA‐hypoxanthine nanogels are repeatedly kneaded into a dough‐like gel, which is further subjected to thermal‐initiated crosslinking to form a stabilized and sticky patch. This biofunctional patch is applied onto the rats’ infarcted myocardium, and the outcomes at 28 days post‐surgery indicate efficient restoration of cardiac functions and attenuation of cardiac fibrosis.