bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Moist singular vectors and the predictability of some high impact European cyclones
Authors: Hoskins B. J. , Coutinho M. M. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe ECMWF full‐physics and dry singular vector (SV) packages, using a dry energy norm and a 1‐day optimization time, are applied to four high impact European cyclones of recent years that were almost universally badly forecast in the short range. It is shown that these full‐physics SVs are much more relevant to severe cyclonic development than those based on dry dynamics plus boundary layer alone. The crucial extra ingredient is the representation of large‐scale latent heat release. The severe winter storms all have a long, nearly straight region of high baroclinicity stretching across the Atlantic towards Europe, with a tongue of very high moisture content on its equatorward flank. In each case some of the final‐time top SV structures pick out the region of the actual storm. The initial structures were generally located in the mid‐ to low troposphere. Forecasts based on initial conditions perturbed by moist SVs with opposite signs and various amplitudes show the range of possible 1‐day outcomes for reasonable magnitudes of forecast error. In each case one of the perturbation structures gave a forecast very much closer to the actual storm than the control forecast. Deductions are made about the predictability of high‐impact extratropical cyclone events. Implications are drawn for the short‐range forecast problem and suggestions made for one practicable way to approach short‐range ensemble forecasting. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society.
Glycoprotein IIIA Gene (PIA) Polymorphism and Aspirin Resistance: Is There Any Correlation?
Authors: Papp Elod , Havasi Viktoria , Bene Judit , Komlosi Katalin , Czopf Laszlo , Magyar Eva , Feher Csaba , Feher Gergely , Horvath Beata , Marton Zsolt , Alexy Tamas , Habon Tamas , Szabo Levente , Toth Kalman , Melegh Bela 
Published: April 2005

BACKGROUND: Platelet glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa receptors play an inevitable role in platelet aggregation. The GP IIIa gene is polymorphic ( PIA1/PIA2) and the presence of a PIA2 allele might be associated with an increased risk for acute coronary syndrome (ACS). OBJECTIVE: To examine the prevalence of the PIA2 allele in patients with ACS and in subjects with or without aspirin resistance. METHODS: The prevalence of the PIA2 allele was assessed in 158 patients with ACS and PIA2 compared with its prevalence in 199 healthy volunteers. The antiplatelet efficacy of aspirin was examined in all patients with ACS, as well as in 69 individuals who had suffered ischemic stroke and in 58 high-risk subjects without any known ischemic vascular events. RESULTS: PIA2 prevalence was significantly higher in patients with ACS (59/158) than in the control group (51/199; p < 0.05). Carriers of the PIA2 allele had a significantly higher risk of developing ACS, even after an adjustment to the risk factors (OR 5.74; 95% CI 1.75 to 18.8; p = 0.004). The occurrence of the PIA2 allele was significantly higher among patients with aspirin resistance than in subjects who demonstrated an appropriate response to the drug (allele frequencies, 0.21 vs 0.14; p < 0.05). All patients homozygous for the PIA2 allele had an inadequate platelet response to aspirin. CONCLUSIONS: Our results support the hypothesis that carriers of the PIA2 allele might have an increased risk for ACS. PIA2 homozygosity was associated with an inadequate response to aspirin therapy. Our data further suggest that patients with PIA2 allele homozygosity might benefit from antiplatelet therapy based on adenosine diphosphate antagonists throughout secondary treatment for prevention of ACS.
Nebulized Morphine for Relief of Dyspnea Due to Chronic Lung Disease
Authors: Brown Sherrill J , Eichner Samantha F , Jones Jennifer R 
Published: April 2005

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of nebulized morphine for the management of dyspnea in chronic pulmonary diseases. DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE (1966–May 2004), EMBASE (1980–May 2004), and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970–May 2004) searches were performed. Key search terms included morphine, dyspnea, and inhalation. DATA SYNTHESIS: Nine studies have evaluated the efficacy of nebulized morphine in relieving dyspnea. Three trials had positive resuts, but the rest failed to show improvement after treatment with doses ranging from 1 to 40 mg nebulized morphine. The small number of subjects, variety of disease states, and different outcome measures limit interpretation of the studies. CONCLUSIONS: Results from several small studies do not support the use of nebulized morphine for treatment of dyspnea; however, several positive case reports have been published.
Ethnic Differences in Herb and Vitamin/Mineral Use in the Elderly
Authors: Raji Mukaila A , Kuo Yong-Fang , Snih Soham Al , Sharaf Belal M , Loera Jose A 
Published: April 2005

BACKGROUND: Little information exists on herb and vitamin—mineral supplement use in very old people and whether use varies by ethnicity. OBJECTIVE: To examine the prevalence and predictors of herb and vitamin—mineral supplement use in a triethnic sample of adults aged ⩾77 years. METHODS: In-home interviews in 1997–1998 assessed medications use and sociodemographic and health factors in community-dwelling elderly non-Hispanic white (n = 125), black (n = 112), and Hispanic (n = 128) adults. RESULTS: Of the 365 subjects (71.5% ⩾80 y old, 52.6% female), 172 reported using at least one of the preparations (vitamin—mineral supplements 132, herbs alone 21, both herbs and vitamin—mineral supplements 19). Herbal use varied by ethnicity: 12.8% in non-Hispanic whites, 16.1% in blacks, and 4.7% in Hispanics. The most commonly used herbs were garlic, Ginkgo biloba, saw palmetto, and vinegar. Use of vitamin—mineral supplements, alone or combined with herbs, also varied by ethnicity: 54.4% in non-Hispanic whites, 31.3% in blacks, and 37.5% in Hispanics. In the fully adjusted multivariate model with white ethnicity as reference, the odds ratio of vitamin—mineral supplements use for blacks was 0.37 (95% CI 0.21 to 0.65) and for Hispanics was 0.56 (95% CI 0.30 to 1.03). In bivariate analyses, female gender, black ethnicity, being born in the US, and having coronary artery disease were significantly associated with herbal use (p < 0.05); however, in the fully adjusted multivariate model, only the female gender remained significantly associated with herbal use (OR 2.14; 95% CI 1.00 to 4.59). CONCLUSIONS: Use of herbs or vitamin—mineral supplements is common in very old people and varies by ethnicity.
Injection moulding of long glass fiber reinforced polyamide 66: Processing conditions/microstructure/flexural properties relationship
Authors: Lafranche Eric , Krawczak Patricia , Ciolczyk Jean‐Pierre , Maugey Jerome 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis paper aims to identify the main parameters that improve the flexural properties of long glass fiber/polyamide 66 injection moulded parts. The mould geometry has been chosen so as to reproduce some geometrical accidents (e.g. sharp frontal and tangential steps) occurring on industrial moulds. A Taguchi design of experiments (DOE) has been used in order to quantify the effects of processing conditions on the flexural strength and modulus. Polymer melt temperature is the main parameter acting on the flexural properties, in both flow and transverse directions. The structure/process/flexural properties relationship has then been deduced from microstructure analysis (crystallinity, local residual fiber length and average orientation, interfacial quality). For optimized injection moulding conditions, leading to the highest flexural strength in the flow direction, a fiber content gradient has been noticed over the part length and width, which is strongly amplified by the presence of any sharp geometrical discontinuity. The results have also pointed out the limits of the plasticating unit of the injection, moulding machine. A similarity with the reinforcement mechanisms of short fiber reinforced thermoplastics has been highlighted. However, in the case of long fibers the fiber orientation mechanism is more complicated due to tangling effects. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 24:114–131, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/adv.20035
Characterization of cellulose microbeads prepared by a viscose‐phase‐separation method and their chemical modification with acid anhydride
Authors: Nagaoka Shoji , Tobata Haruko , Takiguchi Yasunori , Satoh Takao , Sakurai Toshihiko , Takafuji Makoto , Ihara Hirotaka 
Published: April 2005

AbstractChemically modified cellulose microbeads are useful as cosmetic materials. Cellulose microbeads as supports, prepared by a viscose‐phase‐separation method, are monodisperse and spherical. However, cellulose shows only slight hydrophilicity, even though it has three hydroxyl groups per pyranose ring, because cellulose possesses high crystallinity on account of the cellulose II structure derived from hydrogen bonds among the hydroxyl groups. To increase the hygroscopicity of cellulose microbeads, we have carboxylated them with succinic and glutaric anhydrides. Their hygroscopicity increases with the addition of succinoyl and glutaroyl groups. Moreover, we have confirmed the increased hygroscopicity of microbeads with sodium salinization. We have investigated the decomposition of these hydrophilic cellulose microbeads in aqueous buffer solutions and have confirmed that succinoylated cellulose is more readily decomposed than glutaroylated cellulose microbeads in aqueous solutions. On the other hand, to increase the lipophilicity of cellulose microbeads, we have acylated them with acetic and hexanoic anhydrides. Hydrophobizing microbeads with hexanoyl groups provides an affinity to benzene but not to H2O. In contrast, hydrophobizing with acetyl groups provides affinity not only to benzene but also to H2O. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 149–157, 2005
Diffusion behavior of poly(ethylene imine) into keratin fibers using microspectrophotometry
Authors: Kuzuhara A. , Hori T. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractIn order to investigate the diffusion behavior of poly(ethylene imine) (PEI) into keratin fibers, cross‐sectional samples of bleached white human hair treated with PEI were prepared. We were successful in developing a method for analyzing the diffusion behavior of PEI into human hair, which to our knowledge is a first. The diffusion pattern of PEI into human hair, which cannot be determined by optical microscopy, can be determined by our method. After the treatment, the cross‐sectioned hair samples were dyed with Orange II and the cross‐sectional intensity scans were measured at a wavelength of 487 nm (λmax of Orange II) with a microspectrophotometer. In our method, the diffusion pattern of PEI at pH 11.1 showed Fickian type characteristics. This suggests that the diffusion coefficient of PEI is essentially independent of the PEI concentration. By calculating the diffusion coefficient from the PEI concentration profile, the diffusion coefficient of PEI [number‐average molecular weight (Mn) = 300 and 600] into the bleached human hair was found to be on the order of 10−10 cm2/s. In addition, the diffusion coefficient of PEI (Mn = 600) with urea added increased twofold in comparison with that of PEI without urea added. This experiment demonstrated that urea acts as a penetration accelerator for PEI. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 65–71, 2005
Swelling and network parameters of high oil‐absorptive network based on 1‐octene and isodecyl acrylate copolymers
Authors: Atta Ayman M. , Arndt K.‐F. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractCrosslinked 1‐octene‐isodecyl acrylate copolymers were synthesized and evaluated for oil‐absorbency applications. The copolymer was crosslinked at different concentrations of ethylene glycol diacrylate (EGDA) and EG dimethacrylate (EGDMA) crosslinkers via catalytic initiation or by electron‐beam irradiation at a dose rate 80 kGy. The concentration of both crosslinkers was varied from 0.5 to 2%. The effects of the crosslinking conditions such as crosslinker concentration, method of polymerization and monomer concentrations on the conversion and gel fraction were examined through oil‐ absorption tests using petroleum crude oil. It was found that the oil absorbency was influenced mainly by the degree of crosslinking and the hydrophobicity of the copolymer units. The final equilibrium oil content, volume fraction of the polymer, and swelling capacity were determined at 298 K. The effective crosslinking density, average molecular weight between the crosslinks, and polymer–toluene interaction parameter were determined from stress–strain measurements. The crosslinking efficiencies of EGDA and EGDMA toward copolymers were determined. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 80–91, 2005
Properties of carbon nanofibers prepared from electrospun polyimide
Authors: Chung G. S. , Jo S. M. , Kim B. C. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractA solution of a polyimide (PI, Matrimid® 5218) in dimethylacetamide was electrospun, and carbonization of the electrospun nonwoven fabrics produced carbon nanofiber fabrics. The effects of iron(III) acetylacetonate (AAI) on carbonization and the resulting morphology were also investigated. The carbonization behavior of the nonwoven fabrics was examined by X‐ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. AAI promoted carbonization of the nonwoven fabrics and increased the carbon yield. Addition of 3 wt % AAI increased the crystal dimension of electrospun PI nanofibers from 1.06 to 4.18 nm and decreased the integrated intensity ratio from 3.37 to 1.83 when heat treated at 1200°C. Scanning electron microscopy images of the carbonized nonwoven fabrics showed that AAI remained as particles within the fibers after carbonization. In addition, transmission electron microscopy observations revealed that turbostratic‐oriented graphite layers were observed around the particles even at 1200°C, which have been reported only on carbonization of rigid‐chain solvent insoluble PI materials under tension. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97:165–170, 2005
Physicochemical characterization of the filler–matrix interface in elastomer‐encapsulated fly ash/polyester particulate composites
Authors: Guhanathan S. , Saroja Devi M. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractAn attempt was made to improve the toughness of fly ash (FA)/general‐purpose unsaturated polyester resin (GPR) composites. Elastomer [styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR) or acrylic copolymer (AC)]‐encapsulated fillers (FA or CaCO3) were made through the coagulation of the emulsified elastomer containing the filler with constant stirring. The elastomer‐encapsulated fillers were added to GPR at concentrations as high as 15 wt % to make FA/SBR or AC/GPR composites. The mechanical properties (i.e., the tensile strength, tensile modulus, tensile elongation, flexural strength, flexural modulus, impact strength, and hardness) of FA/GPR, FA/SBR/GPR, and FA/AC/GPR composites were studied. The tensile‐fractured surfaces of all the composites were studied with scanning electron microscopy. The thermal stability was studied with thermogravimetric analysis. An analysis of the results indicate that this modification technique is rather easy and more economical than the chemical modification of filler surfaces with functional silane coupling agents. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 171–184, 2005
Photopolymerization and thermal behavior of phosphate diacrylate and triacrylate used as reactive‐type flame‐retardant monomers in ultraviolet‐curable resins
Authors: Liang Hongbo , Asif Anila , Shi Wenfang 
Published: April 2005

AbstractTri(acryloyloxyethyl)phosphate (TAEP) and di(acryloyloxyethyl)ethyl phosphate (DAEEP) were used as reactive‐type flame‐retardant monomers along with commercial epoxy acrylate and polyurethane acrylate oligomers in ultraviolet (UV)‐curable resins. The concentrations of the monomers were varied from 17 to 50 wt %. The addition of the monomers greatly reduced the viscosity of the oligomers and increased the photopolymerization rates of the resins. The flame retardancy and thermal degradation behavior of the UV‐cured films were investigated with the limiting oxygen index (LOI) and thermogravimetric analysis. The results showed that the thermal stability at high temperatures greater than 400°C and the LOI values of the UV‐cured resins, especially those containing epoxy acrylate, were largely improved by the addition of the monomers. The dynamic mechanical thermal properties of the UV‐cured films were also measured. The results showed that the crosslink density increased along with the concentrations of the monomers. However, the glass‐transition temperature decreased with an increasing concentration of DAEEP because of the reduction in the rigidity of the cured films, whereas the glass‐transition temperature increased with the concentration of TAEP because of the higher crosslink density of the cured films. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 185–194, 2005
Teaching sustainability in a global MBA: insights from the OneMBA
Authors: Roome Nigel 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis paper reports on a module designed to deliver education for sustainability within the framework of the new generation of global executive MBAs. The module described was taught as part of OneMBA, an executive MBA involving five business schools located in Hong Kong, Brazil, Mexico, the USA and Europe. The paper describes the key skills, insights and pedagogy used in this module. Conceptual and theoretical material, cases, role‐plays and site visits were developed to provide an understanding of sustainability and its relationship with supply‐chain management. Emphasis was placed on sustainability as a context‐specific approach, the deployment of systems thinking skills, and stakeholder engagement. The module addressed the paradoxes that arise among stakeholders who populate global supply chains. Sustainability was considered from global, European and local perspectives in Rotterdam and Gdansk through a project that considered extending Unilever's sustainable agriculture initiative to Poland. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Reversal of elution order for profen acid enantiomers in packed‐column SFC on Chiralpak AD
Authors: Gyllenhaal Olle , Stefansson Morgan 
Published: April 2005

AbstractEnantiomeric separations of four 2‐substituted propionic acid drugs have been studied using packed‐column supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) with amylose tris(3,5‐dimethylphenylcarbamate) coated on silica as support (Chiralpak AD). Under standard conditions (i.e., flow rate, 1.5 ml/min; column temperature, 30°C; back‐pressure, 150 bar), the order of elution could be reversed when the polar alcohol modifier methanol in carbon dioxide was replaced by 2‐propanol for ibuprofen, ketoprofen, and naproxen. For flurbiprofen, with the highest selectivity factor, no reversal was observed, although selectivity was reduced significantly with higher alcohols. Naproxen and flurbiprofen were also investigated with 2‐butanol and 2‐pentanol. The former showed reversal of elution order but not the latter. For higher alcohol modifiers, including 2‐propanol, the peak symmetry was poor but could be improved by addition of citric acid in the alcohol modifier. These results stress the importance to investigate enantiomer elution order during the development of enantioselective methods and when chromatographic conditions are optimized. Preliminary experiments with column temperatures over the range of −15 to 45°C revealed that, in a few cases, reversal took place with a change in temperature only. Chirality 17:257–265, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hormone receptor status and survival in a population‐based cohort of patients with breast carcinoma
Authors: Grann Victor R. , Troxel Andrea B. , Zojwalla Naseem J. , Jacobson Judith S. , Hershman Dawn , Neugut Alfred I. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe objective of this study was to assess hormone receptor status as an independent predictor of survival in a population‐based cohort of women with breast carcinoma who were followed for up to 11 years.METHODSSince 1990, the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program has collected data on hormone receptor status among patients with breast carcinoma. In a cohort of 205,736 women with breast carcinoma age ≥ 20 years at diagnosis who were entered into the SEER data base between 1990 and 2000, the authors analyzed the association of hormone receptor status with year of diagnosis, patient age, disease stage, tumor histology, tumor grade, race/ethnicity, and metropolitan/statewide residence areas. Kaplan–Meier survival curves were compared according to hormone receptor status, and Cox proportional‐hazards regression models were used to assess the association of hormone receptor status with breast carcinoma‐specific and all‐cause mortality controlling for age, disease stage, tumor grade, tumor histology, race/ethnicity, and SEER region.RESULTSWomen who had tumors that were positive for both estrogen and progesterone hormone receptors had significantly better survival than other women with breast carcinoma in the overall cohort, within each stage, and in the younger and older age groups, although the survival advantage was greater among women age ≤ 50 years than among older women. Hormone receptor status was associated with mortality even when patient age, disease stage, tumor grade, tumor histology, race/ethnicity, and metropolitan/statewide residence areas were taken into account.CONCLUSIONSHormone receptor status was identified as an independent predictor of outcome in women with breast carcinoma. Data from clinical trials with long follow‐up may shed light on whether and how the benefit of hormonal and other treatment varies with hormone receptor status. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Descending projections from the auditory cortex to the inferior colliculus in the gerbil, Meriones unguiculatus
Authors: Bajo Victoria M. , Moore David R. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractCorticofugal projections to the auditory midbrain, the inferior colliculus (IC), influence the way in which specific sets of IC neurons process acoustic signals. We used retrograde tracer (Fluorogold, Fluororuby, microbeads) injections in the IC to study the morphology and location of cortico‐collicular projecting neurons and anterograde tracer (dextran biotin) injections in auditory cortical fields to describe the distribution of terminals in the IC. Nissl staining, cytochrome oxidase activity, and neurofilament SMI32 immunostaining were used to delimit the different auditory areas. We defined a primary or “core” auditory cortex and a secondary “caudal” auditory area containing layer V pyramidal neurons that project to the IC. These projections target the central nucleus of the IC (CNIC) ipsilaterally and the IC cortices bilaterally, with the ipsilateral component predominant. Other secondary auditory areas, dorsal and ventral to the core, do not directly participate in this projection. The ventral secondary cortex targets midbrain periaqueductal gray. The projection from the core cortex originates from two classes of layer V pyramidal cells. Cells presenting a tufted apical dendrite in layer I have dense terminal fields in the IC cortices. Pyramids lacking layer I dendritic tufts target the CNIC in a less dense but tonotopic manner. The caudal cortex projection originates from smaller layer V pyramids and targets the IC cortices with dense terminal fields. Descending auditory inputs from the core and caudal areas converge in the dorsal and external cortices of the IC. Descending connections to the gerbil IC form a segregated system in which multiple descending channels originating from different neuronal subpopulations may modulate specific aspects of ascending auditory information. J. Comp. Neurol. 486:101–116, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.