bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pharmacokinetic model for predicting sulfamethazine disposition in pigs
Authors: Sweeney Raymond W. , Bardalaye Promode C. , Smith Craig M. , Soma Lawrence R. , Uboh Cornelius E. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Concentration of sulfamethazine was measured in plasma and tissues (fat, liver, kidney, spleen, lungs, and skeletal muscle) of pigs given the drug iv and po. The plasma concentration vs time curve was best described by a 2-compartment model, with a distribution half-life of 0.46 hour and an elimination halflife of 16.9 hours. Bioavailability after oral administration was 85.8 ± 5.3%.
The tissue and plasma sulfamethazine concentration vs time data were used to develop a multicompartment pharmacokinetic model of sulfamethazine disposition in pigs. Plasma and tissue concentrations of sulfamethazine in pigs were measured at various intervals after multiple oral doses of sulfamethazine, and were compared to concentrations predicted by the model. Model predictions for tissue concentrations of sulfamethazine after addition of the drug to feed (110 μg/g of feed for 98 days; 550 μg/g for 30 days) were compared to results from other studies. The model accurately predicted the number of days for sulfamethazine concentration to fall below 0.1 μg of tissue/g (0.1 ppm, the tolerated concentration) in various tissues.
Antagonism by flumazenil of midazolam-induced changes in quantitative electroencephalographic data from isofluraneanesthetized dogs
Authors: Keegan R. D. , Greene S. A. , Moore M. P. , Gallagher L. V. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Quantitative electroencephalography (qeeg) was assessed in 5 dogs anesthetized with 1.6% end-tidal concentration of isoflurane and after subsequent administration of the benzodiazepine midazolam (0.2 mg/kg of body weight, iv). Ventilation was controlled to maintain normocapnia. Effect of the benzodiazepine antagonist, flumazenil (0.04 mg/kg, iv), on qeeg in midazolam-isoflurane-anesthetized dogs was determined. Heart rate, arterial blood pressure, esophageal temperature, arterial pH and blood gas tensions, endtidal CO2 concentration, and end-tidal isoflurane concentration were monitored throughout the study. A 21-lead linked-ear montage was used for recording the eeg data. Quantitative eeg data were stored on an optical disk for later analysis. Values for absolute power of eeg were determined for δ-, θ-, α-, and β-frequencies. Cardiovascular variables remained stable throughout the study. Midazolam administration was associated with decreased absolute power in all frequencies of eeg at all electrode sites. Administration of flumazenil antagonized midazolam-induced decreased absolute power of eeg in all frequencies at all electrode sites. We conclude that qeeg provides a noninvasive, objective measure of midazolamand flumazenil-induced changes in cortical activity during isoflurane anesthesia.
Effects of clenbuterol hydrochloride on pulmonary gas exchange and hemodynamics in anesthetized horses
Authors: Dodam John R. , Moon Richard E. , Olson Neil C. , Exposito Andres J. , Fawcett Thomas A. , Huang Y. C. , Theil David R. , Camporesi Enrico , Swanson Clifford R. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
We evaluated the effects of clenbuterol HCl (0.8 μg/kg, of body weight, iv), a β2, agonist, on ventilation-perfusion matching and hemodynamic variables in anesthetized (by iv route), laterally recumbent horses. The multiple inert gas elimination technique was used to assess pulmonary gas exchange. Clenbuterol HCl induced a decrease in arterial oxygen tension (from 57.0 ± 1.8 to 49.3 ± 1.2 mm of Hg; mean ± sem) as a result of increased shunt fraction (from 6.6 ± 2.1 to 14.4 ± 3.1%) and ventilation to regions with high ventilation-perfusion ratios. In contrast, no changes in these variables were found in horses given sterile water. In horses given clenbuterol HCl, O2 consumption increased from 2.23 ± 0.18 to 2.70 ± 0.14 ml · min-1 · kg-1, and respiratory exchange ratio decreased from 0.80 ± 0.02 to 0.72 ± 0.01. Respiratory exchange ratio and O, consumption were not significantly modified in sterile water-treated (control) horses. Clenbuterol HCl administration was associated with increased cardiac index (from 57.4 ± 4.0 to 84.2 ± 6.3 ml. min-1 · kg-1), decreased total peripheral vascular resistance (from 108.3 ± 9.3 to 47.6 ± 2.8 mm of Hg · s · kg · ml-1), and decreased pulmonary vascular resistance (from 31.3 ± 3.8 to 13.6 ± 0.7 mm of Hg · s · kg · ml-1). Our findings indicated that clenbuterol HCl may potentiate hypoxemia as a result of increased shunt fraction in horses anesthetized by the iv route, and caused changes in hemodynamic variables that were consistent with its ability to stimulate β2-adrenergic receptors.
Diagnosis of persistent aphthovirus infection and its differentiation from vaccination response in cattle by use of enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot analysis with bioengineered nonstructural viral antigens
Authors: Bergmann Ingrid E. , de Mello Paulo Augé , Neitzert E. , Beck E. , Gomes I. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
A highly sensitive enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot (eitb) assay, capable of detecting aphthovirus-specific antibodies to replicating virus in sera from cattle with persistent infection, was developed. The assay uses a set of purified recombinant dna-derived nonstructural viral antigens as serologic probes in lieu of the traditionally used virus infection-associated antigen(s) partially purified from baby hamster kidney-infected cells.
Sera from cattle with experimentally induced aphthovirus infection were analyzed sequentially by eitb at various postinoculation days, and the results were compared with those obtained by currently used techniques. It was established that, in all cases, eitb results remained positive at late stages of infection. At these times, results of virus infection-associated antigen-antibody determinations were negative by use of the conventional immunodiffusion in agarose gel test, and virus was recovered only occasionally from esophageal-pharyngeal fluid.
Specificity of the eitb test was indicated by negative results for sera from cattle in aphthovirus-free areas, including samples from cattle infected with a variety of bovine viruses. Moreover, the test eliminated a substantial number of false-positive results (on the basis of the immunodiffusion in agarose gel assay) caused by reactivity of sera from vaccinated cattle. Use of additional nonstructural viral antigens, other than rna polymerase, is proposed to differentiate between seropositivity resulting from vaccination or infection. This procedure may be considered to have potential applications as a sensitive, safe, rapid, and economic field test for specific diagnosis of persistent aphthovirus infection in affected animals.
Evaluation of intraocular penetration of topically administered tissue plasminogen activator in dogs
Authors: Gerding Paul A. , Eurell Thomas E. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Topically administered tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) was evaluated for its penetration into aqueous humor of clinically normal dogs. Two concentrations of tPA (5 mg/ml and 10 mg/ml) were evaluated in a single-dose study, and a concentration of 5 mg of tPA/ml was used for a multiple-dose study. The contralateral eye served as a nontreated control. Enzyme substrate analysis of aqueous humor was used to determine tPA activity. The activity of tPA in aqueous humor was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) greater in treated eyes of all dogs, compared with that in control eyes. Significant differences in activity of tPA were not detected at different doses in treated eyes.
Cytokeratins as markers of initial stages of squamous metaplasia in feline mammary carcinomas
Authors: Ivanyi D. , Minke J. M. H. M. , Hageman Ph. C. , Groeneveld E. , van Doornewaard G. , Misdorp W. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Expression of keratins (cytokeratins, ck) known to be suitable markers for different types of epithelial differentiation was analyzed in specimens of feline mammary tissue. A panel of specific anti-ck monoclonal antibodies (MAb) was used to determine ck distribution pattern in normal feline tissues (n = 3), and in benign (n = 18) and malignant (n = 20) feline mammary tumors. In selected tumors, the ck distribution pattern was also determined by biochemical methods. A MAb specific for α-smooth muscle actin was used to discriminate between myoepithelial cells and luminal epithelial cells.
In normal mammary gland tissues, 6 MAb reacted exclusively, either with myoepithelial cells or with luminal epithelial cells. Luminal epithelial cells reacted with MAb specific for ck typical of simple epithelia, whereas myoepithelial cells reacted with MAb specific for ck in basal cells of stratified epithelia. A similar distribution of ck was detected in specimens from benign tumors, except that ck4 was not detected in normal mammary gland tissues and was detected in some ducts in specimens with adenosis. Almost all tumor cells in specimens from malignant tumors reacted with MAb specific for ck typical of simple epithelia. Concomitant expression of ck typical of stratified epithelia was detected in small or large subpopulations of tumor cells in 70% of carcinomas. Cytokeratins typical of basal cell layers and typical for suprabasal layers of inner stratified epithelia were detected. Cytokeratins typical of stratified epithelia were always found in areas of squamous metaplasia, but also were found in adenocarcinomal cells surrounding these areas. We postulate that these adenocarcinoma cells represent transitional cells where the initial stages of squamous metaplasia have taken place, but squamous metaplasia is not yet detectable by light microscopy.
Isolation and characterization of porcine milk lactoferrin
Authors: Chu Redman M. , Wang Shih-Rong , Weng Chung-Nan , Pursel Vernon G. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
We purified porcine whey lactoferrin by affinity chromatography on a heparin-Sepharose column, followed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Molecular mass of purified lactoferrin (plf) is 78,000 daltons. The iron-binding activity of plf had a uv/visible-light absorption spectrum indistinguishable from that of human and bovine lactoferrins (absorbance ratio [465 nm/280 nm] approx 0.046). The growth ratio of WIL-2 cells in plf-supplemented medium is 70% of that in serum-containing medium. The aforementioned characteristics are similar to those of human and bovine lactoferrins. Immunoblot analysis, using polyclonal antibody raised in rabbits against porcine whey lactoferrin, revealed high specificity for plf, and low cross-reactivity with commercial human and bovine lactoferrins.
Histomorphometric analysis of the omasum of sheep during development
Authors: Franco A. , Robina A. , Regodón S. , Vivo J. M. , Masot A. J. , Redondo E. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Histomorphometric and scanning electron microscopic analyses were performed on 74 embryos and fetuses and 20 sheep (early postnatal to adult age). Histologic differentiation of the omasum took place at 33 days of fetal life, with the appearance of first-order laminae. Second-, third-, and fourth-order laminae appeared at 39, 50, and 59 days, respectively. Neutral mucopolysaccharides first appeared in epithelial cells at 46 days of fetal life, decreasing quantitatively until birth, before subsequently stabilizing in postnatal life. Acid mucopolysaccharides, mucins, and mucoid compounds were not detected. Growth curves and formulas were constructed for each tissue layer. Initial tests involved multiplicative (y = axb), exponential (y = EXP [a + bx]), linear (y = a + bx), and polynomial models (y = a + bx + cx2 + dx3).
Variation of abscess formation in cattle after vaccination with a modified-live Pasteurella haemolytica vaccine
Authors: Littledike Ernest Travis 
Published: January 2024

Summary
During the spring of the first year of a vaccine study, 57 of 238 calves (24%), in which modified-live Pasteurella haemolytica vaccine (mlv) was injected twice, developed 1 or more abscesses. Abscesses were not observed after multiple visual examinations of 437 calves given killed P haemolytica bacterin or placebo injections of similar adjuvants used in the vaccine and bacterin. Calves that developed abscesses after the second injection of mlv weighed significantly (P < 0.05) less (on the basis of body weight adjusted for weaning weight) at the second injection than did those that did not develop abscesses. Compared with calves given mlv that did not develop observable abscesses, calves developing abscesses after the second injection of mlv weighed 11.0 and 14.2 kg less, respectively, at 56 days and 112 days after injection, and they had 11.0 kg less gain at 56 days after injection. Abscess prevalence tended to be highest on certain days or at certain locations used for cattle processing, and the prevalence of abscesses increased in cattle processed later on a given day. Abscesses were not observed in 2 other groups of similarly treated calves vaccinated in the autumn or in the subsequent spring.
Evaluation of limb symmetry indices, using ground reaction forces in healthy dogs
Authors: Budsberg Steven C. , Jevens Dermot J. , Brown John , Foutz Tim L. , DeCamp Charles E. , Reece Lynn 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Limb symmetry was evaluated by measuring ground reaction forces in 2 groups of normal-gaited dogs at a trot. Data were collected from 2 groups of 21 dogs trotted at dog/handler velocities of 1.25 to 1.55 m/s and 1.85 to 2.05 m/s, respectively. Of these dogs, 9 participated in both groups to allow comparison of data at both velocities. Additionally, 16 of the dogs in group 1 were measured in 2 directions of movement to determine whether directional dependence was present. Collected data were then applied to 3 described symmetry indices.
Each index was easy to calculate, but all had limitations. A major limitation was variation in magnitude of ground reaction forces measured between the different axes and the effect of this variation on precision of the derived indices. Vertical ground forces provided the most consistent symmetry indices, in part because of their large magnitude. The indices indicated that no dog had perfect right-to-left symmetry during a trotting gait. Statistical differences were not found in any of the measurements of directional dependence. Likewise, comparing symmetry data in dogs trotted at both velocities indicated no significant differences in any axis.
However, further analysis of the data revealed the actual amount that a variance attributable to right-left limb variation was negligible. Most of the variance was attributable to trial variation. Thus, the aforementioned indices, which use nonconsecutive footfall methods to evaluate limb symmetry, actually measure principally trial variation and not limb-to-limb variation.
Evaluation of the indirect fluorescent antibody test for diagnosis of Babesia gibsoni infections in dogs
Authors: Yamane I. , Thomford J. W. , Gardner I. A. , Dubey J. P. , Levy M. , Conrad P. A. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
We determined the extent of the serologic cross-reactivity in the indirect fluorescent antibody (ifa) test for Babesia gibsoni, and the optimal cut-off titer for seropositivity in the test. The lowest titer to B gibsoni detected in a dog with naturally acquired clinical babesiosis was 1,280, and 7 of 12 dogs had titer between 10,240 and 20,480. Two experimentally infected normosplenic dogs developed high titer (40,960 to 81,920) to B gibsoni, and the same sera reacted in ifa tests for B canis (titer ≤ 640), Toxoplasma gondii (titer ≤ 2,560), and Neospora caninum (titer ≤ 10,240). Dogs that were experimentally infected with B canis and T gondii had titer ≤ 160 to B gibsoni. Dogs that were experimentally infected with N caninum had titer (80 to 10,240) to N caninum, but failed to have serologic reactivity to B gibsoni. Serologic titer of healthy dogs from Australia, a country where B gibsoni is not known to exist, was ≤ 160 to B gibsoni. On the basis of these findings, a cut-off titer of 320 was considered to be appropriate for serodiagnosis of B gibsoni in dogs with clinical signs of babesiosis. A more conservative titer of 1,280 was established as the cut-off titer for seroepidemiologic studies based on relative costs and benefits of false-positive results and failure to isolate B gibsoni parasites after splenectomy and immunosuppression from a clinically normal dog with B gibsoni titer of 640. Results of the study indicate the importance of establishing optimal cut-off titer for the B gibsoni ifa test that takes into consideration the purpose of the test, seroreactivity to antigenically related parasites, and factors that contribute to interlaboratory test variation.
Use of a DNA probe to detect the intracellular organism of proliferative enteritis in swine feces
Authors: Jones Gary F. , Ward Gilbert E. , Gebhart Connie J. , Murtaugh Michael P. , Collins James E. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
A method of extracting bacterial dna from swine feces was developed and used in a molecular assay for the presence of ileal symbiont (is) intracellularis, formerly known as the Campylobacter-like organism associated with swine with proliferative enteritis. Hybridization with a digoxigenin-labeled, is intracellularis-specific probe detected the presence of is intracellularis at a concentration of 107 organisms/g of feces. This method was sufficient to detect is intracellularis in the feces of swine with experimentally induced and naturally acquired infection. Results of the hybridization were in agreement with those from histologic postmortem examination.
Efficacy of Pasteurella haemolytica subunit antigens in a goat model of pasteurellosis
Authors: Purdy Charles W. , Straus David C. , Struck Douglas , Foster Gene S. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The effectiveness of Pasteurella haemolytica biovar A, serovar 1 (Ph1) subunit vaccines was tested in goats, using challenge exposure by transthoracic injection. Twenty-two weanling male Spanish goats were randomly allotted to 4 groups. Six goats were given 2 transthoracic injections into the lung 18 days apart with live Ph1 impregnated in agar beads (positive controls). Six goats were not given injections (negative controls). Five goats were given 2 transthoracic injections into the lung 18 days apart with 4.6 mg of cytotoxin in agar beads. The remaining 5 goats were given 2 im injections, 18 days apart, into the thigh with 4.6 mg of cytotoxin emulsified in incomplete Freunds’ adjuvant. Twenty-four days after the second injection, all goats were challenge-exposed to live Ph1 by transthoracic injection into the lung, and 4 days later, all goats were euthanatized and necropsied. Serum neutralizing anticytotoxin titer was measured throughout the experiment. Mean volume of consolidated lung tissue was 0.38 cm3 for the positive control group, 32 cm3 for the negative control group; 19 cm3 for the cytotoxin-lung group; and 88 cm3 for the cytotoxin-adjuvant-im group. Only the positive control group was protected from Ph1 challenge exposure. The Ph1 cytotoxin subunit vaccine alone appeared to be ineffective, and the anticytotoxin titer was not correlated with protection.
In a separate trial, 32 weanling male Spanish goats were randomly allotted to 5 groups. Each was given 2 transthoracic injections into the lung 22 days apart. Six goats were given Ph1 cytotoxin impregnated into agar beads; 6 were given Ph1 lipopolysaccharide impregnated in agar beads; 6 were given Ph1 capsule impregnated in agar beads. Six goats were given agar beads only (negative controls), and 6 were given live Ph1 impregnated into agar beads (positive controls). Twenty days after the second injection, all goats were challenge-exposed to live Ph1 by transthoracic injection into the lung, and 4 days later, all goats were euthanatized and necropsied. Mean volume of consolidated lung tissue was 0.14 cm3 for the positive control group, 7.59 cm3 for the negative control group, 11.21 cm3 for the cytotoxin group, 10.19 cm3 for the lipopolysaccharide group, and 1.6 cm3 for the capsule group. Again, only injection of live Ph1 (positive controls) induced solid protection; however, the capsule subunit vaccine induced partial protection against challenge exposure in this trial. Lipopolysaccharide and cytotoxin subunit vaccines were ineffective in protecting goats against challenge exposure with live Ph1.
Delayed seroconversion following naturally acquired caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus infection in goats
Authors: Rimstad E. , East N. E. , Torten M. , Higgins J. , DeRock E. , Pedersen N. C. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
One hundred eight milking goats from a dairy that had been using a modified caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) eradication program were tested for caev antibodies by serologic methods and for proviral caev dna by use of polymerase chain reaction (pcr) technology. All goats were free of clinical symptoms of caev infection. Twenty-seven of the 108 goats were considered seropositive, on the basis of elisa results. Proviral caev dna was detected, using pcr techniques, in mononuclear leukocytes in blood samples obtained from 25 of the these 27 seropositive goats. Twenty of the 81 seronegative goats also had positive pcr test results. Ten of these goats seroconverted by 8 months later, and virus was readily isolated from mononuclear leukocytes in venous blood samples after the goats had seroconverted. Virus was also isolated from mononuclear leukocytes in blood samples collected from 4 of 11 goats that were seronegative, but had positive pcr test results. These results indicated that seroconversion can be delayed for many months following natural infection with caev. Delayed seroconversion appears to be a feature of caev infection, which may have direct implications for caev eradication programs and epidemiologic studies that rely on serologic methods to detect infected goats.