bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Information Agencies: the European Agency for Safety and Health Protection at Work
Authors: Smismans Stijn 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The preceding two chapters have dealt with two forms of functional participation that have mainly a role in regulatory policy-making. The EESC is a functional assembly that gives advice on a broad range of socio-economic regulatory aspects of European integration. Tripartite advisory committees provide ‘tripartite expert deliberation ‘ in particular (technical) areas of risk regulation. In the field of OH&S, both the EESC and the AC have mainly a role of giving advice on regulatory proposals of the European Commission. Yet, European social policy includes also ‘persuasive policy-making ‘, relying on soft law, exchanges of information, and new modes of governance. Other forms of functional participation have been established in such persuasive policy-making.
A Premiere: New York, December 1867
Authors: Andrews Malcolm 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
On Saturday 7 December 1867, Charles Dickens and George Dolby boarded the Shore Line train at Boston for the nine-hour journey to New York. They reached the city at 6 that evening. Dickens was very tired. His persistent cold showed signs of worsening to influenza. He was 55. His face was deeply lined, the skin grainy but highly coloured, weather-beaten. He carried himself like a naval officer, upright and alert. ‘A little, trim-looking gentleman’, he seemed: his eyes were ‘filled with an energy which seemed to be unconfined’.
A Community of Readers
Authors: Andrews Malcolm 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Now, the question I want your opinion on, is this:— Assuming these hopes [of becoming a professional Reader] to be well- grounded, would such an use of the personal (I may almost say affectionate) relations which subsist between me and the public, and make my standing with them very peculiar, at all affect my position with them as a writer? Would it be likely to have any influence on my next book? If it had any influence at all, would it be likely to be of a weakening or a strengthening kind?
Celebrity on Tour
Authors: Andrews Malcolm 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
People in their thousands came to look at Dickens as he travelled all around Britain; they came ‘to hear him roar or shake his literary mane as one of the largest lions of the day’. Once Dickens had reconciled himself and his readership to his new profession he had two principal tasks to address: the practicalities of staging the Readings, and the rewards and difficulties of being a hugely popular celebrity. In the 1860s, and particularly in America in 1867– 8, he consolidated his status as one of the first great international celebrities in history.
An Introduction To Modern Marine Cover
Authors: Bennett Professor Howard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the modern London market, insurance is customarily written on the basis of a simple basic form to which is attached an appropriate standard set of more detailed clauses. It was not always thus. The agreements concluded in Lloyd’s coffee house in the eighteenth century for the assumption of risk in return for payment of a premium developed into a standard form contract, the SG policy. This policy developed on an entirely adhoc basis, risks being amended and exceptions developed in response to evolving law and practice. Moreover, a complex way of presenting the cover evolved.
The Inchmaree Clause
Authors: Bennett Professor Howard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In The Inchmaree, the House of Lords ruled that the breakage of a piece of machinery on a ship was recoverable neither as a peril of the sea nor under the eiusdem generis clause because the accident lacked the necessary maritime connection. This prompted the introduction of the Inchmaree clause, designed to provide such cover. Today, however, the clause referred to by that name is of somewhat broader scope.
Collision And Contact Losses
Authors: Bennett Professor Howard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Contact between the insured vessel under a hull policy, or the freight-earning vessel under a freight policy, and another vessel or structure may produce two distinct types of loss. The subject-matter insured may be lost or damaged and third party liability may result. For the purposes of the hulls and freight clauses, a fortuitous collision or coming into contact of a maritime nature is a peril of the sea, although consequential loss beyond the cost of repairs would not be viewed as caused by the collision. In addition, the market clauses also include cover against loss of or damage to the insured property caused by ‘contact’ with a range of items that has varied slightly from revision to revision.
War Risks
Authors: Bennett Professor Howard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with war perils as covered under the Institute clauses, although it should be noted that the mutual insurance associations are import- ant providers of war risks cover. In the context of hull and freight insurance, war and strikes risks are insured together under the same sets of clauses. Cargo insurance, however, separates war risks cover from strikes risks cover. Strikes risks are discussed in Chapter 14 below. The advent of new Institute clauses in the 1980s saw a major rethinking with 13.02 respect to the insurance of war risks.
Strikes Risks
Authors: Bennett Professor Howard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The strikes coverage under the various war and strikes clauses for hulls and freight is cast in essentially uniform fashion. Clause 1 of the Institute War and Strikes Clauses Hulls-Time (1/10/83 and 1/11/95) provides as follows: Subject always to the exclusions hereinafter referred to, this insurance covers loss of or damage to the Vessel caused by strikers, locked-out workmen, or persons taking part in labour disturbances, riots or civil commotions any terrorist or any person acting maliciously or from a political motive confiscation or expropriation. However, while the freight clauses cover the same perils, they are restricted to loss of freight ‘arising from loss of or damage to the Vessel’ caused by the specified perils, with the result that no indemnity is payable where freight is lost by reason of damage to cargo.
Sub-Standard Shipping
Authors: Bennett Professor Howard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The safety of human life, the confidence of cargo interests and parties with financial interests, whether insurers or banks, and the protection of the environment all demand certain standards of construction, maintenance, and operation of shipping. Marine insurance law establishes required standards by affording insurers defences where vessels are unseaworthy or, in cargo insurance only, unfit to carry their cargo. For hull underwriters, however, the law is unsatisfactory. The unseaworthiness defence varies between voyage and time policies.
Rights Of Third Parties
Authors: Bennett Professor Howard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The doctrine of privity of contract applies to insurance contracts as a matter of common law as it applies to all other contracts. In principle, therefore, only the assured is entitled to the benefit of the insurer’s promise of indemnification. For example, a ‘loss payable’ (or ‘loss payee’) clause that directs the insurer to pay the proceeds of any claim to a designated third party confers no rights on that third party as against the insurer. Payment to the third party will generate a good discharge of the insurer’s indemnification obligation owed to the assured under the insurance contract and failure to pay the designated third party will constitute a breach of contract by the insurer actionable by the assured, but the third party receives no right to claim payment from the insurer.
Measures Of Indemnity
Authors: Bennett Professor Howard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In a claim for loss of or damage to property, such as hull, cargo, or freight, the measure of indemnity depends upon whether the loss is total or partial and whether the policy is valued or unvalued. The different types of loss are considered in Chapter 21 above, while the concept of a valued policy is discussed in Chapter 7 above. Marine insurance law subscribes to the indemnity principle, but does not in principle attempt to calculate measures of indemnity in property claims by reference to the precise financial loss in fact suffered by the assured. Instead, the See 7.24ff above.
Double Insurance and Contribution
Authors: Bennett Professor Howard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Over-insurance by taking out two or more policies on the same risk is lawful, although excessive over-insurance is a material circumstance requiring dis- closure, but the assured is entitled to satisfaction of its loss only once ‘lestthe temptation of gain should occasion unfair and wilful losses’ and because the indemnity principle precludes double recovery. The assured may, at its unfettered election, proceed against any one insurer or combination of insurers for the whole sum due according to the principles governing measures of indemnity. Any insurer that pays more than its rateable proportion of the loss is then entitled to contribution from the other insurers.
The Quotidian Sacred and Profane
Authors: Sheringham Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
If Surrealism has remained a rich source of inspiration for later ways of exploring the everyday it is in large part thanks to the dynamic field of interactions between Breton’s group and a number of dissident figures including Georges Bataille, Michel Leiris, Raymond Queneau, and Walter Benjamin. When Bataille, Leiris, and others broke with Breton to found the review Documents in 1929, they asserted the primacy of the contingent here and now over what they saw as Surrealism’s idealist tendencies.
Lefebvre: Alienation and Appropriation
Authors: Sheringham Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Lefebvre, who had participated in the movement in the 1920s,2 the surrealist ‘merveilleux’ is always based on the exceptional and the extraordinary, on an ‘envers de la vie quotidienne’ (obverse of everyday life) associated with privileged moments. Lefebvre rejects the ‘merveilleux moderne’ and the surrealist vision of the city in Nadja and Le Paysan de Paris, arguing that it is always easier to transmute than to apprehend.
Certeau: Reclaiming the Everyday
Authors: Sheringham Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
whose aim is to recount ‘common practices’, the explicit aim being to make the form of the analysis reflect its object (I, xxxiii).3 Equally, to read or write about L’Invention du quotidien is to invent an order, and in what follows I will provide an overall account of Certeau’s theorizations of the quotidien, paying particular attention to the way his difluse text progressively elaborates an overall ‘logique operatoire’ (operational logic) (I, xxxvi) of everyday practices, and underlining links and parallels with Lefebvre, Perec, Barthes, and others.
Georges Perec: Uncovering the Infra-Ordinary
Authors: Sheringham Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
question Perec refers to cannot fully be articulated, it also fosters the fertile indirection and obliquity that are as central to his work as they were to his mentor Raymond Queneau. And it means that the strength and vitality of Perec’s care for the quotidien stems from its indissoluble link to his personal, ethical, literary, and historical concerns.
Dissemination and DiversiWcation
Authors: Sheringham Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
as the vehicle of theory (Certeau, Perec), and in Chapter 9 I will suggest that one way of grasping the late-twentieth-century profusion of the quotidien is in terms of a move from the discursive to the figural. The present chapter anticipates this by considering, firstly, the redirection of ethnographic scrutiny from the far to the near; secondly, the figure of the urban trajectory in four writers (Augé, Ernaux, Maspero, Réda); thirdly, the treatment of the everyday across a range of genres and media.
Introduction Business and security: public–private sector interface and interdependence at the turn of the 21st century
Authors: Bailes Alyson J K 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
On 11 September 2001, when terrorists struck at the United States, 1000 employees of the investment bank Cantor Fitzgerald Securities were working in one of the towers of the New York World Trade Center. Nearly 700 of them perished in the attack, a greater loss than that suffered by any other single employer, and the firm’s headquarters was physically wiped out. Many other companies and their employees also suffered. This attack was one of the plainest and most painful demonstrations of the shared vulnerability of the state, society and the business community, even on the territory of the world’s sole superpower. Logically enough, in the weeks and months that followed, these events were to prompt a whole new debate on the several and joint roles of the public and private sectors in tackling their common security challenges.
Business investment, humanitarian problems and conflict
Authors: Maresca John J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
With the end of the cold war, the trend towards globalization and the proliferation of information, the role of business in today’s world has become the focus of considerable attention. Most business people are aware of this and are seeking to understand what is expected of them. The overall issue is the appropriate role for businesses at a time when there are new expectations, new critics and many new standards for business performance. This is what lies behind the worldwide movement towards greater corporate responsibility: that is, towards more positive participation by the private sector in the effort to find solutions to problems of general public concern.
The role of humanitarian organizations: the case of the International Committee of the Red Cross
Authors: Carbonnier Gilles 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The 1990s saw a great deal of progress in the field of corporate social responsibility. After the United Nations world summit meetings in the first half of the decade, top executives of multinational companies began to focus their efforts on environmental and social concerns. In recent years, the business community has also started to examine its role and responsibility in conflict-prone areas, where companies face increasingly complex challenges. This applies in particular to the business of raw material extraction, where investment decisions are dictated by geological factors rather than by political risks.
The security of business: a view from the security industry
Authors: Black Crispin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Private security companies have been in existence for a long time—at least as long as, or longer than, the modern concept of government’s role in the provision of security. Just one example may be cited which is topical on both sides of the Atlantic at the time of writing in view of the visits of US President George W. Bush to London and Baghdad in the autumn of 2003. In 1861, while investigating a railway case in Baltimore, Maryland, the Pinkerton private detective agency uncovered a plot to assassinate President-elect Abraham Lincoln when he passed through Baltimore on his way to Washington for his inauguration.
Survival planning for business: a view from Nokia
Authors: Ilmonen Urho 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Nokia produces telecommunications equipment, which is a non-military, neutral and universally beneficial technology. Good communications are important for democracies and dictators alike. Accordingly, the company believes that it neither poses a threat to anyone nor is a specific target for anyone except ordinary criminals. On current company analysis, non-state assailants should not have any interest in harming the company. Nokia believes that security can be created by sound business practices and careful processes.
Critical energy system infrastructure protection in Europe and the legitimate economy
Authors: Rosner Kevin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
On 14 August 2003 there was a catastrophic breakdown in the transmission of electricity in North America, affecting at least 50 million consumers and spanning an area as far west as the US automobile capital of Detroit, Michigan, as far north as Canada’s largest city, Toronto, and as far east as the US financial centre of New York. In late August and early September, several other incidents throughout the world involved interruptions in energy systems: power outages in the south of London, stranding hundreds of thousands of rail passengers; a terrorist attack on a vital Iraqi pipeline; attempts to kidnap Western oil executives in the South Caucasus region; and further guerrilla attacks on Colombia’s power supply and delivery network.
Water Transfers and International Trade Law
Authors: Weiss Edith Brown 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Fresh water is vital to human life and to the sustainability of Earth. There is no known substitute for fresh water. People have strong emotional ties to water, whether for health, nature, soil productivity, religious, or other reasons. His torically water has not had a price, only the costs of extracting, using, or purifying it. But within the last half of the twentieth century, water increasingly acquired a price, entered into the market, and was subject to international trade. These developments have raised the question of the extent to which international trading regimes apply to transboundary fresh water transfers.
Water Services at the WTO
Authors: Cossy Mireille 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The figures are painfully familiar: according to WHO/UNICEF, about 1.1 billion people do not have access to clean water and about 2.4 billion lack access to sanitation facilities.2 The same report identifies four major challenges facing the water supply and sanitation services in the coming years: (i) keeping pace with a net population growth of more than a billion people over the next 15 years; closing the coverage and service gap, with emphasis on sanitation which lags considerably behind water supply; (iii) ensuring sustainability of existing and new services; and (iv) improving the quality of the services. At the World Summit on Sustainable Development, governments agreed to halve, by 2015, the propor tion of people who do not have access to safe drinking water or basic sanitation services.3
Ground Water Regulation and Water Crisis Rhetoric: Syria as a Case Study
Authors: Jaubert Ronald , Al-Dbiyat Mohamed 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Since the early 1990s and the Dublin Conference on water management, the importance and seriousness of the water problem has been increasingly recognized by international organizations and NGOs. Water scarcity has generally given place to water crisis in the international rhetoric. As a result, governments of developing countries are increasingly under pressure from international organizations to enforce water management policies aimed at reducing with drawals and improving the efficiency of water use. In the case of Syria, attention at the international and national level was until recently mainly, if not exclusively, focused on the utilization of surface water and the international dispute over the Euphrates ‘ water. However, a World Bank review of the irrigation sector in Syria emphasized the importance of ground water and the deficit of the water balance. According to this report, ‘groundwater is probably the single most important water management challenge facing Syria ‘.1
Water and Economics: Trends in Dispute Settlement Procedures and Practice
Authors: Chazournes Laurence Boisson De 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Competing demands over freshwater resources may result in tensions. In some instances, there are outright disputes between users of freshwater whose requirements and uses conflict with those of other users. Water disputes are notably compounded by the steady increase in the world ‘s population and the pressures arising therefrom. Every region of the world today is afflicted with international water disputes. Water disputes concern both quantity and quality and are triggered by various factors, including economic ones. To date, dams, diversions, water-quality issues, and, more recently, investment matters have been major causes of dis putes.
Introduction
Authors: Harvey Andrew C , Proietti Tommaso 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The decomposition of economic time series into trend and cyclical components has a long tradition. Along with providing a description of the salient features of a series, the distinction between what is permanent and what is transitory in economic dynamics has important implications for monetary and fiscal policy. The measurement of potential output, output gaps, core inflation and the natural rate of unemployment are all facets of the same problem.
Stochastic Linear Trends: Models and Estimators
Authors: Avall Agustín Mar 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The concept of a trend component (in short, a trend) in an economic time series is far from having a precise, universally accepted, definition. Trends have been modeled as deterministic functions of time (see, for example, Fellner 1956), as purely stochastic processes (in economics, a standard reference is Nelson and Plosser 1982), or as a mixture of the two (Pierce 1978). This paper centers on strictly stochastic trends and the stochastic process generating the trend will be assumed linear. (Nonlinear extensions, such as the one in Hamilton 1989, will not be considered.)
Testing for Deterministic Linear Trend in Time Series
Authors: Nyblom Jukka 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
From the prediction point of view (1.1)–(1.2) is one representative of those models that lead to exponentially smoothed forecasts. The Box–Jenkins approach provides another viewpoint. It is easily seen that (1.1)–(1.2) belongs to the subfamily of the integrated moving average (IMA)(1, 1) processes (see Box and Jenkins 1976, pp. 119–120).
Time Series Analysis of Non-Gaussian Observations Based on State Space Models from Both Classical and Bayesian Perspectives
Authors: Durbin J , Koopman S J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This paper discusses the analysis of non-Gaussian time series using state space models from both classical and Bayesian points of view. A major advantage of the state space approach is that we can model the behaviour of different components of the series separately and then put the submodels together to form an overall model for the series. State space models are very general and can handle a remarkably wide range of applications ranging from autoregressive integrated moving average models and unobserved components time series models to smoothing models with roughness penalties.
On Sequential Monte Carlo Sampling Methods for Bayesian Filtering
Authors: Doucet Arnaud , Godsill Simon , Andrieu Christophe 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Many problems in applied statistics, statistical signal processing, time series analysis and econometrics can be stated in a state space form as follows. A transition equation describes the prior distribution of a hidden Markov process xk k N , the so-called hidden state process, and an observation equation describes the likelihood of the observations yk k N ,k being a discrete time index.