bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detecting the spatial component of variation in the weed community at the farm scale with variation partitioning by canonical correspondence analysis
Authors: HYVÖNEN T , HOLOPAINEN J , TIAINEN J 
Published: January 2005

SummaryVariation partitioning by canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was applied to analyse spatial variation in the species composition of a weed community for an area of farmland in southern Finland. The farmland, covering 450 ha, was sampled with a 60 m × 60 m grid. Data on weed species were collected along with the following groups of explanatory variables: spatial variables (the terms of second‐order polynomial trend surface regression equation generated on the x and y co‐ordinates of sample quadrats: x, y, x2, xy, y2, x2y and xy2), farmer variables (nine farms), soil variables (four soil types and pH value), crop variables (barley, oats, sugarbeet, potato and turnip rape) and physical variables (area of field, altitude, slope and aspect in four directions). The main variation in species composition along the first and second CCA axes was caused by interplay between farmer and crop variables. Farmer and crop variables explained more of the variation than did soil or physical variables. All the variables were to some extent spatially structured. The spatial variables contributed 54.5% of the total variation, of which pure spatial variation accounted for 12.2%. The highest covariation with spatial variables was detected with farmer (33.7%) and crop variables (25.7%). Variation partitioning by CCA is recommended for studying the relationship between the spatial variation in weed communities and explanatory variables.
Genetic diversity of Striga hermonthica and Striga asiatica populations in Kenya
Authors: GETHI J G , SMITH M E , MITCHELL S E , KRESOVICH S 
Published: January 2005

SummaryThe parasitic angiosperms, Striga hermonthica and Striga asiatica, severely constrain cereal production in sub‐Saharan Africa by causing huge losses in grain yield. Understanding the diversity of Striga populations is important because it allows identification of races or biotypes thus improving chances of breeding success. Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis was used to study genetic diversity among 17 populations of S. asiatica and 24 populations of S. hermonthica from Kenya. A total of 349 DNA fragments ranging from 51 to 500 bp were obtained from four EcoRI and MseI primer combinations. Genetic distances for S. asiatica populations ranged from 0.009 to 0.116 with a mean of 0.032. S. hermonthica populations had a genetic distance that ranged from 0.007 to 0.025 with a mean of 0.015. Only two clusters were found in S. asiatica populations whereas no apparent structure was evident in S. hermonthica populations. There was no evidence of isolation by distance for the two species. Although the low genetic diversity suggests Striga is relatively uniform across the populations studied, it is possible that pathogenicity and virulence genes may be located in genomic regions that were not sampled. The data, however, does not provide evidence to support diversification of both Striga species in the region where the study was conducted.
EFFECTS OF VITAMIN E AND SESAMIN ON HYPERTENSION AND CEREBRAL THROMBOGENESIS IN STROKE‐PRONE SPONTANEOUSLY HYPERTENSIVE RATS
Authors: Noguchi Takanori , Ikeda Katsumi , Sasaki Yasuto , Yamamoto Junichiro , Yamori Yukio 
Published: January 2005

SUMMARYThe preventive effects of sesamin, a lignan from sesame oil and vitamin E on hypertension and thrombosis were examined using stroke‐prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP). Animals at 5 weeks of age were separated into four groups: (i) control group; (ii) vitamin E group, which was given 1000 mg alpha‐tocopherol/kg diet; (iii) sesamin group, given 1000 mg sesamin/kg diet; and (iv) vitamin E plus sesamin group, given 1000 mg alpha‐tocopherol plus 1000 mg sesamin/kg diet for 5 weeks from 5 to 10 weeks of age. Resting blood pressure was measured by the tail‐cuff method once weekly. A closed cranial window was created in the right parietal bone of the rat and platelet‐rich thrombi were induced in vivo using a helium‐neon laser technique. The number of laser pulses required for formation of an occlusive thrombus was used as an index of thrombotic tendency. In control rats, systolic blood pressure and the amount of urinary 8‐hydroxy‐2′‐deoxyguanosine (8‐OHdG) became significantly elevated with age. However, the elevation in blood pressure and 8‐OHdG were significantly suppressed in rats administered vitamin E, sesamin, or vitamin E plus sesamin. At 10 weeks, the number of laser pulses required to induce an occlusive thrombus in arterioles of the control group was significantly lower than in the other groups (P < 0.05). These results indicate that chronic ingestion of vitamin E and sesamin attenuated both elevation in blood pressure, oxidative stress and thrombotic tendency, suggesting that these treatments might be beneficial in the prevention of hypertension and stroke.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PLASMA AND HIPPOCAMPAL LIPID PEROXIDATION IN OBESE AND HYPERTENSIVE SHR/NDmcr‐cp RATS
Authors: Hashimoto Michio , Kubota Yoko , Tanaka Naoko , Yamaguchi Yu , Fujii Yoshimi , Kagota Satomi , Kawakita Eisuke , Shido Osamu , Kunitomo Masaru , Shinozuka Kazumasa 
Published: January 2005

Summary1. It has been suggested that hypertension, hyperlipidaemia and diabetes participate in the onset and development of dementia.2. To understand cognitive dysfunction in metabolic syndrome, the relationship between the plasma and the hippocampus regarding fatty acid composition and lipid peroxidation was estimated in genetically hypertensive and obese SHR/NDmcr‐cp rats (SHR‐cp) aged 7–9 and 18–20 weeks.3. Levels of total fatty acids and lipid peroxide in the plasma were much higher (by 200–500%) in SHR‐cp compared with age‐matched control rats (Wistar‐Kyoto rats). However, in the hippocampus these levels were not significantly different between the two groups of rats.4. Levels of hippocampal lipid peroxide in both groups increased significantly with ageing.5. These results indicate that, in SHR‐cp, lipid peroxidation in the hippocampus would not be affected even if plasma levels of fatty acids and lipid peroxide increased markedly, when ageing is not a predicative factor.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SMOKING HABITS AND SERUM OXYGEN RADICAL ABSORBANCE CAPACITY AND DIETARY INTAKE IN JAPANESE ADULTS
Authors: Ueda Yukiko , Trung Duc Son Le Nguyen , Inoue Hiromi , Kunii Daisuke , Yamamoto Shigeru , Azuma Masami 
Published: January 2005

SUMMARY1. The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of smoking habits on dietary intake, serum oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and lifestyle in Japanese adults.2. Lifestyle factors were recorded by questionnaire and dietary intake was measured by a single 24 h food recall. Blood was collected under fasting conditions for analysis.3. Smokers had lower intakes of vitamin C, fruits and dark green and yellow vegetables (DGYV), higher consumption of alcohol, lower physical activity and lower ORAC values than non‐smokers. Body mass index (BMI), serum total cholesterol (TC) and triacylglycerol (TG) increased, whereas high‐density lipoprotein–cholesterol (HDL‐C) decreased with an increase in the amount smoked, but there were no significant differences between smokers and non‐smokers.4. It is considered that high cancer and cardiovascular risks among smokers are also reinforced by undesirable lifestyle factors other than smoking.
EFFECTS OF VOLUNTARY EXERCISE ON CEREBRAL THROMBOSIS and ENDOTHELIAL FUNCTION IN SPONTANEOUSLY HYPERTENSIVE RATS (SHRSP/IZM)
Authors: Sasaki Yasuto , Noguchi Takanori , Yamamoto Etsuko , Giddings John C , Ikeda Katsumi , Yamamoto Junichiro , Yamori Yukio 
Published: January 2005

SUMMARY1. Effects of voluntary exercise on blood pressures, oxidative stress, urinary nitric oxide (NO) level and expression of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) mRNA were studied in stroke‐prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP/Izm).2. SHRSP at the age of 6 weeks were divided into four groups: (i) the control group, sedentary group; (ii) the l‐NAME group, which was the sedentary control group given l‐NAME (5 mg/kg per day) in drinking water; (iii) the exercise group, which was allowed to run voluntarily on running wheel attached to the metal cages; and (iv) the exercise plus l‐NAME group which was loaded exercise and given l‐NAME solution for 3 weeks.3. The bodyweight and systolic pressure of rats were increased with age and the bodyweight of the rats in an exercise plus l‐NAME group was less than control but systolic pressure in the exercise group were significantly lower than control.4. Thrombotic tendency assessed by He‐Ne laser method in an exercise group was significantly decreased compared with the rest of the groups.5. Urinary nitrite/nitrate level was significantly increased in the exercise group compared with before (6 weeks) and after exercise (9 weeks), but there were no significant differences in the rest of groups.6. eNOS mRNA expression of aorta in the exercise group measured after exercise was significantly higher than the other groups.7. Urinary 8‐hydroxy‐2′‐deoxyguanosine (8‐OHdG) level after exercise was significantly decreased in the exercise group compared with before exercise.8. These results suggested that voluntary exercise decreased thrombotic tendency by increasing NO level through enhanced expression of eNOS mRNA and antioxidative effects.
EFFECT OF A SOYBEAN PRODUCT ON SERUM LIPID LEVELS IN FEMALE UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
Authors: Takahashi Kyoko , Kamada Yoko , Hiraoka‐Yamamoto Junko , Mori Mari , Nagata Ryuko , Hashimoto Kayo , Aizawa Toru , Matsuda Kenichi , Kometani Takashi , Ikeda Katsumi , Yamori Yukio 
Published: January 2005

SUMMARY1. A dietary intervention study targeting female students by using cake containing soybean protein and isoflavone was conducted. Female students (n = 120) were divided into three Groups (A, 6.26 g of soybean protein and isoflavone at 50 mg/day; B, 1.36 g soybean protein and isoflavone 50 mg; and C, a wheat puff as placebo). Intervention period was 4 weeks. The ratio of hypercholesterol in each group indicated a high value; A: 25%, B: 17.9% and C: 24.4%.2. Total cholesterol as well as the rate of hypercholesterolemia decreased in Group A. The average total cholesterol significantly reduced (P < 0.001) from 242 ± 17 to 220 ± 25 mg/dL in Group A.3. Dietary intake of soy protein for 4 weeks could be effective in reducing CHD risk among Japanese female students with a high plasma cholesterol level.
CORONARY VASODILATORY RESPONSE TO A NOVEL PEPTIDE, ADRENOMEDULLIN 2
Authors: Kobayashi Yuta , Liu Ying‐Ju , Gonda Tatsuo , Takei Yoshio 
Published: January 2005

SUMMARY1. Adrenomedullin‐2 (AM2) is a novel peptide originally found in a fish and it is structurally related to mammalian AM or fish AM1. Cloning of AM2 cDNA in the mouse, rat and human has been successful. In the present study, the vasodilatory effect of synthetic human AM2 was analysed in isolated artery ring preparations of porcine.2. Vasodilatory effect of AM2 was the most potent in the coronary artery, followed by the carotid and supramesenteric arteries, but absent in the femoral, pulmonary and renal arteries.3. The effect of AM2 was equipotent with that of human AM/AM1 in these arteries.4. AM2‐induced relaxation was inhibited by human CGRP (8–37), but not by human AM/AM1 (22–52), suggesting that the vasodilatory response to AM2 is mediated through the CGRP1 receptor.5. AM2 may share the same receptor (complex) with AM/AM1 for the vasorelaxation. This is the first report of the vasodilatory responses to AM2 in isolated vasculature.
IMPACT OF DIET ON THE CARDIOVASCULAR RISK PROFILE OF JAPANESE IMMIGRANTS LIVING IN BRAZIL: CONTRIBUTIONS OF WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION CARDIAC and MONALISA STUDIES
Authors: Moriguchi EH , Moriguchi Y , Yamori Y 
Published: January 2005

Summary1. Japanese immigrants from Okinawa living in Brazil have a higher mortality from cardiovascular diseases and have their mean life expectancy shortened compared with their counterparts living in Japan.2. A cross‐sectional study comparing Okinawans living in Okinawa (OO) and Okinawan immigrants living in Brazil (OB) was designed to characterize the dietary factors that could interfere with the profile of cardiovascular risk factors and with this reduction on the life expectancy when Okinawans emigrate to Brazil.3. In total, 234 OO and 160 OB (aged 45–59 years) were recruited to the present study to undergo medical and dietary history, blood pressure measurement, electrocardiograph (ECG), blood tests and 24 h food/urine collection.4. In the present study, OO subjects presented with 37% less obesity and 50% less systemic hypertension than OB. The OB subjects used threefold more antihypertensive medication than OO. Meat intake was 34% higher in OB than OO, whereas fish intake was sevenfold higher in OO than OB. Serum potassium levels were 10% higher in OO than OB. Urinary taurine (an index of seafood intake) was 43% higher in OO than OB. Urinary isoflavones (an index of the intake of soy products) were significantly lower in OB than in OO. Of acid (20 : 5) and docosahexaenoic acid (22 : 6) were two‐ and threefold higher in OO than OB, respectively.5. The rate of ischaemic ECG changes in OO subjects was only 50% of that of OB subjects.6. There were no differences in the smoking rate between OO and OB sugjects.7. The results of the present study suggest that coronary risk factors and cardiovascular health are not only regulated by genetic factors, but that the impact of lifestyle (mainly diet) can be large enough to modulate the expression of genes.
WORLDWIDE EPIDEMIC OF OBESITY: HOPE FOR JAPANESE DIETS
Authors: Yamori Yukio 
Published: January 2005

Summary1. WHO‐coordinated Cardiovascular Diseases and Alimentary Comparison Study (CARDIAC) and its follow‐up, MONALISA Study covering 60 populations in 25 countries indicated an increasing prevalence of obesity, even in developing countries.2. The index of obesity, BMI was confirmed to be related positively with both systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP) in 60 CARDIAC populations and with the age‐adjusted mortality rates of coronary heart diseases (CHD) in 25 populations where reliable demographic data were available.3. CHD mortality rates were inversely related with biomarkers for soy bean and fish intakes, isoflavones and taurine in 24‐h urine samples in 25 CARDIAC study populations.4. Population samples were divided into two groups: soy eaters and‐non‐eaters as well as fish eaters and non‐eaters, respectively, based on WHO‐CARDIAC study data. Soy eaters as well as fish eaters had significantly lower BMI, BP and serum cholesterol levels, which are three major CHD risk factors.5. BMI was inversely related with 24‐h urinary isoflavones excretion, the biomarker of soy intake and also with 24‐h urinary excretion of histidine, relatively rich in fish.6. Since both nutrients, isoflavones as phytoestrogen and histidine as the precursor of histamine may affect central appetite mechanisms, soy and fish intake may be recommended to control obesity, the major common risk of lifestyle‐related diseases.
Total spinal anesthesia during combined general–epidural anesthesia in a 7‐year‐old child
Authors: Kipnis E. , Desoutter E. , Dalmas S. , Marciniak B. 
Published: January 2005

SummaryTotal spinal anesthesia (TSA) is a rare complication of lumbar epidural anesthesia through inadvertent spinal injection of local anesthetics following an undiagnosed dural breach or spinal placement of the catheter. TSA has rarely been reported in children. TSA occurred during epidural anesthesia in a 7‐year‐old child undergoing abdominal surgery. Recent previous lumbar punctures and intrathecal chemotherapy for Burkitt's lymphoma at the same level may have facilitated dural breach. Epidural anesthesia should not be attempted at the same intervertebral level as prior recent lumbar punctures.
Comparison of laser acupuncture and metoclopramide in PONV prevention in children
Authors: Butkovic Diana , Toljan Sanja , Matolic Martina , Kralik Sandra , Radešić Ljerka 
Published: January 2005

SummaryBackground : Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) are frequent side effects of general anesthesia in children. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of laser acupuncture with metoclopramide in prevention of PONV in children after sevoflurane anesthesia.Methods : A total of 120 children ASA I and II, scheduled for hernia repair, circumcision or orchidopexy were randomly assigned into three groups: group I, received laser acupuncture on P6 point and saline infusion; group II, metoclopramide 0.1 mg·kg−1 i.v. and sham laser; group III had sham laser and saline infusion. Anesthesia was maintained with sevoflurane and N2O/O2. Patients were monitored for any symptoms of retching and vomiting at 2, 6 and 24 h postoperatively.Results : The incidence of vomiting was higher in the control group in the first 2 h postoperatively (P < 0.001), compared with the other groups. There was no statistically significant difference between acupuncture and metoclopramide groups in occurrence and timing of vomiting (P < 0.001).Conclusion : Laser acupuncture is equally effective as metoclopramide in preventing PONV in children.
Propofol total intravenous anesthesia for MRI in children
Authors: Usher Andrew G. , Kearney Ramona A. , Tsui Ban C.H. 
Published: January 2005

SummaryBackground:  The aim of this study was to assess clinical signs of airway patency, airway intervention requirements and adverse events in 100 children receiving propofol total intravenous anesthesia for magnetic resonance imaging, with spontaneous ventilation and oxygenation via nasal prongs.Methods:  Airway patency was clinically assessed and stepwise interventions were performed until a satisfactory airway was achieved. Propofol requirements, vital signs, procedure times and adverse events were also recorded.Results:  Ninety‐three per cent of children had no signs of airway obstruction when positioned with a shoulder roll only, two required a chin lift, four required an oral airway and one required lateral positioning. The mean propofol induction dose was 3.9 mg·kg−1 (range 1.8–6.4 mg·kg−1). The mean propofol infusion rate was 193 μg·kg−1·min−1 (range 150–250 μg·kg−1·min−1). The initial and final mean respiratory rates were 26 and 23 b·min−1 (P < 0.05). Movement was more likely at lower infusion rates (mean 175 μg·kg−1·min−1). There were no respiratory or cardiovascular complications (calculated risk: 95% CI = 0–3%). The mean time from end of scan to discharge home was 44 min.Conclusions:  This study demonstrates good preservation of upper airway patency and rapid recovery using general anesthetic doses of propofol in children.
Dose minimization study of single‐dose epidural morphine in patients undergoing hip surgery under regional anesthesia with bupivacaine
Authors: Castillo‐Zamora Carlos , Castillo‐Peralta Luz Antonia , Nava‐Ocampo Alejandro A. 
Published: January 2005

SummaryBackground : In order to decrease the rate of adverse effects, we aimed to identify the lowest analgesic dose of epidural morphine administered to patients undergoing hip surgery.Methods : Forty‐five ASA I‐II children undergoing surgical correction of hip dysplasia under caudal or epidural anesthesia with bupivacaine were randomized to receive epidural morphine 11.2, 15 or 20 μg·kg−1 (groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively; 15 patients per group) immediately after completion of surgery. Postoperative pain control, sedation, motor block, urinary retention, pruritus and vomiting were evaluated.Results : In the recovery room, 46.7% of patients from group 1, 33.3% from group 2, and 93.3% from group 3 were sleeping but were easy to arouse (x2 = 12.2; P < 0.005). The rest of the patients from each respective group were completely asleep. The cardiovascular and respiratory parameters were within normal limits. The ability to move the legs returned approximately 1 h after surgery in all three groups. Seven patients (46.7%) from group 1, nine (60%) from group 2, and 13 patients (86.7%) from group 3 vomited (x2 = 5.4; P = 0.06). One patient receiving 20 μg·kg−1 morphine experienced urinary retention. One patient receiving 15 μg·kg−1 morphine suffered from pruritus. The duration of analgesia was similar, 12–14 h, in all three groups.Conclusions : In patients undergoing hip surgery under regional anesthesia with bupivacaine, epidural morphine at a dose of 11.2 μg·kg−1 administered immediately after completion of the procedure resulted in adequate pain relief for more than 12 h. Explanation of the high rate of patients vomiting (>45%) remains to be elucidated.
Cephalad origin of the superior vena cava and the level of the central venous catheter tip on chest radiographs
Authors: ARAI TOSHIMI , YAMASHITA MASAO 
Published: January 2005

SummaryBackground : There are suggested radiographic landmarks for the lower margin of the superior vena cava (SVC), but none for the cephalad origin of the SVC in children. Therefore, we determined the cephalad origin of the SVC in relation to the level of thoracic vertebrae in children.Methods : Sixty‐five patients (2–96 months) scheduled for routine diagnostic cardiac catheterization were the subjects of the study. Vena cavogram was obtained. The crossing point between the SVC and the innominate vein was considered as the cephalad origin of the SVC, then this point was related to the level of the thoracic vertebra as a radiographic landmark.Results : In approximately 90% of the patients studied the proximal origin of the SVC was situated above the level of Th4/5 interspace.Conclusion : We would like to suggest that the position of the tip of central venous line, when inserted via the right internal jugular vein, should optimally be at the level of Th4/5 interspace on the postoperative chest radiograph.
Magnetic resonance imaging under sedation in newborns and infants: a study of 640 cases using sevoflurane
Authors: DE SANCTIS BRIGGS VICENTE 
Published: January 2005

AbstractBackground : The purpose of the present study was to show that sevoflurane is a safe and effective agent for the sedation of newborns and infants who are to undergo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations.Methods : The study was performed on 640 infants aged from 1 day to 12 months given sevoflurane in high concentrations – up to 7% at the 2 min induction peak. Following induction and during MRI examination, the children were maintained with spontaneous respiration and sedation levels with a sevoflurane concentration of approximately 1.5–2%, in combination with a mixture of oxygen and nitrous oxide (50% O2–50% N2O).Results : Sedation proved optimal in 97.9% of cases and complications were one case of vomiting, eight cases of minor hypoxia and two of severe hypoxia. No case of prolonged sedation or postoperative emergence agitation was observed.Conclusions : Sevoflurane is an ideal agent for this type of diagnostic procedure in newborns and infants. We discuss the need for elaborating specific protocols for pediatric sedation and emphasize the strict observation of recommendations, which include the practical experience and up‐to‐date specialized training of the anesthesiologist carrying out sedation procedures in children.