bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Light acclimation of Chlamydomonas acidophila accumulating in the hypolimnion of an acidic lake (pH 2.6)
Authors: GERLOFF‐ELIAS ANTJE , SPIJKERMAN ELLY , SCHUBERT HENDRIK 
Published: July 2005

Summary1. The unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas acidophila accumulates in a thin phytoplankton layer in the hypolimnion (deep chlorophyll maximum, DCM) of an extremely acidic lake (Lake 111, pH 2.6, Lusatia, Germany), in which the underwater light spectrum is distorted and red‐shifted.2. Chlamydomonas acidophila exhibited a significantly higher absorption efficiency and a higher cellular chlorophyll b content when incubated in the red shifted underwater light of Lake 111 than in a typical, blue‐green dominated, light spectrum.3. Chlamydomonas acidophila has excellent low light acclimation properties (increased chlorophyll b content, increased oxygen yield and a low light saturation point for photosynthesis) that support survival of the species in the low light climate of the DCM.4. In situ acclimation to the DCM under low light and temperature decreased maximum photosynthetic rate in autotrophic C. acidophila cultures, whereas the presence of glucose under these conditions enhanced photosynthetic efficiency and capacity.5. The adaptive abilities of C. acidophila to light and temperature shown in this study, in combination with the absence of potent competitors because of low lake pH, most probably enable the unusual dominance of the green alga in the DCM of Lake 111.
Effects of floral display size and plant density on pollinator visitation rate in a natural population of Digitalis purpurea
Authors: GRINDELAND J. M. , SLETVOLD N. , IMS R. A. 
Published: July 2005

Summary

Pollinator visitation patterns in relation to variation in floral display size may be modified both quantitatively and qualitatively by local plant density. In this study four measures of pollinator response by Bombus spp. (plant visitation rate, bout length, proportion of flowers visited, flower visitation rate) were investigated under two or three different plant densities in two consecutive years in a natural population of Digitalis purpurea L.
Plant visitation rate increased with floral display size in both years, and was higher in dense patches compared with sparse ones in 1999. Bout lengths increased with display size in 1999, and bouts were longer in sparse patches. However, the actual rate of increase with display size was independent of plant density for both response measures.
The proportion of flowers visited decreased with floral display size in both years, and in 1999 the decline was faster in high‐density patches. As a result, the proportion visited was higher in dense patches for the smallest display sizes, and higher in sparse patches for larger display sizes.
Flower visitation rate decreased with floral display size in both years. This is inconsistent with the idea that bees achieve an ideal free distribution across flowers. There was no significant effect of plant density.
These results demonstrate that local plant density variation may modify the functional relationship between floral display size and pollinator visitation rate, and potentially influence plant mating patterns.
Host plant exposure determines larval vulnerability – do prey females know?
Authors: TSCHANZ B. , SCHMID E. , BACHER S. 
Published: July 2005

Summary

In heterogeneous environments, the risk of predation and parasitism for phytophagous insects varies among different microhabitats. Adult females can escape natural enemies by depositing their eggs on sites unfavourable for prey‐searching predators or parasitoids. Host plant characteristics can determine the availability of such spatial refuges.
We assessed the importance of host plant exposure for the predation probability of shield beetle (Cassida rubiginosa Müller) larvae by paper wasps (Polistes dominulus christ), hypothesizing that prey on exposed (i.e. free‐standing) plants are more likely to be found and eaten by predators than prey on hidden (i.e. surrounded by other vegetation) plants. Because larval predation is a major mortality factor in shield beetles, we further hypothesized that the prey would adapt and avoid high‐risk plants for oviposition. Finally, we investigated the influence of egg parasitism on the prey's host plant choice.
Host plant exposure significantly affected predation probability of Shield Beetles. Larvae on hidden host plants were less likely to be killed by the wasps than larvae on exposed shoots. However, females did not prefer the low predation risk environment of hidden plants for oviposition. The rate of parasitism was equal on exposed and hidden plants, and thus probably does not contribute to the oviposition habitat selection of prey.
Our study shows experimentally that characteristics of the first trophic level (i.e. host plant exposure) can affect the foraging success of insect predators. Different reasons, potentially responsible for the apparent non‐selective host plant choice in beetle females, are discussed.
A comparison of spreader penetration depth and load required during lateral condensation in teeth prepared using various root canal preparation techniques
Authors: Dulaimi S. F. , Wali Al‐Hashimi M. K. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractAim  To compare the influence of various root canal preparation techniques on spreader penetration depth and load required during lateral condensation with gutta‐percha and sealer.Methodology  Eighty extracted human teeth with single and straight canals were used. Twenty teeth were instrumented using one of four root canal preparation techniques. The four preparation techniques were: step‐back technique without Gates‐Glidden drills, step‐back technique with Gates‐Glidden drills, crown‐down pressureless technique and hybrid technique (step‐down/step‐back). After root canal preparation had been completed a simulated periodontal ligament was fabricated from a uniform layer of silicone impression material. The roots were then mounted in an acrylic resin to simulate the physical condition found in tooth socket. A standardized stainless steel hand spreader of the same size as the master apical file was mounted in an Instron testing machine and lateral compaction with gutta‐percha and sealer was performed. The load value was recorded from the Instron testing machine. The spreader penetration depths were measured with an endodontic ruler. The data obtained were analysed statistically using anova and Student's t‐tests.Results  No significant difference in initial spreader load needed to condense the master cone was found amongst the four canal preparation techniques (P > 0.05). The step‐back technique with Gates‐Glidden drills and the hybrid technique demonstrated the least difference between the initial spreader penetration and the working length (mean 1.925 and 2.25 mm, respectively). The step‐back technique without Gates‐Glidden drills and the crown‐down pressureless technique had the greatest difference between initial spreader penetration and the working length (mean 4.425 and 4.75 mm, respectively).Conclusion  The flare created by canal preparation affected spreader penetration depth, but had no effect on the spreader load.
Reduction of excessive electrical stimulus during electric pulp testing
Authors: Nam K. C. , Ahn S. H. , Cho J. H. , Kim D. W. , Lee S. J. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractAim  To measure excessive electrical stimulus time during pulp testing via electromyography (EMG) in the anterior belly of the digastric muscle, voice and finger movement, and to determine whether excessive stimulus time could be attenuated by a specially designed automatic circuit breaker on the basis of the EMG signal.Methodology  The signals from three human responses (EMG, finger and voice), induced by the DigitestTM (Parkell Inc., Farmingdale, NY, USA) electric pulp tester, were captured using a MP100 (Biopac System Inc., Goleta, CA, USA) and recorded into a personal computer. The excessive stimulus time from activation to the end of electrical stimulation was calculated for each of these three responses. The automatic circuit breaker was designed to disconnect the electrical output of the electric pulp testing (EPT) unit immediately after detecting the preset EMG level (100 mV). Each of the right central incisors and first premolars of 23 healthy individuals (16 males and seven females) was tested to see whether there was a difference in tooth type or gender. This was analysed by Wilcoxon signed rank test (nonparametric paired t‐test) and Mann–Whitney test (nonparametric independent t‐test), respectively.Results  Amongst three human responses, the electrical onset occurred in the order of EMG, finger and voice. Excessive stimulus time was 347.8 ± 78.3 ms when observed by the EMG, 264.9 ± 63.9 ms when observed by finger span and 229.4 ± 41.8 ms when observed by the voice, which were all found to be significantly different (P < 0.05). When the automatic circuit breaker was used, the excessive stimulus time was 61.0 ms, which was 286.8 ms shorter than that measured from EMG onset when using the conventional EPT.Conclusions  When the automatic circuit breaker was used, excessive stimulus time on the basis of EMG was attenuated on average by 286.8 ms.
High prevalence of apical periodontitis amongst type 2 diabetic patients
Authors: Segura‐Egea J. J. , Jiménez‐Pinzón A. , Ríos‐Santos J. V. , Velasco‐Ortega E. , Cisneros‐Cabello R. , Poyato‐Ferrera M. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractAim  To study the prevalence of AP in patients with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus.Methodology  In a retrospective cohort study, the records of 38 subjects with diabetes and 32 control subjects were examined. All participants underwent a full‐mouth radiographic survey incorporating 14 periapical radiographs. The periapical region of all teeth, excluding third molars, was examined. Periapical status was assessed using the periapical index score. Statistical analyses were conducted using the Cohen's κ test, analysis of variance and logistic regression.Results  Apical periodontitis in at least one tooth was found in 81.3% of diabetic patients and in 58% of control subjects (P = 0.040; OR = 3.2; 95% CI = 1.1–9.4). Amongst diabetic patients 7% of the teeth had AP, whereas in the control subjects 4% of teeth were affected (P = 0.007; OR = 1.8; 95% CI = 1.2–2.8).Conclusions  Type 2 diabetes mellitus is significantly associated with an increased prevalence of AP.
The effects of hydrothermal processing on antinutrients, protein and starch digestibility of food legumes
Authors: ‐ur‐Rehman Zia , Salariya Abdul Majeed 
Published: July 2005

SummaryThe effects of hydrothermal processing on antinutrients and the protein and starch digestibility of black grams, chick peas, lentils and red and white kidney beans was investigated. The tannins and phytic acid contents in these five food legumes ranged from 770 to 1100 and 970 to 1440 mg/100 g, respectively, whereas protein and starch digestibility of the raw food legumes was found to be from 33.8 to 37.6 and 36.8 to 42.0%, respectively. A reduction in the level of these antinutrients, along with an improvement in protein and starch digestibility, was observed after cooking. The tannins and phytic acid contents were reduced by 33.1–45.7 and 28.0–51.6%, respectively, because of the use of different hydrothermal treatments at 100, 121 and 128 °C. Maximum improvement in protein digestibility (95.7–105.1%) and starch digestibility (116.7–137.7%) was observed on cooking at 121 °C for 10 min. However, cooking in boiling water resulted in improvement in protein and starch digestibility of the food legumes by 86.9–93.3 and 84.0–90.4%, respectively.
The sensory attributes of cakes containing large numbers of low sugar raisins, as evaluated by consumers and a trained sensory panel
Authors: Mandala Ioanna , Daouaher Maria 
Published: July 2005

SummaryThe sensory attributes of cakes, containing a greater number of low sugar raisins (LSR) than that normally used, were evaluated by two different groups of trained and untrained panellists. The purpose of this sensory evaluation was to find out whether such bakery products were more attractive to consumers than normal cakes and could be further promoted in the market. Cakes containing LSR and additional lemon peel scored more poorly than cakes containing only raisins, both in terms of taste and overall preference. Cakes containing only LSR had good sensory characteristics and could be considered as competitive products when compared with similar products already on the market. Young people found cakes with raisins tasty, but they did not consume them readily. The special advantages of these cakes are their natural ingredients, raisins with lower amount of sugars, good taste and high quality, all of which should be emphasized to make them attractive in the market.
Ambivalent effect of member portraits in virtual groups
Authors: Cress U. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractKnowledge exchange with shared databases can be seen as a public‐goods dilemma. People are reluctant to contribute information because they save time, effort and perhaps social power if they withhold their knowledge and socially loaf. But if all people choose this individually efficient strategy, then no information exchange can take place, and the group is less effective than it would have been if all members contributed. Thus, in the knowledge‐exchange situation, group norms and individual norms oppose each other.In order to strengthen people's orientation towards the group, virtual collaborative tools sometimes provide member portraits. But based on the Social Identity Model of Deindividuation Effect (SIDE)‐Model, ambivalent effects of these member portraits are expected according to people's social categorization: when people identify more strongly with the group, such portraits enhance participation, whereas when people have a stronger individual identity, they undermine participation.This study links the concepts of social value orientation to identity salience. The assumption is that in the information‐exchange dilemma, the social value orientation of a group member will determine whether group identity or individual identity becomes salient for that group member. We then extend the SIDE‐model to the domain of social loafing and expect that portraits of the group members will have different effects for people with individual orientation and for people with prosocial orientation. An experiment confirmed this expectation and revealed a significant interaction between social value orientation and portraits. Especially striking is the result that for prosocials the provision of member portraits leads to an increase in social loafing. This is analogous to the predictions of the SIDE‐model.
Improving clinical practice in stroke through audit: results of three rounds of National Stroke Audit
Authors: Irwin P. , Hoffman A. , Lowe D. , Pearson M. , Rudd A.G. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractBackground  The results of three rounds of National Stroke Audit in England,  Wales and Northern  Ireland are  compared.Methods  Audit of the organization of stroke services and retrospective case‐note audit of up to 40 consecutive cases admitted per hospital over a 3‐month period was conducted in each of 1998, 1999 and 2001/02. The changes in the organizational, case‐mix and process results of the hospitals that had participated in all three rounds were analysed.Results  60% of all eligible trusts from England, Wales and Northern Ireland took part in all three audits in 1998, 1999 and 2001/02. Total numbers of cases were 4996, 4841 and 5152, respectively. Case‐mix variables were similar over the three rounds. Mortality at 7 and 30 days fell by 3% and 5%, respectively. The proportion of hospitals with a stroke unit rose from 48% to 77%. The proportion of patients spending most of their stay in a stroke unit rose from 17% in 1998 to 26% in 1999 and 29% in 2001/02. Improvements achieved in process standards of care between 1998 and 1999 (median change was a gain of 9%) failed to improve further by 2001/02 (median change was 0%). In all three rounds process standards  of  care  tended  to  be  better  in  stroke units.Conclusions  Three rounds of national audit of stroke care have shown standards of care on stroke units were notably higher than on general wards. Slowing in the rise of the proportion managed on stroke units mirrors the slow down in improvement to overall national standards of care. To further improve outcomes and national standards of stroke care a much higher proportion of patients needs to be managed in stroke units.
Information‐giving sequences in general practice consultations
Authors: Goss Claudia , Mazzi Maria A. , Piccolo Lidia Del , Rimondini Michela , Zimmermann Christa 
Published: July 2005

AbstractRationale, aims and objective  Most patients want to be involved in the decision‐making process regarding their health and doctors need to improve their ability to meet these needs. Before implementing educational interventions, a better understanding of how information is provided in routine clinical practice is necessary. Aim of this study was to analyse the information‐giving sequence of general practice consultations.Methods  This is an observational study that involved six general practitioners (GPs) in single‐handed practices and patients (aged between 16 and 74) who consulted over a 2‐month period for a new illness episode. Transcripts of 252 consultations were coded using the Verona Medical Interview Classification System that provides three categories for information giving (information on illness management; instructions on illness management and information and instructions on psychosocial aspects). Lag1 and lag2 sequential analyses were performed.Results  Information represented about one‐third of the average consultation length. Medical and psychosocial information were preceded most often by patients’ replies to previous questions (36% and 41%, respectively) and by listening and agreement (21% and 23%, respectively), less frequently by expression of opinions (10% and 6%, respectively). Listening and agreement were the most likely patient response after information (36%). GPs rarely tried to find out patients’ view before and after the delivery of information or an instruction (<1%).Conclusion  The low frequency of expressions of opinions and questions immediately before and after GPs’ information and instructions, and the lack of facilitating questions indicate a limited degree of patient involvement in the information‐giving sequence.
Melatonin In Humans: It's About Time
Authors: Arendt Jo 
Published: July 2005

SummaryMelatonin signals night time by its rhythmic profile of secretion. Its measurement provides the best indicator of internal circadian clock timing. Treatment with melatonin induces sleepiness and lowers body temperature during ‘biological day’ (i.e. when its endogenous secretion is minimal) and it acts as a ‘chronobiotic’ to change the timing of the circadian clock. It has been used successfully to treat disorders of biological rhythms in humans
Role of ethylene in the regulation of cell death and leaf loss in ozone‐exposed European beech
Authors: NUNN ANGELA J. , ANEGG SABINE , BETZ GUNTER , SIMONS SABINA , KALISCH GABRIELE , SEIDLITZ HARALD K. , GRAMS THORSTEN E. E. , HÄBERLE KARL‐HEINZ , Matyssek Rainer , BAHNWEG GÜNTHER , SANDERMANN HEINRICH , LANGEBARTELS CHRISTIAN 
Published: July 2005

ABSTRACTTo test the involvement of ethylene in mediating ozone‐induced cell death and leaf loss in European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), tree seedlings were exposed to proportionally increased or decreased field ozone levels for up to 6 months. Ozone treatment caused cell death and accelerated leaf loss at higher than ambient levels, but had only minor effects at ambient and no effects at subambient ozone levels. The emission of ethylene, the levels of its precursor, 1‐aminocyclopropane‐1‐carboxylate (ACC), and mRNA levels of specific ACC synthase (FS‐ACS2) and ACC oxidase (FS‐ACO1) isoforms showed a persistent increase and preceded cell death by approximately 2 weeks. Inhibition of ethylene biosynthesis led to reduced lesion formation whereas application of ACC accelerated ozone‐induced cell death and leaf loss. Similar results were obtained when adult beech trees were exposed to 2 × ozone by a whole tree free‐air canopy exposure system. The results suggest a role of ethylene in amplifying ozone effects under field conditions in this major European broad‐leaved tree species.
Development of the capacity for isoprene emission in kudzu
Authors: WIBERLEY AMY E. , LINSKEY AUTUMN R. , FALBEL TANYA G. , SHARKEY THOMAS D. 
Published: July 2005

ABSTRACTIsoprene is a biogenic hydrocarbon that has significant effects on tropospheric chemistry. It is emitted by a number of plant species, including kudzu, a leguminous vine that grows profusely in the south‐eastern United States. This study investigated development of the capacity for isoprene emission in kudzu. Previous studies examined isoprene emission during leaf development, but a molecular explanation for the observed developmental delay in emission was lacking. This study found that kudzu leaves grown at a high temperature could emit isoprene at least a week before they were fully expanded and 1 d after becoming photosynthetically competent. When grown at low temperature, however, leaves did not emit isoprene until 1 week after they became fully expanded and 2 weeks after the onset of photosynthetic competence. Levels of mRNA and protein for isoprene synthase, which catalyses the final step in isoprene biosynthesis, were investigated; it was found that transcription and translation of this gene began at the same developmental stage as onset of emission in both growth conditions. Therefore, plant growth conditions, not leaf developmental stage, have primary control over expression of isoprene synthase and onset of kudzu isoprene emission. This finding may be useful in modelling early season isoprene emission rates.
Evidence of drought‐induced stress on biotic crust moss in the Mojave Desert
Authors: BARKER DAVID H. , STARK LLOYD R. , ZIMPFER JEFF F. , MCLETCHIE NICHOLAS D. , SMITH STANLEY D. 
Published: July 2005

ABSTRACTWidespread bleaching (chlorosis) of patches of the dominant desert moss Syntrichia caninervis was observed across the northern Mojave Desert in the winter of 2002–03 following an extended period of drought interrupted by small rain events. These rain events were more frequent during the warmer months just prior to the appearance of chlorosis. We hypothesized that the patches were experiencing physiological stress due to partial hydration/rapid dehydration cycling during the warmer months. Compared to unbleached (green) shoots, chlorotic shoots exhibited significantly reduced photochemical performance, photosynthetic pigments, regenerational potential, sex expression, and lower rates of growth and productivity. However, age‐specific analyses revealed older leaves from chlorotic shoots did not show the typical decline in vigour, suggesting that stress may primarily affect younger tissues. It is concluded that this chlorosis phenomenon is indicative of physiological stress presently occurring in the Mojave Desert, and is likely due to exposure to a higher than normal frequency of light rain events (< 3.5 mm), which serve to partially hydrate moss patches that then rapidly desiccate.