bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Irrigation Water Quality in Areas Adjoining River
Y
amuna at
D
elhi,
I
ndia
Authors: Jain Chakresh K. , Sharma Mukesh K. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
The groundwater quality of areas adjoining the River Yamuna in Delhi (India) has been assessed for the suitability of groundwater for irrigation. Thirty‐eight groundwater samples from shallow and deep aquifers were collected each during pre‐ and postmonsoon seasons in the year 2000 and analyzed for various parameters. The suitability of groundwater for irrigation has been evaluated based on salinity, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), and boron content. According to the U.S. Salinity Laboratory classification of irrigation water, more than 50% of the samples fall in water type C3‐S1 (high salinity and low SAR). Such water cannot be used on soils that have restricted drainage. Even with adequate drainage, special management for salinity control may be required and plants with good tolerance should be selected. About 30% of the samples fall in water type C3‐S2 (high salinity and medium SAR). Such water will induce an appreciable sodium hazard in finely textured soils that have good cation exchange capacity, especially under low leaching conditions.
Physiological Biomarkers and the
T
rondheim Biomonitoring System
Authors: Zachariassen Karl Erik 
Published: July 2005

Abstract

A biomarker is a cellular, biochemical, or physiological parameter that changes when an organism is affected by an environmental pollutant. Biomarkers mainly establish early warning systems in environmental monitoring. Biomarkers must be used by scientists with care, because the response of a biomarker does not necessarily imply that injurious effects have developed. Correct interpretations require that biomarkers are considered within the functional system they are parts of, i.e., by considering them as physiological parameters. Biomarkers should accordingly be classified into different categories, dealing with exposure, toxic impact, and pollutant‐specific fingerprinting. The
Trondheim Biomonitoring System
is an attempt to develop a differentiated biomarker system of this kind.

Activation of regulatory mechanisms that compensate for the impact of the pollutant is used as
exposure biomarkers
. If the compensatory response is insufficient, the regulated parameter will gradually be displaced beyond tolerable limits. Hence, the regulated parameters may be used as
toxicity biomarkers
. Finally, the combined response of several biomarkers may be specific for different pollutants, and complex responses may develop sets of pollutant‐specific
fingerprint biomarkers
.
Biochemical Oxygen Demand and Other Organic Pollution Measures
Authors: Pasco Neil F. , Hay Joanne M. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractBiochemical oxygen demand (BOD) is the most important and widely used environmental index for monitoring organic pollutants in wastewater. The current international standard method is the five‐day BOD assay (BOD5). The test measures the amount of dissolved oxygen required for the microbial oxidation of carbonaceous organic material under specified conditions. The test has its widest application in measuring waste loadings to treatment plants and in evaluating the BOD‐removal efficiency of such treatment systems.Practical difficulties exist associated with the BOD5test, including sensitivity to temperature and oxygen concentration, impact of toxins, lack of stoichiometric validation, and the need to dilute samples. The test is labor intensive with variable results, but the major drawback continues to be the five‐day measurement time.For all its shortcomings and the availability of a number of related measurement techniques, the BOD5assay remains the preferred test for reporting the oxygen requirements of wastewaters, effluents, and polluted waters, in part, because of its international regulatory status, but also because it uniquely simulates the microbial decomposition of organic wastes in the environment, thereby approximating the response of natural ecosystems.
Active Biomonitoring (ABM) by Translocation of Bivalve Molluscs
Authors: Smolders Roel , Voets Judith , Bervoets Lieven , Blust Ronny , Wepener Victor 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe advantages of ABM for biomonitoring purposes are:Experiments can be performed for aknown exposure period.All organisms have asimilar life historyat the start of the exposure.It is easy tocompare different sites, even if the organisms are not normally present at the exposure locations.Acomparison between transplanted and indigenous organismscan indicate to what extent the indigenous organisms are adapted to the location or can give information about uptake kinetics of pollutants. Indigenous species can be “genetically protected,” and thus the use of transplanted organisms can circumvent this adaptation processes, making the comparison among different sites more precise and the use of nonadapted species more sensitive.Compared with laboratory‐bred organisms, transplanted organisms arebetter acclimatedto changing environmental conditions, and thus the impact of field exposure through, e.g., climatological shock, will be less pronounced.
Dose‐Response of Mussels to Chlorine
Authors: Rajagopal S. , Van Der Velde G. , Venugopalan V. P. , Jenner H. A. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractChlorine, like any other biocide, produces a dose‐dependent response in organisms. However, the response is dependent on a number of parameters. Chlorination of cooling water leaves residuals and by‐products that are potential pollutants in the receiving water body and can impact nontarget organisms. Therefore, it is imperative to generate data on the chlorine dose–response relationships of important fouling organisms, such as various mussel species, for efficient but environmentally acceptable biofouling control. Data are presented to show the effects of mussel size (shell length), season of sample collection (spawning vs. nonspawning season), nutritional status (fed vs. nonfed), and acclimation temperature (5–30°C) on the mortality pattern of different mussel species under continuous chlorination (0.5–5 mg L−1). From the data, it can be concluded that although various factors can influence the dose–response relationships of mussels, generalization is not possible because of species specificity. Among the various parameters, mussel species, mussel size, status of byssal attachment, spawning season, and acclimation temperature have significant effect on chlorine tolerance of mussels, whereas nutritional status shows very little effect.
Colloids and Dissolved Organics: Role in Membrane and Depth Filtration
Authors: Leppard Gary G. , Buffle Jacques 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
A colloid is operationally defined as any particulate with a least dimension in the range of 1.0–0.001 µm; the range includes macromolecules, but not conventional dissolved substances, which tend to be smaller (1, 2). For environmental scientists, aquatic colloids are being redefined as any particulate that provides a molecular milieu into and onto which chemicals can escape from bulk water and whose movement is not significantly affected by gravitational settling (3). In practice, colloids and dissolved substances are often defined by a filter operation (4, 5). Living microbes, when sufficiently small, can also be considered colloids, albeit colloids capable of very complex behavior (2).
Filtration for water scientists is the separation of particulates from a liquid, achieved by passing a suspension through a porous solid. Through the application of membrane filters and/or depth filters, filtration protocols are commonly used (1) to concentrate or remove particulate matter and (2) to separate suspended particulates into size classes for subsequent biological, chemical, or physical analyses. In water treatment, one discriminates between membrane filters, which are porous membranes that concentrate particulates at or close to the upper filter surface, and depth filters. The latter are relatively inexpensive filters with high collection efficiencies and flow rates that entrap particulates within the filter interior.
Use of Luminescent Bacteria and theLUXGenes for Determination of Water Quality
Authors: Ulitzur Nirit , Ulitzur Shimon 
Published: July 2005

AbstractVarious approaches and technologies that utilize luminescent bacteria for determination of water quality are described. The use of intact luminescent bacteria for analytical purposes has some clear advantages: the light of a single bacterium may reach about 30,000 quanta/s/cell; thus, one can use a simple luminometer to detect light generated by a few hundred cells/mL. Chemophysical and biological factors that affect cell respiration, the rate of protein or lipid synthesis, promptly alter the level of luminescence. The use of freeze‐dried luminescent bacteria for analytical purposes is not different, in practice, from other biochemical tests. Numerous studies described the use of natural luminescent bacteria or recombinantlux‐carrying bacteria for rapid assessment of toxic components in aqueous environments. The commercially available bioassays are described in detail (Microtox, ToxScreen, Mutatox, Vitotox), as well as recent developments in automating toxicity tests for online monitoring. Also described are tests utilizing luminescent bacteria for determination of nutrients in water [such as assimilable organic carbon (AOC) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)]. All in all, the bioluminescence tests for detecting water toxicants as well as for measuring elementary nutrients have been shown to be simple, rapid, and relatively inexpensive tools for monitoring water quality.
Development and Application of Sediment Toxicity Tests for Regulatory Purposes
Authors: Hartl M.G.J. , van Pelt F.N.A.M. , O'Halloran J. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractUndisturbed sediments tend to accumulate many chemical compounds, and so act as both as sinks of sources of contaminants. Currently, the ecotoxicological assessment of sediments is mainly restricted to chemical analysis and acute toxicity testing using microorganisms. Sediments are not homogenous, but are composed of whole sediment, sediment‐water interface, pore water, and elutriate. Examination of any single sediment phase may be insufficient to give an accurate ecotoxicological assessment. A comprehensive assessment of potential sediment toxicity requires the consideration of multiple exposure phases and multiple test models representing different trophic levels. We recommend that sediment toxicity assessments should be further developed and evaluated to be used in a tiered approach, consisting of screening using short‐term general toxicity tests (Tier 1); hazard identification applying more specific (multiple) endpoints in multiorganism experiments, representing different trophic levels and habitats associated with sediments, as well as different modes of bioavailability by using both sediment extracts and whole sediments (Tier 2); andin situecosystem function, e.g., lifetime reproductive success, and components of biodiversity (Tier 3). Here we summarize some of the key sediment toxicity test systems in use and/or under development.
SOFIE
: An Optimized Approach for Exposure Tests and Sediment Assays
Authors: Vink Jos P. M. , Rotteveel Serge , Miermans Cornelis J. H. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
The use of biological sensors, rather than chemical measurements, appears promising for risk assessments of contaminated environments provided that the assay is able to mimic natural conditions. As an alternative to the standard bioassay protocol, a new technique was developed that meets this requirement, leaving sample and geochemical conditions intact. Exposure tests were conducted with two aquatic species that occur in sediment and water, respectively. Comparison between the two methods showed that the standard protocol tends to overestimate risks for PAHs and underestimates the risks for heavy metals, in terms of accumulated amounts. Sample handling largely affected chemical speciation, and exposure concentrations deviated from the ones observed in the undisturbed setting. This new approach may contribute to better‐founded quality criteria for sediments.
Dishwashing Water Quality Properties
Authors: Wernersson Eva Ståhl , Johansson Erik , Håkanson Håkan 
Published: July 2005

Abstract

In all types of professional and domestic dishwashing, water is used as a rinse medium. This article describes the difference between the quality of the dishwaters used in hand dishwashing and machine dishwashing. The dishwashing process and the detergents determine the dishwashing parameters like pH, temperature, and time. The microbiological activity and COD in the dishwater have been evaluated for the above parameters. Differences in the aerobic plate count (APC) for dishwater coming from hand dishwashing and dishwashers are compared, as well as the content of
Enterobacteriaceae
and
Bacillus cereus
. The environmental aspects on the water consumption for different types of dishwashing processes are reported. Also the methods to reduce the microbiological activity in dishwater are discussed.
Disinfection By‐product Precursor Removal from Natural Waters
Authors: Yoon Yeomin , Sinha Shahnawaz , Sohn Jinsik 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThis study provides a general overview on coagulation and its effectiveness in removing natural organic matter (NOM, i.e., a major disinfection byproduct (DBP) precursor) from natural waters for DBP minimization using various conventional metal coagulants such as alum and iron. Although other technologies such as activated carbon adsorption and membrane filtration are available to reduce DBP precursors, these alternative technologies are comparatively expensive processes. For the time being, coagulation may remain the reliable technology of choice for DBP minimization. In addition, identification of DBP precursors based on detailed NOM characterization and fractionation techniques can provide mechanisms for how these precursor materials could effectively be controlled in natural waters. Once identified, these potential precursor materials could then be effectively removed by in‐depth knowledge of coagulants and coagulation techniques.
Alternative Disinfection Practices and Future Directions for Disinfection By‐product Minimization
Authors: Weintraub June M. , Wright J. Michael , Venkatapathy Raghuraman 
Published: July 2005

AbstractDisinfection of public water supplies is required in many countries to inactivate microbial pathogens and protect public health. Chlorine is the predominant disinfectant used worldwide for this purpose. While chlorine disinfection provides significant benefit, it can create certain disinfection by‐products (DBPs) such as trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids that may cause adverse health effects. The formation of DBPs depends on the type of disinfectant used, the presence of precursors, and operational parameters such as disinfectant dose, pH, and temperature. Thus, there are essentially three approaches to reduce the occurrence of any particular DBP: (1) alternative disinfection with, for example, chloramine, chlorine dioxide, ozone or ultraviolet radiation; (2) other treatment options (e.g., that reduce either the presence of DBP precursors or the amount of disinfectant needed); (3) approaches aimed at source water, such as watershed protection to limit the addition of DBP precursors to waterways, or the use of source water with naturally low precursor levels. The advantages and disadvantages of these options are discussed, including usage information, operational concerns, disinfectant properties, and potential impact on the occurrence of specific DBPs in drinking water supplies.
Chlorination By‐products
Authors: Michael Wright J. , Venkatapathy Raghuraman , Weintraub June M. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractDisinfection of drinking water is considered one of the most successful public health interventions, effectively eliminating various waterborne diseases from many parts of the world. Chlorination is used for primary and secondary disinfection of drinking water and remains the predominant disinfectant choice worldwide. A disadvantage of chlorine and other disinfectants is their ability to react with organic and inorganic matter in water to form disinfection by‐products (DBPs). Teratogenic and carcinogenic effects have been detected in toxicological studies of DBPs, and epidemiological studies have also reported associations between DBP exposures and carcinogenic, reproductive, and developmental endpoints. Despite recent analytical improvements, many DBPs remain unidentified. The trihalomethanes are the most studied and regulated DBPs, although drinking water regulations and guidelines have been developed for several other DBPs. Exposure to DBPs can occur through ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact depending on factors such as volatility and water usage behavior. For example, exposure to the volatile trihalomethanes can occur through all three routes of exposure, while exposure to nonvolatile haloacetic acids is primarily through ingestion. While the potential health effects associated with DBPs remain unclear, individual exposures can be reduced via point‐of‐use treatment (e.g., boiling or filtering water) prior to consumption.
Environmental Applications with Submitochondrial Particles
Authors: Oakes Diana J. , Pollak John K. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract

Classic toxicological methods often evaluate the outcomes of exposures to single chemicals. In the present environment, in which exposures to chemical mixtures have been significantly increased, it is inappropriate to only evaluate the toxic effects of individual chemicals. For the past 24 years, the Organization for Economic Co‐operation and Development (OECD) has provided standardized test protocols to evaluate aquatic toxicity with laboratory‐based single‐species toxicity tests, such as fish, Daphnia spp., and algae. These bioassays provide useful data of the overall toxicities of chemical mixtures that are present in aqueous samples. An example of a subcellular bioassay, is the submitochondrial particle (SMP) Test. With this test, we use the cellular organelle, the mitochondrion, which is present in all eukaryotic (nucleated) cells. Mitochondria are effectively the powerhouses of the cell, providing over 90% of all energy produced in all eukaryotic organisms. Past studies have demonstrated that the SMP test is a useful pre‐screening tool for evaluating the toxic effects of aqueous media or chemical formulations. The major limitation of the SMP test as well as other cellular and subcellular
in vitro
assays is that they cannot account for pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes that may affect the actions of chemicals
in vivo
.
Eutrophication and Organic Loading
Authors: Lowe Scott A. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Eutrophication and poor water quality are inevitably linked to excessive amounts of organic loading. Organic material comprising carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus breaks down in the receiving waterbody. This decomposition of organic matter consumes dissolved oxygen and releases nutrients that feed algal growth. Waterbodies that have low dissolved oxygen and excess algae are termed eutrophied. Organic matter may originate from many different sources. Historically, the largest sources were discharges of raw sewage. Other sources of organic loads include wastewater treatment plants, industrial facilities, agricultural runoff, stormwater, combined sewer overflows, urban runoff, and runoff from natural systems such as forests.
The connection between eutrophication and organic loading was first realized in the 1870s by engineers in London. They concluded that when sewage was discharged into local rivers, the level of dissolved oxygen (DO) dropped, and the amount of algae increased. In other words, the rivers were eutrophied.
Raw sewage contains organic matter (including pathogens that make it so harmful when mixed in drinking water). The typical composition by weight of raw sewage is about 42% carbon (C), 7% nitrogen (N), and 1% phosphorus (P). The remaining 50% is water. This is also our human stoichiometry.
Land Use Effects on Water Quality
Authors: Steenson Ross A. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractFactors that determine water quality at a site include climate, geology, biology, and land use (anthropogenic practices). Water quality varies naturally as the result of differing natural environments, but anthropogenic practices can override these natural variations. During the last several decades, research and regulatory efforts in the United States have largely focused on understanding and limiting water quality effects from specific or localized anthropogenic sources, which are termed point sources.Point sources include farms; industrial facilities where chemicals are manufactured, used, or stored; landfills; sewage treatment plants; hazardous waste sites; mines; and construction sites.
Lead and its Health Effects
Authors: Quazi Shahida , Sarkar Dibyendu , Datta Rupali 
Published: July 2005

AbstractLead (Pb) is ubiquitous in nature, but anthropogenic activities have exacerbated the levels of Pb in the environment. In anthropogenically impacted systems, the primary sources of Pb include industrial activities such as mining operations, vehicle emissions, coal burning, refuse incineration, pesticide applications, and industrial outdoor paints applied to structural surfaces, which can increase the background soil lead levels by orders of magnitude. Between 1986 and 1995, the average Pb concentrations throughout the United States decreased by nearly 78%, with the total Pb emission decreasing about 32% as a result of the use of unleaded gasoline in automobiles, leaving Pb in paint‐impacted soils as the principal source of exterior Pb exposure. The air quality standard stipulated by the EPA for Pb is 1.5 µg/m3measured as an annual maximum quality average concentration. Lead exposure mainly occurs through inhalation of air and ingestion of Pb in food, paint, water, soil, or dust. It accumulates in blood, bones, and soft tissue and affects various organs of the body. High levels of Pb can result in anemia, kidney diseases, reproductive disorders, and neurological impairments with children being affected at levels as low as 10 µg/dL or less. Although chelation therapy for Pb poisoning has been used for more than 40 years to increase urinary excretion of Pb and decease the total body burden, its use is controversial. This has prompted researchers to consider the role of adequate nutrition, especially calcium and iron, in the prevention of the adverse effects of Pb with special reference to the reduction of Pb mobilization due to calcium intake.
Microbial Dynamics of Biofilms
Authors: Li Baikun 
Published: July 2005

AbstractBiofilm is formed through the attachment and growth of microorganisms on a surface submerged in an aqueous medium. It is characterized as a matrix of cells and an associated extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) matrix. The biofilm systems can be beneficial in biological wastewater treatment for contaminants and nutrient removal. However, biofilm formation also leads to a variety of operational problems in industry and water supply systems. A distinct feature of biofilm is the heterogeneity of structure and metabolism. In terms of biofilm structure heterogeneity, the physical structure (e.g., porosity, biomass density), EPS, and channel structure inside biofilm are extensively explored in this article. In terms of biofilm metabolic heterogeneity, the differing activity of cells associated with the depth in biofilm is discussed. In addition, the microbial dynamics in two important biofilm wastewater treatment systems, sulfur reducing biofilm and nitrification/denitrification biofilm, are discussed. Finally, different mechanisms for biofilm detachment, which is the comprehensive result of mature biofilm, microbial stratification, and anoxic/anaerobic bacteria inside biofilm, are described.