bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Birth of Modern Politics
Authors: Parsons Lynn Hudson 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The 1828 presidential election, which pitted Major General Andrew Jackson against incumbent John Quincy Adams, has long been hailed as a watershed moment in American political history. It was the contest in which an unlettered, hot-tempered southwesetern frontiersman, trumpeted by his supporters as a genuine man of the people, soundly defeated a New England "aristocrat" whose education and political résumé were as impressive as any ever seen in American public life. It was, many historians have argued, the country's first truly democratic presidential election. Lynn Hudson Parsons argues that it also established a pattern in which two nationally organized political parties would vie for power in virtually every state. During the election of 1828 voters were introduced to a host of novel campaign tactics, including co-ordinated media, get-out-the-vote efforts, fund-raising, organized rallies, opinion polling, campaign paraphernalia, ethnic voting blocs, "opposition research," and smear tactics. In The Birth of Modern Politics, Parsons shows that the Adams-Jackson contest began a national debate that is eerily contemporary, pitting those whose cultural, social, and economic values were rooted in community action for the common good against those who believed the common good was best served by giving individuals as much freedom as possible to promote their own interests. It offers fresh and illuminating portraits of both Adams and Jackson and reveals how, despite their vastly different backgrounds, they had started out with many of the same values, admired one another, and had often been allies in common causes. Both were staunch nationalists, and both shared an aversion to organized parties and "electioneering." But by 1828, caught up in a shifting political landscape, they were plunged into a competition that separated them decisively from the Founding Fathers' era and ushered in a style of politics that is still with us today.
This Mighty Scourge
Authors: Mcpherson James M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the same tradition as Lincoln and the Second American Revolution and Drawn with the Sword: Reflections on the Civil War, Pulitzer-prize winner James M. McPherson has gathered an illuminating collection of essays that reflect his latest thinking on the Civil War. Filled with new interpretations and fresh scholarship, these essays address many of the most enduring questions and provocative debates about the Civil War. In some, McPherson distills the wisdom of many years of teaching and writing about the meaning of the war and about slavery and its abolition. In others, he makes use of primary research that breaks new ground on such topics as Confederate military strategy, foreign views of the war, soldiers and the press, the failure of peace negotiations to end the war, and Southern efforts to shape a heroic memory of the war. The selection will include several never-before-published essays, including one on General Robert E. Lee's goals in the Gettysburg campaign, and another on Lincoln as Commander-in-Chief. The book also features a typescript of McPherson's 2000 National Endowment for the Humanities Jefferson Lecture about Lincoln's legacy that has never been published in its complete form. As a whole, these essays provide a rich interpretive history of the Civil War and its meaning for America -- indeed for the world.
Distinguishing Four Phases
Authors: Panagariya Arvind 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
India has been growing at an average annual rate exceeding 6 percent since the late 1980s. During the four years spanning 2003–04 (April 1, 2003–March 31, 2004) to 2006–07, its growth rate reached 8.6 percent—a level close to that experienced by the East Asian miracle economies of the Republic of Korea and Taiwan during their peak years. As the book goes to press, fears that the economy is overheating can be heard loudly, but virtually no one is predicting a significant slowdown in the growth rate in the forthcoming years. The upward shift in the growth rate in the late 1980s came on the heels of extremely slow growth for more than three decades. India gained independence on August 15, 1947. It launched its development program formally in the year 1951–52 with the First Five-Year Plan. Despite very high hopes around the world, especially among economists and official U.S. circles, the economy grew only 3.8 percent between 1951–52 and 1987–88. In contrast, and contrary to the consensus view at the time, the economy of the Republic of Korea took off in a major way, registering an average growth rate in excess of 8 percent in the 1960s and 1970s.
Phase II (1965–81): Socialism Strikes With A Vengeance
Authors: Panagariya Arvind 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The years 1965–75 saw the average GDP growth rate of India plummet to just 2.6 percent from 4.1 percent during 1951–65. With population growing at 2.3 percent per annum, this meant a per-capita income growth of just 0.3 percent—a virtual standstill in the average living standards. Because the growth rate spiked to 9.4 percent in 1975–76, the addition of this year brings the average GDP and per-capita GDP growth rates over 1965–76 ( and also over 1965–81) up to 3.2 and percent, respectively. This is still low compared to what had been achieved during the preceding one and a half decades, and considerably lower than what the Republic of Korea managed to achieve over the same period. Table 3.1 shows the sectoral growth rates during phase II. Though growth rates across all sectors fell during this phase in comparison to phase I, by far the sharpest decline was in industry. Industrial growth fell from 6.7 percent in phase I to just 3.6 percent in phase II. Interestingly, the spurt in the growth rate in services during the last five years of phase I subsided, with the growth rate returning to that achieved during the first nine years of phase I. As noted in the previous chapter, the spurt in services was to some degree the result of expansionary policies, and could not be sustained.
A Tale Of Two Countries India And The Republic Of Korea
Authors: Panagariya Arvind 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the 1950s, India had been widely perceived as a rising star among the developing countries and was the darling of virtually all development economists. But by mid-1960, its economy had begun to exhibit clear signs of fatigue, and by 1980 it came to be regarded as an unqualified failure. In the interim, it also dropped off the research agenda of development economists—few of them could expect to make a career for themselves studying India. In contrast, in the 1950s, South Korea was seen as a basket case, sustained by massive doses of U.S. aid. Even excluding the military aid, the U.S. economic aid comfortably exceeded 10 percent of the Korean GNP in the 1950s. But aid peaked in 1957, and by the early 1960s Korea could no longer count on it to sustain what was a relatively low rate of investment. Nevertheless, by the mid-1960s, Korea had turned itself around and achieved an unprecedented near-double-digit growth rate. And by the mid-1980s, it had acquired the status of an upper-middle-income country. In 1996, it was invited to join the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), a club consisting mainly of rich countries. In this chapter, I briefly review the Korean experience to bring out the sharp contrast between its performance and policies and those of India. There is an ongoing debate among economists on what accounts for the spectacular growth of Korea. While the dominant view among economists is that Korea owes its phenomenal success to orthodox outward-oriented and market-friendly policies, a small group of “revisionist” economists attributes it to industrial targeting, protectionism, and interventionism.
Industry And Services Walking On Two Legs
Authors: Panagariya Arvind 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Inoted in chapter 7 that growth is the single most important instrument of poverty reduction. India’s experience conforms to Bhagwati’s (1988) hypothesis that rapid growth does not merely “trickle down,” but “pulls up” the poor in large numbers into gainful employment. Nevertheless, as Bhagwati (2004, pp. 56–57) further argues, the type of growth matters for how much poverty reduction a given aggregate growth delivers. Rapid growth of unskilled-labor-intensive sectors is likely to create many more opportunities for the poor than rapid growth of capital- and skilled-labor-intensive Sectors.It is here that India has been unsuccessful in taking full advantage of its rapid growth.
health and water supply and sanitation Can the Government Deliver?
Authors: Panagariya Arvind 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Social services include health, water supply and sanitation, education, family welfare, housing, urban development, broadcasting, labor and employment, and relief on account of natural calamities. Of these, health, water supply and sanitation, and education are the most important. Expenditures on them amounted to 4 percent of the GDP in 2005–06, versus 5.6 percent on all social services taken together I discuss health and water supply and sanitation in this chapter, and education in chapter 20.
Epilepsyin Our Experience
Authors: Schachter Steven C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Epilepsy in our View is a collection of personal stories from friends, family members, and co-workers of people with epilepsy, in which they describe their observations and feelings about witnessing seizures and about the person with epilepsy. It helps to shed light on the social consequences of epilepsy while increasing understanding of what's happening when a person has a seizure. ABOUT THE SERIES: With the Brainstorms series, one of the world's leading authorities on epilepsy, Dr Steven C. Schachter, has gathered together the personal testimonies of patients, family members, and caregivers to create a poignant and gripping series of books on this misunderstood and often devastating disorder.
Art and the National Gallery
Authors: Siegel Jonah 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The National Gallery was regularly faulted, not only for flaws in the design of the building it shared with the Royal Academy until 1868, but for gaps in its collection and errors in the accession and preservation of its holdings. The British Museum, while seldom subjected to the vitriol that characterized accounts of the Gallery, challenged administrators and visitors by the sheer size and heterogeneity of its collection. At once museum of antiquities, copyright library, and repository of collections of natural history, numismatics, and more—how was such a diverse accumulation of materials to be rationalized so that it carried out the function of a modern cultural institution, especially given the pressure on the space of the building bound to result from the inexorable increase in all holdings?
Cataract Management in Diabetes
Authors: Fineman Mitchell s. , Benson, william e. , Scott ingrid u. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Patients with diabetes develop cataracts more frequently and at a younger age than patients without diabetes. Patients with diabetes are at increased risk of pseudophakic cystoid macular edema. Cataract surgery may be associated with postoperative progression of diabetic retinopathy. Individuals who have diabetes mellitus not only develop cataracts more frequently than nondiabetic patients but also do so at a younger age [1–6]. They account for about 10% of people with visually signiEcant cataracts and represent about 6% of the population of the United States [7–10]. Cataract is a frequent cause of visual loss in older-onset diabetic patients and is second only to proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) in younger-onset diabetic patients [11]. Although the main indication for cataract surgery in diabetic patients is visual rehabilitation, it is occasionally required when the lens opacity prevents adequate diagnosis or treatment of retinopathy [12].
The Software License Unveiled
Authors: Phillips Douglas E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Nearly every use of a computer is subject not only to public intellectual property law, but also to the privately-written law of the software license. Although the United States has only one Copyright Act and one set of patent laws, there exist thousands of different licenses - to which millions of computer users legally bind themselves by the click of a mouse, usually without reading anything but the word "agree." How do these proliferating but largely unread licenses affect access to software, one of the economy's most valuable resources? In The Software License Unveiled, visionary practitioner Doug Phillips aims to illuminate the unseen law of software to which the software license gives rise.
Effects of Cerebellar Lesions in Monkeys on Gaze Stability
Authors: Walker Mark F , Tian Jing , Shan Xiaoyan , Tamargo Rafael J , Tamargo Rafael J , Ying Howard , Zee David S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Studies in humans and animals have shown that the cerebellum plays a vital role in calibrating eye movements to maintain gaze stability. In this chapter, we focus on the function of the cerebellar nodulus and uvula in stabilizing the foveal image when the object of regard is moving (smooth pursuit) and during linear motion of the head (the translational vestibulo-ocular reflex [TVOR]). Eye movements of two rhesus monkeys were recorded using the magnetic field search-coil method, before and after surgical ablation of the nodulus and uvula. Key findings included the following: (a) there was an asymmetric deficit of vertical smooth pursuit—downward, but not upward, pursuit was impaired; (b) the vertical TVOR was reduced for both upward and downward translation; and (c) the sustained, but not the initial, response to abrupt horizontal translations was impaired. Our results support a critical role for the nodulus and uvula in the control of vertical ocular following reflexes, and in the horizontal TVOR, possibly acting as an integrator of head acceleration.
Ankylosing Spondylitis
Authors: Khan Muhammad Asim 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS) and related diseases called spondyloarthropathies (SpA) are the second most common form of chronic inflammatory arthritis after Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA). Unfortunately, most patients with AS and SpA are either never diagnosed or inadequately treated. The current mean delay in the diagnosis of AS ranges from 5 to 10 years, and the presenting clinical manifestations of these diseases are wide-ranging and heterogeneous, and thus a variety of health care professionals see AS and SpA patients, from primary care physicians to rheumatologists and other medical and surgical specialists. With the availability of newer, highly effective treatments and better methods of musculoskeletal imaging, such as the MRI, there is an urgent need to improve early diagnosis and reduce any inappropriate delay in obtaining effective treatment. Earlier diagnosis and treatment can mitigate the severity of the disease, and make a meaningful difference for patient care and quality of life. The proposed book is designed for specialists and generalists alike and intended to help expedite accurate diagnoses and initiation of appropriate treatment to alleviate unnecessary suffering. Part of the new Oxford American Rheumatology Library series, this pocket-sized book provides practical, evidence-based information for clinicians to aid diagnosis, treatment and follow-up care for patients with AS and SpA. The book describes pointers to early diagnosis, prognosis, clinical manifestations, socioeconomic aspects, and disease management. It also provides comprehensive coverage of current treatment options, including the latest biologics, as well as non-drug therapies.
Intellectual Property Law and Practice of the United Arab Emirates
Authors: Hansen Peter W 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The GDP of the United Arab Emirate’s (UAE) economy is reported to have grown 35% in 2006, making it one of the fastest growing economies in the world. This has attracted unprecedented levels of foreign investment, which has resulted in efforts to bring its intellectual property laws into line with international standards. However, reliable copies of the IP laws and regulations of the UAE (which are written in Arabic) can be difficult to obtain, much less understand, for most Western attorneys. Quality English translations, interpretations of the law, and commentaries on practice are almost non-existent. Intellectual Property Law and Practice of the United Arab Emirates is the first book to address these problems by providing reliable copies of the Arabic laws and regulations, intelligent translations of them, and a discussion of issues arising in the application and practice of the law. This book will give practitioners the ability to better assess the IP problems they face and to devise the best possible strategic solutions.
Economics
Authors: Budin Stephanie Lynn 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The word economics comes from the Greek oikonomikos, referring to the orderly running of a household. Xenophon’s essay Oikonomikos concerned the smooth functioning of an Athenian nobleman’s idealized household. More in line with the modern understanding of economics, the same author penned a treatise entitled Poroi (Resources), in which he discussed means of increasing revenue in the city. This ideology was pursued by Pseudo-Aristotle (thought to be a student of Aristotle), whose own essay Oikonomikos presents various anecdotes concerning fundraising and the use of money in society (Oliver 2000, 526). Ultimately, ancient Greek economics is one aspect of the larger issues of Greek society and politics. Nevertheless, there are elements that one may justly consider as independent aspects of Greek economics—production, trade, and access to goods.
One can expect that, at any given time, at least 95 percent of the Aegean economy was dominated by agriculture. Independent or semi-independent farmers raised grains, fruits, and vegetables; pastoralists grazed sheep and goats, and possibly larger cattle, for milk, meat, wool, and even labor; hunters and fishers supplemented the daily fare. In the home, women and probably children spun wool, wove cloth, sewed clothes, prepared meals, and made the majority of the pottery for household consumption.
Conclusion: Definitions and (Theses)
Authors: Lennard John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In undertaking this work I have encountered two typical reactions: that there is no subject there at all, and (about five minutes later) that the subject is far too large to tackle. I believed at first that I was winkling out a tradition of influence, the perceived value of lunulae in the work of one poet leading another to explore the possibilities of the notation: and there are certainly instances of this: but I came to realize, via the eighteenth century, that I was compiling the skeleton of a history.
Faultlines
Authors: Sinfield Alan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
If we come to consciousness within a language that is complicit with the social order, how can we conceive, let alone organize, resistance? This key question in the politics of reading and subcultural practice informs Alan Sinfield's book on writing in early modern England. New historicism has often shown people trapped in a web of language and culture; through agile and well-informed discussions of writing by Shakespeare, Sidney, Donne, and Marlowe, Sinfield reassesses the scope of dissidence and control. The early modern state, Christianity, and the cultural apparatus, despite an ideology of unity and explicit violence, could not but allow space to challenging voices. Disruptions in concepts of hierarchy, nationality, gender and sexuality force their way into literary texts. Sinfield is often provocative. He `rewrites' Julius Caesar to produce a different politics, compares Sidney's idea of poetry to Leonid Brezhnev's, and reinstates the concept of character in the face of post-structuralist theory. He keeps the current politics of literary study always in view, especially in a substantial chapter on Shakespeare in the United States. Sinfield subjects interactions between class, ethnicity, sexuality, and the professional structures of the humanities to a detailed and hard-hitting critique, and argues for new commitments to collectivities and subcultures. This is a controversial, lucid, informed, and timely book by a leading exponent of cultural materialism.
Rhetoric
Authors: Fish Stanley 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
I For Milton’s seventeenth-century readers this passage, introducing one of the more prominent of the fallen angels, would have been immediately recognizable as a brief but trenchant essay on the art and character of the rhetorician. Indeed, in these few lines Milton has managed to gather and restate with great rhetorical force (a paradox of which more later) all of the traditional arguments against rhetoric. Even Belial’s gesture of rising is to the (negative) point: he catches the eye even before he begins to speak, just as Satan will in book IX when he too raises himself and moves so that “each part, / Motion, each act won audience ere the tongue” (673-74). That is, he draws attention to his appearance, to his surface, and the suggestion of superficiality (a word to be understood in its literal meaning) extends to the word “act”; that is, that which can be seen. That act is said to be “graceful,” the first in a succession of double meanings (one of the stigmatized attributes of rhetorical speech) we find in the passage.
Force
Authors: Fish Stanley 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the opening chapters of his magisterial study, The Concept of Law, H. L. A. Hart emphatically rejects John Austin’s view that the essence of the law is a “situation where one person gives another an order backed by threats” and thereby “obliges him to comply.” Hart objects that this view fails to distinguish the law and its operations from the action of a gunman who “orders his victim to hand over his purse, and threatens to shoot him if he refuses” (p. 6). It is simply counterintuitive, he contends, to assimilate law to this reductive paradigm, and, in-deed, “Mere temporary ascendancy of one person over another is naturally thought of as the polar opposite of law, with its relatively enduring and settled character.” “In most legal systems,” he adds, “to exercise such short term coercive power as the gunman has would constitute a criminal offense” (p. 24).
Building the Text
Authors: Cowling David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Descriptions of imaginary buildings abound in late medieval and early modern texts in France as in other European countries. The vogue for allegorical buildings was, however, more than a literary fashion: by deploying familiar metaphors of the building in new contexts, writers gained a powerful tool of persuasion. This book explores the complex relationship between metaphor and allegory in the largely neglected but extremely rich corpus of writing that spans the late fifteenth and early sixteenth century in France, and concentrates on the output of Jean Lemaire (c.1473-after 1515), whose fascination with architecture played a crucial role in defining his self-image as a writer. By exploiting the semantic richness of the image of the temple, Lemaire was able to combine panegyric of his patrons with advertisement of his own talents and to promote an ideology of the self-conscious and self-confident writer that was to characterize the stance of Ronsard and the Pléiade in the poet-architect debate of the later sixteenth century.