bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Making of Middle-Class Identities: School and Family
Authors: Gagnier Regenia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1844, the year of Marx’s Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts and Engels’s Condition of the Working Class in England, the Anglophile and scholar Barbey D’ AureviHy wrote that whereas the working classes were constrained by scarcity and necessity the upper classes of society were constrained by their own rules and conventions, hence the dandy’s role to entertain a class boring itself to death within the terms of its elite sta tus.1 This chapter takes up the rules and conventions of upper-class life, specifically as evidenced within its elite educational system, and the possible subjects produced within that system. The first part is devoted to the male public schools; the second to women’s corresponding educations and opportunities. Both parts begin with brief histories of the schools and then go on to the subjective reactions conveyed in former pupils’ auto biographies, with special attention to convention, hierarchies, and the oppositional moves they fostered. Both parts ultimately consider the broader implications for subjectivity, value, and literary value. In recent debates within Critical Legal Studies, critics like Robert Gordon have suggested the importance of” decoding the vernacular,” or studying how law has been imbricated in, and has helped to structure, the most routine practices of social life.2 In studying the effects of rules and hierarchy, or social formalism, upon Victorian subjectivity in this chapter, I attempt one such decoding of the vernacular.
Letters, Fictions, Lives
Authors: Anesko Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this unique and long-awaited volume, Michael Anesko documents the literary cross-fertilization between Henry James and William Dean Howells, collecting 151 letters, nearly all the extant correspondence between the two men, as well as the most significant critical commentary James wrote on Howells and Howells wrote on James. Scholars have long recognized the peculiar importance of the relationship between these two exponents of realistic fiction-their mutual respect and occasional animosity. But the record of their affinities and substantial differences has never before been so amply and compellingly established. Containing dozens of previously unpublished letters by James, and featuring a detailed biographical chronology as well as extensive interpretive commentaries that meticulously chart the development of this remarkable literary friendship, Letters, Fictions, Lives, edited to the highest standards of scholarly excellence, will prove an invaluable resource for scholars and students of James and Howells, and will hold great interest for dedicated readers of their fiction and for those studying epistolary issues and literary influence between contemporaries.
Elaboration: Using What You Know
Authors: Stein Victoria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapter, we explored the broad landscape of the cognition of reading-to-write, focusing on four cognitive processes: monitoring, elaboration, structuring, and planning. This chapter provides a more in-depth look at one of these processes-elaboration, the process by which students bring their own knowledge into the task. Students and teachers alike place a high value on "using what you know." Students see it as an expert move (see Chapter 3). Traditionally, teachers have often taught students to write what they know about. As is evident from Figure 15 in the previous chapter, it is the process the students in our study used most often, regardless of the kind of paper they wrote. In this chapter, we look at the many and varied uses of prior knowledge in reading to write, and the effect that importation of this kind of knowledge has on performance of the task.
The Presbyterian Controversy
Authors: Longfield Bradley J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the 1920s and 1930s, the Presbyterian Church in the US was wracked by a bitter theological controversy that mirrored the wider fundamentalist-modernist conflict dividing American society during that period. By examining the lives and thought of six major protagonists of the Presbyterian controversy, this study seeks to provide a fuller understanding of the religious and cultural issues in the struggle.
Printers and Press Freedom
Authors: Smith Jeffery A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Drawing on sources ranging from political philosophers to court records and newspaper essayists, Printers and Press Freedom traces the development of a widespread conception of the press as necessarily exempt from all government restrictions, but stillliable for the defamation of individuals. In this study, Smith carefully analyses libertarian press theory and practice in the context of republican ideology and Enlightenment thought.
London Calling
Authors: Nixon Rob 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
V. S. Naipaul stands as the most lionized literary mediator between First and Third-World experience and is ordinarily viewed as possessing a unique authority on the subject of cross-cultural relations in the post-colonial era. In contesting this orthodox reading of his work, Nixon argues that Naipaul is more than simply an unduly influential writer. He has become a regressive Western institution, articulating a set of values that perpetuates political interests and representational modes that have their origin in the high imperial age. Nixon uses Naipaul’s travel writing to probe the core theoretical issues raised by cross-cultural representation along metropolitan-periphery lines. In successive chapters he explores the relation between multi-cultural identity and the rhetorical conventions of exile; the imperial undertow in travel writing as a genre; the tensions between ethnographic and autobiographical modes of authority; and the magnetic pull of the Conradian tradition in figuring the third World. In the penultimate chapter, Nixon analyses the importance of the discourse of primitivism as a means of abrogating Third World experiences of historical change and, in particular, of minimalizing the role of indigenous resistance. Finally, with reference to economic theories of dependency, he critiques the vision, popularized by Naipaul, of the post-colonial world as divided between mimic and parasitic Third World nations on the one hand and, on the other, the benignly creative societies of the West.
Estimate of Muslims Living in America
Authors: Stone Carol L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Islam is believed to be the fastest growing religion in the United States today, yet it is still unclear how many Muslims currently reside in America. Estimates of 1.2 million’ to 3 million 2 have been reported. To date, no systematic, statistically valid survey of Muslims in America has been conducted. This is largely because of a lack of reliable information about Muslims in this country. The study reported in this chapter was conducted to obtain a verifiable and rigorous estimate of the Muslim population in America today. The geographical concentrations of several ethnic groups within the United States were also examined, as well as trends in immigration to America.
Muslims in Prison: Claims to Constitutional Protection of Religious Liberty
Authors: Moore Kathleen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In The Myth of the Judeo-Christian Tradition, Arthur A. Cohen questions the notion that a Judeo-Christian tradition even exists, suggesting that it is an invention of twentieth-century American politics spawned by efforts to pro mote interfaith harmony. The conception of such a tradition is, in Cohen’s words, “mythological or, rather, not precisely mythological but ideological and hence, as in all ideologies, shot through with falsification, distortion, and untruth.”
Two-Way Acculturation: Muslim Women in America Between Individual Choice (Liminality) and Community Affiliation (Communitas)
Authors: Hermansen Marcia K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The main premise of this chapter is that shared worlds of experience and communication for Muslim women exist in America, whether these women have emigrated from abroad or come from Caucasian or black American backgrounds, and exchanges within this world facilitate the process of adaptation in which all groups participate.
Mental Health Consequences of Irreligion
Authors: Schumaker John F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Irreligion has been conceptualized in a number of ways. Campbell (1971) wrote that irreligion can be marked by either indifference or hostility. In this way, irreligion could encompass “a-religion” as well as “anti-religion.” According to Demerath (1969), however, irreligion implies an aggressive rejection of religion that often includes active patterns of counter-belief. Campbell (1977) contrasted “reactive” with “developmental” types of irreligion. Reactive irreligion amounts to a total negation of religion, whereas developmental irreligion is less directly hostile toward specific doctrines and more of an “ultimate extension of the reformative principles within religion itself’ (p. 343). Campbell noted that hostile reactive types of irreligion were more characteristic of the nineteenth century, which witnessed many organized efforts to actively combat religion. Today, according to Campbell, we tend to
Religion and Mental Health in Later Life
Authors: Koenig Harold G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Surveys by the Gallup organization (Princeton Religion Research Center, 1982) and other investigators (Koenig, Moberg, & Kvale, 1988) report a wide prevalence of religious beliefs and activities among Americans, particularly the elderly. In this country, involvement in churches or synagogues is the most common form of voluntary group activity for older adults. In fact, more elders are members of religious organizations than all other voluntary social groups combined (Payne, 1972; Cutler, 1976). Half of all persons age 65 or over attend church at least once weekly. There is some evidence to suggest that the amount of social support provided by church members to many elders may even rival that provided by family. One study found that over half of older adults reported 80 percent or more of their closest friends were from their church congregation (Koenig, Moberg, & Kvale, 1988). While church attendance and other group religious activity has been shown to decline after the age of70 (due to physical illness and disability), private religious behaviors such as prayer increase in frequency and have greater meaning. Belief in God, prayer, and reading of religious literature appear to be very common in this age group (Koenig, Smiley, & Gonzales, 1988).
Mental Health of Cult Consumers: Legal and Scientific Controversy
Authors: Richardson James T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Considerable controversy has erupted within the American context about the mental health status of participants in new religions, sometimes referred to as cults (Bromley & Richardson, 1983). Some people have claimed that participants are “brainwashed” into joining, and that “mind control” is used to retain members, leading to severe mental disorders (Singer, 1979; Singer & West, 1980; Clark, 1979; Shapiro, 1977). Others have adopted the view that participation is usually voluntary (Richardson, 1985a), lasts for a short time for most of those involved (Bird & Reimer, 1982; Richardson, van der Lans, & Derks, 1986), and that the experience is often ameliorative in its consequences (Kilbourne & Richardson, 1984; 1988).
Samnyāsa Upanisads
Authors: Olivelle Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first readable and accurate translation of twenty of the most authoritative Hindu documents pertaining to ascetic ideals and the ascetic way of life, this text opens to students a major source for the study of the Hindu ascetical institutions and of the historical changes they underwent during a period of a thousand years or more. Beginning with an analysis of the historical context that gave rise to Indian ascetical institutions and ideologies, Patrick Olivelle moves on to elucidate the meaning of renunciation--the central institution of holiness in most Hindu traditions--and the function and significance of the various elements that constitute the rite of renunciation. The Samnyāsa Upanisads will be an unparalleled source of information and insight for students of Hinduism and Indian asceticism, mysticism, and holiness.
Parliamentary Crisis and How to Strengthen Democracy
Authors: Beyme Klaus van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A crisis of parliamentary systems occurred between the two world wars. The new post-1945 constitutions were reactions and sometimes overreaction to this crisis. The founding fathers of the new republics in France, Italy, and Germany constitutionalized the parliamentary system that had developed under the old regimes (Belgium 1831, Netherlands 1815, Norway 1814, Sweden 1809, Italy, Statuto Albertino of 1848) despite their more dualistic constitutions, which did not recognize the supremacy of parliament.
The Final Revolution
Authors: Weigel George 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many Western commentators have identified the conflict between communism and consumerism as the key factor in the ‘Revolution of 1989’ in eastern Europe. However, in this challenging new book, George Weigel argues that the real root of the Revolution lay in a radical rejection of what Vaclav Havel called communism’s ‘culture of the lie’. Beginning with the ‘martyr-cardinals’ of the 1950s, Weigel considers the role of the Roman Catholic Church in opposing nearly forty years of Kremlin dictates, and examines why the Church was able to ensure the protest of 1989 was civil, nonviolent, and democratic. He also assesses the impact of the election of John Paul II on the Eastern Bloc, and looks at his ‘grand’ strategy for Catholicism’s third millennium and the place in it of a re-Christianized Europe.
Women As Ritual Experts
Authors: Sered Susan Starr 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Women as Ritual Experts reveals how in gender segregated religions like Orthodox Judaism women develop their own autonomous religious sphere and activities that sacralize female roles. Until recently, this female world of religion has been all but invisible to both anthropologists and scholars of religion, who typically speak as though the male sphere of religion were the only definition of religion or the sacred. By exploring this separate sphere of women ‘s religion and demonstrating its variety, depth, and dynamism, Susan Sered here attempts to expand the definition of religion, ritual and the sacred. Sered ‘s research was conducted among uneducated, illiterate Kurdish women. She uncovers the strategies these women have used to circumvent the patriarchal institutions of Judaism, the techniques by which they have made their lives meaningful within an androcentric culture, and how they have developed their own `little tradition ‘ within and parallel to the `great tradition ‘ of Torah Judaism.
Introductory note to *1941
Authors: Troelstra A S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this lecture, delivered at Yale 15 April 1941, Gödel gives a beau tifully clear account of what later became known as the “Dialectica In terpretation”. The introductory note to 1958 and 1972 in Volume II of these Works contains a detailed discussion of Godel’s published account of this interpretation; here we concentrate on differences between the lecture and the published account.
Authors: F0llesdal Dagfinn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This text is based on a shorthand draft from late 1961 or the subse quent years for a lecture that was never given. The manuscript was found in an envelope from the American Philosophical Society postmarked 13 December 1961, and labelled by Gödel “Vortrag, Konzept”. Gödel was elected to membership in that society in April 1961 and signed the roll book the following November. After the November meeting he wrote to G.W. Corner, the executive secretary of the Society, “I would first like to say that I enjoyed the meeting on November 9 very much and that some of the lectures were very interesting to me.”
Introduction
Authors: Hedges Elaine , Fishkin Shelley Fisher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is by now thirty years since Tillie Olsen, in a talk at the Radcliffe Institute in 1963, first formally introduced many of the ideas that in 1978 would comprise her groundbreaking book, Silences. In the years since then the subject she introduced has become central to feminist literary inquiry. Today her insights and her arguments-expanded, modified, redefined, and even contested-continue to provide crucial critical and contextual frameworks for a wide range of scholars and writers.
Northamerican Silences: History, Identity, and Witness in the Poetry of Gloria Anzaldua, Cherrie Moraga, and Leslie Marmon Silko
Authors: Adams Kate 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I have been told that a poet should be of his or her time. It is my feeling that the twentieth-century human condition demands a poetry of witness. This is not accomplished without certain difficulties; the inherited poetic limits the range of our work and determines the boundaries of what might be said. There is the question of metaphor, which moved Neruda to write, ‘the blood of the children / flowed out onto the streets like ... like the blood of the children.’ “
Silences in Harriet “Linda Brent” Jacobs’s Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl1
Authors: Braxton Joanne m. , zuber sharon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tillie Olsen might well have included Harriet “Linda Brent” Jacobs in that category of writers she described in Silences as belonging to “a class, sex, color still marginalized in literature, and whose coming to voice at all against complex odds is exhausting achievement,” had she been aware, when she wrote, of Jacobs’s work. It was not until three years after Silences appeared, however, that a scholar was able to demonstrate conclusively that Jacobs’s autobiographical slave narrative, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl: Written by Herself (1861), was, in fact, written by Jacobs herself, using the pseudonym “Linda Brent.”2 The book’s author, as Jean Fagan Yellin established, was, indeed, a slave woman, a member of the most systematically silenced segment of antebellum America. Today we can understand Jacobs’s book as a noteworthy example of a work by one of a sex, color, and caste marginalized in both nineteenth-century America and nineteenth-century American literature.
The Quest For The Origin Of John ‘s Gospel
Authors: Brodie Thomas L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book presents a controversial thesis concerning the composition of the Gospel According to John. Most New Testament scholars believe that John was independent of the other three (Synoptic) Gospels, although some hold that he may have been familiar with Mark. This has led many to attempt to reconstruct the history of the community within which and for which John must have written. Brodie argues, however, that until the source question is settled, the historical question remains fruitless. What has been missing from Johannine scholarship, he says, is an accurate sense of the way in which writers of the ancient world set about composing their works. Given this literary context, it can be argued that John knew and used not only all of the Synoptic Gospels, but Acts, Ephesians, and the Pentateuch as well. Finally Brodie concludes that ‘John’ was the individual John and not the mouthpiece of a putative ‘Johannine Community’. The Gospel should thus be read as a unified work, and not as the product of an aggregation of different sources or different dates of redaction.
The Roop Kanwar Case: Feminist Responses
Authors: Oldenburg Veena Talwar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On September 5, 1987, in Jaipur, Bal Singh Rathore and Sneh Kanwar discovered that their eighteen-year-old daughter Roop Kanwar—married only eight months before—had suddenly been widowed and then cremated along with the corpse of her husband in the manner of a sati in the village of Deorala, a two-hour drive away. They read this piece of information in the local Hindi language daily; they had not been informed either of the death of their son-in-law in a hospital in the district headquarters in Sikar, nor of their daughter’s wish to die asa sati on her husband’s funeral pyre. They were later persuaded by Roop Kanwar’s in-laws that their daughter had, over efforts to dissuade her, chosen this way to die.
The Library Revisited: Exploring Students’ Research Processes
Authors: Nelson Jennie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In spite of teachers’ misgivings and students’ complaints, the research paper remains one of the most common assignments in undergraduate college writing programs across the country (Ford & Perry, 1982). In addition, much of the writing that students are expected to produce in courses across the curriculum requires them to locate and use research material (Bridgeman & Carlson, 1985). Most writing teachers would agree that successful writers must be able to gather, interpret, integrate, and acknowledge material from a variety of sources, but many teachers are disappointed in their students’ responses to research paper assignments and disillusioned about their abilities to teach students these critical processes. Surprisingly, in spite of the important role that research plays in academic writing, researchers have only begun to examine how students approach the process of researching a topic for writing (Stotsky, 1990).
Revising for Headers: Audience Awareness in the Writing Classroom
Authors: Schriver Karen A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Audience. Revision. These topics resonate for composition teachers and researchers. Over the last two decades, we have seen a burgeoning of work on audience and revision. Although the efforts in these areas have not been fully integrated, we can draw at least one conclusion: We need new research-driven pedagogies for helping students to revise for readers. The ability to revise one’s prose for an audience is a valuable asset in school or in the workplace. But up to this point, we have seen few teaching methods developed from what research and experience have shown us. Redefining revision in the classroom cannot occur unless we are able to translate research into action. Just what have we learned that teachers can employ and that writers can use? My aim here is to provide research-driven advice for helping writers to anticipate readers’ needs. To do so, I first review the research on audience awareness and revision processes. Then I illustrate how the research can be applied in the classroom by providing a case study of a revision problem. Finally, I offer some ideas for teaching revision.
The Apologists’ Attack on Greek Art: History and Literature
Authors: Finney Paul Corby 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two environments define our subject, one history, the other literature. It is pointless to discuss early Christian attitudes toward art in the abstract, apart from these two defining environments. In short, context is the key to understanding this subject. Unless it is put in context, the consensus1 view—namely that early Christian attitudes toward art were essentially negative and rooted first and foremost in Jewish precedents, notably 20:4, 2 the Israelite taboo against idol worship—is really little more than a vague generalization. Without a knowledge of who invoked the taboo, where and when and why, we cannot draw any conclusions that have meaning for history. In fact, as I have already suggested, the consensus is misleading—Greek precedents are of much greater importance for our subject than Jewish models. Given the overall historical context, this is exactly as it should be. After all, the Christian apologists were writing to Greeks and Romans, not to Jews. Hence it is to be expected that they allowed themselves to be more impressed by Xenophanes and Heraclitus than by the second Isaiah or the Jewish-Hellenistic Pseudepigrapha. Considering the setting, we get exactly what we should expect.