bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How to Clone Oneself?
Authors: Brazma Alvis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ability to reproduce is often seen as one of the principal dividing lines between living and non-living systems. But is it possible to make a machine that can self-reproduce? One of the founders of computing, John von Neumann, asked this question in late 1940s, when in a series of lectures, he described principles how a mechanical self-replicating device can be built. This chapter begins with a discussion of von Neuman’s work, including the description of self-replicating cellular automata. Next it briefly discusses the concepts of information and information processing, and how the ability to inherit and process information distinguishes biological systems from much simpler forms of self-replication, such as crystal growth. This is followed by a discussion of deterministic and stochastic processes, and about how to build reliable devices from unreliable components. The chapter ends with a brief discussion of microbes as an example of the simplest relatively autonomous self-replicating system that is known to exist.
Evolving Replicators
Authors: Brazma Alvis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is the first in a series of four chapters discussing various aspects of evolution. The main principles of biological evolution are introduced via exploring how bacteria evolve in a laboratory, in particular, discussing the long-term evolutionary experiment of E. coli bacteria by Richard Lenski. Next, the bacterial evolution in the wild is discussed. It is shown how the bacterial evolution is linked to the changes of information in their genomes. It is also discussed what is needed for a system to be able to evolve (i.e. evolvability) and how fast an evolving system can change before it breaks down. In parts of this chapter, elementary mathematics is used to show that the theory of evolution is a hard, rather than a soft science.
From DNA to Language
Authors: Brazma Alvis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With the emergence of human language, large amounts of information ‘broke out’ of the DNA ‘harness’ for the first time in the history of life on Earth. This chapter discusses what is unique to human language (and absent in other animals’ communications) that allows for the transmission of unlimited amounts of information. How did biological evolution lead to the emergence of such abilities? Do humans have specific language genes? How did genes enabling the faculty of language evolve? Language not only enabled humans to communicate unlimited amounts of information by means other than inherited DNA, but it also raised cultural evolution to a qualitatively different level. Cultural evolution led to the emergence of writing and created means of recording and processing information different from those that fundamentally rely on DNA, RNA, and proteins making up the animal and human brain.
How peace operations assisted the ICC outside the DRC
Authors: Buitelaar Tom 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents a so-called plausibility probe—several smaller case studies to see whether the theoretical framework might plausibly hold up in other contexts. It looks at UN–ICC interactions in the other ICC situations where a UN peace operation was active: CAR, Côte d’Ivoire, Mali, and Sudan. For each of these cases, the chapter presents a short background, analyses the degree to which the explanatory conditions were present, and describes the assistance provided by the relevant UN peace operation to the ICC. Through additional documentary and interview evidence, these plausibility probes largely confirm the findings from the DRC case studies, but also suggest several new changes that need to be made to the theoretical framework to improve the degree to which it travels to other cases.
Non-canonicity via modal particles
Authors: Trotzke Andreas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 6 deals with the expression of non-canonical question interpretations via the syntactic category of modal particles. After an introduction to the interactions between modal particles and speech acts and to crucial differences from similar syntactic categories, the chapter illustrates how elements of this particular category function as cues for non-canonical meanings in questions by bringing data to bear from languages as diverse as Basque and German. The end of the chapter proposes a cross-linguistic syntax for modal particles in questions that represents them as functional heads in the clausal architecture and captures both their clause-medial and left- and right-peripheral occurrences.
Constraining Effects of Party Bases
Authors: Engler Sarah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces a new element to the theoretical framework of the survival of centrist anti-establishment parties (CAPs): the ideological composition of their electorates. It abandons the assumption that CAPs do not differ in their ability to adopt a strategy of survival and argues that CAPs that originally attract voters both from the left and from the right struggle more with the adoption of a new strategy. Ideology, which only plays a minor role in the pure protest strategy of CAPs in their first elections, gains importance as far as the strategies of survival are concerned. Using data on voters’ attitudes, this chapter shows that although all CAPs attract voters with lower political trust, the ideological coherence of their electorates varies greatly from one party to the next. CAPs with heterogeneous electorates are less likely to survive. Qualitative descriptions of parties that struggled with their diverse electorates complement the analyses.
International Cooperation Against All Odds
Authors: Davis Cross Mai'a K. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book recasts how we understand international relations through an examination of how the human evolutionary predisposition to be “ultrasocial” as a species impacts which political ideas succeed, transform, manipulate, and inspire on a global scale. At a time when pessimism about our current world order is at an all-time high, this book overturns widespread assumptions that international relations is mainly about conflict, power, and national self-interest. Scientists have uncovered new evidence that, as a species, we are biologically hard-wired, soft-wired, and pre-wired to be other-regarding and cooperative. Humans are ultrasocial, and yet this predisposition is completely ignored in governments across the world. Political leaders, experts, and the media have cultivated a myopic vision of global conflict, feeding an obsession on crises of the moment rather than recognizing frequent and significant breakthroughs in peaceful cooperation and overall trends in the decline of violence. This book shows how, time and time again, our ultrasocial predisposition has pushed us toward big ideas that inspire and bring us together around the power of possibility. Featuring original research on international cooperation in outer-space exploration, European Union integration, nuclear weapons, and climate change, among other examples, Mai’a K. Davis Cross shows ultrasociality at work in a range of contexts.
Conclusion to Part I
Authors: Davis Cross Mai'a K. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The study of international relations has historically tended to focus on crises, conflict, violence, tribalism, and ruthless competition. But the preponderance of scientific evidence from a range of disciplines supports the notion that humans have evolved to be ultrasocial and to have an empathic consciousness. To the extent that there is a common human culture, it gravitates toward empathy. If we can integrate the most recent discoveries about the social brain into our approach to politics and international relations, not only will we gain crucial understanding about how things have happened and continue to happen, but also new possibilities for international cooperation will emerge. Simply put, the stakes are too high to ignore the underlying presence of ultrasociality. By choosing this new starting point, a new approach to international relations, infused with the power of possibility, can be revealed.
Optimism, Pessimism . . . and Repeat
Authors: Davis Cross Mai'a K. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The achievement of federalism may not have happened all at once as the European Movement had hoped, but the federalist idea had clearly put Europe’s institutions on a strong trajectory toward actuating ultrasociality. Formal integration steadily proceeded, even alongside the challenge of expanding membership in the project. From the 1970s onward, the European Economic Community continued on a steady path of both enlargement of membership and deeper integration. The narrative behind the origins and purpose of the European Union proved to be attractive to those eligible to join, showing the magnetism of the European project and the transformational idea it represented. Importantly, the relative speed of integration coincided with the rise and fall in popularity of the federalist idea rather than economic self-interest.
International Cooperation and the Space Race
Authors: Davis Cross Mai'a K. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Competition during the Space Race was certainly present, but a close look at the archival record shows that the main actors involved kept returning to the Spaceflight Idea. Even during the height of the Cold War, nearly every aspect of the activities leading to space exploration were cooperative in nature, even between the two rival superpowers (the United States and the USSR) themselves—once again, highlighting the crucial draw of ultrasociality. Even though it continued to be a challenging area in which to overcome the barriers of the Cold War, the actors involved remained committed to it. They viewed space as categorically different from other areas of endeavor.
Conclusion
Authors: Davis Cross Mai'a K. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Looking ahead, the book concludes with an acknowledgement of future challenges. After all, the ultrasocial landscape can be overwhelmed, exerting less of a pull on society, when good ideas are not forthcoming and leadership is lacking. In today’s world, we are missing much-needed new ideas on how to stop radicalization, global inequality, and failed states. And formerly strong ideas are starting to lose ground, such as democracy, liberalism, and free trade. We are particularly vulnerable in the face of unprecedented crises. However, we do not need to simply ride the tide of ultrasociality. We can capitalize on it and use its logic to make empathic cooperation and new forms of global governance more likely. Thus, the final chapter of the book looks to the future and translates the findings of the book into a road map for how we might cultivate ultrasociality.
Technologies and applications
Authors: Schmidt Oliver , Staffell Iain 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Energy storage encompasses a range of diverse concepts, technologies, and applications. This chapter gives a prioritized overview of all major types of energy storage: mechanical, chemical, electrical, thermal, and electrochemical. For the nine most widely deployed technologies, it covers their suitability for different use cases, history, current status, general pros and cons, and current innovation focus. It also introduces a wider range of novel storage technologies at earlier stages of commercialization. The chapter then gives an overview of the energy storage industry, including company activity along the product value chain of each major technology. It finishes by introducing the various applications that energy storage can provide within electricity systems, how these can be consolidated into 13 archetypal services, and how their deployment potential can be characterized by the uptake of variable renewable generation.
Methods
Authors: Schmidt Oliver , Staffell Iain 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This extended chapter describes the methods, formulas, and data used to perform the analyses in this book. It is tailored to academics and analysts with a focus on depth and transparency, rather than brevity and high-level insights. The purpose is to build credibility in the derived insights and allow readers to build their own analyses from scratch. It takes a critical approach, reflecting on the respective advantages and disadvantages, and procedural limitations. The chapter covers the key techniques used across all chapters of the book: breaking down the cost of electricity storage systems, selecting major technologies and applications, deriving experience curves for projecting future prices, calculating lifetime cost of storage, conducting sensitivity, Monte Carlo and probability analysis of projected costs, assessing technology competitiveness and market value, modelling arbitrage value and financial appraisal, and analysing the potential system value of energy storage.
Coding ‘Carnal Knowledge’ into Carceral Systems
Authors: McInerney Kerry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates the inherently gendered and racialised nature of predictive policing technologies through an interrogation of the way that domestic, sexual, and gender-based forms of violence are represented in predictive policing tools and in the discourse around predictive policing. It reveals how predictive policing technologies not only reproduce existing patriarchal approaches to gender-based violence, but also possess the potential to shape and produce how gender-based violence is understood, identified, policed, and prosecuted. McInerney argues that as prisons and other carceral institutions are arenas of state-sanctioned sexual violence, these tools cannot be successfully employed for feminist ends.
Of Techno-Ethics and Techno-Affects
Authors: Amrute Sareeta 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, Amrute argues that techno-ethics can and should be revitalised through attendance to techno-affects. As scandals over predictive policing, data mining and algorithmic racism unfold, digital labourers need both to be accounted for in analyses of algorithmic technologies and to be counted among the designers of these platforms. Amrute’s chapter attempts to do both of these by highlighting particular cases in which digital labour frames embodied subjects, and to propose ways digital workers might train themselves to recognise ethical problems as they are emerging, and ultimately uses the idea of attunements as a way to grasp what these forms of care might look like for the digital worker.
AI and Structural Injustice
Authors: Browne Jude 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Browne explores the potential of artificial intelligence (AI) to exacerbate structural injustice. First, she introduces the seminal account of structural injustice by the feminist theorist Iris Marion Young and discusses one of its definitive elements, ‘untraceability’. Drawing on Arendt’s concept of ‘thoughtlessness’ and the work of other scholars such as Benjamin, Browne goes on to consider structural injustice in relation to algorithmic decision making, which, itself, is becoming increasingly untraceable. Browne concludes with some suggestions on how we might think about mitigating the structural injustice that AI poses through democratic governance mechanisms. By way of example, she advocates adopting several elements of the mini-public approach within regulatory public-body landscapes to form a new pluralistic lay-centric ‘AI Public Body’.
Afrofeminist Data Futures
Authors: Neema Iyer , Chenai Chair , Garnett Achieng 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This overview of many years of research, which aims to improve government service-delivery, locates injustices in specific areas of AI development and deployment across Africa. It provides qualitative and quantitative evidence of its claims, as well as recommendations for policy and governance responses. As the authors explain, data collection in African contexts is both the poison and the remedy: colonialist data practices extract data from African regions for the benefit of Western tech companies, and datafication poses significant risks to women and girls’ privacy. However, data—especially Big Data—can improve NGO and governmental responses to issues affecting African women by providing insight into elements of their lives that are difficult to capture through other data collection modalities. This is why, they argue, it is so important to work with feminist methods and theory when creating, processing and interpreting data.
External Borders
Authors: Bulley Dan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores how external borders are used to accept and deflect responsibility for immigrants. Increasingly, responsibilities are pre-decided before strangers appear at the border. The first section examines the classification of mobile populations, seeking to welcome very specific types of immigrants: the exceptionally wealthy and ‘talented’. The chapter then turns to trickier cases of when immigration is attempted outside state-authorised welcomes, classified as threatening, ‘irregular’, ‘undocumented’, or ‘illegal’. The second section explores how states in the global north have begun to thicken and outsource their external borders through deflections of responsibility for migrants, irrespective of their relational ties or legal requirements. The third section examines how relational ties come to the fore in Colombia and Turkey when forced migrants are welcomed outside of legal responsibilities. Although deeply imperfect, these examples demonstrate that other mappings of responsibility are feasible; a hospitality that accepts responsibility remains demonstrably possible.
Internal Borders
Authors: Bulley Dan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Internal borders refer to the formal and informal ways in which experiences of belonging and non-belonging are policed and enforced. They create hostile environments in which immigrants feel their ‘guestness’. This chapter asks how such internal borders are created through formal and informal practices. The first half looks at postcolonial Tanzania which, famed for its hospitality, offered a pan-African socialist welcome and an ambiguous form of belonging. Internal borders were used to promote and constrain belonging through spatial restrictions and generous social provision. Such generosity, however, did not survive the imposition of a neoliberal economic ethos. The second half inspects the UK’s the hostile environment and how its proliferation of internal borders sought to make life unliveable for those immigrants deemed ‘undeserving’ of hospitality. Rejecting responsibility in favour of abandonment, the UK effectively practiced an ethos of racialised autochthony.
Market Fragmentation
Authors: Foucault Thierry , Pagano Marco , Röell Ailsa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When a security trades in multiple venues, orders submitted to the different venues do not necessarily contribute jointly to price formation, and the market for the security is said to be “fragmented.” Market fragmentation raises several concerns at the forefront of recent regulatory debates in the United States and in Europe. Market fragmentation may lead to excessive “price dispersion,” meaning that the same security may trade at different prices at the same instant. Another concern is that market fragmentation could raise trading costs for investors compared to centralized trading. This chapter discusses the costs of fragmentation and liquidity externalities, as well as the benefits of fragmentation. It also describes two recent changes in regulation in the United States (RegNMS) and Europe (MiFID), designed precisely to deal with the issue of fragmentation and organize competition among trading platforms.
Liquidity and Asset Prices
Authors: Foucault Thierry , Pagano Marco , Röell Ailsa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter first explains how liquidity affects the returns required by investors, and hence asset prices. It then examines how prices in illiquid markets may diverge from underlying long-run values, especially in the context of market freezes and financial crises. It also highlights that noise trading can play an important role in pushing securities prices away from fundamental values. This occurs especially when noise trading is correlated among investors and over time.
The Reward System
Authors: Zatorre Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The reward system interconnects several structures in the midbrain, basal forebrain, especially the striatum and inferior frontal cortex, among others. It is involved in many aspects of cognition, including motivation, emotion, and hedonic responses. Inputs from the auditory system reach the reward system via the ventral and dorsal streams, which connect topographically to distinct regions of the striatum. Activity of dopamine neurons in the reward system is linked to the delivery of reward but also to the expectation of future delivery of reward. The difference between expected and obtained reward constitutes reward prediction error, which serves as a learning signal driving behavior. Reward activity occurs both to biological rewards important for survival and also to more abstract rewards, including information that reduces uncertainty. Both dopamine and opioid neurotransmission are implicated in reward.
Why Does Music Engage the Reward System?
Authors: Zatorre Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Musical pleasure arises when auditory cortical processing systems exchange information with the reward system. When an unexpected musical event occurs, it generates a prediction error in the cortical auditory pathways, which is then propagated to the reward system where hedonic value is computed. Positively valenced prediction errors, leading to pleasure, are generated when an anticipated input is better than expected in terms of its informational value. Sound patterns that are neither too predictable nor too random provide optimal information that reduces uncertainty and is intrinsically rewarding. Activation of reward circuitry also enables learning, so that knowledge of musical relationships grows with increased exposure, leading to more precise internal models of musical structure. Personality variables can modulate the response of the reward system.
Human Dignity and Respect for All
Authors: Gatenio Gabel Shirley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the significance of human dignity, which connotes that all human beings possess equal and inherent value. Human dignity lies at the core of human rights. After recognizing that views of human rights differed across countries, the leaders of the United Nations decided to create a document that would articulate the UN’s vision of human rights and guide the implementation of human rights worldwide. Human rights appear in numerous national constitutions and as the bases for domestic legal frameworks. The author explains the perspective of human rights included in the UN’s Universal Declaration of Human Rights and an alternative view.
Diversity, Privilege, and Oppression
Authors: Gatenio Gabel Shirley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on diversity, privilege, and oppression. Recognizing diversity is about acknowledging the differences among people without using them as the basis of discrimination, marginalization, or oppression. The chapter explains how privileges are benefits that accrue to certain members of society. On the other hand, oppression involves creating systems and institutions that allow dominant groups to exert control over other groups by withholding resources and benefits and violating human rights. According to Iris Marion Young, the five types of oppression are exploitation, marginalization, cultural imperialism, powerlessness, and violence. The chapter highlights how social workers strive to develop situations that enhance a sense of belonging in an effort to diminish the notion of othering.