bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gel-immobilized enzymes as promising biocatalysts: Results from Indo-Russian collaborative studies
Authors: Markvicheva Elena A. , Lozinsky Vladimir I. , Plieva Fatima M. , Kochetkov Konstantin A. , Rumsh Lev D. , Zubov Vitali P. , Maity Jyotirmoy , Kumar Rajesh , Parmar Virinder S. , Belokon Yury N. 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Chemo-enzymatic methods constitute a promising approach to obtain various biologically active compounds, including enantiomerically pure substances. Entrapment in gels is one of the most convenient methods to stabilize enzymes for their application in water/organic media. Proteases and lipases are widely used for enantioselective transformations of various organic compounds in water-poor media. In this study, chymotrypsin was entrapped into a composite poly(N-vinyl caprolactam)-calcium alginate (PVCL-CaAlg) and covalently attached to poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) cryogel beads. Lipase was immobilized by covalently attaching to aldehyde-bearing PVA cryogel beads. The activities of the entrapped biocatalysts were studied. Both entrapped α-chymotrypsin and lipase retained high activity in acetonitrile/water medium (water content 0.5–20 %) and displayed high storage stability for several months. The high operational stability of immobilized α-chymotrypsin and lipase in a cyclic process (up to 912 h in total) was also demonstrated. Gel-immobilized enzymes were successfully used to obtain optically pure L-phenylalanine (ee 98.6 and 83 % in the case of α-chymotrypsin and lipase, respectively) by enantioselective hydrolysis of Schiff’s base of amino acid ethyl ester in an acetonitrile/water system.
Acetoxy drug: protein transacetylase: A novel enzyme-mediating protein acetylation by polyphenolic peracetates
Authors: Raj Hanumantharao G. , Singh Brajendra K. , Kohli Ekta , Dwarkanath Bilikere S. , Jain Subhash C. , Rastogi Ramesh C. , Kumar Ajit , Adhikari J. S. , Watterson Arthur C. , Olsen Carl E. , Parmar Virinder S. 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
The acetylation of proteins in biological systems is largely catalyzed by specific acetyl transferases utilizing acetyl CoA as the acetyl donor. The enzymatic acetylation of proteins independent of acetyl CoA was unknown until we discovered a unique membrane-bound enzyme in mammalian cells catalyzing the transfer of acetyl groups from polyphenolic peracetates (PAs) to certain enzyme proteins, resulting in the modulation of their catalytic activities. Since for the enzyme, acetyl derivatives of several classes of polyphenols such as coumarins, flavones, chromones, and xanthones were found to be acetyl donors, the enzyme was termed as acetoxy drug: protein transacetylase (TAase). TAase was found to be ubiquitously present in tissues of several animal species and a variety of animal cells. Liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 (CYP), NADPH-cytochrome c reductase and cytosolic glutathione S-transferase (GST) were found to be the targets for TAase-catalyzed acetylation by the model acetoxy drug 7,8-diacetoxy-4-methylcoumarin (DAMC). Accordingly, the catalytic activities of CYP-linked, mixed function oxidases (MFOs) and GST were irreversibly inhibited while the reductase was remarkably activated. In this report, we have reviewed the details concerning purification and characterization of TAase and the protein acetylation by DAMC. Quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) studies concerning the specificities of various PAs to liver microsomal TAase and TAase-related biological effects have also been reviewed.
Production of a novel alkaline lipase by Fusarium globulosum using neem oil, and its applications
Authors: Gulati Ruchi , Isar Jasmine , Kumar Vineet , Prasad Ashok K. , Parmar Virinder S. , Saxena Rajendra K. 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
A low-temperature, alkaline, and detergent-compatible lipase from Fusarium globulosum (FGL) has been produced using an inexpensive source, viz. neem oil. Maximum lipase production of 12 300 U/L was achieved in 96 h on optimizing various physicochemical parameters. The lipase exhibited remarkable stability in the presence of commercial detergents, bleaching agents, and proteases. The lipase showed a novel property of marked activation on prolonged incubation at alkaline pH. Wash performance analysis of the commercial detergent for removal of fatty stains improved upon addition of this lipase.
Identification of target genes of microRNAs in retinoic acid-induced neuronal differentiation
Authors: Kawasaki Hiroaki , Taira Kazunari 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are phylogenetically widespread, small noncoding RNAs of 18–25 nucleotides in length, and are expressed in animals and plants. These small RNAs can regulate gene expression at the translational level through interactions with their target messenger RNAs, and have a role in the development of Caenorhabditis elegans, plants, and mammals. Although more than 200 miRNAs have been found in mammals, it is not easy to identify their targets. We investigated the target genes of miRNAs and analyzed the function of these miRNAs during retinoic acid (RA)-induced neuronal differentiation.
Novel nucleic acid architectures involving locked nucleic acid (LNA) and pyrene residues: Results from an Indo-Danish collaboration
Authors: Babu B. Ravindra , Raunak  , Sørensen Mads D. , Hrdlicka Patrick J. , Trikha Smriti , Prasad Ashok K. , Parmar Virinder S. , Wengel Jesper 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
We report herein our results for locked nucleic acid (LNA)-type oligonucleotides containing pyrene residues. Pyrene has a large hydrophobic and planar surface area and is therefore a potential intercalating unit; furthermore, it is interesting as a fluorescent tag when covalently bound to DNA. Synthesis and hybridization of conformationally locked universal base surrogates are described together with efficient interstrand communication as shown by the formation of pyrene excimer bands for duplexes containing 2'-N-(pyren-1-yl)methyl-2'-amino-LNA monomers positioned in a zipper-like manner within a DNA duplex.
Biocatalytic approaches for synthesis of conducting polyaniline nanoparticles
Authors: Cholli Ashok L. , Thiyagarajan M. , Kumar Jayant , Parmar Virinder S. 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
A biocatalytic approach has been developed to synthesize conducting polyaniline (PANI) nanoparticles. The method involves the formation of nanocomposites of PANI and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) by polymerizing aniline (AN)-camphorsulfonic acid (CSA) macromonomer (AN/CSA) using a biocatalyst in the presence of template PAA. The second step involves the separation of PANI polymers from PAA and CSA in the nanocomposites. The formation of PANI nanoparticles by this two-step approach is studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). High-resolution solution 13C NMR and UV/visible spectroscopic techniques have been used to characterize the formation of conducting PANI chains by the enzymatic method.
Significance of Soil Suction and Soil Water Characteristic Curve Parameters
Authors: Sivakumar Babu GL , Peter J , Mukesh MD , Gartung E 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Soil Water Characteristic Curves (SWCC) of unsaturated soils have considerable importance in analysis of geotechnical engineering problems. In these analyses, it is necessary to make a distinction between the components of total suction in terms of solute and matric suctions, which is generally ignored in practice. In the present study, suction characteristics of two compacted clayey soils are measured using filter paper method (ASTM D 5298-94), which is useful in this regard. The experimental results show that consideration of only matric suction instead of total suction is conservative as it constitutes about 25 to 60% of total suction in clay soils. Theoretical models were fitted to experimental results, and it is demonstrated that the model parameters are different in terms of total suction and matric suction. The results show that measurement of both the components of suction using the filter paper method is simple and useful in engineering analysis.
An Assessment of the Effect of Rod Length on SPT Energy Calculations Based on Measured Field Data
Authors: Sancio RB , Bray JD 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
The penetration resistance of a sandy soil, as measured by the Standard Penetration Test (SPT), is extensively used in geotechnical engineering. There are many factors that influence the energy transmitted to the rod string and sampler by the impact of the hammer on the anvil and thus affect the value of the blow count or N-value. This paper presents the results of a series of site investigations performed in northwest Turkey following the 1999 Kocaeli earthquake, where close to 2000 direct measurements of the energy transmitted by the hammer to the sampling system were conducted. It was found that short rod lengths have a small influence on the energy ratio when this is calculated by the force-velocity method. It was also observed that the N-value of the test interval has an influence on the effect that short rods have on the energy ratio calculated by the force-velocity method. Additionally, for this study the calculation of the energy ratio by the procedures outlined in ASTM D4633, which is currently withdrawn, is significantly greater than the energy ratio calculated by the force-velocity method.
Development of an In Situ Dynamic Liquefaction Test
Authors: Rathje EM , Chang W-J , Stokoe KH 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
A new field-testing technique has been developed in which liquefaction and pore pressure generation characteristics of soil are measured in situ. The in situ dynamic liquefaction test utilizes a large, hydraulic shaker to load dynamically a soil deposit. The soil response is measured with embedded instrumentation. The embedded instrumentation includes newly developed liquefaction test sensors that incorporate velocity transducers (geophones) and pore pressure transducers in a single case. The recorded data are used to describe pore pressure generation and liquefaction characteristics in terms of the relationship between shear strain and induced pore pressure ratio. The analytical techniques used to compute shear strain from particle velocity measurements are discussed and compared. The results from testing a 1.2-m by 1.2-m by 1.2-m reconstituted field test specimen are presented. The shear strain—pore pressure relationships at selected numbers of loading cycles that were determined from the in situ dynamic liquefaction test are compared with those measured by other investigators in the laboratory. The field-measured relationships show the same shape as the lab-measured relationships, but the field data indicate a smaller threshold strain for pore pressure generation (∼0.005 %). This difference is attributed to the low effective stresses in the reconstituted field specimen.
Solution Retention Capacity as an Alternative to the Swell Index Test for Sodium Bentonite
Authors: Lee J-M , Shackelford CD 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
A new test, referred to as the solution retention capacity (SRC), is proposed as a potentially less tedious and quicker alternative to the swell index (SI) test (ASTM D 5890) for bentonite. The SRC represents the amount of a 50-mL solution retained in one gram of oven-dried bentonite after centrifugation at 2750 g, and the SRC values are reported in units of mL/g. The SRC for two sodium bentonites from geosynthetic clay liners measured using deionized water and solutions containing calcium chloride (CaCl2) at concentrations ranging from 5 mM to 500 mM is compared with the SI for both bentonites and the same test liquids. In general, both SI and SRC decrease with increasing CaCl2 concentration due to a decrease in the thickness of adsorbed layer of the bentonite particles. However, the SI is greater than the SRC, with SI falling in the range of 7.5 mL/2 g ≤ SI ≤ 30 mL/2 g and SRC falling in the range of 1.7 mL/g ≤ SRC ≤ 7.2 mL/g. The difference in the magnitudes of SI relative to SRC is attributed, in part, to the differences in the units (i.e., mL/2 g for SI versus mL/g for SRC) and the accelerations (i.e., 1 g in SI versus 2750 g in SRC) for the two procedures. Also, the SI includes the volume of the solid bentonite, whereas the SRC does not.
Field Testing of Inclined Cone Penetration
Authors: Wei L , Tumay MT , Abu-Farsakh MY 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
It is expected that the measurements of tip resistance and sleeve friction will be somewhat different between vertical cone penetration tests (CPTv) and inclined cone penetration tests (ICPT). In order to investigate this effect, a field testing program was performed in three different locations with varying soil characteristics in Louisiana. The values of tip resistance and sleeve friction were compared between CPTv and ICPT. The coefficient of lateral earth pressure at rest, K0, indicates the degree of initial stress anisotropy. It was found that, both the tip resistance and the sleeve friction tend to increase for K0 &lt; 1 or decrease for K0 &gt; 1 as the orientation of penetration changes gradually from vertical to horizontal.
The Role of Friction in Post-Crack Energy Absorption of Fiber Reinforced Concrete in the Round Panel Test
Authors: Bernard ES 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
The Round Panel test has recently become standardized as C-1550 for post-crack performance assessment of Fiber Reinforced Concrete (FRC) and Shotcrete (FRS). This test involves the imposition of an out-of-plane point load at a constant rate of displacement to the center of a round panel supported on three symmetrically arranged pivots. Performance is measured in terms of the energy absorbed by the specimen up to a specified central deflection. Most of this energy is expended in the process of fiber deformation and pull-out from the concrete across cracks that form during the test. A significant proportion of the energy apparently absorbed by the specimen is actually lost to friction, however, as the panel fragments that form after cracking of the concrete slide outward in a radial direction across the supports. This investigation has been undertaken to determine the proportion of total energy absorption that is lost to friction as a result of this failure mechanism and to identify thereby how much energy is actually absorbed by the specimen.
Effect of Periodic Overloads on Threshold Fatigue Crack Growth in Al-Alloys
Authors: Sunder R 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Experiments were performed on 10 mm thick C(T) specimens cut from Al-alloys to assess fatigue crack growth behavior under periodic overloads by comparison to constant amplitude loading. The tests were performed at a sufficiently high stress ratio to avoid crack closure, whose absence was confirmed from Load-COD response. ΔKth values were determined under these loadings in air, salt water, and vacuum. Even though closure was absent, ΔKth shows a systematic dependence on overload plastic zone ratio. Similar results were obtained in both air and salt water. In vacuum however, near threshold crack growth is accelerated by comparison to no-overload conditions, while higher growth rates see a reversal in this trend. These results appear to support the possibility that residual stress moderates crack-tip surface chemistry in near-threshold fatigue, an effect that ceases in vacuum.
Fatigue Crack Growth Rate and Stress-Intensity Factor Corrections for Out-of-Plane Crack Growth
Authors: Forth SC , Herman DJ , James MA , Johnston WM 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFatigue crack growth rate testing is performed using automated data collection systems that assume straight crack growth in the plane of symmetry and that use standard polynomial solutions to compute crack length and stress-intensity factors from compliance or potential drop measurements. Visual measurements used to correct the collected data typically include only the horizontal crack length, which underestimates the crack growth rates for cracks that propagate out-of-plane. The authors have devised an approach for correcting both the crack growth rates and stress-intensity factors based on two-dimensional mixed mode-I/II finite element analysis (FEA). The approach is used to correct out-of-plane data for 7050-T7451 and 2025-T6 aluminum alloys. Results indicate the correction process works well for high ΔK levels, but it fails to capture the mixed-mode effects at ΔK levels approaching threshold (da/dN ∼ 10−10 meter/cycle). Based on the results presented in this paper, the authors propose modifications to ASTM E 647: to be more restrictive on the limits for out-of-plane cracking (15°); to add a requirement for a minimum of two visual measurements (one at test start and one at test completion); and to include a note on crack twisting angles, with a limit of 10° being acceptable.
Sensitivity of Creep Crack Initiation and Growth in Plates to Material Properties Variations
Authors: Wasmer K , Nikbin KM , Webster GA 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
In this paper, creep crack initiation and growth data are reported on type 316L(N) stainless steel at 650°C on compact tension (CT) specimens and on plates containing a semi-elliptical surface defect. The compact tension tests were carried out according to standard ASTM E 1457 procedures, and the results are plotted against experimental determinations of the creep fracture mechanics parameter C* derived from load-line displacement rate. Generally, satisfactory agreement is found between the CT specimen and plate results, although longer initiation times and slower cracking rates were observed in the plates consistent with the lower constraint anticipated in this specimen geometry. Also, predictions of the cracking behavior of the plates have been made using deterministic and probabilistic methods. In the former case, combinations of upper and lower bound material properties were used, which were based on the ± 2 standard deviation (± 2SD) limits obtained from the measured scatter in the data. In the latter, a Monte Carlo simulation was adopted. It is found that the combination of bounds (± 2SD) giving the shortest failure time corresponds with a failure probability of about 0.05 % from the probabilistic calculations.
Simplified Thermal Analysis of Asynchronous Machine
Authors: Okoro OI 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
The simplified thermal network model for Asynchronous machine is developed in this paper. The differential set of equations governing the thermal behavior of the machine under transient state conditions is derived and solved using a commercial software package. MATLAB®. The simulated mean temperatures for the various machine parts are compared with the measured results. It is observed that the predicted stator temperature is in good agreement with the measured temperature.
Density Compensation of TDR Calibration for Geotechnical Applications
Authors: Yu X , Drnevich VP 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) technology has been widely used in areas such as agricultural science, soil science, and water resources for measuring soil volumetric water content and is beginning to be used in geotechnical engineering. Calibration relationships, which generally relate the soil volumetric water content to TDR measured dielectric constant, are critical for the accuracy of TDR measurements. For TDR technology to be useful for geotechnical engineering practice, the calibration relationship needs to be expressed in terms of gravimetric water content. Besides, geotechnical engineering deals with more compacted earth materials, where the effects of soil density on TDR calibration are significant. This paper introduces an improved TDR calibration relation that accounts for the density of soil skeleton while at the same time is simple in format. Application of this calibration relationship shows that it significantly reduces data scatter and achieves more accurate results than other existing calibration relationships.
Plutonium-238 Alpha-Decay Damage Study of A Glass-Bonded Sodalite Ceramic Waste Form
Authors: Frank SM , DiSanto T , Goff MK , Johnson SG , Jue J-F , Barber TL , Noy M , O'Holleran TP , Giglio JJ 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
An accelerated alpha-decay damage study of a glass-bonded sodalite ceramic waste form has been completed recently. The study was designed to investigate the physical and chemical durability of the waste form after exposure to 238Pu alpha decay. The alpha-decay dose at the end of the four year study was approximately 1.0 × 1018 decays/gram of material. The ceramic waste form (CWF) was developed to immobilize fission products accumulated during the treatment of spent nuclear fuel from the Experimental Breeder Reactor II performed at Argonne National Laboratory-West in Idaho. Small quantities of actinide elements are also found in the waste form. The CWF is currently undergoing qualification testing and characterization for acceptance by the Office of Civilian Radioactive Waste Management for geologic disposal. Methods used to monitor the 238Pu-loaded CWF material in this study included: immersion density determination to measure possible macroscopic swelling, chemical durability by leach testing, microstructural analysis by scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and phase composition and stability by powder X-ray and electron diffraction.
After four years of exposure to alpha decay, the investigation observed little alteration to the CWF. Specifically, the 238Pu-loaded CWF maintained its physical integrity, the density remained constant, no cracking or phase debonding was observed by microscopy, and the material's chemical durability did not change significantly over the duration of the study. The only significant measured change was an increase of the unit-cell lattice parameters of the plutonium oxide and sodalite phases of the material, but these were very small and did not lead to any loss of waste form durability.
ASTM C 88 Test on Soundness of Aggregate Using Sodium Sulfate or Magnesium Sulfate: A Study of the Mechanisms of Damage
Authors: Haynes H 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
In this study, the mechanisms of damage to aggregate particles by sodium sulfate and magnesium sulfate solutions were investigated. By using glass and aluminum containers to represent aggregate pore space and confining walls, test results showed that during soaking cycles crystal growth occurred that applied some bearing pressure on the container. This bearing pressure, however, was secondary to more damaging pressure that occurred during the oven drying cycles. During soaking cycles, mirabilite (Na2·SO4 10H2O) applied bearing pressures up to about 0.6 MPa. During oven drying cycles, thenardite applied bearing pressures up to about 2.0 MPa. Magnesium sulfate salts produced bearing pressures about the same magnitude as that of the sodium sulfate salts.
The Role of TGA-DTA in the Initial Evaluation of the Solid State Forms for Pharmaceutical New Chemical Entities, Part 1: Evaluation of Pure Forms
Authors: Redman-Furey NL , Dicks ML , Godlweski J , Vaughn DC , Collins WJ 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
TGA-DTA plays a central role in the strategy outlined for early evaluation of the solid state forms available to pharmaceutical new chemical entities. At this early stage of development, compound and time are typically at a premium, so a successful strategy requires making the best possible use of the materials and time available. In addition, because of time and compound limitations, the goal of a solid state investigation is focused upon early stage objectives rather than development of a complete understanding of all available solid state forms. The TGA-DTA is well suited to addressing these needs.