bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Osteoclast induction in periodontal tissue during experimental movement of incisors in osteoprotegerin‐deficient mice
Authors: Oshiro Takahiro , Shiotani Aya , Shibasaki Yoshinobu , Sasaki Takahisa 
Published: August 2002

AbstractOsteoprotegerin (OPG) is a novel secreted member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily that negatively regulates osteoclastogenesis. The receptor activator of the NFKB ligand (RANKL) is one of the key regulatory molecules in osteoclast formation and binds to OPG. In this study, it was suggested that OPG and RANKL are involved in alveolar bone remodeling during orthodontic tooth movement. We examined RANKL localization and osteoclast induction in periodontal tissues during experimental movement of incisors in OPG‐deficient mice. To produce orthodontic force, an elastic band was inserted between the upper right and left incisors for 2 or 5 days, and the dissected maxillae were examined for cytochemical and immunocytochemical localization of tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), vacuolar‐type H+‐ATPase, and RANKL. Compared to wild‐type OPG (+/+) littermates, TRAP‐positive multinucleated cells were markedly induced in the periodontal ligament (PDL) on the compressed side and in the adjacent alveolar bone of OPG‐deficient mice. These multinucleated cells exhibited intense vacuolar‐type H+‐ATPase along the ruffled border membranes. Because of accelerated osteoclastic resorption in OPG‐deficient mice, alveolar bone was severely destroyed and partially perforated at 2 and 5 days after force application. In both wild‐type and OPG‐deficient mice, RANKL expression became stronger at 2 and 5 days after force application than before force application. There was no apparent difference in intensity of RANKL expression between OPG (+/+) littermates and OPG‐deficient mice. In both wild‐type and OPG‐deficient mice, expression of RANKL protein was detected in osteoblasts, fibroblasts, and osteoclasts mostly located in resorption lacunae. These results suggest that during orthodontic tooth movement, RANKL and OPG in the periodontal tissues are important determinants regulating balanced alveolar bone resorption. Anat Rec 266:218–225, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Missing Omo L338y‐6 occipital‐marginal sinus drainage pattern: Ground sectioning, computer tomography scanning, and the original fossil fail to show it
Authors: Holloway Ralph L. , Yuan Michael S. , Broadfield Douglas C. , Degusta David , Richards Gary D. , Silvers Adam , Shapiro Jill S. , White Tim D. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe Omo L338y‐6 occipital region has been recently studied by White and Falk (1999), who claim that it shows a readily identifiable enlarged left occipital‐marginal sinus (O/M). These observations are contrary to the direct observations of previous investigators (Rak and Howell, 1978; Kimbel, 1984; Holloway, 1981; Holloway, 1988). White and Falk (1999) further argue that the presence of this enlarged O/M strongly suggests that the Omo L338y‐6 hominid was indeed a “robust” Australopithecus. We used direct sectioning and CT scanning to analyze magnified sections of a high‐quality first‐generation cast of the newly cleaned original fossil. These methods fail to show any evidence of a morphological landmark that can be interpreted as an enlarged O/M, either as an eminence or a sulcus. In contrast, the same techniques used with both SK 1585 and OH5 (“robust” Australopithecus with an enlarged O/M) show extremely visible and palpable enlarged O/M's. Examination of the original Omo fossil confirms that it lacks an O/M. This evidence clearly shows that an enlarged O/M cannot be identified on either the original fossil or a first‐generation cast, although this does not rule out the possibility that the Omo L338y‐6 hominid was a “robust” Australopithecus. We believe that the differences between observers regarding this feature are most probably due to displacement caused by a crack and the different source materials employed, i.e., the difference between a first‐generation cast of the original fossil and a third‐ or fourth‐generation cast of the endocast made two decades ago. Anat Rec 266:249–257, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Alkaline phosphatase activity in whitefly salivary glands and saliva
Authors: Funk C. Joel 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAlkaline phosphatase activity was histochemically localized in adult whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci B biotype, syn. B. argentifolii) with a chromogenic substrate (5‐bromo‐4‐chloro‐3‐indolylphosphate) and a fluorogenic substrate (ELF‐97). The greatest amount of staining was in the basal regions of adult salivary glands with additional activity traced into the connecting salivary ducts. Other tissues that had alkaline phosphatase activity were the accessory salivary glands, the midgut, the portion of the ovariole surrounding the terminal oocyte, and the colleterial gland. Whitefly nymphs had activity in salivary ducts, whereas activity was not detected in two aphid species (Rhodobium porosum and Aphis gossypii). Whitefly diet (15% sucrose) was collected from whitefly feeding chambers and found to have alkaline phosphatase activity, indicating the enzyme was secreted in saliva. Further studies with salivary alkaline phosphatase collected from diet indicated that the enzyme had a pH optimum of 10.4 and was inhibited by 1 mM cysteine and to a lesser extent 1 mM histidine. Dithiothreitol, inorganic phosphate, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) also inhibited activity, whereas levamisole only partially inhibited salivary alkaline phosphatase. The enzyme was heat tolerant and retained approximately 50% activity after a 1‐h treatment at 65°C. The amount of alkaline phosphatase activity secreted by whiteflies increased under conditions that stimulate increased feeding. These observations indicate alkaline phosphatase may play a role during whitefly feeding. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 46:165–174, 2001. Published 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Activity of insulin growth factors and shrimp neurosecretory organ extracts on a lepidopteran cell line
Authors: Hatt P.J. , Liebon C. , Morinière M. , Oberlander H. , Porcheron P. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractEcdysteroids, or molting hormones, have been proven to be key differentiation regulators for epidermal cells in the postembryonic development of arthropods. Regulators of cell proliferation, however, remain largely unknown. To date, no diffusible insect peptidic growth factors have been characterized. Molecules structurally related to insulin have been discovered in insects, as in other eucaryotes. We developed in vitro tests for the preliminary characterization of potential growth factors in arthropods by adapting the procedures designed to detect such factors in vertebrates to an insect cell line (IAL‐PID2) established from imaginal discs of the Indian meal moth. We verified the ability of these tests to measure the proliferation of IAL‐PID2 cells. We tested mammalian insulin and insulin‐like growth factors (IGF‐I, IGF‐II). Following an arrest of cell proliferation by serum deprivation, IGF‐I and IGF‐II caused partial resumption of the cell cycle, evidenced by DNA synthesis. In contrast, the addition of 20‐hydroxyecdysone arrested the proliferation of the IAL‐PID2 cells. The cell line was then used in a test for functional characterization of potential growth factors originating from the penaeid shrimp,Penaeus vannamei. Crude extracts of neurosecretory and nervous tissues, eyestalks, and ventral neural chain compensated for serum deprivation and stimulated completion of mitosis. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 34:313–328, 1997. © 1997 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Large granular lymphocytic (LGL) leukemia in rats exposed to intermittent 60 Hz magnetic fields
Authors: Anderson L.E. , Morris J.E. , Miller D.L. , Rafferty C.N. , Ebi K.L. , Sasser L.B. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAn animal model for large granular lymphocytic (LGL) leukemia in male Fischer 344 rats was utilized to determine whether magnetic field exposure can be shown to influence the progression of leukemia. We previously reported that exposure to continuous 60 Hz, 1 mT magnetic fields did not significantly alter the clinical progression of LGL leukemia in young male rats following injection of spleen cells from donor leukemic rats. Results presented here extend those studies with the following objectives: (a) to replicate the previous study of continuous 60 Hz magnetic field exposures, but using fewer LGL cells in the inoculum, and (b) to determine if intermittent 60 Hz magnetic fields can alter the clinical progression of leukemia. Rats were randomly assigned to four treatment groups (18/group) as follows: (1) 1 mT (10 G) continuous field, (2) 1 mT intermittent field (off/on at 3 min intervals), (3) ambient controls ( <  0.1 μT), and (4) positive control (5 Gy whole body irradiation from cobalt‐60 four days prior to initiation of exposure). All rats were injected intraperitoneally with 2.2 × 106 fresh, viable LGL leukemic spleen cells at the beginning of the study. The fields were activated for 20 h per day, 7 days per week, and all exposure conditions were superimposed over the natural ambient magnetic field. The rats were weighed and palpated for splenomegaly weekly. Splenomegaly developed 9–11 weeks after transplantation of the leukemia cells. Hematological evaluations were performed at 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16 weeks of exposure. Peripheral blood hemoglobin concentration, red blood cells, and packed cell volume declined, and total white blood cells and LGL cells increased dramatically in all treatment groups after onset of leukemia. Although the positive control group showed different body weight curves and developed signs of leukemia earlier than other groups, differences were not detected between exposure groups and ambient controls. Furthermore, there were no overall effects of magnetic fields on splenomegaly or survival in exposed animals. In addition, no significant and/or consistent differences were detected in hematological parameters between the magnetic field exposed and the ambient control groups. Bioelectromagnetics 22:185–193, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Control of retinal growth and axon divergence at the chiasm: lessons from Xenopus
Authors: Mann Fanny , Holt Christine E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMetamorphosis in frogs is a critical developmental process through which a tadpole changes into an adult froglet. Metamorphic changes include external morphological transformations as well as important changes in the wiring of sensory organs and central nervous system. This review aims to provide an overview on the events that occur in the visual system of metamorphosing amphibians and to discuss recent studies that provide new insight into the molecular mechanisms that control changes in the retinal growth pattern as well as the formation of new axonal pathways in the central nervous system. BioEssays 23:319–326, 2001. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Histone acetylation beyond promoters: long‐range acetylation patterns in the chromatin world*
Authors: Forsberg E. Camilla , Bresnick Emery H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractHistone acetylation is an important regulatory mechanism that controls transcription and diverse nuclear processes. While great progress has been made in understanding how localized acetylation and deacetylation control promoter activity, virtually nothing is known about the consequences of acetylation throughout entire chromosomal regions. An increasing number of genes have been found to reside in large chromatin domains that are controlled by regulatory elements many kilobases away. Recent studies have shown that broad histone acetylation patterns are hallmarks of chromatin domains. The purpose of this review is to discuss how such patterns are established and their implications for regulating gene expression. BioEssays 23:820–830, 2001. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Three sons of fortune: early embryogenesis, evolution and ecology of nematodes
Authors: Schierenberg Einhard 
Published: August 2002

AbstractComparative analysis of nematode development has revealed considerable variations in how the fates of embryonic cells are specified. Such early variations seem enigmatic as they do not influence the resultant structure or performance of the emerging animal. Three different nematode species are used to consider why alternative ways to reach the same goal may have been established during evolution and why early steps of embryogenesis are particularly variable. A scenario is sketched with a shift from late to early cell specification, along with an increase in maternal contribution and developmental tempo and a decrease in regulative potential expressing different developmental strategies. Future studies of larger numbers of species are needed to assess the extent of such variations and to understand more fully the under lying mechanisms, rules and driving forces. BioEssays 23:841–847, 2001. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Effects of DRL and DRL combined with response cost on perseverative verbal behavior of an adult with mental retardation and obsessive compulsive disorder
Authors: Kostinas George , Scandlen Alison , Luiselli James K. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAlthough there has been increased interest in the identification and diagnosis of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) in people who have developmental disabilities, clinical research has been reported infrequently. The present single‐case study evaluated the effects from systematic behavioral intervention with a 26‐year‐old man who had moderate mental retardation, OCD, and exhibited perseverative verbalizations. Verbalizations were reduced when the man gained access to preferred activities contingent upon a low response frequency (DRL: differential reinforcement of low‐rate responding). The behavior was reduced further when a DRL contingency was implemented in the form of a response cost procedure. The implications of these findings for the treatment of OCD in people with developmental disabilities are discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New structural insights from Raman spectroscopy of proteins and their assemblies
Authors: Thomas George J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractProtein structure and stability are sensitive to and dependent on the local interactions of amino acid side chains. A diverse and important type of side‐chain interaction is the hydrogen bond. Although numerous hydrogen bonds are resolved in protein 3‐dimensional structures, those of the cysteine sulfhydryl group (S H) are elusive to high‐resolution X‐ray and NMR methods. However, the nature and strength of sulfhydryl hydrogen bonds (SH…X) are amenable to investigation by Raman spectroscopy. The power of the Raman method for characterizing SH…X interactions is illustrated by resolving the Raman SH stretching band for each of the eight cysteines per 666‐residue subunit in the trimeric tailspike of icosahedral bacteriophage P22. The Raman sulfhydryl signatures of the wild‐type tailspike and eight single‐site cysteine to serine mutants reveal a heretofore unrecognized diversity of SH hydrogen bonds in a native protein. The use of Raman spectroscopy to identify the non‐hydrogen‐bonded state of the tyrosine phenoxyl group is also described. This unusual and unexpected state occurs for all tyrosines in the assembled capsids of filamentous viruses Ff and Pf1. The Raman spectral signature of the non‐hydrogen‐bonded tyrosine phenoxyl, which is characterized by an extraordinary Raman Fermi doublet intensity ratio (I850/I830 = 6.7), extends and refines the existing correlation for hydrogen‐bonded tyrosines. Finally, a novel Raman signature for tryptophan in the Pf3 filamentous virus is identified, which is proposed as diagnostic of “cation–π interaction” involving the guanidinium group of Arg 37 as a cation donor and the indolyl ring of Trp 38 as a π‐electron acceptor. These studies demonstrate the power of Raman spectroscopy for investigating the interactions of key side chains in native protein assemblies. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Biospectroscopy) 67: 214–225, 2002
Selected amino acids protect hybridoma and CHO cells from elevated carbon dioxide and osmolality
Authors: deZengotita Vivian M. , Abston Lisa R. , Schmelzer Albert E. , Shaw Shinie , Miller William M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractElevated pCO2 inhibits cell growth. This growth inhibition is accompanied by a decrease in intracellular pH (pHi), as well as a decrease in glycolysis. Elevated concentrations (mM) of some amino acids have been shown by others to protect cells exposed to two very different environmental stresses: nutrient starvation and hyperosmolality. The fact that many of the amino acids shown to have protective effects against other stresses are transported into the cell through a pHi‐sensitive transporter led us to study the possibility of using these amino acids as protective agents under elevated pCO2. Screening experiments using 5, 15, and 25 mM of each amino acid showed that not all amino acids that protect cells from hyperosmolality protect them from elevated pCO2. Glycine betaine and glycine were chosen for further characterization in both hybridoma and CHO cells. Asparagine and threonine were also tested in hybridoma and CHO cells, respectively. All amino acids tested under 195 mm Hg pCO2/435 mOsm/kg (50% growth inhibition) restored the specific growth rate (μ) in hybridoma cells to that observed under control conditions (40 mm Hg/320 mOsm/kg). Addition of each amino acid resulted in an increase in the consumption rate and intracellular accumulation of that amino acid. In CHO cells, glycine betaine also restored μ to control values, while glycine and threonine partially restored μ. In hybridoma cells, the higher specific antibody productivity obtained at elevated pCO2 was maintained with the lowest amino acid concentration (5 mM). Productivity decreased toward control values with increasing amino acid concentrations. Elevated pCO2 decreased the specific tPA productivity in the CHO cell line studied. Only glycine betaine resulted in a 20% increase in productivity at 195 mm Hg/435 mOsm/kg. With the exception of glycine betaine in hybridoma cells, amino acids did not mitigate the associated pHi decrease of at least 0.2 pH units at 195 mm Hg/435 mOsm/kg. pHi in hybridoma cells under elevated pCO2 in the presence of glycine betaine was about 0.1 pH units below that of control. Amino acids had no effect on the cell size response of hybridoma cells, while they partially offset the increase in CHO cell size at elevated pCO2. Glycine betaine, asparagine, and glycine increased the specific glucose consumption rate observed at 195 mm Hg/435 mOsm/kg (50% of control) to values greater than 70% of control in hybridoma cells. In CHO cells, only glycine betaine increased qglc (by 20%) under elevated pCO2. All amino acids tested improved the cell yield from glutamine at 195 mm Hg/435 mOsm/kg in both cell lines. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 78: 741–752, 2002.
Optimization of maltodextrin hydrolysis by glucoamylase in a batch reactor
Authors: Cepeda E. , Hermosa M. , Ballesteros A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe hydrolysis of maltodextrins (10 DE) by glucoamylase was studied in a batch reactor at temperatures between 40 and 80°C and substrate concentration range from 17 to 300 kg/m−3. The experimental data were fitted to a model including thermal deactivation of the enzyme. In the model, the reaction rate was correlated with an extended Michaelis‐Menten equation including inhibition by product, and the thermal deactivation of glucoamylase was fitted with a first‐order reaction. The dependence of rate parameters on temperature was correlated using the Arrhenius equation. The differential equation of the model was integrated and the optimal enzyme demand and temperature were determined for isothermal operation. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 76: 70–76, 2001.
Assessment of near‐infrared spectral information for rapid monitoring of bioprocess quality
Authors: Vaidyanathan Seetharaman , Arnold S. Alison , Matheson Liliana , Mohan Pankaj , McNeil Brian , Harvey Linda M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAccess to real‐time process information is desirable for consistent and efficient operation of bioprocesses. Near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is known to have potential for providing real‐time information on the quantitative levels of important bioprocess variables. However, given the fact that a typical NIR spectrum encompasses information regarding almost all the constituents of the sample matrix, there are few case studies that have investigated the spectral details for applications in bioprocess quality assessment or qualitative bioprocess monitoring. Such information would be invaluable in providing operator‐level assistance on the progress of a bioprocess in industrial‐scale productions. We investigated this aspect and report the results of our investigation. Near‐infrared spectral information derived from scanning unprocessed culture fluid (broth) samples from a complex antibiotic production process was assessed for a data set that incorporated bioprocess variations. Principal component analysis was applied to the spectral data and the loadings and scores of the principal components studied. Changes in the spectral information that corresponded to variations in the bioprocess could be deciphered. Despite the complexity of the matrix, near‐infrared spectra of the culture broth are shown to have valuable information that can be deconvoluted with the help of factor analysis techniques such as principal component analysis (PCA). Although complex to interpret, the loadings and score plots are shown to offer potential in process diagnosis that could be of value in the rapid assessment of process quality, and in data assessment prior to quantitative model development. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 74: 376–388, 2001.
N‐Removal in a granular sludge sequencing batch airlift reactor
Authors: Beun J. J. , Heijnen J. J. , van Loosdrecht M. C. M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe removal of N‐compounds in the sequencing batch airlift reactor (SBAR) containing granular sludge was studied under conditions of decreased dissolved oxygen (DO). A simulation model was developed to describe and evaluate the effects of several process conditions in the SBAR on N‐removal performance. The model described the experimental data reasonable well. It has been shown that nitrification, denitrification, and removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) can occur simultaneously in a granular sludge SBR. It has also been shown that the exact location of the autotrophic biomass influences the net N‐removal. The distribution of the autotrophic biomass is influenced by the DO in the reactor. The optimal DO value is expected to be around 40% air saturation. It was shown that storage and subsequent degradation of poly‐β‐hydroxybutyrate (PHB) benefit the denitrification. In particular, PHB is stored in bacteria situated in deeper layers of the granules below where the autotrophic activity occurs, serves as a C‐source for denitrification. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 75: 82–92, 2001.