bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Religious Reasons and Liberal Legitimacy
Authors: Leontiev Kim 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This article addresses the exclusivism–inclusivism debate about religious reasons in law within a justificatory liberal framework. The question of whether religious reasons have justificatory capacity for attaining public justification has increasingly been seen as a matter of how public justification is understood between two rival models: the consensus model being aligned with exclusivism, the convergence model with inclusivism. More recently, however, that alignment has been challenged with attempts to show that consensus can reach an equivalent degree of inclusivism as convergence. Against this, I contend that the purported equivalence is misplaced. First, I identify a crucial ambiguity about public justification and two corresponding domains. Upon demonstrating these to be mutually independent and severable, I conclude that the moves to equalize the models are confined within the more narrow domain while, in the more fundamental domain, the choice of model continues to prove determinative as to the exclusivist or inclusivist valence of justificatory liberalism.
The need for proper archiving and referencing of sound recordings in taxonomic studies of birds
Authors: Lima Rafael Dantas 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
A survey of recent taxonomic studies of birds that included acoustic trait analyses reveals that most studies have not archived the sound recordings that support their conclusions, despite the current availability of online, publicly available collections of bird sounds. In addition, bird sound recordings have often been cited without unique accession numbers that permit unambiguous sample identification and in considerably less detail than other types of samples, such as museum specimens or genetic samples. Both this lack of data openness and the way acoustic samples have been cited undermine the methodological rigor that otherwise characterizes many of these studies, and much invaluable biological data are likely to be lost over time if bird sound recordings are not archived in long-term collections. I suggest that these problems can be easily addressed by embracing the open data movement and adopting some best practices that are widely used in other fields. Just as study skins and DNA sequences are required to be deposited in publicly available collections such as natural history museums and the GenBank, respectively, sound recordings used in taxonomic studies with acoustic trait analyses should be archived in publicly available collections as a condition for publication of associated results. Authors of taxonomic studies involving sounds should archive their sound recordings and provide unique accession numbers for sound recordings examined, and journals and reviewers should ensure that authors have done so. By embracing the open data movement, research studying avian acoustic signals is expected to become more transparent, reproducible, and useful.
Theoretical and Terminological Issues
Authors: Bent Margaret 
Published: January 2024

AbstractThis chapter proposes that the often-cited prescriptions for motet composition traditionally attributed to ‘Egidius’ should revert to anonymous status. It addresses the phenomenon of motets with middle-voice tenors and a lower motetus, the definition and terminology for introitus and cadentia, and the problem of non-coincident or dissonant endings, which it is suggested would normally have been adjusted to consonance. A survey of lower parts includes solus tenors, tenors ad longum, and the status of essential and inessential contratenors in four-part writing, some of which have been addressed in other publications, together with questions of musical grammar and counterpoint, which underlie many of the assumptions in this book.
Words and Music in Machaut’s Motet 9
Authors: Bent Margaret 
Published: January 2024

AbstractThis chapter was written with pedagogical intent, with explanations designed for undergraduates or non-medievalists, complementing previous analyses of this motet. It sets out the music, texts and translations, and is illustrated by sound clips matched to notated examples. But it also finds fruitful new analytical directions in significant departures from background rhythmic groupings, in cadence choices and voice crossings. Text–music relationships are a rich hunting-ground: alliteration and onomatopoeia abound. Extremes of range convey height and depth; Lucifer flies high before his descent, and the triplum crosses below the motetus for abysses and caverns. Depiction goes far beyond madrigalisms, and even ascent and descent are not simple when different simultaneous texts are involved. The conjunct serpentine tenor represents the evil beast of its chant-derived words, and contrasts at the word pungit (punctures, or stings) with hockets which puncture the texted parts above it. Affinities with other motets are explored.
Motet 18:Bone pastor Guillerme/Bone pastor, qui pastores/Bone pastor
Authors: Bent Margaret 
Published: January 2024

AbstractThis chapter expands earlier observations about the close planning of text and music together for Motet 18 in such a way as to place monosyllables so that no words would be broken by rests in the isorhythmic hockets of the second section. This could not have happened by accident. Debates have centred around the early date apparently required by the motet’s undisputed dedicatee, Guillaume de Trie, Bishop of Reims. Musically, it has a number of features which seem precocious for 1325, notably a single minim rest. Recent later datings by Karen Desmond and Lawrence Earp are considered, but the present author concludes that the earlier dating is not impossible. A postscript offers a tidier notational solution to the tenor of Motet 2 than those proposed previously.
Apollinis eclipsatur/Zodiacum signis/In omnem terramand Later Versions with Added Parts
Authors: Bent Margaret 
Published: January 2024

AbstractApollinis was the earliest of the group of musician motets set out in Chapter 15, and the progenitor of the others. It was also one of the most widely circulated fourteenth-century motets, and uniquely attracted the addition not only of contratenors but also of extra upper parts, up to at least seventy years later. Its texts are among the richest in the repertory for their cosmic and numerical symbolism, closely bound to the music. As with other motets in the group, the three parts refer to each other textually and musically. The composer B. de Cluny names himself in the motetus. Apollinis and its three later versions with added parts are all edited with commentary. Chapter 1 proposed restoring the treatise De modo componendi tenores motettorum to anonymous status; in this chapter, the author argues that its instructions for composing with a central tenor and for four- and five-part composition uniquely fit Apollinis and its later versions.
Sub Arturo plebs/Fons citharizancium/ In omnem terramand its Musicians
Authors: Bent Margaret 
Published: January 2024

AbstractThe brilliant composition Sub Arturo plebs is the only English member of the musician motets group. It is attested in three sources (two Continental and one English), one as late as the 1430s. Its nearest comparands are datable after 1400, about thirty years later than other datings that have been proposed. It is an exuberant and complex piece, with exciting cross-rhythms and a mensurally accelerating tenor, celebrating fourteen English musicians. The composer appends his name, J. Alanus, to a potted history of musical greats in the motetus. Provisional documentation of the named musicians ranges over more than half a century, suggesting a retrospective roll-call, not a list of the living. Musicorum celebrated seven musicians: here twice seven, surely going one better not only than Musicorum, but than the bis sex (‘twice six’) of Apollinis, while also nodding at the seven taleae of Musicalis. Extensive links to the other musician motets are explored.
Against Private Surrogacy
Authors: Gheaus Anca 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This is Anca Gheaus’s main chapter, providing a child-centred criticism of surrogacy. Gheaus argues that surrogacy is best understood as an attempt to transfer the moral right to parent from one private individual to another, at will. But children’s moral status limits the power that may be legitimately exercised over them—including parental power—to what is in the best interest of the child, suitably defined, and in line with third parties’ moral rights. Therefore, the moral right to parent does not protect the would-be parent’s interest in exercising authority over the child; it is not a claim right, but a liberty, or privilege. Parents lack the normative power to transfer their right to custody privately; surrogacy, whether altruistic or commercial, is an attempt to engage in such a transfer and is therefore illegitimate. The law should reflect this fact, banning privately arranged transfers of custody. A radically transformed practice of surrogacy could be legitimate, on the condition that it allocates legal parenthood in ways that are respectful to children.
Aristotle on Modality
Authors: Malink Marko 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Modal concepts are used by some of the earliest Greek philosophers, but Aristotle was the first to develop a full-blown theory of modality and to explore connections between modality and many other philosophical topics. The chapter first presents Aristotle’s rich account of necessity, possibility, and contingency. Aristotle distinguished various kinds of necessity and possibility, distinctions that he embedded in his logic, semantics, theory of truth, and accounts of powers and agency. Some of these embeddings proved more controversial than others, and the chapter outlines some of the main criticisms of Aristotle’s theories advanced by his own students, as well as by later Stoic philosophers. One perennial topic of discussion among ancient Greek philosophers concerns the distribution of necessity and the threat of fatalism. Many of these debates about the nature and source of contingency, and the relation of modality to time more generally, would be repeated in later centuries.
Modality in Medieval Latin Philosophy
Authors: Knuuttila Simo 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Chapter 2 discusses how Aristotle’s influence on theories of modality continued well into the medieval period. It focuses on the complex relation between temporal and modal notions in the Latin and Arabic Aristotelian traditions. Medievals tended to interpret modal notions like necessity and possibility in terms of time and change. This interlacing of modality and temporality had wide-ranging implications for medieval accounts of logic, metaphysics, and natural sciences. One important point of disagreement between some Latin and Arabic medievals concerned how to treat non-temporal divine possibilities, disagreements that ultimately led to more general challenges to the statistical model for modalities. Duns Scotus developed an alternative framework for analyzing modal concepts in terms of consistency rather than temporality, an approach that had far-reaching consequences for late medieval discussions in theology, metaphysics, and modal logic.
Modality in Kant and Hegel
Authors: Stang Nicholas F. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores Kant’s and Hegel’s views on what unifies the modalities, i.e., why possibility, actuality, and necessity are modalities and other notions, like truth, are not. According to Kant, modal concepts do not describe properties of objects, but instead express the relation of concepts of objects to our capacity for cognition. Since our capacity for cognition has two “stems,” sensibility and understanding, this generates a distinction between two kinds of modality: logical modality, which expresses the relation of a concept to the form and matter of the understanding alone, and real modality, which expresses the relation of a concept to the form and matter of understanding and sensibility. Hegel rejects this Kantian account of the unity of the modalities, holding that modal categories are determinations of objects just as much as any other category of Hegelian Logic. Hegelian modalities do not express the relation of a concept to a cognitive power rather than a determination of an object; they describe both determinations of an object and the relation of thought to its object, for, in Hegel’s Logic, these are ultimately the same. What unifies Hegelian modalities instead is that they describe structural moments of the self-development of the ‘modes’ of what Hegel calls ‘the Absolute.’
Modality and Essence in Contemporary Metaphysics
Authors: Koslicki Kathrin 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Essentialists hold that at least a certain range of entities can be meaningfully said to have natures, essences, or essential features independently of how these entities are described, conceptualized, or otherwise placed with respect to our specifically human interests, purposes, or activities. Modalists about essence, on the one hand, take the position that the essential truths are a subset of the necessary truths and the essential properties of entities are included among their necessary properties. Non-modalists about essence, on the other hand, oppose the reduction of essence to modality and hold, rather, that essence is more basic than, and explanatory of, modality. This chapter begins with a brief summary of Kit Fine’s well-known challenges to the modal account of essence and considers a recent attempt by “sparse modalists” like Sam Cowling and Nathan Wildman to respond to Fine’s counterexamples by adding a sparseness constraint to the “bare” modal account of essence. A further question arises, however, as to whether and how Fine’s definitional approach can avoid his own counterexamples against the modal approach to essence. The chapter concludes with some final thoughts concerning the theoretical roles ascribed to essence by modalists and non-modalists.
Our Closest Relations
Authors: Sharone Ofer 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Our closest relationships can provide crucial support, but more often during periods of prolonged unemployment, these relationships become strained. In marriages, strains arise from mutual expectations and disappointments. The spouse of the unemployed person often feels disappointed with the lack of financial and household contribution, while the unemployed spouse often feels disappointed at not being understood with more empathy. Friendships face other kinds of challenges. Many long-term unemployed jobseekers report that most of their day-to-day friendships were at work and that their job loss also entailed a loss of these friendships. But nonwork friends often also back away with stigmatizing reactions. Stigma in the context of friendship is revealed in the nature of friends’ questions, their unsolicited advice, and their awkward silences. These strains in marriages and friendships create a feedback loop and exacerbate the ongoing professional and emotional crisis of long-term unemployment.
Moving Beyond Stigma and the Myth of Meritocracy
Authors: Sharone Ofer 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter reflects on the tenacity of the unemployment stigma, the prospects and obstacles for collective action to challenge the institutions of neoliberal capitalism underlying this stigma, and the lessons that may be learned from the policy response to the Covid-19 pandemic. The chapter analyzes the efforts of a group of unemployed jobseekers who sought to raise awareness about the challenges of long-term unemployment and call for changes in policy. It focuses on the challenge of the activists who desire to make the issue of long-term unemployment visible at the same that they are understandably hesitant—given the stigma of unemployment—to make themselves individually visible. The chapter also discusses how the stigma of unemployment shapes the policy debate and what policies are possible when unemployment is considered in a manner that is not distorted by stigma or the myth of meritocracy.
A Critical Realist Theory of Democracy
Authors: Bagg Samuel Ely 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides a comprehensive introduction to the core theoretical claims of the book, as well as their normative and methodological foundations, as summarized in Table 1.1 at the end of the chapter. It begins by clarifying the fundamental aim of the book: to provide heuristics that are useful for guiding the judgment of real political actors. In particular, its focus is “mid-level” theories situated between abstract ideals and the particularities of everyday decision-making—a description that applies to both collective self-rule and resisting state capture, the two contrasting democratic ideals at the heart of the book. Theories of collective self-rule see politics as a way of making decisions, and democracy as a way of making those decisions collectively, on equal terms. When answering questions about why democracy matters and how to make it better, therefore, they focus on equalizing individual contributions to specific processes of collective will formation and decision-making. However, dissenting traditions of skeptical realism and radical critique suggest that this goal is impossible, and that any decision-making process will inevitably reflect background asymmetries of organizational capacity across groups. The ideal of resisting state capture sees politics instead as a process of group-based competition for state power, and democracy as a way of making that competition more egalitarian, by balancing the power of different groups. This makes states less likely to be captured by any particular group, and thus more likely to serve broad public interests. It concludes by reflecting on the scope and limits of this approach.
Beyond Responsive Representation
Authors: Bagg Samuel Ely 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter addresses one of the two most practically influential versions of collective self-rule: the ideal of “responsive representation.” This account of democracy sees it as a way of ensuring that representatives obey the popular will. Some version of it is presumed by most public discussion of democracy, as well as a good deal of scholarly discussion, despite the fact that its limitations have long been established by scholars from a variety of methodological and ideological perspectives. The goal of this chapter is to summarize this scholarship in an especially concise and pointed way, rebut various attempts to vindicate the ideal of responsive representation, and highlight the consequences of accepting its limitations. It first explains critiques arising from social choice theory, and then moves to a contrasting set of critiques arising from social identity theory. Defenders of responsive representation have pointed to real weaknesses in both lines of critique, but a key contribution of the chapter is to show how combining the two enables a much stronger and more robust critique than either provides on its own. Once both are accounted for, the ideal of responsive representation cannot survive. The chapter closes by considering the implications of this conclusion for the practical questions of democratic theory: namely, what to make of existing democratic institutions, and what priorities to adopt in improving them. Most importantly, it shows, popular strategies of electoral reform can only ever hope to make marginal improvements to democracy, and should not be granted so much priority.
Dispersing Private Power
Authors: Bagg Samuel Ely 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the three radical demands implied by the ideal of resisting state capture: anti-monopoly, countervailing power, and systemic redistribution. By dispersing private power and mitigating imbalances in organizational capacity, all three reduce capture beyond the levels achieved by liberal practices described in Chapter 5. Through careful application of “corrective partiality,” that is, they make competition among groups more egalitarian, thereby reducing the severity and pervasiveness of capture by those hegemonic groups that most reliably capture public power in contemporary democracies: wealthy elites and categorically advantaged groups. The principle of anti-monopoly entails directly targeting the power resources and coordination capacity of those hegemonic groups, through policies such as antitrust, wealth taxes, and caps on pay and spending. The principle of countervailing power entails bolstering the organizational capacity of their most serious rivals: i.e., those counter-hegemonic groups whose position of social and economic subordination gives them a robust interest in contesting hegemonic groups, as well as the ability—once properly organized—to do so successfully. This entails organizing in unions, community organizations, movements, parties, and beyond, although most discussion of this is deferred to Chapter 10. Finally, the principle of systemic redistribution entails flattening the overall distribution of private power, so that background asymmetries are less severe. Going beyond a liberal commitment to ensuring a basic social minimum, this radical principle entails redistribution for its own sake, via reparations and—ideally—a continuous stream of unconditional wealth transfers. Table 6.1 summarizes the six principles outlined in Chapters 5 and 6.
The Power of the Multitude
Authors: Bagg Samuel Ely 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter applies the ideal of resisting state capture to the first major task of democratic theory, as outlined in Chapter 1: namely, evaluating the existing practices of electoral democracy. It begins by insisting that recent “epistemic” challenges to democracy must be taken seriously, and that existing responses to these challenges are underwhelming. It then develops a novel instrumental account of why basic electoral democracy is valuable, providing a more robust and broadly compelling rebuttal to its critics. It proceeds by comparing competitive elections and universal suffrage with their most plausible concrete alternatives: a political meritocracy where political leaders select their own replacements, and an epistocracy restricting the franchise to those with certain epistemic or moral virtues. It demonstrates that these alternatives would enable incumbents to entrench their power far more easily, and would thus dramatically increase the danger of the most severe and pervasive forms of tyrannical state capture. And this explains—in robust yet realistic terms—why electoral democracy, despite its many flaws, cannot be abandoned under any circumstances. After this defensive account of democracy’s value, the chapter then develops a brief positive account of how elections keep public officials loosely tethered to the public interest, despite the very real and concerning shortcomings of responsive representation highlighted in Chapter 2. Finally, it emphasizes that the appropriate attitude towards electoral democracy is one of “measured appreciation,” and highlights the implications of adopting this attitude for other normative and philosophical domains, such as legal theories of administrative legitimacy.