bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Potlatch
Authors: Morowitz Harold J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
WHEN WE TAKE A CLOSE LOOK at the activities of men and women in “primitive” societies, that study is designated as anthropology, but we lack a similar professional label for the scientific observation of our friends, relatives, colleagues, and neighbors. There is something very boorish about staring at our peers and taking notes. Thus I once thought that a true cultural study of contemporary Terre Haute, Ind., Oxnard, Calif., or Fairfax, Va., didn’t exist, although I knew Lewis Thomas had reported on the activities of the biologists on Stony Beach at Woods Hole, Mass. In general, there is a surprising reliance on questionnaires that ignore the primary existential fact that people lie, boast, and exaggerate. Consequently, I thought that there are features of society that are better understood in the Trobriand Islands than on Manhattan and Staten Islands. I have since become aware of modern studies by such scholars as John D. Dorst and Constance Perin, who focus on the anthropology of contemporary American life, and I must thus revise my views of cultural understanding. Such intellectual burdens are the price of discussing ideas with learned colleagues.
Planetary Protection
Authors: Morowitz Harold J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN A MODEST OFFICE in NASA headquarters in Washington, D.C., sits a young man who bears the awesome title “Planetary Protection Officer.” He is, I believe, the fourth or fifth person to carry this title: I have personally known at least three of his predecessors. The job of this official concerns itself with controlling interplanetary biological contamination accompanying missions from Earth to other planets and the possible return of extraterrestrial samples. I am in favor of someone’s having this responsibility, and I sleep easier knowing that the matter of planetary protection is part of the federal agenda. Since missions to Mars are planned for the first quarter of the twenty-first century, the problem of planetary protection is beginning to warm up once more.
I was involved in the last great dispute over planetary protection, and retelling the story may prove to be a useful exercise. The time was 1969, a few months before the launch of the first manned lunar module, when plans were being made for three humans to go to the moon and return to Earth with a collection of moon rocks. It was an exciting time for lunar scientists and for a nation and a world excited by the idea of men on the moon.
Holding the Wolf by the Ears: The Plantation Setting and the Social Order
Authors: Taylor William R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The greatness of the past, the time when Virginia had been the mighty power of the New World, loomed ever above him [the Southern gentleman]. It increased his natural conservatism. He saw the change that was steadily creeping on. The conditions that had given his class their power and prestige had altered. The fields were worked down, and agriculture that had made his class rich no longer paid. The cloud was already gathering in the horizon; the shadow already was stretching towards him. He could foresee the danger that threatened Virginia. A peril ever sat beside his door. He was ‘holding the wolf by the ears.’
A Squire of Change Alley: The Plantation Legend and the Aristocratic Impulse
Authors: Taylor William R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some years previous to this period Mr. Petigru had engaged in the ordinary and legitimate proceeding of investing his professional profits in a plantation and negroes. It was the approved Carolina custom in closing every kind of career. No matter how one might begin, as lawyer, physician, clergyman, mechanic, or merchant, he ended, if prosperous, as proprietor of a rice or cotton plantation. It was the condition that came nearest to the shadow of the colonial aristocracy which yet remained.
Whistling in the Dark
Authors: Taylor William R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Historical Isolationism of the antebellum Southerner, the fact that he felt increasingly cut off and isolated from the historical forces which were reshaping the society of the Western world left him more and more defensive and touchy about his place within the South. The social order which he had imposed on his household and the surrounding county-an order which required the subordination of woman, Negro slave and nonslaveholding white-was submitted to careful and uneasy scrutiny by the novelists, who often stumbled upon social tensions and expressed reservations of a very worrying sort. It was impossible to live in nineteenth-century America without sharing some of its new concerns and obsessions-its sentimental preoccupation with the family, its evangelical benevolence, its endorsement of democratic change and social mobility. And yet it was impossible to share these new civic values without discovering grave inconsistencies in the planter’s social code. The novels written by Southerners reflect better than any other source this attempt of the South to wrestle with the nineteenth century and with itself.
The Rage for Order
Authors: Taylor William R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Social Problems in the South which worried and perplexed the novelists were not confined to those which concerned slavery and the status of women, deeply troubling as these were. Other tensions were building within the society at about the same time, and there is evidence that these tensions are responsible for certain features of the plantation novel as it developed. During the twenty years from Swallow Barn to Uncle Tom, Southerners betrayed a growing uneasiness over their ability to keep their house in order.
How Does Virtue Make a Difference?
Authors: Pellegrino Edmund D , Thomasma David C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Kant said that “purity of heart is to will one thing.” It may seem odd to quote the father of deontology at the start of a chapter devoted to the ways in which virtue ethics make a difference in the moral life of medicine, yet Kant’s insight goes straight to the point. Without principles, the moral life would rest on sand. There is too much variability in modem, secular, pluralistic society to trust that every person would act virtuously, or even that we could agree on what virtuous activity would entail in such an environment. Yet the obverse is also true. Ethics is far more than obeying rules. In the most extreme form of a rule-based ethics, presum ably, individuals need not accept the truth of the rules, just obey them. If the rules are obeyed, social conformity is achieved, but at the enormous cost of diminishing persons. This is a reductionistic ethic that relies on one virtue, obedience to the rules, to maintain the social order. It neglects all the other important virtues that enhance individual self-fulfillment and character.
The Fiery Furnace
Authors: Costa Emilia Viotti da 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The conflicts between missionaries and colonists that led to the tragic events of 1823 started fifteen years earlier, when the first missionaries of the London Missionary Society arrived in Demerara. They came deeply ignorant of the protocols and the unspoken rules of a slave society, and with their heads full of notions that were likely to provoke the colonists’ outrage and to aggravate the tensions that pitted masters and managers against slaves, and colonists against the mother country. In their day-to-day dealings with slaves, masters, managers, and royal authorities, the missionaries generated irritation on the part of the authorities, loyalties among slaves, and hatred among masters. Increasingly threatened by the new economic and ideological trends in the mother country and fearful of losing control over their slaves, the colonists vented their anger on the missionaries. A close examination of their interaction not only sheds light on the process that led to Smith’s indictment, but also helps to explain some of the circumstances that led to the rebellion. Before the LMS sent John Wray to Demerara, no one had given “religious instruction” to the slaves. In 1794, British Methodists had applied to the government of the United Provinces for permission to send missionaries, but the Court of Policy refused.Some time later, in 1805, when a Methodist missionary from Nevis approached the governor about settling in the colony to preach to slaves, he was told to leave on the first ship.
Voices in the Air
Authors: Costa Emilia Viotti da 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Garrison scorned those who saw an outside instigator behind every revolt. But one had to be an abolitionist like Garrison to understand the point so well. Slaveowners, managers, and royal authorities would have found it too threatening to recognize that the seeds of rebellion really were everywhere, grounded in the slave experience itself. It would have been even more threatening to admit that the slave experience transcended the boundaries of the plantations to encompass a larger world of symbols and meanings, market fluctuations and imperial policies, struggles for power and revolutionary ideologies-a world they could not hope to control.
The Reality of the Soviet Managem.ent Model
Authors: Kaple Deborah A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1949, the Chinese Communists looked toward the Soviet Union for ideas and even a blueprint for China’s socialist transformation. As discussed in the last chapter, the CCP chose to study the Soviets’ post­ war recovery model, which seemed to provide an answer to China’s immediate needs and to fulfill two other important functions: It offered a rationale for Communist Party leadership at all levels of manage­ ment (and society), and it described the methods for training, indoctrinating, and controlling the population. But what exactly was this model? This chapter examines the USSR’s industrial management model of 1946-1950 as it was portrayed in Soviet sources and explains how it actually functioned.
Control: Manipulating the Masses
Authors: Kaple Deborah A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Chinese Communist Party’s third goal in 1949 was simply to establish its control over industrial production and over all workers. The CCP’s understanding of the Soviet Union’s postwar experience largely shaped its policies on and ideas about industrialization and socialization and, similarly, its aim of political control. Based on the Soviet literature, total Party primacy in the factory was seen as the only method that would guarantee overall Communist Party control of enterprise management and administration.
Introduction
Authors: James LR 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Art Tatum’S Name is now a secure part of American popular culture, and almost everyone understands that to put someone on Tatum’s level is to bestow the highest praise. A play reviewer can write: “Stoppard handles words the way that Art Tatum used to handle a keyboard,” and the compliment is widely understood, even by people who never heard Art play the piano. More than thirty-five years after his death, his name is still a metaphor for excellence, and not just in America but the world over. I recently met a young jazz pianist and her mother, both from Azerbaijan in the former Soviet Union, and they were offended that I thought they might not know who Art Tatum was.
Early Development
Authors: James LR 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Art Tatum, JR., was born on October 13, 1909, in Toledo, Ohio. Teddy Roosevelt had just been succeeded by William H. Taft as President and times were not bad. World War I was still five years away, the Great Depression, twenty years. That remarkable and complex instrument, the piano, had escaped the confines of royal or upper-class music rooms and every household that could afford one had a piano in the parlor, like a household pet. In 1909 an American production record of 364,545 pianos was set, and American manufacturers (294 of them) for the first time turned out more pianos-considerably more--than the European builders. Large numbers of elephants were dying to provide ivories for them
Early Musical Development
Authors: James LR 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tatum Was Clearly a musical prodigy, responsive and reactive to sound and to music from a tender age. Early on he began wanting to play the piano more than anything, he set himself the highest standards and he was willing to work at achieving them, and his visual handicap was no handicap at all when it came to music. He had an extraordinary memory (for music, of course, but also for voices, for sports information, and even for remembering hands of cards in bridge and pinochle), and he must have begun storing up musical ideas from an early age.
To California and Back
Authors: James LR 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tatum Was Twenty-Sis when he made the long voyage to the West Coast. The movie industry was in high gear by the mid-1930s. It and the life that swirled around it attracted all kinds of creative people to Southern California. Fats Waller had gone out the year before, at age thirty-one, to appear in two movies. Among others, both George Gershwin and Nat Cole moved there the same year Art put in his first appearance in California (1936).
The Mind of a Pianist
Authors: James LR 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This Seems Like a good point at which to take time out from Tatum’s life story and consider him simply as a professional pianist. What exactly was Art Tatum doing at the piano, and how did he arrive at doing it? A technical answer to that question will come only from a patient reading of Schuller, Howlett, Howard, and a few others who have tried to analyze what went into a Tatum performance. Readers who are interested in the question, but who may not have the time to find and study those sources, deserve at least a sketch of an answer.
Pioneers Of The Loosa Chitto
Authors: Morris Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The east side of the Mississippi, from the Yazoo River south past Natchez, is bordered by a narrow strip of flood land that quickly rises 75 to 200 feet above the bottom. The black alluvial soil below the bluffs is some of the most fertile in North America. The hills, irregular, steep, and divided by narrow, deep ravines, consist of a fine topsoil collected from the prairies in the Far West by centuries of winds that jettisoned their cargo when the Mississippi ridge forced them abruptly upward. The fine, yellowish silt, called loess, although acidic, is nevertheless excellent for farming, except that its powdery quality renders it extremely susceptible to erosion. Only the dense thickets of cane, with their mesh of entangled roots, aided by the canopy of a walnut, oak, and magnolia forest, hold the soil and prevent rains from carrying it away in creeks that carve their way through the hills.
Brothers And Neighbors: The Politics Of Patriarchy
Authors: Morris Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One warm but windy spring day Benjamin Wailes took a leisurely ride around his neighborhood. From his home at Fonsylvania plantation near the Big Black River he headed southward, over his pasture toward Ivanhoe, an old plantation built by John Stephens forty years earlier, but recently purchased by Wailes for his niece Susan Covington. Susan had lived in the neighborhood as a girl, although she had moved to Natchez when her father died, since then visiting her childhood home infrequently. From Ivanhoe Wailes rode westward to Old Mr. Harris’s place, and then on to Doc Hunt’s. Finding no one at the doctor’s home Wailes ambled through the fields, examining the cluster of Indian mounds south of Hunt’s house. Several, he noted “have been ploughed over for a long period and the smaller ones almost obliterated. “ Wailes continued his tour, heading north at Mrs. Cameron’s farm toward the old Valentine plantation. The new owner, a former Vicksburg miller named Austin Mattingly, intercepted the passerby and offered to sell him a load of bricks. The two men settled on a price of eight dollars per thousand before Wailes rode on, passing Mattingly’s quarters and barns, near the large artificial pond graced by magnolia trees, and traveling beyond the brick kiln to a shallow creek, which he followed for perhaps two miles to the church. Bethel Methodist, more commonly known simply as Redbone church, attracted a large congregation from the neighborhood on most Sundays. Wailes usually attended, although sometimes he visited Antioch Baptist or, on occasion, if the visiting preacher happened to be a favorite, the chapel at Asbury campground. None was particularly close to Fonsylvania, each requiring a journey of about eight or ten miles round trip. One Sunday Wailes arrived at Redbone after Mr. Drake had already begun his sermon. A large crowd filled the building.
Hamlets And Towns:The Urban Process
Authors: Morris Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By 1860 nearly half the population of Warren County, numbering 8000, lived in or nearby Warren County’s only incorporated city.1 Vicksburg: The public wharf crammed with steamboats, barges, and pirogues so that much of the city’s business district actually floated upon the Mississippi; Levee Street clogged at certain times of the year with wagons, stacks of cotton bales, and discharged freight so “that a man could scarcely get about on horseback “; avenues ascending steep hills and lined with stores, restaurants, taverns, small manufacturing businesses, and law offices; hilltop mansions with names that betrayed the self-importance of their owners-the Castle, Belmont; an imposing new courthouse with massive columns on all sides, built by slaves but symbolic of the power of the masters, standing like the Parthenon with a whole civilization at its feet. Vicksburg was by the end of the antebellum era the center of Warren County society. But it was not the county’s only urban place.2
A Piace Apart From The Countryside: The City Of Vicksburg
Authors: Morris Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The villages and towns in and around Warren County from their earliest existence were tied closely to the countryside. To the extent that they supported a predominantly rural economy they differed from larger cities, north and south, where the urban-rural relation was reversed, where the countryside functioned to support a predominantly urban and manufacturing economy. But the relationship between town and country in Warren County indicated only a stage of development and not some unique urban process peculiar to the Old South. While urban development in the South lagged behind the Northeast it nevertheless unfolded in a similar manner. By 1860 Vicksburg’s relationship with the surrounding rural area had begun to change, as the town showed signs of leading the local economy while portions of the countryside settled into a more secondary and supportive role.
Dispersion of Contaminants
Authors: Lippmann Morton , Cohen Beverly S , Schlesinger Richard B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The contaminants generated by primary and secondary sources tend to spread continuously within the environment. This chapter reviews how the characteristics of the medium affect the dispersion of contaminants within and between the atmosphere, the hydrosphere, the lithosphere, and the biosphere. Some of the basic transport phenomena are illustrated in Figure 4–1, and these will be discussed in the sections that follow.
Fate of Environmental Chemicals: Translocation, Transformations, and Sinks
Authors: Lippmann Morton , Cohen Beverly S , Schlesinger Richard B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Following their release, chemical contaminants may be converted to different forms and/or transferred within and between the various compartments of the environment, i.e., the atmosphere, the hydrosphere, the lithosphere, and the biosphere. The transformation, degradation, and sequestration of chemicals in the environment may occur via three processes: (1) chemical, for example, atmospheric oxidation by O2, and its subclass, photochemical reaction; (2) biological, the degradation due to the metabolic action of microorganisms, primarily bacteria, which occurs mainly in soil and aquatic sediments; and (3) physical, for example, solubility and gravitational settlement.
Human Exposure Assessment
Authors: Lippmann Morton , Cohen Beverly S , Schlesinger Richard B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As discussed further in Chapters 9, 10, and 11, exposure assessment is a key element in risk assessment and risk management. There are a number of pathways for making quantitative exposure assessments (Fig. 8–1). Some, such as personal monitoring of concentrations in the breathing zone of selected individuals, can provide relatively precise information on those individuals, but only point estimates for a population at risk. Measurements of concentrations in environmental media (air, drinking water, food) can also be precise for the samples that are collected and analyzed, but of somewhat limited relevance for individuals in the population. Population distributions of exposure are often estimated using mathematical models with varying degrees of validation. This chapter focusses initially on techniques for direct measurements of exposures and concentrations in environmental media, and ends with a discussion of the limitations of the measurement data and models for exposure assessments in populations.
Measurement I: Questionnaires
Authors: Kelsey Jennifer L , Whittemore Alice S , Evans Alfred S , Thompson W Douglas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most epidemiologic studies use questionnaires to obtain at least some information from participants regarding their exposure to possible risk factors, their exposure to potential confounding variables, or the occurrence of the diseases of interest. For instance, cohort studies attempting to identify risk factors for coronary heart disease use questionnaires to obtain data on smoking habits as a possible risk factor or as a possible confounding variable when other associations are being considered; such studies also often obtain information by questionnaire on the occurrence of angina pectoris as one of the outcomes of interest. Case-control studies concerned with .such exposures as smoking or use of oral contraceptives most often ascertain exposure to these possible risk factors by means of questionnaires. Even when information on the risk factor and disease of primary interest is obtained through laboratory measurement or through existing records, data on potential confounding variables may have to be determined by questionnaire. In addition, various symptoms, measures of disability, and other indicators of quality of life can be determined only by asking people. Thus, good methods of questionnaire design are of crucial importance to epidemiologists. Whereas statistical analysis can be repeated if done incorrectly initially, there is seldom a second chance to obtain information by questionnaire from large numbers of participants if the questionnaire was poorly constructed in the first place.