bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Linguistic Rhythm and the Acquisition of Language
Authors: Mehler Jacques , Nespor Marina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In organisms endowed with a disposition to acquire grammar, the beginnings of language learning can be detected at the onset of life (Chomsky 1965, 1980). Under the assumption that some universal properties of grammar are part of the human genetic endowment, we still have to explain how particular languages are acquired. One strong hypothesis that is currently under evaluation is that an essential aspect of language acquisition consists in the setting of parameters to the value that corresponds to the first language of exposure, hereafter L1. Basically, the genetic endowment can be thought of as switches that are to be set to the values that characterize the grammatical properties of L1. Whether there is an initial value of these parameters and how often they can be switched to take another value (for instance, to account for the presence of another language in the learning situation) is currently being explored. The grammars of natural languages are limited by the values that the parameters can take. There may, of course, be a noise generator, as described for the expression of other biological properties (Changeux & Dehaene 1989), in which case a novel situation may arise.
The Middle East
Authors: Gregg Gary S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For over a decade the Middle East has monopolized news headlines in the West. Journalists and commentators regularly speculate that the region’s turmoil may stem from the psychological momentum of its cultural traditions or of a “tribal” or “fatalistic” mentality. Yet few studies of the region’s cultural psychology have provided a critical synthesis of psychological research on Middle Eastern societies. Drawing on autobiographies, literary works, ethnographic accounts, and life-history interviews, The Middle East: A Cultural Psychology offers the first comprehensive summary of psychological writings on the region, covering works by psychologists, anthropologists, and sociologists written in English, Arabic, and French. Rejecting stereotypic descriptions of the “Arab mind” or “Muslim mentality,” Gary Gregg adopts a life-span development framework, examining influences on development in the context of recent work in cultural psychology, and compares Middle Eastern patterns less with Western middle class norms than with those described for the region’s neighbors: Hindu India, sub-Saharan Africa, and the Mediterranean shore of Europe. The psychological writings overwhelmingly suggest that the region’s strife stems much less from a stubborn adherence to tradition and resistance to modernity than from widespread frustration with broken promises of modernization - with the slow and halting pace of economic progress and democratization. A sophisticated account of the Middle East’s cultural psychology, this book provides students, researchers, policy-makers, and all those interested in the culture and psychology of the region with invaluable insight into the lives, families, and social relationships of Middle Easterners as they struggle to reconcile the lure of Westernized life-styles with traditional values.
Honor and Islam Shaping Emotions, Traits, and Selves
Authors: Gregg Gary S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This Chapter describes the primary value systems of MENA societies. Ethnographies from nearly all MENA cultures suggest that the region is characterized by two predominant value systems and their associated interpersonal etiquettes and self-care practices: that of “honor-and-modesty” and that of Islam. Neither are distinctive to MENA, but their conjunction in that region gives it much of its cultural—and psychological—character. These values intertwine and merge at many points, but they also remain surprisingly autonomous and self-contained and often come into conflict, as Islam articulates higher principles that indict exploitative pursuits of honor and tyrannical rule. From toddlerhood on, these systems are learned in different settings and in different languages and they cultivate different kinds of sentiments and motives. The designating of sacred places (mosques and tombs), objects (the Quran), and activities (prayer, recitation) that can only be entered in conditions of purity, together with the organization of daily, weekly, and yearly time as oscillations of pollution and purity, work to elaborate honor and Islam as contrapuntal, if not contradictory, systems.
Mature Adulthood
Authors: Gregg Gary S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Western theories of adult development appear to have limited applicability to MENA societies. While little research has been conducted specifically on development, four key issues emerge from studies of adults. First, MENA psychologists have adapted Western measures of several important personality traits (specifically intraversion-extraversion, neuroticism, and the “Big Five” traits), and also found evidence that anxiety levels are higher in MENA than in Western and some other developing societies.
What Leads to Dryness?
Authors: Smith Janine , Morrison MD Serena 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sjogren’s Syndrome affects the exocrine glands, which produce saliva and tears. Two of the key features of Sjogren’s syndrome are dry eye (also called keratoconjunctivitis sicca or KCS) and dry mouth (also called xerostomia). What is the cause of this dryness? In this chapter, the normal function and disease-related dysfunction of the lacrimal and salivary glands affected in Sjogren’s syndrome will be discussed. Then theories about the cause of the dryness will be considered.
Sjogren’s Syndrome: A Genetic and Immunologic Perspective
Authors: Hashish Lama , Sawalha MD Amr , Harley John B , Fox Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sjogren’s Syndrome is an autoimmune disorder that presents when one’s genetic predisposition combines with environmental or infectious factors. Further, there are neural and hormonal influences. This chapter reviews how these factors interact with the immune system to produce Sjogren’s syndrome.
The Dry Mouth: A Dental Perspective On Sjogren’s
Authors: Wu Ava J , Daniels Troy E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sometimes A Dentist IS the first to diagnose Sjogren’s. Dry mouth is a common complaint that can have many causes. This symptom is often referred to as xerostomia. It is usually caused by a decrease in the amount and quality of saliva, but because it is a subjective perception, abnormalities in salivary function may not be observed in all patients with this complaint. Almost all Sjogren’s syndrome patients experience some degree of dry mouth.
Complementary and Alternative Therapies for SJogren’s Syndrome
Authors: Venuturupalli Swamy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sjogren’s Syndrome is a chronic autoimmune condition characterized by the sicca syndrome complex. Oftentimes Sjogren’s is associated with other autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). An estimated 35-50 percent of patients with Sjogren’s have an inflammatory arthritis similar to rheumatoid arthritis, and approximately 50 percent of patients have symptoms suggestive of fibromyalgia (a chronic pain syndrome with significant muscle soreness).
How Are Drugs Tested for Sjogren’s?
Authors: Pillemer Stanley R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Relatively Few Drugs Have been thoroughly tested for the treatment of Sjogren’s syndrome. Current treatment for Sjogren’s is aimed at the symptoms, inflammation and complications of the disease. While a number of preparations are available for treating the complications of Sjogren’s, such as those for yeast infections, which can exacerbate problems with mouth or vaginal dryness, and compounds for treatment of dry itchy skin, these medications and products were not expressively tested and approved for Sjogren’s. Thus far, the only drugs approved for Sjogren’s are for the dry mouth and dry eye symptoms of the disease. These drugs mark a major step forward in treating Sjogren’s patients. However, few drugs to treat Sjogren’s systemically have been tested, and no definitive evidence is available at this time showing that drugs that target the immune system are beneficial in Sjogren’s.
The Tree of Life and the Grand Synthesis of Biology
Authors: Hillis David M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the 1980s, there was rapid growth of the field of phylogenetics. The developments were so extensive that at the 1988 Nobel symposium titled “The Hierarchy of Life” (Fernholm et al. 1989), one participant wondered aloud if young biologists could be attracted into the field given that “all the big questions have been answered.” I doubted that pronouncement; from my view, the field of phylogenetics was still in its nascent stages. I thought most of the big and interesting questions, as well as the major challenges, awaited us in the future. Morris Goodman agreed, and he described his vision for “a new age of exploration that promises to bring to fruition Darwin’s dream of reconstructing the true genealogical history of life” (Goodman 1989:43). In many ways, that symposium did represent a turning point for phylogenetics, and the symposium that represents the subject of this book shows just how far we have come since the 1980s. The advances in progress on the Tree of Life have been greater in the 1990s than in all previous years combined, and the prognosis for the future has never been brighter.
Trinidad
Authors: Jones Howard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Washington’s policymakers meanwhile shifted the emphasis from infiltration to invasion by developing Operation Trinidad, a plan that moved forward almost in concert with their concern that Castro would attack the American naval base at Guantanamo and force a war. From the moment Castro came to power, the United States feared that he would try to nullify or renounce the 1903 treaty granting America’s hold on that small piece of land. An attack, the Joint Chiefs grimly asserted, would constitute an act of war.
Loving the Wild in Postwar America
Authors: Harvey Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most striking development in Americans’ relationship with wilderness following World War II was its soaring popularity. Bolstered by the nation’s triumph in the war and ready to celebrate, Americans took to the nation’s roadways and eagerly made their way to places where they saw wildlife in their natural habitats, along with geysers and boiling mud pots, deep canyons, giant waterfalls, and snow-capped peaks. For many Americans and travelers from abroad, such spectacles provided an enticing taste of wilderness with a minimal exertion of effort, often from an automobile or from a vantage only a few steps away from the road. Others, though, found their wilderness far removed from cars and roadways, typically in the backcountry of national parks or forests, where spectacular animals, plants, and scenery less often were seen. While people found wilderness in different locales, all seemed to view it as a place where nature was in its purest form and where the contrast with urban, suburban, and rural landscapes was starkly clear. As growing numbers also realized that wilderness lands, despite their great popularity, were at risk of being reduced in size or ecological integrity because of weak laws governing their protection, a movement emerged to establish a national wilderness system, which culminated in passage of the Wilderness Act of 1964.
Fighting Like Men Civil War Dilemmas of Abolitionist Manhood
Authors: Kantrowitz Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the decade before the Civil War, many of Massachusetts’s black and white abolitionist men mobilized themselves into unofficial armies against the slave power. They did much else, of course, some of it in collaboration with one another as well as with black and white women: speaking and petitioning against slavery, producing and distributing abolitionist literature, and providing aid to fugitives. But when it came to conceiving of themselves as soldiers in the war against slavery, black and white abolitionist men in the Bay State took dramatically different routes. Black men formed militia units and sought acceptance by the state, while white men assembled in secret societies and drilled for confrontation with slaveholders and their henchmen.
Mary Walker, Mary Surratt, and Some Thoughts on Gender in the Civil War
Authors: Leonard Elizabeth D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The study of gender and the Civil War has come a long way in the last two decades. Back in the late 1980s, graduate students might take otherwise fascinating graduate seminars on the war that nevertheless completely ignored women’s involvement in, and their experience of, that crucial event. In a parallel manner, equally fascinating graduate seminars on women in American history omitted virtually all references to the Civil War. Fortunately, as readers of this collection of essays clearly know, many fine scholars have been busy over the last twenty years adding significantly and expertly to our knowledge and understanding of the intersection of gender (and of women specifically) and the American Civil War. I hope that I, too, have contributed some valuable insights, and in the essay that follows I will ponder anew the more salient ones.
Embattled Manhood and New England Writers, 1860–1870
Authors: Stauffer John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Emerson captured the temper of the times. “War is a realist,” he wrote in his journal in 1862; “[it] shatters everything flimsy & shifty, sets aside all false issues, & breaks through all that is not [as] real as itself.” Antebellum notions of manhood, which for Emerson encompassed idealism, were among those “flimsy & shifty” things that, like the nation itself, would be transformed by war. For war, “like its own cannonade, comes crushing in through . . . walls that have stood fifty or sixty years as if they were solid.” Emerson felt sure that manhood and the country would be revitalized: “War disorganizes, but it also organizes; it forces individuals & states to combine & act with larger views.”
The National or Universal in the Twenties
Authors: Fulcher Jane F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The composer Gabriel Faure passed away at a most inopportune moment politically-several months after the victory of the Cartel des Gauches, a left electoral alliance of Radicals and Socialists, over its adversaries to the right. Not having had time to define its policies on all cultural issues, the new government ceded to the pressures of an experienced, conservative functionary in the Ministry of Fine Arts, Paul Leon.1 Having known the composer for years, and being a great advocate of Faure’s music, Leon insisted that he receive the full panoply of grandiose “obseques nationales.” This, after all, had been the case with Faure’s former teacher and mentor, Camille Saint-Saens, for whom Leon had arranged a similar ceremony only three years before.
CavelI and American Philosophy
Authors: Goodman Russell B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the philosophical landscape of most English-speaking philosophers, American philosophy does not exist, certainly not in the way that Greek philosophy or even post-Kantian German philosophy exists: as a tradition of thought important for much of subsequent philosophy, in which certain founding thinkers (Socrates, Plato, Kant, Hegel) set the terms for continuing discussion. The minority of professional philosophers who study or continue “American philosophy” tend to see a distinctive American tradition emerging in the writings of the pragmatists and other professional philosophers of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries: C. S. Peirce, William James, Josiah Royce, George Santayana, G. H. Mead, John Dewey. It is a mark of Stanley Cavell’s originality, if also of his isolation from much of professional philosophy, that he falls into neither of these two camps. For although he seeks to “inherit” an undiscovered tradition of American thought, it is not Peirce, James, and Dewey to whom he attends, but Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau-figures whose status even as philosophers is not secure, and who have been neglected not only by Anglo-American analytic philosophers but for the most part by students of “classical American philosophy.”‘ Cavell speaks of the repression of Emerson and Thoreau by American culture generally.
Introduction
Authors: Brown Thomas J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Once likened to a dark and bloody ground, scholarship on Reconstruction now thrives less as a form of combat than as a collective building on a solid foundation. The making of that foundation is one of the most familiar chapters in the history of American historical literature. Many historiographical essays have recounted the rise and fall of the view of Reconstruction associated with William A. Dunning, one of the few renderings of the national past developed so systematically and comprehensively that it is customarily called a school of interpretation. The Dunning school studies that began to appear around the turn of the twentieth century featured assiduous research and an impressive breadth of attention to political, social, and economic transformations. But the critical perspective of the work was often badly distorted by the same racial prejudice that had shaped partisan characterizations of Reconstruction as a sordid era of misrule and disorder. Only in the mid–twentieth century did scholars begin to build on participants’ defenses of Reconstruction and identify its promise and collapse as, in the words of C. Vann Woodward, “the moral core of national history.”
“A General Remodeling Of Every Thing”:Economy and Race in the Post-Emancipation South
Authors: West Stephen A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first day of 1865 dawned cold and clear over the upper piedmont of South Carolina. The sun shone brightly, but it did little to lift the spirits of Emily Harris, the wife of a middling slaveowner who had departed eight months earlier to enter the Confederate cavalry. During his absence, Emily Harris struggled to manage the family’s farm and oversee its slaves in the straitened circumstances of wartime, and the new year appeared to offer no prospect of improvement. “The war goes on with unabated fury,” she wrote in the farm journal she kept during her husband’s absence. “Many are willing to unite again with the hated Yankees rather than continue the hard and seemingly hopeless struggle.” Her comments echoed the same gloom and apprehension she had recorded a few weeks earlier. “I go forth into the ‘shadowy future’ but not without a fear. I can see no more beyond the next crop. After that there will have to be a general remodeling of every thing, Every thing.”
Reconstruction as a Constitutional Crisis
Authors: Vorenberg Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The one-handed historian of Reconstruction is as elusive as the one-handed economist asked for by President Harry S. Truman, who had heard one too many assessments of the nation’s financial condition that begin with “on one hand . . . but on the other.” When asked to describe Reconstruction as a success or failure, we historians, like Truman’s economists, tend to follow our list of the impressive achievements of the period with caveats and disclaimers. Slavery was abolished, but, on the other hand, African Americans did not fare as well as some had hoped. The economic system became more modern, more industrialized, but, on the other hand, workers were slow to reap any benefits from industrialization. The nation became stronger, but, on the other hand, it was weakened by persistent corruption, sectionalism, and factionalism. Even with one hand tied behind the back, however, the historian can offer one undisputable result of Reconstruction: a new United States Constitution. Between 1865 and 1870, three constitutional amendments were adopted, securing the most far-reaching personal rights ever written into the nation’s charter. Attached to each of these measures was powerful congressional enforcement legislation. The federal court system, which the victors in the Civil War had once regarded as a mere tool of the “Slave Power,” came to be regarded as a coequal branch of government. Naysayers at the start of the Civil War who had bewailed the inadequacy of the Constitution and predicted its demise now sang a different tune.
Civil War Remembrance as Reconstruction
Authors: Brown Thomas J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Reconstruction centered on questions of how to remember the Civil War. Etymology underscored that memory defined the issue of amnesty for ex-Confederates, which characterized the prosecutorial forbearance of the federal government as an act of forgetting. Other problems of the period similarly revolved around the continuing meanings to be attached to wartime events. The United States made crucial decisions about the governance of states previously in rebellion, the rights of African Americans formerly held in slavery, and the entitlements due to military veterans. If forward-looking in its essence, the process of Reconstruction was also a process of retrospection. Memory of the war went far beyond policy-making channels. Many Americans regarded the war as the most momentous period of their lives and looked back to it constantly. Shortly before Walt Whitman died in 1892, a friend asked if the poet ever returned in his mind to the war years. Whitman replied, “I have never left them.” Explicitly postbellum forms of culture and society began to multiply while the war was still underway. Civil War stories quickly emerged as a major American literary genre, flexible enough to explore and connect a wide range of public and personal crises. Civic monuments, military cemeteries, and battlefield parks made the war a prominent feature of the national landscape, and community rituals in honor of fallen soldiers and in celebration of emancipation made the war a prominent feature of the national calendar. Several different Civil War commemorative associations ranked among the most important voluntary social organizations of the postwar era. All of these initiatives envisioned the war as a part of the past that remained a part of the present.
The Effects Of Institutionalization On Children
Authors: Miller Laurie C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most internationally adopted children are placed with their families after residing for months or years in or phanages or other institutions. Many of the problems seen in these children after arrival in the United States have been attributed, rightly or wrongly, to institutional care during critical early phases of development. The adverse effects of institutionalization on young children have been recognized for many years. However, many factors contribute to outcome, including prenatal exposures, genetics, the reasons that the child was consigned to the institution, and the individual experience of the child within the institution prior to adoption. Although institutions are never optimal settings for children, in some cases they may be preferable to other local alternatives. In this chapter, the background of children placed in institutions, the history of institutions for abandoned children, the risks of institutionalization, and the outcome of children raised in orphanages will be reviewed (see Chapter 8 for a review of critical periods during development).