bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ethers of Ethylene Glycol and Derivatives
Authors: Boatman Rodney J. , Knaak James B. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThere are currently seven U.S. manufacturers of ethers and other derivatives of ethylene glycol (EG), diethylene glycol (DEG), and higher glycols. Five of them are members of the American Chemistry Council (ACC) Glycol Ethers' Panel.The glycol ethers most commonly encountered industrially are colorless liquids that have mild ethereal odors. Alkyl glycol ethers are manufactured in a closed, continuous process by reacting ethylene oxide with an anhydrous alcohol in the presence of a suitable catalyst. Depending on the molar ratios of the reactants and other process parameters, the product mixtures obtained contain varying amounts of the monoethylene‐, diethylene‐, triethylene‐, and higher glycol ethers. Typically, the products in these mixtures are separated and purified by fractional distillation.The miscibility of most of these ethers with water and with a large number of organic solvents makes them especially useful as solvents in oil–water compositions. Their relatively slow rate of evaporation also makes them useful as solvents and coalescing agents in paints. Other uses include inks, cleaners, chemical intermediates, process solvents, brake fluids, and deicers. The ethers of the higher glycols are used as hydraulic fluids. An estimate of the U.S. production and use of representative ethylene glycol ethers is presented. Production of ethylene glycol ethers (total) in Western Europe amounted to 245 thousand metric tons in 1995.Occupational exposure to glycol ethers occurs dermally and by inhalation. Ingestion is not a concern in industrial exposure, although some cases of intentional ingestion of consumer products containing ethylene glycol ethers have been reported.A number of analytical methods have been published that are suitable for detecting glycol ethers in environmental air samples.Glycol ethers generally have low acute, single‐dose toxicity, and LD50values generally range from 1.0 to 4.0 g/kg of body weight. In animals and humans, high‐dose administrations (>350 mg/kg) result in central nervous system depression, although the results from many studies show no specific damage to neural tissues. Other toxicological effects attributable to glycol ethers are associated with metabolism to the corresponding alkoxyacetic acids. In the case of EGME, EGEE, and certain other glycol ether derivatives, significant reproductive, developmental, hematologic, and immunologic effects have been associated with the formation of either methoxyacetic (MAA) or ethoxyacetic acids (EAA). For other glycol ether derivatives substituted with propyl, butyl, or higher homologues, developmental effects secondary to maternal toxicity (without teratogenic effects), as well as hematologic effects, are observed.Ethylene glycol ethers and acetates may enter the environment from manufacturing effluents and emissions and as a result of their use in commercial products.
Biological Rhythms, Shiftwork, and Occupational Health
Authors: Scott MD Allene J. , LaDou Joseph 
Published: August 2005

Abstract“… and God divided the light from the darkness, and God called the lightday, and the darkness He callednight. And the evening and the morning were the first day” (Genesis 1:4–5, King James Version). Thus, as has been recognized for millennia,Homo sapiens, as well as all other living creatures on earth, are destined to live in a regular cycle of light and darkness, that is, the 24‐h solar day. For diurnal species, such as human beings, the sunlight portion of the day is the time of activity and the dark, nighttime portion the time for sleeping. Periodicity is an integral part of life.Although we are under the influence of environmental rhythms, such as the daylight–night cycle, we are also under the physiological influence of our own internal biological clock. Normally the synchronization of our biological rhythms with each other and with environmental rhythms (external time cues) maximizes our waking and sleeping performance and promotes overall well‐being. Night work is opposed to the innate drive to sleep at night and work during the daytime. This unnatural mismatch of environmental and internal temporal influences is of concern for shiftworkers due to the often disruptive effect of schedule‐related time shifts on the normal synchronization of individual biological rhythms with each other as well as with the external time cues.This chapter reviews basic chronobiological principles as they relate to shiftworker safety and health. Studies dealing with the effects of time shifts on sleep and alertness are discussed as well as performance rhythms. Research exploring the consequences of shiftwork on physical and mental health is reviewed. Countermeasures for minimizing adverse health and safety effects of sleep deprivation and biological rhythm disruption are presented, including work scheduling considerations and medical surveillance. Industrial hygiene considerations related to control of worker exposure to potential toxins during extended and rotating shifts are presented. Finally, international and U.S. regulatory policy regarding shiftwork scheduling and special provisions for shiftworkers are reviewed.
Carbon Black
Authors: McCunney Robert J. , Muranko Henry J. , Valberg Peter A. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractCarbon black is a powdered form of elemental carbon in the form of near‐spherical colloidal particles and coalesced particle aggregates of colloidal size, obtained by partial combustion or thermal decomposition of hydrocarbons. It is distinguishable from other commercial carbons, such as charcoal, by its fine particulate nature and the shape, structure, and degree of fusion of the particles observed with the electron microscope. The fundamental unit of a carbon black particle is the aggregate. Although carbon black is often equated with soot, it differs markedly from the unwanted, uncontrolled by‐products of combustion found in chimneys and the ambient air. The contrast between carbon blacks, soots, and diesel particulate is discussed in more detail in the following.Carbon black is the earliest known synthetic pigment, having been produced by the Chinese more than 1500 years ago. They made the ink pigment lampblack by burning purified animal or vegetable oils in small lamps with the flames impinging on cool porcelain surfaces on which the carbon black collected.Carbon black has been commercially produced in the United States for more than 100 years. Although it is still used as a pigment in printing inks, paints, and lacquers, its major use over the past 50 years has been as a reinforcing agent in rubber, particularly in tires. It is also used in plastics, to which it imparts weathering resistance, antistatic, and electrically conductive properties.
Backbone dynamics of human parathyroid hormone (1–34): Flexibility of the central region under different environmental conditions
Authors: Scian Michele , Marin Massimiliano , Bellanda Massimo , Tou Liqiang , Alexander Joseph M. , Rosenblatt Michael , Chorev Michael , Peggion Evaristo , Mammi Stefano 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe presence of a stable tertiary structure in the bioactive N‐terminal portion of parathyroid hormone (PTH), a major hormone in the maintenance of extracellular calcium homeostasis, is still debated. In this work, 15N relaxation parameters of the 33 backbone amides of human PTH(1–34) were determined in phosphate‐buffered saline solution (PBS) and in the presence of dodecylphosphocholine (DPC) micelles. The relaxation parameters were analyzed using both the model‐free formalism (G. Lipari and A. Szabo, Journal of the American Chemical Society, 1982, Vol. 104, pp. 4546–4549) and the reduced spectral density functions approach (J.‐F. Lefevre, K. T. Dayie, J. W. Peng, and G. Wagner, Biochemistry, 1996, Vol. 35, pp. 2674–2686). In PBS, the region around Gly12 possesses a high degree of flexibility and the C‐terminal helix is less flexible than the N‐terminal one. In the presence of DPC micelles, the mobility of the entire molecule is reduced, but the stability of the N‐terminal helix increases relative to the C‐terminal one. A point of relatively higher mobility at residue Gly12 is still present and a new site of local mobility at residues 16–17 is generated. These results justify the lack of experimental nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) restraints with lack of tertiary structure and support the hypothesis that, in the absence of the receptor, the relative spatial orientation of the two N‐ and C‐terminal helices is undefined. The flexibility in the midregion of PTH(1–34), maintained in the presence of the membrane‐mimetic environment, may enable the correct relative disposition of the two helices, favoring a productive interaction with the receptor. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 84: 147–160, 2006This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Cα‐Tetrasubstituted amino acid based peptides in asymmetric catalysis
Authors: Licini Giulia , Bonchio Marcella , Broxterman Quirinus B. , Kaptein Bernard , Moretto Alessandro , Toniolo Claudio , Scrimin Paolo 
Published: August 2005

AbstractCα‐tetrasubstituted α‐amino acids constitute a powerful tool for controlling the conformation of short peptide sequences. Chiral peptides may be used in stereoselective reactions both for asymmetric induction and in kinetic resolution. By reviewing recent data from our own laboratories and by presenting new results on the stereoselective oxidation of chalcone to the corresponding oxide, this contribution shows that the control of peptide conformation is a critical issue in order to achieve successful stereoselective catalysis. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 84: 97–104, 2006This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
How Trimethyl(trifluoromethyl)silane Reacts with Itself in the Presence of Naked Fluoride—A One‐Pot Synthesis of Bis([15]crown‐5)cesium 1,1,1,3,5,5,5‐Heptafluoro‐2,4‐bis(trifluoromethyl)pentenide
Authors: Tyrra Wieland , Kremlev Mikhail M. , Naumann Dieter , Scherer Harald , Schmidt Harald , Hoge Berthold , Pantenburg Ingo , Yagupolskii Yurii L. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractReactions of trimethyl(trifluoromethyl)silane in the presence of “naked” fluoride proceed up to a temperature of +5 °C mainly with formation of [Me3Si(CF3)2]−. A further rise of temperature up to about 20 °C gives evidence for the formation of a salt with the 1,1,1,2,3,6,6,6‐octafluoro‐2,4,4,5,5‐pentakis(trifluoromethyl)hexan‐3‐ide anion. This intermediate decomposes at room temperature into the 1,1,1,3,5,5,5‐heptafluoro‐2,4‐bis(trifluoromethyl)pentenide anion. The bis([15]crown‐5)cesium salt, [Cs([15]crown‐5)2][(CF3)2CCFC(CF3)2] has been characterized unambiguously as the stable final product of this reaction sequence. Thermal decomposition of this salt opens a convenient nontoxic route to obtain 1,1,3,3‐tetrakis(trifluoromethyl)allene, (F3C)2CCC(CF3)2.
Slow and fast fiber isoform gene expression is systematically altered in skeletal muscle of the Sox6 mutant, p100H
Authors: Hagiwara Nobuko , Ma Betty , Ly Alice 
Published: August 2005

AbstractWe have previously demonstrated that p100H mutant mice, which lack a functional Sox6 gene, exhibit skeletal and cardiac muscle degeneration and develop cardiac conduction abnormalities soon after birth. To understand the role of Sox6 in skeletal muscle development, we identified muscle‐specific genes differentially expressed between wild‐type and p100H mutant skeletal muscles and investigated their temporal expression in the mutant muscle. We found that, in the mutant skeletal muscle, slow fiber and cardiac isoform genes are expressed at significantly higher levels, whereas fast fiber isoform genes are expressed at significantly lower levels than wild‐type. Onset of this aberrant fiber type‐specific gene expression in the mutant coincides with the beginning of the secondary myotube formation, at embryonic day 15–16 in mice. Together with our earlier report, demonstrating early postnatal muscle defects in the Sox6 null‐p100H mutant, the present results suggest that Sox6 likely plays an important role in muscle development. Developmental Dynamics 234:301–311, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of extraction protocols and epidermal growth factor on the cellular repopulation of decellularized anterior cruciate ligament allografts
Authors: Harrison Robert D. , Gratzer Paul F. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractWe are developing a decellularized bone–anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)–bone allograft for treatment of ACL disruption in young or active patients. This study demonstrates the feasibility of seeding decellularized ACL tissue with primary ligament fibroblasts. Porcine ACLs were decellularized by one of three protocols, each differing only by the detergent/solvent used during the second wash (SDS, Triton‐X, or TnBP). Porcine ACL fibroblasts were obtained by explant and seeded onto tissue samples of decellularized ACL. Culture conditions were varied to compare the relative effect of three different decellularization protocols on cellular repopulation. Culture condition variables included (1) the number of cells used for seeding, (2) the addition of epidermal growth factor (EGF), and (3) culture duration. Cellular ingrowth was assessed by metabolic activity (MTT assay), DNA quantification (Hoescht dye), and histology (H&E staining). Cell counting on histological sections demonstrated that Triton‐X–and TnBP‐treated ligaments were more receptive to cellular ingrowth than SDS‐treated samples. The addition of EGF to culture medium did not significantly increase cellular ingrowth. Both the Triton‐X and TnBP decellularization treatments provide suitable, naturally derived scaffolds for the ingrowth of primary ACL fibroblasts, and should be further investigated in the development of an allograft‐derived bone–ACL–bone graft. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2005
High early strength calcium phosphate bone cement: Effects of dicalcium phosphate dihydrate and absorbable fibers
Authors: Burguera Elena F. , Xu Hockin H. K. , Takagi Shozo , Chow Laurence C. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractCalcium phosphate cement (CPC) sets in situ to form resorbable hydroxyapatite with chemical and crystallographic similarity to the apatite in human bones, hence it is highly promising for clinical applications. The objective of the present study was to develop a CPC that is fast setting and has high strength in the early stages of implantation. Two approaches were combined to impart high early strength to the cement: the use of dicalcium phosphate dihydrate with a high solubility (which formed the cement CPCD) instead of anhydrous dicalcium phosphate (which formed the conventional cement CPCA), and the incorporation of absorbable fibers. A 2 × 8 design was tested with two materials (CPCA and CPCD) and eight levels of cement reaction time: 15 min, 30 min, 1 h, 1.5 h, 2 h, 4 h, 8 h, and 24 h. An absorbable suture fiber was incorporated into cements at 25% volume fraction. The Gilmore needle method measured a hardening time of 15.8 min for CPCD, five‐fold faster than 81.5 min for CPCA, at a powder:liquid ratio of 3:1. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the formation of nanosized rod‐like hydroxyapatite crystals and platelet crystals in the cements. At 30 min, the flexural strength (mean ± standard deviation; n = 5) was 0 MPa for CPCA (the paste did not set), (4.2 ± 0.3) MPa for CPCD, and (10.7 ± 2.4) MPa for CPCD‐fiber specimens, significantly different from each other (Tukey's at 0.95). The work of fracture (toughness) was increased by two orders of magnitude for the CPCD‐fiber cement. The high early strength matched the reported strength for cancellous bone and sintered porous hydroxyapatite implants. The composite strength Sc was correlated to the matrix strength Sm: Sc = 2.16Sm. In summary, substantial early strength was imparted to a moldable, self‐hardening and resorbable hydroxyapatite via two synergistic approaches: dicalcium phosphate dihydrate, and absorbable fibers. The new fast‐setting and strong cement may help prevent catastrophic fracture or disintegration in moderate stress‐bearing bone repairs. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2005
The resolution of the anti‐mitre Steiner triple system conjecture
Authors: Wolfe Adam 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis paper gives a proof of the existence of anti‐mitre Steiner triple systems of order n for every n ≡ 1,3 mod 6 except for n = 9. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Combin Designs 14: 229–236, 2006
A comparative study on viscosity behavior of water‐soluble chemically modified guar gum derivatives with different functional lateral groups
Authors: Zhang Li‐Ming , Zhou Jian‐Fang , Hui Peter S 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA comparative study was carried out on the viscosity behavior of three new water‐soluble chemically modified guar gum derivatives with different functional lateral groups, including O‐carboxymethyl‐O‐hydroxypropyl guar gum (CMHPG), with anionic character, O‐2‐hydroxy‐3‐(trimethylammonio)propyl guar gum (HTPG), with cationic character, and O‐carboxymethyl‐O‐2‐hydroxy‐3‐(trimethylammonio)propyl guar (CMHTPG), with amphoteric character. It was found that the shear rate, concentration, temperature, added salt and surfactant affected the viscosity properties of these new guar gum derivatives in aqueous solutions. Regardless of the functional lateral groups, all sample solutions behaved as non‐Newtonian shear‐thinning fluids, and their viscosity increased with the increase in their concentration but decreased with the increase in temperature. Aqueous CMHTPG solution had the strongest shear‐thinning property, and aqueous CMHPG solution investigated had the greatest viscous flow activation energy. In contrast to cationic HTPG or anionic CMHPG, amphoteric CMHTPG had an enhanced viscosity property in aqueous salt solutions, exhibiting an unusual anti‐polyelectrolyte viscosity behavior. The addition of sodium dodecylsulfate was found to result in a decrease in the viscosity of aqueous HTPG solution and an increase in the viscosity of aqueous CMHPG solution or CMHTPG solution. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of seed treatments on the chemical composition of two amaranth species: oil, sugars, fibres, minerals and vitamins
Authors: Gamel Tamer H , Linssen Jozef P , Mesallam Ahmed S , Damir Ahmed A , Shekib Lila A 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe effects of seed treatments, including cooking, popping, germination and flour air classification on several components of Amaranthus caudatus and A. cruentus seeds, including oil, sugars, fibre, minerals and vitamins were studied. The lipid, crude and dietary fibre, ash, and sugar contents were 71, 43, 140, 30 and 18 g kg−1 in raw A. caudatus and 85, 39, 134, 40 and 22 g kg−1 in raw A. cruentus seeds, respectively. Sucrose was the dominant sugar in the raw and thermal treated seeds of both species, while glucose and galactose were the dominant ones in the high protein and the germinated seed flours. Phosphorus, potassium, magnesium and calcium were the dominant minerals in the raw seeds of both species. Air classification increased the content of minerals by more than 35% while thermal treatments did not affect their content and germination increased the calcium and zinc contents. The ascorbic acid contents were 0.030 and 0.023 g kg−1 sample in raw A. caudatus and A. cruentus seeds, respectively. All the treatments reduced the ascorbic acid content, with a high effect for the air classification and the germinated seeds dried at 90 °C. The levels of vitamin B complex, including niacin, niacinamide, pyridoxine and riboflavin were increased in the high protein flour fraction (protein contents of these fractions of A. caudatus and A. cruentus were 263.9 g kg−1 and 246.6 g kg−1, respectively) and decreased in the thermal treated flours. Germination mostly increased the amounts of those vitamins while drying reduced their amounts. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of selected Hofmeister anions on functional properties of protein isolate prepared from lablab seeds (Lablab purpureus)
Authors: Lawal OS , Afolabi TA , Adebowale KO , Ogunsanwo BM , Bankole SA 
Published: August 2005

AbstractEffects of selected Hofmeister anions, namely Na2SO4, NaCl, NaBr, NaI, NaClO4 and NaSCN, on the functional properties of a protein isolate prepared from lablab seeds (Lablab purpureus) were investigated. The results of water absorption capacity indicated that highest water absorption was recorded in solutions of Na2SO4, and the lowest in NaSCN solutions. Reduction in water absorption capacity followed the Hofmeister series in the order Na2SO4 > NaCl > NaBr, NaI > NaClO4 > NaSCN. Protein solutions prepared in chaotropic (NaI, NaClO4, NaSCN) salts had better foam capacity, foam stability, emulsifying activity and emulsion stability than solutions prepared with kosmotropic salts (Na2SO4, NaCl, NaBr). The results also indicate that increase in foam capacity and stability followed the Hofmeister series in the order Na2SO4 < NaCl < NaBr, NaI < NaClO4 < NaSCN. When least gelation concentration (LGC) was used as the index of gelation capacity, at various salts concentrations, the lowest LGC were observed in NaSCN and the highest LGC in protein solutions prepared with Na2SO4. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Somatosensory evoked potential and clinical changes after electrode implant in basal ganglia of parkinsonian patients
Authors: Insola Angelo , Mazzone Paolo , Valeriani Massimiliano 
Published: August 2005

AbstractMedian nerve somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) were recorded in three parkinsonian patients who underwent electrode implant in the subthalamic nucleus and/or globus pallidus for chronic deep brain stimulation (DBS). SEPs were evoked before surgery, in a medication‐free condition, and after the functional stereotactic procedure, before beginning DBS. In order to evaluate the timing of the SEP changes after the electrode implant, in three further patients SEPs were recorded within the operating theater, before and immediately after the implantation. Patients' symptoms improved immediately after the electrode implant, and both N20 and N30 amplitudes increased in the postsurgical SEP recording. The clinical and neurophysiological effects observed after surgery, before commencing DBS, can be explained by microdamage in the target nucleus following the electrode implant. They occurred also in the patients studied in the operating theater, thus suggesting that they occur immediately after the stereotactic procedure. Our results suggest that the circuitries between the basal ganglia and the primary sensorimotor cortex may be modified not only by DBS but also by microdamage due to surgery and that they exert an important influence on SEP amplitude. Muscle Nerve, 2005