bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Supreme Court, 1917-1931: Free Speech
Authors: White G Edward 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Of all the opinions Holmes wrote during the fifty-odd years of his judicial career, by far the best known and most celebrated have been his free speech decisions. Unlike the great bulk of his cases, now simply historical documents, they are still quoted and anthologized. The lay public knows Holmes primarily as the judge who wrote memorable phrases about freedom of speech. Holmes’ reputation as a “liberal” or civil libertarian rests to a large extent on his speech-protective interpretation of the First Amendment.
From Disciple to Model: Sterilization in Germany and the United States
Authors: Kühl Stefan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Eugenicists in the United States were the strongest foreign supporters of Nazi race policies. Other national eugenics movements, such as the one in Great Britain, were relatively critical of Nazi Germany. The Rassenpolitische Auslandskorrespondenz, the main German observer of foreign positions toward Nazi race policies, published eleven reports on eugenic activities within the United States. Four of these articles dealt with the support of the American eugenics movement for Nazi policies. No other country played such a prominent role in Nazi propaganda.
Legal Positivism
Authors: Hart H L A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Though its roots may be traced at least to the seventeenth century, Legal Positivism has dominated international jurisprudence in the twentieth century. The essential characteristic of the Positivist approach to international rules is its insistence that such rules are binding only if they are grounded in state consent. Whether that consent is manifested directly by head-of-state treaty signatures, or indirectly by state participation in customary practice, Positivist scholars contend that no other source exists for international law except consent.
Double Bind Number One: Womb/Brain
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Throughout history, women have been identified as bodies not minds, wombs not brains. The distinction is captured in the cliches of our culture. Where men think, women feel. The man is the head of the family, the woman the heart. Boys never make passes at girls who wear glasses. Indeed, many women of my generation recall being praised for defying the constraints of our sex and “thinking like men.” The results were unsettling. When a high school teacher encouraged me into varsity debate on the assumption that I had “a masculine mind,” my “masculine mind” wondered whether it was having an out-of-body experience.
Double Bind Number Two: Silence/Shame
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Rembrandt and Tintoretto were among thirty-three of the Old Masters1 who translated the Biblical story of Susanna and the Elders to a lay audience. From Paul Rebhun’s play Bin geistlich Spiel von der Gotfurchtigen und keuschen Frawen Susannan in 1536 to Handel’s Susanna in 1749 and Jean Gilbert’s operetta Die keusche Susanne in 1910, the story has been a staple of popular culture. Susanna’s tale is retold in dramas in French, German, Greek, and English.
Imprisonment and Crime in California
Authors: Zimring Franklin E , Hawkins Gordon 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter reports materials from our ongoing study of the patterns of incarceration and crime rates in the state of California. The study is our attempt to conduct the type of “natural experiment” in penal policy advocated in chapter 5. These materials reveal the uses and limits of community-level data in the analysis of incapacitation. Section I documents the increase in prison and jail populations in California between 1980 and 1991, allowing exploration of the effects of policy change on crime rates. Section II shows the pattern of jail and prison population for the seventeen urban states in the United States during the 1980s and discusses the correlation between relative change in incarceration and crime rates over the decade. Section III discusses four different methods used to project expected crime levels in California and compares them with the crime volumes actually reported. Section IV compares projected and actual crime rates for the seven index felonies, taken as an aggregate. Section V compares projected and actual crime rates for each of the seven index felonies individually. Section VI subjects the crime reduction estimates noted in sections IV and V to a “qualitative test” to see whether shifts in age-specific crime participation are consistent with incapacitation as the major cause of declines in crime rates.
Managerial and Theoretical Implications
Authors: Nonaka Ikujiro , Takeuchi Hirotaka 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The journey we embarked on is about to end. We started the journey with lofty goals: (1) to construct a new theory of organizational knowledge creation; (2) to provide a new explanation of why certain Japanese companies have been successful at continuous innovation; and (3) to develop a universal management model that con verges management practices found in Japan and the West. On reflection, we have taken a major step in achieving the first two goals. We started to address the third goal in the previous chapter, but have not yet given it a full treatment, which we intend to do below.
Justificatory Liberalism An Essay on Epistemology and Political Theory
Authors: Gaus Gerald F 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Justificatory Liberalism advances a theory of personal, public, and political justification. Drawing on current work in epistemology and cognitive psychology, the book develops a theory of personally justified belief. Building on this account, it then advances an account of public justification that is more normative and less “populist” than that of “political liberals”. Following the social contract theories of Hobbes, Locke, and Kant, Gaus argues that citizens have inconclusive public justification. The rule of law, liberal democracy, and limited judicial review are defended as elements of a publicly justified umpiring procedure.
Essential Hypertension and its Causes
Authors: Korner Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Essential hypertension (EH) is the most common type of high blood pressure and is responsible for much death and serious illness, which has been the reason for the huge research effort to determine its causes. However, countless scientific articles still keep proclaiming that "the causes of essential hypertension remain unknown." In view of the number of publications that descend on the hypertension specialist like a waterfall, such proclamations seem to overlook the considerable amount of knowledge that we already have about the etiology of EH. The problem may be a lack of synthesis rather than a lack of information. This book provides a unique synthesis of the pathophysiology of essential hypertension (EH), which is limited through the brain and is critically dependent on both genetic and environmental factors such as stress, high salt intake and obesity. Korner analyses the mechanisms by which the various factors raise blood pressure and the pathophysiology of EH compared with that in renal hypertension and in some of the rat models of genetic hypertension. In some individuals stress-induced vasoconstriction enhances the brain's responsiveness to salt, giving rise to stress-and-salt-related EH. In others, stress-induced EH promotes eating, causing hypertensive obesity. Improving lifestyle through regular exercise and reduction of salt and calorie intake directly antagonises the environmental causes of EH, and has implications for prevenion and treatment.
Analogical Reasoning
Authors: Sunstein Cass R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Much of legal reasoning is analogical: Is case A like case e? Or instead like case c? Is a ban on obscenity like a ban on political speech, or instead like a ban on threats? Is a prohibition on abortion like a prohibition on murder, or like a compulsory kidney transplant? Ordinary people make sense of the world by discerning patterns rooted in analogical thinking. The patterns found in the law also have analogical sources.
Abilities Related To Competence
Authors: Grisso Thomas , Appelbaum Paul S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
At the end of Chapter 2, we noted that three kinds of information usually are needed for making judgments about patients’ decision making capacities: (1) the patient’s clinical condition, (2) the patient’s functioning in tasks involving decision-making abilities, and (3) the specific demands of the patient’s treatment situation. Here in Chapter 3 we focus on the second kind of information; we identify and define the types of decision-making abilities that are especially relevant for the competence assessment. Specifically when and how these abilities should be assessed will be discussed in Chapters 4 to 6.
The Feasibility of Taxing Foreign Exchange Transactions
Authors: Kenen Peter B 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the feasibility of imposing a tax on foreign exchange transactions. It is not concerned with the effects of the tax on exchange rate volatility or with the tax’s revenue-raising potential, although the problems that it concentrates on relate to the revenue raising issue. The feasibility of such a tax cannot be assessed without asking whether the tax can be evaded or avoided, which is another way of asking what will happen to the tax base.
Issues of Enforcement and Evasion in a Tax on Foreign Exchange Transactions
Authors: Garber Peter M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, I study, qualitatively, how the volume of foreign exchange transactions reacts to the imposition of a transactions tax. Here, I assume that most countries agree to implement a tax on foreign exchange operations but that the coverage may or may not be com prehensive.1 First, I consider the situation that will arise if a country with a large financial centre does not impose the tax. Then, I analyse the situation in which only countries with smaller financial centres do not impose the tax, and there is no enforcement mechanism that penalizes them for not cooperating. Finally, I consider a situation in which all countries uniformly accept the tax and the tax can be readily imposed on those transactions that are conventionally considered foreign exchange operations-spot, futures and forward foreign exchange trades, and “plain vanilla” currency swaps and options-but not read ily imposed on those transactions that are not traditionally considered foreign exchange. Because activity will move from the taxed set of transactions to the untaxed, I consider a range of products that may serve as untaxed substitutes.
Outbreak and Cluster Investigations
Authors: Brownson Ross C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When disease incidence departs from expected patterns, applied epidemiology mounts outbreak and cluster investigations. Outbreaks and clusters are studied for several reasons: to determine etiology quickly so that control measures can be taken to alleviate an immediate health concern; to identify initial etiologic clues, leading to further insights and more methodologically sound studies; and to provide a timely and coherent response to the public when there is outcry over a perceived or real disease outbreak or cluster. These investigations are iterative in nature-ongoing analysis of descriptive epidemiologic data often serves as a basis for more comprehensive studies.
Public Health Surveillance
Authors: Thacker Stephen B , Stroup Donna F 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Public health and health care practitioners are concerned with a wide spectrum of health issues including infectious diseases, chronic conditions, reproductive outcomes, environmental health, and health events related to occupation, injuries, and behaviors. This array of problems requires a variety of intervention strategies for populations in addition to the need to provide clinical preventive services for individuals. Some critical examples are the provision of prophylactic measures (e.g., vaccination or postexposure rabies prophylaxis), educational services (e.g., public health messages to diverse populations or counseling and prophylaxis for contacts of persons with certain infectious diseases), inspection of food establishments, and control of infectious and noninfectious conditions.
Epidemiology and Health Policy
Authors: Brownson Ross C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Health policies, in the form of laws, regulations, and organizational practices, have a substantial impact on the health and well-being of the population. Policies can influence one or more of the following: (1) modifiable causes of disease, (2) early detection of disease in asymptomatic persons, (3) disease treatment in persons with symptomatic disease, and (4) rehabilitation and recovery. Formulation of health policies often depends on scientific, economic, social, and political forces (Terris 1980; Ibrahim 1985; Milio 1986; McKinlay 1993).
Convenient and Captive Populations
Authors: Moreno Jonathan D 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Clinical research is a complex, expensive and valued social activity. One of the conditions that makes clinical research possible is a subject population that is convenient, both in terms of availability for recruitment and for monitoring through the course of a study. Examples of such populations are prisoners, institutionalized persons, military personnel, and those in “status relationships” (those oflesser power) such as students and research staff. Some of these populations are convenient in the sense that they are readily available, such as students. Others are not only readily available but also captive, that is, constrained in their movements and choices by virtue of explicit conditions formally imposed on them by societal decision.
Segmented Markets, Multiple Destinations Italian Experience
Authors: Hatton Timothy J , Williamson Jeffrey G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Italian emigration accounted for a large part of the surge of southern European migrations in the late nineteenth century. From the 1890s onward Italy became the leader in sheer numbers emigrating and in rate of emigration. An estimated 14 million left Italy between 1871 and 1914; 44 percent went to other European countries, 30 percent went to North America, and 24 percent went to South America (Nugent 1992: 95). Indeed, John Gould sees late-nineteenth-century Italy as the classic case of mass migration: In many respects, ... Italy is ... the country of emigration par excellence-not merely for its sheer importance as a source of migrants but as a country in and from (and back to) which migrants’ motives and choices reached perhaps their highest and most developed level of sophistication, and from whose history many of the characteristics and motivations of migrant behaviour can generally be laid bare. (1980a: 78) Given the importance of the Italians, one would have expected far more quantitaive attention to them in the migration literature.
The Contemporary Prison: 1965-Present
Authors: Morris Norval 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
By the mid-l 990s, one and three-quarter million persons were held in prison or jail in the United States; more than one million, one hundred thousand were in prison. But there is an astonishing diversity to the institutions in which they are held. Prisons range in security from double-barred steel cages within high-walled, electronically monitored perimeters to rooms in unlocked buildings in unfenced fields. They range in pain from windowless rooms of close-confined, sensory-deprived isolation to work camps of no physical adversity whatsoever. There are “open prisons” indistinguishable from farms and “prisoners” who spend their days working unescorted and unsupervised in the community; there are “weekend prisons” and “day prisons”; there are “coeducational prisons”; and there are prisons of grindingly dull routine interrupted by occasional flashes of violence and brutality. There are prisons with tennis courts and prisons where the only out-of-cell exercise is an hour of pacing an outdoor cage three times a week; there are prisons of excessively crowded congregation and prisons of utter isolation. There are community-based prereleasecenters, called “prisons,” indistinguishable from workers’ hostels; and there are “prisoners” doing time in their own homes, which for this purpose are legally classified as prisons.
Symptoms, Functioning, and Health Problems in a Massively Traumatized Population: The Legacy of the Cambodian Tragedy
Authors: Mollica Richard F , Poole Charles , Tor Svang 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In 1990, a team of researchers from the Har­vard Program in Refugee Trauma (HPRT), with the co-sponsorship of the World Federation for Mental Health (WFMH) and the Ford Foundation (Bangkok), conducted a population-based survey of Cambodians living in the refugee camp known as Site 2. Containing more than 150,000 displaced persons, Site 2 was for over a decade the largest camp for displaced Cambodians along the Thai border (Fig. 2.1) [World Health Organization (WHO), 1986].
The Impact of Unemployment on Health and Well-Being
Authors: Kasi Stanislav V , Rodriguez Eunice , Lasch Kathryn E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Studies addressing the impact of unemployment on health and well-being appear in a variety of disciplines, use a variety of research designs, and examine a variety of outcomes. The empirical evidence is therefore difficult to organize, evaluate, and summarize. In this chapter we employ the perspective of psychosocial epidemiology to bring this material together. This perspective views the findings of public health, medicine, and the social-behavioral sciences using the methodological framework of contemporary epidemiology. Admittedly, it is not adequately sensitive to such disciplines as economics and anthropology, nor does it accommodate easily the viewpoints of political science and public policy. Nevertheless, our orientation is broad enough to characterize the major issues and findings. This chapter does not address the question of how the evidence regarding the impact of unemployment should be translated into public policy and planning. Rather, it focuses on the nature and extent of the evidence itself. In this connection, we note that any conclusion that “there is no credible evidence that unemployment impacts on” has one of two meanings: (1) there is example evidence for the conclusion of no impact, or (2) the issue has not been credibly examined. The former meaning is the informative one, while the latter is a particularly poor basis for discerning implications and deciding on policy.
Epidemiological Findings on Selected Psychiatric Disorders in the General Population
Authors: Kohn Robert , Dohrenwend Bruce P , Mirotznik Jerrold 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Psychiatric epidemiology has undergone three generations of methodological advancement (Dohrenwend & Dohrenwend, 1981). Each generation has differed in its psychiatric nosology and methods of data collection. The first generation, from the turn of the century to World War II, relied mainly on key informants and agency records to iden­tify cases within the community (Dohrenwend & Dohrenwend, 1974). The second generation, following World War II, used an expanded definition of psychiatric disorders. In addition, community residents were directly interviewed, usually by a single psychiatrist or a team headed by a psychiatrist. Except for a few North American studies (Leighton et al., 1963; Srole et al., 1962), these interviews typically did not employ standardized data collection procedures (Lin, 1953). Case identification in the second-generation studies was made by psy­chiatrists following evaluation of protocols collected from the interview data.
Cults
Authors: Galanter Marc 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
From the mass weddings of Sun Myung Moon’s Unification Church to the ritual suicides at Heaven’s Gate, charismatic cults and their devotees have become facts of American life. Using material gleaned from twenty-five years of direct encounters with cults and their detractors, as well as extensive research, Marc Galanter offers the most extensive psychological analysis of these organizations available. Cults explores not only how members feel and think at all stages of their involvement, but also how larger social and psychological forces reinforce individual commitment within the cults. For this revised and newly-illustrated second edition, Galanter has added three new chapters on cult development in the 1990s, spiritual recovery movements, and alternative medicine.
The Internal Market Economy
Authors: Ackoff Russell L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Over the years, I have been confronted with many corporate problems involving internal finance, problems that appeared to be very different but surprisingly turned out to have a common solution. The solution consisted of replacing a centrally planned and controlled corporate economy with an internal market. Before describing such an economy, consider a few of the problems that led me to it. A major electrical manufacturing company has two strategic business units (SBUs) that interact a great deal. One is a major manufacturer of small motors used in household appliances. Though it had relatively few customers, its volume was large and it was profitable. The other division supplied electrical-equipment distributors with replacement parts, including small motors. It, too, was profitable. The corporation required the second SBU to buy its motors from the first. Since both operated as profit centers, a transfer price had to be imposed on their transactions.
Antislavery and the Conflict of Laws
Authors: Davis David Brion 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The antislavery movement reflected and contributed to a major passage in intellectual history only indirectly related to the political and economic controversies of the Age of Revolution. Disputes over sanction gravitated inevitably toward fundamental principles, as exemplified in Granville Sharp’s attempt to prove by the early 1770s that any claim to private property “in the persons of men” violated both divine and human law. Presumably, the following century vindicated Sharp’s contention, though not without accompanying transformations in the prevailing views of divine and human law-transformations which Sharp could neither have foreseen nor approved. By appealing to abstract systems of law, precedent, and principle, the critics of slavery offered a covert challenge to some of the more enduring structures of Western culture. In Chapters Ten and Eleven I turn to two testing points of tradition: the conflict of human laws and the changing interpretations of the Word of God.
Brain Tumor Biology
Authors: Greenberg Harry S , Chandler William F , Sandler Howard M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Basic research in malignant brain tumors is progressing at a rapid pace. Glial differentiation is the process by which astrocytic and oligodendroglial precursors differentiate into mature glial cells. Differentiation is under coordinated genetic control and includes sequential activation and deactivation of genes and the production of growth factors. Gene activation and deactivation produces a series of antigenic cell surface changes and eventually a mature astrocyte or oligodendroglial cell.
Radiation Therapy for Brain Tumors: Recent Advances and Experimental Methods
Authors: Greenberg Harry S , Chandler William F , Sandler Howard M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Radiation oncology has had substantial technological development over the last decade. The application of new computerized planning in conjunction with modern imaging studies has markedly changed the radiotherapy of brain tumors. This chapter highlights some of these recent advances and describes their influence on brain tumor treatment.