bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synergistic effects of W–Ta alloys exposed to various ELM-like fusion events
Authors: Ray Tyler E , Tripathi Jitendra Kumar , Hassanein Ahmed 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Recently tungsten alloys have shown capabilities in suppressing morphological changes when exposed to harsh fusion conditions. Morphological changes due to He+ and D+ ions at high temperatures (1000–2000 K) can lead to easier erosion and sputtering of tungten (W) particles towards quenching the fusion plasma. This study investigated W–3Ta alloy as potential plasma facing materials (PFMs) exposed to different edge-localized mode (ELM)-like energies and ion loadings. Performance of W–3Ta has been tested as a function of ELM-like energies (0.6–1.5 GW m−2) and varying He+ and D+ ion concentrations (100% He+, 50% He+:50% D+,10% He+:90% D+ (similar ELM-like reactor condition), and 100% D+ ions). Early-stage fuzz formation and surface pores were observed during 100% He+ ion irradiation and mixed ion loadings but not observed during 100% D+ ion loadings. Pores decreased in quantity and increased in size with increasing transient heat loading. Grain boundaries acted as trapping sites of helium and deuterium atoms during dual beam ion irradiations, as observed through increased pore size along the grain boundary. Qualitative erosion estimates were measured using witness plates. Increased erosion was observed with increasing D+ ion concentration, which is attributed to D supersaturation in the near surface region affecting thermal and mechanical properties. More erosion was observed for W–3Ta samples compared to pure W, evident through large (>10 µm) cracks on the surface, and an increase in W metal x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy peaks under similar loading conditions. The slight enhancement in erosion is attributed to the slightly decreased thermal properties, ∼10% thermal diffusivity drop, of W–3Ta at high temperatures. The damage threshold was impacted by ion loading, where distinct cracking was observed for 100% He+ at a lower heat loading. This matrix study using reactor-like loading supports the need for extensive studies on future W alloy PFMs before selecting one as an alternative.
First numerical analysis of runaway electron generation in tungsten-rich plasmas towards ITER
Authors: Walkowiak J. , Hoppe M. , Ekmark I. , Jardin A. , Bielecki J. , Król K. , Savoye-Peysson Y. , Mazon D. , Dworak D. , Scholz M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The disruption and runaway electron analysis model code was extended to include tungsten impurities in disruption simulations with the aim of studying the runaway electron (RE) generation. This study investigates RE current sensitivity on the following plasma parameters and modelling choices: tungsten concentration, magnetic perturbation strength, electron modelling, thermal quench time and tokamak geometry—ITER-like or ASDEX-like. Our investigation shows that a tungsten concentration below 10−3 does not cause significant RE generation on its own. However, at higher concentrations it is possible to reach a very high RE current. Out of the two tested models of electrons in plasma: fluid and isotropic (kinetic), results from the fluid model are more conservative, which is useful when it comes to safety analysis. However, these results are overly pessimistic when compared to the isotropic model, which is based on a more reliable approach. Our results also show that the hot-tail RE generation mechanism is dominant as a primary source of RE in tungsten induced disruptions, usually providing orders of magnitude higher RE seed than Dreicer generation. We discuss best practices for simulations with tungsten-rich plasma, present the dependence of the safety limits on modelling choices and highlight the biggest shortcoming of the current simulation techniques. The obtained results pave the way for a wider analysis of tungsten impact on the disruption dynamics, including the mitigation techniques for ITER in the case of strong contamination of the plasma with tungsten.
Air quality and public health co-benefits of 100% renewable electricity adoption and electrification pathways in Los Angeles
Authors: Li Yun , Ravi Vikram , Heath Garvin , Zhang Jiachen , Vahmani Pouya , Lee Sang-Mi , Zhang Xinqiu , Sanders Kelly T , Ban-Weiss George A 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
To demonstrate how a mega city can lead in decarbonizing beyond legal mandates, the city of Los Angeles (LA) developed science-based, feasible pathways towards utilizing 100% renewable energy for its municipally-owned electric utility. Aside from decarbonization, renewable energy adoption can lead to co-benefits such as improving urban air quality from reductions in combustion-related emissions of oxides of nitrogen (NOx), primary fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and others. Herein, we quantify changes to air pollutant concentrations and public health from scenarios of 100% renewable electricity adoption in LA in 2045, alongside aggressive electrification of end-use sectors. Our analysis suggests that while ensuring reliable electricity supply, reductions in emissions of air pollutants associated with the 100% renewable electricity scenarios can lead to 8% citywide reductions of PM2.5 concentration while increasing ozone concentration by 5% relative to a 2012 baseline year, given identical meteorology conditions. The combination of these concentration changes could result in net monetized public health benefits (driven by avoided deaths) of up to $1.4 billion in year 2045 in LA, results potentially replicable for other city-scale decarbonization scenarios.
Effective interaction between guest charges immersed in 2D jellium
Authors: Šamaj Ladislav 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The model under study is an infinite 2D jellium of pointlike particles with elementary charge e, interacting via the logarithmic potential and in thermal equilibrium at the inverse temperature β. Two cases of the coupling constant

Γ
≡
β

e
2

are considered: the Debye–Hückel limit

Γ
→
0

and the free-fermion point

Γ
=
2

. In the most general formulation, two guest particles, the one with charge

q
e

(the valence q being an arbitrary integer) and the hard core of radius σ > 0 and the pointlike one with elementary charge e, are immersed in the bulk of the jellium at distance

d
⩾
σ

. Two problems are of interest: the asymptotic large-distance behavior of the excess charge density induced in the jellium and the effective interaction between the guest particles. Technically, the induced charge density and the effective interaction are expressed in terms of multi-particle correlations of the pure (translationally invariant) jellium system. It is shown that the separation form of the induced charge density onto its radial and angle parts, observed previously in the limit

Γ
→
0

, is not reproduced at the coupling

Γ
=
2

. Based on an exact expression for the effective interaction between guest particles at

Γ
=
2

, oppositely (

q
=
0
,
−
1
,
−
2
,
…

) charged guest particles always attract one another while likely (

q
=
1
,
2
,
…

) charged guest particles repeal one another up to a certain distance d between them and then the mutual attraction takes place up to asymptotically large (finite) distances.
Influence of urban growth on urban heat island phenomenon around Jakarta, Indonesia: Insight from Depok and South Tangerang city
Authors: Jumadi  , Novita Sari Dewi , Fikriyah Vidya N. , Aditya Pratama Bayu , Wardah Haniyatul , Triasa Madani Darin , Dwi Priyono Kuswaji , Zaky Hadibasyir Hamim , Danardono  , Saputra Aditya 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Economic activities in developing countries play a crucial role in national development. Jakarta, as one of the growing hubs in Indonesia, is influencing the urban planning of neighboring cities. Depok and South Tangerang City are among the cities that are most impacted by Jakarta’s growth. One of the impacts is that those cities are experiencing accelerated urbanization. This condition has caused a rise in the surface temperature of metropolitan areas, known as the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect. This study used multi-temporal Landsat 8 OLI data to determine the land cover and Land Surface Temperature (LST) in the two cities. The relation between those variables was then evaluated using simple regression. The results show that common conditions occurred in those two cities.
Assessment of Farmworker’s Level of Knowledge in Banana Cultivation and its Implication on Productivity Improvement in the Lower Shabelle Region of Somalia
Authors: Daud Farah Ifrah , Visetnoi Supawan 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Somalia was the largest banana producer and exporter in Africa in early 1990, but both production and export collapsed due to improper use of good agricultural practices and post-harvesting constraints. The government and its partners tried to recover the banana sector, but nothing changed. Researchers hypothesized that studying and improving farmworkers’ knowledge of banana cultivation could contribute to recovering the country’s banana sector. Therefore, the study objective is to study the current knowledge level of banana farm workers on banana cultivation and contributing factors influencing farm workers’ knowledge of banana cultivation in the Lower Shabelle region of Somalia. A cross-sectional study participating 400 farmworkers was implemented in the selected six large-scale banana farms which are the largest production area of the Lower Shabelle region of Somalia by using a well-structured questionnaire. Bloom’s cut-of-point classification was used to categorize knowledge scores into three knowledge levels and data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Chi-square test, and Multiple linear regression at a p-value of <0.05, <0.10, and <0.01. Most of the farm workers (80.2%) were male with 31.57 mean age (SD=8.53) and 167.48 mean income age (SD=81.27). This study reported that 194 (48.5%) farm workers have low knowledge of banana cultivation, 127 (31.8%) have moderate knowledge, and only 79 (19.8%) have good knowledge. The Mean knowledge was 18.54 (SD=6.51) out of 30 maximum expected scores. The weakest knowledge section is pesticide management while the strongest is harvesting. The coefficient of farmworkers’ age, education, training participation, and banana farming experience are significantly associated with their knowledge of banana cultivation activities at p-value <0.05 while the total land size they cultivate has a significant association at p-value <0.10. This study reported almost half of the banana farm workers have a low level of knowledge of banana cultivation. To enhance farmworkers’ cultivation knowledge, agricultural extension and education programs must enhance pesticide management relating knowledge by specifically focusing on older and low-experience farmworkers, rural farmworkers that are far away from training centres, and those who do not have large land sizes. In addition, improving training quality by providing advanced training materials and mentors, increasing training frequency, and improving training effectiveness is highly recommended.
Green Open Space Development as a Green City Concept Implementation Strategy (Case Study in Samarinda City)
Authors: Setyasih Iya’ , Prananto Sulistyo Sidiq , Rahman Tamrin , Chandra Krisna P , Anwar Yaskinul , Juhardika Aureliya C 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The rapid growth and development of the city has been experienced by various regions, one of which is Samarinda City, which is the capital of East Kalimantan Province. As a result of the development of Samarinda City, causing environmental problems accompanied by other negative impacts. To deal with and solve these problems, the method determined by the Samarinda City government is by implementing the green city concept. One of them is the development of green open space as an indicator of the green city concept. Through observation, interviews and documentation, the results of the research were (1) only about 10% of Samarinda City’s green open spaces, (2) the constraints faced were limited land, insufficient budget, land acquisition, violations of provisions on land and building use, lack of coordination between implementers of RTH providers, as well as the lack of compliance and understanding of the public regarding green open spaces, (3) The strategy implemented by the Samarinda City Government in implementing the green city concept is, providing green open space through the ProBebaya program, increasing community compliance and implementing private green open space regulations, providing sanctions, and socialization of the importance of green open space.
Potential Carbon Accumulation Rate in the Sediment Mangroves at Ujung Kulon National Park, Banten, Indonesia
Authors: Shintianata D , Patria M P , Lubis A A , Sugiharto U 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
As one of the wealthiest countries in the world in terms of the mangrove, Indonesia has a significant potential contributor to blue carbon. This study determines carbon stock (Corg) and sediment accumulation rate (SAR) to find the carbon accumulation rate (CAR) in sediment mangroves at Ujung Kulon National Park. Sampling was taken in 3 locations perpendicular to the shoreline: interior, fringe, and mudflat. The result shows that the interior area has the highest CAR (31.94 ± 3.6 g C m−2 yr−1) even though the carbon stock (90.19 Mg C ha−1) is the lowest from the other two. On the contrary, mudflat, which has the highest carbon stock (169.6 Mg C ha−1), shows the lowest CAR (17.03 ± 5.21 g C m−2 yr−1). This suggests that differences in sedimentation rates contribute to the variations in CAR.
Biomass Stock Estimation Using Landsat 8 Imagery in Bukit Tigapuluh National Park, Riau
Authors: Ash-Shidiq I P , Supriatna S , Darmawan A , Warta Z , Molidena E , Valla A , Hisan  , Firdaus M I , Zakaria N A , Muafiroh S , Pradana M R , Putera D A 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Forests certainly store biomass content which is reflected in the physical appearance of a tree. In calculating biomass directly, direct surveys and measurements are needed. Remote sensing technology, in this case, is a tool for monitoring and calculating the biomass content of vegetation. In estimating biomass using remote sensing, the biomass content of vegetation in the field is still needed. This study aimed to estimate the biomass content of the Meranti plant (Shorea parvifolia Dyer), which is the dominant plant species in the Bukit Tigapuluh National Park in Indragiri Hulu and Indragiri Hilir Regencies, Riau Province and Tebo Regencies and Tanjung Jabung Barat Regencies in Jambi Province with using Landsat 8 imagery. Field measurements and remote sensing images, which in this case are vegetation indices in the form of NDVI, ARVI, GNDVI, MSAVI2, and EVI, will produce a biomass estimation model, and the most suitable model will be selectively selected based on the strength of the relationship between the two parameters. The resulting model between the biomass value and the vegetation index will then become an estimate of the biomass of the dominant plant species in Bukit Tigapuluh National Park.
The effect of vegetation index on the land surface temperature in South Badung Regency, Bali Province
Authors: Dimyati Muhammad , Aginta Friscila , Damayanti Astrid 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The land surface temperature (LST) is a crucial component of the earth’s energy balance system. The temperature differences between the earth’s surface and the atmosphere are reflected in LST. Conversion of land, including vegetated land, may result in changes to LST. Using the vegetation index approach—NDVI and EVI—this study seeks to ascertain how variations in vegetation density impact LST. Using Landsat 7 ETM+ satellite imagery from 2003 and Landsat 8 OLI-TIRS from 2015 and 2020, this research combines remote sensing technologies and GIS to get vegetation density and LST values, which were then subjected to field verification and spatiotemporal analysis. According to the study’s findings, variations in vegetation density and soil surface temperature have an inverse or opposing relationship. The study’s findings suggest that variations in vegetation density and soil surface temperature have an opposing or inverse connection. In South Badung Regency, places with low vegetation density vary more in proximity to metropolitan areas, resulting in higher soil surface temperatures. These findings suggest that several additional factors, including population density and size, land use, urban planning, rainfall, and season, influence variations in land surface temperature in South Badung Regency.
An autoencoder for heterotic orbifolds with arbitrary geometry
Authors: Escalante–Notario Enrique , Portillo–Castillo Ignacio , Ramos–Sánchez Saúl 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Artificial neural networks can be an important tool to improve the search for admissible string compactifications and characterize them. In this paper we construct the heterotic orbiencoder, a general deep autoencoder to study heterotic orbifold models arising from various Abelian orbifold geometries. Our neural network can be easily trained to successfully encode the large parameter space of many orbifold geometries simultaneously, independently of the statistical dissimilarities of their training features. In particular, we show that our autoencoder is capable of compressing with good accuracy the large parameter space of two promising orbifold geometries in just three parameters. Further, most orbifold models with phenomenologically appealing features appear in bounded regions of this small space. Our results hint towards a possible simplification of the classification of (promising) heterotic orbifold models.
A phenomenological figure of merit for photovoltaic materials
Authors: Crovetto Andrea 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
I derive a figure of merit (FOM)

Γ

P
V

to estimate the maximum efficiency attainable by a generic non-ideal photovoltaic (PV) absorber in a planar single-junction solar cell. This efficiency limit complements the more idealized limits derived from fundamental physics, such as the Shockley–Queisser (SQ) limit and its subsequent generalizations. Specifically, the present FOM approach yields stricter efficiency limits applicable to realistic PV absorbers with various imperfections, including finite carrier mobilities and doping densities.

Γ

P
V

is a function of eight properties of the absorber that are both measurable by experiment and computable by electronic structure methods. They are: band gap, non-radiative carrier lifetime, carrier mobility, doping density, static dielectric constant, effective mass, and two parameters describing the spectral average and dispersion of the light absorption coefficient.

Γ

P
V

has high predictive power (absolute efficiency error less than

±
1.1
%

) and wide applicability range. The SQ limit and its generalizations are reproduced by

Γ

P
V

. Simpler FOMs proposed by others are also included as special cases of

Γ

P
V

.
iCluF: an unsupervised iterative cluster-fusion method for patient stratification using multiomics data
Authors: Shakyawar Sushil K , Sajja Balasrinivasa R , Patel Jai Chand , Guda Chittibabu 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Motivation
Patient stratification is crucial for the effective treatment or management of heterogeneous diseases, including cancers. Multiomic technologies facilitate molecular characterization of human diseases; however, the complexity of data warrants the need for the development of robust data integration tools for patient stratification using machine-learning approaches.

Results
iCluF iteratively integrates three types of multiomic data (mRNA, miRNA, and DNA methylation) using pairwise patient similarity matrices built from each omic data. The intermediate omic-specific neighborhood matrices implement iterative matrix fusion and message passing among the similarity matrices to derive a final integrated matrix representing all the omics profiles of a patient, which is used to further cluster patients into subtypes. iCluF outperforms other methods with significant differences in the survival profiles of 8581 patients belonging to 30 different cancers in TCGA. iCluF also predicted the four intrinsic subtypes of Breast Invasive Carcinomas with adjusted rand index and Fowlkes–Mallows scores of 0.72 and 0.83, respectively. The Gini importance score showed that methylation features were the primary decisive players, followed by mRNA and miRNA to identify disease subtypes. iCluF can be applied to stratify patients with any disease containing multiomic datasets.

Availability and implementation
Source code and datasets are available at https://github.com/GudaLab/iCluF_core.
Dual-energy CT applications in musculoskeletal disorders
Authors: Cheong Sook Chuei W , Yan Yet Yen , Sheikh Adnan , Ouellette Hugue A , Munk Peter L , Murray Nicolas , Mallinson Paul I 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Dual-energy CT (DECT) is an exciting application in CT technology conferring many advantages over conventional single-energy CT at no additional with comparable radiation dose to the patient. Various emerging and increasingly established clinical DECT applications in musculoskeletal (MSK) imaging such as bone marrow oedema detection, metal artefact reduction, monosodium urate analysis, and collagen analysis for ligamentous, meniscal, and disc injuries are made possible through its advanced DECT post-processing capabilities. These provide superior information on tissue composition, artefact reduction and image optimization. Newer DECT applications to evaluate fat fraction for sarcopenia, Rho/Z application for soft tissue calcification differentiation, 3D rendering, and AI integration are being assessed for future use. In this article, we will discuss the established and developing applications of DECT in the setting of MSK radiology as well as the basic principles of DECT which facilitate them.
Evaluation of renal function in chronic kidney disease using histogram analysis based on multiple diffusion models
Authors: Zhong Guimian , Chen Luyan , Lin Zhiping , Xiang Zhiming 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objectives
To compare the diagnostic value of histogram features of multiple diffusion metrics in predicting early renal impairment in chronic kidney disease (CKD).

Methods
A total of 77 patients with CKD (mild group, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) ≥60 mL/min/1.73 m2) and 30 healthy controls (HCs) were enrolled. Diffusion-weighted imaging was performed by using single-shot echo planar sequence with 13 b values (0, 20, 50, 80, 100, 150, 200, 500, 800, 1000, 1500, 2000, and 2500 s/mm2). Diffusion models including mono-exponential (Mono), intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM), stretched-exponential (SEM), and kurtosis (DKI) were calculated, and their histogram features were analysed. All diffusion models for predicting early renal impairment in CKD were established using logistic regression analysis, and diagnostic efficiency was compared among the models.

Results
All diffusion models had high differential diagnosis efficiency between the mild group and HCs. The areas under the curve (AUCs) of Mono, IVIM, SEM, DKI, and the combined diffusion model for predicting early renal impairment in CKD were 0.829, 0.809, 0.760, 0.825, and 0.861, respectively. There were no significant differences in AUCs except SEM and combined model, SEM, and DKI model. There were significant correlations between eGFR/serum creatinine and some of histogram features.

Conclusions
Histogram analysis based on multiple diffusion metrics was practicable for the non-invasive assessment of early renal impairment in CKD.

Advances in knowledge
Advanced diffusion models provided microstructural information. Histogram analysis further reflected histological characteristics and heterogeneity. Histogram analysis based on multiple diffusion models could provide an accurate and non-invasive method to evaluate the early renal damage of CKD.