bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
1/f Spin noise and a single spin detection with STM
Authors: Manassen Yishay , Balatsky Alexander V. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractWe propose a novel mechanism for single spin detection based on the 1/f spin current noise. We postulate that the 1/f spin noise for the tunneling current is similar to the ubiquitous 1/f noise in magnetic systems. Magnetic coupling between tunneling electrons and localized spin S then leads to the peak at Larmor frequency in the power spectrum of the electric current fluctuations I2ω. The elevated noise in the current spectrum will be spatially localized near the magnetic site. The difference in the power spectra taken at the Larmor frequency and elsewhere would reveal the peak in the spectrum. We argue that the signal‐to‐noise ratio for this mechanism is on the order of one. In addition, we discuss the asymmetric line shapes observed regularly with this measurement. We show that such line shapes are in accordance with the random sampling done with the tunneling electrons. Yet this predicts a line width at least one order of magnitude larger than observed experimentally, which is likely to be due to electrostatic repulsion between the tunneling electrons and temporal correlations in the tunneling process.
Electronic Level Structure and Single Electron Tunneling Effects in CdSe Quantum Rods
Authors: Rothenberg Eli , Mokari Taleb , Kazes Miri , Banin Uri , Katz David , Steiner Dov , Millo Oded 
Published: February 2005

AbstractOptical spectroscopy and scanning tunneling microscopy are used to study the size and shape dependence of the electronic states in CdSe quantum rods. Samples having average rod dimensions ranging from 10 to 60 nm in length and 3.5 to 7 nm in diameter, with aspect ratios varying between 3 to 12, were investigated. Both size‐selective optical spectroscopy and tunneling spectra on single rods show that the level structure depends primarily on the rod diameter and not on length. With increasing diameter, the band gap and the excited state level spacings shift to the red. The level structure is assigned using a multi‐band effective‐mass model. We shall also discuss the effect of single electron charging on the tunneling spectra, possibly reflecting the quantum rod level degeneracy, and its dependence on the tunneling junction parameters.
Following Single Molecules by Force Spectroscopy
Authors: Dudko Olga K. , Filippov Alexander E. , Klafter Joseph , Urbakh Michael 
Published: February 2005

AbstractDynamic force spectroscopy of single molecules, in which an adhesion bond is driven away from equilibrium by a spring pulled with velocity V, is described by a model that predicts the distribution of rupture forces (mean and variance), all amenable to experimental tests. The distribution has a pronounced asymmetry, which has recently been observed experimentally. The mean rupture force follows a (lnV)2/3 dependence on the pulling velocity and differs from earlier predictions. Interestingly, at low pulling velocities a rebinding process is observed whose signature is an intermittent behavior of the spring force that delays the rupture. Based on the rupture mechanism, we propose a new “pick‐up‐and‐put‐down” method to manipulate individual molecules with scanning probes. We demonstrate that the number of molecules picked up by the tip and deposited at a different location can be controlled by adjusting the pulling velocity of the tip and the distance of closest approach of the tip to the surface.
Photoinduced Processes in Silicon Nanoparticles
Authors: Martin JÖRg , Cichos Frank , Chan Iu Y. , Huisken Friedrich , Borczyskowski Christian Von 
Published: February 2005

AbstractSilicon nanocrystals have been prepared from gas‐phase pyrolysis and electrochemical etching of silicon. Confocal and wide‐field optical microscopy have been performed on size‐selected ensembles and single silicon nanocrystals. Single particles exhibit photoluminescence blinking effects that are interrelated with photo‐induced (reversible) bleaching effects of the ensemble. The blinking dynamics follow a power law statistic of on‐ and off‐times, revealing that even single nanoparticles are subject to strong disorder effects. This is supported by optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) experiments on silicon nanoparticles achieved for the first time via microscopic techniques.
Carotenoids of Different Types and Concentrations in Commercial Formulated Fish Diets Affect Color and Its Development in the Skin of the Red Oranda Variety of Goldfish
Authors: Wallat Geoffrey K , Lazur Andrew M , Chapman Frank A 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
The skin color of an orange–red hue in the Red Oranda variety of goldfish Carassius auratus is identified as a desirable and essential sales factor by hobbyists and commercial producers. This study used six different commercial diets (Arkat, BioKyowa, Silver Cup, Southern States, VibraGro, and Zeigler Tropical) to demonstrate the highly variable effect commercial diets could have on the skin coloration, survival, and growth of juvenile Red Oranda goldfish. Diets were selected based on their popular use in the tropical fish industry, the manufacturers' guaranteed nutritional analysis, and advertised color-enhancing ability. Goldfish were raised for 20 weeks in well water or pond water. Goldfish exhibited the best orange–red skin coloration when fed the VibraGro, Silver Cup, and Zeigler Tropical diets. BioKyowa feed imparted greenish-yellow skin coloration, and fish exhibited significantly (P &lt; 0.05) faster growth. The Arkat and Southern States feeds produced light olive to greenish-yellow skin coloration, and fish exhibited poor survival and growth. Skin color acquisition was faster in pond-water-reared fish than those reared in well water. The carotenoid content in the commercial diets was determined by spectrophotometry and high-performance liquid chromatography. Although the carotenoid types in the different diets were similar, their concentration levels varied widely.
Mortality of Fish Larvae Exposed to Varying Concentrations of Cyclopoid Copepods
Authors: Frimpong Emmanuel A , Lochmann Steve E 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Cyclopoid copepods can prey on freshwater fish larvae. The magnitude of predation is related to the size and concentrations of the cyclopoid copepods and the size of the fish larva; it is also likely to be specific to certain species. We studied 5-d-old larvae of sunshine bass (female white bass Morone chrysops × male striped bass M. saxatilis), golden shiner Notemigonus crysoleucas, fathead minnow Pimephales promelas, and goldfish Carassius auratus in four separate experiments. Larvae were stocked at 20/L into 2 L of water containing various concentrations of the cyclopoid copepods Cyclops vernalis and Mesocyclops vericans to ascertain the effect of predation on mortality. We also compared predation rates observed in this study with rates predicted by an empirical model of crustacean predation on fish larvae from the literature. Sunshine bass alone were susceptible to predation mortality at the cyclopoid copepod concentrations used in this study. Mortality at 400 cyclopoids/L was significantly higher than mortality at 0–100 cyclopoids/ L. Mortality at 500 cyclopoids/L was significantly greater than mortality at any other treatment concentration. The observed predation rates were much lower than the predation rates predicted by the model. Stocking sunshine bass larvae at 4.11 mm total length or larger into ponds with fewer than 300 cyclopoids/L probably represents a low risk of predation. Golden shiners, fathead minnow, and goldfish larger than 5 mm total length that are stocked in ponds with fewer than 500 cyclopoids/L would also probably experience little cyclopoid copepod predation.
Growth of Postlarval Macrobrachium rosenbergii at Two Temperatures
Authors: Arana-Magallón F C , Ortega-Salas A A 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Postlarvae of the giant Malaysian prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii were reared for a 120-d period under laboratory conditions at 20°C and 33°C. We stocked 480 50-d-old postlarvae in eight 70-L aquaria. A balanced commercial feed containing 40% protein was supplied daily at 20% to 9% of body weight during the first 2 months and at 5% to 3% of body weight during the final 2 months. Live brine shrimp Artemia franciscana were also provided as a supplemental food. The growth of the giant Malaysian prawn was significantly greater at 33°C than at 20°C. Basic knowledge of giant Malaysian prawn rearing requirements under artificial conditions is important for the production of juveniles as stocks for large-scale prawn culture.
Preliminary Observations of Topical Gill Application of Reproductive Hormones for Induced Spawning of a Tropical Ornamental Fish
Authors: Hill Jeffrey E , Baldwin John D , Graves Jeffrey S , Leonard Robert , Powell James F F , Watson Craig A 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Hormone injection is a common spawning induction technique in aquaculture but is of limited use in small species with low fecundity. An alternative to injection for such species is topical gill application. We conducted an experiment with female rainbow sharks Epalzeorhynchos erythrurus (Cyprinidae) in one control group and three treatment groups: (1) topical gill application of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), (2) topical gill application of DMSO and Ovaprim, and (3) an Ovaprim intramuscular (IM) injection. Ovaprim contains a salmonid gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog and a dopamine antagonist. Fish were anesthetized, treated, and placed into recovery tanks. Fish were manually checked for ovulation by exerting abdominal pressure at 8, 10, and 11 h posttreatment and were observed for mortality during a 24-h period. Ovulation varied significantly: we found no ovulation of females in the control or DMSO groups, 78% ovulation in the DMSO plus Ovaprim group, and 100% ovulation in the Ovaprim IM injection group. Only two mortalities occurred in 24 h, both in the injected group. Use of DMSO as a solvent for topical gill application of hormones shows some promise as a spawning induction technique for tropical ornamental fishes.
Routine Measures of Stress Are Reduced in Mature Channel Catfish during and after AQUI-S Anesthesia and Recovery
Authors: Small Brian C , Chatakondi Nagaraj 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Mature channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus were exposed to water containing three different concentrations (20, 40, and 60 mg/L) of AQUI-S (50% isoeugenol) during routine handling procedures at a commercial catfish facility. Anesthetic efficacy, recovery time, and the effects of AQUI-S on routine measures of stress were compared with similar measures in a group of fish sampled prior to anesthesia (preanesthesia [PA] group) and a group anesthetized with 100 mg tricaine methanesulfonate (TMS)/L. On average, all the fish lost equilibrium at 8.0, 3.9, and 3.7 min when anesthetized in 20, 40, and 60 mg AQUI-S/L, respectively. Fish anesthetized with TMS lost equilibrium at 4.5 min. Recovery time in freshwater was 2.1, 2.8, and 5.3 min for fish anesthetized in 20, 40, and 60 mg/L AQUI-S, respectively. Recovery time after TMS anesthesia was 1.7 min. Short-term (24-h) survival was 100% for all treatments, and long-term (21-d) survival ranged from 87.5% for TMS-anesthetized fish to 98.8% for fish anesthetized in 40 mg/L AQUI-S. All anesthetic treatments significantly reduced (P &lt; 0.05) plasma cortisol levels relative to PA fish, and circulating cortisol was lower (P &lt; 0.05) in all AQUI-S−anesthetized fish than in TMS-anesthetized fish. Plasma glucose concentrations were significantly lower (P &lt; 0.05) in fish anesthetized with 40 mg/L AQUI-S than in PA and TMS-treated fish after both anesthetization and recovery. Plasma lactate and chloride concentrations were not reduced (P &gt; 0.05) in any treatment compared with the levels in PA fish. Fish anesthetized with 40 mg/L AQUI-S had lower (P &lt; 0.05) plasma lactate levels after recovery than TMS-anesthetized fish, and plasma chloride levels were significantly lower (P &lt; 0.05) immediately following AQUI-S anesthesia at all concentrations than in fish anesthetized with TMS. Anesthesia did not affect (P &gt; 0.05) postrecovery plasma chloride concentrations. Overall, AQUI-S exhibited efficacy as an anesthetic for mature channel catfish and demonstrated stress-reducing properties during handling procedures.
Pattern of Discharge and Mass Loading during Drainage of Excavated Ponds Used for Food Fish Production of Channel Catfish
Authors: Hargreaves John A , Tucker Craig S , Kingsbury Susan K 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
We evaluated the temporal pattern of solids, organic matter, and nutrient concentrations in the discharge effluent of three commercial-size excavated ponds with two types of drainage structures used in catfish production in Mississippi. Measurements of effluent water quality and pond stage elevation were used to calculate solids, organic matter, and nutrient mass loading when ponds were drained. Solids, organic matter, and nutrient concentrations in effluent from ponds with fixed internal drains were very high during the first 10– 30 min of pond draining. Thereafter, effluent solids and nutrient concentrations were similar to those of the bulk pond water. The initial flush of effluent contained solids that settle easily. Mass discharge was directly proportional to volume discharged in two ponds. In the third pond, mass discharge increased as a function of pond volume because poorly consolidated pond sediment exposed during draining was eroded by rainfall and wind-generated waves. Average mass discharge (kg/ha) from draining the three ponds was as follows: total suspended solids = 976, 5-d biochemical oxygen demand = 84, total nitrogen = 46, and total phosphorus = 3.5. These mass loading values can be annualized by dividing by the interval between pond drainings. Total annual mass loading can be calculated by adding annualized mass discharge from pond draining to mass discharge from pond overflow.
Oxygen transport and cell viability in an annular flow bioreactor: Comparison of laminar Couette and Taylor‐vortex flow regimes
Authors: Curran Stephen J. , Black Richard A. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractRotating wall vessel bioreactors have been proposed as a means of controlling the fluid dynamic environment during long‐term culture of mammalian cells and engineered tissues. In this study, we show how the delivery of oxygen to cells in an annular flow bioreactor is enhanced by the forced convective transport afforded by Taylor vortex flows. A fiberoptic oxygen probe with negligible lag time was used to measure the dissolved oxygen concentration in real time and under carefully controlled aeration conditions. From these data, the overall mass transfer coefficients were calculated and mass transport correlations determined under laminar Couette flow conditions and discrete Taylor vortex flow regimes, including laminar, wavy, and turbulent flows. While oxygen transport in Taylor vortex flows was significantly greater, and the available oxygen exceeded that consumed by murine fibroblasts in free suspension, the proportion of cells that remained viable decreased with increasing Reynolds number (101.8 < Rei < 1018), which we attribute to the action of fluid shear stresses on the cells as opposed to any limitation in mass transport. Nevertheless, the results of this study suggest that laminar Taylor‐vortex flow regimes provide an effective means of maintaining the levels of oxygen transport required for long‐term cell culture. ©2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Host limits to accurate human growth hormone production in multiple plant systems
Authors: Russell Douglas A. , Spatola Lori A. , Dian Titik , Paradkar Vikram M. , Dufield Dawn R. , Carroll James A. , Schlittler Michael R. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractHuman growth hormone (hGH) is not only a valuable recombinant therapeutic protein for hormone deficiency indications, but is also an extensively characterized molecule both from recombinant bacterial systems and as circulating in humans. We describe the characterization of hGH produced in three different plant systems: tobacco cell culture, soy seed, and maize seed. The data indicate highest production in the maize seed system, with continued productivity over multiple generations, and when bred to a new host genotype for improved productivity. Purification indicated significant material of the correct structure from both plant cell culture and maize seed, with maize seed also showing correct activity relative to that produced by Escherichia coli. However, all systems showed some proteolyzed hGH, with data from gel electrophoresis, mass spectrometry, and peptide mapping localizing to a region of the protein also prone to cleavage in some other systems. Together, the data indicate the dependence of recombinant protein accumulation on posttranslational processes in different host systems. ©2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Magnetic resonance microscopy analysis of advective transport in a biofilm reactor
Authors: Gjersing Erica L. , Codd Sarah L. , Seymour Joseph D. , Stewart Philip S. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIn this article we present magnetic resonance microscopy (MRM) characterization of the advective transport in a biofilm capillary reactor. The biofilm generates non‐axial flows that are up to 20% of the maximum axial velocity. The presence of secondary velocities of this magnitude alters the mass transport in the bioreactor relative to non‐biofilm fouled reactors and questions the applicability of empirical mass transfer coefficient approaches. The data are discussed in the context of simulations and models of biofilm transport and conceptual aspects of transport modeling in complex flows are also discussed. The variation in the residence time distribution due to biofilm growth is calculated from the measured propagator of the motion. Dynamical systems methods applied to model fluid mixing in complex flows are indicated as a template for extending mass transport theory to quantitatively incorporate microscale data on the advection field into macroscale mass transfer models.© 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
How to deal with difficult microsurgical end‐to‐side anastomoses
Authors: Verhelle Nicolas Aubrey Charles , Heymans Olivier 
Published: February 2005

AbstractAlthough unexplained thrombotic failures still exist, the majority of free‐flap failures are due to identifiable technical failures, indicating that an excellent operative technique remains the key point. However, some clinical circumstances, such as damaged or deeply located vessels, are related to a higher thrombotic risks, demanding refinements of the microsurgical procedure to avoid higher failure rates. We reviewed 195 free flaps in the lower leg in order to quantify these situations and how we dealt with them. In total, six flaps were performed with a T‐interposition to cope with difficult end‐to‐side anastomoses on damaged vessels. In two cases, the use of a funnel‐shaped vein graft facilitated difficult end‐to‐side anastomoses in the popliteal area. The authors believe that these refinements of microsurgery should not be first‐choice procedures, but they have proven to be a useful tool for certain microsurgical reconstructions. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery 25:1–6, 2005.
Morphological and functional evaluation of leg‐muscle reinnervation after coupler coaptation of the divided rat sciatic nerve
Authors: Lutz Barbara S. , Lidman Disa 
Published: February 2005

AbstractMechanical couplers are successfully used for microvascular venous anastomoses. The advantages include a simple and fast technique and a high patency rate. Couplers offer a secluded coaptation site, and might also be of use in peripheral nerve repair. The present study was designed to investigate coupler coaptation of the rat sciatic nerve, evaluating the number and locations of motor and sensory neurons projecting to the selected muscles as well as stimulation‐induced muscle contraction force. Adult rats underwent either suture or coupler repair after left sciatic nerve transection. In all rats, the experimental side was compared to the healthy right side. Evaluation after 20 weeks included retrograde labeling of motoneurons and dorsal root ganglion neurons projecting to the tibial anterior muscle and to the tibial posterior muscle, histology, muscle contraction force (tibial anterior muscle and gastrocnemius muscle), and a pinch reflex test. The results show that the suture and the coupler groups did not differ significantly regarding the examined parameters, except for discrete signs of nerve compression at the coaptation site after coupler repair due to fibrous tissue ingrowth. However, this did not impair axonal regeneration. Importantly, axonal outgrowth from the repair site to the surrounding tissue was not observed after coupler coaptation, but it was observed after suture repair. These results suggest that couplers may be of value for repair of nerves in adjacency to avoid axonal crisscrossing between nerves during regeneration. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery 25:1–6, 2005.
Current concepts of basement-membrane structure and function
Authors: Grant Michael E. , Heathcote J. Godfrey , Orkin Roslyn W. 
Published: February 2005

ConclusionIn this brief review we have attempted to describe the known components of basement membranes in relation to the morphology and function of these matrices. Further details of the molecular structures and biosynthesis of these components may be found in original papers and in various reviews (Kefalides, 1973; Spiro, 1976; Kefalides et al., 1979; Heathcote & Grant, 1981).Although basement membranes appear to contain essentially similar protein and carbohydrate moieties, the proportions and organization of these may differ and, in the opinion of the authors, the key to an understanding of basement membranes lies in the recognition of this heterogeneity. At present, structural models of basement membrane are far from satisfactory and should be regarded with reservation.
Gene Overexpression in Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Implications
Authors: Rodriguez Joel A. , Li Min , Yao Qizhi , Chen Changyi , Fisher William E. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractPancreatic cancer is the deadliest of cancers, and effective diagnostic and therapeutic strategies are lacking. Global gene expression profiling holds promise for improved diagnosis and treatment. Knowledge of the location and timing of gene overexpression and the function of these genes, including their effects on signaling pathways, is important. These data may be used to develop histologic and serum biomarkers as well as to develop immunotherapeutic, molecular targeting, and gene therapy strategies. We have compiled a list of overexpressed genes in pancreatic cancer for which overexpression was confirmed by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry, and/or in situ hybridization following initial identification by global gene expression profiling. The techniques used in the determination of overexpression, problems encountered in global gene expression profiling, and the diagnostic and therapeutic implications of overexpression are discussed. The S100 gene family, mesothelin, prostate stem cell antigen, and 14‐3‐3 sigma, may have important clinical implications in pancreatic cancer diagnosis and treatment.