bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Ecological Context
Authors: Spergel Irving A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the local social institutions and contexts that contribute to the development of gangs and that in tum are affected by gang problems. It focuses on the defective character of family, school, politics, and prison relationships, particularly as they create and interact with gangs. These local institutions or contexts are in significant measure products of the external environment-population movements, changing social and economic conditions, unemployment, racism, lack of resources, and ineffective governmental policies. However, the problem is most directly produced by defective local institutions and their fragmented interrelationships.
Metaphors
Authors: Vannortwick Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Those who write analyses of literature these days must begin by walking across the hot coals of the methodology test: what method are you using to get at the stories? Are you aware of your own prejudices? Is your way of seeing valid? The heat is especially intense for those who want to write about issues of personal behavior or motivation that may be said to cross over between literature and “life” (whatever that is).
Wavefunctions At Surfaces
Authors: Chen C Julian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As we have shown in Chapters 2 and 3, under the normal operating conditions of STM, the tunneling current can be calculated from the wavefunctions a few A from the outermost nuclei of the tip and the sample. The wavefunctions at the surfaces of solids, rather than the wavefunctions in the bulk, contribute to the tunneling current. In this chapter, we will discuss the general properties of the wavefunctions at surfaces. This is to fill the gap between standard solid­ state physics textbooks such as Kittel (1986) and Ashcroft and Mermin (1985), which have too little information, and monographs as well as journal articles, which are too much to read. For more details, the book of Zangwill (1988) is helpful.
Imaging Crystalline Surfaces
Authors: Chen C Julian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mathematically, an image is a matrix, or a two-dimensional array of numbers, v(x, y). The variables x and y, in any practical case, are discrete. Therefore, they can be represented as natural numbers. Typically, the range of x and y is 100 - 1000. The step size in the x = (x, y) plane represents the lateral resolution of the data recording device. For example, if a I 00 X I 00 matrix is assigned to a 100 X 100 A2 image, the lateral resolution is limited to 1 A. point on the x plane with a value v(x) assigned is called a pixel in computer jargon, which means a “picture element.” The variable v is a physical quantity, usually considered as a real number. Because of the limited accuracy of the data and the cost of storing it in the computer memory, it is often an integer (-32768 - +32767), sometimes even a byte (-128 - +127).
Atomic Forces And Tunneling
Authors: Chen C Julian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As we have discussed in Chapter I, the importance of forces in vacuum tunneling was first realized by Teague (1978), a few years before the invention of the STM. The attractive and repulsive forces between the two gold spheres cause minute deformations near the tunneling gap, which is enough to produce a substantial effect. Coombs and Pethica (1985) reported that the apparent barrier height in STM could be much lower than the work function. Such an anomalously low apparent barrier height is due to a mechanical contact between the tip and the sample, which makes the z reading from the piezo voltage different from the actual gap displacement. Those original ideas have played an important role in the development of the concept of the STM imaging mechanism. Soler et al. (1986) explained the observed giant corrugation on graphite and other layered materials in terms of the repulsive force and the deformation of the sample surface. The existence and importance of the force and deformation in the STM imaging mechanism was further verified by Mamin et al. (1986). The observation of the role of force in STM also inspired the invention of the atomic force microscope (AFM).
Electronics And Control
Authors: Chen C Julian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The tunneling current occurring in STM is very small, typically from 0.01 to 50 nA. The current amplifier is thus an essential element of an STM, which amplifies the tiny tunneling current and converts it into a voltage. The performance of the current amplifier, to a great extent, influences the performance of the STM. There are natural limits for the overall performance of current amplifiers, as determined by the thermal noise, stray capacitance, and the characteristics of the electronic components. In this section, we will present these issues by analyzing several typical current amplifier circuits, which can be easily made and used in actual STMs.
Introduction
Authors: Donaldson Thomas J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In many ways this volume reflects the evolution of existing trends in business education. For the purpose of confronting pressing problems of managerial responsibility, employee rights, and organizational justice, business academics have turned to political philosophers and ethicists. In order to understand the complex historical roots of modern democratic capitalism, they have turned to historians. In order to understand poignant problems of leadership, they have turned to literature and drama. This volume analyzes the panoramic implications of these evolutionary trends and proposes specific directions for future business education, including directions for curriculum design. The contributors conspicuously disagree about means more than they do about ends. Indeed, the variety of selections included here leaves the clear impression that the humanities must contribute to contemporary business education through the breadth of values they encompass. On this point the authors agree, but they disagree over the ways these values are to be realized.
A Response to Richard T. De George’s “Business as a Humanity: A Contradiction in Terms?”
Authors: Green Ronald M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As we have come to expect, Richard De George has given us a rich and thoughtful discussion of the role the humanities might play in business education. My aim in this comment is not to take issue with De George. Rather, because I substantially agree with almost every thing he says, I want to identify one ambiguity in his argument and sharpen the separate points within it. To assist in this, I propose to draw on the related area of medical education. Medical educators have had longer experience than business educators in trying to integrate the humanities into their curricula. By looking at their efforts we can better understand the challenges facing the humanities in business education.
Religious Ideals And The Distribution Of Cereal Grains In The Hebrew Bible
Authors: Grottanelli Cristiano 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The storage and the (re)distribution of cereal grains in the Ancient Near East were administered by centralized organizations (temple or, more often, palace) in the context of social structures that were decidedly hierarchical and central ized. To the political centralization in such structures, there corresponded an economic centralization of the conservation, distribution, and consumption of foodstuffs. In fact, one centralization appears as a function of the other, in a sys tem that is both coherent and complex.
The Face of Reconstruction: Architectural Style
Authors: Diefendorf Jeffry M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Relatively few Germans have offered praise for the shape which urban reconstruction took. They commonly have lamented that too few of the buildings were rebuilt in their prewar style, though sometimes they have complained that the modern buildings were poorly designed, plain and boring, or inappropriate for their setting. The objects of these criticisms are usually large commercial buildings, such as department stores, banks, and offices, along with public buildings, such as town halls. Poor quality is attributed to haste, as well as an inability to transcend Nazi aesthetic values, and a lack of talent and imagination on the part of architects.
Between the World Wars
Authors: Bloom Samuel W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The period between the two world wars was, for sociology generally, a time of growth and of institutionalization. As for medical sociology, this was when much of its intellectual foundation was built. Bernhard Stern, Michael Davis, and Henry Sigerist carried forward the traditions of social medicine, both scholarly and activist. Within academic sociology, on the other hand, a quite different approach was initiated. Lawrence J. Henderson, in a Harvard seminar on Pareto in 1931, used medicine as the illustrative case for the development of social theory.
From Ad Hoc Committee to Professional Association
Authors: Bloom Samuel W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Section on Medical Sociology of the ASA is the first and most widely known professional association for social scientists with interests in problems of health and illness. The Section was formally created in 1959, but it developed from an unaffiliated organization, the Committee on Medical Sociology, started in 1955. The Committee was founded by sociologists but included the full range of social scientists, anthropologists, social psychologists, social workers, and physicians. Even after it evolved into an official Section, it continued as a multidisciplinary group.
The Historical Context: 1950–1975
Authors: Useem Bert , Kimball Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Prison riots change with time and place. They are shaped by the political events and issues of the day, the prevailing ideas about imprisonment, and the political struggles in and around prisons. To understand the Attica and Joliet riots, then, we start with a brief disucussion of prisons and their context in the post-World War II years. We divide these years into two periods, which we term “confidence and rehabilitationism” (1950–1965) and “conflict and politi cization” (1966–1975).
A Gang in Rebellion-Joliet (1975)
Authors: Useem Bert , Kimball Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The dissent and violence of the 1960s was without precedent in U.S. history.1 Assassinations, a half-dozen years of urban riots, protest over the war in Vietnam, and the Attica riot itself had pushed American society, many felt, to the brink of political instability. Writing from the vantage point of an insider, Daniel Moynihan conveys the sense of crisis among the political elite: An increase in domestic spending was one response of the “men in office;” another was to develop policies that would try to incorporate into the mainstream those on the margins of society, especially a new generation of inner city blacks. It was such an effort that set the stage for the Joliet riot of April 22, 1975.
Causes and Effects of Prison Riots
Authors: Useem Bert , Kimball Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The commission that investigated the Attica riot declared that “Attica is every prison; and every prison is Attica.” It is indeed true that many of the sources of tension that existed at Attica (perceived racism, poor conditions, e.g.) exist in many, if not most, other American prisons. However, if the commission’s declaration is taken to mean that riots like the one which took place at Attica in 1971 can be taken as impending at all times at all other prisons, the statement was false then and is false now. It is neither true that a riot can break out in any prison, nor that a serious riot can take place at any time, nor that riots which do take place must resemble that at Attica, that at New Mexico, or any other model.
Work Organization in Japan and the United States
Authors: Lincoln James R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses primarily on work and company organization in the United States and Japan and, secondarily, on the impact of organization on the work attitudes and behaviors of Japanese and American manufacturing employees. It draws heavily on the empirical results of a large survey study of plants in both countries that I conducted with several colleagues in the early 1980s (Lincoln and Kalleberg 1990). The topic is by no means a new one. The extent to which the keys to the competitive power of Japanese manufacturing companies lie in the discipline and commitment of Japanese labor and whether that discipline can be, in turn, traced to the management and structuring of the Japanese firm have been the comparative management questions of the 1980s. Always in the background of recent discussions of Japanese and Western management styles is the question of whether Japanese work organization is usefully cast as a new organizational form, one which (for a variety of reasons) the Japanese hit upon first and have therefore seized comparative advantage from, but is nonetheless the model toward which progressive and competitive North American and European firms are also inexorably drifting. As the successes of Japanese manufacturing at home and abroad have accumulated, this speculation has fascinated many writers, but the most sophisticated and provocative treatment of the topic remains Ronald Dore’s ( I 973) thesis of “welfare corporatist” organization as a holistic organizational control system likely to materialize in late-developing economies.
National and Company Differences in Organizing Production Work in the Car Industry
Authors: Jurgens Ulrich 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We are experiencing a far-reaching change in the automobile industry that is comparable in its historical consequences to the diffusion of the Taylorist-Fordist regulation model decades ago. Criticism of Taylorism-Fordism has grown since the beginning of the 1980s, especially, and the demand for greater emphasis on human resources and the self-regulation of work by the workers themsevles has been experiencing an enormous upswing in the public discussion in Western countries. One hears of the “new plant revolution” (Lawler 1978). A mixture of ideas on questions of work motivation, the design of work (in both social and technical terms), and industrial democracy that have been developing over decades have now come to fruition and been translated into textbooks for personnel policy (e.g., Milkovich and Glueck 1985), as well as for industrial engineering and production engineering (e.g., Barnes 1980). Titles such as Improving Productivity and the Quality of Worklife (Cummings and Molloy 1977), Productivity Gains Through Worklife Improvements (Glaser 1976), and High-Involvement Management (Lawler 1986) signal a new way of thinking among managers.
New Technology and the Organization of Work: British and Japanese Factories
Authors: Whittaker D Hugh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A machine-tool cuts, bores, grinds, shapes, and otherwise processes metal with various tools, the movements of which are conventionally controlled by levers and handles manipulated by an operator. With numerical control (NC), the movements are controlled instead by a predetermined code or program. The program is fed into the machine’s controller, and it directs the movements of the machine. As the name suggests, computer numerical control (CNC) involves the use of a reprogramable computerized controller. NC/CNC has aroused a good deal of controversy because it allegedly enables managers to replace willful skilled craftsmen with machine minders and button pushers on the one hand, and programmers on the other, who are more amenable to management control. Managers thereby achieve through technology an end which has constantly eluded them through organizational and disciplinary means. Braverman (1974) contended that this possibility is inevitably seized upon by capitalists, while other writers (e.g., Senker 1986) have suggested that “deskilling” may represent one management strategy, but having the operator do the programming and enriching the job—”reskilling”—is equally feasible. Both views are challenged by a study of CNC use in German and British factories that found that the main determinants of CNC use were factory size and batch size (Sorge et al. 1983). The larger the factory, the more likely it is to have separate planning and programming departments, and the larger the batch, the more likely it is that tasks will be broken up. These determinants cut across country, although national differences in training and production organization were noted.
The Shaping of Software Systems in Manufacturing: The Implementation of Network Technologies in British Industries
Authors: Webster Juliette 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Britain, currently, much attention is being paid to a postulated sea change in production practices and to the use of integrated production technologies to support a new approach to manufacturing. New methods imported from Japan, coupled with the use of software systems such as computer-aided production management (CAPM) originating in the United States, are seen as being the significant means by which British manufacturing competitiveness can be improved. The Department of Trade and Industry (DTI), industrial practitioners, management consultants, academics, and journalists have all contributed to this idea. This chapter considers the promotion of CAPM technologies as “plug-in” solutions to current British industrial problems and examines the expectations of accompanying shifts to “Japanized” methods of production that have been generated by suppliers, consultants, and government agencies. The popularity of this new ideology of manufacturing has to be seen as part of a more general reorientation of British capital toward regaining some competitive advantage in the international marketplace. While these manufacturing methods and technologies are also gaining currency across Europe and America, in Britain this rhetoric of manufacturing is also strongly rooted in the political culture of Thatcherite (and Majorite) society. In Britain, the new manufacturing ideas have been accompanied by a powerful emphasis on the resurgence of capital, the growth of the private sector. the primacy of market forces, and the renewal of enterprise.
From Socialism to Sociology
Authors: Horowitz Irving Louis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The origins of American sociology are bathed in religious homogeneity masked by a sense of Protestantism as pluralism. The review of the founding theorists of American sociology between 1881 and 1915 makes it perfectly plain that a certain cultural uniformity existed among figures as diverse as Lester F. Ward, William Sumner, Franklin Giddings, Charles H. Cooley, Albion Small, and Edward Ross.1 The context of discourse rested on issues derived from evolutionism in biology and associationism in psychology. And whether the views expressed were liberal or conservative, they scarcely deviated from the norms of an America immersed in Protestantism and nationalism.
Public Choice and the Sociological Imagination
Authors: Horowitz Irving Louis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The problematic relation of sociology and policy is evident in the work of James Coleman. He is a figure of great substance and eminence who, as I shall try to show, could neither succeed in his efforts to overcome inherited dualisms and create a new synthesis based upon sociological application nor, for that matter, even earn the gratitude of his professional peers for making the attempt.1 Indeed, for stating the obvious in statistical form—that white families flee the inner city whenever possible to escape perceived dangers and that black families follow whenever they have the means to do so—Coleman was faced with such vehement resentment and resistance that for a full decade he felt it necessary to stay out of the American Sociological Association.
Social Disputations and Moral Implications
Authors: Horowitz Irving Louis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I have great qualms about the notion of moral education serving as the ground upon which social research walks.1 At best, it is a nineteenth-century concept smuggled into sociological discourse by those who search for the City of God in the cities of men, and, at worst, it is a late twentieth-century concept appealing to fanaticisms of the worst sort. Clericalists tend to talk of moral education; secularists, of education for moral choice. The kind of unease or discomfort with the concept of moral education herein expressed is not simply personal but one felt in general among serious people.
Social Science and the Great Tradition
Authors: Horowitz Irving Louis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Contrary to what might be imagined, social-science publishing in the United States is not a recent development. Quite the contrary, broadly conceived, it began almost coincidentally with the founding of the American Republic. Specifically, the issuance of the first census-tract information in 1790 represented the introduction of social-science–data publishing. In addition, even before the ratification of the American Constitution, the issuance of The Federalist Papers may be viewed as the first substantial effort in publicizing the politics of the “first new nation.”1
Orthodoxy and the Epic Tradition
Authors: Basham A L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The period that followed the early Upanisadic sages and the birth of Buddhism and Jainism saw great changes in India. The small kingdom of Magadha (southern Bihar) gradually expanded until in the fourth century B.C.E. it controlled most of the Ganges plain. Toward the end of the sixth century B.C.E. the Achaemenian rulers of Iran conquered much of the northwest, at least as far as the Indus River; and in 326 B.C.E. the world-conquering Alexander of Macedon tried to found an empire in India but was compelled to retire without gaining permanent control even of the Indus area.
Topology of Tangential Discontinuities
Authors: Parker Eugene N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We turn now to the topology of those surfaces of tangential discontinuity that are required by the topology of the magnetic field in static equilibrium (Parker, 1989, 1990, !991). The surfaces are current sheets and the surface current density J, as well as the jump B in the opposing field components, can be used as a direct measure of the strength of the discontinuity in the magnetic field.
Adventual Prophets
Authors: Petersen Rodney L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Narratives play an important role in our lives. The stories that we tell ourselves or those to which we listen shape our self-understanding and, hence, the ways in which we interact in our world. Stories and images that have become a part of sacred traditions play an even greater role in this regard. Biblical narratives, as “mysterious and ‘fraught with background’” as they may be,1 call forth an inter pretation from those of us who read them. And, particularly in the case of sacred texts like the Bible, such interpretation makes claims upon us that call us from the world of definition into that of ethics and political action.