bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS SUBSTANCES ON THE GROWTH OF MOUSE CARCINOMA
Authors: Fleisher Moyer S. , Loeb Leo 
Published: June 2004

We have described the methods used in determining the influence of certain substances on tumor growth, and we measured approximately the degree of reliability of the quantitative method used. We examined with these methods various classes of substances,— distilled water, a number of inorganic salts, inorganic colloidal substances, various organic colloidal and non-colloidal substances, especially various proteids, tuberculin and hirudin alone as well as in combination with other substances. Distilled water, various inorganic sulphur preparations, and various inorganic salts did not show an inhibiting effect on tumor growth sufficient to be detected by means of our first method. Only in the case of gold potassium cyanide was there possibly a slightly retarding influence present. On the other hand, certain colloidal solutions of heavy metals (copper, platinum, gold) retard the growth of a number of tumors of injected animals. Certain combinations of copper salts and casein act in a similar manner. Of the organic substances used, casein, nucleoproteid, and hirudin were active, while the other proteids tested, as well as various other organic substances and tuberculin and lecithin, seemed to be either without effect or weaker than the other substances mentioned as retarding the tumor growth. Hirudin was active and caused in addition to its inhibiting influence the retrogression of a certain number of tumors. Especially active was a combination of hirudin with colloidal copper and of hirudin with nucleoproteid.
One single injection of casein or nucleoproteid, or of the Heyden preparation of colloidal copper, leads to a more or less marked edematous condition of a certain number of tumors, while hirudin caused in addition, in many cases, marked hemorrhages in or around the tumors. Other substances which we tested did not show this effect, although their inhibiting action on tumor growth may have been equally strong. Very young tumors (two to six days old) are not retarded in their growth through injection of colloidal copper or hirudin, while nine to thirteen days old tumors are, independently of their size on the ninth day, inhibited in approximately the same relative degree; absolutely, however, the more rapidly growing smaller tumors are more markedly inhibited than the normally more slowly growing larger tumors.
A METHOD OF COUNTING THE ACTUAL NUMBER OF PURKINJE CELLS PRESENT IN A GIVEN AREA OF CEREBELLUM, AND ITS APPLICATION IN TEN CLINICAL CASES
Authors: Hitchings Frederic Wade 
Published: June 2004

1. This method of determining the actual number of Purkinje cells present in a given area of cerebellum is practicable and of sufficient accuracy to make it another useful means of studying nerve cell activity.
2. In its application to clinical cases it is found that increasing nerve cell exhaustion is accompanied by increasing nerve cell disappearance, although it is recognized that theoretically complete nerve cell exhaustion could be present without nerve cell disappearance on account of the individual dying before phagocytic action could take place.
3. This disappearance of nerve cells corroborates the theories and observations made on phagocytosis of nerve cells, inasmuch as it shows that nerve cells disappear from the brain.
4. While there are too few cases to establish a normal actual Purkinje cell count, it is of interest to note that there were 16.6 per cent. fewer cells in the case with the maximum cell exhaustion (57 per cent.) than in the case of the normal man (2 per cent.).
THE RELATION OF BACILLUS ABORTUS FROM BOVINE SOURCES TO MALTA FEVER
Authors: Smith Theobald 
Published: June 2004

1. Comparative tests on guinea pigs with B. abortus yield the best results when minute doses are injected subcutaneously and the animal kept at least 4 weeks.
2. B. abortus gradually loses its virulence for guinea pigs under artificial cultivation.
3. Two cultures resembling B. abortus from cattle, isolated from human cases of so called Malta fever, are shown to be in their effect on guinea pigs not identical with the bovine strains.
4. The results of studies of B. abortus from swine indicate a close relation between the porcine strains and the two human strains.
EFFECTS OF SPONTANEOUS DISEASE ON ORGAN WEIGHTS OF RABBITS
Authors: Brown Wade H. , Pearce Louise , Van Allen Chester M. 
Published: June 2004

A group of 127 rabbits presenting clinical manifestations of disease of spontaneous origin was studied with a view to determining whether any relation could be detected between physical constitution as represented by organ weights and functional activity as measured by the efficiency of the reaction to disease. The results of the investigation are presented in tabular form and the values obtained are compared, by means of graphs, with corresponding values for normal rabbits.
It was found that animals that were the subjects of disease showed decided changes in the weights of nearly all organs, changes which appeared to be of functional origin in that the values obtained for organ weights and coefficients of variation tended to conform, in general, with the efficiency of the reaction displayed by the various groups of animals into which the entire series was divided.
STUDIES ON THE HISTOGENESIS OF AUTOPLASTIC THYMUS TRANSPLANTATIONS
Authors: Gottesman Jessie M. , Jaffe Henry L. 
Published: June 2004

1. The thymus gland of young rats autotransplants easily when inserted in the muscles of the abdominal wall.
2. Destructive changes take place during the first 48 hours, when regenerative changes set in.
3. The regeneration is usually complete by the 14th day, when the new formed thymic lobules show differentiation into cortical and medullary zones.
4. The small thymic cells arise from the reticular epithelium in the regeneration of the transplant.
STUDIES IN THE COMMON COLD
Authors: Shibley G. S. , Hanger F. M. , Dochez A. R. ,   With the Assistance of Katherine C. Mills
Published: June 2004

1. The normal bacterial flora of the nose and throat of thirteen individuals has been studied over periods ranging from 5 to 9 months.
2. Observations have been made of qualitative and quantitative changes in the flora occurring in the course of colds and of throat infections appearing in the group.
3. The normal basic nasal flora includes Staphylococcus albus, diphtheroids, and for certain individuals Staphylococcus aureus and citreus. Occasional transient bacteria are Gram-negative cocci and non-hemolytic streptococci.
4. The normal basic throat flora includes Gram-negative cocci, non-hemolytic streptococci, and for certain individuals "large Gram-positive cocci," B. influenzæ, Bacillus "X," and diphtheroids. Transient organisms are Staphylococcus albus, hemolytic streptococci,Staphylococcus aureus and citreus, and pneumococci.
5. No bacteria were found in early cold cultures to which a causative rôle could be assigned.
6. In the course of colds the basic flora of the nose was often scanty in the early stages. The throat showed reduction of prominence or alterations in predominance of the basic flora.
7. Certain organisms were prominent in colds, usually as late or secondary invaders, these included Staphylococcus aureus, hemolytic streptococci, and B. influenzæ.
8. There was a striking increase in the incidence of hemolytic streptococci in throat infections.
CALCIFICATION OF THE SUPRARENAL GLANDS OF CATS
Authors: Marine David 
Published: June 2004

Calcification of the fascicular zone of the cortex has been observer in 64 of 257 cats. It is always calcification and never ossification It is more common in young animals and in our experience is associated with distemper. In its severe forms it may be recognized clinically. The symptoms resemble those seen in cats surviving double suprarenalectomy for 2 to 3 weeks. The toxin producing the focal degeneration is dearly a very specific one since attempts to produce such lesions by several types of experimental injury have failed.
The sequence of events appears to be similar to that present in other degenerative processes associated with calcification, namely cell injury and necrosis, deposition of calcium at first as fatty compounds which later change to carbonate and phosphate. It is suggested that this lesion should be considered in interpreting experiments in which cats are used.
CULTIVATION OF RICKETTSIA-LIKE MICROORGANISMS FROM THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN SPOTTED FEVER TICK, DERMACENTOR ANDERSONI
Authors: Noguchi Hideyo 
Published: June 2004

A systematic study of 74 ticks, the infectivity or non-infectivity of which was determined by biting experiments, inoculation of emulsions, and specific immunity tests, showed the presence in some instances of several types of microorganisms morphologically resembling the inciting microorganism of spotted fever. The most frequently isolated was B. rickettsiformis, n. sp., those less commonly encountered were B. pseudoxerosis, n. sp., and B. equidistans, n. sp. These organisms are non-pathogenic for the guinea pig, rabbit, and Macacus rhesus. In morphological features they resemble the forms found in smears and sections of the ticks, yet their presence had no relation to infectivity. Immunologically they are not related to the spotted fever virus. All three are pleomorphic under cultural conditions, and the question arises whether or not the minute non-pathogenic Rickettsia forms and the somewhat coarser symbionts found in Dermacentor andersoni are morphological variations due to variations in nutrition, oxygen tension, tissue reactions, etc., in the different tissues and cells in which the organisms are embedded. At all events, the differentiation of the non-pathogenic Rickettsia-like organisms from Dermacentroxenus rickettsi is extremely difficult. In definitely infective ticks of the present study intranuclear forms were not constant.
A point of special interest is that these non-pathogenic micro-organisms from ticks grow best at room temperature, in this respect resembling culturally certain flagellates inhabiting the alimentary tract of insects. The difficulty of obtaining initial growth on artificial media and the gradual adaptation to less specialized media are other notable characteristics of these organisms. The possibility that B. rickettsiformis is a non-pathogenic phase of the spotted fever organism, comparable with the avirulent flagellate culture forms of Leishmanias, seems remote in view of the negative immunological findings.
Hereditary transmission of B. rickettsiformis is clearly indicated by its presence in large numbers in ovaries and egg cells, a characteristic also of the spotted fever organism and of other insect-borne Rickettsiæ.
STUDIES ON PNEUMOCOCCUS GROWTH INHIBITION
Authors: Sia Richard H. P. 
Published: June 2004

By means of a method previously described for demonstrating the growth-inhibitory and pneumococcidal power of normal serum-leucocyte mixtures, a study was made to determine the action of pneumococcus soluble substance on the growth of strains of pneumococci avirulent for rabbits and cats. It was found that the presence of a very small amount of the purified soluble substance of the homologous type markedly altered the conditions in the mixture so that even a small number of avirulent pneumococci were enabled to grow in the serum and leucocytes of animals which possess the power to destroy ordinarily such pneumococci in relatively large numbers. The action of the soluble substance was shown to be highly specific to type. A Type II substance assisted the growth of only Pneumococcus Type II, likewise a Type III substance, the growth of Pneumococcus Type III only.
Experiments involving broth filtrates of young pneumococcus cultures in place of the purified soluble substances gave similar results, thereby establishing further the identity of the purified substance with the precipitable substance originally described in the filtrates of pneumococcus cultures.
The effect of the soluble specific substance of pneumococcus in the serum-leucocyte mixtures is, therefore, to confer on the avirulent pneumococcus of the homologous type the growth capacity of a virulent organism.
The mechanism of the reaction is briefly discussed.
STUDIES OF HYPERTHYROIDISM
Authors: Speidel C. C. 
Published: June 2004

Experimental hyperthyroidism in urodele larvæ (Amblystoma) and anuran larvæ (Rana, Bufo, and Hyla) is accompanied by definite changes in bile color. The normal pale green, or pale yellow-green, color of the full gall bladder changes progressively after thyroid administration to a brighter green, then emerald-green, and finally a very dark green. In several hundred observations no exceptions were noted.
The bile pigment, biliverdin (and its derivatives), is elaborated from the hemoglobin of worn out erythrocytes. Thyroid administration induces an increased rate of erythrocyte destruction, and this is followed by an increased output of bile pigment. Other minor factors are mentioned which may to a limited extent modify the color of the bile.
Erythrocyte destruction occurs largely by enucleation, cytoplasmic segmentation, and fragmentation, and is probably widespread in the body. Many fragments and senile red cells collect in the liver. During the later stages of thyroid treatment the macrophages become conspicuously active. They are especially abundant in the liver, the gut, and the gills. In addition to the hemoglobin eliminated after transformation into bile pigment, some is transported by macrophages through the gut lining, and to a less extent through the involuting gill epithelium, and thus eliminated from the body.
STUDIES ON UROBILIN PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY
Authors: McMaster Philip D. , Elman Robert 
Published: June 2004

Experimental infection of the intubated and previously sterile biliary tract of the dog with particles of the stools leads to a formation of urobilin from the bilirubin of the bile as it flows through the ducts. No urobilinuria occurs, however, unless temporary biliary obstruction is produced, or the liver parenchyma injured. Then urobilinuria develops, despite the fact that no bile is reaching the intestine and, by corollary, no urobilin being formed there.
Cholangitic urobilinuria, as one may term the phenomenon just described, to distinguish it from the urobilinuria having origin in pigment absorbed from within the intestine, is far more pronounced in animals possessing a healthy gall bladder than in those with a pathological gall bladder or with one prevented from functioning by severance of the cystic duct. These facts suggest that there may be an active absorption of urobilin from the normal gall bladder. There can be no doubt that the pigment is absorbed from within the bile ducts.
There is no evidence whatever to justify the belief that urobilin is ever formed through the action of liver parenchyma. There may conceivably be an intralobular formation of the pigment consequent upon the activity of bacteria within the liver tissue, though such a happening has yet to be demonstrated.
THE RÔLE OF THE RETICULO-ENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM IN IMMUNITY
Authors: Jungeblut C. W. , Berlot J. A. 
Published: June 2004

1. Intravenous injections of India ink into guinea pigs caused a decided drop in the complement titer which set in as early as 15 minutes after the injection, but did not reach its maximum for 3 hours. This drop was followed by a return to normal within the first 24 hours following the injection.
2. India ink mixed in vitro with guinea pig serum adsorbs the complement almost immediately to its full extent.
3. By means of reduction tests (methylene blue and nitroanthraquinone) it was shown that the respiration of the cells of the liver and spleen of guinea pigs was markedly impaired for the first 8 hours, following an intravenous injection of ink. Evidences of a return to normal functional vitality, however, became apparent by the end of the 1st day after the injection.
THE CULTIVATION OF THE GRANULES OF VACCINIA VIRUS
Authors: Craciun E. C. , Oppenheimer E. H. 
Published: June 2004

The technique is described whereby vaccinia "granules" are separated from all other material of glycerolated vaccinia calf lymph and cultivated in vitro with embryonic tissues.
These "granules"remain alive, as tested by rabbit corneal inoculation, for as long as 71 days, when grown in connection with growing tissue; they fail to remain potent if cultivated with dying cells, showing in this way the same characteristics as whole vaccine virus. The potency of the " granules" increases with the age of the culture under the first mentioned conditions.
The fluid part of the vaccinia lymph which remains after the removal of all "granules," is impotent under all conditions.
THE RELATION OF THE RETICULO-ENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM TO THE BLOOD PLATELET COUNT
Authors: Koster Harry 
Published: June 2004

1. So called blockade of the reticulo-endothelial system results in a marked increase in the platelet count.
2. The count rapidly becomes very high, shows a sharp partial recoil and then a gradual diminution even though the blockade be continued.
3. The mechanism regulating the number of platelets is a complicated one.
4. Apparently phagocytosis by cells of the reticulo-endothelial system is not the only means by which blood platelets are destroyed.
ON THE EXPULSION OF BILE BY THE GALL BLADDER; AND A RECIPROCAL RELATIONSHIP WITH THE SPHINCTER ACTIVITY
Authors: McMaster Philip D. , Elman Robert 
Published: June 2004

After feeding a dog, forceful contractions of the gall bladder occur that are sufficient in strength to expel part of the contents of the viscus against a considerable pressure resistance.
The pressure within the gall bladder of a healthy, unanesthetized dog fasted 24 to 48 hours is usually about equal to a column of bile 100 mm. high. After a few swallows of food there is a rapid increase in the pressure to more than 200 mm. with a gradual fall in it again, and repeated similar rises and falls occur thereafter. The gall bladder contractions responsible for these alterations are accompanied by a lessening in the resistance to the passage of bile to the intestine, a resistance which is maintained by the muscles at the lower end of the common duct. There would appear to be a reciprocal response on the part of the two structures to the one stimulus.
The maximum pressure developing within the temporarily obstructed biliary tract in an animal with the gall bladder excluded about equals that of a column of bile slightly more than 300 mm. in height. The taking of food acts as a stimulus on the rate of bile secretion, but does not alter the maximum secretion pressure. When the gall bladder is connected with the duct system, obstruction does not lead until after some hours to the development of a pressure of more than 100 to 150 mm. within the biliary tract,—that is to say the pressure does not rise above the normal. Its failure to rise further is referable to the activity of the gall bladder to store and concentrate the bile as secreted.
The physiological and clinical significance of these findings is discussed.
ACTION ON FIBROBLASTS OF THE PROTEIN FRACTION OF EMBRYONIC TISSUE EXTRACT
Authors: Baker Lillian E. , Carrel Alexis 
Published: June 2004

The above experiments indicate that the growth-stimulating substance found in embryonic tissue extract, which has been responsible for the continuous growth of fibroblasts in vitro for 14 years, is either protein in nature or closely associated with the protein of the extract and adsorbed by it. If any specific hormone responsible for cell division is present, it is united to the protein or carried along with it in its first precipitation. It seems probable that the tissues utilize this protein for the nitrogen which they build into protoplasm. Whether it is first hydrolyzed before adsorption by the tissues has not been ascertained as yet. It has been shown in other experiments reported in the following paper that the amino acids of the tissue juice do not suffice for the growth of fibroblasts and that hydrolyzed tissue juice is toxic in the same way that a too concentrated mixture of amino acids is toxic.
The results of the foregoing experiments may be summarized as follows:
1. Fractionation of embryo tissue juice has shown that it is the protein fraction that contains the activating substance.
2. Tissues continue to grow for a long time in the protein of the extract precipitated by CO2 and at a rate approximately equal to that in the original extract diluted to the same nitrogen concentration.
3. The non-protein nitrogen gives slight stimulation to growth.
4. Purification of the protein by repeated precipitation destroys its growth-promoting properties, but whether this is due to a denaturing of the protein,—which occurs very readily,—or to loss of some substance possibly an enzyme attached to it, has not been ascertained.
5. Preparations of purified proteins from embryonic tissue and egg white have shown no marked nutritive or stimulating action. A number of other pure substances have been tried without effect.
THE SEDIMENTATION RATE OF THE ERYTHROCYTES IN EXPERIMENTAL OBSTRUCTION OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
Authors: Haden Russell L. , Orr Thomas G. 
Published: June 2004

The results of the study of the suspension stability of the blood after upper gastrointestinal tract obstruction are reported.
After obstruction of the cardiac end of the stomach, of the pylorus, and of the jejunum the red cells separate from the plasma much more rapidly than normal.
The variation in sedimentation time is due to a variation in the physicochemical status of the blood.
EFFECTS OF LIGHT ON NORMAL RABBITS, WITH ESPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE ORGANIC REACTION
Authors: Pearce Louise , Van Allen Chester M. 
Published: June 2004

An analysis has been made of the organ weights of normal rabbits exposed to a constant illumination having none of the shorter ultraviolet rays and of other rabbits kept in darkness for periods of 2 to 12 weeks.
The environment of constant illumination was associated with a well marked decrease in the relative weights of most organs, and in certain instances this occurred when the organ weights of the controls were becoming increasingly large. There was also an associated effect of stabilization of organ weight.
The majority of the organs of rabbits caged in constant darkness also showed a tendency toward decreased and stabilized weights, but these effects were less pronounced than in the rabbits caged under conditions of constant illumination. A notable exception to this general result was the weight of the liver which was markedly increased.
The results of this experiment support the conception that there is a relationship between light and the physical state of the animal organism which may be expressed in the concrete form implied by the trend or direction of organ weight.
THE CHEMICAL NATURE OF SUBSTANCES REQUIRED FOR CELL MULTIPLICATION
Authors: Carrel Alexis , Baker Lillian E. 
Published: June 2004

1. Fibroblasts and epithelial cells in pure culture obtain the nitrogen, which they build into protoplasm, from proteoses and possibly other primary derivatives of proteins. These proteoses have been prepared from embryo tissues, egg white, commercial fibrin, rabbit brain, Witte's peptone, etc.
2. The presence in embryo juice of a hormone that stimulates cell division is improbable.
3. Proteoses separated from peptic digests of fibrin by sodium sulfate determine a more abundant and prolonged multiplication of the fibroblasts than is produced by embryo juice. Peptones and the smaller split products appear to furnish some nutrient material, but do not cause the rapid proliferation characteristic of proteoses, and are sometimes toxic for tissue cells.
4. Possibly the effect of embryo juice on fibroblasts and epithelium is due to the splitting of the protein of the juice into proteoses by the cell enzymes, or by other enzymes activated by the presence of living cells.