bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pim‐2 upregulation: Biological implications associated with disease progression and perinueral invasion in prostate cancer
Authors: Dai Hong , Li Rile , Wheeler Thomas , de Vivar Andrea Diaz , Frolov Anna , Tahir Salahaldin , Agoulnik Irina , Thompson Timothy , Rowley David , Ayala Gustavo 
Published: September 2005

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe serine/threonine kinase Pim‐2 acts as a transcriptionally regulated apoptotic inhibitor and is implicated in prosurvival. Pim‐2 has been implicated in many apoptotic pathways.MATERIALS AND METHODSSilencer validated short interfering RNA (siRNA) to Pim‐2, Silencer GAPDH siRNA, and one scrambled siRNA for eliciting RNAi were transfected separately into DU‐145/DRG in vitro model. Total RNA was extracted, purified, and validated by Quantitative RT‐PCR 48 hr after transfection. The effects of Pim‐2 silencing in vitro were evaluated by Western blot and immunofluroscence and collaborated with Ki‐67 and TUNEL. The first microarrays (0.6 mm) had 640 radical prostatectomies while the second array (2 mm) used 226 perineural invasion (PNI) cases.RESULTSmRNA level of Pim‐2 in experimental samples was 99% decreased. The experimental samples (mean 7.6 ± 0.52%) had significantly higher apoptosis than controls (mean 0.89 ± 0.014%) (P = 0.000). Conversely, proliferation (Ki‐67 index) of the experimental samples (mean 57.1 ± 3.94%) was lower than controls(mean 64.7 ± 3.1%), but not significant (P = 0.0979). Both nuclear and cytoplasmic Pim‐2 were increased in PNI than in prostate cancer (PCa) away from the nerve. Increased nuclear Pim‐2 in PCa was associated with many established prognostic factors. Increased Pim‐2 levels (nuclear or cytoplasmic) also correlated with NFκB nuclear translocation, higher proliferation, and reduced apoptosis. Higher level of nuclear Pim‐2 in the PCa was associated with higher risk of biochemical recurrence (HR: 1.021–2.419, P = 0.0399).CONCLUSIONPim‐2 is an important prosurvival gene, which might result in activation of enhanced anti‐apoptotic pathway, leading to a more aggressive phenotype of PCa. Pim‐2 may become a target for novel therapeutic strategies. Prostate. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characterization of peptides resulting from digestion of human skin elastin with elastase
Authors: Getie M. , Schmelzer C.E.H. , Neubert R.H.H. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractSeveral pathological disorders are associated with abnormalities in elastic fibers, which are mainly composed of elastin. Understanding the biochemical basis of such disorders requires information about the primary structure of elastin. Since the acquisition of structural information for elastin is hampered by its extreme insolubility in water or any organic solvent, in this study, human skin elastin was digested with elastase to produce water‐soluble peptides. Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) experiments were performed using conventional electrospray ionization (ESI) and nano‐ESI techniques coupled with ion trap and quadrupole time‐of‐flight (qTOF) mass analyzers, respectively. The peptides were identified from the fragment spectra using database searching and/or de novo sequencing. The cleavage sites of the enzyme and, for the first time, the extent and location of proline hydroxylation in human skin elastin were determined. A total of 117 peptides were identified with sequence coverage of 58.8%. It has been observed that 25% of proline residues in the sequenced region are hydroxylated. Elastase cleaves predominantly at the C‐terminals of the amino acids Gly, Val, Leu, Ala, and Ile, and to a lesser extent at Phe, Pro, Glu, and Arg. Our results confirm a previous report that human skin elastin lacks amino acid sequences expressed by exon 26A. Proteins 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In vitro antioxidant studies and free radical reactions of triphala, an ayurvedic formulation and its constituents
Authors: Naik G. H. , Priyadarsini K. I. , Bhagirathi R. G. , Mishra B. , Mishra K. P. , Banavalikar M. M. , Mohan Hari 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe aqueous extract of the fruits of Emblica officinalis (T1), Terminalia chebula (T2) and Terminalia belerica (T3) and their equiproportional mixture triphala were evaluated for their in vitro antioxidant activity. γ‐Radiation induced strand break formation in plasmid DNA (pBR322) was effectively inhibited by triphala and its constituents in the concentration range 25–200 µg/mL with a percentage inhibition of T1 (30%–83%), T2 (21%–71%), T3 (8%–58%) and triphala (17%–63%). They also inhibited radiation induced lipid peroxidation in rat liver microsomes effectively with IC50 values less than 15 µg/mL. The extracts were found to possess the ability to scavenge free radicals such as DPPH and superoxide. As the phenolic compounds present in these extracts are mostly responsible for their radical scavenging activity, the total phenolic contents present in these extracts were determined and expressed in terms of gallic acid equivalents and were found to vary from 33% to 44%. These studies revealed that all three constituents of triphala are active and they exhibit slightly different activities under different conditions. T1 shows greater efficiency in lipid peroxidation and plasmid DNA assay, while T2 has greater radical scavenging activity. Thus their mixture, triphala, is expected to be more efficient due to the combined activity of the individual components. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Naturally derived anti‐HIV agents
Authors: Asres Kaleab , Seyoum Ameha , Veeresham Ciddi , Bucar Franz , Gibbons Simon 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe urgent need for new anti‐HIV/AIDS drugs is a global concern. In addition to obvious economical and commercial hurdles, HIV/AIDS patients are faced with multifarious difficulties associated with the currently approved anti‐HIV drugs. Adverse effects, the emergence of drug resistance and the narrow spectrum of activity have limited the therapeutic usefulness of the various reverse transcriptase and protease inhibitors that are currently available on the market. This has driven many scientists to look for new anti‐retrovirals with better efficacy, safety and affordability. As has always been the case in the search for cures, natural sources offer great promise. Several natural products, mostly of plant origin have been shown to possess promising activities that could assist in the prevention and/or amelioration of the disease. Many of these anti‐HIV agents have other medicinal values as well, which afford them further prospective as novel leads for the development of new drugs that can deal with both the virus and the various disorders that characterize HIV/AIDS. The aim of this review is to report new discoveries and updates pertaining to anti‐HIV natural products. In the review anti‐HIV agents have been classified according to their chemical classes rather than their target in the HIV replicative cycle, which is the most frequently encountered approach. Perusal of the literature revealed that most of these promising naturally derived anti‐HIV compounds are flavonoids, coumarins, terpenoids, alkaloids, polyphenols, polysaccharides or proteins. It is our strong conviction that the results and experiences with many of the anti‐HIV natural products will inspire and motivate even more researchers to look for new leads from plants and other natural sources. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antimicrobial activity of Pycnogenol®
Authors: Torras Maria Angeles Calvo , Faura Carles Adelantado , Schönlau F. , Rohdewald P. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractPycnogenol®, a standardized extract of Pinus pinaster bark, was tested for its antimicrobial activity against 23 different pathogenic prokaryotic (gram‐positive and gram‐negative) and eukaryotic (yeast and fungi) microorganisms. Pycnogenol® inhibited the growth of all the tested microorganisms in minimum concentrations ranging from 20 to 250 µg/mL. Thus, Pycnogenol® in concentrations as low as 0.025% could counteract the growth of all the strains investigated in our study. These results conform with clinical oral health care studies describing the prevention of plaque formation and the clearance of candidiasis by Pycnogenol®. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biological activity of Spatoglossum asperum: a brown alga
Authors: Ara Jehan , Sultana Viqar , Qasim Rashida , Ehteshamul‐Haque Syed , Ahmad Viqar Uddin 
Published: September 2005

AbstractChloroform and methanol fractions of an ethanol extract of Spatoglossum asperum showed antifungal activity against the highly destructive plant pathogen, Macrophomina phaseolina while the n‐hexane fraction showed activity against Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium solani. n‐Hexane and methanol fractions also showed nematicidal activity against the plant parasitic nematode, Meloidogyne javanica. Column chromatography of the ethanol extract of seaweed yielded oily fractions named SA‐I to SA‐VI. GC‐MS data of these oily fractions showed the presence of various fatty acid esters. Some of these oily fractions exhibited strong antifungal and nematicidal activities. Oily fractions of S. asperum also showed hypolipidaemic activity in normal, triton‐induced and high fat diet‐induced hyperlipidaemic rats without producing any ill effect on cardiac and liver enzymes. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In vitro anticancer activity of twelve Chinese medicinal herbs
Authors: Shoemaker Mark , Hamilton Bobbi , Dairkee Schanaz H. , Cohen Isaac , Campbell Michael J. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractAqueous extracts of 12 Chinese medicinal herbs, Anemarrhena asphodeloides, Artemisia argyi, Commiphora myrrha, Duchesnea indica, Gleditsia sinensis, Ligustrum lucidum, Rheum palmatum, Rubia cordifolia, Salvia chinensis, Scutellaria barbata, Uncaria rhychophylla and Vaccaria segetalis were evaluated for their antiproliferative activity on eight cancer cell lines as well as on normal human mammary epithelial cells. Five human and three murine cancer cell lines representing different tissues (breast, lung, pancreas and prostate) were used. All the crude aqueous extracts demonstrated growth inhibitory activity on some or all of the cancer cell lines, but only two showed activity against the normal mammary epithelial cells. Overall, the murine cell lines tended to be more sensitive to most of the extracts compared with the human cell lines. Among the human cell lines, cell type specificity was observed for two extracts. These results indicate the potential use of traditional Chinese medicinal herbs as antineoplastic agents and suggest that further studies evaluating their mechanism(s) of action and the isolation of active antitumor compounds are warranted. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The use of health foods, spices and other botanicals in the Sikh community in London
Authors: Sandhu Davinder S. , Heinrich Michael 
Published: September 2005

AbstractAttitudes and practice concerning complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) are currently an area of considerable interest. However, little is known about the overall importance of such practices, for example, in immigrant communities such as the Sikh (Punjabi) British. The use of CAM in immigrants belonging to the Sikh religion in London was studied. The primary objective was to analyse the extent to which traditional medicine is used and understood by this population. Traditional Sikh medicine is important to this group of informants and a total of 42 species were recorded and identified tentatively. The most frequently mentioned species were Allium cepa (onion – gunda), Allium sativum (garlic – lasan, thon), Capsicum frutescens (cayenne pepper – lalmirch), Cinnamomum verum (cinnamom‐dhal chini), Citrus limon (lemon – nimbu), Foeniculum vulgare (fennel – saunf), Elettaria cardamomum (cardamom – elaichi) and Zingiber officinale (ginger – adrak). The study also highlights the rapid change this tradition is undergoing in a diaspora situation.In depth studies on the use of CAM among other immigrant communities and among ethnic groups are urgent and may help to manage better the treatment of minor ailments as well as chronic diseases. Specifically, more research on traditional and herbal remedies amongst the numerous ethnic groups in urban Britain and how this impacts on the use of biomedicine (e.g. as it is provided by the NHS) is essential. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antibacterial activity of essential oils from Australian native plants
Authors: Wilkinson Jenny M. , Cavanagh Heather M. A. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractTo date, of the Australian essential oils, only tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) and Eucalyptus spp. have undergone extensive investigation. In this study a range of Australian essential oils, including those from Anethole anisata, Callistris glaucophyllia, Melaleuca spp. and Thyptomine calycina, were assayed for in vitro antibacterial activity. M. alternifolia was also included for comparison purposes. Activity was determined using standard disc diffusion assays with each oil assayed at 100%, 10% and 1% against five bacteria (Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Alcaligenes faecalis) and the yeast, Candida albicans. All bacteria, with the exception of Ps. aeruginosa, were susceptible to one or more of the essential oils at 100%, with only Eremophilia mitchelli inhibiting the growth of any bacteria at 1% (inhibition of Sal. typhimurium). Where multiple samples of a single oil variety were tested variability in activity profiles were noted. This suggests that different methods of preparation of essential oils, together with variability in plant chemical profiles has an impact on whether or not the essential oil is of use as an antimicrobial agent. These results show that essential oils from Australian plants may be valuable antimicrobial agents for use alone or incorporated into cosmetics, cleaning agents and pharmaceutical products. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluated fate and effects of atrazine and lambda‐cyhalothrin in vegetated and unvegetated microcosms
Authors: Bouldin J. L. , Farris J. L. , Moore M. T. , Smith S. , Stephens W. W. , Cooper C. M. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractContaminants such as nutrients, metals, and pesticides can interact with constructed wetlands and existing drainage ditches used as agricultural best‐management practices. Our research has shown that the presence of macrophytes and a hydrologic regime aid in the transfer and transformation of pesticides associated with agricultural runoff. This study consisted of application of both atrazine (triazine herbicide) and lambda‐cyhalothrin (pyrethroid insecticide) to vegetated and unvegetated microcosms in order to measure the fate and effects of pesticides applied at suggested field application rates. Exposures focused on monocultures of Ludwigia peploides (water primrose) and Juncus effusus (soft rush). Pesticide sorption was evident through concentrations of atrazine and lambda‐cyhalothrin in plant tissue as high as 2461.4 and 86.50 μg/kg, respectively. Toxicity was measured in water from unvegetated microcosms for 28 days and in Chironomus tentans (midge larvae) exposed to sediment collected from 3 h to 56 days in microcosms receiving the pesticide combination. The comparative survival of test organisms in this study suggests that effective mitigation of pesticides from runoff can depend on the macrophyte contact and vegetative attributes associated with ditches. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 20: 487–498, 2005.
Stream macroinvertebrate drift response to pulsed exposure of the synthetic pyrethroid lambda‐cyhalothrin
Authors: Lauridsen Rasmus B. , Friberg Nikolai 
Published: September 2005

AbstractOutdoor experimental channels were used to study the behavioral changes of stream macroinvertebrates exposed to a pulse of the pyrethroid insecticide lambda‐cyhalothrin. The primary end point was the number of macroinvertebrates drifting, but the mobility of macroinvertebrates caught in the drift also was assessed. A specified number of two insect species, Baetis rhodani and Leuctra fusca/digitata, and of the amphipod Gammarus pulex were introduced into small replicated subsections of the experimental channels. Macroinvertebrates were allowed to acclimatize for 26 h prior to a 60‐min pulsed exposure to lambda‐cyhalothrin. Measurement was initiated 2 h before pesticide application and continued for the following 24 h. Pulse concentrations of lambda‐cyhalothrin of 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, and 1.0 μg L−1 were applied, and each experiment was replicated 8 times. All three species responded to the pesticide pulse with catastrophic drift. The 0.001 μg L−1 treatment caused a significant increase in the drift of Gammarus, whereas the drift response threshold was 0.01 μg L−1 for the two insect species. Drift response onset followed the applied pulse concentration, with the highest concentrations resulting in more individuals of all species entering drift at an early stage. The majority of individuals caught in drift samples during low concentrations showed no change in mobility. At the two highest concentrations, however, both Baetis and Leuctra were in the process of being immobilized, with Leuctra the more sensitive of the two. In contrast, only a few of the Gammarus individuals caught showed changes in mobility after the high‐concentration treatments. The present study shows that lambda‐cyhalothrin is a potential hazard for macroinvertebrate populations in headwater streams. The clear species‐specific responses indicate that sublethal doses have the potential to change the macroinvertebrate community structure. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 20: 513–521, 2005.
Interseasonal variability in biomarkers of exposure in fish inhabiting a southwestern Australian estuary
Authors: Webb Diane , Gagnon Marthe Monique , Rose Tom 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe Swan–Canning Estuary, in southwestern Australia, undergoes distinct seasonal changes, with freshwater discharge predominant in the winter (wet) season and low flow with high salinity predominant in the dry summer season. To investigate seasonal variability in biomarkers of exposure in fish, black bream (Acanthopagrus butcheri) were collected from seven sites in the Swan–Canning Estuary in winter 2000 and in summer 2001. No interseasonal or intersite differences in serum sorbitol dehydrogenase concentration were found, indicating the measured mixed‐function oxygenase (MFO) enzymes were not influenced by liver damage. The ethoxyresorufin‐O‐deethlyase (EROD) activity of the postspawning females was higher in summer than in winter but was significantly lower than that in males in both seasons, suggesting estradiol suppression in females. Sexual differences in ethoxycoumarin‐O‐deethylase (ECOD) activity were not evident in either season. Both EROD and ECOD activities and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) biliary metabolites had significantly different patterns of induction between seasons. The ratio of naphthalene‐type to benzo(a)pyrene‐type biliary metabolites was significantly higher in summer, indicating the sources of petroleum hydrocarbons were petrogenic compared to in winter, when the source was a mixture of pyrogenic and petrogenic PAHs. There was no upstream or downstream gradient of response in any biomarker in either season, demonstrating that there were multiple sources of contaminant input into the estuary. Although winter biomarker levels were triggered by the discharge runoff from major roads and drains, summer biomarker levels appear to have been related to recreational boating use on the estuary. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 20: 522–532, 2005.
Toxicokinetics of 14C‐endosulfan in male Sprague–Dawley rats following oral administration of single or repeated doses
Authors: Chan Melissa P. L. , Morisawa Shinsuke , Nakayama Aki , Kawamoto Yuko , Sugimoto Miki , Yoneda Minoru 
Published: September 2005

AbstractEndosulfan (ES), an organochlorine (OC) insecticide that belongs to the cyclodiene group, is one of the most commonly used pesticides to control pests in vegetables, cotton, and fruits. The toxicokinetics of 14C‐endosulfan following oral administration of a single dose of 5 mg/kg body weight was investigated in male Sprague–Dawley rats. Three rats were sacrificed 30 min, 1 h, 2 h, 4 h, and 8 h after dosing. 14C‐endosulfan radioactivity was detected in all tissues at each time point. In a separate experiment urine and feces were collected for 96 h. The total radioactivity recovered in the excreta for 4 days was 106.8% ± 26.2%, with fecal elimination the major route of elimination route (94.4% ± 21.4%). The cumulative excretion in the urine for 4 days was 12.4% ± 4.8%. Radioactivity 8 h after administration was highest in gastrointestinal (GI) tract tissue (20.28 ± 16.35 mg ES eq./L) and lowest in muscle (0.18 ± 0.06 mg ES eq./L). The toxicokinetic parameters obtained from 14C‐endosulfan‐derived radioactivity in blood were distribution half‐life (T1/2 x) = 31 min and terminal elimination half‐life (T1/2 y) = 193 h. Blood concentration reached its maximum (Cmax) of 0.36 ± 0.08 mg ES eq./L 2 h after the oral dose. Endosulfan was rapidly absorbed into the GI tract in rats, with an absorption rate constant (ka) of 3.07 h−1. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 20: 533–541, 2005.
Helmet efficacy in the prevention of bicyclist head injuries: Royal australasian college of surgeons initiatives in the introduction of compulsory safety helmet wearing in Victoria, Australia
Authors: McDermott F. T. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe results of a comparative study of the injury profiles of Victorian motorcyclist and bicyclist casualties were used by the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons in initiating a state‐wide campaign to promote the wearing of approved safety helmets by Victorian bicyclists and to obtain the necessary legislation whereby such wearing would become compulsory. Bicyclist casualties had sustained more frequent and severe head injuries than motorcyclist casualties although the latter had sustained overall more severe body injuries. Increases in voluntary helmet wearing rates and reductions in costs preceded the introduction in July, 1990 in Victoria of compulsory safety helmet wearing by bicyclists. Sixty‐four helmets obtained during a study of more than 1,700 Victorian bicyclists wearing and not wearing helmets were evaluated for performance by impact severity testing and findings related to head injury occurrence. Sixteen helmets sustained more than one impact during the accident. All casualties who sustained a severe head injury (Abbreviated Injury Scale ≥ 4) were involved in a collision with a motor vehicle and subjected to more than one impact to the head/helmet and/or the helmet had come off during the accident. Most impacts occurred below the current test lines of Australian and United States standards. Ten percent of impacts were more severe than required in performance standards. Recommendations are made for improvements in the current standard.
Reducing traffic injury: Size of the problem and lack of research resources
Authors: Campbell B. J. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractWorldwide, traffic deaths are 500,000 per year and growing. Four nations, China, India, Russia, and the United States of America, have reached levels of 45,000–50,000 traffic deaths per year, although the nature of the problem is quite different in fully motorized countries from what it is in motorizing countries. In motorizing countries the death rates per 10,000 motor vehicles are much higher than in motorized countries, and also the traffic stream is much more varied. Research for the reduction of traffic injuries is funded at a proportionately much lower level than that for heart disease, cancer, or AIDS. Part of the reason for this is the failure of governments to view and to treat the problem of traffic injuries as a public health problem, but rather to view it solely as a transport problem or as a police matter. A case is made for global mechanisms for the transfer of traffic injury reducing technology from fully motorized nations to motorizing nations.