bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Humor in a Heartless Haven
Authors: Camfield Gregg 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I find it hard to tell some truths about nineteenth-century American literary comedies of domesticity, or for that matter about any comedy, because Hobbes’s lie about laughter shows signs of being well told. It’s not that he lies completely in suggesting that laughter can contain hostility; his art lies in his use of a partial truth to disguise the rest. Nor is it that he originated the idea that laughter is aggression on a picnic, but his art also lies in his remarkable ability both to encapsulate Western culture’s classical theories of comedy as derision and to anticipate modern comic theory’s shift from ethical to psychological grounds. Nor is it that his lie has gone unchallenged, but while it may have been buried temporarily in the optimism of the Enlightenment, it arose from the grave, or rather to its gravity, about one hundred years ago in fin de si écle angst. In the last years of the nineteenth century and the first years of the twentieth, it found persuasive advocates in the likes of Sigmund Freud, whose naturalistic theory of jokes as repressed aggression exfoliates the bud of Hobbes’s lie into full flower. Now, in our own fin de si écle, an era once again dominated by the idea that human actions are nothing more than power negotiations, the idea that all comedy is naught but hostility, either sublimated from a position of weakness or voiced from a position of strength, lives.
Tending the Home Fires
Authors: Camfield Gregg 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Laughter is often the expression of joy that comes from compensation for some pain. So-called subversive satire yields a fairly simple compensation that comes from the liberation of anger, though as I suggested in the last chapter, nothing in such satire is fundamentally opposed to the status quo so much as it expresses a desire to change the flow of power within the status quo. That is to say, satire, as long as its irony is held in check by the satirist’s commitment to a clear set of moral values, is the fantasy of a simple inversion of perceived power structures rather than a fundamental refiguring of the idea of power. Humor as a mode of compensation is more complicated, in that it opens conceptions of power and order to imaginative reconsideration. The pleasure such openness entails is often mitigated by the fear of openness and the danger of doubt that it also entails. But as a compensation, humor is much healthier than satire because it makes possible a flexible psychic alternative to repression and aggression, as I suggested was true for both Irving and Parton.
Home, Sweat Home
Authors: Camfield Gregg 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The previous chapter suggested how difficult it is to constrain humor, to fence in its potential to see the world in unorthodox ways. TI1e cases of Mark Twain and Marietta Holley suggest that for humor to work its magic, it is equally necessary to fence out of humor’s realm competing serious constructions of reality. Seriousness can be seen as the repression and suppression of individual freedom required both by physical and social exigencies. It can also be seen as the realm that protects individuality from some of the most vigorous consequences of reality. This paradox is particularly interesting in the face of domesticity, both because humor was considered a relief from dangerous levels of seriousness in the philosophy that sanctioned domesticity, and because many of the ideologues of domesticity, when describing home as a haven, implied that home was a place of, if not idleness, at least of relaxation. In a sense, then, the ideology of domesticity made home the proper place for humor.
European Discovery
Authors: Connelley Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like the explorers whose meanderings he documents here, historian Thomas Connelley travels widely in time from DeSoto’s rapacious days in the southern Appalachians (1540) to the Crawfords of New Hampshire, who set the tourism trade going in northern New England (beginning in the 1790s). The history of the mountains through which the AT passes is laced with heroes and villains, both serious scientists with an eye toward preservation and self-aggrandizing developers with an eye toward an easy fortune. This overview may open doors for further exploration, through reading, of your own. The Explorers: From DeSoto to Kephart Ong Lines Of Chained Indian Slaves And Concubines Struggled Across The Mountain trails. Behind them came more baggage carriers and a herd of squealing pigs. Ahead marched helmeted Spanish conquistadores with their leader, Hernando De Soto. De Soto might well have been the first white man to explore the Appalachians. During 1539 and early 1540, his column moved in a long, meandering line northward through Georgia and South Carolina.
The Land Underfoot
Authors: Lane Ferdinand 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Geologist Ferdinand Lane explores the geological history of the Appalachian mountain range in the next selection. Lane’s review of the mountains’ biography, from 1950, gives a (then) settled interpretation of their origins. In the 1980s, John McPhee reported on a new, unresolved argument about the role of tectonic plates as causal factors in the formation of the Appalachians. Thus even something as solid as the rocks underfoot turns out to be as debatable as the weather overhead. Perhaps, when in a heavy sweat while scaling the tallest peaks along the AT Clingman’s Dome, North Carolina; Mt. Washington, New Hampshire; and Mt. Katahdin, Maine-hikers can distract themselves from their arduous efforts by contemplating how long it took the gods to build these mountains in the first place.
Appalachian Names
Authors: Sutton Ann & Myron 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite the homogenizing effects of jet travel and television, we are still a polyglot nation with delightfully different regional accents and a host of exotic place names. A hiking trip on the AT brings many aural nuances to the attentive ear, and not just from the birds’ songs. “Appalachian” sounds different in the south (from about Pennsylvania onward) than it does in the north. Ann and Myron Sutton hiked the entire AT and noted the kaleidoscope of colorful place names Americans have invented, imported or expropriated in the Appalachian region. AT aficionado Robert Reddington wrote that “the name ‘Appalachian’ is apparently derived from the word ‘Appalachee,’ a tribe of the Muskhogean Indians who lived in northwest Florida. The tribe’s name is said to mean ‘people on the other side’ (of a river, presumably) in the Choctaw language The famous Spanish explorer, Hernando de Soto and his party became the first known white men to see as well as to visit the Appalachian Mountains [1539], which were mainly those in North Carolina. He is said to have named these mountains after the Apalachee tribe.”
Dreamers and Doers
Authors: Sutton Ann & Myron 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Appalachian Trail hikers often ask whether the footpath is actually an old Native American trail. In fact it’s not, for the native peoples chose more efficient paths at lower elevations to move their warriors and nomadic populations through the wilderness. Nonetheless, the network of Native American wilderness paths was the forerunner of the first trails used by settlers, and those trails in some cases became the paths of roads and highways to follow. Ann and Myron Sutton describe here the ancient woodland paths of native peoples.
Attitudes and Inclinations
Authors: Jebb Miles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While the equipment required for long-distance hiking has evolved enormously over the past century, the attitudes backpackers bring to the trail have changed as well. The results are mixed, according to the trail-tested British writer and walker Miles Jebb, whose hiking books describe long rambles through the Thames valley and the South Downs in England. Jebb sees the backpack, or rucksack, as a reflection of the walker’s attitudes and intentions. After tasting the hiking experience on America’s Appalachian Trail, Jebb recognized that not all walkers and hikers are stamped from the same mold, that indeed the typical North American long-distance backpacker brings some special attitudes and behaviors with him, or her, to the trail.
Pennsylvania
Authors: Emblidge David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An intricate, antique wrought iron bridge, 1890, at Swatara Creek, Pennsylvania. Trail miles: 232 Trail maintenance: Cumberland Valley AT Management Assoc., York Hiking Club, Susquehanna AT Club, Brandywine Valley Outing Club, Blue Mt. Eagle Climbing Club, Allentown Hiking Club, Philadelphia Trail Club, Appalachian Mt. Club (Delaware Valley chapter), Batona Hiking Club, Wilmington Trail Club Highest point: Big Pine Flat Ridge, +/-2,080 ft. (Michigan State Forest) Broadest rivers: Susquehanna (Clarks Ferry Bridge); Delaware Features: Extended ridge walk over ancient, sharply jumbled rocks, with pastoral valleys and historic sites (Civil War). AT follows northern end of Blue Ridge, crosses Cumberland Valley, traverses long Blue Mt. toward New Jersey. Hawk Mt. Sanctuary (birds!) and Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area offer rich leisure activities. The Pinnacle, “the best view in Pennsylvania.” Halfway point of the AT is 40 miles north of Pennsylvania-Maryland border (Mason-Dixon Line).
New York
Authors: Emblidge David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
New York Ramblers hiking club on Black Mt., Harriman State Park, New York. Trail miles: 95 Trail maintenance: New York-New Jersey Trail Conference Highest point: Prospect Rock, 1,433 ft., on Prospect Mt., near Greenwood Lake Lowest point on the AT: 124 ft., near Bear Mt. Bridge Broadest river: Hudson, crossable on Bear Mt. Bridge Features: Surprisingly wild areas, with sharp climbs and descents, yet so close to New York City (views of Manhattan, 50 miles distant, at several points). First section of the AT was built in Bear Mt. State Park, 1922-23.
Massachusetts
Authors: Emblidge David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From Tyringham Cobble, the peaceable Tyringham Valley, Berkshire County, Massachusetts. Trail miles: 90.4 Trail maintenance: Appalachian Mt. Club (Berkshire chapter) Highest point: Mt. Greylock, 3,491 ft. Broadest river: Housatonic (one AT crossing) Features: Colorful mix of rugged mountains, pastoral valleys, and quintessential New England towns in the Berkshire hills. Highest mountain in southern New England (Mt. Greylock), crowned by full-service Bascom Lodge, staffed by Appalachian Mt. Club.
Vermont
Authors: Emblidge David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Stratton Pond, at Stratton Mt., southern Vermont. Trail miles: 146 Trail maintenance: Green Mt. Club, Dartmouth Outing Club Highest point: Killington Peak, 4,241 ft. (trail bypasses summit) Broadest river: Connecticut (shared with New Hampshire) Features: The Long Trail, completed in 1931 (Massachusetts to Canada), contiguous with the AT for about 100 miles from Massachusetts to Sherburne Pass in central Vermont. Vast forests, lovely villages, lofty peaks, some offering hikers off-season ski lift rides into the valleys below.
New Hampshire
Authors: Emblidge David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Above tree line on Mt. Lafayette, in the Franconia Range, White Mts., New Hampshire. Trail miles: 160.6 Trail maintenance: Dartmouth Outing Club, Appalachian Mountain Club Highest point: Mt. Washington, 6,288 ft. &gt;Broadest river: Connecticut (shared with New Hampshire), crossable by bridge Features: Extensive hiking above tree line in the Presidential Range and Franconia Range of White Mt. National Forest. Wild, unpredictable weather. Many peaks above tree line and several over 5,000 ft. Hut system (lodges accommodating 36 to 90 guests). Fragile, beautiful alpine flowers, shrubs, lichens. Pinkham Notch Camp, at the eastern foot of Mt. Washington, a full-service outdoor recreation center staffed by Appalachian Mt. Club.
H. Richard Niebuhr
Authors: Siker Jeffrey S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
H.Richard Niebuhr (1894-1962) is generally recognized as one of the foremost Protestant theologians/ethicists in the twentieth century, and his continuing influence is readily apparent as we come to its close. Niebuhr sought to reflect on Christian faith and on the Christian Scriptures, quite self-consciously, from where he perceived himself to be situated, as a twentieth-century Christian moral philosopher convinced in a fundamental way of God’s sovereignty, of humanity’s lostness, sinfulness, and idolatry in response to God, and of God’s graciousness toward human beings made manifest in the person of Jesus Christ. Another fundamental conviction Niebuhr held was the radically historical character of all human existence, including his own existence and the existence of Christianity in all its variations. Niebuhr approached Scripture as a witness to God’s sovereignty and grace and to human sinfulness, and as witness to and participant in the radically historical character of human existence in all its faithfulness and sinfulness alike.
Paul Ramsey
Authors: Siker Jeffrey S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Paul Ramsey (1913-88) is generally recognized as one of the foremost Christian ethicists of the twentieth century. His career spanned some forty years, most of it teaching in the religion department at Princeton University from the 1940s to the 1980s. He is probably best known for his contributions to just war theory and to medical ethics, but he has also exercised a tremendous influence upon the field of religious ethics in general, both in Protestant ethics and in Catholic moral theology. A good deal of attention has been given to Ramsey’s thought, resulting in, for example, a 1973 book on Ramsey by Charles Curran; a book of essays by various scholars, Love and Society: Essays in the Ethics of Paul Ramsey (1974); and an entire issue (fall 1991) of the Journal of Religious Ethics devoted to essays on Ramsey. But Ramsey’s use of the Bible has not been treated in any of these analyses, and very little on this subject can be found elsewhere.’
Stanley Hauerwas
Authors: Siker Jeffrey S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Stanley Hauerwas (b. 1940) is currently among the most prolific and significant theological ethicists. His work has exercised a tremendous influence in theological ethics from the 1970s through the 1990s, and one imagines well beyond. A significant feature of Hauerwas’ writing has been his self-conscious concern with Scripture as a touchstone for reflecting on theological ethics. For example, he introduces his book A Community of Character (1981) with the following statement: “My wish is that this book might help Christians rediscover that their most important social task is nothing less than to be a community capable of hearing the story of God we find in the scripture and living in a manner that is faithful to that story.” For Hauerwas, all theological reflection necessarily entails hearing the stories of Scripture and performing these stories. At the same time, Scripture is a function and derivative of Christian community, which means that the story of God related in Scripture can only be truly heard and enacted in the broader context of such community. Hauerwas’s approach to the Bible, then, reflects an appreciation for how the Christian community inter-prets Scripture and how, in tum, Scripture interprets the Christian community. This dynamic conversation between Scripture and community lies at the heart of Hauerwas’s approach to the Bible.
Elizabeth Bishop’s Bramble Bushes
Authors: Langenbach James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Elizabeth Bishop’s first meeting with Marianne Moore, outside the third-floor reading room of the New York Public Library, has become a crucial episode in stories told about Bishop’s career. Missing from those stories is an account of a meeting that took place a year earlier, this one with a modernist poet more threatening and more crucial to Bishop’s sense of what it meant to be a writer. In the spring of 1933, T. S. Eliot came to Vassar College to attend the premiere production of his fragmentary drama Sweeney Agonistes. He also read his poetry to Vassar students and submitted to an interview for the Vassar Miscellany News: Elizabeth Bishop conducted the interview. The following week, this report appeared in the Miscellany News.
Richard Howard’s Modern World
Authors: Langenbach James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1969 a book called Alone With America examined the careers of forty-one members of the third wave of twentieth-century American poetry—poets who like Ashbery, Merrill, and Rich were born with both T. S. Eliot’s and Elizabeth Bishop’s generation behind them. Its author, a poet who belongs to this third wave, does not appear. Not only does he not write about his own work: unlike most poet-critics, Richard Howard rarely seems to be addressing his own aesthetic principles when he discusses other poets. Reading Stevens’s or Lowell’s criticism, one always has the sense that it is made from the chips and sawdust on the workshop floor. But throughout the almost six hundred pages of the first edition of Alone With America (it was expanded in 1980), there are almost no sentences that could be used to characterize the work of Richard Howard. He attempts neither to own nor to disown his contemporaries, but receives them.
Ten
Authors: Langenbach James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Jorie Graham published her first book only sixteen years ago, but she has already produced a body of writing that feels like the accumulation of a lifetime. Like Yeats, who early in his career cautioned suspicious readers that “it is myself that I remake,” Graham has been driven to turn against her own best discoveries, risking everything she has achieved. Each of her books is a new beginning; in Materialism, each poem feels like an interrogation of the one preceding it. Graham has been unwilling to settle for anything settled, and she sometimes discards achievements that other poets would be willing to nurture for a long time. A different kind of writer would winnow more scrupulously in private, sharing only the distilled residue of her dissatisfaction. But Graham’s most self-conscious interrogations of poetry are driven by a kind of seriousness that impresses the most skeptical reader. The more she writes, the more necessary—the more truly elucidating—her public agon seems. Graham’s achievement seems big because she is satisfied with so little.
Introduction
Authors: Wattles Jeffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Children are taught to respect parents and other authority figures. Adolescents are urged to control their impulses. Adults are told to conduct themselves in accord with certain moral and ethical standards. Morality, then, may seem to be just an affair of imposition, a cultural voice that says “no” in various ways to our desires. To be sure, there are times when the word “no” must be spoken and enforced. But, time and again, people have discovered something more to morality, something rooted in life itself. The “no” is but one word in the voice of life, a voice that has other words, including the golden rule: Do to others as you want others to do to you. This book is about the life in that principle.
What could be easier to grasp intuitively than the golden rule? It has such an immediate intelligibility that it serves as a ladder that anyone can step onto without a great stretch. I know how I like to be treated; and that is how I am to treat others. The rule asks me to be considerate of others rather than indulging in self-centeredness. The study of the rule, however, leads beyond conventional interpretation, and the practice of the rule leads beyond conventional morality.
Modem Objections and Responses
Authors: Wattles Jeffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For centuries the golden rule had enjoyed favor as a principle in both religious and philosophical ethics. The honeymoon ended as philosophers exercised their critical freedom to reformulate traditional teachings in a manner more satisfying to the requirements of reason. The drama of the golden rule during early modern European ethics was the emergence, in response to philosophical critique, of the three alternative responses: retaining and revisioning the rule, using critique to clarify its meaning; retaining the rule in some reformulated version; and rejecting the rule or replacing it with a newly constructed principle designed to capture everything of value in the rule and to avoid the rule’s handicaps.
The stage was set by the outbreak of religious wars, international wars, and civil wars in Europe and by the response of Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679), who used the golden rule as a basic principle of a peaceful society. For Hobbes, human motivation is predominantly egoistic, and in a “state of nature” (prior to the establishment of government), which is a war of all against all, each person has a right to defend himself by any means whatsoever. But there is also an obligation to seek peace, to enter a “civil society,” in which peace is secured and contracts enforced by a sovereign power with a monopoly on the use of force.
The Golden Rule of the Fatherhood of God and The Brotherhood of Man
Authors: Wattles Jeffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in America were times of great economic expansion and inequality, opportunity and abuse, times of American power and of world war. Early scientific doctrines of evolution were being used to gain understanding of the human species and social life, and the result was a profound challenge to traditional religion. Does religion render a person less fit for the rigors of competition, or does real religion empower a person to deal in a progressive way with those very challenges? As that debate went on, America was a center of a dynamic, religiously motivated golden rule movement, affecting society, politics, economics, business, and interfaith relations. Many enthusiastic individuals chose the rule as their motto; a popular literature on the rule arose; many a store was called “Golden Rule Store”; it was the custom to bestow on exemplars of the rule the nickname “Golden Rule.” Authors expounding the maxims for the exercise of a given craft would dub their principles “golden rules,” and many books carried titles such as Golden Rules of Surgery. A Golden Rule Brotherhood was formed with the intention of unifying all the religions and peoples of the world. During this period the golden rule came to symbolize a wholehearted devotion to the service of humankind.
A Principle of Consistency In Mora Decision Making
Authors: Wattles Jeffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When contrasted with the contextual richness of the golden rule in earlier philosophy, twentieth-century discussions of the golden rule in analytic philosophy seem to gain precision and a kind of clarity at the cost of spiritual and even moral impoverishment, as the golden rule is reduced to a principle of consistency. By the end of the twentieth century, however, a new development is beginning to find the macrocosm within the microcosm; in other words, the concept of golden rule consistency is now being expanded with logical skill in the direction of a more adequate ethics.
First, a word about the loss of an earlier fullness of meaning. A backward glance reminds us that, in the beginning of Western philosophy, Greek thinkers asked about the arche, the cosmic source/origin/beginning/foundation—or archai, if there was an irreducible plurality of primal opposites or elements. Arche, in Latin, became princeps, which became principle in English. For Judaism, a principle was the distilled wisdom of experience and scriptural tradition. From early Christian days, Jesus was regarded as a princeps, and a believer might aim to live in a manner consistent with the divine will or with the divine paradigm revealed for believers to imitate. For David Hume (1711–1776), “principle” had a double meaning; it was both a fundamental factor (a source or spring) within the human mind, and it was also a proposition.