bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Xi Jinping, President of China
Authors: Kellerman Barbara 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Xi Jinping transitioned over the course of the four phases of leadership from bad to worse, going from being an authoritarian leader to being a totalitarian one—a leader who demanded and largely was handed near-total control and given near-complete obedience. During the more than a decade that Xi Jinping has held power in China, he has been relentless in his quest for more power, to the point where the man who is now possibly if not probably president for life has become the sun around which China revolves. Xi has been a brutal and on occasion even evil leader. At the same time, he has become a force to be reckoned with, not just at the national level but also internationally . Notwithstanding his totalitarianism, Xi Jinping he has made his country a global power rivaled only by the United States.
Phase II: Followers Join In
Authors: Kellerman Barbara 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
During the second phase of leadership from bad to worse, leaders secure their base of support. Their followers usually increase in number, as does their level of involvement and commitment. Leadership is a relationship in which followers are every bit as important as their more visible counterparts. Which is why leaders do what they can to enlist followers, whether active or passive. The chapter asks whether followers of bad leaders are themselves necessarily bad. It further asks why anyone would ever follow a leader who is obviously bad. While on the surface following a bad leader, especially willingly, makes no sense, close examination reveals reasons for doing so. These reasons are described in a concluding section, “Warning Signs.” Martin Winterkorn, Recep Tayyip Erdogan, Elizabeth Homes, and Xi Jinping were all leaders who focused on getting followers into line and keeping them there.
Twenty-First-Century Activist Documentaries
Authors: Kim Jihoon 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter illuminates the succession and innovation of the activist tradition by discussing the twenty-first-century social change documentaries that take as their subject three social problems that the early activists and their collectives engaged in dialogue with during the mass demonstrations in the 1980s and the new civil movements in the 1990s: state and ideological violence, labor issues, and disenfranchised subjects. The documentarians who addressed these three problems have advanced the activist tradition in two directions: first, while sometimes being directly aligned with the social movements and explicitly promoting social solidarity, many documentarians, including such veterans as Kim Dong-won and Hong Hyung-sook, have tended to focus on each of the subjects as individual (kaein) rather than audiovisually constructing them as minjung. Second, the documentarians’ growing self-consciousness of their identity as individual kamdok (directors), of their relationship to the social actors, and of the documentary modes available for them has resulted in different ways of telling stories (including ethnography, experimental diary film, and observational documentary) than practiced by the enlightenment discourse of the 1980s activism, and of investigating the aspects of reality that were not noticed by the activist precursors, such as the mechanisms of the union and workplace themselves, the culture of the urban poor, the senses of disabilities, and animality.
Externalism
Authors: Pitt David 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter defends conceptual internalism in general by critiquing Putnam’s and Burge’s classic arguments for (linguistic and psychological, natural and social) externalism. It argues that the classic thought experiments of Putnam and Burge do not motivate their externalist (anti-individualist) conclusions. It follows that any externalist view based upon them (or others relevantly like them) is also unmotivated. The chapter maintains that the classic arguments were never sufficient to motivate externalism in the first place. In the final section it also presents a critique of phenomenal externalism.
Introduction
Authors: Gryb Sean , Thébault Karim P. Y. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The problem of time occurs within all mechanical theories in which the laws are invariant under local time relabelling. Such reparameterization invariant theories are the context in which the modern classical mechanical problem of time can be formally stated and in which our solution shall be articulated. The problem of time in classical mechanics is that the symmetry properties of reparameterization invariant theories with regard to chronometric and chronobservable structure enforce indeterminacy with regard to such structure under the standard approach to gauge symmetry. Our solution will be first to demonstrate that the standard approach to gauge symmetry is inadequate to the treatment of reparameterization invariant theories and second to formulate a general and fully adequate alternative based upon a more perspicuous analysis of temporal symmetry and structure. Our approach is such that reparameterization invariance is demonstrated to be fully compatible with determinate chronordinal structure.
Spatiotemporal Structure and Theory Re-Articulation
Authors: Gryb Sean , Thébault Karim P. Y. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The framework for the analysis of symmetry and structure in physical theory allows one to identify explicit heuristics for theory rearticulation. One of the most powerful of these heuristics is the surplusing heuristic which is built from the conversion of invariant to surplus structure within a theory. When applied to the pivotal structure of inertial frames within Newtonian mechanics this heuristic leads directly from Newtonian Mechanics to Barbour–Bertotti theory. In Newtonian Mechanics, inertial frames are invariant under the narrow symmetries of the theory given, under the preliminary stance, by rigid Euclidean transformations but variant under the dynamical transformations given by Galilean boosts. Inertial frames are thus dynamically relative invariant structures of the theory. Implementing the surplusing heuristic means converting structure from invariant to surplus and this is exemplified by the case of moving from Newtonian Mechanics to Barbour–Bertotti theory.
The Communists Enter the Scene
Authors: Piffer Tommaso 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The German invasion of the Soviet Union marked the beginning of a new phase in the history of the international communist movement. By the end of the war, in most European countries the small and decimated communist parties of 1939–41 had turned into mass parties with millions of supporters. In countries such as Yugoslavia, Greece, Albania, France, and Italy, they were strong enough to seize power after the German defeat, at least in theory. But the arrival of the communists on the scene also drastically changed the history of the European resistance, as it brought the struggle for the future of Europe to the very heart of how the resistance movements waged the war. European opposition groups could now play the British and the Soviets off against each other in order to maximize their room for manoeuvre. The Polish underground became a key card in the conflict between the government-in-exile and Moscow. And when a civil war between different resistance groups broke out in the Balkans, the British were forced to decide which side they wanted to support.
The Militarization of British Policy and the Beginning of the US Challenge in the Mediterranean
Authors: Piffer Tommaso 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Starting from 1943, the operational control of SOE passed progressively from the British Chiefs of Staff to the theatre commanders in each area of operations, which were all operating under the direction of the Combined Chiefs of Staff in Washington. After the Casablanca conference in January and the decision to open a new front in Italy, the British pushed to maximize resistance in the Balkans in order to create a diversion coordinated with the attack in the Mediterranean, divert German troops from other theatres of war, and relieve pressure on the Eastern front. The roles played by the individual agents dispatched to assess the political and military nature of groups in the field increased, and so did conflicts regarding policy between SOE in Cairo, which was supported by the Middle East command, the SOE London Headquarters and the Foreign Office. At the same time, with Moscow’s support, Tito’s Partisans were now firmly established in Yugoslavia and the turning point of Stalingrad gave new strength to all communist groups in the Balkans area. In this already complicated context, OSS launched another attack intended to question British policy in the region and expand its own area of operation.
The Communist Movement on the Offensive
Authors: Piffer Tommaso 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
At the beginning of 1943, the Red Army’s victory at Stalingrad and the approach of the Soviet spring offensive disrupted the geopolitical balance within the Grand Alliance: Moscow was asserting its role as a European power and commencing its bid for Eastern Europe. Both in Czechoslovakia and Poland, Stalin moved cautiously, manoeuvring Beneš into the Soviet orbit and blaming the Polish Government-in-exile for the inevitable break in relations with Moscow. In order to increase the room for manoeuvre of the communist parties, the Comintern was disbanded and replaced by the Department of International Information. The situation in the Balkans remained uncertain. After the Italian surrender in September 1943, the Greek and Albanian communist-led resistance groups tried to seized power and move onto the offensive against their internal enemies. Moscow had put its weight behind Tito, and Stalin was infuriated when Tito entered on a collision course with the Yugoslav Government-in-exile. The impasse was solved by Churchill, who in December 1943 decided to give full British support to Tito and spared Stalin the choice between the communist movements and the Yugoslav Government-in-exile.
The Liberation of Western Europe
Authors: Piffer Tommaso 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
SOE was created in 1940, but it took years before the right conditions enabled it to claim that the population of Western Europe was ready to rise up. In France, this required the convergence of different groups under the banner of Fighting France and de Gaulle’s political victory over Giraud. And only the German occupation of northern France in November 1942 and the decision to resort to forced labour to sustain German industry provided the resistance with a wide base of consensus and a mass of volunteers at its disposal. In Denmark, it was the German takeover of August 1943 which finally turned the population against the Reich. In Italy, the Western Allies had to wait until the September 1943 armistice before strong groups appeared on the scene. When the time for the invasion of Western Europe finally came, the military planners were beset by doubts over whether it was really advisable to launch the partisan movement into the fight. Some countries, such as Denmark, the Netherlands, and Norway, were clearly on the periphery of the invasion. In such circumstances, a general rising of the population might end up incurring heavy reprisals without providing any immediate military dividend. In France, the Allies generally thought that the resistance groups were more concerned with political issues than in fighting the Germans. The partisan groups were tasked with conducting acts of sabotage and collecting information, but generally speaking in Western Europe the role assigned to them in the offensive remained marginal.
The Objects of Credence
Authors: Mahtani Anna 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This book brings to light a simple and deep insight with profound theoretical and policy implications for all who use the credence framework. There are concepts which need to be rethought, moves which turn out to be invalid, and principles which need to be rejected or transformed. The central aim is to give those who use the credence framework an awareness of the insight and its wide-reaching implications. The credence framework is used throughout the sciences and social sciences. On this framework, credences (degrees of belief, subjective probabilities, or Bayesian probabilities) are assigned to certain objects—but what objects? I argue that the objects of credence are ‘opaque’ or ‘hyperintensional’: to adapt an example from Gottlob Frege, a person’s credence that Hesperus is bright might be different from their credence that Phosphorus is bright, if that person does not know that Hesperus and Phosphorus are one and the same. We might put the point by saying that our credences are not about objects in themselves, but about objects under designators. This point has far-reaching implications for users of the credence framework. There are implications for principles of rationality, including deference principles and the Principal Principle, and practical implications for decision theory and welfare economics. Furthermore, there are implications for how the framework should be interpreted: this book explores both two-dimensionalism and impossible worlds, and assimilating either into the credence framework brings further significant repercussions.
States as Metaphysically Possible Worlds
Authors: Mahtani Anna 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter assesses whether the credence framework could accommodate the tenet (that credence claims are opaque) while retaining the assumption that states are metaphysically possible worlds. The chapter explores various options, beginning with those inspired by Bertrand Russell’s descriptivism and Robert Stalnaker’s account of belief attribution, and then turning to David Chalmers’s two-dimensionalist approach. Chalmers’s definitions of the primary and secondary intensions of assertions are explained and motivated, and then there is an extended exploration of the idea that the objects of credence might be primary intensions. Problems with this view are raised, and various potential solutions and refinements are considered. The chapter ends with a discussion of some related views, including the view that the objects of credence might be enriched propositions. It is argued that all of the views discussed face serious difficulties.
Linguistic evidence for Iranian influence on Armenian
Authors: Meyer Robin 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides a survey of the research carried out on Iranian–Armenian contact linguistics to date. It gives an overview of all the domains influenced by this contact, from different layers of loanwords in the lexicon and its stratigraphy, identifiable by different types of loan phonology, to phonological, morphological, and phraseological borrowings more broadly. While exchanges with Parthian constitute the bulk of this chapter, loans from Old Iranian and Middle Persian are discussed and compared as well. The influence of contact on Armenian syntax is identified as the domain on which next to no research has been done so far–a lacuna this book seeks to fill.
The syntax of the Armenian perfect
Authors: Meyer Robin 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The hypothesis of a Parthian origin of the Classical Armenian perfect tense is put to the test in this chapter. A corpus analysis of all participial and perfect forms in the five earliest historiographical Armenian texts (Koriwn, Agat‘angełos, Łazar P‘arpec‘i, Ełišē, and the Epic Histories) provides information about the frequency and diachronic development of certain features of the construction, in particular the occurrence of non-nominative subjects, occurrence or absence of the copula, and copula agreement. This analysis shows a slow decline of non-nominative subjects in favour of nominative ones, and thus a tendency away from ergative (or more precisely: tripartite) alignment and towards a nominative-accusative pattern. By contrast, the initially infrequent copula becomes effectively obligatory over the course of the century, illustrating a distinct change-in-progress in the periphrastic perfect and lending further credence to the proposed Parthian origin.
Other cases of Iranian–Armenian pattern replication
Authors: Meyer Robin 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Going beyond the contact hypothesis of the Classical Armenian periphrastic perfect, this chapter enquires into other syntactic patterns that have plausible parallels in West Middle Iranian. Three patterns in particular are investigated-nominal relative clauses, a multifunctional anaphora, and a quotative pattern-and clear Iranian parallels discussed. In the case of nominal relative clauses, the differences between Armenian and Iranian are too pronounced to argue for a contact origin, especially since similar patterns are available also in other Indo-European languages. The functional distribution of the anaphora ink‘n, which also serves as an intensifier and switch-function marker, has clear parallels in Iranian, however, as do specific quotative uses of (e)t‘e. For these patterns, an Iranian model is proposed at least as a contributing factor in their development.
Lenin as Icon and Inspiration: Leninism after Lenin
Authors: Read Christopher 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
An account of the global spread of Leninism and the collapse of the European communist movement shows how Lenin’s ideas and activities were turned into Leninism and became the theory and practice of the Communist Party and its variants. Stalin dominated this process. The Communist International (Comintern) attempted to spread Leninism beyond the USSR. Two aspects of Communist Party ideology and practice derived from Lenin, anti-imperialism and anti-fascism, were the main foundations for its adoption by a variety of radical movements around the world. The decline and fall of European communist parties between 1956 and 1991 is analysed.
The Problem of Self-Observation
Authors: Spener Maja 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of some of the main developments in the use of introspective methods in early experimental psychology (mainly 1860-1920). During this period, a key concern about introspective methods was the problem of self-observation, namely that introspecting experience distorts or destroys the target experience. It was raised prominently by Auguste Comte and dominated methodological discussion among so-called ‘introspectionist psychologists’. The chapter applies the proposed framework to set out the flow of this debate among some of the main figures in early psychology, presenting their responses to the problem of self-observation. Doing so makes clear that one of the most salient differences among the different responses is the appeal to different modes of introspective access and how these are best exploited in an empirical investigation of the mind. This shows the value both of the book’s proposed framework and of the insights of the early psychologists.
Varieties of Introspective Methods in Introspectionist Psychology
Authors: Spener Maja 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Chapter 3 focusses on the specific proposals put forward by two early German experimentalists, Wilhelm Wundt and Georg Elias Müller. It explores Wundt’s and Müller’s detailed critical rejection of the so-called ‘systematic introspection’ practiced by Oswald Külpe’s Würzburg School (and which is most representative of contemporary understanding of Introspectionist Psychology), and Wundt’s and Müller’s own introspective methods. Their positive proposals show how conceptions of the different types of introspective access - in particular, of their epistemic potential and their susceptibility to interference - shape the methodological terrain. These two approaches serve as a good illustration how, on the basis of detailed conceptions of introspective access, we can formulate different types of introspective methods in a more systematic manner. In particular, discussion of their views helps to bring into focus the basic interaction between types of introspective access and introspective methods in an empirical setting.
The Problem of Response Bias
Authors: Spener Maja 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Against the background of an historically-informed understanding of introspective methods, this chapter turns to contemporary science of consciousness, which features subjective and objective measures of consciousness. Subjective measures involve gathering subjective reports about consciousness. They are typically held to be essential to the science of consciousness but also to be notoriously unreliable. This methodological challenge polarises the field and threatens the foundations of the science of consciousness. The source of the challenge is that subjective measures have the problem of an ineliminable response bias affecting the main data they deliver, i.e. subjective reports. The chapter argues that subjective measures are introspective methods because they involve subjects deploying introspective access to deliver subjective reports. It makes the case that addressing the problem of response bias adequately requires understanding the kind of introspective access deployed by a given subjective method.
Subjective Measures of Consciousness
Authors: Spener Maja 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter critically investigates the two main types of subjective measures of consciousness, Confidence Ratings and the Perceptual Awareness Scale. The aim is to show that these measures are best understood to draw on introspective access in delivering subjective reports, but that the conception of such access is seriously underdeveloped. Instead, proponents mostly rely on a shared and unarticulated common-sense understanding of introspection. This makes contemporary subjective measures more vulnerable than they should be to the problem of response bias, and hence, to radically negative assessments. Attempts to provide a more detailed conception of subjective access by appeal to the scientifically-informed notion of metacognitive access is also not promising, given the current wide application of the notion of metacognition. The imprecision at the heart of these modern introspective methods also renders standard arguments for the necessity of introspection in consciousness science toothless in the overall debate.
The Reliability of Subjective Measures of Consciousness
Authors: Spener Maja 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter puts together the lessons from the previous historical and critical chapters. The proposed framework for assessing introspective methods provides the resources to address questions about the reliability of present-day scientific introspective methods in detailed and principled ways. This helps to create space for a middle ground position on how to respond to the methodological challenge, overcoming the polarised state of play between optimistic faith-based endorsement of subjective measures and radically pessimistic wholesale rejection of them. Having such a middle ground allows for nuanced assessment of the potential and limitations of specific introspective methods and stabilises the methodological foundations of the contemporary science of consciousness.