bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regulation of metabolic networks: understanding metabolic complexity in the systems biology era
Authors: Sweetlove Lee J. , Fernie Alisdair R. 
Published: September 2005

SummaryMetabolism is one of the best recognised networks within biological systems, but our understanding of metabolic regulation has been limited by a failure to consider regulation within the context of the whole network. With recent advances in theoretical aspects of network thinking and a postgenomic landscape in which our ability to quantify molecular changes at a systems level is unsurpassed, the time is ripe for the development of a new level of understanding of the regulation of plant metabolic networks. Theoretical advances such as the formal description of ‘scale‐free’ networks have provided explanations for network behaviour (such as robustness). In parallel, the appreciation of the importance of new levels of the metabolic regulatory hierarchy (such as protein–protein interaction) and the continuing development of global profiling technologies is generating a system‐wide molecular data set of increasing resolution. In this review we will argue that the integration of these different aspects of metabolic research will bring about a step change in our understanding of the regulation of metabolic networks in plants.

Contents

Summary
1

I.
Introduction
1

II.
The science of networks
2

III.
Analysis of plant metabolic networks
5

IV.
Conclusion
12

Acknowledgements
12

References
12
Phenotypic impacts of repetitive DNA in flowering plants
Authors: Meagher Thomas R. , Vassiliadis Christine 
Published: September 2005

SummaryThe discovery that nuclear DNA content varies widely among species, and even within species, was unexpected because it was thought that the number of genes required for an organism should be common across taxa. We now know that the bulk of nuclear DNA content variation is caused by repetitive DNA sequences characterized according to the nature of repeat (tandem vs dispersed) or chromosomal location/mechanism of replication (pericentromeric, telomeric or subtelomeric, microsatellites, minisatellites, satellites, transposable elements, retroelements). Variation in repetitive DNA, manifested as variation in nuclear DNA content, has been shown to have broad ecological and life‐history consequences. For example, large genome size appears to limit fitness in extreme environmental conditions. Within species, variation in DNA content has been coupled to growth and development, such as maturation time in crop species. In Silene latifolia, DNA content is negatively correlated with flower size, a character that, in turn, has well documented ecological significance. These intraspecific studies suggest a connection between repetitive DNA and quantitative genetic determination of continuous characters. Novel insights into mechanisms by which repetitive DNA influences phenotype will lead to models of evolutionary change that extend well beyond the conventional view of evolution by allelic substitution.
A STUDY ON LATE MEDIEVAL TRANSPARENT‐GLAZED POTTERY AND ARCHAIC MAJOLICA FROM ORVIETO (CENTRAL ITALY)*
Authors: RICCI C. , BORGIA I. , BRUNETTI B. G. , SGAMELLOTTI A. , FABBRI B. , BURLA M. C. , POLIDORI G. 
Published: September 2005

Nineteen samples of medieval transparent‐glazed pottery and archaic majolica from Orvieto (central Italy) were studied. They were classified by archaeological criterion as follows: five transparent‐glazed fragments with green and brown decorations (first half of the 13th century), eight green transparent‐glazed fragments (13th century) and six tin‐glazed fragments with green and brown decorations (second half of the 13th century). SEM–EDX, XRD (the Rietveld method) and XRF were used to characterize the chemical and mineralogical compositions both of the bodies and the coatings.  In all of the samples, the paste is Ca‐rich with CaO contents as high as 13–20 wt%. The mineralogical composition is compatible with a firing temperature of about 950°C, which is the typical temperature reached in a wood kiln. No difference was observed between the bodies of transparent‐ and tin‐glazed pottery.  In the case of transparent glazes, the burial conditions lead to heavy weathering of the samples. However, on the basis of the analyses carried out in non‐weathered areas, the typical composition is PbO 55–65 wt%, SiO231–35 wt%. In tin glazes, the tin is scattered on the mass of the glaze as SnO2crystals with a concentration of 7–14 wt%.  Concerning the decorations, it is established that the green colour is due to the presence of copper, while manganese is responsible for the brown colour. These pigments, which represent the typical colours of ‘archaic majolica’, are spread through the glaze homogeneously, apart from one case in which there is clear evidence of manganese oxide crystals.
Longitudinal Analysis of the Relationship Between Regular Eye Examinations and Changes in Visual and Functional Status
Authors: Sloan Frank A. , Picone Gabriel , Brown Derek S. , Lee Paul P. 
Published: September 2005

Objectives: To determine whether regular eye examinations are associated with a greater or lesser rate of loss of ability to read newsprint, onset of blindness or low vision, or onset of limitations in instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) and activities of daily living (ADLs).Design: A sample of 14,215 Medicare beneficiaries observed between 1994 and 1999 linked to the 1994 and 1999 National Long‐Term Care Surveys (NLTCS). Effects of annual examinations were assessed using instrumental variables.Setting: The Medicare‐linked NLTCS is representative of U.S. elderly persons from 1994 to 1999.Participants: Longitudinal observational study of persons aged 65 and older.Measurements: Change in self‐reported and provider‐reported vision and change in functional limitations associated with vision related to the number of years with eye examinations and other factors.Results: Persons with more‐regular eye examinations between 1994 and 1998 were less likely to have experienced a decline in vision or in functional status between 1994 and 1999. On average, an additional year with an eye examination was associated with a decrease in the probability of becoming unable to read newsprint of 0.12 (P=.03), a lower probability of onset of low vision or blindness of 0.009 (P=.06), and a decrease in the probability that the number of functional limitations increased of 0.13 (P=.002) for IADLs and 0.05 (P=.003) for ADLs.Conclusion: Elderly persons who have regular eye examinations experience less decline in vision and functional status.
Magnesium Intake from Food and Supplements Is Associated with Bone Mineral Density in Healthy Older White Subjects
Authors: Ryder Kathryn M. , Shorr Ronald I. , Bush Andrew J. , Kritchevsky Stephen B. , Harris Tamara , Stone Katie , Cauley Jane , Tylavsky Frances A. 
Published: September 2005

Objectives: To determine whether magnesium intake from supplemental and dietary sources is associated with bone mineral density (BMD) in older men and women.Design: Cross‐sectional.Setting: Memphis, Tennessee, and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.Participants: Two thousand thirty‐eight older black and white men and women aged 70 to 79 at baseline enrolled in the Health, Aging and Body Composition Study.Measurements: Dietary intake of magnesium was assessed using a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire, and supplement data were collected based on a medication inventory. BMD of the whole body was obtained using a fan‐beam densitometer. Additional covariates included age, body mass index (BMI), smoking status, alcohol use, physical activity, estrogen use, and supplemental calcium (Ca) and vitamin D use.Results: In white, but not black, men and women, magnesium intake was positively associated with BMD of the whole body after adjustment for age, self‐report of osteoporosis or fracture in adulthood, caloric intake, Ca and vitamin D intake, BMI, smoking status, alcohol intake, physical activity, thiazide diuretic use, and estrogen use in women (P=.05 for men and P=.005 for women). BMD was 0.04 g/cm2 higher in white women and 0.02 g/cm2 higher in white men in the highest than in the lowest quintile of magnesium intake.Conclusion: Greater magnesium intake was significantly related to higher BMD in white women and men. The lack of association observed in black women and men may be related to differences in Ca regulation or in nutrient reporting.
Bereaved Family Member Perceptions of Quality of End‐of‐Life Care in U.S. Regions with High and Low Usage of Intensive Care Unit Care
Authors: Teno Joan M. , Mor Vincent , Ward Nicholas , Roy Jason , Clarridge Brian , Wennberg John E. , Fisher Elliott S. 
Published: September 2005

Objectives: To compare the quality of end‐of‐life care of persons dying in regions of differing practice intensity.Design: Mortality follow‐back survey.Setting: Geographic regions in the highest and lowest deciles of intensive care unit (ICU) use.Participants: Bereaved family member or other knowledgeable informants.Measurements: Unmet needs, concerns, and rating of quality of end‐of‐life care in five domains (physical comfort and emotional support of the decedent, shared decision‐making, treatment of the dying person with respect, providing information and emotional support to family members).Results: Decedents in high‐ (n=365) and low‐intensity (n=413) hospital service areas (HSAs) did not differ in age, sex, education, marital status, leading causes of death, or the degree to which death was expected, but those in the high‐intensity ICU HSAs were more likely to be black and to live in nonrural areas. Respondents in high‐intensity HSAs were more likely to report that care was of lower quality in each domain, and these differences were statistically significant in three of five domains. Respondents from high‐intensity HSAs were more likely to report inadequate emotional support for the decedent (relative risk (RR)=1.2, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.0–1.4), concerns with shared decision‐making (RR=1.8, 95% CI=1.0–2.9), inadequate information about what to expect (RR=1.5, 95% CI=1.3–1.8), and failure to treat the decedent with respect (RR=1.4, 95% CI=1.0–1.9). Overall ratings of the quality of end‐of‐life care were also significantly lower in high‐intensity HSAs.Conclusion: Dying in regions with a higher use of ICU care is not associated with improved perceptions of quality of end‐of‐life care.
Optimizing the Use of Antithrombotic Therapy for Atrial Fibrillation in Older People: A Pharmacist‐Led Multidisciplinary Intervention
Authors: Bajorek Beata V. , Krass Ines , Ogle Susan J. , Duguid Margaret J. , Shenfield Gillian M. 
Published: September 2005

Objectives: To develop, implement, and evaluate a pharmacist‐led multidisciplinary intervention in a hospital setting that would optimize antithrombotic use in elderly atrial fibrillation patients. The hypothesis that there would be an increase in the proportion of patients receiving antithrombotic therapy at discharge was tested.Design: Evidence‐based algorithms were developed to define the criteria (stroke risk vs contraindications) by which an elderly patient's requirement for antithrombotic therapy was assessed.Setting: A major Sydney teaching hospital.Participants: Two hundred eighteen consecutively admitted elderly patients (mean age 85.2) were recruited over a 6‐month period.Intervention: A pharmacist‐coordinated multidisciplinary review process was implemented to coordinate risk assessments and subsequently recommend appropriate antithrombotic therapy, as per the algorithms.Measurements: The proportion of patients receiving antithrombotic therapy was assessed on admission (preintervention), at discharge (postintervention), and postdischarge (follow‐up at 3 and 6 months).Results: As a result of the intervention, 78 patients (35.8%) required changes to their existing antithrombotic therapy. Of these changes, 60 (76.9%) were “upgrades” to more‐effective treatment options (e.g., from no therapy to any agent or from aspirin to warfarin). The remaining 18 (23.1%) changes were “downgrades” to less‐effective, albeit safer, options. Despite a significant increase in anti thrombotic use overall (59.6% vs 81.2%, P<.001), fewer patients received warfarin postintervention, after having been assessed as inappropriate candidates (20.7% vs 17.4%, P=.39).Conclusion: A pharmacist‐led multidisciplinary process was successfully developed and implemented within the hospital setting to increase overall antithrombotic use. Having addressed some of the known barriers and limitations to warfarin use, these algorithms may allow allied health workers, patients, and clinicians to work collaboratively to achieve optimal and, importantly, appropriate (i.e., safe and effective) antithrombotic use in at‐risk elderly patients.
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Risk of Developing Urinary Incontinence
Authors: Lifford Karen L. , Curhan Gary C. , Hu Frank B. , Barbieri Robert L. , Grodstein Francine 
Published: September 2005

Objectives: To evaluate the association between type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and development of urinary incontinence in women.Design: Prospective, observational study.Setting: The Nurses' Health Study cohort.Participants: Eighty‐one thousand eight hundred forty‐five women who reported information on urinary function in 1996.Measurements: Self‐reported, physician‐diagnosed DM was ascertained using questionnaire from 1976 to 1996 and confirmed using standard criteria. Self‐reported urinary incontinence, defined as leakage at least weekly, was ascertained in 1996 and 2000. Logistic regression models were used to calculate multivariate‐adjusted relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the relationship between DM (as of 1996) and prevalent and incident incontinence.Results: The risk of prevalent incontinence (multivariate RR=1.28, 95% CI=1.18–1.39) and incident incontinence (multivariate RR=1.21, 95% CI=1.02–1.43) was significantly greater in women with DM than women without. Using a validated severity index, risk of developing severe incontinence was even more substantial in women with DM than in those without (multivariate RR=1.40, 95% CI=1.15–1.71 for leakage enough to wet the underwear; RR=1.97, 95% CI=1.24–3.12 for leakage enough to wet the outer clothing). In addition, risk of incontinence increased with duration of DM (P‐trend=.03 for prevalent incontinence; P=.001 for incident incontinence).Conclusion: DM independently increases risk of urinary incontinence in women. Because risk of incontinence appeared associated with longer duration of DM, even delaying the onset of DM could have important public health implications.
Mild Cognitive Impairment and 10‐Year Trajectories of Disability in the Iowa Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly Cohort
Authors: Purser Jama L. , Fillenbaum Gerda G. , Pieper Carl F. , Wallace Robert B. 
Published: September 2005

Objectives: To apply diagnostic criteria for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to a geographically representative sample, to estimate the prevalence of MCI, and to estimate 10‐year trajectories of incident disability for cognitively intact participants and subgroups with MCI.Design: Prospective cohort; 10 years of follow‐up.Setting: Community‐based survey of noninstitutionalized population aged 65 and or older in two rural Iowa counties (Washington and Iowa).Participants: Iowa Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly (aged ≥65; N=3,673; 61.3% female; 99.9% white).Measurements: Age, sex, education, Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire (SPMSQ), 20‐item word recall, activities of daily living (ADLs), instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs), chronic medical conditions.Results: MCI was prevalent in 24.7% of participants at baseline. Most participants in the overall cohort remained stable or changed slowly (≤1 new limitations) over 10 years (63.1% for SPMSQ, 89.3% for word recall, and 61.7% for ADL disability). For MCI/no prevalent IADL disability (Stage 1 MCI), disability progression was similar to that in the cognitively intact subgroup (median=0.08 vs 0.05 disabilities per year). For MCI plus prevalent IADL disability (Stage 2 MCI), the median rate of change was equivalent to that of the severely impaired (0.23 disabilities per year; interquartile range=0.12–0.36).Conclusion: Unlike participants with MCI who reported no IADL limitations, those with such limitations were more likely to develop ADL disability—a prerequisite for a diagnosis of dementia.
Age‐Dependent Differences in Presentation, Risk Factor Profile, and Outcome of Suspected Acute Coronary Syndrome
Authors: Soiza Roy L. , Leslie Stephen J. , Harrild Kirsten , Peden Norman R. , Hargreaves Allister D. 
Published: September 2005

Objectives: To compare the presenting complaint, risk factors, and outcome of suspected acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in those aged 65 and older with those of a younger cohort.Design: Prospective observational cohort study.Setting: A typical Scottish district general hospital covering a population of 150,000.Participants: Patients presenting with suspected ACS (N=869) over a 6‐month period.Measurements: Main presenting complaint and major risk factors including electrocardiogram (ECG) changes. Primary outcome measures were percutaneous coronary intervention, recurrent myocardial infarction, and death at 3‐month follow‐up.Results: Four hundred seventy‐seven (55%) were aged 65 and older. Older patients were less likely to present with chest pain and more likely to present with breathlessness or collapse. They had fewer major risk factors for heart disease. There was a higher proportion with ischemic ECG changes, elevated troponin, and major acute coronary events at follow‐up. Older patients were less likely to be accepted for angiography even though they were more likely than the younger cohort to have significant coronary artery disease when angiography was performed (chi‐square test, P<.01 for all above).Conclusion: Older patients with suspected ACS were more likely to present atypically and have worse outcomes than their younger counterparts, despite having fewer major risk factors. The results highlight the importance of age as a predictor of adverse outcome and suggest that clinicians need to ensure equitable access to angiography for older patients.
Implant placement in bone formed beyond the skeletal envelope by means of guided tissue regeneration: an experimental study in the rat
Authors: Stavropoulos Andreas , Nyengaard Jens R. , Kostopoulos Lambros , Karring Thorkild 
Published: September 2005

AbstractObjectives: The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether the placement of implants in bone formed by means of guided tissue regeneration (GTR) beyond the skeletal envelope may influence bone volume and/or structure.Material and Methods: Rigid, hemispherical, Teflon capsules were placed with their open part facing the lateral surface of the ramus in both sides of the mandible in 18 rats. After 1 year, the capsules were removed by a re‐entry operation, and a custom‐made titanium implant was placed in the augmented ramus in only one side of the jaw. Six animals were sacrificed shortly after implant surgery, another six after 3 months, and the last six after 6 months. Histological specimens of the augmented sites including the implants were prepared, and the volumes of (1) the newly formed bone (mineralized bone and marrow) (2) the soft connective tissue, and (3) the implant, in the space originally created by the capsule were estimated by a point‐counting technique. Additionally the height of the augmented bone was measured.Results: One year after capsule placement, the major portion of the space originally created by the capsules was filled with newly formed bone. In the test specimens, implant placement seemed to result in a denser arrangement of the augmented bone, but this event did not influence its long‐term stability. Although some resorption occurred after 3 and 6 months, the vast portion of the generated bone remained stable over time in both tests and controls, and there were no differences between tests and controls at any observation periods.Conclusion: It is concluded that large amounts of bone can be formed beyond the skeletal envelope by means of GTR, and that this bone remains stable on a long‐term basis both with and without the placement of titanium implants.
Analysis of changes in gingival contour from three‐dimensional co‐ordinate data in subjects with drug‐induced gingival overgrowth
Authors: Thomason J. M. , Ellis J. S. , Jovanovski V. , Corson M. , Lynch E. , Seymour R. A. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractObjectives: This aim of this study was to develop and assess a technique that could be used to assess accurately the gingival volume changes seen in drug‐induced gingival overgrowth by the analysis of data obtained from an entire gingival surface by means of three‐dimensional imaging.Material and Methods: Stone dental models of patients before and after gingivectomy procedures were digitized with a laser scanner and then regenerated as computer models constructed from the acquired three‐dimensional co‐ordinate data. A comparison of superposed “before” and “after” surfaces was undertaken to assess and accurately quantify changes in gingival contour.Results: The mean vertical tissue reduction varied from 1.58 to 2.56 mm in the four study subjects and individual differences are shown. The maximum thickness of removed buccal gingival overgrowth was found to range between 1.20 and 3.40 mm. The volume of tissue removed from each inter‐dental papilla ranged from 4.2 to 46.1 mm3 and the mean volume of the papilla removed from each subject±SD values was 24.8±13.1 mm3.Conclusion: This method will measure changes in gingival tissues to within 60 μm in one plane, making it ideal for the assessment of longitudinal changes in gingival contour as seen in the development of gingival overgrowth, its recurrence after surgery or the changes in volume brought about by surgery.