bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of Increased Occlusal Contact, Interleukin‐1 Genotype, and Periodontitis Severity on Gingival Crevicular Fluid IL‐1β Levels
Authors: McDevitt Michael J. , Russell Carl M. , Schmid Marian J. , Reinhardt Richard A. 
Published: February 2005

Background: The study of occlusal therapy in humans with periodontitis is problematic due to potential irreversible bone loss in control subjects. The hypothesis of this pilot investigation was that increased interocclusal contact initiated by shortterm occlusal splint disuse would increase tooth mobility and the bone‐resorptive cytokine interleukin (IL)‐1β in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), comparable to IL‐1–positive genotype and increased periodontitis severity.Methods: Nineteen non‐smoking chronic periodontitis patients using nocturnal occlusal splints and undergoing periodontal maintenance in a private practice were evaluated at five time points: 24 hours after continuous splint use; 1, 2, and 3 days after no occlusal splint use; and 14 days after resumption of customary nighttime splint use. Subjects were evaluated to confirm that the plaque index and gingival index were ≤1.0, and to categorize past periodontitis (moderate or severe) and IL‐1 genotype (1A +4845 plus IL‐1B +3954). Test sites on two anterior teeth vulnerable to occlusal trauma were sampled for mobility, GCF IL‐1β, and IL‐1 receptor antagonist (ra).Results: Tooth mobility remained low during the 3‐day period when patients were not wearing their occlusal appliance. GCF IL‐ 1β decreased after not wearing the appliances (P = 0.016), especially at 48 hours. At this time, genotype‐positive subjects had higher levels of GCF IL‐1β/IL‐1ra than genotype‐negative subjects (P = 0.045), and patients who had experienced severe periodontitis had higher IL‐1β levels than moderate periodontitis subjects (P = 0.004).Conclusions: These findings suggest that short‐term discontinuation of occlusal splint therapy in non‐smoking periodontitis patients undergoing periodontal maintenance does not result in potential signs of early occlusal trauma (increasing mobility or GCF IL‐1β). Longer‐term studies may be needed to determine appropriate therapy applications for periodontitis‐susceptible patients with definable occlusal discrepancies and/or parafunction. J Periodontol 2003;74:1302‐1307.
Effect of Loading on the Vibration Characteristics of Thin Magnetostrictive Ultrasonic Scaler Inserts
Authors: Trenter Suzanne C. , Landini Gabriel , Walmsley A. Damien 
Published: February 2005

Background: The ultrasonic scaler market has seen an increase in availability of thin inserts for periodontal pocket access. While such thin inserts may have advantages in negotiating the periodontal pocket, the relatively narrow structure may be prone to damping under load. The purpose of this study was to assess the vibration characteristics under load of thin, straight, ultrasonic scaler inserts.Methods: Five types of thin inserts were each obtained from three manufacturers and were operated using an ultrasonic generator at medium power and low water. The displacement amplitude of the scaling tip was measured via a scanning laser vibrometer (SLV). Increasing forces up to 1.0 N were applied either to the base of the tip (up through its center) or while it was loaded from the side. Displacement measurements were obtained using the SLV under these loading conditions.Results: Under loading, there was a drop in displacement amplitude of all tips. Furthermore, loading of the tips resulted in large variations of displacement amplitudes recorded. The mean tip displacements recorded ranged from 10 to 30 μm when unloaded and 7 to 25 μm when loaded. The fundamental frequency of the ultrasonic tips' oscillation was at 30 kHz. However, loading resulted in the production of additional subharmonic frequencies in the region of 6 to 10 kHz.Conclusions: Thin ultrasonic scaler tips are susceptible to loading. This results in a reduction in the displacement amplitude that shows variation not only between tips of different design but also between those of the same design made by the same manufacturer. Clinicians and researchers should be aware of this variability, which may influence both clinical procedures and future research with thin ultrasonic scaling tips. J Periodontol 2003;74:1308‐1315.
Distribution of Periodontal Pathogens in Korean Aggressive Periodontitis
Authors: Lee Jung‐Wook , Choi Bong‐Kyu , Yoo Yun‐Jung , Choi Seong‐Ho , Cho Kyoo‐Sung , Chai Jung‐Kiu , Kim Chong‐Kwan 
Published: February 2005

Background: Microbial associations in aggressive periodontitis versus different ethnic origins are substantially unknown. We undertook this study to determine the prevalence of seven putative periodontopathogens in Korean patients and to evaluate microbial differences in localized and generalized aggressive periodontitis patients.Methods: Thirty‐nine aggressive periodontitis patients between 20 and 35 years old (24 males and 15 females; mean age 29.6 years) were selected according to clinical criteria. The patients were subclassified into 17 localized and 22 generalized aggressive periodontitis patients. In each of the 39 individuals, subgingival plaque samples were collected from four diseased teeth (≥6 mm probing depth, 156 sites) and one healthy site (≤3 mm probing depth, 39 sites). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene fragments (about 530 bp) of plaque bacteria and their subsequent detection by dot‐blot hybridization using specific oligonucleotide probes were performed to determine the presence of seven periodontopathogens.Results: The prevalences were 75% for Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, 94.2% for Tannerella forsythensis (formerly Bacteroides forsythus), 99.4% for Fusobacterium sp., 85.9% for Micromonas micros (formerly Peptostreptococcus micros), 96.8% for Porphyromonas gingivalis, 78.8% for Prevotella intermedia, and 96.8% for Treponema sp. The prevalences of these bacteria were significantly higher in diseased sites than in healthy sites. Logistic regression analysis showed that P. intermedia was more significantly associated with generalized aggressive periodontitis than the localized form, with an odds ratio of 3.28 (95% con‐ fidence interval 1.26‐8.56, P = 0.015).Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that the seven periodontal pathogens analyzed are strongly associated with Korean aggressive periodontitis. In particular, P. intermedia are more significantly associated with generalized aggressive periodontitis, a more severe and progressive form, than with localized aggressive periodontitis. J Periodontol 2003;74:1329‐1335.
Periodontal Disease in HIV‐Positive Individuals: Association of Periodontal Indices with Stages of HIV Disease
Authors: Vastardis Sotirios A. , Yukna Raymond A. , Fidel Paul L. , Leigh Janet E. , Mercante Donald E. 
Published: February 2005

Background: Periodontal disease has been previously associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, and HIV infection has been considered a modifier of periodontal disease. The aim of this study was to report the prevalence and severity of periodontal disease in a population of HIV‐positive individuals and to investigate the association between clinical periodontal indices and the stage of HIV disease, as expressed by CD4 cell counts.Methods: Thirty‐nine male HIV‐positive patients were recruited and a medical history was taken. To evaluate periodontal disease, probing depth (PD), attachment level loss (AL), bleeding index (BI), and modified gingival index (MGI) were recorded. Associations between the above indices and CD4 counts were examined.Results: Immunocompromised patients (with CD4 cell counts <200 cells/μl) showed significantly lower BI and fewer sites with PD and AL >4 mm compared to patients with CD4 cell counts >200 cells/μl. When patients with CD4 counts <500 cells/μl were considered alone, a correlation was observed between CD4 cell counts and BI (r2 = 0.1617, P = 0.0463), MGI (r2 = 0.2123, P = 0.0204), and number of sites with AL >4 mm (r2 = 0.1469, P = 0.056).Conclusions: Severely immunocompromised HIV‐positive patients showed less severe gingival inflammation than expected. Patients with CD4 cell counts >500 cells/μl showed no association between CD4 cell count and periodontal indices. J Periodontol 2003;74:1336‐1341.
Digital Image Analysis of Cadaver Mandibular Trabecular Bone Patterns
Authors: Shrout Michael K. , Jett Scott , Mailhot Jason M. , Potter Brad J. , Borke James L. , Hildebolt Charles F. 
Published: February 2005

Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the source of radiographic trabecular patterns by removing trabecular bone in four sequential steps from six cadaver mandible sections, radiographing the sections after each removal, and using four digital‐image analysis methods to quantify any resulting changes to the radiographs.Methods: Mandible sections were cut sagittally into halves. Trabecular bone was removed from each section in four stages. Following each stage, standardized radiographs were taken, using direct digital equipment. Trabecular bone in the resulting digital images was measured with four methods. Mean gray level values (method 1) and cumulative percent histograms (method 2) were calculated from the raw data. Morphological image processing was used to skeletonize the trabecular structure, which was quantified by counting the number of trabecular ends and segments in the skeletonized images (method 3) and performing fractal analyses of the skeletonized images (method 4). Repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test for changes in measurements attributable to bone removal.Results: Repeated measures ANOVA indicated that the use of gray levels, cumulative percent histograms, and morphologic operators resulted in highly significant changes in measurements following bone removal (P <0.01). Ends and segments demonstrated similar performance, with changes highly significant over time (P <0.01). Fractal analysis also resulted in highly signifi‐ cant changes over time (P <0.01).Conclusions: The analyses performed in this study demonstrated consistent image differences following the four steps of bone removal. These differences appeared whether light, cancellous bone or heavier endosteal bone was removed. These findings indicate that trabecular and endosteal bone combine to form the structure that most dentists identify as trabeculae on intraoral radiographs. J Periodontol 2003;74:1342‐1347.
A Histopathological Investigation on the Effect of Systemic Administration of the Bisphosphonate Alendronate on Resorptive Phase Following Mucoperiosteal Flap Surgery in the Rat Mandible
Authors: Kaynak Deniz , Meffert Roland , Bostancı Hamit , Günhan Ömer , Özkaya Özay Gököz 
Published: February 2005

Background: The present study was designed to assess histopathologically whether the systemic administration of aminobisphosphonate (alendronate), 0.5 mg/kg body weight, is effective in preventing alveolar bone resorption following mucoperiosteal flap surgery, and whether alendronate modulates tissue factors.Methods: The effect of alendronate on bone resorption was evaluated in mucoperiosteal flaps used as a resorptive model. The animals were given subcutaneous injections of either saline (control group) or 0.5 mg/kg of alendronate (experimental group). The alendronate or saline was administered subcutaneously 1 week prior to surgery, immediately prior to surgery, and 1 week after surgery. The parameters determined with a semiquantitative subjective method for histopathological evaluation were as follows: inflammatory cell infiltration (ICI) of adjacent periodontal tissue, degree of fibrosis and collagen bundle formation, number and morphology of osteoclasts of the alveolar bone and interdental septum, resorption lacunae (osteoclast surfaces), and osteoblastic activity (forming surfaces).Results: There were no statistically significant differences between the saline and alendronate groups with regard to inflammatory cell infiltration, number of osteoclasts, and osteoblastic activity. Fibrosis and collagen bundle formation, osteoclast morphologies, and resorption lacunae formation were significantly different between the two groups, in favor of the alendronate group.Conclusions: The systemic administration of 0.5 mg/kg alendronate was effective in preventing alveolar bone loss and in modulating tissue factors. These findings indicate that alendronate would be a valuable addition to the therapeutic armamentarium available for the treatment of periodontal diseases, either alone or in combination with regenerative components such as anti‐inflammatory drugs, bone graft materials, and guided tissue regeneration techniques, and even with dental implants. J Periodontol 2003;74:1348‐1354.
Effect of Non‐Surgical Periodontal Therapy on Glycemic Control in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Rodrigues Débora C. , Taba Mário , Novaes Arthur B. , Souza Sérgio L.S. , Grisi Márcio F.M. 
Published: February 2005

Background: The literature suggests that an alteration in glucose metabolism occurs as a result of antibacterial periodontal therapy. The objective of this study was to monitor the effect of non‐surgical periodontal therapy on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM).Methods: Thirty type 2 DM subjects with periodontitis were randomly divided into two groups. Group 1 (G1), 15 subjects, received one‐stage full‐mouth scaling and root planing (FMSRP) plus amoxicillin/clavulanic acid 875 mg; group 2 (G2), 15 patients, received only FMSRP. At baseline and after 3 months, the glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) values, fasting glucose, and clinical parameters (with computerized probing and individualized acrylic stents) were recorded. Following therapy, the subjects were enrolled in a 2‐week interval maintenance program for 3 months.Results: After treatment, both groups showed clinical improvements. A probing depth (PD) reduction of 0.8 ± 0.6 mm (P <0.05) occurred in G1 and 0.9 ± 0.4 mm in G2 (P <0.05), but there were no significant changes in attachment level. Treatment reduced the HbA1c values after the 3‐month observation period in both groups; however, the reduction in HbA1c values for the G2 group was statistically significant, but not for the G1 group. The changes in fasting glucose levels were not significant for either group.Conclusions: Periodontal therapy improved glycemic control in patients with type 2 DM in both groups; however, the reduction in HbA1c values reached statistical significance only in the group receiving scaling and root planing alone. J Periodontol 2003;74:1361‐1367.
Peripheral Giant Cell Granuloma Associated with Dental Implants
Authors: Hirshberg Abraham , Kozlovsky Avital , Schwartz‐Arad Devorah , Mardinger Ofer , Kaplan Ilana 
Published: February 2005

Background: Peripheral giant cell granuloma (PGCG) is a well‐circumscribed lesion confined to the alveolar and gingival mucosa. PGCG is considered a reactive lesion caused by local irritation or trauma. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the incidence of PGCG in peri‐implant lesions submitted for histologic examination, to establish its correlation with implant failure, and to discuss its pathogenesis.Methods: The study was conducted on 25 periimplant biopsy specimens submitted for histological examination between 1999 and 2001. Sections (5 μm) of paraffin embedded tissues were cut and stained with hematoxylin and eosin.Results: From the 25 specimens, three (two males and one female, ranging in age from 31 to 69 years) were identified as peripheral giant cell granuloma. The posterior mandible was affected in two cases and the anterior maxilla in one. The clinical appearance was an exophytic mass with a bleeding surface. The time interval between implantation and lesion development was from several months to 6 years. Recurrence following curettage was found in all cases. The implants were stable; however, two were removed either because of bone loss around the implant or because of several recurrences. In all cases healing was uneventful.Conclusions: Peripheral giant cell granuloma can develop in association with dental implants. Clinically, the lesions are similar to the classical PGCG. In the present study, the precise incidence could not be concluded because of the small number of selected cases. Due to the aggressive nature of the lesion and the high recurrence rate, implants can fail unless the lesion is detected early and proper surgical removal is performed. Tissue removed from the peri‐implant area should always be submitted for histologic examination for accurate diagnosis. J Periodontol 2003;74:1381‐1384.
The Application of Multilevel Modeling in the Analysis of Longitudinal Periodontal Data –Part II: Changes in Disease Levels over Time
Authors: Tu Yu‐Kang , Gilthorpe Mark S. , Griffiths Gareth S. , Maddick Ian H. , Eaton Kenneth A. , Johnson Newell W. 
Published: February 2005

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the longitudinal relationships between the outcome measurements of changes in lifetime cumulative attachment loss (cLCAL) and changes in probing depth (cPD) in relation to potential risk factors or other risk markers for periodontal disease progression from a cohort of 100 young males. In order to account for the hierarchical data structure, and to explore explicitly the site, tooth, and subject levels simultaneously, multilevel modeling was undertaken.Methods: The analyses were undertaken in two parts. Within a previous article, the absolute levels of disease were analyzed in relation to potential risk factors; within this article, changes in disease are analyzed in relation to these factors. Each analytical approach yielded substantively different insights.Results: Subject‐level risk factors had limited predictive value for cLCAL/cPD throughout the 30‐month observation period. Tooth position demonstrated a near linear relationship for both outcomes, with disease increasing from anterior to posterior teeth. Supragingival plaque had no significant effect on cLCAL/ cPD, while subgingival calculus and bleeding on probing were negatively associated with cLCAL/cPD. In contrast to the outcomes LCAL/PD, supragingival calculus had no significant protective effect on cLCAL/cPD. There was no significant influence of smoking in this cohort.Conclusions: This study provides, for a relatively young cohort, considerable insights into the factors associated with longitudinal patterns of early‐life periodontal disease at all levels of the natural hierarchy of sites within teeth within subjects. Furthermore, it is demonstrated how multilevel modeling can provide considerable insight into some of the inconsistencies and controversies found in the previous periodontal literature. J Periodontol 2004;75:137‐145.
The Effect of Cigareté Smoking on Gingival Bleeding
Authors: Dietrich Thomas , Bernimoulin Jean‐Pierre , Glynn Robert J. 
Published: February 2005

Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the dose‐dependent effect of cigarette smoking upon gingival bleeding on probing (BOP) in a large representative sample of the United States population (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III).Methods: Weighted multiple logistic regression was used to model bleeding on probing of 141,967 mesio‐buccal sites in 12,385 individuals with complete case records on all covariates. Adjustments were made for age, gender, race/ethnicity, number of missing teeth, tooth type/jaw, root caries, full crown coverage, socioeconomic status (poverty/income ratio), and survey characteristics. The model stratified by presence of calculus (CALC) and increased probing depth (PD≥4 mm). Generalized estimating equations were used to account for dependence of sites within subjects.Results: Smoking had a strong suppressive effect on gingival bleeding. The effect was strongest in heavier smokers (>10 cigarettes/day) and smallest in former smokers. In healthy sites (no CALC, PD ≤3 mm), the odds ratio (OR) of bleeding for sites in heavier smokers compared to never‐smokers was 0.56 (95% CI: 0.45‐0.70). Sites with CALC and/or PD≥4 mm were more likely to bleed in never‐smokers (OR: 5.7; 95% CI: 4.3‐7.6). This relationship was less evident among heavier smokers (OR: 1.3; 95% CI: 0.8‐1.9). The effect of smoking did not differ between maxillary and mandibular molars, premolars, or incisors.Conclusion: Smoking exerts a strong, chronic, and dosedependent suppressive effect on gingival bleeding on probing. J Periodontol 2004;75:16‐22.
Effects of Tumor Necrosis Factor‐α Inhibitors Pentoxifylline and Thalidomide on Alveolar Bone Loss in Short‐Term Experimental Periodontal Disease in Rats
Authors: Lima Vilma , Vidal Francisco D.P. , Rocha Francisco Airton C. , Brito Gerly Anne C. , Ribeiro Ronaldo A. 
Published: February 2005

Background: Pentoxifylline (PTX) and thalidomide (TLD) have been shown to inhibit cytokine synthesis, mainly tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, in different inflammatory conditions. We studied the effects of these cytokine inhibitors in an experimental model of periodontitis.Methods: Wistar rats were subjected to a ligature placement around the second upper right molars. Alveolar bone loss was evaluated by the sum of the distances between the cusp tip and the alveolar bone along the axis of each molar root, subtracting from the contralateral side. Histopathological analysis was based on cell influx, amount of alveolar bone, and cementum integrity. Animals were weighed daily, and total and differential peripheral white blood cell counts were performed at 6 hours and 1, 7, and 11 days after induction of periodontitis. Groups were treated with saline (positive control), PTX, or TLD 1 hour before and daily up to 11 days after induction of periodontitis.Results: Alveolar bone loss was inhibited 42%, 54%, and 69% by PTX at 5, 15, and 45 mg/kg, and 25%, 25%, 42%, and 54% by TLD at 5, 15, 45, and 90 mg/kg, respectively, as compared to the control (P <0.05; analysis of variance). Histological analysis showed that PTX and TLD reduced cell influx and alveolar bone and cementum destruction. PTX and TLD also reversed peripheral lymphomonocytosis but not weight loss, as compared to controls. These data showed that both PTX and TLD reduced alveolar bone loss in periodontitis.Conclusion: The data showed a protective effect of PTX and TLD on experimental periodontitis, suggesting a role for TNF‐α in the pathophysiology of periodontitis. J Periodontol 2004;75:162‐168.