bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Marital quality of African American and white partners in interracial couples
Authors: Leslie Leigh A. , Letiecq Bethany L. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractIn light of the growing number of interracial marriages in this country, the present study set out to examine the relative strength of one's racial identity, social support, and experience of discrimination in predicting interracial marriage quality. A total of 76 interracial couples (52 African American male/White female and 24 African American female/White male) participated in the study by completing mail surveys. Results revealed that for African American partners, and to a lesser extent White partners, racial identity was the strongest predictor of marital quality. Partners who had pride in their race but were also accepting of other races and cultures experienced higher marital quality. These findings are discussed in light of the literature that suggests interracial couples often minimize the relevance of race in their relationships.
Anthropo‐Technology
Authors: SLOTERDIJK PETER 
Published: November 2004

Information in our era of networks and genome maps, according to Sloterdijk, binds man and his tools that transform nature into one operative system. This “post‐metaphysical” condition not only tends to abolish the separation between the subjective person and “objective spirit,” but the distinction between culture and nature as well.For Sloterdijk, one co‐intelligent system now encompasses subject and object, culture and nature. This information ecology gives man a new fused identity with the other, with his world and his tools. He is no longer an identity apart.Such a civilization of co‐intelligent “anthropo‐technology” requires an entirely new perspective on ethics. For Sloterdijk, today's passionate debates over man's domination of nature or technology's domination of man miss the point because they are fearfully rooted in the obsolete master‐slave dichotomy that holds such a hallowed place in Western philosophy. As Sloterdijk sees it, this dichotomy, based as it was on the opposition between subject and object and between culture and nature, needs to be updated: In our time, master and slave are dissolved in the advance of intelligent technologies whose operability is non‐dominating. One can only talk about self‐manipulation, not slavery; not about a master, but about self‐mastery.Unleashing the basic force of nature against the people of Hiroshima may have been possible prior to the information revolution when “allo‐technology” (the division between man and machine) still predominated. But, the anthropo‐technology of the post‐metaphysical 21st century, Sloterdijk contends, holds out a generous promise. In this system bound together by information feedback and artificial intelligence, the preservationist instinct of the co‐beneficiaries of co‐intelligence will limit the destructive acts of anthropo‐technology against itself.Between the lines, Sloterdijk even seems to suggest that the “astraying” fate of alienated Being may at last find its dwelling place rejoined with nature and the world.In May 2000, Sloterdijk gave lectures at the Goethe Institute in Boston and in Los Angeles that covered these topics. Some excerpts appear below.          —NATHAN GARDELS, editor
Axis II comorbidity of borderline personality disorder: description of 6‐year course and prediction to time‐to‐remission
Authors: Zanarini M. C. , Frankenburg F. R. , Vujanovic A. A. , Hennen J. , Reich D. B. , Silk K. R. 
Published: November 2004

Objective:  The purpose of this study was to compare the axis II comorbidity of 202 patients whose borderline personality disorder (BPD) remitted over 6 years of prospective follow‐up to that of 88 whose BPD never remitted.Method:  The axis II comorbidity of 290 patients meeting both DIB‐R and DSM‐III‐R criteria for BPD was assessed at baseline using a semistructured interview of demonstrated reliability. Over 96% of surviving patients were reinterviewed about their co‐occurring axis II disorders blind to all previously collected information at three distinct follow‐up waves: 2‐, 4‐, and 6‐year follow‐up.Results:  Both remitted and non‐remitted borderline patients experienced declining rates of most types of axis II disorders over time. However, the rates of avoidant, dependent, and self‐defeating personality disorders remained high among non‐remitted borderline patients. Additionally, the absence of these three disorders was found to be significantly correlated with a borderline patient's likelihood‐of‐remission and time‐to‐remission; self‐defeating personality disorder by a factor of 4, dependent personality disorder by a factor of 3, and avoidant personality disorder by a factor of almost 2.Conclusion:  The results of this study suggest that axis II disorders co‐occur less commonly with BPD over time, particularly for remitted borderline patients. They also suggest that anxious cluster disorders are the axis II disorders which most impede symptomatic remission from BPD.
The potential relationship between levels of perceived stress and subtypes of major depressive disorder (MDD)
Authors: Farabaugh A. H. , Mischoulon D. , Fava M. , Green C. , Guyker W. , Alpert J. 
Published: November 2004

Objective:  We wanted to explore whether major depressive disorder (MDD) subtypes (melancholic depression, atypical depression, double depression, and MDD with anger attacks) were related to levels of perceived stress, as measured by the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS).Method:  Our sample [n = 298; female = 163 (55%); mean age 40.1 ± 10.5 years] consisted of out‐patients with MDD. The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM‐III‐R, the 17‐item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, the Anger Attack Questionnaire, and the PSS were administered prior to initiating treatment.Results:  Depressed women had significantly higher levels of perceived stress (P = 0.02) than depressed men. Greater severity of depression at baseline was significantly related to higher levels of perceived stress (P < 0.0001). After adjusting for age, gender, and severity of depression at baseline, higher levels of perceived stress were significantly related to the presence of anger attacks (P < 0.0001; t = −4.103) as well as to atypical depression (P = 0.0013; t = 3.26).Conclusion:  Out‐patients with MDD who are more irritable and/or present with atypical features have higher levels of perceived stress, indicating a potential reactive component to their depression.
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and suicide: a review of possible associations
Authors: James A. , Lai F. H. , Dahl C. 
Published: November 2004

Objective:  To review the evidence of a possible association between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and suicide.Design:  We searched the electronic data bases: Medline, Psych LIT, between 1966 and March 2003 looking for articles on ADHD, attention deficit disorder, hyperactivity and suicide.Results:  An association of ADHD and completed suicide was found, especially for younger males. However, the evidence for any direct or independent link was modest with an overall suicide rate from long‐term follow‐up studies of ADHD of 0.63–0.78%. The estimated relative risk ratio, compared with US national suicide rates (males 5–24 years) is 2.91 (95% confidence interval 1.47–5.7, χ2 = 9.3, d.f. = 1, P = 0.002). ADHD appears to increase the risk of suicide in males via increasing severity of comorbid conditions, particularly conduct disorder (CD) and depression.Conclusion:  Identification of those at risk, particularly males with comorbid ADHD, depression and CD, may represent a useful clinical means of reducing completed suicide.
Stressful life events as predictors of functioning: findings from the Collaborative Longitudinal Personality Disorders Study
Authors: Pagano M. E. , Skodol A. E. , Stout R. L. , Shea M. T. , Yen S. , Grilo C. M. , Sanislow C. A. , Bender D. S. , McGlashan T. H. , Zanarini M. C. , Gunderson J. G. 
Published: November 2004

Objective:  Although much attention has been given to the effects of adverse childhood experiences on the development of personality disorders (PDs), we know far less about how recent life events influence the ongoing course of functioning. We examined the extent to which PD subjects differ in rates of life events and the extent to which life events impact psychosocial functioning.Method:  A total of 633 subjects were drawn from the Collaborative Longitudinal Personality Disorders Study (CLPS), a multi‐site study of four personality disorders – schizotypal (STPD), borderline (BPD), avoidant (AVPD), obsessive‐compulsive (OCPD) – and a comparison group of major depressive disorders (MDD) without PD.Results:  Borderline personality disorder subjects reported significantly more total negative life events than other PDs or subjects with MDD. Negative events, especially interpersonal events, predicted decreased psychosocial functioning over time.Conclusion:  Our findings indicate higher rates of negative events in subjects with more severe PDs and suggest that negative life events adversely impact multiple areas of psychosocial functioning.
Rates of lifetime suicide attempt and rates of lifetime major depression in different ethnic groups in the United States
Authors: Oquendo M. A. , Lizardi D. , Greenwald S. , Weissman M. M. , Mann J. J. 
Published: November 2004

Objective:  Rates of major depression and suicide vary across ethnic groups within the US. This also may be true of suicide attempts.Method:  Data on lifetime suicidal behavior and major depression among Mexican American, Cuban American, and Puerto Rican adults who participated in the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Epidemiologic Survey were pooled with Epidemiological Catchment Area Study data for Blacks, Whites and Hispanics.Results:  Rates of major depression ranged from 9.3 (Puerto Ricans) to 3.24% (Cuban Americans). Puerto Ricans and whites had the highest rates of depression. Similarly, suicide attempt rates ranged from 9.1% for Puerto Ricans to 1.9% for Cuban Americans. Puerto Ricans had higher suicide attempt rates compared with other groups.Conclusion:  This study underscores that there are differences between Hispanic ethnic groups. The impact of the migration process, socioeconomic status, and acculturation may underlie differences in major depression and suicide attempt rates across ethnic groups.
Antidepressants and suicidal behaviour in unipolar depression
Authors: Yerevanian B. I. , Koek R. J. , Feusner J. D. , Hwang S. , Mintz J. 
Published: November 2004

Objective:  To compare the rates of suicidal behaviour during vs. after discontinuation of treatment with antidepressants, and to determine the comparative rates of suicidal behaviour for patients maintained on tricyclic (TCA) vs. selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants.Method:  Charts were reviewed for 521 patients with major depressive disorder and/or dysthymic disorder. Periods of active treatment or discontinuation with SSRIs or TCAs were determined. Rates of completed suicide, suicide attempts, and hospitalization for suicidality were analyzed.Results:  There was greater than a five‐fold increase in risk for suicidal behaviour after discontinuation of antidepressant treatment (P < 0.0001). The rates of suicidal behavior during treatment with SSRIs or TCAs were similar.Conclusion:  Suicidal behaviour in unipolar depressed patients treated with antidepressants increases substantially after medication discontinuation. This effect occurred in both patients who were maintained on SSRIs and TCAs. The findings support a possible protective effect on suicidal behaviour for both SSRIs and TCAs.
Linking traditional treatments of maternal anaemia to iron supplement use: an ethnographic case study from Pemba Island, Zanzibar
Authors: Young Sera L. , Ali Said M. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractIron deficiency anaemia is the most common form of malnutrition in the world. Pregnant women are particularly at risk for anaemia. Insufficient attention has been paid to the reasons underlying the only moderate success of iron supplementation. In this article an additional factor that can affect the use of iron supplements is proposed: their relevance to ‘traditional’ or nonbiomedical treatments of anaemia. This paper represents what is to our knowledge the first ethnographic description of nonbiomedical treatments for maternal anaemia. The research was conducted over several months on Pemba, one of the islands of the Zanzibar archipelago. Data were collected using a variety of qualitative methods, including in‐depth interviews, focus group discussions and participant observation. Informants included 25 mothers and 27 traditional and biomedical health care workers. The resulting ethnography elucidates Pembans’ beliefs about the relationship of food, traditional medicine, spirits and biomedical medicine in relation to anaemia. In the analysis of the ethnography, both anthropology and public health perspectives are incorporated to suggest how the understanding of these beliefs is useful for increasing iron supplement use.
Enterobacter sakazakii and other bacteria in powdered infant milk formula
Authors: Forsythe Stephen J. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractRecently there has been considerable concern related to the presence of bacteria, in particular Enterobacter sakazakii, in powdered infant formula milk. This paper considers the bacteria in these products at point of sale, with reference to current microbiological testing and the need for good hygienic practice in their subsequent preparation before feeding. The ingestion of raised numbers of E. sakazakii resulting from temperature abuse after reconstitution is highlighted as well as the uncertain routes of E. sakazakii product contamination.
THE NORTH ANATOLIAN FAULT: A NEW LOOK
Authors: Şengör A.M.C , Tüysüz Okan , İmren Caner , Sakınç Mehmet , Eyidoğan Haluk , Görür Naci , Le Pichon Xavier , Rangin Claude 
Published: November 2004

Dedicated to the memory of three pioneers, İhsan Ketin, Sırrı Erinç and Melih Tokay, and a recent student, Aykut Barka, who burnt himself out in pursuit of the mysteries of the North Anatolian Fault.▪ Abstract  The North Anatolian Fault (NAF) is a 1200-km-long dextral strike-slip fault zone that formed by progressive strain localization in a generally westerly widening right-lateral keirogen in northern Turkey mostly along an interface juxtaposing subduction-accretion material to its south and older and stiffer continental basements to its north. The NAF formed approximately 13 to 11 Ma ago in the east and propagated westward. It reached the Sea of Marmara no earlier than 200 ka ago, although shear-related deformation in a broad zone there had already commenced in the late Miocene. The fault zone has a very distinct morphological expression and is seismically active. Since the seventeenth century, it has shown cyclical seismic behavior, with century-long cycles beginning in the east and progressing westward. For earlier times, the record is less clear but does indicate a lively seismicity. The twentieth century record has been successfully interpreted in terms of a Coulomb failure model, whereby every earthquake concentrates the shear stress at the western tips of the broken segments leading to westward migration of large earthquakes. The August 17 and November 12, 1999, events have loaded the Marmara segment of the fault, mapped since the 1999 earthquakes, and a major, M ≤ 7.6 event is expected in the next half century with an approximately 50% probability on this segment. Currently, the strain in the Sea of Marmara region is highly asymmetric, with greater strain to the south of the Northern Strand. This is conditioned by the geology, and it is believed that this is generally the case for the entire North Anatolian Fault Zone. What is now needed is a more detailed geological mapping base with detailed paleontology and magnetic stratigraphy in the shear-related basins and more paleomagnetic observations to establish shear-related rotations.
Operational Criteria for Delimiting Species
Authors: Sites Jack W. , Marshall Jonathon C. 
Published: November 2004

▪ Abstract  Species are routinely used as fundamental units of analysis in biogeography, ecology, macroevolution, and conservation biology. A large literature focuses on defining species conceptually, but until recently little attention has been given to the issue of empirically delimiting species. Researchers confronted with the task of delimiting species in nature are often unsure which method(s) is (are) most appropriate for their system and data type collected. Here, we review twelve of these methods organized into two general categories of tree- and nontree-based approaches. We also summarize the relevant biological properties of species amenable to empirical evaluation, the classes of data required, and some of the strengths and limitations of each method. We conclude that all methods will sometimes fail to delimit species boundaries properly or will give conflicting results, and that virtually all methods require researchers to make qualitative judgments. These facts, coupled with the fuzzy nature of species boundaries, require an eclectic approach to delimiting species and caution against the reliance on any single data set or method when delimiting species.No one definition has as yet satisfied all naturalists; yet every naturalist knows vaguely what he means when he speaks of a species.     Darwin (1859/1964)
Duplication and Divergence: The Evolution of New Genes and Old Ideas
Authors: Taylor John S. , Raes Jeroen 
Published: November 2004

▪ Abstract  Over 35 years ago, Susumu Ohno stated that gene duplication was the single most important factor in evolution ( 97 ). He reiterated this point a few years later in proposing that without duplicated genes the creation of metazoans, vertebrates, and mammals from unicellular organisms would have been impossible. Such big leaps in evolution, he argued, required the creation of new gene loci with previously nonexistent functions ( 98 ). Bold statements such as these, combined with his proposal that at least one whole-genome duplication event facilitated the evolution of vertebrates, have made Ohno an icon in the literature on genome evolution. However, discussion on the occurrence and consequences of gene and genome duplication events has a much longer, and often neglected, history. Here we review literature dealing with the occurence and consequences of gene duplication, begining in 1911. We document conceptual and technological advances in gene duplication research from this early research in comparative cytology up to recent research on whole genomes, “transcriptomes,” and “interactomes.”We have formerly seen that parts many times repeated are eminently liable to vary in number and structure; consequently it is quite probable that natural selection, during the long-continued course of modification, should have seized on a certain number of the primordially similar elements, many times repeated, and have adapted them to the most diverse purposes.     Charles Darwin, 1859 ( 23 )
How biologically relevant are interaction-based modules in protein networks?
Authors: Poyatos Juan F , Hurst Laurence D 
Published: November 2004

AbstractBy applying a graph-based algorithm to yeast protein-interaction networks we have extracted modular structures and show that they can be validated using information from the phylogenetic conservation of the network components. We show that the module cores, the parts with the highest intramodular connectivity, are biologically relevant components of the networks. These constituents correlate only weakly with other levels of organization. We also discuss how such structures could be used for finding targets for antimicrobial drugs.
GC‐MS Characterisation and Identification of Natural Terpenic Resins Employed in Works of Art
Authors: Cartoni Giampaolo , Russo Mario Vincenzo , Spinelli Francesca , Talarico Fabio 
Published: November 2004

AbstractNatural resins were frequently employed in the past as adhesives or as components of oleo‐resinous media in paintings. The identification of vegetable resins is still an open problem. The aim of this paper is to analyse by GC‐MS some vegetable resins frequently employed in paintings, such as Venice turpentine, dammar, copal, elemi, in order to identify their main components in samples both raw and aged. Some molecules are proposed as chemical markers to identify these natural resins. Two samples scraped off from XV and XVII century paintings were used to test the reliability of proposed method.
Identification of Structures of Nitrogen‐Containing Compounds in Crude Oils in Conjunction with Chemometric Resolution
Authors: Zhang Taiming , Liang Yizeng , Li Boyan , Cui Hui , Huang Lanfang , Guo Fangqiu , Zhao Chenxi 
Published: November 2004

AbstractA universal method was established for the systematically structural identification of nitrogen‐containing compounds in crude oils. Pre‐fractionation of the non‐hydrocarbons in a crude oil sample into 7 fractions was performed by di‐adsorption column chromatography using neutral aluminum oxide and silica gel; subsequent high‐resolution separation of individual components was achieved by using capillary column gas chromatography, and compound types were detected by mass spectrometer. The two‐dimensional data from the compounds in the fractions were further resolved by a chemometric method to obtained the deconvoluted chromatogram and mass spectrum of every compound, and then, the nitrogen‐containing compounds were identified in combination with the retention indices. This method could relieve the difficulty of classical analysis in identifying those species with very low contents or incompletely separation, particularly in the cases where the authentic standards were not available for addition into the unknown samples in order to reveal what indeed existed in them. The structures of 168 nitrogen‐containing compounds in a crude oil sample were determined by this method with satisfactory results.
Determination of Manganese in Some Medicinal Plants and Their Infusions by a Catalytic Spectrophotometric Method
Authors: Mutaftchiev Konstantin 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe catalytic effect of manganese (II) on the oxidation of the azo dye 3‐Methyl‐6‐(2‐hydroxyethoxy)‐2‐[2‐methoxy‐4‐N (N, N diethylamino) phenylazo] benzothiazolium methylsulphate, with potassium periodate in the presence of 1, 10‐ phenanthroline in weakly acidic media was studied. The reaction was followed spectrophotometrically by measuring the decrease in the absorbance of the dye at 560 nm. Under the optimum conditions (4×10‐5 mol dm‐3 azo dye, 4×10‐4 mol dm‐3 potassium periodate, 1×10‐4 mol dm‐3 1, 10‐phenanthroline, 0.1 mol dm‐3 buffer ‐ pH 3.0, 70 °C, 8 min) manganese (II) in the range 0.1‐5 ng cm‐3 could be determined by the fixed‐time method with a detection limit of 0.035 ng cm‐3. The developed method is highly sensitive, selective, and simple. The method was applied successfully to the determination of total manganese in some medicinal plants and to analyse their infusions for trace amounts of total manganese and free manganese (II) ions without separation.
Comparison of Sample Preparation Procedures for the Determination of Trace Heavy Metals in House Dust, Tobacco and Tea Samples by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
Authors: Narin Ibrahim , Tuzen Mustafa , Soylak Mustafa 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe effect of wet ashing, dry ashing and microwave procedure for the determination of trace metal levels was investigated in house dust, tobacco and tea samples by atomic absorption spectrometry. The study of sample preparation procedures showed that the microwave method was the best. The recovery of trace metals was very good and precision and accuracy were compatible with standard reference material. The relative standard deviations for all measured metal concentrations were lower than 10 %. The digestions of HNO3/ H2SO4/ HClO4 (4: 1: 1) mixture for house dust, HNO3/ H2SO4/ H2O2 (2: 2: 2) mixture for tea and HNO3/ H2O2 (4: 2) mixture for tobacco were very efficient.