bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of E-Cigarettes and Cigarettes During Late Pregnancy Among Adolescents
Authors: Wen Xiaozhong , Liu Lufeiya , Moe Aye A. , Ormond Isabelle K. , Shuren Chelsea C. , Scott I’Yanna N. , Ozga Jenny E. , Stanton Cassandra A. , Ruybal Andrea L. , Hart Joy L. , Goniewicz Maciej L. , Lee Dara , Vargees Comreen 
Published: December 2023

ImportancePregnant adolescents sometimes use cigarettes; however, little is known about e-cigarette use among pregnant adolescents, a population with increased health vulnerability.ObjectiveTo examine yearly trends, sociodemographic and pregnancy-related determinants, and the association with small-for-gestational-age (SGA) birth of e-cigarette and/or cigarette use during late pregnancy among adolescents.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cohort study used existing data from the 2016-2021 Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System on 10 428 US adolescents aged 10 to 19 years who had a singleton birth with complete data on e-cigarette or cigarette use and SGA birth.ExposureAdolescents reported e-cigarette and cigarette use during the last 3 months of pregnancy.Main Outcomes and MeasuresSGA birth (birth weight below the 10th percentile for the same sex and gestational duration) was determined from birth certificates. Multivariable logistic regression was used to compare the odds of SGA birth across pregnant adolescents who exclusively used e-cigarettes, exclusively used cigarettes, used e-cigarettes and cigarettes, or did not use either.ResultsOf the 10 428 pregnant adolescents, 72.7% were aged 18 or 19 years; 58.9% self-identified as White and 23.3% as Black; and 69.8% were non-Hispanic. The weighted prevalence of exclusive e-cigarette use during late pregnancy increased from 0.8% in 2016 to 4.1% in 2021, while the prevalence of exclusive cigarette use decreased from 9.2% in 2017 to 3.2% in 2021. The prevalence of dual use fluctuated, ranging from 0.6% to 1.6%. White pregnant adolescents were more likely than those who self-identified as another race and ethnicity to use e-cigarettes (2.7% vs 1.0% for American Indian or Alaska Native adolescents, 0.8% for Asian or other race adolescents, 0.6% for Black adolescents, and 0.7% for multiracial adolescents). Compared with those who did not use either product, adolescents who exclusively used e-cigarettes (16.8% vs 12.9%; confounder-adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.68 [95% CI, 0.89-3.18]) or who used cigarettes and e-cigarettes (17.6% vs 12.9%; AOR, 1.68 [95% CI, 0.79-3.53]) had no statistically significant difference in risk of SGA birth. However, adolescents who exclusively used cigarettes had a more than 2-fold higher risk of SGA birth (24.6% vs 12.9%; AOR, 2.51 [95% CI, 1.79-3.52]).Conclusions and RelevanceThis cohort study suggests that pregnant adolescents increasingly used e-cigarettes, with the highest use among White adolescents. Results from this analysis found that, unlike cigarette use, e-cigarette use during late pregnancy was not statistically significantly associated with an increased risk of SGA birth among adolescents. Due to the uncertainty of this nonsignificant association, future research could benefit from a larger sample size.
Medical Students’ Perspectives on Family Planning and Impact on Specialty Choice
Authors: Dason Ebernella Shirin , Maxim Madalina , Gesink Dionne , Yee Michelle , Chan Crystal , Baxter Nancy N. , Shapiro Heather , Simpson Andrea N. 
Published: December 2023

ImportancePhysicians are known to delay childbearing compared with nonphysicians and to experience higher rates of age-related pregnancy complications. Delay of childbearing is more pronounced in surgical specialties, and family planning and building goals may influence specialty choice.ObjectiveTo assess medical students’ perspectives on the development of family planning goals and the timing of family building within a medical career to elucidate how these perceptions impact their choice of specialty.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis qualitative study included fourth-year medical students at the University of Toronto Temerty Faculty of Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, and was conducted between May and August 2021. Participants were purposively sampled to maximize diversity of gender and specialty choice. Interviews were conducted via videoconferencing software that were recorded, transcribed verbatim, and verified for accuracy. Thematic analysis was completed independently by 2 researchers and consensus on final themes was reached through discussion among study investigators. Data were analyzed between September and December 2021.Main Outcomes and MeasuresParticipants were asked to share their perceptions of personal family planning goals, support currently in place, family planning education in medicine and factors contributing to their choice of specialty and program. Thematic analysis was completed.ResultsA total of 34 fourth-year medical students (median [range] age, 26 [24-33] years; 23 females [67.6%]) were interviewed. Four main themes were identified: (1) there is no ideal time to family build in a medical career, (2) family planning is a taboo topic, (3) surgical specialties offer less support for family building, and (4) residents who have children are perceived to place a burden on their colleagues. Medical students considered their family planning while deliberating among specialty choices and their experiences were highly influential in shaping their specialty selection.Conclusions and RelevanceResults of this qualitative study suggest that medical students perceive that family building during training may have unfavorable implications for team dynamics and relationships with colleagues, and these perceptions may affect specialty choice and family planning goals. Integration of family planning discussions and support for family building into medical curricula is needed along with efforts to improve culture by supporting team dynamics and workload when students take parental leave.
Automated detection and segmentation of pleural effusion on ultrasound images using an Attention U‐net
Authors: Huang Libing , Lin Yingying , Cao Peng , Zou Xia , Qin Qian , Lin Zhanye , Liang Fengting , Li Zhengyi 
Published: December 2023

AbstractBackgroundUltrasonic for detecting and evaluating pleural effusion is an essential part of the Extended Focused Assessment with Sonography in Trauma (E‐FAST) in emergencies. Our study aimed to develop an Artificial Intelligence (AI) diagnostic model that automatically identifies and segments pleural effusion areas on ultrasonography.MethodsAn Attention U‐net and a U‐net model were used to detect and segment pleural effusion on ultrasound images of 848 subjects through fully supervised learning. Sensitivity, specificity, precision, accuracy, F1 score, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, and the area under the curve (AUC) were used to assess the model's effectiveness in classifying the data. The dice coefficient was used to evaluate the segmentation performance of the model.ResultsIn 10 random tests, the Attention U‐net and U‐net ’s average sensitivity of 97% demonstrated that the pleural effusion was well detectable. The Attention U‐net performed better at identifying negative images than the U‐net, which had an average specificity of 91% compared to 86% for the U‐net. Additionally, the Attention U‐net was more accurate in predicting the pleural effusion region because its average dice coefficient was 0.86 as opposed to the U‐net's average dice coefficient of 0.82.ConclusionsThe Attention U‐net showed excellent performance in detecting and segmenting pleural effusion on ultrasonic images, which is expected to enhance the operation and application of E‐FAST in clinical work.
A multicenter study of modified electron beam output calibration
Authors: Mahfirotin Dwi Aprilia , Ferliano Brian , Handika Andrian Dede , Asril Yosi Sudarsi , Fadli Muhamad , Ryangga Dea , Nelly Nelly , Kurniawan Eddy , Wibowo Wahyu Edy , Yadav Poonam , Pawiro Supriyanto Ardjo 
Published: December 2023

AbstractPurposeThis study aims to assess the accuracy of a modified electron beam calibration based on the IAEA TRS‐398 and AAPM‐TG‐51 in multicenter radiotherapy.MethodsThis study was performed using the Elekta and Varian Linear Accelerator electron beams with energies of 4–22 MeV under reference conditions using cylindrical (PTW 30013, IBA FC65‐G, and IBA FC65‐P) and parallel‐plate (PTW 34045, PTW 34001, and IBA PPC‐40) chambers. The modified calibration used a cylindrical chamber and an updated based on Monte Carlo calculations, whereas TRS‐398 and TG‐51 used cylindrical and parallel‐plate chambers for reference dosimetry. The dose ratio of the modified calibration procedure, TRS‐398 and TG‐51 were obtained by comparing the dose at the maximum depth of the modified calibration to TRS‐398 and TG‐51.ResultsThe study found that all cylindrical chambers’ beam quality conversion factors determined with the modified calibration to the TRS‐398 and TG‐51 vary from 0.994 to 1.003 and 1.000 to 1.010, respectively. The dose ratio of modified/TRS‐398cyl and modified/TRS‐398parallel‐plate, the variation ranges were 0.980–1.014 and 0.981–1.019, while for the counterpart modified/TG‐51cyl was found varying between 0.991 and 1.017 and the ratio of modified/TG‐51parallel‐plate varied in the range of 0.981–1.019.ConclusionThis multi‐institutional study analyzed a modified calibration procedure utilizing new data for electron beam calibrations at multiple institutions and evaluated existing calibration protocols. Based on observed variations, the current calibration protocols should be updated with detailed metrics on the stability of linac components.
Diffuson‐Dominated and Ultra Defect‐Tolerant Two‐Channel Thermal Transport in Hybrid Halide Perovskites
Authors: Cai Zhuangli , Lin Shangchao , Ahmadian‐Yazdi Mohammad‐Reza , Zhao Changying 
Published: December 2023

AbstractOrganic‐inorganic hybrid halide perovskites show a unique two‐channel thermal transport through propagons and diffusons, largely affecting other energy carriers for opto‐ and thermoelectric applications. Taking CH3NH3PbI3 as a prototype, the impact of iodine vacancy point defects on the two‐channel thermal transport is investigated using theoretical calculations and experimental validations. This work finds that iodine vacancies suppress the thermal transport in the propagon channel significantly, but less in the diffuson channel. This results in a weaker reduction of the total thermal conductivity (TC) than that predicted by the classical Klemens model. The TC reduction in the diffuson channel is mainly attributed to the declined vibrational density of states. Moreover, low‐frequency diffusons transformed from propagons compensate the reduction of TC in the diffuson channel, resulting in a dominant contribution from the diffuson channel to the total TC, which is 55% to 85% for 0% to 6% vacancy concentration. CH3NH3PbI3 also shows ultra‐defect‐tolerant diffusonic thermal transport, ≈1–2 orders of magnitude lower than diamond in the defect sensitivity factor. This work shows both scientific insights into the new two‐channel thermal transport mechanism in complex material systems with disorder, and technological significance on halide perovskites for solar cell, light‐emitting diode, thermoelectric, and memristor applications.
First‐Principles Design of Ohmic FET Devices from 2D Transition Metal Dichalcogenides
Authors: Golsanamlou Zahra , Fortunelli Alessandro , Sementa Luca 
Published: December 2023

AbstractA chlorine‐doped ultrathin phase of hafnium disulfide (HfS2) is proposed as an ideal candidate material for 2D field‐effect transistor (FET) device applications, down to the extreme sub‐5 nm miniaturization limit. This transition metal dichalcogenide 2D material is designed to combine features of both a metal and a semiconductor, exhibiting a high electric conductivity comparable with ordinary metals, that can be abruptly cut down via gating due to an energy gap immediately below the Fermi level and its anomalous metallic properties. These unique features enable realizing an alternative design of a FET device in which electrode and channel are made of the same Cl‐doped ML HfS2 phase, a potential breakthrough bypassing all issues associated with electronic (Schottky) and structural dis‐homogeneities or low conductivity that have hindered progress in this field. This material/design combination shall lead to a FET device with purely ohmic behavior, high metallic conductance, no interfacial contact resistance, and facile gating with extremely high on/off ratio.
Asymmetric Sandwich Janus Structure for High‐Performance Textile‐Based Thermo–Hydroelectric Generators Toward Human Health Monitoring
Authors: Xue Yang‐Biao , Cao Yuan‐Ming , Luo Peng , Dong Xin‐Xin , Han Bin‐Bin , Zhao Yu‐Dong , Zheng Mi , Zheng Min , Wang Zuo‐Shan , Zhuo Ming‐Peng 
Published: December 2023

AbstractTextile‐based generators that can convert low‐grade energy from the human body or environment into sustainable electricity have generated immense scientific interest in self‐powered wearable applications. However, their low power density and environmental suitability have extremely restricted their portable applications in complex and mutable environments. Herein, an asymmetric sandwich structure between molybdenum disulfide (MoS2)‐carbonized silks (MCs) and MoS2/MXene–Cottons (MMCs) to construct efficient thermo–hydroelectric generators (THEGs) that synergistically harvest heat‐moisture energy to generate considerable electricity is rationally designed. Notably, the large surface area of MoS2/MXene van der Waals heterojunctions (vdWhs) enables efficient charge collection, and the vertical MoS2 nanosheet arrays supply abundant nanochannels for a highly efficient hydration effect, generating an output power density of 32.26 µW cm−2 after wetting with deionized water. Combined with the sensitive temperature recognition ability with a Seebeck coefficient of 23.5 µV K−1, the application possibilities of these prepared THEGs in the mutual conversion of fingertip temperature/language, and the monitoring of the human physiological state is foresee.
Simultaneous Modulation of Hypoxia And Metabolism in Glioblastoma for Enhanced Radio‐Immunotherapy
Authors: Xie Yuyuan , Zhang Chonghai , Zhao Ye , Li Tingting , Shen Wenhao , Hu Lin , Yang Kai , Pei Pei , Liu Teng 
Published: December 2023

AbstractGlioblastoma (GBM) is the most invasive and lethal primary brain melanoma. The existing treatment modality is unable to achieve thorough elimination of GBM due to the aggressive nature, blood‐brain barrier (BBB), hypoxic environment, and heterogeneous cellular components. Herein, a radio‐immunotherapy regimen based on a versatile nanoplatform (G/APH‐M) is proposed to effectively kill quiescent cancer stem cells (CSCs) and proliferative cancer cells in GBM in a simultaneous manner. Among o ur prepared G/APH‐M, the coating of GL261 cell membrane guarantees the BBB‐penetrable delivery and homologous GBM‐targeting of the hollow Prussian blue loaded with oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor Gboxin and catalase‐mimetic nanozymes. After substantial tumor accumulation, the released Gboxin inhibits mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation to kill CSCs, while the nanozymes catalyze the production of oxygen to enhance radiotherapy. Consequently, potent immunogenic cell death (ICD) of GBM is induced, which in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors (αPD‐L1), achieving a potent therapeutic effect with an 80% survival rate in the orthotopic GBM model even at 60 days after the treatment. The synergistic modulation of hypoxia and metabolism based on G/APH‐M greatly intensifies the radio‐immunotherapy of GBM, which would inspire more comprehensive strategies targeting the multiple characteristics of GBM cells for clinical benefits.
Transient Mild Photothermia Improves Therapeutic Performance of Oral Nanomedicines with Enhanced Accumulation in the Colitis Mucosa
Authors: Ma Ya , Gou Shuangquan , Zhu Zhenhua , Sun Jianfeng , Shahbazi Mohammad‐Ali , Si Tieyan , Xu Cheng , Ru Jinlong , Shi Xiaoxiao , Reis Rui L. , Kundu Subhas C. , Ke Bowen , Nie Guangjun , Xiao Bo 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThe treatment outcomes of oral medications against ulcerative colitis (UC) have long been restricted by low drug accumulation in the colitis mucosa and subsequent unsatisfactory therapeutic efficacy. Here, high‐performance pluronic F127 (P127)‐modified gold shell (AuS)‐polymeric core nanotherapeutics loading with curcumin (CUR) is constructed. Under near‐infrared irradiation, the resultant P127‐AuS@CURs generate transient mild photothermia (TMP; ≈42 °C, 10 min), which facilitates their penetration through colonic mucus and favors multiple cellular processes, including cell internalization, lysosomal escape, and controlled CUR release. This strategy relieves intracellular oxidative stress, improves wound healing, and reduces immune responses by polarizing the proinflammatory M1‐type macrophages to the anti‐inflammatory M2‐type. Upon oral administration of hydrogel‐encapsulating P127‐AuS@CURs plus intestinal intralumen TMP, their therapeutic effects against acute and chronic UC are demonstrated to be superior to those of a widely used clinical drug, dexamethasone. The treatment of P127‐AuS@CURs (+ TMP) elevates the proportions of beneficial bacteria (e.g., Lactobacillus and Lachnospiraceae), whose metabolites can also mitigate colitis symptoms by regulating genes associated with antioxidation, anti‐inflammation, and wound healing. Overall, the intestinal intralumen TMP offers a promising approach to enhance the therapeutic outcomes of noninvasive medicines against UC.
A Self‐Healing System for Polydicyclopentadiene Thermosets
Authors: Lee Young Bum , Suslick Benjamin A. , de Jong Derek , Wilson Gerald O. , Moore Jeffrey S. , Sottos Nancy R. , Braun Paul V. 
Published: December 2023

AbstractSelf‐healing offers promise for addressing structural failures, increasing lifespan, and improving durability in polymeric materials. Implementing self‐healing in thermoset polymers faces significant manufacturing challenges, especially due to the elevated temperature requirements of thermoset processing. To introduce self‐healing into structural thermosets, the self‐healing system must be thermally stable and compatible with the thermoset chemistry. This article demonstrates a self‐healing microcapsule‐based system stable to frontal polymerization (FP), a rapid and energy‐efficient manufacturing process with a self‐propagating exothermic reaction (≈200 °C). A thermally latent Grubbs‐type complex bearing two N‐heterocyclic carbene ligands addresses limitations in conventional G2‐based self‐healing approaches. Under FP's elevated temperatures, the catalyst remains dormant until activated by a Cu(I) co‐reagent, ensuring efficient polymerization of the dicyclopentadiene (DCPD) upon damage to the polyDCPD matrix. The two‐part microcapsule system consists of one capsule containing the thermally latent Grubbs‐type catalyst dissolved in the solvent, and another capsule containing a Cu(I) coagent blended with liquid DCPD monomer. Using the same chemistry for both matrix fabrication and healing results in strong interfaces as demonstrated by lap‐shear tests. In an optimized system, the self‐healing system restores the mechanical properties of the tough polyDCPD thermoset. Self‐healing efficiencies greater than 90% via tapered double cantilever beam tests are observed.
Age‐associated Senescent – T Cell Signaling Promotes Type 3 Immunity that Inhibits the Biomaterial Regenerative Response
Authors: Han Jin , Cherry Christopher , Mejías Joscelyn C. , Krishnan Kavita , Ruta Anna , Maestas David R. , Peña Alexis N. , Nguyen Helen Hieu , Nagaraj Sushma , Yang Brenda , Gray‐Gaillard Elise F. , Rutkowski Natalie , Browne Maria , Tam Ada J. , Fertig Elana J. , Housseau Franck , Ganguly Sudipto , Moore Erika M. , Pardoll Drew M. , Elisseeff Jennifer H. 
Published: December 2023

AbstractAging is associated with immunological changes that compromise response to infections and vaccines, exacerbate inflammatory diseases and can potentially mitigate tissue repair. Even so, age‐related changes to the immune response to tissue damage and regenerative medicine therapies remain unknown. Here, it is characterized how aging induces changes in immunological signatures that inhibit tissue repair and therapeutic response to a clinical regenerative biological scaffold derived from extracellular matrix. Signatures of inflammation and interleukin (IL)‐17 signaling increased with injury and treatment both locally and regionally in aged animals, and computational analysis uncovered age‐associated senescent‐T cell communication that promotes type 3 immunity in T cells. Local inhibition of type 3 immune activation using IL17‐neutralizing antibodies improves healing and restores therapeutic response to the regenerative biomaterial, promoting muscle repair in older animals. These results provide insights into tissue immune dysregulation that occurs with aging that can be targeted to rejuvenate repair.
Improved Light Extraction in Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes via Semiconductor Dilution
Authors: Afolayan Emmanuel O. , Dursun Ibrahim , Pizano Adrian , Lang Chao , Lungwitz Dominique , Kondakova Marina , Boroson Michael , Kahn Antoine , Hickner Michael , Giebink Noel C. 
Published: December 2023

AbstractIncreasing the internal light extraction efficiency of organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) is key to improving their performance for solid‐state lighting applications; however, it is challenging to do this in a way that is compatible with high volume manufacturing. Here, it is shown that the outcoupling efficiency of OLEDs can be improved by diluting their hole transport layer (HTL) with the low refractive index material trifluoropropyl oligomeric silsesquioxane (F‐POSS). Specifically, co‐evaporating 40 vol.% F‐POSS in the HTL of single and multi‐stack phosphorescent OLEDs decreases its refractive index by Δn ≈ 0.2, which in turn yields a ≈12% increase in their outcoupling efficiency with no impact on electrical performance or operational lifetime. This result is significant because F‐POSS is a small molecule that sublimes cleanly, does not aggregate, and is compatible with state‐of‐the‐art HTL materials, making it a realistic path to increase light extraction in commercial OLEDs manufactured on existing production lines.
Multifunctional Metasurface Inverse Design Based on Ultra‐Wideband Spectrum Prediction Neural Network
Authors: Li Yong , Zhang Yu , Wang Yue , Li Jinxing , Jiang Xiaoyang , Yang Guohui , Zhang Kuang , Yuan Yueyi , Fu Jiahui , Di XiaoGuang , Wang Chunhui 
Published: December 2023

AbstractMultifunctional metasurfaces have demonstrated extensive potential in various fields. During the design of metasurfaces, optimization of components for polarization, amplitude distribution, phase distribution, and other factors is necessary. This process typically demands expert involvement and is time‐consuming. In this paper, a metasurface inverse design method is introduced that combines a high‐precision ultra‐wideband spectrum forward prediction utilizing a neural network and a genetic algorithm. A neural network is constructed and trained to accurately predict the amplitude and phase of a 16 × 16 discrete grid structure with high degrees of freedom in the frequency range of 0.5–2 THz. Leveraging the neural network's ultra‐fast spectrum prediction capabilities (producing approximately 1000 spectra per second), the average optimization time for a single component is reduced to 1.5 min. Finally, the effectiveness of this inverse design method is validated through the design and simulation of multifunctional reflective deflection metasurfaces with two sets of 3‐bit frequency multiplexing and polarization multiplexing. The proposed metasurface inverse design method offers a new approach for the rapid design of components in complex application scenarios and holds significant reference value for metasurface designers.