bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effects of supplements varying in carotene and calcium content on the physical, biochemical and skeletal status of preschool children
Authors: Rajalakshmi R. , Sail S. S. , Shah D. G. , Ambady S. K. 
Published: September 2005

1. Studies were made of the effects of food supplements varying in carotene and calcium content on the nutritional status of children aged 2–6 years. Three groups of children who were given a dietary supplement for 6 months and a fourth group of controls were investigated. The supplement was the fermented food dhokla, made of wheat and Bengal gram (Cicer arietinumL.) (group 1) or dhokla with added greens (group 2) or dhokla with added greens (fenugreek) and lime powder (a mixture of CaO, Ca(OH)2and CaCO3) (group 3).2. Studies were made of the effects of the above supplements on height, weight, skeletal status as judged by increments in bone age and cortical thickness of the second metacarpal bone and femur, and biochemical status as judged by the composition of blood (haemoglobin), serum (protein, albumin and vitamin A) and urine (creatinine, nitrogen, thiamin, riboflavin and vitamin C).3. All the groups given the supplement were found to be superior to the controls as judged by these criteria. The size of the increment generally increased from group 1 to group 3 and the differences were most marked for bone age and cortical thickness.4. The results suggested that (a) calcium deficiency is a crucial factor in the aetiology of skeletal retardation in young children and (b) that at the levels of calcium (560 mg) and phosphorus (980 mg) consumed, and with liberal exposure to sunlight, a dietary supply of vitamin D may not be a crucial factor for skeletal development in young children.
The effect of frequency of feeding on the flow and composition of duodenal digesta in sheep given straw-based diets
Authors: Thompson F. 
Published: September 2005

1. The effect of feeding sheep at two different frequencies (once hourly and once daily) on the flow of digesta, dry matter, and starch to the duodenum was assessed by fitting sheep with re-entrant cannulas in the proximal duodenum and giving them, at each feeding frequency, rations differing in the particle size of the roughage component.2. Frequent feeding resulted in a less variable daily pattern of flow of digesta and a significant increase (P < 0·01) in the total daily volume flowing to the duodenum. Altering the particle size of the ration did not affect the flow of digesta at either feeding frequency.3. The pattern of flow of dry matter followed very closely that of the flow of digesta, but there was a significant (P < 0·001) interaction between feeding frequency and particle size of the ration which affected the flow of starch to the duodenum. As a result, more starch entered the duodenum when both the frequency of feeding and the particle size of the ration were increased.
Importance of palatability in determining the feed intake of sheep offered chopped and pelleted hay
Authors: Van Niekerk A. I. , Greenhalgh J. F. D. , Reid G. W. 
Published: September 2005

1. In the first of three experiments four sheep received chopped (C) and pelleted (P) hay by mouth (m) or rumen fistula (f) in the four combinations shown below. Feed eaten by mouth was offered ad lib. from 09·15 to 16·00 hours; feed was given by fistula at 09·00 hours in amounts equal to half of total intake (i.e. by mouth and by fistula) on the previous day. Daily dry-matter intake (g/kg metabolic live weight, W0·75) was as follows: treatment CmCf, 51·5; CmPf, 74·5; PmCf, 57·8; PmPf, 85·7. The corresponding dry-matter digestibility coefficients were 0·59, 0·56, 0·57 and 0·53.2. The intention was that the difference in intake between CmPf and PmCf should provide a measure of palatability, since the animals digested the same composite diet but ate different components of it. For the comparison to be valid the two treatments had to promote equal rates of digestion, but measurements of rumen fill and of rate of passage of digesta suggested that Cf was digested more slowly than Cm.3. In Expt 2, each form of hay was given entirely by mouth or partly by fistula. Daily dry-matter intake (g/kg W0·75) was as follows: Cm, 45·5; CmCf, 42·4; Pm, 80·4; PmPf, 79·2. In this experiment there was less evidence of Cf being digested more slowly and hence depressing intake.4. The conclusion drawn from these two experiments is that fistula feeding in its present form is not a suitable technique for measuring the relative palatability of feeds differing considerably in physical structure. However, the technique might be improved if food given by rumen fistula to one animal was previously masticated by, and collected from the oesophageal fistula of, a second animal.5. In Expt 3, the effects of sudden changes from a composite diet to either C or P, or from C to P or vice versa were measured in sheep receiving food by mouth only. The patterns of intake suggested that total intake might be partially determined by feed palatability.
Allantoin excretion in the rat
Authors: Pak Nelly , Donoso G. , Tagle Marfa A. 
Published: September 2005

1. Allantoin excretion was determined in forty-four rats; twenty-four rats were 21 d old and twenty were 90 d old. The animals receivedad lib.for 11 d diets that contained varying amounts of protein from casein and from gluten. Urinary allantoin excretion was determined during the last 3 d of the period.2. The amount of allantoin excreted in both young and adult animals was independent of the diet consumed and was related to metabolic weight (W in kg0·73) and rate of gain in body-weight (ΔW in g/d), also to body nitrogen content (N in g0·73) and rate of gain in body N (ΔN in mg/d), according to the equations allantoin (mg/d) = 60·54 W0·73+ 2·12ΔW, and allantoin (mg/d) = 5·45 N0·73+ 0·071ΔN.
Experimental protein-energy malnutrition in baby baboons
Authors: Patrick R. S. , Mackay A. M. , Coward Dorothy G. , Whitehead R. G. 
Published: September 2005

1. Liver biopsies were performed through laparotomy wounds in six baby baboons during the development of a kwashiorkor-like illness induced by low-protein, high-carbohydrate diets similar to those consumed by many East African children. Up to six biopsies have been performed successfully in one animal within a period of 1 year. This material has been studied by light and electron microscopy.2. A similar study was carried out in two healthy animals fed on an adequate diet. A description is given of liver ultrastructure in normal baby baboons, based on examination of these biopsies.3. The hepatocytes of the malnourished animals contained excessive amounts of glycogen and showed a reduction in rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Even at the height of an illness indistinguishable clinically from marasmic kwashiorkor, there was no excess of liver fat except in those animals whose diet contained sucrose. This may have been the result of stimulation of hepatic triglyceride synthesis by fructose.4. In no specimen from the experimental group were there signs of serious progressive and irreversible liver cell damage which might have been expected if liver dysfunction were an important component of kwashiorkor.5. Biopsies performed in one malnourished animal during recovery showed a return of liver ultrastructure to normal.
Studies on the composition of food
Authors: Knight R. A. , Christie A. A. , Orton C. R. , Robertson Jean 
Published: September 2005

1. Loaves of conventional white bread and of bread made by the Chorleywood Bread Process (CBP) were bought from bakers’shops in Britain over a 10-month period and were bulked to give samples representative of each type of bread produced for consumption in the country as a whole. These were analysed for moisture, protein and amino acids, fats and fatty acids, carbohydrate (by difference), sodium, potassium, iron, thiamin, riboflavin, total and available nicotinic acid, vitamin B6, and free folic acid.2. There were no great differences between the nutrient contents of the two types of bread. The mean moisture contents differed by only 5 g/kg but a variation was found between some selected nutrients in paired loaves of the same type. CBP bread could not be distinguished from conventional bread in its content of fat, ash, calcium, sodium, potassium, thiamin, total and available nicotinic acid and vitamin B6. The content of riboflavin was slightly higher, and of protein and carbohydrate slightly lower in CBP bread than in conventional bread. Differences in fatty acid composition of the two types of bread and in their content of total sulphur-containing amino acids were slight.
The energy cost of standing and lying in adult cattle
Authors: Vercoe J. E. 
Published: September 2005

1. Gas exchanges on eleven steers with a mean weight of 273 kg, fasted for 96 h, were obtained over time intervals of 5·76 min in a confinement-type respiration chamber, when the animals were either standing of lying, or engaged in the act of standing or lying.2. In all, 751 observations were analysed and these included twenty-four associated with the act of standing, forty-eight with the act of lying and the remainder approximately equally divided between standing and lying.3. When lying, the heat production was 72·2 kJ (17·2 kcal)/kg fasted weight per 24 h and when standing, 85·7 kJ (20·5 kcal)/kg fasted weight per 24 h; an increase when standing of 18·7%. The double act of standing and lying was associated with an increase in heat production of 11·3 kJ (2·7 kcal)/100 kg fasted weight and while the act of standing was energetically more costly than the act of lying, the difference between the two was not significant.4. The results are discussed in relation to earlier estimates.5. Confinement-type respiration chambers of the type described by Turner & Thornton (1966), which have a fast response time and monitor the changes in chamber air frequently, are ideally suited to the detection of short-term changes in metabolic rate such as occur with changes in posture.
Feeding trials with lysine- and threonine-fortified rice
Authors: Pereira Sheila M. , Jones Sheila , Jesudian G. , Begum Almas 
Published: September 2005

1. The effect of fortification of rice with lysine and threonine (at levels of 2 g and 1 g/kg respectively) on the growth of preschool children was assessed in feeding trials at a residential orphanage and a village day-care centre.2. In the first trial, the children at the orphanage were offered a diet based on rice, to provide the recommended allowances of protein and energy. For the children in the experimental group, the rice was fortified with lysine and threonine for the 6 months of the trial.3. Statistically significant differences in final height and weight were not observed between the children in the control and in the experimental groups.4. The children in the control group grew at optimal rates.5. In the second trial, the diet provided approximately 80% of the daily energy and protein intakes from rice and was offered ab lib. at four meals a day in the orphanage and at three meals a day in the day-care centre.6. In the orphanage, most children are enough of this high-bulk diet to ensure an adequate energy intake. The children given the fortified rice and those who served as controls grew at very satisfactory rates.7. At the village centre most of the children were unable to eat enough food to achieve an adequate intake of energy. The children given the fortified rice did not grow taller than those given unfortified rice.8. Fortification of rice with lysine and threonine did not improve rates of growth of preschool children.
Carbohydrases of the bovine small intestine
Authors: Coombe N. B. , Siddons R. C. 
Published: September 2005

1. Homogenates of mucosa from bovine small intestine hydrolysed isomaltose slowly.2. The enzyme exhibited maximum activity at pH 6·0–6·2 and possessed aKmvalue of 9·1 mM.3. Isomaltase and maltase activities showed a similar pattern of distribution along the small intestine; activity was higher in the jejunum than in the ileum, the lowest activity being in the duodenum.4. Neither activity changed markedly with age.5. The disaccharidase activities (maltase, isomaltase, trehalase, lactase and cellobiase) of the small intestine were found in the sediment when homogenates were centrifuged at 100000g.6. Heat inactivation studies suggested that there was one enzyme which hydrolysed trehalose, one enzyme which hydrolysed isomaltose, one enzyme which hydrolysed lactose and cellobiose and that the hydrolysis of maltose was brought about by more than one enzyme.
A pilot study of vitamin B12 in the treatment of tiredness
Authors: Ellis F. R. , Nasser S. 
Published: September 2005

1. Twenty-eight subjects complaining of tiredness completed a double-blind cross-over trial of injections of hydroxocobalamin (5 mg twice weekly for 2 weeks) followed by a rest period of 2 weeks and then a similar course of matching placebo injections. Symptoms were assessed by a daily self-rating method and included appetite, mood, energy, sleep and general feeling of well-being.2. Those subjects who received the placebo in the first 2-week period showed a favourable response to hydroxocobalamin in the second period in all measurements made. The response achieved statistical significance (P = 0·006) in respect of general well-being; ‘happiness’ achieved a value of P = 0·032. Subjects who received hydroxocobalamin in the first period showed no difference between responses to active and placebo treatments, which suggests that the effects of the vitamin may persist for a period of at least 4 weeks.
The chemical nature of the bound nicotinic acid of wheat bran: studies of nicotinic acid-containing macromolecules
Authors: Mason J. B. , Gibson Norah , Kodicek E. 
Published: September 2005

1. Preparations of bound nicotinic acid obtained from wheat bran by an acid extraction procedure (‘niacytin preparations’) were resolved into several nicotinic acid-containing components.2. Extraction of wheat bran under neutral conditions yielded 62% of the bound nicotinic acid in solution; of this 90% was non-diffusible. Methods were developed which gave high yields of ‘non-diffusible nicotinic acid’ preparations.3. The bound nicotinic acid in the latter preparation was linked to macromolecules of mol. wt about 1500 to 17000 daltons, approximately 60% of which were polysaccharide and 40% peptide or glycopeptide in character.4.o-Aminophenol, and ferulic and sinapic acids, are also contained in macromolecules in wheat bran, but are not directly associated with the bound nicotinic acid.5. The significance of these results in explaining the nutritional unavailability of bound nicotinic acid is discussed.
Absorption of glucose and galactose and digestion and absorption of lactose by the preruminant calf
Authors: Coombe N. B. , Smith R. H. 
Published: September 2005

1. Uptakes of glucose, galactose, glucose+galactose and lactose from the intestine were studied in preruminant calves fitted with cannulas in the proximal small intestine, and in slaughtered calves. Responses in concentration of blood sugar to the presence of sugar in the small intestine were also investigated.2. Glucose and galactose were absorbed at about the same rate when present in the intestine separately. The rate for each sugar approached a maximum with increasing sugar concentration in the lumen.3. When glucose and galactose were present in the intestine together, the rate of galactose absorption was greatly depressed; that of glucose was virtually unaffected. Consequently, when calves were fed with mixtures of glucose and galactose, absorption of galactose in the proximal intestine, where the relative concentration of glucose was high, was depressed. In the more distal intestine where the glucose concentration had fallen, absorption of galactose was rapid. Both sugars were absorbed efficiently during their passage through the whole small intestine, but at different sites.4. Galactose appeared in the blood after galactose alone was given but conversion of some galactose into glucose always occurred. Results of experiments in which [14C]galactose, together with glucose, was infused into the duodenum of a calf suggested that under these conditions the rate of galactose absorption was depressed to such an extent that nearly all the galactose entering the blood was converted into glucose.5. Lactose hydrolysis occurred much more rapidly than the absorption of its constituent monosaccharides. Thus, after lactose was fed to the calves, glucose and galactose accumulated in the lumen of the proximal small intestine. A similar accumulation occurred when lactose was infused into loops of small intestine. The rate-limiting step in the total absorption of lactose in the young calf was not, therefore, the hydrolysis stage, as reported for other mammals. The absorption of the released glucose and galactose occurred in a manner similar to that described above for mixtures of glucose and galactose.
Circulating ‘big’ insulin in protein-energy malnutrition
Authors: Becker Dorothy J. , Murray Penelope J. , Hansen J. D. L. , Pimstone B. L. 
Published: September 2005

1. The ‘big’ insulin content of the serums from ten children with protein–energy malnutrition was estimated before, during and after 3–6 weeks of treatment. The values for immunoreactive insulin (IRI) after intravenous injections of glucose were almost normal, with one exception, although tolerance was impaired. In addition, total body potassium content (TBK) was measured for three of the children on each test day.2. In nine of twenty-three estimations ‘big’ insulin content was slightly more than 20% of the total IRI. However, there was a wide fluctuation in the values and no change was noted after treatment.3. The amount of ‘big’ insulin did not correlate with either the magnitude of insulin secretion, the insulin:glucose ratio or TBK. There was a barely significant negative correlation between ‘big’ insulin content and degree of glucose intolerance, with some individual exceptions.
The effect of inhibitors of methane production of fermentation pattern and stoichiometry in vitro using rumen contents from sheep given molasses
Authors: Marty* R. J. , Demeyer D. I. 
Published: September 2005

1. The fermentation in the presence of four known methane inhibitors was investigated in rumen contents from sheep given molassesad lib.and showing two different fermentation patterns.2. The average hydrogen recoveries obtained with the high butyrate and high propionate patterns were 93 ± 2 and 95 ± 2% respectively.3. Sodium sulphite, chloral hydrate and a hemiacetal of chloral and starch (HCS) all inhibited methane production, and were associated with an accumulation of hydrogen and lactate in rumen contents showing the high butyrate fermentation pattern. Propionate production was slightly stimulated.4. In rumen contents showing the high propionate fermentation pattern, linseed-oil hydrolysate depressed methane production at high levels only, increased hydrogen and lactate production but depressed all other products, and HCS depressed methane production and slightly increased propionate production.5. Low hydrogen recoveries in the presence of the inhibitors were probably associated with the utilization of metabolic hydrogen in reactions not accounted for in the scheme under investigation.
A preliminary study on the action of cassava on thyroid iodine metabolism in rats
Authors: Van Der velden M , Kinthaert J , Orts S. , Ermans A. M 
Published: September 2005

1. The ingestion of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) by rats increased the plasma thiocyanate concentration and reduced the thyroid iodine content and the plasma protein-bound iodine.2. Administration of increasing doses of thiocyanate raised the plasma thiocyanate concentration and reduced the thyroid iodine content and the plasma protein-bound iodine.3. In producing these effects, the daily ingestion of 10 g cassava root containing 1·6 mg cyanide was approximately equivalent to a daily intake of about 1–2 mg thiocyanate.4. These results suggest that the antithyroid action of cassava is the result of the production of thiocyanate by the rat from cyanide arising from the cyanogenic glucosides present in this food.
Lactose aborption kinetics in Zambian African subjects
Authors: Cook G. C. , Asp N.-G. , Dahlqvist A. 
Published: September 2005

1. Using a double-lumen tube perfusion system, solutions of lactose (50, 125 and 250 mmol/l) were introduced into the upper jejunum of six Zambian African subjects. By reference to a non-absorbable marker, polyethylene glycol, mol. wt 4000, the rates of absorption of lactose from each solution were calculated for a 300 mm jejunal segment.2. In three subjects total lactase activity of the jejunal mucosa and brush-border lactase and other disaccharidase activities were estimated. The jejunal total and brush-border lactase activities were low. Jejunal morphology was normal for African subjects.3. All subjects suffered abdominal colic and diarrhoea during and after the lactose perfusions. The kinetic curves for lactose were very shallow, and with all perfused solutions, there was a net movement of water into the jejunal lumen. The limited number of subjects, and the low and narrow range of enzyme activity, did not permit correlation between lactose absorption rate and lactase activity.4. In Zambian African subjects with adult hypolactasia, the jejunal mucosa absorbs a very small proportion of the perfused lactose.
Some factors controlling food intake by zinc-deficient rats
Authors: Chesters J. K. , Will Marie 
Published: September 2005

1. Male hooded Lister rats given a diet containing 40 mg zinc/kg were described as Zn-adequate. Other rats were subsequently given diets containing less than 1 mg Zn/kg. After a period of approximately 5 d these animals ceased to grow and were described as Zn-deficient.2. Zn-deficient rats offered ad lib. a Zn-deficient diet containing 200 g egg albumen/kg ate only 55% of the weight eaten by Zn-adequate rats given a similar diet supplemented with Zn. The intake of the deficient rats increased when the metabolizable energy content of the diet was decreased and also when the environmental temperature was lowered.3. Zn-deficient rats offered Zn-deficient diets containing 200 g egg albumen/kg showed a high day-to-day variability of intake. When the albumen content was raised to 400 g/kg, neither the mean food intake of the rats nor the variability of food intake changed, but with diets containing only 50 g albumen/kg the quantity eaten increased and the variability of food intake decreased. Results obtained when the low-protein diet was supplemented with essential and non-essential amino acids indicated that increased variability of intake was associated with the essential amino acid content of the diet. The effect on variability of intake was greatest when the supplements contained methionine, phenylalanine, threonine and tryptophan; addition of this group of amino acids to a Zn-supplemented, low-protein diet produced the largest increase in the growth rate of Zn-adequate rats.4. When the food intake of the rats was examined for periods of 2 h throughtout the day, the Zn-deficient rats were found to eat on fewer occasions than the control rats. However, in those periods when the Zn-deficient rats did eat, the quantities eaten in 2 h showed the same distribution of weights as did those for the Zn-adequate rats.5. There were significant relationships between food intake and plasma Zn concentration; the most significant was the negative correlation between food intake in 24 h and plasma Zn concentration at the end of the 24 h period.6. Zn deficiency resulted in a failure of growth in the young rat and therefore in a reduction in its rate of energy expenditure but did not appear to cause directly a loss of appetite. It is suggested that cyclical patterns of food intake associated with Zn deficiency in young rats resulted from the slow but effective control of food intake by the energy balance of the animals.