bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Genealogy of Monsters: Martin Chuzzlewit
Authors: Bowen John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Martin Chuzzlewit is the strangest, most demanding, and funniest of Dickens’s earlier fictions, and one of the most important of all nineteenth-century novels. The title-page emphatically tells us that the book is going to be about families and inheritance: ‘The Life and Adventures of Martin Chuzzlewit, his relatives, friends and enemies ... showing, moreover, who inherited the family plate, who came in for the silver spoons, and who for the wooden ladles. The whole forming a complete key to the House of Chuzzlewit.’1
Stabs at Fiction: 1867-1871
Authors: Sutherland John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN her eagerness to be a scholar Mary Arnold had not entirely relinquished that earlier ambition to be a novelist. But fiction was something always associated in her mind with leisure and slack moments. Her first two years at Oxford had been too hectic and full for the luxury of day-dreaming on paper. But in the long vacation of 1869 she found herself again at a loose end. The Pattisons were evidently away. On Sunday 20 June, more in a spirit of doodling than anything, she began a diary (something else that she was normally too busy for). Restless boredom is the keynote.
Fighting Back: 1878-1880
Authors: Sutherland John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE WARDS’ first eight years at Oxford had ended, if not in defeat, then certainly at a distressingly low ebb. Most couples would now have settled for less from life. A modestly comfortable, if undistinguished, existence was still open to them. One did not have to be first class to inhabit Oxford’s middle firmament. Humphry could cut back on his teaching, do a bit more journalism, a bit more shooting and fishing, and generally enjoy life more. Mary Ward could potter at her committees and play at some genteel research project. The children would grow up and they would manage somehow. There were rich relatives (notably the Forsters) who had a soft spot for them.
Elsmere Mania: 1888
Authors: Sutherland John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE critical reception of Robert Elsmere falls into a number of phases. First, and most disconcerting, was silence. Newspaper and weekly reviews came extraordinarily late. Robert Elsmere was published on 24 February 1888 with the usual trade releases and advertisement. At this period of British journalism same-day reviews were routine for important novels.
Families—the Wards: 1890-1900
Authors: Sutherland John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
AFTER 1888, Mary was de facto head of the Humphry Ward family: the main provider and the main decision maker. Her rule was a judicious mixture of edict (especially where 'appearances’ were concerned); joint edict with Humphry (particularly on financial matters); and passive manipulation (she was, for instance, expert in the use of her invalidism to control the domestic environment). On the whole, Mary ran the Wards’ affairs fairly and wisely.
Best-Selling Novelist, Failed Dramatist: 1901-1905
Authors: Sutherland John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN the wake of Eleanor's success, Mary Ward was induced to move quickly on to a follow-up novel. Despite Reginald Smith’s suspicions that his American partner was not financially sound, Harper’s was again chosen for the unwritten new novel. The terms (finalized in February 1901) reflected Harper’s warm feelings about Eleanor. The author would again get £2,400 for the American serialization, which would run from May 1902 to April 1903.
Family Matters: 1900-1905
Authors: Sutherland John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE first years of the twentieth century were golden for families like the Wards. Their income was large—between £6,000 and £8,000 a year—and it went a long way. Domestic service was still cheap and abundant. Dorothy Ward, for instance, interviewed at least nine cooks before finding one she liked for Grosvenor Place in 1903. Kitchen maids, upstairs maids, laundry maids, serving maids could be had for £30 to £100 a year plus board.
The Testing of Diana Mallory: 1907
Authors: Sutherland John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE New Year of 1907 began at a gallop. By 2 January, Mary Ward had the first chapter of Diana Mallory off to Smith, Elder’s manager (the loyal Aitchison—now celebrating his fiftieth year with Smith, Elder). She was her own woman again. On the advice of Curtis Brown—not yet her agent but her ‘adviser’—she suggested to Reginald Smith that her old copyrights were still not fully exploited.
Anti-Suffragist: 1909
Authors: Sutherland John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
CHRISTMAS 1908 and the New Year 1909 were gloomy; the Huxleys—still mourning Julia's death—spent the holidays at Stocks. From now until her death, Mary Ward was to be a particularly fond aunt to the three mother¬less boys Aldous (Dorothy’s favourite), Julian (Mary’s favourite), and Trev. January itself promised to be busy. Mrs Ward’s Women’s League to oppose suffrage had taken off and a full programme of lectures and debates had been arranged by the executive, of which she was the main strategist. Arnold Ward was now a dutifully convinced anti-suffragist (when the Men’s League for Opposing Women’s Suffrage was formed on 19 January he was prominent among its officers).
The Wards and War: 1914-1916
Authors: Sutherland John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
LIKE other unhappy families, the Wards found world war to be something of a relief. Cataclysmic worry about the end of civilization took their minds off their own problems. Their concerns about money seemed positively petty as the Boche hordes swept over Belgium. And a number of painful decisions were mercifully postponed. There was now no question of selling Stocks— the bottom had dropped out of the property market and they would not get a fair price for it. Instead they made arrangements to let the house.
“What’s Past is Prologue’
Authors: Stafford Fiona 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Begin at the beginning, and go on till you come to the end: then stop.’1 It wouldn’t really matter what the task in hand might be-as an instruction on how to proceed, this could hardly be clearer. The words are simple, the sequence straightforward, and the action, complete. And yet, as every reader of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland knows, this advice is given in the face of misunderstanding and general mayhem. Words which, when taken out of context, seem entirely lucid, become charged with vexation and difficulty when restored to their original setting in the surreal courtroom drama where the search for any truth, let alone the whole, seems forlorn and faintly absurd. To ask another witness to ‘begin’ risks reopening the kind of con¬ fusion that had beset the Mad Hatter, as his attempt to recount an adventure that ‘began with tea’ turned instantly into an exchange about words beginning with ‘T’. The question of what things begin with (other than ‘T’) is far from simple, and so the King of Hearts’ request that the White Rabbit should ‘begin at the beginning’ is not easily obeyed.
Revising the Two Cultures Debate Science, Literature, and Value
Authors: Waugh Patricia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 7 May 1959, C. P. Snow delivered the annual Rede lecture in Cambridge entitled ‘The Two Cultures and the Scientific Revolution’. Snow’s argument was that although the scientific revolution had opened up new and exciting possibilities for the social and techno logical transformation of post-war Britain, the nation continued to stagnate under the rule of a backward-looking and blinkered cultural elite, trained in the exegesis of classical and modern literature, para lysed by a cultural pessimism which refused to acknowledge the scientific concept of progress. Snow clearly saw his historical intervention as updating T. H. Huxley’s ‘Science and Culture’ which had been delivered as a response to Matthew Arnold’s own 1882 Rede lecture, ‘Literature and Science’. When Leavis offered his own out raged, if Arnoldian, response to Snow in the Richmond lecture of 1962, the replaying of the original controversy seemed complete.
The Aesthetic, the Cognitive, and the Ethical Criticism and Discursive Responsibility
Authors: Burke Sean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Literary criticism inevitably entertains a curious relationship to the object of its investigation. The practice of literary interpretation or formal reading exists in some indefinite region between the creative acts it studies and a philosophical discipline which has often been in quarrel with the idea of a truth discoverable in literature. Indeed, one might argue that the ethos of criticism is closer to philosophical analysis than to the creative and poetic acts which constitute its objects. Certainly, its attempts at disinterested analysis make its mode of being both adjacent to and yet incommensurable with the literary works which it studies. In this sense, criticism flourishes at an intersection between aesthetic, cognitive, and ethical ways of knowing. While its objects are aesthetic, literary criticism translates those objects according to a language of cognition rather than feeling; when justifying itself as a cultural practice, criticism’s strongest appeals are to the ethical significance of studying literature. Even advocates of pure aesthetic experience, when asked to justify their endeavours, will admit to an ethical mission in terms of the benefits to society of broadening access to such experience. Literary criticism proceeds from a variety of impulses which, while often hostile to one another, none the less betray ethical convictions.
Introduction: Is Dryden a Classic?
Authors: Hammond Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When H. A. Mason in r 962 asked Latinists the question, ‘Is Juvenal a Classic?’,’ he was challenging them to lift their eyes above the minutiae of philological and historical scholarship to address the large issues which affect human and humane living. Does Juvenal, he wondered, deserve a place amongst those writers who enlarge and refine our understanding of human nature and society? Is he a classic in the sense that Homer and Shakespeare are classics? Mr Mason’s question was framed by a humanism which he learned from long study of Greek and Latin literature, of Dante, of More and Erasmus, and of Shakespeare, Dryden, and Pope; and his pursuit of ‘the classic’ was repeatedly inflected by invocations of Matthew Arnold and Arnold’s search for the ‘central, truly human point of view’. Looking back now at Mason’s generation—the generation of Scrutiny, and in America the generation of men like Lionel Trilling and Walter Jackson Bate—I am tempted to say, as Dryden did of his predecessors, ‘Theirs was the Gyant Race, before the Flood’.
Dryden’S Milton and the Theatre of Imagination
Authors: Von Maltzahn Nicholas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Among the many satires deploring Dryden’s conversion to Rome, one of the more obscure describes him as hanging ‘(like Mecha’s tomb) I Twixt Malmsbury and Helicon’. If Dryden had been long thus suspended between Hobbesian and classicizing thought, his conversion in the mid-1680s must have brought him relif Unlike the satirist, we may view his choice of faith more sympathetically, as Dryden’s attempt to free himself from the pains this suspension had caused—pains we may see as almost existentialist, except that they were also shaded by the often punitive cast of seventeenth-century soteriology. In the mid-168os, then, Dryden had converted less from Protestantism to Catholicism, or from scepticism to fideism, than from an almost Hobbesian determinism to a more traditional Christian voluntarism. I am interested in the poetic consequences of the shift, with reference to his changing reaction to that epic of choice, Paradise Lost.
Constructing Classicism: Dryden And Purcell
Authors: Love Harold 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So Pope in the ‘The first Epistle of the Second Book of Horace Imitated’ (II. 267 − 9), placing Dryden at a crucial point in the evolutionary narrative of English poetry — a point at which force marries with elegance of form in a way that constitutes the ‘classical’. Dryden had been complicit in the construction of an earlier version of this narrative, which saw the reign of Charles II identified as the Augustan age of English poetry — exhibiting the same refinement of cruder precedents as had been achieved by Virgil, Horace, and Ovid, while not yet overtaken by the restless striving for effect that afflicted their successors, Persius, Seneca, and Lucan. Later adjustments to this model were concerned with the exact chronological placing of the apex-whether, for instance, the truly Augustan reign might have been Anne’s rather than Charles’s. But there was a clear understanding that the writers of the Restoration stood closer to the summit than their Jacobean and Caroline predecessors and that this distinction resulted from a more faithful conformity to the practice of the best ancients.
Dryden, Tonson, And The Patrons Of The Works Of Virgil (1697)
Authors: Barnard John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Works of Virgil published by Jacob Tonson in 1697 is a fascinating example of cultural production in the early modern period. It has attracted a good deal of recent interest among scholars. My starting-point is an article on authorship in the age of Milton and Dryden published in 1990 by Dustin Griffin, where he writes: In order to understand better what authorship meant in their era, how writers negotiated a balance among the claims of occasion, audience, patron, bookseller [i.e. publisher], immediate financial need, and longterm career — we need a better — a thicker — literary history. We need to acknowledge that in this period there was no simple and steady progress from a court-based to a marketplace-based literature.’
‘The Last Parting of Hector and Andromache’
Authors: Sowerby Robin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I must not forget, that Mr. Dryden has formerly translated this admirable Episode, and with so much Success, as to leave me at least no hopes of improving or equalling it. The utmost I can pretend is to have avoided a few modern Phrases and Deviations from the Original, which have escaped that great Man. Such was Pope‘s tribute (in the notes that he appended to his own translation) to ‘The Last Parting of Hector and Andromache‘, Dryden‘s version of an extract from Book VI of Homer‘s Iliad, published in Examen Poeticum in 1693. For a critical account of the beauties of the original which have made this episode one of the most famous in the whole of Homer Pope‘s own commentary can hardly be bettered, but to introduce Dryden‘s version it will perhaps be more fitting to suggest the appeal of the episode from two earlier testimonies.
Another Country: Aelfric and the Production of English Identity
Authors: Lavezzo Kathy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Legend has it that Pope Gregory the Great (540-604), while admiring some attractive English slave boys for sale at the Roman Forum, playfully foretold the Anglo-Saxons’ conversion to Christianity through a series of puns, the most famous of which is his claim that ‘rightly are [the slaves] called Angles, since they have the beauty of angels’.
‘Studying’ in the Middle Ages-and in Piers Plowman
Authors: Zeeman Nicolette 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Srudie is hard. Views about studie in the late Middle Ages reflect complex late medieval attitudes and practices in relation to pedagogy and labour. Many texts observe that acquiring understanding involves suffering, practice, and hard work. The initiatory arts of ‘grammar’ and the education of the young are frequently defined in terms of ‘disciplinary’ chastisement. In his discussion of studiositas, Aquinas says that because human nature is lazy, ‘vehementia intentionis ad scientiam rerum percipiendam’ (‘eagerness in [acquiring knowledge about things]’) is required.
School and Scorn: Gender in Piers Plowman
Authors: III Ralph Hanna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I Hope here to clarify several rather inchoate suggestions I have scattered through some earlier writings about Piers Plowman. I will here expand upon bits of unsubstantiated argument I thought I could get away with in footnotes of earlier articles, for example: ‘As a hermit feminized by his reliance on a non-male/clerical conception of ordo’, I once said, ‘Will needs antifeminist discourse to reassert his resemblance to the male.’ I hope to unpack what I was thinking about thert”-or in another off-the-cuff footnote, where I called Piers Plowman ‘an extremely masculine poem’. And I hope to do so in a way that will perturb disciplinary boundaries once again: an argument not just theorized (my bow to the explicitly literary) but also historicized, packed with a certain variety of fourteenth- to sixteenth-century information.
Dirty Stories: Abjection in the Fabliaux
Authors: Griffin Miranda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Anna freud was reaching maturity and began to show an interest in her father’s work, so Freud gave her some of his writings to read. About a month later he asked her if she had any questions about what she had been reading. ‘Just one’, she replied, ‘what is a phallus?’ Being a man of science, Freud unbuttoned his pants and showed her. ‘Oh,’ Anna exclaimed, thus enlightened, ‘it’s like a penis, only smaller!’ —A Joke.1 The humour of Gallop’s joke, like that of many fabliaux, derives especially from the discrepancy between the attempt to construct a dignified, comprehensible body by naming it in language, and the way in which the body always defies such attempts.
Mythologies of Modernity
Authors: Parsons Deborah L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A not able feature of the differentiation of male and female modernism is the relative status of the fiâneur; a conceptual figure related to the characteristics of the modern artist, his modes of observation, and the public spaces he portrays. The term fiâneur was formally recognized at the beginning of the nineteenth century. Elizabeth Wilson notes a French pamphlet from 1806, detailing a day in the life of a fiâneur, M. Bon homme, in which the concept is already worked out along the themes that have been accepted as constituting the defining principles of the figure.1 The life of M. Bonhomme is characterized by freedom from financial/familial responsibility, by membership of the aesthetic circles of cafe life, by interest in the sartorial codes of society, by a fascination with womanhood but detachment from sexual relationships, and by a position of isolated marginality.
Science and Love
Authors: Richardson Angelique 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Around the middle of the nineteenth century, love became less a question of social and scientific debate as the love-plot began to appeal as much to the biologist as to the novelist. In the Descent of Man, Darwin justified his new, and extensive, focus on sexual relations, citing Schopenhauer: ‘the final aim of all love intrigues, be they comic or tragic, is really of more importance than all other ends in human life . . . it is not the weal or woe of any one individual, but that of the human race to come, which is here at stake’. While the Origin of Species had overturned traditional values and beliefs, the Descent endorsed many, particularly in relation to the role of women in society.
Sarah Grand and Eugenic Love
Authors: Richardson Angelique 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At Sarah Grand’s death in 1943 The Times remarked that her bestselling novel of 1893, The Heavenly Twins, ‘may be said to mark something of an epoch in English fiction . . . Sarah Grand and other writers of the school widened the field of English fiction by freeing it from some of its former limitations as to subject and treatment.’ One of the most widely read and talked about of late Victorian novelists, Sarah Grand was a committed exponent of biological determinism and eugenic feminism.
Sarah Grand, the Country, and the City
Authors: Richardson Angelique 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the beginning of the nineteenth century, a third of all workers were employed in agriculture; by the end, fewer than a tenth. With the transformation of Britain from an agrarian to an urban population over the course of the century, more than three-quarters of the population were classified as urban in the census of 1901, as compared to one-fifth in 1801. The theory of degeneration underpinning analyses of the urban poor came increasingly to focus on the division between country and city, bringing environmental and biological concerns together in the name of regeneration. The narrative of class opposition that underpinned eugenic thinking became overlaid with—and complicated by—this narrative of countryside versus town. These overlapping narratives inform the complex politics of Grand’s late novels. While they show a new support for country living, which seems to suggests an attachment to aristocracy, they also gesture towards socialism. However, as I shall show, the socialism that enters these novels is underpinned by eugenic ideas on health, and reveals the ideological complexity and deep-seated class hostility that continued to motivate eugenics in twentieth-century Britain.
The Genesis of a Public Sphere (1913–17)
Authors: Taylor Georgina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the start of 1913 H.D. was virtually unknown in the public arena, but between 1913 and 1917, thirty-two of her poems appeared in some of the most significant little magazines of the time. Many were reprinted in collections such as the Imagist Anthologies, The New Poetry, and her 1916 collection, Sea Garden.
Expansion and Consolidation—New Experiments in the Public Sphere (1918–24)
Authors: Taylor Georgina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Between 1918 and 1924 the public sphere of modernist women writers underwent expansion, diversification, and consolidation. Whereas in its early years a few pioneers—largely H.D., Moore, Lowell, Sinclair, and Richardson—had attacked thematic and stylistic conventions adhered to by the majority of their contemporaries, they were now joined by many more women writers, together forming a diverse and broadly experimental group.
Responses to a World in Crisis (1932–46)
Authors: Taylor Georgina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent examinations of the literature of the 1930s have typically focused on a small group of almost exclusively male writers—W. H. Auden, Stephen Spender, Cecil Day Lewis, Louis MacNeice, and others in this group.2 Studies of the early 1940s have been less sure in their focus—critics have turned variously to the work of the older generation (Eliot’s Four Quartets), the ‘war poets’ (considered to be primarily men in the armed services),3 the now more mature and reflective ‘Auden Generation’ and their young male successors (including Roy Fuller and Julian Symons), or, finally the younger wave of more Romantic, contemplative writers including Dylan Thomas, and Sidney Keyes.4
Myths of Community in the Lyrical Ballads 1798-1998: The Commonwealth and the Constitution
Authors: Shaffer Elinor 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The bicentenary of the publication of Lyrical Ballads has given us the opportunity to be struck again by the freshness, the urgency, and the significance for our own day of the momentous events and new thinking that touched these poems. The English Romantic movement is normally dated from the first publication of Lyrical Ballads with a few other Poems in I798, the collaborative work of the two leading poets of the older generation, Coleridge and Wordsworth.
Theorizing Golgotha: Coleridge, Race Theory, and the Skull Beneath the Skin
Authors: Fulford Tim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1828 Coleridge was speculating on human races, distinguishing between them and suggesting that the Caucasian was, alone at present, aspiring to the condition of the historic race: ‘in the idea of the Historic Race we have presented a Vision of Glory-the very ... fact that its realization is the final cause of our existence in this world cannot but wonderfully raise and ennoble our nature & the Race to which we belong in our own eyes-and the eye of Reason’ (SWF, ii. 1405-6).