bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mammals—individual species accounts
Authors: Lovegrove Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Public attitude can be wayward and capricious. Nowadays the Hedgehog is high on the list of popular and idealized wild creatures. In the wildlifeenlightened years of the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, Britain abounds with Hedgehog rescue centres, Hedgehog hospitals, Hedgehog Preservation Societies, etc. Fierce campaigns have even been waged to prevent the necessary control, as opposed to translocation, of Hedgehogs unwisely introduced to Hebridean islands. In the preceding centuries, however, the animal was vilified, hunted, hounded, and killed in thousands throughout the country. The slaughter was sometimes of almost unimagined proportions. In Bunbury parish (Ches) in the late seventeenth century, for example, some 8,585 were killed in a mere 35 years. The main charges against it were twofold.
Random graphs
Authors: Barbour A D , Holst Lars , Janson Svante 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we indicate how the general results of Chapter 2 can be used in problems involving random graphs. In Section 5.1 we consider the number of copies of a small graph G contained in Kn,p. Three cases are distinguished, counting all copies of G, induced copies of G and isolated copies of G, illustrating different ways of applying the basic Stein–Chen method. Counts of the numbers of vertices of specified degrees are considered in Section 5.2. It proves advantageous at times, when counting the vertices of degree m form large, to introduce couplings which are rather more complicated than those so far employed, necessitating the use of extensions of Stein’s method to multivariate distributional approximation along the lines described in Chapter 10. Then we study some graph colouring problems, including a general birthday problem, and questions arising therefrom concerning different versions of dissociation. Finally, we investigate two models where independent random variables are associated with the edges of a large complete graph, and random directed graphs are constructed as functions of these random variables. Related results and references on random graphs can be found in Barbour (1982), Bollobas (1985) and Janson (1986, 1987).
Poisson process approximation
Authors: Barbour A D , Holst Lars , Janson Svante 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Another reason for wishing to do so comes from the study of the extremes of a sequence of random variables. In this context, it is interesting to know not only when exceptional values occur but also how big they are, and the natural framework for the description of such phenomena is the marked point process of exceedances. It is often useful to know that the exceedance process can be reasonably approximated by a Poisson process on an appropriate space, and finding bounds for the error in such an approximation is therefore of considerable interest. A further reason is provided by multivariate Poisson approximation, as for instance when approximating the joint distribution of the numbers of cycles of lengths 1, 2 and 3 in a random permutation. Since a finite collection of independent Poisson random variables can be thought of as a Poisson process on a finite set, multivariate approximation can be regarded as a special case of Poisson process approximation.
Multiple levels of nesting
Authors: Longford Nicholas T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A natural extension of the one-way (two-level) nesting design studied in Chapters 2 and 4 is obtained when the clusters, say families or, generally, units at level 2, are further clustered into districts, areas, or, in general, into units at level 3. Such designs arise in clustered sampling. For instance, in an educational survey students are sampled within schools, schools within districts, and districts are sampled from the districts of the country.
Factor analysis and structural equations
Authors: Longford Nicholas T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The problem of within-cluster correlation of observations is by no means restricted to linear regression. Random sampling design, or independence of the observations, is a central assumption in many other routinely applied statistical methods, and independence of the observations is often the prime target of model criticism and diagnostic procedures. This chapter describes the extensions of factor analysis and of structural equation models for two- level data.
The Structure of an African Pastoralist Community
Authors: Pennington Renee , Harpending Henry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is about the ecology and population dynamics of a group of cattle and goat herders in the northern Kalahari Desert ofthe Ngamiland district of Botswana. Although the Herero arrived in this region less than a century ago as destitute refugees, these staunchly traditional Bantu speakers have established themselves as a prominent and prosperous tribe in a pocket of the Kalahari previously occupied almost exclusively by Kung-speaking foragers. Their rise to economic prominence in Botswana has been accompanied by dramatic decreases in mortality and increases in fertility, and a resurgence of tribal ethnicity. The demographic data were collected through intense ethnographic interviews of over 700 Herero living north-western Botswana. Studies such as this illustrate the trade-offs between large-scale censuses that traditional demographers are comfortable with and small qualitative studies familiar to anthropologists and sociologists. Statistics from large national or regional studies that blur distinctions among genetically, historically, and economically different groups may not reveal much about the processes that generated them because differences within groups are confounded by differences between groups. For example, Herero mortality rates are low by the national standards of Botswana, yet those of their neighbours the Kung Bushmen are relatively high. Neither the difference between the ethnic groups nor their causes is apparent from the census data alone. The methods of study and the use of traditional Herero names allowed the authors to date with confidence the years of birth of informants and the years of vital events of their family members in a part of the world where this information is generally unknown.
Saddlepoint Approximations
Authors: Jensen Jens Ledet 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although introduced more than 60 years ago it is only during the last 15 years that there has been a systematic development of saddlepoint approximations. These approximations give a highly accurate expression for the tail of a distribution, not only in the centre of the distribution but also for very small tail probabilities. The price for this is a more cumbersome formula, the evaluation of which sometimes requires the use of a small personal computer. This book explains the ideas behind the saddlepoint approximations as well as giving a detailed mathematical description of the subject. The emphasis is two- fold. One is on popularizing the formulae through many worked out and ready to use examples. The second is on giving a comprehensive mathematical background for further research in the field. Some of the major subjects treated are uniformity of the approximations, tests in exponential families, and compound sums with applications in insurance mathematics.
Model building
Authors: Lindsey J K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Parametric statistical inference is concerned with the construction and interpretation of models as applied to empirical data. It is inference because it involves making statements about particular observed phenomena which we hope will have more general import for a larger universe. It is statistical because the models used will have to describe random variability in the data as well as systematic effects. It is parametric because the models will have assumed functional forms, generally based on prior theory, but contain parameters whose values are unknown. (Scientists often have some idea of what these values may be, but seek independent empirical confirmation.) Thus, inference should provide the means for distinguishing the relative suitability of different model functions and, then, ways of providing a range of plausible values of those parameters involved, distinguishable fom the ambient random variability. A model informs us about the universe, and hence about the functioning of the phenomenon under study, but also allows us to check if its functional form, itself, is adequate to the purpose for which it is employed.
Likelihood
Authors: Lindsey J K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the preceding two chapters, we have looked at various aspects of probability theory and of statistical model building. In that context, we assume that we have a reasonable model, and explore what predictions can be made about the possible events which might occur. This model formulation is the first step in solving a problem, as well as an an ultimate goal of any model construction process. However, in order to develop such models, we must also be able to integrate information from the real world: which models describe well what we have observed and what can we learn from them. Thus, statistical inference is classically concerned with the reverse process as compared to Chapter 2 and Appendix B: instead of assuming a model and predicting events, we know that certain events have occurred and attempt to discover what can be said about the probabilistic process which might have produced them. As we proceed to study ways of making such inferences, we shall also introduce, as examples, some of the more common statistical models which are based on this probability theory, and, in particular, on the families that we studied in Chapter 2. Measure theory is important in the development of statistical models, as we can see from Appendix B and Section 2.8. Nevertheless, it will play little role in our presentation of statistical inference, because the observable values of all random variables are discrete (see, however, Chapter 8).
Goodness of fit
Authors: Lindsey J K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Throughout the previous chapters, we have seen various aspects of the model building process. In Chapter 3, we generally assumed that the chosen family of models, 𝒫, was suitable, and studied how to rank the relative merits of different members of that family, whether different functional forms or simply different parameter values, in the light of the observed data. We were investigating the validity of prior theoretical knowledge in the light of observed empirical data. Thus, for example, we could claim that sufficient statistics contain all the information about parameters, given the model. Now we shall be concerned more with scientific discovery, with the development of new theory. This is a further step in the model selection process which can never be a very formalized procedure. Here, we might say that the only sufficient statistic is the complete set of observations, including all details about how they were collected, because no model is correct. Thus, our approach up until now has provided little general indication of the overall goodness of fit of the (family of) models. We have already seen that any acceptable model should be applicable for previous observations (Section 3.6.4, and also Section 6.4.1). Hopefully, it should also be useful for any future ones, which will provide the ultimate check. However, we generally wish to make as many verifications as possible about the suitability of the model before these become available.
Poisson regression
Authors: Lindsey J K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To summarize the different approaches to statistical inference and decisionmaking, an analogy with practice in the medical profession may be useful. This profession has an accumulated knowledge of many diseases - the statistical models. A task of the doctor is to discover which one applies to a particular patient. When a radically new drug is developed, doctors will conduct a randomized study to compare its effect to a control group to determine what possible effects the medication has - direct likelihood inference. However, before the drug is released on the market,the hypothesis that it has no effect, or that it is inferior to existing medication, must be rejected in favour of a positive effect, optimizing a long term criteria in the population - frequentist decision-making. Once a doctor begins to use the drug on patients, information obtained from these studies can be incorporated into the diagnoses to decide what is the optimal treatment - Bayesian decision-making.
The psychotic patient
Authors: Mynors-Wallis Dr Laurence , Moore Dr Michael , Maguire Mr Jon , Hollingbery Mr Timothy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Psychotic symptoms are found in several psychiatric diagnoses: schizophrenia, delusional disorder, drug-induced psychosis, affective disorders (mania and depression) and dementia. Usually, specialist services are involved in attempting to make broad diagnostic sense of psychotic symptoms. The GP, however, has a key role to play in detecting psychotic symptoms, arranging appropriate referral, and in the continuing management of patients with chronic psychotic disorders. Details about the specific management of depressive and manic disorders, dementia and substance misuse will be found in the relevant chapters.
Parallel parietofrontal circuits for sensorimotor transformations
Authors: Caminiti Roberto , Ferraina Stefano , Battaglia-Mayer Alexandra , Mascaro, Massimo , Burnod Yves 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The functional interplay between the parietal and frontal lobes is based on the operations of a continuum of cortical areas linked by reciprocal association connections. Some of these are very selective, since they connect a specific parietal area to only one specific frontal area. However, these private routes are rather uncommon. In most instances, any given parietal area is linked to a discrete number of frontal areas, and vice versa, in a gradient-like fashion.
Cerebellar motor and cognitive functions
Authors: Schmahmann Jeremy D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cerebellar disorders typically manifest with deficits in motor control. It has become apparent that many cerebellar patients also experience changes in intellect and mood, and mounting evidence suggests that cerebellar pathology may be associated with alterations principally in mental function, rather than motor performance. There is a new realization that defining the role of the cerebellum in higher-order behavior is not only of academic interest to the fields of behavioral neurology and psychiatry, but has the potential to help explain the fundamental function of the cerebellum and to benefit patients with cerebellar diseases by devising optimal therapeutic and rehabilitation strategies.
Motor learning
Authors: Hallett Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Very little of human motor performance is innate, and humans certainly need to modify performance constantly to meet environmental conditions. Therefore it is obvious that motor learning is a critical mechanism of integrative physiology. Motor learning is a complex phenomenon with a number of different components and has been defined in different ways. In this chapter, it will be defined as ‘a change in motor performance with practice’. This will include a number of aspects such as increasing the repertoire of motor behavior and maintenance of a new behavior over a period of time. Motor learning is classified as a type of procedural learning, different from the more extensively studied declarative learning of facts and events (Squire 1986).
Action recognition disorders following parietal damage
Authors: Daprati Elena , Sirigu Angela 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the moment of our birth, we act in the world. Despite such a large motor experience, we have a poor subjective knowledge of the entire set of processes that underlie our motor skills. Interestingly, even if we remain largely unaware of the contents of our actions, we are usually good at judging whether an action has originated from ourselves or not. In the present chapter, we will review the putative mechanisms responsible for recognition of self-generated actions. We will suggest that the ability of an individual to perceive and visually recognize a given movement as his or her own (i.e. his or her motor awareness) relies on the opportunity to process anticipatory information on motor production as well as on the capacity to monitor motor execution online. Moreover, we will emphasize the necessity of mapping the acting limb correctly on a reliable body representation. Evidence for this hypothesis will be drawn from the study of brain-damaged subjects.
Psychogenic motor disorders
Authors: Pringsheim Tamara , Chen, Robert , Lang Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Psychogenic motor disorders make up a small percentage of referrals seen by neurologists and movement disorder specialists, but present a real diagnostic and treatment challenge. Psychogenic motor disorders are disorders for which no known organic syndrome can explain the symptoms experienced by the patient, and which appear clinically to have significant psychiatric or psychological contributing or causative factors. Psychogenic motor disorders encompass a variety of disorders of motor function, such as paralysis, gait disturbance, dystonia, tremor, myoclonus, and parkinsonism.
Frontostriatal circuits and disorders of goal-directed actions
Authors: Manes Facundo , Leiguarda Ramon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The basal ganglia receive inputs from a wide variety of neocortical domains that subserve not only motor but also sensory, limbic, and associative functions (Parent and Hazrati 1995a,b). Therefore the basal ganglia process information associated with higher functions accompanying motor behaviour including learning, memory, attention, motivation, emotion, and volitional behaviour (Evarts and Wise 1984; Rolls 1994; Saper 1996; Schultz et al. 2000). The main driving force of the basal ganglia is the frontal cortex.
Introduction
Authors: Graham Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Now that women have been liberated, the grey power of the elderly has been asserted, racism is publicly ostracized, and facilities for the disabled are legally required in all public places, the teens have become the last group whose disempowerment is invisible because it is so much taken for granted. In many ways, of course, the teens are only too visible—they are always making the headlines. But too often these merely confirm their stigmatized position in society. The word ‘adolescent ‘ has again become, as it has in the past, a term of condescending mockery. In this book I have tried to take a critical look at the way western society thinks about and treats those in their teen years. I have then gone on to suggest ways in which the adult world might rethink its attitudes to the young so that they are more in line with the way they think and behave rather than with the way those in the media and even sometimes those who write textbooks make them out to be.
Orders
Authors: Reiner I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Throughout this chapter let R denote a noetherian integral domain with quotient field K, and let A be a finite dimensional K-algebra. Our aim here is to define orders, and to develop some of their basic properties. In later chapters we shall concentrate on maximal orders. Usually R will be a Dedekind domain, or at the very least, an integrally closed domain (see (1.12)), but occasionally theorems will be stated for the general situation in which R is only assumed to be noetherian.
Language elements
Authors: Metcalf Michael , Reid John , Cohen Malcolm 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Written prose in a natural language, such as an English text, is composed firstly of basic elements — the letters of the alphabet. These are combined into larger entities, words, which convey the basic concepts of objects, actions, and qualifications. The words of the language can be further combined into larger units, phrases and sentences, according to certain rules. One set of rules defines the grammar. This tells us whether a certain combination of words is correct in that it conforms to the syntax of the language, that is those acknowledged forms which are regarded as correct renderings of the meanings we wish to express. Sentences can in turn be joined together into paragraphs, which conventionally contain the composite meaning of their constituent sentences, each paragraph expressing a larger unit of information. In a novel, sequences of paragraphs become chapters and the chapters together form a book, which usually is a self-contained work, largely independent of all other books.
Specification statements
Authors: Metcalf Michael , Reid John , Cohen Malcolm 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the preceding chapters we have learnt the elements of the Fortran language, how they may be combined into expressions and assignments, how we may control the logic flow of a program, how to divide a program into manageable parts, and have considered how arrays may be processed. We have seen that this knowledge is sufficient to write programs, when combined with a rudimentary print statement and with the end statement.
Floating-point exception handling
Authors: Metcalf Michael , Reid John , Cohen Malcolm 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Exception handling is required for the development of robust and efficient numerical software, a principal application of Fortran. Indeed, the existence of such a facility makes it possible to develop more efficient software than would otherwise be possible. The clear need for exception handling, something that had been left out of Fortran 95, led to a facility being developed on a ‘fast track’ as a Technical Report,1 suitable for immediate implementation as an extension to Fortran 95. In this chapter, we describe the extensions to Fortran 95 that were detailed in this Report and which are all now part of Fortran 2003. We also describe the few related Fortran 2003 features that were not in the Report, with a clear indication of this in each case.
Enhanced module facilities
Authors: Metcalf Michael , Reid John , Cohen Malcolm 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The module facilities of Fortran 95, while adequate for programs of modest size, have some shortcomings for very large programs. The extent of these shortcomings was not properly appreciated when the main features of Fortran 2003 were chosen and a straightforward solution was not devised until the development of Fortran 2003 was nearly complete. Therefore, instead of risking a delay to the whole of Fortran 2003, it was decided to define the submodule feature as an extension in a Technical Report,1 with the promise that the next revision of Fortran would include it, apart from correcting any defects found in the field. Since the formal approval procedures for a Technical Report are simpler than those for a Standard, we expect its final approval and publication to take place at about the same time as the Standard.
Input/output enhancements
Authors: Metcalf Michael , Reid John , Cohen Malcolm 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we explain the enhancements to input/output processing that have been made in Fortran 2003. Non-default derived-type input/output (Section 19.2) allows the programmer to provide formatting specially tailored to a type and to transfer structures with pointer components. Asynchronous input/output (Sections 19.3 and 19.4) has been available as compiler extensions for many years and is now standardized. Since the advent of IEEE arithmetic many compilers have provided facilities for input/output of the exceptional values; this is now standardized (Section 19.5). Stream access (Section 19.6) allows great flexibility for both formatted and unformatted input/output. The remaining sections detail miscellaneous simple enhancements.