bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Colour memory for various sky, skin, and plant colours: Effect of the image context
Authors: Bodrogi Peter , Tarczali Tünde 
Published: September 2002

AbstractIn memory‐matching techniques, the remembered colour might differ from the original colour even if the viewing situation is the same. Our aim was to point out whether these so‐called memory shifts are significant in the everyday situations of viewing photos depicting sky, skin, or plant, or viewing standalone uniform colour patches of sky, skin, or plant colours. In many cases, significant memory shifts have been found. Considering only one type of object (sky or skin or plant), memory shifts turned out to be systematic in the sense that they were directed toward specific intervals of hue, chroma, and lightness. This tendency was more explicit for photos than for standalone colour patches. A method to quantify prototypical colours and their tolerance bounds was suggested. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Col Res Appl, 26, 278–289, 2001
The influence of luminance on color‐difference thresholds
Authors: Carreño Fernando , Zoido Jesús Manuel 
Published: September 2002

AbstractWe present a discussion about the influence of luminance on the geometry of color‐difference thresholds. By assuming that color matchings are normally distributed in XYZ space, we have shown [Appl Opt 38:208–219 (1999)] that the probability density function of color matches in (x, y, Y) space is not a normal distribution function and it is an asymmetric one. Due to this asymmetry, the curves of equally noticeable chromaticity differences show asymmetries around the color center. The influence of luminance on the shape of these curves is analyzed, and we conclude that the lower the luminance, the larger the asymmetry. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Col Res Appl, 26, 362–368, 2001
The impact of chronic illness on subjective quality of life: a comparison between general population and hospital inpatients with somatic and psychiatric diseases
Authors: Kilian Reinhold , Matschinger Herbert , Angermeyer Matthias C. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractIn a comparative study 1720 healthy persons from the general population and 242 hospital patients with the ICD‐10 diagnosis Cancer, Heart Disease, Diabetes, Multiple Sclerosis, Arthritis, Diseases of the Respiration System and Schizophrenia completed the WHOQOL‐BREF. The results of comparative multiple regression analysis show that the different diseases have a characteristic impact on the four subscales of the WHOQOL‐BREF. Somatic diseases were found to have a strong negative impact on physical health, psychological well‐being, and overall quality of life but not on social relationships. Among the somatic diseases only arthritis and multiple sclerosis had a significant negative impact on the environmental domain of quality of life. Schizophrenia was found to have a significant negative impact on physical health, psychological well‐being, social relationships, environment, and on overall quality of life. For the different somatic diseases the results of the study indicate that a decrease in quality of life is not primarily a result of the severity of the disease in the sense of its mortality, but more a result of the impairment in daily functioning resulting from the disease. The broader impact of schizophrenia in contrast to that of the somatic diseases, seems to result from the negative social reactions and the economic deprivation often associated with this type of mental illness. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Expanding field of purinergic signaling
Authors: Burnstock Geoffrey 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThis article attempts to paint a broad picture of the extraordinary explosive recent developments in the purinergic signaling field. After a brief historical review and update of purinoceptor subtypes, the focus is on the physiological roles of purines and pyrimidines. These are considered both in terms of short‐term signaling in neurotransmission, secretion, and vasodilatation and in long‐term (trophic) signaling in development, regeneration, proliferation, and cell death. Examples of trophic signaling include cartilage development in limb buds, glial cell proliferation, development of skeletal muscle, changes in receptor expression in smooth‐muscle phenotypes, maturation of testicular spermatids, and bone remodeling. Plasticity of purinoceptor expression in pathological conditions is described, including the increase in the purinergic component of parasympathetic nervous control of the human bladder in interstitial cystitis and outflow obstruction and in sympathetic cotransmitter control of blood vessels in hypertensive rats, the appearance of P2X7 receptors in the glomeruli of the kidney from diabetic and transgenic hypertensive animal models, and up‐regulation of P2X1 and P2Y2 receptor mRNA in hearts of rats with congestive heart failure. The role of P2X3 receptors in nociception is considered, and a new hypothesis about purinergic mechanosensory transduction in the gut is explored. A personal view of some of the areas ripe for future development concludes this article, including a discussion of different strategies that could lead to the development of purinergic therapeutic agents. Drug Dev. Res. 52:1–10, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nucleoside transporter and nucleotide vesicular transporter: Two examples of mnemonic regulation
Authors: Sen Raquel P. , Delicado Esmerilda G. , Miras‐Portugal M. Teresa , Gualix Javier 
Published: September 2002

AbstractAccording to their relevant roles in the regulation and availability of extracellular levels of purinergic signals, the nucleoside transporter and the nucleotide vesicular transporter are subject to acute regulation. The plasma membrane nucleoside transporter has been shown to exhibit several regulatory mechanisms, such as regulation by long‐term signals, phosphorylation/dephosphorylation processes, and allosteric modulation. The present work reviews studies concerning allosteric modulation of nucleoside and nucleotide vesicular transporters, as the first reported examples of mnemonic behavior in transporter proteins, presenting kinetic and allosteric cooperativity. This fact implies that the protein can exhibit different conformations, each one with specific kinetic parameters. Transport substrates are able to induce slow conformational changes between the different forms of the transporter. This kinetic mechanism can provide several physiological advantages, since it allows strict control of transport capacity by changes in substrate concentrations. This allosteric modulation has been confirmed in several experimental models, the nucleoside transporter in chromaffin and endothelial cells from adrenal medulla and the nucleotide vesicular transporter in the chromaffin cell granules and rat brain synaptic vesicles. Taking into account these considerations, the mnemonic regulation described here could be a widespread mechanism among transporter proteins. Drug Dev. Res. 52:11–21, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Metabolism of extracellular nucleotides in human airways by a multienzyme system
Authors: Picher Maryse , Boucher Richard Charles 
Published: September 2002

AbstractExtracellular nucleotides are involved in the control of mucociliary clearance (MCC) in human airways. Because of their therapeutic potential for obstructive lung diseases such as cystic fibrosis (CF), we investigated nucleotide metabolism on airway epithelial surfaces. The mucosal surface of human nasal and bronchial epithelial cells in culture dephosphorylated ATP into ADP, AMP, and adenosine. Bronchial cells hydrolyzed ATP at a faster rate than nasal cells, 3.8 ± 0.5 nmol·min–1 cm–2 and 2.2 ± 0.4 nmol·min–1 cm–2, respectively. The ratios of ATP/ADP hydrolysis for bronchial and nasal epithelia were 2.9 ± 0.6 and 2.1 ± 0.4, respectively. Divalent cations were required for ATP hydrolysis (Ca2+ > Mg2+) and pH dependency profile revealed two peaks, at pH 7.5 ad 9.0. Kinetic analysis supported the coexpression of more than one ATP‐hydrolyzing activity on nasal (Km = 17 ± 2 μM, 129 ± 5 μM, and 405 ± 12 μM) and bronchial (Km = 12 ± 5 μM and 136 ± 8 μM) epithelial cells. Reverse‐transcriptase polymerase chain reaction confirmed the coexpression of all three families of ATP‐hydrolyzing ectoenzymes: ecto‐nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases, ecto‐nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterases, and alkaline phosphatases. Altogether, these findings demonstrate the presence of a multienzyme system in human airways, with the capacity to control ATP concentrations under physiological and pathological conditions. The identification of the major enzyme(s) responsible for ATP hydrolysis in human airways may lead to the development of specific inhibitors that would improve nucleotide‐based treatments of MCC in patients with CF. Drug Dev. Res. 52:66–75, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mechanism of the inhibitory action of ATP in rat hippocampus
Authors: Inoue Kazuhide , Koizumi Schuichi 
Published: September 2002

AbstractWe have already shown, by calcium imaging with an electrophysiological method and direct detection of glutamate, that ATP inhibits the glutamate release from cultured rat hippocampus [Koizumi and Inoue, 1997; Inoue et al., 1999], although ATP induces fast synaptic currents and produces an increase in intracellular calcium in a subpopulation of cultured hippocampal neurons [Inoue et al., 1992; Inoue et al., 1995]. We have examined the mechanism of the inhibition by ATP using the FM1‐43 method as well as the methods mentioned above. Our results suggest that ATP stimulates G protein–coupled P2Y receptors locating in the presynaptic nerve ending to activate PLCβ, presumably resulting in the inhibition of presynaptic N‐and P/Q‐type voltage‐gated calcium channels. Meanwhile, ATP stimulates the release of GABA, an inhibitory neurotransmitter that inhibits the excitable function of glutamate. Besides these actions of ATP on the regulation of neurotransmitters, it is already reported that ATP also activates microglia cells to release plasminogen [Inoue et al., 1998] and IL‐6 [Shigemoto et al., 2000], which were reported to act as neurotrophic factors. Taken together, these data suggest that ATP may protect the hippocampal function from excess stimulation. Drug Dev. Res. 52:95–103, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Experimental and analytical studies on the performance of hybrid isolation systems
Authors: Chang Shih‐Po , Makris Nicos , Whittaker Andrew S. , Thompson Andrew C. T. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThis paper presents experimental and analytical results on the seismic response of a rigid structure supported on isolation systems that consist of either lead rubber or sliding bearings. Shake table tests are conducted with various levels of isolation damping that is provided from the bearings and supplemental viscous fluid dampers. The table motions originated from recorded strong ground motions that have been compressed to the extent that the mass of the model structure corresponds to the mass of a typical freeway overcrossing. Experimental data are used to validate mechanical idealizations and numerical procedures. The study concludes that supplemental damping is most effective in suppressing displacements of rigid structures with moderately long isolation periods (TI≤3 sec) without affecting base shears. Friction damping is most effective in suppressing displacement amplifications triggered by long duration pulses—in particular, pulses that have duration close to the isolation period. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Body image and body change techniques among young adolescent boys
Authors: McCabe Marita P. , Ricciardelli Lina A. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to examine the level of body image disturbance among adolescent boys and to determine how body image disturbance was related to body change techniques. Twenty boys from year 7 (mean age = 12.55 years, SD = 0.61) and 20 boys from year 9 (mean age = 14.85 years, SD = 0.59) were interviewed individually about their body image and body change strategies. The boys were questioned about the importance and their satisfaction with their weight, body size, body shape, muscle tone and parts of their body and the frequency with which they used the following techniques: eating less to lose weight, eating more to gain weight, and exercise to change body size, shape or muscle tone. The results demonstrated that of those boys who wanted to change their body (50 per cent), 12 wanted to lose weight and eight wanted to gain weight. The most frequent strategy used to change body size or shape was exercise, rather than changing eating patterns. Year 7 boys were more satisfied with their weight than year 9 boys, and boys with a larger body mass index (BMI) were less satisfied with their muscle tone and more likely to change their eating habits to decrease their body size or shape than boys with a smaller BMI. The implications of these findings for obtaining a better understanding of how male body image and body change strategies are different from girls are discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Effective discharge and gravel‐bed rivers
Authors: Emmett William W. , Wolman M. Gordon 
Published: September 2002

AbstractEffectiveness in geomorphology may be associated with transport (work) and with landform. Bedload transport may relate to both. Determination of that discharge which transports more bedload than any other entails assessment of the magnitude and frequency of bedload transport. This involves arraying daily mean discharges, computing the bedload for each unit of discharge, and determining the discharge that transports the most bedload. For those rivers in which the relationships of bedload discharge to water discharge are not dominated by very large‐size particles and where daily mean discharges are an adequate description of streamflow characteristics, a large body of data demonstrates that this discharge is often analogous to bankfull discharge and often has a frequency of recurrence of one to two years.Rivers with constraints on the mobility of bed material, typically armoured channels with steeper than average relationships of bedload discharge to water discharge, may have an effective discharge occurring at higher stages and greater recurrence intervals than bankfull discharge. Bedload discharges were measured at five snow‐melt dominated, gravel‐bedded rivers in the northern Rocky Mountains, USA; drainage areas at the sites ranged from about 55 to 4950 km2 and bankfull discharges ranged from about 6·5 to 650 m3 s−1. Median bed‐surface particles, d50, ranged from 40 to 173 mm, and d90 ranged from 132 to 310 mm. Exponents of the bedload ratings, indicating the steepness of the relationship of bedload discharge to water discharge, ranged from 2·30 to 5·06. Values of the exponent correlated well with values of either d50 or d90 of the bed‐surface material and demonstrate the effect of the bed‐surface material on the bedload rating. Effective discharge was determined for each site. The ratio of effective discharge to bankfull discharge, Qe/Qb, ranged from 0·98 to 1·31. The values of Qe/Qb correlated well with exponent values from the bedload ratings. Data indicate that, as the exponent of the bedload rating increases from typical to more steep values, effective discharge increases from near‐bankfull discharge to, in the present study, about 1·3 bankfull discharge. This represents about a doubling of the recurrence interval. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fast GC instrumentation and analysis for field applications
Authors: Overton Edward B. , Carney Kenneth R. , Roques Ned , Dharmasena H. P. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractEnvironmental contaminants are found in a wide variety of molecular shapes and sizes, with organic pollutants exhibiting vapor pressures in the 103–10−6 torr range. This translates into a need for chemical analyzers that are capable of analyzing both volatile compounds (i.e., those compounds that have high vapor pressures at ambient temperatures) as well as semivolatile substances (i.e., those compounds that must be heated before they exhibit substantial vapor pressures). Volatile environmental analytes are found in gaseous, liquid, or solid sample matrices, whereas semivolatile analytes exist as either liquids or solids, including aerosol dispersions. Unfortunately, conventional field‐portable GC analyzers are only capable of analyzing for volatile analytes. A small, fast, dual‐high‐resolution‐column GC instrument that is capable of analyzing both volatile and semivolatile analytes has been developed and patented. As typically configured, it uses two narrow‐bore, 100‐micron ID separation columns, is temperature programmable at rates of 5–20 °C per second, and uses less than 150 W of dc power. Typical separation times for compounds with Kovatt's retention indices of <1000 are 10–15 s, and compounds with retention indices of up to 2500 are separated in <1min. Because the instrument has dual columns and detectors, analytes are simultaneously analyzed on columns with different liquid phases, thus providing added confidence in the quality of the analytical data. Because this fieldable GC device uses a solid‐sorbent trapping system with a conventional heated injector inlet system, it can analyze a wide variety of sample matrices, including gases, dilute gases, thermal extracts from VOS tubes, purge‐and‐trap water/soil extracts, headspace samples, membrane extracts, SPME, thermal and SCF extracts, liquid organic solvent extracts, and direct aqueous samples. This report describes this new instrument and presents typical data from analysis of volatile and semivolatile analytes in a variety of sample matrices. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Field Analyt Chem Technol 5: 97–105, 2001
Forecasting with k‐factor Gegenbauer Processes: Theory and Applications
Authors: Ferrara L. , Guégan D. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThis paper deals with the k‐factor extension of the long memory Gegenbauer process proposed by Gray et al. (1989). We give the analytic expression of the prediction function derived from this long memory process and provide the h‐step‐ahead prediction error when parameters are either known or estimated. We investigate the predictive ability of the k‐factor Gegenbauer model on real data of urban transport traffic in the Paris area, in comparison with other short‐ and long‐memory models. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Risk Management in Agricultural Markets: A Review
Authors: Tomek William G. , Peterson Hikaru Hanawa 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThis article surveys and evaluates the current state of knowledge about producers' marketing strategies
to manage price and revenue risk for farm commodities. The review highlights gaps between concepts and their
implementation. Many well‐developed models of price behavior exist, but appropriate characterization and
estimation of the probability distributions of commodity prices remain elusive. Hence, the preferred measure of
price risk is ambiguous. Numerous models of optimal marketing portfolios for farmers have been specified, but
their behavior appears to be inconsistent with most, if not all, of these models. In addition, some research
suggests that farmers can earn speculative profits, which is inconsistent with notions of efficient markets. The
conclusions discuss what academic research can and cannot accomplish in relation to assisting producers with
risk‐management decisions. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 21:953–985,
2001
Intrinsic optical signals in the rat optic nerve: Role for K+ uptake via NKCC1 and swelling of astrocytes
Authors: Macvicar Brian A. , Feighan Denise , Brown Angus , Ransom Bruce 
Published: September 2002

AbstractMeasurements of extracellular space volume and imaging of intrinsic optical signals (IOSs) have shown that neuronal activity increases light transmittance by causing cellular swelling. However, the cellular mechanisms underlying these volume changes and the contribution of astrocyte swelling to the changes in tissue volume are unclear. In this study, we have investigated IOSs in optic nerves to analyze the mechanisms contributing to these signals in a system consisting of only axons and glial cells. We examined both intact optic nerves and enucleated optic nerves, which contained no axons and consisted primarily of astrocytes. Electrical stimulation of intact optic nerves evoked an increase in light transmittance, which was graded with increasing stimulation frequency and was mimicked by raising extracellular K+ concentration ([K+]o). The stimulation‐induced IOS grew in amplitude and had a time course similar to extracellular space shrinkage. Tetrodotoxin (TTX) blocked the electrically induced but not the high K+‐induced IOS. In enucleated nerves, light transmittance progressively increased in higher [K+]o. The high [K+]o‐induced IOSs were reversibly depressed by furosemide and bumetanide, antagonists for Na‐K‐2Cl cotransport, but were unaltered by TTX. We also used a monoclonal antibody to the NKCC1 form of the Na‐K‐2Cl cotransporter to show that NKCC1 is expressed in optic nerves as shown in Western blotting and is colocalized in GFAP immunopositive astrocytes. In summary, these results indicated that KCl uptake into astrocytes via an Na‐K‐2Cl cotransporter during raised [K+]o contributes to the generation of cellular swelling and the intrinsic optical signals. GLIA 37:114–123, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Oligodendrocytes express an α/β‐interferon‐susceptible Mx gene: Molecular characterization of the encoded protein
Authors: Szuchet Sara , Plachetzki David C. , Karialukas Reda 
Published: September 2002

AbstractInterferons (INFs) are cytokines that exert a plethora of biological activities by interacting with receptors and inducing the synthesis of effector proteins. One such effector is an antiviral protein called Mx, widely distributed among vertebrates. Mx proteins belong to the superfamily of large GTPases, which includes dynamins, products of the Drosophila shibire gene, the yeast Vps1p, and others. Oligodendrocytes (OLGs) synthesize, assemble, and maintain myelin in the central nervous system. In an effort to identify genes implicated in establishing a myelinogenic phenotype, we isolated a 2,494 bp cDNA that encodes a protein of 654 amino acids, which are 95% identical to ovine Mx (from endometrium of pregnant sheep) and 83% similar to human MxA. Cultured OLGs express the mRNA and protein. We present structural features of this protein and speculate on the origin of its induction and the functional significance of its presence in OLGs. The finding that OLGs express an IFN‐susceptible protein raises interesting possibilities in light of the evidence that β‐IFN is therapeutically beneficial for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. GLIA 37:183–189, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.