bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Toward New Horizons: The Future of Bisphosphonate Therapy
Authors: Lipton Allan 
Published: September 2004

Abstract

Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader will be able to:
Discuss the role of bisphosphonates in managing bone disease in the setting of cancer and its treatment. Describe differences in treatment paradigms for bone loss as a complication of cancer and its treatment versus benign bone loss. Explain the mechanism of action of bisphosphonates in the setting of malignant bone disease.
Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 hour of AMA PRA category 1 credit at CME.TheOncologist.com
Bisphosphonate therapy has become a standard of care for patients with malignant bone disease. In addition, preclinical and preliminary clinical data suggest that bisphosphonates may prevent cancer-treatment-induced bone loss (CTIBL) and the development of malignant bone disease in patients with early-stage cancer. Patients who receive adjuvant hormonal therapy for breast cancer or androgen-deprivation therapy for prostate cancer are at an especially high risk for CTIBL because of reduced estrogenic signaling. Oral clodronate (Bonefos®; Anthra Pharmaceuticals; Princeton, NJ), oral risedronate (Actonel®; Proctor and Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; Cincinnati, OH), and i.v. zoledronic acid (Zometa®; Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corp.; East Hanover, NJ) have all demonstrated promise in preventing CTIBL in patients receiving hormonal therapy for breast cancer. Zoledronic acid has demonstrated efficacy with the longest between-treatment interval (3–6 months) and is currently being investigated in the Zometa®/Femara® Adjuvant Synergy Trials (Z-FAST and ZO-FAST in the United States and Europe, respectively). In patients receiving androgen-deprivation therapy for prostate cancer, i.v. pamidronate (Aredia®; Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corp.) and i.v. zoledronic acid both have demonstrated significant benefits over placebo, but only zoledronic acid produced significant increases in bone mineral density compared with baseline values. Additionally, bisphosphonates have demonstrated antitumor activities in preclinical models, and clinical trials with oral clodronate suggest that bisphosphonates might prevent or delay bone metastasis in patients with early-stage breast cancer. Clinical trials are investigating the effect of zoledronic acid on disease progression in patients with breast cancer, prostate cancer, and non-small cell lung cancer. The results of these clinical trials should further define the clinical benefit of bisphosphonates in the oncology setting.
Dielectric Properties of Pure (BaSr)TiO3 and Composites with Different Grain Sizes Ranging from the Nanometer to the Micrometer
Authors: Hornebecq V. , Huber C. , Maglione M. , Antonietti M. , Elissalde C. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractStarting with a BST (Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3) nanopowder with a mean diameter of about 50 nm, the average grain size increases from the nanometer to the micrometer range (from 70 nm to 1–2 μm) by thermal annealing between 700 and 1400 °C. The dielectric properties of these pressed powders has been determined, showing that the temperature of transition decreases with grain size. In order to check this evolution in dense ceramics in which the grain size is conserved, composite materials based on ferroelectric nanograins and a non‐ferroelectric matrix have been prepared. Core–shell composites with different core sizes (150 and 50 nm) were synthesized in this way and the results obtained confirmed the decrease of the transition temperature with grain size, from 290 to 230 K respectively. Furthermore, dielectric losses are very weak in these core–shell composites—at between 0.1 and 1 % in the temperature range 150–450 K and the frequency range 1 × 103–1 × 105 Hz. Ferroelectric nanograins of BST were also incorporated into silica gel for comparison with the core–shell materials. Even for a high fraction of BST (approx. 75 %), the properties of the grains are masked by the presence of silica, which possesses a very low dielectric constant. This study has allowed the possible determination of the macroscopic dielectric properties in nanostructured ceramics.
A Ferroelectric Ferromagnetic Composite Material with Significant Permeability and Permittivity
Authors: Qi X. , Zhou J. , Yue Z. , Gui Z. , Li L. , Buddhudu S. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractComposite materials containing both ferroelectric and ferromagnetic phases have been synthesized from nanometer‐sized powders of BaTiO3 (ferroelectric phase) and NiCuZn ferrite (ferromagnetic phase) by a standard ceramic method. The coexistence of magnetic and electric hysteresis in the composite material has been observed at room temperature. Upon the application of magnetic and electric fields, the magnetization and electric polarization of the composite material can easily be tuned based on the changing BaTiO3 content of the materials studied. These composite materials exhibit both excellent dielectric and soft‐magnetic properties with a variation of the frequency. Our results strongly suggest that this composite material may be the best candidate for the development of truly integrated passive filters. Due to the combination of both inductance and capacitance in one material, the adoption of an integrated passive filter could greatly reduce the size of printed circuit boards and could efficiently suppress electromagnetic interference, thereby enabling significant miniaturization of electronic elements and devices.
Ambipolar Charge Transport in Air‐Stable Polymer Blend Thin‐Film Transistors
Authors: Babel A. , Wind J. D. , Jenekhe S. A. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractAmbipolar thin‐film transistors based on a series of air‐stable, solution‐processed blends of an n‐type polymer poly(benzobisimidazobenzophenanthroline) (BBL) and a p‐type small molecule, copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) are demonstrated, where all fabrication and measurements are performed under ambient conditions. The hole mobilities are in the range of 6.0 × 10–6 to 2.0 × 10–4 cm2 V–1 s–1 and electron mobilities are in the range of 2.0 × 10–6 to 3.0 × 10–5 cm2 V–1 s–1, depending on the blend composition. UV‐vis spectroscopy and electron diffraction show crystallization of CuPc in the metastable α‐crystal form within the semicrystalline BBL matrix. These CuPc domains develop into elongated ribbon‐like crystalline nanostructures when the blend films are processed in methanol, but not when they are processed in water. On methylene chloride vapor annealing of the blend films, a phase transformation of CuPc from the α‐form to the β‐form is observed, as shown by optical absorption spectroscopy and electron diffraction. Ambipolar charge transport is only observed in the blend films where CuPc crystallized in the elongated ribbon‐like nanostructures (α‐form). Ambipolar behavior is not observed with CuPc in the β‐polymorph. Unipolar hole mobilities as high as 2.0 × 10–3 cm2 V–1 s–1 are observed in these solution‐processed blend field‐effect transistors (FETs) on prolonged treatment in methanol, comparable to previously reported hole mobilities in thermally evaporated CuPc FETs. These results show that ambipolar charge transport and carrier mobilities in multicomponent organic semiconductors are intricately related to the phase‐separated nanoscale and crystalline morphology.
Synthesis of Nanowalled Polymer Microtubes Using Glass Fiber Templates
Authors: Tuncel D. , Matthews J. R. , Anderson H. L. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractCovalently crosslinked flexible polymer microtubes with wall thicknesses of 1–3 nm, diameters of 2–10 μm, and lengths of 0.1–0.5 mm have been fabricated using glass wool and silica wool as templates. Fluorescent‐dye‐tagged polyamines were adsorbed onto the glass and silica templates and crosslinked by reductive amination with glutaraldehyde and sodium cyanoborohydride, then the templates were dissolved with hydrofluoric acid. Microtubes were prepared from polyallylamine (PAA), polyethyleneimine (PEI), and poly(iminohexamethylene) (PIH) labeled with sulforhodamine B. These flexible hollow structures were characterized by bright‐field and fluorescent optical microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy; they adopt open tubular conformations when suspended in water, and dry to give flat ribbons.
Superparamagnetic Hybrid Nanocylinders
Authors: Zhang M. , Estournès C. , Bietsch W. , Müller A. H. E. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractWell‐defined cylindrical polymer brushes with poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) cores and poly(n‐butyl acrylate) (PnBA) shells have been synthesized via a combination of anionic polymerization and atom transfer radical polymerization. These amphiphilic brushes are unimolecular cylindrical micelles and can be used as single‐molecular templates for the synthesis of inorganic nanoparticles, because the carboxylic acid groups (or carboxylate groups, after neutralization) in the polymer core can coordinate with various metal ions such as Fe3+ and Fe2+. Ultrafine magnetic nanoparticles were successfully synthesized within the core of these polymer brushes, as confirmed by various characterization techniques. Mössbauer spectroscopy and magnetization measurements indicate that the hybrid nanocylinders exhibit interesting superparamagnetic behavior.
Synthesis of 2′‐Deoxynucleosides by Transglycosylation with New Immobilized and Stabilized Uridine Phosphorylase and Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase
Authors: Ubiali Daniela , Rocchietti Silvia , Scaramozzino Francesca , Terreni Marco , Albertini Alessandra M. , Fernández‐Lafuente Roberto , Guisán José Manuel , Pregnolato Massimo 
Published: September 2004

AbstractMultimeric uridine phosphorylase (UP) and purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) of Bacillus subtilis have been expressed from genes cloned in Escherichia coli, purified, characterized, immobilized and stabilized on solid support. A new immobilization strategy has been developed for UP onto Sepabeads coated with polyethyleneamine followed by cross‐linking with aldehyde‐dextran. PNP has been immobilized onto glyoxyl‐agarose. At pH 10 and 45 °C these derivatives catalyzed the transglycosylation of 2′‐deoxyuridine to 2′‐deoxyguanosine in high yield (92%). Under the same conditions the not immobilized enzymes were promptly inactivated.
The Catalytic Diastereo‐ and Enantioselective Claisen Rearrangement of 2‐Alkoxycarbonyl‐Substituted Allyl Vinyl Ether
Authors: Abraham Lars , Körner Marleen , Schwab Pia , Hiersemann Martin 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThe catalytic asymmetric Claisen rearrangement of 2‐alkoxycarbonyl‐substituted allyl vinyl ethers that contain two stereogenic double bonds is described. A combination of the highly Lewis acidic [Cu{(S,S)‐tert‐Bu‐box}](H2O)2(SbF6)2 complex and molecular sieves served as catalyst and afforded the Claisen rearrangement products, substituted and functionalized α‐keto esters, in high yield with a remarkable diastereo‐ and enantioselectivity. The influence of ligand structure, counterion and allyl vinyl ether double bond configuration on the stereoselectivity of the rearrangement was briefly investigated. We propose an explanation for the rate accelerating effect of the Lewis acid as well as a stereochemical model which serve to explain and predict the stereochemical course of the copper bis(oxazoline) catalyzed Claisen rearrangement.
N‐Arylamides from Selenium‐Catalyzed Reactions of Nitroaromatics and Amides in the Presence of Carbon Monoxide and Mixed Organic Bases
Authors: Chen Jinzhu , Ling Gang , Yu Zhengkun , Wu Sizhong , Zhao Xiaodan , Wu Xiaowei , Lu Shiwei 
Published: September 2004

AbstractN‐Arylamides were exclusively obtained in moderate to good yields from selenium‐catalyzed reactions of nitroaromatics with amides in the presence of CO and mixed organic bases Et3N and DBU.
Highly Enantioselective Hydrogenation of Itaconic Acid Derivatives with a Chiral Bisphospholane‐Rh(I) Catalyst
Authors: Almena Juan , Monsees Axel , Kadyrov Renat , Riermeier Thomas H. , Gotov Battsengel , Holz Jens , Börner Armin 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThe new – commercially in multi‐kg quantities available – chiral bisphospholane ligand, catASium® M, has been successfully used in the Rh(I)‐catalysed enantioselective hydrogenation of itaconic acid derivatives. Chiral ß‐substituted succinic acid derivatives were produced in good to excellent enantioselectivities. Turnover frequencies by up to 40,000 h−1 have been achieved.
Synthesis, Oxygenation and Catalytic Oxidation Performance of Crown Ether‐Containing Schiff Base‐Transition Metal Complexes
Authors: Zeng Wei , Li Jianzhang , Mao Zhihua , Hong Zhou , Qin Shengying 
Published: September 2004

AbstractMono‐Schiff bases containing a crown ether ring (HL1, HL2, HL3 and HL4) and their transition metal complexes were synthesized and characterized by 1H NMR, IR, and mass spectroscopy as well as elemental analysis. The oxygenation constants (K) of Schiff base‐Co(II) complexes were measured over the range of −5 to +25 °C, and the values of ΔH° and ΔS° were calculated based on these K values. Using Mn(III)‐Schiff base complexes, the biomimetic catalytic oxidation of styrene to benzaldehyde was carried out with 100% selectivity. Comparison of this complex with analogues not containing a crown ether moiety clearly demonstrated the influence of crown ether ring on the dioxygen affinities and biomimetic catalytic oxidation performance of the Schiff base complexes.
Three‐Component Staudinger‐Type Stereoselective Synthesis of C‐Glycosyl‐β‐lactams and their Use as Precursors for C‐Glycosyl Isoserines and Dipeptides. A Polymer‐Assisted Solution‐Phase Approach
Authors: Dondoni Alessandro , Massi Alessandro , Sabbatini Simona , Bertolasi Valerio 
Published: September 2004

AbstractA collection of 4‐(C‐galactosyl)‐ and 4‐(C‐ribosyl)‐β‐lactams featuring different substituents at C‐3 and N‐1 was prepared by combining in a one‐pot procedure a formyl C‐glycoside, a primary amine, and a substituted acetyl chloride in the presence of base (Staudinger‐type reaction). Sulfonyl chloride and aminomethylated resins were used in sequence to remove excess of components and by‐products. Two pure C‐glycosyl‐β‐lactams were effectively transformed into C‐glycosyl‐N‐Boc‐β‐amino‐α‐hydroxy esters (C‐glycosyl isoserines) and a C‐ribosyl dipeptide via base‐promoted heterocycle ring opening by methanol and L‐phenylalanine methyl ester, respectively.
Synthesis and Derivatization of Substituted (R)‐ and (S)‐ C‐Allylglycines
Authors: Zhang Nong , Münch Winfried , Nubbemeyer Udo 
Published: September 2004

AbstractVarious (R)‐ and (S)‐C‐allylglycine derivatives were synthesized by means of an auxiliary controlled diastereoselective aza‐Claisen rearrangement. Starting from (S)‐configured auxiliaries derived from optically active proline, an aza‐Claisen rearrangement enabled us to synthesize α(R)‐configured γ,δ‐unsaturated amides. Since (R)‐allylglycine derivatives could be directly generated by reacting N‐allylproline derivatives and various protected glycine fluorides, the corresponding (S)‐enantiomers were built‐up via an initial α‐chloroacetyl chloride rearrangement and a subsequent chloride azide substitution with complete inversion of the configuration. High diastereoselectivities were obtained (>15 : 1). The auxiliary could be efficiently removed by organolithium reactions of the amides furnishing α‐amino ketones. Another allyllithium addition allowed us to introduce a second allyl chain with high diastereoselectivity. Final ring closures by means of metatheses using Grubbs' (I) catalyst gave raise to the formation of enantiopure phenanthridines and cyclohexenes displaying defined substitution patterns ready for alkaloid total syntheses.
Recyclable Tridentate Stable Palladium(II) PCP‐Type Catalysts Supported on Silica for the Selective Synthesis of Lactones
Authors: Chanthateyanonth Ratana , Alper Howard 
Published: September 2004

AbstractFive‐ or seven‐membered ring lactones are synthesized, in good selectivity and high yields, by the cyclocarbonylation reaction of 2‐allylphenols, using a tridentate diphosphinoaryl ligand (PCP‐type) palladium(II) catalyst immobilized on silica (A) and silica supported dendrimers (B, C and D). These immobilized catalysts, which are highly active and can be recycled by simple filtration in air, and reused with only moderate loss of activity, combine the advantages of heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysts. These complexes are also stable towards oxygen and moisture.
Stetter Reaction in Room Temperature Ionic Liquids and Application to the Synthesis of Haloperidol
Authors: Anjaiah Siddam , Chandrasekhar Srivari , Grée René 
Published: September 2004

AbstractImidazolium‐type room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) have been used for the Stetter reaction, affording the desired 1,4‐dicarbonyl compounds in good yields. Thiazolium salts and Et3N are efficient catalysts for this reaction performed in ionic liquid. The possibility to recycle and reuse the solvent has been demonstrated, although it was not possible to recycle the thiazolium catalyst. This method was used in the total synthesis of haloperidol.
Water‐Tolerant and Reusable Catalysts for Direct Ester Condensation between Equimolar Amounts of Carboxylic Acids and Alcohols
Authors: Nakayama Masaya , Sato Atsushi , Ishihara Kazuaki , Yamamoto Hisashi 
Published: September 2004

AbstractZrOCl2⋅8 H2O and HfOCl2⋅8 H2O are highly effective, water‐tolerant, and reusable homogeneous catalysts for direct ester condensation between equimolar amounts of carboxylic acids and alcohols. Notably, zirconium(IV) salts such as ZrOCl2⋅8 H2O and Zr(OAc)x(OH)y are potential green catalysts due to their low toxicity, commercial availability at low cost, ease of handling, high catalytic activity, and reusability.
mTOR cascade activation distinguishes tubers from focal cortical dysplasia
Authors: Baybis Marianna , Yu Jia , Lee Allana , Golden Jeff A. , Weiner Howard , McKhann Guy , Aronica Eleonora , Crino Peter B. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractBalloon cells (BCs) in focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) and giant cells (GCs) in tubers of the tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) share phenotypic similarities. TSC1 or TSC2 gene mutations in TSC lead to mTOR pathway activation and p70S6kinase (phospho‐S6K) and ribosomal S6 (phospho‐S6) protein phosphorylation. Phospho‐S6K, phospho‐S6, and phospho‐S6K–activated proteins phospho‐STAT3 and phospho‐4EBP1 were detected immunohistochemically in GCs, whereas only phospho‐S6 was observed in BCs. Expression of four candidate gene families (cell signaling, cell adhesion, growth factor/receptor, and transcription factor mRNAs) was assayed in single, microdissected phospho‐S6–immunolabeled BCs and GCs as a strategy to define whether BCs and GCs exhibit differential transcriptional profiles. Among 60 genes, differential expression of 24 mRNAs distinguished BCs from GCs and only 4 genes showed similar expression profiles between BCs and GCs. Tuberin mRNA levels were reduced in GCs from TSC patients with TSC2 gene mutations but were unchanged in BCs. Phospho‐S6K, ‐S6, ‐STAT3, and ‐4EBP1 expression in GCs reflects loss of hamartin‐tuberin–mediated mTOR pathway inhibition. Phospho‐S6 expression alone in BCs does not support mTOR cascade activation in FCD. Differential gene expression profiles in BCs and GCs supports the hypothesis that these cell types derive by distinct pathogenic mechanisms. Ann Neurol 2004
Familial aggregation of Parkinson's disease: The Mayo Clinic family study
Authors: Rocca Walter A. , McDonnell Shannon K. , Strain Kari J. , Bower James H. , Ahlskog J. Eric , Elbaz Alexis , Schaid Daniel J. , Maraganore Demetrius M. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractData on the familial aggregation of Parkinson's disease (PD) remain conflicting. We conducted a historical cohort study of 1,001 first‐degree relatives of 162 probands with PD and of 851 relatives of 147 control probands representative of the population of Olmsted County, Minnesota (from 1976 through 1995). In addition, we studied 2,713 first‐degree relatives of 411 probands with PD referred to the Mayo Clinic from 1996 through 2000 and 625 spouses of PD or control probands. Whenever possible, relatives were interviewed and screened for parkinsonism either directly or through a proxy, and those who screened positive were examined or a copy of their medical record was obtained to confirm the diagnosis (family study method). Thirty relatives of population‐based PD probands, 18 relatives of population‐based control probands, 65 relatives of referral PD probands, and 8 spouses had developed PD. Combining population‐based with referral PD probands and population‐based control probands with spouses, the relative risk was modestly increased (relative risk, 1.71; 95% confidence interval, 1.11–2.64). Relatives of probands with younger onset (≤66 years; first tertile) had a more significantly increased risk (relative risk, 2.62; 95% confidence interval, 1.66–4.15), whereas relatives of probands with later onset had no increased risk. The relative risk decreased when the incidence of all types of parkinsonism was considered. Ann Neurol 2004;56:495–502
Cytochrome c oxidase biogenesis in a patient with a mutation in COX10 gene
Authors: Coenen Marieke J. H. , van den Heuvel Lambert P. , Ugalde Cristina , ten Brinke Marike , Nijtmans Leo G. J. , Trijbels Frans J. M. , Beblo Skadi , Maier Esther M. , Muntau Ania C. , Smeitink Jan A. M. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractWe report a cytochrome c oxidase (COX)–deficient patient, clinically affected with Leigh‐like disease, with a homozygous mutation in the COX10 start codon. Two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis showed a decrease of fully assembled COX without the accumulation of partially assembled COX subcomplexes. Western blot analysis with antibodies directed to COX subunits I, II, and IV showed a decrease of these subunits in this patient compared with control. Overexpression of the COX10 protein in the patient's fibroblasts proved that the detected mutation was indeed the disease cause. Ann Neurol 2004;56:560–564
Reduction of cortical TrkA but not p75NTR protein in early‐stage Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Counts Scott E. , Nadeem Muhammad , Wuu Joanne , Ginsberg Stephen D. , Saragovi H. Uri , Mufson Elliott J. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractDegeneration of cholinergic nucleus basalis (NB) cortical projection neurons is associated with cognitive decline in late‐stage Alzheimer's disease (AD). NB neuron survival is dependent on coexpression of the nerve growth factor (NGF) receptors p75NTR and TrkA, which bind NGF in cortical projection sites. We have shown previously a significant reduction of NB perikarya expressing p75NTR and TrkA protein during the early stages of AD. Whether there is a concomitant reduction in cortical levels of these receptors during the progression of AD is unknown. p75NTR and TrkA protein was evaluated by quantitative immunoblotting in five cortical regions (anterior cingulate, superior frontal, superior temporal, inferior parietal, and visual cortex) of individuals clinically diagnosed with no cognitive impairment (NCI), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), mild/moderate AD, or severe AD. Cortical p75NTR levels were stable across the diagnostic groups. In contrast, TrkA levels were reduced approximately 50% in mild/moderate and severe AD compared with NCI and MCI in all regions except visual cortex. Mini‐Mental Status Examination scores correlated with TrkA levels in anterior cingulate, superior frontal, and superior temporal cortex. The selective reduction of cortical TrkA levels relative to p75NTR may have important consequences for cholinergic NB function during the transition from MCI to AD. Ann Neurol 2004