bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Master Paradigm
Authors: Shandler Jeffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How did an American relationship with the Holocaust develop over the course of the half century following the end of World War II? One measure is provided by tracking the use of the term Holocaust itself. In I959, historian Leon Jick noted, “a book called Holocaust was published in New York” that described a recent fire in a Boston nightclub in which hundreds of people perished.1 This, he argued, demonstrates that the term Holocaust had yet to be associated with the Nazi persecution of Europe’s Jews, which evinces the limited awareness of this historical epoch among Americans during the first postwar decades.
Prologue
Authors: Roy Cynthia B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Interpreting for people who do not speak a common language is a linguistic and social act of communication, and the interpreter’s role in this process is an engaged one, directed by knowledge and understanding of the entire communicative situation, including fluency in the languages, competence in appropriate usage within each language, and in managing the cross-cultural flow of talk. Within the last decade, researchers have begun to examine the process of interpreting as embedded within a process of verbal interaction, a conversational process of people talking to each other through an interpreter, or, as I will call it here, a discourse process. Although the term discourse has come into wide use and is associated with a variety of disciplines, we get the first use of the term from linguistics (Harris 1952). In linguistics, discourse analysis is a familiar term generated from several branches of linguistics, often referring to analyzing “language beyond the sentence.”
The Meeting And The Participants
Authors: Roy Cynthia B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Social interaction is both composed of and composed by the interactants, their roles, their expectations, and their obligations within a social situation. Within interpreted events, getting to know the participants, their perspectives, and their reflections of what occurred is a luxury we do not have in real time. Not much has been written about the views or perspectives of the three people as they enter or emerge from an interpreted event. This chapter offers the opportunity to meet the three participants, to read their views about interpreters, to learn their goals within the event, and their reflections on being involved. This chapter sets the scene by describing the physical setting and an overview of the meeting. From this point on, I refer to the participants by their role titles as their names because it is their enactment, their assumptions and expectations, and their perceptions of their respective roles that are significant in understanding their words and actions. So, I introduce the Professor, the Student, and the Interpreter and allow their perspectives to come forth in their own words. In this way, they add to the definition, description, and understanding of the event we call interpreting.
Turn Exchanges In An Interpreted Professor-Student Conference
Authors: Roy Cynthia B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In professional discussions, papers, books, and pamphlets about interpreting, there is a largely underlying assumption that if speakers are talking back and forth, interpreters should make it possible for them to seem as if they are talking directly to one another. Although it may be possible at times for speakers to feel as if they are talking directly to each other, they are not. They are always exchanging speaking turns with the interpreter.
Racist Reactions and Ebonics Satire
Authors: Baugh John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores a series of racist-to-benign reactions sparked by Ebonics. As a linguist devoted to the educational welfare of the poor, I typically reject most ignorant comments that confirm racist linguistic stereotypes. However, any Ebonics survey would be incomplete without describing some of the vicious as well as innocent cases of Ebonics insults that sprang forth after Oakland’s ill-fated resolutions captured public attention. Racist web sites appeared with alarming speed as Ebonics became an open target of public ridicule. Some Oak-land educators were claiming to have elevated public awareness of this issue to new heights, but the following examples show that African American language had been maligned and dragged down to new depths through the promulgation of various unsavory opinions.
Foreign Direct Investment Outflows and Manufacturing Trade: A Comparison of Japan and the United States
Authors: Graham Edward M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents empirical evidence on whether outward foreign direct investment (FDI) and international trade are substitutes or complements, that is, whether a nation’s greater stock of FDI is associated with decreases or increases of its ex ports and imports.1 This issue has long concerned policy makers, who have worried about possible negative effects of outward FDI upon a nation’s balance of payments and employment of its work force. In this chapter, I report results pertaining to two nations that are home to large stocks of FDI: the United States and Japan.
Abolishing The Death Penalty Even For The Worst Murderers
Authors: Bedau Hugo Adam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the wake of the death sentence for Timothy McVeigh, convicted in June 1997 for his role in the murderous bombing of the Federal Building in Oklahoma City two years earlier, it is timely to ask this question: Who has the better of the argument, those who believe that some offenders (such as McVeigh) ought to be punished by being put to death, or those who believe that no one ought to be executed (not even McVeigh) and instead should be sentenced to long-term imprisonment? To focus the question and keep the discussion relevant to the current scene, we can put aside the status of the death penalty for nonhomicidal crimes, for at least two reasons. First, the paradigm crime punishable by death has ahvays been murder (“a life for a life”). It is also now settled constitutional law that such nonhomicidal crimes as rape and armed robby are 110 longer subject to the punishment of death, as they had been only a generation ago. Second, we need not discuss whether the death penalty is the appropriate punishment for all homicides. A mandatory death penalty for those convicted of killing another person would re­ quire abolishing the distinction between murder and manslaughter and behveen first- and second-degree murder; it would also require abolishing prosecutorial, judicial, and executive discretion in capital cases. Even if those considerations were not persuasive, the Supreme Court has decreed that mandatory death penalties, even for first-degree murder committed by a person under life sentence for murder, is unconstitutional.
Tokens Of Our Esteem: Aggravating Factors In The Era Of Deregulated Death Penalties
Authors: Simon Jonathan , Spaulding Christina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One legacy of Furman v. Georgia1 and its progeny has been a new species of legal act, the capital aggravating factor, which features in virtually all post-Furman capital sentencing systems. Capital aggravating factors operate in two quite distinct fields. In the penalty trial field, capital aggravators define the homicidal behavior of particular individuals as appropriate for capital punishment. The jury’s finding that a constitutionally appropriate aggravating factor applies, even a single one, is an essential prerequisite to a constitutional death sentence (and in some states the jury is thereafter free to impose death without further findings). In the legislative field, they provide a kind of currency through which states seek to recognize various concerns and valorize certain kinds of subjects and situations. Aggravating factors have tremendous symbolic capital because they advertize the priori­ ties of a particular political community in the light of the most charged ritual known to ancient or modern societies: the ceremonial sacrifice of a human being. In the two decades since the death penalty came back into our midst, the relationship between these two fields has become more problematic. In some respects the first generation of post-Furman aggravators insisted on a relationship between these two fields. The swing Justices in Furman were concerned primarily with the arbitrariness of the few death sentences handed down by the states. Aggravating factors promised to assure a legitimate public justification for the appropriateness of execution in each prisoner’s case. The construction of aggravating factors in the legislative field was to eliminate arbitrariness in the penalty trial field. Swing Justices in Furman and Gregg v. Georgia2 first insisted and then assumed that the two would have a tightly controlled and rational relationship. Aggravators were to be the channels of discretion or the arms of an extended public will. The power to kill under law would act through the discretion of juries and or judges, but correspond to the values of law. Other agendas that states might have wanted to advance through executions were suppressed in the name of supporting the basic enterprise of sustaining the death penalty (still an open question after Furman).
Is it Reasonable to Expect a Return from Investments in Information Technology?
Authors: Lucas Henry C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is the value of investments in information technology (IT)? Is there a return from investing in IT? These two questions are critical because firms invest huge amounts in information technology; an estimated SO percent of U.S. capital investment today is for IT. For top-ranked banks like Chase and Citibank, express carriers like FedEx and UPS, and large brokerage firms, annual IT budgets approach or exceed $1 billion. The chairman of NationsBank, Hugh McColl, stated at a CEO series seminar at New York University in April 1997 that his bank was spending $500 million a year on software and had a total IT budget of $1.9 billion. After its merger with Bank of America, the combined banks will initially have an annual IT budget of $4 billion! (Only a portion of these budgets represents investment in new IT initiatives; the rest is for ongoing operations.)
When IT Becomes a Part of Strategy
Authors: Lucas Henry C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is easy to focus on individual IT investments rather than their cumulative impact. Companies budget for individual applications of technology, and the IT staff works on a project basis. For some firms, the combination of all its individual investments in technology far exceeds their individual impact. A good example is the American Hospital Supply, Baxter, Allegiance saga from the Chapter 5. Here, continued investments in technology changed the hospital supply industry and the supply firm’s own view of its fundamental business. There are examples where IT has become intertwined with the basic strategy of the corporation. In these cases, positive experiences with IT investments have provided management with the confidence to incorporate more technology as a part of strategy. The close linking of strategy and technology makes it difficult to measure the return from IT quantitatively, but we may be able to do so qualitatively.
Where IT Value is Found
Authors: Lucas Henry C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Is there value from investing in information technology? Our first imight is that value depends on the type of IT investment. Table 12-1 reviews IT investment types and comments on the kind of return one is likely to see. The table illustrates why it is difficult to prove there is value from IT investments, particularly if one wants to demonstrate a measurable financial return. For a number of investments, it is hard to identify the value returned because so many other factors influence outcomes. These investments may provide value in ways other than a clearly defined financial ROI.
Lexical Replacement
Authors: Brown Cecil H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In accord with the proposal that the extent of lexical borrowing is positively influenced by the degree of bilingualism is Casagrande ‘ s distinction between “primary accommodation” and “secondary accommodation” in contact situations. He relates this contrast to the four principal means by which languages enlarge their vocabularies to deal with new objects and ideas (see chapter 3): No knowledge of the language of an impinging culture is required for meaning extensions or new coinages and only native linguistic materials are used.
Postcontact Linguistic Areas
Authors: Brown Cecil H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Data assembled in the preceding chapters attest to the diffusion of several postcontact linguistic traits across both genetically affiliated and unaffiliated languages of the southeastern United States (SE). These include Spanish loanwords for items of acculturation (see table 9.4) and loan shifts that involve the imported referents PEACH and PIG (chapter 10). Two lingua francas of the region, Mobilian Jargon and Lingua Franca Creek, are identified as probable primary agents of diffusion. This is in accord with the findings of chapter 8 that genetically unrelated languages spoken by groups who use the same lingua franca share native terms for acculturated items mainly as a result of parallel acquisitions from the lingua franca.
Market Pressures and Quality Consciousness
Authors: Cole Robert E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How are we to understand the rise of the American quality movement in the 1980s? Was it a simple response to market pressures or did more complicated institutional factors shape how and when the movement developed? Quality does not at first glance appear to be an issue like those noted by March and Olsen (1976) in which top management discovers motives only through adopting new approaches. After all, in the early 1980s, the objective became clear in one manufacturing sector after another: meet the Japanese quality challenge. Seems straightforward enough.
Japanese Returnees’ Retention of English-Speaking Skills: Changes in Verb Usage over Time
Authors: Reetz-Kurashige Anita 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This study tracked the English-speaking ability of 18 school-age Japanese returnees for a period of 12-18 months. The data included interviews, free talking, and storytelling. We measured the changes in the subjects’ retention of ability to tell or to retell stories and specifically examined children’s changes in verb forms over their first three years back in Japan. The purpose of the research was to provide pedagogically useful information on attrition, highlighting verb forms.
Not a Total Loss: The Attrition of Japanese Negation over Three Decades
Authors: Hansen Lynne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Little is known of the effect on a language of long-term discontinuation or reduction of its use. The fledgling field of language attrition, not yet two decades old, has seen few longitudinal studies over extended periods (but see de Bot & Clyne 1989). Some information on attrition over several decades is available, however, from cross-sectional studies of the first language (Ll) loss of immigrants (de Bot et al. 1991) and of forgetting a second language (L2) learned at school (Bahrick 1984.a, b; de Bot & Lintsen 1986; Grendel et al. 1995). This chapter provides new perspectives on long-term attrition through an examination after several decades of a second language that had been acquired in a natural milieu. Through an analytical focus on negated structures, evidence is brought to bear on theories of regression and critical thresholds in L2 attrition.
Testing the Regression Hypothesis: The Remains of the Japanese Negation System in Micronesia
Authors: Hayashi Brenda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The present study is a replication of the research reported in the previous chapter. Despite a growing trend over several decades toward quantitative research in applied linguistics, this important aspect of it, replication, has scarcely begun. According to Santos (1989:700), “What is considered standard procedure (replication studies) in other disciplines that hypothesize, quantify, and generalize is ignored in ours We have reached the point in applied linguistics where there is enough research to make replication of some of it not only worthwhile, but also necessary to advance the field. “ And in this same vein, Olshtain (1989:164), at the conclusion of her article, “Is Second Language Attrition the Reversal of Second Language Acquisition? “ states that “it is only through comparison and validation of previous work that attrition studies can progress and contribute to the overall field of second language acquisition research. “
Formulating the Mess: Sensing and Making Sense of the Situation
Authors: Ackoff Russell L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In order to close the gaps between where an organization is and where it wants to be, one must, of course, know where it is, where it is heading if it does not change its behavior, and what are the internal and external obstructions to its changing. This requires relatively complete knowledge and understanding of the current state of the organization and its environment. Such knowledge and understanding are usually divided among different members of the organization. Therefore, preparation of what might be called the state of the organization or a situational analysis requires identifying sources, seeking them out, soliciting and collecting their knowledge and understanding, and compiling it into a comprehensible form.
Organizational Development and Transformational Leadership
Authors: Ackoff Russell L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sooner or later some honking wannabe will lurch up to inform you that your choices are to lead, follow him, or get out of his way. In Chapter 2, I pointed out that the proper objective of a social system is self-development and development of its stakeholders and itself, and that quality of life is a more appropriate index of development than standard of living. Standard of living is an index of growth. Unfortunately, “development” and “growth” are commonly treated as synonyms. They are not the same thing. Either can take place without the other. Rubbish heaps grow, but do not develop, and Einstein continued to develop long after he stopped growing.
Linguistic and Ethnographic Fieldwork
Authors: Dorian Nancy C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A people and their language-what could be more straightforward? In the ideal case, it really is straightforward. There is a particular place where a certain group of people live, and in that particular place they speak a certain language. They have a name for themselves and their language, and no other people goes by that name or claims to speak that language as a mother tongue. If you seek them out, they will tell you who they are and what language they speak; and if they see that you are really interested in them, they will teach you about themselves and their language, perhaps even help you learn to speak their language if you desire.
Sign Language and the Deaf Community
Authors: Baker Colin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The theme of this chapter is that there has been an ethnic awakening among the Deaf community no less than among other ethnic minority groups in the world. This chapter covers three major issues. First, I deal with the importance of understanding that Deaf people and Deaf communities are very varied and include different types of Deaf people. Second, I present the pre-1970s view of deafness. This is the medical model, which consists of an interlinked series of negative myths, false beliefs, assumptions, values, and popular hypotheses and convictions about the disabilities, deficiencies, and disadvantages of the Deaf community. Part of this view is that sign language is a mark of abnormality. Third, I examine different elements of the ethnic awakening among Deaf people. This section examines the reconstruction of deafness, the growth of status of sign language, new perspectives on Deaf people as bilinguals, modern progressive bilingual education for Deaf people, and some “ethnic revival” views of the nature, purpose, and identity of Deaf communities.
Second-Language Learning
Authors: Spolsky Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Second-language learning is the process by which an individual who has, during the first few years of life, acquired one language (or, often, more than one language) from his or her caretakers or peers goes on to add one or more new languages to his or her repertoire. The context of learning might be informal inter course with people using a different language, or the organized instruction of an educational system, or a program of self-instruction, or a combination of these. From the point of view of such a broadly defined field of second-language learning, language and ethnicity can be looked at in two ways. First, we can ask how those asserting ethnicity (in revival movements, for instance) have needed to be come involved in language teaching. Second, we can look at the influence that the ethnic revival and heightened understanding of language and ethnicity have had on the field of second-language learning.
Amerindians
Authors: Mccarty Teresa L , Zepeda Ofelia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My mother and father came upon this land so many years ago. I don’t remember much of it. I think I was about five years old. Here we stay on our land that we have had for so many years. Here we have our homes. Our sheep, horses, and cows-these came here with us. We made life here. My parents said that there will be life here and the people will live here. My father and mother have passed on. Now there are only those of us who are the children, so this is how we live.
South and Southeast Asia
Authors: Schiffman Harold F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I take the approach that a study of language and ethnicity in South and Southeast Asia should be focused primarily on establishing some fundamental notions about the linguistic culture of the area by which I mean the sum totality of ideas, values, beliefs, attitudes, prejudices, myths, religious strictures, and all the other cultural ideas and expectations that South and Southeast Asians bring from their culture to their dealings with language. Because South and Southeast Asian linguistic culture has long been deeply concerned with the transmission and codification of language(s) used in the area, it is necessary to examine what notions about the value of literacy and the sanctity of texts are current in the area. To establish notions of what constitutes a linguistic culture, I believe that we need to look not only at the overt manifestations of “high” linguistic culture-the explicit, the de jure, the codified, the written, and the official-but also at covert aspects of the linguistic culture: the implicit, de facto, unstated, unofficial, perhaps “folk-cultural” aspects of the linguistic culture.
Developmental Relationship of Hematopoietic Stem Cells and Endothelial Cells
Authors: Nishikawa Shin-Ichi , Nishikawa Satomi , Fraser Stuart , Fujimoto Tetsuhiro , Yoshida Hisahiro , Hirashima, Masanori , Ogawa Minetaro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hematopoietic cells (HC) and vascular endothelial cells (EC) are the tissues that mature earliest during embryogenesis. In the 7.5 days postcoitus (dpc) mouse embryo, mature erythroid and EC are found in the yolk sac (YS), whereas other tissues-such as the somitic stage for muscle cells-are at intermediate stages of development. It is widely accepted that HC and vascular EC share common precursors (Sabin, 1920; Murray, 1932; Pardanaud et al., 1989).