bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sulfonium Triflate Mediated Glycosidations of Aryl 2‐Azido‐2‐deoxy‐1‐thio‐D‐mannosides
Authors: Litjens Remy E. J. N. , van den Bos Leendert J. , Codée Jeroen D. C. , van den Berg Richard J. B. H. N. , Overkleeft Herman S. , van der Marel Gijsbert A. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe effectiveness in terms of yield and stereoselectivity of (phenylsulfinyl)piperidine (BSP) 1b/ trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride (Tf2O) and diphenyl sulfoxide (DPS) 1c/Tf2O‐mediated glycosidations of 2‐azido‐3‐O‐benzyl‐4,6‐O‐benzylidene‐2‐deoxy‐D‐thiomannosides 2a/b is described. Application of the BSP/Tf2O activator led to productive condensations using p‐methoxyphenyl 2‐azido‐3‐O‐benzyl‐4,6‐O‐benzylidene‐2‐deoxy‐D‐thiomannoside (2b) as a donor, while the more powerful DPS/Tf2O combination gave similar results using both p‐methoxyphenyl and phenyl 2‐azido‐3‐O‐benzyl‐4,6‐O‐benzylidene‐2‐deoxy‐D‐thiomannosides 2a/b. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Cover Picture: Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Highly Fluorinated Sulfimides and Sulfoximides as Functional Building Blocks for Materials Science (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 5/2005)
Authors: Kirsch Peer , Lenges Marc , Kühne Daniel , Wanczek Karl‐Peter 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe cover picture illustrates the conformational equilibrium of highly fluorinated sulfoximides. The conformation of this polar group critically influences the dielectric anisotropy of liquid crystals derived therefrom. The crystal structure of heterostilbene‐like fluoroaromatic sulfoximides is dominated by stacking interactions of orthogonal aromatic substructures. Details are discussed in the article by P. Kirsch et al. on p. 797 ff.
A second look at the role of the fast Fourier transform as an elliptic solver
Authors: Avital E. J. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractA fast cosine transform (FCT) is coupled with a tridiagonal solver for the purpose of solving the Poisson equation on irregular and non‐uniform rectangular staggered grids. This kind of solution is required for the pressure field during the simulation of the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations when using the projection method. A new technique using the FCT–tridiagonal solver is derived for the cases where the boundaries of the flow regime do not coincide with the boundaries of the computational domain and for non‐uniform grids. The technique is based on an iterative procedure where a defect equation is solved in every iteration, followed by a relaxation procedure. The method is investigated analytically and numerically to show that the solution converges as a geometric series. The method is further investigated for the effects of the relative size of the rigid body, the grid stretching, size and aspect ratio. The new solver is incorporated with the direct numerical simulation (DNS) and large eddy simulation (LES) techniques to simulate the flows around a backward‐facing step and a 3D rectangular obstacle, yielding results that qualitatively compare well with known results. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Long‐term runoff forecasting by combining hydrological models and meteorological records
Authors: Yang Tao‐Chang , Yu Pao‐Shan , Chen Chiang‐Chi 
Published: March 2005

AbstractReservoir operation is generally based on the inflows of the upstream catchment of the reservoir. If the arriving inflows can be forecasted, that can benefit reservoir operation and management. This study attempts to construct a long‐term inflow‐forecasting model by combining a continuous rainfall–runoff model with the long‐term weather outlook from the Central Weather Bureau of Taiwan. The analytical results demonstrate that the continuous rainfall–runoff model has good inflow simulation performance by using 10‐day meteorological and inflow records over a 33‐year period for model calibration and verification. The long‐term inflow forecasting during the dry season was further conducted by combining the continuous rainfall–runoff model and the long‐term weather outlook, which was found to have good performance. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessing the TOPKAPI non‐linear reservoir cascade approximation by means of a characteristic lines solution
Authors: Liu Zhiyu , Todini Ezio 
Published: March 2005

AbstractTOPKAPI is a physically based distributed rainfall–runoff model derived upon the assumption that the horizontal flow at a point in the soil, over the slopes and in the channel network can be approximated by means of a kinematic wave model. The TOPKAPI model combines this kinematic approach with a digital elevation model (DEM)‐based description of a basin. Similarly to what is done in the finite element approach, the basic model equations are derived by integrating in space the point process equations up to a finite dimension, the pixel, thus converting the original kinematic partial differential equations into a cascade of finite dimension non‐linear reservoir ordinary differential equations. These new equations are ‘structurally similar’ for all the processes (flow in the soil, over the slopes and in the channel network) and are shown to be representative of the original equations at the new finite pixel scale. With a view to assessing the quality of the approximation, the paper presents a comparison study in which a quasi‐analytical approach based upon the characteristic kinematic wave solution of the original equations is compared to the solution provided by the non‐linear reservoir finite scale approximation. The test is first applied to a simplified theoretical case in order to show the quality of the approximation at small scales. Successively it is applied to two real‐word cases: the Upper Reno catchment based on 400 × 400 m2 pixels and the Sieve River catchment using 1 × 1 km2 pixels.All the results show that the cascade of non‐linear reservoirs is a good finite dimension approximation of the subsurface flow in the soil, the flow over the slopes and the flow in the channel network, which allows us to properly retain the physical properties of the original equations at finite scales that range from a few metres up to 1 km. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pseudosynovial fluid from loosened total hip prosthesis induces osteoclast formation
Authors: Mandelin Jami , Liljeström Mikko , Li Tian‐Fang , Ainola Mari , Hukkanen Mika , Salo Jari , Santavirta Seppo , Konttinen Yrjö T. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractInterface tissue between the bone and loosening total hip implant is acidic and highly osteolytic. It is characterized by the formation of cathepsin K positive foreign body giant cells. Similar structures to those found in the normal joint surround the artificial hip joint. Cells in synovial membrane of the artificial hip generate synovial fluid that is called pseudosynovial fluid. Interface tissue fibroblasts are able to produce receptor activator of NF‐κB ligand (RANKL), which can induce osteoclastogenesis during the loosening process. Western blot analysis indicated that RANKL is present in the pseudosynovial fluid. Pseudosynovial fluid induced cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells to form multinuclear TRAP positive giant cells. In the presence of osteoprotegerin, the soluble RANKL decoy receptor, the number of TRAP positive multinuclear cells was reduced to half (p < 0.05). The multinuclear cells induced with pseudosynovial fluid contained active cathepsin K protein and were capable of bone matrix resorption in vitro. The cells were shown to express osteoclast phenotype markers, such as mRNA for cathepsin K, TRAP, and calcitonin receptor. It is therefore apparent that pseudosynovial fluid from patients with aseptic loosening of total hip prosthesis contains a potent osteoclastogenic factor RANKL that further suggests a favorable environment for osteoclast formation in the peri‐implant tissues. It is thus concluded that suppression of RANKL activity may be beneficial in terms of increasing the lifetime of total hip prostheses. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater
Electrochemical oxidation of textile dye indigo
Authors: Doǧan Doǧan , Türkdemir Haluk 
Published: March 2005

AbstractElectrochemical methods are being used increasingly as an alternative treatment process for the remediation of textile wastewaters. This study focused mainly on the colour removal and chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction of vat textile dye (CI Vat Blue 1: indigo) from its aqueous solution by electrochemical oxidation. The process was carried out in a batch‐type divided electrolytic cell under constant potential using a Pt cage as anode and Pt foil as cathode. Operating variables such as supporting electrolyte, pH, ultrasonification and treatment time were investigated to probe their effects on the efficiency of the electrochemical treatment. Colour removal was estimated by monitoring the disappearance of the absorbance peak at 681.5 nm. It was found that in acidic conditions the electrolysis was more efficient. At pH 1, an NaCl concentration of 0.24 mol dm−3, a dyeing solution concentration of 0.1% (w/v) and a period of 90 min of electrolysis, there was almost 100% colour removal and 60% reduction in COD. Voltammetric and IR investigations demonstrated that partial degradation of dye was achieved. The experimental results indicate that this electrochemical method could effectively be used as a pretreatment stage before conventional treatment. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Surface‐Imprinted Polyurethane Having Affinity Sites for Ampicillin
Authors: Sreenivasan Kunnatheeri 
Published: March 2005

AbstractSummary: Affinity sites for an antibacterial drug, ampicillin, were created on the surface of polyurethane using the technique of non‐covalent molecular imprinting. This was achieved by polymerizing aminophenylboronic acid in the presence of the ampicillin as a template. The extent of adsorption of the drug by the imprinted surface is nearly five times higher than the non‐imprinted surface. The in vitro release studies have shown that the drug is retained for a prolonged period on the imprinted surface while it is rapidly released from the non‐imprinted surface. These modified materials were subjected to interactions with two bacterial strains, E. Coli and S. aureus. These species could not adhere to the imprinted surface, further showing the ability of the surface to retain the drug for a prolonged period of time. The non‐imprinted surface retained the bacterial strains, reflecting the lack of the drug on the surface. This novel approach seems to be useful for creating surfaces capable of retaining components of interest through non‐covalent interactions to impart specific features, such as improved blood compatibility and antibacterial properties.Adsorption of ampicillin by the imprinted and non‐imprinted polymers.magnified imageAdsorption of ampicillin by the imprinted and non‐imprinted polymers.
Biocompatibility of Poly(carbonate urethane)s with Various Degrees of Nanophase Separation
Authors: Hsu Shan‐hui , Kao Yu‐Chih 
Published: March 2005

AbstractSummary: Nanophase separation has been suggested to influence the biological performance of polyurethane. In a previous work (Macromol. Biosci. 2004, 4, 891), six different 4,4′‐diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI)‐based poly(carbonate urethane)s (PCUs) that exhibited various degrees of nanophase separation were synthesized and characterized. In the present work, these PCUs were used as a model system to study the effect of nanometric structures on the biocompatibility of polyurethane. Human blood platelet activation, monocyte activation, protein adsorption, and bacterial adhesion on PCU were investigated in vitro. It was found that human blood platelets as well as monocytes were less activated on the PCU surfaces with a greater degree of nanophase separation in general. This phenomenon was closely associated with the lower ratio of human fibrinogen/albumin competitively adsorbed on these surfaces. Bacterial adhesion was also inhibited in some nanophase‐separated PCUs.The morphology of a platelet on a PCU studied here.magnified imageThe morphology of a platelet on a PCU studied here.
Microwave‐Assisted Single‐Step Synthesis of Poly(alkylene hydrogen phosphonate)s by Transesterification of Dimethyl Hydrogen Phosphonate with Poly(ethylene glycol)
Authors: Bezdushna Ella , Ritter Helmut , Troev Kolio 
Published: March 2005

AbstractSummary: Poly(alkylene hydrogen phosphonate)s with a number‐average molecular weight of about 3 000 Da were obtained by a transesterification of dimethyl hydrogen phosphonate with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG 400) under microwave irradiation with a very short reaction time (55 min) relative to that of classical thermal heating (9 h). The structure of the resulting polymer was confirmed by 1H, 31P, and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The molecular weight was determined by 1H, 31P{H} NMR spectroscopy, MALDI‐TOF, and GPC.The transesterification of dimethyl hydrogen phosphonate with poly(ethylene glycol).imageThe transesterification of dimethyl hydrogen phosphonate with poly(ethylene glycol).
Crystal Transition of Nylon‐12,12 under Drawing and Annealing
Authors: Song Jianbin , Zhang Huiliang , Ren Minqiao , Chen Qingyong , Sun Xiaohong , Wang Shuyun , Zhang Hongfang , Mo Zhishen 
Published: March 2005

AbstractSummary: Wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD) was used to investigate the crystal transition of nylon‐12,12 under annealing and drawing. The triclinic α‐form could be obtained by crystallizing from a melted state or by annealing the γ‐form at high temperature (above 150 °C). The crystal structure of the α‐form annealed at 90 °C didn't change with time except for the perfection of crystals and an increase in the degree of crystallinity. The pseudo‐hexagonal γ‐form could be produced by crystallizing from the melted state at low temperature (90 °C) or by drawing at 90 and 160 °C. This is the first time a Brill transition has been observed under drawing conditions, instead of under the traditional conditions of continuous heating and cooling. Experimental results also confirm that drawing inducement is preferable to produce the γ‐form and plays an important role in determining the crystal structure; there is a competition between drawing inducement and thermal inducement.The WAXD patterns of the nylon‐12,12 α‐form drawn different drawing ratios at 90 °C.imageThe WAXD patterns of the nylon‐12,12 α‐form drawn different drawing ratios at 90 °C.
New Developments in Multidimensional Chromatography of Complex Polymers
Authors: Pasch Harald , Adler Martina , Rittig Frank , Becker Stefan 
Published: March 2005

AbstractSummary: Complex polymers are distributed in more than one direction of molecular heterogeneity. In addition to the molar mass distribution, they are frequently distributed with respect to chemical composition, functionality, and molecular heterogeneity. One approach for the analysis of the heterogeneity of complex polymers is their chromatographic separation by combining different separation mechanisms. A typical experimental protocol includes the separation of the sample according to composition to yield fractions that are chemically homogeneous. These fractions are transferred to a size‐selective separation method and analyzed with respect to molar mass. As a result of this two‐dimensional (2D) separation, information on both types of molecular heterogeneity is obtained. So far, 2D chromatography has been applied mostly to polymers that are soluble in organic solvents. There are several problems related to the use of aqueous mobile phases in polymer chromatography. These problems relate to the very polar or ionic character of the polymers and the experimental conditions, including the use of salt‐containing eluents. The present paper addresses the different parameters that influence the chromatographic experiments. For a model polymer system resulting from the grafting of methacrylic acid (MAA) onto poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), i.e., PEG‐g‐PMAA, it will be shown that different chromatographic techniques including SEC, LC‐CC, and 2D chromatography, as well as coupled LC‐CC/FT‐IR can be used to analyze the molecular complexity of the copolymers.LC‐CC/FT‐IR spectra of a PEG‐g‐PMAA sample as function of the elution volume.imageLC‐CC/FT‐IR spectra of a PEG‐g‐PMAA sample as function of the elution volume.
Thermal regime of ice‐wedge cracking in Adventdalen, Svalbard
Authors: Christiansen Hanne H. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractOne year of monitoring (2002–2003) at a low‐centred ice‐wedge polygon site on Svalbard is described. Ground temperatures were recorded hourly from the top of an ice wedge through the active layer to the ground surface in the central part of a trough and in the adjacent rampart. Daily data on snow‐cover depth were collected by automatic digital photography. Cracks were mapped in February, April and July. The results show that cracking occurred after ground temperatures at the centre of the ice‐wedge top decreased to below −15°C. Ground cooling in mid‐winter occurred mainly through the snow‐free ramparts because the ice‐wedge troughs were filled by snow to depths of up to 30 cm. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interactions of platinum(II) complexes with sulfur‐containing peptides studied by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Miao Ren , Yang Gaosheng , Miao Yi , Mei Yuhua , Hong Jin , Zhao Chunmei , Zhu Longgen 
Published: March 2005

AbstractReactions of two platinum(II) complexes, cis‐[Pt(NH3)2(H2O)2]2+ (Pt1) and cis‐[Pt(en)(H2O)2]2+ (Pt2), with several sulfur‐containing peptides, have been investigated by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). The species produced in the reactions were detected with ESI‐MS, and MS/MS analysis was performed to probe structural information. Collision‐induced dissociation revealed different dissociation pathways for the main reaction products of the two platinum(II) complexes with the same peptides. The major difference is the prominent loss of ammonia ligand for complexes of Pt1 due to the strong trans effect of sulfur, whereas the loss of ethylenediamine (en) ligand from Pt2 complexes is less favored, reflecting the chelating effect of the bidentate ligand. Despite the differences in dissociation patterns, Pt1 and Pt2, in general, form structurally similar complexes with the same peptides. In the reactions with Met‐Arg‐Phe‐Ala they both produce a N,S‐chelate ring through the N‐terminal NH2 and sulfur of the Met residue, and in the reactions with Ac‐Met‐Ala‐Ser they bind to the sulfur of Met and deprotonate an amide nitrogen upstream from the anchor site. Both of them are able to promote hydrolysis of the peptides. In reactions with glutathione they both form four‐membered Pt2S2 rings and Pt‐S‐Pt bonding through the bridging thiolate ligand, although the reaction rate is much slower for Pt2 due to steric hindrance of the en ligand. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The mechanism by which ethanol inhibits rat P2X4 receptors is altered by mutation of histidine 241
Authors: Xiong Keming , Hu Xiang‐Qun , Stewart Randall R , Weight Forrest F , Li Chaoying 
Published: March 2005

We investigated ethanol inhibition of the rat P2X4 receptor and the contribution of the three histidine residues in the extracellular loop of this receptor to ethanol inhibition of receptor function, using site‐directed mutagenesis and electrophysiological characterization of recombinant receptors.
In the wild‐type receptor, 50, 200 and 500 mM ethanol increasingly shifted the ATP concentration–response curve to the right in a parallel manner, increasing the EC50 value without affecting Emax. However, 750 or 900 mM ethanol did not produce a further increase in the EC50 value of the ATP concentration–response curve, suggesting that this inhibition is not competitive.
The P2X4 receptor mutations H140A and H286A did not significantly alter ethanol inhibition of ATP‐activated current. By contrast, the mutation H241A changed the mechanism by which ethanol inhibits receptor function; viz., ethanol inhibition was not associated with an increased EC50 value of the ATP concentration–response curve, instead, ethanol decreased the maximal response to ATP without affecting the EC50 value of the ATP concentration–response curve.
Ethanol inhibition of the H241A mutant was voltage independent between −60 and +20 mV and ethanol did not alter the reversal potential of ATP‐activated current. In addition, ethanol decreased the desensitization rate of the H241A‐mediated current.
The purinoceptor antagonists, suramin and pyridoxal‐phosphate‐6‐azophenyl‐2′,4′‐disulphonic acid (PPADS), did not alter the magnitude of ethanol inhibition of ATP‐activated current in the H241A mutant.
The results suggest that ethanol inhibits the wild‐type rat P2X4 receptor by an allosteric action to increase the EC50 value of the ATP concentration–response curve, the P2X4 receptor mutation H241A alters the mechanism by which ethanol inhibits P2X4 receptor function, and ethanol and PPADS or suramin appear to inhibit H241A‐mutated receptors at independent sites.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 145, 576–586. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706192
Set in Stone
Authors: DeCaroli Robert 
Published: March 2005

AbstractImages of popular demigods and minor deities are shown to dominate the decoration of early Buddhist sites to the exclusion of almost any other subject matter. In particular, an iconographic study of the remains of the monastery from Bharhut reveals a process of superimposition wherein the spirit‐deities have been moved to the periphery of the sacred space and the center is reserved for the Buddhist relic alone. When this information is coupled with new evidence demonstrating that these monasteries were largely built over locations (like cemeteries and hills) that were understood as being the abodes of specific minor deities, it becomes clear that the Buddhist community is making a potent statement of religious authority though its architecture. Significantly, this hierarchy expressed in sculpture parallels the claims of authority made in the legendary literature.
Passage from India
Authors: DeCaroli Robert 
Published: March 2005

AbstractUltimately, I identify Buddhism's co‐opting and absorption of local spirit‐religions as a crucial component of Buddhist expansion both within and outside of India. The case of Buddhist expansion into Burma (Myanmar) is particularly revealing. Despite significant differences between the forms of spirit‐religion practiced in Burma and India the Buddhists utilized a similar process of interacting with popular beliefs in both locations. The relationship between the Buddhist community and the local gods (nats) played a crucial role in Buddhism's widespread acceptance during the Pagan era.
The Aggregation Of Satisfactions: General Satisfaction As An Aggregate
Authors: Van Praag Bernard 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the development of the satisfaction aggregation model. Satisfaction with life as a whole or general satisfaction is analysed as a weighted aggregate of the domain satisfactions. It is shown that various domain levels can be distinguished, leading to a two- or three-layer model. The model is applied to job satisfaction for the British data set; the job is broken down into sub-domains such as salary, safety, permanence, etc. The employee then evaluates his/her job based on these. It is argued that various satisfactions can be dealt with as observed numerical variables, which can be used in econometric one- and multiple-equation(s) models.