bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Instrumental pressure observations and atmospheric circulation from the 17th and 18th centuries: London and Paris
Authors: Slonosky V.C. , Jones P.D. , Davies T.D. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractDaily pressure observations recorded by William Derham (1657–1735) at Upminster, Essex (near London), from 1697 to 1706 and 1708 have been corrected, converted to modern units and the Gregorian calendar, and adjusted for homogeneity. These pressure readings have been compared with previously published contemporary observations from Paris, and the two sets of early instrumental data used to calculate a daily series of the pressure difference between Paris and London. Frequency analysis of the daily series reveals that reversals of the south–north pressure gradient and easterly winds were more common from 1697 to 1708 than during the 1990s. Monthly mean values of Paris–London pressure differences have been compared with previously published monthly mean reconstructed surface pressure maps and to a reconstructed North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index. There is a good agreement between the strength and direction of monthly mean flow between London and Paris estimated from the circulation maps and the sign and magnitude of the Paris–London westerly flow index, but the correlation between the Paris–London index, known to be a good proxy for European zonal circulation, and the reconstructed NAO index, is low (0.2). Correlations between the monthly mean Paris–London zonal circulation index and central England temperatures suggest a strong relationship during winter and late summer from 1697 to 1708. The meticulous daily instrumental observations and the monthly and seasonal climate descriptions of Derham, his collection of instrumental observations and climatic descriptions from contemporary observers throughout Europe, and his early theories on the causes of climate change make his publications a valuable source of information for studies on climate during the early instrumental period. It is hoped that more of Derham's papers related to weather and climate may eventually come to light. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society.
Precipitation trends over the Russian permafrost‐free zone: removing the artifacts of pre‐processing
Authors: Groisman Pavel Ya. , Rankova Esfir Ya. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractRain gauge changes, changes in the number of observations per day, and inconsistent corrections to observed precipitation data during the 20th century of the meteorological network of the former Soviet Union make it difficult to address the issue of century time‐scale precipitation changes. In this paper, we use daily and sub‐daily synoptic data to account for the effects of these changes on the instrumental homogeneity of precipitation measurements over the Russian permafrost‐free zone (RPF, most populous western and central parts of the country). Re‐adjustments that were developed during this assessment allow us to (a) develop a system of scale corrections that remove the inhomogeneity owing to wetting/observation time changes over most of the former Soviet Union during the past century, and (b) to estimate precipitation trends over the RPF, reconciling previously contradictory results. The trend that emerges is an increase of about 5% per century. This estimate can be further refined after a more comprehensive set of supplementary data (precipitation type and wind) and metadata (information about the exposure of meteorological sites) is employed. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society
Precipitation anomalies in southern South America associated with a finer classification of El Niño and La Niña events
Authors: Kane R.P. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe relationship between rainfall in sub‐regions of Uruguay and South Brazil and a finer classification of El Niños (ENs), was studied. ENSOWs were defined as years when an EN existed on the Peruvian coast, the southern oscillation index (SOI = Tahiti minus Darwin pressure) was negative (SO), and Pacific sea‐surface temperature (SST) anomalies were positive (W). Further, unambiguous ENSOWs were defined as years when SO and W occurred in the middle of the calendar year, and ambiguous ENSOWs were defined as years when SO and W occurred in the earlier or later part of the calendar year (not in the middle). In contrast with India and some other regions where unambiguous ENSOWs were associated predominantly with droughts, in the case of southern South America the association was with excess rains. Among the ambiguous ENSOWs, some were associated with floods in southern South America, but some had normal or mixed rainfalls (floods in some sub‐regions, droughts in others) and a few even had droughts. C events (La Niñas, i.e. no EN, SOI positive, and SST negative) were associated mostly with droughts, but occasionally with floods in southern South America. Many non‐events were associated with floods or droughts, indicating that factors other than EN/La Niña could also be important. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society.
Distribution and temporal variability of 500 hPa cyclone characteristics in the Southern Hemisphere
Authors: Keable Murray , Simmonds Ian , Keay Kevin 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA 40 year period (1958–97) of US National Centers for Environmental Prediction reanalysis data has been used to diagnose the behaviour and variability of 500 hPa extratropical cyclones for the Southern Hemisphere using a Lagrangian perspective. The ‘finding’ and ‘tracking’ of these systems were performed using a fully automated scheme. Seasonal distributions of system density, cyclone formation (cyclogenesis), decay (cyclolysis), cyclone centre velocity and intensity/strength are presented. System density is shown to exhibit a maximum in the surface circumpolar trough region and over the Antarctic continent. A broad band of enhanced cyclone system density was evident across the South Pacific from southeast Australia to South America in all seasons, most markedly in winter. As this feature appears also at the surface level, strong vertical consistency of these cyclones in the low and middle troposphere is indicated. Velocities of cyclone centres were found to peak in the latitudes 50–55 °S, and 500 hPa systems appeared to move on average in a much more zonal (easterly) direction than their sea‐level counterparts.The mean number of midlatitude cyclones per analysis has exhibited a significant downward trend over the record, with particularly low values observed in the early 1980s. Offsetting this trend have been increases in three measures of mean cyclone vigour.Three orographic features, in particular, are seen to influence the behaviour of 500 hPa cyclones: the mountains of New Zealand, the Antarctic Peninsula and the southern Andes. Over most of Antarctica the rate of cyclogenesis exceeds that of cyclolysis, indicating that many of the cyclones being formed in the vortex are actually exported out (i.e. to the north) of the continent. In the subtropics, considerable numbers of systems are formed in the Mozambique Sea region, but these tend to be quasi‐stationary features. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society.
Dinoflagellate cyst evidence for warm interglacial conditions at the northern Barents Sea margin during marine oxygen isotope stage 5
Authors: Matthiessen Jens , Knies Jochen 
Published: August 2002

AbstractDinoflagellate cyst analysis has been conducted on a sediment core from the northern Barents Sea margin (eastern Arctic Ocean) to reconstruct sea‐surface conditions during marine oxygen isotope stage 5. Cyst concentrations and composition of assemblages display a distinct variability reflecting deglacial warming and the onset of relatively warm interglacial conditions in early stage 5. Dinoflagellate cyst assemblages of the last interglacial, which corresponds broadly to substage 5e, are comparable with those from recent sediments of the area, but have lower abundances of cold water taxa. Such assemblages suggest that sea‐surface temperatures of the last interglacial were therefore at least as warm as today or even warmer. After a distinct cooling, relatively stable cold conditions with minor periods of surface water warming prevailed from mid‐substages 5d to 5b. Temperatures might have been similar in substages 5a and 5e, but the different compositions of assemblages indicate a stronger stratification of surface waters, probably owing to a larger meltwater supply, in substage 5a. These results are compared with previous studies on marine carbonate and calcareous microfossil records from the Fram Strait and Yermak Plateau area, which show that the general view of a cold last interglacial in the eastern Arctic Ocean is untenable. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Holocene environmental reconstruction from deltaic deposits in northeast Greenland
Authors: Christiansen Hanne H. , Bennike Ole , Böcher Jens , Elberling Bo , Humlum Ole , Jakobsen Bjarne H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTerraces of different age in the Zackenberg delta, located at 74°N in northeast Greenland, have provided the opportunity for an interdisciplinary approach to the investigation of Holocene glacial, periglacial, pedological, biological and archaeological conditions that existed during and after delta deposition.The raised Zackenberg delta accumulated mainly during the Holocene Climatic Optimum, starting slightly prior to 9500 cal. yr BP (30 m a.s.l.) and continued until at least 6300 cal. yr BP (0.5 m a.s.l.). Evidence of sea‐level change is based on conventional14C dates of shells from the marine delta bottomsets,14C AMS dating of macroscopic plant material from the foresets and of fluvial deposits. Arthropod and plant remains from 7960 cal. yr BP in the delta foresets include the oldest evidence of the arctic hare in Greenland and evidence of a rich herb flora slightly different from the modern flora.Empetrum nigrumandSalix herbacearemains indicate a summer temperature at least as high as today during delta deposition. Post‐depositional nivation activity, dated by luminescence, lichenometry and Schmidt Hammer measurements indicate mainly late Holocene activity, at least since 2900 yr BP, including Little Ice Age (LIA) avalanche activity. Pedological analyses of fossil podsols in the Zackenberg delta, including14C AMS dating of selected organic rich B‐horizons, show continued podsol development during the Holocene Climatic Optimum and into the subsequent colder period of the late Holocene, until 3000–2400 yr BP. A Neo‐Eskimo house ruin found on the lower part of the delta, presently being eroded by the sea, is dated toAD1800. It presumably was abandoned prior toAD1869, and suggests that some of the last Eskimos that lived in northeast Greenland might have occupied the Zackenberg delta. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pressure‐induced phase transitions in CuGeO3 from Raman spectroscopic studies†
Authors: Jayaraman A. , Shieh S. R. , Sharma S. K. , Ming L. C. , Wang S. Y. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPressure‐induced phase transitions in the normal phase (I) and metastably retained phase III of CuGeO3 were investigated up to 30 and 36 GPa, respectively, by Raman spectroscopy, using single‐crystal samples in helium and methanol–ethanol mixture (M/E) as pressure medium. Phase I undergoes two pressure‐induced phase transitions; the previously reported I–II near 7 GPa and another near 18 GPa to a phase designated VI. With phase III as the starting material three reversible pressure‐induced phase transitions occur: IV, IV′, V at 8, 12.5 and 18 GPa. The above sequence of phase transitions is observed in helium and in M/E. A highly disordered phase occurs only when phase II is pressurized in M/E but not in helium. The Raman data are discussed in terms of plausible structure models for the high‐pressure phases of CuGeO3, indicated by the x‐ray diffraction data, as well as the high‐pressure crystal chemistry of other divalent metagermanates. The need for further detailed x‐ray diffraction studies is stressed, to gain a deeper understanding of the two different pathways that the pressure‐induced transitions follow, depending on the nature of the pressure medium. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Raman phonons and Raman Jahn–Teller bands in perovskite‐like manganites
Authors: Iliev Milko N. , Abrashev Miroslav V. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe perovskite‐like manganites R1−xAxMnO3, where R is a trivalent rare earth or Y and A is a divalent alkaline earth element, are characterized by a strong interplay of magnetism, electric transport and crystallographic distortion. At doping levels 0.15 < x < 0.45 the materials exhibit colossal magnetoresistance near the concomitant ferromagnetic and insulator–metal transitions. At a fractional doping level, such as x = 0.5, the crystallographic and magnetic environment is strongly modified and charge ordering between Mn3+ and Mn4+ or phase separation takes place. In this work, the polarized Raman spectra of the orthorhombic and rhombohedral phases of parent RMnO3 compound were analyzed in close comparison with results of lattice dynamic calculations. We argue that the strong high‐wavenumber bands between 400 and 700 cm−1, which dominate the Raman spectra of rhombohedral RMnO3 and magnetoresistive La1−xAxMnO3 are not proper Raman modes for the R3c or Pnma structures. Rather, the bands are of phonon density‐of‐states origin and correspond to oxygen phonon branches activated by the non‐coherent Jahn–Teller distortions of the Mn3+O6 octahedra. The reduction of these bands upon doping of La1−xAxMnO3 and their disappearance in the ferromagnetic metallic phase support the model. The variation with temperature of the Raman spectra of La0.5Ca0.5MnO3 is also discussed. The results give a strong indication for charge and orbital ordering and formation of superstructure at low temperatures. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In situ Raman studies on the interaction of oxygen and methanol with an iodine‐modified electrolytic silver catalyst
Authors: Dai Wei‐Lin , Dong Yi , Cao Yong , Deng Jing‐Fa , Fan Kang‐Nian , Liao Yuan‐Yan , Hong Bi‐Feng 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn situ Raman spectroscopy was used to study the interaction of iodine‐modified electrolytic silver with oxygen and methanol at atmospheric pressure at temperatures between 25 and 500°C. It is shown that the presence of iodine inhibits the formation of surface oxygen species corresponding to deep oxidation and reduces the vibrational wavenumber of the modes corresponding to surface oxygen species. Moreover, it is found that methanol can be adsorbed and reacted on the surface of the modified silver without the co‐adsorption of oxygen, resulting in iodine‐induced adsorption of methanol. The intermediates at various temperatures were identified as methoxy and formate groups. According to the results, the reaction pathways in the practical process were proposed and compared with the conclusion obtained from the system without iodine modification, and remarkably close agreement was observed. The detailed mechanism of the oxidative reaction of methanol and the promotion effect of iodine modifier on the working catalyst is also discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molecular structures of supported metal oxide catalysts under different environments
Authors: Bañares M. A. , Wachs I. E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe use of in situ Raman spectroscopy to study the molecular structures of supported metal oxide catalysts under different environments is reviewed. The molecular structures under ambient (hydrated) and dehydrated conditions are presented. The effect of moisture at elevated temperatures is also presented and discussed with regard to its implications for catalytic phenomena. The molecular structural transformations during C2–C4 lower alkane (LPG) oxidation, methane oxidation, methanol oxidation and selective catalytic reduction of NO with NH3 reaction conditions are presented. In situ spectroscopy during catalytic reaction with simultaneous activity/selectivity measurement (‘operando’ spectroscopy) is emphasized owing to its contribution to the fundamental understanding of catalytic performance. The reducibility of the different surface metal oxide species, the relevance of surface coverage (surface monomeric vs polymeric species) and the specific oxide support are discussed when LPG, methane, methanol or hydrogen is the reducing agent. In situ Raman spectroscopy provides molecular‐level information about the surface metal oxide species: structures, stability and transformations under different environments. In many cases, the use of complementary spectroscopic techniques results in a more complete understanding of the molecular structure–activity/selectivity relationships for supported metal oxide catalysts. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Automated HPLC method for the measurement of free amino acids including cysteine in musts and wines; first applications
Authors: Pripis‐Nicolau Laura , de Revel Gilles , Marchand Stéphanie , Beloqui Angel Anocibar , Bertrand Alain 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAn analytical method for the determination of free amino acids and especially of cysteine in musts and wines is reported. This technique involves the use of a pre‐column derivatisation with iodoacetic acid (IDA) and o‐phthaldialdehyde (OPA). Isoindole‐type fluorescent derivatives were formed in alkaline solution from OPA, 2‐sulphanylethanol and the primary amine group of the amino acids. The derivatives were separated by HPLC using a linear multistep solvent gradient and were detected by spectrofluorimetry. This method is suitable for the separation of most free amino acids including cysteine. It allows high recovery and satisfies the necessary requirements with respect to accuracy, repeatability and sensitivity. The first application of this analytical method to the measurement of cysteine in musts and wines is reported.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Lycopene content differs among red‐fleshed watermelon cultivars
Authors: Perkins‐Veazie Penelope , Collins Julie K , Pair Sam D , Roberts Warren 
Published: August 2002

AbstractLycopene, a carotenoid, has antioxidant properties that may reduce the incidence of certain cancers. Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb) Matsum & Nakai) is a natural source of lycopene, with a reported average content of 48.7 µg g−1 fresh weight based on samples taken from retail produce. This study demonstrated the variability of lycopene content in 11 red‐fleshed watermelon cultivars grown at one location, representing seedless, open‐pollinated and hybrid types, and in commercially shipped hybrid and seedless melons, representing seasonal production periods. Tristimulus colorimeter a* and chroma values were positively correlated with lycopene values, but linear or quadratic regressions of colorimeter data against lycopene values were not significant. Tristimulus colorimeter readings from cut melons were compared to amounts of lycopene extracted from the same melons. Lycopene content varied widely among cultivars, with four cultivars having mean values greater than 65.0 µg g−1 fresh weight. Seedless types sampled tended to have higher amounts of lycopene (>50.0 µg g−1 fresh weight) than seeded types. Watermelon lycopene content changed for some cultivars with production season.Published in 2001 for SCI by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Porcine plasma protein as proteinase inhibitor in bigeye snapper (Priacanthus tayenus) muscle and surimi
Authors: Benjakul Soottawat , Visessanguan Wonnop , Srivilai Chantira 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPorcine plasma protein (PPP) showed inhibitory activity towards trypsin, papain, digestive enzymes and modori‐inducing proteinases from bigeye snapper. Among the fractions prepared, fraction IV‐1 exhibited the highest inhibitory activity against all proteinases tested and the autolysis of fish muscle. At a level of 0.5% (w/w), both PPP and fraction IV‐1 effectively prevented the degradation of myosin heavy chain in fish muscle. The inhibitory activity of fraction IV‐1 was stable up to 60 °C. Incorporation of fraction IV‐1 significantly increased the breaking force, deformation and water‐holding capacity of surimi gel from bigeye snapper (P < 0.05). However, no increase in breaking force and deformation was found when fraction IV‐1 was added at a level above 0.3% (w/w) (P > 0.05). No significant change in whiteness of surimi gel was observed with the addition of fraction IV‐1 (P > 0.05).© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Carotenoids and flavonoids in organically grown spinach (Spinacia oleracea L) genotypes after deep frozen storage
Authors: Kidmose Ulla , Knuthsen Pia , Edelenbos Merete , Justesen Ulla , Hegelund Erling 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAfter frozen storage the content of individual carotenoids and flavonoids was determined in organically grown spinach genotypes (Spinacia oleracea L) which differed in leaf colour and shape. The spinach was sorted, washed, blanched in steam for 3 min and frozen in liquid nitrogen. After frozen storage the green colour was determined by sensory evaluation and HunterLab colorimetry. The content of individual chlorophylls, carotenoids and flavonoids was determined using HPLC. Lutein, β‐carotene, violaxanthin and 9′‐(Z)‐neoxanthin were the main carotenoids in processed spinach. The total content of carotenoids varied from 176.6 mg kg−1 ‘wet weight’ as eaten in the lightest green genotype to 226.3 mg kg−1 ‘wet weight’ as eaten in the darkest green genotype. The highest content of β‐carotene (83.1 mg kg−1 ‘wet weight’ as eaten) was found in the dark green genotype. The content of lutein and neoxanthin varied significantly between genotypes, and the highest content was found in the dark green genotype (76.0 and 25.4 mg kg−1 ‘wet weight’ as eaten respectively). The total flavonoid content and the relative content of individual flavonoids were found to vary between the six genotypes. Seven main flavonoids were identified.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Micro‐lymph node metastasis and its correlation with cathepsin D expression in early gastric cancer
Authors: Ikeguchi Masahide , Fukuda Kenji , Oka Shin‐Ichi , Hisamitsu Kazunori , Katano Kuniyuki , Tsujitani Shun‐Ichi , Kaibara Nobuaki 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesLimited operations for early gastric cancer (EGC) have been recommended based on data from lymph node (LN) metastasis detected by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. Recently, the clinical importance of micro‐LN metastasis has been reported. In this study, the indication of limited operations for EGC was re‐evaluated based on the data from micro‐LN metastasis detected by cytokeratin (CK) immunostaining. Also, the correlation between micro‐LN metastasis and lysosomal acidic protease cathepsin D (CD) expression in primary tumors was evaluated.MethodsA total of 5,949 LNs from 160 patients with EGC were stained by anti‐CK monoclonal antibody (CAM 5.2). Also, the 160 primary EGCs were stained by CD.ResultsThe incidence of LN metastasis increased from 7.5% (12/160) by HE‐staining to 27.5% (44 of 160) by CK immunostaining. The incidence of micro‐LN metastasis increased according to the depth of tumor invasion (mucosal cancer: 19% and submucosal cancer: 36.8%) and the size of tumors (≤1.0 cm: 5.9%, 1.1–2.0 cm: 25.6%, and >2.1 cm: 31.7%). The CK‐staining patterns were classified into the three subgroups (CK‐negative, n = 116; single cell type, n = 27; and clustered type, n = 17). The occurrence of cancer recurrence was significantly higher in clustered type (17.6%) than in single cell type (3.7%) and in CK‐negative (0%, P < 0.0001). The mean percentage of CD‐positive cancer cells of primary tumors in clustered type (17.2%) was significantly higher than in single cell type (12.3%) and in CK‐negative (7.5%, P = 0.0036).ConclusionsThe acidic protease CD may play an important role of cancer metastasis in EGC. The limited operation without lymphadenectomy should be indicated for EGC with CD‐negative. J. Surg. Oncol. 2001;77:188–194. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.