bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Appeals
Authors: Nicholls Clive , Montgomery Clare , Knowles Julian B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the government’s principal criticisms of the EA 1989 was that it afforded the defend- ant a number of opportunities to challenge the decision to commit him. The government blamed extradition defendants’ appeals for what it saw as unnecessary delays in the extradition process. During the debate on the Bill’s Second Reading, the Minister of State set out the government’s case Our extradition arrangements are in urgent need of reform.
Extradition To International Criminal Tribunals
Authors: Nicholls Clive , Montgomery Clare , Knowles Julian B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The conflicts in the former Yugoslavia and the genocide in Rwanda in the 1990s led the United Nations to set up International Criminal Tribunals to try those accused of committing offences during the conflicts. Since the tribunals were established they have tried and convicted a large number of defendants of extremely serious crimes including murder, rape and torture. This chapter considers the UK domestic law which allows for the return to these tribunals of those found within the UK who are wanted for trial by the tribunals or who have been convicted of an offence by them. This chapter also considers the provisions of the International Criminal Court Act 2001 which permit return to the International Criminal Court.
Cross-Border Surveillance
Authors: Nicholls Clive , Montgomery Clare , Knowles Julian B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the provisions of the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000 and CICA 2003 which allow surveillance operations to be carried out in the UK by foreign police officers. Article 40 of the Schengen Convention provides that police officers keeping a person under surveillance in their own country because he is suspected of having committed an extraditable offence, may require neighbouring Schengen countries to assist in keeping the person under surveillance if he crosses the border into their territory. In the vast majority of cases such assistance will be requested in advance and, when the subject enters the UK, UK officers will take over the surveillance.
Product and Process Innovations: A Review of Organizational and Environmental Determinants
Authors: Damanpour Fariborz , Aravind Deepa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Empirical studies of the effects of organizational and environmental factors on product and process innovations are reviewed in this chapter. Our review shows that, for most determinants, the results across the studies are mixed and inconclusive. It also shows that most determinants do not differentiate be- tween product and process innovations; when they do, the difference is more of degree than of direction of the effect. These findings suggest that there may be contextual or methodological conditions under which the effects of the determinants can vary, or that product and process innovations are complementary, not distinct.
Building Innovation Capabilities: The Development of Design- Oriented Organizations
Authors: Hatchuel Armand , Lemasson, Pascal , Weil Benoit 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much has been written about innovation. Yet we still do not have a good understanding of how to develop innovation capabilities in organizations. In this chapter, we claim that this weakness of contemporary organizational re- search on innovation comes from the failure to recognize design theory as a prerequisite to such an understanding. We base this claim on two detailed qualitative studies of companies that showed the rare capability to innovate repeatedly over several decades. By using existing knowledge to create new products and existing products to create new knowledge, these companies constantly stimulated innovative design.
The Role of Education and Training Systems in Innovation
Authors: Finegold David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A country’s education and training (ET) system has always played a central role in shaping national patterns of innovation. In today’s more knowledge-driven global economy, as innovation has become a more vital factor in economic competition, the ET system has grown even more important. Through innovation, companies are able to command premium prices and provide high-wage jobs. More routine manufacturing and administrative work, including functions such as software programming and medical services that until recently were considered highly skilled labor, are rapidly moving to low-wage nations with a surplus of well-educated workers, like India and China (Dassani and Kenney 2004).
Introduction
Authors: Brock M G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1800 Oxford University was still an Anglican institution in an Anglican state, one of its foremost duties being to uphold Christian doctrines as they were taught by the Church of England. The momentous changes in examining for degrees which were initiated in that year were intended not to alter, but to confirm, its Anglican efficiency. The tenets of the Church were seen by the British government and the Tory politicians as an essential support for the existing order. Oxford was one of the main props in that system of support: the doubts about its loyalty which had troubled governments sixty or seventy years earlier were no more than a memory. Between 1800 and 1830 the Tories were, almost uninterruptedly, the governing party, and the University, where there was a large Tory majority, could be sure of official favour. The members of Oxford’s Convocation upheld St Paul’s statement (in The Epistle to the Romans 13. 1) that ‘the powers that be are ordained of God’. When congratulating the Prince Regent on the peace after Waterloo they undertook to ‘impress upon the youth committed to our care ... those Christian principles, which are the only sure foundation of public and private virtue, [and] in a more especial manner ... to inculcate obedience to civil authority, not merely as a social, but as a religious obligation’.
Antimicrobial Drugs
Authors: Greenwood David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Between 1935 and 1944 the field of microbiology, and by implication medicine as a whole, underwent dramatic advancement. The discovery of the extraordinary antibacterial properties of sulphonamides, penicillin, and streptomycin triggered a frantic hunt for more antimicrobial drugs that was to yield an abundant harvest in a very short space of time. By the early 1960s more than 50 antibacterial agents were available to the prescribing physician and, largely by a process of chemical modification of existing compounds, that number has more than tripled today. We have become so used to the ready availability of these relatively safe and highly effective ‘miracle drugs ‘ that it is now hard to grasp how they transformed the treatment of infection. This book documents the progress made from the first tentative search for an elusive ‘chemotherapy ‘ of infection in the early days of the twentieth century, to the development of effective antiviral agents for the management of HIV as the millennium drew to a close. It also offers a celebration of the individuals and groups that made this miracle happen, as well as examining the inexorable rise of the global pharmaceutical industry, and, most intriguingly, the essential input of luck. Infection still maintains a high profile in both medicine and the media, with the current threats of ‘superbugs ‘ such as MRSA acquired in hospital, and a potential resistance to antibiotics. This book tracks the history of antimicrobial drugs, a remarkable medical triumph that has provided doctors with an amazing armoury of safe and effective drugs that ensure that reversion to the helpless state of the fight against infection witnessed in the early 1900s is extremely unlikely. This timely compendium acknowledges the agents that have surely led to the relief of more human and animal suffering than any other class of drugs in the history of medical endeavour.
Fundamental Principles: The Nature of the Dispute
Authors: Warnock Mary , Macdonald Elisabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The issue before us is whether or not, for those who truly want it, assisted death should be a lawful option. Should they have a right to die at someone else ‘s hand, or with someone else ‘s active cooperation? If not, if there can be no circumstances in which it might be a duty deliberately to take the life of someone who, being perfectly sane and rational, is begging for death, then the argument is not contingent upon what might happen if the law were changed, but is absolute and a priori, independent of any particular facts. It is, in effect, the argument that human life is ‘sacred ‘. If, on the other hand, there are circumstances in which it seems morally right to help to end the life of someone who wants to die, then the question is whether the law could be so changed as to make this not only morally right, but legally permissible.
The Slippery Slope
Authors: Warnock Mary , Macdonald Elisabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the last chapter we considered the a priori argument against any change in the law of murder that would permit euthanasia or assisted suicide. The sanctity of human life argument pur- ports to be absolute, depending for its force not on any consideration of consequences, but on the intrinsic wrongness of deliberately depriving someone of life. We argued that most people who claim to base their opposition on this argument, though they genuinely believe that human life is of the utmost value, nevertheless go on to reinforce it by pointing to the evil consequences to society that would follow from allowing any weakening of the taboo that forbids the deliberate taking of life.
Introduction
Authors: Darowski Dr Adam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Falls are common. Falls can be serious because they cause injuries. Something can always be done to diminish the chances of further falls or to make the environment safer. Falls can be divided into several groups: accidents, trips and slips falls due to an illness causing weakness or unsteadiness falls due to an innate tendency to fall falls due to faintness or loss of consciousness. Commonly, any given individual will fall into more than one of these categories, and usually there are multiple causes for falls.
Difficulty in walking and poor gait
Authors: Darowski Dr Adam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Walking becomes slower and less secure with age. Previous injuries, arthritis of joints, and muscular weakness cause difficulty walking in later life. Neurological disease—Parkinson’s disease, stroke, small vessel disease, and many others—causes abnormal gaits that lead to falls.Most falls occur on initially standing up, while walking, or on turning round. Those that occur immediately on getting out of a chair or bed are most commonly due to postural giddiness and unsteadiness (often due to drops in blood pressure (see Chapter 9)). Falls which occur while walking can have many causes. Many falls are the result of stumbles that occur while walking. A younger person would be able to prevent a fall because of quicker reflexes and stronger legs, but an older person falls. With increasing age the number of stumbles increases. The chance that any given stumble will become a fall is also greater. There are many reasons for this.
What is the role of falls groups and exercise classes?
Authors: Darowski Dr Adam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Falls groups and exercise classes should follow a full medical assessment, as there may be a medical cause for the falls. Often the diagnosis and treatment of a medical problem, or a change in medication, is all that is needed to prevent further falls. Even in such cases, falls groups may be helpful in restoring confidence. Balance exercises are concerned with: regaining control of the centre of gravity training the senses by reducing the input from other senses, forcing the use of the one that is being trained training the ankle, the hip, and step strategies changing the walking pattern improving strength and stamina improving confidence.Falling affects people in different ways. There are many different potential causes of falls, and for most people there are several contributory factors. Falls groups are one way of handling this large number of people, who each have different problems. However, although their problems will not be the same, there are likely to be common themes.
How can your world be made safer?
Authors: Darowski Dr Adam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Causes of falls are divided into intrinsic and extrinsic factors.? Alarm systems are vital for those who fall. Even those who can usually get themselves up may need help if they are injured by the fall. Certain actions are typically associated with falls—getting up at night, using the bathroom and kitchen, crossing the road, and anything that involves turning round present a significant risk. To prevent falls in the home requires an awareness of falls risk, and a willingness to change behaviour to do things more safely. Many things can be done differently in and around the house to increase safety. An occupational therapist can assess falls hazards at home, and recommend changes in behaviour and equipment that will diminish the risk of falls.What is needed to maintain safety at home will be different for every individual, but there are things that older people tend to have in common, and changes that can be made which are of general benefit.
What should I do if I fall?
Authors: Darowski Dr Adam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If you fall and are unable to get up: summon help move to a soft surface keep moving keep warm try to get off the floor.Make sure you wear your pendant alarm at all times, and use it when you fall to summon help. If you fall over, you will probably feel a little shocked or shaken. Take some slow deep breaths, try to stay calm, and plan what action to take.If you are hurt or unable to get up
Unravelling the Role of the Pancreas
Authors: Tattersall Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the early nineteenth century the standard way of finding out which organ was involved with a group of symptoms was opening the body after death. Thus most people who had wasted away and coughed up blood were found to have characteristic lesions in the lungs—the tubercles of phthisis or pulmonary tuberculosis. In this condition, using a stethoscope or percussing the chest with the fingers could predict the presence of cavities or consolidation in the lung in life. Another striking example of the value of correlating clinical and autopsy findings was the work of Thomas Addison of Guy’s Hospital, London, who in 1855 described a disease in which the sufferers became very tired and had a peculiar darkening of the skin. His first five patients with what became known as Addison’s disease all had changes in the adrenal glands, which had previously been thought to be vestigial structures.
VIII.Horizontal Instruments and Miscellaneous Issues
Authors: Ryland* Diane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
:e Aarhus Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters (Aarhus Convention) featured prominently in the survey year 2006. :e Aarhus Convention recognizes, inter alia, that increased public access to environmental information and its dissemination lead to a greater awareness of environmental matters, more effective participation by the public in environmental decision-making and, ultimately, to a better environment. Accordingly, legislation in 2006 set up a European pollutant release and transfer register as a tool for encouraging improvements in environmental
Choler a Finds Itself
Authors: Hamlin Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the thirty-three quatrains of execrable verse of The Chaunt of the Cholera (1831) the Irish poet-playwright-novelist John Banim (1792–1842) treats the coming cholera as a vindica-tor of liberalism. Cholera is a matter as much of culture as of culture plates. It was no mere disease, but a signifier. Poetry is a key medium of meaning-making (especially in the Romantic age); cholera generated scads of the stuff. Banim’s, in which personified cholera “smites,” is one of the better known.
Giant Molecules
Authors: Gratzer Walter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our lives are dominated by giant molecules, which have remarkable properties, some of which are only just being discovered and exploited by science, though many have long been exploited far more effectively by Nature. Giant molecules dominate our lives - from the proteins and DNA within us to the man-made fibres of our clothes and the many plastics that we use every day. And they are set to have an enormous impact on the future, as scientists and engineers learn from nature (biomimetics), and utilize the full potential of tiny carbon nanotubes. The possibilities may seem like science fiction - a space station tethered to Earth by cables of giant molecules, tiny molecular vehicles carrying and dispensing drugs in our bodies, smart materials that adjust automatically to optimize our comfort, minute computers utilizing the information storage capacity of DNA - but they are the subjects of cutting edge research. Walter Gratzer gives a fascinating account of the discovery and variety of giant molecules, how they come to have their remarkable properties, and how these are used by Nature and increasingly by us, pausing now and again to tell of some of the remarkable characters involved in their discovery and development.
Multiple Party Actions in International Arbitration
Authors: Park William W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This publication from the International Bureau of the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) presents a collection of studies on the key issues found in complex international commercial and investment disputes. Renowned authors from Europe and North America consider issues from perspectives emanating from both the Anglo-American and Continental European legal systems. The authors consider international multiparty arbitration and its attendant problems from both a conceptual and practical perspective, beginning with the overarching legal problems of determining the proper parties to the arbitration and the ambit of contractual consent. Topics which are comprehensively examined include: Joinder of parties and consolidation of arbitral proceedings; the challenges of administration of multiparty arbitrations; investment arbitration involving multiple parties and multiparty issues in investor-state arbitration; classwide arbitration and arbitrating mass investor claims; lessons that can be learnt from mass claims processes; and enforcement issues. The book also includes a practitioner-oriented discussion of multiparty arbitration in the construction industry.
Multiparty Arbitration:The Icc International Court of Arbitration Perspective
Authors: Whitesell Anne Marie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The increasing complexity of international arbitration is well known to those practicing in this field. Multiparty arbitration is clearly one of the areas where this can be seen. This article aims to discuss multiparty arbitration as seen from the International Chamber of Commerce (“ICC”) International Court of Arbitration (“ICC Court”) perspective.
Consolidation of Arbitral Proceedings in the Netherlands: The Practice and Perspective of the Netherlands Arbitration Institute
Authors: Bitter Jan Willem 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Consolidation of arbitral proceedings is a mechanism that enables two or more proceedings on related issues to be, in one way or another, treated jointly. The impetus for consolidation will be triggered initially by the desire to avoid inconsistent decisions in separate arbitral proceedings on related issues.
The European Court and Legal Integration: An Exceptional Story or Harbinger of the Future? (2008)
Authors: Alter Karen J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Established as part of the European Coal and Steel Community in 1950, and later adapted as part of the 1957 Treaty of Rome, three design features distinguished the European Court of Justice (ECJ) from international courts of the time. First, member countries could be compelled to participate in proceedings (in the parlance of international law, the ECJ had ‘compulsory jurisdiction’). Second, the ECJ’s ‘preliminary ruling mechanism’ provided a means for private actors to access the ECJ via national court references. Third, there was a process whereby a supranational actor (the Commission) could raise non-compliance charges against states. There were reasons for these design features, but neither the Treaty negotiators, nor the governments who signed the Treaties founding the European Communities, nor European Community officials anticipated how legally, politically, or institutionally transformative these design features would be.
Jurist Advocacy Movements in Europe: The Role of Euro-Law Associations in European Integration (1953–1975) (2009)
Authors: Alter Karen J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is well established that the European Court of Justice transformed the original European Community legal system through the creation of revolutionary legal doctrines turning the Treaty of Rome into a constitution for Europe, and that this transformation created the bases for the ECJ’s expanded political role in European politics (see Chapter 5). This paper challenges previous accounts of this early period of European legal integration, situating individual entrepreneurs and far-reaching ECJ decisions into the social context of the times—namely the organized and activist Euro-law associations.
United States Of America Report 1 Alcohol Outlets, Crime, And Disorder In The United
Authors: Gruenewald Paul J , Remer Lillian G , Treno Andrew J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we suggest that statistical relationships between numbers and densities of alcohol outlets and rates of crime and related problems are well established in the research literature. However, theoretical explanations for these relationships have not been adequately formulated or tested.
Australia
Authors: Chikritzhs Tanya 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Current policy relating to the NTE is a mix of potentially mutually exclusive principles. Most state and territory liquor Acts refer to the need to minimize harm arising from the sale and supply of alcohol. At the same time, deregulation, self-regulation and the removal of liquor restrictions which might hamper industry competitiveness have been widely embraced. Policy regimes which bear on the management of the latenight economy are, by all accounts, a great frustration to the police, to whom the practical responsibility of maintaining peace and good order falls. These same systems, it is suggested, appear to offer little comfort to communities seeking relief from violent crime and disorder, declining safety and amenity linked to the late-night economy.
How is the Back Constructed?
Authors: Lee John , Brook Suzanne , Daniel Clare 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The spine is made up of a series of similar bones lying on top of each other, called vertebrae. Not only does the spine provide fl exible structural support to the body, it also protects the spinal cord, which is the major bundle of nerves travelling to and from the brain to the trunk and limbs. It does this because each vertebra contains a ring structure and when all the vertebrae are added together, a pipe is formed from the aligned rings. The soft nervous tissue of the spinal cord is thus afforded the same level of protection as the brain, which is housed in the solid bony structure of the skull. However, the spine is required to be fl exible and allow access for passing nerves, so at each spinal level there are paired passages and gaps.