bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the microbiota of supra‐ and subgingival plaque in health and periodontitis
Authors: Ximénez‐Fyvie Laurie Ann , Haffajee Anne D. , Socransky Sigmund S. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground, aims: The purpose of the present investigation was to compare the microbial composition of supra and subgingival plaque in 22 periodontally healthy (mean age 32±16 years) and 23 adult periodontitis subjects (mean age 51±14 years).Methods: A total of 2358 supra and separately subgingival plaque samples were collected from the mesial aspect of all teeth excluding 3rd molars in each subject. Samples were examined for the presence and levels of 40 bacterial taxa using whole genomic DNA probes and checkerboard DNA‐DNA hybridization. Clinical assessments including dichotomous measures of gingival redness, bleeding on probing, plaque accumulation and suppuration, as well as duplicate measures of pocket depth and attachment level, were made at 6 sites per tooth. Mean counts (×105), % DNA probe count and % sites colonized for each species were determined separately for supra and subgingival samples in each subject and then averaged across subjects in the 2 clinical groups. Significance of differences between healthy and periodontitis subjects was determined using the Mann‐Whitney test and adjusted for multiple comparisons.Results: Mean total DNA probe counts (×105, ±SEM) for healthy and periodontitis subjects in supragingival plaque were 72.1±11 and 132±17.5, respectively (p<0.01), and in subgingival plaque 22.1±6.6 and 100.3±18.4, (p<0.001). Porphyromonas gingivalis, Bacteroides forsythus and Treponema denticola could be detected in supragingival plaque samples of both healthy and periodontitis subjects. Actinomyces species were the dominant taxa in both supra‐ and subgingival plaque from healthy and periodontitis subjects. 4 Actinomyces species accounted for 63.2% of supragingival and 47.2% of subgingival plaque in healthy subjects and 48.1% and 37.8% in periodontitis subjects respectively. Increased proportions of P. gingivalis, B. forsythus, and species of Prevotella, Fusobacterium, Campylobacter and Treponema were detected subgingivally in the periodontitis subjects. P. gingivalis, B. forsythus and T. denticola were significantly more prevalent in both supra‐ and subgingival plaque samples from periodontitis subjects.Conclusions: The main differences between supra and subgingival plaque as well as between health and disease were in the proportions and to some extent levels of Actinomyces,“orange” and “red” complex species.
Periodontal repair in dogs: effect of transforming growth factor‐β1 on alveolar bone and cementum regeneration
Authors: Tatakis Dimitris N. , Wikesjö Ulf M. E. , Razi Saghi S. , Sigurdsson Thorarinn J. , Lee Michael B. , Nguyen Tue , Ongpipattanakul Boonsri , Hardwick Ross 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground, aim: Transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) represents a family of growth‐modulating proteins with fundamental rôles in connective tissue and bone development. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential for regeneration of alveolar bone and cementum following surgical implantation of recombinant human TGF‐β1 (rhTGF‐β1).Method: Bilateral, critical size, supra‐alveolar periodontal defects in 5 beagle dogs were surgically implanted with rhTGF‐β1 in a calcium carbonate carrier (CaCO3) or with carrier alone. The animals were euthanized at 4 weeks post‐surgery and block‐biopsies of the defects were processed for histologic and histometric analysis.Results: Surgical implantation of rhTGF‐β1 resulted in minimal, if any, stimulation of alveolar bone or cementum regeneration. Linear bone and cementum regeneration in rhTGF‐β1‐treated defects was 1.2±0.6 and 0.01±0.01 mm, respectively. Correspondiong values for the controls were 1.0±0.6 and 0.01±0.03 mm.Conclusions: The results suggest that, under the conditions (dose, carrier, defect type) evaluated here, treatment of periodontal defects in beagle dogs with rhTGF‐β1 may be of limited clinical benefit.
Antibody responses against Porphyromonas gingivalis infection in patients with early‐onset periodontitis
Authors: Guo Shujuan , Takahashi Keiso , Kokeguchi Susumu , Takashiba Shogo , Kinane Denis F. , Murayama Yoji 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground, aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate antibody responses against Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) infection in early‐onset periodontitis (EOP) patients to elucidate further the host‐parasite interactions in the pathogenesis of EOP.Method: 16 P. gingivalis‐infected EOP and 20 adult periodontitis (AP) patients, and 18 periodontally healthy subjects (HS) participated in this study. Serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody levels and avidities against extracted P. gingivalis whole cells were measured. The components of P. gingivalis outer membrane antigens (OMA) reacting to patients' sera were analysed from the molecular weights by Western blotting. Serum antibody levels against P. gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were also measured. The ability of the patients' sera to block interleukin‐1 β (IL‐1β) production by human mononuclear cells in response to P. gingivalis LPS was examined.Results: Antibody levels were positively correlated with antibody avidities in both EOP and AP patients (r=0.91, r=0.72, p<0.0005, respectively), while not significantly so in HS (r=0.09). There was variability in the antigen recognition of P. gingivalis OMA in EOP and AP patients. Smear and 53‐kDa protein were more frequently recognized by sera of EOP and AP patients rather than that of HS (p<0.05). The smear was partly diminished by absorption with P. gingivalis LPS, indicating the smear antigen was partly composed of LPS. There was high correlation between antibody levels against P. gingivalis whole‐cell extracts and LPS in EOP and AP patients (r=0.81, p=0.0002, r=0.87, p<0.0001, respectively), while not significant in HS (r=0.22). The sera of EOP and AP patients with high IgG titre to P. gingivalis LPS blocked IL‐1β production more effectively than that of the patients with low IgG titre to P. gingivalis LPS.Conclusions: These results indicate that EOP patients' antibody response against P. gingivalis infection does not differ significantly from that of AP patients. The person‐to‐person heterogeneous antibody production against P. gingivalis LPS could contribute to our understanding of the relationship between the defensive ability of EOP patients and their chronic infection with this pathogen.
Initial extractions and tooth loss during supportive care in a periodontal population seeking comprehensive care
Authors: Tonetti Maurizio S. , Steffen Patricia , Muller‐Campanile Veronique , Suvan Jean , Lang Niklaus P. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground/aims: This retrospective survey was aimed at determining the prevalence of tooth extractions and the dental pathologies associated with them during both the active and maintenance phase of periodontal therapy in a periodontal population seeking comprehensive dental care.Methods: A total of 273 randomly selected subjects from the oral prophylaxis clinic of the University of Berne were included. All subjects had received comprehensive care consisting of periodontal and restorative treatment and participated in a supervised maintenance program for an average of 67±46 months (range 5 to 278 months). The population consisted of 39.6% current smokers and 27.8% previous smokers. 6.2% of the patients had gingivitis, 20.5% mild periodontitis, 48.4% moderate and 24.9% severe periodontitis. The average frequency of the recall visits was 4.4±1.5 appointments/year (range 1.7–12 appointments/year).Results: Results indicated that 574 out of a total of 6503 teeth were extracted; 311 teeth were extracted during active therapy and 263 during the supportive periodontal care (SPC) phase of therapy. 46% of patients received tooth extractions as part of their active treatment and 41% during their participation in the secondary prevention program. In the subgroup whose treatment plan included extractions the average number was 2.5±1.6 teeth per patient. Likewise, the patients who received extractions during recall lost an average of 2.35±1.9 teeth per subject with an incidence of 0.4±0.37 teeth per patient per year. These data reinforce the concept that a minority of the population is responsible for the majority of tooth extractions, both during active therapy and SPC. Periodontal disease was the only pathology observed at 57% of the extracted teeth; while caries, endodontic pathology and technical problems in the absence of periodontitis were observed in 29% of cases.Conclusions: These observations indicate that the rendered treatment was effective in the long‐term maintenance of the dentition of these subjects and suggest that advanced periodontal disease represented the major cause of tooth loss in this population.
Local delivery of liposome‐encapsulated superoxide dismutase and catalase suppress periodontal inflammation in beagles
Authors: Petelin Milan , Pavlica Zlatko , Ivanuša Teodora , Šentjurc Marjeta , Skalerič Uroš 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground, aims: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of oxygen free radical scavengers on periodontal inflammation and healing process.Method: Experimental periodontitis was induced by elastic ligatures around premolares (P2, P3, P4) and 1st molares (M1) in the upper and lower jaws of 15 beagle dogs. 9 months after the beginning of the experiment, the ligatures were removed. After 3 weeks of stabilization period, all teeth were supragingivally scaled. The animals were divided into 3 groups of 5 dogs. The 1st group received a liposome‐encapsulated superoxide dismutase (SOD), the 2nd group a liposome‐encapsulated catalase (CAT) and the 3rd group received both enzymes encapsulated in liposomes. 4 treatment modalities were tested in each group; i.e., supragingival scaling only (1), supragingival scaling and enzymes (2), supra‐ and sub‐gingival scaling and root planing (3) and supra‐ and sub‐gingival scaling and root planing with subgingival application of enzymes (4). Enzymes were delivered subgingivally on a daily basis for a period of 6 weeks. Gingival index (GI), probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), radiographic analysis and the histological evaluation were performed.Results: Around the teeth with scaling and root planing followed by the application of SOD, the greatest suppression of gingival inflammation (GI=1.8±0.1 before versus GI=1.2±0.2 after treatment) (p<0.003), the smallest size of connective tissue infiltrate (5.5±4.3%) (p<0.01), the greatest reduction of PD (PD=3.2±1.0 mm before versus 2.0±0.7 mm after treatment) (p<0.001), and gain of CAL (CAL=3.0±1.7 mm before versus CAL=2.4±1.1 mm after treatment) (p<0.001) were observed. In addition, radiographic analysis showed the greatest alveolar bone apposition in the group of teeth treated with scaling and root planing followed by subgingival application of SOD or both enzymes (p<0.001).Conclusion: In conclusion, we demonstrated that scaling and root planing with subgingival application of liposome‐encapsulated SOD suppress peridontal inflammation on experimentally induced periodontitis in beagle dogs.
Some local and systemic immunological features of prepubertal periodontitis
Authors: Berglundh T. , Wellfelt B. , Liljenberg B. , Lindhe J. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjectives: The aim of the present investigation was to study local (gingival) and systemic host defense characteristics in a sample of children exhibiting local prepubertal periodontitis (LPP).Material and methods: 2 groups of subjects were included in the present study. One group consisted of 11 children (9.5±2.0 years) with signs of periodontal disease (LPP group). A 2nd group comprised 21 adults (48.1±5.8 years) with advanced periodontal disease: adult periodontitis (AP) group. Gingival biopsies and a sample of peripheral blood were obtained in each individual of the AP group and in 7 out of the 11 subjects in the LPP group. The biopsies were prepared for morphometrical and immunohistochemical analysis and the blood samples prepared for immunohistochemical analysis.Results: The cellular infiltrates in the biopsies of the LPP group contained a larger proportion of lymphocytes and, in particular B cells, than was the case in the AP group. The TCR Vα/Vβ gene expression in the lesions in the AP group was dominated by Vβ 17 and in the LPP group by Vα 2. The content in peripheral blood of various lymphocyte sub‐populations and TCR Vα/Vβ gene expression in the 2 groups was almost similar.Conclusion: It is suggested that (i) the systemic host response in children with prepubertal periodontitis has many features in common with that seen in adult patients but that (ii) local defense mechanisms in the periodontitis lesion of LPP differ from those in adult periodontitis.
Expression of matrix metalloproteinases in healthy and diseased human gingiva
Authors: Dahan Maurice , Nawrocki Béatrice , Elkaïm René , Soell Martine , Bolcato‐Bellemin Anne‐Laure , Birembaut Philippe , Tenenbaum Henri 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground, aims: The aim of our study was to investigate the patterns of several metalloproteinases (MMP‐1, MMP‐2 and MT1‐MMP) mRNAs expression using a semi‐quantitative reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and to correlate them with clinical parameters and bacteriological diagnosis in healthy versus diseased human gingiva.Methods: To identify the cell origin of MMP production, in situ hybridization (ISH) was also performed for the MMPs on the same samples. 17 gingival biopsies were collected (13 affected by advanced periodontitis and 4 healthy used as controls) and plaque index, gingival index, pocket depth and bleeding on probing were measured. Subgingival microbial samples were also collected to be analysed by a DNA probe technique. The biopsies were processed both for RT‐PCR and ISH. We also investigated a model for bacterial induced MMP expression in human gingival fibroblasts (HGF) infected by Eikenella corrodens.Results: We found an expression of the mRNA encoding MMP‐1 only in diseased gingiva but at low levels relative to β‐actin (mean±SD: diseased versus healthy: 0.013±0.024 versus 0). Although the frequencies and levels of mRNA encoding for MMP‐2 or MT1‐MMP are not significantly different between each group (mean±SD: 0.329±0.344 versus 0.137±0.219 for MMP‐2; 0.485±0.374 versus 0.466±0.296 for MT1‐MMP), using ISH, we observed an expression of both mRNAs in fibroblasts of pathological specimens at sites that histologically showed signs of chronic inflammation and connective tissue remodelling. In vitro infection of HGF by Eikenella corrodens stimulated 3‐fold the production of the mRNA encoding MMP‐2 while other mRNAs remained unchanged.Conclusion: Our results did not reveal significant differences in the expression of mRNAs encoding for the MMPs between healthy and periodontitis‐affected patients, reflecting the great heterogeneity in the periodontal status of individuals. However, they indicate that gingival fibroblasts are an active source of MMP‐2 production in response to a periopathogen.
Self‐preventive oral behavior in an Italian university student population
Authors: Rimondini Lia , Zolfanelli Brunella , Bernardi Federico , Bez Cristina 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground, aim: The aim of this study was to assess the oral hygiene attitude and the professional preventive examination compliance in Italian university students.Method: A sample of 202 students attending the University of Bologna was randomly selected and interviewed about their preventive oral health attitude and compliance. All students reported using toothpaste and most of them (92.1%) brushed their teeth at least 2× a day using artificial, medium stiffness bristles. The toothbrush was generally (81.6%) replaced within 3 months. Few subjects (14.9%) said they used dental floss daily or utilized other devices. A majority of subjects (59.9%) had a dental examination within the year previous to the interview. Cluster analysis was performed.Results: 4 groups were identified with homogeneous oral hygiene behavior and compliance toward professional preventive examination. Only one cluster, representing 33.6% of the sample, showed consistent frequency and modalities of oral hygiene habits. The other clusters seemed to be defective with interproximal cleaning procedures and compliance toward professional preventive care. Since the sample was characterized by a young, urbanized, homogeneous group with a high educational level and frequently from an upper middle class social status, the analysis probably gives a supra‐estimation of the positive behavior.Conclusion: It is rational to suppose that strategies to promote dental service utilization, patients’ compliance and a professional style oriented toward prevention may be useful to improve the oral health condition in the young adult Italian population.
Relationship of cigarette smoking to attachment level profiles
Authors: Haffajee A. D. , Socransky S. S. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract Objectives: The present investigation examined clinical features of periodontal disease and patterns of attachment loss in adult periodontitis subjects who were current, past or never smokers.Material and Methods: 289 adult periodontitis subjects ranging in age from 20–86 years with at least 20 teeth and at least 4 sites with pocket depth and/or attachment level >4 mm were recruited. Smoking history was obtained using a questionnaire. Measures of plaque accumulation, overt gingivitis, bleeding on probing, suppuration, probing pocket depth and probing attachment level were taken at 6 sites per tooth at all teeth excluding 3rd molars at a baseline visit. Subjects were subset according to smoking history into never, past and current smokers and for certain analyses into age categories <41, 41–49, >49. Uni‐ and multi‐variate analyses examined associations between smoking category, age and clinical parameters.Results: Current smokers had significantly more attachment loss, missing teeth, deeper pockets and fewer sites exhibiting bleeding on probing than past or never smokers. Current smokers had greater attachment loss than past or never smokers whether the subjects had mild, moderate or severe initial attachment loss. Increasing age and smoking status were independently significantly related to mean attachment level and the effect of these parameters was additive. Mean attachment level in non smokers <41 years and current smokers >49 years was 2.49 and 4.10 mm respectively. Stepwise multiple linear regression indicated that age, pack years and being a current smoker were strongly associated with mean attachment level. Full mouth attachment level profiles indicated that smokers had more attachment loss than never smokers particularly at maxillary lingual sites and at lower anterior teeth.Conclusions: In accord with other studies, smokers had evidence of more severe periodontal disease than past or never smokers. At all levels of mean attachment loss, smokers exhibited more disease than never smokers. Difference in mean attachment level between smokers and never smokers at individual sites was not uniform. Significantly more loss was observed at maxillary lingual sites and lower anterior teeth suggesting the possibility of a local effect of cigarette smoking.
Longitudinal evaluation of GCF MMP‐3 and TIMP‐1 levels as prognostic factors for progression of periodontitis
Authors: Alpagot T. , Bell C. , Lundergan W. , Chambers D. W. , Rudin R. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract Background: To determine whether matrix metalloproteinase‐3 (MMP‐3) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases‐1 (TIMP‐1) in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) could serve as prognostic factors for the progression of periodontitis, we monitored GCF MMP‐3 and TIMP‐1 and periodontal status of selected sites in 40 medically healthy subjects over a 6‐month period.Method: Clinical measurements including gingival index (GI), plaque index, bleeding on probing, suppuration, probing depth (PD), attachment loss (AL), and GCF samples were taken from 2 healthy sites (including sites with gingival recession, GI=0; PD 3 mm; AL 2 mm) and 2 periodontitis sites (GI 1 ; PD 5 mm ; AL 3 mm) of each patient at baseline, 3‐month and 6‐month visits by means of sterile paper strips. GCF levels of MMP‐3 and TIMP‐1 were determined by sandwich ELISA assays.Results: The mean amounts of MMP‐3 and TIMP‐1 in diseased sites were significantly higher than in healthy sites (p<0.0001). Significantly higher GCF levels of MMP‐3 and TIMP‐1 were found at progressing sites than in nonprogressing periodontitis sites (0.001<p<0.01). A progressing site was defined as a site which had 2 mm loss of attachment during 6‐ month study period. GCF levels of MMP‐3 were highly correlated with clinical measurements taken at baseline, 3‐month and 6‐month visits (p<0.001). TIMP‐1 levels were only moderately correlated with probing depth and attachment level (p<0.01). Step‐wise multiple regression analysis was performed to construct models for the prediction of probing depth and attachment loss increases. The most parsimonious regression models which had the best R2 values included the following variables and accounted for the indicated % of variability. The regression model for the prediction of probing depth increase included MMP‐3, smoking pack‐years, TIMP‐1 and accounted for 53% of the variability. The best model for the prediction of attachment loss increase included MMP‐3, smoking pack‐years, age, TIMP‐1 and explained 59% of the variability.Conclusion: These data indicate that sites with high GCF levels of MMP‐3 and TIMP‐1 are at significantly greater risk for progression of periodontitis.
Palatal radicular multigrooves associated with severe periodontal defects in maxillary central incisors
Authors: Nanba Koichi , Ito Koichi 
Published: March 2003

Abstract Background: This case report describes a rare condition of palatal radicular multigrooves on teeth 11 and 21 with severe periodontal defects and the findings at 3‐year follow‐up.Method: Radiculoplasty using hand curettes and rotary burs were used to remove the multigrooves on the root surfaces and change the wrinkled root form to the relatively flat and smooth normal root morphology. Minor tooth movement and frenotomy were performed for a diastema between teeth 11 and 21. Supportive periodontal therapy started immediately after completion of the active treatment.Results: Improved healthy periodontal tissues and adequate plaque control have been maintained.