bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
P‐glycoprotein (ABCB1) but not multidrug resistance‐associated protein 1 (ABCC1) is induced by doxorubicin in primary cultures of rat astrocytes
Authors: Mercier Claire , Declèves Xavier , Masseguin Christophe , Fragner Pascal , Tardy Marcienne , Roux Françoise , Gabrion Jacqueline , Scherrmann Jean‐Michel 
Published: November 2003

AbstractAt least two drug efflux pumps involved in multidrug resistance, P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp) and multidrug resistance‐associated protein 1 (Mrp1), are expressed in rat astrocyte primary cultures. The aim of this study was to compare the expression of P‐gp and Mrp1 in primary cultures exposed to 50 or 500 ng/mL doxorubicin (DOX). Among the two P‐gp genes expressed in rodents,mdr1aandmdr1b, a time‐ and dose‐dependent increase in mdr1b mRNA levels was revealed by northern blot analysis. This up‐regulation was inhibited by actinomycin D and occurred as early as 2 h after exposure to 50 or 500 ng/mL DOX, whereas mdr1a and mrp1 transcripts were not modified by the DOX exposure. In addition, DOX also strongly enhanced, in a time‐ and dose‐dependent manner, P‐gp but not Mrp1 expression. Moreover, DOX raised the cellular efflux of vincristine, a substrate for both P‐gp and Mrp1. This efflux was inhibited by the P‐gp modulators PSC833 and GW918, but not by the Mrp1 modulator MK571. On the other hand, a 24‐h exposure to 500 ng/mL DOX, but not 50 ng/mL DOX, induced apoptosis in primary cultures of rat astrocytes. Fumonisin B1, a ceramide synthase inhibitor, reduced DOX‐induced apoptosis, suggesting thatde novosynthesis of the ceramide regulatory pathway might be involved in DOX‐induced apoptosis. Moreover, western blot analysis showed that fumonisin B1 was not able to decrease the overexpression of P‐gp induced by DOX. Our results provide evidence that DOX up‐regulates a functional P‐gp in primary cultures of rat astrocytes and might cause astrocyte apoptosis via the ceramide pathway.
Semaphorin 3C preserves survival and induces neuritogenesis of cerebellar granule neurons in culture
Authors: Moreno‐Flores M. T. , Martín‐Aparicio E. , Martín‐Bermejo M. J. , Agudo M. , McMahon S. , Ávila J. , Díaz‐Nido J. , Wandosell F. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractSemaphorins (sema) constitute a family of molecules sharing a common extracellular domain (semaphorin domain). This family includes several types of secreted and membrane‐associated molecules that are grouped into eight subclasses (subclasses 1–7 and viral semaphorins). Subclass 3 semaphorins are secreted molecules involved in axonal guidance, mainly through repulsive gradients and induction of growth cone collapse. More recently sema 3 molecules have been identified as positive factors in dependence of the type of neurons. Besides their axonal guidance function, some semaphorins have been implicated in apoptosis and survival. We investigated the effect of sema3C on survival and neurite outgrowth of rat cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) in culture. 3T3 cells were stably transfected with sema3C. Several clonal lines were established and tested for their neuritogenic activity and one, S3C‐8, was selected for the bulk of experiments. S3C‐8 was co‐cultured with CGNs. Sema3C enhanced CGN viability as assessed in co‐cultures of CGNs with monolayers of S3C‐8 in comparison with co‐cultures of CGNs with control mock‐transfected 3T3 cells. Moreover sema3C induced neuritogenesis of cultured CGNs, which express neuropilin‐1 and ‐2. S3C‐8 cells, overexpressing sema3C, were significantly more neuritogenic for CGN than poly l‐lysine (PLL), a positive substrate for CGNs, as assessed by the measurement of the length of neurites and confirmed by Tau expression along the time of culture. CGNs co‐cultured with S3C‐8, showed up‐regulation of the expression of axonal microtubule‐associated proteins (MAPs) such as Tau, phosphorylated MAP2C and mode I‐phosphorylated MAP1B compared with neurons cultured on control 3T3 cells. We also found increased expression of a specific marker of neuronal cell bodies and dendrites, high molecular weight MAP2 (HMW‐MAP2). Interestingly, there was no accompanying up‐regulation of a marker enriched within the neuronal somatodendritic domain, mode II‐phosphorylated MAP1B. These data support the idea that secreted sema3C favors survival and neuritogenesis of cultured CGNs.
Signalling pathways influencing basal and H2O2‐induced P‐glycoprotein expression in endothelial cells derived from the blood–brain barrier
Authors: Nwaozuzu Osi M. , Sellers Lynda A. , Barrand Margery A. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe drug transporter, P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp) on brain microvessel endothelium, influences movement of lipophilic substances in and out of the brain. Pathways regulating P‐gp expression, both basal and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)‐induced, are here examined in primary cultured rat brain endothelial cells. Activation of extracellular‐signal regulated kinases (ERK1/2), protein kinase C (PKC), the p46 isoform of stress‐activated protein kinase (SAPK) and its downstream transcription factor, c‐Jun, occurred in a time‐ and concentration‐dependent manner following exposure of cells to H2O2 with concomitant increases in P‐gp expression. Blockade of ERK activation with U0126, of PKC with Gö6976 and of SAPK with SP600125 decreased basal P‐gp but did not abolish the H2O2‐induced increase. Blockade of Akt with PI3‐kinase inhibitor, LY294002, lowered basal P‐gp and prevented the H2O2‐induced increase. Inhibition of nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB), either by blocking dissociation from its inhibitory factor, IκB, with MG132 or its nuclear translocation with SN50 enhanced basal P‐gp, obscuring the H2O2‐induced increase. H2O2 itself produced no detectable activation of IκB, but inhibited that induced by 5 ng/mL tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α). P‐gp expression may involve positive inputs from ERK1/2, SAPK, Akt and PKC and inhibitory influences of NF‐κB. By depressing NF‐κB signalling, H2O2 may still augment P‐gp expression when ERK1/2, PKC or SAPK are inhibited.
Use limitations of alcoholic instant hand sanitizer as part of a food service hand hygiene program
Authors: Michaels Barry , Gangar Vidhya , Lin Chia‐Min , Doyle Michael 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe efficiency of either handwashing or use of alcoholic instant hand sanitizers (AIHS) has been reported against normal microflora (NF) or transient microflora (TF) using marker bacteria or viruses. Most studies were performed to support use in health care employing techniques that poorly mimic food service. When AIHS is used alone, application quantity, exposure period, alcoholic concentrations and type influence effectiveness. Relevant to the food industry, little work has been done in order to understand the variables affecting efficacy when handwashing and AIHS are combined. Although AIHS has been suggested as a replacement for fingernail brushes in health care, little is known about either application when heavy soil is present. The experiments described examine the effects of sanitizer quantity on efficacy when used after a standard handwash and use of AIHS to disinfect the nail region when contaminated with high levels of organic soil. In these studies, subjects contaminated hands or nail region with TF marker, either Serratia marcescens in Tryptone soya broth or Escherichia coli JM109 in ground beef, respectively. One hand or selected fingers are sampled to establish TF and/or NF baseline counts. For handwashing and AIHS use, hands were washed with a mild antimicrobial soap (AS) (0.5% triclosan), followed by paper towel drying and application of various quantities of AIHS. With fingernail studies, hands and nail regions were washed with tap water, bland soap (BS), AS, AIHS, BS and AIHS or fingernail brush with BS. Using the combined handwash and AIHS to enhance the hygiene process, there were significant (P ≤ 0.05) increases in efficacy as quantity of AIHS increased, a significant difference in efficacy over handwashing alone is seen only when larger quantities (3 mL and 6 mL) of AIHS are employed. In fingernail studies, overall lower levels of E. coli were removed from artificial vs. natural nails and a statistically significantly (P ≤ 0.05) improvement was seen when a fingernail brush was used over all other methods, including BS wash followed by AIHS.
Effects of vacuum packaging on the physical quality of minimally processed potatoes
Authors: Rocha Ada M. C. N. , Coulon Emilie C. , Morais Alcina M. M. B. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractIn recent years, consumers have become more health conscious in their food choices but they also have less time to prepare healthy meals. As a result, minimally processed (MP) products have become an important sector of the food industry because of their ‘fresh‐like’ qualities, convenience and speed of meal preparation. In this study, the physical qualities of MP potatoes (‘Désirée’ variety) stored for 7 days in vacuum packaging were evaluated. The shelf life of MP potatoes was effectively extended to nearly 1 week under refrigerated storage by using vacuum packaging systems. The main quality parameters were constant during storage.
Food culture as a political tool – meal construction during the Swedish EU‐chairmanship 2001‡
Authors: Tellström Richard , Gustafsson Inga‐Britt , Fjellström Christina 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe aim of this study was to analyse how the European Union (EU) ministerial meals during Sweden's EU‐chairmanship 2001 were devised, and how the official representatives of Sweden chose to interpret and present a national image based on local and regional food identities. The manufacture of the Swedish culinary profile was compared with the same process during Finland's EU‐chairmanship 1999 and Denmark's EU‐chairmanship 2002. Sixteen professionals involved in the decision‐making process in the three countries were interviewed in 2001 and 2002. The regional food profile chosen in Sweden supported different political goals such as the idea of the production of local food and local economic development. Local and regional food culture had a broad and open definition, but the decisions as to what constituted local and regional food culture as served at the ministerial meals were made at the top political level. The central decision‐making process transformed the concept of a typical local and regional food culture into a political tool serving political goals, with the end product presented at different EU‐ministerial meals.
Outcome at Adulthood of the Continuous Spike–waves During Slow Sleep and Landau–Kleffner Syndromes
Authors: Praline Julien , Hommet Caroline , Barthez Marie‐Anne , Brault Florence , Perrier Danièle , Passage Grégoire Du , Lucas Brigitte , Bonnard Julie , Billard Catherine , Toffol Bertrand De , Autret Alain 
Published: November 2003

Summary: Purpose:The aim of this study was to determine the clinical, social, and/or professional and cognitive outcomes in adulthood of the continuous spike–waves during slow sleep (CSWS) and Landau–Kleffner syndromes, which are two rare epileptic syndromes occurring in children.Methods:We enrolled seven young adults, five who had a CSWS syndrome, and two, a Landau–Kleffner syndrome in childhood. We evaluated their intellectual level as well as their oral and written language and executive functions.Results:This study confirmed that the epilepsy associated with these syndromes has a good prognosis. Only one patient still had active epilepsy. However, the neuropsychological disorders particular to each syndrome persisted. Only two patients had followed a normal pathway in school. Three of the five patients with a CSWS syndrome during childhood remained globally and nonselectively mentally deficient. We found no evidence of the persistence of a dysexecutive syndrome in this study group. The intellectual functions of the two patients with Landau–Kleffner syndrome were normal; however, their everyday lives were disrupted by severe, disabling language disturbances. We discuss the role of some prognostic factors such as the location of the interictal electric focus and the age at onset of CSWS.Conclusions:These two epileptic syndromes of childhood are very similar in many respects, but their clinical outcomes in adulthood are different.
Epilepsy and Multiple Sclerosis in Sicily: A Population‐based Study
Authors: Nicoletti Alessandra , Sofia Vito , Biondi Roberto , Fermo Salvatore Lo , Reggio Ester , Patti Francesco , Reggio Arturo 
Published: November 2003

Summary:  Purpose: To evaluate the association between epilepsy and multiple sclerosis (MS), we analyzed the incidence of epilepsy in a population‐based incidence cohort of MS in Catania, Sicily. Methods: According to Poser's diagnostic criteria, 170 incident cases of MS have been identified from 1975 to 1994 in the city of Catania. All these subjects underwent a complete neurological examination to confirm the diagnosis of MS and to identify those patients with a history of seizures. Diagnosis of epilepsy was based on the criteria proposed by the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) in 1993, and seizures were classified according to the classification of the ILAE, 1981. Results: From 1975 to 1994, 170 subjects with MS had the clinical onset of the disease. The mean annual incidence of MS was 2.3/100,000 (95% CI, 2.0–2.6). Of the 170 defined MS patients, four developed epilepsy after the onset and also diagnosis of MS, giving an incidence rate of epilepsy of 285/100,000 person years at risk (95% CI, 119–684) and 147.8/100,000 when age adjusted to the world standard population. The cumulative risk of developing epilepsy after the onset of MS, evaluated by using the life‐table methods, was zero at 1 year and 1.76% at 5 years. Of these four patients, three were classified as having partial seizures with secondary generalization and one with tonic–clonic seizures. Conclusions: Our data are consistent with those reported in literature suggesting that the risk of developing epilepsy is threefold higher among MS patients than in the general population.
Development of executive attention in preschool children
Authors: Jones Laura Backen , Rothbart Mary K. , Posner Michael I. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract The development of self‐regulatory systems during the preschool years is accompanied by a dramatic increase in the ability to inhibit actions based on the directions of others. Several tasks have shown evidence of changes in self‐regulation during the fourth year of life. The current cross‐sectional study used a Simple Simon task, in which 33 3‐ to 4‐year‐old children were asked to respond to the command of one large toy animal but not to the command of another. Three important aspects of self‐regulation were examined: the ability to inhibit action in the face of conflict, error detection/correction and the use of verbal and physical control strategies. The ability to inhibit a response in this task increased from 22% to 90% between 36 and 48 months of age. Post error slowing of Reaction Time (RT) indicative of error detection emerged at about the same age as successful inhibition. Physical rather than verbal self‐regulation strategies were spontaneously employed by children to aid in the process of inhibition.
Multiple causality in developmental disorders: methodological implications from computational modelling
Authors: Thomas Michael S.C. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractWhen developmental disorders are defined on the basis of behavioural impairments alone, there is a risk that individuals with different underlying cognitive deficits will be grouped together on the basis that they happen to share a certain impairment. This phenomenon is labelledmultiple causality. In contrast, a developmental disorder generated by a single underlying cognitive deficit may nevertheless show variable patterns of impairments due to individual differences. Connectionist computational models of development are used to investigate whether there may be ways to distinguish disorder groups with a single underlying cause (homogeneous disorder groups) from disorder groups with multiple underlying causes (heterogeneous disorder groups) on the basis of behavioural measures alone. A heuristic is proposed to assess the underlying causal homogeneity of the disorder group based on the variability of different behavioural measures from the target domain. Heterogeneous disorder groups are likely to show smaller variability on the measure used to define the disorder than on subsequent behavioural measures, while homogeneous groups should show approximately equivalent variability. Homogeneous disorder groups should show reductions in the variability of behavioural measures over time, while heterogeneous groups may not. It is demonstrated how these predictions arise from computational assumptions, and their use is illustrated with reference to behavioural data on naming skills from two developmental disorder groups, Williams syndrome and children with Word Finding Difficulties.
Testing the abstractness of children's linguistic representations: lexical and structural priming of syntactic constructions in young children
Authors: Savage Ceri , Lieven Elena , Theakston Anna , Tomasello Michael 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe current studies used a priming methodology to assess the abstractness of children's early syntactic constructions. In the main study, 3‐, 4‐ and 6‐year‐old children were asked to describe a prime picture by repeating either an active or a passive sentence, and then they were left to their own devices to describe a target picture. For half the children at each age, the prime sentences they repeated had high lexical overlap with the sentence they were likely to produce for the target, whereas for the other half there was very low lexical overlap between prime and target. The main result was that 6‐year‐old children showed both lexical and structural priming for both the active transitive and passive constructions, whereas 3‐ and 4‐year‐old children showed lexical priming only. This pattern of results would seem to indicate that 6‐year‐old children have relatively abstract representations of these constructions, whereas 3‐ and 4‐year‐old children have as an integral part of their representations certain specific lexical items, especially pronouns and some grammatical morphemes. In a second study it was found that children did not need to repeat the prime out loud in order to be primed – suggesting that the priming effect observed concerns not just peripheral production mechanisms but underlying linguistic representations common to comprehension and production. These results support the view that young children develop abstract linguistic representations gradually during the preschool years.
Tracking individuals via object‐files: evidence from infants’ manual search
Authors: Feigenson Lisa , Carey Susan 
Published: November 2003

Abstract In two experiments, a manual search task explored 12‐ to 14‐month‐old infants’ representations of small sets of objects. In this paradigm, patterns of searching revealed the number of objects infants represented as hidden in an opaque box. In Experiment 1, we obtained the set‐size signature of object‐file representations: infants succeeded at representing precisely 1, precisely 2, and precisely 3 objects in the box, but failed at representing 4 (or even that 4 is greater than 2). In Experiment 2, we showed that infants’ expectations about the contents of the box were based on number of individual objects, and not on a continuous property such as total object volume. These findings support the hypothesis that infants maintained representations of individuals, that object‐files were the underlying means of representing these individuals, and that object‐file models can be compared via one‐to‐one correspondence to establish numerical equivalence.
Development and Validation of a Nested-PCR-Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis Method for Taxonomic Characterization of Bifidobacterial Communities
Authors: Temmerman R. , Masco L. , Vanhoutte T. , Huys G. , Swings J. 
Published: November 2003

ABSTRACTThe taxonomic characterization of a bacterial community is difficult to combine with the monitoring of its temporal changes. None of the currently available identification techniques are able to visualize a “complete” community, whereas techniques designed for analyzing bacterial ecosystems generally display limited or labor-intensive identification potential. This paper describes the optimization and validation of a nested-PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) approach for the species-specific analysis of bifidobacterial communities from any ecosystem. The method comprises aBifidobacterium-specific PCR step, followed by purification of the amplicons that serve as template DNA in a second PCR step that amplifies the V3 and V6-V8 regions of the 16S rRNA gene. A mix of both amplicons is analyzed on a DGGE gel, after which the band positions are compared with a previously constructed database of reference strains. The method was validated through the analysis of four artificial mixtures, mimicking the possible bifidobacterial microbiota of the human and chicken intestine, a rumen, and the environment, and of two fecal samples. Except for the speciesBifidobacterium coryneformeandB. indicum, all currently known bifidobacteria originating from various ecosystems can be identified in a highly reproducible manner. Because no further cloning and sequencing of the DGGE bands is necessary, this nested-PCR-DGGE technique can be completed within a 24-h span, allowing the species-specific monitoring of temporal changes in the bifidobacterial community.
Rapid Identification of
Listeria
Species by Using Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism of PCR-Amplified 23S rRNA Gene Fragments
Authors: Paillard Delphine , Dubois Véronique , Duran Robert , Nathier Fany , Guittet Catherine , Caumette Pierre , Quentin Claudine 
Published: November 2003

ABSTRACT

A molecular method based on restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of PCR-amplified fragments of the 23S rRNA gene was designed to rapidly identify
Listeria
strains to the species level. Two fragments (S1, 460 bp, and S2, 890 bp) were amplified from boiled DNA. S2 was cut with the restriction enzymes
Xmn
I or
Cfo
I and, if needed, S1 was digested by either
Alu
I or
Cla
I. This method was first optimized with six reference strains and then applied to 182 isolates collected from effluents of treatment plants. All isolates were also identified by the API
Listeria
kit, hemolysis, and phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C production (PI-PLC) on ALOA medium. The PCR-RFLP method unambiguously identified 160 environmental strains, including 131 in concordance with the API system, and revealed that 22 isolates were mixed cultures of
Listeria monocytogenes
and
Listeria innocua
. Discrepant results were resolved by a multiplex PCR on the
iap
gene, which confirmed the PCR-RFLP data for 49 of the 51 discordances, including the 22 mixed cultures. Sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene for 12 selected strains and reconstruction of a phylogenetic tree validated the molecular methods, except for two unclassifiable strains. The 158 single identifiable isolates were 92
L. monocytogenes
(including seven nonhemolytic and PI-PLC-negative strains), 61
L. innocua
, 4
Listeria seeligeri
, and 1
Listeria welshimeri
strain. The PCR-RFLP method proposed here provides rapid, easy-to-use, inexpensive, and reliable identification of the six
Listeria
species. Moreover, it can detect mixtures of
Listeria
species and thus is particularly adapted to environmental and food microbiology.