bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metallurgical applications
Authors: Miller M K , Cerezo A , Hetherington M G , Smith G D W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The atom probe has developed into one of the most powerful instruments available for microstructural and microchemical analysis of materials. The investigations that have been performed have encompassed many diverse metallurgical subjects including phase transformations, phase stability, segregation, diffusion and radiation damage. This chapter presents an overview of the main work which has been reported to date. Several earlier reviews of these applications have been published[1-16] 6.1 Basic Studies Of Phase Transformations The nature of phase transformations in the vicinity of low temperature miscibility gaps has received considerable attention. The scale of the microstructures, especially at the earliest stages of decomposition, is ideal for atom probe analysis and is difficult to discern by other techniques. Several discussions have been presented on the suitability of the atom probe for these kinds of studies.[9,10,17-231]
Consequences of Baire’s theorem
Authors: Meise Reinhold , Vogt Dietmar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The completeness of metric linear spaces has important consequences for linear maps between such spaces. These are obtained as deductions from Baire’s theorem. They divide themselves into two groups, namely, the open mapping theorem and the closed graph theorem on one side and the principle of uniform boundedness and the Banach—Steinhaus theorem on the other. We begin with the first of the above groups.
Topology : A Geometric Approach
Authors: Lawson Terry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The book gives an introduction to topology at the advanced undergraduate to beginning graduate level, with an emphasis on its geometric aspects. Part I contains three chapters on basic point set topology, classification of surfaces via handle decompositions, and the fundamental group appropriate for a one semester or two quarter course. Carefully developed exercise sets support high student involvement. Besides exercises embedded within a chapter, there are extensive supplementary exercises to extend the material. Surfaces occur as key examples in treatments of the fundamental group, covering spaces, CW complexes, and homology in the last four chapters. Each chapter of Part I ends with a substantial project. Part II is written in a problem based format. These problems contain appropriate hints and background material to enable the student to work through the basic theory of covering spaces, CW complexes, and homology with the instructor’s guidance. Low dimensional cases provide motivation and examples for the general development, with an emphasis on treating geometric ideas first encountered in Part I such as orientation. Part II allows the book to be used for a year long course at the first year graduate level. The book’s collection of over 750 exercises range from simple checks of omitted details in arguments, to reinforce the material and increase student involvement, to the development of substantial theorems that have been broken into many steps. The style encourages an active student role. Solutions to selected exercises are included as an appendix. Solutions to all exercises are available to the instructor in electronic form. This text forms the latest in the Oxford Graduate Texts in Mathematics series which publishes textbooks suitable for graduate students in mathematics and its applications. The level of books may range from some suitable for advanced undergraduate courses at one end, to others of interest to research workers. The emphasis is on texts of high mathematical quality in active areas, particularly areas that are not well represented in the literature at present.
Sketches
Authors: Johnstone Peter T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter (rather like Chapter A3) is something of a digression from our main line of development: we shall not make any essential use of sketches in anything we wish to do with categorical logic, but, since they are extensively used by others in this context, it seems a good idea to give an account of what they are and how they relate to the line that we are following. Sketches were first introduced by C. Ehresmann [332] and were extensively developed by his pupils, notably L. Coppey and C. Lair [658]; for many years they were regarded as the ‘exclusive property’ of the French school of category-theorists (of which Ehresmann was the founder), but since the publication of the books by Barr and Wells [87, 88], and even more since the work of Makkai and Paré [787], their use has become much more widespread. In this account, we shall largely follow the conventions of Barr and Wells regarding terminology and notation.
The potentials
Authors: Carrington Gerald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For an isolated system the equilibrium condition is expressed in a natural way by the maximum entropy principle. Alternatively, when a system interacts adiabatically with its surroundings the minimum energy principle provides an equivalent condition for equilibrium. But often we are interested in systems which are linked with their surroundings in other ways. For example, suppose a chemical reaction takes place in the laboratory at atmospheric pressure. The system is then coupled to the atmosphere which represents a volume reservoir at constant pressure. In such cases we may apply the maximum entropy principle (or the minimum energy principle) to the composite system comprising the system of interest and the reservoir. However, the extensive variable of the reservoir is involved in this calculation. This is an unnecessary complication because only the intensive parameter for the reservoir is relevant. We shall now show how the minimum energy principle can be re-expressed in such cases using new functions, called the thermodynamic potentials.
Transformations of matter
Authors: Carrington Gerald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term phase is well illustrated by the familiar phases of water: ice, liquid water, and steam. More formally a phase of a system is a homogeneous state, identified by such thermodynamic properties as the density or chemical composition. Single-phase systems are simple systems in the sense used in Section 9.2. Thus a single-phase fluid may be represented by the extensive variables U, V, N1, … , N,. On the other hand, when these state parameters are varied it is found that the corresponding systems are not always homogeneous. On varying U say, keeping V, N1, ... , Nr fixed, we may find that the equilibrium state changes from a single phase to a state consisting of a mixture of two or more phases. This process is called a phase transition.
Representations Of The Rotation Group
Authors: Brink D M , Satchler G R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
AN important part of the theory of groups is that concerned with the representation of their elements by matrices. If G is an abstract group then a representation of G with dimension n is a correspondence between the elements of G and a subset of the matrices of order n such that to each element a of the group G there is an n × n matrix R(a) with the property that if a and b are group elements then i.e. group multiplication corresponds to matrix multiplication.
Bonding and Structure of Molecules and Solids
Authors: Pettifor D G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book explains the observed trends in the bonding and structure of molecules and solids within the framework of simple but predictive models of electronic structure. Emphasis is placed throughout on recent theoretical developments that link structural stability to the local topology or connectivity of the latice through the moments of the electronic density of states. It is directed at final year undergraduates and first year postgraduates in physics, chemistry, and materials science.
Experimental techniques
Authors: Nield Victoria M , Keen David A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Traditionally most diffuse scattering studies have involved single crystal measurements, largely using X-ray diffraction and, in particular, X-ray photographic methods. There are some very early and very beautiful X-ray photographs which show diffuse scattering. In the early 1940s Lonsdale and co-workers produced some fairly detailed work using X-ray photographic methods on simple organic crystals to relate the observed diffuse scattering to the thermal motion of the atoms in the sample (Lonsdale and Smith, 1941). X-ray methods have several advantages for diffuse scattering. The high intensity of photon sources, compared with neutron sources, means that small samples can be used. This is very important when, as is often the case, large samples are unavailable. Modem X-ray instrumentation also offers extremely high signal to noise and very good resolution, which is very important when investigating diffuse features around, or even peaking under, Bragg reflections.
Application of diffuse scattering theory to binary systems
Authors: Nield Victoria M , Keen David A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim of diffuse scattering studies, stated in the most general of terms, is to obtain a model that describes the atomic (or molecular) positions in the solid under study. Obviously only a model that is in good agreement with the data (or with some features of the data) can provide such information, but even then there is the problem that the model is not ‘unique’ i.e. other models may be equally appropriate. Once the atomic positions have been obtained, they can be used to provide information on the potentials between the atoms, so that this can be used in extrapolation to other studies.
Introduction
Authors: Bransden B H , McDowell M R C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A charge exchange reaction in atomic physics is one in which an electron, or several electrons, are transferred from one atomic system to another. This book is about the theory of charge exchange in two-body ion atom collisions. Other kinds of charge exchange, for instance those involving molecules, or three-body collisions, will not be discussed; however, the general ideas which will be developed can be extended to cover these more complicated situations, and also to rearrangement collisions involving other particles such as positrons or muons.
Eating Disorders
Authors: Vitousek Kelly M , Gray Jennifer A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The kindred disorders of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa present a number of common problems to the psychotherapist. Both: (1) are organized around a characteristic set of beliefs about the importance of weight as an index of personal worth; (2) lead to stereotyped behaviors designed to manipulate food intake and energy expenditure; and (3) disrupt normal physiology, with predictable and sometimes profound effects on psychological and social functioning as well as physical health.
Histrionic Personality Disorder
Authors: Freeman Arthur , Freeman Sharon Morgillo , Rosenfield Bradley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Histrionic personality disorder (HPD) exists along a continuum of severity, as do many other disorders. The presence of traits at one end of the continuum is critically important to the actor depending upon these characteristics to maintain the ‘Hollywood’ persona, while the person at the far end of the spectrum may resemble someone in a manic or hypomanic phase of bipolar disorder.
Lorentz and Poincaré symmetries in QFT
Authors: Maggiore Michele 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We mentioned in the Introduction that quantum field theory (QFT) is a synthesis of the principles of quantum mechanics and of special relativity. Our first task will be to understand how Lorentz symmetry is implemented in field theory. We will study the representations of the Lorentz group in terms of fields and we will introduce scalar, spinor, and vector fields. We will then examine the information coming from Poincare invariance. This chapter is rather mathematical and formal. The effort will pay, however, since an understanding of this group the oretical approach greatly simplifies the construction of the Lagrangians for the various fields in Chapter 3 and gives in general a deeper under standing of various aspects of QFT.
Classical field theory
Authors: Maggiore Michele 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapter we defined our basic objects, the fields. We now introduce their dynamics, first of all at the classical level. We will discuss the Lagrangian and the Hamiltonian formalism and we will present the Noether theorem, which h provides the relation between symmetries and conservation laws. We will see that at the classical level the fields obey relativistic wave equations, such as the Klein-Gordon, Dirac, and Maxwell equations. Finally, even if it is a subject logically distinct from classical field theory, we will include in this chapter a dis cussion of the first quantization of the relativistic wave equations and we will see that, despite the intrinsic limitations of the method, this can nevertheless be useful to compute the lowest-order relativistic corrections to the Schrodinger equation.
Quantization of free fields
Authors: Maggiore Michele 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the basic principles of quantum mechanics we know that, to quantize a classical system with coordinates qi and momenta pi, in the Schrodinger picture, we promote qi, pi to operators and we impose the commutation relation [qi, p1] = iJiJ. In the Heisenberg picture, where the operators depend on time, the commutation relation is imposed at equal time. The same principle can be applied to a scalar field theory, where the coordinates qi(t) are replaced by the fields ¢ (t, x) while pi(t) are replaced by the conjugate momenta II(t, x), and we interpret x as a label that distinguishes the “coordinates” ¢ (t, x) of our system. Since x is a continuous variable, &lt;5ij must be replaced by a Dirac delta.
Non-abelian gauge theories
Authors: Maggiore Michele 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we introduce non-abelian gauge theories, or Yang-Mills theories. Their importance stems from the fact that strong interactions are described by a non-abelian gauge theory with gauge group SU(3), known as quantum chromodynamics or QCD, while the electromagnetic and weak interactions are unified in a gauge theory with gauge group SU(2) x U(l), the electroweak theory. Together, QCD and the electroweak theory form the Standard Model, which to date reproduces all known experimental results of particle physics, up to energies of the order of a few hundred GeV.
The Mathematical Theory of Minority Games
Authors: Coolen A C C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Minority games are simple mathematical models initially designed to understand the co-operative phenomena observed in markets. Their core ingredients are large numbers of interacting decision-making agents, each aiming for personal gain in an artificial `market' by trying to anticipate (on the basis of incomplete information, and with an element of irrationality) the actions of others. Gain is made by those who subsequently find themselves in the minority group, e.g. those who end up buying when most wish to sell or vice versa. Aimed at researchers and students in physics, mathematics and economics this text describes the mathematical theory of Minority Games from a statistical mechanics viewpoint. It provides a detailed and explicit introduction to the advanced mathematical analysis of these models, describes the potential and restrictions of physical methods in solving agent based market models, and outlines how different mathematical approaches are related.
Stereotyped and other motor responses to 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor activation
Authors: Curzon Gerald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pharmacological stimulation of postsynaptic 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptors in rodents leads to complex behavioural syndromes. Their components may include hindlimb abduction, ‘wet-dog’ or body-shakes (paroxysmal shaking of the head and trunk, side-to-side head-weaving, reciprocal forepaw-treading (‘piano playing’), tremor, Straub tail, and increased reactivity to stimuli (reviewed in Jacobs 1976; Gerson and Baldessarini 1980; Green and Heal 1985). Head-weaving and forepawtreading are stereotyped inasmuch as they are apparently meaningless and repetitive fragments of normal behaviour.The 5-HT syndrome can be induced by numerous drug treatments, e.g. by giving the amino acid L-tryptophan, (the dietary precursor of 5-HT) after pre-treatment with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI; Hess and Doepfner 1961; Grahame-Smith 197la) or by injecting 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), a tryptophan metabolite and the immediate precursor of 5-HT. The effect of the latter treatment is potentiated by drugs which either inhibit the neuronal re-uptake of 5-HT or prevent its destruction (Ortmann et al.1980; Ortmann 1984). The syndrome is also elicited by giving a 5-HT reuptake inhibitor after pre-treatment with the MAOI tranylcypromine (Ashkenazi et al.1983) or by the MAO I phenelzine alone.
Spectral analysis
Authors: Diggle Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Section 2.7 we introduced the periodogram as a way of representing the variability in a time series in terms of harmonic components at various frequencies. We defined the periodogram ordinate at a particular frequency w to be proportional to the squared amplitude of the corresponding cosine wave, α cos(ω t)+ β sin( ω t), fitted to the data by least squares. This suggested that the periodogram could be used to identify important harmonic components in time-series data. In fact, as foreshadowed in Section 2.8, the periodogram has wider application. There, we pointed out that the periodogram is intimately connected to the sample auto covariance function, in that the one is an invertible mathematical transformation of the other. Put in statistical terms, the sample auto covariance function and the periodogram are alternative ways of summarizing the second-order properties of a time series. In Chapter 3 we explored this connection in a theoretical setting, showing that the auto covariance function and spectrum of a stationary random process are similarly related, the one being the Fourier transform of the other.
Estimating equations for mixed Poisson models
Authors: Dean C B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Count data analysed under a Poisson assumption often exhibit overdispersion. To accommodate the extra-Poisson variation, mixed Poisson models are frequently used. Inference using maximum likelihood techniques is possible assuming the Poisson mixture to be, for example, the negative binomial or the Poisson log normal distribution. However, interest here focuses on the use of estimating equations and in particular, quadratic and quasi-likelihood estimating equations. A general discussion of optimal quadratic estimation is provided by Crowder (1987) and Godambe and Thompson (1989). The estimators obtained from the use of optimal quadratic estimating equations are shown to be very efficient under a variety of distributions.
Sufficiency, ancillarity, and information in estimating functions
Authors: Bhapkar V P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The optimality or the score function as an estimating function is naturally related to the Fisher information for the parameter. For any estimating function, a sufficient statistic can be used to derive a possibly more infonnative version of the given estimating function. Similarly, the use of the conditional distribution given the observed value of an ancillary statistic leads to a possibly more informative estimating function.
Geometrical aspects of efficiency criteria for spaces of estimating functions
Authors: Small Christopher G , McLeish D L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While the formal theory of estimating functions is of fairly recent development, its roots go back to early work by Pearson (1894) on the method of moments, which was an important stepping stone in the realization that estimators are naturally obtained as the solution to a set of equations which may not be capable of explicit solution. The controversy that subsequently raged between Pearson and Fisher over the merits of the method of moments and maximum likelihood estimation can be naturally set today in the context of the modern theory of estimating functions, where both the method of moments and the score function are examples of unbiased estimating functions.
Estimating equations from modified profile likelihood
Authors: Ferguson H , Reid, N , Cox D R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The score equation derived from the modified profile likelihood of Cox and Reid (1987) is examined by means of its stochastic asymptotic expansion, The bias and variance can then be evaluated explicitly, and it is easy to see that the estimating equation is unbiased to higher order than the score equation from the profile likelihood, a result also obtained by Liang (1987). The relation between the derivative of the score function and its variance is also considered, as is the role of parameter orthogonality, the ‘usual’ relation being recovered for certain exponential family problems. Parameter orthogonality is shown to be crucial.
On using bivariate moment equations in mixed normal problems
Authors: Lindsay B G , Basak P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is shown how to construct a set of bivariate moment equations that can be used to identify a discrete distribution with a specified number of support points in the plane. From these equations, one can construct method of moment estimators in problems involving a mixture of bivariate normal distributions with common covariance matrix These estimators have the advantage over previous moment estimators of being computationally simple for any prespecified number of component distributions in the mixing distribu¬ tion and of having known uniqueness and identifiability properties. The computational speed and consistency of these methods makes them useful in diagnostics, simulation, and in the construction of initial values for maximum likelihood algorithms.
The communal cauldron: relations between Hindus and Muslims in India and their reactions to norm violations
Authors: Ghosh Emmanuel S K , Kumar, Rashmi , Tripathi Rama C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Hindu—Muslim equation has puzzled social scientists in modern India considerably. India is committed to ‘unity among diversity’ as an ideal of a secular, democratic republic. However, in practice the linguistic, regional, ethnic, and religious diversities have tended to pose numerous problems for its integrated national growth and development. Of these many diversities, the relations between Hindus and Muslims have been markedly salient. Though the Hindu-Muslim contact dates back to more than a thousand years, it has been marked with growing violence between the two ethnic communities in recent years. Firstly, a study of demographic data underlines the problem. Muslims in India constitute the largest single minority of about 11—12 per cent of the total population, which is approximately one hundred million people. This is practically equal to the total Muslim population of West Asia and is more than the Muslim population of Pakistan. After Indonesia and Bangladesh, India has the largest concentration of Muslims. There are few nations with such a large minority in relation to its total population. Nearly 50 per cent of this Muslim population of India live in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal. Uttar Pradesh alone accounts for about a quarter of the Muslim population of the country. The urban Muslim population is 16.28 per cent against 9.82 per cent in rural areas. The confrontations between Hindus and Muslims have been largely in urban areas where relatively large numbers of Muslims concentrate (D’Souza 1983). It has also been suggested that urban areas with a Muslim minority population ranging between 20 and 40 per cent of the total population are more disturbance prone (Engineer 1984; Saxena 1984; Krishna 1985).