bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Study of excretion of ecdysterone in human urine
Authors: Tsitsimpikou Christina , Tsamis George D. , Siskos Panayotis A. , Spyridaki Maria‐Helen E. , Georgakopoulos Costas G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA study of excretion in human urine of ecdysterone, which is the active component of several over‐the‐counter supplements such as ‘Ecdysten’, reportedly used by athletes, is presented. The study was performed after oral administration of 20 mg of ecdysterone. The collected urine samples were prepared using the standard screening extraction procedure for the free and conjugated fraction of anabolic steroids, and analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) coupled with quadrupole mass spectrometry (MS) and also with high‐resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). Two ecdysterone metabolites were identified and detected along with unchanged ecdysterone. Accurate mass measurements were made for diagnostic ions, including the molecular ion of the main metabolite of ecdysterone, deoxyecdysone, which, to our knowledge, has not previously been reported in the literature. These accurate mass measurements support the proposed fragmentation scheme. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detection of specific Bacillus anthracis spore biomarkers by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Elhanany Eytan , Barak Ruth , Fisher Morly , Kobiler David , Altboum Zeev 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAnalysis by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOFMS) was applied for the characterization of Bacillus anthracis spore biomarkers. B. anthracis spores were extracted under a simple procedure, followed by linear mode analysis, using sinapinic acid as the matrix. Several markers with a mass range of 4–7 kDa were detected in three B. anthracis strains: Vollum, Sterne and V770‐NP1‐R. Similar spectra were also obtained for spore extracts of two members of the B. cereus group: B. thuringiensis and B. cereus, but not for B. mycoides, B. subtilis or B. licheniformis, suggesting that these markers are specific to closely related members of the B. cereus group. When α‐cyano‐4‐hydroxycinnamic acid was used as the matrix, at least four additional new markers within a mass range of 2–4 kDa could be detected in all B. anthracis spore extracts. These markers, corresponding to a molecular weight of 2528.3, 2792.4, 3077.4, and 3590.7 Da, have not been observed in extracts of the three closely related Bacillus species – B. cereus, B. thuringiensis and B. mycoides. These unique B. anthracis biomarkers, which were isotopically resolved and reproducibly detected in the highly accurate MALDI‐TOFMS reflectron mode, may be useful as a basis for rapid and specific identification of B. anthracis strains. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Combined quantum chemical and RRKM modeling of the main fragmentation pathways of protonated GGG. I. Cis‐trans isomerization around protonated amide bonds
Authors: Paizs Béla , Suhai Sándor 
Published: August 2002

AbstractDetailed analysis of the possible fragmentation channels of protonated GGG suggests that a pre‐dissociation cis‐trans isomerization of the N‐terminal amide bond has to take place when y1 ions are formed on the ‘diketopiperazine’ pathway. Quantum chemical calculations were performed in order to determine the effect of different isomerization states (trans‐trans, cis‐trans, trans‐cis, and cis‐cis) on the energetics of protonation of GGG at the most important protonation sites including the terminal amino group and amide oxygen and nitrogen atoms. These calculations indicate that cis‐trans isomerization is energetically feasible for protonated GGG and the relative energy of the most stable such species that contain a cis amide bond is at a few kcal/mol calculated with respect to the trans‐trans global minimum. Analysis of the possible pathways for the cis‐trans isomerization suggests that this process involves species protonated at the nitrogen of the N‐terminal amide bond. Detailed discussion of the fate of such species indicates that cis‐trans isomerization of the N‐terminal amide bond of protonated GGG is kinetically controlled while a low‐energy pathway connecting the most stable trans‐trans and cis‐trans species no doubt exists. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In vitro metabolite identification using fast gradient high performance liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Hop Cornelis E. C. A. , Tiller Phillip R. , Romanyshyn Leslie 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMetabolite identification can provide critical information for further synthesis during the lead optimization stage of drug discovery. Fast chromatographic gradient methodology was explored to reduce the analysis time for metabolite identification by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry while maintaining chromatographic separation of all components of interest. Short HPLC columns (2 cm) containing 3 µm particles were used and the chromatographic conditions involved elevated flow rates (1.0–2.5 mL/min) and fast, full range linear gradients (<2 min). Detection was accomplished by fast scanning triple quadrupole mass spectrometers or a quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer. Analysis of liver microsomal incubations of several compounds indicates that separation of isomeric metabolites as well as the parent compound is feasible with analysis times not exceeding 2 minutes. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experimental validation of Gaussian‐3 lithium cation affinities of amides: implications for the gas‐phase lithium cation basicity scale
Authors: Tsang Yuet , Siu Fung Ming , Ma Ngai Ling , Tsang Chun Wai 
Published: August 2002

AbstractUsing a refined Gaussian‐3 (G3) protocol, the highest level of ab initio calculations reported so far, we have established the Li+ cation binding enthalpy (affinity) at 0 K (in kJ mol−1) for formamide (195.7), N‐methylformamide (209.2), N,N′‐dimethylformamide (220.0), acetamide (211.7), N‐methylacetamide (222.5), and N,N′‐dimethylacetamide (230.1), with an estimated maximum uncertainty of ±8 kJ mol−1. With these six theoretical lithium cation binding affinities as reference values, the absolute Li+ affinities of imidazole and dimethoxyethane were determined by the extended kinetic method, and by adopting the statistical data treatment protocol recently proposed by Armentrout. The Li+ affinities obtained for these two ligands are in good agreement (within 6 kJ mol−1) with recent values determined by the threshold collision‐induced dissociation method, and consistent with the Li+ basicity values first reported by Taft and co‐workers in 1990. Our study confirms that the previously suggested, and recently implemented, downward revision of Taft's original basicity scale by 10.9 kJ mol−1 is justified for ligands with revised basicities less than 151 kJ mol−1. However, for selected ligands with Li+ basicities greater than 151 kJ mol−1, including some of the six amides studied in this work, the reported discrepancy between theoretical and experimental estimates in the revised Li+ basicity scale of Burk et al. is likely to arise from experimental uncertainties. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Remediation of Trapped Free‐Phase LNAPL
Authors: Whitworth T. M. , Elmore Andrew Curtis 
Published: August 2002

AbstractFree‐phase light nonaqueous phase liquids (LNAPLs) may be trapped in certain stratigraphic and
structural features near or at contaminated sites due to seasonal or other variations in the water table
elevation. The purpose of this article is to point out particular subsurface conditions that are conducive to
trapping of free‐phase LNAPLs and to suggest approaches to remediating LNAPL‐contaminated sites
exhibiting similar subsurface geometry and stratigraphy. To trap free‐phase LNAPL, a structure must have,
in addition to closed contours, an upper boundary with pores small enough so that the LNAPL will not enter them.
This boundary usually consists of clay‐rich sediments. The Lower Mississippi River Valley contains
thousands of these potential traps associated with the geomorphic surfaces mapped as outwash or braided stream
terraces, which are covered with thin layers of backswamp clays. These traps may have closure heights ranging from
about 1 to 7.5 meters or more and have variable lateral extents. Based on surface geomorphic analysis, the
potential LNAPL traps in the Lower Mississippi River Valley range in size from about 0.06 by 0.02 km to 4.19 by
0.69 km. The apparent best remediation strategy for LNAPL sites located on these geomorphic surfaces, which
contain these trapping structures, is to first determine if free‐phase is present. If it is present, and is
contained in one of the stratigraphic traps, the free‐phase can be removed through an extraction well or
wells located at the trap apex. Geomorphic analysis and geophysical surveys may be necessary to accurately locate
the trap apex. The remaining residual hydrocarbons might best be remediated using an air sparging system, although
it may be necessary to install air vents through the clay cap by backfilling augured holes with washed sand. If it
is determined that, due to geometry, the dissolved LNAPL plume cannot be adequately remediated using an air
sparging system, then groundwater circulation wells or monitored natural attenuation may be alternative
technologies. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Bioremediation of Dissolved and Free Phase Oil in Wastewater from Equipment Maintenance Activities
Authors: Guerin Turlough F. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractLand treatment facilities can provide effective treatment of secondary oily wastewater from maintenance
operations, particularly in arid climates. Soil and underlying groundwater from a land treatment facility, which
has been operating for eight years, were analyzed to determine the effectiveness of using bioremediation for the
treatment of dissolved and free‐phase oil in maintenance wastewater. The study was conducted at a mining
site in Western Australia. The facility was capable of treating 140 kiloliters (kL) of oily wastewater
per day. The average petroleum hydrocarbon content of the wastewater was 2 percent weight per volume
(w/v) based on data available for the first five years. The soil data indicate that the land
treatment process has been operating efficiently even at high wastewater loadings with maximum degradation rates
of 10–242 mg/kg per day. Based on the soil data, there is no evidence of accumulation of any metal or
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds. The land treatment facility has led to only low
levels of TPH (total petroleum hydrocarbons) contamination (<4 ppm) in the underlying
groundwater. However, nitrate concentrations in the groundwater were shown to increase over the first five years
of the facility's operation. This article reports and discusses the operational data from the land
treatment process, illustrating its effectiveness in treating oily wastewater. © 2001 John Wiley &
Sons, Inc.
Advantages of finite‐structured environmental insurance policies
Authors: Murphy Michael J. , Renshaw Reynolds B. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractOver the last five years, insurance products have been expanded to assist companies better manage environmental
liabilities. The most progressive of these products is a finite‐structured program whereby the convergence
of insurance and financial markets expand the meaning of “alternative risk transfer.” Finite programs
blend financial markets and banking concepts with risk transfer concepts to more effectively and efficiently allow
the insured to manage the financial implications of its environmental liabilities. This article presents the
advantages of using finite‐structured environmental insurance policies and discusses how potential insureds
can protect against several types of remediation project risks, including cleanup costs, inflation uncertainty,
and variability in investment returns. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Robust and non‐linear control of marine system
Authors: Yamamoto Ikuo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractRobust and non‐linear control theories useful for real marine system are developed and applied to a variety of marine vehicles and equipments. In the thesis, the basic principle of marine control system development is described and advanced robust control algorithm and non‐linear control algorithm applicable for real system are shown. It's effectiveness is confirmed by numerical simulations, tank tests, and sea trial tests. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Non‐diagonal controllers in MIMO quantitative feedback design
Authors: Boje Edward 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper discusses multivariable quantitative feedback design through the use of controllers with off‐diagonal elements. Controller design for multivariable plants with significant uncertainty is simpler and potentially less conservative if some sort of dominance is achieved (by reducing the interaction effect of off‐diagonal plant elements) before a diagonal (decentralized) controller design is attempted. Traditional approaches for achieving dominance are not applicable when plant uncertainty must be considered. This paper discusses parallel and series implementations and for the latter, a pseudo‐Gauss elimination approach to the design has been developed. The interaction is measured using the Perron–Frobenius root of an interaction matrix. In some applications, it is possible to trade off individual plant cases against each other in order to reduce to the worst‐case interaction over the entire plant set. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Geared robot manipulators with a jointed unit: Kinematic analysis and its application
Authors: Chen Dar‐Zen , Huang Yu‐Chu 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAn efficient and systematic methodology for the kinematic analysis of geared robot manipulators (GRMs) with a jointed unit is presented. It is shown that, by decomposing mechanical transmission lines of a GRM into serially connected jointed and disjointed units, kinematic relation between local inputs and local outputs of admissible jointed units can be systematically formulated. Accordingly, angular displacements of input links with respect to their associated primary links can be symbolically expressed in terms of joint angles by a unit‐by‐unit evaluation procedure. This unit‐by‐unit evaluation procedure provides better kinematic insights into how input torques are transmitted to various joints. It is also shown that an actuator in a GRM with a jointed unit can drive nonconsecutive joints by proper design of its gear train. A 3 degrees of freedom GRM with a jointed unit is used as an illustrative example. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Hydrochemistry of the hyporheic zone in salmon spawning gravels: a preliminary assessment in a degraded agricultural stream
Authors: Soulsby C. , Malcolm I.A. , Youngson A.F. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractHydrochemical changes were monitored in a simulated, sea run salmon redd in a small agricultural stream in northeast Scotland following the 1998–1999 spawning season. Immediately after redd construction, the hydrochemical characteristics of hyporheic water, at depths of 0.1 m and 0.3 m, were very similar to stream water. These apparently well‐mixed waters were alkaline, well‐oxygenated and enriched in nutrients. In the weeks and months following redd construction, clear and statistically significant differences in the chemistry of stream and hyporheic waters were observed. Typically, hyporheic water had lower concentrations of dissolved oxygen (mean 7.35 mg L−1 at 0.3 m depth) than stream waters (mean=11.26 mg L−1). Alkalinity, calcium, sulphate and conductivity levels tended to be higher in hyporheic waters, with concentrations increasing with depth. These data implied an increasing influence of groundwater with depth in the hyporheic zone following redd construction; an inference supported by subsequent hydraulic head measurements, which revealed an upwards groundwater flux in the stream bed. However, groundwater–surface water interactions were dynamic and complex: road salts eluted into the stream during periods of snowmelt simulated tracer experiments that implied that a reversed hydraulic gradient may occur at high flows with deeper streamwater penetration and mixing in the hyporheic zone. High flows also result in the mobilization of fine sediments from the stream bed which subsequently infiltrated into spawning gravels. These appear to cause ‘capping’ of redds and probably reduce the hydraulic conductivity of the redd matrix. Infiltrating sediments also contain a small, but probably important organic component, the decomposition of which may contribute to oxygen consumption and nutrient mineralization in the hyporheic zone. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Very rapid mixing of the Glauber dynamics for proper colorings on bounded‐degree graphs
Authors: Dyer Martin , Greenhill Catherine , Molloy Mike 
Published: August 2002

AbstractRecent results have shown that the Glauber dynamics for graph colorings has optimal mixing time when (i) the graph is triangle‐free and Δ‐regular and the number of colors k is a small constant fraction smaller than 2Δ, or (ii) the graph has maximum degree Δ and k=2Δ. We extend both these results to prove that the Glauber dynamics has optimal mixing time when the graph has maximum degree Δ and the number of colors is a small constant fraction smaller than 2Δ. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 20, 98–114, 2002
Randomized allocation processes
Authors: Czumaj Artur , Stemann Volker 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMany dynamic resource allocation and on‐line load balancing problems can be modeled by processes that sequentially allocate balls into bins. The balls arrive one by one and are to be placed into bins on‐line without using a centralized controller. Ifnballs are sequentially placed intonbins by placing each ball in a randomly chosen bin, then it is widely known that the maximum load in bins is ln n /ln ln n⋅(1+o(1)) with high probability. Azar, Broder, Karlin, and Upfal extended this scheme, so that each ball is placed sequentially into the least full ofdrandomly chosen bins. They showed that the maximum load of the bins reduces exponentially and is ln ln n/In d+Θ(1) with high probability, providedd<2. In this paper we investigate various extensions of these schemes that arise in applications in dynamic resource allocation and on‐line load balancing. Traditionally, the main aim of allocation processes is to place balls into bins to minimize the maximum load in bins. However, in many applications it is equally important to minimize the number of choices performed (the allocation time). We study adaptive allocation schemes that achieve optimal tradeoffs between the maximum load, the maximum allocation time, and the average allocation time. We also investigate allocation processes that may reallocate the balls. We provide a tight analysis of a natural class of processes that each time a ball is placed in one ofdrandomly chosen bins may move balls among thesedbins arbitrarily. Finally, we provide a tight analysis of the maximum load of the off‐line process in which each ball may be placed into one ofdrandomly chosen bins. We apply this result to competitive analysis of on‐line load balancing processes. ©2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 18: 297–331, 2001
Hamilton cycles containing randomly selected edges in random regular graphs
Authors: Robinson R.W. , Wormald N.C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn previous papers the authors showed that almost all d‐regular graphs for d≤3 are hamiltonian. In the present paper this result is generalized so that a set of j oriented root edges have been randomly specified for the cycle to contain. The Hamilton cycle must be orientable to agree with all of the orientations on the j root edges. It is shown that the requisite Hamilton cycle almost surely exists if $j=o(\sqrt{n}),$ and the limiting probability distribution at the threshold $j=c\sqrt{n}$ is determined when d=3. It is a corollary (in view of results elsewhere) that almost all claw‐free cubic graphs are hamiltonian. There is a variation in which an additional cyclic ordering on the root edges is imposed which must also agree with their ordering on the Hamilton cycle. In this case, the required Hamilton cycle almost surely exists if j=o(n2/5). The method of analysis is small subgraph conditioning. This gives results on contiguity and the distribution of the number of Hamilton cycles which imply the facts above. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 19: 128–147, 2001
Data collection from the Antarctic region through a W‐band low Earth orbit satellite
Authors: Ruggieri Marina , Falzini Stefano , Saggese Enrico , Corbelli Filippo , Bonifazi Carlo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe DAVID (DAta and Video Interactive Distribution) mission is being carried out in the framework of the Science Small Missions Program of the Italian Space Agency. The mission is aimed at the deployment of two scientific telecommunication experiments through a low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite. The paper will focus on one of these experiments, that will test a satellite system architecture for the exchange of a large amount of data and high definition images through a W‐band link and a Ka‐band inter‐satellite link between the LEO and the ARTEMIS satellite. The proposed architecture, that will explore various innovative aspects, will also allow for the first time the distribution of large volumes of scientific data collected from the Antarctic region and other extremely remote areas of the Earth. The availability of a return link in the envisaged system will also allow interactive control of the various laboratories located in the remote sites. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neural network implementation of a fade countermeasure controller for a VSAT link
Authors: Malygin Andrei , Filip Miodrag , Vilar Enric 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this paper, an algorithm and its practical implementation to activate adaptive modulation as a fade countermeasure (FCM) is presented. Characteristics of the algorithm are derived from the propagation studies and the algorithm uses a simple four parameter model. A neural network architecture was used to implement the decision making block of the controller. The algorithm has been implemented on a fixed point DSP. An experimental set‐up with an emulated Ka‐band satellite link and a terrestrial return path connection has been used with previously recorded propagation data for experimental verification and performance analysis. Performance of the implemented FCM system is compared with that of fixed, non‐adaptive systems. Over concatenated rain events, the adaptive system yields better throughput at or below a given BER than any fixed mode system and only marginally worse BER availability than the most robust scheme in the system. The FCM is thus essential if throughput is of importance as well as availability. The added complexity of the FCM system is not great by contemporary technology standards and is, in authors' opinion, well worth the investment. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.