bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interspecies pharmacokinetic scaling of oltipraz in mice, rats, rabbits and dogs, and prediction of human pharmacokinetics
Authors: Bae Soo K. , Lee Shin J. , Kim Yoon G. , Kim So H. , Kim Jin W. , Kim Taekrho , Lee Myung G. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractDose‐independent pharmacokinetics of oltipraz after intravenous and/or oral administration at various doses to mice, rats, rabbits and dogs were evaluated. After both intravenous and/or oral administration of oltipraz to mice (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg for intravenous and 15, 30 and 50 mg/kg for oral administration), rats (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg for intravenous and 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg for oral administration), rabbits (5, 10 and 30 mg/kg for intravenous administration) and dogs (5 and 10 mg/kg for intravenous and 50 and 100 mg/kg for oral administration), the total area under the plasma concentration‐time curve from time zero to time infinity (AUC) values of oltipraz were dose‐proportional in all animals studied. Animal scale‐up of some pharmacokinetics parameters of oltipraz was also performed based on the parameters after intravenous administration at a dose of 10 mg/kg to mice, rats, rabbits and dogs. Linear relationships were obtained between log time‐averaged total body clearance (Cl) × maximum life‐span potential (MLP) (1 year/h) and log species body weight (W) (kg) (r=0.999; p=0.0015), log Cl (l/h) and log W (kg) (r=0.979; p=0.0209), and log apparent volume of distribution at steady state (Vss) (l) and log W (kg) (r=0.999; p=0.0009). The corresponding allometric equations were Cl×MLP=49.8 W0.861, Cl=5.20 W0.523 and Vss=4.46 W0.764. Interspecies scale‐up of plasma concentration‐time data for the four species using pharmacokinetic time of dienetichron resulted in similar profiles. In addition, concentrations of oltipraz in a plasma concentration‐time profile for humans predicted using the four animal data fitted to the dienetichron time transformation of animal data. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bioequivalence of two oral formulations of nizatidine capsules in healthy male volunteers
Authors: Lockyer Marilyn , Al‐Dgither Saleh , Al‐Gaai Eman , Yousuf Ahmed , Hammami Muhammad M. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractPurpose: The purpose of this randomized, crossover study was to compare the bioavailability of a generic and an innovator formulation of nizatidine 300 mg capsules under fasting conditions.Methods: Twenty blood samples per period were collected from 20 healthy, Arab male volunteers over 16 h, plasma nizatidine concentrations were determined by HPLC assay, and pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by the non‐compartmental method.Results: Mean±SD Cmax, Tmax, AUC0→t, AUC0→∞, and t1/2 were 2.96±0.54 and 3.28±0.68 µg/ml, 1.31±0.70 and 0.93±0.38 h, 9.04±1.66 and 9.03±1.94 µg.h/ml, 9.17±1.64 and 9.12±1.94 µg.h/ml, and 1.64±0.21 and 1.58±0.22 h for the generic and innovator formulation, respectively. The parametric 90% confidence intervals on the mean of the difference between log‐transformed values were 98.06% to 103.21%, 98.74% to 103.71%, and 83.37% to 101.34%, for AUC0→t, AUC0→∞, and Cmax, respectively.Conclusion: The results indicate that these two formulations are equivalent in the rate and extent of absorption. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Production of Bacillus thuringiensis‐based biopesticides in batch and fed batch cultures using wastewater sludge as a raw material
Authors: Yezza A , Tyagi RD , Valéro JR , Surampalli RY 
Published: February 2005

AbstractBacillus thuringiensis subsp kurstaki was grown in batch and fed batch cultures using wastewater sludge as a raw material. A simple fed batch strategy based on dissolved oxygen measurement during the fermentation cycle was developed in this work. It was established that while shifting the process strategy from batch to fed batch, the maximum spore concentration was increased from 5.62 × 108 to 8.6 × 108 colony forming units per cm3 and resulted in an increase of entomocidal activity from 13 × 109 to 18 × 109 spruce budworm potency units per dm3. Higher entomotoxicity was recorded at low spore concentration using wastewater sludge as a raw material whereas low entomotoxicity was reported at high spore concentration in synthetic medium. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Structure investigation of maltacine B1a, B1b, B2a and B2b: cyclic peptide lactones of the maltacine complex from Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Hagelin Gunnar 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA new complex of cyclic peptide lactone antibiotics from Bacillus subtilis, which we named maltacines, has recently been described. The structure elucidation of four of them is reported in this paper. The amino acid sequences and structures of the peptides were found by MSn of the ring‐opened linear peptides that gave uninterrupted sequences of Bn and Y″n ions. The identities of three unknown residues in the sequences were solved by a combination of derivatization with phenyl isothiocyanate (PITC), high‐resolution mass spectrometry and H/D exchange. The nature and position of the cyclic structure were revealed by a chemoselective ring opening with Na18OH and was found to be a lactone formed between a hydroxyl of residue number 4 and the C‐terminal amino acid number 12. For verification of the structure of the B2+ ion, peptides with different combinations of P/Q and P/K at the N‐terminus were synthesized. The structures of the four peptides were found to be as follows: B1a/B2a, cyclo‐4,12(P‐Q‐Y‐HNLeu‐A‐E‐T‐Y‐Orn‐103‐Y‐I‐OH); and B1b/B2b, cyclo‐4,12(P‐Q‐Y‐HNLeu‐A‐E‐T‐Y‐K‐103‐Y‐I‐OH). Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inhibition of browning by antibrowning agents and phenolic acids or cinnamic acid in the glucose–lysine model
Authors: Kwak Eun‐Jung , Lim Seong‐Il 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe effects of antibrowning agents and phenolic acids or cinnamic acid on the inhibition of browning were investigated with a glucose–lysine model. Six antibrowning agents (cysteine, glutathione, sodium sulfite, pentasodium tripolyphosphate, citric acid and oxalic acid) and four phenolic acids (ferulic, hydroxybenzoic, syringic and vanillic acids) were used. In order to investigate the antibrowning capacity of these agents, model solutions containing glucose, lysine and an antibrowning agent were heated at 50 °C in the presence of FeCl2, before being stored in nitrogen or air at 4 °C or 30 °C. Browning was accelerated to some degree during storage in air at 30 °C. In the case of storage at 4 °C, however, no browning was detected in nitrogen after four weeks. Citric acid was the most efficient antibrowning agent during storage in air at 30 °C and inhibited browning to 36% after four weeks. However, its antibrowning capacity was increased by 8–15% in the presence of any of the phenolic acids or cinnamic acid, essentially independently of concentration in the range 10 µM to 10 mM or the type of phenolic acid. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of storage in controlled atmosphere on post‐harvest infections of Phytophthora brassicae and chilling injury in Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L pekinensis (Lour) Hanelt)
Authors: Hermansen Arne , Hoftun Halldor 
Published: February 2005

AbstractHeads of Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L pekinensis (Lour) Hanelt) were inoculated with Phytophthora brassicae De Cock and Man in't Veld and stored at 1.5 °C in the following concentrations of CO2/O2: 0.5%/20.5% (control), 0.5%/1.5% or 3.0%/3.0%. In experiments with cv ‘Nerva’, stored for 94–97 days, the infection caused by P brassicae was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the controlled atmosphere (CA) treatments than in the control. However, in vitro growth of P brassicae on agar was slower (p < 0.001) in the CA treatments than in the control. Chilling injury (brown midribs) found in cv ‘Parkin’ was highest in heads from the control. Storage in 0.5% CO2/1.5% O2 significantly (p < 0.001) reduced this disorder, and the lowest percentage of brown midribs was found in 3.0% CO2/3.0% O2. No chilling injury was found in cv ‘Nerva’. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Use of tannic acid to protect barley meal against ruminal degradation
Authors: Martínez Tomás F , Moyano Francisco J , Díaz Manuel , Barroso Fernando G , Alarcón Francisco J 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe inefficiency of starch utilisation by ruminants fed readily fermentable cereal grains, such as barley, decreases the metabolic potential of such feeds and can cause serious dysfunctions related to acidosis or pre‐acidosis status in animals with higher energy requirements. The rate and extent of ruminal disappearance of grain dry matter (DM) are determined largely by the morphological features of the seed endosperm, but the presence of polyphenols may also constitute a limiting factor in ruminal hydrolysis. To assess the impact of tannins on the rate and extent of ruminal fermentation of barley grain, commercial grade tannic acid (TA) was included at 0, 1.0, 2.5 or 5.0% (wt/wt, DM basis) with ground barley grain in incubation in situ, and disappearance of DM and crude protein were monitored over 48 h. A dose‐dependent effect of TA on in situ degradation of barley meal was observed; significance was attained (p < 0.05) at the 5% treatment level. Scanning electron microscopy revealed limited microbial hydrolysis of endosperm cell walls in TA‐treated samples, although TA did not prevent microbial attachment to or hydrolysis of starch granules. Tannins may be effective for slowing ruminal disappearance of barley to improve starch utilisation by ruminants. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Water‐saving approaches for improving wheat production
Authors: Deng Xi‐Ping , Shan Lun , Inanaga Shinobu , Inoue Mitsuhiro 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe greatest fear of global climate change is drought. World‐wide, 61% of countries receive rainfall of less than 500 mm annually; domestication of wheat first occurred in such a semiarid region of southwestern Asia, and it seems that wheat foods originally came from dryland gardens. Wheat plants respond to drought through morphological, physiological and metabolic modifications in all plant parts. At the cellular level, plant responses to water deficit may result from cell damage, whereas other responses may correspond to adaptive processes. Although a large number of drought‐induced genes have been identified in a wide range of wheat varieties, a molecular basis for wheat plant tolerance to water stress remains far from being completely understood. The rapid translocation of abscissic acid (ABA) in shoots via xylem flux, and the increase of ABA concentration in wheat plant parts correlate with the major physiological changes that occur during plant response to drought. It is widely accepted that ABA mediates general adaptive responses to drought. For a relatively determinate target stress environment, and with stable genotype × environment interaction, the probability for achieving progress is high. This approach will be possible only after we learn more about the physiology and genetics of wheat plant responses to water stress and their interactions. The difficulties encountered by molecular biologists in attempting to improve crop drought tolerance are due to our ignorance in agronomy and crop physiology and not to lack of knowledge or technical expertise in molecular biology. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Unifloral honeys of the province of Buenos Aires, Argentine
Authors: Malacalza Néstor H , Caccavari Marta A , Fagúndez Guillermina , Lupano Cecilia E 
Published: February 2005

AbstractSamples of 63 unifloral honeys of the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina, from Eucalyptus spp, Lotus spp, Helianthus annuus, Melilotus albus, Brassicaceae, clovers other than Lotus and Melilotus, and Sagittaria montevidensis, were obtained by cold extraction at the laboratory. The frequencies of occurrence of pollen types, and the moisture, hydroxymethylfurfural, ash, acidity and proline contents were determined. Electrical conductivity, pH and colour were also analysed. Honey presented a high percentage (about 40%) of unifloral honey. The most frequent unifloral honeys were from Eucalyptus spp, Lotus spp and Helianthus annuus. Samples had a low pollen diversity with six to 19 pollen types, the most important nectariferous taxa being those that characterized the unifloral honeys. All samples presented moisture, hydroxymethylfurfural, ash and free acidity contents according to international standards. The colour of the honey was from water white to light amber, and all samples had a very low ash content. Significant differences at the 5% level in the hydroxymethylfurfural content, electrical conductivity, colour and proline content were observed among honeys from different floral origins. However, a high variability between samples from the same floral origin was observed, indicating that other factors such as accompanying pollen and geographical origin affect the physicochemical characteristics of honey. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Derivatization of fatty acids and its application for conjugated linoleic acid studies in ruminant meat lipids
Authors: Aldai Noelia , Murray Brendan E , Nájera Ana I , Troy Declan J , Osoro Koldo 
Published: February 2005

AbstractConjugated linoleic acid (c9, t11 CLA) is a dietary fatty acid produced mainly by ruminant animals and exhibits promising health‐promoting biological effects. For lipid fatty acid composition analyses, including CLA, lipids must be pre‐treated so that the free and esterified fatty acids (triacylglycerols, phospholipids, etc) are available for determination. The most common treatments involve fatty acid methyl ester derivatives from relatively simple chemical reactions, but this becomes complicated when esterification of CLA is involved because of potential changes in its positional and geometrical isomers by reaction with certain reagents. In this review we explain concisely the advantages and disadvantages of the most popular methods (acid‐ and base‐catalysed methods) generally employed for total fatty acid derivatization and their determination on a gas chromatograph. Based on our experiences we put forward the (trimethylsilyl)diazomethane method as an alternative and successful approach for ruminant tissue lipid determinations. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Rehydration process of Boletus edulis mushroom: characteristics and modelling
Authors: García‐Pascual Pablo , Sanjuán Nieves , Bon José , Carreres José E , Mulet Antonio 
Published: February 2005

AbstractRehydration of air‐dried Boletus edulis mushrooms was investigated at six temperatures (25, 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70 °C). To describe the rehydration kinetics, two empirical equations, Peleg and Weibull, and a diffusion model for a slab were considered. The empirical models described the rehydration process properly, while the diffusion model also described experimental data adequately when considering the moisture‐dependent effective diffusion coefficient. The equilibrium moisture content increased in line with temperature up to 60 °C, then decreased. The kinetics constants of the Peleg and Weibull models, k1 and β respectively, were affected by temperature. This influence of temperature can be expressed in term of an Arrhenius relationship, with an average activation energy of 19.2 kJ mol−1. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Nitrogen form affects yield and taste of tomatoes
Authors: Heeb Anuschka , Lundegårdh Bengt , Ericsson Tom , Savage Geoffrey P 
Published: February 2005

AbstractDifferent nitrogen forms in organic or mineral fertilizers affect yield, quality and taste of tomatoes. Tomato plants were grown in a greenhouse for 10 weeks and fertilized with two different organic fertilizers (manure or grass and clover mulch) or with three different mineral nutrient solutions (NO3−:NH4+) ratios 4:1 or 1:4). In an attempt to mimic the nutrient supply of the organic production systems, mineral fertilizers with ammonium as the dominating N‐source were combined with two chloride levels. Total nitrogen supply was 650 mg N plant−1week−1in all treatments. There was no difference in the yield of red tomatoes between the treatments (mean 1.95 kg FW plant−1). However, the yield of green tomatoes at the final harvest was significantly higher in the mineral nutrient treatments (mean 1.37 kg FW plant−1) compared with the organic treatments (mean 0.88 kg FW plant−1). Plant biomass was higher for the mineral nutrient treatments (mean 1.05 kg FW plant−1) compared with the organic treatments (0.89 kg and 0.72 kg FW plant−1in the manure and the grass and clover mulch treatments, respectively). Significantly higher scores were achieved for sweetness, acidity, flavour and acceptance for the tomatoes grown with the organic or the ammonium‐dominated treatments compared with the tomatoes grown with the nitrate dominated nutrient solution. It is suggested that ammonium is an equivalent nitrogen source for tomato plants compared with nitrate and that, when tomato plants are supplied with reduced nitrogen forms such as ammonium or organic nitrogen, an improved tomato fruit taste can be observed. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Enzyme activities, dietary fibre components and rheological properties of wholemeal flours from rye cultivars grown in Finland
Authors: Salmenkallio‐Marttila Marjatta , Hovinen Simo 
Published: February 2005

AbstractTotal and soluble dietary fibre, total and soluble pentosan and β‐glucan contents, activities of α‐amylase (EC 3.2.1.1) and endo‐β‐xylanase (EC 3.2.1.8) and viscous properties of aqueous suspensions of wholemeal flours during heating were determined in nine winter rye cultivars (Secale cereale L) grown in Finland in 1998–2001. There was marked annual and varietal differences in grain quality. In the rainy summer 1998 the yield was low, grains were small and dietary fibre content of the grains was high. Xylanase activity of the grains was high, which corresponded to the high content of soluble pentosans. In the dry summer of 1999, the pentosan content of the grains was low and β‐glucan content high. The effect of weather conditions and cultivar were also apparent in the differences in falling numbers, amylogram and swelling curve results. The two hybrid rye cultivars Esprit and Picasso had consistently highest falling numbers and amylogram peak viscosities. The activities of α‐amylase and xylanase had a moderate positive correlation with total pentosan content and the content of soluble pentosan. Xylanase activity had better correlation with the viscous properties of flour–water suspensions than α‐amylase. Surprisingly, α‐amylase activity had only a moderate negative correlation with falling number. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of benzyl isothiocyanate on tomato fruit infection development by Alternaria alternata
Authors: Troncoso‐Rojas R , Sánchez‐Estrada A , Ruelas C , García Hugo S , Tiznado‐Hernández ME 
Published: February 2005

AbstractBenzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) is known to be a strong antifungal compound in vitro against different fungi. The effectiveness of benzyl isothiocyanate to control Alternaria alternata growth in vitro and in vivo was tested. BITC in vitro activity was evaluated in A alternata growing on potato dextrose agar and exposed to 0.025, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2 or 0.4 mg ml−1. In vivo activity was evaluated by exposing A alternata‐inoculated tomato fruits for either 18 or 36 h to 0.28 or 0.56 mg ml−1 BITC packed on low‐density polyethylene film (LDPF) bags. Additionally, the effect of BITC on post‐harvest physiology and tomato quality throughout storage at 20 °C was evaluated daily by monitoring respiration rate and ethylene production, whereas total soluble solids, pH, titratable acidity and fresh weight loss were measured every 3 days. Results showed that the minimal inhibitory concentration of BITC in vitro was 0.1 mg ml−1. A combined use of 0.56 mg ml−1 BITC with LDPF for 18 h was the optimum treatment to control Alternaria rot in packed tomato fruit. No effect of BITC on respiration rate, ethylene production, total soluble solids, pH, weight loss and titratable acidity was observed. Results suggest that BITC can be used as a post‐harvest treatment to control Alternaria rot in tomato fruit without detrimental effects on the tomato post‐harvest quality. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of okra (Hibiscus esculentus L) seeds
Authors: András Csaba D , Simándi Béla , Örsi Ferenc , Lambrou Charalambos , Missopolinou‐Tatala Doukeni , Panayiotou Costas , Domokos János , Doleschall Fruzsina 
Published: February 2005

AbstractPilot‐scale supercritical fluid extraction of okra seeds was carried out, using carbon dioxide as solvent, at temperatures of 40, 50 and 60 °C and pressures of 150, 300 and 450 bar. Laboratory‐scale Soxhlet extraction of the ground seeds was carried out with ethanol and n‐hexane. The yields of supercritical fluid extraction and n‐hexane Soxhlet extractions were similar. The ethanol Soxhlet extraction gave the highest yield, but the concentrations of β‐sitosterol and tocopherols in this extract were lower than in the supercritical fluid extraction product. The fatty acid profiles of the extracts were determined, and a high unsaturated/saturated ratio was observed. The fatty acid compositions were only slightly different for oils obtained by the different extraction methods. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Stochastic modelling of migration from polyolefins
Authors: Helmroth Erika , Varekamp Chris , Dekker Matthijs 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA method is presented to predict diffusion coefficients in polyolefins using stochastic modelling. A large number of experimental diffusion coefficients, published in the literature as one dataset, was used to derive probability distributions of diffusion coefficients in the polymers low‐density polyethylene and linear low‐density polyethylene, medium‐ and high‐density polyethylene, and polypropylene. An equation is proposed to describe the diffusion coefficient as a function of the molar mass of the migrant. Model parameters and standard deviations are predicted by minimizing the sum of squared errors and the residuals are used to check the assumed types of probability distribution. The experimental data can be described by a log–normal distribution. It is shown how the derived probability distributions can be used as input for migration predictions. The method presented provides information about the most likely migration results for a given packaging–food simulant combination. This is important for prediction of the probability that a given migration limit may be exceeded. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry