bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Support for Integration: Élite or Mass‐Driven?
Authors: Wessels Bernhard 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe general question addressed in this chapter is whether or not support for the European Community among the mass public is generated by elite action. More precisely, it asks whether opinion flow and opinion formation concerning the EC function according to the cascade model proposed by Deutsch. Its empirical findings provide evidence for a cascade model by showing that the development of support is more congruent between opinion leaders and the highly attentive publics than between opinion leaders and the less attentive strata of society. In the second stage of the analysis, the chapter employs a dynamic model to show that generating support for the EC follows the logic of the normal political process, with stages of articulation, aggregation, and output.
Fatal Blastoschizomyces capitatus sepsis in a neutropenic patient with acute myeloid leukemia: first documented case from Greece
Authors: Christakis G. , Perlorentzou S. , Aslanidou M. , Megalakaki A. , Velegraki A. 
Published: April 2005

Summary Blastoschizomyces capitatus (formerly known as Geotrichum capitatum and Trichosporon capitatum) is a rare, yet an emerging, cause of invasive infections in immunosuppressed patients. Profound and prolonged neutropenia is the crucial predisposing factor for this yeast infection. Blastoschizomyces capitatus was isolated from peripheral blood cultures of a profoundly neutropenic patient with acute myeloid leukemia (M2 FAB). Despite administration of antifungal chemotherapy with liposomal amphotericin B at 4.5 mg kg−1 daily, the patient succumbed 4 days after initiation of treatment. Infections attributed to B. capitatus have generally a poor prognosis, although the yeast shows in vitro susceptibility to antifungal agents. Low flucytosine, caspofungin acetate, voriconazole and amphotericin B minimum inhibitory concentration values were also recorded with our isolate. The clinical relevance of the in vitro susceptibility testing against the isolate and the current antifungal chemotherapy regimens against B. capitatus systemic infections are discussed.
Temporal events in the intravenous challenge model for experimental Candida albicans infections in female mice
Authors: MacCallum Donna M. , Odds Frank C. 
Published: April 2005

SummaryWe characterized the intravenous (i.v.) challenge model for disseminated Candida albicans infection in female BALB/c and DBA/2 mice. Clearance of fungi from the bloodstream and appearance of fungi in tissues were measured at intervals after challenge with various doses of C. albicans. The wild‐type isolate SC5314 and derived strains CAF2–1 and CAI‐4 transformed with CIp10 were of equal virulence in the model. Variability in mouse survival times, kidney fungal burdens and cachexia was lowest when challenge inocula were within the range 104–105 CFU g−1 body weight in BALB/c mice, but brain fungal burdens and outcomes in DBA/2 mice were variable for all inocula tested. Critical times in the development of infections in optimally challenged BALB/c mice were at 5–10 h (bloodstream fully cleared of fungi), 24 h (start of exponential fungal growth in kidneys) and 48 h (50% of blood cultures become positive). Differential involvement of right and left kidneys occurred almost exclusively in mice challenged with <2 × 104 CFU g−1. We conclude that the i.v. challenge model in female BALB/c mice is now sufficiently well characterized to permit more refined experimentation in future virulence studies with C. albicans mutants.
Experimental dermatophytosis in calves caused by Trichophyton verrucosum culture
Authors: Obořilová E. , Rybnikář A. 
Published: April 2005

SummaryMicroconidia suspension of Trichophyton verrucosum virulent culture isolated originally from the mycotic lesions of cattle was inoculated epicutaneously to calves in various doses. Four application methods were selected, namely, onto the sheared and gently scarified skin, onto the sheared and non‐scarified skin, onto the non‐sheared and gently scarified skin, and onto the non‐sheared and non‐scarified skin. The inoculated area was 10 × 10 cm for all cases mentioned. When the application was performed onto the sheared and scarified skin, at least 18 000 microconidia of T. verrucosum per one animal had to be used to induce the mycotic disease in 100% of animals. This value was 10 times higher when the application was performed onto the non‐sheared and scarified skin, 100 times higher in the case of the sheared and non‐scarified skin and 1 000 times higher in the case of the non‐sheared and non‐scarified skin. The minimum infectious dose still capable of inducing dermatophytosis was 180 microconidia per 100 cm2 of the scarified skin, 18 000 microconidia per 100 cm2 of the sheared and non‐scarified skin, and 180 000 microconidia per 100 cm2 of the non‐sheared and non‐scarified skin.
Detection of Candida dubliniensis in oropharyngeal samples of Turkish HIV‐positive patients
Authors: Tekeli A. , Koyuncu E. , Dolapci I. , Guven G. S. , Sahin G. O. , Uzun O. 
Published: April 2005

SummaryThe incidence of Candida dubliniensis in immunocomprimised patients in Turkey has not yet been determined. In this study the presence of C. dubliniensis in oral rinse samples of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐positive patients and healthy controls were investigated. Phenotypic tests like inability of growth at 45 °C, colony formation on Staib agar, intracellular β‐d‐glucosidase activity, carbohydrate assimilation profiles and polymerase chain reaction with species‐specific primers (DUBF and DUBR) were carried out for differentiation of C. dubliniensis. Of the 35 patients, four (11.4%) had C.dubliniensis in their oral cavity. Antifungal susceptibility testing of these C. dubliniensis isolates showed fluconazole MICs ranging from <0.06 to 32 μg ml−1 and amphotericin B from <0.06 to 0.25 μg ml−1. One isolate was dose‐dependently susceptible to fluconazole (32 μg ml−1). This study demonstrates C. dubliniensis in HIV‐positive patients from Turkey.
Nine male cases of tinea genitalis
Authors: Romano Clara , Ghilardi Alberto , Papini Manuela 
Published: April 2005

SummaryNine cases of tinea genitalis observed in Siena and Terni (Italy) between 1988 and 2003 are reported because of their infrequency. The patients were males ranging in age from 23 to 45 years. The lesions, situated on the penis, glans and scrotum, were preceded by dermatophytosis in other sites (groin five cases; feet two cases; toenails two cases; hands in one; beard in another). Mycological examination consisting of direct microscopy and culture led to isolation of Trichophyton rubrum in five cases, Epidermophyton floccosum in two and T. mentagrophytes var. interdigitalis in the others. Clinical diagnosis is not always easy. In three cases the lesions had been misdiagnosed as eczema.
Detection of Candida dubliniensis in oropharyngeal samples from human immunodeficiency virus infected and non‐infected patients and in a yeast culture collection
Authors: Faggi E. , Pini G. , Campisi E. , Martinelli C. , Difonzo E. 
Published: April 2005

SummaryThe incidence of Candida dubliniensis in oropharyngeal swabs of 132 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐positive and 89 HIV‐negative patients was determined. The samples were plated onto CHROMagar Candida medium and 82 strains, presumptively identified as C. albicans or C. dubliniensis, were further investigated (temperature test, chlamydoconidia production, specific primer PCR). In addition, 487 collection strains (isolated from clinical samples and previously identified as C. albicans on the basis of a positive germ tube test) were screened in order to identify C. dubliniensis isolates. Two C. dubliniensis strains were isolated from two HIV‐positive patients without oral candidiasis. Candida dubliniensis was not isolated from 89 HIV‐negative patients nor was it identified among the collection strains.
Papular eruption on a tattoo: A case of primary inoculation tuberculosis
Authors: Wong Hoong‐Wai , Tay Yong‐Kwang , Sim Chee‐Seng 
Published: April 2005

SUMMARYThe pathogenesis of inoculation cutaneous tuberculosis requires a break in the skin, through minor abrasions or injury, allowing the entry of tubercle bacilli. We report a 33‐year‐old man who presented with erythematous papules over a tattoo on the right upper arm, 1 month after undergoing a tattoo procedure. Histology and cultures revealed infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. He was started on a 9‐month course of antituberculous medication and 3 months after initiation of the drugs all the papules had subsided. He has since completed the course of therapy and there has been no recurrence 1 year after treatment was started.
Grzybowski's generalized eruptive keratoacanthoma: Remission with cyclophosphamide
Authors: Oakley Amanda , Ng Stephen 
Published: April 2005

SUMMARYA 57‐year‐old woman presented with intensely pruritic generalized eruptive keratoacanthomas affecting cutaneous and mucosal surfaces (Grzybowski syndrome). She derived marginal benefit from anti‐pruritic agents, acitretin and methotrexate. However, cyclophosphamide 100 mg daily for 1 month followed by 3 months at 200 mg daily resulted in remarkable improvement and eventual remission without further treatment. The disease resulted in severe ectropion of upper and lower eyelids bilaterally. Two years after the onset of her disease, the lower lid ectropions were repaired using skin grafting. There was no evidence for papillomavirus infection.
Response surface modelling for cleaning and disinfecting materials used in milking systems with electrolysed oxidizing water
Authors: WALKER STEPHEN P , DEMIRCI ALI , GRAVES ROBERT E , SPENCER STEPHEN B , ROBERTS ROBERT F 
Published: April 2005

Electrolysed oxidizing (EO) water is produced by passing a DC current through a weak sodium chloride solution, resulting in alkaline and acidic EO water. The goal of this research was to determine whether EO water could be used as an acceptable cleaning and disinfecting agent for materials used in pipeline milking systems. Small pieces of materials commonly used in milking systems were soiled using raw milk inoculated with a cocktail of four bacterial cultures similar to those commonly found in raw milk, and then cleaned by soaking in alkaline EO water followed by soaking in acidic EO water at various treatment times and temperatures. Effective treatment time and temperature combinations were determined by response surface design for a temperature range of 25–60°C and a time range of 5–20 min. Treated materials were evaluated by aerobic plate counts and ATP bioluminescence to assess the disinfecting and cleaning effectiveness of EO water. Most of the treatments at 60°C and several treatments at lower temperatures successfully removed all detectable bacteria and ATP. Overall, the results of this study indicated that EO water has the potential to be used as a cleaning and disinfecting agent for materials used in milking systems.
Evaluation of the ability of Yarrowia lipolytica to impart strain‐dependent characteristics to cheese when used as a ripening adjunct
Authors: LANCIOTTI ROSALBA , VANNINI LUCIA , LOPEZ CLEMENCIA CHAVES , GOBBETTI MARCO , GUERZONI M ELISABETTA 
Published: April 2005

Four Yarrowia lipolytica strains were tested as cheese‐ripening adjuncts with milk culture in cheese production to evaluate their effects on the microbiological and biochemical features of the cheeses. The Y. lipolytica strains were able to overcome the other naturally occurring yeasts and were compatible with lactic acid bacteria (LAB). Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) profiles and analysis of free fatty acids (FFAs) released during ripening showed that the strains induced a marked lipolysis and gave rise to different FFAs accumulation over time with respect to the control. Strain‐dependent protein breakdown patterns were identified and these biochemical differences resulted in different cheese organoleptic characteristics.
Direct evidence for the involvement of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor in the development of a neuropathic pain‐like state in mice
Authors: Yajima Yoshinori , Narita Minoru , Usui Aiko , Kaneko Chihiro , Miyatake Mayumi , Narita Michiko , Yamaguchi Takanori , Tamaki Hiroko , Wachi Hiroshi , Seyama Yoshiyuki , Suzuki Tsutomu 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThermal hyperalgesia and tactile allodynia induced by sciatic nerve ligation were completely suppressed by repeated intrathecal (i.t.) injection of a TrkB/Fc chimera protein, which sequesters endogenous brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). In addition, BDNF heterozygous (+/–) knockout mice exhibited a significant suppression of nerve ligation‐induced thermal hyperalgesia and tactile allodynia compared with wild‐type mice. After nerve ligation, BDNF‐like immunoreactivity on the superficial laminae of the ipsilateral side of the spinal dorsal horn was clearly increased compared with that of the contralateral side. It should be noted that a single i.t. injection of BDNF produced a long‐lasting thermal hyperalgesia and tactile allodynia in normal mice, and these responses were abolished by i.t. pre‐treatment with either a Trk‐dependent tyrosine kinase inhibitor K‐252a or a selective protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor Ro‐32‐0432. Supporting these findings, we demonstrated here for the first time that the increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration by application of BDNF in cultured mouse spinal neurons was abolished by pre‐treatment with either K‐252a or Ro‐32‐0432. Taken together, these findings suggest that the binding of spinally released BDNF to TrkB by nerve ligation may activate PKC within the spinal cord, resulting in the development of a neuropathic pain‐like state in mice.
Up‐regulation of interleukin‐6 induced by prostaglandin E2 from invading macrophages following nerve injury: an in vivo and in vitro study
Authors: Ma Weiya , Quirion Remi 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe mechanisms underlying neuropathic pain caused by nerve injury are not well understood. Inflammatory responses in injured nerves are likely to be key contributing factors in the generation and maintenance of neuropathic pain. The pro‐inflammatory cytokine interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) is up‐regulated in invading macrophages and has been implicated in the development of neuropathic pain. We previously demonstrated that invading macrophages up‐regulate cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) receptors EP1 and EP4, suggesting that PGE2 may affect macrophage function via autocrine or paracrine mechanisms. This study was undertaken to determine whether PGE2 is involved in the up‐regulation of IL‐6 in invading macrophages. Two weeks following partial sciatic nerve ligation, numerous IL‐6 immunoreactive (IR) cell profiles were present in injured nerves. Colocalization of IL‐6 with the invading macrophage marker ED1 or with COX2 was frequently observed. IL‐6‐IR, COX2‐IR and ED1‐IR cells were present only in cultures derived from injured nerve segments. PGE2 and IL‐6 release from cultured cells derived from injured nerves was increased significantly compared with uninjured nerves. Non‐selective and selective COX2 inhibitors suppressed PGE2 and IL‐6 release. Treatment with PGE2 further enhanced IL‐6 release in a concentration‐ and time‐dependent manner. A selective EP4 receptor antagonist L‐161982 was able to suppress IL‐6 release, whereas an EP1 receptor antagonist, SC19220, was ineffective. Moreover, a protein kinase C inhibitor, calphostin C, dramatically suppressed IL‐6 release, whereas a protein kinase A inhibitor H‐89 and a Ca2+ chelator EGTA failed. Taken together, our data suggest that PGE2 is involved in mediating the up‐regulation of IL‐6 occurring in invading macrophages. This action is mediated through an EP4 receptor and the protein kinase C signaling pathway.
Regulation of cholesterol/lipid biosynthetic genes by Egr2/Krox20 during peripheral nerve myelination
Authors: LeBlanc Scott E. , Srinivasan Rajini , Ferri Cinzia , Mager Gennifer M. , Gillian‐Daniel Anne Lynn , Wrabetz Lawrence , Svaren John 
Published: April 2005

AbstractMyelination of peripheral nerves by Schwann cells requires a large amount of lipid and cholesterol biosynthesis. To understand the transcriptional coordination of the myelination process, we have investigated the developmental relationship between early growth response 2 (Egr2)/Krox20 – a pivotal regulator of peripheral nerve myelination – and the sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP) pathway, which controls expression of cholesterol/lipid biosynthetic genes. During myelination of sciatic nerve, there is a very significant induction of SREBP1 and SREBP2, as well as their target genes, suggesting that the SREBP transactivators are important regulators in the myelination process. Egr2/Krox20 does not appear to directly regulate the levels of SREBP pathway components, but rather, we found that Egr2/Krox20 and SREBP transactivators can synergistically activate promoters of several SREBP target genes, indicating that direct induction of cholesterol/lipid biosynthetic genes by Egr2/Krox20 is a part of the myelination program regulated by this transactivator.
Constitutive expression and localization of cytochrome P‐450 1A1 in rat and human brain: presence of a splice variant form in human brain1
Authors: Chinta Shankar J. , Kommaddi Reddy P. , Turman Cheri M. , Strobel Henry W. , Ravindranath Vijayalakshmi 
Published: April 2005

AbstractCytochrome P‐450 function as mono‐oxygenases and metabolize xenobiotics. CYP1A1, a cytochrome P‐450 enzyme, bioactivates polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to reactive metabolite(s) that bind to DNA and initiate carcinogenesis. Northern and immunoblot analyses revealed constitutive expression of Cyp1a1 and CYP1A1 in rat and human brain, respectively. CYP1A1 mRNA and protein were localized predominantly in neurons of cerebral cortex, Purkinje and granule cell layers of cerebellum and pyramidal neurons of CA1, CA2, and CA3 subfields of the hippocampus. RT–PCR analyses using RNA obtained from autopsy human brain samples demonstrated the presence of a splice variant having a deletion of 87 bp of exon 6. This splice variant was present in human brain, but not in the liver from the same individual, and was absent in rat brain and liver. Structural modeling indicated broadening of the substrate access channel in the brain variant. The study demonstrates the presence of a unique cytochrome P‐450 enzyme in human brain that is generated by alternate splicing. The presence of distinct cytochrome P‐450 enzymes in human brain that are different from well‐characterized hepatic forms indicates that metabolism of xenobiotics including drugs could occur in brain by pathways different from those known to occur in liver.
Poly C binding protein, a single‐stranded DNA binding protein, regulates mouse µ‐opioid receptor gene expression
Authors: Ko Jane L. , Loh Horace H. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractPreviously, a single‐stranded (ss) DNA element, polypyrimidine (PPy) element, was found to be important for the proximal promoter activity of mouse µ‐opioid receptor (MOR) gene in a neuronal cell model. In this study, we identified the presence of unknown ssDNA binding proteins specifically bound to MOR ssPPy element in the mouse brain, implicating the physiological significance of these proteins. To identify the ssDNA binding proteins, yeast one‐hybrid system with PPy element as the bait was used to screen a mouse brain cDNA library. The clone encoding poly C binding protein (PCBP) was obtained. Its full‐length cDNA sequence and protein with molecular weight approximately 38 kDa were confirmed. Electrophoretic mobility shift analysis (EMSA) revealed that PCBP bound to ssPPy element, but not doubled‐stranded, in a sequence‐specific manner. EMSA with anti‐PCBP antibody demonstrated the involvement of PCBP in MOR ssPPy/proteins complexes of mouse brain and MOR expressing neuroblastoma NMB cells. Functional analysis showed that PCBP trans‐activated MOR promoter as well as a heterologous promoter containing MOR PPy element. Importantly, ectopic expression of PCBP in NMB cells up‐regulated the expression level of endogenous MOR gene in vivo in a dose‐dependent manner. Collectively, above results suggest that PCBP participates in neuronal MOR gene expression.
Activation of Rac1 by phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase in vivo: role in activation of mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways and retinoic acid‐induced neuronal differentiation of SH‐SY5Y cells
Authors: Pan Jing , Kao Yu‐Lin , Joshi Suchitra , Jeetendran Seena , DiPette Donald , Singh Ugra S. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractRho GTPases such as RhoA, Rac1 and Cdc42 are crucial players in the regulation of signal transduction pathways required for neuronal differentiation. Using an in vitro cell culture model of neuroblastoma SH‐SY5Y cells, we demonstrated previously that RhoA is an in vivo substrate of tissue transglutaminase (TGase) and retinoic acid (RA) promoted activation of RhoA by transamidation. Although activation of RhoA promoted cytoskeletal rearrangement in SH‐SY5Y cells, it was not involved in induction of neurite outgrowth. Here, we demonstrate that RA promotes activation of Rac1 in SH‐SY5Y cells in a transamidation‐independent manner. RA‐induced activation of Rac1 is mediated by phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K), probably because of phosphorylation of the p85 regulatory subunit by Src kinases. Over‐expression of constitutively active PI3K or Rac1‐V12 induces neurite outgrowth, activation of mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs), and expression of neuronal markers. The PI3K inhibitor LY294002, or over‐expression of dominant negative Rac1‐N17, blocks RA‐induced neurite outgrowth, activation of MAPKs, and expression of neuronal markers, suggesting that activation of PI3K/Rac1 signaling represents a potential mechanism for regulation of neuronal differentiation in SH‐SY5Y cells.
EFFECT OF PRICE ON PLEASANTNESS RATINGS AND USE INTENTIONS FOR A CHOCOLATE BAR IN THE PRESENCE AND ABSENCE OF A HEALTH CLAIM
Authors: DI MONACO R. , OLLILA S. , TUORILA H. 
Published: April 2005

ABSTRACT The effect of price information on hedonic and use intention responses to a chocolate bar was investigated in the absence and presence of a health claim related to energy, satiety value and cholesterol content. First, Finnish students (n = 79) tasted and rated blind three chocolate bars (one regular, two containing functional ingredients). Second, one group (“Informed,” n = 40) evaluated the samples with the health claim and price information, the other group (“Control,” n = 39) as a regular bar with price information only. A separate focus group (n = 6) interview was conducted to obtain further views of the claim and samples. Neither the health claim nor the price affected pleasantness ratings, while the increasing price significantly reduced the likelihood of buying and preferred frequency of eating the chocolate bar in both groups. Price affected the likelihood of buying more strongly among females than among males, and involvement with chocolate bars affected the likelihood of buying in the control, but not in the informed group. The focus group interview indicated that healthfulness might be irrelevant for chocolate products. Overall, price heavily affected the likelihood of buying the target product, but price and the health claim were incapable of altering hedonic responses to it.