bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Towards Modern Central Banking, 1936–1939
Authors: Mouré Kenneth 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Popular Front election victory in May 1936 increased pressure on the franc. Uncertainty regarding the new Socialist-led government, the obviously inflationary thrust of its programme, the strikes that greeted its victory, the wage increases granted in the Avignon Accords of 7 June, and fears that the new government would impose exchange controls all provoked flight from the franc and central bank gold losses that eased briefly during the summer, then resumed with greater force in August and September. The franc could not be maintained at its 1928 parity, and it was devalued on 1 October.1 A French exchange stabilization fund was established to maintain the franc at its new parity linked to the pound sterling. Holland and Switzerland, the remnants of the gold bloc, also devalued. It was the belated, inauspicious end of the inter-war gold standard.
Propaganda Wars and Cultural Treaties
Authors: Caute David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In June 1945, one month after the defeat of Nazi Germany, Moscow laid on a lavish celebration to mark the 220th anniversary of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Among those invited to the grandiose gathering were eminent scientists and scholars from the United States and many European countries. Formal conferences and visits to laboratories during the day were followed by grand nights at the opera, the ballet, concerts, plays-the full panoply and embrace of Soviet state culture. The Scientific Correspondent of the London Times (7 July) described in awed tones a banquet in ‘the great white and gold hall of St George in the Kremlin, glittering with the lights of thousands of electric candles’. Alongside Stalin, the Soviet leaders and Academicians sat at the high table, with an abundance of music, singing, and dancing between the speeches and toasts.
Soviet Cinema Under Stalin
Authors: Caute David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Stalin’s daughter Svetlana Alliluyeva, while still a schoolgirl, was frequently taken by her father to the Kremlin theatre to see films until two in the morning. ‘How many wonderful films were shown for the first time on the little screen in the Kremlin! There was Chapayev, the Gorky trilogy, films about Peter the Great, Circus and Volga-Volga. All the best Soviet films were launched in that hall in the Kremlin.’ Svetlana Alliluyeva recalled that during her father’s later years foreign films not released to the public were shown at weekends in government dachas. Most of them were American. Dmitri Shostakovich recalled that ‘Stalin loved films and he saw The Great Waltz, about Johann Strauss, many times, dozens of times . . . Stalin also liked Tarzan films, he saw all the episodes.
Watch Hunts: Losey, Kazan, Miller
Authors: Caute David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Despite some suicides, the American Inquisition did not as a rule break necks or even thumbs; it broke careers, it removed jobs, livelihood, the right to function. Surveillance, wire-tapping, mail-opening, men with long shadows positioned at street corners, the FBI. Joseph Losey, Elia Kazan, and Arthur Miller experienced the full force of the pax americana on home ground: Congressional committees, vigilante organizations like the Legion, private investigative agencies hired by studios and networks-all of whom aimed to render Soviet Russia’s friends and admirers unemployable.
Shostakovich’s Testimony
Authors: Caute David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The most controversial Soviet composer to suffer Zhdanov’s denunciation in 1948 and the ensuing public onslaught was Dmitri Shostakovich. This taut, nervy genius remained throughout his life a grid of high-voltage tensions: international in outlook yet fiercely protective of the Russian tradition; a Communist who publicly praised the Party’s interventions in music yet feared and despised them; a modernist who frequently warned against the excesses of Western innovation. Shostakovich developed a kind of tidal motion in his compositions by which the dark depths contradicted the happy surge of the surface.
Passports for Paintings: Abstract Expressionism and the CIA
Authors: Caute David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
On 20 March 1957 B. J. Cutler, Moscow correspondent of the Herald Tribune, reported how a chimpanzee’s finger painting had been ‘seized as a weapon in the ideological cold war’ and ‘used by Communist art propagandists in an effort to discredit the entire field of modern art’. This Soviet campaign was touched off when the 6-year-old simian Betsy was given a ‘one-chimp’show in Baltimore and local connoisseurs bought $125-worth of her work, including Cabbage Worms for $40 and Hell for $25. The story was widely picked up in the USSR. A
The British and the Hellenes
Authors: Holland Robert , Markides Diana 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Greece, Lord Palmerston once remarked, was ‘an emotional word’. His first intervention in foreign policy during 1827, indeed, took the form of a passionate statement that both expediency and principle dictated a more generous drawing of the boundaries of a new Greek state than the European powers were willing to grant. Hellenic themes remained emotional for many leading figures in British governments thereafter. William Gladstone became—despite some of his actions in office—a Hellenic icon, and his last notable outburst in public affairs during 1896 embraced the plight of Cretan Christians, alongside Armenians, under the despised rule of Sultan Abdul Hamid. Lord Salisbury swung between early sympathy for Hellenism, highly coloured by his High Church religiosity, to a withering contempt of Greece as ‘the blackmailer of Europe’. For Lloyd George, the promotion of that country as a new regional power under the leadership of the charismatic Eleutherios Venizelos became integral to his vision of a brave new world after 1918—though the Greeks were to pay a high price for taking this a shade too seriously. Winston Churchill developed an ‘obsession’ with Greek affairs during the Second World War. Something of that obsession was shared by Anthony Eden, though one refracted through an overcharged reaction to the Cyprus Question as it unfolded during the early 1950s. The relationship at the heart of this book, with all its contradictory impulses, touched parts of British political culture that few others reached.
The Abandonment of the Ionian Protectorate, 1859–1864
Authors: Holland Robert , Markides Diana 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In appointing Sir Henry Storks as Lord High Commissioner, the British government had selected somebody with previous experience of the Islands, since he had served there as a Royal Engineer twenty years before. In fact, as we noted earlier, even before Gladstone had begun his own mission, Storks seems to have already been designated his eventual successor. He enjoyed a high reputation after a distinguished record in the Crimean conflict, being responsible for much of the logistics in the eventual withdrawal of the British Army from that peninsula. But his intended task in the Islands was not to preside over another evacuation. Although Gladstone’s reform plan had failed, his reports contained many suggestions for the proper conduct of affairs. In essence, the challenge facing Storks was to play the role already envisaged by Gladstone as an ideal Lord High Commissioner, one who rooted out petty corruption, who acted vigorously and implacably up to the limits of British responsibility but no further, and who occupied the narrow but Olympian heights of a more efficient and cleansed Protection. This was to be reform without the reforms, and Storks approached the task with a British regimental zeal. Hopeful that the recent mission had put the Protectorate’s opponents on the defensive, he reconvened a normal session of the local Parliament on 2 March 1859.
The End of Ottoman Power in Crete, 1894–1898
Authors: Holland Robert , Markides Diana 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Nikos Kazantzakis’ great novel was set against the backdrop of renewed insurrection by Cretan Christians against Ottoman domination at the end of the 1880s. The worsening troubles his fictional Pasha foresaw came to a climax on 5 November 1898, when British troops of the 2nd Battalion of the Rifle Brigade in the port of Candia (today’s Heraklion) forcibly disembarked the remaining Ottoman soldiers onto military transports. So ended effective Turkish rule in Crete stretching back to 1669. A few days later the Orthodox Archbishop of Crete ordered Te Deums to be chanted throughout the island in honour of the up to 800 Christians (overwhelmingly Greek, although including some Armenians) who had been massacred in the city on 6 September. But during those services special mention was made of the British soldiers and sailors who were victims of the outbreak, and whose deaths were described as ‘the real cause of the ending of the Turkish rule in the island’. Our task is to explain why a relatively small number of British deaths triggered a change of regime which had been the cause of fluctuating struggle for over thirty years; and to explore what that meant—and did not mean—for the aspirations of the island’s majority to join Greece. In doing so our treatment must be related to the larger Eastern Question as processes of ethnic confrontation, regional conflict, and international rivalry collided at the end of the nineteenth century.
What Causes Nominal Inertia? Insights from Experimental Economics
Authors: Fehr Ernst , Tyran Jean-Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we examine, among other things, the conditions under which individual-level money illusion causes nominal prices to be sticky at the aggregate level. The relation between micro-motives and macro-behavior is at the heart of the differences in opinions between economists and psychologists. Many disagreements between economists and psychologists can be interpreted as disputes about how important individual-level deviations from the assumptions of the rational choice paradigm are for aggregate-level phenomena (Hogarth and Reder, 1987, p. 9). It seems that psychologists tend to extrapolate evidence from individual-level ‘anomalies’ to the aggregate level, whereas economists often believe that the feedback and the arbitrage opportunities provided by market interactions somehow mitigate these anomalies.
Response and Prevention in the British Welfare State
Authors: Agulnik Phil , Burchardt Tania , Evans Martin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Social policies are designed to tackle social exclusion in a number of ways. They can intervene through preventive approaches to make exclusionary events (for example, unemployment) less likely, or respond to events that occur to lessen the exclusionary impact. John Hills develops a typology of policy approaches in Chapter 13, and shows that the distinction between prevention and response is more complicated both in principle and in practice than is commonly assumed. Once a dynamic framework is introduced, ‘responsive’ policies may seek not only to ameliorate current circumstances, but also to promote escape from an undesirable state, while ‘prevention’ may involve reinforcing the benefits of exit to make a return less likely.
Famines and Epidemics: An Indian Historical Perspective
Authors: Maharatna Arup 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
While episodes of catastrophic famines and epidemics abound in human history, the issue of the precise nature of the relationship between these two phenomena does not seem to be fully resolved. In fact, this age-old question has received renewed attention in the recent past-especially in the light of new discoveries and developments in scientific medical theory and historical demography. Although famines and epidemics are indeed things of the past for the Western world, the issue continues to have contemporary relevance because of recent crises in parts of the Third World (e.g. parts of sub-Saharan Africa and Asia) and because of the persistence of similar threats.
The Marriage Masque
Authors: Harris Frances 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
At Windsor during the summer of 1674 there was a full residence of the court for the first time since the Restoration. With Arlington preparing to take charge of the household above stairs, the passion for Continental magnificence which had transformed his own great houses was turned to an ambitious cultural programme of enhancement of the glory of the English monarchy.1 Circumstances were more favourable to this than at any time since the beginning of the reign. England had withdrawn from the expensive Continental war and Parliament was not due to meet again until the following year. With the Treasury under Danby’s rigorous management, income for the first time began to succeed expenditure.2
Changes in Unemployment and Wage Inequality:
Authors: Acemoglu Daron 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Between 1979 and 1987, the average weekly wages of college graduates with 1-5 years of experience increased by 30 per cent relative to the average weekly earnings of comparable high-school graduates (John Bound and George Johnson, 1992; Lawrence F. Katz and Kevin M. Murphy, 1992). Within-group (residual) wage inequality may have started increasing earlier: after controlling for education and experience, the differential between the 90th and the 10th percentile wages stood at 118 per cent in 1988 compared to 92 per cent in 1970 (Chinhui Juhn et al., 1993). The rise in inequality over this period was not only due to wage increases for high-paid workers. Real wages of high-school graduates with 1-5 years of experience, for example, fell by 20 per cent from 1979 to 1987 (Katz and Murphy, 1992, Table I). Meanwhile, the unemployment rates of all education groups have also increased. In 1970, the unemployment rate for civilian males between the ages of 25 and 64 with less than 4 years of high school stood at 4 per cent. For those with high-school and college degrees, the same numbers were 2.4 and 1.1 per cent.
Consumption Inequality and Income Uncertainty
Authors: Blundell Richard , Preston Ian 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The use of current income in studies of inequality is open to the obvious criticism that current income may not reflect the longer run level of resources available to a household or an individual. Temporarily high or low incomes may exaggerate the true position of the household when borrowing or saving is allowed to smooth the stream of consumption. Moreover, aggregate measures of inequality (or poverty) based on snapshots of income may fail to pick up changes over time associated with the duration rather than the depth of low-income spells. The importance of distinguishing long-run income inequality from inequality associated with transitory movements in income has been emphasized in a number of recent studies that have moved away from simply documenting the change in the cross-section distribution of income. For example, Gottschalk and Moffitt (1994), Moffitt and Gottschalk (1995), Buchinsky and Hunt (1996), and Gittleman and Joyce (1996) all use the time series of individual incomes to focus on this important distinction.
How the Tension Between Intellectual Property Protection and Anti-trust Laws is Balanced
Authors: Rahnasto Ilkka 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The rationality of the rules and principles applicable to the interface between intellectual property laws and anti-trust laws may be difficult to identify. This is simply because such rules reflect different underlying theories. The rules have been created as a response to particular effects of intellectual property rights in different times. The prevailing theory at the time the rule was initially created may simply have been different from the one prevailing at another time. The understanding of proper control methods, priorities in society or even the effects caused by particular practices may have been different.
External Effects And Balancing Theories
Authors: Rahnasto Ilkka 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter further explores the theories introduced previously in terms of the external effects they address. This discussion has an increased focus on practical business practices and strategies. It also highlights, in a slightly different way, some elements used in the analysis of the theories. Finally, the chapter proposes a structural balancing theory and policy for the network economy. The outcome of the balancing factors analysed in the previous chapters has been used to provide the general analysing framework. The analysing framework has the following elements as rules of thumb:
Fragmentation Problem
Authors: Rahnasto Ilkka 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The problem of external effects and the concept of rebuttable entitlements can further be illustrated by introducing the fragmentation problem. Why do the biggest manufacturers in the industry never adopt some perfectly brilliant ideas? Why is it so difficult for any independent inventor or small company to find its way to the technology manager of major companies? Why do innovative concepts, such as the software operating system Linux, suddenly gain popularity? Some high-tech marketing theories rely on product life cycle theories to explain the challenge. The majority of purchasers are presumed to be sceptical, relying on proof that the new product will truly increase their profits or provide other benefits. In order to be successful it is necessary to be first successful in the early markets consisting of ‘early adopters’, those who adopt new technologies quickly. Some economists also explain this success to be the consequence of positive feedback in industries that have network effects. In order to win a significant share among the sceptical majority of purchasers, a complete product and the support of the industry is required.
Different Types Of Auctions And The Legal Definition Of Auction
Authors: Ramberg Christina 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As has been described earlier, many Internet marketplaces conduct transactions by using methods of auctions or exchanges in order to make potential buyers and se1Iers meet and conclude a deal. This study mainly aims at describing how the parties by agreement can regulate the details of a contract concluded in an auction or exchange. When drafting such agreements, it is necessary to understand how the agreement relates to national 1egis1ation on auctions and exchanges. This and the following chapter explain the difficulties in ascertaining to what extent national law on auctions and exchanges is applicable to transactions made in Internet marketplaces.
Mistake In Expression
Authors: Ramberg Christina 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Many users of electronic means of communication are aware of the speed with which Internet transactions are made. It is likely that many are also aware how easily something can go wrong. The ‘send’ button is clicked on too early, the ‘Yes, I accept’ box is clicked on by mistake and a kilogram of peppers is ordered instead of one single pepper. Worse things may happen. One of my students working in a bank office once ordered l0,(X)(} Ericsson shares (at an approximate total cost of 3,000,000 Swedish crowns) on the Stock Exchange instead of ordering Ericsson shares to the value of 10,000 Swedish crowns (approximately J ,000 euros).
Price Manipulation
Authors: Ramberg Christina 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is of fundamental importance that the participants do not int1uence the price- 15.01 setting mechanism by fake invitations and bids or by establishing auction rings or other types of collusion. Furthermore, it is important that false information that may influence price setting is not distributed to the marketplace. Manipulation of the price-setting mechanism is sometimes facilitated when the marketplace provides information about the flow and variations in the supply and demand in the marketplace. In the following paragraphs, some types of price-manipulation activities will be presented together with suggestions as how to avoid or regulate them in electronic auctions and exchanges.
The Legal Profession
Authors: Dyson Henry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There are approximately 7,700 notaires in France, of whom some 70 per cent practise in partnerships. Virtually every document connected with dealings in land must be authentique, that is executed in the presence of a notaire and authenticated by him. In addition, his involvement is obligatory in the administration of all estates of deceased persons which include immeubles among their assets. He is charged with the preparation and modification of contrats de mariage, most documents involving gifts inter vivos, mortgages, releases, certain types of wills and generally documents the solemnity of which requires authenticité. He also undertakes certain company work and often advises on tax problems in connection with the ownership of land and the administration of estates.
Immovable Property In French Law
Authors: Dyson Henry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The laconic wording of article 516 of the Code civil announces that all property (the French all-embracing word used is biens) is either immeuble or meuble. It is not wholly safe to apply the English distinction between realty and personalty to what at first sight seem to be their French counterparts. At the time when the French Code civil was promulgated in the early nineteenth century, some 90 per cent of all property in France consisted of land or interests in land and only 10 per cent was accounted for by other kinds of property. Since that time, the situation has much changed so that many types of property of widely varying kinds, then unknown, have come to play an increasingly important part in the national economy of any country.
Sales of land ‘on plan’
Authors: Dyson Henry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As will be readily appreciated, sales en l’etatfutur are nearly always of a part of a building, such as a flat. Such a sale is defined by C.civ.art.1601-3 as one which results in the immediate transfer on completion of the sale by the seller to the buyer of his ownership of the land and of all existing constructions upon it. Additions to the building, which at the time of completion of the sale may have been mere spaces in the air, become the property of the buyer as building progresses. It must be remembered that flats in a building must be owned en copropriete (Chapter 15) so that in addition to the flat itself, a buyer acquires a proportion of the common parts of the building in which the flat is situate and of the land itself on which the building stands.
The Beneficiary’s Election
Authors: Dyson Henry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It may be asked why it has been thought necessary to provide a potential bene­ficiary with the right to make such a choice which seems unnecessary to those used to English inheritance law. The answer lies in the French rules of the admin­istration of estates. Unlike the English system, the estate of a deceased person does not maintain any individuality but on the death of the deceased is added to the assets of the beneficiary or beneficiaries in whose personal estates it becomes submerged. From this it follows that the liabilities of the deceased towards his creditors are taken over by the beneficiaries.
Inheritance And Gifts Tax
Authors: Dyson Henry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
French inheritance tax (droits de succession) is payable on the death of every person domicilié fiscalement or resident for income tax purposes in France on all his assets wherever situate in the world. In the case of a person who died not resident for tax purposes in France, droits de succession are payable in the case of a beneficiary who is not resident in France only in respect of assets situate in France. If the beneficiary was resident in France at the date of the death of the deceased and had been so resident for at least six out of the preceding ten years, the tax is payable in respect of all assets inherited by that beneficiary whether they are situate in or out of France.