bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Taylor Luke 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Kunwinjku artists of western Arnhem Land in north Australia engage with a world that takes an increasing interest in their paintings. Tourists now flock to nearby Kakadu National Park to see rock paintings, which may well be contemporaneous with those of Lascaux (Jones 1985). Some visitors may venture further and purchase bark paintings at community arts centres. In every major Australian city there are commercial art galleries that market the major works (Plate 1.1), while many more paintings are sold through tourist outlets. Exhibitions of the works have been held throughout Australia and overseas, and Kunwinjku artists have been flown from Arnhem Land to attend the openings. Artists who began their painting career as a teenager learning to paint on a rock wall or bark shelter have seen the market grow in their lifetime and, at the age of 70, may find themselves attempting to explain their motivations to a Los Angeles gallery audience.
The Meaning of X-Ray Paintings
Authors: Taylor Luke 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The generic term ‘X-ray’ art is commonly used by researchers to describe the style of figure painting where the internal organs and skeletal features of the subjects are represented rather than the surface features such as fur, feathers, or scales. Kunwinjku now also use this term to describe some paintings. Techniques of X-ray representation are particularly elaborate in Kunwinjku art. Different types of X-ray infill encode sets of meaning which relate to many different realms of Kunwinjku experience of the world. I focus particularly on bark paintings produced in the public context of the camp, but draw on information regarding X-ray designs used in ceremonial contexts to develop an understanding of the systematic associations between X-ray paintings. Kunwinjku X-ray paintings are another elaboration of the ‘divided-body’ template discussed in the previous chapter.
Law and Liberal Citizenship
Authors: Macedo Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Themoral lodestar of liberalism is, I have argued, the project of public justification, which melds the aims of philosophical criticism with those of liberal respect and democratic equality. It seeks a reflective moral standard that is accessible to people as we know them. Chapters 3–5 explain how liberal political institutions Uudicial, legislative, and executive) all participate in the task of public justification, but in ways that distinctively combine that task with other political aims. Public justification politicizes philosophy; liberal political institutions carry further and specify that politicization, bringing justification to bear in the operation of politics.
No sovereign will commands ultimate authority in a liberal community of interpreters: no judicial, legislative, executive, or even popular body has the final say about what is constitutionally permissible. Decisions must be made but the political conversation is never closed. Every authoritative ruling or decision is open to challenge and overruling on the basis of better interpretations of the principles of political morality commonly acknowledged to be supreme: the guiding, limiting principles of liberal justice. Liberal law, properly understood, promotes a community of interpreters: a citizenry of self-critical reason-givers.
The Liberal Virtues
Authors: Macedo Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Communitarians charge that liberal regimes pay a high price for their central concern with diversity, individuality, impersonal law, and rights. What is lost, allegedly, is the possibility of a moral community, a common devotion to shared values, and citizen virtue, with the attendant risks of stability problems and legitimation crises. This chapter aims to show that liberal theory can provide an attractive vision of a distinctively liberal community and liberal virtues while remaining true to its core political convictions: the centrality of freedom and the supremacy of liberal justice. Liberals can reclaim a language which supposedly lies beyond the bounds of liberal politics, the language of virtue, citizenship, community, and human flourishing.
My aim is less empirical than normative, not a survey of attitudes but the evocation of possibilities and ideals. Liberal principles inform many of our political practices, and basic liberal values are affirmed by a large segment of the populace. Articulating the ideal state of affairs implicit in liberal theory and institutions is partly, then, an exercise in the critical interpretation of current politics. Liberal ideals provide a vision of what we ought to stand for as a people, and that vision is recognizably an extension of existing practices and attitudes.
What is the American Way? Four Themes in Search of Their Next Incarnation
Authors: Shafer Byron E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is the American model? What has happened to this model during, specifically, the last thirty years? What is, finally and in that light, the apparent fate of ‘American exceptionalism’? The essays in this volume have pursued these questions through a focus on major sectors of American life. In this pursuit, four grand aspects of the larger society—govemment, the economy, religion, and culture—have been singled out for special treatment. So has the applied realm which is perhaps most commonly offered in our time as practical evidence for a continuing exceptionalism—namely, education—and so has the wider realm of public policy, which emerges out of all the preceding. Such an approach to the three questions opening this chapter is, most fundamentally, an attempt to give these questions a concrete and pointed reality, by embedding them in a precise and specifiable (an empirical) social context.
Solutions?
Authors: Whyte John , FitzGerald Garret 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My purpose in this chapter is to survey possible solutions to the Northern Ireland problem, and to assess their merits. Such an exercise is not new. It has been done many times in the literature—for instance, by Palley (1972), Rose (1976), Oliver (1978a), Palley again in Watt (1981), Barritt (1982), Rea (1982), Boyle and Hadden (1985), and the SOL/Liberal Alliance commission on Northern Ireland (Alliance 1985). It has been done with particular comprehensiveness by Padraig O’Malley, who, in his book The Uncivil Wars (1983), interviewed representatives of every strand of opinion, and then clinically dissected the weaknesses in their arguments. However, there is a case for repeating the exercise. As time moves on, so new ideas may emerge or the balance of forces may shift, and an analysis written at the end of the 1980s may not reach quite the same conclusions as one written a few years earlier.
Implications
Authors: Whyte John , FitzGerald Garret 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the final chapter of this book I wish to offer some reflections on the preceding material. I shall discuss in turn: (1) how far has common ground been established among researchers into the problem?; (2) why has research on the problem not been more effective in helping towards a solution of the problem?; (3) how far, notwithstanding the limited effectiveness of research to date, has research into the Northern Ireland problem been worth while?; and (4) is there any way in which future research can be made more fruitful?
Raiding and Counter-Raiding 1951-1953
Authors: Morris Benny 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Saffa, Falama, and Sharafat raids did not bring tranquillity to the borders. Indeed, Arab economic infiltration and occasional painful terrorist raids continued apace. On 5 and 6 March 1951 IDF trucks struck mines in the Beit Jibrin area, and on the night of 7/8 March a gang of ‘5 or 6 armed Arabs’ from the Gaza Strip fired on guards of a road building company at Magen. From March to June there were thefts of animals, equipment, and crops from dozens of settlements. Infiltrators assaulted a number of Israelis, including an Israeli bedouin of the ‘A.rabal tribe, who was killed south of Beersheba by two ‘hostile bedouin’ who stole four of his asses.
Sharett’s Year, 1954
Authors: Morris Benny 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ben-Gurion resigned from office on 6-7 December 1953. Sharett was caretaker prime minister until he was sworn in, as the Old Man’s successor, on 26 January 1954, also retaining his portfolio as foreign minister. It was to be just over twelve months before Ben-Gurion returned to the Cabinet (as defence minister), twelve months in which Sharett was able to operate relatively free of that domineering presence, though Ben-Gurion’s proxies, Lavon and Dayan, were always close at hand, causing trouble for Sharett and keeping Ben-Gurion abreast of developments. The twelve months were to be a protracted test both of Sharett’s mettle as national and party leader and of the viability of a policy of moderation.
Pluralism, Freedom, And Human Nature
Authors: Galipeau Claude J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, I sketch Berlin’s model of human nature and society, with particular emphasis on his theory of moral pluralism and freedom of will. The point is to show that regardless of his critique of fixed theories of human nature, Berlin’s political liberalism is supported by a model of human nature. His aim has been to criticize the tenets within the Western tradition and models of human nature and society which he believes have lent support to authoritarian rule not only in this century, but since ancient times. The central antagonists in Berlin’s work are the ‘single-minded momsts’ mentioned in the quotation above, as well as their political minions. He has consistently sought to undermine the ideologies of those ‘ruthless fanatics’, all too common in this century, who seek perfection in politics because they believe in a vision of a perfect, wholly harmonious, moral order. Like the robin in the fable, Berlin is a maverick. His critique of monism in moral and political thought in effect gives the rationalise thought-kettle one swift kick. In this thought-kettle are brewed at least two principles.
Two Concepts Of Liberty
Authors: Galipeau Claude J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bertrand Russell’s dictum applies fittingly to Berlin’s work. The thoughts and beliefs protected by his own ‘inner fortress’ are ‘simple and unsophisticated’. His is a clear and consistent ‘vision of life’. Simply put, it is that of a classical liberal, with romantic tinges. This is apparent in his essay, ‘Two Concepts of Liberty’. Critics, however, have dwelt less on the aspects of the vision than on the analytical coherence of the distinction he makes between negative and positive freedom.
The Society Islands
Authors: Gell Alfred 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tahiti lies 1,200 nautical miles ESE of Samoa, virtually in the direction from which the trade winds blow. The voyage between the Society Islands and western Polynesia was beyond the scope of local canoes and there was no cultural interchange between central and western Polynesia in the eighteenth century, when written testimony begins. In this chapter, therefore, we are concerned with an essentially independent social and cultural system. But there are none the less many continuities between the two areas. According to Kirch, central Polynesia was settled, probably from Samoa, about 200 BC, that is to say about 1,000 years later than the settlement of western Polynesia by the first Lapita colonists.
The Society Islands consist of a chain of islands divisible into two groups, the leeward group (Raiatea, Tahaa, Porapora, Huahine, Maupiti, and Tupai) and the windward group (Tahiti, Moorea, Meetia, Maiao, and Tetiaroa). Of all these, Tahiti is much the largest. Following Oliver (1974) I will refer to the population of the Society Islands collectively as ‘Moahi’, the word which they used to refer to themselves.
The Marquesas
Authors: Gell Alfred 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The tattooing style of the Marquesas Isles was the most elaborate and exten sive of any to be found in Polynesia. As in the Society Islands, both sexes were tattooed, though only men were tattooed from head to foot, and women’s tattoos, though extensive, were mainly confined to the upper and lower limbs, genitalia, and buttocks. All-over tattooing (Pahu tiki, ‘wrapping in images’) is a development unique to this area. But it was not just the uncommonly complete coverage of the body surface by tattoos which distinguishes the Marquesan style; no less remarkable was the large number and individual complexity of the motifs employed in the composition of the design as a whole. Von den Steinen (1925) enumerates no less than 174 individually named motifs still recognized by his Marquesan informants in 1891—half a century after tattooing had been officially forbidden by the French colonial authorities. This compares with a figure of no more than 50 named design units in Samoan tattoo, the next most complex system of which we have adequate documentation. In the Marquesas, tattooing was a major art form-perhaps the major art form, though the high quality of Marquesan art production in other media, especially carving in wood, bone, and shell, ought not to be overlooked. In the Marquesas, Polynesian tattoo art had effloresced and attained a peak of development and sophistication not to be matched anywhere else.
Mangareva
Authors: Gell Alfred 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Geographically speaking, Mangareva lies at the eastern extremity of the Tuamotu archipelago, but its strongest cultural affinities were with the Marquesas, from where it was probably settled, sometime towards the end of the first millennium. Though it consists of a group of high islands, they are so small that the cultivable area available is no greater than on some of the larger atolls (Goldman 1970: 15). This cramped habitat was none the less densely occupied. The population of ‘some thousands’ subsisted primarily on fermented breadfruit, which was stored in pits in the same way as in the Marquesas. Taro, yams, pandanus, coconuts were cultivated. Pigs had become extinct within the span of traditional memory, but there was a lagoon which provided accessible seafood. The historical traditions of Mangareva do not indicate recurrent famines so much as chronic pressure on food resources. The small area of cultivable land was continually fought over (Buck 1938b: 21—95, 187—93).
The Epidemiology of Polynesian Tattooing Concluding Comments
Authors: Gell Alfred 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Now that the detailed presentation of the ethnography of Polynesian tattooing has been completed, it is time to survey the results in broader comparative perspective. The germinating idea of this book was, it will be recalled, the search for intelligible co-variation between, on the one hand, particular complexes of tattooing practices and institutions, and, on the other, contextual social and political factors. Has the supposition that such intelligible covariation exists proved sound? —or does the evidence, considered overall, indicate that the relationship between society and the culture of the body is under the sway of so many diverse factors that no very definite or far-reaching generalizations are warranted? In other words, does tattooing have a consistent epidemiology such that it predictably affects certain social isolates in a very virulent manner, while leaving others relatively untouched? And if so, what are the mechanisms which heighten or dampen susceptibility to this cultural ‘disease’?
The political theory of impartial justice
Authors: Barry Brian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, I shall pursue two related aims. In the present section, I shall continue the theme of the last section of the previous chapter by contrasting the utilitarian approach to constitution-making with that implicit in justice as impartiality. The rest of the chapter will focus on justice as impartiality, showing how it bears on a variety of issues in the appraisal and design of political institutions. I hope that this discussion will give some substance to the idea of justice as impartiality, making clearer its practical potential.
Impartial justice and individual discretion
Authors: Barry Brian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is a commonplace that anglophone moral and political philosophy has for the past decade been the scene of a running battle between defenders and critics of impartiality. In one camp are Kantians, utilitarians, and sup porters of what I have called justice as impartiality. Ranged against them are a variety of anti-impartialist philosophers of whom Bernard Williams is probably the best known and certainly the funniest. These are joined by a school of feminist critics of impartiality from several disciplines, including notably social psychology as well as philosophy. The most distinctive theme of these feminist critics is that the typical impartialist concern with rights and duties is a distinctively male concern and that an ‘ethic of caring’ more characteristic of females is equally valid or, according to some, should drive impartialist ethics from the field altogether.
Kohlberg and the feminist critique of impartiality
Authors: Barry Brian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Universal first-order impartiality has been advocated by very few moral philosophers. Despite this, it seems to be widely believed that morality really demands it, and that we must therefore despair of ever being able to meet its demands. This is the conclusion that emerges from James Fishkin’s study of what he calls ‘ordinary moral reasoners’, entitled Beyond Subjective Morality. Its subjects were in fact fellow students or ex-students at Yale University and the University of Cambridge. Fishkin found among them a widespread belief that ‘in any adequate moral system moral obligations must be determined with what might be called strict impartiality, that is, with no special regard for one’s own interests, situation, or relations with others’.1 Finding this demand insupportable, many of Fishkin’s respondents concluded that the notion of an adequate moral system was a chimera and lapsed into various forms, of subjectivism. Fishkin’s study was originally carried out as part of the work for a Ph.D. dissertation supervised by Bernard Williams. And although Williams scarcely qualifies as an ‘ordinary moral reasoner’, it seems clear that his conception of what he calls ‘morality’ is the same as that found to predominate among Fishkin’s subjects, and that his reaction in writing off ‘morality’ so conceived is also the same as theirs.
Italy: The Crisis of an Introvert State
Authors: Bianchi Patrizio 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term ‘National Enterprise’ refers to companies which operate at the global level but have strong roots in the national society; it might also be argued that they are companies which are fully integrated in the global economy but have a special duty to defend specific national interests. This definition assumes that the economy is globalized but the polity is still fragmented among nation states.
The Channel Tunnel: The Problems of Binational Collaboration
Authors: Holliday Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By any standard, the Channel Tunnel is a major infrastructure project. Costing around £10 billion to build, and employing at the height of construction activity in mid-1990 a total of 13,500 people in Kent (8,300) and Nord-Pas de Calais (5,200), it was Europe’s largest construction project at the end of the 1980s and start of the 1990s. On officially opening for business on 6 May 1994 it was transformed into one of Europe’s most strategic pieces of transport infrastructure. The Tunnel substantially reshapes surface transport in north-west Europe by providing for the first time direct rail links between Britain and the Continent, as well as shuttle services for road traffic. In both the short and long terms, the Tunnel is a project with substantial regional economic—and possibly political—impacts.2
An Economic Perspective
Authors: Biehl Dieter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to stress that economic method, adequately designed in order to deal with political phenomena, is capable of presenting a full approach to an understanding of the costs and benefits of federal systems. It is organized as follows. First, an extended-cost approach is presented that may be used as a sort of frame of reference for evaluating existing constitutions and designing new elements of a (written or unwritten) constitution. With the help of this approach, the actual financial constitution of the European Community is then analysed in order to identify possible deficiencies. A final section draws conclusions from this analysis as to a blueprint for reform.
Switzerland: The Model in Need of Adaptation?
Authors: Thürer Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a recent handbook about the federal systems of the world, Switzerland is described as being ‘one of the three classic federations in the world along with the United States and Canada’ and furthermore ‘the oldest and probably the most fully federal in its political culture and structure’. Is Swiss federalism—as one could legitimately ask—an outdated, anachronistic form of government without any relevance, is it even an obstacle for effectively dealing with present-day problems of public life, or is it a help in solving the challenges of modern society? Whichever is the case, it is worth considering the three questions set out in the following pages, namely: What are the particular features of the Swiss federal system? How does it adapt to the dynamics of European integration? Could the Swiss federal system be applied, in whole or in part, as a model for organizing and shaping Europe?
The Reform of the Belgian State
Authors: Senelle Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It would not be worthwhile setting out the evolution of the Belgian State without bearing in mind that Belgium, just like Switzerland, constitutes the border between the Germanic and Roman cultures. Of course, there are remarkable differences between Belgium—the former southern or Catholic Low Countries—and Switzerland, although both countries are multi-lingual. Linguistic diversity was a characteristic of the Belgian principalities from their earliest history. The most important aspect of this diversity is a clearly demarcated linguistic boundary dividing the present state of Belgium into two parts from east to west, from the north of Lille to Aachen in Germany. To the north of this line Dutch is spoken, to the south French.
Hunting Whales and Other Cetaceans
Authors: Barnes R H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An example of how normal mediocre luck can suddenly turn favourable for some may be taken from three days in September 1979. On the 13th all boats came in empty except the Kéna Pukã, which caught a spinner dolphin. There were many whales, but none of the boats managed to harpoon one. On the 14th ten boats went out, of which eight got at least a share in a whale. The Sika Ténã harpooned a large whale which then pulled it under for a quarter of an hour to a half-hour.