bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE RENAL PATHOLOGY OF NUTRITIONAL HYPERTENSION IN RATS
Authors: Calder Royall M. 
Published: June 2004

Rats subsisting on a diet partially deficient in the heat-stable fractions of the vitamin B complex are known to experience a rise in blood pressure. The present study shows that after prolonged administration of this dietary, abnormal structural changes occur in the kidneys. The surface of this organ becomes finely granular. The afferent arterioles show degenerative changes, consisting of irregular subendothelial hyaline deposits which encroach on the lumen. The interlobular arteries undergo the same change, plus degeneration of the media; the lumen of these vessels is likewise compromised. Resultant, small, streak-like areas of ischemic atrophy occur in both cortex and medulla, with necrosis of the epithelial lining of the uriniferous tubules. The glomeruli are reduced in size, the number of their component loops decreased, their pattern simplified, and the capillary basement membrane thickened. In addition to these changes, kidneys from animals on a more profoundly deficient diet display numerous areas of hemorrhagic infiltration in the cortical and subcapsular regions.
The possible identity of these lesions with those seen in essential hypertension in man is discussed.
THE EFFECT OF VITAMIN B1 DEFICIENCY AND OF RESTRICTED FOOD INTAKE ON THE RESPONSE OF MICE TO THE LANSING STRAIN OF POLIOMYELITIS VIRUS
Authors: Foster Claire , Jones James H. , Henle Werner , Dorfman Frieda 
Published: June 2004

In several experiments it was shown that a deficiency of vitamin B1 in the diet increased the resistance of mice to the Lansing strain of poliomyelitis. The source of the virus was a suspension of infected mouse brain in saline, which was injected intracerebrally. Both the mortality rate and the incidence of paralysis were lower in the deficient animals than in the normally fed controls. The protection was more pronounced with respect to paralysis than with respect to the number of deaths. Some deaths in the deficient groups were undoubtedly due to the vitamin deficiency, as indicated by numerous deaths among groups of animals which were given the deficient diet but injected with a suspension of normal brain. An attempt was made to maintain a state of chronic vitamin deficiency by giving small amounts of the vitamin. The results also seem to indicate that the effect of the deficiency was more in delaying the action of the virus than in preventing it. The greatest difference between normally fed and deficient animals receiving the virus came at about the 12th day after inoculation.
Comparable results were obtained by restricting the intake of the complete diet to 1 gm. per mouse per day, which is about 40 per cent of the intake of the normally fed mice. Restriction of the caloric intake alone gave similar results. Restriction of food intake was effective in experiments in which extra vitamin B1 was given in the diet and also when a diluted saline solution was given by stomach tube to assure a sufficient intake of fluid.
Other data are necessary before an explanation can be given for the manner in which these deficiencies increase the resistance of the mice to the virus of poliomyelitis.
HEREDITY OF THE Rh BLOOD TYPES
Authors: Wiener Alexander S. , Sonn Eve B. , Belkin Ruth B. 
Published: June 2004

Data are presented concerning the Rh blood types in 97 families with 275 children and in 135 mother-child combinations. The results obtained are in complete agreement with the theory of six allelic genes. When the theory is tested by applying the chi square and gene frequency methods to data on the distribution of the Rh types in the population, the agreement is also satisfactory.
The practical implications of the findings are discussed.
CENTRIFUGATION AND ULTRAFILTRATION STUDIES ON ALLANTOIC FLUID PREPARATIONS OF INFLUENZA VIRUS
Authors: Friedewald William F. , Pickels Edward G. 
Published: June 2004

A synthetic density gradient technique has been applied to the study of the PR8 and Lee strains of influenza virus in the angle centrifuge. The method counteracted convective disturbances and permitted about a fiftyfold improvement in clearing supernatant fluids of virus. Sedimenting boundaries of infective virus particles, hemagglutinin, and complement-fixing antigen were obtained in the angle centrifuge and correlated with boundaries observed optically in the ultracentrifuge. The sedimentation constant of infective Lee virus particles is approximately 800 Svedberg units, while that of PR8 virus is only about 700. On the assumption of spherical shape, these values correspond to approximate diameters of 85 and 80 mµ respectively. These values agree with those obtained by filtration with graded collodion membranes. The concentration of primary virus particles in untreated allantoic fluid preparations of PR8 or Lee virus is of the order of 0.01 per cent.
The primary infective particles are identical with the hemagglutinin and the complement-fixing antigen to a large extent. However, allantoic fluid preparations of PR8 virus also show a slightly inhomogeneous group of particles with an average sedimentation constant of 460 S, which are adsorbed by and eluted from red blood cells yet appear to be non-infective. In addition the virus preparations contain a small amount of "soluble antigen" which sediments more slowly than the virus and is not adsorbed by red blood cells. This soluble antigen is probably associated with material which was observed optically in the ultracentrifuge to sediment at rates ranging from very low values up to that characteristic of the primary virus boundary. This distribution of rate makes it seem likely that the material represents disintegrated virus particles.
Calculations based on the experimental results obtained indicate that of the order of 10 influenza virus particles are required to produce infection of chick embryos or mice with the PR8 virus. While a comparable number is required with Lee virus for infection of chick embryos, about 10,000 particles are necessary for infection of mice. The ratio of hemagglutinin to red blood cells required to produce 50 per cent agglutination with dilute virus suspensions in the standard test is roughly 1.
METHIONINE PROTECTS AGAINST MAPHARSEN LIVER INJURY IN PROTEIN-DEPLETED DOGS
Authors: Goodell J. P. B. , Hanson P. C. , Hawkins W. B. 
Published: June 2004

Depletion of body protein stores by means of low protein diet or plasmapheresis causes greater susceptibility to liver injury by the arsenical compound, mapharsen.
Normal dogs can tolerate mapharsen in doses of 0.006 to 0.008 gm. per kilo whereas in protein-depleted dogs doses of 0.002 to 0.0025 gm. per kilo cause liver injury with jaundice.
Methionine (2 to 4 gm.) given by mouth 20 to 24 hours prior to administration of mapharsen is protective and the dogs will tolerate 0.0045 gm. per kilo with no icterus developing.
Methionine (1 gm.) intravenously just prior to mapharsen injection is not as consistent in effecting protection, but the smaller dose may be responsible.
QUALITATIVE DIFFERENCES IN THE ANTIGENIC COMPOSITION OF INFLUENZA A VIRUS STRAINS
Authors: Friedewald William F. 
Published: June 2004

A study of the PR8, Christie, Talmey, W.S., and swine strains of influenza A virus by means of antibody absorption tests revealed the following findings:
1. Serum antibody could be specifically absorbed with allantoic fluid containing influenza virus or, more effectively, with concentrated suspensions of virus obtained from allantoic fluid by high-speed centrifugation or by the red cell adsorption and elution technique. Normal allantoic fluid, or the centrifugalized sediment therefrom, failed to absorb antibodies. Influenza B virus (Lee) caused no detectable absorption of antibody from antisera directed against influenza A virus strains, but it specifically absorbed antibody from Lee antisera.
2. The neutralizing, agglutination-inhibiting, and complement-fixing anti-bodies in ferret antisera were completely absorbed only by the homologous virus strain, even though 2 absorptions were carried out with large amounts of heterologous virus strains.
3. PR8 virus appeared to have the broadest range of specific antigenic components for it completely absorbed the heterologous antibodies in Christie and W.S. antisera and left only those antibodies which reacted with the respective homologous strains. The other virus strains (Christie, Talmey, W.S., swine) were more specific in the absorption of heterologous antibodies and completely removed only those antibodies which reacted with the absorbing virus.
4. The absorption tests revealed a higher degree of specificity and individuality of the virus strains than the various cross reactions previously reported. The strain specificity of PR8 virus was equally manifest in absorption tests with ferret sera and with human sera following vaccination.
5. The amount of homologous antibody remaining in a PR8 ferret serum after absorption with PR8 virus, obtained by the red cell adsorption and elution method, varied inversely as the concentration of virus used for absorption. A given concentration of virus, however, absorbed a greater percentage of neutralizing antibodies than either agglutination-inhibiting or complement-fixing antibodies.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF ANTIGENIC DIFFERENCES AMONG STRAINS OF THE "A GROUP" OF INFLUENZA VIRUSES
Authors: Magill Thomas P. , Sugg John Y. 
Published: June 2004

"Acute" and "convalescent" samples of serum from 40 patients from a localized outbreak of influenza were tested for mouse-protective antibodies against 7 different strains of influenza virus, which included 2 laboratory strains representative of "group A" and of "group B," and 5 strains from the investigated outbreak. The latter 5 strains although not identical were related to each other and to the PR8 strain. The chief point shown by the data was the considerable degree of antigenic difference among the 6 "group A" strains, evidenced by the marked differences in the protective capacities of the serums when tested against the various strains.
A number of the "acute" serums showed high protective capacity against some strains but relatively little protective capacity against other strains. In the 5 instances in which it was possible to test the "acute" serums against strictly homologous strains of virus, no protective capacity was demonstrable. In 7 of 36 cases, the antibody responses evoked by influenza infections were not detectable by tests with some strains, but were detectable by tests against other related strains.
BILIARY EXCRETION OF RADIOACTIVE IRON AND TOTAL IRON AS INFLUENCED BY RED CELL DESTRUCTION
Authors: Hawkins W. B. , Hahn P. F. 
Published: June 2004

Iron is eliminated in the bile of normal dogs at a low but quite constant rate, 0.2 mg. per day. The feeding of large amounts of iron to normal dogs does not cause an increased iron excretion in the bile nor does the injection of considerable quantities of colloidal iron by vein.
When red cell destruction is brought about by acetyl-phenylhydrazine the elimination of biliary iron may increase tenfold and parallels the increased output of bile pigment.
When red cells containing radioactive iron are destroyed by acetyl-phenylhydrazine there is a significant increase in radioactive iron excreted in the bile which parallels the bile pigment excretion—Charts A and C.
The excretion of iron and bile pigment is independent of the volume of bile.
When hemoglobin is destroyed the pigment radicle is totally excreted as bile pigment but only 3 per cent of the released iron is eliminated in the bile with conservation of the remainder.
The importance of the liver and spleen as storehouses of iron is again confirmed. The body conserves iron even when it is present in marked excess.
PERITONEAL ABSORPTION
Authors: Hahn P. F. , Miller L. L. , Robscheit-Robbins F. S. , Bale W. F. , Whipple G. H. 
Published: June 2004

The absorption of red cells from the normal peritoneum of the dog can be demonstrated by means of red cells labeled with radio-iron incorporated in the hemoglobin of these red cells. Absorption in normal dogs runs from 20 to 100 per cent of the amount given within 24 hours.
Dogs rendered anemic by bleeding absorb red cells a little less rapidly—ranging from 5 to 80 per cent of the injected red cells. Doubly depleted dogs (anemic and hypoproteinemic) absorb even less in the three experiments recorded.
This peritoneal absorption varies widely in different dogs and even in the same dog at different times. We do not know the factors responsible for these variations but there is no question about active peritoneal absorption.
The intact red cells pass readily from the peritoneal cavity into lymph spaces in diaphragm and other areas of the peritoneum. The red cells move along the lymphatics and through the lymph glands with little or no phagocytosis and eventually into the large veins through the thoracic ducts.
THE EXPERIMENTAL TRANSMISSION OF COLORADO TICK FEVER
Authors: Florio Lloyd , Stewart Mabel O. , Mugrage Edward R. 
Published: June 2004

1. The symptoms, history of tick bite, characteristic fever curve, and white blood cell picture should enable the physician to make a diagnosis of Colorado tick fever in nearly every case.
2. The typical white blood cell picture is a depression of the total leucocytes with a shift to the left of the granulocytes. Basophilic cytoplasmic bodies appear occasionally in lymphocytes 3 to 4 days after clinical recovery.
3. The disease can be transmitted serially in human beings by parenteral injection of blood or serum. Such transfers have not resulted in decreased or increased virulence.
4. The naturally acquired and experimental cases of Colorado tick fever are identical in their manifestations.
5. An attack of Colorado tick fever confers a degree of definite immunity to the disease.
6. Colorado tick fever is not a mild form of Rocky Mountain spotted fever since individuals immunized with ground tick vaccine against Rocky Mountain spotted fever are still susceptible to Colorado tick fever.
7. Adult Dermacentor andersoni ticks allowed to feed on typical cases, then carried through to a new generation and fed on susceptible adults, failed to transmit the disease.
8. Colorado tick fever has been successfully transmitted to an experimental animal, the golden hamster.
THE INFLUENCE OF DIET ON THE PRODUCTION OF TUMORS OF THE LIVER BY BUTTER YELLOW
Authors: Opie Eugene L. 
Published: June 2004

The presence of fat in the diet accelerates the production of hepatic tumors by p-dimethylaminoazobenzene (butter yellow), and when its quantity is very small, few are produced.
Butter yellow with diets consisting in large part of rice, or with other diets with low protein content, causes nodular cirrhosis, but, rice substituted for sugar in a diet containing protein, fat, and butter yellow with adequate vitamins accelerates the production of tumors though the added rice is insufficient to induce nodular cirrhosis. Rice favors the production of hepatic tumors by agencies that are not yet explained.
Butter yellow produces hepatic tumors in the absence of cirrhosis, but with diets that produce cirrhosis, the frequency of tumors and of their precursors, cystic ducts and cholangiofibrosis, increases with the severity of cirrhosis.
THE COMPARATIVE EFFECTS OF VITAMIN B1 DEFICIENCY AND RESTRICTION OF FOOD INTAKE ON THE RESPONSE OF MICE TO THE LANSING STRAIN OF POLIOMYELITIS VIRUS, AS DETERMINED BY THE PAIRED FEEDING TECHNIQUE
Authors: Foster Claire , Jones James H. , Henle Werner , Dorfman Frieda ,   With the Technical Assistance of Mabel E. Quinby and Dorothy L. Alexander
Published: June 2004

In a paired feeding experiment the effects of vitamin B1 deficiency and of restriction of food intake have been compared. In both groups of animals the number of cases of paralysis and the number of deaths were less than in a control group on an unrestricted amount of the complete diet. The maximum difference occurred on the 15th day after inoculation. The incidence of paralysis and death in the vitamin-deficient group was also less than in the paired restricted group. The maximum difference occurred on the 17th day following inoculation, after which the difference gradually became less. At the end of the experiment (28 days) there was a slightly greater number of deaths in the restricted group than in the vitamin-deficient group. Apparently the effect of vitamin B1 deficiency on the action of the virus of poliomyelitis in the mouse is not due solely to the resulting anorexia.
From the 3rd to the 25th day after inoculation the animals were examined at hourly intervals throughout the day and night. On the 26th and 27th days they were examined every 3 hours. Except for two mice in the unrestricted group dying before the hourly examinations were begun, peripheral paralysis was observed in every animal which died.
FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE RELATION OF THE EYE TO IMMUNITY IN EXPERIMENTAL SYPHILIS
Authors: Chesney Alan M. , Woods Alan C. 
Published: June 2004

Two experiments are reported in which an attempt was made to determine the extent to which a primary syphilitic infection of the cornea in rabbits is followed by the development of a local corneal immunity, by the generalization of the virus, and by the development of a general immunity to the infection. Female rabbits were inoculated intracorneally with a virulent strain of T. pallidum and the disease was allowed to run its course until the lesions which had developed at the site of inoculation had healed spontaneously. Popliteal lymph nodes were transferred from about one-half of these animals (in the second experiment only) to normal male rabbits and in almost every instance the nodes were proved by this method to contain virulent treponemes, showing that generalization of the syphilitic infection is the rule after intracorneal inoculation. All animals were treated with arsphenamine after the local lesion had subsided (160 and 275 days after the original inoculation). The rabbits were then reinoculated with the homologous strain of treponemes, injections being made into the cornea originally inoculated and also into the skin of the back. In one experiment both corneas were reinoculated.
The incidence of lesions developing in either cornea after reinoculation was higher than the incidence of lesions developing in the skin. The lesions developing in the corneas of the "immune" animals had a longer incubation period and were of shorter duration on the average than the lesions in the control group. As far as intensity of reaction was concerned no difference was observed.
Inoculation of the cornea of rabbits with syphilitic virus is often followed by the development of immunity to the homologous strain of organisms. This immunity is imparted to the skin to a greater extent than to either the cornea inoculated originally or to the opposite uninoculated cornea. It persists after treatment with arsphenamine. It appears to be more marked the longer treatment is postponed.
It is apparent from Table IV that in one-half of all the test animals both cornea and skin were immune to a second inoculation of homologous syphilitic virus. In addition to these there were 5 animals in which the cornea was immune and the skin nearly so, for the lesions which developed in the skin of these animals were minimal in extent and duration and were in no way comparable to those which were observed in the controls. Thus in two-thirds of our animals there developed in both the skin and the cornea, after a primary intracorneal inoculation, a high degree of resistance toward a second inoculation with homologous syphilitic virus, but syphilitic disease of the cornea does not always impart to the cornea itself an absolute immunity to reinoculated homologous virus.
EFFECT OF ENZYME INHIBITORS AND ACTIVATORS ON THE MULTIPLICATION OF TYPHUS RICKETTSIAE
Authors: Greiff Donald , Pinkerton Henry , Moragues Vicente 
Published: June 2004

By injection into typhus-infected yolk sacs, a number of agents were tested for possible inhibition or acceleration of rickettsial growth. The previously reported rickettsiostatic activity of penicillin was further confirmed.
Para-aminobenzoic acid, in single injections of 6.6 mg. and 3.3 mg. giving initial concentrations of approximately 1:6000 and 1:12,000 was found to have rickettsiostatic activity approximately equal to that of penicillin. No conclusion could be drawn regarding the possibility of a synergistic action of para-aminobenzoic acid and penicillin. Para-aminobenzoic acid neutralized with sodium hydroxide was found to be as effective as the acid itself, when given in single injections of 6.6 mg. Sodium benzoate, as Well as the ortho and meta forms of aminobenzoic acid were found to be ineffective when given in similar amounts.
Para-aminobenzoic acid, when added to the food in a concentration of 3 per cent, was shown to have a remarkably effective chemotherapeutic action on murine typhus infection in mice.
Sodium fluoride was found at times to accelerate the growth of rickettsiae in the yolk sac, and to cause heavy infection under conditions such that the controls showed practically no multiplication of the organism. When rickettsiostatic substances (penicillin and para-aminobenzoic acid) were combined with sodium fluoride, their rickettsiostatic activity was not demonstrably changed. Other agents studied and found not to affect rickettsial multiplication are listed. The possible mechanisms involved in the observed inhibition and stimulation of rickettsial growth under these conditions are discussed.
IMMUNITY IN MUMPS
Authors: Enders John F. , Cohen Sidney , Kane Lewis W. 
Published: June 2004

1. A specific antibody, demonstrable by the technique of complement fixation, regularly appears, or increases in concentration, in the sera of human beings during an attack of mumps or during convalescence.
2. Specific dermal hypersensitivity, demonstrable by the injection of heat-inactivated mumps virus, has been shown to develop in 6 human beings after recovery from mumps.
3. Complement-fixing antibody and the hypersensitive state also emerge as a result of clinically inapparent infection with the virus of mumps.
4. These two phenomena are apparently unrelated in respect to immunologic mechanisms.
5. The data presented indicate that the complement fixation test should prove of value both in diagnosis and in the determination of immunity.
6. The skin test for dermal hypersensitivity, on the other hand, becomes positive after recovery and therefore would appear to be useful only as an index of resistance.
HEREDITY OF THE Rh BLOOD TYPES
Authors: Wiener Alexander S. , Davidsohn I. , Potter E. L. 
Published: June 2004

1. The theory of six allelic genes is reviewed, using the new improved nomenclature, and data are summarized regarding the distributions of the eight Rh types among white and negro individuals in New York City.
2. Results are presented of tests for property Hr in a series of 239 white individuals and 49 negroes. Statistical analysis of these data yields results supporting Race and Taylor's hypothesis that anti-Hr sera react with the blood properties determined by the genes Rh2, Rh'' Rho, and rh, but not with the factors determined by genes Rh1 and Rh'.
3. The practical importance of the Hr factor is discussed.