bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
T stage as prognostic factor in irradiated localized squamous cell carcinoma of the nasal vestibule
Authors: Kummer Eelco , Rasch Coen R. N. , Keus Ronald B. , Tan I. Bing , Balm Alfons J. M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackgroundTo investigate the impact of T stage according to Wang on the prognosis of irradiated nasal vestibule carcinoma.Patients and MethodsTreatment results of 47 patients were retrospectively analyzed. Treatment consisted of external beam radiotherapy (n = 26) or interstitial radiotherapy (n = 19) or a combination of both (n = 2) for a primary, localized, squamous cell carcinoma of the nasal vestibule. Mean follow‐up was 5 years and 7 months.ResultsT1/T2 tumors: Local control was achieved in 40 of 44 patients; surgical salvage was possible in 2 of 4 local failures. Five patients had recurrences in the neck, and four of them could be salvaged surgically. One patient had distant metastases develop. T3 tumors (n = 3): no T3 tumor could locally be cured by radiotherapy. One patient was salvaged surgically but died of regional and distant metastases. Disease‐specific survival is significantly correlated with T stage according to Wang (p = .0001). Most (85%) patients were smokers, and eight of them (20%) had a second primary tumor develop in the lungs.ConclusionsThe effect of radiotherapy is significantly correlated with T stage (p = .0001) and hence less successful in T3 lesions as primary treatment option. The high incidence of second primary tumors in the lung is indicative for a similar carcinogenic influence of smoking on the nasal vestibule. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 24: 268–273, 2002; DOI 10.1002/hed.10023
Clinical relevance of Fas (APO‐1/CD95) expression in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Jäckel Martin C. , Mitteldorf Christina , Schweyer Stefan , Füzesi Làszlò 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackgroundExpression of Fas receptors renders tumor cells potentially susceptible to the host immune system. In squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck, Fas has recently been found to be down‐regulated in some cases; its prognostic value and correlation with clinicopathologic parameters, however, is yet to be delineated.MethodsParaffin‐embedded specimens of 88 primary laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas were investigated for Fas protein expression by immunohistochemistry. Apoptotic tumor cells were visualized using the nick end labeling method. To assess the immunologic reaction to the neoplasm, the intensity of lymphoplasmocytic stroma reaction was determined. The mean follow‐up time amounted to 45.9 months (range, 1–144 months).ResultsIn tumor‐adjacent normal mucosa and in most well‐differentiated tumors, Fas expression was restricted to basal and parabasal cell layers. A diffuse pattern of staining reactions predominated in high‐grade lesions (p < .001). The degree of Fas expression revealed a positive relationship with the intensity of lymphoplasmocytic stroma reaction (p = .002) but was unrelated to clinicopathologic parameters and to apoptotic rates of tumors. Neither Fas nor the lymphoplasmocytic stroma reaction had any impact on patient survival.ConclusionsUp‐regulation of cell surface Fas expression in laryngeal carcinoma seems to have a stimulatory effect on the immune cell infiltration of the stromal tissue. Its lack of clinical relevance might be due to an inhibition of intracellular Fas signal transduction, which represents a frequent strategy of tumor cells to escape Fas‐mediated apoptosis. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck 23: 646–652, 2001.
PKC activation rescues LTP from NMDA receptor blockade
Authors: Kleschevnikov Alexander M. , Routtenberg Aryeh 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIt has been proposed that a critical step in long‐term potentiation (LTP) expression is the activation of presynaptic protein kinase C (PKC) after activation of postsynaptic NMDA receptors. A prediction from this “synaptic dialogue” hypothesis (Routtenberg, Trends Neurosci 1999;22:255–256) is that the well‐known blockade of LTP by NMDA receptor antagonists would be rescued by direct activation of PKC. To test this prediction we recorded extracellular EPSPs in the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus (DG) in the intact, anesthetized mouse after stimulation of the perforant path. Three experimental series were performed in which tetanization was applied after continuous infusion of 1) vehicle, 2) NMDA receptor antagonist dl‐2‐amino‐5‐phosphonovaleric acid (APV) (2.5 ± 1.0 nmol), or 3) both APV and then PKC activator 4‐beta‐phorbol‐12,13‐dibutyrate (PDBu, 9.0 ± 1.0 pmol). LTP was reliably induced in the first series (124 ± 5%, N = 6; 2.5 h after the tetanus), suppressed by APV in the second series (95 ± 18%, N = 4), and restored in the third series (121 ± 13%, N = 5). Decreased paired‐pulse facilitation, an index of presynaptic involvement in LTP expression, was observed after tetanization in the first and third series, but not in the second series. Blockade of LTP by NMDA receptor antagonists that can be overridden by presynaptic activation of PKC is thus consistent with the proposed hypothesis. As LTP is rescued after NMDA receptor blockade in transgenic mice overexpressing growth‐associated presynaptic protein GAP‐43, we suppose that this protein is one of the presynaptic targets of PKC activation. Hippocampus 2001;11:168–175. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hippocampal spatial representations require vestibular input
Authors: Stackman Robert W. , Clark Ann S. , Taube Jeffrey S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe hippocampal formation is essential for forming declarative representations of the relationships among multiple stimuli. The rodent hippocampal formation, including the entorhinal cortex and subicular complex, is critical for spatial memory. Two classes of hippocampal neurons fire in relation to spatial features. Place cells collectively map spatial locations, with each cell firing only when the animal occupies that cell's “place field,” a particular subregion of the larger environment. Head direction (HD) cells encode directional heading, with each HD cell firing when the rat's head is oriented in that cell's particular “preferred firing direction.” Both landmarks and internal cues (e.g., vestibular, motor efference copy) influence place and HD cell activity. However, as is the case for navigation, landmarks are believed to exert greater influence over place and HD cell activity. Here we show that temporary inactivation of the vestibular system led to the disruption of location‐specific firing in hippocampal place cells and direction‐specific discharge of postsubicular HD cells, without altering motor function. Place and HD cell activity recovered over a time course similar to that of the restoration of vestibular function. These results indicate that vestibular signals provide an important influence over the expression of hippocampal spatial representations, and may explain the navigational deficits of humans with vestibular dysfunction. Hippocampus 2002;12:291–303. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Patient referral patterns in Namibia: identification of potential to improve the efficiency of the health care system
Authors: Low Anne , Coeyere Dirk de , Shivute Nestor , Brandt Laura J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn order to assess how the hospital referral system in Namibia was operating, a cross‐sectional survey of patients attending three intermediate hospitals and the national hospital was conducted over a 4‐week period. The survey was planned by a Ministry of Health and Social Services' working group, with technical support provided by a donor funded health programme. Together with complementary qualitative data, obtained through focus group discussions with the community, the survey generated information on the extent to which the referral system was being bypassed, the types of bypassing and related factors. These included reasons for non‐compliance with referral to the intermediate hospitals, perceived barriers to their utilization and community preparedness to use these hospitals after upgrading. The results were used to inform decisions about the classification of the three hospitals and identification of their catchment areas. The results were also shown to be useful for assessing the likely impact of different strategies for reducing bypassing. In Namibia these impacts were expected to be limited, due to the influence of distance and low population densities. Information on the extent and types of bypassing taking place across districts is essential for assessing opportunities to improve the functioning of a pyramidal referral system, which supports a cost‐effective primary health care strategy. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A perspective adjustment to add value to external clients, including society
Authors: Kaufman Roger , Guerra Ingrid 
Published: August 2002

AbstractOur realities have shifted. What was comfortable and acceptable will no longer provide useful guidance on
what any HRD professional uses, does, and delivers. There is a new and overriding focus on external value added
for both clients and society. This article gives the rationale and guidance on what it takes to adjust our
perspectives in order to define and deliver success. And prove it.
Measurement of mutual diffusion coefficients of gases by the Taylor method: Measurements on H2–Air,H2–N2, and H2–O2 systems
Authors: Matsunaga Naoki , Hori Morio , Nagashima Akira 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMutual diffusion coefficients of hydrogen gas (H2) into air and its component gases (N2 and O2) have been measured in the temperature range of 30 to 180°C and at atmospheric pressure via the Taylor dispersion method. For a H2–N2 system, the composition dependence of the mutual diffusion coefficient has been studied with both H2 and N2 as the carrier gas. The mutual diffusion coefficients for the H2–air and H2–N2 systems are almost the same and smaller than that for the H2–O2 system by about 5%. The present data for the H2–N2 system, corrected to an equimolar composition, agree well with the accurate data reported by the groups of P. J. Dunlop and of R. J. J. Van Heijningen. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 31(3): 182–193, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.10025
Auditory verbal learning in drug‐free Ecstasy polydrug users
Authors: Fox H. C. , Toplis A. S. , Turner J. J. D. , Parrott A. C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractDrug‐free Ecstasy polydrug users have shown impairment on tasks of verbal working memory and memory span. Current research aims to investigate how these deficits may affect the learning of verbal material by administration of the Auditory Verbal Learning Task (AVLT) (Rey, 1964). The task provides a learning curve by assessing immediate memory span over multiple trials. Learning strategies are further analysed by tendencies to confabulate as well as demonstrate either proactive or retroactive interference elicited by a novel ‘distractor’ list. Three groups completed the task: two groups of 14 Ecstasy users (short‐ and long‐term) and one group of 14 polydrug controls. Compared with controls both Ecstasy groups recalled significantly fewer words and made more confabulation errors on the initial three recall trials as well as a delayed recall trial. Long‐term users demonstrated increased confabulation on the initial trials and the novel ‘distractor7’ trial, compared with short‐term users. Only following repeated presentations were both short‐ and long‐term users shown to perform at control levels. As such, deficits in verbal learning may be more related to storage and/or retrieval problems than problems associated with capacity per se. No interference errors were demonstrated by either of the Ecstasy groups. However, a high level of intrusion errors may indicate selective working memory problems associated with longer‐term use of the drug. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The distribution and strength of riparian tree roots in relation to riverbank reinforcement
Authors: Abernethy Bruce , Rutherfurd Ian D. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe main influences of plants on the mass stability of riverbanks are those that affect the strength of bank sediments. Plants enhance bank strength by reducing pore‐water pressures and by directly reinforcing bank material with their roots. In this paper we do not consider bank hydrology but focus on quantifying increases in sediment strength due to root reinforcement. Root reinforcement is a function of root strength, interface friction between the roots and the soil, and the distribution of roots within the soil. Field and laboratory studies of Australian riparian trees, river red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) and swamp paperbark (Melaleuca ericifolia), indicate that bank reinforcement, due to the roots of these species, decreases exponentially with depth below the soil surface and distance away from the trees. Differences in the spatial distribution of root reinforcement are illustrated by a comparison of the apparent cohesion due to roots (cr) with the effective cohesion of the saturated bank material (15 kPa). Directly below the river red gum, root reinforcement is equal to effective cohesion at 1·7 m depth. At the dripline (17 m from the trunk), root reinforcement is equal to material strength at 0·4 m depth. For the swamp paperbark, cr=15 kPa at 1·1 m depth beneath surface, at the trunks, and at 0·4 m depth at the dripline (2·5 m from the trunk). A description of the spatial distribution of root reinforcement is important in the riverbank context. We find that interspecies differences in the strength of living roots have less significance for bank reinforcement than interspecies differences in root distribution. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Qualitative methods in the study of children's racial attitudes and identities
Authors: Connolly Paul 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis article examines the role that qualitative methods can play in the study of children's racial attitudes and identities. It does this by discussing a number of examples taken from a qualitative, ethnographic study of 5‐ and 6‐year‐old children in an English multi‐ethnic, inner‐city primary school. The examples are used to highlight the limitations of research that relies solely on quantitative methods and the potential that qualitative methods have for addressing these limitations. Within this context, the article contrasts the strengths and weaknesses of qualitative and quantitative methods in the study of children's racial attitudes and identities. The article concludes by arguing that a much more integrated, multi‐method approach is needed in this area and sets out some of the most effective ways this could be achieved. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Executive control and higher‐order theory of mind in children at risk of ADHD
Authors: Perner Josef , Kain Winfried , Barchfeld Petra 
Published: August 2002

AbstractNursery teachers assessed 234 children aged 4½ to 6½ years on the DSM‐IV criteria for hyperactivity–impulsivity and attention deficit (ADHD). Using slightly lenient classification criteria 21 children scored on hyperactivity–impulsivity and/or attention deficit and were classified as ‘at risk of ADHD’. An age‐matched control group showed significant relations between acquisition of an advanced theory of mind, in particular understanding second‐order beliefs, and executive competence as measured by several tasks from the NEPSY. This extends findings from younger children that theory of mind development relates to executive control. The group at risk of ADHD showed impaired performance relative to the control group on several executive tasks but no impairment at all on the advanced theory of mind tasks. This speaks against the theory that later theory of mind development is a consequence of improvements in executive control. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Topotecan inhibits VEGF‐ and bFGF‐induced vascular endothelial cell migration via downregulation of the PI3K‐Akt signaling pathway
Authors: Nakashio Ayako , Fujita Naoya , Tsuruo Takashi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAngiogenesis plays a crucial role in tumor growth and metastases. The extent of angiogenesis correlates with the increased invasion and metastasis in a variety of human neoplasms. Vascular endothelial cell proliferation and migration are critical steps in angiogenesis and are regulated by various growth factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). The topoisomerase I inhibitor topotecan (10‐hydroxy‐9‐dimethylaminomethyl‐(S)‐camptothecin) is a water‐soluble camptothecin analogue and possesses an indirect in vivo antitumor effect mediated through the inhibition of angiogenesis. We found that topotecan inhibited VEGF‐ and bFGF‐induced migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in vitro. The migration of HUVECs was also inhibited by a phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K) inhibitor, LY294002. Thus, we investigated the possibility that topotecan's antiangiogenic property might be mediated by its inhibitory effect on VEGF‐ and bFGF‐induced activation of the PI3K‐Akt signaling pathway. We found that topotecan treatment decreased the amount of the phosphorylated (activated) form of Akt, but not the amount of Akt protein, in HUVECs. Moreover, transient transfection of constitutive active akt cDNA into HUVECs reversed the topotecan‐mediated decrease in HUVEC migration. These results suggest that the antiangiogenic activity of topotecan is mediated in part by downregulating the PI3K‐Akt signaling pathway. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Environmental and heritable causes of cancer among 9.6 million individuals in the Swedish family‐cancer database
Authors: Czene Kamila , Lichtenstein Paul , Hemminki Kari 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe genetic and environmental components in 15 common cancers were estimated using the nationwide Swedish Family‐Cancer Database. Tetrachoric correlations were used to describe similarity in cancer liability among family members. Structural equation modeling was used to derive estimates of the importance of genetic and environmental effects. Statistically significant estimates of proportion of cancer susceptibility, accounted for by genetic effects, were obtained for all studied cancers except for leukemia. The estimate was highest in thyroid cancer (53%), followed by tumors at endocrine glands (28%), testis (25%), breast (25%), cervix (22%), melanoma (21%), colon (13%), nervous system (12%), rectum (12%), non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (10%), lung (8%), kidney (8%), urinary bladder (7%), stomach (1%) and leukemia (1%). The estimates of shared environmental effects ranged from 0% (cervix) to 15% (stomach). The childhood shared environmental effects were most important in testicular cancer (17%), stomach cancer (13%) and cervix in situ (13%). Our results indicate that environment has a principal causative role in cancer at all studied sites except for thyroid. The relatively large effect of heritability in cancer at some sites, on the other hand, indicates that even though susceptibility genes have been described at many cancer sites, they are likely to explain only part of the genetic effects. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of pharmacologic antagonists of epidermal growth factor receptor, PI3K and MEK signal kinases on NF‐κB and AP‐1 activation and IL‐8 and VEGF expression in human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma lines
Authors: Bancroft Caren C. , Chen Zhong , Yeh Jason , Sunwoo John B. , Yeh Ning T. , Jackson Sadhana , Jackson Chad , Van Waes Carter 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe previously reported that expression of angiogenesis factors interleukin‐8 (IL‐8) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is promoted by coactivation of transcription factors nuclear factor‐kappaB (NF‐κB) and activator protein‐1 (AP‐1) by interleukin‐1α in human head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC). However, expression of IL‐1 receptor antagonist incompletely blocked reporter gene activity and cytokine expression, suggesting that other upstream signals may contribute to activation. Overexpression and autocrine activation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is detected in 90% of HNSCC, and EGFR inhibitors have been reported to inhibit IL‐8 and VEGF expression, but the intermediary signal pathways and transcription factors by which EGFR modulates proangiogenic factors is unknown. EGFR can activate the phosphotidylinositol‐3 kinase (PI3K) and mitogen‐activated/extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (MEK) pathways, which can potentially modulate activation of NF‐κB and AP‐1, respectively. In our study, we examined the effect of EGF and antagonists of EGFR, PI3K and MEK on NF‐κB and AP‐1 activation and IL‐8 and VEGF expression in HNSCC cell lines UM‐SCC‐9 and 11B in which EGFR is overexpressed and activated. Recombinant EGF induced EGFR phosphorylation, activation of NF‐κB and AP‐1 reporter genes and IL‐8 and VEGF expression, indicating that EGFR can mediate coactivation of both transcription factors and cytokine genes in HNSCC. EGFR antagonist PD153035 and anti‐EGFR antibody C225 completely inhibited EGF‐induced reporter activity and cytokine expression, but only partially inhibited constitutive activity. MEK inhibitor U0126 preferentially blocked AP‐1 activity and expression of both IL‐8 and VEGF, while PI3K inhibitor LY‐294002 or a dominant negative inhibitor‐κB preferentially blocked NF‐κB activation and expression of IL‐8 but not VEGF. EGFR, PI3K and MEK antagonists inhibited growth of HNSCC. We conclude that antagonists of EGFR, PI3K and MEK signal pathways have inhibitory activity against EGFR‐induced NF‐κB and AP‐1 activation, IL‐8 and VEGF expression and growth by HNSCC. Published 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characterization of XAGE‐1b, a short major transcript of cancer/testis‐associated gene XAGE‐1, induced in melanoma metastasis
Authors: Zendman Albert J.W. , van Kraats Annemieke A. , den Hollander Anneke I. , Weidle Ulrich H. , Ruiter Dirk J. , van Muijen Goos N.P. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSuppression subtractive hybridization, comparing mRNA expression profiles of common nevocellular nevi and melanoma metastases, was used to identify potential markers of melanoma progression. From the metastases we isolated XAGE‐1b, a 470 bp transcript of the XAGE‐1 gene. In general, expression of XAGE‐1b was much more prominent than expression of the longer XAGE‐1 transcript, isolated from Ewing's sarcoma. The XAGE‐1b open‐reading frame codes for a putative protein of 81 amino acids, harboring a functional bipartite nuclear localization signal and a C‐terminal acidic transcription‐activation‐like domain. On the nucleotide level, XAGE‐1b has a 50% homology with members of the GAGE family. However, homology between the corresponding proteins is weak. Expression of XAGE‐1b in normal tissues was mainly restricted to testis, while placenta and brain were sporadically positive. In human tumor cell lines as well as in human tumor lesions, expression was most frequently found in melanocytic tumors and Ewing's sarcoma. In the different stages of melanocytic tumor progression, expression was exclusively seen in melanoma metastases (38%; n = 61), while all tested common and atypical nevi (n = 10) as well as primary melanomas (n = 8) were negative. Upregulation of expression after treatment with demethylating agent 5‐aza‐2′‐deoxycytidine was detected in 1 of 4 human melanoma cell lines tested. The XAGE‐1 gene consists of 4 exons and is located on chromosome Xp11.21–Xp11.22. After transfection into COS cells, the corresponding protein can direct the coupled fluorescent protein to the nucleus, showing a distinct speckled staining aspect. Our data imply the nuclear cancer/testis‐associated XAGE‐1b to be a marker for late melanocytic tumor progression. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.