bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Magnetic Fields and Plasma Heating in the Sun’s Atmosphere
Authors: Judge P. , Kleint L. , Casini R. , de Wijn A. G. , Schad T. , Tritschler A. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
We use the first publicly available data from the Daniel K. Inouye Solar Telescope to track magnetic connections from the solar photosphere into the corona. We scrutinize relationships between chromospheric magnetism and bright chromospheric, transition region, and coronal plasmas. In 2022 June, the Visible Spectro-Polarimeter (ViSP) instrument targeted unipolar network within a decaying active region. ViSP acquired rastered scans with longitudinal Zeeman sensitivities of 0.25 Mx cm−2 (Fe i, 630.2 nm) and 0.5 Mx cm−2 (Ca ii, 854.2 nm). ViSP was operated in a “low” resolution mode (0.″214 slit width, spectral resolution

R
≈
70,000

) to produce polarization maps over a common area of 105″ × 50″. Data from the Solar Dynamics Observatory and Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph are combined to ask: Why is only a fraction of emerging flux filled with heated plasma? What is the elemental nature of the plasmas? No correlations were found between heated plasma and the properties of chromospheric magnetic fields derived from the weak field approximation, on scales below supergranules. Processes hidden from our observations control plasma heating. While improved magnetic measurements are needed, these data indicate that “the corona is a self-regulating forced system.” Heating depends on the state of the corona, not simply on boundary conditions. Heating models based upon identifiable bipolar fields, including cool loops, tectonics, and observable magnetic reconnection, are refuted for these regions with unipolar chromospheric magnetic fields.
Detecting Fast Radio Bursts with Spectral Structure Using the Continuous Forward Algorithm
Authors: Kumar Pravir , Zackay Barak , Law Casey J. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Detecting fast radio bursts (FRBs) with frequency-dependent intensity remains a challenge, as existing search algorithms do not account for the spectral shape, potentially leading to nondetections. We propose a novel detection statistic, which we call the Kalman detector, that improves the sensitivity of FRB signal detection by incorporating spectral shape information. The detection statistic is based on an optimal matched filter, marginalizing over all possible intensity functions, weighted by a random walk probability distribution, considering some decorrelation bandwidth. Our analysis of previously detected FRBs demonstrates that the Kalman score provides a comparable yet independent source of information for bursts with significant spectral structure, and the sensitivity improvement is of the order 0%–200% with a median improvement of 20%. We also applied the Kalman detector to existing data from FRB 20201124A and detected two new repeat bursts that were previously missed. Furthermore, we suggest a practical implementation for real-time surveys by employing a low significance soft-trigger from initial flux integration-based detection algorithms. The Kalman detector has the potential to significantly enhance FRB detection capabilities and enable new insights into the spectral properties of these enigmatic astrophysical phenomena.
Astrochemical Diagnostics of the Isolated Massive Protostar G28.20-0.05
Authors: Gorai Prasanta , Law Chi-Yan , Tan Jonathan C. , Zhang Yichen , Fedriani Rubén , Tanaka Kei E. I. , Bonfand Mélisse , Cosentino Giuliana , Mardones Diego , Beltrán Maria T. , Garay Guido 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
We study the astrochemical diagnostics of the isolated massive protostar G28.20-0.05. We analyze data from Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array 1.3 mm observations with a resolution of 0.″2 (∼1000 au). We detect emission from a wealth of species, including oxygen-bearing (e.g., H2CO, CH3OH, CH3OCH3), sulfur-bearing (SO2, H2S), and nitrogen-bearing (e.g., HNCO, NH2CHO, C2H3CN, C2H5CN) molecules. We discuss their spatial distributions, physical conditions, correlation between different species, and possible chemical origins. In the central region near the protostar, we identify three hot molecular cores (HMCs). HMC1 is part of a millimeter continuum ring-like structure, is closest in projection to the protostar, has the highest temperature of ∼300 K, and shows the most line-rich spectra. HMC2 is on the other side of the ring, has a temperature of ∼250 K, and is of intermediate chemical complexity. HMC3 is further away, ∼3000 au in projection, cooler (∼70 K), and is the least line-rich. The three HMCs have similar mass surface densities (∼10 g cm−2), number densities (n
H ∼ 109 cm−3), and masses of a few solar masses. The total gas mass in the cores and in the region out to 3000 au is ∼25 M
⊙, which is comparable to that of the central protostar. Based on spatial distributions of peak line intensities as a function of excitation energy, we infer that the HMCs are externally heated by the protostar. We estimate column densities and abundances of the detected species and discuss the implications for hot core astrochemistry.
X-Rays from RS Ophiuchi’s 2021 Eruption: Shocks In and Out of Ionization Equilibrium
Authors: Islam Nazma , Mukai Koji , Sokoloski J. L. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The recurrent nova RS Ophiuchi (RS Oph) underwent its most recent eruption on 2021 August 8 and became the first nova to produce both detectable GeV and TeV emission. We used extensive X-ray monitoring with the Neutron Star Interior Composition Explorer Mission (NICER) to model the X-ray spectrum and probe the shock conditions throughout the 2021 eruption. The rapidly evolving NICER spectra consisted of both line and continuum emission that could not be accounted for using a single-temperature collisional equilibrium plasma model with an absorber that fully covered the source. We successfully modeled the NICER spectrum as a nonequilibrium ionization collisional plasma with partial covering absorption. The temperature of the nonequilibrium plasma shows a peak on day 5 with a kT of approximately 24 keV. The increase in temperature during the first five days could have been due to increasing contribution to the X-ray emission from material behind fast polar shocks or a decrease is the amount of energy being drained from the shocks into particle acceleration during that period. The absorption showed a change from fully covering the source to having a covering fraction of roughly 0.4, suggesting a geometrical evolution of the shock region within the complex global distribution of the circumstellar material. These findings show evidence of the ejecta interacting with some dense equatorial shell initially, and with less dense material in the bipolar regions at later times during the eruption.
Neutrinos and Gamma Rays from Galaxy Clusters Constrained by the Upper Limits of IceCube
Authors: Hussain Saqib , de Gouveia Dal Pino Elisabete M. , Pagliaroli Giulia 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Clusters of galaxies possess the capability to accelerate cosmic rays (CRs) to very high energy up to ∼1018 eV due to their large size and magnetic field strength, which favor CR confinement for cosmological times. During their confinement, they can produce neutrinos and γ-rays out of interactions with the background gas and photon fields. In recent work, Hussain et al. have conducted three-dimensional cosmological magnetohydrodynamical simulations of the turbulent intracluster medium combined with multidimensional Monte Carlo simulations of CR propagation for redshifts ranging from z ∼ 5 to z = 0 to study the multimessenger emission from these sources. They found that when CRs with a spectral index in the range 1.5–2.5 and cutoff energy

E

max

=

10

16

–

10

17

eV are injected into the system, they make significant contributions to the diffuse background emission of both neutrinos and γ-rays. In this work, we have revisited this model and undertaken further constraints on the parametric space. This was achieved by incorporating the recently established upper limits on neutrino emission from galaxy clusters, as obtained by the IceCube experiment. We find that for CRs injected with spectral indices in the range 2.0–2.5, cutoff energy

E

max

=

10

16

–

10

17

eV, and power corresponding to (0.1–1)% of the cluster luminosity, our neutrino flux aligns with the upper limits estimated by IceCube. Additionally, the resulting contribution from clusters to the diffuse γ-ray background remains significant with values of the order of ∼10−5 MeV cm−2 s−1 sr−1 at energies above 500 GeV.
WASP-69b’s Escaping Envelope Is Confined to a Tail Extending at Least 7 Rp
Authors: Tyler Dakotah , Petigura Erik A. , Oklopčić Antonija , David Trevor J. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Studying the escaping atmospheres of highly irradiated exoplanets is critical for understanding the physical mechanisms that shape the demographics of close-in planets. A number of planetary outflows have been observed as excess H/He absorption during/after transit. Such an outflow has been observed for WASP-69b by multiple groups that disagree on the geometry and velocity structure of the outflow. Here, we report the detection of this planet’s outflow using Keck/NIRSPEC for the first time. We observed the outflow 1.28 hr after egress until the target set, demonstrating the outflow extends at least 5.8 × 105 km or 7.5 Rp This detection is significantly longer than previous observations, which report an outflow extending ∼2.2 planet radii just 1 yr prior. The outflow is blueshifted by −23 km s−1 in the planetary rest frame. We estimate a current mass-loss rate of 1 M
⊕ Gyr−1. Our observations are most consistent with an outflow that is strongly sculpted by ram pressure from the stellar wind. However, potential variability in the outflow could be due to time-varying interactions with the stellar wind or differences in instrumental precision.
Detection of Tm ii Lines in the Spectra of Two s-process Rich Stars
Authors: Začs Laimons , Kaminsky Bogdan , Puķı̄tis Kārlis 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Thulium abundance is unknown in the atmospheres of low and medium-mass evolved stars. The reason is the weakness of lines and the crowded spectra. We examined the spectra of two late-type stars in a broad wavelength region to search for thulium lines. Thulium abundance was estimated in the atmospheres of barium star HD 204075 and post-asymptotic giant branch star HD 235858 for the first time,

log

ϵ
(
Tm
)
≃
0.1

and ≲1.3, respectively.
Association between Transcription Factor 7-Like 2 Gene Polymorphisms rs7903146 and rs12255372 with the Risk of Diabetic Nephropathy among South Indian Population
Authors: Ramanathan Balaji , Velayutham Kumaravel 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Introduction:
Transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2) gene has been associated with the genetic predisposition of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and diabetic nephropathy (DN) in different populations. The study aimed to explore the correlation between rs7903146 and rs12255372 polymorphisms of TCF7L2 gene and DN among the South Indian population.

Methods:
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based direct sequencing method and allele-specific PCR were used to determine the genotypes of TCF7L2 polymorphisms in 20 normal glucose tolerance (NGT) participants, 35 T2DM patients without DN and 35 T2DM patients with DN. The differences in genotype and allelic distribution between the study groups were analyzed by Chi-square test and odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) which were used to indicate the relative risk of DN.

Results:
The distribution of TCF7L2 gene polymorphism rs7903146 prevalence was as follows: in the NGT group, CC, 65%; CT, 30%; TT, 5%; in the T2DM without DN group, CC, 25.71%; CT, 62.86%; TT, 11.43%; and in the T2DM with DN group, CC, 31.43%; CT, 60.0%; TT, 8.57%. The distribution of rs12255372 was as follows: in the NGT group, GG, 80%; GT, 15%; TT, 5%; in the T2DM without DN group, GG, 42.86%; GT, 41.46%; TT, 8.57%; and in the T2DM with DN group, GG, 48.57%; GT, 40%; TT, 5.71%. The T allele of rs7903146 polymorphism was associated with an increased risk of T2DM without DN (OR = 3.0; 95% CI = 1.21–7.437; P = 0.010) and T2DM with DN (OR = 2.51; 95% CI = 1.00–6.252; P = 0.04), and the T allele of rs12255372 polymorphism was also associated with increased risk of T2DM without DN (OR = 3.42; 95% CI = 1.18–9.902; P = 0.018) and not with T2DM with DN when compared with NGT individuals.

Conclusion:
In our study, the T allele of the rs7903146 single-nucleotide polymorphism in the TCF7L2 gene confers the risk of developing DN in diabetes patients, but the T allele of the rs12255372 polymorphism in the TCF7L2 gene is associated with T2DM and its association with DN is arbitrated through T2DM.
Evaluation of Acute Abdomen by Multidetector Computed Tomography: A Prospective Study in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Andhra Pradesh, India
Authors: Dileep K. , Kumar N. Uday , Kothareddy Lalithasree 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Background and Objective:
Evidence on the efficiency of multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) in diagnosing acute abdomen in the Indian setting is lacking. This study was conducted to estimate the incidence of various causes of acute abdomen, correlate MDCT observations with postoperative findings, and estimate the sensitivity and specificity of MDCT findings.

Methods:
In this prospective study, 54 patients with acute abdomen were recruited in the emergency department (ED) of a tertiary care hospital in Chittoor, India. In these patients, MDCT observations were compared with postoperative findings, and the sensitivity and specificity of MDCT findings were estimated.

Results:
The majority of the patients presented with pain in epigastrium (n = 13, 24.1%), and 46 (85.2%) had nontraumatic acute abdomen. Pancreatitis was the major cause of nontraumatic acute abdomen. MDCT had failed to detect one case of acute appendicitis, one calculous cholecystitis, Meckel’s diverticulum, stricture ureter, and degloving injury of the colon. Overall, MDCT was positive for 57 out of a total of 63 conditions (eight patients had two different diagnoses) and it could rule out acute abdomen accurately in one patient. The sensitivity of MDCT in diagnosing acute abdomen was 92% and specificity was 100%.

Conclusion:
MDCT is a valuable diagnostic radiological investigation for patients with acute abdomen presenting to the EDs. Its multiple advantages put it ahead of the other traditional radiological investigations.
Role of Self-Directed Learning in Pedagogy – Current Scenario of Competency-Based Medical Education
Authors: Ravichandran Mythry , Taywade Manish , Pal Debkumar 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Self-directed learning (SDL) is a learning procedure among participants where they understand their learning goals, formulate them, and identify resources for learning. There are four key steps of SDL. SDL allows learners to be more effective learners and social beings through peer group discussions. Hence, it helps develop innovative ideas and valuable insights. The COVID-19 pandemic has caused a significant paradigm shift in teaching–learning methods. The self-paced online courses are appeared to be a crucial part in learning during the pandemic. Those courses are somehow interlinked with the principles of SDL, thus SDL can be a boon in the current scenario with the COVID-19 pandemic. However, lack of independence and self-motivation forms a major barrier to SDL learning. The lack of a healthy relationship between the teachers/instructors and students and adequate technology might also affect the adoption of SDL. SDL will attain a massive success with the availability of adequate resources and technology and their effective utilization.
Frequency of Systemic Diseases and Oral Lesions Among the Institutionalized Elderly Subjects in the Northeast of Iran
Authors: Dalirsani Zohreh , Ghazi Ala , Firouzabadi Mohammad Ghanbari 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Background:
With ageing, the number of systemic diseases and the consumption of drugs increase. Moreover, some oral lesions, especially denture-related lesions, are commonly observed.

Aim and Objective:
The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of systemic diseases and oral lesions in the elderly in the Mashhad Geriatric Institutes.

Methods:
Institutionalized elderly people, who could cooperate for oral examination, enrolled in this descriptive cross-sectional study. The frequency of oral lesions and their systemic diseases were recorded in the self-made checklist. For statistical analysis, Student’s t-test and Chi-square test were utilized. The significance level was considered to be 0.05.

Results:
During the study, 224 elderly subjects with a mean age of 75.63 ± 11.22 years were evaluated. The mean duration of residency in the elderly nursing centres was 1.87 ± 1.37 years. Hypertension, Alzheimer’s disease and diabetes were the most common systemic diseases, and about 47% of the patients had two or multiple concurrent diseases. Among participants, 97.1% had at least one oral lesion. The most common oral lesions were fissured tongue (75%), sublingual varicosity (68.3%) and hairy or coated tongue (38.4%), respectively, which are classified as normal variations of oral mucosa. The most common pathological lesions were denture stomatitis, frictional keratosis and lichenoid reactions.

Conclusion:
Regarding to the high frequency of oral lesions among ageing people, regular examination of the oral mucosa for early detection of oral lesions and appropriate treatments is recommended.
Proposal for a Severity Score (DeASI, Dermatophytosis Area and Severity Index) for the Evaluation of Dermatophyte Infections – A Delphi Consensus Study
Authors: Kaliyadan Feroze , Das Anupam , Ashique Karalikkattil T. , Jayasree Puravoor , Panda Maitreyee , Panda Saumya , Chatterjee Manas , Dhafiri Mahdi Al , Harrison Preethy , Sasidharanpillai Sarita , Samad K. Abdul , Jagadeesan Soumya , Panicker Vinitha V. , Kumar K. Ajith , Kumar Piyush , Jakhar Deepak , Samuel Soumya , Rajalakshmi V. P. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Background:
There has been a significant increase in the incidence of recurrent, resistant, and extensive dermatophyte infections worldwide recently. This menace has spurred the need for more well-designed randomized controlled trials to optimize the treatment of dermatophyte skin infections. One of the limitations in designing such studies is the limited availability of standard and validated score, to measure the severity of dermatophyte infections.

Aims:
To create a severity score for the evaluation of dermatophyte infections.

Materials and Methods:
A Delphi consensus model was used to frame a severity scoring tool for superficial dermatophyte skin infections. Fourteen experts participated in the first round and twelve experts participated in the second round.

Results:
Based on the expert consensus, a final scoring system proposed was: Final Severity Score (FSS) = Sum total of Body Surface Area (BSA) in hand units for each patch multiplied by the sum of the scores for pruritis (P), lichenification (L), and actively raised borders (A) for each patch (FSS = BSA in hand units × (P + E + L + A) of patch 1 + BSA in hand units × (P + E + A) of patch 2 …etc.). For measuring hand units more accurately fractional values of 0.25 can be used (0.25 corresponding to an approximate 1/4th of a hand unit). A score of +1 will be added in case of the following - 1) Close contact/family member affected, 2) History of at least one recurrence in the previous 6 months after a course of oral antifungals, 3) History of immunosuppression (on immunosuppressive medication or having underlying immunosuppressive disease). The scores will be valid only if the patient has not used any treatment topical or systemic, for at least 2 weeks before enrolment.

Conclusion:
The proposed Dermatophytosis Area and Severity Index (DeASI) score will help the physicians and researchers standardize the treatment protocol for dermatophytosis, henceforth, assessing the response to therapy. This will also help to standardize the parameters of effectiveness while designing any clinical trial.
Clinico-Epidemiological Trends of Leprosy at a Tertiary Care Centre of South Rajasthan: A 10-Year Retrospective Study
Authors: Masatkar Vaishali , Meena Manju , Makhija Rini , Agarwal Chesta , Balai Manisha 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Background:
Leprosy is a major public health problem in India, which affects many people every year and has significantly high new case detection rates in certain districts and blocks. According to the National Leprosy Elimination Program (NLEP) report of March 2019, there were a total of 1.14 lakhs new cases of leprosy in India with an Annual New Case Detection Rate (ANCDR) of 8.1 per 100,000 population.

Aim:
The present study aimed at determining the epidemiological and clinical profile of leprosy patients from a tertiary level teaching hospital in South Rajasthan.

Materials and Methods:
A retrospective, record-based study was carried out on patients registered in the leprosy clinic of a tertiary level teaching hospital of South Rajasthan during a period of ten years (2010-2019). Data regarding the demographic profile, clinical features, treatment given, and complications were analysed.

Results:
A total of 1372 patients registered in the leprosy clinic during a period of 10 years were evaluated. There were 1007 (73.4%) males and 365 (26.6%) females with a male-female ratio of 2.76:1. The majority of patients 671 (48.9%) belonged to the middle age group (21-40 years). Multibacillary leprosy was the most common clinical type seen in 1109 patients (80.8%). Borderline leprosy was the most common morphological type, determined in 625 (45.6%) patients, of which BL (21.0%) was the most common group. 16.7% patients presented with leprosy reaction at the time of initial diagnosis. Type 1 reaction was seen in 91(6.6%) and type 2 reaction in 138 (10.1%) patients. Grade I disability was observed in 347 (25.3%) patients whereas grade II disability was seen in 456 (33.2%) patients. 54 patients (3.9%) had a definite history of contact in the family. 28 patients defaulted during the study period. Yearly trend of epidemiological and operational parameters was observed, and the parameters were compared with the national data.

Conclusion:
Persistent high proportion of multibacillary cases and grade 2 disability indicates that leprosy continues to be a significant health care problem despite statistical elimination. There is a clear need to strengthen early detection, treatment and regular follow-up of these cases in both high and low endemic settings.
Red Flat Papules on the Abdomen and Lower Limbs of an Old Woman
Authors: Xu Wenjing , Cao Peng , Zhang Litao 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Psoriasis and porokeratosis are two common skin diseases. Nevertheless, the occurrence of comorbidity is rare. To the best of our knowledge, these kinds of clinical histopathologic features of comorbidity were rarely reported previously. Here, we describe a case of a 75-year-old patient who presented with diffused porokeratosis in association with psoriasis.