bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Granisetron: An Update on its Clinical Use in the Management of Nausea and Vomiting
Authors: Aapro Matti 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Nausea and vomiting are typical side effects of cytotoxic therapy and some surgical procedures. These symptoms can represent a major therapeutic challenge and, if inadequately controlled by antiemetic treatment, will result in increased mortality, morbidity, and health care costs. However, the management of nausea and vomiting has improved greatly in recent years following the introduction of the 5-HT3-receptor antagonists, known as ‘setrons.’ In light of recent developments in antiemetic care, including the approval of the first neurokinin-1-receptor antagonist aprepitant (Emend®; Merck and Company, Inc.; West Point, PA) and a new 5-HT3 receptor antagonist palonosetron (Aloxi®; MGI Pharma; Minneapolis, MN), this article provides an update on the clinical experience gained with the 5-HT3-receptor antagonist granisetron (Kytril®; Roche Laboratories, Inc.; Nutley, NJ) for the management of chemotherapy-induced, radiation-induced, and postoperative nausea and vomiting, and also reviews its use in special patient populations. Granisetron is a potent and highly selective 5-HT3-receptor antagonist that has little or no affinity for other receptors, a characteristic that is thought to underlie the favorable side-effect and safety profiles of this agent. Extensive clinical trial data have shown granisetron to be an effective and well-tolerated agent for the treatment of nausea and vomiting in the oncology and surgical settings. Granisetron has also been shown to be effective and well tolerated in special populations, such as patients refractory to antiemetic treatment, patients with hepatic or renal impairment, and children. Data also suggest that its safety profile and minimal potential for drug-drug interactions would make it an antiemetic agent of choice for elderly cancer patients.
Safety and Pain Palliation of Zoledronic Acid in Patients with Breast Cancer, Prostate Cancer, or Multiple Myeloma Who Previously Received Bisphosphonate Therapy
Authors: Vogel Charles L. , Yanagihara Ronald H. , Wood Albert J. , Schnell Frederick M. , Henderson Charles , Kaplan Barry H. , Purdy Malcolm H. , Orlowski Richard , Decker Jodi L. , Lacerna Leo , Hohneker John A. 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
An open-label study conducted in community centers assessed the safety of zoledronic acid 4 mg intravenously over 15 minutes every 3–4 weeks as treatment of bone metastases in patients with multiple myeloma, breast cancer, or prostate cancer with and without previous bisphosphonate exposure. Adverse events (AEs), pain, and quality-of-life (QOL) scores were recorded, and serum creatinine (SCr) levels were measured before each infusion. Of 638 patients, 415 patients (65%) had received prior bisphosphonate therapy. Fatigue, nausea, and arthralgia were the most frequent AEs. Nausea was more common in bisphosphonate-naïve patients. SCr levels increased notably in 6.6% of patients: 7.7% of patients who received prior bisphosphonate therapy and 4.5% of bisphosphonate-naïve patients. Treatment was delayed because of SCr-level increases in 1.4% of patients with prior bisphosphonate exposure and 0.4% of bisphosphonate-naïve patients. SCr-level increases and treatment delays did not correlate with duration of prior bisphosphonate therapy. There was a trend towards more treatment discontinuations in patients with prior bisphosphonate exposure compared with bisphosphonate-naïve patients. Pain scores decreased from baseline; total QOL scores remained constant. The results of this study suggest that, with proper SCr-level monitoring, cancer patients with bone metastases who have previously received intravenous bisphosphonate treatment can be safely converted to zoledronic acid therapy.
An in situ toxicity identification evaluation method part I: Laboratory validation
Authors: Jr. Burton G. Allen , Nordstrom Juanita F 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Identification of individual chemical groups is critical in evaluating sediment quality and fractionating these groups of chemicals in a mixture is important to determine the primary chemicals causing toxicity. The in situ toxicity identification evaluation (iTIE) is a novel method that was developed to fractionate chemicals in contaminated sediments and waters and assess toxicity organisms. The study objectives were to verify that the iTIE can help identify contaminant chemical classes and improve the toxicity assessment process; and compare the iTIE and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (U.S. EPA) toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) methods. The iTIE exposure chamber is powered by a portable air pump that suctions pore water, via a Venturi system, through selective sorption materials. After passing through the sorptive materials, the pore water passes into an exposure chamber containing Daphnia magna. The chemical sorption materials included Ambersorb®; 563 for nonpolar organic chemical adsorption, Chelex®; for metals chelation, and multiple zeolite types for ammonia adsorption. The laboratory studies were performed using water and sediments spiked with ammonia, cadmium, and fluoranthene. The laboratory validation of the iTIE approach showed that different classes of compounds readily could be separated via the resin treatments, resulting in significant differences in concentrations and thus exposures to in situ exposed organisms. Ammonia, cadmium, and fluoranthene were significantly removed by zeolite, Chelex, and Ambersorb, respectively. Although there was some cross-adsorption to the other nontarget resins, it was limited and allowed for treatment differences to be detected. Survival in the treatment resins exposed to the target compounds was as high as control survivals. A 24-h exposure period appeared optimal, allowing for replacement of initial culture water with pore waters, while longer exposures occasionally allowed for breakthrough of contaminants. The iTIE was more sensitive than the U.S. EPA TIE method, in that it detected toxicity more readily due to the greater loss of contaminant concentrations in the TIE manipulation process.
Stress and immune responses of nestling tree swallows (Tachycinet bicolor) and eastern bluebirds (Sialia sialis) exposed to nonpersistent pesticides and p,p′-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene in apple orchards of southern ontario, canada
Authors: Mayne Gregory J , Martin Pamela A , Bishop Christine A , Boermans Herman J 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
To determine the relative effects of pesticides in current use and persistent residues of p,p′-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p′-DDE), we examined endocrine and immune responses in tree swallow (Tachycineta bicolor) and eastern bluebird (Sialia sialis) chicks from pesticide-sprayed apple orchards and reference sites in southern Ontario, Canada, during 2000 to 2001. Nests were exposed to as many as seven individual pesticide applications and up to five mixtures of pesticides during the egg-incubation and chick-rearing stage. Eggs collected from sprayed orchards contained higher p,p′-DDE concentrations than eggs from reference sites. In 16-d-old tree swallows, no significant differences were found in body mass, basal corticosterone concentration, or the corticosterone stress response following a 10-min restraint of chicks sampled from sprayed orchards and reference sites. Challenge with adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), however, produced a higher level of corticosterone secretion in tree swallow chicks from sprayed orchards relative to chicks from reference sites. Multiple regression analysis revealed no correlation between corticosterone concentrations and exposure to pesticide sprays or p,p′-DDE in tree swallow chicks. In contrast, bluebird chicks from sprayed orchards were less responsive to challenge with ACTH and a significant negative association was found between the response to ACTH challenge and p,p′-DDE concentration in eggs. The phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-induced cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity response was similar between exposure groups in both tree swallow and bluebird nestlings. Examination of immune organs revealed that tree swallow chicks from sprayed orchards had significantly greater thymic lymphocyte density and cortical/medullary ratios and significant splenic B-cell hyperplasia relative to reference chicks. Our results indicate that modulation in the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis in songbird chicks tested are most associated with high p,p′-DDE egg concentrations. An alteration in the endocrine or immune system may compromise songbird survival immediately after fledging or during migration.
Probabilistic environmental risk assessment of zinc in dutch surface waters
Authors: Van Sprang Patrick A , Verdonck Frederik A.M , Vanrolleghem Peter A , Vangheluwe Marnix L , Janssen Colin R 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
In the framework of the European Union (EU) New and Existing Chemicals Policy, a regional risk assessment for Zn according to the current technical guidance documents and a probabilistic approach, by mathematically integrating both best-fitting exposure concentrations and species-sensitivity distributions into a probabilistic risk quotient distribution using Monte Carlo analysis, was explored for The Netherlands. Zinc is an essential element, and the current probability distributions may not adequately deal with this property. The threshold Pareto distribution provided the best fit to the chronic Zn toxicity data, resulting in a predicted-no-effect concentration (PNECadd) for dissolved Zn of 34.2 μg/L, whereas use of the conventional normal distribution resulted in a PNECadd for dissolved Zn of 14.6 μg/L. The extracted exposure data resulted in a regional predicted environmental concentration (PEC) for dissolved Zn in the Dutch surface waters of 20.1 μg/L and in PECadd values for dissolved Zn of between 15.5 and 17.3 μg/L, depending on the background correction used. The conventional deterministic risk characterization identified a regional risk for Zn in the Dutch surface waters. The more comprehensive probabilistic approach used in the present study, however, identified only very limited potential risks for the Dutch region. A probabilistic median risk, that the environmental concentration is greater than the no-observed-effect concentration of a species in Dutch surface waters (0.5–0.6%), depending on the inclusion of background correction, was obtained from the best-fitting distributions. Because probabilistic approaches provide a quantifiable and improved assessment of risk and quantification of the uncertainty associated with that assessment, these techniques may be considered as a way to improve the EU risk assessment procedures for data-rich substances.
Intra- and interlaboratory calibration of the DR CALUX® bioassay for the analysis of dioxins and dioxin-like chemicals in sediments
Authors: Besselink Harrie T , Schipper Cor , Klamer Hans , Leonards Pim , Verhaar Henk , Felzel Emiel , Murk Albertinka J , Thain John , Hosoe Kazunori , Schoeters Greet , Legler Juliette , Brouwer Bram 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
In the Fourth National Policy Document on Water Management in the Netherlands [1], it is defined that in 2003, in addition to the assessment of chemical substances, special guidelines for the assessment of dredged material should be recorded. The assessment of dredged material is based on integrated chemical and biological effect measurements. Among others, the DR CALUX® (dioxin responsive—chemically activated luciferase expression) bioassay has tentatively been recommended for inclusion in the dredged material assessment. To ensure the reliability of this bioassay, an intra- and interlaboratory validation study, or ring test, was performed, organized by the Dutch National Institute for Coastal and Marine Management (RIKZ) in cooperation with BioDetection Systems BV (BDS). The intralaboratory repeatability and reproducibility and the limit of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) of the DR CALUX bioassay were determined by analyzing sediment extracts and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) blanks. The highest observed repeatability was found to be 24.1%, whereas the highest observed reproducibility was calculated to be 19.9%. Based on the obtained results, the LOD and LOQ to be applied for the bioassay are 0.3 and 1.0 pM, respectively. The interlaboratory calibration study was divided into three phases, starting with analyzing pure chemicals. During the second phase, sediment extracts were analyzed, whereas in the third phase, whole sediments had to be extracted, cleaned, and analyzed. The average interlaboratory repeatability increased from 14.6% for the analysis of pure compound to 26.1% for the analysis of whole matrix. A similar increase in reproducibility with increasing complexity of handlings was observed with the interlaboratory reproducibility of 6.5% for pure compound and 27.9% for whole matrix. The results of this study are intended as a starting point for implementing the integrated chemical—biological assessment strategy and for systematic monitoring of dredged materials and related materials in the coming years.
Comparative toxicity of oil, dispersant, and oil plus dispersant to several marine species
Authors: Fuller Chris , Bonner James , Page Cheryl , Ernest Andrew , McDonald Thomas , McDonald Susanne 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Dispersants are a preapproved chemical response agent for oil spills off portions of the U.S. coastline, including the Texas—Louisiana coast. However, questions persist regarding potential environmental risks of dispersant applications in nearshore regions (within three nautical miles of the shoreline) that support dense populations of marine organisms and are prone to spills resulting from human activities. To address these questions, a study was conducted to evaluate the relative toxicity of test media prepared with dispersant, weathered crude oil, and weathered crude oil plus dispersant. Two fish species, Cyprinodon variegatus and Menidia beryllina, and one shrimp species, Americamysis bahia (formerly Mysidopsis bahia), were used to evaluate the relative toxicity of the different media under declining and continuous exposure regimes. Microbial toxicity was evaluated using the luminescent bacteria Vibrio fisheri. The data suggested that oil media prepared with a chemical dispersant was equal to or less toxic than the oil-only test medium. Data also indicated that continuous exposures to the test media were generally more toxic than declining exposures. The toxicity of unweathered crude oil with and without dispersant was also evaluated using Menidia beryllina under declining exposure conditions. Unweathered oil-only media were dominated by soluble hydrocarbon fractions and found to be more toxic than weathered oil-only media in which colloidal oil fractions dominated. Total concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons in oil-plus-dispersant media prepared with weathered and unweathered crude oil were both dominated by colloidal oil and showed no significant difference in toxicity. Analysis of the toxicity data suggests that the observed toxicity was a function of the soluble crude oil components and not the colloidal oil.
Influence of natural organic matter source on acute copper, lead, and cadmium toxicity to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
Authors: Schwartz Melissa L , Curtis P. Jefferson , Playle Richard C 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Natural organic matter (NOM) was concentrated from various sites across Canada using a portable reverse-osmosis unit to obtain a range of NOM types, from mainly allochthonous (terrestrially derived) to mainly autochthonous (aquatically derived) NOM. The addition of NOM to Cu exposures in ion-poor water always decreased Cu toxicity to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, ∼1 g) over a 96-h period, and the degree of protection varied with respect to NOM source. A good correlation was found between the specific absorbance coefficient (SAC) and time to reach 50% mortality (LT50; p &lt; 0.001), indicating that more optically dark, allochthonous-like NOM decreases Cu toxicity better than does optically light, more autochthonous-like NOM. A similar, good relationship between NOM source and Pb toxicity was seen (p &lt; 0.001), once confounding effects of Ca binding to NOM were accounted for. No significant relationship between Cd toxicity and NOM optical quality was seen (p = 0.082), and in toxicity tests with Cd the presence of some of the NOM sources increased Cd toxicity compared to Cd-only controls. Specific absorbance coefficients were used as a proxy measurement of NOM aromaticity in our study, and fluorescence indices were run on some NOM samples to obtain percent aromaticity for each sample. A good correlation was found between SAC and percent aromaticity, indicating that the simple SAC measurement is a reasonable indication of NOM aromaticity and of metal binding by NOM.
Validation of an amphibian sperm inhibition toxicological test method using zinc
Authors: Christensen Jennie R , Bishop Christine A , Richardson John S , Pauli Bruce , Elliott John 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Analysis of sperm has been investigated as a possible method to examine the toxicity of environmental contaminants. The amphibian sperm inhibition toxicological test (ASITT) method examines the effects of contaminants on Xenopus laevis (African clawed frog) sperm motility and path trajectories. As part of a preliminary validation of the method, the effects of increasing divalent metal ion, zinc (Zn2+), on X. laevis sperm motility were examined. We hypothesized that Zn2+ concentration would have significant inhibitory effects on percent sperm motility, velocities, and trajectories. The Zn2+ was added to a control solution in concentrations from 0 to 1,417 μg/L. Sperm cells were videotaped at 30 frames per second under X400 microscope, and percent motility was recorded and paths were mapped by marking the change in position of the sperm head over a period of 1 s. Sperm motility was categorized as progressive, hyperactivated, idle, or nonmotile, and velocities and trajectories were calculated on the basis of x,y coordinates. Increasing Zn2+ concentrations caused a significant exponential decay in percent total motility and progressive motility. Straight-line velocity increased with increasing Zn2+ concentrations. Overall, results suggest that Zn2+ may be interfering with cellular processes, such as cellular respiration, flagellar bending, or ion exchange, thereby inhibiting sperm motility.
Predicting maternal body burdens of organochlorine pesticides from eggs and evidence of maternal transfer in Alligator mississippiensis
Authors: Rauschenberger Richard H , Sepúlveda María S , Wiebe Jon J , Szabo Nancy J , Gross Timothy S 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Few data exist regarding maternal–embryonal transfer of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in reptiles. The objective of the present study was to evaluate maternal transfer of OCPs in American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) from low-, intermediate-, and high-OCP-exposure sites. Overall, total OCP burdens ranged from less than 0.8 ppb in blood to more than 44,000 ppb in abdominal adipose tissue (wet wt concentrations). Lipid-adjusted ratios of maternal adipose burdens (total OCPs) to yolk burdens were close to one (0.94 ± 0.31:1), suggesting that animals were in steady state and that OCPs in eggs originated from adipose lipids. In contrast, lipid-adjusted muscle and liver OCP burdens were greater than yolk OCP burdens, suggesting that lipids in muscle were not utilized during oogenesis and that nonlipid liver tissue sequesters OCPs. Predictive equations were derived for several tissues and several OCP analytes with r2 values ranging from 0.40 to 0.99 (p &lt; 0.05). We suggest that yolk burdens are predictive of maternal tissue burdens for certain tissues and OCPs and that certain OCPs are maternally transferred in the American alligator. Furthermore, we suggest that future studies should investigate the applicability of these predictive equations for assessing maternal exposure in other crocodilian species.
Influence of developmental stage on susceptibilities and sensitivities of Simulium vittatum is-7 and Simulium vittatum IIIL-1 (Diptera: Simuliidae) to chlorpyrifos
Authors: Hyder Alison H , Overmyer Jay P , Noblet Ray 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Determination of the most sensitive and susceptible organismal life stage is important for use of the organism in toxicity assessments of environmental pollutants. In the present study, the sensitivities and susceptibilities of larval developmental stages of two black fly sibling species, Simulium vittatum Zetterstedt cytospecies IS-7 and S. vittatum Zetterstedt cytospecies IIIL-1, were determined using the organophosphate-insecticide chlorpyrifos. Differences in sensitivity and susceptibility were determined through analysis of slopes and median lethal concentration values produced from 24-h orbital shaker toxicity tests, respectively. The results showed no difference in sensitivity or susceptibility between sibling species. However, early instar (second and third) as well as mid-instar (fourth and fifth) groupings of S. vittatum IS-7 were significantly more susceptible than late-instar (sixth and seventh) larval groupings. Likewise, mid-instar groupings of S. vittatum IIIL-1 were more susceptible than late-instar larval groupings. However, neither species showed significant differences in sensitivity among instar groupings. The results of the present study indicate that the mid-instar groupings of black fly larvae are the best choice for use in toxicity tests, both because of their increased susceptibility compared to late-instar groupings and because of their ease in handling and manipulating in the laboratory compared to early instar groupings.
Adverse effects of ecologically relevant dietary mercury exposure in southern leopard frog (Rana sphenocephala) larvae
Authors: Unrine Jason M , Jagoe Charles H , Hopkins William A , Brant Heather A 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Southern leopard frog (Rana sphenocephala) larvae were exposed to experimental diets supplemented with aufwuchs from control and mercury-enriched mesocosms combined in proportions intended to mimic mercury concentrations and speciation in aufwuchs observed from aquatic systems contaminated by atmospheric deposition. Observations on rates of mortality, malformation, and larval growth and development were made for 254 d. Increased incidence of mortality, malformation, and changes in growth and development were observed at concentrations that reflect the highest concentrations expected in the amphibian diet from atmospheric deposition (1,500–3,300 ng Hg/g dry wt). The results of this study are probably more ecologically realistic than results obtained from previous studies of aqueous mercury toxicity and suggest that dietary mercury exposure in habitats contaminated primarily by atmospheric deposition has the potential to cause adverse effects in amphibian larvae.
Conditioned Flavor Aversions: Assessment of Drug‐Induced Suppression of Food Intake
Authors: Riley Anthony L. , Freeman Kevin B. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractAdministration of a drug following ingestion of a novel food or solution often suppresses subsequent intake of the new food or solution. This suppression is associative, in that consumption is not suppressed when there is no temporal relationship between consumption and drug administration. The robust nature of aversion learning has made this procedure a sensitive and widely used behavioral index of drug side effects. The procedures described in this unit are suitable for work with rodents, and may require modifications, e.g., in presentation of the ingesta and drug for other species. Familiar and novel foods may be used instead of solutions, with similar results.