bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Economic Transformation and the World System.
Authors: Tabb William K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are, of course, those who believe that Japan has never been different in any theoretically significant way from other capitalist nations. Given the detailed, though contested evidence, some neoclassically oriented economists suggest that whatever might have been true in the past, and they concede nothing, Japan today is becoming more like other capitalist nations. In the world system convergence is thought to be inevitable; indeed, it is seen as the result of market forces working themselves out. In this chapter the issue of convergence will be explored in a globalization context. It will be suggested that some of us in the United States may be turning Japanese, at least as much, if not more, than Japanese are being truly converted to laissez-faire thinking. Indeed, the rhetorical acceptance of Western economic ideology is partly the result of corporate Japan having outgrown the need for many types of industrial policy support and partly serves a tactical function of further disarming the ideologically hardened sons and daughters of Adam Smith.
A Taxonomy of Movement
Authors: Dingle Hugh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is a book about behavior and its ecological consequences, and specifically it is a book about a particular kind of behavior known as migration.Migration is one of several types of movement, all of which sum over the course of an organism’s life cycle to produce a lifetime track(Baker 1978). Before proceeding to a full discussion of migratory behaviour and its evolution and ecology, I shall briefly define and describe movements and related behaviors that organisms display, including some examples and an adumbration of their roles in life cycles (Table 1-1). This taxonomy should serve to place migration in the context of the lifetime track and to indicate its significance to life histories. I then consider in greater detail a definition and description of migration in Chapter 2.Most movements occur within a relatively circumscribed area or home rangeover which an organism travels to acquire the resources it needs for survival and reproduction. The sizes of home ranges depend on the habitat and the size and powers of movement of their residents. Most cover only a small area relative to the range of the organism, but some, like those of pelagic seabirds, may extend over considerable portions of the earth’s surface.
Patterns in Migratory Journeys
Authors: Dingle Hugh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The definition elaborated in Chapter 2 explicitly excludes the pathway followed as a criterion for migration. Thus freed from the restrictions imposed by cartography, we can examine the diverse ways a similar behavioral organization can be modified by natural selection to serve a multiformity of ecological requirements. In the following sections I outline a number of different migratory pathways and their spatial and temporal elements. These should serve to illustrate the richness of pattern generated in the life cycles of organisms by the synergism between migratory behavior and the exigencies of the environment and set the stage for a more detailed examination of both proximate and ultimate factors in migration in the remainder of this book. To-and-Fro Migrations Many to-and-fro migrations are ones with which we are all likely to be familiar. They include the great seasonal movements that bring songbirds back to Temperate Zone forests and gardens, the ducks and geese to northern lakes and marshes, the great whales swimming past our coasts, and ladybird beetles from mountain refuges to lowland fields and flower beds. Many of these movements occur on a large scale over major portions of the planet; others are on a much smaller scale-sometimes, as in the case of many insects, over distances of only a few hundreds or thousands of meters. All involve breeding at one end of the migratory pathway and most include refuging at the other to escape seasonal harshness in the breeding area. As with all migratory journeys great variety is evident, as the following few examples will illustrate.
Behavioral and Life-History Variability in Migration
Authors: Dingle Hugh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Migration is rarely a unitary phenomenon even in those species usually regarded as classic migrants. Rather, there is much variation in performance not only among species, but also among populations and individuals. Broadly, this variation can be divided into three types, but with considerable overlap between categories. First, there ar those species and populations that show behavioral or life-history variation associated with migration in the absence of any overt qualitative morphological or physiological differences. Second, there are species and sometimes populations that to varying degrees retain the morphological capability for migratory movement only during the migration period, often remobilizing energy and materials into reproduction at the termination of this period. Wing muscle histolysis in insects is a good example. The most extreme form of variation is the third type, occurring in species that are polymorphic (genetic variation) or polyphenic (environmental variation) in the morphology directly associated with migratory activity. This is exemplified by those insects in which populations may fluctuate in the proportions of winged and wingless individuals and in many plant species with heteromorphic seeds. In this chapter, I shall concentrate on variation of the first type, deferring cases of morphological contrasts between migrants and nonmigrants to the next chapter.
Wavefront Correctors
Authors: Hardy John W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the invention of the telescope in the early sevententh century, the need for lenses and mirrors of high accuracy and stability has been a major challenge to scientists and engineers. While the size of telescope optics has steadily increased, the surface accuracy that must be achieved remains constant at a small fraction of the wavelength of light. The classic solution to maintaining the surface figure of large telescope mirrors against the onslaught of gravitational and temperature changes has been to use the most rigid and stable materials available: glass, quartz, and ceramics. A revolution has recently occurred in the development of telescope optics. Large primary mirrors now employ flexible faceplates that are actively controlled to maintain their figures. In addition, small high-speed deformable mirrors are included in the optical train to compensate atmospheric turbulence in real time. To perform these tasks, wavefront correctors must combine the high degree of mechanical stability essential for optical components with the additional capability of making precisely controlled adjustments to an optical wavefront. These requirements have led to the development of a totally new class of optical device, the evolution of which started in the late 1960s and is still in progress. The most successful wavefront correctors combine specially developed materials and processes into a single integrated structure. The absence of suitable wavefront correctors was one of the main reasons for the long hiatus between Babcock’s initial concept of adaptive optics in 1953 and its first flowering in the early 1970s.
The Neuropsychology of Memory Dysfunction and Its Assessment
Authors: Squire Larry R , Shimamura Arthur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Memory disorders merit separate attention in a volume on clinical neuropsychology because complaints about memory are very common, particularly among neurological and psychiatric patients. Among neurological patients with organic illness, memory problems are considered to be the most common initial complaint (Strub and Black, 1977). Among psychiatric patients, memory problems are often reported in association with affective disorder (Sternberg and Jarvik, 1976; Stromgren, 1977) and schizophrenia (Chapman, 1966). Memory functions are also of special interest in cases of psychogenic amnesia (Nemiah, 1980), and in considerations of the side effects of treatments such as psychotropic drugs and electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) (Squire, 1986).
Neuropsychological Aspects of Epilepsy
Authors: Thompson Pamela J , Trimble Michael R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Epilepsy is a clinical definition of a group of central nervous system disorders that have as their common symptom, seizures. The latter arise from disturbed electrical activity in the brain and take a variety of forms including episodes of disturbed movement, sensation, perception, and behavior, which are usually, but not inevitably, accompanied by alterations of the level of consciousness. Epilepsy is a relatively common disorder with a reported incideme of about 50 per 100,000 persons per year. The prevalence of active epilepsy is about 50 per 1000 persons, and it is estimated that between 2% and 5% of the general population will suffer at least one nonfebrile seizure during their lives (Sander and Shorvon, 1987). Epilepsy is a heterogeneous condition varying considerably• with regard to severity, prognosis, and etiology. In about 60% to 70% of patients the condition remits. The remainder will continue to have seizures, although seizure frequency and severity will vary markedly among patients.
The Effects of Cerebral Vascular Disease on Neuropsychological Functioning
Authors: Brown Gregory G , Baird Anne Dull , Shatz Mark W , Bornstein Robert A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
About one liter of blood-nearly one fifth of cardiac output-passes through the brain each minute. Blood supplies the brain with glucose and oxygen, while dispersing the heat and metabolic products of cerebral activity (Toole, 1990, pp. 28-29). The brain can tolerate only a brief cessation in the delivery of glucose and oxygen and the removal of metabolites before neural functioning is disrupted. Diseases that clog or rupture vessels, reduce the content of glucose and oxygen in the blood, or affect the autoregulation of blood flow can cause severe neurological and behavioral deficits.
Life Quality Outcome in Head Injury
Authors: Dikmen Sureyy A , Machamer Joan , Savoie Tammy , Temkin Nancy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Traumatic head injuries represent an important health problem: they occur with high frequency; the population affected is, for the most part, previously healthy young people; and they are associated with high mortality and morbidity. Estimates of incidence vary because of how a head injury is defined, the method of case ascertainment used, and the specification of the population at risk. The best estimates are those based on hospitalized cases involving a head injury. The overall estimate of incidence based on seven U.S. studies is about 200/100,000 per year. This rate applied to the United States population of 1993 of 258 million results in about 516,000 cases of new brain injuries per year. This figure includes persons admitted for treatment as well as those who died before reaching a hospital. Approximately 77,000 of these brain injury victims die each year before reaching a hospital (Kraus, 1987; Universal Almanac, 1995). The incidence rate of all head injuries has to be several-folds higher because this figure does not include persons treated in emergency rooms as outpatients or those receiving no medical care. Using the Glasgow Coma Scale (Teasdale and Jennett, 1974) (the most commonly and widely used single index of severity measuring depth of coma), and some additional severity criteria, Gennarelli et al. (1994) reported that among hospitalized patients, approximately 25% of brain injury cases are severe and 9% are moderately severe; 66% of patients are mildly injured.
Geographic Variation in Behavior: A Phylogenetic Framework for Comparative Studies
Authors: Foster Susan A , Cameron Sydney A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Comparative studies have been used for more than a century to explore the origins and evolutionary histories of behavior patterns. Darwin employed comparison extensively in his discussion of instincts in The Origin of Species (1859) and clearly recognized that behavior patterns were the products of both natural selection and phylogeny. This insight formed the foundation upon which Whitman (1899), Heinroth (1911, 1930), and Lorenz (1935, 1941) expanded in their pioneering writings on the application of the comparative method to the study of behavioral evolution.
Comparing Behavioral and Morphological Characters as Indicators of Phylogeny
Authors: Wimberger Peter H , Queiroz Alan de 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As the above quote indicates, Darwin recognized that behavioral traits, like morphology, could be inherited and thus reflect evolutionary affinities. Through the work of Whitman (1899) and Heinroth (1911) and, especially, early ethologists such as Lorenz (1941) and Tinbergen (1959), the idea that behavioral traits can and should be used as indicators of phylogeny has been maintained (McLennan et al. 1988; de Queiroz and Wimberger 1993). However, many biologists still view behavioral characters as inferior to morphology for estimating phylogenetic relationships.
Cognitive Biases in Anxiety and Depression
Authors: Mineka Susan , Gilboa Eva 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Emotions are thought to consist of several elementary components (e.g., expressive, subjective, physiological, cognitive) that are not in themselves emotional (e.g., Averill, 1992; Ortony & Turner, 1990; Scherer, 1993). In the present chapter, we adopt Scherer’s definition of an emotion as an
There is still some question regarding the extent to which each of the different components proposed by Scherer is a necessary part of an emotion. Whereas physiological, expressive, and subjective components are considered to be the “building blocks”of emotions by most theorists, there is less consensus regarding the cognitive component. In this chapter we argue that cognitive processes constitute an important part of the emotion process, and play an important role in the etiology and maintenance of emotional disorders.
Affect Regulation During Psychosis
Authors: Ellgring Heiner , Smith Marcia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Affective disturbance is a hallmark of psychopathological disorders. In this chapter, we describe dysregulation of the affect system as it applies to psychosis, specifically to individuals with schizophrenia. We then present data related to facial expression, an efferent component of the affect system, and its role in affect regulation in schizophrenia.
The Pharmacological Activity of Spin Traps
Authors: Rosen Gerald M , Britigan Bradley E , Halpern Howard J , Pou Sovitj 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An underlying theme of this book is that spin traps, by reacting with free radicals, compete with biologic targets for these reactive species. As such, nitrones and nitrosoalkanes can be perceived as inhibitors, interrupting the cascade of reactions at specific sites (Kalyanaraman, et al., 1991, 1993; Thomas, et al., 1994a, 1994b). Consider, for example, the competition between nitrosoalkanes and 02 for the carbon-centered free radical derived from either linoleic acid (Aoshima, et al., 1977) or arachidonic acid (Mason, et al., 1980). The efficiency of these processes is, however, not only dependent upon differing rates of reactions, but is also linked to the efficacious behavior of the spin trap toward a particular biologic target (Aoshima, et al., 1977; Mason, et al., 1980; McCormick, et al., 1995). Whether spin traps ameliorate pathologic conditions by scavenging free radicals or by attenuating specific biologic actions, these compounds are now being considered as therapeutic agents about to take their place in the pharmacopoeia of drug therapy (Carney and Floyd, 1991a, 1995; Floyd and Carney, 1991a; Floyd, et al., 1996). In this chapter, we will begin to investigate these rather sparse sugges tions of pharmacological activity by exploring the various roles that spin traps are purported to play in modulating physiologic responses.
The Utility of Paternally Inherited Nuclear Genes in Conservation Genetics
Authors: Tucker Priscilla K , Lundrigan Barbara L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The mammalian Y chromosome is of special interest as a potential tool in the conservation genetics of mammalian species because of its unique mode of inheritance. With the exception of a small region that recombines with the X chromosome during meiosis, the Y chromosome is the only chromosome in the mammalian nuclear genome that does not recombine; thus, most Y chromosome¬ linked loci are clonally inherited from father to son. Clonally inherited molecules are especially useful for inferring phylogenies or pedigrees, and for detecting and characterizing population phenomena, such as bottlenecks or founder events, because they are transmitted from one generation to the next without the shuffling effects of recombination. Mitochondrial genes, which are clonally inherited through maternal lineages in most vertebrates, have proven very useful in both intra- and interspecific studies (Wilson et al., 1985; Moritz et al., 1987; Avise et al., 1987). However, variation in the mitochondrial genome, and gene phylogenies and pedigrees established using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), represent only the maternal side of an organism’s history. Y chromosome-linked loci provide an obvious complement to mtDNA because they represent the paternal side of an organism’s history. In effect, phylogenies based on Y-linked loci supplement phylogenies constructed from maternally inherited or Mendelian inherited loci, and thus increase the explanatory power of phylogenetic analyses. Data from Y-linked loci may be particularly useful for resolving instances where phylogenies constructed from maternally inherited mtDNA do not coincide with phylogenies constructed from Mendelian inherited loci. Such cases, for example, could result from differential introgression of mitochondrial versus Mendelian inherited genes across hybrid zones (e.g., Ferris et al., 1983; Powell, 1983; Carr et al., 1986; Tegelstrom, 1987; Carr and Hughes, 1993).
Chloroplast DNA Sequencing to Resolve Plant Phylogenies Between Closely Related Taxa
Authors: GiellY Ludovic , Taberlet Pierre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When morphological data do not allow clear identification of endangered plant taxa, the first step consists of defining the potential conservation units by establishing a molecular phylogeny among the relevant species, subspecies, or populations. Analysis of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) sequence variations represents one of the most powerful tools used by scientists to infer phylogenetic relationships of plants (Palmer, 1987; Palmer et al., 1988; Clegg and Zurawski, 1992; Clegg et al., 1991). Within seed plants, the rbcL gene, which encodes the large subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RUBISCO), has been sequenced in all major taxonomic groups. The resulting database greatly aided studies of plant phylogenies (Palmer et al., 1988; Clegg et al., 1991; Chase et al., 1993).
Polymorphism of Genes in the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC): Implications for Conservation Genetics of Vertebrates
Authors: Edwards Scott V , Potts Wayne K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) are emerging as important paradigms in the study of natural selection at the molecular level (Hedrick, 1994). Several decades of immunological and molecular genetic research have revealed that MHC genes play a critical role in the mounting of an immune response by vertebrate hosts to foreign pathogens. Additionally, more recent research in mice suggests that MHC genes influence individual odors in an allele-specific fashion and that these odors are used in mate choice and kin recognition (reviewed in Potts and Wakeland, 1993; Brown and Ecklund, 1994). The extraordinary polymorphism of MHC genes at the molecular level provides the basis of their ability to perform both of these diverse functions. This extreme polymorphism, and the nature of the forces generating and maintaining it, is the basis for recent claims that MHC genes should play a disproportionate role in the design of programs to conserve genetic diversity in captive populations and endangered species (Hughes, 1991a). Both the promise and the controversy surrounding the precise use of MHC genes in conservation genetics lie in our detailed, albeit incomplete, knowledge of proximate and ultimate mechanisms of selection on MHC genes in nature; we suspect that MHC genes have roles in disease resistance and reproductive success, yet there is considerable disagreement among biologists concerning basic mechanisms underlying these roles. In this regard, issues surrounding the use of MHC markers in conservation genetics are relevant to larger issues in conservation genetics concerning the importance of genetic diversity in general (Harcourt, 1992; Caro and Laurensen, 1994). In this chapter we review the data for MHC as a case example of these larger issues.
Attention Capture and the Startle-Matching Syndromes
Authors: Simons Ronald C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I write this on a bright summer day, sitting on a bench and looking at a brightly lit green scene with trees, flowers, a path, and butterflies. Intermittently, a red-winged blackbird, song sparrows, and goldfinches sing or call. The bench is hard and a bit uncomfortable, and I feel it in my back and buttocks. Sitting here with drifting thoughts, I find my attention drawn repeatedly to a deep blue clump of delphiniums. In a visual world of mostly green, over and over again my eyes are attracted to that intense blue.