bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of multiple freezing-thawing cycles on ultimate indentation load and stiffness of bovine cancellous bone
Authors: Kang Qian , An Yuehuei H. , Friedman Richard J. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To assess the effects of multiple freezing-thawing cycles on ultimate indentation load and stiffness of bovine tibial cancellous bone with regard to freezing conditions (saline solution or air) or methods of thawing (saline solution or air).

Samples
4 tibias from 4 adult cows.

Procedure
The proximal portions of the tibias were sectioned to produce 20-mm-thick bone slices. Slices were subjected to 5 freezing-thawing cycles under 4 conditions: freezing with and without saline solution, then thawing in saline solution or exposed to the air. The mechanical properties of the bone slices before and after the treatments were measured, using an indentation test for comparison. Indentation testing was performed before and after freezing-thawing cycles to measure differences in mechanical parameters.

Results
Significant differences in mechanical parameters were not found for bone specimens frozen in saline solution and thawed in saline solution; frozen without saline solution and thawed in air; frozen in saline solution and thawed in air; or frozen without saline solution and thawed in saline solution.

Conclusions
Multiple thawing-freezing cycles do not significantly affect the ultimate indentation load and stiffness of bovine tibial cancellous bone. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:1171–1173)
Use of carbamylated hemoglobin concentration to differentiate acute from chronic renal failure in dogs
Authors: Vaden Shelly L. , Gookin Jody , Trogdon Maureen , Langston Cathy E. , Levine Jay , Cowgill Larry D. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY

Objective
To determine usefulness of carbamylated hemoglobin (CarHb) concentration for differentiation of acute renal failure (ARF) from chronic renal failure (CRF) in dogs.

Sample Population
Samples from dogs with ARF or CRF and from nonazotemic control dogs.

Procedure
CarHb concentration was determined in heparinized blood samples by measuring the micrograms of valine hydantoin (VH) per gram of hemoglobin (Hb), using a high-performance liquid chromatography assay, in which carbamyl valine is converted to VH via acid hydrolysis.

Results
CarHb concentration was significantly higher in dogs with ARF and CRF, compared with values in control dogs (ARF vs control, P < 0.05; CRF vs control, P < 0.001). Furthermore, CarHb concentration was significantly (P < 0.001) higher in dogs with CRF, compared with that in dogs with ARF. Carbamylated hemoglobin concentration did not correlate with serum urea nitrogen or creatinine concentration. Using a cutoff value of 100 μg of VH/g of Hb, the sensitivity and specificity of CarHb concentration for differentiating ARF from CRF was 96.1 and 84.2%, respectively.

Conclusions
CarHb concentration was useful in the differentiation of ARF from CRF in the dogs of this study.

Clinical Relevance
CarHb concentration may be used to increase the accuracy of identifying ARF, so that early, aggressive management can be instituted, thereby increasing the chance of recovery. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:1193–1196)
Nucleic acid amplification for rapid detection of Rhodococcus equi in equine blood and tracheal wash fluids
Authors: Sellon Debra C. , Walker Kathy , Suyemoto Mitsu , Altier Craig 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY

Objective
To evaluate the ability of nucleic acid amplification techniques to detect Rhodococcus equi in equine buffy coat, blood, and tracheal wash fluid and to differentiate between virulent and avirulent strains of the bacteria.

Sample Population
Blood anticoagulated with EDTA and tracheal wash fluid from healthy horses.

Procedure
Logarithmic dilutions of virulent and avirulent strains of R equi were added to equine buffy coat and tracheal wash fluid samples. The DNA was extracted and amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), using primers specific for the 16S ribosomal subunit gene and the virulence plasmid of R equi.

Results
PCR with 16S ribosomal subunit primers amplified a 441-bp segment of DNA from virulent and avirulent strains of R equi, but not from samples containing other species of bacteria. The virulence plasmid primers amplified an 875-bp segment of DNA from virulent strains of R equi, but not from avirulent R equi, or from other species of bacteria. Virulent strains of R equi could be identified by PCR and differentiated from avirulent strains within 12 to 24 hours after sample collection, with as few as 10 to 100 organisms present.

Conclusions
PCR can be used to rapidly and accurately identify R equi in equine blood and tracheal wash fluid samples and can differentiate between virulent and avirulent strains of the organism.

Clinical Relevance
Because PCR can confirm a diagnosis of R equi infection in horses more rapidly and specifically than use of standard culture techniques, extrapolation of this assay to soil and fecal samples could be useful in epidemiologic studies and studies of environmental disinfection or decontamination. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:1232–1237)
Influence of a blend of fructo-oligosaccharides and sugar beet fiber on nutrient digestibility and plasma metabolite concentrations in healthy Beagles
Authors: Diez Marianne , Hornick Jean-Luc , Baldwin Paule , Istasse Louis 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY

Objective
To evaluate effects of a blend of fructo-oligosaccharides and sugar beet fiber (4:1) at 3 incorporation rates on nutrient digestibility and plasma glucose, insulin, α-aminonitrogen, urea, cholesterol, and triglycerides concentrations measured weekly in nonfed dogs and during a 360-minute period after a meal.

Animals
8 castrated 1-to 1.4-year-old young adult male Beagles weighing 10.0 to 13.5 kg.

Procedure
Diets containing 2 incorporation rates of a blend of fructo-oligosaccharides and sugar beet fiber (5 and 10% on a dry matter basis [diets B and C, respectively]) were compared with a control diet without additional fiber (diet A). The 3 diets were evaluated for ability to modify digestibility of dry and organic matter, protein, fat, and ash and for effects on plasma glucose, insulin, α-aminonitrogen, urea, cholesterol, and triglycerides concentrations. Each diet was fed for 6 weeks; plasma samples were collected weekly before feeding and after feeding on the last day of the period. During 1 week at the end of the 6-week period, dogs were kept in metabolic cages. Each period of the block was followed by a 4-week washout period.

Results
Incorporating the blend of fructo-oligosaccharides and sugar beet fiber in the diet was associated with greater passage of wet feces (diets B and C) and lower protein digestibility (diet C). Postprandial glucose (diet C), urea (diets B and C) and triglyceride (diets B and C) concentrations were significantly (P < 0.01) decreased. Weekly preprandial measurements were characterized by decreased urea (diets B and C), cholesterol (diet C), and triglycerides (diets B and C) concentrations (P < 0.001).

Conclusion
Chronic consumption of fermentable fiber is associated with mildly decreased protein digestibility and with metabolic effects in nonfed or fed dogs.

Clinical Relevance
A blend of fructo-oligosaccharides and sugar beet fiber should be tested as a dietary aid for treatment of chronic diseases, such as diabetes mellitus or hyperlipidemia, in dogs. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:1238–1242)
Efficacy of eprinomectin against mange mites in cattle
Authors: Barth Dietrich , Hair Jakie A. , Kunkle Bruce N. , Langholff Wayne K. , Löwenstein Michael , Rehbein Steffen , Smith Lawrence L. , Eagleson Jane S. , Kutzer Erich 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY

Objective
To determine whether eprinomectin was effective against mange caused by Chorioptes bovis and Sarcoptes bovis in cattle.

Animals
80 cows naturally infested with C bovis and 30 cattle experimentally infested with S bovis.

Procedure
6 trials were performed to determine efficacy against C bovis, and 2 trials were performed to determine efficacy against S bovis. In each trial, a group of untreated animals or of animals treated with vehicle alone was compared with a group of animals treated with a 0.5% formulation of eprinomectin applied topically (500 μg/kg). Number of mites in skin scrapings was determined prior to treatment and at weekly intervals for 8 weeks after treatment. Severity of skin lesions was evaluated when skin scrapings were obtained. In 5 trials, animals were weighed before and 56 days after treatment.

Results
Mite counts for treated cattle were significantly less than counts for control cattle from day 14 onwards in trials to determine efficacy against C bovis and from day 7 onwards in trials to determine efficacy against S bovis. Mites were not detected in scrapings collected from treated cattle on day 56. Mean weight gain of treated cattle was not significantly different from mean weight gain of control cattle in trials evaluating efficacy against C bovis but was significantly greater in trials evaluating efficacy against S bovis.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance
Eprinomectin was highly effective against C bovis and S bovis. Because eprinomectin can be administered to lactating cows, it may be useful for controlling mange in cattle. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:1257–1259)
Comparison of flea control strategies using imidacloprid or lufenuron on cats in a controlled simulated home environment
Authors: Jacobs Dennis E. , Hutchinson Melanie J. , Fox Mark T. , Krieger Klemens J. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY

Objective
To compare the effect of monthly treatments with imidacloprid (an adulticide) or lufenuron (an insect development inhibitor) for protecting cats against Ctenocephalides felis felis in a simulated home environment.

Animals
3 matched groups of 4 cats each.

Procedure
A self-propagating flea life cycle continuously exposing cats to ‘natural’ infestation was established in 3 pens. Small artificial infestations were later superimposed to mimic the effect of a cat roaming outdoors and acquiring extraneous fleas. One pen housed an untreated control group, and the other 2 pens housed cats treated every 28th day with an imidacloprid spot-on formulation or lufenuron suspension, respectively. Flea counts were performed at 14-day intervals for 112 days.

Results
Flea numbers increased on control cats around day 42 when mean counts on cats in the imidacloprid and lufenuron groups decreased by 100 and 86.8 percent, respectively. Fleas were not found on any imidacloprid-treated cat, but lufenuron-treated cats were consistently parasitized.

Conclusions
Imidacloprid administered at monthly intervals maintained flea burdens below the limit of detection, whereas clinically important flea populations developed in the lufenuron treatment pen.

Clinical Relevance
Results from this experimental model suggest that flea populations within a home may be controlled by carefully timed on-host treatments with potent long-acting insecticides such as imidacloprid. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:1260–1262)
Evaluation of selected cardiopulmonary and cerebral responses during medetomidine, propofol, and halothane anesthesia for laparoscopy in dogs
Authors: Bufalari Antonello , Short Charles E. , Giannoni Claudia , Pedrick Toi P. , Hardie Robert J. , Flanders James A. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY

Objectives
To compare the dose-sparing effect of medetomidine on the propofol induction dose and concentration of halothane for maintenance of anesthesia during laparoscopy and to provide guidelines for effective and safe use of these anesthetics in dogs to ensure desirable perioperative analgesia.

Animals
14 purpose-bred dogs.

Procedure
Cardiopulmonary and electroencephalographic responses were determined during 2 anesthesia protocols in dogs scheduled for laparoscopy. Fifteen minutes before anesthesia induction, all dogs received atropine sulfate (0.02 mg/kg of body weight, IM). Seven dogs were then given propofol (6.6 mg/kg, IV); anesthesia was maintained with halothane in oxygen. The other dogs were given medetomidine hydrochloride (10 μg/kg, IM) 5 minutes after administration of atropine sulfate; anesthesia was then induced by administration of propofol (2.8 mg/kg, IV) and was maintained with halothane in oxygen.

Results
The halothane concentration required for laparoscopy was lower in dogs given medetomidine. Anesthetic requirements were significantly increased during abdominal manipulation in both groups. Total amplitude of the electroencephalograph in medetomidine-treated dogs was not significantly lower than that in dogs not given medetomidine. Pulmonary responses were stable throughout all procedures. The primary cardiovascular response was an increase in blood pressure associated with the medetomidine-atropine preanesthetic combination. Significant differences in total amplitude or frequency shifts (spectral edge) of brain wave activity were not associated with surgical stimulation.

Conclusion
Lack of neurologic changes during laparoscopy supports the efficacy of either medetomidine-propofol-halothane or propofol-halothane combinations at higher concentrations to provide desirable analgesia and anesthesia in this group of dogs. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:1443–1450)
Keratometry, ultrasonic biometry, and prediction of intraocular lens power in the feline eye
Authors: Gilger Brian C. , Davidson Michael G. , Howard Peter B. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY

Objective
To determine ocular dimensions (using A-scan ultrasound biometry) and corneal curvature (using keratometry) in the feline eye and to calculate the appropriate dioptric power for a prototype posterior chamber intraocular lens (IOL) necessary to achieve emmetropia in the eyes of cats undergoing lens extraction.

Animals
25 clinically normal adult mixed-breed cats and 10 eyes from 10 clinically normal adult mixed-breed cat cadavers.

Procedure
A-scan ultrasonic biometry was performed on both eyes of each live cat. Cats were tranquilized, and keratometry was performed on each eye. Biometry was performed on the cadaver eyes. Five of the cadaver eyes had the lens extracted and an IOL, designed for use in dogs, was implanted. Biometry was repeated to estimate postoperative IOL position. Using 3 theoretical IOL formulas, data from biometry, keratometry, and postoperative IOL position were used to predict IOL strength required to achieve emmetropia after lens extraction in cats.

Results
Mean axial length of eyes in live cats was 20.91 ± 0.53 mm. Mean preoperative anterior chamber depth (ACD) was 5.07 ± 0.36 mm, and mean lens thickness was 7.77 ± 0.23 mm. Predicted postoperative ACD was calculated to be 10.84 mm. Measured postoperative ACD in the 5 cadaver eyes was 8.28 mm. Required IOL strength calculated, using the predicted postoperative ACD, was 73 to 76 diopters. The required IOL strength calculated, using the measured postoperative ACD, was 53 to 55 diopters.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
An IOL of substantially higher diopter strength than that needed in dogs is required to achieve emmetropia after lens extraction in average cats; an IOL strength of approximately 53 to 55 diopters will likely be required. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:131–134)
Efficacy of an in-feed formulation of ivermectin against somatic larvae of Strongyloides ransomi in pregnant swine
Authors: Drag Marlene D. , Green Sara E. , Howser Russell A. , Wallace Dennis H. , Cox James L. , Barrick Ruth A. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To confirm that ivermectin fed for 7 days to pregnant sows controls transmission of Strongyloides ransomi larvae to pigs via the colostrum or milk.

Animals
24 mixed-breed sows.

Procedure
The sows were infected with 250,000 S ransomi larvae on 3 occasions (days 63, 64, or 65, days 71 or 73, and days 78, 79, or 80 of gestation). Eight sows received ivermectin at a dosage of 100 μg of ivermectin/kg of body weight/d from days 92 to 99 of gestation, and 8 sows were treated from days 103 to 110 of gestation; 8 remaining sows received unmedicated vehicle. Numbers of S ransomi larvae were counted in samples of colostrum or milk collected 1, 2, and 7 days after parturition. At 7 and 14 days after parturition, fecal samples were collected from each sow and from 4 pigs from each litter for determination of nematode egg counts; at the latter date, pigs were euthanatized and necropsied for worm counting.

Results
Pigs born to ivermectin-treated sows had significantly (P < 0.01) fewer adult S ransomi than did those born to control sows; efficacy was 100%. Treated sows had significantly (P < 0.05) fewer S ransomi larvae in colostrum/milk samples taken 1, 2, and 7 days after parturition than did control sows; efficacy was 100%, with the exception of 1 S ransomi larva found in a milk sample from 1 treated sow at 2 days after parturition.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance
Ivermectin fed to sows during the last third of gestation at a dosage of 100 μg/kg/d for 7 consecutive days is highly efficacious for control of transmission of infective S ransomi larvae to pigs via colostrum or milk. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:277–279)
Effects of experimental desmotomy on material properties and histomorphologic and ultrasonographic features of the accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon in clinically normal horses
Authors: Becker C. K. , Savelberg H. H. C. M. , Buchner H. H. F. , Barneveld A. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate posttrauma biomechanical behavior of the scar attributable to desmotomy of the accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon (AL-DDFT), compared with the histomorphologic and ultrasonographic appearance.

Animals
5 Standardbred trotters.

Procedure
Gross appearance, length, cross-sectional area (CSA), in vitro material properties, and ultrasonographic and histomorphologic features were studied 6 months after desmotomy. Tensile tests were conducted, with forces and elongation simultaneously recorded. Surgically treated limbs were compared with nontreated contralateral limbs.

Results
The CSA of the treated ligaments was increased threefold, and treated ligaments were 1 cm longer than control ligaments. In the healed AL-DDFT, stress and material stiffness were approximately a third of those values for controls. The functional characteristics, force and elongation at failure, reached 80% of control values. Ultrasonographic and the histomorphologic examination of the scar tissue revealed high amounts of randomly oriented collagen.

Conclusion
From the ultrasonographic and histomorphologic findings and the material properties, it was concluded that the scar tissue was of inferior quality. However, the functional properties had been restored for the most part by increase of the CSA. The length increase may lead to strain relief in the AL-DDFT after desmotomy.

Clinical Relevance
Desmotomy is recommended as treatment for chronic desmitis. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:352–358)
Evaluation of platelet activation and platelet-neutrophil aggregates in Thoroughbreds undergoing near-maximal treadmill exercise
Authors: Weiss Douglas J. , Evanson Oral A. , Fagliari José J. , Valberg Stephanie 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objectives
To determine whether platelets become activated and form platelet-neutrophil aggregates during near-maximal treadmill exercise in horses.

Animals
4 Thoroughbreds.

Procedure
Horses were subjected to 4 standardized exercise tests on a treadmill, and blood samples were collected before exercise, at treadmill speed of 12 m/s, and 5 minutes after exercise. Flow cytometric techniques were used to identify activated platelets, and flow cytometric and microscopic techniques were used to identify platelet-neutrophil aggregates.

Results
Platelet-neutrophil aggregates increased from 2.8 ± 0.4% at rest to 17.2 ± 1.1% and 14.7 ± 1.6% during and after exercise, respectively. Platelet activation was not detected during or after exercise.

Conclusions
Platelet-neutrophil aggregates consistently form during strenuous exercise in horses. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:393–396)
Prevention of fatal salmonellosis in neonatal calves, using orally administered chicken egg yolk Salmonella-specific antibodies
Authors: Yokoyama Hideaki , Peralta Robert C. , Umeda Kouji , Hashi Tomomi , Icatlo Faustino C. , Kuroki Masahiko , Ikemori Yutaka , Kodama Yoshikatsu 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To protect neonatal calves against fatal salmonellosis within the first 2 weeks after birth, using chicken egg yolk antibodies specific against Salmonella typhimurium or S dublin.

Animals
38 neonatal Holstein calves from Salmonella-free farms.

Procedure
After removal of the lipid components with hydroxypropylmethylcellulose phthalate, egg yolk antibodies were spray dried. At 4 days of age, calves were challenge exposed by oral inoculation with 1011 virulent S typhimurium (experiment 1) or S dublin (experiment 2). Starting from the challenge-exposure day, egg yolk antibody preparations were administered orally 3 times a day for 7 to 10 days.

Results
In passive immunization trials, the orally administered antibodies conferred dose-dependent protection against infection with each of the homologous strains of Salmonella. Within 7 to 10 days after challenge exposure, all control calves died, whereas low-titer antibody-treated calves had 60 to 100% mortality. Only fever and diarrhea, but no deaths (P < 0.01), were observed in calves given the highest titer of antibody.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
Compared with that in control calves, survival was significantly higher among calves given antibodies with titers of 500 (P < 0.05) and 1,000 (P < 0.01) homotypic for S typhimurium and with titer of 5,000 (P < 0.01) for S dublin. Egg yolk antibodies specific for whole cell S typhimurium or S dublin are protective against fatal salmonellosis when given in sufficiently high concentration, and may be clinically useful during a salmonellosis outbreak. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:416–420)
Kinematic gait analysis of hind limb symmetry in dogs at the trot
Authors: Schaefer Susan L. , DeCamp Charles E. , Hauptman Joe G. , Walton Aaron 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To describe intratrial differences in hind limb symmetry in healthy dogs at the trot, using non-invasive, computer-assisted, three-dimensional kinematic gait analysis.

Animals
8 clinically normal large-breed adult dogs.

Procedure
Dynamic flexion and extension angles and angular velocities were calculated for the coxofemoral, femorotibial, and tarsal joints of dogs at the trot. Temporal and distance variables were computed. Essential Fourier coefficients were used to determine mean flexion and extension curves for all joints and to compare differences in movement between right and left hind limbs. Variances attributable to limb, dog, and trial were determined.

Results
Each joint had a characteristic pattern of flexion and extension movement that was used to compare intratrial symmetry of hind limb gait. Significant differences were not detected in temporal or distance variables between the right and left hind limbs. Significant differences were not noted in essential Fourier coefficients used to characterize coxofemoral, femorotibial, and tarsal joint angles and angular velocities, with the exception of the cosine-0 coefficient for coxofemoral angular velocity. Variation in joint angle and angular velocity measurements were attributable to individual dog and trial. Variation attributable to limb was negligible.

Conclusions
Intratrial evaluation of right-left hind limb symmetry, using kinematic gait analysis, indicated objectively that hind limb movement is symmetrical at the trot in healthy large-breed dogs.

Clinical Relevance
Documentation of hind limb symmetry at the trot will help provide a basis for direct comparison of both hind limbs in future studies evaluating gait and treatment of dogs with musculoskeletal disease. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:680-685)