bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Accelerated Mammary Gland Development during Pregnancy and Delayed Postlactational Involution in Vitamin D3 Receptor Null Mice
Authors: Zinser Glendon M. , Welsh JoEllen 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe vitamin D receptor (VDR) is present in mammary gland, and VDR ablation is associated with accelerated glandular development during puberty. VDR is a nuclear receptor whose ligand, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25-(OH)2D] is generated after metabolic activation of vitamin D by specific vitamin D hydroxylases. In these studies, we demonstrate that both the VDR and the vitamin D 1-α hydroxylase (CYP27B1), which produces 1,25-(OH)2D are present in mammary gland and dynamically regulated during pregnancy, lactation, and involution. Furthermore, we show that mice lacking VDR exhibit accelerated lobuloalveolar development and premature casein expression during pregnancy and delayed postlactational involution compared with mice with functional VDR. The delay in mammary gland regression after weaning of VDR knockout mice is associated with impaired apoptosis as demonstrated by reductions in terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine nick-end labeling staining, caspase-3 activation and Bax induction. Under the conditions used in this study, VDR ablation was not associated with hypocalcemia, suggesting that altered mammary gland development in the absence of the VDR is not related to disturbances in calcium homeostasis. Furthermore, in the setting of normocalcemia, VDR ablation does not affect milk protein or calcium content. These studies suggest that the VDR contributes to mammary cell turnover during the reproductive cycle, and its effects may be mediated via both endocrine and autocrine signaling pathways. Unlike many mammary regulatory factors that exert transient, stage-specific effects, VDR signaling impacts on mammary gland biology during all phases of the reproductive cycle.
Delayed Salicylate Toxicity at 35 Hours Without Early Manifestations Following a Single Salicylate Ingestion
Authors: Rivera Wilfredo , Kleinschmidt Kurt C , Velez Larissa I , Shepherd Greene , Keyes Daniel C 
Published: June 2004

OBJECTIVE: To report a case of delayed toxicity following a single ingestion of aspirin, where the initial concentrations were nearly undetectable and the patient was completely asymptomatic for the first 35 hours. CASE SUMMARY: A 14-year-old white female was evaluated after a single ingestion of 120 tablets of aspirin 81 mg/tablet hours before arrival to the emergency department. She denied nausea, abdominal pain, tinnitus, or shortness of breath. She received one dose of activated charcoal. The first salicylate concentration (4 h after ingestion) was 1 mg/dL. At 35 hours, the patient became symptomatic (dizziness, tinnitus, epigastric discomfort). Her salicylate concentration at that time was 46 mg/dL. A second dose of activated charcoal was administered, and intravenous bicarbonate with potassium was started as a continuous infusion for 30 hours. DISCUSSION: While delayed salicylate toxicity is well reported in the literature, no report was found regarding concentrations increasing to toxicity 35 hours after ingestion. The delayed aspirin absorption may be due to salicylate-induced pylorospasm or the formation of pharmacobezoars. CONCLUSIONS: In cases with known salicylate ingestion, it is important to follow salicylate concentrations every 4 hours until they are steadily decreasing according to a 4-hour half-life and the patient shows no symptoms of salicylate intoxication.
The Four I's of Police Leadership: A Case Study Heuristic
Authors: Murphy Steven A. , Drodge Edward N. 
Published: June 2004

In this paper we attempt to shed light on police leadership by telling the story of leadership at a particular Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) detachment. The case study is based upon interviews with 28 police officers and participant observations at the case site. The framework provided by transformational leadership theory proved meaningful in describing police leadership within a convenient heuristic comprised of four I's: individualised consideration, idealised influence, inspirational motivation, and intellectual stimulation. We concluded that transformational leaders have particular relational strengths that serve to elevate levels of commitment, work satisfaction, and motivation. The paper also points out that transformational leaders turn constraints into opportunities in the pursuit of their shared vision. The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police.
Susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to Cefepime versus Ceftazidime in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Robinson Christine A. , Kuhn Robert J. , Craigmyle Lois J. , Anstead Michael I. , Kanga Jamshed F. 
Published: June 2004

Study Objectives. To compare the susceptibility of respiratory cultures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa obtained from patients with cystic fibrosis to cefepime versus ceftazidime. The pattern of cumulative resistance of P. aeruginosa to cefepime in patients who had received at least one treatment course of cefepime between two sputum cultures was also characterized.Design. Prospective consecutive data collection.Setting. University‐affiliated cystic fibrosis clinic and medical center.Patients. Eighty patients with cystic fibrosis who had at least one sputum culture positive for P. aeruginosa with reported microbiologic susceptibilities to cefepime and ceftazidime.Intervention. Patient data was collected and analyzed.Measurements and Main Results. Two hundred and thirty‐one P. aeruginosa isolates were collected over 6 months. A total of 16.4% and 8.7% of the isolates were nonsusceptible to cefepime and ceftazidime, respectively (p=0.01). In eight patients who had not received cefepime before the study period, nonsusceptibility was 11.8% and 27.2% before and after exposure to cefepime, respectively.Conclusions. Susceptibility of P. aeruginosa isolates in patients with cystic fibrosis was lower with cefepime than with ceftazidime. Follow‐up surveillance to determine changes in susceptibility of P. aeruginosa isolates to cefepime is warranted.
Effect of Age on International Normalized Ratio at the Time of Major Bleeding in Patients Treated with Warfarin
Authors: Wittkowsky Ann K. , Whitely Kelly S. , Devine Emily Beth , Nutescu Edith 
Published: June 2004

Study Objectives. Because the risk of major bleeding associated with warfarin increases with increasing international normalized ratio (INR) as well as with advanced age, we evaluated the association between age and INR in patients with major bleeding events related to anticoagulation with warfarin.Design. Retrospective record review.Setting. Two university‐affiliated anticoagulation clinics.Patients. Sixty‐six patients (mean age 61.2 yrs, range 21–90 yrs) receiving warfarin therapy who experienced major bleeding, defined as bleeding requiring hospitalization, during a 20‐month index period.Measurements and Main Results. In patients aged 65 years or older, the mean INR at the time of a major bleeding event was significantly lower than that in patients younger than 65 years (INR 3.1 vs 4.2, respectively; p=0.01). For every 1‐year increase in age, mean INR at the time of a major bleeding event decreased by 0.03 (p=0.02).Conclusion. Patients aged 65 years or older experience warfarin‐related major bleeding events at a mean INR 1.1 units lower (95% confidence interval −1.9 to −0.27) than patients younger than 65 years. Older patients may require more aggressive management of overanticoagulation to minimize the risk of major bleeding.
A locus for nonspecific X‐linked mental retardation mapped to a 22.3 cM region of Xp11.3‐q22.3
Authors: Zhang Xiyu , Liu Qiji , Chen Bingxi , Guo Chenhong , Li Jiangxia , Gao Guimin , Guo Yishou , Gong Yaoqin 
Published: June 2004

AbstractBy using several microsatellite markers scattered along the X chromosome, we studied a Chinese family with nonspecific X‐linked mental retardation (MRX84) to search for a region including the MRX84 locus that was linked to the markers. Two‐point linkage analysis demonstrated linkage between the disorder and several markers located at Xq22.2, with maximum LOD score Zmax = 2.41 at recombination fraction θ = 0 for DXS1191 and DXS1230, respectively. Recombination events were observed with flanking markers DXS8080 and DXS456, located at Xp11.3 and Xq22.3, respectively, and a region of approximately 22.3 cM was defined. Accordingly, markers distal to Xp11.3 and Xq22.3 segregated independently of the disease. The localized region observed in this Chinese family overlaps with 29 other MRX loci previously reported in Xp11.3‐q22.3. These results should contribute to the identification of the disease gene for the MRX84 disorder. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Subtelomere FISH in 50 children with mental retardation and minor anomalies, identified by a checklist, detects 10 rearrangements including a de novo balanced translocation of chromosomes 17p13.3 and 20q13.33
Authors: Walter Sabine , Sandig Klaus , Hinkel Georg K. , Mitulla Beate , Ounap Katrin , Sims Giles , Sitska Mari , Utermann Barbara , Viertel Petra , Kalscheuer Vera , Bartsch Oliver 
Published: June 2004

AbstractSubmicroscopic or subtle aneusomies at the chromosome ends, typically diagnosed by subtelomere fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), are a significant cause of idiopathic mental retardation (MR). Some 20 subtelomere studies, including more than 2,500 subjects, have been reported. The studies are not directly comparable because different techniques and patient ascertainment criteria were used, but an analysis of 14 studies showed that aberrations were detected in 97 out of 1,718 patients (5.8%, range 2–29%; 95% confidence interval (CI) 4.60–6.84%). We performed a subtelomere FISH study of 50 unrelated children ascertained by a checklist that evaluates MR or developmental delay, dysmorphism, growth defect, and abnormal pedigree and found 10 bona fide causal rearrangements (detection rate 20%, 95% CI 10–33.7%). The findings included five unbalanced familial translocations or inversions, two unbalanced de novo translocations, and two de novo deletions. Patient 5 showed multiple anomalies (large head, vision defect, omphalocele, heart defect, enlarged kidneys, moderate MR, speech defect, mild transient homocysteinemia) and a de novo balanced translocation of chromosomes 17p13.3 and 20q13.33. The report of a subtelomeric balanced rearrangement associated with a disease phenotype is a novel one. FISH mapping using panels of overlapping BAC clones identified a number of candidate genes at or near his breakpoints, including ASPA, TRPV3, TRPV1, and CTNS at 17p13.3, and three genes of unknown function at 20q13.33. Only the homocysteinemia could be speculatively linked to one of these genes (CTNS, the gene for cystinosis). Three within the subset of 16 children (18.8%) with mild (IQ, 50–69) or unspecified degree of MR tested positive, suggesting that the checklist approach could be especially useful within this group of patients. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mutation frequencies for glycogen storage disease Ia in the Ashkenazi Jewish population
Authors: Ekstein Josef , Rubin Berish Y. , Anderson Sylvia L. , Weinstein David A. , Bach Gideon , Abeliovich Dvorah , Webb Michael , Risch Neil 
Published: June 2004

AbstractGlycogen storage disease type Ia (GSDIa) is a severe autosomal recessive disorder caused by deficiency of the enzyme D‐glucose‐6‐phosphatase (G6Pase). While numerous mutations have been found in cosmopolitan European populations, Ashkenazi Jewish (AJ) patients appear to primarily carry the R83C mutation, but possibly also the Q347X mutation found generally in Caucasians. To determine the frequency for both these mutations in the AJ population, we tested 20,719 AJ subjects for the R83C mutation and 4,290 subjects for the Q347X mutation. We also evaluated the mutation status of 30 AJ GSDIa affected subjects. From the carrier screening, we found 290 subjects with R83C, for a carrier frequency for this mutation of 1.4%. This carrier frequency translates into a predicted disease prevalence of 1 in 20,000, five times higher than for the general Caucasian population, confirming a founder effect and elevated frequency of GSDIa in the AJ population. We observed no carriers of the Q347X mutation. Among the 30 GSDIa affected AJ subjects, all were homozygous for R83C. These results indicate that R83C is the only prevalent mutation for GSDIa in the Ashkenazi population. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Congenital idiopathic intestinal pseudo‐obstruction and hydrocephalus with stenosis of the aqueduct of sylvius
Authors: Bott L. , Boute O. , Mention K. , Vinchon M. , Boman F. , Gottrand F. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractWe present the first report of an association between hydrocephalus with stenosis of the aqueduct of Sylvius (HSAS) and a specific form of congenital idiopathic intestinal pseudo‐obstruction (CIIP) in an infant. Diagnosis of HSAS was suspected during the neonatal period because of a severely dilated ventricular system associated with bilateral adducted thumbs, and was confirmed by demonstration of a mutation in the gene encoding L1 cell adhesion molecule (L1CAM). L1CAM mutations cause a variable clinical spectrum. This gene is located at Xq28 and encodes a transmembrane glycoprotein involved in neurite outgrowth and neuronal migration. Hirschprung disease has been reported to involve an L1CAM mutation that manifests as a quantitative defect in the migration of neural crest cells in distal segments of the gut. We report an association that suggests that alterations of L1CAM may cause another type of intestinal pseudo‐obstruction distension with a qualitative defect in differentiated Cajal's cells in the anterior part of the gut. This observation suggests that L1CAM has a role in the developmental regulation of multiple systems. Further clinical descriptions of gastroenterological and neuropathological data are required to extend our understanding of the mechanisms underlying L1CAM functions. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Study on poly(ethylene terephthalate)/polypropylene microfibrillar composites. II. Solid‐state drawing behavior
Authors: Lin X. D. , Jia D. , Leung F. K. P. , Cheung W. L. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractA (20/80) blend of poly(ethylene terephthalate)/polypropylene (PET/PP) was solid‐state drawn to enhance the molecular orientation of the PET microfibers. Effects of drawing temperature (23–140°C) and drawing speed (max. 1000 mm/min) on the morphology and draw ratio of the blend were studied and discussed based on the drawing behaviors of the pure polymers. In cold drawing, there seemed to be a critical drawing speed below which the natural draw ratios of the polymers remained constant, but above which the draw ratios first decreased slightly because of suppression of molecular relaxation and then increased because of breakage of highly strained molecules and disintegration of lamellar crystals into finer mosaic blocks. Macroscopically, the pure PP and the PET/PP composite extrudates gave similar draw ratios at the same speeds. SEM showed that the PET microfibers suffered a smaller elongation than the PP matrix and severe voiding occurred at the PET/PP interface. Furthermore, substantial fiber breakage occurred during cold drawing at speeds above 200 mm/min. In comparison, drawing at 100°C caused no obvious interfacial voiding and fiber breakage. Furthermore, the natural draw ratio of the blend was lower than that of the pure PP extrudate, indicating that the PET microfibers had constrained the deformation of the PP matrix. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 1989–2000, 2004
Chitin characterization by SEM, FTIR, XRD, and 13C cross polarization/mass angle spinning NMR
Authors: Cárdenas Galo , Cabrera Gustavo , Taboada Edelio , Miranda S. Patricia 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe full characterization of chitin obtained from squid, shrimp, prawn, lobsters, and king crab is reported. Elemental analysis, including metals such as Ca, Mg, Zn, Cd, Hg, Cr, Mn, Cu, and Pb, was performed, which is quite relevant because the skeleton composition is slightly different for each species. The morphology was studied by means of TEM and their compositions were determined by energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis. 13C cross polarization/magic angle spinning NMR was applied to determine the chemical shift of all the carbons and the difference between them. Chitin was isolated by using chemical methods, alternating hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide. The α‐chitin from shrimp, prawn, lobsters, and king crabs showed two signals at 73.7 and 75.6 ppm. Meanwhile, the β‐chitin from squid exhibited one signal at 75.2 ppm. FTIR studies were used to analyze α‐chitin from shrimp and β‐chitin from squid. The α‐chitin exhibited amide I vibration modes at 1660 and 1627 cm−1, whereas the β‐chitin showed one band at 1656 cm−1. X‐ray diffraction showed that α‐chitin is orthorhombic (a = 4.74 Å, b = 18.86 Å, and c = 10.32 Å) and β‐chitin had a monoclinic dihydrated form (a = 4.80 Å, b = 10.40 Å, c = 11.10 Å, and β = 97°). © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 1876–1885, 2004
Degree of conversion of a copolymer of an experimental monomer and methyl methacrylate for dental applications
Authors: Viljanen Eeva K. , Skrifvars Mikael , Vallittu Pekka K. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe aim of this study was to determine the degree of double bond conversion of the copolymer of an experimental monomer and methyl methacrylate after photopolymerization. A mixture of an experimental monomer with four methacrylate groups and methyl methacrylate monomer (mass ratio 70 : 30) was polymerized by using various concentrations of light initiator system. The degree of conversion was determined with FTIR spectrometry. A photopolymerized 2,2‐bis[4‐(2‐hydroxy‐3‐methacryloxypropoxy)‐ phenyl]propane/triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (mass ratio 40 : 60) copolymer was used as a control material for degree of conversion. The maximum degree of conversion for the experimental monomer/methyl methacrylate copolymer was 62% and was obtained with 2 wt % initiator concentration. It was comparable to that of the control polymer (64%). The results of this study suggest that the experimental monomer/methyl methacrylate system can be polymerized by light initiator system. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 1908–1912, 2004
Microindentation studies at the near surface of glassy polymers: Influence of molecular weight
Authors: Baltá Calleja F. J. , Flores A. , Michler G. H. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe viscoelastic‐plastic properties of various amorphous, glassy polymers [polystyrene (PS), poly(styrene‐acrylonitrile) copolymer (SAN), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), polycarbonate (PC)] in the micron and submicron range were investigated by means of load‐displacement analysis from depth‐sensing experiments. Hardness and Young's modulus values decrease rapidly with increasing depth up to a few microns. New data on the glass transition temperature correlation with microhardness are presented. The influence of annealing below the glass transition temperature upon the microhardness for various glassy polymers is pointed out. For PS, the influence of the molecular weight variation and molecular weight distribution on the microhardness is reported. Results are discussed on the basis of an entanglement network model, recently developed to explain the fine structure of crazes in amorphous polymers. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 1951–1956, 2004
Kinetics of the thermal decomposition of green alga Ulva by thermogravimetry
Authors: Carrasco F. , Pagès P. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractIn this article, we present the findings of our study into the thermal decomposition of the alga Ulva, which can cause serious problems due to its proliferation in certain seas. Its use as a human foodstuff or other similar applications is limited; however, it could be used as a filling or reinforcement material in the manufacture of composite materials. Since the production processes of such materials usually require heating, the thermal stability of this polymeric material needs to be known, and this is the objective of this work. For this reason, we have studied the thermal decomposition in an air atmosphere using thermogravimetry (TG). On the one hand, we evaluated the thermal stability temperatures of the seaweed; and on the other, we determined the kinetic parameters of the alga's two main decomposition reactions, using an n‐order integral kinetic model. It was, therefore, necessary to calculate the best order of reaction. Finally, we determined a series of characteristic temperatures related to the beginning and the end of each of the thermal decomposition reactions. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 1913–1922, 2004
Overcoming focusing failures in competitive environments
Authors: Idson Lorraine Chen , Chugh Dolly , Bereby‐Meyer Yoella , Moran Simone , Grosskopf Brit , Bazerman Max 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThis paper attacks one of the chief limitations of the field of behavioral decision research—the past inability to use this literature to improve decision making. Building on the work of Thompson, Gentner, Loewenstein and colleagues (Loewenstein, Thompson, & Gentner, 1999; Thompson, Gentner, & Loewenstein, 2000; Gentner & Markman, 1997), the current paper finds that it is possible to reduce bias in one of the most robust problems in the decision literature, the Acquiring a Company Problem (Samuelson & Bazerman, 1985). Past research has shown that individuals make suboptimal offers as a result of the failure to think about the decisions of others and to incorporate a clear understanding of the rules of the game. In the current study, we find that by allowing study participants to see and understand differences in seemingly unrelated decision problems—versions of the Monty Hall Game (Nalebuff, 1987; Friedman, 1998) and Multiparty Ultimatum Game (Messick, Moore, & Bazerman, 1997; Tor & Bazerman, 2003)—study participants can learn to focus more accurately on the decisions of other parties and the rules of the game, the keys to solving the Acquiring a Company Problem. This research offers a new piece of evidence that comparative and analogical processes may be a successful direction for improving decision making. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evidence coverage and argument skills: cognitive factors in a juror's verdict choice
Authors: Weinstock Michael P. , Flaton Robin A. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractJuror reasoning and verdict choice have been explored variously as functions of argument skill and the overall story representation of the evidence on which verdict choices are based. This study investigates the proportion of testimony covered in the justification of a verdict choice and its relationship with argument skill, narrative explanation or evidence‐based argument, and certainty about verdict choice. Each of these variables was also compared with the verdict choice. People serving jury duty justified verdict choices in two abridged jury trials. Individuals were consistent in the relative amount of evidence used in both trials. Argument skills, evidence evaluation type, and evidence synthesis type all accounted for variance in the amount of evidence covered. Evidence coverage, along with argument skills, predicted verdict choice. As expected, those most certain about verdict choice did not use the most evidence. Implications regarding mediating factors in story construction and juror decision making are discussed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.