bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of apraxia: inter-rater reliability of a new apraxia test, association between apraxia and other cognitive deficits and prevalence of apraxia in a rehabilitation setting
Authors: Zwinkels Angeliek , Geusgens Chantal , van de Sande Peter , van Heugten Caroline 
Published: November 2004

Objective: To investigate the inter-rater reliability of a new apraxia test. Furthermore to examine the association of apraxia with other neuropsychological impairments and the prevalence of apraxia in a rehabilitation setting on the basis of the new test. Design: Cross-sectional cohort study, involving 100 patients with a first stroke admitted to a rehabilitation centre in the Netherlands. Measures: General patient characteristics and stroke-related aspects. Cognitive screening involving apraxia, visuospatial scanning, abstract thinking and reasoning, memory, attention, planning and aphasia. Results: The indices for inter-rater agreement range from excellent to poor. Significant correlations are found between apraxia and visuospatial scanning, memory, attention, planning and aphasia. The patients with apraxia perform significantly worse than the patients without apraxia on memory, the time needed to complete the tests for scanning and attention, and aphasia. The prevalence of apraxia is 25.3% in the total group, 51.3% in the left hemisphere stroke patients and 6.0% in the right hemisphere stroke patients. Patients with and without apraxia do not differ significantly concerning age, gender and type of stroke. Conclusion: The apraxia test has been shown to be a reliable instrument. Apraxia is often associated with aphasia, memory problems and mental slowness. This study shows that on the basis of the apraxia test, the prevalence of apraxia among patients in the rehabilitation centre is high, especially among patients with left hemisphere lesions.
Berg Balance Scale and Functional Reach: determining the best clinical tool for individuals post acute stroke
Authors: Smith Patricia S , Hembree Judith A , Thompson Mary E 
Published: November 2004

Objective: To begin the process of determining the best clinical tool for measuring balance in individuals post stroke. Design: Prospective with descriptive and relational analyses. Setting: Rehabilitation centres and stroke support group meetings. Subjects: Seventy-five subjects who had suffered a stroke were divided into four groups based on the Duncan classification for stroke severity. Main outcome measures: The motor section of the Fugl-Meyer Assessment of Physical Performance was completed for each person to classify the motor deficit. Subjects performed Functional Reach twice with the nonparetic arm and the average was recorded. Subjects performed the Berg Balance Scale and the total score on the first attempt was recorded. Results: As motor impairment increased, balance ability declined and both the Functional Reach and Berg Balance Scale proved sensitive to this decline. Spearman rank correlation coefficient was excellent among the entire sample (rs-0.78). Conclusion: Subjects' performance on the Berg Balance Scale was closely associated with performance on the Functional Reach. Therefore, the clinician may elect to use the shorter Functional Reach as a measure of balance where efficient use of time is the primary goal.
A newly recognized syndrome involving limbs, pelvis, and genital organs or a variant of Al‐Awadi/Raas‐Rothschild syndrome?
Authors: Kantaputra Piranit N. , Tanpaiboon Pranoot 
Published: November 2004

AbstractWe report on a 3‐year‐old Thai boy with limb, pelvic, and genital malformations. The combination of findings found in this patient is similar to that of Al‐Awadi/Raas‐Rothchild syndrome (AARRS) or limb/pelvis hypoplasia/aplasia syndrome. The upper limbs are more severely affected than the lower ones. Unlike that of AARRS, the radial ray is more severely affected than the ulnar ray. The presence of humeroulnar synostosis and humero‐ulnar‐radial synostosis and the absence of a radius distinguishes it from AARRS. The similarities and dissimilarities between the features in the present patient and other limb‐pelvic hypoplasia/aplasia syndromes are discussed. The findings in this group of patients appear to demonstrate limb‐pelvis‐genital organ developmental field defects. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Four themes in youth work practice
Authors: Krueger Mark 
Published: November 2004

AbstractWith the purpose of contributing to the research and discussion about youth work as a contextual, interpersonal process of human interaction, it is suggested that youth work is like a modern dance that works best when youth workers are present, in sync with youth development rhythms for trusting and growing and making meaning in an atmosphere that supports their interactions. The article includes a brief definition of youth work, a method of reflective practice, and descriptions of the four themes—presence, rhythmic interaction, meaning making, and atmosphere. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comm Psychol 33: 21–29, 2005.
A comparison of youth‐driven and adult‐driven youth programs: Balancing inputs from youth and adults
Authors: Larson Reed , Walker Kathrin , Pearce Nickki 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThis article examines the unfolding of experiences in youth programs that differed in the degree of youth and adult influence over program activities. In‐depth qualitative data were obtained over a three‐ to four‐month cycle of activities in two “youth‐driven” and two “adult‐driven” programs for high‐school–aged youth. All had been identified as high quality, and in all of the programs, the adults were sensitive and respectful to the youth. Rather than finding that one approach was categorically better than the other, our analyses suggested that each provided distinct developmental experiences, and that each presented somewhat different day‐to‐day challenges to the adults. In the youth‐driven programs, the youth experienced a high degree of ownership and empowerment, and they reported development of leadership and planning skills. In the adult‐driven programs, the adults crafted student‐centered learning experiences that facilitated youth's development of specific talents. Across both approaches, youth also gained self‐confidence and benefited from the adults' experience in other ways. The article highlights balancing techniques that adults in both programs used for keeping youth's work in the program on track while keeping youth invested. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comm Psychol 33: 57–74, 2005.
Building youth–adult partnerships for community change: Lessons from the Youth Leadership Institute
Authors: Libby Margaret , Rosen Matt , Sedonaen Maureen 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThis article explores the way one youth leadership development organization has used youth–adult partnerships (Y‐APs) as a practice to support youth participation in community‐change efforts in the San Francisco Bay Area and throughout California. The authors describe how Y‐APs are used in two principal areas of the Youth Leadership Institute's work: training and philanthropy. The authors also present a set of lessons learned through over 12 years of Y‐AP practice. Based on this experience, they highlight the importance of organizational pathways for leadership development, the necessity of advance preparation by youth and adults, the need to moderate program intensity, and the difficulty of sustaining Y‐APs in a resource‐scarce environment. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comm Psychol 33: 111–120, 2005.
Developing social capital through participation in organized youth programs: Qualitative insights from three programs
Authors: Jarrett Robin L. , Sullivan Patrick J. , Watkins Natasha D. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractOrganized youth programs can serve as a context in which youth are connected to resource‐bearing adults in the community who promote the development of social capital. This article explores the process of how this happens and what types of resources are gained by youth. Qualitative interviews were conducted with adolescents in three youth programs over a three‐ to four‐month period. Two key findings emerged. First, relationships with community adults were found to develop in stages, with youth moving from a stage of suspicion and distrust, to a stage of facilitated contact, to a stage of meaningful connection. Second, these relationships provided youth with access to adult resources, such as information, assistance, exposure to adult worlds, support, and encouragement. The three programs facilitated this process of social capital development by linking youth to suitable adults, structuring youth–adult activities around common goals, and coaching youth on these interactions. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comm Psychol 33: 41–55, 2005.
Molecular modeling of family GH16 glycoside hydrolases: Potential roles for xyloglucan transglucosylases/hydrolases in cell wall modification in the poaceae
Authors: Strohmeier Marco , Hrmova Maria , Fischer Markus , Harvey Andrew J. , Fincher Geoffrey B. , Pleiss Jürgen 
Published: November 2004

AbstractFamily GH16 glycoside hydrolases can be assigned to five subgroups according to their substrate specificities, including xyloglucan transglucosylases/hydrolases (XTHs), (1,3)‐β‐galactanases, (1,4)‐β‐galactanases/κ‐carrageenases, “nonspecific” (1,3/1,3;1,4)‐ β‐d‐glucan endohydrolases, and (1,3;1,4)‐β‐d‐glucan endohydrolases. A structured family GH16 glycoside hydrolase database has been constructed (http://www.ghdb.uni‐stuttgart.de) and provides multiple sequence alignments with functionally annotated amino acid residues and phylogenetic trees. The database has been used for homology modeling of seven glycoside hydrolases from the GH16 family with various substrate specificities, based on structural coordinates for (1,3;1,4)‐β‐d‐glucan endohydrolases and a κ‐carrageenase. In combination with multiple sequence alignments, the models predict the three‐dimensional (3D) dispositions of amino acid residues in the substrate‐binding and catalytic sites of XTHs and (1,3/1,3;1,4)‐β‐d‐glucan endohydrolases; there is no structural information available in the databases for the latter group of enzymes. Models of the XTHs, compared with the recently determined structure of a Populus tremulos × tremuloides XTH, reveal similarities with the active sites of family GH11 (1,4)‐β‐d‐xylan endohydrolases. From a biological viewpoint, the classification, molecular modeling and a new 3D structure of the P. tremulos × tremuloides XTH establish structural and evolutionary connections between XTHs, (1,3;1,4)‐β‐d‐glucan endohydrolases and xylan endohydrolases. These findings raise the possibility that XTHs from higher plants could be active not only on cell wall xyloglucans, but also on (1,3;1,4)‐β‐d‐glucans and arabinoxylans, which are major components of walls in grasses. A role for XTHs in (1,3;1,4)‐β‐d‐glucan and arabinoxylan modification would be consistent with the apparent overrepresentation of XTH sequences in cereal expressed sequence tags databases.
Solvation and the hidden thermodynamics of a zinc finger probed by nonstandard repair of a protein crevice
Authors: Lachenmann Marcel J. , Ladbury John E. , Qian Xiuqi , Huang Kun , Singh Rupinder , Weiss Michael A. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe classical Zn finger contains a phenylalanine at the crux of its three architectural elements: a β‐hairpin, an α‐helix, and a Zn2+‐binding site. Surprisingly, phenylalanine is not required for high‐affinity Zn2+ binding, but instead contributes to the specification of a precise DNA‐binding surface. Substitution of phenylalanine by leucine leads to a floppy but native‐like structure whose Zn affinity is maintained by marked entropy–enthalpy compensation (Δ ΔH −8.3 kcal/mol and −TΔ ΔS 7.7 kcal/mol). Phenylalanine and leucine differ in shape, size, and aromaticity. To distinguish which features correlate with dynamic stability, we have investigated a nonstandard finger containing cyclohexanylalanine at this site. The structure of the nonstandard finger is similar to that of the native domain. The cyclohexanyl ring assumes a chair conformation, and conformational fluctuations characteristic of the leucine variant are damped. Although the nonstandard finger exhibits a lower affinity for Zn2+ than does the native domain (Δ ΔG −1.2 kcal/mol), leucine‐associated perturbations in enthalpy and entropy are almost completely attenuated (Δ ΔH −0.7 kcal/mol and −TΔ ΔS −0.5 kcal/mol). Strikingly, global changes in entropy (as inferred from calorimetry) are in each case opposite in sign from changes in configurational entropy (as inferred from NMR). This seeming paradox suggests that enthalpy–entropy compensation is dominated by solvent reorganization rather than nominal molecular properties. Together, these results demonstrate that dynamic and thermodynamic perturbations correlate with formation or repair of a solvated packing defect rather than type of physical interaction (aromatic or aliphatic) within the core.
Infrequent cavity‐forming fluctuations in HPr from Staphylococcus carnosus revealed by pressure‐ and temperature‐dependent tyrosine ring flips
Authors: Hattori Mineyuki , Li Hua , Yamada Hiroaki , Akasaka Kazuyuki , Hengstenberg Wolfgang , Gronwald Wolfram , Kalbitzer Hans Robert 
Published: November 2004

AbstractInfrequent structural fluctuations of a globular protein is seldom detected and studied in detail. One tyrosine ring of HPr from Staphylococcus carnosus, an 88‐residue phosphocarrier protein with no disulfide bonds, undergoes a very slow ring flip, the pressure and temperature dependence of which is studied in detail using the on‐line cell high‐pressure nuclear magnetic resonance technique in the pressure range from 3 MPa to 200 MPa and in the temperature range from 257 K to 313 K. The ring of Tyr6 is buried sandwiched between a β‐sheet and α‐helices (the water‐accessible area is less than 0.26 nm2), its hydroxyl proton being involved in an internal hydrogen bond. The ring flip rates101∼105 s−1 were determined from the line shape analysis of Hδ1, δ2 and Hε1,ε2 of Tyr6, giving an activation volume ΔV‡ of 0.044 ± 0.008 nm3 (27 mL mol−1), an activation enthalpy ΔH‡ of 89 ± 10 kJ mol−1, and an activation entropy ΔS‡ of 16 ± 2 JK−1 mol−1. The ΔV‡ and ΔH‡ values for HPr found previously for Tyr and Phe ring flips of BPTI and cytochrome c fall within the range of ΔV‡ of 28 to 51 mL mol−1 and ΔH‡ of 71 to 155 kJ mol−1. The fairly common ΔV‡ and ΔH‡ values are considered to represent the extra space or cavity required for the ring flip and the extra energy required to create a cavity, respectively, in the core part of a globular protein. Nearly complete cold denaturation was found to take place at 200 MPa and 257 K independently from the ring reorientation process.
Specific recognition of a dsDNA sequence motif by an immunoglobulin VH homodimer
Authors: Jin Hulin , Sepúlveda Jorge , Burrone Oscar R. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractAnti‐DNA antibodies have the potential to be applied in vast fields of fundamental as well as medical research. They are found in autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythemotosus. In most cases, anti‐dsDNA antibodies do not present sequence specificity and are of low affinity. The dominant role of VH domains in DNA recognition induced us to search for binders based on VH dimers (VHD), previously reported to bind different protein antigens. We screened a phage displayed homo‐VHD library against a 19‐bp dsDNA sequence. A sequence‐specific binder was selected, which recognizes the terminal located CTGC motif with a Kd of 250 nM. Association of the two identical VH domains of the molecule was shown to be essential for binding.
Biochemical properties of V91G calmodulin: A calmodulin point mutation that deregulates muscle contraction in Drosophila
Authors: Wang Bo , Martin Stephen R. , Newman Rhonda A. , Hamilton Susan L. , Shea Madeline A. , Bayley Peter M. , Beckingham Kathleen M. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractA mutation (Cam7) to the single endogenous calmodulin gene of Drosophila generates a mutant protein with valine 91 changed to glycine (V91G D‐CaM). This mutation produces a unique pupal lethal phenotype distinct from that of a null mutation. Genetic studies indicate that the phenotype reflects deregulation of calcium fluxes within the larval muscles, leading to hypercontraction followed by muscle failure. We investigated the biochemical properties of V91G D‐CaM. The effects of the mutation on free CaM are minor: Calcium binding, and overall secondary and tertiary structure are indistinguishable from those of wild type. A slight destabilization of the C‐terminal domain is detectable in the calcium‐free (apo‐) form, and the calcium‐bound (holo‐) form has a somewhat lower surface hydrophobicity. These findings reinforce the indications from the in vivo work that interaction with a specific CaM target(s) underlies the mutant defects. In particular, defective regulation of ryanodine receptor (RyR) channels was indicated by genetic interaction analysis. Studies described here establish that the putative CaM binding region of the Drosophila RyR (D‐RyR) binds wild‐type D‐CaM comparably to the equivalent CaM‐RyR interactions seen for the mammalian skeletal muscle RyR channel isoform (RYR1). The V91G mutation weakens the interaction of both apo‐ and holo‐D‐CaM with this binding region, and decreases the enhancement of the calcium‐binding affinity of CaM that is detectable in the presence of the RyR target peptide. The predicted functional consequences of these changes are consonant with the in vivo phenotype, and indicate that D‐RyR is one, if not the major, target affected by the V91G mutation in CaM.
Mit(h)ra(s) and the Myths of the Sun
Authors: Sick David 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe extent of the connection between Indo-Iranian Mitra/Mithra and Roman Mithras has been vehemently debated for the last thirty years. One of the several problems in outlining the history of Mit(h)ra(s) has been the definition of the Iranian Mithra. In particular, the process by which he becomes a solar deity in the postAvestan period needs clarification. This study considers the history of Mithra with regard to solar mythology; it describes a set of myths from the traditions of two neighbors to Iran — Greece and India. In this set of myths, the Sun is the guardian of contracts and cattle; the ritual of sacrifice relates these two wards, as cattle are victims in the ritual, which may be understood as a contract between gods and humans. With this mythic system recovered from the oldest Greek and Indic texts, the history of Iranian Mithra is reviewed with the intent of interpreting that god: he has assumed the role typically assigned to the Sun in a similar mythic complex. Themes in the myth and cult of Roman Mithras are suggested for comparison.
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia and Myeloproliferative Disease
Authors: O'Brien Stephen , Tefferi Ayalew , Valent Peter 
Published: November 2004

AbstractIn Section I, Dr. Stephen O’Brien reviews the latest data on the clinical use of imatinib (STI571, Gleevec, Glivec) in CML. His review focuses on the use of imatinib in newly diagnosed chronic phase patients and summarizes cytogenetic and molecular response data, as well as use of the agent at high doses and in combination with other drugs. A brief summary of the prospective international Phase III studies that are currently ongoing is also provided, and the issues of resistance and definition of suboptimal therapeutic response are also covered. Finally, therapeutic decision-making and treatment strategy are considered.In Section II, Dr. Ayalew Tefferi considers the latest developments in the biology and therapy of myeloid metaplasia/myelofibrosis. Dr. Tefferi covers what is currently understood of the biology of the disease and reviews established therapies for the condition as well as novel agents that are being used in clinical trials. The development of optimal management strategies for the disease is considered.In Section III, Dr. Peter Valent reviews the classification of mast cell proliferative disorders and covers the clinical and pathological presentation of this group of neoplasms. He reviews the state-of-the-art regarding the molecular biology of mastocytosis along with diagnostic criteria and novel treatment concepts.
Amyloidosis and Waldenström’s Macroglobulinemia
Authors: Gertz Morie A. , Merlini Giampaolo , Treon Steven P. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractPrimary systemic amyloidosis is an immunoglobulin light chain disorder that is 1/5th as common as multiple myeloma. Amyloidosis is regularly seen in the practice of a hematologist and has recently undergone major advances in terms of the ability to evaluate responses as well as new therapeutic options that were not available when this topic was covered as an education session at the American Society of Hematology meeting 5 years ago. Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM) is rarer than amyloidosis (1500 per year WM versus 3000 per year amyloid in the US), and recent consensus panels have established the definition of the disease, the diagnostic criteria, criteria for initiation of therapy and a new classification scheme. In this session, new developments in amyloid and macroglobulinemia, from suspicion of the diagnosis to treatment, are covered.In Section I, Dr. Morie Gertz answers four specific questions: (1) When should amyloidosis be suspected? (2) How does one heighten ones index of suspicion for amyloid? (3) How is the diagnosis confirmed and the type classified as primary? (4) What is the prognosis and how is it accurately assessed? Recent findings on cardiac biomarkers, presenting features and use of the free light chain assay are reviewed. Staging for amyloid and recently proposed criteria of response and progression are covered.In Section II, Dr. Giampaolo Merlini comprehensively reviews therapy of amyloidosis from the use of standard melphalan/prednisone to the recently described standard dose therapies including dexamethasone, thalidomide/dexamethasone, melphalan/dexamethasone and IV melphalan/dexamethasone. An extensive discussion of the role of high-dose therapy with stem cell reconstitution follows and includes patient selection, predictors of immediate morbidity and mortality, and survival expectation. Finally, a therapeuitc strategy is proposed.In Section III, Drs. Steven Treon and Giampaolo Merlini review the most current information on WM. The consensus panel results and recommendations of the clinical pathologic definition of WM, the prognostic markers and the indications to initiate therapy in WM, the uniform response criteria in WM and available treatments for the disease are reviewed. Drs. Treon and Merlini cover recently published treatment protocols that use rituximab, purine nucleoside analogs, and alkylating agents. The current data on thalidomide, alpha interferon, and high-dose therapy are also covered.