bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relation of Fructose‐Containing Sugars with Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies
Authors: Khan Tauseef A , Mejia Sonia Blanco , de Souza Russell , Kendall Cyril WC , Sievenpiper John L 
Published: November 2023

ObjectiveSugars‐sweetened beverages are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). To assess whether this association holds for the fructose‐containing sugars they contain, we conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis of prospective cohort studies.MethodsMEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane Library (through October 31, 2016) were searched for relevant studies. We included prospective cohort studies investigating the association between fructose‐containing sugars (total sugars, fructose, sucrose and added sugars) and incident CVD. Two independent reviewers reviewed and extracted the relevant data and assessed study quality (Newcastle‐Ottawa Scale). Risk estimates of extreme comparisons (lowest versus highest quantile) were pooled using inverse variance random effects models and expressed as risk ratios (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Inter‐study heterogeneity was assessed with Cochran Q statistic and quantified with the I2 statistic. The overall quality of the evidence was assessed using the Grading of recommendations assessment, development, and evaluation (GRADE).ResultsThe eligibility criteria were met by 7 prospective cohort studies (10 cohort comparisons) involving 530,268 individuals and 15,657 incident cases of CVD observed over an average follow‐up of 11.2 years. Total sugars (RR, 1.07 [95% CI, 1.01 to 1.13]) and fructose (RR, 1.08 [95% CI, 1.01 to 1.15]) but not sucrose (RR, 0.97 [95% CI, 0.88 to 1.07]) or added sugars (RR, 1.03 [95% CI, 0.85 to 1.24]) were associated with increased incidence of CVD. There was no evidence of heterogeneity in any of the analyses except for added sugars which showed evidence of substantial heterogeneity (I2=82%, P=0.004). The overall quality of the evidence was graded as “very low quality” for all associations owing to a downgrade for serious imprecision for total sugars, fructose, and sucrose and separate downgrades for serious imprecision and serious inconsistency for added sugars.ConclusionsCurrent evidence does not allow us to conclude with certainty that all fructose‐containing sugars are associated with increased risk of CVD owing to the very low quality of evidence and the inconsistency across types of sugars. Further research should confirm whether the adverse association seen between sugars‐sweetened beverages and CVD applies to other important food sources of sugars.Protocol registration: clinicaltrials.gov identifier, NCT01608620Support or Funding InformationCanadian Diabetes Association, Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Banting and Best Diabetes Centre and PSI Foundation
Replacement of Refined Carbohydrates with a Combination of Egg Protein and Unsaturated Fatty Acids Improves Insulin Sensitivity in Adults with Elevated Triglycerides
Authors: Maki Kevin C , Palacios Orsolya M , Nieman Kristin M , Lindner Emily , Huebner Margie , Sorce Jennifer 
Published: November 2023

The aim of this trial was to evaluate the effects of a combination of egg protein (Epro) and unsaturated fatty acids (UFA), substituted for refined carbohydrates (CHO), on insulin sensitivity and markers of glucose metabolism in adults with elevated triglycerides (TG). This randomized, controlled‐feeding, crossover study included an evaluable sample of 25 men and women with a mean (± SEM) age and body mass index of 46.3 ± 2.4 y and 31.8 ± 1.0 kg/m2, respectively, and a median (interquartile range) baseline TG of 173 mg/dL (159, 228). Subjects consumed a standardized diet that incorporated at least 3 servings/d of test foods (yogurt, muffins, waffles, and cookies), which provided 40–60% of daily energy needs. The study foods accounted for ~8% higher protein energy (from Epro) and ~8% higher fat energy (from UFA) in the Epro/UFA condition and 16% higher energy from refined starches and added sugars in the refined CHO condition. Total energy intake was held constant during each condition; dietary CHO, protein and fat comprised 42%, 23% and 35% of energy intake during the Epro/UFA condition and 58%, 15% and 27% of energy intake during the refined CHO condition. Both the Epro/UFA and the refined CHO diets were low in saturated fatty acids (7.0 ± 0.1% and 6.5 ± 0.1% of energy intakes, respectively). A liquid meal tolerance test was conducted to assess insulin sensitivity and markers of glucose metabolism at baseline and at the end of each condition. Blood samples were collected before and 30, 60 and 120 min after consuming the liquid meal. Serum glucose was assessed using an enzymatic colorimetric assay and serum insulin was assessed using an immunoturbidimetry assay. The mean percent change from baseline in the Matsuda insulin sensitivity index was significantly greater in the Epro/UFA versus the refined CHO condition (18.1 ± 8.7% versus −5.6 ± 6.2%, respectively, p < 0.001). The mean percent change from baseline in the disposition index, a measure of pancreatic beta‐cell function, was also significantly greater in the Epro/UFA versus the refined CHO condition (23.8 ± 20.8% versus − 16.3 ± 18.8%, respectively, p = 0.042). Significant differences between the conditions were not evident in the homeostasis model of insulin assessment 2‐insulin sensitivity or the HOMA2‐beta‐cell function. In summary, replacement of refined CHO with a combination of Epro and UFA produced favorable changes in indices of insulin sensitivity and pancreatic beta‐cell function in adults with elevated TG.Support or Funding InformationFunded by American Egg Board/Egg Nutrition Center, Park Ridge, IL
A Diet Containing Soy Protein Isolate is Not Detrimental to Skeletal Development in Spontaneously Hyperphagic, Adolescent Male OLETF Rats
Authors: Dirkes Rebecca K , Richard Matthew W , Meers Grace M , Butteiger Dustie N , Krul Elaine S , Thyfault John P , Rector Randy S , Hinton Pamela S 
Published: November 2023

Obesity and its associated metabolic dysfunction are associated with increased fracture risk in children and adolescents, suggesting excess adiposity negatively impacts skeletal development. Although the consumption of milk‐based proteins has been recommended for normal skeletal development, soy‐based proteins have emerged as popular plant‐based dairy alternatives. However, the effect of soy protein on bone health during adolescent skeletal development has not been studied. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of isocaloric diets containing milk protein isolate (MPI), soy protein isolate (SPI), or a 50/50 combination of the two (MIX) on metabolic health indicators and bone outcomes in adolescent, hyperphagic, male Otsuka Long Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats. At 4 weeks of age, rats were randomized to three treatment groups (MPI, SPI, and MIX) and provided ad libitum access to the diets until 20 weeks of age, at which time animals were fasted overnight, euthanized, and blood and hind limbs collected. Fasting glucose, insulin, lipids, and bone formation (N‐terminal propeptide of type 1 procollagen, P1NP) and resorption (C‐terminal telopeptide of type I collagen, CTx) markers were measured using commercially available ELISA kits. Tibial trabecular microarchitecture and cortical geometry were measured by micro‐computed tomography (μCT); and, biomechanical properties were measured by torsional loading to failure. Femoral calcium and phosphorus content were measured using Inductive Coupled Plasma‐Optical Emission Spectroscopy. One‐way ANOVA was used to test for significant differences among groups for metabolic outcomes and bone turnover markers. One‐way ANCOVA, with final body weight as a covariate, was used to determine differences among groups for all bone outcomes. At 20 weeks of age, there were no group differences in body weight or body fat. Animals in all groups were insulin resistant based on fasting glucose and insulin. MPI reduced fasting insulin compared to MIX and SPI. SPI reduced total serum cholesterol compared to MPI and MIX. P1NP was greater in MIX than MPI, but CTx was not different among groups. Trabecular spacing was reduced in SPI compared to MIX, while cortical geometry and biomechanical properties were not different among groups. MPI had higher calcium and phosphorus content than MIX. In conclusion, these results suggest that a diet containing soy protein is not detrimental to skeletal development in spontaneously hyperphagic, adolescent male OLETFs rats, and may benefit trabecular microarchitecture. In addition, these results suggest that a diet containing a combination of milk‐ and plant‐based proteins might promote bone formation during skeletal growth.Support or Funding InformationSupport: DuPont Nutrition & Health, NIH R01DK088940 (JPT) and VHA‐CDA2 IK2BX001299 (RSR).
Effects of Shiikuwasha extract supplementation on muscle protein degradation in the rat model of insulin resistance
Authors: Okamoto Tomoyuki , Sakata Yasuyuki , Oshio Kazutaka , Nakamura Hirohiko , Iwamoto Hiroshi , Namba Kazuyoshi , Narita Kazusa , Maeda Naho , Yoshizawa Fumiaki , Takeda Yasuhiro 
Published: November 2023

Age‐related loss of skeletal muscle mass, referred to as sarcopenia, is a significant problem that has serious implications for the quality of life of the elderly. The etiology of sarcopenia has been reported to be multifaceted and to possibly involve insulin resistance. In the Korean Sarcopenic Obesity Study, diabetic patients had a threefold higher risk of sarcopenia. Recently, we have reported that Shiikuwasha (Citrus depressa) extract has an inhibitory effect on dexamethasone‐induced skeletal muscle atrophy. The aim of this study was to examine whether supplementation with Shiikuwasha extract has an inhibitory effect on loss of skeletal muscle mass caused by insulin resistance in Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats.Male ZDF rats were assigned to three groups as follows: (1) lean control (LC), (2) diabetic control (DC), and (3) Shiikuwasha extract supplementation (SE). LC and DC animals received an AIN‐93G diet, whereas for the SE animals, a diet containing 1% (w/w) SE was maintained for 2 weeks.In the skeletal muscle mass assessment, significant decreases in the masses of gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris, tibialis anterior, and extensor digitorum longus muscles were observed in the DC group when compared with the LC group. By contrast, the SE group exhibited significant increases in all the skeletal muscles except the soleus muscle. The mRNA expression levels of Atrogin‐1 and MuRF1 as indexes of protein degradation were lower in the SE group than in the DC group. Moreover, the levels of blood HbA1c, plasma insulin, and plasma 3‐methylhistidine were lower in the SE group than in the DC group.Our data show that Shiikuwasha extract supplementation may ameliorate loss of skeletal muscle mass associated with insulin resistance. This effect might depend on the inhibition of protein degradation and probably on the improvement of insulin sensitivity.
Lower Physical Activity and Inadequate Dietary Intake are Risk Factors for Fatty Liver in Free‐Living Adults
Authors: Burini Roberto Carlos , Vilches Gabriel Nogueira , Ramos Fernanda Maria Manzini , Kano Hugo Tadashi 
Published: November 2023

RATIONALEFatty liver is the most frequent liver disease in western countries and obesity and its complications, especially type 2 diabetes and hypertriglyceridemia, are likely to be the main responsible of the current epidemic of non‐alcoholic fatty‐liver disease(NAFLD).PURPOSETo characterize the behavioral effects (diet and physical activity) on the presence or absence of NAFLD in free‐living adults.METHODSThe lifestyle changing program “Mexa‐se Pró‐Saúde [Move for Health]” is a community based project with spontaneous access to adults (>35 yrs old) from both genders that come to the clinic for preventive health examination and further interventions including nutrition re‐education, supervised physical exercise and other lifestyle factors. The present study used the baseline data from 995 participants (from the years of 2005 to 2016) screened for physical activity level (IPAQ version 8 ‐ long form), dietary intake (24‐hour dietary recall and Healthy Eating Index‐HEI calculation), anthropometrics, cardio‐respiratory capacity (Balke's treadmill protocol) clinical and fasting‐plasma biochemistry. Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) was diagnosed following the NCEP‐ATP III criteria. The algorithm based on BMI, waist circumference (WC), triglycerides and GGT was used to develop the “fatty liver index” (FLI), which varies between 0 and 100 with a FLI ≥ 60 ruling out the fatty liver. The statistics comparisons were performed (for p<0.05) using SAS, version 9.2.RESULTSThe sample composition was 54.6±11 yrs. old, 80.2% females, 45.5% obese, 69.8% abnormal WC and 52.8% FLI>60. The high FLI group presented higher prevalence of MetS (78.4%), insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR 5.60±2.90), pro‐inflammatory (us‐CRP 0.57±0.18 mg/dL) and pro‐oxidant (MDA 0.89±0.20 μmol/L) states. This group showed also lower VO2 max. (30.0±3.10 mL O2/kg/min.) and higher food‐energy intake in its fat components (PUFA, MUFA, SFA, cholesterol and oil servings) but without differences on either protein (and dairy) or CHO intake. The diet quality (HEI) was poor in both FLI groups similarly for ingested fruits, legumes and dietary variety. However, the high FLI diet‐pattern was probably more processed according to their values of lower fiber intake (11.2±9.30 g/day) and higher ratio values of CHO/fiber(19.9±7.20) and sodium/potassium(1.14±0.49).CONCLUSIONThe subjects with high FLI found in this high prevalent body/abdominal obese sample, presented MetS and its comorbidities in association with unhealthy lifestyle of low physical activity and inadequate dietary composition.Support or Funding InformationSupport CNPq, CAPES and FAPESP
Consistency of Adherence to a Vegan Diet on Acid‐Base Balance: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Healthy Omnivore College Students
Authors: Johnston Carol , Cosgrove Kelly 
Published: November 2023

Much research has focused on the health benefits of vegetarian diets. Generally, vegetarian diets are low in cholesterol and saturated fat and high in fiber and phytochemicals, diet characteristics linked to low risk for hypertension, ischemic heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and some cancers. The high fruit and vegetable intake paired with the absence of flesh foods also affords vegetarian diets an alkalizing effect in comparison to omnivorous diets, a property related to healthy metabolic profiles in terms of insulin sensitivity, hepatic function, and cardiometabolic risk. Although it is well documented that vegetarian diets, particularly vegan diets, are linked to low dietary acid loads, these diets are difficult to sustain for extended periods and <3% of Americans are reportedly vegetarian. No research has been published that describes how consistently one must follow a vegan diet to impact in vivo acid‐base balance and nutrient intake profiles. This study compared the change in dietary acid load and urine pH of university students following a vegan diet for either seven (VEG7, n=8), three (VEG3, n=8), or two (VEG2, n=7) days over one week. Gender, age, and body mass index did not differ between groups (overall: 21.8±2.4 y and 24.4±5.6 kg/m2). Following the 1‐wk intervention, outcome measures did not vary between the VEG2 and VEG3 groups, and these groups were collapsed for the final analyses (VEG2+3). The 24‐h urine pH was raised after seven consistent days of vegan diet adherence (+0.52±0.69 units) and was unchanged after 2–3 days of vegan diet adherence over the course of a week (−0.02±0.56 units), and these changes differed significantly between groups (p=0.048). Seven consistent days of vegan diet adherence reduced the average daily dietary cholesterol intake by 156.4±115.5 mg compared to a 92.3±144.9 mg reduction for individuals adhering to a vegan diet 2 or 3 days per week (p<0.001). Fiber and sodium intakes tended to improve to a greater degree in the VEG7 group in comparison to the VEG2+3 group, but these differences did not achieve statistical significance (0.05<p<0.10). There were no differences for the change in daily energy intakes or daily fat intakes between groups during the 1‐week intervention. Thus, there were measurable health benefits for omnivores who adhered to a vegan diet for seven consecutive days that were not observed in omnivores who adhered to a vegan diet 2 or 3 days per week.Support or Funding InformationResearch Support: Graduate and Professional Student Association, Arizona State University
Effect of a combination of functional foods (nopal, oat, chía seed and inulin) on the gut microbiota of subjects with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Medina‐Vera Isabel , Sanchez‐Tood Monica , Aguilar‐López Miriam , Guevara‐Cruz Martha , Flores‐López Adriana , Tovar Armando R , Torres Nimbe 
Published: November 2023

Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) is a major health problem worldwide. It has been shown that subjects with T2D present dysbiosis in the intestinal microbiota. Functional foods can be considered as dietary strategy to the control of some chronic diseases related to nutrition. The purpose of the present work was to evaluate the combination of functional foods (FF) (nopal, oats, chia seed and inulin) on biochemical parameters and changes in the gut microbiota. A double‐blind randomized clinical trial compared to placebo was performed. The intervention with FF was accompanied by an eating plan according to the guidelines of the American Diabetes Association by 3 months. Blood and feces samples were collected before and after the dietary intervention. DNA from feces was extracted for 16S ribosomal gene sequencing using the MiSeq plataform. The results of the present study showed that the T2D gut microbiota was significantly different from healthy subjects. The predominant species in T2D subjects were Helicobacter apodemus, Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides plebeius, Colinsella erofaciens and Muciprillum schaedleri, and there was a reduction of species such as Akkermansia muciniphila and Faecalibacter prausnitzii compared to healthy subjects. After the intervention with functional foods (FF), we observed a significant increase in Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (placebo 14% vs FF 42%), R bromi (placebo 45% vs FF 562%), and a reduction in B uniformis (placebo −22.7 vs FF −45.3%). Finally, there was a significant reduction in serum glucose triglycerides, lipopolysaccharide, and HbA1c in T2D subjects that consumed FF with respect to the placebo group.Support or Funding InformationGrant CONACYT 261079 (to NT).
Eight Week Dietary Intervention of The Effect of Pecans on Cardio‐Metabolic Parameters: Body Composition
Authors: Huebner Grace , Swope Dana , Brannan Rebecca , McCormick Samuel , Morgan‐Bathke Maria , Gibson Karen 
Published: November 2023

The number of individuals with Type II Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) continues to rise in the United States. If poorly managed, T2DM can lead to loss of limbs, blindness, chronic kidney disease, neuropathy and other critical conditions. Previous studies have shown that diets rich in monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAS) can be a method for managing blood glucose, triglycerides and body composition. Managing these three parameters can prevent T2DM in adults. In this study, the effect of adding 1.5oz of pecans, which are rich in MUFAs, into an individual's daily diet for eight weeks was evaluated to determine the effect of pecans on body composition. Visceral body fat, waist to hip ratio (WHR), BMI and total body fat percentage measurements were completed both pre‐ and post‐intervention on 10 subjects (1 Male). WHR was looked at because having a high WHR (being upper body obese) correlates to increased risk of chronic diseases such as diabetes. Pre‐intervention measurements showed that there was no significant difference between age, WHR, body fat percentage or visceral body fat. The mean age in the control group was 55.5 and in the pecan group was 54.7 (p = 0.9), mean BMI was 35.6 and 32.3 respectively (p = 0.5), the mean WHR was .91 and .89 (p = 0.8), the mean body fat percentage was 50.5% and 46% (p = 0.5), and the mean visceral body fat was 201.5cm2 and 187cm2 (p = 0.8). After the eight‐week dietary intervention experimental parameters were re‐measured. Post‐intervention measurements showed no significant difference between BMI (p = 0.96), WHR (p = 0.7), visceral fat (p = 0.85), and body fat percentage (p = 0.35) in the control group compared to baseline values. Similarly, we found no difference in BMI (p = 0.99), WHR (p = 0.64), visceral fat (p = 0.99) and body fat percentage (p = 0.99) for the pecan group post‐intervention when compared to baseline values. There was also no significant difference post‐intervention between the 2 groups in BMI (p = 0.51), WHR (p = 0.39), visceral fat (p = 0.63) and body fat percentage (p = 0.63). In conclusion, an eight‐week dietary intervention of pecans does not alter body composition in pre‐diabetic individuals. This may be due to the fact that many of the participants have poor dietary habits and solely adding pecans is not sufficient enough to alter the effects of poor dietary intake. In addition, the dietary intervention of pecans may need to be extended to observe a significant change in body composition.Support or Funding InformationTexas Pecan GrowersViterbo University Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship
Acute Effect of Dietary Fats on Postprandial Vascular Function in Healthy Individuals: A Randomized, Controlled Trial
Authors: Jovanovski Elena , Au‐Yeung Rodney , Zurbau Lucia A. , Jenkins Alexandra L. , Vuksan Vladimir 
Published: November 2023

IntroductionResearch has shown an association between fat consumption and vascular function. Recent evidence suggests that a high saturated fat meal may impair vasodilatory mechanisms post‐ingestion, while other types of dietary fats, depending on chain length, saturation and omega 3:6 ratio may potentially improve vascular function. There have been no head to head comparisons of postprandial effects on commonly consumed sources of dietary cooking oils on vascular function.ObjectivesThe purpose of the study was to assess the effects of 5 different dietary fat sources of varied fatty acid profiles (coconut oil, canola oil, grapeseed oil, Salba‐chia seed oil, and butter) on indices of vascular function and the glycemic response in a healthy adult population.MethodsThe study recruited 15 healthy individuals (10F:5M; age 29±8; SBP/DBP: 121±10/82±4 mmHg) in a double blind, randomized, crossover, controlled design. Participants visited the clinic at St. Michael's Hospital 5 different times following an overnight fast. At each visit, following collection of anthropometric data and baseline outcome measures, 1 of 5 500ml study shakes were consumed containing 50g of fat (from either: coconut oil, canola oil, grapeseed oil, chia oil or butter) and 50g of available carbohydrate. Over a 3 hour period following intake of study interventions, vascular measures were obtained at hourly intervals and fingerprick blood samples at 0,15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 180min. The primary outcome was a change in pulse wave reflection (augmentation index‐AIx (%)). Secondary outcome measures included postprandial blood glucose area under the curve (AUC), peripheral and central systolic and diastolic blood pressures.ResultsIntervention high in omega‐3 fatty acids (Salba‐chia seed oil) produced a reduction in pulse wave reflection relative to the butter control (1h AIx:−5.9±6%, p=0.041; 3h AIx: −3.8±7% p=0.048). All study beverages resulted in a similar acute blood pressure response (−1.2±3mmHg, p=0.25), independently of the type of oil ingested. No significant differences in blood glucose AUC (p=0.69) to the 5 fat‐rich glucose beverages were observed.ConclusionsNo difference was found in the acute effect of the ingestion of different vegetable oils on hemodynamic indices. All vegetable oils produced a postprandial decrease in hemodynamic indices in healthy participants.Support or Funding InformationInternal