bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pension Funding in the United Kingdom
Authors: Blake David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we look at the most important features of pension funding in the UK. We begin with an examination of the different ways in which pensions can be financed, the various types of pension fund, and the different funds operating in the private and public sectors. We then examine the accounting framework for pension assets and liabilities established by Financial Reporting Standard 17 published by the UK Accounting Standards Board in 2000; this framework for the first time standardizes accounting practice in respect of company pension schemes.
The Ideal Pension Scheme
Authors: Blake David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There is nothing magical or mystical about pensions. Neither is there anything emotive or emotional about them. Pension schemes are simply the mechanism by which consumption is transferred over time from youth to old age, from the time when someone is in work to the time when they are retired. Everyone can have a decent pension in retirement so long as sufficient savings are accumulated during their working lifetime.
Managing a Difficult Union: France and the LMU
Authors: Einaudi Luca 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
After the formal ratification in the first half of 1866 of the Convention creating the Latin Monetary Union (LMU), the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs launched a campaign aimed at convincing European and North American countries to consider joining the LMU. Many States were favourably disposed to the proposal, but in the end the only formal addition to the LMU was Greece. This chapter examines the reasons why the LMU lost its chances of further enlargement and development even before the Franco Prussian War crushed the political equilibrium on which the Union was based.
On Hegel, Women, and Irony
Authors: Benhabib* Seyla 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The 1980s have been named ‘the decade of the humanities’ in the USA. In many institutions of higher learning a debate is underway as to what constitutes the ‘tradition’ and the &lt;canon’ in literary, artistic and philosophical works worth transmitting to future generations in the last quarter of the twentieth century. At the center of this debate is the question: if what had hitherto been considered the major works of the Western tradition are, almost uniformly, the product of a specific group of individuals, namely propertied, white, European and North American males, how universal and representative is their message, how inclusive is their scope, and how unbiased their vision?
We Are Not Sublime: Love and Sacrifice, Abraham and Ourselves
Authors: Agacinski Sylviane 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When I started re-reading Fear and Trembling, a few years after I had written Aparte,1 I found myself fascinated once again by what Johannes de Silentio calls the sublimity of Abraham’s sacrifice, and my reflections here still bear the mark of that fascination. The ‘here I am’ with which Abraham replied to the God who was demanding the death of his son was always, for me, a paradigm of faith, of utter devotion, of the absolute risk of religious love. It seemed to offer a glimpse of a mysterious heroism that surpassed not only our under standing, but that of the religious poet too, or rather the poet of the religious.
The Dynamics of Knowledge Internalization: The Case of Fiat in the Technological District of Turin in the Mechanical Engineering Cluster
Authors: Antonelli Cristiano 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the dynamics of the long-term growth of a firm as shaped by the interaction between innovation, growth, and technological opportunities stemming from the dynamics of technological complementarities in a technological district and a technological cluster. The aim of this chapter is to develop the implications, in terms of a theory of the firm, of the hypothesis outlined in previous chapters about the endogenous dynamics of technological complementarities.
New Directions in the Corporate Production of Technological Knowledge
Authors: Antonelli Cristiano 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A significant shift in the economic understanding of the factors at play in the generation of technological knowledge has taken place over the last twenty years. For a long time, the corporation has been considered the main locus for the accumulation of technological knowledge and the object of relevant internal economies of scale and scope. A new approach to understanding and modelling the organization of the generation of technological knowledge is taking place: one where different forms of knowledge are identified and their interaction is appreciated.
Optimal Currency Crises
Authors: Allen Franklin , Gale Douglas 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The large movements in exchange rates that occurred in many South East Asian countries in 1997 have revived interest in the topic of currency crises. In many of the early models of currency crises, such as Kurgan (1979), currency crises occur because of inconsistent and unsustainable government policies (see Flood and Marion (1998) for a survey of the literature on currency crises). These models were designed to explain the problems experienced by a number of Latin American countries in the 1970s and early 1980s. In the recent South East Asian crises, by contrast, many of the countries which experienced problems had pursued macroeconomic policies that were consistent and sustainable. This characteristic of the recent crises has prompted a re-examination of theoretical models of currency crises.
Pitfalls in International Crisis Lending
Authors: Giannini Curzio 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The unprecedented wave of foreign-exchange and fmancial crises which marked the last years of the millennium has spurred a wide-ranging debate on international institutional reform. The Bretton Woods architecture laid out in 1944 was explicitly aimed at keeping fmancial instability a national concern. This was achieved by making capital controls the rule rather than the exception in international relations and by forbidding the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to make its resources available to fmance a sustained outflow of capital. Accordingly, no provision was made in the otherwise comprehensive Bretton Woods agreement for coordinating bank supervision across countries or for establishing last-resort lending facilities for either international banks or countries.
The Last Medieval Queens
Authors: Laynesmith J L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The last medieval queens of England were Margaret of Anjou, Elizabeth Woodville, Anne Neville, and Elizabeth of York - four very different women whose lives and queenship were dominated by the Wars of the Roses. This book is not a traditional biography but a thematic study of the ideology and practice of queenship. It examines the motivations behind the choice of the first English-born queens, the multi-faceted rituals of coronation, childbirth, and funeral, the divided loyalties between family and king, and the significance of a position at the heart of the English power structure that could only be filled by a woman. It sheds new light on the queens' struggles to defend their children's rights to the throne, and argues that ideologically and politically a queen was integral to the proper exercise of mature kingship in this period.
Queens as Mothers
Authors: Laynesmith J L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Such were the words attributed by a felon in the prior of Canterbury ‘s gaol to his neighbour on the Isle of Thanet in 1448. For this neighbour, a farm labourer, childbearing was a queen ‘s defining function and Margaret ‘s failure to produce a son in three years of marriage rendered her unworthy of her title. As argued in preceding Chapters, the role of queen as understood by the political classes was very much richer and more complex than this. None the less, motherhood was a major aspect of the queen ‘s role. It enhanced her status, provided opportunities to extend her influence in local and national politics, and enabled her to complement and promote her husband ‘s kingship as well as to continue his dynasty. On occasion it could also conflict with her other duties as queen.
Introducing Games
Authors: Ritzberger Klaus 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Three Examples In the movie Last Year at Marienbad directed by Alain Resnais (1961) a character, whom the script calls M, repeatedly persuades another, called X, to play a simple game. He arranges cards on the table in a triangular shape, one in the first row, three in the second, five in the third, and seven cards in the fourth and last row. The player who makes the first move may pick as many cards as he likes from one, but only one, row. Then the other player picks as many cards as he likes from one row. This goes on until one of the players has to pick the last card, and loses. Politely, the aristocratic M always lets X make the first move. But, alas, M always wins the game.
Games in Normal Form
Authors: Ritzberger Klaus 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Normal Form The notion of a pure strategy is suggestive. Recall that a pure strategy (in an extensive form game) assigns a choice to each and every information set of a player. Given a pure strategy for each opponent, therefore, a player can figure out what she should do in all contingencies that may arise in the course of the game. If all players have done this, each of them has chosen a pure strategy and these pin down which plays may materialize (up to chance moves). Hence, after all players have decided on a pure strategy, they may well submit those to an umpire, who can then uniquely reconstruct what will happen in the game if it were actually played. This provides an alternative way to ascertain the outcome of a game, without having the players play it.
Is it Necessary to Look for the Universal in the Difference between the Sexes?
Authors: David-Menard Monique 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Monique David-Menard was born in Lyon in 1947. She completed a master’s degree in philosophy with Paul David-Menard’s work has focused on the relations between psychoanalysis and philosophy, the status of notions of the universal, and questions of sexual difference. Her revisions of the history of European philosophy proceed by attending to details, issues, and texts considered marginal in traditional interpretations of pre­ eminent figures such as Kant (the philosopher with whom she has been most engaged).
Introduction: The Culture War
Authors: Caute David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The cold war between the Soviet Union and the West was simultaneously a traditional political-military confrontation between empires, between the paxamericana and the paxsovietica, and at the same time an ideological and cultural contest on a global scale and without historical precedent. The cultural cold war was shaped by the new primacy of ideology; by the shared and bitterly contested heritage of the European Enlightenment; and, not least, by the astonishing global ascendancy of printing presses, of film, radio, and television, not overlooking the proliferation of theatres and concert halls open to the broad public, particularly in the USSR.
The Gladiatorial Exhibition
Authors: Caute David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the summer of 1959 two major national displays opened under the first cultural exchange treaty: the Soviet exhibition in New York, the American exhibition in Moscow. Tensions rose rapidly as the rivals prepared to put on show for the first time virtually everything they could claim to have achieved-economic, scientific, educational, and cultural-whether in reality, prototype, or dream. Rivalry was intense, competition ferocious: this was the era of Sputnik and Khrushchev’s ‘We will bury you’.
Soviet Cinema: The New Wave
Authors: Caute David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
After Stalin’s death the Soviet film industry was freer to produce films of high artistic quality aimed at Western festivals and audiences. Soviet papers began to publish lists of foreign films they would like to see and to make appreciative comments about Italian neo-realism. The New York Times reported Pravda’s praise for Delbert Mann’s Marty, a great work of American neo-realism shown at the Cannes Festival. The Pravda review, by Sergei Yutkevich, the Soviet member of the Cannes jury, lauded the film as truly depicting the life of simple folk in America.
Brecht and the Berliner Ensemble
Authors: Caute David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In his Brecht in Context, the late John Willett commented that whereas other artists have confined their political commitment to particular aspects of their work, ‘Brecht systematically made it a part of everything he did. Far more than Picasso or Eluard, or George Grosz or Andre’ Malraux, he was all of a piece, fusing political and aesthetic considerations on a whole series of different levels. It is this that makes him special to admirers and critics alike . . .’ Certainly no twentieth-century dramatist and poet has excited such controversy, such adulation and furious condemnation, as Bertolt Brecht (1898-1956). No dramatist loomed larger in cold war cultural conflict than he.
Picasso and Communist Art in France
Authors: Caute David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Pablo Picasso joined the French Communist Party (PCF) immediately after the Liberation of Paris, where he had been living throughout the war. Under the Nazi occupation he had continued to work but, classified as a ‘degenerate’ artist (like Matisse), was forbidden to exhibit. Periodically German officers would search his studio in the rue des Grands-Augustins. After the Liberation the invaders were admiring young Americans GIs.
Psychology and the Financial Markets: Applications to Understanding and Remedying Irrational Decision-Making
Authors: Hilton Denis J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The origin of this chapter lies in a report that I wrote for a financial think-tank in the City of London, in which my brief was to identify ways in which psychology driven applications could help banks make even more money (Hilton, 1999). The way I went about this was to identify some individual and collective biases in decision-making that are well-known to psychologists (e.g. Bazerman, 1998; Hogarth, 1987; Lopes, 1994; Russo and Schoe maker, 1991), and then seek empirical evidence that these biases influence real financial behavior.
Does a Focus on ‘Social Exclusion’ Change the Policy Response?
Authors: Hills John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The earlier chapters of this book presented new evidence on the extent of social exclusion, the dynamics of incomes and earnings, intergenerational transmission of disadvantage, and area deprivation. Later ones looked in detail at some key policy areas related to this evidence: reducing child poverty; responses to unemployment, disability, and income security in old age; education; and the role of community, or ‘social infrastructure’.
Man of the Shade
Authors: Harris Frances 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The household at Sayes Court in the summer of 1669 consisted of the Evelyns and their four children: a son, Jack, of 14 and a ‘little flock of girls’, all much younger: 3-year-old Mary, Betty, who was not quite 2, and the baby Sue, from whose birth her mother was still recovering when she took her river voyage with the Howards. To this nucleus was added Evelyn’s father in law Sir Richard Browne, a bookish, courtly figure, now almost retired from public life; and for much of the time Jack’s resident tutor, a young Oxford clergyman called Ralph Bohun. At Deptford Mary Evelyn and her father were in their native place. For all his transformation of Sayes Court, Evelyn was always conscious that his was elsewhere.
Nuptial Love
Authors: Harris Frances 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Unlike her husband Mary Evelyn kept no diary and left no account of her own life. The narratives he encouraged her to write down of her vivid and coherent dreams, tantalizingly referred to in one of his letters,1 have now vanished. If, like many of her female contemporaries, she kept devotional notes these have also failed to survive. We know most about her from her letters. She had been familiar from her childhood with the salon culture of Paris and for all her modest and self-effacing demeanour she was essentially a social being; conversation and correspondence came more naturally to her than solitary self-communing.
Courtly Love
Authors: Harris Frances 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The court to which Margaret Blagge had been called consisted of two royal households subsisting side by side, the one headed by the King and the other by his brother. James. Duke of York. At the time of his Restoration Charles II was 30 but still single, his marriage having been delayed by his years of penurious exile. Until it should take place and produce issue, his heir remained his brother and his brother’s children, though they would be dis placed in the line of succession whenever the King should have legitimate children of his own. It was a situation of insecurity and tension for them and their households.
Godly Housekeeping
Authors: Harris Frances 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Margaret continued to live with the Warners as a single woman for several more weeks. Even to Godolphin’s sisters she still only hinted at being married. Writing to her sister Frances in Cornwall of a round of visits she had just made with ‘Mrs Blagge’, Jael Boscawen added that Margaret had told he something in the course of it ‘that has increased our familiarity, but you are not to make much reply to this nor imagine by it, a marriage, for I don’t think tis soe yet, & these are ill times to set up with upon their foundation’.1 There was more to this than the congenital caution of the family in such matters. Outwardly the fifteen-month prorogation of Parliament which began in November 1675 seemed a period of profound political tranquility, but Danby knew that he had covert opponents to deal with.
Operations Abroad: The I.R.A. in Britain
Authors: Hart Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
From the 1790s onwards, Hibernian revolutionary endeavours have invariably spanned the Irish Sea. Indeed, if rebellions are measured in bullets and bombs, it was Britain, not Ireland, that was the main battlefield in nineteenth-century struggles to establish a republic. whatever yeast was lacking in the Fenian rising of 1867, for example, was more than made up for in England, where the Manchester Martyrs and the Clerkenwell bombers left a rich legacy of corpses, anthems, and anniversaries. The greatest of the ‘bold Fenian men’, William Lomasney, died not by a Saxon bullet on an Irish hillside, but by the Thames, blown up by his own bomb.’
The Protestant Experience of Revolution in Southern Ireland
Authors: Hart Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Between 1911 rand 1926 the twenty-six counties that became the Irish Free State lost 34 per cent of their Protestant population.’ To put this number into context, over the same period the Catholic populations in both the north and south fell by 2 per cent and the Protest1nt population in Northern Ireland rose by 2 per cent. Over the previous thirty years, that: two groups within the twenty-six counties had declined at almost exactly the same-gradually decreasing-rate (Protestants by 20 per cent, Catholics by 19 per cent).’ So this catastrophic loss ,vas unique to the southern minority and unprecedented: it represents easily the single greatest measurable social change of the revolutionary era. It is also unique in modern British history, being the only example of the mass displacement of a native ethnic group within the British Isles since the seventeenth century. Did the political and demographic upheavals coincide? How voluntary was this migration, and what were its causes? How sectarian was the Irish nationalist revolution?
Other Contracts For Sale Of Land
Authors: Dyson Henry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A pacte de preférénce included in a lease of business premises (Chapter 18) is treated as an agreement separate from the lease but ceases to have effect on the termination of the lease and is not renewed automatically on the renewal of the lease (Cass.21.12.88). However, during the period during which a business lessee may exercise his droit de maintien, he may still rely on it (Cass.16.6.99).
The Société Civile D’Attribution
Authors: Dyson Henry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This kind of société civile is of interest to buyers of property in France since it is not uncommon for property developers to make use of it to finance the building of blocks of flats rather than to resort to the ventes en l’ état futur (Chapter 8) or for the renovation of an existing building before selling off the newly created flats in it. The buyer acquires shares in the company in question which carry with them the right to have vested in him as shareholder a particular part of the company’s property on a distribution in specie on the liquidation of the company.
Pluripropriété
Authors: Dyson Henry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Pluripropriété or multipropriété, as it is also known, is the description of ownership by more than one person of property on the basis that each owner has the right of occupation of that property during pre-determined periods in any one year. Its advantages lie in that such occupation is achieved by means of share holdings in a company which itself is the owner of the property. In this way, French inheritance rules do not apply whilst in addition, all the inconveniences of ownership en indivision are avoided. All that is needed is adherence to the Articles of the company, most of which are in a form required by statute and which cover comprehensively the management of the company.
La Réserve
Authors: Dyson Henry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The background to the institution of the reserve is recounted in Chapter 24. It may fairly be said that the French consider that the reserve serves two purposes. It protects members of the family against those who are not members of the family by ensuring that at least a proportion of the family assets are reserved for its closest members and also it ensures equality of benefit as between those members. The rules governing the reserve cannot be avoided by the French testa tor and if he tries to do so during his lifetime by one means or another, that which is missing from the masse de calcul de la reserve can be called back to complete its value and inequalities between those entitled to share in it can be ironed out.
Wills
Authors: Dyson Henry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
French law tends to regard gifts inter vivos (donations) and gifts made by will (testaments) as two methods of achieving the same result, namely the provision of liberalites. What is strange for the English lawyer is that the document which evidences a donation requires a greater degree of solemnity than does the standard form of will. The former must be effected by a notarial document; the latter needs but the un witnessed handwriting of the testator. The reason is said to lie in the existence of the reserve or that part of a deceased’ s estate in respect of which certain members of the family have entrenched inheritance rights whether he died testate or intestate.