bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Electrochemical Approach to in-Situ Continuous Soil Nitrate Monitoring
Authors: Eldeeb Mohammed , Dhamu Vikram Narayanan , Paul Anirban , Muthukumar Sriram , Prasad Shalini 
Published: February 2024

Soil nitrogen is the most limiting nutrient affecting plant growth. However, due to poor soil management due to lack of soil health information, high-N fertilizer use increased exponentially. The UN has labeled nitrogen pollution one of the most important pollution issues facing humanity[1]. Not only does it affect life on land and underwater, it is also 300 times more potent at heating the climate than carbon dioxide while remaining active for 100 years in the atmosphere. Currently, soil nitrogen assessment techniques require destructive sampling where a soil core is collected then shipped to a lab to measure nitrogen content. Not only does this technique have high costs, it only measures nitrogen levels at that specific time point. In this work, we utilized commercially available screen printed electrodes (SPE) with a nitrate ionophore for low cost real-time continuous tracking of soil nitrate levels. The ionophore coating utilizes tetradodecylammonium nitrate (TDDA) as the selective reagent as it’s highly specific to nitrate ions. Previous work done using TDDA used open circuit potential (OCP) to measure nitrate concentration. Soil water content, pH, environmental noise, and other ions impact OCP thus making it unreliable for long term continuous measurements. This work utilizes electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) instead as it is more robust against the previously mentioned parameters. By opting to use a higher frequency of 1 kHz to extract nitrate concentration, we avoid environmental noise that are dominant at lower frequencies. The sensor output was calibrated in three different soil textures from 2 – 512 ppm presented in Fig. 1(a) for Clay soil. Then the sensor accuracy was validated to the gold standard cadmium reduction method presented in Fig. 1(b) showing non-significant differences with one sample only having a *p-value of 0.049. Lastly, the sensor stability was measured for 7 days continuously in soil with a coefficient of variation of 17% which is under the acceptable standard 20%.
Figure 1 (a) Calibrated dose response for Clay soil with 50% water content. (b) vaidation of proposed sensor against gold standard in various soil types. (c) longitudinal study showing stablity and consistency of sensor performance in-situ

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Electro-Structured Cu Distorted Nanopyramids for Superior Sweat Glucose Sensing
Authors: Srinivasa Rao Vusa Chiranjeevi , Gokhale Nachiket , Panda Siddhartha 
Published: February 2024

There is a rising global demand for non-invasive glucose monitoring devices, due to an increase in diabetes and its associated health problems. Nanostructures, including needles, fibers, and rods, have drawn considerable attention due to their unique structural-based physical and chemical features in non-enzymatic electrochemical sensing. Copper is a potential candidate for applied research because of its higher electrical conductivity, low cost, and strong reactivity. To create 3-D nano copper structures, researchers have investigated chemical, electrochemical, and hydrothermal techniques. The electrochemical method can better control the formation reaction for these structures. The electrochemical process has better control over the formation reaction for these structures.
Distinctive and self-supported copper nanopyramids were electrochemically created on a copper substrate within a few seconds by electrochemical deposition in a one pot synthesis. The SEM image of the constructed nano copper pyramids are shown in figure 1a. The built nano pyramids have a length of ~200 nm. The generated nanostructures display excellent catalytic activity for non-enzymatic glucose sensing. The created nonenzymatic sensor was tested for glucose detection in synthetic sweat and it displayed a linear response in the range of 20 µM- 2000 µM, making it appropriate for practical applications. The chrono amperometry for glucose sensing was performed at 0.5V for 60s. Figure 1b shows the calibration plot for glucose sensing. Linear response for the glucose was observed in the range from 20µM – 2000µM. The device showed a very low interference for uric acid and ascorbic acid. The device is stable upto 60 days, highly reproducible and can be reused upto 5 times. The correlation coefficient was 0.9857 for the linear equation I(μA) = (9.52*10-3) *C (in µM) + 5.065 and a sensitivity of 1.17 nA/(μM-cm2) was observed

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Improved Structural Stability of CuO Via Bi Doping for Glucose Sensing
Authors: Zhong Jiajing , Zheng Weiran 
Published: February 2024

Glucose sensing is of great importance in fields such as medical diagnostics, food industry, and environmental monitoring. Copper oxide (CuO) has shown promising results as an electrochemical sensor for glucose detection due to its high sensitivity and selectivity towards glucose molecules[1]. However, one of the key challenges is to maintain the morphology and crystal structure of CuO during long-term glucose electrooxidation. CuO is prone to phase transformation, which can lead to changes in its crystal structure and affect its electrochemical performance. Moreover, the stability of CuO can be affected by external factors such as applied potential and pH, which can induce corrosion and degradation of the CuO layer over time.
In this contribution, we propose a novel approach to improve the structural stability of CuO via surface bismuth doping. The Bi-doped CuO was prepared via an ultrasonic method, generating homogenously distributed Bi atoms on the surface of CuO thin flakes. At Bi doping level between 5% to 10%, the structure of CuO retains, indicating the replacement of Cu by Bi atoms other than phase separation. The long-term electrochemical test showed <1% current loss with the 10% Bi-doped CuO while >30% current loss with the CuO (Figure 1), suggesting that Bi atoms can act as the structural stabilizer for CuO electrocatalyst. Moreover, no significant sensitivity loss (~650 mA mM−1 cm−2) was observed after Bi doping.
Our results demonstrate significant improvements in the CuO sensor's stability and accuracy, which can pave the way for its practical applications in various fields.

Figure 1 Amperometric response of CuO and Bi-doped CuO (percentage shows the Bi/Cu ratio) during long-term glucose electrolysis.

Reference:

W. Zheng, Y. Li, L. Hu, L.Y.S. Lee, Sensors & Actuators: B. Chemical
2019, 282, 187-196

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(Digital Presentation) Evaluation of a WSN Integrated to an IoT Services in a Food Chain's Blockchain System
Authors: Siueia Cátia , OKunsebor William , Sitoe Mario 
Published: February 2024

Although Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) have been greatly operating in a vast area of the industry. The food industry is one area that deserves its entire attention due its operarional framework complexity that largely involves a challenge environment of the food supply chain such as accurate control temperature of fluids. In this paper, we have considered an IoT platform which embebbeded a WSNs in a food supply chain's Blockchain scenario. In this paper, we seek for estimating the energy consumption of an IoT platform that integrates a WSN um a Smart food chain's Blockchain system. An Extreme learning machine (ELM) is introduced to estimate the energy consumption of the entire platform. Additionally, a framework of energy storage scheme is presented. The energy consumption forecasting reveals to attain sustainable results at a full cycle of the process.
Keywords: Extreme learning machine, blockchain, wireless sensor network, IoT, energy storage
(Invited) Cavitas Biosensors for Non-Invasive Monitoring of Blood Chemicals
Authors: Mitsubayashi Kohji 
Published: February 2024

More than ten years have passed since various wearable sensors such as wristband sensors have been developed and commercialized, but most of them are for the purpose of measuring physical information such as heart rate. In medical and healthcare science, wearable sensors that measure biological and chemical information from the body are required. Of course, biosensing of interstitial fluid chemicals is possible like Abbott's Libre, but there is a need for non-invasive and unrestrained sensing techniques, and the development of such wearable sensors will expand future market size.
We have developed several cavitas biosensors targeting the chemical analytes in the human body cavities. So far, we have developed a soft contact lens-type glucose sensor, enabled continuous measurement of tear glucose, and reported its correlation with blood glucose levels. In addition, we fabricated a mouth guard type sensor with excellent aesthetics incorporating a small potentiostat and a Bluetooth transmitter (total weight: 1 g) and reported that it is possible to monitor oral information with some smart-watches with Bluetooth communication.
In addition, we constructed an imaging system that converts blood-derived gas components into bio-moving images and succeeded in producing moving images of percutaneous gases from various skin surfaces. As a result, we found that transcutaneous gas can be stably and highly sensitively measured from the external auditory canal. As a new cavitas biosensor, we also fabricated headset-type gas sensors to monitor not only percutaneous ethanol gas after drinking alcohol, but also acetone gas (a lipid metabolite) from the ear canal, thus indicating the possibility of a new wearable biosensor.
In this presentation, I will discuss the above research results and the possibility of future non-invasive wearable biosensors such as cavitas devices.

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(Invited) Soft Electrochemical Biosensors and Supercapacitors
Authors: Cheng Wenlong 
Published: February 2024

In the telehealth and Internet of Things (IoT) context, the development of wearable biosensors has become increasingly necessary to remotely monitor chemical and biological markers anytime, anywhere via a smartphone. To achieve a "burdenless" wearing experience, these devices should ideally be soft and thin, seamlessly integrating with human skin. Electrochemical signal transduction is a promising approach due to its ability to facilitate miniaturization and integration with state-of-the-art technology. However, traditional electrochemical devices, including biosensors and supercapacitors, are often constructed using rigid, planar bulk electrodes with limited electroactive surface areas.
In this presentation, I will introduce our innovative skin-like electronic skins and tattoos that utilize standing enokitake mushroom-like vertically aligned gold nanowires as electrochemical electrodes. These soft and three-dimensional electrodes possess high surface areas for efficient electrochemical reactions. Gold is an ideal material due to its biocompatibility, chemical inertness, ease of synthesis/surface functionalization, and band-gap-matching with many semiconductor materials. We will discuss our gold nanowire-based soft biosensing platform in the form of patches, fibers, and tattoos for wireless detection of glucose, lactate, pH, and cationic ions.
Parallel Amperometric and Potentiometric Multianalyte Detection in a Microfluidic System
Authors: Tuladhar Pragun R , Lowery William , Cliffel David E 
Published: February 2024

The adoption of microfluidic technologies in electrochemical biosensor development has enabled quantitative biomarker monitoring that use significantly lower volumes of reagents and samples, miniaturized electrodes, and inexpensive fabrication techniques, while presenting opportunities for multianalyte detection. We describe the fabrication of amperometric and potentiometric biosensors on a multichannel, platinum screen-printed electrode (SPE) and demonstrate their operation in parallel on a microfluidic multianalyte electrochemical sensor array (µMESA) platform.
Working electrodes (WEs) of an SPE were were modified with either enzymes or ion selective membranes (ISMs) for amperometric or potentiometric measurements respectively. Oxidase enzymes were dissolved in an osmium (II) bis(2,2'-bipyridine)chloride-poly(vinylimidazole-allylamine) redox polymer and immobilized on four WEs. The use of this osmium-based electron transfer mediator has been previously reported to lower the oxidation potential of analytes and to improve overall sensor performance. The remaining four WEs were modified by electrodeposition of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS), an intrinsically conductive polymer. Solid contact ISMs were prepared by combining ionophores, lipophilic ion exchangers, and a fluorosilicone polymer, and drop casting the mixtures on PEDOT:PSS-coated WEs. Plasticizer-free ISMs improve sensor lifetime by lowering the glass transition temperature and eliminating leaching of plasticizers from the ISM. By utilizing these strategies, we fabricated amperometric sensors for glucose and lactate, and potentiometric sensors for K+ and Ca2+ ions. Glucose is a primary substrate for energy metabolism while lactate is a major metabolite and signaling molecule. K+ ions maintain cell membrane physiology and homeostasis whereas Ca2+ ions serve as messengers during muscle activity and neurotransmission.
Sensor characteristics like sensitivity, selectivity, linear range, and operational longevity for each biosensor were assessed using chronoamperometry or chronopotentiometry techniques on a potentiostat/potentiometer instrument. The results indicate that the sensor fabrication strategies described, in combination with our µMESA platform, can be used to measure changes in metabolite concentrations under laminar flow. Ultimately, this versatile technology may provide novel insights into complex physiological and pathological processes in biological systems.
Gold Nanoparticles Decoration of Zinc Oxide Nanostructures for Bio-Sensing Applications
Authors: Almog Rakefet , Shashar Eden , Sverdlov Yelena , Kadan-Jamal Kian , Shacham-Diamand Yosi 
Published: February 2024

ZnO nanowalls (NWLs) is a non-toxic, high surface-to-volume ratio semiconducting nanostructure which has already showed potential applications in biosensing applications
Recently, it was discovered that decorating the metal oxide nanostructures with noble metal nanoparticles (NP) opens the doors to fabricating biosensors to detect volatile organic compounds. The aim our work is to improve the knowledge and understanding of fabricating ZnO nanowalls decorated with metal nanoparticles.
ZnO nanowalls wereas deposited both on rigid on flexible substrates at low temperature using rather simple and low-cost processes.
We examined the formation process of ZnO nanowalls on Polyimide substrate and studied the new obtained structure at the nanoscale, at different conditions such as growth temperature, concentration and time. The morphology of the ZnO nanowalls obtained under each of these conditions was studied. The crystal structure of the ZnO nanowalls at different growth temperatures was studied by X-ray diffraction.
Next, NP decoration of gold and platinum was conducted. A study of the nucleation and growth of the ZnO nanowalls, and of the NP decoration at different schemes of surface functionalization, was conducted.
The first attempts for NP deposition achieved NP clusters with irregular morphology, however at well-kept conditions we succeeded in achieving a good dispersion of NP (figure 1(b).)
The metal nanoparticle surface functionalization poses some material-related questions regarding the behavior of that nano-structured material, when exposed to volatile organic compounds (e.g. Ethylene). This will allow us to develop a novel family of biosensors that enable sensitivity, rapidity, and selectivity for the detection of a wide range of target analytes.
The final goal is a flexible all-in-one, highly sensitive and selective biosensors using relatively simple and low cost materials and processing. The sensors will use recent advances in functionalized Gold NP decorated ZnO electrodes based sensors.

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Attempts to Electrochemically Synthesize Palladium Superhydrides By High Pressure Method – Combination of Electrolytic Hydrogen Charging and Electroplating of Protective Coatings –
Authors: Hashimoto Tomoya , Fukumuro Naoki , Yae Shinji 
Published: February 2024

Introduction
Incited by the possibility of room-temperature superconductors in superhydrides, numerous them have been synthesized using a diamond anvil cell under high pressures up to several hundred GPa. Although palladium has widely researched for a long time as a prototype hydrogen-absorbing metal, the palladium superhydrides has not yet been obtained under such high pressures. A recent theorical calculation has predicted that the palladium superhydrides (e.g., PdH10) may be synthesized by combing electrolysis and high pressure1), but it is not certain whether it can be achieved. In this study, we attempted to synthesize the palladium superhydrides by using electrolytic hydrogen charging under high pressures, and subsequently applied protective coatings to suppress the hydrogen desorption from the palladium hydrides at ambient pressure.
Experimental
Figure shows a schematic illustration of the high-pressure apparatus. The high-pressure apparatus can apply the pressure of up to 400 MPa to the electrolyte in the electrolytic cell by pumping water into a sealed high-pressure vessel using a plunger pump and pressure multipliers. A cold-rolled palladium foil of 30 ~ 40 μm in thickness was used as a cathode, and a zinc plate was utilized as a soluble anode. Hydrogen was electrochemically loaded into the palladium foil at 0 V vs. Zn in an electrolyte consisting of 0.1 mol dm-3 sulfuric acid and 4.6 mmol dm-3 zinc sulfate under various pressures for 6 hours. Subsequently, the palladium foil was coated with the zinc film at constant current density 25 mA cm-2 for 120 seconds under the high pressure. The specimen was removed from the electrolytic cell in the high-pressure vessel at ambient pressure, and the hydrogen concentration of the palladium hydride PdH
x
was determined by thermal desorption spectroscopy. Structural analysis was conducted using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy.
Results and discussion
A number of bubbles were observed on the palladium foil surface during the electrolytic charging at ambient pressure. On the other hand, no bubbles were observed at 300 MPa. The zinc film with approximately 1.4 μm thick was coated on the PdH
x

surface after the electrolytic hydrogen charging. The hydrogen concentration of the PdH
x

was approximately x = 0.7 immediately after synthesis, which decreased to x = 0.2 without the zinc coating. On the other hand, the hydrogen concentration of the PdH
x
was maintained at least 1 week with the zinc coating. This result indicates that the zinc film acts as a barrier to hydrogen desorption from PdH
x
, and suggests that if the palladium superhydrides could be synthesized by electrolytic hydrogen charging under high pressure, it could be taken out to ambient pressure while maintaining its concentration.
Reference
1) W. Guan, R. J. Hemley, and V. Viswanathan, PNAS,
118, e2110470118 (2021)

Figure 1
Anodic Oxidation and Corrosion Resistance of Ta-Containing High Entropy Alloys
Authors: Ishizawa Toshimasa , Nishimoto Masashi , Muto Izumi , Sugawara Yu 
Published: February 2024

Stainless steels are corrosion resistant, but pitting corrosion sometimes occurs in chloride solutions. Anodic oxidation is one of the effective methods to increase the pitting corrosion resistance. However, unlike valve metals, stainless steels are difficult to improve pitting corrosion resistance by anodic oxidation. In this study, Fe-based alloys containing valve metals were fabricated to investigate anodic oxidation and corrosion resistance.
Equimolar CrFeNbNiTa and (CrFeTa)30(NbNi)5 alloys were fabricated by arc melting, and pure metals of Cr, Fe, Nb, Ni, and Ta were used as raw materials. After casting, the ingots were heat-treated at 1200 ℃ for 2 h (furnace-cooling) and cut into 2 mm thick sheets. After that, the specimen surfaces were polished up to 1 μm with a diamond paste. The microstructures were observed using an optical microscope and a scanning electron microscope. The chemical compositions and elemental distributions of the specimens were analyzed by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Potentiodynamic polarization was performed in 1 M H2SO4. As a reference, Type 304 stainless steel was used.
The equimolar CrFeNbNiTa alloy was composed of two phases. One was Cr- and Fe-rich and the other was Nb- and Ni-rich. The (CrFeTa)30(NbNi)5 alloy was a single phase. In the potentiodynamic polarization measurements, the current densities of oxygen evolution reaction of equimolar CrFeTaNbNi and (CrFeTa)30(NbNi)5 alloys were lower than that of Type 304 stainless steel. Moreover, the passive current densities of equimolar CrFeTaNbNi and (CrFeTa)30(NbNi)5 alloys were higher than that of Type 304 stainless steel.
Anionic Additive-Integrated Electrolyte Therapy: Enhancing High-Voltage Stability and Performance in Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Ahuja Aakash , Kumar Ajit , Sengupta Abhinanda , Lohani Harshita , Kumari Pratima , Mitra Sagar 
Published: February 2024

Significant endeavours have been undertaken to advance the development of eco-friendly, abundant, cost-effective, and high-performance cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries. Among the various contenders for next-generation energy storage systems, spinel LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 has emerged as a leading high-voltage cathode candidate, owing to its aforementioned benefits. Nonetheless, the widespread adoption of LNMO-based lithium-ion batteries is substantially impeded by the electrochemical instability of conventional carbonate electrolytes above 4.5 V. High-voltage cycling of such batteries results in rapid capacity degradation and metal-ion dissolution from the LNMO electrode into the electrolyte, particularly at elevated temperatures, further causing deposition of metal-ions on anode electrode. Therefore, stabilizing the electrode/electrolyte interface is crucial to achieve improved electrochemical performance of the Li-ion cell at high voltages. The utilization of sacrificial electrolyte additives is regarded as a straightforward and efficacious method to accomplish this objective. These additives form a protective layer on the cathode surface, mitigating electrolyte decomposition and transition metal-ion dissolution and deposition on anode’s surface. Various additives facilitating high-voltage cathode materials have been documented, encompassing fluorides and sulfonates. However, borate salt-containing additives are particularly promising within this context.
In the present study, we endeavour to elucidate the surface modifications transpiring on the electrode’s surface when minute quantities of borate-based salt are employed as an additive in the conventional EC:EMC electrolyte for high-voltage operation. We explored the impact of the additive salt in a standard LiPF6-EC/EMC base electrolyte on the discharge capacity and rate performance of the LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4/Graphite based Li-ion cell. The electrochemical behaviour, morphological behaviour, and electrode-electrolyte interphase layer stability on the electrode were meticulously examined using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). These characterisations conformed the presence of an electrode-electrolyte interface forming a thin-layer via the sacrificial decomposition of the utilised additive. The introduction of this salt exhibits favourable effects on enhancing the electrochemical performance of the LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4/Graphite in high-voltage lithium-ion batteries. Notably, the utilised additive excels in mitigating irreversible capacity loss and reducing cycling fade, as it preferentially decomposes and forms a conductive, protective film that impedes subsequent electrolyte decomposition, thereby substantially enhancing cell performance.