bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Argument from Free Will
Authors: Layman C Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dear Thomas, How are you? Are you ready for another argument? I’d like to try out an argument that depends crucially on some claims about free will. Theists and Naturalists quite often disagree about the nature of free will and/ or about whether humans have free will at all. The issues here are difficult and much fought over, but we should explore them, for at least three reasons. First, the free will issue forces both Theists and Naturalists to clarify certain aspects of their respective positions. Thus, by exploring this issue, we get a better understanding of both Theism and Naturalism. Second, while the free will issue is not an easy one to sort out, as we work through the issues, I believe that an interesting argument for Theism will emerge. Third, Theists generally make crucial assumptions about free will in responding to the problem of evil (“Why is there so much evil and suffering in the world, given that God is almighty and good?”). And since the problem of evil is generally considered the most important objection to Theism, we need to discuss it eventually. So, even if we disagree about the value of my “argument from free will” for Theism, our discussion will facilitate an exploration of the problem of evil.
Theism and Evil
Authors: Layman C Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dear Thomas, Long ago we began by comparing Theism and Basic Naturalism. We saw that Basic Naturalism, due to its relative simplicity, has a higher prior probability than Theism. But Basic Naturalism also has a very limited degree of explanatory power. To explain the presence of contingent beings, Naturalists must adopt Necessity Naturalism (or something similar). But Necessity Naturalism is almost as complicated as Theism. And hence, if we grant that Theistic mystical experience provides even a very modest amount of support for Theism, then Theism and Necessity Naturalism seem about equally justified.
A Moral Argument
Authors: Layman C Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To paraphrase: Pick an action that you regard to be wrong, clearly wrong. For me, torturing people just for fun would be a good example. Then make a list of all the natural features of the action that make it wrong. (Leave aside supernatural features, such as divine approval.) For instance, torturing people just for fun involves causing intense pain in humans, solely for the enjoyment of the one who inflicts the pain. If your list of natural, wrong-making features is really complete, can you conceive of another action with the very same features that is not wrong? No, says Swinburne.
The Major Phase, Part 2: Absalom, Absalom! and Go Down, Moses
Authors: Porter Carolyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Once Light in August Was Completed, Faulkner Found himself in financial trouble again. He had received virtually no royalties from Sanctuary, since Hal Smith’s fledgling publishing firm went bankrupt. His short story sales were slim and largely un remunerative, and so he accepted an offer from Hollywood, arriving in Culver City, California, at the MGM studios on May 7, 1932. He had a six-week contract at $500.00 a week. It would prove to be the first of many, eventually fairly regular, trips to Hollywood over the next decade, as Faulkner struggled to make enough money to support his family, restore Rowan Oak, and meet his often expensive tastes, not to mention Estelle’s.
Slang
Authors: Adams Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Slang, writes Michael Adams, is poetry on the down low, and sometimes lowdown poetry on the down low, but rarely, if ever, merely lowdown. It is the poetry of everyday speech, the people’s poetry, and it deserves attention as language playing on the cusp of art. In Slang: The People’s Poetry, Adams covers this perennially interesting subject in a serious but highly engaging way, illuminating the fundamental question “What is Slang” and defending slang—and all forms of nonstandard English—as integral parts of the American language. Why is an expression like “bed head” lost in a lexical limbo, found neither in slang nor standard dictionaries? Why are snow-boarding terms such as “fakie,” “goofy foot,” “ollie” and “nollie” not considered slang? As he addresses these and other lexical curiosities, Adams reveals that slang is used in part to define groups, distinguishing those who are “down with it” from those who are “out of it.” Slang is also a rebellion against the mainstream. It often irritates those who color within the lines—indeed, slang is meant to irritate, sometimes even to shock. But slang is also inventive language, both fun to make and fun to use. Rather than complain about slang as “bad” language, Adams urges us to celebrate slang’s playful resistance to the commonplace and to see it as the expression of an innate human capacity, not only for language, but for poetry. A passionate defense of slang, jargon, argot and other forms of nonstandard English, this marvelous volume is full of amusing and even astonishing examples of all sorts of slang. It will be a must for students of language and a joy for word lovers everywhere.
The Family in the Tower The Triumph of Levittown and the Production of a New Whiteness
Authors: Feder Ellen K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1958 sociologist Herbert Gans moved to Levittown to be a participant-observer in a new suburb. His hope was that his work would bridge the gap between an intelligentsia critical of the glut of suburban building that was destroying farmland and creating aesthetic wastelands and the lower-middle class so eager to move their families to these new towns. Gans cast his project as concerned with the dynamics of community development—how a group of strangers come to understand themselves as a community and the relationship of that sense of community to the intentions and aspirations of the builders.
AlI The Rockets Taking Off 1963–6
Authors: Cook Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At least Davis had a new saxophonist, a young white alto player named Frank Strozier, who had been part of the Memphis scene in the early 1950s before departing for first Chicago and then New York. It’s unclear who recommended whom, but somehow Strozier became part of a Davis group with fellow Memphis players Harold Mabern (piano) and George Coleman (tenor sax). On bass, another new name came in: Ron Carter, originally from Detroit, then playing in New York with Art Farmer’s quartet with Jim Hall. Carter had already worked with Cannonball Adderley and others, and he had a formidable background as far as music education was concerned: his first aspiration was to play classical cello, but he discovered early on that being a black cellist didn’t open a lot of doors in the classical music establishment. He already had many years of study behind him before he began working on the New York scene. Davis heard a distinctive player: Carter could solo or accompany with the same unflinching strength, and his harmonic knowledge was profound enough for him to be able to devise ways to elaborate on whatever music was being played without losing his way or letting his timekeeping role suffer. The band was all but complete, but Davis needed a drummer, and for the West Coast engagements he had coming up he hired one of the stalwarts of the Los Angeles scene, Frank Butler; the group was all set for a residency at the Blackhawk.
He Didn’t Erase Anything 1969–70
Authors: Cook Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The sales figures for In A Silent Way were good, if not as startling as Macero in particular had hoped. The album actually made a dent in Billboard’s chart on its week of release (number 134, not quite with a bullet), and its momentum was decent enough: the new FM radio stations, which had developed as a consequence of the interest in album-orientated rock, were playing it. Many listeners who could pretend that they had been hip to Davis all along could now stack his records alongside the album-rock giants without it seeming jarringly out of place. The dreamy, open-ended grooves of In A Silent Way functioned as drug music, too. Still, in the end the album only sold in the region of 90,000 units, a major advance on where Davis had been but not the breakthrough Macero and Clive Davis had hoped for. The quintet’s live work was hazily documented by a few bootleggers: sets from New York’s Central Park (Miles Runs The Voodoo Down At Central Park [1]) and Rutgers University (Odds ‘N’ Ends 1969-73 [2]) were taken down from somewhere in the audience, but the surviving sound is so poor that it’s hard to judge what the band were really doing.
A 30 Percent Chance of Rain Tomorrow
Authors: Gigerenzer Gerd 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Predicting weather is an age-old problem of statistical inference. Harvesting, warfare, and outdoor sporting events depend on it. Before the Grand Prix, one of Ferrari’s most-discussed decisions is which weather forecaster to hire because reliable forecasts are key to choosing the right tires—and to winning the race. Over most of human history, forecasts of precipitation (rain or snow) were given in a deterministic form, such as, “It will rain tomorrow,” sometimes modified by “it is likely.” In the mid–twentieth century, how- ever, the advent of computers turned forecasting into a probabilistic science (Shuman, 1989) and later influenced the way forecasts were communicated to the public.
Children Can Solve Bayesian Problems
Authors: Gigerenzer Gerd 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is an apparent paradox concerning the human ability to reason according to the laws of probability. On the one hand, according to the classical work by Piaget and Inhelder (1951/1975), by age 12 or so, children understand the laws of combinatorics, the law of large numbers, the irreversibility of chance processes, and other characteristics of probability. Recent studies have qualified this finding and demonstrated that, depending on the task, even younger children show signs of probabilistic reasoning (e.g., Falk & Wilkening, 1998; Schlottmann & Anderson, 1994).
Introduction: Philippic I
Authors: Wooten Cecil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 359, Philip succeeded his brother Perdiccas, who had been killed fighting the Illyrians, as king of Macedon. Two years later, when the Athenians were preoccupied with the outbreak of the Social War, Philip attacked Amphipolis and captured it. Athens had established Amphipolis as a colony in 436. In the winter of 424/23, Brasidas had come to the aid of the pro-Spartan faction in the city, freed it of Athenian control, and established a Spartan garrison there. Three years later, according to the terms of the Peace of Nicias, the Spartan garrison was removed and Amphipolis was given back to the Athenians, who, nevertheless, failed to reassert their control over the city, although they never gave up their claim to it (Griffith, 231–33).
The kings of Macedon had been interested in Amphipolis for two reasons. First of all, it enjoyed a very strategic location; it sat on the route from east to west across the Strymon River and gave access to the passage along the river into the interior of Macedon. The city, therefore, could act as a fortress protecting the eastern parts of the kingdom. Second, it was near the gold and silver mines of Mount Pangaeum and thus an important source of income. Perdiccas had put a Macedonian garrison there in 360. Philip had withdrawn it in 359, when he was trying to assert his control over Macedon, in an effort to appease the Athenians and to keep them from interfering in the north.
“We Have to Be Exaggerated”: Aesthetics
Authors: Schloss Joseph G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
B-boying, like most other aspects of hip-hop, is often portrayed as being devoid of abstract aesthetic principles (see Schloss 2004:65–66 for discussion of this issue with regard to sampling). In the case of b-boying specifically, this is partially due to its being seen as a pop culture fad of the ’80s, partially the result of social prejudice toward the communities from which the dance emerged, and partially due to the way hip-hop tends to keep its aesthetic prin-ciples to itself.
Headache Syndromes
Authors: Dimario Francis J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Epileptic seizures, particularly those of focal onset, often initiate with an aura. These may be sudden, short-lived alterations in visual, psychic, somatosensory, and other sensory experiences. Although auras can precede both simple and complex partial seizures with or without secondary generalized motor convulsions, they, too, may terminate without further evolution. In either case subsequent headache may be experienced after the motor phenomena has terminated.
What’s Wrong With Secular Societies?
Authors: Sinnott-Armstrong Walter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Evelyn Waugh converted to Catholicism, a fellow believer is said to have asked, “How can you be a Christian when you are such an asshole?” Waugh reportedly responded, “Just think how much worse an asshole I would be if I were not a Christian.” The lesson of this legend is that Christianity might have a positive influence on every believer’s life, even if some believers remain very bad. Hence, atheists cannot legitimately cite evil Christians as evidence that Christianity has no positive influence. By the same token, it is no more legitimate to cite evil atheists as evidence either that atheism has no positive influence or that atheism is pernicious.
Mechanisms of Atmospheric Oxidation of the Alkanes
Authors: Calvert Jack G , Derwent Richard G , Orlando John J , Tyndall Geoffrey S , Wallington Timothy J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An international team of eminent atmospheric scientists have prepared Mechanisms of Atmospheric Oxidation of the Alkanes as an authoritative source of information on the role of alkanes in the chemistry of the atmosphere. The book includes the properties of the alkanes and haloalkanes, as well as a comprehensive review and evaluation of the existing literature on the atmospheric chemistry of the alkanes and their major atmospheric oxidation products, and the various approaches now used to model the alkane atmospheric chemistry. Comprehensive coverage is given of both the unsubstituted alkanes and the many haloalkanes. All the existing quality measurements of the rate coefficients for the reactions of OH, Cl, O(3P), NO3, and O3 with the alkanes, the haloalkanes, and their major oxidation products have been reviewed and evaluated. The expert authors then give recommendations of the most reliable kinetic data. They also review the extensive literature on the mechanisms and rates and modes of photodecomposition of the haloalkanes and the products of atmospheric oxidation of the alkanes and the haloalkanes, and make recommendations for future use by atmospheric scientists. The evaluations presented allow an extrapolation of the existing kinetic and photochemical data to those alkanes and haloalkanes that are as yet unstudied. The current book should be of special interest and value to the modelers of atmospheric chemistry as a useful input for development of realistic modules designed to simulate the atmospheric chemistry of the alkanes, their major oxidation products, and their influence on ozone and other trace gases within the troposphere.
Introduction
Authors: Schmidtz David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What counts as a life well lived? The question, as I see it, is a three-pronged ­challenge: how to live in nature, how to live in society, and how to live with ourselves. I work on the “why be moral” question, on connections between being moral and being rational. I work on a more political question of what counts as a life well lived given that we want to live together. I also work on a more ecological question of what counts as a life well lived given that we want to live well in the natural world.
Choosing Strategies
Authors: Schmidtz David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Suppose I need to decide whether to go off to fight for a cause in which I deeply believe, or stay home with a family that needs me and that I deeply love. What should I do? My friends say I should determine the possible outcomes of the two proposed courses of action, assign probabilities and numerical utilities to each possibility, multiply through, and then choose whichever alternative has the highest number.
Moral Dualism
Authors: Schmidtz David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 4 argues that reflectively rational beings have reasons to be other-regarding and to have integrity. If the conclusion is true, does that answer the question “Why be moral”? It depends on whether having integrity and having concern and respect for others are ways of being moral. Common sense says they are, which counts for something, but (and this, too, is common sense) common sense is not infallible. This essay offers a theoretical framework for sorting out what parts of common sense morality warrant endorsement as genuinely moral.
Catastrophe in Munich, 1864–1869
Authors: Walker Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On March 10, 1864, Wagner’s declining fortunes experienced a dramatic reversal. Maximilian II of Bavaria died, and his eighteen-year-old son Lud- wig ascended the throne. Ludwig was still a student, a romantic dreamer, more interested in music and theatre than in the military or politics— the usual enthusiasms for royalty. He was already a fervent admirer of Wagner. When he was thirteen years old, one of his private tutors had presented him with a copy of Wagner’s essay Opera and Drama. Fascinated by the Lohengrin saga, and especially by Wagner’s operatic treatment of it, the boy was thereafter on the lookout for anything that issued from Wag- ner’s pen. In 1863, a year before he became king, Ludwig got hold of one of the privately printed copies of Wagner’s poem of The Ring of the Ni- belungen. The story held him in thrall; but it was the preface that com- pelled his immediate attention.
The Tao of Chemistry and Life
Authors: Cordes Eugene H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Written with the non-scientist in mind, this book employs the molecule and its interactions to explain the characteristics of living organisms in terms of the underlying chemistry of life. Following introductory chapters on the fundamentals of life, attention then turns to small molecules such as hormones and neurotransmitters and subsequently to macromolecules including proteins and nucleic acids. The interactions between small and macromolecules remains a central point throughout the book. These include enzymatic catalysis, hormone action, neurotransmission, regulation of metabolism, biosynthesis of macromolecules, the mechanism of action of drugs, taste, olfaction, learning and memory, and chemical communication. A second central point of emphasis is the sensitive relationship between chemical structure and biological activity. Examples abound and include why subtle changes in fatty acid architecture have positive or negative outcomes for human health in omega-three fatty acids and trans fats and how modest changes in the chemical decoration of the steroid skeleton provide the difference between male and female sex hormones. Beyond these examples taken from the chemistry of small molecules, the book includes a thoughtful consideration of genomics, including the relationship between genome structure and species. The theme of human health appears throughout the book. Cardiovascular medicine, cancer, metabolic diseases, and diseases of the nervous system receive significant attention including consideration of how a variety of drugs work in combating these issues. In sum, the goal of this book is to inform the non-scientist community in a way that will lead to increased understanding of the relationship between chemistry and life.
The Birth of the Long Player, 1952–1962
Authors: Smith Chris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was 1948, and suddenly the music industry was at war. Following the wave of prosperity America enjoyed after emerging victorious from its own international conflict, record companies were battling for supremacy in the growing field of album technology, resulting in a two-year battle known as ‘‘the war of the speeds.’’ Columbia Records struck first, introducing the 10@ and 12@ microgroove long-player album formats, or LP, an improvement over the commercially unsuccessful Vitrolac albums that were attempted by RCA nearly twenty years earlier. The LP album spun at just over 33 revolutions per minute (rpm), and could hold twenty-five minutes of music per side, much more than the 78-rpm discs that could only hold four minutes. In response, Columbia’s competitor RCA Victor introduced the 7@, 45 rpm EP (for ‘‘extended play’’), beginning a confrontation whose outcome would determine how Americans would listen to music. Although the EP continued for decades as a format for singles and short collections, Columbia won the skirmish with its longer format that moved the listener to hear songs contextually in relationship to one another. From around 1950 onward, popular music was understood in terms of either individual songs or 12@ LPs—the ‘‘album’’ as we know it today—thus beginning the age of the ‘‘album’’ as more than just a collection of songs.
Justice and Well-Being
Authors: Powers Madison , Faden Ruth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Social justice is concerned with human well-being. In our view, well-being is best understood as involving plural, irreducible dimensions, each of which represents something of independent moral significance. Although an exhaustive, mutually exclusive list of the discrete elements of well-being is not our aim (and may not be possible), we build our account around six distinct dimensions of well-being, each of which merits separate attention within a theory of justice. These different dimensions offer different lenses through which the justice of political structures, social practices, and institutions can be assessed. Without attention to each dimension, something of salience goes unnoticed.
Justice, Sufficiency, and Systematic Disadvantage
Authors: Powers Madison , Faden Ruth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our claim is that justice is concerned with securing and maintaining the social conditions necessary for a sufficient level of well-being in all of its essential dimensions for everyone. Our theory therefore stands in stark contrast to both utilitarian and libertarian alternatives described in chapter Utilitarians are concerned about outcomes, as are we, but the utilitarian aims at the maximization of some aggregate measure of utility. We are neither maximizers nor proponents of a single measure of utility. Libertarians are concerned about the underlying social conditions and how they affect certain ideals of human well-being, as are we, but libertarians are concerned solely with limiting the adverse effects of governmental interference with the individual’s ability to exercise control over her own life. We are concerned about a broader range of social determinants of well-being than strictly governmental ones, and the ideals of well-being are plural rather than unitary. Our theory, then, is egalitarian in the broad sense.