bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of root canal preparation on microleakage within endodontically treated teeth: an in vitro study
Authors: Von Fraunhofer J. A. , Fagundes D. K. , McDonald N. J. , Dumsha T. C. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAimThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of smear layer and canal instrumentation on leakage in root‐filled teeth.MethodologySix groups (n = 12) of freshly extracted human canines and premolars with closed apices and single roots were used. Groups A, B, C, and D were instrumented with engine‐driven rotary nickel‐titanium MCXIM files and Groups E and F were instrumented with conventional stainless steel hand files. Groups A, C, and E were flushed with 3.0 mL of 17.0% REDTA to remove the smear layer prior to obturation. All teeth were flushed with 5.25% NaOCl, then obturated with AH‐26 sealer and either the lateral condensation (Groups C–E) or thermomechanical compaction technique (Groups A and B). Copper wire was placed coronally in contact with the gutta‐percha in each tooth and, after immersion in 0.9% NaCl solution, a 10 volt dc voltage was connected between each tooth and a stainless steel electrode. The current flow in the circuit was observed for 45 days. One way ANOVA and Duncan’s Multiple Range Test were used to compare Groups A–F at time intervals of 10, 20, 30 and 45 days and identify statistically significant differences.ResultsSignificantly less microleakage occurred when the smear layer was removed and when the canals were obturated with thermoplasticized gutta‐percha. Canals instrumented with engine‐driven NiTi files exhibited less leakage than hand‐instrumented canals irrespective of obturation method.ConclusionsSmear layer removal is beneficial to root canal sealing. Obturation with thermoplasticized gutta‐percha provides a superior seal whilst canal instrumentation with engine‐driven NiTi files reduces the extent of microleakage in root canals.
Identification of root canals in molars by tuned‐aperture computed tomography
Authors: Nance R. , Tyndall D. , Levin L. G. , Trope M. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAimTo compare the tuned‐aperture computed tomography system of imaging to conventional D‐speed film for their ability to identify root canals in extracted human molars.MethodologyThirteen maxillary and six mandibular human molars were mounted in acrylic blocks to simulate clinical conditions by surrounding the teeth with a radiodense structure. The teeth were then imaged with conventional D‐speed film using a standard paralleling technique, and with a modified orthopantomograph OP100 machine using a Schick no. 2 size CCD sensor as the image receptor. The source images were registered and TACT slices were generated using TACT Workbench™ Software. Three observers were asked to identify the number of canals in the conventional film group and the TACT image group using specific criteria. Ground truth was established by cross‐sectioning the teeth at the coronal, middle, and apical thirds of the roots and directly visualizing the root canal morphology.ResultsTACT imaging detected 36% of 4th canals in maxillary molars and 80% of third canals in mandibular molars. Conventional film detected 0% of fourth canals in maxillary molars and 0% of third canals in mandibular molars. The differences in canal detection between the two techniques were statistically significant (Wilcoxon matched pair sign rank test, P = 0.001).ConclusionsIn this study, the TACT system of digital imaging was superior to conventional film in the detection of root canals in human molars and may be useful for the detection of root canals that will probably be missed upon conventional X‐ray examination.
Apical inflammatory root resorption: a correlative radiographic and histological assessment
Authors: Laux M. , Abbott P. V. , Pajarola G. , Nair P. N. R. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAimTo assess the reliability of routine single radiographs in the diagnosis of inflammatory apical root resorption by correlating the radiographic and histological findings.MethodologyThe material comprised serial and step serial sections of plastic‐embedded root‐apices with attached apical periodontitis lesions that were prepared for a previous study and the diagnostic radiographs. The histological sections of 114 specimens were analysed by light microscopy and categorized into three groups: (i) those without any resorption (0); (ii) those with moderate resorption (+); and (iii) those with severe resorption (+ +). The radiographs were examined by a separate examiner and graded with a similar categorization of no resorption (0); moderate (+); and severe (+ +) apical resorption.ResultsRadiographically, 19% of the teeth were diagnosed as having apical inflammatory root resorption, whereas histologically, 81% of the teeth revealed apical inflammatory root resorption. A correlative radiographic and histological assessment (n = 104) revealed a coincidence of diagnosis in 7% of the specimens and noncoincidence of diagnosis in 76% of the specimens.ConclusionsThe results indicate that routine single radiographs are not sufficiently accurate or sensitive to consistently diagnose apical root resorptive defects developing as a consequence of apical periodontitis.
The influence of ultrasound on the retention of cast posts cemented with different agents
Authors: Gomes A. P. M. , Kubo C. H. , Santos R. A. B. , Santos D. R. , Padilha R. Q. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAimThe aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of ultrasound during the removal of posts cemented with either zinc phosphate cement, glass ionomer cement or resin cement.MethodologyEighty‐four single‐rooted teeth were prepared and after cementation of cast posts, they were randomly divided into six groups of 14. Groups 1, 2 and 3 did not receive ultrasonic vibration, whilst groups 4, 5 and 6 received ultrasonic vibration for 10 min. The force necessary for post removal was determined using a universal testing machine. Results were statistically analysed using anova and Tukey tests (5%).ResultsThe application of ultrasonic vibration reduced the retention provided by zinc phosphate and glass ionomer cements by 39% and 33%, respectively.ConclusionsA statistically significant reduction in the force necessary to remove posts cemented with zinc phosphate and glass ionomer cements occurred following application of ultrasound. The application of ultrasonic vibration did not influence the retention of cast posts cemented with resin cement.
Does the first file to bind correspond to the diameter of the canal in the apical region?
Authors: Wu M.‐K. , Barkis D. , Roris A. , Wesselink P. R. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAim The aim of this study was to determine whether the first file that binds at the working length corresponds to the canal diameter.Methodology Two similar groups (n = 10) of mandibular premolars with curved canals were selected on the basis of their morphology. Following access and pulp tissue removal, the first instrument that bound in each canal at the working length was determined. In one group the instrument used was a K‐file, in the other group a Lightspeed instrument was used. After fixing the instruments in place, the apices were ground to the level of the working length and the diameters of both the instrument and the apical canal were recorded.Results In 75% of the canals, the instruments bound at one side of the wall only; in the other 25%, the instrument did not contact the wall. In 90% of the canals, the diameter of the instrument was smaller than the short diameter of the canal; this discrepancy was up to 0.19 mm. No significant difference in discrepancy was found between instruments (P > 0.05).Conclusions Neither the first K‐file nor the first Lightspeed instrument that bound at the working length accurately reflected the diameter of the apical canal in curved mandibular premolars. It is uncertain whether dentine can be removed from the entire circumference of the canal wall by filing the root canal to three sizes larger than the file that binds first.
Screening for Chlamydiatrachomatis and Ureaplasmaurealyticum infection in semen from asymptomatic male partners of infertile couples prior to in vitro fertilization
Authors: Levy  , Layani‐Milon  , Giscard D’Estaing  , Najioullah  , Lornage  , Aymard  , Lina  
Published: March 2003

In a prospective study, the prevalence of infection with Chlamydia trachomatis and Ureaplasma urealyticum was evaluated in the semen of 92 asymptomatic male partners of infertile couples using polymerase chain reaction and culture, respectively. The results were compared with the detection of serologically specific antibodies. U. urealyticum and C. trachomatis were detected in 12 (13%) and 10 (10.8%) of the tested ejaculates, respectively. One mixed infection was detected.No correlation was found between detection of the pathogens in ejaculates and the presence of specific antibodies in serum. This study therefore confirms the limited diagnostic value of serological analysis to ascertain infection with C. trachomatis or U. urealyticum. The high frequency of detection of these pathogens among asymptomatic male partners of infertile couples emphasizes their potential role in the impairment of male fertility, and the need for sensitive and specific detection methods to prevent infection of the early embryo when using new reproductive techniques such as zona pellucida hatching or intracytoplasmic microinjection.
Update on medical treatment of ejaculatory disorders1
Authors: KAMISCHKE A. , NIESCHLAG E. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryAmong the treatment modalities for ejaculatory disorders pharmacological treatment is the least invasive option. In this review, medical treatments for retrograde ejaculation (RE) and anejaculation (AE) are discussed systematically. Thirty‐six studies dealing with patients with RE and 40 with AE evaluated the use of medical treatment and were included in this review. In addition four articles dealing with prostatic massage in anejaculatory patients were considered. Sperm quality in patients with retrograde and AE is often impaired. In patients with RE no differences in response to medical treatment could be detected between the different underlying diagnoses. Compared with ephedrine, imipramine and chlorpheniramine + phenylpropanalamine showed significantly higher reversal rates, while differences between the other treatments were not significant. Regarding the reversal of AE, the alpha agonistic drugs were significantly inferior to treatment with parasympathetic drugs. Of the different alpha agonistic medical treatments for the reversal of AE, milodrin showed significantly better rates than imipramine (p = 0.008), pseudoephidrine (p = 0.02) and ephedrine (p = 0.044), while all other treatments were not significantly different (p = 0.4). In conclusion, medical treatment for reversal of RE offers a realistic chance of conceiving offspring naturally and should be the treatment modality of first choice. In contrast, in AE, medical treatment cannot be recommended generally as treatment of first choice as it shows low overall success rates compared with electrovibration stimulation and electroejaculation. Under consideration of the mostly uncontrolled design of the majority of studies published, controlled clinical trials comparing different treatment options appear urgently warranted.
Demographic characteristics, oral health knowledge and practices of mothers of children aged 5 years and under referred for extraction of teeth under general anaesthesia
Authors: Hood  , Hunter  , Hunter  , Kingdom  
Published: March 2003

Aims. To examine the demographic characteristics, oral health knowledge and practices of mothers of children who required the extraction of teeth under general anaesthesia.Design. Cross‐sectional study using questionnaires completed at interview.Sample. 150 mothers of children aged 5 years and under who had been referred for extraction of teeth under general anaesthesia.Setting. Dental School, University of Wales College of Medicine.Results. Over three‐quarters of mothers had finished their full‐time education at or before the age of 16 years. Although generally well‐informed about the causes of caries, mothers were less sure of preventative methods. There was a widespread ignorance of the causes and prevention of periodontal disease, with just under half of the sample being unable to identify any causative or preventative factors. 40% of the sample admitted to attending a dentist only when in pain or not at all.
Morphology of dental enamel and dentine–enamel junction in osteogenesis imperfecta
Authors: Lindau B.M. , Dietz W. , Hoyer I. , Lundgren T. , Storhaug K. , NorÉn J.G. 
Published: March 2003

Objectives. The aim of this study was to examine the morphology of primary and permanent human enamel, and the dentine–enamel junction, in individuals with osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) type I, III and IV in undecalcified sections using polarized light microscopy, microradiography and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and to relate the findings to the type of OI. Sample and methods. Extracted or exfoliated teeth from 15 patients representing the OI types I, III and IV (12 primary teeth from seven patients, and 11 permanent teeth from eight patients). Ten primary and nine permanent teeth from normal healthy patients served as controls. The teeth were serially cut longitudinally in a bucco‐lingual direction and contact microradiographs were made. The sections were examined in polarized light. Sections of primary and permanent teeth were examined by means of SEM. Results. This study shows that the permanent enamel from patients with OI exhibits few structural changes. No relationships were found between enamel morphology and the types of OI (I, III, IV). Primary enamel appeared to be slightly more irregularly mineralized, especially in cases with the additional diagnosis dentinogenesis imperfecta. The major findings were deviations in association with the dentine–enamel junction, and locally a lower degree of mineralization. Conclusions. The mesodermal disease OI might also be manifested in ectodermal enamel, probably because of suboptimal mesenchymal–ectodermal interactions during amelogenesis.
Vegetarianism and dental fluorosis among children in a high fluoride area of northern Tanzania
Authors: Awadia A.K. , Haugejorden O. , Bjorvatn K. , Birkeland J.M. 
Published: March 2003

Objective. The purpose of this study was to compare the prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis among vegetarian and nonvegetarian children and adolescents living in an area where dental fluorosis is endemic. Design. An analytical cross‐sectional retrospective study. Sample and methods. Children (n = 165) aged 6–18 years, from five schools in Arusha town were examined. The children had a life‐long exposure to drinking water with 3·6 mg F/litre. The severity of dental fluorosis was assessed using the Thylstrup & Fejerskov Index (TFI). Results. In the vegetarian group (n = 24), the prevalence of dental fluorosis (TFI score 1) was 67%, while 21% had severe fluorosis (TFI score 5). In the nonvegetarian group (n = 141) the prevalence of fluorosis and severe fluorosis was 95% and 35%, respectively. In bi‐variate correlation analyses age, vegetarianism and a series of other factors related to childhood nutrition (meals per day, the use of home‐made porridge, the use of fish, etc.) were significantly associated with the tooth prevalence of dental fluorosis (TPF, P < 0·05). Stepwise multiple linear regression analyses explained 30% of the variance in TPF; age 15% points and vegetarianism 13% points. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the risk of developing dental fluorosis was seven times higher among nonvegetarians than among vegetarians. Conclusion. The significantly lower prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis among the vegetarian group compared to the nonvegetarians would seem to be related to diet.
Prostaglandin E2 and treatment outcome in pulp therapy of primary molars with carious exposures
Authors: Waterhouse P. J. , Nunn J. H. , Whitworth J. M. 
Published: March 2003

Summary. Objectives. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) has been suggested as an indicator of irreversible pulpitis in permanent teeth [1]. There is scant information on the role of chemical mediators in primary molar pulp inflammation. The aim of this preliminary study was to investigate the levels of PGE2 in blood harvested from root pulp stumps following coronal pulp amputation in vital primary molar teeth with carious exposures.Methods. Seventy‐nine cariously exposed primary molars underwent treatment by one of two vital pulp therapy techniques. Blood was harvested from 38 teeth and volume and concentration of PGE2 ([PGE2]) determined [2]. Treatment outcome was assessed from both clinical and radiographic evidence.Results. PGE2 was detected in all samples, with a wide concentration range (1–2641 ng/mL). The distribution was skewed, requiring log transformation. The difference in the mean (log) [PGE2] for radiological success (3·12, SD 1·60) and failure (4·62, SD 1·80) was significant, t = 2·05, P = 0·047. The difference in the mean (log) [PGE2] for clinical success (3·24, SD 1·65) and failure (5·44, SD 1·43) was near‐significant, t = 1·84, P = 0·074.Conclusion. [PGE2] correlated positively with radiological outcome following vital pulp therapy.
Nursing and the health of the nation: schism or symbiosis?
Authors: Brown P.A. , Piper S.M. 
Published: March 2003

In July 1992, the British government published its White Paper ‘The Health of the Nation, a Strategy for Health in England’ (HON). The authors contend that this initiative has largely been accepted by the nursing profession with critical responses to the HON being minimal.The authors argue that the medicalized negative interpretation of health and the narrow individualistic lifestyle‐orientated definition of health promotion contained within the strategy ought to be rejected by nurses in favour of both a positive, holistic conception of health and a more humanistic health promotion methodology acknowledging the impact of structural‐material factors influencing individual health related behaviour.
Students’ expectations of postregistration degree programmes
Authors: Gould Dinah , Smith Pam , Payne Susan , Aird Thomas 
Published: March 2003

Students’ expectations of postregistration degree programmes The needs of postregistration students pursuing degree‐linked clinical courses have received little attention and there are few insights concerning their aspirations when they enrol on such courses. Thus the aim of this study was to explore postregistration students’ perceptions of the specific needs of their patient/client group and to examine how they envisaged the course on which they had just enrolled might help them to meet these needs in addition to their own requirements for professional and personal development. Data were collected by group interview from 62 students enrolling on eight different postregistration courses, all employed in an acute hospital trust. The results were analysed inductively. They indicated that students had internalized the state of the healthcare market and were keenly aware of the need to fulfil the expectations of employers and the public, while fulfilling their own needs for education and pursuing their own professional and career trajectories. They appeared ambitious and yet appeared to demonstrate empathy for patients and their families and felt a tremendous desire to provide care of a high quality through the optimal development of technical expertise. Students’ emphasis on the importance of keeping abreast of technological developments should not be lightly dismissed considering its prominent position within the acute areas where they were employed, especially as it did not replace their desire to promote the caring aspects of their work.
The cooling‐suit: a study of ten multiple sclerosis patients’ experiences in daily life
Authors: Flensner Gullvi , Lindencrona Catharina 
Published: March 2003

The cooling‐suit: a study of ten multiple sclerosis patients’ experiences in daily life Approximately 60%–80% of all multiple sclerosis (MS) patients are heat sensitive. The aim of this study was to gain information on the effects of an assistive device, the cooling‐suit, on MS‐patients’ self‐care ability and also practical implications. A single‐case approach was adopted in a quasi‐ experimental before‐and‐after study. The cooling‐suit was used in their own homes by 10 individuals with diagnosed MS in different stages from relapsing–remitting to chronic progressive. Data collection procedures were self‐assessment through a structured assessment‐instrument, an open‐ended interview before and after the intervention and a diary written during one week. The selected instrument, the MS Self‐Care ADL Scale, has been developed for persons with MS and was translated into Swedish. The results showed increased self‐care ability during and after use of the cooling‐suit. However, different aspects of daily life activities were improved and to a varying extent. It is concluded that the study participants were supported and empowered in different activities of daily life such as walking and transfer and reduced voiding problems by using the cooling‐suit. Some difficulties in handling the cooling‐suit were also reported.
Taking care as a relationship: a phenomenological view
Authors: Sadala Maria Lúcia Araújo 
Published: March 2003

Taking care as a relationship: a phenomenological view The purpose of this study was to understand and analyse the meanings given to caring of patients on the isolation ward by nursing students, focusing particularly on the aspects of communication and interpersonal relationships. The data were collected from individual interviews with 18 nursing students who were performing nursing practice on the isolation ward. The results, analysed and interpreted according to existential phenomenology, describe the structure of the phenomenon ‘taking care on the isolation ward’ from a relational perspective. The students described their difficulties and anxieties, as well as their willingness to take care of isolated patients, resulting in the overcoming of obstacles and in contacting and becoming involved when taking care of these patients.
Critical review of R. R. Parse’s The Human Becoming School of Thought. A Perspective for Nurses and Other Health Professionals
Authors: Edwards Steven D. 
Published: March 2003

Critical review of R. R. Parse’s

The Human Becoming School of Thought. A Perspective for Nurses and Other Health Professionals
This paper attempts a critical review of Parse’s recent book The Human Becoming School of Thought. A Perspective for Nurses and Other Health Professionals. The claimed philosophical foundations of the approach are described, as are key assumptions and principles of the human becoming school of thought. Following this, four areas of criticism are identified. These focus on: the key concepts of health and quality of life; Parse’s appeal to human ‘universals’; and the problem of shrouding descriptions of lived experience within the terminology of the human becoming school of thought.