bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Forgotten Comes to Parable Studies
Authors: Oldenhage Tania 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
In the mid‐1980s, Marie Luise Kaschnitz's poem “Zoon Politikon” reappeared in Wolfgang Harnisch's book on the parables of Jesus. Harnisch argues that the parables should be understood as metaphorical narratives. In order to illustrate his metaphor theory, Harnisch discusses the metaphors deployed by Kaschnitz in her poem. Thereby, Harnisch largely avoids the poem's actual theme of Holocaust remembrance in postwar Germany. Oldenhage argues that Harnisch's reduction of this Holocaust poem to form is emblematic of the state of Holocaust remembrance in Germany of the 1980s. While Germans in the 1980s and 1990s are often very familiar with the basic facts and events of the Holocaust, this familiarity often prevents them from really thinking through these facts and events as a legacy that concerns themselves.
Joachim Jeremias and the Historical‐Critical Approach
Authors: Oldenhage Tania 
Published: October 2003

AbstractIntroduces Joachim Jeremias's book The Parables of Jesus, which was first published in 1947 and strongly shaped the postwar scholarly discourse on New Testament parables. Oldenhage clarifies how the assumptions of historical criticism led to Jeremias's search for the parables’ first historical setting. In the second part of the chapter, Oldenhage discusses recent critical responses to the anti‐Judaism that is a part of the Jeremias's scholarly rhetoric. New research on the historical Jesus seeks to integrate Jesus within his Jewish context and seeks to understand Jesus’ parables as part of the tradition of Judaism.
“In View of Catastrophe”
Authors: Oldenhage Tania 
Published: October 2003

AbstractHistoricizes Joachim Jeremias's work on the parables of Jesus and its anti‐Jewish rhetoric by attending to the time and place of the book's first publication, Germany in 1947. Oldenhage shows that the book is symptomatic not so much of Christian anti‐Judaism in general but, much more specifically, of the difficulties of responding to the Holocaust in Germany shortly after the events. The chapter draws from Alexander and Margarete Mitscherlichs's thesis of an “inability to mourn” as well as from more recent discussions of German responses to the Holocaust.
Historical Criticism and the Return into History
Authors: Oldenhage Tania 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Discusses the implications of understanding Joachim Jeremias's anti‐Jewish rhetoric as a post‐Holocaust phenomenon. With a special focus on interpretations of the parable of the wicked husbandmen, Oldenhage discusses recent revisions of Jeremias's work on the parables of Jesus that reject anti‐Jewish interpretive patterns while still operating within the framework of historical criticism. By reducing the challenge of the Holocaust for biblical scholarship to the problem of anti‐Judaism, Oldenhage argues, historical critics fail to deal with important questions of Holocaust remembrance that Jeremias's scholarship poses.
John Dominic Crossan and the Literary Turn in Biblical Studies
Authors: Oldenhage Tania 
Published: October 2003

AbstractMoving to the U.S. in the 1970s, Oldenhage discusses the ways in which biblical scholars in America challenged the assumptions of historical criticism and proposed a literary turn in biblical studies. Informed by literary criticism, these scholars started to take seriously the form and language of the parables and turned them from ancient artifacts into artful literature. The focus of the chapter lies on the work of John Dominic Crossan, who in the 1970s was arguably the most influential proponent of a literary approach to the parables. Oldenhage outlines Crossan's hermeneutics by emphasizing his creative engagements with postmodernism as well as his continuing interest in the first historical context of the parables of Jesus.
Paul Ricoeur's “Biblical Hermeneutics”
Authors: Oldenhage Tania 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter turns to Paul Ricoeur's contributions to American New Testament parable studies in the 1970s. In his essay “Biblical Hermeneutics,” Ricoeur argues that structuralism can offer new and helpful approaches to the parables but that it needs to be combined with an existential interpretation. He moves on to make metaphor theory fruitful for parable studies and thereby offers a new, interpretive vision of the parables of Jesus. Understood as metaphorical narratives, the parables are said to offer a new vision of reality. Ricoeur argues, moreover, that, as limit‐expressions, the parables refer to limit‐experiences of human life, including death, suffering, guilt, and hatred. Throughout the essay, Ricoeur emphasizes the limitations of historical criticism and calls for a more comprehensive interpretive theory.
Secret Sits in the Middle
Authors: Johnson Paul Christopher 
Published: October 2003

AbstractPresents a point of departure for the study of secrecy through a close examination of Georg Simmel's seminal 1906 essay and offers a preliminary examination of secrets and secretism in Candomblé discourse. The chapter explores the meaning of the assertion that “a secret religion becomes public.” The chapter suggests that though there are no consensual secrets uniting the religion of Candomblé as a whole, there are “local secrets” that mark grades of status within each temple. Secrecy is theorized as a technique for the construction of social boundaries; it is a boundary without specific content marking reclusion from the public sphere.
Signifying the Street in Outbound Rites
Authors: Johnson Paul Christopher 
Published: October 2003

AbstractPresents descriptions and interpretations of three ritual performances that share in common their reliance upon the space of the street. The first two are yearly terreiro‐based rituals in which the move to the street is secretive and the community's audience is itself alone, while the third is a public demonstration in the city's central plaza and seeks the attention of the public in general. The objective of viewing the three as a set is to show the move to the street as analogous to the revelation as a secret, but also to illustrate and interpret the shifting significance of the street. The public space of the street represents a site of danger, but also a site of public display in which the religion's national and public importance is expressed and, as a political claim, pressed.
1 Introduction
Authors: Noll Mark A. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Between 1730 and 1860, American Protestant Christianity developed in a way that set it apart from other forms of the faith in other western locales. American Protestantism moved away from traditional, establishmentarian forms of practice toward an individualistic, market‐oriented type. Contributing to these developments was an intellectual synthesis of evangelical Christianity, republican political thought, and commonsense moral reasoning.
4 Republicanism and Religion
Authors: Noll Mark A. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Outside the American context, republican ideology had always been seen as a pernicious influence upon religious life. According to orthodox Christians in the Old World, especially in Britain, republicanism, with its emphasis on the role and choice of the individual, relied too much on heterodox views of human volition. Nevertheless, Americans came, by the end of the eighteenth century, to embrace a mixture of republican and Christian philosophies. In turn, the principle of “Christian liberty” contributed greatly to the effort for American independence.
9 The Evangelical Surge . . .
Authors: Noll Mark A. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Evangelical Christianity, and Protestantism more generally, were in decline in the second half of the eighteenth century. After 1800, however, a great boom in numbers and energy of evangelical Christianity occurred. Disestablishment created a religious climate unique to the United States. Denominations with a more traditional, “Old World” structure experienced difficulty in maintaining adherents, while populist groups like the Methodists and Baptists flourished.
14 The Americanization of Calvinism
Authors: Noll Mark A. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Between 1790 and 1840, Reformed theology reached the summit of its broad influence in American culture. With New England's Congregationalists in the lead, and then joined by mid‐state and southern Presbyterians, the Reformed theologians engaged in the most serious religious and public debates of the years. These debates led to the production of a great surge of theological literature, most of which was significantly influenced by the new conditions of American public life. The rise of Unitarianism during this period presented a special challenge to more traditional Calvinist theologians.
22 Conclusion
Authors: Noll Mark A. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
America's leading theologians from the time of Jonathan Edwards to the period of the Civil War were fully convinced that their work had eternal significance. They were widely, and legitimately, regarded as being among the nation's most consequential thinkers. The theology they promoted was connected intimately to political, social, and economic developments of their times. Viewed positively, American theologians were particularly adept at translating the Christian message into the cultural contexts of the new American nation. Viewed negatively, American theologians were often left with nothing to say beyond their religiously colored absorption of popular American themes.
The Body in Pain
Authors: Lang Karen C. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The Buddha identifies three types of suffering: ordinary, physical, and mental pain, the suffering brought on by the change of pleasure into pain, and the suffering inherent in the very nature of the mental and physical constructs that build an individual's body and the world in which it moves. Suffering encompasses the physical pain of birth and aging, the mental pain of losing beloved relatives, the frustration of unfulfilled expectations, and the daily discomforts of being human. All sensual pleasures, including those experienced in heaven, are transient. After discussing Buddha's teachings on suffering and its causes, Candrakiriti engages in a philosophical debate on the existence of pleasure with Vasubandhu, author of the Abhidharmakośa. He concludes that since Vasubandhu fails to understand that pleasure is empty of any inherent existence, he misunderstands both the Buddha's and Āryadeva's views on suffering.
The Dangers of Corporeal Passion
Authors: Lang Karen C. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Ignorant people do not understand that the human body is neither a source of pleasure nor of pride. The Buddhist monks’ condemnation of sex develops an old misogynist theme of women's bodies as the bait that traps unwary, foolish men in the cycle of repeated birth and death. Adulterous fools mistakenly believe that women's impure bodies are sources of pleasure. Male bodies are equally impure and Buddhists criticize the Brahmins’ claim to superior purity, based upon their mistaken views of chastity and their claims of descent from the gods.
Rejecting the Illusion of Permanence
Authors: Lang Karen C. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Chapter 6 attacks the mistaken apprehension of impermanent things as permanent by pointing out the impermanence of the human body. The first half of the chapter concentrates on the need for developing an awareness of impending death; the second half concentrates on another troubling aspect of death, namely grief over the death of loved ones. Candrakiriti criticizes Brahmins’ idealized views on family life and paints a dismal portrait of family men afflicted with domineering wives and ungrateful children. He concludes that the fear of death should motivate people to renounce lay life and adopt the religious life of a monastic.
Rejecting the Illusion of Pleasure
Authors: Lang Karen C. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Attacks the mistaken apprehension of painful things as pleasant by using the human body to illustrate the three types of suffering. The body experiences the ordinary pain of hunger and mental stress, the pain brought about by the transformation of pleasant sensations into painful sensations, and the pain inherent in the very nature of the forces that construct the body. After discussing the Buddha's teachings on suffering and its causes, Candrakiriti engages in a philosophical debate on the inherent existence of pleasure with Vasubandhu, author of the Abhidharmakośa. He concludes that since Vasubandhu fails to understand that things are empty of any inherent existence, he misunderstands both the Buddha's and Āryadeva's views on suffering.
Rejecting the Illusion of Egotism
Authors: Lang Karen C. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Repudiates the mistaken apprehension of impermanent phenomena as being a permanent self and criticizes the selfish and egotistic behavior exemplified by a king and undermines the king's false pride in royal role and his royal lineage. Candrakiriti, in a lengthy criticism of the artificially created distinctions of the caste system, quotes the Buddhist myth of the origins of the royalclass, which explains class distinctions as job descriptions. He urges the king to repudiate harsh punishments and the exercise of war and engage instead, in meritorious actions by sharing his wealth generously and by treating all people with compassion.
Partners for Democracy
Authors: Moore Ray A. , Robinson Donald L. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This book demonstrates that Japan's postwar Constitution has provided a solid foundation for democracy because, contrary to the conventional view that the American Occupation simply “imposed” it, there was considerable Japanese input in its making.
The first two chapters analyze a sharp clash, during the American planning of the Occupation, over the fate and role of Emperor Hirohito. Papered over in the Potsdam Declaration and never resolved in official Washington, the dispute gave General Douglas MacArthur, Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers (SCAP), an opportunity to protect the emperor and use his authority to support MacArthur's own objectives.
In the fall of 1945, both American and Japanese officials determined that democratization required constitutional revision and that Japan should take the lead in revising its Constitution. Accordingly, Japanese scholars and officials began advancing their ideas. Meanwhile, both the emperor and the cabinet named commissions (headed by Konoe Fumimaro and Matsumoto Jōji, respectively) to study the need for amendments. However, poor communication from the American side and political chaos among the Japanese doomed these fledgling efforts.
In early February 1946, MacArthur, alarmed by the Moscow Agreement that created the Far Eastern Commission (FEC) and fearing that he might lose control over the political reform of Japan, ordered his Government Section (GS) to draft a model constitution for Japan, then pressured Prime Minister Shidehara's cabinet to present it as a Japanese government draft. Japanese attempts to modify SCAP's draft, an effort that achieved some success in the face of determined American resistance, have been largely ignored by those who slight Japan's contribution to its own postwar democratization.
Chapters 12 through 20 trace the deliberations of the Japanese parliament (called the Diet) during the summer of 1946. It is a mistake to pass over this stage quickly, as most accounts of Japan's postwar democratization do. This was a critical juncture in postwar Japan's commitment to constitutional democracy, affording politicians in the recently elected House of Representatives and in the House of Peers a major opportunity to put their imprint on the document. Intense struggles took place over the role of the emperor, Article 9 (renouncing war and armed forces), the bill of rights and provisions for parliamentary governance.
The Conclusion emphasizes that, as Japan currently deliberates whether to amend its postwar Constitution, it is important to understand that the transformation of Japan into a stable constitutional democracy was a joint achievement, to which both American and Japanese contributions were substantial and crucial.
“This Fundamental Problem”: MacArthur Saves Hirohito
Authors: Moore Ray A. , Robinson Donald L. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Describes how MacArthur in late 1945 and early 1946 saved Hirohito from trial as a war criminal. Contacted by imperial advisers, MacArthur became convinced that Hirohito would cooperate in democratizing, and perhaps Christianizing, Japan (MacArthur believed that Christianity was essential to democracy and encouraged American missionaries to fill Japan's “spiritual vacuum”). The emperor's New Year's statement supported this view. When Washington signed the Moscow agreement, which gave the Allies control over political reform in Japan, and warned that Hirohito might be indicted, MacArthur defended the emperor in a long telegram to the Joint Chiefs of Staff and ordered his staff to draft a “model constitution” for Japan with the emperor at the head of the state.
“In Good Faith”: Japan Considers Constitutional Reform
Authors: Moore Ray A. , Robinson Donald L. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Presents the thinking of Japanese officials on constitutional reform. Convinced that the Potsdam Declaration had left the matter to the Japanese, Irie Toshio, chief of the cabinet's Legislation Bureau, argued in two memoranda in September and October 1945, that democracy could best be achieved by strengthening the Diet and guaranteeing basic human rights. The government sought advice on constitutional reform from scholars Miyazawa Toshiyoshi and Yabe Teiji. The Foreign Ministry then follow up with tentative proposals, by Tatsuki Keiichi, to reduce the influence of the military and make the Diet fully responsible to the people. However, both Irie and Tatsuki wished to preserve imperial sovereignty and the autonomy of the imperial household. In early October, a new cabinet under Shidehara Kijūrō appointed Matsumoto Jōji to head a committee to study constitutional reform.
“A Rational Way”: Konoe and Matsumoto on Constitutional Reform
Authors: Moore Ray A. , Robinson Donald L. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Describes the contention within the Japanese government for control of constitutional reform. Prince Konoe Fumimaro interpreted MacArthur's advice to him as a mandate to direct the process and secured an imperial appointment. Konoe's advisers, Sasaki Sōichi and Takagi Yasaka, solicited ideas on constitutional reform from George Atcheson, MacArthur's political adviser, until, stung by press criticism, MacArthur repudiated Konoe. Meanwhile, Matsumoto Jōji believed his cabinet committee studying constitutional reform could proceed independently of SCAP, and MacArthur ordered his staff to avoid all contact with the Matsumoto committee. After three months, the committee produced a draft constitution that MacArthur's Government Section brusquely rejected.
“Do Your Best”: The Marathon Meeting
Authors: Moore Ray A. , Robinson Donald L. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Describes how a thirty‐hour meeting on March 4 and 5 achieved agreement on a preliminary draft constitution. As Matsumoto's draft was being translated, he and Kades clashed over the preamble and provisions on the emperor and Matsumoto withdrew, leaving Satō Tatsuo the sole Japanese negotiator. Kades told Satō that the preamble and chapters on the emperor and imperial family, renunciation of war, rights of the people, and powers of the legislature must adhere to the SCAP draft, while accepting Japanese proposals on the judiciary, the cabinet and local government. When Whitney informed the cabinet that MacArthur would publish the draft on March 6, the cabinet polished the wording and presented it to Hirohito, who reluctantly approved it without delay as an “amendment” to the 1889 constitution. Hussey had the cabinet secretary certify that the English version was the “exact and official translation of the original Japanese” and submitted copies to the Far Eastern Commission in Washington.
“Grave Danger”: The Allies Challenge MacArthur
Authors: Moore Ray A. , Robinson Donald L. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Analyzes The Far Eastern Commission's objection to MacArthur's arbitrary approval of the March 6 draft and his plan to elect a new Diet in April to approve it. The FEC challenge threatened MacArthur's intricate plot to preserve the imperial institution in Japan's new constitutional order. The Army's Chief of Staff, Dwight Eisenhower, and the State Department defended MacArthur, contending that his actions were consistent with the Moscow Agreement of December 26, 1945, because the draft was the product of a process initiated by the Japanese government in the fall of 1945. The FEC continued to spar with MacArthur during the summer of 1946 and eventually persuaded him to order minor amendments to the draft.
“Seize This Opportunity”: Reworking the March 6 Draft
Authors: Moore Ray A. , Robinson Donald L. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Describes the Legislation Bureau's efforts to simplify the language of the draft. The cabinet embraced the idea of making the basic law more available to the people, and allowed the Legislation Bureau to re‐write the March 6 draft from difficult literary Japanese to the common spoken language. As government ministries submitted their comments and suggestions on the content of the draft, Irie and Satō negotiated with Kades and Hussey to clarify the draft's language but the Americans allowed no further substantive changes. By April 17, agreement was reached on a final draft in the form of a legislative bill written in colloquial Japanese, and a new English‐language draft.
“No Choice But to Abide”: The Privy Council and Bureaucrats Prepare
Authors: Moore Ray A. , Robinson Donald L. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Presents the Privy Council's debate of the draft bill and Legislative Bureau's preparation for the Diet debates. Before the draft could be submitted to the Diet, the Privy Councillors, former prime ministers and other conservative advisers to the emperor, examined and debated it. In eleven sessions between April 22 and June 3, the councillors expressed deep concern about the chapters on the emperor, on the permanent disarmament of Japan and many other provisions of the draft, but came to understand why they could not change them. These sessions helped minister Kanamori Tokujirō and Satō Tatsuo of the Legislation Bureau to prepare the government to face the House of Representatives in the debate of this bill.
“Along Democratic and Peace‐Loving Lines”: Yoshida Presents His Draft
Authors: Moore Ray A. , Robinson Donald L. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Opens with the brief speech by Prime Minister Yoshida Shigeru to the lower house of the Diet that invited the Diet's examination of the government's draft revision. It sets forth the preliminary exposition of the text offered by Kanamori Tokujirō, the cabinet member charged with defending the so‐called “government draft.” It presents initial reactions by Diet members, from Kita Reikichi on the right to Morito Tatsuo and Nosaka Sanzō on the left, indicating that the debate would be lively and spirited. It shows how early skirmishing centered on kokutai (the form of the polity, heretofore based on the authority of the emperor) and the renunciation of war.
“Complex and Labyrinthine”: The Structure of Government
Authors: Moore Ray A. , Robinson Donald L. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
In mid‐July, the revision committee turned its attention to the draft's language on the structure of government in Japan's new parliamentary system: the make‐up and powers of the Diet, the “highest organ of state power” (including the House of Representatives and House of Councillors), the executive (cabinet) and the judiciary; and explicit restrictions on the exercise of governmental power by the emperor. Ch. 15 traces the brilliant performance of Kanamori as interpreter and expositor of constitutional language.