bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Induction of Manganese-Superoxide Dismutase by YS 51, a Synthetic 1-(β-Naphtylmethyl)6,7-Dihydroxy- 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroisoquinoline Alkaloid
Authors: Seo Han Geuk , Kim Hyo Jung , Ko Young Shin , Pyo Hyang Sam , Kang Young Jin , Lee Young Soo , Park Min Kyu , Yun-Choi Hye Sook , Chang Ki Churl 
Published: May 2004

The effect of YS 51, a synthetic 1-(β-naphtylmethyl)6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloid, on the expression of manganese-superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD), an antioxidant enzyme, was examined in sheep pulmonary artery endothelial cells (SPAEC) and a human cervical carcinoma cell line (Hela). YS 51 alone or in combination with cytokines enhanced the expression of Mn-SOD mRNA in SPAEC and Hela cells. YS 51 also showed synergistic effects on the induction of Mn-SOD mRNA with phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (TPA) and/or tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). In Hela cells, the induction of Mn-SOD mRNA by YS 51 was in a time- and dose-dependent manner and the expression of Mn-SOD mRNA was increased to a maximum of 4-fold in 9 h. Enhancement of Mn-SOD mRNA by YS 51 was completely abolished by actinomycin D but not cycloheximide, suggesting that the induction of Mn-SOD mRNA byYS 51 is independent of new protein synthesis. Pretreatment of curcumin, an inhibitor of c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), dose-dependently suppressed the induction of Mn-SOD mRNA by YS 51, but not by 2′-amino-3′-methoxyflavone (PD98059) and 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-methylsulfonylphenyl)-5-(4-pyridyl)imidazol (SB203580), inhibitors of mitogen-activated protein kinase. Also, YS 51 induced the phosphorylation activity of JNK in a time-dependent manner without affecting the phosphorylation activity of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 (ERK1) and p38 MAP kinase. These results implicated that the JNK pathway appears to play a crucial role in mediating the YS 51-induced Mn-SOD gene expression, and that up-regulation of Mn-SOD would contribute to the anti-inflammatory actions mediated by YS 51.
Effects of Phosphodiesterase V Inhibition on Nitric Oxide-Mediated Relaxation Responses in Guinea Pig Trachea
Authors: Tuncel Başak I. , Şadan Gülay 
Published: May 2004

In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of PDE V inhibition on NO-mediated relaxation responses in isolated guinea pig trachea. Under the NANC conditions, tracheal preparations were contracted with histamine (100 µm/l). When contraction had reached a plateau, relaxation responses to electrical field stimulation (EFS, 60 V, 0.5 ms, 5–10 Hz) were determined before and after incubation of the tracheal ring with L-NAME (1 mmol/l), a NO synthase inhibitor. L-NAME significantly inhibited the relaxation responses and this inhibitory effect was reversed by <i>L</i>-arginine (1 mmol/l), a precursor of NO, but was not affected by <i>D</i>-arginine. In addition, cumulative application of the NO donors, 3-morpholino-sydnonimine (SIN-1) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP), caused concentration-dependent relaxation of tissues precontracted with histamine. The selective PDE type V inhibitor zaprinast at EC<sub>50</sub> concentration (30 µmol/l) significantly potentiated EFS-induced NANC relaxations and relaxant responses to SIN-1 and SNP. In conclusion, these data support the hypothesis that NO is a mediator of NANC relaxations of guinea pig tracheal rings and PDE V inhibition potentiates NO-mediated relaxation.
Arteriolar Endothelial Dysfunction Is Restored in Ischaemic Muscles by Chronic Electrical Stimulation
Authors: Kelsall C.J. , Brown M.D. , Kent J. , Kloehn M. , Hudlicka O. 
Published: May 2004

Chronic intermittent electrical stimulation (15 min on, 85 min off, seven times per day) eliminated endothelial dysfunction of pre-capillary arterioles in ischaemic rat ankle flexor muscles. Responses to acetylcholine were restored from constriction to dilation, and the reduced dilation to bradykinin was corrected by 1 week of stimulation. Administration of the NOS inhibitor N<sup>ω</sup>-nitro-<i>L</i>-arginine for 1 week impaired arteriolar reactivity in a similar way to ischaemia, and dilator function was likewise restored by chronic stimulation. This suggests that nitric oxide production in the microcirculation is depressed by chronic ischaemia and that chronic electrical stimulation can specifically reverse this deficit. Stimulation applied to ischaemic muscles for 2 weeks also increased the numbers of microvessels immunostained for α-smooth muscle actin and the numbers of eNOS-positive microvessels and capillaries. These findings help to elucidate the mechanism of the beneficial effect of exercise in the treatment of peripheral vascular diseases by showing that muscle activity can improve both function and structural capacity of the microvasculature.
Global burden of depressive disorders in the year 2000
Authors: Üstün T. B. , Ayuso-Mateos J. L. , Chatterji S. , Mathers C. , Murray C. J. L. 
Published: May 2004

BackgroundThe initial Global Burden of Disease study found that depression was the fourth leading cause of disease burden, accounting for 3.7% of total disability adjusted life years (DALYs) in the world in 1990.AimsTo present the new estimates of depression burden for the year 2000.MethodDALYs for depressive disorders in each world region were calculated, based on new estimates of mortality, prevalence, incidence, average age at onset, duration and disability severity.ResultsDepression is the fourth leading cause of disease burden, accounting for 4.4% of total DALYs in the year 2000, and it causes the largest amount of non-fatal burden, accounting for almost 12% of all total years lived with disability worldwide.ConclusionsThese data on the burden of depression worldwide represent a major public health problem that affects patients and society.
Reducing the global burden of depression
Authors: Chisholm Dan , Sanderson Kristy , Ayuso-Mateos Jose Luis , Saxena Shekhar 
Published: May 2004

BackgroundInternational evidence on the cost and effects of interventions for reducing the global burden of depression remain scarce.AimsTo estimate the population-level cost-effectiveness of evidence-based depression interventions and their contribution towards reducing current burden.MethodPrimary-care-based depression interventions were modelled at the level of whole populations in 14 epidemiological subregions of the world. Total population-level costs (in international dollars or I) and effectiveness (disability adjusted life years (DALYs) averted) were combined to form average and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios.ResultsEvaluated interventions have the potential to reduce the current burden of depression by 10–30%. Pharmacotherapy with older antidepressant drugs, with or without proactive collaborative care, are currently more cost-effective strategies than those using newer antidepressants, particularly in lower-income subregions.ConclusionsEven in resource-poor regions, each DALYaverted by efficient depression treatments in primary care costs less than 1 year of average per capita income, making such interventions a cost-effective use of health resources. However, current levels of burden can only be reduced significantly if there is a substantial increase in treatment coverage.
Focal changes in brain energy and phospholipid metabolism in first-episode schizophrenia
Authors: Jensen J. Eric , Miller Jodi , Williamson Peter C. , Neufeld Richard W J. , Menon Ravi S. , Malla Ashok , Manchanda Rahul , Schaefer Betsy , Densmore Maria , Drost Dick J. 
Published: May 2004

BackgroundMembrane phospholipid and high-energy abnormalities measured with phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P-MRS) have been reported in patients with schizophrenia in several brain regions.AimsUsing improved imaging techniques, previously inaccessible brain regions were examined in patients with first-episode schizophrenia and healthy volunteers with 4.0 T 31P-MRS.MethodBrain spectra were collected in vivo from 15 patients with first-episode schizophrenia and 15 healthy volunteers from 15 cm3 effective voxels in the thalamus, cerebellum, hippocampus, anterior/posterior cingulate, prefrontal cortex and parieto-occipital cortex.ResultsPeople with first-episode schizophrenia showed increased levels of glycerophosphocholine in the anterior cingulate. Inorganic phosphate, phosphocreatine and adenosine triphosphate concentrations were also increased in the anterior cingulate in this group.ConclusionsThe increased phosphodiester and high-energy phosphate levels in the anterior cingulate of brains of people with first-episode schizophrenia may indicate neural overactivity in this region during the early stages of the illness, resulting in increased excitotoxic neural membrane breakdown.
Somatic symptoms in depression: Evaluation of their diagnostic weight in an African setting
Authors: Okulate G. T. , Olayinka M. O. , Jones O. B. E. 
Published: May 2004

BackgroundSomatic symptoms are extremely common features of depression and other mental disorders in African countries such as Nigeria, buttheir weight in the diagnosis of depression is not certain.AimTo determine what weight should be assigned to these symptoms in comparison with other well-known symptoms in the diagnosis of depression.MethodA sample of 829 persons completed the Patient Health Questionnaire which was earlier modified by the inclusion of the somatic symptoms being studied. Using principal component analysis and a logistic regression model, the contributions of these symptoms in comparison with others were determined.ResultsCore depressive symptoms accounted for most of the total variance for depression. The somatic symptoms studied loaded separately from the core depressive symptoms and were not as good predictors of depression. A cognitive factor emerged as well as some somatic factors.ConclusionsAlthough somatic symptoms may be florid among patients with depression, they have considerably less weight than core depressive symptoms in the diagnosis of depression. The emerging cognitive factor could be similar to that described by previous authors.
Ethnic variation among adolescent psychiatric in-patients with psychotic disorders
Authors: Tolmac Jovanka , Hodes Matthew 
Published: May 2004

BackgroundThere is strong evidence that the rates of psychiatric admission for psychosis in the UK are elevated for the Black adult population compared with the White population. Black adults also have a higher rate of involuntary psychiatric admissions. There have been no studies in this country investigating links between ethnic background and psychiatric admission in the adolescent population.AimsTo investigate whether Black compared with White adolescents from London are over represented in psychiatric in-patient settings and whether they are more likely to be detained under the Mental Health Act 1983.MethodCross-sectional survey of London adolescents aged 13–17 years, who were in-patients in psychiatric units.ResultsAdolescents from the Black group (Black African, Black Caribbean, Black British) were over represented among those admitted with a diagnosis of a psychotic disorder when compared with adolescents from the White group (White British/White Irish, White Other): odds ratio=3.7,95% C12.0–6.7. They were also more likely to be detained on admission and more likely to be born outside the UK and have refugee background.ConclusionsThe possible impact of various background factors influencing admission is discussed.
Relationship between alcohol use disorders and suicidality in a psychiatric population
Authors: McCloud Annie , Barnaby Ben , Omu Nicola , Drummond Colin , Aboud Andy 
Published: May 2004

BackgroundAlcohol misuse is a risk factor in suicide and parasuicide.AimsTo measure the prevalence of alcohol use disorders in a cohort of psychiatric admissions using the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), and the relationship between the AUDIT score and suicidality.MethodConsecutive psychiatric admissions were interviewed with a lifestyle survey that included the AUDIT, and admission case notes were reviewed.ResultsOut of 200 subjects, 48.5% scored 8 or more (indicating hazardous or harmful alcohol use) and 22.5% scored 16 or more (indicating significant alcohol dependence) on the AUDIT. There were no significant gender differences. Alcohol misuse was strongly associated with suicidality.ConclusionsThe AUDIT questionnaire should be incorporated into psychiatric assessments when risk of self-harm is being evaluated. Further research is warranted to examine the impact of interventions for alcohol use disorders in psychiatric settings on self-harm and suicidal ideation.
Prematurity at birth and adolescent depressive disorder
Authors: Patton George C. , Coffey Carolyn , Carlin John B. , Olsson Craig A. , Morley Ruth 
Published: May 2004

SummaryAssociation between prematurity/low birthweight and adolescent depressive disorder studied using a case–control design within a prospective cohort study of 2032 adolescents. Odds for depressive disorder were 11-fold (95% C12–62) higher for the premature/low-birthweight participants after regression adjustment for major confounding factors. For premature/low-birthweight females, cumulative rates of depressive disorder over 30 months were 15.2% (95% C111.1–20.5) v. 1.8% (95% C11.6–2.1) in those with normal deliveries. Physiological adaptations in utero before full term may be implicated causally in some cases of depression in adolescence.
Computer-aided self-help for phobia/panic via internet at home: A pilot study
Authors: Kenwright Mark , Marks Isaac M. , Gega Lina , Mataix-Cols David 
Published: May 2004

SummaryIn an open study, ten people with phobia or panic disorder who could not travel repeatedly to a therapist accessed a computer-aided exposure self-help system (Fear Fighter) at home on the internet with brief therapist support by telephone. They improved significantly, and their outcome and satisfaction resembled those in patients with similar disorders who used Fear Fighter in clinics with brief face-to-face therapist support.
A national survey of psychiatric day hospitals
Authors: Briscoe Jane , McCabe Rosemarie , Priebe Stefan , Kallert Thomas 
Published: May 2004

Aims and MethodWe conducted a postal questionnaire survey of all psychiatric day hospitals in England to identify the range of aims, organisational structure and content of service provision.ResultsOf 102 identified day hospitals, 77% responded to the questionnaire. The findings confirmed that there is great heterogeneity in English day hospital service provision. The function or aim with the highest mean rating was ‘providing an alternative to in-patient care’, with 66% of day hospitals giving this a rating of great or greatest importance. However, the majority of respondents prioritised multiple roles, with many day hospitals aiming to provide acute and chronic care concurrently.Clinical ImplicationsThe label ‘day hospital’ covers a considerable range of community psychiatric services. The heterogeneity of service provision in existing day hospitals could lead to difficulties in generalising research findings on day hospital efficacy.
A dedicated nurse-led service for antipsychotic-induced weight gain
Authors: Ohlsen Ruth I. , Treasure Janet , Pilowsky Lyn S. 
Published: May 2004

Aims and MethodTo evaluate a psychosocial intervention for patients treated with antipsychotics with body mass index (BMI) > 25. A total of 44 patients (mean age (s.e.) 37.6 (1.2); 28 female, 16 male) received dietary and exercise advice with motivational interviewing. Weight and BMI were measured at baseline and monthly thereafter. Patients were offered weight monitoring for 1 year.ResultsOverall mean weight loss was 3.1 kg (mean 3.22%). Modal (range) weight change was 74.2 (719.2 kg to +8.7 kg).Clinical ImplicationsOverall weight loss was not significant after 355.7 (32.5) (mean, s.e.) days. Determinants of response remain unclear. Avoiding weight gain in the first instance is critical. Further research will explore determinants of antipsychotic-induced weight gain and prevention strategies.
Providing a primary care service for psychiatric in-patients
Authors: Welthagen Enone , Talbot Sarah , Harrison Oliver , Phelan Michael 
Published: May 2004

Aims and MethodA prospective descriptive study was set up to evaluate the feasibility, acceptability and activity of an innovative weekly primary care service for patients admitted for acute psychiatric care.ResultsDuring 10 months, 36 clinics were held and 123 appointments were attended. Presenting complaints included a wide range of acute and chronic conditions, affecting all body systems. As well as treating specific complaints, the doctor providing this service undertook considerable health promotion work and gave advice about patient management to junior psychiatrists.Clinical ImplicationsIt appears that there is considerable need for primary care expertise within an acute psychiatric unit, and that a weekly clinic is a feasible model of care.
Research activity of specialist registrars
Authors: Petrie Rachel , Anderson Kay , Hare Elizabeth , Mayfield Neil , Tipper Rebecca 
Published: May 2004

Aims and MethodThere has been much discussion about the productivity and training value of protected research sessions at specialist registrar (SpR) level. We used questionnaire survey to investigate the research experience of senior psychiatric SpRs and first-year psychiatric consultants in Scotland.ResultsThe survey had an 80% response rate. Two-thirds of respondents were able to take protected research sessions, and a similar proportion had published research work during their higher training. Specific difficulties in conducting research are identified and discussed.Clinical ImplicationsScottish SpRs in psychiatry are usually able to protect research sessions, but experience difficulties with lack of experience, resources and supervision. Almost a third of those near the end of their training have published nothing. It is important to explore options other than research projects to gain relevant research experience.
Electronic Spectra of the Electrogenerated 1,4-Benzoquinone π-Dianion and the Strongly Hydrogen-Bonded Charge-Transfer Complex with Methanol
Authors: Okumura Noriko , Uno Bunji 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
Electronic spectra of the active π-electronic dianion of 1,4-benzoquinone and its hydrogen-bonded complex with CH3OH, generated at sequential electroreduction steps, have been discussed from the points of view of the observation techniques and n–σ charge-transfer interaction of the dianion with a weak hydrogen donor. An improved method involving rapid circulation of the electrolyzed solution via a photodiode array detector to avoid comproportionation and side reactions was used for successful measurements of the clear spectra resulting from the dianion generation. CNDO/S-CI calculations well reproduced the longest-wavelength band observed for the dianion, assigning to the benzenoid 1B3u←1Ag band under D2h symmetry. The hydrogen-bonding interaction of the 1,4-benzoquinone dianion with CH3OH allows the 1B3u←1Ag band to be blue-shifted. This behavior has been well explained in terms of the strong n–σ type charge-transfer interaction of the dianion with CH3OH. These results have been extensively discussed with regard to coupled electron and proton transfer reactions in the quinone–hydroquinone redox system.
Unusual Isotope Effects of Molybdenum in Chemical Exchange Reaction Using Dicyclohexano-18-Crown-6
Authors: Fujii Toshiyuki , Inagawa Jun , Nishizawa Kazushige 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
Molybdenum isotopes were fractionated in a liquid–liquid extraction system using dicyclohexano-18-crown-6 (DC18C6). The enrichment factors showed a breakdown of the conventional mass-dependent rule. Some unusual and larger isotope effects were observed in the even atomic mass isotopes, 92Mo and 94Mo. The unusual features in the present study were not responsible for the field shift effect, which was regarded as a primary factor of the anomalous isotope effect in the recent theory, but were due to an anomaly on the vibrational levels. The largest isotope effect was observed in the isotope pair of 94Mo–96Mo, it was ε96,94 = 0.0086 ± 0.0007, its initial aqueous phase was 0.91 M molybdenum chloride, and its organic phase was 0.2 M DC18C6 in chloroform: this was 0.0043 ± 0.0004 in terms of the enrichment factor for unit mass difference.
X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure (XAFS) Studies on Cobalt(II) Bromo Complexes in Acetic Acid Solutions
Authors: Akai Toshio , Okuda Masami , Nomura Masaharu 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
X-Ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) studies were performed for cobalt(II) bromo complexes prepared for the ratio Br/Co from 0.0 to 4.0 and for their oxidized complexes with ozone in acetic acid solvent. The multivariate curve resolution method indicates the existence of two kinds of chemical species both before and after the oxidation. Before oxidation, the two species are cobalt(II) acetate and tetrahedral cobalt(II) complex coordinated by Br. The oxidized sample with ozone consists of cobalt(II) acetate and trinuclear cobalt(III) complex; however, cobalt(III) complexes including Br are not detected. The rate of the change from the cobalt(II) complex coordinated by Br to the trinuclear cobalt(III) complex is lower than that from cobalt(II) acetate complex. This indicates that the tetrahedral cobalt(II) complex coordinated by Br is more difficult to be oxidized than the octahedral cobalt(II) acetate complex.
Mechanism and Simulation of Electrochemical Current Oscillations Observed in the H2O2-Reduction Reaction on Platinum Electrodes in Acidic Solutions
Authors: Mukouyama Yoshiharu , Hommura Hayato , Nakanishi Shuji , Nishimura Takashi , Konishi Hidemitsu , Nakato Yoshihiro 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
Mechanisms of electrochemical current oscillations of two types, named oscillation A and B, both observed for the H2O2-reduction reaction on Pt electrodes in acidic solutions, have been studied experimentally and by mathematical simulation. Oscillation A appears in a potential region just before hydrogen evolution, while oscillation B appears in a region of hydrogen evolution. A phase diagram we obtained has shown that oscillations A and B appear in limited ranges of the H+ and H2O2 concentrations and their ratio. The oscillation period for oscillation A increases with decreasing H2O2 concentration and negative shift of the electrode potential, mainly determined by the current density in the low-current state. Mathematical simulation by taking account of all plausible interfacial reactions (H2O2 reduction, hydrogen adsorption, and hydrogen evolution) reproduces the essential features of oscillation A, but does not reproduce oscillation B. It is shown that a positive feedback mechanism works in sudden transitions between the high- and low-current states for oscillation A.