bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A polarizable electrostatic model of the N‐methylacetamide dimer
Authors: Mannfors B. , Mirkin N. G. , Palmo K. , Krimm S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractOur previously developed polarizable electrostatic model is applied to isolated N‐methylacetamide (NMA) and to three hydrogen‐bonded configurations of the NMA dimer. Two versions of the model are studied. In the first one (POL1), polarizability along the valence bonds is described by induced bond charge increments, and polarizability perpendicular to the bonds is described by cylindrically isotropic induced atomic dipoles. In the other version (POL2), the induced bond charge increments are replaced by induced atomic dipoles along the bonds. The parameterization is done by fitting to ab initio MP2/6‐31++G(d,p) electric potentials. The polarizability parameters are determined by subjecting the NMA molecule to various external electric fields. POL1 turns out to be easier to optimize than POL2. Both models reproduce well the ab initio electric potentials, molecular dipole moments, and molecular polarizability tensors of the monomer and the dimers. Nonpolarizable models are also investigated. The results show that polarization is very important for reproducing the electric potentials of the studied dimers, indicating that this is also the case in hydrogen bonding between peptide groups in proteins. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Comput Chem 22: 1933–1943, 2001
Multisite evaluation of a new dipstick for albumin, protein, and creatinine
Authors: Wallace Jane F. , Pugia Michael J. , Lott John A. , Luke Karl E. , Shihabi Zak K. , Sheehan Michael , Bucksa Jean M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe goal of our study was to perform a multisite evaluation of a new urine dipstick called Multistix PRO™ (Bayer, Elkhart, IN), which has reagent pads for the simultaneous assay of urinary albumin, protein, and creatinine. Patients’ urine specimens were assayed at four sites with these dipsticks and with the familiar Bayer Multistix® 10SG dipsticks for protein. The new dipstick pads for albumin are impregnated with bis (3′,3″‐diiodo‐4′,4″‐dihydroxy‐5′,5″‐dinitrophenyl)‐3,4,5,6‐tetrabromo‐sulfonephthalein (DIDNTB) dye. These dipsticks also have a novel pad that estimates urinary creatinine using the peroxidase activity of the copper‐creatinine complex. We determined the interlaboratory agreement of these dipsticks by comparing dipstick results to values obtained by quantitative analytical methods. We found that dividing the dipsticks’ albumin or protein results by the creatinine concentration reduced the number of false‐positive albumin or protein values observed in concentrated urines, and reduced the number of false negatives in dilute urines. The ratio of albumin to creatinine, or protein to creatinine gives a better measure of albumin or protein excretion. Compared to reading by eye, the dipstick results agreed better with the quantitative assays when they were read by a reflectometer (Bayer Clinitek). J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 15:231–235, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Family‐ and community‐level predictors of parent support seeking
Authors: Redmond Cleve , Spoth Richard , Trudeau Linda 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe influences of community‐ and family‐level socio‐demographic factors on parent formal and informal support‐seeking activities were examined. Data analyzed were collected from 1,260 parents of sixth graders from 26 rural Iowa communities. Hierarchical linear modeling results indicated that both family‐ and community‐level factors were significant predictors of parent support seeking. Findings at the family level indicated that household income, parent gender, and number of children were significantly predictive of informal support seeking; parent education and parent gender were significantly predictive of formal support seeking. In addition, significant community population size effects on informal parent support seeking were found. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Convent girls, feminism, and community psychology
Authors: Mulvey Anne , Gridley Heather , Gawith Libby 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis “trinity” of articles in one incorporates reflections by three feminist community psychologists from the Irish Catholic diaspora. Using a narrative approach, we explore the roots of our common commitment to social justice, and the emergence of our feminism from diverse life experiences across four countries, within a shared spiritual tradition. We argue that building inclusive and just communities is impossible without addressing the complexities of our own communities, cultural identities, and spiritual heritages, the latter often underacknowledged within feminism and community psychology. Catholic Ireland in the 19th century was a colonized1 country that became a colonial power by the export of its people and their religion out of oppression, famine, and poverty to the “new worlds” of Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the USA. Our mixed experiences of internalized dominance as White, English‐speaking members of the “one true Church” and of internalized oppression as Irish Catholic minority women in predominantly Protestant Anglo‐Saxon patriarchal societies resonate in our accounts of the pressures to “do good and be good.” Our stories illustrate commonalities and contradictions between feminism, community psychology, and shifting meanings of spirituality. We offer strategies for harnessing energies and fostering commitment for social change, and examine how understandings of feminism, spirituality, culture, and community might be acknowledged and incorporated into community psychology theory and practice. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
TNFα induces NFκB/p50 in association with the growth and morphogenesis of normal and transformed rat mammary epithelial cells
Authors: Varela Linda M. , Stangle‐Castor Nannette C. , Shoemaker Suzanne F. , Shea‐Eaton Wendy K. , Ip Margot M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn contrast to the cytotoxic or cytostatic effect of TNFα on many breast cancer cell lines, TNFα stimulates growth and morphogenesis of normal rat mammary epithelial cells (MEC). The present studies were carried out to determine whether there are intrinsic differences between normal and malignant MEC which may explain the differing responsiveness to TNFα. Freshly isolated rat MEC organoids from normal mammary gland or 1‐methyl‐1‐nitrosourea‐induced mammary tumors were treated with TNFα for 21 days. Unexpectedly, TNFα stimulated growth and morphogenesis of both normal and transformed MEC in primary culture, although in transformed cells its effects were delayed and the majority of the colonies were histologically abnormal, with multiple cell layers and no lumen. Since NFκB is a key mediator of TNFα action and has been implicated in carcinogenesis, the expression of the p50, p52, p65, and c‐rel NFκB proteins in normal and transformed MEC was determined. Expression of p52 was significantly reduced in tumor cells, and p50 was absent, although its putative precursor, p105 was abundant. There were no changes in the levels of p65 or c‐rel. TNFα induced a pronounced and sustained increase of a p50 homodimeric NFκB/DNA complex in both normal and transformed MEC. However, in transformed MEC, NFκB binding was initially undetectable but then increased in response to TNFα. Thus, NFκB expression and DNA binding activity are altered during mammary carcinogenesis. In addition, the significant increase in NFκB/p50 DNA‐binding was temporally coincident with TNFα‐induced growth and morphogenesis, suggesting that it may play a significant role in both normal development and carcinogenesis. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Selective oxidation of ethane and propane over sulfated zirconia‐supported nickel oxide catalysts
Authors: Wang Shaobin , Murata K , Hayakawa T , Hamakawa S , Suzuki K 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe oxidative dehydrogenations of ethane and propane were investigated over a series of zirconia and nickel‐oxide supported on zirconia catalysts. It was found that zirconia, sulfated zirconia as well as NiO‐based zirconia catalysts showed high catalytic activities for oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane and propane. However, conversion and selectivity differed depending on the nature of the catalysts. Zirconia, sulfated zirconia (SZ) and their supported NiO catalysts showed high ethane conversions but lesser selectivities to olefins while NiO/Li2ZrO3 exhibited high selectivities to ethylene and propylene. Addition of an LiCl promoter in the NiO/SZ catalyst increased the catalytic activity and olefin selectivity, thus resulting in a higher olefin yield. In the oxidative dehydrogenations of ethane and propane NiO–LiCl/SZ exhibited 79% ethylene selectivity at 93% ethane conversion at 650 °C and 52% selectivity to propylene at 20% propane conversion at 600 °C, respectively. Characterization showed that the physico‐chemical properties of the catalysts determine the catalytic activity and selectivity.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Determination of membrane areas for ultrafiltration processes
Authors: Liu Changsheng , Wu Xingyan 
Published: August 2002

AbstractFor batch mode ultrafiltration processes a numerical method for calculating membrane area has been devised with flux predicted from Flemmer's model. Erythromycin broth filtrate was used as a model fluid. Experiments at a 20 dm3 scale were used to estimate the parameters involved in Flemmer's equation, from which membrane areas appropriate for operations of 80 metric tons were calculated. Factors such as rejection, concentration ratio, etc, which affect the membrane size for batch operation, are discussed. The calculated results were consistent with experimental data at the 100 dm3 scale. For continuous operation equations for calculating membrane areas have also been established. The minimum membrane area was calculated at the optimum concentration ratios of each stage, usually their values were different at each stages. Comparison between batch and continuous mode in the context of the membrane area required is also discussed. The method could be applicable to other ultrafiltration operations.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
A bioprocessing mode for simultaneous fungal biomass protein production and wastewater treatment using an external air‐lift bioreactor
Authors: Jin Bo , Yu Q , Leeuwen J (Hans) van 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA pilot plant investigation for bioprocessing has been undertaken to develop a simple, non‐aseptic, low‐cost single process for production of fungal biomass protein (FBP) and wastewater treatment using starch processing wastewater. It has been confirmed that the newly developed external air‐lift bioreactor was very suitable for bioconversion of starch materials and FBP production by the microfungi Aspergillus oryzae and Rhizopus arrhizus. Bioproduct yields of 8.5 g dm−3 of FBP that contained 46–50% protein were obtained within a comparatively short retention time. A fungal biomass productivity in a range of 0.85–0.92 g dm−3 h−1 and removals of total suspended solids and 95% COD were achieved in batch, semi‐continuous and continuous processes. The operation modes of the semi‐continuous and continuous processes demonstrated a high biological dynamics in fungal biomass productivity and COD reduction. The semi‐continuous process appeared to be the most practical mode.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
A molecular model for the evolution of endothermy in the theropod‐bird lineage
Authors: Schweitzer Mary Higby , Marshall Cynthia Lee 
Published: August 2002

AbstractEctothermy is a primitive state; therefore, a shared common ancestor of crocodiles, dinosaurs, and birds was at some point ectothermic. Birds, the extant descendants of the dinosaurs, are endothermic. Neither the metabolic transition within this lineage nor the place the dinosaurs held along the ectothermic‐endothermic continuum is defined. This paper presents a conceptual model for the evolution of endothermy in the theropod‐bird lineage. It is recognized that other animals (some fish, insects, etc.) are functionally endothermic. However, endothermy in other clades is beyond the scope of this paper, and we address the onset of endothermy in only the theropod/bird clade. The model begins with simple changes in a single gene of a common ancestor, and it includes a series of concomitant physiological and morphological changes, beginning perhaps as early as the first archosaurian common ancestor of dinosaurs and crocodiles. These changes continued to accumulate within the theropod‐avian lineage, were maintained and refined through selective forces, and culminated in extant birds. Metabolic convergence or homoplasy is evident in the inherent differences between the endothermy of mammals and the endothermy of extant birds. The strength and usefulness of this model lie in the phylogenetic, genetic, evolutionary, and adaptive plausibility of each of the suggested developmental steps toward endothermy. The model, although conceptual in nature, relies on an extensive knowledge base developed by numerous workers in each of these areas. In addition, the model integrates known genetic, metabolic, and developmental aspects of extant taxa that phylogenetically bracket theropod dinosaurs for comparison with information derived from the fossil record of related extinct taxa. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 291:317–338, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development of sperm storage tubules in the quail during sexual maturation
Authors: Holm Lena , Ridderstråle Yvonne 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe development of the utero‐vaginal sperm storage tubules (SST) in the quail during sexual maturation was studied using light microscopy and image analysis. SST development starts at around 28 days with low columnar cells, 10.9 ± 0.7 μm high, found at the base of mucosal folds in the distal uterus. Seven days later, small bud‐like invaginations consisting of columnar, 16.4 ± 1.1 μm high cells with basal nuclei were found in this region. An extremely rapid growth of the oviduct occurred at approximately 40–42 days of age with considerable variation in oviductal length between birds, coefficient of variation (CV) 64.8% and 66.2%, respectively. Two of these birds had SST containing spermatozoa but were not laying. At 49 days, oviductal length was 24 ± 0.5 cm (CV 2.0%), and all birds had functional SST with spermatozoa and had started to lay. Mature SST consist of columnar, nonciliated cells, 19.8 ± 0.7 μm high. Although development of SST in the quail, to a large extent, coincides with the development of the rest of the oviduct, the present findings suggest that utero‐vaginal sperm storage is possible before the complete maturation of the oviduct and subsequent onset of lay. J. Exp. Zool. 292:200–205, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The labour market and household income inequality in South Africa: existing evidence and new panel data
Authors: Leibbrandt Murray , Woolard Ingrid 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSouth Africa's very high Gini coefficient has always served as the starkest indicator of the country's extreme inequality. The racial legacy has always been highlighted in explaining this inequality. This paper presents evidence that between race contributions to inequality have declined from the early 1970s to the mid 1990s. However, they are still considerably higher than comparative international figures. The racially rigged labour market has always been assumed to operate as the key force underlying these changing inequality patterns and the paper presents findings for more formal decompositions of the linkage between the labour market and household inequality. This work confirms the dominance of the labour market in driving total South African, African and even KwaZulu‐Natal inequality. However, the contribution of wage income is uneven across these different levels of aggregation and across time; suggesting complex patterns of inequality generation. The following lengthy section of the paper uses a panel data set to measure and explain the mobility patterns of a sample of African households in Kwazulu‐Natal. It is found that there was less income mobility at the top and the bottom of the distribution than in the middle and overall there was an increase in income differentiation. Simple mobility profiling and more complex modelling confirm the importance of labour market changes in influencing movement of real adult equivalent income of households as well as mobility across deciles, across poverty lines. Demographic changes are also seen to be very important. The paper concludes with a summary and some suggestions for further work. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of 13C and 15N multilabeled 5‐aminolevulinic acid
Authors: Iida Katsumi , Kajiwara Masahiro 
Published: August 2002

Abstract5‐[4‐13C,15N]‐ and 5‐[5‐13C,15N]Aminolevulinic acid (ALA) were simply synthesized in four steps by the condensation of [1‐13C,15N]‐ or [2‐13C,15N]glycine, respectively, with phthalic anhydride, followed by conversion to the chloride, coupling reaction with a three‐carbon unit and hydrolysis. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Formation and photodissociation of M+–C6H6 (M+ = V+ and Ta+) and Ta+–C6H4 complexes in a time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer
Authors: Lee Hsiu‐Fang , Lin Fang‐Wei , Yeh Chen‐Sheng 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA series of cyclic hydrocarbons were introduced to react with V+ and Ta+ using a pulsed beam expansion source in a time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer. The third‐row metal Ta+ displayed high reactivity in dehydrogenation to form benzyne complexes, whereas benzene complexes were the terminal products for V+. M+–C6H6 (M+ = V+ and Ta+) and Ta+–C6H4 were selected to perform the photodissociation experiments. In contrast to the V+ fragment formation via simple cleavage of the V+–C6H6 bond, a photoinduced loss of C2H2 occurred in both the Ta+–C6H6 and Ta+–C6H4 complexes. Plausible explanations involved in the formation of Ta+–C6H6 and Ta+–C6H4 complexes are given for observing such photo‐induced dissociation. The observed photodissociation in Ta+–C6H6 is analogous to the dissociative process previously investigated in metal ion–molecule reactions. The photodissociation spectrum of Ta+–C6H4 was obtained by recording the appearance of Ta+–C4H2 as a function of wavelength and yielded a dissociation energy of 91 ± 1 kcal mol−1. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mass spectrometric studies of trimethylsilylpantothenic acid and related substances
Authors: Rychlik Michael 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe characteristic fragment of trimethylsilylated pantothenic acid (TMS‐PA) at m/z 291 upon electron ionization was shown to originate from the molecular ion by a McLafferty rearrangement instead of by ejection of 1,1,3,3‐tetramethyl‐1,3‐disilacyclobutane. The verification consisted of labelling experiments and high‐resolution mass spectrometry of the fragment and studies on its isotopic distribution. The remaining fragmentation pathways of TMS‐PA were clarified by B/E‐linked scans and collision‐induced dissociation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of multicomponent mass spectra applying Bayesian probability theory
Authors: Schwarz‐Selinger T. , Preuss R. , Dose V. , von der Linden W. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this paper we develop a method for the decomposition of mass spectra of gas mixtures, together with the relevant calibration measurements. The method is based on Bayesian probability theory. Given a set of spectra, the algorithm returns the relative concentrations and the associated margin of confidence for each component of the mixture. In addition to the concentrations, such a data set enables the derivation of improved values of the cracking coefficients of all contributing species, even for those components for which the set does not contain a calibration measurement. This latter feature also allows one to analyze mixtures that contain radicals in addition to stable molecules. As an example, we analyze and discuss the mass spectra obtained from the pyrolysis of azomethane, which contain the radical CH3 apart from nitrogen and C1‐ and C2‐hydrocarbons. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mechanism of azole antifungal activity as determined by liquid chromatographic/mass spectrometric monitoring of ergosterol biosynthesis
Authors: Heimark Larry , Shipkova Petia , Greene Jonathan , Munayyer Hanan , Yarosh‐Tomaine Taisa , DiDomenico Beth , Hare Roberta , Pramanik Birendra N. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) method for separation and characterization of ergosterol biosynthetic precursors was developed to study the effect of Posaconazole on sterol biosynthesis in fungi. Ergosterol biosynthetic precursors were characterized from their electron ionization mass spectra acquired by a normal‐phase chromatography, particle beam LC/MS method. Fragment ions resulting from cleavage across the D‐ring and an abundant M − 15 fragment ion were diagnostic for methyl substitution at C‐4 and C‐14. Comparison of the sterol profile in control and treated Candida albicans incubations showed depletion of ergosterol and accumulation of C‐4 and C‐14 methyl‐substituted sterols following treatment with Posaconazole. These C‐4 and C‐14 methyl sterols are known to be incapable of sustaining cell growth. The results demonstrate that Posaconazole exerts its antifungal activity by inhibition of ergosterol biosynthesis. Furthermore, Posaconazole appears to disrupt ergosterol biosynthesis by inhibition of lanosterol 14α‐demethylase. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multiplex detection of herpesviruses in tear fluid using the “stair primers” pcr method: Prospective study of 93 patients
Authors: Robert Pierre‐Yves , Traccard Isabelle , Adenis Jean‐Paul , Denis François , Ranger‐Rogez Sylvie 
Published: August 2002

AbstractHuman herpesviruses can infect the eye and be excreted subsequently in tears. The aim of the present study was to use a multiplex PCR to detect herpesviruses (HSV‐1, ‐2, VZV, CMV, EBV, HHV‐6) in tears from normal subjects and from patients with pathological conditions (acute herpes, zoster, papillary conjunctivitis, and dry eye). Schirmer test strips were used to collect tear fluid from 93 patients, sampling both eyes. DNA was then extracted from the 186 samples by chromatography, and viral DNA amplified using a commercialised multiplex “stair primer” method. Thirty‐four samples (18.3%) contained Taq inhibitors. The multiplex test gave positive results for HSV and VZV in tear fluid from patients with acute dendritic keratitis (3 patients) and acute ocular zoster (4 patients) and was, therefore, considered effective in testing samples from patients with acute lesions. HSV‐1 and HSV‐2 were found in two samples from patients with metaherpetic corneal scarring. Among 28 cases of dry eye, two were positive for HHV‐6, the latter being associated with EBV in one patient. HHV‐6 was also found in 4 out of 54 cases of papillary conjunctivitis. This raised occurrence of HHV‐6 in dry eye or papillary conjunctivitis, suggests new clinical patterns for HHV‐6 latency or reactivation. Detection of EBV in 1 out of 80 healthy eyes confirms previous evidence that lacrimal glands constitute potentially a site for latent‐phase EBV. J. Med. Virol. 66:506–511, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A three‐dimensional current cell (TCC) for the TLM method
Authors: Faccioni F. Mauro , Raizer Adroaldo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper presents a new design for a three‐dimensional cell for the TLM method, and its application in the resonator analysis. The new proposed cell is based on ‘π‐type’ transmission line, and it uses incident and reflected currents. A condensed scattering matrix is developed. The computational results are compared with the analytical results and with TLM‐SCN (symmetrical condensed node) computational results. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.