bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The possible role of antioxidants in fruit and vegetables in protecting against coronary heart disease
Authors: Leake David S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There has been a great increase in recent years in interest in the possible effects of antioxidants in the diet in protecting against coronary heart disease (Steinberget al.,1992). Atherosclerosis is the underlying cause of coronary heart disease, strokes and peripheral arterial disease (atherosclerosis of the arteries of the legs). It is therefore responsible for about half the deaths in the developed world and its incidence in developing countries, although presently low, is increasing.
The heat shock response in Escherichia coli
Authors: Bukau B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The conserved heat shock (stress) response allows cells to adapt to environmental and metabolic changes and to survive stress conditions (Morimoto et al., 1994). It is induced by a large variety of stress conditions including physicochemical factors such as heat shock, metabolically harmful substances and complex metabolic processes. In Escherichia coli, the heat shock response to temperature upshift from 30 to 42°C consists of the rapid, up to 20-fold, induction of synthesis of more than 20 heat shock proteins (HSPs), followed by an adaptation period where the rate of HSP synthesis decreases to reach a new steady state level (Gross et al., 1990; Bukau, 1993; Georgopoulos et aL, 1994). Major HSPs are molecular chaperones and proteases (Georgopoulos et al., 1994), indicating that their induced synthesis during the heat shock response is an adaptation to changes in the folding status of cellular proteins. HSPs include the DnaK and GroE chaperone systems formed by DnaK, DnaJ and GrpE, and GroEL and GroES, respectively. They constitute the two major chaperone systems of E. coli as judged by their abundance [15-20% of total protein at 46°C (Neidhardt and VanBogelen, 1987)] and importance for cell survival (Georgopoulos et al., 1994).
Plant Hsp101/ClpB
Authors: Vierling E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Full length cDNAs encoding Hsp101 have been isolated from Arabidopsis thaliana (Schirmer et al., 1994), soybean (Glycine max) (Lee et al., 1994). The Arabidopsis cDNA encodes a protein of 911 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight of 101 267 Da, therefore the protein has been designated AtHsp101.
Capping protein
Authors: Cooper John A , Hart Marilyn , Karpova Tatiana S , Schafer Dorothy A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Capping protein (CP) is a heterodimeric actin-binding protein found in all eukaryotic cells (reviewed in ref. 1). In vitro, CP binds tightly to the barbed ends of actin filaments, nucleates polymerization of actin and is inhibited by PIP2. In vivo, CP is important for actin assembly, based on studies in a variety of cell types and organisms.
Fimbrin
Authors: Correia Ivan , Matsudaira Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fimbrin was first identified as a 68 kDa component of the actin bundle in chicken intestinal microvilli. The purified protein cross-links actin into a bundle in vitro and is associated with actin bundles in different structures including stereocilia, membrane ruffles, micro-spikes, and focal contacts. Fimbrin has been identified in a range of organisms from yeast, slime moulds, flies, and plants to humans. Three different isoforms, L, T, and I fimbrin, are expressed in mammals. The I isoform is the human homologue of chicken intestine fimbrin, whereas the L and T isoforms were originally characterized as isoforms of the polypeptide plastin on two-dimensional gels of transformed tissue. The protein sequence of chicken fimbrin is 73-75 per cent identical to human fimbrins and 43 per cent identical to yeast fimbrin.
Mathematics for the Imagination
Authors: Higgins Peter M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mathematics for the Imagination provides an accessible and entertaining investigation into mathematical problems in the world around us. From world navigation, family trees, and calendars to patterns, tessellations, and number tricks, this informative and fun new book helps you to understand the maths behind real-life questions and rediscover your arithmetical mind. This is a follow-up to the popular Mathematics for the Curious, Peter Higgins’s first investigation into real life mathematical problems. A highly involving book which encourages the reader to enter into the spirit of mathematical exploration.
Personality
Authors: Nettle Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Why are some people worriers, and others wanderers? Why do some people seem good at empathising, and others at controlling? We have something deep and consistent within us that determines the choices we make and the situations we bring about. But why should members of the same species differ so markedly in their natures? What is the best personality to have; a bold one or a shy one, an aggressive one or a meek one? And are you stuck with your personality, or can you change it? Daniel Nettle takes the reader on a tour through the science of human personality, introducing the five 'dimensions' on which every personality is based, and using an unusual combination of individual life stories and scientific research. Showing how our personalities stem from our biological makeup, Nettle looks at the latest findings from genetics and brain science, considers the evolutionary origins and consequences of personality variation, and even includes a questionnaire for you to assess your own personality against the five dimensions. There is no optimal personality to have. Rather, every disposition brings both advantages and disadvantages. Life is partly the business of finding a niche where your personal characteristics work for you. Full of human as well as scientific insight, this book will enable you to understand the perils and potentials of your personality to the full.
A Spiritual Democracy
Authors: Schuchard Ronald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Today, when the casual conversation of scholars drifts towards Yeats’s chanting, the initial smiles turn inevitably to intoned mockery and knowing laughter over his avowed disavowal of print. Even in his own day critics could not comprehend his motive. The Pall Mall Gazette reported as a curiosity that Yeats, in a speech before the Irish Literary Society in December 1905, said he was in revolt against the printed book, which made the world ignorant. In the olden days, he said, refinement was acquired by plays and by hearing of great people and great things when sitting among friends.
Analytical political philosophy
Authors: McDermott Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Analytical political philosophy is a complement to social science. Whereas social scientists aim to determine the empirical facts about human behaviour and institutions, political philosophers aim to determine what ought to be done in light of that information. How should states be organized? What kinds of projects should they pursue? Are there some actions that are impermissible? No set of empirical facts can dictate the answers to these kinds of questions. You could pile up a mountain of data about the differences between, say, democracies and dictatorships, but without the normative element that is the political philosopher’s concern, nothing would follow about which form of government ought to be implemented.
Quantifying the Election Programmes: Coding Procedures and Controls
Authors: Volkens Andrea 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces Part II of our text, which applies the general concerns of Part I to detailed questions of operationalization and measurement. We outline the procedures we have developed to co-ordinate and supervise the coding of post-war election programmes in more than 50 countries–a vast never-ending task, since elections recur every 3 to 5 years in general. These procedures are, as we shall argue, the real guarantees of the stability and quality of the estimates published on the accompanying CD-ROM. Although we report their performance mainly in relation to the 25 countries covered by this book, the discussion has a direct bearing for the entire set of countries to which they have now been applied. Clearly the ability of the coding frame to fit new national experiences beyond those covered originally is an important testimony to its generalizability and credibility.
There is Not Much Eurosceptic Non-Voting in European Parliament Elections
Authors: Schmitt Hermann , Eijk Cees van der 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Participation in European Parliament (EP) elections is low, and increasingly so over the five elections since 1979. While considerable research effort has been invested to explore the causes of the meagre turnout in EP elections, the results so far are somewhat inconclusive. On the aggregate level, we know quite well that context matters. It does make a difference, of course, whether voting is compulsory or not; but it matters as well whether EP elections are held concurrently with national first-order (or other ‘more important ‘ second-order) elections or whether this is not the case; whether national first-order elections are close or not; and whether or not voting is restricted to Sundays (van der Eijk and Franklin 1996: ch. 19).
Carl Schmitt and Hans Morgenthau: Realism and beyond
Authors: Scheuerman William E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We now know that the young Hans Morgenthau was involved in an intense ‘hidden dialogue’ with Carl Schmitt, twentieth-century Germany’s most significant right-wing authoritarian political thinker.2 In his earliest Weimar-era writings, Morgenthau responded to Schmitt’s influential reflections on the ‘concept of the political’: Morgenthau’s assertion that Schmitt plagiarized core arguments from his 1929 dissertation is fundamentally accurate. As Morgenthau noted, his dissertation was partly intended as a critical response to a 1927 essay by Schmitt in which the right-wing theorist had defined ‘the political’ as constituting a fundamentally distinct and independent sphere of activity, existing alongside alternative modes of human activity.
The Indian English Novel
Authors: Gopal Priyamvada 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Oxford Studies in Postcolonial Literatures series offers stimulating and accessible introductions to definitive topics and key genres and regions within the rapidly diversifying field of postcolonial literary studies in English. It is often claimed that unlike the British novel or the novel in indigenous Indian languages, Anglophone fiction in India has no genealogy of its own. Interrogating this received idea, Priyamvada Gopal shows how the English-language or Anglophone Indian novel is a heterogeneous body of fiction in which certain dominant trends and recurrent themes are, nevertheless, discernible. It is a genre that has been distinguished from its inception by a preoccupation with both history and nation as these come together to shape what scholars have termed 'the idea of India'. Structured around themes such as 'Gandhi and Fiction', 'The Bombay Novel', and 'The Novel of Partition', this study traces lines of influence across significant literary works and situates individual writers and texts in their historical context. Its emergence out of the colonial encounter and nation-formation has impelled the Anglophone novel to return repeatedly to the question: 'What is India?' In the most significant works of Anglophone fiction, 'India' emerges not just as a theme but as a point of debate, reflection, and contestation. Writers whose works are considered in their context include Rabindranath Tagore, Mulk Raj Anand, RK Narayan, Salman Rushdie, Nayantara Sahgal, Amitav Ghosh, Arundhati Roy, and Vikram Seth.
Botswana: The African Success Story
Authors: Maipose Gervase 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Botswana is often cited as an exceptional development success story that has managed its aid resources effectively (Stevens 1981; Carlsson, Somolekae, and van de Walle 1997; Nordas, Sekgoma, and Somolekae 1999). Real GDP growth averaged 9 per cent between 1966 and 2006, an outstanding and uncontested economic performance record of any country in the world (Leith 2005: 4).
Assay of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase
Authors: Wilce Peter A , Kroon Paulus A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase (EC 1.1.1.34 Mevalonate: NADP+ Oxidoreductase (CoA Acetylating)) which catalyses the conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonate is rate limiting in cholesterol biosynthesis. Although cholesterol is the major product formed, mevalonate is also an obligatory intermediate for the synthesis of a number of other isoprenoids such as: ubiquinone, a component of the electron transport system; dolichol, required for glycoprotein synthesis; and isopentyladenosine present in transfer RNA. Recently, an important growth regulatory function of mevalonate derived products has been demonstrated (reviewed in 1). The protooncogene p21ras and proteins of the nuclear envelope have been shown to be attached to membranes by a convalently attached farnesyl residue. Inhibition of mevalonate synthesis prevents farnesylation of these proteins and blocks cell growth.
Antibody microprobes
Authors: Duggan A W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The antibody microprobe (1, 2) was developed as a means of getting better spatial precision in determining sites of release of neuropeptides in the central nervous system with minimal disturbance to the structures giving release. As such it overcomes some of the difficulties associated with other techniques used to measure release. These include the inability of surface perfusion methods to localize sites of release with any accuracy, and the trauma associated with the introduction of steel cannulae or flexible tubing into the brain and spinal cord.
Introduction to the theory of chromatographic separations with reference to gas chromatography
Authors: Bartle Keith D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gas chromatography (GC) is pre-eminent among analytical separation methods. It offers rapid and very high resolution separations of a very wide range of compounds, with the only restriction that analytes should have sufficient volatility. It originated as a result of experiments carried out by A.T. James and A. J.P. Martin at the National Institute for Medical Research in London; the results were published in 1952. They demonstrated the separation of carboxylic acids C1-C12 by continuous partition between a liquid film on an inert support (the ‘stationary’ phase) and a gas (the ‘mobile’ phase) moving through the column of packing. These seminal results built on earlier work carried out (in Leeds), in which chromatographic separation of amino acids between two liquid phases had been demonstrated. The separation of plant pigments by simple column chromatography on columns of adsorptive solids had been known since 1906, but the technique was not commonly applied until the 1930s.
Monitoring biochemical change in malting by use of reconstructed NIR spectra
Authors: Allison M J , Maule A P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Spectral changes during malting included the development and disappearance of troughs. However, a strong peak at 2100 mm (starch or high molecular weight dextrin relating positively to extract) and a trough at 1980 mm (protein) persist through to kilning. The reconstruction at kilning had additional troughs at 2350 mm (cell walls) and its PCA-predicted values correlated highest (= 0.995) with extract values.
Oxygen transfer efficiency with a view to the improvement of lager yeast performance and beer quality
Authors: Devuyst R , Dyon D , Ramos-Jeunehomme C , Masschelein C A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The importance of wort dissolved oxygen levels to lipid metabolism, yeast performance and beer flavour is well known. The practice in the receiving period of oxygenation of the sterol depleted yeast cells has been proposed as an alternative approach to the conventional wort aeration procedure.
New method for the differential staining of dead and living cells of yeasts and bacteria
Authors: Peladan F , Leitz R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The proposed method uses two fluorescent dyes. It allows to count, in 30’ and with a hight sensitivity (1 cell/100 ml), dead and alive yeasts and bacteria. In other respects, none of the described problems arise and this method could be used all along the beer process.
The application of an immobilized yeast loop reactor to the continuous production of alcohol-free beer
Authors: Winkel L van de , Beveren P C van , Masschelein C A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Today, alcohol-free beers are produced by arrested batch fermentation, vacuum distillation, reverse osmosis or dialysis. Dealcoholized beers lack body and have poor aroma profiles; incomplete fermentations lead to beers with high residual extract and worty character.
Selection of filter-aids appropriate to beer particle size
Authors: Reed R J R , Freeman G J , Eggars H U 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Selection of the correct type of filter-aid is essential if usage is to be minimized whilst still maintaining beer clarity. If the size of the voids in between the filter-aid particles is smaller than the beer particles, the filter cake will be disrupted, resulting in hazy filtrates or blocked precoat layers. The void size can be estimated from the effective bed voidage and filter-aid particle size. Mathematical models are developed which accurately predict the permeability of filter-aid/beer particle cakes. These models have been used successfully to select optimum filter-aid dosage and to predict filter-bed disruption.
Einige technologische Faktoren des Bierschaums
Authors: Voigt J -C , Reicheneder E , Krause I , Narziss L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Protein fractions responsible for beer foam have been characterized in beers produced in a pilot plant. Beers and foam fractions were investigated by SDS-PAGE, isoelectric focusing, nitrogen analyses and FPLC. The foam stability was tested.
Emulsion stabilisation by protein-polysaccharide complexes
Authors: Dickinson Eric , Galazka Vanda B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The influence of ionic and covalent protein-polysaccharide interactions on the emulsion stabilizing properties of bovine serum albumin (BSA) has been studied at pH 7. Three different polysaccharides are considered: dextran, dextran sulphate, and amylopectin. A simple 1:3 mixture of protein+ dextran sulphate (0.5 wt% BSA, 10 wt% n-hexadecane) gives much better stability than with protein alone under similar conditions. Surface shear viscosity measurements are consistent with the presence of an electrostatic complex of BSA+ dextran sulphate adsorbed at the oil-water interface. Poor stability with respect to coalescence and creaming is consistent with the absence of such interactions in emulsions made with simple mixtures of BSA+ dextran or BSA+ amylopectin. On the other hand, the formation of a aillard-type complex by extended dry heating of BSA+ dextran gives a soluble covalent protein-polysaccharide hybrid with excellent emulsion stabilizing properties. Dry heating of BSA+ amylopectin also leads to improved functionality over the simple mixture.
Toxoplasmosis
Authors: Johnson Julie D , Holliman Richard E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The obligate intracellular protozoan, Toxoplasma gondii, is a recognized cause of lymphadenopathy or a clinical syndrome resembling glandular fever. Infection of immunocompromised individuals, including the fetus, patients with Hodgkin’s disease, organ graft recipients, and the AIDS sufferer are prone to severe or even life-threatening disease. Routine serological assessment has been established for HIV infected persons and in cases of heart, heart/lung, or liver transplantation, while the place of antenatal screening is the subject of active consideration. Consequently, the diagnostic laboratory may receive requests for investigation of toxoplasma infection in a range of clinical settings and a large number of diagnostic assays have been developed to meet this challenge.
Early Stages of Protein Folding
Authors: Roder Heinrich , Elove Gulnur A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ability of a polypeptide chain to fold up into a unique, highly ordered structure is the most important feature that distinguishes a biologically active protein from an inert polymer. For many proteins, especially small ones with a single globular domain, this remarkable disorder-order transition can be reproduced in the test-tube, making it accessible to direct physical investigation. Equilibrium studies where the interconversion between folded and unfolded states is observed as a function of extrinsic variables (temperature, solvent composition, pH, pressure) have led to a thorough understanding of the thermodynamic properties of folded and unfolded proteins (1-3), and the application of site-directed mutagenesis has provided important clues to the interactions that stabilize the native structure (4-8). However, these studies give little insight into the mechanism of folding, since folding-unfolding transitions are often highly co-operative and partially-folded intermediate states are not well-populated at equilibrium. On the other hand, kinetic folding experiments have revealed transient folding intermediates for many proteins, suggesting that folding proceeds through a limited number of pathways with well-defined intermediates (9-12).
Protein Folding in Biotechnology
Authors: Thatcher David R , Hitchcock Antony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Protein folding is no longer a purely academic research topic. Refolding denatured proteins is now recognized as a discrete and pivotal unit operation in the production of several products of industrial importance. In the health care business alone the market for cytokine products known to be manufactured through a route involving a refolding step is greater than $750 M and predicted to rise to greater than $7000 M by the year 2000 (1). Protein folding therefore encompasses not only the challenge of understanding the perhaps rather esoteric notion of 'unboiling of an egg' (2) but now also the challenge of mass producing biotechnology products safely and economically; a class of products already vital to the quality of life and in some cases survival of many individuals. Why do these products require refolding? The success of modern biotechnology results from advances in molecular biology which have enabled any 'foreign' or heterologous gene to be expressed in another organism or 'host' cell line-the production vehicle. However, transcription and translation of the recombinant gene do not always lead to the accumulation of a folded fully active protein. Instead recombinant gene expression may lead to the production of protein in an inactive insoluble form. In order to make a useful product this insoluble protein has to be solubilized and then refolded artificially. Thus what could have been a fruitless exercise in molecular biology is transformed into a billion dollar business.
Non-isotopic detection of DNA in
tissues
Authors: O’Leary, J J , Browne G , Bashir M S , Landers R J , Crowley M , Healy I , Lewis F A , Doyle C T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the last three or four decades, new techniques employing immunological and molecular biological assays have had a major impact in histopathology. The field of molecular biology has expanded dramatically with the development of recombinant DNA techniques which make sensitive detection of specific DNA and RNA sequences by molecular hybridization now possible.