bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Does group selection occur in commensal house mice (Mus domesticus)?
Authors: Baker A E M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Commensal house mice, Mus domesticus, owe their worldwide distribution to their ability to colonize patchily distributed stored food, to survive passive transportation in the food and, when an adequate food supply is available, their ability to breed rapidly in a wide variety of climates, photoperiods, and cultural conditions (Berry 1981; Bronson 1984; Sage 1981; Meehan 1984). Their ability to breed rapidly is a result of postpartum oestrus, short gestation (about 19 days, non-lactating; 21 days, lactating), short duration between birth and reproductive maturity (about 40 days, females; 60 days, males; Bronson 1979; Meehan 1984), dispersal by pregnant females and young coming into reproduction (Myers 1974; Baker and Petras 1986; Baker in preparation), stimulation of uterine growth by the plant hormone gibberellic acid (Olsen 1981), stimulation of puberty by the presence of a male, and stimulation of breeding by changes in physical surroundings or social interactions (Walkowa 1981; Crowcroft and Rowe 1958; Vandenbergh 1987). Breeding can be inhibited by inadequate food supply (Bronson 1984) and the presence of other species (DeLong 1966; Blaustein 1980). High densities of conspecifics inhibit breeding by most females (Lloyd 1975; Southwick 1958; Newsome and Crowcroft 1971; Bronson 1979), though some (7 out of 60) continue breeding (Massey 1986).
Beyond the basic model: empirical evidence for inhomogeneous mixing
Authors: Anderson Roy M , May Robert M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The assumption of homogeneous mixing leads to predictions about the way in which the fraction susceptible, the average age at infection, and the interepidemic period change under mass immunization. It also necessarily implies that the force of infection is not dependent on age. In this chapter, these implications of homogeneous mixing are tested against available facts.
Introduction: coexistence or conflict?
Authors: Toft Catherine A , Aeschlimann Andr á 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A deep conviction permeates much of the literature on parasite-host interactions, regardless of discipline —ecology and evolutionary biology, physiology and immunology, systematic parasitology, medical and veterinary parasitology, and epidemiology (see Chapter 2 by Cheng, this volume for different ‘views’ of parasitism). The ‘good’ or ‘better adapted’ parasite does not unduly harm its host. Any exceptions can be viewed as new associations between particular parasites and particular hosts. Often, but not always, such harmful interactions are indeed demonstrated to be new or at least more recent than comparable more benign interactions (see review by Toft and Karter 1990).
Focal cerebral lesions damaging (subcortical) fibre projections related to memory and learning functions in man
Authors: Cramon D Y von 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As we all know, memory and learning, as do many other cognitive functions, critically depend on the accurate functioning of neocortical association areas. This chapter, however, focuses on the ‘subcortical wiring’ of a neuronal system necessary for ‘explicit’ memory processes (Graf and Schacter 1985). If the subcortical constituents of this ‘memory operating system’ are exclusively lesioned, explicit memory processes are invariably impaired, although the huge neocortical associative information stores are presumably intact.
Speech and language deficits after subcortical lesions of the left hemisphere: a clinical, CT, and PET study
Authors: Alexander Michael P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Brain lesions in the non-thalamic deep structures of the left hemisphere may produce aphasia (Naeser et al. 1982; Damasio et al. 1982; Brunner et al. 1982; Wallesch et al. 1983; Cappa et al. 1983; Puel et al. 1984; Basso et al. 1987; Perani et al. 1987; Alexander et al. 1987; Vallar et al. 1988; H0jerPederson and Petersen 1989; Metter et al. 1988). Beyond that generic assertion, there is little agreement about the so-called ‘subcortical aphasias’. Difficulties in demonstrating consistent brain-behaviour relationships with subcortical lesions is, in part, due to the same methodological issues that have plagued investigations of the ‘cortical aphasias’. Some of these difficulties can be identified. First, there is the problem of differing assessment strategies for aphasia, ranging from the strictly taxonomic (Metter et al. 1988), to the loosely taxonomic (Brunner et al. 1982; Cappa et al.1983; Puel et al.1984), to the assembly of specific profiles (ignoring traditional taxonomies) (Basso etal. 1987; Perani etal. 1987; Alexander etal. 1987; Vallar etal. 1988), to the descriptive clinical (Naeser et al. 1982; Damasio et al. 1982; H0jerPederson and Petersen 1989). Second, there is the problem of wildly variable time post-onset. Some studies restrict this factor tightly (Basso et al. 1987; Vallar et al. 1988), others accept very acute cases (Puel et al. 1984; Perani et al.1987), but most accept patients across a broad time spectrum. This occurs despite the common assertion that patients with subcortical lesions may improve rapidly and the well-known phenomenon that aphasia profiles change with time. Third, there is the problem of differing aetiologies, particularly the inclusion of acute haemorrhage cases (Cappa et al. 1983; Puel et al. 1984; Perani et al. 1987; Vallar et al. 1988; Metter et al. 1988), although these can produce non-specific disturbance in global attention until mass effects recede (Alexander et al. 1987).
Species and history
Authors: Rieppel Olivier 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The role of the species category and of species taxa in cladistic theory and phylogeny reconstruction is reviewed from an ontological as well as an epistemological perspective. The call for ‘reality’ of species with reference to evolutionary theory is misguided, because evolutionary theory is the process explanation for patterns (or regularity) of character distribution. The distinction of species from higher taxa or monophyletic groups creates conceptual as well as methodological confusion. In a similar sense, the distinction of systematization versus classification is beyond the reach of empirical sciences. Empirical sciences deal with regularity of phenomena suggestive of an under lying cause which becomes the subject of an explanatory theory. In the context of systematics as an empirical science, evolution becomes the explanatory theory for observed regularity of character distribution specifying an inclusive hierarchy of groups within groups. Since the distinction of homology versus homoplasy is a matter of character congruence, the hierarchy of taxa always remains hypothetical. The notion of an empirical class is introduced to refer to monophyletic groupings which include the species level.
The role of models in reconstructing evolutionary trees
Authors: Penny* David , Lockhart* Peter J , Steel† Michael A , Hendy† Michael D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Models are an integral part of science but conversely, if a study is to be called scientific, it must be possible for the data to reject the model. We describe a scientific model for sequence evolution in three parts: the tree or graph; the mechanism being tested; and the rates of evolution (initial conditions). When there is no common underlying mechanism for the different characters in a data set we show that for a general model with 2-state characters the par simony tree is the maximum likelihood tree. However, under these conditions neither parsimony nor maximum likelihood is statistically consistent; neither is guaranteed to converge to the correct tree as the number of characters grows. When there is a common underlying mechanism appropriate corrections can be made for multiple changes after which selection procedures, including parsimony, are consistent (that is, converge to the correct tree). Conversely, if inappropriate mechanisms are assumed then tree selection criteria that were consistent, including maximum likelihood, can become inconsistent. The problem of identifying appropriate transformations is a central problem for the successful reconstruction of evolutionary pathways. Bootstrapping gives NO indication of whether the tree is correct, only whether parts of the tree are likely to change as longer sequences become available. We report that a new ‘LogDet’ transformation which uses determinants of a divergence matrix for pairs of taxa allows the correct tree to be recovered when sequences differ in nucleotide composition.
An empirical example of parsimony behaviour
Authors: Allard Marc w. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Three lipotyphlan insectivore sequences were compared to 12S ribosomal rRNA gene sequences from five representative mammalian orders to examine distributions of supporting characters, and to determine whether one can predict where phylogenetically informative positions are likely to be found in this and other genes. To accomplish this task a well-supported lipotyphlan phylogeny was assessed by four taxon comparisons (three lipotyphlans and one other mammalian outgroup). Character comparisons were made for variable and conserved regions of the gene as well as for various substitutions (transitions and transversions). Selectively omitting characters by their substitution type was less effective at obtaining the well supported topology than were analyses of conserved versus variable regions. This has important implications for phylogeny reconstruction methods, which preferentially weight transversions over transitions with little regard for the variability observed across gene regions. Branch length differences between the lipotyphlans also effected how informative characters were distributed. Observations of character distribution were used to complement studies of computer simulation analyses and artificially created phylogenies of living organisms.
Cladograms and trees in biodiversity
Authors: Humphries* C J , Williams† P H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A review of current cladistic weighting procedures used in the assessment of biodiversity is provided. The distinction between unrooted cladograms, rooted cladograms, and phylogenetic trees is described to ascertain the different concepts of taxonomic weighting as applied in some of the more recently published methods by Vane-Wright, et al. (1991); Williams et al. (1991); Faith (1992b); and Nixon and Wheeler (1992).
Extinctions in the fossil record
Authors: Jablonski David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The October 1993 mailing for The Nature Conservancy (US) opens unequivocally: ‘Right now, today, species are becoming extinct at a rate faster than any time in the Earth’s history—one species per day.’ Most of the contributors to this volume assess present-day extinction rates, but I am going to address the palaeontological half of that statement. The fossil record provides an enormous database on extinctions, and I will briefly review the fossil record of extinction, how it is quantified and the potential sources of error, and outline some implications for today’s biota. Because of significant differences in scale, resolution, and taxa under study, I will argue that the statement quoted above is unjustified, and that profitable comparisons between ancient and ongoing extinctions are less likely to be based on absolute rates than on relative extinction intensities among taxa or regions, on relative recovery rates, or on the biogeographic and evolutionary behaviour of taxa during past intervals of global climate change.
Assessing the risk of plant extinction due to pollinator and disperser failure
Authors: Bond W J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ecology has contributed two major insights to the biology of extinction: large areas hold more species than smaller areas and larger populations persist longer than smaller ones. No comparable generalization has emerged from studies of ecological interactions. In this chapter I attempt a new approach to predicting extinction which explicitly includes the importance of interactions. The patterns that emerge are not used to make general statements on probable species loss but rather to identify general traits which increase extinction risk. I use the interaction between plants and their pollinators and dispersers as an example of this species-centred view. These reproductive mutualisms epitomize the subtle, complex web of interactions which, if broken by human actions, could cause a cascade of extinctions. Janzen (1974,1987) has eloquently drawn attention to the possible ‘extinction of ecological interactions’ in tropical forests as a result of habitat transformation. Similar concerns, focusing on pollination, have been raised in other parts of the world including pesticide-sprayed north-temperate woodlands (Kevan 1975), alpine meadows (Vogel and Westerkamp 1991), and eroded African range lands (F. W. Gess and S. K. Gess 1993).
Population and environment-our nature and our fate: an evolutionary perspective
Authors: Harrison Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Professor Geoffrey Ainsworth Harrison held a personal Chair in Biological Anthropology at Oxford University from 1976 until his retirement in 1994 and has been a Fellow of Linacre College since 1965. He has the unusual distinction of holding first degrees from both Cambridge (Trinity College) in natural sciences and archaeology and anthropology, and Oxford (Christ Church) in zoology. He also holds a B.Sc. from the University of London, and was awarded his Doctorate at Oxford in 1954. In that year Geoffrey Harrison was appointed to a lectureship in human anatomy at the University of Liverpool, where he stayed until 1963 when he returned to Oxford as Reader in Physical Anthropology and head of the anthropology laboratory. His fieldwork has taken him to south-west Africa, Ethiopia, Brazil, New Guinea, and Australia. His publications include The structure of human populations (1972) and Population structure and human variation (1977). The creation of a statutory Professorship of Biological Anthropology in the University of Oxford from 1994 testifies to the recognition that Geoffrey Harrison has won for his subject as a key discipline among the human sciences.
Introduction
Authors: Stoneley Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is designed for those interested or involved in petroleum exploration and development, but who are not graduate Earth scientists. It is hoped that it will be useful for drafts people, secretaries, personnel people, engineers, accountants, and lawyers—to name but a few. Hopefully it may make their work more interesting and effective: it is always desirable to have some idea of what one’s colleagues are doing, why, and what their problems and constraints are. In their daily work, most ‘explorationists’ (a ghastly but commonly used term—see below) will be spending much of their time shuffling paper, or pushing a mouse to produce coloured images on the screen of their workstation. We are not concerned here, however, with how this day to day work is done; rather we are concerned to give a picture of why they are doing it, and what it is all about. Many of the tools that are used, including interactive workstations, continue to evolve very rapidly.
Exploration methods
Authors: Stoneley Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We saw in Section 2.4 that exploration in principle means studying the ‘magic five’, and trying to convince ourselves that they are all satisfied in a correct association in our area. If so, then there should be petroleum down there; if not, then there won’t be. It sounds easy, but we can never be one hundred per cent certain of these factors down under the ground where we cannot see the rocks. However much information we have, there will always be some uncertainty in our understanding; all we can do is to arrive at the best evaluations possible from the information available to us. It is the means of acquiring such information, as accurately as possible, that are outlined in this chapter.
Causes and consequences of long-term partnerships in Cassin’s Auklets
Authors: Sydeman William]. , pyle peter , Emslie, steven d. , Mclaren elizabeth b. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cassin’s Auklets Ptychoramphus aleuticus are wing-propelled diving seabirds which feed extensively on krill and small fish of various species. Cassin’s Auklets are generally migratory; however, our study population on Southeast Farallon Island, California, is sedentary (Ainley et al. 1990). Here, its breeding biology, demography, foraging ecology, and diet have been studied since 1969. On Southeast Farallon, these birds nest in burrows or natural rock crevices. Birds will also use nest boxes which greatly facilitates research and monitoring. Cassin’s Auklets are nocturnal in their visits to breeding colonies owing to predation on adults by diurnally active Western Gulls Larus occidentalis.
Monogamy in a long-lived seabird: the Short-tailed Shearwater
Authors: Wooller Ron , Bradley Stuart 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Short-tailed Shearwaters Puffinus tenuirostris are 500 g burrow-nesting seabirds which breed colonially on islands and headlands in south-eastern Australia. On average, their breeding season occupies 195 days (53%) of each year (Warham 1990). For the rest of the year they are pelagic, making an extensive annual transequatorial migration within the Pacific basin. All 23 million Short-tailed Shearwaters are extremely synchronous in their laying, most of which occurs between 23 and 28 November every year, over the entire breeding distribution of the species. Only one egg is laid each year and lost or unsuccessful eggs are not replaced. Up to one million of the large young of Short-tailed Shearwaters (muttonbirds) have been harvested annually for over a century. Concern about this exploitation resulted in the establishment in 1947 of a study that still continues, allowing analysis of the complete reproductive careers of all individuals in one population.
Health outcomes from a medical perspective
Authors: Goldacre Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A commonly quoted definition of health, used by the World Health Organization, is that it is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of illness or infirmity. A common comment on the definition, in its support, is that it emphasizes that our attitude to health should be a positive one. It can be interpreted as a statement of purpose (Kaprio 1969) as well as a definition. A point which is probably less obvious is that it is a definition which, with its focus on well-being, centrally incorporates the patient’s perspective. While the technical concern (as distinct from the pastoral concern) of the doctor is usually to determine the objective presence or absence of disease, the WHO’s definition reminds us of the subjective nature of well-being.
Host-parasite processes and demographic consequences
Authors: Hudson Peter J , Dobson Andrew P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Parasites are ubiquitous; the majority of living organisms are probably parasitic in one form or another and their omnipresence is testimony to their success at exploiting living organisms. The literature is full of reports of parasites associated with birds, so it is difficult to believe that parasites in one form or another do not play a part in the ecology and evolution of most birds. Nevertheless, few studies have been more than descriptive and few have addressed the question of whether parasites have a significant impact on bird populations. Indeed, not until recently have field and experimental studies been undertaken which allow us to test the statement made by David Lack, more than four decades ago (Lack 1954), that ‘While further evidence is needed, it seems unlikely that disease is an important factor regulating the numbers of most wild birds’.
Comparative studies of host-parasite communities
Authors: Gregory Richard D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The modern study of parasite communities owes its origin to the work of Dogie! and colleagues, who introduced concepts of ecological parasitology in the Soviet literature from the 1920s (see Dogie! et al. 1961; Dogie! 1964). Their studies were farsighted in many ways, not least in that they attempted to identify levels of organization within parasite communities and link these to the ecology of host species. This body of knowledge laid the foundations of the study of parasite community ecology. Modern thinking on the hierarchical organization of parasite communities was summarized by Holmes and Price (1986) (see Simberloff and Moore, Chapter 9).
Clinical science
Authors: Weatherall David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sir David Weather all belongs to a very small group of outstanding doctors who are also outstanding scientists. Neither the conventional image of the caring GP, nor the suave Harley Street specialist, is easy to reconcile with the stereotype of the cold, analytical laboratory scientist. This implies the question of whether, in the United Kingdom at least, there is a genuine difficulty in practising good medicine and doing good science at the same time.
Three quarks for muster mark
Authors: Gell-Mann Murray 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Particle physics is, to most of us, a mysterious and unimaginable world with vocabulary to match. The behaviour of nuclear particles is accounted for by their being composed of basic building blocks called quarks, which cannot be directly detected but, nevertheless, possess characteristics dubbed colour and flavour, where the flavours have names like strangeness and charm. At least some of the responsibility for this exotic lexicon has to be laid at the door of Murray Gell-Mann.
The weirdest off ancies
Authors: Glashow Sheldon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1979 Sheldon Glashow, Abdus Salam and Steven Weinberg received the Nobel prize in physics for work which showed that electromagnetism, one of the four fundamental forces of nature, and the so-called weak force, which acts at the sub-atomic level, were aspects of a single, more basic principle. It’s only a matter of time, most physicists believe, before the other two forces, gravity, and the strong nuclear force, are brought into a grand unified theory.
A family affair
Authors: Mitchison Avrion 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Certain families seem to breed great biologists. Darwin’s grandfather, Erasmus Darwin, was, in his own time, equally as famous as his grandson. Thomas Henry Huxley, Darwin’s defender, was President of the Royal Society, and so was his grandson, the Nobel laureate, Andrew Huxley. No less distinguished is the line descended from the physiologist, J. S. Haldane. His son, J.B. S. Haldane, was a founder of biochemical and population genetics, and became professor of genetics at University College, London. Haldane’s sister is the writer, Naomi Mitchison, and Avrion Mitchison is the youngest of her three sons. He is a leading immunologist and, at the time we spoke to him, was Professor of Zoology at University College, London. Murdoch, his older brother, is Professor of Zoology in Edinburgh, and the oldest brother, Dennis, recently retired as Professor of Bacteriology at the Royal Postgraduate Medical School in London.
Interphase chromosome positions and structure during silencing, transcription and replication
Authors: Manuelidis Laura 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before 1975 there was little appreciation of the high degree of chromosomal folding within interphase nuclei. Classical cytologists were limited to descriptions of different chromatin staining patterns in cells of different lineage. Condensed chromatin, which was stained darkly by basic dyes, was known to include the inactivated X chromosome in female cells (Barr body). Such dense or heterochromatic regions of the nucleus were all assumed to be genetically silent. The other major compartment for DNA was called euchromatin. This ‘good’ chromatin was thought to be ‘open’ and possibly completely unravelled, a necessary structural prelude for RNA transcription and subsequent synthesis of proteins essential for life.