bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Leukemia inhibitory factor promotes oligodendrocyte survival after spinal cord injury
Authors: Kerr Bradley J. , Patterson Paul H. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractInjury to the mammalian spinal cord is accompanied by a delayed, secondary wave of oligodendrocyte apoptosis that arises several days after the initial injury. A strong candidate to support oligodendrocyte survival after spinal cord injury is the pleiotropic cytokine, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF). In vitro, LIF potentiates the differentiation and survival of oligodendrocyte precursors. LIF can also prevent oligodendrocyte apoptosis in response to either growth factor removal or cytotoxic challenge. More recently, in vivo studies have demonstrated that LIF is effective in preventing oligodendrocyte death in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). We therefore asked whether systemic delivery of LIF could ameliorate oligodendrocyte death in a mouse model of spinal cord injury. We have found that daily administration of LIF (25 μg/kg/day) promotes oligodendrocyte survival after spinal cord injury. Interestingly however, this effect does not appear to be mediated by a direct action of LIF on the oligodendrocyte but rather via an ancillary cell type, which results in augmented expression of another trophic factor capable of supporting oligodendrocyte survival, insulin‐like growth factor 1 (IGF‐1). © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Direct inhibition of interleukin‐2 receptor α‐mediated signaling pathway induces G1 arrest and apoptosis in human head‐and‐neck cancer cells
Authors: Kuhn Deborah J. , Dou Q. Ping 
Published: March 2005

AbstractOverexpression of the interleukin‐2 receptor (IL‐2R) α chain in tumor cells is associated with tumor progression and a poor patient prognosis. IL‐2Rα is responsible for the high affinity binding of the receptor to IL‐2, leading to activation of several proliferative and anti‐apoptotic intracellular signaling pathways. We have previously shown that human squamous cell carcinoma of a head‐and‐neck line (PCI‐13) genetically engineered to overexpress IL‐2Rα exhibit increased transforming activity, proliferation, and drug resistance, compared to the vector control cells (J Cell Biochem 2003;89:824–836). In this study, we report that IL‐2Rα+ cells express high levels of total and phosphorylated Jak3 protein and are more resistant to apoptosis induced by a Jak3 inhibitor than the control LacZ cells. Furthermore, we used daclizumab, a monoclonal antibody specific to IL‐2Rα, and determined the effects of IL‐2Rα inhibition on cell cycle and apoptosis as well as the involvement of potential cell cycle and apoptosis regulatory proteins. We found that daclizumab induces G1 arrest, associated with down‐regulation of cyclin A protein, preferentially in IL‐2Rα+ cells, but not in LacZ cells. In addition, daclizumab activates apoptotic death program via Bcl‐2 down‐regulation preferentially in IL‐2Rα+ cells. Finally, daclizumab also sensitizes IL‐2Rα+ cells to other apoptotic stimuli, although the effect is moderate. These results indicate that daclizumab inhibits the proliferative potential of IL‐2Rα+ cells via inhibition of cell cycle progression and induction of apoptosis. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The correlation between blood oxygenation level‐dependent signal strength and latency
Authors: Müller Karsten , Neumann Jane , Lohmann Gabriele , Mildner Toralf , von Cramon D. Yves 
Published: March 2005

AbstractPurposeTo investigate the relationship between signal strength and latency of the blood oxygenation level‐dependent (BOLD) signal.Materials and MethodsSeveral correlation analyses were performed on data obtained in a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiment, where subjects were presented with a simple visual stimulus. The BOLD signal strength was correlated with both the phase shift of the spectral density matrix and time‐to‐peak calculated from trial‐averaged time courses. Correlation coefficients were calculated for visual stimuli of 2, 6, and 15 seconds in duration.ResultsAnalyzing all functional runs for the same subject separately, i.e., including for each run all significantly activated voxels, we observed that correlations between phase shift and signal strength, as well as between time‐to‐peak and signal strength, decreased with increasing stimulus length. However, when analyses were restricted to voxels found activated in all functional runs, we observed similar correlations between BOLD signal strength and latency in all runs, independent of the length of stimulation. This result was again obtained for both latency measures: the spectral density phase shift and time‐to‐peak.ConclusionFor both latency measures, phase shift and time‐to‐peak, a high correlation between BOLD signal strength and latency was observed. We have shown that this correlation is independent of the length of visual stimulation. Thus, the correlation between BOLD signal strength and latency seems to be an inherent property of the BOLD response that is independent of the length of stimulation and can be observed using different methods for determining signal latency. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2005;21:489–494. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Automated computation of low‐energy pathways for complex rearrangements in proteins: Application to the conformational switch of Ras p21
Authors: Noé Frank , Ille Fabian , Smith Jeremy C. , Fischer Stefan 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe computation of minimum energy paths (MEPs) is an approach for gaining insight into protein conformational transitions that are too slow to be observed with unconstrained molecular dynamics simulations. MEPs have the advantage of providing the energy barrier of the rate‐limiting step(s), allowing discrimination among different paths. Finding low‐energy MEPs for complex transitions, such as those involving rearrangements of the backbone fold or repacking of buried side chains, has hitherto been unfeasible in a reliable, automated manner, the MEP often displaying unphysical behavior, such as the crossing of bonds. Here, this problem is addressed by combining a counterintuitive procedure for generating an initial guess of the path, in which all side chains are shrunk, with the conjugate peak refinement (CPR) method. The effectiveness of the approach is tested on the conformational switch in Ras p21. This conformational transition involves some partial unfolding and re‐folding, a process for which a multitude of pathways are likely to exist and for which a single MEP does not provide a complete description. However, this transition requires some sterically demanding rearrangements, thus testing the ability of a method to find low‐energy pathways free of structurally unphysical events. This is achieved by the present approach, which finds a path whose rate‐limiting barrier is compatible with experiment. This demonstrates that the method can be used to compute plausible pathways for complex rearrangements in proteins in an automated manner that is unbiased by external driving constraints. Proteins 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
V102862 (Co 102862): a potent, broad‐spectrum state‐dependent blocker of mammalian voltage‐gated sodium channels
Authors: Ilyin Victor I , Hodges Dianne D , Whittemore Edward R , Carter Richard B , Cai Sui Xiong , Woodward Richard M 
Published: March 2005

4‐(4‐Fluorophenoxy)benzaldehyde semicarbazone (V102862) was initially described as an orally active anticonvulsant with robust activity in a variety of rodent models of epilepsy. The mechanism of action was not known. We used whole‐cell patch‐clamp techniques to study the effects of V102862 on native and recombinant mammalian voltage‐gated Na+ channels.
V102862 blocked Na+ currents (INa) in acutely dissociated cultured rat hippocampal neurons. Potency increased with membrane depolarization, suggesting a state‐dependent mechanism of inhibition. There was no significant effect on the voltage dependence of activation of INa.
The dissociation constant for the inactivated state (KI) was ∼0.6 μM, whereas the dissociation constant for the resting state (KR) was >15 μM.
The binding to inactivated channels was slow, requiring a few seconds to reach steady state at −80 mV.
The mechanism of inhibition was characterized in more detail using human embryonic kidney‐293 cells stably expressing rat brain type IIA Na+ (rNav1.2) channels, a major Na+ channel α subunit in rat hippocampal neurons. Similar to hippocampal neurons, V102862 was a potent state‐dependent blocker of rNav1.2 channels with a KI of ∼0.4 μM and KR ∼30 μM. V102862 binding to inactivated channels was relatively slow (k+≃1.7 μM−1 s−1). V102862 shifted the steady‐state availability curve in the hyperpolarizing direction and significantly retarded recovery of Na+ channels from inactivation.
These results suggest that inhibition of voltage‐gated Na+ channels is a major mechanism underlying the anticonvulsant properties of V102862. Moreover, understanding the biophysics of the interaction may prove to be useful in designing a new generation of potent Na+ channel blocker therapeutics.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 144, 801–812. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706058
“If a Body Meet a Body”
Authors: Della Rocca Michael 
Published: March 2005

AbstractWhat are Descartes's criteria for substance, and how many material objects meet them? A passage in the Synopsis of the Meditations has led some to portray him as a monist about extended substance and others to say that he does not even use “extended substance” as a count term. After considering Descartes's two criteria for substance (the basic subject criterion and the independence criterion), as well as his account of transubstantiation, we see that these answers are mistaken. Descartes countenances an infinity of extended substances. These are quantities of matter that can survive any rearrangement or scattering of their parts, but not the annihilation of any of them.
Teleology in Spinoza and Early Modern Rationalism
Authors: Garrett Don 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis chapter seeks to establish (1) that Spinoza accepts the legitimacy of many teleological explanations; (2) that in two important respects, Leibniz's view of teleology is not more, and perhaps even less, Aristotleian than Descartes's; and (3) that among Descartes, Spinoza, and Leibniz, it is Spinoza who holds the view of teleology closest to that of Aristotle. The arguments for (1) derive from examinations of Spinoza's doctrine of conatus, critical analysis of Jonathan Bennett's proposed grounds for interpreting Spinoza as denying all teleology, and the application of Spinoza's distinction of three kinds of knowledge to the distinction between mechanistic and teleological explanation. The arguments for (2) and (3) are based on an examination of the answers given by Aristotle, Descartes, Leibniz, and Spinoza to four basic questions about the nature and range of teleology and teleological explanation. These questions concern the dependence of teleology on thought, the relation of teleology to divine will or purpose, the existence of “sub‐human” teleology, and the role of teleological explanation in natural philosophy.
The Dynamics of Party Identification
Authors: Clarke Harold D. , Sanders David , Stewart Marianne C. , Whiteley Paul 
Published: March 2005

AbstractAddresses important theoretical questions that arise from analyses in Chs 3 and 4 documenting that party identification is a powerful predictor of electoral preference. According to sociological models, party identification is a long-term, stable, affective orientation, whereas for models in the individual rationality framework, party identification is a summary, potentially mutable, tally of current and past party performance evaluations. Analyses of individual-level panel data show that, since the early 1960s, there has been considerable individual-level instability in party identification in Britain, and that this instability is not simply an artefact of random measurement error. Analyses of panel data and aggregate-level time series data also reveal that partisan dynamics reflect judgements about party leader performance and economic evaluations–key variables in the valence politics model of party support.
Creating Club Regulation
Authors: Moran Michael 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis chapter examines the Victorian regulatory state. The key features of the wider administrative culture were congruent with the ideology of cooperative, consensual regulation practised by the inspectorates for much of the 20th century. This wider administrative culture was rooted in the system of club government that dominated metropolitan politics in Britain. This was the final important mechanism in embedding Victorian settlement for the first 60 to 70 years of the 20th century.
From Stagnation to Fiasco: the Age of the Regulatory State
Authors: Moran Michael 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe age of the new regulatory state in Britain is also the age of policy fiasco. Fiasco is both a reflection of hyper-innovation and a force driving the state to even greater frenzies of hyper-innovation. It is argued that the emergent regulatory state amounts to an incomplete reconciliation with the conditions of modernity: with governing arrangements where codified knowledge matters more than tacit knowledge; where codified rules matter more than understanding; where instrumental achievement matters more than traditionally occupied positions; and where measurable accountability matters more than elite solidarity.
Permanent Challenges? Representing Greece in Brussels
Authors: Spanou Calliope 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis account of the Greek permanent representation at Brussels starts by describing the Greek administrative system as characterized by sectorization and fragmentation, low co-ordination, centralization and hierarchical structure, importance of informal networks and personal strategies, and weak institutionalization of horizontal and staff functions. Deficient steering at the top and lack of clearly set priorities are deeper reasons for co-ordination deficiencies at the national and sectoral level. In that sense, the co-ordination scheme for Greek EU policy can be seen as a ‘truncated pyramid’, even though, more recently, major national priorities represent an exception to the rule. This chapter argues that the EU environment and its functional imperatives put pressure on the Greek permanent representation to compensate for defensive attitudes and domestic administrative weaknesses, while at the same time being affected by them. It discusses the organization of the Greek permanent representation, and its tasks and functions (including communication with the centre, internal functioning and working methods, transmission of national positions and instructions, presentation and negotiation of national positions, and networking), and finally gives a brief assessment of the situation.
Social Mobility in Europe between 1970 and 2000
Authors: Breen Richard , Luijkx Ruud 
Published: March 2005

AbstractPresents the results of the comparative analyses of absolute mobility and social fluidity in 11 European countries covering the period 1970 to 2000. Findings are presented separately for men and for women. We find a marked convergence between countries in their patterns and rates of absolute social mobility. There is also a widespread tendency for class inequalities in mobility chances to diminish over time, though there remain quite substantial variations in this respect between countries.
Social Mobility in Norway 1973–95
Authors: Ringdal Kristen 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis chapter, based on four surveys covering the period from 1973 to 1995, focuses on changes in the Norwegian class structure, and on trends in absolute as well as in relative social mobility. The access to rewarded positions in Norway has become easier for all due to the expansion of the service class in the period studied. The pervasive sex segregation in work does, however, show few signs of weakening: women are still concentrated in the lower service class and in routine non-manual work. The analysis of both absolute and relative social mobility shows that, despite educational expansion, privileged social background is still important in Norway, although this study points to a weakening of the vertical barriers to social mobility between 1973 and 1995.
Audit Regulation, Audit Quality, and Audit Research in the Post-Enron Era: An Analysis of Nonaudit Services
Authors: Ewert Ralf 
Published: March 2005

AbstractDespite reservations voiced by the scientific community, the perception that combining non-audit services (NAS) and auditing for the same client may be largely responsible for recently observed accounting and audit failures seems to have gained momentum, and currently, it appears that any auditor offering NAS to auditees automatically endangers ‘independence in appearance’. This chapter addresses the question of whether such opinions can be justified by existing research on the issue of combining NAS and auditing. While there are already some reviews of former empirical papers, there is essentially no survey of the related theoretical research and the more recent empirical work. Here, the focus is mainly on the theoretical side, which is critically reviewed and somewhat extended in Section 2 of the chapter, while Section 3 reviews and interprets some new empirical work in the light of the theories presented before. The final section presents conclusions and directions for further research; the conclusion is that there is no evidence that a simultaneous offering of auditing and NAS to the same client unequivocally and systematically impairs auditor independence, and that, in fact, there are instances where NAS are likely to enhance the quality of the audit because they increase the auditors’ capital that is at stake.
Changing Conceptions of Family and Gender Relations in European Welfare States and the Third Way
Authors: Daly Mary 
Published: March 2005

AbstractExplores the idea of the social investment state in the context of Third Way thinking and practice. It considers the social investment state as: a normative ideal; a pragmatic response to the perceived economic and social challenges facing mature welfare states; and an analytical tool. Following a discussion of its evolution and key elements, the chapter explores the emergence of the social investment state in the UK and Canada. It offers a critical analysis of the treatment of children as citizen-workers of the future, drawing out the implications for children and also women.
What is New Labour? Can it Deliver on Social Policy?
Authors: Lewis Jane 
Published: March 2005

AbstractPresents a comparative overview of non-profit or third-sector organizations in a wider welfare policy and civil society context. It addresses the social, economic, and political developments that have made this set of institutions more central to policy debates in developed market economies; in particular, within a broad policy framework known as the Third Way, which, unlike other policy approaches, pays the greatest and most systematic attention to the non-profit sector. The chapter finds that the strength of the Third Way stance toward the non-profit sector is closely related to its weakness: Because its basic perspective towards voluntarism and civil society overlaps significantly with those of neo-liberalism on the one hand, and with approaches in reformed minded post-corporatists countries, its distinct policy thrust is hard to fathom. Indeed, many countries practice some form of ‘third-wayism’ in their search for new policy approaches to modernize the welfare state.
Explaining Expenditure Outcomes
Authors: Castles Francis G. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractUses statistical techniques to model the determinants of aggregate social expenditure change in 21 OECD countries over the period 1980 to 1998. The main focus is on testing hypotheses relating to the impact of economic globalization and the so-called ‘new politics’ of the welfare state. The analysis suggests that neither of these accounts is persuasive. Instead, the main factors shaping recent expenditure change appear to have been programme maturation, economic growth, deindustrialization and left partisan politics.
Who's Afraid of a Poor Old Age? Risk Perception in Risk Management Decisions
Authors: Weber Elke U. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
This chapter argues that the lack of any visceral perception of risk or danger is the main obstacle to the retirement savings. It reviews theory and empirical evidence to document two claims: that affect is the wellspring of action; and that perceived risk, particularly visceral reactions to risky situations, has little correspondence to other measures of risk. It concludes by considering the implications of psychological models of decisionmaking for designing procedures or institutions that improve on the current situation.
Aphid Resistance inMedicago truncatulaInvolves Antixenosis and Phloem-Specific, Inducible Antibiosis, and Maps to a Single Locus Flanked by NBS-LRR Resistance Gene Analogs
Authors: Klingler John , Creasy Robert , Gao Lingling , Nair Ramakrishnan M. , Calix Alonso Suazo , Jacob Helen Spafford , Edwards Owain R. , Singh Karam B. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractAphids and related insects feed from a single cell type in plants: the phloem sieve element. Genetic resistance to Acyrthosiphon kondoi Shinji (bluegreen aphid or blue alfalfa aphid) has been identified in Medicago truncatula Gaert. (barrel medic) and backcrossed into susceptible cultivars. The status of M. truncatula as a model legume allows an in-depth study of defense against this aphid at physiological, biochemical, and molecular levels. In this study, two closely related resistant and susceptible genotypes were used to characterize the aphid-resistance phenotype. Resistance conditions antixenosis since migratory aphids were deterred from settling on resistant plants within 6 h of release, preferring to settle on susceptible plants. Analysis of feeding behavior revealed the trait affects A. kondoi at the level of the phloem sieve element. Aphid reproduction on excised shoots demonstrated that resistance requires an intact plant. Antibiosis against A. kondoi is enhanced by prior infestation, indicating induction of this phloem-specific defense. Resistance segregates as a single dominant gene, AKR (Acyrthosiphon kondoi resistance), in two mapping populations, which have been used to map the locus to a region flanked by resistance gene analogs predicted to encode the CC-NBS-LRR subfamily of resistance proteins. This work provides the basis for future molecular analysis of defense against phloem parasitism in a plant model system.