bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of carbon on combustion characteristics of Magnesium‐Sodium Nitrate Propellant
Authors: Singh Harihar , Somayajulu M. R. , Rao R. Bhaskara , Meghasyam K. R. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractEffect of addition of carbon in the form of graphite and carbolac on the combustion characteristics of Magnesium‐Sodium nitrate propellant has been studied. Results indicated that the burning rate of the propellant increased significantly by the addition of graphite upto 2%. Thermal decomposition studies revealed that the graphite particles in addition to its absorption of thermal energy being an inert material react with the decomposed products of the sodium nitrate just above the burning surface of the propellant for the exothermic heat release. This heat release which is high at low concentration of graphite is seen causing high burning rate. Any further increase in graphite concentration beyound 2% reduces the burning rate as the thermal energy absorption exceeds the heat release at the burning surface. When carbon in the form of carbolac was used in the composition reactive species diffuse out prior to the sample ignition without participating in the combustion thus reduces the burning rate. The heat of reaction data supported the suggested mechanism.
Electric‐spark sensitivity of Heat‐Resistant Polynitroaromatic Compounds
Authors: Hosoya F. , Shiino K. , Itabashi K. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThermally statble explosives (polynitroaromatic compunds) have been studied using an electric‐spark generating device to determine their sensitivities for acrospace applications. The explosives tested were DATB, TATB, HNS and ONT. In addition, TNT was used as a reference nitro compund. The ignition energy of HNS and ONT does not depend on the initial temperature of the samples as much as does DATB, HNS and ONT are more sensitive than DATB and TATB in electric‐spark test, underwater small scale gap test and drop hammer test, and they also showed high adiabatic flame temperature.
Jet Penetration of Surrogate Steel‐Explosive Systems
Authors: Ferm Eric , Ramsay John B. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractPredicting the jet initiation of an explosive that is covered and in intimate contact with an inert material, is sensitive to the history of the jet in both the cover and the explosive. If the penetration velocity in the cover is subsonic, the acceptor explosive experiences complex wave structures that are significantly different from the case where the penetration velocity is supersonic. The pressure history in the explosive may cause prompt initiation, desensitization, or delayed initiation. We have used transparent polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) as a surrogate for the explosive, allowing us to experimentally visualize the transition between the subsonic penetration behavior in a steel cover and the quasi‐steady supersonic penetration behavior in the PMMA. The wave histories in PMMA downstream from two steel covers of different thicknesses have been measured by streak and image intensifier cameras and by flash radiography simultaneously. These were augmented with pressure gauges to measure the pressure history for one of the thicknesses. These experimental results and subsequent analysis show how initiation of an explosive acceptor can occur at various distances from the interface, depending on the thickness of the cover plate.
The Behavior of Shaped Charges with open‐poled hemispherical liners
Authors: Summers Richard L. , Walters William P. , Dick Richard D. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThis paper discusses the effect of an opening at the pole of a hemispherical shaped‐charge liner. An experimental study was performed in which various diameter holes were made in otherwise similar shaped‐charge liners. Flash radiographs were taken to observe changes in the liner collapse and the jet characteristics. The collapse process and jet characteristics of a hemispherical liner are significantly altered for a hole diameter which is 10% or more of the outer liner diameter. The jet tip velocity is increased by 26% for a hole diameter‐to‐liner diameter ratio of 0.25. Explanations are presented for the behavior of the tip region of the shaped‐charge jet.
Combustion Mechanisms of High Explosives and their relation with the DDT process
Authors: Isler J. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe response fo high explosives to accidental stimuli like bullet impact or thermal aggression is largely dependent on their combustibility, then on their combustion mechanism. The need of products with limited DDT hazard has led to the works presented in this paper. The aims were:

to develop a tool allowing to detect the unusual burning process leading to the DDT
to improve the knowledge about these processes, and about the features of the high explosives which influence these processes.
These works have been performed by studying both classical melt cast high explosives and cast cured (plastic bonded) PBXs.
The effect of nitroglycerin content on the quasi‐static compaction behavior of various ball propellants
Authors: Elban W. L. , Coyne P. J. , Campbell R. L. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe quasi‐static compaction behavior of a number of single‐ and double‐base ball propellants has been investigated to determine the effect of nitroglycerin (NG) content. Simultaneous measurements were obtained of axial applied and transmitted forces, circumferential strain, and porous bed displacement, resulting in the calculation of axial average solid stress and radial stress as a function of porous bed consolidation. Five Olin ball propellants designated as WC140, TS3660, TS3659, Winchester #231, and TS3661 in order of increasing NG content, were compacted. Their NG concentrations ranged from 0 to ∼35 wt%. The most significant effects of increased NG content were to decrease the various axial and radial stress levels present at constant degree of bed consolidation and to increase the coefficient of kinetic friction at the porous bed/mold wall interface. Microscopic examination of recovered samples that had been compacted revealed that extensive plastic deformation occurred in the absence of particle fracture.
Analysis of the Accidental Explosion at PEPCON, Henderson, Nevada, on May 4, 1988
Authors: Reed Jack W. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractDamages caused by a large, accidental explosion in Henderson, NV, were surveyed and interpreted for their estimated causative airblast overpressures. Results were widely scattered by uncertainty in structural (primarily window glass) response as well as weather effects, but the total pattern of estimated overpressures versus distances generally agrees with a 1‐kt NE assumption for the airburst source strength. This is duplicated by a 227‐Mg HE surface burst. Since approximately 1.36‐Gg AP were destroyed in the area of the largest single explosion, an HE explosive equivalence for ammonium per‐chlorate appears to be about 1/6. Considering the yield‐scaled response of overpressures to yield, there is no significant difference with an independent yield estimate of 454‐Mg HE, made from close‐in blast effects on relatively ideal structural elements.
Tactical Solid Rocket Motors Response to Bullet Impact
Authors: Hamaide S. , Quidot M. , Brunet J. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractVulnerability studies are very important for rocket motors development using high energy and minimum smoke solid propellant. Among the treated threats, the bullet impact is a well known test studied for many years. Nevertheless, during our experimentations against true rocket motor, the well‐known scenarios failed. A new scenario has been identified and confirmed to take into account the new phenomenon. This scenario implied the solid propellant but also the geometry of the grain. The paper presents the experimental works and describes the physics of the phenomenon supported by the associated model studies.
Gas Generator Materials Consisting of TAGN and Polymeric Binders
Authors: Eisele Siegfried , Volk Fred , Menke Klaus 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThis study introduces a new type of gs generator on the basis of triaminoguanidine nitrate with polymeric binders in the form of polyurethane polymers, cellulose acetate and the azidopolymer GAP with nitroplasticizer. TAGN propellants demonstrate low burning temperatures, high yields of gaseous products adn adjustable medium to high burning velocities. Together with high chemical and thermal stabilities, good mechanical properties to high and low temperatures, no exhaust of corrosive gases and very low sensitivity, the gas‐generator propellants exhibit outstanding properties.
The Effect of Radial Confinement of Explosive on the Impulse delivered to an explosively driven circular plate
Authors: Boyer Daryl L. , Bowman Barry R. , Brandt Harry , Giedt Warren H. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe effect of radial confinement of explosive on the impulse delivered to an explosively driven circular plate was investigated numerically. The results are applicable to the design of explosively formed penetrators. Aluminum radial confinement and additional radial explosive were investigated as means of increasing the impulse delivered to the plate. The radial thicknesses were varied from 0% to 10% of the explosive charge diameter with copper plates having thicknesses of 2%, 5% and 8% of the explosive charge diameter.Results show the use of radial confinement to be more effective with thicker plates. The increase in impulse provided by aluminum confinement was as great as 18% with an 8% charge diameter thick plate, compared to 12% with a 2% charge diameter thick plate. Regardless of the plate thickness, additional radial explosive can be more effective than aluminum radial confinement in increasing the impulse. For example a 10% charge diameter thickness of explosive increases the impulse by up to 28%, compared to 18% for the same thickness of aluminum. The results do not exhibit dependence on the method of detonation, nor on the length of the explosive charge.
Prediction of Extremely Low and High Explosion Frequencies from sensitiveness tests
Authors: Strømsøe Eigil 
Published: May 2005

AbstractProbit analysis is an efficient method for analyzing sensitiveness test data. If the aim is to determine themedian stimulus value, the choice of stimulus scale is of minor importance. If, on the other hand, extreme frequencies are to be predicted, great care should be taken in the selection of an appropriate stimulus scale. A scale incorporating an upper and a lower stimulus level corresponding to explosion probability 1 and 0, respectively, is suggested. In an illustrative example this scale is shown to involve considerably less bias than either a simple linear or logarithmic scale.
Low‐Sensitivity Explosive Compounds for Low Vulnerability Warheads
Authors: Becuwe Alain , Delclos A. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractLooking for explosives for Low Vulnerability Ammunitions leads to an interest in explosive molecules less sensitive than the usual nitramines (RDX, HMX). If TATB is quite convenient in terms of sensitivity, its performance is too low.The researches described here are related to synthesis and use of NTO (nitrotriazolone), another insensitive molecule. The synthesis by nitration of TO (triazolone) is easy and the two steps from available starting materials have been optimized.A comparison of desensitivation of PBX either by TATB or by NTO have been made. The sensitivity levels were found equivalent while the detonation velocity of the NTO based PBX was slightly higher. Unfortunately in this case, the failure diameter would be larger.The last part relates to an extensive characterization in terms of performance and vulnerability to fast cook off, slow cook off, bullet impact, shock sensitivity and sympathetic detonation of a NTO and HMX based PBX. This PBX, B 2214, was one of the first examples of explosive composition showing no sympathetic detonation, even in 248 mm large diameter.
Stabilizer Reactions in Cast Double Base Rocket Propellants. Part III: Evidence for stabilizer interaction during extraction of propellant for HPLC quantitative analysis
Authors: Bellamy A. J. , Sammour M. H. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe use of a refined HPLC technique for analysis of the stabilizers para‐nitro‐N‐n ethylaniline (pNMA) and 2‐nitrodiphenylamine (2NDPA) and their N‐nitroso derivatives, in a mixed‐stabilizer, cast, double base rocket propellant composition subjected to accelerated aging at 70°C for 18 weeks has shown that (1) the time of hot extraction of the propellant samples for HPLC analysis significantly affects the relative quantities of the stabilizers and their corresponding N‐nitroso derivatives, and (2) pNMA is completely consumed during aging. The results presented in the first two parts of this series require some qualification on the basis of these observations, but the suggestion that the N‐nitroso derivative of pNMA participates in transnitrosation with 2NDPA remains valid, and is further substantiated by its occurrence during hot extraction of the propellant.
Thermal Decomposition of BAMO/HMX Propellants
Authors: Oyumi Yoshio , Inokami Kiyotaka , Yamazaki Kazuhiro , Matsumoto Koki 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThermal decomposition of BAMO [bis(azidomethyl)oxetane/tetrahydrofuran copolymer]/HMX composite propellants was studied by isothermal TGA (thermogravimetric analysis) and DSC (differential scanning calorimetry) in helium atmosphere, which was showing overall two steps first‐order kinetics. The effects of cross‐link ratio on the accelerated aging of the BAMO/HMX propellants were also measured with infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography. The accelerated aging was conducted at 347 K for several weeks. BAMO/HMX propellants for a very low cross‐link ratio made the cavity between HMX and BAMO binder by N2, CO2, and H2O evolutions during accelerated aging. An exotherm, generated by the decomposition of azide binder, initiated and accelerated the thermal decomposition of HMX. The burning rate of BAMO/HMX propellant was larger than those of BAMO binder and HMX, respectively. However, the propellant could not maintain the combustion at low pressure, at which its burning rate was equal to that of BAMO binder.
The Dead‐Pressing Phenomenon in an ANFO Explosive
Authors: Nie Shulin , Deng Junhua , Persson Algot 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe dead‐pressing phenomenon or pressure desensitization in ANFO as well as in other civil explosives is well‐known. However, to our knowledge, the detailed study of this phenomenon in ANFO has not been carried out or reported. Therefore, such a study was planned in a SveDeFo research program. Blasting experiments in iron pipes were performed. Mainly, the density of dead‐pressing and the transmission distance of detonation in the dead‐pressed ANFO were studied. The results show that the dead‐pressing density of the tested ANFO, Prillit A (a trademark of Nitro Nobel AB in Sweden), in diameters 45 mm, 60 mm and 75 mm of steel pipes is respectively 1.35, 1.39 and 1.43 [g/cm3]. The dependence of the detonation transmission distance on the density of the ANFO has also been outlined.
Observations on the Reactivity of Pyrotechnic Compositions containing potassium chlorate and thiourea
Authors: Wharton R. K. , Barratt A. J. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractAn explosion occurred recently during the operation of a grinder that had been used to process potassium chlorate and then thiourea. As part of our investigation of this accident we determined the mechanical sensitiveness of mixtures containing these components and showed that they can be very sensitive to both impact and friction stimuli. Thermo‐analytical studies indicate that the binary mixture can react at up to 200°C below the melting point of the oxidizer; the exothermic process is characterized by a high reaction energy. Temperatures of ignition of the mixtures were less than 155°C, whereas the individual components gave no ignition below 400°C.
Qualitative Assessment of Nitroglycerin Migration from double‐base and composite modified double‐base rocket propellants: Concepts and methods of prevention
Authors: Agrawal J. P. , Singh Haridwar 
Published: May 2005

AbstractSeveral concepts explaining the phenomenon of the nitroglycerin migration from DB and CMDB propellants to the inhibitor, are presented in this review. In the light of these concepts and the data available in the literature, methods to prevent/reduce NG migration are also discussed.
Shock Compression and Initiation of LX‐10
Authors: Tarver Craig M. , Urtiew Paul A. , Chidester Steven K. , Green Leroy G. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractLX‐10 is a high energy density solid explosive consisting of 94.5% octahydro‐1,3,5,7‐tetranitro‐1,3,5,7‐tetrazocine (HMX) and 5.5% Viton A Binder pressed to 1.865 g/cm3 (98.4% of theoretical maximum density). In this paper the shock compression and initiation of chemical reaction in LX‐10 by sustained shock pressures of 0.4 to 3 GPa are studied experimentally using embedded pressure and particle velocity gauges. The resulting pressure and particle velocity histories are evaluated theoretically using the ignition and growth reactive flow computer model of shock initiation and detonation. Manganin resistance and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVF2) ferroelectric pressure gauges are both employed in the low pressure (0.4 – 0.7 GPa) shock compression experiments. Multiple manganin pressure and multiple electromagnetic foil particle velocity gauges measure the growth of reaction at various positions in LX‐10 shocked to 1 – 3 GPa. The reactive flow modeling results imply that less than one percent of the LX‐10 shocked to 0.4 – 0.7 GPa reacts in fifteen microseconds. For the higher pressure experiments, the ignition and growth model accurately calculates the pressure and/or particle velocity buildup in LX‐10 as the reaction grows toward detonation. The LX‐10 calculations are compared to those for the well‐calibrated explosive PBX‐9404, which contains 94% HMX and a reactive binder. Since it has the inert binder Viton A and better mechanical properties than PBX‐9404, LX‐10 is demonstrated to be significantly less reactive than PBX‐9404 at these shock pressures. Therefore LX‐10 is safer than PBX‐9404 in many hazard and vulnerability scenarios to which solid explosives may be subjected.
Design of an Inert Material Type Plane Wave Generator
Authors: Chen Chun‐Yu , Shiuan Jong‐Hwa , Lan I‐Feng 
Published: May 2005

AbstractA simple model calculation, a hydrodynamic code simulation and experimental verifications are presented in this paper for the design of a plane wave generator (PWG), composed of plexiglass as the inert material and Composition‐B (Comp‐B) as the high explosive with a density of about 1.72 g/cm3. Along with the design concept of the PWG, a simple model, based on the steady state detonation and decaying shock wave theory is proposed to calculate the time difference. Calculation results of this model are in good agreement with those of the experiment.The experimental verifications are done with the aid of a Hamamatsu streak camera, taking the so‐called “time difference” as a measure of the quality of a plexiglass PWG. The smaller the time difference, the better the PWG which will generate a wave approaching a plane wave.A hydrodynamic computer code (2DL) is used to study the inert material type PWG. The results agree with experiment and with the simple model.From our study we have the following conclusions:

The time difference is less than 0.04 microseconds;
For the generation of a plane wave, a PWG of height 30 mm requires a base angle of 25°, and a PWG of height 20 mm requires a base angle of 30°;
It is expected that the model will be applicable to other heights and base angles.
Oil‐Well Shaped Charge Penetration‐Time histories in a simulated down‐hole environment
Authors: Smith Peter D. , Keating J. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThis paper describes a series of experiments to measure the penetration depth with time of shaped charge jets as used in the oil industry to perforate well‐liners. Targets comprised steel (simulating the well‐liner), cement (representing the grout surrounding the liner) and Berea sandstone (in the form of cores) as the oil‐bearing material. Results indicated cratering velocities of about 2000 m/s through the sandstone. Jet slow‐down was very gradual and performance was found to be consistent with the behaviour of shaped charges penetrating materials such as those used in military armour.
The use of analytical computer models in shaped charge design
Authors: Backofen Joseph E. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThis paper briefly examines some of the more challenging aspects of shaped charge design, such as control of jet breakup and analysis of the jet's interactions with targets. Background material and experimental observations are provided for analytical models uniquely describing and providing insight into these research areas. Analytical codes incorporating these models can now predict the performance of a shaped charge against various targets. An example of a shaped charge designed using an analytical computer code in order to match its capability against a range of targets is presented and discussed.
Shaped charge jet interaction with Highly Effective Passive Sandwich Systems ‐ experiments and analysis
Authors: Thoma K. , Vinckier D. , Kiermeir J. , Deisenroth U. , Fucke W. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe development and investigation of reactive sandwich targets and their interaction with shaped charge jets is one of the many research areas, where important contributions were made by Manfred Held. Such reactive sandwiches are known to be extremely effective against jets, but have a number of disadvantages.In this work, the interaction of the copper jet from a shaped charge calibre 136 mm with a double sandwich system, each sandwich consisting of a non‐reacting layer between outer steel plates, is investigated. In 10 experiments with identical geometrical setup, only the material of the non‐reacting layer is changed. Using flash X‐ray pictures, the interaction of the jet with the sandwich system is investigated. Evaluation of these pictures as well as the comparison of the measured residual penetrations behind the sandwich target clearly demonstrate the influence of the material of the inner sandwich layer. The deformation and movement of the steel plates, caused by the penetrating jet, can be seen in the X‐ray pictures. It is shown that it is possible to distort a shaped charge jet so that its penetration capability behind the target is reduced to a minimum.A fully three‐dimensional hydrocode simulation of the experiments enabled the jet/sandwich interaction and steel plate deformation and rupture to be studied in detail.
Characteristics of Shaped Charges with Hemispherical Liners
Authors: Hornemann U. , Holzwarth A. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractDuring the last 10 years shaped charges with spherical liners have arosed great interest in research and development because their application in special munition results in an increase of performance. The present report presents measured characteristics of shaped charges with hemispherical liners. A short explanation of the jet formation process and the typical jet characteristics as a function of charge geometries are given, and the effect of liner materials is described. Additionally, the influence of various explosives and wave shapers have been studied. The important feature of such shaped charges is that the projectiles are associated with a high terminal ballistic effective part of the liner mass, which is of particular interest for application.