bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of electric accidents in power industry
Authors: Batra P. E. , Ioannides M. G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractNowadays, electric power is the most commonly used form of energy and is an important part of everyday life. The violation of the rules of use of electricity implies material damages, human injuries, and, unfortunately, very often, loss of life. According to the international statistics, electric accidents are the most fatal among the other kinds of accidents. This particularity is also confirmed for Greece.The present article is an assessment of the electrocutions that happened between 1992 and 1996 to workers in the power industry of Greece. Specifically, data concerning the occupational characteristics of the injured person, the time at which the accident occurred, and its consequences are presented and discussed.The calculation of the accident frequency rate per 1,000 workers, with special attention to fatal accidents, is proposed. Also, the structure of an information system for accidents is proposed. With its simultaneous connection to the central computer of the company, the information system can calculate the frequency and severity rates per workplace, per group, and per specialty of workers. Also, it characterizes the workers according to the occupational risk they are running. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Human performance in industrial scheduling: A framework for understanding
Authors: MacCarthy B.L. , Wilson J.R. , Crawford S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPlanning and scheduling activities have a significant impact on the performance of manufacturing enterprises. Throughout the 1980s there was a belief that computer‐led solutions would “solve” complex industrial planning and scheduling problems. However, in most manufacturing organizations, planning and scheduling still require significant human support to ensure effective performance. Although the contribution of these human resources is often highly valued, we are only beginning to develop a coherent body of knowledge that can contribute toward the successful integration of human and computer‐based planning and scheduling systems. Here we examine the state of knowledge in this domain and identify the need for field investigations. We present a framework to facilitate research in human and organizational issues in planning and scheduling in manufacturing. A structured and detailed set of research questions is developed to underpin field studies. The framework focuses on understanding the scheduling environment, the process of scheduling, and related performance issues. The application of the framework is illustrated using our own field studies, where a number of specific research questions of practical importance have been identified: what scheduling is, who carries it out, what influences scheduling practice and performance, how schedulers actually schedule, what makes a good scheduler and schedule, and what support is needed. The framework makes a valuable contribution to advancing knowledge in an area of real practical benefit to contemporary manufacturing industry. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Analysis of the presynaptic signaling mechanisms underlying the inhibition of LTP in rat dentate gyrus by the tyrosine kinase inhibitor, genistein
Authors: Casey M. , Maguire C. , Kelly Á. , Gooney M.A. , Lynch M.A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA great deal of recent evidence points to a role for tyrosine kinase in expression of LTP. Data have been presented that are consistent with the idea that tyrosine phosphorylation of proteins occurs in both the presynaptic and postsynaptic areas. In this study, we set out to investigate the role that tyrosine kinase might play presynaptically to modulate release of glutamate in an effort to understand the mechanism underlying the persistent increase in release that accompanies LTP in perforant path–granule cell synapses. We report that LTP was associated with increased calcium influx and glutamate release. LTP was also associated with an increase in phosphorylation of the α‐subunit of calcium channels and ERK in synaptosomes prepared from dentate gyrus, and these effects were inhibited when LTP was blocked by the tyrosine kinase inhibitor, genistein. LTP was accompanied by increased protein synthesis and increased phosphorylation of CREB in entorhinal cortex, effects that were also blocked by genistein. We conclude that tetanic stimulation leads to enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation of certain presynaptically located proteins that modulate glutamate release and contribute to expression of LTP. Hippocampus 2002;12:377–385. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Melatonin receptors in rat hippocampus: molecular and functional investigations
Authors: Musshoff Ulrich , Riewenherm Daniel , Berger Eva , Fauteck Jan‐Dirk , Speckmann Erwin‐Josef 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSince binding sites for melatonin have been found in the hippocampus of several mammals, it has been suggested that the pineal hormone melatonin is able to modulate neuronal functions of hippocampal cells. In order to get more insight into the role of melatonin for the functions of hippocampal cells, the following experiments were performed: male rats, maintained under a 12/12‐h light‐dark cycle, were sacrificed by decapitation at zeitgeber times (h) ZT2, ZT8, and ZT15 (ZT0 = lights on); for experiment 1, gene expression for melatonin receptors was detected in the hippocampus and in hippocampal subfields by means of the RT‐PCR technique; for experiment 2, electrophysiological and pharmacological properties of melatonin receptors heterologously expressed in Xenopus oocytes after injection of mRNA from the hippocampus were analyzed by means of voltage clamp technique; and for experiment 3, effects of melatonin on the spontaneous firing rate of action potentials in the CA1 regions of hippocampal slices were analyzed by means of extracellular recordings. The RT‐PCR data revealed that transcripts for both the MT1 and MT2 melatonin receptors are present in the dentate gyrus, CA3, and CA1 regions, and the subiculum of the hippocampus. Injection of mRNA from rat hippocampus into the Xenopus oocytes led to the functional reconstitution of melatonin‐sensitive receptors, which activates calcium‐dependent chloride inward currents. The melatonin responses were abolished by simultaneous administration of the antagonists 2‐phenylmelatonin and luzindole, and were unaffected by the MT2 antagonist 4‐phenyl‐2‐propionamidotetralin. Bath‐applied melatonin (1 μmol/l) enhances the firing rate of neurons in the CA1 region. The effect was small in experiments performed at ZT8 (<2 times the initial level) and large in experiments performed at ZT15 (>6 times). The changes of neuronal firing rate induced by melatonin were completely suppressed with simultaneous administration of the melatonin receptor antagonist luzindole (10 μmol/l). The results indicate that melatonin may play an important role in modulating neuronal excitability in the hippocampus. Hippocampus 2002;12:165–173. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mu opioid receptors are in discrete hippocampal interneuron subpopulations
Authors: Drake Carrie T. , Milner Teresa A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn the rat hippocampal formation, application of mu opioid receptor (MOR) agonists disinhibits principal cells, promoting excitation‐dependent processes such as epileptogenesis and long‐term potentiation. However, the precise location of MORs in particular inhibitory circuits, has not been determined, and the roles of MORs in endogenous functioning are unclear. To address these issues, the distribution of MOR‐like immunoreactivity (‐li) was examined in several populations of inhibitory hippocampal neurons in the CA1 region using light and electron microscopy. We found that MOR‐li was present in many parvalbumin‐containing basket cells, but absent from cholecystokinin‐labeled basket cells. MOR‐li was also commonly in interneurons containing somatostatin‐li or neuropeptide Y‐li that resembled the “oriens–lacunosum‐moleculare” (O‐LM) interneurons innervating pyramidal cell distal dendrites. Finally, MOR‐li was in some vasoactive intestinal peptide‐ or calretinin‐containing profiles resembling interneurons that primarily innervate other interneurons. These findings indicate that MOR‐containing neurons form a neurochemically and functionally heterogeneous subset of hippocampal GABAergic neurons. MORs are most frequently on interneurons that are specialized to inhibit pyramidal cells, and are on a limited number of interneurons that target other interneurons. Moreover, the distribution of MORs to different neuronal types in several laminae, some relatively far from endogenous opioids, suggests normal functional roles that are different from the actions seen with exogenous agonists such as morphine. Hippocampus 2002;12:119–136. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transcriptional and post‐transcriptional mechanisms of glucocorticoid antiproliferative effects
Authors: Almawi Wassim Y. , Abou Jaoude Maroun M. , Li Xian C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractGlucocorticoids (GCs) are used as immunosuppressive and anti‐inflammatory agents in treating organ transplantation rejection, autoimmune diseases, (hematological) cancers, and inflammatory disorders. GCs exert their effects through a multitude of mechanisms, the most significant of which is inhibition of cytokine production, and for some cytokines their effects on target cells. Paradoxically, GCs also upregulate the expression of (pro‐inflammatory) high‐affinity cytokine receptors on target cells in the face of lost ligand (cytokine) stimulation. GC inhibition of cytokine expression occurs at both transcriptional and post‐transcriptional levels. GCs acted transcriptionally by binding their cytosolic receptor (GR), thereby facilitating its nuclear translocation and subsequent binding to the promoter region of cytokine genes on sites compatible with GC response element (GRE) motifs, which in turn directly or indirectly regulated gene expression. In addition to direct DNA binding, GCs acted post‐transcriptionally by: (1) antagonism of nuclear factors required for efficient gene expression either directly or through induction of the expression of specific transcription factor antagonists, (2) altered Th lineage development by favouring the generation of (anti‐inflammatory) Th2 cells and suppressing the induction or the activity of established (pro‐inflammatory) Th1 cells, and (3) stimulating the expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β, an immunosuppressive cytokine which inhibited cytokine production. However, these mechanisms are not mutually exclusive, since GCs may utilize more than one mechanism in exerting their anti‐proliferative effect. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Team Rewards: How Far Have We Come?
Authors: McClurg Lucy Newton 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAlthough many organizations find teams to be important to their success, few have implemented reward systems that encourage team effort. This study examines the practices of 35 firms using team‐based reward programs and identifies some features of these programs that improve their effectiveness. The results indicate that the most valued programs were those associated with (1) high levels of communication to employees about the specifics of the plan, (2) strong worker involvement in the plan's design and implementation, and (3) team members' perceptions that the pay system was fair. HR managers considered more complex plans more beneficial than simple plans. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Direct‐contact heat exchange between fluidizing particles and a heat transfer surface in a fluidized bed: Temperature visualization of fluidizing particles
Authors: Yamada Jun , Nagahara Norihisa , Satoh Isao , Kurosaki Yasuo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractHeat conduction during contact between a heat transfer surface and fluidizing particles, a phenomenon which is one of the effective heat transfer mechanisms in a gas–solid fluidized bed, has been empirically investigated. The temperature profile of the fluidizing particles during the contact period is visualized with the aid of an infrared imager. The visualization reveals that the particles have been considerably heated in the thermal boundary layer on the heat transfer surface before contact. Based on the visualized temperature profile of the particles, the contact conductance between a fluidizing particle and the heat transfer surface is estimated by an in inverse analysis. Using the evaluated contact conductance, the contributions of the conductive heat transfer to the total heat transfer are also evaluated. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 31(3): 165–181, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.10027
Numerical simulation on the behavior of a liquid jet into an air flow
Authors: Inamura Takao , Tsutagawa Takehito , Cho Seong Jin , Masuya Goro 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA numerical simulation has been performed to clarify the effects of turbulence in a liquid on the deformation of the liquid jet surface into an air flow. The turbulences in the liquid jet were simulated by the Rankin vortices, and the liquid jet surface was tracked numerically by the volume of fluid method. By numerical simulations, the onset of the protrusions on the liquid jet surface is caused by the vortices in the liquid, and the surrounding air flow plays an important role in the amplification of the protrusions. The amplification rate of the trough displacement is proportional to the air‐to‐liquid velocity ratio. At large imposed vortex intensities, the trough displacement increases with the vortex intensity. On the other hand, at small imposed vortex intensities, the amplification of the trough displacement is also affected by factors other than vortex intensity. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Heat Trans Asian Res, 30(6): 473–484, 2001
Spherical gauges for improving the accuracy of rainfall measurements
Authors: Chang Mingteh , Flannery Lee A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractRain‐gauge catch efficiencies are affected by wind. Wind makes raindrops fall at an angle of inclination and the effective diameter of the rain gauge orifice smaller than if raindrops fall into the gauge vertically. Two spherical and two semi‐spherical orifices were designed to modify standard gauges and others in use today. The two spherical orifices catch rain with an effective diameter always equal to the actual diameter regardless of wind speed and direction. The semi‐spherical orifices, used side‐by‐side with a standard gauge, correct 50% of catch deficiencies made by the standard gauge. Tests based on 115 storms show that the four new gauges caught more rainfall than the standard gauge, with an average catch increase ranging from 8% to 16%. Compared with the pit gauge, average deficiency in catch ranged from −1% (spherical rain gauge orifice with cylinders) to 4%, whereas the deficiency for the standard gauge was −10%. Percentage deficiencies of the new gauges were positively affected by wind speed, raindrop inclination and rainfall intensity. Although the new gauges tended to underestimate the standard gauge in small storms (<0·25 cm) and overestimated the pit gauge under strong winds, their deviations are small. Underestimates for small storms could be improved by using gauge materials that reduce surface temperature, evaporation and water retention. The gauges are simple in design, easy to operate and inexpensive. In order to maintain a historically consistent set of rainfall data, a dual‐gauge (standard gauge + spherical gauge) is recommended for existing rainfall stations. The new rain gauge orifices are suitable for large‐scale applications. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The performance of constructed wetlands for, wastewater treatment: a case study of Splash wetland in Nairobi Kenya
Authors: Nzengy'a Daniel Muasya , Wishitemi B. E. L 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe performance of a constructed wetland for wastewater treatment was examined for four months (December 1995 to March 1996). The study area, hereby referred to as the Splash wetland, is approximately 0·5 ha, and is located in the southern part of Nairobi city. Splash wetland continuously receives domestic sewage from two busy restaurants. Treated wastewater is recycled for re‐use for various purposes in the restaurants. Both wet and dry season data were analysed with a view of determining the impact of seasonal variation on the system performance. The physical and chemical properties of water were measured at a common intake and at series of seven other points established along the wetland gradient and at the outlet where the water is collected and pumped for re‐use at the restaurants. The physico‐chemical characteristics of the wastewater changed significantly as the wastewater flowed through the respective wetland cells. A comparison of wastewater influent versus the effluent from the wetland revealed the system's apparent success in water treatment, especially in pH modification, removal of suspended solids, organic load and nutrients mean influent pH = 5·7 ± 0·5, mean effluent pH 7·7 ± 0·3; mean influent BOD5 = 1603·0 ± 397·6 mg/l, mean effluent BOD5 = 15·1 ± 2·5 mg/l; mean influent COD = 3749·8 ± 206·8 mg/l, mean effluent COD = 95·6 ± 7·2 mg/l; mean influent TSS = 195·4 ± 58·7 mg/l, mean effluent TSS = 4·7 ± 1·9 mg/l. As the wastewater flowed through the wetland system dissolved free and saline ammonia, NH4+, decreased from 14·6 ± 4·1 mg/l to undetectable levels at the outlet. Dissolved oxygen increased progressively through the wetland system. Analysis of the data available did not reveal temporal variation in the system's performance. However, significant spatial variation was evident as the wetland removed most of the common pollutants and considerably improved the quality of the water, making it safe for re‐use at the restaurants. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Runoff and sediment loss responses to rainfall and land use in two agricultural catchments on the Loess Plateau of China
Authors: Kang Shaozhong , Zhang Lu , Song Xiaoyu , Zhang Shuhan , Liu Xianzhao , Liang Yinli , Zheng Shiqing 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSoil erosion is a severe problem hindering sustainable agriculture on the Loess Plateau of China. Plot experiments were conducted under the natural rainfall condition during 1995–1997 at Wangdongguo and Aobao catchments in this region to evaluate the effects of various land use, cropping systems, land slopes and rainfall on runoff and sediment losses, as well as the differences in catchment responses. The experiments included various surface conditions ranging from bare soil to vegetated surfaces (maize, wheat residue, Robinia pseudoacacia L., Amorpha fruticosa L., Stipa capillata L., buckwheat and Astragarus adsurgens L.). The measurements were carried out on hill slopes with different gradients (i.e. 0 ° to 36 °). These plots varied from 20 to 60 m in length. Results indicated that runoff and erosion in this region occurred mainly during summer storms. Summer runoff and sediment losses under cropping and other vegetation were significantly less than those from ploughed bare soil (i.e. without crop/plant or crop residue). There were fewer runoff and sediment losses with increasing canopy cover. Land slope had a major effect on runoff and sediment losses and this effect was markedly larger in the tillage plots than that in the natural grass and forest plots, although this effect was very small when the maximum rainfall intensity was larger than 58·8 mm/h or smaller than 2·4 mm/h. Sediment losses per unit area rose with increasing slope length for the same land slope and same land use. The effect of slope length on sediment losses was stronger on a bare soil plot than on a crop/plant plot. The runoff volume and sediment losses were both closely related to rainfall volume and maximum intensity, while runoff coefficient was mainly controlled by maximum rainfall intensity. Hortonian overland flow is the dominant runoff process in the region. The differences in runoff volume, runoff coefficient and sediment losses between the catchments are mainly controlled by the maximum rainfall intensity and infiltration characteristics. The Aobao catchment yielded much larger runoff volume, runoff coefficient and sediment than the Wangdongguo catchment. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
HIV‐1 infection of primary effusion lymphoma cell line triggers Kaposi's sarcoma‐associated herpesvirus (KSHV) reactivation
Authors: Merat Rastine , Amara Ali , Lebbe Celeste , de The Hugues , Morel Patrice , Saib Ali 
Published: August 2002

AbstractKaposi's sarcoma‐associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is a gammaherpesvirus etiologically linked to primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), to a subset of multicentric Castleman's disease and to Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), the most common neoplasm associated with AIDS. Among KSHV‐infected individuals, the risk of KS is much higher in those with human immunodeficiency‐1 (HIV‐1) infection than among those with other types of immunosuppression, suggesting a direct action of HIV‐1 on KSHV replication. We show in our report that BC‐3 cells, a chronically KSHV‐infected B‐cell line of a PEL origin, are permissive to HIV‐1, offering a new tool for studying the interactions between these 2 viruses. In these cells, HIV‐1 infection leads to reactivation of latent KSHV genomes, as demonstrated by the expression of KSHV lytic viral mRNAs. Although recombinant HIV‐1 gp120 fails to enhance herpesvirus expression, transient transfection of the HIV‐1 trans‐activator Tat suffices to reactivate latent KSHV. By showing that HIV‐1 infection directly reactivates latent KSHV, our results suggest a direct role of HIV‐1 in the onset of KS in coinfected individuals. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Regulation of CD1d expression by murine tumor cells: Escape from immunosurveillance or alternate target molecules?
Authors: Fiedler Tim , Walter Wolfgang , Reichert Torsten E. , Maeurer Markus J. 
Published: August 2002

Abstractαβ+ TCR T cells recognize peptide fragments displayed by MHC‐class I or ‐class II molecules. Recently, additional mechanisms of antigen recognition by T cells have been identified, including CD1‐mediated presentation of nonpeptide antigens. Only a limited number of CD1 antigens is retained in the mouse, i.e., the group II CD1 antigens, which are split into CD1D1 and CD1d2. Several T cell subsets have been shown to interact with murine CD1 antigens, including NK cells or “natural T cells” with the invariant Vα14 Jα281 TCR chain. Even if TAP defects may prevent classical endogenous antigen presentation in tumor cell lines, antigen presentation via CD1 is still functional. Therefore, CD1‐mediated recognition of transformed cells by NK cells or “natural T cells” may represent an alternative way for immune surveillance. CD1 cell surface expression in murine tumor cell lines of different histology, including the B cell lymphoma A20, macrophage cell lines J774 and P388D1, mastocytoma P815, thymoma EL‐4, melanoma B16, colon adenocarcinoma MC‐38 and renal carcinoma Renca is regulated by Th1‐ (IFN‐γ), Th2‐ (IL‐4, IL‐10 and vIL‐10) or GM‐CSF (Th1/Th2) cytokines, depending on the tumor histology. In order to distinguish between CD1D1 and CD1d2 molecules, we examined differential expression of these CD1 isoforms by ratio RT‐PCR: A20, EL‐4, P815 and MC‐38 cells exclusively express CD1D1 transcripts but not CD1D2 mRNA independent of cytokine treatment. Decreased CD1d expression leads to reduced immune recognition of CD1d+ tumor cells by freshly isolated NK1.1+ effector cells as defined by cytolysis and IFN‐γ release. Thus, modulation of CD1 expression on tumor cells by cytokines may be advantageous to drive cellular anti‐tumor antigen directed immune responses directed against TAP‐independent, non‐classical MHC restricting molecules. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.