bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Teratogenic Agents
Authors: Gorlin Robert J , Cohen M Michael , Hennekam Raoul C M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Growth and development of the embryo can be adversely affected by a wide variety of environmental agents (teratogens). These include intrauterine infections, various chemical agents and medications, radiation, and maternal metabolic disorders. Prior to discussion of specific teratogens, itwould be logical to familiarize the reader with some of the general principles of teratology
Syndromes Affecting Bone: Craniotubular Bone Disorders
Authors: Gorlin Robert J , Cohen M Michael , Hennekam Raoul C M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There has been much confusion attendant to genetic disorders of bone characterized by modeling errors of tubular and cranial bones. Gorlin et al (3) divided craniotubular dysplasias into Pyle disease, craniometaphyseal dysplasia, craniodiaphyseal dysplasia, frontometaphyseal dysplasia, Schwarz-Lelek syndrome, dysosteosclerosis, and oculodentoosseous dysplasia. The craniotubular hyperostoses consist of Van Buchem disease, sclerosteosis, congenital hyperphosphatasia, autosomal dominant osteosclerosis, and Camurati-Engelmann disease. Later, Gorlin (2) thought that Lelek’s report represented an example of craniometaphyseal dysplasia or possibly an entity unto its own, and considered the report of Schwarz to be an example of craniometadiaphyseal dysplasia. Furthermore, Pyle disease was no longer considered a craniotubular bone disorder as the skull is so mildly involved. More extensive discussions may be found in Beighton and Cremin (1) and Whyte (4).
Syndromes Affecting the Skin and Mucosa
Authors: Gorlin Robert J , Cohen M Michael , Hennekam Raoul C M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aplasia cutis congenita is the localized or widespread absence of skin at birth. First described by Cordon in 1767 (17), the defect became more widely known with Campbell’s report (14), in 1826, of two sibs with involvement of the scalp vertex. Over 550 cases have been reported to date. Clinical associations, classification, and etiology have been discussed in several noteworthy reviews (21,22,27,31,33,65,104,105,108).
Syndromes Affecting the Central Nervous System
Authors: Gorlin Robert J , Cohen M Michael , Hennekam Raoul C M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Myotonic dystrophy is characterized by myotonia, progressive muscle wasting, cataracts, and variable mental deficiency. The diverse progressive clinical manifestations relate to multiple system involvement that includes the eye, heart, endocrine system, gastrointestinal tract, skeleton, and skin. An excellent comprehensive and historically interesting monograph on myotonic dystrophy has been written by Harper (24). A cogent editorial on molecular diagnosis is that of Suthers et al (58).
Orofacial Clefting Syndromes: General Aspects
Authors: Gorlin Robert J , Cohen M Michael , Hennekam Raoul C M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Introduction. The first evidence of clefting is in an Egyptian mummy dating from 2400 to 1300 BC (12). A 2000-year-old ceramic statue of a king with a cleft has been reported from Colombia (22), and an African mask showing cleft lip and palate has been described (5). It is curious that in spite of the frequent occurrence of facial clefts, Greek and Roman physicians made no mention of them. A Ming dynasty painting depicts cleft lip (8) as does a twentieth century Russian work by Vrubel (7). Treatment of cleft lip was apparently first carried out by a Chinese physician in 390 AD (2).
Well-Known Miscellaneous Syndromes
Authors: Gorlin Robert J , Cohen M Michael , Hennekam Raoul C M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Alagille syndrome (arteriohepatic dysplasia)
In 1973, Watson and Miller (47) reported the association between intrahepatic cholestasis and pulmonary arterial stenosis. Alagille and coworkers (2), in 1975, added characteristic facies, mental, somatic, and sexual retardation, and vertebral and cardiac malformations. An earlier reference to the same condition is that of Vermassen and Boddaert (46). Low birthweight and growth retardation occur in about 50% , being more common in those with vertebral anomalies. Mueller et al (26) noted that about 25% die prior to the age of 5 years due to cardiovascular or hepatic complications. The chances of survival to 20 years without liver transplantation is about 50% (13). At least 150 cases have been reported (18). Autosomal dominant inheritance with 95% penetrance and highly variable expressivity has been amply demonstrated (11,15a,18,21, 26,38,39,42,47). There is a high occurrence of new mutations (11). In at least 70%, various mutations in human JAGGED 1 (JAG1) gene have been found (45a,48). The gene encodes for a ligand for NOTCH 1, a transmembrane receptor (5,23,28). NOTCH intercellular signaling pathway mediates cell fate decisions during embryogenesis (23). Patients with isolated tetralogy of Fallot may have JAG1 mutations (44). About 15% of the cases are sporadic (10). A deletion has been found at 20p12 in less than 7% (4,14,34,49). FISH is used. The frequency has been estimated at 1/70,000 live births (9).
Realism and Underdetermination II Does Empirical Equivalence Entail Underdetermination?
Authors: Kukla Andre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Now for the second premise. In this chapter, I deal with arguments that try to refute the claim that empirically equivalent theories must also be epistemically equivalent. Considerations in support of the second premise are taken up in chapter 7, where they appear as part of a more general defense of antirealist themes. 6.1 The Nonempirical Virtues of Theories Almost all the arguments against the second premise are based on a single idea: that there are global properties of hypotheses, such as their simplicity or explanatoriness, that are wholly independent of the hypotheses’ empirical content but that nevertheless can have an effect on their epistemic status. Let’s call the principle that such arguments deny-namely, that there are no nonempirical virtues that have epistemic import-by the name of NN. The presumed connection between NN and the second premise is clear: if some nonempirical virtues do have epistemic import, then empirically equivalent theories aren’t necessarily epistemically equivalent.
Dialectics, Experiments, and Mathematics in Galileo
Authors: A.Wallace William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Perhaps it is not out of place, in a book devoted to scientific controversies, to begin this chapter with a long-standing controversy over Galileo and his methodology. This is not so much a scientific controversy as it is one relating to the history of science, but it is instructive for the light it can shed on how scientific controversies are ultimately resolved. I refer to the Methodenstreit initiated by Ernst Cassirer (1922), developed by John Herman Randall, Jr. (1940, 1976), and contested ever since by a host of writers including Neil Gilbert (1963), William Edwards (1983), Adriano Carugo and Alistair Crombie (1983), and myself (Wallace, 1984). The point of the controversy is whether or not Galileo was influenced by the Paduan Aristotelians, in particular, Jacopo Zabarella, when developing the new sciences for which he is justly famous. My contention now is that the lengthy controversy has finally been resolved: Galileo indeed was influenced by Zabarella, but in a novel way not foreseen by any of the protagonists before Edwards and I published the Latin text of his Tractatio de demonstration (Galilei 1988; Berti 1991). The Tractatio occupies a major part of MS Gal. 27, entitled Dialletica, which had been sitting for many years in the Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale in Florence. It was known to Antonio Favaro, the editor of the National Edition of Galileo’s works, but he did not think it worth transcribing for his edition, and so it has remained unknown to scholars for over four centuries (GG9: 273-282).1 The designation written on the manuscript, “Dialettica,” explains the “Dialectics” in my title.
Quasars, Causality, and Geometry; A Controversy that Should Have Happened but Didn’t
Authors: Salmon Wesley C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Quasars, originally called quasi-stellar radio sources, were discovered thirty years ago; the discovery was announced to the world at large in the December 1963 issue of Scientific American (Greenstein, 1963). The discovery occurred at a time when radio astronomy was beginning to achieve fairly high resolution, so radio sources could in some cases be identified with visible objects. In fact, the first identification of a quasi-stellar radio source was made in 1960, but at the time it was taken to be a visible star that had the rather unusual property of emitting radio waves.
Frewriting Exercises
Authors: Elbow Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most effective way I know to improve your writing is to do freewriting exercises regularly. At least three times a week. They are sometimes called ‘‘automatic writing,’’ ‘‘babbling,’’ or ‘‘jabbering’’ exercises. The idea is simply to write for ten minutes. (later on, perhaps fifteen or twenty). Don’t stop for anything. Go quickly without rushing. Never stop to look back, to cross something out, to wonder how to spell something, to wonder what word or thought to use, or to think about what you are doing. If you can’t think of a word or a spelling, just use a squiggle or else write, ‘‘I can’t think of it.’’ Just put down something. The easiest thing is just to put down whatever is in your mind. If you get stuck it’s fine to write ‘‘I can’t think what to say, I can’t think what to say’’ as many times as you want; or repeat the last word you wrote over and over again; or anything else. The only requirement is that you never stop.
The Teacherless Writing Class
Authors: Elbow Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I Have been speaking till now as though writing were a transaction entirely with yourself. It is a transaction with yourself-lonely and frustrating-and I have wanted, in fact, to increase that transaction: help you do more business with yourself. But writing is also a transaction with other people. Writing is not just getting things down on paper, it is getting things inside someone else’s head. If you wish to improve your writing you must also learn to do more business with other people. That is the goal of the teacherless writing class. Imagine you are blind and deaf. You want to speak better.
The Open-ended Writing Process
Authors: Elbow Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The open-ended writing process is at the opposite extreme from the direct writing process. It is a way to bring to birth an unknown, unthought-of piece of writing-a piece of writing that is not yet in you. It is a technique for thinking, seeing, and feeling new things. This process invites maximum chaos and disorientation. You have to be willing to nurse something through many stages over a long period of time and to put up with not knowing where you are going. Thus it is a process that can change you, not just your words.
Poetry As No Big Deal
Authors: Elbow Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I remember Jeremy, a little English boy whose mother had to tell him that his music lessons were ending. His music teacher had decided he wasn’t musical. He looked crestfallen and said to his mother, “But !feel musical.” Many people feel poetic. Capable of poetry. Sometimes they feel that way even though they have no particular idea or image or feeling they want to write about. Just a feeling that they would like to write a poem and that they could write a good one. It’s a feeling that inhabits the midparts of the body anywhere between the gut and the breast.
Nausea
Authors: Elbow Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Revising is when it may hit you. Revulsion. 1be feeling that all this stuff you have written is stupid, ugly, worthless-and cannot be fixed. Disgust.
Nausea hits some people at the beginning of the revising process. 1bey have successfully produced pages and pages of words, fast and furiously, or perhaps (unaffected by my preaching) they pondered every word and continually corrected as they went along. But either way, when they tum back to revise, they find nothing of value in all they have written.
Criterion-Based Feedback And Reader-Based Feedback
Authors: Elbow Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
But because these questions are so broad, you usually get better feedback if you ask much more specific questions such as these: Is the basic idea a good one? Is it supported with logical reasoning or valid argument? Are there too many abstractions and too few examples or concrete details? Is the whole thing unified rather than pulling in two or three conflicting directions? Are the sentences clear and readable? Chapter 22 contains twenty-four of these questions grouped under the four general questions listed above.
A Catalogue Of Criterion-Based Questions
Authors: Elbow Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
These four criteria can be fruitfully applied to any kind of writing but most of the specific questions in this chapter are framed so that they fit expository or nonfiction writing better than poetry or fiction. The questions which follow are too many to ask any one reader on one occasion (although you could ask yourself all these questions if you were revising one of your own pieces as carefully as you could). As in the rest of the book, I am trying to help you take charge of things by giving you more recipes than you can use for one meal. Try out these questions on different pieces of your writing and on different readers so you gradually learn which ones are most useful for you and which ones will be most important under various circumstances.
Writing and Voice
Authors: Elbow Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A dramatic necessity goes deep into the nature of the sentence. Sentences are not different enough to hold the attention unless they are dramatic. No ingenuity of varying structure will do. All that can save them is the speaking tone of voice somehow entangled in the words and fastened to the page for the ear of the imagination. That is all that can save poetry from sing-song, all that can save prose from itself. I am writing here about resonance. I think of a fancy men’s room stall with highly polished black marble walls running all the way from floor to ceiling. “1b.ey really believe in privacy here,” I thought to myself, but as I was humming under my breath without thinking about it, I began to notice that some of the notes seemed too loud. Gradually I figured out-trying different tunes and finally a chromatic scale-that I was sitting in a box that resonated perfectly to one frequency.
How To Get Power Through Voice
Authors: Elbow Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What if this hypothesis about voice is correct? One thing follows from it that’s more important than anything else: everyone, however inexperienced or unskilled, has real voice available; everyone can write with power. Even though it may take some people a long time before they can write well about certain complicated topics or write in certain formal styles, and even though it will take some people a long time before they can write without mistakes in spelling and usage, nevertheless, nothing stops anyone from writing words that will make readers listen and be affected. Nothing stops you from writing right now, today, words that people will want to read and even want to publish. Nothing stops you, that is, but your fear or unwillingness or lack of familiarity with what I am calling your real voice.
Nearly Singular Fields: Electrostatics and Elastostatics of Composite Materials
Authors: Greengard L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A classical problem in materials science involves the determination of effective transport properties in composites. The simplest problem is perhaps described by the second order elliptic partial differential equation where σ is piecewise constant, supplemented by suitable boundary conditions or by a radiation condition at infinity. This is a standard model for steady-state heat conduction and conductivity. For our purposes, it will be more convenient to rewrite (1) as an interface problem; we seek a potential function u which is harmonic in each component, continuous, and satisfies the continuity of flux condition
Neutron Scattering Characterization of MicroStructure In Uranium Silicides, Ceramic Composites and Ni-Based Alloys
Authors: Richardson James W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Neutron scattering has proven to be a valuable tool for studying the microstructural properties of technologically important materials. The exceptionally high penetration power of neutrons enables the investigation of bulk materials, while unusual scattering contrasts observed in many materials provide unique access to important properties. Macroscopic performance of components under extreme conditions, which ultimately determines their viability for special applications, is often closely related to microstructural properties such as particle size, residual stress and phase stability. Neutron scattering experiments performed with samples exposed to realistic environmental conditions provide direct correlations between microscopic and macroscopic properties.
Hybrid Classical and Quantum Modeling of Defects, Interfaces, and Surfaces
Authors: Ellis D E , Mundim K , Rylander J W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Electronic structures associated with defects, interfaces, and surfaces play a critical role in structural, electrical , and transport properties of materials. Atomic-scale information on electron densities, wavefunctions, and spectroscopic properties is needed to understand nanometer and micron scale behavior; however, the requisite composition and geometrical data are typically lacking. We describe a hybrid approach which makes use of classical Molecular Dynamics (MD) and Monte Carlo (MC) simulations, coupled to Embedded Cluster Density Functional (ECDF) algorithms.
Recent Advances In High Performance Computer Simulations For Materials Science
Authors: Lomdahl P S , Beazley D M , Zhou S J , Holian B L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We briefly present recent results obtained with our parallel molecular dynamics (MD) code, SPaSM, performing large-scale multi-million atom simulations to study crack blunting and dislocation generation in copper. We also discuss some recent work addressing the problems associated with analyzing and visualizing the data generated from multi-million particle MD simulations.
African-American Poetry, Ideology, and the Left during the 1930s and 1940s from Third Period to the Popular Front and Beyond
Authors: Smethurst James Edward 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Communist Party of the United States of America (CPUSA) and the New Negro Renaissance originated at roughly the same time. The precise birth dates of both are impossible to fix exactly. Even the start of the CPUSA as an organization is variously put at the foundings of the Communist Party and the Communist Labor Party after a split within the Socialist Party of America (SP) in 1919 and at the unification of the two Communist organizations in 1921.Nonetheless, both the CPUSA and the New Negro Renaissance were products of the post-World War I, post-October Revolution moment that produced an ideological crisis in the capitalist world order, as well as what might be thought of as the prewar world of the Left.
“Adventures of a Social Poet”Langston Hughes in the 1930s
Authors: Smethurst James Edward 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The difficulty in authoritatively reading Hughes’s “true”personality and “true”artistic enterprise-which are often conflated-has been much remarked, directly by critics and indirectly in the belletristic works of such writers as Wallace Thurman and Melvin Tolson.Since the late 1920s, Hughes’s use of a wide variety of tones, voices, styles, and subjects in many literary or quasi-literary genres has often been seen as a flaw, betraying a facility that, though possessing a certain charm, is at least a little shallow without any real distinctiveness. In many of these accounts, Hughes both evades the rigors of “high”literature while insufficiently mastering African-American “folk”utterance.
The Counselee As Individual
Authors: Weil Jon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Those who seek genetic counseling, or have the need thrust upon them, represent a broad cross-section of society. Outside the genetic counseling context, most would probably be regarded as reasonably successful and competent, bringing to life’s vicissitudes an adequate, if not stellar complement of individual and interpersonal supports and coping mechanisms. Thus, as we ad dress the psychosocial issues relevant to genetic counseling, and as the genetic counselor addresses them with the counselee, a broad presumption of psychological normality is appropriate. While the genetic counselor must be alert to potential dysfunction and psychopathology, counselees should be approached as individuals who have demonstrated substantial competence in their lives, which they now bring to a new set of challenging circumstances. For the most part, counselees experience normal, albeit painful and complex responses to difficult, sometimes potentially ovetwhelming situations (Butani, 1974).
The Structure of Psychosocial Genetic Counseling
Authors: Weil Jon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Genetic counseling interactions vary greatly in length and complexity. At one extreme lies the teratogen telephone consultation in those cases which allow reassurance to be readily provided. At the other lies a family’s on going involvement with a specialty medical service such as a hemoglobinopathies, metabolic, or cystic fibrosis clinic. This relationship includes multiple family members and spans successive stages in the individual, family, and disease life cycles. More medial is the single face-to-face session, which may also include intake and/or follow-up interactions. Despite this diversity, and the array of other differences that characterize genetic counseling with specific counselees, certain elements are common to most genetic counseling cases. These are examined in the present chapter. This chapter is not intended to promote uniformity or a formula-based approach to genetic counseling. The purpose is to discuss how the sequential, yet overlapping and interconnected elements of the genetic counseling process contribute to successfully addressing the counselee’s psychosocial circumstances and concerns.
Soil Invertebrates
Authors: Coleman David C , Blair John M , Elliott Edward T , Wall Diana H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The array of species constituting soil invertebrates is very large, encompassing virtually all terrestrial invertebrate phyla. Communities of soil fauna offer opportunities for the study of such ecological phenomena as species interactions, resource utilization, and responses of ecosystems to perturbations to ecosystems. Soil invertebrates are also important for processing energy in soil systems. It is possible to determine community- and system level energetics using standard assumptions of consumption, assimilation, respiration, and excretion rates (Petersen and Luxton 1982). Several invertebrate groups such as millipedes, oribatid mites, and earthworms and snails are important accumulators and processors of labile calcium and perhaps other elements in numerous forested and desert ecosystems (Cromack et al. 1988).