bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intellectual Capital Management and Disclosure
Authors: Pike Steve , Rylander, Anna , Roos Goran 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the past decade, there has been a rapidly growing realization of the importance of intangible assets and intellectual capital as a whole in the operation of organizations. With this realization has come the need to manage companies in a new way and to measure their performance in a new way. A sharp illustration of the differences in the managerial attitudes of the industrial and postindustrial ages (Sveiby 1997) has been in the appreciation that people can no longer be considered to be costs on the profit and loss statement but are, in fact, assets to be invested in, developed, and deployed carefully. The effect of changes in business on national life has not gone unnoticed either, with governments taking a keen interest in economic development in the “new economy” (UKDTI 1998a, 1998b). In the markets, the effects of the new economy have also been startling. In early 2000 in the United States, 5% (i.e., about $1 trillion) of company capitalization is accounted for by the dotcom companies, and this valuation is not built upon profit-yielding sales or physical capital but on “stories” (Lightman 2000). In the United Kingdom the trend is similar and is expected to continue over the next decade. It is estimated that over 25 % of companies that can be expected to be listed in the FTSE 100 in 2010 do not exist at present, and these will be dominated by the dotcoms and hi-techs (DTI 2000). Elsewhere it is estimated that over half of the market capitalization of all companies is due to intangible assets.
The Orofacial Examination: Normal and Abnormal Findings
Authors: Wulfsberg Eric A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The discovery of an oral cleft (OC) in a baby or young child is a distressing event for the family. Parents who have been visualizing a healthy child throughout pregnancy are often shocked by the significant physical and cosmetic abnormalities that accompany an OC. Following the discovery of the OC, the parents will appropriately have many questions, which may be divided into two general categories: the first addresses the diagnosis and prognosis of the condition, involving questions such as “What is wrong?,” “What can be done about it?,” and “What does it mean for the future?”; the second addresses etiology and recurrence risk, typically including questions such as “Why did it happen?,” “Will it happen again?,” and “What are our reproductive options in the future?” These questions can be answered only after accurately determining the abnormalities that are present and establishing the etiology of the OC. When a genetic syndrome with associated mental retardation is the cause of the cleft, the developmental prognosis may be more important to the ultimate function of the individual than the specific an atomic issues surrounding the OC and its repair. Thus, this section discusses issues related to the general and orofacial evaluation of the OC patient with emphasis on clues to differentiate syndromic from nonsyndromic OCs.
Exposure Assessment in Studies of Oral Clefts
Authors: Werler Martha M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One challenge in studying environmental exposures related to oral cleft risks is assessment of exposure. This chapter provides a general discussion of study design issues and how they relate to the assessment of exposures. There is a brief description of the consequences of inaccurate assessment and approaches to measuring it. Then, several sources of exposure information are described. Following is a section describing the methods of assessing specific exposures that are relevant to the study of oral clefts. Accurate assessment of exposures depends, to a large extent, on the study design. As described in Chapter 9, the cohort and case-control observational designs are the most widely used, in addition to the cross-sectional method. Cohort studies typically measure exposure status prospectively before the outcome is known. Prospective studies are considered optimal for assessment of exposures. In the case of oral clefts, prospective studies involve identifying a cohort of pregnant women, measuring exposure status, and following the women to the end of pregnancy to determine the presence or absence of oral clefts in their offspring. Casecontrol studies identify cases with the outcome of interest and a control group, then measure exposure status, typically, retrospectively for the etiologically relevant time period. Accurate retrospective assessment is a major challenge in case-control studies, but certain steps can be taken to maximize accuracy.
Staging of Cleft Lip and Palate Reconstruction: Infancy Through Adolescence
Authors: Posnick Jeffrey C , Ruiz Ramon L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The satisfactory rehabilitation of a child born with cleft lip and palate (CLP) presents unique challenges. Close cooperation is required among the specialists who integrate their talents for the child’s overall well-being. A coordinated approach is required to achieve ideal speech, occlusion, facial aesthetics, and individual selfesteem (Adams, 1981; Berry et al., 1997; Broder and Strauss, 1989; Harper, 1995; Richman and Eliason, 1982; Richman et al., 1985). The effective cleft palate (CP) team is patient-, family-, and community-oriented rather than physician-, specialty-, and hospitalcentered (Benacerraf and Mulliken, 1993; Slutsky, 1969). Koop (1987), then the Surgeon General of the United States, issued a report, Children with Special Health Care Needs, that called for a family-centered, community-based, coordinated healthcare delivery system for children with special needs (Christensen and FoglAndersen, 1993; Jensen et al., 1983; Jones, 1988; Laatikainen et al., 1996). The American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association (ACPA) (1993) responded by developing parameters of care designed to facilitate the rehabilitation of patients with CLP. The parameters developed by the ACPA support the concept of interdisciplinary care for the CLP patient, encouraging the use of treatment protocols that emphasize the thoughtful timing of interventions (surgery, speech and language therapy, dental and psychosocial treatment) to coincide with the child’s physical, cognitive, dental, and psychosocial development (Bowers et al., 1987; Gould, 1990).
Parents’ Perspective on Cleft Lip and Palate
Authors: Nicholson Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When a child is born with a cleft lip and/or palate (CLIP), it is most often a shock at the time of delivery. An enormous amount of information will have to be absorbed above and beyond that which is needed by all new parents. What follows is a compilation of the collective wisdom of a group of parents whose children were born with a cleft. It is our hope that these insights will make it easier for new parents of such children and those who provide care for them. One mother of a 22-year-old with a repaired cleft lip and palate (CLP) reflected at the time of his graduation, “I wished I would have known how successful he would be and how well he would do. I wish someone had told me his own wonderful spirit would be the driving force of his success. No one tells you that things will be OK.” Parents need to know that their children will do well. The key word should be encouragement. The encouragement should start from the very beginning.
Innovations in International Cooperation for Patients with Cleft Lip and Palate
Authors: Natsume Nagato , Precious David S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since World War II, there has been a remarkable increase in international activities concerned with public health, an important example of which is the treatment of patients with cleft lip and palate. Most of this treatment is carried out by volunteers from developed countries, who either belong to or participate with nongovernment organizations (NGOs). The stated goals of these NGOs are to provide free surgery, which would otherwise not be available, to patients who have cleft lip and palate; to train surgeons in developing countries to perform these operations; and to donate equipment, instruments, teaching aids, and the like to regions where there is need. It is encouraging to note that today many individuals and NGOs perform charitable operations on patients with cleft lip and palate in developing countries. Several organizations send missions to as many as 20 different countries spanning South America, Africa, Asia, and the Middle East. Emphasis on volunteer treatment in Asia is particularly important given the proportionally higher incidence of cleft lip and palate in that population. Thanks to these contributions, many children have been helped and the skills of local surgeons have improved. Also encouraging is the greater emphasis some organizations are now placing on local self-sufficiency as a necessary condition for long-term treatment of cleft lip and palate in developing nations. Operation Smile (www.operationsmile.org), for instance, trains local medical providers from the mission site while there and, upon departure, leaves behind necessary medical equipment. In 1999, the organization donated sufficient equipment to supply both an operating room and a recovery room in 18 countries. They have also relied on multimedia as a means to pass on knowledge to local missions by donating instructional videos and video equipment. SmileTrain (www.smiletrain.org) also works toward local self-sufficiency. One means that they employ is to co-sponsor educational scholarships for doctors from developing nations to attend international cleft lip and palate meetings.
International Aspects of Tobacco Control and the Proposed WHO Treaty
Authors: Sugarman Stephen D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the past, national and local governments have been the primary sources of official policies aimed at tobacco control. Global and regional organizations have mainly served in advisory capacities. But changing perceptions of the “tobacco problem” have resulted in calls for the formal regulation of tobacco on a worldwide basis. Most significantly, the World Health Organization (WHO) has launched a major effort intended to culminate in the adoption of an international tobacco control treaty.
Section 1 of this chapter describes three global tobacco problems that together have prompted the proposed treaty: (1) the growing worldwide epidemic of tobacco-related diseases, (2) the growing economic and political power of the international tobacco companies, and (3) the growing “cross-border” tobacco peril, as exemplified by cigarette smuggling.
Section 2 examines the proposed treaty as a policy response to these problems. First, I consider the prospects for global tobacco control absent a treaty. Then I review the specifics of the proposed treaty and present optimistic scenarios that explore the ways in which the treaty could lead to the imposition of worldwide tobacco controls that nations acting without a treaty could not, or would not, otherwise achieve. That optimistic picture is followed by some cautionary scenarios that explore how the proposed treaty might fail.
Conclusion “An Element of Overwhelming Ruin to the Republic”
Authors: Silbey Joel H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Rest Was Anticlimax, for the nation’s political pathway was now indelibly marked. “For my own part, Mr. President and Senators,” George Pugh, the staunch Ohio Democrat, told his colleagues in late 1856, “I desire and hope that the sectional contest in which we have indulged for almost three years will soon be hushed and forgotten.... Let us turn from the constant jealousies of the North toward the South, and the South toward the North, to proceed in that path of national achievement which now invites our care.”
Clinical Neurophysiology of the Vestibular System
Authors: Baloh Robert W , Honrubia Vicente 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The vestibular system plays a crucial role in enabling a person to remain oriented and move through his environment successfully. Dysfunction of this complex system may leave a patient totally disabled. "Dizziness" is a complaint commonly heard by neurologists, otolaryngologists, and other health care providers, yet its origins are many and often difficult to pinpoint and to treat. Clinical Neurophysiology of the Vestibular System is a classic text that provides a framework for understanding the pathphysiology of diseases involving the vestibular system. Part I reviews the anatomy and physiology of the vestibular system, with emphasis on clinically relevant material. Part II outlines important features in the patient’s history, examination, and laboratory evaluation. Part III presents differential diagnostic points that help the clinician decide on the cause and treatment of the patient’s problem. Part IV is a new section on the symptomatic treatment of vertigo. The third edition is thoroughly revised and has been expanded, covering the rapid advances that have occurred in the field in the last ten years. There are new chapters on the laboratory diagnosis of vestibular dysfunction, migraine, immune-mediated disorders, inherited disorders, symptomatic treatment of vertigo, antiemetic and antivertigo drugs, and vestibular rehabilitation.
Endolymphatic Hydrops (Meniere’S Syndrome)
Authors: Baloh Robert W , Honrubia Vicente 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Prosper Meniere described a series of patients with hearing loss and vertigo in 1861, he was not attempting to define a disease but rather to convince his medical colleagues that vertigo could be a symptom of damage to the inner ear.1,2 As director of a large deaf–mute institute in Paris, Meniere had seen many patients with the combination of deafness and vertigo. Prior to that time, the inner ear was known to be important for hearing but vertigo was thought to result from “apoplectiform cerebral congestion,” an excessive filling of the brain with blood. Treatment consisted of relieving the congestion with bleeding or leeches. Meniere argued that most of these patients with hearing loss and vertigo had a benign course and such drastic treatment did more harm than good.
Rhetorical Practice and the Ethnography of Class Culture
Authors: Lindquist Julie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the Smokehouse Inn, a neighborhood lounge in south suburban Chicago, the talk flows as freely as the Old Style on tap. The bar at the Smokehouse is a place where working men and women congregate daily to seek sanctuary from the world of work and, with their words, forge an alternative space. Those who work behind the bar at the Smokehouse are in the business of producing leisure; those who play there spend what time and money they can afford to consume it. But for both producers and consumers, the real currency that drives the social economy of the Smokehouse is talk.
Sex, Religion, and the making of Modern madness
Authors: Goldberg Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How did the affliction we now know as insanity move from a religious phenomenon to a medical one? How did social class, gender, and ethnicity affect the experience of mental trauma and the way psychiatrists diagnosed and treated patients? In answering these questions, this important volume mines the rich and unusually detailed records of one of Germany's first modern insane asylums, the Eberbach Asylum in the duchy of Nassau. It is a book on the historical relationship between madness and modernity that both builds upon and challenges Michel Foucault's landmark work on this topic, a bold study that gives generous consideration to madness from the patient's perspective while also shedding new light on sexuality, politics, and antisemitism in nineteenth-century Germany. Drawing on the case records of several hundred asylum patients, Sex, Religion, and the Making of Modern Madness reconstructs the encounters of state officials and medical practitioners with peasant madness and deviancy during a transitional period in the history of both Germany and psychiatry. As author Ann Goldberg explains, this era witnessed the establishment of psychiatry as a legitimate medical specialty during a time of social upheaval, as Germany underwent the shift toward a capitalist order and the modern state. Focusing on such "illnesses" as religious madness, nymphomania, and masturbatory insanity, as well as the construct of Jewishness, she probes the daily encounters in which psychiatric categories were applied, experienced, and resisted within the settings of family, village, and insane asylum. The book is a model of microhistory, breaking new ground in the historiography of psychiatry as it synthetically applies approaches from "the history of everyday life," anthropology, poststructuralism, and feminist studies. In contrast to earlier, anecdotal studies of "the asylum patient," Goldberg employs diagnostic patterns to illuminate the ways in which madness--both in psychiatric practice and in the experience of patients--was structured by gender, class, and "race." She thus examines both the social basis of rural mental trauma in the Vormärz and the political and medical practices that sought to refashion this experience. This study sheds light on a range of issues concerning gender, religion, class relations, ethnicity, and state-building. It will appeal to students and scholars of a number of disciplines.
Religious Madness and the Formation of Patients
Authors: Goldberg Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If religious madness was integral to the professional interests of early psychiatry, its significance went beyond the goal of attaining institutional control over madness in “boundary disputes” with religious healers. For under lying the problem of the continued consultation by the sick and needy of nonmedical healers was the broader problem of culture: those masses of people whose supernatural understanding of mental afflictions remained far removed from the secular and naturalistic terms of mental medicine. It was this supernatural thinking that fed the continued use by communities of religious and magical “quacks”; and it was also this that made it sometimes impossible, as the Eberbach cases will show, to medically treat the religiously insane, since they refused to even see themselves as sick.
Masturbatory Insanity and Delinquency
Authors: Goldberg Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As argued in chapter 4, masturbatory insanity was closely linked to male identity and contemporary notions of masculinity. An additional factor contributing to the obsessive focus of medical practitioners on masturbation was the usefulness of the concept of masturbatory illness to the professional interests and aspirations of medicine and of alienists in particular, a group who embraced the notion of masturbatory illness with special fervor. 1 According to Gilbert, the masturbation diagnosis partly derived from a gap between the “prestige and skill level” of the medical profession. This disjuncture drove doctors “to explain diseases of which they had inadequate knowledge in terms of the moral feelings of their patients.”2 The issue for psychiatry, this chapter argues, was not so much a gap between prestige and knowledge as the use of a new type of knowledge to enhance the prestige of mental medicine. For it is surely not coincidental that the frenzy over masturbatory insanity coincided with the period in which a nascent psychiatry was struggling to establish itself as a legitimate medical specialty. The notion of masturbatory illness was also, as Foucault has pointed out, connected with the power relationships of nineteenth-century institutions, such as the school. the army, and the insane asylum.
Body-building, Character-building, and Nation-building: Gender and Military Service in Israel
Authors: Ben-Ari Eyal , Levy-Schreiber Edna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This article examines the relationship between gender and the military in contemporary Israel. By “gender,” we refer to a dominant system of meanings that a culture assigns to biological sex differences, thus influencing the way we interpret the world around us. In this system, human qualities are divided into hierarchically arranged sets of supposedly opposite (and mutually exclusive) categories of male and female: strong and weak, rational and emotional, or public and private. With regard to the “military,” we focus on social and cultural phenomena related to the armed forces, war, and “national security.” We begin with three theoretical formulations about the relationship between gender and the military in Israel in order to clarify our own position and show the ways in which we go beyond these other works.
Replaying the Rape of Dinah: Women’s Bodies in Israeli Cultural Discourse
Authors: Sered Susan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Throughout the day of July 14, 1998, a headline story on Israel’s hourly governmentrun radio news broadcasts reported that a Ministry of Transportation driving tester had refused to test a women whose clothing did not, to his sensitivities, sufficiently cover her body. News analysis shows were replete with discussion of exactly what the woman in question had worn; dignitaries gravely debated whether her shirt had exposed her navel or merely part of her midriff, her shoulders or only her upper arms. In the course of the day, Israel’s central labor organization, the Histadrut, was also drawn into the conflict, its spokespeople declaring that whereas women have the right to dress according to their taste, testers have the right to follow their religious dictates. This particular incident and its discursive aftermath were the only stories dealing with women to be broadcast that day on Israel’s hourly news programs.
The Generations of Corning
Authors: Dyer Davis , Gross Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This engrossing history of an extraordinary company, Corning Incorporated, chronicles how one of the oldest business enterprises in the world maintained its place as a global leader in technology for over 150 years. In the nineteenth century, Corning developed coloured signal lights for railroads. In the twentieth century, it created Pyrex and colour television tubes; today, it is a Fortune 500 company leading the international marketplace in areas such as fibre optics and photonics. If you use the Internet, drive a car, or simply turn on a light, then Corning is a part of your life. The Generations of Corning tells the fascinating stories of its founding family, the Houghtons, the inventors, and the adventures, behind Corning's remarkable achievements - from unexpected discoveries, like the laboratory mishap that led to Corning Ware, to the years of painstaking, often frustrating, research that led to its breakthrough in fibre optics. From 1851 to 1996, five generations of Houghtons made Corning a company that combined a culture of continuous innovation with a sense of loyalty to its employees and their community. Davis Dyer and Daniel Gross show how the critical changes in organization and leadership that accompanied each new generation helped Corning not just survive, but to prosper, and push itself to the cutting edge of materials technology in decade after decade. The Generations of Corning is a classic success story and a triumph of the inventive spirit.