bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Responsible Economics
Authors: Küng Hans 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When I wrote my book Global Responsibility in 1990 there were no documents by world organizations on a global ethic to which I could refer. Certainly there were declarations on human rights, above all the United Nations Declaration of 1948, but none on human responsibilities. Yet only three years after the appearance of Global Responsibility, the Parliament of the World’s Religions proclaimed the Declaration toward a Global Ethic, which I have already mentioned at length. And now, six years later, there are already three further important international documents which not only state human rights but explicitly speak of human responsibilities; indeed, they programmatically call for a global ethic and even attempt to make it concrete.
Tayloring the Home: The Fantasy of Domestic Engineering
Authors: McHugh Kathleen Anne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Turn-of-the-century domestic discourses represent the domicile and its significance in markedly different terms from those of their Victorian predecessors. The prevailing social ethos shifted from an emphasis on a superior, feminized otheiworldliness and sentimentality to one that espoused the values of science, objectivity, and progress. Instead of public and private spheres being constructed and neatly opposed by gender, purpose, and value, as they were in the hands of the Beecher sisters and the cult of domesticity, the American turn toward technology, invention, and science resulted in representations of the private sphere as permeable, receptive, accommodating to or demonstrative of new “progressive” ideas. The ascension of science secularized the discursive distinctions between the spheres and, consequently, altered the predominant constructions of appropriate femininity. The ethos of appearance so crucial to Catharine Beecher and the cult of domesticity’s constructions of a dassbased, moralized femininity persisted but assumed a differently nuanced ideological character and function.
The Dred Scott Case(1857)
Authors: Wang Xi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the morning of Friday, March 6, 1857, a large crowd gathered in the chamber of the Supreme Court of the United States, anxiously waiting for the delivery of the Court’s decision on the Dred Scott v. John F. A. Sandford case. Just two days earlier, the new president, James Buchanan, in his inaugural address, had assured the nation that the imminent Court decision would “speedily and finally” settle the issue of slavery in territories that deeply divided the nation. The justices appeared, led by the 79- year-old chief justice, Roger B. Taney, who would be speaking for the Court.
Race, Identity, And The Law: Plessy v. Ferguson(1896)
Authors: Davis Thomas J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On Tuesday, June 7, 1892, Homer Adolph Plessy bought an East Louisiana Railway ticket for first-class passage from New Orleans to Covington, Louisiana, and boarded a scheduled 4:15 P.M. train at the Press Street station. The thirty-year-old shoemaker had no intention, however, of taking the two-hour trip. He went to play his part in a pre-scripted drama designed to put the law of race on trial.
Early Education and Life As a Medical Student
Authors: Critchley Macdonald , Critchley Eileen A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Not much is known for certain about John Hughlings Jackson’s early education. According to Dr. James Taylor, he first attended the village school at Green Hammerton. There is a school marked on a village map made in the 1850s, and since the first official school in Green Hammerton was not opened until 1874, it is assumed to be one of the “dame” schools known to exist in the area at that time. This is where Jackson would have received his first lessons. James Taylor also told us that Jackson went on to a school at Tadcaster in Yorkshire and to another at Nailsworth in Gloucestershire. It has not been possible to trace either of these schools because of a paucity of existing records of educational establishments which were open at the time in those towns.
Leaving Yorkshire for London
Authors: Critchley Macdonald , Critchley Eileen A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Both as a medical student and as a junior doctor, Hughlings Jackson was overtly enthusiastic. He was also an exceptionally astute young man who realised the value of the opportunities presented to him, and he made the most of them. It is not certain who influenced him, but he had developed a philosophical way of thinking, and this could have been the reason for his leaving York in 1859 to take up residence in London. It was to be a permanent move from the county of his birth, but we know from James Taylor that “his affection for Yorkshire was deep and lasting. He never allowed a year to pass without going there at least once, and a short time before his death he made the remark to his cousin that it was not generally known that the Garden of Eden was close to Providence Green.”
Reviews by Freud, Gowers, Head and Others
Authors: Critchley Macdonald , Critchley Eileen A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Jackson’s conception of language and its disorders grew more and more profound. But few of his colleagues were ready to accept his ideas; most failed to understand them. A few—F. Bateman, W. Broadbent and H.C. Bastian in Great Britain and J.M. Charcot, J. Dejerine and F. Moutier in France—however, were interested in aphasia although more attracted by the notion of alleged centres strictly localized in the cortex cerebri as being associated with fancied faculties of speaking, speech-hearing, writing, reading, articulation and grammatical construction.
Pierre Marie, the Iconoclast and Later Writers on the Breakdown of Language
Authors: Critchley Macdonald , Critchley Eileen A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first paper Pierre Marie wrote about aphasia was a case-report published in 1882. He was then 29 years old and assistant to J.M. Charcot at the Hôpital Salpêtriére. Over the next few years he wrote a few more purely descriptive papers dealing with one aspect or another of aphasia. They were simple in character and orthodox in viewpoint. His opinions were based largely upon the teachings of his master, Charcot, and were supplemented by his reading the contributions on the subject by Bastian and Broadbent of London, by Kussmaul of Strasbourg and by Wernicke of Breslau.
Tributes
Authors: Critchley Macdonald , Critchley Eileen A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 190 I William Osler, writing on behalf of Weir Mitchell and James Putnam as well as himself, asked Jackson whether he would consider publishing a collection of his papers. On 12th February that year, Hughlings Jackson replied: “Many of my papers, all the old ones, are very old-fashioned and are not worthy of reprint (I have been working on neurological subjects for thirty-six years). As to more recent papers there is much in them too antiquated for republication. As to some others which I think do contain something of little value, there is recapitulation from one to the other—the same thing in various papers. But I am so highly stimulated by a request from three such men that I shall endeavour a kind of reproduction. I hope to make a volume which will contain in a methodical way most of what I have done in neurology, and another volume of minor contributions to neurology. I am not sure that I shall succeed in these projects.
“Everybody’s Zora”: Visions, Setting, and Voice in Dust Tracks on a Road
Authors: Rodríguez Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Zora Neale Hurston begins her solicited autobiography, Dust Tracks on a Road, by describing the founding of her hometown, Eatonville, Florida. Interestingly, critical examinations of the autobiography also often im plicitly ground themselves-at least in part-in considerations of the town; Robert Hemenway, Hurston’s biographer, and other critics of the life story, imply that the author must explain her journey from rural Eatonville to the Harlem Renaissance and her unprecedented success for an African American woman as both an anthropologist and novelist.
History of Seasonal Hurricane Forecasting
Authors: Elsner James B , Kara A Birol 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Regional and global climate patterns determine the character of a hurricane season. Locally, warm sea-surface temperatures coupled with frequent vigorous tropical waves signal an active season. The development of a warm ENSO (see Chapter 10) over the central equatorial Pacific with its accompanied global teleconnection patterns portend fewer hurricanes and a reduced threat of strikes to the United States. A systematic understanding of the linkages between climate and hurricanes provides a basis for forecasting. This chapter is a chronicle of some of the research contributions that have been made over the years toward our understanding of climate and hurricanes. It serves as a brief historical account of the contributions that led to the current seasonal forecast models of North Atlantic hurricane activity. The presentation follows the work of Hess and Elsner (1994b).
The Maxim of Quality and Disjunctive General Extenders
Authors: Overstreet Maryann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the excerpt above, the cartoon characters Beavis and Butt-head are talking about their school principal. While these characters may show no respect for most social norms, they do respect some basic principles of cooperative conversation. When Beavis wants to refer to a phenomenon he is n’t sure of (hammeroids), he uses a general extender (or somethin’) to mark that lack of certainty. It is to this function of general extenders that we now turn.
Affect and Prosocial Responding
Authors: Eisenberg Nancy , Losoya, Sandra , Spinrad Tracy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Prosocial behavior, defined as voluntary behavior intended to benefit another (Eisenberg & Fabes, 1998), has been a topic of psychological interest for some time but especially since the late 1960s. Much of the work on this topic has pertained to the role of sociocognitive skills, situational and socialization influences in the development or maintenance of prosocial behavior (Dovidio, 1984; Eisenberg, 1986; Eisenberg & Fabes, 1998; Krebs & Miller, 1985; Radke-Yarrow, Zahn-Waxler, & Chapman, 1983). However, unlike in the study of moral judgment (Kohlberg, 1969, 1984), emotion also has played an important role in theory and research on prosocial behavior. The role of emotion in prosocial behavior has been considered primarily in theory and research pertaining to two types of potential motivators: empathy and mood. Affectively based empathy has been viewed as the basis for much prosocial behavior for decades (e.g., Feshbach, 1978; Hoffman, 1975). Thus, researchers have investigated the role of empathy-related responses both in the development of prosocial responding and in individual differences in prosocial behavior. In contrast, temporary positive and negative mood states have been examined primarily as situational factors that affect the likelihood of individuals performing prosocial behaviors. These bodies of work are reviewed in this chapter, as well as work linking self-conscious emotions and dispositional emotionality to empathy-related and prosocial responding. As defined herein, prosocial behavior is mute about an actor’s motivation for assisting. Yet psychologists generally have been interested in the motives behind prosocial actions. Helping behavior motivated by self-interest usually is valued less than helping motivated by moral values or concern for another. Based on this interest in motivation, altruism has been differentiated from other types of prosocial behaviors. Altruism often is defined as intrinsically motivated, voluntary behaviors intended to benefit others—prosocial behaviors motivated by internal motives, such as concern for others or internalized values, goals, and self-rewards, rather than by the expectation of concrete or social rewards (Eisenberg & Fabes, 1998). There is disagreement in regard to whether even altruism actually is motivated by self-rewards or whether altruism can be motivated by moral values (Batson, 1991; Batson, 1998; Cialdini, Brown, Lewis, Luce, & Neuberg, 1997), but these issues are not central to the focus of this chapter and are not discussed further.
The Slave Ship Dance
Authors: Fabre Genevieve 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The central importance of dance in West and Central Africa has been often emphasized by historians, anthropologists, and Africans themselves. A communal activity, dance was also a crucial element in ceremonial life and created special bondings among all celebrants, thus united by certain beliefs and practices. In the cults honoring the gods or the ancestors, dance was a way of mediating between the godly and the human, the living and the dead. Deities were praised, called upon through a dance designed to invoke special features, proprieties, or abilities. Dance was thus used to solicit intercession, to thwart wrath or punishment that human action might have incurred, to flatter, or to appease. Dancers not only communicated with the spirits but also impersonated them through specific body movements, rhythms, or masks and became possessed themselves.
Judicial Nullification: The South Carolinian Movement to Reopen the African Slave Trade in the 1850s
Authors: Sinha Manisha 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With the exception of W.E.B. Du Bois’s pioneering work and a 1971 monograph by Ronald Takaki,1 most historians have viewed the southern movement to revive the African slave trade in the 1850s as an aberrant phenomenon, without much significance for U.S. or African American history. It has been ignored by historians of the slave South and the sectional conflict, who question slaveholders’ support for the movement, and by scholars of the Atlantic slave trade, who in recent years have emphasized the relatively minor role of the British North American colonies in the trade. However, as I will argue, the African slave trade agitation was an integral part of the growth of proslavery ideology, political separatism, and slavery expansionism in the South during the years preceding the Civil War. And though the slave traders, as advocates of this measure were called, failed to gain their objective both in and out of the Union, they precipitated an unprecedented rethinking of the slave trade and effectively damaged the national consensus on its heinousness. The effort to revive the African slave trade was the most audacious proposal for the justification and perpetuity of racial slavery in the United States. The movement made little headway in the slave-selling, noncotton upper south states, which were also less susceptible to the politics of slavery.
Africa in South Carolina: Mamie Garvin Pields’s Lemon Swamp and Other Places
Authors: Juncker Clara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Grace Nichols’s sequence of poems I Is originates in her dream of an African girl swimming from Africa to the Caribbean with a garland of flowers around her waist, possibly in an attempt to purge the ocean of its burden-the misery and suffering her ancestors had experienced (Wisker 26). Other contemporary African American writers, such as Alice Walker, have explored both the Middle Passage and its mirror image, the quest for Africa-often, as Nichols’s garland might suggest, from a feminine angle and aesthetics. Women of African descent belonging to generations before Nichols’s and Walker’s dreamed of Africa as well, though their notions of the continent and its people differed considerably from contemporary ones.
“The Persistence of Tradition” The Retelling of Sea Islands Culture in Works by Julie Dash, Gloria Naylor, and Paule MarshaII
Authors: Brnndum Lene 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before the Civil War, the Sea Islands off the coasts of Georgia and South Carolina were one of the last areas in the United States to see a continued arrival of Africans who had illegally been transported to the United States to be sold as slaves. The last ship on record to have “imported” African captives is the slave ship, the Wanderer, which brought a cargo of 400 Africans to Jekyll Island, Georgia, in 1858, fifty-one years after the importation of Africans as slaves had been banned in 1807.1 Julie Dash refers to the Islands as a “reverse Ellis Island” for the African slaves.2 Isolated from the mainland, the Sea Island Gullahs, descendants of African captives, here “created and maintained a distinct, imaginative, and original African American Culture” (Making 27). In other words, the Sea Islands, as a U.S. geographical area, retain strong rural African cultural traditions. The Sea Islands, according to Dash, represent a greater degree of genuine cultural syncretism of African and American culture than that found anywhere else in the United States. Once a “reverse Ellis Island” to the African slaves, the Islands today have been reversed again into a more positive cultural “bridge” to Africa by such African American artists as Gloria Naylor and Paule Marshall, who use the rich Sea Island heritage in Mama Day and Praisesong for the Widow, respectively, as well as by filmmaker Julie Dash, who has made the feature film, Daughters of the Dust.
Sexual Violence and the Black Atlantic: On Alice Walker’s Possessing the Secret of Joy
Authors: Fabi M Giulia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The awareness of how human bodies can be systematically reduced to the total objectification of captive flesh,1 the practice of breaking the silence on female-specific experiences of sexual and racial abuse, the insistence that racial violence is always “en-gendered”2: these issues characterize the narrative tradition of African American women and dominate the literary works of Alice Walker, who has often focused on “victims of sexual and communal abuse.”3 Indeed, Walker’s emphasis on the violence connected with the “private” world of romantic or familial relationships has “engendered” controversies that have in some ways reinforced her role as eloquent literary spokesperson for important feminist issues.
Return Passages: Maryse Conde Brings Tituba Back to Barbados
Authors: McCormick Robert H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The essential idea of the novel was to represent the nobility of a lateeighteenth-century African civilization and chart the ensuing conflict between it and Islam. Acknowledging a commercial component in Segu’s origin, Conde indicated that a former editor at Laffont had pointed out to her the lack of a great historical novel (“grand roman historique”) on Africa.I The sequel, The Children of Segu (Segou: La terre en miette), plots the French incursion from St. Louis Island down the Senegal River and depicts the fall of a powerless, decadent Segu to the better-armed French colonial forces.
“Calling on the Spirit”: The Performativity of Black Women’s Faith in the Baptist Church Spiritual Traditions and Its Radical Possibilities for Resistance
Authors: Anderson Telia U 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Here, in this here place, we flesh; flesh that weeps, laughs; flesh that dances on bare feet in grass. Love it. Love it hard. Yonder they do not love your flesh. They despise it. … Love your hands! Lovethem. Touch others with them, pat them together, stroke them on your face’cause they don’t love that either. You got to love it, you! And no, they ain’t in love with your mouth. Yonder, out there, they will see it broken and break it again. What you say out of it they will not heed. What you scream from it they do not hear. This is flesh I’m talking about here. Flesh that needs to be loved. Feet that need to rest and to dance; backs that need support; shoulders that need arms, strong arms I’m telling you … Saying no more, she stood up then and danced with her twisted hip the rest of what her heart had to say while the others opened their mouths and gave her the music. Long notes held until the four-part harmony was perfect enough for their deeply loved flesh.1
African American Theater: The State of the Profession, Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Elam Harry J , Krasner David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
D. K.: Welcome to African American Theater: The State of the Profession, Past, Present, and Future. Two years ago, Professor Harry Elam and I met in San Francisco at the ATHE conference with the possibility of forming this panel. We had been attending many performance and theater conventions, and there were many state-of-the-profession panels. While these panels were interesting, they were white: they were about white theater and white issues, although they passed themselves off as “universal.” We have asked several scholars to be on this panel because they are ground-breaking teachers and researchers; they have made it possible for research and scholarship to flourish.
Groups
Authors: Simonton Dean Keith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Judging from its title, the On Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection deals with groups-with collections of interbreeding organisms called species. Yet the clear focus of his evolutionary theory is the survival and reproduction of individuals. A species prospers and differentiates or declines and faces extinction, according to the reproductive success of the single creatures that constitute that group. So, only when the last passenger pigeon died in the Cincinnati Zoo on 1 September 1914 did the species Ectopistes migratorius become officially classified as extinct. This individualistic emphasis is one of the triumphs of Darwinian theory, because the evolution of all life-forms could be reduced to the repercussions of billions of organisms all separately engaged in their own singular struggles for existence. No grand plan, no overriding coordination of all the striving beings great and small, is required to obtain the most complex adaptations, nor even the most finely tuned social and ecological systems.
Mothers’ Perceptions of Differential Treatment of Infant Twins
Authors: McGuire Shirley , Roch-Levecq Anne-Catherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Families with twins are an interesting context in which to study parenting. Mothers and fathers are faced with taking care of two demanding infants rather than one: two mouths to feed, two bottoms to change, two cries to answer. The children are immediately born into a sibling relationship: sharing toys, sharing rooms, sharing parental attention. A study of 200 parents of 2-year-old twins found that these families have to cope with a host of financial, health, and psychological problems (Robin et al., 1991). Yet, compared to research on the social development of singleton infants, studies of young twins are rare.
Properties of the Attentional Focal Point
Authors: Wright Richard D , Ward Lawrence M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Alcmaeon (450 BCE) is sometimes called the first neuroscientist. He is credited with developing the use of anatomical dissection as a tool of intellectual inquiry, and he is thought to be the first writer to champion the brain as the site of sensation and cognition (Gross, 1998). He also proposed an idea about vision that has since been adopted by contemporary theorists as a metaphor for the attentional focal point. In particular, when Alcmaeon first removed and dissected a human eye, he discovered that it contained water (i.e., aqueous and vitreous humors). While examining the optic nerves, he found that they come together behind the forehead. He reasoned that optic nerves function as light-bearing paths to the brain because, earlier in his life, he had received a physical blow to one of his own eyes that had caused him to see bright spots (phosphenes). On this basis, Alcmaeon concluded that the eye must contain light (fire), and that this light was necessary for vision (Figure 3.1). The idea of light in the eye was the basis for theories of vision that persisted beyond the Renaissance.