bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ritual Quarrying: The Arts and Letters of Hope
Authors: Heinz Donald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Music is a language in which meaning has been encoded that is not communicable in any other way. It takes its name from the Greek muses, who preside over all the arts. Music has always been connected to ceremony, narrative, religion, ecstasy, dance, ritual, theater. Confucius thought music could portray six emotions-sorrow, satisfaction, joy, anger, piety, and love-in ways that brought individuals and communities into harmony with the universe, thus restoring order.
Introduction
Authors: Wong Sau-ling Cynthia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Editing A Casebook On Maxine Hong Kingston’s The Woman Warrior: Memoirs of a Girlhood amon3 Ghosts is a daunting task. As one of the most widely circulated and frequently taught literary texts by a living American author,1 The Woman Warrior has generated a vast scholarship.2 This critical output, furthermore, represents a range of often antagonistic views on the book’s meaning and significance: as with its counterparts in other American “ethnic canons,” The Woman Warrior has been steeped in controversy, enthusiastically claimed, ingeniously deployed, and at times bitterly denounced by contesting interpretive communities. Anyone attempting to profile its complex reception history must therefore be prepared to give a reasonably intelligible account of how she got from hundreds of titles to a handful of article-length studies.
Autobiography as Guided Chinatown Tour? Maxine Hong Kingston’s The Woman Warrior and the Chinese American Autobiographical Controversy
Authors: Wong Sau-Ling Cynthia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Maxine hong kingston ‘ s autobiography, The Woman Warrior, may be the best-known contemporary work of Asian-American literature. Winner of the National Book Critics Circle Award for the best book of nonfiction published in 1976, The Woman Warrior remains healthily in print and on the reading lists of numerous college courses; excerpts from it are routinely featured in anthologies with a multicultural slant. It is safe to say that many readers who otherwise do not concern themselves with Asian-American literature have read Kingston’s book.
No Lost Paradise Social Gender and Symbolic Gender in the Writings of Maxine Hong Kingston
Authors: Rabine Leslie W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The question of Gender , of what it is, how it works, and how it determines our lives as men and women, receives divergent answers in contemporary feminist history. The notion that gender is a social construct rather than an innate essence1 has been complicated in recent years by theories of feminists influenced by French critical theory and Lacanian psychoanalysis for whom gender is a symbolic construct. Whether French or Americans schooled in French theory, these feminists see gender as produced in and through language systems.
An Approach to Calvin: On Overcoming Modern Accommodations
Authors: Muller Richard A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The life and thought of John Calvin (1509±1564), the great Reformer of Geneva and one of the principal founders of the Reformed tradition, have been presented on so many pages in such a wide variety of books that, at ®rst glance, one might well wonder whether anything new can be said. Reams of pages have been written on Calvin’s Institutes alone. Nonetheless, even cursory examination of works written in the second half of the twentieth century reveals less than a consensus. One can read, for instance, that Calvin’s Institutes is not a theological system but a theology of piety or a theology of rhetoric or a rhetoric of piety or a pastoral theology—or that it is indeed a theological system. Or that Calvin was a humanist rhetor who opposed scholastic theology in all its forms—or that Calvin stands in continuity with several of the scholastic theological currents of the later Middle Ages. Or that Calvin was a rigid logician; on the contrary, Calvin was a theologian or, better, not a theologian, but a rhetor of piety. Calvin’s theology rested on the divine decrees as a central principle; Calvin’s theology rested on the principle of the sovereignty of God; Calvin’s theology centered on the doctrine of the Trinity; Calvin’s thought was christocentric. Calvin’s thought was a gathering and juxtaposition of opposites or perspectives, having no central principle. So, too, we can read that Calvin was not a “covenant theologian” and that he taught only a unilateral concept of covenant in contrast to Bullinger’s bilateral concept—or that Calvin held the doctrine of covenant in high esteem and did teach a bilateral view of covenant.
Of Prefaces, “Arguments,” and Letters to the Reader: Calvin’s Testimonies to His Intention and Method
Authors: Muller Richard A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the broad contours and even the day-to-day activities of Calvin’s life are well documented, and although we know a great deal, from his vast correspondence, about the issues and individuals, the debates and personal trials that concerned Calvin throughout his life, even to the extent of identifying personal likes and dislikes, tribulations of career, and digestive problems, we know little from his writings of the inward or “existential” life of the Reformer. Calvin was not a man to tell much about himself. The autobiographical comments that we have from him are few and sometimes difficult to interpret. References to contemporary events found in his sermons are rare, and, when they can be identified, they tend to be oblique.
Introduction
Authors: Lane Belden C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I write these words at dusk far up the Chama River Canyon, surrounded by red sandstone cliffs in a landscape that bleeds. The Spanish named the mountains nearby the Sangre de Christo range, and on evenings when a wine-dark sun shines through dust-laden sky, the blood of Christ seems smeared over every rock. From the Mexican Penitentes to Georgia O’Keeffe, people have recognized this beautiful, haunting land as a place of death that is able also to heal. Like the red rocks of Sedona, Arizona or Ayers Rock in central Australia, the lifeblood of mother earth seems to have risen to the surface here.
Desert Catechesis
Authors: Lane Belden C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A monk out of the desert, said Anthony of Egypt, is like a fish out of water. Early Christian monasticism was so inextricably tied to a particular geographic terrain that the connection between the monk and the desert was never questioned. The choice of vocation and the choice of landscape were almost always one. Jerome accepted this as a given when he described the habitat of the desert fathers and mothers at Wadi Natrun on the borders of the Libyan Desert in Egypt.
Attentiveness, Indifference, and Love
Authors: Lane Belden C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In December 1935 Antoine de Saint-Exupery, on a mail flight between Paris and Saigon, crashed in the Libyan Desert west of the Nile. It was in the same place the desert fathers and mothers of the fourth century had withdrawn to seek the face of God in a landscape of emptiness. Saint-Exupery’s story of survival, in his now classic book Wind, Sand and Stars, evokes the same desert discipline practiced by those who had preceded him there centuries earlier. No one lives for long in the desert without acquiring its crusty virtues of attentiveness and indifference. It was only because of these that Saint-Exupery survived.
Between the Yes and the No: Ibn al-c ‘Arabī on Wujūd and the Innate Capacity
Authors: Chittick William C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In general, Sufis differ from ordinary Muslims by stressing inwardness and spirituality rather than activity and Law. Sufis have tried to intensify and perfect their knowledge of God, and one of the natural results of these efforts has been the direct experience of the object of faith. Descriptions of such experiences are always expressed in terminology that is recognizably Islamic, but those who speak of it unanimously assert that they have witnessed the single and unique Reality that underlies all appearances and all experience.
Introduction: Methods and Metaphors
Authors: Kitchen John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although Merton’s comment appeared in 1954, its note of admonishing caution recalls the earliest known reservation expressed by a modern thinker contemplating the legitimacy of hagiographic studies. The renowned Counter-Reformation theologian Robert Bellarmine (1542—1621) discouraged such research in a letter to his Jesuit colleague Heribert Rosweyde (1569-1629), the Belgian professor of philosophy who first proposed a hagiographic project that was to proceed according to techniques characteristic of modern scholarship.1 Despite Bellarmine’s reservation that publishing the colorful,“original histories” of the saints would too easily evoke the ridicule of contemporary readers, Rosweyde proceeded with his plan.
The Prose Hagiography Of Venantius Fortunatus.
Authors: Kitchen John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To establish the main features that characterize the male saints portrayed by Fortunatus, we shall first concentrate on the depiction of the holy men in the earliest phase of life. In the description of the young man, we find the profile of the whole saint. If such an assertion seems to place undue importance on one aspect of what is presumably a more comprehensive literary representation, that is because we generally expect biographical narrative to mirror the course of human life as it progresses not only physically, which is obvious, but also psychologically through several distinct stages marking the passages from birth to death. The literature we are about to examine, however, shows little correspondence to our modern scheme or even our experience of human development. With respect to that gradual psychological formation of a child into what we commonly call a “self-actualized” adult, the writing of Fortunatus is a case in which art does not reflect life. The gray-haired holy man de­ scribed on his deathbed is fundamentally the same in character as the saintly youth depicted in the early portions of a Vita. Even in death, the saint continues to perform from the tomb virtually the same functions that he did while alive.
Mary Ward’s “Jesuitresses” and the Construction of a Typological Community
Authors: Gallagher Lowell 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of The Fewecclesiastical topics on which both Protestant and Catholic authorities in early seventeenth-century England might agree was the career of Mary Ward (1585-1645). Daughter of a prominent Yorkshire family, Ward had gained notoriety by the age of thirty as the founder of a religious community of women, the Schola Beatae Mariae (School of Blessed Mary), which dedicated itself to the education of girls and to the propagation of the Catholic religion on the Continent as well as in England.1 It was Ward whom George Abbot, Archbishop of Canterbury, had in mind when he made the following comment in 1617= “That woman does more harm to the English Church than many priests. Gladly would I exchange six or seven Jesuits for her” (Hicks 2, p. 323).
Alliance and Exile: Aphra Behn’s Racial Identity
Authors: Hendricks Margo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Passing is hazardous business ... this breaking away from all that was familiar and friendly to take one’s chance in another environment, not entirely strange, perhaps, but certainly not entirely friendly. What, for example, one does about background, how one accounted for oneself. In May 1660, Charles II ended a decade-long period of exile, and with him returned a group of courtiers whose patronage would enable Aphra Behn not only to embark on a career as a professional writer but also to sustain that endeavor. Yet this return did not end the psychological effects that exile had on the returning royalists. In spite of a concerted effort to resume life as if the “rebellion” had never occurred, Charles and his court were never entirely able to put this moment of alienation and displacement to rest. In much of the writing produced during the Restoration, exile was a recurring theme or trope. This theme persisted despite the cynicism, secularism, and hedonism that came to be trademarks of Charles’s reign.
Introduction Koan Tradition: Self-Narrative And Contemporary Perspectives
Authors: Heine Steven , Wright Dale S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term kōan (C. kung-an, literally “public cases”) refers to enigmatic and often shocking spiritual expressions based on dialogical encounters between masters and disciples that were used as pedagogical tools for religious training in the Zen (C. Ch’an) Buddhist tradition. This innovative practice is one of the best-known and most distinctive elements of Zen Buddhism. Originating in Tang/Sung China, the use of koans spread to Vietnam, Korea, and Japan and now attracts international attention. What is unique about the koan is the way in which it is thought to embody the enlightenment experience of the Buddha and Zen masters through an unbroken line of succession. The koan was conceived as both the tool by which enlightenment is brought about and an expression of the enlightened mind itself. Koans are generally appreciated today as pithy, epigrammatic, elusive utterances that seem to have a psychotherapeutic effect in liberating practitioners from bondage to ignorance, as well as for the way they are contained in the complex, multileveled literary form of koan collection commentaries. Perhaps no dimension of Asian religions has attracted so much interest and attention in the West, from psychological interpretations and comparative mystical theology to appropriations in beat poetry and deconstructive literary criticism.
“Before the Empty Eon” versus “A Dog Has No Buddha-Nature" Kung-an Use in the Ts’ao-tung Tradition and Ta-hui’s Kung-an Introspection Ch’an
Authors: Schlutter Morten 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A common view of the kung-an, implied in much of the literature on Ch’an available in English, is that its use is the special domain of the Lin-chi (J. Rinzai) tradition, in which kung-an were, and still are, used in the active pursuit of enlightenment. Along with this view is the depiction of the Ts’ao-tung (J. Soto) tradition as being rather passive while neglecting, or at least putting less emphasis on, the study of kung-an, instead pursuing a gradual approach enlightenment through long hours of meditation. These distinctions are furthermore understood to characterize the Lin-chi and Ts’ao-tung traditions from their very inceptions in China.
Transmission Of Kirigami (Secret Initiation Documents) A Soto Practice In Medieval Japan
Authors: Rikizan Ishikawa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is Ishikawa’s earliest attempt to explore the complex nature of a genre of medieval Soto Zen literature dealing with interpretations of koans known as kirigami. It should be stressed that the field of kirigami studies was hardly explored at the time the essay was written in the early 1980s, and therefore it was nothing but Ishikawa’s courage, passion, and painstaking efforts that opened up the field of studying these esoteric materials. Subsequent to this publication, Ishikawa produced dozens of important articles elaborating on this pioneering work.
Grand Expectations About the World
Authors: Patterson James T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
World War II did more than usher in unparalleled prosperity for the United States. It transformed America’s foreign relations. The war devastated the Axis nations, which took years to recover. It also savaged America’s allies, including the Soviet Union, which lost an estimated 2 5 million people during six years of fighting. Alone of the world’s great powers the United States emerged immeasurably stronger, both absolutely and relatively, from the carnage. In a new balance of power it was a colossus on the international stage.
Red Scares Abroad and at Home
Authors: Patterson James T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The radical social activist Michael Harrington once commented that “1948 was the last year of the thirties.” He meant specifically that labor unrest and class-consciousness abated amid rising prosperity after 1948. So did chances for substantial extension of the New Deal. The political Left, already weak, reeled under sustained assaults. In place of reform activity, Cold War fears rose to the center of American society, politics, and foreign policy in 1949 and early 1950, generating a Red Scare that soured a little the otherwise optimistic, “can-do” mood of American life until 1954.
JFK and the World
Authors: Patterson James T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In September 1960, Kennedy gave one of his most anti-Communist campaign speeches, in Salt Lake City. It captured well the incendiary Cold War rhetoric of the era and summarized a widely held American view of the world. “The enemy,” he said, “is the Communist system itself- implacable, insatiable, increasing in its drive for world domination. . . .This is not a struggle for supremacy of arms alone. It is also a struggle for supremacy between two conflicting ideologies: freedom under God versus ruthless, godless tyranny.”
A Great Society and the Rise of Rights-Consciousness
Authors: Patterson James T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As Johnson departed from his inaugural ball in January 1965, he warned his aides, “Don’t stay up late. There’s work to be done. We’re on our way to the Great Society. ” Both the phrase “Great Society” and the planning for it dated to May 1964, when Johnson addressed the graduating class of the University of Michigan. “We have the opportunity,” he proclaimed, “to move not only toward the rich society and the powerful society, but upward to the Great Society. ” That was “where the city of man serves not only the needs of the body and the demands of commerce but the desire for beauty and the hunger for community. ... It is a place where men are more concerned with the quality of their goals than the quantity of their goods.”
Escalation in Vietnam
Authors: Patterson James T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like many Texans of his generation, Lyndon Johnson was brought up on the story of the Alamo, where brave men had fought to the death to resist attack. As President he told people that his great-great-grandfather had died there, although there was no substance to his claim. Vietnam, he exclaimed to advisers on the National Security Council, “is just like the Alamo.” This is one of many anecdotes that critics of LBJ relate about his approach to foreign policy. They portray him as ignorant about the world, imperious, devious in the extreme, and quick on the trigger. His handling of the war in Vietnam, they emphasize, demonstrated all these traits. When he sat down with Ambassador Lodge in the immediate aftermath of Kennedy’s assassination, he personalized the war. “I am not going to lose Vietnam,” he said. “I am not going to be the President who saw Southeast Asia go the way China went.” For many Americans then and later the struggle in Vietnam was simply “Johnson’s War.”
The Most Turbulent Year: 1968
Authors: Patterson James T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
January 30, 1968, was the first day of Tet, a festive holiday in Vietnam that marked the beginning of the lunar year. Americans in Vietnam hoped for some respite from the fighting. But at 2=45 that morning a team of NLF sappers blasted a hole in the wall that surrounded the American embassy in Saigon. Racing into the compound, they tried but failed to smash through the heavy door at the entrance to the embassy. They then took cover behind large concrete flowerpots and assailed the building with rockets. Military police fired back at them in a fight that lasted until 9:1 5 in the morning. All nineteen of the enemy were either killed or badly wounded. Five Americans and a South Vietnamese civilian employee lost their lives. A reporter described the scene as “a butcher shop in Eden.”1 The attack on the embassy formed part of a much broader military plan, elements of which had already been launched outside of Saigon, that came to be known as the Tet offensive. Starting in late 1967 Hanoi had intensified pressure on towns and bases in the central highlands of South Vietnam and along the demilitarized zone, and especially on the marine garrison at Khe Sanh near the border with Laos.
The Design 1. The Foundational Framework: Time and Space
Authors: Brodie Thomas L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Discussion of the gospel’s design (plan/structure) has centered on a variety of elements, particularly geography, chronology, liturgy, symbolism, symbolic numbers, symmetric concentric structures, chiasms, drama, journeys, and, of course theology, especially revelation (Mlakuzhyil, 1987, 17-85). These elements are not mutually exclusive. It is frequently suggested that the gospel is structured around not just one element but around several. Giblin (1990), for instance, has compared John’s interweaving structures with the way in which the water on the oceanfront sometimes reflects diverse patterns, one caused, say, by a passing ship and another by the prevailing wind.
Book One □The Years of Jesus’ Life
Authors: Brodie Thomas L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the beginning was the Word [logos], and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. He was in the beginning with God. All things were made through him, and without him was not made anything that/what was made. In him was life, and the life was the light of humans. And the light shines in the darkness, and the darkness has not overcome/grasped it.
The Arrest and Trial
Authors: Brodie Thomas L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The text describes two dramas-first the arrest and Jewish interrogation (18:1- 27), then the trial before Pilate (18:28-19:16a). One occurs at night and lasts until cockcrow. The other begins in the early morning and lasts until noon (“the sixth hour”). The division between night and morning acts as an initial indication of the division and complementarity of the two dramas. John’s account is quite different from that of the other gospels. He does not tell of a full meeting of the Jewish Sanhedrin (though such a meeting is reported as part of the Lazarus story, 11:45-53), and his picture of the trial before Pilate is much more elaborate.
The Imamite Theory of Political Authority
Authors: Sachedina Abdulaziz Abdulhussein 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The cornerstone of the Imamite theory of political authority is the existence of an Imam from among the progeny of Muhammad, clearly designated by the latter to assume the leadership of the Muslim community. Acknowledgment of the lawfully established authority of the Imam falls within the category of the religious obligations (al-takiilff al-shar’iyya) imposed on the adherents of the Imam. Among the ShI’I Imams, it was during the lmamate of Ja’far al-Sadiq (d. A.D. 765) and his successors that the idea that the ‘Alid Imam was the sole legitimate authority-by virtue of his being an infallible leader and authoritative interpreter of Islamic revelation, and therefore qualified to establish the Islamic state-became a distinctive feature of ImamI ShI’Ism. The Imamites invariably regarded the historical caliphate, with the exception of the period when ‘AH was acclaimed as the caliph, as usurpatory and illegitimate.1 As a matter of fact, even non-Shi’ite Muslims, who were not actively engaged in resisting the caliphal authority as such, opposed the khulafii’ al-jawr or al-zalama (tyrannical or unjust caliphs) and regarded obedience to them as disobedience to God.