bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction:
Authors: Gaisser Julia Haig 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Yeats’ desperate, passionate Catullus is a child of early twentieth century romanticism, conceived in reaction to the excesses of nineteenth-century philology. The picture prevailed—at least in the English-speaking world—until 1950 or so, when a new image began to emerge. The Catullus of our time is much closer to Yeats’ bloodless scholars than to his amorous poet; for we tend to imagine not a desperate man in the thrall of passionate emotion, but a learned Alexandrian, a student of recherche Hellenistic poetry, a young man tossing on his sleepless bed not out of love’s despair but because he is enamoured of the allusive poetics of Callimachus.
Praelectio: Pierio Valeriano at the University of Rome
Authors: Gaisser Julia Haig 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In November of 1521 Pierio Valeriano began a series of lectures on Catullus at the University of Rome, at a moment when he was at the height of his success and Roman poetry and humanism were enjoying a golden age under the patronage of Pope Leo X.
Commentarius: Marc-Antoine de Muret, Achilles Statius, and Joseph Scaliger
Authors: Gaisser Julia Haig 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As we saw in Chapter 2, the first generation of Catullan commentators laboured mightily just to make sense of Catullus’ poems—-often with little success. None of the three was a famous or distinguished scholar. Partenio and Palladio were schoolmasters; Alessandro Guarino, though of a famous humanist family, was himself primarily a courtier. Each, to the extent that he is known at all, is known almost exclusively for his work on Catullus. There is nothing to link them with one another, and, except for Partenio, almost nothing to link their work to its time and place. With the second generation it is quite otherwise. Marc-Antoine de Muret, Achilles Statius, and Joseph Scaliger were all renowned and prolific scholars, and the work of each is firmly bound to its intellectual and cultural milieu.
Legislation against Heretics, Pagans and Jews
Authors: Liebeschuetz J H W G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Perhaps the most conspicuous evidence of the Christian beliefs of members of the ‘Arcadian Establishment’ is the fact that it maintained and extended legislation penalizing religious dissent, pagan, Jewish, and above all sectarian Christian. A tidal wave of such legislation was let loose by Theodosius I at the very start of his reign, when he proclaimed his support of what became catholic orthodoxy. Theodosius was evidently motivated by sincere belief and a sense of religious responsibility.2 At any rate, he proclaimed his policy of support for Nicaean orthodoxy at the very beginning of his reign, and proceeded to implement it by means of a mass of legislation as soon as he had entered Constantinople.
The Three Bishops and Eudoxia
Authors: Liebeschuetz J H W G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Any analysis of the forces that brought down John Chrysostom must start with the group whom all sources show to have been the active organizers at Constantinople of the machinations to bring him down, the three bishops, Severianus, Antiochus, and Acacius, and the empress Eudoxia. The role of the bishops was that of a group of lobbyists determined, partly no doubt from personal motives, to keep the grievance of a much wider range of ecclesiastics before the eyes of the emperor and his ministers. Eudoxia performed the vital role of a link between the dissatisfied clerics and the palace.
Capacity and Intent
Authors: Treggiari Susan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What determined whether marriage was legally possible between two particular individuals? What demonstrated that a marriage existed between two people? The answer to the first question depends on the existence of certain qualifications and the absence of certain disqualifications.’ The answer to the second depends on voluntary (at least legally voluntary) decisions by the individuals concerned. In this chapter we shall discuss the legal qualifications and the legal definition of the relationship of intent subsisting between a given couple. The question of the giving of legally valid consent at the time of an engagement and of the initiation of marriage will be treated in Chapters 4 and 5.
Choosing a Coniunx
Authors: Treggiari Susan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Dromios came to England at the end of the sixteenth century, the precise date being probably 1592. There is no certainty on where they came from-Ephesus and Syracuse have both been suggested-but historians of the family admit that they seem to have been persons somewhat below the middle station of life, if not of actually servile condition. In England, however, they prospered, and already in the reign of James I were importing wines in a large way.
Punishment In Homer
Authors: Saunders Trevor J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his Laws and elsewhere Plato advanced a radical new penology, sharply different from any penology practised or advocated down to his day. The ideas and practices which he sought to modify or displace were those of the Athenian legal system of the fifth and fourth centuries. They have their first attestation in Homer; and so too have certain elements in Plato’s attempted reform of them.To Homer, then, we must betake ourselves; and difficulties arise immediately. The Iliad and the Odyssry are generally thought to have been composed shortly before 700 BC. The stories they tell are set in a society whose historical existence is uncertain. For the poems witness only to themselves; little independent check on their testimony is avail¬ able. If they do describe some historical society, it is not one contem¬ poraneous with their date of composition. Homer inherited a vast mass of poetic material that had accumulated over a long period, and by selec¬ ion and adaptation constructed the two full-scale epic poems. Hence the picture he gives us may well not be of a single historical period or even of a single society, but of some composite.
Crime-Specific Punishments
Authors: Saunders Trevor J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Greek penal thought and practice there is a class of punishments known variously as ‘talionic’, ‘mirroring’, ‘crime-specific’ and ‘analogous’. They exhibit bewildering variety; and the four terms themselves are often employed confusingly, more or less as synonyms. Our first task is to sharpen usage by imposing certain distinctions.Atalionic punishment is therefore one in which the notion of ‘aptness’ or ‘appropriateness’ is expressed by pointed zdenttty of offence and penalty; a mirroring punishment is one in which that notion is expressed by pointed assocz”altve detail reminiscent or indirectly descriptive of the offence. Whereas a talionic penalty can take only one form, a mirroring penalty, by suggestively distorted reflection, may take any number; consequently mirroring penalties lend themselves to ingenious elabora¬tion.
Plato’s Medical Penology
Authors: Saunders Trevor J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is a good working principle that when the information Plato gives us about a political or social or legal institution in the Laws is sparse, it is a sign that he is prepared to accept the main features of its contemporary counterpart; but that when the argument and detail are abundant, he wishes to make alterations on a large scale. On this criterion, it is clear that penology is of the highest importance to Plato, and that the changes he wishes to make in contemporary assumptions and practice are radical and extensive. For he devotes to his discussion of his theory of punishment over seven Stephanus pages of most careful argumentation; and he embeds it firmly in the context of his laws governing some of the mDst: serious crimes in the calendar.1This passage, the longest of all, runs from 857a2 to 864c9. It is rather ploddingly written; presumably the Athenian Stranger wishes to make quite sure that the none-too-bright Cleinias and Megillus fully under¬ stand and accept the new penology at which they arrive in the final paragraphs. I have already argued in print my interpretation of the sequence as a whole, and of many of its more important details.
The Penology Of Plato’s Myths
Authors: Saunders Trevor J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Theeschatological stories in Greek literature down to Plato have in common the central notion that offences for which the penalty has not been paid in this life will be punished after death by surrogate agencies. The purpose of the stories is twofold: to provide an incentive to good conduct, and to reassure injured parties that in the end they will obtain at least the satisfaction of their enemies’ suffering. The punishments described are therefore purely retributive, and often described in lurid terms. Certain mystery-religions, however, developed the idea that post¬ mortem punishment could constitute a stage in a system of moral reform.Plato wrote several eschatological myths in this broad tradition: they were calculated to convince Socrates’ interlocutors that injustice will be punished in the end. We need to review them briefly before considering the myth of the Laws itself and the mythical material incorporated into the legal ‘preambles’, whose penological doctrines are meant to exist in the minds of his citizens side by side with the ‘official’ penology which I have tried to reconstruct. I take the myths entirely at face value, seeking only to extract the penological ideas which they implicitly or explicitly present: I have no concern to rationalize or allegorize them.
Homicide
Authors: Saunders Trevor J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Plato obviously intends his Magnesians to live orderly, quiet and uneventful lives. What then are we to make of the fact that he devotes more space to homicide (phonos) than to any other part of his penal code? It can hardly be because he expects murders to be frequent. As we shall see, the reason is rather that attacks on persons necessarily involve important questions of policy within a carefully contrived social and political structure. The Magnesian law of homicide is accordingly not only very long but very elaborate. However, its exposition is, in the main, systematic and clear.At 857a Plato has concluded the law relating to treason, temple¬ robbery, and subversion. The pages from then until 864c are occupied by the exposition of his new penology. The transition to homicide is now elfocted by way of part of a rider to the law of treason etc.
Military Offences
Authors: Saunders Trevor J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Up to a point, Plato bases himself firmly on Attic law; but beyond that point his special social and psychological concerns become evident, and his reforming hand is busy, not always to clear effect.Certain suits for naval misdemeanours were known in Athens, but naturally they have no counterparts in Magnesia. Apart from them, three offences were distinguished:All were graphai; tried before special military courts; the penalty was atimia, entailing loss of certain citizen rights, but with no fine or con¬ fiscation of property.
Summary And Assessment
Authors: Saunders Trevor J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the Laws, Plato is a political ‘demiurge’ (craftsman).Just as a carpenter works with the grain wherever possible, but imposes his own shape on the wood, so Plato adopts contemporary institutions without change if possible, but freely and skilfully adapts them to his own purposes. In legislation, to use his own metaphor, his aim is to buz’ld, after a judicious choice from among the materials available. Plato looks for institutions which are acceptable to, and preferably approved by, ordinary men, but which offer opportunities for manipulation and reworking into something which embodies, to the maximum extent practicalities allow, Platonic purposes. Sometimes popular acceptability and Platonic principles conflict; the result is then some compromise. In more favour¬ able circumstances, Plato sees that some popularly acceptable institu¬tion, whether desirable to him, or undesirable but inevitable, offers possibilities of improvement. The craftsman-legislator with a reforming bent is then really in business; for he can do precisely that-re-form his material into something better, by utilizing its existing popular accept¬ ability.
From Pagan to Christian Social and Civic Transformations in the Fourth Century
Authors: Mitchell Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Soon after AD 240 a young man, aged about 30, returned from the city of Caesareia in Palestine to his home, Neocaesareia in Pontus, where in his absence he had been consecrated bishop. Theodore, a member of a wealthy and well-educated pagan family, had originally travelled to Palestine as an escort for his sister, whose husband, a legal expert, had been sent to advise the governor of the province. Theodore’s original purpose was to study law himself in the famous school at Berytus, but already since early adolescence he had inclined to Christianity. At Berytus he had persisted in his studies, in particular the task of mastering the challenging Latin of legal texts and imperial pronouncements, and he intended, no doubt, to emulate his brother-in-law’s successful career in imperial service. The subtleties and difficulties of Roman law won his admiration even while they threatened to subvert his traditional skills in Greek rhetoric.
Livia
Authors: Herbert-Brown Geraldine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before the Fasti Livia had hardly figured in Augustan poetry. Her name is not invoked at all in the extant works of Ovid’s predecessors, Virgil, Horace, Propertius, or Tibullus, although it is true that Horace had once made a move in that direction. In Ode 3. 14. 1-10 he invokes the ‘mulier’ and ‘soror’ of Caesar as public sacrificial celebrants to the gods after the victorious return of Augustus from Spain (24 BC).
Physical Geography
Authors: Batty Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The geography of this region has played a profound role in shaping the lives of its inhabitants. However, the immense variety of physical, climatic, and vegetational patterns and the sheer size of the area make it far from easy to describe. Even the most assiduous geographers have acknowledged that adequately covering the Balkan peninsula alone is an arduous task.1 Nevertheless, any historical account should clearly begin by some discussion of its climate, hydrology, and the distribution of soils. The physical background, here as elsewhere, proved a vital determinant in both settlement patterns and the agricultural strategies adopted throughout the region.
Conclusions to Part I
Authors: Batty Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of the three chapters presented thus far has been to provide a fresh review of the most important historical trends in the Pontic-Danubian area. Essentially, it is designed to show the interlocking factors which have consistently served to draw the whole region together. Persistent immigration from the steppes, the dispersal of indigenous and invading population groups, widespread pastoral traditions and patterns of rural violence, and limited urbanization; all these have operated more or less continuously throughout the history of this region. They are vital historical themes. Yet, although one might expect them to be prominent in our accounts of the region in antiquity, they are not at all the sort of topics one encounters in much modern scholarship on the area.
Strabo and the Pontic Lands
Authors: Batty Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In reading the previous chapter, a sceptic might wonder whether the various pieces of evidence gathered there were not simply forced into supporting the framework adopted in Part I. Such a reader might object that I produce only one, essentially wilful, interpretation of some rather fragmentary evidence. The validity of this approach, however, is confirmed by a coherent, well-argued account written in antiquity, by an author whose opinion ought to have been given considerable weight, but whose judgements appear to have been largely over-looked by many modern scholars.
Raiders, Rebels, and Thieves
Authors: Batty Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Administrators, policemen, and soldiers remain today, as in the past, the first response of government towards brigands and brigandage. Yet such remedies are often ill considered, as the history of the twentieth century has underlined. Military force can redound upon the power that wields it; it may even exacerbate problems in recalcitrant regions. The passage above, taken from an imperial edict of May 1468, about the difficulties which beset the Chinese Empire even at its very centre, might equally have applied to the Roman provinces in the Pontic-Danubian zone.
Mount Niphates
Authors: Birley Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nobody goes to the ancient historians for accurate knowledge about the territory traversed by Roman armies in Armenia or Mesopotamia. Whether these writers possessed such knowledge or not, the principles of their art forbade them to over-load the narrative with details of time and place: they were composing history, not despatches or ‘commentarii’. Geography was not the parent or even the sister of Clio, but merely a handmaid, employed for exterior decoration, rather than to afford strength and sustenance.
The New Provinces
Authors: Birley Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN an oration delivered before the people of Rome Pompeius boasted that he found the province Asia on the edge of their dominions and left it in the middle. As the titulus of his triumph proclaimed, proud enough but more modest than many of the panegyrists, he had subjugated all the lands from the Maeotis to the Red Sea. The conquests of Magnus brought in a vast expanse of territory, handsome revenues—and many vassal states, Bosporus, Colchis, Armenia, even Iberia and Albania, the lturaeans, the Jews, and the Nabataeans. In the days of Sulla Rome had only two provinces beyond the Aegaean. Now the sea-coasts were Roman all the way from Amisus in Pontus down to Gaza at the gate of Egypt. To Bithynia, the bequest of which had provoked the last war with Mithridates, Pompeius added a large tract of Pontus, to form a double province. Cilicia by the adjunction of Tracheia and Pedias he prolonged to Mount Amanus, and he annexed Syria. Furthermore, the island of Crete, conquered by Metellus, was joined under one governor with Cyrenaica (which the Romans after long hesitation had decided to take over in 74 B.C.). Only Cyprus and Egypt remained, ruled by precarious relics of the Ptolemaic Dynasty, the last heirs of Alexander’s generals.
The Rank and Repute of Lycia
Authors: Birley Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After enjoying freedom for over two centuries under the suzerainty of Rome, the Lycian confederacy forfeited that privilege. Suetonius assigns the reason, namely murderous quarrels: ‘ob exitiabiles inter se discordias’. Of what type and manner, one might well be moved to enquire: rivalry between neighbo r cities, the strife of factions, or an eruption of popular discontent. From long habit undisturbed, the aristocracies were competent to control the lower classes and to impose social harmony. Otherwise the Lycians were on good report for stability and for concord. Cassius Dio supplies the date (the year 43), and something else: local conflicts had issued in the killing of Roman citizens. That pretext excites suspicion. It had been asserted previously when Augustus revoked the liberty of Cyzicus, only for five years, so it happened. The proud and prosperous city incurred blame and penalty once again, in A.D. 25. The main charge alleged negligence in the worship of Divus Augustus, with acts of violence against Roman citizens thrown in for support. Such is the brief statement of Tacitus. Elucidation comes from Dio: the Cyzicenes were dilatory in constructing the temple. A small item perhaps, but of value since it illustrates the comportment of Tiberius Caesar, and his official attitudes.
The Dynasty of Media Atropatene
Authors: Birley Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Parthia and Armenia engross the historians as well as the poets. Atropatene gets left out. Yet Augustus gave a king to the Medes. The Res Gestae proclaim it.1 All other records being silent, date and circumstances remain obscure. An occasion that flattered the pride of Rome and the rulers of Rome ought to have evoked public celebration. A Roman nominee on the throne of Media Atropatene imported a new factor into eastern politics, of primordial strategic importance. That territory provided a true land bridge, offering easy passage from Armenia eastwards and dominating the plateau of lran; and the dynasty that had reigned for three centuries in Atropatene was by no means contemptible.
Marriage,Sacrifice, and Reciprocity in Homer
Authors: Seaford Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the first chapter we noted the weakness of the state in the society described by Homer, and the importance, to be expected in such a society, of reciprocity and ritual in creating social relations. Ritual and a code of reciprocity very often go together, in marriage, xenia, supplication, and so on. And a crisis of reciprocity may also be a crisis of ritual, as when Achilles says that no amount of gifts will persuade him to allow Hektor death ritual, with the simultaneous resolution of these crises creating narrative closure. We will in this chapter explore the closely interrelated crises of ritual and of reciprocity, together with the closure created by their resolution, in the pattern of wedding and wedding feast in the Odyssey. First we will establish the existence of the wedding pattern in the reunion of Odysseus and Penelope (2 §a), and maintain that the ending of this pattern was also the ending of an earlier version of the poem (2 §6). One element of the pattern is the feast. Despite its generally positive, architectural role in Homer, the sacrificial feast as it appears in other sources exhibits various internal tensions, including the control of potentially uncontrolled violence among the participants (2 §c). The suitors both fail to offer proper sacrifice and in their feast perpetrate the kind of disordered violence generally precluded by due process. And whereas elsewhere the sacrificial meal may be a means of incorporating the newly arrived outsider into the group, on Ithaka the feasting suitors omit or pervert the hospitality owed to outsiders. At this point we rejoin the theme of the wedding, for the suitors’ feast is a kind of wedding feast and so susceptible to special forms of subversion (2 §d). The exceptional circumstances on lthaka have produced a subversion of wedding ritual, an abnormally extended period of liminality for the potential bride, with the result that the normal reciprocity of the wedding is blocked: as well as feasting riotously, the suitors exhaust Odysseus’ wealth. In response to this subversion of both ritual and reciprocity, in marriage and in feast, Odysseus violently subverts the marriage contest (designed, like the sacrificial meal, to preclude violence) and rejects any amount of compensation from one of the pleading suitors. Returning finally to the Iliad (2 §e), we can detect there a similar pattern: one crisis of ritual (supplication) and of reciprocity (Achilles and Agamemnon) ends with a violent act of vengeance that creates another such crisis (Achilles and Priam), which is finally resolved by the restoration, producing narrative closure, of ritual normality (supplication, death ritual) and of reciprocity. But the earlier version of the Odyssey ended with the restoration of ritual (the wedding) in the domestic sphere only, without the death ritual for the suitors and the reconciliation with their relatives that it was later felt necessary to add.