bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Democracy and Freedom
Authors: Rhodes P J , Lewis David M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapter we have considered how far different states’ decision-making procedures worked democratically, in the sense that assemblies were open to and actively involved the whole citizen body, and that states took the proper conduct of their business seriously. In this chapter we shall look for other signs of democracy and freedom, and also for signs that some states were not wholly democratic or free.
The Empire of the Tetrarchs
Authors: Corcoran Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Tetrarchic age is a crucial period of change and transition in the history of the Roman empire, marking the conventional beginning of the late empire, when the reforms of Diocletian and Constantine established the pattern of government for three hundred years. But the years 284 to 324 also form a logical unit of political narrative, encompassing the genesis, existence, and demise of the tetrarchic experiment itself. The tetrarchy proper, of two Augusti and two Caesars, only functioned from 293 to 306 and ceased entirely once all the rulers held the full rank of Augustus by 3rn, but the period 305– 24 represents the aftermath of Diocletian’s abdication and the disintegration of his system. Only in 324 was the complex multiplicity of rulers, that he initiated, reduced to a single Christian dynasty.
The Prices Edict
Authors: Corcoran Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Prices Edict is the longest and most ambitious of surviving tetrarchic legislative measures. As such, it merits a chapter to itself, though it should also be seen in the context of other pronouncements. This chapter sets out to answer various questions: why was it issued, how was it compiled, where was it enforced? These all reflect upon the attitudes and effectiveness of the government In the midst of his fierce attack on the misrule of Diocletian, Lactantius gives the following account of a price-fixing measure:
Knowledge
Authors: Trapp M B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The topic of this lecture, the definition of , is that of the Theaetetus, but there are no obvious reminiscences of Plato’s dialogue (except perhaps to the extent that both begin with a suggested definition that privileges the role of sense-perception). Commentators (Zeller 1923: 220; Puiggali 1983: 329, 334) have detected a lack of conceptual clarity and deficiencies in the sequence of thought in Maximus’ treatment, but his exposition can be defended to some extent. § 1 poses the question, and 2-3 reject an initial suggestion that is to be identified with organized perceptual experience. § § 4- 5a flirt briefly with the possibility that it is equivalent to the results achieved by abstract reason, before settling for a more inclusive definition: that it is the combined perfection of all three of the higher faculties, perception, practical reason and intellect. § § 5b-6, using the metaphor of the ‘laws’
Homer in Plato’s State
Authors: Trapp M B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
poetry in the civic community: compare Orr. 3 and 15-16 (the place of the philosopher); 22 and 25 (the place of philosophical discourse); 38 (the place of the liberal arts); and 4 and 26. The thematic connection with Orr. 4 and 26 is particularly close, since they too deal with the poetry of Homer (the latter exclusively and the former to a large extent); but at the same time there is a difference in emphasis. Orr. 4 and 26 use allegorical reading to vindicate poetry’s role in any and every good community; the present lecture, while allowing Homer’s poetry its allegorical import (§ 4), seeks to argue that there are some communities where it is nevertheless surplus to requirements. The reason for this divergence is of course Maximus’ desire both to praise Homer and to vindicate Plato’s notorious decision not to allow his poetry into the ideal state (Resp. 377aff., with the celebrated dismissal at 398a; the second discussion of poetry, in Resp. 595a ff., does not enter into the discussion).
Proper Entertainment
Authors: Trapp M B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A lecture on the superior value of philosophical discourse over history, declamation, and other possible forms of ‘entertainment’. As a discussion of the place of philosophy (above all, philosophical lecturing), it can be compared with Orr. 1 and 25; as a discussion of the relative value of different forms of activity in society, it belongs also with Orr. 4, 15-16, 17, 18-21, 23-4, 26, and 37; and as a lecture that at least begins as an exegesis and a defence of Homer, it has common ground with Orr. 17 and 26.
Friendship
Authors: Trapp M B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A second lecture on the topic of friendship, for which see the introduction to the first, Or. 14. Whereas Or. 14 focused on the distinction between the true Friend and the mere Flatterer, Or. 35 develops the proposition that true Friendship is impossible without moral Virtue (a proposition which both underlines the value of friendship and explains its scarcity). The positioning of the lecture at this point in the corpus, among the pieces dealing with theoretical ethics, rather than, like Or. 14, among those dealing with practical ethics and politics, is at first sight surprising. Enough of the lecture, however, is expressed in terms of the choice of Ends (especially the reference to ‘likeness to Zeus’ in § 2, and the call to philosophical values in §§7-8) to make the juxtaposition with Orr. 29_3 3 comprehensible; and the scornful attack mounted on contemporary degeneracy sits well next to that in Or. 36. 1-2.
Virtue and the Liberal Arts
Authors: Trapp M B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A lecture which could as well have stood much earlier on in the collection, along with others posing the question ‘What kinds of pursuit ought we to cultivate ourselves and welcome into our communities?’ (e.g. Orr. 3, 4, 15-16, 17, 22, 23-4 and 26). Its actual location has presumably been influenced by the phrasing of the title, in terms of means to the end of Virtue, which suggests a connection with, for example, Orr. 27 and 38.
Virtue and Divine Dispensation
Authors: Trapp M B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A further lecture on the human Good and the means to its attainment, with particularly close connections with Orr. 27 and 34: to the insistence in Or. 27 on the need for human effort in disciplining the passions, it adds a complementary insistence on the role of benevolent divinity in creating the necessary external conditions; with Or. 34 it shares the reading of those apparent hardships as providentially ordained to aid the quest for Virtue.
Alexander and the East
Authors: Bosworth A B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this study Brian Bosworth looks at the critical period between 329 and 325 BC, when Alexander the Great was active in Central Asia and what is now Pakistan. He documents Alexander's relations with the peoples he conquered, and addresses the question of what it meant to be on the receiving end of the conquest, drawing a bleak picture of massacre and repression. At the same time Alexander's views of empire are investigated, his attitude to his subjects, and the development of his concepts of personal divinity and universal monarchy. Analogies are thus drawn with the Spanish conquest of Mexico, which has a comparable historiographical tradition and parallels many of Alexander's dealings with his subjects. Although of concern to the specialist, this book is equally directed at the general reader interested in the history of Alexander and the morality of empire.
Introduction Ritual, Finance, Politics: An Account of Athenian Democracy
Authors: Osborne Robin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sometime during the first half of the third century BC the tribe Erechtheis erected a stele on the Acropolis recording a decree in honour of one of its members, Antisthenes of Lamptrai. He is praised for increasing the tribal income, ensuring that the sacrifices to Erechtheus happened at the stated times, and that meetings of the members of the tribe were regular and that all knew about them; the decree then goes on: He also moved a decree in order that the Erechtheids might all know their own property and the epimeletai in office each year might walk over the property twice every year and inspect both the land, to see whether it was being farmed in accordance with the agreements, and the boundaries, to see whether they had be-en established in the same places; and he did this neither putting obligations even to a single person above the interests of the tribe nor as a result of bribery even from a single individual, but because he always continued to say and do what was best for the tribe and acted towards all the members of the tribe in a way that was utterly above reproach.
Psephological Heroes
Authors: Spivey Nigel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The fragments of an early fifth-century BC Athenian red-figure kylix have lately been laid out for study and reassemblage by staff at the J. Paul Getty Museum (Figs. 2.1-3). At first sight, it looks to be a daunting task of reconstruction: one would estimate that what remains of the pot amounts to no more than a third of its original state. As far as the interior goes, this is frustrating. One fragment, showing a terrified-looking figure wearing some sort of feline headgear, has suggested to some scholars that the inside tondo of the cup depicts the apprehension of Dolon. If this is right, it makes the cup a piecemeal rarity: one of very few ‘illustrations’ to lliad 10. 314 ff .
Comic Ridicule and Democracy
Authors: Carey Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The. aim of this paper is to examine the range of functions served by the comic ridicule and criticism of political figures, and to relate this strand of Old Comedy to the democratic process in fifth-century Athens. Comedy is not of course a formal part of that process, unlike the lawcourts, with which it is sometimes compared. For Aristotle (Ath. Pol. 9. 1) the jury courts are by definition political from the start, and there is a perceptible trend during the classical period towards enhancing the political dimension of the courts. In contrast, comedy exists alongside but distinct from the formal political processes. There is, however, an essential connection between comedy and democracy, at least in the fifth century. For the density of political allusion, a politicized mass audience was required; political comedy required the radical democracy. So too did the form taken by political satire; abuse, even of the powerful was presumably established early in comedy or proto camedy, but for the scale, vigour, and tone of comic attacks on powerful figures a patron more powerful than the individual target was needed, and this patron was the demos.
Freedom of Information and Accountability: The Inventory Lists of the Parthenon
Authors: Harris Diane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I first met Professor Lewis, not in his office in Christ Church, but in the garden of the British School at Athens, and what brought him to Athens, I assume, were the inscriptions, both new discoveries and old problems. For many ancient historians, the archaeology of the Athenian democracy is the discovery of inscriptions. Each excavation uncovers buildings, matertal goods, vases, tools, the debris of human living--but the inscriptions are what immediately captures our attention and interest. Why? They are in the twilight between material culture and literary ten. They are written documents, but carved on marble. They may be transcribed as ‘texts’ and studied as monuments. The writing may shed light on some historical problem, but they are part of the material culture from that history and are themselves part of the problem. If one approaches a stele as material culture, one can ask of it questions comparable to any archaeological artefact. Who made it? What was its original conten? How was it used? What was its function?
Public Auctions in Ancient Athens
Authors: Langdon Merle 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the glossary that accompanies a recent collection of essays on Athenian law the poletai are defined as ‘a board of public officials whose principal duty was to sell state property by auction’.1 This definition does no more than state a commonly held view, one that I accepted in a recent study of the poletai. As the volume of essays containing this glossary was being published a study by Klaus Hallof also appeared, challenging the belief that poletai sales were conducted by auction.3 Hallo£ claims that what evidence there is points to the exact opposite procedure, sales to preselected individuals. He further believes that the same system of preselection was applied by the poletai in their other major realm of activity, the leasing of mining and tax collecting concessions. Since Hallof’s study appeared after my own was in press, I would like to take this opportunity to examine its merits. It is,
Something to do with Athens: Tragedy and Ritual
Authors: Sourvinou-Inwood Christiane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper is a small fragment of a larger investigation: it offers some very tentative suggestions pertaining to the ritual context in which tragedy was generated, the festival of the City Dionysia.2 I explore elsewhere3 other aspects of the tragedy’s ritual context and also the implications, if any, for our reading of the surviving tragedies. There are major methodological problems involved in this investigation-besides the usual ones implicated in any reading of another culture to which we have limited access:4 the evidence pertinent to our Problematik is extremely fragmentary, and the different fragments come from different periods and many from late sources, which entails the possibility that the ritual nexus may have changed in the course of time, and that either the surviving evidence relates only to the
The Politics of Dedication: Two Athenian Dedications at the Sanctuary of Apollo Ptoieus in Boeotia
Authors: Schachter Albert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper focuses on two inscriptions accompanying dedications made by well-known Athenians of the smh century BC at the sanctuary of Apollo Ptoieus north of Thebes. Arising from this are some observations on the use and non-use of their ethnika by individual dedicators during the archaic and early classical periods.
The Ritual of the Athena Nike Parapet
Authors: Jameson Michael h. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The performance of animal sacrifice, the ritual core of Greek religion, was deeply affected by the rise of democratic and imperial Athens, as were many other forms of traditional behaviour. The ambition and wealth that marked the city’s ritual calendar engaged an extraordinary proportion of its population in its many festivals, and hence in its sacrifices. In material terms a great deal of meat was distributed in accordance with egalitarian principles; in religious terms the citizenry participated broadly and frequently in the propitiation of its gods.
Representing Democracy: Women at the Great Dionysia
Authors: Goldhill Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are five books on my shelves which are often used as reference works, but which, when read cover to cover, changed my academic life. Three of them are Fraenkel’s edition of the Agamemnon. The other two are Pickard¬ Cambridge’s Dramatic Festivals of Athens. I say two because the second edition, revised by John Gould and David Lewis, the honorand of this volume, is really a new book. Reading this second edition along with the first provides a marvellous example of careful, scholarly criticism that is never less than instructive. It is with this remarkable volume in mind that I offer the present study, which approaches one of the thorniest and most passionately debated issues in theatrical history, namely, the presence of women at the Great Dionysia.
Harming Friends: Problematic Reciprocity in Greek Tragedy
Authors: Belfiore Elizabetej 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Greek tragedy represents many terrible deeds among kin: parricide, incest, matricide, child-murder, fratricide. In Aristotle’s vie\v, these events are central to the plots of the best tragedies: ‘When the pathe take place within philia relationships, for example when brother kills or is about to kill brother, or does something else of this kind, or when son does this to father, or mother to son, or son to mother, these things are to be sought’ (Po. 1453bH)-22). Like Aristotle, modern scholars have often noted that many tragedies have plots in which philos harms, or is about to harm, philos, or have called attention to the importance of philia in other aspects of Greek tragedy. Neither ancient nor modern scholars, however, have fully appreciated how prevalent is the plot pattern praised by Aristotle. I argue that harm to philoi is a central element in the plot structures of nearly all of the extant tragedies.
Reciprocity, Altruism, and the Prisoner's Dilemma: The Special Case of Classical Athens
Authors: Herman Gabriel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first two themes of my title belong most naturally to the domain of ethical values and morality, and it is within this context that they have customarily been approached in modern studies. This approach has yielded important insights, but has also generated some difficulties which cannot, in my view, be resolved satisfactorily within the limits of the presently accepted paradigm. I am not alone in this view. Discussing the problem of penetrating the meaning of value terms found in literary works, Adkins (1987, 332) spoke of the ‘ever-present danger that one hears reflected from the text merely the echo of one’s own voice’.
The Commodification of Symbols: Reciprocity and its Perversions in Menander
Authors: Reden Sitta Von 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I aim to show that reciprocity is not only a socio economic practice but a local concept of order, peace, and social cohesion. More precisely, by looking at the images of commerce in New Comedy, I shall argue that the confrontation of reciprocity and commodity exchange, which occurs in more than one play, was a metaphorical confrontation of order and disorder, civic community and its corrosion.2 :Menander’s motif of the ‘commodification of symbo1s’-that is, his representation of civic symbols as objects which have a price and are transacted arbitrarily-suggests that commodity exchange was regarded as the moral opposite of civic exchange and thus in certain circumstances detrimental to the polis. Conversely, the moral improvement of characters and the dramatic climaxes of various plays seem to make sense against a background in which the good life was linked to reciprocity and gift exchange.
Altruism or Reciprocity in Greek Ethical Philosophy?
Authors: Gill Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, I consider the implications of recent work on reciprocity in Greek culture, including that represented in this volume, for the study of interpersonal and social ideals in Greek ethical philosophy. l1y starting-point is the willingness of much recent scholarship in ancient philosophy to consider the possibility that Greek ethical theory can accommodate the positive valuation of altruism. This tendency represents a modification of a prevalent earlier view that Greek ethical philosophy was basically egoistic in outlook and, therefore, from a modern perspective, not properly moral philosophy at all. The earlier view was based partly on the fact that Greek ethical philosophy takes the pursuit of one’s own happiness as the overall goal, and partly on specific arguments (notably Aristotle’s ideas about self-love) which seem to presuppose the priority of self interest. l\lore recently, scholars have emphasized that, in some theories at least, happiness is realized in and through the practice of the virtues, including virtues that benefit others, such as justice, and that a positive valuation is sometimes placed on other-benefiting motivation. To this extent, it is suggested, the happiness-centred character of Greek ethical thought is not inherently egoistic, and is compatible with the valuation of altruism.
Count Marcellinus and his Chronicle
Authors: Croke Brian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Count Marcellinus and his Chronicle constitutes the first comprehensive study of Marcellinus, a courtier of the emperor Justinian, and his chronicle covering the eastern Roman world from AD 379 to 534. Marcellinus' chronicle provides a first-hand account of the Nika riots at Constantinople in 532, as well as other direct glimpses of political and religious life in the imperial capital in the early sixth century. It also testifies to the confrontations in the Balkans between the Romans and the Huns, Goths, and Bulgars. In this book Brian Croke develops a case for understanding Marcellinus' Latin chronicle as an essentially Byzantine document written by an educated imperial official and reflecting the cosmopolitan culture and society of sixth-century Constantinople. He approaches the chronicle as a historiographical text which is shaped by its genre, the expectations of its audience, and a coherent view of the past, deriving from the author's Christian culture and outlook. The book also explores the nature and function of chronicle writing as a distinct mode of Christian discourse which has been misunderstood and undervalued by modern scholarship. Separate attention is given to the anonymous continuation of the chronicle from 535 to 548, and to the subsequent use of Marcellinus' works in Ireland and Anglo-Saxon England. Croke also casts new light on the career of Marcellinus, his range of literary output which included books on topography and chronology, and the course and impact of the fifth- and sixth-century raids into Roman Illyricum. This book also enriches our understanding of society and politics in the imperial capital and raises broader questions about Christian life, liturgy, and culture in the sixth century, particularly the central role of imperial and religious ceremonial in Byzantine public life.
Aristotle’s Economic Thought
Authors: Meikle Scott 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aristotle’s thought about economic matters has been a seminal influence. It was the backbone of medieval thinking about commerce, and the basis of analyses of money into this century. But its interpretation has become chaotic. Economists claim Aristotle as the father of economics, while classical scholars hold that Aristotle did no economics at all, only ethics. This book argues, contrary to the prevailing view, that Aristotle does develop a coherent theory of value, wealth, exchange, and money, which is strongly backed up by his metaphysics. But its metaphysical foundation makes it impossible to assimilate the theory to Neo-Classical economics or any other kind of economic thinking, and it remains an ethical theory. On Aristotelian metaphysical principles, ethics and economics are competitors over the same ground, as rival sources of reasons for decision-making in the public realm, and they cannot be reconciled.
The Geographers
Authors: Fraser P M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The evidence provided by the geographers of Hellenistic and Roman date is of two kinds, the one geographical in the wide sense of providing locations and measurements of regions, the other chorographical, recording the location of tribes, cities and other settlements within the regions described, and also their physical features. The evidence covers a long period of the Greco-Roman geographical tradition, from the bematists of Alexander’s expedition—the primary source in this context—to the time of Ammianus and even beyond. The lists of Alexandrias in the Romance tradition and in Stephanus, do not belong to this tradition, and have already been separately treated in Chapter I.