bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reputational control over Scientific Work And The Growth Of Employment Opportunities For Scientists
Authors: Whitley Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Reputational work organizations do not need to control jobs and labour markets to ensure their control over work and practitioners as long as the reputations they control are socially prestigious and lead to material rewards indirectly. In this respect they are different from craft and professional systems of work administration - at least analytically. The sciences existed as such systems of work direction and control before labour markets in scientific skills became established and, of course, reputational means of work control remain important even when practically all scientific work is produced by employees. However, the development of jobs tied to reputations, and of employment organizations oriented primarily to intellectual goals as defined and controlled by practitioners, resulted in substantial changes in the organization and control of scientific work. In particular, the combination of training programmes, certification agency, jobs and facilities in universities was a powerful influence on the structure of the sciences. In this chapter I shall discuss some aspects of this development in the general context of changing relations between employment organizations and reputational work organizations.
Women and Industrial Relations
Authors: Greene Anne-Marie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Industrial relations continues to be a field which is dominated by men. The Annual British Universities Industrial Relations Association Conference (BUIRA), as one of the key events in the conference season for British industrial relations academics is a case in point. At the conference in 2001, held in Manchester, there were 121 named contributors in the published abstracts, of whom forty-two were women. The significance of such a comparison is that not only do women account for only 35 per cent of the industrial relations researchers at such a conference, but that (to borrow a phrase used with regard to collective bargaining in the context of a similarly male dominated trade union movement), ‘the absence of women at the table has to be part of the explanation for the absence of women on the table’ (Colling and Dickens 1998: 32 original emphasis). In other words, the lack of women researchers will mean a neglect of women as subject matter.
Decentralization, Participation and the Poor
Authors: Angell Alan , Lowden Pamela , Thorp Rosemary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews what is happening at the local level in efforts to work with the poor. It needs to be stressed that we are not addressing the issue of outcomes in terms of poverty reduction. This would have required a different fieldwork design, and is an extremely complex undertaking. Nor is our principal focus on the programmes being carried out. Rather, our concern is the evolving institutional context at the local level in its potential to enhance participatory approaches to poverty reduction. At issue is how far reality differs from the emerging consensus on the necessary components of effective strategies to improve the lives of the poorest: that is, strategies based on integrated approaches to enhance local organizational capacity and generate synergies among the key actors so as to build virtuous circles of change. The key actors are national and local governments, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and community organizations.
Introduction
Authors: Estella Antonio 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim of this work is twofold. First, it aims to construct an alternative and more complete legal critique of the principle of subsidiarity. Secondly, it attempts to analyse the problem of the implementation of subsidiarity by the European Court of Justice and to explain the Court’s case-law on the principle. The principle of subsidiarity has been examined at length in legal and political science literature over the past five years. The number of analyses of the subject since its introduction into the European Community Treaty (ECT) is so overwhelming that it is necessary to begin this essay by justifying the need for yet another work on subsidiarity. This Introduction is therefore intended to explain the relevance of this work.
Growth
Authors: Estella Antonio 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Current legitimacy problems affecting relations between the centre and the periphery in the European Community system are the result of the growth of the Community powers. At the higher level of abstraction, this may be defined as the degree or Level of control that Community institutions have upon their environment. Such a definition suggests, more concretely, that the process of growth involves two different but related dimensions. On one hand, there is the vertical dimension of the growth process. By ‘vertical growth’ I mean the process through which sets of policies (entire or partial) move from being under the control of Member States’ public authorities to being under the control of Community institutions. On the other hand there is the process of horizontal Community expansion. The expression ‘horizon tal growth’ refers to how powers are managed and implemented by Community institutions. Horizontal growth involves not only the development of the Community institutions’ respective powers, but also the evolution of voting procedures.
Subsidiarity before the Court
Authors: Estella Antonio 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Courts which undertake judicial review of legislative functions may be viewed as counter-majoritarian institutions (Estella, 1999e). Although not all democratic systems incorporate judicial review of legislation as a mechanism addressed to counter-balance the majoritarian bias which is often involved therein, where review of legislation exists, the main reason for that is precisely to temper the excesses to which a strict implementation of the majoritarian principle may lead. It can therefore be said that judicial review of legislation (as a counter-majoritarian mechanism) constitutes an important part of what has been defined as the ‘methodology of democracy’ (La Torre, 1994).
Conclusions: Still Local Economies in Global Capitalism?
Authors: Crouch Colin , Trigilia Carlo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The preceding chapters have assessed the role of local production systems (LPSs) in manufacturing industries in four large European countries. These systems comprise geographical areas of economic specialization in which small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are particularly important, in terms of numbers of both productive units and employees. LPSs exist where there are either particular competitive advantages for participation by clusters of SMEs as opposed to large corporations, or where such clusters at least stand as good a chance as large firms. Small firms may work through a more or less intense co-operation among themselves, or with larger firms located in the same area, or by making use of local facilities provided by governmental or other external agencies-or a combination of all three. These possibilities exist in sectors that share two characteristics. First, the production process is divisible into a number of different levels, each giving scope to specialized firms; second, product markets are fragmented and variable over time and space, giving advantages to niche rather than mass producers.
The Role of Demandable Debt in Structuring Optimal Banking Arrangements
Authors: Calomiris Charles W , Kahn Charles M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For centuries, the vast majority of externally financed investments have been funded by banks, for which demandable-debt instruments (bank notes and checking accounts) have been the principal source of funds. The goal of this chapter is to explain the emergence of demandable-debt banking historically as the primary means of external finance in the economy.
Private and Public Supply of Liquidity
Authors: Holmstrom Bengt , Tirole Jean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter addresses a basic, yet unresolved, question: Do private assets provide sufficient liquidity for the efficient functioning of the productive sector? Or does the state have a role in supplying additional liquidity and regulating it through adjustments in the stock of government securities or by other means? These questions presume a demand for liquidity, where liquidity refers to the availability of instruments (market and nonmarket) that can be used to transfer wealth across periods.1 Part of this demand will, of course, come from consumers who want to implement their optimal intertemporal consumption plans. Indeed, papers that have addressed the sufficiency of liquidity have typically focused on the consumer sector (see Section V).
Financial Intermediation versus Stock Markets in a Dynamic lntertemporal Model
Authors: Bhattacharya Sudipto , Fulghieri, Paolo , Rovelli Riccardo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Models of intertemporal liquidity risks, or “preference shocks’ -developed in Bryant [1980] and further examined in the works of Diamond and Dybvig [1983]. Bhattacharya and Gale [1987], and Jacklin [1987] among others-have recently been extended to the realm of on going dynamic overlapping generations (OLG) economies (see Bencivenga and Smith [1991], Qi [1994], Fulghieri and Rovelli [1993], and Dutta and Kapur [1994]). These models may be used to evaluate the essential tradeoffs which arise in two distinct areas of current debate.
Unique Equilibrium in a Model of Self-Fulfilling Currency Attacks
Authors: Morris Stephen , Shin Hyun-Song 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Speculative attacks are sometimes triggered without warning, and without any apparent change in the economic fundamentals. Commentators who have attempted to explain episodes of speculative crises have pointed to the selffulfilling nature of the belief in an imminent speculative attack. If speculators believe that a currency will come under attack, their actions in anticipation of this precipitate the crisis itself, while if they believe that a currency is not in danger of imminent attack, their inaction spares the currency from attack, thereby vindicating their initial beliefs.
Optimal Design of Bank Bailouts: The Case of Transition Economies
Authors: Aghion Philippe , Bolton, Patrick , Fries Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In most recent banking crises bank regulators have been caught off their guard and have been forced to respond to the crisis in a hurry without the support of an institutional or legal framework designed to deal with bank failures. Unfortunately most bank regulations (and in particular the BIS regulations) are concerned with the exante problem of how to avoid bank failures, and few rules have been devised on how to deal with bank failures when they occur.
Financial Markets, Intermediaries, and lntertemporal Smoothing
Authors: Allen Franklin , Gale Douglas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the early 1970s, most industrialized countries were adversely affected by a sharp rise in oil prices. This “oil shock” had a dramatic effect on the value of U.S. firms. As illustrated in Figure 1, the real value of shares listed on the New York Stock Exchange fell by almost half compared to their value at the peak in 1972. This collapse in share prices had a severe negative impact on the wealth of any investor whose portfolio contained a significant amount of stocks. Any investor who was forced to liquidate stocks after market prices fell would have suffered from lower consumption over the remainder of his or her life. Retirees in particular might have been affected in this way.
Cause of Action Preclusion: Cause of Action Estoppel and Former Recovery
Authors: Barnett Peter R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Where proceedings are brought (or continued) by an opponent upon a 4.01 claim that has already been determined by a foreign court, and that foreign judgment falls to be recognised under the traditional rules of the common law or related statutes, the strategy which one might adopt should one wish to preclude the subsequent contradiction or reassertion of the opponent’s claim would typically be as follows:
Wh-Movement
Authors: Adger David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapter we saw that clauses were headed by a functional projection which we labelled C. We saw evidence for C in matrix questions, as well as in embedded clauses. This evidence came from the phenomenon of Subject Auxiliary Inversion (SAI), which we analysed as movement of C to T driven by an strong [Q*] feature which is the value given to an uninterpretable [uclause-type] feature on T.
Mrs Penrose and Neoclassical Theory
Authors: Richardson G B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mrs Penrose’s theory of the growth of the firm is widely known and accepted. It has not, however, been fully integrated into standard microeconomics. This was no simple oversight on Mrs Penrose’s part; in the foreword to the third edition of her book, she states quite explicitly, in relation to neoclassical theory, that it is not, in her opinion ‘useful to attempt to “integrate” the two approaches’. My own view is that some integration is not only useful, but necessary, for I believe that only by incorporating Penrosean ideas can some ‘traditional theory’ be put right. I shall consider, in this paper, two parts of our subject of which this seems to me true: first, that which deals with the adjustment of supply to demand, and, second, that which seeks to account for the necessity of intra-firm planning within market economies.
Edith Penrose and Economics
Authors: Marris Robin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I may be a couple of years younger than George Richardson but I also have reached my anecdotage. I am probably going to be somewhat more critical of The Theory of the Growth of the Finn (hereinafter The Growth of the Firm; Penrose, 1959) in the positive sense of the word, than other contributors, but claim that right in view of my special relationship with Edith and her work. I wrote the first academic review of The Growth of the Firm, I wrote Edith’s entry in the New Palgrave and I wrote her obituary in the Guardian.
Hercules and Penrose
Authors: Kay Neil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Penrose’s The Theory of the Growth of the Firm (1959) is now rightly regarded by many as one of the most important modern contributions to the theory of the firm. It has become one of the most widely cited texts in economics and her contribution is being increasingly recognised in a variety of ways, including the project to which this paper is a contribution. We are concerned here with a little known aspect of potential rele vance to the development of the book, her paper on the Hercules Powder Company published in Business History Review in 1960. TI1e Hercules paper is important for a number of reasons.
Internal variability in competence †
Authors: Seuren Pieter A M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To the non-linguist one of the most obvious facts about natural languages is the availability of ranges of, often subtly, differing ways of expressing the same linguistic meaning, where the differences correlate with values on non-linguistic parameters. Every speaker of a language knows that certain features in his or other persons’ speech indicate, not the linguistic meaning carried by the message, but associations with geographical area, with social class, with kinds of interactional situation, with age, with a profession, with a religion, etc. The differences show themselves in lexical selection, choice of grammatical construction, choice of pronunciation-i.e. choices throughout the grammar. Even though most speakers are not aware, and cannot make themselves aware, of the precise features carrying the variable associations (except, sometimes, for a few prominent features which then acquire a special symbolic value),1 the associations are nevertheless registered by listeners.2 To know a language does not only mean having the ability of converting meanings into well-formed strings of symbols and vice versa, but also being able to distinguish, to some extent, between standard, substandard, formal, informal, dialectally and sociolectally marked forms of speech. An ideal speaker-listener would have command, both active and passive, of all varieties occurring in the community where the language in question is spoken. Obviously, such ideally competent people hardly occur in real life. But equally obviously, real people hardly ever have a linguistic competence which is entirely homogeneous: we all have active and passive command of a fairly wide range of varieties. A foreign learner whose competence is restricted to one variety
Tense and aspect in Sranan †
Authors: Seuren Pieter A M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sranan, the main Creole language of Surinam, is increasingly being studied professionally by linguists, both Creolists and theoretical linguists. And with good reason: apart from the fact that improved knowledge of the structure of the language, its history, the conditions and varieties of its use may be of assistance to the Sranan-speaking community on the way towards full emancipation of the language,1 it also has some very interesting features from the point of view of theoretical linguistics. This chapter is devoted to one particularly interesting chapter in the grammar of Sranan, the verbal system with its tenses and its aspects.
Sranan speakers themselves as well as those who have tried to learn the language later in life are aware of the complications brought about by the particles e, ben, and o, which together establish a very elegant system of tenses and aspects. In the past, this system has been the object of systematic linguistic study by Voorhoeve (1957, 1962). Although this study owes much to Voorhoeve’s work, it is totally different in method, approach, and results. I shall not give a comprehensive discussion and criticism of Voorhoeve’s work, but rather limit myself to occasional comments. A full discussion would take up considerable space and might distract from the purpose of this chapter, which is to provide an analysis and a description of the verbal system of Sranan in the light of present-day theory and knowledge.
London: The Elusive Community
Authors: Pimlott Ben , Rao Nirmala 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As there, or can there be, a genuine London community? To deny the possibility would be to reject the combined rhetoric of left and right for more than a generation. Yet the assumption that such a community-whether of interests or of sentiment-exists can be seen to be, if not entirely false, then over-simplified. All government has roots. In Britain, this political truth, keenly appreciated in central administration, has been repeatedly ignored in the handling of local affairs. Where the centre has evolved incrementally, the tendency in dealing with the periphery has been to tear up existing arrangements and start again. Yet the repeated experience has been that, sooner or later, old patterns reassert themselves. Indeed, the history of British local government, which is medieval in origin and was radically adapted and developed in the nineteenth century, is fundamental to any understanding of contemporary practice and needs.
A New Government for London
Authors: Pimlott Ben , Rao Nirmala 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Minister for London, Nick Raynsford prepared the ground. The first stage was to seek, and get, public endorsement. To achieve this a London referendum bill was included in the Queen’s speech, offering Londoners the opportunity to express their view on whether or not to have an elected mayor as the cen trepiece of a new Greater London Authority. The referendum was set for May 1998, with a view to inaugurating the new authority, and mayor, two years later.
London On the Move?
Authors: Pimlott Ben , Rao Nirmala 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is through relationships between the GLA and other London-wide bodies that much of the Mayor’s strategic influence will be exerted. Roads and pub lic transport were the dominant political issues during the life of the GLC, from the ill-fated motorway box to the short-lived Fare’s Fair policy. Now, under the 1999 Act, Transport for London (TfL), a new body, has absorbed the functions of a range of agencies, including some of those of the Government Office for London. Responsibility for London Regional Transport, the opera tor, passes to TFL once agreement has been reached on financing the modernization of the underground. This takes place outside the Mayor’s transport strategy, which addresses a wide range of issues and is directed to public transport improvements and restriction of the motor car.
Renewing London
Authors: Pimlott Ben , Rao Nirmala 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
London was the first ‘world city’. In the mid-nineteenth century it had no rivals for the size of its population, the vigour of its economy, or the inter national importance of its commerce. Yet its ability to attract people and investment was not without cost. The British capital became a byword for the strains of urban development, giving rise to apocalyptic visions of ‘The Infernal Wen’ (Sheppard 1971). For much of the twentieth century, policy makers sought to contain and constrain its expansion. Celebrating London as an engine of growth fell out of fashion and, in the period immediately after the Second World War, the priority became to move people and jobs out of London to new towns and assisted areas. The radical policies of one era, how ever, became the discarded conservatism of the next: population decanting, an enthusiasm that began with 1940s reconstruction, lasted only a generation. Decentralization policy was sharply reversed in the late 1970s, partly in response to the 1971 census, which showed a dramatic turnaround in London’s population and employment growth. Attempts to limit London by exporting people and industry were abandoned. At the same time, the ‘inner city problem’ came into focus.
Exporting Management: Neo-imperialism and Global Consumerism
Authors: Gabriel Yiannis , Sturdy Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The transfer of knowledge across societies is not a recent phenomenon and does not require the movement of electrons in cyberspace. In earlier societies, religious missionaries and mercenaries (‘soldiers of fortune’) were key agents of the diffusion of religious and military knowledge, respectively. Explorers and navigators acted as disseminators of scientific and technical knowledge, along with stories, legends, and myths from distant lands. Some of this knowledge assumed the form of gifts, exchanged by representatives of different cultures, while some was traded for money or goods. Throughout the Cold War, the transfer of knowledge in the guise of charitable donations became a powerful weapon and/ or inducement, as the super-powers tried to recruit other countries to their way of life and of thinking and doing (cf. Locke 1989; Djelic 1998).
Italy
Authors: Bianco Magda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Italian corporate governance system has a number of peculiarities compared with the better known Anglo-Saxon or Continental systems. As opposed to the AngloSaxon countries, public companies are still rare and the separation between ownership and control is limited. Contrary to the Continental systems, banks and financial companies have played a limited role in ownership structures. Instead, ownership is extremely concentrated, as in most other European countries. In 1999 the largest shareholder in listed companies owned on average 44 per cent of voting rights (weighted by market capitalization); the three largest shareholders owned 50 per cent In a representative sample of manufacturing companies (mainly non-listed) the largest shareholder owned (in 1999) 64 per cent (73 per cent if weighted by employees, see Bianchi, Bianco, and Enriques 1998). The stock market was until recently relatively small, but has recently experienced a rapid growth. At the end of 1999, market capitalization represented 65 per cent of Italian GDP.