bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gender Differences in Expatriate Job Performance
Authors: Sinangil Handan Kepir , Ones Deniz S. 
Published: June 2003

Cette étude s’était donné pour but l’analyse des différences de genre dans les performances professionnelles à l’etranger. Ce faisant, on cherchait à répondre à deux grandes questions: 1. Les femmes peuvent‐elles remplir efficacement les fonctions d’un emploi à l’étranger? 2. Les expatriées peuvent‐elles réussir dans un environnement culturel susceptible d’être perçu peu accueillant aux femmes selon les normes occidentáles? L’échantillon était constitué de 193 expatriés, provenant de 36 pays, qui travaillaient en Turquie. L’évaluation des performances professionnelles a été faite par un collegue de l’expatrié appartenant au pays d’accueil. Les sujets ont en moyenne étéévalués de façon similaire quant à leurs performances quel que soit leur sexe. Notre recherche est favorable à l’accroissement de la mixité chez les expatriés. Si les multinationals faisaient davantage appel aux femmes, cela améliorerait la diversité qualitative dé la main‐d’oeuvre et construirait des environnements plus riches à l’étranger sans nuire à la perfomance.The purpose of this study was to examine gender differences in expatriate job performance. In doing so, we sought answers to two main questions: (1) Can women effectively perform expatriate job duties? (2) Can female expatriates be successful in a cultural environment that may be perceived to be unfriendly to females by Western standards? One hundred and ninety‐three expatriates from 36 countries around the world, currently working in Turkey, constituted the sample. Job performance ratings were obtained from a host country national coworker of each expatriate. Men and women expatriates on average were rated quite similarly in terms of their job performance. Our study lends support to the employment of more gender diverse expatriates. The employment of more women in the international workforce by multinational companies would enhance the quality of workforce diversity, and build more inclusive contexts in expatriate assignments, without decrements to job performance.
Soft and Hard Models of Human Resource Management: A Reappraisal
Authors: Truss Catherine , Gratton Lynda , Hope‐Hailey Veronica , McGovern Patrick , Stiles Philip 
Published: June 2003

Two of the most widely adopted models of human resource management are the hard and soft versions. These are based on opposing views of human nature and managerial control strategies. The hard model is based on notions of tight strategic control, and an economic model of man according to Theory X, while the soft model is based on control through commitment and Theory Y. We argue that because these assumptions are so divergent, they cannot both properly be incorporated within a single model of human resource management.Eight in‐depth case‐studies were carried out, involving questionnaires, interviews and focus groups in order to find out whether organizations were practising either form of HRM. We found that no pure examples of either form existed. The paper concludes that the rhetoric adopted by the companies frequently embraces the tenets of the soft, commitment model, while the reality experienced by employees is more concerned with strategic control, similar to the hard model. This distinction between rhetoric and reality needs to be taken into account in conceptualizations of human resource management.
Making the Matrix Matter: Strategic Information Systems in Financial Services
Authors: Scarbrough Harry 
Published: June 2003

This study draws on findings from a sample of large Scottish‐based financial institutions to examine the development and impact of innovative `strategic information systems'. It contrasts prescriptive, discourse‐based and institutional models of strategic IS (information systems) with a social constructionist approach. In this approach, the development of strategic IS is viewed in terms of IS functions' attempts to construct new ways of classifying and justifying IT investments. Such attempts are seen partly as a response to the dynamics of interprofessional competition, and partly as a means of handling the uncertainties of a shifting technological and sectoral environment.The case studies ‐‐ which encompass remote banking, management information and branch network applications ‐‐ highlight the impact of the new strategic vocabulary on the development and management of IS projects. The emergence, aims and eventual success or failure of such projects is seen to be closely linked to the parallel development of new ways of classifying IS work. The cases further demonstrate the role of both the institutional and sectoral context and the internal structuring of expertise (principally the role of the IS function within the management structure) in favouring or inhibiting the new categories of action associated with the strategizing of IS. The paper concludes by suggesting that institutionalized forms of classification may not only provide the most enduring legacies of new management paradigms, but may also stand as the greatest barriers to their success.
Multiple Stakeholder Orientation in UK Companies and the Implications for Company Performance
Authors: Greenley Gordon E. , Foxall Gordon R. 
Published: June 2003

Orientation to the diverse interests of stakeholder groups is central to strategic planning, and failure to address the interests of multiple stakeholder groups may be detrimental to company performance. However, some companies may be unable to address all these interests, owing to a scarcity of resources, and the impact of multiple stakeholder orientation may be influenced by the environment. Despite calls by leading writers in the literature, there is no empirical evidence about the potential association of orientation to multiple stakeholders with company performance.The results of a study of UK companies designed to elucidate this association are reported in this paper. Although the results give some support to the proposition that orientation to multiple stakeholders is positively associated with performance, such associations are contingent on the external environment, as they are moderated by competitive hostility, after controlling for the intervening effects of market growth.
Ag econ angst crisis revisited
Authors: Johnson Robin , Rossmiller George E. , Sandiford‐Rossmiller Frances 
Published: June 2003

The present paper was inspired by and is a response to the Rola‐Rubzen, Hardaker and Dillon paper ‘Agricultural economists and world poverty: progress and prospects’ (Rola‐Rubzen et al. 2001). It is agreed that the position of agricultural economists in foreign aid and poverty programs has declined over recent decades. Such a feeling of guilt and remorse expressed by the above authors does indeed create considerable ‘angst’. A major reason for this state of affairs lies in ‘the flavour of the month’ approach of the development agencies. These include women in development, gender‐based farming systems research, household nutrition and food security, people participation, and targeting the poorest of the poor. These fads have driven disciplinary considerations to the wall and the more widely‐defined objectives have reduced the drive for economic efficiency. We argue there is still a place for better designed and delivered assistance programs within the wider framework of assistance that has become fashionable. Greater application of institutional principles in both the political processes associated with assistance and the implementation agencies would improve the outcomes of many projects. Particular attention would need to be given to the interface between the development agencies and recipient governments. The present paper picks up on the market failure aspects of agriculture's rather poor contribution to development, and develops a wider perspective in terms of the new institutional economics and a continuing role for the agricultural economist.
The Disappearance of Disability? Thoughts on a Changing Culture
Authors: MacKay Gilbert 
Published: May 2003

Gilbert MacKay was appointed professor of special education at the University of Strathclyde, Glasgow in September 2000. With a background in teaching and educational psychology, Professor MacKay has research interests in early communication and people with intellectual disabilities. Recently, the Scottish Executive awarded him grants totalling £250,000 for the development of a service for young children with autism and for the professional education of experienced teachers in developmental difficulties such as dyspraxia.This paper, originally given as a keynote address at the Scottish NASEN conference in Glasgow, challenges many of the prevailing trends in relation to disability and special educational needs. Taking a broad view of developments since Warnock, and providing a fascinating insight into recent initiatives in Scotland, Gilbert MacKay offers an analysis of five ways in which the notion of disability, and the practical reality of our responses to it, are being unhelpfully removed from the educational arena. While we can all strive to promote forms of inclusion that encompass ever–widening parameters of diversity, no one’s interests are served if the implications of individuals’ difficulties are simply ignored or wished away. Gilbert MacKay highlights the dangers in some recent trends but also points the way towards a much more responsive and productive future.
Focus on Practice: Accelerating the Progress of Failing Readers: An Evaluation of the Enable–Plus Programme Pilot Study
Authors: Bowen Phil , Yeomans Jane 
Published: May 2003

Supporting pupils who experience difficulties with reading is a perennial concern. In this article, Phil Bowen and Jane Yeomans discuss the Enable–Plus programme, implemented in the two primary schools in Sandwell during 2000 and 2001. The authors set this initiative in the context of the National Literacy Strategy, the Additional Literacy Strategy and the revised SEN Code of Practice. The results are encouraging. Many pupils make significant progress. The programme enables other pupils, with needs that require further targeted intervention, to be identified and effectively supported. The scheme is now being expanded into further schools.Phil Bowen is an area team and teacher manager and Jane Yeomans is an educational psychologist. They both work for Sandwell Inclusion Support, a multi–professional SEN support service. Both authors have considerable experience of working in the mainstream and special education sectors and have particular interests in reading support and the effects of reading failure on curriculum access.
Efficient Equilibria in the Voluntary Contributions Mechanism with Private Information
Authors: Laussel Didier , Palfrey Thomas R. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractWe characterize generally the Bayesian Nash equilibria of a voluntary contributions public goods game for two consumers with private information.The two consumers simultaneously make voluntary contributions to the public good, and the contributions are refunded if the total falls short of the cost of the public good. Several families of equilibria (step‐function, regular and semi‐regular) are studied. Necessary and sufficient conditions for regular and semi‐regular equilibrium allocations to be interim incentive efficient are derived. In the uniform distribution case we prove (i) the existence of an open set of incentive efficient regular equilibria when the cost of production is large enough and (ii) the existence of an open set of incentive efficient semi‐regular equilibria when the cost of production is low enough. Step‐function equilibra are proved to be interim incentive inefficient.
Public Good Contributions Between Communities
Authors: Lim Chin 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThe four fundamental determinants of voluntary contributions to public goods aretaste, community size, wealth, andwealth distribution. This paper argues that for policy purposes it is important to discriminate between the four hypotheses. To do this, it is necessary to consider the comparative static effects of the above determinants not only ontotal contribution, but also onper capita contributionand theparticipation rate. Furthermore, just as members of a smaller community would contribute more than their identical counterparts in a larger community, we show that members of a community that has more poor members would also contribute more than their identical counterparts in a community that has more rich members.
Regulated Firms with Transboundary Pollution: Does International Competition Improve Efficiency?
Authors: Péchoux Isabelle , Pouyet Jérôme 
Published: June 2003

AbstractWe consider a model of strategic trade and environmental policies with transboundary pollution. A regulated monopoly produces in each country and emits pollution.Under complete information, opening borders leads to a reallocation of the production from the large country to the small one. Total production increases, leading to an increase in the total level of pollution. The creation of a common market sometimes leads to a deterioration of total welfare.Under asymmetric information, the international competition generated by the common market decreases the informational rents of the firms, thereby reinforcing the potential gain to open markets to international competition.
Investment in Human Capital in Team Members Who Are Involved in Collective Decision Making
Authors: Ben‐Yashar Ruth , Paroush Jacob 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThis paper studies an investment policy which improves the ability of team members to decide correctly. We specify sufficient conditions on the learning function such that the best policy of investment in human capital is to invest first in the least competent person. Despite the fact that team members who are endowed with more human capital contribute more to the probability that the whole team would decide correctly, the liberal policy is still optimal under these conditions. Moreover, within the dichotomous model of collective decision‐making, we show that these conditions are not so stringent.
Protective or counter-productive? labour market institutions and the effect of immigration on EU natives
Authors: Angrist Joshua D. , Kugler Adriana D. 
Published: June 2003

Abstract
Reduced labour market flexibility may protect some native workers from immigrant competition but can increase negative effects on equilibrium employment. This motivates an analysis of immigration effects interacted with institutions. OLS estimates for European countries show small, mostly negative immigration effects while an IV strategy based on immigrants from former Yugoslavia generates larger though mostly insignificant negative estimates. Specifications allowing interactions between immigration and measures of labour and product market rigidity are consistent with the view that reduced flexibility increases negative immigration effects. The estimates typically imply more native job losses in countries with restrictive institutions, especially restricted product markets.
Guilt and Shame in Chinese Culture: A Cross‐cultural Framework from the Perspective of Morality and Identity
Authors: Bedford Olwen , Hwang Kwang‐Kuo 
Published: May 2003

Olwen Bedford and Kwang‐Kuo Hwang, Guilt and Shame in Chinese Culture: A Cross‐cultural Framework from the Perspective of Morality and Identity, pp. 127–144. This article formulates a cross‐cultural framework for understanding guilt and shame based on a conceptualization of identity and morality in Western and Confucian cultures. First, identity is examined in each culture, and then the relation between identity and morality illuminated. The role of guilt and shame in upholding the boundaries of identity and enforcing the constraints of morality is then discussed from the perspective of each culture. The developed framework is then applied the emotions of guilt and shame in Chinese culture drawing on previous field research. Implications for future research are discussed.
Psychoanalytic Sociology and the Interpretation of Emotion
Authors: Clarke Simon 
Published: May 2003

Simon Clarke, Psychoanalytic Sociology and the Interpretation of Emotion, pp. 145–163. In this paper I explore the sociological study of emotion, contrasting constructionist and psychoanalytic accounts of envy as an emotion. I seek not to contra each vis‐à‐vis the other but to establish some kind of synthesis in a psychoanalytic sociology of emotion. I argue that although the constructionist approach to emotion gives us valuable insights into the social and moral dimensions of human encounters, it is unable to address the level of emotional intensity found for example in murderous rage against ethnic groups, or the emotional and often self destructive elements of terrorism. Psychoanalytic ideas do engage with these dynamics, and as such, a theory that synthesises both the social construction of reality and the psychodynamics of social life is necessary if we are to engage with these destructive emotions.
Realism, Regularity and Social Explanation
Authors: Kemp Stephen , Holmwood John 
Published: May 2003

Stephen Kemp and John Holmwood, Realism, Regularity and Social Explanation, pp. 165–187. This article explores the difficulties raised for social scientific investigation by the absence of experiment, critically reviewing realist responses to the problem such as those offered by Bhaskar, Collier and Sayer. It suggests that realist arguments for a shift from prediction to explanation, the use of abstraction, and reliance upon interpretive forms of investigation fail to demonstrate that these approaches compensate for the lack of experimental control. Instead, it is argued that the search for regularities, when suitably conceived, provides the best alternative to experiment for the social sciences.
Depth Accessibility Difficulties: An Alternative Conceptualisation of Autism Spectrum Conditions
Authors: Lawson John 
Published: May 2003

John Lawson, Depth Accessibility Difficulties: An Alternative Conceptualisation of Autism Spectrum Conditions, pp. 189–202. Autism and Asperger syndrome are psychiatric conditions diagnosed primarily on the basis of deficits and problems in social behaviour; interaction and communication. At present the explanation of these behavioural features is dominated by three cognitive models. However, it is a characteristic of each of these models that they only explain a sub‐set of the overall features.The aim of this paper is to suggest an alternative conceptual theory of autism and Asperger syndrome that unites the current three models. Thus, the aim is to situate the existing models as special cases of the one being proposed here. This alternative conceptualisation draws heavily on distinctions and ideas present in the philosophy of science, most especially in the area of critical realism. Central to the theory is the idea that the core “problem” in autism and Asperger syndrome concerns ontological depth. More specifically, that people with these conditions find it difficult to cope with phenomena characterised by depth (underlying needs, motives beliefs etc.), open systems (rapidly changing, multiple causes) and high internal relationality (converging or changing roles and demands).
Vacillating and Mixed Emotions: A Conceptual‐Discursive Perspective on Contemporary Emotion and Cognitive Appraisal Theories Through Examples of Pride
Authors: Sullivan Gavin B. , Strongman Kenneth T. 
Published: May 2003

Gavin B. Sullivan and Kenneth T. Strongman, Vacillating and Mixed Emotions: A Conceptual‐Discursive Perspective on Contemporary Emotion and Cognitive Appraisal Theories Through Examples of Pride, pp. 203–226. Vacillating and mixed emotional experiences are often difficult to explore and understand because they confront the limits of our language's ability to capture private experiences in extreme or abnormal circumstances. In this paper, we build upon remarks by Wittgenstein (1953) to present a conceptual‐discursive perspective based on naturalistic examples of individuals vacillating between pride and other emotions. This perspective is used to show how relevant emotion theories contain conceptual errors of the sort identified by Wittgenstein. The “assembled reminders” of shifts between pride and other emotions are presented in contrast to analyses that focus on people's identification of causes of emotions, an approach which leads to theoretical speculation about underlying appraisal set changes or discussion of the empirical justification of cognitive ontology. We bypass a direct confrontation on these issues by examining how people's talk about the content of vacillating and mixed emotional experiences (i.e., aspect shifts) augments a shared “emotionology” with creative expressions and poetic comparisons. This last point is illustrated by the emotional instability experienced by individuals with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD). Support for the conceptual‐discursive perspective is provided by the success of a particular therapeutic approach, the Conversational Model, in ameliorating the developmental disruption of BPD by encouraging participation in empathic conversations. We conclude that a conceptual‐discursive perspective undermines the cognitive appraisal “picture” of vacillating emotions and adds to our understanding.
Pure ices IV and XII from high-density amorphous ice
Authors: Salzmann C G , Kohl I , Loerting T , Mayer E , Hallbrucker A 
Published: May 2003

High-density amorphous ice (HDA), made by compression of hexagonal ice at 77 K, was heated at a constant pressure of 0.81 GPa up to 183 K and its phase transition followed by displacement-temperature curves. The crystalline phases, recovered at 77 K and 1 bar, were characterized by X-ray diffraction. Pure D2O ice IV and nearly pure H2O ice IV were formed on slow heating at a rate of 0.4 K min1, whereas pure H2O ice XII and D2O ice XII were formed on fast heating at [Formula: see text] 15 K min1. On heating HDA at rates in between these two values a mixture of ice IV and ice XII was obtained, where their relative yields depended in a systematic manner on the heating rate. Conversion of HDA into either ice IV or ice XII is an example of a "parallel reaction" where the relative yields of ice IV and ice XII can be controlled by temperature, i.e., by the rate of heating, in our approach. It is conceivable that a similar behaviour occurs on crystallization of the related pressure-amorphized silica. PACS Nos.: 61.10-i, 64.60-i, 64.70-p
Effect of isochronal annealing on CdTe and the study of electrical properties of AuCdTe Schottky devices
Authors: Amanullah F M 
Published: May 2003

Single-crystal CdTe was grown with the vapour phase technique. Dice were suitably etched and then annealed in air isochronally at different temperatures (473, 573, 673, and 773 K) for the same period of time (1 h). Schottky barriers were made by vacuum evaporation of gold onto the as-grown CdTe single-crystal substrate as well as onto the isochronally annealed substrates. The physical properties of AuCdTe devices were studied as a function of temperature by electrical methods, such as capacitancevoltage and currentvoltage analysis. The isochronal annealing technique was found to produce a significant change in the electrical properties, such as barrier height, carrier concentration, ideality factor, and forward-bias threshold, of the AuCdTe Schottky diode. The observations are discussed in terms of the various theories of Schottky barrier formation. PACS No.: 73.30ty