bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Remarriage and Stepfamilies
Authors: Bray James H , Easling Irene 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Stepfamilies are a fast-growing family structure in the United States due to the high divorce rate and numbers of children born outside of marriage (Bramlett & Mosher, 2001; U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1992). Many adults and children will experience multiple divorces and remarriages during their lifetime, as the divorce rate for second and subsequent marriages is even higher than that for first marriages. Before adulthood, about a third of U.S. children will live in a remarried or cohabiting stepfamily (Bumpass, Raley, & Sweet, 1995; Seltzer, 1994). It is likely that about 40% of adult women will live in a remarried or cohabiting stepfamily as a parent or stepparent at some time, and 40% of all families include step-grandparents (Szinovacz, 1998).
Adolescent Depression: Family-Focused Treatment Strategies
Authors: Asarnow Joan Rosenbaum , Tompson, Martha C , Berk Michele S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Adolescence is a time of tension—youth pushing toward adulthood, parents awakening to changes in their child and the need to ‘‘let go’’ and convey trust, while shielding from dangers. Depression is a frequent complication of adolescence. National surveillance data indicate that 28.3% of high school students reported depressive symptoms that interfered with functioning for a period of at least 2 weeks during the year prior to the survey (Centers for Disease Control [CDC], 2001). Point prevalence for major depression among adolescents is roughly 6%, with lifetime prevalence ranging between 15 and 20% (Kessler, 2002; Lewinsohn & Essau, 2002).
Marital Discord in the Context of a Depressive Episode: Research on Efficacy and Effectiveness
Authors: Beach Steven R H , Gupta Maya E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Couples in which one partner is diagnosable as depressed are encountered by virtually every marital therapist. In addition, couples in which one or both partners have significant levels of depressive symptoms are the norm rather than the exception in marital therapy. Similarly, therapists treating depressed clients individually often discover that marital distress is a major influence in many aspects of their clients’ lives. In response to the apparent interconnection of marital discord and adult unipolar depression, the topic of marital therapy for depressed adults has become an important focus of research. Several questions have been partially answered: Do marital problems precede and predict continuation of depressive symptoms or episodes of depression? Does marital therapy for depression produce improvement in couple distress, in depression, or both? Can marital distress be treated while a depressive episode is ongoing or only after it is over? Would a successful individually focused intervention for a depressive episode cause marital stress to disappear? What specific culture, age, and gender features influence the relationship between marital distress and depression? Our goal in the current chapter is to address these and other questions by presenting major findings in the literature to date and by summarizing them into a relatively simple argument as follows. Marital problems are often present for depressed persons; these problems are serious, and they carry unacceptable consequences for those depressed clients who suffer with them.
Evolutionary Change of Amino Acid Sequences
Authors: Nei Masatoshi , Kumar Sudhir 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before the invention of rapid methods of DNA sequencing in 1977 (Maxam and Gilbert 1977; Sanger et al. 1977), most studies of molecular evolution were conducted by using amino acid sequence data. Although amino acid sequencing was time consuming and error prone, some important principles of molecular evolution, such as evolution by gene duplication (Ingram 1963; Ohno 1970) and the molecular clock (Zuckerkandl and Pauling 1962; Margoliash 1963), were discovered by the study of amino acid sequence data. At the present time, DNA sequencing is much simpler than amino acid sequencing, and amino acid sequences are usually deduced from nucleotide sequences by using the genetic code. However, amino acid sequences are still useful for evolutionary studies; they are more conserved than DNA sequences and thus provide useful information on long-term evolution of genes or species. They are also almost indispensable for aligning DNA sequences of protein-coding genes. Furthermore, the mathematical model for the evolutionary change of amino acid sequences is much simpler than that of DNA sequences. For these reasons, we first consider the evolutionary change of amino acid sequences.
Wharton and Art
Authors: Dwight Eleanor 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the early 1930s, Edith Wharton, successful novelist and expatriate woman of letters, was writing her memoirs. She was living rance, in her eighteenth-century pavilion near Paris in summer, and in winter in her medieval hill-top château overlooking the town of Hyères and the Mediterranean. Both residences with their gardens were as close to perfection as her sense of beauty and good taste could make them. Looking back to her childhood-the years spent in Europe between the ages of four and ten and later in fashionable New York City—she would identify her paramount quality as an innate visual sense.
During the years Wharton lived abroad as a child, she had been enraptured by the beauty of the art, architecture, and landscape. European sites—Rome as seen when walking with her mother or the townscapes of Paris and Florence viewed from a hotel window-were to her a revelation.
Where Have All the Languages Gone?
Authors: Nettle Daniel , Romaine Suzanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A few years ago, linguists raced to the Turkish farm village of Haci Osman to record Tefvik Esenc, a frail farmer believed to be the last known speaker of the Ubykh language once spoken in the northwestern Caucasus. At that time only four or five elder tribesmen remembered some phrases of the language, but only Esenc knew it fluently. Even his own three sons were unable to converse with their father in his native language because they had become Turkish speakers. In 1984 Esenc had already written the inscription he wanted on his gravestone: “This is the grave of Tefvik Esenc. He was the last person able to speak the language they called Ubykh.” With Esenc’s death in 1992, Ubykh too joined the ever increasing number of extinct languages.
Four years later in South Carolina a native American named Red Thundercloud died, the last voice of a dying tongue. No longer able to converse in his native language with the remaining members of his community, he took the language of his tribe to the grave with him. Red Thundercloud was alone among his people, but not alone among native Americans. Roscinda Nolasquez of Pala, California, the last speaker of Cupeiio, died in 1987 at the age of 94, and Laura Somersal, one of the last speakers of Wappo, died in 1990.
The Biological Wave
Authors: Nettle Daniel , Romaine Suzanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapter, we encountered the idea that for much of history, the number of languages in several continents was roughly constant. As in Papua New Guinea in recent historical times, the forces favoring localism and dispersal were, on the whole, just as strong as those that produce integration or domination of one location by another. One language group might have achieved preeminence over another, but this was a precarious affair which would be reversed in a few years. What was absent were massive, enduring differences between the expansionary potential of different peoples, of the kind which would cause the sustained expansion of a single, dominant language.
This equilibrium has been punctured forever. Some languages have, over the last few centuries, shown an awesome propensity to spread. By now, the speakers of the ten largest languages make up half the world’s population, and this figure is increasing. The hundred largest languages account for almost 90 percent of the population, with the remaining 6,000 languages confined to 10 percent of the world’s most marginalized people, whose communities have generally been on the retreat for several hundred years. This chapter and the next seek to understand how this great transformation has come about. We will argue that the rapid loss of diversity only really occurred in the last thousand years or so.
Sustainable Futures
Authors: Nettle Daniel , Romaine Suzanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have spent most of this book examining how the world’s biolinguistic diversity has come to the brink of a new extinction crisis because we believe that only a better understanding of these historical processes will allow us to change them. International, regional, and national policies that empower indigenous peoples and promote sustainable development are the key to preserving local ecosystems essential to language maintenance. The preservation of local ecosystems is, in turn, critical for the preservation of the global ecosystem, which is the intersection of all local ecosystems. Because it is in local ecosystems that the game of life is played out, it is these individual habitats all around the world which need support. As the environmental slogan tells us: think globally, act locally.
Constitutional Adjudication: Law or Politics?
Authors: Perry Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the title of this book, “the Constitution” is the Constitution of the United States, and “the courts” are both the federal courts and the courts of the states. The court with which I am principally concerned in this book, however, is the Supreme Court of the United States: Among the federal courts and the courts of the states, the Supreme Court has the last word about the meaning of the Constitution and is therefore the most powerful court in the country. This book is about what approach to constitutional interpretation the Supreme Court should follow. It is also about what role the Court should play-in particular, about how large or active a role it should play, or how small or passive a role-in bringing the interpreted Constitution to bear in resolving constitutional conflicts. Although I focus on the Supreme Court, much of what I say in this book about constitutional adjudication-that is, about interpreting the constitutional text and bringing the interpreted Constitution to bear in resolving the conflict at hand-is applicable to every court, state as well as federal, charged with protecting the United States Constitution.
Out Of Arizona: George Wharton James
Authors: Smith Sherry L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
January 1900, the dawn of the new century, found Charles Fletcher Lummis particularly perturbed. He was infuriated that George Wharton James, a disgraced Methodist minister-turned-Indian-and-Southwest-enthusiast, was speaking on Indian subjects at such prestigious venues as New York’s Columbia University. James, according to Lummis, was a “notorious scoundrel—not a mere libertine but a fellow degraded from the pulpit for unspeakable vileness— a notorious liar who even lies about science to puff himself.” It was outrageous, Lummis wrote to ethnologist Washington Matthews, that such a man, one of those “pimps that prostitute science and live upon the earnings of her shame,” should address “honest students.” His sin? George Wharton James had plagiarized a report by Matthews on the Navajo Fire Dance.
On Fission and Impoverishment in the Verbal Morphology of the Dialect of Livinallongo
Authors: Calabrese Andrea 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In her 1996 paper “Agglutination and Inflection in Northern Italian Dialects,” Paola Beninca, with her usual insight, points to the importance of the verbal paradigm in (1) for a theory of the syntax-morphology interface: In this chapter I will develop some of Beninca’s observations on (1) and propose a detailed account of the verbal morphology in (1) in the framework of Distributed Morphology (cf. Halle 1996, 1997, Halle and Marantz 1993, Harris 1994). In so doing, I will reformulate Impoverishment and Fission, two of the basic morphological operations of Distributed Morphology.
On Some Differences between Exclamative and Interrogative Wh-Phrases in Bellunese: Further Evidence for a Split-CP Hypothesis
Authors: Munaro Nicola 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I analyze comparatively the distributional properties of different classes of wh phrases in main exclamative and interrogative sentences in a northeastern Italian variety spoken in the northern area of the Veneto region, which will be referred to for simplicity as Bellunese. Differently from what happens in main interrogatives, where some classes of wh-phrases appear in situ, in main exclamatives all wh-phrases appear, in this dialect, invariably in sentence initial position; in order to account for this difference in the distribution of wh-phrases and in particular for the obligatoriness of overt movement in exclamative contexts, it will be proposed that wh-phrases appearing in initial position occupy a different structural position in interrogatives and in exclamatives. More precisely, following a proposal put forth by Beninca (1996), who analyzes the syntactic properties of exclamative sentences in Paduan, it will be argued that in Bellunese wh-phrases in main exclamatives raise to the specifier position of a functional projection of the CP system which is structurally higher than the one occupied in interrogative sentences.
Jumping in: Within-Lake Processes and Dynamics
Authors: Armstrong David E , Lauster George H , Sanderson Beth L , Lewis David B , Frost* Thomas M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lakes are characterized typically by a variety of attributes, including the amounts and temporal-spatial distributions of the lake’s biological and chemical constituents. Complex interrelationships among external drivers, basin characteristics, and internal processes determine the set of features that characterize the condition of a lake, referred to as the lake state or status (Fig. 10.1). Thus, the influence of an external driver such as nutrient inputs on a lake attribute such as plankton biomass is modified through internal processes such as primary production, biogeochemical cycles, and food web interactions that are often lake specific. Accordingly, lakes influenced by similar external drivers may adopt widely different states. A major component of our research at the North Temperate Lakes Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) program has been investigations into these internal processes that influence lake status and dynamics.
Ideal Scholar
Authors: Chandrasekhar Subrahmanyan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, or “Chandra,” as he was known to colleagues, friends, and relatives, often asked his wife, Lalitha, to sing a song in which the composer laments the cycles of births and deaths that follow him through life. Beginning with an odd incident provoked by Arthur Eddington, Britain’s preeminent astrophysicist in the 1910s and 1920s, cycles of intellectual births and deaths became the pattern of Chandra’s creative life in science. Lalitha describes this unique approach in a remembrance: “Each field, or cycle . . . took from ten to fifteen years, for the selection of the subject for investigation, study of the available scientific literature on the subject, his own research that followed, the scientific papers he wrote on the subject, and, finally, the way he gathered all the material that lay in front of him into a coherent whole that was the book on the subject.”
Language Rights and The Legal Status of English-Only Laws
Authors: Schmid Carol L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The recent English-Only movement has produced state resolutions, statutes, and constitutional amendments establishing English as the “official” language. English Only rules are aimed at eliminating governmental services in languages other than English. In the workplace, English-Only rules require employees to refrain from speaking languages other than English on the employer’s premises (Mealey, 1989). Proponents of these measures argue that the purpose of this legislation is to promote national unity and protect the only common bond that holds our divergent society together (Leibowicz, 1985). As of 2000, twenty-five states and forty cities had passed some form of law declaring English the official language. U.S. English and other proponents of Official English claim that such laws are only intended to restrict governmental services in languages other than English (Chen, 1992). As English is indisputably the primary language of the United States, declaring English the official language appears harmless. However benign the declaration of an “official” language seems, such laws may have severe discriminatory repercussions.
Geostatistical Reservoir Modeling
Authors: Deutsch Clayton V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book brings the practice of petroleum geostatistics into a coherent framework, focusing on tools, techniques, examples, and guidance. It emphasizes the interaction between geophysicists, geologists, and engineers. Intended as a reference text for practitioners, the book is also appropriate for "short courses" and advanced undergraduate or graduate courses in reservoir characterization.
Simulated Annealing for Geostatistics
Authors: Deutsch Clayton V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Data integration is of fundamental importance in reservoir modeling. The optimization technique of simulated annealing has found application in the integration of diverse data types. The background and theoretical framework for simulated annealing for geostatistical mapping is presented in Section 9.1. The steps of simulated annealing are described in Section 9.2.
Defining the Issues
Authors: Siegel Bryna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this book is to guide teachers, therapists, and parents who are directing the development of children with autistic spectrum disorders. This book is about how these children with different forms of autism learn. It is also about how to teach children with autism—based on how they can best learn. Autism is a “spectrum disorder,” meaning that it manifests itself differently in each child. Like a row of dominoes, if an early aspect of development is affected in a particular case of autism, other later-emerging aspects of development will be affected too. As a result, each case of autism presents a slightly different profile of learning abilities and learning disabilities. Each learning ability and each learning disability may influence how a particular child with autism may or may not learn something the way other children without autism may learn that same thing. These autism-specific learning barriers are referred to in this book as autistic learning disabilities. The autism-specific learning strengths are referred to as autistic learning styles.
Social Autistic Learning Disabilities
Authors: Siegel Bryna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What Are Social Autistic Learning Disabilities? In this chapter, we will discuss how disabilities in forming a social understanding of the world are central to defining autism. These difficulties in social understanding affect the way the child sees the world, the ways he can learn. We will describe some teaching approaches specifically aimed at helping the child affected by different aspects of these social autistic learning disabilities. Each major aspect of social ALDs will be fully described in this chapter. Each major area of social ALD can be traced to underlying and innate primary deficits that the child with autism experiences. These deficits, along with relatively stronger areas of perception and function, come together to form the characteristic signs and symptoms we consider to be the social hallmarks of autism. By understanding how these patterns form to create the social hallmarks of autism, we can start to understand how the learning process is systematically and predictably altered for the child with autism. Once we understand how learning is altered, it is much easier to figure out how to teach.
Autistic Learning Disabilities and the Skills of Daily Living
Authors: Siegel Bryna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the preceding chapters, we have seen how the symptoms of autism affect main aspects of life such as communicating and relating to others and taking in information from the things in one’s surroundings. An important question that is raised by the presence of these autistic learning disabilities is how does the child with autism compensate for his disabilities in a way that ensures that his basic needs are met? An evolutionary psychologist hearing about all these deficits in social development and communication would have to wonder how children with autism ensure their survival, as it seems that the usual social interdependence doesn’t work very well.
The answer, of course is that children with autism manage to elicit caregiving from their parents—and manage to elicit a lot of it, just the way infants do. The problem is that this stage of dependency can become prolonged. It often results in all sorts of family problems when the child with autism won’t eat what others are eating, won’t sleep when others do, has no apparent concept of his own safety or that of others, and generally, as Thoreau said “marches to the beat of his own drummer.”
“That Terrible Thoreau”
Authors: Gross Robert A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Henry David Thoreau was not an easy man to like. Blunt, outspoken even combative in conversation, he uttered the truth as he saw it, no matter what others thought or felt. But he guarded the solid wall he erected around himself. From his earliest days, he seemed peculiar. As a schoolboy, he earned the contempt of his peers by refusing to join their play; “he seemed to have no fun in him,” one recalled. At college, he was no more successful. His Harvard classmates found him “cold and unimpressible” and made him the ‘butt for jokes.” Not that Thoreau made an effort to win anyone over. In Concord, he would pass neighbors on the street or in the woods without ever pausing to say hello. When an old chum walked seven miles to see him at Walden Pond, Thoreau announced “he had no time for friendship.” Even his defenders conceded he was “brusque.” Elizabeth Hoar said, “One would as soon think of taking the arm of an elm-tree as Henry’s.” “I love Henry,” she added, ‘but I can never like him.”1
Evolution of Reaction Norms
Authors: David Jean R , Gibert Patricia , Moreteau Brigitte 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Elsewhere in this book are examples of adaptive phenotypic plasticity. Adaptive plasticity implies that the present form of a trait’s plasticity was shaped by natural selection (chapter 5). That plasticity might itself be shaped by natural selection has become appreciated only slowly since about the late 1940s to the mid 1970s, at which time rapid development of the field of plasticity research began (Stearns 1992; chapter 2). Empirical work on this topic is now common. Yet controversies abound and studies may have vastly different emphases. Our purpose here is to indicate what factors are important in the evolution of phenotypic plasticity, with a specific focus on reaction norms to illustrate some evolutionary patterns in a model system, using a general climatic factor, temperature. Plasticity can be favored over fixed responses when environments vary predictably. The best plastic response depends on the types of environments that occur, their frequency, and the fitness consequences for various phenotypes in each environment. Because different populations experience alternative patterns of environmental variability, we should expect local differentiation to be favored, as long as genetic variation is present and gene flow is restricted. Thus, the specific patterns of plasticity that evolve not only depend upon local habitats but also on the nature of genetic variation for plasticity in relevant traits and population-level patterns of dispersal.