bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The outcome of T‐cell costimulation through intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 differs from costimulation through leucocyte function‐associated antigen‐1
Authors: Kohlmeier Jacob E. , Rumsey Lisa M. , Chan Marcia A. , Benedict Stephen H. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryOptimal T‐cell activation requires both an antigen‐specific and a costimulatory signal. The outcome of T‐cell activation can be influenced by the nature of the costimulatory signal the T cell receives. We recently demonstrated the ability of stimulation through intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1), resident on the T‐cell surface, to provide a second signal for T‐cell activation, and have extended that work here to begin an examination of the functional outcome of this set of signals. Costimulation through ICAM‐1 resulted in a greater percentage of cells having undergone more than three divisions when compared to costimulation through leucocyte function‐associated antigen‐1 (LFA‐1). Costimulation through ICAM‐1 also had an effect similar to costimulation through CD28 in its ability to down‐regulate the cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor p27kip1. Costimulation through ICAM‐1 provided greater protection from apoptosis than costimulation through LFA‐1, especially in cells having divided more than three times. This was supported by the ability of costimulation through ICAM‐1 to up‐regulate the anti‐apoptotic protein Bcl‐2. Finally, costimulation through ICAM‐1 or CD28 produced a greater number of T cells with a memory phenotype than costimulation through LFA‐1.
Cloning of the complete rat immunoglobulin δ gene: evolutionary implications
Authors: Zhao Yaofeng , Hammarström Lennart 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe recent discovery of a Cδ encoding gene in artiodactyls has raised questions regarding the evolution of the gene. In the present study, we have analysed the complete rat Cδ gene both at the cDNA and genomic levels, showing that the rat Cδ gene is structurally similar to the corresponding mouse gene. Analysis of the rat immunoglobulin D heavy chain cDNA tail sequences, revealed two transcripts for the secreted form with varying sizes of their 3′ untranslated region (UTR), resulting from usage of two different poly(A) addition signals. Furthermore, a membrane‐bound form encoding transcript, possessing a long 3′ UTR, was also observed. Phylogenetic analysis supports that the Cδ gene appeared early in the evolution of vertebrates, and it was probably duplicated from the Cµ gene more than 400 million years ago.
Intangible benefits valuation in ERP projects
Authors: Murphy Kenneth E , Simon Steven John 
Published: March 2003

Abstract.The development, implementation and ownership of information systems, especially large‐scale systems such as enterprise resource planning (ERP), has become progressively longer in duration and more cost intensive. As a result, IS managers are being required to justify projects financially based on their return. Historically, information systems have been difficult to quantify in monetary terms because of the intangible nature of many of the derived benefits, e.g. improved customer service. Using the case study methodology, this paper examines an attempt by a large computer manufacturer to incorporate intangibles into traditional cost–benefit analysis in an ERP project. The paper reviews the importance of intangibles, lists intangible benefits that are important in ERP projects and demonstrates the use of a scheme through which they can be incorporated into traditional evaluation techniques.
Germline transformation of Drosophila melanogaster with the piggyBac transposon vector
Authors: Handler A. M. , Harrell Ii R. A. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractGermline transformation of Drosophila melanogaster was attempted with the piggyBac gene‐transfer system from the cabbage looper moth, Trichoplusia ni. Using a self‐regulated transposase helper and a white marked vector, a transformation frequency of 1–3% per fertile G0 was obtained, similar to that previously achieved in the medfly. Use of an hsp70‐regulated helper increased this frequency more than eight‐fold. Transformation with a vector marked with white and green fluorescent protein (GFP) under polyubiquitin–nuclear localizing sequence regulation yielded seventy G1 transformants which all expressed GFP, but only twenty‐seven of these expressed eye pigmentation that would have allowed their selection based on white+ expression. PiggyBac transformation in two distantly related dipteran species and efficient expression of the gfp marker supports the potential use of this system in other dipterans, and perhaps insects in general.
Molecular cloning and structural analysis of 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase of the moth Agrotis ipsilon
Authors: Duportets L. , Belles X. , Rossignol F. , Couillaud F. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe enzyme 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG‐CoA) reductase, which plays a key role in isoprenoid biosynthesis, catalyses the synthesis of mevalonate from HMG‐CoA. Insects do not synthesize cholesterol de novo, rather mevalonate derivatives lead to non‐sterol isoprenoids which are essential for development and reproduction. In this paper, we describe an HMG‐CoA reductase of the moth Agrotis ipsilon and we report its expression in fat body, ovary, muscle, brain and corpora allata tissues of adult specimens. The analysis of the cDNA reveals that it encodes a polypeptide of 833 amino acids (Mr = 89785). Alignments of this HMG‐CoA reductase from A. ipsilon with the homologous sequences of other eukaryotes shows a high degree of conservation in all species studied. Parsimony analysis based on these alignments produced dendrograms congruent with the current systematic schemes. This suggests that, during eukaryote evolution, HMG‐CoA reductase diversified in parallel with taxonomic splitting.
Transformation of Stomoxys calcitrans with a Hermes gene vector
Authors: O’Brochta D. A. , Atkinson Peter W. , Lehane Michael J. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe ability of the Hermes transposable element to function as a germ line transformation vector was tested in the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans. Plasmid‐based transposable element mobility assays indicated moderate mobility of Hermes in this species. Germline transformants were created using a Hermes element containing the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) under the regulatory control of the promoter from Actin5C gene of Drosophila melanogaster. Approximately 4% of the fifty‐five adults that developed from the 1903 G0 embryos injected with the vector produced transgenic progeny. In the four transgenic lines established, the EGFP expression pattern was distinctly nonuniform and levels of expression were low. Promoters other than the one from the Actin5C gene of D.melanogaster should be considered for widespread, constitutive expression. All transgenic lines contained multiple (2–4) integrated Hermes elements. Hermes integration events occurred through a canonical cut‐and‐paste mechanism.
Germ line transformation of the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti, mediated by transpositional insertion of a piggyBac vector
Authors: Lobo N. F. , Hua‐Van A. , Li X. , Nolen B. M. , Fraser M. J. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractMosquito‐vectored diseases such as yellow fever and dengue fever continue to have a substantial impact on human populations world‐wide. Novel strategies for control of these mosquito vectored diseases can arise through the development of reliable systems for genetic manipulation of the insect vector. A piggyBac vector marked with the Drosophila melanogaster cinnabar (cn) gene was used to transform the white‐eyed khw strain of Aedes aegypti. Microinjection of preblastoderm embryos resulted in four families of cinnabar transformed insects. An overall transformation frequency of 4%, with a range of 0% to as high as 13% for individual experiments, was achieved when using a heat‐shock induced transposase providing helper plasmid. Southern hybridizations indicated multiple insertion events in three of four transgenic lines, while the presence of duplicated target TTAA sites at either ends of individual insertions confirmed characteristic piggyBac transposition events in these three transgenic lines. The transgenic phenotype has remained stable for more than twenty generations. The transformations effected using the piggyBac element establish the potential of this element as a germ‐line transformation vector for Aedine mosquitoes.
Molecular analysis of multiple cytochrome P450 genes from the malaria vector, Anopheles gambiae
Authors: Ranson H. , Nikou D. , Hutchinson M. , Wang X. , Roth C. W. , Hemingway J. , Collins F. H. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractCytochrome P450s are a superfamily of haemoproteins, important in the metabolism of endogenous compounds and xenobiotics. As a first step to elucidating the role of this family in insecticide resistance in the malaria mosquito, Anopheles gambiae, we have cloned and mapped multiple P450 genes. Sixteen cDNAs encoding full‐length P450s were cloned and physically mapped to the mosquito's polytene chromosomes. Fourteen of these encode putative CYP6 proteins and two encode P450s belonging to the CYP9 class. Eighteen new A. gambiae Cyp4 P450 genes were identified using degenerate PCR primers, cDNAs were detected for ten and in situ locations for thirteen members of this gene family.
Bacterial leakage versus dye leakage in obturated root canals
Authors: Barthel C. R. , Moshonov J. , Shuping G. , Òrstavik D. 
Published: March 2003

Aim The aim of this study was to compare in vitro bacterial and dye leakage tests, commonly used to determine the seal of root canal fillings.Methodology Ninety‐six single‐rooted teeth had their crowns removed at the cemento‐enamel junction and their roots instrumented to ISO size 60 within 1 mm of the apex. Three groups of 30 roots were obturated by lateral condensation using gutta‐percha and one or other of the sealers, AH26, Ketac Endo, or Roth's 801 sealer. Three roots were used as negative controls and three roots as positive controls. The roots were then exposed at their coronal end first for 38 days to soy broth containing Staphylococcusepidermidis and thereafter for 48 h to basic fuchsin. Bacterial leakage was recorded when the challenging organism could be recovered from the apical end. Dye leakage was checked by microscopy of transverse sections of the apical tip at the end of the experiment.Results For the bacterial experiment, there was no significant difference amongst the three sealer groups. The dye experiment showed significantly greater leakage in the AH26 compared to the Ketac Endo group. No correlation between the results of the two tests could be seen.Conclusions The results of this study suggest that the molecular size of the penetrating agent may not be the relevant parameter when attempting to determine an appropriate test for the sealability of root canal fillings.
Penetration of bacteria in bovine root dentine in vitro
Authors: Peters L. B. , Wesselink P. R. , Moorer W. R. 
Published: March 2003

Peters LB, Wesselink PR, Moorer WR. Penetration of bacteria in bovine root dentine in vitro. International Endodontic Journal, 33, 28–36, 2000.Aim  The aim of this study was to develop a test model to quantify the penetration of bacteria into dentinal tubules.Methodology The model consisted of two compartments separated by a bovine dentine specimen with a thickness of 1.5–3.1 mm. The root cementum was removed from the root surface and the specimens were oriented in the model with the pulpal side facing the inoculated chamber of the test model. One compartment contained the test organism and the other was filled with sterile broth that was evaluated for growth of the test organism. The depth of bacterial penetration was measured in the dentine with or without a smear layer using both a histological and a quantitative recovering grinding technique, after 6 weeks of exposure to the microorganisms.Results  E. faecalis penetrated dentine significantly deeper than A. israelii (P <0.001). After removal of the smear layer with EDTA, E. faecalis penetrated significantly deeper than in dentine pretreated with saline only (P <0.01) or with a combination of saline and sodium hypochlorite (P <0.01). Microorganisms were found in 89% of the cultured specimens and in 80% of the specimens that were evaluated with light microscopy. Total penetration through the dentine specimen and infection of the broth in the test compartment of the model occurred in only two out of 72 specimens.Conclusion  Collection and immediate culturing of infected dentine dust and counting colony forming units (CFU) allowed an overview of the number of bacteria per sample and was more sensitive than microscopy. Removal of the smear layer enhanced bacterial penetration.
Four second molars with single roots and single canals in the same patient
Authors: Fava L. R. G. , Weinfeld I. , Fabri F. P. , Pais C. R. 
Published: March 2003

Fava LRG, Weinfeld I, Fabri FP, Pais CR. Four second molars with single roots and single canals in the same patient: a case report. International Endodontic Journal, 33, 138–142 2000.Case report Studies on canal configuration have demonstrated a substantial variation in the number ofroots and root canals in different teeth. Maxillary and mandibular molars may have three and two roots, respectively, and generally present with three or four root canals. This case describes the presence of one single root and one root canal in all second molars of the same patient.
Antimicrobial effectiveness of electro‐chemically activated water as an endodontic irrigation solution
Authors: Marais J. T. , Williams W. P. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAim The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the antimicrobial effectiveness of electro‐chemically activated water (ECA) as an endodontic irrigation solution.Methodology The root canals of 60 caries‐free, single‐rooted, adult, maxillary, anterior human teeth were instrumented and irrigated in a similar method to that used for in vivo root canal treatment. The external root surface of each tooth was sealed, maintaining the access cavities patent and the root canals were inoculated with a suspension containing four bacteria. The teeth were randomly divided into four groups (n = 15). Each group was irrigated ultrasonically with one of the following solutions: distilled water (control), NaOCl (3.5%), and ECA, the latter at pHs 7.0 and 9.0. Antimicrobial effectiveness was established directly after irrigation and again 7 days later, by counting colony‐forming units on blood agar plates and by spectrophotometric analysis.Results Large numbers of bacteria were present in the canals of teeth irrigated with distilled water. No bacteria were observed following irrigation with NaOCl. Neither of the ECA solutions were found to be effective against all the bacteria. Although some reduction in the number of bacteria was evident in the ECA groups, this was not statistically significant (P > 0.05) when compared to sodium hypochlorite.Conclusion Within the confines of this study ECA did not demonstrate antimicrobial effectiveness.
The use of computed tomography when comparing nickel–titanium and stainless steel files during preparation of simulated curved canals
Authors: Garip Y. , Günday M. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAimThe aim of this study was to compare canal preparations completed with Hedstrom and K‐files of ISO size 15–40, made of nickel–titanium (Ni–Ti) and stainless steel (SS).MethodologyEighty simulated canals with 20° and 30° curvatures were prepared using the step‐back technique and quarter turn/pull instrument manipulation. Middle and apical level canal sections were taken using computed tomography.ResultsNo significant difference was found between any of the file types at either level with respect to canal curvature (20° or 30°). At the middle level, the stainless steel files caused more enlargement toward the inner part, compared to nickel–titanium files. At the apical level, nickel–titanium canal files caused more enlargement toward the inner part, whereas more outward enlargement was caused by stainless steel instruments. No significant difference could be observed at the middle level (P > 0.05) related to the enlargement toward the outer side of the canal curvature.Transportation at both levels was significantly less (P < 0.001) for the Ni–Ti files than the SS ones. Centring ratios of the file types at the middle level were low, but not significantly different (P > 0.05), whereas at the apical level the centring ratios were significantly higher for the Ni–Ti files (P < 0.001).ConclusionsNi–Ti instruments produced preparations with adequate enlargement, less transportation, and a better centring ratio.
The use of ultrasound for cleaning the surface of stainless steel and nickel–titanium endodontic instruments
Authors: Tanomaru Filho M. , Leonardo M. R. , Bonifácio K. C. , Dametto F. R. , Silva L. A. B. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAimThe aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of ultrasound in cleaning the surface of stainless steel and Ni–Ti endodontic instruments.MethodologyTwenty nickel–titanium instruments (10 Quantec files and 10 Nitiflex) and 20 stainless steel K‐files (10 Maillefer‐Dentsply and 10 Moyco Union Broach) were removed from their original packages and evaluated using a scanning electron microscope. Scores were given for the presence of residues on the surface of the instruments. The instruments were then cleaned in an ultrasonic bath containing only distilled water or detergent solution for 15 min, and re‐evaluated, using scanning electron microscopy.ResultsBefore cleaning, a greater amount of metallic debris was observed on the nickel–titanium Quantec instruments (P < 0.05), when compared to those made of stainless steel. Statistical analysis showed that the use of ultrasound was effective for cleaning the instruments, regardless of the irrigating solution or the instruments type (P < 0.05).ConclusionsThe use of ultrasound proved to be an efficient method for the removal of metallic particles from the surface of stainless steel and Ni–Ti endodontic instruments.
Correlation between clinical success and apical dye penetration
Authors: Oliver C. M. , Abbott P. V. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAimThis study was undertaken to examine whether a correlation exists between apical dye penetration and the clinical performance of root fillings.MethodologyApical dye penetration into 116 roots of human teeth that had been root‐filled at least 6 months prior to extraction was tested in vitro using a vacuum technique and by measuring the length of dye penetration. Endodontic treatment was classified as clinically successful or unsuccessful and results for these groups were compared using analysis of variance and the Student's t‐test. Positive and negative controls were used to test the experimental system.ResultsAll controls performed as expected. Dye penetrated significantly further in unsuccessful cases although the raw data suggested little difference. Overall, dye penetrated 99.5% of the specimens, indicating that the presence of dye in the canal is a poor indicator of whether the technique or material will succeed. However, the extent of dye penetration may be related to the clinical outcome.ConclusionsClinically placed root canal fillings do not provide an apical seal that prevents fluid penetration. The outcome of treatment cannot be predicted from the results of apical dye leakage studies.
A laboratory study of coronal microleakage using four temporary restorative materials
Authors: Cruz E. V. , Shigetani Y. , Ishikawa K. , Kota K. , Iwaku M. , Goodis H. E. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAim The aim of this study was to compare the sealing abilities of Fermin and Canseal with the more popular temporary coronal filling materials, Cavit and Caviton.Methodology Standardized access cavities were prepared in 160 intact human permanent molar teeth. They were divided into five groups consisting of 32 samples. The teeth were restored using one of the temporary filling materials, namely: Fermin, Canseal at two powder to liquid ratios, Caviton and Cavit. Thermal cycling and/or load cycling were applied on the samples. Assessment of microleakage utilized methylene blue dye penetration. Grading of the microleakage pattern was from 1 to 3, with 3 providing the best seal. Results were analyzed using two‐way anova and by Fisher’s PLSD post hoc test (P < 0.05).Result Microleakage along Fermin, Caviton and Cavit samples did not go beyond Leakage Grade 2. Dye penetration into these materials was noted. This was not observed in the two groups of Canseal tested. However, the two groups of Canseal exhibited total leakage notably after being subjected to thermal cycling. There was a statistically significant difference in the microleakage scores obtained between the materials and conditions tested (P < 0.0001).Conclusion Fermin was found to exhibit the best seal amongst the four materials tested followed by Caviton, and Cavit. Thermal cycling influenced the seal of certain types of temporary filling materials more than load cycling.
Dazl protein expression in adult rat testis is up‐regulated at meiosis and not hormonally regulated
Authors: Rocchietti‐March M. , Weinbauer G. F. , Page D. C. , Nieschlag E. , Gromoll J. 
Published: March 2003

The Y‐chromosomal DAZ (deleted in azoospermia) gene and the autosomal Dazl (deleted in azoospermia‐like) gene are two crucial factors for the achievement and maintenance of spermatogenesis. Whereas Y‐chromosomal DAZ is present in certain primates, it is lacking in rodents and other species. We have investigated the expression of Dazl protein during spermatogenesis in the adult rat testis using immunohistochemistry. Dazl immunoreactivity was found predominantly in the cytosol of primary pachytene spermatocytes. A weaker but clearly detectable signal was present in intermediate and B spermatogonia and in early spermatocytes from preleptotene to zygotene. The highest expression patterns were observed between stages IV and VIII during the spermatogenic cycle when spermatocytes prepare for the first meiotic division. Specific staining could also be observed in step 11–19 elongating spermatids in the acrosome region.Treatment for 42 days with a potent GnRH‐antagonist abolished gonadotrophin secretion and led to a regressed testis, lacking most of the advanced germ cell types such as spermatids but still bearing spermatogonia and spermatocytes. No difference in staining pattern for Dazl protein was observed in GnRH antagonist‐treated rats despite the lack of gonadotrophins and substantial impairment of the spermatogenic process, indicating that Dazl expression is clearly hormone‐independent.The localization and level of Dazl expression suggests an important role in the regulation of the first meiotic stages of spermatogenesis. The hormone independent onset of expression points to an autonomous cell‐cycle event in which Dazl seems to be essential for the entry into meiosis. The presence of Dazl in the acrosome region of elongating spermatids might reflect an unknown role of Dazl as a morphogenetic factor during spermiogenesis.