bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hormonal effects of early rearing conditions in the infant rhesus monkey
Authors: Champoux M. , Coe C. L. , Schanberg S. M. , Kuhn C. M. , Suomi S. J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMother‐reared and nursery‐reared rhesus monkeys were evaluated during the first month of life to assess the effects of early rearing on endocrine status in infancy. Plasma cortisol and growth hormone (GH) levels were measured in two conditions: (1) basal and (2) 30 min following removal from either the mother or the nursery. Nursery‐reared infants had lower basal GH levels and higher cortisol levels than did mother‐reared infants. Both GH and cortisol levels rose significantly following separation and reached similar levels in the mother‐reared and nursery‐reared infants. Mother‐reared animals exhibited higher GH levels in response to a pharmacological GH‐stimulation test. Thus nursery rearing of primate infants significantly affected the baseline secretion of two important endocrine systems, but did not appear to alter markedly the acute endocrine response to a psychological stressor.
Sires influence fetal death in pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina)
Authors: Sackett Gene P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractComputerized colony records were used to identify dams and sires whose reproductive histories while breeding in harem groups indicated high or low risk for producing fetal deaths. The monkeys were then singly caged and bred within and between risk conditions during 24‐ to 72‐hour matings. Although the low‐ and high‐risk sires did not differ in ability to achieve conceptions, the results revealed that reproductive history predicted subsequent fetal death rates, and sires made a substantial contribution. Overall, high‐risk sires had a 4.86 times higher relative risk of producing fetal death than low‐risk sires. Compared with this figure, high‐risk dams had only a 2.64 times higher risk for fetal death than low‐risk dams. The male effect was most evident in comparisons of between‐ and within‐risk matings. Females with excellent reproductive histories experienced a threefold increase in fetal deaths when mated with high‐risk males, whereas females with poor reproductive histories experienced almost a 50% reduction in fetal deaths when mated with low‐risk males. The results show that male factors beyond fertility need to be considered when examining the causes of reproductive failure in captive primates.
Population dynamics of hoolock gibbons (Hylobates hoolock) in Assam, India
Authors: Choudhury Anwaruddin 
Published: June 2005

AbstractData are presented on group size, composition, and reproduction of several hoolock gibbon groups studied in different areas of Assam, India, between 1986 and 1988. Presence of fewer young than reported in earlier studies signals a grim future for these gibbons unless strict conservation measures are undertaken.
Time budget of caged rhesus monkeys exposed to a companion, a PVC perch, and a piece of wood for an extended time
Authors: Reinhardt Viktor 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe present investigation assesses the percentage of time that rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) are kept occupied by a more complex cage environment. Sixty animals were continuously exposed for at least 1.5 years to a compatible companion for social interaction, a suspended plastic pipe for perching, and a branch segment for gnawing. The behavior of the partners of each pair was recorded for 60 minutes when the animals were not distracted by human activities. Individuals spent an average of 23.5% of the time interacting with the companion, but only 10.4% with the plastic pipe and 4.8% with the branch segment. Differences were statistically significant. Females were socially more active than males. Subadult animals (3.5–4 years) used both inanimate objects significantly more than did adult animals (9–30 years). It was concluded that (1) a compatible companion, a suspended plastic pipe, and a loose branch segment remain effective stimuli for caged rhesus monkeys after more than 1 year of exposure and (2) a compatible companion is of greater stimulatory value–particularly for adults–than are inanimate objects.
Hand preferences in captive gorillas, orang‐utans and gibbons
Authors: Olson David A. , Ellis Jane E. , Nadler Ronald D. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractHand preference was assessed in 12 gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla), 13 orang‐utans (Pongo pygmaeus abelii), and 9 gibbons (Hylobates lar) by using a floor retrieval task and a mesh retrieval task. Hand preference was also assessed in 8 gorillas and 8 orang‐utans by using a task involving the unfastening of a hasp. A bipedal requirement during testing (mesh retrieval task) facilitated detection of hand preferences. A significant left‐hand preference was found for the gibbons with 6 of 6 gibbons preferring their left hand on the mesh retrieval task. Similarly, a significant right‐hand preference was found for the gorillas with 10 of 12 gorillas preferring their right hand on the mesh retrieval task. The data for the orang‐utan suggest a bimodal distribution on all tasks. Since the gibbon and gorilla in the wild engage in bipedal locomotion more frequently than the orangutan, one possible interpretation for these results correlates the degree of bipedal behavior of a species in its natural environment with its readiness to exhibit a unilateral population‐level hand preference.
Formal biting in stumptailed macaques (Macaca arctoides)
Authors: Demaria C. , Thierry B. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractForm and function of a specific kind of biting were studied in a captive group of stumptailed macaques (Macaca arctoides) composed of 1 adult male and 10 females. Behavior patterns were recorded with all occurrence and scan sampling techniques. Formal biting consisted of slowly gripping with teeth a part of the body of an apparently willing partner, most often the forearms, lips, or eyebrows. It may occur either following an agonistic interaction or outside the context of aggression. Such biting was directed from dominants towards subordinates, and appeared especially frequently between individuals having frequent agonistic interactions. It is concluded that this behavior represents a ritualized interaction expressing formal dominance between partners.
Promiscuity in Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus)
Authors: Small Meredith F. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe mating behavior of female Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus) has been called “promiscuous” because females mate with multiple males in rapid succession. The data presented here, based on a 9 month study of a semifree‐ranging colony, supports the idea that females do indeed mate indiscriminately and at a high rate. Five hundred six copulations were recorded for 21 females during the breeding season, and 358 of these copulations occurred when females were in extended estrous cycles. As the days that females spent in estrus increased, either because they had longer cycles or more cycles than some other females, the number of different male partners also increased. There was no association between mating behavior and either male–female friendships or male care of infants born the following birth season. Promiscuity cannot be explained by selection to confuse paternity. There is also no evidence that females exchange copulations for support or affiliation. Female Barbary macaques mate with multiple males because males are unable, or are unwilling, to stop them.
Sudden short‐term increase in mortality of vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) due to leopard predation in Amboseli National Park, Kenya
Authors: Isbell Lynne A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA substantial increase in mortality, due mainly to predation, occurred during 1987 in a population of vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) studied from 1977 to 1989 in Amboseli National Park, Kenya. It has been shown that vervets moving into new and unfamiliar habitats are more at risk from predation. However, this does not entirely explain the increase in predation in 1987 because predation decreased after 1987 while movement into new areas continued. An increase in leopard alarm calls relative to previous years in four of five groups, and an association between disappearances and leopard alarm calls given by vervets in the same four groups, suggest that leopards, a main predator of vervets, accounted for the increase in mortality. The vervets' increased vulnerability to leopard predation in 1987 did not appear to be related either directly or indirectly to continued habitat deterioration because 1) mortality rates after 1987 decreased to pre‐1987 levels and 2) the vervets' behavior did not appear to change to make them more vulnerable than in previous years. The increased vulnerability appeared to be due in part to an increase in the presence of leopards. However, it is unclear why predator presence temporarily increased.
Mixed flocks and polyspecific associations: Costs and benefits of mixed groups to birds and monkeys
Authors: Terborgh John 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis review examines the diversity of avian mixed foraging flocks with the goal of relating the conclusions to primate polyspecific associations. Mixed associations are considered as adaptations for achieving an optimal balance between predator protection and feeding efficiency. In open habitat, predator and prey are able to detect each other at a distance and feeding competition is low, especially in species that subsist on a homogeneously distributed food supply. These conditions favor large groups of variable composition. In closed habitats, predators attack at close range, so early warning alarm systems are at a premium. Feeding competition is often intense because food resources such as fruit, flushing leaves, and nectar are spatially concentrated. Since feeding competition is generally less between than within species, these conditions favor mixed associations composed of small numbers of several to many species, and the evolution of elaborate early warning systems to thwart predators. The primate polyspecific associations that have been studied to date share characteristics with the closed habitat model while exhibiting some important distinctions. Primate associations are made up of integral troops, not individuals, implying high incremental costs of joining. These costs, plus a paucity of ecologically compatible combinations of species, seem to limit primate polyspecific associations geographically to regions in which the presence of monkey‐eating raptors provides a strong incentive for aggregation.
Mechanisms promoting stability in mixed Saguinus mystax and S. fuscicollis troops
Authors: Norconk Marilyn A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMixed‐species troops composed of two species of tamarin monkeys, and rarely other ceboids, occur throughout much of western Amazonia and are notable for their long‐term stability. This study identified several variables that appeared to promote mixed‐species troop cohesion and yet maintained spatial segregation between species. Three variables enhanced in terspecific spatial segregation: differences in support use, vertical stratification, and interindividual spacing. In contrast, early morning vocalizations and well‐coordinated movement patterns contribute to cohesion within a mixed‐species troop. The combination of these variables may help explain how two congeneric species accommodate one another with little apparent interspecific aggression.The exact nature of benefits and costs to each individual in a mixed troop is still elusive; however, a comparison of population densities of sympatric and allopatric tamarins suggests that population growth of one partner (Saguinus fuscicollis) is enhanced in the presence of a congeneric species.
The evolution of sexual size dimorphism in prosimian primates
Authors: Kappeler Peter M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe four major hypotheses advanced to explain the evolution of sexually dimorphic characters invoke sexual selection, natural selection, allometry, and phylogenetic inertia. In this paper, each of these hypotheses is examined for its usefulness in explaining the inter‐specific variation in sexual size dimorphism among prosimian primates. Data on body weight and the degree of sexual dimorphism were obtained for 32 prosimian and 95 simian species. Although prosimians exhibited significantly less sexual dimorphism than simians, there was nevertheless significant variation in dimorphism among them. The degree of sexual dimorphism in prosimians did not show significant variance at any taxonomic level, but the majority of variance occurred within genera. Thus, sexual dimorphism in size among prosimians is probably not constrained by phylogeny at the generic level and above. There was no significant correlation between body size and the degree of sexual dimorphism in prosimians, suggesting the absence of an allometric effect. Similarly there was no relationship between body size and sexual dimorphism among simians in this size range. This result suggested that the expression of sexual dimorphism may nevertheless be influenced by absolute size. In prosimians, inter‐specific differences in sexual dimorphism were not correlated with variance in male reproductive success. It is suggested that speed and agility of males, rather than size and strength, might have been favored by intra‐sexual selection in most prosimians. It seems also plausible that the relative monomorphism of most prosimians, especially in the Lemuriformes, might be a result of increased female size favored by natural selection. Consideration of all natural and sexual selective pressures that affect size in both sexes separately is required to understand the adaptive function and evolution of primate size dimorphism.
Ecogeographic size variation among the living and subfossil prosimians of Madagascar
Authors: Albrecht Gene H. , Jenkins Paulina D. , Godfrey Laurie R. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe living Malagasy prosimians and their recently extinct subfossil relatives include about 20 genera and 8 families that can be considered one contemporenous fauna. They exhibit morphological, behavioral, and ecological differences comparable to living anthropoid primates. This diversity is matched by the equally varied topography, climate, and vegetation of Madagascar. To investigate habitat‐related size variation, skull lengths of wild‐caught adults were used to compare sizes of closely‐related conspecific and congeneric “sister taxa.” More than 1,550 museum specimens were examined representing virtually all known forms of extant and subfossil Malagasy prosimians. A total of 98 pairwise, sister‐taxa comparisons among 76 different taxa from six broadly defined ecogeographic regions revealed a consistent pattern of size variation: (1) the smallest Malagasy prosimians inhabit the semiarid forests, bush, and thickets of the South; (2) next largest are those from the dry deciduous forests of the West and the humid but seasonal forests of the Sambirano; (3) larger yet are those from humid tropical and secondary forests of the East; and (4) the largest of all are the extinct forms of the central highlands that lived in what was probably a savanna‐bush‐woodland mosaic in the past but is now grasslands devoid of living prosimians. Taxa from the extreme North are more variable in size (small, intermediate, or large), which may reflect the mixture of local habitats in northern Madagascar. The ecogeographic size differences may be adaptive responses related to the carrying capacity of local environments such that smaller‐sized species are favoured where the resources they exploit are more limited. Field observations on behavioral thermoregulation, home range size, and population densities offer some support for this hypothesis. Ecologically induced size differences among local populations were probably one factor in speciation events leading to the modern diversity of the Malagasy primates.
Gonadal dysgenesis with X‐monosomy in a cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis)
Authors: Reyes Francisco I. , Osborn Russell G. , Fuller Gene B. , Hobson William C. , Greenberg Cheryl R. , Ray Manoranjan , Thliveris James A. , Faiman Charles 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA 3‐year‐old female cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) was found to have inappropriately high circulating immunoassayable follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels compatible with primary gonadal failure. Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism was confirmed by the findings of persistently high serum gonadotropin levels by both LH bioassay and FSH and LH radioimmunoassays and low levels of serum estradiol. In addition, circhoral gonadotropin pulsatility and an exaggerated response to a gonadotropin‐releasing hormone challenge were demonstrated. Both FSH and LH coeluted in a single peak on gel filtration column chromatography. Clinically, the animal showed the following features of Turner syndrome: small body size, sexual underdevelopment, gonadal streaks with absent follicles, and a chromosomal constitution of 41,X. A similar case has been reported previously in a rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). Considering the fetal and live birth prevalences in humans of aneuploidy in general and X‐monosomy in particular, one would predict that this chromosomal aberration underlies a high number of pregnancy failures in nonhuman primates.
Esterase D in Brazilian Saguinus midas niger—results and comparison with previous studies in Anthropoidea
Authors: Barroso Carmem M. L. , Schneider Maria P. C. , Sampaio Maria I. C. , Salzano Francisco M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFour esterase D (ESD) phenotypes, presumably resulting from the segregation of three alleles with moderate polymorphic frequencies, were observed in a sample of the black handed tamarin, Saguinus midas niger, from the northern Amazonian region (Brazil). Previous surveys in the non‐human Anthropoidea indicate that the ESD locus is polymorphic in at least 4 of the 19 taxonomic entities listed.
Teeth emergence in wild olive baboons in Kenya and formulation of a dental schedule for aging wild baboon populations
Authors: Kahumbu P. , Eley R. M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractTeeth emergence schedules are presented from analysis of 95 wild olive baboons Papio anubis (age range 2–120 months) and compared to recently published results for wild and captive yellow baboons (P. cynocephalus; Phillips‐Conroy and Jolly: American Journal of Primatology 15:17–29, 1988). Age at emergence of M1 (20.5 months males, 19.5 months females), I1 (32.5 and 33.5 months) and I2 (40.0 and 39 months) of olive baboons was earlier than in the wild yellow baboons and similar to captive yellow baboons. However, the later emerging teeth were delayed considerably relative to the captive animals and were similar in age of emergence to those of wild yellow baboons. Considerable variation in age of emergence occurred in the later emerging teeth especially among males. Regression analysis of dental scores with age demonstrated differences between olive baboons and captive yellow baboons but not between olive baboons and wild yellow baboons. Combined data on dental scores for wild yellow, olive, and hamadryas baboons provide schedules of AGE (months) = {SCORE – 11.79} ÷ 0.4405 and AGE (months) = {SCORE – 11.24} ÷ 0.4797 for males and females, respectively, which may be used for aging wild baboons. Full permanent dentition in wild baboons is predicted to occur over 1 year later than in captive animals.
A bar code scoring system for behavioral research
Authors: Forney Karin A. , Leete Allison J. , Lindburg Donald G. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA data collection method using lap‐top computers and bar codes was developed and used in behavioral research. The studies involved several common sampling methods and a variety of study subjects. Advantages and restrictions of the system are discussed. Overall, we found bar code technology to increase both efficiency and accuracy of behavioral data collection.
Possible antipredator behavior associated with river crossings by proboscis monkeys (Nasalis larvatus)
Authors: Yeager Carey P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractProboscis monkeys' (Nasalis larvatus) river crossing behavior was examined as a potential behavioral response to predation threat. N. larvatus' major predator at the Tanjung Puting National Park in Kalimantan Tengah, Indonesia, appeared to be the false gavial (Tomistoma schlegeli), a crocodilian. An adolescent female proboscis monkey was captured and drowned by a false gavial during this study. The monkeys crossed the river at its more narrow points, with several individuals or groups crossing simultaneously. Increased vigilance prior to crossing and leaping as far across the river as possible were also observed. Proboscis monkey groups often associate at their sleeping sites at the river's edge. A potential function of these associations may be to allow groups to synchronize their movement with other groups during river crossings.
Group fusions and minimum group sizes in vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops)
Authors: Isbell Lynne A. , Cheney Dorothy L. , Seyfarth Robert M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSix unequivocal cases of group fusion occurred between 1984 and 1988 in a declining population of vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) in Amboseli National Park, Kenya. In each case, the remaining group members abandoned their territory and joined a neighboring group shortly after the group lost its penultimate adult. Because the number of juveniles did not appear to influence the timing of fusion, only adults (both males and females) appear able to maintain vervet groups as cohesive units. After examining the relative contributions of adults and juveniles to groupliving, we infer that intergroup competition may be more important than predation avoidance in determining the timing of fusions.
Effects of 17‐hydroxyprogesterone caproate (17‐OHPC) administration to pregnant squirrel monkeys (Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis)
Authors: Aksel S. , Yeoman R. , Hazelton J. , Williams L. , Abee C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPoor reproductive performance of the squirrel monkey (Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis) in captivity and a relative progesterone (P) deficiency in pregnancy have been reported. Since premature births may contribute to pregnancy wastage, we attempted to measure the effectiveness of 17‐hydroxyprogesterone caproate (17‐OHPC) treatment of pregnant squirrel monkeys to prevent early deliveries. Based on clearance studies of nonpregnant animals, 25 mg of 17‐OHPC was administered at 6‐day intervals to a test group of 31 pregnant monkeys while the control group of 29 received saline. Venous blood was obtained at 6‐ to 12‐day intervals for measurement of 17‐hydroxyprogesterone (17‐OHP), P, 17‐B estradiol (E), and androstenedione (A), and dihydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) levels by radioimmunoassays. The treated group had a significant increase in serum 17‐OHP (P < 0.001), P (P < 0.01), and DHEA (P < 0.05) levels compared to controls. The numbers of live births, stillbirths, or neonatal deaths did not differ significantly between groups. Although 17‐OHPC administration appeared to increase P and 17‐OHP levels, this did not alter the duration of pregnancy nor delay the onset of labor. A significant fall in 17‐OHP, P, and E levels was observed 6–12 days before delivery.