bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of normal fetal upper arm volume by three‐dimensional ultrasound
Authors: Yu C.‐H. , Chang F.‐M. , Liao T.‐P. 
Published: March 2003

Purpose:  Precise assessment of the fetal organ volumes by prenatal ultrasound (US) is very important in the evaluation of fetal well‐being and maturation. Limb volume may be a possible predictive factor of intrauterine growth retardation. However, using two‐dimensional (2D) US to accurately estimate the fetal upper arm volume is difficult. With the advent of three‐dimensional (3D) US, the obstacle of 2DUS can be overcome. In this study we attempt to construct a normal reference centiles of fetal upper arm volume during gestation for clinical application using 3DUS.Materials and methods:  In total, 206 singleton fetuses ranged between 20 and 40 weeks of gestation and fit the criteria of normal pregnancies were enrolled in this study. Three‐dimensional US was applied to measure the fetal upper arm volume. Linear regression, correlation analysis and polynomial regression analysis were used as the statistical methods. A P‐value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results:  Our results showed that fetal upper arm volume is highly correlated with the fetal gestational age (GA). Using GA as the independent variable and upper arm volume as the dependent variable, the best‐fit regression equation is upper arm volume (mL) = 43.54579 − 4.53032 × GA + 0.13305 × GA2 (r = 0.91257, P < 0.0001). The normal growth centiles of upper arm volume is established based on this equation.Conclusion:  In conclusion, we can use the data of fetal upper arm volume assessed by 3DUS as a reference in evaluating fetal growth.
Intrauterine death of one twin, with rescue of the other, in twin–twin transfusion syndrome
Authors: Ohkuchi A. , Minakami H. , Shiraishi H. , Suzuki I. , Ohki T. , Sato I. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractSingle intrauterine death may occur in twin–twin transfusion syndrome. We investigated why the outcome of the surviving twin is fairly good when the donor twin dies first compared with when the recipient twin dies first. A detailed hemodynamic study was performed using Doppler ultrasound in a twin pregnancy affected by twin–twin transfusion syndrome before and after a single intrauterine death that occurred in the donor twin at 26 weeks' gestation. The recipient twin was expected to die due to severe right cardiac failure with functional stenosis of the pulmonary artery 2 days before the cotwin's death. The donor twin's death caused a prompt resolution of cardiac failure and improvement in other indices, including flow velocity waveform patterns of the umbilical vein, the middle cerebral artery and the ductus venosus. A healthy, premature female neonate weighing 1630 g with a hemoglobin concentration of 17.8 g/dL was delivered by Cesarean section following rupture of the fetal membranes 28 days after the episode. Hemorrhaging from the surviving twin to the dead twin that occurred just before or after the cotwin's death may have contributed to the decrease in volume overload in the recipient twin, leading to a prompt amelioration of the critical hemodynamic indices. The early death of the donor twin may thus have played a significant role in improving the status of the recipient twin in this case of twin–twin transfusion syndrome. Copyright © 2002 ISUOG
Monozygotic twins discordant for body stalk anomaly
Authors: Daskalakis G. J. , Nicolaides K. H. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractWe report on two cases of monozygotic twins discordant for body stalk anomaly, diagnosed prenatally in a multicenter ultrasound screening study at 10–14 weeks of gestation. Ultrasound showed a large abdominal wall defect with most of the abdominal contents and almost half of the body in the celomic cavity, in association with severe kyphoscoliosis and a very short umbilical cord. Both pregnancies were managed expectantly and delivered by Cesarean section. The abnormal babies died soon after birth and autopsy confirmed the sonographic diagnosis. Body stalk anomaly in twins is extremely rare. These are, to our knowledge, the first cases reported on monozygotic twins discordant for this anomaly, indicating that the incomplete twinning theory cannot uniformly explain the pathogenesis of the body stalk in twins. Copyright © 2002 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Expectant management of incomplete, spontaneous first‐trimester miscarriage: outcome according to initial ultrasound criteria and value of follow‐up visits
Authors: Luise C. , Jermy K. , Collins W. P. , Bourne T. H. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjectivesTo assess whether the presence of a gestational sac or the width of the endometrium, can be used to predict the outcome of expectant management for an incomplete, first‐trimester miscarriage, and to determine an appropriate schedule for follow‐up visits.SubjectsConsecutive women with a spontaneous miscarriage, who were attending an early pregnancy assessment unit.MethodsTransvaginal ultrasonography was used at the first visit to identify those women with an incomplete miscarriage—defined as the presence of heterogeneous products of conception within the uterus and distinguishable from a missed miscarriage or an anembryonic pregnancy. The sonographic end‐points were the presence of a gestational sac or the thickness of the endometrium. All subjects were offered the choice of surgical evacuation of the uterus under general anesthesia or expectant management with a follow‐up visit within a few days of the cessation of transvaginal bleeding, or weekly monitoring for 4–5 weeks. The main outcome measures were the number of women with a complete miscarriage (defined as the absence of transvaginal bleeding and an endometrial thickness of <15 mm without surgical intervention) and the proportion of women completing their miscarriage within each week of management.ResultsOf the 312 women who participated, 234 (75%) chose expectant management; of these 13 were lost to follow‐up leaving data from 221 for analysis. Two‐hundred and one (91%) completed their miscarriage without intervention; the mean time from diagnosis to completion was 9 (range, 1–32) days. By the end of week 2, 184 women (83%) had miscarried. There was no statistically significant relationship between the initial presence of a gestational sac or endometrial thickness, and the success rate of expectant management. The odds of a woman completing a miscarriage spontaneously were 1 : 1 for week 1, 2 : 1 for week 2, 1 : 2 for week 3, and 1 : 5 for week 4. Twenty women had surgical treatment (19 elective with no serious prior complications, one emergency who was admitted to the accident and emergency department on day 21 of management). There were eight elective operations during week 1, and 11 over the following 3 weeks.ConclusionsMost women with an incomplete, spontaneous miscarriage chose expectant management and had a successful outcome. Neither the presence of a gestational sac, nor the endometrial thickness at diagnosis can be used to predict the likelihood of management failure. The current schedule of regular routine follow‐up visits could be safely reduced to one or two fortnightly visits as appropriate, provided that patients have ready access to clinical advice by telephone. Copyright © 2002 ISUOG
Initial experiences of tissue harmonic imaging in the diagnosis of fetal cardiac tumors
Authors: Hosono T. , Chiba Y. , Kanai H. , Kanagawa T. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe usefulness of tissue harmonic imaging in prenatal diagnosis is illustrated in two fetuses with a cardiac tumor. Tissue harmonic imaging provided more informative images than conventional B‐mode imaging, enabling the detection of the site of attachment of the cardiac tumor and estimation of intracardiac blood flow. The advantages of tissue harmonic imaging over conventional B‐mode imaging in prenatal diagnosis are discussed. Copyright © 2002 ISUOG
A new clue to the prenatal diagnosis of lobar holoprosencephaly: the abnormal pathway of the anterior cerebral artery crawling under the skull
Authors: Bernard J. P. , Drummond C. L. , Zaarour P. , Molho M. , Ville Y. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractWe report a case of a 24‐week‐old fetus with cerebral anomalies suggestive of lobar holoprosencephaly including an unusual course of the anterior cerebral artery on Doppler examination. This abnormal trajectory of the anterior cerebral artery in holoprosencephalic brains has been described by pathologists, neurosurgeons and radiologists but our case indicates that this finding may be a useful adjunct to confirm such a difficult diagnosis prenatally. Copyright © 2002 ISUOG
Mid‐trimester fetal subdural hemorrhage: prenatal diagnosis
Authors: Meagher S. E. , Walker S. P. , Choong S. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractA routine antenatal ultrasound examination at 20 weeks' gestation revealed a space‐occupying lesion in the fetal right cerebral hemisphere. The borders of the mass were indistinct and there was no midline shift. A small collection of echogenic bowel was identified at the right iliac fossa. In an attempt to explain both findings a provisional diagnosis of a fetal blood dyscrasia was made. Fetal cranial magnetic resonance imaging 24 h later confirmed the diagnosis of a subdural hemorrhage. Subsequent fetal blood sampling confirmed severe fetal thrombocytopenia. To our knowledge this is the first report of the antenatal diagnosis of spontaneous mid‐trimester fetal subdural hemorrhage. Copyright © 2002 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
The sonographic evaluation of tubal patency with stimulated acoustic emission imaging
Authors: Prefumo F. , Serafini G. , Martinoli C. , Gandolfo N. , Gandolfo N. G. , Derchi L. E. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjectivesExperimental and clinical data suggest that insonation of echo‐enhancing contrast agents with high acoustic power produces disintegration of microbubbles, resulting in a phenomenon called stimulated acoustic emission (SAE). The purpose of this study was to investigate whether SAE might be detected by transvaginal sonography and whether this technique may be useful in the assessment of tubal patency by hysterosalpingo‐contrast sonography (SAE‐HyCoSy).MethodsPatients booked for X‐ray hysterosalpingography (HSG) for infertility evaluation also received SAE‐HyCoSy. The order of the two procedures was established in each patient by randomization after placement of a transcervical balloon catheter. For SAE‐HyCoSy, the ultrasound contrast medium Levovist was injected, with the acoustic power set at the maximum level permitted on ultrasound machines employing dedicated algorithms. Conventional HSG was performed for comparison.ResultsSeventy‐seven Fallopian tubes were examined in 41 patients. In all cases it was possible to obtain the SAE phenomenon. In 10 tubes (13%) proximal filling was not observed by both SAE‐HyCoSy and HSG. In the remaining 67 tubes, free spill from the distal end of the lumen was demonstrated in 96% of cases (64/67) with SAE‐HyCoSy and in 97% of cases (65/67) with HSG. Disagreement between the two techniques was observed in five tubes only, with a Cohen's κ coefficient of 0.76 (95% confidence interval, 0.56–0.96).ConclusionSAE techniques were successfully applied to HyCoSy and allowed the visualization of the free spill of contrast agent into the peritoneal cavity in the majority of cases. SAE‐HyCoSy showed good agreement with HSG in this preliminary study. Copyright © 2002 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
ARCHIBALD YOUNG 1913–1996
Authors: SHAW‐DUNN JOHN 
Published: March 2003

Archibald Young was born in 1913 into a distinguished medical family. His father was a surgeon of international repute who followed Macewen to the Regius Chair of Surgery in Glasgow. On his mother's side he claimed descent from the famous Highland cateran Rob Roy. The family lived in great style in the fashionable Park area of Glasgow, and entertained Einstein on his visit to the University.Young was educated at the High School of Glasgow and at St John's College Cambridge before returning to Glasgow to complete his medical training and take a number of junior clinical appointments in surgery and septics. When the Second World War broke out Young joined the RAMC and saw active service in North Africa and Italy. At the end of hostilities he was appointed to the Staff of the Anatomy Department in Glasgow, which remained his base for most of his career.
An unusual branching pattern of the superficial brachial artery accompanied by an ulnar nerve with two roots
Authors: ANAGNOSTOPOULOU S. , VENIERATOS D. 
Published: March 2003

Variations in the arterial pattern of the upper limb are common and have been reported by several investigators (Fuss et al. 1985; Poteat, 1986; Tountas & Bergman, 1993; Rodriguez‐Baeza et al. 1995). These variations are often associated with anomalies in the arrangement of the nerves of the brachial plexus (Miller, 1939; Lengele & Dhem, 1989). The presence of a superficial brachial artery (Schwyzer & De Garis, 1935; Skopakoff, 1959; Fuss et al. 1985) and the usual pattern of its branching in the upper arm or forearm have also been reported (McCormack et al. 1953; Keen, 1961; Karlson & Niechalev, 1982; Lippert & Pabst, 1985; Rodriguez‐Baeza et al. 1995). The great variability of this arterial pattern may be attributed to the failure of regression of some paths of the embryonic arterial trunks (Tountas & Bergman, 1993; Rodriguez‐Baeza et al. 1995).The aim of the present report is to describe the concomitant appearance of 3 unusual variations in the same upper limb of a male cadaver. In this arm: (1) a superficial brachial artery terminated its course by dividing into 3 branches at the cubital fossa; (2) the definitive brachial artery had an unusual origin; and (3) the ulnar nerve was abnormally formed from 2 roots. This novel variation is compared with other anatomical variations in the arterial supply of the upper limb. In a series of routine dissections of 100 embalmed human cadavers the following variations were observed in the right upper limb of a male subject.
Regulation of microvascular permeability by vascular endothelial growth factors*
Authors: Bates D. O. , Hillman N. J. , Williams B. , Neal C. R. , Pocock T. M. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractGeneration of new blood vessels from pre‐existing vasculature (angiogenesis) is accompanied in almost all states by increased vascular permeability. This is true in physiological as well as pathological angiogenesis, but is more marked during disease states. Physiological angiogenesis occurs during tissue growth and repair in adult tissues, as well as during development. Pathological angiogenesis is seen in a wide variety of diseases, which include all the major causes of mortality in the west: heart disease, cancer, stroke, vascular disease and diabetes. Angiogenesis is regulated by vascular growth factors, particularly the vascular endothelial growth factor family of proteins (VEGF). These act on two specific receptors in the vascular system (VEGF‐R1 and 2) to stimulate new vessel growth. VEGFs also directly stimulate increased vascular permeability to water and large‐molecular‐weight proteins. We have shown that VEGFs increase vascular permeability in mesenteric microvessels by stimulation of tyrosine autophosphorylation of VEGF‐R2 on endothelial cells, and subsequent activation of phospholipase C (PLC). This in turn causes increased production of diacylglycerol (DAG) that results in influx of calcium across the plasma membrane through store‐independent cation channels. We have proposed that this influx is through DAG‐mediated TRP channels. It is not known how this results in increased vascular permeability in endothelial cells in vivo. It has been shown, however, that VEGF can stimulate formation of a variety of pathways through the endothelial cell, including transcellular gaps, vesiculovacuolar organelle formation, and fenestrations. A hypothesis is outlined that suggests that these all may be part of the same process.
Constitutive expression of the low‐affinity neurotrophin receptor and changes during axotomy‐induced death of sensory neurones in the neonatal rat dorsal root ganglion
Authors: Murray Simon S. , Cheema Surindar S. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractSensory neurones in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) of the neonatal rat express the 75‐kDa low‐affinity neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) and these neurones degenerate rapidly after axotomy. p75NTR belongs to the tumour necrosis factor superfamily, several members of which have a role in cell death and it is constitutively expressed within a subpopulation of DRG neurones. p75NTR has been implicated in mediating the degeneration of these neurones after axotomy. In this study, we characterize the expression of p75NTR in sensory neurones of the newborn rat DRG using immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, we investigate the change in constitutive expression pattern of p75NTR in these neurones following axotomy. In the C7 and C8 DRG of the newborn rat, p75NTR is expressed in approximately 70% of DRG neurones. Those expressing p75NTR can be classified into subpopulations with moderate or intense p75NTR expression, each present in approximately equal proportions. Whilst p75NTR expression is observed in neurones throughout the entire neuronal diameter range, a correlation exists between neuronal diameter and p75NTR expression intensity. We also found that the most vulnerable population following axotomy were those sensory neurones which constitutively express the highest levels of p75NTR, i.e. the large‐diameter neurones.
The response of perennial ryegrass/white clover swards to elevated atmospheric CO2concentrations 1. Effects on competition and species composition and interaction with N supply
Authors: SCHENK U. , JÄGER H.‐J. , WEIGEL H.‐J. 
Published: March 2003

SUMMARYThe effects of long‐term carbon dioxide enrichment on competition for nutrients and light in a ryegrass/clover association were determined for simulated swards of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. cv. Parcour) and white clover (Trifolium repens L. cv. Karina), which were grown as monocultures and in three mixtures (25/75, 50/50, 75/25), according to the replacement design, at two levels of nitrogen (N) supply (no additional N and 200 kg N ha−1) and at season‐long ambient (380 ppm) and elevated (670 ppm) CO2 concentrations, in open‐top chambers. Stands were cut four times, at about monthly intervals, to a height of 5 cm. Plant material was separated into different species, fresh and dry weights were determined and the content of macroelements (N, P, K, S, Mg) in both species was measured. In addition, plant height of both species at harvest dates and during several regrowth periods was monitored.Results indicate that both species made demand on different resources and profited from growth in a mixed sward. Co2 related yield increase amounted to 16–4–2 % for white clover whereas the effect of high CO2 on ryegrass yield ranged between −33% and +9% depending on N supply, mixture and year. As a result the contribution of white clover to total yield in mixed swards was significantly enhanced by CO2 enrichment at many harvests in both N supply treatments. Without additional N supply, shoot competition for light was intensified by CO2 enrichment to the disadvantage of ryegrass, since clover petioles grew longer and ryegrass was shorter at elevated CO2 With N fertilization, no marked effect of CO2 enrichment on interspecific competition could be observed. Since clover and total yield were increased by CO2 enrichment, nutrient requirements were also increased and potassium deficiency and increased intraspecific competition of clover for K was observed in the mixtures under elevated CO2 which had the highest nutrient withdrawal. Although white clover profited much more from CO2 enrichment in both N fertilization treatments, the suppression of ryegrass in mixed swards could only be observed under low N conditions.Generally, the effect of N fertilization on competitive interference between both species was much greater than the effect of CO2 enrichment and it is suggested that the effect of elevated CO2 on the balance of species and the outcome of competition in a grass/clover sward is mainly dependent on the N status.
Evidence that ozone exposure increases the susceptibility of plants to natural frosting episodes
Authors: FOOT J. P. , CAPORN S. J. M. , LEE J. A. , ASHENDEN T. W. 
Published: March 2003

SUMMARYThis study investigates the phytotoxicity of ozone during periods of natural frosts following long‐term fumigation. Heather (Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull.) plants were fumigated with ozone for 6 months at 70 nl I−1, for 8 h d−1, 5 d a week in open‐top chambers. Natural frosting occurred within the chambers towards the end of this period (5–27 December 1995). Plant responses to the ozone/natural frosting episode were recorded in January 1996. We show conclusively that naturally occurring frost exposure results in increased damage and mortality for ozone‐treated plants, which could have important implications for the function of heathland ecosystems.
A comparison of the vegetative growth of male‐sterile and hermaphroditic lines of Plantago lanceolata in relation to N supply
Authors: POOT PIETER , VAN DEN BROEK TOMMY , VAN DAMME JOS M. M. , LAMBERS HANS 
Published: March 2003

summaryGynodioecy is a dimorphic breeding system in which hermaphrodites coexist with male sterlies in natural populations. Theoretical models predict that without any compensation in female fitness, male sterlies will quickly disappear from a population. The amount of compensation required depends upon the mode of inheritance. In this study we investigated whether performance, during early vegetative growth, could play a role in the maintenance of male sterlies in populations of gynodioecious self‐incompatible Plantago lanceolata. This was accomplished by comparing the growth of the predominant male‐sterile type from a natural population with two hermaphroditic types. One of the hermaphroditic types differed from the male sterile only in nuclear genome, having the same type of cytoplasm. The other type was nuclearly nearly isogenic, but had a different cytoplasm. Plants were grown under controlled conditions, either in near‐optimal hydroponic solutions, or in a range of N‐supplies on sand. A detailed growth analysis was carried out, and the relative growth rate (RGR) of each type was analysed into its underlying components, the net assimilation rate, the leaf mass ratio and the specific leaf area. No difference between the sex types in relative growth rate was found and, in the components underlying the RGR, only a few small differences were detected. In none of the growth parameters examined did the male sterlies differ from either hermaphroditic type. Differences in plant growth related to N‐supply, differences in growth on hydroponics compared with sand culture, as well as the maintenance of male sterility in populations of P. lanceolata are discussed.