bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Applications of a matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization orthogonal time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer. l. Metastable decay and collision‐induced dissociation for sequencing peptides
Authors: Ackloo Suzanne , Loboda Alexandre 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe use of a high‐performance orthogonal time‐of‐flight (o‐TOF) mass spectrometer for sequence analysis is described. The mass spectrometer is equipped with a matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) source that operates at elevated pressure, 0.01–1 Torr. Ion fragmentation is controlled by varying the pressure of the buffer gas, the laser energy, the voltage difference between the MALDI target and the adjacent sampling cone, and between the cone and the quadrupole ion guide. The peptides were analyzed under optimal ionization conditions to obtain their molecular mass, and under conditions that promote ion dissociation via metastable decomposition or collision‐induced dissociation (CID). The fragmentation spectra were used to obtain sequence information. Ion dissociation was promoted via three configurations of the ionization parameters. All methods yielded sequencing‐grade b‐ and y‐type ions. Two binary mixtures of peptides were used to demonstrate that: (1) external calibration provides a standard deviation (σ) of 4 ppm with a mode of 9 ppm; and (2) that peptides with molecular masses that differ by a factor of two may be independently fragmented by appropriately choosing the CID energy and the low‐mass cut‐off. Analyses of tryptic digests employed liquid chromatography (LC), deposition of the eluant on a target, and finally MALDI‐TOF mass spectrometry. The mass fingerprint and the (partial) sequence of the tryptic peptides were matched to their precursor protein via database searches. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The public’s preferences concerning the allocation of financial resources to health care: results from a representative population survey in Germany
Authors: Matschinger Herbert , Angermeyer Matthias C. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractObjective.– The aim of the study is to examine to what extent the public is willing to allocate financial resources to the care of people with mental disorders.Methods.– In 2001, a representative survey was conducted among the adult population of Germany (n = 5025). The respondents were asked to select three out of nine conditions for which available resources should on no account be shortened. For data analysis, multiple unidimensional unfolding was used.Results.– Compared with medical diseases, the respondents were far less willing to allocate financial resources to the care of people with psychiatric disorders, making a clear distinction between the two types of diseases. While familiarity with mental illness had the effect of decreasing the reluctance to spend money for psychiatric patients, the endorsement of traditional values increased it.Conclusion.– Our findings point to both the chances and the limitations of efforts aimed at reducing the structural discrimination of people with mental illness.
Family environment of eating disordered patients with and without self-injurious behaviors
Authors: Claes Laurence , Vandereycken Walter , Vertommen Hans 
Published: December 2004

AbstractObjective.– The family environment is known to be an important contributor to the course of psychiatric disorders. In this study, we examined the family context of eating disordered (ED) patients with and without self-injurious behaviors (SIB).Method.– A Dutch adaptation of the Family Environment Scale ‘Sci Eng 57(9-B):1997;5927’ was completed by 131 ED patients of whom 47% showed at least one form of SIB (e.g., cutting, burning, hair pulling, etc.).Results– Results showed a significant difference in family environment between patients with and without SIB. The family environment of self-injuring ED patients was less cohesive, expressive and socially oriented, and more conflictual and disorganized than the family environment of those without SIB. No significant differences in perceived family environment were found with respect to the number or form of SIB and the subtype of ED. Neither did we find a significant interaction effect between ED subtype and presence/absence of SIB.
Depressive symptoms during buprenorphine vs. methadone maintenance: findings from a randomised, controlled trial in opioid dependence
Authors: Dean Angela J. , Bell James , Christie Macdonald J. , Mattick Richard P. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractResearch suggests that buprenorphine may possess antidepressant activity. The Beck Depression Inventory was completed at baseline and 3 months by heroin dependent subjects receiving either buprenorphine or methadone maintenance as part of a larger, pre-existing, double blind trial conducted by NDARC (Australia). Depressive symptoms improved in all subjects, with no difference between methadone and buprenorphine groups, suggesting no differential benefit on depressive symptoms for buprenorphine compared to methadone.
Six-month course of mild cognitive impairment and affective symptoms in late-life depression
Authors: Adler Georg , Chwalek Katrin , Jajcevic Ana 
Published: December 2004

AbstractMild cognitive impairment (MCI) is frequent in patients with late-life depression. Previous studies indicate that cognitive performance in these patients is not or only marginally improved when they recover from depression. However, recovery from cognitive impairments due to depression may have a longer time course than recovery from affective symptoms. In a group of 34 elderly depressed patients (mean age: 73.4 years) admitted to a gerontopsychiatric day-clinic, severity of depression and cognitive performance were assessed before the initiation of treatment and were reassessed 6 months later. At admission, 18 of 34 patients (53%) fulfilled the criteria for MCI, with a preponderance of impairments in short-term memory and visuospatial capabilities. At the 6-month follow-up, cognitive performance had not significantly improved for the entire group; 12 of 27 patients (44%) still were fulfilling the criteria for MCI. No relationships could be ascertained between cognitive impairment or functional level and severity or course of depression. Patients with diurnal variations of the depressive symptomatology were less likely to fully recover from depression.
Leukopenia in clozapine treated patients may be induced by other drugs: a case series
Authors: Imbarlina Mary Jo , Sarkar Sonali , Marwah Shashi , Parepally Haranath , Johnston Phillip R. , Brar Jaspreet S. , Chengappa K.N. Roy 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe combination of clozapine and other potentially leukopenic drugs may pose a greater risk for neutropenia. However, neutropenia may not always be due to clozapine. When adding potentially leukopenic drugs, clinicians should look for possible alternatives especially as clozapine is often a drug used as the last resort in treatment refractory schizophrenia.
Women with anxiety disorders during pregnancy are at increased risk of intense postnatal depressive symptoms: a prospective survey of the MATQUID cohort
Authors: Sutter-Dallay A.L. , Giaconne-Marcesche V. , Glatigny-Dallay E. , Verdoux H. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractObjective– Studies have suggested that women with pregnancy anxiety may be at greater risk of postnatal depression (PND). However, due to the high comorbidity between anxiety and depressive disorders, this finding may be confounded by the association between prenatal depression and postnatal depression. The aim of the present prospective study was to assess whether anxiety disorder (AD) during pregnancy is an independent predictor of intensity of postnatal depressive symptoms.Method.– The MATQUID cohort survey was conducted on pregnant women (n= 497) attending a state maternity hospital. Psychiatric status during pregnancy was assessed during the third trimester using a structured diagnostic interview. Intense postnatal depressive symptoms at 6 weeks post-partum were defined by a score >12 on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS).Results.– Nearly one out of four women (24.1%) presented with at least one pregnancyAD, and 29 (5.8%) presented with a score >12 on the EPDS. After adjustment for presence of major depression during pregnancy and other confounding factors, women with pregnancy AD were nearly three times more likely to present with intense postnatal depressive symptoms (OR = 2.7, 95%CI 1.1-6.3,P= 0.03).Conclusion.– Promoting the recognition and management of AD in pregnant women may be of interest for the prevention of postnatal depression.
Is the Optimal Labor Income Tax Progressive in a Unionized Economy?*
Authors: Aronsson Thomas , Sjögren Tomas 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThis paper concerns optimal nonlinear labor income taxation in an economy with union wage setting and endogenous hours of work. The purpose is to study the determinants of tax progression. We show that the optimal degree of progression of the labor income tax depends on the extent to which the government can influence the wage rate via tax policy as well as on its ability to redistribute income across individuals. In addition, the argument for progressive labor income taxation depends on whether hours of work are chosen by the employed themselves or the union.
Good Jobs, Bad Jobs and Redistribution*
Authors: Lommerud Kjell Erik , Sandvik Bjørn , Straume Odd Rune 
Published: December 2004

AbstractWe analyse the question of optimal taxation in a dual economy, when the policy‐maker is concerned about the distribution of labour income. Income inequality is caused by the presence of sunk capital investments, which creates a “good jobs” sector due to the capture of quasi‐rents by trade unions. With strong unions and high planner preference for income equality, the optimal policy is a combination of investment subsidies and progressive income taxation. If unions are weaker, the policy‐maker may instead choose to tax investment.
Fertility, Taxation and Family Policy*
Authors: Apps Patricia , Rees Ray 
Published: December 2004

AbstractHistorically, there is clear evidence of an inverse relationship between female labour supply and fertility. However, the relationship across countries is now positive. Countries like Germany and Italy, with the lowest fertility, also have the lowest female participation rates. This paper analyses the extent to which this can be explained by public policy, in particular taxation and the system of child support. The results suggest that countries which have individual rather than joint taxation, and which support families through child care facilities rather than child payments, are likely to have both higher female labour supply and higher fertility.
Banking Competition, Risk and Regulation*
Authors: Bolt Wilko , Tieman Alexander F. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIn a dynamic framework, commercial banks compete for customers by setting acceptance criteria for granting loans, while taking into account regulatory requirements. By easing its acceptance criteria a bank faces a trade‐off between attracting more demand for loans, thus making higher per‐period profits, and deterioration in the quality of its loan portfolio, thus tolerating a higher risk of failure. Our main results state that more stringent capital adequacy requirements lead banks to set stricter acceptance criteria, and that increased competition in the banking industry leads to riskier bank behaviour. It is shown that risk‐adjusted regulation is effective. In an extension of our basic model, we show that it may be beneficial for a bank to hold more equity than prescribed by the regulator, even though issuing equity is more expensive than attracting deposits.
Phylogenetic analysis of bovine pestiviruses: testing the evolution of clinical symptoms
Authors: Jones L. R. , Cigliano M. M. , Zandomeni R. O. , Weber E. L. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThis study presents a phylogenetic analysis of 115 bovine pestiviruses. A sequence data set from the 5′ untranslated genomic region was analyzed with maximum parsimony, bootstrapping and parsimony jackknifing. We tested for the proposed classifications of the group and analyzed the evolution of the symptoms associated withPestivirusinfections in bovines. Based on the historical framework provided by our phylogenetic trees, we also characterized the extent and importance of contamination caused in biologicals by the virus. Our phylogenetic analyses showed that the previously defined genotypes are monophyletic, except for genotype 1a. Based on our cladograms, we propose the existence of more than 12 monophyletic groups within the species BVDV 1. The mapping of clinical symptoms suggests that the emergence of some genotypes could have been driven by a change in the pathogenic process.Enteric Problemsappear to be ancestral, whileReproductiveandRespiratory Problemsarise with the emergence of genotypes1b,1dand the herein‐proposed genotypeArg 1. The distribution of contaminant strains on the cladograms shows that pestiviral contamination is a common process, and also suggests that a contaminated product might be a vehicle for virus dispersion. Implications for virus evolution, virus taxonomy, veterinary medicine and biotechnology are discussed.
A combined approach to the phylogeny of Cephalopoda (Mollusca)
Authors: Lindgren A. R. , Giribet G. , Nishiguchi M. K. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractCephalopoda represents a highly diverse group of molluscs, ranging in habitat from coastal regions to deep benthic waters. While cephalopods remain at the forefront of modern biology, in providing insight into fields such as neurobiology and population genetics, little is known about the relationships within the group. This study provides a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of Cephalopoda (Mollusca) using a combination of molecular and morphological data. Four loci (three nuclear 18S rRNA, fragments of 28S rRNA and histone H3 and one mitochondrial cytochromecoxidase subunit I) were combined with 101 morphological characters to test the relationships of 60 species of cephalopods, with emphasis within Decabrachia (squids and cuttlefishes). Individual and combined data sets were analyzed using the direct optimization method, with parsimony as the optimality criterion. Analyses were repeated for 12 different parameter sets accounting for a range of indel/change and transversion/transition cost ratios. Most analyses support the monophyly of Cephalopoda, Nautiloidea, Coleoidea and Decabrachia, however, the monophyly of Octobrachia was refuted due to the lack of support for a Cirroctopoda + Octopoda group. When analyzing all molecular evidence in combination and for total evidence analyses, Vampyromorpha formed the sister group to Decabrachia under the majority of parameters, while morphological data and some individual data sets supported a sister relationship between Vampyromorpha and Octobrachia. Within Decabrachia, a relationship between the sepioids Idiosepiida, Sepiida, Sepiolida and the teuthid Loliginidae was supported. Spirulida fell within the teuthid group in most analyses, further rendering Teuthida paraphyletic. Relationships within Decabrachia and specifically Oegopsida were found to be highly parameter‐dependent. © The Willi Hennig Society 2004.
Clade stability and the addition of data: A case study from erigonine spiders (Araneae: Linyphiidae, Erigoninae)
Authors: Miller Jeremy A. , Hormiga Gustavo 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThis study presents a new phylogeny of erigonine spiders with emphasis on genera from the Neotropics. Thirty‐nine exemplar taxa representing mostly Neotropical genera were added to a global sample of 31 erigonine and 12 outgroup exemplar taxa analyzed in a previous study. These 82 taxa were coded for 176 (172 informative) mostly morphological characters. Eighty‐one characters were identical to or modified from the 73 (67 informative) characters included in a previous study; the remaining 95 characters are new. The complete data set includes 70 erigonine exemplars representing 65 genera, seven nonerigonine linyphiid exemplars, and five exemplars representing four araneoid families in the outgroup. Cladistic analysis resulted in a single most parsimonious tree (L =904, CI = 0.23, RI = 0.58; uninformative characters excluded: L = 900, CI = 0.23). This paper explores the implications of the new topology for the evolution of several characters of interest in erigonine evolution. The phylogeny implies that the desmitracheate condition is a synapomorphy of erigonines, with a reversal to the haplotracheate condition in one large clade within Erigoninae. We infer that the loss of the paracymbium in Neotropical erigonines occurred twice and may have progressed by different evolutionary pathways. Our phylogeny differs markedly from the previous cladistic hypothesis of erigonine relationships. We investigate how the addition of characters and taxa (alone and together) have altered the earlier hypothesis of erigonine phylogeny. We conclude that topological changes from the previous study to the current one are largely the result of adding and modifying characters, not adding taxa. Continuous Jackknife Function (CJF) analysis predicts that the inclusion of additional character data will continue to imply changes in the relationships among taxa in our analysis.
Diatom phylogenetics inferred based on direct optimization of nuclear‐encoded SSU rRNA sequences
Authors: Sorhannus Ulf 
Published: December 2004

AbstractDirect optimization (DO) of 126 nuclear‐encoded SSU rRNA diatom sequences was conducted. The optimal phylogeny indicated several unique relationships with respect to those recovered from a maximum likelihood (ML) analysis of an alignment based on maximizing primary and secondary structural similarity between 126 nuclear‐encoded SSU rRNA diatom sequences (Medlin and Kaczmarska, 2004). Dividing diatoms into the subdivisions Coscinodiscophytina and Bacillariophytina was not supported by the DO phylogeny, due to the paraphyly of the former. The same pertains to Coscinodiscophyceae, Mediophyceae, Thalassiosira, Fragilaria and Amphora. The ordinal‐level classification of the diatoms proposed by Round et al. (1990) was for the most part found to be unsupported. The DO phylogeny represented a more rigorous hypothesis than the ML tree because DO maximized character congruence during the homology testing (i.e., alignment/tree search) process whereas the non‐phylogenetic similarity‐based alignment used in the ML analysis did not. The above statement is supported by “controlled” parsimony analyses of 35 sequences, which strongly suggested that dissimilarities in the DO and ML tree structure were due to the specific homology testing approach used. It could not be precluded that differences in taxon sampling and the use of a dissimilar optimality criteria contributed to discrepancies in the structure of the optimal ML and DO trees.
Peri‐operative complications during percutaneous tracheostomy in obese patients
Authors: Byhahn C. , Lischke V. , Meininger D. , Halbig S. , Westphal K. 
Published: December 2004

SummaryThe safety of percutaneous tracheostomy in 73 obese patients (body mass index ≥ 27.5 kg.m−2) in a cohort of 474 adults was studied. Four percutaneous techniques were employed (percutaneous dilational tracheostomy, n = 48; Ciaglia Blue Rhino, n = 157; guide wire dilating forceps, n = 62, translaryngeal tracheostomy, n = 207). The overall complication rate was 43.8% (n = 32) in the obese group compared to 18.2% (n = 73) in the control group (p < 0.001). Seven (9.6%) obese patients suffered life‐threatening complications compared to three non‐obese patients (0.7%, p < 0.001). Obese patients had a 2.7‐fold increased risk for peri‐operative complications, and a 4.9‐fold increased risk for serious complications. The data suggest that percutaneous tracheostomy in obese patients is associated with a considerably increased risk for peri‐operative complications, especially for serious adverse events.
Randomised trial of intravenous infusion of ephedrine or mephentermine for management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for Caesarean section
Authors: Kansal A. , Mohta M. , Sethi A. K. , Tyagi A. , Kumar P. 
Published: December 2004

SummaryThis study compared the effects of intravenous infusions of ephedrine and mephentermine for maintenance of maternal arterial pressure and neonatal outcome in pregnant women receiving subarachnoid block for lower segment Caesarean section. Sixty patients who developed hypotension following subarachnoid block for Caesarean section were randomly divided into two groups of 30 each to receive an intravenous infusion of ephedrine or mephentermine. Hypotension was defined as a decrease in systolic blood pressure of ≥ 20% from the baseline value or an absolute value of <100 mmHg, whichever was higher. The vasopressor infusion was titrated to maintain systolic blood pressure between ‘hypotension’ and baseline values. Baseline haemodynamic parameters, haemodynamic changes subsequent to the start of vasopressor infusion, duration of hypotension and amount of vasopressor required were statistically similar for both groups. Neonatal APGAR scores and acid‐base profiles were also comparable. To conclude, mephentermine can be used as safely and effectively as ephedrine for the management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing elective Caesarean section.
Effect of cricoid pressure on the view at laryngoscopy*
Authors: Haslam N. , Parker L. , Duggan J. E. 
Published: December 2004

SummaryThe impact of cricoid pressure on laryngoscopy is unknown. We have developed a quantitative method of recording the laryngoscopic view using a rigid, zero‐degree endoscope. We found that an image matching the laryngoscopist's view could be obtained by positioning the endoscope along the laryngoscopist's ‘line of sight’. Photographing this image allowed us to measure laryngeal exposure. We set out to define the effect of cricoid pressure on laryngoscopy using this method. In 40 patients undergoing elective surgery, laryngoscopy was performed with cricoid pressures of 0–60 N, increasing by increments of 10 N. We photographed the laryngoscopic view at each force and recorded dynamic images as cricoid pressure was released. The change in laryngoscopic view with increasing cricoid pressure fell into one of four broad patterns: little change (11 subjects); gradual deterioration (10 subjects); improvement at low force (< 20 N) followed by deterioration (9 subjects); improvement at high force (> 30 N) (10 subjects). We identified five subjects with a good initial view (anteroposterior length of the rima glottidis > 5 mm) who showed a marked deterioration in laryngoscopic view as cricoid pressure increased; in three of these subjects this progressed to obscure the larynx completely at a force of 30 N, 40 N and 60 N, respectively. We conclude that the effect of cricoid pressure on laryngoscopy is complex. However, in some individuals, a force close to that currently recommended (30 N) may cause a complete loss of the glottic view.