bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MMPI-2 Supplementary Scales in Treatment Evaluation
Authors: Butcher James N , Perry Julia N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A number of supplementary or special-purpose scales have been developed for the MMPI-2 that may have relevance for treatment evaluation. These measures provide relevant personality information on symptomatic status or personality attributes that can aid the therapist in developing treatment plans with the client. Individuals interested in a more detailed discussion of these scales should consult recent MMPI-2 textbooks by Butcher (2005b) or Graham (2006). Substance Abuse Indicators Alcohol and other addictive substances are prominent in contemporary society, and abuse of them is common. Many individuals with psychological symptoms find temporary relief from the pressures of living through the use and abuse of these substances. Consequently, clinicians find that an assessment of the way in which their patients learn or fail to learn to deal with alcohol and other drugs is an important assessment question in a pretreatment diagnostic study.
Introduction: The Many Faces of Pleasure
Authors: Kringelbach Morten L , Berridge Kent C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The American writer John Steinbeck wrote of “the tragic miracle of consciousness” and how our “species is not set, has not jelled, but is still in a state of becoming” (Steinbeck and Ricketts, 1941). He wrote about how consciousness offers us pleasures, desires, and the freedom of choice, but how this freedom is always accompanied by the certainty of the end. The negative side of this sentiment was emphasized by the French philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre who memorably wrote that “hell is other people” (Sartre, 1947).
Helping the Easily Frustrated, Impulsive Child:Getting to Work When a Child Doesn’t Calm Down and Think Before Acting
Authors: Hirschland Deborah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Parents and teachers often feel overwhelmed by easily frustrated youngsters. Such distress isn’t surprising: Once these children have gotten upset, they don’t think before they act, often lashing out at those around them. Classroom and family life quickly suffer. In order to function more successfully, these children must learn to tolerate frustration, to develop problem-solving skills, and to find safe places to express and work through their feelings.
Topology and Cosmology
Authors: Bloch William Goldbloom 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Topology is a branch of mathematics that explores properties and invariants of spaces, and for the purposes of this book we consider a space to be a set of points unified by a description. Cosmology is quite literally the study of our cosmos. If we consider the Library to constitute a universe and the universe to be the Library, it is not unreasonable to combine these notions and speculate as to a conceivable topology of the Library that best reflects the anonymous librarian’s received wisdom and secret hopes.
Critical Points
Authors: Bloch William Goldbloom 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Taking advantage of Nietzsche’s metaphor, at the base, mountains offer a multiplicity of approaches towards the summit. Frequently these trails converge to several natural routes, and oftentimes the descent must be taken via an unexpectedly different path. Thus it is no surprise that in my quest to read all commentaries by critics on “The Library of Babel,” I learned that many predecessors have independently climbed and descended the mountain, some along paths with sections that closely parallel mine. This chapter is devoted towards outlining some of these trails. In particular, I am restricting myself to those that involve mathematics in one form or another. I begin by acknowledging those who independently found some of the same mathematics in the story.
Joining the Government: ‘Because I Dared to be Black’
Authors: King Desmond 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Historically, all Western democracies have had to devise mechanisms to regulate entry into their national civil services, to classify positions hierarchically within the bureaucracy, and to determine the conditions for pro motion. Britain rationalized entry into its civil service from the 1870s through the imposition of competitive examinations. Comparable reforms were implemented in Canada, Prussia, and France.2 The dominant principle informing all these national reforms was the establishment of merit criteria for civil service employment, determined principally by performance in competitive examination. The obverse of merit-appointment by patronage-was the principal object of reform.
Legal Release Agreements
Authors: Neuenschwander John A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Americans live in a world that is ruled by legal agreements. The average American goes through life signing contractual agreements for credit cards, loans, insurance, and wireless service. To sell anything on eBay, one must first sign a legal agreement. Participants in organized road races must sign a legal agreement that basically waives the liability of the promoters should the runner be injured or suffer a heart attack. The vast majority of Americans usually sign these legal agreements without bothering to read the fine print. Even most lawyers rarely take the time to carefully read, let alone question the stock language that is found in consumer agreements. If an insurance agent or bank officer tells us we need to sign an agreement in order to receive coverage or a loan, the only question usually asked is, “Where do I sign?” Against this backdrop, it is not surprising that while legal release agreements are essential to the effective functioning of any oral history program, they rarely receive the close attention that they deserve. The public debate surrounding the legal release agreement that former Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall signed with the Library of Congress points up how a single ambiguous word can spell trouble.
Oral History on the Internet
Authors: Neuenschwander John A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The World Wide Web not only democratizes access to oral histories but also serves as a wonderful development opportunity for archivists and librarians to demonstrate to their institutions that they are expanding the visibility and availability of their collections. At the same time, ease of access and instant portability of materials raise the possibility of far greater misuse than traditional on- site research. There are three key legal issues that oral historians should carefully consider when making the decision to place interviews online. The first and most obvious is copyright. The second is defamation, and the third is whether interviewees and interviewers legally agreed to electronic publication. This latter issue goes hand in hand with specific ethical responsibilities to interviewees that the OHA’s Principles and Standards clearly articulates. As the following discussion will show, the uniqueness of the information superhighway has forced some modifications in the way that the laws of copyright, defamation, and legal agreements are applied; overall, however, the same law that applies at ground level is readily applicable in cyberspace.
The Monty Hall Problem
Authors: Rosenhouse Jason 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mathematicians call it the Monty Hall Problem, and it is one of the most interesting mathematical brain teasers of recent times. Imagine that you face three doors, behind one of which is a prize. You choose one but do not open it. The host--call him Monty Hall--opens a different door, always choosing one he knows to be empty. Left with two doors, will you do better by sticking with your first choice, or by switching to the other remaining door? In this light-hearted yet ultimately serious book, Jason Rosenhouse explores the history of this fascinating puzzle. Using a minimum of mathematics (and none at all for much of the book), he shows how the problem has fascinated philosophers, psychologists, and many others, and examines the many variations that have appeared over the years. As Rosenhouse demonstrates, the Monty Hall Problem illuminates fundamental mathematical issues and has abiding philosophical implications. Perhaps most important, he writes, the problem opens a window on our cognitive difficulties in reasoning about uncertainty.
Magic Squares and Sudoku
Authors: Block Seymour S , Tavares Santiago A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Figure 2.1 is a magic square. It is like a crossword puzzle filled with numbersinstead of letters. Thisisa 4×4 square, but like a crossword puzzle it can be any size from 3 × 3 and up. What makes it magic is that when you add the numbers in any line across or any column down, you get the same sum, namely, 34. In this case, the sum of each of the diagonals(16, 10, 7, 1) and (4, 6, 11, 13) isalso 34, which makes it a special or perfect magic square. According to tradition, the numbers begin with 1 and fill the little squares, or cells, so a 4 × 4 square contains all the numbers, without repetition, from 1 to 16. It may be surprising, but there are 880 different arrangements each row adds up to give the same number for that square, so both squares are magic squares. The square in Figure 2.2 differs from the Sudoku (Figure 2.3), which does not complete the number sequence of 1 to 81 (92 = 81) as in Figure 2.2. The Sudoku is divided into three parts and the numbers in each row and column include 1 to 9, also in the nine 3 × 3 subsquares. Whereas in a magic square (Figure 2.2) no number may be repeated, in the Sudoku (Figure 2.3) numbersare repeated in each row and column but may not be repeated within individual rows or columns.
Bloggers
Authors: Davis Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 2007 the Democratic Leadership Council, a centrist group within the Democratic Party, held its annual convention in Nashville, Tennessee. In the past, the convention had attracted presidents and presidential candidates. Bill Clinton, Al Gore, and Hillary Clinton belonged to the group. But the Nashville convention attracted no presidential candidates.
A few days later, the Yearly Kos Convention of liberal political bloggers formed through the Daily Kos blog opened in Chicago. The convention attracted 1,400 bloggers and, unlike the DLC meeting, five of the 2008 Democratic presidential candidates.
In Search of Low-Carbon Fuels
Authors: Sperling Daniel , Gordon Deborah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Vehicle populations are ballooning, accessible oil supplies are dwindling, and greenhouse gases need reducing. One answer is increasing vehicle fuel economy. Another is commercializing low-carbon alternative fuels. While many efforts have been made to find alternatives to petroleum, carbon content was never an issue—until now. In any case, petroleum’s dominance has never been seriously threatened since it took root nearly a century ago. The oil that flows through our car monoculture has long suffocated would-be competitors.
Until now. The big oil companies are beginning to realize that change is afoot. But will that change be toward high-carbon unconventional oils or those elusive low-carbon renewable fuels that always seem just over the horizon?
Oil is a remarkable substance that has bestowed huge benefits on humanity. It has been cheap and abundant for more than a century and its global dominance as a transportation fuel has never been seriously threatened. It still costs less than most bottled water. It compactly stores a tremendous amount of energy in an auto fuel tank. It’s easy and inexpensive to move around thanks to the vast network of pipelines, refineries, and gas stations. It can be stored at room temperature almost indefinitely. It has been the ideal transportation fuel, unmatched by any other. It makes possible our mobile modern way of life. The result has been a societal embrace so broad and deep that our lifestyles and business practices now require it. Indeed, we seem to be addicted to oil, as former oilman President George W. Bush articulated in his January 2007 State of the Union address.
Sacred Lambencies and Thin Crusts: The Metaphors of Identity
Authors: Harvie Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
They went to the window. The fronting heavens were a black purple. The thunder, which had been growling in the distance, swept forward and roared above the town. The crash no longer roared afar, but cracked close to the ear, hard, crepitant. Quick lightning stabbed the world in vicious and repeated hate. A blue-black moistness lay heavy on the cowering earth. George Douglas Brown, The House with the Green Shutters, 1901 If a city hasn’t been used by an artist not even the inhabitants live there imaginatively.
Muscular Celticism: Sport and Nationalism
Authors: Harvie Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1888 the small borders town of Peebles opened the baronial-revival Chambers Institute, endowed by the great Provost of Edinburgh and publisher William Chambers and his brother Robert, pioneer of evolutionary thought in his Vestiges of Creation (1844). Its central feature was a half-scale reproduction in plaster of the Parthenon frieze: its charioteers, athletes, and wrestlers. Sport was integral to both doric worlds, observed John Buchan, who as a teenager had wolfed down the Institute’s books: ‘A sport[is] a contest with wild Nature in some one of her forms, a contest in which there is commonly some risk; a game, a contest under agreed rules with other human beings.’
Building a Capital for Emperor and Enterprise: The Changing Urban Meaning of Central Tokyo
Authors: Machimura Takashi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The city of Edo (the old name of Tokyo before 1868) was first built in 1456 as a small castle by a local landlord, Ota Dokan. After a period of long warfare the Tokugawa shogunate successfully reunited the land and in 1603 established Edo as a political capital of the new regime. Thus Edo-Tokyo is a relatively new and planned city as compared to other major Japanese cities. With the establishment of the new regime Japan closed its doors to almost all foreign countries for more than two centuries. After several contacts with missions from abroad, it reopened relations with the Western countries in the 1850s, and was soon incorporated into the expanding capitalist world economy.
Homelessness, AIDS, and Stigmatization
Authors: Takahashi Lois M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Homelessness, AIDS, and Stigmatization: The NIMBY Syndrome in the United States at the End of the Twentieth Century argues that it is the rise in community opposition across race, class, and region that should be considered in terms of the changing social construction of stigma, i.e. the ways in which people define those who are acceptable and those who are not. Three particular themes underlie the arguments made throughout this book: (a) the importance of economic, welfare state, and demographic restructuring in community response to homelessness and HIV/AIDS; (b) the significance of the social and spatial construction of stigma for ongoing and future community response; and (c) the role of institutions such as municipal governments and the courts in defining and adjudicating local facility siting disputes. To explore these themes the author uses both quantitative and qualitative data and methods. Oxford Geographical and Environmental Studies aims to publish the best original research studies in the related fields of geography and environmental studies. Its scope is international, presenting a broad and diverse range of scholarly approaches from across the world. Series Editors: Gordon Clark, Andrew Goudie, and Ceri Peach.
Environment as Heritage
Authors: Lowenthal David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Word ‘environment’ generally refers to our material surroundings, above all to those we regard as natural. Its derivative ‘environmentalism’ connotes the current crusade to amend our relations with nature. But this gloss on environment is quite new. Its lexical looseness might have vexed Thomas Linacre, a classical translator praised as intellectually fastidious by his pupil Erasmus.
The role of standards in support of GDI
Authors: Croswell Peter L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the 1990s the popularity surrounding the topic of standards in geospatial information systems has contributed to a greater awareness of their purpose, but it has also resulted in considerable confusion about standards implementation (see Croswell and Ahner, 1990; Moyer and Niemann, 1993; and Wellar, 1972). The wisdom in the industry today says that a user organization must adopt standards to deploy and support a successful geospatial data infrastructure, but many questions remain: What types of standards are appropriate? Which specific standards are current? How can they best be implemented to support and encourage GDI development and use rather than inhibit it?
Conceptual tools for specifying geospatial descriptions
Authors: Molenaar Martien 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The pre-eminent objectives of GDI are to achieve efficiencies in geospatial data handling by means of data sharing and to open economic opportunities in a broader sense through the emerging ‘information market’. A major tool in achieving this aim is to facilitate access to government-owned information at prices that are set in a consistent and transparent manner.
As we have seen in previous chapters, geospatial data can be classified into broad categories: foundation data, framework data, and application-specific data. The first type is collected with broad data sharing in mind and serves as a topographic/geometric framework within many domains of different specialists, while the second type is usually the broadly sharable data within a specialist domain. The third type is collected paying little attention to data sharing owing to its highly specialized context. In all cases, however, the question arises as to what extent data produced in one context can be shared for application in another. The question is opportune because a decision to use data already available from another source may be far less expensive than surveying or developing the data separately. Hence there is a financial element to consider, but also the element of consistency, especially if the data is to be used in multiple levels of abstraction in classification and aggregation hierarchies.
Meeting Human Energy Needs: Constraints, Opportunities, and Effects
Authors: Wrigley E A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is often said that the two most significant breakpoints in the material circumstances of mankind in recent millennia have been the Neolithic food revolution and the industrial revolution. This essay is set in that framework. All major changes affecting the way in which the material needs of men and women are met are bound to be complex both in their effects and in their causation. Constraints of space will prevent a sophisticated discussion and I must use this as my excuse if parts of the following seem oversimplified. However, viewing these fundamental changes in social and economic organization from the standpoint of energy needs and energy supplies provides a perspective which should be illuminating in its own right and has the added attraction of throwing light on many other aspects of historical change.
From Hunting to Mining: The History of Human Environmental Relations in Eastern Arnhem Land
Authors: Morphy Howard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Human beings have been in Australia for at least forty thousand years. The popularly accepted view is that, except for the last two hundred years, the history of Australia has been one of continuity and stability. The Australia that Europeans first encountered, it is thought, was a continent of hunters and gatherers that had long been cut off from the rest of the world: a continent with a stable population in balance with the resources of its environment. Its population was conservative: an unchanging people in an unchanging land. And then a little more than two hundred years ago came the catastrophe of the European invasion, in which Australia rejoined the rest of the world-a world at the end of the age of enlightenment and on the edge of the industrial revolution (see Butlin 1993: 185). The invasion was thought to have created an unbridgeable gulf between a prehistoric past that comprised forty thousand years of undifferentiated stability and a historic past connected to a present that is characterized by change. In Crosby’s (1986: 18) words: ‘when Captain Cook and the Australians of Botany Bay looked at each other in the eighteenth century they did so from opposite sides of the Neolithic Revolution’.
Lost Systems of Cultivation
Authors: Denevan William M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Prior to 1963, the term ‘raised field’ was not to be found in either the agricultural or archaeological literature. And the term ‘drained field’ was mostly used for modern wetland fields. In 1961, geologist George Plafker and I became aware of what seemed to be pre-Hispanic agricultural fields in the form of ridges, mounds, and ditches in the seasonal swamps of the Llanos de Mojos, an enormous but little known savanna in Bolivian Amazonia (Plafker 1963; Denevan 1962; 1963a). Aerial reconnaissance, ground survey, and examination of air photos convinced us that these features were indeed man-made and ancient. We initially could find no published mention of such fields in Bolivia or anywhere else in South America.
Cultivated Landscapes of Native North America
Authors: Doolittle William E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cultivated Landscapes of Native North America is unlike any other book dealing with native agriculture in North America. The book takes a geographical stance, focusing on fields, field features, and field systems. Grounded in the traditional landscapes of landscape studies, emphasis is placed on modifications of the biophysical environment, specifically vegetation, soil, slope, and hydrology. Four sections explore horticulture, and practices that took advantage of adequate rainfall, compensated for moisture deficits, and water surpluses. The author uses three types of data: documentary accounts of the early European inform of native practices; ethnographies from 19th and 20th centuries provide ecological understanding; and archaeological findings to shed light on the antiquity of various activities. Doolittle challenges established ideas and provides new innovative ones. Nearly 200 maps, drawings, and photographs richly illustrate the complexities of aboriginal American food production.
Canon Law and its Influence on Secular Law
Authors: Wieacker Franz , Weir Tony , Zimmermann Reinhard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Church was not only the biggest and the best organized public institution in the Middle Ages; it also had the greatest intellectual resources and the most efficient legal system. The ramifications of church law were so extensive that they cannot be covered in a history of private law such as this,1 but in the Middle Ages its effect on secular law was so great that one needs to know something of it in order to understand anything about the secular law of the time. So manifold are those effects that some distinctions must be drawn before the connections can be seen.