bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Incidence of Sjögren's syndrome in Japanese patients with hepatitis C virus infection
Authors: NAGAO YUMIKO , HANADA SHINICHIRO , SHISHIDO SHYOICHIRO , IDE TATSUYA , KUMASHIRO RYUKICHI , UENO TAKATO , SATA MICHIO 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground and Aim: Hepatitis viruses induce not only chronic liver diseases but also the impairment of other organs and tissues as extrahepatic manifestations. In particular, hepatitis C virus (HCV) is involved in various extrahepatic manifestations. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate Sjögren's syndrome (SS) and lichen planus (LP) involvement, which are various extrahepatic manifestations in patients with liver diseases related to hepatitis B virus (HBV) or HCV.Methods: We examined a total of 110 Japanese patients with chronic liver disease: 29 with HBV infections and 81 HCV infections.Results: The prevalence of SS according to European and Japanese criteria in patients with chronic HCV infection was significantly higher than in patients with chronic HBV infection (European criteria: 25.9 vs 3.4%; P < 0.05, Japanese criteria: 21.0 vs 3.4%; P = 0.05). Lichen planus was observed in one (3.4%) of 29 patients with chronic HBV infection, and in 11 (13.6%) of 81 patients with chronic HCV infection. Simultaneously combined LP and SS occurred in 8.6% (seven of 81) of patients with HCV infection, but in none with HBV infection.Conclusions: Clinicians should routinely follow the HCV‐infected patients, paying sufficient attention to the presence of SS and LP, and they should also carefully monitor their prognosis.
Salmonella meningitis and its complications in infants
Authors: Lee WS , Puthucheary SD , Omar A 
Published: March 2003

Objective: To review the presenting features, complications and outcome of infants with Salmonella meningitis. Methodology: Retrospective review of all cultures of cerebrospinal fluid positive for bacteria in children below 12 years of age, processed at the Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur from 1973 to 1997. Records of all cases positive for Salmonella species were retrieved and studied. Results: Thirteen infants aged 3 days to 9 months with Salmonella meningitis were included. The median age of onset of symptoms was 4 months. The clinical and laboratory features were similar to other causes of bacterial meningitis. Salmonella enteritidis was the commonest serotype isolated. Nine infants developed fits, six of which were difficult to control. Other complications noted were hydrocephalus (five), subdural effusions (four), empyema (three), ventriculitis (two), intracranial haemorrhage and cerebral abscess (one each). The use of ampicillin and/or chloramphenicol and inadequate duration of therapy resulted in recrudescence or relapse in five infants. The overall mortality was 18%. The presence of empyema, intracerebral abscess, ventriculitis, hydrocephalus, and intracranial haemorrhage were associated with adverse neurodevelopmental sequelae or death. More than half of those who survived had normal long‐term outcome. Conclusions: Infants who developed neurological complications as a result of Salmonella meningitis had significant mortality and adverse long‐term neurodevelopment outcome.
Accidental asphyxia in bed in severely disabled children
Authors: Amanuel B , Byard RW 
Published: March 2003

Objective: To determine whether there are specific situations which may increase the risk of accidental asphyxia during sleep in children with physical and mental disabilities. Methodology: Review of all cases where death was attributed to accidental asphyxia caused by unsafe sleeping situations in children listed in the Department of Histopathology database over a 10‐year period from March 1989 to February 1999. Results: A total of 26 cases were found (M:F, 19:7; age range, 1–48 months; average age, 7.4 months). Of those cases, two involved children with significant mental and physical impairment. Case 1: A 4‐year‐old boy with Klippel–Trenaunay–Weber syndrome, macrocephaly and severe developmental delay, was found dead with his head hanging over a wooden board attached to the side of his bed. Case 2: A 4‐year‐old boy with lissencephaly and severe developmental delay was found dead wedged between a retractable mesh cot side and the side of his bed. In both cases the devices resulting in death had been put in place to prevent the boys from falling out of bed. Conclusions: Accidental asphyxia in physically and mentally impaired children may be caused by devices that have been used to prevent injury from falling out of bed. Careful assessment of the specific developmental problems that children suffer should be undertaken before their beds are modified. It may be safer for these children either to have no barrier, or to have drop‐sided cots/beds that meet recognized safety standards.
Umbilical cord blood lactate in normal infants: Comparison between two methods of measurement
Authors: Sinn JKH , Lloyd J , Todd DA , Lazarus R , Maesel A , John E 
Published: March 2003

Objectives: Firstly, to determine the accuracy of the Radiometer ABL 625 lactate electrode (Radiometer Medical Pty Ltd, Nunawading, Victoria, Australia) by comparing the lactate values obtained by this method to those obtained with the Hitachi 917 lactate analyser (Boehringer Mannheim Corporation, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada). Secondly, to determine the effect of delay in measurement on blood lactate levels. Methodology: Umbilical venous (UCV) blood samples were obtained from healthy term infants delivered vaginally. Lactate levels were measured with the Radiometer ABL 625 lactate electrode in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Westmead Hospital and with the Hitachi 917 lactate analyser in 49 paired samples. In addition 26 UCV blood samples were placed in ice slurry and a further 26 samples at room temperature and blood lactate was measured at 5‐min intervals for 30 min to determine the change of lactate levels with time. Results: The lactate levels obtained from the Radiometer ABL 625 lactate electrode were consistently lower than the levels obtained from the Hitachi 917 lactate analyser (mean difference – 0.24), but the correlation was high (r = 0.97). The blood lactate levels increased at the rate of 0.012 mmol/L per min if the blood was left at room temperature. The lactate levels remained stable for 20 min if the blood was placed in ice slurry. Conclusion: The Radiometer ABL 625 lactate electrode was easy to use and there was high correlation with the values obtained by the standard laboratory method. The blood specimen must be place in an ice slurry if a delay in analysis is anticipated.
Children followed with difficulty: How do they differ?
Authors: Callanan C , Doyle LW , Rickards AL , Kelly EA , Ford GW , Davis NM 
Published: March 2003

Objective: To determine if very low birthweight children followed with ease differ in any perinatal or sociodemographic characteristics, or outcomes, compared with children followed with more difficulty. Methodology: Consecutive children of birthweight < 1000 g or with gestational ages < 28 weeks born in 1991 (n = 51) or of birthweight < 1500 g born in 1992 (n = 166) at the Royal Women’s Hospital, Melbourne, surviving to 5 years of age, were assessed at 5 years of age, corrected for prematurity. Those who attended on the first mutually agreed appointment without substantial reluctance were considered to have been followed with ease. The remainder were considered to have been followed with difficulty. Outcomes included impairments such as cerebral palsy, blindness, deafness, and low IQ. Children had a disability if they had any of cerebral palsy, blindness, deafness requiring amplification, or an IQ more than 1 SD below the mean. Results: Of the 217 survivors, 204 (94%) were assessed fully at 5 years of age. Of the 204 children assessed, 153 (75%) were followed with ease, and 51 (25%) with difficulty. Of data available in the perinatal period, significantly fewer children followed with more difficulty came from intact families, and more of their mothers had fewer than 12 years of schooling. More children followed with difficulty had a disability (41% compared with 19%), as they predominantly had lower IQ scores (mean difference in IQ – 12.7, 95% confidence interval – 18.0, – 7.4). The association between difficulty of assessment and both higher rates of disability and lower IQ scores remained after adjustment for significant perinatal and sociodemographic variables. Conclusions: Children followed with difficulty can partly be recognized on several sociodemographic characteristics in the perinatal period, and have substantially worse sensorineural outcomes than those followed with ease. In any longitudinal study, the more incomplete the follow up, the lower will be the rate of adverse sensorineural outcome.
Cerebral palsy in Victoria, Australia: Mortality and causes of death
Authors: Reddihough DS , Baikie G , Walstab JE 
Published: March 2003

Objective: To study the causes of death and the characteristics of children with cerebral palsy that had died over a 25‐year period in Victoria, Australia. Methodology: Names of children that had died were collected from the Victorian Cerebral Palsy Register. Their hospital records were studied and information was gathered about age of death, motor impairment, the presence or absence of associated disabilities and cause of death. Results: One hundred and fifty‐five children had died during the period 1970–95. The majority of children had severe spastic quadriplegia, intellectual disability and epilepsy. The predominant cause of death was pneumonia, although for many children who died at home the cause was unknown. Conclusions: Children with cerebral palsy are a diverse group and those with a severe motor deficit have a reduced life expectancy. Lung disease remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality for this group. Further information about the causes of death is needed, particularly for those children that die at home.
Child injury morbidity in New Zealand, 1987–1996
Authors: Kypri K , Chalmers DJ , Langley JD , Wright CS 
Published: March 2003

Objectives: New Zealand is one of a small number of countries that has a national hospital discharge database. The aim of this study was to use these data to provide an epidemiological description of child injury morbidity and to discuss options for prevention. Methodology: Using national data, all public hospital admissions for the fiscal year 1995/6 were identified and grouped according to cause. This allowed identification of all children (0–14 years) hospitalized for injury in the period 1987–1996. Causes of injury, diagnoses and injury severity were examined in four age groups. Results: Injury was the second leading cause of public hospital admissions. Children were hospitalized with injury at the rate of 1333 per 100 000 person‐years. The victims were predominantly male (61%). In all age groups, falls were the leading cause of morbidity. ‘Striking events’, motor vehicle traffic crashes and poisoning were also major contributors to the child injury toll. The commonest injury diagnosis was a fracture of the upper limb (25%), followed by intracranial injury (18%). Conclusions: The leading causes of injury morbidity were noted to differ from previously reported leading causes of injury mortality. Review of the data in light of research literature suggests the need for policy changes to make alternatives to motor vehicle transportation safer and to encourage increased use of child restraints in order to reduce road traffic trauma. Legislation requiring child‐resistant packaging for all toxic medications and household products is necessary to reduce rates of child poisoning. Further research is required on policies concerning playground equipment heights and surfacing requirements, and on interventions for hot water scalds.
Ten years’ experience of persistent hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia of infancy
Authors: Tyrrell VJ , Ambler GR , Yeow W‐H , Cowell CT , Silink M 
Published: March 2003

Objective: To review the presentation, management and outcome of persistent hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia of infancy seen at the Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children over a 10 year period. Methodology: A retrospective review of 20 subjects was performed. As well as laboratory data, data were collected on clinical presentation, medical and surgical management and developmental outcome. Results: Twenty subjects (11 male) were identified with presentation at a median age of 1.5 months (range 0–10 months), with 10 (50%) presenting in the first week of life. Only 20% of patients were large for gestational age. Diagnosis was made on the basis of high glucose requirements and inappropriately high insulin levels at the time of hypoglycaemia. Eight (40%) responded well to diazoxide treatment alone, seven (35%) received diazoxide in combination with other short‐term medical therapy initially and five (25%) required pancreatectomy (repeat surgery in three). Those who required surgery had a higher mean birth weight. Infants presenting in the first week of life were less likely to respond to diazoxide. At the time of last review, eight (40%) of those treated medically had ceased all treatment. Two of the five cases requiring pancreatectomy now require insulin treatment. Neurodevelopmental assessment was normal in 11 (55%), mild delay was found in six (30%) and moderate or severe delay was found in three (15%). Conclusions: Persistent hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia of infancy remains a major diagnostic and management challenge. Early suspicion and recognition is critical with definitive investigation and medical therapy to avoid hypoglycaemia, with pancreatectomy in medically unresponsive cases. Normal neurodevelopmental outcome was found in only 55% of cases.
Milk formulas in acute gastroenteritis and malnutrition: A randomized trial
Authors: Kukuruzovic RH , Brewster DR 
Published: March 2003

Objective:  To compare three low‐lactose milk formulas differing in osmolality and degree of protein hydrolysis in the treatment of diarrhoea and malnutrition in subjects with high rates of lactose intolerance, osmotic diarrhoea and a tropical/environmental enteropathy.Methods:  A randomized double‐blind trial of 180 Aboriginal children under 3 years of age admitted with acute diarrhoea and/or malnutrition was carried out. The intervention milk formulas were: (i) De‐Lact, a low‐osmolality lactose‐free formula; (ii) O‐Lac, a lactose‐free formula; and (iii) Alfaré, a partially hydrolysed formula. Outcome measures were diarrhoeal severity, weight gain, formula palatability and changes in intestinal permeability (L/R ratios).Results:  The duration of diarrhoea in days (mean; 95% confidence interval) was significantly longer on Alfaré (8.5; 7.0−10.0) compared to De‐Lact (6.1; 5.0−7.2) and O‐Lac (6.9; 5.6−8.1; P = 0.04). There were no differences in mean intake between formulas, but palatability of Alfaré was significantly worse (P < 0.01) than the other formulas. Over the trial 5 days, improvement in L/R ratios was significantly greater (P = 0.05) for De‐Lact (18.6; 10.6−26.6) than for Alfaré (8.5; 2.1−14.9). Weight gain was not significantly different between the three formulas, except in a malnourished subgroup who had better weight gain on De‐Lact (P = 0.05).Conclusions:  In these Aboriginal children with diarrhoea and growth failure, a low osmolality milk was associated with better outcomes and a partially hydrolysed formula with less improvement in mucosal recovery, suggesting that cow's milk protein intolerance is not contributing to greater diarrhoeal severity or enteropathy in Aboriginal children.
Use of hypoallergenic formula in the prevention of atopic disease among Asian children
Authors: Chan YH , Shek LPC , Aw M , Quak SH , Lee BW 
Published: March 2003

Objective: To determine the effect of a partially hydrolysed formula on
genetically predisposed children, with respect to the development of atopic clinical
manifestations and in vitro testing of serum IgE levels (total and milk‐specific). Methods: One hundred and ten infants were randomly assigned to receive either partially hydrolysed formula or standard infant formula, and were prospectively monitored from birth for clinical atopic symptoms and serum IgE levels. Results: Eczema occurred less frequently in infants receiving partially
hydrolysed formula. This was significant (P < 0.05) at 3, 6, 9, 12, 18
and 24 months. However, the significance decreased with time, although it almost
reached statistical significance at 30 months by the Kaplan–Meier survival
function (log–rank statistic, 3.46; P = 0.063). Although wheezing occurred
less frequently in infants receiving partially hydrolysed formula, compared to those
receiving standard infant formula, the difference did not reach statistical significance
(P > 0.05). Conclusions: Exclusive feeding of hypoallergenic milk formula in the first 4 months of life has a protective effect in terms of the development of atopic dermatitis in the first 2 years of life, compared to feeding with cow’s milk formula.
Lake restoration in Denmark
Authors: Søndergaard Martin , Jeppesen Erik , Jensen Jens Peder , Lauridsen Torben 
Published: March 2003

AbstractLake restoration in Denmark has involved the use of several different restoration techniques, all aiming to improve lake water quality and establishing clear‐water conditions. The most frequently used method, now used in more than 20 lakes, is the reduction of zooplanktivorous and benthivorous fish (especially roach (Rutilus rutilus) and bream (Abramis brama)) with the objective of improving the growth conditions for piscivores, large‐sized zooplankton species, benthic algae and submerged macrophytes. Piscivore stocking (mainly Esox lucius (pike)), aiming especially at reducing the abundance of young‐of‐the‐year fish, has been used in more than 10 lakes and frequently as a supplement to fish removal. Hypolimnetic oxidation, with oxygen and nitrate, has been undertaken in a few stratified lakes and sediment dredging, with the purpose of diminishing the internal phosphorus loading, has been experimented with in one large, shallow lake. Submerged macrophyte implantation has been conducted in some of the biomanipulated lakes to increase macrophyte abundance and distribution. Overall, the results from lake restoration projects, in the mainly shallow Danish lakes, show that external nutrient loading must be reduced to a level below 0.05–0.1 mg P L–1 under equilibrium conditions to gain permanent effects on lake water quality. By using fish removal, at least 80% of the fish stock should be removed over a period of not more than 1–2 years to obtain a substantial effect on lower trophic levels and to avoid regrowth of the remaining fish stock. Stocking of piscivores requires high densities (>0.1 individuals m–2) if an impact on the plankton level is to be obtained and stocking should be repeated yearly until a stable clear‐water state is reached. The experiments with hypolimnetic oxygenation and sediment dredging confirm that internal phosphorus loading can be reduced. Experience from macrophyte implantation experiments indicates that protection against grazing by herbivorous waterfowl may be useful in the early phase of recolonization.
1996 Korean Renal Registry Report
Authors: Choi Euy‐Jin , Ahn Seog‐Ju , Jin Dong‐Chan ,   The Korean Society of Nephrology, ESRD Registry Committee
Published: March 2003

SUMMARY:This report was based on data from the ESRD (End‐Stage Renal Disease) Registry Committee of the Korean Society of Nephrology and accounts for 60% of all patients on renal replacement therapy (RRT) in Korea. The data are from 31 December 1996. There were 208 centres providing dialysis (4.76 centres per million population [p.m.p.]) and 36 renal transplant centres. There were 18 161 (391.1 p.m.p.) patients on RRT of which 53% were on haemodialysis (HD), 16.4% on peritoneal dialysis (PD) and 30.6% with functioning renal transplants (TX). There was a 14% increase in the number of patients over the previous year (HD 12.3%, PD 8.5%, TX 20.4%). The incidence of treated ESRD was 5058 (108.9 p.m.p.). The mean age of existing patients was 48.3 years (HD, 48.4; PD, 50.2; KT, 37.5) and sex ratio was M:F 57:43 (HD, 55:45; PD, 54:46; KT, 67:33). The primary renal diseases were glomerulonephritis (21.6%), diabetic nephropathy (30.8%), hypertension (18.3%) and others (34.2%). Sixty‐five per cent of patients on HD and 35% on PD were treated with erythropoietin. Eleven per cent of patients on RRT (HD 11.4%, PD 8%) were serologically positive for hepatitis B infection and another 10% (HD 10.3%, PD 3.3%) were positive for hepatitis C infection. The rate of peritonitis was 0.78 episodes per patient year. There were 941 renal transplants in 1996 and the annual transplantation rate was 20.3 p.m.p. Eighty‐eight per cent of transplants were from live donors (65.5% living‐related and 34.5% living‐unrelated) and the other 12% were from cadaveric donors. The causes of death were cardiac (31.6%), vascular (24.5%), infection (19.4%), liver disease (3.1%), social (8.2%), miscellaneous (6.1%) and uncertain (7.1%). The annual mortality rate of RRT patients was 8.9% according to the report from Korean National Statistical Office.
Environmental influences on the experiences of people with Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Sunvisson Helena , Ekman Sirkka‐Liisa 
Published: March 2003

Environmental influences on the experiences of people with Parkinson’s diseaseThis study elucidates environmental influences on lived illness experiences. For two consecutive years, persons with Parkinson’s disease (PD) participated in 1 week of daily walking in the Swedish mountains. Daily, low‐intensive walking that is free of intense effort or time pressures associated with group interaction characterized the week. Participants were interviewed 3 months after the mountain stay regarding experiences in the mountains, daily living, and how their experience in the mountains influenced their daily living after returning home. A phenomenological method was used for data analysis. Results point to the close connection between mind, body, and environment. The connection becomes highlighted when people are afflicted with sickness, such as PD, which causes impaired control of body language, impaired voluntary mobility, and lowered energy levels. The results also show how a social context in an environment with suitable physical challenges led to a change in individuals’ perceptions of the manageability of their experienced sicknesses. These results provide a deepened understanding of how individuals with PD experience illness, its influences on daily life, and how a suitable environment opens opportunities for managing daily issues.
Tangled ruptures: discursive changes in Danish psychiatric nursing 1965–75
Authors: Buus Niels 
Published: March 2003

Tangled ruptures: discursive changes in Danish psychiatric nursing 1965–75Psychiatric nursing and psychiatric nurses have been referred to in various ways over the course of history. These articulations reflect and constitute the ways in which nursing is comprehended during specific periods. A rupture in these descriptions and conceptions of Danish psychiatric nursing over the period 1965–75 is identified using a discourse analytical framework, inspired primarily by Foucault. This rupture influenced all aspects of psychiatric nursing: the perception of the psychiatric patient, the expertise and knowledge of the nurse and the care given by the nurse. The study raises questions about the cultural and social changes that occurred prior to the discursive rupture.