bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Infection-Related Activation of the cg12 Promoter Is Conserved between Actinorhizal and Legume-Rhizobia Root Nodule Symbiosis
Authors: Svistoonoff Sergio , Laplaze Laurent , Liang Jingsi , Ribeiro Ana , Gouveia Manuela C. , Auguy Florence , Fevereiro Pedro , Franche Claudine , Bogusz Didier 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
Two nitrogen-fixing root nodule symbioses between soil bacteria and higher plants have been described: the symbiosis between legume and rhizobia and actinorhizal symbioses between plants belonging to eight angiosperm families and the actinomycete Frankia. We have recently shown that the subtilisin-like Ser protease gene cg12 (isolated from the actinorhizal plant Casuarina glauca) is specifically expressed during plant cell infection by Frankia. Here we report on the study of C. glauca cg12 promoter activity in the transgenic legume Medicago truncatula. We found that cg12 promoter activation is associated with plant cell infection by Sinorhizobium meliloti. Furthermore, applications of purified Nod factors and mycorrhizal inoculation failed to trigger expression of the cg12-reporter gene construct. This indicates that at least part of the transcriptional environment in plant cells infected by endosymbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria is conserved between legume and actinorhizal plants. These results are discussed in view of recent data concerning molecular phylogeny that suggest a common evolutionary origin of all plants entering nitrogen-fixing root nodule symbioses.
Genetic Control of Storage Oil Synthesis in Seeds of Arabidopsis
Authors: Hobbs Douglas H. , Flintham John E. , Hills Matthew J. 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
Quantitative trait loci (QTL) that control seed oil content and fatty acid composition were studied using a recombinant inbred population derived from a cross between the Arabidopsis ecotypes Landsberg erecta and Cape Verdi Islands. Multiple QTL model mapping identified two major and two minor QTL that account for 43% of the variation in oil content in the population. The most significant QTL is at the bottom of chromosome 2 and accounts for 17% of the genetic variation. Two other significant QTL, located on the upper and lower arms of chromosome 1, account for a further 19% of the genetic variation. A QTL near to the top of chomosome 3 is epistatic to that on the upper arm of chromosome 1. There are strong QTL for linoleic (18:2) and linolenic (18:3) acids contents that colocate with the FAD3 locus, another for oleic acid (18:1) that colocates with FAD2 and other less significant QTL for palmitic (16:0), stearic (18:0), and eicosaenoic (20:1) acids. The presence of the QTL for seed oil content on chromosome 2 was confirmed by the generation of lines that contain a 22-cM region of Landsberg erecta DNA at the bottom of chromosome 2 in a background containing Cape Verdi Islands in other regions of the genome that had been shown to influence oil content in the QTL analysis.
Arabidopsis Seedling Growth Response and Recovery to Ethylene. A Kinetic Analysis
Authors: Binder Brad M. , O'Malley Ronan C. , Wang Wuyi , Moore Jeannette M. , Parks Brian M. , Spalding Edgar P. , Bleecker Anthony B. 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
Responses to the plant hormone ethylene are mediated by a family of five receptors in Arabidopsis that act in the absence of ethylene as negative regulators of response pathways. In this study, we examined the rapid kinetics of growth inhibition by ethylene and growth recovery after ethylene withdrawal in hypocotyls of etiolated seedlings of wild-type and ethylene receptor-deficient Arabidopsis lines. This analysis revealed that there are two phases to growth inhibition by ethylene in wild type: a rapid phase followed by a prolonged, slower phase. Full recovery of growth occurs approximately 90 min after ethylene removal. None of the receptor null mutations tested had a measurable effect on the two phases of growth inhibition. However, loss-of-function mutations in ETR1, ETR2, and EIN4 significantly prolonged the time for recovery of growth rate after ethylene was removed. Plants with an etr1-6;etr2-3;ein4-4 triple loss-of-function mutation took longer to recover than any of the single mutants, while the ers1;ers2 double mutant had no effect on recovery rate, suggesting that receiver domains play a role in recovery. Transformation of the ers1-2;etr1-7 double mutant with wild-type genomic ETR1 rescued the slow recovery phenotype, while a His kinase-inactivated ETR1 construct did not. To account for the rapid recovery from growth inhibition, a model in which clustered receptors act cooperatively is proposed.
Short-Term Growth Responses to Ethylene in Arabidopsis Seedlings Are EIN3/EIL1 Independent
Authors: Binder Brad M. , Mortimore Laura A. , Stepanova Anna N. , Ecker Joseph R. , Bleecker Anthony B. 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
Kinetic studies indicate there are two phases to growth inhibition by ethylene for the hypocotyls of etiolated Arabidopsis seedlings. Phase I is transient, while phase II results in sustained growth inhibition. The EIN2 membrane protein is required for both the first and second phases of growth inhibition by ethylene, while the transcription factors EIN3 and EIL1 are required for the second phase but not the first phase. The first phase lasts no more than 2 h. It is less sensitive to the ethylene response inhibitor 1-methylcyclopropene and more sensitive to ethylene than the second phase. The first phase shows adaptation at low concentrations of ethylene (≤0.01 μL L−1) with a relative refractory period of 5 h after ethylene is added. A modified signal transduction model is proposed that accounts for the two phases of growth inhibition.
The gravitropism defective 2 Mutants of Arabidopsis Are Deficient in a Protein Implicated in Endocytosis in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Silady Rebecca A. , Kato Takehide , Lukowitz Wolfgang , Sieber Patrick , Tasaka Masao , Somerville Chris R. 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
The gravitropism defective 2 (grv2) mutants of Arabidopsis show reduced shoot phototropism and gravitropism. Amyloplasts in the shoot endodermal cells of grv2 do not sediment to the same degree as in wild type. The GRV2 gene encodes a 277-kD polypeptide that is 42% similar to the Caenorhabditis elegans RME-8 protein, which is required for endocytosis. We hypothesize that a defect in endocytosis may affect both the initial gravity sensing via amyloplasts sedimentation and the subsequent more general tropic growth response.
Correlation between self‐reported gestational age and ultrasound measurements
Authors: Olesen Annette Wind , Westergaard Jes Grabow , Thomsen Sten Grove , Olsen JØrn 
Published: October 2004

Background.  We studied the agreement between different measurements of gestational age, i.e. self‐reported gestational age in the Danish National Birth Cohort Study, ultrasound‐estimated gestational age from the medical records in one Danish county and gestational age from the Danish National Hospital Discharge Register.Methods.  The ultrasound‐estimated gestational length was based on the size of the biparietal diameter. The ultrasound‐estimated gestational length was related to corrected and uncorrected last menstrual period estimates in the Danish National Cohort Study, and to the gestational length recorded in the Danish National Discharge Register. Non‐parametric statistics were used in the analysis.Results.  The gestational ages estimated by ultrasound were 2–3 days shorter than gestational ages estimated by the other methods. The gestational ages recorded by the Discharge Register and the gestational ages based on corrected last menstrual period did not differ significantly.Conclusion.  The self‐reported gestational age in The Danish National Birth Cohort is in good concordance both with data from the National Hospital Discharge Register and with ultrasound‐estimated gestational age.
Bone turnover from early pregnancy to postweaning
Authors: Åkesson Agneta , Vahter Marie , Berglund Marika , Eklöf Tuula , Bremme Katarina , Bjellerup Per 
Published: October 2004

Background.  To elucidate the sequences of changes in bone metabolism and bone density during pregnancy, lactation and postweaning.Methods.  Women were recruited (n = 254) in early pregnancy and followed for 2 years. Markers of bone formation (osteocalcin) and resorption (NTx) were measured at five occasions. Bone mineral density (BMD) of whole‐body and lumbar spine L1–L4 (DXA) and ultrasonography of os calcis were measured in a subgroup (n = 14).Results.  NTx appeared bone specific in comparison to pyridinolines. NTx started to increase early in pregnancy and remained elevated during lactation (p < 0.001). Osteocalcin was low during pregnancy, but peaked during lactation (p < 0.018). The subsequent decrease was associated with time since resumption of menses (r2 = 0.23; p < 0.001). There was indication of a decrease in calcaneal bone mass during pregnancy and an evident decrease in lumbar spine (p = 0.041) and os calcis (p = 0.037) during lactation. No detectable decrease was identified in whole‐body BMD (p = 0.090) during lactation, but in general, BMD was higher in whole‐body (1.9%) and lumbar spine (6.6%) 18 months postpartum than during puerperium (p = 0.003).Conclusion.  According to the bone metabolic markers, bone resorption increased early in pregnancy and remained elevated over lactation, while bone formation increased during lactation, probably regulated by mechanisms associated with absence of menses. The high metabolic bone turnover during late pregnancy and lactation lead to a decline in cancellous bone mass during lactation, but this seemed beneficial for BMD postweaning.
The Tyr113His polymorphism in exon 3 of the microsomal epoxide hydrolase gene is a risk factor for perinatal mortality
Authors: Raijmakers Maarten T. M. , De Galan‐Roosen Tanja E. M. , Schilders Geurt W. , Merkus Johannus M. W. M. , Steegers Eric A. P. , Peters Wilbert H. M. 
Published: October 2004

Background.  A genetic predisposition to impaired detoxification of oxidative or chemical stress could play a role in the etiology of perinatal mortality. In this pilot study we investigated the risk of perinatal mortality in relation to genetic polymorphism in microsomal epoxide hydrolase (EPHX) and glutathione S‐transferase P1 (GSTP1) in women who experienced perinatal mortality caused by placental pathology, congenital disorders and complications of premature delivery and their male partners.Methods.  Genomic DNA of couples (72 females and 46 males) with a history of perinatal mortality and control couples (71 females and 66 males) with no complications in their obstetric history were analyzed for the presence of the polymorphisms in exon 3 of EPHX (Tyr113His) and GSTP1 (Ile105Val).Results.  A similar distribution of the GSTP1 polymorphism was found in all subjects investigated. In women who experienced perinatal mortality, we demonstrated a higher prevalence of the EPHX His113/His113 genotype, which could result in a lower enzyme activity, compared with controls (25% vs. 9%; χ2 = 5.7 and p < 0.02), with an odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of 3.5 (1.1–12.7).Conclusion.  Our results suggest that the maternal Tyr113His polymorphism in EPHX may be a risk factor for perinatal mortality. However, more research is needed to determine the implication of this finding.
Fetal home monitoring for the prenatal management of gastroschisis
Authors: Salomon Laurent J. , Mahieu‐Caputo Dominique , Jouvet Philippe , Jouannic Jean‐Marie , Benachi Alexandra , Grebille Anne‐Gaelle , Dumez Yves , Dommergues Marc 
Published: October 2004

Background.  Fetal distress is a frequent complication of gastroschisis, and could be screened for by home monitoring, as many pregnant women expecting an affected child live far away from a specialized perinatal center. This study was undertaken to audit a policy of fetal home monitoring (FHM) to achieve early detection of fetal heart rate (FHR) abnormalities in gastroschisis.Methods.  Daily FHM was started at a median age of 30 weeks in 31 pregnant women referred following prenatal diagnosis of isolated gastroschisis. Monitoring was considered abnormal in cases with decelerations, tachycardia, bradycardia, decreased baseline variability or absence of accelerations. When an ominous FHR was detected and confirmed by in‐hospital monitoring, an emergency cesarean section (C‐section) was indicated. Otherwise, an elective C‐section was planned.Results.  In 20 cases FHM remained normal. There were 16 elective C‐sections, two emergency C‐sections for FHR abnormalities detected by in‐hospital monitoring, and two spontaneous premature vaginal deliveries. In 11 cases, an abnormal FHM was detected. There was one intrauterine death with acute ischemic necrosis of the large bowel. The other abnormalities consisted of decreased baseline variability with tachycardia (n = 7) or without tachycardia (n = 3) and were confirmed by in‐hospital follow‐up in nine cases, leading to emergency C‐section.Conclusion.  The high rate of abnormal FHR patterns picked up by FHM in gastroschisis led to a rate of emergency C‐sections of 9/31. However, this strategy failed to prevent one intrauterine death due to acute bowel necrosis.
Ki‐67 expression in patients with uterine leiomyomas, uterine smooth muscle tumors of uncertain malignant potential (STUMP) and uterine leiomyosarcomas (LMS)
Authors: Mayerhofer Klaus , Lozanov Plamen , Bodner Klaus , Bodner‐Adler Barbara , Kimberger Oliver , Czerwenka Klaus 
Published: October 2004

Background:  The aim of the current study was to evaluate the expression of Ki‐67 in uterine smooth muscle tumors, comparing leiomyomas, uterine smooth muscle tumors of uncertain malignant potential (STUMP) and uterine leiomyosarcomas (LMS) and to prove the accuracy of a Ki‐67 expression as a useful parameter in the diagnosis of LMS.Methods:  Ki‐67 was assessed using immunohistochemistry from paraffin‐embedded tissue in 20 patients with uterine LMS, 22 cases of STUMP and 25 cases of leiomyomas.Results:  Ki‐67 was present in 10/20 (50%) LMS, in 0/22 (0%) STUMP and in 2/25 (8%) leiomyomas. Significant differences regarding the frequency of Ki‐67 expression were observed between LMS and STUMP (p = 0.0001) as well as between LMS and leiomyomas (p = 0.002), but not between STUMP and leiomyomas (p = 0.491). Likewise, the staining intensity differed significantly between LMS and leiomyomas (p = 0.018) as well as between LMS and STUMP (p = 0.002), but not between STUMP and leiomyomas (p = 0.368).Conclusions:  Our results demonstrate that the significantly elevated Ki‐67 antigen expression in LMS, which correlates well with the rapid growth of these malignant tumors, may be a useful immunohistochemical parameter to distinguish between cases of malignant smooth muscle tumors and those of uncertain or borderline histology.
Preventive effect of recombinant human lactoferrin on lipopolysaccharide‐induced preterm delivery in mice
Authors: Sasaki Yasushi , Otsuki Katsufumi , Hasegawa Akitoshi , Sawada Maki , Chiba Hiroshi , Negishi Momoko , Nagatsuka Masaaki , Okai Takashi 
Published: October 2004

Background.  In order to investigate whether recombinant human lactoferrin (rh‐LF) has the same effect as bovine LF (b‐LF) for the prevention of preterm delivery, we conducted the following animal studies.Methods.  Female C3H/HeNCrj mice were pair‐mated with male Crj:B6D2F1 mice. As a model of preterm delivery, on day 15 of gestation, a 50 µg/kg intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was administered twice with a 3‐hr interval between injections (14:00 and 17:00 hours). At 1 hr prior to each LPS injection (13:00 and 16:00 hours), an intraperitoneal injection of saline, b‐LF, or rh‐LF (1 mg/body) was administered. In non‐LPS‐treated controls, an intraperitoneal injection of saline was administered four times (13:00, 14:00, 16:00, and 17:00 hours). We measured body weight and recorded delivery time. To measure plasma levels of interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), other pregnant mice, in which the same preparation as mentioned above had been done, were killed 6 h after the second LPS injection and blood samples were obtained.Results.  Delivery occurred in preterm (16.2 ± 0.4 days of gestation) in all LPS‐treated mice not administered LF. LF significantly prolonged gestation of LPS‐treated mice: LPS + b‐LF, 17.8 ± 0.3 days; LPS + rh‐LF, 18.2 ± 1.3 days (p < 0.05). LF (1 mg/body) significantly suppressed plasma IL‐6 in LPS‐treated mice: LPS + b‐LF, 1060 ± 154; LPS + rh‐LF, 244.2 ± 59.4; and LPS without LF, 1628 ± 115 pg/ml (p < 0.05).Conclusions.  rh‐LF has an effect of prolongation of gestation in LPS‐induced preterm delivery in mice, suppressing LPS‐induced plasma IL‐6 augmentation.
Increased serum levels of neopterin and soluble interleukin‐2 receptor in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy
Authors: Wang Zhengping , Dong Minyue , Chu Hongnu , He Jing 
Published: October 2004

Objectives.  The etiology of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP), a pregnancy‐specific complication, remains not completely understood. Some alterations of immunity in ICP were reported, but the profile of immune alteration was far from clarified. The aim of this investigation was to characterize the changes of serum levels of neopterin, a marker for the activation of macrophage, and soluble interleukin‐2 receptor (sIL‐2R), a marker for the activation of lymphocyte, in ICP.Methods.  Serum levels of neopterin and sIL‐2R were assayed with enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 30 patients with ICP and 30 normal pregnant women. Student's t‐test was used for statistic analysis, and p < 0.05 was considered significant.Results.  Compared with control, serum levels of neopterin (p < 0.005) and sIL‐2R (p < 0.05) were increased significantly in women with ICP.Conclusions.  Activation of monocyte‐macrophage and lymphocyte was demonstrated in ICP, and the participation of the activation of macrophage and lymphocyte in pathogenesis of the disease could be assumed.
Obesity and pregnancy
Authors: Andreasen Kirsten Riis , Andersen Malene Lundgren , Schantz Anne Louise 
Published: October 2004

Background.  As obesity is an increasing problem among fertile women, it is crucial that specialists involved in the treatment of these women be aware of the risks of complications and know how to deal with them. Complications associated with obesity in pregnancy are gestational diabetes mellitus, hypertensive disorders, and thromboembolic complications. Complications associated with obesity in labor are augmentation, early amniotomy, cephalopelvic disproportion, cesarean section, and perioperative morbidity. Complications associated with obesity in children are macrosomia, shoulder dystocia, small for gestational age, late fetal death, and congenital malformations, especially neural tube defects.Objective.  The aim was to review the potential complications associated with obesity and pregnancy.Results.  Obesity is associated with a higher risk of all reviewed complications except small for gestational age.
Of Radical Design: John Cartwright and the Redesign of the Reform Campaign, c.1800–1811
Authors: ECKERSLEY RACHEL 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThis article contends that there was not simply a revival, but a redesign of radicalism during the first decade of the nineteenth century, and that John Cartwright was instrumental in this redirection of reform activity. It argues that this redesign of the reform campaign was a strategic response to the failures of radicalism during the 1790s and, moreover, to changes in high politics after 1801. Against the backdrop of a protracted war and the emergence of a formal Whig opposition, Cartwright, with assistance from other radicals, attempted to create a parliamentary party in support of taxpayer franchise reform and born of a union between metropolitan radicals ‘in doors’, Whig moderate reformers, Foxites and abolitionists. In order to achieve this union, he set aside the popular political campaigning of the 1790s, and instead focused attention on parliamentarians and the select few who might influence parliament. Above all, he highlighted current examples of ministerial dishonesty and mismanagement to generate parliamentary support for a redefined programme of reform, arguing that if corruption were not checked by constitutional reform, then Britain's ability to resist foreign invasion and sustain the war effort would be seriously compromised.
Despotism without Bounds: The French Secret Police and the Silencing of Dissent in London, 1760–1790
Authors: BURROWS SIMON 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThrough an examination of the policing of dissident French refugees in London between 1760 and 1790, this article contends that recent historians have tended to over‐emphasize the reforming nature of the Bourbon government in the decades prior to the French Revolution, especially under Louis XVI, and overlooked the more repressive and ‘despotic’ aspects of the regime. It reveals that the Paris police or French secret agents adopted a variety of clandestine methods in their attempts to silence dissident exiles, including attempts at kidnap, and allegedly murder. As much of this police activity was reported in the British press and French printed texts, both before and during the French Revolution, and several of the exiles were celebrated writers or future revolutionary leaders, it was widely known among informed contemporaries. The article therefore contends that the French revolutionaries’ allegations of despotism and suspicions of monarchic conspiracies were more deeply rooted in experience than recent historiography has tended to suggest. At the same time, reports of the attempts of the ‘despotic’ French government to suppress the activities of Frenchmen on British soil helped to reinforce a British national identity based on the celebration of the liberties France lacked.
Optimum Currency Areas and Key Currencies: Mundell I versus Mundell II
Authors: McKinnon Ronald I. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe East Asian economies are increasingly integrated in trade and direct investment. More than 50 per cent of their foreign trade is with each other. Both the high growth and level of trade integration is similar to what the western European economies achieved in the 1960s. So, in the new millennium, the inevitable question arises: is East Asia also an optimum currency area (OCA)? Despite the apparent success of EMU, many writers familiar with the East Asian scene think not. Taking the seminal papers of Robert Mundell as the starting point, this article first analyses traditional theorizing on the pros and cons of international monetary integration and then suggests new approaches to the problem of international risk‐sharing in OCAs.
Asymmetries in Monetary Policy Transmission: Some Implications for EMU and its Enlargement
Authors: De Grauwe Paul , Sénégas Marc‐Alexandre 
Published: October 2004

AbstractIn this article we analyse how the enlargement of a monetary union may affect the design of the common monetary policy when the latter transmits asymmetrically between the member countries. We find that the use of national information about inflation and unemployment in the design of the common monetary policy allows for tackling the heterogeneity induced by this asymmetry. This implies that if enlargement contributes to augmenting the transmission asymmetry of monetary policy in EMU, it will raise the need to take into account information about national economies in the formulation of optimal monetary policies in the monetary union. Furthermore, the choice for a new EU Member State to enter EMU will also depend on the monetary strategy implemented by the European Central Bank and, in particular, whether the latter would take the asymmetries in the transmission of monetary policy actions into account.