bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of Infection and Replication of Human Herpesvirus 8 in Microvascular Endothelial Cells by Alpha Interferon and Phosphonoformic Acid
Authors: Krug Laurie T. , Pozharskaya Veronika P. , Yu Yimin , Inoue Naoki , Offermann Margaret K. 
Published: July 2004

ABSTRACT
Infection of endothelial cells with human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) is an essential event in the development of Kaposi's sarcoma. When primary microvascular endothelial cells (MECs) were infected with HHV-8 at a low multiplicity of infection, considerable latent replication of HHV-8 occurred, leading to a time-dependent increase in the percentage of virus-infected cells that was accompanied by cellular spindling and growth to a high density with loss of contact inhibition. Only a low percentage of MECs supported lytic replication of HHV-8 and produced infectious virus. Phosphonoformic acid blocked production of infectious virus but did not inhibit the rapid expansion of latently infected MECs. Pretreatment of MECs with alpha interferon (IFN-α) prior to infection effectively reduced HHV-8 viral gene expression, latent replication, and production of infectious virus. High levels of the double-stranded RNA activated protein kinase (PKR) were expressed in HHV-8-infected cells, and incubation with IFN-α increased PKR expression more in virus-infected cells than in uninfected cells. MECs that were immortalized with simian virus 40 large-T antigen differed from nonimmortalized MECs in their response to infection with HHV-8 and demonstrated that cells with elevated levels of expression of antiviral transcripts expressed viral transcripts at reduced levels. These studies demonstrate that MECs respond to HHV-8 with enhanced expression of cellular antiviral genes and that augmentation of innate antiviral defenses with IFN-α is a more effective strategy than inhibition of viral lytic replication to protect MECs from infection with HHV-8 and to restrict proliferation of virus-infected MECs.
Disparate Regions of Envelope Protein Regulate Syncytium Formation versus Spongiform Encephalopathy in Neurological Disease Induced by Murine Leukemia Virus TR
Authors: Murphy Samuel L. , Honczarenko Marek J. , Dugger Natalie V. , Hoffman Paul M. , Gaulton Glen N. 
Published: July 2004

ABSTRACT
The murine leukemia virus (MLV) TR1.3 provides an excellent model to study the wide range of retrovirus-induced central nervous system (CNS) pathology and disease. TR1.3 rapidly induces thrombotic events in brain microvessels and causes cell-specific syncytium formation of brain capillary endothelial cells (BCEC). A single amino acid substitution, W102G, in the MLV envelope protein (Env) regulates the pathogenic effects. The role of Env in determining this disease phenotype compared to the induction of spongiform encephalomyelitis with a longer latency, as seen in several other MLV and in human retroviruses, was determined by studying in vitro-attenuated TR1.3. Virus cloned from this selection, termed TRM, induced progressive neurological disease characterized by ataxia and paralysis and the appearance of spongiform neurodegeneration throughout the brain stem and spinal cord. This disease was associated with virus replication in both BCEC and highly ramified glial cells. TRM did not induce syncytium formation, either in vivo or in vitro. Sequence and mutational analyses demonstrated that TRM contained a reversion of Env G102W but that neurological disease mapped to the single amino acid substitution Env S159P. The results demonstrate that single nucleotide changes within disparate regions of Env control dramatically different CNS disease patterns.
The Virion Host Shutoff Protein of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Has RNA Degradation Activity in Primary Neurons
Authors: Strand Stephanie S. , Vanheyningen Tambryn K. , Leib David A. 
Published: July 2004

ABSTRACT

The virion host shutoff protein (Vhs) of herpes simplex virus type 1 induces destabilization of mRNA following infection. Our study of primary neurons from CD-1 mice demonstrates that
vhs
is functional in neurons but that more Vhs is required to mediate RNA degradation in neurons than in other susceptible cells.
Epstein-Barr Virus Latent Membrane Protein 1 (LMP-1) Half-Life in Epithelial Cells Is Down-Regulated by Lytic LMP-1
Authors: Pandya Jyotsna , Walling Dennis M. 
Published: July 2004

ABSTRACT

This study examined the effect of naturally occurring Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latent membrane protein 1 (LMP-1) gene sequence variation on the LMP-1 half-life in epithelial cells. The LMP-1 half-life was not influenced by sequence variation in amino acids 250 to 307 or amino acids 343 to 352. The LMP-1 half-life was short when the amino acid encoded at position 129 was methionine, the initiation codon product of lytic LMP-1 (lyLMP-1). The mutation of amino acid 129 to isoleucine greatly increased the LMP-1 half-life. Expression of lyLMP-1 in
trans
down-regulated the LMP-1 half-life in a dose-dependent manner and restored a short-half-life phenotype to the mutated LMP-1 construct lacking the
cis
ability to express lyLMP-1. This observed dominant negative effect of lyLMP-1 expression on the LMP-1 half-life in epithelial cells in vitro may have implications for EBV epithelial oncogenesis in vivo.
Role of intravenous urogram in investigation of urinary tract infection: an observational study
Authors: Padmakumar B , Carty H M , Hughes D A , Judd B A 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
Objectives: To examine the value of an intravenous urogram (IVU) in patients with abnormal differential 99mTc dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) uptake without scarring or ultrasound abnormality.
Study design: Forty patients (age 0–19 years) were identified over a two year period in whom the differential renal uptake was &gt;10%, who had smooth renal outlines, and had no evidence of scarring. All patients had an ultrasound examination. Two had marked urological abnormalities on ultrasound and eight had a duplex system in the kidney with greater DMSA uptake. In 18 patients where no explanation was apparent for the discrepant DMSA uptake, an IVU was performed.
Results: Eight patients had a normal IVU. In the remaining 10 patients, six had duplex systems without scarring and four had appearances of scarring in the kidney with reduced DMSA uptake.
Conclusions: In this small selected group an IVU will identify a significant number of patients with normal kidneys, unrecognised simple duplex systems, or scarring where the DMSA scan has been inconclusive. This will help in planning long term follow up.
Non-clinical factors influencing the selection of patients with acute coronary syndromes for angiography
Authors: Quaas A , Curzen N , Garratt C 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
Objective: To analyse clinical and non-clinical factors determining the selection for coronary angiography in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS).
Design: Single centre, prospective cohort study.
Participants: Eighty consecutive patients admitted with a diagnosis of ACS during the period 21 May 2001 to 4 July 2001.
Setting: Coronary care unit of a tertiary referral centre, the Manchester Royal Infirmary.
Data collection: Information concerning baseline patient characteristics, clinical presentation, and the selection for angiography was collected from the patient notes.
Data analysis: Windows SPSS version 9.0 using cross tabulations with χ2 estimation and binomial logistic regression analysis.
Main outcome measure: Selection for angiography in ACS.
Results: Cross tabulations with χ2 analysis and logistic regression analysis identified significant non-clinical factors predicting the use of angiography. Although clinical factors such as recurrent ischaemia (odds ratio 5.11) influenced the decision to undergo coronary angiography, non-clinical factors such as young age (odds ratio 6.88 for &lt;65 years old), gender (odds ratio 3.81 for males), admission on a weekday (odds ratio 0.2488 for admission on the weekend), and consultant in charge (odds ratio 0.111 for consultant “2”) independently predicted the use of angiography in ACS.
Conclusion: The selection of patients for angiography in ACS is not based purely on clinical criteria. Awareness of the apparent sources of bias among clinical decision makers may improve management of these patients.
Scabies: more than just an irritation
Authors: McCarthy J S , Kemp D J , Walton S F , Currie B J 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
Human scabies, caused by skin infestation with the arthropod mite, Sarcoptes scabiei, typically results in a papular, intensely pruritic eruption involving the interdigital spaces, and flexure creases. Recent research has led to a reassessment of the morbidity attributable to this parasite in endemic communities, particularly resulting from secondary skin sepsis and postinfective complications including glomerulonephritis. This has led to studies of the benefits of community based control programmes, and to concerns regarding the emergence of drug resistance when such strategies are employed. The renewed research interest into the biology of this infection has resulted in the application of molecular tools. This has established that canine and human scabies populations are genetically distinct, a finding with major implications for the formulation of public health control policies. Further research is needed to increase understanding of drug resistance, and to identify new drug targets and potential vaccine candidates.
Subclinical hyperthyroidism: to treat or not to treat?
Authors: Hoogendoorn E H , den Heijer M , van Dijk A P J , Hermus A R 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
Subclinical hyperthyroidism may be defined as the presence of free thyroxine and tri-iodothyronine levels within the reference range and a reduced serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) level. In this review the prevalence of low TSH in the population and health consequences of subclinical hyperthyroidism, for example, effects on heart and bone mass, are discussed. Guidelines for treatment are given, based on expert opinion.
Management of haematemesis and melaena
Authors: Palmer K 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
Acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding is a common medical emergency which carries hospital mortality in excess of 10%. The most important causes are peptic ulcer and varices. Varices are treated by endoscopic band ligation or injection sclerotherapy and management of the underlying liver disease. Ulcers with major stigmata are treated by injection with dilute adrenaline, thrombin, or fibrin glue; application of heat using the heater probe, multipolar electrocoagulation, or Argon plasma coagulation; or endoclips. Intravenous omeprazole reduces the risk of re-bleeding in ulcer patients undergoing endoscopic therapy. Repeat endoscopic therapy or operative surgery are required if bleeding recurs.
Caring for “incurables”: the 150th anniversary of the Royal Hospital for Neuro-Disability, Putney
Authors: Cook G C 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
The Royal Hospital for Incurables (RHI), now known as the Royal Hospital for Neuro-Disability and situated on West Hill, Putney, was founded by Andrew Reed DD exactly 150 years ago. The RHI was thus the pioneer in modern times of long stay institutions for the sick and dying. It became one of the great Victorian charities, and remained independent of the National Health Service, which was introduced in 1948. Originally the long stay patients suffered from a multiplicity of diseases; in recent years chronic neurological disease has dominated the scenario. This institution has also become a major centre for genetic and trauma-associated neurological damage, and rehabilitation.
The blit debugger
Authors: Cargill Thomas A. 
Published: July 2004

This paper describes the evolution to date of a flexible debugger for C programs on the Blit, a multi-processing bitmap terminal. The debugger is of interest for the following reasons:
-- it is assisted by the terminal software's elegant separation of the debugger process from its subject process.
-- it resides autonomously in the terminal and is bound dynamically to arbitrary subject processes.
-- it executes asynchronously with its subject.
-- its implementation is distributed as a small process in the terminal and a large process in the host timesharing system.
-- its user interface uses graphics and a mouse.
An opinion about the most fruitful direction for further application of graphics is offered.
Reprogrammable hardware for educational purposes
Authors: Gschwind Michael 
Published: July 2004

This paper presents a novel idea in teaching computer architecture by using programmable hardware. Current teaching models for computer architecture today are either mostly theory-only or implementation oriented. Theory-based architecture courses lack the feedback to show students the effects of their decisions. Implementation-oriented instruction emphasizes the implementation aspects, that is, very low-level implementation strategies, over CPU architecture and forces the usage of very limited CPU designs to reduce complexity. High cost and long manufacturing times are other problems associated with this approach.
We propose to use field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) to allow fast implementation of chip designs. This allows for a fast debug cycle, as designs can be altered and downloaded in a matter of hours. As FPGAs are pretested, only logic functionality has to be validated, reducing the time to get a workable implementation of a chip considerably.
Computer science projects with music
Authors: Rubinstein Roy S. 
Published: July 2004

One important way to teach Computer Science is by getting students involved in projects that interest them. In order to demonstrate the value of music related computer projects, this paper describes some of the projects that I have advised and discusses my experience with them. These experiences show that students are very enthusiastic about music projects, enjoy working hard at them and learn a lot in the process.
This paper also serves as a brief introduction to MIDI, the standard interface for electronic music.
Creating reference architectures
Authors: Batory Don , Coglianese Lou , Goodwin Mark , Shafer Steve 
Published: July 2004

ADAGE is a project to define and build a domain-specific software architecture (DSSA) environment for assisting the development of avionics software. A central concept of DSSA is the use of software system generators to implement component-based models of software synthesis in the target domain [SEI90].
In this paper, we present the ADAGE component-based model (or reference architecture) for avionics software synthesis. We explain the modeling procedures used, review our initial goals, show how component reuse is achieved, and examine what we were (and were not) able to accomplish. The contributions of our paper are the avionics reference architecture and the lessons that we learned; both may be beneficial to others in future modeling efforts.
Conference grading of computer programs
Authors: Ferguson Ernest 
Published: July 2004

Two methods of grading computer science programs in a CSI course were evaluated in terms of (1) benefit to the student, (2) advantages for the instructor and (3) plagiarism. The two methods compared were conference grading and grading using written comments.
Results indicate that students thought the grading was more fair when graded by one-on-one conference than when graded with written comments. The time required by the instructor was nearly the same. More was communicated orally in this time than in writing. There was less plagiarism in programs graded by conference, and the students whose programs had been graded by conference performed better on a programming test than those who had their programs graded by written comments. There was no significant difference between the two groups on the written examinations.
A Bachelor of Science in information technology
Authors: Spooner David L. 
Published: July 2004

Rensselaer has launched a new Bachelor of Science degree program in Information Technology [4,5]. This degree is an alternative to the more traditional computer science or computer systems degrees that Rensselaer continues to offer. It focuses on the application of computing and communications technologies in a student-chosen application area called a second discipline. The expectation is that a company doing business in the second discipline or closely related area will employ a student completing this degree.
This paper describes the motivation behind the new degree program and its interdisciplinary approach. It also presents the organization of the curriculum and its requirements.
Distance education
Authors: Gerhardt-Powals Jill , Powals Matthew H. 
Published: July 2004

Late last year President Clinton signed into law the Digital Millenium Copyright Act. It was a far reaching attempt to update copyright law in order to keep pace with the digital environment by providing new rules for downloading, sharing, or simply viewing copyrighted material on-line Some cheered the passage of The Act and others lamented it. For the software and entertainment industries it was a triumph because now they can market their products on-line without fear of piracy. However many, including academics, educators, and researchers, view The Act as a set back, even an assault, on their traditional access to and use of information. The balancing of conflicting needs of the copyright owners and the users of copyrighted materials, while applying the copyright law to the emerging technology of today, is truly an evolving and a daunting process.
Included in The Act was a mandate to the Register of Copyrights to consult with representatives of copyright owners, nonprofit educational institutions, and nonprofit libraries and archives, and submit to Congress recommendations on how to promote distance education through digital technologies, including interactive digital networks, while maintaining an appropriate balance between the rights of copyright owners and the needs of users of copyrighted works. The purpose of this paper is to place The Register of Copyrights Study in its historical environment and describe the recommendations of The Study concerning how to promote distance education through digital technologies.
CS1 and CS2 (panel session)
Authors: Baldwin Doug , Smith Carl H. , Hendersen Peter B. , Vadisigi Venu , Tomer D. S. 
Published: July 2004

Over a period of thirty years there have been many curriculum reforms in the Undergraduate Computer Science curriculum. The ACM/IEEE-CS task force is currently working on the Curriculum 2001. In this struggle to define and develop this dynamic field of computer science, we have the opportunity to identify the foundations and related concepts of mathematics we would like to see in the new CS curriculum and introduce these in CS1 and CS2. Many standard topics of discrete mathematics can encourage the use of mathematical thinking when taught along with the CS courses. The more complex foundations and other theoretical topics may be introduced later in the curriculum. This session will present some of the views and examples in this direction. Our goal is not to eliminate the need of discrete math but to integrate it into the basics of CS so that the student will experience mathematical reasoning in the early stages of the development of CS topics. Currently discrete math is taught as one of the early math requirements and many students do not see the relationship between the programming concepts and these mathematical concepts. An early blend of these ideas of will provide a richer experience to CS majors and the new topics can be learned more quickly if the underlying theoretical concepts are well understood. The programming languages of choice can be introduced in separate laboratory components taken parallel to CS1 and CS2.
We hope that we all can agree that CS is not just programming and we have a new discipline that must develop its basic theory rather than depending on other disciplines to do it for us. Someday, the courses we know now as CS1 and CS2 maybe known as University Computing I and II as we now have in some of the other sciences.
IT programs and CS departments (panel session)
Authors: Deremer Dorothy , McDonald Chris , Rhodes Loren , Thomas Rebecca , Turner A. Joe , White Curt , Koffman Elliot 
Published: July 2004

Computer Science departments are experiencing increases in enrollments that rival the expansion in the early '80s. At the same time, many of these students do not seem interested in or equipped to handle the rigor of a traditional computer science program. They are coming into computer science with expectations about computer science education that are significantly different from what they are finding on campus. Instead of courses on data structures and algorithms, automata, and operating systems, they want to learn Visual BASIC, linux, and obtain Microsoft certification.
CS departments responses to these pressures differ widely. Some take the approach that this is a temporary aberration and should have no affect whatsoever on degree programs in computer science. Some provide one-credit courses or seminars to discuss practical aspects of IT not covered in the curriculum. Others have started information technology programs to provide these students with an alternative program. In some cases, outside pressures (i.e., the university administration or external funding) has mandated that CS departments provide such programs.
This panel will discuss these issues from varying perspectives. It will also provide some examples of IT programs in CS departments to give us some idea of what is currently being done at other institutions.
Putting static analysis to work for verification
Authors: Lev-Ami Tal , Reps Thomas , Sagiv Mooly , Wilhelm Reinhard 
Published: July 2004

A method for finding bugs in code is presented. For given small numbers j and k, the code of a procedure is translated into a rela-tional formula whose models represent all execution traces that involve at most j heap cells and k loop iterations. This formula is conjoined with the negation of the procedure's specification. The models of the resulting formula, obtained using a constraint solver, are counterexamples: executions of the code that violate the specification.
The method can analyze millions of executions in seconds, and thus rapidly expose quite subtle flaws. It can accommodate calls to procedures for which specifications but no code is avail-able. A range of standard properties (such as absence of null pointer dereferences) can also be easily checked, using prede-fined specifications.
Verifying properties of process definitions
Authors: Cobleigh Jamieson M. , Clark Lori A. , Osterweil Leon J. 
Published: July 2004

It seems important that the complex processes that synergize humans and computers to solve widening classes of societal problems be subjected to rigorous analysis. One approach is to use a process definition language to specify these processes and to then use analysis techniques to evaluate these definitions for important correctness properties. Because humans demand flexibility in their participation in complex processes, process definition languages must incorporate complicated control structures, such as various concurrency, choice, reactive control, and exception mechanisms. The underlying complexity of these control abstractions, however, often confounds the users' intuitions as well as complicates any analysis.
Thus, the control abstraction complexity in process definition languages presents analysis challenges beyond those posed by traditional programming languages. This paper explores some of the difficulties of analyzing process definitions. We explore issues arising when applying the FLAVERS finite state verification system to processes written in the Little-JIL process definition language and illustrate these issues using a realistic auction example. Although we employ a particular process definition language and analysis technique, our results seem more generally applicable.