bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Loss & change: new directions in death education for adolescents
Authors: Hetzel Susan , Winn Victoria , Tolstoshev Helen 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe subjects of this paper is Loss & change, a preventive health education school based program. The program has been developed, in conjunction with teachers, by a team of health workers from an Australian community health agency.This program is generalist in nature. It explores the losses adolescents experience within the context of healthy adolescent development. Based on a primary prevention model, it has a strong focus on life, and, as such, is a death education program which is different from those which focus on suicide prevention or bereavement support.The paper serves as an interim report on a program which is still developing, and which may provide some insight into a promising means of support for adolescent development.
Rhetoric, Social History, and Contentious Politics: Reply to Critics
Authors: Tilly Charles 
Published: April 2004

Aristotle's vigorous vindication of rhetoric pairs it with dialectic. Dialectic, for Aristotle, combines logical propositions with induction from rigorous evidence in an effort to prove a case beyond doubt. Rhetoric parallels dialectic, but combines arguments with examples in an effort to persuade. Neither one amounts to science, which for Aristotle requires irrefutable establishment of general principles.
political: arguing for or against a proposed course of action;forensic: attacking or defending someone;ceremonial: praising or condemning someone.
Diagnostik fokaler Leberläsionen: CT, MRT, PET etc.
Authors: Helmberger T , Jakobs T F , Hoffmann R T , Schönberg S O , Reiser M 
Published: April 2004

ZusammenfassungFokale Leberläsionen sind unabhängig vom Vorhandensein eines Malignoms ein häufiger Befund. Für ein eventuelles therapeutisches Management ist es dabei erforderlich, die Läsionen eindeutig zu identifizieren und zu charakterisieren. Zur nicht-invasiven Diagnostik stehen die Sonographie, Computertomographie (CT), Magnetresonanztomographie (MRT) und nuklearmedizinische Verfahren zur Verfügung. Die modernen chirurgischen wie auch minimalinvasiven ablativen Verfahren erfordern eine hohe diagnostische Präzision, die insbesondere von der CT und MRT gewährleistet wird. Darüber hinaus gewinnt die Positronenemissionstomographie (PET) gerade beim Staging und der Therapiekontrolle zunehmend an Bedeutung, was umso mehr für die kombinierten PET-CT Scanner gilt, die die hohe Sensitivität der PET mit der Ortsauflösung der CT vereinen.Bei der Abklärung fokaler Leberläsionen müssen neben der Leistungsfähigkeit der einzelnen Untersuchungsmethoden das Spektrum möglicher Läsionen im Kontext der jeweiligen Grunderkrankung des Patienten berücksichtigt werden.
Do smoking intensity‐related differences in vigilance indicate altered glucocorticoid receptor sensitivity?
Authors: Reuter Martin , Hennig Juergen , Netter Petra 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe relationship of critical flicker fusion frequency (CFF) and a pharmacologically induced cortisol suppression by means of dexamethasone (DEX) and metyrapone (MET) was investigated during nicotine deprivation in a between‐subjects design in 60 male smokers divided into light, medium and heavy smokers. DEX reduced vigilance in medium smokers and improved it in heavy smokers compared to placebo, whereas MET was more detrimental in heavy smokers. The hypothesis was put forward that the intensity of nicotine consumption is related to differences in glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptor sensitivity.
Book and Media Reviews
Authors: BALL DAVID 
Published: April 2004

Book reviewed in this article:Book reviews in this column will primarily be of titles focusing completely, or in part, on biological aspects of addiction. However, signi.cant titles of general relevance to the addictions field will also be included, even if they are not “biological”, as will titles of general methodological and clinical relevance, even if they are not on “addictions”. Similar considerations will apply to other media (software, audio tapes and CDs, videos, etc.). However, specific “addictions” software applications seem to be relatively uncommon and, as these items are rarely reviewed elsewhere, we will endeavour to include reviews of some of the older programmes that are still useful, as well as new titles that appear. I would appreciate suggestions of any items suitable for reviews, but especially software and other media of speci.c relevance to the addictions. Please contact: Dr David Ball, National Addiction Centre, 4 Windsor Walk, London SE5 8AF, UK. Email: media@addictionbiology.com The Female Brain CYNTHIA L. DARLINGTON Dual Diagnosis: Counselling the Mentally III Substance Abuser, 2nd edition KATIE EVANS & J. MICHAEL SULLIVAN The Road of Excess MARCUS BOON
The effect of promethazine on postoperative pain: a comparison of preoperative, postoperative, and placebo administration in patients following total abdominal hysterectomy
Authors: Chia Y. Y. , Lo Y. , Liu K. , Tan P. H. , Chung N. C. , Ko N. H. 
Published: April 2004

Background:  Histamine receptors are involved in the development of inflammatory pain and hyperalgesia, and the use of antihistamines is advocated as an alternative for pain therapy and treatment of postoperative nausea and vomiting. We investigated the influence of timing of promethazine administration on postoperative pain outcomes.Methods:  Ninety female patients undergoing total abdominal hysterectomy were randomly divided into three groups. All individuals received infusions of promethazine and normal saline before anaesthesia induction, and postoperatively the Pre group received promethazine 0.1 mg kg−1 before anaesthesia and saline postoperatively, and the Post group received saline before anaesthesia and promethazine 0.1 mg kg−1 postoperatively, while the Control group received two equivalent volumes of saline. Patients were treated using patient‐controlled intravenous analgesia (PCA). The primary endpoint was pain intensity and morphine consumption. The secondary endpoint was postoperative nausea and vomiting.Results:  Postoperative morphine usage was significantly lower in the Pre group (24.1 ± 3.9 mg) relative to the Post (30.0 ± 4.6 mg) and Control groups (32.1 ± 4.8 mg) during the first 24 h postoperatively (P<0.05). The number and incidence of patients suffering from postoperative nausea in the first 24 h was six (21%), seven (23%), and 15 (47%) in the Pre, Post, and Control groups, respectively (P<0.05). The number and incidence of patients vomiting in the first 24 h was three (10%), two (7%), and 10 (32%) in the Pre, Post, and Control groups, respectively (P<0.05). The number of patients asking for rescue antiemetic in the first 24 h was one (3%), two (7%), and seven (22%) in the Pre, Post, and Control groups, respectively (P<0.05).Conclusions:  Our results suggest that preoperative administration of promethazine 0.1 mg kg−1 reduces postoperative morphine consumption compared with postoperative and placebo administration, and that use of promethazine reduces PONV and the number of patients asking for rescue antiemetic in the first 24 h after surgery when compared with placebo.
Pulsed dye densitometry with two different sensor types for cardiac output measurement after cardiac surgery: a comparison with the thermodilution technique
Authors: Hofer C. K. , Bühlmann S. , Klaghofer R. , Genoni M. , Zollinger A. 
Published: April 2004

Background:  Assessment of cardiac output (CO) by the indocyanine green (ICG) dye dilution technique (IDD) with transcutaneous signal detection may be a less invasive alternative to the pulmonary artery catheter (PAC). The aim of this study was to determine the accuracy and reliability of the DDG2001 analyzer (Nihon Kohden Corp, Tokyo, Japan) using a finger (IDDf) and a nose (IDDn) sensor as compared with the thermodilution technique by PAC.Methods:  In 31 consecutive patients after routine cardiac surgery, CO measurements were performed by IDD compared with the thermodilution technique following postoperative haemodynamic stabilization in the intensive care unit. Repeated measurements were made at 30‐min intervals. CO was determined by iced water bolus (IWB: mean of three repeated injections) and IDDf or IDDn, respectively (mean of three repeated ICG injections).Results:  Thirty‐three per cent of all measurements for IDDf and 9% for IDDn failed due to a missing signal detection. Mean bias for IDDf to IWB was −0.5 l min−1·m−2 (limits of agreement: −1.8/0.8 l min−1·m−2) and for IDDn to IWB was −0.1 l min−1·m−2 (limits of agreement: −1.6/1.5 l min−1·m−2). Correlation between IDDf and IWB (r = 0.2) was found to be inferior to the correlation between IDDn and IWB (r = 0.5).Conclusion:  The IDD showed a systematic bias compared with the IWB and its performance was limited due to signal detection failure. Therefore, the DDG2001 analyzer cannot be recommended as a substitute for the PAC in routine monitoring of cardiac output after cardiac surgery.
The impact of international experience on student nurses’ personal and professional development
Authors: Lee N.‐J. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractBackground:  Many student nurses undertake international clinical experience during their education programmes, which raises the question ‘How do these experiences impact on students nurses’ personal and professional development?’Method:  A case study was conducted in one School of Nursing in the United Kingdom. Student nurses participating in a new module, International Nursing and Health Care, which included clinical experience overseas, gave qualitative accounts of their international experiences and subsequent learning. Their accounts were also compared with the perceptions and expectations of the module facilitators.Findings:  While there were some similarities in student experience and facilitator expectations, there were also notable differences. The students believed that their international experiences had a deep impact on their personal development, helping them make the transition from student to qualified nurse. The case study raised further questions about the acquisition of cultural knowledge and the facilitation and provision of learning from experience.
A comparison of education in Greek and English nurses
Authors: Bakalis N. A. , Bowman G. S. , Porock D. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractBackground:  Curriculum is an important component of nurse education and is thought to vary from country to country.Aim:  To determine the level of cardiac knowledge in Greek and English final‐year student nurses.Method:  Subjects were final‐year diploma and degree student nurses (n = 161) from Greece and England. Pictographs (testing knowledge in a pictorial form) were used as a method of data collection. Three anatomical cardiac diagrams were used. Students were asked to label 20 anatomical parts.Results:  Final‐year English student nurses have better knowledge in the discrete area of cardiac anatomy and physiology (P < 0.05) than their Greek counterparts. Problems associated with translation and interpretation were avoided using pictographs and were shown to be useful measures for determining knowledge in nurses from different countries.Conclusion:  The findings of the study are important because they show differences in anatomical knowledge levels between Greek and English students. More research is needed to explore further different levels of knowledge and education within the European Union and the consequences for nurse decision‐making and patient outcomes.
A Framework for the Dissemination and Utilization of Research for Health‐Care Policy and Practice
Authors: Dobbins Maureen , Ciliska Donna , Cockerill Rhonda , Barnsley Jan , DiCenso Alba 
Published: April 2004

AbstractPurpose(1) The purpose of this paper is to construct a comprehensive framework of research dissemination and utilization that is useful for both health policy and clinical decision‐making.Organizing Construct(2) The framework illustrates that the process of the adoption of research evidence into health‐care decisionmaking is influenced by a variety of characteristics related to the individual, organization, environment and innovation. The framework also demonstrates the complex interrelationships among these characteristics as progression through the five stages of innovation‐namely, knowledge, persuasion, decision, implementation and confirmation‐ occurs. Finally, the framework integrates the concepts of research dissemination, evidence‐based decision‐making and research utilization within the diffusion of innovations theory.Methods(3) During the discussion of each stage of the innovation adoption process, relevant literature from the management field (i.e., diffusion of innovations, organizational management and decision‐making) and health‐care sector (i.e., research dissemination and utilization and evidence based practice) is summarized. Studies providing empirical data contributing to the development of the framework were assessed for methodological quality.Conclusions(4) The process of research dissemination and utilization is complex and determined by numerous intervening variables related to the innovation (research evidence), organization, environment and individual.
In Vitro and In Vivo Characterization of
Helicobacter hepaticus
Cytolethal Distending Toxin Mutants
Authors: Young Vincent B. , Knox Kimberly A. , Pratt Jason S. , Cortez Jennifer S. , Mansfield Linda S. , Rogers Arlin B. , Fox James G. , Schauer David B. 
Published: April 2004

ABSTRACT

Helicobacter hepaticus
expresses a member of the cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) family of bacterial cytotoxins. To investigate the role of CDT in the pathogenesis of
H. hepaticus
, transposon mutagenesis was used to generate a series of isogenic mutants in and around the
cdtABC
gene cluster. An
H. hepaticus
transposon mutant with a disrupted
cdtABC
coding region no longer produced CDT activity. Conversely, a transposon insertion outside of the cluster did not affect the CDT activity. An examination of these mutants demonstrated that CDT represents the previously described granulating cytotoxin in
H. hepaticus
. Challenge of C57BL/6 interleukin 10
−/−
mice with isogenic
H. hepaticus
mutants revealed that CDT expression is not required for colonization of the murine gut. However, a CDT-negative
H. hepaticus
mutant had a significantly diminished capacity to induce lesions in this murine model of inflammatory bowel disease.
Host and Bacterial Factors Affecting Induction of Immune Responses to Flagellin Expressed by AttenuatedSalmonellaVaccine Strains
Authors: Sbrogio-Almeida M. E. , Mosca T. , Massis L. M. , Abrahamsohn I. A. , Ferreira L. C. S. 
Published: April 2004

ABSTRACTPrevious observations demonstrated that the delivery of recombinantSalmonella entericaserovar Dublin strains to mice via mucosal routes did not efficiently activate systemic and secreted antibody responses to either typedflagellin or genetically fused heterologous B-cell epitopes, thus reducing the usefulness of the protein as a carrier of epitopes for vaccine purposes. In this work, we investigated murine systemic and mucosal flagellin immunogenicity after oral immunization with attenuatedSalmonellastrains. The reduced anti-typedflagellin antibody responses in mice immunized via mucosal routes with three doses of flagellatedS. entericaserovar Dublin strains were not caused by oral tolerance and could not be restored by coadministration of a mucosal adjuvant. The induction of antibody responses toSalmonellaflagellins was shown to differ according to the genetic background, but not the haplotype, of the mouse lineage. Moreover, BALB/c mice orally immunized withS. entericaserovar Typhimurium strains developed anti-typeiflagellin sera and secreted antibody responses, which indicated that the serovar of theSalmonellavaccine strain also affected flagellin immunogenicity. Analyses of cytokine responses of BALB/c mice immunized with three oral doses of flagellatedS. entericaserovar Dublin vaccine strains showed that, in spite of the lack of antibody responses, elevated typedflagellin-specific CD4-cell-activation-dependent gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and interleukin-10 responses were elicited after the administration of the vaccine strains via either parenteral or mucosal routes. Similar cytokine production patterns were detected to a T-cell heterologous epitope, derived from the CFA/I fimbriae of enterotoxigenicEscherichia coli(ETEC), in mice orally immunized with aSalmonellavaccine strain expressing hybrid flagella. These results indicate that the immunogenicities ofSalmonellaflagellins can differ significantly, depending on the murine host and on the bacterial vector used, and demonstrate that the induction of CD4-cell-activation-dependent IFN-γ production represents a major immune response triggered by flagellin and in-frame fused heterologous T-cell epitopes after the oral administration of recombinantS. entericaserovar Dublin vaccine strains.
Impact of Methoxymycolic Acid Production by
Mycobacterium bovis
BCG Vaccines
Authors: Belley Adam , Alexander David , Di Pietrantonio Tania , Girard Manon , Jones Joses , Schurr Erwin , Liu Jun , Sherman David R. , Behr Marcel A. 
Published: April 2004

ABSTRACT

BCG vaccines are a family of closely related daughter strains of an attenuated isolate of
Mycobacterium bovis
derived by in vitro passage from 1908 to 1921. During subsequent laboratory propagation of the vaccine strain until its lyophilization in 1961, BCG Pasteur underwent at least seven further genomic mutations. The impact of these mutations on the properties of the vaccine is currently unknown. One mutation, a glycine-to-aspartic acid substitution in the
mmaA3
gene, occurred between 1927 and 1931 and impairs methoxymycolic acid synthesis in BCG strains obtained from the Pasteur Institute after this period. Mycolic acids of the cell wall are classified into three functional groups (alpha-, methoxy-, and ketomycolic acids), and together these lipids form a highly specialized permeability barrier around the bacterium. To explore the impact of methoxymycolic acid production by BCG strains, we complemented the functional gene of
mmaA3
into BCG Denmark and tested a number of in vitro and in vivo phenotypes. Surprisingly, restoration of methoxymycolic acids alone had no effect on cell wall permeability, resistance to antibiotics, or growth in cultured macrophages and C57BL/6 mice. Our results demonstrate that the loss of methoxymycolic acid production did not apparently affect the virulence of BCG strains.
Epithelial Invasion by
Escherichia coli
Bearing Dr Fimbriae Is Controlled by Nitric Oxide-Regulated Expression of CD55
Authors: Fang Li , Nowicki Bogdan J. , Urvil Petri , Goluszko Pawel , Nowicki Stella , Young Steven L. , Yallampalli Chandrasekhar 
Published: April 2004

ABSTRACT

We previously reported that inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) increases the rate of bacteremia and maternal mortality in pregnant rats with uterine infection by
Escherichia coli
expressing the Dr fimbria (Dr
+
). Epithelial binding and invasion by Dr
+
E. coli
has also been shown to be dependent upon the expression level of the cellular receptor decay-accelerating factor (DAF; CD55). Here, we hypothesize that NO-related severity of infection could be mediated by changes in DAF expression and in the rate of epithelial invasion. The cellular basis of NO effects on epithelial invasion with Dr
+
E. coli
was studied using Ishikawa endometrial carcinoma cells as an in vitro model of the human endometrial epithelium. Initially, we show that Ishikawa cells produce NO and express both NO synthase enzymes, NOS II and NOS III, and DAF protein. We next tested the abilities of both Dr
+
E. coli
and a Dr
−
E. coli
mutant to invade Ishikawa cells, and invasion was seen only with Dr
+
E. coli
. Invasion by Dr
+
E. coli
was decreased by elevated NO production and increased by NO inhibition. Elevated NO production significantly decreased DAF protein and mRNA expression in Ishikawa cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Here, we propose that in vitro invasion of an epithelial cell line is directly related to NO-regulated expression of DAF. The significance of NO-regulated receptor-ligand invasion is that it may represent a novel unrecognized phenomenon of epithelial defense against infection.
Toxopain-1 Is Critical for Infection in a Novel Chicken Embryo Model of Congenital Toxoplasmosis
Authors: Que Xuchu , Wunderlich Annette , Joiner Keith A. , Reed Sharon L. 
Published: April 2004

ABSTRACTWe tested the hypothesis that cathepsins and specifically toxopain-1, a cathepsin B, play a critical role in the pathogenesis of toxoplasmosis. We found that inhibiting the expression of toxopain-1-specific mRNA and protein by >60% significantly decreased the capacity of the parasites to multiply and invade in vitro. To relate these in vitro results to the role of toxopain-1 in pathogenesis in vivo, we developed a novel chicken embryo model of congenital toxoplasmosis. Inhibiting either toxopain-1 expression or specific cysteine proteinase activity significantly reduced congenital infection of chicken embryos, as determined by histopathology and by the number of parasites quantified by real-time PCR. Our new model provides key in vivo validation for the hypothesis that toxopain-1 is a potential drug target inToxoplasma gondiiand also provides a new animal model for rapid, inexpensive screening of antiparasitic compounds.
Early experience with the Mills sleeve prosthesis for reconstruction of the incus long process
Authors: Mills Robert , Williams Alun 
Published: April 2004

This paper describes the Mills sleeve technique of ossicular reconstructionfor defects of the incus long process and reviews the results of 27 procedures. A retrospectivereview of operations was performed by eight otologists. The results are compared with those from three other reconstruction techniques (cortical bone graft, cortical bone sleeve and incus autograft).Prostheses were supplied to surgeons who expressed an interest. Pre- and post-operative audiological data forms were analysed for each case along with a questionnaire about use of the prosthesis. The mean post-operative air bone gap (ABG) was compared with results from cortical bone sleeve, incus autograft and simple cortical bone graft reconstruction cases previously performedby the senior author.Twenty-seven procedures were performed. Closure of the ABG to within 10dB was achieved for 44.4 per cent of Mills sleeve cases compared with 44.7 per cent for the cortical bone sleeve, 52.9 per cent for ossicular and 26.9 per cent for cortical bone grafts. The responses to a questionnaire sent to participating surgeons are discussed.For the current follow-up period (three months to three years) the Mills sleeve prosthesis appears to be safe and easy to use with audiological results at least as good as other reconstructive techniques.
Neuartige Polymer- und Siliziumsensoren in der Akustik (Novel Polymer and Silicon Sensors in Acoustics)
Authors: Sessler Gerhard M. 
Published: April 2004

Abstract
In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden Beispiele für Neuentwicklungen auf dem Gebiet der akustischen Sensorik diskutiert. Dazu gehören zum einen neuartige Mikrofone und andere Sensoren auf der Basis von zellularen, geschäumten Piezopolymeren, einer Materialgruppe, die erst seit wenigen Jahren bekannt ist und die sich durch sehr hohe piezoelektrische d
33-Koeffizienten auszeichnet. Beispielsweise erreichen derartige Mikrofone bereits Empfindlichkeiten von bis zu 3 mV/Pa und äquivalente Rauschpegel von etwa 35 dB(A). Ein anderes aktuelles Forschungsgebiet, welches besprochen wird, sind akustische Siliziumsensoren, die auf der Basis mehrerer Wandlerprinzipien realisiert werden können. Insbesondere werden kapazitive sowie mikrooptische Mikrofone beschrieben. Die kapazitiven Sensoren, welche jetzt auch erstmals in der Form von Silizium-Kondensatormikrofonen kommerziell erhältlich sind, haben sehr gute elektroakustische Eigenschaften mit Empfindlichkeiten ebenfalls im Bereich von einigen mV/Pa und äquivalenten Rauschpegeln unter 30 dB(A), während die mikrooptischen Wandler zwar höhere Rauschpegel aufweisen, aber für Spezialanwendungen besonders geeignet sind.