bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introductory Note
Authors: Milanov Momchil , Kolb Robert 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
During the second year of the pandemic the International Court of Justice celebrated its seventy-fifth year. Just like the previous year, the Court dealt with three very diverse cases concerning economic sanctions and treaty of amity, violations of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD) and maritime delimitation. Unsurprisingly, two out of three cases dealt with preliminary objections and only one was decided on the merits. A couple of newly instituted proceedings show clearly that states intend to keep the Court busy in the years to come.
Introductory Note
Authors: Tanaka Yoshifumi 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This introductory note examines cases before the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea for the year 2021. Specifically, it reviews Dispute Concerning Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary between Mauritius and Maldives in the Indian Ocean (Mauritius/Maldives) (preliminary objections) and discontinuance of the proceedings of the M/T “San Padre Pio” (No. 2) Case (Switzerland/Nigeria). The special chamber of ITLOS dismissed all preliminary objections raised by Maldives. The chamber’s judgment contains some issues that merit discussion with regard to, inter alia, legal effects of an advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice and the UN General Assembly resolution. The M/T “San Padre Pio” (No. 2) provides a third case of discontinuance in the ITLOS jurisprudence. This note also refers to the amendments of the Rules of the Tribunal and the activity of the Tribunal concerning capacity-building.
Legal Maxims: Summaries and Extracts from Selected Case Law
Authors: Sessa Emilio 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The summaries and extracts in this chapter relate to the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea's 2021 hearing on the Dispute Concerning Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary Between Mauritius and Maldives in the Indian Ocean (Mauritius v. Maldives).
Introductory Note
Authors: Alexander Knoops Geert-Jan , Pedroso Sara 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Following the closure of the International Criminal Court in March 2020 amounting to slowed down activities at the Court, 2021 saw a resurgence of activity, including the election of a new chief prosecutor, Mr Karim A.A. Kahn. This chapter provides some insight into select issues emerging from the Court’s jurisprudence and activities this past year, in various areas, including cooperation, freedom of speech, and amendment to the Rules of Procedure and Evidence. As will be explored, the Court has addressed a variety of fair trial issues including detention review, and has dealt with debates arising from diminished procedural rights afforded in Article 70 trials. Moreover, issues involving the interplay between the Assembly of States Parties and the judges of the Court were also central to the proceedings before the Court. The article also covers a cooperation agreement signed between the Office of the Prosecutor and the government of Colombia, exemplifying complementarity before the national jurisdictions.
Legal Maxims: Summaries and Extracts from Selected Case Law
Authors: Buono Anna 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter pertains to three cases heard by the International Criminal Court in 2021: (1) Decision on the 'Prosecution Request Pursuant to Article 19(3) for a Ruling on the Court's Territorial Jurisdiction in Palestine', Case No. ICC-01/18, Pre-Trial Chamber I, 5 February 2021; (2) The Prosecutor v. Dominic Ongwen, Case No. ICC-02/04-01/15, Trial Chamber IX, Judgment, 6 May 2021; and (3) The Prosecutor v. Ahmad Al Faqi Al Mahdi, Decision on the Review Concerning Reduction of Sentence of Mr Ahmad Al Faqi Al Mahdi, Case No. ICC-01/12-01/15, Three Judges of the Appeals Chamber Appointed, 25 November 2021.
Legal Maxims: Summaries and Extracts from Selected Case Law
Authors: Fanni Simona , Pantelodimou Eirini , Renzulli Carmine , Bautista Daniela Rodríguez , Soprano Roberto 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter covers eight cases heard by the Court of Justice of the European Union in 2021, including: Hungary v. European Parliament, Case C-650/18; Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela v. Council of European Union, Case C-872/19 P; and Google LLC and Alphabet, Inc. v. European Commission, Case T-612/17.
Introductory Note
Authors: Spano Robert 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The year 2021 was exceptionally eventful for the European Court of Human Rights. The Court adapted to the unprecedented situation arising from COVID-19 and, without interruption, its services continued to function. A number of important reforms took place in 2021. A new and more targeted case-processing strategy referred to as “impact cases” was introduced, it was decided that Committee cases would be more concisely drafted, and Protocol No. 15 came into force. Furthermore, five more superior courts in four member states (Sweden, the Slovak Republic, Ireland, and Malta) joined the Court’s Superior Courts Network. Five Grand Chamber cases are discussed in greater depth, covering: the notion of extraterritorial jurisdiction in an international armed conflict; the positive obligation of states to take measures to protect those at threat of domestic violence; the legal obligation to vaccinate school children against common infectious diseases; and present-day means of surveillance of cross-border communications.
Legal Maxims: Summaries and Extracts from Selected Case Law
Authors: Hernández Noelia Arjona , Gamarra Yolanda , Espinosa Lucía Ione Padilla , Moreno-Domínguez Juan Francisco , Pastrana Ángel Tinoco 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides summaries and extracts related to eight cases heard by the European Court of Human Rights in 2021, including: (1) Case of Hanan v. Germany, Application no. 4871/16, Grand Chamber, Judgment, 16 February 2021; (2) Case of Big Brother Watch and Others v. The United Kingdom, Applications nos. 58170/13, 62322/14 and 24960/15, Grand Chamber, Judgment, 25 May 2021; and (3) Case of Fedotova and Others v. Russia, Applications nos. 40792/10, 30538/14 and 43439/14, Third Section, Judgment, 13 July 2021.
Legal Maxims: Summaries and Extracts from Selected Case Law
Authors: Mazo Adriana Fillol , Hernández Ana Cristina Gallego , Gamarra Yolanda , Espinosa Lucía Ione Padilla , Moreno-Domínguez Juan Francisco 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides summaries and extracts related to six cases heard by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights in 2021, including (1) Case of Vicky Hernández and Others v. Honduras, Merits, Reparations and Costs, Judgment, 26 March 2021, Series C No. 422; (2) Case of Guachalá Chimbo et al. v. Ecuador, Merits, Reparations and Costs, Judgment, 26 March 2021, Series C No. 423; and (3) Presidential Reelection Without Term Limits in the Context of the Inter-American Human Rights System, Advisory Opinion Requested by the Republic of Colombia, 7 June 2021, Series OC-28/21.
Legal Maxims: Summaries and Extracts from Selected Case Law
Authors: Mazo Adriana Fillol , Hernández Ana Cristina Gallego , Espinosa Lucía Ione Padilla , Moreno-Domínguez Juan Francisco 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides summaries and extracts related to four cases heard in 2021 by the African Court on Human and People's Rights: (1) Sábastien Germain Marie Aákoue Ajavon v. Republic of Benin, Application No. 065/2019, Judgment, 29 March 2021; (2) Yahaya Zumo Makame and 3 Others v. United Republic of Tanzania, Application No. 023/2016, Judgment, 25 June 2021; (3) Request for Advisory Opinion by the Pan African Lawyers Union (PALU) on the Right to Participate in the Government of One's Country in the Context of an Election Held During a Public Health Emergency or a Pandemic, Such as the Covid-19 Crisis, No. 001/2020, Advisory Opinion, 16 July 2021; and (4) Glory C. Hossou and Landry A. Adelakoun v. Republic of Benin, Application No. 016/2020, Ruling, 2 December 2021.
Introductory Note
Authors: Reinisch August , Tropper Johannes 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The 2021 jurisprudence of ICSID tribunals and ad hoc committees addressed among others the jurisdictional issues of the notions of “investment” and “investor” under Article 25 ICSID Convention, the establishment of jurisdiction by means of an MFN provision, the so-called intra-EU objection to jurisdiction, the illegality objection to jurisdiction, and the objection to jurisdiction based on abuse of process. Prominent procedural issues concerned the dismissal of claims manifestly without legal merit and security for costs. The 2021 cases also dealt with expropriation, fair and equitable treatment, minimum standard of treatment, and denial of justice. In addition, the effect of general exceptions clauses was addressed by two ICSID tribunals. On quantum, some tribunals found that no damages could be awarded despite breaches of investment treaties. Annulment committees addressed the limited grounds for annulling awards under the ICSID Convention.
Legal Maxims: Summaries and Extracts from Selected Case Law
Authors: Tropper Johannes 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter relates to jurisprudence of the ICSID tribunals in 2021, covering Infinito Gold Ltd. v. Republic of Costa Rica, ICSID Case No. ARB/14/5, Award, 3 June 2021; and Mathias Kruck and Others v. Kingdom of Spain, ICSID Case No. ARB/15/23, Decision on the Respondent's Request for Reconsideration of the Tribunal's Decision dated 19 April 2021, 6 December 2021.
The Emerging Ethics Evolution: The Evasive Connection Between Environmental Crimes, Philosophical Considerations of Public International Law, and the International Criminal Court’s Twentieth Anniversary
Authors: Matwijkiw Anja , Matwijkiw Bronik 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In terms of modern international responsibility, justice has played a role since the 1945 UN Charter, just as legal accountability for serious crimes is central to that same value. With Responsibility to Protect (R2P), the growing need for more than conventional cum traditional measures resulted in the emergence of an(other) innovative protection tool. However, the question of new norm-recognition appears to be prone to stalemates even in situations where survival is at stake. There is a mismatch for the same reason, and the International Criminal Court (ICC) cannot avoid the effects of this. The twentieth anniversary of the ICC coincides with a reality of doctrinal division. Philosophical jus cogens considerations point in different directions, inter alia, when it comes to the possibility of a crime typology that includes ecocide. Contemporary outlooks may factor in both morality and human rights. The paradox is: this is no guarantee against skepticism or a narrowing of the scope.
Applications
Authors: Engelhardt Jeff 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers how the de-idealizations developed in earlier chapters might be useful beyond discussions of content externalism and methodology in the philosophies of mind and language, with a focus on discussions of epistemic injustice and conceptual engineering. With regard to epistemic justice, the chapter makes the case that (i) the de-idealizations provide reasons to adopt an expansive conception of hermeneutical injustice, and (ii) if such an expansive conception is adopted, then the arguments in this book should establish that hermeneutical injustice occurs systematically. Additionally, this book’s arguments suggest that not only are concepts “up to us” but so are the processes that determine concepts. Thus, this book raises new questions relevant to work on conceptual engineering. Conceptual engineers should not only ask “What should concepts be like?” but also “Who should determine concepts?” and “What should the processes that determine concepts be like?”
Forces of Political Change
Authors: Bullock Charles S. , MacManus Susan A , Mayer Jeremy D , Rozell Mark J 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The South continues to grow, and as it grows it becomes more diverse. The growing diversity has the potential to produce partisan realignment in states experiencing the most rapid growth. During the latter half of the twentieth century, the South realigned from solidly Democratic to Republican as the GOP came to dominate first the region’s presidential elections and then the congressional delegations. As of 2023, all but two of the eleven congressional delegations and all but one of the region’s state legislative chambers has a Republican majority. Nonetheless, Democrats have shown signs of bouncing back in the states experiencing growth rates that exceed those for the nation. If parts of the South realign toward the Democratic Party, it will depend on support from ethnic minorities and women.
The Latino Surge in the New South and Its Political Implications
Authors: Bullock Charles S. , MacManus Susan A , Mayer Jeremy D , Rozell Mark J 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Latino population growth is driving substantial political change in the South. Whereas Latino population surges once were confined to traditional destination states such as Texas and Florida, some of the fastest-growing Latino populations now are in states that are not historic destinations for Latino immigration and migration. With White and African American population growth in the South stagnant, and Asians making up a small percentage of the region’s population, it stands to reason that Latinos will hold the keys to the future of southern politics. Whereas some analysts argue that demography is destiny and thus favoring the Democratic Party, the evidence presented here shows that the Latino vote is much more “up for grabs” than many believe, making such voters the potential swing vote of the South’s future.
Leadership from Bad to Worse
Authors: Kellerman Barbara 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Leadership from Bad to Worse is altogether different from the countless other books on leadership. First, its focus is on bad leadership. Second, its focus is equally on bad followership. Third, it breaks the process of going from bad leadership/followership to worse into four phases, each more ominous and dangerous than the one that preceded it. Fourth, the book includes four cases—two in political leadership, two in business leadership—that detail the preceding point. Fifth, Leadership from Bad to Worse points the way forward. By making clear that bad leadership is a progressive social disease that is the rough equivalent of a progressive physical disease, it makes clear that the sooner it is caught and checked—which is possible, as opposed to impossible—the better. Much better!
Prologue
Authors: Kellerman Barbara 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The Prologue points out that bad leadership and its conjoined twin, bad followership, are as ubiquitous as pernicious. It introduces the idea that unless it is somehow stopped or at least slowed, bad leadership inevitably, inexorably becomes worse leadership. Vladimir Putin and Donald Trump are cited as examples—though both showed clear signs of being bad early on, both were permitted to progress from bad to worse, to being far more dangerous later in their lives as leaders than they were earlier on. The Prologue indicates that bad leadership progresses through four separate and distinct phases of development, each more ominous than the one that preceded it. It makes clear the book is intended to be an intellectual exercise—and to make a practical, real-world difference by urging us to abort bad leadership before it gets worse.
Elizabeth Holmes, CEO of Theranos
Authors: Kellerman Barbara 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
No downfall in recent American corporate history was as public and as dramatic as that of Elizabeth Holmes. She was, atypically, a leader in technology who was an attractive woman, and she was young. She started her blood-testing company, Theranos, when she was nineteen years old. But the story of her rise and fall transcends her persona. It includes a large cast of characters, including some of the rich and powerful in business, government, and academia; members of the press; and her longtime partner and lover, Sunny Balwani. Holmes’s progression—a leader who went from bad to worse—follows the predictable trajectory. However, because she was inordinately rigid, and because she had promised to revolutionize both science and medicine, her story is as singular as it is spectacular. And it is sad. In 2022 both she and Balwani were sentenced to more than ten years in prison.
Phase III: Leaders Start In
Authors: Kellerman Barbara 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
During the third phase of leadership from bad to worse, leaders and their followers embark on a course that is clearly and unambiguously bad in some way. This is the phase during which if bad is to be stopped or at least slowed, it is still, though only relatively, easy to do. For the more time passes, the deeper bad leadership and followership dig in and the more difficult they are to uproot. To further explain why bad happens, it includes a list of benefits to groups and organizations whose followers fall largely if not entirely into line. Martin Winterkorn, Recep Tayyip Erdogan, Elizabeth Holmes, and Xi Jinping were all leaders who proceeded without hesitation or interruption to go from bad to worse. The chapter concludes with a section titled “Danger Ahead,” which further explores why we follow—even when on some level we know we should not.
Epilogue
Authors: Kellerman Barbara 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Occasionally theories explore the dark side of the human condition. And occasionally there are real-world attempts to bring bad leaders down. But the work pales in comparison with the magnitude of the problem. Leaders who act largely or even entirely in their self-interest, as opposed to in the public interest, are part of everyday life. Ideally, we would have a perfect checklist for how to know when a leader begins to go bad. While I have no illusions that the list I have here is ideal, it does provide ideas, information, and instructions on what to watch for when bad leadership threatens and on what to do when it happens. We get the leaders we deserve. If we continue too long to tolerate stupidities and inefficiencies, lying and cheating, voraciousness and intemperance, indignities, inequities, and cruelties, usually—though, admittedly, not always—it’s on us.
Activism and Post-activism
Authors: Kim Jihoon 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This is the first English-language book on the development of South Korean nonfiction films and videos from the early 1980s to the present. Surveying South Korean documentary cinema, it argues that what is unique about this history is the coevolution of activism aspiring to engage social movements and advocate democracy, progressiveness, equality in the forms of alternative media, and an array of post-activist experiments with documentary forms and aesthetics in the service of renewing the activist tradition. Part I offers a comprehensive history of Korean social change documentaries in terms of their activist tradition, discussing their foundation as “film movement” in the 1980s, their development as independent documentary in dialogue with Korea’s turn to the new civil society in the 1990s, and their 21st-century expansion of subject matters into labor issues, disenfranchised subjects, ideological wars, feminist and LGBT movements, environmental activism, and such key events as the Sewol Ferry Disaster in 2014 and the 2016–2017 Candlelight Protests. Part II defines post-activism as a dialectic of departure and inheritance, namely, of the formal, aesthetic, epistemological, and discursive breaks from the activist tradition and its renewals. The formal and aesthetic distinctions of post-activism are evident in four types of twenty-first-century documentary film: variants of personal documentary and the documentaries based on reenactment, experimental documentaries that take places and landscapes as their aesthetic object of investigation, films mobilized by the extensive use of archival footage, and nonfiction works that capitalize on the capacities of digital postproduction and virtual reality.
The Development of the Activist Tradition in the 1980s and 1990s
Authors: Kim Jihoon 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter chronicles the first twenty years of the history in terms of the formation of the activist tradition in South Korean documentary cinema. Following the Gwangju Uprising in May 1980, there emerged university students who became cognizant of film as a tool for expressing political dissent, engaging the lives and problems of peasants, workers, and urban evictees, and enlightening their class consciousness for social change. Both university cine-clubs and film production collectives embarked upon the practice of fiction and nonfiction filmmaking, establishing their mission as yŏnghwa undong (film movement). Besides pointing to the foundational bond of cinema and social movement, the chapter characterizes the collectives’ nonfiction artifacts in terms of how yŏnghwa undong formed three components of the activist tradition: its alternative modes of production and exhibition against the state-sponsored nonfiction apparatuses and commercial cinema, minjung (people) as the subject that it aspired to engage and enlighten, and experiments with documenting reality. The chapter tracks down the evolution of the early film activism into independent documentary (tongnip tak’yument’ŏri) in the 1990s, an institutionalized mode of nonfiction film and video practices founded upon their orientation toward being independent from state power and commercial capital. In so doing, the chapter makes clear several social and institutional contexts that contributed to the formation of independent documentary, such as the transition to civil society (simin sahoe) after the end of the military dictatorship, the transformation of local film culture, and the growth of film festivals.
The Personal Turn
Authors: Kim Jihoon 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter rehearses the twenty-year evolution of sajŏk tak’yument’ŏri (personal documentary) by teasing out the implications of the term sajŏk (personal) in light of the ambivalent relationship of post-activist practices to their activist predecessors. Building upon Jim Lane’s and Michael Renov’s insights into domestic ethnography as a mode that tests the epistemological liminalities of nonfiction practice and works on and across the unstable boundaries of the director faced with her family members and their past, I argue that its consistency in twenty-first-century documentary production has been rooted in the specific significance of the family (kajok) in modern and contemporary Korean society. It also discusses the essay films of Kim Eung-su and Kelvin Kyung Kun Park in terms of how their multilayered and decentralized subjectivity is strategically used to mediate the personal and the public in favor of unfolding rich reflections on either the pressing reality (the Sewol Ferry Disaster) or the history of industrial modernization. The chapter’s final section is dedicated to the uses of reenactment in several twenty-first-century Korean documentary films to go deeper into the psychic and mnemonic realities of traumatized social actors and to reconstruct their realities’ encounter with history in ways distinct from their activist precursors.