bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intrauterine transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi in dogs
Authors: Gustafson John M. , Burgess Elizabeth C. , Wachal Michael D. , Steinberg Howard 
Published: January 2024

Summary
To determine whether intrauterine transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi could exist in dogs, 10 female Beagles were inoculated intradermally with approximately 1,000 B burgdorferi on day 1 of proestrus; inoculation was repeated every 2 weeks during the gestation period. Ten female control Beagles were similarly inoculated with phosphate-buffered saline solution. Prior to the start of the study, all females and 3 males used for breeding were seronegative for B burgdorferi on the basis of results of the indirect fluorescent antibody test and immunoblot (western blot) analysis. Similarly, results of culture of blood for B burgdorferi were negative. All 20 of the females were bred naturally. Blood samples were collected weekly for serologic testing and culture. Blood samples were obtained from live pups on day 1 of life, then weekly until pups were 6 weeks old when they were euthanatized. Tissues were obtained for culture and testing by use of polymerase chain reaction (pcr). Of 10 spirochete-inoculated (si) females, 8 became infected with B burgdorferi as evidenced by spirochete culture results and/or pcr-detected B burgdorferi dna in the tissues of females or their pups. Of the 10 si females, 8 delivered litters (3 to 7 pups) that had at least 1 neonatal or 6-week-old pup with B burgdorferi dna-positive tissues (by pcr), and spirochetes were cultured from tissues from pups of 2 litters. Four pups of 3 separate litters (a stillborn, a neonate that survived to 30 minutes of age, a 20- hour-old, and a 48-hour-old) had B burgdorferi-positive tissues (by pcr), and the 20-hour-old pup was also culture-positive, indicating intrauterine infection. Further evidence of intrauterine exposure was the presence of IgM antibodies to B burgdorferi detectable by western blot in 3 of 7 one-day-old pups that did not receive colostrum, indicating a primary immune response. Eight of 10 si females and 10 of 10 control females carried litters to term. Differences between si and control Beagles were seen in the duration of gestation, number of resorptions, and number of dystocias. All control females and pups remained seronegative, culture-negative, and B burgdorfer-inegative throughout the study.
Intrauterine infection by B burgdorferi does occur in dogs and is a potential means by which the spirochete can be transmitted in a breeding population in the absence of a tick vector.
Semiquantitative test for Dirofilaria immitis as a predictor of thromboembolic complications associated with heartworm treatment in dogs
Authors: Rawlings Clarence A. , Tonelli Quentin , Lewis Robert E. , Duncan J. Robert 
Published: January 2024

Summary
A semiquantitative heartworm test of antigen concentration was evaluated as a predictor of thromboembolism after adulticide treatment. Seventeen dogs with naturally acquired infections of Dirofilaria immitis (heartworms) were studied before and after thiacetarsamide treatment, using physical examinations, arterial blood gas analyses, thoracic radiography, and pulmonary hemodynamic and arteriographic tests. Eight dogs were considered to have a low burden of heartworms and 9 had a high burden. Dogs with a high worm burden had more severe pulmonary thromboembolism with pulmonary hypertension, dilated pulmonary arteries, flow obstruction of the caudal pulmonary arteries, and parenchymal lesions in the caudal lung lobes. Dogs with a low worm burden had minimal changes. Within each group of dogs, the severity of thromboembolism was less in some dogs in which all heartworms were not killed. Six of the 9 dogs with a high burden of heartworms had surviving heartworms, and 1 of these dogs had 38 live heartworms. Only 4 of the 8 dogs with a low worm burden had complete heartworm mortality, but only 1 dog had more than 3 surviving heartworms. We concluded that dogs with a high worm burden were more likely to have pulmonary thromboembolism after thiacetarsamide treatment and that dogs with a low worm burden were more likely to have minimal changes. A semiquantitative heartworm test of antigen concentration is recommended as part of the pretreatment evaluation of dogs infected with heartworms.
Efficacy of albendazole against giardiasis in dogs
Authors: Barr Stephen C. , Bowman Dwight D. , Heller Ruth L. , Erb Hollis N. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Efficacy of albendazole for treating giardiasis in dogs was assessed in 3 experiments. In experiment 1, Giardia cysts were cleared from feces of 5 of 7 dogs (as determined by the zinc-sulfate concentration technique) after the dogs received a single dose of albendazole (25 mg/kg of body weight, po), whereas feces of 3 of 7 dogs became clear of cysts without treatment. In experiment 2, feces of 5 of 5 dogs became clear of cysts after albendazole treatment (25 mg/kg, po, q 12 h for 4 doses); feces of 1 of 5 untreated control dogs became clear. In experiment 3, feces of 18 of 20 dogs became clear of cysts after albendazole (25 mg/kg, po, q 12 h for 4 doses) was given; none of the 20 control dogs had feces clear of cysts. Signs of toxicosis were not observed in any dog. These results indicate that a single dose of albendazole (25 mg/kg, po) is not effective for treating giardiasis in dogs. However, 4 doses of albendazole (25 mg/kg, po, q 12 h) are highly effective and nontoxic for treatment of giardiasis in dogs.
Use of indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with hot saline solution extracts of a variant (M—) strain of Brucella canis for diagnosis of brucellosis in dogs
Authors: Mateu-de-Antonio E. M. , Martin M. , Soler M. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
An elisa, using hot saline solution extracts (hss) of a less-mucoid variant (M—) strain of Brucella canis as antigen, was developed for detection of antibodies against B canis in dogs. The test was applied to 177 field serum samples previously tested by use of the 2-mercaptoethanol rapid slide agglutination test, 2-mercaptoethanol-tube agglutination test, and agar gel immunodiffusion containing hss and cytoplasmic antigens of B canis. Results indicated that this elisa seems to be highly specific (95.6%) and slightly less sensitive (93.8%). The hss obtained from B canis wild-type RM 6/66 also have been used, but in our study, it seemed to be unsuitable for use in elisa because of the high background values observed for sera with negative test results.
Prevalence of atretic corpora lutea in ovaries of bovine fetuses
Authors: Weber Alvin Francis , Cox Victor Stuart , Shope Richard Edwin , Fletcher Thomas Francis , Lee Debra Marie 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Both ovaries from 88 bovine fetuses in the fifth month or later of gestation were studied histologically to determine the prevalence, origin, and time of appearance of atretic corpora lutea (acl). Ovaries from 36 (41%) fetuses had acl; fetuses < 6 months of gestation did not have acl. Six fetuses had more than 25 acl, but there was no apparent relationship between fetal age and number of acl.
Formation of acl involved disintegration of the stratum granulosum of secondary follicles, concomitant with proliferation and invasion by vascularized elements of the theca. Fully developed acl consisted of a large primary oocyte surrounded by a prominent zona pellucida and encased in a well-vascularized, largely thecal, fibrocellular wall. They measured approximately 0.5 to 1.0 mm in diameter. Empty, collapsed zona pellucidas were seen in many of the degenerating acl.
Comparison of the chemiluminescence responses of bovine neutrophils to differently opsonized zymosan particles
Authors: Leino Lasse , Paape Max J. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Stimulatory effects of 6 zymosan preparations on luminol-dependent chemiluminescence (cl) responses of isolated bovine neutrophils were compared. Unopsonized zymosan particles and zymosan particles opsonized with bovine IgG1, IgG2, fresh serum, or serum from which zymosan-specific antibodies, but not complement, had been removed (C3-serum) induced strong cl responses, with nearly equal maximal peaks in the presence of extracellular Ca2+ and Mg2+, whereas the response to fetal bovine serum-opsonized zymosan particles was markedly low. Removal of extracellular divalent cations almost completely blocked the cl reaction triggered by unopsonized, IgG1-opsonized, C3-opsonized, and fetal bovine serum-opsonized zymosan particles. By contrast, no change in the respiratory burst activity induced by serum-opsonized zymosan and only partial reduction in the response to IgG2-opsonized zymosan were seen under these conditions. Further experiments were performed with 4 zymosan preparations on neutrophils isolated from 2 calves with a genetic deficiency of CD11/CD18 membrane antigens. The unopsonized zymosan-induced cl reaction was absent in these cells. A reduced, but clear, response was observed with C3-opsonized zymosan. Unexpectedly, in the absence of extracellular Ca2+ and Mg2+, serum-opsonized zymosan failed to generate the respiratory burst, whereas response to IgG2-opsonized zymosan was normal in the CD11/CD18-deficient neutrophils. These findings indicate that unopsonized zymosan may act in a divalent cation-dependent manner at the receptor for C3bi in bovine neutrophils, as it has been shown to do in the human system. In addition, it seems that IgG2-Fc receptors capable of signaling the respiratory burst in the absence of extracellular Ca2+ and Mg2+ exist on bovine neutrophils.
Use of scintimetry to assess effects of exercise and polysulfated glycosaminoglycan on equine carpal joints with osteochondral defects
Authors: Todhunter Rory J. , Altman Naomi S. , Kallfelz Francis A. , Nersesian Pamela , Lust George 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Combined blood pool and delayed images produced by use of 99MTc-methylene diphosphonate (99MTcMDP) were evaluated as an objective measurement of the response of equine joints with osteochondral defects to postoperative exercise and intra-articularly administered polysulfated glycosaminoglycan (PSGAG).
Osteochondral defects (approx 2.4 × 0.9 cm) were induced arthroscopically in the dorsodistal radial carpal bones of 18 ponies. These ponies were randomized (while balancing for age [range 2 to 15, median, 5.0; mean, 5.1 years]) to 2 treatment groups. Nine ponies were assigned to be exercised, and 9 were stall-rested. Six ponies in each group were administered PSGAG (250 mg) in 1 joint (medicated) and lactated Ringer's solution (LRS) in the contralateral joint. The 3 remaining ponies in each group were administered LRS in both joints (nonmedicated). Medication was given at surgery, then weekly for 4 weeks. The exercise protocol (begun at postoperative day 6 and conducted twice daily) started with 30 minutes walking (approx 0.7 m/s), and, by postoperative month 3, the ponies were being walked for 15 minutes and trotted (approx 1.6 m/s) for 25 minutes. Simultaneous dorsal images of both carpi were made 2 to 3 minutes after IV administration of 99MTcMDP (blood pool image) and 90 to 120 minutes later (delayed image). Scintimetry, in counts per minute per pixel per millicurie, was done before, and at 1, 2, 4, 8, 10, 13, and 17 weeks after surgery, prior to euthanasia.
Radionuclide uptake on blood pool images decreased faster than that on delayed images, in which uptake remained high for 17 weeks. This indicated that bone was metabolically active for at least 17 weeks after surgery. Exercise significantly (P < 0.05) decreased uptake on the blood pool images of medicated joints up to 1 month after surgery. Thus, exercise (in the presence of PSGAG) probably had a transient, beneficial effect on soft tissues of the joint. Exercise, without PSGAG, promoted increased bone remodeling, because the highest uptake on delayed images was observed in exercised, nonmedicated ponies up to 3 months after surgery. This was consistent with development of osteoarthritis in these ponies. Medication alone stimulated bone remodeling, and data indicated that an identical effect may take place in contralateral LRS-injected joints, because of systemic circulation of the drug. However, the combination of exercise and medication appeared to moderate the independent effects of each. The combination of exercise and medication in individual joints resulted in notably (P < 0.05) decreased bone remodeling. Medication caused a decrease in bone remodeling in exercised ponies, indicating a protective effect against development of osteoarthritis.
Serum osteocalcin concentration in horses treated with triamcinolone acetonide
Authors: Lepage Olivier M. , Laverty Sheila , Marcoux Marcel , Dumas Ghislain 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The effect of triamcinolone acetonide (0.09 mg/kg of body weight, im) on serum osteocalcin concentration was studied. Two groups of horses were investigated and included clinically normal horses (group 1, n = 5) and horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (group 2, n = 5). Before treatment, results of a t-test did not reveal any significant difference in serum osteocalcin concentration between the 2 groups. After treatment, a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in serum osteocalcin concentration was observed for both groups. Osteocalcin concentration in individual horses reached a minimum by 24 to 48 hours after treatment. In both groups of horses, serum osteocalcin response to glucocorticoid administration was similar. In 7 of 10 horses, return to pretreatment values was observed after 28 days. Pretreatment values for the other 3 horses were reached between 62 and 150 days.
Seroepidemiologic survey for adenovirus infection in lambs
Authors: Lehmkuhl Howard D. , Cutlip Randall C. , Brogden Kim A. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
A serologic survey was conducted to determine the prevalence and seroconversion rates for ovine adenovirus (oav) serotypes 1–4 and bovine adenovirus (bav) serotypes 2, 3, and 7 in sheep in Iowa and in surrounding states. For 2 consecutive years, paired serum samples were obtained from 1- to 2-month-old lambs as they entered a ram test station and, again, 2 months later. Sera were tested for adenovirus antibodies by use of a microtitration serum virus-neutralization test. At the time of entry, high prevalence of antibody (titer ≥ 2) was detected to all tested adenoviruses except bav-3. All adenoviruses were active in the ram test station both years, as indicated by ≥ fourfold increase in adenovirus antibody titer (seroconversion) in some of the lambs. The prevalence and seroconversion rate for oav-1 was 94.0 and 7.2%, respectively; for oav-2, 98.6 and 15.1%; for oav-3, 86.5 and 11.0%; for oav-4, 98.4 and 13.2%; for bav-2, 97.6 and 22.4%; for bav-3, 11.4 and 3.8%; and for bav-7, 81.6 and 4.5%. The results indicate that adenovirus infections were widespread in the sheep population and that the prevalence of active infection based on seroconversion rates was approximately 45%.
Reproducibility of urethral pressure profiles in clinically normal sexually intact female dogs by use of microtransducer catheters
Authors: Arnold Susi , Chew Dennis J. , Hubler Madeleine , Casal Margret , Wiestner Thomas , Hogg Hermann , Heckmann Rudolf , Powers Jean , Ruesch Peter 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Urethral pressures profiles (upp) obtained by use of microtransducer catheters were determined in 8 anestrous sexually intact female Beagles during general anesthesia. A upp study consisted of 3 consecutive recordings, and 4 upp studies were repeated at an interval of 5 days in each dog. Maximal urethral pressure (cm of H2O), bladder pressure (cm of H2O), and anatomic urethral length (cm) were recorded. Maximal urethral closure pressure (cm of H2O) was calculated.
Mean ± sd (for all measurements) maximal urethral closure pressure was 12.8 ± 5.6 cm of H2O (range, 2.4 to 25.2 cm of H2O). Maximal urethral closure pressure was significantly (P < 0.05) decreased during the first recording period (11.4 ± 5.8 cm of H2O), compared with the second (13.0 ± 5.2 cm of H2O) or third (14.1 ± 5.7 cm of H2O) recording periods within a upp study (3 consecutive recordings). Mean maximal difference in urethral closure pressure during a single upp study was 4.8 ± 2.4 cm of H2O. Significant difference in maximal urethral closure pressure was not observed between studies.
Mean (for all measurements) anatomic urethral length was 6.2 ± 0.9 cm (4.1 to 7.8 cm). Anatomic urethral length was significantly (P < 0.05) less during the first recording period (6.1 ± 0.9 cm), compared with values for the second and third periods (6.3 ± 0.9cm, 6.4 ± 0.9 cm respectively). Anatomic urethral length for time 3 was significantly (P < 0.05) less than the value for time 1 (5.8 ± 0.7 cm vs 6.6 ± 0.8 cm).
We conclude that the microtransducer catheter technique for measurement of upp was reproducible during a single study and between successive studies.
This method is useful in documenting maximal urethral pressure, maximal urethral closure pressure, and anatomic urethral length in clinically normal sexually intact female dogs.
Interspecific conjugal transfer of antibiotic resistance among staphylococci isolated from the bovine mammary gland
Authors: Muhammad Ghulam , Hoblet Kent H. , Jackwood Daral J. , Bech-Nielsen Steen , Smith K. Larry 
Published: January 2024

Summary
In vitro transferability of pemcillm. strepiomycin, tetracycline, and erythromycin resistance from coagulase-negative staphylococci to Staphylococcus aureus and among the former species of bovine mammary gland origin was examined by bacterial mating on filters and by mixed-culture matings in broth and in skim milk. One hundred twenty-six (42 each on filter, in broth, and in skim milk) matings were performed among 37 isolates of different Staphylococcus species. Transfer of resistance to penicillin, tetracycline, or erythromycin was not detected. Of 51 matings performed to determine streptomycin-resistance transfer, 9 (3 each on filters, in broth, and skim milk) were successful. Nine strains representing 3 species of coagulase-negative staphylococci were tested as prospective donors of streptomycin resistance. Of these, 2 strains could transfer streptomycin resistance. A double-resistant donor, Shominis, not only transferred its streptomycin resistance to an S chromogenes strain lacking resistance, but also to an S aureus strain already carrying penicillin and tetracycline resistance. The transfer of streptomycin resistance from the donor S hominis, harboring 2 plasmids, to a plasmidless S chromogenes recipient strain was associated with apparent acquisition of the smaller plasmid of the donor by the recipient. The single-resistant donor, S epidermidis 681A, transferred streptomycin resistance to a tetracycline-resistant. S aureus recipient. This strain however failed to transfer its streptomycin resistance to another S aureus, 2 S hyicus, and 1 S xylosus recipient. Frequency of transfer of streptomycin resistance ranged from 1.1 × 10−5 to 1 × 10−4. When transfer of resistance was successful, attempts were made to characterize the transfer process. Conjugation appeared to be the mode of streptomycin-resistance transfer. Transfer of resistance between staphylococci of bovine mammary gland origin appears to be fairly uncommon. However, in view of the limitations of the procedures used, additional in vitro and in vivo work is needed to further assess the role of coagulase-negative staphylococci in dissemination of antibiotic resistance.
Purification of surface-exposed integral outer membrane proteins of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae and their role in opsonophagocytosis
Authors: Thwaits Richard N. , Kadis Soloman 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Previously identified 39-, 50-, and 76-kd integral outer membrane proteins (iomp) of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, a respiratory tract pathogen, were separated by electroelution of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis-obtained fragments and their role in opsonophagocytosis by porcine leukocytes was investigated by flow cytometry of fluorescein-labeled A pleuropneumoniae. Using specific antisera, immunoblot analysis indicated that the 3 proteins were antigenically distinct. Antibodies against each iomp have an important role as opsonins for phagocytosis by porcine leukocytes. The effect of using a combination of all 3 of the specific antisera was minimal. Antiserum absorbed against intact A pleuropneumoniae and Escherichia coli organisms indicated that the antibodies to the 39-, 50-, and 76-kd iomp were specific for A pleuropneumoniae antigens. Nonheat-treated antiserum did not increase phagocytosis, compared with heat-inactivated antiserum, indicating that complement may not have a major role in opsonization of A pleuropneumoniae.
Association of host cell mitochondria with developing Toxoplasma gondii tissue cysts
Authors: Lindsay D. S. , Mitschler R. R. , Toivio-Kinnucan M. A. , Upton S. J. , Dubey J. P. , Blagburn B. L. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Ultrastructure of the interactions of host cell mitochondria with developing Toxoplasma gondii tissue cysts was examined in cultured cells, using transmission electron microscopy of infected cells and rhodamine 123 (a mitochondria-specific vital fluorescent dye) staining of isolated tissue cysts. Structurally mature T gondii tissue cysts were observed as early as 2 days after inoculation of cultured cells. During development of T gondii, host cell mitochondria were observed surrounding the parasitophorous vacuole membrane. Mitochondria became flat and elongated in the vicinity of the parasitophorous vacuole membrane. These mitochondria were also closely associated with T gondii tissue cysts. Incubation of tissue cysts from cultured cells and tissue cysts from mouse brains with rhodamine 123 revealed fluorescence of the tissue cyst wall in living specimens. Incubation of tissue cysts with 10 µM rotenone caused diminished fluorescence of the tissue cyst walls, and 100 µM rotenone caused complete inhibition. Mouse RBC, and tissue cysts fixed in 100% methanol did not fluoresce after exposure to rhodamine. Tissue cysts in 9 isolates of T gondii from mouse brains were examined, using rhodamine 123, and the tissue cyst walls of all isolates fluoresced, indicating no isolate effects. Our results indicate that host cell mitochondria may be closely associated with the tissue cysts of T gondii in cell cultures and in mice.
Modulation of bronchial responsiveness in horses by phenylbutazone and furosemide
Authors: Aguilera-Tejéro E. , Pascoe J. R. , Woliner M. J. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Effects of phenylbutazone (pbz) and furosemide (fur) on the respiratory tract of horses were evaluated, focusing on bronchial responsiveness. Four healthy Thoroughbreds were used and data were analyzed by use of a Latin square design. Histamine provocation tests (0.5, 1, 2, and 4 µg/kg/min, iv) were done: (1) without prior treatment with pbz or fur, (2) 30 minutes after administration of pbz (8 mg/kg, iv), (3) 1 hour after administration of fur (1 mg/kg, iv), and (4) after administration of pbz plus fur. Pulmonary function tests (dynamic compliance, resistance, respiratory frequency, and tidal volume) and heart rate were monitored throughout the experiments. Phenylbutazone did not influence basal pulmonary function test results, whereas fur caused a significant (P < 0.05) increase in dynamic compliance and decrease in resistance. Histamine infusion resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in dynamic compliance and a dose-dependent increase in resistance, respiratory frequency, and heart rate. Phenylbutazone administration significantly (P < 0.05) attenuated most of the changes induced by histamine, whereas fur had less protective action. Administration of pbz plus fur before administration of histamine was less effective than administration of pbz alone.