bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Heterogeneous Distributed Computing
Authors: Maheswaran Muthucumaru , Braun Tracy D. , Siegel Howard Jay 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areExamples of HC Application StudiesExamples of HC Environments and ToolsPVM and HeNCETaxonomies of Heterogeneous ComputingA Conceptual Model of Heterogeneous ComputingTask Profiling and Analytical BenchmarkingMatching and SchedulingMatching and Scheduling MetatasksSummary and Future DirectionsAcknowledgment
Motor Drives, DC
Authors: Barton Thomas H. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areConstant Torque and Constant Power ModesBasic Drive ConfigurationOptimum OperationForce Commutated RectifiersRegeneration and Dynamic BrakingSpeed MeasurementArmature Current LimitingDC Drive MotorsBrushless DC MotorsSingle‐Phase SystemsChoppers
AC–DC Power Converters
Authors: Smedley Keyue Ma , Santi Enrico 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areClassificationBasic Rectifier ConfigurationsCommutation, Inductive Drop, Line Notching, and DistortionGeneral AnalysisVoltage Doublers and Voltage MultipliersPulse‐Width Modulation (PWM) Rectifiers
Transistors, Bipolar Junction
Authors: Frisina Ferruccio , Patti Alfonso , Saggio Mario , Raciti Angelo 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areBasic BJT OperationsStructure and Fabrication TechnologyReverse Behavior: Off StateForward Behavior: on StateThermal RatingsSafe Operating AreasSwitching TransientsMultiple Connections of BJTsModeling and SimulationTrends in BJT Development
Thyristor Phase Control
Authors: Heumann Klemens 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areHistory of DevelopmentPhase ControlTypes of ThyristorsI‐V CharacteristicsPhysical Mode of OperationTwo‐Transistor AnalogElectrical PropertiesSwitching BehaviorTriggering PropertiesSnubber CircuitsParallel and Series ConnectionMechanical DesignLosses in ThyristorsCoolingTypical Values for ThyristorsMain Applications of Phase Control ThyristorsDevelopment Trends
Electrorheology
Authors: Fu Liang , Resca Lorenzo 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areComposition and Properties of ER FluidsBasic Requirements for Engineering and Commercial Applications of ER FluidsFunctioning and Design of Basic ER DevicesNewtonian Fluids and Elastic SolidsNon‐Newtonian FluidsER Fluid RheologyER Fluid RheometryTheoretical Models and Simulations of ER PhenomenaTheory and Computation of Electrical Interactions in ER Fluids
Electron Impact Ionization
Authors: Srivastava S. K. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Measurement of Cross Sections

Ionization Properties of Radicals and Excited States

Polar Dissociation

Dissociation of Molecules into Neutral Species

Ionization Properties at the Threshold of Ionization

Additivity Rule

Kinetic Energies of the Fragment Ions

Conclusions
Plasma Chemistry
Authors: Pearton S. J. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areModel System: F2‐Based Etching of SiO2Etching of SiEtching of Al and Al alloysEtching of Refractory Metals and SilicidesEtching of Photoresist and PolymersLoading and Aspect‐Ratio‐Dependent EtchingDamage and ResiduesPlasma Analytical TechniquesCompound Semiconductor Etching
Optical Harmonic Generation Parametric Devices
Authors: Boulanger B. , Fève J. P. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Nonlinear Optics: an Actual and Wide Field Of Optics Research

Main Applications of Parametric Devices

Induced Macroscopic Polarization

Electromagnetic Energy Exchange

Nonlinear Materials

Propagation of the Waves in the Nonlinear Medium

Second Harmonic Generation

Optical Parametric Generators and Amplifiers

Optical Parametric Oscillators

Recent Advances in Frequency Conversion
Faraday Effect
Authors: Wilson Donald K. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Optical Isolators

Magneto‐Optic Effect

Faraday Rotating Materials

Paramagnetics

Diamagnetics

Ferromagnetics

Magnets

Polarizers

Miniaturized Isolators For Diode Lasers and Fiber Optics

Isolator Characteristics

Polarization Effects

Significance of Wavelength

Isolation Limitations

Future Isolators

Optical Circulators

Acknowledgments
Photoconductivity
Authors: Bube Richard H. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Basic Photoconductivity Processes

Photoconductivity Parameters

Types of Photoconducting Systems

Examples of Recombination Models

Recombination Effects for two Types of Imperfections

Recombination Processes

Steady‐State Photoelectronic Analysis

Transient Photoelectronic Analysis

Quantum Wells and Superlattices

Acknowledgment
Photodielectric Effect
Authors: Avanesyan Vachagan T. , Bordovskii Gennadii A. , Potachov Sergei A. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areTheoretical Basis of PDEPDE TechniqueExperimental Analysis of Photodielectric PhenomenaPhotocapacitance Spectroscopy of Deep Local StatesPractical USE off the PDE
Submillimeter Wave Lasers
Authors: Mueller Eric R. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
The sections in this article are

The Submillimeter‐Wave Portion of the Electromagnetic Spectrum

Historical Overview

Operational Overview

Typical Performance and Applications

Continuous‐Wave Optically Pumped Submillimeter‐Wave Lasers: in Detail

An Example Opsl System: the Nasa Chem 1 Satellite, 2.5 THz Laser Local Oscillator
DC Transformers
Authors: Lu Jun W. , Dawson Francis P. , Yamada Sotoshi , Higashi Toru , Sasada Ichiro , Yamaguchi Masahiro 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
The sections in this article are

DC Transformer Operating Principles

DC Transformer Applications and Performance

DC Transformer Modeling

DC Transformer Design

Intra‐ and Interwinding Capacitance and High‐Voltage Considerations

Efficiency, Power Density, and Thermal Analysis
Load Management
Authors: Bellarmine G. Thomas , Arokiaswamy N. S. S. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Demand‐Side Management

Supply‐Side Management

Power Shortage Management

Energy Audit Management

Energy Management Systems

Transmission Losses

Integrated Resource Planning and Unit Commitment

Electricity Tariff Structure

Environmental Issues

Summary

Appendix 1. Selection of Energy Efficient Motors

Acknowledgments
Load Regulation of Power Plants
Authors: Kallappa Pattada , Ray Asok 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Life‐Extending Load‐Following Control System

Feedforward System Design

Simulation Examples for Feedforward System

Feedback System Design

Supervisory System

Feedback‐Supervisory System Implementation

Results and Discussion of Simulation Experiments

Simulation Set‐up

Simulation Under Nominal Conditions

Perturbed Plant Simulation

Conclusions
Power Dividers
Authors: Kumar B. P. , Branner G. R. , Razmafrouz G. , Brody D. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areCircuit Elements Utilized in Power Divider DesignPower Divider Configurations, Analysis and Design TechniquesAnalysis Techniques for Power Divider NetworksPower Divider DesignsFuture Trends in Power Dividers
Power System Protection, Relays
Authors: Tang Jianxin , Wang Fangming 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Power System Faults or Abnormal Operation Conditions

Characteristics of Protective Relay

Components and Zones of Protection

Functions of Protective Relays

Equipment Protection

Protective Relaying for Abnormal Phenomena

Backup Protection

Evaluation of Protective Relay Performance

Current Research
Reactive Power
Authors: Muchayi Maxwell , El‐Hawary M. E. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Reactive Power in Single Phase and Three‐Phase Systems

Measurement of Reactive Power in Three‐Phase Systems

Power Factor Penalties and Reactive Power

Reactive Power Transport (Flow)

Harmonic Considerations

Optimal Power Flow Algorithms

Reactive Power Pricing
Hydroelectric Power Stations
Authors: Nicolet A. , Vesligaj F. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areHydroelectric LayoutsBasic Criteria for the Design of the Main Equipment of a Hydropower PlantLarge Vertical Pelton TurbinesLarge Vertical Francis TurbinesLarge High‐Head Francis TurbinesLarge Vertical Kaplan TurbinesLarge Bulb TurbinesWorld's Largest Vertical GeneratorsLarge Generator–MotorsFully Water‐Cooled GeneratorsWorld Electric Energy ProductionDetermination off the Basic Data for a Hydrostorage PlantAvailable Capacity and Actual Daily Load for a Given NetworkTurbine EfficiencyItaipu TurbinesTurbine EfficiencySpeed FunctionPowerhouse Design with Respect to Distance from Dam
Power System Relaying
Authors: Das J. C. , Linders J. R. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Design Criteria of Protective Systems

Abnormal Conditions

Symmetrical Components

Circuit‐Interrupting Devices

The Nature and Purpose of Protective Relays

Instrument Transformers

Transient Stability and Load Shedding

Protective Relaying Schemes

Relay Coordination

Recent Trends
Free Electron Lasers
Authors: Nikonov Dmitri E. , Kurizki Gershon , Rostovtsev Yuri V. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areElectron Kinematics: Resonance and Synchronism ConditionsClassical Electron DynamicsDynamics and Gain in Interfering Two‐Wiggler FelsQuantum Regime of FELFEL Experimental ParametersApplicationsPerspectives
Reliability VIA Designed Experiments
Authors: Nikora Allen P. , Munson John C. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areReliability Theory OverviewFactors Affecting ReliabilityTypes of Experimental DesignApplicability of Experimental Design to Software TestingExperimental Assessment of Software ReliabilitySoftware Reliability: an Overview of the ProblemFoundationsGetting the Metaphor RightThe Conduct of InquiryExperimental Objectives
Design for Microelectronics Reliability
Authors: Di Giacomo Giulio , Scheider Donald W. , Jaspal Jasvar S. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areReliability ConceptsTypes of Failure DistributionsFailure Mechanism AccelerationDefects and Burn‐InThermomechanical ModelsElectrochemical ModelsForced‐Diffusion Transport ModelsOxidationRH Within Semihermetic ModulesConclusions
Reliability of Redundant and Fault‐Tolerant Systems
Authors: Ushakov Igor , Chakravarty Sumantra 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Many Flavors of Structural Redundancy

Failure Monitoring and Role of Switches

Redundancy With Repairable Units

Network Redundancy

Bounds on Two‐Pole Networks

Dynamic Redundancy
Artificial Hearts and Other Organs
Authors: Gaumond Roger P. , Gardner John F. , Snyder Alan J. , Weiss William J. , Kelley Christopher , Trumble Dennis R. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areEnergetics of Blood PumpingControl of Cardiovascular Pressure and FlowApproaches to Mechanical Design of Artificial HeartsSimulation of Pump Performance and TAH ControlVentricular AssistEnergy UtilizationTranscutaneous Energy Transmission and BatteriesCardiomyoplasty Fundamentals and Muscle‐Powered Blood PumpOther Artificial Organs
Human Motion Analysis
Authors: Abu‐Faraj Ziad O. , Harris Gerald F. , Smith Peter A. , Hassani Sahar 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areEvolution of Human Motion AnalysisAnatomic TerminologyThe Cyclic Nature of GaitStride and Temporal Gait ParametersGait Analysis MethodologiesAccuracy and Reliability of Motion Analysis SystemsBiomechanical Modeling of Gait DataGround Reaction Forces and Plantar PressuresKinematicsKineticsDynamic ElectromyographyEnergy ExpenditureInterpretation and Decision MakingFuture Trends in Gait AnalysisAcknowledgments
Bipolar Memory Circuits
Authors: Menon Sankaran M. , Mannava Phanindra K. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areEmitter Coupled LogicECL MemoriesFaults in ECL MemoriesBehavior of Faults in ECL Storage ElementsDetection of Certain FaultsBridging Faults: Modeling and AnalysisBridging of Logical Nodes With FeedbackConclusion
Gallium Arsenide Field Effect Transistor Logic Circuits
Authors: Fouts Douglas J. , Weatherford Todd R. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areGallium Arsenide Metal Semiconductor Field Effect TransistorsGaAs Directly Coupled FET Logic CircuitsAdditional Logic Circuits for GaAs Mesfet Fabrication ProcessesGallium Arsenide Heterostructure Isolated Gate Field Effect TransistorsGaAs Static Complementary Logic CircuitsAdditional Logic Circuits for GaAs Higfet Fabrication ProcessesSummary
Field Effect Transistor Memory Circuits
Authors: Kanan R. , Hochet B. , Declercq M. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areDirect‐Coupled Field‐Effect Transistor LogicField Effect Memory Problems AnalysisProposed Solutions to Minimize Leakage CurrentProposed Solutions to Improve YieldProposed Solution to Improve the Soft‐Error ImmunityProposed Solutions to Minimize the Power DissipationProposed Solution to Increase the SpeedCommercial Static SramsCommercial RomsDesign of Silicon Rams Using Complementary Gallium Arsenide
Programmable Logic Arrays
Authors: Chang Yao‐Wen , Wong D. F. , Wong C. K. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areProgramming TechnologiesLogic‐Module ArchitectureRouting ArchitectureCommercial Cpld/Fpga ExamplesDesign Process for Programmable LogicResearch in Cpld/Fpga Architectures
Sram Chips
Authors: Carns Timothy K. , Zheng Xinyu , Wang Kang L. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areThe Basics of Memory OperationThe Fundamental Components of the Sram CellInverter Analysis and ComparisonThe Fundamental Components of the Basic Sram ArchitectureImproving Today'S Sram Cell Cost and PerformanceApplication‐Specific SramssSram Testing and ReliabilityNovel Sram Cell Configurations for Future High‐Speed/High‐Density Applications
Transistor–Transistor Logic
Authors: Wyland David C. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areTransistor–Transistor Logic Circuit DesignTTL: An Improvement on DTLThe Ttl Logic Interface StandardTTL Logic Family Variations and ImprovementsPerformance of TTL FamiliesHigh‐Performance TTLTTL Logic Design ToolsThe Future of TTL
Authoring Languages
Authors: Bailey Brian P. , Konstan Joseph A. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areThe AuthorThe Authoring ProcessAuthoring Tools and LanguagesHypercard: Authoring Hypermedia Using CardsMacromedia Director: a Timeline‐Based Authoring ToolAuthorware: a Flow‐Based Authoring ToolThe Future of Authoring Interactive MediaFurther Reading
Genetic Algorithms
Authors: Deb Kalyanmoy 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areA Brief Introduction to Genetic AlgorithmsGAs as Function OptimizersGA GuidelinesReal‐Coded GAsHybrid GAsEvolution StrategyGenetic ProgrammingMultimodal Function OptimizationMultiobjective Functional OptimizationParallel GAsGenetic Algorithm‐Based Machine Learning (GBML)
Groupware
Authors: Grudin Jonathan , Poltrock Steven E. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areGroupware Research and Development ContextsWhat Groupware is and is NotThe Significance of Group SizeGroupware TypologiesCommunication TechnologiesShared Information Space TechnologiesCoordination TechnologiesChallenges to Groupware Development and UseNew Approaches to Understanding RequirementsFuture Directions
Software Prototyping
Authors: Meldal Sigurd , Fisher Gene L. , Stearns Daniel J. , Ölveczky Peter C. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areSummary of Benefits and RisksThe Goals of Software PrototypingThe Prototyping ProcessRisks in PrototypingPresentation, Functionality, and StructureValidation of System PresentationTools and Methods for Prototyping System PresentationValidation of System FunctionalityRisks in Using Prototyping in Validating System FunctionalityValidation of System StructureTools and Methods for Prototyping System Structures
System Monitoring
Authors: Liu Yanhong A. , Tsai Jeffrey J. P. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areComponents and Techniques for System MonitoringIssues in System MonitoringMonitoring PrinciplesWorkload SelectionTriggering MechanismImplementationData Analysis and PresentationApplicationsMonitoring Real‐Time, Parallel, and Distributed SystemsConclusion
Software Maintenance, Reverse Engineering and Reengineering
Authors: Lounis Hakim , Sahraoui Houari A. , Melo Walcélio L. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areProgram Abstraction: the Keyword for Reverse Engineering and ReengineeringProgram RedocumentationProgram Data and Control Flow AnalysisReengineering to Object TechnologyConclusion
Software Management VIA Law‐Governed Regularities
Authors: Minsky Naftaly H. , Pal Partha 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areA Kernelized Design: a Motivating ExampleAspects of Law‐Governed Architecture Under the Darwin‐e EnvironmentInteractions Regulated Under Darwin‐ePutting IT All TogetherRelated WorkConclusionAcknowledgment
Semiconductor Doping
Authors: Zagozdzon‐Wosik Wanda 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areFormalism of DiffusionRealization of the Diffusion ProcessesAtomic Models of DiffusionDiffusion of ImpuritiesThe Role of Oxidation and Nitridation During DiffusionThe Role of Substrate Orientation in DiffusionDiffusion in Polycrystalline and Amorphous SiliconMasking Properties of OxidesDopant Diffusion in SilicidesStress and DiffusionCharacterization of Doped Layers
Semiconductor Factory Control and Optimization
Authors: Butler Stephanie Watts , York Rudy , Bennett Marylyn Hoy , Winter Tom 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areControl in BreadthGeneric Model of the Elements of a ControllerControl in DepthChange ManagementStatistical Process ControlRun‐to‐Run Model‐Based Process ControlEquipment Signal Monitoring, Real‐Time Fault Detection and ClassificationSensorsIn Situ Particle MonitorsIn‐Line Defect Monitoring and Contamination ControlWafer Position TrackingData Mining and Data WarehousingParametric and Yield Outlier ControlWafer Level Reliability ControlMultivariate SPC, Especially for Equipment Signal MonitoringAcknowledgments
Cybernetics
Authors: Pinter Robert B. , Bouzerdoum Abdesselem , Nabet Bahram 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areBiological Neurons, or Nerve CellsFundamental Mathematical ideas for CyberneticsNonlinear Nervous System ComputationCybernetics of a Visual SystemShunting Inhibitory Motion DetectionElectronic Analogs of Cybernetic Models
Fir Filters, Windows
Authors: Lu W.-S. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
The sections in this article are

What is a Finite‐Impulse‐Response Digital Filter?

Analysis of Fir Digital Filters

Realization of Fir Filters

Fir Filters Versus Iir Filters

Design Methods

Design of Half‐Band and
M
TH Band Filters

Quantization Effects
Fourier Transform
Authors: Dewilde Patrick 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areHistorical NotesThe Basic Framework For Harmonic Analysis: Hilbert SpacesThe DFT, The FFT, and ConvolutionThe Fourier Transform of an ℓ2Series: Convolution and PropertiesThe Fourier Transform of Continuous Time FunctionsThe Laplace TransformDiscrete‐ and Continuous‐Time Dynamical Systems and Their Transform PropertiesDistributions or Generalized Functions: a New Framework
Statistical Signal Processing, Higher Order Tools
Authors: Giannakis Georgios B. , Zhou G. Tong 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areMotivation and OverviewBasic BackgroundDiscerning Non‐GaussianityRecovering Phase InformationChecking and Identifying NonlinearitiesSeparating Multiple SourcesConclusion and Future DirectionsAcknowledgment
Public Policy Towards Science and Technology
Authors: Tucker Christopher 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areAmerican Science and Technology Institutions in the Nineteenth CenturyRise of Government Involvement in American ScienceVannevar Bush and the Linear ModelDeviating from the Linear Model: The Militarization of American Science and TechnologyHealth and Agricultural Research: A DigressionInstability in the Science Policy System: The 1970sCompetitiveness and National Security: The Reagan Years for R&DUniversities and Federal Science and Technology PolicyCorporate R&D and Federal Science and Technology PolicyExpert Advice and Politics: Change Over TimeRecent Issues in Science and Technology Policy
Geophysical Prospecting Using Sonics and Ultrasonics
Authors: Sinha Bikash K. , Zeroug Smaine 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areSonic MeasurementsElastic Wave Propagation in a BoreholeRecent Developments I: Radial AlterationsRecent Developments II: Formation Shear AnisotropyRecent Developments III: Sonic Measurements in the Presence of Formation StressesRecent Developments IV: Formation Nonlinear ConstantsUltrasonic MeasurementsAcknowledgments
Therapeutic Ultrasound
Authors: Ebbini Emad S. , Seip Ralf , VanBaren Philip , Haddadin Osama , Simon Claudio , Botros Youssry Y. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Therapeutic Effects

High‐Intensity Focused Ultrasound

Current Challenges

Temperature Feedback

Image Guidance

Future Directions

Conclusions

Acknowledgments
Volume Visualization
Authors: Kaufman Arie E. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areVolumetric DataSurface‐Rendering TechniqueVolume‐Rendering TechniquesVolume‐Rendering OptimizationsSpecial‐Purpose, Volume‐Rendering HardwareVolumetric Global IlluminationIrregular Grid RenderingVolume GraphicsAcknowledgments
Graphical User Interfaces
Authors: Scholtz Jean C. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areHistoryDefinition of a Graphical User InterfaceAre Graphical User Interfaces Better Than Character‐Based Interfaces?Effects On Software DevelopmentArchitecture Of Graphical User InterfacesDevelopment ProcessDesigning The Graphical User InterfaceRepresentations Of DesignAppearanceEvaluation Of Graphical User InterfacesFuture of Graphical User Interfaces
Visual Realism
Authors: Watt Alan , Maddock Steve 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areTexture Mapping—Which Aspects of the Object to ModulateTwo‐Dimensional Textures and Three‐Dimensional ObjectsThree‐Dimensional Texture Domain TechniquesBump MappingEnvironment MappingInteractive Techniques in Texture MappingAdding Shadows in RenderingMapping Techniques and ComplexityFurther Reading
Reconfigurable Computing
Authors: Chung‐Kuan Cheng , Kahng Andrew B. , Leong Philip H.W. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractReconfigurable computing is the application of adaptable fabrics to solve computational problems, often taking advantage the flexibility available in the fabric to produce problem‐specific architectures that achieve high performance because of customization. Reconfigurable computing has been successfully applied to fields as diverse as digital signal processing, cryptography, bioinformatics, logic emulation, CAD tool acceleration, scientific computing, and rapid prototyping.Although Estrin‐first proposed the idea of a reconfigurable system in the form of a fixed plus variable structure computer in 1960it has only been in recent years that reconfigurable fabrics have reached sufficient density to make them a compelling implementation platform for high Performance applications and embedded systems. In this article, intended for the non‐specialist, we describe some of the basic concepts, tools and architectures associated with reconfigurable computing.