bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Decentralized autonomous organization in built environments: applications, potential and limitations
Authors: Ly Reachsak , Shojaei Alireza 
Published: January 2025

Abstracts
The operations of built environment-related sectors are often run on centralized organizational structures. This centralized approach could lead to operational challenges that restrict efficiency, hinder transparency, and misalign with the community’s interests. The emergence of decentralized autonomous organization (DAO) presents a promising avenue for addressing these issues by leveraging blockchain technology and decentralized governance models. This paper presents a review of DAO, examining its existing applications, limitations, and potential use cases in the built environment. Seven categories of DAO applications in the built environment were identified and discussed. The study also explores DAO’s fundamentals, including its governance characteristics, operational mechanism, limitations and technical implementation, and corresponding challenges. Finally, this study highlights three potential areas in the built environment for future DAO use cases. This article serves as an essential reference for future academics, professionals, and policy regulators interested in learning more about the integrations of DAO in the built environment.
New physiological insights using multi-TE ASL MRI measuring blood–brain barrier water exchange after caffeine intake
Authors: Mahroo Amnah , Buck Mareike Alicja , Konstandin Simon , Huber Jörn , Hoinkiss Daniel Christopher , Hirsch Jochen , Günther Matthias 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Objectives
Caffeine, a known neurostimulant and adenosine antagonist, affects brain physiology by decreasing cerebral blood flow. It interacts with adenosine receptors to induce vasoconstriction, potentially disrupting brain homeostasis. However, the impact of caffeine on blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability to water remains underexplored. This study investigated the water exchange via the BBB in a perturbed physiological condition caused by caffeine ingestion, using the multiple echo time (multi-TE) arterial spin labeling (ASL) technique.

Material and methods
Ten healthy, regular coffee drinkers (age = 31 ± 9 years, 3 females) were scanned to acquire five measurements before and six measurements after caffeine ingestion. Data were analyzed with a multi-TE two-compartment model to estimate exchange time (Tex), serving as a proxy for BBB permeability to water. Additionally, cerebral blood flow (CBF), arterial transit time (ATT), and intravoxel transit time (ITT) were investigated.

Results
Following caffeine intake, mean gray matter CBF showed a significant time-dependent decrease (P < 0.01). In contrast, Tex, ATT, and ITT did not exhibit significant time-dependent change. However, a non-significant decreasing trend was observed for Tex and ITT, respectively, while ATT showed an increasing trend over time.

Discussion
The observed decreasing trend in Tex after caffeine ingestion suggests a potential increase in water flux across the BBB, which may represent a compensatory mechanism to maintain brain homeostasis in response to the caffeine-induced reduction in CBF. Further studies with larger sample sizes are needed to validate and expand upon these findings.
Measurement and Assessment of Head-to-Helmet Contact Forces
Authors: Jennings Turner , Tillman Aidan , Mukasa D’mitra , Marchev Michael , Müftü Sinan , Amini Rouzbeh 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Purpose
To evaluate the population variation in head-to-helmet contact forces in helmet users.

Methods
Four different size Kevlar composite helmets were instrumented with contact pressure sensors and chinstrap tension meters. A total number of 89 volunteers (25 female and 64 male volunteers) participated in the study. The length, width, and circumference of their heads were measured and each volunteer was assigned a helmet size. Volunteers were asked to wear the helmet in three different configurations and the chinstrap tension and contact force between the head and each of the seven interior pads were recorded.

Results
The majority of forces measured on any individual pad were between 0 and 5 N. However, some users exhibited pressure points with forces as high as 30 N. The contact force distribution is non-uniform across the interior of the helmet, with the largest force concentrated at the front. Head shape is a major driver of the observed contact force. There was a statistically significant difference between female and male volunteers, and between groups with different experience levels.

Conclusions
The fit of helmet systems is highly subject specific. The current metrics used to assign helmet sizes may not accurately predict correct helmet fit.
Thermal Degradation and Decomposition of FR4 Laminate PCB Substrates Joined by Friction Riveting
Authors: Rodrigues Camila F. , Blaga Lucian , Klusemann Benjamin 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This study investigates the thermal degradation and chemical transformations of friction-riveted glass fiber-reinforced epoxy laminate (FR4) printed circuit boards (PCBs) with different copper configurations. The primary objective is to identify the critical degradation temperatures and the impact of copper layers on joint integrity and thermal stability. Cross-sectional analyses revealed that joints produced at 250 °C exhibited minimal rivet deformation, while those at 360 °C showed significant deformation and increased epoxy degradation. Thermal analyses, including Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), identified critical degradation temperatures at 327 °C for FR4-I Cu with a single copper layer and 329 °C for FR4-II Cu with double copper layers. The presence of the additional copper layer in FR4-II Cu significantly improved thermal stability, with total mass loss reduced from 29.8% (FR4-I Cu) to 23.5% (FR4-II Cu) at a heating rate of 20 °C/min. The loss of flame-retardant components at elevated temperatures raises concerns for the fire safety of PCBs in electronic devices. These findings highlight the importance of selecting appropriate FR4 configurations for applications exposed to high temperatures, enhancing reliability and safety in the electronics industry.
On the cup-length of the oriented Grassmann manifolds $$\widetilde G_{n,4}$$
Authors: Rusin T. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
For the Grassmann manifold

$$\widetilde G_{n,4}$$

G
~

n
,
4

of oriented 4-planes in

$$\mathbb{R}^{n}$$

R

n

no
full description of its cohomology ring with coefficients in the two element field

$$\mathbb {Z}_{2}$$

Z
2

is available. It is known however that it contains a subring that can be identified
with a quotient of a polynomial ring by a certain ideal. Examining this quotient
ring by means of Gröbner bases we are able to determine the

$$\mathbb {Z}_{2}$$

Z
2

-cup-length
of

$$\widetilde G_{n,4}$$

G
~

n
,
4

for

$$n=2^t,2^t-1,2^t-2$$

n
=

2
t

,

2
t

-
1
,

2
t

-
2

for all

$$t \geq 4$$

t
≥
4

.
Repurposing neuroleptics: clozapine as a novel, adjuvant therapy for melanoma brain metastases
Authors: Wikerholmen Tobias , Taule Erlend Moen , Rigg Emma , Berle Birgitte Feginn , Sættem Magnus , Sarnow Katharina , Saed Halala Sdik , Sundstrøm Terje , Thorsen Frits 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The blood-brain barrier and the distinct brain immunology provide challenges in translating commonly used chemotherapeutics to treat intracranial tumors. Previous reports suggest anti-tumoral effects of antipsychotics, encouraging investigations into potential treatment effects of neuroleptics on brain metastases. For the first time, the therapeutic potential of the antipsychotic drug clozapine in treating melanoma brain metastases (MBM) was investigated using three human MBM cell lines. Through in vitro cell culture and viability experiments, clozapine displayed potent anti-tumoral effects on MBM cells with an exploitable therapeutic window when compared to normal human astrocytes or rat brain organoids. Further, it was shown that clozapine inhibited migration, proliferation, and colony formation in a dose-dependent manner. Through flow cytometry and proteome screening, we found that clozapine induced apoptosis in MBM cells and potentially altered the tumor immunological environment by upregulating proteins such as macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha (MIP-1α) and interleukin-8 (IL-8). In conclusion, clozapine shows significant and selective anti-tumoral effects on MBM cell lines in vitro. Further in vivo experiments are warranted to translate these results into clinical use.

Graphical abstract
Effects of land consolidation on moisture and surface temperature regime of agricultural soil blocks using remote sensing data in the Czech Republic
Authors: Yilgan Furkan , Kaya Şinasi , Miháliková Markéta , Matula Svatopluk , Vopravil Jan , Kara Recep Serdar 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The Czech Republic has experienced collectivization, transforming individual land ownership into state ownership through agricultural land consolidation after World War II. Land consolidation has led to the expansion of agricultural soil blocks as well as the disappearance of vital landscape features such as shrubs, hedges, lone trees, and wetlands, all of which serve a variety of ecological functions. The disappearance of the landscape elements causes some important problems, such as soil degradation and erosion. The Czech Ministry of Agriculture has enforced a regulation that was developed by the European Union to improve agriculture by enforcing cross-compliance requirements, which encompass the observance of Good Agricultural and Environmental Condition (GAEC) standards. The regulation disincentivizes single-crop cultivation on areas larger than 30 hectares since 2020 to reduce the negative effects of land consolidations on agriculture and soil quality. In this context, the study examines the relationship between land surface temperature (LST) and moisture of agricultural plants and soil blocks in the South Bohemia, Czech Republic, using Landsat-8 remote sensing data from 2018 to 2021. The mono-window algorithm (MWA) was used to obtain LST, and the precision of Landsat LST data was evaluated using MODIS daily LST data. The NRMSE ≤ 0.15 and RMSE ≤ 3.5 C were found with a strong positive relationship r ≥ 0.65 between datasets. Additionally, the density of vegetation and the moisture index of soil and plants were calculated using spectral remote sensing indices such as the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), normalized difference moisture index (NDMI), and soil moisture index (SMI). The statistical relationships among those spectral indices with LST were examined. The analyzes showed that the implementation of GAEC 7d improved the relationship between NDVI and NDMI, with the correlation increasing from r = 0.80 in 2019 to 0.92 in 2021. Meanwhile, the inverse relationship between NDMI and LST changed from − 0.71 to -0.67. These changes in correlation suggest that plant water retention in the region increased following the regulation, and the soil structure may have also improved.
The Competent Computational Thinking Test (cCTt): A Valid, Reliable and Gender-Fair Test for Longitudinal CT Studies in Grades 3–6
Authors: El-Hamamsy Laila , Zapata-Cáceres María , Martín-Barroso Estefanía , Mondada Francesco , Zufferey Jessica Dehler , Bruno Barbara , Román-González Marcos 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The introduction of computing education into curricula worldwide requires multi-year assessments to evaluate the long-term impact on learning. However, no single Computational Thinking (CT) assessment spans primary school, and no group of CT assessments provides a means of transitioning between instruments. This study therefore investigated whether the competent CT test (cCTt) could evaluate learning reliably from grades 3 to 6 (ages 7–11) using data from 2709 students. The psychometric analysis employed Classical Test Theory, Item Response Theory, Measurement Invariance analyses which include Differential Item Functioning, normalised z-scoring, and PISA’s methodology to establish proficiency levels. The findings indicate that the cCTt is valid, reliable and gender-fair for grades 3–6, although more complex items would be beneficial for grades 5–6. Grade-specific proficiency levels are provided to help tailor interventions, with a normalised scoring system to compare students across and between grades, and help establish transitions between instruments. To improve the utility of CT assessments among researchers, educators and practitioners, the findings emphasise the importance of (i) developing and validating gender-fair, grade-specific, instruments aligned with students’ cognitive maturation, and providing (ii) proficiency levels, and (iii) equivalency scales to transition between assessments. To conclude, the study provides insight into the design of longitudinal developmentally appropriate assessments and interventions.
The influence of goal orientation on gratitude at work considering prosocial motivation
Authors: Sanchez Janice , Tsay Chia-Jung , López-Pérez Belén 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Although research has shown that gratitude has mostly beneficial consequences, less is known about its motivational antecedents. As goal orientations influence goals and behaviors, we considered how they also impact emotions. To that aim, we investigated the relation between work domain goal orientation and the experience of gratitude. Study 1 (N = 102) demonstrated that a learning goal orientation was positively correlated with gratitude but a performance goal orientation was not. Study 2 (N = 87) experimentally demonstrated that participants experienced more gratitude when learning goals rather than performance goals were valued at work. In Study 3 (N = 157), work prosocial motivation cross-sectionally mediated the impact of a learning goal orientation on gratitude. Preregistered Study 4 (N = 257) replicated Study 2 and 3’s findings through an experiment and categorical mediation. Our results suggest that goal orientation influences gratitude, and that prosocial motivation can serve an explanatory function for its relationship with gratitude at work.
Polish Employees’ Religiosity and Finding Meaning in Work: The Role of Gratitude Toward the Organization
Authors: Wnuk Marcin 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Religion can serve as a framework for finding meaning in life. There is a lack of research regarding the mechanism underlying the relationship between religiosity and finding meaning in work. This study aimed to verify whether religious practices of Polish Roman Catholic employees were indirectly, through organizational gratefulness, related to finding meaning in work and whether the perception of a relationship with God moderated the links between religious practices and organizational gratefulness and between religious practices and meaning in work. Among employees perceiving a close connection with God, the positive function of religious practices in finding meaning in work and organizational gratefulness was confirmed.
Marginal and average considerations in LCA and their role for defining emission factors and characterization factors
Authors: Heijungs Reinout 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Introduction
In the literature on LCA, one often finds the terms “marginal” and “average,” often in combination with words like “data,” “process,” “emission,” or “characterisation factor.” However, the meaning of these terms appears to differ between sources. This paper aims to clarify the situation.

Critical analysis
We review the various definitions and interpretations of the terms “marginal” and “average” in economics, LCI and LCIA. We also study the role of various related terms, such as “linear” and “incremental.” It turns out that the term “marginal” is used for characterizing processes in some sources and for characterizing the data that describes processes in other sources. These two interpretations are shown to differ substantially in a hypothetical example. We also note that the situation in the LCIA literature differs markedly from that in the LCI literature.

Conclusion and discussion
We propose to distinguish three concepts, marginal, average, and average marginal, and offer verbal definitions, mathematical equations, and a numerical example with a graphical interpretation. We also draw an agenda to research the implications for the attributional-consequential debate, the development of databases and software, and several other topics. This may also help to bring more insights in the continuing controversy on consequential versus attributional LCA.
Automated spinopelvic measurements on radiographs with artificial intelligence: a multi-reader study
Authors: Hoppe Boj Friedrich , Rueckel Johannes , Rudolph Jan , Fink Nicola , Weidert Simon , Hohlbein Wolf , Cavalcanti-Kußmaul Adrian , Trappmann Lena , Munawwar Basel , Ricke Jens , Sabel Bastian Oliver 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Purpose
To develop an artificial intelligence (AI) algorithm for automated measurements of spinopelvic parameters on lateral radiographs and compare its performance to multiple experienced radiologists and surgeons.

Methods
On lateral full-spine radiographs of 295 consecutive patients, a two-staged region-based convolutional neural network (R-CNN) was trained to detect anatomical landmarks and calculate thoracic kyphosis (TK), lumbar lordosis (LL), sacral slope (SS), and sagittal vertical axis (SVA). Performance was evaluated on 65 radiographs not used for training, which were measured independently by 6 readers (3 radiologists, 3 surgeons), and the median per measurement was set as the reference standard. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), mean absolute error (MAE), and standard deviation (SD) were used for statistical analysis; while, ANOVA was used to search for significant differences between the AI and human readers.

Results
Automatic measurements (AI) showed excellent correlation with the reference standard, with all ICCs within the range of the readers (TK: 0.92 [AI] vs. 0.85–0.96 [readers]; LL: 0.95 vs. 0.87–0.98; SS: 0.93 vs. 0.89–0.98; SVA: 1.00 vs. 0.99–1.00; all p < 0.001). Analysis of the MAE (± SD) revealed comparable results to the six readers (TK: 3.71° (± 4.24) [AI] v.s 1.86–5.88° (± 3.48–6.17) [readers]; LL: 4.53° ± 4.68 vs. 2.21–5.34° (± 2.60–7.38); SS: 4.56° (± 6.10) vs. 2.20–4.76° (± 3.15–7.37); SVA: 2.44 mm (± 3.93) vs. 1.22–2.79 mm (± 2.42–7.11)); while, ANOVA confirmed no significant difference between the errors of the AI and any human reader (all p > 0.05). Human reading time was on average 139 s per case (range: 86–231 s).

Conclusion
Our AI algorithm provides spinopelvic measurements accurate within the variability of experienced readers, but with the potential to save time and increase reproducibility.
Pros and cons of surgical versus conservative management for head and neck paraganglioma: a real-world data analysis
Authors: Canu L. , Zanatta L. , Sparano C. , Santoro R. , Mannelli G. , Zamengo S. , Jance B. , Amore F. , Ercolino T. , Mannelli M. , Maggi M. , Rapizzi E. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Purpose
To compare functional deficits associated to surgery with those caused by the growth of the head and neck paragangliomas (HNPGLs).

Methods
72 patients with HNPGLs were included. Patients were divided in group A (49 patients undergoing surgery) and group B (23 patients following a wait and see approach). Each patient was subjected to clinical evaluation and genetic testing. The presence of functional neurological deficits in speech or swallowing and quality of life were assessed via a dedicated otolaryngologist visit, three posted questionnaires (VHI, DHI, and MDADI), and the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire-H&N35.

Results
Thirty-four patients from group A (69.4%) and 18 from group B (78.2%) agreed to fill out the posted questionnaires. Eighteen patients from group A (36.7%) and 10 from group B (43.5%) underwent a dedicated otolaryngologist visit. A significant difference between group A and B was observed in the VHI (p = 0.001) and DHI scoring (p = 0.020), and at the otolaryngologist visit (mild neurological disabilities, p = 0.007). Patients with familial forms presented multiple HNPGLs (p = 0.011), multiple secreting lesions (p = 0.010) and underwent surgery more times for HNPGLs (p = 0.009) and for both HNPGLs and sympathetic PGLs (p = 0.015). ROC curve analysis suggests that surgery in carotid body tumors >34 mm may be more frequently associated with nerve injury.

Conclusion
The management of HNPGL patients remains challenging for clinicians. This preliminary study seems to suggest that surgery still represents the first choice for patients with small lesions. An accurate clinical evaluation is mandatory to avoid non-resolving surgery and possible neurovascular long-term complications.
Can artificial intelligence understand our emotions? Deep learning applications with face recognition
Authors: Telceken Muhammed , Akgun Devrim , Kacar Sezgin , YESİN Kübra , Yıldız Metin 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Objective
The aim of this study is to evaluate the ability to detect emotions from human facial expressions via facial recognition technologies and analyze the effectiveness of deep learning models in this process.

Method
This research was conducted between 01.04 and 01.07.2024. The data of the study were taken from the open access site https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/msambare/fer2013 (Kaggle, 2024). Python 3.8 is used in this study. The FER-2013 (Facial Expression Recognition 2013) dataset is a comprehensive collection of facial images labeled with various emotions. The dataset contains 35,887 grayscale facial images. Each image has a size of 48 × 48 pixels. The dataset consists of images belonging to 7 emotion categories: anger, disgust, fear, happy, sad, confused, and neutral.

Results
In our experiments on the FER2013 dataset, we evaluated the performance of three different models: MobileNetV3-L, EfficientNetV2-L, and our proposed EfficientMobileNet. The evaluation criteria were based on sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and F1 scores to assess the effectiveness of each model comprehensively. The EfficientMobileNet model outperformed MobileNetV3-L and EfficientNetV2-L in all measured performance metrics. EfficientMobileNet was the most successful model for predicting emotions, with an accuracy of 77.6%.

Conclusion
The impressive results obtained by EfficientMobileNet on the Fer2013 dataset show potential for wider application, especially in image classification tasks involving low-quality or small-scale images. This performance supports the idea of the potential for further improvements in neural network architecture and model efficiency and accuracy. Future work should focus on optimizing the model for more challenging datasets, studying the impact of different architectural adjustments, and investigating the scalability of EfficientMobileNet across various domains and applications.
Design of the New Classic and Quantum Chaotic Maps and Implementation on FPGA
Authors: Ors Yalcin Berna , Hematpour Nafiseh , Faruk Birgul Omer 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
We review and simplify several classical and quantum maps introduced in recent years that have been used in cryptography. For each of these maps, a bitstream is generated and subjected to the NIST test. Leveraging the advantages of FPGA in the loop, these maps are designed in MATLAB Simulink, converted to HDL using HDL Coder, and implemented on FPGA. Vivado software is used for more precise synthesis of the implementation of these maps. The results of a detailed analysis of classical and new quantum maps are compared with each other, as well as with other implementations of chaotic maps in the literature. Implementations related to five classical maps and two quantum maps, with maximum frequencies 125 MHz, and maximum throughputs of 4 Gbps, are confirmed. The suitability of these maps for implementation, leveraging their greater dynamic complexity and larger key space, is evident.