bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Remembering the Future: Memento, the Reverse of Time's Arrow, and the Defects of Memory
Authors: Parker Jo Alyson 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThrough its temporal reordering, Memento attempts to provide the audience with an experience analogous to Leonard's and thus heighten our understanding of how memory makes us human. When watching the film, we, like Leonard cannot make reference to a past of events - because they are inaccessible to us - or project toward a future of events - because they have been left behind. Although we may construct a chronological sequence of events as the "what happened," the story cannot be disentangled from the backwards-moving plot; there is no reverse arrow of time in our viewing experience. Yet, we, unlike Leonard, remember what has gone before in the film's order and eventually can shape it into a transcendent view of the whole, a memory of the future. Ultimately, by demonstrating Leonard's plight and reversing the forward motion of time and thus depriving us of a chronological past - but not, it should be added, a viewed past - the film compels us to consider the very nature of our nootemporal umwelt, which, with its quality of directed time, defines our humanity.
Social rights as human rights
Authors: Mishra Ramesh 
Published: January 2005

English The United Nations' Covenant on social rights is universal in form but applies to countries with widely differing levels of economic development. The resultant hiatus impedes the Covenant's effectiveness. The formulation of social standards commensurate with countries' economic capacities is outlined as a solution. French La Convention des Nations Unies sur les droits sociaux est universel en forme mais s'applique aux nations avec des niveaux du développement économique grandement différents. L'hiatus résultant empêche l'efficacité de la'Convention. L'élaboration des normes sociales qui correspondent â la capacité économique de nations est offerte en tant que solution. Spanish El Convenio de las Nacionas Unidas sobre derechos sociales es universal en la forma, pero concierne a naciones con grandes diferencias de desarrollo económico. Esto obstaculiza la eficacia del Convenio. Se delinea como solución la formulación de estándares sociales conmensurables con la capacidad económica.
Work values and success in studying
Authors: Knežević Mladen , Ovsenik Rok , Jerman Janja 
Published: January 2005

English This article deals with the work values of social work students in Croatia and Slovenia, where the correlation of these values with success in advancement in the academic environment is revealed to be significantly different. French Cette étude a exploré les différences en termes des valeurs de travail des étudiants en travail social dans deux pays: la Croatie et la Slovénie. L'étude a exploré la corrélation entre les systèmes de valeurs et le succès des étudiants dans l'environnement scolaire. Il y avait des différences significatives entre les étudiants de ces deux pays. Spanish Primero se estudian las diferencias de valores de trabajo entre los estudiantes de trabajo social de dos paises, Croacia y Eslovenia. Se hace luego la correlación de ese sistema de valores con el éxito personal obtenido en el ambiente académico. Se concluye que hay diferencias significativas entre ambos países.
Social consequences of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases
Authors: Seipel Michael M.O. 
Published: January 2005

English Infectious diseases are responsible for nearly half of all deaths in developing countries. The re-emergence of old diseases and drug-resistant pathogens is creating enormous public health challenges. New diseases have been and are being detected. This article suggests that if we act quickly widespread outbreak can be averted. French Les maladies infectueuses sont responsables de près de la moitié des mortalités dans les pays en voie de développement. La re-émergence d'anciennes maladies et de pathologies résistantes aux médicaments présentent d'énormes défis aux systèmes de santé publique. De nouvelles maladies ont récemment été détectées et sont en train d'être détectées. Cet article suggère qu'une action rapide pourrait contrer une propagation à échelle épidémique. Spanish Las enfermedades infecciosas son la causa de la mitad del total de muertes en los países en vías de desarrollo. El resurgimiento de viejas enfermedades y la resistencia patógena a los medicamentos constituye un reto enorme para la salud pública. Recientemente han sido detectadas nuevas enfermedades. El presente artículo tiene el propósito de plantear que si se actúa oportunamente, puede prevenirse la propagación de epidemias.
Towards culturally competent practice in child and adolescent mental health
Authors: Walker Steven 
Published: January 2005

English The mental health needs of refugee and asylum-seeking children and adolescents are failing to be addressed. This article evaluates evidence from studies designed to address this omission, and describes a contemporary culturally competent model based on holistic, psycho-social principles of social work practice. French Les besoins en santé mentale des enfants et adolescents réfugiés et demandeurs d'asile ne sont pas pris en compte. A partir d'études examinant ces omissions, le présent article en évalue l'évidence et commence à décrire un modèle de pratique sociale contemporain culturellement compétent fondé sur des principes psychosociaux holistiques. Spanish Las necesidades de salud mental de los niños y adolescentes que buscan refugio y asilo están siendo dejadas de lado. Este artículo evalúa las evidencias de estudios diseñados para salvar esta omisión, y empieza describiendo un modelo competente y contemporáneo basado en principios psicosociales holísticos de la práctica del trabajo social.
Factors in the integration process of adolescent immigrants
Authors: Ringel Shoshana , Ronell Natti , Getahune Shimcha 
Published: January 2005

English This is an exploratory study that examines factors in the process of adjustment and integration between Ethiopian immigrants and non-Ethiopian adolescents in Israel. The findings are that racism and discrimination, intergenerational conflicts and differences in communication systems pose significant difficulties for the integration of Ethiopian adolescents into Israeli society. French Cette étude exploratoire examine les facteurs dans le processus d'ajustement et d'intégration entre les adolescents immigrants éthiopiens et non-éthiopiens en Israël. Les résultats de l'étude revèlent que le racisme et la discrimination, les conflits intergénérationnels et les différences entre les systèmes de communication posent des difficultés significatives à l'intégration des adolescents juifs éthiopiens dans la société israëlienne. Spanish Este es un estudio exploratorio que examina los factores del proceso de ajuste e integración entre los inmigrantes Etiopíes y los adolescentes no-Etiopíes en Israel. Los hallazgos del estudio son que el racismo y la discriminación, los conflictos inter-generacionales y las diferencias en los sistemas de comunicación, suponen dificultades significativas para la integración de los adolescentes Etiopíes en la sociedad Israelí.
Social security and older people
Authors: Kaseke Edwin 
Published: January 2005

English This article discusses the concepts and forms of social security and examines some of the systems and trends in Africa. Formal systems in Africa are poorly developed and suggestions are made for improving the situation. French Cet article discute de concepts et de formules de sécurité sociale et examine certaines tendances africaines. L'auteur observe que les systèmes de sécurité sociale sont peu développés en Afrique et suggère des moyens de remédier à la situation. Spanish Se examina el concepto y las formas de seguridad, así como también algunas de la direcciones hacia las que apunta la seguridad social en Africa. Se observa que en Africa los sistemas de seguridad social están poco desarrollados, y se hacen sugerencias para mejorar la situación.
Awareness of social issues among Indian women construction workers
Authors: Mathew Anna 
Published: January 2005

English This article is based on an empirical study of 690 Indian women construction workers and examines their levels of social awareness. Those in the age bracket 22-33 years and with fewer years of stay in the city were more aware than others. Women construction workers need to be further empowered, to enable them to be better integrated into the developmental process. French Cet article présente les résultats d'une étude empirique menée auprès de 690 femmes travailleuses de la construction. L'étude visait l'examen de leur niveau de conscience sociale. Il constate avec intérêt que les femmes de 22 à 33 ans, avec moins d'années de séjour dans la cité, sont plus conscientisées que les autres. Le travailleuses ont toutefois besoin d'un plus haut niveau d'empowerment afin d'améliorer leur capacité d'intégration dans le processus développemental. Spanish Este artículo está basado en un estudio empírico de 690 mujeres trabajadoras de la construcción en India y pretende examinar su nivel de conocimiento sobre temas sociales. Resulta interesante que aquellas cuyas edades fluctúan entre los 22 y los 33 años de edad, con menos años de permanencia en la ciudad tienen mayor conocimiento sobre estos temas que las otras. Sin embargo, las mujeres trabajadoras de la construcción requieren estar más preparadas para ser capaces de integrarse mejor al proceso de desarrollo.
A global perspective on intellectual property rights
Authors: Manion H. Kathleen 
Published: January 2005

English As the World Trade Organization increases its control over intellectual property rights, more power is put in the hands of multinational corporations, especially with regard to patent rights. The results of this trend are a funnelling of capital and resources from developing countries. There is a growing debate over the legitimacy of the agreement, as it is antithetical to social justice and human rights. French En ces temps de hausse des contrôles sur les droits de propriété intellectuelle par l'Organisation mondiale du commerce, des pouvoirs accrus passent aux mains des corporations multi-nationales, en ce qui a trait aux brevets d'invention en particulier. Ces tendances ont pour résultats le passage de capitaux et de ressources des nations en voie de développement vers d'autres lieux. Ces tendances étant à l'antithèse de la justice sociale et des droits humains, la question de la légitimité des accords donne lieu à des débats grandissants. Spanish A medida que la Organización Mundial de Comercio aumenta su control sobre los derechos de propiedad intelectual, se pone mayor poder en manos de las corporaciones multinacionales, especialmente en el campo de los derechos de patente. Esta tendencia ha dado por resultado, en los países en vías de desarrollo, el provocar la extracción indebida de su capital y sus recursos. Crece hoy el debate sobre la legitimidad de tal acuerdo, ya que es antitético a la justicia social y a los derechos humanos.
The identification of barriers to the recognition of, and response to, dementia in primary care using a modified focus group approach
Authors: Iliffe Steve , Wilcock Jane 
Published: January 2005

This study reports upon the identification of barriers to the recognition of and response to dementia in primary care as perceived by general practitioners and highlights areas of information and training need. The study took a qualitative approach involving group work with 144 general practitioners in three purposively selected settings using adapted nominal group data collection methods. Six key themes were identified that explain the complexity of dementia diagnosis and management: (1) the pre-eminence of problem-solving over differential diagnosis as a working style; (2) the existence of gaps in support services; (3) problems of confidentiality; (4) the importance of ‘red flags’; (5) rules governing disclosure of diagnoses; and (6) heuristics for distinguishing dementia from normal ageing or other pathologies. In addition the practitioners identified principles governing medication use, issues around carers’ needs and implications for professional education. The National Service Framework for Older People emphasizes the need for early detection and diagnosis of dementia in primary care. This study identified barriers to be overcome by targeted educational interventions and through service provision. There is an uneven geographical distribution of support and diagnostic services and a lack of awareness of how to access these, and this needs addressing. A stepwise educational method is recommended as opposed to promotion of a formal syllabus.
Importance of internal mammary artery perfusion in cardiac ischemia and reperfusion
Authors: Ege Turan , Eskiocak Sevgi , Yuksel Volkan , Taskiran Ali , Duran Enver 
Published: January 2005

Purpose: Our purpose was to investigate the changes in antioxidant defense systems due to internal mammary artery (IMA) perfusion during coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) operations in which proximal anastomoses were completed under partial bypass with the aid of a side-biting clamp. Material and Method: Twenty-five patients to be studied were divided into two groups according to the criterion of whether during proximal anastomoses left internal mammary artery (LIMA) perfusion was applied ( n = 15, LIMA group) or not ( n = 10, non-LIMA group). The erythrocyte catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), serum lipid peroxidation (LPO) products and whole blood reduced glutathione (GSH) levels were measured in the blood samples taken from the coronary sinus before cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) (t1), before declamping (t2), at the 5th min after declamping (t3), at the 5th (t4) and 15th (t5) min after removing the side-biting clamp. Results: While erythrocyte CAT enzyme activity decreases in both groups after the basal measurements, no significant difference was detected between the groups. Although the GSH levels did not differ at t1, t2 and t3, they were found to be higher in the LIMA group at t4 ( p = 0.006) and t5 ( p = 0.021). The erythrocyte SOD enzyme activity decreased after the basal measurements in both groups, but this reduction was less in the LIMA group at t4 ( p= 0.034) and t5 ( p = 0.018) compared to the other group. LPO products rose in both groups when reperfusion started after declamping. The levels of LPO products were significantly higher at t4 and t5 in the non-LIMA group than the other group ( p = 0.011 and p = 0.008). Conclusion: If proximal anastomoses of coronary grafts are completed under partial bypass, permitting LIMA perfusion during this procedure will be beneficial to antioxidant defense systems.
Numerical Simulation and Experimental Validation of the Dynamics of Multiple Bubble Merger During Pool Boiling Under Microgravity Conditions
Authors: ABARAJITH H S , DHIR V K , WARRIER G , SON G 
Published: January 2005

Abstract:Numerical simulation and experimental validation of the growth and departure of multiple merging bubbles and associated heat transfer on a horizontal heated surface during pool boiling under variable gravity conditions have been performed. A finite difference scheme is used to solve the equations governing mass, momentum, and energy in the vapor liquid phases. The vapor‐liquid interface is captured by a level set method that is modified to include the influence of phase change at the liquid‐vapor interface. Water is used as test liquid. The effects of reduced gravity condition and orientation of the bubbles on the bubble diameter, interfacial structure, bubble merger time, and departure time, as well as local heat fluxes, are studied. In the experiments, multiple vapor bubbles are produced on artificial cavities in the 2‐10 micrometer diameter range, microfabricated on the polished silicon wafer with given spacing. The wafer was heated electrically from the back with miniature strain gage type heating elements in order to control the nucleation superheat. The experiments conducted in normal Earth gravity and in the low gravity environment of KC‐135 aircraft are used to validate the numerical simulations.image
Insulin Sensitivity and β-Cell Function in Protease Inhibitor-Treated and -Naive Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Children
Authors: Bitnun Ari , Sochett Etienne , Dick Paul T. , To Teresa , Jefferies Craig , Babyn Paul , Forbes Jack , Read Stanley , King Susan M. 
Published: January 2005

Abstract
Previous pediatric studies have failed to demonstrate a clear association between protease inhibitor (PI) therapy and abnormal glucose homeostasis in HIV-infected children. To define more precisely the impact of PI therapy on glucose homeostasis in this population, we performed the insulin-modified frequent-sampling iv glucose tolerance test on 33 PI-treated and 15 PI-naive HIV-infected children. Other investigations included fasting serum lipids; glucose, insulin, and C-peptide; single-slice abdominal computed tomography; and, in a subset of PI-treated children, an oral glucose tolerance test.
There were no differences between the two groups with respect to fasting serum insulin or C-peptide, homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance, or quantitative insulin sensitivity check index. The mean insulin sensitivity index of PI-treated and PI-naive children was 6.93 ± 6.37 and 10.58 ± 12.93 × 10−4min−1 [μU/ml]−1, respectively (P = 0.17). The mean disposition index for the two groups was 1840 ± 1575 and 3708 ± 3005 × 10−4min−1 (P = 0.013), respectively. After adjusting for potential confounding variables using multiple regression analysis, the insulin sensitivity index and disposition index of PI-treated children were significantly lower than that of PI-naive children (P = 0.01 for both). In PI-treated but not PI-naive children, insulin sensitivity correlated inversely with visceral adipose tissue area (r = −0.43, P = 0.01) and visceral to sc adipose tissue ratio (r = −0.49, P = 0.004). Mildly impaired glucose tolerance was noted in four of 21 PI-treated subjects tested.
Our results demonstrate not only that PI therapy reduces insulin sensitivity in HIV-infected children but also that it impairs the β-cell response to this reduction in insulin sensitivity and, in a subset of children, leads to the development of impaired glucose tolerance. The presence of insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and the significant correlation of reduced insulin sensitivity with increased visceral adipose tissue content suggest that PI-containing highly active antiretroviral therapy is associated with the emergence of early features of a metabolic syndrome-like phenotype.
Mechanical Stretch Up-Regulates the Human Oxytocin Receptor in Primary Human Uterine Myocytes
Authors: Terzidou Vasso , Sooranna Suren R. , Kim Louise U. , Thornton Steve , Bennett Phillip R. , Johnson Mark R. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractOxytocin receptor (OTR) expression is increased before the onset of labor in all models of parturition. However, the mechanisms responsible for the increase in OTR expression are uncertain. Animal data suggest that uterine stretch increases OTR mRNA expression. In primary cultures of human uterine smooth muscle cells obtained from nonpregnant (NP) women and pregnant women before (NL) and after (L) the onset of labor, we investigated the effect of stretch on the expression of OTR mRNA and DNA binding of activator protein-1 (AP-1), CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP)β, and nuclear factor-κB transcription factors. OTR expression was least in NL, intermediate in NP, and greatest in L cells. Stretch of NL cells resulted in up-regulation of OTR mRNA expression associated with increased OTR gene promoter activity. Stretch of NP and L cells did not affect OTR mRNA expression. The increased promoter activity was associated with increased DNA binding of C/EBP and AP-1 but not nuclear factor-κB transcription factors. Overexpression of C/EBP, but not AP-1, increased OTR promoter activity. We conclude that stretch of NL cells results in increased OTR mRNA expression probably through increased C/EBPβ DNA binding. These data suggest that stretch contributes to the massive increase in OTR expression before the onset of human labor.
Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome: Somatic Mosaicism of the Androgen Receptor in Seven Families and Consequences for Sex Assignment and Genetic Counseling
Authors: Köhler Birgit , Lumbroso Serge , Leger Juliane , Audran Francoise , Grau Enric Sarret , Kurtz Francois , Pinto Graziella , Salerno Mariacarolina , Semitcheva Tatiana , Czernichow Paul , Sultan Charles 
Published: January 2005

Abstract
Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) is caused by numerous mutations of the androgen receptor (AR) gene. The phenotype may range from partial AIS (PAIS) with ambiguous genitalia to complete AIS (CAIS) with female genitalia. In 70% of the cases, AR mutations are transmitted in an X-linked recessive manner through the carrier mothers, but in 30%, the mutations arise de novo. When de novo mutations occur after the zygotic stage, they result in somatic mosaicisms, which are an important consideration for both virilization in later life—because both mutant and wild-type receptors are expressed—and genetic counseling. We report here six patients with AIS due to somatic mutations of the AR and one mother with somatic mosaicism who transmitted the mutation twice. Of the four patients with PAIS, three presented spontaneous or induced virilization at birth or puberty. These cases underline the crucial role of the remnant wild-type AR for virilization because the same mutations, when they are inherited, lead to CAIS. We also report two novel mutations of the AR, with somatic mosaicism, detected in patients with CAIS. Thus, the remnant wild-type receptor does not always lead to virilization. In one of these patients, a high ratio of wild-type to mutant AR expression was found in the gonads and genital skin fibroblasts. Although no prenatal virilization occurred, the possibility of virilization at puberty could not be excluded, and early gonadectomy was performed. A seventh patient had a CAIS with a novel germline AR mutation. The mutation was inherited from the mother, in whom mosaicism was detected in blood and who transmitted the mutation to a second, XX, offspring. The detection of somatic AR mutations is particularly important for the clinical management and genetic counseling of patients with AIS. Before definite sex assignment, a testosterone treatment trial should be performed in all patients with PAIS, but it becomes crucial when an AR mosaicism has been detected. In patients with CAIS or severe PAIS raised as female, there is no consensus about when (early childhood or puberty) gonadectomy should be performed. When somatic AR mutations are detected, however, gonadectomy should be performed earlier because of the risk of virilization during puberty. When a germline de novo mutation is identified in the index case, the risk of transmission to a second child due to a possible germ cell mosaicism in the mother cannot be excluded. However, given the high number of AR de novo mutations and the rarity of such reports, this risk appears to be very low.