bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Centering ability of variety of instruments and techniques used to over-instrument simulated tiny curved canals.
Authors: Youel Eliya Sargon , Fahim Salman Raid 
Published: January 2024

Aim: To determine centering ability of variety of instruments and techniques used to over-instrument simulated tiny curved canals.
Method: Standardized eighty blocks of clear resin, each had a canal of 20 mm in length, the straight portion was 17 mm in length, while the length of the curved apical portion was 3 mm, with a curvature of 20˚ and a radius of 4 mm, its size was equal to no.8 .02 ISO K-file, the resin blocks were divided into 8 groups, six of them were over instrumented by 1mm using hand SS K-files and Ni-Ti K-files in step back technique, Gates-Glidden drills and hand SS K-files and Ni-Ti K-files in hybrid technique, ProTaper and ProFile rotary file system in crown down technique, while two groups were under instrumented by 1 mm using hand SS K-files in step back technique and ProTaper rotary file system in crown down technique.
Results: Regarding Centering ability for Over-instrumentation techniques, there was a significant difference at p < 0.05 in favor of crown down technique, in favor of Ni-Ti over the SS, and in favor of rotary instruments over the hand instruments. For under-instrumentation groups, there was a significant difference at p < 0.05 with in favor of hand SS instruments in step back technique over the rotary Ni-Ti instruments in crown down technique. Also there was a significant difference between the over and under instrumentation techniques at p < 0.05, with in favor of under instrumentation techniques.
Conclusion: Within the limitations of this in vitro study, crown down technique gave better results than step back and hybrid technique, as well Ni-Ti instruments performed better than SS instruments. Rotary instruments had less deviation than the hand instruments when used inside simulated tiny curved resin canals.
Comparison between apex locater and conventional radiography in working length determination of maxillary first molars: a clinical study
Authors: F. Alshaikhli Methal , K. Baldawi Marwa , A. Ali Nizal , A. Ali Nizal 
Published: January 2024

Aim of the study: The purpose of this study is to compare the working length (WL) measurement results of conventional periapical radiographies and electronic apex locater (EAL).
Materials and method: This study was conducted during sessions of root canal treatment of 10 patients diagnosed with acute pulpitis. A total 30 root canals measurement (ten 1st upper molars, each with 1 palatal canal and 2 buccal canals) were included in the data analysis. A linear correlation and linear regression tests were utilized to check for a linear association between apex locator and X-ray measurements. Measurements of all roots were first included in the linear correlation test, and then measurements of each type of roots (palatal, mesio- buccal and disto- buccal) were tested separately. Significant linear correlations were then tested with linear regression test to formulate an equation which can predict X-ray measurements from corresponding apex locator measurements.
Results: Generally, apex locator shows a linear correlation with X-ray in terms of measuring working length of the root (P <0.001). The accuracy of apex locator varies according to the site of the tooth root under investigation, with being most accurate at disto-buccal (Pearson’s r= 0.98, P< 0.001) and least accurate at palatal roots (Pearson’s r=0.57, P=0.084).
Conclusion: Working length measurement of mesio-buccal and disto-buccal roots using electronic apex locater was precise when compared to radiographic method. While in palatal roots, WL measurements using apex locator were inaccurate when compared to radiographic method.
Anticandedal Effect action of Different Concentrations of Aglycon fraction of Anthroquinon (monoanathron) isolated from Aloe vera on Heat cure Acrylic Resins
Authors: Kadhum  Farhood Intisar , Saran  B. Pharm Huda , Nabeel Farah , Al-ansary Hanan 
Published: January 2024

Aim of study: to investigate the effects of different concentrations of aloe vera , aglycon part (monoanathron ) against candida albicance adhere to two types of heat cure acrylic resin denture base (conventional and Hi- impact) on two periods of time (30 minutes and 8 hours).
Materials & methods: A total of 120 specimens were prepared, sixty specimens of each hot cure denture base acrylic resin material, each sixty specimens were farther divided into two subgroups of 30 specimens according to the time of immersion, each 30 specimens were farther subdivided into three 10 specimen groups according to the concentration of aleo vera used, isolation of free aglycon (Monoianthron) from anthroquinon glycoside of aloe vera plant; Candida albicans isolation and identification and preparation of candida albicans suspension; autoclaved specimens of each sub-group for both heat cure acrylic resins were placed into the tubes containing brain heart infusion plus inoculum and remained for 12 hours at 37 0C in order to favor an initial colonization of the acrylic resin surfaces, the disinfection step was performed over two periods, colony formation was then counted after incubation.
Results: The two concentration of aloe Vera studied in the present investigation exhibited varying degree of inhibitory effect against candida albicans adherent to different type of heat cure denture base acrylic resins. The degree of inhibition varied depending on the concentration of the extract while the period of immersion has no significant effect on the number colony.
Conclusion: with the limitation of this study it can be concluded that 100% and 75% concentrations of monoanthron aglycon part of anthroquinon isolated from aloe vera have anticandidal effect, 100%concentration has higher effect than75%. Immertion period has no effect on the anticandidal activity of the solutions.
Evaluation of biocompatibility of Commercial Pure Titanium / Bioactive Glass Ceramic Functionally Graded Material as Dental Implant Material In-Vivo study
Authors: Adnan Abbood Ghazwan , Kreem Jasim Raghdaa 
Published: January 2024

Background: the ultimate goal of modern implantology is fine and fast osseointegration which is a major factor influencing the success of dental implantation, and the optimum circumstances of it the biointegration which is the occurrence of continuity of ceramic implant to bone without intervening space.
Material and method: Two groups of cylindrical implant specimens were prepared from functionally graded material and commercial pure titanium. Each group composed of 40 implant specimens. The femur of 20 white male New Zealand rabbits, were chosen as implantation sites. Push out test was performed to measure bone bonding strength between implant specimen and bone after 2 and 4 weeks healing periods (10 rabbits for each periods). For each time interval 20 implant specimens for each group, which implanted in rabbits. Histological study for evaluation of tissue response and histomorphometric analysis was performed for measurement of new bone area at two time intervals.
Result: the results of push out force and new bone formation area appeared that mean values of functionally graded material implant specimens were a statistically highly significant more than that of commercial pure titanium implant specimens after 2 weeks and 4 weeks of implantation. In histological examination, there was an active osteoid tissue around functionally graded material implants and hematopoietic tissues around commercial pure titanium implants after 2 weeks, and there was an osteoid maturation with observation of reversal lines around functionally graded material implants and new bone formation with osteocyte around commercial pure titanium implants after 4 weeks of implantation.
Prevalence and reasons for tooth extraction among adult patients attending the Teaching Hospital at College of Dentistry/ Mustansiriyah University
Authors: Sahban Ibraheem Noor 
Published: January 2024

Materials and Methods: The present study included 2165 patients (2500 teeth were extracted) attending Oral Surgery clinic of the teaching hospital at College of Dentistry/ Mustansiriyah University during the period from October 2016 to May 2017. The patients’ ages ranged between (15-77 years). A standard case sheet for Oral Surgery clinic was filled with all the necessary information such as age, gender, tooth to be extracted and reasons of tooth extraction.
Results: Dental caries and its complications were the primary cause of teeth extraction with (80.3%) followed by periodontal diseases (13.4) and other causes (6.4%). Tooth extraction due to dental caries was higher in males (59.2%) than females (40.8%). Tooth extraction due to periodontal diseases was also high in males (72.2%) compared to females (27.8%) with high significance (p= 0.000). In age groups 30-39 years and 40-49years, extraction due to dental caries was found equally high being 22.4%, while extraction due to periodontal diseases was high in age group ≥60 (38.3%) and in age group 50-59 (32.6%) with high significance (p = 0.000). Extraction of maxillary posterior teeth constituted (44.9%) and mandibular posterior teeth (37.8%), the posterior teeth were the most common teeth extracted because of caries, while mandibular anterior teeth (27.5%) followed by maxillary posterior teeth (26.6%) were the most common teeth extracted due to periodontal diseases with high significance (p = 0.000).
Conclusion: Dental caries was the primary cause for tooth extraction followed by periodontal diseases. There was a significant correlation between the reasons for tooth extraction and the patient’s gender, age and tooth position. The study showed the need for a comprehensive preventive plans and effective educational campaigns to reduce the need for tooth extraction among adults and increase patient’s awareness toward better oral health status.
Studying Some Properties of Microwave-Cured Resin After Adding PP Fibers and ZrO2 NPs
Authors: Khalid Aziz Hawraa , Ezat abdul almajeed Alaa 
Published: January 2024

Aim of the study: Since the introduction of acrylic resin as a denture base material, it suffered from having unsatisfactory properties and processing method. So, the use of microwave cured technique for the acrylic as modified procedure to simplify the manipulation of laboratory procedure and reinforcing of polymer by materials such as fibers and nanoparticles can maintain good resin material and to overcome these limitations. This study was performed to evaluate the effect of adding polypropylene fibers with and without different concentration of ZrO2nanoparticles into resin on some properties such as surface hardness and roughness.
Materials and methods: 100 samples were split into 2 groups depending on test type, 50 specimens were subdivided into 5 groups (control group without any reinforcement, reinforced with polypropylene fibers group alone and other three groups reinforced acrylic with polypropylene fibers with 0.5%,1%,1.5%ZrO2 respectively).
Results: The results of polypropylene fibers addition into acrylic revealed a non-significant for both tests. The addition polypropylene fibers with ZrO2 nanoparticles showed significant heightening in the hardness and significant decrease in surface roughness.
Conclusion: The conclusion of this study was both ZrO2nanoparticles with polypropylene fibers addition into resin improved the surface hardness with reduction in the surface roughness of acrylic resin.
Shear Bond Strength of Acrylic Denture Teeth to Different Pmma/Mgo % Reinforcing Nanofillers
Authors: Ameen ALwash Aymen , Nafea Yaseen Ihab , Abdul Latif Rashid Amal 
Published: January 2024

Aim of the study: The objective of this study was to evaluate the shear bond strength of acrylic denture teeth to different PMMA/MgO % (2%, 4%, and 6%) reinforcing nanofillers
Materials and method: 40 specimens of heat cure acrylic resin (PMMA) were prepared and divided into four groups 10 specimens for each group as follows; Control Group (Group1) without MgO nano filler particles; Group (2) with 2% by weight of MgO; Group (3) with 4% by weight of MgO and Group (4) with 6% by weight of MgO. Wax pattern sample which used for acrylic cylindrical shape fabrication were (25 mm in length and 5mm in diameter, the base of the cylinder which is 5mm in thickness and 8mm in length). Shear bond strength of all specimens was evaluated.
Results: Showed in the PMMA+MgO 4% showed the maximum mean value of upper bound of shear bond strength which was equaled to (14.859) while the control group PMMA recorded the minimum value of lower bound of shear bond strength (8.190).
Conclusion: There was no significant difference between control group PMMA and (PMMA+MgO 2%, PMMA+MgO 6%), but there was a significant difference between PMMA+Mgo4% compared with control group PMMA.
Cyclic Fatigue Resistance of Hyflex EDM and ProTaper Gold Files at Different Locations of Canal Curvature
Authors: A. Malik Ahmed A. Malik , M. Al Zaka Iman 
Published: January 2024

Aim: Study's purpose was to evaluate and compare the fatigue resistance of ProTaper Gold and Hyflex EDM files at five different locations of canal curvature.
Methods: Two types of NiTi files; ProTaper Gold and Hyflex EDM (n=80) with similar sizes (25/0.08) were used as two main groups (n=40), each group subdivided into five subgroups (n=8) according to distance from the orifice to curvature which are; 11, 10, 8, 6 and 5 mm. Five stainless steel canals were fabricated. Each canal had 16 mm length, 1.5 mm width and single curvature with 3-mm radius and 60° angle. Fractured samples were examined under a scanning electron microscope. Independent t-test, One-way ANOVA and Posthoc tests assessed the data statistically.
Results: Number of cycles to fatigue for the Hyflex EDM file was significantly higher than the ProTaper Gold file at all curvature levels (p≤0.05). The files demonstrated significantly higher number of cycles to fatigue in canals of (10 and 11) mm when compared to the canals of (5, 6, and 8) mm (p≤0.05).
Conclusion: Hyflex EDM files showed higher fatigue resistance than ProTaper Gold files. The canal curvature position had a substantial impact on the resistance of the NiTi file, with short life coronally.
Chemerin as a Biomarker for Periodontitis in Systemically Healthy and Type 2 Diabetic Patients
Authors: Mouyed Abdulmajeed Samaa , Sh Mahmood Maha 
Published: January 2024

Aim of the study: The aim of the study was to evaluate the salivary levels of chemerin in patients with periodontitis and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Materials and methods: A total of 88 subjects were divided into four groups; 13 systemically healthy individuals having a healthy periodontium (control group), 25 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and healthy periodontium (T2DM group), 25 patients with generalized periodontitis (P group), 25 patients with generalized periodontitis and type 2 diabetes mellitus (P-T2DM group). The clinical periodontal parameters including plaque index (PLI), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing pocket depth (PPD), and clinical attachment loss (CAL) were determined. Unstimulated saliva was gathered, and the concentration of chemerin was estimated utilizing an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
Results: The results showed that the mean concentrations of chemerin were highest in the P-T2DM group with a mean (of 1.598±0.1499 ng/ml) followed by the P group (1.445±0.1021 ng/ml), T2DM group (1.368±0.096 ng/ml), and control group (1.229±0.152 ng/ml), respectively. There was a statistically significant difference among groups at (p<0.05). For the correlation of chemerin with clinical periodontal parameters, chemerin correlated with PPD in the P group at p= 0.014, and chemerin correlated with clinical periodontal parameters PLI, BOP, and PPD in the P-T2DM group at (p=0.006, p< 0.000, p=0.035), respectively.
Conclusion: Periodontitis and type 2 diabetes mellitus caused an increase in salivary chemerin concentration, which might be used as a marker for both diabetes and periodontitis.
The Effect of Polishing Techniques on Surface Roughness of Two Different Denture Base Materials
Authors: Hazim Kassoob Ahmed , Nafea Yaseen Ihab 
Published: January 2024

Background: Regarding acrylic resin, a direct link was found between surface roughness, plaque buildup, and microbial adhesion. However, the current polyamide material's surface characteristics are still debatable, especially after utilizing conventional polishing and finishing techniques. Heat curing acrylic resin makes it easy to evaluate the surface characteristics of each material and to follow advice for the best practices.
Objectives: The aim of the current study is to evaluate and compare the surface Roughness of heat cure acrylic resin and flexible acrylic resin materials before and after different surface treatments.
Material and Method: A total of (80) sample were prepared. These samples were divided into two main groups (made from heat cure acrylic resin and flexible acrylic resin). Each group contains (40) samples and were divided into four additional groups according to the surface’s polishing treatment. Each group of material have (10) specimens, the first group was polished with pumice, the second groups were polished with pumice and then glazed, the third group was polished with investment (Phosphate bonded investments) and then glazed, and the fourth group was glazed. A digital surface roughness tester meter (TR: 220) device was used to indicate the values of the roughness of specimens before and after surface polishing treatment.
Results: The result of surface roughness of heat cure acrylic resin using t-test analysis revealed that a significance difference among all the study groups (p< 0.05). The result of surface roughness of flexible acrylic resin using t-test analysis revealed that a significance difference was reported between all the study groups (p< 0.05).
Conclusion: It was concluded the surfaces roughness was decreased in the control group of (heat cure acrylic resin and flexible acrylic resin materials) when polished with pumice, while it was increased in the experimental groups after polished with glaze material. Compared to pumice and burning investment materials, the polishing material (light cure glaze) is noticeably rougher.
The effect of thermo-cycling on fracture strength of 3D printing and PMMA interim prostheses
Authors: Qassim Hadi Maab , Fadhil Dulaimi Suha 
Published: January 2024

Aim of the study: This study compared the fracture resistance of three-dimensional printing (3D) interim restoration with that polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), interim restoration.
Materials and methods: In the present study upper molar (dentoform) tooth was prepared for full coverage crowns. The prepared model was digitally scanned by extra-oral scanner. Duplication of the master die into metal dies (chrome cobalt alloy). Totally, 40 samples were divided into two groups (20) using 3D printing (asiga dentatooth resin material), and (20) Polymethylmethacrylate PMMA (integra) resin material. Ten samples from each group were subjected to thermo-cycles (1250 cycles, 5-55 °C). The fracture resistance was then measured for all samples with a universal testing machine.
Results: In SPSS, the mean ± Stander deviation values of fracture resistance were recorded for the acrylic PMMA group before thermo-cycling (1703.30 ±376.659 Newton) and after thermo-cycling (1460.30 ±364.260 Newton), while the mean ± Stander deviation values were recorded for 3D printing group before thermo-cycling (1972.50±399.181 Newton) and after thermo-cycling ( 2284.10±239.001Newton). It was found that 3D printing recorded a significantly higher fracture resistance mean than PMMA groups.
Conclusion: 3D printing interim prostheses recorded higher fracture resistance compared with PMMA interim prostheses.
Clinical evaluation of gingival thickness and width according to gender and position among Baghdad dental students
Authors: A. Abdulameer Lubaba A. Abdulameer , A. Salman Suzan , F. Auda Zainab , A. Mohammed Zainab 
Published: January 2024

Aim of the study: was to assess marginal gingival thickness and width of keratinized gingiva comparing them between males and females among Baghdad dental students.
Materials & Methods: Two methods were utilized to measure gingival thickness: visual and probe transparency. Gingival biotypes examination included upper and lower left central incisors of 100 subjects. The width of keratinized gingiva was measured by using a periodontal probe.
Results: Thick gingival biotype was more apparent among males, while thin biotype was more among females. There was no significant difference in gingival width between males and females.
Conclusions: Gingival thickness and width were not affected by gender. The visual method can be used efficiently to estimate gingival thickness.
Comparison the marginal and internal fitness of veneered and anatomical zirconia crowns milled by two different CAD/CAM systems (An in Vitro Study)
Authors: Jasim kahdim Abdul Kareem 
Published: January 2024

Background: Accuracy of fit is considered a very important factor in a crown fabricating procedure. Zirconium oxide ceramic is gaining popularity because of its remarkable mechanical capabilities and the potential aesthetic results obtained by using its recommended veneering porcelain, this study aimed to determine the effect of porcelain veneering on the marginal and internal fitness of zirconium-oxide crowns milled with two different CAD/CAM systems ( Wet and dry milling).
Materials and methods: An ideal prepared tooth #16 to receive an all-ceramic crown restoration with 0.8mm chamfer finishing line was used as a master die. It duplicated and poured to get thirty-two stone working dies. The stone dies divided into two major groups according to the CAD/CAM systems being used, then each group subdivided into two subgroups (n=8) either zirconia crowns milled to full contour or traditional veneered zirconia crowns. Each crown then cemented to it stone die and sectioned longitudinally into four pieces. Stereomicroscope with aid of (image J) was used to examine the sample at a magnification of (140X). Four points of measurement were selected at each of the four-sectioned parts.
Results: The final internal gap value of each sample was the arithmetical mean of the selected points of the four-sectioned pieces The data was evaluated statistically, using One-way ANOVA and LSD tests which revealed highly significant differences (p<0.001) among groups.
Conclusion: Full-contoured zirconia crowns have better marginal and internal fit than the traditionally veneered crown, (CEREC AC, Sirona) system showed the best internal fitness. The mean gap of all groups was within the clinically acceptance.
The Prevalence Of Enamel Defects Among The Students Of Secondary School (Age 14-17) In Baghdad/Alrosafa
Authors: Bahjet Kamil Nawar 
Published: January 2024

Aim of the study: To study the occurrence of enamel defects, the most common type and what gender is more affected on the students at the secondary school in Baghdad-Alrosafa.
Materials and methods: Eight hundred and fifty students in the secondary school in Baghdad-Alrosafa were included in this study without any systemic disease with a 425 male and 425 female aging from 14 to 17 years old. A diagnostic instrument probe, mirror, gloves and tweezer were used. All students were examined clinically for the presence of enamel defect like enamel fluorosis, amelogenesis imperfecta, enamel erosion, abrasion and attrition. T-test was used for statistical analysis.
Results: Results of the current study showed a high percentage of enamel defect occurring in females than in males and a high significant difference recorded at 17 years old in enamel fluorosis with an enamel attrition recording a higher percentage than other anomalies.
Conclusion: conclusion of study is that the enamel defect occurs in females more than males and molar teeth have a higher prevalence than other teeth. Attrition recorded a higher percentage than other defects followed by enamel fluorosis and the lower one is amelogenesis imperfacta.