Reference Values for Water‐Specific T1, Intermuscular and Intramuscular Fat Content in Skeletal Muscle at 2.89 T
Authors: Foulkes Stephen J. , Haykowsky Mark J. , Sherrington Rachel , Kirkham Amy A. , Grenier Justin , Seres Peter , Paterson David I. , Thompson Richard B. 
Published: January 2025

BackgroundMRI offers quantification of proton density fat fraction (PDFF) and tissue characteristics with T1 mapping. The influence of age, sex, and the potential confounding effects of fat on T1 values in skeletal muscle in healthy adults are insufficiently known.PurposeTo determine the accuracy and repeatability of a saturation‐recovery chemical‐shift encoded multiparametric approach (SR‐CSE) for quantification of T1Water and muscle fat content, and establish normative values (age, sex) from a healthy cohort.Study TypeProspective observational; phantoms (NiCL2‐agarose T1 phantoms with no fat content; gadolinium T1 phantoms with mixed fat‐water content).PopulationsA total of 130 healthy community‐dwelling adults (63 male, 18–76 years) free of chronic health conditions that require regular prescription medication, and with no contraindications to MRI.Field Strength/Sequence2.89 T; gradient echo sequences including saturation‐recovery chemical‐shift encoded T1 mapping (SR‐CSE); MOLLI; SASHA; CSE; and single voxel spectroscopy.AssessmentSR‐CSE provided T1Water and PDFF maps for assessment of intramuscular (MFIntra), intermuscular (MFInter), and subcutaneous fat and muscle volumes (thigh, paraspinal muscles). Comparison with MOLLI/SASHA T1 mapping.Statistical TestsUnivariable and multivariable linear regression, general linear models, Bland and Altman, coefficient of variation (CV). P‐value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.ResultsPhantom and in vivo validation studies showed excellent accuracy of SR‐CSE T1Water and PDFF vs. values from reference standards and repeatability CVs between 0.2% and 2.6% for T1Water, R2*, MFInter, MFIntra, subcutaneous fat and muscle volumes. Mean T1Water was 36 msec significantly higher in females (1445 ± 23 msec vs. 1409 ± 22 msec), with no age‐effect (P = 0.35). Females had significantly higher values for MFInter (10.4% ± 4.8% vs. 7.1% ± 2.9%) and MFIntra (2.6% ± 1.0% vs. 2.3% ± 0.8%), both of which increased with age, secondary to lower muscle volume. MOLLI and SASHA T1 values had a fat‐related bias of 21.7/35.0 msec per 1% increase in fat fraction (MFFIntra), in vivo, and a constant bias of −319.8/+35.6 msec, respectively.Data ConclusionSR‐CSE provides accurate (vs. phantoms) and repeatable assessment of water‐specific T1 values and muscle and fat volumes. Conventional methods (SASHA, MOLLI) have a significant fat‐modulated T1‐bias. T1Water values are higher in females with no significant age dependence.Plain Language SummaryWe developed and tested the accuracy of a new MRI approach to measure tissue damage in skeletal muscle using a method called T1 mapping. The approach also provided matching images of fat within the muscle. We measured T1 values and muscle fat volumes in the thighs of 130 healthy adults to define normal values in healthy people and to understand if these values are influenced by age, sex, or weight. We found that our MRI technique accurately measured T1 values and fat volumes within muscle and we defined normal ranges of values, which were different in healthy males and females.Level of Evidence2Technical EfficacyStage 1