bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSXI-17 Prediction Models for Phosphorus Excretion of Pigs
Authors: Son Jeonghyeon , Kim Beob G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The objective of the present study was to develop prediction equations for daily phosphorus excretion based on body weight (BW) and dietary phosphorus concentration of pigs. Four experiments were conducted using pigs with an initial body weight of 15 kg, 30 kg, 50 kg, and 78 kg. In the experiment 1, the experimental diets were mainly based on corn, soybean meal, whey powder, fish meal, and blood plasma. In the experiments 2, 3, and 4, the diets based on corn, soybean meal, and fibrous ingredients were formulated. All experimental diets were supplemented with commercial phytase at 500 FTU/kg. In all experiments, a total collection method and the marker-to-marker procedure were used for fecal and urinary collection. Fecal and urinary phosphorus excretions were determined. Correlation coefficients among BW, daily phosphorus intake, and daily phosphorus excretion of pigs were determined. Prediction equations for phosphorus excretion were developed using BW and dietary phosphorus concentration as independent variables. The BW had positive correlations with fecal and total phosphorus excretion (r = 0.78 and P &lt; 0.001 for fecal phosphorus excretion and r = 0.78 and P &lt; 0.001 for total phosphorus excretion). The prediction equations for predicting fecal phosphorus excretion and total phosphorus excretion were: fecal phosphorus excretion (g·pig–1·d–1) = –0.647 – 0.00065 × BW2 + 0.270 × BW × dietary phosphorus concentration (R2 = 0.81; P &lt; 0.001); total phosphorus excretion (g·pig–1·d–1) = –0.619 – 0.00064 × BW2 + 0.277 × BW × dietary phosphorus concentration (R2 = 0.85; P &lt; 0.001) where BW in kg and phosphorus concentration in %. The BW of pigs corresponding to the age was predicted using the NRC model. The mean phosphorus excretion of pigs weighing from 7 kg to 120 kg at day 22 to 180 was calculated using a developed estimation equation, with BW and total phosphorus requirement used as independent variables. Daily fecal and total phosphorus excretions were 3.77 g·pig–1·d–1 and 4.01 g·pig–1·d–1, respectively.
PSXII-14 Effects of Feeding 10-G on Performance and Carcass Quality of Yearling Beef Steers
Authors: Thompson Aubrey C , Lawrence Ty E , Lucherk Loni W , Martens Kevin , Tennant Travis C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Life Products’ direct fed microbial, 10-G, is a lipid-coated and heat protected mixed culture containing Lactobacillus acidophilus, Enterococcus faecium, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Lactobacillus brevis, and Lactobacillus plantarum. Previous small-pen research has reported inconsistent benefits to performance and carcass characteristics from feeding 10-G. The objective of this trial was to evaluate the effects of feeding 10-G on growth performance and carcass quality in yearling steers. In this randomized complete block design, 6,400 yearling steers were allocated to treatment (10-G or control) within a block (n = 16), where pen served as experiment unit. Trial diets were composed of steam-flaked corn, wheat silage, corn silage, and Sweet Bran Plus. The addition of 10-G within the treatment diet was at an inclusion of 2 g·animal-1·day-1 to provide 1x109 cfu for approximately 170 days. Mean initial body weight was 358 kg and cattle were on feed for an average of 182 days. No differences (P &gt; 0.10) were observed between treatments for dry matter intake (control: 9.75 vs 10-G: 9.80 kg), final body weight (control: 641vs 10-G: 641 kg), average daily gain (control: 1.55 vs 10-G: 1.55 kg/d), or feed efficiency (control: 2.85 vs 10-G: 2.87). When evaluating carcass characteristics, there were no differences (P &gt; 0.10) for hot carcass weight (control: 415 vs 10-G: 413 kg) or liver abscess prevalence (control: 17.4 vs 10-G: 18.2%). However, dressed carcass yield was decreased (P = 0.05) by 0.17% for cattle fed 10-G (control: 64.51 vs 10-G: 64.34%). No differences (P &gt; 0.10) were observed for marbling score (control: Small29 vs 10-G: Small27), ribeye area (control: 100.00 vs 10-G: 100.00 cm2), backfat thickness (control: 1.30 vs 10-G: 1.30 cm). USDA quality grade outcomes. In conclusion, the supplementation of 10-G direct fed microbial did not influence live or carcass performance within this trial.
PSI-24 Trace Mineral Source, Diet Type, and Rumensin Influences Ruminal Fermentation Characteristics
Authors: Levenson Jonah R , Loh Huey Yi , Miller Alexandra C , Thomas Tyler A , Thorndyke Meghan P , Wagner John J , Engle Terry E , Heldt Jeff S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sixteen Angus crossbred steers (531 ± 22.7 kg), fitted with rumen canulae, were used to determine the impact of trace mineral (TM) source, diet type, and Rumensin (R) or Rumensin + Tyolsin (RT) supplementation on rumen fermentation characteristics. In experiment 1, steers were individually housed and fed a high concentrate finishing diet for 21 d. Steers were then blocked (n = 4 steers/block) based on mean dry matter intake (DMI) over the acclamation period. Steer blocks were then randomly assigned to 4 dietary treatments for 28 d. A 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments was used. Factors included: 1) TM source (Sulfate or Hydroxy Cu, Mn, and Zn TM supplemented at 18, 40, and 90, mg/kg DM, respectively), and 2) with or without RT (supplemented at 36.3 and 11 g/metric ton DM, respectively). Following the 28-d feeding period, rumen samples were collected at 0, 2, and 4 h post-feeding. On experiment 2, all steers were then transitioned to a lactating dairy diet for 21 d. Steers were then blocked and assigned to treatments for 28 d. Treatments included: 1) TM source (Sulfate or Hydroxy Cu, Mn, and Zn TM supplemented at 10, 50, and 60, mg/kg DM, respectively) and 2) with or without R (0.0 or 24.2 g of R/metric ton DM). Following the 28-d feeding period, rumen samples were collected as described previously. Rumen fluid samples from both experiments were analyzed for short chain fatty acids (SCFA), pH, and ammonia concentrations. Within an experiment, data over the three time periods (0, 2, and 4 h) were averaged for each parameter measured before statistical analysis. In experiment 1, Molar proportions of acetate were lesser (P &lt; 0.04) and propionate greater (P &lt; 0.01) in steers receiving Hydroxy TM compared with steers receiving Sulfate TM. All other rumen fermentation characteristics measured in this experiment were similar across TM source. Rumen molar concentrations of acetic acid were less in steers receiving RT than steers not receiving RT. Steers receiving RT and Hydroxy TM tended (P &lt; 0.10) to have decreased rumen ammonia concentrations compared with steers receiving RT and Sulfate TM. In experiment 2, there were no TM source impacts on the rumen fermentation characteristics measured. Supplementation of R reduced molar concentrations (P &lt; 0.02) and proportions (P &lt; 0.01) of acetate and increased molar concentrations and proportions of propionate (P &lt; 0.01, P &lt; 0.01, respectively) and butyrate (P &lt; 0.02, P &lt; 0.04, respectively). These data indicate that TM source, R, and RT may modulate rumen fermentation characteristics but their impacts on rumen fermentation may be diet dependent.
PSII-29 Effect of Dietary Alpha-Amylase Enzyme Supplementation on Growth Performance, Eating Pattern and Carcass Quality in Crossbred Dairy Beef Bulls Fed High-Concentrate Diets.`
Authors: Devant Maria , Llonch Lourdes , Marti Sonia , Duclos Julie , Tamassia Luis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of dietary alpha-amylase supplementation on growth performance and carcass quality in crossbred dairy beef bulls fed high-concentrate diets. Ninety-nine bulls (187 ± 2.6 kg of BW, and 146 ± 1.0 days of age) were grouped in 6 pens of 15 to 17 animals/pen and fed concentrate, straw, and water ad libitum. Pens were assigned to one of 2 treatments: 1) CTR (n = 51), no treatment; 2) RUM (n = 48), RumiStar600 CT concentrate inclusion (630 mg/kg DM, based on 600 kilo novo units (KNU) of alpha-amylase activity). After 168 days, using twelve 14-days periods to record daily concentrate intake per animal, daily water consumption per pen, and fortnightly BW per animal animals were transported to slaughterhouse within one month, the whole study lasted an average of 210 days. Also, on days 0, 42, 84 and 168 concentrate samples were collected for enzyme activity and nutrient content analyses. Carcass quality was recorded at the slaughterhouse. Data were analyzed using a mixed model. The BW was greater (P &lt; 0.01; interaction treatment by time) in RUM than in CTR treatment from period 1 to period 12. Concentrate intake tended (P = 0.10) to be greater in RUM than in CTR treatment in periods 1, 9 and 10. Bulls from RUM treatment had a greater (P &lt; 0.01) ADG and a better feed conversion ratio than CTR bulls in periods 8, 10 and 12. Water consumption was similar between treatments, and no health problems related to treatments were recorded. Treatment did not affect carcass conformation. Preslaughter BW (539 vs. 523 ± 6.4 kg, RUM vs. CTR, respectively; P = 0.01) and hot carcass weight (306 vs. 295 ± 4.1 kg, RUM vs. CTR, respectively; P &lt; 0.01) were greater in RUM than in CTR bulls. Also, fatness grade tended (P = 0.08) to be greater in RUM than in CTR treatment (score 1: 8 vs. 25 %; score 2: 77 vs. 63 %; score 3: 15 vs. 12 %; RUM vs. CTR, respectively). In conclusion, dietary alpha-amylase supplementation (600 KNU of alpha-amylase activity/kg DM of concentrate) for at least 168 days improved growth performance and carcass quality in crossbred dairy beef bulls fed high-concentrate diets.
PSIII-23 Supplementing Bovacillus to Newly Weaned Cattle During a 90-Day Grazing Period
Authors: Mackey Shea , Cooke Reinaldo F , Rahmel Logan W , Colombo Eduardo , Pickett Autumn , Harvey Kelsey M M , Karisch Brandi B , Cappellozza Bruno I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This experiment compared performance, health, and physiological responses of weaned cattle receiving Bacillus subtilis derivative in a 90-d grazing period. Recently weaned Angus-influenced steers (n = 120) were obtained from an auction yard on d -1 and transported 150 km to research facility. Immediately after arrival on d -1, shrunk body weight (BW) was recorded and steers were grouped with access to native forage and water. On d 0, an additional body weight was recorded and combined with d -1 values to represent initial body weight (BW; 236 ± 2 kg). Steers were ranked according to initial BW and allocated to 1 of 12 pastures (4-ha pastures; 10 steers/pasture). Pastures were randomly assigned to receive daily supplementation with dried distillers grains at 1% of BW with either: 1) Bacillus subtilis ingredient (BOV; 2 g/steer daily of Bovacillus; Chr Hansen A/S, Horsholm, Denmark), or 2) no additive (CON). Cattle received treatments for the duration of the experiment (d 0 to d 90) while housed in pastures containing stockpiled native forage, primarily Cynodon dactylon and Paspalum dilatatum, as well as free-choice access to water and a commercial mineral + vitamin mix not including ionophores. Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) signs were assessed daily throughout the experimental period. Steer unshrunk BW was recorded on d 14, 28, 56, and 90 and shrunk BW recorded on d 91 added 8% shrink as final BW. Blood samples and fecal swabs were collected from all steers on d 0, 14, 28, 56, and 90. Average daily gain (ADG) was increased in BOV groups compared with CON (0.858 and 0.760 kg/d, respectively) from d 56 to d 90 (P = 0.09) although this BW gain was not sufficient to impact final BW. Steer BW did not differ between treatments for all days (P ≥ 0.43). Incidence of BRD was within the expected range for high-risk stocker cattle, although the number of sick animals was not reduced due to BOV supplementation (P = 1.00). Steers not completing the trial due to health-related complications tended to be increased in CON vs. BOV (P = 0.08). Differences in percentage of steers not completing the experiment, in conjunction with treatment effects for ADG in the final third of the experiment, increased the production total BW per BOV pasture by 43% (790 vs. 550 kg BW change; P = 0.02). Bacillus subtilis supplementation was effective in increasing production BWt during a 90-d grazing period despite no observed difference in BRD incidence.
PSVII-27 Effect of Pre-And Postpartum Supplementation of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D
3
on Lactational Performance of Holstein Cows
Authors: Holub Glenn A , Chapman James D , Zanzalari Ken P , Gott Paige N , Craig Bridget M , Dann Heather M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Vitamin D supports several physiological functions, from mineral homeostasis to immune activity. The aim of this study was to provide 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3] to late gestation and early lactation dairy cows and evaluate the impact on lactational performance. Holstein cows (n = 100) that finished their first or greater lactation were enrolled in a randomized block design with a 2x2 factorial arrangement of treatments (n = 25 cows per treatment group). Prepartum treatments were 0 or 3 mg of 25(OH)D3 per cow daily from 28 d before expected calving until calving. Postpartum treatments were 0 or 1.5 mg of 25(OH)D3 per cow daily from calving until 63 d after calving. Treatments were top-dressed at feed delivery using a cornmeal carrier. The 25(OH)D3 source was Hy· D100. Prepartum [30 IU/kg body weight (BW)] and lactation (40 IU/kg BW) rations also provided a basal amount of cholecalciferol fed to NASEM 2021 recommendations. Dry cows were fed individually, and group housed in a bedded pack. Lactating cows were fed individually, group housed in a freestall, milked 3x/d, and milk sampled 6x/wk. Data were analyzed by ANOVA with repeated measures using the MIXED procedure of SAS (v. 9.4). The model contained fixed effects [prepartum treatment (PRE), postpartum treatment (POST; removed for prepartum data) week, and their interactions] and a random effect (block). Prepartum dry matter intake (DMI) averaged 16.3 kg/d and 2.04% of BW, was not affected by prepartum treatment (P ≥ 0.89) and was decreased closer to calving (P ≤ 0.01). As expected, week after calving affected (P ≤ 0.05) lactational performance. Postpartum DMI was greater for cows fed 3-1.5 mg than those fed 0 to 1.5 mg (Table 1). Colostrum yield and quality were not affected by prepartum treatment (P ≥ 0.91) and averaged 5.7 kg with an IgG content of 75.6 g/L. Actual milk yield was not affected by prepartum or postpartum treatments. Interestingly, there was a carryover effect of prepartum treatment on yield of 4% fat-corrected milk (FCM) and energy-corrected milk (ECM). Cows fed 3 mg during late gestation produced more than those fed 0 mg. Postpartum treatment did not affect component-corrected milk yield. Providing additional vitamin D in the form of 25(OH)D3 to late gestation cows improved lactational performance by increasing intake and the yield of component-corrected milk.
PSXI-15 Estimating Vegetation Index for Outdoor Free-Range Pig Production Using Yolo
Authors: OH Sang-Hyon , Jung Yu-Jeong , Kang Mun Hye , Jang Jae-Cheol , Park Jin-Hyun 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the United States, outdoor pig production is steadily increasing thanks to the niche market strategy for small farmers, consumer antipathy to factory farm products, and the trend of eco-friendly and animal welfare, and research on this is continuing. One of the advantages of outdoor pig production is that farms can be run with small capital, and one of the disadvantages is that cover crops can be devastated due to the burrowing nature of pigs, resulting in underground water being overnourished if management is neglected. Recent scientific advances have made it possible to take images from unmanned aerial vehicles. Utilizing this technology to ascertain the situation of grazing land in outdoor grazing pig production will greatly help farmers maintain pastures at the recommended rate without leaving pastures until they are irreparable. The objective of this study was to quantitatively estimate the level of grazing area damage in outdoor free-range pig production using an UAV with an RGB image sensor. Ten corn field images were captured by an UAV over a period of approximately two weeks, during which gestating sows were allowed to graze freely on the corn field measuring 100×50 m2. The images were corrected to a bird's-eye view, and then divided into 32 segments and sequentially inputted into the YOLOv4 detector to detect the corn images according to their condition. The 43 raw training images selected randomly out of 320 segmented images, each with different degrees of corn devastation, were flipped to create 86 images, and then these images were further augmented by rotating them in 5-degree increments to create a total of 6,192 images. The increased 6,192 images are further augmented by applying three random color transformations to each image, resulting in a total of 24,768 datasets. The system accumulates the number and area of the detected labels to calculate the corn occupancy rate. The occupancy rate of corn in the field was estimated efficiently using YOLO. As of the first day of observation (day 2), it was evident that almost all the corn had disappeared by the ninth day. When grazing 20 sows in a 50×100 m2 cornfield (250 m2/sow), it appears that the animals should be rotated to other grazing areas to protect the cover crop after at least five days. In agricultural technology, most of the research using machine and deep learning is related to the detection of fruits and pests, and research on other application fields is needed. In addition, large-scale image data collected by experts in the field are required as training data to apply deep learning. If data required for deep learning is insufficient, a large number of data augmentation is required.
PSXI-14 Effect of a Sensory Additive to Maximize Sow Feed Intake and Performance of Piglets During Lactation Under Heat Stress Conditions
Authors: López-Vergé Sergi , He Maolong , Lv Jiaqi , Wang Haifeng , Tedó Gemma , Otto-Tice Emily 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Longevity of the sows is a major concern in pig production, which is negatively affected when the sow body condition is not properly restored shortly after weaning. Therefore, feed intake (FI) becomes crucial to prevent the excessive body reserve mobilization during lactation, but also in promoting milk production and therefore maximizing litter performance. This situation is more exacerbated under heat stress conditions, in which FI is severely affected. The aim of the present study was to increase the sow FI and to maximize litter performance during lactation under heat stress conditions. A total of 20 Landrace x Large White sows were used. Animals were individually caged in farrowing crates one week before parturition according to their body weight, backfat thickness and parity and randomly assigned to two treatments (10 sows/treatment): Control diet, (C) or a diet containing a sensory additive (SA) included at 0.075% (Luctamax Sows, Lucta S.A., Barcelona, Spain). All diets were offered restricted from entry to the farrowing unit until parturition and ad libitum afterwards until weaning. For the sows’ body weight (BW, kg) a scale was used; back fat (BF, mm) was registered by ultrasound echography (in mm). Both measurements were performed at the entry to the farrowing unit and at weaning. Piglets’ performance was also monitored from birth to weaning (21 d of life). Higher temperature during the trial was over 30ºC (reaching a maximum of 37ºC). Data were analyzed by using the TTEST procedure of SAS. Results showed that SA sows increased up to 6.2% their FI compared with the C group (5.86 kg/d vs 5.52 kg/d, P = 0.08) from farrowing to weaning. Regarding the body reserves mobilization, BW (-24.7 kg vs -29.4 kg) and BF (-1.00 mm vs -3.30 mm) loses were numerically less in SA sows compared with C sows, respectively (P &gt; 0.05). Finally, concerning performance of piglets, the inclusion of the SA tended to increase the growth during the first week after farrowing (0.174 kg/d vs 0.156 kg/d, P = 0.06) compared with the C group, respectively with no significant differences for the whole lactation period. Similarly, piglets weaning BW was slightly numerically greater for piglets born from SA sows compared with the control group (5.62 kg vs. 5.53, P &gt; 0.05), respectively. Results suggest that the dietary inclusion of the sensory additive Luctamax Sows at 0.075% in the lactation diet from entry to the farrowing unit until weaning increased sows FI and prevented body reserves mobilization, having also benefits in the offspring, specially one week after farrowing. These results prove the potential of a sensory additive in helping the sows to cope with the lactation phase, especially under heat stress conditions.
Five cases of unintentional exposure to BZO-4en-POXIZID among nightclub attendees in New York City
Authors: Palamar Joseph J , Massano Marta , Salomone Alberto 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A new class of synthetic cannabinoids called OXIZIDs has emerged in recent years. This class consists of compounds with oxindole cores and hydrazide/hydrazone linker moieties and has often been described as being designed to circumvent a Chinese class-wide ban that was effective as of 1 July 2021. However, through hair testing of nightclub attendees in New York City—a high-risk population for recreational drug use—we have evidence suggesting exposures to an OXIZID called BZO-4en-POXIZID (4en-pentyl MDA-19) prior to the effective ban. Through analysis of 6 cm segmented hair samples from attendees collected in 2021, we detected five cases of exposure. Specifically, we detected a cluster of three cases based on hair samples collected on 20 June 2021, and then two additional cases from samples collected on 16 July 2021. Four of these hair samples were long enough to analyze two 6 cm hair segments (representing approximately two 6-month timeframes) and three of four of these cases tested positive for repeated exposure (for an estimated exposure over 6 months prior to hair collection). All cases included young adult females reporting past-year cannabis use but all tested negative for tetrahydrocannabinol exposure. Three cases also reported past-year use of cocaine, ecstasy, and/or ketamine, and four cases tested positive for exposure to cocaine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), methamphetamine and/or eutylone. These subjects were exposed to BZO-4en-POXIZID—likely as an adulterant in other drugs, and these cases are among the first documented cases which occurred approximately half a year before the Chinese legislative ban.