bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Energy Law and Supply Dependencies
Authors: Boute Anatole 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter analyses the role that energy law, including supply agreements and energy market liberalization, played in establishing and deepening the dominance of Russian gas supplies in Europe and Eurasia, allowing Russia to weaponize its energy exports. European energy law, and the international energy regime that the EU helped to establish, has been based on the necessity of facilitating cross-border energy supplies. However, this liberalization regime also facilitated the expansion of Russian gas in Europe. Building on the literature on trade, geopolitics, and economic imperialism, this chapter examines how trade instruments can be used to secure dependence and geopolitical control. Since Soviet times, energy geopolitics has had a profound influence on energy contracts, facilitating the dependence of the former Soviet states and Europe on Russian gas.
The Earth’s Laboratory
Authors: Gillin Edward J. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Having established that the escalation of the Earth’s interior heat was relative to depth, Cornish natural philosopher Robert Were Fox turned his attention to the question of metalliferous vein formation, these being the source of the region’s copper ore. Using mines as experimental sites, Fox claimed to have detected underground electrical currents that, he argued, caused veins to form. Excited by Michael Faraday’s experiments to produce electromagnetic rotation in 1821 and electromagnetic induction in 1831, Fox looked to connect the Earth’s magnetic and electrical phenomena within a grand vision of Nature. He supported this investigation with surveys of Cornwall’s miners, using local working knowledge to inform his account of the Earth’s internal working. But this work also involved measuring the planets’ magnetic phenomena in the challenging conditions of the mine. To do this, throughout the 1820s and 1830s Fox developed his own magnetic instruments. This chapter shows how it was the experience of experimentation in Cornwall’s mines that shaped Fox’s construction of dipping needles which would, later, become central to the British Magnetic Scheme on account of their perceived robustness.
A Bioweapons Taboo
Authors: Bentley Michelle 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 1 questions current analytic definitions of ‘taboo’ within International Relations in order to argue that these conceptualizations are inadequate. The chapter challenges these available definitions as (1) having yet to fully articulate the normative characteristics of a taboo and (2) being too dependent—explicitly or implicitly—on compliance as the primary analytic standard. In response to these limitations, the chapter outlines an alternative and innovative model of taboo. The model establishes a set of three necessary and interrelated criteria which identify a taboo as a discrete classification of normative prohibition characterized by disgust, stigmatization, and fetishization. The chapter then applies the model directly to the issue of biowarfare to show precisely why actors find these armaments to be taboo.
The Place of the Philosophy of Language in Metaphysics
Authors: Hofweber Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although it is very plausible, and widely accepted, that one cannot draw metaphysical conclusions about what reality is like merely from how we represent reality, this chapter argues that this is mistaken: sometimes substantial synthetic conclusions about the world can be drawn simply from how we represent the world in thought or language. How this could possibly work must seem dubious, just as how substantial such conclusions could possibly be. The chapter tries to put such concerns to rest and hopes to show that we can indeed draw substantial, synthetic conclusions about reality in general merely from thinking about our own representations of reality. This supports a substantial role for the philosophy of language in metaphysics and with it a close cooperative relationship between metaphysics, the philosophy of language, and epistemology.
The Schmidentity Strategy
Authors: Speaks Jeff 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is a paper about a prominent style of argument in the philosophy of language, which Nathan Salmón has called ‘the schmidentity strategy.’ The style of argument has great intuitive force, and has been used to defend theses as diverse as the classical theory of the ‘is’ of identity, the Russellian analysis of definite descriptions, and the Millian theory of proper names. It is thus of considerable interest to determine whether the strategy is a good one, and how widely it can be employed.
Reflecting Creativity
Authors: Schaefer Stephan M. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter broadens the perspective by discussing the significance of the socio-economic context for processes and practices of organizing creativity. It starts by distinguishing instrumental and humanist aims of creativity and their implications for organizations. An instrumental perspective views creativity as essential for economic growth, which becomes problematic considering the limits to growth and global problems of climate change and social alienation. Humanist creativity in contrast views creativity as a meaningful and fulfilling activity in itself which however tends to conflict with goals of corporate profit maximization. Based on the critical analysis of instrumental and humanist creativity and considering the re-emergence of craft as an alternative form of organizing the chapter then elaborates and discusses the concept of radical transformative creativity.
Rational Business Leadership
Authors: Brooker Paul , Hayward Margaret 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An introduction to the rational type of leadership, which inspires followers with confidence through capable use of appropriate rational means of achieving the objective. The chapter explains the book's focus on a particular version of rational leadership, which develops business corporations. This version uses a set of six appropriate rational methods: rapid and innovative adaptation; quantitative and strategic calculation; and diverse and institutionalized deliberation. The six rational methods are described, along with variations in leaders’ selection/emphasizing of these methods of developing a corporation. (A section uses the example of Sheryl Sandberg at Facebook to illustrate the deliberative methods in action.) Plus, there is an introduction to the first eight chapters’ best-practice case studies, where rational leaders have developed iconic corporations. Leaders' autobiographical writings will give the cases a ‘leader’s-eye’ view and occasionally show a corporation being led by a dual-leadership team.
Charisma and Rational Redevelopment
Authors: Brooker Paul , Hayward Margaret 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rational redevelopment has a wide-ranging relationship with charismatic leadership and ‘routinized’ charisma. The chapter’s first half focuses on charismatic leadership and the case of Jorma Ollila: the Nokia corporation’s chairman/CEO until 2012. He acquired charismatic status in the 1990s due to an exceptionally successful rational redevelopment that prioritized mobile phones. And Ollila’s charismatic status helped him in 2010/11 to prepare Nokia for a second redevelopment, carried out by his successor. The chapter’s second half focuses on routinized charisma. Ollila’s imparting of Nokia Way values became a routinized-charisma cultural legacy that was re-emphasized by his successor, Risto Siilasmaa, during the mid-2010s redeveloping of Nokia. However, routinized-charisma cultural legacies can instead impede redevelopment. IBM CEO Lou Gerstner’s charismatic status helped him overcome an impeding routinized-charisma legacy from the corporation’s founders. But when Hewlett-Packard (HP) CEO Carly Fiorina tried to redevelop her corporation, she was impeded by the founders’ HP Way cultural legacy.
Conclusion
Authors: Brooker Paul , Hayward Margaret 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Conclusion has three parts. The first is a summing up of the findings from the various case studies in the Parts I and II chapters. The second part is called ‘broadening the perspective’. It shows how the Part II chapters can broaden the Part I perspective on rational leadership and the development of corporations. For instance, it points to how organizational processes used for redevelopment may also be used to implement decisions by leaders of corporation development. The third part of the Conclusion looks to the future and argues that redevelopment will become more common in the next generation, 2020‒50.
Materializing the Middle Passage
Authors: Webster Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An estimated 2.8 million Africans made a forced crossing of the Atlantic on British slave ships: a journey known as the ‘Middle Passage’. This book focuses on the ship itself: the largest artefact of the transatlantic slave trade, but one rarely studied by archaeologists, because so few examples of wrecked slaving vessels have been located. This book argues that there are other ways for archaeologists to materialize the slave ship. It employs a pioneering interdisciplinary methodology combining primary documentary sources, underwater and terrestrial archaeological data, paintings, and museum collections, to ‘rebuild’ British slaving vessels and identify changes to them over time. The book then considers the reception of the slave ship and its trade goods in coastal West Africa, and goes on to detail the range, and uses, of the many African materials (such as ivory) entering Britain on slave ships. The third section considers the Middle Passage experiences of captives and crews, arguing that greater attention needs to be paid to the coping mechanisms through which Africans survived, yet also challenged, their captive passage. Finally, the book asks why the African Middle Passage experience remains so elusive and considers when, how, and why the crossing was remembered by ‘saltwater’ Africans in the Caribbean and North America. The marriage of words and things attempted in this richly illustrated book is underpinned throughout by a theoretical perspective combining creolization and postcolonial theory, and by a central focus on the materiality of the slave ship and its regimes
Materializing the Middle Passage
Authors: Webster Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This introductory chapter employs three material things—a portrait, of Dido Belle Lindsay, a punch bowl depicting the slave ship Swallow, and the components of a necklace from the cemetery at Newton Plantation, Barbados—to foreground the themes and issues central to Materializing the Middle Passage, and to outline the author’s practice as a historical archaeologist. Some of the scholarship that has informed the book is also introduced here, in discussing the entwined theoretical frameworks that underpin the analysis: creolization theory and postcolonial theory. Finally, the structure of the book is outlined, and brief summaries provided of the central themes of each of the following eleven chapters.
Artefacts from the Sea
Authors: Webster Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 4 introduces the wrecked slave ships uncovered by maritime archaeologists. Few such vessels have been located, and fewer still have been explored in any detail; so all known examples, whatever their port of origin, are discussed in this analysis. Two ships stand out here: the British Henrietta Marie (lost in 1700) and the Danish Fredensborg (lost in 1768). They remain the only active transatlantic slavers to have been subject to both extensive excavation and detailed archival research. Having considered these and other located slaver wrecks, the chapter moves on to ex-slavers—ships once used in the slave trade but employed in other ways at the time of their loss. The final section considers wrecked vessels that may have been involved in the slave trade, but whose identities remain uncertain.
Guineamen
Authors: Webster Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 5 employs a wide variety of source materials to materialize the shared characteristics of the ships employed in the British slave trade. It also provides a series of short portraits of slaving vessels built between c.1680 and 1807, tracing the small but significant changes to the merchant slaver over the course of that period. Particular attention is paid to the impact of the 1788 Dolben Act and subsequent legislation upon slave ship design. When they arrived off Africa, all vessels used in the slave trade underwent a metamorphosis that transformed them from merchant ships into slave ships. Platforms, bulkheads, and other features were erected above and below decks, creating the spaces, at once physical and social, of the Middle Passage. The second part of this chapter details these temporary changes, which were largely built from timber and were dismantled upon the ship’s eventual arrival in the Americas.
A Brief Introduction to Modal Systems
Authors: Dodds Michael R. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter surveys the four main modal systems used in the early modern era, defining modal terms and highlighting certain threads running through the longer history of mode. In historical order, these systems are the eight modes of medieval plainchant; the twelve modes of Renaissance polyphony; the seventeenth-century church tones; and the major–minor system of the High Baroque. The eight modes originated to organize the vast body of plainchants composed in Western Europe between the sixth and eighth centuries. The twelve-mode system proposed by Glarean and Zarlino in the mid-sixteenth century extended modality from plainchant to vocal polyphony, while introducing concepts that would prove deeply influential in Baroque theory. The ascendancy of basso continuo c. 1600 prompted the church tones, a modal scheme arising from transposition conventions for polyphonic psalmody. Informal description of keys by final and quality of third arose in France c. 1630 as a response to the crisis of complexity created by competing modal systems. Not until c. 1680 did music theorists begin to conceive the major and minor modes prescriptively, as abstract scales transposable to any chromatic degree. Completing the organization of the major and minor keys into a true system of transpositionally equivalent keys were two landmark constructs, Heinichen’s 1711 circle of fifths and Campion’s 1716 rule of the octave.
The Baroque Church Tones in Western European Music Theory
Authors: Dodds Michael R. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The church tones are a scheme of modal classification arising in Italy c. 1600 from negotiation between vocal and keyboard constraints in the performance, notation, and publication of Roman Catholic Office polyphony. First described by Adriano Banchieri in L’Organo suonarino (Venice, 1605), the church tones were presented over the course of the Baroque era by more than thirty theorists from Italy, Spain, Portugal, France, Flanders, Austria, Bavaria, Bohemia, and Saxony. While Italian Renaissance theorists viewed the tones either as accidental manifestations of the modes or as parallel to them but differing in essence, their Baroque successors came to view the tuoni (now often called the “church tones” in various European languages) as a system of modal classification in their own right, sometimes superseding the modes altogether. This chapter traces how music theorists represented the church tones with regard to (1) their status as a modal scheme; (2) their tonalities; and especially (3) their music-theoretical parameters. Early on, theorists represented the church tones with psalm tones and/or octave species, but by the mid-seventeenth century this changed to the triad, giving way in the high Baroque to simply final and signature (or quality of third). These changes in representation reveal a shift from vocal to keyboard orientation in the conceptualization of mode, and with it a privileging of final and quality of third as primary modal markers—reflecting the concurrent rise of the two-mode system.
Two Modes
Authors: Dodds Michael R. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The two-mode system originated in the early seventeenth century in reductive description of modes of other schemes on the basis of quality of third. Its subsequent emergence as a system in its own right corresponds to a shift from descriptive to prescriptive definitions. A leading catalyst was the crisis of complexity created by French adoption of Zarlino’s second dodecachordal scheme that numbered the modes from C. Faced with three different modal schemes, musicians found it easier to refer to mode on the basis of final and quality of third. Quality of third served as a descriptive marker within the twelve modes and the church tones starting c. 1630, before theorists began to present the major and minor modes as widely transposable intervallic patterns about half a century later. In the final two decades of the seventeenth century, theorists began to present the major and minor modes as the system with ontological precedence, or indeed the only modal system. While this shift occurred differently in the various national traditions, in all of them it involved a redefinition of the relationship between scale and background system. No longer identified with particular finals of the Guidonian diatonic, the major and minor modes came to be conceived as abstract scalar patterns and, crucially, widely transposable on the chromatic keyboard. French and German music theorists’ emphasis respectively on scale and triad produced somewhat differing but eventually convergent conceptualizations of tonal space.
River Ecology
Authors: Mallin Michael A. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This volume explains the basic concepts of the ecology of streams and rivers, visualizing the system as a continuum in which the upper headwaters are intimately linked with the lower river, including and part of the estuary. It discusses how rainfall in the upper watershed combines with geography and geology to shape the physical river ecosystem, the currents, erosional forces, and interactions with the floodplain. Light, or solar irradiance, is discussed in terms of how it influences river plant growth and how it is influenced by suspended sediments and water color. Nutrients and their sources, especially nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and silica (Si), influence plant and bacterial life, and overabundances of N and P cause major problems to the river system. The growth and overgrowth of river plant life (phytoplankton, periphyton, macroalgae, and macrophytes) is described, and relations with nutrients and grazers, and as habitat for invertebrate and vertebrate organisms. This volume assumes that natural rivers are now exceedingly rare and describes in depth the many human-caused problems endemic to today’s rivers, including watershed clearcutting of forests and urbanization, construction and impacts of dams and water diversions, power plant impacts to rivers, chemical pollution, and introduction and control of plant and animal invasive species. This volume also provides chapters discussing previously understudied lotic systems such as blackwater streams and rivers, tidal creeks, and reservoir ecology. Stream and river restoration is also described. The book concludes with a chapter on flooding, hurricane impacts, and how climate change is and will influence those major river impacts, as well as other aspects of the river ecosystem’s ecology.
Altering the Natural Flow
Authors: Mallin Michael A. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The natural flow of the vast majority of rivers in the northern hemisphere has been altered, and such alterations are now ongoing on a massive scale in South America, Africa, and Southeast Asia. Dams greatly change historical flow regimes used by native fishes, block anadromous fish migrations, change water chemistry, and alter the riparian vegetation community and wildlife usage by blocking the flood pulse. Interbasin transfer of water from a river to a different watershed has occurred on large scales, such as in the Colorado River; such water diversions have strong impacts on fisheries, aquatic-based economics, and even international relations. Deciding what to do regarding water use in a given river requires stakeholder contributions, data gathering, and adaptive management approaches. With the availability of water in some regions now imperilled, advances in water conservation techniques and even wastewater recycling are now becoming critical to maintaining liveable cities in arid regions of even the wealthiest nations.
Ecology and Pollution of Urban Streams
Authors: Mallin Michael A. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The conversion of a forested stream to an urbanized stream usually begins with clearcutting most of the area forest, which leads to increased stream discharge, increased erosion of both newly exposed land and the stream channel, and increased stream turbidity. As building commences, pavement and other impervious surfaces are installed, further increasing stormwater runoff, causing the stream channel to experience widening, bank collapse, and channel incision. The stream water temperature will rise from lack of shade and urban heat island effect, and development of housing, businesses, and industries will increase the pollutant load of fecal bacteria, nutrients, metals, and organic pollutants. The stream biota will reflect these changes in the formation of algal blooms, loss of benthic habitat by sediment burial, and loss of fish habitat from increased water temperature and lack of woody debris presence. Further impacts to the stream may include introduction of alien aquarium species, metals, and toxic organic pollutants.
Organizational readiness and implementation fidelity of an early childhood education and care-specific physical activity policy intervention: findings from the Play Active trial
Authors: Wenden Elizabeth J , Budgeon Charley A , Pearce Natasha L , Christian Hayley E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract

Background
Many children do not accumulate sufficient physical activity for good health and development at early childhood education and care (ECEC). This study examined the association between ECEC organizational readiness and implementation fidelity of an ECEC-specific physical activity policy intervention.

Methods
Play Active aimed to improve the ECEC educator’s physical activity practices. We investigated the implementation of Play Active using a Type 1 hybrid study (January 2021–March 2022). Associations between organizational readiness factors and service-level implementation fidelity were examined using linear regressions. Fidelity data were collected from project records, educator surveys and website analytics.

Results
ECEC services with higher levels of organizational commitment and capacity at pre-implementation reported higher fidelity scores compared to services with lower organizational commitment and capacity (all Ps &lt; 0.05). Similarly, services who perceived intervention acceptability and appropriateness at pre-implementation to be high had higher fidelity scores (P &lt; 0.05). Perceived feasibility and organizational efficacy of Play Active were associated with higher but nonsignificant fidelity scores.

Conclusions
Results indicate that organizational readiness factors may influence the implementation of ECEC-specific physical activity policy interventions. Therefore, strategies to improve organizational readiness should be developed and tested. These findings warrant confirmation in the ECEC and other settings and with other health behavior interventions.