bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EQUILIBRIA IN PRECIPITIN REACTIONS
Authors: Bayne-Jones Stanhope 
Published: June 2004

1. In these studies several phases of the predpitm reactions were investigated by the use of purified proteins as antigens. These preparations were edestin from hemp-seed and crystalline ovalbumin from fresh eggs. The ovalbumin, isolated by the method of Hopkins and Pinkus,.was apparently as pure as is obtainable by chemical means. This albumin, however, produced moderately severe anaphylactic reactions in animals sensitized with ovoglobulin. Anaphylactic tests of the individuality of a protein cannot be any longer regarded as the criterion of the purity of the substance as an antigen.
Wells and Osborne have shown that proteins of considerable chemical difference may have a common antigenic group which causes mutual anaphylactic reactions in animals sensitized to these proteins. In particular, as egg globulin is a mixture of proteins, one of which is undoubtedly egg albumin, anaphylaxis produced by injections of albumin into animals sensitized to the so called globulin offers no evidence for or against the purity of the albumin. The character of the curves shown in Text-fig. 1 confirms the assumption, based upon chemical data, that crystalline egg albumin is a single protein.
2. With edestin and crystalline egg albumin as antigens phases in the precipitin reaction were found in which these substances and their specific precipitins could be demonstrated to be coexistent but ununited in the same serum.
3. When edestin or crystalline egg albumin is injected into a rabbit immunized thereto, the antigen may be found in the circulating blood during 48 hours after its injection, while at the same time the animal maintains a high titer of free precipitin in its blood.
4. When the pure protein antigen is mixed in proper proportions with the serum of a specifically immunized rabbit and the resulting precipitate removed by centrifugation, the supernatant fluid contains both antigen and antibody.
5. The serum drawn from a rabbit during the period in which free antigen and antibody are coexistent in the circulation undergoes slow spontaneous precipitation when kept in sterile tubes in the ice box. The curve of this reaction is reproduced as Text-fig. 1. The relationships of the parabola indicate that the interaction of antigen and antibody takes place according to a definite law. When sufficient quantitative data are obtained to allow an analysis of this curve, the formulas for this reaction will undoubtedly throw light upon the chemical or physical nature of the process.
6. The protective action of the solution of egg albumin as a third colloid preventing precipitation in a reaction between human serum and its antibody was readily demonstrated. This observation and the constancy of the long prozone in precipitin test with egg albumin are in accord with the protective action of ovalbumin upon colloidal gold.
THE FOCAL PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS OF CHILDREN AND ADULTS
Authors: Opie Eugene L. 
Published: June 2004

Evidence of tuberculous infection has been found in the lungs of all of fifty adults who have been examined. Approximately one-half of all adults have encapsulated lesions of the lungs or bronchial lymphatic nodes, whereas in one-third pulmonary and lymphatic lesions are firmly calcified and completely healed.
Tuberculous pulmonary lesions of adults who have died of diseases other than tuberculosis are of two types: (1) apical tuberculosis similar to the usual type of fatal phthisis and unaccompanied by caseation, of the regional lymphatic nodes; (2) focal tuberculosis not more commonly situated in the apices of the lungs than elsewhere and accompanied by caseation (or calcification) of the adjacent lymphatic nodes.
Focal pulmonary tuberculosis of adults is identical with the tuberculosis of childhood. It occurs in at least 92 per cent of all adults. It may be acquired between the ages of 2 and 10 years but in more than half of all individuals (in this city) makes its appearance between the ages of 10 and 18 years.
Tuberculosis of children does not select the apices of the lungs, is accompanied by massive tuberculosis of regional lymphatic nodes, and exhibits the characters of tuberculosis in a freshly infected animal, whereas tuberculosis which occurs in the pulmonary apices of adults has the characters of a second infection. Almost all human beings are spontaneously "vaccinated" with tuberculosis before they reach adult life.
A CLASSIFICATION OF NON-HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Kinsella Ralph A. , Swift Homer F. 
Published: June 2004

1. No connection can be demonstrated between grouping of non-hemolytic streptococci based upon fermentation reactions, and grouping based upon immunological reactions.
2. A classification of non-hemolytic streptococci can be effected by studying the complement fixation reactions between the streptococci and their antisera.
3. The arrangement of the streptococci in such a classification depends on the fact that two diverse elements are present in the group. Some strains partake entirely of one of these elements, some entirely of the other, while other strains partake of both.
4. The arrangement is further determined by the fact that among the strains composed of one element there are differences in complexity, some strains being made up of many molecules or features, others having much simpler structure. This gives rise to an inverse ratio between the fixing capacity of a serum and the capacity of the corresponding antigen to be fixed.
TOXIN AND ANTITOXIN OF AND PROTECTIVE INOCULATION AGAINST BACILLUS WELCHII
Authors: Bull Carroll G. , Pritchett Ida W. 
Published: June 2004

Five cultures of Bacillus welchii have been studied and compared Four came from infected wounds in the western theatre of war, and one was obtained from a personal article of clothing. Each culture possesses the essential characteristics ascribed to that group of bacteria.
The infectious processes caused by the five cultures in rabbits, guinea pigs, and pigeons, are local in character; and very few or no bacilli enter or are found in the general blood stream during life or immediately after death.
Glucose broth cultures, injected intravenously, are fatal to rabbits. Death occurs, almost immediately or after a few hours. Agglutinative bacterial emboli have been ruled out as the cause of death, as has been an acid intoxication. The fluid part of the culture acts in the same manner as the full culture and irrespective of neutralization with sodium hydroxide.
The full cultures and supernatant fluid are hemolytic when injected directly into the circulation of rabbits and pigeons, and the acute death produced may be ascribed to a massive destruction of red corpuscles. The passage of the fluid portion of glucose broth cultures through Berkefeld filters reduces materially the hemolytic and poisonous effects.
Cultures of the Welch bacilli in plain broth to which sterile pigeon or rabbit muscle is added are highly toxic, and the toxicity is not noticeably diminished by Berkefeld filtration. The filtrates are hemolytic when injected intravenously and inflaming and necrotizing when injected subcutaneously and intramuscularly. The local lesions produced in the breast muscles of the pigeon closely resemble those caused by infection with the bacilli.
The toxicity of these filtrates is not affected by neutralization with sodium hydroxide, but is materially reduced by heating to 62°C. and entirely removed by heating to 70°C. for 30 minutes.
Successive injections of carefully graded doses of this toxic filtrate in pigeons and rabbits give rise to active immunity. The blood taken from the immunized rabbits is capable of neutralizing the toxic filtrate in vivo and in vitro. The filtrate has therefore been designated as toxin and the immune serum as antitoxin.
The antitoxin neutralizes the toxin in multiple proportions. Hence the latter would seem to possess the properties of an exotoxin. Moreover, it neutralizes the hemolytic as well as the locally .injurious toxic constituent.
Antitoxic serum prepared from a given culture of Bacillus welchii is neutralizing for the toxins yielded by the other four cultures of that microorganism.
The antitoxin is protective and curative against infection with the spore and the vegetative stages of Bacillus welchii in pigeons. The limits of the protective and curative action are now under investigation.
STUDIES IN GLOMERULONEPHRITIS
Authors: Faber Harold Kniest 
Published: June 2004

1. Rabbits in which a mild grade of glomerular damage has been produced by small doses of diphtheria toxin develop a severe glomerulonephritis corresponding to the extracapillary form described by Volhard and Fahr after inoculations with sublethal quantities of Bacillus coli.
2. Similar, though not completely identical lesions are produced when diphtheria toxin is followed by intravenous injections of Vaughan's split protein (poisonous part) of Bacillus coli.
3. The inference is drawn that under the experimental conditions described Bacillus coli undergoes bacteriolysis and produces glomerular lesions through the toxic groups contained within its protein molecule.
EXPERIMENTS ON THE CAUSATION AND AMELIORATION OF ADRENALIN PULMONARY EDEMA
Authors: Auer John , Gates Frederick L. 
Published: June 2004

The intratracheal injection of one moderate dose of adrenalin in rabbits whose vagi are divided produces a marked pulmonary edema in a large percentage of cases. The same dose in normal animals causes only slight effects.
Artificial respiration greatly reduces the production of pulmonary edema in vagotomized rabbits after adrenalin.
As adrenalin can exert a bronchoconstrictor effect, evidence is submitted to show that the aspirating action of the lung alveoli under this condition apparently plays an important part in the production of adrenalin pulmonary edema. On the basis of this mechanism the protective action of artificial respiration is explained.
Stenosis of the trachea facilitates. the production of adrenalin pulmonary edema in rabbits whose vagi are intact.
The intratracheal injection of adrenalin in vagotomized rabbits produces a temporary incoordination between the heart ventricles, visible on inspection, so that the left ventricle beats apparently half as fast as the right, causing hyperemia of the lungs and hemorrhages.
Atropine injected intratracheally in vagotomized rabbits exerts a protective action against adrenalin pulmonary edema.
THE GROWTH OF THE OVARIAN FOLLICLE OF THE GUINEA PIG UNDER NORMAL AND PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS
Authors: Walsh L. S. N. 
Published: June 2004

1. The growth .energy of the granulosa cells in the ovarian follicles of normal guinea pig ovaries varies with the size of the follcle, and follows a definite growth curve. The growth energy in small follicles is relatively low, then a gradual rise takes place with increase in size of the follicle up to a maximum which is reached when the follicle attains medium size. This ascending part of the curve is followed by a gradual fall in growth energy until in large follicles the proliferative power has fallen almost to the level of small follicles. Synchronously with maturity of the follicles there is an abrupt fall in growth energy to near the zero point.
2. There is a distinct localization of mitoses in the follicle. The large majority of mitoses is found in the perioval part. With increase in the growth energy which characterizes medium follicles, there is an increase in the proliferative power of the cells more distal to the egg, but still near the egg. We may therefore conclude on the basis of our observations and on the previous observations of Loeb, that the egg exerts a stimulus, which causes proliferation of the granulosa cells.
3. Under pathological conditions certain changes occur in the growth energy of the follicle: (a) Granulosa degeneration causes in the living cells a diminution in the proliferative power which is proportionate to the extent of the degeneration. (b) Hypotypical follicles have approximately the same or only slightly diminished proliferative power as normal ones, and thus their failure to grow is essentially due to disintegration of the granulosa cells.
THE RAT AS A CARRIER OF SPIROCHÆTA ICTEROHÆMORRHAGIÆ, THE CAUSATIVE AGENT OF WEIL'S DISEASE (SPIROCHÆTOSIS ICTEROHÆMORRHAGICA)
Authors: Ido Yutaka , Hoki Rokuro , Ito Hiroshi , Wani Hidetsune 
Published: June 2004

1. On the basis of these findings, we conclude that the extermination of rats and field mice is a highly important prophylactic measure against Weil's disease.
2. The chemical composition of soil and water plays animportant part in the development of Spirochœta icterohœmorrhagiœ, and consequently in the spread of the disease of which it is the causative agent.
THE VISCOUS METAMORPHOSIS OF THE BLOOD PLATELETS
Authors: Wright J. Homer , Minot George R. 
Published: June 2004

From the experiments above described it is evident that the viscous metamorphosis of the blood platelets in shed blood is intimately associated with the early stages of coagulation and that the presence of calcium is a very important element, though perhaps not absolutely necessary. No constant differences in this phenomenon could be detected with platelets or coagulating elements from the blood of normal or diseased individuals or from man or rabbits.
All the substances, with the exception of egg white, causing this phenomenon were derived from the blood either during the alteration of fibrinogen or after it had been acted on by thrombin. It seems that the substances or mixtures capable of producing the metamorphosis are especially those associated with the early stages of coagulation or capable in the test-tube of forming or liberating that active coagulating element known as thrombin.
The substance in serum that is capable of metamorphosing platelets seems to be attached to the globulin fraction rather than the albumin fraction and is destroyed by heat at temperatures which destroy prothrombin, thrombin, and serozyme, and precipitate fibrinogen.
The reaction is not caused by pure thrombin or a mixture of pure thrombin and calcium, though substances causing the metamorphosis are intimately related to thrombin. The metamorphosis seems to be caused by serozyme-like substances as shown both by the fact that barium sulfate absorbs the power of serum to cause the reaction and that a serozyme-like substance is probably to be recognized in all the substances or mixtures, including egg white, causing this change in the platelets, except perhaps when thrombin and fibrinogen are reacting. It is to be noted that in serozyme are contained antithrombin, calcium, and potential thrombin, and that a combination of these isolated factors mixed together occasionally allowed the viscous metamorphosis to occur and not infrequently an abortive metamorphosis.
The pseudo- or abortive metamorphosis caused by the mixture of pure thrombin, antithrombin, and calcium may be interpreted on the supposition of a close approximation but not a real reproduction of the colloidal state known as serozyme. That such a reaction is related to real viscous metamorphosis is suggested, because it sometimes occurred with the above mixture and when thrombin and heavily oxalated plasmas were reacting, rather than a real metamorphosis.
Simple agglutination of the platelets may occur independently of a viscous metamorphosis, though an agglutination of platelets is to be considered an integral part of the viscous metamorphosis phenomenon.
The inconstant results seen with the cephalin-treated sera are probably due to the fact that exactly the same mixtures were not obtained. The results with cephalin-soaked and platelet-soaked sera and with dilutions of sera suggest that the reaction of viscous metamorphosis of the platelets is quantitative.
THE RELATION OF THE SPINAL CORD TO THE SPONTANEOUS LIBERATION OF EPINEPHRIN FROM THE ADRENALS
Authors: Stewart G. N. , Rogoff J. M. 
Published: June 2004

1. After section of the spinal cord in cats in the cervical region, as low as the last cervical segment, epinephrin continues to be liberated from the adrenal glands. This liberation has all the characters of the normal secretion with intact central nervous system. It is sustained through the same nerve paths connecting the cord with the adrenals.
2. After section of the cord in the middorsal region the spontaneous liberation of epinephrin from the adrenals is abolished within the limits of detectability by the methods employed (denervated eye reactions of Meltzer, and rabbit intestine and uterus segments).
3. The portion of the cord concerned in the liberation of epinephrin does not appear to extend much below the third thoracic segment.
4. In acute experiments on cats under urethane anesthesia no change in the rate of liberation of epinephrin, which could be detected by the tests employed, was observed when the cord was severed in the cervical region.
BACTERICIDAL FLUORESCENCE EXCITED BY X-RAYS
Authors: Newcomer H. S. 
Published: June 2004

X-ray fluorescence has been pointed out as a mechanism offering exceptional possibilities in the development of physicochemical therapy.
Experiments are given which demonstrate that under these conditions the x-rays may have a strong bactericidal effect.
The x-rays alone have a partial bactericidal action on water suspensions of typhoid bacilli.
A NOTE ON PETROFF'S CULTURAL METHOD FOR THE ISOLATION OF TUBERCLE BACILLI FROM SPUTUM AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE EXAMINATION OF MILK
Authors: Stewart F. Constance 
Published: June 2004

1. Tubercle bacilli were isolated by the Petroff method from 64.8 per cent of the sputa which were found to be positive by the direct microscopic method.
2. The organism was recovered from 69.2 per cent of the samples of milk that were artificially infected.
3. Of the milk obtained through the New Haven Health Department Laboratory 8.4 per cent of the samples were found to contain tubercle bacilli, while none of the twenty-nine samples from the State Laboratory gave positive cultures.
4. All the guinea pigs (thirteen), except one, which were used as control animals died without any visible signs of tuberculosis.
5. Petroff's method for the isolation of tubercle bacilli from sputum may be applied successfully to the examination of milk. With slight modifications, the method should prove constant and reliable. The need of such a method for the examination of milk and milk products is apparent.
MENINGITIS IN AN INFANT DUE TO A HITHERTO UNDESCRIBED ORGANISM, MICROCOCCUS FLORENS
Authors: Davison Wilburt C. , Davison Atala S. , Miller Milo K. 
Published: June 2004

These virulence tests lead us to believe that Micrococcus florens is pathogenic for mice, rabbits, and monkeys (Macacus rhesus), producing septicemia, and that it will also cause purulent meningitis in the two latter animals.
The combined results of the biological reactions and of the agglutination tests lead us to believe that we are dealing with an organism which, though morphologically similar to the meningococcus, yet is entirely distinct.
A review of the literature fails to reveal any description of a Gramnegative micrococcus which grows luxuriantly on all media tested, forms no pigment, and ferments arabinose, dextrose, and galactose.
THE RELATION OF THE SPLEEN TO BLOOD DESTRUCTION AND REGENERATION AND TO HEMOLYTIC JAUNDICE
Authors: Goto Kingo 
Published: June 2004

1. In four animals with a bile duct-ureter anastomosis and without disturbance due to obstruction or absorption, the total quantity of bile pigment output during a day under normal conditions varied from 0.0618 to 0.0678 gm. These figures are practically identical with those of Stadelmann (9, 10) but lower than those given by Hooper and Whipple (7), who find that the average bile pigment excretion amounts to about 1 mg. per pound of body weight per 6 hours.
2. In all the experiments there is definite evidence of a decrease in bile pigment elimination after splenectomy. This is true not only of the elimination when no hemolytic agent is administered but also when excessive blood destruction is caused. Under the latter circumstances the amount of bile pigment is greatly increased but never reaches the high level of blood destruction before splenectomy.
3. These observations appear to show conclusively that the absence of the spleen influences the formation of bile pigment. To what extent the influence is mechanical, i.e., change in the course of the blood to the liver, and to what extent due to anemia, cannot be stated at present.
THE DIVERSION OF THE PANCREATIC JUICE FROM THE DUODENUM INTO THE STOMACH. ITS EFFECTS UPON THE LEVEL OF GASTRIC ACIDITY AND UPON THE PANCREAS
Authors: Grey Ernest G. 
Published: June 2004

The mechanism described for maintaining the optimum level of gastric acidity is designated by Boldyreff as the "self regulation of the acidity of the contents of the stomach." In support of Boldyreff's hypothesis is the evidence obtained from many experiments carried out both on man and on animals, in which solutions of alkali and acid have been placed in the stomach. The introduction of acid fluid has led to a regurgitation of alkaline duodenal contents, whereas the introduction of alkaline solutions has called forth a secretion of acid gastric juice.
The experiments reported in this paper were carried out for the purpose of ascertaining how the stomach would react, in as far as the secretion of hydrochloric acid is concerned, to a more or less continuous influx of relatively strong alkaline fluid, prolonged throughout the cycle of digestion. Numerous studies have shown that any serious interference with the process of regurgitation leads to a rise in the acidity level of the stomach; i.e., to a state of hyperacidity. There is but little evidence, however, to indicate whether the acidity level will be depressed temporarily or permanently (hypoacidity) when alkaline material, in considerable amounts, continues to enter the stomach.
The influx of alkaline fluid was provided for by transplanting the larger pancreatic duct into the wall of the stomach after ligating and dividing the lesser duct. Specimens of test meal for analysis were withdrawn through gastric fistulas made after the method of Janeway.
Animals prepared in this manner served also to furnish additional information regarding the possible relation of the hydrochloric acid of the gastric juice to certain acute inflammatory and chronic sclerotic changes in the pancreas.
From the results of these experiments it appears that the presence of a considerable amount of pancreatic juice in the stomach throughout the period of digestion leads only to a moderate decrease in the acidity level of the ingesta in the later stages of digestion. Earlier in the process there is no constant alteration of the acidity level in either direction. The findings then serve not only to corroborate the views of Boldyreff, but also to demonstrate the remarkable compensatory activity of the gastric glands under conditions which entail an unusual quantity of alkali in the stomach.
In addition the work has shown that when the larger pancreatic duct is properly transplanted into the wall of the stomach, it may remain patent for months. In animals in which this operative procedure has been carried out, the pancreas has been found to undergo no inflammatory or other degenerative changes. This finding is regarded as evidence against the postulation of Hlava that gastric juice is probably responsible for the occurrence of certain cases of acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis.