bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
3C (cranio‐cerebello‐cardiac) syndrome: A recently delineated and easily recognizable congenital malformation syndrome
Authors: Hoo Joe J. , Kreiter Mary , Halverson Nancy , Perszyk Anthony 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWe report on two cases of 3C (cranio‐cerebello‐cardiac) syndrome. At least five previous cases are known. This recently delineated malformation syndrome is characterized by congenital anomalies of the skull, hindbrain, and heart. The anomalies include a high and prominent forehead, a hypoplastic vermis and posterior fossa cyst with or without hydrocephalus, and an atrial or atrio‐ventricular septal defect with or without other heart anomalies. Most patients show a postnatal growth retardation, as well as a mild to moderate psychomotor retardation. Early death is usually in association with severe congenital heart defect. Aside from two affected sisters, the other reported cases (four girls and one boy) are sporadic cases; thus, a possible genetic nature and inheritance mode remain uncertain. Nonetheless, the possibility of an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance should be considered in the genetic counselling. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
FISH detection of Wolf‐Hirschhorn syndorem: Exclusion of D4F26 as critical site
Authors: Johnson Virginia P. , Altherr Michael R. , Blake Jerome M. , Keppen Laura D. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWolf‐Hirschhorn syndrome (WHS) is due to a deletion in the terminal band of 4p 16.3. Among loci that have been involved in deletions are D4S98, D4S95, D4S125, D4F26, as shown by PCR typing, Southern blot hybridization, and/or fluorescent, in situ hybridization (FISH).Currently, FISH detection of WHS is predicated upon the deletion of the D4F26 locus with failure to hybridize to pC847.351, a commercially available cosmid probe. A WHS patient is shown to have an interstitial deletion, by hemizygosity at D4S98 and D4S95 but not at D4F26. This suggests that the tip of 4p, specifically D4F26, is not a critical deletion site for WHS. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Localisation of the gene for X‐linked reticulate pigmentary disorder with systemic manifestations (PDR), previously known as X‐linked cutaneous amyloidosis
Authors: Gedeon A. K. , Mulley J. C. , Kozman H. , Donnelly A. , Partington M. W. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractX‐linked reticulate pigmentary disorder (PDR), previously reported as X‐linked cutaneous amyloidosis (MIM#301220), is characterized by brown pigmentation of the skin which follows the lines of Blaschko in females but appears as reticulate sheets in males. Males may suffer severe gastrointestinal disorders in infancy with failure to thrive and early death. Nowadays symptomatic treatment allows survival and other manifestations may appear such as corneal dystrophy with severe photophobia or chronic respiratory disease. Amyloid deposition in the skin may be no more than an age‐dependent secondary manifestation. The PDR gene was localised by linkage analysis to Xp21‐p22. The background genetic map is Xpter‐DXS996‐22.5‐DXS207‐3.3‐DXS999‐3.3‐DXS365‐14.2‐DXS989‐4.1‐3′DMD‐3.5‐DXS997‐1.0‐STR44‐9.3‐DYSI‐2.3‐DXS1068‐11.0‐DXS228 with distances between markers given in cM. Recombinants detected with DXS999 distally and DXS228 proximally, define the limits to the localisation. Linkage was found with several markers within this interval. Peak lod scores of 3.21 at θ = 0.0 were obtained between PDR and DXS989 and between PDR and 5′DYSI within the dystrophin locus. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of high resolution chromosome banding and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for the laboratory evaluation of Prader‐Willi syndrome and angelman syndrome
Authors: Delach Judith A. , Rosengren Sally S. , Kaplan Lawrence , Greenstein Robert M. , Cassidy Suzanne B. , Benn Peter A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe development of probes containing segments of DNA from chromosome region 15q11‐q13 provides the opportunity to confirm the diagnosis of Prader‐Willi syndrome (PWS) and Angelman syndrome (AS) by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). We have evaluated FISH studies and high resolution chromosome banding studies in 14 patients referred to confirm or rule out PWS and five patients referred to confirm or rule out AS. In four patients (three from the PWS category and 1 from the AS group) chromosome analysis suggested that a deletion was present but FISH failed to confirm the finding. In one AS group patient, FISH identified a deletion not detectable by high resolution banding. Review of the clinical findings in the discrepant cases suggested that the FISH results were correct and high resolution findings were erroneous. Studies with a chromosome 15 alpha satellite probe (D15Z) on both normal and abnormal individuals suggested that incorrect interpretation of chromosome banding may occasionally be attributable to alpha satellite polymorphism but other variation of 15q11‐q13 chromosome bands also contributes to misinterpretation.We conclude that patients who have been reported to have a cytogenetic deletion of 15q11‐q13 and who have clinical findings inconsistent with PWS and AS should be reevaluated by molecular genetic techniques. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Abnormal human spermatozoa including comparative data from apes
Authors: Afzelius Björn A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSeveral reports have shown that the sperm counts in man have declined over the last 20 years. Human spermatozoa also exhibit a structural and chemical variation that is greater than that of most other mammals. Human fecundability is low compared with other examined animal species. Possible causes of these three classes of findings are analyzed: The effect of clothing or of other undue heating of the scrotum; xenobiotic influences such as smoking, lead compounds, X‐rays, alkylating agents; degeneration effects, and mating habits. Comparative data from the great apes are of interest, as spermatozoa from the gorilla but not from the chimpanzees and orangutan show a structural variation similar to that of human spermatozoa. A classification of the different types of abnormal spermatozoa is given and the possible causes—genetic or environmental—for each subgroup of abnormal sperm pattern are presented.
Morphology and DNA quantitation of human and great ape spermatozoa
Authors: Seuánez Hector N. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA comparative study of human and great ape spermatozoa was carried out with the purpose of looking at spermatozoal morphology and DNA content in man's closest living relatives. This study showed that man and the gorilla are unique among mammals in normally exhibiting a remarkable morphological pleiomorphism in the ejaculate. The modal cell types in the ejaculates of these two species were morphologically identical. The less frequent cell types, defined as morphologically abnormal spermatozoa, were also very similar, and occurred in similar proportions. Thus, it was impossible to distinguish between man and the gorilla by a simple examination of the ejaculate, although it is possible to distinguish between man and the chimpanzees, between the gorilla and the chimpanzees or between the orangutan and man. Both species of chimpanzees produced identical spermatozoa. DNA estimations showed that man and the gorilla produce a similarly low proportion of diploid spermatozoa. Morphological pleiomorphism in man was not positively correlated with a higher variation of DNA content than that observed in the chimpanzees and the organutan. In the gorilla, however, a significantly higher variability in DNA content was observed.
Observations on the acrosome reaction of human sperm in vitro
Authors: Talbot Prudence , Chacon Richard S. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractHuman sperm were incubated in vitro in serum or the defined medium TMPA and were periodically assessed for acrosome reactions using two new methods of assay. The first method, FITC‐RCA labeling, was previously shown to be valid for estimating the percentage of normal acrosome reactions of human sperm. The second method, a triple staining technique, is shown in this study to give results comparable to those obtained with FITC‐RCA labeling. The percentage of acrosome‐reacted sperm was determined at 0, 2.5, 5, and 7 hr of incubation. In both media, some sperm had reacted by 2.5 hr; a maximum percentage of reactions occurred between 5 and 7 hr. The maximum percentage never exceeded 20–25%, which represents only one‐third of the live sperm, ie, those potentially able to undergo normal acrosome reactions. It will be important in future studies to determine if this low‐peak percentage is due to the fact that: (1) Commonly used culture media are suboptimal or (2) only about 25% of the sperm in a human ejaculate are capable of undergoing normal acrosome reactions.
The three‐dimensional nature of the sperm tail wave studied using heterophil head‐to‐head agglutinins
Authors: Linnet Lars 
Published: June 2005

AbstractHead‐to‐head agglutinates of bull spermatozoa, produced by heterophil agglutinins in human sera, revealed the same phenomenon as described for human spermatozoa: When rotating on the plate all agglutinates rotated counterclockwise. The interpretation lends further support to the hypothesis that the normal direction of the propagation of the overall helix‐like tail wave is counterclockwise (ie, opposite the direction of the axonemal arms), corresponding to a clockwise shape of the wave (from base to tip) at a given instant. Heteroagglutinins may be a useful tool in physioanatomical studies of spermatozoa.
Postnatal differentiation of Leydig cells in the African green monkey
Authors: Camatini Marina , Franchi Emilia 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAt two years of age the interstitial tissue of Cercopithecus aethiops is composed principally of undifferentiated, fibroblast‐like cells. Also present during this time are scattered differentiating Leydig cells, which are characterized by a large nucleus, numerous mitochondria, elements of smooth reticulum, and small cisternae of rough reticulum. A mean level of 1.69 ± 0.66 ng/ml of testosterone was found.At three years Leydig cells are much more numerous and developed; since all the elements of steroid secreting cells are present, even their morphology differs from that observed in mature cells. Lipid accumulation is characteristic during this period. A mean testosterone level of 2.28 ± 0.47 ng/ml was found.Mature Leydig cells are basically similar to that of other mammals, while they differ significantly from that of human Leydig cells.
Effects of age, lactation, and repeated cycles on rhesus monkey copulatory intervals
Authors: Wilson Mark E. , Walker Margaret L. , Gordon Thomas P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractYoung, sexually mature female rhesus monkeys copulate on more days prior to conception than do older females, and this prolonged discrete mating period is associated with an earlier rise in serum estradiol prior to the first ovulation of the breeding season. The influence of repeated ovulatory cycles and the presence of a suckling infant on the copulatory patterns were examined in two separate analyses. Extending previous work, young, nulliparous females copulated on more days at the first ovulation of the breeding season than did older, multiparous females. However, the duration of the copulatory period at the second ovulation of the breeding season was similar and significantly shorter for both age groups. Furthermore, the presence of a suckling infant did not influence the duration of the mating periods in adult, multiparous females. The onset of copulatory behavior for all females was associated with serum estradiol concentrations of approximately 90 pg/ml, indicating that the age and cycle differences in the duration of the copulatory periods are due to the time course of serum estradiol prior to ovulation. A separate, longitudinal analysis of the duration of the mating period associated with the first ovulation of three successive breeding seasons indicated that females copulated on more days during their first ovulatory cycle of their first breeding season. These data indicate that the copulatory interval is longer for females during the first ovulation of the breeding season, and this pattern is accentuated in young, sexually mature animals.
Determinants of fecundity and reproductive success in captive vervet monkeys
Authors: Fairbanks Lynn A. , McGuire Michael T. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractBetween 1975 and 1983, adult female vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus) over 3.5 years of age, living in two undisturbed social groups in a captive colony in Sepulveda, California, have averaged 1.0 births per female year with a mean interbirth interval of 10.7 months. Increased fecundity did not result in decreased survival rates of offspring in this population. Fecundity was influenced by the mother's age and dominance rank. The primary factor in the age‐fecundity relationship was the age at first birth, which varied from three to five years. High‐ranking females contributed the most to the high rate of fecundity, with significantly shorter interbirth intervals, more births per female year, and more surviving infants compared to low‐ranking females.
The effects of extended time in the laboratory on selected aspects of reproduction in the female rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Martin David P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractReproduction data from 60 wild‐caught and 16 captive‐born, hand‐reared female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were examined. Both groups had been maintained in a controlled laboratory environment, the wild‐caught for a minimum of 10 years and the captive‐born for a minimum of 5 years. All were bred to wild‐caught males. Animals of both sexes were individually caged unless being bred. Data from 662 pregnancies indicated that, although seasonal breeding became attenuated in the laboratory, it did not disappear. Neither pregnancy outcome nor number of matings necessary for conception was affected by increasing parity or prior occurrence of fetal wastage or hysterotomy. Nor did hysterotomy affect the potential for a subsequent vaginal delivery. The number of matings necessary for conception were shown to be a useful predictor of animals that should be culled from the breeding colony. Birthweights of infants of wild‐caught females, but only male infants of house‐born females, increased with parity of the mother. Parity had only minimal effect on gestation length. Conception was shown to occur infrequently at less than 100 days postpartum even when animals were not lactating and were rebred begining as early as 56 days postpartum. Summary data were presented for pregnancy outcome, gestation length, infant birth weight, and sex for both groups of animals.
Accumulation of 2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose by primate oocytes fertilized in vitro
Authors: Hutz R. J. , Demayo F. J. , Chan P. J. , Dukelow W. R. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe present study was designed to investigate the accumulation of 2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose (2‐DG) by squirrel monkey oocytes fertilized in vitro; to assess the effects of insulin addition to the medium on 2‐DG accumulation; and, finally, to evaluate the use of 2‐DG in viability determinations of oocytes. Accumulation of 2‐DG by unfertilized oocytes from squirrel monkeys was 13.94 fmol/oocyte/3 h and was not affected by the addition of either 10 nM or 1 μM insulin. There was no change in 2‐DG accumulation with fertilization in vitro; 2‐DG accumulation by degenerate ova was reduced to background levels. These results suggest low utilization of glucose by early primate embryos similar to that demonstrated for other mammalian species; 2‐DG appears to be a good viability indicator of early primate embryos.
The impact of cropping on wild populations of Saguinus mystax and Saguinus fuscicollis in Peru
Authors: Glander Kenneth E. , Tapia R. Julio , Fachin T. Augusto 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA transect census technique was used to estimate the population densities of Saguinus mystax and Saguinus fuscicollis at two sites in Peru. Cropping of these two species had occurred five years before the census at one site and two years before at the other. The populations of S. mystax at both sites had recovered completely from cropping, and the relationship between S. mystax and S. fuscicollis had not been altered at one site and had been reversed in favor of S. mystax at the other.
Some observations on the present distribution and conservation of Alouatta and Ateles in Southern Mexico
Authors: Estrada Alejandro , Coates‐Estrada Rosamond 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSome information on the past and present distribution of Alouatta and Ateles in southern Mexico and on the impact of habitat destruction on their future existence is presented. Three surveys of primate populations and forest habitats were carried out between 1981 and 1983 in southeastern Mexico. Rapid destruction of the forest is reducing the number of forested areas where Alouatta and Ateles can exist and co‐occur. Illegal hunting of the two primates also contributes to their rapid decline. Alouatta and Ateles live a precarious existence in a few large and small islands of forest, and efforts are needed to set aside some of these areas as reserves so that their future survival is ensured.
Harry Harlow: Lessons on explanations, ideas, and mentorship
Authors: Gluck John P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractHarry F. Harlow died on December 6, 1981, in Tucson, Arizona. An examination of the process of his professional contributions reveals an intensely antagonistic attitude toward simplistic explanations of psychological phenomena, and a willingness to entertain experimental ideas born in a wide variety of ways. Harlow exemplified these attitudes by designing often disarmingly simple experiments which served as crucial rejoinders to firmly stated explanatory positions. It is also clear that Harlow considered his own constructions as fair game for this style of direct analysis. As a person, Harlow is pictured as a loyal, laissez faire mentor who desired affection but not academic conformity.
Male migration and inbreeding avoidance in wild rhesus monkeys
Authors: Melnick Don J. , Pearl Mary C. , Richard A. F. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractGenetic, demographic, and behavioral evidence from a population of wild rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were analyzed to test the widely held assumption that social subdivision of mammalian populations, as seen in the rhesus monkey, results in inbreeding. This assumption has been important in attempts to explain rapid rates of evolution among mammals. Demographic records were kept over a period of 42 months on a study population comprising 292 animals, subdivided into seven social groups. Blood was collected from about 80% of the animals in five of these groups. The ecology and behavior of one group was studied intensively. Groups were not found to be inbred. Rather, they were genetically similar and possessed an excess of heterozygotes at a number of loci, indicating high gene flow between groups and avoidance of consanguineous matings throughout the population. This is consonant with behavioral observations of male‐limited natal group emigration, relatively short nonnatal group male tenure, and seemingly random distribution of male migration. These results, corroborated by genetic and behavioral data on other social mammals, raise questions about current theories that draw a direct causal link between social structure and inbreeding in mammals.
More on the Homunculus Dpm4 and M1 and comparisons with Alouatta and Stirtonia (primates, platyrrhini, cebidae)
Authors: Hershkovitz Philip 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe little‐worn deciduous fourth premolar and first molar of a mandibular fragment of Homunculus sp are compared with the cast of a previously described deciduous lower fourth premolar of Homunculus grandis and with lower molariform teeth of Alouatta and Stirtonia. Lower molars of Alouatta can be derived from those like Homunculus, but because of the fragmentary nature of the fossils, it cannot be demonstrated that Alouatta evolved from Homunculus or is even closely related. Comparison of mandibles and upper and lower molariform teeth of Alouatta with those of Stirtonia indicate wide divergence from some distant, possibly basic platyrrhine stock.
Sources of behavioral variance: Implications for sample size decisions
Authors: Thiemann Sue , Kraemer Helena C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractResults from an intensive study of the sources of variance in a variety of chimpanzee behaviors are used to elucidate research design problems, and criteria for sample size selection are outlined. These results indicate that: (1) groups should be stratified (subdivided) only when the stratification factor is known to be strongly correlated with the behaviors of interest; (2) given a behavioral observation system with high reliability and well‐trained observers, little will be gained from assigning more than one observer to each observation; (3) taking multiple observations per subject per time period substantially strengthens a research design, so that even very small sample sizes can yield generalizable results; and (4) observations should be spread as uniformly over the time period as possible, particularly for behaviors which change over time.
Ultradian periodicities in EEG and behavior in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus)
Authors: Ehlers C. L. , Foote S. L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis report describes periodic oscillations in electroencephalographic (EEG) and behavioral activity with a cycle length of 15–30 seconds in chair‐restrained squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus). These oscillations consisted of alternating episodes of vigilance, characterized by visual scanning and motor movement, and inattentiveness, characterized by behavioral quiescence with little eye or limb movement. During vigilance the EEG exhibited low‐amplitude, high‐frequency (> 16 Hz) activity. During quiescent periods, a high‐amplitude synchronized EEG was present with activity in the 8–16‐Hz band predominating. The presence or frequency of this EEG and behavioral periodicity was not modified by time of day, as no difference was found between morning and afternoon recording sessions. Although the factors or mechanisms responsible for this rhythm are unclear, it should be noted by those investigators studying the behavior or neurophysiology of Saimiri sciureus in the laboratory setting.
Observations on the ontogeny of feeding behavior in mountain gorillas (Gorilla gorilla beringei)
Authors: Watts David P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis report describes observations on the ontogeny of food choice in mountain gorillas (Gorilla gorilla beringei), made during a 17‐month field study of mountain gorilla feeding ecology in the Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda. Data are presented on the feeding behavior of two infants observed from birth to the age of 8 months and on older infants and juveniles. This information is compared with data on the composition and diversity of the diets of young adults and adults in the same social group. Initial feeding by infants is usually synchronized with the mother's behavior: infants ingest the same food, or a different part of the same plant species, currently being eaten by the mother or just eaten by her. This suggests that observational learning is largely responsible for the transmission of food preferences. Most feeding by young infants, whether or not synchronized with the mother's, is on those foods eaten most frequently by adults. Infants also independently sample potential foods, some of which are apparently not consumed by adults. The frequency of sampling declines with age, although even adults occasionally ingest foods not observed to be eaten by other adults. By the age of 3 years, young mountain gorillas have developed the basic dietary patterns of adults, in terms of the number of foods eaten, the proportions in which specific foods are consumed, and diet diversity and equitability. There is a strong possibility that chemical cues influence food choice, but their role remains unclear.