bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Social Adversity and Punishment
Authors: Tonry Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Disadvantaged offenders present formidable challenges to contemporary writers on the philosophy of punishment. Retributive views are predominant, and yet many writers are troubled by the reality that most offenders charged with violent crimes and serious property crimes are poor, disadvantaged, and often from minority groups. The final chapter in Andrew von Hirsch’s Doing Justice (1976), the most influential modem statement of “just-deserts” views, is entitled “Just Deserts in an Unjust Society.” From the beginning of the modem emphasis on retributive punishment theories, the problem of social disadvantage and punishment has been lurking just out of sight.
An Intraorganizational Ecological Perspective on Managerial Risk Behavior, Performance, and Survival: Individual, Organizational, and Environmental Effects
Authors: Burgelman Robert A , Mittman Brian S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the last fifteen years, organization ecology has become a major paradigm in the study of organizations (e.g., Carroll, 1988; Hannan and Freeman, 1989). To date studies in organization ecology have been conducted primarily at the organization, population, and community levels of analysis, while phenomena within organizations have largely been ignored. This results, in part, from the fact that organizational ecology is premised on relative inertia of organizations, implying that change processes within organizations are largely irrelevant. A few studies have used the logic of organizational ecology to examine phenomena within organizations. For instance, Langton (l 984) has elucidated the evolution of the Wedgwood pottery firm in the United Kingdom; Miner (1990, 1991) has studied the role of idiosyncratic job development within organizations as a means of adaptation; and Burgelman (1991) has suggested an intraorganizational ecological perspective to explain the transformation of Intel Corporation from a memory company to a microcomputer company. These studies suggest that organizational ecology provides a powerful intellectual perspective which need not exclude the study of intraorganizational phenomena.
Evolutionary Processes and Patterns of Core Business Change
Authors: Ginsberg Ari , Baum Joel A C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During much of this century, corporate growth and diversification have been central objectives for managers of American corporations. Yet, there is a paucity of systematically developed theory and empirical research addressing the evolutionary dynamics of firms’ core businesses. This is largely the result of conceptual obstacles and the difficulty of conducting longitudinal research (Ginsberg, 1988). Addressing this deficit requires the advancement of a process theory of core business change that explains whether, for example, the occurrence of particular kinds of changes early in a process makes a difference in the overall pattern of change or whether certain sequences of events provide more rapid results. In this study, we develop an evolutionary process model of core business change that attempts to specify the forces producing core business elaboration and extension events. We refer to the model as evolutionary because it specifies processes of variation, selection, and retention over time (Campbell, 1965b). In the model, theories of organizational routines (Nelson and Winter, 1982) and organizational learning (Cyert and March, 1963; Levitt and March, 1988) are used to explain patterns of momentum (Amburgey and Miner, 1992; Miller and Friesen, 1980), imprinting (Stinchcombe, 1965), inertia (Hannan and Freeman, 1977, 1989), and change or, in the extreme, reorientation (Tushman and Romanelli, 1985) in core business change.
Taking on Strategy, 1-2-3
Authors: Fombrun Charles J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ecology has long been chastised for its implication of managerial irrelevance: By stressing the importance of selection pressures in the dynamics of organizational populations, ecologists have often angered strategists who assert the importance of managerial initiatives in the process of corporate change. The chapters in this section should appease the critics somewhat. That’s because the authors ask a provocative question: How can an ecological perspective enlighten us about key strategic changes that managers initiate? In so doing, they tum our attention away from organizational ecology’s more familiar interest in the process of selection and place the spotlight squarely on the more managerially relevant question of variation. To call attention to variation, however, is also to step, however gingerly, onto the turf of business strategy, itself a wary intruder on the contested terrain of industrial economics. The chapters in this section do it in quite different ways: By dint of persuasion and simulation, through event-history analysis, and by analysis of sequences. In seeking to contribute to a theory of strategic change, their authors ask us to bear in mind that (1) organizational changes are contextual, (2) organizational changes are strategic, and (3) organizational changes are paradoxical. By trying to shed light on the forces that impel companies to alter their strategic positions, they open a potentially fruitful dialogue between disparate literatures in strategy and organization.
Reason and Revelation
Authors: Howe Daniel Walker 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In April 1829, Cincinnati, the city Frances Trollope found so dull and unsophisticated, hosted a week of intellectual excitement. The famous British rationalist Robert Owen, back in the United States again following the failure of his Indiana utopia, had offered to prove in debate “that all the religions of the world have been founded on the ignorance of mankind.” The popular Irish-born postmillennial evangelist Alexander Campbell took up Owen’s challenge. For eight days the two debated before an audience averaging twelve hundred people. Each debater spoke for thirty minutes every morning and another thirty in the afternoon. Inveterate controversialists, both of them loved the publicity such events provided; they treated each other with courtesy. Owen argued that planned communities would undergird social morality more effectively than did religion. Campbell defended Christianity as essential to human dignity and social progress. At the end, Campbell asked everyone in the audience who believed in Christianity or wished it to “pervade the world” to stand up. All but three members of the audience rose. Campbell claimed victory and proceeded to publish the full text of the debate as a vindication of Christianity; he invited the reader to “reason, examine, and judge, like a rational being, for himself.
American Renaissance
Authors: Howe Daniel Walker 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A sermon could make big news in the young republic, as one did in Baltimore, Maryland, on May 5, 1819. William Ellery Channing, minister of the Federal Street Church in Boston (today the Arlington Street Church) had come to town for the ordination of his young protégé Jared Sparks as minister of a newly erected church dedicated to “Unitarian and antiCalvinistic worship.” Working within a New England tradition of learned preaching and catering to the taste of the age for eloquence, Channing spoke for ninety minutes. He offered a distinctive synthesis of Protestant Christianity with the Enlightenment. Science and the Bible he declared perfectly compatible, for God “never contradicts in revelation what He teaches in his works.” Channing and his followers interpreted the Bible not literally but broadly, as a progressive revelation—much as lawyers interpreted the Constitution, he explained. Indeed, there was a parallel between Channing’s approach to the Bible and the broad interpretation Chief Justice Marshall had given the Constitution in the Baltimore case of McCulloch v. Maryland earlier the same year. While Marshall empowered the federal government to encourage economic development, Channing found in the Bible inspiration for the moral betterment of humanity. A generation later, Abraham Lincoln would synthesize their commitments to strong government, economic progress, and humanitarianism. For the time being, Channing’s and Marshall’s impulses proceeded on separate but parallel tracks, toward a goal then usually termed “improvement.”
Texas, Tyler, and the Telegraph
Authors: Howe Daniel Walker 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On July 16, 1821, Erasmo Seguín and Stephen Austin crossed the international boundary at the Sabine River and entered Texas, then part of New Spain. They headed for the Texan capital, San Antonio de Béxari (which we call San Antonio but which their contemporaries more often called Béxar or Béjar). The two companions exemplifled two peoples, Hispanic and Anglo, destined to share in shaping Texan history.1 Seguín, the older of the two, was a merchant. Named for the Dutch writer and reformer Erasmus, he carried on a family tradition of liberal politics. He now accompanied the twenty-eight-year-old Austin because he believed in encouraging immigration from the United States into Texas. The sparsely populated region had suffered severely during fighting between Mexican rebels and the Spanish army, and critically needed skilled settlers. A liberal Spanish Cortes (parliament) in Madrid had decided to encourage such settlement, and Stephen’s father, Moses Austin, had won authorization to bring colonists from the United States into Texas. But Moses suddenly died, and at Seguín’s urging Stephen took up what seemed like his inherited responsibility.
“And the War Came”? Abraham Lincoln and the Question of Individual Responsibility
Authors: Boritt Gabor S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At 4:30 a.m. Captain James himself sent the signal shot. Its fuse spit stars, and like a doomed comet the shell flew in a high arc, bursting over Sumter. At a nearby battery, another fire-eater was ready. Edmund Ruffin, with his long flowing white hair, another momentary exile from a still reluctant Virginia, sixtyseven-year-old honorary Palmetto Guard, was ready. Staring into the dark, knowing where the enemy was, he sent the first shot from a columbiad into the fort flying the unseen flag of the United States.
Generating Fractals
Authors: Bassingthwaighte James B , Liebovitch Larry S , West Bruce J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Examples provided earlier as introductions to fractal ideas, such as the Koch snowflake, fall into the class of geometric fractals. They are simple, beautiful, and powerful. They startle us: so much diversity is captured in such simple beginnings. The power is not so much in the “beginning,” but in the process of recursion. A simple act, repeated sufficiently often, creates extraordinary, often unsuspected results. Playing with recursive operations on the computer is the key to the revelation; reading the book spoils the story when the result is before you.
Fractals in Nerve and Muscle
Authors: Bassingthwaighte James B , Liebovitch Larry S , West Bruce J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mechanical vibrations, chemical concentrations, and action potentials are all forms of information that can be transmitted from one point in space to another by means of various mechanisms. We are familiar with the sound waves that enable us to hear the distant roll of thunder and light waves that enable us to see the lightning flash, but we are less familiar with the waves found in excitable media that enable us to transform these sensory inputs into messages usable by the brain. In practice, these latter waves result from the rhythmic timing of spatially distributed pacemakers such as found in the heart, intestine, kidney, uterus, and stomach. These pacemaker cells are nonlinear biological oscillators that are capable of spontaneous excitation, which can also be entrained by external excitation.
lntraorgan Flow Heterogeneities
Authors: Bassingthwaighte James B , Liebovitch Larry S , West Bruce J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The variation in a physiological property, characteristic, or measure is often found to be important to organ function. Variations in histologic staining, in receptor densities, in NADH fluorescence, etc., are noted in many current articles. Most such variations that have been revealed by morphometric or chemical methods are spatial variations. Advances in technical accuracy allow us to distinguish between true spatial variation and experimental errors in the values measured at different spatial positions. These observations raise questions as to the cause of variation. In this chapter we shall use measures of regional blood flows to illustrate the approaches, while remembering that the same methods may also be used to evaluate spatial heterogeneity for other attributes, such as the density of binding sites for β-blockers or the concentrations of ATP or lactate dehydrogenase.
Post-verbal Negative Markers
Authors: Zanuttini Raffaella 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapter I have examined the syntactic behavior of pre-verbal negative markers. I focused on the top part of the clause and examined their distribution with respect to subject clitics, complement clitics, and movement of the verb past 1°. Now I turn to the distribution of post-verbal negative markers, a class that I define by the property of following the finite form of the verb — either the main verb, when the verbal form is simple, or the auxiliary, when the verbal form consists of an auxiliary and a participle. I focus in particular on their position with respect to the past participle and infinitival forms of the verbs and to certain classes of adverbs, which I will refer to as “lower adverbs.” This investigation, combined with the one of pre-verbal negative markers, will allow me to formulate a hypothesis about the structure of clauses negated by negative markers, as well as on the proper syntactic characterization of these elements. The questions I am trying to answer are the following:
Negative Imperatives
Authors: Zanuttini Raffaella 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I examine the behavior of both pre-verbal and post-verbal negative markers in co-occurrence with imperative verbs. With a few exceptions, the pre-verbal negative markers that can negate a clause by themselves are incompatible with lexical verbs in the imperative form, although they are compatible with auxiliary verbs in the imperative form and with verbal forms from other verbal paradigms (indicative, subjunctive, etc.) used as imperatives. Post-verbal negative markers, however, do not show any systematic incompatibility with imperative forms. First I examine the rather complex pattern of data, and then I explore what could be the cause of such an asymmetry in their syntactic behavior.
Universal Banking and Reform of the Financial Safety Net
Authors: Saunders Anthony , Walter Ingo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One important question, especially in light of the U.S. thrift crisis and widespread proposals for safety net reform, is the implication of U.S. universal banking for the domestic safety net. Does universal banking require major safety net reforms for fear of increasing taxpayer exposure? Or would simply removing regulatory forbearance and too-big-to-fail guarantees—together with firmly implementing bank closure rules—provide sufficient conditions for the introduction of universal banking in the United States? And if, indeed, the safety net can be administered in a manner that avoids an increase in the size of the taxpayers’ potential burden, is there any need to restrict the scope of activities in which a (universal) bank can engage?
Towards a Rational and Competitive Regulatory Structure
Authors: Saunders Anthony , Walter Ingo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Global economic and financial interdependence has fundamentally and permanently changed economic and financial life in the United States. Many of today’s policymakers grew up at a time when U.S. international trade was perhaps 3% of GNP. Today it is four times that. They were taught that fiscal deficits did not matter much and could easily be funded domestically. Now foreign savings are largely relied upon to cover excess federal spending. They learned that U.S. interest rates could be set at will by the Federal Reserve. Today American monetary policy is conducted with a wary eye on the Bundesbank and the Bank of Japan. They were convinced that U.S. financial institutions were world-class competitors and would inevitably stay that way, only to see many of them in full retreat.
Semantic Types of Conjunctive Chains
Authors: Depuydt Leo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In most of the examples cited previously, the con-joining effect of the conjunctive is as obvious as the contrast between the absence of “don’t” in “Don’t drink and drive” and its presence in “Don’t drink and don’t drive.” But in other instances, it is not as apparent why the conjunctive is chosen to follow a given conjugation base when that conjugation base could simply have been repeated.
Translating the Conjunctive
Authors: Depuydt Leo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Omitting a certain element found in the original is often a fitting English equivalent for the conjunctive chain (see § 4). However, the typological affinity between the Egyptian and English constructions is not one of complete one-to-one correspondence, but rather of overlap. A detailed investigation could probably determine, in view of a standardized translation technique, where omission of elements is appropriate as English counterpart of the conjunctive chain and where it is not, and how much ought not to be repeated in individual cases. Such an investigation will not be attempted here.
Conjunction Beyond the Conjunctive
Authors: Depuydt Leo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A significant number of verb forms and constructions in Egyptian and Coptic have in common that they express conjunction. There is therefore room in grammars for a chapter on conjunction. Conjunction is not quite coordination and it is not quite subordination. Its essence lies in the combination of coordination and subordination (see § 65). In some constructions expressing conjunction, the hierarchy is syntactically more articulated than others.
Fiduciary Law And The Professions: Regulation Of Civil Servants, Business Professionals, And Lawyers
Authors: Rodwin Marc A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many professionals have conflicts of interest. Some resemble those physicians encounter; others differ. In many cases, society has developed policies to deal with the conflicts of interest among professionals. These problems and policies parallel a range of comparable options that now face physicians. Of particular interest are policies for federal employees, business professionals, and lawyers.
Languages of Africa
Authors: Lyovin Anatole V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Africa, as elsewhere, there has obviously been some diffusion of linguistic features from one family to another (e.g., tones into Afro-Asiatic languages, and clicks from Khoisan languages into a number of Bantu languages). Thus, even though speakers of Hausa are racially quite distinct from most other Afro-Asiatic speakers in that they are Negroid whereas the majority of Afro-Asiatic speakers are not, and even though Hausa has tones which most Afro-Asiatic languages do not, Africanists no longer dispute the classification of Hausa as a member of the Afro-Asiatic language family.
Knowledge Works
Authors: Fruin W Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book offers a close-up look at a factory in Japan that is typical of what the author calls Knowledge Works’. Like so many Japanese factories, this one - the Yanagicho works of the Toshiba Corporation - is highly productive, efficient, and flexible. While the factory is ordinary looking on the outside, its workers are anything but ordinary as they strive to improve the way they work and the quality of the products they produce. The key to this is the continuous creation and application of knowledge throughout the factory, from workers on the shop floor, to research and development engineers, to top management. The author explains how Japanese culture and religion prepare workers for their role in this process of creating and disseminating knowledge.
Subject-Verb Agreement
Authors: Henry Alison 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is a noticeable difference in subject-verb agreement patterns between standard English and Belfast English.
In standard English, the -s ending occurs only with third person singular subjects; in Belfast English, a plural subject NP may occur with a verb showing the -s ending, a phenomenon pointed out in a number of sociolinguistic studies, and known as “singular concord” (Policansky 1976, Milroy 1981, Finlay 1988).
Skepticism about Minimalismand about Nonminimalism, Too
Authors: Perry Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The search must be for a function which might (indeed, must) involve the making of policy, yet which differs from the legislative and executive functions; which is peculiarly suited to the capabilities of the courts; which will not likely be performed elsewhere if the courts do not assume it; which can be so exercised as to be acceptable in a society that generally shares Judge [Learned] Hand’s satisfaction in a “sense of common venture”; which will be effective when needed; and whose discharge by the courts will not lower the quality of the other departments’ performance by denuding them of the dignity and burden of their own responsibility.