bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variation in xylem vulnerability to cavitation shapes the photosynthetic legacy of drought
Authors: Tonet Vanessa , Brodribb Timothy , Bourbia Ibrahim 
Published: December 2023

AbstractIncreased drought conditions impact tree health, negatively disrupting plant water transport which, in turn, affects plant growth and survival. Persistent drought legacy effects have been documented in many diverse ecosystems, yet we still lack a mechanistic understanding of the physiological processes limiting tree recovery after drought. Tackling this question, we exposed saplings of a common Australian evergreen tree (Eucalyptus viminalis) to a cycle of drought and rewatering, seeking evidence for a link between the spread of xylem cavitation within the crown and the degree of photosynthetic recovery postdrought. Individual leaves experiencing >35% vein cavitation quickly died but this did not translate to a rapid overall canopy damage. Rather, whole canopies showed a gradual decline in mean postdrought gas exchange rates as water stress increased. This gradual loss of canopy function postdrought was due to a significant variation in cavitation vulnerability of leaves within canopies leading to diversity in the capacity of leaves within a single crown to recover function after drought. These results from the evergreen E. viminalis emphasise the importance of within‐crown variation in xylem vulnerability as a central character regulating the dynamics of canopy death and the severity of drought legacy through time.
The connections—and misconnections—between the public and politicians over climate policy: A social psychological perspective
Authors: Sherman David K. , Van Boven Leaf 
Published: December 2023

AbstractWe review findings from social psychology and related fields to examine the bidirectional relationship between the public—what are their views about climate change and the need for policies to address the climate crisis—and the politicians who are making (or not making) climate policy and beholden to electoral constraints. We illustrate social psychological pressures that influence policy support and their relevance to how policies emerge from coordinated action and how barriers impede policy progress. We review two factors that have been the focus of research within communication, political science, and psychology and that are relevant to how climate policies are promoted (or undermined): activists and the media. We examine the process by which activists amplify and transmit the preferences of the public to politicians, and how research on persuasion and social norms helps understand how this effect can be amplified or diminished. We also describe how the media environment can amplify or diminish the roles of the public and the politicians in influencing each other. As the world confronts the climate crisis, research from social psychologists, environmental psychologists, political scientists, and communication scholars has examined the interrelations between the public, politicians, media, and activists, but largely in a disconnected way. The current paper provides a social psychological framework to integrate these approaches and, in so doing, suggest new directions for research and theory‐guided ways to influence policy around climate change.
Efficiency of Gear Drives: An Accurate Method of Testing
Authors: Allen C. M. , Roys F. W. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The usual method employed in determining the efficiency of a gear drive is one in which the power loss is obtained by measuring the input and output and subtracting the latter from the former. In good drives, however, the efficiency is high and the input and output are very nearly equal, and any error in their measurement will result in a large per cent error in their difference, or the power loss. It is therefore evident that a method by which the power loss may be directly measured will be much more accurate.
The authors describe such a method, developed recently in the Mechanical Engineering Laboratories of the Worcester Polytechnic Institute. In the apparatus used an electric motor is so suspended in a cradle that both its armature and field are free to turn. The armature shaft is connected directly to the pinion gear shaft and the driven shaft directly to an Alden absorption dynamometer. The reaction of the motor field is balanced by the action of the dynamometer through a simple lever the arms of which are accurately proportioned to the ratio of the gears.
Results of tests on bevel-gear and worm-gear drives are given in tables and charts, and from the form of the curves presented and the consistency of the data the authors conclude that the method described is apparently the best yet devised for testing gear drives of all types.
The Measurement of Thread Gages
Authors: Van Keuren H. L. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
In this paper the author describes the apparatus used and the methods employed at the Bureau of Standards for the measurement of thread gages. This is of particular interest to the members of the Society, inasmuch as through the Gage Committee it was recommended that the Bureau of Standards be designated as the official place for the certification of gages for the various departments of the Federal Government.
In the measurement of both plug thread gages and ring thread gages, there are five distinct operations, namely:
a The measurement of pitch or lead
b The measurement of form and angle of thread
c The measurement of core diameter
d The measurement of full diameter
e The measurement of effective diameter.
The optical pitch-measuring machines designed and constructed by the Bureau of Standards after the original design by the National Physical Laboratory of Great Britain, have been found to be very well adapted for the rapid measurement of working and inspection thread gages, as well as for the precision measurement of master thread gages, and details are given of their design and operation.
The Bureau of Standards’ projection lantern, used for the examination of the form and included angle of thread gages is also described and its convenience and accuracy of operation are pointed out.
Complete as well as approximate general formulæ for the compulation of effective diameters from measurements taken by the three-wire method for 60-deg. United States standard threads, 55-deg. Whitworth threads, 53-deg. 8-min. Lowenhertz threads, and other threads of a similar nature, are given. There is also included a simplified formula for 60-deg. threads which will be found more convenient than the corresponding formula as given in most engineering handbooks.
Various devices and accessories used in the measurement of pitch, angle and form of ring thread gages are described, and in addition there is discussed the measurement of the effective diameter of ring thread gages by the use of a check gage and also by the three-ball method, which is similar to the three-wire method.
The British Engineering Standards Association
Authors: le Maistre C. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
To secure interchangeability of parts, to cheapen manufacture by the elimination of waste and material and to expedite delivery are the primary objects of standardization. The British Engineering Standards Association includes over 900 members and deals under one central authority with standards relating to practically the whole field of engineering. As part of the work accomplished by the Association the author mentions the standardization of steel-section materials, tramway rails, special steels used in the automobile industry, screw-thread tolerances, rules for electrical machinery, designs for locomotives, specifications for portland cement, road material, aircraft material and parts. The most recent activity has been the standardization of details in the construction of ships and their machinery. Much of this work has been undertaken at Government request as war measures.
The funds for the work have been provided by the Government and industries concerned. The sole executive authority of the Association is vested in the Main Committee, consisting of members nominated by the leading technical institutions.
A considerable amount of work of an international character has been undertaken and local committees of engineers and traders are being set up in the more important trading centers of the world.
Combined Stresses
Authors: Jenkins A. Lewis 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The author discusses the six possible hypotheses upon which a formula for combined normal and shearing stresses may be based, namely, the maximum apparent and the maximum true or equivalent stresses in tension, compression and shear. His conclusion is that the equivalent stresses are a refinement over the apparent stresses, and he finds that both theoretical and experimental results show them to be the more accurate.
Equivalent-stress formulæ for tensile, compressive and shear stresses are given in the paper, and their uses are indicated (1) with respect to the value found for the ratio of the unit tensile and shearing stresses at the yield point, and (2) with respect to the nature of the failure of the material.
The design of shafts subjected to bending and twisting is dealt with at length and formulæ are recommended for use with hard or brittle materials, such as cast iron or hard steel, and with soft or ductile materials, such as very mild steels.
Alterations of oral and gut viromes in hypertension and/or periodontitis
Authors: Ye Hui-Lin , Zhi Meng-Fan , Chen Bo-Yan , Lin Wen-Zhen , Li Yu-Lin , Huang Shi-Jia , Zhou Lu-Jun , Xu Shuo , Zhang Jun , Zhang Wu-Chang , Feng Qiang , Duan Sheng-Zhong 
Published: December 2023

ABSTRACT

The microbiota plays an important role in both hypertension (HTN) and periodontitis (PD), and PD exacerbates the development of HTN by oral and gut microbiota. Previous studies have focused on exploring the importance of the bacteriome in HTN and PD but overlooked the impact of the virome, which is also a member of the microbiota. We collected 180 samples of subgingival plaques, saliva, and feces from a cohort of healthy subjects (nHTNnPD), subjects with HTN (HTNnPD) or PD (PDnHTN), and subjects with both HTN and PD (HTNPD). We performed metagenomic sequencing to assess the roles of the oral and gut viromes in HTN and PD. The HTNnPD, PDnHTN, and HTNPD groups all showed significantly distinct beta diversity from the nHTNnPD group in saliva. We analyzed alterations in oral and gut viral composition in HTN and/or PD and identified significantly changed viruses in each group. Many viruses across three sites were significantly associated with blood pressure and other clinical parameters. Combined with these clinical associations, we found that
Gillianvirus
in subgingival plaques was negatively associated with HTN and that
Torbevirus
in saliva was positively associated with HTN. We found that
Pepyhexavirus
from subgingival plaques was indicated to be transferred to the gut. We finally evaluated viral-bacterial transkingdom interactions and found that viruses and bacteria may cooperate to affect HTN and PD. Correspondingly, HTN and PD may synergize to improve communications between viruses and bacteria.

IMPORTANCE
Periodontitis (PD) and hypertension (HTN) are both highly prevalent worldwide and cause serious adverse outcomes. Increasing studies have shown that PD exacerbates HTN by oral and gut microbiota. Previous studies have focused on exploring the importance of the bacteriome in HTN and PD but overlooked the impact of the virome, even though viruses are common inhabitants in humans. Alterations in oral and gut viral diversity and composition contribute to diseases. The present study, for the first time, profiled the oral and gut viromes in HTN and/or PD. We identified key indicator viruses and their clinical implications in HTN and/or PD. We also investigated interactions between viruses and bacteria. This work improved the overall understanding of the viromes in HTN and PD, providing vital insights into the role of the virome in the development of HTN and PD.
Sr–Nd Isotopic Evidence of a Heterogeneous Magmatic Source of Alkaline–Carbonatite Rocks of the Odikhincha Alkaline–Carbonatite Massif (Maimecha-Kotui Province, Siberia)
Authors: Kostitsyn Y. A. , Tskhovrebova A. R. , Rass I. T. , Anosova M. O. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This study focuses on the igneous rocks composing the Odikhincha massif. The massif is typical ring alkaline–ultrabasic massif with carbonatites, second largest in the Maimecha-Kotui province. The Sr-Nd isotopic values of the traps of the Arydzhang Formation and the host dolomites were also determined for comparison. The Rb–Sr isotope system of phlogopite and calcite from the Od-16-19 carbonatite of the Odikhincha massif is disturbed; the obtained age on the mineral isochrone (245 ± 3 Ma) is close to the time of formation of the Siberian traps and rocks of the ultrabasic–alkaline Maimecha-Kotui complex, but the large scatter of analytical points (MSWD = 22) does not allow this date to be considered as reliable. The disturbance of the isotope system is probably related to the fact that the strontium isotope ratio in the fluid was not constant during autometasomatic phlogopitization of carbonatite. The U–Pb isotopic system of titanite and perovskite from the same carbonatite sample Od-16-19 also appeared to be disturbed, since data points formed discordia. The U–Pb age obtained for titanite and perovskite are 244 ± 5 Ma (MSWD = 1.8) and 247 ± 18 Ma (MSWD = 4), respectively. Apparently, the age values provided by the two isotopic systems (245 ± 3 Ma by Rb–Sr and 247 ± 18 and 244 ± 5 Ma by U–Pb) are consistent with each other and reflect the time of metasomatic processes, i.e., phlogopitization and iolitization. Rb–Sr and Sm–Nd isotope data for ultrabasic–alkaline intrusive rocks with carbonatites of the Odikhincha massif and volcanics of the Arydzhang Formation indicate an enriched, relative to the composition of the convecting mantle, isotopically heterogeneous source of their parent melts. This source could be a combination of ultrabasic mantle rocks and rocks of basic composition (basites). The latter played the role of an enriched component. No signs of contamination of the melts with the host sedimentary rocks in situ were found, however, variations of Sr and Nd isotopic ratios in the rocks of the Odikhincha massif may indicate that during the introduction of deep magmas their interaction and substance exchange with the surrounding rocks of the lithosphere continued up to complete solidification of the melts, as indicated by the nature of local isotopic heterogeneity within the Odikhincha intrusion.
Assessing the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on maternal healthcare usage: evidence from routine health data in Kenya and Ethiopia
Authors: Chipeta Michael Give , Peterson Maame Brayie , Vellemu Ruth , Mohamed Sahra , Mzembe Themba , Chifungo Chimwemwe , Madise Nyovani Janet 
Published: December 2023

ObjectivesLockdowns and fear of COVID-19 may have reduced access to antenatal care (ANC) and skilled birth attendance (SBA) in sub-Saharan Africa, which could undermine progress towards maternal and child survival and the sustainable development goals (SDGs). We analysed COVID-19’s impact on maternal healthcare usage, focusing on subnational levels, to identify healthcare disruption hotspots that require targeted interventions and help policymakers prioritise resources to accelerate progress.Methods and analysisUsing monthly health management information system (HMIS) data, we tracked changes in healthcare access at subnational levels in Ethiopia and Kenya during the pandemic. We compared service usage before and during the pandemic, using interrupted time series and counterfactual analyses to evaluate the pandemic’s impact on healthcare usage trends. We also performed geospatial mapping of the affected regions to identify hotspots.ResultsOur results show significant changes at subnational levels. ANC declined in several Kenyan counties during the pandemic, with improvements observed in others. SBA disruptions were observed in two counties. In Ethiopia, ANC declined in the north but remained unchanged in the south, with some improvements observed in the two regions. Southern regions showed resilience in SBA, experiencing gains, while northern regions showed no change.ConclusionFuture disease outbreaks may continue to cause further disruptions to health service delivery, affecting maternal and child health outcomes. Our analysis highlights the low resilience of subnational health systems to shocks, underscoring the need to strengthen healthcare systems and HMIS data capture for better data quality. Evidence-based research is essential in identifying hotspots and supporting targeted interventions to achieve the SDGs and improve maternal and child health outcomes.
Costs and health effects of CT perfusion-based selection for endovascular thrombectomy within 6 hours of stroke onset: a model-based health economic evaluation
Authors: van Voorst Henk , Hoving Jan W , Koopman Miou S , Daems Jasper D , Peerlings Daan , Buskens Erik , Lingsma Hester , Marquering Henk A , de Jong Hugo W A M , Berkhemer Olvert A , van Zwam Wim H , van Walderveen Marianne A A , van den Wijngaard Ido R , Dippel Diederik W J , Yoo Albert J , Campbell Bruce , Kunz Wolfgang G , Majoie Charles B , Emmer Bart J ,   CLEOPATRA,   MR CLEAN Registry
Published: December 2023

BackgroundAlthough CT perfusion (CTP) is often incorporated in acute stroke workflows, it remains largely unclear what the associated costs and health implications are in the long run of CTP-based patient selection for endovascular treatment (EVT) in patients presenting within 6 hours after symptom onset with a large vessel occlusion.MethodsPatients with a large vessel occlusion were included from a Dutch nationwide cohort (n=703) if CTP imaging was performed before EVT within 6 hours after stroke onset. Simulated cost and health effects during 5 and 10 years follow-up were compared between CTP based patient selection for EVT and providing EVT to all patients. Outcome measures were the net monetary benefit at a willingness-to-pay of €80 000 per quality-adjusted life year, incremental cost-effectiveness ratio), difference in costs from a healthcare payer perspective (ΔCosts) and quality-adjusted life years (ΔQALY) per 1000 patients for 1000 model iterations as outcomes.ResultsCompared with treating all patients, CTP-based selection for EVT at the optimised ischaemic core volume (ICV≥110 mL) or core-penumbra mismatch ratio (MMR≤1.4) thresholds resulted in losses of health (median ΔQALYs for ICV≥110 mL: −3.3 (IQR: −5.9 to −1.1), for MMR≤1.4: 0.0 (IQR: −1.3 to 0.0)) with median ΔCosts for ICV≥110 mL of −€348 966 (IQR: −€712 406 to −€51 158) and for MMR≤1.4 of €266 513 (IQR: €229 403 to €380 110)) per 1000 patients. Sensitivity analyses did not yield any scenarios for CTP-based selection of patients for EVT that were cost-effective for improving health, including patients aged ≥80 yearsConclusionIn EVT-eligible patients presenting within 6 hours after symptom onset, excluding patients based on CTP parameters was not cost-effective and could potentially harm patients.
Analysis of Changes in Plasma Cytokine Levels in Response to IL12 Therapy in Three Clinical Trials
Authors: Schwarz Emily , Benner Brooke , Yu Lianbo , Tounkara Fode , Carson William E. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract

The ability of IL12 to stimulate natural killer (NK) cell and T-cell antitumor activity makes it an attractive candidate for the immune therapy of cancer. Our group has demonstrated that IL12 enhances the NK cell response to antibody-coated tumor cells and conducted three clinical trials utilizing IL12 with mAbs (OSU-9968, OSU-0167, and OSU-11010). To better characterize IL12-induced immunity, plasma cytokine levels were measured in 21 patients from these trials with favorable and unfavorable responses. t-statistics and linear modeling were used to test for differences within and between response groups by examining levels at baseline and post-IL12 administration. Patients exhibited significant increases in 11 cytokines post-IL12 administration when analyzed collectively. However, several cytokines were differentially induced by IL12 depending on response. GMCSF was significantly increased in complete/partially responding patients, while stable disease patients had significant increases in IL10 and decreases in VEGF-C. Patients who experienced progressive disease had significant increases in CCL3, CCL4, IL18, TNFα, CXCL10, CCL8, CCL2, IL6, and IFNγ. The increases in CCL3, CCL4, and IL6 in progressive disease patients were significantly higher than in clinically benefitting patients and most prominent within the first two cycles of IL12 therapy. This correlative pilot study has identified changes that occur in levels of circulating cytokines following IL12 administration to patients with cancer, but this report must be viewed as exploratory in nature. It is meant to spark further inquiry into the topic via the analysis of additional cohorts of patients with similar characteristics who have received IL12 in a uniform fashion.

Significance:
IL12 activates immune cells and is used to treat cancer. The profile of circulating cytokines was measured in an exploratory fashion in patients with cancer that received IL12 in combination with mAbs. This correlative pilot study could serve as the basis for additional studies of IL12 effects on the production of immune cytokines.
Timing of Cardiac Surgical Interventions and Postoperative Mortality in Children With Severe Congenital Heart Defects Across Europe: Data From the EUROlinkCAT Study
Authors: Damkjær Mads , Garne Ester , Loane Maria , Urhoj Stine K. , Ballardini Elisa , Cavero‐Carbonell Clara , Coi Alessio , García‐Villodre Laura , Given Joanne , Gissler Mika , Heino Anna , Jordan Sue , Limb Elizabeth , Neville Amanda J , Pierini Anna , Rissmann Anke , Tan Joachim , Scanlon Ieuan , Morris Joan K 
Published: December 2023

Background
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the timing of the first cardiac surgery, the number of cardiac surgeries performed, and 30‐day postoperative mortality rate for children with severe congenital heart defects (sCHDs) in their first 5 years of life.

Methods and Results
This was a population‐based data linkage cohort study linking information from 9 European congenital anomaly registries to vital statistics and hospital databases. Data were extracted for 5693 children with sCHDs born from 1995 to 2004. Subgroup analyses were performed for specific types of sCHD. Children with sCHDs underwent their first surgical intervention at a median age of 3.6 (95% CI, 2.6–4.5) weeks. The timing of the first surgery for most subtypes of sCHD was consistent across Europe. In the first 5 years of life, children with hypoplastic left heart underwent the most cardiac surgeries, with a median of 4.4 (95% CI, 3.1–5.6). The 30‐day postoperative mortality rate in children aged <1 year ranged from 1.1% (95% CI, 0.5%–2.1%) for tetralogy of Fallot to 23% (95% CI, 12%–37%) for Ebstein anomaly. The 30‐day postoperative mortality rate was highest for children undergoing surgery in the first month of life. Overall 5‐year survival for sCHD was <90% for all sCHDs, except transposition of the great arteries, tetralogy of Fallot, and coarctation of the aorta.

Conclusions
There were no major differences among the 9 regions in the timing, 30‐day postoperative mortality rate, and number of operations performed for sCHD. Despite an overall good prognosis for most congenital heart defects, some lesions were still associated with substantial postoperative death.