bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Virtual Campaign
Authors: Davis Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the end of his first presidential debate with Bill Clinton, 1996 GOP presidential candidate Bob Dole did something no other candidate has ever done in the history of presidential debates; he announced the address for his World Wide Web home page and encouraged voters to visit the site. For the GOP presidential candidate, the invitation was a subtle reassurance that he was futuristic and not too old to be president. But, more important for electoral politics, Dole’s announcement was a symbol of the Internet’s expanding role in the American electoral process. Dole’s act was only one sign that 1996 was an important mile­ stone for the Internet as an election information tool. Election-re­ lated sites multiplied throughout the year, representing parties, in­ terest groups, the media, and voter educational organizations.
Regional Climate and the Distribution of Tallgrass Prairie
Authors: Hayden Bruce P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Konza Prairie lies near the southeastern margin of the North American prairie (Transeau 1935) at the latitude where grasslandsexhibit extensive development (Fig. 2.1). The term prairie as defined by Transeau (1935) and used here includes communities that range from steppes to tallgrass prairies. To understand the climatic causes of prairies, a distinction between prairies and grasslands is needed. The term grasslands is reserved here as the more generic term, because many grasslands exist that generally are not called prairies. Whittaker (1975) and later McNaughton et al. (1982) characterized the extent of grasslands on a climate nomogram (Fig. 2.2) in which the x-axis is mean annual precipitation and the y-axis is mean annual temperature. Whittaker showed that grasslands occur over almost all mean annual thermal climates, excluding icebound landscapes, but only within a narrow range of mean annual precipitation. Even this delineation for grasslands is narrow. The Virginia Coast Reserve LTER site includes submerged marine grasslands (Zostera), emergent Spartina alterniflora grasslands, fresh-to-brackish wetland Spartina patens grasslands, mesic Amophila, and semiarid Aristida grasslands on the sandy barrier islands. These grasslands are within tens to hundreds of meters of each other and therefore have not been “established” or “caused” by large-scale climatic processes.
Introduction
Authors: Goovaerts Pierre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Earth sciences data are typically distributed in space and/or in time. Knowledge of an attribute value, say, a mineral grade or a pollutant concentration, is thus of little interest unless location and/or time of measurement are known and accounted for in the data analysis. Geostatistics provides a set of statistical tools for incorporating the spatial and temporal coordinates of observations in data processing.
The Random Function Model
Authors: Goovaerts Pierre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Data description is rarely, if ever, the ultimate goal of a statistical study. Typically, one wants to go beyond the data to characterize the population from which the sample has been drawn. One essential step in this process is the quantitative modeling of the spatial statistics of that population from the data available over the study area. All subsequent applications, such as prediction or risk analysis, rely on the model (representation) chosen.
The deterministic and probabilistic approaches to modeling are compared in section 3.1. Section 3.2 introduces the random function model from which most geostatistical algorithms are built.
Inference and Modeling
Authors: Goovaerts Pierre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Once a random function model has been chosen, the next step consists of inferring its parameters from the available information. The focus of this chapter is on inference of the two first moments (mean, covariance) of the multivariate RF Z(u), which are required by the interpolation (kriging) algorithms introduced in Chapters 5 and 6.
Section 4.1 addresses the problem of determining statistics representative of the study area and not only of the sample available. Theoretical and practical issues of modeling the spatial variability of continuous attributes are discussed in section 4.2. The discussion is extended to the modeling of cross correlations in section 4.3.
The Constraints of Place on Leadership
Authors: Rosenthal Cindy Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
California State Senator Diane Watson and Utah Representative Beverly Evans live in very different political worlds. There are the obvious contrasts of size and demographics between their home states and their districts: Senator Watson represents some 750,000 residents of a Los Angeles district that is 40 percent white and 60 percent minority with growing Asian and Hispanic populations. Representative Evans represents two rural counties and some 28,000 residents in racially homogeneous (93 percent white) Utah. Their legislatures also differ. California dwarfs other states in terms of the number of staff, the year-round legislative session, legislator compensation (h5,600 a year), and the funds required to wage a successful electoral campaign. Utah lawmakers, by contrast, meet forty-five calendar days every year, earn $100 per diem salary, and have no personal staff or offices.1 As a result, Senator Watson finds she has much more in common with her California male colleagues than with many other women legislators: “Where you are has great meaning; geography is destiny.”2
A Vision of Integrative Leadership
Authors: Rosenthal Cindy Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
State Representative Maxine Berman describes the anonymity of the unknown wives of Arlington cemetery to drive home the point that women remain collectively invisible in American politics. In a bitingly sarcastic, sometimes bawdy portrayal of life in the Michigan State Legislature, Representative Berman laments the absence of women wielding visible political power and wonders whether politics and legislatures would be different if they did.1 The picture of women as committee leaders suggests that when legislatures reflect the diversity in the general population, they also may “think, feel, reason and act” in a different fashion. Indeed, the perspective from the other side of the tombstone has the potential to be quite different.
Kidnapped
Authors: Fass Paula S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Few crimes capture our imagination as completely as child kidnapping. We are both fascinated and revolted, seeing in each victim our own child, in each bereaved parent ourselves, and in each kidnapper a monster striking straight at the heart of the family and our society. Kidnapping is a modern morality play, the innocence of the child in stark contrast to the corruption of the criminal, all played out by a media industry eager to feed the worst fears of every parent. In this pathbreaking book, Paula S. Fass explores how our fear has evolved from its first chilling realization in 1874, when Americans were startled and horrified to discover that their children could be held for ransom, until today, when sexual predators seem to threaten our children at every turn. Kidnapped is a mesmerizing look at some of the great kidnapping cases in American history, the stories that have haunted parents over the past 125 years. Fass describes the kidnapping of Charley Ross in 1874, the first of a series of kidnappings to be called "the crime of the century"; the notorious case of Leopold and Loeb, two rich young men who murdered a younger cousin simply to see if they could get away with it; the abduction of Gloria Vanderbilt, the "poor little rich girl" taken by her own aunt at the start of a vicious custody battle; and the most famous case of all, the kidnapping of the Lindbergh baby. More importantly, Kidnapped presents, in a series of brilliant narratives, a window into the American mind, providing us with new insights into parenting and the American family, the media and our fascination with celebrity, policing and law enforcement, gender and sexuality, mental health, and much more. She shows, for instance, how the Leopold and Loeb case revolutionized the insanity plea, how the abduction of Gloria Vanderbilt brought the problems of divorce and child custody into the public eye, how the case of Stephanie Bryan was shaped by the gender assumptions of the 1950s, and how the Lindbergh tragedy was defined by the ever-present media. Turning from these historic cases, she takes us back to crimes that have only recently fallen out of the headlines, such as the disappearance of Etan Patz in New York or Jacob Wetterling in Minnesota, and the growing industry revolving around missing children, from not-for-profit foundations publicizing missing children to for-profit businesses offering to insure children against kidnapping. In this sharp, vivid book, Fass skillfully illuminates our national obsession with child abduction in a society which both values and exploits its youngest members. The loss of each child is a unique and devastating tragedy. But how we respond as a community and as a nation to these crimes speaks volumes about who we are. In confronting how we have treated the children stolen from our lives, Fass shows, we confront ourselves.
Further Progression
Authors: Benson Donald C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapter we discussed Zeno’s paradox using facts about decimal fractions. However, if we change the paradox slightly, the method of Chapter 2 no longer applies. In fact, the more usual statement of the paradox is that an arrow can never reach its target because to do so it must travel half(instead of nine-tenths)the dis tance between the archer and the target, then half the remaining distance, then half of that, and so on. We could discuss this version of the paradox by using the binary (base 2) representation of numbers, but we prefer to discuss it using geometric progressions,a topic that will be used in later chapters.
The Power of Two
Authors: Benson Donald C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ten is the base of the decimal system, but any natural number greater than 1 can serve as a base for representing numbers. The binary system, the base-2 system, is used in computers. We examine the role of the binary system in a variant multiplication algorithm, Russian peasant multiplication, and in the analysis of certain games. The ternary system, the base-3 system, leads us to Cantor’s curious middle-thirds set. The Binary System Russian peasant multiplication Russian peasants may not have been mathematicians, but it is said that they used an interesting alternate method of multiplication.
Cutouts
Authors: Benson Donald C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Geometric dissection is an attractive form of mathematical recreation and a method of proving a very important result, the Pythagorean theorem, which leads to a discussion of Pythagorean triples and Fermat’s last theorem. Geometric Dissections There is a kind of mathematical puzzle that is concerned with dissecting a geometric figure into a number of pieces and reassembling them to form a different figure. Problems of this sort are called geometric dissections.
The Unknown Division
Authors: Benson Donald C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our discussion of the Pythagorean triples on page 180 introduced diophantine equations-equations that require solutions in integers (sometimes rational numbers). Some of the most difficult problems in mathematics—for example, Fermat’s last theorem (Theorem 12.10) —are diophantine equations. We begin this chapter with an ancient Indian puzzle that leads to a type of diophantine equation for which there exist elegant methods of solution. We will see a solution by means of the Euclidean algorithm, a procedure of fundamental importance in number theory. We interpret this solution using continued fractions—an alternative basis for the arithmetic of real numbers—and briefly explore this strange mathematical landscape. We will see that continued fractions provide a variant representation of numbers. Finally, continued fractions give insight into the meaning of leap year.
Introduction
Authors: Leeming David , Page Jake 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is a book of peculiarly American stories. Here, as everywhere from time immemorial, stories have served to entertain and to ex plain. They serve as mirrors in which a group of people can see them selves. More specifically and more often, they are like those mirrors in which we apply makeup or even disguises, designing images of who we think we are, how we believe we should appear to the world, and how we think we should perform in it.
African American
Authors: Leeming David , Page Jake 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
African folklore and mythology, like that of Native Americans, is heavily populated by animal figures who are fabulous and some times monster like in that they combine animal agility and power with human wile and trickery. The slaves who were brought to America from Africa naturally carried these animal tales in their memories. Tales of the African spider-trickster Anansi continued to be told in the American South, as were tales of the rabbit trickster who, also influenced by American Indian tales, emerged as the ubiquitous Brer Rabbit, perhaps the prime African American trickster (see the Brer Rabbit story in Part 3).
Historical Perspectives and Present-Day Confrontations
Authors: Gibson Eleanor J , Pick Anne D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A book on perception should begin with what perception is about. The answer is at once easy and hard. It is easy because perceiving is something we all en gage in, hardly stopping even in sleep. Perceiving is our means of keeping in touch with the world, of obtaining information about the world and where we are in it. The process of obtaining this information is so natural that it can be hard to explain that there are problems in understanding it. There are, and they have persisted over centuries. Are you and the world separate entities? If so, how is it that you can know about what goes on outside you? This question of how we come by knowledge of the world is as old as humanity. We have learned a good deal about the activity of perceiving. It is an ongoing activity, a search for information specifying the events and layout around us. It is a continuous process, and it provides us with fundamental knowledge that we take for granted.
A Second Chance for Emotion
Authors: Damasio Antonio R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Both neuroscience and cognitive science have neglected emotion until recently. By the last quarter of the nineteenth century, Charles Darwin, William James, and Sigmund Freud had written extensively on different aspects of emotion, and Hughlings Jackson had even made a first stab at its neuroanatomy. There would have been reason to expect that the expanding brain sciences would embrace emotion and solve its riddles, just as the new century started. Unfortunately, that never happened. Emotion was left out of the scientific mainstream, and this circumstance is confirmed by the few exceptions to it—a handful of psychologists that carried out important studies on emotion; another handful of neuroanatomists interested in the limbic system; and the psychiatrists and pharmacologists that concerned themselves with the diagnosis and management of mood disorders and developed drugs which gave indirect information on the mechanisms of emotion. Emotion was not trusted, in real life or in the laboratory. Emotion was too subjective; it was too elusive and vague; it was too much at the opposite end of the finest human ability, reason. It was probably irrational to study it.
Introduction
Authors: Harris Eva 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is based on experience gained over the past ten years during the development of the Applied Molecular Biology/Appropriate Technology Transfer (AMB/ATT) Program. The objectives of the AMB/ATT Program are to simplify and demystify molecular biology techniques to make them accessible in developing countries for application to relevant issues in public health and biomedical sciences (Harris, 1996; Harris et al., 1996). This process includes adapting the techniques themselves to existing conditions, training scientists and health professionals in the theory and practice of molecular biology techniques, and assisting local scientists to apply these techniques to their own areas of interest. The low-cost methodology and the participatory didactic approach that was developed as part of the program can be applied and transferred to any environment with limited resources. Chapter 4 describes this program in detail.
Case Study: The AMB/ATT Program
Authors: Harris Eva 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Introduction
The Applied Molecular Biology/Appropriate Technology Transfer (AMB/ATT) Program presented in this chapter is an example of the approach outlined previously. Much of the information contained in this book was gained from experience while developing this progam over the past ten years. The following chapter describes this technology transfer approach in practice and summarizes the resulting projects and their impact. Program Description Objectives The overall goal of the AMB/ATT Program is to effect the appropriate transfer of molecular biological techniques to developing countries for use in public health and biomedical sciences. The objectives are (1) to introduce appropriate molecular techniques for diagnosis, environmental surveillance, and epidemiology of infectious diseases prevalent in the host country; (2) to oversee the application of these techniques in molecular diagnostic and epidemiological studies; and (3) to foster the continued implementation of molecular biology to address relevant public health and biomedical objectives.
Introduction
Authors: Opdycke Sandra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is about New York City’s public hospital system, which has served the city for more than two hundred years. Private hospitals have also been important to the city; indeed, their history is intertwined with that of the public system. Nevertheless, the public hospitals have been New York’s true safety net, consistently accepting all who needed care, regardless of their diagnoses, their behavior, their social characteristics, or their financial status. In the 1990s, New York, like many cities, began debating whether its public hospital system should be maintained. This book explores the role that these institutions have played in the city and suggests what might be lost if they were to disappear.
Understanding the contribution of the public hospital system is important, because it sheds light on a much larger topic: the role of public institutions in American life. Contemporary discourse puts such emphasis on the values of the marketplace and of individual endeavor that it is easy to forget how many of our proudest national achievements have been accomplished through government action. When there were wars to be fought, highways to be built, rivers to be spanned, diseases to be conquered, or disasters to be overcome, private efforts often lacked the scope and resources to do the job.
Maintaining the Mission: 1910–1930
Authors: Opdycke Sandra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Imagine yourself at Bellevue Hospital again, this time in the 1920s. Strolling the grounds, you can see how much has been achieved since the plans for the new Bellevue were launched in 1904. All the old structures around the perimeter of the complex are gone, and in their place stand half a dozen new McKim, Mead & White buildings, handsome four-square brick structures with white trim and big windows—visible steps toward the ambitious goal that John Brannan laid out twenty years ago. But look more closely, and you will see that Bellevue’s past is also still very much in evidence. The heart of the hospital complex remains untouched: there is the same central courtyard; the same giant old elm tree; and, looming above them as it has for generations, the grim main building, now more than a century old, still housing several hundred patients.
Help in Time of Trouble: 1930–1950
Authors: Opdycke Sandra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1938, an accident victim was admitted to New York Hospital, and then transferred an hour later to City Hospital, the nearest municipal institution. Since the move did not seem to have been motivated by the patient’s medical needs, reporters asked Dr. S. S. Goldwater, the commissioner of hospitals, to comment on the case. He defended New York Hospital, explaining that there were “scores of transfers every week under comparable conditions.” Perhaps the decision was unfortunate, he said, “but if New York Hospital was wrong, so are they all.” Only by making such transfers, Goldwater explained, could the voluntary hospitals remain “in the relatively advantageous position of being able to avoid overcrowding and the heavy stresses and strains to which the city’s own hospitals are constantly subjected.”
Holding the Fort: After 1970
Authors: Opdycke Sandra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One night at Bellevue in the 1980s, an emergency room nurse going off duty summed up her shift for a colleague: “There was one old regular who calls himself Eighth Street Eddie and a weeping Haitian couple and a Chinese man with abdominal pain and a prisoner in handcuffs—looking really furious—being guarded by two policemen. And other regulars— Berenice, who has sickle-cell anemia, and several homeless. … It wasn’t an unusual night at all.”
In many respects, this round-up could have come from any night in the hospital’s history. Perhaps in 1910 the weeping couple would have been Italian instead of Haitian, and perhaps the chronic disease would have been tuberculosis instead of sickle-cell anemia. But the main elements in the account would have been familiar to Bellevue staff from any era: the ethnic and clinical diversity, and the presence of patients like prisoners and the homeless, who would rarely be found in more selective hospitals. In this sense, the social values embodied in Bellevue’s emergency room during the final years of the twentieth century were the same as those that had animated the hospital throughout its history.
Exotic Becomes Erotic: Integrating Biological and Experiential Antecedents of Sexual Orientation
Authors: Bern Daryl J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The common question “What causes homosexuality?” is scientifically misconceived because it presumes that heterosexuality is so well understood—so obviously the “natural” evolutionary consequence of reproductive advantage—that only deviations from it are theoretically problematic. Freud himself did not so presume: “[Heterosexuality] is also a problem that needs elucidation and is not a self-evident fact based upon an attraction that is ultimately of a chemical nature” (1905/1962, pp. 11-12).
Educational Reform and Sexual Identity: Conflicts and Challenges
Authors: Irvine Janice M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
School reform to include discussion of sexual orientation constitutes a bold strategy of the post-Stonewall movement. Marxists, feminists, and other critical theorists have noted that schools, as social institutions, serve a political function by their support of traditional arrangements of race, class, and gender. A critical scholarship has emerged that deconstructs the complexities of traditional schooling (Bowles & Gintis, 1976; Freire, 1971; Giroux, 1981; Weiler, 1988; Weis & Fine, 1993). The theory and practice of lesbian and gay school reform foregrounds a critique of the institutional, discursive, and social production and reproduction of heterosexism by the educational system. Like schooling itself, however, lesbian and gay school reform is neither neutral nor inconsequential. Such efforts must also be scrutinized, since ideology inheres in the various strategies for its implementation.