bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chalmers’s Naturalistic Dualism: The Irrelevance of the Mind-Body Problem to the ScientificStudy of Consciousness
Authors: Ross Don 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If the scientific study of consciousness was once neglected-as almost every book published on the subject begins by reminding us-the opposite has been the case during the past decade. Shelves groan with recent books, articles, and new journals as cognitive scientists crowd into the space left vacant since the project of “scientific phenomenology,” as Edmund Husserl imagined it, was abandoned by his closest but skeptical students. In 1991, Daniel Dennett published Consciousness Explained, which implied, in its bold title, that where Husserl had failed, the contemporary synthesis of cognitive scientific disciplines has already succeeded. Dennett’s apparent hubris inevitably produced a backlash, a storm of claims to the effect that his story is satisfying only to the extent that it avoids the supposedly difficult problems. I have dealt elsewhere (Ross, 1994) with the objections raised by the first wave of critics. Dennett, I argued, has not so much produced a theory of consciousness, in the standard sense of the term, as a set of suggestions for reconceptualizing the subject so as to make it amenable to scientific study. It remains my view that this reconceptualization shows the way forward.
Connectionism and the Propositional Attitudes
Authors: Eckardt Barbara Von 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While it is generally agreed that if our future complete cognitive theory is classical, folk psychology stands a reasonable chance of being vindicated, there is much less agreement about the implications for folk psychology if connectionism wins the computational war. Much of the controversy has focused on Ramsey, Stich, and Garon (RS&G) (1990), who argue the following: “If connectionist hypotheses of the sort we will sketch tum out to be right, so too will eliminativism about propositional attitudes” (p. 500).
Introduction
Authors: Erneling Christina E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the chapters in this part (by Itiel Dror and Robin Thomas) presents two metaphors of different ways of approaching the study of the mind: the tales of Pinocchio and Frankenstein. In Carlo Collodi’s 1883 book about Pinocchio, it is the fairy godmother who miraculously provides Pinocchio with a mind; but in Mary Shelley’s book Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus (1818), the monster’s mind is a result of material design, or the successful combination of bodily parts. Itiel Dror and Thomas think that the Pinocchio tale in this respect expresses views similar to Descartes’s dualism between the body and the mind. The body and mind consist of different substances; and only the body can be studied scientifically, since the mind is a mysterious, nonmaterial entity.
Mind, Brain, and the Upper Paleolithic
Authors: Johnson David Martel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Shortly after Steven Pinker published How the Mind Works (1997), I saw him being interviewed on television by science commentator Jay lngram.1 As I recall the occasion, the host began with something like the following words: “Here is a person who just has written a book called How the Brain Works. “ I held my breath, waiting for Pinker to correct this obvious mistake about the title of his book, but he did nothing of the sort. Instead, he carried on calmly as if no error had been made, or as if, even though he was aware of the mistake, he considered it such a trivial one that he did not consider it appropriate to say anything about it. Reflecting on this incident later-and after having looked again at the first few pages of Pinker’s book-it struck me that his muted reaction to the misstatement probably was not surprising, since it fitted in well with his general way of thinking about the relation between mind and brain. Pinker’s basic statement on this subject appears on page 21, where he says, “The mind is what the brain does.” Or, as he immediately goes on to explain more fully, “The mind is a system of organs of computation, designed by natural selection to solve the kinds of problems our ancestors faced in their foraging way of life, in particular, understanding and outmaneuvering objects, animals, plants, and other people.”
Conclusion and Aftermath April 1945 To December 1947
Authors: Casey Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On April 12, 1945, generals Dwight D. Eisenhower, Omar D. Bradley, and George S. Patton arrived at the Nazi concentration camp at Ohrdru£ This camp had been liberated more than a week earlier, when units of the Fourth Armored Division, racing through the heart of Germany in search of a secret Nazi communication center, had unexpectedly stumbled across it. Ohrdruf was not the first camp to be liberated by the Allies, nor was it an extermination camp on the same order as Auschwitz or Treblinka, designed purely for industrialized mass slaughter.
Investigation and Verdict
Authors: Wayne Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was just after breakfast when the slaves first reported that Duncan Skinner was missing. He had gone off at daybreak to do some hunting and that was the last they had seen of him. So they said, anyway. By late afternoon some of his friends became alarmed and organized a search. A little while later they came upon his horse wandering along the road, riderless, its saddle pulled loose. But it was past midnight when, guided by torchlight, they finally found the body of the overseer. It lay sprawled across the exposed roots of a beech tree, no more than a half-mile from his cabin, in a strip of woods running along the edge of the plantation.
The Evidence Reconsidered
Authors: Wayne Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A historian attempting to solve a problem from the past, whether something as narrow as the murder of an overseer on a plantation in Mississippi in 1857 or as broad as the causes of the Civil War, will ask three basic questions when examining a document. First, how does that document fit in with other evidence specifically relating to the subject under investigation? Does one source—in the case at hand, the newspaper accounts by the Natchez Courier—confirm or contradict other sources—most obviously, the letter from Alexander Farrar to Henry Drake? Where there are inconsistencies, is there any clear way of reconciling them? Do the circumstances under which the documents were produced help us make decisions about which statements are reliable?
Reflections from a Woodlot
Authors: Steinberg Ted 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1845, nature writer Henry David Thoreau (1817–1862), seeking to escape the hustle and bustle of daily life, went looking for a quiet little piece of land free from the intrusions of New England’s thriving agricultural economy. Ironically, he had to settle for an old woodlot in Concord, Massachusetts, a place where farmers routinely ventured to find fuel to heat their homes. One of the nineteenth century’s leading critics of progress and its impact on the natural world, Thoreau came of age in a region thoroughly transformed by human action, a place of fields and fences so devoid of forest and animal habitat that the largest mammal commonly encountered was the muskrat.
King Climate in Dixie
Authors: Steinberg Ted 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
April 15, 1849, was one of the strangest spring days on record in Dixie. To the disbelief of many, it snowed. For three hours a blizzard raged across Marietta, Georgia. From the southeastern coast west to Texas, the storm and subsequent frost killed cotton, corn, and other crops, as winter refused to relinquish its grip on the land. “The damage done by the late frost you can hardly form an idea unless you were here to see,” lamented one South Carolina planter. By all measures, the cold spell was an exceptional event, although it seemed to confirm what James Glen, colonial governor of South Carolina, said about a century before: “Our Climate is various and uncertain, to such an extraordinary Degree, that I fear not to affirm, there are no people on Earth, who, I think, can suffer greater extremes of Heat and Cold.”
The Great Food Fight
Authors: Steinberg Ted 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Spring 1865 brought misery and death to the beleaguered Confederacy. All that remained of the formerly invincible Army of Northern Virginia was 55,000 desperate and starving troops, men battered by four years of war, their pride melting before thoughts of desertion. The indignities of war mounted. In April, the men trudged toward Amelia Courthouse, Virginia, driven on by the prospect of a rendezvous with rations arriving by train. But a snafu caused ammunition to be delivered mistakenly. As the men dragged themselves forward, they were reduced to eating horse feed—the corn on the cob commonly fed the animals. “Two ears were issued to each man,” one soldier wrote. “It was parched in the coals, mixed with salt, stored in the pockets, and eaten on the road. Chewing the corn was hard work. It made the jaws ache and the gums and teeth so sore as to cause unendurable pain.” Thus it was that one of the first things Gen. Ulysses S. Grant did after the South surrendered was send three days of rations to the former Confederate rebels, taking the edge off their hunger and welcoming them back into the United States.
The Secret History of Meat
Authors: Steinberg Ted 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1954, a 52-year-old struggling salesman named Ray Kroc, who had sold everything from paper cups to Florida real estate, traveled to San Bernadino, California, to hawk his latest item, the Multimixer milkshake machine. He headed for a restaurant owned by two brothers named Mac and Dick McDonald. Kroc sat outside the octagonal building, transfixed by the sight of customers, queuing up, one after another, to buy sacks and sacks of hamburgers. The restaurant appealed to him on a number of levels. He liked the stripped-down, simple menu centered around the hamburger. He admired the preparation process, which resembled a kind of assembly line for food. Even the building with its arches impressed him. And the name McDonald’s seemed to have a nice ring to it. “I had a feeling,” he later wrote, “that it would be one of those promotable names that would catch the public fancy.”
Planet U.S.A.
Authors: Steinberg Ted 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1925, automobiles rolled off the Ford Motor Company’s Highland Park assembly line, outside of Detroit, at the rapid-fire pace of one every 10 seconds. Without rubber for tires, not one of them was going anywhere. The demand for rubber skyrocketed in the 1920s, the product of increasing numbers of cars and the Goodyear company’s introduction of the balloon tire, an innovation that offered Americans a more comfortable ride at the cost of 30 percent more rubber than the high-pressure tires used earlier. U.S. automakers faced just one problem: Southeast Asian plantations, controlled by the British and Dutch, had virtually cornered the rubber market
The Aging Cascade
Authors: Fossel Michael B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By providing a broader, more inclusive framework for understanding aging, cell senescence resolves many apparent conflicts among aging theories, as well as adding to our understanding of age-related clinical pathology. How does this fit within the framework of other, previous aging models (Balcombe and Sinclair, 2001)? Although this is not the appropriate venue to explore the historical background and prior theories in detail, it is appropriate to examine the consistency of cell senescence with previous models and with current biology and pathology.
Cancer
Authors: Fossel Michael B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cancer is a disease in which cells do not senesce. Our natural defenses against cancer can be grouped into intra- and extracellular defenses: cell senescence plays a role in both. Intracellularly, there are passive lines of defense (sequestration of DNA in the nucleus and production of free radicals in the mitochondria) as well as three active, sequential lines of defense: DNA repair, the cell cycle braking system, and cell senescence. Extracellularly, there is a passive requirement for angiogenesis in solid tumors (Barinaga, 2000), inflammation (Hudson et al., 1999), and active immunosurveillance (Allison et al., 1998). The failure of these mechanisms (Benson et al., 1996) together contribute to the exponential rise in cancer with age.
The Skin
Authors: Fossel Michael B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Skin integrity is critical; without it we die. Although we often ignore its importance, relegating it to the merely cosmetic, the error is brought home when skin fails. Third-degree bums prevent most normal skin functions and, with a moderate percentage of total body surface area affected, can be fatal. Death is usually due to infection or fluid and protein losses. Bums are horrendously difficult to treat even in the best specialized bum units at the start of this millennium. Skin is far more than a “bag that holds us together.”
Cardiovascular System
Authors: Fossel Michael B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most deaths worldwide are the result of vascular aging (Mehta and Yusuf, 2000). Only a century ago, this statement was true of only developed nations, while death due to infectious disease led in undeveloped nations. By the end of the millennium, however, cancer and vascular pathology had become the two leading causes of death in almost all nations, developed or otherwise. Where once we died young of infection (Yoshikawa, 2001), we now die in old age of atherosclerosis and cancer.
Hematopoetic and Immune Systems
Authors: Fossel Michael B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The hematopoetic and immune systems share a common cellular nursery in the bone marrow and, largely for that reason, are considered here together. Such cells are usually divided into red cells, white cells, and other miscellaneous cells, not all of which are true cells in that they may lack nuclei (e.g., mature red cells) and other intracellular organelles (e.g., thrombocytes). Red cells are responsible for ferrying oxygen from the lungs to distant cells without allowing the molecules to oxidize and damage molecules en route. Conversely, they carry carbon dioxide back from distant cells back to the lungs for exhalation. White cells are largely involved with infection control and what might loosely be termed “janitorial functions,” i.e., cleaning up antigens and other insoluble and otherwise unrecyclable molecules throughout the body. Platelets are a primary component of clotting and for this reason a target for drugs (such as aspirin) aimed at lowering mortality in the aged by preventing clots
Hysteria and Hysteria-like Disorders
Authors: Wenegrat Brant 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The major modern-day illness roles in Europe and North America fall into three historically related types: disorders that resemble hysteria, multiple consciousness, and disorders ascribed to trauma. Hysteria and the modern day illness roles that resemble it are described in this chapter; multiple consciousness is described in chapter 6, and disorders ascribed to trauma are the subject of chapter 7.
Self-Knowledge, the Unconscious, and the Future of Illness Roles
Authors: Wenegrat Brant 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In chapter 2, I noted that beliefs and attitudes change when social roles are adopted. I described an early study, published by Janis and King, that showed that college students who acted the role of an advocate in giving a speech to others changed their opinions to be more consistent with what they had said in their speeches. Subjects who heard these speeches also changed their opinions, but to a lesser extent. Role-induced attitude changes are robust and affect important behaviors, and they may be exploited commercially, by advertisers, for instance. The effects of such attitude changes are clearly observed in cult groups, among other social settings (see chapter 2).
Community Practice: An Introduction
Authors: Hardcastle David A , Powers Patricia R , Wenocur Stanley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Community practice is the core of social work and necessary for all social workers, whether generalists, specialists, therapists, or activists. Although usually associated with community organization, social action, social planning (Rothman & Tropman, 1987; Wells & Gamble, 1995), and other macropractice activities, direct service and clinical social workers engage in community practice when they make client referrals, assess community resources, develop client social support systems, and advocate to policymakers for programs to meet clients’ needs. Social work claims an ecological perspective. Social ecology is about community. Whittaker, Garbarino, and associates (1983) persuasively argue that “the ecological-systems perspective . . . will compel us to do several things: logical unit’—as the proper focus for assessment and intervention, (2) see the teaching of environmental coping skills as the primary purpose of helping, and (3) place environmental modification and the provision of concrete services on an equal plane with direct, face-to-face interventions with clients” (p. 59). Indeed, as this text illustrates, social work practice is about using the community and using naturally occurring and socially constructed networks within the social environment to provide social support.
Using Work Groups: Committees, Teams, and Boards
Authors: Hardcastle David A , Powers Patricia R , Wenocur Stanley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sometimes it seems that all social workers ever do is go to meetings. There are staff meetings to clarify agency policies, team meetings to coordinate treatment plans, interagency meetings to work out service agreements, board committee meetings to plan fund-raising events, professional association committee meetings to do conference planning, and community meetings. These are not clinical group meetings. None of these meetings involve direct group work with clients—for example, running a treatment group for sexually abused girls, a parenting group for new mothers, or a socialization group for senior citizens. But they are social work professional groups. It is to be hoped that all of these meetings are necessary for direct service work to go forward. All of these meetings involve work with task groups of some kind—committees, task forces, boards, teams, coalitions, task forces, planning bodies, and the like. Task groups are working groups established to achieve some specific purpose or goal. The specific purpose goal or goal is usually external to the group and does not focus on changing the traits of individual group members (Kirst-Ashman & Hull, 2001, pp. 90–100; Payne, 2000).
Evaluating Health Promotion Programs
Authors: Valente Thomas w. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is a comprehensive guide to the frameworks, theories, and methods used to evaluate health promotion programs. The book builds on the author's experience in evaluating health communication projects in the US and developing countries and in teaching evaluation to graduate-level students in public health. It will be of use to both students and researchers and designers involved in all types of evaluation activities. The chapters are divided into three sections. Part I covers health promotion framework and theories, formative research, and process evaluation methods. Part II deals with study designs, the techniques to determine sample selection and size, writing questionnaires, constructing scales, and managing data. Part III uses data from a national campaign to illustrate methods for impact evaluation including basic and advanced statistical analysis. This text provides the tools needed to understand how and why evaluations are conducted, and it will serve as a reference for evaluators. It covers every aspect of he research and evaluation activities needed to assess a health promotion program.
Introduction
Authors: Bartle Jean Ashworth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Several chapters are devoted to the pedagogy that helps children sing with skill and enjoyment. In addition, because of the prodigious growth in the children’s choir movement over the last two decades, the book includes many concepts that will also assist the artistic director: preparing a children’s chorus to sing a major work with orchestra; organizational skills and effective long-range planning; working with management, volunteers, and a board of directors; conducting an orchestra; and commissioning, recording, and touring.
Public Participation In Allocating Government Research Funds
Authors: Dresser Rebecca 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the 1990s, Congress faced heightened pressure from patient advocates seeking government dollars for studies on specific health problems. Advocates said the intensified congressional lobbying stemmed in part from their dissatisfaction with officials at the lead federal research agency, the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Advocates claimed that though NIH officials gave lip service to the importance of public participation in research priority setting, in reality scientists controlled the agency’s funding agenda. Advocates also charged that the agency played favorites, granting overly generous amounts to research on diseases represented by wealthy and politically savvy advocacy groups.
Advocates In Research Ethics Oversight: A Voice For The Public?
Authors: Dresser Rebecca 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the close of World War II, the Nuremberg Tribunal drew international attention to the dark side of human experimentation. Although the whole world was horrified by the Nazis’ blatantly immoral experiments on concentration camp prisoners, two decades would elapse before the United States began to take a hard look at its own research abuses.4 As people gradually became aware that United States research participants had been exposed to serious risks without their awareness or consent, scientists and government officials faced growing demands for safeguards to prevent similar violations in the future.
Advocacy For Accuracy In Research Reporting
Authors: Dresser Rebecca 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Access to authoritative information can make the difference between superficial and meaningful advocacy work. Although insights into the personal side of illness stand as advocacy’s distinct contribution, advocates also need to know about the technical dimensions of constituents’ health problems. To be taken seriously, advocates must have a basic understanding of science and medicine. Like many nonscientists, advocates gain much of their information from the mass media. Novices to advocacy rely on newspapers, magazines, and the broadcast media for guidance on scientific and clinical developments that affect constituents. Advocates may move on to other information sources, but their constituents continue to depend heavily on the popular media for news about research and treatment innovations.
Developmental Perspectives on Phenotypic Variation, Canalization, and Fluctuating Asymmetry
Authors: Nijhout H F , Davidowitz G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We will discuss a general developmental perspective on the nature and evolution of fluctuating asymmetry (FA). Insofar as fluctuating asymmetry is a type of phenotypic variation, it is useful to begin by considering the developmental origins of phenotypic variation in general. We will show that, although there are many causes of phenotypic variation, only a small subset of these are responsible for FA. In addition to developmental instability, we propose a novel source of fluctuating asymmetry, Environmentally Induced Asymmetry, that may artificially inflate estimates of developmental instability derived from measures of FA.