bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interleavers for Serial and Parallel Concatenated (
TURBO
) Codes
Authors: Duman Tolga M. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
Along with convolutional codes, interleavers constitute building blocks of serial and parallel concatenated convolutional (turbo) codes. In this paper, we examine properties of interleavers, in particular, we discuss the “interleaver gain”, that is, the effect of the interleaver length on the bit error probability of the turbo code over an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel. We review several basic interleaver design approaches, and present some of the most promising interleaver design algorithms in detail together with examples. Although there is significant literature on interleaver design for parallel concatenated convolutional codes, there are only a few results available for serial concatenation. Therefore, while important results on serial concatenation are reviewed, most of the article is devoted for parallel concatenation.
Golay Complementary Sequences
Authors: Parker Matthew G. , Paterson Kenneth G. , Tellambura Chintha 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThis chapter gives an up‐to‐date review of Complementary Sequences, first defined by Marcel Golay. The survey discusses correlation and spectral properties of the sequences aswell as describing applications. It also presents fundamental constructions for Complementary Sequences and Complementary Sets. Connections with orthogonal and Hadamard matrices are also elaborated.
Bit‐Interleaved Coded Modulation
Authors: Goeckel Dennis L. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
Bit‐interleaved coded modulation (BICM), a recently introduced method for protecting against distortion during information transmission, has shown both theoretical and practical promise. In this article, the history of coded modulation is briefly reviewed to motivate the development of BICM. The encoder and various decoding methods of BICM are then discussed in detail, and performance curves are presented for BICM when a noniterative decoder is employed. These performance curves and other recent work demonstrate that BICM is a very appealing method of coded modulation for communication systems, particularly for operation over the communication channels typically encountered in wireless communication systems.
Golay Codes
Authors: Greferath Marcus 
Published: November 2003

AbstractGolay Codes are well‐known and important codes which play a role both in the theory of algebraic coding and in its applications. This article is devoted to a discussion of the basics regarding these codes. We will touch issues like constructions, decoding and relations to finite geometry and lattices. The presentation finishes with a discussion of the role of Golay codes in ring‐linear coding theory.
Packet‐Rate Adaptive Receivers for Mobile Communications
Authors: Batalama Stella N. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractIn this chapter we consider the problem of designing short‐data‐record (packet‐rate) adaptive receivers for mobile communications. A complete adaptive antenna‐array DS‐CDMA receiver structure is developed and used as an illustration throughout our presentation. Receiver performance is measured in terms of output signal‐to‐interference‐plus‐noise‐ratio and bit‐error‐rate, as well as packet error rate and normalized packet throughput under slotted ALOHA accessing with or without forward error correction.
Communications for Intelligent Transportation Systems
Authors: Andrisano Oreste , Pasolini Gianni , Verdone Roberto , Nakagawa Masao 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe paper presents an overview of the evolution of research in the field of communications for ITS (Intelligent Transportation Systems). After a brief description of the services aimed at improving safety and efficiency of road transport, a synthetic view of the past and current research activities is presented and the role of communication‐based systems for ITS service provision is discussed. Several examples of dedicated systems currently studied are presented, afterwards the attention is focused on the assessment of existing relevant standards in mobile communications to define and activate new ITS services. As far as dedicated solutions are concerned, the paper shows some results related to radars as well as 60 GHz and infrared communication systems. An example of ITS service provision by means of an already standardized system is given evaluating the feasibility of an Emergence Warning service based on GPRS (General Packet Radio Service); furthermore the performance of road‐to‐vehicle and target‐to‐vehicle communication, based on Bluetooth, is addressed by means of both an analytical and experimental approach.
Polarization Mode Dispersion Mitigation
Authors: Bülow Henning 
Published: November 2003

AbstractWith the increase of the channel bit rate to 10 Gbit/s and beyond, polarization mode dispersion (PMD) might become visible as a degrading property of the transmission link. To enable data transmission via high PMD fibers, various dynamically adapting PMD compensators have been proposed. The impact of PMD on a transmission system is discussed and solutions for compensators are explained which are based on optical processing of the distorted optical field or on electrical processing of the photo diode signal after detection in the receiver.
Signal Quality Monitoring in Optical Networks
Authors: Shake Ippei 
Published: November 2003

AbstractSeveral approaches to signal quality monitoring in optical networks are introduced. In the section 2, conventional digital techniques (bit interleaved parity, digital wrapper and others) and relatively new approach (pseudo BER estimation using variable decision circuit) are shown. In the section 3, novel approaches using analog parameters (statistical method using histogram evaluation, optical SNR or other parameters monitor with spectrum measurement and pilot tone technique with sub‐carrier multiplexing) are presented.
Optical Transmitters, Receivers, and Noise
Authors: Winzer Peter J. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThis article is designed to open up the field of optical modulation and reception on an introductory level by discussing a selection of optical modulation techniques currently viewed as being most promising. Further, high‐performance optical receiver structures and their noise properties are outlined, both for the fiber channel and for the free‐space channel. Basic receiver design rules as well as important performance trade‐offs are extracted. Frequently used concepts for quantifying receiver performance, such as receiver sensitivity, quantum limit, Q‐factor, and optical signal‐to‐noise ratio (OSNR) are explained.
Crystallization, Bulk, Macromolecules
Authors: de la Rosa Ana Paulina Barba , McPherson Alexander 
Published: November 2003

AbstractIntroductionThe Uniqueness of Macromolecular CrystalsMethods for Growth of Protein CrystalsMethods for Promoting SupersaturationThe Crystallization of Proteins by Variation of pH or TemperatureBibliography
Lactones, Biocatalytic Synthesis
Authors: Sugai Takeshi , Ohta Hiromichi 
Published: November 2003

AbstractIntroductionHydrolysis of Ester Functionality of Corresponding Racemic LactonesLactonization of Hydroxy Acids and Their DerivativesReduction of Carbonyl PrecursorsOxidation of Diol PrecursorsBaeyer–Villiger Type Oxidation of KetonesSeparation of Isomers by the Enzymatic Action on Other Functionalities That Are Appended to the MoleculesApproaches Based on the Biodegradation of Lipids and AromaticsPreparation of Some Lactones of Special InterestConclusionsAcknowledgmentBibliography
Bioassays: Phytotoxicity to Succeeding Crops
Authors: Pestemer Wilfried 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
Bioassays provide inexpensive and easy‐to‐handle methods for the determination of phytoxic compounds, mainly herbicides, in soil and water. Their advantages are their potential for detecting only phytotoxic isomers, quantifying residues, and determining possible recropping risks within the same bioassay procedure. Their main disadvantage is that mixtures of phytotoxic compounds cannot be separated and that samples with an unknown history usually cannot be analyzed properly. Nevertheless, bioassays may be used for the quantitative determination of residues and give results comparable to physical and chemical methods.
Amidine Insecticide/Acaricides
Authors: Hollingworth Robert 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
The amidines are a small class of insecticide/acaricides that share common structural and biological features and have the same mechanism of action. The group currently consists of the compounds amitraz, chlordimeform, and cymiazole. Under most circumstances, these compounds and their metabolites are biodegraded at a rate that ensures that they do not accumulate in the environment or in living organisms.
Fungicides, Quinoxyfen
Authors: Henry Matthew J. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
Quinoxyfen is a new fungicide developed by Dow AgroSciences. It is a quinoline‐based fungicide also known by the codes of XDE‐795 or LY211795. Quinoxyfen is specifically active against powdery mildew pathogens of monocots and dicots. The stability of quinoxyfen in the soil has been shown to vary depending on soil type and source.
Herbicides, an Overview
Authors: Plimmer Jack R. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
Herbicides are important for many reasons. Cultivation of plants for economic or ornamental purposes entails an incessant struggle against losses from pests. Weeds not only reduce yields by competing for sunlight, water, and nutrients, but they also reduce the quality of products and overgrow adjacent areas and bodies of water. Some of them actually produce phytotoxins (allelochemicals) that reduce crop growth. Uncontrolled weed infestations drastically reduce crop yields and decrease crop, turf, timber, and forage quality. The broadest definition of “herbicides” includes all agents that destroy or inhibit plant growth.
Herbicides, Imidazolinones
Authors: Shaner Dale 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
The imidazolinone herbicides represent a powerful tool for weed management. There are six different imidazolinone herbicides (imazamethabenz methyl, imazethapyr, imazamox, imazapic, imazapyr, and imazaquin) used in leguminous crops, cereals, forestry, non‐cropland, and on imidazolinone‐resistant maize, rice, canola, sunflower, and wheat. These herbicides share certain attributes such as low toxicity on animals, birds, fishes, and invertebrates, but they differ in their crop selectivity. Crop selectivity depends on the chemical structure of the imidazolinone. In this review, one can easily compare and contrast the different properties of the imidazolinones that affect their selectivity and environmental fate. The toxicological profile of each herbicide is presented as well as the weed spectrum for each compound. In addition, the degradation pathway for each herbicide in the soil and plants is shown.
Herbicides, Pyridine Carboxylate
Authors: Molin William T. , Vaughn Kevin C. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe pyridinecaboxylates, dithiopyr, and thiazopyr are a new class of mitotic inhibitor herbicides used for the control of grasses and small‐seeded broadleaf weeds in turf, rice, and oranges and grapefruits. Dithiopyr and thiazopyr are the commercial entries from a large patent estate and share the common characteristic of having bis‐pentafluoro alkyl substitutions at the 2′ and 6′ positions on a pyridine ring. The pyridineczrboxylates have high unit activity, low water solubility, and bind tightly to organic matter, properties that are similar to the dinitroaniline herbicides. The pyridinecarboxylates have low mammalian and avian toxicity, and they are rapidly metabolized and eliminated. Discovery and understanding of the enzyme systems responsible for pyridinecarboxylate metabolism has led to the isolation of the genes for these systems. Transformation of plants with these genes has resulted in plants tolerant to pyridinecarboxylates.
PhotosystemIEnergy Diverters
Authors: Vaughn Kevin 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe photosystem (PS) I diverter herbicides include several of the oldest in the herbicide arsenal, introduced in the mid‐late 1950s by ICI (now Syngenta) and still commercially available. Because of this long‐term use, a sizeable literature exists on their use as herbicides, their biochemical effects on mammals and plants, and the development of herbicide‐resistant weed biotypes. Because of this voluminous literature, this review will cite mainly recent references, referring the reader to previous reviews for further details of the earlier literature.
USDA
‐
ARS
Pesticide Properties Database
Authors: Herner Albert E. , Acock Basil 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
The Agricultural Research Service Pesticide Properties Database (ARS‐PPD) has been developed to provide water quality modelers and managers with a list of the pesticide properties most important for predicting the potential of pesticides to move into ground and surface waters under a range of weather and soil conditions. The ARS‐PPD is a compendium of the chemical and physical properties of about 330 pesticides. The list includes pesticides currently registered with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency as well as pesticides no longer in use.
Weed Species
Authors: Bryson Charles T. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractWeeds are a major deterrent to agricultural and forest productivity and adversely effect urban, natural plant communities, and human and livestock health. Usually, the most troublesome weeds in an area originated somewhere else in the world. Weeds possess traits that give them biological, ecological, and reproductive advantages over non‐weedy plants. Of the 8000 or so weeds in the world, about 200 species are responsible for about 95% of the weed problems of food, feed, fiber, and livestock production. These and additional species cost billions of U.S. dollars in forestry and urban areas and threaten species diversity in natural communities worldwide. About 73% of the world's weeds are dicots (broadleaf weeds) and 25% are monocots (grasses, sedges, rushes, and other monocot groups), whereas the remaining 2% are peridiophytes (ferns and fern allies) and gymonsperms (conifers and conifer allies). An overview is provided for weeds, including a general definition, economic losses, spread, identification sources, population shifts, thresholds, competitive index, effects on tillage production systems, and major species of the world in agriculture, forestry, urban areas, and natural communities.
Insecticides, Mode of Action
Authors: Insecticide Resistance Action Committee  
Published: November 2003

Abstract
The following document was prepared by the Insecticide Resistance Action Committee. It was formed in 1984 to provide a coordinated crop protection industry response to the development of resistance in insect and mite pests. “The mission of IRAC is to develop resistance management strategies to enable growers to use crop production products in a way to maintain the efficacy. The organization is implementing comprehensive strategies to confront resistance.”
Aflatoxins and Aflatoxicoses
Authors: Shurtleff Malcolm 
Published: November 2003

Abstract

Aflatoxins are a group of polyketide metabolites produced mainly by stains of the fungus
Aspergillus flavus
and the closely related species
A. parasiticus
. The most biologically active aflatoxin is B1; it is considered the most potent naturally occurring carcinogen known. Aflatoxins have been shown to produce cancer in all species tested; epidemiologic evidence suggests that they are involved in human liver cancer in some parts of the world. Therefore, many nations have set statutory limits on the concentration of aflatoxins in food and feed.
Streptomycin
Authors: Sundin George W. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract

Streptomycin was the second antibiotic to be utilized in clinical medicine, and its class of antibiotics, the aminoglycosides, helped fuel the antibiotic age of modern clinical medicine. Streptomycin is one of many antibiotics with importance as a feed amendment for growth promotion in agricultural animals. Since the early 1950s, streptomycin has been utilized for bacterial plant disease control. The most important use of streptomycin in plant disease control has probably been in the management of fire blight caused by
Erwinia amylovora
.
Disinfection
Authors: Maloy Otis C. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
Disinfection is generally considered to be the killing or inactivation of disease‐producing microorganisms in animals, seeds, or other plant parts but is sometimes used mistakenly to describe sterilizing surfaces and other inanimate objects. However, since inanimate objects cannot become infected, eliminating pathogens from these surfaces is correctly termed disinfestation. Disinfection can be accomplished by several methods but usually is by the application of chemicals (disinfectants) or heat. Development of antibiotics and systemic fungicides has made available relatively nonphytotoxic disinfectant chemicals. However, overuse of these materials may hasten the emergence of fungicide‐resistant strains of pathogens and eliminate beneficial organisms from plant surfaces.
Electrophoresis
Authors: Lane Leslie C. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
Electrophoresis refers to mitigation of charged particles (molecules) in an electric field. It was conceived as a way to separate molecules by surface charge. Today, electrophoresis more often forces molecules through gels separating by size. It is now a versatile family of techniques to determine nucleic acid size, sequence, and structure; to determine protein size and charge; to resolve complex mixtures; and to determine purity. Its speed and simplicity encourage novel applications and creative tinkering.
PCR
Authors: Henson Joan M. , Elliott Monica 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a method to amplify DNA exponentially by in vitro DNA synthesis. Amplification usually consists of three steps that are repeated 10 to 50 times in an automated thermal cycler. The first step is thermal denaturation of target DNA to be amplified. The second step is annealing of two oligonucleotide primers to the separated DNA strands. The final step is DNA synthesis by a thermostable DNA polymerase that extends the primers.
Rhizosphere
Authors: Raaijmakers Jos M. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
The rhizosphere is the narrow zone of soil influences by living roots, as manifested by the leakage and exudation of substances that affect microbial activity. The term rhizosphere was initially introduced in 1904 by Lorentz Hiltner in reference to the soil layer of intense bacterial activity surrounding roots of the Leguminoseae. Later, this definition was extended to include all plant species. The rhizosphere is an environment that the plant helps to create and where microbial activity constitutes a major influential force.
Tillage
Authors: Bhat Ravi G. , Subbarao Krishna V. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
Tillage is a cultural practice of fragmenting and burying plant residues through plowing or in general, a process of soil inversion using practices such as disking, ripping, plowing, and chiseling to prepare land for new planting. Tillage enhances the degradation of plant materials left in the field after harvest by mixing them with soil and exposes subsoil to the top layer. Probably no cultural practice has a greater impact on the soil environment than tillage.
Genetically Modified Microorganisms (GMM) in Soil Environments
Authors: Van Overbeek Leo , Van Elsas Dick 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe early 1970s witnessed a major breakthrough in molecular biology with the discovery of restriction enzymes. From that moment on, it has been possible to modify the genetic constitution of all organisms, and a new era in human history started. In the early years of genetic modification, the perspectives of these approaches were tremendous. However, these expectations have been tempered ever since and have even led to an upheaval because of two reasons. In this article, we focus on the requirements for the application of genetically modified microorganism strains in natural, unconstrained environments such as agricultural fields, and discuss approaches for tracking released GMM strains as well as limiting their spread by the construction of so‐called self‐containing mechanisms.
Herbicides: Sulfonylureas
Authors: Plimmer Jack , Gammon Derek 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
The sulfonylurea herbicides were discovered in the 1970s, and sulfometuron was introduced commercially in 1982. They are active at extremely low rates, and 28 active ingredients have been registered worldwide. They inhibit plant cell division by targeting the enzyme ALS or acetolactate synthase, a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of branched chain amino acids. Their mammalian toxicity is very low. A key structural feature is the sulfonylurea moiety linked to a substituted pyrimidine or triazine ring.
Widow and widower remarriage: An analysis in a rural 19th century Costa Rican population and a cross‐cultural discussion
Authors: Madrigal L. , Ware B. , Melendez M. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractAlthough the topic of remarriage features saliently in the cultural anthropological literature, it is virtually absent in the biological anthropology journals. This is perplexing, given that remarriage affects the differential reproductive success of males and females in a community, and could well impact a community's population structure. In this paper, we research remarriage practices in a rural 19th century community in Costa Rica. Although we find support for the proposition that males are more likely to remarry than females, we find that widows who remarry are not all young and able to reproduce. Our findings support the cross‐culturally‐generated suggestion that a female's ability not to remarry is tied to her to ability to own property. Remarriage is a topic of interest to biological anthropologists from a cross‐cultural and biocultural perspective. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tooth‐root form and function in platyrrhine seed‐eaters
Authors: Spencer M.A. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractResearch into the functional and adaptive basis of tooth crown form has provided a useful framework for the inference of diet in extinct primates. However, our understanding of variation in tooth‐root form is limited. Studies within the clinical literature emphasize the influence of tooth‐root surface area on stress resistance, but it is not known if root form has diversified during primate evolution in relation to dietary specialization. This hypothesis was tested by quantifying maxillary canine and postcanine tooth‐root surface areas in four platyrrhine species that differ in the material properties of their diet: Cebus apella, Cebus albifrons, Chiropotes satanas, and Pithecia pithecia. Pairwise comparisons between closely related taxa support predictions based on dietary differences. Taxa that regularly consume resistant seeds (Cebus apella and Chiropotes satanas) exhibit significantly larger relative surface area values for those teeth used in seed processing than closely related taxa that consume resistant foods less often (Cebus albifrons and Pithecia pithecia). Additionally, relative molar‐root surface area appears to be greater in Pithecia than in Chiropotes, as predicted from the more folivorous diet of Pithecia. Tooth‐root surface area was also found to vary along the tooth row and should therefore have a significant influence on antero‐posterior bite‐force gradients. The results of this study suggest a close relationship between tooth‐root form and patterns of occlusal loading. Further elucidation of this relationship could improve our inferences of diet in extinct taxa, and augment research into the mechanics and evolution of feeding. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.