bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Association of chromosome arm 16q loss with loss of imprinting of insulin‐like growth factor–II in Wilms tumor
Authors: Mummert Stephanie K. , Lobanenkov Victor A. , Feinberg Andrew P. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe most common known molecular defect in Wilms tumor (WT) of the kidney, the most frequent solid tumor of childhood, is loss of imprinting (LOI) of the insulin‐like growth factor–II gene (IGF2), which involves activation of the normally silent maternal allele of the gene and hypermethylation of a differentially methylated region upstream of the H19 gene. Hypermethylation impairs binding of the insulator protein CTCF, allowing activation of IGF2 by an enhancer shared between IGF2 and H19. Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of 16q22.1 is found in 15% of WTs, and 16q22.1 harbors CTCF, raising the possibility that reduced CTCF could lead to LOI of IGF2 in some cases. We hypothesized that there is an association between LOH of 16q and LOI of IGF2 in WT. In 40 WTs examined, LOH of 16q was found in five, one of which also showed LOH of 11p15. All of the remaining four tumors showed LOI of IGF2, compared to 13 of 32 WTs without LOH of 16q or 11p (P = 0.040). When published data not previously analyzed in this manner were included, 6 of 6 tumors with 16q LOH (and without LOH of 11p) showed LOI of IGF2, compared to 24 of 52 without LOH (P = 0.015). Thus, a genetic (16q LOH) and an epigenetic (LOI of IGF2) alteration in WT are linked, the first such association described. Finally, haploinsufficiency of CTCF may be the basis of this association, given that CTCF expression in tumors with 16q LOH was 48% that of tumors without LOH. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Human coxsackie adenovirus receptor (CAR) expression in transgenic mouse prostate tumors enhances adenoviral delivery of genes
Authors: Bao Yunhua , Peng Weidan , Verbitsky Amy , Chen Jiping , Wu Lily , Rauen Katherine A. , Sawicki Janet A. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractBACKGROUNDTransgenic mice that recapitulate the progression of human diseases are potentially useful models for testing the effectiveness of new therapeutic strategies. Their use in pre‐clinical testing of adenovirally‐delivered gene therapies, however, is limited because of restricted cell surface expression of Coxsackie adenovirus receptor (CAR) in mice.METHODSTo develop a more suitable transgenic mouse model for testing adenoviral‐based gene therapies for prostate cancer, we generated prostate specific antigen/human CAR (PSA/hCAR) transgenic mice in which a chimeric enhancer/promoter sequence of the human PSA gene drives expression of a functional hCAR coding sequence.ResultsExpression of an adenovirally‐delivered luciferase reporter gene in prostate tumor cells in bigenic mice (PSA/hCAR + TRAMP) was enhanced compared to the level in tumor cells lacking the PSA/hCAR transgene.CONCLUSIONSBreeding PSA/hCAR mice to existing transgenic mouse models for prostate cancer (e.g., TRAMP) results in improved mouse models for testing adenovirally‐delivered therapeutic genes. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Impact of increased code design base shear on seismic behavior of reinforced concrete moment frame buildings with long periods
Authors: Lin Cheng‐Ming , Ho Lawrence Y. , Sabol Thomas A. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractBuilding Codes generally increase design seismic loads in an attempt to address a number of issues on the seismic design of buildings. For buildings having long vibration periods, the increase of design base shear force could have significant impacts on the design of lateral bracing system of buildings. Given the constraints facing design engineers regarding member sizes relative to practical user limits, these increased forces may result in poorer, not better, seismic performance. This paper describes the impact of higher design lateral loads on the design of reinforced concrete moment‐resisting frame buildings, with an emphasis on buildings with long periods. A building located in Southern California is analyzed using UBC 94 and 97 seismic base shear forces as an example to demonstrate the impacts. The design of the frame beam, the beam–column joint, and the frame column based on UBC 94 and 97 are compared and the impacts on the design are highlighted. The significance of axial load demand on the behavior and design of frame column is particularly emphasized. Several methods of estimating the axial load demand of frame columns are described and the results are compared. The results emphasize that the goal of improving seismic performance in buildings by increasing the design base shear may not be achieved in reinforced concrete buildings with long periods if the engineers simply react to the higher lateral load demand by increasing the reinforcing contents of the members. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Introduction: Beyond Madisonian Federalism
Authors: Edling Max. M 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
The aim of this book is described as to search for answers as to why the US Constitution was adopted. Like most other studies of this topic, it focusses on the Federalist argument, although it also takes the Antifederalist opposition into account. However, the conclusions reached deviate sharply from the mainstream interpretation of the Federalist persuasion in that the study aims to challenge the Madisonian interpretation of Federalism in two ways: it goes beyond the interpretation of The Federalist Papers of 1787–88 and James Madison's pre‐Convention writings to analyze a much broader sample of Federalist and Antifederalist writings; and based on this broader reading, it provides a new interpretation of what the Constitution and the Federalist argument were about. The major finding presented is that the Federalist argument was not a protoliberal call for minority rights and limited government but an argument about state formation or state building. The first two sections of the introduction discuss Madison's thoughts and writings on the Federalist dilemma, and the problems of the traditionalist interpretation of the Federalist position; the last two sections give an outline of the structure of the book and describe its intended audience.
Independence, Commerce, and Military Strength
Authors: Edling Max. M 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Chapter 6 and the corresponding Ch. 11 in Part Three of the book provide the layout of the Federalist argument that Congress had to possess an unlimited power to raise men and money from American society without any intervention from the states. While the following chapter looks more closely at Antifederalist objections to the military clauses of the U S Constitution, here the concern is only with the proposals for amendments to the Constitution that Antifederalists suggested, or that Federalists suggested as concessions to Antifederalist objections; the purpose of the chapter is to address the question of why the Federalists refused to accept limits to the army clauses of the Constitution. When the first Congress presented the states with the proposal for what would become the Bill of Rights, this contained a guarantee against the disarmament of the people, as well as a specification of what was involved in Congress's power to govern state militias; it also contained a restriction on the right of the national government to quarter troops in private houses. The first ten amendments, however, made no attempt to restrict the right of the national government to raise an army, and not because of oversight, since neither James Madison, nor anyone else present at the first Congress, could have been unaware of the strong reservations that Antifederalists had expressed against the unlimited power to raise and maintain armies that the Constitution vested in Congress. This power was central to the national state that the Federalists attempted to form, and in the debate over ratification they made clear why no limits could be placed on Congress's power of military mobilization.
The Costs of Government
Authors: Edling Max. M 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Presents the Antifederalist objections to a stronger national government in the “fiscal‐military” sphere, with this chapter looking closely at Antifederalist objections to the federal fiscal powers of the US Constitution, and the answers of the Federalists to these. Only rarely did the Antifederalists raise any objections to the right of Congress to borrow money, but the fact that they seemed to accept that public borrowing might sometimes be necessary did not mean that they accepted the need for an unlimited federal power over taxation. In their opposition to the Constitution's tax clauses, the Antifederalists continued an Anglo‐American political tradition of opposition against state growth that in turn is but an instant of a universal resistance to the centralization of power characteristic of early modern Europe. The Antifederalist opposition centered on the future role of the state legislatures: in Antifederalist thought the state assembly had come to take on the function filled by the House of Commons in English “Country” thought, so it was regarded as a crucial barrier against government abuse and as the only institution that made possible taxation with the consent of the governed.
Predicting change in psychopathology in youth referred to mental health services in childhood or adolescence
Authors: Visser Jeroen Heijmens , van der Ende Jan , Koot Hans M. , Verhulst Frank C. 
Published: March 2005

Background:  Little evidence is available on factors associated with persistence and change of psychopathology, and little is known about the predictive value of factors regarding change once problem behaviours exist. This study aims to evaluate change in level of scores of empirically derived problem patterns and to study factors that influence this change for children and adolescents referred to mental health services.Method:  A referred sample (N=1,652), aged 4 to 18 years at initial assessment, was followed up after a mean interval of 6.2 years. We used standardised information from parents, teachers and subjects, including the CBCL, YSR and TRF at both assessments.Results:  Subjects at follow‐up scored significantly above the expected mean norm scores, although for most scores improvement was found. The strongest predicting factor for time 2 psychopathology was the corresponding time 1 score, odds ratios ranging from 1.6 to 21.7. Males and children older at intake improved more than females and younger children, respectively.Conclusions:  Few child, family and treatment‐related factors had additional predictive value over and above earlier psychopathology, and their contribution to the prediction of outcome was small. Findings indicate continuity of behavioural and emotional problems in clinically referred children and adolescents, and these problems should be viewed as chronic conditions. Girls referred for behavioural and emotional problems may form a group especially at risk for poor outcome.
Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase‐2 mRNA in brain damage induced by lipopolysaccharide and intermittent hypoxia–ischemia in neonatal rats
Authors: Yang Li , Sameshima Hiroshi , Yamaguchi Masatoshi , Ikenoue Tsuyomu 
Published: March 2005

AbstractAim: The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and intermittent hypoxia–ischemia (HI) on brain damage in neonatal rats.Methods: Seven‐day‐old Wistar rats were injected with saline or LPS (1 mg/kg), and then underwent left common carotid artery ligation followed by a repetitive 8% hypoxia (2.0–4.5 min) at 10‐min intervals 10 times. The rats were divided into three groups: LPS with HI (LPS/HI, n = 46), saline with HI (HI alone, n = 42) and LPS alone (n = 16). Seven days later, brains were assessed for neuronal damage and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) mRNA expression.Results: Neuronal damage in the ligated side was significantly higher in LPS/HI than the other two groups (P < 0.01). The expression of iNOS and COX‐2 mRNA was observed in the affected brain in LPS/HI, which corresponded well to histologic neuronal loss.Conclusions: LPS enhanced intermittent HI brain damage in immature animals. The expression of iNOS and COX‐2 mRNA is considered to be associated with perinatal brain injury processes.
Aggregation and carbon storage in silty soil using physical fractionation techniques
Authors: Balabane M. , Plante A. F. 
Published: March 2005

SummarySoil texture and degree of aggregation affect the stabilization of organic matter. We studied their influences in silty soils using samples from two field experiments with contrasting long‐term use (cropped versus bare fallow). The cropped soil had a larger organic C content than the bare fallow, and allowed us to compare a soil with pools of organic C differing in turnover time with a soil dominated by the passive organic C pool. Increasingly dispersive treatments applied to the soils yielded aggregates of various sizes, stabilities, and organic matter contents. We found an intimate interaction between soil structure and organic matter by demonstrating that aggregation is hierarchical and that active pools of organic matter are responsible for this hierarchy. Microaggregates were found to consist of a constant ratio of clay to silt particle‐size fractions. We propose that such a property be used to estimate true microaggregation and aggregate stability by estimating the amount of soil material dispersed by a given treatment. Organic matter associated with clay is confirmed as an important sink of long‐term stabilized C, and it appears to have been increasingly preserved when in increasingly larger aggregates. However, most of the soil mass and associated organic C is in smaller aggregates. We hypothesize that the physical protection within macroaggregates does not directly control long‐term stabilization of organic C in the soil, but rather contributes indirectly through the time and local conditions it offers for organic matter to gain chemical or physico‐chemical protection by interacting with the soil environment.
A novel diagnostic tool for detecting oesophageal pathology: the PillCam oesophageal video capsule
Authors: Eliakim R. , Yassin K. , Shlomi I. , Suissa A. , Eisen G. M. 
Published: March 2005

SummaryBackground : Gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease is a common entity. Erosive oesophagitis, ulcers and Barrett's oesophagus, which is found in up to 10% of gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease patients, characterize severe gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease. Patients with Barrett's oesophagus have 0.5% per patient‐year risk of developing oesophageal adenocarcinoma. Currently, it appears that a minority of those at risk for Barrett's oesophagus undergo screening in part because of the costs associated with endoscopy as well as risks of sedation. A new ingestible PillCam oesophageal capsule developed may offer an alternative office‐based approach to visualize the oesophagus without sedation.Aim : To compare the oesophageal capsule to conventional upper endoscopy for detection of oesophageal pathologies.Methods : A newly developed capsule, which acquires video images from both ends of the device at a 4 frame/s rate, was ingested by 17 fasting patients with suspected oesophageal disorders. An ingestion procedure aimed to lengthen capsule transit time in the oesophagus was utilized. Subsequently, a standard upper endoscopy was carried out. The investigator interpreting the capsule findings was blinded to the endoscopy results and vice versa. Patients with dysphagia, known Zenker's diverticulum, intestinal obstruction, cardiac pacemaker or pregnancy were excluded.Results : Twelve of the 17 patients examined had oesophageal findings using the endoscope as the gold standard. Capsule endoscopy identified oesophageal pathology in all 12 of these patients and an additional pathology in one patient that was missed during endoscopy. For the purpose of this study, this finding was regarded as a false‐positive. The mean oesophageal passage time was 189 ± 280 s. The positive predictive value of the oesophageal capsule for any oesophageal pathology was 92% and the negative predictive value was 100%. Oesophageal capsule sensitivity was 100% and specificity 80%. There were neither swallowing difficulties nor complications subsequent to ingestion in any subjects. Seventy‐three percentage of patients preferred the oesophageal capsule procedure on conventional endoscopy. Only one patient preferred oesophagogastroduodenoscopy.Conclusions : This pilot study has shown that oesophageal capsule endoscopy is an accurate, convenient, safe and well‐tolerated method to screen patients for significant oesophageal disorders. No sedation is required, which may allow simple, office‐based screening and assessment. Further, large‐scale studies are necessary to more fully assess this novel diagnostic tool.
Effects of autumn kaolin and pyrethrin treatments on the spring population of Dysaphis plantaginea in apple orchards
Authors: Wyss E. , Daniel C. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract:The impact of treatments with the pyrethrin insecticide Pyrethrum FS and the repellent kaolin product Surround® WP to control the autumn forms of Dysaphis plantaginea Pass. (Hom., Aphididae), a major insect pest of apple, was assessed in 1‐year field experiments in Switzerland. Single and multiple applications of pyrethrin and kaolin were tested at different dates after apple harvesting in autumn 2002 when sexuales of the rosy apple aphid were present. Repeated applications of Surround® WP in autumn significantly reduced the number of females in autumn and, consequently, the number of hatched fundatrices in spring. Single kaolin treatments were less effective. Unexpectedly, neither single nor multiple applications of the contact insecticide Pyrethrum FS had a knock‐down effect on females in autumn. However, pyrethrin significantly reduced the number of hatched fundatrices in spring. Neither pesticide completely controlled the rosy apple aphid but with a more detailed analysis of factors influencing the efficacy of autumn treatments a new approach to control this serious pest could be achieved.
A Comparison of Clinically Important Differences in Health‐Related Quality of Life for Patients with Chronic Lung Disease, Asthma, or Heart Disease
Authors: Wyrwich Kathleen W. , Tierney William M. , Babu Ajit N. , Kroenke Kurt , Wolinsky Fredric D. 
Published: March 2005

Objective. On the eight scales of the Medical Outcomes Study Short‐Form 36‐Item Health Survey (SF‐36), Version 2, we compared the clinically important difference (CID) thresholds for change over time developed by three separate expert panels of physicians with experience in quality of life assessment among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and heart disease.Study Design. We used a modified Delphi technique combined with a face‐to‐face panel meeting within each disease to organize and conduct the consensus process among the expert panelists, who were familiar with the assessment and evaluations of health‐related quality of life (HRQL) measures among patients with the panel‐specific disease.Principal Findings. Each of the expert panels first determined the magnitude of the smallest numerically possible change on each SF‐36 scale, referred to as a state change, and then built their CIDs from this metric. All three panels attained consensus on the scale changes that constituted small, moderate, and large clinically important SF‐36 change scores. The CIDs established by the heart disease panel were generally greater than the CIDs agreed on by the asthma and COPD panels.Conclusions. These panel‐derived thresholds reflect possible differences in disease management among the represented panel‐specific diseases, and are all greater than the minimal CID thresholds previously developed for the SF‐36 scales among patients with arthritis. If confirmed among patients with the relevant diseases and those patients' physicians, these disease‐specific CIDs could assist both researchers and practicing clinicians in the use and interpretation of HRQL changes over time.
Critical Pathway Effectiveness: Assessing the Impact of Patient, Hospital Care, and Pathway Characteristics Using Qualitative Comparative Analysis
Authors: Dy Sydney M. , Garg Pushkal , Nyberg Dorothy , Dawson Patricia B. , Pronovost Peter J. , Morlock Laura , Rubin Haya , Wu Albert W. 
Published: March 2005

Objective. To qualitatively describe patient, hospital care, and critical pathway characteristics that may be associated with pathway effectiveness in reducing length of stay.Data Sources/Study Setting. Administrative data and review of pathway documentation and a sample of medical records for each of 26 surgical critical pathways in a tertiary care center's department of surgery, 1988–1998.Study Design. Retrospective qualitative study.Data Collection/Abstraction Methods. Using information from a literature review and consultation with experts, we developed a list of characteristics that might impact critical pathway effectiveness. We used hypothesis‐driven qualitative comparative analysis to describe key primary and secondary characteristics that might differentiate effective from ineffective critical pathways.Principal Findings. All 7 of the 26 pathways associated with a reduced length of stay had at least one of the following characteristics: (1) no preexisting trend toward lower length of stay for the procedure (71 percent), and/or (2) it was the first pathway implemented in its surgical service (71 percent). In addition, pathways effective in reducing length of stay tended to be for procedures with lower patient severity of illness, as indicated by fewer intensive care days and lower mortality. Effective pathways tended to be used more frequently than ineffective pathways (77 versus 59 percent of medical records with pathway documents present), but high rates of documented pathway use were not necessary for pathway effectiveness.Conclusions. Critical pathway programs may have limited effectiveness, and may be effective only in certain situations. Because pathway utilization was not a strong predictor of pathway effectiveness, the mechanism by which critical pathways may reduce length of stay is unclear.