bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Theory of mind in action: developmental perspectives on social neuroscience
Authors: Klin Ami , Schultz Robert , Cohen Donald J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘You, the neurotypicals, believe that autistic people have no feelings, no beliefs, not even sexual thoughts. Who are the ones without a theory of mind? Because we don’t talk as much about these things, you assume that your beliefs about us are true. Well, this is a false belief, if I am allowed to make a little pun, another thing I am not supposed to be able to do because I am autistic.
Theory of mind in other clinical conditions: is a selective ‘theory of mind’ deficit exclusive to autism?
Authors: Corcoran Rhiannon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If this book is testimony to one thing, it is that the majority of specialists who work with people with autism know that these children and adults have enormous problems when they are asked to appreciate, or attend to, the contents of someone else’s mind. Fifteen or so years of elegant empirical research, summarised in various chapters of this book and its earlier edition, have left little room for doubt about this. However, controversy still surrounds several issues about the nature and extent of the mind-reading problem and its specificity to autism. It is this latter debate which this chapter addresses. Is it really correct to argue that a ‘theory of mind’ (ToM) deficiency is exclusive to autism? Phrased in this way the answer has to be one typical in psychology: yes and no. Of course, the problem lies with the question. It lacks definition. If we were to ask instead whether it is justified to argue that autism is the only condition (we know of) in which a failure of neurodevelopment has resulted in an apparently selective inability to think about other’s thoughts, then the answer is ‘yes’. If, on the other hand, we ask whether theory of mind deficits are only ever seen in association with autism or the autistic spectra, the answer might well veer towards ‘no’ with interest.
Unlearned Lessons
Authors: Pennington T Hugh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is evident that the particular causal circumstances which played key roles in the Croydon and Hazelnut yoghurt botulism outbreaks, the Piper Alpha disaster and the Rrn1 disaster cannot be invoked to explain what went wrong at Barr’s. Maintenance failures, shift handover problems, ill-thought-out recipe changes and lack of communication within the business were not specifically responsible.
E.coli O157
Authors: Pennington T Hugh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first recorded human E.coli 0157 infection occurred in California in 1975, when it was isolated from a woman with bloody diarrhoea and abdominal cramps. This case came to light during a retrospective search for the organism in a collection of more than 3000 E. coli strains isolated from patients in the USA between 1973 and 1982 made by the Centers for Disease Control at Atlanta.
The Science of TSEs
Authors: Pennington T Hugh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is gratifying that such a complex disease as CJD has such a seemingly simple explanation. But to reach it scientists have trodden several very different and complicated pathways. Their journeys have been difficult and slow. They are far from finished. Much of the knowledge about transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), the family name for diseases such as CJD, comes from work on scrapie. Scrapie is a disease of middle-aged sheep.
BSE-Why Things went Wrong
Authors: Pennington T Hugh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For many years ‘remoteness’ was acted on as if it was a scientific fact. Why? The brilliant analysis of the Polish microbiologist and immunologist Ludwik Fleck provides the answer. In his 1935 book, Genesis and Development of a Scientific Fact, he explained how science works as a collective enterprise. Discoveries are not made in a vacuum.
Finite Element and Boundary Element Applications in Quantum Mechanics
Authors: Ram-Mohan L Ramdas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book introduces the finite element and boundary element methods (FEM & BEM) for applications to quantum mechanical systems. A discretization of the action integral with finite elements, followed by application of variational principles, brings a very general approach to the solution of Schroedinger's equation for physical systems in arbitrary geometries with complex mixed boundary conditions. The variational approach is a common thread through the book and is used for the improvement of solutions to spectroscopic accuracy, to adaptively improve finite element meshs, to develop a time-dependent theory, and also to generate the solution of large sparse matrix eigenvalue problems. A thorough introduction to BEM is given using the modelling of surface plasmons, quantum electron waveguides, and quantum scattering as illustrative examples. The book should be useful to graduate students and researchers in basic quantum theory, quantum semiconductor modeling, computational physics, mathematics and chemistry.
2D elements and shape functions
Authors: Ram-Mohan L Ramdas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In progressing from one-dimensional to two-dimensional problems we encounter a number of new issues in the formulation of the finite element method (FEM). The physical region has to be discretized into finite elements, which are now 2D elements, such that these elements must tessellate the physical region in its entirety. For example, if straight-edged elements are used along a curved boundary, the elements would not faithfully represent the physical regions along the boundary, and this could lead to incorrect boundary conditions (BCs) being implemented for the problem at hand. A large number of elements with straight edges would have to be invoked on the boundary to overcome this. A similar problem could arise when elements with curved sides are used in the interior since all adjacent elements must then have compatible sides with no gaps or overlapping coverages in the tessellation. We assume that such geometrical issues are taken into account adequately and focus on other aspects of the 2D FEM.
Matrix solvers and related issues
Authors: Ram-Mohan L Ramdas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to review methods for the solution of linear matrix equations and for the solution of complex Hermitian generalized eigenvalue problems when the matrices are of large dimension. For example, within the framework of the finite element method (FEM) the Galerkin approach to scattering problems can generate a matrix equation for the scattering amplitude with matrix dimensions N 2’. 10. Similarly, bound state problems in two or three dimensions give rise to matrix eigenvalue equations of comparable dimensions. The matrices generated in the FEM are banded and sparse. As a very rough criterion for sparseness we can suppose that matrices with element occupancy of say, Na, CY’.;:::’1.2, may be considered to be sparse matrices.
Quantum Chaos and Billiards
Authors: Nakamura Katsuhiro , Harayama Takahisa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The dynamics of billiard balls and its role in physics have received wide attention since the monumental lecture by Lord Kelvin (the man whose name is used as the unit of absolute temperature) at the turn of the 19th century. We shall begin with a brief review of his lecture [31].
Quantum Interference in Single Open Billiards
Authors: Nakamura Katsuhiro , Harayama Takahisa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As we said in Chapter 1, an accumulation of experiments has reported the presence of anomalous fluctuations in the mesoscopic (nanoscale) world. These fluctuations are distinct from those arising from thermal noise or impurity potentials, but are taken as a quantal hallmark of chaos, i.e., quantum chaos. It is now becoming one of the big themes in mesoscopic physics to capture quantum chaos. In fact, by applying nanotechnology, quantum dots such as stadium billiards and antidots such as Sinai billiards have been fabricated at the interface of GaAs/AlGaAs semiconductor heterojunctions. In quantum dots, an electron is colliding with the inner side of concave billiard walls, whereas in antidots electrons collide with the outer side of convex billiard walls. The linear dimension of these systems is less than the electronic mean free path, and each electron there exhibits a deterministic motion like a ballistic missile except when it bounces elastically off the billiard wall.
Orbit Bifurcations, Arnold Diffusion, and Coulomb Blockade
Authors: Nakamura Katsuhiro , Harayama Takahisa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Gutzwiller-type semiclassical trace formula and the semiclassical Kubo formula work well only when there is no overlapping among saddle points, namely, when periodic orbits are isolated from each other. Otherwise, we should improve these original formulas. In fact, periodic orbits can show bifurcations when the system’s parameters (e.g., magnetic or electric fields or billiard table shapes) are varied. At the point of bifurcations, periodic orbits become degenerate and improved semiclassical formulas should be invented.
Nonadiabatic Transitions, Energy Diffusion and Generalized Friction
Authors: Nakamura Katsuhiro , Harayama Takahisa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapters we have investigated time-independent stationary states. In this final chapter, we treat a time-dependent problem. Any quantum dot, to which a free-electron gas is confined, has so far been assumed to have fixed boundary wall with its position (say, X) being time-independent. If the wall were to move as illustrated in Fig. 10.1, what should happen to the free-electron gas confined by it? With X fixed, the solution of the time-independent Schrodinger equation affords a set of energy levels. A small change of X induces small shifts of individual energy levels. Repeating this procedure, one obtains a parameter (A")-dependent energy spectrum as in Fig. 10.2, which is called the adiabatic spectrum.
Chaotic Dynamics
Authors: Zaslavsky George M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Speaking about ‘chaotic dynamics’, we have in mind a kind of randomness or, more accurately, the idea that trajectories of particles or systems can be indistinguishable from some random process. This means that there exists an exact or approximate equivalent between solutions of some stochastic equation and, for example, the Newton equation, without anything random in the latter one.
Sensorimotor Entrainment Of Respiratory And Orofacial Systems In Humans
Authors: Barlow Steven M , Finan Donald S , Park So-Young 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The motor system is regarded as part of the infrastructure of the body, enabling the organism to locomote, feed, fly, respire, and, in humans, produce speech. The assembly of the neuronal machinery in a number of animal species has shown that motor behavior evolves from dynamic changes that take place at the molecular, cellular, and network level ( Grillner 2001). Some motor behaviors are mediated by central neuronal circuits known as central pattern generators (CPGs). Numerous CPGs have been analyzed, and it is clear that a wide variety of cellular, synaptic, and network properties are involved in modulating the output characteristics of these local networks (Pearson and Gordon 2000).
Introduction to Modern Analysis
Authors: Kantorovitz Shmuel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This text is based on lectures given by the author at the advanced undergraduate and graduate levels in Measure Theory, Functional Analysis, Banach Algebras, Spectral Theory (of bounded and unbounded operators), Semigroups of Operators, Probability and Mathematical Statistics, and Partial Differential Equations. The first 10 chapters discuss theoretical methods in Measure Theory and Functional Analysis, and contain over 120 end of chapter exercises. The final two chapters apply theory to applications in Probability Theory and Partial Differential Equations. The Measure Theory chapters discuss the Lebesgue-Radon-Nikodym theorem which is given the Von Neumann Hilbert space proof. Also included are the relatively advanced topics of Haar measure, differentiability of complex Borel measures in Euclidean space with respect to Lebesgue measure, and the Marcinkiewicz' interpolation theorem for operators between Lebesgue spaces. The Functional Analysis chapters cover the usual material on Banach spaces, weak topologies, separation, extremal points, the Stone-Weierstrass theorem, Hilbert spaces, Banach algebras, and Spectral Theory for both bounded and unbounded operators. Relatively advanced topics such as the Gelfand-Naimark-Segal representation theorem and the Von Neumann double commutant theorem are included. The final two chapters deal with applications, where the measure theory and functional analysis methods of the first ten chapters are applied to Probability Theory and the Theory of Distributions and PDE's. Again, some advanced topics are included, such as the Lyapounov Central Limit theorem, the Kolmogoroff "Three Series theorem", the Ehrenpreis-Malgrange-Hormander theorem on fundamental solutions, and Hormander's theory of convolution operators. The Oxford Graduate Texts in Mathematics series aim is to publish textbooks suitable for graduate students in mathematics and its applications. The level of books may range from some suitable for advanced undergraduate courses at one end, to others of interest to research workers. The emphasis is on texts of high mathematical quality in active areas, particularly areas that are not well represented in the literature at present.
Unbounded operators
Authors: Kantorovitz Shmuel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we deal with (linear) operators T with domain D(T) and range R(T) in a Banach space X; D(T) and R(T) are (linear) subspaces of X. The operators S, Tare equal if D(S) = D(T) and Sx = Tx for all x in the (common)domain of Sand T. If S,Tare operators such that D(S) C D(T) and Tlv(S) = S, we say that T is an extension of S (notation: S C T). The algebraic operations between unbounded operators are defined with the obvious restrictions on domains.
Electronic and Optical Properties of Conjugated Polymers
Authors: Barford William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Conjugated polymers have important technological applications, including solar cells and light emitting displays. They are also active components in many important biological processes. In recent years there have been significant advances in our understanding of these systems, owing to both improved experimental measurements and the development of advanced computational techniques. The aim of this book is to describe and explain the electronic and optical properties of conjugated polymers. It focuses on the character and energetic ordering of the electronic states and relates these properties to experimental observations in real systems. A number of important optical and electronic processes in conjugated polymers are also described.
Introduction To Conjugated Polymers
Authors: Barford William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Research into the electronic, optical, and magnetic properties of conjugated polymers began in the 1970s after a number of seminal experimental achievements. First, the synthesis of polyacetylene thin films (Itoˆet al.1974) and the subsequent success in doping these polymers to create conducting polymers (Chiang et al.1977) established the field of synthetic metals. Second, the synthesis of the phenyl-based polymers and the discovery of electroluminescence under low voltages in these systems (Burroughes et al.1990) established the field of polymer optoelectronics.
π -Electron Theories Of Conjugated Polymers
Authors: Barford William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to introduce some of the language and notation used throughout this book. We begin by discussing the many body Hamiltonian that describes the electronic and nuclear degrees of freedoms in polymers. Then we introduce the Born-Oppenheimer approximation which treats the nuclear degrees of freedom adiabatically and leads to the Born-Oppenheimer Hamiltonian for the electronic degrees of freedom. Next, we introduce the concept of sp(n) hybridization that decouples the higher energy σelectronic processes from the lower energy πelectronic processes. This leads to the concept of π-conjugation and allows us to introduce the π-electron models of conjugated polymers.
Interacting Electrons
Authors: Barford William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we begin to describe the effects of electron-electron interactions in conjugated polymers. We first discuss broken symmetry ground states before focussing on the character and excitation energies of some of the important lowlying states. A particularly important consequence of electron-electron interactions for neutral one-dimensional systems is the formation of bound particle-hole excitations, or excitons. This subject will be briefly discussed in this chapter, but fuller descriptions of excitons will be given in the next chapter.
Electron-Lattice Coupling Ii: Interacting Electrons
Authors: Barford William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has been recognized for some 30 years that neither electron-phonon interactions nor electron-electron interactions alone are capable of explaining the electronic properties of conjugated polymers. In transpolyacetylene, for example, it is impossible to consistently predict the values of the bond alternation and the optical gap within a no interacting framework for reasonable values of the electron-phonon coupling constant (Ovchinnikov et al.1973). In fact, as described in this chapter, the bond alternation depends crucially on the strength of the electronic interactions (Horsch 1981), with the optical gap being significantly enhanced.
Optical Processes In Conjugated Polymers
Authors: Barford William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are many excellent accounts of both the theory of optical processes in general (Ziman 1972; Butcher and Cotter 1990; Mukamel 1995 and Loudon 2000), and optical processes in organic (Pope and Swenberg 1999) and inorganic materials (Henderson and Imbusch 1989), in particular. It is the purpose of this chapter to describe some of the important linear and nonlinear optical processes that enable us to establish a connection between the theories of electronic states described in this book and their experimental consequences.
Electronic Processes In Conjugated Polymers
Authors: Barford William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A number of important electronic processes in conjugated polymers are introduced in this chapter. The emphasis is on describing electronic processes in single or weakly coupled polymers. We describe exciton (or energy) transfer, excited molecular complexes, charge transfer, and a theory of what determines the singlet exciton yield in light emitting polymers. Only in Section 9.4, where we describe screening of intramolecular excitations, are bulk systems considered.
Linear Polyenes And Trans –Polyacetylene
Authors: Barford William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The many unusual properties of transpolyacetylene have already been described in this book in the context of understanding the roles of electron-electron and electron-lattice interactions in π-electron models. These have been described in Chapters 4 and 7, in particular. In this chapter we describe some experimental observations and show how these are explained within a framework of correlated electrons with strong electron-lattice coupling. The chemical structure of transpolyacetylene is illustrated in Fig. 1.1.
Light Emitting Polymers
Authors: Barford William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The discovery of electroluminescence in poly(para-phenylene vinylene) (PPV) (Burroughes et al.1990) has led to a re-awakened interest in conjugated polymers. This interest is partly driven by a desire to understand the electronic properties of the phenyl-based light emitting polymers in order to exploit them for a wide range of technologies. These technologies include cheap and flexible light emitting displays, photovoltaic devices, optical switching, and field-effect transistors.
Introduction: what are signals?
Authors: Smith John Maynard , Harper David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This introduction can be treated as a menu outlining what is to come. There is no shortage of recent reviews of animal signals: for example, books by Hauser (1996), Bradbury and Vehrencamp (1998) and, more idiosyncratically, Zahavi and Zahavi (1997), and reviews such as Hasson (1994), Johnstone (1997), and Maynard Smith and Harper (1995). What need can there be for yet another? The answer is that despite, or perhaps because of, the multitude of reviews, there is widespread and often unrecognized confusion about the kinds of signal that exist, the mechanisms responsible for their evolution, and the terms to be used to describe them. The aim of this book is to clarify some of these confusions. We do not report any new facts, and in general we rely on previously published theories; we do attempt to bring order out of chaos.
The great studies of smoking and disease in the twentieth century
Authors: Thun Michael J , Henley Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much of what is known about the harm caused by tobacco use was learned from large prospective epidemiologic studies conducted during the second half of the twentieth century in the United Kingdom and United States. To understand why these studies were so important in documenting the deleterious effects of smoking, one must appreciate the pervasive grip that tobacco, particularly cigarette smoking, held on the United Kingdom and its former Western colonies at the close of the Second World War. The culture of cigarettes was sustained not only by nicotine addiction and by the political and economic power of the tobacco industry, but also by the symbols and imagery with which advertising had imbued it, and by prevailing social norms. How could an apparently ordinary behavior, practised by so many people with so little evidence of acute toxicity, prove to have such severe chronic effects?
The changing cigarette: Chemical studies and bioassays
Authors: Hoffmann Ilse , Hoffmann Dietrich 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1953 the first successful induction of cancer in a laboratory animal with a tobacco product was reported, with the application of cigarette tar to mouse skin (Wynder et al. 1953). (Throughout this chapter, the term ‘tar’ is used as a descriptive noun only.) The particulate matter of cigarette smoke generated by an automatic smoking machine was suspended in acetone (1:1) and painted on to the shaven backs of mice three times weekly for up to 24 months. A clear dose response was observed between the amount of tar applied to the skin of mice and the percentage of animals in the test group bearing skin papillomas and carcinomas (Wynder et al. 1957). Since then, mouse skin has been widely used as the primary bioassay method for estimating the carcinogenic potency of tobacco tar and its fractions, as well as for particulate matters of other combustion products (Wynder and Hoffmann 1962, 1967; Hoffmann and Wynder 1977; National Cancer Institute 1977a, b, c, 1980; International Agency for Research on Cancer 1986a).
Behavioral pharmacology of nicotine reinforcement
Authors: Garrett Bridgette E , Dwoskin Linda , Bardo, Michael , Henningfield Jack E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A key feature of drug addiction is compulsive and highly controlled drug seeking and self-administration, which often occur, despite the users’ awareness of harmful effects (O’Brien 1996; American Psychiatric Association 1994; World Health Organization 1992). Addictive drugs, in turn, are defined in part by their ability to act as reinforcers as a result of their actions in the brain; these actions are often associated with desirable alterations of mood and feeling state (O’Brien 1996; US DHHS 1988).