bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Growth as a corrective force in the early treatment of progressive infantile scoliosis
Authors: Mehta M. H. 
Published: August 2005

This prospective study of 136 children with progressive infantile scoliosis treated under the age of four years, and followed up for nine years, shows that the scoliosis can be reversed by harnessing the vigorous growth of the infant to early treatment by serial corrective plaster jackets. In 94 children (group 1), who were referred and treated in the early stages of progression, at a mean age of one year seven months (6 to 48 months) and with a mean Cobb angle of 32° (11° to 65°), the scoliosis resolved by a mean age of three years and six months. They needed no further treatment and went on to lead a normal life. At the last follow-up, their mean age was 11 years and two months (1 year 10 months to 25 years 2 months), 23 (24.5%) were at Risser stages 4 and 5 and 13 girls were post-menarchal. In 42 children (group 2), who were referred late at a mean age of two years and six months (11 to 48 months) and with a mean Cobb angle of 52° (23° to 92°), treatment could only reduce but not reverse the deformity. At the last follow-up, at a mean age of ten years and four months (1 year 9 months to 22 years 1 month), eight children (19%) were at Risser stages 4 and 5 and five girls were post-menarchal. Fifteen children (35.7%) had undergone spinal fusion, as may all the rest eventually.
The MRI diagnosis and management of incomplete intertrochanteric fractures of the femur
Authors: Alam A. , Willett K. , Ostlere S. 
Published: August 2005

Incomplete intertrochanteric fractures do not extend across to the medial femoral cortex and are stable, without rotational deformity or shortening of the lower limb. The aim of our study was to establish whether they can be successfully managed conservatively. A total of 68 patients over a five-year period presented with a suspected fracture of the femoral neck and underwent an MRI scan for further assessment. From these, we retrospectively reviewed eight patients with normal plain radiographs but with an incomplete, intertrochanteric fracture on MRI scan. Five were managed conservatively and three operatively. The mean length of hospital stay was 16 days for the conservatively-treated group and 15 days for those who underwent surgery; this was not statistically significant (p > 0.5) and all patients were mobilised on discharge. Although five patients were readmitted at a mean of 3.2 years after discharge, none had progressed to a complete fracture. We believe that patients with incomplete intertrochanteric fractures should be considered for conservative treatment.
The significance of at-risk factors in ultrasound surveillance of developmental dysplasia of the hip
Authors: Paton R. W. , Hinduja K. , Thomas C. D. 
Published: August 2005

Of the 34 723 infants born between 1 June 1992 and 31 May 2002, the hips of 2578 with clinical instability or at-risk factors for developmental dysplasia of the hip were imaged by ultrasound.Instability of the hip was present in 77 patients, of whom only 24 (31.2%) had an associated risk factor. From the ‘at-risk’ groups, the overall risk of type-III dysplasia, instability and irreducibility was 1:15 when family history, 1:27 when breech delivery and 1:33 when foot deformity were considered as risk factors. Of those hips which were ultrasonographically stable, 88 had type-III dysplasia.A national programme of selective ultrasound screening of at-risk factors for the diagnosis of hip dislocation or instability alone cannot be recommended because of its low predictive value (1:88). However, the incidence of type-III dysplasia and hip dislocation or dislocatability in the groups with clinical instability, family history, breech position and possibly postural foot deformity as risk factors could justify a programme of selective ultrasound imaging.
Superficial incisional infection in arthroplasty of the lower limb
Authors: Allami M. K. , Jamil W. , Fourie B. , Ashton V. , Gregg P. J. 
Published: August 2005

The Department of Health and the Public Health Laboratory Service established the Nosocomial Infection National Surveillance Scheme in order to standardise the collection of information about infections acquired in hospital in the United Kingdom and provide national data with which hospitals could measure their own performance. The definition of superficial incisional infection (skin and subcutaneous tissue), set by the Center for Disease Control (CDC), should meet at least one of the defined criteria which would confirm the diagnosis and determine the need for specific treatment. We have assessed the interobserver reliability of the criteria for superficial incisional infection set by the CDC in our current practice. The incisional site of 50 patients who had an elective primary arthroplasty of the hip or knee was evaluated independently by two orthopaedic clinical research fellows and two orthopaedic ward sisters for the presence or absence of surgical-site infection. Interobserver reliability was assessed by comparison of the criteria for wound infection used by the four observers using kappa reliability coefficients. Our study demonstrated that some of the components of the current CDC criteria were unreliable and we recommend their revision.
Stock–Yield Model for a Fish with Variable Annual Recruitment
Authors: Donald David B. , Aitken William 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Many fish populations have variable annual recruitment, which challenges both population model development and conventional management strategies. Here, we develop a stock– yield model to assess the sustainability of the commercial catch of goldeye Hiodon alosoides from western Lake Athabasca of northeastern Alberta, Canada. Goldeyes have highly irregular annual recruitment; many year-classes are poor and dominant year-classes appear an average of only 1.7 times per decade. In the late 1990s, the mean annual commercial catch from this population was about 11,500 goldeyes—primarily fish from the 1982 and 1989 year-classes. A best-fit stock–yield model developed for this population incorporated (1) the restrictions of the catch from a historic fishery that depleted this population during the 1950s and early 1960s; (2) the restrictions of the known total stock size in the early 1970s, obtained from mark–recapture studies; (3) long-term annual estimates and patterns for stock recruitment (1972–2008); (4) a natural annual mortality rate of 20%; and (5) stock estimates for 1994 obtained from the catchability coefficient (catch per unit effort divided by the magnitude of commercial stock estimated from mark–recapture data for 1972 and 1973). The model suggested that an annual commercial catch of 10,000 goldeyes was sustainable over all years and conditions (1947–2004). This small modeled catch, about 2% of the long-term mean stock number of 540,000 goldeyes, ensured that at least a few thousand mature goldeyes would survive to spawn through periods of poor stock recruitment lasting more than a decade. These results suggest that fish populations with irregular annual recruitment can sustain only a low exploitation rate to prevent stock extinction during long periods of low recruitment.
Steelhead Emigration in a Seasonal Impoundment Created by an Inflatable Rubber Dam
Authors: Manning David J. , Mann Jonathon A. , White Sean K. , Chase Shawn D. , Benkert Ron C. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
While large, permanent dams and reservoirs are known to impede smolt movements, investigations of small, temporary impoundments are scarce. Inflatable rubber bladder dams are used to create temporary impoundments worldwide, yet downstream fish passage at these structures has not been evaluated. To examine smolt emigration in a seasonal water supply reservoir and passage at a rubber dam, we tracked 110 radio-tagged steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss smolts through a 4.5-km free-flowing reach and an adjacent 5.1-km-long impoundment on the Russian River, California, during 2001, 2002, and 2004. Unlike the results of studies in other impoundments, median travel rates in the free-flowing (0.6–0.8 km/h) and reservoir (1.0–1.4 km/h) reaches did not differ significantly within or among years. Smolts slowed significantly, however, in the dam forebay. Forebay travel rates (0.02–0.1 km/h) were more than an order of magnitude lower than rates in free-flowing and reservoir reaches. Although delayed, more than 75% of the fish detected in the forebay successfully passed the dam. More than 80% of the passing fish traveled over the dam crest as opposed to through ladders and flow bypasses. To determine whether increased spill depth and velocity would reduce forebay delay, we deformed the crest of the inflatable dam into a notched configuration throughout the 2004 study year. The notched configuration increased crest depth and velocity approximately 20-fold over the normal fully inflated condition. Smolts moved significantly faster through the forebay when the dam crest was notched in 2004 (median = 2.4 h) than when the dam was fully inflated in 2001 (6.3 h). Our finding that steelhead traveled through free-flowing and impounded reaches at similar rates but slowed dramatically in the forebay should encourage others to examine forebay conditions in small reservoirs. Concentrating spill by deforming the crest of an inflatable rubber dam is a simple and effective way of reducing forebay delay.
Hooking Mortality and Physiological Responses of Striped Bass Angled in Freshwater and Held in Live-Release Tubes
Authors: Bettinger Jason M. , Tomasso Joseph R. , Isely J. Jeffery 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Mortality and physiological responses of adult striped bass Morone saxatilis angled from Lake Murray, South Carolina, and held in live-release tubes were evaluated during the spring and summer of 2003. To estimate mortality, we attached external ultrasonic transmitters to 59 striped bass (mean total length (TL) = 585 mm). Striped bass were caught with angling gear, tagged, and immediately released or held in live-release tubes for 2, 4, or 6 h prior to release. No mortality of striped bass was observed during spring. Overall mortality during summer was 83%. Mortality of summer-caught striped bass was not related to tube residence time, fish TL, depth of capture, or surface water temperature. To characterize physiological stress, we measured the plasma cortisol, glucose, lactate, and osmolality levels of 62 additional striped bass (mean TL = 563 mm) that were angled and immediately released or angled and held in live-release tubes. Plasma cortisol, glucose, lactate, and osmolality were positively related to tube residence time. When the hematological characteristics were considered only in relation to tube residence time, responses indicative of physiological stress continued for about 150 min, after which blood chemistry began to return to normal. Live-release tubes appear to be useful for keeping striped bass alive when they are angled from cool water, but they are not effective for striped bass angled from warm water. The high summer mortality of striped bass suggests a need for restrictive fishing regulations during the summer for the Lake Murray striped bass fishery.
Thiamine Status of Cayuga Lake Rainbow Trout and Its Influence on Spawning Migration
Authors: Ketola H. George , Chiotti Thomas L. , Rathman Robert S. , Fitzsimons John D. , Honeyfield Dale C. , Van Dusen Peter J. , Lewis Graham E. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss in Cayuga Lake, New York, appear to be suffering from a thiamine deficiency because their progeny develop general weakness, loss of equilibrium, and increased mortality, which are prevented by treatment with thiamine. Thiamine status and its effect on adults are unknown. In 2000 and 2002, we captured, tagged, and released 64 and 189 prespawning rainbow trout, respectively, in Cayuga Inlet at a collection weir to evaluate their thiamine status and the effect of thiamine injection (150 nmol/g) on instream migration. Half of the rainbow trout in each year (32 in 2000 and 95 in 2002) were injected with thiamine and half were uninjected; all rainbow trout were released above the weir to continue their upstream migration. By means of electrofishing in 2000, we recaptured significantly more thiamine-injected (N = 7) than uninjected (N = 0) rainbow trout approximately 7.0–9.3 river kilometers upstream from the weir. In 2002, the concentration of thiamine in the muscle of rainbow trout collected above a 1.8-m cascade was significantly higher (mean ± SD = 5.47 ± 5.04 nmol/g; range = 1.0– 13.8 nmol/g; N = 8) than that of rainbow trout collected either above a 1.0-m cascade (1.36 ± 0.71 nmol/g; range = 0.6–3.3 nmol/g; N = 16) or below the cascades (1.20 ± 0.46 nmol/g; range = 0.7–1.9 nmol/g; N = 5). The lowest concentration of thiamine observed in the muscle of rainbow trout collected upstream of the 1.8-m cascade was 1.0 nmol/g, suggesting that the threshold concentration required for rainbow trout to ascend the cascade was no more than that. Analyses of thiamine in the muscle of 26 untagged rainbow trout captured in Cayuga Inlet in 2002 showed that 16 fish (62%) had at least 1.0 nmol/g, which was apparently sufficient to support vigorous migration.
Have Different Inducements Used with the Western Rock Lobster Mail Survey of Recreational Licensees Had an Effect on Total Catch Estimates?
Authors: Thomson Adrian W. , Melville-Smith Roy 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Mail surveys have been used over the last 17 years to estimate the recreational catch of western rock lobster Panulirus cygnus in an Australian fishery. Because nonresponse bias has been recognized as having a likely effect on these survey results, different inducements have been used over the years to increase returns. If these inducements have succeeded in reducing the effects of nonresponse bias, a catch model built from the resulting catch estimates would need to include inducement as a factor. At the end of the 2002–2003 season, 5,000 recreational license holders were sent identical surveys, along with one of the six different inducements that had been tried in previous seasons. The results showed that none of the inducements was likely to have affected total catch estimates in previous seasons. The age of the licensee and the license type held were identified as possible strata for future mail surveys to help reduce nonresponse bias.
Determining Optimal Stocking Rates Using a Stock–Recruitment Model: An Example Using Walleye in Northern Wisconsin
Authors: Fayram Andrew H. , Hansen Michael J. , Nate Nancy A. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
We propose that stock–recruitment models can be used to estimate optimal stocking rates. Data to estimate the optimal stocking rates can be obtained in a relatively short amount of time by sampling similar populations over a few years. Whether the goal of stocking is endangered species recovery or supplementation of recreational fisheries, accurately determining the optimal stocking rate is of ecological and financial importance. As an example, we applied this approach using a Ricker stock–recruitment model to walleye Sander vitreus stocking in northern Wisconsin lakes. Using June stocking data and fall age-0 survey data for 39 lakes over a 14-year time period, we found that the stocking rate resulting in the greatest number of age-0 walleyes was 60 age-0 walleyes/ha. Similarly, using June stocking data and fall age-1 survey data in 18 lakes over a 9-year time period we found that the stocking rate resulting in the greatest number of age-1 walleyes was 75 age-0 walleyes/ha. About 16% of the variation in fall age-0 walleye density was explained by the stocking rate, and 28% of the variation in fall age-1 walleye density was explained by the stocking rate. Density-dependent survival was apparent and significant, as low and high stocking densities resulted in lower age-0 and age-1 juvenile walleye densities. The lake surface area explained a significant amount of the residual variation in the age-1 stock–recruitment relationship such that stocked walleyes generally survived at lower rates in large lakes than in small lakes, which may be due to a greater diversity of predators in larger lakes. Based on our analysis, we recommend stocking small fingerling walleyes at a rate of 75 fish/ha in northern Wisconsin lakes.
A New Method to Compute Standard-Weight Equations That Reduces Length-Related Bias
Authors: Gerow Kenneth G. , Anderson-Sprecher Richard C. , Hubert Wayne A. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
We propose a new method for developing standard-weight (Ws) equations for use in the computation of relative weight (Wr) because the regression line–percentile (RLP) method often leads to length-related biases in Ws equations. We studied the structural properties of Ws equations developed by the RLP method through simulations, identified reasons for biases, and compared Ws equations computed by the RLP method and the new method. The new method is similar to the RLP method but is based on means of measured weights rather than on means of weights predicted from regression models. The new method also models curvilinear Ws relationships not accounted for by the RLP method. For some length-classes in some species, the relative weights computed from Ws equations developed by the new method were more than 20 Wr units different from those using Ws equations developed by the RLP method. We recommend assessment of published Ws equations developed by the RLP method for length-related bias and use of the new method for computing new Ws equations when bias is identified.
A Comparison of Visual and Measurement-Based Techniques for Quantifying Cobble Embeddedness and Fine-Sediment Levels in Salmonid-Bearing Streams
Authors: McHugh Peter , Budy Phaedra 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Excess fine-sediment loading can strongly affect the performance of salmonids rearing in fluvial habitats. Consequently, there are multiple techniques for quantifying the biologically relevant aspects of streambed material quality. While similar methods should provide similar measurements for a given attribute, little information is available that validates this assumption. Nevertheless, there are ongoing efforts toward assembling and analyzing large-scale habitat databases using existing information collected via multiple techniques. For these reasons, we used regression to compare visual and measurement-based approaches for two commonly assessed substrate variables (cobble embeddedness and percent surface fines). For both embeddedness and percent fines, we found moderate to strong linear relationships (R2 = 0.46–0.83) between estimates obtained by visual and measurement-based approaches. However, the fitted line differed significantly from a null 1:1 expectation for the percent fines and embeddedness analyses, indicating that there is a differential bias between visual and measurement-based techniques relative to the true, but unknown, value. The observed deviation between embeddedness methods, which is primarily due to differences in measurement strategy, is probably of considerable practical significance. Conversely, the difference between techniques for percent fines appears to be negligible considering published information on observer variability for this attribute. In summary, our study provides a means for understanding and accounting for differences in substrate methods of direct relevance to large-scale habitat assessment efforts.
Age, Growth, Relative Abundance, and Scuba Capture of a New or Recovering Spawning Population of Lake Sturgeon in the Lower Niagara River, New York
Authors: Hughes Thomas C. , Lowie Christopher E. , Haynes James M. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
The objective of our study was to collect age, growth, and catch-per-unit-effort information from a new or recovering population of lake sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens in the lower Niagara River, New York. From July 1998 through August 2000, we captured 67 lake sturgeon by use of gill nets, baited setlines, and scuba diving. Active capture by scuba divers (1.50 fish/ h) was much more effective than passive capture with gill nets (0.07 fish/h) and setlines (0.06 fish/h). Eggs of Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha were more effective as setline bait than were alewives Alosa pseudoharengus, but neither bait differed in effectiveness from rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax. Ages of captured lake sturgeon ranged from 1 to 23 years; 47 of the 61 aged fish were younger than age 10. Strong relationships were found between weight, W, and length, L (W = 0.0000005 · L3.5564; R2 = 0.977) and between L and age (L = 394.05 · loge(age) + 248.77; R2 = 0.878). The lake sturgeon population in the lower Niagara River is probably small relative to its historic abundance. This naturally reproducing population should remain listed as threatened by New York State, and commercial and recreational fisheries should remain closed so that the population can rebuild adult numbers and reproductive potential.
Light‐Emitting Polythiophenes
Authors: Perepichka I. F. , Perepichka D. F. , Meng H. , Wudl F. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractPolythiophenes are one of the most important classes of conjugated polymers, with a wide range of applications, such as conducting films, electrochromics, and field‐effect transistors, which have been the subject of a number of older and more recent reviews. Much less attention has been paid to the light‐emitting properties of this class of materials, although their unique properties present a number of opportunities unavailable from more popular polymeric light emitters such as polyfluorene or poly(p‐phenylene vinylene). This article reviews achievements to date in applications of thiophene‐based polymers and oligomers as electroluminescent materials. We demonstrate the basic principles of controlling the optical properties of polythiophenes through structural modifications and review the most important light‐emitting materials created from thiophene derivatives. Special attention is paid to consequences of structural variations on the performance of light‐emitting diodes fabricated with these materials.
Cover Picture: Multilayer Polymer Light‐Emitting Diodes: White‐Light Emission with High Efficiency (Adv. Mater. 17/2005)
Authors: Gong X. , Wang S. , Moses D. , Bazan G. C. , Heeger A. J. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractWhite‐light‐emitting polymer diodes can be fabricated by solution processing using a blend of luminescent semiconducting polymers and organometallic complexes as the emission layer, and water‐soluble (or ethanol‐soluble) polymers and/or small molecules as the hole‐injection/transport layer (HIL/HTL) and the electron injection/transport layer (EIL/ETL), as reported on p. 2053 by Gong, Bazan, Heeger and co‐workers. Illumination‐quality light is obtained from these multilayer, high‐performance devices, with stable CIE coordinates, color temperatures, and high color‐rendering indices all close to those of “pure” white light. The cover illustration envisages the incorporation of the fabrication technique with low‐cost manufacturing technology in order to produce large areas of high‐quality white light.