bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Isolation and Identification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Bacteria and Testing Their Efficiency in the Solubility of Tri-Calcium Phosphate
Authors: Altai Mohammed Abood A. , Jabbar Abdullah Karem , Al-Mousawi Kawthar Mowaffak 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
A laboratory experiment was conducted to isolate and diagnose bacterial isolates from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and test their efficiency in dissolving tri-calcium phosphate in solid cultures. 10 samples were collected from the soil and rhizosphere of different crops such as (coffee, barley, radishes, alfalfa) for several geographical regions, namely Thi-Qar, Muthanna, Qadisiyah and Najaf. Serial decimal dilutions of soil samples were carried out in order to isolate the bacteria, as King B medium was used to isolate the bacteria. The results showed obtaining bacterial isolates belonging to the bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which were diagnosed based on phenotypic traits and biochemical tests and by using special keys for diagnosis. With isolates P2, P10, and P1, the values were 2.46, 2.41, and 2.33, respectively, and the lowest values were represented by isolate 3P, which amounted to 21.4. The values of the other isolates varied in their phosphate solubility values, and the results indicated that there were no significant differences between P2 and P10.
The Effect of some Soil Conditioners on the Readiness and Absorption of Nutrients
Authors: Kadim Bayan Habeeb , Assi Sabah Latef 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
In the fall of 2022–2023, students from the Department of Plant Production at the Technical College / Musayyib, which is part of the Musayyib project area, conducted a potting experiment under the canopy of the college to investigate the impact of various soil conditioners on nutrient availability and uptake. The experiment followed a completely randomized block design (R.C.B.D.), with four replicates (1, 2, 3, 4 replicates) using four different soil conditioners (humic acid, agricultural sulfur, stucco and vermicompost waste). With 48 treatments across three replicates, we were able to compare means using the L.S.D. (0.05) test for statistical significance. The results showed that the readiness and absorption of nutritional elements were significantly affected by the overlap between the type of conditioners and the number of batches, that agricultural sulfur treatment was significantly superior compared to the rest of the treatments, and that the fourth batch was superior to the first.
Preparing Soil Class Distribution Maps Using Geographic Information Systems
Authors: Ameen Warda Jawad , Al-Qureshi Amal Radi 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Ten pedons were discovered in the soils of Al-Raranjiyeh located in the province of Babylon, within longitudes 44012′0" to 44030′0" east and latitudes 32012′0" to 32024′0" north. To the laboratory and make the necessary laboratory measurements on it. As the size distribution of the soil classes was measured, and then maps of the spatial distribution of these soils were drawn by means of the Geographic Information Systems (GIS) program As the results showed that these artifacts were distributed within different ranges, as the silt content was dominant in most of the horizons of the pavilions. As for the spatial distribution, the areas with a high silt content occupied the largest area.
The Effect of Mycorrhiza Inoculation and Organic Fertilization on some Growth and Flowering Qualities of the Chrysanthemum Plant Calendula officinalis L.
Authors: Al-Qaisi Alaa Ahmed Dakhil , Altai Salahaldeen H. M. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The experiment was carried out in the wooden canopy - Faculty of Agriculture-Tikrit University - during the agricultural season 2020-2021 in plastic pots and planted Chrysanthemum seedlings, the seeds of which were grown in Cork dishes on 10/1/2020, the seedlings were transferred to plastic pots with a diameter of 14 cm when 5-4 of the real leaves were formed by 18 repeated treatments three times to make 54 experimental units using the following transactions : 1-inoculation with mycorrhiza fungus of the type Glomus mosseae at two levels (with and without inoculation). 2-using two-level compost(with and without compost) manufactured from printing papers in a ratio of (1: 3), i.e. 3 paper compost and 1 soil, Also an artificial ptomose was used with a ratio of (2-1). And mixed soils (for comparison treatment). 3-use chemical fertilizer with three levels (no fertilizer, half recommendation, full recommendation). The results showed that inoculation with mycorrhiza fungi led to a significant increase in the dry weight rate.
Studying the Effect of Biochar, Vermicompost, Potassium Silicate and Perfusion Separator on the Physical and Chemical Properties of Soil and (Vigna radiate L.)
Authors: Hammadi Alaa Shallal , Alwan Bushra Mahmood 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The field experiment was carried out during the fall season 2022 at the Agricultural Research and Experiment Station (Mahatta). A affiliate To the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences / University of Baghdad /mural for a purpose A study of the effect of biochar, vermi compost, potassium silicate and its separator Perfusion on the physical and chemical properties of soil And the growth, yield and quality of the mash inthe soil. With a split split panel design Split-Split Plot Design The coefficients were distributed using RCBD with three replications And with three factors, the main factor Main plottwo levels (4 days and 6 days) and the tokens were given (W3 and W6) sequentially and the second factor, Sub plot, potassium silicate Two levels of focus(0 and 1%) and symbols were given (S1 and S2) sequentially and the third factor under the secondary - Sub plot Sub Compost It includes both (Biochar, fertilizerworm, comparison(0, 4, 4) (Mg e-1 and the symbols are given(B0, B1, and B2) in sequence The mung bean was cultivated in Soil with a silty mixture texture Measurements were taken after harvest And Results shown The level of biochar addition was significantly higher in Soil physical and chemical properties For each of the Weighted diameter, organic matter and exchange capacity cationic And nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the soil.
Effect of Aluminum Sulfate and Cover Crops on Some Chemical and Physical Properties of Degraded Soil
Authors: Ali A. A. , Alagele S. M. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Prevalence of saline and sodic soils has been increased in arid and semi-arid regions which are often depend on irrigated agriculture, and this has led to a major threat to the agricultural sustainable production and environment. An alum has been used as chemical amendments in reclamation of degraded and dispersive soils which are affected by higher sodium concentration. A field experiment was carried out during the fall season in July, 2022 at Karma District - Anbar Governorate to study the effects of aluminum sulfate (alum) and cover crops on some soil physical and chemical properties and crop indicators in silty clay degraded soil due to salinization and high sodicity. The experimental design for the study site was a split-plot design arrangement with a randomized completely plot design (RCBD. The whole plot factor included cover crops which included no cover crops (NCC), sesbania (CC1) and millet crop (Panicum miliceum L.) (CC2), and alum levels were a split-plot factor which included A0 (0 mg ha-1), A1 (1.8 mg ha-1), A2 (3.6 mg ha-1) and A3 (7.2 mg ha-1). Three replications within each treatment were used in this study design, and the total experimental treatments were 36 treatments. Sorghum was planted as main crop in this study. The results showed that the concentration of A3 has decreased adsorption sodium percentage (ESP), pH, soil bulk density and carbonate minerals by 64, 20, 21 and 35%, respectively as compared with A0. Also, the alum level of A3 had greater aggregate stability, total porosity and saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) by 100, 29 and 145%, respectively. Cover crops were roughly decreased by 10, 3 and 8% for ESP, soil bulk density and carbonate minerals, respectively. The water-stable aggregates and Kat were increased by averaging 8-12% and averaging 8-29 mm hr-1, respectively for cover crop systems as compared to NCC management. The treatment of CC2A3 had the highest values for all measured soil properties as compared with the control treatment of NCCA0. In conclusion, adding alum and planting cover crops have been contributed to improved overall soil chemical and physical properties in degraded soil.
Fertility Evaluation of Soils of Mahaweel District in Babil Governorate Using GIS
Authors: Gaeid Fatimah Ibrahim , Jubier Amal Radhi , Oleiwi Mohammed Sallal 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The study area was chosen in the Mahaweel district of Babylon Governorate, which is located within the area confined between lonitude (44200.00 – 44650.00) to the east and latitude (32250.00-34490.00) north, as 15 pedons were detected, and their coordinates were determined by a GPS device, then their horizons were described in a fundamental morphological manner, and samples were obtained from each horizon and preserved and prepared to conduct the necessary laboratory measurements on them, as the characteristics related to soil fertility were measured, and the results showed that Soils in the horizon Ap have been classified into three classes, non fertile N, low-fertile F4, and moderately fertile F3, as the moderately-fertile variety occupied the largest area in this horizon 80669.62 hectares with a percentage of 9.97%, while in the horizon C1 it was classified into two classes: non-fertile N and low-fertile F4, and the low-fertile variety occupied the largest area of 141926.59.ha, or 87.91%, and the soils in the C3 horizon were of little fertility in general. It is concluded from this that the soil fertility gradually decreases with the depth of the soil.
Effect of Sedimentary Environment in Iron and Manganese Crystallization Index of some Soil of Anbar Government
Authors: Kazim Muna Faraj , Ibrahiem Muthana khleel , Abd ElLatif Ahmed R. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This study was conducted to elucidate the impact of depositional conditions on different sedimentary and desert environments on the crystallization index of iron and manganese. The study area is located within the administrative boundaries of Anbar Governorate. Eight desert valleys were selected, including Al-Qaim Valley, Al-Mohammadi Valley, Al-Damamah Valley, Hauran Valley, Al-Baghdadi Valley, Zaghdan Valley, Al-Sahliyah Valley, and Al-Sheikh Hadeed Valley, with two pedons per site, one in the sedimentary deposits and one in the desert deposits. The samples were prepared for laboratory analysis. Total iron and manganese, non-crystalline iron and manganese oxides, crystalline iron and manganese oxides. Then, the crystallization index was calculated for both iron and manganese elements in both sedimentary and desert soils alike. The results showed that the values of the soil pH in sedimentary soils ranged from 7.12-8.06, while they were recorded in the desert soils with a range of 7.31-8.03. In general, they fell within the limits of basic to highly basic degrees. Electrical conductivity (Ec) was recorded in a range of 0.76-11.80 ds.m-1, which were classified as low salinity to saline soils, as their values decreased with increasing depth in both desert and sedimentary soils are the result of climatic conditions of high temperatures in as well as water and wind additions that helped the accumulation of salts in the surface horizons. The cation exchangeable capacity (CEC) varied between 10.06 and 40.58 cmolc.kg-1, consistently corresponding to the clay content present in the soil. Notably, desert soils exhibited superior crystallization indices for iron and manganese compared to sedimentary soils. However, there was a decline in the crystallization index of iron relative to manganese across all study soils, attributed to the high content of total iron in the parent material, with the presence of a certain pattern in the distribution in the desert soils, where it took a regular distribution with the depth. On another hand, in the sedimentary soils it took a random distribution with the depth due to influence of the sedimentary soils with the movement and transmission of the separate clay through the soil horizons. The ratio of iron to manganese crystallization varied from 0.140 to 14.142 Generally, it increased with depth in desert and sedimentary soils, except for Hauran valley and Al-Baghdadi valley soils, where it decreased due to high total iron content in their parent material.
Effect of Adding Zeolite and Agricultural Sulfur on The Availability of Phosphorus From Rock Phosphate and Some Chemical Properties and Growth of Maize in Calcareous Soil
Authors: Ghali Alaq K. Ch. , Shref Ashrf M. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
A field experiment was carried out in one of the fields of the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad - Al-Jadriya, research station (A) on maize plant, synthetic varieties type (Fajr 1), in the autumn season during the agricultural season 2021-2022 to study the effect of adding zeolite and agricultural sulfur on the availability of phosphorus from Rock Phosphate and the growth of maize in calcareous soil with a loam texture. Agricultural sulfur was used with two levels (0, 2) μg.ha-1, which was added two months before the sowing date, and natural zeolite, which was added at sowing with two levels (0, 10) μg.ha-1, and Rock Phosphate, which was added at sowing with two levels (0, 80) μg.ha-1. While mineral phosphorus, was added in the form of DAP fertilizer according to the fertilizer recommendation for maize plants at a rate of (80) μg.ha-1 according to [1] with one level as a comparison sample with three replicates according to a factorial experiment within the randomized complete block design (RCBD), so that the number of experimental units to became (27) experimental units. Soil and plant samples were taken from the field during the two stages of plant growth (before flowering and harvesting). The results showed a significant effect of the triple interaction of adding agricultural sulfur, zeolite, and Rock Phosphate on the soil phosphorus availability at the harvesting stage which amounted to 10.15 mg.kg-1. The treatment of adding mineral fertilizer alone was 5.07 mg.kg-1, compared with the control treatment which amounted to 2.01 mg.kg-1. However the concentration of absorbed phosphorus in the plant at the stage before flowering was 916.10 mg P.plant-1, and for the treatment of mineral fertilizer alone, 519.90 mg P.plant-1, and for the control treatment amounted to 104.60 mg P.plant-1, respectively. The results also indicated the role of the triple interaction in decreasing the degree of soil reaction (pH) and increasing the degree of electrical conductivity (EC). The degree of pH reaction for the triple interaction treatment was 7.50 and 7.60, for the mineral fertilizer treatment 8.10 and 7.77, and the control treatment 8.13 and 8.13, respectively. The electrical conductivity EC for the triple interaction treatment was 3.00 and 2.84 dS/m, for the mineral fertilizer treatment 2.45 and 2.79 dS/m, and for the control treatment, which amounted to 2.33 and 2.24 dS/m during the two stages of plant growth before flowering and harvesting, respectively. The mineral zeolite alone affected the increase of the cationic exchange capacity (CEC) of the study soil which amounted to 24.27 and 25.70 Cmol.kg-1 during the plant growth stages before flowering and harvesting, respectively.
Field Use of Drip Irrigation System and Its Impact on The Values Depended Evaluation Standards
Authors: Al-Obaidi Fatima A. O. , Al-Mehmdy Shuker Mahmood Hassan 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
A field study was conducted at the Agricultural Research Station, affiliated to the College of Agriculture, located in Al-Buetha area, Al-Ramadi District, - center of Anbar Province. During the autumn season in 2022, in a sandy clay loam soil. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of field use of drip irrigation system and its impact on the adopted evaluation criteria before and after planting. To determine the effect of the drip irrigation system duration of using on its field performance. Before planting, the irrigation system was evaluated in the field by conducting tests at three different operating pressures, namely 0.3,0.5 and 0.7 bar to determine the actual discharge of the emitters closed to their design discharge. The evaluation criteria in this study were emitters discharge rate, uniformity coefficient, emission uniformity, discharge variation ratios. The results indicated that the operating pressure of 0.5 bar was the best among the selected pressures, where gave the highest actual discharge of 7.87 L h-1 which closed to its design discharge i.e., 8 Lh-1. Additionally, the highest coefficient of uniformity was achieved, reaching 96.39%, along with the highest emission uniformity of 95.93%. The lowest variation in discharge between emitters was recorded at 9.58%. Consequently, this pressure (0.5 bar) was adopted for operating the drip irrigation system throughout the study period.
Geochemical and Environmental Evaluation of the Copper Element in the Surface Soil and Its Health Effects in Selected Areas of Kirkuk Governorate
Authors: Mohammed Hanan M. , Al-Jumaily Hassan A. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
To assess the extent of copper contamination in the surface soil and its effects on human health in selected areas of Kirkuk Governorate, several geochemical analyzes and environmental assessments were performed. Twenty-two (22) surface soil samples were collected and analyzed using an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer. The results showed that the average concentration of copper in the study area was (42.64 ppm), and its highest value was in the (H19) site represented in the Benji Ali area (129.7 ppm). In (H11) site, with a concentration of (88.8 ppm), which represents an industrial neighborhood area, and the reason is due to it being a polluted industrial area, which is higher than the permissible natural values, amounting to (20 ppm). In the soil, the element copper, which indicates a potential danger to the environment, as well as the average values of the soil accumulation index showed that it is unpolluted to medium pollution, while the value of the average enrichment factor was medium enrichment, and also the average of the environmental hazard index showed potential moderate environmental risks, and it was found Exposure through inhalation (CDIinh) is more effective in adults and children with copper than through skin contact (CDIdermal) and ingestion (CDIing). And it was found that the values (HI) are greater than one for the studied copper element for both children and adults, which indicates The presence of carcinogenic health risks of the copper element on humans in the study area, and it was found that children are particularly vulnerable to the effects of copper because they are still developing.
Hysteresis in Soil, Its Causes and Influences
Authors: Nasr Marwan Musa , Ati Alaa Salih 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Soil hysteresis is a natural phenomenon that occurs in soil water retention curve (SWRC) and soil water characteristic curve (SWCC), the mismatch of the drying (drainage or desorption) and wetting (sorption or adsorption) curves in each curve is called hysteresis in soil, i.e., At any potential (Ψ), there is a discrepancy between the soil water content (Θ or ű) in the curve of desorption and adsorption, this indicates that the amounts of water collected during the desorption cycle are not the same as the amount of water for adsorption the soil at the same applied pressure (suction Ψ). So, this relationship between soil water content (Θ or ű) versus soil water potential (Ψ) is non-unique. The difference is caused by a number of mechanisms, including: Contact Angle (θ), Adsorption, Bubble-form, Matric potential, Ink-Bottle Effect, Entrapped Air, Wetting and Drying History and Pore Size... etc. The explanations concern both (water and soil). Soil hysteresis has a degree, that varies depending on the type of clay minerals and pore size... etc. In this review paper, what are the causes of soil hysteresis, the hysteresis degree, and what does it influence? will be discussed.
The Impact of Agricultural Polymer Application and Irrigation Frequency on the Availability of (NPK) in Soil and the Productivity of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Cultivated in Sandy Soil
Authors: Al-Amiri Zainab Nafeh Awwad , Al-Baraka Hanoun N. Kadhem 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
A field experiment was conducted at the Al-Bandar Research Station of the College of Agriculture - Al-Muthanna University to investigate the impact of agricultural polymer application and the frequency of irrigation on soil nutrient levels and wheat yield in sandy soil during the agricultural season of 2022-23. The experiment followed a split-plot design with three replications. The experimental design consisted of five levels of agricultural polymer, denoted as P0, P1, P2, P3, and P4, which were applied at rates of 0, 25, 75, 50, and 100 kg ha-1, respectively. These levels were assigned to the secondary plot. Additionally, the main plot was assigned four levels of the number of watering, denoted as R1, R2, R3, and R4, corresponding to 6, 7, 8, and 9 watering, respectively. The findings of the statistical analysis indicate that the inclusion of various concentrations of agricultural polymer resulted in an enhancement of nutrient availability in the soil. Specifically, the highest concentration (P3) had a significant impact on both the biological yield and the levels of soil NPK. The average values for these parameters were observed to be 13.36 mg.ha-1 and 36.30 mg N kg-1 soil, 26.83 mg P kg-1 soil, and 251.0 mg P kg-1 soil, respectively. Regarding the P2 level, it exerted an impact on the grain yield, resulting in an average of 5.41 mg ha-1. The impact of various irrigation methods on soil nutrient availability was found to be insignificant. However, a significant relationship was observed between the levels of agricultural polymers and the number of irrigations, affecting all the traits under investigation.
The Interaction Effect Between PGPR Bacteria, Mycorrhizae, and Oyster Mushroom Residues on Soil Biological Traits, Yield, and Quantity of Coriander Oil (Coriandrum sativum L.)
Authors: Abd Asma Hussein , Suhail Faris Mohammad 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
A factorial experiment was carried out in a sandy mixture soil using a completely randomized design (CRD) in the field of the Department of Soil Sciences and Water Resources, College of Agriculture, University of Diyala, in the agricultural season 2022-2023, in order to study the effect of adding Azotobacter, Pseudomonas, Mycorrhizae, and oyster mushroom residues in improving soil biological characteristics, quantity, and yield of aromatic oil of the medicinal coriander plant. The treatment of a mixture of bacteria and fungus residues with the presence of mycorrhizae achieved the highest amounts in oil yield, total yield, biomass carbon, numbers of Azotobacter and Pseudomonas bacteria, and the percentage of mycorrhizae infection, which recorded (153 L.ha-1, 632.50 kg.ha-1, 222.65 mg C kg soil-1, 15.66 * 107 CFU g-1 dry soil, 30.00 * 107 CFU g-1 dry soil, and 90.66%), respectively, compared to the comparison treatment, which recorded (13.65 L.ha-1, 270.50 kg.ha-1, 133.33 mg C kg.soil-1, 2.33 * 107 CFU g-1 dry soil, 10.00 *107 CFU g-1 dry soil, and 17.33%), respectively, and the treatment of fertilizer recommendation, which recorded (47.22 L.ha-1, 540.00 kg.ha-1, 150.75 mg C kg.soil-1, 5.00 * 107 CFU g-1 dry soil, 14.66 *107 CFU g-1 dry soil, and 26.66%), respectively.