bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Routine clinical brain MRI sequences for use at 3.0 Tesla
Authors: Lu Hanzhang , Nagae‐Poetscher Lidia M. , Golay Xavier , Lin Doris , Pomper Martin , van Zijl Peter C.M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPurposeTo establish image parameters for some routine clinical brain MRI pulse sequences at 3.0 T with the goal of maintaining, as much as possible, the well‐characterized 1.5‐T image contrast characteristics for daily clinical diagnosis, while benefiting from the increased signal to noise at higher field.Materials and MethodsA total of 10 healthy subjects were scanned on 1.5‐T and 3.0‐T systems for T1 and T2 relaxation time measurements of major gray and white matter structures. The relaxation times were subsequently used to determine 3.0‐T acquisition parameters for spin‐echo (SE), T1‐weighted, fast spin echo (FSE) or turbo spin echo (TSE), T2‐weighted, and fluid‐attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) pulse sequences that give image characteristics comparable to 1.5 T, to facilitate routine clinical diagnostics. Application of the routine clinical sequences was performed in 10 subjects, five normal subjects and five patients with various pathologies.ResultsT1 and T2 relaxation times were, respectively, 14% to 30% longer and 12% to 19% shorter at 3.0 T when compared to the values at 1.5 T, depending on the region evaluated. When using appropriate parameters, routine clinical images acquired at 3.0 T showed similar image characteristics to those obtained at 1.5 T, but with higher signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) and contrast‐to‐noise ratio (CNR), which can be used to reduce the number of averages and scan times. Recommended imaging parameters for these sequences are provided.ConclusionWhen parameters are adjusted for changes in relaxation rates, routine clinical scans at 3.0 T can provide similar image appearance as 1.5 T, but with superior image quality and/or increased speed. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2005;22:13–22. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Apparent diffusion coefficient and fractional anisotropy in spinal cord: Age and cervical spondylosis–related changes
Authors: Mamata Hatsuho , Jolesz Ferenc A. , Maier Stephan E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPurposeTo present the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and fractional anisotropy (FA) change with age in the normal spinal cord and in cervical spondylosis.Materials and MethodsA total of 11 normal volunteers and 79 cervical spondylosis patients entered this study. Line scan diffusion tensor images were obtained in a 1.5‐Tesla whole‐body scanner using a phased‐array spine coil. The ADC and FA values were measured on a sagittal section. Spearman correlation of ADC/FA vs. age for normal spinal cord was calculated.ResultsThe mean ADC of the normal spinal cord was 0.81 ± 0.03 μm2/msec at the relatively wide C2–C3 level and 0.75 ± 0.06 μm2/msec at the more narrow C4–C7 level. The FA at the corresponding level was 0.70 ± 0.05 and 0.66 ± 0.03, respectively. With age, ADC showed positive correlation (Spearman, r = 0.242) and FA exhibited negative correlation (Spearman, r = −0.244). A total of 54% of all spondylosis cases showed elevated ADC (P < 0.001) and decreased FA (P < 0.001) at the stenotic spinal canal level compared with the normal spinal cord. The average ADC and FA of high‐signal lesions on T2‐weighted images (seven patients) were 1.28 ± 0.33 μm2/msec and 0.46 ± 0.12, respectively.ConclusionADC increases and FA decreases with age in the normal spinal cord. Elevated ADC and reduced FA were measured in the spinal cord of spondylosis cases with clinical symptoms of myelopathy. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2005;22:38–43. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Single‐breathhold, four‐dimensional, quantitative assessment of LV and RV function using triggered, real‐time, steady‐state free precession MRI in heart failure patients
Authors: Narayan Girish , Nayak Krishna , Pauly John , Hu Bob 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPurposeTo validate a novel, real‐time, steady‐state free precession (SSFP), single‐breathhold technique for the assessment of left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) function in heart failure patients.Materials and MethodsA total of 20 heart failure patients (mean age 59 ± 17 years) underwent scanning with our new, real‐time, spiral SSFP sequence in which each cardiac phase was acquired in 118 msec at a resolution of 1.8 × 1.8 mm. Each cardiac slice (1‐cm thick) was automatically advanced based on a cardiac trigger, allowing complete coverage of the heart in a single breathhold. The patients also underwent LV and RV assessment with the gold standard: multiple breathhold, cardiac‐gated, segmented k‐space strategy. LV and RV end‐systolic volume (ESV) and end‐diastolic volume (EDV) and LV mass were compared between the two imaging techniques.ResultsThe new real‐time strategy was highly concordant with the gold standard technique in the assessment of LVEDV (r = 0.98), LVESV (r = 0.98), RVESV (r = 0.86), RVEDV (r = 0.91), LVMASS (r = 0.95), RVEF (r = 0.70), and LVEF (r = 0.94). The mean bias (95% confidence interval [CI]) for each parameter is LVEDV: 10.6 cc (cm3) (3.8–17.4 cc), LVESV: −0.8 cc (−5.3 to 3.7 cc), RVEDV: 3.7 cc (−5.6 to 13.2 cc), RVESV: −3.1 cc (−11.1 to 4.9 cc), LVMASS: 26 g (12.4–39.8 g), RVEF: −2.9% (1.3 to −7.2 %), LVEF: 1.9% (5 to −1.1%). In addition, data acquisition was only nine ± two seconds with the real‐time strategy vs. 312 ± 41 seconds for the standard technique.ConclusionIn patients with heart failure, real‐time, spiral SSFP allows rapid and accurate assessment of RV and LV function in a single‐breath hold. Using the same strategy, increased temporal resolution will allow real‐time assessment of cardiac wall motion during stress studies. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2005;22:59–66. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Correction of phase offset errors in main pulmonary artery flow quantification
Authors: Lankhaar Jan‐Willem , Hofman Mark B.M. , Marcus J. Tim , Zwanenburg Jaco J.M. , Faes Theo J.C. , Vonk‐Noordegraaf Anton 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPurposeTo investigate whether an existing method for correction of phase offset errors in phase‐contrast velocity quantification is applicable for assessment of main pulmonary artery flow with an MR scanner equipped with a high‐power gradient system.Materials and MethodsThe correction method consists of fitting a surface through the time average of stationary pixels of velocity‐encoded phase images, and subtracting this surface from the velocity images. Pixels are regarded as stationary if their time standard deviation falls into the lowest percentile. Flow was measured in the main pulmonary artery of 15 subjects. Each measurement was repeated on a stationary phantom. The phase offset error in the phantom was used as a reference. Correction was applied with varying polynomial surface orders (0–5) and stationarity percentiles (5–50%). The optimal surface order and stationarity percentile were determined by comparing the fitted surface with the phantom.ResultsUsing a first‐order surface and a (noncritical) 25% percentile, the correction method significantly reduced the phase offset error from 1.1 to 0.35 cm/second (RMS), which is equivalent to a reduction from 11% to 3.3% of mean volume flow. Phase error correction strongly affected stroke volume (range –11 to 26%).ConclusionThe method significantly reduces phase offset errors in pulmonary artery flow. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2005;22:73–79. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evolution of lesion volume in acute stroke treated by intravenous t‐PA
Authors: Pialat Jean‐Baptiste , Wiart Marlene , Nighoghossian Norbert , Adeleine Patrice , Derex Laurent , Hermier Marc , Froment Jean‐Claude , Berthezene Yves 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPurposeTo determine the evolution of the ischemic lesion volumes in a population treated with tissue plasminogen activator (t‐PA), MRIs were performed before treatment and 24 hours later; final infarct size was evaluated 60 days later.Materials and MethodsA total of 42 patients with hemispheric stroke were recruited for a thrombolytic study. Intravenous t‐PA was given after MRI within the first seven hours after stroke onset. Volumes were evaluated on day 0 and day 1 with diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI), on day 60 with T2‐weighted imaging (T2WI), and recanalization was assessed based on day 1 MR angiography (MRA).ResultsLesion volume increased between day 0 and day 1, and decreased between day 1 and day 60. It was lower in the group of patients with recanalization on day 1 MRA.ConclusionVolume analysis emphasizes the effectiveness of recanalization as a predictive factor for better outcome, based on final infarct size. The decrease in lesion volumes between day 1 and day 60 suggests that other factors leads to overestimation of day 1 abnormal diffusion volume. This could explain the delayed partial reversibility of the DWI abnormality. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2005;22:23–28. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of tobacco smoke exposure on splenic architecture and weight, during the primary immune response of BALB/c mice
Authors: Ayre D. J. , Keast D. , Papadimitriou J. M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMice exposed to tobacco smoke (TS) for 3 days or 18 or 28 weeks, prior to SRBC inoculation, subsequently displayed less pronounced and/or “shorter‐lived” splenomegaly than age matched controls. In addition mice exposed to TS for three days or 18 weeks displayed a reduction in both the magnitude and duration of the primary immune response as evidenced by the pattern of expansion of splenic white pulp and “RNA‐rich” white pulp volumes. In contrast mice exposed to TS for 28 weeks, prior to inoculation, displayed white pulp and “RNA‐rich” white pulp volumes similar to those of control mice.
Transport of inhaled dust to extrapulmonary sites
Authors: Holt P. F. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA histological study of the lungs of guinea‐pigs that inhaled carbon, chrysotile asbestos or crocidolite asbestos dust indicated that dust particles in macrophages move through alveolar walls towards the pleura. After some weeks accumulations of dust‐filled macrophages were found near to pulmonary blood vessels. Macrophages that ingested carbon appeared to be much less mobile than those that ingested asbestos.In sections from the animals that inhaled asbestos, macrophages were found that were penetrating the wall of blood vessels, some carrying asbestos fibres. It is probable that some inhaled dust is transferred to extrapulmonary sites by macrophages in the blood.
The kinetics of murine peritoneal macrophage replication
Authors: Murch A. R. , Papadimitriou J. M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe percentage of peritoneal macrophages synthesising DNA in the unstimulated mouse peritoneum was found to be 0.4 per cent. after a 30 min in‐vivo pulse label of 3H Tdr. This percentage was found to rise to 4.0, 24 hr after stimulation of the cavity with thioglycollate. Using BrdU incorporation as an indicator of DNA synthesis it was found that in the unstimulated animals S + G2 lasted 12–15 hr while the same functions in stimulated animals took 7–10 hr. A small proportion of much more rapidly dividing cells was found in both stimulated and unstimulated animals. These findings possibly reflect differences between resident and exudate macrophages, or alterations in the kinetics of macrophage division as a result of inflammation. It was concluded that as the increase in the number of cells synthesising DNA and their rate of division was too low, the increase in the number of cells in the stimulated cavity could not be solely the result of cell division within the cavity.
Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis
Authors: McDonald G. S. A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThirty‐eight nephrectomy specimens and two biopsies of perinephric abscesses from patients with xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis have been examined. Twenty showed evidence of venous damage. This included organised thrombi in 12, intimal thickening in five and phlebitis in three. All specimens showed evidence of previous haemorrhage in the form of haemosiderin deposition. These findings differed significantly from a control series of chronic pyelonephritis.It is suggested that venous occlusion and haemorrhage are factors in the pathogenesis of the lipid accumulation in the kidney which is characteristic of this condition.The association of a papillary transitional cell carcinoma of the pelvis in a patient with xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis is reported for the first time.
Plasma transferable inhibition of BCG induced subcutaneous inflammation in human cancer
Authors: Bureau J. P. , Senelar R. , Cupissol D. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWhen a small dacron sponge disc containing live BCG was implanted subcutaneously in healthy subjects it became infiltrated with leukocytes which at 24 hours mainly involved neutrophils. This mycobacterial‐induced inflammatory response was markedly impaired in patients with cancer. This inhibitory effect could be reproduced by injecting the plasma of these patients into guinea‐pigs bearing identical discs. The differences in inflammatory reactions in the indirect technique were less marked than in the direct test, though a parallelism between the two was seen. The fact that the plasma from cancer patients interferes with neutrophil responses in this way does not exclude the possibility that abnormal cellular functions were also operative. Since tumour growth control depends on effective inflammation these data further underline the importance in cancer patients of a defect at this level.
Excess plasma proteins as a cause of chronic inflammation and lymphoedema: Quantitative electron microscopy
Authors: Casley‐Smith J. R , Gaffney R. M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe subcutaneous tissue of rats was injected with plasma. PVP, or saline. In spite of precautions to avoid immunological reactions and the release of mediators, it was found that the plasma‐injected animals had many of the signs of chronic inflammation—even at 64 days. These were considerably reduced by coumarin, a benzo‐pyrone, which is known to enhance the lysis of proteins by macrophages. The numbers of these cells were greatly increased in the injection site—especially with the administration of coumarin. PVP also moderately increased macrophage numbers, but did not cause the increase in fibroblast numbers or collagen formation associated with the plasma‐injections. It is concluded that altered proteins in the tissues are a cause of chronic inflammation and that, in particular, chronic lymphoedema is a form of chronic inflammation.
Histochemical studies on the early proliferative lesion induced in the rat liver by aflatoxin
Authors: Butler W. H. , Hempsall Valerie , Stewart Mairi G. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMale inbred Fischer rats were fed a diet containing 5 p.p.m. aflatoxin for 1, 3, 4½ and 6 weeks at which times groups were killed for histological and histochemical study. Aflatoxin produced a scattered individual cell necrosis of parenchymal cells by 1 week. At 3 weeks small basophilic proliferative foci were seen which increased in size and abundance to 6 weeks. These foci showed starvation‐resistant glycogen, variable depletion of glucose‐6‐phosphatase, succinic dehydrogenase, aniline hydrogenase, membrane ATPase and acid phosphatase. At 6 weeks the foci showed the presence of gamma glutamyl transpeptidase and glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase. The basophilic foci were not preceded by other focal histological and histochemical change. The basophilic proliferative lesions are observed when an irreversible change has been induced in the liver. The role of such lesions in the histogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma is discussed.
Pulmonary mast cells in cattle and llamas at high altitude
Authors: Williams Andrew , Heath Donald , Harris Peter , Williams David , Smith Paul 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe density of mast cells in various anatomical locations within the lung were measured in a Peruvian Andean llama, a Peruvian Andean cow and a sea‐level‐cow. These densities were determined separately around pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins, pulmonary arterioles and venules, in the alveolar septa, and around bronchi. The total mast cell density did not differ significantly between the three animals and there were more periarteriolar and perivenular mast cells in the llama than in either of the two cows. These data do not support the hypothesis that the perivascular mast cell is responsible for initiating the vasopressor response to hypoxia. In fact it can be argued that they actually inhibit this response since a high mast cell density was found in the llama, an animal which does not develop pulmonary hypertension at high altitude.
A scanning and transmission electron microscopic study of glomerular damage in the rat following heterologous serum albumin overload
Authors: Rollason T. P. , Brewer D. B. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFemale Wistar strain rats injected intraperitoneally with 1 g of BSA per day for 5 days, a total of 5 g of BSA. developed heavy proteinuria. Characteristic morphological abnormalities were seen by both TEM and SEM in the large majority of glomeruli from these animals and were similar overall, but not identical to, those seen in puromycin aminonucleoside nephrosis. The heterologous protein overload model seems to present considerable opportunity for study of the basic mechanisms of glomerular visceral epithelial cell handling of protein.
The enzyme histochemistry of lymphoid and non‐lymphoid cells of the human palatine tonsil: A basis for the study of lymphomas
Authors: Crocker J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe distribution of various hydrolytic enzymes has been determined in 27 human palatine tonsils by means of conventional enzyme histochemical techniques, and lysozyme (muramidase) activity has been localised in eight tonsils by the unlabelled antibody peroxidase‐antiperoxidase complex (PAP) method. The enzyme activities of various cell types are compared and the effects of various methods of fixation and processing discussed.The results suggest that arrangement of various histiocytic cell types within the tonsillar follicles and crypt epithelium is related to the processing of antigen. The PAP method for lysozyme demonstrates a smaller population of cells than is demonstrated by the α‐naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) method.T‐cells are demonstrated by the presence of dot‐like ANAE activity in their cytoplasm. Large numbers of the lymphocytes of this type were located in the T‐dependent areas of the tonsil, and are frequent beneath the crypt epithelium. The efferent lymphatic vessels appeared to contain an almost pure population of T‐cells. The immunohistochemical method for lysosyme did not differentiate between T‐ and B‐cell areas, dot‐like activity being absent.As in other workers' studies on non‐lymphoid cells of the murine spleen, several types of glass‐adherent cells have been identified in short‐term cell cultures from the human tonsil. True dendritic cells and branching macrophages differ in several ways (as in the mouse spleen).The tonsil is considered to be a useful control “reactive” lymphoid organ, to act as a baseline tissue in an extended study of morphology and enzyme histochemistry in the lymphomas.
The biological behaviour of gastric cancer
Authors: Ishii Toshiharu , Ikegami Naoki , Hosoda Yasuhiro , Koide Osamu , Kaneko Masashi 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA characterisation of the biological behaviour of gastric carcinoma was attempted by relating the histological classification to the mean number of metastases for each case (metastatic index). The material was chosen from a consecutive series of 294 gastric cancer autopsies in which only conservative therapy had been given or in which the cancer was first diagnosed at autopsy.According to the extent of metastasis it was possible to divide the nine histological types into two groups of limited invasiveness and generalised invasiveness. Unfavourable biological behaviour of the cancer was determined by the presence of the latter group of histological types in the primary site even in cases where this histological type formed the minor component of the tumour. The variation in histology within the primary tumour and between the primary site and the metastatic sites was related both to histological affinities and to the metastatic index associated with the primary site histology. It is suggested that this dual classification system adds significantly to our understanding of the natural history of gastric cancer.
The modification of macrophage activity in experimental granulomas by cyclophosphamide
Authors: Birman Esther G. , Mariano M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractRound glass coverslips were implanted in the subcutaneous tissue of mice previously immunized to sheep red cells (SRBC) and the same antigen injected into the pocket where the coverslip lay. It was shown that when mice received a prior dose of cyclophosphamide (Cy) the number of macrophages adherent to the glass increased, they showed more pre‐mitotic DNA synthesis and were more phagocytic via their Fc and C3b surface receptors. However, when BCG was inoculated into similar coverslip pockets in mice not previously sensitized to BCG but pre‐treated with Cy, the number of macrophages on the glass surface fell and their phagocytic potential decreased compared with non‐Cy‐treated controls.When BCG was inoculated into the peritoneal cavity of mice, Cy treatment induced a significant increase in the number of lesions in the peritoneal cavity compared with non‐Cy‐treated controls. When BCG was injected into the footpad of mice it was clear that pre‐treatment with Cy abolished the increase in foot volume otherwise seen at 24 hr but led to a sustained increase in volume which reached a peak on day 6. However, when Cy was given to the mice 5 days after BCG injection the course of the response was not altered.It is concluded that treatment with Cy before an inflammatory stimulus with an immunological component, modifies macrophage function and granuloma development. Differential effects of Cy on various components of the immune response are thought to be its most likely explanation.
The formation of a structure with the features of synovial lining by subcutaneous injection of air: An in vivo tissue culture system
Authors: Edwards J. C. W. , Sedgwick A. D. , Willoughby D. A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWe have attempted to verify the suggestion that synovial membrane is the result of mechanical disruption of connective tissue, and may occur at any site. Mechanical disruption of the subcutaneous connective tissue was achieved in rats and mice by the repeated injection of air. The resulting cavities developed a lining structure with many of the features of synovial membrane as judged by electron microscopy, and light microscopy using haematoxylin and eosin and van Gieson stains, esterase activity and immunofluorescent staining for Ia antigen. A structure closely resembling synovium is formed as early as 6 days, providing a convenient method for studying large quantities of facsimile synovial tissue under a wide variety of easily administered stimuli.
Histochemical studies of hepatocellular carcinomas in the rat induced by aflatoxin
Authors: Butler W. H. , Hempsall Valerie 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA histochemical study has been done on a group of 18 hepatocarcinomas induced by aflatoxin. One hundred per cent. incidence of hepatocarcinomas is induced by feeding 5 p.p.m. aflatoxin for 6 weeks. The carcinomas were trabecular hepatocarcinomas with a mixed adenomatous pattern and showed considerable variation in histochemical reactions throughout the lesions. There was a patohy distribution of glycogen and glucose‐6‐phosphatase and the membrane ATPase was present along much of the canalicular border of the cells but with an abnormal and tortuous pattern. Aniline hydroxylase was present in varying amounts in both trabecular and adenomatous carcinomas. It is concluded that the histological variants of hepatocarcinoma are all derived from hepatocytes, but no unique changes were observed related to the progress involved in malignant neoplasia. The observations form a basis for comparison with early lesions seen prior to the recognition of carcinoma.