bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tumors in nonhuman primates: Observations during a six‐year period in the Yerkes Primate center colony
Authors: McClure Harold M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractTumors were observed in nine of 1,066 nonhuman primates submitted for postmortem examination during a six‐year period at the Yerkes Primate Center. Six of these animals had malignant tumors, and one animal had two primary malignancies. Nonhuman primates with tumors included rhesus, squirrel, and pigtail monkeys. Tumors observed included a sarcoma of the stomach, a sarcoma of the thigh, a malignant lymphoma, a glioblastoma of the cerebrum, two renal cell carcinomas, a carcinoma of the endometrium, and three uterine leiomyomas. Two monkeys in the colony presently have malignant tumors, one a testicular seminoma, and the other an abdominal adenocarcinoma, probably of ovarian origin. Electron microscopy revealed virus‐like particles in specimens from the thigh sarcoma. The only tumors observed in any of the great ape species during this period have been two surgically removed benign tumors in chimpanzees, a subcutaneous lipoma and a hemangioma of the skin.
Cardiac allograft pathology in rhesus monkeys
Authors: Hollander C. F. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractOrthotopic, allogeneic heart transplantations were performed in 26 randomly selected rhesus monkeys to study the effect of immunosuppressive treatment on survival and cardiac morphology. The histological picture of the acute and chronically rejected hearts was similar to that described for acute and chronic cardiac allograft rejection in man. As seems to be the case in man, an obliterative arteritis of the coronary arteries appears to be the limiting factor in cardiac allograft survival in the rhesus monkey. Immunosuppressive treatment with either Imuran and ALS or Imuran, ALS, and Prednisone could not prevent the occurrence of obliterative arteritis of the coronary arteries. Contrary to the observation in man, no atherosclerotic changes were found in the affected parts of the coronary arteries or in the non‐diseased parts.
Herpesvirus simiae infection in Macaca radiata
Authors: España Carlos 
Published: August 2005

AbstractForty of 79 bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata) housed in an outdoor structure became infected with a respiratory disease, and 16 died. The most conspicuous lesions were those of hemorrhagic interstitial lobar pneumonia and focal hepatic necrosis with monocytic infiltration and eosinophilic intranuclear inclusions. A virus, in high titer, was obtained from the lung and liver of two fatal cases (107 TCID50 × gram of tissue) by inoculating tissue homogenates in primary vervet monkey kidney, BSC‐1, and MA104 cell cultures. The cytopathic effect was identical with that induced by Herpesvirus simiae in the same cell cultures. Similar cellular changes were seen in LLC‐MK2 cell cultures. Infected cells contained eosinophilic intranuclear inclusions, and intranuclear herpes‐like virus particles were seen by electron microscopy. The virus could not be passed serially in mice by the intracerebral route of inoculation. Bonnet monkeys (herpes antibody‐free), inoculated intravenously with the virus, developed vesicular lesions on the arms, face, hands, and soles of the feet; and the virus was recovered from the vesicular fluid. All lesions disappeared within three weeks after inoculation, and the animals later recovered. On the basis of host range, cytopathic effect, electron microscopy, mouse susceptibility, and the results of neutralization tests in tissue cultures, the virus was identified as Herpesvirus simiae.
An experimental study of vocal communication between mother and infant monkeys (Macaca nemestrina)
Authors: Simons Ronald C. , Bielert Craig F. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractVocal communication was studied in six feral‐born mother monkeys (Macaca nemestrina) and their three‐ to four‐month‐old infants in tests which employed two sound‐shielded rooms equipped with microphones and speakers. The mothers' locomotor activity levels were measured as activity counts, and vocalizations of mothers and infants were recorded under three conditions: mothers in two‐way auditory communication with their own infants, in two‐way auditory communication with other infants of matched sex and age, and without communication. Mothers' vocalizations and activity counts during auditory access were correlated with the number of infants' vocalizations in the same tests. Mothers' activity counts were higher with auditory access to an infant. However, neither activity counts nor vocalizations of mothers differed when in communication with their own infants from the same measures when in communication with matched infants. Neither mothers nor infants vocalized differently, either qualitatively or quantitatively, in the three conditions.
Tactile communication among free‐ranging langurs
Authors: Weber Inge 
Published: August 2005

AbstractTactile behavior of Indian langurs was studied in the field and analyzed in the context of the complex process of communication; thus the character of the interactions created, defined, and modified by individual tactile behavior is emphasized. In the total process of communication, tactile contact is the most intimate, since only it requires the renunciation of individual space. This paper interprets the various forms of tactile communication in different social structures among langur populations and includes grooming, touching the other's shoulder or loins or root of tail, embracing, lip contact, greeting ceremonies, and specific sequences of these elements. The functions of these behaviors are discussed, specifically in terms of group composition, of the individual's role and position within a group, and of specific group situations.
Herpesvirus saimiri antigens and virus recovery from cultured cells and antibody levels and virus isolations from squirrel monkeys
Authors: Rabin Harvey , Pearson Gary , Klein George , Ablashi Dharam , Wallen William , Cicmanec John 
Published: August 2005

AbstractIn cultures of vero cells infected with a low multiplicity of Herpesvirus saimiri (HVS), the development of internal antigen, as demonstrated by indirect immunofluorescence, was detected early and preceded the release of infectious virus. Membrane antigen, determined on unfixed cells, developed shortly thereafter. A positive correlation was found between the percentage of antigen‐positive cells and the amount of recoverable infectious virus in cocultivation cultures of cells of a low virus‐producing line of HVS‐induced tumor and vero cells. Cytosine arabinoside (araC) prevented the development of infectious HVS, typical internal antigen, and membrane antigen when vero cells were treated with the drug two hours after virus inoculation. Another type of internal antigen appearing predominantly in the nucleus was demonstrable in infected but araC‐treated vero cells. The presence of antibody to this antigen was rare in naturally‐infected squirrel monkeys. Colony‐housed squirrel monkeys showed a high frequency of antibody to HVS internal antigen produced in infected vero cells in the absence of araC, and evidence for seroconversion in some of these monkeys was obtained. Virus was isolated from lymphocytes of six of seven squirrel monkeys tested.
Labor and delivery behavior in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Brandt E. M. , Mitchell G. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe present report is a description of 14 rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) births, five of which have been filmed in 16 mm colored silent film. All of the females shown in the film are feral, but descriptions of births in laboratory females are also included in the report. Time of delivery, observational techniques, signs of labor, differences with parity, and behaviors of both mothers and infants are included. A brief description of a few feet of film of a breech birth is also presented. The behaviors of adult males, who were sometimes present during delivery, are described.The characteristic labor posture is the squat, although some females crouch or lie down. Other birth behaviors are reaching back, licking, and stretching. Primiparous mothers generally have longer and more difficult deliveries and often appear to be nervous or clumsy shortly after the birth. The infant's behavior varies with its health; the present report describes the behavior of five infants. The behavior of adult males who witness births is variable, ranging from intense curiosity to aggression.
The social behavior of adult male‐infant pairs of rhesus macaques in a laboratory environment
Authors: Redican W. K. , Mitchell G. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAdult males in nonhuman primate societies exhibit a wide range of behaviors toward immature members of their social group, ranging from virtually continuous nurturance to systematic infanticide. Among macaques, rhesus monkey males in the wild display perhaps the least degree of paternalistic behavior toward conspecific infants. But adult male‐infant rhesus attachments have not as yet been explored in a controlled longitudinal study, even though the mother‐infant bond has received careful attention for several decades.In the present study two pairs of adult male and infant rhesus macaques were housed together without the mother for a period of at least seven months. To minimize the probability of physical harm to the infants, one adult male was present at the birth of the infant with whom it was paired and the other was visually familiarized with the infant for several weeks before being paired with it. Both pairs have shown much less ventral‐ventral contact than mother‐infant pairs and the infants have rarely attempted to gain nipple contact. The female infant now initiates and maintains ventral‐ventral contact much more frequently than the male infant in spite of the higher degree of aggression directed toward her by the male. The adults frequently groom their infants and exhibit varying degrees of both tolerance and aggression. Rough‐and‐tumble play appeared quite early in both pairs and is much more vigorous than mother‐infant play. Recently the male‐male pair has exhibited reciprocal mounting and thrusting.Comparisons are made with data obtained in an earlier study of mother‐infant pairs conducted under nearly identical experimental circumstances. The effects of separating the adult males and infants at seven months are also described.
Observation learning of tool use by captive Guinea baboons (Papio papio)
Authors: Beck Benjamin B. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA subadult male from a captive group of Guinea baboons learned, by trial‐and‐error, to use a tool to rake in food. He then used the tool 104 times over 26 days, thereby providing the group with most of its food. No other group member used the tool during this period. The tool user was removed, and the remainder of the group was given access to the display. None imitated his tool use. It took longer for another finally to learn to use the tool than it had for the initial solution. However, compared with the period before initial solution, group members manipulated the tool more frequently and touched the food pan with the tool nearly twice as many times after the tool user's separation.This type of tool use appears to be too complex for baboons to imitate directly. However, as a result of observing successful tool use, they attend more to the problem and manipulate the tool more frequently and more accurately. This increase in frequency and accuracy may, in turn, accelerate acquisition of the response by observers through instrumental trial‐and‐error learning.
Outcast males and social structure among bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata)
Authors: Simonds Paul E. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractOutcast males are a regular feature of rhesus (Macaca mulatta) and Japanese (M. fuscata) macaque societies but are rare among bonnet macaques (M. radiata). Apparently bonnets have other solutions than ostracism for their social problems. For example, in many troops the male‐female ratio ranges from 0.7−1.0+; and, as the young adult males grow to full social and physical maturity, they remain in the troop and participate actively in social relationships. A few troops of bonnet macaques, however, have a network of social relationships which prevents the young males from being integrated into the social system; in some of these cases, male isolation occurs. A comparison of the social relations between males in bonnet macaque societies of both types suggests that societies with strong male‐male bonds accommodate their growing males better than those with highly individual males.
Taurodont, pyramidal and fused molar roots associated with other anomalies in a kindred
Authors: Ackerman James L. , Ackerman A. Leon , Ackerman A. Bernard 
Published: August 2005

AbstractCrown characteristics have been the parameter most frequently utilized in studies of tooth morphology. Dental root structures have received relatively little attention. Examination of unusual molar roots in a kindred has enabled us to (1) establish a typology for classifying molar roots, (2) devise a methodology for evaluating the degree of taurodontism and (3) hypothesize about phylogenetic, ontogenetic and genetic aspects of root morphology. The roots of molar teeth were studied radiographically in 20 members of a family of English–German ancestry in which there was no consanguinity. Taurodont, pyramidal (single conical root) and fused molar roots were common. Other ectodermal and mesodermal anomalies (unusual upper lip, glaucoma, syndactyly and clinodactyly) were also present. This unique constellation of dental, cutaneous, ocular and bone abnormalities constitutes a previously undescribed syndrome. Unusual roots may be a genetic marker, and the finding of unusual roots, such as prismatic or wholly pyramidal, should prompt a search for other abnormalites. Dental trait analysis for genetic and microevolutionary studies should include root, as well as crown, characteristics.
Red cell isozymes in the Eastern Carolines
Authors: Yamamoto Manabu , Fu Linda 
Published: August 2005

AbstractFour populations of islanders (Ponapeans, Mokilese, Pingelapese, and Kusaieans) in the Eastern Caroline Islands have been surveyed for variability in red cell acid phosphatase, phosphoglucomutase, 6‐phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, adenylate kinase and glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase. The following gene frequencies were observed: Pa = 0.0904, PGM21 = 0.1015, and PGDB = 0.0259. No genetic variation was encountered in the AK and G6PD systems.
Bioassay of kinship in Micronesia
Authors: Morton Newton E. , Lalouel J. M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractPhenotype bioassay agrees with clan isonymy, anthropometrics, and migration in estimating the mean kinship within a Micronesian population, relative to large distances, as 0.05. Various calculations of occupancy for the Eastern Carolines from ethnohistory, kinship, and glottochronology average around 1,000 years. Estimates of isolation by distance are in agreement for different indicators of population structure. Problems of kinship bioassay are discussed.
Fingerprint quantitative variation and asymmetry in Brazilian Whites and Blacks
Authors: Salzano F. M. , De Sá E Benevides Fº F. R. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA total of 432 Whites and 654 Blacks were studied in relation to the index of pattern intensity and a smaller number (296 Whites; 496 Blacks) for total ridge count. There does not exist a clear gradient in either sex when the Blacks are subdivided into three phenotypic categories according to the amount of African ancestry they seem to possess. The standard deviations and coefficients of variation are strikingly similar in all groups studied. Racial differences in the averages of these two quantitative measures and in the asymmetry of total ridge count are small and nonsignificant. Fingerprints are very sensitive indicators of disturbances in the intrauterine development, and their asymmetry has a significant hereditary component. Since there is no increased or decreased asymmetry when we consider subgroups with various amounts of racial admixture, these and other results suggest that genetic adaptation in humans is a process involving mainly the whole species, and not narrow racial specializations.
Variation in the number of presacral vertebrae in bantu‐speaking South African Negroes
Authors: de Beer Kaufman Pamela 
Published: August 2005

AbstractVariation in number of presacral vertebrae (PSV) was examined in 462 vertebral columns in four populations drawn from tribal groups of Southern African Negroes. The total incidence of numerical variants (23 PSV and 25 PSV) was 19% in males and 12.1% in females. Males have a higher frequency of 25 PSV and females a higher frequency of 23 PSV, a sex difference reported by previous workers. Significant differences in the incidence of 25 PSV in males were present between S.A. Negroes, American Negroes and other racial groups. The total number of variants (23 PSV and 25 PSV) is significantly higher in S.A. Negro males (and higher but not significantly in females) than in the other groups; owing mainly to the findings in the Nguni‐speaking sub‐samples of the S.A. Negro. These findings support a previous suggestion based on combined‐sex data that the frequency of numerical variations of PSV are characteristic of a population. It is suggested here that such frequencies are even more characteristic when males and females are considered separately.
Natural selection on the dentition of an Arikara population
Authors: Perzigian Anthony J. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe tooth crowns of most mammals do not change in size except by attrition. Therefore, by comparing age groups within a population and finding differences in size or variation, the effects of such agencies as directional or stabilizing selection can be demonstrated. Mesiodistal and buccolingual measurements were taken on the maxillary and mandibular permanent dentition of protohistoric Arikara Indian population from South Dakota. The tooth sizes of juveniles ages 6 through 15 were compared to those of adults ages 16 through 20. The two age groups were also compared by the cross‐sectional areas of the posterior teeth. When a difference between age groups was demonstrated in either size or variation, a selection intensity was estimated using published graphs.Results from the comparisons show that adults, in general, have larger and less variable teeth than the juveniles. The data suggest the possibility that both directional and stabilizing selection were operating on the Arikara dentition. Furthermore, the selection intensities suggest that selection was operating not on the individual teeth but on functional complexes such as the posterior teeth. It appears that in populations like the Arikara where crown attrition is severe, selection will in the direction of large teeth.
Cribra orbitalia in the aborigines of Hawaii and Australia
Authors: Zaino Diane E. , Zaino Edward C. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractCranii of 53 Hawaiian aboriginal infants and children, and 45 from Australian aboriginal children were inspected. Cribra orbitalia was present in 22.8% of the former and 26.6% of the latter; osteoporotic pitting (symmetrical osteoporosis; porotic hyperostosis) was also present in the latter. The frequency compares favorably with that found in pre‐Columbian North American Pueblo Indians, 24.7%. It is associated with a widespread skeletal involvement suggestive of an active bone marrow.The findings support the concept that cribra orbitalia is related to symmetrical osteoporosis and that it may be associated with a blood disorder.
Eruption of permanent teeth in Brazilian Whites and Blacks
Authors: de Melo E Freitas Maria J. , Salzano F. M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA total of 302 White and 904 Black children six, nine and 12 years of age were studied for the eruption of their permanent teeth. Differences between the two ethnic groups were not large, but the Black subjects were generally more precocious at the beginning of the process (especially the girls, both in the upper and lower incisors). At nine and 12 years of age, however, these dissimilarities disappear. The latter do not seem to be related to distinct rates of extraction or agenesis of deciduous teeth. No significant differences were observed in the degree of asymmetry present in the permanent dentition of the White and Black individuals studied.
New studies of post‐Pleistocene human skeletal remains from the Rift Valley, Kenya
Authors: Rightmire G. P. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractPrehistoric human crania from Bromhead's Site, Willey's Kopje, Makalia Burial Site, Nakuru, and other localities in the Eastern Rift Valley of Kenya are reassessed using measurements and a multivariate statistical approach. Materials available for comparison include series of Bushman and Hottentot crania, South and East African Negroes, and Egyptians. Up to 34 cranial measurements taken on these series are utilized to construct three multiple discriminant frameworks, each of which can assign modern individuals to a correct group with considerable accuracy. When the prehistoric crania are classified with the help of these discriminants, results indicate that several of the skulls are best grouped with modern Negroes. This is especially clear in the case of individuals from Bromhead's Site, Willey's Kopje, and Nakuru, and the evidence hardly suggests post‐Pleistocene domination of the Rift and surrounding territory by “Mediterranean” Caucasoids, as has been claimed. Recent linguistic and archaeological findings are also reviewed, and these seem to support application of the term Nilotic Negro to the early Rift populations.