bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Informality in mineral resource management in Asia: Raising questions relating to community economies and sustainable development
Authors: Lahiri‐Dutt Kuntala 
Published: June 2004

Abstract Informal mining activities provide livelihoods for millions of poor in mineral‐rich developing countries. Yet, they continue to remain one of the least understood areas in mineral resource management. While its poverty reduction potential is acknowledged, the heterogeneous forms of mining that come under its purview are not well discussed. This article aims to draw attention to the politics of definition by briefly introducing the reader to the nomenclature currently used to describe such mining activities. Then the article examines the nature of informality that justifies the name, and then illustrates the claim by documenting a range of informal mining practices in India with cited examples from other Asian countries. It illustrates the variations in social‐economic, technical and legal characteristics, by putting such mining in a community and participatory framework. Finally, the article discusses ways to move towards sustainable development with community participation in mineral‐rich areas of developing countries.
Extensive size homoplasy at a microsatellite locus in the Japanese bumblebee,Bombus diversus
Authors: YOKOYAMA Jun , FUKUDA Tatsuya , YOKOYAMA Akiko , NAKAJIMA Maki 
Published: June 2004

AbstractAn extensive size homoplasy was found at microsatellite locus B11 of the bumblebee,Bombus diversus, in northern to central Honshu, Japan. A total of 16 alleles of different nucleotide sequences in five length morphs was obtained at B11 for this species. Of these alleles, five were 141 base pairs (bp) in length, five were 137 bp and four were 133 bp. Allele diversity in each length morph was high compared with previous studies. It is noteworthy that this extensive size homoplasy was found in a relatively small geographic area, in contrast to results from previous studies. Reconstruction of a median‐joining network revealed the complicated evolutionary process of the locus, involving insertion/deletion and point mutations. Preliminary estimation of the mutation rate of the B11 locus inB. diversusgives a value comparable to those estimated from experimentalDrosophilapopulations. Effects of the extensive size homoplasy in population genetic studies is discussed.
Winter survival and oviposition before and after overwintering of a parasitoid wasp, Ooencyrtus nezarae Ishii (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae)
Authors: TERAOKA Takeshi , NUMATA Hideharu 
Published: June 2004

AbstractWinter survival and oviposition before and after overwintering in Ooencyrtus nezarae, an egg parasitoid of phytophagous heteropterans, were examined in Osaka, Japan. Eggs of Riptortus clavatus parasitized by O. nezarae were kept under natural photoperiod and temperature. When honey was supplied, some female adults emerging from early September to late November overwintered. The percentage of overwintering individuals increased as the date of adult emergence advanced. Most female adults supplied with honey and hosts oviposited soon after emergence, then stopped laying eggs. Female adults emerging in mid‐October and early November laid eggs and then overwintered. The induction of diapause in the field seems to vary greatly depending on host availability. Without honey, the survival time of female adults was very short, whether host eggs were supplied or not. After overwintering, most females began to lay eggs in early May if host eggs were supplied, and they produced both male and female progeny. In the study area, a legume field in Osaka, parasitization by O. nezarae was observed from early July to November.
Moths boring into Ficus syconia on Iriomote Island, south‐western Japan
Authors: SUGIURA Shinji , YAMAZAKI Kazuo 
Published: June 2004

AbstractHerbivory in the syconia of six Ficus (Moraceae) species (F. superba, F. varieagata, F. virgata, F. irisana, F. bengutensis and F. septica) was examined in March 2002 on Iriomote Island, south‐western Japan. Larvae of two lepidopteran species, Pachybotys spissalis (Guenée) (Pyralidae: Pyraustinae) and Stathmopoda sp. (Stathmopodidae) were observed to bore into the Ficus syconia. The attack rate by the moths varied from 0 to 38.5% across Ficus trees. The interiors of the syconia were heavily grazed by the moth larvae. Because figs (syconia) can be regarded as galls and seeds, according to sex and developmental stage, the moth larvae could be considered as gall or seed herbivores, and predators of fig wasps. Moth attack in the Ficus syconia could cause the destruction of fig wasp populations, as fig wasps develop in the syconia.
Non‐specific resistance in brown planthopper resistant indica rice varieties against Plodia interpunctella (Lepidoptera: Phycitidae)
Authors: NAEEMULLAH Muhammad , SHARMA Prem N. , NAKAMURA Chiharu , TAKEDA Makio 
Published: June 2004

AbstractMechanisms of host plant resistance against insect pests can be manifold. Resistance screenings generally use single target insect pests, but the resistance thus screened may not always be specific to the target insect species. We conducted a test for non‐specific resistance in indica rice varieties with resistance genes against brown planthopper (BPH), by using the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella. The test system was very simple, and only required the non‐pest moth to be reared on rice flour. We compared the survival rate, developmental period and adult weight of the moth on three rice varieties: ‘Nipponbare’, a BPH‐susceptible japonica variety, and ‘Thai Collection 11’ and ‘Pokkali’, two resistant indica varieties. Our results were straightforward and demonstrate that resistance in the two resistant rice varieties is not BPH specific, because development of the moth was retarded and adult body weight was reduced.
Transformation of garnet epidote amphibolite to eclogite, western Dabie Mountains, China
Authors: Liu J. , Ye K. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractOmphacite and garnet coronas around amphibole occur in amphibolites in the Hong'an area, western Dabie Mountains, China. These amphibolites consist of an epidote–amphibolite facies assemblage of amphibole, garnet, albite, clinozoisite, paragonite, ilmenite and quartz, which is incompletely overprinted by an eclogite facies assemblage of garnet, omphacite and rutile. Coronas around amphibole can be divided into three types: an omphacite corona; a garnet–omphacite–rutile corona; and, a garnet–omphacite corona with less rutile. Chemographic analysis for local reaction domains in combination with petrographical observations show that reactions Amp + Ab + Pg = Omp +Czo + Qtz + H2O, and Amp + Ab = Omp ± Czo + Qtz + H2O may lead to the development of omphacite coronas. The garnet–omphacite–rutile corona was formed from the reaction Amp + Ab + Czo + Ilm ± Qtz = Omp + Grt + Rt + H2O. In garnet–omphacite coronas, the garnet corona grew during an early stage of epidote amphibolite facies metamorphism, whereas omphacite probably formed by the reactions forming the omphacite corona during the eclogite facies stage. It is estimated that these reactions occurred at 0.8–1.4 GPa and 480–610 °C using the garnet–clinopyroxene thermometer and omphacite barometer in the presence of albite.
High‐Si phengite records the time of greenschist facies overprinting: implications for models suggesting mega‐detachments in the Aegean Sea
Authors: Bröcker M. , Bieling D. , Hacker B. , Gans P. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractIn the lower main unit of the Attic‐Cycladic crystalline belt (Greece), white mica geochronology (Rb–Sr, K–Ar, 40Ar–39Ar) has established the timing of at least two metamorphic events: well‐preserved high‐pressure/low‐temperature (HP/LT) rocks yielded Eocene ages (c. 53–40 Ma) and their greenschist facies counterparts provided Oligocene–Miocene dates (c. 25–18 Ma). Marbles from Tinos Island contain high‐Si phengite with Rb–Sr (phengite–calcite) and 40Ar–39Ar white mica ages between 41 and 24 Ma. All Ar age spectra are disturbed and 40Ar–39Ar total fusion ages generally are 3–6 Ma older than corresponding Rb–Sr ages. Due to the polymetamorphic history, we consider inheritance from the HP stage as the most likely cause for the complex Ar age spectra and the older 40Ar–39Ar dates. This concept also suggests that the Rb–Sr system is more sensitive to modification during overprinting than the Ar isotope system, because resetting of the Sr isotope system can be accomplished more quickly by Sr exchange with other Ca‐rich phases, whereas lack of pervasive deformation and/or restricted availability of synmetamorphic fluids has favoured partial inheritance of the Ar isotope system. On Tinos, the lowermost part of the metamorphic succession has experienced a pervasive greenschist facies overprint. Si‐rich phengite from marbles representing this lithostratigraphic level yielded Rb–Sr ages of c. 24 Ma. If the earlier metamorphic history is not taken into account, such data sets may lead to the erroneous conclusion of Miocene HP metamorphism. This study indicates that this phengite experienced pervasive rejuvenation of the Rb–Sr isotope system during overprinting, without significant changes in Si content, due to bulk‐compositional constraints. This leads to the conclusion that in the absence of critical mineral assemblages the Si value of phengite is not a reliable indicator for metamorphic pressures in impure marbles. Recent studies have reported large displacements (>100 km) for detachment faults in the Aegean Sea. A critical parameter for such models is the age of HP metamorphism as deduced from white mica dating in the basal units of the Cyclades. We question the underlying idea of Miocene HP metamorphism and suggest, instead, that this age constrains the timing of the greenschist facies overprint and that the existence of mega‐detachments in the study area requires further investigation.
Trace element partitioning during high‐P partial melting and melt‐rock interaction; an example from northern Fiordland, New Zealand
Authors: Schröter F. C. , Stevenson J. A. , Daczko N. R. , Clarke G. L. , Pearson N. J. , Klepeis K. A. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractPods of granulite facies dioritic gneiss in the Pembroke Valley, Milford Sound, New Zealand, preserve peritectic garnet surrounded by trondhjemitic leucosome and vein networks, that are evidence of high‐P partial melting. Garnet‐bearing trondhjemitic veins extend into host gabbroic gneiss, where they are spatially linked with the recrystallization of comparatively low‐P two‐pyroxene‐hornblende granulite to fine‐grained high‐P garnet granulite assemblages in garnet reaction zones. New data acquired using a Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (LA‐ICPMS) for minerals in various textural settings indicate differences in the partitioning of trace elements in the transition of the two rock types to garnet granulite, mostly due to the presence or absence of clinozoisite. Garnet in the garnet reaction zone (gabbroic gneiss) has a distinct trace element pattern, inherited from reactant gabbroic gneiss hornblende. Peritectic garnet in the dioritic gneiss and garnet in trondhjemitic veins from the Pembroke Granulite have trace element patterns inherited from the melt‐producing reaction in the dioritic gneiss. The distinct trace element patterns of garnet link the trondhjemitic veins geochemically to sites of partial melting in the dioritic gneiss.
Silica depleted melting of pelites. Petrogenetic grid and application to the Susqueda Aureole, Spain
Authors: Riesco M. , Stüwe K. , Reche J. , Martinez F. J. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractMetapelitic rocks in the low pressure contact metamorphic aureole around the Susqueda igneous complex, Spain show a number of features that make them an ideal testing ground for the modelling of silica‐undersaturated melting. Rocks in the aureole experienced localized depletion in silica by the segregation of quartz veins during a pre‐anatectic, regional cordierite‐andalusite grade metamorphic event. These rocks were then intruded by gabbroic to dioritic rocks of the Susqueda igneous complex that formed a migmatitic contact metamorphic aureole in the country rocks. This migmatisation event caused quartz‐saturated hornfels and restite formation in rocks that had experienced no quartz vein segregation in the previous regional metamorphic event, but silica‐undersaturated melting in those rocks that were previously depleted in silica. Silica‐undersaturated melting is investigated using a new petrogenetic P–T projection and equilibrium pseudosections calculated in the KFMASH and NCKFMASH systems, respectively. The grid considers quartz absent equilibria and a range of phases that form typically in silica‐undersaturated bulk compositions, for example corundum. It is shown that the quartz‐rich precursors in the Susqueda contact aureole produced about 10% melt during contact metamorphism. However, most of this melt was extracted leaving behind rocks with restitic bulk compositions and minor leucosome segregation. It is suggested that the melt mixed with the host igneous rocks causing an apparent magmatic zoning from diorite in the centre of the complex to tonalite at the margins. In contrast, the quartz‐poor precursors (from which the quartz veins segregated) melted in the silica‐undersaturated field producing a range of assemblages including peritectic corundum and spinel. Melting of the silica‐undersaturated rocks produced only negligible melt and no subsequent melt loss.
Calculated phase equilibria for low‐ and medium‐pressure metapelites in the KFMASH and KMnFMASH systems
Authors: Wei C. J. , Powell R. , Clarke G. L. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractPetrogenetic grids in the KFMASH and KMnFMASH model systems calculated with the software thermocalc 3.1 are presented for the P–T range 0.5–12 kbar and 450–900 °C, for assemblages involving garnet, muscovite, chloritoid, biotite, chlorite, staurolite, cordierite, spinel, orthopyroxene, K‐feldspar, Al2SiO5 phases, quartz, water and melt. Based on calculated compatibility diagrams and P–T and T–MMn [Mn/(Mg + Fe + Mn)] pseudosections for different metapelitic bulk compositions, the principal conclusions are that the addition of Mn to the KFMASH system: (i) enhances the stability of garnet, and, to a lesser extent, aluminosilicates; (ii) reduces the stability of staurolite, cordierite and, to a lesser extent, chlorite; and (iii) extends the medium pressure stability of muscovite and the low‐P stability field of K‐feldspar. The influence of Mn on individual mineral stabilities is strongly related to rock composition, in particular, to the relative contents of Al2O3 and K2O. For metapelites of a range of compositions and MMn values, P–T pseudosections in the KFMASH system, in most cases, do not adequately predict the mineral assemblages observed in natural assemblages under medium and low‐pressure conditions. In contrast, the P–T pseudosections in the KMnFMASH system generally provide more satisfactory results, suggesting that MnO is one of the non‐KFMASH components that should not be neglected in documenting the phase equilibria of medium‐ and low‐P metapelites.
Searching for a National Policy on the Arts
Authors: Perone Donald Hugh 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThere have always been United States policies on the arts. Some of the nation's founding fathers envisioned federal support for the arts. Congress maintained the Constitution did not empower it to “encourage” the arts, but enacted legislation addressing acknowledged national concerns that also regulated the arts, employed artists, acquired artworks, and created cultural institutions. These uncoordinated de facto arts policies provided models for future action on arts‐related matters.The federal government's failure to address the arts more directly produced a contentious environment for the nation's artists, leaving them to feel disenfranchised. Advocates’ attempting to gain parity for artists and the arts gave rise to a national movement in the 1930s that continued into the 1960s, and constituted the pregovernmental agenda for the National Foundations on the Arts and the Humanities Act of 1965.
Setting Agendas and Designing Alternatives: Policymaking and the Strategic Role of Meetings1
Authors: Tepper Steven J. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThis paper investigates the role of strategic forums—such as special commissions, task forces, roundtables, working groups, summits—in the policy process. Reviewing prominent theories about policymaking, the author suggests ways in which strategic forums might fit within these frameworks as an analytically distinct policy lever. The paper examines existing literature on such forums, and identifies characteristics of “meetings that matter”—those gatherings that appear to have achieved some policy traction in a given domain. Finally, the paper investigates a particular field, cultural policy, to evaluate the extent to which meetings are serving policy purposes.The author concludes that meetings can serve an important role in the policy process by framing public problems and highlighting policy alternatives; creating and sustaining policy communities; fostering policy transfer and knowledge uptake; and developing networks among policy entrepreneurs. Nonetheless, with regard to cultural policy, the author argues that, compared to other policy domains, strategic policy‐focused convenings are not a regular part of the arts and culture landscape and remain underused policy tools.
The Divergent Worlds of New Media: How Policy Shapes Work in the Creative Economy1
Authors: Christopherson Susan 
Published: June 2004

Abstract“New media” workers have joined the creative economy as digital designers, web page designers, and producers of entertainment products. Like many creative commodity producers, their work lies at the intersection of the technical (in this case code writing) and the expressive (through design). It reflects the tensions inherent in this intersection and the conflicts common to many creative workers who produce commodities but whose work also reflects some element of personal expression or authorship. The ways in which these tensions are resolved is central to the formation of new occupational and professional identities. Cultural economy perspectives offer us insights into the subjective experience of the tensions associated with creative work. They become more powerful, however, when combined with an understanding of the policy context in which new media has evolved. Drawing on both cultural economy and policy analysis approaches, I argue that while new media work emerged in conjunction with new technologies and reflects the tensions between technical applications and design, it also is a product of changes in broader regulatory frameworks that have shaped the work‐world of new media. The “regulatory difference” has produced considerable variation in the occupational identities of new media workers among advanced economies. In some economies, new media work is evolving in a form that is closer to that of the professional, whereas in the United States it is better described as an entrepreneurial activity in which new media workers sell skills and services in a market.To make this argument I examine findings from the growing body of international work on new media but focus on the particularities of the United States case. What this evidence indicates is that the character of new media occupations is defined as much by the policy context within which it emerges as by the technology it uses.
Maternal and Neonatal Lymphocyte Subpopulations at Delivery and 3 Days Postpartum: Increased Coexpression of CD45 Isoforms
Authors: Juretic Emilia , Gagro Alenka , Vukelic Vesna , Petrovecki Mladen 
Published: June 2004

Problem:  Huge physiologic changes during parturition involve immune cells. Alterations in maternal and neonatal lymphocytes postpartum might ascertain the subpopulations that are most affected and may possibly be of importance in the process.Method of study:  Peripheral blood was taken from 20 healthy women at vaginal delivery and 3 days later, concomitantly with cord and peripheral blood from their newborns. Lymphocyte immunophenotyping was done by three‐color flow‐cytometry.Results:  Maternal T helper cells were decreased and natural killer (NK) cells were significantly increased during labor. Percentage of CD4+ and percentage and absolute count of CD8+ cells coexpressing CD45RA and CD45RO antigens were higher than 3 days later. In cord blood NK cells were considerably increased and more CD4+ cells expressed CD45RO antigen.Conclusion:  Coexpression of CD45RA and CD45RO molecules indicates activation of maternal CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes. NK cells increase suggests their possible association with parturition processes. Lymphocyte subsets in cord blood correspond to maternal subsets to some extent.
Accumulation of Heterochromatin Components on the Terminal Repeat Sequence of Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Mediated by the Latency-Associated Nuclear Antigen
Authors: Sakakibara Shuhei , Ueda Keiji , Nishimura Ken , Do Eunju , Ohsaki Eriko , Okuno Toshiomi , Yamanishi Koichi 
Published: June 2004

ABSTRACT
In the latent infection of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), its 160-kb circularized episomal DNA is replicated and maintained in the host nucleus. KSHV latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) is a key factor for maintaining viral latency. LANA binds to the terminal repeat (TR) DNA of the viral genome, leading to its localization to specific dot structures in the nucleus. In such an infected cell, the expression of the viral genes is restricted by a mechanism that is still unclear. Here, we found that LANA interacts with SUV39H1 histone methyltransferase, a key component of heterochromatin formation, as determined by use of a DNA pull-down assay with a biotinylated DNA fragment that contained a LANA-specific binding sequence and a maltose-binding protein pull-down assay. The diffuse localization of LANA on the chromosomes of uninfected cells changed to a punctate one with the introduction of a bacterial artificial chromosome containing most of the TR region, and SUV39H1 clearly colocalized with the LANA-associated dots. Thus, the LANA foci in KSHV-infected cells seemed to include SUV39H1 as well as heterochromatin protein 1. Furthermore, a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay revealed that the TR and the open reading frame (ORF) K1 and ORF50/RTA genes, but not the ORF73/LANA gene, lay within the heterochromatin during KSHV latency. Taken together, these observations indicate that LANA recruits heterochromatin components to the viral genome, which may lead to the establishment of viral latency and govern the transcription program.
Characterization of a Unique Group-Specific Protein (U122) of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus
Authors: Fielding Burtram C. , Tan Yee-Joo , Shuo Shen , Tan Timothy H. P. , Ooi Eng-Eong , Lim Seng Gee , Hong Wanjin , Goh Phuay-Yee 
Published: June 2004

ABSTRACT
A novel coronavirus (CoV) has been identified as the etiological agent of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). The SARS-CoV genome encodes the characteristic essential CoV replication and structural proteins. Additionally, the genome contains six group-specific open reading frames (ORFs) larger than 50 amino acids, with no known homologues. As with the group-specific genes of the other CoVs, little is known about the SARS-CoV group-specific genes. SARS-CoV ORF7a encodes a putative unique 122-amino-acid protein, designated U122 in this study. The deduced sequence contains a probable cleaved signal sequence and a C-terminal transmembrane helix, indicating that U122 is likely to be a type I membrane protein. The C-terminal tail also contains a typical endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retrieval motif, KRKTE. U122 was expressed in SARS-CoV-infected Vero E6 cells, as it could be detected by Western blot and immunofluorescence analyses. U122 is localized to the perinuclear region of both SARS-CoV-infected and transfected cells and colocalized with ER and intermediate compartment markers. Mutational analyses showed that both the signal peptide sequence and ER retrieval motif were functional.