bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“Faction in Civil War is Unmitigated Treason”
Authors: Weber Jennifer L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
MAinstream democrats had made a terrible mistake in ceding such control to the peace wing at the convention. The Copperheads, who were so strong at the end of August, turned into a political millstone for McClellan and the rest of the party. By allowing the peace wing to write the party platform and install Pendleton as McClellan’s running mate, the party gave the Republicans the chance to tar them as disloyal, an opening the Republicans capitalized on again and again. No matter how hard Democrats tried, they could not rid themselves of what the Republicans repeatedly referred to as “the smell of treason on their garments.” The man at the top of the ticket further stymied the Democrats’ attempts to regain traction. McClellan absented himself from the political game, cloistering himself instead in his New Jersey home. He refused almost all public appearances and often declined to meet important politicians in private, preferring to correspond with them instead. Tainted and leaderless, the Democrats hit the shoals in the October elections and the rocks in November. McClellan suffered a humiliating defeat at the hands of a man he had once ridiculed as “the original gorrilla,” losing even the soldier vote he presumably had locked up. The soldiers, it turned out, wanted to see the war through to its conclusion.
Further Thoughts on the Fine Tuning of Sensory Gating
Authors: Freedman Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As we can conclude from the previous chapter, it would be advantageous to be able to regulate sensory gating. Sometimes we want purposely to increase the inhibition to help us make the best possible judgments about what is going on around us, and sometimes it would be better to decrease the inhibition, to help us be alert or vigilant to any possibility.
The brain uses an additional set of neurotransmitters to regulate the glutamate–GABA interaction: acetylcholine, dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, opioids, and cannabanoids, to name a few. You may have recognized that the word cannabanoid is related to cannabis or marijuana.
Talking with a Person Who Has Schizophrenia
Authors: Freedman Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My son, Aaron, a student, was in nursing school and had a 1-week rotation on a psychiatry service. A man with schizophrenia had been admitted. He had been living in his automobile for 10 years and had not been treated during that time. On Monday he refused to talk to Aaron, which precipitated a call to me for advice. I told Aaron to bring a deck of cards the next day and no money. On Tuesday, they played gin rummy all afternoon. Aaron called to tell me what had happened and explained that he had to obtain the patient’s history and fill out a questionnaire on his nursing care needs.
A Final Piece of Neurobiology–and a Final Thought
Authors: Freedman Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim of this book is to provide an introduction to biological research on schizophrenia, to see how it informs us about the experience of having schizophrenia and more broadly to see how it informs us about how our brains work. We understand now that schizophrenia is indeed a collection of small biological changes, any one of which might not be disastrous but whose combination leaves open the possibility of psychosis. When that possibility opens, it causes a change in one’s view of the world that is not easily challenged, either by the person who has the illness or by others who wish to help.
Bearings On Place, Circumstance, And Performance
Authors: Kisliuk Michelle 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My first days back in Centrafrique already posed a challenge. Arriving in Bangui, the capital, my main task was to obtain a research permit-a process that can be prolonged by a tangle of bureaucratic obstacles. The permit would prove to local authorities that I had permission to work among BaAka and would discourage police from delaying me at road blocks. I climbed a steep dirt road leading to the Ministry of Scientific Research. Next door, a woman was hanging colorful laundry in her yard. As I passed, her chickens fluttered at my feet, then settled to peck in front of the Ministry offices. Many of the contacts I had made the preceding summer had since moved on; there was a new High Commissioner of Scientific Research who had no record of my previous visit. But after relatively few daily appointments with the High Commissioner and his secretary; I had my permit in hand.
Hotels in Bangui cater to a tiny international clientele and are expensive, so I gratefully accepted the hospitality of the U.S. Embassy charge d’affaires, whom I had met a year earlier. He and his family had remained in the country somewhat longer than most diplomats; Bangui is considered by the State Department to be a “hardship post,” and two years of service is all that is expected. Their walled-in mansion (counted as compensation for “hardship”) was flanked on one side by the wide and coursing river Oubangui, and across the road by Ngaragba prison, from which inmates sometimes called out for food. For a few days I shared a swimming-pool-and-servants lifestyle enjoyed by diplomats and expatriate business people, but the cool luxury that isolates them from the surrounding African city made me uneasy. Unlike the diplomats, most people in Bangui value an intense community life, a social wealth that can thrive without running water or electricity. I was eager to get myself and my backpacks down to Bagandou and out to Justin’s small farm at the threshold of the deep forest.
Women’S Dances Dingboku And Elamba The Politics Of Gender
Authors: Kisliuk Michelle 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ongoing, informal negotiation and disputed expectations are part of BaAka social dynamics and are highlighted in performance, as in the Mabo initiation events described in chapter 6. Marina Roseman, an ethnomusicologist who works with a rainforest population in Malaysia, has a working definition of egalitarian social systems. They are “those in which the labor or obedience of one adult cannot be coerced by another adult. Members retain the prerogative of withdrawing from untenable relationships or coercive commands” (Roseman 1984:413, cites Fried, Collier, and Rosaldo).1 An “egalitarian” sensibility in this sense makes for a cultural climate of constant negotiation (see Dumont 1986; see also Turnbull 1961; Moise 1992). And, in the context of BaAka women’s dances, gendered wills intensify the social fray.
During the eboka of the preceding chapter the women’s dances did not materialize, but at other large dance events this season, those who wanted to perform Dingboku and Elamba often did prevail.2 On occasion, each party proceeded simultaneously with its own agenda: in one instance, at a dance in a temporary BaAka camp outside Bagandou, a visiting ginda of Ndambo who had come from the Congo began to lead a men’s version of Dingboku, sometimes called So, rare in Bagandou but current both in Mopoutou and westward in Bayanga. The women were already dancing Dingboku, however, and the result was cacophony, as each group ignored the other’s claim BaAka women take Dingboku into the road in Bagandou village. In the foreground are bilo pedestrians. The large house in the background belongs to Justin’s uncle, then the mayor of Bagandou.
The “Matter Of God”
Authors: Kisliuk Michelle 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some BaAka encountered Christian missionization for the first time during 1988 and 1989. The most concentrated episode I witnessed began in late 1988, when American evangelists from the Grace Brethren Church started a campaign to “plant churches” among BaAka of the Bagandou region. This was my first significant encounter with missionaries, too, and I was not sure how to react. I tried my best to keep an open mind, believing that most missionaries have good intentions and do some positive things (see, for example, Boursier 1991). Besides, I knew of many instances where missionized peoples reinterpret the lore of the missionaries, resulting in a spirited resistance to the “colonization of consciousness” (Comaroff and Comaroff 1989). But as the complexity of the local situation became more evident, my outlook, too, became more troubled.
By November 1988, many Bagandou BaAka had already been living near the village for several weeks, and bilo were discouraging them from holding dances on weekdays. They wanted BaAka for daily labor, as when Djongi’s milo interrupted our weekday Elamba (chapter 5). As a routine of life near the village set in, BaAka increasingly limited their beboka to Sundays. Most BaAka do not know the order of the days of the Christian week and ask villagers what day it is if they want to know, but some mornings in camp there were brief debates as to the day-”yesterday was Tuesday, so today must be Saturday.” Normally; BaAka track time in terms of nature’s cycles: the sun’s positions during the day; the phases of the moon, and the seasons-dry, rainy; forest nuts, honey, corn, caterpillar (esepho, mbwa, mondonge, mbaso, bombombo, congo). But concepts of time and routine altered as this season near the village wore on.1
Continuations Managing Missionaries And Modernity
Authors: Kisliuk Michelle 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This final chapter is intended not to conclude but to sharpen a focus on process and change. As both a reprise and an extension of issues within the book, here I describe comparative travel and follow-up research trips between May 1989 and September 1995, which took some unforeseen turns.
During my final months of research in 1989, I journeyed west toward Nola and Bayanga. I was eager to meet BaAka from this region, who call themselves BaAka Bambenjele, because as far away as Bagandou these BaAka have something of a reputation as exceptional dancers and singers.1 As I expected from hearsay in Bagandou, though, around the large town of Nola, Centrafrican Baptists had been active with the pygmies for years. I stayed in Nola for a few days with a local Peace Corps worker named Susan. On Sunday, Susan’s neighbor Jean-Pierre-the pastor I’d interviewed the previous day (described in chapter 8)-took us to a service among BaAka who live along the road outside town. This Baptist service did not have the ad hoc leeway of the service at Dzanga; the pastor led the prayers, mostly in Sango, and these BaAka-much more familiar with Sango and long exposed to missionaries-followed obediently. Nevertheless, I found the musical aspects intriguing. Like the Grace Brethren, the Baptists have been in Centrafrique since the early 1920s, but like many other Christian sects, their hymns in Sango have been “Africanized;’ with syncopated phrasing and parallel harmonies in intervals of thirds, fourths, and fifths, accompanied by lively but unvarying drum rhythms that emphasize one central downbeat. Most striking, though, is that BaAka here have been Christians long enough to have developed at least one hymn in their own language, and I was startled to hear them sing it in overlapping, pygmy fashion (CD 2:11). Unlike the other hymns, this one had words buried within layers of interlaced phrases, with harmonies in seconds and vowel sounds of “oh”s and “eh”s (though without the trademark “eeya”s). Although the form of this song was not as dynamic as most BaAka singing, it carried an unmistakably BaAka sensibility. This was the first time I’d seen BaAka reconfigure Christian material into their own style.
War and Social Organization: From Nomadic Bands to Modern States
Authors: Fry Douglas P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the midst of World War II, Quincy Wright published a magnum opus called The Study of War. The two-volume work, totaling well over a thousand pages, draws on information from fields as diverse as psychology, sociology, anthropology, history, and political science, as well as Wright’s own discipline, international law. In considering anthropological data, Wright and his team of assistants used a large cross-cultural, worldwide sample.Wright was able to rate the vast majority of the societies, 590 in all, regarding warfare.2 Thirty societies (5 percent of the total) were found to lack warfare, The literature revealed no evidence of warfare, no military organization, and no special weapons.
Returning to the Evidence: Life in the Band
Authors: Fry Douglas P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A dispute [among the Mhuti] may he stopped simply by making life intolerable for the disputants by miming them and throwing them into ridicule. If these measures Jail and the dispute persists, the hunting automatically suffers, and if no reconciliation is effected, the hand splits, either forming two subsections or remaining as a single hand, with the splinter section joining another band, at least temporarily.
A New Evolutionary Perspective: The Nomadic Forager Model
Authors: Fry Douglas P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What are the evolutionary costs and benefits of aggressive behavior? Some likely costs include being injured, getting killed, harming relatives if fighting with them, losing friends, taking time and energy away from other necessary pursuits such as finding food or mating, and, among humans, getting yourself expelled from the group. 1 A central point is that engaging in aggression can be dangerous and has the potential for reducing an individual’s fitness in various ways.2 Animals sometimes die as a result of injuries sustained in fights, as observed, for instance, among hyenas, lions, and various primates, but as ethologist Robert Hinde assesses, “death and injury are less common than might be expected.” Aggression researchers Caroline and Robert Blanchard explain: “In evolutionary terms ... successful individuals will be those with techniques which enable them to avoid agonistic situations involving serious possibilities of defeat or injury, while leaving them to continue in more promising situations.”3
“Rain the Rebels Out”
Authors: Symonds Craig L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lincoln Began To Think about Union grand strategy almost from the first day of the war. On April 25, 1861, the day the 7th New York regiment marched into Washington to ease fears of a rebel coup de main, Lincoln mused aloud to his secretary John Hay about how the administration could regain control of the crisis. “I intend at present,” he declared, “to fill Fortress Monroe with men and stores; blockade the ports effectually; provide for the entire safety of the Capitol; keep them quietly employed in this way, and then go down to Charleston and pay her the little debt we are owing her.”
“Peace Does Not Appear So Distant as It Did”
Authors: Symonds Craig L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lincoln’s Hope that the victories at Gettysburg and Vicksburg might herald a swift end to the war went unfulfilled. In Virginia, Lee regrouped and even managed to reinforce his army, bringing its strength back up to sixty thousand men. Though much of his offensive potential had been squandered in the summer campaign, he remained as dangerous as ever on the defensive, and Meade evidenced little eagerness to challenge him. In the West, Union Major General William Rosecrans maneuvered the rebels out of Chattanooga, but gratifying as that was, the western Confederate army remained intact and poised for a counterstroke.
“A Worthy Object”
Authors: Symonds Craig L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The New Year Began Amidst A Surge Of Optimism. Like many others, Lincoln hoped—even expected—that 1864 would be the year the war ended. After the spectacular Union triumphs of the previous year, it seemed impossible that the secessionists could hold out much longer. Lincoln’s hopes soared in May when it appeared that Grant had won a slugfest in the tangle of Virginia undergrowth known as the Wilderness, and he began to believe that the war might be brought to an end that summer. Lincoln closely followed the news of Grant’s operations in Virginia and, as much as he could, Sherman’s in Georgia, but he focused as well on the looming election.
“I Must Refer You to General Grant”
Authors: Symonds Craig L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The High Hopes of Spring evaporated amidst the apparent military stalemate of late summer. The casualty lists printed in northern papers were horrifying, and the price of gold continued to climb as speculators lost confidence in the ability of the national government to satisfy its creditors. Lincoln’s call for five hundred thousand more troops in July, only five months after calling for five hundred thousand in February, produced cries that the meat grinder of war was insatiable.
Introduction
Authors: Diouf Sylviane A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On a January Night in 2002, a truck backed up to a statue in front of Union Missionary Baptist Church, north of Mobile, Alabama. One or two people got out, cut through parts of the heavy bronze bust, ripped it from its brick base, and disappeared with their loot. The theft shocked and angered the congregation of pastor A. J. Crawford, Sr. They had just celebrated the New Year and were preparing to commemorate, the following month, the 130th anniversary of the church. Unlike those of the Virgin Mary or George Washington, this statue was the only one of its kind in the country. The theft struck at the very core of a community that will never have any equivalent in North America. Determined to bring the statue back home, the congregation established a reward fund. In case the bust was not found, the money would be used to cast a new one. The wooden model, carved fifty years earlier, was still in town.
Freedom
Authors: A.Diouf Sylviane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
He Roads Heading South to Mobile were crowded, packed with people with baskets on their heads; barefoot children in tattered shirttails, with bundles tied to their backs; women with babies on their hips; families pushing rickety and wobbly old carts, sleeping in ditches, cooking, eating, resting on the side of the road. Four million people had been freed, more than 10 percent of them in Alabama, and they were on the move. Some were gone the minute they heard the news; they gathered children and clothes, and they were gone. “Most of the niggers took what all they have on their heads and walked off,” freedman Lindly Hardley recalled.The first restriction that servitude had imposed on its victims was immobility. Their world was circumscribed to the house, the farm, or the plantation, and venturing outside of these limits was not permitted without written permission. So, to feel really free, men, women, and children had to walk away, leave the fields and the quarters, travel wherever they pleased—far away or just up the road—without asking for a pass.
Going Back Home
Authors: A.Diouf Sylviane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Year 1901 Marked The Beginning of a new era in Alabama, one that for African Americans looked ominously like Southern whites’ idea of “the good old days” of William Foster and Timothy Meaher’s fame. On April 23, 70,300 men voted for and 45,500 against a convention to draft a new constitution that, among other reactionary items, would disenfranchise the overwhelming majority of blacks and many poor whites. The Democratic Campaign Committee had sent out letters advising party members to ratify the constitution in envelopes marked “White Supremacy, Honest Elections, and the New Constitution One and Inseparable.” One of the cynical rationales for black disfranchisement was that the black vote had been so flagrantly manipulated—to maintain white domination—that it was necessary, in order to have fair and honest elections, to simply suppress it. As the convention’s president, John B. Knox, summed up, “the negro is not being discriminated against on account of his race, but on account of his intellectual and moral condition.” The Mobile Daily Register explained that disenfranchisement “was the best thing that could happen for them, not excepting even their emancipation.” Liberation, it continued, came only with manhood and intelligence and “the negro has not had any of these conferred upon him.” By disenfranchising the masses, the constitution would help intelligent Negro men strive for education and elevation.
The Sol-Fa-Mi
Authors: Gjerdingen Robert O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
a French m a unscripted from Dijon contains a setting by Gallup of Confitibor tibi Domine (Psalm 111, known in English as “I will praise the Lord with all my heart”).1 Gallup’s sacred music is every bit as graceful as his secular music, and full of elegant details. Two versions of the music that opens this motet are shown below. The first version is from the soprano’s initial entrance and features a melodic Sol-Fa-Mi linked to a Long cadence that supports elements of a Do-Re-Mi and a Pinner.
An Andantino Affettuoso by Niccolò Jommelli
Authors: Gjerdingen Robert O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
birthday celebrations for Carl Eugene, Duck e of Württemberg, were crowned with opera serial. As a connoisseur of music, having studied the clavier with no less than C. P. E. Bach, the duke expected the very best. Indeed he spared no expense to ensure that his court opera was the equal of any in Europe. For his ballet master he engaged the famous Parisian Jean-Georges Navarre (1727–1810), for his head chapel master the Neapolitan Jommelli. Great violinists like Antonio Loll (ca. 1725–1802) and Petro Nadine (1722–1793) played in his orchestra (the theorist Daubed sat as second flute). For the celebrations of 1764 the renowned tenor Archangel Crotona would sing the role of Demofoonte, King of Thrace (and allegorical stand-in for the duke). The loving spouses— Tim ante and Direct—were sung by the famous castrato Giuseppe April (Naples-trained author of the solfeggio discussed in chaps. 2 and 9) and the prima donna Maria Masi-Giura. One of the highlights of the evening would be their duet “La destroy ti chide.”
Il Filo a poco adagio by Joseph Haydn
Authors: Gjerdingen Robert O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
like Gallup’s famous ha marks of musical l excellence, “beauty, clarity, and fine modulation” (“vaghezza, chiarezza, e buona modulazione”),1 Leopold Mozart’s hallmarks of a master composer, “good technical composition and the arrangement of material: il filo” (“der guests, und die Droning, il filo”),2 can be difficult to translate into the language of our time. I, for instance, read Leopold as describing two concepts, with the second named in both German and Italian, while Emily Anderson, the enormously talented translator of Mozart’s letters, took Leopold’s laconic remark to have three parts—”good composition, sound construction, il filo.”3 The English words “composition” and “construction” seem insufficiently distinct. In my view, Leopold’s use of Satz refers to the craft of musical composition, with all its rules and preferred procedures, while Droning refers to the choices made in the serial disposition of musical material. Placing things in a suitable order creates the cognitive thread (il filo) that, like Ariadne’s thread which led Theseus through the labyrinth, guides the listener through a musical work. One might have wished for Leopold to expand on il filo, since it appears to have had an accepted meaning among the Mozart’s and perhaps among musicians of that time generally. Like so many musical terms of the eighteenth century, whether adagio, concerto, crescendo, or font, it was Italian in provenance and probably disseminated through both Italian musicians working in the north and northern musicians studying in Italy.4 As a metaphor the term is, of course, open to many interpretations. In this chapter, I will approach it from four perspectives—schemata, paths, pertinent, and sketches—in the hope of establishing a more prosaic definition, one that nonetheless is important for understanding how the Mozart’s and other gallant musicians conceived of the art of composition.