bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Developing Nations, Equal Protection, and the Limits of Moral Heroism
Authors: Shrader‐Frechette Kristin 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Using case studies focusing on how developed nations impose environmental risks on developing countries, the chapter reveals how the U.S. and other nations ship banned pesticides or hazardous waste to developing nations. The chapter analyzes the concepts of equal protection and moral heroism or supererogation. It argues that most indigenous people do not give genuine informed consent to such risks and that it is not paternalistic to protect native people. Extending and developing arguments of Peter Singer, the chapter also argues that ordinary citizens have duties (that are not heroic) to help protect innocent victims from first‐world exploitation, even though there are many economic incentives that lead nations to exploit the poor of the world.
The Making of a National Identity
Authors: Machado Daisy L. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Frederick Jackson Turner's frontier thesis became a significant force in shaping the national identity of the U.S. The ideologies incorporated into Turner's frontier thesis were not only meant to provide a historical interpretation of how the U.S. came into being but also satisfied the national need for a “usable past.” This frontier thesis was able to transmit a series of symbols that became imbedded in the nation's self‐perception and self‐understanding: Virgin land, wilderness, land and democracy, Manifest Destiny, chosen race. Race must be understood as an important piece of this developing national identity because the idea of “purity” of race was used as a rationalization to colonize, exclude, devalue, and even exterminate the native borderlands people.
The Press as Amateur Psychologist, Part I
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall , Waldman Paul 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Examines the role journalists adopt during presidential campaigns, and how that role determines the frame of campaign news. Assuming that what is presented to the voters is a persona, journalists act as amateur psychologists, seeking to discover the “real” person behind the candidate. They then focus on the moments or events that reinforce the conclusions they have made about the candidates’ respective characters.
The Press as Amateur Psychologist, Part II
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall , Waldman Paul 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
In the 2000 election, journalists settled on twin portraits of Al Gore and George W. Bush that framed the coverage each received. Gore was portrayed as the lying panderer, while Bush was portrayed as the inexperienced dolt. These portraits then determined how campaign events were interpreted. While neither portrait was complimentary, in the end they worked to Bush's advantage, because no moral value was attached to inexperience, while a moral value was attached to Gore's alleged dishonesty.
The Press as Custodian of Fact
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall , Waldman Paul 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The custodianship of fact should be the role that undergirds journalism. All too often, reporters allow the frames of their stories to shape the facts, instead of the other way around. The press has a responsibility to adjudicate factual disputes among political actors, even at the risk of charges of bias. The chapter offers a series of recommendations that would guide journalists toward fulfilling this role.
Logic, “Liberty”, and the Metaphysics of Responsibility
Authors: Russell Paul 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter presents a critical discussion of the classical interpretation of Hume's compatibilist strategy. It argues, in particular, that the classical interpretation fails to provide a satisfactory account of why Hume held that his specific views about the nature of “necessity” puts the free will controversy in a “new light.” This leads to the conclusion that there is something wrong with the classical interpretation and its heavy emphasis on Hume's conceptual distinction between two kinds of “liberty”.
Causation, Compulsion, and Compatibilism
Authors: Russell Paul 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Hume claims, famously, that causes do not compel their effects, and so it does not follow that if an action was caused it was compelled (and thus unfree). We get confused on this issue, according to Hume, because we have a natural tendency to suppose that we have some idea of necessity as it exists in the material world beyond that of constant conjunction and the accompanying inference of the mind. Much of what Hume says about the “verbal” nature of the free will controversy has to be understood in light of this point. On a more critical note, I argue that Hume's views on the subject of causation undermine and discredit the classical compatibilist position by weakening, if not removing, the (metaphysical) connexion between agent and action. Since Hume maintains that his views about causation and necessity support his compatibilist strategy, this observation puts the classical interpretation of Hume's compatibilism in doubt.
The Content and Objects of Moral Sentiment
Authors: Russell Paul 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
In this chapter, I deal with a number of difficulties involved in Hume's account of the nature and content of moral sentiment, as implied by his general theory of emotion. I argue that moral sentiment should be understood, not in terms of certain peculiar pleasant or painful feelings, but rather in terms of the relevant cognitive–evaluative features involved. Related to this problem, I also consider Hume's account of the objects of moral sentiment and the nature of moral virtue. Moral virtue cannot, I maintain, be understood simply in terms of pleasurable or painful qualities of (the human) mind. This observation indicates serious shortcomings in Hume's account of the nature of moral capacity, and I make several suggestions about how these weaknesses in Hume's theory can be removed.
Grace
Authors: Adams Robert Merrihew 
Published: October 2003

AbstractGrace is conceived here as love that is not completely explained by the excellence of its object. This chapter argues that authentic love, divine as well as human, necessarily has something of the character of grace. That is because what is truly loved must be loved for its own sake, and hence with a certain particularity and noncomparative appreciation. The chapter considers what sorts of reasons for love, and what grounds for ascribing universality to God's love, are compatible with this particularity.
Symbolic Value
Authors: Adams Robert Merrihew 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter argues that it is good to care about what one's actions and one's life symbolize, express, and stand for, and good in some cases to act for the sake of such symbolic values in preference to more extrinsic and more tangible consequences because expressive action provides a way of being for important goods, a way that is especially important in situations of relative helplessness (though not only there). This argument is related to conceptions of martyrdom, eschatology, and worship.
Vocation
Authors: Adams Robert Merrihew 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter argues that the moral life needs good projects, engaging one's love or commitment, that are one's own in a morally valid way, and that the concept of vocation is helpful in structuring this aspect of the moral life. Vocation may be conceived in terms of either a command or an invitation from God. The argument here suggests that it will normally be a matter of actual goods that are given to one to love, and that it should be connected with a conception of one's selfhood. This conception is defended against act consequentialism as a way of identifying one's own moral tasks.
Revelation of the Good
Authors: Adams Robert Merrihew 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter proposes a doxastic practice epistemology for ethics, holding that we rightly, and probably inescapably, rely on belief‐forming dispositions that we have formed in learning social practices of evaluation. In the context of a theistic metaethics, the reliability of such practices and dispositions is explained in terms of a concept of “general revelation,” a concept that allows that some to whom ethical truths are revealed may be atheists. The chapter also expounds a conception of “special revelation” connected with historic religious traditions, in which particular possibilities of goodness may be empirically discovered and divine commands may be addressed to particular communities at particular times.
The Metaphysics of Free Will
Authors: O'Connor Timothy 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter develops the basic metaphysics of agent causation. The author analyzes causal notions generally in terms of the notion of ’causal power’ or ’causal capacity.’ The difference between event (or broadly mechanistic) causation and agent (or personal) causation concerns the way in which causal capacities are exercised. With event causation, the capacity to generate a particular effect (in some cases, from a range of possible effects) is exercised ’as a matter of course’: having the capacity in the right circumstances directly gives rise to what is either its unique characteristic effect or one of the effects within its characteristic range. By contrast, having the properties that subserve an agent‐causal capacity doesn’t produce an effect; rather, it enables the agent to freely determine an effect (within a circumscribed range).
Agency, Mind, and Reductionism
Authors: O'Connor Timothy 
Published: October 2003

AbstractMany contemporary theorists reject the notion of agent causation on the grounds that it conflicts with metaphysical Naturalism, a.k.a. the emerging scientific picture of the world. There is little basis for this claim. We must sharply distinguish the plausible claim that macrophysical phenomena arise out of and are causally sustained by microphysical events (’The Causal Unity of Nature Thesis’) from the far from evident claim that all such phenomena are constituted by more fundamental processes (’The Micro‐Macro Constitution Thesis’). Granted the former thesis, why accept the latter? The Constitution Thesis is not empirically established, nor does it follow from the Unity Thesis, as is shown by the possibility of some higher‐level features being emergent in a robust sense.
Introduction
Authors: Buckley Jorunn Jacobsen 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Starts by tracing the origin of the Mandaeans to the Jordan/Palestine area (from whence they emigrated, in the first to third centuries CE, to Iran and Iraq), and gives a brief history to the present. Next, the characteristics of the religion are outlined: Mandaeans are the only still surviving group of Gnostics; their religion has an extensive literature with multifarious mythological traditions and intricate rituals; and their world is essentially three‐tiered, with an upper (heavenly) Lightworld on which much emphasis is placed, a middle earthly human world (Tibil), and a gloomy Underworld (which does not receive much attention). An overview is given of ancient Mandaean literature (the Ginza; the liturgies; the Book of John; ritual commentaries; and other works). There is then a brief note on European traditional Mandaean scholarship, which also covers the work of Lady Ethel S. Drower (1879–1972), who broke traditional scholarly moulds and did much of her work on the Mandaeans in the field. Lastly, the parameters and purpose of the book are described.
The Ṭabahata Masiqta
Authors: Buckley Jorunn Jacobsen 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Investigates another creation of the Mandaean laufa (the connection between earth and the Lightworld), that of the masiqta or death mass. The specific masiqta described here is the Ṭabahata masiqta, the masiqta of the Parents’, an event that only occurs once a year, on the last day of the five‐day intercalary period Panja; it takes even longer than a regular masiqta (which takes 12 hours) . This is a double masiqta, performed in two parts, the first of which has two segments. The account relies on Drower's fieldwork accounts, and on her editions and translations of Mandaean texts. Prayers, priestly instructions, commentaries, and activities are laid out in conjunction with one another to show the complex interactions of religious thought, imagery, and ritual proceedings.
An Inscribed Mandaean Body
Authors: Buckley Jorunn Jacobsen 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe Great ‘First World’ and its companion text, The Lesser ‘First World’, are both examples of Mandaean priestly esoteric literature, and have been hardly studied since their publication in 1963. An odd figure appears in the scroll of the The Great ‘First World’, along with a number of other illustrations, but the identity of the figure depicted is not specified, although it is in the same style as other Mandaean Lightworld beings and priestly prototypes in illustrated documents. Drower, the translator, hazards no guess at its identity. The author gives her own translation of the text on the body, and suggests on the basis of various arguments that the enigmatic figure might be the priestly prototype Hibil Ziwa, but might also invite interpretation as the mystic sage Dinanukht; it might, in fact, intentionally invite both interpretations.
“The Comprehensive Theme of Revealed Theology”
Authors: Sweeney Douglas A. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
A striking emphasis on God's justice and goodness and on the truly moral nature of divine government pervades Taylor's entire corpus. In his famous Concio ad Clerum, Taylor upheld a firm commitment to both predestination and general divine providence, which were understood together as the doctrine of the eternal divine decrees. For Taylor, his infralapsarian Calvinistic solution to the problem of theodicy becomes the foundation for his opposition to the high Calvinist's limited and forensic understanding of the atonement. Even though Taylor made use of Scottish Common Sense Realism to arrive at his conclusions, Sweeney argues that this philosophy neither set him apart from his Edwardsian peers nor placed him in league with Old Calvinism.
Natural Law
Authors: Feinberg Joel 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter addresses the ‘Nuremberg Problem’, which questions whether the punishment of Nazi war criminals represented a departure from law or the use of a norm implicit in the law of every nation. In analyzing the debate between H. L. A. Hart (who argued that the laws of the Nazi regime were valid, but too evil to obey) and Lon Fuller (who held that the Nazi regime was not a valid legal system, so there was no obligation to obey), we see the extent to which these thinkers would have been political allies. The famous differences between the legal positivist and the natural law theorist on the question of private citizens' moral obligation to obey the law do not amount to much. It does not follow from this, however, that no substantive differences exist between legal positivism and natural law theory as general accounts of the relation between law and morality.
Criminal Attempts
Authors: Feinberg Joel 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
One perennial philosophical question is whether a failed attempt to perform a criminal action should be punished as severely as a successfully completed crime. Attempting to resolve this issue generates other philosophical problems relating to desert, guilt, remorse, and the aims and grounds for lawful punishment. The reformist approach to sentencing defended in this chapter, which treats completed crimes and failed attempts ceteris paribus as essentially the same, contrasts with the traditional approach, which places more weight on the actual harm done and does not rule out good or bad luck as determinants of the severity of the penalty. Thus, the traditional approach allows arbitrariness to govern and to corrupt the judicial system.
Monetary Union
Authors: Cohen Benjamin J. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the political dimension of monetary union — key domestic and international political issues involved when sovereign states consider either currency unification or formal dollarization. It examines the role of policies in the context of two distinct stages: at the time when the initial decision is made to create a monetary union, and as part of what determines the sustainability of the endeavor. Implications for Canada and Latin America are discussed.
Should Latin America's Common‐Law Marriage to the U.S. Dollar Be Legalized?
Authors: Dean James W. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Informal or “de facto” dollarization, which is well established all over Latin America, may be irreversible. It has rendered monetary policy relatively impotent, and active exchange rate policy dangerous. Thus, full, de jure dollarization may be the only remaining option for these countries.
Eliminating Chlorofluorocarbons
Authors: Parson Edward A. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractExamines major changes in scientific understanding that followed the adoption of the Montreal Protocol in 1987 and the completion of the period of initial formation of the ozone protection regime. Returns to the two disturbing claims made in 1985 — extreme seasonal ozone loss in Antarctica, and large ozone loss worldwide — and traces their investigation over the following three years, their initial resolution in the year after the Protocol, and the consequences of their resolution in spreading calls to completely eliminate ozone‐depleting chemicals (chlorofluorohydrocarbons (CFCs)). The early development of the Protocol's expert assessment panels is also discussed; these are the centrepieces of the regime's structure to adapt to changing knowledge and capabilities.
Two Approaches to Ostensible Intuitions
Authors: Unger Peter 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Explores the distinction between the prevalent approach to ostensible intuitions, which takes such intuitions to be indicative of semantic conditions, and the broadly psychological approach, which does not. An attack is made against Kripke and Putnam's causal theory of (semantic) reference (for words, as opposed to names) via Putnam's Twin Earth thought experiments. Our responses to such examples may be distinguished into two types, (1) a dominant response, and (2) a dominated response. The common aspect to all demonstrable counterexamples to the causal theory of reference turns on the individual differences among the responses. The prevalent approach must deny semantic competence to dissenting agents. We may maintain, in a relativist spirit, that there is no absolutely right answer in such cases. Kripke's distinction between epistemological examples and metaphysical examples is noted and the two are united in order to generate combined examples. The failure of the causal theory of reference to deal with any such examples in a successful and systematic way tells against the prospect of maintaining an internalized semantics. Historical and current versions of the causal theory of reference are explored, with neither accurately capturing our natural responses, strengthening the objection against the prevalent approach and supporting the broadly psychological approach, which in contrast to the prevalent approach attributes agents’ responses to the examples to their (the agents’) egocentric bias, which may not be fully rational. As such, the relativist now has a direct reply to the objection from semantic intuitions, this being that such common sense intuitions are not a function of an internalized semantics. Supposing that the broadly psychological approach is no stronger than the prevalent approach merely strengthens the relativist's position.
The Status of Philosophical Problems
Authors: Unger Peter 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Examines a different objection against the relativity hypotheses, the objection from superficiality, which takes the relativity hypotheses to be leaving deep philosophical issues aside. A similar objection is that the relativity hypotheses take many traditional philosophical problems to have the status of pseudoproblems. The objection from superficiality comes in several forms: the objection from particular expressions (that the relativity hypotheses rely on, restricting themselves to a limited set of locutions), the objection from a particular language (that the relativity hypotheses are too provincial and language‐centric), the objection from overgeneralization (that the relativity hypotheses have a scope so wide that all terms will be affected), and the objection from unnaturalness (that the relativity hypotheses are so unnatural that they should not be applied to venerable philosophical problems). All four forms of the objection from superficiality are countered and the point is argued that many traditional philosophical problems (universals being just one example) are left untouched by the relativity hypotheses. With regards to those that are not (“causation” and “freewill and determinism” for example), there is still much philosophical work to be done in these areas. The relativity hypotheses do not imply that such philosophical problems may be easily solved. The positive aspect of the relativity hypotheses is that the specific areas where they are active may be identified and distinguished in order to reveal the aspects of particular philosophical problems that may admit of nonarbitrary solutions.
Equality Without Vision
Authors: Fletcher George P. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter discusses the paradoxical ways that the Civil War served to strengthen states’ rights. Abolition was countered in many states by the enactment of “the Black Codes”, undermining the voting rights and equal protection that had ostensibly been granted to newly freed slaves. The author argues that these developments affect American life to this day, in the forms of felon disenfranchisement and discrimination, and in instances of denial of equal justice under law, such as the 1973 Rodriguez case.
The Secret Constitution Resurgent
Authors: Fletcher George P. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter examines the role of constitutional amendments in American legal culture. Amendments that have already been approved – such as those that instituted the income tax, the popular election of senators, various forms of suffrage, and Prohibition – and those now being proposed, such as the victims’ rights amendment and a proposed amendment to outlaw flag‐burning – are discussed. The tension between the concept of a “civil society” and such values as freedom of speech and freedom of religion is also examined in a comparative context.
Election Blues 2000
Authors: Fletcher George P. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
In this afterword, the author discusses the events surrounding the 2000 U.S. Presidential election, in which George W. Bush became President based on a Supreme Court ruling that gave him the majority in the electoral college, defeating Vice President Al Gore, who had won the popular vote. The widely held ideal of a popular democracy is contrasted with the reality of the Twelfth Amendment system of electoral votes, and the author asserts that such contrasts point to the ongoing conflict between our “two constitutions” and our own sense of nationhood. Issues of voter disenfranchisement raised in the election are also examined.