bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Sword and Shield of the People
Authors: Procter Ben 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On January 2, 1916, eighteen minutes after midnight, William Ran dolph Hearst assembled at the Clarendon-his sumptuous mansion at 86th Street and Riverside Drive in New York City-a few close friends along with his mother, Phoebe Apperson Hearst. And for what purpose? One of publicity and pronouncement and affirmation. From 3,500 miles away he was congratulated by” wire telephone” Max Ihmsen, the manager of his Los Angeles Examiner, who was dedicating a splendid, newly constructed newspaper building, Hearst proudly exclaimed, “located in the center of the world’s activities, at the summit of the world’s development, at the focus of the world’s interest and attention:’
Notable Successes Except in Politics
Authors: Procter Ben 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By 1919 William Randolph Hearst had not yet realized his lifelong ambition, the illusive dream of achieving high public office, specifically that of being elected President of the United States. Despite considerable wealth, outstanding organizational skills, and exceptional talent bordering on genius, he exhibited character flaws that had thus far denied him that goal. For all of his adult life Hearst had headed one or more businesses in which employees followed his dictates without question. He alone was responsible for all corporate policies and business decisions in the Hearst media empire; he alone was accountable-and that was the way he wanted it. Upon rendering a judgment, he brooked no compromise, unless some unforeseen occurrence or event changed the dynamics of the situation. But whatever the final decision, he expected immediate compliance. As a result, every one of his business enterprises exhibited a definite egotism, a reflection of the owner’s utmost command as well as his remarkable achievements, with the Hearst name appearing repeatedly throughout the pages of his newspapers and magazines.
Pragmatic Restraint: Iranian Politics during the Rafsanjani Era
Authors: Takeyh Ray 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nineteen eighty-nine stands as one of the most pivotal years in modern Iranian history. The end of the Iran-Iraq war and the passing of Grand Ayatollah Khomeini suddenly removed both the unifying national cause and the symbol of the revolution. On a tumultuous June day the guardians of the revolution gathered to bid farewell to their departed leader, and uneasy days lay ahead. The imam’s disciples would soon lapse into an intense factional struggle, as personal rivalries and dif-fering ideological tendencies ruptured the unity of the Islamist regime.
The Rise of the New Right
Authors: Takeyh Ray 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The 1990s are often seen as a decade of economic reconstruction and political reform. Intellectuals, businessmen, and technocrats dominated the public sphere in Iran as the country seemed to be distancing itself from its revolutionary heritage. The clerical reformers were seeking to reconcile democracy and religion, while the younger generation was moving away from a political culture that celebrated martyrdom and spiritual devotion. However, beneath the surface of innovation and reform there evolved a war generation—pious young men who had served on the front lines of the Iran-Iraq conflict.
Introduction
Authors: Bremmer Ian , Keat Preston 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
August 15, 1998, was a rough day for bankers. Leading economists were reassuring the leaders of Western financial institutions that Russia had both the ability and willingness to make payments on bonds held by international investors. With the 1997 Asian financial crisis still fresh in their minds, investors needed the reassurance, especially since Russian stock, bond, and currency markets had weakened substantially in recent days. Still, the advice of these economists seemed to make sense, and nobody panicked. Two days later, the Russian government devalued the ruble and defaulted on its debt. The fallout for investors was immediate and dramatic. How did the experts get it so wrong? They missed a number of important political factors: Russia’s weak and unfocused leadership, the pervasiveness of its corruption, poor market regulation, and the fact that a handful of well-placed Russian officials would actually benefit personally from a devaluation. In sovereign credit models used by banks, all these factors were absent or stuck in the “error term.” They were considered too difficult to measure or to manage. But they were vitally important.
Trade Can Be Good for Development
Authors: Stiglitz Joseph E , Charlton Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
International trade can have a significant positive effect on economic growth and development. In the eighteenth century, technological breakthroughs put Britain on the path to becoming the first truly ‘modern’ economy. Between 1870 and 1950 Britain’s population nearly tripled. Towns like Birmingham, Liverpool, and Manchester grew into huge cities, average incomes grew more than twofold, and the share of farming fell from just under a half to less than a fifth of total production. There were many social, political, and geographical factors that caused the Industrial Revolution, but Britain’s trade with her neigh­ bors and colonies played a decisive role in fueling the new industrial activity and spreading prosperity to other countries. Before long British cities became the workshops of the world, importing vast quantities of food and raw materials, and exporting manufactured goods to America, Asia, and Africa.
Priorities Behind the Border
Authors: Stiglitz Joseph E , Charlton Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One arena in which an international agreement might be of immense benefit to developing countries concerns their competition for investment through concessionary tax rates and financial subsidies. The main beneficiary of that competition is international business, and often countries suffer large fiscal losses without commensurate gains to either their domestic economy or to the efficiency of the location of international production.1 If authorities were to embark on cross-country (or cross-jurisdiction) policy action, to reduce the harm from such competition to attract business. There are essentially three options, representing three levels of ambition with regards to the objectives being pursued. In ascending order these are: ( r) transparency-enhancing obligations on firms and countries;2 (2) co-operation between jurisdictions;3 and (3) the putting in place of enforceable international rules.
Who Are Angel Investors?
Authors: Shane Scott A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Who are these angel investors that you hear about all the time? Considered by many to be a central feature of the American entrepreneurial system, business angels are thought to be wealthy, Silicon Valley former entrepreneurs, sipping chardonnay on the decks of their 100-foot yachts while writing checks to twenty-something geeks who have invented the latest widget. After all, this is how they are described time and time again in books and articles, Web sites and blogs. If you read the popular press and think you know the answer, you will be in for a surprise. Actual business angels look very different from the way that they are described in the media. The typical business angel is less wealthy, less well-educated, younger, and less likely to be retired than suggested by the stereotypical description of angels. And he doesn’t have signiﬁcantly more experience starting companies or investing in them than other kinds of informal investors. So let’s take a look at what business angels really look like.
Unbounded Mv Portfolio Efficiency
Authors: Michaud Richard O , Michaud Robert O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Theoretical academic and practitioner research on MV optimization typically assumes an unbounded asset weight framework. In this context a budget or asset sum-to-one constraint is all that is assumed, and uncertainty in risk-return estimates is ignored. The benefit of this framework is that MV optimization can be solved using analytical methods. Elegant mathematical solutions and simple formulas are available for many questions of interest. The unbounded MV optimization framework has useful pedagogical applications. However, in investment practice, risk-return estimates are highly uncertain. As will be shown, avoiding the investment consequences of data uncertainty in unbounded MV optimization comes at the high price of irrelevant and/or misleading conclusions. This chapter focuses on the fundamental limitations of unbounded MV efficient for practical investment management when estimate uncertainty is considered and provides a context for many of the tools that follow.
Linear Constrained Mv Efficiency
Authors: Michaud Richard O , Michaud Robert O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 4 addressed unbounded MV optimization. Elegant analytical solutions are available in this case. In investment practice, however, MV optimized portfolios include linear (inequality and equality) constrained asset weights. Linear constrained, not unbounded, MV optimization is typically the framework of choice for asset management in practice. Linear inequality constraints reflect the fact that asset managers have practical limits to shorting and leverage of investments. When linear inequality constraints are included, the analytical methods associated with unbounded MV optimization are unavailable; computational methods are the only feasible solution. Markowitz (1956) recognized the importance of this distinction and provided a computational algorithm for solving linear constrained MV optimized portfolios. In this and following chapters we pursue the implications of estimation error for the practical investment framework of linear constrained MV portfolio efficiency.
Bayes And Active Return Estimation
Authors: Michaud Richard O , Michaud Robert O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Active asset managers have views of the returns and risks of assets and capital markets that are an integral part of their investment process. Risk-return estimates in a portfolio optimization are typically a combination of current and historical information. Active equity management depends on estimates of alpha—risk-adjusted excess return relative to a benchmark index—that reflect the expertise, strategy, market outlook, and resources of the -rm. Tactical asset allocation managers employ a variety of methods to estimate market and asset returns. Strategic or long-term asset allocators use historic return data informed with current information to develop strategies and policies. By adding exogenous views, investment managers act as Bayesian agents improving the forecast value of historically estimated optimization inputs.
Waking the Slumbering Giants
Authors: Lockwood Jeffrey A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With 3 million lice-ridden Russian corpses and another 27 million people afflicted by typhus after the First World War, the Soviets could not have missed the potential of entomological warfare. In 1928, the Revolutionary Military Council initiated the weaponization of typhus. A top-secret institute was founded in the town of Suzdal under the control of OGPU, the forerunner of the KGB.1 In light of the risks associated with studying human diseases, the facility was transferred to a more isolated site in 1936. In a move reminiscent of the Japanese occupation of Pingfan, the residents of Vozrozhdeniya Island in the Aral Sea were given six hours to evacuate their homes, and the Soviet biological warfare program set up shop. Typhus might have catalyzed the Soviet program, but interest in other pathogens was formalized in a project code named Golden Triangle, an allusion to its three elements: plague, cholera, and anthrax.
Six-Legged Guardian Angels
Authors: Lockwood Jeffrey A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Following the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon on September 11, 2001, the United States responded with a massive retaliation against Afghanistan, followed by an invasion of Iraq. Except for the names of the some of the weapon systems (such as the F/A-18 Hornet fighter aircraft, which were subject to counterattack by Stinger missiles), insects played no part in these offensive operations. Defense against terrorism, however, is another story. To prevent future terrorist attacks, the United States developed a staggeringly complex system of technologies and bureaucracies, culminating in the creation of the Department of Homeland Security, with an annual operating budget of $40 billion. Systems for detecting explosives, chemical weapons, and biological agents became central to the government’s effort.
Ability, Disability, and Discrimination: Cheerleaders and Golf Carts
Authors: Sandel Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At least two features of Aristotle’s political theory fit uncomfortably with modern sensibilities. One is the idea that thinking about justice and rights requires us to determine the telos, or purpose, or essential nature of the social practice in question. Another is the idea that debates about justice are, at least in part, debates about the allocation of honor. But contemporary controversies over disability and discrimination suggest that Aristotle’s approach may not be as foreign as it seems at first glance.
The Effect of Occupation on Private Property and Contract Rights
Authors: Gathii James Thuo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the effect of occupation on private property and contract rights within the context of the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq in 2003. In doing so, I examine how the treatment of private property in the Iraqi occupation compares and contrasts with Japanese, Italian, and German occupations after World War II. Furthermore, I show how non-European occupations have been characterized by a disregard of occupation rules safeguarding private property as opposed to European occupations. This disregard of the private property under occupation is similar to the disregard with reference to territorial acquisitions of a much earlier period, which I addressed in Chapter 2.
In this chapter, I also demonstrate the importance placed on the private property of Europeans in non-European contexts and the lack of focus on the private property rights of non-Europeans. It is therefore not surprising that, following the U.S.-led conquest of Iraq in early 2003, most scholarly and press coverage focused on the status of foreign corporations’ property in Iraq before the war.
The Epidemiology and Burden of Headaches
Authors: Bigal Marcelo E , Lipton Richard B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although almost everyone gets occasional headaches, particular headache disorders vary in incidence, prevalence, duration, and consequent impact (Table 3–1). Headache disorders are divided into primary and secondary disorders. Secondary disorders have an identifiable underlying cause, such as an infection, a brain tumor, or stroke. In primary headache disorders, there is no apparent underlying cause. Recurrent headache disorders impose a substantial burden on headache sufferers and on society. Epidemiologic studies are used to estimate the frequency, distribution, and burden of disease in the population. Widely used measures of disease frequency include incidence and prevalence. Incidence quantifies the number of new events or cases of disease that develop in a population over a defined period of time. Prevalence refers to the proportion of a population that has the disease over a given period of time. Prevalence is an important measure of the burden of disease.
Chronic Daily Headache and Tension-Type Headache
Authors: Markley Herbert G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chronic daily headache (CDH) is a common disorder seen in daily medical practice, and it is even more commonly encountered in headache specialty practice. The spectrum of headache disorders producing CDH ranges from chronic migraine through chronic tension-type headache and off to more unusual disorders such as hemicrania continua and new daily persistent headache. Medication overuse headache, a secondary headache disorder, may worsen any of the primary headache types and complicate their management. Chronic daily headache is not a diagnosis specifically included in ICHD-II; rather, headache disorders that may have daily expression are scattered through- out the classification schema. Most chronic forms of headache also have episodic forms. Primary forms of chronic headache are without known cause—primary disorders in their own right (Table 5–1).
Classification and Diagnosis of Secondary Headaches due to Traumatic and Vascular Causes
Authors: Rapoport Alan M , Rapoport Mark J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Trauma to the head and neck occurs frequently and is a common cause of headache and neck pain. Vascular disease of the head and neck is a major cause of headache throughout the lifetime and more so in older age. Making an early diagnosis can be vital to the successful treatment of a patient. This chapter is divided into two sections: part 1 is devoted to trauma and part 2 to vascular causes of headache. Each part is composed of a listing of the ICHD-II criteria, with some authors’ comments about certain categories. Comments from the ICHD-II are in italics. There are plain films, MRIs, and CT scans interspersed, which the reader should be able to recognize as confirming particular diagnoses.
Classification and Diagnosis of Secondary Headaches: Altered Intracranial Pressure, Neoplasm, and Infection
Authors: McGeeney Brian E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A thorough familiarity with secondary headache etiologies is needed as the practitioner is faced with a multitude of secondary headache causes. The following chapter covers the secondary headaches in Sections 7 and 9 of the International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD), second edition. This chapter defines headaches from altered intracranial pressure and inflammatory, neoplastic, and infectious etiologies. Images are provided and diagnostic criteria from the ICHD are presented. It is worth keeping in mind that patients with an underlying primary headache disorder are often more likely to develop headache as part of other etiologies.
Treatment of Chronic Daily Headache
Authors: Sheftell Fred D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The above quote by our dear friend and colleague John Edmeads embodies the philosophy of this chapter, in that as David Sackett (the father of evidence-based medicine) stated, the best practice of medicine combines our clinical experience with the best evidence available. These concepts are especially true of the treatment of chronic daily headache of long duration, for there is minimal evidence for the treatment of these disorders, whether we use either the ICHD-II criteria or the Silberstein-Lipton criteria. As you will see, we can count the number of adequate randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled studies on one hand. Those of us who practice in a tertiary care setting or who have specialized in headache medicine truly have had to fly by the seat of our proverbial pants (or skirts) and rely heavily on our clinical experience, given the paucity of evidence in the treatment of very complex disorders and associated comorbidities.
Getting Started
Authors: Frankel Noralee 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Louise’s mother wanted desperately to save her piano. While Rose Hovick was in labor to deliver Louise, the midwife tried to protect her from rain pouring in through a leaky roof by placing a canvas sheet over her. Rose saw her piano getting wet. “Hurry up and cover the piano,” she yelled. “Don’t mind us. You can always get more babies!” Even as the twelve-pound Louise struggled to escape her mother’s womb, she was given her first lesson in life. Her mother, Rose, believed passionately that material objects were more important than people. She even made her daughters into objects to achieve her desire for fame and wealth. First she would shift her aspirations to her younger daughter, June, and then reluctantly to her elder daughter, Louise. “We are the living flowers of mother’s thwarted hopes,” Louise once explained. Louise ultimately shared her mother’s goal.
The Rise and Fall of Louise Hovick
Authors: Frankel Noralee 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Hollywood that Gypsy entered in April 1937 had recently undergone profound changes. The full-length talkies, shown first in October 1927, were now entrenched. To help audiences forget about the Depression for a few hours, movie studios produced comedies such as It Happened One Night with Clark Gable and Claudette Colbert and musicals such as The Wizard of Oz. Women formed an increasing proportion of movie audiences, and studios sought to appeal to their interests. Studio heads looked to the stage for talent and signed performers from vaudeville and Follies acts. The Depression bankrupted some studios and strengthened the survivors, resulting in a major consolidation of the industry. Movies became big business. Studios grew cautious, resisting unionization, trying constantly to lower costs, and counting on the star system to make money. Although popular stars were paid well, actors had no influence on the roles they played and the movies they made. If actors refused to perform in a movie they felt was substandard, their contracts allowed the studio to suspend them without pay and prohibit them from working anywhere else. Through binding seven-year contracts, the studios dictated all facets of their stars’ lives, not least their images.
World’s Fair Stripper
Authors: Frankel Noralee 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In early 1939, after her unsuccessful attempt at movies, Gypsy returned to New York City. New York saved Gypsy from Hollywood, furnishing different options for work, friends, and intellectual stimulation.
A reporter asked Gypsy if, back in New York, she was finished with stripping. “I don’t say yes to that,” she cautioned. Having left burlesque before, she knew that she had returned. She held no illusions about burlesque’s appeal, but Gypsy was aware how difficult it was for her to gain employment in legitimate theater.Upon leaving Hollywood, after her contract ended early, Gypsy repeated her favorite goal: to play “a straight drama, the one thing I’ve wanted to do all my life.”
Once in New York City, she was given her chance. In July 1939, she replaced the lead actress in I Must Love Someone at the Vanderbilt.The fictional musical was based on the backstage lives of the real Florodora Girls, who had sung “Tell Me Pretty Maiden” in hundreds of performances of the 1899 British musical Florodora. In I Must Love Someone, the girls’ main interests revolved around money and love.