bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical Aspects and Management of Metastatic Carcinoma of the Esophagus and Gastroesophageal Junction
Authors: Ajani Jaffer A , Blumenschein George R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Proper selection of patients for palliation by chemotherapy is of paramount importance. The likelihood of achieving a response and a positive palliative effect is higher among patients with a better performance status (2 or less) than among those with a poor performance status. Patients with a performance status of 3 or more should not be considered for chemotherapy, as it often results in severe and occasionally fatal toxic effects. In addition, before instituting even a moderately toxic chemotherapy, adequate nutritional support and pain control should be established.
Barrett’s Esophagus: Clinical Aspects and Management
Authors: Spechler Stuart Jon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Barrett’s esophagus, an abnormal, intestinal-type epithelium replaces the stratified squamous epithelium that normally lines the distal esophagus.1 This condition develops as a consequence of chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The precise mechanisms that effect the intestinal metaplasia are not clear, however, and it is not known why only a minority of patients with GERD ever develop Barrett’s esophagus.
Epidemiology and Molecular Epidemiology of Hepatocellular Cancer
Authors: Hassan Manal M , Patt Yehuda Z 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a common cancer worldwide, causes more than 250,000 deaths annually,1 including more than 5000 deaths per year in the United States.2 A recently published study reported a statistically significant increase in the incidence of HCC in the United States over the past two decades.3 The incidence rose from 1.4 per 100,000 from 1976 to 1980 to 2.4 per 100,000 from 1991 to 1995. With respect to gender and race, the same report showed that in the United States, HCC occurs three times more often in men than in women and twice as often in African Americans than in whites.
Pathology and Natural History of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Balis Ulysses J , Lauwers Gregory Y 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is heterogeneous in both its gross and microscopic features. Importantly, an increasing number of its characteristics are being demonstrably associated with tumor progression and outcome. Thus, a broad-based understanding of the pathology of HCC is of particular importance to the clinician charged with the management of patients afflicted with this disease.
Clinical Aspects and Management of Small Bowel and Appendiceal Cancers: Management Options: Unresectable, Locally Advanced, and Metastatic Small Bowel and Appendiceal Carcinomas
Authors: Kulke Matthew H , Fuchs Charles S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In contrast to that of other gastrointestinal malignancies, our knowledge of the natural history, prognosis, and treatment of small bowel and appendiceal cancers is limited because of their rarity and heterogeneous histology. In this chapter, we will review the various therapeutic options available to patients with advanced cancer of the small bowel or appendix.
Epidemiology and Prevention of Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Hawk Ernest T , Viner Jaye L , Limburg Paul J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the fourth most frequently diagnosed cancer in the United States and has the second highest cancerrelated mortality rate after lung cancer.1 While the incidence of CRC has declined over recent years, the disease remains a major public health burden in the United States. Advanced CRC is largely refractory to conventional therapeutics and is one of the least curable malignancies. Despite continuing advances in cancer therapy, long-term survival has not improved significantly over the last four decades, a situation that mandates improvements in early detection of this surgically curable disease and preventive interventions to reduce the incidence of the disease and its downstream morbidities and mortality.
Familial Colorectal Cancer Syndromes
Authors: Smyrk Thomas C , Lynch Henry T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Is cancer hereditary? This question has been asked by physicians and patients for hundreds of years. Molecular genetic research demonstrates that the answer is unequivocally yes for a subset of cancers. Indeed, more than 40 germline mutations have been identified as etiologic for cancer susceptibility, and new links between mutations and cancer syndromes are made almost monthly. Colorectal cancer (CRC) has been a particularly fruitful area of study for molecular geneticists, and we now enter an era during which CRC patients and the clinicians who care for them will harvest the benefits of molecular research.
Pathology and Natural History of Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Stemmermann Grant , Fenoglio-Preiser Cecilia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sporadic carcinoma of the large bowel is commonly encountered among individuals in prosperous, industrialized countries. It is the second most common cancer in American women, after breast cancer; and the third most common cancer in American men, following cancer of the prostate and lung. 1,2 Only lung cancer surpasses it as a cause of cancer death in the United States. In contrast, colorectal cancer is much less common in undeveloped countries, either as an incident event or as a cause of death.
Management of Neuroendocrine Cancers of the Gastrointestinal Tract: Carcinoid Tumors
Authors: Yao James C , Ajani Jaffer A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Moertel once described the effort to treat neuroendocrine tumors as an “odyssey in the land of small tumors.”1 Although relatively rare, carcinoid tumors are the most common neuroendocrine tumor of the gastrointestinal tract and often present with dramatic manifestations that range from asymptomatic hepatomegaly to flushing, diarrhea, asthma, pellagra, and carcinoid heart disease. These tumors are often indolent but resistant to chemotherapy. Successful treatment of these tumors requires an understanding of their natural history and biology and of the impact of the available treatments.
Management of Neuroendocrine Cancers of the Gastrointestinal Tract: Islet Cell Carcinoma of the Pancreas and Other Neuroendocrine Carcinomas
Authors: Hoff Ana Oliveira , Cote Gilbert J , Gagel Robert F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The neuroendocrine tumors of the gastrointestinal tract are arbitrarily divided into carcinoid and islet cell neoplasms. Carcinoid tumors are discussed in Chapter 64 and will not be considered further here except as they relate to multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN-1). Islet cell tumors are rare tumors derived from the discrete neuroendocrine epithelium of the pancreas.
Nutritional Support of Patients with Gastrointestinal Malignancies
Authors: Strasser Florian , Bruera Eduardo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Malnutrition is a frequent problem in patients with gastrointestinal malignancies and is distressing for both the patients and their families. Because many malnutrition-associated symptoms, such as anorexia and asthenia, are silent symptoms, unlike pain or shortness of breath, the importance of malnutrition is often underestimated, and malnutrition is underdiagnosed. Malnutrition can be categorized as primary (metabolic) or secondary (starvation) cachexia, which often occur together.
Pain Management
Authors: Elsayem Ahmed , Bruera Eduardo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Each year more than one million Americans are diagnosed with cancer, and approximately half of them die of their disease. Pain is one of the most common symptoms associated with cancer, affecting an estimated 50% of all cancer patients and approximately 70% of those with advanced disease. The prevalence of pain in patients with common gastrointestinal malignancies is outlined in Table 74–1.
Dynamics in Groups and Teams: Groups as Complex Action Systems
Authors: McGrath Joseph E , Tschan Franziska 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines recent and current theoretical and empirical research information about dynamics, development, and change in groups within organizations. Its central purpose is to integrate theoretical views and empirical information about dynamic processes in groups. A secondary aim is to take a step toward integrating ideas about groups across both disciplinary and geographic/cultural boundaries. In this introductory section, we begin by distinguishing three domains of temporal processes that we mean to include in the concept of dynamic processes in groups, namely operational, developmental, and adaptive processes. Despite considerable rhetoric in the small group research field about ‘‘group dynamics,’’ over the 100-year history of research on groups the importance of all of those dynamic processes have been ‘‘honored more in the breech than in the observance.
Social, Technical, and Institutional Change: A Literature Review and Synthesis
Authors: Van de Ven Andrew H , Hargrave Timothy J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What explains the dramatic technical and social changes observed in much of the world during the past century? Responses to this kind of question vary, depending on the degree to which one assumes that social life is a product of individualism or institutionalism. Individualists view social and economic change as the product of individual agency, where purposeful and goal-directed individuals exercise their free wills to construct social arrangements that satisfy their self-interests and values. Institutionalists take a more macro and structural view. While not necessarily denying the agency of individuals, they see human action as largely conditioned by institutions. Institutions are social structures that are constructed by humans to provide stability and meaning to life. They are the ‘‘rules of the game’’ (North, 1990) that both enable and constrain human behavior.
Theories of Organizational Change and Innovation Processes
Authors: Poole Marshall Scott , Ven Andrew H Van de 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The jacket of this book shows a man peeping through the shell of the stars and planets to discern the glorious order behind their complex movements. What he sees is not a simple clockwork, but a dazzling manifold of spirits and mechanisms that realize the will of these spirits. Sometimes the order beneath complexity—while more illuminating than the surface—is itself complex and difficult to understand. Our challenge is to sort out the images in this illumination, to discern the shadows and gradations that give it form. This handbook highlights an amazing variety of approaches to explaining organizational change and development, including stage models, evolutionary processes, interacting archetypes, dialectical tensions and contradictions, environmental jolts, institutional analysis, multilevel systems models, and complexity theory. In several cases two or more of these generative mechanisms are combined. Theories and models are cast at several different levels of analysis and some crosslevels.
The Nuclear Receptor Superfamily
Authors: Rosenfeld John M , Kao Hung-Ying , Evans Ronald M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lipophilic hormones, including steroids, thyroids, and retinoids, regulate complex processes in cellular differentiation, metabolic homeostasis, and animal development. Their ability to diffuse into target cells and bind with high affinity and specificity to their cognate intracellular receptors allows these molecules to coordinate physiological responses by regulating the expression of gene networks. The proteins directly involved in transducing these hormonal signals are known broadly as nuclear receptors (NRs). Upon binding to their specific ligand, NRs modulate the transcription of target genes through interactions with discrete DNA-binding sites known as hormone response elements, cofactor molecules, and general transcriptional machinery. As ligand-activated transcription factors, hormone NRs are indispensable for proper growth and development and often perform essential roles in specifying cell lineages, inducing differentiation, and controlling cellular growth and function. The multitude of mechanisms by which this class of transcription factors orchestrates complex transcriptional control currently makes this protein family one of the most intensely studied areas of molecular biology.
Genomic Approaches to the Genetics of Hormone-Responsive Cancer
Authors: Hirschhorn Joel N , Pearce Celeste Leigh , Altshuler David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the last 20 years, there has been remarkable progress in our understanding of the molecular basis of cellular function and disease, particularly within the area of cancer biology.1–3 Despite this rich understanding of fundamental biological mechanisms, however, we remain surprisingly ignorant of the specific molecular defects responsible for risk and progression of disease. To the extent that we can uncover why one person is predisposed to cancer and another less or why one tumor displays a more malignant form and another less, we would transform our understanding of etiological mechanisms, improve targeting of prevention and treatment, and direct the search for novel therapies. The goal of this chapter is to review methods for identifying the genetic basis of hormone-responsive cancers and to describe how recent developments in genetics and genomics promise to accelerate the search for the root causes of disease. Human disease typically results from a combination of inherited differences in gene sequence (genetics), external influences (environment), and random fluctuation. (We leave to the reader and philosophers the question of where free will and behavior belong in this schema.)
Breast Cancer: Epidemiology and Molecular Endocrinology
Authors: Feigelson Heather Spencer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide.1 In many developing countries, including Asian countries that were believed to have a low risk of breast cancer, incidence is on the rise. Figure 5.1 shows that in countries like Japan, Singapore, and Mexico, the standardized mortality rates for breast cancer are steadily increasing. In fact, rates in Singapore are beginning to approach U.S. rates. The breast cancer mortality rates in Westernized countries, like the United States and the United Kingdom, have leveled off and even started to decline (Fig. 5.2). This decline in mortality has been attributed more to improvements in detection and treatment, rather than to factors that influence breast cancer incidence. A large and compelling body of epidemiological and experimental data implicates estrogens in the etiology of human breast cancer. Animal studies have repeatedly demonstrated that estrogens can induce and promote mammary tumors in rodents and that removing the ovaries or administering an antiestrogenic drug has the opposite effect.4 The hormone-dependent nature of breast cancer is reflected in the age-incidence curve, and the most widely accepted risk factors for breast cancer can be thought of as measures of the cumulative “dose” of estrogen that breast epithelium is exposed to over time (Table 5.1). The findings of 29 epidemiological studies of endogenous hormones and postmenopausal breast cancer have been summarized in a meta-analytic review. Taken together, the six prospective studies included in the analysis show that postmenopausal women who subsequently develop breast cancer have a 15% higher mean serum estradiol concentration than unaffected women (p= 0.0003).
Implications of Hormones and Hormonal Risk Factors on Screening Strategies
Authors: Ursin Giske 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the past few decades, much interest and controversy have surrounded the question of who will benefit from regular mammographic screening. A number of studies have been conducted, including several randomized trials.1,2 Although some issues have been resolved, many remain. Mammographic screening overall appears to be associated with reduced mortality from breast cancer. However, it is not clear at what age the benefit begins and at what age the cost– benefit effect becomes reasonable. The beneficial effect is most unequivocal for women in the age group 50–69. To what extent there are survival benefits in women under the age of 50 is undetermined. The issues briefly described above demonstrate one major problem with the screening debate so far; the data have been discussed in women stratified by age group only. This may simplify the guidelines but does not necessarily make sense given the complexity of breast cancer. One could argue that mammographic screening would become more beneficial in all women if the focus was shifted from the age at which screening should start to what can be done to improve the benefit of screening in the groups that currently do poorest.
Androgen-Independent Prostate Cancer Progression: Mechanistic Insights
Authors: Thomas George V , Sawyers Charles L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Androgen-independent prostate cancer is incurable and is responsible for the majority of cancerrelated deaths. The intriguing question is how a cancer that is initially exquisitely sensitive to androgen-ablation therapy becomes universally refractory to all available forms of such therapy. Both normal and cancerous prostate cells are dependent on androgens, mainly in the form of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT), to promote proliferation and inhibit apoptosis.1–3 Androgen mediates its biological actions through the androgen receptor (AR), a ligand-activated transcription factor of the steroid/nuclear receptor superfamily (see Color Fig. 18.1 in separate color insert).4–6 Androgen-ablative treatment modalities rely on either surgical or medical castration, the latter usually administered via luteinizing hormone–releasing hormone (LHRH) analogs (termed monotherapy when used singly) and AR antagonists (termed total androgen-ablative therapy when used in combination).7,8 Counter intuitively, AR continues to be expressed even as the cancer progresses from the androgen-dependent (AD) to an androgen-independent (AI) stage. Immuno histochemical studies have shown the presence of AR in both AD and AI tumors.9,10 A rise in serum prostatic-specific antigen (PSA), an androgen-regulated gene, is usually the first marker of relapse/development of AI cancer. This suggests that AI prostate cancers rely on expression of AR-dependent genes.11,12 In this chapter, we critically discuss the current mechanistic concepts involved in the development of AI prostate cancer. These mechanisms can be broadly categorized as those known to signal through the AR and those whose mechanism for promoting AI growth remains unclear.
Public Judgment in Real Criminal Cases
Authors: Roberts Julian V , Stalans Loretta J , Indermaur David , Hough Mike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Throughout this volume we explore the relationship between public opinion and punitive penal policies and practices. In several domains we shall see how policies respond to (as well as create a desire for) a punitive response to offenders. In this chapter we pose a different question: When are populist penal initiatives founded on a false perception of the public’s views? One answer is to point to surveys in which public sentencing preferences are compared to the practices of the courts (see Roberts and Stalans, 1997). These surveys generally find that in many instances the sentencing preferences of the public are not much harsher than sentences actually imposed and have been reviewed in chapter 2.
Responding to Penal Populism
Authors: Roberts Julian V , Stalans Loretta J , Indermaur David , Hough Mike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book has been concerned with the emergence, over the 1990s, of increasingly punitive sentencing policies and practices in the English-speaking world. These punitive policies have been applied to juvenile, as well as adult offenders, and to a wide range of offenses. This final chapter proposes some strategies with which to halt, or at least impede, the seemingly inexorable drift toward more punitive sentencing; only if this occurs, we believe, will it be possible to ensure more rational sentencing policy development.
Reconceptualizing the Crime Problem
Authors: Beckett Katherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In May 1995, the Federal Sentencing Commission recommended that Congress abandon those provisions of the Anti-Drug Abuse Act that penalize crack offenders more severely than any other type of drug law violator. The commission further suggested that those found with small amounts of crack or powder cocaine should be placed on probation as long as they did not also engage in violence or violate gun laws. In October-shortly after the Million Man March in Washington, D.C., in which the Reverend Jesse Jackson and others denounced crack sentencing laws as “unfair,” “racist,” and “ungodly”-Congress voted to ignore the Sentencing Commission’s recommendations and uphold existing sentencing statutes. President Bill Clinton subsequently approved Congress’s decision, arguing that punishing crack offenders more harshly is appropriate because crack is more likely to be associated with violence and therefore takes a greater toll on the communities in which it is used and distributed.
Individual Cognition, Stress, and Inertia
Authors: Sigismund Anne , Huff Huff James Oran , Barr Pamela S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Charles Stubbart complains that “cognitive aspects of strategy are implied but passed over in silence” in the strategy literature. “As a consequence,” he argues, “managerial cognition becomes the unnamed “missing link” in their ... paradigm” (1989, 328).
A Formal Model of Strategic Transformation
Authors: Sigismund Anne , Huff Huff James Oran , Barr Pamela S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter moves from considering interactions within and among formal and informal groups to considering the probability of change in formal organizations.’ While an organization can be defined as a “group of groups” and thus is subject to the observations made in chapter 3, in this chapter we introduce additional aspects of stress and inertia, first and second order change, position and opportunity derived from the legal status of firms, and the more explicit performance demands placed upon them. These characteristics justify a more abstract consideration of the probability of strategic change. The insights available from the model we develop in this chapter are illustrated in a series of simulations of first and second order change. The results support the viability of the cognitively anchored theory developed in the last two chapters and introduce the empirical studies reported in the second part of the book.
The Principle of Semantic Compositionality
Authors: Pelletier Francis Jeffry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Principle of Semantic Compositionality is the principle that the meaning of an expression is a function of, and only of, the meanings of its parts together with the method by which those parts are combined. As stated, the Principle is vague or underspecified at a number of points such as “what counts as a part,” “what is a meaning,” “what kind of function is allowed,” and the like. But this hasn’t stopped some people from treating it as an obviously true principle, true almost by definition, nor has it stopped some others from attacking it both on “empirical grounds” and on theoretico-methodological grounds.