bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
AMINONUCLEOSIDE NEPHROSIS
Authors: Vernier Robert L. , Papermaster Benjamin W. , Good Robert A. 
Published: June 2004

Experimental renal disease was produced in young rats by daily subcutaneous injections of 6-dimethylamino purine, 3-amino-d-ribose (aminonucleoside). The physiologic, biochemical, and light microscopic changes were similar to those observed in human nephrosis.
Electron microscopy of the glomeruli from animals which received seven or more daily injections of aminonucleoside revealed characteristic abnormalities of the epithelial cells of the glomerular capillaries. These changes consisted of swelling, coalescence, and eventual obliteration of the epithelial cell foot processes and an increase in the number and the size of epithelial cytoplasmic vacuoles. The serial development of the ultramicroscopic pathologic changes in the epithelial cells, as observed by study of animals through the course of the disease, indicated that the smudging of the foot processes occurred at the time of onset of severe proteinuria.
Further changes, consisting of hypercellularity due primarily to an increase in the number of endothelial cells and an increase in the amount of basement membrane-like material, were regularly observed by the 12th day after injections were begun. These abnormalities were correlated with the development of uremia in the later stages of the disease process.
The distal and proximal renal tubules were abnormal by the 7th day after injections were begun, and showed localized swelling between the cristae of the mitochondria and a decrease in over-all cytoplasmic density, described as hydropic change.
Electron microscopy of glomeruli from animals which had partially recovered from aminonucleoside nephrosis revealed areas of normal epithelial cell morphology. This observation was interpreted as evidence of partial reversal of the ultramicroscopic changes in the recovery phase of the disease.
These observations of the fine structure of pathologically altered glomeruli and tubules in aminonucleoside nephrosis are similar to our findings in human nephrosis as revealed by electron microscopy of serial renal biopsies.
THE PRECIPITIN REACTION BETWEEN DNA AND A SERUM FACTOR IN SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS
Authors: Deicher H. R. G. , Holman H. R. , Kunkel H. G. 
Published: June 2004

The sera of certain patients with systemic lupus erythematosus contain an antibody-like substance capable of reacting with highly purified DNA preparations from widely divergent sources. Precipitin reactions have been demonstrated by double diffusion in agar and quantitative precipitin curves have been obtained. Complement was observed to be fixed in the reaction.
Evidence was obtained that the serum factor possessed antigenic properties similar to those of γ-globulins and migrated with this fraction on zone electrophoresis. The interaction of this factor with DNA exhibited certain specific characteristics which differ considerably from non-specific reactions between DNA and proteins in general.
The DNA-precipitating factor appeared to be one of a number of related factors reacting with nuclear constituents of many different cells. It differed in certain respects from the "LE factor" which is responsible for the formation of "LE cells."
The accumulated evidence, although not yet conclusive, favors the concept that the precipitating factor represents an antibody to DNA, and that it is one of a number of autoantibodies elicited in this disease.
THE BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF SOLUBLE ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY COMPLEXES
Authors: Ishizaka Kimishige , Ishizaka Teruko , Campbell Dan H. 
Published: June 2004

Soluble BSA-anti-BSA complexes, formed in antigen excess, give immediate skin reactions in normal guinea pigs. The mechanism of the reaction is not that of passive or reversed passive anaphylaxis. The complex itself is toxic.
Skin activity of the complex depends on its composition. It has become obvious that the complex composed of two antigen molecules and one antibody molecule, (Ag2Ab), does not have the activity, whereas, Ag3Ab2 and more complicated complexes do.
The role of complement as well as speculation on the structural changes of antibody-antigen complexes is presented.
PLASMA PROTEIN TURNOVER AND TISSUE EXCHANGE
Authors: Yuile C. L. , Lucas F. V. , Olson J. P. , Shapiro A. B. 
Published: June 2004

The rate of plasma protein turnover is more rapid in dogs receiving adequate dietary protein than when a diet devoid of protein is fed. Both albumin and combined globulins are involved in this change.
The difference in turnover is reflected in a total protein half-life of 4.8 days with protein feeding versus 7.8 days without protein in the diet and in the metabolism of 1.0 and 0.65 gm. per kilogram of body weight per day on the respective diets.
Additions of dietary protein from 10 to 30 per cent caused no further increase in the rate of plasma protein turnover.
With protein depletion due to plasmapheresis and a very low protein diet there is evidence of reduced protein metabolism as indicated by nitrogen retention as well as a reduction in total plasma protein breakdown and interchange of isotope between plasma and tissue proteins.
Following introduction of labeled plasma protein into the circulation the net amount of isotope transferred to tissues has been computed from the difference between total plasma protein breakdown and combined C14 excretion in urine and expired air. In animals receiving adequate dietary protein, tissue transfer amounts to 70 per cent of the total lost from the plasma proteins each day while the percentage rises to 85 in depleted dogs deprived of protein.
In dogs with both plasma and tissue proteins labeled it can be estimated that, under conditions of protein feeding, an amount of C14 approximately equal to that lost from the plasma must recycle to account for the observed decrease in Apparent plasma protein turnover rate, (t½ of 15 versus 5 days). Without protein in the diet the isotope contribution of the tissues to the maintenance of plasma protein levels must be as great as or greater than that transferred in the opposite direction.
THE CELLULAR TRANSFORMATION OF INJECTED COLLOIDAL IRON COMPLEXES INTO FERRITIN AND HEMOSIDERIN IN EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS
Authors: Richter Goetz W. 
Published: June 2004

As revealed by electron microscopy and electron diffraction, the physical state of ferric hydroxide micelles contained in iron-dextran, saccharated iron oxide, and hydrous ferric oxide ("ferric hydroxide") differs notably from the state of the ferric hydroxide in ferritin or hemosiderin. By virtue of this difference one can trace the intracellular transformation of colloidal iron, administered parenterally, into ferritin and hemosiderin.
One hour after intraperitoneal injection of iron-dextran or saccharated iron oxide into mice, characteristic deposits were present in splenic macrophages, in sinusoidal endothelial cells of spleen and liver, and in vascular endothelial cells of various renal capillaries. Four hours after injection, small numbers of ferritin molecules were identifiable about intracellular aggregates of injected iron compounds; and by the 6th day, ferritin was abundant in close proximity to deposits of injected iron compounds. The latter were frequently situated in cytoplasmic vesicles delimited by single membranes. These vesicles were most frequently found in tissue obtained during the first 6 days after injection; and in certain of the vesicles ferritin molecules surrounded closely packed aggregates of injected material. Much unchanged ferric hydroxide was still present in macrophages and vascular endothelial cells 3 to 4 weeks after injection.
While electron microscopy left no doubt about the identity of injected ferric hydroxide on the one hand, and of ferritin or hemosiderin on the other, histochemical tests for iron failed in this respect.
Precipitation of ferric hydroxide (hydrous ferric oxide) from stabilized colloidal dispersions of iron-dextran was brought about in vitro by incubation with minced mouse tissue (e.g. liver), but not by incubation with mouse serum or blood.
Subcutaneous injections of hydrous gel of ferric oxide into mice initially produced localized extracellular precipitates. Most of the material was still extracellular 16 days after injection, though part of it was phagocytized by macrophages near the site of injection; but apparently none reached the spleen in unaltered form. Five days after injection and thereafter, much ferritin was present in macrophages about the site of injection and in the spleen.
The findings show that iron preparations widely used in therapy can be identified within cells, and that their intracellular disposition and fate can be followed at the molecular level. Considered in the light of previous work, they indicate that the characteristic structure of the ferric hydroxide micelles in molecules of ferritin is specific, and develops during the union of apoferritin with ferric hydroxide. Apparently this union does not depend upon specific cell components.
EXPERIMENTAL ATHEROSCLEROSIS AND CARDIAC INFARCTS IN RATS
Authors: Wilgram George F. 
Published: June 2004

Marked obesity was induced in rats by feeding a high fat, egg yolk-rich diet. The obese rats were hyperlipemic and showed an increased incidence of lipomatous coronary lesions, but did not develop severe atheromatous lesions.
Spontaneous vascular lesions of several kinds have been observed in aging rats. Among them, plaques containing a fibrin-like material seem to be conspicuous. However, these lesions differ from the experimentally induced changes, which were more fatty. Atherosclerosis, as it is defined in human pathology, has not been observed to develop spontaneously in rats.
Experimental induction of marked hyperlipemia and hypercholesterolemia by feeding a high fat egg yolk-rich diet (supplemented with cholesterol, choleate, and thiouracil), and use of viosterol to cause vascular injury, led to severe atherosclerosis, coronary occlusion, and myocardial infarction.
A consideration of all the findings reported here leads to renewed support of the concept that atherosclerosis has a combination of causes (Aschoff, Anitschkow, Page). Of all the etiological factors considered here, elevation of blood lipides and vascular injury are thought to be the most important ones.
PARATHYROID TRANSPLANTS IN RATS
Authors: Russell P. S. , Gittes R. F. 
Published: June 2004

1. A reliable method of parathyroid grafting in rats, and of assessing the functional state of such grafts in terms of blood calcium has been devised.
2. Parathyroid homografts between rats of proven genetic diversity may be rejected as promptly as skin; but the majority survive for an indefinite period, there being no intermediate class.
3. Surviving parathyroid grafts in this genetically diverse combination invariably succumb in the presence of the immunity induced by a later skin graft from the same donor.
4. Parathyroid grafts between rats of less genetic diversity have usually responded to skin graft-induced immunity in the same manner as those between more dissimilar rats. The less divergent group, however, revealed an occasional persistent functioning of parathyroid grafts even in the face of the sensitivity incidental to an accelerated reaction to skin.
5. The hypothesis is presented that the parathyroid tissue of the rats studied was deficient in effective transplantation antigens as compared with those of their skin. This weakness in apparent antigenicity may be a reflection of a deficiency in production, availability, or content of antigens in the tissue transferred.
MOLECULAR GROWTH REQUIREMENTS OF SINGLE MAMMALIAN CELLS
Authors: Fisher Harold W. , Puck Theodore T. , Sato Gordon 
Published: June 2004

Two purified serum protein fractions, fetuin and serum albumin, will replace whole or dialyzed serum in supporting the growth of single S3 HeLa cells in an otherwise chemically defined nutrient solution.
In the serum-free medium, single S3 cells will form macroscopic colonies with essentially 100 per cent efficiency.
The generation time of S3 cells in the serum-free medium is approximately 50 per cent greater than that observed in an optimal, serum-containing medium.
All components of the serum-free medium are available commercially, except fetuin, which can easily be prepared in substantial quantities.
The problem of the purity of the protein preparations and of their possible roles in promoting cell growth is discussed.
ISOTONICITY OF LIVER AND OF KIDNEY TISSUE IN SOLUTIONS OF ELECTROLYTES
Authors: Opie Eugene L. 
Published: June 2004

Solutions of a wide variety of electrolytes, isotonic with liver or with kidney tissue, have approximately the same osmotic pressure as solutions of sodium chloride isotonic with tissues of the two organs respectively; that is, with solutions approximately twice as concentrated as the sodium chloride of mammalian blood plasma.
The molar concentration of various electrolytes isotonic with liver or with kidney tissue immediately after its removal from the body is determined by the molecular weight, valency, and ion-dissociation of these electrolytes in accordance with the well known conditions of osmosis.
The plasma membranes of liver and of kidney cells are imperfectly semipermeable to electrolytes, and those that enter the cell, though retarded in so doing, bring about injury which increases permeability to water.
The osmotic activity of cells of mammalian liver and kidney immediately after their removal from the body resembles that of plant cells, egg cells of marine invertebrates, and mammalian red blood corpuscles and presumably represents a basic property of living cells by which osmotic pressure may be adjusted to functional need.
STUDIES ON THE IMMUNOCHEMISTRY OF HUMAN LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS UTILIZING AN HEMAGGLUTINATION TECHNIQUE
Authors: Briner William W. , Riddle Jackson W. , Cornwell David G. 
Published: June 2004

Hemagglutination is a specific and sensitive technique for investigating the purity of lipoproteins and the immunologic relationships between low density lipoprotein fractions.
The Sf 10–400 and Sf 3–9 lipoprotein fractions, isolated from human serum by dextran sulfate-density gradient centrifugation procedure and repurified by centrifugation appeared to contain only lipoprotein antigens since these fractions did not stimulate the production of antibodies against other serum proteins. Cross-absorption experiments with lipoproteins carried on "tanned" cells demonstrated that the Sf 3–9 lipoprotein fraction contains all the antigenic components of the Sf 10–400 lipoprotein fraction together with additional antigenic components not found in the Sf 10–400 lipoprotein fraction. Thus Sf 3–9 and Sf 10–400 lipoprotein fractions are immunologically similar but not identical. Low density lipoproteins contain no antigens in common with the high density lipoproteins.
An Sf 3–9 antiserum can be used to detect both Sf 3–9 and Sf 10–400 antigens. The Sf 3–9 lipoprotein fraction used as an antigen will detect antibodies against both Sf 3–9 and Sf 10–400 lipoprotein fractions. The Sf 3–9 and Sf 10–400 antisera did not contain immune antibodies against erythrocytes of the different blood groups or against sheep, guinea pig, dog, calf, pig, horse, and chicken erythrocytes.
Normal subjects and subjects with recent myocardial infarctions had no circulating autoantibodies against the Sf 3–9 and Sf 10–400 lipoprotein fractions.
INTRACELLULAR SURVIVAL OF STAPHYLOCOCCI
Authors: Kapral Frank A. , Shayegani Mehdi Gh. 
Published: June 2004

A tissue culture procedure is described which permits the quantitative evaluation of the intracellular survival of staphylococci within leucocytes. Staphylococcus aureus survived, but did not multiply, within neutrophils and monocytes of normal rabbits. The same was true of normal human blood leucocytes. Staphylococcus albus on the other hand was destroyed by these cells under the same conditions. Rat monocytes destroyed S. aureus and S. albus with equal facility. Although most experiments were carried out in the presence of 50 µg. streptomycin/ml., similar results were obtained without the use of this antibiotic.
The applications of the tissue culture procedure with regard to studies on virulence and immunity in staphylococcal disease are discussed.
THE NATURE OF THE IMMUNOLOGIC INADEQUACY OF NEONATAL RABBITS
Authors: Dixon Frank J. , Weigle William O. 
Published: June 2004

It has been shown that cells from neonatal rabbits are capable of producing considerable amounts of antibody after exposure to antigen in vitro and transfer to x-radiated adult recipients. This suggests that the immunological inadequacy of these neonates is not dependent primarily upon the lack of cells capable of antibody formation.
Both in vitro sensitized neonatal lymphoid cells and in vivo sensitized adult lymphoid cells made much more antibody after transfer to x-rayed adult recipients than to neonatal recipients. Possible reasons for and significance of these observations are pointed out in the discussion.
THE MAMMALIAN CELL VIRUS RELATIONSHIP
Authors: Holland John J. , McLaren Leroy C. , Syverton Jerome T. 
Published: June 2004

Ribonucleic acid extracted with phenol from Type 1 poliovirus, Coxsackie A-9, Coxsackie B-1, and ECHO 8 viruses infected non-primate cells and animals insusceptible to whole virus as such. Viral RNA was proved infectious for insusceptible cells in test systems of established cell lines, primary monolayer cultures, Maitland type cultures, and living animals inoculated intracerebrally. Cells of rabbit, swine, mouse, guinea pig, chicken, and hamster were infected. Each virus produced was identical with the virus donating RNA, in (a) neutralization by homotypic antiserum, (b) resistance to ribonuclease treatment, and (c) failure to be adsorbed or replicated by nonprimate cells, even of the strain producing the virus from RNA. Produced virus was adsorbed and replicated by susceptible primate cells as usual. Virus in RNA-infected cell cultures was produced in a single cycle unaccompanied by overt cytopathic effect on non-primate cells or disease of intracerebrally inoculated animals.
By drastic elution of infective poliovirus associated with rabbit cells exposed to massive inocula of intact virus, intact poliovirus was shown to infect insusceptible non-primate cells to produce progeny indistinguishable from the parent virus population. Under these conditions, infection was accomplished by about 10 virus plaque-forming units per billion inoculated.
SOME PHYSIOPATHOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF NATURAL RESISTANCE TO INFECTION IN MURINE SALMONELLOSIS
Authors: Böhme Diethelm H. , Schneider Howard A. , Lee Johanna M. 
Published: June 2004

Susceptible (BSVS) and resistant (BRVR) mice were experimentally infected with Salmonella typhimurium. The double strain inoculation technique was used in which both avirulent and virulent representatives of S. typhimurium were admitted into the hosts. The BSVS mice succumbed without exception while the BRVR mice survived to 52 per cent. No deaths occurred during the experimental period in non-infected control mice.
Parallel to the survivorship test, and concurrent with it, the activity of the reticulo-endothelial system (RES) was measured at frequent intervals in identically infected BSVS and BRVR mice and in their non-infected controls. For this measurement the carbon clearance method was used. No pre-infection difference of activity of the RES could be discerned in susceptible BSVS mice vs. resistant BRVR. Following infection, increases in the RES activity were detected in about the same magnitude in both mouse stocks. However, a difference was found in the time of onset. The susceptible animals showed an early and short increase in the activity of the RES, followed by a drop to control levels at the time of death. The resistant group exhibited a considerably delayed, but significant increase in RES activity, which returned to control levels approximately 4 weeks after infection.
The absolute white blood count did not undergo significant change in either of the two infected groups, but the susceptible animals showed a relative increase of their neutrophils at the expense of their lymphocytes.
Extensive anatomical changes were observed in both mouse strains, mainly confined to liver and spleen. These consisted of stasis, swelling of Kupffer cells, necrotic foci, histiocytic-monocytic nodules, widespread thrombosis of branches of the portal and splenic veins, and extensive areas of necrosis. These changes appeared earlier in susceptible than in resistant animals.
The implications of these findings are discussed.
STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF HYPERSENSITIVITY PHENOMENA
Authors: Osler Abraham G. , Randall Harry G. , Hill Betsy M. , Ovary Zoltan 
Published: June 2004

The interaction of fresh rat and guinea pig serum with washed preformed immune aggregates has been studied with respect to the loss in hemolytic potency of the serum, diminution of the C'3; activity, and appearance of anaphylatoxin.
It has been found that the formation of anaphylatoxin, as judged by its effect on capillary permeability and smooth muscle contraction, is coincident with or subsequent to the fixation of all the known C' components.
Less anaphylatoxin is formed by aggregates formed with excess antigen than those in equivalence ratio combination.
C' fixation, as well as anaphylatoxin production, may be inhibited by chelation of the divalent cations, presumably by interfering with the fixation of C'1, C'4, and C'2.
Phlorizin suppresses the utilization of C'3 in immune hemolysis, C' fixation by antigen-antibody aggregates, and the production of anaphylatoxin. The biological activities associated with the fixation of C' are not manifest unless C'3 participates in this process at 37°C. It is concluded that the formation of anaphylatoxin may be regarded as a product of C' fixation.
ANALYSIS OF THE PROTEINS OF RAT SERUM BY STARCH ELECTROPHORESIS AND BY CATIONIC DETERGENT ANALYSIS
Authors: Jacox Ralph F. 
Published: June 2004

A protein of unusual characteristics has been identified in normal rat sera by electrophoretic separation at pH 8.6, followed by precipitation of each fraction with a cationic detergent. This protein, which is closely identified with albumin after electrophoresis at pH 8.6, precipitates with cationic detergent at a low pH in contrast to albumin which precipitates with detergent only at a high pH. This protein has characteristics of a globulin and is designated as a "fast alpha fraction."
This fraction and albumin are present in about equal amounts in sera of normal rats. A separation of the fast alpha fraction can be made by electrophoresis in an acetate buffer of pH 4.25 and by precipitation according to a modified Cohn, cold-alcohol technique.
A protein of similar characteristics has not been found in either human or rabbit sera studied by the same method of electrophoresis and subsequent sub-fractionation with cationic detergent.