bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Accidie, Evaluation, and Motivation
Authors: Tenenbaum Sergio 
Published: March 2005

AbstractAccidie, depression, and dejection seem to be psychological phenomena that are best characterized as cases in which an agent has no motivation to pursue what he or she judges to be good or valuable. The phenomena thus seem to present a challenge to any view that draws a close connection between motivation and evaluation. ‘Accidie, Evaluation, and Motivation’ aims to show that the phenomena are actually best explained by a theory that postulates a conceptual connection between motivation and evaluation.
Change in Intergenerational Class Mobility in France from the 1970s to the 1990s and its Explanation: An Analysis Following the CASMIN Approach
Authors: Vallet Louis-André 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThere has been a progressive opening up in the mobility regime in France from the start of the seventies. It is apparent in both men’s mobility and women’s mobility, is also revealed by an analysis of ‘complete’ mobility tables, and is scarcely sensitive to the treatment of unemployed and retired persons in the analysis, or to the detail of the class schema. This opening up resulted from a decline in the hierarchical divisions within the class structure and from a reduced distance between the agricultural classes and the others. Finally, introducing education between class origin and class destination reveals that the opening up of the mobility regime resulted from three components: a decrease in inequality of educational opportunity, a weakening in the relative occupational advantage afforded by education, and a compositional effect (educational expansion increased the size of more qualified groups in which the direct effect of origin on destination is generally weaker).
The Italian Mobility Regime: 1985–97
Authors: Pisati Maurizio , Schizzerotto Antonio 
Published: March 2005

AbstractAnalyses changes in the Italian social mobility regime over the period 1985 to 1997. First, it is shown that both men’s and women’s absolute rates of mobility have remained substantially stable during the period under analysis. Some changes did occur in relative mobility changes: on the one hand, the strength of the barriers separating the urban manual and non-manual classes has increased somewhat; on the other hand, the degree of viscosity of agricultural classes has considerably decreased. Overall, these two changes have brought about a slight increase in the degree of fluidity of the Italian society.
Equality at a Halt? Social Mobility in Sweden, 1976–99
Authors: Jonsson Jan O. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractSocial structural change has meant that ‘higher’ social classes–primarily, the service classes–have increased in numbers during the last 25 years in Sweden, while the working class has decreased. Total social mobility between generations has, however, changed rather little. The only trend that can be discerned is that the share of vertical to non-vertical moves has increased over time, particularly that women’s upward mobility has increased. Relative social mobility, or social fluidity, has not changed overall for men, though the advantage to an upper service class origin appears to have diminished somewhat. For women, however, there is increasing social fluidity across the board. This increase took place at the end of the 1980s and stabilized thereafter. One plausible process behind this is a decreasing association between class of origin and educational attainment, probably acting through cohort replacement.
Policy Implications from the Theory-Based Literature on Disclosure
Authors: Verrecchia Robert E. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe theory-based disclosure literature is reviewed to infer policy prescriptions that seem implicit in the results. The author points out that the theory-based literature fails to distinguish adequately between analyses concerned primarily with narrow pathologies, and results that are sufficiently general to extend naturally to broad policy issues. He attempts to make this distinction and discusses broad notions and ideas that originate from the theory-based literature in accounting that comport with casual empiricism. The six sections of the chapter are: Introduction; Public disclosure and private information gathering; Unintended consequences of public disclosure; Other externalities of disclosure; Disclosure standards aside, what thwarts firms from disclosing voluntarily?; and Conclusion.
Proprietary versus Nonproprietary Disclosures: Evidence from Germany
Authors: Leuz Christian 
Published: March 2005

AbstractDiscretionary disclosure theory suggests that proprietary costs are an important reason why firms often withhold material information, but empirically testing this hypothesis has proven to be difficult because of the elusive nature of proprietary costs and lack of settings in which proprietary disclosures are voluntary. Until recently, German firms were not required to disclose business segment reports, which are generally viewed as competitively sensitive and proprietary in nature; an analysis of voluntary business segment disclosures of firms finds evidence that is consistent with the proprietary cost hypothesis. As Germany now requires segment reporting by all listed firms, an ex post examination is made to determine whether segment reporting is more revealing for those firms that previously chose not to disclose. It is found that firms are less likely to provide segment reports voluntarily if segment profitability is more heterogeneous and the average profitability reported in the income statement is less revealing; this finding is also consistent with the proprietary cost hypothesis and shows that segment disclosures are not governed by capital-market considerations alone. The findings are benchmarked using voluntary cash flow statement disclosures, because these are less competitively sensitive than segment reports, which are likely to reveal proprietary information to competitors; the finding here is that cash flow disclosures appear to be governed primarily by capital-market considerations, and this lends further support to the proprietary cost interpretation of the segment reporting results.
The Early Years
Authors: Murphy-O'Connor Jerome 
Published: March 2005

AbstractAramaic-speaking parents brought Paul to Tarsus from Galilee as prisoners-of-war sold as slaves. Excellent education in rhetoric, and a smattering of Stoicism. As a Pharisee, he saw that proclamation of Jesus as the Messiah implied repudiation of the Law. It was an either-or situation, not the both-and situation that Jewish Christians wanted. Hence, his persecution of Christians.
Introduction
Authors: Keating Daniel A. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Places Cyril in historical context, and outlines the theme of the appropriation of divine life in Cyril’s narrative of salvation. Through this narrative of divine life, Cyril links the inter-trinitarian life of God to the human reception of that life through the Incarnate Word and the Spirit. A concise account of Cyril as biblical exegete is offered, and the overall aims of the study are enumerated.
New Risks at the EU Level; A Spillover from Open Market Policies?
Authors: Larsen Trine P. , Taylor-Gooby Peter 
Published: March 2005

AbstractNew social risks are at the forefront of the EU's social policy agenda. In part, this is because a new social risk approach fits with open market policies, which stress constraints on state interventions and the importance of adapting social provision to meet economic goals; in part because old social risk areas are so heavily occupied by existing national government policies that it is difficult to find support for innovations. During the 1980s and 1990s, a number of attempts to develop international policy harmonization were pursued. These failed due to the difficulty of achieving cross‐national consensus. There are a number of relevant directives, chiefly in the areas of equality of opportunity for men and women and other labour market issues. The most important current developments, however, are in the area of ‘soft law’ through the Open Method of Co‐ordination and the National Action Plans in relation to employment, social exclusion, pensions, health and social care. The European Employment Strategy, with its stress on ‘flexicurity’, is the most advanced of these. It is at present unclear to what extent this process will achieve substantial changes in comparison with the importance of the economic pressures from the Single European Market.
The Lineaments of the Macarian Vision
Authors: Plested Marcus 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
An outline of the sources, nature, and content of the Macarian writings. The chapter distinguishes and describes some of the main themes treated in this unsystematic, but fundamentally coherent, corpus: the mutual indwelling of man and God, cosmology and anthropology, Fall and spiritual struggle, prayer and the sacraments. It also emphasises the profoundly Trinitarian character of the Macarian spiritual vision.
Macarius and the Cappadocians
Authors: Plested Marcus 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
A consideration of the relationship between Macarius and the Cappadocian Fathers (focussing on St Basil and St Gregory of Nyssa). A number of parallels and possible links are established in the case of Basil while a demonstrable and significant connection is explored in the shape of Nyssa’s reworking (as his De instituto Christiano) of Macarius’ Epistola magna or Great Letter. In this way, Macarius is seen to be closely associated with the Cappadocian programme of monastic reform.
Macarius and Evagrius
Authors: Plested Marcus 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
A re-evaluation of the opposition commonly assumed to obtain between the teaching and respective legacies of Macarius and Evagrius of Pontus – an opposition often put in terms of the contrast between Semitic and Hellenic Christianity, between intellective and affective mysticisms, between ‘head’ and ‘heart’. Both authors are shown to be ill served by such simplistic contrasts, both far broader in scope and vision than these would imply. The two are, however, legitimately to be distinguished in terms of emphasis and balance – Macarius emerging as the more subtle and holistic of the two.
Maximus the Confessor
Authors: Plested Marcus 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
The final chapter looks at the palpable Macarian dimension of the great Byzantine synthesis of Maximus the Confessor. Maximus is shown to have integrated into his teaching a number of key themes and concepts inherited from the Macarian legacy. The Macarian legacy plays a key role in Maximus’ theological and spiritual vision and is indeed essential to an understanding of that vision. Maximus’ creative appropriation of that legacy confirms and seals its place at the heart of the Eastern Christian tradition.
Conclusion
Authors: Gavrilyuk Paul L. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
The church’s rejection of the major christological heresies is a series of dialectical turns, all taken to safeguard an account of divine involvement worthy of God. The Docetists, Arians, and Nestorians–substantial metaphysical and theological differences between them notwithstanding–endorsed unqualified and unrestricted divine impassibility, i.e. they agreed that divine impassibility ruled out the divine subject’s involvement in human history and suffering. In contrast, the orthodox theologians regarded qualified divine impassibility as being compatible with certain God-befitting emotions and with the incarnate Word’s suffering in and through human nature.
Birth-rate Blues: A Real Crisis in the Making?
Authors: Castles Francis G. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractInstead of focusing on a crisis for the welfare state, this chapter examines a contemporary crisis threat for which the welfare state in the form of family-friendly social policies may provide the answer. The crisis in question is a serious decline in advanced country fertility rates, which has left most OECD cou n tries with birthrates well below those required to replace existing population levels. The analysis shows that in the past few decades the world has almost literally been ‘turned upside down’, with fertility rates now highest in countries where cultural v a lues are least traditional and where public policies are most encouraging to female labour force participation. The chapter also analyses the effect of a variety of family-friendly policies and shows that the provision of childcare places is the measure m o st vital to raising advanced nation fertility levels.
Towards a Steady-state Welfare State?
Authors: Castles Francis G. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractSeeks to draw the main implications of the previous analysis. It argues that, in recent decades, rather than being under immediate threat, the welfare state in most Western nations has been approaching steady state, with expenditure levels that are unlikely to change radically in coming years. In aggregate terms, the biggest remaining divide is between high spending social security and state services of the states of Continental Western Europe and the poverty-alleviation states of the English-speaking world. The book concludes by arguing that, despite convergence at the aggregate expenditure level, different families of nations have distinctively different welfare state priorities and different problems.
Thought and Context
Authors: Corazza Eros 
Published: March 2005

AbstractFocuses on the way in which our cognitive activity is context dependent. In developing an idea put forward by Perry (1986), it is shown how we can succeed in thinking about something without having to represent this very thing insofar as the aboutness of one’s thought may not be represented. To sustain this view, the chapter focuses on the phenomenon of tacit reference and shows how context may bridge the gap between a thought and the event it represents.
The Overmuch and Unfamiliar
Authors: Lennan Richard 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
In the light of the book's analysis of both the challenges facing the embrace of ecclesial faith and the resources of that faith, this chapter endeavours to express the possibilities for the church in the present. Of particular interest is the capacity of the church to undertake ‘inculturation’ in contemporary culture without the loss of its specific identity. In order to establish that point, the chapter returns to ‘tradition’ with a view to establishing that tradition, grounded as it is in the Holy Spirit, is able to develop, to be about change as well as preservation; tradition, then, can be a stimulus to creativity. The specific examples of possibilities for change that the chapter examines are ministry in the church and the role of women in the church. Concludes with an attempt to nominate the factors – pre‐eminent among which is openness to the Spirit – that might enable the communion of the church not only to develop alternatives to ‘the peril’, but also make more inviting the risk of ecclesial faith.
Rhetoric, New Labour, and the Constructionof the Centre
Authors: Hindmoor Andrew 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
This chapter examines New Labour’s efforts to rhetorically construct the political centre based on its policies on devolution, minimum wage, trade union recognition, and tax increase in the 2002 budget. It is argued that policies are not left-wing because policies are not ‘really’ anything. New Labour used definitions, comparisons, ridicule, authority, and arguments about cause and effect, contradiction, and sacrifice to persuade voters that its policies were at the political centre.
“Money Attitudes” and Retirement Plan Design: One Size Does Not Fit All
Authors: MacFarland Donna M. , Marconi Carolyn D. , Utkus Stephen P. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe chapter examines how workers’ attitudes about money and retirement planning influence their participation in defined contribution (DC) pension plans. Workers were grouped into five “money attitude” clusters. Individuals showed difference preferences for the types of planning activities needed to be successful in conventional DC plans.
Implications of Pension Plan Features, Information, and Social Interactions for Retirement Saving Decisions
Authors: Duflo Esther , Saez Emmanuel 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
This chapter examines the factors influencing enrolment in 401(k) retirement plans. In one study, a random sample of employees was asked to attend a benefits information fair organised by the employer. It was found that employees’ decisions to participate in the plan were influenced by their peers rather than the information provided by the fair.
The International Finance Facility Proposal
Authors: Mavrotas George 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Proposals for new institutional arrangements for Official Development Assistance (ODA) that exploit techniques for securitisation in the capital market can function as an innovative source for generating the funds necessary for the achievement of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). This chapter takes as an example of this type of proposal the International Finance Facility (IFF) proposal published in the United Kingdom in January 2003 jointly by HM Treasury and the UK Department for International Development (DFID). It discusses the IFF proposal in detail, describing its main technical details and financial structure, and elaborating on crucially important administration and implementation issues. The proposal is evaluated in terms of both its potential advantages and its shortcomings, as well as suggesting ways to strengthen the proposal further. The key challenges for IFF are summarised in the concluding section.
A Global Lottery and a Global Premium Bond
Authors: Addison Tony , Chowdhury Abdur R. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Proposals are evaluated, from both an economic and an ethical viewpoint, for development funding through a global lottery, along with a complement to this: a global premium bond (a loan instrument in which the interest takes the form of a lottery prize, the capital being repayable on request, so that it has the characteristics of a savings product, which makes it potentially attractive to ethical investors). The chapter starts by looking at how a global lottery might work, evaluating the issue by discussing lottery operators and their regulation, the market for lotteries, competition between the global lottery and national lotteries, the challenge posed by Internet gambling, revenue‐raising potential, cross‐county equity, distributional and welfare effects, ethical issues, and development education. The potential for a global premium bond is then analysed, summarising the UK premium bond scheme as a model for a global version, setting out the modalities of a global premium bond and highlighting the differences from a global lottery. It is concluded that global versions of both a lottery and a premium bond are viable and complementary in mobilizing more development finance.
Inhibition of N2 Fixation in Soybean Is Associated with Elevated Ureides and Amino Acids
Authors: King C. Andy , Purcell Larry C. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Decreased N2 fixation in soybean (Glycine max) L. Merr. during water deficits has been associated with increases in ureides and free amino acids in plant tissues, indicating a potential feedback inhibition by these compounds in response to drought. We evaluated concentrations of ureides and amino acids in leaf and nodule tissue and the concurrent change in N2 fixation in response to exogenous ureides and soil-water treatments for the cultivars Jackson and KS4895. Exogenous ureides applied to the soil and water-deficit treatments inhibited N2 fixation by 85% to 90%. Mn fertilization increased the apparent catabolism of ureides in leaves and hastened the recovery of N2 fixation following exogenous ureide application for both cultivars. Ureides and total free amino acids in leaves and nodules increased during water deficits and coincided with a decline in N2 fixation for both cultivars. N2 fixation recovered to 74% to 90% of control levels 2 d after rewatering drought-stressed plants, but leaf ureides and total nodule amino acids remained elevated in KS4895. Asparagine accounted for 82% of the increase in nodule amino acids relative to well-watered plants at 2 d after rewatering. These results indicate that leaf ureides and nodule asparagine do not feedback inhibit N2 fixation. Compounds whose increase and decrease in concentration mirrored the decline and recovery of N2 fixation included nodule ureides, nodule aspartate, and several amino acids in leaves, indicating that these are potential candidate molecules for feedback inhibition of N2 fixation.
Comparative analysis of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Caenorhabditis elegans protein interaction networks
Authors: Agrafioti Ino , Swire Jonathan , Abbott James , Huntley Derek , Butcher Sarah , Stumpf Michael PH 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Background
Protein interaction networks aim to summarize the complex interplay of proteins in an organism. Early studies suggested that the position of a protein in the network determines its evolutionary rate but there has been considerable disagreement as to what extent other factors, such as protein abundance, modify this reported dependence.

Results
We compare the genomes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Caenorhabditis elegans with those of closely related species to elucidate the recent evolutionary history of their respective protein interaction networks. Interaction and expression data are studied in the light of a detailed phylogenetic analysis. The underlying network structure is incorporated explicitly into the statistical analysis. The increased phylogenetic resolution, paired with high-quality interaction data, allows us to resolve the way in which protein interaction network structure and abundance of proteins affect the evolutionary rate. We find that expression levels are better predictors of the evolutionary rate than a protein's connectivity. Detailed analysis of the two organisms also shows that the evolutionary rates of interacting proteins are not sufficiently similar to be mutually predictive.

Conclusion
It appears that meaningful inferences about the evolution of protein interaction networks require comparative analysis of reasonably closely related species. The signature of protein evolution is shaped by a protein's abundance in the organism and its function and the biological process it is involved in. Its position in the interaction networks and its connectivity may modulate this but they appear to have only minor influence on a protein's evolutionary rate.