bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Combined Percentage of Gleason Patterns 4 and 5 Is the Best Predictor of Cancer Progression After Radical Prostatectomy
Authors: Cheng Liang , Koch Michael O. , Juliar Beth E. , Daggy Joanne K. , Foster Richard S. , Bihrle Richard , Gardner Thomas A. 
Published: April 2005

Purpose Clinical outcome is variable in prostate cancer patients treated with radical prostatectomy. The Gleason histologic grade of prostatic adenocarcinoma is one of the strongest predictors of biologic aggressiveness of prostate cancer. We evaluated the significance of the relative proportion of high-grade cancer (Gleason patterns 4 and/or 5) in predicting cancer progression in prostate cancer patients treated with radical prostatectomy. Patients and Methods Radical prostatectomy specimens from 364 consecutive prostate cancer patients were totally embedded and whole mounted. Various clinical and pathologic characteristics were analyzed. All pathologic data, including Gleason grading variables, were collected prospectively. Results A multiple-factor analysis was performed that included the combined percentage of Gleason patterns 4 and 5, Gleason score, tumor stage, surgical margin status, preoperative prostate-specific antigen (PSA), extraprostatic extension, and total tumor volume. Using Cox regression analysis with bootstrap resampling for predictor selection, we identified the combined percentage of Gleason patterns 4 and 5 (P < .0001) and total tumor volume (P = .009) as significant predictors of PSA recurrence. Conclusion The combined percentage of Gleason patterns 4 and 5 is one of the most powerful predictors of patient outcome, and appears superior to conventional Gleason score in identifying patients at increased risk of disease progression. On the basis of our results, we recommend that the combined percentage of Gleason patterns 4 and 5 be evaluated in radical prostatectomy specimens. The amount of high-grade cancer in a prostatectomy specimen should be taken into account in therapeutic decision making and assessment of patient prognosis.
Mitotic Index and Benefit of Adjuvant Anthracycline-Based Chemotherapy in Patients With Early Breast Cancer
Authors: Andre Fabrice , Khalil Ahmed , Slimane Khemaies , Massard Christophe , Mathieu Marie Christine , Vignot Stéphane , Assi Hazem , Delaloge Suzette , Spielmann Marc 
Published: April 2005

Purpose We have evaluated whether the mitotic index could predict the benefit of adjuvant anthracycline-based chemotherapy in patients with early breast cancer who are eligible for adjuvant chemotherapy according to Saint Gallen guidelines. Patients and Methods A total of 937 patients from a single institution were included in two randomized trials that compared adjuvant anthracycline-based chemotherapy with no chemotherapy. These patients account for 83% of the overall population included in these trials. The first trial included premenopausal patients with node-negative disease, and the second one included postmenopausal patients, regardless of lymph node status. The treatment benefit was assessed according to the number of mitoses per field (×400). Results The mitotic index was assessable in 888 patients (94%). All the patients presented as either node-positive or an average-risk breast cancer according to 2003 Saint Gallen consensus conference guidelines. The 5-year overall survival rates were 91% and 87% for patients treated or not with adjuvant chemotherapy (P = .09). In patients with low/medium mitotic index (< three mitoses/field; n = 450), the 5-year overall survival rate was 95% for patients treated or not with adjuvant chemotherapy (P = .56). In patients with high mitotic index (≥ three mitoses/field; n = 438), the 5-year overall survival rates were 86% and 79% for patients treated or not treated with adjuvant chemotherapy, respectively (P = .02). Conclusion A high mitotic index is associated with the efficacy of adjuvant anthracycline-based chemotherapy in patients eligible for adjuvant chemotherapy in daily practice.
Time-Motion Analysis of 6 Cystic Fibrosis Mutation Detection Systems
Authors: Krafft Amy E , Lichy Jack H 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Background: A dramatic increase in requests for routine cystic fibrosis (CF) carrier screening prompted us to conduct a time-motion analysis comparing commercially available CF testing platforms. Questions addressed in the study included: (a) How much time is required to perform each step involved in carrying out the assay procedure? (b) Which system requires the minimum number of manual manipulations to complete a typical run? (c) What workflow benefits can be achieved by automation?
Methods: We used a 96-sample run for comparisons and analyzed each of the 6 methods to determine the number of pipetting steps and manual manipulations, the labor and instrument time, and the total time required to perform the assay. The survey participants included a staff of 4 technologists who perform complex molecular assays regularly. Time required for each procedure was determined by direct observation and from work logs completed by the technologists.
Results: The total number of pipetting motions varied from 78 to 344. Labor time ranged from 2.6 to 8.4 h, and total assay time from 7.6 to 13.7 h.
Conclusion: Time-motion analysis allowed identification of a method that minimized pipetting motions and thus reduced the risk of repetitive stress injury.
Optimization of inlet temperature for deactivating LTWGS reactor performance
Authors: Ayastuy J. L. , Gutiérrez‐Ortiz M. A. , González‐Marcos J. A. , Aranzabal A. , González‐Velasco J. R. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractAn industrial Cu‐based low‐temperature water‐gas shift (LTWGS) reactor, subject to deactivation by irreversible chlorine adsorption, has been modeled and optimized. Both the chlorine adsorption kinetics and deactivation kinetics were assumed first order to chlorine partial pressure, and the rate constants were considered independent of temperature. The Efficient Production (EP) method has been used to compute the reactor production until the outlet CO conversion decays below a permissible minimum level. Two alternative strategies for the inlet temperature have been used to maximize the EP: constant and time‐variable. Compared to the EP obtained for the optimum constant inlet temperatures, EP resulting from the use of the optimum time‐variable inlet temperature sequence were higher, affording important energy savings. Furthermore, a sensitivity study with respect to most influential operational variables, such as inlet total flow rate, steam‐to‐gas ratio, pressure, and concentrations of chlorine, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and inert content, was carried out. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2005
Geometric morphometric analysis of mandibular ramus flexure
Authors: Oettlé A.C. , Pretorius E. , Steyn M. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractMany characteristics of the human skeleton can only be assessed morphologically, which may be problematic due to factors such as interobserver error and difficulties with standardization. Flexure of the mandibular ramus is one of these traits, and various researchers found widely differing results using this morphological feature. The aim of this study was to determine whether differences between male and female mandibular rami could be observed using the computerized method of geometric morphometrics, a valuable tool that helps quantify shape differences. Twenty‐eight mandibular rami of black females and 43 of black males were photographed in a standard plane and assessed. It was found that the females were more scattered on the graph (more variable in shape), while the males clustered more around the center point where the two axes met (shape more constant). There was, however, considerable overlap between the sexes. Although different tendencies exist between the rami of males (being more flexed) and females (tending to be straight), the extent of these differences is not adequate to predict the sex of a single individual. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Linear enamel hypoplasias as indicators of systemic physiological stress: Evidence from two known age‐at‐death and sex populations from postmedieval London
Authors: King T. , Humphrey L.T. , Hillson S. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractEnamel hypoplasias are useful indicators of systemic growth disturbances during childhood, and are routinely used to investigate patterns of morbidity and mortality in past populations. This study examined the pattern of linear enamel hypoplasias in two different burial populations from 18th and 19th Century church crypts in London. Linear enamel hypoplasias on the permanent dentitions of individuals from the crypt of Christ Church, Spitalfields, were compared to enamel defects on the teeth of individuals from St. Bride's. The method used involves the identification of enamel defects at a microscopic level, and systemic perturbations are detected by matching hypoplasias among different tooth classes within each individual. The pattern of linear enamel hypoplasias was contrasted between individuals from the burial sites of Spitalfields and St. Bride's, between males and females, and between those aged less than 20 years of age and those aged over 20 years at death. Six different parameters were examined: frequency of linear enamel hypoplasias, interval between defects, duration of hypoplasias, age at first occurrence of hypoplasia, age at last occurrence of hypoplasia, and the percentage of enamel formation time taken up by growth disturbances. All individuals in the study displayed linear enamel hypoplasias, with up to 33% of total visible enamel formation time affected by growth disruptions. Multiple regression analysis indicated a number of significant differences in the pattern of enamel hypoplasias. Individuals from Spitalfields had shorter intervals between defects and greater percentages of enamel formation time affected by growth disturbances than did individuals from St. Bride's. Females had greater numbers of linear enamel hypoplasias, shorter intervals between defects, and greater percentages of enamel formation time affected by growth disturbances than males. There were also differences in the pattern of enamel hypoplasias and age at death in this study. Individuals who died younger in life had an earlier age at first occurrence of enamel hypoplasia than those who survived to an older age. The pattern of enamel hypoplasias detected in this study was influenced by tooth crown geometry and tooth wear such that most defects were found in the midcrown and cervical regions of the teeth, and greater numbers of defects were identified on the anterior teeth. Differences in sensitivity of the parameters used for the detection of enamel hypoplasias were found in this study. The percentage of visible enamel formation time affected by growth disturbances was the parameter that identified the greatest number of significant differences among the subgroups examined. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cellulose: Fascinating Biopolymer and Sustainable Raw Material
Authors: Klemm Dieter , Heublein Brigitte , Fink Hans‐Peter , Bohn Andreas 
Published: April 2005

AbstractAs the most important skeletal component in plants, the polysaccharide cellulose is an almost inexhaustible polymeric raw material with fascinating structure and properties. Formed by the repeated connection of D‐glucose building blocks, the highly functionalized, linear stiff‐chain homopolymer is characterized by its hydrophilicity, chirality, biodegradability, broad chemical modifying capacity, and its formation of versatile semicrystalline fiber morphologies. In view of the considerable increase in interdisciplinary cellulose research and product development over the past decade worldwide, this paper assembles the current knowledge in the structure and chemistry of cellulose, and in the development of innovative cellulose esters and ethers for coatings, films, membranes, building materials, drilling techniques, pharmaceuticals, and foodstuffs. New frontiers, including environmentally friendly cellulose fiber technologies, bacterial cellulose biomaterials, and in‐vitro syntheses of cellulose are highlighted together with future aims, strategies, and perspectives of cellulose research and its applications.
Directionality of pre‐ and post‐breeding migrations of a marbled newt population (Triturus marmoratus): implications for buffer zone management
Authors: Marty P. , AngÉlibert S. , Giani N. , Joly P. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
The marbled newt, Triturus marmoratus, is a vulnerable urodele species (listed on Annex IV of the European Habitats Directive). However, biological information about their migration and the terrestrial habitats they use is relatively scarce. In order to investigate the influence of the surrounding habitats of a local pond on the directions of pre‐ and post‐breeding migrations, adult newts were monitored over two successive years (from February 2000 to June 2001) at a permanent pond in south‐western France using a drift fence and pitfall traps.
In both sexes the entry and exit directions were non‐randomly distributed. Furthermore, males and females generally followed similar directions facing an oak forest and avoiding barren areas. However, the directions followed by postbreeding migrants leaving the pond differed from those they followed when coming to the pond.
The distribution of captures around the pond was related to environmental factors, and more precisely to vegetation within the immediate surroundings of the pond.
The environmental conditions occurring at the end of the spring postbreeding migration differed greatly from those occurring during the winter prebreeding migration. Thus, vegetation does not exert similar attraction during the two migration periods.
This raises the importance of microhabitat diversity in the vicinity of the breeding pond, which provides a wide range of suitable shelters in different migration periods. Conservation planning must take into account the ecological requirements of this endangered species in managing buffer zones around the breeding sites.
Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lake habitat suitability for the rare European macrophyte Najas flexilis (Willd.) Rostk. & Schmidt
Authors: Wingfield Ruth , Murphy Kevin , Gaywood Martin 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Najas flexilis (Willd.) Rostk. & Schmidt is a submerged annual macrophyte, rare in Europe, which is protected under the EC Habitats Directive.
N. flexilis grows in deep, often coloured or turbid water in mesotrophic lakes. Because of this habitat preference it is difficult to locate and assess the ecological state of populations of the species for conservation monitoring purposes.
A method is described based on plant community information that can be used to determine the baseline probability that conditions in a lake are suitable for supporting N. flexilis growth. This can be applied to conservation management decisions, such as whether a detailed underwater survey is justified for monitoring the integrity of existing populations of N. flexilis, or whether the lake may be a suitable site for introduction, or reintroduction, of populations of the plant.
Two methods of plant community description are compared: a quantitative micro‐habitat scale approach and a whole‐lake‐scale qualitative approach. Plant community data collected using each method were grouped using TWINSPAN, and environmental descriptors of the sites comprising each plant community group were compared statistically.
Micro‐habitat‐scale community groups differed significantly only in the light extinction coefficient, indicating the zone within the lake in which N. flexilis occurred.
The whole‐lake‐scale community groups differed in a number of environmental variables indicative of eutrophication and acidification, two major environmental threats to N. flexilis survival.
This study suggests that a lake‐scale qualitative plant community description would be a better indicator of site suitability for N. flexilis growth than a quantitative micro‐habitat plant community description. This is because the whole‐lake‐scale approach could detect a difference in the environmental factors that affect N. flexilis growth, which the micro‐habitat scale approach could not.
Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On physical realizability and uncertainty of numerical solutions
Authors: Dörnbrack Andreas , Doyle James D. , Lane Todd P. , Sharman Robert D. , Smolarkiewicz Piotr K. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractNumerical experiments of the stratified flow past a bell‐shaped mountain with a shallow shear layer aloft are performed. Two different approximations of the entropy equation (explicit vs implicit numerical treatment of gravity waves) lead to a substantial discrepancy of the numerical results. As the flow is metastable, it turns out that both solutions are physically realizable and the quality of the solution changes in response to small variations in the accuracy of the numerical approximation. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society
Semi‐operational rainfall observations with X‐band multi‐parameter radar
Authors: Maki Masayuki , Iwanami Koyuru , Misumi Ryohei , Park Sang‐Goon , Moriwaki Hiromu , Maruyama Ken‐ichi , Watabe Isao , Lee Dong‐In , Jang Min , Kim Hyo‐Kyung , Bringi V. N. , Uyeda Hiroshi 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThree‐year semi‐operational observations of rainfall distributions with NIED X‐band multi‐parameter (or polarimetric) radar started in the Kanto area of Japan from July 2003. The purposes and outlines of the radar observations with networks of rain gauges and disdrometers for ground validations are described. Preliminary results of validation analysis of polarimetric rain rate estimators show the usefulness of X‐band multi‐parameter radar for hydrological and meteorological applications in a small area. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society
Radar rainfall estimation in the New Zealand context
Authors: Gray Warren , Larsen Howard 
Published: April 2005

AbstractDifficulties commonly encountered in precipitation measurement by radar include errors from radar reflections from the surface, errors in extrapolating from measurements aloft, and errors through inadequately sampling a fluctuating signal. These error sources are discussed, along with the skill of the solutions that have been implemented. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society
Errors in surface rainfall rates retrieved from radar due to wind‐drift
Authors: Lack Steven A. , Fox Neil I. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis article describes a series of experiments based on real data wherein the advection of the precipitation below the radar‐sampled volume is estimated using Doppler radar determined wind fields. The experiments show that even at standard resolutions of 2 km the error can be extensive, and at higher resolutions and greater ranges (higher beam elevations) the errors become very large. Errors are assessed using different Z–R relationships and resolutions as high as 0.5 km. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society
Evaluation of potential benefit of assimilation of SEVIRI water vapour radiance data from Meteosat‐8 into global numerical weather prediction analyses
Authors: Szyndel M. D. E. , Kelly G. , Thépaut J.N. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe clear sky radiance product from the SEVIRI instrument is described. The characteristics of the data derived from water vapour–sensitive channels are discussed. A trial of the assimilation of these data from Meteosat‐8 into the ECMWF NWP model is described and results of this trial presented and discussed. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society
Production of recombinant proteins by vaccinia virus in a microcarrier based mammalian cell perfusion bioreactor
Authors: Bleckwenn Nicole A. , Golding Hana , Bentley William E. , Shiloach Joseph 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe HeLa cell‐vaccinia virus expression system was evaluated for the production of recombinant proteins (enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) and HIV envelope coat protein, gp120) using microcarriers in 1.5 L perfused bioreactor cultures. Perfusion was achieved by use of an alternating tangential flow device (ATF), increasing the length of the exponential phase by 50 h compared to batch culture and increasing the maximum cell density from 1.5 × 106 to 4.4 × 106 cell/mL. A seed train expansion method using cells harvested from microcarrier culture and reseeding onto fresh carriers was developed. EGFP was first used as a model protein to study process parameters affecting protein yield, specifically dissolved oxygen (DO) and temperature during the production phase. The highest level of EGFP, 12 ± 1.5 μg/106 infected cells, was obtained at 50% DO and 31°C. These setpoints were then used to produce glycoprotein, gp120, which was purified and deglycosylated, revealing a significant amount of N‐linked glycosylation. Also, biological activity was assayed, resulting in an ID50 of 3.1 μg/mL, which is comparable to previous reports. Published 2005 Wiley‐Periodicals, Inc.
Two‐year follow‐up intravascular ultrasound analysis after bare metal stent implantation in 120 lesions
Authors: Hong Myeong‐Ki , Lee Cheol Whan , Kim Young‐Hak , Lee Bong‐Ki , Kim Min‐Kyu , Yang Tae‐Hyun , Song Jong‐Min , Han Ki‐Hoon , Kang Duk‐Hyun , Song Jae‐Kwan , Kim Jae‐Joong , Park Seong‐Wook , Park Seung‐Jung 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe objective of this study was to examine long‐term changes after bare metal stent implantation in a relatively large number of patients. There are few reports of intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) studies performed on stented and nonstented (reference) segments beyond 6 months after bare metal stenting. Using IVUS, we evaluated serial changes in stented and reference segments between 6 and 24 months after stent implantation in 110 patients with 120 lesions. Serial IVUS images were acquired at five equidistant intrastent sites and at two different reference segment sites. Measurements were made of the external elastic membrane (EEM), stent, lumen, and intimal hyperplasia (IH = stent − lumen) area. For the whole patient group, between 6 and 24 months, the mean IH area in stented segments decreased from 2.6 ± 1.0 to 2.3 36± 0.9 mm2 (P < 0.001), and the mean lumen area increased from 6.2 ± 2.0 to 6.5 ± 1.9 mm2 (P < 0.001). The mean IH area decreased in 91 lesions (76%) and increased in 29 lesions (24%) between 6 and 24 months. There were no significant changes in EEM or lumen area in the reference segments. Late angiographic restenosis (diameter stenosis ≥ 50%) occurred in three lesions between 6 and 24 months. A late target lesion revascularization was performed for one lesion. In the period of time between 6 and 24 months after stenting, IH regression occurred in most (76%) stent lesions, resulting in late lumen increase. However, IH progression was observed in 24% of in‐stent lesions. No significant changes of EEM or lumen area occurred in the reference segments. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of Agitation Intensity on Protein Solubility Behavior
Authors: Kaghazchi T. , Vaezi F. , Ravanchi M. T. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractA biochemical engineering framework to study fractional protein precipitation has been developed. For optimization, design and safe operation of the fractional protein precipitation process, the effects of process variables must be known. The solubility behavior of trypsin from bovine pancreas, as a function of ammonium sulphate concentration has been examined. The effect of agitation speed on enzyme and total protein solubility and enzyme specific activity has been investigated.