bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Helping to deliver emergency aid
Authors: Seybolt Taylor B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most common form of military intervention in complex humanitarian emergencies is helping aid organizations deliver emergency aid to people who have been displaced by war and violence. Sometimes military personnel deliver aid directly, for example, with airdrops, and sometimes they help indirectly by improving logistics and transport systems. Logistical assistance and direct provision of aid played an important role in all six of the countries or territories reviewed in chapter 3, sometimes as the sole objective of the intervention and sometimes as an afterthought. Military help in delivering emergency aid has saved many lives. It has also caused many problems.
Hidden Causes for Unknown Losses: Time Compression in Management
Authors: Sabelis Ida 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As a reaction to the instrumental way in which ‘organizational culture’ has been ‘discovered’ and used by practitioners and consultants since the 1980s, some anthropologists have entered the realm of organization studies to shed light on values, habits, and the taken-for-granted aspects in the world of organization and management. In a research project conducted from 1996 to 2000, Willem Koot and I studied the lives, views, and opinions of top managers2 of big organ izations and institutions in the Netherlands.3
A Near-Rational Model of the Business Cycle, with Wage and Price Inertia*
Authors: Akerlof George A , Yellen’ Janet L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper offers an explanation of why changes in the nominal supply of money are not neutral in the short run. It shows that aggregate demand shocks can cause significant changes in output and employment if agents adjust wages and prices in ways which are ‘insignificantly’ suboptimal from their individual standpoints. Alternatively, very small transaction costs of decision making or changing prices could account for large fluctuations in real economic activity.
Designing a World of Risk Management
Authors: Power Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the ‘Appendix to the Transcendental Dialectic’ of the Critique of Pure Reason, Kant discusses the ‘regulative employment of the ideas of pure reason’ (Kant, 1978). Within his broad critical philosophy, Kant recognized that there were certain objects, transcendental objects, which are mistakenly regarded as referring to real things. This error of judgement, or transcendental illusion, characterizes rationalist philosophies which regard the idea of a teleology or purpose in nature as furnishing proof of the existence of a divine being. Yet, while Kant rebuts this inference and deconstructs the ontological status of the idea of teleology, he also argues that this idea, and others like it, have an indispensable ‘regulative’ use.
Freedom Of Thought, Conscience And Religion
Authors: Clayton Richard , Tomlinson Hugh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was held in Williamson v Secretary of State for Education [2002] 1 FLR 493 that 14.13A it was not possible to describe the support for the imposition of corporal punishment in schools as a manifestation of belief within Article 9. See also Supplement, paras 15.267 and 19.87.
Which People’s War?
Authors: Rose Sonya O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Which People’s War? examines how national belonging, or British national identity, was envisaged in the public culture of the World War II home front. Using materials from newspapers, magazines, films, novels, diaries, letters, and all sorts of public documents, it explores such questions as: who was included as ‘British’ and what did it mean to be British? How did the British describe themselves as a singular people, and what were the consequences of those depictions? It also examines the several meanings of citizenship elaborated in various discussions concerning the British nation at war. This investigation of the powerful constructions of national identity and understandings of citizenship circulating in Britain during the Second World War exposes their multiple and contradictory consequences at the time. It reveals the fragility of any singular conception of ‘Britishness’ even during a war that involved the total mobilization of the country’s citizenry and cost 400,000 British civilian lives.
Vertical Fragmentation: The Spending Ministries
Authors: Hayward Jack , Wright Vincent 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our starting point for an examination of the components of the policy mix that the core executive seek to shape into a coherent whole is a recognition of the multiplicity of autonomous yet interdependent actors that cluster around the spending ministerial structures. Their overlapping activities create externalities that necessitate coordination if uncooperative proclivities combined with conflicting preferences are not to lead to confusion, paralysis, or fiasco. Having considered the hierarchical and horizontal principles and practices calculated to avoid these outcomes, we now turn to the vertical dimension of the coordination process as it is encountered in some of the major spending ministries, postponing to Part II the transversal sectoral case studies that exemplify the complex problems encountered in starkly specific form.
Tactical Privatisation: Changing the Mix in a Mixed Economy
Authors: Hayward Jack , Wright Vincent 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A widespread but oversimplified conception of state-market relations in France is to see them as state-centred and dirigiste. However, while ‘in comparative terms, extensive dirigisme was a distinctive feature of the French system’, outside the Communist countries ‘dirigisme was probably always more powerful as a rhetorical mobilising device and as a pervasive myth ... than as a strategy or coherent set of matching policies. In truth, the French model marked a messy reality in which public and private intertwined, in which private interests were often more powerful than public actors, in which the latter were fragmented and divided’, but ‘the very “incoherences” of the idealised model facilitated the transition of the 1980s’, which is the subject of this chapter. Since it touched on state-market relations at the sensitive point of ownership, privatisation raised especially controversial coordination issues in France.
Introduction: Strategic Alliance Research: Progress and Prospects
Authors: Reuer Jeffrey J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For many managers and researchers, the observation that strategic alliances have altered the business landscape seems apparent, even if the implications are less clear. Not only has the number of alliances increased dramatically during the past two decades, but the character of interfirm collaboration has also changed in several fundamental ways. Consider how current alliances differ from conventional alliances. The typical alliance tended to be an equity joint venture used for the purpose of entering a developing country while responding to a government’s restrictions on foreign investment.
Why Should Firms Cooperate? The Strategy and Economics Basis for Cooperative Ventures
Authors: Contractor Farok J , Lorange Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nature is not always red in fang and claw. Cooperation and competition provide alternative or simultaneous paths to success. In business, as in nature, managers must learn the arts of competing and cooperating as equally valid aspects of corporate strategy. Cooperative aspects of international strategy have been relatively neglected until recently. In the past few years, however, there appears to have been a proliferation of international joint ventures, licensing, coproduction agreements, joint research programs, exploration consortia, and other cooperative relationships between two or more potentially competitive firms (Boston Consulting Group, 1985). The role of these relationships in international strategy is the focus of this chapter.
A Transaction Costs Theory of Equity Joint Ventures
Authors: Hennart Jean-François 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
American multinational enterprise (MNEs) used to be known for their rigid insistence on wholly-owned subsidiaries. No longer. Today joint ventures ( JVs) are ‘in’. AT&T and Olivetti, General Motors and Toyota, Honeywell and Ericsson, United Technologies and Rolls Royce, Hercules and Montedison, General Electric and SNECMA, even the largest American firms are joining forces with foreign rivals, setting up cooperative research, manufacturing, or distribution ventures. The increasing importance taken by domestic and international JVs has spawned some new theoretical and empirical work which has increased our knowledge of these cooperative arrangements.
The Choice between Mergers/Acquisitions and Joint Ventures: The Case of Japanese Investors in the United States
Authors: Hennart Jean-François , Reddy Sabine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter investigates the determinants of the choice between two alternative methods of pooling similar and complementary assets: the merger/ acquisition and the greenfield equity joint venture. This choice is of particular interest because it throws light on two competing theories of why joint ventures exist. Balakrishnan and Koza (1991, 1993) see joint ventures as a mechanism to reduce the transaction costs incurred when acquiring other firms. They predict that joint ventures will be preferred when the potential target and the acquirer belong to different industries, because in this case these transaction costs are high. They are lower when the acquirer and the target firm are based in the same industry, and hence in that case they expect acquisitions.
Joint Ventures and the Option to Expand and Acquire
Authors: Kogut Bruce 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A fundamental problem facing the firm is the decision to invest and expand into new product markets characterized by uncertain demand. The problem is exacerbated when the new business is not related to current activities. In this sense, a firm’s initial investments in new markets can be considered as buying the right to expand in the future. In current parlance, the right to expand is an example of a “real option,” real because it is an investment in operating as opposed to financial capital, and an option because it need never be exercised.1 For many investments, such as the purchase of new capital equipment to reduce costs in aging plants, the option value is insignificant.
Collaborative Ventures and Value of Learning: Integrating the Transaction Cost and Strategic Option Perspectives on the Choice of Market Entry Modes
Authors: Chi Tailan , McGuire Donald J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The managers of a multinational enterprise (MNE) who are considering entry into a new market often must make decisions under highly uncertain and changeable circumstances. The variables that have a potentially significant impact on the prospect for its success in the market typically are large in number and keep evolving over time due to continual arrival of new information. A key decision the firm’s management faces is whether to go it alone or collaborate with a local partner in entering the new market. It is well accepted among scholars of international business that a collaborative venture (CV) is not economically justified unless there exists some complementarity between the resources of the participants (Contractor and Lorange, 1987; Root, 1987).
Alliances and Networks
Authors: Gulati Ranjay 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Strategic alliances between firms are now a ubiquitous phenomenon. Their proliferation has led to a growing stream of research by strategy and organizational scholars who have examined some of the causes and consequences of such partnerships, mostly at the dyadic level. In this article I don’t intend to review this vast and burgeoning field of research (for a review, see Auster, 1994). Instead, I will develop a social network perspective on some of the key questions associated with strategic alliances, going beyond the dyadic level to the larger network in which alliances are embedded. I will discuss how this perspective provides new insights on important factors that may influence the behavior and performance of firms. I define strategic alliances as voluntary arrangements between firms involving exchange, sharing, or codevelopment of products, technologies, or services.
The Stock Market and Investment in the New Economy: Some Tangible Facts and Intangible Fictions
Authors: Bond Stephen R , Cummins Jason G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘In the Old Economy, the value of a company was mostly in its hard assetsits buildings, machines, and physical equipment. In the New Economy, the value of a company derives more from its intangibles-its human capital, intellectual property, brainpower, and heart. In a market economy, it is no surprise that markets themselves have begun to recognize the potent power of intangibles. It’s one reason that net asset values of companies are so often well below their market capitalization’.
The Capitalization, Amortization, and Value-relevance of R&D
Authors: Lev Baruch , Sougiannis Theodore 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A direct relationship between research and development costs and specific future revenue generally has not been demonstrated, even with the benefit of hindsight. For example, three empirical research studies, which focus on companies in industries intensively involved in research and development activities, generally failed to find a significant correlation between research and development expenditures and increased future benefits as measured by subsequent sales, earnings, or share of industry sales.
Intellectual Human Capital and the Birth of US Biotechnology Enterprises
Authors: Zucker Lynne G , Darby Michael R , Brewer Marilynn B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The number of American firms actively using biotechnology grew rapidly from nonexistent to over 700 in less than two decades, transforming the nature of the pharmaceutical industry and significantly impacting food processing, brewing, and agriculture, as well as other industries. Here we demonstrate empirically that the commercialization of this technology is essentially intertwined with the development of the underlying science in a way which illustrates the significance in practice of the localized spillovers concept in the agglomeration literature and of the tacit knowledge concept in the information literature.
Off-balance Sheet R&D Assets and Market Liquidity
Authors: Boone Jeff P , Raman K K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By requiring that corporate research and development (R&D) spending be immediately expensed, Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (SPAS) No. 2 (FASB, 1974: para. 2) potentially creates a mismatch between costs and subsequent benefits. Potentially, these off-balance sheet (unrecorded) R&D benefits could generate ex ante inequity in the capital markets in the form of an information gap (asymmetry) between informed investors and other investors.
Governing Work and Welfare in a Global Economy
Authors: Supiot Alain 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Europe as in the United States, the ‘globalization’ of the economy has led to a reduction in the importance of law in mastering transformations of work and employment. In the United States, it is the notion of ‘governance’ which is most often used to this effect, while in continental Europe ‘régulation’ (Regulierung, regolazione) is preferred to distinguish it from conventional ‘réglementation’ (Regelung, regolamentazione) (cf. Clam and Martin 1998).
Irish Migration: Characteristics, Causes, and Consequences
Authors: Barrett Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The topic of migration, or more specifically emigration, has been of enormous importance for Ireland since the early part of the last century. Although the Irish Famine of the late 1840s was the catalyst that prompted the large-scale exodus of the second half of the nineteenth century, O’Rourke (1995) has pointed out that 1.5 million people emigrated from Ireland between Waterloo and the Famine; this was equivalent to a rate of 7 per 1000. However, it was the Famine which generated the outflow which in turn contributed to the population of what is now the Republic of Ireland declining from 6,529,000 in 1841 to 3,222,000 at the turn of the century. For much of the twentieth century, emigration remained high and the population decline continued until 1961. But even in the 1960s when the population grew, emigration continued. The 1970s saw unprecedented inflows but net outflows resumed in the 1980s, thereby leaving emigration as a defining feature of Ireland’s demographic and economic experience. The exceptional economic growth that Ireland experienced in the mid and late-1990s brought with it renewed inflows, made up of returning Irish migrants and non-Irish immigrants.
Immigrant Adjustment in France and Impacts on the Natives
Authors: Constant Amelie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The study of migration has garnered increased attention by political advocates and social scientists as immigration is heavily debated in the political arena. In an era of increasing globalization of economies, migration has also become an integral part of international economics, and remains of the outmost concern among all countries that face immigration challenges. In Europe, the immigrant population has reached an all-time high competing with the so-called traditional immigrant countries such as the US, Canada, and Australia. In France—a longstanding country of immigration— every statistic shows that immigration will keep increasing. Given the recent incidents in France, migrants without documents occupying churches (les sans-papiers), the deportation and expulsion of illegal workers, the popularity of the extreme right in the local and national elections, the heightened anti-migration sentiments2 and complaints that discrimination against immigrants is on the rise, migration management appears to have become rather complex and has polarized debates on migration.
Canadian Immigration Experience: Any Lessons for Europe?
Authors: Devoretz Don J , Laryea Samuel A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Canada embarked on an extensive eleven-year research programme in 1996 to investigate the economic, social, physical, and educational impact of immigrants on its three major cities. It is important to point out that this major research effort was only begun after Canada received several million immigrants in the postwar period. The economic motivation for and economic consequences of this substantial intake no doubt varies by historical epoch but what is most interesting to observe is that this substantial inflow took place with little substantive research or policy analysis. Until the 1990s only one book of substance was written by A. Green (1976) to analyse the postwar immigrant economic experience in Canada. It could be argued that the economic benefits from immigration were so obvious that at least until the mid-1970s the immigration policy was set with little critical economic analysis.
Beringia and New World Origins: The Linguistic Evidence*
Authors: Greenberg Joseph H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What can the languages of Native Americans tell us about how the New World was settled? In seeking an answer to this question, I will as far as possible rely on linguistic evidence only and, not being an archaeologist or geneticist by profession, and therefore not capable of independent evaluation in these other fields, I will refrain as far as possible from using hypotheses which derive from them. Conclusions which derive jointly from a number of scholarly disciplines are reliable and convincing only insofar as they are based on independent evidence from each field.
The Principle of Proportionality: Review of National Measures
Authors: Tridimas Takis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We saw in the previous chapters that, where proportionality is applied as a ground for review of Community acts, the Court balances a private vis-a-vis a public interest. In that context, the principle operates in the traditional sphere of public law seeking to provide a check on public power and to protect the individual. Under Article 5(3) EC, it also seeks to protect the nation state from undue interference by the Community institutions. In Community law, the principle performs an additional distinct, but related, function. It is applied to determine the compatibility with the Treaty of national measures which interfere with the fundamental freedoms. The function of the principle in this context is to promote market integration. For that reason, the degree of scrutiny employed by the Court is much stricter and the ‘manifestly inappropriate’ test gives way to a test of necessity.
Modernizing the German Law of Obligations?
Authors: Zimmermann’ Reinhard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Shortly before taking office, the German Minister of Justice complained about the poor quality of legislation within the traditional areas of private law. Only more thorough deliberation, she added, would help. Moreover, increased use should be made of the expertise available at universities and in the legal profession. These demands have, however, not been met by the draft of a statute for the modernization of the law of obligations that was published in September 2000. It also does not achieve the objective of serving as an example for the codification of the European law of obligations because it does not take into account ten years of European legal development. This chapter compares the proposed reform with the way in which the BGB was prepared and considers it against the background of legal developments over the past hundred years. It thereby highlights, in particular, the relationship between codification and tradition.
The normative status of the case law
Authors: Arnull Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The profound role played by the Court of Justice in shaping the institutional and substantive development of the European Union should be clear from previous chapters. One factor that enhanced the Court’s capacity to play that role was the steady caseload which eventually built up. The Court’s response was to develop a body of jurisprudence based on precedent. This satisfied two concerns: first, the basic principle of justice, reflecting the Aristotelian principle of equality, that hke cases should be treated alike: and second, the requirement of the rule of law that people should be able to plan their affairs on the basis of a reasonable understanding of their legal rights and duties. The use of precedent can help judges to over­ come the basic indeterminacy of the law, while at the same time offering some protection from accusations of excessive activism, by allowing them to present their decisions as in some sense determined by what was done in the past. These benefits have not yet wholly materialized in the Community legal system for several reasons: its relative youth; the existence of important gaps in it; the extremely open­ textured quality of many provisions; the increasingly contested nature of the Union/ Conununity’s aims and objectives. Some of these factors have been examined in previous chapters. However, the Court’s failure to reap the rewards of a rigorously precedent-based jurisprudence is also attributable to another factor: the way in which it has, at least until recently, handled its previous decisions. It is that factor which is the principal focus of the present chapter.