bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effects of herbivory and soil fertility on the growth patterns of Quercus serrata and Q. crispula saplings at the shoot and individual levels
Authors: Mizumachi Eri , Osawa Naoya , Akiyama Reiko , Tokuchi Naoko 
Published: June 2004

AbstractWe investigated the combined effects of herbivore damage and soil fertility on shoot growth patterns of Quercus serrata and Q. crispula saplings at both the shoot and individual levels. Saplings were grown in herbivore‐damaged or undamaged areas of the greenhouse with the two fertilization treatment levels, low or high. We measured the leaf area loss, number of flushes, length of extension units (EUs; the first vs the higher), number of leaves on each individual, and number of EUs. At the shoot level, the leaf area loss at high soil fertility was significantly greater than that at low soil fertility among the highest EUs of Q. serrata, while this difference was not significant in Q. crispula, suggesting that effect of soil fertility on leaf area loss is species‐specific. Furthermore, herbivore damage was associated with a significant increase in the number of EUs and a reduction in the length of the higher EUs under both soil fertility treatments, although saplings had a tendency to produce significantly more flushes and longer individual EUs under the high soil fertility. At the individual level, herbivore‐damaged saplings exhibited a significant increase in leaf numbers; however, the total length of the EUs in Q. serrata or Q. crispula was not significantly affected by herbivore damage, regardless of soil fertility. These results suggest that Q. serrata and Q. crispula saplings produce shorter EUs in response to herbivore damage in order to reduce the cost of mechanical support and spread the risk for any subsequent herbivore damage.
Prevalence and treatment of pain in adults admitted to Italian hospitals
Authors: Visentin Marco , Zanolin Elisabetta , Trentin Leonardo , Sartori Samantha , de Marco Roberto 
Published: June 2004

AbstractBackground: Very few studies have been conducted on the presence and control of pain in Italian hospitals.Aims: The present study estimates pain prevalence and therapy in Italian hospitalised patients.Methods: In the autumn of 2000, a survey was taken on 4523 inpatients throughout Italy. All eligible patients were given a questionnaire with two Numerical Rating Scales (NRS) concerning their pain intensity at interview and over the previous 24 h. Nurses were given a second questionnaire asking for information on analgesic treatment and another NRS about the pain they supposed the patient felt.Results: At interview, 91.2% (95%CI: 90.3–92.1%) of the patients reported pain; 46.6% reported severe pain. The prevalence of severe pain was significantly lower in women and was double in general medicine wards compared to surgical wards.The degree of agreement between the pain reported by the patient and the pain scores given by the nurse was poor (Cohen K=0.318).Only 28.5% of the inpatients had taken analgesics in the past 24 h and the probability of receiving analgesic treatment was higher for women (adjusted OR=1.33, 95%CI: 1.14–1.54) and lower for general medicine compared to surgical wards (adjusted OR=0.55, 95%CI: 0.45–0.64), while it was unrelated both to the patient's self‐reported pain and to level of pain assessed by the nurse.Conclusions: Pain affects an impressively high percentage of inpatients and is largely untreated and unrecognised in Italian wards. Educational intervention is required to improve the knowledge and attitudes of health professionals towards the approach and handling of patients in pain.
Management of early pregnancy loss
Authors: Graziosi G.C.M. , Mol B.W. , Ankum W.M. , Bruinse H.W. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractObjectives: In order to assess the available evidence on the management of early pregnancy loss, we performed a meta‐analysis on the subject. Methods: MEDLINE and EMBASE were searched for randomized studies reporting on the effectiveness of expectant management, misoprostol treatment or curettage. Outcomes considered were ‘complete evacuation’, complications, duration of bleeding, pain resulting from the procedure, side effects and women's satisfaction with the procedure. Results: Thirteen studies were identified. Combined data in women with missed abortion managed expectantly or treated with misoprostol showed complete evacuation rates of 28% (49/173) (range 14–47%) and 81% (242/298) (range 60–83%), respectively. In women with incomplete abortion, these rates were 94% (31/33) (range 80–100%) and 99% (75/76) (range 99–100%), respectively. Conclusion: In the management of early pregnancy loss both expectant management and misoprostol treatment reduce the need for curettage, but misoprostol treatment seems to be more effective in women with missed abortion as compared to expectant management.
A molecular approach to discerning the phylogenetic placement of the enigmatic snake Xenophidion schaeferi among the Alethinophidia
Authors: Lawson Robin , Slowinski Joseph B. , Burbrink Frank T. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractMaximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) analyses of the complete nucleotide sequences of the cytochrome b gene (cytb) were used to examine the phylogenetic position of the rare snake Xenophidionschaeferi within the alethinophidian snakes. The cytochrome b sequence of this representative of the poorly known family Xenophiidae was compared with those of a large and comprehensive suite of alethinophidian taxa. The research presented here represents the first time all families of alethinophidian and caenophidian snakes have been included in a single molecular phylogenetic study. Results from ML and BI analyses suggest a possible sister taxon relationship between Xenophidion schaeferi and the Bolyeridae. Moreover, strong statistical support also indicates that Xenophiidae is a member of a clade that contains Pythonidae, Loxocemidae, Uropeltidae, Xenopeltidae and Bolyeriidae. Additionally, maximum parsimony and BI analyses of previously published morphological data revealed that these anatomical character states and potentially low taxonomic sampling produced little phylogenetic information valuable to understanding the relationship of Xenophiidae among the Alethinophidia.
Effect of thyroid hormone binding proteins on insulin receptor binding of B1-thyronine-insulin analogues
Authors: SHOJAEE-MORADIE Fariba , CHAN Michelle P. Y. , TELFER Micayla A. , BRANDENBURG Dietrich , SUNDERMANN Erik , ECKEY Heike , KLEINJUNG Jens , SCHÜTTLER Achim , JONES Richard H. 
Published: June 2004

Certain thyronine-insulin analogues, which form non-covalent complexes with plasma proteins, have been shown to act preferentially in the liver. We hypothesized that this property may be dependant on the ability of the analogue to bind to the insulin receptor without prior dissociation from the binding protein. NαB1-L-thyroxyl-insulin, NαB1-3,3′,5′-triiodothyronine-insulin, NαB1-D-thyroxyl-insulin and NαB1-L-thyroxyl-aminolauroyl-insulin were compared with insulin for their capacity to inhibit the binding of [125I]TyrA14-insulin to rat liver plasma membrane in albumin-free buffer. Effective doses at 50% maximum inhibition of binding (ED50) were calculated with and without addition of the thyroid hormone binding proteins transthyretin, thyroxine binding globulin and human serum albumin. The binding of thyronine-insulin analogues to insulin receptors was inhibited in a dose-dependant manner by the addition of thyroid hormone binding proteins at concentrations in the physiological range. Complexes of thyronine-insulin analogues with thyroid hormone binding proteins exhibit impaired insulin receptor binding affinities compared with those of the analogues in their free form. Hepatoselectivity in vivo may not depend on binding of the intact complexes to hepatocytes. These results have implications for the physiological role of hormone binding proteins and the in vivo properties of other insulin analogues which bind to plasma proteins.
Conformational stability and domain coupling in D-glucose/D-galactose-binding protein from Escherichia coli
Authors: PISZCZEK Grzegorz , D'AURIA Sabato , STAIANO Maria , ROSSI Mosè , GINSBURG Ann 
Published: June 2004

The monomeric D-glucose/D-galactose-binding protein (GGBP) from Escherichia coli (Mr 33000) is a periplasmic protein that serves as a high-affinity receptor for the active transport and chemotaxis towards both sugars. The effect of D-glucose binding on the thermal unfolding of the GGBP protein at pH 7.0 has been measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), far-UV CD and intrinsic tryptophanyl residue fluorescence (Trp fluorescence). All three techniques reveal reversible, thermal transitions and a midpoint temperature (Tm) increase from 50 to 63 °C produced by 10 mM D-glucose. Both in the absence and presence of D-glucose a single asymmetric endotherm for GGBP is observed in DSC, although each endotherm consists of two transitions about 4 °C apart in Tm values. In the absence of D-glucose, the protein unfolding is best described by two non-ideal transitions, suggesting the presence of unfolding intermediates. In the presence of D-glucose protein, unfolding is more co-operative than in the absence of the ligand, and the experimental data are best fitted to a model that assumes two ideal (two-state) sequential transitions. Thus D-glucose binding changes the character of the GGBP protein folding/unfolding by linking the two domains such that protein unfolding becomes a cooperative, two two-state process. A KA′ value of 5.6×106 M−1 at 63 °C for D-glucose binding is estimated from DSC results. The domain with the lower stability in DSC measurements has been identified as the C-terminal domain of GGBP from thermally induced Trp fluorescence changes.
INTERFERENCE BETWEEN POLIOMYELITIS VIRUSES IN TISSUE CULTURE
Authors: Ledinko Nada , Melnick Joseph L. 
Published: June 2004

The inhibition of multiplication of one poliomyelitis virus by a poliomyelitis virus of another immunologic type has been established by using tissue cultures of monkey testes. The degree of interference varied from none, to partial, to complete, depending upon the time between inoculation of the interfering and the challenge viruses, and the amount of each virus inoculated. Reciprocal interference was demonstrated between Types 1, 2, and 3 poliomyelitis viruses.
Under conditions which resulted in complete suppression of the growth of one poliomyelitis virus by another, interference by poliomyelitis virus with the multiplication of four antigenically distinct "orphan" viruses and of three antigenically related strains of Coxsackie virus could not be demonstrated.
Poliomyelitis virus rendered non-infective by formalin or by irradiation with high energy electrons or with ultraviolet light, or treated so that only traces of residual active virus remained, failed to interfere with the propagation of active homologous virus.
STUDIES ON THE TRANSFER OF LYMPH NODE CELLS
Authors: Harris Susanna , Harris T. N. 
Published: June 2004

At various intervals, from 10 minutes to 21 days, after the injection of dysentery bacilli into the hind foot pads of rabbits the popliteal lymph nodes were excised. The cells of the lymph nodes were teased free, washed, and injected intravenously into normal rabbits. In each case aliquots of the same cell suspension were either incubated at 37°C. for 24 hours or heated at 52°C. for 20 minutes and then injected into other normal rabbits, as controls.
In the case of lymph node cells obtained 4 or 3 days after the injection of antigen, antibody was found in the serum of recipients on the 1st day after the transfer of untreated cells. The titer increased until the 3rd day and then began to decline after the 5th or 7th day. In the sera of recipients of incubated cells antibody was not found, except on occasion after the 4th day and in low titer. This late appearance of antibody was attributed to the presence of small amounts of antigen in the original cell suspension.
As the interval between injection of antigen and collection of cells was increased beyond 4 days the effectiveness of the transfer decreased progressively until at 14 days no transfer effect was obtained.
When cells which were obtained 2 days after the injection of antigen were transferred, antibody appeared on the 2nd day after transfer and then followed the characteristic curve, whereas in the case of incubated cells antibody did not appear until the 3rd day after transfer. After the transfer of untreated 1 day cells antibody did not appear in the recipient until the 3rd day, and then followed the type of curve seen with 2, 3, and 4 day cells. Following transfer of incubated 1 day cells antibody also appeared on the 3rd day.
To establish the possibility of eliciting the cell transfer effect as early as 1 day after the injection of dysentery bacilli, recipient rabbits were x-irradiated 24 hours prior to the injection of cells. It was found that in the sera of such recipients of untreated cells antibody appeared on the 3rd day following transfer, while irradiated recipients of incubated cells did not develop any measurable amounts of agglutinin for the first 10 days.
It was concluded that a total of 3 days was required between the injection of antigen into the donor and the appearance of measurable antibody in the serum of the recipient, regardless of the fraction of that time spent by the cells in each of the animals involved, donor or recipient.
Following the transfer of untreated cells removed from lymph node as early as 10 minutes after the injection of antigen distal to them, antibody could be found in the sera of x-irradiated recipients 4 days later, whereas antibody did not appear following the transfer of heated cells to such recipients.
GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS OF INFLUENZA VIRUS
Authors: Ackermann W. Wilbur , Maassab Hunein F. 
Published: June 2004

An analysis of the growth curve obtained in vitro for influenza virus in chorioallantoic membrane has been made using two known viral inhibitors, methoxinine and α-amino-α p-methoxyphenylmethanesulfonic acid. The action of these compounds has been shown to be specific for particular phases of viral development. Further, this action is sequential indicating that the inhibited phases do not occur concurrently.
The sulfonic acid interferes with the initiation of infection and with the release of newly formed virus from the host-cell. The former effect is dependent upon the relative concentrations of viral inoculum and sulfonic acid. The latter effect is prevented by the action of the receptor-destroying enzyme obtained from cholera vibrio extracts. It is proposed that a function of the viral enzyme is to facilitate the release of virus from the host-cell. The intracellular concentration of virus necessary to initiate this release is increased in the presence of α-amino-α p-methoxyphenylmethanesulfonic acid.
It was found that infection can be initiated in the presence of methoxinine under which condition viral increase is disallowed. The function in viral development of one biochemical process which is inhibited by methoxinine was found to be completed at an interval after initiation of infection and before the appearance of the infectious form of the virus. It is possible to define four stages of viral development in terms of sensitivity to methoxinine and α-amino-α-p-methoxyphenylmethanesulfonic acid.
THE INFLUENCE OF ANTICOAGULANTS ON THE FORMATION AND REGRESSION OF EXPERIMENTAL ATHEROSCLEROSIS
Authors: Horita Akira , Loomis T. A. 
Published: June 2004

The prolonged administration of either heparin or dicoumerol has been demonstrated to be effective in retarding the formation of atheromata in the cholesterol-fed chick. This beneficial action is possibly produced as a result of a demonstrated antihypercholesteremic action exerted by these anticoagulants.
Heparin is ineffective in preventing the marked turbidity of sera from cholesterol-fed chickens.
After the formation of atherosclerosis in the chick neither heparin nor dicoumerol is effective in hastening the regression of this condition. The serum lipid picture as well as the degree of atheroma of the various groups in the regression experiments is unaffected by the anticoagulants.
THE MECHANISMS BY WHICH MACROPHAGES PHAGOCYTE ENCAPSULATED BACTERIA IN THE ABSENCE OF ANTIBODY
Authors: Sawyer William D. , Smith Mary Ruth , Wood W. Barry 
Published: June 2004

Evidence has been presented: (1) that macrophages from experimentally produced inflammatory exudates are capable of phagocyting fully encapsulated Type I pneumococci and group A Friedländer's bacilli in the absence of antibody, (2) that the principal mechanisms involved are those of surface phagocytosis, and (3) that the majority of pneumococci ingested by macrophages in antibody-free preparations are ultimately destroyed.
The relationship of these phenomena to the mechanism of recovery in pneumococcal and Friedländer's bacillus infections has been briefly discussed.
INTRACELLULAR FORMS OF MENINGOPNEUMONITIS VIRUS
Authors: Gaylord William H. 
Published: June 2004

Electron micrographs of intracellular memngopneumonitis virus have shown several types of particles which are presumably representative of different stages of a life cycle. They are: (a) Elementary bodies—dense particles 250 to 300 mµ in diameter with very dense central granules. (b) Intermediate forms—less dense than elementary bodies and larger. They are 300 to 400 mµ in diameter, contain a very dense central granule, and often have two or three limiting zones, (c) Circles 400 to 500 mµ in diameter—homogeneous structures with single membranes and no internal granules. They are often elongated and constricted at the center in the manner of budding yeast cells, (d) Circles 500 to 600 mµ in diameter with single membranes.mdash;One, two, and three dense granules may be present in some of these structures, (e) "Larger" structures, circular to elliptical, often with discontinuities or ruptures in their membranes. They sometimes seem to have internal septa.
It has been inferred from these observations that the virus can multiply by binary fission or by multiple endosporulation and that elementary bodies are a spore-like stage.
THE EFFECT OF ALCOHOL ON THE CHOLINE REQUIREMENT
Authors: Klatskin Gerald , Krehl Willard A. , Conn Harold O. 
Published: June 2004

Rats maintained for a period of 7 months on a fluid intake of 15 per cent alcohol and a diet marginal in lipotropic activity developed fatty infiltration and mild fibrosis of the liver. Similar changes were observed in pair-fed controls given an isocaloric equivalent of sucrose instead of alcohol, but not in pair-fed controls receiving neither alcohol nor sucrose supplements. To exclude the possibility that the alcohol effect was related to an augmentation of the caloric intake, a third group of controls was given the same amount of alcohol, but a limited number of calories. This was accomplished by subtracting from the basal diet an amount of sucrose equivalent in calories to the alcohol consumed. Under these conditions the hepatic changes following alcohol ingestion appeared to be enhanced. Choline or methionine, on the other hand, abolished the effects of both alcohol and sucrose supplements. There was no increase in fecal nitrogen excretion following alcohol ingestion, and no histological changes were observed in the pancreas.
These results are consistent with the hypothesis that alcohol increases the choline requirement of the rat, but do not support the contention that this effect is the consequence of an augmented caloric intake. Further studies are needed to establish conclusively the relationship between alcohol ingestion and the choline requirement, and to elucidate the mechanisms involved.
THE EFFECTS OF DRUGS UPON A GRADED COUGH RESPONSE OBTAINED IN SENSITIZED GUINEA PIGS EXPOSED TO AEROSOL OF SPECIFIC ANTIGEN
Authors: Winter Charles A. , Flataker Lars 
Published: June 2004

A technique is described for measuring objectively and quantitatively the reaction of sensitized guinea pigs when exposed to an aerosol of specific antigen. The principle involves registration by semi-automatic means of the number of coughs produced in animals passively sensitized with known amounts of antibody. The number of coughs is shown to be linearly related to log dose of antibody within a limited range and a dose-response curve is presented.
The cough produced by this procedure is not inhibited by the antitussive drugs, codeine and propadrine, but can be inhibited by anti-allergic agents, such as cortisone and an antihistaminic drug. It is also inhibited by narcotine. The last is the only compound so far tested which suppresses both the cough produced by this procedure and that produced by a simple irritant.
The action of cortisone and the antihistaminic drug, pyrilamine, is shown to be synergistic. A small dose of pyrilamine in animals pretreated with cortisone gives a degree of inhibition which cannot be obtained by increasing the dose of pyrilamine in animals not treated with cortisone.
RESISTANCE TO FIBROMA VIRUS INFECTION. THE ROLE OF IMMUNE LEUKOCYTES AND IMMUNE MACROPHAGES
Authors: Ginder David R. 
Published: June 2004

Leukocytes and macrophages, obtained from fibroma-immune rabbits and added to immune serum-fibroma virus mixtures, significantly increased the neutralization of fibroma virus as compared with immune serum alone. Immune cell suspensions from peritoneal exudates, regional lymph nodes, buffy coats, spleen, and liver were all effective in inhibiting fibroma virus. Approximately 2000 to 4000 immune cells/mm.3 were necessary to cause an effect but no particular cell type could be implicated as responsible for the inhibition of fibroma virus. Normal cells did not consistently and significantly inhibit fibroma virus and cells from rabbits immunized with other viruses did not inhibit fibroma virus.
Studies of the mechanism of action of the immune cells revealed: (a) that living cells were essential; (b) that normal cells, sensitized with immune serum, did not simulate the effects of immune cells; (c) that immune cells contained less preformed neutralizing antibody than an equivalent volume of immune serum, and (d) that inhibition of fibroma lesions was not the result of viral interference.
It is suggested that the fibroma-neutralizing effect of immune cells is related to intracellularly placed antibody or to cellular transfer of an ability to form specific antibody in recipient animals.