bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Legal Context of School Violence: The Effectiveness of Federal, State, and Local Law Enforcement Efforts to Reduce Gun Violence in Schools
Authors: Redding Richard E. , Shalf Sarah M. 
Published: March 2003

In the wake of recent school shootings, communities and legislatures are searching for law enforcement solutions to the perceived epidemic of school violence. A variety of legal measures have been debated and proposed. These include: the enactment of tougher gun control laws and more vigorous federal and local enforcement of existing gun control laws; the enactment of laws imposing civil or criminal liability on parents for their children’s violent behavior; the establishment of specialized courts and prosecution strategies for handling juveniles who are charged with weapons offenses; stricter enforcement of school disciplinary codes; reform of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act to make it easier to expel students for weapons violations; and greater use of alternative schools as placements for students who are charged with weapons violations. This article provides a legal and empirical analysis of proposed legislation in these areas as informed by social science research on the patterns of school violence, gun acquisition by juveniles, and the effectiveness of various laws and law enforcement measures. It proposes and discusses recommendations for legal reform. While efforts to reduce school violence will be most effective at the state and local levels, the United States federal government has an important role to play, particularly in federal‐state partnerships aimed at disrupting illegal gun markets, and through the formulation of national standards and guidelines. These standards and guidelines are for the enforcement of existing laws; inter‐agency law enforcement cooperation and information‐sharing (particularly using computer‐based analysis); effective school discipline and alternative educational settings for disruptive youth; and psycho‐educational interventions designed to detect and prevent school violence in the first place.
A Nonlinear Model of the Term Structure of Interest Rates
Authors: Tice Julian , Webber Nick 
Published: March 2003

We present an economically motivated two–factor term structure model that generalizes existing stochastic mean term structure models. By allowing a certain parameter to acquire dynamical behavior we extend the two–factor model to obtain a nonlinear three–factor model that is shown, in a deterministic version, to be equivalent to the Lorenz system of differential equations. With reasonable parameter values the model exhibits chaotic behavior. It successfully emulates certain properties of interest rates including cyclical behavior on a business cycle time scale. Estimation and pricing issues are discussed. Standard PCA techniques used to estimate HJM type models are observed to be equivalent to dimensional estimates commonly applied to ‘spatial data’ in nonlinear systems analysis.It is concluded that techniques commonly used in the analysis of nonlinear systems may be directly applicable to interest rate models, offering new insights in the development of these models. Tests of nonlinearity in interest rate behavior may need to focus on long cycle times.
Introduction: The Sausage Factory of Budget Estimation in Health Policy
Authors: Gray Bradford H. 
Published: March 2003

The following section contains commentaries on the article “Inside the Sausage Factory: Improving Estimates of the Effects of Health Insurance Expansion Proposals” by Sherry Glied, Dahlia Remler, and Joshua Graff Zivin, which was published in the December issue of the Quarterly. The article explained how economists predict the effects of proposals to expand access to health insurance and made suggestions to improve the comparability of these predictions.Congressional procedures require estimations of the expected effects, especially the costs, of proposed legislation. Organizations both inside and outside government produce such estimates using available data and simulation models, some of which are proprietary. These estimates, however, often differ substantially for reasons that are not always apparent and that can affect a proposal's political prospects.Glied, Remler, and Graff Zivin described the estimation process, including the different kinds of models used and the information needed to predict the effects of policy changes that would alter the cost or availability of health coverage for different classes of beneficiaries.
3. Estimating the Impacts of Health Care Reform
Authors: Sheils John 
Published: March 2003

Sherry Glied and her coauthors proposed a uniform format in which modelers could report their health system reform estimates and document the key assumptions used in their analyses. These proposals are designed to make the methods and assumptions more transparent to those policymakers who must rely on these estimates to evaluate health reform options. The authors also suggested that the different modelers' estimates would be easier to repair if all modelers used the same assumptions in areas on which they generally agree, which the authors called “consensus assumptions.” Ideally, using comparable assumptions would enable policymakers to evaluate the results from different modelers.Of course, if modelers really did agree on an assumption, they all could use the same model. Modelers typically select their assumptions based on their own research and a review of the relevant academic literature, which is a process that encourages new interpretations of the data and refinements in our thinking about health system dynamics. Replacing this process with a homogenized list of foregone conclusions could impinge on the creative process of model development.
The Abandonment of the ZH‐Mozartstrasse Early Bronze Age Lake‐settlement. GIS Computer Simulation of the Lake‐level Fluctuation Hypothesis
Authors: Menotti Francesco 
Published: March 2003

Although ‘lake‐dwellings’ existed from the middle of the fifth millennium to the eighth century BC, the entire phenomenon was not a continuous one. There are several periods when the lake shores were abandoned and subsequently reoccupied. The pattern of occupation depends on cultural as well as environmental factors, amongst them the topography and the climate.Unlike the southern part of the Alps, which seems to have had a more regular occupational pattern throughout the Neolithic and the Bronze Age, the northern Alpine region shows a marked discontinuity along most of the lake shores. Two relevant breaks in lake‐shore occupation are known within the northern Alpine region Bronze Age. The first occurred between the 24th and the 20th centuries BC, and the second from the 15th to the middle of the 12th century BC.The Early Bronze Age site of ZH‐Mozartstrasse, situated on the western extreme of Lake Zurich (Switzerland), was abandoned immediately before the beginning of the second major occupational gap in 1503 BC. Two other Early Bronze Age sites namely Bodman‐Schachen 1 on Lake Constance, and Arbon‐Bleiche 2 on the Swiss part (the southern shore) of the same lake, follow a similar chronology in occupation; and they were both abandoned in the last decade of the 16th century BC.A possible cause of abandonment is discussed in this paper using an environmental approach related to an abrupt change of climatic conditions which resulted in an increase of the lake levels which forced those prehistoric populations to leave the proximity of the lake shores. Following the implications of pollen and sedimental analyses, the transformation of the Bronze Age landscape caused by the lake water invasion will be simulated with the help of CAD and GIS computer programs.
The Politics of Religious Conformity and the Accession of James I
Authors: Questier Michael 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
The issue of conformity in religion is crucial for historians who want to describe how religion worked politically in the English Church during the period of the Reformation. This article takes one aspect of conformity—the struggle by self‐consciously Protestant authorities to force Catholics in the North of England to conform before and after the accession of James'VI in their country. It appeared to some Protestants (as well as to some Catholics) that James's accession might lead to changes in the established order of religion in England. Some papists in the North were very enamoured of James. Protestants tried to cool their ardour in part by using statutory conformity to emasculate their political activism. Yet some Catholics who expressed their hatred of the Elizabethan regime by and in separation from its Church became less determined to stand out against conformity when James's accession seemed assured. The very mechanism by which papists were to be controlled no longer worked as Protestant activists intended. In short, the politics of conformity explains many of the puzzling features of Catholicism (particularly of ‘church papistry’) at this time and in this region—why some people moved between nonconformity and compliance, and why strict recusancy might not always be an article of faith even for the most belligerent of Roman dissidents.
Businessmen and Landowners Re‐engaged
Authors: Spring Eileen 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
In his latest work on the relations—or on the non‐relations—between businessmen and landowners, Professor W. D. Rubinstein has challenged his critics to prove him wrong. Accordingly, this article analyses the statistical arguments in Rubinstein's work, and shows that they do not prove what they are claimed to prove. In the course of its analysis the article undertakes to explore the problem inherent in using the probate accounts to discuss the purchase of land, suggesting that that problem cannot be dismissed as Rubinstein has dismissed it, but showing that its seriousness alters with the level of wealth‐holders considered.
Sir Horace Vere in Holland and the Rhineland, 1610–12*
Authors: Trim D. J. B. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
The article presents and interprets (based on primary as well as secondary sources) transcriptions of five letters of Sir Horace Vere, written from the Netherlands to the Stuart court in 1610 and 1612. The letters reveal new data about the 1610 Cleves–Ju¨lich War, a precursor of the Thirty Years War; cast new light on the Arminian crisis, especially in the Netherlands; and illustrate in detail the workings of military patronage in early seventeenth‐century England and Holland.
The Origins of English Feudalism? An Episcopal Land‐Grant Revisited*
Authors: Purser T. S. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
The debate over whether English feudalism developed immediately after the Norman Conquest or early in the twelfth century is still very much alive. The wealth of information contained in Domesday Book actually tells little of the nature of land‐holding. Only three private land‐grants survive from the reign of the Conqueror. One, the 1085 grant from Bishop Losinga of Hereford to Roger de Lacy, was the subject of a celebrated article by V. H. Galbraith in 1929, in which he argued that the grant was a prime example of the new feudalism developing in the wake of the Conquest. However, recent writings have challenged that traditional view. This article re‐examines the grant in the light of those new views and assigns it a rather different significance.
The fall of the English gentleman: the national character in decline, c.1918–1970
Authors: Collins Marcus 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
The figure of the gentleman and his allied qualities of amateurism, sportsmanship and self-control dominated public discussions of Englishness in the half century after the Great War. From 1918 to the mid nineteen-fifties, gentlemanliness enjoyed strong, although by no means unanimous, support among commentators on national character. Subsequently, however, the reputation of the gentleman suffered irreparable damage at the hands of a post-war generation seeking scapegoats for the country's perceived economic, geopolitical and moral decline. This article seeks to explain when and why gentlemanliness lost its reputation as the exemplar of Englishness, and the consequent effects on national culture and identity.
Performing on the Beaches of the Mind: An Essay
Authors: Dening Greg 
Published: March 2003

History—the past transformed into words or paint or dance or play—is always a performance. An everyday performance as we present our selective narratives about what has happened at the kitchen table, to the courts, to the taxman, at the graveside. A quite staged performance when we present it to our examiners, to the collegiality of our disciplines, whenever we play the role of “historian.” History is theater, a place of thea (in the Greek, a place of seeing). The complexities of living are seen in story. Rigidity, patter, and “spin” will always destroy the theater in our history performances. That is because we are postmodern. The novelists, the painters, the composers, the filmmakers give us the tropes of our day, alert us to the fictions in our non‐fiction, and give us our freedoms.How do I persuade anyone that the above theory is true? By thea, by seeing its truth. By performing. I have a true story to tell about beaches and those who cross them—Paul Gauguin, Herman Melville, and I.
The Economic, Business, and Policy Components of Political and Country Risk Management
Authors: Léonard J. Marc Michel 
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in this articlePhilipp Harms, International Investment, Political Risk, and GrowthMichael Alan Hamlin, The New Asian Corporation; Managing for the Future in Post‐Crisis AsiaFernando Fernandez‐Arias and Ricardo Hausmann (eds), Wanted: World Financial Stability
Fiscal Policy and Uncertainty
Authors: Auerbach Alan J. , Hassett Kevin A. 
Published: March 2003

Government fiscal aggregates are often manipulated over the course of the business cycle in order to provide counter–cyclical stimulus. Changes that are not discretionary – the so–called ‘built–in stabilizers’– also significantly vary over the business cycle, in a manner that is even more predicatable than the periodic discretionary measures.Such measures introduce important bi–directional interactions between policy and uncertainty. On the one hand, activist policy may heighten the general level of uncertainty in the economy, by adding policy ambiguity to the more fundamental sources of uncertainty. On the other hand, the design of optimal policy itself depends crucially on levels of uncertainty concerning the state of the economy in the short and long run. In this paper we review recent work that explores the impact of uncertainty on optimal policy design, proceeding from the short to the long run.
Assessment of Potential, from Assessment Centers to Development Centers
Authors: Tillema Harm H. 
Published: March 2003

Are organizations interested in realizing the potential of their employees? How far have they progressed in utilizing performance assessment instruments for developmental purposes? There is a growing need for redirecting organizations towards greater knowledge productivity and using the competencies of their employees in a knowledge‐productive way. Development centers provide possibilities for analyzing and diagnosing the relevant competencies of personnel whilst at the same time, providing a match with further development.This study examines managers’ attitudes towards assessment centers and their potential to be used for developmental purposes. The problems and processes involved in using assessment centers in this way were studied within a representative set of large, Dutch organizations. In addition, the conceptions of management and the implementation conditions needed for the introduction of development centers were examined. The advantages of development centers as a knowledge‐productive tool for assessment in organizations are discussed to help managers decide about developmental programs.
Breaking the Matthew Effect – on Women Leaving Prostitution
Authors: Månsson S‐A. , Hedin U‐C. 
Published: March 2003

Although the body of research literature on prostitution is extensive, systematic research on why and how women break with prostitution is lacking. The purpose of this paper is to report some empirical findings from a Swedish study of women leaving a life in the sex trade. In a broader perspective the study ties into a social psychological research tradition which focuses on illuminating individuals’ processes of change, turning points, role changes and exit behaviours.The study comprises life‐story interviews with 23 women who exited prostitution during the years 1981–1995. Half of the women were referred to us via a special social outreach operation within the social services in a major Swedish city, the other half were recruited via newspaper and tabloid announcements. The majority of the women had been active in the sex trade for more than five years, thus classifying them as “long‐term residents”. The majority had experiences exclusively of street prostitution, the most common form in Sweden.Our analysis shows a number of different exit courses, ranging from breakaways that happened quickly and were executed primarily by women who were relatively loosely integrated in the milieu, to breakaways that were made by women who, after many years of being exploited in prostitution, had reached the limit of the existentially bearable. In our account, we also identify four main challenges which the women have been faced with after leaving the trade: (1) working through and understanding the experiences of a life in prostitution, (2) dealing with shame, (3) living in a marginal situation, and (4) dealing with intimate and close relationships. Finally, we present an integrated exit model which combines structural, situational, interpersonal and individual factors in explaining how and why women leave prostitution. The purpose of our model is to create a general understanding of why certain people not only survive a difficult life situation, but are able to grow and develop further during the course of the process.
The Rise of Manufacturing Towns: Externally Driven Industrialization and Urban Development in the Pearl River Delta of China
Authors: Eng Irene 
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the forces that are shaping recent urban development in the economically most prosperous region of China — the Pearl River Delta. It shows that economic reform since 1978 has accelerated the pace of industrialization in the region and thereby led to the rise of a growing number of new urban centers. While public policies of the government continue to play a central role in defining the patterns of urbanization, they are increasingly localized and heavily influenced by the imperative of promoting externally‐oriented economic growth. As a result, the prioritization of resource allocation for urban development is tilted toward the need of attracting and retaining foreign investment, and the formation of the emergent urban social space follows closely the interplay between the interests of dominant players in the increasingly marketized economic process. A major consequence of this is a segregation of urban life along the lines of international and domestic division of labor, where the benefits of urban development accrue differentially to various urban residents according to the relative scarcity of the economic factors that they possess.Cet article examine les forces qui façonnent le développement urbain récent dans la région la plus prospère de Chine — le delta de la rivière Pearl. Il démontre que la réforme économique depuis 1978 a accéléré le rythme de l’industrialisation dans la région et, de ce fait, a produit l’essor d’un nombre croissant de nouveaux centres urbains. Bien que la politique d’intérêt public du gouvernement continue à jouer un rôle central dans le choix des modèles d’industrialisation, ils sont de plus en plus localisés et fortement influencés par la nécessité de promouvoir la croissance économique orientée vers l’extérieur. Conséquemment, les priorités dans l’affectation des ressources pour le développement urbain sont influencées par le besoin d’attirer et de conserver les investissements étrangers, et la création d’un nouvel espace social urbain suit de près les effets réciproques des intérêts des partis dominants dans un processus économique de plus en plus commercialisé. Une conséquence importante est la ségrégation de la vie urbaine suivant une division du travail internationale et domestique, dans laquelle les avantages du développement urbain s’accroient différentiellement pour les résidents urbains selon leur manque relatif de facteurs économiques.
Local Impacts of the Post‐Mao Development Strategy: The Case of the Zhujiang Delta, Southern China
Authors: Weng Qihao 
Published: March 2003

The spatial impacts of the post‐Mao development strategy are examined at the local level from various perspectives using the Zhujiang Delta, southern China as a case. The findings of this article suggest that the overall growth performance during the period from 1978 to 1992 has been extremely strong, in spite of fluctuating and uneven development between industrial and agricultural sectors. As a result of economic reform and the open door policy, particularly of free market forces, the spatial economic pattern changed from one in which Guangzhou monopolized the development to one that became dominated by two core areas after 1985. Moreover, the spatial relationship between the industrial and agricultural sectors has evolved into a new, balanced sectoral development pattern from place to place. Finally, in keeping with Chinese classical socialist development objectives, regional disparity in the delta since 1978 has shown a tendency to decline.Les effets spatiaux de la stratégie de développement d’après Mao sont examinés au niveau local sous des angles divers, utilisant the delta Zhujiang en Chine du Sud comme cas d’étude. Les résultats suggèrent que la performance générale de croissance durant la période 1978–1992 a été extrêmement bonne en dépit de développements variables et inégaux entre les secteurs industriel et agricole. A la suite des réformes économiques et de la politique de portes ouvertes, particulièrement des forces du marché libre, le modèle spatial économique est passé après 1985 de Guangzhou monopolisant le développement à une domination par deux régions centrales. De plus, la relation spatiale entre les secteurs industriel et agricole a ici et làévolué vers un nouveau modèle équilibré de développement par secteurs. Enfin, en accord avec les objectifs du développement socialiste classique chinois, les disparités régionales dans le delta ont tendance àêtre en déclin depuis 1978.