bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Organization of the male gonad in a protogynous fish, Thalassoma bifasciatum (Teleostei: Labridae)
Authors: Koulish Sasha , Kramer Charles R. , Grier Harry J. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAlthough the testis in teleosts has been investigated for many years, little attention has been paid to the structure of the outer layers that enclose the testis and to their possible contributions to its organization. The present study in a protogynous male labrid, Thalassoma bifasciatum (bluehead wrasse), describes the arrangement and cytology of these tissues (for convenience, referred to collectively as the outer wall, OW) which include: the outer peritoneal layer and subjacent collagen fibers, myoid cells and diverse other cells and tissues, e.g., fibrocytes, presumptive mesenchyme, macrophages, granulocytes, nerves, and blood vessels. Beneath the OW are two compartments; one is the gamete‐laden spermatocysts, the other the interstitium, which is composed of cells and tissues that lie between the spermatocysts. Both OW and interstitium contain similar kinds of tissues and cells. Moreover, the layers of the OW immediately subjacent to the peritoneum are continuous with that in the interstitium. It is suggested that the continuity between these two areas provides opportunities for the exchange of cells that could aid in the maintenance and reorganization of the testis and with the myoid and neural tissue to establish an extensive, coordinated motile system that aids movement of sperm from spermatocysts to the ducts. A recent report on the reexamination of the germinal epithelium concept and its identification in the common snook, Centropomus undecimalis, stimulated us to examine the feasibility of applying this concept to gonad organization and gamete development in T. bifasciatum. In addition, the ultrastructure of the Sertoli cell and formation of spermatocysts are described. Spermatocysts increase in size during the development of gametes. Observations and discussion are presented suggesting how Sertoli cells may accommodate this growth and how new populations of these cells may arise in the mature adult. Finally, ultrastructural characteristics for each stage of spermatogenesis are presented and, using (3H)thymidine and autoradiography, data on the chronology of spermatogonia–sperm cycle are included. J. Morphol. 254:292–311, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sequence variants in the human 25‐hydroxyvitamin D3 1‐α‐hydroxylase (CYP27B1) gene are not associated with prostate cancer risk
Authors: Hawkins Gregory A. , Cramer Scott D. , Zheng Siqun L. , Isaacs Sarah D. , Wiley Kathy E. , Chang Bao‐Li , Bleecker Eugene R. , Walsh Patrick C. , Meyers Deborah A. , Isaacs William B. , Xu Jianfeng 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBACKGROUND1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 has been shown to have antiproliferative properties on normal and neoplastic prostatic cells. 25‐hydroxyvitamin D3 1‐α‐hydroxylase, the enzyme that catalyzes the final step of vitamin D synthesis, converting 25‐hydroxyvitamin D3 to 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3, is expressed in the prostate.METHODSThe human 25‐hydroxyvitamin D3 1‐α‐hydroxylase gene (CYP27B1) was resequenced in a case/control panel consisting of 64 individuals (48 Caucasians and 16 African Americans), with equal numbers of hereditary prostate cancer cases, sporadic cases, and unaffected controls. Three frequent single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped in 245 prostate cancer cases and 222 controls.RESULTSSix noncoding SNPs were identified in the CYP27B1 gene. No significant difference was found in allele and genotype frequencies between sporadic cases and unaffected controls for the three genotyped SNPs.CONCLUSIONThis study suggests that the CYP27B1 gene does not play a major role as a prostate cancer susceptibility gene. Prostate 53: 175–178, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Klava: a Java package for distributed and mobile applications
Authors: Bettini Lorenzo , De Nicola Rocco , Pugliese Rosario 
Published: October 2002

AbstractHighly distributed networks have now become a common infrastructure for wide‐area distributed applications whose key design principle is network awareness, namely the ability to deal with dynamic changes of the network environment. Network‐aware computing has called for new programming languages that exploit the mobility paradigm as a basic interaction mechanism. In this paper we present the architecture of KLAVA, an experimental Java package for distributed applications and code mobility. We describe how KLAVA permits code mobility by relying on Java and present a few distributed applications that exploit mobile code programmed in KLAVA. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
VaR
Authors: Pearson Neil D. , Smithson Charles 
Published: October 2002

AbstractSince “Value at Risk” (VaR) received its first wide introduction in the July 1993 Group of Thirty report, the number of users of—and uses for—VaR have increased dramatically. However, VaR itself has been evolving. In this article, we will first review some of the important refinements in VaR that have appeared—improved speed of computation, improved accuracy, and improved stress testing. We then look at the “next steps” (which we refer to as “Beyond VaR”), in which we review extensions to standard VaR, the emergence of “risk contribution” measures, and alternatives to standard VaR (including Extreme Value Theory [EVT] and Coherent Risk Measures).
Global portfolios should be optimized in excess, not total returns
Authors: Norland Erik , Wilford D.Sykes 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWhen constructing portfolios, practitioners must take opportunity cost into account and view returns as excess, not total returns. Using total returns in a means–variance optimization—a remarkably common error—introduces a bias that will cause “optimal” portfolios to overweight domestic cash securities at the expense of higher‐risk instruments and instruments invested abroad. The original work on modern portfolio theory made little mention of excess versus total returns in optimization in part because the theory assumed one was only choosing between risky assets and that all of the assets were denominated in the same currency. Thus, those who refer to the original version of the theory could easily misapply it when considering assets in different currency zones. This paper seeks to demonstrate the problems and biases inherent in using total returns versus excess returns in means–variance optimization.
Identification, characterization, and cloning of an immunoglobulin degrading enzyme in the cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis
Authors: Silver Gary M. , Gaines Patrick J. , Hunter Shirley W. , Maddux Joely D. , Thomas Rex E. , Wisnewski Nancy 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe degradation of cat immunoglobulin G (IgG) in blood‐fed adult C. felis midguts was examined. SDS‐PAGE analysis of dissected midgut extracts obtained from C. felis that had been blood fed for various times between 0 to 44 h revealed that by 24 h most of the high molecular weight proteins, including the heavy chain of IgG, were digested. A 31‐kDa serine protease with IgG degrading activity was purified from fed C. felis midguts by benzamidine affinity chromatography, hydrophobic interaction chromatography, and cation exchange chromatography. Three primary cleavage products between 30‐ and 40‐kDa were observed when the purified protease was incubated with protein A purified cat IgG. N‐terminal amino acid sequence analysis of the products revealed that the IgG degrading protease cleaves after specific cysteine and lysine residues within the hinge region of IgG. The enzyme is also capable of degrading other immunoglobulins, serum albumin, and hemoglobin, suggesting that it may have roles in both combating the host’s immune system and providing nutrients for the flea. A cDNA clone encoding the 265 amino acid IgG degrading protease proenzyme was isolated. When expressed in a baculovirus/insect cell expression system, the recombinant protein had the same N‐terminus as the processed 237 amino acid mature native protein and possessed IgG degrading activity indistinguishable from the native protein. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 51:136–150, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Economic significance of risk premiums in the S&P 500 option market
Authors: Balyeat R. Brian 
Published: October 2002

AbstractOption pricing is complicated by the theoretical existence of risk premiums. This article utilizes a testable
methodology to extract the pricing impact resulting from these risk premiums. First, option prices (based on
the full dynamics of the underlying) are computed under the assumption that these risk premiums are not
priced. The pricing methodology is independent of any particular option‐pricing model or distributional
assumptions on the return process for the underlying. The difference between the actual market prices and these
“no‐premium base case” prices reflects the effect of risk premiums. For
at‐the‐money, 13‐week S&P 500 options trading from 1989 until 1993, the effect of risk
premiums is statistically significant and averages slightly over 20% (in units of Black–Scholes
implied volatility). A simple delta‐hedging strategy is used to demonstrate the economic significance
of risk premiums, as the trading strategy provides enough profit to absorb a crash similar in magnitude to the
1987 crash once every 6.20 years. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 22:1147–1178, 2002
Sexual dimorphism and seasonal variation in submandibular gland histology of Bolomys lasiurus (rodentia, muridae)
Authors: Cangussu S.D. , Vieira F.G. , Rossoni R.B. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWild rodents (Bolomys lasiurus) of both sexes were caught in a cerrado grassland area during the dry (July–September) and rainy (January–March) seasons of Brazil. Fasted animals were perfused with Karnovsky fixative through the left ventricle, under ether anesthesia, and the submandibular gland was processed for embedding in historesin. Histological and histometric data show sexual dimorphism at both seasons. In the volume percentage of the granular convoluted tubules (GCT) and their secretory granules, the males exhibited higher values. The absolute volume occupied by these structures, however, was dimorphic only in the rainy season. The diameter of the GCT, the height of its epithelium, and its total length were also greater in males during the rainy season. The absolute volumes of the acini and of the ductal tree were identical in both sexes in the dry and rainy seasons but the acinar diameter increased in the males and females during the rainy season. The sexual dimorphism and the seasonal variations now described in the B. lasiurus submandibular glands could be explained by the augmented reproductive activity of the males in the rainy period. J. Morphol. 254:320–327, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ultrastructure of the secretion of prostasomes from benign and malignant epithelial cells in the prostate
Authors: Sahlén Göran E. , Egevad Lars , Ahlander Anders , Norlén Bo Johan , Ronquist Gunnar , Nilsson B. Ove 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDProstate epithelial cells are producing, among other things, a fluid secretion containing small bodies, the prostasomes. The mechanism of synthesis of the prostasomes is not known in details, neither is it known whether the mode of prostasome production changes at a neoplastic transformation of the prostate cells. Due to the small size of the prostasomes, we have used electron microscopy for evaluating the production and distribution of prostasomes in benign and neoplastic cells of the prostate.METHODSBenign and neoplastic areas in plastic embedded core biopsy specimens of prostate tissue were identified, and secreting cells were selected. The corresponding areas on the plastic blocks were further processed for examination in the electron microscope.RESULTSThe electron microscopical examination showed that the secretory machinery was similar in both types of tissue. Thus, in both benign and well‐differentiated neoplastic cells studied, the formation of storage vesicles in the Golgi areas was similar, the content of the vesicles appeared similar, the structure and distribution of prostasomes were alike, and in both benign and malignant tissue, the secretion in the gland ducts showed the same appearance with many prostasomes.CONCLUSIONWe conclude that cells in benign prostate tissue and cells in well‐differentiated prostate carcinoma show great similarities in synthesis, storage, and release of prostasomes. However, this does not exclude the presence of other changes, for instance biochemical ones, in the prostasomes. Prostate 53: 192–199, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Managing schema evolution in a container‐based persistent system
Authors: Perez‐Schofield J. Baltasar García , Roselló Emilio García , Cooper Tim B. , Cota Manuel Pérez 
Published: October 2002

AbstractManaging schema evolution is a problem every persistent system has to cope with to be useful in practice. Schema evolution consists basically of supporting class modification and dealing with data objects created and stored under the old class definitions. Several proposals have been made to handle this problem in systems that follow a full orthogonally persistent approach, but, until now, there has not been any proposal to support it in container‐based persistent systems. In this paper we describe a schema evolution management system designed for Barbados. Barbados is a complete programming environment which is based on an architecture of containers to provide persistent storage. Barbados does not provide full orthogonal persistence, but, as will be described in this paper, its architecture has several other advantages. Among them is the fact that this model is especially suitable for solving the schema evolution problem. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Factors predicting increased incidence of abnormal behavior in male pigtailed macaques
Authors: BELLANCA RITA U. , CROCKETT CAROLYN M. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractTo identify factors predicting abnormal behavior in laboratory monkeys, we observed all available singly housed 4‐ to 11‐year‐old male pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina), the species/age/sex group most likely to be referred to the Washington National Primate Research Center's Psychological Well‐Being Program for behavioral assessment. Of the 87 subjects, 29 had been referred to the program whereas 58 had not. Abnormal behavior was unrelated to the subject's housing location (biocontainment vs. other facility) or invasiveness of research. Nursery‐reared subjects displayed more abnormal behavior than mother‐reared subjects. Across and within rearing categories, the proportion of the first 48 months of life spent singly housed was positively related to the amount of abnormal behavior at maturity. This effect was stronger for subjects separated from the mother for clinical rather than experimental reasons, and least for mother‐reared subjects. Locomotor stereotypy, by far the most frequent form of abnormal behavior, was positively related to time in single housing but was unrelated to rearing. These results reinforce the importance of tactile social contact during juvenility for the prevention of abnormal behavior in social primates. They also suggest that self‐directed abnormal behaviors and locomotor stereotypies have different etiologies. Am. J. Primatol. 58:57–69, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Body image, teasing, and mood alterations: An experimental study of exposure to negative verbal commentary
Authors: Furman Kenneth , Thompson J. Kevin 
Published: October 2002

AbstractObjective:In the current study, we sought to experimentally examine the influence of teasing on an individual's mood and body satisfaction by using a vicarious exposure strategy—written appearance‐based scenarios in which another female is the target of teasing comments.Method:Female college students read vignettes that involved either a female receiving a comment from another person regarding some aspect of her appearance or abilities. Two of the eight vignettes in both conditions involved some type of positive comment regarding appearance or abilities. Three visual analogue scales (depression, anger, anxiety), one Subjective Units of Discomfort rating, and one Likert‐scaled appearance satisfaction rating were used to assess mood and body image levels consequent to exposure to the written scenarios. Dispositional measures of personal teasing history, appearance evaluation, and level of eating disturbance were regressed onto mood, SUDS, and satisfaction ratings.Results:The results revealed that negative appearance and abilities scenes elicited moderate levels of mood disturbance when compared to positive vignettes. Regression analyses indicated that level of eating disturbance was the only consistent significant predictor for both appearance and abilities' scenarios, even after variance accounted for by empathy and self‐esteem had been removed.Discussion:Potential limitations of these findings are discussed along with indications for future experimental examinations of negative verbal commentary. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 32: 449–457, 2002.
Gender differences in eating disorder symptoms in young adults
Authors: Lewinsohn Peter M. , Seeley John R. , Moerk Kirstin C. , Striegel‐Moore Ruth H. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractObjectiveThe major goal of this study was to identify problematic eating behaviors and attitudes in young men and compare them with those of young women.MethodA community sample of young adults (n = 1,056) completed a questionnaire that contained the Drive for Thinness, Bulimia, and Body Dissatisfaction subscales of the Eating Disorder Inventory, as well as probes for inappropriate compensatory behaviors, excessive exercise, and episodes of binge eating.ResultsA five‐factor structure fit both male and female samples. Women had substantially elevated scores on all of the factors except excessive exercise, for which men had significantly higher scores. The absolute proportion of men and women wanting or having sought treatment was very low. However, at comparable levels of problematic eating behaviors, women were more likely to have sought treatment than men.DiscussionThe questionnaire used in this study encompasses symptoms outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders symptoms, which should prove useful in future research. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 32: 426–440, 2002.
Glochidium metamorphosis in the endangered freshwater musselMargaritifera auricularia(Spengler, 1793): A histological and scanning electron microscopy study
Authors: Araujo R. , Cámara N. , Ramos M.A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe metamorphosis of the glochidium of the critically endangeredMargaritifera auriculariain the gills of a host is studied here for the first time. Siberian sturgeon,Acipenser baeri,were infected with glochidia and regularly inspected using scanning and optical microscopy. The mature glochidia immediately attach to the epithelium of the sturgeon gill filaments, piercing the secondary lamellae and the connective tissues, blood cells, and vessels within the lamellae. Once the epithelium is pierced, overlapping host lamellae cover the glochidium and form a cyst. Metamorphosis takes place inside the cyst. Sixteen days after infection the glochidium becomes spherical in shape and the larval muscle is reabsorbed. The two adductor muscles of the juvenile are observed 34 days after infection at 16–20°C. Metamorphosis is complete in approximately 51 days at 18–22°C and in 65 days at 16–17°C. Released juveniles have a spherical shell with a thin rim of new shell material and a finely ciliated foot. Juvenile mean measurements are: length = 190 μm, width = 193 μm, and height = 210 μm. J. Morphol. 254:259–265, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Antigen‐specific tumor vaccine efficacy in vivo against prostate cancer with low class I MHC requires competent class II MHC
Authors: Neeley Yilin C. , McDonagh Kevin T. , Overwijk Willem W. , Restifo Nicholas P. , Sanda Martin G. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDCancers can escape immune recognition by means of evading class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) ‐mediated recognition by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. However, immunization strategies targeting defined tumor‐associated antigens have not been extensively characterized in murine prostate cancer models. Therefore, we evaluated antigen‐specific, antitumor immunity after antigen‐encoding vaccinia immunization against mouse prostate cancer cells expressing a model tumor‐associated antigen (β‐galactosidase) and exhibiting partially deficient class I MHC.METHODS AND RESULTSLow class I MHC expression in β‐galactosidase–expressing D7RM‐1 prostate cancer cells was shown by fluorescence activated cell sorting, and deficient class I MHC‐mediated antigen presentation was shown in resistance of D7RM‐1 to cytolysis by β‐galactosidase–specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). Despite partially deficient class I MHC presenting function, immunization with vaccinia encoding β‐galactosidase conferred antigen‐specific protection against D7RM‐1 cancer. Antigen‐specific immunity was recapitulated in β2m knockout mice (with deficient class I MHC and CTL function), confirming that class I MHC antigen presentation was not required for immunity against tumor partially deficient in class I MHC. Conversely, antigen‐specific antitumor immunity was abrogated in Abβ knockout mice (with deficient class II MHC and helper T cell function), demonstrating a requirement for functional class II MHC. Resistant tumors from the otherwise effectively immunized β2m knockout mice (among which tumor progression had been reduced or delayed) showed reduced target antigen expression, corroborating antigen‐specificity (and showing an alternative immune escape mechanism), whereas antigen expression (like tumor growth) was unaffected among Abβ knockout mice.CONCLUSIONOur results demonstrate that class I MHC‐restricted antigen presentation and CTL activity is neither necessary nor sufficient for antigen‐encoding vaccinia immunization to induce protective immunity against class I MHC‐low tumors, whereas host class II MHC‐mediated antigen presentation facilitates antigen‐specific immunity against prostate cancer in vivo. Reduced expression of the target antigen developed rapidly in vivo as an immune escape mechanism for such cancers. Prostate 53: 183–191, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cyclooxygenase‐2 promotes prostate cancer progression
Authors: Fujita Hiroshi , Koshida Kiyoshi , Keller Evan T. , Takahashi Yoshitake , Yoshimito Tanihiro , Namiki Mikio , Mizokami Atsushi 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDCyclooxygenase (COX) ‐2, an inducible isoform of COX, has been observed to be expressed in prostate cancer. Several studies have reported that COX‐2 overexpression is associated with carcinogenesis, cell growth, angiogenesis, apoptosis, and invasiveness in a variety of tumor types.METHODSTo investigate the function of COX‐2 in prostate cancer directly, we stably transfected human full‐length COX‐2 cDNA into LNCaP cells (LNCaP‐COX‐2), which express low levels of endogenous COX‐2.RESULTSThe level of COX‐2 mRNA and protein and the COX activity in COX‐2 LNCaP‐COX‐2 cells was significantly increased compared with parent and control‐transfected cells. Overexpression of COX‐2 increased both proliferation in vitro and tumor growth rate in vivo. However, the pro‐tumor effect was neither associated with changes of androgen receptor (AR) expression level nor AR activity. Furthermore, addition of the major metabolites of COX‐2–mediated arachidonic acid metabolism did not alter the proliferation of LNCaP‐COX‐2 cells in vitro. LNCaP‐COX‐2 cells had increased secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) protein, suggesting that angiogenesis induced by COX‐2 stimulates tumor growth in vivo.CONCLUSIONThese data demonstrate that COX‐2 contributes to prostate cancer progression and suggest that it mediates this effect, in part, through increased VEGF. Prostate 53: 232–240, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.