bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Scoliosis in CHARGE: A prospective survey and two case reports
Authors: Doyle Crystal , Blake Kim 
Published: February 2005

AbstractCHARGE syndrome was first identified as a cluster of congenital anomalies in 1979 and has since undergone diagnostic criteria modifications to include the major and minor characteristics that occur during infancy and childhood. As the individuals with CHARGE syndrome have aged into their adolescents and adulthood, it has become increasingly common for them to develop scoliosis. This article presents an older population of individuals with CHARGE syndrome and describes the prevalence of scoliosis, and identifiable risk factors for scoliosis. Two case reports demonstrate the variability of scoliosis in CHARGE syndrome. A survey of adults and adolescents with CHARGE syndrome was completed to collect information about late onset medical issues, and those identifying scoliosis as an issue, were further followed for more information. The total population (n = 31) and then the subgroup of individuals with scoliosis (n = 19) were analyzed. Sixty one percent (19 of 31) of this population was diagnosed with scoliosis. The age of CHARGE syndrome diagnosis was later in the scoliosis population (6.3 years compared to 3.7 years in the no scoliosis population). Growth hormone use was reported in 7 of 31 of the individuals; 6 of these subsequently were diagnosed with scoliosis (32% of the scoliosis group). Of the scoliosis subgroup, most were mild scoliosis but eight were diagnosed with moderate to severe scoliosis, and all of these were treated with either a brace (n = 5) or with surgical fusion (n = 2) and one individual had both. Scoliosis in CHARGE syndrome individuals is more common than previously reported, and the age of onset is earlier than when routine monitoring for scoliosis is recommended. The prevalence of scoliosis in the CHARGE syndrome population is higher than in the general population therefore, it is very important for physicians to carefully monitor the spine for the development of scoliosis in children with CHARGE syndrome, especially if they are being treated with growth hormone. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Conformation–activity relationship of a novel peptide antibiotic: Structural characterization of dermaseptin DS 01 in media that mimic the membrane environment
Authors: Castiglione‐Morelli M. A. , Cristinziano Pierluigi , Pepe Antonietta , Temussi Piero A. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractDermaseptins, small polycationic peptides synthesized by amphibians, exert a lytic action on bacteria, protozoa, yeast, and filamentous fungi at micromolar concentrations, but unlike polylysines, show little hemolytic activity. Dermaseptins S are active only against bacteria and form aggregates at high peptide/lipid ratios, whereas dermaseptins B are active also against fungi and form aggregates at low peptide/lipid ratios. A new dermaseptin, named DS 01, from the skin secretion of Phyllomedusa oreades, showed not only strong antibacterial properties against Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria but also antiprotozoan activity in the μM range. An analysis of the sequences of all dermaseptins only shows a common tendency to adopt amphipathic helical conformations but does not hint at significant differences. In order to rationalize the biological differences among dermaseptins, it is necessary to analyze their conformational properties in greater detail. A structural characterization in media that mimic the membrane environment shows that the surface properties of DS 01, as compared to those of dermaseptins S1 and B2, are intermediate, in agreement with its peculiar pharmacological profile. The regular alternation of positive and negative patches on the surface suggests a plausible aggregation mechanism. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 80: 688–696, 2005This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Enhancement of Oxide Ion Conductivity in Cuspidine‐Type Materials.
Authors: Martin‐Sedeno M. C. , Losilla E. R. , Leon‐Reina L. , Bruque S. , Marrero‐Lopez D. , Nunez P. , Aranda M. A. G. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Syntheses, Thermal Stability, and Structure Determination of the Novel Isostructural LnBa3B9O18 (Ln: Y, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb).
Authors: Li X. Z. , Wang C. , Chen X. L. , Li H. , Jia L. S. , Wu L. , Du Y. X. , Xu Y. P. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Formation of Functionalized Carbocycles via Base‐Promoted Ring Opening/Brook Rearrangement/Allylic Alkylation of γ‐Silyl‐β,γ‐epoxybutanenitrile Followed by Nitrile Anion Cyclization with Bis‐Electrophiles.
Authors: Matsumoto Tatsuya , Masu Hyuma , Yamaguchi Kentaro , Takeda Kei 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Nitration of Aromatic Compounds on Silica Sulfuric Acid.
Authors: Zolfigol Mohammad Ali , Mirjalili BiBi Fatemeh , Bamoniri Abdolhamid , Zarchi Mohammad Ali Karimi , Zarei Amin , Khazdooz Leila , Noei Jalil 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Development of β‐Hydroxyamide/Titanium Complexes for Catalytic Enantioselective Silylcyanation of Aldehydes.
Authors: Uang Biing‐Jiun , Fu I‐Pin , Hwang Chyuan‐Der , Chang Chun‐Wei , Yang Chun‐Tzu , Hwang Der‐Ren 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Improved Protocol for the Three‐Component Biginelli Reactions and Biginelli‐Like Mannich Reactions of Carbamates, Aldehydes, and Ketones.
Authors: Xu Li‐Wen , Wang Zong‐Ting , Xia Chun‐Gu , Zhao Pei‐Qing 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Asymmetric Kumada—Corriu Cross‐Coupling Reaction with Pd2(dba)3 and an N—Ar Axially Chiral Mimetic‐Type Ligand Catalyst.
Authors: Horibe Hideo , Fukuda Yoshimasa , Kondo Kazuhiro , Okuno Hiroaki , Murakami Yasuoki , Aoyama Toyohiko 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Highly Enantioselective Phenylacetylene Additions to Ketones Catalyzed by (S)‐BINOL—Ti Complex.
Authors: Zhou Yifeng , Wang Rui , Xu Zhaoqing , Yan Wenjin , Liu Lei , Kang Yongfeng , Han Zhijian 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Semiconductor‐Mediated Oxidative Dimerization of 1‐Naphthols with Dioxygen and O‐Demethylation of the Enol‐Ethers by SnO2 Without Dioxygen.
Authors: Takeya Tetsuya , Otsuka Tsuyoshi , Okamoto Iwao , Kotani Eiichi 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Reactions of N‐ and C‐Alkenylanilines. Part 5. Synthesis of Iodo‐Substituted Heterocycles from o‐Cycloalkenylanilines and Their Transformations.
Authors: Gataullin R. R. , Minnigulov F. F. , Spirikhin L. V. , Abdrakhmanov I. B. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Design and Synthesis of 1‐(4‐Benzoylphenyl)imidazole Derivatives as New Potent 20‐HETE Synthase Inhibitors.
Authors: Nakamura Toshio , Ishii Takaaki , Miyata Noriyuki , Taniguchi Kazuo , Tomishima Yasumitsu , Ueki Tomokazu , Sato Masakazu 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The E and Z Isomers of 3‐(Benzoxazol‐2‐yl)prop‐2‐enoic Acid
Authors: Trujillo‐Ferrara Jose G. , Padilla‐Martinez Itzia I. , Martinez‐Martinez Francisco J. , Hoepfl Herbert , Farfan‐Garcia Norberto , Garcia‐Baez Efen V. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Antiproliferative Activity of 2‐Aryl‐4‐oxo‐thiazolidin‐3‐yl‐amides for Prostate Cancer.
Authors: Gududuru Veeresa , Hurh Eunju , Dalton James T. , Miller Duane D. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Thiazolidin‐4‐one Formation. Mechanistic and Synthetic Aspects of the Reaction of Imines and Mercaptoacetic Acid under Microwave and Conventional Heating.
Authors: Bolognese Adele , Correale Gaetano , Manfra Michele , Lavecchia Antonio , Novellino Ettore , Barone Vincenzo 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of 2‐Aryl‐4,6‐dinitrobenzo[d]isothiazolium from 2,4,6‐Trinitrotoluene.
Authors: Sapozhnikov Oleg Yu. , Mezhnev Vasily V. , Smirnova Elena V. , Kimel Boris G. , Dutov Mikhail D. , Shevelev Svyatoslav A. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Efficient and Selective Deprotection Method for N‐Protected 2(3H)‐Benzoxazolones and 2(3H)‐Benzothiazolones.
Authors: Carato Pascal , Yous Said , Sellier Didier , Poupaert Jacques H. , Lebegue Nicolas , Berthelot Pascal 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Discovery of New Orally Active Phosphodiesterase (PDE4) Inhibitors.
Authors: Ochiai Hiroshi , Ishida Akiharu , Ohtani Tazumi , Kusumi Kensuke , Kishikawa Katuya , Yamamoto Susumu , Takeda Hiroshi , Obata Takaaki , Nakai Hisao , Toda Masaaki 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Enantioselective Aldol Condensation of O‐Silyldienolates Derived from Alkyl‐Substituted 2,2‐Dimethyl‐[1,3]‐dioxin‐4‐ones.
Authors: De Rosa Margherita , Acocella Maria R. , Rega Michele F. , Scettri Arrigo 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Substituted Methyl Pyridazine‐4‐carboxylates via Cycloaddition of Diazomethane to 2,3‐Disubstituted 2‐Cyclopropenecarboxylic Acids.
Authors: Razin V. V. , Yakovlev M. E. , Shataev K. V. , Selivanov S. I. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Thieno[2,3‐d]pyrimidine and Quinazoline Derivatives from Monothiooxamides.
Authors: Zavarzin I. V. , Smirnova N. G. , Chernoburova E. I. , Yarovenko V. N. , Krayushkin M. M. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Reaction of 4‐Aryl‐1‐(4‐oxo‐3,4‐dihydrothieno [2,3‐d]pyrimidin‐2‐yl)thiosemicarbazides with Dimethyl Acetylenedicarboxylate.
Authors: Vas'kevich R. I. , Zborovskii Yu. L. , Staninets V. I. , Chernega A. N. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
New Method for the Anellation of the Pyridine Fragment to Azines.
Authors: Charushin V. N. , Boguslavsky A. M. , Ponizovsky M. G. , Kodess M. I. , Chekhlov A. N. , Mkoyan Sh. G. , Aldoshin S. M. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Fused Polycyclic Nitrogen‐Containing Heterocycles. Part 9. Oxidative Fusion of Imidazole Ring to 3‐Benzoylquinoxalin‐2‐ones.
Authors: Mamedov V. A. , Kalinin A. A. , Gorbunova E. A. , Bauer I. , Habicher W. D. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Five‐Membered 2,3‐Dioxo Heterocycles. Part 46. Reaction of 5‐Aryl‐4‐quinoxalinyl‐2,3‐dihydrofuran‐2,3‐diones with Aldehydes and Ketones. Molecular and Crystalline Structure of 5‐(3‐p‐Tolylquinoxalin‐2‐yl)‐4H‐1,3‐dioxine‐2‐spiro‐2′‐adamantan‐4‐one.
Authors: Lisovenko N. Yu. , Maslivets A. N. , Aliev Z. G. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Ring Transformations of Heterocyclic Compounds. Part 24. 1′,2′,5′,6′‐Tetrahydro‐4′H‐spiro[cyclohexa‐2,4‐diene‐1,2′‐pyrrolo [3,2,1‐ij]quinoline] and 1,2,4,5,6,7‐Hexahydrospiro[azepino[3,2,1‐hi]indole‐2,1′‐cyclohexa [2,4]diene] — Two New Spiro[cyclohexadiene‐azaheterocycles] Easily Accessible by Pyrylium Ring Transformation.
Authors: Zimmermann Thomas 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Hetero‐Diels—Alder and Pyroglutamate Approaches to (2S,4R)‐2‐Methylamino‐5‐hydroxy‐4‐methylpentanoic Acid.
Authors: Tarver James E. Jr. , Terranova Kristen M. , Joullie Madeleine M. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
An Unusual Pyridine Nucleotide Accumulating in Erythrocytes: Its Identity and Positive Correlation with Degree of Renal Failure
Authors: Carrey E. A. , Smolenski R. T. , Edbury S. M. , Laurence A. , Marinaki A. M. , Duley J. A. , Zhu L. M. , Goldsmith D. J. A. , Simmonds H. A. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Identification of Two Novel Mutations in Adenine Phosphoribosyltransferase Gene in Patients with 2,8‐Dihydroxyadenine Urolithiasis
Authors: Taniguchi Atsuo , Tsuchida Sanae , Kuno Shin‐Ichi , Mita Masayuki , Machida Tastuya , Ioritani Naomasa , Terai Chihiro , Yamanaka Hisashi , Kamatani Naoyuki 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Disruption of the Hypoxanthine‐Guanine Phosphoribosyl‐Transferase Gene Caused by a Translocation in a Patient with Lesch—Nyhan Syndrome
Authors: Mizunuma Makiko , Yamada Yasukazu , Yamada Kenichiro , Sonta Shin‐Ichi , Wakamatsu Nobuaki , Kaneko Kiyoko , Ogasawara Nobuaki , Fujimori Shin 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Oxaspirodion, a New Inhibitor of Inducible TNF‐α Expression from the Ascomycete Chaetomium subspirale. Production, Isolation and Structure Elicidation.
Authors: Rether Jan , Erkel Gerhard , Anke Timm , Sterner Olov 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Nickel Formate Route to the Growth of Carbon Nanotubes.
Authors: Geng Junfeng , Li Hongwei , Golovko Vladimir B. , Shephard Douglas S. , Jefferson David A. , Johnson Brian F. G. , Hofmann Stephan , Kleinsorge Britta , Robertson John , Ducati Caterina 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Use of flow cytometry and SNARF to calibrate and measure intracellular pH in NS0 cells
Authors: Bond Jennifer , Varley Julie 
Published: February 2005

AbstractBackgroundTwo calibration methods have been proposed for determining the relation between the fluorescence ratio of a pH‐sensitive fluorescent indicator and intracellular pH (pHi). The first method uses nigericin to clamp pHi to external pH (pHe) and the second is the null point method. We compared these different calibration methods, solution conditions, and temperatures by using flow cytometry and the fluorescent dye 1,5‐ (and‐6)‐carboxy seminaphtorhodafluor‐1‐acetoxymethyl ester with an NS0 cell line.MethodsThe nigericin method was performed in glucose solutions supplemented with KCl and 2‐(N‐morpholino)ethane sulphonic acid plus tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (solution 1A), a mixture of K2HPO4/KH2PO4 in glucose‐solution supplemented solutions (solution 2A), or bicarbonate buffered growth medium supplemented with K2HPO4/KH2PO4 (solution 2B); this allowed a range of pHe values to be used. The effect of temperature (22°C or 37°C) on the nigericin calibration curve was also investigated. The null point method was performed by using a series of solutions with a mixture of weak acid and base with a known pHi response.ResultsUsing solution 1A as the calibration solution resulted in acidic values of pHi for cells cultured in medium as compared with the values achieved with solution 2A. Using solution 2B did not affect the calibration curve. For the temperatures considered in this study, there was no affect on the calibration curve, but temperature did affect the pHi value of cells in phosphate buffered saline. The pseudo‐null point method used with flow cytometry resulted in a calibration curve that was significantly different (P < 0.05) from that achieved using the nigericin method.ConclusionsOur data indicates that the choice of calibration solution can affect the reported pHi value; therefore, careful choice of solution is important. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of glucose transport and its regulation by insulin in human monocytes using flow cytometry
Authors: Dimitriadis George , Maratou Eirini , Boutati Eleni , Psarra Katherina , Papasteriades Chryssa , Raptis Sotirios A. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractBackgroundWe investigated the effects of insulin on glucose transport in human monocytes using flow cytometry, a method with several advantages over previously used techniques. We hypothesized that monocytes could be used as tools to study insulin action at the cellular level and facilitate the investigation of mechanisms that lead to insulin resistance.MethodsBlood was withdrawn from 38 healthy subjects. The expression of glucose transporter (GLUT) isoforms in plasma membrane and the rates of glucose transport were determined with and without insulin (10 to 1,000 mU/L). Anti‐CD14 phycoerythrin monoclonal antibody was used for monocyte gating. GLUT isoforms were determined after staining cells with specific antisera to GLUT1, GLUT3, and GLUT4. Glucose transport was monitored with 6‐[N‐(7‐nitrobenz‐2‐oxa‐1,3‐diazol‐4‐yl)amino]‐6‐deoxyglucose (NBDG).ResultsInsulin increased the uptake of NBDG (median effective dose 20 mU/L) and the expression of GLUT3 and GLUT4 isoforms in the plasma membrane (median effective doses 20 and 35 mU/L, respectively) but had no effect on GLUT1. Maximal effects were always reached at 100 mU/L of insulin.ConclusionsMonocytes may be a valid model system to study the effects of insulin on glucose transport. Further, flow cytometry is suitable for this investigation and can be used as an alternative to radiotracer methods. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantification and functional analysis of chemotaxis by laser scanning cytometry
Authors: Butt Omar I. , Krishnan Padmavathy , Kulkarni Sumant S. , Moldovan Leni , Moldovan Nicanor I. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractBackgroundEvaluation of chemotaxis assays traditionally relies on cumbersome and at times inaccurate visual counting. Moreover, many physiologic parameters that could be evaluated in conjunction with chemotactic migration, aside from morphologic changes, usually are not assessed due to the lack of a simultaneous method of analysis. We tested the suitability of laser scanning cytometry (LSC) as a convenient platform for counting migrated cells and for concurrent analysis of some features associated with their physiologic status.MethodsWe induced migration of THP‐1 monocytes across Nuclepore filters with monocyte chemotactic protein‐1 or vascular endothelial growth factor, alone or in combination. Filters were collected, and cells were fixed on filters and stained with the nuclear stain propidium iodide. Chemotactic indices were obtained by counting representative microscopic fields and by scanning the filters in LSC mode.ResultsWe found an excellent correlation between direct counting and LSC. In addition, the software tools embodied in the LSC instrument allowed the observation of changes in nuclear compactness (increase in propidium iodide brightness) and morphology (increase in nuclear area and perimeter) that occurred in transmigrated cells. Monocyte chemotactic protein‐1 and vascular endothelial growth factor acted as additive stimuli on these parameters.ConclusionsLSC analysis of cells undergoing chemotaxis provides a reliable and comprehensive assessment of the numbers and distribution of migrated cells and some of their nuclear parameters. The method can be easily extended to include the assessment of coincident molecular changes in cells due to chemotactic stimulation. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetically encoded sensors for metabolites
Authors: Deuschle Karen , Fehr Marcus , Hilpert Melanie , Lager Ida , Lalonde Sylvie , Looger Loren L. , Okumoto Sakiko , Persson Jörgen , Schmidt Anja , Frommer Wolf B. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractBackgroundMetabolomics, i.e., the multiparallel analysis of metabolite changes occurring in a cell or an organism, has become feasible with the development of highly efficient mass spectroscopic technologies. Functional genomics as a standard tool helped to identify the function of many of the genes that encode important transporters and metabolic enzymes over the past few years. Advanced expression systems and analysis technologies made it possible to study the biochemical properties of the corresponding proteins in great detail. We begin to understand the biological functions of the gene products by systematic analysis of mutants using systematic PTGS/RNAi, knockout and TILLING approaches. However, one crucial set of data especially relevant in the case of multicellular organisms is lacking: the knowledge of the spatial and temporal profiles of metabolite levels at cellular and subcellular levels.MethodsWe therefore developed genetically encoded nanosensors for several metabolites to provide a basic set of tools for the determination of cytosolic and subcellular metabolite levels in real time by using fluorescence microscopy.ResultsPrototypes of these sensors were successfully used in vitro and also in vivo, i.e., to measure sugar levels in fungal and animal cells.ConclusionsOne of the future goals will be to expand the set of sensors to a wider spectrum of substrates by using the natural spectrum of periplasmic binding proteins from bacteria and by computational design of proteins with altered binding pockets in conjunction with mutagenesis. This toolbox can then be applied for four‐dimensional imaging of cells and tissues to elucidate the spatial and temporal distribution of metabolites as a discovery tool in functional genomics, as a tool for high‐throughput, high‐content screening for drugs, to test metabolic models, and to analyze the interplay of cells in a tissue or organ. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
MHC class I‐restricted exogenous presentation of a synthetic 102‐mer malaria vaccine polypeptide
Authors: Prato Sandro , Maxwell Tammy , Pinzón‐Charry Alberto , Schmidt Christopher William , Corradin Giampietro , López José Alejandro 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe circumsporozoite (CS) is the most abundant surface protein of the Plasmodium sporozoite, and is also present early in the liver stage of the infection. Following successful protective experiments in mice and monkeys, the synthetic 102‐mer malaria vaccine polypeptide representing the C‐terminal region of the CS of Plasmodium falciparum was tested in a clinical trial with healthy human volunteers. This vaccine induced strong CD8+, CD4+ T lymphocyte and antibody responses specific for the immunizing peptide. CD8+ T lymphocyte responses elicited in HLA‐A*0201 volunteers recognized two well‐defined cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitopes within the CS. Here, we show that both monocyte‐derived dendritic cells (Mo‐DC) and Epstein‐Barr virus‐transformed B‐lymphoblastoid cells (LCL) can present a cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitope contained within the 102‐mer synthetic peptide. Paraformaldehyde and low temperature inhibited presentation, indicating that cellular processing was required. Using specific inhibitors, we show that, in both cell types, processing requires the proteasome and the MHC class I pathway, while the endosomal compartment appears to be critical only for the presentation by Mo‐DC. Antigen uptake is associated with actin polymerization in both cell types. These in vitro results demonstrate the likely pathway of antigen presentation achieved via vaccination with this synthetic peptide.