bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chapter I
Authors: Williams Catharine , Caldwell Patricia 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Situated on a rather abrupt elevation of land rising from the north east side of Mount Hope bay, distant about eighteen miles from Newport, and nine from Bristol, R. I. stands the beautiful and flourishing village of Fall River, so called from the river, which, taking its rise about four miles east, runs through the place, and after many a fantastic turn, is hurried to the bay over beds of rocks, where, before the scene was marred by the hand of cultivation and improvement, it formed several beautiful cascades and had a fine and imposing effect. The village is now only picturesque from the variety of delightful landscape by which it is surrounded, the back ground presenting a variety in rural scenery-where neat farms and fertile fields shew themselves here and there, between hill and dale and rock and wood. The soil, though for the most part fertile, is in some places exceedingly rocky, and often in the midst of such places some little verdant spot shews itself, looking, as Cunningham says, “as though it were wrested from the hand of nature.”
But Fall River is chiefly inviting as a place of residence from the salubrity of its air, and the vicinity of Mount Hope bay, which spreads before it like a mirror, and extends easterly until it meets the waters of Taunton river, forming on each side numerous little creeks and coves, which add to the charms of the landscape materially; while on the southwest it takes a bold sweep, and passing round through Howland’s ferry, where it is compressed through the narrow channel of a drawbridge, having the island of Rhode-Island on one hand and the town of Tiverton on the other, again expands and flows on to meet the ocean.
Chapter II
Authors: Williams Catharine , Caldwell Patricia 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
About half a mile from the centre of the Village of Fall-River, in a southwardly direction, on the direct road to Howland’s ferry and rather remote from any other dwelling, there is a large old fashioned farm house belonging to a family by the name of Durfee. The land descends from here towards the bay with a gentle slope, and is probably about 150 or 200 rods to the water. The house stands in the State of Rhode-Island, and is quite near the line that marks the boundaries of the two states. Proceeding from here towards the village you enter the suburbs of Fall-River. In the State of Massachusetts in about a quarter of a mile distance, within a short distance from this line on the Mass. side is the residence of a physician esteemed in his profession as well as in his private life, of unaffected manners, and unassuming deportment. His appearance is the very epitome of plain old fashioned Republican simplicity: there is a degree of frankness and benevolence expressed in his countenance that at once secures the confidence, even of strangers.
It was on the evening of the 8th of October 1832, that the Doctor was summoned to the parlor to see a lady who desired to speak with him. This circumstance to a physician was nothing extraordinary, and therefore it was without any feelings of curiosity or awakened attention that the doctor obeyed the summons: he perceived a young woman very plainly habited and of most dejected appearance: her age he judged might be about twenty eight, and her countenance bespoke the possession of beauty in happier days-but it was now clouded with care and shaded with grief, and as she arose to address the doctor upon his enterance, the air of extreme dejection that she wore, caught his eye, and in a moment interested him in behalf of the unknown sufferer.
Chapter V
Authors: Williams Catharine , Caldwell Patricia 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
With the greatest care and impartiality the author of the following pages has collected together all the facts susceptible of proof relating to the life of Sarah Maria Cornell. Some of these were gained from her own family-others from strangers.
S. M. CORNELL was born in May 1802, in Rupert, Vermont. Her mother, the daughter of Christopher Leffingwell, Esq. of Norwich,* was a well educated and good principled woman, a daughter to one of the first families in the State. She had been carefully brought up and accustomed only to the best society. Unhappily, she contracted early in life an unfortunate attachment. Mr. Cornell was a person employed in one of the manufactories belonging to her father. Good looking and of pleasing address, he succeeded in captivating the affections of a daughter of his employer. Mr. Leffingwell was at first
Modern Imaging Techniques in Infectious Disease
Authors: Stern Eric J , Nghiem Hanh V , Hiehle John F , Lewis David H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides a regional and organ-system overview of the role of radiologic procedures in diagnosing infectious diseases. Emphasis is placed on the newer, more advanced imaging techniques, such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and their most appropriate uses and indications. For each organ system, the relative advantages and limitations of these new, advanced imaging modalities is specifically discussed, including their relationship to older, more traditional imaging techniques. Specific nuclear imaging techniques in diagnosing infectious diseases is discussed.
Specimen Management and Rapid Detection of Infectious Agents
Authors: Tenover Fred C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The microbiology laboratory plays a central role in the diagnosis of infectious illnesses by detecting microorganisms, or their products, in clinical samples. A variety of techniques, including direct staining, antigen and antibody tests, nucleic acid-based assays, and culture are often performed. The host’s immune response to a microorganism also provides clues to acute, chronic, and past infections, and tests to measure those responses are useful for diagnosis. Today, there is increased emphasis in the laboratory on rapid identification of pathogens through the use of immunologic and nucleic acid-based techniques.
Clinical Mycology
Authors: Pfaller Michael A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The spectrum of fungal infection runs the gamut from superficial mucosal and cutaneous mycoses to locally destructive and highly invasive infections due to both classic systemic and opportunistic pathogens. The frequency of fungal disease, particularly that due to the systemic and opportunistic pathogens, has increased substantially during the past two decades. This increase is due in large part to expanding patient populations with high risk of developing opportunistic life-threatening fungal infections, including individuals with AIDS or neoplastic disease, and those undergoing organ transplantation and aggressive surgery.
Rickettsia and Chlamydia
Authors: Liles W Conrad , Stamm Walter E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The agents causing human rickettsial disease comprise a diverse group of bacteria, considered similar because of both their characteristic ability to defy cultivation on artificial media and their tendency to be associated with transmission by arthropod vectors. The order Rickettsiales includes four genera-Rickettsia, Coxiella, Ehrlichia, and Bartonella-with members capable of causing human disease.
Control of Antimicrobial Usage
Authors: Davey Peter G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There is global concern about the need to control antibiotic usage. This stems from widespread evidence, mainly from hospitals, of misuse of antimicrobial drugs leading to escalating drug costs, increased burden of side effects, and the rapid spread of resistance. In contrast to irrational use of other drugs (e.g., anti-hypertensives), the latter problem is unique to antibiotic usage. Ideally, assessment of the benefits of controlling usage should be based on audits of mortality or morbidity from infection and should show that regulation limits the spread of resistance.
Penicillins
Authors: Creticos Catherine M , Sheagren John N 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The now famous discovery by Alexander Fleming in 1928 of a substance produced by a culture of Penicillium notatum that inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus did not evolve into a therapeutic compound until over 10 years later. In 1939, Dr. Howard W. Florey and co-workers isolated the compound and determined its structure and properties. After sufficient quantities of penicillin were produced, testing in humans began in 1941 when a British policeman infected with both staphylococci and streptococci was treated with penicillin-G.
Macrolides and Clindamycin
Authors: Gold Howard S , Moellering Robert C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Despite over 40 years of use, the macrolides continue to evolve in spectrum of activity and clinical application. Erythromycin is a natural compound secreted by Streptomyces erythreus. It is used most often to treat infections of the upper and lower respiratory tract, as well as the skin and soft tissues. Clindamycin is one of two clinically relevant lincosamide antibiotics, compounds composed of an amino acid linked to a sulfur-containing sugar. Lincomycin, the first described lincosamide, was isolated from a soil Streptomycete. It has been largely supplanted by its semisynthetic derivative, clindamycin, which is more active and better absorbed after oral administration.
Passive lmmunoprophylaxis and Treatment
Authors: Pennington James E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The clinical use of antibodies from animal or human sources for treatment or prophylaxis of infection is not a new concept. The development in recent years, however, of methods to render human plasma-derived immunoglobulin G safe for rapid intravenous use has opened new opportunities for use of passive immunization for infectious diseases. Given the concerns over cost and safety of modem intravenous immunoglobulin G (IGIV) preparations, a carefully documented clinical trial literature is becoming available to determine the proper role of IGIV in treating or preventing infection.
Approach to the Patient with Fever: Acute Febrile Illness
Authors: Rubinstein Ethan , Hassin David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Acute febrile illnesses usually develop within a 24 h period, and either subside in a few days (e.g., viral upper respiratory tract infection [URI]) or, because of their severity or associated symptoms, lead to early medical evaluation and diagnosis. While any process that can cause fever may have an acute onset and could involve a wide variety of infectious, inflammatory, or other disorders (Chapter 10), the vast majority of acute febrile illnesses are due to infection (Table 47.1). Chronic febrile illnesses, i.e., those lasting several weeks, often have a subtle onset; they may be more difficult to diagnose, and when infectious that are most often caused by pathogens that are sheltered from host defenses (e.g., intracellular or in abscesses, bone, or endocardium).
Infectious Diseases with Lymphadenopathy
Authors: Byren Ivor 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Lymph nodes, together with the spleen, are a major site of interaction between antigen and the immune system and are involved in a broad spectrum of disease processes including infection, neoplasia, immune diseases, infiltrative conditions, endocrine diseases and a number of idiopathic conditions (Table 53.1). Afferent lymph from the circulation containing antigens, microorganisms, macrophages, and lymphocytes is processed in lymph nodes, and efferent lymph containing sensitized T cells, B cells, and antibody-secreting plasma cells is returned to the circulation via the thoracic duct. Lymph node structure includes the cortex, paracortex, and medulla.
Pleurisy and Empyema
Authors: Lode Hartmut , Schaberg, Tom , Eller J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A variety of infectious or inflammatory processes can involve the pleural membranes that enclose the lung and thoracic cavity. These give rise to characteristic symptoms and signs that require recognition and specific management. This chapter focuses on infectious diseases causing pleurisy, pleural effusions, or empyema. Much of the discussion will revolve around distinguishing and managing uncomplicated effusions that accompany pneumonia (parapneumonic effusions) from those that lead to empyema. munity since the fifth century B.c. when Hippocrates described in detail its symptomatology and management.
lntraoral Infections
Authors: Greenspan John S , Greenspan Deborah 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Oral infections are so common and widespread as to be almost accepted as inevitable, yet most are both preventable and treatable. Some are infections found only in the mouth-for example, dental caries and periodontal diseases-while many are secondary reflections of infection elsewhere or are the oral tissue expressions of systemic processes. Oral infections can cause considerable morbidity while a few, if left untreated, may be fatal.
Genital Herpes, Syphilis, and Genital Ulcer Disease
Authors: Handsfield H Hunter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Of the five classical venereal diseases-gonorrhea, syphilis, chancroid, lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV), and granuloma inguinale (donovanosis)-four are characterized by genital ulceration, often with inguinal lymphadenopathy. In addition, genital herpes has become recognized in the past two decades as one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases (STD) in industrialized countries. Beyond the immediate local and occasional systemic manifestations of genital ulcer disease (GUD), serious long-term sequelae are common.
Urethritis, Epidydimitis, Orchitis, Prostatitis
Authors: Fox Kimberley K , Isbey Susan F , Cohen, Myron S , Carson III Culley C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Urethritis is a clinical syndrome generally characterized by urethral discharge and dysuria. It may be complicated by epididymitis and orchitis, which are also discussed in this chapter. The pathognomonic laboratory finding in urethritis is an increased number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) on the gram stain of a urethral smear. Some patients have increased PMNs on urethral smear but lack symptoms of infection, so some cases are considered asymptomatic. Urethritis is almost always sexually acquired, but occasionally it derives from coliform bacteria or noninfectious causes.
Focal Central Nervous System Infections
Authors: Tunkel Allan R , Scheld W Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Focal infections of the central nervous system (CNS) are frequently devastating, with most of the serious consequences occurring as a result of mass effect with compression of important CNS structures. The CNS possesses several defense mechanisms (e.g., an intact cranium and the blood-brain barrier) to prevent entry of various microorganisms, but once organisms have gained entry into the CNS, host defense mechanisms are often inadequate to control the infection. In addition, the effectiveness of antimicrobial therapy is limited by the poor penetration of many agents into the CNS.
Postsurgical Wound Infections
Authors: Nichols Ronald Lee 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Postoperative wound infections remain a major source of morbidity and a less frequent source of mortality in the surgical patient. In a nationwide study occurring within a 12-month period in 1975-1976, it was estimated that wound infections accounted for about 24% of the total number of nosocomial (hospital acquired) infections. This figure represented more than 500,000 wound infections, or about 2.8 per 100 operations performed.
Alcohol Abuse, Host Defenses, and Infection
Authors: MacGregor Rob Roy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The fact that drunkenness and chronic overuse of alcoholic beverages put the user at increased jeopardy for ill health in general and infections in particular has been a folk observation and self evident fact for as long as alcohol has been used. One of the first learned treatises on the subject was written by Dr. Benjamin Rush, signer of the Declaration of Independence. Entitled “An Inquiry into the Effects of Ardent Spirits upon the Human Body and Mind,” it listed tuberculosis, pneumonia, and yellow fever as complications of alcoholism.
Fever in Travelers to Tropical Countries
Authors: Liles W Conrad , Van Voorhis Wesley C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Fever in travelers poses a diagnostic challenge to clinicians. Among the myriad of possible causes, many are geographically localized and, thus, unfamiliar (Table 92.1). In addition, some febrile illnesses in travelers to tropical countries are caused by infections that are potentially fatal if not recognized and treated expediently (Table 92.2). Furthermore, some of these infectious agents are highly communicable (Table 92.3), thereby posing significant risks to public health. Most febrile illnesses in travelers, however, are self-limited (e.g., viral upper respiratory infections and gastrointestinal infections).
Infections after Animal Bites and Scratches
Authors: J.Gluckman Stephen 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There are an estimated two million animal bites and scratches in the United States each year, although only about half are reported. Most are trivial, but because of their frequency, they account for 1% of all emergency room visits, and 1% of those visits result in hospitalization. Of the two million bites annually, 70%-90% are dog bites, 3%-15% cat bites, and 4% rodent bites, both pet and wild. Wild animals comprise less than 1% of reported bites.
Therapy of Opportunistic Infections
Authors: Tokumoto Jason I N , Hollander Harry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Both opportunistic and non opportunistic infections can complicate the course of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease in the adult. In this chapter we review the ways in which the clinical presentation of infections is modified by underlying HIV. Infections are discussed in the context of common syndromes and of the progressive immunodeficiency due to HIV. Patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy have significantly decreased risk of these complications. Here, “early disease” refers to an immunologic status at which individuals are unlikely to develop life-threatening opportunistic infections.
Friendships, Companions, and Attachments, 1864-1882
Authors: White G Edward 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When Holmes returned from the Civil War in the summer of 1864 he was confronted with the question of what to do with himself. For someone of his antecedents this was not an idle question. The Holmes family was not wealthy to the point where the life of an unemployed ‘gentleman,’ still a viable option for Holmes’ upper-class Boston contemporaries, was financially possible, and nothing in Holmes’ heritage suggested that he, unlike his father or his grandfathers, would be expected to lead a life of affl uent leisure. He had signaled in his autobiographical sketch that the legal profession was to be his ’’ starting point’’ for study if he survived the war, and so he prepared to enter Harvard Law School.
The Common Law
Authors: White G Edward 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In One of the notebooks in which Holmes listed the titles of books he was reading and occasionally made comments about his scholarly projects, there is an 1880 entry stating that he was ’’ [a]t work writing Lectures for Lowell Inst. which occupies evenings, begun about Jan. 1.’1 The Lowell Institute, founded by the textile manufacturer John Lowell, Jr., in 1836 in order to offer public lectures that might demonstrate ’’the truth of those moral and religious precepts, by which alone ... men can be secure of happiness in this world and that to come,’ ’2 was offering a course in Common Law in the fall of 1880, and Holmes, at the suggestion of John Lowell’s son A. Lawrence Lowell, later President of Harvard, was invited to give the lectures that made up the course.3 It is not known when the invitation came, but it must have been in the calendar year of 1879, when Holmes’ early scholarship had taken a methodological tum.
A Concluding Assessement
Authors: White G Edward 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When one seeks to sum up Holmes’ central personal characteristics, the quality that first comes to mind is his vast and driving ambition. The theme of ambition emerges in many places and at many levels in Holmes’ life—his intimi- datingly prominent heritage and the burdens, as well as the advantages, that it created for him; the early idea, introduced perhaps by his father but internalized at least by his college years, that “greatness” was an expectation that he and others had for himself; his tacit decision, after finishing law school, that “greatness” required a concentration of his intellectual powers on one subject, the law, and a concentration of his emotional energies on his scholarly work. A concentration of intellectual and emotional energy, the suppression of “distractions” such as extensive social contacts, dabbling in philosophy or literature, even intimate relationships, and the achievement of “greatness” became linked in his mind.
Asylum Crises in the Industrialized World
Authors: Loescher Gil 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As the global refugee crisis intensified during the 1980s, greater numbers of people traveled to Western Europe and North America to claim political asylum. Western governments never envisaged such large-scale population movements. Political asylum was an exceptional event before the 1980s. The developed world was simply too distant, and jet-age travel too uncommon, for most Third World nationals to reach it.
Resolving Refugee Problems: Asylum and Development Assistance Policies
Authors: Loescher Gil 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It has never been easy for international institutions dealing with refugees to respond to major political, economic, and social shifts in international politics. Over seventy years ago, Western leaders committed themselves to creating an international refugee regime to help both refugees and host countries and to promote regional and international stability. The need is still there, but the practices of individual governments have had only limited success in managing an increasingly difficult refugee situation. It is now generally recognized that the complex cooperative tasks required to deal with the global refugee problem require a strengthened international regime.
Signification, Movement, And Resistance In The Novels Of Nathanael West
Authors: Harper Phillip Brian 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In dramatizing for his reader the automobile accident in which Nathanael West was killed, biographer Jay Martin writes that, at the moment of the tragedy, West “saw, dreamily, a sign that read Stop. But he did not stop.” What is notable about this formulation is not the conjecture that is posited as fact-that, indeed, “he saw … a sign”but, much more simply, the terse conjunction of what we do know to be two incontrovertible facts: that, at the intersection of Routes 80 and 111, just north of the California-Mexico border, there was a sign that read “Stop”; and that, when Nathanael West approached that sign in his station wagon on December 22, 1940, he did not stop. The traffic laws required West to stop, and he did not stop, and the deaths of both West and his wife, Eileen McKenney West, were the irremediable consequence of that violation.