bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Naval Engagements
Authors: Jenks Timothy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The construction of an important element in British national identity is explored in Naval Engagements, looking at the ways in which the navy - a major symbol of national community - was given meaning by a range of social groupings. The study is at once a cultural history of national identity, a social history of naval commemoration, and a political history of struggles over patriotism. Examining the place that naval symbols occupied in British wartime political culture, Timothy Jenks argues that these were more relevant to patriotic discourse than the more commonly explored 'apotheosis' of the Hanoverian monarchs. He establishes the centrality of public images of admirals to the 'victory culture' and political experience of the day, tracing efforts by groups across the political spectrum to invest these figures with appropriate political capital and contemporary meaning. He engages with arguments concerning popular patriotism and the relative cohesiveness of British society. Most importantly, the book establishes the centrality of naval symbolism to the political culture of Georgian Britain. At the same time, it reveals the social practices and discourses that consistently interacted to delimit and restrain a variety of projects ostensibly designed to foster patriotism and national identity. Patriotism was contested, this study argues, rather than consensual, and British national identity in the period was contingent, an ambivalence crucial to the manner in which naval symbols functioned.
Medieval Morals
Authors: Smith Virginia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From now on we move northwards into western and central Europe to investigate patterns of personal health and hygiene from the medieval period onwards through to what later Europeans triumphantly called the early modern and modern world—finally putting the economic and demographic disasters of the fall of Rome well behind them. The ‘civilizing process’ that seeped through cash-strapped Europe in these medieval and early modern centuries was in effect the slow escalation of domestic luxuries, spread thinly over more ancient ways of subsistence life—hut life—that endured well into the twentieth century.
Tourette Syndrome
Authors: Robertson Mary M , Cavanna Andrea E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tourette's Syndrome (TS) is an inherited neuropsychiatric disorder affecting up to 1% of the population. It is characterised by motor and vocal tics, and upsetting anti-social behaviour such as involuntary swearing and obscene gestures. This second edition of Tourette Syndrome: The Facts explains the causes of the syndrome, how it is diagnosed, and how to cope if you or a relative has been recently diagnosed. It provides information on the treatment and therapies that are available, and advice and on how individuals can manage their symptoms. It clearly explains the different presentations that can affected individuals, covering a spectrum from very mild to more uncommon severe forms of TS, and also discusses disorders that can be mistaken for TS. This edition contains a new chapters focussing on 'Education, employment and empowerment', and famous and successful people who achieved their goals despite their diagnosis. Essential reading for Tourette's sufferers, their relatives and friends, Tourette's Syndrome: The Facts will also be of use to clinicians, GPs, schoolteachers, and anyone seeking an accessible introduction to the disorder.
Introducing three cases
Authors: Robertson Mary M , Cavanna Andrea E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tourette syndrome (TS) is a medical condition that usually begins in early childhood and persists throughout life. TS is characterized by the presence of multiple motor tics as well as vocal tics (noises), behavioural problems are common, and the condition is often socially stigmatizing.
As TS can present very differently in each affected individual, covering a spectrum from very mild to more uncommon severe forms, this introductory chapter presents a few example cases.
How common is Tourette syndrome?
Authors: Robertson Mary M , Cavanna Andrea E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Until very recently TS was considered to be extremely rare.
Reviews of more than a dozen large recent studies suggest that TS affects 1 per cent of young people aged between 5 and 18 years in normal mainstream schools, many of whom will not have been diagnosed.
TS is much more common in people with learning difficulties, people with emotional and behavioural difficulties, people who require special education, and people with autistic spectrum disorders (ASDs), i.e. people with autism and Asperger’s syndrome.
Tics affect 7–28 per cent of young people.
How is the diagnosis made?
Authors: Robertson Mary M , Cavanna Andrea E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is no blood test for TS.
An expert will assess the individual by taking a history, examining the patient, and using rating scales completed by the doctor and by the patient to give detailed information on the tic history.
Even in expert clinics the assessment is long, and may take 2–3 hours.
Some doctors take blood tests or perform investigations such as an EEG to exclude other conditions.
What other disorders can be mistaken for Tourette syndrome?
Authors: Robertson Mary M , Cavanna Andrea E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The main disorders that can be mistaken for TS are transient tic disorder (tics lasting less than 3 months) and chronic multiple tic disorder (in which the individual has either motor tics or vocal tics, but not both for longer than a year).
Disorders developing later in life after exposure to some medications give a picture similar to TS and are called ‘tardive Tourettisms’.
Because ‘dystonic’ movements can be seen in TS, dystonia may be mistaken for TS.
Because a patient can have jerky movements with myoclonic epilepsy, the two disorders are sometimes confused.
Other neurological disorders in which the patient can have movements may be thought to be TS.
Can people with Tourette syndrome also develop other conditions?
Authors: Robertson Mary M , Cavanna Andrea E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is currently recognized that most people suffering from TS also have additional behavioural problems. In 1907, Meige and Feindel, in The confessions of a victim to tic, described a patient with tics who also had OCB. It is now increasingly evident that there is a strong association between the two conditions, both in patients and in their family members. For example, one study found that patients with TS are disproportionately obsessional, and that this phenomenon is not due to having depression. Other studies have demonstrated differences between ‘pure’ or primary OCD and the apparently similar thoughts and behaviours, or OCB, seen in people with TS.
What causes Tourette Syndrome?
Authors: Robertson Mary M , Cavanna Andrea E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The absolute neurochemical basis for TS is, as yet, unknown. However, the main biochemical theory is that there is an imbalance in the function of a neurotransmitter (a messenger in the brain) called dopamine. This theory is based mainly on the benefi cial effect of dopamine-blocking drugs, and on the fact that certain stimulants, such as pemoline and methylphenidate, can cause tics to worsen.
Education, employment, and empowerment
Authors: Robertson Mary M , Cavanna Andrea E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
These eight ‘Es’ are important for anyone in life and also especially for people with TS. Other ‘Es’ follow from these, and it shows that the ‘E word’, not only the ‘F word’ (as a tic), is important in the lives of people with TS. It is an important message to state at the outset that a person with TS can be successful, very successful—as can anyone—and many people with TS are good mothers, fathers, shopkeepers, teachers, doctors, lawyers, and high-fl ying celebrities.
The Security Council And Peacekeeping
Authors: Berdal Mats 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The habit of dividing history into distinct periods, neatly delineated by dates and supposed ‘turning points’, should always be weighed against the risks inherent in imposing order retrospectively on complex and continuous processes. In particular, assumptions of radical discontinuity between historical epochs can easily lead to a neglect of sources of continuity both in the behaviour of actors and in the workings of the international system. These are truisms that apply to the study of the United Nations and its activities in the security Weld as much as they do to any other subject of historical enquiry.
The Security Council And Humanitarian Intervention
Authors: Welsh Jennifer M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Among the many ways the UN Security Council has implemented its special responsibility for managing international peace and security, one of the most controversial is its authorization of the use of force for humanitarian purposes. This chapter examines Council practice in this area – often referred to as ‘humanitarian intervention’ – focusing mainly on the post-Cold War period. Excluded from the analysis are military actions which may have had a humanitarian component (for example, NATO’s actions in Bosnia), but which had other guiding objectives.
Introduction: The Language and its Speakers
Authors: Aikhenvald Alexandra Y , Ala Jacklyn Yuamali , Agnes Pauline , Laki Yuaneng Luma 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Manambu is synthetic, with elements of fusion, and predominantly suffixing. The imperative marker a-is the only fully productive prefix (§13.2.1), while the causative-manipulative prefix kayoccurs with a limited number of verbs (§16.2.1). The infix -ka-marks intensive forms of non-agreeing adjectives (§4.3). Manambu has twenty consonants and nine vowels. There is a series of simple voiced and voiceless bilabial, apico-dental, and dorso-velar stops (just like in other Ndu languages). Voiced and voiceless bilabial and dorso-velar stops also have a labialized counterpart. All the voiced stops and the voiced fricative j are prenasalized in word-initial, intervocalic, and word-final positions. Vowel length is contrastive. Long vowels a: and æ: are a recent innovation: older speakers still pronounce these as sequences of identical short vowels interrupted by a glottal stop.
Possession
Authors: Aikhenvald Alexandra Y , Ala Jacklyn Yuamali , Agnes Pauline , Laki Yuaneng Luma 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Table 8.1 contrasts these in terms of (i) semantic relationship between nouns; (ii) restrictions on type of possessee; (iii) restrictions on possessor; (iv) focusing of possessor, possessee, or the possessive relationship; (v) whether the possessor or the possessee can consist of a noun plus a modifier; (vi) whether the head can be omitted; (vii) whether multiple possessors are possible; and (viii) whether a possessive NP can be discontinuous. What all the constructions have in common is that the possessed noun is invariably the head. We will see in §8.1.2 that most nouns can occur in any of the five constructions, with meaning differences (Table 8.2).
Measuring and marking post-metamorphic amphibians
Authors: Ferner John W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, I review marking and measuring techniques for post-metamorphic amphibians; larvae are covered in Chapter 4 in this volume. Measuring the size of individuals is important for determining age, categorizing life history stages (juvenile or adult), and calculating growth rates (larval measurements are covered in Chapter 3). More field and behavioral studies requiring marking are now being conducted than in the past, and often investigators need very specific marking techniques and non-invasive ways of identifying individuals. Additionally, ethical issues relative to certain techniques, such as radioactive tags and mutilation procedures, are now more commonly considered as, for example, when considering toe-clipping.
Drift fences, coverboards, and other traps
Authors: Willson John D , Gibbons J Whitfield 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many of the simplest yet most highly productive sampling methods in herpetological field research use some type of trap or attraction device to increase capture rates or target secretive species. These techniques fall into two general categories: those that actually trap animals, accumulating captures on their own over time (passive traps) and those that attract animals but require an observer to actively capture them at the moment of the census (active traps). The most popular examples of these two trap categories are drift fences (generally with pitfall and/or funnel traps) and cover boards, respectively. Both of these methods are inherently simple concepts, and their description and explanation need not be made complex or complicated. Both techniques are usually best modified by the investigator who can use common sense to focus on the needs of a particular project that involves capturing animals in a field situation. However, we provide a general discussion of some of the fundamental issues that investigators who use these techniques must face, with particular emphasis on how choice of capture method and sampling design influence interpretation of capture data.
Rapid assessments of amphibian diversity
Authors: Vonesh James R , Mitchell Joseph C , Howell Kim , Crawford Andrew J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
More than 6400 amphibian species are known worldwide, with more than 50 new species being described in just the first half of 2008 (AmphibiaWeb 2008). Many of these species are threatened or declining and more than 150 may have recently become extinct (IUCN 2006). Such rates of species loss are far greater than the historic background extinction rate for amphibians (e.g. McCallum 2007; Roelants et al. 2007). Amphibians play diverse roles in natural ecosystems, and their decline may cause other species to become threatened or may undermine aspects of ecosystem function (Matthews et al. 2002; Whiles et al. 2006). Anthropogenic habitat loss and degradation, disease, introduced species, and pollution or combinations of these factors are at the root of most declines. As awareness of declines has increased, conservation groups, governments, and land managers have become more interested in protecting amphibian diversity. However, the lack of accurate data on amphibian distributions, particularly for tropical regions where diversity and declines are concentrated (IUCN 2006), is often a roadblock to effective conservation and management. Ideally, lack of information on the amphibian fauna for a particular area would result in a thorough inventory. Unfortunately, this is usually not realistic. Exhaustive inventories are costly and may take decades to compile (e.g. Timm 1994). Given the urgency of the current global biodiversity crisis, finite resources, and dynamic socio-economic environments with respect to conservation, an approach for rapidly gathering preliminary data on biodiversity is sometimes required.
Landscape ecology and GIS methods
Authors: Popescu Viorel D , Gibbs James P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Relevance of landscape ecology to amphibian biology and conservation The field of landscape ecology “deals with the effects of the spatial configuration of mosaics on a wide variety of ecological phenomena” (Wiens et al. 1993). The field has emerged from recognition of the need to link ecological processes to landscape configuration and composition (Turner et al. 2001). Another stimulus has been the revelation that population processes play out over much larger areas and time frames than previously assumed. Landscape ecology is a relatively young discipline that emerged in Central and Eastern Europe (Naveh and Lieberman 1994). The field has exploded over the past two decades largely because of technological advances (Turner et al. 2001). On the data side, a sudden wealth of spatial data from global positioning systems (GPS), satellite imagery, and high-resolution aerial photography has materialized, coupled with the Internet as a medium for its quick distribution. On the analysis side, computer processing speeds have increased exponentially (Moore 1975) and a large suite of software packages for manipulating and analyzing spatial data (that is, Geographic Information Systems or GIS) has evolved that capitalize on these vastly faster processing speeds. The result is a synergism between more data and faster computers for processing it, thereby creating opportunity for tackling increasingly complex questions in landscape ecology.
Language, ochre, and the rule of law
Authors: Knight Chris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The passage from the state of nature to the civil state produces a very remarkable change in man, by substituting justice for instinct in his conduct, and giving his actions the morality they had formerly lacked. Then only, when the voice of duty takes the place of physical impulses and right of appetite, does man, who so far had considered only himself, find that he is forced to act on different principles, and to consult his reason before listening to his inclinations.
Shelve it
Authors: Larson Frances 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the final years of his life, Wellcome became increasingly vague. When he was asked to elaborate on his intentions for his business and his research bureau, he was inscrutable. He would simply say, ‘My plans exist in my mind like a jig-saw puzzle, and gradually I shall be able to piece it together.’ But this illusion of finality—of the puzzle perfected—began to paralyse him. He believed in a lasting picture, and he wanted all the pieces he had gathered together during his life to fit in without gaps or mistakes. When Charles Singer had exclaimed that Wellcome’s collection would be dead once it was complete, ‘because science was never dead, and would never be complete’, Wellcome’s response had been ‘nonsense’.
Honour to whom honour is due
Authors: Larson Frances 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Wellcome was a self-made man: born into nothing, he died a millionaire. He lived out the ‘rags to riches’ success story that has long been a biographical classic. With his partner, Silas Burroughs, he mastered the pharmaceuticals market, and helped to transform the way in which health was promoted and transacted at the turn of the past century. His opportunities were conferred on him by the capitalist system, and his achievements have been measured within that sphere. Indeed, the philosophical implications of capitalism not only guaranteed Wellcome’s status as a ‘great man’, they secured his objectives as a museum collector, and sustained the life-writing tradition through which he would later be known.
Nicomachean Ethics VII. 14, (1154a22 – b34): The Pain of the Living and Divine Pleasure
Authors: Aubry Gwenaëlle 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although book VII of the NE passes in review an entire series of deviant behaviours, those which lower man to the level of beasts but which also constitute the weakness of his humanity, it opens and closes with god, by two propositions: god has no virtues (or vices); and god has pleasure. The correlate of these propositions is: virtue (like vice) is human; and human pleasure is imperfect. There is enough here to shock a Platonist, and particularly a reader of the Philebus, in which the divine life is presented as exempt from pleasure and from pain (33b). Eudoxus might have been less startled: indeed, in the first book of the NE, Aristotle renders him homage for having affirmed that pleasure, like god and like the good, is superior to praiseworthy things (I. 12, 1101b27 – 30).
Causal Laws, Policy Predictions, and the Need for Genuine Powers
Authors: Cartwright Nancy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Knowledge of causal laws is hard to come by; it is expensive. Yet we make enormous effort to obtain it. Why? What is the use of knowing causal laws? I have always supposed that knowing causal laws will help us to change the world and in a very immediate way: we can read off— defeasibly of course— from the causal laws ways to manipulate the world to achieve the effects described in the laws. Nor have I been alone in this supposition; it is, I think, at the heart of various manipulation theories of causality as well as much of our practical effort to obtain causal-law knowledge.
Causal Nominalism
Authors: Whittle Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If the causal theory of properties has a slogan, it is Shoemaker’s claim that ‘properties are causal powers’ (1980: 210). But this eyecatching statement has been apt to mislead, as it seems to promise a reduction of some sort. This impression has been reinforced by expositions of the view. Armstrong, for instance, identifies the core of the causal theory of properties with the claim that ‘properties are exhausted by their causal role’.
The Pill
Authors: Guillebaud John , Maccregor Anne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Used by over 200 million women since the 1960s, the Pill is one of the most commonly prescribed medicines - and has repeatedly been established as one of the least harmful ever formulated. However, there are some risks, and a number of "Pill Scares" have been reported in the media - often causing women to give up the Pill without finding a satisfactory alternative. More choices than ever are now available to users of hormonal contraception, and it can be difficult for doctors or family planning workers to find the time for detailed discussion with existing or new users. Women of all ages, whether they are existing users of or new to hormonal contraception, will find realistic, practical, and trustworthy guidance in this book to help them to make their own informed decisions. It will also be indispensable to health professionals as a concise, balanced overview. This user-friendly book contains extensive and unbiased advice and information on the Pill, along with other hormonal alternatives such as implants, injections and patches.
What about other Methods of Contraception?
Authors: Guillebaud John , Maccregor Anne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The wrong choice of contraception can lead to problems; not least an unwanted pregnancy, through using either an ineffi cient method, or a better method inefficiently. Although the pill is one of the most popular methods chosen, it is only one of a number of contraceptive options. Figure3.1 shows, very approximately, some of the latest available information on current British usage of all the main methods of birth control. One conclusion must be that different couples make different choices: there is certainly no one ideal method.
What are the Unwanted Side-Effects?
Authors: Guillebaud John , Maccregor Anne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the pill suits the majority of women, it is not good news for everybody—unwanted effects such as those listed in Table 6.1 can occur. Most are a nuisance, not dangerous. Thrombosis, heart attacks, strokes, and cancers are discussed in detail in Chapters 7 and 8. See Chapter 15 for management of side-effects.
What about Cancer?
Authors: Guillebaud John , Maccregor Anne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ever since the pill was first marketed there has always been a concern that it might be found to increase the risk of some types of cancer. But cancers may not develop until after many years—up to 30 years—of exposure to any cancerproducing agent. Since the pill has now been around for over 40 years, we are beginning to obtain useful information about possible links between it and some forms of cancer.
How do I start the Pill?
Authors: Guillebaud John , Maccregor Anne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is the routine method in the UK. If, in the first cycle only of pill taking, you start the tablets on the very first day of the period, egg release is effectively prevented even among women with short cycles. Starting the pill without extra contraceptive precautions is absolutely fine up to day 2 of the cycle. This is being a little more cautious than WHO or the FPA, who advise that no additional contraception is necessary for starts up to day 5.