bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The usual medical care for irritable bowel syndrome
Authors: Whitehead W. E. , Levy R. L. , Von Korff M. , Feld A. D. , Palsson O. S. , Turner M. , Drossman D. A. 
Published: December 2004

SummaryAims : To determine what constitutes usual medical care for irritable bowel syndrome, which patient characteristics influence choice of treatment and how satisfied patients are with care.Methods : Patient encounters in a health maintenance organization were prospectively monitored to identify visits coded irritable bowel syndrome, abdominal pain, constipation or diarrhoea. Within 2 weeks these patients were sent postal questionnaires (n = 1770, 59% participation) to assess patient characteristics and treatment recommendations. Responders were sent follow‐up questionnaires 6 months later (77% participation) to assess adherence and satisfaction with treatment.Results : Treatments employed most frequently were dietary advice, explanation, exercise advice, reassurance, advice to reduce stress and antispasmodic medications. Primary care physicians and gastroenterologists provided similar treatments. Patient confidence was higher for lifestyle advice (63–67, 100‐point scale) than for medications (46–59). However, adherence was greater for medications (62–79 vs. 59–69, 100‐point scale). Satisfactory relief was reported by 57%, but only 22% reported that symptom severity was reduced by half. Usual medical treatment was less effective for irritable bowel syndrome than for constipation, diarrhoea, or abdominal pain.Conclusions : Usual medical care for irritable bowel syndrome emphasizes education and lifestyle modification more than drugs; patients have a greater expectation of benefit from lifestyle modification than drugs. Overall 57% of irritable bowel syndrome patients report satisfactory relief.
Meta‐analysis: the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome
Authors: Lesbros‐Pantoflickova D. , Michetti P. , Fried M. , Beglinger C. , Blum A. L. 
Published: December 2004

SummaryTo evaluate therapies available for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome, and provide consensus recommendations for their use, a total of 51 double‐blind clinical trials using bulking agents, prokinetics, antispasmodics, alosetron, tegaserod and antidepressants were selected. The quality of studies was assessed using 5‐point scale. Meta‐analyses were performed on all studies, and on ‘high‐quality studies’. The efficacy of fibre in the global irritable bowel syndrome symptoms relief (OR: 1.9; 95% CI:1.5–2.4) was lost after exclusion of low‐quality trials (OR: 1.4; 95% CI: 1.0–2.0, P = 0.06). When excluding the low‐quality trials, an improvement of global irritable bowel syndrome symptoms with all antispasmodics (OR: 2.1; 95% CI:1.8–2.9) was maintained only for octylonium bromide, but on the basis of only two studies. Antidepressants were effective (OR: 2.6, 95% CI: 1.9–3.5), even after exclusion of low‐quality studies (OR: 1.9, 95% CI: 1.3–2.7). Alosetron (OR: 2.2; 95% CI: 1.9–2.6) and tegaserod (OR: 1.4; 95% CI: 1.2–1.5) showed a significant effect in women. We recommend the use of tegaserod for women with irritable bowel syndrome with constipation and alosetron for women with severe irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhoea. Antidepressants can be beneficial for irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhoea patients with severe symptoms. Loperamide can be recommended in painless diarrhoea. Evidence is weak to recommend the use of bulking agents in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome with constipation.
Endoscopic ablation of Barrett's oesophagus: a randomized‐controlled trial of photodynamic therapy vs. argon plasma coagulation
Authors: Kelty C. J. , Ackroyd R. , Brown N. J. , Stephenson T. J. , Stoddard C. J. , Reed M. W. R. 
Published: December 2004

SummaryBackground : Barrett's oesophagus is the major risk factor for oesophageal adenocarcinoma. 5‐Aminlevulinic acid‐induced photodynamic therapy and argon plasma coagulation have been shown to be effective for ablating Barrett's oesophagus, but a comparative trial of these two modalities has not been reported.Aims : To compare photodynamic therapy and argon plasma coagulation for the ablation of Barrett's oesophagus.Methods : A total of 68 patients (54 male, 14 female; median age 61) with Barrett's oesophagus were randomized to photodynamic therapy (n = 34) or argon plasma coagulation (n = 34). Photodynamic therapy was performed using 5‐aminlevulinic acid (30 mg/kg) and red light. Argon plasma coagulation was administered at a power setting of 65 W. Multiple treatment sessions were performed, with follow‐up to 24 months.Results : All patients showed a macroscopic reduction in the area of Barrett's oesophagus. This was greatest in the argon plasma coagulation group with 33 of 34 (97%) ablated, compared with 17 of 34 (50%) in the photodynamic therapy group; in the remainder, there was a reduction in the length of Barrett's oesophagus (median 50%, range: 5–90). Buried glands were found in 24% of photodynamic therapy patients, and in 21% of argon plasma coagulation patients. The median follow‐up is 12 months (range: 6–24).Conclusions : Photodynamic therapy and argon plasma coagulation are both effective for ablating Barrett's oesophagus. Argon plasma coagulation appears more effective than photodynamic therapy, but the impact of both on carcinoma development requires larger studies with long‐term follow‐up.
Meta‐analysis: effect of hepatitis C virus infection on mortality in dialysis
Authors: Fabrizi F. , Martin P. , Dixit V. , Bunnapradist S. , Dulai G. 
Published: December 2004

SummaryBackground: The natural history of hepatitis C virus infection among patients on long‐term dialysis treatment remains incompletely understood. Efforts to elucidate the natural history of hepatitis C virus in this population are difficult because of the slowly progressive nature of hepatitis C virus with often an unrecognized onset in patients whose life‐expectancy is substantially diminished by end‐stage renal disease.Aim: To conduct a systematic review of the published medical literature concerning the impact of hepatitis C virus infection on the survival of patients receiving chronic dialysis. The relative risk of mortality was regarded as the most reliable outcome end‐point.Methods: We used the random effects model of DerSimonian and Laird to generate a summary estimate of the relative risk for mortality with hepatitis C virus across the published studies.Results: We identified four clinical trials (2341 unique patients); three (75%) of them were prospective, cohort studies; the fourth was a case–control study. Pooling of study results demonstrated that presence of antihepatitis C virus antibody was an independent and significant risk factor for death in patients on maintenance dialysis. The summary estimate for relative risk was 1.57 with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 1.33–1.86. A test for homogeneity of the relative risks across the four studies gave aP‐value of 0.77. As a cause of death, hepatocellular carcinoma and liver cirrhosis were significantly more frequent among antihepatitis C virus‐positive than ‐negative dialysis patients.Conclusions: This meta‐analysis demonstrates that antihepatitis C virus‐positive patients on dialysis have an increased risk of mortality compared with hepatitis C virus‐negative patients. The excess risk of death in hepatitis C virus‐positive patients may be at least partially attributed to chronic liver disease with its attendant complications. Clinical trials with extended follow‐up are currently under way to assess the effect of hepatitis C virus treatment on the excess risk of mortality in this population.
CROSS-SECTIONAL SCANNING TUNNELING MICROSCOPY OF BURIED HETEROSTRUCTURE LASERS
Authors: COBLEY R. J. , TENG K. S. , BROWN M. R. , MAFFEÏS T. G. G. , WILKS S. P. 
Published: December 2004

A single-mode buried heterostructure laser has been imaged using Cross-Sectional Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (X-STM). The problem of positioning the tip on the restricted active region on the (110) face has been overcome using combined Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). In order to understand the change in the STM scans when biased, particularly the physical change in surface step defects caused by commercial sample preparation, the experimental setup has been modified to allow the sample to be biased. A simpler double quantum well test structure has been biased and it has been demonstrated that it is possible to continue performing STM whilst the device is powered. The change in the relative contrast across the image has been shown to be unaffected by this external bias for the range scanned, as predicted by a fully-coupled Poison drift–diffusion model calculated using Fermi–Dirac statistics.
Cytokines link osteoblasts and inflammation: microarray analysis of interleukin-17- and TNF-α-induced genes in bone cells
Authors: Shen Fang , Ruddy Matthew J , Plamondon Pascale , Gaffen Sarah L 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe novel cytokine interleukin (IL)-17 has been implicated in many infectious and autoimmune settings, especially rheumatoid arthritis. Consistent with its proinflammatory effects on bone, osteoblast cells are highly responsive to IL-17, particularly in combination with other inflammatory cytokines. To better understand the spectrum of activities controlled by IL-17, we globally profiled genes regulated by IL-17 and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) in the preosteoblast cell line MC3T3-E1. Using Affymetrix microarrays, 80–90 genes were up-regulated, and 19–50 genes were down-regulated with IL-17 and TNF-α as compared with TNF-α alone. These included proinflammatory chemokines and cytokines, inflammatory genes, transcriptional regulators, bone-remodeling genes, signal transducers, cytoskeletal genes, genes involved in apoptosis, and several unknown or unclassified genes. The CXC family chemokines were most dramatically induced by IL-17 and TNF-α, confirming the role of IL-17 as a potent mediator of inflammation and neutrophil recruitment. Several transcription factor-related genes involved in inflammatory gene expression were also enhanced, including molecule possessing ankyrin repeats induced by lipopolysaccharide/inhibitor of κBζ (MAIL/κBζ), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein δ (C/EBPδ), and C/EBPβ. We also identified the acute-phase gene lipocalin-2 (LCN2/24p3) as a novel IL-17 target, which is regulated synergistically by TNF-α and IL-17 at the level of its promoter. A similar but not identical pattern of genes was induced by IL-17 and TNF-α in ST2 bone marrow stromal cells and murine embryonic fibroblasts. This study provides a profile of genes regulated by IL-17 and TNF-α in osteoblasts and suggests that in bone, the major function of IL-17 is to cooperate and/or synergize with other cytokines to amplify inflammation.
The Development of Anticipatory Smiling
Authors: Venezia Meaghan , Messinger Daniel S. , Thorp Danielle , Mundy Peter 
Published: December 2004

AbstractWhen do infants begin to communicate positive affect about physical objects to their social partners? We examined developmental changes in the timing of smiles during episodes of initiating joint attention that involved an infant gazing between an object and a social partner. Twenty‐six typically developing infants were observed at 8, 10, and 12 months during the Early Social‐Communication Scales, a semistructured assessment for eliciting initiating joint attention and related behaviors. The proportion of infant smiling during initiating joint attention episodes did not change with age, but there was a change in the timing of the smiles. The likelihood of infants smiling at an object and then gazing at the experimenter while smiling (anticipatory smiling) increased between 8 and 10 months and remained stable between 10 and 12 months. The increase in the number of infants who smiled at an object and then made eye contact suggests a developing ability to communicate positive affect about an object.
Long‐Term Memory for an Emotional Interpersonal Interaction Occurring at 5 Months of Age
Authors: Bornstein Marc H. , Arterberry Martha E. , Mash Clay 
Published: December 2004

AbstractWe examined infants' long‐term retention of a single unique emotional experience into early childhood. Twenty‐month‐olds who had participated in a still‐face procedure at 5 months (experience group) fixated the face of the person who had instigated the still face significantly less than the faces of 2 other novel persons. Control 20‐month‐olds (no‐experience group) looked longer overall and fixated the target person equally or more than the 2 novel persons. In short, children who interacted with a stranger in the laboratory under both natural and anomalous social conditions just once when they were infants apparently retained a specific memory of that person and the experience into toddlerhood.
On Specifying Specificity: Facial Expressions at 4 Months
Authors: Bennett David S. , Bendersky Margaret , Lewis Michael 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIzard (2004/this issue) clarifies the position of differential emotions theory by proposing a distinction between hard and soft versions of event‐emotion expression relations. We concur that the best design to examine situational specificity in facial expressions is one that utilizes multiple stimulus situations assessed over multiple occasions and ages. However, the problem of how to identify, a priori, a family of stimulus situations remains. We offer an example from our own recent work demonstrating how facial expressions and physiological indexes may converge to indicate the presence of a meaningful family of stimulus situations. Specifically, we found evidence for a family of frustrating, goal‐blocking events that elicited expressions and cortisol responses indicative of anger at 4 months. Yet, individual differences exist in that these situations also elicited expressions and cortisol changes indicative of sadness. Identification of a more comprehensive set of such situations throughout infancy will allow researchers to more systematically examine the degree to which situational specificity of emotions is present.
Role of PROP1 in Pituitary Gland Growth
Authors: Ward Robert D. , Raetzman Lori T. , Suh Hoonkyo , Stone Brandon M. , Nasonkin Igor O. , Camper Sally A. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractMutations in the PROP1 transcription factor gene lead to reduced production of thyrotropin, GH, prolactin, and gonadotropins as well as to pituitary hypoplasia in adult humans and mice. Some PROP1-deficient patients initially exhibit pituitary hyperplasia that resolves to hypoplasia. To understand this feature and to explore the mechanism whereby PROP1 regulates anterior pituitary gland growth, we carried out longitudinal studies in normal and Prop1-deficient dwarf mice from early embryogenesis through adulthood, examining the volume of Rathke’s pouch and its derivatives, the position and number of dividing cells, the rate of apoptosis, and cell migration by pulse labeling. The results suggest that anterior pituitary progenitors normally leave the perilumenal region of Rathke’s pouch and migrate to form the anterior lobe as they differentiate. Some of the cells that seed the anterior lobe during organogenesis have proliferative potential, supporting the expansion of the anterior lobe after birth. Prop1-deficient fetal pituitaries are dysmorphic because mutant cells are retained in the perilumenal area and fail to differentiate. After birth, mutant pituitaries exhibit enhanced apoptosis and reduced proliferation, apparently because the mutant anterior lobe is not seeded with progenitors. These studies suggest a mechanism for Prop1 action and an explanation for some of the clinical findings in human patients.
Tetranuclear Mo2Rh2 Complexes Obtained from Reactions between Triple Cubane-Type Oxide Cluster [(Cp*Rh)4Mo4O16] (Cp* = η5-C5(CH3)5) and Methanethiol: [{Cp*Rh(μ-SCH3)3MoO2}2(μ-O)] and [{Cp*Rh(μ-SCH3)3MoO}2(μ-X)(μ-Y)] (X, Y = O and X = O, Y = S). Synthesis, X-Ray Structures, and Dynamic Behavior in Nonaqueous Media
Authors: Xi Rimo , Wang Bateer , Abe Masaaki , Ozawa Yoshiki , Kinoshita Isamu , Isobe Kiyoshi 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
A new series of linear-type Mo2Rh2 tetranuclear complexes, [{Cp*RhIII(μ-SCH3)3MoVIO2}2(μ-O)] (1), [{Cp*RhIII(μ-SCH3)3MoVO}2(μ-O)2] (2), and [{Cp*RhIII(μ-SCH3)3MoVO}2(μ-O)(μ-S)] (3), has been prepared from reactions of the triple cubane-type oxide cluster [(Cp*Rh)4Mo4O16]·2H2O with CH3SH. These tetranuclear complexes have been characterized by elemental analysis, infrared, electronic, and 1H, 13C, and 17O NMR spectroscopies as well as X-ray analysis.
Complex 1 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n (No. 14) with a = 15.348(3), b = 14.059(3), c = 17.879(3) Å, β = 107.11(2)°, V = 3690(1) Å3, and Z = 4. Complex 2 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c (No. 15) with a = 25.334(4), b = 21.271(2), c = 17.831(3) Å, β = 129.70(5)°, V = 7393(2) Å3, and Z = 8. Complex 3 crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pcab (No. 61) with a = 16.902(3), b = 26.631(3), c = 16.855(2) Å, V = 7587(3) Å3, and Z = 8. Complex 1 involves a nearly linear “O2MoVI(μ-O)MoVIO2” framework, to which two Cp*RhIII units are linked by μ-SCH3 ligands. Complexes 2 and 3 have an analogous tetranuclear MoV2RhIII2 structure in which the MoV and RhIII atoms are bridged by three μ-SCH3 ligands. Complex 2 contains a doubly-bridged “OMoV(μ-O)2MoVO” framework with an Mo–Mo distance of 2.564(1) Å, while 3 contains a “OMoV(μ-O)(μ-S)MoVO” framework with an Mo–Mo distance of 2.666(1) Å. Complexes 2 and 3 retain the tetranuclear structure but are fluxional in solution. The fluxional behaviors are due to intramolecular rotations of the “Cp*Rh(μ-SCH3)” moieties on the trigonal planes of the octahedral Mo centers. Line-shape analyses of variable-temperature 1H NMR spectra measured in C6D5Cl yield activation parameters of ΔH‡ = +80.2 kJ mol−1, ΔS‡ = +22.1 J K−1 mol−1, and ΔG‡298 K = +73.6 kJ mol−1 for the rotation in 2 and ΔH‡ = +76.8 kJ mol−1, ΔS‡ = +21.1 J K−1 mol−1, and ΔG‡298 K = +70.5 kJ mol−1 for that in 3.
Interaction of Iodine with Aza-18-crown-6 and Aza-12-crown-4. Kinetic and Spectrophotometric Studies in Chloroform and 1,2-Dichloroethane Solutions
Authors: Hasani Masoumeh , Shamsipur Mojtaba 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Interactions of 1,4,7,10,13-pentaoxa-16-azacyclooctadecane (aza-18-crown-6) and 1,4,7-trioxa-10-azacyclododecane (aza-12-crown-4) with iodine have been investigated spectrophotometrically in chloroform and 1,2-dichloroethane solutions. The observed time dependence of the charge-transfer band and subsequent formation of I3− in solution were related to the slow transformation of the initially formed 1 : 1 macrocycle·I2 outer complex to an inner electron donor–acceptor (EDA) complex, followed by fast reaction of the inner complex with iodine to form a triiodide ion, as follows:

The pseudo-first-order rate constants at various temperatures for the transformation process were evaluated from the absorbance-time data. The activation parameters (Ea, ΔH‡, and ΔS‡) for the transformation were obtained from the temperature dependence of the rate constants. The stoichiometry and formation constants of the resulting EDA complexes have also been determined. The influences of both the azacrowns’ structure and the solvent properties on the kinetics and stability of the resulting charge-transfer complexes are discussed.
59Co Nuclear Quadrupole Interaction in Crystalline Δ-Tris[trans-(1R,2R)-1,2-diaminocyclohexane]cobalt(III) Chloride Trihydrate
Authors: Ueda Takahiro , Nakamura Nobuo , Iida Masayasu 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
The lineshape of 59Co NMR was measured on solid [Co(chxn)3]3+ (chxn = trans-(1R,2R)-1,2-diaminocyclohexane) at the Larmor frequencies of 47 and 96 MHz. The 59Co nuclear quadrupole coupling constant and the asymmetry parameter of the electric field gradient were determined to be 7.50 MHz and 0.75, respectively. These values correspond to a very small distortion of the complex cation in the crystal.
Growth of Barium Chlorapatite Crystals from a Sodium Chloride Flux
Authors: Oishi Shuji , Michiba Noriyuki , Ishizawa Nobuo , Rendon-Angeles Juan Carlos , Yanagisawa Kazumichi 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Large and well-formed crystals of barium chlorapatite [Ba5Cl(PO4)3] were grown for the first time from a sodium chloride flux. The solubility of Ba5Cl(PO4)3 in NaCl increased with increasing temperature, reaching about 1.9 mol% solubility at 1100 °C. The crystal growth of Ba5Cl(PO4)3 was conducted by heating a mixture of solute and flux at 1100 °C for 10 h, and then cooling to 500 °C at a rate of 5 °C h−1. Colorless and transparent prismatic crystals with lengths of up to 12 mm and widths of 3 mm were grown from high-temperature solutions containing 0.4—2.2 mol% solute. The most suitable solute content for the growth of prismatic crystals was 1.2 mol%. The prismatic crystals were bounded by the {} and {} faces. The aspect ratios were in the region of 1.1 to 4.8. Needle crystals with lengths of up to 4 mm and widths of 60 μm were obtained during every growth run. The needle crystals were elongated in the &lt;0001&gt; directions, with aspect ratios ranging from 43 to 56. The major constituents were almost homogeneously distributed in the prismatic and needle crystals.
9,10-Dicyanoanthracene-Photosensitized Elimination of 1,1′-Binaphthalene from Dinaphthyl Methylphosphonate and Trinaphthyl Phosphate through the Termolecular Interaction in the Singlet Excited State
Authors: Nakamura Mitsunobu , Miki Masamichi , Majima Tetsuro 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
9,10-Dicyanoanthracene (DCA) photosensitized intramolecular binaphthalene elimination of dinaphthyl methylphosphonates and trinaphthyl phosphates occurred through an exciplex between the singlet excited DCA (1DCA*) and the naphthyl group of dinaphthyl methylphosphonate and trinaphthyl phosphates in tetrahydrofuran, 1,4-dioxane, and benzene. Diethyl mononaphthyl phosphates also formed an exciplex with 1DCA*, while no reaction occurred. The binaphthalene elimination occurs via the intramolecular quenching of the exciplex by the second naphthyl group of dinaphthyl methylphosphonate or trinaphthyl phosphate, while the exciplex between the mononaphthyl phosphate and 1DCA* decays to give the starting compounds. The lifetime of the exciplex between the trinaphthyl phosphate and 1DCA* was shorter than that between the mononaphthyl phosphate and 1DCA*. The termolecular interaction (teraromatic groups interaction) of 1DCA* and two naphthyl groups of dinaphthyl methylphosphonate or trinaphthyl phosphate is suggested by the emission observation of the termolecular interaction of two naphthyl groups of trinaphthyl phosphate and 1,4-dicyanobenzene in the singlet excited state during the quenching of the intramolecular excimer of dinaphthyl methylphosphonate or trinaphthyl phosphates by 1,4-dicyanobenzene. The O–P(O)–O spacer is necessary for the binaphthalene elimination during the termolecular interaction in the singlet excited state.