bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ethnic disadvantage and schizophrenia
Authors: Eaton William , Harrison Glynn 
Published: May 2005

Objective: To review and interpret epidemiologic research on ethnic disadvantage and schizophrenia. Method: A search of the research literature was conducted. Results: Seventeen population‐based studies were reported in the United Kingdom and the Netherlands from 1967 to 1997. The studies report high incidence rates for immigrants whose position in society is disadvantaged, than majority‐group native‐born, with a range of relative incidence from 1.7 to 13.2. It is proposed that the developmental task for formulating the life plan challenges the young adult's executive function abilities, which may be weaker in individuals vulnerable to schizophrenia. Formulating the life plan may be made more difficult by the position in society of disadvantaged ethnic minorities, raising the risk for schizophrenia. Conclusion: Further research on executive function, and the developmental challenge of formulating the life plan, might provide insights into the etiology of schizophrenia, as well as suggest avenues for prevention.
Long‐term course of schizophrenic, affective and schizoaffective psychosis: focus on negative symptoms and their impact on global indicators of outcome
Authors: Möller Hans‐Jürgen , Bottlender Ronald , Wegner Ulrike , Wittmann Johannes , Strauß Anton 
Published: May 2005

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare indicators of outcome between different types of psychosis and to verify whether or not negative symptoms (NS) have a special relevance for schizophrenia. Method: This is a follow‐up study on functional psychosis according to ICD‐9. Patients were assessed standardized at the time of first hospitalization and about 12.5 years later. Results: Comparison of global outcome parameters and NS revealed that schizophrenia had the poorest outcome of all types of psychosis. NS had the highest impact on global functioning and the severity of illness in schizophrenia. NS assessed at the first hospitalization were associated with the different outcome parameters only in schizophrenia at follow‐up. Conclusion: The course of schizophrenia is a more deteriorating one than that of affective or schizoaffective psychosis. The findings point to the special relevance of NS for the outcome and their relative specificity for schizophrenia.
Gender aspects in schizophrenia: bridging the border between social and biological psychiatry
Authors: Riecher‐Rössler A. , Häfner H. 
Published: May 2005

Objective: This paper tries to show that gender differences in mental diseases are a valuable paradigm for research into the interplay between biological and psychosocial factors — not only regarding pathogenetic mechanisms, but also concerning therapeutic approaches. Method: Based on relevant literature, this topic is highlighted using schizophrenia as an example. Results: Schizophrenic disorders show a later age of onset in women and a slightly better course, especially in young women. As to pathogenesis, there is some evidence that the age difference might be due at least partly to the female sex hormone oestradiol being a protective factor. Differences in course might also have to do with this biological factor, but at the same time with the psychosocial advantages of a higher age of onset and other psychosocial factors. Concerning therapy, these gender differences have important implications for pharmacotherapy, but also psychotherapy and social measures. Conclusion: A gender‐sensitive approach in psychiatry improves our understanding of mental illness and our therapeutic strategies and at the same time illustrates that comprehensive psychiatry cannot be practised in artificially separated ‘drawers’ called ‘biological psychiatry’, on one hand, and ‘social psychiatry’ on the other.
Schizophrenia and violence
Authors: Matthias  , Angermeyer C. 
Published: May 2005

Objective: The relationship between schizophrenia and violence is studied from a psychiatric and a public health perspective. Method: All epidemiological studies which have been published since 1990 are reviewed. Results: Despite differences in the methodological approaches chosen the studies reviewed concur in supporting the assumption that there is a moderate but significant association between schizophrenia (or more generally psychotic disorders) and violence. However, compared with the magnitude of risk associated with substance abuse and personality disorders, that associated with schizophrenia or other major mental disorders is small. In addition, the elevated risk to behave violently appears to be limited to particular symptom constellations. The evidence available so far suggests that the proportion of violent crimes committed by people suffering from a severe mental disorder is small. There is no unambiguous evidence of an increase of violent acts committed by severely mentally ill people in general and people suffering from schizophrenia in particular during recent years. Strangers appear to be at an even lower risk of being violently attacked by someone suffering from severe mental disorder than by someone who is mentally healthy. Conclusion: While the assessment of relative risk is of great interest for psychiatric researchers who are trying to identify factors which may increase or decrease the risk of violent behaviour among the mentally ill, which in turn may provide some clues as to how to intervene best in order to reduce the risk, the attributable risk is of special interest for the public since it informs about the risk of becoming victim of a violent act committed by someone who is suffering from a mental disorder.
Family work for schizophrenia: practical application
Authors: Leff Julian 
Published: May 2005

Objective: To review the evidence for the efficacy, efficiency and effectiveness of family work for schizophrenia. Method: The review is based on the relevant literature but is not intended to be exhaustive, except in the area of practical application. Results: The effectiveness of family work has been established by a series of randomized controlled trials. Relatives groups are efficient in terms of staff time, and multiple family groups may be more efficacious than sessions with single families. However, a substantial proportion of relatives refuse to attend a group and need sessions in the home. Family work skills can be acquired by clinicians working in ordinary settings, although few studies have addressed this question. Problems have been encountered regularly by trained community workers trying to practise their newly acquired skills. Conclusion: Difficulties in implementation may be remedied by adopting a systemic approach and including the managers of the service in the initial training sessions.
Psychological therapy in schizophrenia: what is the evidence?
Authors: Brenner H. D. 
Published: May 2005

Objective: The present contribution provides a critical outline of the current position of psychological therapies in schizophrenia. Method: Therefore, empirical research into the efficacy of psychological interventions in the treatment of schizophrenic disorders has been reviewed. Results: Four cognitive‐behavioural approaches have emerged as pre‐eminently effective, or at least especially promising, as adjuncts to pharmacotherapy, i.e. the training of social skills, cognitive training programs for the remediation of neurocognitive deficits, psychoeducative, coping‐orientated interventions with patients and their families, and cognitive‐behavioural therapy of residual symptoms. These approaches are discussed with regard to their efficacy in reducing relapse rates, psychopathology as well as cognitive and social disability. Conclusion: Open questions and possibilities for the further development of these approaches are considered and prognostications are made concerning the future of psychotherapy research in schizophrenia, notably in the light of changing conditions in public health care systems.
Compliance with antipsychotic treatment
Authors: Oehl M. , Hummer M. , Fleischhacker W. W. 
Published: May 2005

Objective: Despite the demonstrated efficacy of antipsychotics the relapse rate among patients with schizophrenia remains high. One major reason for this is non‐compliance. In this article we review different factors influencing compliance and discuss possibilities to enhance compliance among schizophrenic patients. Method: This review is based on a systematic literature search in Medline. Results: We summarize the four main factors (patient‐, environment‐, physician‐ and treatment‐related) that influence compliance and discuss possible measures to enhance compliance. Next to many other variables discussed in more detail, it is crucial to ensure a positive doctor–patient relationship and to provide sufficient information about the benefit/risk ratio of the medication as well as about the illness itself to build up and sustain compliance. Significant others should be included into the therapeutic alliance whenever possible. Conclusion: Despite many published reports on compliance, it remains to be a problem of eminent clinical relevance. Clinicians must not underestimate it in order to optimize the treatment of patients with schizophrenia.
Integrating pharmacological and psychosocial treatments for schizophrenia
Authors: Stephen  , Marder R. 
Published: May 2005

Objective: The objective of this study was to develop principles of combining pharmacological and psychosocial treatment that can be useful for clinicians who are treating patients with schizophrenia. Method: Research studies in schizophrenia that controlled both pharmacological and psychosocial treatments were reviewed. These included studies using conventional and newer antipsychotics as well as a number of psychosocial methods. Results: The interactions between the forms of treatment appear to be more than merely additive, since each can enhance the effects of the other. Drug and psychosocial treatments may affect different outcome domains, with the former affecting symptoms and the later affecting social outcomes. Recent studies using newer antipsychotics suggest that these agents improve the participation of patients in psychosocial treatments. Conclusion: Understanding the interactions between psychosocial and pharmacological treatments can be useful for clinicians who are developing treatment strategies for patients with schizophrenia. Newer agents with different side‐effect profiles and broader effectiveness appear to have improved the outcomes of psychosocial treatments.
Actigraphy to measure day structure as a therapeutic variable in the treatment of schizophrenic patients
Authors: Haug Hans‐Joachim , Wirz‐Justice Anna , Rössler Wulf 
Published: May 2005

Objective: A component of social skills is the ability to adapt to the social rhythms of the environment. Patients with schizophrenia are often disabled in this adaptation. Thus, structuring activities throughout the day has long been known as part of psychosocial treatments. Actigraphy as a tool to measure acitvity and circadian rhythms may even serve as an indicator for the day‐structuring of schizophrenic patients. Method: Actigraphy was used in a patient with affective disorder and one with chronic schizophrenia for more than 2 weeks. Results: In comparison to a regular 24‐hour rest–activity cycle in a depressed patient, the actigraph of the patient with schizophrenia presents active phases at night, irregular activity levels at day and signs of a delayed‐sleep‐phase syndrome. Conclusion: Actigraphy could serve as a tool to investigate activity levels and circadian rest–activity phases, even in schizophrenia. There may be some further benefit of actigraphy as a tool in psychosocial treatments.
The schizophrenic patient in the somatic hospital
Authors: Munk‐Jørgensen P. , Mors O. , Mortensen P. B. , Ewald H. 
Published: May 2005

Objective: There is an increased risk in schizophrenia for premature death from illnesses in almost all organic systems. The present study analyses the Rate Ratio (RR) for schizophrenic patients' admissions to somatic departments in Denmark. Method: 20 000 schizophrenic patients were identified in the Danish Psychiatric Central Register and 200 000 sex‐ and age‐matched controls were identified in the Danish Central Person Register. Both groups were searched for in the Danish National Patient Register in which admissions to all somatic departments are registered. Pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases are used as examples. Results: RR is increased for several diseases, especially infectious, up to a maximum of RR=4.15 for severe heart failures and decreased to as low as RR=0.35 for atherosclerotic diseases of the brain vessels. Conclusion: It seems that individuals with schizophrenia are rarely treated for their physical illness in its early, less severe phases, but more likely in its acute phases when the disease is severe, life‐threatening or painful.
Iron-Sulfur Cluster Biogenesis in Chloroplasts. Involvement of the Scaffold Protein CpIscA
Authors: Abdel-Ghany Salah E. , Ye Hong , Garifullina Gulnara F. , Zhang Lihong , Pilon-Smits Elizabeth A.H. , Pilon Marinus 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
The chloroplast contains many iron (Fe)-sulfur (S) proteins for the processes of photosynthesis and nitrogen and S assimilation. Although isolated chloroplasts are known to be able to synthesize their own Fe-S clusters, the machinery involved is largely unknown. Recently, a cysteine desulfurase was reported in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana; AtCpNifS) that likely provides the S for Fe-S clusters. Here, we describe an additional putative component of the plastid Fe-S cluster assembly machinery in Arabidopsis: CpIscA, which has homology to bacterial IscA and SufA proteins that have a scaffold function during Fe-S cluster formation. CpIscA mRNA was shown to be expressed in all tissues tested, with higher expression level in green, photosynthetic tissues. The plastid localization of CpIscA was confirmed by green fluorescent protein fusions, in vitro import, and immunoblotting experiments. CpIscA was cloned and purified after expression in Escherichia coli. Addition of CpIscA significantly enhanced CpNifS-mediated in vitro reconstitution of the 2Fe-2S cluster in apo-ferredoxin. During incubation with CpNifS in a reconstitution mix, CpIscA was shown to acquire a transient Fe-S cluster. The Fe-S cluster could subsequently be transferred by CpIscA to apo-ferredoxin. We propose that the CpIscA protein serves as a scaffold in chloroplast Fe-S cluster assembly.
Toward Supportive Data Collection Tools for Plant Metabolomics
Authors: Jenkins Helen , Johnson Helen , Kular Baldeep , Wang Trevor , Hardy Nigel 
Published: May 2005

AbstractOver recent years, a number of initiatives have proposed standard reporting guidelines for functional genomics experiments. Associated with these are data models that may be used as the basis of the design of software tools that store and transmit experiment data in standard formats. Central to the success of such data handling tools is their usability. Successful data handling tools are expected to yield benefits in time saving and in quality assurance. Here, we describe the collection of datasets that conform to the recently proposed data model for plant metabolomics known as ArMet (architecture for metabolomics) and illustrate a number of approaches to robust data collection that have been developed in collaboration between software engineers and biologists. These examples also serve to validate ArMet from the data collection perspective by demonstrating that a range of software tools, supporting data recording and data upload to central databases, can be built using the data model as the basis of their design.
Genome Cluster Database. A Sequence Family Analysis Platform for Arabidopsis and Rice
Authors: Horan Kevin , Lauricha Josh , Bailey-Serres Julia , Raikhel Natasha , Girke Thomas 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
The genome-wide protein sequences from Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and rice (Oryza sativa) spp. japonica were clustered into families using sequence similarity and domain-based clustering. The two fundamentally different methods resulted in separate cluster sets with complementary properties to compensate the limitations for accurate family analysis. Functional names for the identified families were assigned with an efficient computational approach that uses the description of the most common molecular function gene ontology node within each cluster. Subsequently, multiple alignments and phylogenetic trees were calculated for the assembled families. All clustering results and their underlying sequences were organized in the Web-accessible Genome Cluster Database (http://bioinfo.ucr.edu/projects/GCD) with rich interactive and user-friendly sequence family mining tools to facilitate the analysis of any given family of interest for the plant science community. An automated clustering pipeline ensures current information for future updates in the annotations of the two genomes and clustering improvements. The analysis allowed the first systematic identification of family and singlet proteins present in both organisms as well as those restricted to one of them. In addition, the established Web resources for mining these data provide a road map for future studies of the composition and structure of protein families between the two species.
The Institute for Genomic Research Osa1 Rice Genome Annotation Database
Authors: Yuan Qiaoping , Ouyang Shu , Wang Aihui , Zhu Wei , Maiti Rama , Lin Haining , Hamilton John , Haas Brian , Sultana Razvan , Cheung Foo , Wortman Jennifer , Buell C. Robin 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
We have developed a rice (Oryza sativa) genome annotation database (Osa1) that provides structural and functional annotation for this emerging model species. Using the sequence of O. sativa subsp. japonica cv Nipponbare from the International Rice Genome Sequencing Project, pseudomolecules, or virtual contigs, of the 12 rice chromosomes were constructed. Our most recent release, version 3, represents our third build of the pseudomolecules and is composed of 98% finished sequence. Genes were identified using a series of computational methods developed for Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) that were modified for use with the rice genome. In release 3 of our annotation, we identified 57,915 genes, of which 14,196 are related to transposable elements. Of these 43,719 nontransposable element-related genes, 18,545 (42.4%) were annotated with a putative function, 5,777 (13.2%) were annotated as encoding an expressed protein with no known function, and the remaining 19,397 (44.4%) were annotated as encoding a hypothetical protein. Multiple splice forms (5,873) were detected for 2,538 genes, resulting in a total of 61,250 gene models in the rice genome. We incorporated experimental evidence into 18,252 gene models to improve the quality of the structural annotation. A series of functional data types has been annotated for the rice genome that includes alignment with genetic markers, assignment of gene ontologies, identification of flanking sequence tags, alignment with homologs from related species, and syntenic mapping with other cereal species. All structural and functional annotation data are available through interactive search and display windows as well as through download of flat files. To integrate the data with other genome projects, the annotation data are available through a Distributed Annotation System and a Genome Browser. All data can be obtained through the project Web pages at http://rice.tigr.org.
The Maize Genetics and Genomics Database. The Community Resource for Access to Diverse Maize Data
Authors: Lawrence Carolyn J. , Seigfried Trent E. , Brendel Volker 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
The Maize Genetics and Genomics Database (MaizeGDB) serves the maize (Zea mays) research community by making a wealth of genetics and genomics data available through an intuitive Web-based interface. The goals of the MaizeGDB project are 3-fold: to provide a central repository for public maize information; to present the data through the MaizeGDB Web site in a way that recapitulates biological relationships; and to provide an array of computational tools that address biological questions in an easy-to-use manner at the site. In addition to these primary tasks, MaizeGDB team members also serve the community of maize geneticists by lending technical support for community activities, including the annual Maize Genetics Conference and various workshops, teaching researchers to use both the MaizeGDB Web site and Community Curation Tools, and engaging in collaboration with individual research groups to make their unique data types available through MaizeGDB.
MetaCyc and AraCyc. Metabolic Pathway Databases for Plant Research
Authors: Zhang Peifen , Foerster Hartmut , Tissier Christophe P. , Mueller Lukas , Paley Suzanne , Karp Peter D. , Rhee Seung Y. 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
MetaCyc (http://metacyc.org) contains experimentally determined biochemical pathways to be used as a reference database for metabolism. In conjunction with the Pathway Tools software, MetaCyc can be used to computationally predict the metabolic pathway complement of an annotated genome. To increase the breadth of pathways and enzymes, more than 60 plant-specific pathways have been added or updated in MetaCyc recently. In contrast to MetaCyc, which contains metabolic data for a wide range of organisms, AraCyc is a species-specific database containing only enzymes and pathways found in the model plant Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). AraCyc (http://arabidopsis.org/tools/aracyc/) was the first computationally predicted plant metabolism database derived from MetaCyc. Since its initial computational build, AraCyc has been under continued curation to enhance data quality and to increase breadth of pathway coverage. Twenty-eight pathways have been manually curated from the literature recently. Pathway predictions in AraCyc have also been recently updated with the latest functional annotations of Arabidopsis genes that use controlled vocabulary and literature evidence. AraCyc currently features 1,418 unique genes mapped onto 204 pathways with 1,156 literature citations. The Omics Viewer, a user data visualization and analysis tool, allows a list of genes, enzymes, or metabolites with experimental values to be painted on a diagram of the full pathway map of AraCyc. Other recent enhancements to both MetaCyc and AraCyc include implementation of an evidence ontology, which has been used to provide information on data quality, expansion of the secondary metabolism node of the pathway ontology to accommodate curation of secondary metabolic pathways, and enhancement of the cellular component ontology for storing and displaying enzyme and pathway locations within subcellular compartments.