bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
2024 roadmap on 2D topological insulators
Authors: Weber Bent , Fuhrer Michael S , Sheng Xian-Lei , Yang Shengyuan A , Thomale Ronny , Shamim Saquib , Molenkamp Laurens W , Cobden David , Pesin Dmytro , Zandvliet Harold J W , Bampoulis Pantelis , Claessen Ralph , Menges Fabian R , Gooth Johannes , Felser Claudia , Shekhar Chandra , Tadich Anton , Zhao Mengting , Edmonds Mark T , Jia Junxiang , Bieniek Maciej , Väyrynen Jukka I , Culcer Dimitrie , Muralidharan Bhaskaran , Nadeem Muhammad 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
2D topological insulators promise novel approaches towards electronic, spintronic, and quantum device applications. This is owing to unique features of their electronic band structure, in which bulk-boundary correspondences enforces the existence of 1D spin–momentum locked metallic edge states—both helical and chiral—surrounding an electrically insulating bulk. Forty years since the first discoveries of topological phases in condensed matter, the abstract concept of band topology has sprung into realization with several materials now available in which sizable bulk energy gaps—up to a few hundred meV—promise to enable topology for applications even at room-temperature. Further, the possibility of combining 2D TIs in heterostructures with functional materials such as multiferroics, ferromagnets, and superconductors, vastly extends the range of applicability beyond their intrinsic properties. While 2D TIs remain a unique testbed for questions of fundamental condensed matter physics, proposals seek to control the topologically protected bulk or boundary states electrically, or even induce topological phase transitions to engender switching functionality. Induction of superconducting pairing in 2D TIs strives to realize non-Abelian quasiparticles, promising avenues towards fault-tolerant topological quantum computing. This roadmap aims to present a status update of the field, reviewing recent advances and remaining challenges in theoretical understanding, materials synthesis, physical characterization and, ultimately, device perspectives.
Preparation and investigation of mechanical behavior and characterization of AA7475/ZrO2/Gr hybrid MMC
Authors: Madhavarao Singuru , Rao V V S Kesava , Chekuri Rama Bhadri Raju 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In this study, the influence of zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) and graphite (Gr) on the mechanical behavior and characterization of Hybrid metal matrix composites (HMMCs) is investigated. By using the stir casting method, the samples are prepared with aluminum alloy (AA7475) as matrix and 2, 3, and 4 weight percentages (wt%) of zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) and graphite (Gr) as reinforcements. The synthesized composites were subjected to microstructural, density, porosity, yield strength (YS), ultimate tensile strength (UTS), and hardness were examined. Microstructural characteristics were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The XRD pattern indicated the presence of the ZrO2 and Gr phases in HMM composites. By conducting a corrosion resistance test, the rate of corrosion for the HMMCs was determined. Furthermore, the Tafel plot curve was employed to probe the level of corrosion resistance. With an increase in ZrO2 the corrosion resistance increases whereas decline in ductility is noted. The HMMCs 3 sample exhibit superior physical and mechanical properties when compared to other HMMCs and base matrix. Tensile fractography was carried out to determine the various fracture mechanisms.
Introduction
Authors: Ross Linda M , Navickas Katrina , Kelly Matthew , Anderson Ben 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This introduction outlines the purposes and general themes of the edited collection New Lives, New Landscapes: Rural Modernity in Britain. It explains how the approach taken is inspired by Nan Fairbrother’s influential New Lives, New Landscapes (1970), which combined insight into planning processes and the discipline of landscape architecture with a broader consideration of social and cultural change in the post-war period, particularly that flowing from increased mobility. Central to Fairbrother’s vision was the belief that it was possible to make new demands on the landscape, such as the development of new energy infrastructure, that showed due regard for the needs and sensibilities of the people that had to live with them. The introduction then summarises how the collections responds historically to the issues raised by Fairbrother’s book.
The View from the Land, 1947–1968: ‘Modernity’ in British Agriculture, Farm, and Nation
Authors: Sayer Karen 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter argues that agricultural land and buildings, as elements of the British landscape, became significant components in the representation of Britain as Modern nation state after the Second World War. It focuses on the acres of Britain that were tasked (after the Agriculture Act of 1947) with increasing food production. It argues that far from being in tension, as has often been thought, improved conservation of the countryside and improved agricultural production 1947-1968 (represented as ‘modernisation’) were intimately woven together. With agriculture harnessed to the idea of Britain as a science-led, technological world power in 1947, Agricultural modernity was one expression of Britain’s post-war national identity. Grants, advice, and policy harmonised vernacular structures, new farming processes, wildlife management, and the amenities of a countryside celebrated as the epitome of a natural ’England’, enriching and feeding the literal body politic. By the time of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981, the British countryside was being represented as a rich palimpsest of modernised agricultural practice, tradition, and natural resource alive to emerging European environmental policy and global questions of sustainability.
‘Think Rural: Act Now’: The State of the Countryside and Rural Arts Residencies in the 1970s and 1980s
Authors: Holt Ysanne 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In consideration of relations between post-1945 urban and rural modernity, this essay focuses on particular approaches adopted by a regional arts association, Northern Arts, in its support for the arts in rural contexts from the early 1970s and 80s. Through a study of that association’s innovative partnerships and its development of artist residency programmes in two state-owned forests in the region, Grizedale in the Cumbrian lake district and Kielder in north Northumberland, it explores interrelationships between the urban and rural, the centre and peripheries, and reflects on the wider social, cultural and economic implications of contemporary discussions on the value of the arts, and in terms of wider priorities in investment in rural locations. At a time of considerable social change and economic decline, the northern region provided something of a model for future ways of working, one increasingly adapted and adopted by central agencies in subsequent urban as well as rural development and regeneration schemes, but not – as this essay goes on to suggest – without some loss to their original integrity.
The New ‘New Landscapes’: A Personal View
Authors: O’Riordan Tim 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In this epilogue, Tim O’Riordan, Emeritus Professor of Environmental Sciences at the University of East Anglia, reflects upon the long-term implications of the arguments Nan Fairbrother made in New Lives, New Landscapes (1970). O’Riordan argues that Fairbrother’s optimism that planning might be used to manage environmental change in the interests of communities has long since given way to a bleak prognosis, both for democratic control over land use and our shared ecological futures. All is not with hope. Focusing first on the impact Fairbrother had on his generation of environmentalists, he then outlines the principles of ‘sustainable localism’, through which means the new landscapes and the new lives of the future might be brought into harmony.
It’s High Time: Linguistics and High Schools in Post-Conflict Bosnia and Herzegovina
Authors: Runić Marija 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In post-conflict Bosnia and Herzegovina language issues have been primarily used to forge national myths and boost ethnic divisions among three major ethnic groups. Such role of language has left little room for linguistically informed education. Drawing on the insights from fieldwork conducted in three high schools with three different settings of first language (L1) teaching, this chapter analyses how linguistics could be incorporated into secondary education of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It describes in detail context-specific properties of L1 teaching in the country’s current education system, which rests on highly conflicting language ideologies and prescriptivist approach to language. Finally, it advances several tailor-made proposals in order to press for structural reforms in the domain of L1 curriculum, with the ultimate goal of promoting dispassionate view of language, linguistic tolerance, and peaceful coexistence.
Linguistics in Schools: The English Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Hudson Richard 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers the past, present and future of attempts to link linguistics to education in England, with occasional glances at other countries. It distinguishes top-down initiatives taken by governments, and bottom-up initiatives driven by linguists and teachers. It also considers the challenges and opportunities for those wanting to introduce linguistics into education, arguing that any linguist can make a serious contribution to education by doing what they do best: teaching undergraduates, researching, writing and scholarship. It ends on a note of optimism.
Linguistics for Younger Learners: Discovering Languages at the Start of Secondary School
Authors: Wenham Mary 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter outlines the conception and implementation of a linguistics course designed for Year 7 (11-year old) children at the outset of their secondary language learning. Considering the varying approaches to foreign language teaching and recent requirements in primary school language provision in the UK, it argues that the elements of literacy and phonics that are expertly taught in primary school might be useful as foundations for secondary language learning. The approach is influenced by studies into age effects and explicit versus implicit language learning and coincides with recommendations found in the Modern Foreign Languages Pedagogy Review 2016. The remainder of the chapter describes in more detail the four-week introduction to language that comprises the questions: What is a language? How are languages related to one another? How do we write a language down? How is learning a language like cracking a code? The chapter concludes with observations on how the course has benefited language learners.
‘A New Geography of Defense’
Authors: Whyte Jeffrey 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter details the efforts of the American and British intelligence officers who popularised the concept of ‘psychological warfare’ between 1940-42. In the context of fierce political battles between American interventionists and isolationists, this chapter outlines the construction of a geographical imagination of psychological warfare as a new and scientifically calibrated method of attack that ‘knew no limits in time and space’ — what Nelson Rockefeller called ‘a new geography of defense’ in which the civilian’s thoughts, feelings and opinions became a new terrain of international contest. It concludes with a consideration of the origins of the United States’ so-called ‘strategy of truth’ that would define the rhetoric of its international communications in the early Cold War period.
Covert Crusade
Authors: Whyte Jeffrey 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter details the Central Intelligence Agency’s (CIA) stewardship of American psychological warfare between 1948 and the formation of the United States Information Agency in 1953. It narrates these events through the so-called ‘Crusade for Freedom,’ a long-running covert CIA campaign fronted by the ostensibly private citizens of the National Committee for a Free Europe (NCFE). While the CIA’s ruse against American citizens was spectacular, this chapter goes beyond revelation to analyse the ways in which the Crusade for Freedom encouraged regular Americans to imagine themselves as engaged in a personalised ‘spiritual war’ against the Soviet Union. This chapter considers the pastoral nature of American psychological warfare both at home and aboard, detailing its use of Christian ‘technologies of the self,’ notably confession and catechism. It concludes that the early years of the Cold War were deeply formative of the enduring perceptions and mythologies that continue to surround psychological war.
Psywar in Vietnam
Authors: Whyte Jeffrey 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter traces the evolution of psychological warfare’s theory and practice in the US military, with an emphasis on the counterinsurgency turn during the Vietnam War. It considers the significance of the United States Information Agency and its provision of technical and advisory support to friendly governments around the world. It focuses especially on the USIA’s Joint United States Public Affairs Office (JUSPAO), which in 1965 became the nerve centre of US information and psychological war programs in Vietnam. It details US efforts to ‘win the hearts and minds’ of the Vietnamese people, including the construction of Vietnam’s first national television broadcast system. It concludes that, despite their social scientific credentials, US psychological warriors found themselves unable to understand – let alone win – the hearts and minds of the Vietnamese people they sought to govern.
Conclusion
Authors: Whyte Jeffrey 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter concludes the book by bringing its analysis to bear upon the contemporary return of psychological warfare to popular political imaginations. Pushing back against claims that the contemporary ‘post-truth’ era is defined by novel practices of disinformation and psychological warfare, this chapter argues that the contemporary moment is best understood in terms of continuity rather than rupture with the past. It concludes with analysis of the way that contemporary threat imaginaries surrounding psychological warfare license new reactionary approaches to psychological warfare.
Knowing Europe?
Authors: Maier Jürgen 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter analyses the sources and consequences of political knowledge for all European elections since 1989 and for all EU member states. Our findings suggest that the determinants of EU‐related knowledge are multiple. In general, individual resources and motivations have a much larger impact on knowledge than the context by which individuals are surrounded. Whereas education, gender, and interpersonal communication are the most influential micro‐level factors, it is much more difficult to assess which macro‐level variables account for knowledge differences. Trend analyses reveal that knowledge gaps between social groups tend to increase whereas differences between contexts tend to decline over time. Finally, knowledge is systematically related to EU attitudes and behaviour. High knowledge is always correlated with a favourable image of the EU and with a greater likelihood of participation in European elections. The results are discussed in light of the (un)intended consequences of European elections.
Epidural versus patient-controlled intravenous analgesia on pain relief and recovery after laparoscopic gastrectomy for gastric cancer: randomized clinical trial
Authors: Kikuchi Satoru , Matsusaki Takashi , Mitsuhashi Toshiharu , Kuroda Shinji , Kashima Hajime , Takata Nobuo , Mitsui Ema , Kakiuchi Yoshihiko , Noma Kazuhiro , Umeda Yuzo , Morimatsu Hiroshi , Fujiwara Toshiyoshi 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Background
Epidural analgesia (EDA) is a main modality for postoperative pain relief in major open abdominal surgery within the Enhanced Recovery After Surgery protocol. However, it remains unclear whether EDA is an imperative modality in laparoscopic gastrectomy (LG). This study examined non-inferiority of patient-controlled intravenous analgesia (PCIA) to EDA in terms of postoperative pain and recovery in patients who underwent LG.

Methods
In this open-label, non-inferiority, parallel, individually randomized clinical trial, patients who underwent elective LG for gastric cancer were randomized 1:1 to receive either EDA or PCIA after surgery. The primary endpoint was pain score using the Numerical Rating Scale at rest 24 h after surgery, analysed both according to the intention-to-treat (ITT) principle and per protocol. The non-inferiority margin for pain score was set at 1. Secondary outcomes were postoperative parameters related to recovery and adverse events related to analgesia.

Results
Between 3 July 2017 and 29 September 2020, 132 patients were randomized to receive either EDA (n = 66) or PCIA (n = 66). After exclusions, 64 patients were included in the EDA group and 65 patients in the PCIA group for the ITT analysis. Pain score at rest 24 h after surgery was 1.94 (s.d. 2.07) in the EDA group and 2.63 (s.d. 1.76) in the PCIA group (P = 0.043). PCIA was not non-inferior to EDA for the primary endpoint (difference 0.69, one side 95% c.i. 1.25, P = 0.184) in ITT analysis. Postoperative parameters related to recovery were similar between groups. More EDA patients (21 (32.8%) versus 1 (1.5%), P &lt; 0.001) developed postoperative hypotension as an adverse event.

Conclusions
PCIA was not non-inferior to EDA in terms of early-phase pain relief after LG.
Registration number: UMIN000027643 (https://www.umin.ac.jp/ctr/index-j.htm).
Information Aggregation Under Ambiguity: Theory and Experimental Evidence
Authors: Galanis Spyros , Ioannou Christos A , Kotronis Stelios 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
We study information aggregation in a dynamic trading model. We show theoretically that separable securities, introduced by Ostrovsky in the context of Expected Utility, no longer aggregate information if some traders have imprecise beliefs and are ambiguity averse. Moreover, these securities are prone to manipulation as the degree of information aggregation can be influenced by the initial price set by the uninformed market maker. These observations are also confirmed in our laboratory experiment using prediction markets. We define a new class of strongly separable securities, which are robust to the above considerations and show that they characterize information aggregation in both strategic and non-strategic environments. We derive several testable predictions, which we are able to confirm in the laboratory. Finally, we show theoretically that strongly separable securities are both sufficient and necessary for information aggregation but, strikingly, there does not exist a security that is strongly separable for all information structures.
Liver toxicity in rats after subchronic exposure to HTP aerosol and cigarette smoke
Authors: Tian Yushan , Wang Hongjuan , Han Shulei , Fu Yaning , Lu Fengjun , Wang Wenming , Li Xianmei , Ma Shuhao , Feng Pengxia , Shi Zhihao , Chen Huan , Hou Hongwei 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Background
Heated tobacco product (HTP) considered to be a novel tobacco product which was reported safer than traditional cigarettes evidenced by lower potential harmful components released. Liver is an important detoxification organ of the body, the chemical components in aerosols are metabolized in the liver after absorbed, so it is necessary to explore the effect of HTP on the liver.

Materials and Methods
The potential effect of HTP and cigarette smoke (CS) on SD rats was explored according to OECD 413 subchronic inhalation. The rats were randomly divided into Sham (air), different dosage of HTP groups (HTP_10, 23 and 50 μg nicotine/L aerosol) and Cig_23 (23 μg nicotine/L aerosol) group. After exposure, the clinical pathology, inflammation and oxidative stress were measured.

Results
The clinical pathology results showed that both HTP_50 and Cig_23 led to abnormality of ALT for male rats. CS and HTP exposure reduced the expression of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α and mitochondrial medicated oxidative stress. In addition, the ATP production was reduced in Cig_23 group. Although inflammation and oxidative stress were displayed, no apoptosis were observed by TUNEL assay and these existed obvious pathological changes only in HTP_50 group, while in CS group with equivalent nicotine, hepatocytes swelling were observed in liver.

Conclusion
CS exposure induced liver damage through mitochondrial mediated oxidative stress and inflammation, which was also observed in high concentration of HTP exposure group. For the same equivalent nicotine, HTP may show lower toxic effect on liver than CS.
Real-time 3D Transesophageal Echocardiography for the Placement of Ventriculoatrial Shunt: A Case Series and Technical Note
Authors: Chui Jason , MacDougall Keith , Ng Wai 
Published: January 2024

Background:
Ventriculoatrial (VA) shunts are used to manage hydrocephalus and idiopathic intracranial hypertension when peritoneal drainage of cerebrospinal fluid is not feasible. The technique of distal catheter placement during VA shunt insertion is controversial, especially between fluoroscopy-guided and transesophageal echocardiography (TEE)-guided techniques.

Methods:
We retrospectively reviewed our utilization of 2-dimensional (2D) ultrasound-guided internal jugular vein catheterization combined with 3-dimensional (3D) TEE-guided distal VA shunt placement and compared it to the conventional fluoroscopy-guided technique.

Results:
Ten patients underwent 18 VA shunt insertion procedures between November 2012 and October 2022. The patients had a mean (SD) age of 50 (19) years, body mass index of 35 (14) m/kg², and minimal comorbidities. All had previously undergone failed ventriculoperitoneal shunt procedures. The use of 2D ultrasound to guide internal jugular vein catheterization and 3D TEE to guide distal catheter placement resulted in 22-minute shorter surgical times compared with the fluoroscopy-guided technique (91 minutes vs. 113 minutes, respectively). No complications were noted with either technique.

Conclusions:
The combined use of 2D ultrasound and 3D TEE allowed for faster procedure times and more precise distal catheter confirmation, contributing to a more streamlined surgical procedure. This small case series underscores the feasibility, efficiency, and safety of anesthesiologist-delivered combined 2D ultrasound and 3D TEE during VA shunt insertion. The use of 3D TEE allows repeated confirmation of distal catheter position and has potential to improve patient safety during rare but complex VA shunt insertion procedures.
Acne Vulgaris: Clinical Aspects and Treatments
Authors: Geng Ryan , Sibbald R. Gary 
Published: January 2024

ABSTRACT
Acne vulgaris is a common chronic skin condition characterized by variable combinations of papules, pustules, cysts, and nodules that invariably arise from comedones. This article focuses on the clinical presentation of acne vulgaris subtypes and treatment options. Other related topics discussed include epidemiology and differential diagnoses.

GENERAL PURPOSE
To review the clinical presentation and treatment of acne vulgaris.

TARGET AUDIENCE
This continuing education activity is intended for physicians, physician assistants, nurse practitioners, and registered nurses with an interest in skin and wound care.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After participating in this educational activity, the participant will:
1. Identify a differential diagnosis of acne vulgaris.
2. Recognize clinical feature of various acne vulgaris subtypes.
3. Specify epidemiologic characteristics of acne vulgaris.
4. Select topical, systemic, and nonpharmaceutical treatment options for a patient with acne vulgaris.