bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The names of Spain: A study of the isonymy structure of Spain
Authors: Rodriguez‐Larralde A. , Gonzales‐Martin A. , Scapoli C. , Barrai I. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractIn order to estimate the isonymy structure of Spain, we studied surname distribution in 283 Spanish towns based on 3.625 million telephone users selected from 6.328 million users, downloaded from a commercial CD‐ROM which contains all 13 million users in the country. Since in Spain the surname is made by the paternal and the maternal surname, it was possible to classify surnames according to parental origin. Two matrices of isonymy distances, one for paternal and one for maternal surnames, were constructed and tested for correlation with geographic distance. For the whole of Spain, Euclidean distance was significantly but weakly correlated with geographic distance both for paternal and maternal surnames, with r = 0.205 ± 0.013 and r = 0.263 ± 0.012, respectively. Two dendrograms of the 283 sampled towns were built from the two matrices of Euclidean distance. They are largely colinear. Four main clusters identified by the dendrograms are correlated with geography. Given the surname structure of Spain, we were able to calculate from isonymy and for each town 1) total or expressed inbreeding, 2) random or expected inbreeding, and 3) local inbreeding. Total inbreeding, FIT, was highest in the North Atlantic regions and lowest along the Mediterranean Coast. The lowest levels were found in Andalusia, Catalunyia, Valencia, and Navarra. Random inbreeding, FST, had a similar geographical pattern. Local inbreeding, FIS, was relatively uniform in the whole of Spain. In towns, random inbreeding dominates over local inbreeding. From the analysis, it emerges that the northwestern area of Spain is the most inbred. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Variation in ancient Egyptian stature and body proportions
Authors: Zakrzewski Sonia R. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractStature and the pattern of body proportions were investigated in a series of six time‐successive Egyptian populations in order to investigate the biological effects on human growth of the development and intensification of agriculture, and the formation of state‐level social organization. Univariate analyses of variance were performed to assess differences between the sexes and among various time periods. Significant differences were found both in stature and in raw long bone length measurements between the early semipastoral population and the later intensive agricultural population. The size differences were greater in males than in females. This disparity is suggested to be due to greater male response to poor nutrition in the earlier populations, and with the increasing development of social hierarchy, males were being provisioned preferentially over females. Little change in body shape was found through time, suggesting that all body segments were varying in size in response to environmental and social conditions. The change found in body plan is suggested to be the result of the later groups having a more tropical (Nilotic) form than the preceding populations. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Understanding muscle markers: Aggregation and construct validity
Authors: Weiss Elizabeth 
Published: May 2003

AbstractMusculoskeletal markers are frequently used to reconstruct past lifestyles and activity patterns. Yet, the reliability of muscle marker measurements has been called into question because they allegedly fail to correlate with cross‐sectional properties and exercise patterns, and are confounded by body size. In this study, the principle of aggregation was used to sum muscle markers over 7 insertion sites (4 humeral, 2 radial, and 1 ulnar) and examine the effects on them of body size, age, sex, and cross‐sectional properties. Analyses were made of a sample of 91 (66 males, 25 females) Native British Columbians (3500–1500 years BP) and 18th century Quebec prisoners. Muscle markers were measured using three‐point observer rating scales; size was measured by standard methods; age and sex were determined through pelvic, cranial, and dental morphology; and cross‐sectional properties were calculated from radiographs. Whereas any single muscle marker component failed to correlate with age, size, sex, or cross‐sections, aggregate muscle marker correlated with: age, r = 0.49; size, r = 0.38; sex, r = 0.40; and, cross‐sections, r = 0.38; P < 0.001. Older individuals had greater muscle markers, as did larger individuals, males, and those with more robust cross‐sections. Based on partial correlations and regression analyses, age was the best overall predictor of aggregate muscle marker. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of parity on bone mineral density in female rhesus macaques from Cayo Santiago
Authors: Cerroni Antonietta M. , Tomlinson George A. , Turnquist Jean E. , Grynpas Marc D. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractThis cross‐sectional study investigates the relationship between parity, bone mineral density, and spontaneous osteopenia/osteoporosis in a large skeletal population of female rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) from the free‐ranging colony of Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico. The sample consists of 119 mature female monkeys aged 4.0–22.2 years at time of death. The data consist of measurements of bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD), obtained from dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DEXA) of the last lumbar vertebra. After controlling for age, there is a significant increase in BMD of the spine with increasing parity (P = 0.0006), up to a parity of 7 offspring. Thus, high parity initially has a positive effect on BMD in female rhesus monkeys, but this positive effect disappears with parities that are greater than 7 offspring. After controlling for parity, however, age has a negative (P = 0.015) effect on BMD, beginning several years after the attainment of peak BMD (age 9.5 years). Thus, it appears that parity initially mitigates the effects of aging, but the positive effect of parity on BMD is eventually overwhelmed by the aging process. Mean BMC and BMD values are higher in parous females compared to nulliparous females in the same age range. Similarly, females with low parity have significantly lower mean BMD values than do age‐matched high‐parity controls, and the frequency of osteopenia and osteoporosis is greater in low‐parity females. Forty‐three percent (43%) of the osteopenic/osteoporotic females in the sample are members of the low‐parity group, even though it composes only 13% (16/119) of the entire sample. This study demonstrates that the free‐ranging female rhesus monkeys from Cayo Santiago are a good nonhuman primate model for the study of bone mineral density, parity, osteopenia, and osteoporosis. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New approaches in hominoid taxonomy: Morphometrics
Authors: Guy Franck , Brunet Michel , Schmittbuhl Matthieu , Viriot Laurent 
Published: May 2003

AbstractWe report here on new cranial data relevant to hominoid taxonomic analyses, based on a study of 438 skulls belonging to 13 nonhuman living hominoid taxa. Nineteen landmarks were selected to describe the overall shape of the maxillofacial complex, in order to investigate its discriminative power in taxonomic analyses. We used a geometric morphometrics approach to depict morphological variation from the genus down to the subspecific level, and we evaluated whether our morphologic criteria are relevant to discriminating species and subspecies among living hominoids. Considering previous genetic studies, we discuss whether our results can be extrapolated to the hominin fossil record, providing a reference for species and subspecies morphologic differentiation. Our results indicate that the relative warp method, as applied to facial landmarks, provides a powerful tool to discriminate taxa down to a subspecific level. Results show a noticeable divergence ofP. t. veruscompared toP. t. troglodytesandP. t. schweinfurthii. According to our data, the distance between eastern and western gorilla populations as well as between Bornean and Sumatran orangutan subspecies is as great as between the two species ofPan. In the same manner, differences betweenHylobatesandSymphalangusare similar to those betweenPanandGorillagenera. Congruence between the morphological distances computed in this study and previous morphological and genetical studies strongly supports their relevance for morphological species recognition in paleoanthropology. Our data provide an objective standard for assessing taxonomic differences among hominoids, and will enable us to define more precisely the significance of morphological differences in the fossil record. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Echtzeit‐Beobachtung photoinduzierter Chemie und molekularen Energietransfers in Lösung
Authors: Aßmann Jens , Kling Matthias , Abel Bernd 
Published: May 2003

AbstractHochangeregte Moleküle sind die wichtigen Akteure bei chemischen Transformationen in Lösung. Da die Reorganisation von Bindungen eine Kernbewegung voraussetzt, ist es oft die Schwingungsenergie, die Reaktionen maßgeblich vorantreibt. Schwingungsenergie kann innerhalb des “heißen” Moleküls umverteilt oder in Stößen mit anderen Molekülen abgegeben werden. Beide Prozesse beeinflussen die Mechanismen, Geschwindigkeiten und Ausbeuten chemischer Transformationen. Die Zeitskalen, auf denen Energie relaxiert und Bindungen gebrochen, geformt oder umgelagert werden, liegen jenseits unserer Erfahrung und Vorstellungskraft. Dieser Aufsatz beschreibt leistungsstarke experimentelle Ansätze für die direkte Messung des molekularen Energieflusses und photoinduzierter Chemie auf ultrakurzer Zeitskala in Lösung. Im ersten Teil des Aufsatzes werden Experimente zur direkten Messung der intra‐ und intermolekularen Energierelaxation diskutiert, der Fokus des zweiten Teils liegt auf dem ultraschnellen photoinduzierten Zerfall organischer Peroxide, die als Initiatoren in radikalischen Polymerisationen zum Einsatz kommen. Die Mechanismen und Zeitskalen ihrer Decarboxylierung sind wichtig für die primären Schritte einer radikalischen Polymerisation und die Mikrostruktur des Polymerproduktes.
Ketene in der Polymer‐unterstützten Synthese
Authors: Rafai Far Adel 
Published: May 2003

AbstractDie Ketenchemie hat sich seit ihrer Einführung zu einer einzigartigen und anerkannten Methode für nützliche Umwandlungen in der konventionellen organischen Synthese entwickelt. Deshalb überrascht es nicht, dass kombinatorisch arbeitende Chemiker bald nach ihrer Abkehr vom Bereich der Peptid‐ und Peptoidbibliotheken hin zu Bibliotheken kleiner Moleküle die Vorteile der Ketenchemie für ihre eigenen Synthesebelange suchten. Die Fähigkeit dieser vielseitigen Moleküle zur Reaktion mit Nucleophilen und zur Teilnahme an Cycloadditionen und Cyclokondensationen wurde zur Synthese diverser Heterocyclen eingesetzt und mit den Vorteilen der schnellen Reinigung in der Polymer‐unterstützten Synthese kombiniert. Dabei konnte die Vielseitigkeit dieser Chemie durch die Einbeziehung verschiedener Ketenarten und Herstellungsmethoden unterstrichen werden. Für die Nutzung der neuesten Entwicklungen der Ketenchemie beim Aufbau von Bibliotheken kleiner Moleküle spricht, dass man den Einfluss der “Zerbrechlichkeit” dieser manchmal instabilen Moleküle auf Reaktionen an festen Trägern jetzt besser versteht.
Ketenes in Polymer‐Assisted Synthesis
Authors: Rafai Far Adel 
Published: May 2003

AbstractSince its inception, ketene chemistry has developed into a unique and well‐established source of useful transformations for conventional synthetic organic chemistry. It is, therefore, not surprising that soon after their movement from the realm of peptide and peptoid libraries to that of small molecules, combinatorial chemists have sought the benefits of ketene chemistry to satisfy their own synthetic needs. The ability of these versatile molecules to undergo reactions with nucleophiles, and to participate in cycloadditions and cyclocondensations, has been utilized for the preparation of diverse heterocyclic compounds, and has added to the advantages of polymer‐assisted synthesis for rapid purification. Different types of ketenes and different methods for their generation have been involved, which illustrates the potential diversity of the chemistry. There is now a better grasp of the effect of the fragility of these sometimes transient molecules on the reactions involving solid supports, and this augurs well for the application of some of the more recent developments in ketene chemistry to the generation of small‐molecule libraries.
The Locarno Gregory Coudé Telescope after 1984 A short history and a summary of the most important results
Authors: Bianda M. , Jetzer Ph. , Rima A. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractSince 1988 the Locarno solar observatory is operated by a private Foundation (FIRSOL) which took it over after the dismantling of the institute by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeischaft (DFG) and the Universitäts Sternwarte Göttingen (USG). The instrument has been rebuilt, equipped with new electronics and already several scientific projects were successfully carried out.
GREGOR ‐ optical design considerations
Authors: Soltau D. , Berkefeld Th. , Hofmann A. , v. d. Lühe O. , Schmidt W. , Volkmer R. , Wiehr E. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractAfter many years of successful work the Gregory Coudé Telescope (GCT) is going to be replaced by GREGOR. This new 1.5 m telescope is the result of design considerations which to a wide extent are based on new technologies. Special aspects of the design are presented, including measures to compensate for optical aberrations caused by instrumental and atmospheric effects (Adaptive Optics). First light is expected for the end of 2004.
High‐order adaptive optical system for Big Bear Solar Observatory
Authors: Didkovsky L.V. , Denker C. , Goode P.R. , Wang H. , Rimmele T.R. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractA high‐order Adaptive Optical (AO) system for the 65 cm vacuum telescope of the Big Bear Solar Observatory (BBSO) is presented. The Coudé‐exit of the telescope has been modified to accommodate the AO system and two imaging magnetograph systems for visible‐light and near infrared (NIR) observations. A small elliptical tip/tilt mirror directs the light into an optical laboratory on the observatory's 2ndfloor just below the observing floor. A deformable mirror (DM) with 77 mm diameter is located on an optical table where it serves two wave‐front sensors (WFS), a correlation tracker (CT) and Shack‐Hartman (SH) sensor for the high‐order AO system, and the scientific channels with the imaging magnetographs. The two‐axis tip/tilt platform has a resonance frequency around 3.3 kHz and tilt range of about 2 mrad, which corresponds to about 25″ in the sky. Based on 32 × 32 pixel images, the CT detects image displacements between a reference frame and real‐time frames at a rate of 2 kHz. High‐order wave‐front aberrations are detected in the SH WFS channel from slope measurements derived from 76 sub‐apertures, which are recorded with 1,280 × 1,024 pixel Complex Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) camera manufactured by Photobit camera. In the 4 × 4 pixel binning mode, the data acquisition rate of the CMOS device is more than 2 kHz. Both visible‐light and NIR imaging magnetographs use Fabry‐Pérot etalons in telecentric configurations for two‐dimensional spectro‐polarimetry. The optical design of the AO system allows using small aperture prefilters, such as interference or Lyot filters, and 70 mm diameter Fabry‐Pérot etalons covering a field‐of‐view (FOV) of about 180″ × 180″.
Design and development of the Advanced Technology Solar Telescope
Authors: Keil S. , Rimmele T. , Keller C. , The ATST Team  
Published: May 2003

AbstractLed by the National Solar Observatory, plans have been made to design and to develop the Advanced Technology Solar Telescope (ATST). The ATST will be a 4‐m general‐purpose solar telescope equipped with adaptive optics and versatile post‐focus instrumentation. Its main aim will be to achieve an angular resolution of 0.03 arcsec (20 km on the solar surface). The project and the telescope design are briefly described.
Pointing and tracking analysis of alt‐azimuthal multi‐focus telescopes: the THEMIS case
Authors: Mainella G. , Briand C. , Maréchal L. , Le Men C. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractWe discuss the pointing and tracking configuration of THEMIS which may be considered as representative of those alt‐azimuthal telescopes with an optical configuration with multiple focal planes, not all locked to both the alt‐azimuthal coordinates. In the THEMIS case two focal planes are present. The primary focus F1 is locked to the alt‐azimuthal mount, while the secondary focus F2 (which is used by the instruments), is only locked to the azimuth angle.The different contributions to the final accuracy of both absolute pointing and tracking as observed at F2 are defined, and an extimation of the contribution of each component of the whole chain which affects the field position at F2 (software, mechanical and optical) is given.The experimental data are the result of a test campaign carried on at THEMIS in February and March 2002. We can say that (a) for all the used observing configurations, the tracking accuracy is coherent at any point along the trajectory with the correspondent absolute pointing accuracy, which is an indication for the quality of the telescope dynamical performances (b) the main contribution to the residual field shift which is observed at F2 arises from the opto‐mechanical alignment configuration of the optics between F1 and F2, which therefore is the crucial point for such multi‐focus configuration. More informations can be found at the official THEMIS website (http://www.themis.iac.es).
Measurement of linear polarization in the Hα line in solar flares
Authors: Kotrč P. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractLarge solar telescopes built at places with a quite excellent seeing, equipped with a sophisticated optics and control system are too expensive and unique to be used currently in hunting of sudden and short‐lasting activity events, e.g. flares and eruptive prominences. For a systematic observation of selected kinds of active phenomena it is still necessary to use smaller or medium‐sized telescopes equipped with a special setup of devices. Detection of linear polarization in the Hα line emitted in a flare seems to be just a right task and delicate matter for such a systematic observation. This kind of polarization is supposed to be generated by particle beams accelerated in thke corona and directed towards denser chromospheric layers where the particle beams deposit their kinetic energy. As the accelerated particle beams possess a preferred direction of velocity they can produce a linearly polarized light. However, the occurrence of the accelerated particle beams and the related linear polarization in the Hα line may have a tendency to appear: 1) at the early beginning of a flare 2) in pulses lasting just a few seconds or even less. To measure the linear polarization in flares regularly we have built an additional branch in the Ondřejov multichannel flare spectrograph. In this paper we describe the optical system, the detectors, the method used for data recording and reduction and we also briefly discuss the first results.
Speckle spectro‐polarimetry of magnetic structures
Authors: Janssen K. , Kneer F. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractTwo‐dimensional spectrograms were obtained with the Vacuum Tower Telescope, Tenerife, in order to study small‐scale structures and faculae on the Sun. Using the speckle reconstruction method, we obtain high‐resolution images and wavelength scans. Magnetic fields can be studied from Stokes V profiles, and velocity maps are gained by the Doppler shift of the center of gravity of Stokes I. Here some results about small‐scale structures and their magnetic fields are shown.
Study of polar faculae by means of spectro‐polarimetric observations and radiative transfer calculations
Authors: Okunev O. , Kneer F. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractPolar faculae are of special interest for solar physics because of their close relationship to the global magnetic field of the Sun and to solar activity, and because of the recently found kilogauss magnetic fields, which are very unusual for the structures outside active regions at high latitudes of the Sun. The idea is that polar faculae can be represented by bundles of unresolved small‐scale magnetic flux tubes, which are characterized by sizes of about 100 km and strong magnetic fields. High resolution spectro‐polarimetric observations of the considered structures were performed and complemented by the radiation transfer calculations with oblique rays passing through an inhomogeneous magnetic medium. The recent results of observations and numerical calculations are presented.
Solar activity I: aspects of magnetic activity
Authors: Briand C. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractIt is now accepted that the solar activity has direct impact on the Earth climate, but is also responsible for the geomagnetic storms. It is thus fundamental to understand the mechanisms responsible for this activity.We present here first some aspects of the solar activity at the different atmospheric layers of the sun: active region at photospheric levels, filaments (prominences) and flares at chromospheric level and CME's at coronal level. A quick sum‐up of the principal characteristics of each is given as well as the key questions still under investigation. In the second part, two principal parameters are presented to describe these features: helicity and topology. Finally, we sum‐up the observational challenges for new solar telescopes.
Solar activity II: Sunspots and pores
Authors: Sobotka M. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractSunspots and pores appear as a consequence of interactions between strong magnetic fields and moving plasma. A wide variety of small‐scale features, presumably of convective origin, are observed in photospheric layers of sunspots and pores: Umbral dots, light bridges, penumbral filaments, and penumbral grains. Each type of features has specific morphological, photometric, spectral, and kinematic characteristics. Spots and pores modify velocity fields in adjacent photosphere and sub‐photospheric layers. Recent high‐resolution spectral, broad‐band, and helioseismic observations of the structure, dynamics, and magnetic fields of sunspots and pores, together with theoretical interpretations, are discussed in this review.
Material flow in sunspots
Authors: Schmidt W. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractObservations nowadays reveal more and more details about the small‐scale structure of the penumbra and umbra. Recent measurements of the motions in the penumbra indicate that (i) the Evershed flow is confined to a thin photospheric layer and (ii) the material rises from and sinks to subphotospheric layers within the penumbra. This flow pattern solves the question of the mass budget of the Evershed flow in a natural way. The nature of umbral dots and their role for the spot's energy budget remains unclear, since they are obviously unresolved even in the best existing measurements.
Structure of a simple sunspot from the inversion of IR spectral data
Authors: Mathew S.K. , Solanki S.K. , Lagg A. , Collados M. , Berdyugina S.V. , Frutiger C. , Krupp N. , Woch J. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractAnalysis of spectral data of two neighboring infrared lines, Fe I 15648.5 Å (g = 3) and FeI 15652.9 Å (geff = 1.53) are carried out for a simple sunspot when it was near the solar disk center (μ = 0.92), to understand the basic structure of sunspot magnetic field. Inversions of Stokes profiles are carried out to derive different atmospheric parameters both as a function of location within the sunspot and height in the atmosphere. As a result of the inversion we have obtained maps of magnetic field strength, temperature, line‐of‐sight velocity, field inclination and azimuth for different optical depth layers between log(τ5) = 0 and log(τ5) = –2.0. In this paper we present few results from our inversion for a layer averaged between log(τ5) from 0.0 to –0.5.