bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Education for Humanity
Authors: Li Chenyang 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Confucianism has been associated closely with education throughout history. All major ancient Confucian thinkers were teachers. This final chapter explicates the Confucian philosophy of education. It first investigates the essential role of education in Confucian philosophy by elaborating on the Confucian concept of education in the context of developing humanity and its role in making well-rounded persons. It then examines the Confucian philosophy of education as a form of civic education in comparison with Amy Gutmann’s theory of democratic education in contemporary times. The chapter finally makes a case for the role of Confucian moral education in a multicultural society.
Paganisms
Authors: Gleason Christopher M. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Chapter 1 argues that neo-Pagan spirituality was an essential element in the foundational ethics of American polyamory. It sets the early stages of this development within the counterculture of the 1960s by tracing the history of the Church of All Worlds (CAW), an influential neo-Pagan New Religious Movement that emerged in St. Louis, Missouri, in the 1960s and spread throughout northern California in the 1970s. The chapter follows the evolution of CAW’s belief structure, arguing that its eclectic mix of science fiction, libertarianism, drug use, and pantheistic nature/Goddess worship produced a sexual ethics that rejected monogamy and the Judeo-Christian ethics that CAW believed monogamy to have been based on. In its place, it offered a metaphysics that celebrated open and honest multipartner sexual relationships as a means to connect with Gaia, or the divine feminine.
Envy and Jealousy
Authors: Thomason Krista K. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Envy and jealousy are not the monsters we make them out to be. We’re prone to jealousy because we want to be special to the people we love. We’re prone to envy because we care about ourselves: we all have visions for how we want our lives to go. The dangers posed by envy and jealousy are due not to the feelings themselves, but the ways we cope with them. Jealous lovers think that if they can control their partner’s every move, they don’t have to worry about the threat of the rival. If I can destroy the good that I want that my neighbour enjoys, I don’t have to be reminded of what I lack. We reach for coping mechanisms because we refuse to just feel the pain and insecurity that envy and jealousy involve. If we just felt them and admitted it, they’d do far less damage.
Inventing a World History
Authors: Starr S. Frederick 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter tackles how Ibn Sina and Biruni were deeply affected by geopolitical conflicts triggered by the collapse of the Samani's power across Central Asia. Ibn Sina worked and refined his thinking about medicine by extending Aristotelian categories and processes. After the dynasty of Samani fell, Ibn Sina also lost his finance department employment. The chapter elaborates on Biruni's series of projects after returning to Kath, such as Chronology of Ancient Nations wherein he detailed all known histories and calendar systems. It also considers his work under the emir of Gorgan, Abol-Hasan Qābūs ibn Wušmagīr or simply known as Qabus.
Biruni’s Canon for Masud
Authors: Starr S. Frederick 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter looks into the life of Biruni when Mahmud's empire controlled more of Eurasia in the 1020s, citing the subsequent written work called Masud's Canon. It considers whether Biruni chose the same title as Ibn Sina's Canon of Medicine as a provocative response. Biruni's Canon primarily focused on observational astronomy, measurement of time, and mathematics on which the Ptolemaic system was based. According to Biruni's students, the Canon was written for a handful of experts who commanded the same level of knowledge as the thinker himself. The chapter mentions that Biruni intended his Canon to be a time-bound research report based on his explorations and those of his Greek and Indian predecessors with approved work.
Biruni and Ibn Sina through the Ages
Authors: Starr S. Frederick 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers the legacy left by Biruni and Ibn Sina. It starts with the unfortunate loss of the thinkers' writings due to fire and conflict. However, some books were fortunate to survive and were disseminated widely. By the end of the twentieth century, the new generation of European and American scholars was bringing a high level of skill to the study of Biruni’s most abstruse mathematical and astronomical works and Ibn Sina’s most impenetrable philosophical writings. Thus, the heritage of both thinkers is slowly being reintegrated with the mainstream of world thought. The chapter cites that both thinkers' births are celebrated in both India and Pakistan.
Whose Fault Is It?
Authors: Lutz Amy S. F. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Autism was first diagnosed in 1943 by Leo Kanner, who considered his new syndrome “innate.” Later, however, he adopted the widely prevalent psychoanalytic view of mental illness, which blamed bad mothers for their children’s impairments. Most parents accepted this guilty verdict until 1967, when Clara Claiborne Park became the first mother to publicly push back against this narrative in her memoir, The Siege: A Family’s Journey into the World of an Autistic Child. But even as Park proclaimed her innocence, she did so in psychoanalytic imagery that reified this framework, the author argues, from that point forward. Her description of a condition that could be reversed fixed the narrative of the intact mind in autism: that with enough persistence, faith, and hard work, the intelligent, desired child could be recovered. This trope was picked up in other parent memoirs published soon after The Siege—whether the intact mind was recovered, as it was in Barry Neil Kaufman’s 1976 account Son-Rise, or whether it wasn’t, as in Josh Greenfield’s 1970 book, A Child Called Noah.
True Self
Authors: Bollas Christopher 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores Donald Winnicott’s theory of the true self. Winnicott describes the infant’s free bodily movement in the use of an object, which is a vital feature of the true self. Moreover, Winnicott indicates that the true self requires maternal care to come to life despite emerging from inherited potential. The chapter looks into the argument where some element of self is present in the state of aloneness that people carry with them through life. It elaborates on the notion of spontaneity as the other main quality of a true self, which primarily refers to gestures being made real.
Bystander Society
Authors: Fulbrook Mary 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Based on an extraordinary archive of personal accounts from the Nazi period, Bystander Society shifts the focus from the individual “bystander” to the wider context, highlighting the significance of changing social and political circumstances. Interpersonal relations in everyday life shifted under Nazi rule, weakening emotional connections, such that former fellow citizens could be viewed as outcasts. Changing structures of power and repression also affected people’s ability to act effectively; with a sense of impotence came unwillingness to intervene if this meant putting oneself or one’s family at risk. Conformity and compliance with a repressive regime could, over time, turn into complicity and even involvement in perpetration. Tracing individual stories of experiences within the Third Reich and in selected areas of eastern Europe both before and during the war, Bystander Society illuminates the responses of ordinary people under Nazi rule, and reconceives the notion of “bystanding” in terms of social relations and the circumstances of action.
Ripping Apart at the Seams
Authors: Fulbrook Mary 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter analyses the growing racialization of identity in Germany after the Nazi takeover. Antisemitism had not been a universal principle of discrimination in pre-Nazi Germany; ‘race’ only became a key structuring feature of social life during the Nazi regime. In the early years of Hitler’s rule, Germans began to learn to make distinctions between ‘Aryans’ and ‘non-Aryans’ in everyday life, resulting in the progressive isolation of ‘non-Aryan’ compatriots. Nazi ideology also often resulted in tensions and divisions within families. German society was increasingly based on outward conformity regardless of degrees of enthusiasm or inner disagreement and disquiet.
Shifting Communities
Authors: Fulbrook Mary 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines shifts in a sense of community and identity, as people were constrained into conformity under Nazi rule. The Nazi notion of Volksgemeinschaft was not only about power, repression, persecution, but also about the attempted mobilization of the ‘Aryan’ population and the exclusion of those now designated as outsiders. Emotional connections and social relations were changing; with growing outward conformity, many ‘Aryan’ Germans began to become complicit with systemic racism, whatever their inner reservations. Meanwhile, ‘non-Aryans’ developed growing connections with others with whom they shared a community of fate. Growing pressure led, in many quarters, to a heightened sense of apprehension and a climate of mutual distrust.
Inner Emigration and the Fiction of Ignorance
Authors: Fulbrook Mary 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Reich citizens were collectively mobilized in service of their country at war regardless of their opinions about the Nazi regime. This chapter explores how soldiers from the Reich perceived and interpreted mass killings in the east, often through the lens of Nazi ideology. Some became more actively involved in acts of perpetration, and tried to justify the murders even of small children and babies. Many participants and witnesses sent home letters and photographs of what was going on; and from late 1941 onwards, German citizens could hardly avoid knowledge of atrocities, however fragmentary or secondary this knowledge might be. Growing knowledge that deportation meant almost certain death would lead a few victims to opt for the risky strategy of ‘going underground’ and trying to survive in hiding or under a false identity. Those ‘Aryans’ who were opposed to Nazism might try to escape into ‘inner emigration’, but the supposed neutrality of being a bystander was no longer an option.
Eminent Nehruvians
Authors: Anil Pratinav 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers the nationalist Muslims in Jawaharlal Nehru’s government. It appears from their memoirs and private papers that they received a raw deal, obtaining “difficult” ministries and being edged out in factional struggles on account of their faith. This predicament they accepted sanguinely, occasionally petitioning the premier, but to little avail. Their story is told through brief accounts of three lives: Syed Mahmud, Humayun Kabir, and Syed Mohammad Saadulla. All three struggled to have their voices heard. They had to put up with insufferable colleagues, who routinely doubted their loyalty to party and country; intractable ministries, which they were given only because it was a polite way to put them out to pasture; and incorrigible factionalism, in which they could not partake on account of their Muslim character, Hindu caste groups being the building blocks of Congress coalitions.
An Ashraf Betrayal?
Authors: Anil Pratinav 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
India’s “Muslim question,” the book concludes, affords a window into the workings of Indian democracy. Here we have a picture of opposition leaders wasting away in preventive detention, mass pogroms in which tens of thousands of Muslims perished, distortions of the popular will in the form of gerrymandering and plurality voting, wholesale deportation and dispossession, and the suppression of civil society and censorship; all against a backdrop of intermittent ethnic conflict, the Muslim community, forming a tenth of the national population, inequitably accounting for four in five fatalities in the fifties and sixties. Still, it appears that community leaders did little to remedy this situation. Indeed, while the ashraf—the upper-class, upper-caste elite—mobilized in the name of the entire community, they ultimately attended to the select few. This was, as it were, an ashraf betrayal. Mass mobilization by Muslims was conspicuous by its absence. Indeed, this was the upshot of the anti-political and juridical posture adopted by “nationalists” and “communalists” alike. It could be said, then, that Muslim politics in postcolonial India has been a politics manqué.
Introduction
Authors: Gupta Diya 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The introduction focuses on how the Second World War came to India through voluntary imperial military service, aggressive recruitment campaigns, anti-war protest, and political deadlock between the Indian National Congress, led by Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru, and British colonial authorities. It highlights how the 1920s and 1930s witnessed the rise of communism and anti-fascist organizations in India along with an increasingly hardened anti-colonialist and anti-imperialist stance, with cosmopolitan groups such as the Indian Progressive Writers’ Association growing in influence. After establishing this socio-political context, the introduction discusses the use of visual material along with a complex range of wartime texts produced in a variety of languages in India, principally English and Bengali. It then situates the book within the wider secondary literature on India and the Second World War before outlining the book’s methodology, where the importance of interpreting these multilingual texts in a variety of genres in conjunction with one another is explained. The relevance of the thematic organization of the chapters is discussed, which deliberately disrupts chronology and genre. Individual chapter outlines are provided and the broader significance of excavating this emotional history is examined.
Introduction
Authors: Matthee Rudi 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The introduction debunks the myth that, since alcohol is forbidden in Islam, “good” Muslims do not drink. It argues that, rather than extraneous to Islam, alcohol is integral to the faith, present through its very presumed absence. It presents traditional Islam, heir to a variegated Byzantine-Christian and Persian-Zoroastrian vinous tradition, not as the pettifogging creed that it appears to be today, but as a capacious faith that accommodated alcohol consumption as the privilege of youth and the prerogative of royalty, enabling the sin of drinking to be expiated through repentance, and conniving at the drinking of commoners so long as it did not disturb the social order.
Wine in Islamic Painting, Poetry, and Adab Literature
Authors: Matthee Rudi 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter surveys the important role alcohol played in premodern and early modern Muslim artistic life, in painting and literature, and especially in poetry. It argues that wine was integral to the world of traditional Islamic art, both as a substance and as a metaphor celebrating the beauty of creation, symbolizing the bond of love and devotion between the mystic and the divine, and representing contrariness and transgression.
Alcohol in the Early Modern Islamic Empires
Authors: Matthee Rudi 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Chapter Four investigates the drinking of rulers and commoners in the Ottoman Empire and in Mughal India, showing how they were influenced by the habits of their forebears, the Turkic steppe people of Central Asia. Rulers alternated between abstemiousness and raging alcoholism. They might ban alcohol depending on personal predilection, to propitiate the divine or in the face of imminent war, but anti-alcohol campaigns were typically half-hearted and temporary, and they invariably ran up against the need for the fiscal revenue that the alcohol trade yielded.
Changing Drinking Habits in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Matthee Rudi 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Chapter Six considers the changes in drinks and consumption patterns in the Ottoman Empire that set in with the growing influence of Europe as of the early nineteenth century. As the society became more socially mobile and sultans increased their public visibility, new drinks, champagne above all, became fashionable, and public drinking gradually lost its taboo among the upper classes. As religious minorities, Greeks and Armenians, gained rights on paper, they faced a backlash from a combination of traditional religious and nationalist forces accusing them of disloyalty, of colluding with outside interests. Arguments against alcohol shifted from religious disapproval and concerns about public morality to a preoccupation with public health and hygiene.
The Problem of Political Legitimacy
Authors: Jamal Ahmad Shuja , Maley William 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter shows how problems of political legitimacy contributed to the decline of Republican Afghanistan. After outlining a definition of legitimacy and demonstrating why it is politically important, the chapter turns to various problems relating to legitimacy that Afghanistan experienced after 2001. These included problems of institutional design that fostered the development of political networks and a neopatrimonial state. They also included problems of security and of corruption, both of which had the potential to damage the standing of the government. The chapter then examines in detail how electoral fraud undermined the operation of elections as a device for regime legitimation, and discusses the weaknesses of the elected parliament. It concludes, however, by making the point but while problems of legitimacy contributed to the decline of Republican Afghanistan, they did not on their own explain its fall.
Problems of Insurgency
Authors: Jamal Ahmad Shuja , Maley William 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the way in which insurgency undermined the position of Republican Afghanistan. It begins with a discussion of the Taliban and their characteristics, and examines in detail the factors that prompted Pakistan to provide sanctuary in support to the Taliban in such a way as to enable them to harass and undermine the Afghan government. It also discusses the various sources of revenue on which the Taliban were able to draw. The chapter then moves on to examine the Afghan National Defence and Security Forces (ANDSF), the US military commitment and some of the problems that afflicted it, and the ways in which civilian casualties affected attitudes to the conflict. The chapter concludes by highlighting how destructive the failure to address diplomatically the problem of Pakistan’s meddling proved to be.
The Final Days of Kabul
Authors: Jamal Ahmad Shuja , Maley William 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes the Taliban’s increasing gains in the final months of Republican Afghanistan and the international community’s inability to hold the group to its commitment to “reduce violence.” The chapter explores the Taliban’s lack of regard for their promise to the US not to advance militarily on Kabul and examines the condition of the Afghan security forces in the months before the fall of Republican Afghanistan. The chapter also examines the dysfunction in the Afghan political leadership, which took a last-minute decision to defend Kabul but reneged on that decision as the president and vice president left the city, even as certain pockets of Afghan security forces made bloody last stands. The chapter details British military diplomacy in the final months designed to elicit Pakistani cooperation, and US attempts in the final weeks to broker a transition of power to the Taliban in August 2021. Drawing on the final days of Kabul, the chapter offers concluding observations about the nature and dynamics of state collapse. The chapter ends by evaluating the question of what might have happened if the Republic had followed through on its decision to defend Kabul.
Sharon Wetherley
Authors: Wigger John 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides background on stewardess Sharon Wetherley, who was assigned to Flight 119. Wetherley and Jane Furlong had enrolled at the American Airlines Stewardess College in Fort Worth, Texas, in February 1972 and were roommates and friends before graduating on March 21, 1972. The chapter returns to the man who intended to hijack Flight 119 and was noticed by the stewardess, Furlong. The man gave Furlong notes that he ordered to be taken to the pilots of the plane, indicating that he was declaring a hijack and demanding $502,500 in cash, five parachutes, five parachute harnesses, an altimeter, a pair of goggles, and two collapsible shovels. Once the pilot received the notes and radioed Air Traffic Control, the man then asked the women and children to move up to first class and the men to move back to coach.
The Friendly Skies
Authors: Wigger John 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter recounts early commercial flying, describing the planes as slow, loud, and unpressurized, which meant that they could not fly above the weather. To lure passengers to buy expensive plane tickets, often five or six times the cost of taking the train, airlines decided to provide an exceptional level of service by bringing in stewardesses. The chapter explains that the first stewardesses were former nurses, hired by what would become United Airlines in 1930. The chapter cites the book Coffee, Tea, or Me? The Uninhibited Memoirs of Two Airline Stewardesses (1967), which was written by Donald Bain, a young public relations executive with American Airlines. Bain used his imagination and industry background to create a Playboy version of life in the sky in his book.
The Jump
Authors: Wigger John 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the jump of the hijacker of American 119. As he fell away from the Boeing 727, the hijacker’s goggles were torn from his face. He knew that he had to wait to open his parachute. Before boarding American 119, he had gone to the public library and read up on skydiving. He figured that if he waited, his speed would slow to terminal velocity, somewhere between 120 and 180 miles an hour, depending on body orientation. Inexperienced jumpers have a tendency to fall with their backs to the earth, hands and feet slightly spread, as if sitting in a rocking chair. Jumpers need to arch their back so that they can flip over and fall facing the earth. If the arch is wrong, they will flip back over onto their back. As he approached the ground, the hijacker put his heels out, which caused him to fall over backward, striking his head on the ground. He felt the world spin, but he was alive.
The Call
Authors: Wigger John 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter details how FBI agent Bob Braver received a call from the agent on duty in Indianapolis to tell him that the hijacker of American 119 had bailed out over Peru, Indiana, in Miami County, part of Braver’s territory. The special agent in charge in Indianapolis, Jim Martin, was already on his way and wanted Braver to join him in Peru as soon as possible. Braver had a close relationship with state and local police, which was not always the case with other FBI offices. Rather than throw his weight around, he made it clear that he respected the ability of local cops. It made setting up the investigation quick and efficient. The FBI would need this cooperation, considering the terrain agents planned to search, which lay east of Grissom Air Force Base and southeast of Peru. Within a couple of days, dozens of agents converged on Peru from across Indiana and from nearby states. Together with state and local police and volunteers, they formed a small army with one mission: find the hijacker and the $500,000 he stole.