bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Migratory orientation of first-year white storks (Ciconia ciconia): inherited information and social interactions
Authors: Chernetsov Nikita , Berthold Peter , Querner Ulrich 
Published: February 2004

SUMMARY
We used satellite tracking to study the migratory orientation of juvenile white storks from the population in the Kaliningrad Region (Russia) during their first autumn migration. Two series of experiments were performed. In the first series of experiments, several groups of first-year storks were raised in an aviary, kept there until all free-living conspecifics had left the area and then released. These birds had to select their migratory route on the basis of the inherited directional information they possessed, without any chance of being guided by their experienced conspecifics. In the second series of experiments, several groups of juveniles were displaced from the Kaliningrad Region to the Volga area and to Western Siberia. Both areas lie outside the breeding range of the white stork so the displaced birds also had to rely on their innate migratory program. Results from the differently designed experiments did not match. Nor did they match with the results of earlier experiments on the delayed departure of juvenile white storks as reported by several authors. We suggest that naïve white storks (and maybe other soaring migrants) rely on social interactions when selecting their autumn migratory route to a much greater extent than do passerine long-distance migrants.
Response latencies to postural disturbances in three species of teleostean fishes
Authors: Webb Paul W. 
Published: February 2004

SUMMARYFlow in aquatic systems is characterized by unsteadiness that creates destabilizing perturbations. Appropriate correction responses depend on response latency. The time between a disturbance induced by either removal of a flow refuge or striking various parts of the body with a narrow water jet was measured for three species, chosen as examples of modes in teleostean body/fin organization that are expected to affect stability. Creek chub Semotilus atromaculatus is representative of fusiform-bodied soft-rayed teleosts, smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu of fusiform-bodied spiny-rayed forms and bluegill Lepomis macrochirus of deep-bodied spiny-rayed forms. Observations were made at 23°C. Loss of refuge resulted in a surge that fish corrected by starting to swim within 129±29 ms (mean ± 2 s.e.m.) for chub, which was significantly shorter than minimal times of approximately 200 ms for bluegill and bass. Slips and heaves induced by water jets initially resulted in extension of the median and paired fins that would damp growth of the disturbance, but otherwise these disturbances were ignored. Yaws and pitches were more likely to cause fish to swim away from the stimulus, making corrections as they did so. There were no differences in latencies for slip,heave, yaw and pitch disturbances within each species, but latencies varied among species. For these disturbances, responses averaged 123±19 ms for chub, again significantly smaller than those of 201±24 ms for bass and 208±52 ms for bluegill. Values for the two centrarchids were not significantly different (P&gt;0.08). The response latency for rolling disturbances did not differ among species but was significantly smaller than that for other disturbances, with an overall latency of 70±15 ms. The greater responsiveness to hydrostatic rolling instability is attributed to functions requiring an upright posture and differences among species in habitat preferences.
Cloacal evaporative cooling: a previously undescribed means of increasing evaporative water loss at higher temperatures in a desert ectotherm, the Gila monster Heloderma suspectum
Authors: DeNardo Dale F. , Zubal Tricia E. , Hoffman Ty C.M. 
Published: February 2004

SUMMARY
The Gila monster Heloderma suspectum is an active forager in an environment that, at times, can be extremely hot and arid. Thus, Gila monsters face extreme thermostatic and hydrostatic demands. For a desert ectotherm routinely risking dehydration, evaporative water loss (EWL) is typically viewed as detrimental. Yet evaporation simultaneously dehydrates and cools an animal. We explored EWL in Gila monsters by measuring cutaneous, ventilatory and cloacal EWL at five ambient temperatures between 20.5°C and 40°C. Our results show that Gila monsters have high EWL rates relative to body mass. Cutaneous EWL underwent a consistent, temperature-dependent increase over the entire range of test temperatures (Q10=1.61, with EWL ranging from 0.378 to 0.954 mg g–1 h–1). Ventilatory EWL did not show a significant temperature-dependent response, but ranged from 0.304 to 0.663 mg g–1 h–1. Cloacal EWL was extremely low and relatively constant between 20.5°C and 35°C, but rose dramatically above 35°C (Q10 &gt;8.3×107,from 0.0008 at 35°C to 7.30 mg g–1 h–1at 40°C). This steep rise in cloacal EWL coincided with an increasing suppression of body temperature relative to ambient temperature. Dehydration to 80% of initial body mass led to a delay in the onset and an attenuation of the dramatic increase in cloacal EWL. These results emphasize the potential value of EWL for thermoregulation in ectotherms and demonstrate for the first time the role of the cloaca in this process.
Muscle activation and strain during suction feeding in the largemouth bassMicropterus salmoides
Authors: Carroll Andrew M. 
Published: February 2004

SUMMARYActivation and strain in the sternohyoideus (SH) were measured in vivo in five largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides. The SH is thought to actuate lower jaw depression, hyoid depression and suspensorial abduction during suction feeding in teleost fish. Sonomicrometry was used to measure fascicle shortening and lower jaw kinematics, while activity was measured by electromyography (EMG). SH fascicles shortened by an average of 11% during suction feeding. In three fish SH fascicles consistently shortened during fast lower jaw depression, but in two individuals they contracted isometrically or lengthened slightly during fast lower jaw depression. The SH continued shortening after peak gape, presumably actuating hyoid depression and lateral expansion of the buccal cavity. Onset of SH relengthening and onset of lower jaw elevation were simultaneous, as were the return of the SH to resting length and gape closure. Activation followed the onset of shortening by an average of 23 ms, although the muscle was active an average of 15 ms before the onset of rapid shortening. SH fascicles reached sustained shortening velocities averaging –2.5 fascicle lengths per second, and generally increased shortening velocity after peak gape. The shortening velocities measured in this study suggest that the SH actively shortens to generate power during suction feeding. This study is the first direct measurement of in vivo muscle function during suction feeding, the most common mechanism of prey capture among aquatic vertebrates.
Stabilization and mobility of the head and trunk in wild monkeys during terrestrial and flat-surface walks and gallops
Authors: Dunbar Donald C. , Badam Gyani L. , Hallgrímsson Benedikt , Vieilledent Stéphane 
Published: February 2004

SUMMARYThis study investigated the patterns of rotational mobility (&gt;20°)and stability (≤20°) of the head and trunk in wild Indian monkeys during natural locomotion on the ground and on the flat-topped surfaces of walls. Adult hanuman langurs (Semnopithecus entellus) and bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata) of either gender were cine filmed in lateral view. Whole-body horizontal linear displacement, head and trunk pitch displacement relative to space (earth horizontal), and vertical head displacement were measured from the cine films. Head-to-trunk pitch angle was calculated from the head-to-space and trunk-to-space measurements. Locomotor velocities, cycle durations, angular segmental velocities, mean segmental positions and mean peak frequencies of vertical and angular head displacements were then calculated from the displacement data. Yaw rotations were observed qualitatively. During quadrupedal walks by both species, the head was free to rotate in the pitch and yaw planes on a stabilized trunk. By contrast, during quadrupedal gallops by both species, the trunk pitched on a stabilized head. During both gaits in both species, head and trunk pitch rotations were symmetrical about comparable mean positions in both gaits, with mean head position aligning the horizontal semicircular canals near earth horizontal. Head pitch direction countered head vertical displacement direction to varying degrees during walks and only intermittently during gallops, providing evidence that correctional head pitch rotations are not essential for gaze stabilization. Head-to-space pitch velocities were below 350 deg. s–1, the threshold above which, at least among humans, the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) becomes saturated. Mean peak frequencies of vertical translations and pitch rotations of the head ranged from 1 Hz to 2 Hz, a lower frequency range than that in which inertia is predicted to be the major stabilizer of the head in these species. Some variables, which were common to both walks and gallops in both species, are likely to reflect constraints in sensorimotor control. Other variables, which differed between the two gaits in both species, are likely to reflect kinematic differences,whereas variables that differed between the two species are attributed primarily to morphological and behavioural differences. It is concluded that either the head or the trunk can provide the nervous system with a reference frame for spatial orientation and that the segment providing that reference can change, depending upon the kinematic characteristics of the chosen gait.
Identifiable neurons inhibited by Earth-strength magnetic stimuli in the molluscTritonia diomedea
Authors: Wang John H. , Cain Shaun D. , Lohmann Kenneth J. 
Published: February 2004

SUMMARYDiverse animals use the Earth's magnetic field as an orientation cue, but little is known about the sensory, processing and motor elements of the neural circuitry underlying magnetic orientation behavior. The marine mollusc Tritonia diomedea has both a magnetic compass sense and a simple nervous system accessible to electrophysiological analysis. Previous studies have revealed that four identifiable neurons, known as LPd5, RPd5, LPd6 and RPd6, respond with enhanced electrical activity to changes in Earth-strength magnetic fields. Here we report that two additional neurons, LPd7 and RPd7,are inhibited by magnetic stimuli. Cobalt fills of the Pd7 neurons indicated that two prominent neurites emerge from the soma and project to the periphery through the ipsilateral cerebral nerves CeN6 and CeN3; in some cases, a third neurite was visible in CeN2. The nerves extend to the anterior region of the animal where they innervate the lateral body walls, oral veil and mouth region. Action potentials in the Pd7 neurons propagate from the central ganglia toward the periphery. Thus, the Pd7 cells have characteristics of efferent neurons. The precise function of these cells during magnetic orientation behavior, however, remains to be determined.
Synthesis and Properties of 9,9′-Diaryl-4,5-diazafluorenes. A New Type of Electron-Transporting and Hole-Blocking Material in EL Device
Authors: Ono Katsuhiko , Yanase Tomoki , Ohkita Masakazu , Saito Katsuhiro , Matsushita Yosuke , Naka Shigeki , Okada Hiroyuki , Onnagawa Hiroyoshi 
Published: February 2004

Abstract
The title compounds were prepared and investigated for electron-transporting and hole-blocking materials in organic electroluminescent (EL) devices. EL efficiencies of the phosphorescent devices indicated high performance of hole-blocking ability in the compounds. A maximum external efficiency of 18% was achieved and a maximum power luminous efficiency was over 45 Lm W−1.
Surface-enhanced Infrared Spectrum of CO Adsorbed on Cu Electrodes in Solution
Authors: Miyake Hiroto , Osawa Masatoshi 
Published: February 2004

Abstract
A chemical deposition technique was employed for the first time in preparing thin Cu films showing extremely strong surface-enhanced infrared absorption effect for the molecules adsorbed on the surface. The enhancement was examined in an electrochemical environment by using CO as a model adsorbate. The result is compared with literature data by focusing on the band shape of the enhanced absorption.
Synthesis and Characterization of Strontium Carbonate Nanowires with a Axis Orientation and Dendritic Nanocrystals
Authors: Huang Qing , Gao Lian , Cai Ye , Aldinger Fritz 
Published: February 2004

Abstract
Strontium carbonate nanowires that grow along the a axis were synthesized in large scale through simple hydrothermal approach for the first time. The aspect ratio of the product is more than 1000. Dendritic nanocrystals were also generated at low temperatures. Moreover, this method is feasible to be applied in the synthesis of barium carbonate nanowires.
Detection of Hemoglobin-Based Oxygen Carriers in Human Serum for Doping Analysis: Confirmation by Size-Exclusion HPLC
Authors: Varlet-Marie Emmanuelle , Ashenden Michael , Lasne Françoise , Sicart Marie-Therese , Marion Benedicte , de Ceaurriz Jacques , Audran Michel 
Published: February 2004

Abstract
Background: Hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) are being developed as potential substitutes for the oxygen-carrying functions of erythrocytes, but athletes may obtain and experiment with HBOCs as an illicit means of enhancing oxygen transport. An electrophoretic technique has been developed to screen for the presence of HBOCs in blood samples (Lasne et al. Clin Chem 2004;50:410–5). Interest has focused on complementary methods that can provide legally defensible scientific evidence for the presence of HBOCs in blood samples collected for doping control.
Methods: The aim of this research was to develop a size-exclusion SEC-HPLC technique to identify in plasma or serum samples the presence of HBOCs that are currently under development. This method was also used to detect a polymerized bovine hemoglobin (Hemopure®) after infusion in 12 healthy males.
Results: The chromatograms of all HBOCs tested were clearly separated from the 54-min peak associated with human hemoglobin dimers. It was possible to differentiate between the different HBOC products based solely on their chromatographic profiles, provided they were at high concentrations. Differences were discernible not only based on the presence (or absence) of peaks, but also the separation between respective peaks. The profiles for serum samples collected from the men immediately after infusion of Hemopure showed a distinctive profile. The shape of the chromatographic profile remained consistent for at least 48 h.
Conclusions: Under the analytical conditions reported here, SEC-HPLC was able to separate native hemoglobin from the modified hemoglobin molecules present in each of the HBOC products studied. In tandem with electrophoretic screening, SEC-HPLC provides evidence of the presence of HBOCs and can therefore be regarded as a method that satisfies the criteria for use in an antidoping control setting.
Inhibition of interleukin‐1β‐stimulated production of matrix metalloproteinases by hyaluronan via CD44 in human articular cartilage
Authors: Julovi Sohel M. , Yasuda Tadashi , Shimizu Makoto , Hiramitsu Teruko , Nakamura Takashi 
Published: February 2004

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the mechanism of the inhibitory action of hyaluronan (HA) on interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β)‐stimulated production of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in human articular cartilage.MethodsIL‐1β was added to normal and osteoarthritic (OA) human articular cartilage in explant culture to stimulate MMP production. Articular cartilage was incubated or preincubated with a clinically used form of 800‐kd HA to assess its effect on IL‐1β‐induced MMPs. Levels of secreted MMPs 1, 3, and 13 in conditioned media were detected by immunoblotting; intracellular MMP synthesis in chondrocytes was evaluated by immunofluorescence microscopy. Penetration of HA into cartilage tissue and its binding to CD44 were analyzed by fluorescence microscopy using fluoresceinated HA. Blocking experiments with anti‐CD44 antibody were performed to investigate the mechanism of action of HA.ResultsTreatment and pretreatment with 800‐kd HA at 1 mg/ml resulted in significant suppression of IL‐1β‐stimulated production of MMPs 1, 3, and 13 in normal and OA cartilage explant culture. Fluorescence histocytochemistry revealed that HA penetrated cartilage tissue and localized in the pericellular matrix around chondrocytes. HA‐binding blocking experiments using anti‐CD44 antibody demonstrated that the association of HA with chondrocytes was mediated by CD44. Preincubation with anti‐CD44 antibody, which suppressed IL‐1β‐stimulated MMPs, reversed the inhibitory effect of HA on MMP production that was induced by IL‐1β in normal and OA cartilage.ConclusionThis study demonstrates that HA effectively inhibits IL‐1β‐stimulated production of MMP‐1, MMP‐3, and MMP‐13, which supports the clinical use of HA in the treatment of OA. The action of HA on IL‐1β may involve direct interaction between HA and CD44 on chondrocytes.
Impact of shared epitope genotype and ethnicity on erosive disease: A meta‐analysis of 3,240 rheumatoid arthritis patients
Authors: Gorman Jennifer D. , Lum Raymond F. , Chen John J. , Suarez‐Almazor Maria E. , Thomson Glenys , Criswell Lindsey A. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractObjectiveThe strongest known genetic association in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is with HLA–DRB1 alleles that share a similar amino acid sequence, termed the shared epitope (SE). Although many studies have examined the association of the SE with disease severity, the results have been inconsistent, which may reflect the relatively small sample sizes or ethnic differences. The aim of this study was to assess the association of HLA–DRB1 SE alleles and genotype with the development of bony erosions in RA by meta‐analysis.MethodsWe identified English‐language articles published between January 1, 1987 and June 1, 1999 through Medline, EMBase, and manual searches of 6 relevant journals. Included were studies in which molecular typing of HLA–DRB1 alleles was performed and in which the presence or absence of bony erosions was reported. Data were extracted from the studies, and erosions were coded as present or absent. Authors were contacted for missing information and data on individual patients.ResultsA total of 29 studies and 3,240 patients were available for analysis. The summary odds ratios (ORs), when all patients were evaluated as a single group, demonstrated a significant association of the presence of the SE (2 or 1 versus 0 SE alleles) with erosions (OR 2.0; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.8–2.2), although significant heterogeneity was present (P = 0.002). Subgroup analyses demonstrated the important influence of ethnic background. For example, no association of the SE with erosions was demonstrated in Greeks (OR 0.8 [95% CI 0.2–1.5]). In contrast, there was a striking dose‐dependent relationship in southern European Caucasians and Asians, with ORs as high as 6.2 and 5.4, respectively, in patients with 2 SE alleles. Although our ability to assess the relationship between SE genotype and erosions was limited, particular importance of the DRB1*0401 SE allele was suggested in an analysis restricted to northern European Caucasians.ConclusionThe SE is associated with the development of erosive disease in many ethnic groups; however, striking exceptions exist. These variations may be due to allele differences between populations, such as the frequency of DRB1*0401 among different ethnic groups. Further study to better understand the genetic and environmental differences between these populations may provide insight into mechanisms that influence the clinical expression of RA.
Tuberculosis infection in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and the effect of infliximab therapy
Authors: Wolfe Frederick , Michaud Kaleb , Anderson Janice , Urbansky Kathy 
Published: February 2004

AbstractObjectiveAccording to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the 1999 and 2000 incidence rates for tuberculosis (TB) in the US population were 6.4 and 5.8, respectively, per 100,000 persons. Recently, reports of TB following infliximab administration have raised questions regarding the rate of TB in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) generally and in those treated with infliximab in clinical practice. We undertook this study to determine the baseline rate of TB in RA prior to the introduction of infliximab and to determine the rate of TB among those currently receiving infliximab.MethodsWe surveyed patients with questionnaires, followed by detailed validation from medical records and physician reports. In study 1, we evaluated 10,782 RA patients in 1998–1999 prior to the widespread use of infliximab. In study 2, we evaluated 6,460 infliximab‐treated patients in 2000–2002.ResultsIn study 1, the lifetime rate of TB was 696 per 100,000 patients (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 547–872). Of these cases, 76.8% occurred prior to the onset of RA. During the period of prospective followup, 1 case of TB developed during 16,173 patient‐years of followup, yielding a rate of 6.2 cases (95% CI 1.6–34.4) per 100,000 patients. In study 2, the TB incidence rate among infliximab‐treated patients was 52.5 cases (95% CI 14.3–134.4) per 100,000 patient‐years of exposure. Three of the 4 cases occurred in patients with a history of TB exposure, and no cases occurred in persons with recent TB skin tests or prophylaxis.ConclusionThe rate of TB is not increased in RA patients generally. Among infliximab‐treated patients, the rate is 52.5 cases (95% CI 14.3–134.4) per 100,000 patient‐years of exposure. A thorough medical history regarding TB, as well as tuberculin testing and radiographic examination (if indicated), should be an essential component of anti–tumor necrosis factor therapy.