bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High‐speed consistency checking for hypothetical reasoning systems using inference path network
Authors: Kimura Haruhiko , Hirose Sadaki , Nambo Hidetaka 
Published: October 2002

AbstractHypothetical reasoning is popular in fault diagnostics and design systems, but slow reasoning speed is its drawback. The goal of the current study is developing hypothetical reasoning based on inference path network, which would overcome this drawback. In hypothetical reasoning systems based on inference path network, there is much room for improvement regarding the computing costs of connotation processing and consistency checking. The authors of this study demonstrate improvement ideas regarding one of these problems, namely, consistency checking. First, the authors obtained necessary and sufficient conditions under which inconsistencies occur during hypothesis composition. Based on the obtained results, the authors proposed an algorithm for speeding up the process of consistency checking. Processing with this algorithm in its core consists in transforming the inference path network in such a way that inconsistencies do not occur during the hypothesis composition, under the condition of unchanged solution hypotheses. The efficiency of this algorithm was confirmed by tests. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 33(9): 109–118, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.1157
XPS detection of some redox phenomena in Cu‐zeolites
Authors: Meda L. , Ranghino G. , Moretti G. , Cerofolini G. F. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractX‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis of Cu 2p peaks is able to discriminate between Cu(II) and Cu(I). This is particularly useful when copper is supported in a zeolite matrix, as in heterogeneous catalysts. The preparation route, the Si/Al ratio and the kind of zeolite all contribute to determine the final oxidation state of copper. In turn, the oxidation state determines the effectiveness of the catalyst. Samples prepared via the gas phase and solution are considered in this work after calcination. Both H‐zeolite and Na‐zeolite are found in different copper final states when considered just after preparation, depending on ion‐exchange or impregnation routes. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Infrared spectroscopic study of the CO‐mediated decrease of the percolation threshold during the growth of ultrathin metal films on MgO(001)
Authors: Lust M. , Priebe A. , Fahsold G. , Pucci A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractMetals are known to grow three‐dimensionally on clean ionic crystal surfaces with low surface energies. As a consequence, the naturally grown films consist of islands and are non‐conductive up to the percolation threshold, which is at ∼1 nm for iron films grown on MgO(001) at room temperature and is much larger for noble metals and higher temperatures, respectively. In this paper we show that CO exposure at ∼10−8 mbar during deposition modifies the growth on MgO(001) for iron and copper. The development of infrared transmission spectra versus metal film thickness clearly is changed by CO exposure. The spectral differences correspond to a significant percolation threshold decrease induced by CO. Infrared conductivity parameters calculated from transmittance spectra indicate that the surface relaxation of the free charge carriers is decreased due to CO exposure during growth but the plasma frequency is unchanged. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of the boundaries of ZrO2 and HfO2 thin films by atomic force microscopy and the combined optical method
Authors: Klapetek Petr , Ohlídal Ivan , Franta Daniel , Pokorný Pavel 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn this paper an atomic force microscopy analysis of the microrough upper boundaries of ZrO2 and HfO2 thin films is presented. Within this analysis the values of the width, root‐mean‐square value of heights and power spectral density function of these boundaries are determined for ZrO2 and HfO2 exhibiting different thicknesses. The thickness dependences of the quantities mentioned are introduced. The values of the thicknesses of the films are evaluated using the combined optical method. This optical method is also used to describe boundary microroughness within the effective medium theory. A discussion of the results concerning the microroughness of the upper boundaries of both the ZrO2 and HfO2 thin films is also introduced. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simultaneous estimation of intrarater and interrater agreement for multiple raters under order restrictions for a binary trait
Authors: Lester Kirchner H. , Lemke Jon H. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIt is valuable in many studies to assess both intrarater and interrater agreement. Most measures of intrarater agreement do not adjust for unequal estimates of prevalence between the separate rating occasions for a given rater and measures of interrater agreement typically ignore data from the second set of assessments when raters make duplicate assessments. In the event when both measures are assessed there are instances where interrater agreement is larger than at least one of the corresponding intrarater agreements. This implies that a rater agrees less with him/herself and more with another rater. In the situation of multiple raters making duplicate assessments on all subjects, the authors propose properties for an agreement measure based on the odds ratio for a dichotomous trait: (i) estimate a single prevalence across two reading occasions for each rater; (ii) estimate pairwise interrater agreement from all available data; (iii) bound the pairwise interrater agreement above by the corresponding intrarater agreements. Estimation of odds ratios under these properties is done by maximizing the multinomial likelihood with constraints using generalized log‐linear models in combination with a generalization of the Lemke–Dykstra iterative‐incremental algorithm. An example from a mammography examination reliability study is used to demonstrate the new method. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improving the scalability of the CORBA event service with a multi‐agent load balancing algorithm
Authors: Ho K. S. , Leong H. V. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe event service of the Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) is useful in supporting decoupled and asynchronous communication between distributed object components. However, the specification of the event service standard does not require implementation to provide facilities to guarantee efficient event/data delivery. Consequently, applications in which a large number of objects need to communicate via an event service channel may suffer from poor performance. In this paper, a generic CORBA‐based framework is proposed to tackle this scalability problem. Two techniques are applied; namely, event channel federation and load balancing. The solution is transparent in the sense that it exports the same IDL interface as the original event service. We explore three critical dimensions underlying the design of the load‐balancing algorithm and conduct experiments to evaluate their impact on the overall performance of the framework. The results provide some useful insights into the improvement of the scalability of the event service. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
J3DV: A Java‐based 3D database visualization tool
Authors: Fang Xiang , Miller John A. , Arnold Jonathan 
Published: October 2002

AbstractDatabase visualization helps users process, interpret and act upon large stored data sets. In this paper, we present a Java‐based 3D database visualization tool called J3DV. The J3DV tool successfully solved the problem of data management faced by many other visualization systems by integrating multiple data sources with the visualization tool. The tool utilizes two‐level mapping to transform the data into intermediate data that can be used to render graphs. Intermediate data offers better performance with a two‐tier cache.This visualization tool presents a sound framework, which has good extensibility for plugging in new data sources, supporting new data models and visual presentation types and allowing new graph layout algorithms. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Further postmortem autoradiographic studies of AMPA receptor binding in schizophrenia
Authors: Noga J. Thomas , Wang Hui 
Published: October 2002

AbstractPrevious research indicated an increased binding of AMPA receptor ligand [3H]CNQX at 50 nM in the caudate nucleus of schizophrenics and suicides relative to normal and neuroleptic‐treated controls. The current work aimed to replicate this finding in a larger, independent sample of schizophrenics and controls. In addition to neostriatal structures, the hippocampal region and amygdala were also studied. Postmortem frozen sections from 15 schizophrenics (four suicides), 15 normal controls, 15 bipolars (eight suicides), and 15 unipolar nonpsychotic depressed (seven suicides) subjects were studied with quantitative autoradiographic procedures at 5, 20, and 50 nM [3H]CNQX in the striatum and at 20 nM in medial temporal structures. [3H]KA (kainic acid) binding was also examined. Instead of an expected increase, schizophrenics in this sample have a lower degree of [3H]CNQX binding in caudate and nucleus accumbens at 20 nM and in the nucleus accumbens at 50 nM, with suicided schizophrenics having higher binding than nonsuicided schizophrenics at the 20 nM concentration of [3H]CNQX in the caudate. [3H]CNQX binding was uniform across diagnostic categories at 5 nM in the striatum and at 20 nM in amygdala and hippocampal structures. KA receptor binding also did not differ among groups in any structures examined. These assays in a larger sample at three different concentrations do not support the previously reported increase in binding to AMPA receptors in schizophrenia but rather indicate an abnormal decrease in binding to this receptor in this sample. Possible explanations for the disparity in results between the two studies are considered. The data continue to indicate pathology of AMPA glutamate receptors in striatal structures in schizophrenia; however, it may be variable and its precise nature remains to be clarified. Synapse 45:250–258, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prediction and assessment of extrapyramidal side effects induced by risperidone based on dopamine D2 receptor occupancy
Authors: Yamada Yasuhiko , Ohno Yoshiyuki , Nakashima Yoshifumi , Fukuda Masato , Takayanagi Risa , Sato Hitoshi , Tsuchiya Fumito , Sawada Yasufumi , Iga Tatsuji 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn the present study, we attempted to predict the risk of extrapyramidal side effects of a selective monoaminergic antagonist, risperidone, by analyzing the correlation between the dopamine D2 receptor occupancy and the degree of extrapyramidal side effects of the drug. The occupancies of D2 and 5‐HT2 receptors at various doses of risperidone were calculated by means of a receptor occupancy theory. The extrapyramidal side effects after administration of risperidone were attempted to predict by theoretical analysis of the correlation between the calculated occupancies and the evidence of extrapyramidal symptoms using a ternary complex model. The pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analysis utilized the data concerning the pharmacokinetics of risperidone and 9‐hydroxyrisperidone (active metabolite), their binding affinities with D2 and 5‐HT2 receptors, and the clinical evidence of extrapyramidal symptoms (Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale: ESRS), gathered from the literature. The mean occupancy of 5‐HT2 receptors after the administration of regular doses of risperidone was suggested to be more than 90%, whereas the mean occupancy of D2 receptors varied between 50–80%, depending on the dose. The correlation between the occupancy of D2 receptors and the extrapyramidal symptoms could be successfully analyzed with a ternary complex model, showing the predictability of the model for the extrapyramidal side effects of risperidone. Since the estimated risk of the extrapyramidal side effects varied with the dose, the present method of predicting the extrapyramidal side effects of risperidone may provide a basis for developing a rational dosing regimen for the drug. Synapse 46:32–37, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anti‐mutagenic activity of Phyllanthus amarus Schum & Thonn in vitro as well as in vivo
Authors: Regi Raphael K. , Ajith T.A. , Joseph Swarnam , Kuttan Ramadasan 
Published: October 2002

AbstractMethanolic extract of Phyllanthus amarus was tested for its anti‐mutagenic activity in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA1535, TA100, and TA102 (Ames test). P. amarus extract was able to inhibit the activation and mutagenicity of 2‐acetaminofluorene (2‐AAF) and aflatoxinB1 at concentrations of 0.25–2 mg/plate. It was also found to inhibit mutagenicity induced by direct acting mutagens sodium azide (NaN3), N‐methyl‐N‐nitro‐N‐nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), and 4‐nitro‐0‐phenylenediamine (NPD), at concentrations of 1 mg to 0.25 mg/plate. Urinary mutagenicity produced in rats by benzo[a] pyrene was found to be significantly inhibited by the oral administration of Phyllanthus extract. These results indicate significant anti‐mutagenicity of the extract in vitro as well as in vivo. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sphericity Governs Both Stereochemistry in a Molecule and Stereoisomerism Among Molecules
Authors: Fujita Shinsaku 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe concept of sphericity and relevant fundamental concepts that we have proposed have produced a systematized format for comprehending stereochemical phenomena. Permutability of ligands in conventional approaches is discussed from a stereochemical point of view. After the introduction of orbits governed by coset representations, the concepts of subduction and sphericity are proposed to characterize desymmetrization processes, with a tetrahedral skeleton as an example. The stereochemistry and stereoisomerism of the resulting promolecules (molecules formulated abstractly) are discussed in terms of the concept of sphericity as a common mathematical and logical framework. Thus, these promolecules are characterized by point group and permutation group symmetry. Prochirality, stereogenicity, prostereogenicity, and relevant topics are described in terms of the concept of sphericity. © 2002 The Japan Chemical Journal Forum and Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Chem Rec 2: 164–176; 2002: Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI 10.1002/tcr.10018
Constructing genealogies of teachers' emotions in science teaching
Authors: Zembylas Michalinos 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis article reports on a three‐year ethnographic study with an experienced elementary science teacher and describes the role of her positive and negative emotions in constructing her science pedagogy, curriculum planning, and relationships with children and colleagues. Examples are offered of the different emotional experiences she related to her science teaching, and it is shown how insights from this research are useful and significant to researchers and educators who want to improve science teaching and learning. A conceptual and methodological framework developed by the author that is based on an interdisciplinary approach in researching emotions is presented. Finally, some implications of researching emotions for elementary science teacher education and science education reform are suggested. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 39: 79–103, 2002
Fetal methotrexate and misoprostol exposure: The past revisited
Authors: Wheeler Marsha , O'Meara Patrick , Stanford Michelle 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackgroundFetal aminopterin/methotrexate syndrome was described nearly 50 years ago when these agents were first used as abortifacients. Physicians essentially stopped using these agents when the associated anomalies were recognized. Over the last several years the use of methotrexate with or without misoprostol for management of ectopic pregnancy and medical terminations of pregnancy has increased.MethodsA 23‐year‐old female sought a termination at eight weeks gestation. She was given methotrexate followed by misoprostol.ResultsThe medical termination was unsuccessful. The patient elected to continue the pregnancy secondary to financial considerations. She presented at 39 weeks without intervening prenatal care. She was diagnosed with severe preeclampsia. At delivery the infant was hypotonic and growth restricted with multiple anomalies.ConclusionsPhysicians are increasingly using methotrexate with or without misoprostol for treatment of ectopic pregnancies and medical terminations. Clinicians need to be aware of the characteristic teratologic effects of these two agents. Teratology 66:73–76, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Offspring of male and female parents with thalidomide embryopathy: Birth defects and functional anomalies
Authors: Strömland Kerstin , Philipson Eva , Andersson Grönlund Marita 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of the study was to evaluate congenital malformations and functional anomalies in the offspring of Swedish parents with thalidomide embryopathy (TE).MethodsSixty‐four children (29 girls, 35 boys) with ages ranging from 0–18 years, born to 34 Swedish parents (14 women, 20 men) with TE, were studied. Data on malformations and dysfunction were collected from medical records at maternity and child healthcare units, delivery units, hospitals, outpatient clinics and schools.ResultsFive children had both a mother and father with TE, 23 had a mother suffering from TE, and in 36 children the father had TE. One girl had a major malformation consisting of pulmonary stenosis, and single cases of minor physical features and positional deformities were observed. One boy had autism. Four children were born preterm, all to a TE mother. One child died within 24 hr after birth. Seven spontaneous abortions were registered, five of them in TE mothers. The cesarian section rate was 39% among the TE mothers, compared to 14% among the non‐TE mothers.ConclusionsMalformations or functional anomalies similar to those typical for TE were not found in this group of children born to Swedish parents with TE. Cesarian sections were more frequently performed in TE mothers, partly because of pelvic and uterine malformations. Teratology 66:115–121, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The mycotoxins citrinin, gliotoxin, and patulin affect interferon‐γ rather than interleukin‐4 production in human blood cells
Authors: Wichmann G. , Herbarth O. , Lehmann I. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractExposure to molds diminishes the numbers of T‐helper type 1 (Th1) cells in the peripheral blood of children and is a risk factor for the development of allergic diseases (results of LARS: Leipzig Allergy Risk Children Study, Mueller et al. 2002). We hypothesized that mycotoxins are responsible for this effect and therefore investigated the influence of citrinin, gliotoxin, and patulin on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). CD3/CD28‐stimulated PBMC of healthy donors were incubated for 24 h with the mycotoxins in serial dilutions and triplicates. Vitality and proliferation were tested using the MTT assay and T‐cell function by the expression of cytokines (ELISA, intracellular cytokine staining, and real‐time polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) for interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) and interleukin‐4 (IL‐4). The cytokine secretion was inhibited at concentrations 2–130 times lower compared to vitality (ELISA versus MTT assay). The strongest inhibition of cytokine expression was found for IFN‐γ: 8.3 μg/mL citrinin, 34.2 ng/mL gliotoxin, and 64.8 ng/mL patulin caused a 50% inhibition of the IFN‐γ release (50% inhibitory dose, ID50). For IL‐4 release the corresponding ID50 values were 21.6 μg/mL citrinin, 82.8 ng/mL gliotoxin, and 243.2 ng/mL patulin. Furthermore, 3 ng/mL patulin caused a significant increase of IL‐4 but a significant suppression of IFN‐γ. On the mRNA level, after 24 h an unaltered or enhanced IL‐4 was observed compared to a reduced IFN‐γ expression. Using a method of intracellular cytokine staining, we were able to show that the described effects are caused by a reduction of the number of IFN‐γ‐producing T lymphocytes rather than by a reduced functional capacity of the single cell. We suggest that mycotoxins primarily cause stronger inhibition of IFN‐γ‐producing Th1 cells, which may lead to T‐cell polarization toward the Th2 phenotype and may raise the risk for the development of allergies. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 17: 211–218, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/tox.10050
New paradigms for interactive 3D volume segmentation
Authors: Harders Matthias , Wildermuth Simon , Székely Gábor 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe present a new virtual reality‐based interaction metaphor for semi‐automatic segmentation of medical 3D volume data. The mouse‐based, manual initialization of deformable surfaces in 3D represents a major bottleneck in interactive segmentation. In our multi‐modal system we enhance this process with additional sensory feedback. A 3D haptic device is used to extract the centreline of a tubular structure. Based on the obtained path a cylinder with varying diameter is generated, which in turn is used as the initial guess for a deformable surface. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantitative analysis of zinc in prostate cancer tissues using synchrotron radiation microbeams
Authors: Ide‐Ektessabi A. , Fujisawa S. , Sugimura K. , Kitamura Y. , Gotoh A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractMetallic elements and their organic compounds have dynamic regulatory functions in cells. The role of zinc and its possible causal effects in prostate cancer has attracted attention in recent years. X‐ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy using a synchrotron radiation (SR) microbeam was applied to cancerous and the normal tissues of the human prostate in order to investigate the differences in the density and distribution of zinc in these tissues. Zinc was detected in both the cancerous and the normal tissues. In the cancerous tissues, the density of zinc was 89–221 ppm in the adenocarcinoma and 44–713 ppm in the stroma. In the normal tissues, zinc was detected at 158–474 ppm in the epithelial cells and 101–180 ppm in the stroma. Calcium and other trace metallic elements were also detected in the cancerous and normal tissues. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Research on grain size effect in XRF analysis of pelletized samples
Authors: Mzyk Zofia , Baranowska Irena , Mzyk Jan 
Published: October 2002

AbstractCalibration with an internal standard was applied to eliminate particle size effects for powdered samples of copper ores, concentrates and copper slag prepared in the form of pellets. Internal standards were added in a powder form of extremely small particle size, which means that changes in their particle size could cause only negligible changes in their x‐ray fluorescence intensity. The observed clear relationship between the internal standard x‐ray fluorescence intensity and sample particle size was applied for the correction of x‐ray fluorescence intensities of many analytes. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Robust non‐Gaussian statistics and long‐range correlation of total ozone
Authors: Toumi R. , Syroka J. , Barnes C. , Lewis P. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThree long‐term total ozone time series at Camborne, Lerwick and Arosa are examined for their statistical properties. Non‐Gaussian behaviour is seen for all locations. There are large interannual fluctuations in the higher moments of the probability distribution. However, only the mean for all stations and summer standard deviation at Lerwick show significant trends. This suggests that there has been no long‐term change in the stratospheric circulation, but there are decadal variations. The time series can be also characterised as scale invariant with a Hurst exponent of about 0.8 for all three sites. The Arosa time series was found to be weakly intermittent, in agreement with the non‐Gaussian characteristics of the data set. Copyright © 2001 Academic Press.