bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Refining the “Equal Protection Clause” of the Workplace
Authors: Estlund Cynthia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The law has a well-established role in securing equal opportunity in the workplace. By prohibiting discrimination in the composition and the treatment of a workforce, the law of equal employment tends to make workplaces more heterogeneous and less stratified on the basis of race, sex, and other traits that have historically shaped individuals’ employment opportunities. It tends, in short, to produce workplaces that are more integrated and more likely to foster constructive intergroup bonds. So one important component of a strategy for building the civic potential of the workplace lies in the already well-developed legal effort to make workplaces more egalitarian, particularly along lines of race, ethnicity, and sex.
Yet the law’s commitment to equal opportunity in the workplace, and its tendency to produce greater integration, does not always add up to an affirmative commitment to workplace integration. It should. We have seen that workplace integration—both more-than-token representation and genuine intergroup interaction-is a crucial social good. Moreover, as an empirical matter, workplace integration is closely linked, even essential to, real workplace equality.
Hormone Use in Menopause & Male Andropause
Authors: Segal Sheldon J , Mastroianni Luigi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book, by two of the most distinguished figures in fertility and reproduction research, answers all the most common questions about menopause and andropause, and hormone resupplement therapy (HRT) for menopausal women. It offers explanations of all aspects of this subject, presenting balanced and reliable information about benefits, risks, and prospects for this field. Segal invented Norplant, the first long-term implantable contraceptive, and as the leader of Reproductive Biology at the Population Council, he orchestrated and coordinated the research and trials leading to basically every new contraceptive introduced over a period of about 25 years. Mastroianni did more than anyone else to develop in vitro fertizilation as a viable treatment option, and was for many years the chairman of the largest department of obstetrics and gynecology, and the director of the most successful IVF clinic. This book is unique in including coverage of the climacteric in men.
Apes and Men
Authors: Restall Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Why is Conquest history so ridden with myths? According to the anthropologist Samuel Wilson, we seek to distance ourselves from the history of the Contact and Conquest because of the tragedy it contains. “It is politically safer and emotionally less taxing,” suggests Wilson, “to blur history into myth and thereby confine it.” This argument helps to explain not only the modern perpetuation of Conquest myths, but also their development in the Conquest period itself. That these myths can be found alive and well in both the sixteenth and twentyfirst centuries should not surprise us; after all, as Wilson points out, we are still living in “the contact period.”
Leif Edvinsson: The Intelligent Organization
Authors: Chatzkel Jay L . 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Leif Edvinsson is a key contributor to the theory and practice of intellectual capital. In this conversation, he explores the basis for IC and the IC growth model. Edvinsson examines what creates value in the world of knowledge-based organizations and the various ways in which we will be upgrading our own knowledge base. Since understanding and focusing on intellectual capital requires a significant rethinking of what really drives value, he looks at the challenge that intellectual capital leadership has in changing its mindset so it can use the structural capital of organizations to turbocharge the capabilities of our human capital. The out come of this is the development of truly intelligent organizations but organizations of a very different nature. These new organizations may well evolve into communities, and instead of employees, we will become citizens of those communities.
Failure To Thrive
Authors: Niedbala Barbara , Swanson Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Inadequate growth of infants and young children has been traditionally called failure to thrive (FTT). Diagnostic criteria for FTT distinguish infants and children with chronic inadequate growth (weight for age (5th percentile) from those in whom there is a recognizable retardation of growth velocity (usually a shift of two or more major growth percentiles). The child’s inability to consume sufficient nutrients to sustain adequate growth may stem from a variety of diseases (organic FTT or OFTT), environmental causes (nonorganic FTT or NOFTT), or from a combination of both. Growth failure affects 10% to 30% of children in indigent populations; FTT accounts for 1% to 5% of hospital admissions of children younger than 2 years of age in the United States. Inadequate growth has been closely linked with behavioral, developmental, and intellectual problems that persist even after growth velocity resumes.
Cleft Lip and/or Cleft Palate and Other Craniofacial Anomalies
Authors: Christensen Nedra , Saal Howard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) and cleft palate (CP) result from incomplete merging and fusion of embryonic processes during formation of the face. Microforms of clefting are also known to occur, the best example being submucous CP. In this condition there is incomplete fusion of the muscular layers of the velum (soft palate) with fusion of the overlying mucosa. In children and adults with submucous CP, the clinical features are highly variable, ranging from an isolated, inconspicuous clinical finding of bifid uvula to severe speech (hypernasality) and feeding difficulties, often with attendant chronic otitis media. Cleft palate and CL/P have multiple etiologies as well. They are often associated with underlying syndromes. Additionally, orofacial clefts are classified by anatomical involvement. This includes unilateral cleft lip, bilateral cleft lip, cleft lip with cleft palate (generally indicating involvement of the primary and secondary palates) cleft palate, and cleft palate secondary to Pierre Robin sequence4 (Figs. 25–1, 25–2, and 25–3). Hundreds of disorders have been associated with orofacial clefts, including both genetic and teratogenic conditions. Among the most common causes of cleft palate is the Pierre Robin sequence. This specifically refers to disruption of normal elevation of the fusion of the palatal shelves secondary to micrognathia and a posterally placed tongue (Fig. 25–2). Like all orofacial clefts, Pierre Robin sequence can be caused by multiple underlying disorders.
Allergy and Immunological Disorders in Children
Authors: Assa’ad Amal , Sutton Steve 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is extensive interplay between the human immune system and nutrition. The integrity of the immune system depends in part on healthy nutritional status, while congenital or acquired immunodeficiencies may lead to cachexia and malnutrition. Other disruptions of the immune response that lead to an allergic reaction, for example the development of food allergy, may impair the individual’s nutritional status. This chapter will give a very brief overview of the immune system, immunodeficiencies, and the interaction of nutrition and immunity. We will then discuss food allergy in children as an example of an allergic disorder with an impact on nutrition. In the past decade there has been an explosion of information related to the human immune system and its amazing capabilities. For all its strength, however, it relies on adequate nutrition to function properly. The immune system is so interdependent with the host’s nutritional status that even deficiencies of trace elements can predispose to life-threatening infection. The human immune system has several layers of protection against invading microorganisms. The first and most evident line of defense consists of physical barriers. Intact skin with all of its secretions forms an almost impermeable barrier to microorganisms. Sweat and sebaceous gland secretions can inhibit the growth of bacteria. In the eyes and respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, tears, mucus, saliva, and stomach acid work in concert with mechanical processes to clear microorganisms from the epithelium. These physical barriers, along with the complement of commensal bacteria, greatly reduce the likelihood of infection. If a microorganism breaks through these defenses, the host has other, more sophisticated mechanisms to stop the spread of infection.
Congenital Heart Disease And Lipid Disorders In Children
Authors: Lewis Alan , Hsieh Violet 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The incidence of congenital heart disease (CHD) is 8–10 per 1000 live births (20 per 1000 live births if nonstenotic bicuspid aortic valves are included), and this represents 12% of all congenital malformations. Approximately 32,000 infants are born annually in the United States with congenital heart abnormalities. Just over one-fourth of these are severe enough to result in cardiac catheterization, surgery, or death within the first year of life. With the improvements in surgical techniques and survival over the past several decades, it is estimated that one million Americans are alive today with congenital cardiac defects.2 From 1989 to 1999, deaths rates from congenital cardiovascular defects declined by 31.5%. Congenital heart anomalies may be divided into two broad categories: acyanotic and cyanotic. Within the former grouping, defects may be further classified into left-to-right shunt lesions, such as atrial septal defects (ASD) and ventricular septal defects (VSD) or obstructive lesions, such as aortic and pulmonary valve stenosis or coarctation of the aorta. Cyanotic heart malformations include complete transposition of the great arteries and tetralogy of Fallot. Table 32–1 lists the more common malformations in each of these categories.
Constipation And Fiber
Authors: Ekvall Shirley W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Constipation can be a complaint in as many as one-fourth of pediatric patients. DiLorenzo states that “immobilization, abnormal colonic motility, inability to contract the abdominal muscles, and inadequate fiber intake contribute to the high prevalence of constipation children with neurological impairments.” Typically, formula-fed infants have only one bowel movement daily, whereas breast-fed infants have two or three. Constipation exists only when the stools are hard, dry, and eliminated with difficulty. Gabriel et al. divide the causes of constipation into five categories: Anal irritation or parents’ references to stools as “dirty” may also lead to constipation. The North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition has developed a plan for evaluation and treatment by clinical practitioners. A personal history and physical exam are the main components of the evaluation. Treatment includes education, behavior modification, and possibly medication. The average stool weighs approximately 25 g, depending on diet and fiber intake, and has a transit time of 33 hours. Emptying of the rectum occurs when there is increased abdominal pressure caused by peristalsis in the rectal wall. This increased pressure is generated through synchronization of autonomic and voluntary muscles and sensory fibers. As the infant matures, the rectum length increases and rectal valves develop. By 39 weeks of functional age, the internal anal sphincter reflex appears.
Phenylketonuria And Maternal Phenylketonuria
Authors: Hunt Melanie , Berry Susan , Berry, Helen , Leslie Nancy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Phenylketonuria (PKU) may be the most thoroughly studied inherited metabolic disorder, a disorder in which the consequences can be multigenerational and can have significantly different outcomes. A neonate may be born with PKU or may be an offspring of a woman with maternal phenylketonuria (MPKU). The neonate with PKU will require long-term treatment to prevent developmental problems, while the pregnant woman with PKU must maintain exquisite control of her metabolic disorder to prevent harmful effects on her unborn child (Fig. 39–1). Phenylketonuria was first described by a Norwegian physician, Asbjörn Fölling, in 1934, after a persistent and observant mother asked him to determine the cause of mental retardation in her two children. He noted a peculiar clinging odor about the children and suspected that it might be a clue to their mental retardation. After testing the urine of each child for a possible infection and finding none, he tested some acidified urine with an aqueous ferric chloride solution, expecting to find the red-brown color characteristic of ketones. Instead, he observed a dark green color now known to be characteristic of phenylpyruvic acid, a metabolite of phenylalanine. Phenylketonuria remained a somewhat obscure biochemical curiosity for nearly 20 years. In 1951 Woolf and Vulliamy suggested that there might be a relation between excess phenylalanine and brain damage. At about the same time, Armstrong and Tyler in the United States began studies on the effects of phenylalanine-restricted diets, and Bickel et al. published the first report in 1953 describing marked clinical improvement after use of a phenylalanine-restricted diet. However, these initial attempts at therapy showed that initiation of treatment after recognition of developmental delay was futile in reversing the established cognitive damage. In contrast, initiation of therapy in affected newborns born into families known to be at high risk for PKU established the principle that diet could prevent cognitive damage.
Tyrosinemia
Authors: Roberts Rebecca , Spronsen Francjan Van , Ekvall, Shirley W , Ekvall Valli K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1932 the term tyrosinemia was first used to describe a single patient with constant urinary excretion of large quantities of tyrosine and the tyrosine metabolites, p-hydroxy phenyllactic (p-HPLA) and p-hydroxy phenylpyruvic acids (p-HPPA),1 which together are called tyrosyluria. Subsequent to this description, several conditions resulting from different defects were found to produce the biochemical features of tyrosinemia and tyrosyluria. So far, five defects in the catabolic pathway of tyrosine metabolism have been described (Fig. 40–1). All of these defects are transmitted as autosomal recessive traits. Apart from tyrosinemia types I, II, and III, alkaptonuria and maleylacetoacetate isomerase (MAA) deficiency have been described, the last being reported in one paper, the problems corresponding with tyrosinemia type I. Therefore, this chapter does not describe the problems related to MAA deficiency.
Isovaleric Acidemia And 3-Methylcrotonyl Glycinuria
Authors: Frazier Dianne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The essential branched-chain amino acids, leucine, isoleucine, and valine, are catabolized by separate but similar pathways that involve transamination and oxidative decarboxylation steps. The coenzyme A (CoA) thioesters formed by the latter step are metabolized to simple organic acid intermediates that can then enter the general metabolic pathway. In this chapter two organic acidemias, which result from impaired leucine catabolism, will be discussed: isovaleryl CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (IVA) and 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase deficiency (3-MCG). Both of these disorders respond to dietary intervention. Normal outcomes are possible, especially in infants who are diagnosed and treated presymptomatically following newborn screening by tandem mass (MS/MS) spectrometry. This technology can detect abnormal concentrations of the carnitine adjuncts of the accumulated organic acids in blood spotted on filter paper.
Adrenoleukodystrophy And Other Peroxisomal Disorders
Authors: Moser Hugo , Brereton Nga Hong 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Genetically determined peroxisomal disorders are divided into two major categories: (1) disorders of peroxisome biogenesis, in which the organelle is not normally formed, and (2) disorders that involve a single peroxisomal enzyme. The biochemical and gene defects in each of these disorders have been defined. A list of the disorders with pertinent references follows: X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is the most common peroxisomal disorder. Its frequency is estimated to be 1:17,000 and approaches that of phenylketonuria. The gene defect involves ABCD1, a gene that has been mapped to chromosome Xq28 and codes for a peroxisomal membrane protein, ALDP. The principal biochemical abnormality is the accumulation of saturated very long chain fatty acids (VLCFA), mainly hexacosanoic (C26:0) and tetracosanoic (C24:0), in tissues and also in plasma. X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy leads to progressive neurological disability. Approximately 70% of patients also have adrenal insufficiency (Addison disease), which responds well to adrenal hormone replacement therapy. X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy involves the X chromosome. Men, who have only one X chromosome, are thus more severely affected. Women, who have one abnormal X chromosome, are referred to as heterozygotes and are protected to a varying extent by their other X chromosome, which is nearly always normal. Early neurological and mental development is entirely normal in both boys and girls.
Lactose Intolerance
Authors: Hack Shirley , Bergwerk Ari 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lactose intolerance is a type of maldigestion in which a standard dose of lactose cannot be tolerated without developing biochemical changes. Symptoms of diarrhea, abdominal pain, bloating, and flatulence may also be present. Lactose intolerance is not an allergic reaction and should not be confused with milk protein allergy. It is the most common food intolerance and the most common carbohydrate malabsorption disorder. Lactose is the major carbohydrate source in the neonatal period. It is the preferred carbohydrate for infants, as it enhances the absorption of minerals such as calcium and magnesium, as well as the growth of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria in the intestinal tract Young children and adolescents continue to receive a significant amount of lactose in their diet from milk and milk products such as cheese and ice cream.
Cystic Fibrosis And Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
Authors: Luder Elisabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common life-threatening autosomal recessive disease of Caucasians in the United States. It affects 1/3000 live births. Although primarily a disease of Caucasians, CF has been described in virtually every race and has an approximate incidence of 1 per 17,000 in blacks. The disease is characterized by impaired epithelial transport of electrolytes and fluid, producing thick, viscous secretions in the lungs, pancreatic ducts, hepatobiliary ducts, intestinal glands, and vas deferens, as well as poor chloride reabsorption in the sweat duct. The clinical sequelae reflect the multiorgan involvement: lung disease, pancreatic insufficiency, cirrhosis, neonatal meconium ileus, cystic fibrosis–related diabetes (CFRD), and distal intestinal obstruction syndrome. All of these problems can interfere with the intake, assimilation, or utilization of nutrients and lead to malnutrition.
Lymphatic System
Authors: Allanson Judith E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The lymphatic system plays a fundamental part in regulating the physiologic environment by returning protein, cells, mac- romolecules, and fluid to the bloodstream, as well as by removing metabolic byproducts, dying or mutant cells, microbes, and inorganic matter. It also acts as a conduit for trafficking immune cell populations. Lymphatics were first observed by Herophilos about 300 BC and by Erasistratus about 310–250 BC, but it was not until 1622 that Asellius described lacteals and their content in the mesentery of dogs and human beings. Pecquet described the cisterna chyli and thoracic duct shortly thereafter.
Language and Gender in the (Hetero)Romance: “Reading” the Ideal Hero/ine through Lovers’ Dialogue in Japanese Romance Fiction
Authors: Shibamoto Smith Janet S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Romantic category fiction (love stories) provides a rich source of data about women’s and men’s romantic expressivity. Such texts offer cultural models of how heterosexual couples falling in love are represented as thinking and speaking about their feelings. This chapter centers around a linguistic analysis of the dialogue between female and male protagonists in a set of nine romances drawn from the three major subgenres of Japanese romance fiction. The goal of this chapter is not to describe how real Japanese women and men act as they embark on the projects of courtship and seduction but to begin to understand what cultural models are available to at least some of them−that is, the largely female readership of romance novels−as they set about falling in love. This chapter, then, brings issues of emotionality and sexuality, specifically heterosexuality, into Japanese language and gender studies.
Alternative Femininity: Personae of Middle-aged Mothers
Authors: Matsumoto Yoshiko 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The origins of the common perceptions of femininity and of female roles within Japanese society have been illuminated in sociological and anthropological studies of Japanese women. For example, Lebra, describing the traditional socialization and discipline of young people in Japan, discusses an aspect of discipline that she labels “femininity training”: training in manners and comportment according to the culturally standardized codes of propriety that were imposed upon young women (1984:42). According to her description, which is largely based on the prewar and wartime experience of women, the three dimensions of “femininity training” were “modesty,” “elegance,” and “tidiness.” Women were trained to efface themselves in behavior that included posture, movement, and speech, and to portray elegance and tidiness in their handling of objects. With regard to speech according to Lebra, the prescription of modesty “demanded overall reticence, a soft voice, the polite and feminine style of speech, and avoidance of exposing the oral cavity” (1984:42).
Japanese Junior High School Girls’ and Boys’ First-Person Pronoun Use and Their Social World
Authors: Miyazaki Ayumi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, I analyze diverse linguistic practices of Japanese junior high school students that go against the Japanese ideology of gender-divided language. In particular, I explore girls’ and boys’ untraditional first-pronoun usage, as demonstrated in the preceding comments of a girl who says that she uses the supposedly vulgar masculine first-person pronoun, ore, and of a boy who reports that he eschews this masculine pronoun. This chapter examines such linguistic practices by locating them within students’ social world, namely, their peer-group relations, and within the power dynamics of their gakkyuu, the fundamental unit of Japanese schools.
Dental Morphology, Proportions, and Attrition
Authors: Hillson Simon W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The abundant dental remains from Dolní Věstonice and Pavlov consist of teeth present in the alveoli of the six associated skeletons, in the Pavlov 2 and 3 maxilla and mandible, and in the collections of isolated elements from Dolní Věstonice I and II and Pavlov I (Chapter 5). From Dolní Věstonice I, there are the 31 teeth of Dolni V0stonice 3, plus 16 isolated teeth, 5 of which have been lost. From Dolní Věstonice II, there are 116 teeth from the four associated skeletons, 9 teeth that make up the Dolní Věstonice 36 infant, and 1 isolated tooth. Pavlov I yielded the 27 teeth in Pavlov 1, 11 teeth in Pavlov 2 and 3, and 26 isolated teeth for Pavlov 5 to 28. This provides a total of 237 teeth, of which 232 are currently available for analysis. There are few Paleolithic sites or site complexes that provide as much data on dental remains as do these sites on the Pavlovské Hills.