bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vestibulo‐Ocular Reflex Abnormalities in Patients With Migraine
Authors: Helm Melvin R. 
Published: April 2005

Objective.—To investigate the high‐frequency vestibulo‐ocular reflex (VOR) in patients with migraine, with and without dizziness and aura.Background.—Migraine is a common cause of dizziness. Although many vestibular testing abnormalities have been documented in migraine patients, high‐frequency VOR abnormalities have not been reported.Methods.—Thirty‐nine consecutive patients with migraine were studied with the vestibular autorotation test (VAT®). The patients were subclassified as having migraine headache only, migraine with visual aura, migraine with dizziness, or migraine with visual aura and dizziness.Results.—Only a high vertical phase in the 4 to 5 Hz range was correlated with migraine (correlation coefficients: .356, P= .03). Further analysis revealed that an abnormal 4 to 5 Hz vertical phase result also was positively correlated with migraine with aura and dizziness (correlation coefficients: .392).Conclusion.—The results suggest that patients with migraine may have an abnormal vertical VOR at higher head movement frequencies. Migraine patients with visual aura and dizziness are even more likely to have this abnormality.
Pilot Study Evaluating Preference for 3‐mg Versus 6‐mg Subcutaneous Sumatriptan
Authors: Landy Stephen H. , McGinnis Judy E. , McDonald Susan A. 
Published: April 2005

Background.—Subcutaneous sumatriptan (6 mg) is undeniably an excellent treatment of migraine. However, some patients have avoided using 6 mg sumatriptan because of unpleasant or unwanted side effects.Objective.—To evaluate the efficacy of subcutaneous sumatriptan (3 mg) during a moderate or severe migraine attack.Methods.—Thirty subcutaneous sumatriptan‐naïve patients with a history of migraine with and without aura treated their next two moderate or severe migraines with either 3‐mg or 6‐mg sumatriptan injection. The primary endpoint was whether patients preferred the low‐dose (3 mg) or the high‐dose (6 mg) subcutaneous sumatriptan. Other objectives included percentage of patients pain free at 15 and 30 minutes, 1 and 2 hours; a pain‐free response lasting between 2 and 24 hours, patient satisfaction, and acceptability of formulation. A new combination endpoint (efficacy and lack of significant side effects) was also evaluated.Results.—Eighty percent of patients preferred 3‐mg over 6‐mg subcutaneous sumatriptan. At 1 hour postdose 57% of patients were pain free with 3 mg and 53% with 6 mg. At 2 hours postdose 87% were pain free with 3 mg and 80% with 6 mg. A sustained pain‐free response was obtained by 70 to 80% of patients. When combining a pain‐free response at 2 hours and a sustained pain‐free response at 24 hours with no significant side effects, more patients met the endpoint with 3 mg (63 to 67%) than with 6 mg (33 to 50%).Conclusions.—Combining efficacy and tolerability endpoints may be clinically meaningful and reflective of real‐world expectations. In some patients, a lower dose of sumatriptan injection may be beneficial.
The Effects of Greater Occipital Nerve Block and Trigger Point Injection on Brush Allodynia and Pain in Migraine
Authors: Ashkenazi Avi , Young William B. 
Published: April 2005

Objective.—To evaluate the effect of GONB, with or without trigger point injection (TPI), on dynamic mechanical (brush) allodynia (BA) and on head pain in migraine.Background.—Patients with migraine often have cutaneous allodynia that is related to sensitization of central pain neurons. Greater occipital nerve block (GONB) is an effective treatment for migraine headache; however, its effect on cutaneous allodynia in migraine is unknown.Methods.—We studied patients with migraine and BA who were treated with GONB with or without TPI. Demographic data, migraine history, and headache features were documented. Allodynia was evaluated using a structured questionnaire and by applying a 4 × 4‐inch gauze pad to skin areas in the trigeminal and cervical dermatomes. Degree of allodynia (the allodynia score) was measured on a 100‐mm visual analog scale (VAS) before treatment and 10 and 20 minutes thereafter. Headache levels were assessed using an 11‐point verbal scale. Allodynia scores, as well as headache levels, before and after treatment were compared.Results.—Nineteen patients were studied. Mean age was 43.6 ± 11.8 years. Twenty minutes after treatment, headache was reduced in 17 patients (89.5%) and did not change in 2 (10.5%). The average headache level was 6.53 before treatment and 3.47, 20 minutes after it. The average allodynia score decreased after 20 minutes in all patients. Average allodynia score per site was reduced by 18.69 mm and 13.74 mm in the trigeminal and cervical areas, respectively. There was a positive correlation between allodynia index, obtained through the questionnaire, and allodynia score, obtained by examination.Conclusion.—GONB, with or without TPI, reduced both head pain and brush allodynia in this migraine patient group.
Highway Security and Terrorism
Authors: Field Mary A. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis article presents an overview of highway transportation security before and after the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, in the context of hazardous materials (hazmat) transportation. It is primarily focused on the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) regulation of motor carrier transportation of hazmat and post‐9/11 efforts to prevent acquisition by terrorists of certain classes of hazmat. In the context of homeland security, motor carrier transportation of hazmat is receiving heightened attention. It should be cautioned, the article highlights a limited number of activities at the federal level only to provide the reader with a sense of ongoing government and industry activities to improve transportation security.
Seeing around Corners: Crafting the New Department of Homeland Security1
Authors: Haynes Wendy 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe development of the nation's homeland security agenda, including building the behemoth new Department of Homeland Security, will for decades to come provide a rich laboratory for scholars, public managers, consultants, and other observers and analysts. In this article, we begin to describe some of the history, key players and institutions, major policy instruments, and organizational challenges in the rapidly evolving arena of homeland security. This article carries with it two primary purposes: (1) to identify some of the key documents and federal‐level initiatives since September 11, and (2) to suggest several areas that beg for additional attention from those who care about effective public policy and administration, whether the particular bent be toward scholarship or practice.
Fighting Poverty with Mobility: A Normative Policy Analysis1
Authors: Imbroscio David L. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractConcentrated urban poverty is America's deepest social problem. Eliminating it stands as our nation's greatest challenge. In this article I analyze from a normative perspective antipoverty policies that attempt to address this problem via “mobility,” that is, policies that attempt to disperse the urban poor to suburban locations. I find these policies to be normatively problematic on two grounds: the level coercion experienced by (and the corresponding lack of free choice given) a vulnerable population and the undesirable effects (in the current context of American urban development) caused by failing to regard established neighborhoods as stable communities. The results of this analysis indicate strongly the need to generate increased levels of economic activity in America's inner cities, and I suggest that more research on this issue be conducted with an eye toward formulating and implementing a comprehensive strategy to bring about inner‐city revitalization.
Immunological Similarities between Implantation and Pre‐eclampsia
Authors: Chaouat Gérard , Ledée‐Bataille Nathalie , Dubanchet Sylvie 
Published: April 2005

Problem:  Cytokines are involved in implantation success and failure. We envisage that they could be similarly involved in pre‐eclampsia (PE).Materials and methods:  First, we review the primipaternity and primiparity concepts and then why natural killer (NK) cells are involved in implantation. We stress that the common event in all PE is vascular remodelling.Results and conclusion:  We conclude that PE could involve cytokine and/or NK dysfunctions, and propose a working hypothesis.
Nitric Oxide Levels and Nitric Oxide Synthase Expression in Uterine Samples from Mares Susceptible and Resistant to Persistent Breeding‐induced Endometritis
Authors: Alghamdi Abdorrahman S. , Foster Douglas N. , Carlson Cathy S. , Troedsson Mats H. T. 
Published: April 2005

Problem: Breeding‐induced endometritis (BIE) in the mare is resolved by 36 hr after insemination in resistant mares. However, 10–15% susceptible broodmares fail to do so because of impaired uterine contractility between 7 and 19 hr after exposure to seminal or bacterial challenge, which reduces their fertility.Method of study: Nitric oxide (NO) in uterine secretions, and expression of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in uterine biopsies were compared between susceptible and resistant groups 13 hr after insemination.Results: Susceptible mares had a higher NO in their uterine secretions and greater inducible NOS (iNOS) expression in their biopsies compared with resistant mares.Conclusions: The NO mediates smooth muscle relaxation, but its role in persistent BIE has not been determined. Our data suggests a possible role of NO, either directly or in a NO‐associated pathway, in delayed uterine clearance.
Expression of Inhibitory‐Motif Killer Immunoglobulin‐Like Receptor, KIR2DL1, is Increased in Natural Killer Cells from Women with Pelvic Endometriosis
Authors: Matsuoka Satomi , Maeda Nagamasa , Izumiya Chiaki , Yamashita Chika , Nishimori Yoshiko , Fukaya Takao 
Published: April 2005

Problem:  We investigated inhibitory and activation motif expression of killer immunoglobulin‐like receptor (KIR) by natural killer (NK) cells, which may be pathogenetically involved in endometriosis.Method of study:  We compared cells from 24 Japanese women laparoscopically diagnosed with endometriosis, to cells from 25 women with other laparoscopic diagnoses. KIR expression by NK cells was assessed in peripheral blood (PB) and peritoneal fluid (PF) by flow cytometry. Intracellular immunoreceptor tyrosine‐based (IT) inhibitory and activation motifs (ITIM and ITAM) of KIR in PB was assessed by Western blotting.Results:  ITIM‐KIR expression by PB NK cells was significantly and similarly greater than ITAM‐KIR expression in women with and without endometriosis. Percentages of CD56+ NK cells in PB and PF did not differ significantly between women with and without endometriosis; however, the percentage of CD158a+ cells among CD56+ NK cells in PB and PF was significantly higher in women with than without endometriosis.Conclusions:  ITIM‐KIR expressing NK cells might confer tolerance to peritoneal endometriotic implants.
ACID PH PRODUCED BY LACTIC ACID BACTERIA PREVENT THE GROWTH OF BACILLUS CEREUS IN BOZA, A TRADITIONAL FERMENTED TURKISH BEVERAGE
Authors: GÜVEN KIYMET , BENLİKAYA NURAY 
Published: April 2005

ABSTRACT The growth and survival of Bacillus cereus, a known pathogen commonly found in cereals, during lactic acid fermentation of boza, a traditional Turkish cereal beverage, was studied. In the boza base inoculated with both the starter culture and B. cereus, the acidity developed to pH 2.6 and 0.8% titratable acidity after 72 h; the growth of B. cereus was reduced from 3.9 log cfu/mL to 1 log cfu/mL within 72 h. The control boza base to which starter was not added had a pH of 3, titratable acidity of 0.8%. The B. cereus in this boza base to which no starter culture was added dropped to 1 log cfu/mL after 72 h. No strains of lactic acid bacteria were found to produce bacteriocins antagonistic to B. cereus. Low pH and acidity were found to be the major factors inhibiting growth of B. cereus in boza.
SPECIFIC KNOWLEDGE AND DIVISIONAL PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT
Authors: Jensen Michael C. , Meckling William H. 
Published: April 2005

This paper discusses five common divisional performance measurement methods—cost centers, revenue centers, profit centers, investment centers, and expense centers—and provides the beginnings of a theory that attempts to explain when each of these five methods is likely to be the most efficient. The central insight of the theory is that each of these methods offers an alternative way of aligning decision‐making authority with valuable “specific knowledge” inside the organization.The theory suggests that cost and revenue centers work best in cases where headquarters has good information about cost and demand functions, product quality, and optimal output mix. Profit centers—defined as business units whose managers have responsibility for overall profits, but not the authority to make major capital spending decisions—tend to supplant revenue and cost centers when the line managers have a significant informational advantage over headquarters and when there are few interdependencies (or “synergies”) between divisions. Investment centers—that is, profit centers in which unit managers are allowed to make major investment decisions—tend to prevail when the activity is capital‐intensive and when it is difficult for headquarters to identify the value‐maximizing investment strategy.In evaluating the performance of profit centers, rate‐of‐return performance measures like RONA (return on net assets) are likely to be effective when unit managers have little influence over the level of new investment. But, in the case of investment centers, Economic Value Added, or EVA, is likely to be the most effective single‐period measure of performance because it is best designed to encourage value‐maximizing investment decisions.
EVIDENCE ON EVA
Authors: Biddle Gary C. , Bowen Robert M. , Wallace James S. 
Published: April 2005

EVA has attracted considerable attention as an alternative to traditional accounting earnings for use in both valuation and incentive compensation. With a host of consultants now marketing related metrics, numerous claims have been made—most based on anecdotal evidence or in‐house studies. This paper summarizes the authors' independent evidence regarding EVA's alleged advantages.The authors begin by reviewing the theory that links the underlying concept of residual income to shareholder value. Second, they discuss how Stern Stewart modifies residual income to produce its proprietary EVA metric and show how median EVA compares with residual income, net income, and operating cash flows over the period 1988–97. Third, they examine the claim that EVA is more closely associated with stock returns and firm value than is net income. Their evidence indicates that EVA does not dominate net income in associations with stock returns and firm values. Fourth, they examine a second claim that compensation plans based on residual income motivate managers to take actions consistent with increasing shareholder value. Here the evidence (from a study by Wallace) suggests that managers do respond to residual income‐based incentives by, for example, increasing asset sales, cutting capital expenditures, repurchasing stock, and producing higher levels of residual income. The authors conclude by arguing that a metric such as EVA can be effective for internal incentive purposes even if it conveys little news to market participants regarding the firm's valuation.
THE DESIGN OF MULTI‐YEAR STOCK OPTION PLANS
Authors: Hall Brian J. 
Published: April 2005

Despite the explosion in the corporate use of stock options, the incentives created by stock options are not well understood by either the boards who grant them or the executives who are meant to be motivated by them. A major source of confusion stems from the corporate practice of using multi‐year stock option plans. Such multi‐year grants create subtle, potentially important links between current performance and future grants that can significantly dilute incentives for better performance.For example, so‐called “fixed value” plans provide very weak, even perverse, incentives ex ante since the value of future option grants is completely insulated from current performance. Under such plans, an executive's reward for superior performance is to receive fewer options, and to receive more options for substandard performance. In contrast, the fixed number plan creates an intrinsic link between changes in this year's stock price and changes in the value of future option grants.The author also reports the findings of new empirical research that shows that stock option plans, taken as a whole, have a pay‐to‐performance correlation that is eight times stronger than that of salary and bonus. But, consistent with the analysis above, fixed value option plans have pay‐to‐performance that is only six times that of salary and bonus, as compared to ten times for fixed number plans.
THE LIQUIDITY ROUTE TO A LOWER COST OF CAPITAL
Authors: Amihud Yakov , Mendelson Haim 
Published: April 2005

The managements of many public companies do not pay much attention to the liquidity of their securities. Many if not most CEOs and CFOs feel powerless to affect what goes on in financial markets, and a common attitude among top executives is that maintaining liquidity is the concern of the securities exchanges and the Securities and Exchange Commission. This approach may work for those companies whose stocks are already highly liquid—a group made up mainly of large‐cap companies, as well as a number of smaller high‐flying, high‐tech firms. But, for the vast majority of public companies—especially smaller and mid‐sized firms—this is likely to be the wrong policy.As the authors of this article demonstrated in their pioneering study (published in the Journal of Financial Economics in 1986), liquidity appears to be a major determinant of a company's cost of capital. As their theory suggests and their empirical tests confirmed, the more liquid a company's securities, the lower its cost of capital and the higher its stock price. And, as discussed in this article, academic research since then has produced a large and impressive body of evidence linking greater liquidity to higher stock prices.Although recent technological innovations such as Internet‐based trading have increased liquidity generally, not all companies appear to have benefited equally. The authors offer a number of suggestions for companies intent on increasing the liquidity of their stock. Specifically, they propose that managers do the following: (1) consider measures, such as stock splits, designed to increase their investor base by attracting small investors; (2) seek trading venues for their securities that promise to increase liquidity; and (3) take advantage of the new Internet technology to provide more and better information to investors.Moreover, for smaller companies with little or no analyst coverage, the authors offer the radical suggestion that such companies actually pay analysts to cover their stock, much as companies pay Moody's or Standard & Poors to rate their bonds. This, in the authors' view, would be a more efficient alternative to the current practice of using stock splits to encourage intermediaries to make markets in the firm's shares.
INVESTOR RELATIONS, LIQUIDITY, AND STOCK PRICES
Authors: Brennan Michael J. , Tamarowski Claudia 
Published: April 2005

Although the first investor relations department was established by General Electric as long ago as 1952, the role of investor relations (IR) is one that has largely escaped scientific analysis and academic scrutiny. This article attempts to demonstrate the importance of a company's IR activities for its stock price by establishing a clear chain of causation between the following:

corporate IR activities and the number of stock analysts who follow the firm;
the number of analysts who follow the firm and the liquidity of trading in the firm's shares;
the liquidity of the firm's shares and its required rate of return, or cost of capital.

The authors begin by presenting evidence that corporate IR activities, in the form of high levels of disclosure and presentations to investment analysts, increase the number of analysts who follow the firm by reducing their cost of acquiring information. Studies have also shown that more effective IR tends to improve the accuracy of analyst forecasts and the degree of agreement among analysts.Second, the authors summarize their own research showing that the number of analysts who follow a firm has a positive effect on the liquidity of the firm's shares. More specifically, their findings can be interpreted as saying that, for the average company, coverage by six additional analysts reduces “market‐impact costs” (using a measure known as Kyle's lambda) by 28%, holding volume constant. And when the indirect effect of increased analyst coverage through expanded volume is taken into account, the reduction in trading costs is estimated to be as high as 85%.The final link in the chain of analysis is the growing evidence (much of it reviewed in the preceding article) that increased liquidity leads to a lower cost of capital and thus higher stock prices. In sum, a firm can reduce its cost of capital and increase its stock price through more effective investor relations activities, which reduce the cost of information to the market and to investment analysts in particular.
THE PRIVATE COMPANY DISCOUNT
Authors: Koeplin John , Sarin Atulya , Shapiro Alan C. 
Published: April 2005

When appraisers or investment bankers value privately held companies by making comparisons to otherwise similar public companies, they typically apply a discount. Most practitioners attribute this discount mainly to the relative illiquidity of private companies; and, for this reason, they value private companies based on empirical studies designed to measure illiquidity discounts. But this assumption and the valuations based upon it are likely to be unreliable because private companies are valued differently than public companies owing to a variety of other, more “fundamental” factors that have caused the firm to stay private rather than choosing to list on an exchange.This article presents an alternative framework to estimate the discount for private companies that computes four separate valuation multiples for a set of private transactions and a comparable set of public transactions. After comparing these four sets of multiples for both domestic and foreign firms, the authors reach the following conclusions:

Domestic private companies are acquired at an average 20–30% discount relative to similar public companies when using earnings (more precisely, EBIT and EBITDA) multiples as the basis for valuing the transactions. The average discount measured using price‐ to‐book value multiples are somewhat lower, and there are no significant differences between the revenue multiples of acquired private and public companies.
The private company discounts are larger for foreign companies. Non‐U.S. private companies are acquired at an average discount of 40–50% relative to similar public companies when using earnings multiples to value the transactions. (However, the measured discount is not as statistically significant as for domestic companies be cause of the higher variation in the multiples of foreign companies, probably due to differences in accounting standards between countries.) Also, there are no statistically significant differences between the revenue multiples and the book value multiples of acquired foreign private and public companies.