bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Case Report: A Re-Treatment with Computer Video Imaging Used as an Aid in Diagnosis and Planning
Authors: Geenty J.P. , Sarver D. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
David Sarver graduated from the University of Alabama in 1977 and completed his graduale training in Orthodontics in 1979 at the University of North Carolina.
He is in private practice in Birmingham, Alabama and is also an Adjunct Professor at the University of North Carolina.
Automating Letters with Microsoft Word for Windows
Authors: Gerraty Brian J. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This article offers a simple process for creating a series of separate letter formats and then automating the production of individual letters from them.
These letter formats can then he assembled into various categories and displayed on a computer screen. The key concepts are: Templates, Fields, Auto Macros, Macros and Custom Dialog Boxes.
This is made possible because Word for Windows allows the exploration and alteration of its basic editing commands. It has great flexibility as nothing is set in concrete: a built-in command macro may be changed and a eustom macro created to replace it.
This article assumes the use of Microsoft Word 6.0 and some familiarity with it. The various macros notated are ‘syntax sensitive’ so a full stop or comma in the wrong place, or left out, will result in the macro failing to run.
A simple mathematical study of anterior dental relations Part III: incisor and canine overbite
Authors: Cordato Mark A. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Two previous articles described horizontal interarch relations with a simple model developed. This paper required further development of the horizontal relations to al low vertical overlap to be studied. An analysis of orthodontic and dental-prosthetic models provided values to refine horizontal description then guide vertical calculations. Tooth thickness and angles of the maxiIlary teeth were related to horizontal overlap to produce an estimate of potential overbite. Principles were derived from the calculations and stated. Change can be predicted for overjet and overbite during and after orthodontic treatment. This series of articles expands the logical foundations by rationally considering a broad range of anterior occlusions. There are limitations in observing one or two features of anterior occlusion without comprehending the influence of other significant measurements. Measuring change in anterior overbite is inadequate without concurrently accounting for changes of other variables such as: spacing/enlarging/hypodontia; crowding; buccal relations and tooth thickness. A better understanding of anterior dental relations is possible from use of this model and the principles derived from it.
The similarity between parents and offspring in facial soft tissue: a frontal-view study
Authors: Chang Chen-hsin , Miyazono Hisanobu , Komiya Tomoyuki , Nakasima Akihiko 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Similarities between parents and their offspring in facial soft tissue features were investigated. Fifty boys and fifty girls aged 9-10 years, excluding those with congenital anomalies, were selected. Frontal photographs of the family (father, mother and offspring) were taken and twenty-nine landmarks located on each enlarged tracing made from a photograph. Each landmark was digitised into (x, y) co-ordinate values from which the area and linear ratio dimensions were calculated and statistically evaluated. Results indicated that: (1) The nose was the feature that was most significantly correlated between parents and offspring. (2) The similarities between parents and offspring were closer for the relative positions of other features to the eyes than for individual features of the face. In generał, the correlations between ‘midparents’ (the mean value of both parents) and offspring were higher than those between one parent and offspring. (3) The correlations between parents and offspring for size were higher than those for shape. (4) The similarities between mothers and offspring were closer than those between fathers and offspring. Furthermore: among four pairs of father/son, father/daughter, mother/son and mother/daughter, the mother/daughter pair had the highest correlation and the father/son pair had the lowest, which appears to be related to X-chromosome inheritance.
An odontometric study of a Tibetan population
Authors: Divakar Karanth H.S. , Jayade V.P. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Most of the indices of the norms of tooth dimensions established from model studies are those of a Western population. At present there are few norms for Oriental populations. This study was aimed at establishing mare Oriental norms for various indices and the average tooth size of a particular Tibetan population, Tibetans being a distinct Mongolian type. The overall picture that emerges from all the established indices is that Tibetan teeth are broad and short Mongoloids have a euryprosopic or wide face and a brachycephalic head. This study indicated that the teeth, dental arches and basal areas of the Tibetans in this group conform to this skeletal foundation.
Lingual orthodontics: a review of its history
Authors: Poon Kah Chai , Taverne Aart A.R. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
When lingual orthodontics was first introduced about twenty years ago same called it the ‘ultimate aesthetic appliance’. Patients and practitioners embraced this new treatment alternative with high expectations. Reports of disappointing results and high costs dampened much of the initial excitement and enthusiasm gradually waned. By the late 1980s, the number of practitioners using the technique had fallen sharply, leaving only a handful who still believed in its potential. Relatively little has been written on lingual orthodontics, almost nothing in recent years. This article takes an objective view of its present status.
Orthodontic treatment planning for inclusion of the third molar in the dental arches: Part II
Authors: Lin John Jin-Jong 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Marked lower anterior crowding (late crowding or post-adolescent crowding) often develops at about the time of third molar eruption.1,2,3 Many studies2–12 have implicated the presence of third molars as a cause of this crowding. Despite the fact that there is no clear evidence that this is the case,3–17 many orthodontists and their patients’ referring dentists routinely remove third molars at the retention stage of treatment to prevent crowding later; Ricketts et al.18 even advocate enucleation of the third molar while the patient is very young to prevent future crowding In the following report on two orthodontically-treated patients (the first three cases in this report were published in The Australian Or thodontic Journal, Volume 15, Number 1), the author emphasises the importance of careful consideration of the third molar in the treatment plan.
Two-phase treatment of an Angle Class II division 2 malocclusion
Authors: Rapaport Morris 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This case report describes a two-phase approach to the treatment of an Angle Class II division 2 malocclusion in a growing boy. The first phase utilised a functional appliance (Clark Twin Blocks) du ring puberty and achieved a pleasing improvement in the facial profile. The second phase involved a fixed upper and lower Begg appliance without extractions, followed by retention. An unexpected complication was the failure of the lower left second molar to erupt; surgical removal of cystic elements surrounding this tooth, followed by traction and, later, mechanics to correct the buccal cross-bite, eventually corrected its position.
Anomalous dental morphology and root resorption during orthodontic treatment: a pilot study
Authors: Thongudomporn Udom , Freer Terrence J 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The present study investigated the relation between anomalous dental morphology and root resorption during orthodontic treatment. One hundred and eleven sets of orthodontic records (a total of 1,630 teeth) were examined. Root resorption was determined from post-treatment panoramie radiographs using a five-grade quantitative measurement. It was found that patients with short or blunt roots before treatment underwent significant root shortening during or thodontic treatment. Patients with any one dental anomaly had a significantly higher degree of root resorption compared with patients with no dental anomaly. Invaginated teeth, teeth with thin or pipette-shaped roots and teeth with short or blunt roots were likely to be more susceptible to root resorption than those without such anomalies. Possible linkages between the aetiological factors of dental anomalies and the susceptibility to root resorption were discussed. The presence of anomalous dental morphology should be taken into account in or thodontic treatment planning.
Craniofacial morphology in Chinese and Swedish children with Angle Class I and Class II occlusal relations
Authors: Zeng Xiang-Long , Forsberg Carl-Magnus , Linder-Aronson Sten 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the craniofacial morphology of a group of Chinese children from northern China with a group of Swedish children. Each ethnic group comprised 20 boys and 20 girls with Class I occlusion, and 20 boys and 20 girls with Class II occlusion. The ages of the children ranged from eight to ten years. Lateral cephalometric radiographs were used for the recording of a number of skeletal, dental, nasopharyngeal airway, and hyoid bone variables. The results of the comparisons of the two ethnic groups showed that the antero-posterior dimensions of the anterior cranial base and the maxilla in the Chinese children were significantly smaller than the corresponding dimensions in the Swedish children. The mean values of anterior and posterior face heights, inclination of the upper incisors, and protrusion of the lower incisors, were significantly greater in the Chinese than in the Swedish samples. In the median piane, the size of the nasopharyngeal airway was significantly greater in the Chinese than in the Swedes. This difference was due to the fact that the soft tissues covering the posterior nasopharyngeal wali were thinner in the Chinese children than in the Swedish children. In generał, the ethnic differences were the same in the Class I and the Class II groups. The differences in some of the dental and skeletal characteristics found between northern Chinese and Caucasian children are similar to previously described differences between southern Chinese and Caucasian children.
The reproducibility of cephalometric landmarks: an experimental study on skulls
Authors: Hägg Urban , Cooke Michael S. , Chan Tommy C.K. , Tng Tony T.H. , Lau Paul Y.W. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Few previous cephalometric studies have used dry skulls in order to eliminate the effects of the facial soft tissues. The aim of this study were to quantify the intra-examiner reproducibility of the commonly used cephalometric landmarks, angles and distances, using dry skulls and to compare these errors with previous error data obtained from normal cephalograms of living patients.
Thirty skulls were mounted in a purpose designed holder and repeat cephalograms of each skull were recorded and digitised. All measurements were made relative to an X-Y coordinate reference grid. Scattergrams were produced to show the characteristic distribution of the intra-examiner reproducibility errors for the landmarks, and the reproducibility of the angles and distances were tabulated. This data was compared with a related study that included the soft tissue profile.
The standard deviations of the skeletal and dental angles and distances were greater in the presence of the soft tissues. These differences were up to four times larger for measurements including the location of Nasion (e.g. SNA, SNB and SNPg), which was the landmark location most affected by the presence of soft tissues, and for the distance: lncisal tip of Lower lncisor to Pogonion. Anterior Nasal Spine, in the horizontal piane, was also greatly affected by the presence of the soft tissues.
By using dry skulls, the errors observed in this study may serve as standards for the rational interpretation of clinical cephalometric values.
A twelve-month clinical trial comparing the bracket failure rates of light-cured resin-modified glass-ionomer adhesive and acid-etch chemical-cured composite
Authors: Fowler Peter V. 
Published: January 2024

AbstractA clinical study was undertaken to compare the failure rate over a twelve-month period of orthodontic brackets bonded with a light-cured resin-modified glass-ionomer (Fuji Ortho LC-GC International Japan) and an acid-etch chemically-cured two-paste composite (Orthodontic Concise - 3M USA). Failure rates of 6.1 per cent and 5.4 per cent respectively were reported, with no statistically significant difference b etween the two adhesives. This finding, along with the relative ease of use and possible advantages of reduced risk of peribracket demineralisation, suggests that the resin-modified glass-ionomer adhesive may become more popular as a bracket adhesive.
Variations in treatment need using four screening methods
Authors: Freer Elissa , Freer Terrence J. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The study models of 100 Grade Seven students were used to compare the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI), the Dental Health Component (DHC) and the Aesthetic Component (AC) of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN), and the Danish Ministry of Health (DMH) screening system. The basis for comparison was the agreed subjective assessment of two orthodontists for each subject. Disagreements between the subjective assessment and each screening method were further analysed in an attempt to identify the specific occlusal traits responsible for the disagreement. The DAi under-estimated treatment need in cases with displaced canine teeth, incisor crowding or rotations and increased overbite. The DAi over-estimated treatment need in cases with increased overjet in otherwise well-aligned arches. The DMH guidelines over-estimated treatment need in cases with increased overjet and crowded arches. The DHC was found to be over-sensitive in cases with increased overjet and contact point displacements greater than 2 mm. The AC under-estimated treatment need in cases with excessive overjet and buccally displaced canines, and over-estimated treatment need in cases with spaced arches and deep overbite.
EICO-1: an orthodontist-maintained expert system in clinical Orthodontics
Authors: Poon Kah Chai , Freer Terrence J. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Expert systems are increasingly being used to provide comprehensive interpretative services for diagnosis and treatment planning. Some of these systems are constrained by the complexities of rulebased strategies and a need for knowledge engineers throughout the maintenance phase. A new approach to knowledge acquisition known as Ripple-Down-Rules was used in the development of EICO-1 (Expert lnterpretation in Clinical Orthodontics). This expert-maintained system for automating orthodontic reports has a knowledge base of six hundred and eighty rules, and is maintained by an expert trained only in Orthodontics and without the help of knowledge engineers. EICO-1 is the first expert system in Dentistry to use Ripple-Down-Rules. It has potential as an interactive advisory tool and is applicable in a clinical situotion.
The effect of orthodontic treatment on salivary flow, pH, buffer capacity, and levels of mutans streptococci and lactobacilli
Authors: Chang H.S. , Walsh Laurence J. , Freer Terrence J. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Fixed orthodontic treatment has been shown to cause an increased incidence of enamel demineralisation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in stimulated salivary flow role, pH, buffer capacity, and the levels of mutans streptococci (MS) and lactobacilli in patients undergoing therapy with fixed orthodontic appliances. Saliva samples, plaque index scores and dietary histories were token from 21 sequential patients before the start of treatment, and one month and three months after placement of brackets and bands. There was a statistically significant increase in stimulated salivary flow rate, pH, buffer capacity, plaque index scores, and in the levels of MS and lactobacilli after three months of active treatment. It is postulated that the bolonce between the cariogenic challenge posed by high levels of MS and lactobacilli, and the reparative effects of concurrent increases in salivary flow role, pH and buffer capacity, determines the likelihood of minerał loss or gain over time. A failure to follow basie preventive measures may increase the risk for some patients of enamel decalcification during orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances.
Bond strengths of orthodontic brackets to restorative resin composite surfaces
Authors: Lai Poon Y. , Woods Michael G. , Tyas Martin J. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In orthodontic practice, it is not uncommon to bond brackets to resin composite restorations. With this in mind, this study was designed to compare first the shear/peel strengths of metal, ceramic and polycarbonate brackets bonded to microfilled resin composite (RC), using either a light-cured resinmodified gloss ionomer cement (Fuji Ortha LC), a chemical-cured composite (System 1 +) or a lightcured composite adhesive (Transbond XT); and then to examine the effects of thermacycling on the shear/peel strengths of these systems. Four different brackets were used: Iwo stainless steel (Victory and Optimesh), one ceromie (Transcend 6000) and one polycarbonate (Spirit MB) Seventy-two specimens of each bracket were divided inta three groups for bonding with one of the three adhesives. Half the specimens fram each group were also thermocycled. Mean shear/peel bond strengths were found to be significantly different for the faur different brackets, althaugh not influenced by the three adhesives used within each group. All graups were found to have clinically-acceptable mean bond strengths, except for Spirit MB-System l +. After thermocycling, both Optimesh-Transband XT and Victory-System l + groups shawed superior mean band strengths (26.8 and 24.4 MPa, respectively) when compared with all other groups (p<0.05). Applying the Weibull survival analysis for groups utilising Victory, Transcend 6000 and Spirit MB brackets, those with 90 per cent or greater probabilities of survival included Victory-System l +, Transcend 6000-Fuji Ortho LC, Victory-Fuji Ortho LC and Spirit MB-Transbond XT groups. In all graups, band failure was mainly (64 per cent) cohesive within the RC restorative surface. The thermocycled Spirit MB-Transbond XT group hod the highest frequency of undamaged RC failure interfaces. Despite the focus of this study being on bond strength and the potential for surface damage, it was noted that these properties shauld always be considered alongside other factors such as the strength of the bracket itself, friction within the bracket siat, patients’ wishes, cost of the materiols and the presenting malocclusion.
Tooth movement and vascularity of the dental pulp: a pilot study
Authors: Wong Voon-Sam , Freer Terrence J. , Joseph Bobby K. , Daley Terrence J. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The effect of orthodontic tooth movement on the dental pulp was assessed histologically in twelve subjects. The participants in this study required the extraction of at least two maxillary first premolars for orthodontic treatment. They were asked to wear a maxillary removable appliance that acted to move a randomly determined premolar in a buccal direction. The appliance was designed to avoid contacting the contra-lateral tooth that was used as the matched control. The appliance was initially worn for a week to ensure patient comfort and cooperation. The appliance was then activated and the patient dismissed. Alter two weeks, the appliance was reactivated. Both the control and experimental teeth were extracted three weeks later, on the thirty-fifth day of activated appliance wear. The teeth were fixed, decalcified and sectioned. The sections were stained with haematoxylin and eosin for histological examination. This investigation demonstrated that orthodontic tooth movement did have an effect upon the dental pulp, causing vasodilation in the pulp of an orthodontically stressed tooth.
Comprehensive treatment commenced in the mixed dentition and completed in the permanent dentition: an “early treatment” malocclusion
Authors: Woods Michael 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The management of a ten-year-old female with an Angle Class II division I malocclusion is followed for nearly ten years, through active treatment, until follow-up same years later. Note is made of: the duration of the overall active treatment period; the need for considerable patient cooperation; the fact that the lower incisors did not move forward on their underlying bone while stili moving forward in relation to the APo line; and the fact that, in this instance, the third molars were chosen as appropriate teeth for extraction.
Brackets, epitopes and flash memory cards: a futuristic view of clinical orthodontics
Authors: Sims Milton R. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Orthodontics continues to be a profession anchored in traditional technology using appliances that cause inflammatory periodontal ligament (PDL) responses. Existing concepts of biological tooth movement based largely on histological tissue observations and the application of physical principles require major reassessment. In the next millennium, the genome revolution and knowledge of protein production and control could lead to the genetic correction of dentofacial anomolies and pain-free, biomolecular methods of malocclusion correction and long-term stability. A fundamental change is likely to be the abolition of bracket systems and their replacement with preprogrammed microchips driven by computers, and the control of PDL blood vessels and cells by pharmacological targeting. Future survival of the profession will depend on a radically different specialist who will be educated with a postgraduate curriculum based on molecular biology and computer engineering.
Bone induction using autogenous bone mixed with demineralised bone matrices
Authors: Rabie A. Bakr M. , Wong Ricky W. K. , Hagg Urban 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine the healing of endochondral (EC) autogenous bone grafts in the presence of demineralised bone matrix prepared from intramembranous bone (DBMIM), or prepared from endochondral bone (DBMEC) using quantitative analysis. Thirty bone defects were created on the parietal bone of fifteen New Zealand White rabbits. In the experimental groups, five defects were grafted with EC bone, five defects were grofted with EC bone mixed with DBMIM (EC-DBMIM) and six defects were grafted with EC bone mixed with DBMEC (EC-DBMEC). In the control groups, ten defects were left empty (passive control) and four defects were grafted with rabbit skin collagen (positive control). They were all sacrificed at day fourteen post grofting, and the defects were prepared for histological analysis. Serial sections were cut across the whole defect. Quantitotive analysis was performed on 152 sections of the experimental groups by image anolysis. Four hundred and fourteen per cent more new bone was formed in defects grafted with composite EC-DBMIM than those grafted with EC bone alone (p<0.00l) Eighty-five per cent more new bone was formed in defects grafted with composite EC-DBMEC than those grafted with EC bone alone (p<0.00l). No bone was formed in either passive or positive controls. In conclusion, DBM, especially DBMIM, have extremely high osteoinductive properties and greatly enhance the integration of EC bone grafts with defects created in IM bone.