bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
OBLIGATORY PRECAUTIONS AGAINST INFECTION
Authors: VERWEIJ MARCEL 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACTIf we have a duty not to infect others, how far does it go? This question is often discussed with respect to HIV transmission, but reflection on other diseases like influenza raises a number of interesting theoretical issues. I argue that a duty to avoid infection not only yields requirements for persons who know they carry a disease, but also for persons who know they are at increased risk, and even for those who definitely know they are completely healthy. Given the numerous ways in which human interaction facilitates the spread of communicable diseases, a maximum level of precaution would be very demanding – possibly unreasonably demanding. The ‘over‐demandingness problem’ is mostly invoked as a criticism of utilitarianism, as this theory requires moral agents to always maximise general welfare, even at significant cost for themselves. However, I argue that, with respect to precautions against infectious diseases like influenza, utilitarianism is able to avoid the over‐demandingness problem. A contractualist account, on the other hand, whilst able to explain how one's obligations to avoid infection can be limited, given that other persons have opportunities and responsibilities to protect themselves, in the end requires precautions that raise the over‐demandingness problem.
THE ETHICS OF BIODEFENSE
Authors: KING NICHOLAS B. 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACTThis essay reviews major areas of ethical debate with regard to biodefense, focusing on cases in which biodefense presents ethical problems that diverge from those presented by naturally‐occurring outbreaks of infectious disease. It concludes with a call for ethicists to study not only the ethical issues raised in biodefense programs, but also the ethics of biodefense more generally.
Angiogenesis and cerebral neoplasia
Authors: Platt S. R. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAngiogenesis is a fundamental process in reproduction and wound healing. It is a tightly regulated process causing neovascularization. However, if angiogenesis becomes unregulated, it may be responsible for several disease processes such as brain tumour growth and metastasis. An understanding of the factors implicated in angiogenesis and its inhibition is essential if they are to be exploited as possible clinical treatments for brain tumours. Unfortunately, there are multiple factors known to be involved in the regulation of angiogenesis, and hence, the clinical application of any single agent may not be effective. This article summarizes the processes of blood vessel formation in the brain, examines the angiogenic factors that are important in the nervous system and discusses their role in brain tumour development and possible treatment.
Helicobacter pylori Infection in Dental Professionals: A 6‐year Prospective Study
Authors: Matsuda Reikei , Morizane Toshio 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACTBackground.  In a previous cross‐sectional study, we reported no significant differences between dentists and controls in the seroprevalence of Helicobacter pylori. The aim of the present study is to determine the risk and the risk factors for new infection of H. pylori. This is the first report designed to assess the seroprevalence of H. pylori infection over a 6‐year period in a cohort of dental professionals.Materials and methods.  We collected blood samples from employees of Kanagawa Dental College to test for serum anti‐H. pylori IgG. We collected 566 samples in 1997 and another 551 samples in 2003. Questionnaires completed by participants provided information about risk factors of H. pylori infection.Results.  A total of 236 employees were tested on both occasions. Of the 170 who were seronegative in 1997, we randomly selected 59 from among the dental professionals (dentists and dental nurses). As controls, we selected 59 from among the nonclinical staff who were matched for sex and age. The risk of new infection of H. pylori for dental professionals is 1.12%/year and the relative risk is 4.0. We determined the risk factors for acquiring H. pylori using logistic regression. Adjusted odds ratio being a dental professionals was 2.68 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.55–19.67), having upper gastrointestinal family history was 4.84 (95% CI: 0.83–26.72), and age over 40 was 8.83 (95% CI: 1.36–177.24).Conclusion.   This 6‐year prospective study shows that dental professionals are at greater risk of being infected by H. pylori than are controls.
Helicobacter pylori Associated with Glossitis and Halitosis
Authors: Adler Isabel , Denninghoff Valeria Cecilia , Álvarez Maria Inés , Avagnina Alejandra , Yoshida Ricardo , Elsner Boris 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACTBackground.  Helicobacter pylori is a curved microaerophilic Gram‐negative bacterium considered as a risk factor for gastric cancer. The aim of this study was to find an association between burning sensations, acid taste, halitosis, and lingual hyperplasia with the effect of H. pylori on the mouth.Materials and Methods.  A total of 124 subjects with different gastric diseases were studied: 46 patients with burning, halitosis and lingual dorsum hyperplasia and 78 patients with other diseases.Results.  The detection of H. pylori in the oral cavity by histopathologic diagnosis and molecular biology was confirmed in 40/46 (87%) patients with burning, halitosis, and lingual hyperplasia, and in 2/78 (2.6%) subjects with other diseases. χ2: 91.26 (p < .001) Mantel–Haenszel.Conclusion.  This trial showed an association between H. pylori and burning, halitosis, and lingual hyperplasia, and further considered this bacterium a risk factor for gastric infection.
Detection of Helicobacter pylori DNA by a Simple Stool PCR Method in Adult Dyspeptic Patients
Authors: Şen Nazime , Yilmaz Özlem , Şımşek İlkay , Küpelıoğlu Ahmet Ali , Ellıdokuz Hülya 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACTIntroduction.  Helicobacter pylori is the major agent causing peptic ulcer, gastric cancer and mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) gastric lymphoma. A simple stool polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method was performed and compared with the gold standards for the diagnosis of H. pylori infection.Material and methods.  A total of 54 adult patients (mean age, 46.41 ± 13.12 years) with dyspeptic symptoms from Gastroenterology at Dokuz Eylül University Hospital between May and November 2003 were included. Two antrum and corpus biopsies were taken from each patient. Infection by H. pylori was defined as positivity and negativity of the gold standards. DNA extraction of stool specimens was done using QIAamp DNA Stool Mini Kit (QIAGEN) and PCR conditions included amplification and reamplification steps using the H. pylori ureA gene specific primers (HPU1, HPU2) and were visualized on 1% agarose gel stained with ethidium bromide.Results.  Forty‐six of 54 patients (85.2%) were diagnosed positive and eight (14.8%) were negative for H. pylori infection by the gold standard methods. Thirty‐two patients were positive (59.3%) and 22 of them (40.7%) were detected negative by stool PCR method. The stool PCR method and gold standard methods showed a statistical difference for the detection of H. pylori infection (p < .0001). Sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratio, and positive and negative predictive values were 65.22%, 75%, 2.61%, 93.75%, and 27.7%, respectively.Discussion.  The PCR on the stool specimens resulted as being a very specific test. We suggest that a simple stool PCR method that we developed can be used to detect H. pylori, virulence genes, and in drug resistance studies either first line diagnostic methods in the laboratory or in the clinical management of dyspeptic patients.
Oral Vaccination Against Helicobacter pylori with Recombinant Cholera Toxin B‐Subunit
Authors: Kubota Eiji , Joh Takashi , Tanida Satoshi , Sasaki Makoto , Kataoka Hiromi , Watanabe Katsushi , Itoh Keisuke , Oshima Tadayuki , Ogasawara Naotaka , Togawa Shouzo , Wada Tsuneya , Yamada Tomonori , Mori Yoshinori , Fujita Fumitaka , Shimura Takaya , Ohara Hirotaka , Isaka Masanori , Yasuda Yoko , Itoh Makoto 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACTBackground.  The innocuous pure recombinant cholera toxin B‐subunit (rCTB) is very attractive as a strong adjuvant for host immunization, but little is known about rCTB's gastric mucosal immunoadjuvanticity against Helicobacter pylori. The immunoadjuvanticity of rCTB against H. pylori was tested.Material and methods.  Mice were immunized with sonicated H. pylori and rCTB orally or intranasally and sacrificed on day 42 after immunization. Passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) test was performed to evaluate IgE‐mediated anaphylaxis with serum from mice to which H. pylori‐antigen with rCTB had been administered. Immunoglobulin titer specific to H. pylori in serum, lavation of the gastrointestinal tracts and feces were examined. Gastritis in vaccinated mice after a challenge was assessed with the scoring defined from grading of gastric inflammation. H. pylori proliferation after immunization was investigated by counting colony forming units (CFU) per gram of stomach tissue.Results.  PCA test exhibited no reactions against the serum from mice immunized with H. pylori‐antigen with rCTB administered orally and intranasally. Oral and nasal coadministrations of rCTB significantly raised systemic and mucosal immunities against H. pylori and suppressed proliferation of H. pylori in gastric mucosa. The score of gastritis in mice immunized orally was significantly higher than that of mice immunized nasally due to postimmunization gastritis. Only oral administration of rCTB suppressed H. pylori proliferation as compared with intranasal administration and without rCTB.Conclusions.  The present study indicated that rCTB has systemic and mucosal immunoadjuvanticities against H. pylori and that oral vaccination with rCTB might additively support antibiotic eradication.
Role of Chronic Infection and Inflammation in the Gastrointestinal Tract in the Etiology and Pathogenesis of Idiopathic Parkinsonism
Authors: Bjarnason Inguar T. , Charlett André , Dobbs R. John , Dobbs Sylvia M. , Ibrahim Mohammad A.A. , Kerwin Robert W. , Mahler Robert F. , Oxlade Norman L. , Peterson Dale W. , Plant J. Malcolm , Price Ashley B. , Weller Clive 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACTBackground.  Links between etiology/pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disease and infection are increasingly recognized.Aim.  Proof‐of‐principle that infection contributes to idiopathic parkinsonism.Methods.  Randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled efficacy study of proven Helicobacter pylori eradication on the time course of facets of parkinsonism. Intervention was 1 week's triple eradication therapy/placebos. Routine deblinding at 1 year (those still infected received open‐active), with follow‐up to 5 years post‐eradication. Primary outcome was mean stride length at free‐walking speed, sample size 56 for a difference, active vs. placebo, of 3/4 (between‐subject standard deviation). Recruitment of subjects with idiopathic parkinsonism and H. pylori infection was stopped at 31, because of marked deterioration with eradication failure. Interim analysis was made in the 20 who had reached deblinding, seven of whom were receiving antiparkinsonian medication (long‐t1/2, evenly spaced) which remained unchanged.Results.  Improvement in stride‐length, on active (n = 9) vs. placebo (11), exceeded size of effect on which the sample size was calculated when analyzed on intention‐to‐treat basis (p = .02), and on protocol analysis of six weekly assessments, including (p = .02) and excluding (p = .05) those on antiparkinsonian medication. Active eradication (blind or open) failed in 4/20, in whom B‐lymphocyte count was lower. Their mean time course was: for stride‐length, −243 (95% CI −427, −60) vs. 45 (−10, 100) mm/year in the remainder (p = .001); for the ratio, torque to extend to flex relaxed arm, 349 (146, 718) vs. 58 (27, 96)%/ year (p < .001); and for independently rated, visual‐analog scale of stance–walk videos (worst–best per individual ≡ 0–100 mm), −64 vs. −3 mm from anterior and −50 vs. 11 lateral (p = .004 and .02).Conclusions.  Interim analysis points to a direct or surrogate (not necessarily unique) role of a particular infection in the pathogenesis of parkinsonism. With eradication failure, bolus release of antigen from killed bacteria could aggravate an effect of ongoing infection.
Regression Analysis Between Heart Rate Variability and Baroreflex‐Related Vagus Nerve Activity in Rats
Authors: KUO TERRY B. J. , LAI CHING J. , HUANG YU‐TING , YANG CHERYL C. H. 
Published: August 2005

Introduction: Many previous studies have suggested that the high‐frequency (HF) power of the heart rate variability may represent cardiac vagal activity although direct evidence of a correlation between the HF and vagal neuronal activity is still lacking. In the present study, we performed a regression analysis of the HF and vagal neurograms. Methods and Results: Experiments were carried out on adult male Sprague‐Dawley rats anesthetized with a continuous infusion of pentobarbital sodium. The baroreflex‐related vagus neuronal activities were obtained by nerve or single‐fiber recordings. The transient baroreflex response was employed to alter vagus neuronal activities using a bolus injection of phenylephrine (PE). On‐line power spectral analysis of the heart rate and a vagal neurogram was performed during the acute baroreflex response. During the test period, systemic arterial pressure immediately increased in response to the PE injection, after which the R–R interval (RR), HF (0.6–2.4 Hz), and vagus nerve and unit activities all dramatically increased. Both nerve and unit activities exhibited good correlations (r ≥ 0.7 in all nerve recordings and r ≥ 0.6 in 91% of single‐fiber recordings) with the HF. There were insignificant differences between the right‐ and left‐side baroreflex‐related vagus nerve recordings. Conclusion: Our present study provides a direct linkage between the HF and vagus neuronal electrical activity in anesthetized rats.
Effects of Pulmonary Vein Ablation on Regional Atrial Vagal Innervation and Vulnerability to Atrial Fibrillation in Dogs
Authors: RAZAVI MEHDI , ZHANG SHULONG , YANG DONGHUI , SANDERS ROBERT A , KAR BISWAJIT , DELAPASSE SCOTT , AI TOMOHIKO , MOREIRA WENDEL , OLIVIER BARI , KHOURY DIRAR S. , CHENG JIE 
Published: August 2005

Introduction: Pulmonary vein (PV) isolation has proven to be an effective therapy for atrial fibrillation (AF). However, clinical evidence suggests that suppression of AF after PV isolation could not be fully attributed to the interruption of electrical conduction in and out of the PVs. Furthermore, little is known regarding the effects of ablation around the PVs on the atrial electrophysiological properties. We aimed to study the changes in atrial response to vagal stimulation (VS) after PV ablation (PVA). Methods: We studied 11 adult mongrel dogs under general anesthesia. Bilateral cervical sympathovagal trunks were decentralized. Propranolol was given to block sympathetic effects. Multipolar catheters were placed into right atrial appendage (RAA), distal and proximal coronary sinus (CSD, CSP), and left atrial free wall (LAFW). PVA was performed via trans‐septal approach. Atrial effective refractory period (AERP) and vulnerability window (VW) of AF were measured with and without VS before and after ablation to isolate the PVs. Results: After ablation, AERP shortening in response to VS significantly decreased in the left atrium (43.64 ± 21.57 vs 11.82 ± 9.82 msec, P < 0.001 at LAFW; 50.91 ± 26.25 vs 11.82 ± 14.01 msec, P < 0.001 at CSP; 50 ± 31.94 vs 17.27 ± 20.54 msec, P < 0.005 at CSD), while the response to VS did not change significantly at RAA (58.18 ± 28.22 vs 50.91 ± 22.12 msec, P = 0.245). After ablation, atrial fibrillation VW during VS narrowed (20.63 ± 11.48 vs 5.63 ± 8.63 msec, P < 0.03 at LAFW; 26.25 ± 12.46 vs 5.00 ± 9.64 msec, P = 0.001 at CSP; 28.75 ± 18.47 vs 6.88 ± 7.53 msec, P < 0.02 at CSD, and 33.75 ± 24.5 vs 16.25 ± 9.91 msec, P = 0.03 at RAA). Conclusions: Ablation around the PV ostia diminishes left atrial response to VS and decreases the atrial VW. The attenuated vagal response after ablation may contribute to the suppression of AF.
Rural employment in industrialised countries⋆
Authors: Bryden John , Bollman Ray 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis paper assesses the recent changes in rural employment in the OECD countries, highlighting the growing role of employment in services and, in some cases, manufacturing activity. In many, but not all, rural areas the secular decline in agricultural employment has been more than counterbalanced by growing employment in these other sectors. However, the diversity of employment growth within and between rural areas is stressed, as are the implications of this diversity for policy. A range of explanations for the relative economic success of some rural areas is explored. These include the impacts of globalisation; restructuring of the labour market; new‘consumption’ demands on the rural areas; and human mobility. The paper concludes that traditional theories do not explain the diversity of outcomes in rural areas. New approaches are needed. Recent analyses under the banner of‘the new economic geography’ has advanced our understanding of the pre‐conditions for rural development to occur, but understanding the diverse pattern of rural employment outcomes within the same kind of geography remains a challenge which needs to be addressed by inter‐disciplinary approaches and methods.
Seasonal labor constraints and intra‐household dynamics in the female fields of southern Cameroon
Authors: Elad Renata L. , Houston Jack. E. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAfrican agricultural production is modeled as a sequential decision process, with men's labor first allotted to clearing, then women's labor allotted to harvesting. A switching regression is then used to measure the constraints due to clearing labor capacity and harvesting labor capacity. The import of men's clearing labor depends on the valuation of shadow wages. Output appears to be more frequently constrained by husband's clearing labor, and in this situation male labor appears under‐utilized. However, output is also significantly constrained by female harvest labor, although the findings imply that female labor is over‐utilized at this stage.
Consumption effects of genetic modification: what if consumers are right?⋆
Authors: Giannakas Konstantinos , Fulton Murray 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis paper develops a model of differentiated consumers to examine the consumption effects of genetic modification (GM) under alternative labelling regimes and segregation enforcement scenarios. Analytical results show that if consumers perceive GM products as being different than their traditional counterparts, GM affects consumer welfare and, thus, consumption decisions. When the existence of market imperfections in one or more stages of the supply chain prevents the transmission of cost savings associated with the new technology to consumers, GM results in welfare losses for consumers. The analysis shows that the relative welfare ranking of the ‘no labelling’ and ‘mandatory labelling’ regimes depends on: (i) the level of consumer aversion to GM products; (ii) the size of marketing and segregation costs under mandatory labelling; (iii) the share of the GM product in total production; and (iv) the extent to which GM products are incorrectly labelled as non‐GM products.
ASRI2005‐87  Generation of treg cells in the CBA/J × DBA/2J combination by vaccination with male BALB/c splenocytes rescues from abortion
Authors: Sollwedel A , Zambon Bertoja A , Zenclussen ML , Ritschel S , Wollenberg I , Gerlof K , Volk HD , Zenclussen AC 
Published: August 2005

We recently described the important role of T‐regulatory cells (T‐reg) in avoiding fetal rejection in a murine model. In our study, the transfer of Treg obtained from BALB/c‐mated CBA/J females into DBA/2J‐mated CBA/J completely prevented immunological rejection of the fetuses. Further, a previous study from Chaouat et al. (1993) described that previous vaccination with male BALB/c lymphocytes also prevents abortion. Here, we aimed to analyze if the transfer of male BALB/c lymphocytes was able to expand the Treg population in abortion‐prone mice, which would explain the low abortion rates.CBA/J females were treated intraperitoneally (i.p.) with either PBS or 1 × 107 splenocytes from male BALB/c from male BALB/c. 2 days later, the mice were paired with DBA/2J males. On On the 14th day of pregnancy, the mice were sacrificed, the abortion rate was calculated and the ex‐vivo Th1/Th2 production was analyzed by flow cytometry. Further, Treg were isolated from spleen and thymus and further transferred into 0–2 days pregnant CBA/J females. As already reported, the BALB/c cell treatment was effective in preventing abortion. This treatment expanded the peripheral spleen Treg population. Treg isolated from mice rescued from abortion were able to prevent abortion in DBA/2J‐mated CBA/J females. Our results suggest that the reduced abortion rate observed, after transfer of lymphocytes from BALB/c male is due expansion of the Treg population. Our data suggest that Treg act in an antigen‐specific manner during pregnancy.
LUMINESCENT METHODS TO DETECT VIABLE AND TOTAL ESCHERICHIA COLI O157:H7 IN GROUND BEEF†
Authors: TU SHU‐I , UKNALIS JOE , YAMASHOJI SHIRO , GEHRING ANDREW , IRWIN PETER 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACTEscherichia coli O157:H7 was inoculated into ground beef. Samples were incubated in E. coli broth plus novobiocin growth media at 37C for 5 h. Bacteria were captured by magnetic beads coated with anti‐E. coli O157:H7 antibodies and were treated with menadione, a membrane‐permeable electron‐transfer shuttering reagent, to oxidize the cellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAD[P]H). Alternatively, bead‐captured bacteria were sandwiched by second anti‐E. coli O157:H7 antibodies labeled with peroxidase. The level of NAD(P)H and the enzyme activity of antibody‐bound peroxidase were then measured by luminol‐linked luminescence. The treatment of the E. coli O157:H7 with a bacterial protein extraction reagent diminished the luminescence associated with cellular NAD(P)H but not the luminescence associated with the sandwiched peroxidase label. Thus, the NAD(P)H‐linked luminescence, not the luminescence that was associated with the sandwiched complexes, was related to the viability of the E. coli O157:H7.