bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Application of chitosan/nonionic surfactant mixture in reactive dyes for dyeing wool fabrics
Authors: Yen Ming‐Shien 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe feasibility of wool fabrics pretreated with a chitosan/nonionic surfactant mixture and dyed with reactive dyes was studied. The results showed that the presence of the chitosan/surfactant improved the application to wool, which greatly enhanced the color strength when dyed at 50°C but little change was observed when dyed at 80°C. The higher the concentration of chitosan/surfactant added, the greater was the color strength of the dyed wool fabrics. The amounts found to be optimum for dyeing were 0.5% chitosan and 1.0% surfactant. The washing fastness of the dyed wool fabrics was in the range of grades 4–5, the dry rubbing fastness was in the range of grades 4–5, and the wet rubbing fastness was in the range of grades 3–4. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 80: 2859–2864, 2001
Description of PVT behavior of an industrial polypropylene–EPR copolymer in process conditions
Authors: Pantani R. , Titomanlio G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAn experimental procedure is presented to describe the PVT behavior of multiphase polymeric materials in a wide range of cooling rates. In particular, the procedure is applied to a typical multiphase industrial polymer, that is, an industrial polypropylene–ethylene‐propylene rubber (iPP–EPR) copolymer with a small percentage of talc. The volume evolution is described combining specific volumes of different phases present in the material. All phases are described simply by thermal expansion and compressibility coefficients drawn either from the literature or from low and high temperature (i.e., below and above the iPP crystallization range) standard PVT data. Crystallization evolution of iPP is described by the Nakamura nonisothermal formulation of the Avrami–Evans crystallization kinetic model. Model parameters are identified by comparison with both standard calorimetric results and final densities of thin samples solidified during quenches conducted with cooling rates of several hundreds of K/s. It is also shown that identification of crystallization kinetic parameters by means of calorimetric data only leads to misleading results for cooling rates larger than those adopted in the calorimetric tests. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 267–278, 2001
Propylene polymerization by using TiCl4 catalyst supported on solvent‐activated Mg(OEt)2
Authors: Kang Kap Ku , Kim Kwang‐Soo , Lee Dong‐Ho , Jeong Young‐Tae 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSolvent activation of Mg(OEt)2 in ethanol with carbon dioxide was carried out in a 1‐L three‐neck flask under nitrogen atmosphere, to investigate structural changes of Mg(OEt)2 support. During activation of Mg(OEt)2 by ethanol and CO2, a suspension mixture was converted to a clear solution and CO2 was inserted into the MgO bond of Mg(OEt)2, to form magnesium ethyl carbonate. The solid supports were obtained from the removal of solvents by heating, during which CO2 split off from the magnesium ethyl carbonate between 100 and 150°C. The structural changes of the obtained supports and the corresponding catalysts were checked by IR and TGA. The polymerization behavior of propylene with the catalyst and morphology of the obtained polymer were also examined. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 460–467, 2001
Thermal analysis and miscibility of chitin/polycaprolactone blends
Authors: Yang Anle , Wu Renjie , Zhu Pinfang 
Published: August 2002

AbstractChitin/polycaprolactone (PCL) blends were prepared by melt‐blending of chitin and PCL with varying amounts of chitin. Thermal analysis of DSC, DMTA, and FTIR were used to characterize the blends. Results showed that increases in the amount of chitin did not cause a decrease in either the melting point or the crystallization point of PCL. The loss‐modulus curve did not show a change of glass‐transition temperature (Tg) from a dynamic temperature ramp test, which revealed that the pure chitin/PCL blend was not miscible at any ratio. When chitin n‐butyrate (CB) was partly substituted for chitin in the blend, both the melting point and crystallization point of the PCL component was depressed, which implied an improvement of the miscibility of the blend. Furthermore, FTIR characterization suggested an interaction between the components. However, Tg did not change compared to that of the pure PCL in the loss‐modulus curve, that is to say, that the modification of the miscibility by the introduction of CB to the blend lay only in the interfacial region, although not at the molecular level. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 3117–3123, 2001
Swelling and electrical properties of rubber vulcanizates loaded with paraffin wax
Authors: Abu‐Abdeen M. , Ghani S. A. Abdel 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe influence of the concentration of paraffin wax on the penetration rate, P, and the average diffusion coefficient, D, of kerosene in an SBR–NR composite and also on the coefficient of viscosity were investigated. All decreased with the addition of wax. Also, the effect of the concentration of paraffin wax on both the current–voltage characteristics and the temperature dependence of the dc electrical conductivity were studied. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 3169–3177, 2001
Molding of reprocessed thermoplastics with preplastication injection molding
Authors: Bedekar Manish V. , Yamazaki Kazuo , Risbud Subhash H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe injection molding of reprocessed plastics with a preplastication plunger injection‐molding machine was investigated with a focus on the processing conditions. The process of the filling of the resin into the mold is much better controlled with preplastication than with processing in a conventional injection‐molding machine. Reprocessing of the resin leads to a reduction in molecular weight due to drastic changes in the resin morphology, thereby causing a reduction in melt viscosity. Direct experimental evidence for reduced viscosity was obtained from measurements of the filling pressure recorded on the machine and also with a melt‐flow indexer. The results of this study provide a practical solution for reducing the resin temperature when reprocessed resin is used in the injection molding of plastics. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 82: 1455–1461, 2001
Morphology and conductivity changes in a thermoplastic polyurethane‐based copolymer consisting of different soft segments
Authors: Wen Ten‐Chin , Fang Jui‐Chin , Gopalan A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThree different segmented thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPUs) were synthesized with 4,4′‐methylenebis(phenyl isocyanate) as a hard segment and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) or poly(propylene glycol) (PPG) or an equal mixture of PEG and PPG with molecular 2000 as soft segments. The soft‐segment component of TPU was changed to monitor modifications in chemical and physical properties among the three TPUs. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis were used to monitor changes in thermal characteristics. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was employed to predict the interaction between the lithium cation and the hard or soft segment in the presence of added LiClO4. The deconvolution results of spectral bands associated with the NH groups of these TPUs were used to obtain such information. Impedance spectroscopy was used to inspect the changes in the bulk conductivity of these TPUs caused by alteration of the soft‐segment component. The conductivity changes were explained through combined DSC and FTIR results. The electrochemical stability of the TPU systems was studied by linear sweep voltammetry. The results showed that the copolymer system had better thermal and electrochemical stability than the other systems. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 82: 1462–1473, 2001
Relation between electrical and mechanical properties of conducting polymer composites
Authors: Chodák Ivan , Omastová Mária , Pionteck Jürgen 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe influence of the carbon black content on the mechanical and electrical properties of polypropylene/carbon black composites prepared by different processing procedures was investigated. The formation of a continuous conducting network in the insulating matrix and, consequently, the percolation threshold depend strongly on the processing route and influence both the mechanical and electrical properties of the prepared composites. An interesting coincidence of the dependencies of conductivity and elongation at break on the filler content was found. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 82: 1903–1906, 2001
Excimer formation in uniaxially stretched polymer films
Authors: Yang Jun , Li Hexian , Wang Guochang , He Binglin 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe steady‐state fluorescence properties of naphthalene‐labeled polymers dispersed in poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) cast films were studied under tensile loadings at 80°C. The labeled polymers were composed of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and 1‐naphthylmethyl methacrylate (NMMA). Three of the copolymers were used in this work, and the contents of NMMA were 0.59 mol % (CP1), 22.0 mol % (CP2), and 56.7 mol % (CP3), respectively. The fluorescence spectra of the films containing CP1 and CP2were unchanged during elongation. For the film containing CP3, the excited monomer emission of naphthyl groups at around 337 nm decreased with increasing applied tensile strain. The strain enhanced the emission ascribed to the excimer of the naphthyl groups in the region of 390–420 nm. The ratio of fluorescence intensities at 400 nm and 337 nm, I400/I337, increased with the applied strain, which indicates that CP3 is a sensitive probe for detecting the structural changes of polymer matrices. The obtained results mean that the excimer‐forming sites in the PMMA films during elongation depend both on the applied strain and the concentration of naphthyl groups in the dispersed polymer probes. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 82: 2347–2351, 2001
Interaction of n‐alkanes with crosslinked cis‐1,4‐polybutadiene
Authors: Manikath J. J. , Francis B. , Jacob M. , Stephen R. , Joseph S. , Jose S. , Thomas S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPermeation of n‐alkanes through cis‐1,4‐polybutadine crosslinked using conventional, efficient, and peroxide vulcanizing systems was studied by a gravimetric method. Four alkanes from n‐hexane to n‐nonane were used. In n‐octane, the studies were conducted in the temperature range of 27–70°C.The sorption data was used to estimate the diffusion and permeability coefficients, the activation energy for diffusion and permeation, the entropy and enthalpy of sorption, polymer–solvent interaction parameter, and the degree of crosslinking. The various parameters estimated indicate that permeability of the membranes depends more on the degree of crosslinking than on the nature of crosslinks. Increase in permeant chain length was found to lower permeability. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 82: 2404–2413, 2001
Ethyl cellulose films as alignment layers for liquid crystals
Authors: Yan Lifeng , Zhu Qingshi , Ikeda Tomiki 
Published: August 2002

AbstractFilms were formed by coating hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) or ethyl cellulose (EC) with different kinds of solvents at high coating speeds and thin coating thicknesses. These films were used as alignment layers for liquid crystals. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and polarizing optical microscopy (POM) were used to identify the banded texture structure of the films. The alignments of a nematic liquid crystal 5CB droplet on those films were observed by POM. Further, a novel cycle disclination line was recorded and studied. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 82: 2770–2774, 2001
Pervaporation separation of water/dimethylformamide mixtures using poly(vinyl alcohol)‐g‐polyacrylamide copolymeric membranes
Authors: Aminabhavi Tejraj M. , Naik Huchchuraya G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractGrafted copolymeric membranes of poly(vinyl alcohol) with acrylamide (PVA‐g‐AAm) were developed and used in the pervaporation separation of water–dimethylformamide mixtures by varying the amount of water in the feed from 0 to 100%. From these data, the permeation flux, pervaporation separation index, diffusion coefficient, swelling index, and separation selectivity were calculated at 25, 35, and 45°C. The Arrhenius activation parameters for permeation flux ranged between 22 and 63 kJ/mol, while the activation energy for diffusion ranged between 23 and 67 kJ/mol. Separation selectivity was between 15 and 22. The highest permeation flux of 0.459 kg m−2 h−1 was obtained for the 93% grafted membrane at 90% of water in the feed mixture. The results are discussed using the principles of the solution–diffusion model. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 273–282, 2002
Synthesis and application of polymeric dyes containing the anthraquinone structure
Authors: Meng Qinghua , Huang Deyin , Wei Shaohua , Chen Lin 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTwo polymeric dyes containing the anthraquinone structure were prepared via solution polycondensation. Their monomers were prepared through reactions between 1,5‐dichloroanthraquinone and nucleophiles. The polymeric dyes were characterized with NMR and thermogravimetry. Their ultraviolet spectra, intrinsic viscosity, and solubility were also measured. Then, the polymeric dyes were applied to the mass coloration of poly(ethylene terephthalate) with good compatibility. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 1252–1257, 2002
Aspects of pollution on the coastal ecosystems of the Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Bonotto Silvano 
Published: August 2002

Abstract1. Various forms of pollution are threatening marine habitats and species.2. Evidence of the impacts of different pollutants can be seen with the demise of a wide range of species from the monk seal and dolphins to increases in the frequency of algal blooms.3. Various algae have been used to monitor specific pollutants and the widespread use of Acetabularia spp. as indicator species is proposed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tissue engineering strategies for adipose tissue repair
Authors: Patrick C.W. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTissue engineering is a relatively young field that combines engineering, clinical science, and life sciences to, in part, repair or regrow tissues. Adipose tissue has recently become a focus area for tissue engineering, encouraged by the large number of reconstructive, cosmetic, and correctional indications that could be addressed with clinically translatable adipose tissue engineering strategies. This review discusses the three aspects of an adipose construct, namely cell types, scaffold, and microenvironment, and presents current tissue engineering strategies under pursuit. Anat Rec 263:361–366, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Engineering of vascular ingrowth matrices: Are protein domains an alternative to peptides?
Authors: Merzkirch Christoph , Davies Neil , Zilla Peter 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAnastomotic intimal hyperplasia and surface thrombogenicity are the main reasons for the high failure rate of prosthetic small‐diameter vascular grafts. While anastomotic intimal hyperplasia is a multifactorial event, ongoing surface thrombogenicity is primarily caused by the lack of an endothelium, even after years of clinical implantation. After decades of poorly performing synthetic artery‐grafts, tissue engineering has emerged as a promising approach to generate biologically functional bio‐synthetic hybrid grafts mimicking native arteries regarding the presence of an endothelial lining on the blood surface. “In vitro endothelialization” represented the first generation of such tissue‐engineered vascular grafts, utilising cell culture techniques for the creation of a confluent autologous endothelium on ePTFE grafts. The clinical long‐term results with this method in almost 200 patients are highly encouraging, showing patencies equal to vein grafts. Since “in vitro endothelialization” requires cell culture facilities, it will always be confined to large centres. Therefore, research of the 1990s turned to the development of spontaneously endothelializing implants, to make tissue‐engineered grafts amenable to the entire vascular‐surgical community. Apart from scaffold designs allowing transmural ingrowth, biological signalling through a facilitating ingrowth matrix holds a key to spontaneous endothelialization. In biological signalling, the increasingly deeper understanding of bio‐active molecules and the discovery of domains and peptide sequences during the 1980s created the expectation in the 1990s that peptide signalling may be all that is needed. This present review highlights the possible problems associated with such a reductionist approach. Using the fibronectin molecule, we demonstrated that domains may be more suitable modules in tissue engineering than peptide sequences. Anat Rec 263:379–387, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Acidic cysteine endoproteinase cathepsin K in the degeneration of the superficial articular hyaline cartilage in osteoarthritis
Authors: Konttinen Yrjö T. , Mandelin Jami , Li Tian‐Fang , Salo Jari , Lassus Jan , Liljeström Mikko , Hukkanen Mika , Takagi Michiaki , Virtanen Ismo , Santavirta Seppo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractObjectiveTo measure cartilage pH in patients with osteoarthritis (OA) and to analyze the presence of cathepsin K, the recently discovered acidic endoproteinase, in phenotypically altered chondrocytes.MethodsIntraoperative measurements of the pH of clinically normal, fibrillated, superficially fissured, and deeply fissured cartilage surfaces (grades 0–3, respectively) in OA patients undergoing primary hip replacement surgery were performed with the use of a sting electrode sterilized with microbicidic plasma. Fluorescent pH probes were used for in situ assessment of cartilage matrix pH. Cathepsin K was assessed using quantitative reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry methods.ResultsThe pH of grade 0 cartilage surfaces was 7.1 ± 0.4 (mean ± SD), compared with 6.2 ± 0.9 (P < 0.05), 5.7 ± 1.0 (P < 0.001), and 5.5 ± 1.0 (P < 0.001) for grades 1–3 cartilage surfaces, respectively. Fluorescent pH probes and acid‐dependent autocatalytic conversion of cathepsin K into its active, low molecular weight form in cartilage confirmed these findings. Cathepsin K messenger RNA levels increased in relation to the severity of OA, and the number of cathepsin K–containing chondrocytes increased from a mean ± SD of 12 ± 3 in grade 0 cartilage surfaces to 47 ± 7, 50 ± 6, and 100 ± 12 in grades 1–3 cartilage surfaces, respectively (P < 0.001 for all comparisons).ConclusionAcid‐activated, but pharmacologically inhibitable, cathepsin K is induced in phenotypically altered chondrocytes in OA. The findings suggest that cathepsin K, rather than neutral matrix metalloproteinases, degrades the superficial gliding surfaces of the articular hyaline cartilage in OA.
On prices' evolutions based on geometric telegrapher's process
Authors: Di Crescenzo Antonio , Pellerey Franco 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe geometric telegrapher's process is proposed as a model to describe the dynamics of the price of risky assets. When the underlying random inter‐times have Erlang distribution we express the probability law of such process in terms of a suitable two‐index pseudo‐Bessel function. Stochastic comparisons of two geometric telegrapher's processes based on the usual stochastic order (FSD comparison) and on the stop‐loss order are also performed. Various examples of application of such comparisons are then provided. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Subacute toxicities and toxicokinetics of a new erectogenic, DA‐8159, after single and 4‐week repeated oral administration in dogs
Authors: Shim Hyun J. , Lee Eun J. , Kim Jung H. , Kim Soon H. , Kwon Jong W. , Kim Won B. , Cha Shin‐W. , Lee Myung G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe subacute toxicities and toxicokinetics of a new erectogenic, DA‐8159, were evaluated after single (at the 1st day) and 4‐week (at the 28th day) oral administration of the drug, in doses of 0 (to serve as a control), 12.5, 50 and 200 mg/kg/day, to male and female dogs (n=3 for male and female dogs for each dose). DA‐8159 had an effect on the immune‐related organs (or tissues), circulatory systems, liver, adrenal glands, ovaries and pancreas. The toxic dose was 200 mg/kg and no observed adverse effect level was less than 50 mg/kg for male and female dogs. There were no significant gender differences in the pharmacokinetic parameters of DA‐8159 for each dose after both single and 4‐week oral administration. The pharmacokinetic parameters of DA‐8159 were dose‐independent after single oral administration; the time to reach a peak plasma concentration (Tmax) and the dose‐normalized area under the plasma concentration–time curve from time zero to 24 h in plasma (AUC0–24 h) were not significantly different among three doses. However, accumulation of DA‐8159 after 4‐week oral administration was considerable at toxic dose, 200 mg/kg/day. For example, after 4‐week administration, the dose‐normalized AUC0–24 h value at 200 mg/kg/day (4.71 and 15.3 μg h/ml) was significantly greater than that at 12.5 mg/kg/day. After 4‐week oral administration, the dose‐normalized Cmax and AUC0–24 h at 200 mg/kg/day were significantly higher and greater, respectively, than those after a single oral administration. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantification of urinary excretion of ethosuximide enantiomers and their major metabolites in the rat
Authors: Mifsud J. , Millership J.S. , Collier P.S. , Morrow R. , Hamilton J.T.G. , McRoberts W.C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA chiral gas chromatographic assay has been developed for quantitative analysis of ethosuximide and its major metabolites in rat urine. The extraction procedure was found to be precise and reproducible. Recovery was in the range of 94–98%, intraday CV(%) was 0.92% for (S)‐ethosuximide (50 μg/ml) and 0.51% for (R)‐ethosuximide (50 μg/ml). Interday CV(%) was 1.12% for (S)‐ethosuximide and 0.72% for (R)‐ethosuximide. The limit of detection was determined to be around 0.01 μg/ml for each enantiomer. Following administration of rac‐ethosuximide by i.v., i.p. and oral routes, unchanged ethosuximide was detected in urine up to 72 h after drug administration. The appearance of all detected metabolites occurred within 24 h of drug administration. Significantly more (S)‐ethosuximide was excreted unchanged than (R)‐ethosuximide with all three routes studied. A substantial amount of the drug was eliminated as the 2‐(1‐hydroxyethyl)‐2‐methylsuccinimide (2 pairs of diastereoisomers). Much less drug was eliminated as the 2‐ethyl‐3‐hydroxy‐2‐methylsuccinimide with only one diastereoisomer observed. Examination of the one pair of diastereoisomers of 2‐(1‐hydroxyethyl)‐2‐methylsuccinimide that was resolved showed preferential excretion of one isomer. Comparison of both pairs of diastereoisomers showed that one pair was formed in preference to the other with a ratio of approximately 0.8:1. It is concluded that stereoselective metabolism of ethosuximide occurs. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.