bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ADAM12: a novel first‐trimester maternal serum marker for Down syndrome
Authors: Laigaard Jennie , Sørensen Tina , Fröhlich Camilla , Pedersen Bent Nørgaard , Christiansen Michael , Schiøtt Kirsten , Uldbjerg Niels , Albrechtsen Reidar , Clausen Helle V. , Ottesen Bent , Wewer Ulla M. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractObjectivesThe concentration of bioavailable insulin‐like growth factor (IGF) I and II is important to foetal growth. It is regulated by insulin‐like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBP) 1 through 6. Proteolytic cleavage of IGFBP‐3 takes place in human pregnancy serum; accordingly, IGFBP‐3 serum levels decrease markedly during pregnancy. ADAM12 (A disintegrin and metalloprotease) is an IGFBP‐3 and IGFBP‐5 protease and is present in human pregnancy serum. The goal of this study was to determine whether ADAM12 concentration in maternal serum is a useful indicator of foetal health.MethodsWe developed an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the quantification of ADAM12 in serum. The assay range was 42 to 667 µg/L. Recombinant ADAM12 was used as the standard for calibration.ResultsWe found that ADAM12 was highly stable in serum. Serum concentration increased from 180 µg/L at week 8 of pregnancy to 670 µg/L at 16 weeks, and reached 12 000 µg/L at term. In 18 first‐trimester Down syndrome pregnancies, the concentration of ADAM12 was decreased, thus the median multiple of mean (MoM) value was 0.14 (0.01–0.76). A detection rate for foetal Down syndrome of 82% for a screen‐positive rate of 3.2% and a 1:400 risk cut‐off was found by Monte Carlo estimation using ADAM12 and maternal age as screening markers.ConclusionADAM12 is a promising marker for Down syndrome. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Establishing long‐term permafrost observatories for active‐layer and permafrost investigations in Alaska: 1977–2002
Authors: Osterkamp T. E. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractTwenty‐five years ago a programme was initiated to establish a statewide system of permafrost observatories that included boreholes drilled for the express purpose of investigating the effects of changes in climate on continuous and discontinuous permafrost. A total of 22 permafrost observatories have been established with boreholes 15 to 80 m in depth. These sites are primarily along a north‐south transect of Alaska paralleling the Alyeska oil pipeline from Prudhoe Bay to Glennallen and are visited and serviced annually. There are seven additional borehole sites with holes 15 to 80 m in depth that are visited occasionally. The sites are in undisturbed locations with nearly uniform conditions in a wide variety of environmental settings except for a few, purposefully placed in disturbed areas (e.g. farm field, burn, etc.). Proximity to meteorological stations with long weather records has allowed reconstruction of past active‐layer and permafrost conditions using calibrated site‐specific models. The sites have been used to document a recent warming trend in permafrost and active‐layer temperatures and to investigate the characteristics of the permafrost and active layer and processes that occur in them. Recommendations are made for establishing future observatories. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of differential global positioning systems to monitor frost heave and thaw settlement in tundra environments
Authors: Little Jonathon D. , Sandall Heath , Walegur Michael T. , Nelson Frederick E. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractTechnological advances in Differential Global Positioning Systems (DGPS), used in conjunction with specially designed survey targets, provide a means for accurately detecting frost heave and thaw settlement in cold environments, and for relating positions precisely in worldwide geodetic reference systems. Under ideal conditions, DGPS technology is capable of measuring vertical change of 1 cm or less. The inexpensive platform targets developed for this study were designed to support a DGPS antenna, to move in concert with the ground surface in response to changes within the active layer, and to function with minimal disturbance. The targets are unlikely to be affected adversely by flooding, cold weather, snow, or animal disturbance. Although the DGPS/target methodology can be strenuous and time consuming in comparison with traditional surveying methods, preliminary results indicate that it can be used to detect frost heave and thaw settlement at very fine resolution. Post‐processed rapid static carrier‐phase DGPS measured a mean value of vertical heave of 1 cm and mean subsidence of 4 cm during 2001–2002 at Prudhoe Bay, Alaska. Traditional profile leveling techniques confirmed these measurements. DGPS is a promising tool for measurement of periglacial phenomena, and is applicable over a wide range of spatial scale. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simulation of freezing‐thawing cycles in a permafrost microcosm for assessing microbial methane production under extreme conditions
Authors: Wagner D. , Wille C. , Kobabe S. , Pfeiffer E.‐M. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe microbial process of methane (CH4) production during the back‐freezing of permafrost soils in autumn and the future fate of produced CH4 in the thawing phase of the following spring are not well understood. Long‐term CH4 flux studies in the Lena Delta (Siberia) indicate that back‐stored CH4 adds to the emission of newly‐produced CH4 at the beginning of the vegetation period. Further field analysis shows that microbial CH4 production already occurs at in situ temperatures of around 1°C in the bottom layer of the soil. Therefore, a permafrost microcosm was developed to simulate the influence of the annual freezing‐thawing cycles on the CH4 fluxes in the active layer of permafrost soils. Two cryostats ensure independent freezing and thawing the top and the bottom of the microcosm to simulate different field conditions. The CH4 concentration (Rhizon soil moisture samplers), the soil temperature (film platinum resistance temperature detectors [RTDs]) and the soil water content (time domain reflectometry) are analysed in different depths of the microcosm during the simulation in addition to the concentration of emitted CH4 in the headspace of the microcosm. The data obtained contribute to the understanding of microbial processes and CH4 fluxes in permafrost environments in the autumn and early winter. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Umiujaq, northern Québec: innovative techniques to monitor the decay of a lithalsa in response to climate change
Authors: Delisle Georg , Allard Michel , Fortier Richard , Calmels Fabrice , Larrivée É. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractWe describe the introduction of several new techniques to measure and monitor permafrost properties at a site near the east coast of the Hudson Bay, northern Québec. Eight boreholes were sunk through a lithalsa to the permafrost base. High precision temperature sensors and a pressure sensor were installed in six boreholes to monitor the long‐time changes of the thermal field of the permafrost and internal pore pressure. Two open boreholes were used to carry out a ground penetrating radar transillumination survey to provide a tomographic image of the spatial distribution of electromagnetic wave velocities within the lithalsa. Cores taken from the permafrost below the active layer of the lithalsa show numerous oblique and fractured ice lenses indicative of extensive deformation of the lithalsa during its evolution. Examples of results of the new techniques applied in this study are provided. These techniques appear as very promising for permafrost studies in general. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessment of chemical denudation rates using hydrological measurements, water chemistry analysis and electromagnetic geophysical data
Authors: Beylich Achim A. , Kolstrup Else , Linde Niklas , Pedersen Laust B. , Thyrsted Tage , Gintz Dorothea , Dynesius Lars 
Published: December 2003

AbstractWater chemistry and chemical denudation in relation to local environmental conditions were investigated in a drainage basin of approximately 9 km2 in northernmost Swedish Lapland (Latnjavagge). Discharge and surface water electric conductivity were measured over the summer of 2001 at selected sites. The chemical investigations show differences between sub‐areas and changes over the season as well as overall rates of chemical denudation. Transects within the catchment using a radio‐magnetotelluric geophysical method describe regolith thickness and ground frost conditions at the time of measurement. This combination of methods obtains information on the influence of regolith thickness and ground frost upon sub‐surface drainage and chemical denudation, not only along the profiles but also, by extension, on areas further upslope. In this paper the techniques are outlined and the approach demonstrated for three sub‐areas with different regolith thicknesses and thaw development. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molecular Modeling in Crystal Engineering for Processing of Energetic Materials
Authors: Bénazet Stéphane , Jacob Guy , Pèpe Gérard 
Published: December 2003

AbstractNowadays molecular modeling is available to explain molecular phenomena. This approach helps to compute crystal surface property effects that can be used both for morphology studies and optimal design of “bonding agents” to prevent filler‐binder detachment. The principles of crystal growth and of interaction energy computing have been applied to Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW). Crystallization experiments validate our calculations. Three families of additives of crystal growth are distinguished: the retarding (and inhibitor) agents, the promoters and finally the “tailor‐mades”. Retarding and inhibitor agents are the most interesting one to find bonding agents. HNIW is used to present our methodology, but engineering using molecular modeling could be generalized to other fillers.
Electron beam effects on diethylsilane‐covered Si(100) surfaces investigated by electron stimulated and temperature programmed desorption
Authors: Wang P. W. , Lozano J. , Kimberlin K. R. , Petrany P. , Young V. , Craig J. H. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe effect of low‐energy electron irradiation on adsorbed layers of diethylsilane (DES) on the Si(100) surface at 100 K were studied using temperature programmed desorption (TPD) and electron stimulated desorption (ESD). As has been observed previously, TPD studies of adsorbed DES have shown desorption of both molecular hydrogen and ethylene. Adsorption of DES at 100 K also results in a loosely bound layer that desorbs molecularly at a temperature of ∼140 K. Strong evidence exists for thermal removal of ethylene from the surface during programmed heating via a β‐hydride elimination process. Irradiation of the dosed surface with electrons results in a number of interesting effects. Electron‐induced enhancement of both hydrogen and ethylene desorption from Si(100) is observed. In addition, both neutral and ionic desorption of surface species was observed, induced by electron irradiation. Desorption of neutral species having masses of 2, 15 and 28 indicate electron‐induced removal of hydrogen and ethylene, with a methyl group appearing as a result of ethylene dissociation. Hydrogen removal occurs from two distinct states, as identified by the decay of neutral hydrogen from the surface, characterized by two decay constants. Analysis of the energy of desorbing H+ species suggests two distinct kinetic energy distributions at 1.8 and 4.1 eV, which contribute to the desorption signal. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electron spectroscopic investigation of ethylmethylsulfide/nickel interface
Authors: Syed J. A. , Sardar S. A. , Yagi S. , Tanaka K. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractTo demonstrate the interaction of ethylmethylsulfide (C2H5SCH3) with an Ni(110) surface, we use x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and x‐ray absorption near‐edge structure measurements to identify the adsorbed sulfur species and their orientation on the surface at low temperature. The S–C2H5 and S–CH3 bonds are found to be oriented at angles of 46 ± 5° and 14 ± 5° from the surface, respectively. A qualitative estimation of charge transfer from substrate to molecule is carried out by S 1s XPS measurements. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
History of the annual Symposium on Applied Surface Analysis
Authors: Grant J. T. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe annual Symposium on Applied Surface Analysis started in 1979 at the University of Dayton. A colleague of mine had suggested such a meeting to me, because at that time there was no scientific division of the American Vacuum Society devoted to applications of surface analysis. I sent a proposal to the Air Force Office of Scientific Research for Sponsorship and this was accepted. The first symposium had 40 oral presentations over 3 days (13–15 June 1979), a vendor exhibit and a reception. A total of 129 people registered for the symposium. Eight of the first nine symposia were held at the University of Dayton, and then it became a topical conference of the American Vacuum Society, with site selection being decided by its newly formed Applied Surface Science Division. This year is the 25th anniversary of the Symposium on Applied Surface Analysis, and this paper is a brief history of the symposium. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interactions of cisplatin with calcium phosphate nanoparticles: In vitro controlled adsorption and release
Authors: Barroug A. , Kuhn L. T. , Gerstenfeld L. C. , Glimcher M. J. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractA new system for the local delivery of chemotherapy to malignant solid tumors has been developed based on calcium phosphate (CaP) nanoparticles. The adsorption of the anti‐neoplastic drug cis‐diamminedichloroplatinum (cisplatin) was characterized on three types of apatitic CaP (poorly and well crystallized hydroxyapatite, and carbonated apatite). Adsorption isotherms obtained in chloride‐free phosphate solutions at pH = 7.4 (24 and 37°C) indicate that cisplatin adsorption increases with temperature and increases with decreasing crystallinity. Release studies in phosphate buffer saline (containing the chloride ion essential for release) showed that while the cumulative amount of released drug was the same for all apatites at 20 days (∼70% of the total bound), the least crystalline material released the drug more slowly. The drug release rate increased slightly with temperature. Cytotoxicity testing was conducted in a K8 clonal murine osteosarcoma cell line to verify that drug activity was retained after adsorption onto the apatite crystals. K8 cells were plated onto dried films of the apatite/cisplatin conjugates and after 24 h, viability was measured with tritiated uridine. The apatite/cisplatin formulations exhibited cytotoxic effects with a dose dependent diminishment of cell viability. © 2003 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Quinacrine nonsurgical female sterilization in Baroda, India: 23 years of follow‐up of 84 women
Authors: Bhatt R.V. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractObjectives: Evaluate the long‐term effectiveness and safety of transcervical insertion of quinacrine hydrochloride pellets for nonsurgical female sterilization (QS). Methods: During the period June 1979 through January 1980, 84 women were admitted to a study at the Baroda Medical College and Hospital, Baroda, India. Our protocol called for three transcervical insertions of 252 mg of quinacrine hydrochloride to be deposited in the uterus of each patient. Follow‐up was scheduled at 6, 12 and 48 months after the last administration. Results: These women were 25 to 39 years of age at the time of the QS procedure and now, 23 years later, have completed their reproductive years. There were 4 pregnancies subsequent to the completion of QS, all prior to their 4‐year follow‐up. Thus, the life‐time failure rate for these women was 3.7%. Complaints were minor, especially when compared to surgical sterilization. There were no long‐term effects suspected of being attributable to QS. Conclusions: QS appears to be a reasonably effective method that is much safer than surgical sterilization.
The effect of special training for quinacrine sterilization (QS) in Faisalabad, Pakistan: a report on an 1833‐women subset of 11,000 cases
Authors: Bashir A. , Bashir M. , Afzal S. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractObjective: To determine the impact of retrained clinicians on the efficacy of transcervical quinacrine sterilization. Method: Retraining of clinicians in the accepted insertion technique was conducted in 1996. From 1 January 1997 through 2001, they performed 1089 quinacrine sterilizations in 11 MCH clinics of the Mother & Child Welfare Association at Faisalabad, Pakistan. Of these, 885 women had a recorded follow‐up visit (81.4%) by 31 December 2001. Results: Reported pregnancy failures declined after retraining from 5.4% (SE 2.3) for one year of use to 1.1% (SE 0.4) for 5 years of use. The rates at 4 years of use showed the expected increase in failures for women 30 years old or younger of 1.5% (SE 0.7) compared to 0.9% (SE 0.4) for those over 30; a lower rate of 0.8% (SE 0.4) for breastfeeding subjects and 2.2% (SE 1.1) for mothers not breastfeeding; but rates were similar for uterine length and post insertion traumatic bleeding. Conclusion: Quinacrine sterilization appears safe with acceptable efficacy.
A 22‐year experience with quinacrine sterilization in a rural private clinic in Midnapore, India: a report on 5 protocols and 1838 cases
Authors: Roy A. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractObjectives: Evaluate the safety and effectiveness of quinacrine for non‐surgical female sterilization in five different protocols. Methods: The 5 trials were conducted sequentially. The first and largest, with 985 cases, tested the use of a curved inserter to place a 50 mg dose of quinacrine near each tubal ostia. The next 3 trials were carried out to determine the effect of adjunct procedures on the efficacy of the standard recommended protocol. The three adjuncts were 75 mg of intrauterine diclofenac, 10 mg medroxyprogesterone IM and either 10 mg of atropine IM or 20 mg of hyoscine butylbromide IM. The final trial focused on the currently recommended protocol. Results: The 100 mg dose placed at the tubal ostia with the curved inserter resulted in a failure rate of 9.0% at 20 years. Diclofenac or medroxyprogesterone did not improve efficacy over quinacrine alone. Atropine or hyoscine butylbromide substantially diminished the effectiveness of the quinacrine. The failure rate with the standard protocol in our series of 122 cases was 0.8% at 3.5 years. Side effects were minor. There were no deaths nor serious complications with any of these protocols. Discussion: All 5 protocols appeared to be safe and the standard one was the most effective.
Quinacrine sterilization (QS) in Iran and the use of HSG as a measure of success
Authors: Soroodi‐Moghaddam S. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractObjectives: To establish the safety, effectiveness and acceptability of quinacrine sterilization (QS) in Iran. To determine whether the hysterosalpingogram (HSG) performed under low pressure can be used to demonstrate success of the QS procedure rather than waiting for a pregnancy to occur in order to demonstrate failure. Methods: This study was initiated in September 1990 in a private family planning clinic in Tehran, Iran. Patient intake for this analysis was completed 31 December 1998 and the cut‐off date for follow‐up data to be included in this analysis was 30 July 2002. During this period, 268 women received QS. From inception until April 1994, 160 women entered the study. The first 62 women received 3 insertions and the remainder received 2. Short‐term side effects were closely followed in these 160 women. From 18 February 1994 until the patient intake cut‐off date, 131 women entered the study and 46 of them received an HSG. Results: With 4 to 12 years of follow‐up there have been 7 pregnancies for a gross pregnancy rate of 2.6%. However, the use of the HSG tripled the risk of pregnancy for women who underwent the procedure. Furthermore, HSG, even when performed under minimal pressure, indicated failure of the QS procedure about 6% of the time when in fact both tubes would have closed had there been no intervention. Side effects were minor when compared to the complications of surgical sterilization. Conclusions: QS was found to be safe, effective and preferred over surgical sterilization by Iranian women. HSG understated the number of patients with bilateral tubal closure, or with tubes that would have closed given a little more time.
Quinacrine sterilization of 1997 women in Daharpur, Midnapore, West Bengal, India: a comparison of 3 protocols
Authors: Pal S.K. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractObjectives: Determine the efficacy of two different dosage regimens of quinacrine placed at each cornual angle, employing a curved inserter, and for fundal placement of doses from 252 mg to 360 mg of quinacrine, depending on the age of the woman. Methods: 1. The first trial involved 3 double insertions, a month apart, of 50 mg of quinacrine at each cornual angle. This trial was initiated on 14 August 1979 and completed on 26 June 1984 with 418 subjects admitted. 2. The second was a single double insertion of 100 mg at each cornual angle. This trial, initiated on 30 November 1984, was completed on 11 June 1985 with 100 subjects admitted. 3. The third trial began 2 January 1995, was completed 26 January 1998 and included 1479 subjects. There were 2 insertions, a month apart, with fundal placement of all pellets. The dose depended on the woman's age and ranged from 252 mg in the oldest to 360 mg in the youngest. The cut‐off date for this trial was 23 January 2003. Results: Only relatively minor side effects or complications were seen. None required hospitalization. Failure rates with multiple low dose or single dose cornual placement of pellets were unacceptably high. When higher doses of fundal placement of quinacrine were used at two visits, one month apart, no failures occurred. Conclusions: The third protocol shows great promise.
Quinacrine sterilization (QS) in a private practice in Daytona Beach, Florida: a preliminary report
Authors: Whitney R.B. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractObjectives: To affirm that WS can be performed safely and effectively in a U.S. private office practice. Methods: The U.S. FDA Modernization Act of 1997 Pharmacy Compounding Provisions made it possible for American physicians to begin offering WS to their patients. These provisions became effective November 21, 1998. This series was initiated in October 2000. The standard protocol recommended by the International Federation for Family Health (IFFH) is followed. Information on patients is recorded on forms suggested by IFFG to accomplish good post‐marketing surveillance. The potential role of uterine septae in WS failures is of particular interst to this investigator. Results: Seven cases have been completed. There have been no failures. Side effects have been minor. Women have been exceptionally happy with this method. The Florida Agency for Health Care Administration has examined WS and found it to be an acceptable off‐label use of quinacrine. Conclusion: Preliminary results have been similar to those reported by QS researchers around the world.