bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evidence‐based control of plaque and gingivitis
Authors: Santos A. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractMost adults brush and floss inadequately, and constant education and/or reinforcement is often required. Bacteria are usually left behind with mechanical oral health routines, and chemotherapeutic agents may have a key role as adjuncts to daily home‐care. To date, two antiseptic mouthwashes have received the ADA Seal of Acceptance: Peridex® (Zila Pharmaceuticals, Phoenix, AZ, USA; CHX, chlorhexidine) and Listerine® (Pfizer Consumer Healthcare, Morris Plains, NJ, USA; essential oil (EO) mouthwash). CHX has a strong affinity for tooth and tissue surfaces, but can cause brown staining on the teeth and tongue. Patients must also wait until all traces of toothpaste are removed before rinsing with CHX. Long‐term use of an EO mouthwash is microbiologically safe, with no changes observed in the bacterial composition of supragingival plaque, and no evidence of antimicrobial resistance. A number of trials have demonstrated the long‐term plaque‐ and gingivitis‐reducing properties of both CHX and EO mouthwashes. These studies clearly demonstrate that these agents have lasting efficacy, and can access hard‐to‐reach areas.
Additional properties and uses of essential oils
Authors: Seymour R. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractMuch evidence has been published supporting the use of mouthwashes in a number of crucial areas of oral health. These areas include antibacterial activity, home irrigation, maintenance of implant health, postsurgery uses, reduction of bacteria in dental aerosols and bacteraemia reduction. Although other commonly used mouthwashes (e.g. chlorhexidine) have been reviewed in other articles in this Supplement, this article concentrates solely on data supporting essential‐oil mouthwash use in these oral health areas.
Essential oil mouthwashes: a key component in oral health management
Authors: Claffey N. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractThis Supplement provides clear evidence that essential oil (EO) mouthwashes can be a beneficial, safe component of daily oral health routines. However, despite the wealth of supporting evidence, several issues are worthy of discussion. Patient compliance is a clear issue with oral home‐care routines, and the emphasis is on dental professionals to communicate the importance of adherence. The reasons for each step of the oral‐care routine (i.e. brushing, flossing, rinsing) should be clearly explained, and if required, additional motivation should be provided. Most mouthwashes contain denatured alcohol as a delivery vehicle, and some concern has been raised about the association of alcohol with oral cancer. However, a review by the Food and Drug Administration and American Dental Association found that the supporting evidence to date is inconsistent and contradictory. Some mouthwashes have a pH below 5.5, and some researchers believe that this can lead to tooth erosion. Studies have shown that although the pH of an EO mouthwash is below 5.5, salivary pH remains above 5.5 following rinsing and for 15 min postrinse.
Student Power – Holberg's Ideas on Education
Authors: Bredsdorff Thomas 
Published: May 2003

Ludvig Holberg (1684–1754) is the most prominent Scandinavian proponent of the ideas of the Enlightenment. A prolific writer in many genres throughout his life he was a great adaptor and compiler rather than an original thinker, except for two fields: gender and education. The paper deals with the latter, notably his ideas on adult education.A childless bachelor, he had little to say about the rearing of children. He obtained his experience with young adults from his professional duties as a professor at the University of Copenhagen. Academics, now and then, tend to deduce their ideas of how to learn from their ideals of how to teach. Holberg's reasoning was quite the opposite. He held convictions about learning from which he drew conclusions concerning teaching. The resulting ideas were quite advanced in view of the backward and authoritarian institution he served.
Diderot et l'art –éducateur de la société
Authors: Bukdahl Else Marie 
Published: May 2003

Denis Diderot est, sans conteste, le plus radical et le plus audacieux des philosophes des Lumières. Libre de tout préjugé, il ne cessa d'apporter, avec une énergie étonnante, ses idées personnelles à tous les nouveaux points de vue de son temps dans les sciences naturelles, la philosophie, l'esthétique et l'art.Son œuvre est dominée par une démarche unificatrice qui ne s'enferme jamais dans une unité clairement exprimée. Il chercha toujours à créer un lien et une unité dans sa vision du monde, mais il se heurtait sans cesse à de nouveaux aspects et à des phénomènes inexplicables, instables, en perpétuelle évolution. En même temps il s'acharnait à trouver des solutions aux problèmes posés par l'émergence d'une nouvelle société, démocratique et plus humaine. Mais là aussi, il se heurtait à des expériences nouvelles et à des aspects qui transformaient ses conceptions. Il ne trouva jamais une solution qui le satisfasse complètement.
Epidermal growth factor and insulin short‐term increase hPepT1‐mediated glycylsarcosine uptake in Caco‐2 cells
Authors: Nielsen C. U. , Amstrup J. , Nielsen R. , Steffansen B. , Frokjaer S. , Brodin B. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractAims: Little is known about the physiological regulation of the human intestinal di/tri‐peptide transporter, hPepT1. In the present study we evaluated the effects of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and insulin on hPepT1‐mediated dipeptide uptake in the intestinal cell line Caco‐2.Methods: Caco‐2 cells were grown on filters for 23–27 days. Apical dipeptide uptake was measured using [14C]glycylsarcosine([14C]Gly‐Sar). HPepT1 mRNA levels were investigated using RT‐PCR, cytosolic pH was determined using the pH‐sensitive fluorescent probe BCECF.Results: Basolateral application of EGF increased [14C]Gly‐Sar uptake with an ED50 value of 0.77 ± 0.25 ng mL−1 (n = 3−6) and a maximal stimulation of 33 ± 2% (n = 3−6). Insulin stimulated [14C]Gly‐Sar uptake with an ED50 value of 3.5 ± 2.0 ng mL−1 (n = 3−6) and a maximal stimulation of approximately 18% (n = 3−6). Gly‐Sar uptake followed simple Michaelis‐Menten kinetics. Km in control cells was 0.98 ± 0.11 mM (n = 8) and Vmax was 1.86 ± 0.07 nmol cm−2 min−1 (n = 8). In monolayers treated with 200 ng mL−1 of EGF, Km was 1.11 ± 0.05 mM (n = 5) and Vmax was 2.79 ± 0.05 nmol cm−2 min−1 (n = 5). In monolayers treated with 50 ng mL−1 insulin, Km was 1.03 ± 0.08 mM and Vmax was 2.19 ± 0.06 nmol cm−2 min−1 (n = 5). Kinetic data thus indicates an increase in the number of active transporters, following stimulation. The incrased Gly‐Sar uptake was not accompanied by changes in hPepT1 mRNA, nor by measurable changes in cytosolic pH.Conclusions: Short‐term stimulation with EGF and insulin caused an increase in hPepT1‐mediated uptake of Gly‐Sar in Caco‐2 cell monolayers, which could not be accounted for by changes in hPepT1 mRNA or proton‐motive driving force.
Muscle performance following fatigue induced by isotonic and quasi‐isometric contractions of rat extensor digitorum longus and soleus muscles in vitro
Authors: Vedsted P. , Larsen A. H. , Madsen K. , Sjøgaard G. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractAim: To study the effect of contraction mode on fatigue development.Methods: Muscle fatigue was induced by isotonic and quasi‐isometric contractions in rat soleus (SOL) and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles, using identical stimulation protocol (60 Hz, 400 ms s−1) for 100 s in SOL and 60 s in EDL. Fatigue was quantified as the decline in peak values of shortening, shortening velocity, relaxation and work during the isotonic contractions, and, correspondingly, of force, rate of force development, relaxation and work during the quasi‐isometric contractions. Maximal test contractions (60 Hz, 1.5 s) performed before and after fatigue were analysed for decline in force development (Fmax), rate of force development (dF/dtmax) and relaxation (−dF/dtmax).Results: F
max declined to significantly lower values after isotonic than after quasi‐isometric fatiguing contractions (fatigued in percentage of unfatigued): 58.5 ± 6.4% vs. 64.4 ± 7.0% in SOL, and 30.4 ± 4.1% vs. 33.3 ± 3.6% in EDL, respectively. The same pattern was seen for dF/dtmax which decreased to: 46.3 ± 9.9% vs. 52.3 ± 8.5% in SOL, and 19.1 ± 4.3% vs. 22.3 ± 3.2% in EDL after isotonic and quasi‐isometric contractions, respectively. Similarly, when comparing fatigue development during the two contraction modes, the respective fatigue variables decreased more rapidly and to lower levels during isotonic vs. quasi‐isometric contractions. During maximal test contractions, the dynamic fatigue variables (±dF/dtmax) declined to significantly lower levels than Fmax.Conclusions: Fatigue development was significantly larger during isotonic vs. quasi‐isometric contractions. The use of force as the only experimental fatigue variable may underestimate the functional impairment of fatigued muscle, neglecting the fatigue effect on time and length dimensions.
Strength, workload, anaerobic intensity and the immune response to resistance exercise in women
Authors: Miles M. P. , Kraemer W. J. , Nindl B. C. , Grove D. S. , Leach S. K. , Dohi K. , Marx J. O. , Volek J. S. , Mastro A. M. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractAim: The mechanism linking exercise intensity to the magnitude of the immune response is not completely understood. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether the immune response to resistance exercise was associated with (1) changes in workload or (2) anaerobic exercise intensity.Methods:  Previously untrained women underwent 6 months of resistance training for lower and upper body (TOTAL, n = 34) or for upper body alone (UPPER, n = 30). Lymphocyte subsets [T (CD3+), CD4+, CD8+, NK and B], functional markers (CD45RA+ and CD45RO+), and mitogen (phytohemagglutinin‐M, concanavalin A and pokeweed mitogen) and superantigen (staphylococcus a. cowans)‐stimulated proliferation were measured from blood samples collected pre‐ and post‐exercise for a squat resistance exercise consisting of six sets of 10 repetitions at 75% of one repetition maximum. This protocol was performed before (T0) and after 3 (T3) and 6 months (T6) of training.Results:  Lymphocyte recruitment to the circulation and proliferation following resistance exercise did not differ between training groups at any time, although the TOTAL group performed at a higher workload as training progressed. With respect to anaerobic intensity, exercise‐induced increases in NK, CD4+, CD8+ and B lymphocyte concentrations were 42 (P = 0.07), 76 (P < 0.05), 72 (P < 0.05) and 242% (P < 0.01) greater in women in the highest compared with the lowest post‐exercise lactate quartiles. Lymphocyte proliferation did not differ between lactate quartiles.Conclusions: Anaerobic intensity, rather than increased strength and workload, is associated with the number of lymphocytes recruited to the circulation, but not T and B cell proliferation responses.
Coronary smooth muscle adaptation to exercise: does it play a role in cardioprotection?
Authors: Bowles D. K. , Wamhoff B. R. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractSubstantial evidence exists supporting the role of chronic exercise in reducing the incidence and severity of coronary vascular disease. Physical inactivity is an independent risk factor for coronary heart disease suggesting that the cardioprotective effect of exercise is due, in part, to an intrinsic adaptation within the coronary vasculature. Surprisingly, a paucity of information exists regarding the intrinsic cellular changes within the coronary vasculature associated with exercise training and even less is known regarding the effect of physical activity on long‐term phenotypic modulation of coronary smooth muscle (CSM). The purpose of this symposium is to provide a concise update on the current knowledge regarding CSM adaptation to exercise training and the potential for these adaptations to contribute to exercise‐induced cardioprotection. The potential role of CSM in exercise‐induced cardioprotection will be approached from two perspectives. First, endurance exercise training effects on the regulation of coronary vasomotor tone via changes in CSM calcium regulation will be reviewed, i.e. short‐term functional adaptation. Secondly, we will discuss potential long‐term consequences of this altered calcium regulation, i.e. exercise‐induced phenotypic modulation of CSM. We propose that exercise training alters CSM intracellular calcium regulation to reduce Ca2+‐dependent activation of the contractile apparatus and Ca2+‐dependent gene transcription and increase activation of sarcolemmal potassium channels. The overall effect is to increase the gain of the vasomotor system and maintain a stable, contractile CSM phenotype.
Rates of deformation of an extensional growth fault/raft system (offshore Congo, West African margin) from combined accommodation measurements and 3‐D restoration
Authors: Rouby D. , Guillocheau F. , Robin C. , Bouroullec R. , Raillard S. , Castelltort S. , Nalpas T. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractsThe aim of this paper is to quantify the evolution in time and space of the accommodation (space available for sedimentation) in the case of a growth fault structure resulting from gravity‐induced extension comprising a listric fault/raft system located along the West African margin. To achieve this, use was made of an original approach combining two complementary techniques (accommodation variation measurements and 3‐D restoration) in order to quantify vertical and horizontal displacement related to deformation, using a data set made up of a 3‐D seismic survey and well logs. We applied sequence stratigraphic principles to (i) define a detailed stratigraphic framework for the Albo‐Cenomanian and (ii) measure subsidence rates from accommodation variations. 3‐D restoration was used to (iii) reconstruct the evolution of the 3‐D geometry of the fault system. The rates of horizontal displacement of structural units were measured and linked to successive stages in the growth of the fault system.Subsidence of the structural units exhibits three scales of variation: (1) long‐term variation (10 Ma) of c. 80 m Ma−1 for a total subsidence of about 1400 m, compatible with the general subsidence of a passive margin, and (2) short‐term variations (1–5 Ma) corresponding to two periods of rapid subsidence (about 150–250 m Ma−1) alternating with periods of moderate subsidence rate (around 30 m Ma−1). These variations are linked to the development of the fault system during the Albian (with downbuilding of the raft and development of the initial basin located in between). During the Cenomanian, the development of the graben located between the lower raft and the initial basin did not seem to affect the vertical displacements. (3) High‐frequency variations (at the scale of genetic unit sets) range between −50 and 250 m for periods of 0.2–2 Ma. Accommodation variations governed these cycles of progradation/retrogradation rather than sediment flux variations. In addition, the nine wells display a highly consistent pattern of variation in accommodation. This suggests that the genetic unit sets were controlled at a larger scale than the studied system (larger than 20 km in wavelength), for example, by eustatic variations. Translation rates are between 3 and 30 times higher than subsidence rates. Therefore, in terms of amplitude, the main parameter controlling the space available for sedimentation is the structural development of the fault system, that is to say, the seaward translation of the raft units, itself resulting from a regional gravity‐driven extension.
Linking hinterland evolution and continental basin sedimentation by using detrital zircon thermochronology: a study of the Khorat Plateau Basin, eastern Thailand
Authors: Carter A. , Bristow C. S. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractThe effectiveness of detrital zircon thermochronology as a means of linking hinterland evolution and continental basin sedimentation studies is assessed by using Mesozoic continental sediments from the poorly understood Khorat Plateau Basin in eastern Thailand. New uranium lead (U‐Pb) and fission‐track (FT) zircon data from the Phu Kradung Formation identify age modes at 141 ± 17 and 210 ± 24 Ma (FT) and 2456 ± 4, 2001 ± 4, 251 ± 3, and 168 ± 2 Ma (U‐Pb), which are closely similar to data from the overlying formations. The FT data record post‐metamorphic cooling, whereas the U‐Pb data record zircon growth events in the hinterland. Comparison is made between detrital zircon U‐Pb data from ancient and modern sources across Southeast Asia. The inherent stability of the zircon U‐Pb system means that 250 Myr of post‐orogenic sedimentary recycling fails to change the regional zircon U‐Pb age signature and this precludes use of the U‐Pb approach alone for providing unique provenance information.Although the U‐Pb zircon results are consistent with (but not uniquely diagnostic of) the Qinling Orogenic Belt as the original source terrane for the Khorat Plateau Basin sediments, the zircon FT cooling data are more useful as they provide the key temporal link between basin and hinterland. The youngest zircon FT modes from the Khorat sequence range between 114 ± 6 (Phra Wihan Formation) and 141 ± 17 Ma (Phu Kradung Formation) that correspond to a Late Jurassic/Early Cretaceous reactivation event, which affected the Qinling Belt and adjacent foreland basins. The mechanism for regional Early Cretaceous erosion is identified as Cretaceous collision between the Lhasa Block and Eurasia. Thus, the Khorat Plateau Basin sediments might have originated from a reactivation event that affected a mature hinterland and not an active orogenic belt as postulated in previous models.
Post‐Jurassic tectono‐sedimentary evolution of the Northern Lusitanian Basin (Western Iberian margin)
Authors: Alves Tiago M. , Gawthorpe Robert L. , Hunt David W. , Monteiro José H. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractSeismic reflection and well stratigraphic data are used to investigate the post‐Jurassic evolution of the Northern Lusitanian Basin, offshore west Iberia. Stratigraphic correlations between 11 exploration wells were attained in order to characterize the variations in depositional facies associated with salt tectonics. Latest Triassic–Hettangian salt, which generated multiple salt pillows during the Jurassic rifting, was reactivated after the early Aptian in two main phases. The first phase stretches from the late Turonian to the Maastrichtian. The second relates to Miocene tectonic inversion. The compression of the post‐salt overburden caused the amplification of Jurassic detachment folds, forming barriers to the westward progradation of sediment into distinct salt‐withdrawal sub‐basins. Particularly during the Miocene, thin‐skinned overburden shortening was accommodated by growing salt structures that suffered thrusting and extrusion. This structural style contrasts with that of salt‐scarce areas where a simple westerly tilted, fault‐bounded monocline was generated.
Effects of Novelty Stress on Neuroendocrine Activities and Running Performance in Thoroughbred Horses
Authors: Hada T. , Onaka T. , Takahashi T. , Hiraga A. , Yagi K. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractThis study investigated the effects of novelty stress on neuroendocrine activities and running performance in Thoroughbred horses. First, to examine the neuroendocrine responses to novelty stress, we exposed horses to two types of novel environmental stimuli (audiovisual or novel field stimuli). After the stimuli, plasma concentrations of vasopressin, catecholamines and adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), as well as heart rates, were significantly increased in each experiment. Second, we investigated neuroendocrine activities during incremental exercise. Plasma concentrations of vasopressin, catecholamines, ACTH and blood lactate increased as the exercise load increased. Finally, we investigated the effects of novelty stimuli on neuroendocrine activities and running performance during supra‐maximal exercise (110% VHRmax). When the novelty stimuli were presented to horses, the increases in plasma vasopressin and catecholamines due to exercise load were significantly smaller than those in the control experiments. Blood lactate during supra‐maximal exercise was also significantly lower and total run time until exhaustion was prolonged in the novel environmental stimuli compared to the control. These results suggest that novelty stimuli facilitate vasopressin release from the posterior pituitary in addition to activating the sympatho‐adrenomedullary and the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenocortical axes in thoroughbred horses, and increase exercise capacity, resulting in improvement of running performance during supra‐maximal exercise.
Regulation of Rat APJ Receptor Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Expression in Magnocellular Neurones of the Paraventricular and Supraopric Nuclei by Osmotic Stimuli
Authors: O'Carroll A.‐M. , Lolait S. J. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractThe novel apelin receptor (APJ receptor, APJR) has a restricted expression in the central nervous system suggestive of an involvement in the regulation of body fluid homeostasis. The endogenous ligand for APJR, apelin, is also highly concentrated in regions that are involved in the control of drinking behaviour. While the physiological roles of APJR and apelin are not fully known, apelin has been shown to stimulate drinking behaviour in rats and to have a regulatory effect on vasopressin release from magnocellular neurones of the hypothalamic paraventricular (PVN) and supraoptic (SON) nuclei. To determine the role of APJR in the regulation of water balance, this study examined the effects of osmotic stimulation on the expression of APJR mRNA in the magnocellular PVN (mPVN) and SON of salt‐loaded and water‐deprived rats. Intake of 2% NaCl and water deprivation for 48 h induced expression of APJR mRNA in the mPVN and SON. Using dual‐label in situ hybridization histochemistry, we also investigated whether APJR is colocalized within vasopressin neurones in control, salt‐loaded and water‐deprived rats. APJR mRNA was found to colocalize with a small population of vasopressin‐containing magnocellular neurones in control and water‐deprived rats. Salt‐loading resulted in an increased colocalization of APJR and vasopressin mRNAs in the SON. These data verify a role for APJ receptors in body fluid regulation and suggest a role for apelin in the regulation of vasopressin‐containing neurones via a local autocrine/paracrine action of the peptide.
Promoter analysis of Helicobacter pylori genes with enhanced expression at low pH
Authors: McGowan Catherine C. , Necheva Antoaneta S. , Forsyth Mark H. , Cover Timothy L. , Blaser Martin J. 
Published: May 2003

SummaryTo identify Helicobacter pylori genes with expression that is enhanced under low pH conditions, we used subtractive hybridization methodology. We identified 28 acid‐induced genes, of which 18 have known or putative functions. Six pairs of genes were co‐transcribed. Primer extension analysis identified single or multiple transcriptional start points (tsp) for 14 of the 22 loci. Sequence analysis of the −10 regions upstream of the tsps revealed consensus motifs for multiple RNA polymerase sigma factors present in H. pylori (σ80, σ54 and σ28). No sequences resembling the −35 Escherichia coli consensus sequence (TTGACA) were present upstream of any of the genes. Both increased gene transcription and decreased mRNA decay contribute to the observed increase in H. pylori transcript abundance at acid pH. These studies document the complex response of H. pylori to environmental pH changes, and provide insight into mechanisms used for intragastric survival.