bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Orpheus
Authors: Leeming David Adams 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The songs that Orpheus sang brought creatures round him, All beasts, all birds, all stones held in their spell. But look! There on a hill that overlooked the plain, A crowd of raging women stood, their naked breasts Scarce covered by strips of fur. They gazed at Orpheus Still singing, his frail lyre in one hand.
Moses
Authors: Leeming David Adams 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Moses was on the point of departing from heaven, a celestial voice announced: “Moses, thou earnest hither, and thou didst see the throne of My glory. Now thou shalt see also Paradise and hell,” and God dispatched Gabriel on the errand of showing hell to him. Terrified by its fires, when he caught sight of them as he entered the portals of hell, Moses refused to go farther. But the angel encouraged him, saying, “There is a fire that not only burns but also consumes, and that fire will protect thee against hell fire, so that thou canst step upon it, and yet thou wilt not be seared.”
Mary
Authors: Leeming David Adams 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The dogma of the Assumption maintains that, after her death, the Virgin Mary was assumed bodily into heaven, where she was subsequently crowned-”more glorious than the Cherubim and Seraphim”-to reign with Christ for ever and ever. We are here within sight of the recognition that the Assumption is the rev elation of what the Virgin was from the beginning-the one who reigns eternally with Christ, Sophia as the consort of Logos, divine Matrix of the universe. All the honours and symbols of this estate are present and the only thing lacking is the precise theological definition.
Agnes
Authors: Leeming David Adams 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aspasius had the young girl thrown into a raging fire, but the flames, dividing, consumed the pagans and left Agnes untouched. Then, by order of Aspasius, a dagger was thrust into her throat, and in this manner her heavenly Spouse claimed her for His bride, having decked her with the crown of martyrdom. All this is believed to have taken place under the reign of Constantine the Great, who reigned about the year 309. And the parents of Saint Agnes, with the other Christians, buried her with great joy; and they barely escaped the shower of stones which the pagans hurled at them.
Jesus
Authors: Leeming David Adams 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Then the eleven disciples went away into Galilee, into a mountain where Jesus had appointed them. And when they saw him, they worshipped him: but some doubted. And Jesus came and spake unto them, saying, All power is given unto me in heaven and in earth. Go ye therefore, and teach all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of 5 the Holy Ghost: teaching them to observe all things whatsoever I have commanded you: and, lo, I am with you alway, even unto the end of the world.
Human Causes versus Natural Events
Authors: Fletcher George P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Crimes typically occur when an offender brings about harm to the significant interests of a victim.1 Think about the standard felonies of the common law: homicide, assault, rape, mayhem, arson, robbery, larceny, burglary. All of these crimes leave palpable harms in their wake: someone is killed (homicide), attacked (assault), sexually violated (rape), or disfigured (mayhem). A dwelling house is set afire (arson), property is taken violently or with a threat of violence (robbery), something is taken stealthfully (larceny), or a private home is invaded with felonious intentions (burglary). These are harms that unnerve the community as well as leave the victim in a state of irreversible damage.
Offens es versus Defenses
Authors: Fletcher George P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While the distinction between wrongdoing and attribution is well understood in Germany and other Continental legal systems, lawyers in the common law tradition are more likely to classify issues by dividing them into the categories of offenses and defenses. Homicide, theft, and rape are offenses. Self-defense, necessity, consent, mistake, and insanity are all defenses. These two modes of classification are at odds with each other. The category of defenses typically includes all claims of justification and excuse, which explains why this distinction was long ignored in the common law tradition. Yet the distinction between offenses and defenses raises an important philosophical boundary that finds application as well in the structure that derives from the distinction between wrongdoing and attribution.
Self-Defense versus Necessity
Authors: Fletcher George P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As we noted in the analysis of intentional and negligent criminality, claims of justification and excuse pervade the criminal law. The definition of intentional wrongdoing enables us to see the criteria of justification and excuse in bold relief, for these issue are considered on their footing, as “defenses” to crime. This conclusion of chapter 7 provides a bridge to the topic we now consider: claims of self-defense and necessity, both as claims of excuse and of justification. These two ideas-self-defense and necessity-are leitmotifs for charting the history of criminal responsibility in its various stages of development. Both ideas emerge relatively early as excusing conditions and, in the course of history, generate claims of justification that function either as the supplement or as the replacement of their original excusing functions.
Shakespeare’s English Kings
Authors: Saccio Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Far more than any professional historian, Shakespeare is responsible for whatever notions most of us possess about English medieval history. Anyone who appreciates the dramatic action of Shakespeare’s history plays but is confused by much of the historical detail will welcome this guide to the Richards, Edwards, Henrys, Warwicks and Norfolks who ruled and fought across Shakespeare’s page and stage. Not only theater-goers and students, but today’s film-goers who want to enrich their understanding of film adaptations of plays such as Richard III and Henry V will find this revised edition of Shakespeare’s English Kings to be an essential companion. Saccio’s engaging narrative weaves together three threads: medieval English history according to the Tudor chroniclers who provided Shakespeare with his material, that history as understood by modern scholars, and the action of the plays themselves. Including a new preface, a revised further reading list, genealogical charts, an appendix of names and titles, and an index, the second edition of Shakespeare’s English Kings offers excellent background reading for all of the ten history plays.
Richard II: The Fall of the King
Authors: Saccio Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Richard II reigned over England for slightly more than twenty two years, from June 1377 to September 1399. For Englishmen of the succeeding two centuries, however, all that Richard did and suffered in his first twenty-one years of rule seemed insignificant beside his final loss of the crown to his cousin Henry of Boling broke. Modern scholars have protested against the distortion that arises from viewing a sequence of events solely through the glass of its final outcome. Social historians now rightly dwell upon the Peasants’ Revolt, which occurred in 1381, and the influential proto-Protestantism of John Wyclif, who died in 1384. Constitutional historians properly investigate parliament’s discovery and development of the powers of impeachment in 1376 and 1386. Literary historians naturally stress the works of Chaucer, who was writing throughout the reign. Biographers of the king himself fairly suggest that overemphasis on his final failure obscures his earlier achievements and the personal qualities that made them possible.
Henry IV: The King Embattled
Authors: Saccio Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The reign of Henry IV came to Shakespeare’s hand already possessed of a dramatic shape, a perceived pattern of historical cause and effect. In 1399, at about the age of thirty-three, Henry of Lancaster usurped the crown of his first cousin Richard II, retaining it until his own death of natural causes in 1413. Shakespeare’s Henry, on his deathbed, attributes all the troubles of his reign to his having “snatched” the crown. Henry’s overthrow of Richard had implicitly invited others, when they became discontented with his rule, to attempt another deposition. Shakespeare’s king exaggerates slightly: the last five years of Henry’s reign were in fact free of major domestic upheaval.
Henry V: The King Victorious
Authors: Saccio Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Henry V ruled England for nine and a half years, inheriting his father Henry IV’s throne in March 1413 at the age of twentyfive, and dying in August I 42 2, just before his thirty-fifth birthday. His was thus the shortest of the three Lancastrian reigns. It was also the most conspicuously successful. Whereas his father before him and his son after frequently faced domestic rebellion, no one waged civil war against Henry. Indeed, he differs from all the rest of the kings treated in this book in that the most significant events of his reign concerned foreign policy. The other late Plantagenets, Lancastrian and Yorkist alike, were obliged to worry principally about retaining the English crown. Henry had little trouble in this regard. He easily crushed the one dynastic and the one religious plot against him. Never as king did he have to meet rebel Englishmen on the field of battle. Rather he gained a second kingdom for himself and his heirs.
Waldo Frank, Jean Toomer, and the Critique of Racial Voyeurism
Authors: Terris Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the summer of 1922, Waldo Frank dropped a note to Jean Toomer proposing a journey together into the American South. Frank had first met Toomer more than two years before at a Greenwich Village party, but their friendship had developed, mostly by mail, only in the previous six months. Frank was living in New York, Toomer in Washington, D.C. Toomer was a struggling writer a few years younger than Frank. He had published a few poems and sketches, and he was elated to be in the company of an established, if controversial, literary figure. Frank, for his part, was delighted to find a young writer who took him seriously and could second his animosity toward the critics who had been tough on The Dark Mother and Rahab. They shared an intense spirituality, a sense of alienation from the literary mainstream, and a commitment to experimentation with literary form. Now Frank wanted to refresh his sense of the southern locale in which he planned to set his new book: “a short novel that sprang into being one night in the pinewoods of an Alabama village, full of the songs and calls of the black folk, and that has been germinating, forming ever since.” Toomer was partly of African American ancestry, he had recently spent time in Georgia, and he had family in the South: he volunteered to make the arrangements.
Beware of Signs; or, How to Tell the Living from the Dead
Authors: Portelli Alessandro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I first met Pedro Pietri’s voice on a recording of a performance at the Casa Puerto Rico in New York. Over a background of talking and laughing voices, applause, cheering, and an occasional crying child, Pietri chanted, shouted, laughed, sang, whispered, and groaned his “Puerto Rican Obituary” and other poems, going back and forth across the blurred order of English and Spanish as shaped by the Nuori can experience. Ten years later I met him again, in person, after a performance of his play No More Bingo at the Wake, which also explores the forms and genres of the oral collective voice of his community.
Centralizing the Marginal
Authors: Gysin Fritz 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This essay addresses the need for an analytical conception of boundary, a need that becomes imperative if one wants to pay tribute to the dynamic function of boundaries as a phenomenon in recent African American fiction. In the introduction to The Location of Culture, Homi Bhabha starts out with a quotation from Martin Heidegger: ‘‘A boundary is not that at which something stops but, as the Greeks recognized, the boundary is that from which something begins its presencing.
When All Met Together in One Room
Authors: Jařab Josef 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Josef Jařab: How do you feel about people saying that the whole beat movement started with you meeting [Jack] Kerouac and [William S.] Burroughs some where in the 1940s and ended with [Neal] Cassady’s and Kerouac’s deaths in the 1960s? Can we really limit it this way?
Allen Ginsberg: Well, you know, the notion of the “beat generation” as a literary movement has a real basis, but it’s also a journalistic stereotype. It’s originally just a group of friends who later were called the beat generation, but we did have some views in common. It was an extended circle, or an extended family. I would say that Kerouac and Burroughs were at the heart of it; myself learning a great deal from them, and other integral members were Gregory Corso, from the 1950s on, and Peter Orlovsky.
Chivalry’s Legacy
Authors: Meron Theodor 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chivalry’s enduring influence stems from the ability of its ideals, such as honour, loyalty, courage, mercy, commitment to the community and the avoidance of shame and dishonour, to fulfill a lasting human need. Chivalry was, as Malcolm Vale wrote, “honour in its medieval guise.” Its legacy was a conception of honour understood, as Maurice Keen suggests, as a nexus between the ideals of society and the actions of individuals: “honour commits men to act as they should.
Encountering Esulalu
Authors: Baum Robert M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The oral traditions that provide the core of evidence for this study of Diola history were gathered during seven periods of field research between 1974 and 1997. They represent the received traditions about the precolonial era as reflected upon by people who had recently become a part of an independent Senegal and who were enduring frequent droughts and an increasingly difficult integration into the world economy. They are reflections about Diola traditional religion before the implanting of other traditions, from the perspective of people in communities that have substantial Christian minorities. Furthermore, these traditions incorporate some of the long-term influences of Alinesitoué, a woman whose prophetic teachings continued to be important in Esulalu during the period of my fieldwork. Her teachings revitalized Diola religion during the crisis years of World War IL Her emphasis on the direct intervention of the supreme being in Diola affairs was used to reaffirm the integrity of the Diola community against the colonial order and against the growing influence of Christianity and Islam.
The Origins of the Diola-Esulalu
Authors: Baum Robert M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the retrospective glance of the historian of the longue durée performs a vital role in illuminating the broad continuities of a Diola religious and social system, it has serious limitations in that it assumes a continuity in the ethnic boundaries of the group we know as Diola. Until recently, many researchers made similar assumptions that Africa’s ethnic groupings of the twentieth century served as the primary social divisions for centuries before the European conquest. As Jan Vansina suggests, “many historians imagine that the cultural community, the ‘tribe’ is perennial ... it does not alter throughout the ages.
Conclusion
Authors: Baum Robert M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this study I have sketched the broad outlines of the religious and social history of the Diola-Esulalu, beginning with the gradual joining together of distinct Koonjaen and Floup traditions and concluding with an examination of Diola traditions on the eve of the establishment of colonial rule and a permanent missionary presence. Written sources, primarily from travelers, traders, colonial administrators, and missionaries, provided useful descriptions of the Diola past but were too removed from Diola community life, too fragmentary in scope, and too lacking in historical perspective to provide more than supplementary evidence concerning Esulalu religious history. The core of this study had to be based on Esulalu oral traditions, which I gathered from community elders and other interested people during the course of nearly four years of field work.
Taittiriya Upanisad
Authors: Olivelle Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Taittiriya Upanisad constitutes chapters 7, 8, and 9 of the Taittiriya Āraiyaka, which is itself a supplement added to the Taittiriya Brahmana of the Black Yajurveda. Varenne (1968) has noted the composite character of the TU. The first chapter of the TU stands apart from the other two and is sometimes recognized as a separate Upanisad. Sayana in his commentary on the TA calls it saf!lhitopani ad, while some editions of TU call it slk opani ad. Indian editions of TU call this chapter sik a-dhyayalJ prathama valti. Beginning with Deussen (1897), most translators have called it sik avalli, making the title parallel with those of the other two chapters and thus obscuring the traditional view that the first chapter is either a separate Upanisad or at least a section standing apart from the other two. Probably combining the two titles, LV calls this chapter sik iivallyadhyiiyalJ,. The second chapter is called finandavalli or brahmavallf (sometimes combined to brahmfinandavallf), and the third chapter is entitled bhrguvallf. Taken together the two last chapters form a distinct text, and Sayana calls it viirw:iyUpanisad. That he considered it a separate text is also borne out by the fact that he places a couple of ma,igala verses at the beginning of the second chapter. In the Taittiriya Āraiyaka, these three chapters are followed by the final tenth chapter that comprises the Mahanarayana Upanisad, not included in this collection. Witzel (1977, 1979, 1980) has edited and translated the little-known text Katha-Sik a-Upanisad (KaSU) and compared it to the sik avalli: of the TU, to which it is closely related. I have given the variant readings of the KaSU in the notes.
Kena Upanisad
Authors: Olivelle Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Kena Upanisad, also called the Talavakara Upanisad, belongs to the Talavakara or the Jaiminiya branch of the Samaveda. It appears as part of the Jaiminiya Upanisad-Brahmal_la (4.18-21). At some point in time, it began to circulate as an independent Upanisad and came to be called by its first word, kena (“by whom”), a custom also seen in the case of the Isa Upanisad. The KeU falls roughly into two parts. The first, consisting of the first two KhaI_19as, is in verse, except for a brief gloss at the beginning of Khandas 2, and presents brahman as essentially unknowable and inexpressible. The second, consisting of the final two Khandas, is in prose and shows how the gods and their powers have proceeded from brahman, here identified as the creator of all.
Lanyer In Her World
Authors: Woods Susanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Amelia Bassano was conceived in the spring of 1568, just as A a much better known woman, Mary Queen of Scots, was Y ;”S’’... planning her escape from Scotland into England, and Queen Elizabeth’s cousin, Henry Carey, Lord Hanson, was made governor of Berwick and warden of the East Marches. In this role Hanson would put down a rebellion on Mary’s behalf two years later, winning an “affectionate commendation” from Elizabeth and cementing her trust in him. This public matter would eventually have important consequences for the life of the baby born to Margaret Johnson and Baptiste Bassano and baptised “Emilia Baptist” on 27 January 1569 in the church of St. Botolph’s Bishopsgate,just outside the city wall of London. Some twenty years later she would experience the full glamor of the Elizabethan court, thanks to a relation ship with Hanson.
PROLOGUE:Okinawan History, Henza Village, and Methodology
Authors: Sered Susan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The following overview of Okinawan history is intended to give the reader a context for the ethnographic material presented in this book; it is in no way meant to be comprehensive. Okinawan history is somewhat well known from the fifteenth century on. A great deal of information has been gleaned from letters and reports of Chinese and Japanese visitors. A primary source of information about Okinawan culture is the Omara Saashi, a collection of songs and rituals written down in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries in the Okinawan language using a phonetic Japanese script (see Drake 199 5 for a more detailed discussion of the Omara saashi). Until approximately the fourteenth century, the Ryukyu Islands, including Oki nawa, seem to have been characterized by small, autonomous communities, each of which may or may not have had a chieftain or head priestess. Gradually, on the main island of Okinawa, these autonomous and sometimes warring communities were consolidated into three kingdoms: north, south, and central. In the fifteenth century, the central kingdom headquartered in the town of Shuri extended its rule over the entire island and then over the rest of the Ryukyu Island chain.
Gender Separation and Social Integration
Authors: Sered Susan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gender separation can provide women with their own sphere in which to func tion independently or it can mean that women are excluded from arenas of power and prestige. Although a great deal has been written about the implications of gender separation, sometimes stressing the positive implications for women and sometimes the negative (cf. Reiter 1975), anthropologists are lacking a cross culturally applicable schema for evaluating when and why gender separation is an expression and a tool of male dominance and when and why it is an expression and a tool of true gender complementarity and women’s autonomy. In sorting out the ramifications of gender separation, I see four key issues that need to be addressed. The first issue is that of control. In some gender-separated cultural settings, women do not exercise autonomy over their own sphere; although men and women are separate, men supervise women’s activities. This model is well-known to Orthodox Jewish women, who, in their highly gender-segregated culture, are in charge of cooking, but whose cooking laws (kashrut) are supervised by male rabbis. The second issue concerns ideology. In some cultural settings, gender separation is grounded in ideologies of male and female essential difference. Ideologies of essential difference are typically phrased in biological (naturalized) terms; not surprisingly, the ideologies that underpin gender separation often make reference to women’s menstrual impurity or to their uncontrollable sexuality. As a corollary, women and the women’s sphere tend to be culturally defined as inferior to men and the men’s sphere, and women and their sphere tend to be seen as in need of male control. A third and somewhat related issue concerns enforcement. In the wake of a potent ideology of essential difference and “proper” gender domains, gender separation in some societies is total and enforced. An individual whose personal inclinations would lead him or her to seek, for example, professional fulfillment in the other gender’s sphere cannot do so without incurring social condemnation. The final issue has to do with access to the public sphere. In some cultural settings, gender separation means that women are denied admittance to the public sphere—- even in the form of all-women gatherings. The result is that women’s ability to make or influence decisions that affect the society at large is extremely limited.