bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stream Fish Assemblages in Relation to Landscape Position and Local Habitat Variables
Authors: Smith Tamara A. , Kraft Clifford E. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe relative influence of local habitat variables and stream network position on fish assemblages was evaluated in this study of first‐order through third‐order streams within the Beaverkill–Willowemoc watershed in New York. We compared fish distribution and abundance over local and landscape scales by surveying 69 randomly selected tributaries within this 775‐km2 watershed. We used watershed‐level metrics of stream link magnitude, branch link, confluence link, downstream link, and stream order to evaluate the importance of stream network position upon fish assemblages. Results of canonical correspondence analysis indicated that six factors significantly influenced fish species abundance in our study watershed. The proportion of fine substrate, canopy cover, in‐stream vegetation, and water temperature were the four local habitat factors related to the abundance of fish species in this watershed; confluence link and stream order were the stream network position measures with the greatest influence on fish assemblages. Our results show that stream fish assemblages in the study watershed were influenced by a combination of small‐scale habitat variables and stream position within a watershed network. The significance of confluence link relative to that of other link measures designed to evaluate stream network position has never been previously established in a direct comparison. The usefulness of confluence link to characterize fish assemblages is consistent with efforts to identify metrics that are relevant to both watershed network geomorphology and ecology.
Two Alternative Juvenile Life History Types for Fall Chinook Salmon in the Snake River Basin
Authors: Connor William P. , Sneva John G. , Tiffan Kenneth F. , Steinhorst R. Kirk , Ross Doug 
Published: April 2005

AbstractFall Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha in the Snake River basin were listed under the Endangered Species Act in 1992. At the time of listing, it was assumed that fall Chinook salmon juveniles in the Snake River basin adhered strictly to an ocean‐type life history characterized by saltwater entry at age 0 and first‐year wintering in the ocean. Research showed, however, that some fall Chinook salmon juveniles in the Snake River basin spent their first winter in a reservoir and resumed seaward movement the following spring at age 1 (hereafter, reservoir‐type juveniles). We collected wild and hatchery ocean‐type fall Chinook salmon juveniles in 1997 and wild and hatchery reservoir‐type juveniles in 1998 to assess the condition of the reservoir‐type juveniles at the onset of seaward movement. The ocean‐type juveniles averaged 112–139 mm fork length, and the reservoir‐type juveniles averaged 222–224 mm fork length. The large size of the reservoir‐type juveniles suggested a high potential for survival to salt water and subsequent return to freshwater. Scale pattern analyses of the fall Chinook salmon spawners we collected during 1998– 2003 supported this point. Of the spawners sampled, an overall average of 41% of the wild fish and 51% of the hatchery fish had been reservoir‐type juveniles. Males that had been reservoir‐type juveniles often returned as small “minijacks” (wild, 16% of total; hatchery, 40% of total), but 84% of the wild males, 60% of the hatchery males, and 100% of the wild and hatchery females that had been reservoir‐type juveniles returned at ages and fork lengths commonly observed in populations of Chinook salmon. We conclude that fall Chinook salmon in the Snake River basin exhibit two alternative juvenile life histories, namely ocean‐type and reservoir‐type.
Distinction between Gastric Digestion and Evacuation in Black Bass Fed Piscine Prey
Authors: Wetzel James Edwin , Kohler Christopher C. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe terms “digestion” and “evacuation” are used interchangeably in studies of gastric processing in black basses Micropterus spp. We demonstrate that these processes are distinct and suggest that the differences may influence models involving the kinetics of gastric evacuation. Bolus (particulate matter) and residuum (bolus plus chyme (fluidized gastric contents)) sizes were used to examine gastric digestion (physical and chemical breakdown) and evacuation (passage of material from the stomach) in juvenile F1 backcross hybrid backcross black bass (largemouth bass M. salmoides × (spotted bass M. punctulatus × largemouth bass)). Thirty‐five black bass (2.477–6.398 g), each fed a single female zebra danio Brachydanio rerio (wet weight = 139–619 mg), were sampled at 4.5 h postprandially. Dry‐matter contents of the bolus, chyme, and residuum were related to relative prandium (meal) size and black bass wet weight. The presence of detectable chyme dry matter at all prandium sizes demonstrated that gastric digestion and evacuation were distinguishable during at least a portion of postprandial gastric processing. At 4.5 h, postprandial digestion clearly exceeded evacuation, which indicated the potential for differences in kinetics between the two processes. When the disparity between gastric residuum and bolus weights (i.e., the chyme contribution) was ignored, gastric dry‐matter content was underestimated by approximately 30% (4.5 h postprandially). As relative prandium size increased, the disparity between estimated prandium, residuum, and bolus dry weights increased; bolus and prandium dry weights showed the greatest disparity. Increases in black bass size and relative prandium size increased the amount of evacuated dry matter (prandium minus residuum), suggesting that models relating consumption and evacuation rates must consider relative prandium size and predator size.
The Fundamental Thermal Niche of Adult Landlocked Striped Bass
Authors: Bettoli Phillip W. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractResearchers have described the temperatures selected by landlocked striped bass Morone saxatilis in different locales throughout the USA. However, seasonally low concentrations of dissolved oxygen (DO) in many systems prevented striped bass from using the cool waters (<22°C) they may have preferred. In Melton Hill Reservoir, a 92‐km‐long impoundment on the Clinch River in east Tennessee, 15 adult striped bass were tagged with temperature‐sensing radio tags and tracked for an average of 418 d in 1999–2000. Cold, hypolimnetic discharges from an upstream dam and heated discharge from a steam‐generating electric facility near the midpoint of this run‐of‐the‐river reservoir provided a broad range of temperatures in most seasons, and hypoxic habitats were uncommon even during stratification. The mean temperature occupied by striped bass varied seasonally (repeated‐measures analysis of variance, P < 0.0001) and was highest in summer (17.5°C), intermediate in spring and fall (15.4–16.9°C), and lowest in winter (13.0°C). The mean and modal temperatures occupied during the growing season (May–October 1999) were 17.5°C and 19.0°C, respectively; 30% of the observations were between 9°C and 15°C. These data indicate that the fundamental thermal niche of adult landlocked striped bass may be lower than literature estimates. These results also represent the first unbiased field estimates of the influence of season on the thermal ecology of adult striped bass. The thermal characteristics of habitats considered optimal in habitat suitability index models for adult landlocked striped bass (i.e., 18– 24°C) should be revised to include cooler waters.
Variability in Length–Weight Relationships Used to Estimate Biomass of Estuarine Fish from Survey Data
Authors: Kimmerer Wim , Avent Sean R. , Bollens Steven M. , Feyrer Fred , Grimaldo Lenny F. , Moyle Peter B. , Nobriga Matt , Visintainer Tammie 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe biomass of fish populations is often calculated from abundance‐by‐length data using length–weight (LW) relationships from separate studies (e.g., from the literature). Estimates of biomass determined this way have two principal sources of error: (1) error in total numbers and size distribution of fish due to sampling variability; and (2) prediction error, including that arising from the use of a LW relationship from another time, place, population, or species. We developed LW relationships from 6,390 measurements of fish of 24 species in the San Francisco Estuary. Our principal objective was to evaluate the errors that arise when calculating biomass from length data. Data were obtained from four sampling studies (none designed for this purpose) and analyzed with analysis of covariance on log‐transformed data. Differences in LW relationships among studies were apparent. Five tests were applied to assess the influence of these differences on predictions of biomass from length data. Three of these tests indicated some bias arising from several sources, including differences in the range of lengths used to develop the relationships. The remaining two tests compared the sampling variability of two common fish species with variability and bias introduced by means of different alternative LW relationships from our data and from the literature. Length–weight relationships from the literature introduced some bias and somewhat more variability into the biomass estimates compared with estimates based on LW relationships obtained from the San Francisco Estuary. However, sampling error was the largest source of error in all cases. Although it is preferable to calculate biomass from LW relationships of fish from the same area and time period, the error induced by using relationships from other time periods, other areas, or the literature is typically small compared with sampling error, particularly when only relative measures of biomass are needed.
Caspian Tern Predation on Juvenile Salmonids in the Mid‐Columbia River
Authors: Antolos Michelle , Roby Daniel D. , Lyons Donald E. , Collis Ken , Evans Allen F. , Hawbecker Mike , Ryan Brad A. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractWe used a bioenergetics approach to determine the magnitude of predation by Caspian terns Sterna caspia on juvenile salmonids Oncorhynchus spp. in the mid‐Columbia River during 2000 and 2001. Caspian terns nesting on Crescent Island, Washington, located below the confluence of the Snake and Columbia rivers, consumed several hundred thousand juvenile salmonids each year of the study. Tern consumption of smolts was higher in 2001 (679,000 smolts; 95% confidence interval (CI): 533,000–825,000 smolts) than in 2000 (465,000 smolts; 95% CI: 382,000–547,000 smolts) as a result of an increase in tern breeding pairs, fledging success, and percentage of salmonids in the diet. On‐colony detection rates of passive integrated transponder tags from in‐river migrating smolts were also higher in 2001 (0.90–12.40%) than in 2000 (0.03–1.60%); the higher predation rates in 2001 were probably caused by extreme drought conditions that resulted in reduced spill from hydroelectric dams, lower river flows, and increased travel times for in‐river migrating smolts. Tern predation rates on juvenile steelhead O. mykiss were higher than those on yearling Chinook salmon O. tshawytscha in both years. The impacts of tern predation on steelhead smolts and yearling Chinook salmon from the Snake River were slight after accounting for the high proportion of smolts collected for transportation above Crescent Island. Survival of steelhead smolts from the upper Columbia River that are not transported above Crescent Island may be significantly affected by tern predation, particularly in low‐flow years. Appreciably higher predation rates on salmonids by Crescent Island terns than those observed in 2001 are unlikely considering the constraints on tern colony expansion, limited capacity for increased per capita smolt consumption by terns, and current high transportation rates for Snake River smolts.
Long‐Term Residence of Red Snapper on Artificial Reefs in the Northeastern Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Szedlmayer Stephen T. , Schroepfer Rebecca L. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractRed snapper Lutjanus campechanus (N = 54) were tagged and tracked on 12 artificial reefs in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. Fish were surgically implanted with ultrasonic transmitters and monitored with Vemco remote receivers and Sonotronics surface receivers from August 2000 to 2004. Four fish were manually tracked from the surface overnight, and their positions were recorded every hour for either 9 or 16 h. The total length of fish tagged was 589 ± 14 mm (mean ± SE). The number of detections by the remote receivers was 290,340 ± 44,696. By the end of this study, 5 fish were still being tracked, 8 fish had been lost immediately after tagging, 15 fish had been caught by fishers, and 26 fish had been lost after extended tracking. Red snapper were resident on artificial reefs for 218 ± 28 d, and residence time ranged from 1 to 595 d. We estimated that most (67%) of the tagged red snapper showed long‐term residence (117–595 d), 13% were resident for 8–91 d, and 20% left the tagging site soon after release (<4 d). Fish were resident on the same artificial reef over all seasons (winter, spring, summer, and fall), and no seasonal changes in proximity to the reef were detected. Red snapper left the receiver range (1.6 km) for short time periods; for example, fish 25 left the reef 285 times for 1–4 h over a 335‐d period. However, all fish spent most of their time (98%) within the receiver range. We detected diel changes in proximity to the reefs (N = 8), but patterns varied. In this study, red snapper showed high site fidelity over long time periods, which suggested that artificial reefs provided suitable habitat for red snapper in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico.
Efeitos da adubação nitrogenada e com micronutrientes na qualidade de sementes do feijoeiro cultivar IAC-Carioca
Authors: AMBROSANO EDMILSON JOSÉ , AMBROSANO GLÁUCIA MARIA BOVI , WUTKE ELAINE BAHIA , BULISANI EDUARDO ANTONIO , MARTINS ANTONIO LÚCIO MELLO , SILVEIRA LUIS CLÁUDIO PATERNO 
Published: April 2005

Foram realizados ensaios de laboratório com amostras de sementes obtidas de dois experimentos em campo, no município de Pindorama, de maio a agosto, em 1992 e 1993, visando estudar o efeito do nitrogênio e de micronutrientes, aplicados sob várias formas, na qualidade das sementes do feijoeiro cultivar IAC-Carioca. Tomaram-se amostras de sementes de cada tratamento aplicado em campo, acondicionando-as em sacos de papel e conservando-as em câmara seca com temperatura de 15o C e umidade relativa do ar de 40%, sendo efetuados testes de germinação imediatamente após a colheita e após 12 e 24 meses. Os resultados foram analisados e as médias, comparadas pelo teste de Duncan:tanto o fornecimento diferencial de N como o de micronutrientes não afetaram a qualidade fisiológica das sementes, medida por meio da percentagem de germinação e de plântulas anormais, não se observando acúmulo ou déficit de elementos nutrientes nas sementes do feijoeiro.
Ionomers
Authors: Kim Joon‐Seop 
Published: April 2005

AbstractPolymers containing ions can be classified into two major families: polyelectrolytes and ionomers. For polyelectrolytes, the ion content is very high, eg, every repeat unit of the polymer has pendent ionic groups. Thus, polyelectrolytes are water soluble. Ionomers are used to define the thermoplastic polymers, which contain a small amount of ionic groups in a matrix of low dielectric constants.Characterization of ionomers is discussed. The use of scattering and X‐ray absorption studies, electron microscopic studies, atomic force microscopy is discussed as ways to determine ionic aggregates and morphology of ionomers. Glass transitions are also studied in this category.Properties of styrene ionomers, as well as polyethylene and polytetrafluroethylene ionomers and ionomer blends are detailed. External polasticizers for ionomers can be used as additives to plasticize either polar or nonpolar regions, or both, depending on the polarities of the additives and the ionomer. Important applications of ionomers include membranes, molded materials, and as fertilizer coatings.
Manganese Compounds
Authors: Pisarczyk Kenneth ,   Updated by Staff
Published: April 2005

AbstractManganese compounds are used commercially in the iron and steel industries, as a principal component of primary battery systems, and as oxidation reagents and catalysts. These compounds also find application in glassmaking and as fungicides, soft ferrite components, fertilizer, and pigments. Manganese exhibits oxidation states ranging from −III to VII in its compounds, and many of the known phases of manganese dioxide correspond to variations in degree of stoichiometry. Compounds for each manganese valency are discussed. Emphasis is placed on the manufacture, properties, and uses of a variety of natural and synthetic manganese dioxides and of potassium permanganate.
Nickel Compounds
Authors: Antonsen D. H. , Meshri Dayal T. ,   Updated by Staff
Published: April 2005

AbstractNickel compounds can be divided into the classic inorganic salts and a wide variety of organonickel compounds. The various compounds find use as plating salts, catalysts, in specialty ceramics and chemicals, as pigments, and in nickel metal refining. Commercially the most important are the inorganic nickel(II) compounds and nickel carbonyl, a highly toxic nickel(0) species.Nickel salts form a wide variety of complexes with nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur, as well as with oxygen and carbon π‐systems. Properties, manufacture, and uses of nickel compounds and complexes are discussed.
Rheology and Rheological Measurements
Authors: Schoff Clifford K. , Kamarchik Peter 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis article is concerned with the experimental measurement of rheological properties of both liquids and solids and the principles on which these measurements are based. The flow properties of a liquid are defined by its resistance to flow, ie, viscosity. This concept is defined and discussed in terms of both theoretical flow models and practical consequences. Temperature, thixotropic and other time‐dependent, and concentration effects are covered for dilute polymer solutions, melts, and dispersed systems. Techniques and viscometers for capillary, rotational, and moving‐body measurements are described. The rheological properties of viscoelastic solids are made up of a combination of permanent deformation and recoverable elastic deformation. Additionally, a number of liquids show elastic as well as flow behavior. Also described are additional techniques beyond those indicated for simple solids and liquids, which are needed for complete characterization of mechanical behavior of materials in terms of elasticity and viscoelasticity. Examples of such methods are the dynamic measurement of response to sinusoidal oscillatory motion; the measurement of flow with time after application of stress, ie, creep; and the measurement of the rate and degree of recovery after removal of stress, ie, creep recovery or recoil. Special topics such as the Weissenberg effect, time–temperature superposition, and electrorheological behavior are also discussed.
Hydrofluorocarbons
Authors: Elsheikh Maher Y. , Bertelo Christopher A. , Dolbier William R. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis article describes the applications of the hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) as foam blowing agents, refrigerants, solvent for cleaning circuit board, and fire fighting agents. The selection of the ideal HFC candidate’s were discussed. The industrial processes for manufacturing of these products were also described.
Ethical decision‐making for knowledge representation and organization systems for global use
Authors: Beghtol Clare 
Published: April 2005

AbstractIn this article, ethical decision‐making methods for creating, revising, and maintaining knowledge representation and organization systems are described, particularly in relation to the global use of these systems. The analysis uses a three‐level model and the literature on ethically based decision‐making in the social and technical sciences. In addition, methods for making these kinds of decisions in an ethical manner are presented. This multidisciplinary approach is generalizable to other information areas and is useful for encouraging the development of ethics policies for knowledge representation and organization systems and for other kinds of systems or institutions.
The transport of chemicals in semen
Authors: Klemmt Leah , Scialli Anthony R. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThree mechanisms have been proposed for exposure of the conceptus to chemicals in semen: access of chemicals to the maternal circulation after absorption from the vagina, direct chemical exposure of the conceptus following transport from the vagina to the uterine cavity, and delivery to the egg and subsequent conceptus of chemical bound to the sperm cell. We review published data for each of these three mechanisms. Human seminal fluid chemical concentrations are typically similar to or lower than blood concentrations, although some antimicrobial agents achieve higher concentrations in semen than in blood. Vaginal absorption of medications has been shown to occur, although the vehicles in which these medications are delivered to the vagina may maintain contact with the vaginal epithelium to a greater extent than does semen. Assuming total absorption of a seminal dose of a chemical with a high semen:blood concentration ratio, distribution within the recipient woman would result in a blood concentration at least three orders of magnitude lower than that in the man. Direct delivery of seminal chemicals into the uterine cavity of humans has not been shown to occur, although it may occur in species such as the rat in which seminal fluid has access to the uterine cavity. Chemicals in or on human sperm cells have been demonstrated with respect to tetracycline and cocaine in vitro and aluminum, lead, and cadmium in vivo. The in vitro cocaine study offers sufficiently quantitative data with which to predict that oocyte concentrations would be five orders of magnitude lower than blood concentrations associated with cocaine abuse, assuming a maximally cocaine‐bound sperm were capable of fertilizing. Thus, even using liberal assumptions about transmission of chemicals in semen or sperm, predicted exposure levels of a pregnant woman or of the conceptus are three or more orders of magnitude lower than blood concentrations in the man whose semen is the putative vehicle for chemical transport. Birth Defects Res B 74:119–131, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.