bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Treatment of the Painful Motion Segment
Authors: Pracyk John B. , Traynelis Vincent C. 
Published: August 2005

Study Design.
A retrospective review of the literature.

Objective.
This work serves as a comprehensive update of cervical arthroplasty.

Summary of Background Data.
Cervical arthroplasty has developed as a means to preserve normal spinal motion after an anterior cervical discectomy. Preserving motion may lead to an acute improvement in patient outcome and may decrease the incidence of symptomatic adjacent segment disease in the long-term.

Methods.
The literature concerning the outcomes following anterior cervical decompression and fusion, the indications for cervical arthroplasty, the indications and contraindications for arthroplasty, the surgical technique, and early outcome studies for those devices currently in U.S. FDA IDE trials are reviewed.

Results.
The most data are available for the Prestige, Bryan, and ProDisc-C devices. While these devices all preserve normal segmental motion, the articulations vary (metal on metal, metal on polyurethane, and metal on ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene). Wear testing indicates that these devices will have a long life once implanted. Preliminary outcomes compare very favorably to anterior decompression and arthrodesis.

Conclusions.
Cervical arthroplasty is a promising new technology that may improve patient outcome following anterior cervical decompression.
Surgical Treatment for the Painful Motion Segment
Authors: Polly David W. , Santos Edward R. G. , Mehbod Amir A. 
Published: August 2005

Study Design.
A convenience literature-based review of the different techniques of posterior lumbar fusion.

Objective.
To describe the history, specific techniques, and outcomes of different methods of posterior lumbar fusion. The specific methods that were described include 1) uninstrumented posterior, posterolateral, and facet fusion, and 2) instrumented fusion using pedicle screws or facet screws.

Summary of Background Data.
There are various posterior fusion techniques available for the treatment of degenerative lumbar spine conditions. Each individual technique has specific technical demands, indications, advantages, and disadvantages which should be taken into consideration when performing these procedures.

Methods.
The published scientific literature on the different methods of posterior lumbar fusion was reviewed. The history, indications, advantages, disadvantages, and clinical and radiographic outcomes were described based on the literature search.

Results/Conclusions.
Posterior fusion techniques have been and will continue to be among the most commonly performed procedures in lumbar spine surgery. The different methods of fusion are well defined, as are the possible complications and outcomes. They are effective techniques when performed on appropriately selected patients by a surgeon knowledgeable in the techniques and indications. Further studies are needed regarding promising but relatively unproven developments such as minimally invasive surgery and the use of osteoinductive agents.
Dynamic Interspinous Process Technology
Authors: Christie Sean D. , Song John K. , Fessler Richard G. 
Published: August 2005

Study Design.
A literature review.

Objectives.
To evaluate the mechanisms of action and effectiveness of interspinous distraction devices in managing symptomatic lumbar spinal pathology.

Summary of Background Data.
Fusion operations have traditionally been used to manage many disorders of the lumbar spine related to deformity, pain, or instability. Concern over the long-term effects of fusion on adjacent segments has led to the development of the concept of dynamic stabilization.

Methods.
A Medline search was performed using the key words “interspinous implants,” “interspinous devices,” and “lumbar dynamic stabilization.” The abstracts of each were reviewed. Relevant articles were reviewed in detail and other appropriate references obtained. In addition, when available, nonpublished manufacturer’s information was reviewed.

Results.
Articles describing the following implants were included in this review: the Minns Device, the Interspinous “U,” the Diam, the Wallis Implant, and the X STOP.

Conclusions.
These devices continue to be evaluated in clinical trials. Early results suggest a possible role in the management of degenerative disorders of the lumbar spine.
To stem or lemmatize a highly inflectional language in a probabilistic IR environment?
Authors: Kettunen Kimmo , Kunttu Tuomas , Järvelin Kalervo 
Published: August 2005

PurposeTo show that stem generation compares well with lemmatization as a morphological tool for a highly inflectional language for IR purposes in a best‐match retrieval system.Design/methodology/approachEffects of three different morphological methods – lemmatization, stemming and stem production – for Finnish are compared in a probabilistic IR environment (INQUERY). Evaluation is done using a four‐point relevance scale which is partitioned differently in different test settings.FindingsResults show that stem production, a lighter method than morphological lemmatization, compares well with lemmatization in a best‐match IR environment. Differences in performance between stem production and lemmatization are small and they are not statistically significant in most of the tested settings. It is also shown that hitherto a rather neglected method of morphological processing for Finnish, stemming, performs reasonably well although the stemmer used – a Porter stemmer implementation – is far from optimal for a morphologically complex language like Finnish. In another series of tests, the effects of compound splitting and derivational expansion of queries are tested.Practical implicationsUsefulness of morphological lemmatization and stem generation for IR purposes can be estimated with many factors. On the average P‐R level they seem to behave very close to each other in a probabilistic IR system. Thus, the choice of the used method with highly inflectional languages needs to be estimated along other dimensions too.Originality/valueResults are achieved using Finnish as an example of a highly inflectional language. The results are of interest for anyone who is interested in processing of morphological variation of a highly inflected language for IR purposes.
Open access journal publishing: the views of some of the world's senior authors
Authors: Nicholas David , Huntington Paul , Rowlands Ian 
Published: August 2005

PurposeThe main aims of the survey were to determine: the volume of open access (OA) publishing; what the attitudes of authors to publishing in OA journals were; and what authors felt were the implications of OA publishing.Design/methodology/approachThe questionnaire survey was administered on behalf of Ciber by NOP and the sample derived from mailing lists supplied by the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI®). Nearly, 4,000 authors responded.FindingsThe detailed results of a major survey of the views and experiences of nearly 4,000 senior authors in regard to OA publishing. A number of statistical analyses were employed to drill down into the data to obtain an understanding of the figures. Views were divided sharply along subject and geographical lines, demonstrating the need to survey large and robust samples of authors.Research limitations/implicationsA snapshot study which while providing robust data requires a follow‐up study to monitor opinion shifts in this fast‐changing area.Practical implicationsHighlights the knowledge gap that exists between authors and publishers.Originality/valueOne of the biggest, if not the biggest, author survey conducted into scholarly publishing and OA publishing.
The use of the internet and e‐mail among Sudanese librarians: a survey report
Authors: Salah Eldin Mudawi Mohamed 
Published: August 2005

PurposeThe objective of this research paper is to assess how the internet is used, in particular for email‐based library services in Sudan.Design/methodology/approachThis research is based on primary data: a structured field survey was conducted among six information institutions in Sudan. Because the number of librarians in these institutions was thought manageable, all librarians in the selected institutions were surveyed. The response rate reached 88.1 per cent. The SPSS package was used for data analysis, and the alpha value found to be 79 per cent.FindingsThe major patterns of internet use were: chat sessions; checking e‐mails; and surfing professional sites. The majority of the sample did not utilize email for library services as such. The low use of internet resources for library services was due to inadequate access and inadequate time that can be devoted to internet activity, rather than a matter of lacking skills per se. But it was also found that there was a real need for training on using internet for library services. Moreover, lack of English language skills were a factor: findings indicated that there is a positive correlation between the level of English language proficiency and the level of using the internet.Research limitations/implicationsFor practical reasons the fieldwork data was collected only from Khartoum state. More research work could be done in the other major cities to complete the view. More studies are needed to highlight the nature of internet training needs, and user attitudes that influence the current patterns of internet use.Originality/valueThis paper is an original work that fills a gap in the literature about the use of the internet among the Sudanese librarians. This paper is of value to practitioner librarians and researchers, while LIS instructors may use the research results to develop the LIS syllabus and curriculums.
Content in, content out: the dual roles of the reference librarian in institutional repositories
Authors: Jenkins Barbara , Breakstone Elizabeth , Hixson Carol 
Published: August 2005

PurposeThe development of institutional repositories has typically involved administrative and technical staff from libraries and campuses, with little input from reference librarians and subject specialists. Reference librarians have vital roles to play in helping to recruit authors to submit their content to institutional repositories, as well as in educating users to search such repositories effectively and retrieve the scholarly content from them. Aims to investigate these roles.Design/methodology/approachDescribes how the University of Oregon Libraries built its institutional repository, promoted and marketed it, and developed partnerships within the library and across the campus using the expertise of reference/subject librarians.FindingsAt many institutions, institutional repository development has relied heavily on technical and administrative staff. Reference/subject librarians have not played as active a role as they can and should. Because reference librarians are often also subject specialists with liaison responsibilities to specific disciplines, their knowledge of the specialized research needs and scholarly communication patterns of the different disciplines can inform every step of the institutional repository's growth.Originality/valueExperience at the University of Oregon demonstrates the efficacy of involving reference librarians in the design and development of an institutional repository from the beginning. The experience that reference librarians have in searching a wide array of databases enables them to provide a useful perspective on the design of effective search interfaces for institutional repositories.
The librarian's role in institutional repositories
Authors: Allard Suzie , Mack Thura R. , Feltner‐Reichert Melanie 
Published: August 2005

PurposeThis paper aims to identify topics that are being addressed in the institutional repository (IR) literature, and to determine what the role of the librarian will be in IR projects.Design/methodology/approachA thorough search was conducted to identify literature that has been published about IRs. A conceptual content analysis was conducted on the literature using eight category coding steps and a multicoder process including a review of intercoder agreement.FindingsThe analysis of the 30 articles revealed that concepts found in the IR literature can be grouped into five major themes – definition, implementation, management, outcomes, and librarian's role. The analysis also indicated that there is only a limited discussion of the librarian's role particularly with regard to the relationship with self‐archiving authors, which is a key characteristic of IRs.Research limitations/implicationsThe paper identifies areas in the literature that have not been addressed and suggests areas for future research. Its limitations are that: the cut‐off date for literature was October 30, 2004; the literature review was comprehensive but not exhaustive; nine articles had a single coder but were included because of high levels of coder agreement; and coding was on general concepts at the most elemental level.Practical implicationsThe paper identifies six roles that are the responsibilities of librarians in the IR environment: understanding software, project planning and management, collection definition, metadata guidance, submission review, and author training.Originality/valueThis paper makes an original contribution by identifying what is missing in the literature and by offering recommendations about the role of librarians in the IR environment.
Part‐tracking labelling and machine vision
Authors: Connolly Christine 
Published: August 2005

PurposeConsiders the use of bar and matrix codes in assembly operations and after‐sales part tracking.Design/methodology/approachReviews the marking methods, the types of codes employed in different industries, and the machine vision equipment used to read them.FindingsMatrix codes are being widely adopted as a means of improving the efficiency and quality of production, and as a way of achieving traceability, for the appropriate handling of any faults that appear during usage. Equipment for marking and reading the codes is available from several suppliers, and can be integrated into the production line.Originality/valueShows the power and versatility of matrix code labelling for the manufacturer.
The use of infrared imaging in industry
Authors: Connolly Christine 
Published: August 2005

PurposeTo show the wide range of applications of infrared imaging being used in industry.Design/methodology/approachExplains the recent cost reduction of infrared cameras, and reviews applications in product testing and quality control, process monitoring, structural inspection and fatigue limit measurement. Briefly reviews the capabilities of some off‐the‐shelf cameras.FindingsThat infrared imaging is a very powerful technique, bringing a whole new dimension of temperature detection to machine vision.Originality/valueHighlights infrared imaging as a practicable and very valuable tool in industrial inspection.
The speed of adjustment and the sequencing of economic reforms
Authors: Nsouli Saleh M. , Rached Mounir , Funke Norbert 
Published: August 2005

PurposeThe purpose of the paper is to review the issues involved in determining the appropriate speed of adjustment and the sequencing of economic reforms, and to develop a checklist of key guidelines for policymakers as a basis for their decision‐making process.Design/methodology/approachThe paper develops a conceptual framework based on a survey of the theoretical and empirical literature, and the practical experience of the authors in this area.FindingsThe analysis in the paper shows that the optimal speed and sequence of reforms is country‐specific. But key policy considerations can help guide policymakers in the design of their reform strategy.Practical implicationsThe arguments favoring a shock approach or a gradual approach are not absolute. Each country has to choose the proper speed of adjustment and sequencing of reforms by examining country‐specific factors. A thorough case‐by‐case analysis is needed before a decision on the appropriate timing and sequencing of reforms can be made.Originality/valueThe analysis in the paper leads to key reform guidelines for policymakers – covering areas such as prerequisites and resource constraints, political economy considerations, credibility and sustainability of reforms – that are instrumental in developing a well‐sequenced strategy.
Economic analysis of food‐borne diseases control program in Australia
Authors: Khandaker Shahjahan Ali , Alauddin Mohammad 
Published: August 2005

PurposeFood safety is an important means for controlling food‐borne diseases. While there are various procedures for food safety, HACCP‐based procedure has been considered as an efficient method for food‐safety. In Australia the introduction of HACCP‐based food‐safety measures has been recommended in particular for meat and meat products to replace the traditional organoleptic meat inspection procedure. Aims to estimate the costs and benefits.Design/methodology/approachEmploying tools of social cost benefit analysis, this paper estimates the worth of the HACCP‐based food‐safety program. The analysis was carried out assuming five alternative scenarios with 3, 5, and 7 per cent interest rates.FindingsThe results of this study show that the HACCP‐based food‐safety programs are expected to generate net benefit to the society if the effectiveness ranged between 20 and 90 per cent. However, at the 10 per cent level of effectiveness, net benefit turns into net social loss.Originality/valueProvides details of the costs and benefits of the HACCP‐based food‐safety programs in Australia.
The relevance of Marx to all students of economics, no matter the level
Authors: Potts Nick 
Published: August 2005

PurposeTo challenge the validity/usefulness of teaching mainstream neo‐classical/new‐classical economics, by contending that Marx provides a superior understanding of the essential nature of the capitalist system.Design/methodology/approachTo explain Marx the hermeneutic issue of which Marx must be addressed. Simultaneous and dualistic interpretations of Marx question Marx's key conclusions, suggesting that Marx's value theory is inconsistent. In contrast the Temporal Single System Interpretation (TSSI) of Marx contends that all of Marx's key conclusions/results hold if one adopts a sequential and non‐dualistic methodological approach, restoring Marx's central message/power.FindingsExplains how Marx endogenously accounts for the inevitable cyclical behaviour of capitalism, its tendency to concentrate and the development of the financial system. In short, Marx can explain the tendencies observed in the globalising world, whereas it is contended that mainstream analysis is hampered by prioritising an ideal simultaneous equilibrium and investigating how it might be exogenously disturbed.Research limitations/implicationsIf, as is contended, Marx's economics provides a superior understanding of the world, then research into Marx and analysis based on Marxian foundations should be prioritised.Practical implicationsMarx should be widely taught to improve students' understanding of the economy.Originality/valueQuite simply challenges orthodoxy by rediscovering value.
Digital Preservation: Will Your Files Stand the Test of Time?
Authors: Anderson Cokie 
Published: August 2005

PurposeIncreasing amounts of the information in libraries are created and stored in digital formats. These files may or may not be accessible five or ten years from now.Design/methodology/approachDescribes the steps we can take to minimize the danger of losing our data to the ravages of time. The aim of this article is to look at the vulnerabilities of various file formats and storage media, and offer practical advice for preservation planning.FindingsThe only protection libraries possess is planning.Originality/valueStresses the need to have a disaster recovery plan in place.
Fabrication of customised scaffolds using computer‐aided design and rapid prototyping techniques
Authors: Naing M.W. , Chua C.K. , Leong K.F. , Wang Y. 
Published: August 2005

PurposeThis paper details the derivation of the mathematical formulae of a novel system for designing and fabricating tissue engineering (TE) scaffolds.Design/methodology/approachThis work combines the unique capability of rapid prototyping (RP) techniques with computer‐aided design (CAD) and imaging software to design and fabricate customised scaffolds that are not only consistent in microstructure but also readily reproducible. The prototype system, called the computer‐aided system for tissue scaffolds (CASTS), has a parametric library of design units which can be assembled into scaffold structures through an in‐house algorithm. An additional module, the slicing routine, has also been added to improve the functionality of the system. To validate the system, scaffolds designed were fabricated using a powder‐based RP technique called selective laser sintering (SLS).FindingsIt is shown that the CASTS can be used to exploit CAD and medical imaging techniques together with RP systems to produce viable scaffolds that can be customised for various applications to suit the needs of individual patients.Research limitations/implicationsFurther research is being done to examine the internal microstructure of the scaffolds and to determine the mechanical properties, as well as to study the inter‐relationship between cell proliferation and the pore shapes of the scaffolds.Originality/valueThe crucial role of scaffolds in TE has long been recognised. Successful TE scaffolds should have controllable characteristics such as pore size, porosity, and surface area to volume ratio as well as interconnectivity within the scaffolds. Much work has been carried out to produce such TE scaffolds with varying degrees of success. One major drawback is that the resultant TE scaffolds are not readily reproducible. The potential of CASTS lies in its ability to design and fabricate scaffolds with varying properties through the use of different unit cells and biomaterials to suit different applications.