bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Competition for the Market and Regulated Private Enterprises
Authors: Kostoris Fiorella Padoa Schioppa , Powell John E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Re-examining the problem of the link between natural and legal public monopolies, we should add that even where public intervention is preferable to counteract market failures due to a non-contestable natural monopoly, safeguards to prevent any abuse of a dominant position remain of vital importance. Such abuse could arise, for example, if a network operator claimed the right to compete with other enterprises in the provision of services over the network, either directly or via associated firms. Moreover, the practice of exclusive network operation should be subjected to periodic review, because network economies depend to a large extent on the size of the market; as the market expands, the co-existence of several competing networks may become compatible with economic efficiency.
Discretionary Instruments of Industrial Policy
Authors: Kostoris Fiorella Padoa Schioppa , Powell John E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Whereas the industrial-policy instruments listed above are of a general nature and leave the market free to adjust, discretionary measures in specific sectors are aimed at creating a different industrial structure to the one the market would have established. Industrial policy in this second sense tends to channel the flow of private investment towards particular companies, sectors, and regions. It is often used when it is felt that the market is incapable of bringing about the adjustments in the industrial structure that are deemed necessary, as in the case of the Mezzogiorno.
Direct Taxation
Authors: Kostoris Fiorella Padoa Schioppa , Powell John E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Finally, we wish to touch upon the income redistribution effected by the system of direct taxation. Three criteria have traditionally been suggested as a basis for judging the system: vertical equity, whereby those with a greater capacity to contribute are required to pay higher taxes; horizontal equity, whereby the revenue from incomes of equal amount but different types must be identical; and efficiency, in order to minimize the distorting effect of taxation on optimum resource allocation, which has been partly discussed above with regard to the choice between consumption and saving, between work and leisure.
1929-1939: Protection and Profits
Authors: Tomlinson Jim 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The economic history of the 1930s is dominated by the boom and the slump. From the peak in 1929 output fell until 1932 when a recovery began, fuelled after 1935 by rearmament. Table 5.1 shows the dimensions of this slump. Unemployment followed the same cyclical pattern, but, whilst falling in the recovery, remained well over the million mark into the beginnings of the war. In comparison with many other countries the slump was relatively mild, and the recovery rapid. Output also grew quite rapidly from cyclical peak to cyclical peak (1929 to 1937). For those with work and especially in the South and East of Britain these were prosperous years as rising real wages fuelled a considerable expansion of expenditure. This forms one reason why despite the slump Conservative governments won successive elections with ease after the collapse of Labour in 1931. Nevertheless economic policy did change radically in the 1930s. The gold standard broke up and free trade disappeared. In addition the political and social pressures arising from unemployment drew government into acts of intervention in industry. Britain could certainly not be called a country of laissez-faire by 1939, though the best term to describe government ‘s role in the economy by that date remains questionable.
Twentieth-century Transformations
Authors: Lockwood Matthew 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The procedures adopted here, and the principles underlying them, are fully explained in Bongaarts and Potter (1983). The usual procedure when using the model is to take the reported total fertility rate (TFR) and build up to a total fecundity rate of between thirteen and seventeen births per woman on the basis of information about each of the proximate determinants. Here, however, we have no detailed information on lactation, which will therefore have to be imputed. This can be done by taking the derived standard for total fecundity—15.3 births per woman—and working down towards the reported TFR.
Labour and Land in Mng’aru
Authors: Lockwood Matthew 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The importance of demographic factors for household labour allocation and mobility in a rural economy depends crucially on land and labour institutions. Before we can understand how the life cycle and other demographic household features might influence economic activity in Rufiji we must assess (i) the role of wage labour and land acquisition, and (ii) the sexual division of labour. This chapter examines these institutions in Rufiji which form the background to the resulting process of accumulation, analysed in Chapter 7.
Household Demography and Patterns of Work
Authors: Lockwood Matthew 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Seif Ali Tangu lived near the centre of Mng’aru, in a small house on a field which sloped down towards a valley to the west of the village. In 1986 he had nine children, and in August his wife delivered another. There were seven children aged under 12 years. The eldest boy, a 20-year-old youth, was living in Dar es Salaam. Seif Tangu and his wife were responsible for feeding and clothing all the other children between the two of them. This they could barely manage, and coping with their dependency burden left little time for trying any strategies of accumulation. The family were living in a house built out of palm thatch, which began to fall down in the long masika rains. Tangu had plans to build a more permanent house, but these had been indefinitely postponed.
Introduction
Authors: Walsh Vivian 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
We would not ordinarily say that a choice or action was rational but unreasonable, nor that it was reasonable but irresponsible, nor that it was responsible but unwise, nor that it was wise but morally indefensible. Our ordinary concept of rationality is embedded in a delicate fabric of interconnected ideas which can be understood only in the context of the family of uses of words and expressions which are employed in making, explaining, and defending rationality claims. The concept of rationality in formal, axiomatized economic theory is not like this; it can be given a formal definition. A ‘rational agent’ in such a model is simply one who obeys certain axioms, and that is the end of it. When we ordinarily claim of someone that they acted rationally, on the other hand, we are not claiming that they satisfied a certain finite set of necessary and sufficient conditions. Our claim is a defeasible one-very crudely, it may be defeated by the production of various different sorts of evidence, some of which we may never have anticipated. If I claim that I have acted rationally, you may be able to point out that I have failed to take account of certain facts, that I have sacrificed a major goal for the sake of some trivial successes, that I have ignored the rights of people for whom I am responsible, etc., etc. On the other hand a charge of irrationality may be defeated by presenting various valid excuses, some of them peculiar to the special circumstances of an individual situation, or perhaps to a type of situation not hitherto distinguished.
Rationality As Maximizing Utility
Authors: Walsh Vivian 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It will be argued in this chapter and the next that the axiomatic utility theory developed by neo-Walrasian economists and by decision theorists, for all its formal austerity, presents a view of rational choice or action which favours teleological (or consequentialist) moral philosophy in general and utilitarianism in particular. Now, of course, most people would agree with John Broome (1991a) that part of ethics is concerned with good. A teleological ethical theory, however, claims (roughly) that the whole of moral philosophy is about maximizing good. Utilitarian ism, in its various versions, belongs among teleological theories. Such theories have been shown to lend themselves to formalization in terms of the structure of utility theory, specifically of axiomatic expected utility theory. The structure of concepts like ‘good’ and ‘well-being’ (more precisely the structure of the ‘betterness’ rela tion) and the formal structure of axiomatic utility theory, have been shown to have important features in common. As we shall see, the economic theorists and decision theorists who developed expected utility theory in the 1950s and 1960s embraced axiomatizations which happen to favour a particular moral philosophy (utilitarianism), all the while believing that they were producing value-free’ science.
Rationality as the pursuit of Self-interest
Authors: Walsh Vivian 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When economic theorists have come to regard purely formal, or instrumental, accounts of rational choice as insufficient, they have frequently added substance to their account of rationality by argu ing that a rational agent is one who maximizes the attainment of self-interested aims. It may be observed right away that this move is not one which is likely to appeal strongly to moral philosophers. From the work of the ancient Greeks on, the mainstream tradition in moral philosophy would have rejected both the claim that ratio nality lay in mere consistency of choice or action with any goal, however wicked or foolish, and the claim that the pursuit of self interest could be the whole goal of rationality. Ordinary language, it may be added, here conforms to the dominant philosophical tradition. Utilitarianism, it should also be remembered, is fully in line with this tradition: it proposes a moral goal, and judges a person or society as rational in so far as these approximate to that goal. Whatever the shortcomings of utilitarianism, they do not lie in this direction. Hume who, as we have seen, pursues a strictly instrumental rationality to the point of paradox, stands out among philosophers for precisely this reason.
Choice And Rationality In Reproduction Models
Authors: Walsh Vivian 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
At the cost of truly drastic simplifying assumptions, the rudimen tary classical model whose quantity and price relations were sketched in the last chapter concentrates a spotlight upon aspects of economic experience which are left in the shadows in standard neo-classical models.1 As to the rationality of individual agents in general or of the allocations which result from equilibrium pos itions of the model, however, our simple classical model was almost bare of information. About the only rationality claim made was that the choices and actions of capitalists would ensure that, in equilibrium, there would be a uniform rate of profit across all sectors. The crucial choices, in classical eyes, have always been those concerning the use of the net product. But these choices are made only by those who control the capital stock (capitalists or state bureaucrats) and there is no claim in such models that the choice made, or the resulting equilibrium, will be judged rational by even the majority of the agents in the model. Indeed the spirit of such models (inherited from their classical ancestors, such as Ricardo) is that there will be at least two distinct classes whose interests will be opposed, and which will be engaged in struggle over the surplus.
Society and Culture
Authors: Zamagni Vera 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Due to Italy’s glorious medieval and Renaissance traditions, the country could boast a greater number of cities and towns than other comparable countries even before industrial development had taken off; the process of industrialization, while leading to the growth of some cities and towns, never really brought about a polarization of industry in one industrial ‘capital’, as happened in many other countries. Between 1881 and 1911, the percentage of the Italian population living in towns with more that 10,000 inhabitants rose from 34 per cent to 42.4 per cent, with a large part of their number being attracted towards towns situated within the ‘industrial triangle’, especially the medium-sized ones.
The New Historiography: Israel and its Past
Authors: Morris Benny 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
On 11 July 1948, the Yiftah Brigade’s Third Battalion, as part of Operation Dani, occupied the Arab town of Lydda. The battalion’s 400-500 troops, supported by a company from the First Battalion, took up positions around the centre of the town; the remaining population, some 30,000 Arabs, shut themselves up in their homes. There was no formal surrender, but the night passed quietly. Just before noon the following day, two or three gun-mounted armoured cars belonging to the Arab Legion, the British-led Trans jordanian army, drove into town. They were either on a reconnaissance mission or were unaware that the town had already fallen into Israeli hands. A firefight ensued, and the scout cars withdrew. But a number of armed townspeople, perhaps believing that the shooting heralded a major Arab counter-attack, began sniping from windows and rooftops at their Israeli occupiers.
Women ‘s Issues: The Second Wave
Authors: Gauthier Anne Hèléne 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Through their involvement in charities, lobbying groups, and eventually through their representation in Parliament, women played a major role in the pre-World War II period in the development of measures to better support families. Their involvement and effort were not in vain, and led to the adoption of several welfare measures. In the field of family planning and equality in the labour market however, their success was minimal. It was this situation, and its underlying inequalities, which were questioned by women from the 1960s onwards. Freedom, equality, and independence would be the major themes of this second wave of the women ‘s movement. In particular, the battle was to be organized on two fronts: to gain liberal access to contraception and abortion, and to gain equality on the labour market. Once again, this movement was not confined to a single country, but rapidly acquired an international dimension, and was marked by considerable success. The fight for birth-control in the pre-World War II period had led to stricter legislation on contraception and abortion in most countries. This situation was challenged by several parties from the 1960s. Six main groups contributed to the discussion concerning the abortion and contraception question: the international organizations, women ‘s groups, various interest groups, the Churches, the medical profession and experts, and the public. The position and role of each of them are briefly reviewed below.
Innovation in Family Formation: Evidence on Cohabitation in the United States
Authors: Willis Robert J , Michael Robert T 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Among the many innovations in the structure of family life, cohabitation without marriage is one of the most intriguing. Cohabitation is becoming a more common form of living arrangement in the United States and in Western Europe. The trend towards cohabiting in the United States became notice able only after the 1960s (see Spanier, 1983; Glick and Spanier, 1980). Its incidence grew dramatically during the 1970s, as illustrated in one county in the state of Oregon where analysis of marriage-licence applications revealed that in 1970 only 13 per cent of couples appeared to be living together at the time of application, but by 1980 that percentage had risen to 53 per cent (see Gwartney-Gibbs,1986).
Commercial Policy: An Uneasy Relationship with Market Policy
Authors: Fennell Rosemary 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Earlier chapters have chronicled the fate of three of the four pillars of the CAP the structural. market, and social elements of the policy as it was proposed in 1960. It is time to return to the fourth pillar—commercial policy I-last referred to specifically in Chapter 2. On a world scale, international trade in agricultural commodities is a residual trade: the bulk of agricultural production never crosses a frontier and that is even more true of raw materials than of the goods manufactured from them. The vast majority of countries rely on their own production for a significant part of their requirements of food and feed. Imports are used to top-up their needs, sometimes seasonally, sometimes year-round, or as the inputs of other agricultural enterprises, such as feed for livestock production. Many countries use export outlets in exactly the same way: as a means of disposing of production which is excess to internal demand. Very few countries are net exporters of agricultural commodities, and even fewer are major players in the international market place.
Unresolved Issues
Authors: Fennell Rosemary 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The CAP has come a long way since the early heady days when it seemed to herald a new era in agricultural policy. As was remarked in the Preface, a generation of farmers, who have known no other policy. has grown old with it. What was once innovative and exciting is now familiar and dull. This last chapter provides an opportunity to review some of the major themes to have emerged from earlier chapters and to draw attention to areas of conflict and contradiction which are unresolved. These are relevant to the future of the policy-if indeed it has a future as a separate sectoral policy. In Chapter 11, reference was made to a discussion document issued in 1985 in which the Commission identified priorities for the CAP. They are worth repeating here: the reduction of surpluses; increased diversity of production combined with quality improvements; a more effective and systematic approach to the income problem of small family farms; support for farming for environmental and landscape purposes, and assistance in the maintenance of a viable rural population; promotion of environmental awareness among farmers; and the development of industries which process agricultural raw materials (Commission 1985(d) ). Apart from the reduction of surpluses which has taken place, little of any significance has been achieved in the pursuit of other priorities listed. It is hard to believe that they are not all still valid: When are they going to be addressed?
Comment
Authors: Steigum Erling 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This paper is a very useful and interesting exploratory analysis of Swedish business cycles based on a unique data set. It is methodologically innovative, and it covers a wider range of macroeconomic time-series data and a longer time span (128 years) than most other studies of this kind in the literature. The strength of this unique data set is that it permits an analysis of similarities and differences between the post-war, inter-war, and pre-war business cycles. The amount of information in the paper is overwhelming, and my comment is, therefore, bound to be selective. I will first comment on the idea that, in some sense, business cycles are all alike, and then on the general approach. After this I discuss some of the broad facts and also a few puzzles which cry out for an explanation. Finally, I would like to comment briefly on the analysis of the post-war relationship between money, prices, and real output.
Prices and Macroeconomic Dynamics
Authors: Miyamoto Matao 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, I will explore the macroeconomic dynamics of the late Edo period, and the process by which the structure of production changed, through an analysis of changes in prices. Statistical data on the macroeconomic trends of the Edo period are virtually non-existent, but the combination of a highly commercialized, money-based economy, and high rates of literacy, with an inveterate penchant for record-keeping, has produced an extensive legacy of excellent data on prices.
The Economy on the Eve of Industrialization
Authors: Shimbo Hiroshi , Saitô Osamu 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The signs of a new era began well before the Meiji Restoration. They may be traced back to the late-eighteenth century, especially to the years when Tanuma Okitsugu wielded political supremacy, that is, a thirty-year period from the 1750s to the 1780s.
Population and Agricultural Resources in the Developing Countries
Authors: Muhammed Amir 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Food is the basic human requirement without which no life is possible. It is therefore not surprising that providing sufficient food for the national population has been a priority of governments from time immemorial. Many wars have been fought throughout history by nations seeking to secure adequate food supplies for their people. Although the essential body requirements for energy and nutrients can be fulfilled by eating sufficient quantities of most basic food materials, human popu lations in different parts of the world have developed culinary preferences for special food items. The need for balanced food intake to suit the life- and work styles of people living under different climatic conditions has also been met in various ways, and many raw and semi-processed foods are available in the eco nomically developed countries to suit different tastes and nutritional requirements. Whereas a sizable part of the population in the developing countries is under nourished due to inadequate access to food, the developed countries are concerned with the problem of overeating and diseases resulting from excessive intake of rich foods.
Strategies to Maximize Health and Functioning and Increase Life Expectancy
Authors: Manton Kenneth G , STALLARD ERIC 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The populations of many developing and developed countries are aging. Infant mortality has fallen and life expectancy has increased in many countries, so that large proportions of birth cohorts survive to age 65. Fertility rates often decline in response, further increasing the average age of the population and the proportion elderly. Population aging also shifts, sometimes rapidly, public health priorities from infectious and infant diseases to chronic disease. In Shanghai, China, birth rates declined from 33.2 to 14.8 per thousand between 1960 and 1980, decreasing the proportion aged 0-4 years from 16 to 7.5 percent; meanwhile cancer mortality rates rose from 23.5 to 142.3 per thousand, making it the first (from sixth) ranked cause of death (Xing-Yuan and Mai-Ling, 1982).
International Population Movements: Imbalances and Integration
Authors: GOLINI ANTONIO 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Migration has played a fundamental role in the development of most contemporary Western populations and societies. Nevenheless, first-generation immigrants com prise a small fraction of the total population living in any one country. It may seem paradoxical that international migrations, which are the subject of growing concern, even fear, at least in the receiving countries and which, according to all experts, will acquire increasing importance, involve only a small fraction of the world’s popu lation (see Table 23.1). At the beginning of the 1980s the number of persons living in a country in which they were not born-who had therefore emigrated at least once-was on the order of 50 million, that is, one percent of the world’s population (United Nations, 1989b). The overall stock of temporary immigrants must be added to this number. According to Appleyard (1989), this number stood at about 20 rnillion worldwide at the beginning of the 1980s.