bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Applying business management models in health care
Authors: Trisolini Michael G. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractMost health care management training programmes and textbooks focus on only one or two models or conceptual frameworks, but the increasing complexity of health care organizations and their environments worldwide means that a broader perspective is needed. This paper reviews five management models developed for business organizations and analyses issues related to their application in health care.Three older, more ‘traditional’ models are first presented. These include the functional areas model, the tasks model and the roles model. Each is shown to provide a valuable perspective, but to have limitations if used in isolation.Two newer, more ‘innovative’ models are next discussed. These include total quality management (TQM) and reengineering. They have shown potential for enabling dramatic improvements in quality and cost, but have also been found to be more difficult to implement. A series of ‘lessons learned’ are presented to illustrate key success factors for applying them in health care organizations.In sum, each of the five models is shown to provide a useful perspective for health care management. Health care managers should gain experience and training with a broader set of business management models. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An ab initio study of solvent polarity and hydrogen bonding effects on the nitrogen NMR shieldings of N,N‐dimethylacetamidine
Authors: Manalo Marlon N. , de Dios Angel C. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractDensity functional theory combined with the polarizable continuum model (PCM) and continuous set of gauge transformations method is applied to investigate the effects of solvent polarity on the nitrogen NMR shieldings of N, N‐dimethylacetamidine. Hydrogen bonding effects on shielding are likewise calculated using a supermolecule approach, where the imino group of the solute is hydrogen bonded with solvent. Theoretical results are compared with published experimental data. The PCM shielding calculations utilizing PCM‐optimized solute geometries yield results comparable to those obtained with the supermolecule approach. Geometry optimization of the solute appears to be more important in PCM shielding calculations than in the supermolecule approach. The large solvent shifts observed in water can only be reproduced when the N·H distance used in the calculation indicates full proton transfer from water to the imino nitrogen of the solute. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diffusion NMR methods applied to xenon gas for materials study
Authors: Mair R. W. , Rosen M. S. , Wang R. , Cory D. G. , Walsworth R. L. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractWe report initial NMR studies of (i) xenon gas diffusion in model heterogeneous porous media and (ii) continuous flow laser‐polarized xenon gas. Both areas utilize the pulsed gradient spin‐echo (PGSE) techniques in the gas phase, with the aim of obtaining more sophisticated information than just translational self‐diffusion coefficients—a brief overview of this area is provided in the Introduction. The heterogeneous or multiple‐length scale model porous media consisted of random packs of mixed glass beads of two different sizes. We focus on observing the approach of the time‐dependent gas diffusion coefficient,D(t) (an indicator of mean squared displacement), to the long‐time asymptote, with the aim of understanding the long‐length scale structural information that may be derived from a heterogeneous porous system. We find thatD(t) of imbibed xenon gas at short diffusion times is similar for the mixed bead pack and a pack of the smaller sized beads alone, hence reflecting the pore surface area to volume ratio of the smaller bead sample. The approach ofD(t) to the long‐time limit follows that of a pack of the larger sized beads alone, although the limitingD(t) for the mixed bead pack is lower, reflecting the lower porosity of the sample compared to that of a pack of mono‐sized glass beads. The Padé approximation is used to interpolateD(t) data between the short‐ and long‐time limits. Initial studies of continuous flow laser‐polarized xenon gas demonstrate velocity‐sensitive imaging of much higher flows than can generally be obtained with liquids (20–200 mm s−1). Gas velocity imaging is, however, found to be limited to a resolution of about 1 mm s−1owing to the high diffusivity of gases compared with liquids. We also present the first gas‐phase NMR scattering, or diffusive‐diffraction, data, namely flow‐enhanced structural features in the echo attenuation data from laser‐polarized xenon flowing through a 2 mm glass bead pack. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inhibition of cytokine‐induced JAK‐STAT signalling pathways by an endonuclease inhibitor aurintricarboxylic acid
Authors: Chen Ching‐Wen , Chao Yee , Chang Ying‐Hsin , Hsu Ming‐Jen , Lin Wan‐Wan 
Published: November 2002

Inducible nitric oxide (iNOS) is thought to involve in host defence and tissue damage in inflammatory loci. In previous study, we have found that the endonuclease inhibitor aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA) can protect macrophages from cell death induced by bacterial lipopolysaccharide. This action is through the interruption with signalling pathways for NF‐κB and AP‐1 activation, and thus iNOS expression. In this study we have addressed the effects of ATA on JAK‐STAT signalling pathways.
In murine RAW 264.7 macrophages, IFN‐γ‐mediated NO production and iNOS expression were concentration‐dependently reduced by the presence of 3–100 μM ATA.
IFN‐γ‐induced STAT1 activation, as assessed from its tyrosine phosphorylation, nuclear translocation, binding to specific DNA response element and evoked IRF‐1 reporter gene assay, were concomitantly inhibited by ATA. However, ATA did not alter IFN‐γ binding to RAW 264.7 cells.
The activities of JAK1 and JAK2, the upstream kinases essential for STAT1 signalling in response to IFN‐γ, were also reduced by ATA.
Moreover, IL‐4, IL‐10, GM‐CSF and M‐CSF elicited tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT3, STAT5 and/or STAT6 in macrophages were diminished by the presence of ATA.
Taken together, we conclude that ATA can interfere JAK‐STAT signalling pathways in response to cytokines. This action contributes to the inhibition of IFN‐γ‐induced iNOS expression.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2002) 137, 1011–1020. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0704955
T cell selective apoptosis by a novel immunosuppressant, FTY720, is closely regulated with Bcl‐2
Authors: Nagahara Yukitoshi , Ikekita Masahiko , Shinomiya Takahisa 
Published: November 2002

A novel immunosuppressant FTY720 caused a significant decrease in peripheral T lymphocytes, but not in B lymphocytes upon oral administration. This decrease was mainly a result of FTY720‐induced apoptosis. In this study, we confirmed FTY720‐induced T cell selective apoptosis using lymphoma cell lines in vitro.
Viability loss, DNA fragmentation, Annexin V binding, and caspases activation (caspase‐3, ‐8, and ‐9) were observed in Jurkat cells (T lymphoma cells), but not significantly in BALL‐1 cells (B lymphoma cells). These results indicated that FTY720 selectively induced apoptosis in T cell lymphoma to a greater extent than in B cell lymphoma, a finding that is similar to the result observed when FTY720 was treated with T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes in vitro.
FTY720 released cytochrome c from mitochondria in Jurkat intact cells as well as from isolated Jurkat mitochondria directly, but not from mitochondria in BALL‐1 cells nor from isolated BALL‐1 mitochondria.
BALL‐1 cells and B cells had more abundant mitochondria‐localized anti‐apoptotic protein Bcl‐2 than did Jurkat cells and T cells.
FTY720‐induced apoptosis is inhibited by the overexpression of Bcl‐2, suggesting that the cellular Bcl‐2 level regulates the sensitivity to FTY720.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2002) 137, 953–962. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0704970
Chemistry of the vulcanization and protection of elastomers: A review of the achievements
Authors: Coran A. Y. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThe chemistry of vulcanization and its effects on vulcanizate properties are reviewed. Also, the chemistry of the protection of rubber vulcanizates from the effects of oxidation and ozonation is reviewed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polm Sci 87:24–30, 2003
Preparation of graft copolymers from deproteinized and high ammonia concentrated natural rubber latices with methyl methacrylate
Authors: Nakason C. , Kaesaman A. , Yimwan N. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractDeproteinized natural rubber (DPNR) latex was prepared by the incubation of fresh natural latex with a proteolytic enzyme. The DPNR latex was later used to prepare a graft copolymer with methyl methacrylate (MMA). High ammonia (HA) concentrated latex was also used to prepare a graft copolymer with MMA. The appropriate reaction time was 3 h at a reaction temperature of 50°C. The conversion percentage of the graft reaction with DPNR was higher than that of the system with HA. The grafting efficiency percentage decreased with an increasing concentration of MMA in the graft reaction. In a comparison of the two types of latices, it was found that the reaction with DPNR provided higher grafting efficiency. Furthermore, a larger quantity of grafted poly(methyl methacrylate), a larger average particle size, and fewer free natural rubber molecules were also observed in the grafting system with DPNR. The difference between the reactions of the DPNR and HA latices was attributed to the removal of proteins, which acted as free‐radical scavengers. They terminated the free‐radical species during the graft copolymerization. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polm Sci 87:68–75, 2003
Linkage and interaction of loci on 1q23 and 16q12 may contribute to susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Tsao Betty P. , Cantor Rita M. , Grossman Jennifer M. , Kim Sung K. , Strong Noel , Lau Chak S. , Chen Chung‐Jen , Shen Nan , Ginzler Ellen M. , Goldstein Rose , Kalunian Kenneth C. , Arnett Frank C. , Wallace Daniel J. , Hahn Bevra H. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractObjectiveSix recent genome scans of different systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) multiplex family cohorts showed multiple putative susceptibility loci. In the present study, we examined 4 previously identified loci to replicate findings of significant linkage to 1q23 and 16q12, and to support findings of suggestive linkage to 14q21‐23 and 20p12 in a cohort of 115 multiethnic nuclear families containing 145 SLE‐affected sibpairs.MethodsModel‐free, multipoint linkage analyses (SIBPAL2, SAGE version 4.0) and exclusion mapping (GeneHunter) were performed.ResultsLinkages to 1q23 (peak at D1S2675, mean allele sharing [MAS] 0.56; P = 0.003) and to 16q12 (peaks between D16S753 and D16S757, MAS 0.57; P = 0.003) were confirmed, but linkage evidence at 20p12 was weak and inconsistent (MAS 0.52–0.56; from P = 0.005 to P not significant). Evidence for linkage to 1q23 and 16q12 was stronger in 68 non‐Caucasian affected sibpairs than in 77 Caucasian affected sibpairs. Exclusion mapping ruled out linkage at 14q21‐23 (λs [sib recurrence risk or genotypic risk ratio] = 1.8). Because the pericentromeric region of chromosome 16 has been identified by genome scans in several autoimmune diseases, we postulated that it might harbor an autoimmune modifier gene. To explore this possibility, we tested for an interaction between 16q12 and 1q23, and between 16q12 and 20p12. Haplotype sharing at 1q23 increased concomitantly with increased haplotype sharing at 16q12 (P = 0.008 by nonparametric Jonckheere‐Terpstra exact statistical test). No evidence supporting an interaction between 16q12 and 20p12 was observed. Analysis of sibpairs sharing 2 alleles at 16q12 also showed increased allele sharing at 1q23 (MAS from 0.56 to 0.65).ConclusionThese data support the presence of SLE susceptibility genes at 1q23 and 16q12, particularly in non‐Caucasians. The skewed distribution of haplotypes suggests that genetic interaction of these two loci may affect SLE susceptibility.
Association of novel polymorphisms with the expression of SPARC in normal fibroblasts and with susceptibility to scleroderma
Authors: Zhou Xiaodong , Tan Filemon K. , Reveille John D. , Wallis Debra , Milewicz Dianna M. , Ahn Chul , Wang Andrew , Arnett Frank C. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractObjectiveFibroblasts from patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) have an activated phenotype characterized by increased synthesis of extracellular matrix (ECM) components. SPARC (secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine) regulates the deposition or assembly of ECM components. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of SPARC in SSc susceptibility by functional and genetic association studies.MethodsComplementary DNA (cDNA) microarrays were used to obtain gene expression data on cultured dermal fibroblasts from SSc patients. SPARC protein levels were assessed by Western blotting. Five polymorphic microsatellite markers within 5 cM of the SPARC gene (chromosome 5q31‐32) were genotyped in Choctaw Indians, a population previously shown to have a high prevalence of SSc. Discovery of single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was accomplished by sequencing the SPARC cDNA. These SNPs were then genotyped in a multi‐ethnic cohort of SSc patients to determine potential associations with disease susceptibility in a broader population of SSc patients, as well as with various clinical and immunologic features of SSc. The functional relevance of these SNPs with regard to transcript stability of SPARC was also assessed.ResultsMicroarrays demonstrated increased expression of SPARC, along with other ECM genes, in SSc patients compared with normal controls. SSc fibroblasts also had increased SPARC protein levels. Three of 5 microsatellite markers near SPARC showed significant associations with SSc in the Choctaw SSc patients. Sequencing of SPARC cDNA revealed 3 novel SNPs in the 3′‐untranslated region at +998 (C→G), +1551 (C→G), and +1922 (T→G). Homozygosity for the C allele at SNP +998 was significantly increased in SSc patients across ethnic lines. SPARC SNPs +1551 and +1922 demonstrated correlations with Raynaud's phenomenon and pulmonary fibrosis, respectively. Functional studies of SPARC SNP +998 in normal fibroblast cultures suggested a correlation between the SNP +998 C allele polymorphism and an increased messenger RNA half‐life.ConclusionThis study is the first to show that polymorphisms of the SPARC gene are associated with susceptibility to, and clinical manifestations of, SSc and that they may also be functionally important in influencing SPARC expression in skin fibroblasts.
Matrix homeostasis in aging normal human ankle cartilage
Authors: Aurich Matthias , Poole A. Robin , Reiner Agnes , Mollenhauer Christine , Margulis Arkady , Kuettner Klaus E. , Cole Ada A. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractObjectiveTo study age‐related (as opposed to arthritis‐related) changes in collagen and proteoglycan turnover.MethodsMacroscopically nondegenerate normal ankle cartilage obtained from 30 donors (ages 16–75 years) was processed for in situ hybridization to detect messenger RNA (mRNA) of type IIB collagen (CIIB); antibodies to the C‐propeptide of type II collagen (CPII), to the type II collagen (CII) collagenase‐generated cleavage neoepitope (Col2‐3/4Cshort), and to the CII denaturation product (Col2‐3/4m) were used for immunohistochemistry analysis and immunoassay. In addition, immunoblotting was used to detect the 4 collagenases. Assays were also performed to detect glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content and the 846 epitope of aggrecan.ResultsThere were no significant changes in CII, GAG, and the content of the 846 epitope after the age of 30 years. Both mRNA for CIIB and the CPII were present in all zones, and CPII content did not change significantly with age. While the collagenase‐cleaved CII showed a trend to increase with age, the denatured collagen did not. However, the molar ratio of cleaved versus denatured collagen was positively correlated with age. All 4 collagenases were detectable in the ankle cartilage but showed no identifiable changes in content with age.ConclusionSynthesis and degradation of CII is associated with the pericellular matrix and is maintained at a steady state throughout life. The contents of CII and proteoglycan did not change. There was a significant reduction in the denaturation of CII with age, relative to collagenase‐mediated cleavage. These observations reveal that, in aging of the intact ankle articular cartilage, there is no evidence of molecular degenerative changes of the kind observed in osteoarthritis, thereby distinguishing aging from the osteoarthritis process.
Regional planning implementation and its impact on integration of a mental health care network
Authors: Fleury Marie Josée , Mercier Céline , Denis Jean‐Louis 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThis article questions the effectiveness of a managerial tool in changing a health‐care system. The process of implementing regional planning and its impact on creating integrated service networks is examined, using a case study and a multi‐dimensional analytic model. This model highlights the influence of contextual, structural, cultural and dynamic factors on forming networks. The regional planning developed in the province of Québec (Canada), aimed at a major transformation of the mental health‐care system. In each district, organizations working with people who have serious mental disorders were mobilized to plan and implement a more coordinated, continuous and diversified supply of services, under the direction of a regional health body. This study outlines the limitations of regional planning as a tactic for transforming the system. It recommends instead developing more diversified integration strategies to further the process of forming integrated service networks within a complex system. In conclusion, a brief discussion deals with the difficulties related to the study of systemic change implementation. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
NMR diffusion coefficient study of steroid–cyclodextrin inclusion complexes
Authors: Cameron Kenneth S. , Fielding Lee 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThe complexes formed by the steroid rocuronium bromide with four different cyclodextrins (β‐cyclodextrin, γ‐cyclodextrin, Org 26054 and Org 25969) were investigated. The diffusion coefficients of the steroid–cyclodextrin complexes were 6–15% lower than those of the native cyclodextrins, consistent with a 1 : 1 stoichiometry for all of the complexes. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pulsed field gradient NMR investigation of solubilization equilibria in amino acid and dipeptide terminated micellar and polymeric surfactant solutions
Authors: Hickok Robin S. , Wedge Seamus A. , Hansen Alexandar L. , Morris Kevin F. , Billiot Fereshteh Haddadian , Warner Isiah M. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractPulsed field gradient NMR spectroscopy was used to investigate the association of toluene, chlorobenzene and benzyl alcohol with amino acid and dipeptide terminated polymerized surfactants (PS). The diffusion coefficient for each probe was measured in the presence and absence of the polymers and the mole fraction of bound probe molecules, fb, was calculated. For all solutions investigated, the probes associated more strongly with unpolymerized surfactant micelles than with corresponding PS. For example, the toluene fb values for association with sodium undecanoyl valinate micelles and the PS poly(sodium undecanoyl valinate) were 0.88 and 0.15, respectively. The relatively weak probe–polymer association was attributed to the polarity and fluidity of the polymers' hydrocarbon cores and to the fact that these PS have smaller aggregation numbers than the corresponding unpolymerized surfactant micelles. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A one‐shot sequence for high‐resolution diffusion‐ordered spectroscopy
Authors: Pelta Michelle D. , Morris Gareth A. , Stchedroff Marc J. , Hammond Stephen J. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractDiffusion‐ordered spectroscopy (DOSY) is a powerful method for the NMR analysis of mixtures such as crude synthetic products, biofluids or biological extracts. Mixtures can be analysed without the need for any physical separation, and the method requires only standard NMR pulsed field gradient hardware. Existing pulse sequences for DOSY require extensive and time‐consuming phase cycling for clean results. A new sequence is reported here which allows clean spectra with good lineshapes to be obtained using as little as one transient per gradient value. Asymmetric bipolar field gradient pulse pairs are used in conjunction with extra balancing gradient pulses, selecting a unique coherence transfer pathway but minimizing eddy current effects and field‐frequency lock disturbance. Using the new sequence, high‐resolution proton DOSY spectra can be obtained in less than 1 min. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Typical masonry failures and repairs: a German Engineer's view
Authors: Dialer Christian P 
Published: November 2002

AbstractMasonry is one of the oldest or maybe the oldest building material of all. Starting with a very short historical review, the paper gives some remarks on the basic mechanical and material behaviour of the discontinuous, nonlinear behaviour of masonry as a jointed block structure. It is important to keep in mind that there is a big difference in masonry on different sides of the Atlantic.Basic principles and statements dealing with the compressive (uniaxial, biaxial) and shear strength are derived. Typical failures and repairs are discussed. Taking into account the complex structure and the large variety with respect to block sizes, block qualities, mortars, bond forces and the overall geometry, the designer is forced to use alternative modelling techniques to the finite element method (FEM).One alternative is the distinct element method (DEM), which allows large rotations of the blocks and large deformations, e.g. separations in and of the joints. This method is well established for analysing rock masses, but, as is demonstrated in this paper, it is also well suited to investigate masonry failure mechanisms. The discontinuous non‐homogeneous behaviour of masonry can be modelled very well, and the results can be favourably compared with real cracking behaviour.
Revisiting the dividend puzzle
Authors: Baker H.Kent , Powell Gary E. , Veit E.Theodore 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThis paper revisits the dividend puzzle, described here as questions about the relevance of dividend policy and how managers should (and do) determine dividend policy. We examine theoretical and empirical research on dividends and share repurchases because they are the principal mechanisms by which corporations disburse cash to their shareholders. Despite a voluminous amount of study, researchers still do not have all the answers to the dividend puzzle. However, we are closer to its resolution. We also do not have definitive answers to why managers choose one method of cash distribution over the other. Solving the dividend puzzle may depend on understanding the effects of various market imperfections or frictions. Because various imperfections affect firms differently, dividend policy may vary substantially from one firm to another. Models that consider the competing frictions on a firm‐specific basis offer promise for resolving the dividend puzzle.
In this ready-to-live world street design is a major issue. The Clean Street Paradox
Authors: Kenniff Thomas-Bernard 
Published: November 2002

In the Berkeley Prize essay
competition for 2002 (see p119),
architecture students were asked to
consider the role of the street in
fostering public life by addressing the
following Question:Throughout history, the Street has
served as a mediator between our
public and private lives. With rapid
change occurring today in every culture,
the traditional social value of the street
is also undergoing change and in many
instances is losing this human element.
As an architect, how do you address
this issue?A third year student at the University of Waterloo,
Thomas-Bernard Kenniff, was awarded the prize for the following essay.