bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Concepts of Health: An Analysis of Lay Logic
Authors: Williams Rory 
Published: September 2003

There is increasing interest in the concepts through which lay people identify states of health - in their cultural origins and in their connection with preventive or remedial behaviour. A study of the concepts used by elderly Aberdonians is reported, exploiting two data sources: an intensive study of two social networks, and a random sample survey. Concepts of health as the relative absence of disease are distinguished from health as a dimension of strength, weakness and exhaustion, and from health as functional fitness. In this Scottish material, functional fitness is dependent on freedom from disabling disease and not on strength, but strength is an important concept logically distinct from both disease and functional fitness. The `strength' dimension is poorly represented in scientific research on health indicators; but on the other hand lay concepts tend not to acknowledge pain as a dimension in itself. A comparison with a similar French study suggests that while these three lay dimensions of health are present in both cultures, in France functional fitness is dependent on strength as well as on freedom from disabling disease, and this difference seems to be related to the practice of medical consultation.
Class Relationships at the Point of Production: A Case Study
Authors: Armstrong Peter 
Published: September 2003

A case-study of relations between supervisors and workers in a medium-sized shoe factory is used to argue that it is the Marxian question of function within the social relations of production rather than the Weberian one of market capacities which most convincingly determines the question of the proletarianization or otherwise of the direct supervisors of labour. Understanding class, and therefore proletarianization, as a matter of the interests arising out of the social relations of production, it is shown that, for the supervisors, these were not changed by a deterioration of their position on such Weberian dimensions of stratification as income and status relative to the workforce, nor by a diminution of their decision - making power within the management function. Rather, the supervisors responded to their situation by attempting to demonstrate their continuing usefulness as the extractors (rather than the creators) of surplus value since it was by these standards that their worth was judged - and increasingly doubted. The `option' of maintaining their position by playing a greater role in assisting the productive process itself was effectively foreclosed by technological and organizational developments in which assistance of a nature sufficiently demanding to justify a supervisory position was either beyond the capacity of the supervisors or had already been taken over by experts. Although the supervisors resented their low pay, lowly status and the pressures put upon them by senior management, their interests clearly lay in continuing to serve the interests of capital within the social relations of production. There was therefore no question of their proletarianization in the sense outlined above.
Structural Transformations in the British Class Structure: A Log Linear Analysis of Marital Endogamy in Rochdale 1856-1964
Authors: Penn R. D. , Dawkins D. C. 
Published: September 2003

This paper analyses data on marital endogamy by means of log-linear modelling in an attempt to specify changes in the British class structure between the mid-nineteenth and mid-twentieth centuries. The evidence on intermarriage was collected in Rochdale and involves five decennial periods over the hundred year span. A seven class model was used to categorize the data and a succession of log-linear models fitted. The hypotheses examined were taken from the sociological literature. Almost all postulated certain forms of structural transformation in class structures like Britain during this hundred year period. However, the model fitted did not require the inclusion of a term which incorporated changes in class structuration over time and these hypotheses were rejected. Nevertheless, the fitted model did indicate the persistence of a class structure over the period. Examination of the odds ratios and scaled residuals associated with the model fitting suggested that the main lines of class cleavage occurred between the bourgeoisie and the unskilled manual working class and the remainder of the class categories. Conventional dichotomies associated with notions of a middle class/working class axis of class cleavage or a nonmanual/manual axis were not relevant to an explanation of the data presented and this was presented as a problem requiring further research.
Patterns of Social Activity and Post-Redundancy Labour-Market Experience
Authors: Morris L. D. 
Published: September 2003

This paper examines the post-redundancy labour-market experience of forty redundant steel workers. The data presented suggest that poor conditions of employment, associated with a relative increase in the use of contractors by large scale enterprise has encouraged an increase in informal means of recruitment, minimizing cost to the employer and maximizing co-operation from the workforce. The effects of special provisions for redundants are discussed with reference to: (a) the restructuring of employment opportunities following from the increased use of contractors. (b) informal economic activity. Three contrasting patterns of social activity are identified and evidence presented to indicate that these different patterns will channel people towards different kinds of employment. The suggestion is that where there is high competition for employment then an individual's labour market experience will be conditioned by patterns of social contact as much as by any conscious strategy of job search.
The Family and Child-Rearing as Forces for Economic Change: Towards Fresh Research Approaches
Authors: Thompson Paul 
Published: September 2003

The impact of the family on the economy has been accepted as a general principle by sociologists; it is widely assumed by both parents and politicians that family values, instilled through child-rearing, are a potent force in economy and society; and it has been suggested that changes in family values may be one factor in explaining British economic decline. Yet there has been remarkably little systematic investigation of these influential assumptions. The objective of this paper is to suggest how this neglect could be remedied. In the first section a theoretical perspective is outlined, and the principal theoretical and empirical contributions which can be drawn from the current literature are discussed: from psychology, economics and anthropology as well as from social history and sociology. The second section considers the findings of the author's current research on the role of family values and differing forms of child-rearing in explaining economic success or failure in fishing communities, and the parallel contrast in the family values of landowners and manufacturing entrepreneurs. The conclusion argues for the investigation of the impact of family values and child-rearing patterns of the economy through a combination of cohort studies of the general population and comparative local community studies, both combining contemporary and retrospective life history data.
The Flexibility of Recruitment in the Construction Industry: Formalisation or Re-Casualisation?
Authors: Bresnen M. J. , Wray K. , Bryman A. , Beardsworth A. D. , Ford J. R. , Keil E. T. 
Published: September 2003

Common sense views of the construction industry tend to characterise its labour market processes as haphazard, if not anarchic, and requiring reform through formalisation. In contrast, a sociological perspective might point to the possibility of an underlying rationality beneath the apparent confusion. Industry data suggest a growing degree of casualism in construction, in the sense that employers and self-employed have become a significantly larger proportion of the overall workforce. These changes form the background to a discussion of labour recruitment practices on large construction sites, using data drawn from empirical investigation. In addition, the question of the relationship between recruitment practices and strategies of managerial control will also be confronted. Such an analysis would have to take into account the possibility that construction firms face distinctive problems in relation to the recruitment and subsequent control of their workforce that stem from, for example, the fact that the product is immobile, and the firm must form a series of temporary organisations at the point of consumption. This implies that the firm may not be able to draw upon the full range of control and recruitment devices available to `static' firms in a conventional and familiar labour market.
Is Small Beautiful? Industrial Relations in Small Clothing Firms
Authors: Rainnie Alistair 
Published: September 2003

The first part of the article traces, briefly, the political and ideological background to the resurgence of interest in small business. Largely unresearched and uncritically adopted, the theory that “small is beautiful” assumes that harmonious industrial relations characterise small firms. The proxy measures of harmony (strike indices, levels of unionisation) commonly used to support the “small is beautiful” school of thought are examined. Secondly, using research in small clothing firms as an example, an investigation into what lies behind statistical returns reveals a reality different from that conventionally assumed to be reflected in the statistics. It is argued that apparent industrial relations harmony, in this case, can be explained by a mixture of the isolation of shop stewards from the union, the weakness of that union, the resulting weakness of workplace trade unionism and the general position of women at work and the role of the family. These factors combine to produce the proxy measures of harmony that have been uncritically accepted in constructing the “small is beautiful” thesis.
From Public Provision to Privatisation: The Crisis in Welfare Reassessed
Authors: Pulkingham Jane 
Published: September 2003

Privatisation policies, pursued by a government informed by neoclassical economic theory and intent on `rolling back the frontiers of the welfare state', have been widely criticised as turning the tide against both the `welfare state' and `welfare' more broadly. The policy to privatise public industries and services is, in effect, both an employment and wage policy: the intention is to govern, not simply the general type of service provision but also, the method of wage determination itself. The argument in this paper is that the privatisation strategy is the culmination of, rather than a digression from, post-war policies in the public sector concerning wage determination. In arguing that privatisation represents the culmination of public sector wage policies in the post-war period, it is being suggested that privatisation denotes the most categorical statement and extension of successive policy developments promoting the salience of so-called `market' principles in the determination of wages. It is contended, furthermore, that the legitimacy of and increasing emphasis given to criteria such as efficiency and productivity in the name of `economic necessity', has been cultivated as a result of the power given to economic, as against social explanations, rather than emanating from any intrinsic `economic' logic. Political and social research concerning the privatisation of public services, though often highly critical of the Government's philosophical and economic beliefs, nevertheless has perpetuated and ultimately reinforced these beliefs by failing to challenge fully the principles underlying the privatisation agenda. The privatisation debate is premised upon the assumption that `the logic of the market' provides a salient description of the overall process occurring. I would suggest that this needs to be reconsidered and an alternative conception established to further our practical and analytical understanding of the processes observed.
Images of Parenthood in the United Kingdom and Japan
Authors: Dingwall Robert , Tanaka Hiroko , Minamikata Satoshi 
Published: September 2003

Depictions of pregnancy and parenthood in parentcraft literature in the United Kingdom and Japan are examined as evidence of the beliefs and values of the two societies. Following a review of the texts produced in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, with their common authoritarian tone and emphasis on women's responsibilities towards the nation, there is a brief discussion of the concepts used to guide the analysis of contemporary visual material. The `official' versions of parenthood produced by government agencies are set alongside `commercial' and `alternative' models produced by mass-market publishers and radical groups. The UK manuals are seen to present parenthood as the joint responsibility of choice-making adults, while the Japanese marginalize women and emphasize their subordination to medical authority. The Westernized tone of the commercial publications is essentially superficial and a reflection of a prevailing consumer style which overlays a traditional culture. Contemporary UK texts show a drift towards utilitarian populism, which may be a significant marker of cultural change. Child-training literature is as much expressive of the moral climate of the time and place in which it is written as the state of scientific knowledge about children (Mead and Wolfenstein 1955:44).
The Undersocialised Conception of the Embodied Agent in Modern Sociology
Authors: Shilling Chris 
Published: September 2003

Sociological reconceptualisations of the structure/agency divide have motivated important theoretical advances in the discipline, and the development of `structuration theories' and `analytical dualism' has promoted fresh thought about dominant views of the human agent. These approaches have sought to release sociology from any residual reliance on the oversocialised conception of the individual that formed part of the legacy of Parsonian sociology. It is the argument of this paper, however, that while structuration theory and analytical dualism focus on the creative powers of human reflexivity, as part of their rejection of the `oversocialised agent', the theoretical weight they place on consciousness neglects the socially shaped somatic bases of action and structure, and results in an undersocialised view of the embodied agent. If the relationship between socialisation and agency needs analysing in terms of embodiment as much as in terms of the cognitive internalisation of norms and values, however, there are good reasons for structuration theory and analytical dualism rejecting attempts to ground subsequent notions of the embodied agent they may develop in dominant, static notions of the habitus. These minimise creativity and make it difficult to analyse social change. An important challenge for future reconceptualisations of the structure/agency divide, then, is to construct a sociology which recognises the significance for human agency of a socially shaped form of embodiment, yet which refuses to make the embodied actor a mere product of society.
Fare-Free Public Transit at Universities
Authors: Brown Jeffrey , Hess Daniel Baldwin , Shoup Donald 
Published: September 2003

Universities and public transit agencies in the United States have together invented an arrangement—called Unlimited Ac-cess—that provides fare-free transit ser-vice for all students (and, on some campuses, faculty and staff as well). Unlimited Access is not free transit but is instead a new way to pay for it. The university pays the transit agency for all rides taken by eligible members of the campus community. This article evaluates the results of the Un-limited Access program at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). Bus ridership for commuting to campus in-creased by 56 percent during BruinGO's first year, and solo driving fell by 20 per-cent. Because these startling results were achieved in a city famous for its addiction to cars, they suggest that Unlimited Access can succeed almost anywhere.
The Restructuring of Welfare Work: The Introduction of General Management and the Contracting out of Ancillary Services in the NHS
Authors: Cousins Christine 
Published: September 2003

This paper examines recent attempts by the state to restructure welfare organizations by the introduction of market rationality and criteria into the NHS. The paper consists of two case studies of the implementation of recent government policies. The first case study discusses the initial effects of the introduction of new management arrangements based on private sector principles (the Griffiths Report), and the second examines the political imposition of a programme of contracting out ancillary services in the NHS. Both case studies draw on research carried out by the author in two district health authorities. The case studies illustrate the nature of the `political contingencies' operating on managers, workers and trade unions within the NHS. It is argued that attempts to introduce forms of market rationality in the NHS have undermined and obscured the purposes of state welfare work and have produced a number of tensions and problems for managers which have further to be resolved. Evidence from the research also suggests that these recent policies have begun to change the terms, conditions and security of employment for both general managers and ancillary workers.
The Commercialisation of Employment Relations: The Case of the Water Industry
Authors: Davidson Julia O'Connell 
Published: September 2003

This paper draws upon research into restructuring and changing employment relations in the public utilities. It describes how one water authority, `Albion Water', is extending and developing its use of non-standard labour and it provides a case study of one particular group of direct employees. By commercialising its relationship with these employees, Albion has exacted greater internal flexibility from them and at the same time undermined their job security. These developments are of some theoretical significance. They suggest that the link between job content and employment relations is not as direct as is sometimes implied. They also show that the analytical distinction, drawn by the `flexible firm' model, between management's desire for internal flexibility and its desire for numerical flexibility does not always help to explain management practice.
Th1, Th2, and activated T-cell marker and clinical prognosis in peripheral T-cell lymphoma, unspecified: comparison with AILD, ALCL, lymphoblastic lymphoma, and ATLL
Authors: Tsuchiya Takeshi , Ohshima Koichi , Karube Kennosuke , Yamaguchi Takahiro , Suefuji Hiroaki , Hamasaki Makoto , Kawasaki Chika , Suzumiya Junji , Tomonaga Masao , Kikuchi Masahiro 
Published: September 2003

Abstract
A new World Health Organization classification was recently proposed. However, classification of peripheral T-cell lymphomas remains to be clarified. Particularly, unspecified type was considered as a heterogeneous category. Here we studied the expressions of chemokine receptors, Th1-associated CXCR3 and CCR5 and Th2-associated marker ST2(L), and activated T-cell receptor OX40/CD134 in 185 patients with nodal T-cell lymphoma, and evaluated the relationship to prognosis. Their expression patterns correlated with the specific subtype of nodal T-cell lymphoma, such as angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AILD), anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL), and in peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL), unspecified. In AILD, almost all cases were immunoreactive for OX40/CD134 (96%) and for CXCR3 (89%). In ALCL, all cases were immunonegative for OX40/CD134, and only a few cases (24%) were immunoreactive for CXCR3, whereas almost all cases (94%) were positive for ST2(L). Cases of PTCL, unspecified, were divided into 2 groups; group 1 (cases positive for either ST2(L), CCR5, or CXCR3) tended to show favorable prognosis compared with group 2 (cases negative for ST2(L), CCR5, and CXCR3). Our results indicate that further subtyping of PTCL, unspecified, into groups 1 and 2 could be significant for evaluating prognosis and understanding the functional role of these tumors.
Graft-versus-leukemia reactions in allogeneic chimeras
Authors: Kolb Hans-Jochem , Schmid Christoph , Barrett A. John , Schendel Dolores J. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThere is a strong graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) effect of allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT) due to elimination of tumor cells by alloimmune effector lymphocytes. When leukemia relapses after allogeneic SCT, donor lymphocyte transfusions (DLTs) can induce sustained remissions in some patients. This review summarizes the current status on clinical use of DLT, the basis of GVL reactions, problems associated with this therapy, and new strategies to improve DLT. Several multicenter surveys demonstrated that the GVL effect of DLT is most effective in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), whereas it is less pronounced in acute leukemia and myeloma. Cytokine stimulation to induce differentiation of myeloid progenitor cells or to up-regulate costimulatory molecules on tumor cells may improve the efficacy of DLT. Infections and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) are major complications of DLT. Control of GVHD may be improved using suicide gene–modified T cells for DLT, allowing T-cell elimination if severe GVHD develops. Hopefully, in the future, GVL effect can be separated from GVHD through adoptive transfer of selected T cells that recognize leukemia-specific antigens or minor histocompatibility antigens, which are expressed predominantly on hematopoietic cells, thereby precluding attack of normal tissues. In patients with leukemia and lymphomas with fast progression, tumor growth may outpace development of effector T cells. Here it may be preferable to select stem cell transplant donors with HLA-mismatches that allow alloreactive natural killer cells, which appear early after transplantation, to retain their cytolytic function. New approaches for adoptive immune therapy of leukemia, which promise a better prognosis for these patients, are being developed.
Neutrophil-derived MMP-9 mediates synergistic mobilization of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells by the combination of G-CSF and the chemokines GROβ/CXCL2 and GROβT /CXCL2Δ4
Authors: Pelus Louis M. , Bian Huimin , King Andrew G. , Fukuda Seiji 
Published: September 2003

AbstractMobilized peripheral blood stem cells (PBSCs) are widely used for transplantation, but mechanisms mediating their release from marrow are poorly understood. We previously demonstrated that the chemokines GROβ/CXCL2 and GROβT/CXCL2Δ4 rapidly mobilize PBSC equivalent to granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and are synergistic with G-CSF. We now show that mobilization by GROβ/GROβT and G-CSF, alone or in combination, requires polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN)–derived proteases. Mobilization induced by GROβ/GROβT is associated with elevated levels of plasma and marrow matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) and mobilization and MMP-9 are absent in neutrophil-depleted mice. G-CSF mobilization correlates with elevated neutrophil elastase (NE), cathepsin G (CG), and MMP-9 levels within marrow and is partially blocked by either anti–MMP-9 or the NE inhibitor MeOSuc-Ala-Ala-Pro-Val-CMK. Mobilization and protease accumulation are absent in neutrophil-depleted mice. Synergistic PBSC mobilization observed when G-CSF and GROβ/GROβT are combined correlates with a synergistic rise in the level of plasma MMP-9, reduction in marrow NE, CG, and MMP-9 levels, and a coincident increase in peripheral blood PMNs but decrease in marrow PMNs compared to G-CSF. Synergistic mobilization is completely blocked by anti–MMP-9 but not MeOSuc-Ala-Ala-Pro-Val-CMK and absent in MMP-9–deficient or PMN-depleted mice. Our results indicate that PMNs are a common target for G-CSF and GROβ/GROβT-mediated PBSC mobilization and, importantly, that synergistic mobilization by G-CSF plus GROβ/GROβT is mediated by PMN-derived plasma MMP-9.