bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PLTXII (Plectreurys tristes)
Authors: Branton W D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
PLTXII is one member of a family of Plectreurys toxins which are potent neurotoxins found in Plectreurys spider venom (Branton et al. 1987). The peptide chain of the toxin contains 44 amino acids including 10 cysteine residues that probably form five disulfide bonds (Branton et al. 1993a) (Swiss-Prot databank:P34079; NCBI Seq ID: 633835), as shown in Fig. 1. The peptide chain is quite polar in character, but the carboxy terminal threonine residue is carboxyamidated and O-palmitoylated, resulting in an amphipathic structure that is soluble in both aqueous and organic media.All similar toxins in Plectreurys venom appear to be similarly acylated at C-terminal threonine or serine residues. The novel, O-palmitoyl moiety is absolutely required for biological activity (Branton et al. 1993a; Bodi et al. 1995). PLTXII is a potent and specific inhibitor of insect (Drosophila) neuronal voltage dependent Ca2+ channels. At nanomolar concentration, it rapidly and irreversibly blocks synaptic transmission in Drosophila by blocking presynaptic Ca2+ channels (Branton et al. 1987; Leung et al. 1989).
α-Bungarotoxin (Bungarus multicinctus)
Authors: Gotti C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
α-Bgtx is a single polypeptide containing 74 amino acids cross-linked by five disulfide bridges (Fig. 1). Its complete amino acid sequence was reported in 1972 (Mebs et al. 1972) and is homologous to that of other a-toxins obtained from cobra and sea snakes; in fact on the basis of their amino acid sequences, more than 80 aneurotoxins (or postsynaptic neurotoxins) have been identified (Endo and Tamiya 1987, 1991). These aneurotoxins have been classified into two distinct subclasses: the ‘short’ toxins that all have four disulfide bridges and 60-62 amino acids, and the ‘long’ toxins with five disulfide bridges and 66-74 amino acids. In Fig. 1, the amino acids that are highly conserved in the long toxins are circled while those invariant among all aneurotoxins are enclosed by a square.
α-Conotoxins (Conus spp.)
Authors: Olivera B , McIntosh J M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The α-conotoxins are probably the largest family of paralytic neurotoxins found in the venoms of cone snails (genus Conus), a very successful group of predatory molluscs comprising c. 500 species (Olivera et al. 1985; Myers et al. 1991). The first neurotoxin purified from Conus venoms was an α-conotoxin (α-conotoxin GI from Conus geographus venom); this peptide has 13 amino acids and two disulfide bonds (Gray et al. 1981). α-Conotoxins found in lndo-Pacific fish-hunting cone snails are among the major peptidic components used to paralyse fish prey, and have the consensus sequence shown in Fig. 1. Even the unusual α-conotoxin, S11, which has three disulfide bonds, fits the consensus sequence (Ramilo et al. 1992).
β-Bungarotoxin (Bungarus multicinctus)
Authors: Mebs D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At motor nerve terminals β-Bgt induces a triphasic change in neurotransmitter release, which varies with animal models and experimental conditions: an initial reduction in meep frequency, e.g. decrease in transmitter release, is followed by a phase of an increase and, finally, by a complete inhibition of release (Harris 1991; Hawgood and Bon 1991). Although PLAractivity has been supposed to be related to the neuromuscular blockade by the toxin, the specific and effective binding to a membrane receptor (or acceptor), most probably through the molecule’s B-chain, is essential for its neurotoxic effect.
Rattlesnake venom neurotoxins: crotoxin-related proteins
Authors: Bieber A L , Bon, C , Faure G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Only two of the neurotoxins from rattlesnake venoms, crotoxin and Mojave toxin, have been characterized to any appreciable extent. These two toxins have very similar structures, comparable activities, and are immunologically crossreactive. Briefly, the toxins are noncovalent heterodimeric protein complexes with isoelectric points in the pH range of 5 to 6 and molecular masses near 24 kDa. The complexes can be dissociated into distinct separable subunits (Rubsamen et al. 1971; Cate and Bieber 1978): one a basic phospholipase, the other an acidic protein without any known biological activity in the absence of the basic subunit. The sequences for both subunits of crotoxin (Aird et al. 1986; 1990a) and of Mojave toxin (Aird et al. 1990b; Bieber et al. 1990a) have been published. The data indicate that the two distinct subunits are related to one another and that both show sequence similarity to secretory phospholipases A2+ A high degree of sequence similarity is also apparent when the sequences of subunits from C. d. terrificus and C. s. scutulatus are compared to one another.
Textilotoxin (Pseudonaja textilis textilis)
Authors: Pearson J A , Barnett D , Comis A , Connor M , Harrison B M , Lloyd D R , Nicholson G M , Nicholson P , Retson K V , Spence I , Tyler M I , Wilson H I , Howden M E M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Textilotoxin is the main neurotoxin responsible for the high lethality of the venom of P. textilis textilis. This elapid snake was the cause of nine snake bite fatalities in Australia in the period 1981 to 1991 (Sutherland 1992). The toxin possesses phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity, like other ,β-neurotoxins from elapid, crotalid, and viperid snakes. Studies on the mechanism of action using electromyography in the mouse demonstrated a use-dependent rate of development of neuromuscular blockade (Lloyd et al. 1991), in which the development of such blockade in vivo was accelerated by increasing rates of nerve stimulation.
α-Latrotoxin (black widow spider)
Authors: Malgaroli A , Meldolesi J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
α-l Tx is a single chain, slightly acidic (pl 5.2-5.5), non-glycosylated protein composed of 1401 amino acids (Kiyatkin et al. 1990). The structure includes an N-terminal region of -500 amino acids free of repeats, whereas the remaining region is of high intrinsic homology with short repeats occurring up to 19 times. α-LTx is homologous to α-latroinsectotoxin, and not to other proteins, including Ca2+ channels of any type (GenBank accession number: X55009). The site of receptor binding has not been identified. α-l Tx causes massive stimulation of transmitter release from all investigated neurons (Rosenthal and Meldolesi 1989). Other cell types are insensitive to the toxin (Scheer and Meldolesi 1985; Rosenthal and Meldolesi 1989) with the exception of nerve cell lines (e.g. PC12). Sensitivity is due to expression of neuron-specific receptors localized in the presynaptic membrane of central and peripheral synapses (Malgaroli et al. 1989).
Introduction
Authors: Pollard Thomas D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The actin system is not only very old in an evolutionary sense but is also highly abundant. All the eukaryotic species studied have actin. Both actin and myosin are thought to rank among the five most abundant proteins on earth and in the best studied cases, actin and all of its associated proteins constitute more than 25 per cent of protein in non-muscle cells: in muscle the figure is over 60 per cent.
Actobindin
Authors: Bubb Michael R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While there are no other proteins with extensive homology to actobindin, the actin-binding site, as identified by covalent cross-linking techniques, includes an LKHAET motif that is found in thymosin β 4, fimbrin, Dictyostelium a-actinin, tropomyosin, and myosin heavy chain.
Anillin
Authors: Field Christine M , Alberts Bruce 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Anillin was first isolated in Drosophila.1 We recently cloned an anillin-related protein from a human cDNA library. Domains that are conserved between the Drosophila and vertebrate polypeptides include one SH3-binding consensus, the actin-binding domain, two of the nuclear localization (NLS) sequences, and the pleckstrinhomology (PH) domain (C. Field and Aaron Straight; unpublished data). Antibodies raised against the human protein show the same cell-cycle localization as the Drosophila protein (Karen Oegema; unpublished results).
Septins
Authors: Longtine Mark S , Pringle John R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The septins are a family of filament-forming proteins that have been identified in a variety of fungi and animals (including mammals), but not yet in plants; each organism investigated has multiple septin family members (see reviews). All known septins contain a P-loop motif that is presumably involved in nucleotide binding, and most but not all, are predicted to contain a coiled-coil structure near the carboxyl-terminus that is probably involved in protein-protein interactions. The septins localize primarily to the cell cortex, including the division site, and they have important roles in (at least) cytokinesis, morphogenesis, and cell-wall biogenesis. The septins appear to function at least in part by serving as a template for localizing and organizing other molecules at the cell surface; the relationship between septin function and filament formation remains unclear.
Calponin
Authors: Gimona Mario , Small J Victor 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Calponin is an abundant protein of smooth muscle, first identified by Takahashi and colleagues (as p34 k) in heat-stable fractions of avian gizzard and subsequently named α-calponin (α-CaP). Cloning analyses suggested the existence of a lower molecular weight variant α CaP), but a protein corresponding to such a variant could only so far be detected in mammalian uterine tissue, and was termed I (light) CaP. The major mammalian CaP variant has the same molecular weight as the avian α-CaP and is termed h1 CaP (heavy variant 1) to distinguish it from a non-expressed variant detected at the mRNA level (h2). A further, acidic variant of calponin (acidic CaP) has been shown to be expressed in a non-tissue specific manner.
Cap 100/protovillin
Authors: Noegel Angelika A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Protovillin is a monomer with a molecular mass of approximately 100 kDa. It has only been identified so far in D. discoideum, where it is present in all stages of the life cycle. It is found throughout the cytosol and underneath the plasma membrane (Fig. 1). Protovillin caps the barbed ends of actin filaments and does not sever F-actin. The capping activity is Ca2+-independent but can be inhibited by PIP2. At the amino acid level, protovillin exhibits highest homology to villin, a vertebrate protein that bundles actin filaments in the microvilli of epithelial cells and, in the presence of Ca2+ severs actin filaments. Like villin, protovillin has a head piece.
Dystroph in Zutrophin
Authors: Moores Carolyn , Kendrick-Jones John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Utrophin: dystrophin-related protein (DRP). The dystrophin and utrophin genes are subject to complex transcriptional and splicing controls, both from s· promoters and from promoters within the genes themselves, so that a variety of tissue specific isotypes and shorter isoforms may be expressed (see Table 1). All except one of the isoforms so far identified share the characteristically unique (-terminal domains of dystrophin and utrophin. The tissue distribution associated with each isoform differs and their functions remain unclear. Other more distantly related proteins are dystrobrevin, found predominantly at the neuromuscular junction, and the so-called DRP2 protein.
Tropomyosins
Authors: Smillie Lawrence B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tropomyosins (TMs) are found in virtually all eukaryotic cells in association with actin. In skeletal and cardiac muscles, TM, together with the troponin complex, comprises the regulatory mechanism by which the interaction of F-actin and myosin are controlled by the level of calcium ions,3,4 In smooth muscle and non-muscle cells in which the troponin complex is absent, its role is less clear. However, through its end-to-end interactions and spanning of multiple actin monomers, cooperative phenomena of myosin interaction with actin and binding of such proteins as caldesmon and tropomodulin are probably transmitted along the thin filament. The cellular location and functions of different TM isoforms in the assembly/disassembly, stabilization and length determination of F-actin filaments and their interaction with myosin and other proteins are currently being investigated (for reviews, see refs 2, 5, 6).
Villin
Authors: Friederich Evelyne , Louvard Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Villin is one of the major structural actin-binding proteins which are associated with the actin cytoskeleton of the intestinal or renal epithelial cell brush border microvilli. Villin belongs to a family of actin-binding proteins which share sequence identities and that have similar effects on actin polymerization or organization in vitro. Villin is most probably involved in the assembly of the brush border cytoskeleton.
APC protein
Authors: Polakis Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The adenomatous polyposis coli protein has no synonyms but note that the acronym APC also refers to antigen presenting cell and anaphase promoting complex.
The human APC protein has no known human homologues or isotypes, but genes coding for highly identical proteins have been identified in mice and Xenopus. 1•2 A Drosophila APC has also been identified although significant sequence homologies to human APC are limited to isolated regions.3
Mapmodulin
Authors: Ulitzur Nirit , Pfeffer Suzanne R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mapmodulin is a 31 kDa protein that was purified from CHO cytosol on the basis of its ability to stimulate the microtubule-and dynein-dependent localization of Golgi complexes in semi-intact CHO cells.1,2 It is abundant in the cytosol of cultured mammalian cells (CHO, Hela, K562) and tissues (brain, kidney) and occurs in CHO cytosol primarily in a phosphorylated form. Approximately 5 per cent of the cellular mapmodulin pool resides peripherally on Golgi and ER membranes.
Op18/stathmin
Authors: Deacon Heather W , Mitchison, Timothy J , Gullberg Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Prosolin, stathmin, metablastin, leukaemia-associated protein 18, and oncoprotein 18 (Op18). Op18 has also been given a number of names based on its migration on SDS-PAGE, including p19, p18, 19K, pp17, and pp20 (see references in ref. 1).
Introduction: The Malecot Lineage in Population Genetics
Authors: Veuille Michel , Slatkin Montgomery 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gustave Malecot (1911-1998) was one of the pioneers of theoretical population genetics. He introduced some of the fundamental methods and principles of the field, yet because he wrote most of his papers in French and because some of his methods were developed long before they could be applied to data, Malecot’s work has been less well-known to English speaking scientists than that of S. Wright, J. B. S. Haldane, and R. A. Fisher. Recently, a new appreciation for Malecot’s work has emerged. Part of the renewed interest came from Nagylaki’s insightful review of Malecot’s work, published in Genetics in 1989. Another part of the renewed interest came from the realization that methods introduced by Malecot are of increasing relevance and utility. As discussed by Ewens (1990), Malecot’s methods for analyzing genetic identity were retrospective, meaning that they depended on the past history of each gene. As such, they were precursors to coalescent theory introduced by J. F. C. Kingman in 1982 and developed extensively by R. R. Hudson, F. Tajima, S. Tavare, R. C. Griffiths, P. Donnelly, P. Donnelly, J. Felsenstein, among many others.
The Scientific Work of Gustave Malecot (1911 1998): Our Common Heritage
Authors: Gillois Michel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gustave Malecot was born on 28 December 1911 at La Grande Croix (Loire), near Saint-Etienne, in a Protestant family. His tastes carried him towards philosophy, Latin and mathematics. In October 1932, he entered the prestigious Ecole Normale Superieure on Ulm street in Paris. He attended lectures of famous mathematicians such as Emile Borel, Elie Cartan, Maurice Frechet and Georges Darmois. In 1935, he completed his course of academic studies and came out second in the ’Agregation de mathematiques’. His taste for applied mathematics brought him closer to Georges Darmois, who retained him in Paris from 1935 to 1939 and proposed the subject of his thesis. From 1940 to 1942 he was an instructor of mathematics at the high school in Saint Etienne, from 1940 to 1944, lecturer in mathematics at the University of Montpellier, and from 1944 to 1981, Professor of mathematics at the University of Lyon.
Usefulness of the Identity Coefficients for Assessing Evolutionary Forces
Authors: Ohta Tomoko 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is now evident that gene families of various kinds exist in eukaryote genomes. Gene families with uniform members are characterized by concerted evolution. Population genetics theory on the identity coefficients among gene members of a gene family shows that the balance between diversification by mutation and homogenization by illegitimate recombination is important. Selection may have a significant effect on the identity coefficients. It is pointed out that the interaction between selection and illegitimate recombination provides an efficient mechanism for generating variability. Measurement of linkage disequilibrium between nucleotide sites may be a useful approach to assess such an interactive effect of selection and illegitimate recombination. Evolution of new functions is due to gene duplication followed by differentiation. Positive selection is thought to be needed for the evolution of novel functions. However, both drift and selection often work on the evolution of real gene families, because of subfunctionalization of duplicate genes.
Pre-Speciation Coalescence and the Effective Size of Ancestral Populations
Authors: Takahata Naoyuki , Satta Yoko 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We review methods and problems for estimating the extent of DNA polymorphism in the ancestral species common to two extant species. The methods are based on the concept of identity by descent developed by Gustave Malecot and can provide a way of studying not only the phylogenetic relationships, but also the demographic history of organisms. Since the long-term demographic history of organisms is difficult to be discerned, these methods may provide ordinarily inaccessible information. The application to the human lineage reveals a reduction in the effective population size after the divergence from the chimpanzee but well before the emergence of modern humans. By contrast, the Drosophila melanogaster subgroup appears to have been demographically stable over several millions of years. We are concerned with two major proble ns that are related to the underlying assumptions: (i) complete linkage among nucleotide sites at a locus or genomic region; and (ii) the homogeneous rate of nucleotide substitutions across sites. In the presence of intragenic recombination, the ancestral population size is underestimated and it is preferable to use a large number of independent regions of small sizes rather than a small number of independent regions of large sizes. In the presence of rate heterogeneity between genomic regions, large ancestral population sizes are spuriously estimated, whereas rate heterogeneity within a genomic region is largely irrelevant.
The Relationship between Coalescence Times and Population Divergence Times
Authors: Rosenberg Noah A , Feldman Marcus W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The divergence time of two populations is the amount of time that has elapsed since the populations arose from an ancestral group, while the coalescence time of a set of copies of a gene is the amount of time that has elapsed since the most recent common ancestor of the gene copies lived. We briefly review the methods that have been used to infer divergence times and coalescence times from genetic data. We then consider the relationship between divergence times and coalescence times in a population genetic model that includes divergence followed by migration between two descendant populations, paying particular attention to the fact that migration can cause coalescence to occur more recently than divergence. Insights gained from the model and its special cases are applied to four examples: (i) the divergences of humans and chimpanzees; (ii) modern humans and Neanderthals; (iii) Africans and non-Africans; and (iv) Native Americans and Asians. For each example, we discuss the connection between hypothesized divergence times and estimated coalescence times.
Does physics rule the roost of scientific explanation?
Authors: Saslaw William C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Physics differs from mathematics in which, to quote Bertrand Russell, ‘we never know what we are talking about, nor whether what we are saying is true’, and from cosmology in which we push our questions back to such great distances and early times that our observations become highly distorted and lose information. By contrast, physics generally works in the here and now. It tries to find mathematical relations among measurable phenomena and quantitative concepts. In this, physics is generally regarded as being extraordinarily successful, an archetype of science.
And now I’m going to let you into the great secret of physics’ success: it asks relatively simple questions. Over the last three centuries, physicists have refined the technique of asking questions they know they can answer. Questions about well-defined phenomena that usually involve limited and specific forms of interaction. Of course, these questions may start off somewhat vaguely, but they have to congeal and become capable of experimental comparison in order to make significant progress.
Mathematical explanation
Authors: Barrow John D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Scientists have long known that there is safety in numbers. Mathematics offers a sure path to understanding Nature’s workings. This feature of the world – the remarkable effectiveness of simple mathematics for its description – was one of the first things that attracted me to sciences like astronomy as a teenager. It seems quite extraordinary that simple patterns deduced from watching gases expanding in jars, or the swinging of a bob on the end of a piece of string, could tell us things about the structure of stars or the expansion of the universe. Why was it that the next step the world took was the same as that predicted by squiggles on a piece of paper? Why does the universe march to a mathematical tune?
Mathematics is unlike all of the natural sciences because it is potentially infinite in extent.
Changes in Population and Society, 1500 to the Present*
Authors: Ogden P E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Corpses posed terrible problems, as churchyards overflowed and the air reeked of death. The authorities ordered mass graves, lined with quicklime. It was impossible to bury all immediately, and bodies piled up in the streets. Pepys came across a body in an open yard, with nobody to bury it, ‘the plague making us as cruel as dogs one to another’. (Porter, 1994: 83, on the plague in London in 1665) ‘Every man desires to live long,’ Swift observed, ‘but no man would be old.’ If current trends continue, many of us may live well past 80. How many of us will live past 100 and how well we will live at advanced ages are two much more uncertain questions.
Multidimensional Environmental Data
Authors: Camara Anrfonio S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lancia, the Italian automobile manufacturer, had a television commercial a few years ago in which a car was travelling on the top of a map draping a digital terrain model of Italy. Now and then, the map would morph into a video of the natural landscape. The symbolic and the realistic were fully intertwined (Lancia, 1993).