bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Translating Local Knowledge at Organizational Peripheries*
Authors: Yanow Dvora 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThis article theorizes about the kinds of knowing present in organizations that share both a structural similarity in the organization of work and work practices – a ‘double periphery’ in which a community of practitioners acts across both a horizontal, geographic periphery and a vertical, hierarchical periphery – and a common mode of practice – translating across these peripheral borders. In principle, these workers develop knowledge in interaction with clients and customers that could be valuable to the organization, were it but to learn from them. Instead, the ‘local knowledge’ they learn in acting across these peripheries is discounted, if not disparaged, by more centrally‐located managers and executives. The article theorizes about the nature of translating local knowledge concerning organizational practices and about the structural character of local versus ‘expert’ knowledge.
Introduction: Knowledge Construction and Creation in Organizations*
Authors: Tsoukas Haridimos , Mylonopoulos Nikos 
Published: February 2004

AbstractWhile adopting a knowledge‐based perspective on organizations has been valuable, since, among other things, it enables us to see links between organizational learning and a firm's competitive advantage through the development of idiosyncratic capabilities, it has nonetheless tended to treat organizational knowledge as ‘given’, exploring how it is related to other ‘given’ variables. The focus of this special issue is to unpack the notion of organizational knowledge by exploring the processes and practices through which knowledge is constructed and created in organizations. A constructivist perspective assumes that ‘knowledge’ presupposes work and seeks to explore how what comes to be considered as organizational knowledge is established and validated (or fails to do so). By seeing organizational knowledge as work we can further probe into how knowledge is shaped by organizational strategies and incentives and, more radically, how power and politics influence the struggle between competing bodies of knowledge in organizations.
The Wind of the Hundred Days: How Washington Mismanaged Globalization
Authors: Csaplar Wilfrid W. 
Published: February 2004

Book Reviewedby Michael J. Greenwood and John M. McDowell   Kalamazoo, Michigan: W. E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, 1999, pp. xii, 295.Book Reviewedby Jagdish Bhagwati   Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000, 383 pp.
An Exact Corrected Log‐Likelihood Function for Cox's Proportional Hazards Model under Measurement Error and Some Extensions
Authors: Augustin Thomas 
Published: February 2004

Abstract.  This paper studies Cox's proportional hazards model under covariate measurement error. Nakamura's [Biometrika 77 (1990) 127] methodology of corrected log‐likelihood will be applied to the so‐called Breslow likelihood, which is, in the absence of measurement error, equivalent to partial likelihood. For a general error model with possibly heteroscedastic and non‐normal additive measurement error, corrected estimators of the regression parameter as well as of the baseline hazard rate are obtained. The estimators proposed by Nakamura [Biometrics 48 (1992) 829], Kong et al. [Scand. J. Statist. 25 (1998) 573] and Kong & Gu [Statistica Sinica 9 (1999) 953] are re‐established in the special cases considered there. This sheds new light on these estimators and justifies them as exact corrected score estimators. Finally, the method will be extended to some variants of the Cox model.
Shareholder Wealth Effects of European Domestic and Cross‐border Takeover Bids
Authors: Goergen Marc , Renneboog Luc 
Published: February 2004

Abstract This paper analyses the short‐term wealth effects of large intra‐European takeover bids. We find announcement effects of 9% for the target firms compared to a statistically significant announcement effect of only 0.7% for the bidders. The type of takeover bid has a large impact on the short‐term wealth effects with hostile takeovers triggering substantially larger price reactions than friendly operations. When a UK firm is involved, the abnormal returns are higher than those of bids involving both a Continental European target and bidder. There is strong evidence that the means of payment in an offer has an impact on the share price. A high market‐to‐book ratio of the target leads to a higher bid premium, but triggers a negative price reaction for the bidding firm. We also investigate whether the predominant reason for takeovers is synergies, agency problems or managerial hubris. Our results suggest that synergies are the prime motivation for bids and that targets and bidders share the wealth gains.
An Examination of Takeovers, Job Loss and the Wage Decline within UK Industry
Authors: Beckmann Til , Forbes William 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThis paper investigates the effects of takeovers on workers’ employment prospects and wages in the UK for the years 1987–1995. We address directly the idea that takeovers involve a ‘breach of trust’ with employees. Our results provide no support for the breach of trust hypothesis and rather suggest shareholders and workers in the post‐acquisition joint entity are locked in a form of ‘equal misery’ following the execution of the takeover.There already an exist a wide range of event studies documenting the effect of takeovers on shareholders and a smaller number of studies discussing the impact of takeovers on employees. The contribution of the present study is to relate the separate effects of acquisition on these two groups to each other. By doing so we seek to test directly the proposition that takeovers reallocate rents from workers to target shareholders, via the bid‐premia paid on acquisition.
Memory load and the cognitive pupillary response in aging
Authors: Van Gerven Pascal W. M. , Paas Fred , Van Merriënboer Jeroen J. G. , Schmidt Henk G. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe effect of memory load on the cognitive pupillary response among 16 young adults and 16 older adults was investigated. Mean pupil dilation and reaction time were measured during a Sternberg memory‐search task, which involved six levels of memory load. A classic interaction pattern was obtained in which the reaction times of the elderly participants increased more as a function of memory load than the reaction times of the young participants. In the encoding phase of the experiment, mean dilation increased with memory load. No age differences were observed here. In the search phase of the experiment, however, mean pupil dilation was considerably greater in the young than in the elderly participants. Moreover, mean dilation of the older participants was not sensitive to memory load, whereas mean dilation increased as a function of memory load in the young participants. The results suggest that the usefulness of the pupillary response as a correlate of subtle fluctuations in memory load diminishes with old age.
The functional locus of the lateralized readiness potential
Authors: Masaki Hiroaki , Wild‐wall Nele , Sangals JÖrg , Sommer Werner 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe lateralized readiness potential (LRP) is considered to reflect motor activation and has been used extensively as a tool in elucidating cognitive processes. In the present study, we attempted to more precisely determine the origins of the LRP within the cognitive system. The response selection and motor programming stages were selectively manipulated by varying symbolic stimulus response compatibility and the time to peak force of an isometric finger extension response. Stimulus response compatibility and time to peak force affected response latency, as measured in the electromyogram, in a strictly additive fashion. The effects of the experimental manipulations on stimulus‐ and response‐synchronized LRPs indicate that the LRP starts after the completion of response‐hand selection and at the beginning of motor programming. These results allow a more rigorous interpretation of LRP findings in basic and applied research.
Beneficial effects of ambiguous precues: Parallel motor preparation or reduced premotoric processing time?
Authors: Jentzsch Ines , Leuthold Hartmut , Richard ridderinkhof K. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe present study was designed to investigate the mechanisms underlying movement preprogramming in situations where informative but ambiguous precue information is used. In a response precuing task that involved flexion or extension movements with the right or left index finger, a spatially compatible precue conveyed partial information about side, about direction, no parameter information (ambiguous condition), or no information at all. Advance movement preparation was indicated by reaction‐time shortening for all informative precue conditions. The analysis of stimulus‐ and response‐locked lateralized readiness potential onsets revealed a clear and exclusive motoric origin of the ambiguous‐precue benefit. Additional analyses ruled out a strategic trial by trial choice of just one of the two ambiguous alternatives and provided evidence for a parallel preparation of both response alternatives when information only about direction or ambiguous precue information is provided.
Simple, effective countermeasures to P300‐based tests of detection of concealed information
Authors: Rosenfeld J.Peter , Soskins Matthew , Bosh Gregory , Ryan Andrew 
Published: February 2004

AbstractWe found countermeasures to protocols using P300 in concealed information tests. One, the “six‐probe” protocol, in Experiment 1, uses six different crime details in one run. The countermeasure: generate covert responses to irrelevant stimuli for each probe category. Hit rates were 82% in the guilty group; 18% in the countermeasure group. The average reaction time (RT) distinguished these two groups, but with overlap in RT distributions. The “one‐probe” protocol, in the second experiment, uses one crime detail as a probe. Here, one group was run in 3 weeks as a guilty group, a countermeasure group, and again as in Week 1. Countermeasure: Covert responses to irrelevant stimuli. In Week 1, hit rate was 92%. In Week 2, it was 50%. In Week 3, 58%. There was no overlap in the irrelevant RT distribution in Week 2: Countermeasure use was detectable. However, in Week 3, the RT distributions resembled those of Week 1; test‐beaters could not be caught. These studies have shown that tests of deception detection based on P300 amplitude as a recognition index may be readily defeated with simple countermeasures that can be easily learned.
Hospital–Physician Affiliations and Patient Treatments, Expenditures, and Outcomes
Authors: Madison Kristin 
Published: February 2004

Objective. To determine the relationship between hospital–physician affiliations and the treatments, expenditures, and outcomes of patients.Data Sources. Sources include the Medicare Provider Analysis and Review dataset, the American Hospital Association (AHA) Annual Survey, and the Area Resource File (ARF).Study Design. A multivariate regression analysis of the relationship between hospital–physician affiliations (such as physician–hospital organizations [PHOs] or salaried employment) and the treatment of Medicare patients with a diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction admitted to general medical‐surgical hospitals between 1994 and 1998. Dependent variables include whether the patient received a catheterization or angioplasty or bypass surgery; whether a patient was readmitted, or died within 90 days of initial admission; and expenditures. Independent variables include patient, admission hospital, and market characteristics, as well as hospital and year fixed effects.Principal Findings. The integrated salary model form of hospital–physician affiliation is associated with slightly higher procedure rates, and higher patient expenditures. At the same time, there is little evidence that hospital–physician affiliations in the aggregate have had any measurable impact on patient treatment or outcomes.Conclusions. The limited effect of hospital–physician affiliations on patient outcomes is consistent with previous research showing that affiliations have not much changed the nature of health care delivery. However, the finding that the integrated salary model is associated with higher treatment intensity suggests that affiliations may have had some impact on patients, and could have more in the future.
Possible contribution of circulating transforming growth factor‐β1 to immunity and prognosis in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Okumoto Kazuo , Hattori Etsuko , Tamura Kazuko , Kiso Shinichi , Watanabe Hisayoshi , Saito Koji , Saito Takafumi , Togashi Hitoshi , Kawata Sumio 
Published: February 2004

Abstract:Transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1) has been implicated in tumor progression. The relationship of this cytokine as measured in plasma to anti‐tumor immunity and prognosis was investigated.This study consisted of 70 consecutive patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) (median age, 65 years). Forty‐four healthy age‐matched subjects and 32 patients with cirrhosis but no carcinoma served as controls. Patients with HCC were divided into those with plasma TGF‐β1 concentrations above (group A, n=21) or below (group B, n=49) 10 ng/ml (the mean concentration+2SD in the concentrations of the controls with cirrhosis was 8.7 ng/ml).Age, gender, Child‐Pugh grade, and tumor stage distributions were similar in groups A and B. Considering all tumor stages together and individually, group A had a significantly shorter survival (median for all stages, 2 months) than group B (median for all stages, 10 months; P<0.01, generalized Wilcoxon's test). Groups A and B had significantly shorter survival than controls with cirrhosis (P<0.001 for each). Lymphokine‐activated killer (LAK) activity in group A was significantly lower than that in group B (P<0.001). Natural killer (NK) activity in group A was also significantly lower than that in group B (P<0.05). Plasma TGF‐β1 concentration was a significant predictor of survival by Cox's proportional‐hazards regression analysis (multivariate analysis, P<0.01). LAK and NK activities were also weak but significant predictors (P<0.05 and <0.05, respectively).These data suggest that plasma TGF‐β1 concentration is a predictor of outcome of patients with unresectable HCC. Circulating TGF‐β1 supposedly contributes to the suppression of anti‐tumor immunity in the advanced disease.
Site‐characteristic expression and induction of trefoil factor family 1, 2 and 3 and malignant brain tumor‐1 in normal and diseased intrahepatic bile ducts relates to biliary pathophysiology
Authors: Sasaki Motoko , Tsuneyama Koichi , Saito Takahito , Kataoka Hiroaki , Mollenhauer Jan , Poustka Annemarie , Nakanuma Yasuni 
Published: February 2004

Abstract:Background/Aim: Trefoil factor family (TFF)1,2,3 are involved in a homeostasis/repair process of mucosal epithelia. In this study, the significance of TFF family and deleted in the malignant brain tumor‐1 (DMBT1), a putative receptor of TFF2, in the intrahepatic biliary tree was investigated in normal and diseased livers.Materials and Methods: Expression of TFF1,2,3 and DMBT1 were examined immunohistochemically in primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), chronic viral hepatitis (CVH), extrahepatic biliary obstruction (EBO), and normal livers.Results: In normal livers, TFF1,3 and DMBT1 were infrequently detectable in large and rarely in small bile ducts, respectively. TFF2 was not detectable in large bile ducts. In large bile duct diseases (PSC and EBO), expression of TFF3 and DMBT1 were increased. In small bile duct diseases (PBC and CVH), expression of TFF2/DMBT1 was induced in moderately to severely damaged ducts irrespective of etiology.Conclusion: The intrahepatic biliary tree shows a site‐characteristic expression and induction of TFF1,2,3 and DMBT1. In large bile ducts, TFF1,3 were constitutively expressed and increased in pathologic bile ducts. In small bile ducts, TFF2/DMBT1 is induced in damaged ducts irrespective of etiologies. However, the cytoprotective/repair property of TFF2/DMBT1 may not be enough to prevent the following bile duct loss in PBC.
Hemochromatosis (HFE) gene mutations and hepatitis C virus infection as risk factors for porphyria cutanea tarda in Hungarian patients
Authors: Nagy Zsuzsanna , Kószó Ferenc , Pár Alajos , Emri Gabriella , Horkay Irén , Horányi Margit , Karádi Oszkár , Rumi György , Morvay Márta , Varga Viktória , Dobozy Attila , Mózsik Gyula 
Published: February 2004

Abstract:Aim: It is not clear whether the mutations in hemochromatosis (HFE) gene and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection act independently in the pathogenesis of porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT). The prevalence of both risk factors varies greatly in different parts of the world. PCT patients from Hungary were evaluated to assess both factors.Methods: The prevalence of C282Y and H63D mutations in the HFE gene was determined in 50 PCT patients and compared with the reported control frequencies. Furthermore, the presence of HCV infection was determined and related to the patients' HFE gene status.Results: The C282Y mutation was found in 8/50 cases (three homozygotes and five heterozygotes), with an 11% allele frequency (vs. 3.8% control) (P<0.05). Seventeen patients were heterozygous, one was homozygous for the H63D mutation, allele frequency 19%, which did not differ significantly from the reported control prevalence of 12.3%. Twenty‐two patients (44%) were HCV‐RNA positive; six out of them were heterozygous for H63D mutation, one only for the C282Y mutation and one was compound heterozygous for both mutations.Conclusion: HCV infection and HFE C282Y mutation may probably be independent predisposing factors for development of PCT in Hungarian patients.
Effects of ozone oxidative preconditioning on nitric oxide generation and cellular redox balance in a rat model of hepatic ischaemia–reperfusion
Authors: Ajamieh H. H. , Menéndez S. , Martínez‐Sánchez G. , Candelario‐Jalil E. , Re L. , Giuliani A. , Fernández Olga Sonia León 
Published: February 2004

Abstract:Background: Many studies indicate that oxygen free‐radical formation after reoxygenation of liver may initiate the cascade of hepatocellular injury. It has been demonstrated that controlled ozone administration may promote an oxidative preconditioning or adaptation to oxidative stress, preventing the damage induced by reactive oxygen species and protecting against liver ischaemia–reperfusion (I/R) injury.Aims: In the present study, the effects of ozone oxidative preconditioning (OzoneOP) on nitric oxide (NO) generation and the cellular redox balance have been studied.Methods: Six groups of rats were classified as follows: (1) sham‐operated; (2) sham‐operated+l‐NAME (Nω‐nitro‐l‐arginine methyl ester); (3) I/R (ischaemia 90 min–reperfusion 90 min); (4) OzoneOP+I/R; (5) OzoneOP+l‐NAME+I/R; and (6) l‐NAME+I/R. The following parameters were measured: plasma transaminases (aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase) as an index of hepatocellular injury; in homogenates of hepatic tissue: nitrate/nitrite as an index of NO production; superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione levels as markers of endogenous antioxidant system; and finally malondialdehyde+4‐hydroxyalkenals (MDA+4‐HDA) and total hydroperoxides (TH) as indicators of oxidative stress.Results: A correspondence between liver damage and the increase of NO, CAT, TH, glutathione and MDA+4‐HDA concentrations were observed just as a decrease of SOD activity. OzoneOP prevented and attenuated hepatic damage in I/R and OzoneOP+l‐NAME+I/R, respectively, in close relation with the above‐mentioned parameters.Conclusions: These results show that OzoneOP protected against liver I/R injury through mechanisms that promote a regulation of endogenous NO concentrations and maintenance of cellular redox balance. Ozone treatment may have important clinical implications, particularly in view of the increasing hepatic transplantation programs.
Decreased expression of osteopontin is related to tumor aggressiveness and clinical outcome of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: Terashi Takahiro , Aishima Shinichi , Taguchi Kenichi , Asayama Yoshiki , Sugimachi Keishi , Matsuura Shuji , Shimada Mitsuo , Maehara Shinichiro , Maehara Yoshihiko , Tsuneyoshi Masazumi 
Published: February 2004

Abstract:Background: Osteopontin (OPN) is known to be a secreted adhesive glycoprotein. Recent studies have reported that the overexpression of OPN is correlated with tumorigenesis, tumor aggressiveness, and poor prognosis in several types of human cancer. The aim of this study was to determine whether the expression of OPN in cases of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) indicates the clinical outcome.Methods: The expression of OPN protein was investigated immunohistochemically in surgically resected specimens from 73 patients, and the level of OPN mRNA was also examined by quantitative real‐time reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (real‐time RT‐PCR) in nine samples of ICC. We examined the correlation between the expression of OPN and the clinicopathological factors, including overall survival, in patients with ICC.Results: We detected the positive expression of OPN protein in 31 of 73 (42.5%) of the primary ICCs. Negative expression of OPN protein was significantly related to lymphatic permeation, perineural invasion, intrahepatic metastasis, and lymph node metastasis (P=0.0029, 0.0072, 0.0134, and 0.0101, respectively). Overall survival was significantly lower among the patients with a negative expression of OPN than it was among those with a positive expression of OPN. The negative expression of OPN protein and the lower levels of OPN mRNA were statistically significant (P=0.0139).Conclusions: Decreased expression of OPN is considered to be a reliable indicator of tumor aggressiveness and clinical outcome in patients with ICC.
Tamoxifen induces suppression of cell viability and apoptosis in the human hepatoblastoma cell line HepG2 via down‐regulation of telomerase activity
Authors: Brandt Sebastian , Heller Hartmut , Schuster Klaus‐Dieter , Grote Jürgen 
Published: February 2004

Abstract:Background/Aims: Antiproliferative action of tamoxifen in the estrogen receptor‐α‐negative human hepatoblastoma cell line HepG2 was investigated.Methods: HepG2 cells, seeded at different densities (4000–36 000 cells/cm2), were incubated with tamoxifen (1, 10, or 20 μM) or the telomerase inhibitor 3′‐azido‐3′‐deoxythymidine (AZT) (0.6–3.0 mM) up to 72 h. Cell viability was assessed (MTT‐test), flow cytometric analysis was performed, and telomerase activity was measured (telomeric repeat amplification protocol assay).Results: Ten or 20 μM tamoxifen induced a reduction of cell viability. Basically reduction of viability was related to an increase in the fraction of G0/1‐phase. When tamoxifen was present at higher concentration (20 μM) or at low cell density (4000/cm2) an additional increase of the rate of apoptotic cells occurred with a delay, aggravating the effect of tamoxifen on cell viability substantially. When apoptosis was induced a significant suppression of telomerase activity preceded regularly. Direct inhibition of telomerase activity with AZT resulted in a decrease of cell viability and apoptotis.Conclusion: The tamoxifen‐induced reduction of cell viability in HepG2 cells depends on drug concentration and cell density and is due to cytostatic and cytocide effects. The latter may be mediated by a down‐regulation of telomerase activity.