bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measurement of total body water content in horses, using deuterium oxide dilution
Authors: Andrews Frank M. , Nadeau Jenifer A. , Saabye Lisa , Saxton Arnold M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To measure total body water (TBW) content in horses, using deuterium oxide (D20) dilution.

Animals
Six 8- to 10-year-old healthy untrained mixed-breed horses, weighing (mean ± SD) 503.4 ± 64.0 kg.

Procedure
After a 12-hour nonfeeding period, 6 horses were given D2O (0.14 g/kg of body weight) via nasogastric tube. Blood samples were collected from a preplaced indwelling jugular vein catheter prior to and 1 to 8, 10, 12, 14, and 24 hours after administration of D2O. Blood samples were centrifuged immediately, and plasma was collected and stored at −70 C until analysis. The D2O content in plasma was measured by zinc reduction to deuterium gas. The resulting gas was measured, using an isotope ratio mass spectrometer.

Results
Deuterium oxide was rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract of all horses, and reached peak (mean ± SD) plasma concentration (1,454.4 ± 163 delta D/ml or parts/thousand) 1 hour after administration. Plasma concentration decreased slowly during the next 2 to 3 hours, then remained statistically constant from 2 to 5 hours (early plateau phase) and 3 to 7 hours (late plateau phase) after administration. Mean ± SEM TBW content was 623.0 ± 2.2 ml/kg (62.3% of body weight) for the early plateau phase and 630.3 ± 2.2 ml/kg (63.0% of body weight) for the late plateau phase.

Conclusion
Deuterium oxide dilution appears to be of value for measurement of TBW content in horses, and has a 4-hour plateau effect. Equilibration of D2O with large intestinal water may be the reason for the prolonged equilibrium time and plateau effect seen in these horses.

Clinical Relevance
Deuterium oxide appears safe and efficacious for determining TBW content in horses and may be helpful for determining changes in TBW content during exercise and disease. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:1060–1064)
Risk factors associated with the likelihood of leptospiral seropositivity in horses in the state of New York
Authors: Barwick Rachel S. , Mohammed Hussni O. , McDonough Patrick L. , White Maurice E. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine and quantify risk factors associated with exposure of horses to the following serovars of Leptospira interrogans: pomona, autumnalis, and bratislava.

Animals
2,551 horses were randomly selected from a target population during the period of May 1991 to August 1993.

Procedures
Blood was collected from the horses and tested for antibodies to serovars, using the microscopic agglutination test. A titer ≥ 1:100 indicated seropositivity. Information was collected on each horse, its environment, and each farm's management practices. Logistic regression analysis was used to develop a multidimensional indexing system for indices of exposure and to identify factors significantly associated with the risk of seropositivity. These indices were: 1) rodent exposure; 2) wildlife exposure; 3) soil and water; and 4) management.

Results
Rodent exposure index value was associated with the risk of exposure to all 3 serovars. Management index value was positively associated with the risk of exposure to serovars pomona and bratislava, but not with risk of exposure to serovar autumnalis. Soil and water index value had a positive association with risk of exposure to serovars pomona and autumnalis, but not to serovar bratislava. The wildlife index value and the population density of horses turned out together were associated with the risk of exposure to serovar autumnalis. Age of horse in years was associated nonlinearly (years2) and linearly (years) with the risk of exposure to serovars autumnalis and bratislava, and only linearly with the risk of exposure to serovar pomona.

Conclusion
Risk of seropositivity to the 3 serovars of L interrogans varies according to age, management practices, population density of horses turned out together, and the values of the rodent exposure, wildlife exposure, and soil and water indices. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:1097–1103)
Pathogenesis of experimentally induced rabies in domestic ferrets
Authors: Niezgoda Michael , Briggs Deborah J. , Shaddock John , Dreesen David W. , Rupprecht Charles E. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY

Objective
To determine susceptibility, incubation and morbidity periods, clinical signs, serologic response, and excretion of virus in domestic ferrets inoculated with rabies virus.

Animals
55 domestic ferrets.

Procedure
5 groups of 10 ferrets were inoculated with rabies virus, IM, at doses of 105.5 to 101.5 median mouse intracerebral lethal dose. Ferrets were observed and behavior was recorded. Rectal temperature, body weight, and samples from the oral cavity and samples of saliva and blood were obtained. Virus isolation was attempted, using intracranial mouse inoculation and cell culture. Virus neutralizing antibodies were determined by rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test. Ferrets were euthanatized immediately if clinical signs were severe. Rabies was confirmed by direct immunofluorescent antibody test.

Results
Mean incubation period was 33 days (range, 16 to 96 days). Clinical signs included ascending paralysis, ataxia, cachexia, bladder atony, fever, hyperactivity, tremors, and paresthesia. Mean morbidity period was 4 to 5 days (range, 2 to 10 days). Virus antigen was detected in brain tissue from all clinically rabid ferrets. Ferrets given the highest viral dose were euthanatized and had VNA; ferrets receiving the next dilution also were euthanatized, but only 4 had seroconverted. Of 17 ferrets that survived, 5 seroconverted. Survivors remained clinically normal except for 1 that recovered with severe paralytic sequelae. Rabies virus was isolated from the salivary gland of 1 ferret that was euthanatized.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
Rabies should be considered as a differential diagnosis in any ferret that has acute onset of paralysis or behavioral changes and a condition that rapidly deteriorates despite intense medical intervention. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:1327–1331)
Functional and phenotypic characterization of monoclonal antibodies to bovine L-selectin
Authors: Wang Yan , Paape Max J. , Leino Lasse , Capuco Anthony V. , Närvä Heini 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY

Objective
To characterize 2 bovine neutrophil monoclonal antibodies (MAB) as to effects on bovine neutrophil function and their binding antigens on the cell surface of bovine neutrophils.

Animals
16 healthy, lactating Holstein cattle, 1 calf with leukocyte adhesion deficiency, and 1 age-matched control calf, 2 healthy ewes, and 2 healthy human beings as neutrophil sources.

Procedure
Neutrophil chemotactic and respiratory burst activities and calcium influx, and binding properties of the 2 MAB were determined. Molecular mass of corresponding cell surface antigens also was determined, as was binding of human L-selectin MAB DREG56 to molecules recognized by MAB 11G10 and 2G8 on the surface of bovine neutrophils.

Results
MAB 11G10 and 2G8 inhibited chemotactic activity of bovine neutrophils, up-regulated amplitude of native chemiluminescence, and shortened the time to reach maximal chemiluminescence induced by serum-opsonized zymosan. Crosslinking both MAB with a second antibody induced rapid increase in intracellular free calcium concentration. Binding density of MAB 11G10 and 2G8 to bovine neutrophils treated with trypsin was increased (P < 0.05), compared with that of untreated neutrophils. Neutrophils treated with phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C had decreased (P < 0.05) binding density of MAB 11G10 and 2G8. Binding of the various MAB to neutrophils from calves with bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency was lower (P < 0.05) than binding to neutrophils from healthy calves. Expression of antigens recognized by the aforementioned MAB on the surface of bovine neutrophils was decreased (P < 0.05) within 10 minutes.

Conclusion
MAB 11G10 and 2G8 recognized L-selectin molecules on bovine neutrophil membrane. L-Selectin (CD62L) is involved in low-affinity adhesion reactions between leukocytes and L-selectin ligand on postcapillary venular endothelial cells. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:1392–1401)
Quantification of antigen-specific antibody concentrations in tracheal lavage fluid of horses with summer pasture-associated obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Seahorn Thomas L. , Beadle Ralph E. , McGorum Bruce C. , Marley Christina L. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY

Objective
To determine whether horses with summer pasture-associated obstructive pulmonary disease (SPAOPD) have increased concentrations of antigen-specific IgG and IgE in tracheal lavage fluid, compared with values in clinically normal horses.

Animals
8 horses (6 females, 2 geldings; 6 Quarter Horses, 2 Appaloosas), 14 to 23 years old and with previous diagnosis of SPAOPD, served as the principal group; 8 horses (2 females, 6 geldings; 1 Quarter Horse, 7 Thoroughbreds), 6 to 9 years old, with no evidence of respiratory tract disease, served as the control group.

Procedure
Data were collected twice during a 1- year period: when all SPAOPD-affected horses were manifesting clinical signs of disease (July), and when all SPAOPD-affected horses appeared clinically normal (February). On each occasion, clinical evaluations were performed and blood and tracheal lavage fluid samples were collected. Transtracheal lavage supernatant was evaluated for mold antigen-specific IgG and IgE concentrations.

Results
Median IgE relative antibody unit (RAU) values were significantly higher in control, compared with principal, horses. The SPAOPD-affected horses had increased concentrations of specific IgG for only 1 antigen, during winter sample collection.

Conclusion
Antigen-specific IgG and IgE RAU values were not increased in SPAOPD-affected horses when these horses were manifesting clinical signs of disease. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:1408–1411)
Comparative activity in dogs of deltamethrin- and diazinon-impregnated collars against Ctenocephalides felis
Authors: Franc Michel , Cadiergues Marie-Christine 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY

Objective
To compare effectiveness of deltamethrin- and diazinon-impregnated collars against fleas (Ctenocephalides felis) in an experimental infestation.

Animals
30 Beagles.

Procedure
Dogs were housed in separate cages. Dogs were infested with 50 fleas each, and fleas were counted 24 hours later. Dogs were then fitted with a collar containing 4% deltamethrin (group 1) or 15% diazinon (group 2). Dogs in group 3 were controls. Fleas were counted 24 and 48 hours after collars were applied, and fleas were then removed. Dogs were reinfested with fleas on days 7, 14, 28, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 210. Fleas were counted 24 and 48 hours after each reinfestation.

Results
48 hours after applying collars, flea counts were not notably decreased. Effectiveness in groups 1 and 2 was 24 and 29%, respectively. Infestation on day 7 was controlled, to a comparable extent, by both insecticides (effectiveness approx 85%). Effectiveness > 97% was obtained after collars had been worn for 14 days. Between days 14 and 91, both collars had comparable effectiveness (> 93%) that did not differ significantly. After day 91, effectiveness of the collar containing diazinon decreased sharply, whereas that of the collar containing deltamethrin remained > 90% until day 152.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
The collar containing deltamethrin controlled flea populations on dogs beginning 14 days after application and continuing until day 150. The collar containing diazinon controlled infestation for 90 days. Deltamethrin-impregnated collars are a new formulation that can be introduced into a program to easily control fleas. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:59–60).
Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of fungi isolated from horses with ulcerative keratomycosis
Authors: Brooks Dennis E. , Andrew Stacy E. , Dillavou Clayton L. , Ellis Georgeann , Kubilis Paul S. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY

Objectives
To evaluate in vitro susceptibility to topical antifungal medications, as measured by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50%), of fungal isolates from horses with ulcerative keratomycosis in Florida; to compare results with those of other studies to identify differences in susceptibility patterns among fungi isolated from horses in different geographic regions; and to note indications of fungal resistance to drugs tested in other studies.

Sample Population
Corneal fungal cultures from client-owned horses from Florida with ulcerative keratomycosis (n = 22).

Procedure
Fungal cultures were plated on Emmons modified Sabouraud dextrose agar and mycobiotic agar, examined weekly for growth, and kept for a total of 30 days. In vitro MIC and IC50% of fluconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole, miconazole, and natamycin were measured for each fungal isolate.

Results
Aspergillus (n = 9; 41%), Fusarium (7; 32%), Penicillium (2; 9%), Cylindrocarpon (1; 4%), Scytalidium (1; 4%), and Torulopsis (1; 4%) spp and an unidentified yeast (1; 4%) were isolated. Fungi were most susceptible to antifungal drugs in the following order: natamycin and miconazole equally, itraconazole, and ketoconazole, although no significant difference was found among drugs. Fungi were significantly less susceptible to fluconazole (P < 0.0001) than to the other 4 drugs.

Conclusions
Initial antifungal therapy with topically applied natamycin, miconazole, itraconazole, or ketoconazole is recommended for ulcerative keratomycosis in horses in the subtropical environment of Florida.

Clinical Relevance
Specific antifungal treatment of horses with ulcerative keratomycosis should be based on history, results of ophthalmic examination, cytologic findings, isolation of the pathogenic fungus, and known prevalence of unique ocular fungi in specific geographic areas. In vitro antifungal susceptibility testing may be most beneficial in aiding documentation of pharmacologic susceptibility patterns of fungi in specific geographic regions. (Am J Vet Res 1998; 59:138–142)
Photoreceptor cell death by apoptosis in dogs with sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome
Authors: Miller Paul E. , Galbreath Elizabeth J. , Kehren Jeanne C. , Steinberg Howard , Dubielzig Richard R. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY

Objective
To examine the role of apoptosis in retinal photoreceptor degeneration in dogs with sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome (SARDS).

Sample Population
Retinas from 3 dogs with SARDS and from 2 clinically normal adult dogs.

Procedure
Apoptosis was identified by in situ endlabeling and observation of characteristic morphologic changes by light microscopy.

Results
The degree of photoreceptor degeneration varied with duration of vision loss in SARDS-affected eyes. The retina of all 3 SARDS-affected eyes had numerous (34, 61, and 70) apoptotic nuclei per section that were overwhelmingly located in the outer nuclear layer. Apoptotic nuclei were not detected, or were rare in similarly sized retinal sections from normal dogs. Inflammation was not an important feature of SARDS.

Conclusions
Apoptosis appears to be at least 1 mechanism of photoreceptor cell death in dogs with SARDS.

Clinical Relevance
Because apoptosis appears to be a final common pathway in many retinal degeneration syndromes, future treatment strategies that control apoptosis in other diseases may be applicable to dogs with SARDS. Halting this pathway may allow some photoreceptors to survive and, perhaps, preserve vision. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:149–152)
Preclinical evaluation of a sterically stabilized liposome-encapsulated cisplatin in clinically normal cats
Authors: Thamm Douglas H. , Vail David M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate the effects of administration of a sterically stabilized liposome-encapsulated cisplatin (SSL-CDDP) to cats.

Animals
4 clinically normal cats.

Procedure
2 of the cats were given multiple IV injections of SSL-CDDP at a dosage of 70 mg of free CDDP equivalent/m2 of body surface area at 3-week intervals. The other 2 cats received single IV injections of identical liposome preparations not containing CDDP. Vital signs; appetite; attitude; hematologic, serum biochemical, and urinalysis findings; and thoracic radiographic views were evaluated at predetermined intervals.

Results
Sterically stabilized liposome-encapsulated cisplatin was well tolerated by all cats. The only significant alterations in measured variables were an increase in serum cholesterol concentration 2 days after injection, and repeatable pyrexia in the cats receiving SSL-CDDP that began 10 to 12 hours after injection and continued for 18 hours, peaking at 40.5 to 41 C. Alterations in rectal temperature were not significant in cats receiving empty liposome vehicle.

Conclusions
SSL-CDDP appears to be safe to administer to cats at a dosage of 70 mg of free CDDP equivalent/m2, a CDDP dose known to be therapeutic in dogs. Pyrexia, although marked, appears to be a short-term and well tolerated side effect.

Clinical Relevance
SSL-CDDP appears to abrogate the uniformly fatal side effects associated with administration of tumoricidal quantities of free CDDP to cats. This new formulation should allow investigation of the antitumor properties of CDDP against spontaneously arising neoplasms in cats. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:286–289)
Effect of α2-adrenergic, cholinergic, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on myoelectric activity of ileum, cecum, and right ventral colon and on cecal emptying of radiolabeled markers in clinically normal ponies
Authors: Lester Guy D. , Merritt A. M. , Neuwirth Lisa , Vetro-Widenhouse Tamara , Steible Christine , Rice Brett 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine effect of xylazine hydrochloride (XYL), yohimbine hydrochloride (YOH), bethanechol chloride (BET), neostigmine methyl sulfate (NEO), or flunixin meglumine (FLU) on ileocecocolic myoelectric activity and passage of radiolabeled markers from the cecum.

Animals
6 healthy adult ponies.

Procedure
A cecal cannula was surgically implanted, and 12 were sutured to the ileum, cecum, and right ventral colon. After a 12-hour nonfeeding period, 370 MBq of technetium 99m-labeled sulfur colloid in egg albumen and 37 MBq of indium 111-labeled diethyltriaminepentaacetic acid in 60 ml of water were injected into the cecal apex. All drugs were administered IV as a bolus, with the exception of NEO, which was given SC: XYL, 0.5 mg/kg of body weight; YOH, 0.075 mg/kg; BET, 0.025 mg/kg; NEO, 0.025 mg/kg; FLU, 1.1 mg/kg; and saline solution (SAL), 10 ml. Drugs were administered in a randomized complete block design, each treatment was administered twice to each pony, and dual-phase scintigraphic images were obtained. The time to 50% emptying (t50) and the slope of the emptying curve (β) were derived from the calculated power exponential equation.

Results
The t50 after BET (184.8 ± 16.5 minutes) and NEO (124.7 ± 16.5 minutes) administration were significantly shorter than values after saline (230.2 ± 17.1 minutes) administration. The t50 after XYL administration (250.5 ± 18.6 minutes) was longer, and that after YOH administration (190.1 ± 16.2 minutes) was shorter, than the t50 after saline administration, but neither difference was significant. The t50 and β after FLU administration differed from those after saline administration. Myoelectric data appeared to be well correlated with drug-induced alterations in isotope clearance.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
Cholinergic agonists, BET and NEO, have significant effects on the myoelectric activity of ileum, cecum, and right ventral colon, with the net effect of hastening cecal emptying. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:320–327)
Effect of erythromycin lactobionate on myoelectric activity of ileum, cecum, and right ventral colon, and cecal emptying of radiolabeled markers in clinically normal ponies
Authors: Lester Guy D. , Merritt A. M. , Neuwirth Lisa , Vetro-Widenhouse Tamara , Steible Christine , Rice Brett 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine the effect of erythromycin lactobionate (ERY) on ileocecocolic myoelectric activity and passage of radiolabeled markers from the cecum.

Animals
6 healthy adult ponies.

Procedure
After a 12-hour nonfeeding period, 370 MBq of technetium 99m-labeled sulfur colloid in egg albumen and 37 MBq of indium 111-labeled diethyltriaminepentaacetic acid in 60 ml of water were administered directly into the cecal apex. The following drug concentrations were tested: ERY, 0.01, 0.10, 1.0, and 10.0 mg/kg of body weight; ERY, 0.10 mg/kg bolus; and saline (0.9% NaCl) solution, 10 ml. All treatments, with the exception of the 0.10-mg/kg bolus and saline solution, were infusions administered IV during a 60-minute period in a randomized complete block design. Each treatment was administered 2 times/pony. Dual-phase scintigraphic images were obtained, and the best-fit function was determined for each study, using data from the right side. Myoelectric data were collected before and after each treatment and analyzed for spike burst rate, relative activity, and burst duration.

Results
The time to 50% emptying (t50) after ERY administration was dose dependent, and all treatments, with the exception of the 0.01-mg/kg infusion, resulted in a significantly shorter t50 than that observed after saline administration (230.2 ± 17.12 minutes). The shortest t50 was observed after the 1.0 mg/kg dosage of ERY (76.9 ± 22.0 minutes). Although not significantly different, the t50 and β were shorter (108.6 ± 25.9 minutes) and steeper after a bolus dose of 0.10 mg/kg of ERY than after infusion at the same dosage (131.1 ± 18.7 minutes).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
ERY may be a useful prokinetic for prevention or treatment of cecal motility dysfunction. The ability of ERY to evoke a similar response during the early postanesthetic or postoperative period remains to be determined. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:328–334)
Evaluation of the morphologic characteristics and prevalence of canine urocystoliths from a regional urolith center
Authors: Weichselbaum Ralph C. , Feeney Daniel A. , Jessen Carl R. , Osborne Carl A. , Koehler Lori , Ulrich Lisa 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine whether morphology of single-mineral urocystoliths and age, sex, or breed data could be applied to facilitate radiographic and clinical urocystolith mineral type prediction, respectively, in dogs.

Sample Population
Database of 2,041 dogs with pure mineral composition urocystoliths.

Procedure
All uroliths were characterized according to geologic descriptive terminology and by breed, sex, and age of dog at time of sample submission. Summary statistics were used to compare features with specific mineral types. Observed trends were analyzed for statistical relevance between observed and expected frequencies for age, sex, color, size, shape, and surface, using the null hypothesis that differences by urocystolith mineral type did not exist. On the basis of expected breed occurrence derived by equations, the null hypothesis that urocystolith occurrence paralleled canine breed popularity was tested.

Results
Urocystoliths > 10 mm in any dimension were > 92% likely to be magnesium ammonium phosphate hexahydrate (MAP). Smooth, blunt-edged or faceted, and pyramidal urocystoliths were usually MAP. Jackstone shapes were almost always silica. Botryoidal (grape-like clusters) urocystoliths were likely to be oxalates. Breeds with high relative likelihood of urocystoliths included: English Bulldog, Pekingese, Pug, Welsh Corgi, and West Highland White Terrier. Breeds with low relative likelihood of urocystolith production included: German Shepherd Dog, Shar-Pei, and German Shorthaired Pointer. About 94% of urocystoliths produced in females or spayed females were MAP, whereas males and neutered males produced a greater assortment.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
For pure mineral composition urocystoliths, trends in mineral type among breeds and between sexes can be exploited clinically in the diagnosis and management of urolith-related disease. Size and shape, used in conjunction with age, breed, and sex, can facilitate pure urocystolith mineral type prediction. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:379–387)