bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Observing and Thinking about the Atmosphere
Authors: Goody Richard 
Published: October 2002

[Figure: see text] ▪ Abstract  FAUST: Ich fühl's, vergebens hab' ich alle Schätze Des Menschengeists auf mich herbeigerafft, Und wenn ich mich am Ende niedersetze, Quilt innerlich doch keine neue Kraft; Ich bin nicht um ein Haar breit höher, Bin dem Unendlichen nicht näher. Goethe's Faust, Part I, lines 1810–15. 1 A dedication to research in the physical sciences together with the circumstances of World War II, led me into theoretical and observational studies of the global physical climate. For all practical purposes, I was on my own when working in Cambridge and London, England, and I went whereever my interests led me. I organized three atmospheric observatories (two in England). I have also worked at many astronomical observatories. As time progressed, I became increasingly involved in studies of atmospheric radiation as a controlling factor for the Earth's climate. I am often taken to be a specialist in atmospheric radiation, but I have never regarded it as more than an important element in climate studies. But radiative transfer and global questions did not become important for climate science until later, and in the 1950s and 1960s I found myself drawn to studies of planetary atmospheres as an arena in which my skills were of central importance. Mars and Venus were the focus of my work for many years, and I was partly responsible for launching the Pioneer Venus mission, which placed probes into the Venus atmosphere in 1978. Much later, the experience I gained in space instrumentation and in the structure of atmospheres led me back to climate science, where I started. Then my interest was in observing the climate and testing the credibility of climate predictions. I still maintain some activity in this field. Outside these research activities, I created a Center for Earth and Planetary Physics at Harvard University to take over the activities of the Blue Hill Observatory, when that Observatory ceased to be a viable facility. The purpose of the Center was to teach earth science in the context of the discipline of physical science. The Center had some notable achievements but eventually had to give way to requirements for environmental sciences in the University, a change that I regret. During my active life in the United States, I invested a great deal of effort in support of the work of the National Research Council (NRC), including many years spent on report review. I am increasingly troubled by the postmodern view of science that appears to dominate these activities. But that may be no more than a biased rosy view of the past with its exciting early experiences and hopes.
Oil resistance controlled by phase morphology in natural rubber/nitrile rubber blends
Authors: Sirisinha Chakrit , Limcharoen Sauvarop , Thunyarittikorn Jarunee 
Published: November 2002

AbstractRheological properties, morphology, and oil resistance in natural rubber (NR)/nitrile rubber (NBR) blends were investigated as functions of blending conditions and viscosity ratios of the blends. As for the blending condition effects, Mooney viscosity of the blends depended more strongly on blending time than rotor speed. Size of the NR dispersed phase was approximately independent of rotor speed but decreased with increasing blending time up to 25 min. As blending time further increased, NR dispersed phase size increased. The results of relative tensile strength, which is an indicator for oil resistance, in this study were in agreement with those of the blend morphology, indicating that the oil resistance in 20/80 NR/NBR blend depended strongly on the phase morphology of the blend. The smaller the size of NR dispersed phase was, the higher was the resistance to oil of the blend. However, a decrease in the size of the dispersed phase by the modification of the viscosity ratio via the use of low‐molecular‐weight rubber (i.e., liquid natural rubber and epoxidized liquid natural rubber) did not result in an improvement in the oil resistance. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 87: 83–89, 2003
Rubber biosynthesis by a Hevea latex bottom‐fraction membrane
Authors: Wititsuwannakul Dhirayos , Rattanapittayaporn Atiya , Wititsuwannakul Rapepun 
Published: November 2002

AbstractWashed bottom‐fraction particles (WBPs), that is, intact membrane‐bound vesicles, prepared from the bottom fraction of centrifuged fresh latex, were shown to be active in in vitro rubber biosynthesis (RB) assays. The RB activity catalyzed by WBP enzymes was confirmed by enzyme parameter criteria. A washed bottom‐fraction particle membrane (WBM), prepared from WBPs, was even more active in in vitro RB activity. Mg2+ was a cofactor required for RB enzymes, and the cation chelators EDTA and EGTA inhibited the RB process. The temperature had a strong effect on RB stimulation during the heat pretreatment of the WBM before RB assays. A detergent also proved to a strong RB stimulator. The anionic detergent SDS, above the critical micelle concentration, was a strong stimulator of WBM activity. This was not observed with the nonionic detergents Triton X‐100 and Tween 20. Various temperature ranges used for WBM preincubation showed a sharp rise in RB activity above 70°C. The temperature required for a sharp rise in RB was lowered substantially in the presence of SDS. It was down to 40°C with the combined preincubation but remained constant with an even higher RB activity. Greater rubber formation at a lower temperature was observed in the presence of SDS. A synergistic effect for RB stimulation appeared during the heat pretreatment of WBM in the presence of SDS. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 87: 90–96, 2003
Cell‐surface expression and immune receptor recognition of HLA–B27 homodimers
Authors: Kollnberger Simon , Bird Lucy , Sun Mei‐Yi , Retiere Christelle , Braud Veronique M. , McMichael Andrew , Bowness Paul 
Published: November 2002

AbstractObjectiveHLA–B27 is capable of forming in vitro a heavy‐chain homodimer structure lacking β2‐microglobulin. We undertook this study to ascertain if patients with spondylarthritis express β2‐microglobulin–free HLA–B27 heavy chains in the form of homodimers and receptors for HLA–B27 homodimers.MethodsExpression of HLA–B27 heavy chains by mononuclear cells was analyzed by fluorescence‐activated cell sorter staining, Western blotting with the monoclonal antibody HC‐10, and 2‐dimensional isoelectric focusing. Fluorescence‐labeled tetrameric complexes of HLA–B27 heavy‐chain homodimers were constructed in which each dimer comprised one His‐tagged heavy chain and one biotinylated heavy chain, and were used to stain patient and control mononuclear cells and transfected cell lines.ResultsPatients with spondylarthritis expressed cell‐surface HLA–B27 homodimers. Populations of synovial and peripheral blood monocytes, and B and T lymphocytes from patients with spondylarthritis, and controls carried receptors for HLA–B27 homodimers. Experiments with transfected cell lines demonstrated that KIR3DL1 and KIR3DL2, and immunoglobulin‐like transcript 4 (ILT4), but not ILT2, are receptors for HLA–B27 homodimers.ConclusionPatients with spondylarthritis express both HLA–B27 heavy‐chain homodimers and receptors for HLA–B27 homodimers. This may be of significance with regard to disease pathogenesis.
Safe disposal of inflammatory monosodium urate monohydrate crystals by differentiated macrophages
Authors: Landis R. Clive , Yagnik Darshna R. , Florey Oliver , Philippidis Pandelis , Emons Vivien , Mason Justin C. , Haskard Dorian O. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractObjectiveAlthough monosodium urate monohydrate (MSU) crystals have been recognized since the 18th century as the etiologic agent of gout, it is still unknown why certain hyperuricemic individuals remain asymptomatic, and how an acute attack of gout spontaneously resolves. We hypothesized that mononuclear phagocytes hold the key to these questions, and that the state of monocyte/macrophage differentiation is critical.MethodsHuman peripheral blood monocytes were differentiated for 1–7 days in vitro and examined with respect to 1) uptake of MSU crystals, 2) expression of macrophage, dendritic cell, and activation markers, 3) secretion of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), interleukin 1β (IL‐1β), IL‐6, and IL‐10, 4) activation of endothelial E‐selectin expression, and 5) enhancement of secondary neutrophil recruitment by endothelial cells.ResultsMSU crystals induced TNFα, IL‐1β, and IL‐6 (but not IL‐10) secretion in undifferentiated monocytes, which in turn promoted endothelial cell E‐selectin expression and secondary neutrophil capture under shear flow. In contrast, differentiation over 3–5 days led to development of a noninflammatory phenotype characterized by a lack of proinflammatory cytokine secretion, lack of endothelial cell activation, and lack of secondary neutrophil recruitment. Acquisition of the noninflammatory phenotype correlated with expression of macrophage antigen but not with expression of dendritic cell marker or activation marker. Monocytes and macrophages were similarly phagocytic, and a control particle, zymosan, elicited secretion of the full panel of cytokines in both cell types. However, coincubation with MSU led to a significant suppression of zymosan‐induced TNFα secretion (P = 0.009) from macrophages but not monocytes.ConclusionThese findings imply that differentiated macrophages provide a safe‐disposal mechanism for the removal of inflammatory urate crystals. This may be of clinical relevance to the maintenance of asymptomatic hyperuricemia and the resolution of acute gout.
HR‐DOSY as a new tool for the study of chemical exchange phenomena
Authors: Cabrita Eurico J. , Berger Stefan 
Published: November 2002

AbstractDOSY NMR spectroscopy can be a fast and easy method to establish qualitatively the relative order of magnitude of the exchange rates of systems in slow exchange in chemical shift. By measuring a series of DOSY spectra of a two‐site exchange system, where exchange occurs between sites with different diffusion coefficients, we show that by increasing the diffusion time among experiments it is possible to extract information about the relative exchange rates of protons with the bulk solvent and therefore infer their solvent accessibility. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Long‐horizon seasoned equity offerings performance in Pacific Rim markets
Authors: Mathew Prem G 
Published: November 2002

AbstractPrevious studies of firms that issue seasoned equity in the US and Japan have found that these firms significantly underperform over the long‐run subsequent to the issue. I offer further evidence of this by examining Japanese seasoned offerings (SEOs) from 1975 to 1992. I find similar results for firms issuing seasoned equity in Hong Kong. However, I also find that Korean SEOs generate insignificant abnormal returns over a 36‐month period following the issue. These results suggest that the asymmetric information argument offered for the US and Japanese markets do not always hold, especially in markets where the regulatory and market structures vary greatly. Cross‐sectional results suggest that younger firms tend to perform worse than older firms.
Long‐term trends and cycles in ASEAN stock markets
Authors: Sharma Subhash C. , Wongbangpo Praphan 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThe objective of this study is to analyze the degree of long‐term and short‐term co‐movements in the stock markets of five ASEAN countries and to shed some light on the long‐term and short‐term market efficiency/inefficiency in the region. We observe a long‐run relationship among the stock markets of Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand, but the Philippine market does not share this relationship. Thus, four cointegrated markets reveal long‐term market inefficiency in the region but the Philippine market can be considered efficient. Next, given that the four indices are cointegrated, the number of common cycles are investigated in these markets and each stock index series is decomposed into its trend and cyclical components. The trend–cycle decomposition reveals that in the short‐run four ASEAN markets can be categorized into two efficient groups, i.e., Malaysian and Singaporean markets in one group and Indonesian and Thai markets in the other. However, the markets within each group are inefficient.
Wind forcing in the equilibrium range of
wind-wave spectra
Authors: HARA TETSU , BELCHER STEPHEN E. 
Published: November 2002

A new analytical model is developed for the equilibrium range of the spectrum of
wind-forced ocean surface gravity waves. We first show that the existing model of
Phillips (1985) does not satisfy overall momentum conservation at high winds. This
constraint is satisfied by applying recent understanding of the wind forcing of waves.
Waves exert a drag on the air flow so that they support a fraction of the applied wind
stress, which thus leaves a smaller turbulent stress near the surface to force growth
of shorter wavelength waves. Formulation of the momentum budget accounting for
this sheltering constrains the overall conservation of momentum and leads to a local
turbulent stress that reduces as the wavenumber increases. This local turbulent stress
then forces wind-induced wave growth. Following Phillips (1985), the wind sea is
taken to be a superposition of linear waves, and equilibrium is maintained by a
balance between the three sources and sinks of wave action.These assumptions lead to analytical formulae for the local turbulent stress and the
degree of saturation, B(k), of waves in the equilibrium range. We identify a sheltering
wavenumber, ks, over which the local turbulent stress is significantly reduced by longer
waves. At low wavenumbers or at low winds, when k [Lt ] ks, the sheltering is weak
and B(k) has a similar form to the model of Phillips (1985). At higher wavenumbers
or at higher winds, ks, B(k) makes a transition to being proportional to k0. The
additional constraint of conservation of momentum also yields a formula for the
coefficient that appears in the solution for B(k). The spectra for mature seas are calculated from the model and are shown to agree with field observations. In particular,
our model predicts more realistic spectral levels toward the high wavenumber limit
compared to the previous model of Phillips (1985).We suggest that the model may explain the overshoot phenomena observed in the
spectral energy levels as the fetch increases.
The colon‐selective spasmolytic otilonium bromide inhibits muscarinic M3 receptor‐coupled calcium signals in isolated human colonic crypts
Authors: Lindqvist Susanne , Hernon James , Sharp Paul , Johns Neil , Addison Sarah , Watson Mark , Tighe Richard , Greer Shaun , Mackay Jean , Rhodes Michael , Lewis Michael , Stebbings William , Speakman Chris , Evangelista Stefano , Johnson Ian , Williams Mark 
Published: November 2002

Otilonium bromide (OB) is a smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. Otilonium bromide has been shown to interfere with the mobilization of calcium in intestinal smooth muscle, but the effects on other intestinal tissues have not been investigated. We identified the muscarinic receptor subtype coupled to calcium signals in colonic crypt derived from the human colonic epithelium and evaluated the inhibitory effects of OB.
Calcium signals were monitored by fluorescence imaging of isolated human colonic crypts and Chinese hamster ovary cells stably expressing the cloned human muscarinic M3 receptor subtype (CHO‐M3). Colonic crypt receptor expression was investigated by pharmacological and immunohistochemical techniques.
The secretagogue acetylcholine (ACh) stimulated calcium mobilization from intracellular calcium stores at the base of human colonic crypts with an EC50 of 14 μM. The muscarinic receptor antagonists 4‐DAMP, AF‐DX 384, pirenzepine and methroctamine inhibited the ACh‐induced calcium signal with the following respective IC50 (pKb) values: 0.78 nM (9.1), 69 nM (7.2), 128 nM (7.1), and 2510 nM (5.8).
Immunohistochemical analyses of muscarinic receptor expression demonstrated the presence of M3 receptor subtype expression at the crypt‐base.
Otilonium bromide inhibited the generation of ACh‐induced calcium signals in a dose dependent manner (IC50=880 nM).
In CHO‐M3 cells, OB inhibited calcium signals induced by ACh, but not ATP. In addition, OB did not inhibit histamine‐induced colonic crypt calcium signals.
The present studies have demonstrated that OB inhibited M3 receptor‐coupled calcium signals in human colonic crypts and CHO‐M3 cells, but not those induced by stimulation of other endogenous receptor types. We propose that the M3 receptor‐coupled calcium signalling pathway is directly targeted by OB at the level of the colonic epithelium, suggestive of an anti‐secretory action in IBS patients suffering with diarrhoea.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2002) 137, 1134–1142. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0704942
The role of mitochondrial KATP channels in antiarrhythmic effects of ischaemic preconditioning in dogs
Authors: Vegh Ágnes , Parratt James R 
Published: November 2002

In the canine a single brief (5 min) coronary artery occlusion protects the myocardium against the severe ventricular arrhythmias and reduces the ischaemic changes that result from a subsequent, more prolonged (25 min) occlusion. The main purpose of the present study was to examine whether mitochondrial KATP channels are involved in this protection.
In chloralose‐urethane anaesthetized dogs, preconditioning (PC) was induced by a single 5 min period occlusion of the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery, 20 min prior to a 25 min occlusion of the same artery. In some of these PC dogs 5‐hydroxydecanoate (5‐HD; 150 μg kg−1 min−1 by intracoronary infusion) was given over a period of 30 min either before, or after PC. In other dogs the mitochondrial KATP channel opener diazoxide (1 mg kg−1; i.c.) was given, either alone or in the presence of 5‐HD. Control dogs (infused with saline) were simply subjected to a 25 min occlusion and reperfusion.
Compared to controls, both PC and diazoxide significantly reduced the number of ventricular premature beats (VPBs; 295±67 to 89±28 and 19±11, respectively; P<0.05), the number of episodes of ventricular tachycardia (VT; 8.3±4.2 to 1.6±0.9 and 0.2±0.1; P<0.05) and the incidences of VT (100 to 43 and 33%; P<0.05) and ventricular fibrilation (VF; 60 to 0 and 17%; P<0.05) during the 25 min occlusion of the LAD. Further, 43% of the PC dogs and 58% of the diazoxide treated dogs survived the combined ischaemia‐reperfusion insult (cp. 0% in the controls; P<0.05). The protection afforded by PC and diazoxide was abolished by 5‐HD, especially when it was given prior to the PC occlusion. In the presence of 5‐HD, three out of 10 dogs fibrillated during the PC occlusion and another three dogs died following reperfusion. Furthermore, there were no survivors in this group from the prolonged ischaemia/reperfusion insult. 5‐HD given after PC only attenuated the antiarrhythmic protection.
Opening of mitoKATP channels prior to ischaemia by preconditioning and diazoxide protects the myocardium against ischaemia and reperfusion‐induced arrhythmias. This protection is abolished if the opening of these channels is prevented by the prior administration of 5‐HD but only attenuated if 5‐HD is given after preconditioning. The results indicate that opening of mitoKATP channels prior to ischaemia is mandatory for protection against ischaemia and reperfusion‐induced arrhythmias.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2002) 137, 1107–1115. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0704966
Inhibition of rat platelet aggregation by the diazeniumdiolate nitric oxide donor MAHMA NONOate
Authors: Homer Kerry L , Wanstall Janet C 
Published: November 2002

Inhibition of rat platelet aggregation by the nitric oxide (NO) donor MAHMA NONOate (Z‐1‐{N‐methyl‐N‐[6‐(N‐methylammoniohexyl)amino]}diazen‐1‐ium‐1,2‐diolate) was investigated. The aims were to compare its anti‐aggregatory effect with vasorelaxation, to determine the effects of the soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor, ODQ (1H‐[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3‐a]quinoxalin‐1‐one), and to investigate the possible role of activation of sarco‐endoplasmic reticulum calcium‐ATPase (SERCA), independent of soluble guanylate cyclase, using thapsigargin.
MAHMA NONOate concentration‐dependently inhibited sub‐maximal aggregation responses to collagen (2–10 μg ml−1) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP; 2 μM) in platelet rich plasma. It was (i) more effective at inhibiting aggregation induced by collagen than by ADP, and (ii) less potent at inhibiting platelet aggregation than relaxing rat pulmonary artery.
ODQ (10 μM) caused only a small shift (approximately half a log unit) in the concentration‐response curve to MAHMA NONOate irrespective of the aggregating agent.
The NO‐independent activator of soluble guanylate cyclase, YC‐1 (3‐(5′‐hydroxymethyl‐2′‐furyl)‐1‐benzyl indazole; 1–100 μM), did not inhibit aggregation. The cGMP analogue, 8‐pCPT‐cGMP (8‐(4‐chlorophenylthio)guanosine 3′5′ cyclic monophosphate; 0.1–1 mM), caused minimal inhibition.
On collagen‐aggregated platelets responses to MAHMA NONOate (ODQ 10 μM present) were abolished by thapsigargin (200 nM). On ADP‐aggregated platelets thapsigargin caused partial inhibition.
Results with S‐nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) resembled those with MAHMA NONOate. Glyceryl trinitrate and sodium nitroprusside were poor inhibitors of aggregation.
Thus inhibition of rat platelet aggregation by MAHMA NONOate (like GSNO) is largely ODQ‐resistant and, by implication, independent of soluble guanylate cyclase. A likely mechanism of inhibition is activation of SERCA.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2002) 137, 1071–1081. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0704971
Pacific ciguatoxin‐1b effect over Na+ and K+ currents, inositol 1,4,5‐triphosphate content and intracellular Ca2+ signals in cultured rat myotubes
Authors: Hidalgo Jorge , Liberona José Luis , Molgó Jordi , Jaimovich Enrique 
Published: November 2002

The action of the main ciguatoxin involved in ciguatera fish poisoning in the Pacific region (P‐CTX‐1b) was studied in myotubes originated from rat skeletal muscle cells kept in primary culture.
The effect of P‐CTX‐1b on sodium currents at short times of exposure (up to 1 min) showed a moderate increase in peak Na+ current. During prolonged exposures, P‐CTX‐1b decreased the peak Na+ current. This action was always accompanied by an increase of leakage currents, tail currents and outward Na+ currents, resulting in an intracellular Na+ accumulation. This effect is blocked by prior exposure to tetrodotoxin (TTX) and becomes evident only after washout of TTX.
Low to moderate concentrations of P‐CTX‐1b (2–5 nM) partially blocked potassium currents in a manner that was dependent on the membrane potential.
P‐CTX‐1b (2–12 nM) caused a small membrane depolarization (3–5 mV) and an increase in the frequency of spontaneous action potential discharges that reached in general low frequencies (0.1–0.5 Hz).
P‐CTX‐1b (10 nM) caused a transient increase of intracellular inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate (IP3) mass levels, which was blocked by TTX.
In the presence of P‐CTX‐1b (10 nM) and in the absence of external Ca2+, the intracellular Ca2+ levels show a transient increase in the cytoplasm as well as in the nuclei. The time course of this effect may reflect the action of IP3 over internal stores activated by P‐CTX‐1b‐induced membrane depolarization.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2002) 137, 1055–1062. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0704980