bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Managed flooding as a tool for supporting natural fish reproduction in man‐made lentic water bodies
Authors: Jurajda P. , Ondračková M. , Reichard M. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractIn 2001, fish diversity and abundance were investigated in six man‐made borrow pits in the flood plain of the River Dyje (Danube basin). All borrow pits had uniform habitats without shelter, and with limited spawning and nursery areas. Spawning and nursery habitat conditions in three borrow pits were experimentally improved by managed flooding during spring and summer, while the other three borrow pits were not flooded. Adult (>1 year) fish were surveyed in spring and autumn by beach seining and 0+ fish were monitored monthly by dipnetting and fry beach seine nets. Flooded borrow pits had slightly higher adult species richness, considerably higher adult fish abundance and considerably higher 0+ fish species richness and abundance. The seasonal decline in 0+ fish abundance varied between flooded and non‐flooded borrow pits, with a faster decline in 0+ abundance at non‐flooded sites. Management implications for floodplain lentic water bodies are discussed.
How to link biomanipulation and sustainable fisheries management: a step‐by‐step guideline for lakes of the European temperate zone
Authors: Mehner T. , Arlinghaus R. , Berg S. , Dörner H. , Jacobsen L. , Kasprzak P. , Koschel R. , Schulze T. , Skov C. , Wolter C. , Wysujack K. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractBiomanipulation, the reduction of planktivorous fish to enhance filter‐feeding zooplankton, has been used to rehabilitate eutrophied lakes. However, efficacy and long‐term success were dependent on nutrient load, lake morphometry and biomanipulation measures. The ongoing focus on sustainable use of aquatic resources offers the chance to perform lake rehabilitation using a combined strategy of nutrient load reduction and traditional inland fisheries management techniques. Particularly in Central and Western Europe where piscivorous fish are the target species of most commercial and recreational fisheries, an enhancement of the piscivores by stocking and harvest regulations may act successfully in the co‐management of ecosystem and fisheries. Guidelines are presented on how biomanipulation can be used as in lake rehabilitation by considering the objectives and constraints of traditional fisheries management. Alternatives in the decision tree are elucidated by examples from biomanipulations and lake management programmes in the temperate zone of Europe and North America. It is suggested that biomanipulation may support many lake rehabilitation programmes where fisheries’ stakeholders are the principal user groups.
Delayed development or congenital absence of a single first permanent molar in Japanese child patients
Authors: Nakano K. , Matsuoka T. , Takahashi A. , Matsumura M. , Sobue S. , Ooshima T. 
Published: May 2004

Summary.
Objective. Delayed eruption of the first permanent molar (M1) is a relatively rare finding. This report describes the occurrence of delayed development and eruption of a single M1 in Japanese child patients. Design. Cases were identified by surveying 353 orthopantomograms taken of child patients attending a Dental Hospital. Dental age, crown morphology and the presence of third permanent molars (M3) were determined from radiographs and clinical examination. Setting. Osaka University Dental Hospital in Japan. Results. Nine cases were identified from radiographs. The occlusal morphology of the affected molars showed a reduction of the distolingual cusp. Dental ages correlated more closely to chronological ages when the affected teeth were assumed to be second permanent molars (M2) than they did when the teeth were assumed to be M1. M3 proximate to the affected molar was congenitally absent in the orthopantomograms of all affected subjects. Conclusions. It is suggested that in the cases seen here the affected teeth were likely to have been second permanent molars that had migrated mesially in association with the congenital absence of M1, although congenital absence of M1 has been reported to be extremely rare.
Sleep deprivation in honey bees1
Authors: Sauer Stefan , Herrmann Eva , Kaiser Walter 
Published: May 2004

SummaryRest at night in forager honey bees (Apis mellifera) meets essential criteria of sleep. This paper reports the effect of a 12‐h total sleep deprivation (SD) by forced activity on the behaviour of these animals. The behaviour of sleep‐deprived animals is compared with that of control animals under LD [periodic alternation between light (L) and darkness (D)] 12 : 12 hours. SD for 12 h during the first D period resulted in a significant difference with respect to the parameter ‘hourly amount of antennal immobility’ between sleep‐deprived and control animals during the remaining L and D periods. This difference did not occur in the L period following the deprivation night, but rather it became obvious at the beginning of the following D period. The increase of the amount of antennal immobility in sleep‐deprived bees was accompanied by an increase of the duration of episodes of antennal immobility. Moreover, the latency from ‘lights off’ to the first episode of antennal immobility lasting 20 s or longer (‘deep sleep latency’) tended to be shorter in sleep‐deprived than in control animals. Disturbing the bees during the day (L period) did not result in such differences between disturbed and control animals. Highest reaction thresholds in sleeping honey bees occur during long episodes of antennal immobility. We therefore conclude that honey bees compensate a sleep deficit by intensification (deepening) of the sleep process and thus that sleep in honey bees, like that in other arthropods and mammals, is controlled by regulatory mechanisms.
Does frequency of nocturnal urination reflect the severity of sleep‐disordered breathing?
Authors: Kaynak Hakan , Kaynak Derya , Oztura Ibrahim 
Published: May 2004

SummaryNocturia is an often‐described symptom of sleep‐disordered breathing (SDB). The aim of our study was to determine the frequency of nocturnal urination among patients with different severity of SDB and to find out whether frequency of nocturnal urination reflects the severity of disease. A retrospective chart review was conducted among 1075 subjects of suspected SDB. Nocturia was assessed using standard questionnaire evaluating a frequency of nocturnal urination. Subjects were divided into four groups of SDB based on the polysomnographic evaluation. In primary snoring group, 51% subjects did not complain nocturia, 28% subjects reported one time, 16% subjects reported two to three times and 5% subjects reported more than three times urination per night. Among patients with mild obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), nocturnal urination was not reported by 36% and was reported one time by 34%, two to three times by 15%, more than 3 times by 15%. The corresponding frequencies among patients with moderate OSAS were 40, 31, 17 and 12%, and with severe OSAS were 23, 22, 23 and 32%, respectively. The severe OSA group was significantly different from other groups as regards the frequency of nocturnal urination (P < 0.001) while other OSA groups did not show any significance. Nocturnal urination of more than three times was significantly more reported by severe OSA patients ( P < 0.001) (positive predictive value = 0.71, negative predictive value = 0.62).
The influence of macro‐litterfall and forest structure on litterfall damage to seedlings
Authors: GILLMAN LEN N. , OGDEN JOHN , WRIGHT SHANE D. , STEWART KAREN L. , WALSH DWAYNE P. 
Published: May 2004

Abstract  Microdisturbance to seedlings is important because it can differentially affect the mortality and recruitment of seedlings of forest tree species and thereby ultimately affect community composition. Microdisturbance due to litterfall has been shown to vary greatly in its influence on seedling survival among and within forests, and yet there have been no previous studies that investigate the cause of these differences. In this study the influence of macro‐litterfall on seedling damage is investigated in five complex temperate forests in New Zealand. Litterfall damage to artificial seedlings in these forests was strongly correlated with macro‐leaf‐fall (leaves > 30 cm × 1.5 cm) dry weight and total macro‐litterfall (leaves and deadwood > 30 cm × 1.5 cm) surface area (R2 = 0.99, P < 0.005 for each). Protective vegetation within 2 m of the ground (mostly lianes and woody shrubs) reduced the risk of litterfall damage by up to 84%. Hitherto unexplained differences in litterfall damage to seedlings found among, and within, forests (tropical and temperate) may therefore be due to differences in rates of macro‐leaf‐fall and forest structure. These results are important because they suggest that subtle differences in forest structure, and species composition, may influence regeneration patterns through the litterfall microdisturbance regime.
Estimation of plant and leaf area index using three techniques in a mature native eucalypt canopy
Authors: COOPS N. C. , SMITH M. L. , JACOBSEN K. L. , MARTIN M. , OLLINGER S. 
Published: May 2004

Abstract  Leaf area index (L) is a critical variable in monitoring and modelling forest condition and growth and is therefore important for foresters and environmental scientists to measure routinely and accurately. We compared three different methods for estimating L: a plant canopy analyser (PCA), a point‐quadrat camera method and digital hemispherical photography at a native eucalypt forest canopy at Tumbarumba in southern New South Wales, Australia. All of these methods produced indirect estimates of L based on the close coupling between radiation penetration and canopy structure. The individual L estimates were compared, and the potential advantages and disadvantages of each method were discussed in relation to use in forest inventory and in field data collection programmes for remote sensing calibration and verification. The comparison indicated that all three methods, PCA, digital hemispherical photography and the modified point‐quadrat camera method, produced similar estimates with a standard error between techniques of less than 0.2 L units. All methods, however, provided biased estimates of L and calibration is required to derive true stand L. A key benefit, however, of all of these estimation methods is that observations can be collected in a short period of time (1–2 h of field‐work per plot).
Plasma sex hormone‐binding globulin rather than corticosteroid‐binding globulin is a marker of insulin resistance in obese adult males
Authors: Lewis J. G. , Shand B. I. , Elder P. A. , Scott R. S. 
Published: May 2004

Aim:  Plasma levels of corticosteroid‐binding globulin (CBG) and sex hormone‐binding globulin (SHBG) may be regulated by insulin. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that these steroid‐binding proteins are markers of insulin resistance and obesity in adult patients with the metabolic syndrome.Methods:  Fasting blood samples were obtained from 108 male and 88 female overweight adult patients who had varying degrees of dyslipidaemia, adiposity and insulin resistance. We measured plasma levels of SHBG and CBG and investigated their correlation with insulin resistance [homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) % sensitivity] and anthropometric markers of adiposity.Results:  In male patients, plasma SHBG correlated positively with HOMA (% sensitivity) and negatively with anthropometric measurements, including body mass index, waist circumference (cm) and percentage body fat. There was no correlation with CBG and any other parameter in the male patients. The female patients were treated as two groups, those not using oral contraceptives or hormone replacement therapy (n = 67) and those taking steroid medications (n = 21). Female patients using steroid medications had significantly higher SHBG levels but neither group showed any correlation between SHBG, insulin resistance and adiposity. Correlation studies of CBG with other parameters in the female subgroups did not reach statistical significance.Conclusions:  We conclude that plasma SHBG is another surrogate marker for insulin resistance in obese males but not in obese females. It also appears that plasma CBG is not a useful marker of insulin resistance in patients with the metabolic syndrome.
Increased expression of resistin and tumour necrosis factor‐α in pig adipose tissue as well as effect of feeding treatment on resistin and cAMP pathway
Authors: Chen X. D. , Lei T. , Xia T. , Gan L. , Yang Z. Q. 
Published: May 2004

Aim:  Resistin, a novel hormone, is expressed in mouse, rat and human adipose tissue. Its resistance to insulin is controversial. We hypothesized that resistin has the similar roles like those of tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), a putative mediator of insulin resistance, and they are in common involved in regulating lipid metabolism in vivo.Methods:  We demonstrated TNF‐α and resistin expression in different growth‐stage adipose tissue of genetically lean and obese pigs using semiquantitative reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting analysis. Moreover, we analysed the variations of resistin and some parameters associated with lipolysis pathway after body‐weight reduction in feeding‐restricted obese pigs. In addition, we localized resistin expression in the cell types from pig adipose tissue.Results:  Overall, the expression of TNF‐α and resistin in obese pigs was statistically higher than their lean counterparts, although this difference in resistin mRNA expression tailed off with age. In individual pigs, their levels increased progressively with age and degree of obesity. After feeding restriction, resistin expression was gradually decreased. Simultaneously, feeding restriction also resulted in a significant decrease of serum triglyceride and plasma cAMP, free fatty acids and insulin as well as fat adenyl cyclase and cAMP. In addition, in isolated pig adipocytes, our data showed that resistin was localized not only to adipocytes but also to other unidentified stromal vascular cells.Conclusions:  TNF‐α and resistin are increased in obesity. Weight loss results in the decrease of resistin and lipolysis‐associated parameters, suggesting the possible association between resistin and lipolysis pathway. Cell localization of resistin expression implies the possibility of other biological actions of resistin.
Physicochemical factors affecting the rapid bactericidal efficacy of the phenolic antibacterial triclosan
Authors: Taylor T. J. , Seitz E. P. , Fox P. , Fischler G. E. , Fuls J. L. , Weidner P. L. 
Published: May 2004

SynopsisThe antimicrobial activity of triclosan (TCS; 2,4,4′‐trichloro‐2′‐hydroxydiphenyl ether) in aqueous solutions is shown to directly depend upon two key physicochemical parameters: % saturation and saturation solubility. Saturated solutions of TCS in water, water–propylene glycol (PG) mixtures, and aqueous surfactant systems are shown to effect rapid, potent bacterial reductions (e.g. >4log10 reduction of Staphylococcus aureus in 15 s contact time in a time kill suspension test). In surfactant solutions, increasing the surfactant: TCS ratio causes a decrease in antibacterial efficacy, consistent with a model for micellar solubilization where the micelle binding constant, K (=X/cw) increases with decreasing TCS concentration in the micelles (X), resulting in decreased concentration of bioavailable TCS in the water (continuous) phase (cw). The rapid and potent reductions of bacteria reported here were surprising and support the existence of a non‐specific mode of action for TCS, such as gross membrane disruption, in addition to the specific modes of action reported by others.
Assessment of visibility of facial wrinkle reduction by various types of observers
Authors: Westerink J. H. D. M. 
Published: May 2004

The prime objective of many facial wrinkle‐reduction treatments is to achieve visible improvement. The visibility of before/after treatment differences is therefore often part of the efficacy assessment. This paper investigates whether the background knowledge of the people acting as observers in such assessments has an impact on the results, e.g., the subjects themselves are familiar with their faces, skin professionals have much experience in judging skin quality, and thus both might be more sensitive to small changes.In a clinical study, 44 female subjects were regularly treated during a period of 12 weeks with one of three wrinkle‐reduction treatments: K, L and M (placebo). Photographs were taken before treatment and after 6 and 12 weeks. Three different types of observers judged the photographs:

Observer type I: Twenty‐four lay observers were given the 0‐ and 6‐week and the 0‐ and 12‐week pairs of photographs of all subjects to indicate the one with the least wrinkles in a two‐alternative forced‐choice procedure;
Observer type II: The subjects themselves were given the 0‐ and 6‐week and the 0‐ and 12‐week pairs of their own photographs (eight replications) to indicate the photograph with the least wrinkles (two‐alternative forced‐choice);
Observer type III: A trained panel of skin professionals (n = 3) each gave a 9‐point Fitzpatrick wrinkle‐severity score for all individual 0‐ and 12‐week photographs.

It was found that the lay observers perceived the same differences as the subjects themselves: significant improvements after 12 weeks for treatment K (P < 0.0005 and P = 0.005, respectively). No visible effects were seen for treatments L and M, but, most importantly, a significant difference between treatments K and M (placebo) (P = 0.015 and P = 0.01 for independent observers and the subjects themselves, respectively). The trained panel also identified this difference between K and M (P = 0.013) in favor of K, but here it was due to a significant deterioration over time of the ‘placebo‐treated’ wrinkles (M, P = 0.03).Thus, in conclusion, no indications were found that extra knowledge – in the form of familiarity with the own face or in the form of professional training – results in the identification of more treatments that show significantly visible wrinkle reduction.
Isothermal Time‐Series Determination of the Rate of Diffusion of Water in Pachuca Obsidian*
Authors: Anovitz L. M. , Elam J. M. , Riciputi L. R. , Cole D. R. 
Published: May 2004

Friedman and Smith's (1960) article introducing an exciting, potentially precise and inexpensive method of dating obsidian artefacts has thus far failed to reach its potential. Numerous efforts to refine, improve and even redevelop the method since that time have similarly failed to achieve the original promise. Only within the last eight years have significant improvements been made, due to both improved analytical techniques and a better understanding of the hydration process. However, most of our mechanistic understanding of the interaction of water with rhyolitic glass is based on experiments performed on melts and glasses at temperatures above their glass transitions, conditions inappropriate for investigation of near‐surface environmental conditions. Unfortunately, studies detailing the temporal evolution of the diffusion profile at low temperatures are rare, and few useful data are available on the low‐temperature diffusive hydration of silicate glasses. This paper presents data on the experimental hydration of obsidian from the Pachuca source (a.k.a. Sierra de las Navajas, Basin of Mexico) at 75°C for times ranging from 3 to 562 days, and compares these results with data for samples obtained from a stratigraphic excavation of the Chalco site in the Basin of Mexico. Samples have been analysed using secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) to provide concentration/depth data. While 75°C is still significantly above the temperatures at which archaeological obsidians hydrate, it is well below the glass transition temperature (approx. 400°C) and thus processes are likely to be similar to those that occur in nature, but fast enough to be observed over a laboratory timescale. The results demonstrate that a simple square‐root‐of‐time model of the evolution of the diffusion profile is not adequate to describe the diffusion process, as measured diffusion profiles exhibit the effects of concentration‐ and time‐dependent, non‐Fickian diffusion. With progressive hydration, characteristic diffusion coefficients first decrease, then increase with time. Surface concentration increases with time, but an intermediate plateau is observed in its time evolution that is consistent with results obtained from the suite of Chalco samples. Both of these effects have been observed during diffusion in glassy polymer systems and are associated with the build‐up and relaxation of self‐stress caused by the influx of diffusing material.
Interleukin-13 Overexpression by Tax Transactivation: a Potential Autocrine Stimulus in Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus-Infected Lymphocytes
Authors: Wäldele Katja , Schneider Grit , Ruckes Tobias , Grassmann Ralph 
Published: May 2004

ABSTRACTThe human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) Tax oncoprotein induces growth transformation and is critical for the pathogenesis of the HTLV-1-induced adult T-cell leukemia (ATL). It stimulates the cell cycle and transactivates cellular genes. Here we show that the expression of interleukin-13 (IL-13) is upregulated as a consequence of Tax in HTLV-1-transformed T cells and ATL-derived cultures. IL-13 exerts proliferative and antiapoptotic functions and is linked to leukemogenesis, since it stimulates Hodgkin lymphoma cells by an autocrine mechanism. Overexpression of IL-13 RNA and protein was confirmed in HTLV-1-positive and Tax-transformed cells. Induction of endogenous IL-13 levels intax-transfected Jurkat cells and in conditional Tax-expressing transformed T lymphocytes suggested that Tax can replace signals required for IL-13 synthesis. For functional analysis, the IL-13 promoter and deletion variants were cloned into luciferase reporter plasmids. Experiments with transfected human T lymphocytes revealed a 16-fold stimulation of the IL-13 promoter by Tax. Experiments with Tax mutants indicated that none of the classical transactivation pathways (SRF, CREB, and NF-κB) is sufficient for the transactivation; at least two different Tax functions are required for full transactivation. The IL-13 promoter is stimulated via two elements; one is a NF-AT binding P element, and the other is a putative AP-1 site. The following observations suggest that IL-13 may stimulate HTLV-1-transformed cells by an autocrine mechanism: (i) the HTLV-1-transformed cells express the IL-13 receptor on their surface, and (ii) STAT6, a downstream effector of IL-13 signaling, is constitutively activated. Thus, in summary, Tax, by transactivating the promoter, induces IL-13 overexpression that possibly leads to an autocrine stimulation of HTLV-1-infected cells.
Inhibition of Reovirus by Mycophenolic Acid Is Associated with the M1 Genome Segment
Authors: Hermann Laura L. , Coombs Kevin M. 
Published: May 2004

ABSTRACT
Mycophenolic acid (MPA), an inhibitor of IMP dehydrogenase, inhibits reovirus replication and viral RNA and protein production. In mouse L929 cells, antiviral effects were greatest at 30 μg of MPA/ml. At this dosage, MPA inhibited replication of reovirus strain T3D more than 1,000-fold and inhibited replication of reovirus strain T1L nearly 100-fold, compared to non-drug-treated controls. Genetic reassortant analysis indicated the primary determinant of strain-specific differences in sensitivity to MPA mapped to the viral M1 genome segment, which encodes the minor core protein μ2. MPA also inhibited replication of both strains of reovirus in a variety of other cell lines, including Vero monkey kidney and U373 human astrocytoma cells. Addition of exogenous guanosine to MPA-treated reovirus-infected cells restored viral replicative capacity to nearly normal levels. These results suggest the μ2 protein is involved in the uptake and processing of GTP in viral transcription in infected cells and strengthens the evidence that the μ2 protein can function as an NTPase and is likely a transcriptase cofactor.