bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assimilating remote sensing data in a surface flux–soil moisture model
Authors: Crosson William L. , Laymon Charles A. , Inguva Ramarao , Schamschula Marius P. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA key state variable in land surface–atmosphere interactions is soil moisture, which affects surface energy fluxes, runoff and the radiation balance. Soil moisture modelling relies on parameter estimates that are inadequately measured at the necessarily fine model scales. Hence, model soil moisture estimates are imperfect and often drift away from reality through simulation time. Because of its spatial and temporal nature, remote sensing holds great promise for soil moisture estimation. Much success has been attained in recent years in soil moisture estimation using passive and active microwave sensors, but progress has been slow. One reason for this is the scale disparity between remote sensing data resolution and the hydrologic process scale. Other impediments include vegetation cover and microwave penetration depth. As a result, currently there is no comprehensive method for assimilating remote soil moisture observations within a surface hydrology model at watershed or larger scales.This paper describes a measurement–modelling system for estimating the three‐dimensional soil moisture distribution, incorporating remote microwave observations, a surface flux–soil moisture model, a radiative transfer model and Kalman filtering. The surface model, driven by meteorological observations, estimates the vertical and lateral distribution of water. Based on the model soil moisture profiles, microwave brightness temperatures are estimated using the radiative transfer model. A Kalman filter is then applied using modelled and observed brightness temperatures to update the model soil moisture profile.The modelling system has been applied using data from the Southern Great Plains 1997 field experiment. In the presence of highly inaccurate rainfall input, assimilation of remote microwave data results in better agreement with observed soil moisture. Without assimilation, it was seen that the model near‐surface soil moisture reached a minimum that was higher than observed, resulting in substantial errors during very dry conditions. Updating moisture profiles daily with remotely sensed brightness temperatures reduced but did not eliminate this bias. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Episodic stream water pH decline during autumn storms following a summer drought in northern Sweden
Authors: Laudon Hjalmar , Bishop Kevin 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe sources of episodic pH decline in four streams from northern Sweden during the autumn of 1996 were quantified. The events, in which pH dropped by between 1·0 and 2·4 units, were preceded by an extensive summer drought. Total organic carbon, which increased 100% to 160% during peak flow, was the most important driving mechanism of the episodic pH decline. Sulphate, however, was relatively more important during these autumn events than during spring flood. In the sites where past and present anthropogenic deposition were believed to be the main source of sulphate in stream water, sulphate contributed less than 0·3 pH units to the pH decline. In catchments where natural sources of sulphate are known to be important, sulphate contributed up to 0·6 units of pH decline. The export of sulphate during the episodes was two to nine times higher than what was expected from deposition only. The drought preceding the study episodes resulted in some of the lowest ground water levels during the 1990s in that region. The large export of sulphate was probably due to oxidation of natural sulphate bearing minerals in the soil and/or previously deposited sulphate driven by the low ground water level preceding the episodes. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of longitudinal dispersivity in an unconfined sandy aquifer
Authors: Kim Dong‐Ju , Kim Joung‐Souk , Yun Seong‐Taek , Lee Sang‐Hoon 
Published: October 2002

AbstractStudy of the mobility of contaminants in an aquifer is an important issue for the proper remediation of contaminated groundwater. Determination of associated solute transport parameters therefore is essential for investigation of the extent to which groundwater can be contaminated. This study aimed at determining solute transport parameters for an unconfined sandy aquifer at a laboratory scale through various tracer tests using a conservative solute as a tracer. Tracer tests consisted of both well‐tracer tests (single and double wells) and an aquifer tracer test using a plume‐capturing device such as time domain reflectometry (TDR). The results showed that longitudinal dispersivities estimated from the single and double well‐tracer tests were 2·2 cm and 13·5 cm for a travel distance of 9·3 cm and 13·5 cm from the injection point respectively. These results agreed reasonably well with the results of the aquifer tracer test. The solute transport parameters obtained at multiple points in the aquifer through the aquifer tracer test revealed that the dispersivity length was proportional to the travel distance by a factor of 0·3, which was moderately higher than the value of 0·1 given in the literature. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Supra‐additive effect with concurrent paclitaxel and cisplatin in vulvar squamous cell carcinoma in vitro
Authors: Raitanen Misa , Rantanen Virpi , Kulmala Jarmo , Helenius Hans , Grénman Reidar , Grénman Seija 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe effect of concurrent paclitaxel and cisplatin was tested in vitro in 5 vulvar squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cell lines (UM‐SCV‐1A, ‐2, ‐4 and ‐7 and UT‐SCV‐3). Chemosensitivity was tested using the 96‐well plate clonogenic assay. Paclitaxel concentrations used varied between 0.4 and 1.6 nM, and cisplatin concentrations varied between 0.1 and 0.9 μg/ml. These drug concentrations are clinically achievable. Survival data were fitted to the LQ model, and the area under the curve (AUC) value was obtained with numerical integration. The type of interaction was determined by comparing the AUC ratio of the 2 drugs with the survival fraction (SF) of paclitaxel alone. With all cell lines tested the growth‐inhibitory effect of simultaneous paclitaxel and cisplatin was at least additive. The effect of the tested combination on the UM‐SCV‐1A and UT‐SCV‐3 cell lines was clearly supra‐additive with all paclitaxel concentrations tested, and the UM‐SCV‐4 and UM‐SCV‐7 cell lines exhibited a supra‐additive effect with increasing paclitaxel concentrations. The degree of supra‐additivity was dose‐dependent in the UM‐SCV‐7 cell line with increasing synergy at higher paclitaxel doses. In the current study the combination of paclitaxel and cisplatin had a clear additive or supra‐additive cytotoxic effect on the vulvar SCC cell lines, and it has been successfully used in other gynecologic malignancies; therefore concurrent paclitaxel and cisplatin also deserves further testing in clinical settings in advanced‐stage vulvar carcinoma, which has a poor prognosis. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tumor necrosis factor–related, apoptosis‐inducing ligand supports growth of mouse mastocytoma tumors by killing tumor‐infiltrating macrophages
Authors: Strebel Alessandro , Bachmann Felix , Wernli Marion , Erb Peter 
Published: October 2002

AbstractTRAIL antisense transfected mastocytoma cells (R56VTas) injected into syngeneic DBA/2 mice demonstrate significantly delayed tumor growth compared to mock transfected cells (R56VTMo). TRAIL expression in R56VTas cells was successfully, albeit not completely, downregulated, as shown by Western blots, flow‐cytometric analysis and functionally by loss of cytolytic activity against TRAIL‐R‐bearing target cells. Immunohistochemic and immunoblotting analyses of ex vivo tumors confirmed the lower expression of TRAIL by the antisense transfection compared to the mock transfection. Investigating the mechanism of the delayed tumor growth, it was found that neither T nor NK cells but activated macrophages infiltrated the tumors. The number of infiltrating macrophages was significantly lower in the mock transfected compared to the TRAIL antisense transfected tumor sections, indicating that TRAIL‐expressing tumor cells may lyse macrophages. Indeed, activated macrophages proved to be sensitive to TRAIL‐mediated apoptosis. This indicates that, although macrophages can infiltrate the mastocytoma R56VT, they are in part eliminated by TRAIL‐expressing tumor cells, allowing the tumor to rapidly grow. Hence, downregulation of TRAIL allows more macrophages to survive and to better attack the tumor cells, slowing down tumor growth. In conclusion, TRAIL expressed on R56VT tumor cells can impair an important innate immune defense mechanism against tumors by eliminating effector macrophages. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Risk factors for lung cancer among nonsmoking women
Authors: Kreuzer Michaela , Heinrich Joachim , Kreienbrock Lothar , Schaffrath Rosario Angelika , Gerken Michael , Wichmann H. Erich 
Published: October 2002

AbstractTo evaluate risk factors for lung cancer in nonsmoking women, we used data of a case‐control study conducted between 1991 and 1996 in Germany. A total of 234 female histologically confirmed lung cancer patients and 535 population controls who had never smoked more than 400 cigarettes in their lifetime were personally interviewed with respect to occupation, exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), family history of cancer, prior physician‐diagnosed lung diseases or cancer and diet. One‐year radon measurements in the last dwelling were performed. Odds ratios (OR) adjusted for age and region and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated via logistic regression. When cumulative duration of exposure to ETS in hours was considered, the OR for high compared to not or low ETS exposed women was 2.62 (CI:1.35–5.06) for occupational exposure and OR=1.67 (CI:0.86–3.25) for spousal exposure, exhibiting a significant trend for ETS at work. Working more than 10 years in jobs or industries with known or suspected lung carcinogens was associated with OR=2.0 (CI:0.99–4.0). An elevated risk due to prior lung diseases was present for pneumonia (OR=1.6; CI:1.07–2.40) and tuberculosis (OR=1.6; CI:0.77–3.37). No significant increase in risk with increasing residential radon levels or with the presence of a family history of lung cancer was apparent. Protective effects were observed for high vs. low consumption of fresh vegetables (OR=0.5; CI:0.25–0.82) and cheese (OR=0.3, CI:0.21–0.55). ETS at work, occupational hazards and previous pneumonia may be risk factors for lung cancer in nonsmoking women, while a diet rich in fresh vegetables and cheese seems to be protective. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In vitro and in vivo characterization of graft‐versus‐tumor responses in melanoma patients after allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation
Authors: Kurokawa Toshiro , Fischer Karin , Bertz Hartmut , Hoegerle Stefan , Finke Jürgen , Mackensen Andreas 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIt has been shown that after allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (PBSCT), donor T cells can induce potent graft‐versus‐tumor (GVT) effects in hematologic malignancies and possibly solid tumors such as renal cell carcinoma. Two patients (27 and 30 years old) with metastatic melanoma received allogeneic PBSCT from an HLA‐identical sibling donor after reduced conditioning with fludarabine, carmustine and melphalan. One patient showed a delayed mixed response with complete regression of lymph node metastases but persistent liver metastasis at day +60 and +120, consistent with a GVT response. In order to generate donor‐derived tumor‐reactive cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stimulated with donor dendritic cells (DCs) loaded with host tumor lysate. Using these culture conditions, a marked increase in CD8+ CTLs was observed in both donors exhibiting a strong MHC class I‐restricted cytotoxic activity against the host tumor without cross‐reactivity against nonmalignant host cells. CDR3 spectratyping was used to analyze the complexity of T‐cell subpopulations in both CTL lines. Results demonstrate that oligoclonal T cells are expanded in vitro, exhibiting a marked overexpression of TCRVβ3 (donor 1) and TCRVβ4/Vβ11 (donor 2) subfamilies. Functional (ELISPOT assay) and phenotypic (CDR3 spectratyping, sequencing Vβ transcripts) analysis of patients' T cells at different time points after transplantation demonstrated an expansion of alloreactive T cells with a limited TCR Vβ pattern. The Vβ3 cDNA clone, being predominant in the CTL line from donor 1, could not be identified in patient 1 peripheral blood lymphocytes after transplant. Altogether, our results provide the first evidence that GVT effects against melanoma can induce tumor regression and that oligoclonal donor‐derived CTLs specific against host tumor cells can be generated in vitro that may be used for adoptive T‐cell transfer after allogeneic transplantation. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Extended bioactivity in the proximity of hydroxyapatite ceramic surfaces induced by polarization charges
Authors: Nakamura Satoshi , Kobayashi Takayuki , Yamashita Kimihiro 
Published: October 2002

AbstractSurface charges of electrically polarized hydroxyapatite (HAp) ceramics were demonstrated to enhance osteoconductivity in the wide gap of the canine bone whereas the bone formation processes varied according to the charge polarity. Cell reactions in the vicinity of the charged surfaces of HAp ceramics were not phagocytic absorption but rather bone formation by stimulated osteoblasts surrounding newly formed bone 7 days after implantation. The bone formation in direct contact with negatively charged ceramic surfaces suggests that the negative charges enhanced the osteobonding ability of the HAp ceramics. In the vicinity of the positively charged HAp surface, the formation of bones derived from osteoid tissues entirely occupied the 0.2–0.3‐mm gaps between the HAp and the bone at 7 days. Surface charges induced by electrical polarization significantly cooperated with the innate bioactivity of HAp and reconstructed the wide bone defects more promptly than did the nonpolarized HAp ceramic surface. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 61: 593–599, 2002
Biodegradation of polycarbonate‐based polyurethanes by the human monocyte‐derived macrophage and U937 cell systems
Authors: Matheson Loren A. , Labow Rosalind S. , Santerre J. Paul 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe prominent cell type found on implanted medical devices during the chronic inflammatory response is the monocyte‐derived macrophage (MDM). Using an activated in vitro cell system, it was possible to show that MDMs possess esterolytic activities that may contribute to the degradation of polyurethanes. In the present study, the U937 cell line was paralleled to the MDM cell system in order to validate the use of a cell line that could expedite studies on biomaterial biocompatibility and biostability. Using 12‐o‐tetradecanoylphorbol 13‐acetate (PMA), the optimum differentiation time for the U937 cells was 72 h based on biodegradation, degradative potential, and 35S‐methionine uptake. After activation of the cells by resuspending from tissue culture polystyrene plates and reseeding onto a 14C‐labeled polycarbonate‐based polyurethane (PCNU), both U937 cells and the MDMs elicited comparable radiolabel release (measure of polymer breakdown) and esterase activity (measure of degradative potential) at 48 h. There was no difference in the effect on radiolabel release and esterase activity elicited by both cell types with inhibitors of protein synthesis, esterase activity, and phospholipase A2. This established that both cell types likely used similar hydrolytic activities and signaling pathways to cause degradation of the PCNU. Immunoblotting demonstrated that both cell systems secreted monocyte‐specific esterase and cholesterol esterase enzymes previously shown to degrade PCNUs. The U937 cell system is more convenient and reproducible than MDMs for pursuing possible biological pathways elucidating the mechanism of polyurethane biodegradation. Once established with U937s, the pathways can then be validated with the more physiologically relevant human MDM cell system. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 61: 505–513, 2002
Formation of nitrosothiols from gaseous nitric oxide at pH 7.4
Authors: Palmerini Carlo Alberto , Saccardi Carla , Arienti Giuseppe , Palombari Roberto 
Published: October 2002

AbstractNitric oxide (NO) is generated in biological systems and plays important roles as a regulatory molecule. Its ability to bind to haem iron is well known. Moreover, it may lose an electron, forming the nitrosonium ion, involved in the synthesis of S‐nitrosothiols (SNOs). It has been suggested that S‐nitrosohaemoglobin (−SNO Hb) and low molecular weight SNOs may act as reservoirs of NO. SNOs are formed in vitro, at strongly acidic pH values; however, the mechanism of their formation at neutral pH values is still debated. In this paper we report the anaerobic formation of SNOs (both high‐ and low‐molecular weight) from low concentrations of NO at pH 7.4, provided Hb is also present. We propose a reaction mechanism entailing the participation of Fehaem in the formation of NO+ and the transfer of NO+ either to Cysβ93 of Hb or to glutathione; we show that this reaction also occurs in human RBCs. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 16:135–139, 2002. DOI 10.1002/jbt.10028
Transfusion‐related acute lung injury during plasma exchange: Suspecting the unsuspected
Authors: Askari Sabeen , Nollet Kenneth , Debol Steven M. , Brunstein Claudio G. , Eastlund Ted 
Published: October 2002

AbstractTransfusion‐related acute lung injury (TRALI) has been implicated with use of almost all types of blood products that contain variable amounts of plasma. Even though the reported incidence of TRALI is rare, its overall occurrence is thought to be more common, as less severe cases remain unreported. More TRALI cases are unrecognized and misdiagnosed due to lack of suspicion and absence of appropriate investigation. There are exceedingly rare reports of TRALI during plasma exchange despite the fact that liters of plasma may be used for replacement during a single procedure. We describe a mild case of TRALI during plasma exchange for thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura in a 56‐year‐old woman, status post autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplant for non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma. She developed severe rigors, peripheral cyanosis, hypoxia, and a transient diffuse pulmonary infiltrate. Of the 10 U of plasma used, one was from a multiparous female donor with HLA antibodies reactive with patient's granulocytes in immunofluorescence and agglutination assays. This case emphasizes the fact that the physicians and apheresis staff should consider TRALI in the differential diagnosis for patients developing respiratory distress during or soon after the procedure. Diagnosing TRALI has implications not only for the plasma exchange recipient, but also for the management of donors found to have leukocyte antibodies. J. Clin. Apheresis 17:93–96, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Protecting Your Web Site from Criminal Hackers
Authors: Schroeder Chris , Smith Gordon 
Published: October 2002

AbstractDo you think you're protected from hackers because you have nothing valuable on your Web site? Or

do you think company data are safely hidden behind a “firewall”? Better take another look,

warn the authors, whose security audits routinely uncover problems. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals,

Inc.
Does PTH have a direct effect on intestine?
Authors: Nemere I. , Larsson D. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractDogma for the past three decades has dictated that parathyroid hormone (PTH) has no direct effect on intestine with regard to calcium or phosphate absorption, but rather that PTH acts to promote the synthesis of a hormonally active form of vitamin D, namely 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3]. However, diverse laboratories have each provided some evidence to suggest PTH does indeed have a direct effect on intestine. We will briefly review the evidence for biological effects, biochemical effects, and the presence of intestinal receptors for PTH, and conclude with the implications for biomedical research. J. Cell. Biochem. 86: 29–34, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular characterization of protein kinase C‐α binding to lamin A
Authors: Martelli Alberto M. , Bortul Roberta , Tabellini Giovanna , Faenza Irene , Cappellini Alessandra , Bareggi Renato , Manzoli Lucia , Cocco Lucio 
Published: October 2002

AbstractPrevious results from our laboratory have identified lamin A as a protein kinase C (PKC)‐binding protein. Here, we have identified the regions of PKC‐α that are crucial for this binding. By means of overlay assays and fusion proteins made of glutathione‐S‐transferase (GST) fused to elements of rat PKC‐α, we have established that binding occurs through both the V5 region and a portion of the C2 region (i.e., the calcium‐dependent lipid binding (CaLB) domain) of the kinase. In particular, we have found that amino acid 200–217 of the CaLB domain are essential for binding lamin A, as a synthetic peptide corresponding to this stretch of amino acids prevented the interaction between the CaLB domain and lamin A. We also show that the presence of four lysine residues of the CaLB domain (K205, K209, K211, and K213) was essential for the binding. We have determined that binding of elements of PKC‐α to lamin A does not require the presence of cofactors such as phosphatidylserine (PS) and Ca2+. We have also found that the binding site of lamin A for the CaLB domain of PKC‐α is localized in the carboxyl‐terminus of the lamin, downstream of amino acid 499. Our findings may prove to be important to clarify the mechanisms regulating PKC function within the nucleus and may also lead to the synthesis of isozyme‐specific drugs to attenuate or reverse PKC‐dependent nuclear signaling pathways important for the pathogenesis of cancer. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Human endothelial cells selectively express large amounts of pancreatic‐type ribonuclease (RNase 1)
Authors: Landré Julien B.P. , Hewett Peter W. , Olivot Jean‐Marc , Friedl Peter , Ko Yon , Sachinidis Agapios , Moenner Michel 
Published: October 2002

AbstractPyrimidine‐specific ribonucleases are a superfamily of structurally related enzymes with distinct catalytic and biological properties. We used a combination of enzymatic and non‐enzymatic assays to investigate the release of such enzymes by isolated cells in serum‐free and serum‐containing media. We found that human endothelial cells typically expressed large amounts of a pancreatic‐type RNase that is related to, if not identical to, human pancreatic RNase. This enzyme exhibits pyrimidine‐specific catalytic activity, with a marked preference for poly(C) substrate over poly(U) substrate. It was potently inhibited by placental RNase inhibitor, the selective pancreatic‐type RNase inhibitor Inhibit‐Ace, and a polyclonal antibody against human pancreatic RNase. The enzyme isolated from medium conditioned by immortalized umbilical vein endothelial cells (EA.hy926) possesses an amino‐terminal sequence identical to that of pancreatic RNase, and shows molecular heterogeneity (molecular weights 18,000–26,000) due to different degrees of N‐glycosylation. Endothelial cells from arteries, veins, and capillaries secreted up to 100 ng of this RNase daily per million cells, whereas levels were low or undetectable in media conditioned by other cell types examined. The corresponding messenger RNA was detected by RT‐PCR in most cell types tested so far, and level of its expression was in keeping with the amounts of protein. The selective strong release of pancreatic‐type RNase by endothelial cells suggests that it is endowed with non‐digestive functions and involved in vascular homeostasis. J. Cell. Biochem. 86: 540–552, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.