bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Various Baffle Designs on Center of Gravity Deviation in a Training Aircraft Wing Fuel Tank Using 1D Simulations
Authors: Karahan Kerem , Cadirci Sertac 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
There are baffle components in aircraft fuel tanks to damp sloshing effects and prevent Center of Gravity (CoG) traveling from its initial location. These baffles have significant role in damping forces, moments acting on aircraft body and CoG deviation. Ribbed baffles have cutout holes on its surface as design details. These cutout holes directly affect CoG deviation amount and retreat duration of deviated CoG in the tank. In this study, various cutout designs and aircraft wing tank geometries were modeled with Siemens NX CAD modeling program. These various designs were used in 1D and transient CFD sloshing analyses, then effects of different designs were investigated.1D analyses were constructed using Siemens Amesim program and they were managed in order to get initial conditions for further CFD analyses. As an input, bank-to-bank maneuver acceleration was applied along 10 seconds on aircraft body with 45° roll angle. At the end of acceleration, simulations were conducted until steady conditions were met in order to get retreat duration. The aim of the 1D analyses was to achieve minimum deviation amount and minimum retreat duration that will be assumed to be the most desirable case. Transient 3D CFD analyses have been performed with Siemens StarCCM+ in order to obtain most realistic solutions. For the optimum cases, CFD simulations were conducted using multi-phase sloshing flow of jet fuel (JP8) and air using Volume of Fluid (VOF) method. Thus, much detailed information about CoG deviation, retreat duration, sloshing effects of free surface fluctuations and 3D turbulent eddies became observable from CFD simulations. As a result, optimum performance efficiency of baffles was considered as lower CoG deviation distance and shorter retreat duration.
The Hydrodynamic Benefits Achieved Through Lateral Spacing of Schooling Manta Rays
Authors: Huang Zihao , Menzer Alec , Guo Jiacheng , Dong Haibo 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Direct numerical simulation of a two-manta-ray-model school is performed to study the effects of lateral distances on the hydrodynamic performance of the manta rays. An in-house numerical solver based on the immersed boundary method is adopted to perform this study. Clear trends in performance can be observed, with the highest cycle-averaged thrust enhancement of 32% on the tandem follower compared to that of a solitary swimmer. A leading-edge vortex (LEV) enhancement is found on the tandem follower at the moment of thrust enhancement. It is also found that within 1.5 span length (SL) in the lateral direction, the follower exhibits a propulsive advantage, while the leader’s performance remains nearly the same. Low surface pressure regions are observed at the front of the follower, which induces forward suction force to enhance the follower’s performance. The near-body vortex topology is studied, and the tandem follower’s circulation strength shows improvements along the spanwise direction in both the downstroke and upstroke. Far wake topology observations are made to compare all cases.
Improvement of Standard K-Epsilon Turbulence Model for Round Free Jets by Adjusting Closure Coefficients
Authors: Turutoglu Cem , Cadirci Sertac 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
In this study, round free jet was modeled with standard k-ε turbulence model and the results were compared with the measurements. The aim of the study is to improve the prediction capability of standard k-ε turbulence model, that is not very successful in modeling flows with anisotropic Reynolds stress tensors such as jet flows. It was aimed to investigate the effect of model constants such as Cε1, the coefficient of turbulent production; Cε2, the coefficient of turbulent kinetic energy dissipation and Cμ, used to calculate turbulence viscosity. Steady-state and three-dimensional CFD analyses have been performed for these constants and the results were evaluated based on dimensionless velocity and turbulence profiles, jet half-thicknesses, centerline velocity and turbulence intensity (TI) on the jet axis. It was observed that the adjusted new constants achieve more successful results than the default coefficients. By calibrating the model coefficients that differ from the default model coefficients by 16% for Cε1, 17% for Cε2, and 1.2% for Cμ, it is revealed that jet centerline velocity distribution and jet half-width distribution along the jet axis can be estimated better. The new closure coefficients were also validated for Reynolds numbers of 5000 and 20000. The CFD simulations revealed that the velocity-profile change with the adjusted model coefficients and the numerical results agreed well with the experimental data. By this way, the calculation errors due to uncertainty of turbulence modeling encountered in some CFD calculations is reduced.
A Simplified Methodology to Predict Performance of IC Engines Operating With Bio-Syngas
Authors: Sabnis Sandeep P. , Seethamraju Srinivas 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Biogas is one of the sustainable fuels that can be obtained from biomass using anaerobic digestion, and can be used as an IC Engine fuel. However, it has a low calorific value owing to the high CO2 content (∼40 vol%). Hence, one can use reforming to convert the biogas into bio-syngas that has an improved calorific value due to the presence of H2 and CO in addition to CH4. However, the effect of the reformed bio-syngas composition on the performance of the IC engines needs to be investigated to ascertain the economic feasibility of the entire process.
Experimental investigations on IC engines with the alternate fuel mixture can be used to estimate the performance of the engine. However, these are expensive and time-consuming. An alternative approach is the use of advanced simulation models, which are also complex and require experimental data for validation. Therefore, a quick and alternative estimation method is needed.
A methodology is proposed in this work to quickly estimate the engine performance for syngas using available data and knowledge in the literature. Initially, the cumulative heat release data for a known fuel is normalized to find the mass fraction burned (MFB). The Weibe function representing the combustion in the engine is established from the MFB data. These Weibe function parameters (efficiency factor “a” and form factor “m”) are then utilized to predict the performance of another fuel which is proposed to be evaluated using a simple 0-D single zone simulation. The criteria to correlate the combustion dynamics of one fuel to another is the matching of H2/COx ratios of the two fuels. The simulation results are also used to calculate other important parameters, viz. temperature profile, cycle work, IMEP and indicated thermal efficiency.
Grid Convergence Properties of Wall-Modeled Large-Eddy Simulations in the Asymptotic Regime
Authors: Yang Xiang , Abkar Mahdi 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This study explores the grid convergence properties of wall-modeled large-eddy simulation (WMLES) solutions as the LES grid approaches the direct numerical simulation (DNS) grid. This aspect of WMLES is fundamental but has not been previously investigated or documented. We investigate two types of grid refinements: one where the LES/wall-model matching location is fixed at an off-wall grid point, and another where the matching location is fixed at a specific distance from the wall. In both cases, we refine the LES grid simultaneously in all three Cartesian directions, with grid resolution ranging from typical LES resolution to typical DNS resolution. Our focus is on examining the mean flow and turbulent kinetic energy as the grid refines. While the turbulence statistics consistently converge towards the DNS solution, we observe non-monotonic convergence in the mean flow statistics. We show that improving the grid resolution does not necessarily enhance the accuracy of the mean flow predictions. Specifically, we identify a negative log layer mismatch when the LES/wall-model matching location lies below the logarithmic layer, regardless of grid resolution and matching location. Finally, we demonstrate that the non-monotonic convergence of the mean flow can lead to misleading conclusions from grid convergence studies of WMLES.
Upper Body Joint Angle Calculation and Analysis Using Multiple Inertial Measurement Units
Authors: Freedkin Aaron S. , Ryu Ji-Chul , Hwang Jaejin 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Understanding how workers move in professions that require unnatural posture can help find solutions to work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) that are common in such occupations. IMU (inertial measurement unit)-based measurement is a potential alternative to motion capture systems that are widely used for body posture measurement, but lack portability. This paper applies three sensor fusion algorithms, Madgwick’s filter, Kalman filter, and complementary filter, to estimate joint angles of the shoulder and arm based on the data collected from multiple IMUs. In the implementation of the algorithms, quaternions are used to represent the ideal orientation and avoid singularities. For experiments, three IMUs were placed on the lower arm, upper arm, and upper torso of a subject for two representative motions: reaching up and reaching across a desk. Data from the three IMUs were taken simultaneously and post-processed to estimate the elbow and shoulder joint angles. These estimations were compared with the reference data collected using a motion capture system to determine the overall accuracy for each sensor fusion method. Parameters for each algorithm were optimized to minimize the overall joint angle errors.
An Additively Manufactured Small Footprint Wind Tunnel for Wall Jet and Particle Scavenging Studies
Authors: Wang Jiaxuan , Ul Karim Abrar , Guimarães Tamy , Kunz Robert 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Subsonic wind tunnels are essential for flow performance quantification and visualization in academic and industrial research. Depending on the application requirements, wind tunnels vary widely in cost and size. In our laboratory, a small footprint wind tunnel was needed for low-speed wall-jet particle scavenging research. We required a test section size of approximately 12in × 12in × 3ft in length, a test section mean velocity of approximately 4–5 m/s, turbulence levels of less than 2%, a re-configurable inlet, and a variable height test-section bottom table to enable wall-jet testing.
An open circuit suction tunnel was additively manufactured at very low cost with a plastic 3D printer. The particular inlet design for our application has a co-flow configuration that includes a separate flow inlet through a blower, enabling the generation of a plane wall jet through a rectangular slot. Additionally, the tunnel is equipped with easily and inexpensively reconfigurable components, inducing an adjustable height build plate, an adjustable angle inlet flow guide plate, a variable speed axial fan, and a diffuser with an embedded filter to remove scavenged metal powder and provide pressure drop. The design incorporates a conventional contraction section with a bell mouth and honeycomb to minimize free stream turbulence and improve flow uniformity in the test section.
The total cost of the tunnel was under $1000. The design detail of each wind tunnel part and its construction is presented in this work. Additively manufactured components enable an easily reconfigurable facility. It is hoped that our success with this effort may inspire others to design and build such test facilities using inexpensive commercial 3D printers.
Primary and Secondary Datum Planes Using Constrained Least Squares As An Efficient, Robust Solution for Standardization
Authors: Shakarji Craig M. , Srinivasan Vijay 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Datum planes based on a constrained least-squares fit are being adopted in US and ISO standards. Some reasons for the adoption are presented here. In particular, the advantages of this definition over the current definition in ISO 5459 is highlighted. Further, the contrast between the constrained least-squares and the so-called “shifted least squares” is brought out as there is widespread confusion between the two. The handling of secondary datum planes is not a settled matter, and this document explains three candidates for ways to define the secondary datum. The authors show why that of the three, the method that reduces the secondary planar datum problem into a two-dimensional problem is preferred. But up until now, a unsolved issue for that method was the question of how to handle cases when the secondary planar datum feature is not orthogonal to the primary. One of the significant contributions of this paper is solving that thorny case in a straightforward manner, thus removing any technical limitation to its possible adoption.
Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes CFD Simulation of High-Speed Boundary Layers
Authors: Tullis Michael , Walters D. Keith 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This paper presents an investigation of Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) turbulence models used in computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of boundary layer flow and heat transfer in high Mach number flows. This study evaluates an industry standard RANS turbulence model (k-ω SST [1]) and a recently proposed modification to that model [2], for prediction of the mean velocity field in selected test cases. The test cases were previously documented by Duan et al. [3], who used direct numerical simulation (DNS) to calculate boundary layer flow of an ideal gas over a flat plate at freestream Mach numbers ranging from 2.5 to 14 and wall to recovery temperature ratios of 0.18 to 1. Boundary layer profiles were evaluated at two streamwise locations, one where the boundary layer height matched the DNS data and the second where the wall shear stress matched DNS data. Results show that the accuracy of RANS models degrades for high-speed regimes compared to incompressible or subsonic flow but that the compressibility correction factor [2] improves the results for some of the test cases.
Rime Ice Accretion on an Airfoil Under Different Icing Conditions Using an Eulerian Approach
Authors: Shad Arash , Sherif S. A. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This paper presents a numerical approach to simulate rime ice Accretion on the NACA0012 airfoil and examines its spatial and temporal variations under different icing conditions. The simulation uses an Eulerian two-phase model and a dynamic mesh strategy to account for changes in the ice profile and its impact on airflow. All of the main icing modules, including the airflow field, droplet trajectory, icing growth rate, and mesh management, are fully coupled within the same computational framework without using any external tools. The Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes conservation equations, along with the energy and continuity equations, are solved to produce the velocity and temperature fields. The model is validated against experimental data and provides acceptable predictions of ice accretion profiles and rates.
Root rot destabilizes the Sanqi rhizosphere core fungal microbiome by reducing the negative connectivity of beneficial microbes
Authors: Wang Baoying , Geng Yuhang , Lin Yulan , Xia Qing , Wei Fugang , Yang Shaozhou , Huang Xinqi , Zhang Jinbo , Cai Zucong , Zhao Jun 
Published: February 2024

ABSTRACT

The stability of microbial communities, especially among core taxa, is essential for supporting plant health. However, the impacts of disease infection on the stability of rhizosphere fungal core microbiome remain largely unexplored. In this study, we delved into the effects of root rot infestation on the community structure, function, network complexity, and stability of Sanqi fungal core microbiomes, employing amplicon sequencing combined with co-occurrence network and cohesion analyses. Our investigation revealed that root rot disease led to a decrease in the α-diversity but an increase in the β-diversity of the Sanqi fungal core microbiomes in the rhizosphere. Notably,
Ilyonectria
,
Plectosphaerella,
and
Fusarium
emerged as indicator species in the rhizosphere core microbiome of root rot-infected Sanqi plants, while
Mortierella
predominated as the dominant biomarker taxa in healthy soils. Additionally, root rot diminished the complexity and modularity of the rhizosphere networks by reducing the metrics associated with nodes, edges, degrees, and modularity. Furthermore, root rot resulted in a reduction in the proportion of negative connections in the network and the negative/positive cohesion of the entire core fungal microbiome. Particularly noteworthy was the observation that root rot infection destabilized the rhizosphere core fungal microbiome by weakening the negative connectivity associated with beneficial agents. Collectively, these results highlight the significance of the negative connectivity of beneficial agents in ensuring the stability of core microbial community.

IMPORTANCE
Root rot disease has been reported as the most devastating disease in the production process of artificial cultivated Sanqi ginseng, which seriously threatens the Sanqi industry. This study provides valuable insights into how root rot influences microbial relationships within the community. These findings open up opportunities for disease prevention and the promotion of plant health by regulating microbial interactions. In summary, the research sheds light on the ecological consequences of root rot on rhizosphere fungal microbiomes and offers potential strategies for managing soil-borne diseases and enhancing plant health.
Rapid, high-throughput, cost-effective whole-genome sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 using a condensed library preparation of the Illumina DNA Prep kit
Authors: Hickman Rebecca , Nguyen Jason , Lee Tracy D. , Tyson John R. , Azana Robert , Tsang Frankie , Hoang Linda , Prystajecky Natalie A. 
Published: February 2024

ABSTRACT

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic necessitates cost-effective, high-throughput, and timely whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) viruses for outbreak investigations, identifying variants of concern (VoC), characterizing vaccine breakthrough infections, and public health surveillance. In addition, the enormous demand for WGS on supply chains and the resulting shortages of laboratory supplies necessitated the use of low-reagent and low-consumable methods. Here, we report an optimized library preparation method (the BCCDC cutdown method) that can be used in a high-throughput scenario, where one technologist can perform 576 library preparations (6 plates of 96 samples) over the course of one 8-hour shift. The same protocol can also be used in a rapid turnaround time scenario, from primary samples (up to 96 samples) to loading on a sequencer in an 8-hour shift. This new method uses Freed et al.’s 1,200 bp primer sets (Biol Methods Protoc 5:bpaa014, 2020,
https://doi.org/10.1093/biomethods/bpaa014
) and a modified and condensed Illumina DNA Prep workflow (Illumina, CA, USA). Compared to the original protocol, the application of this new method using hundreds of clinical specimens demonstrated equivalent results to the full-length DNA Prep workflow at 45% of the cost, 15% of consumables required (such as pipet tips), 25% of manual hands-on time, and 15% of on-instrument time if performing on a liquid handler, with no compromise in sequence quality. Results demonstrate that this new method is a rapid, simple, cost-effective, and high-quality SARS-CoV-2 WGS protocol.

IMPORTANCE
Sequencing has played an invaluable role in the response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Ongoing work in this area, however, demands optimization of laboratory workflow to increase sequencing capacity, improve turnaround time, and reduce cost without compromising sequence quality. This report describes an optimized DNA library preparation method for improved whole-genome sequencing of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pathogen. The workflow advantages summarized here include significant time, cost, and consumable savings, which suggest that this new method is an efficient, scalable, and pragmatic alternative for SARS-CoV-2 whole-genome sequencing.
Rickettsia
transmission from whitefly to plants benefits herbivore insects but is detrimental to fungal and viral pathogens
Authors: Shi Pei-Qiong , Wang Lei , Chen Xin-Yi , Wang Kai , Wu Qing-Jun , Turlings Ted C. J. , Zhang Peng-Jun , Qiu Bao-Li 
Published: February 2024

ABSTRACT

Bacterial endosymbionts play important roles in the life histories of herbivorous insects by impacting their development, survival, reproduction, and stress tolerance. How endosymbionts may affect the interactions between plants and insect herbivores is still largely unclear. Here, we show that endosymbiotic
Rickettsia belli
can provide mutual benefits also outside of their hosts when the sap-sucking whitefly
Bemisia tabaci
transmits them to plants. This transmission facilitates the spread of
Rickettsia
but is shown to also enhance the performance of the whitefly and co-infesting caterpillars. In contrast,
Rickettsia
infection enhanced plant resistance to several pathogens. Inside the plants,
Rickettsia
triggers the expression of salicylic acid-related genes and the two pathogen-resistance genes
TGA 2.1
and
VRP
, whereas they repressed genes of the jasmonic acid pathway. Performance experiments using wild type and mutant tomato plants confirmed that
Rickettsia
enhances the plants’ suitability for insect herbivores but makes them more resistant to fungal and viral pathogens. Our results imply that endosymbiotic
Rickettsia
of phloem-feeding insects affects plant defenses in a manner that facilitates their spread and transmission. This novel insight into how insects can exploit endosymbionts to manipulate plant defenses also opens possibilities to interfere with their ability to do so as a crop protection strategy.

IMPORTANCE

Most insects are associated with symbiotic bacteria in nature. These symbionts play important roles in the life histories of herbivorous insects by impacting their development, survival, reproduction as well as stress tolerance.
Rickettsia
is one important symbiont to the agricultural pest whitefly
Bemisia tabaci
. Here, for the first time, we revealed that the persistence of
Rickettsia
symbionts in tomato leaves significantly changed the defense pattern of tomato plants. These changes benefit both sap-feeding and leaf-chewing herbivore insects, such as increasing the fecundity of whitefly adults, enhancing the growth and development of the noctuid
Spodoptera litura
, but reducing the pathogenicity of
Verticillium
fungi and TYLCV virus to tomato plants distinctively. Our study unraveled a new horizon for the multiple interaction theories among plant-insect-bacterial symbionts.
Complete genome sequences of two
Leuconostoc carnosum
strains: 4010 and AMS1
Authors: Li Ran , Lood Cédric , Takala Timo M. , Andreou Gregory , Saris Per E. J. , Lavigne Rob , Wan Xing 
Published: February 2024

ABSTRACT

Leuconostoc carnosum
is a bacterial species commonly associated with meat spoilage. However, some strains exhibit preservative effects due to bacteriocin production. Here, we report the complete genome sequences for two strains,
L. carnosum
4010 and AMS1. Bacteriocin-related gene clusters were found on the plasmids of both strains.