bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Method of Biomechanical Testing the Suspensory Apparatus of the Third Phalanx in Cattle: a Technical Note
Authors: Maierl J. , Böhmisch R. , Dickomeit M. , Liebich H.‐G. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThere are a number of differences between the claws of the front and hind limbs in cattle concerning macroscopic shape, chemical and physical properties of claw horn and epidemiological data. Front claws have superior data in almost every respect. Virtually no information is available on the mechanical stability of the suspensory apparatus of the third phalanx.It was the objective of this study to develop a method to measure the maximum strength (N/mm2) of the suspensory apparatus of the bovine distal phalanx. This apparatus includes all layers of tissue such as bone, corium, corioepidermal junction and wall horn. The feet of 13 clinically healthy beef bulls were collected from the local abattoir. Testing was performed in three locations of the wall segment (dorsal, abaxial, axial) in a material testing machine. The corium and the corioepidermal junction were set under increasing tension until failure occurred. Maximum stress was recorded.The values ranged between 2.47–3.13 N/mm2 (dorsal), 4.08–4.87 N/mm2 (abaxial) and 2.27–2.66 N/mm2 (axial). No differences could be validated statistically between front and hind claws and between lateral and medial claws respectively. Abaxial ultimate stress values were significantly higher than dorsal and axial ones. Between the two a statistical difference could not be validated. Most of the specimens (57.1%) were torn apart at the corioepidermal junction, almost a quarter of the samples (27.6%) were to a degree disrupted at the corioepidermal junction and to a certain extent in the deeper layers of the corium. A few samples showed disruption within the horn (11.5%) or at the attachment of the third phalanx (3.8%).Biomechanical features of the experimental set‐up are discussed. The biological significance of these findings is that the body weight and the additional dynamic loading is predominantly taken over by the abaxial part of the claw, while the dorsal and axial aspects are less loaded.
Rat Neonatal Intestinal Wall‐Free Graft
Authors: Losada J. , Juarros B. , Lopez Ariztegui M. A. , Fernandez Val J. F. , Sarria R. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryAn experimental study was carried out in order to evaluate the regeneration capacity of the neonatal intestinal wall in ischaemia and its repercussion over organs of the immune system such as the spleen. We isolated a reservoir of small intestine in adult Sprague–Dawley rats that, after having been everted and placed at a subcutaneous level, was grafted with a free small intestine segment of neonatal Sprague–Dawley rats and analysed 3, 15 and 30 days after grafting. Samples obtained were stained with Martin's trichromic stain and studied at the light microscopic level. A total regeneration of the crypt architecture, formed by absorptive enterocytes, was observed in the interior of the reservoirs. A quantitative immunohistochemical study with monoclonal antibodies against CD4, CD8, MHC I and MHC II was carried out in the spleen of these animals. An additional immunohistochemical study was also performed in the small intestine reservoirs and spleen of transplanted animals using nitric oxide synthase (NOS) antibodies. Three days after transplantation NOS immunoreactive cells were observed in the reservoirs with transplanted neonatal small intestine. Antigenic stimulation produced, in the spleen red pulp of transplanted animals, a significant increase (P<0.001) in the percentage of NOS, CD8 and MHC I immunoreactive cells in relation with values observed in control animals. These morphometric changes could be related with the stimulation that nitric oxide produces in the proliferation of the cytotoxic T cells.
The Comparative Analysis of the Myenteric Plexus in Pigeon and Hen
Authors: Kuder T. , Nowak E. , Szczurkowski A. , Kuchinka J. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryUsing the thiocholine method and histological techniques the myenteric plexuses of pigeon and hen were studied. Investigations revealed the presence of a nervous network in the wall of the small intestine of both animals. It consists of many nerve fibres crossing each other and creating meshes in a variety of shapes. The density of the network was different according to the species and to the parts of intestine. The myenteric plexus from the pigeon's duodenum is thicker (3.7‐fold) than in the remaining part of the small intestine; in the hen this is approximately 2.2‐fold thicker. The meshes of the duodenum in both species are smaller than in the jejunum and ileum. The results of histological investigations showed different localization of myenteric plexuses; in pigeon in the space between the circular and longitudinal muscle layers, and in hen within the circular muscle.
Arterial Supply of the Penis in the New Zealand Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus L.)
Authors: Ozgel O. , Dursun N. , Cengelci A. , Ates S. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryIn the present study, the distributional pattern of the penile artery and the vessels joining the blood supply of the penis were investigated in the New Zealand rabbit. Eight adult rabbits were used in the study. In order to exhibit the vascular network by dissection, latex was injected via the abdominal aorta.The main vessel which supplies blood to the penis, the penile artery, is a branch of the internal pudendal artery. It divides into two branches which form the deep and dorsal penile arteries at the level of the ischiadic arch. The deep penile artery penetrates the tunica albuginea, and forms the arterial network of corpus cavernosum penis. On the other hand, the dorsal penile artery gives off three small branches for the subischiocavernosus muscle and at the level of the attachment of this muscle sends two small branches for the preputium. The course of both arteries follows the dorsolateral surface of the penis to the glans and ends in an anastomosis. Hence, a caudal branch of the prostatic artery which originates from the umbilical artery joins the blood supply of the penis in the rabbit. After vascularizing the prostate complex, it ends by entering the corpus spongiosus penis at the dorsolateral surface at the level of the ischiadic arch.
Morphology of the Small Intestine of Weaned Piglets and a Novel Method for Morphometric Evaluation†
Authors: Wiese F. , Simon O. , Weyrauch K. D. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe intestinal morphology of 7‐week‐old pigs was investigated by light (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The piglets were fed either a semisynthetic or a cereal‐based diet. The shapes of the intestinal villi and crypts of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum were examined. The villi were predominantly tongue‐shaped. In the duodenum they were also ridged, branched and folded, and in the jejunum they were also leaf‐like and ridged. At places with lymph follicles, the surface of the ileum was rugged with meandering fold‐like villi. The crypts of the three segments of the small intestine were mainly coiled and sometimes branched. A novel morphometric evaluation method was introduced using the enlargement factors of each villus and crypt surface. The enlargement factor for the villus surface of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum was 3.13, 3.72 and 2.71, respectively. The factor for the crypt surface of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum was 9.07, 8.94 and 6.53, respectively. Furthermore, the relative proliferation rate and the epithelial renewal index were calculated for the first time. The relative proliferation rate of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum was 32.88, 34.78 and 50.77 proliferations per mm crypt perimeter, respectively. The diets consumed had an influence on the epithelial renewal index being higher for piglets fed the cereal‐based diets.
An Immunohistochemical Study of the Gastrointestinal Endocrine Cells in the C57BL/6 Mice
Authors: Ku S. K. , Lee H. S. , Lee J. H. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe regional distributions and relative frequencies of some gastrointestinal endocrine cells in the eight portions (fundus, pylorus, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, colon and rectum) of the gastrointestinal tract of C57BL/6 mouse was studied with immunohistochemical method using seven types of specific anti‐sera against chromogranin A (CGA), serotonin, somatostatin, human pancreatic polypeptide (HPP), glucagon, gastrin and cholecystokinin (CCK)‐8. In this study, all the seven types of immunoreactive (IR) cells were identified. Most of these IR cells in the intestinal portion were generally spherical or spindle in shape (open‐type cell) while cells showing round in shape (closed‐type cell) were found in the intestinal gland and stomach regions occasionally. Their relative frequencies were varied according to each portion of gastrointestinal tract. CGA‐IR cells were demonstrated throughout the whole gastrointestinal tract and they showed most predominant in the pylorus and duodenum. Serotonin‐IR cells were detected throughout whole gastrointestinal tract and they showed highest frequency in the stomach and colon. Somatostatin‐IR cells were demonstrated throughout whole gastrointestinal tract except for large intestine and showed highest frequency in the fundus. HPP‐IR cells were found in the fundus with rare frequency. Peculiarly, glucagon‐IR cells were restricted to the fundus, ileum and colon with a few frequencies. Gastrin‐IR cells were restricted to the pylorus with numerous frequency and CCK‐8‐IR cells were observed in the pylorus, duodenum and jejunum with numerous and/or a few frequencies, respectively. In conclusion, some peculiar distributional patterns of gastrointestinal endocrine cells were found in C57BL/6 mouse.
Morphological, Morphometric and Histochemical Characterization of the Gastric Mucosa of the Camel (Camelus dromedarius)
Authors: Abdel‐Magied E. M. , Taha A. A. M. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryMucosal morphology, morphometry and mucin histochemistry of the stomach were studied in the one‐humped camel. The lining of the stomach was divided into eight grossly identifiable regions. The first region was non‐glandular, occupied the body of the first compartment of the stomach and constituted 53.2% of the gastric mucosa. The other seven regions were lined by a glandular mucosa. Histological, histochemical and morphometric investigations have shown that glandular mucosa comprises pseudo‐cardiac, cardiac, fundic and pyloric regions. The pseudo‐cardiac region was characterized by widely separated short tubular serous glands. It constituted 36.2% of the gastric mucosa; it extended over the entire lining of the second compartment and parts of the first and third compartments. The cardiac region was confined to the initial zone of the third compartment amidst the pseudo‐cardiac region but contiguous with the distal end of the gastric groove. It constituted 3.4% of the gastric mucosa and was characterized by neutral and acid mucin positive glands. The fundic and pyloric regions occupied the distal distended part of the third compartment. The fundic region constituted 4.3% of the gastric mucosa. It was packed with typical fundic glands characterized by chief cells, parietal cells and acid mucin positive neck cells. The pyloric region constituted 2.9% of the gastric mucosa. Its glands were positive to acid mucins except for their bases that were positive to neutral mucins. Differences in volume densities of the mucosal components and reactivity of the surface epithelium and gastric pits to mucin stains were noted in the different regions of the stomach.
Apoptosis and Proliferation during Seasonal Testis Regression in the Brown Hare (Lepus europaeus L.)
Authors: Štrbenc M. , Fazarinc G. , Bavdek S. V. , Pogačnik A. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryTestes samples of 52 brown hares (Lepus europaeus L.), sacrificed between July and January, were subjected to immunohistochemical analysis. The terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‐mediated d'UTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) method was applied to detect apoptosis; and antibodies to proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) were used to evaluate cell proliferation in the testes. In the seminiferous epithelium, the apoptotic processes were evident from August to early November with maximal values in September. Cell death in germ cells occurs predominantly during the prophase of the first meiotic division. In July, and from mid‐November onwards, only the occasional TUNEL‐positive cells can be seen. The proliferation of germ cells continues during the testis regression phase. The average number of PCNA‐positive cells decreases slightly from September onwards and rises again in mid‐November.
The Effect of Testosterone on Gastrocnemius Muscle Fibres in Growing and Adult Male and Female Rats: A Histochemical, Morphometric and Ultrastructural Study†
Authors: Üstünel İ. , Akkoyunlu G. , Demir R. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryIn this study, the effect of testosterone on gastrocnemius muscle fibres in growing and adult rats (male and female) was examined using histochemical, morphometric and ultrastructural techniques.After physiological saline (PS), olive oil (OvO) or olive oil + testosterone (OvOT) injections on 72 rats (growing and mature, 36 male and 36 female), the sample tissues of fibre types of the gastrocnemius muscle taken were examined by histochemical [alkaline adenosine triphosphatase (alk‐ATPase), acid ATPase (ac‐ATPase)], morphometric and ultrastructural techniques.In PS‐injected control groups, the gastrocnemius muscle of both sexes contained all the fibre types studied [slow‐oxidative muscle fibres (type I), fast‐oxidative glycolytic muscle fibres (type IIA) and fast‐glycolytic muscle fibres (type IIB)]. The type I fibres had the smallest diameter, type IIA had a medium diameter and type IIB fibres had the largest diameter. In OvO‐injected groups, it was observed that the OvO had little effect on the gastrocnemius muscles of either sex, although there was significant enlargement of type IIB fibres. After the injection of OvOT, hypertrophy of muscle fibres was determined by morphometric study. The biggest increase in diameter was on type I fibres. In addition, degenerations on some mitochondria, accumulation of lipid droplets on type I and type II fibres, an increase in glycogen particles, bifurcation of myofibrils, an increase in the number and diameter of units resembling T tubules and an increase in ribosomal content were also observed in the same group by transmission electron microscope. Consequently, it was determined that testosterone can induce protein synthesis in gastrocnemius muscle fibres, and induces changes in shape and size, and also can change the appearance and the number of fibres.
Arterial Vascularization of the Pineal Gland in the Fetus of Zavot‐bred Cattle
Authors: Aslan K. , Ozcan S. , Aksoy G. , Kurtul I. , Dursun N. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThis study aimed at revealing arterial vascularization of the pineal gland of the Zavot‐bred foetus. Twenty foetuses, regardless of their sex, at the age of 2–7 months were used. Coloured‐latex was injected by way of both the right and left common carotid arteries. Then, dissection was performed and vessels nourishing the pineal gland were documented.The pineal gland is vascularized by a number of 2–5 central rami. A small vessel arising from each of the central rami in two foetuses (10%) was shown anastomosing with a branch of the cranial cerebral artery, which advances in cranio‐caudal direction in the callosal groove. Hence, anastomoses were observed between several sub‐branches of each caudal cerebral and cranial cerebellar arteries.
Veins of the Thoracic Limb of the Van Cat
Authors: Özüdoğru Z. , Aksoy G. , Soygüder Z. , Özmen E. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe drainage of the thoracic limb of the Van cat was performed by the superficial and deep vein systems. The superficial system was constituted by the cephalic vein and its branches. The deep vein system was constituted by the axillary vein and its branches. The two vein systems anastomosed with each other at various points along their courses. The cephalic vein emerged from the external jugular vein together with the superficial cervical vein. The axillary vein continued the subclavian vein. It ran caudoventrally and gave off the subscapular vein, at the level of the shoulder joint, then gave off two independent branches, which were the external thoracic veins. Then the rest of the vessel continued as the brachial vein. The thoracodorsal vein was formed by the communicate ramus vein which arose between the subscapular vein and the brachial vein. The cranial circumflex humeral vein arose double from the subscapular vein. One of them anastomosed with the deep brachial vein and the other one drained the biceps and the deep pectoral muscles. The cranial interosseous vein arose from the caudal aspects of the brachial vein and passed from the interosseous space of the antebrachium then ran to the lateral aspect of the forearm. The caudal interosseous vein arose from the ulnar vein (in two specimens) and the median vein together with the ulnar vein (in two specimens) or independently from the median vein (in one specimen). Although many similarities were found in the veins of the thoracic limb of the Van cat as compared with the domestic cat, some significant differences were noted in the origin, course, anastomosing and ramification of veins of the thoracic limb.
Über das Vorkommen hämodynamisch wirksamer Elemente im intestinalen Blutgefäßsystem1
Authors: Wille K.‐H. , Schnorr B. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryArterioles, precapillary sphincters, capillary endothelium, and pericytes probably regulate the blood flow in the intestinal microvascular bed similar to other regions of the body because of their equipment with contractile filaments. Only throttle veins with their arrangement of pools and their characteristics probably exert influence on the hemodynamic qualities of the blood flow in the intestinal mucosa.
,,…im peripheren Kreislaufsystem“ müssen ,,blutstromregulierende Einrichtungen vorhanden sein, die es ermöglichen, den Organen nur die Blutmenge zuzuteilen, die diese zu ihrer Ernährung und jeweiligen Funktion im Dienste des Gesamtorganismus nötig haben“.
Studies on insects and mites causing galls on the leaves  of purple willow Salix purpurea L. in the Ojców National Park in Poland
Authors: Skrzypczyńska Małgorzata 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAnalytical studies were conducted on the species composition of galls occurring on the leaves of Salix purpurea L. in the Ojców National Park in 1999 – 2000. The species composition of galls was identical in two consecutive years. Galls were caused by 5 species (a total of 480 galls). The most numerous species in both years was Pontania viminalis (L.).  Index of occurrence frequency and Agrell’s index of species co‐existence have been calculated. This index reached the highest values in case of Pontania dolichura (Thoms.) and P. viminalis (L.) in 1999 as well as Phyllocolpa leucaspis (Tischb.) and P. viminalis (L.) in 2000.
Biological control of the tick fowl Argas persicargas persicus by the entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae
Authors: Sewify G. H. , Habib S. M. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe pathogenicity of the entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae against the tick fowl Argas persicargas persicus was studied. Bioassays revealed significant differences between the two fungi and the A. persicargas persicus stages exposed. The first nymphal instar was more highly susceptible to both fungi than the second nymphal instar. The unfed female of A. persicargas persicus was significantly less susceptible to both fungi than the engorged female. Application of M. anisopliae to sackcloth naturally infested with the tick fowl A. persicargas persicus induced mortality which reached 100 % three weeks after treatment under field conditions. The present study suggests that entomopathogenic fungi have good potential for tick fowl, A. persicargas persicus, control.
Studies on the suitability of trap‐tubs to control noxious rodents in forests
Authors: Hueck D. , Schneider M. , Dubbel V. , Pelz H.‐J. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractVarious types of trap‐tubs were tested both under controlled conditions in standardised trial series and in the field. New trap‐tubs were poorly accepted by the animals, whereas weathered tubs were readily accepted within a very short period of time. The trapping mechanisms of tubs used in Lower Saxony and improved tubs in Hesse were both found to be suitable. The trapping method proved to be highly selective since long‐tailed mice (Apodemus spp.) can easily escape by jumping onto the edge of the tub. Voles (Microtus agrestis, Clethrionomys glareolus) explored the inside of the tub and worked its exits with decreasing intensity during the time of captivity. They died of hypothermia within a few hours. Elimination of the trapped rodents by their natural enemies was not observed. The trials showed that trap‐tubs are suitable for selective reduction of the density of field voles and red‐backed voles in forests. The results also contribute to assessing the humaneness of the control method.
A modified, four‐armed olfactometer for determining olfactory reactions of beneficial arthropods
Authors: Sengonca C. , Kranz J. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractMethods using the reactions of beneficial arthropods to stimuli of prey and habitats are becoming more and more important in the biological control of pests. Especially olfactory cues, which are measurable with so called ‘olfactometers’ are of great importance. In the present study, a modified four‐armed airflow olfactometer is described by explaining these modifications. As an example, the results obtained for the predatory ladybeetle Coccinella septempunctata are explained in detail. Various odour sources caused evident differences in the reactions of the predator, especially comparing the reared beetles and the individuals collected in the field. The volatiles emitted by the odour source ‘bean plant + aphids’ were attractive to 28 % of the reared and to 38 % of the field‐collected test individuals. These values were clearly higher than in the cases of the odour source ‘aphids’ with 18 % for both groups. About 15 % of the reared and 13 % of the field‐collected coccinellids reacted to the olfactometer chamber without an odour source. On the other hand, it became obvious in test series with groups of adult beetles that group tests were not so suitable because the test individuals diverted each other so that the reactions to the odours were reduced. In the case of the group tests, 68 % of the reared and 60 % of the field‐collected individuals did not react to one of the offered odour sources. In further surveys, the most favourable pre‐experiment starvation period of the tested individuals and optimal duration for a single experiment were determined. For adults of C. septempunctata, the most favourable starvation time was 6 hours and the most suitable duration of a single experiment 30 minutes. In two further experiments, it was investigated whether there were differences between males and females or between beetles of different ages. There were slight differences between males and females reacting to distinct odour sources and also in the case of coccinellids of different ages but in both cases without clear tendencies.
Within‐field refugiums of Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Kurdj.) in cereals (Hom., Aphididae)
Authors: Starý Petr 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAn analysis of the Russian wheat aphid (RWA) (Diuraphis noxia Kurdj.), overpopulated due to extraordinary weather conditions (2000) in the Czech Republic, enabled the identification of several within‐field situations ouside of the routine approach. This group, classified as within‐field refugium, includes variation due to field relief, some injuries caused by the use of machinery, the unharvested field margins and, last but not least, the volunteer plants. Differences between the RWA populations in these situations and the normal grove are presented and recommended to be taken into consideration in the research on RWA population dynamics and movement.