Stool based qPCR for the diagnosis of TB in children and people living with HIV in Uganda, Eswatini and Mozambique (Stoo4TB): a protocol for a multicenter diagnostic evaluation
Authors: Carratala-Castro Lucia , Ssengooba Willy , Kay Alexander , Acacio Sozinho , Ehrlich Joanna , DiNardo Andrew R , Shiba Nosisa , Nsubuga Joachim K , Munguambe Shilzia , Saavedra Belen , Mandjate Patricia , Mulengwa Durbbin , Sibandze Busizwe , Ziyane Mangaliso , Kasule Gerorge , Mambuque Edson , Sekadde Moorine Penninah , Wobudeya Eric , Joloba Moses L , Heyckendorf Jan , Lange Christoff , Hermans Sabine , Mandalakas Anna , Garcia-Basteiro Alberto , Lopez-Varela Elisa 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Background
Tuberculosis (TB) is a major cause of mortality worldwide. Children and people living with HIV (PLHIV) have an increased risk of mortality, particularly in the absence of rapid diagnosis. The main challenges of diagnosing TB in these populations are due to the unspecific and paucibacillary disease presentation and the difficulty of obtaining respiratory samples. Thus, novel diagnostic strategies, based on non-respiratory specimens could improve clinical decision making and TB outcomes in high burden TB settings. We propose a multi-country, prospective diagnostic evaluation study with a nested longitudinal cohort evaluation to assess the performance of a new stool-based qPCR, developed by researchers at Baylor College of Medicine (Houston, Texas, USA) for TB bacteriological confirmation with promising results in pilot studies.
Methods
The study will take place in high TB/HIV burden countries (Mozambique, Eswatini and Uganda) where we will enroll, over a period of 30 months, 650 PLHIV (> 15) and 1295 children under 8 years of age (irrespective of HIV status) presenting pressumptive TB. At baseline, all participants will provide clinical history, complete a physical assessment, and undergo thoracic chest X-ray imaging. To obtain bacteriological confirmation, participants will provide respiratory samples (1 for adults, 2 in children) and 1 stool sample for Xpert Ultra MTB/RIF (Cepheid, Sunnyvale, CA, USA). Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) liquid culture will only be performed in respiratory samples and lateral flow lipoarabinomannan (LF-LAM) in urine following WHO recommendations. Participants will complete 2 months follow-up if they are not diagnosed with TB, and 6 months if they are. For analytical purposes, the participants in the pediatric cohort will be classified into “confirmed tuberculosis”, “unconfirmed tuberculosis” and “unlikely tuberculosis”. Participants of the adult cohort will be classified as “bacteriologically confirmed TB”, “clinically diagnosed TB” or “not TB”. We will assess accuracy of the novel qPCR test compared to bacteriological confirmation and Tb diagnosis irrespective of laboratory results. Longitudinal qPCR results will be analyzed to assess its use as treatment response monitoring.
Discussion
The proposed stool-based qPCR is an innovation because both the strategy of using a non-sputum based sample and a technique specially designed to detect M.tb DNA in stool.
Protocol registration details
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05047315