bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inventors and Corporations in the Maturing Electrical Industry, 1890 – 1940
Authors: Wise George 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was the wedding of the year in Cleveland in 1929, but not for the usual reasons. On the full page in the Sunday supplement devoted to the marriage of Charles Young and Esther Christensen, the pictures of the fathers were bigger than those of the newlyweds. Charles’ father, Owen D. Young, was chairman of the board of General Electric, a renowned “industrial statesman” who had just led the U.S. delegation that had negotiated an apparently definitive settlement of the vexing World War Idebt issue. The feat would help make him Time magazine’s “Man of the Year” and a strong dark-horse candidate for the 1932 Democratic presidential nomination (Case & Case, 1982). Esther’s father, Niels Anton Christensen, was a well-known inventor. He was on his way to becoming a great inventor, if you are willing to define that term as someone who twice in his life invents the world’s best way to do something important. Thirty years earlier he had invented the best way to stop streetcars. Three years after the wedding, the father of the bride would become the father of the O-ring.
Masters Of Small Worlds
Authors: Mccurry Stephanie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this innovative study of the South Carolina Low Country, author Stephanie McCurry explores the place of the yeomanry in plantation society--the complex web of domestic and public relations within which they were enmeshed, and the contradictory politics of slave society by which that class of small farmers extracted the privileges of masterhood from the region’s powerful planters. Insisting on the centrality of women as historical actors and gender as a category of analysis, this work shows how the fateful political choices made by the low-country yeomanry were rooted in the politics of the household, particularly in the customary relations of power male heads of independent households assumed over their dependents, whether slaves or free women and children. Such masterly prerogatives, practiced in the domestic sphere and redeemed in the public, explain the yeomanry’s deep commitment to slavery and, ultimately, their ardent embrace of secession. By placing the yeomanry in the center of the drama, McCurry offers a significant reinterpretation of this volatile society on the road to Civil War. Through careful and creative use of a wide variety of archival sources, she brings vividly to life the small worlds of yeoman households, and the larger world of the South Carolina Low Country, the plantation South, and nineteenth-century America.
Variations In The Structure And Shape Of Neurons Under Normal And Pathological Conditions, And The Functional Implications Of Such Variations
Authors: Cajal S Ramón Y , Azoulay DR L , swanson Neely , Swanson larry W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Until quite recently, staining with carmine or hematoxylin was the only useful way of examining neurons for this purpose, and Flesch and his students M. Koneff, Anna Gittis, and Anna Kottarewsky, used it to observe that all cells in a particular nucleus or center do not necessarily present the same appearance. Some neurons stain darkly, and it is obvious they have absorbed considerable dye; at the same time, however, they appear rather shriveled. Other cells with a relatively simple shape and larger surface area display a much lower affinity for the stain and as a result are more pale. Flesch and his students were not content to let this observation stand on its own; instead, they ventured the suggestion that neurons throughout all parts of the nervous system fall into two classes. The first, consisting of chromophilic cells, displays a strong affinity for hematoxylin, carmine, and, as we shall see, the basic aniline dyes; whereas the second type, consisting of chromophobic cells, displays a lower affinity for these tinctures and is thus more lightly stained. A similar observation was made by Bellonci, who used the intensity of brown staining produced by osmic acid to distinguish chromophils from chromophobes.
Extraspinal Neurons With An Axon In The Cord
Authors: Cajal S Ramón Y , Azoulay DR L , swanson Neely , Swanson larry W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dorsal or sensory roots of the spinal cord are formed by the inner processes of unipolar cells in spinal ganglia; all sensory roots (whether spinal or cranial) are entirely dependent upon their .respective ganglia, which act as trophic centers and sources of neuronal activity. At each spinal level the ganglion is intercalated along the dorsal root before it joins the ventral root. Several years ago, the morphology of spinal and cranial sensory ganglia could really only be deduced from the embryological work of His. Today, however, it is known with certainty. The definitive evidence was provided by ourselvesI for the Gasserian (semilunar) ganglion and by Van Gehuchten for the same ganglion, as well as for ganglia of the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves. Further evidence was then provided by Lenhossek, who fitted the geniculate ganglion of the facial nerve into the general scheme, and by Retzius, who established the bipolar nature of cells in the spiral ganglion (associated with the cochlear nerve) and in Scarpa’s ganglion (associated with the vestibular nerve).
Glia Of The Spinal Gray Matter
Authors: Cajal S Ramón Y , Azoulay DR L , swanson Neely , Swanson larry W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The gray matter of the spinal cord contains three nonneuronal cell types: epithelial or ependymal cells, stellate glial cells with short processes, and stellate glial cells with long processes. Ependymal Cells. Transverse sections of the spinal cord that have been stained with carmine, hematoxylin or a basic aniline dye reveal a central canal that is lined by cells with an epithelial appearance. These cells display an elongated prismatic, oval, or fusiform cell body, most of which is occupied by the nucleus, a short central process, and a long peripheral process.
Functional Implications Arising From New Concepts About The Structure Of The Spinal Cord
Authors: Cajal S Ramón Y , Azoulay DR L , swanson Neely , Swanson larry W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The examination of spinal cord morphology we have just completed indicates that this organ is simply made up of four types of neuron and their synapses: ( l) primary sensory neurons, which are typified by spinal ganglion cells; (2) secondary and tertiary sensory neurons, which consist of direct and crossed funicular cells of the spinal gray matter; (3) primary motor neurons-the ventral root cells; and, finally, ( 4) secondary motor neurons, which are typified by pyramidal cells in motor areas of the cerebral cortex giving rise to the pyramidal tract, and by cells in the deep cerebellar nuclei giving rise to axons ( the descending cerebellar fibers of Marchi) that influence motor cells in the ventral horn.
The Medulla
Authors: Cajal S Ramón Y , Azoulay DR L , swanson Neely , Swanson larry W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like the spinal cord, the spinal bulb or medulla displays a cortex of white matter around the periphery and masses of gray matter within the center, and it also gives rise to a series of motor and sensory nerves. However, the position of gray masses, as well as the location and orientation of fiber tracts and nerves, has undergone major transformations within the medulla.
The Vagus And Glossopharyngeal Nerves Or Ixth And Xth Cranial Nerves
Authors: Cajal S Ramón Y , Azoulay DR L , swanson Neely , Swanson larry W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves follow separate courses in the periphery, their intramedullary relations make it clear that they are part of the same anatomical unit. In fact, they are associated with the same nuclei, where it is exceedingly difficult to recognize fibers belonging to one nerve or the other. Thus, we have combined the two nerves in the same description.
The Vestibulocochlear Nerve: Cochlear Branch Or Nerve
Authors: Cajal S Ramón Y , Azoulay DR L , swanson Neely , Swanson larry W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The cochlear nerve, which is also referred to as the cochlear branch of the acoustic or vestibulocochlear nerve, is sensory in nature, and its peripheral processes are distributed within the cochlea-the organ responsible for analyzing sound; thus, it is the nerve specifically concerned with audition. Spiral or Cochlear Ganglion. The cochlear nerve arises from a mass of gray matter that is arranged in a spiral around the modiolus of the cochlea-thus, the name spiral ganglion.
Neuronal Pathways Of THE Medulla And Associated Nuclei
Authors: Cajal S Ramón Y , Azoulay DR L , swanson Neely , Swanson larry W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whether longitudinal or transverse, all pathways associated with the medulla can be divided into two types: Those arising outside the medulla are referred to as extrinsic or exogenous, whereas those arising within the medulla itself are called We shall not examine all of these pathways in detail here; some were described when we dealt with the spinal sensory nerves, and others will be discussed when we come to the structure of the cerebellum. We shall limit our task for the moment to those pathways whose histology or connections merit special attention.
Health Promotion for Minority Adolescents: Cultural Considerations
Authors: Earls Felton 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A fundamental premise of this chapter is that culture has a high salience for adolescents and that the success of health promotion practices for this age group relies on special attention to cultural considerations. Adolescents are engaged in an active developmental process of evaluating themselves in relation to peers and societal institutions (Feldman& Elliott, 1990; Chapter 2). It is an examination that involves both introspectiv processes that help form identity and self-esteem, and social processes that position the adolescent in cultural, historical, and political perspectives. This convergence of inner and outer experiences is especially complex and provocative for minority adolescents, those representing geographic origins, racial background, language, history, and customs that are non-European in derivation. It is for these groups, representing some of the culturally diverse segments of American society, that special consideration in regard to health promotion is needed.
Promoting Positive Mental Health during Adolescence
Authors: Campas Bruce E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The promotion of positive mental health and the prevention of psychopathology are essential goals of a comprehensive model of mental health services for any age group. Efforts toward mental health promotion and the prevention of psychopathology are complementary to interventions to treat or remediate emotional and behavioral problems. However, the development and implementation of promotion and prevention programs require a fundamental shift in the paradigm that is typically used to guide most mental health services. Specifically, promotion and prevention programs require a model based on positive human development rather than pathology (Albee, 1982, 1986; Masterpasqua, 1989).
From Causal Description to Causal Explanation: Improving Three Already Good Evaluations of Adolescent Health Programs
Authors: Cook Thomas D , Anson, Amy R , Walchli Suzanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is about evaluating the quality of evaluations done in adolescent health. As such, it is an attempt at metaevaluation (Cook & Groder, 1978). A crucial concern in all evaluative activities is to specify and justify the criteria by which judgments of quality are made. In evaluating evaluations of adolescent health pro­ grams, we distinguish three such criteria: How justified are inferences about program effectiveness, about the nature of the program activities actually implemented, and about the reasons why particular program effects do or do not come about?
Feral Children and Clever Animals
Authors: Candland Douglas Keith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is it that sets us apart from the rest of the animal kingdom? What makes us unique? What makes us human? In this provocative book, Douglas Candland shows that as we begin to understand the way animals and non-speaking humans ‘think’, we hold up a mirror of sorts to our own mental world, and gain profound insights into human nature. Among the fascinating accounts of feral children and clever animals from which the book draws its arguments are the Wolf Girls of India, Victor, the Wild Boy of Aveyron, Kaspar Hauser, and ‘Clever Hans’, the German horse that could calculate square roots.
Nineteenth-Century Mormon Architecture and City Planning
Authors: Hamilton C Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is the first comprehensive study of Mormon architecture. It centers on the doctrine of Zion which led to over 500 planned settlements in Missouri, Illinois, Utah, Idaho, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, California, Nevada, Canada, and Mexico. This doctrine also led to a hierarchy of building types from temples and tabernacles to meetinghouses and tithing offices. Their built environment stands as a monument to a unique utopian society that not only survived but continues to flourish where others have become historical or cultural curiosities. Hamilton’s account, augmented by 135 original and historical photographs, provides a fascinating example of how religious teachings and practices are expressed in planned communities and architecture types.
The Evolving Systems Approach to Creative Work
Authors: Gruber Howard E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Surely not that it give an account of inscrutable processes that lead to miraculous products. If it is to be a scientific undertaking, such a theory must explain how knowable and sometimes well-known processes, organized in new ways, bring about the great marvels of human thought and invention. On the other hand, if it is to be about creativity, it must deal not with the predictable and repeatable-the stuff of normal science-but with the unique and unrepeatable.
Ensembles of Metaphor in the Psychology of William James
Authors: Osowski Jeffrey V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
William James (1842-1910) made this comment in the early days of the science of psychology. The combination of vagueness and fertility in his own thinking found dramatic expression in his use of metaphors. Indeed, James is famous for a single metaphor-the stream of consciousness-which was eventually borrowed to describe a literary genre and entered the intellectual language of the twentieth century. But an examination of James’s use of metaphor does not turn on a single item. On the contrary, it reveals an intricate hierarchic structure of ensembles of metaphors. Each ensemble is made up of families of metaphors, and each family has a central metaphor and other individual metaphors. The articulation of members of the ensemble, each with its special function, produces a coherent whole.
Self and Oeuvre in Jean Piaget’s Youth
Authors: Vidal Fernando 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Jean Piaget’s (1896-1980) worldwide reputation is built on his work as a child psychologist. Yet he claimed to be interested less in actual children than in the “epistemic subject. “ The epistemic subject is made up of that which is common to all subjects at the same level of development. Thus the epistemic subject is abstract because it is not meant to correspond to any concrete individual and because Piaget insisted on describing it in abstract formal language. Not surprisingly, therefore, the most widespread image of Piaget today rests on his emphasis on logic, or formalization, as the essential tool for construing the subject of cognitive studies. Although Piaget did not deny the importance of social and affective: life, he simply did not consider it central to his work.
Is Superstition Abnormal, Irrational, Or Neither?
Authors: Vyse Stuart A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
He remembers that it began on August 28, 1965, when he was thirteen years old. He and his father were watching Tea House of the August Moon, on NBC’s Saturday Night at the Movies. Eventually he went to bed and was struck with a profound fear that he was ‘‘queer.’’ Things seemed unreal to him, and he was aware that his feelings were not normal. From this point on, his life was filled with irrational fears and obsessive thoughts. The onset of his difficulties on August 28 gave the number twenty-eight special significance. He engaged in rituals twenty-eight times for fear that not doing so would lead to the death of a loved one or would make time run backwards. Living in the San Francisco area, he was obsessed with the fear not just that an earthquake would occur, but that he would do something to cause an earthquake. On occasion, he was afraid that simply touching an object might be enough. He was haunted by the belief that Pepperidge Farms products could cause earthquakes because an earthquake occurred on Thanksgiving Day in 1974, shortly after he had eaten a Pepperidge Farms turnover. His parents eventually divorced, and his mother moved to the East Coast. When it came time to go to college, he chose Carleton College in Minnesota, both to avoid his earthquake fears and to be halfway between his parents. For a time, the hot- and cold-water taps of his sink began to symbolize to him his parents’ differing political views, mother on the left and father on the right, and whenever he used the sink he felt compelled to turn on both the hot and cold water.
Design Sensitivities and Optimization
Authors: Chandra Abhijit , Mukherjee Subrata 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first main section of this chapter presents a BEM formulation for the determination of design sensitivity coefficients (DSCs) for ‘‘fully nonlinear” (both material and geometric) clastoviscoplastic problems. As described in chapter 2, problems of interest are those in which elastic strains are small but inelastic strains and rotations can he arbitrarily large. This section is followed by a discussion of numerical implementation and numerical results for design sensitivity coefficients for illustrative examples. The final sections arc concerned with optimization problems in elastoviscoplasticity.
Emotional Disorders Associated with Neurological Diseases
Authors: Heilman Kenneth M , Blonder Lee X , Bowers, Dawn , Valenstein Edward 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we discuss changes in emotional experience and behavior that are caused directly by diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). These disorders interfere with brain mechanisms that underlie emotion. There are other ways in which neurological disorders and emotions may interact: Patients with neurological diseases may have an emotional response to their illness (e.g., they may get depressed because they are disabled), emotional states may enhance neurological symptoms (e.g., anxiety may aggravate tremor), and emotional states may induce neurological symptoms (e.g., stress may cause headaches). Emotional response to disease, emotional enhancement of symptoms, and emotion induced disorders are not unique to neurology, and are not discussed in this chapter. It has long been recognized that several disorders traditionally in the realm of psychiatry, such schizophrenia, are probably caused by abnormalities in the brain. However, this chapter is limited to traditional neurological illnesses.
Amnesic Disorders
Authors: Bauer Russell M , Reckess Gila Z , Kumar, Abhay , Valenstein Edward 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, the term amnesic syndrome talic&gt; to the behavioral characteristics of memory disorders that follow medial temporal lobe destruction, and to the substantially similar disorders associated with diencephalic and basal forebrain lesions. To facilitate discussion of clinical and research topics relevant to amnesia, we have divided this chapter into seven sections. The first section, Clinical Characteristics of the Amnesic Syndrome, provides an overview of the behavioral characteristics of amnesia. The second, Evaluating the Amnesic Patient, discusses the neuropsychological evaluation of memory. The third section, Anatomy, reviews the anatomic localization of lesions that cause amnesia. The fourth section, Theoretical Accounts of Amnesia, reviews theories of amnesia and their ability to account for the clinical and neuroanatomic findings reviewed in the previous sections. The fifth section, Functional Imaging Studies of Amnesia, discusses the role of functional neuroimaging in advancing our understanding of memory and amnesia. The sixth, Clinical Presentation of Disorders Associated with Amnesia, discusses neurological conditions that often present with impairment of memory, and the seventh, Rehabilitation of Memory Disorders, reviews the treatment and rehabilitation of patients with amnesia.
Disorders of Self-Awareness After Brain Injury
Authors: Prigatano George P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Disorders of self-awareness are common after brain injury but poorly understood and managed (Principle 11). Is the patient’s apparent lack of insight a result of brain dysfunction or a psychological defense (i.e., denial) against recognizing impairments and disabilities? The answer to this question has important implications for managing patients and for understanding the mechanisms responsible for human consciousness (Principle 11).
Memory In Oral Traditions
Authors: Rubin David C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book applies the methods and theories of cognitive psychology to the study of oral traditions. Rubin elaborates on three structural devices that appear in oral traditions: those consisting of meaning, those using imagery, and those in which sound pattern is predominant. Next, the way in which these and other constraints fit together is examined. The processes of transmission and recall are then considered. Three genres are considered as different applications of the principles outlined in the book. For two of these -- counting-out rhymes and ballads -- original studies are reported. For the third -- epic -- new analyses of existing data are reported.
Counting-out Rhymes
Authors: Rubin David C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A child tells off with his finger one word of the rhyme for each of the group, and he on whom the last word falls is “out. “ This process of exclusion is continued until one only is left who has the usually unpleasant duty of leading in the sport. All European nations possess such rhymes, and-apply them in a like manner. These have the common peculiarity of having very little sense, being often mere jargons of unmeaning sounds.
Becoming a Certain Body
Authors: Hesse-Biber Sharlene 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As part of membership in our society, young women have to learn how “to be a body.”1 And, for the most part, what a woman observes in the mirror is what she uses as a measure of her worth as a human being. We have just seen how the food, diet, and fitness industries, aided by the media, have systematically convinced women that independence means self-improvement, self-control, and the responsibility for achieving the ultra slender body ideal. But the family, school, and peer group also have a role. They reflect and frequently amplify societal norms. These social influences often take the form of rewards and punishments to urge women’s bodies toward thinness. The result creates vast differences in how men and women feel about their bodies.
Joining the Cult of Thinness
Authors: Hesse-Biber Sharlene 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For Elena, the pursuit of thinness has taken on the qualities of a religion. She makes a collage out of media images, paragons of female beauty. These are the “totems” that she worships; the inspiration for her quest for an ideal body. Her mirror can be compared to an altar, where she examines herself and fervently prays that she will be able to attain her ideal through practicing the rituals of dieting and exercising. Her daily mantra, “Thin Promises,” keeps her dedicated and focused on a physical self that must be continually improved.