bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification of novel vascular endothelial–specific genes by the microarray analysis of the zebrafish cloche mutants
Authors: Sumanas Saulius , Jorniak Tatyana , Lin Shuo 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe zebrafish cloche (clo) mutation affects the earliest known step in differentiation of blood and endothelial cells in vertebrates. We established clo/gata1-GFP transgenic line with erythroid-specific green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression, which allowed differentiation of clo and wild-type siblings at the midsomitogenesis stages before morphologically visible phenotypes appeared. To discover novel genes potentially involved in hematopoietic and vascular development, we performed microarray analysis of more than 15 000 zebrafish genes or expressed sequence tags (ESTs) in clo mutant embryos. We isolated the full-length sequences and determined the expression patterns for 8 novel cDNAs that were significantly down-regulated in clo–/– embryos. Dual specificity phosphatase 5 (dusp5), cadherin 5 (cdh5; VE-cadherin), aquaporin 8 (aqp8), adrenomedullin receptor (admr), complement receptor C1qR-like (crl), scavenger receptor class F, member 1 (scarf1), and ETS1-like protein (etsrp) were specifically expressed in the vascular endothelial cells, while retinol binding protein 4 (rbp4) was expressed in the yolk syncytial layer and the hypochord. Further functional studies of these novel genes should help to elucidate critical early steps leading to the formation of vertebrate blood vessels.
Buying best value health care: Evolution of purchasing among Australian private health insurers
Authors: Willcox Sharon 
Published: April 2005

AbstractSince 1995 Australian health insurers have been able to purchase health services pro-actively through negotiating contracts with hospitals, but little is known about their experience of purchasing. This paper examines the current status of purchasing through interviews with senior managers representing all Australian private health insurers. Many of the traditional tools used to generate competition and enhance efficiency (such as selective contracting and co-payments) have had limited use due to public and political opposition. Adoption of bundled case payment models using diagnosis related groups (DRGs) has been slow. Insurers cite multiple reasons including poor understanding of private hospital costs, unfamiliarity with DRGs, resistance from the medical profession and concerns about premature discharge. Innovation in payment models has been limited, although some insurers are considering introduction of volume-outcome purchasing and pay for performance incentives. Private health insurers also face a complex web of regulation, some of which appears to impede moves towards more efficient purchasing.
The determinants of change in tibial plateau bone area in osteoarthritic knees: a cohort study
Authors: Wang Yuanyuan , Wluka Anita E , Cicuttini Flavia M 
Published: April 2005

AbstractBone is integral to the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA). Whether the bone area of the tibial plateau changes over time in subjects with knee OA is unknown. We performed a cohort study to describe this and identify factors that might influence the change. One hundred and twenty-six subjects with knee OA underwent baseline knee radiography and magnetic resonance imaging on their symptomatic knee. They were followed up with a repeatmagnetic resonance image of the same knee approximately 2 years later. The bone area of the tibial plateau was measured at baseline and follow-up. Risk factors assessed at baseline were tested for their association with change in tibial plateau bone area over time. One hundred and seventeen subjects completed the study. The medial and lateral tibial plateau bone areas increased by 2.2 ± 6.9% and 1.5 ± 4.3% per year, respectively. Being male (P = 0.001), having a higher body mass index (P = 0.002), and having a higher baseline grade of medial joint-space narrowing (P = 0.01) were all independently and positively associated with an increased rate of enlargement of bone area of the medial tibial plateau. A larger baseline bone area of the medial tibial plateau was inversely associated with the rate of increase of that area (P < 0.001). No factor examined affected the rate of increase of the bone area of the lateral tibial plateau. In subjects with established knee OA, tibial plateau bone area increases over time. The role of subchondral bone change in the pathogenesis of knee OA will need to be determined but may be one explanation for the mechanism of action of risk factors such as body mass index on knee OA.
Fetal Programming: Prenatal Testosterone Treatment Causes Intrauterine Growth Retardation, Reduces Ovarian Reserve and Increases Ovarian Follicular Recruitment
Authors: Steckler Teresa , Wang Jinrong , Bartol Frank F. , Roy Shyamal K. , Padmanabhan Vasantha 
Published: April 2005

AbstractExposure to testosterone (T) during d 30–90 of fetal life results in low-birth-weight offspring, hypergonadotropism, multifollicular ovaries, and early cessation of cyclicity. The multifollicular phenotype may result from failure of follicles to regress and consequent follicular persistence or, alternatively, increased follicular recruitment. We tested the hypothesis that prenatal exposure to excess T causes intrauterine growth retardation and increases ovarian follicular recruitment. Time-mated pregnant ewes were treated with 100 mg T propionate in cottonseed oil or vehicle twice weekly from d 30–90 of gestation. Ewes were euthanized near term, from d 139–141 of gestation (term is 147 d). After determining fetal measures and organ weights, ovaries were removed from fetuses of control and T-treated dams, and follicular distribution in each ovary was determined by morphometric quantification. Total number and percentage distribution of the various classes of follicles (primordial, primary, preantral, and antral follicles) were compared between treatment groups. Prenatally T-treated female fetuses were smaller in size, had an increased head circumference to fetal weight ratio (P &lt; 0.01), increased adrenal to fetal weight ratio (P &lt; 0.05), decreased number of follicles (P &lt; 0.05), a decrease in percentage of primordial follicles (P &lt; 0.001), and a corresponding increase in the remaining classes of follicles (P &lt; 0.05). Ovarian findings support decreased ovarian reserve and enhanced follicular recruitment, potential contributors of early reproductive failure. The extent to which metabolic changes associated with intrauterine growth retardation contribute toward altered trajectory of ovarian folliculogenesis remains to be determined.
Palmitate-Induced Interleukin 6 Production Is Mediated by Protein Kinase C and Nuclear-Factor κB Activation and Leads to Glucose Transporter 4 Down-Regulation in Skeletal Muscle Cells
Authors: Jové Mireia , Planavila Anna , Laguna Juan Carlos , Vázquez-Carrera Manuel 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe mechanisms by which elevated levels of free fatty acids cause insulin resistance are not well understood. In addition, accumulating evidence suggests a link between inflammation and type 2 diabetes. Here, we report that exposure of C2C12 skeletal muscle cells to 0.5 mm palmitate results in increased mRNA levels (3.5-fold induction; P &lt; 0.05) and secretion (control 375 ± 57 vs. palmitate 1129 ± 177 pg/ml; P &lt; 0.001) of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-6. Palmitate increased nuclear factor-κB activation and coincubation of the cells with palmitate and the nuclear factor-κB inhibitor pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate prevented both IL-6 expression and secretion. Furthermore, incubation of palmitate-treated cells with calphostin C, a strong and specific inhibitor of protein kinase C, and phorbol myristate acetate, that down-regulates protein kinase C in long-term incubations, abolished induction of IL-6 production. Finally, exposure of skeletal muscle cells to palmitate caused a fall in the mRNA levels of glucose transporter 4 and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, whereas in the presence of anti-IL-6 antibody, which neutralizes the biological activity of mouse IL-6 in cell culture, these reductions were prevented. These findings suggest that IL-6 may mediate several of the prodiabetic effects of palmitate.
Evidence for Ototopical Glucocorticoid-Induced Decrease in Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Response and Liver Function
Authors: Abraham Getu , Gottschalk Jutta , Ungemach Fritz Rupert 
Published: April 2005

AbstractTo clarify whether ototopical glucocorticoid treatment is associated with impaired hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) activity and altered hepatic metabolism, one commercially available dexamethasone-containing ointment was tested. At present, very little is known about the effects of ototopical glucocorticoid treatment on HPA and liver function. Ten beagle dogs received two daily therapeutic doses of dexamethasone (0.6 mg/ear) in the outer auditory canal for 21 d in a single-blind, placebo-controlled study. Resting cortisol concentrations were assessed before, during, and after treatment using an RIA system. Adrenal function and HPA feedback sensitivity were measured by a standard dose (250 μg) ACTH stimulation test. Serum biochemical and hematological parameters were measured, whether ototopical glucocorticoids affect hepatic function was studied, and blood cell counts were made. Ototopical dexamethasone treatment induced a marked suppression (to about 100%) of resting plasma cortisol concentrations below the placebo effect (P &lt; 0.0001) within the first 11 d, and these remained reduced during the entire treatment period up to d 19. As well, an ACTH stimulation test found a markedly reduced rise in plasma cortisol concentrations (P = 0.0004). Concomitantly, significant increases in serum activities of alkaline phosphatase, γ-glutamyl transferase, alanine transaminase, and aspartate transaminase were detected. Moreover, we found a significant reduction in differential leukocyte counts of eosinophils and lymphocytes, whereas neutrophils increased. Although cortisol levels and hematological parameters returned to baseline 7 d after treatment cessation, liver enzyme activities remained elevated. In conclusion, these findings suggest that after ototopical application, dexamethasone is sufficiently absorbed from the auditory canal to suppress HPA function as well as to alter metabolic and hemopoietic profiles. Thus, in long-term treatment of otitis externa or media, the systemic adverse suppression of HPA has to be considered in relation to stress exposure, whereas changes in serum enzyme activities may not be interpreted as hepathopathy.
An Environmentally Friendly Water-Developable Positive Photoresist Using LB Films Fabricated from Methacrylamide Copolymers
Authors: Guo Yinzhong , Feng Fei , Miyashita Tokuji 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
A water-developable photoresist system based on deep UV irradiation was prepared from the copolymer LB films of N-(2,2-dimethylpropyl)methacrylamide (DMA) and N-phenylmethacrylamide (PhMA). The copolymers with different compositions form stable monolayers on the water surface. These monolayers can be transferred successively onto solid supports by both downward and upward strokes, yielding Y-type uniform polymer LB films. On deep UV irradiation, the LB films decompose effectively and become water-soluble. After development with pure water, the fine positive resist patterns based on the unexposed parts can be drawn. A water-developable positive resist with polymer LB film was prepared for the first time.
Theoretical Study on Molecular First-Order Hyperpolarizability for Push–Pull Quinones: The Effects of Donor–Acceptor Pairs and Solvents
Authors: Sheng Yinghong , Jiang Yuansheng 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
The first-order hyperpolarizabilities (βvec) of a set of quinonoid derivatives with different donor and acceptor groups in gas-phase and in solution were calculated by the INDO/s method. The variations of βvec with respect to the donor–acceptor strength gave an insight into the effects of donor–acceptor pairs and solvation. The mechanism of the solvent and the dependence of the strength of donor–acceptor pairs on βvec values are interpreted by a two-level model. The results may provide guides on selecting donor and acceptor groups for synthesizing molecules with desired nonlinear optical (NLO) properties.
Crystal and Molecular Structures of Methoxy and Methylthio Compounds
Authors: Yokoyama Yoshihiro , Ohashi Yuji 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
The six crystal structures of XCH2OCH3 (X = CN, Cl, OCH3) and XCH2SCH3 (X = CN, CH3, SCH3), which are liquid at room temperature and atmospheric pressure, have been determined by X-rays. The crystals belong to the monoclinic system and the space groups are P21/c or P21/n. The molecules in all the crystals have the gauche conformations, which is consistent with the most populated conformation in the liquid and gaseous state estimated by IR spectra and the most stable conformations obtained by ab initio molecular orbital calculations. Such a gauche conformation is probably caused by the anomeric effect in the X–C–O–C or X–C–S–C chains. In all the crystals two molecules are coupled by two antiparallel C–H···O or C–H···S hydrogen bonds to form a four-membered ring. Such a dimer-like pair may be strengthened by the intermolecular interaction between the C–O or C–S bond moments in the four-membered ring.
Photophysical Properties of 2,2′- and 4,4′-Biphenyldiols
Authors: Mohanty Jyotirmayee , Pal Haridas , Sapre Avinash V 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
The photophysical properties of 2,2′- and 4,4′-biphenyldiols were investigated in aqueous and various organic solvents using optical absorption, steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence measurements. The investigated properties were correlated with the prototropic equilibria between the neutral, monoanionic and dianionic forms of the biphenyldiols. The monoanionic form of 2,2′-biphenyldiol is found to be exceptionally stable and shows interesting solvatochromism in polar protic and aprotic solvents. In solvents having appreciable proton-accepting power, 2,2′-biphenyldiol undergoes deprotonation, causing the coexistence of both the neutral and monoanionic forms in solutions. In presence of a strong proton acceptor, e.g. triethylamine, 2,2′-biphenyldiol undergoes complete deprotonation in a polar solvent like acetonitrile. In a nonpolar solvent, like cyclohexane, however, 2,2′-biphenyldiol forms ground-state intermolecularly hydrogen bonded complex with triethylamine. The photophysical properties of 2,2′-biphenyldiol have been found to be drastically different from those of 4,4′-biphenyldiol. The differences are explained on the basis of the presence and absence of intramolecular hydrogen bonding in the two compounds.
Negative Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometric Study on the Dissociative Electron Attachment Process of Chlorofluorocarbons and Bromofluorocarbons
Authors: Nakagawa Seiko , Shimokawa Toshinari 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
The formation of a negative ion from chlorofluorocarbons(CCl4, Cl2FC–CClF2, Cl3C–CF3, Cl2FC–CCl2F, Cl3C–CClF2, C2Cl5F, C2Cl6, C2HCl3, C2Cl4) or bromofluorocarbons(Br2FC–CF3, BrF2C–CBrF2, Br2FC–CBrF2, CBr3F) was studied using negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry. The halide ion was mainly observed for all molecules. Among cholorofluoroethanes or bromofluoroethanes, a molecule with more chlorine or bromine atoms shows a higher intensity of Cl− or Br−. For C2Cl5F, C2Cl6, BrF2C–CBrF2, Br2FC–CBrF2, and CBr3F, the negative ions of the halogen molecule were also observed. Except for CBr3F, the ion would be produced by dissociative electron attachment.
Syntheses and Crystal Structures of Methyl 2-Pyridylmethylidenehydrazinecarbodithioate and of Its Copper(II) Complex: Supramolecular Arrays Exhibiting pseudo-Helical Arrangement Controlled by Hydrogen Bonding or S···S Contact
Authors: Su Cheng-Yong , Yang Xiao-Ping , Kang Bei-Sheng , Yu Kai-Bei , Tong Ye-Xiang , Mak Thomas Cong-Wai 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
A copper(II) complex of the Schiff base methyl 2-pyridylmethylidenehydrazinecarbodithioate (HNNS), derived from 2-pyridinecarbaldehyde and methyl hydrazinecarbodithioate, was synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses, IR, UV-vis spectra and cyclic voltammetric measurements, X-Ray diffraction studies showed that the ligand HNNS (1) crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pna21, with a = 17.611(2), b = 9.285(1), c = 6.208(1) Å; V = 1015.1(2) Å3, Z = 4, final R = 0.03 for 1169 independent reflections. Complex [Cu(NNS)2] (2) crystallizes in monoclinic space group P21/c, with a = 11.898(2), b = 9.798(2), c = 18.091(4)Å; β = 103.18(3)°, V = 2053.4(7) Å3, Z = 4, final R = 0.0505 for 3460 observed reflections. Intermolecular interactions play important roles in the overall packing of the molecules in the crystal lattice. In 1, an extended one-dimensional helical chain is formed via hydrogen bondings (N···N 2.971 Å), while S···S contacts (3.485 Å) assemble the helical chains in 2. The assembly process of 2 is enantioselective, since the complex assumes either the Δ or Λ enantiomorph due to the mer-configuration of the unsymmetrical tridentate Schiff base, and the Δ isomer aggregates only with the Δ isomer and the Λ only with Λ to give helical structures described as Δ Δ Δ Δ··· and Λ Λ Λ Λ···, respectively.
Inflection Points in the Coordination Number around Ce3+ and CeF2+ in a Mixed System of Methanol and Water
Authors: Arisaka Makoto , Takuwa Naoko , Suganuma Hideo 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
The stability constants (β1(F)) of the monofluoro complex of Ce(III) and those (β1(Cl)) of the monochloride solvent-shared ion-pair of Ce(III) have been determined in mixed solvents of methanol and water at 0.10 and 1.00 mol dm−3 ionic strengths, respectively. The variation in the Ce3+–Cl− distance, which was calculated using the Born-type equation and the Gibbs’ free energy derived from β1(Cl), indicated a change in the coordination number (CN) of Ce3+ from CN = 9 to a mixture of CN = 9 and 8 in the vicinity of the mole fraction of methanol (Xs) = 0.23. The variation in ln β1(F) with an increase in Xs in the mixed-solvent system showed an acute-angled convex inflection point at Xs = about 0.22 and an acute-angled concave inflection point in the vicinity of Xs = 0.28. It was concluded that the convex inflection point denoted the same change in the CN of Ce3+ from CN = 9 to a mixture of CN = 9 and 8, and that the concave point was a change in the CN of Ce(III) in CeF2+ from CN = 9 to a mixture of CN = 9 and 8.
X-Ray Diffraction and Mössbauer Spectroscopic Studies of FePS3–Alkylamines Intercalation Compounds
Authors: Sakai Hiroshi , Ukita Ryoko , Machida Nobuya , Shigematsu Toshihiko 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
We succeeded in preparing FePS3 intercalated with n-alkylamines, such as propylamine, butylamine, pentylamine, and hexylamine. The XRD patterns of the intercalation compounds indicate that the molecular axes of propylamine and butylamine are orientated parallel to the van der Waals layers, whereas those of pentylamine and hexylamine are perpendicular to the layers. The Mössbauer spectra of the intercalates, distinct from that of pure FePS3, suggest a charge transfer from alkylamines to the Fe–S antibonding orbitals of the FePS3 host lattice
A Practical Method for Alcohol Oxidation with Aqueous Hydrogen Peroxide under Organic Solvent- and Halide-Free Conditions
Authors: Sato Kazuhiko , Aoki Masao , Takagi Junko , Zimmermann Klaus , Noyori Ryoji 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
A catalytic system consisting of sodium tungstate and methyltrioctylammonium hydrogensulfate effects oxidation of simple secondary alcohols to ketones using 3—30% H2O2 without any organic solvents. The oxidation can be conducted under entirely halide-free, mildly acidic conditions. A combination of tungstic acid and an appropriate quaternary ammonium salt also effects the alcohol dehydrogenation. The organic/aqueous biphasic reaction allows easy product/catalyst separation. The turnover number, defined as mols of product per mol of catalyst, approaches 77700 (2-octanol) or 179000 (1-phenylethanol), two orders of magnitude higher than any previously reported. Ester, alkyl and t-butyldimethylsilyl ether, epoxy, carbonyl, N-alkyl carboxamide, and nitrile groups are tolerated under the reaction conditions. Secondary alcohols are preferentially oxidized over terminal olefins. Primary alkanols are oxidized directly to carboxylic acids in a moderate to high yield. Benzylic alcohols are selectively oxidized to benzaldehydes or benzoic acids under suitable conditions. This method is high-yielding, clean, safe, operationally simple, and cost-effective, and therefore suitable for practical organic synthesis. The mechanistic origin of the catalytic efficiency is discussed.
Structures and Stereodynamics of N-9-Triptycylacetamide and Its N-Alkyl Derivatives
Authors: Yamamoto Gaku , Nakajo Fusako , Tsubai Natsuko , Murakami Hiroaki , Mazaki Yasuhiro 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
X-Ray crystallographic and dynamic NMR spectroscopic studies were performed on N-9-triptycylacetamide (1), N-methyl-N-9-triptycylacetamide (2), N-ethyl-N-9-triptycylacetamide (3), and N-benzyl-N-9-triptycylacetamide (4). In the crystalline state, compounds 1, 2, and 4 exist solely as the Z-isomer for the amide bond, while equal amounts of the Z- and E-isomers exist in a single crystal of compound 3. The amide nitrogen atom in 2, 3, or 4 is significantly pyramidalized. In solution, 1 exists solely as the Z-isomer, while 2, 3, and 4 exist as an equilibrium mixture of the Z- and E-isomers. The isomer ratio is not correlated with the bulkiness of the N-alkyl group; the N-ethyl compound 3 seems to behave anomalously. The isomer ratio is significantly dependent on the solvent; the population of the Z-isomer in 2 or 3 or 4 increases with the solvent polarity. The Z E interconversion takes place on the NMR time scale around ambient temperature, and the barrier is dependent on the solvent; hydroxylic solvents, methanol and ethanol, increase the barrier. The methylene protons in the ethyl or benzyl group in any isomer of 3 or 4 become diastereotopic at low temperatures suggesting that the nitrogen atom in either compound is pyramidal in solution. Stereomutation around the Tp–N bond is discussed in some detail.
Synthetic Use of Poly[4-(diacetoxyiodo)styrene] for Organic Reactions
Authors: Togo Hideo , Abe Seiichiro , Nogami Genki , Yokoyama Masataka 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Poly[4-(diacetoxyiodo)styrene] is sufficiently reactive for the iodination of aromatics, the oxidative 1,2-aryl migration of alkyl aryl ketones, the α-hydroxylation of ketones, and the oxidation of hydroquinones and sulfides similarly to (diacetoxyiodo)benzene. Here, those reactions with poly[4-(diacetoxyiodo)styrene] are very useful because of the simple operation; thus, filtration gives the crude products and recovered poly(4-iodostyrene), and then poly[4-(diacetoxyiodo)styrene] can be regenerated by oxidation of the recovered poly(4-iodostyrene), which are reused for the same reactions.