bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adoption and Assassination ( January 69)
Authors: Morgan Gwyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since Galba was old and childless, everybody recognized that if he was given time to pick a successor, he would have to adopt the man of his choice. Even when Romans appeared to abandon dynastic succession, they believed in grafting the next emperor onto the family tree of the incumbent. When Galba began thinking seriously about the matter is uncertain, since Tacitus states only that it was “some time before” he announced his choice on 10 January 69. But as he had not pursued the idea of adopting an heir in the years immediately following the deaths of his two children in the 40s, it seems likeliest that his proclamation as emperor on 9 June 68 was what started him thinking about the issue, and not solely because he had achieved the traditional aristocratic aim of surpassing the achievements of all his ancestors. This timing suggests that we should give him credit for worrying about the welfare of the state as well. He may not have cared who inherited his personal effects, but he recognized that he could not show this indifference when it came to the question who would succeed him as emperor.
Otho Prepares for War ( January and February)
Authors: Morgan Gwyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Otho assassinated Galba on 15 January, he may have had no idea how serious the situation in Germany had become. Galba, from 9 Jan ary on, tried to restrict the information he was receiving to his immediate entourage, and—despite Plutarch—Otho cannot have been invited to their meetings. In public, before the guard and in the senate, Galba talked only of a mutiny by two legions. Since mutinies had been brought under control fairly easily in the past, Otho had no more reason than anybody else outside the charmed circle to imagine that this outbreak would be different, especially once he began planning to remove the man everybody thought the source of the troops’ grievances. No doubt he heard the rumors circulating through the city, but he could discount them. Hence Suetonius can tell a story about his own father: Suetonius Laetus served as a military tribune in the war against Vitellius, and he asserted repeatedly that during the campaign “Otho had stated that he would not have made away with Galba, had he not been confident that he could carry through the business without a war.”
The Harrison Act
Authors: Musto David F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In January 191.2 Wright returned to the United States with two goals: increasing the number of signatories to the Convention and dispelling any doubt that this nation would pass the necessary domestic legislation. Southern resistance to any invasion of states’ rights made Democratic control of the House especially significant for the narcotic reformers. Representative Francis Burton Harrison, a well-born Tammany Democrat, agreed to shepherd the antinarcotic legislation through the House. Harrison’s task was to assure his colleagues that the various trade interests and concerned parties had achieved a generally acceptable narcotic bill or at least one that would engender no unyielding hostility. He did not display as much interest in the specific form or philosophy of the legislation as in its political viability.
State And Local Narcotic Control
Authors: Musto David F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Early local and state narcotic controls in the United States grew out of the danger perceived by those American communities that were directly affected. Pennsylvania, the home of leading morphine manufacturers, enacted an antimorphine law as early as 1860. Two decades later Ohio passed a law against smoking opium, and in 1897, twelve years after the way had been prepared by pharmaceutical research for massive production of the com­ pound, Illinois enacted a law against cocaine.1 Soon thereafter, as the activity of the American Pharmaceutical Association between 1901 and 1903 suggests, efforts within the states to control opiates and cocaine rapidly reached across the nation. Cocaine’s euphoric and stimulant qualities, as well as its association with crime and with a feared and repressed minority put it at the top of any list of outlawed substances. These characteristics of cocaine are similar to the description in the mid-193os of marihuana’s effects.
Renewed Efforts at Control, 1986-1997
Authors: Musto David F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the end of the twentieth century, we in the United States will have experienced approximately 140 years of drug control efforts at the state, national, and international levels. As we look back over the waxing and waning popularity of mood-altering substances, it is difficult to escape the suspicion that, although drug abuse is a real and deeply imbedded social problem, attempts to solve it are sometimes nearly overwhelmed by wars of words. The contest is waged by opposing camps of fiercely committed partisans. As times change, and as drug fads decline and are replaced by health or moral crusades, one camp gains adherents, new laws are demanded and passed, old ones are abolished, and sometimes still older ones are retrieved, brushed off, and re-implemented as innovations. Meanwhile, the opposition has not entirely disappeared, but continues to fight rearguard actions and wait for the next opportunity to prevail.
The Antimetabolites: The Sulfonamides and Trimethoprim (Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole)
Authors: Scholar Eric M , Pratt William B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The sufonamides were the first effective chemotherapeutic agents to be used systematically for the treatment of bacterial infections. Sulfonamide-containing compounds were synthesized early in this century by German chemists for use as dyes. Their therapeutic potential was not exploited until 1935, when Domagk demonstrated that one of these dyes, prontosil, was effective in treating mice infected with streptococci. Later it was found that prontosil is metabolized in the tissues to para aminobenzenesulfonamide ( sulfanilamide), the chemotherapeutically active part of the molecule. Subsequently, thousands of com pounds were synthesized, and many were introduced for the treatment of infection.
The Urinary Tract Antiseptics: Nalidixic Acid and Cinoxacin; Nitrofurantoin; Methenamine; Fosfomycin
Authors: Scholar Eric M , Pratt William B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Several of the drugs that have already been discussed are used in the treatment of urinary tract infections. The sulfonamides, ampicillin, the fluoroquinolomes, and the tetracyclines are the principal drugs employed in treating acute, uncomplicated infections of the urinary tract. Trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) is often used to treat chronic or recurrent infection. Others, such as the aminoglycosides, cephalo sporins, and carbenicillin, are used much less often for restricted indications.
Drugs that Act on Mycobacteria: Isoniazid, Rifampin, Ethambutol, Streptomycin, and Pyrazinamide; The Second-Line Antituberculosis Drugs; Drugs Effective Against Leprosy; Drugs Effective Against the Mycobacterium avium Complex
Authors: Scholar Eric M , Pratt William B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The treatment of tuberculosis is a special problem within the field of chemotherapy. Some of the drugs used in treating this dis ease [streptomycin, para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS), cycloserine, kanamycin] have been presented in earlier chapters, since it was more convenient to consider them along with other agents having a similar mechanism of action. Many of the drugs employed in antituberculosis therapy are used only in treating infections caused by mycobacteria.
Practical Reason And Incompletely Theorized Agreements
Authors: Sunstein Cass R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My central topic is the operation of practical reason in collective institutions. How might a multimember body-a legislature, a court, a club, a set of citizens composing a nation-proceed in the face of conflict and disagreement on fundamental matters? As we will see, the answer bears particularly on legal reasoning but also on the exercise of practical reason by political institutions and by individual agents.
Analyzing Bartók’s Works of 1918–1922: Motives, Tone Patches, and Tonal Mosaics
Authors: Gillies Malcolm 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bela Bartók was a highly self-aware, self-critical, and self-analytical composer. Although too much can be made of his reluctance to speak on personal musical issues,1 he was one of those composers who spoke more through his music than about his music. In his precise use of pitch notations, refined through nearly forty years of transcription and analysis of folk song as well as through composition, he left abundant self-analyses of his own works, in the form of their scores, drafts, and sketches. Indeed, Bartók’s generation of composers—caught between the dying gasps of Romanticism and the advent of musical modernisms—anguished especially over the notation of its music.
Origins of Life
Authors: Goodenough Ursula 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Every religion has an account of the origins of life. Most familiar to Western traditions is Genesis 1, a spare, poetic account of the six days of creation. The Pueblo Indians tell of a primordial home beneath a lake where humans, gods, and animals lived together while the earth above was still soft and “unripe.” The Kagaba Indians describe a female Supreme Deity: “the mother of our songs, the mother of all our seed, bore us in the beginning of things.… She is the mother of the thunder, the mother of the streams, the mother of trees and of all things.” Certain Hindu teachings speak of the Brahmanda, the cosmic egg from which all creatures came forth. The Yaruro of Venezuala tell of the water serpent Puana who created the world, his brother Itciai, the jaguar, who created water, and their sister, Kuma, wife of the Sun, who made the Yaruro people.
How Life Works
Authors: Goodenough Ursula 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Even well into this century, even after it was clear that life works through myriads of chemical reactions and that the information needed to organize this chemistry is encoded in DNA molecules, there were scientists who continued to believe that there was “something else” about living systems, an elanvital, a vital force. Although scientists no longer invoke such a force—we are convinced that life emerges from biochemistry—the sense that there is “something else” about life is so widespread, so deeply rooted, that it almost seems instinctive.
How Evolution Works
Authors: Goodenough Ursula 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Life, we can now say, is getting something to happen against the odds and remembering how to do it. The something that happens is biochemistry and biophysics, the odds are beat by intricate concatenations of shape fits and shape changes, and the memory is encoded in genes and their promoters. We read the notes, we hear the emergent chords and harmonies, and we marvel at the emergent musical experience.
The Evolution of Biodiversity
Authors: Goodenough Ursula 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our description of how evolution works could apply to any planet in any solar system, any galaxy. Once there’s a self-sustaining biochemical system that can replicate its own instructions, then any changes in the instructions that allow more copies of the system to be produced will become more prevalent. If ours were a perfectly uniform planet with a totally homogeneous environment, it would presumably come to be inhabited by a single kind of organism, maximally adapted to such a habitat, beavering away at its self-replication.
Multicellularity and Death
Authors: Goodenough Ursula 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many kinds of sexual algae and fungi are singlecelled. Each cell/organism is either a haploid male or a haploid female, and each has two options: it can replicate and divide and replicate and divide to generate millions of identical copies (a mitotic clone) of itself, or else it can recognize and fuse with a cell of the opposite sex to produce a diploid zygote. The zygote switches on genetic programs that allow it to form a protective spore coat around itself and go into dormancy. And then, when circumstances are favorable, the spore undergoes meiosis and releases haploid male and female organisms that are pink/blue mixtures of their parents, and these again either cycle mitotically or else mate with one another.
Edward Elgar
Authors: Steinberg Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Using some sketches he had made in 1898, Elgar began The Dream of Gerontius in 1899, completed the work in vocal score on 6 June that year, and finished the full score on 3 August. The first performance took place at the Birmingham Festival on 3 October 1900: Hans Richter conducted, and the soloists were Marie Brema, Edward Lloyd, and Harry Plunket Greene.
Gabriel Fauré
Authors: Steinberg Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1877, Fauré wrote a Libera me for baritone and organ; this, orchestrated, was eventually incorporated into the Requiem and is thus the earliest music in that work. In 1887–1888, Fauré composed what he called “a little Requiem” in five movements: Introit and Kyrie, Sanctus, “Pie Jesu,” Agnus Dei, and “In Paradisum,” but not including the old Libera me. This was first performed on 16 January 1888 under the composer’s direction in one of the grandest and most unattractive churches in Paris, La Madeleine. The occasion was what is listed in the church records as a “first-class funeral” service for a certain M. La Soufaché, an architect. Fauré conducted, and the treble soloist was Louis Aubert, who went on to study with Fauré and became quite a good composer himself. The Requiem’s first hearing that was not part of a service occurred at the Madeleine on 4 May 1888, but the composer asked the friends whom he had invited not “to sit together lest it begin to look like a PERFORMANCE!!!” In 1889, Fauré added the “Hostias” portion of the Offertory, and in 1890 he expanded .
George Frideric Handel
Authors: Steinberg Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Handel composed Messiah in twenty-four days in the late summer of 1741, beginning on 22 August and completing its three parts respectively on 28 August, 6 September, and 14 September. A small part of what enabled him to work at such speed was his habit of creative borrowing from his own earlier scores—and sometimes, though not here, from those of others. Handel tried out a few numbers in rehearsal in Chester on his way to Ireland in November 1741, then led the work in a public rehearsal on 9 April 1742 at Neale’s Music Hall in Fishamble Street, Dublin, and in its official premiere on 13 April. He thought Neale’s Hall “a charming room” in which “the Musick sounds delightfully.” The soloists at the first performance included three singers Handel had brought with him from London, the soprano Christina Maria Avoglio (or Avolio) and Mr. and Mrs. Maclaine (an organist and his wife); Susanna Maria Cibber, who took the alto numbers; and James Baily, William Lambe, Joseph Ward, John Hill, and John Mason, all members of the choirs at Dublin’s Christ Church or Saint Patrick’s Cathedral or both. The concertmaster, whom Handel credited with the excellent string playing, was Matthew Dubourg, Master and Composer of State Music in Ireland.
Roger Sessions
Authors: Steinberg Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom’d, commissioned by the University of California at Berkeley in celebration of its centenary in 1964, was completed on 2 January 1970. Sessions dedicated the score to the memory of Martin Luther King, Jr., and Robert F. Kennedy, both assassinated in 1968. The first performance was given on 23 May 1971 at Berkeley with Michael Senturia conducting, with the University Symphony Orchestra, the University Chorus, the Repertory Chorus, and soloists Helene Joseph, Stephanie Friedman, and Allen Shearer.
Michael Tippett
Authors: Steinberg Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tippett began A Child of Our Time on 4 September 1939, the day after England entered the war, and completed the score in 1942. The first performance was given at the Adelphi Theatre, London, on 19 March 1944. Walter Goehr conducted the London Region Civil Defence Choir, the Morley College Choir, and the London Philharmonic, and the soloists were Joan Cross, Margaret McArthur, Peter Pears, and Roderick Lloyd.
Ralph Vaughan Williams
Authors: Steinberg Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Vaughan Williams tells us that “the first sketches for this work (namely, parts of the Scherzo and slow movement) were made in 1903, and it was gradually worked out during the next seven years.” Most of the concentrated writing was done in 1908–1909. While in gestation, A Sea Symphony had several other titles, the first of them Songs of the Sea, already used by Vaughan Williams’s teacher Sir Charles Villiers Stanford, and another being The Ocean Symphony. It was first performed at the Leeds Festival under the direction of the composer on his thirty-eighth birthday, 12 October 1910. The orchestra and chorus were those of the Leeds Festival, and the soloists were Cicely Gleeson-White and Campbell McInnes. Stanford, in his last year as the Festival’s principal conductor, led the rest of the program, which consisted of Strauss’s Don Juan and Rachmaninoff playing his own Piano Concerto No. 2. Among the violinists in the orchestra that year was the composer Frank Bridge. Several details of the Sea Symphony were revised in 1918. In the 1918 score, Vaughan Williams indicates that each movement may be performed on its own, though I cannot imagine that this would be effective except for the Scherzo. The dedication is to R. L. W., the composer’s cousin and close friend, Ralph Wedgwood.
William Walton
Authors: Steinberg Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In August 1929, Walton, Constant Lambert, and Victor Hely Hutchinson were each commissioned by the BBC, then rapidly expanding its musical presence, to compose a work for “small chorus, small orchestra not exceeding fifteen, and soloist.” At the suggestion of his friend Osbert Sitwell, Walton took Belshazzar as his subject and asked Sitwell to prepare the libretto for him. Drawing on the book of Daniel, Psalms 81 and 137, Revelation, and Isaiah, Sitwell did so in December 1929, and Walton, staying with Sitwell at Amalflbegan work on the music in January 1930. From May to December he suffered a severe case of writer’s block—”perched” on the word gold, he said, “unable to move either to right or left or up or down”—but was at last able to complete the score in the spring of 1931.1 By this time it had long been Sir Thomas Beecham, the festival director, assigned the work to Malcolm Sargent, who conducted the premiere at the Leeds Town Hall on 8 October 1931, with the Leeds Festival Choir, the London Symphony, and Dennis Noble as soloist. In 1948, Walton revised the orchestration extensively, making a few small compositional changes at the same time; this version was also introduced by Sargent—by then Sir Malcolm—in London, again with Noble as soloist.
Further Misconceptions about Moral Relativism
Authors: Cook John W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent decades discussions of moral relativism have tended to ignore the concerns that led anthropologists in the early years of this century to attach great importance to this doctrine. Recent discussions have focused, instead, on what relativism purports to tell us about the nature of morality. Such discussions are of general philosophical interest, but by ignoring the special concerns of anthropologists they have given rise to some misguided criticisms of moral relativism. In this chapter I will first show that these criticisms miss the mark and will then explain why anthropologists have defended relativism so vigorously.
Boas’s Criticisms of Cultural Evolutionism
Authors: Cook John W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A premise essential to evolutionism is that preliterate peoples are extremely conservative, wedded to tradition, shackled by taboos. Is this premise open to criticism? Evidently not. Most anthropologists, whatever theories they may hold, agree that there is overwhelming evidence of such conservatism. On this score, then, the evolutionists’ theory is not vulnerable to criticism. Boas nevertheless found reason to take issue with it. He criticized two aspects of the theory: the attempt to demonstrate that there is a common, innate human mind and the claim that in every instance of cultural change the change is always from a more primitive to a more advanced stage of culture. Let us consider this latter aspect first.
Relativism and Ethnocentrism
Authors: Cook John W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Those who claim that relativism is essential to the proper conduct of anthropology argue as follows: (i) Ethnocentrism is a hazard that anthropologists must scrupulously avoid. (ii) The way to be permanently on guard against this hazard is to embrace relativism. (iii) Boas demonstrated anthropology’s need of relativism. (iv) He did this by demonstrating that evolutionist theories of culture resulted from the ethnocentrism of those who de­ vised these theories.
Westermarck’s Concession and the Philosophical Argument for Relativism
Authors: Cook John W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have reached a transition point at which the anthropologist’s version of the problem must give way to the philosopher’s. We have seen that relativists take the view that the “analysis of moral concepts” is properly a job for anthropologists, rather than philosophers, for only the former have a sufficient knowledge of the ethnographic research that shows morality to be relative.
The Geographical Scale of Speciation
Authors: Levin Donald A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Speciation must occur within a spatial context. A geographically circumscribed assemblage of individuals diverges from another such assemblage and acquires, through selection and genetic drift, the attributes that render it a new species. That assemblage may range from a single population to a large group of populations. The manner in which species and speciation are studied and how phylogenies and biogeographies are interpreted depends on the geographical unit (or scale) of speciation.
The Decline and Demise of Species
Authors: Levin Donald A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As discussed by Gaston (1994), trajectory (1) seems unlikely because the collapse in total population size does not impact range size. Trajectory (2) may be common when species face continuous habitat loss, but where persisting habitat patches retain their original character. Trajectory (3) may reflect range erosion due to habitat loss coupled with the degradation of the remaining habitat. Trajectory (4) may result when those areas in which a species achieves higher densities are differentially preserved.
Do Events Recur?
Authors: Brandl Johannes L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The idea that events can happen more than once is a familiar one. We often regret that something happened again (e.g., an accident at Kennedy airport) or we are surprised to see things happen again (e.g., the Jazz beating the Lakers four times in a row). But can we take this way of speaking literally? Do events recur in the strict sense of this term? This is the question I want to discuss.