bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Soft Power and Cooperation for Space Security
Authors: Luzin Pavel 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter covers the connections between the soft power of different actors and contrasts their space cooperation and competition on the one hand with space security on the other. Even the US-Soviet space race demonstrated that the soft powers of both actors contributed to space security and that the competitive approaches toward soft power usually mean a positive-sum game rather than a zero-sum one. The global space leadership of the United States during the 1990s–2010s was based on an agenda for space exploration that was attractive for other leading actors in outer space. The space partnership established by the United States increased the soft powers of all partners and made the space security environment predictable. However, new space competition began and again involves competition between the actors’ soft powers and their agendas for space exploration and international space cooperation.
Placemaking on the Northwest Coast of North America
Authors: Lepofsky Dana , Letham Bryn , Ritchie Morgan , Armstrong Chelsey Geralda 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
On the Northwest Coast of North America, current archaeological practice increasingly encompasses a diversity of approaches; these in turn are contextualized within a framework that honors the long-term, place-based connections of Indigenous Peoples to their lands and seas. This review explores these deep-time relationships by summarizing the methods and results used to document their archaeological manifestations, beginning with the earliest dated sites some 14,000 years ago and continuing throughout the Holocene. Understanding the dynamic physical and ecological contexts of Northwest Coast sites requires modeling of postglacial sea-level changes and paleoclimate as well as collecting data on geomorphology and paleoecology. These data also allow us to track the extent to which people have lived persistently in specific spots or regions for millennia. In these places, people emotionally and physically invested in their homes by creating complex aquatic and terrestrial resource management systems that allowed for sustainable harvests of diverse foods and other resources. Understanding these management systems and the social networks in which they are nested and are upheld is facilitated by integrating Indigenous ecological knowledge with innovative, cross-disciplinary techniques. Summaries of the histories of three regions—Prince Rupert Harbour, the lower Fraser River, and the lower Columbia River—illustrate the multi-dimensionality of the long-term, place-based histories of Indigenous Peoples of the Northwest Coast.
The Archaeology of Islands and Coasts in the Study of Colonialism and the Rise of the Early Modern World
Authors: Lightfoot Kent G. , Siegel Benjamin D. , Allan James M. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
In the study of colonialism, the archaeology of islands and coasts is crucial in examining the multifaceted processes and outcomes of Indigenous and colonial encounters that took place with the rise of the early modern world from the 1400s to the mid-1800s. European global expansion ensued with advances in oceanic sailing technology, the opening of maritime highways, and the establishment of an extensive coastal infrastructure with port facilities near good harbors and anchorages. This chapter highlights how island and coastal archaeology provides important insights about the earliest encounters between Indigenous populations and foreign intruders; about the onslaught of managerial, missionary, and settler colonies onto native homelands; and about later processes of urbanization, intensification, and landscape modifications that continue to impact many coastal places today. The authors emphasize how archaeological investigations of coastal ports provide exceptional opportunities to examine ancient Indigenous history and the various permutations of colonialism that subsequently unfolded in native lands with the rise of the early modern world.
The Geoeconomics of Traditional and Digital Government Money
Authors: Marple Tim 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Government money is an instrument of state power. While extensive research has examined the strategic benefits states can extract from geoeconomic applications of their traditional fiat currencies, this work has largely examined the geoeconomics of fiat money from a perspective of unchanging monetary technology. As such, there currently exists no scholarship on the topic of geoeconomics in digital government money, despite the implications of this technological transition for strategic interaction among countries in traditional geoeconomic frameworks. This chapter organizes existing scholarship on the issue of geoeconomics in traditional government money and subsequently presents novel statistical results from new, large datasets of central bank digital currency (CBDC) projects to demonstrate the already salient issues around CBDCs in geoeconomics. The chapter concludes with policy implications for decision makers, not least including strong advocacy for proactive and informed design in central bank digital currencies, and also proposes lines of future research on strategic interaction in digital government money.
Foreign Policy Analysis and Securitization
Authors: Sjöstedt Roxanna 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
To what extent can securitization theory help us to engage with the puzzles and problems of foreign policy analysis (FPA)? And how can FPA scholarship contribute to the development of the assumptions of securitization? This chapter will probe these questions and attempt to demonstrate that these seemingly disparate research traditions indeed both complement and inform one another. Securitization theory has habitually been viewed as a theory of international relations (IR) rather than FPA. However, hot topics such as climate change, immigration, and epidemics increasingly become the core of both research fields. Just as the problem-driven and agency focus of FPA research goes hand in hand with the central tenets of securitization, securitization theory contributes to the development of FPA by problematizing the decision-making of different foreign policy problems, by using a different set of assumptions.
Public Diplomacy and Foreign Policy
Authors: Tago Atsushi 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Public diplomacy, a term which entered the International Relations (IR) lexicon in the 1960s in the US, has been a major tool of foreign policy statecraft over the last half century. This chapter briefly traces the history of the study of public diplomacy in the field of Foreign Policy Analysis. First, the chapter elaborates how the phenomenon and study of public diplomacy can be connected to IR theories. After that, it will explain how we can categorize the statecraft of public diplomacy and how they can be studied, especially with newly emerging methodological tools such as quantitative text analysis and online survey experiments. The chapter argues several research agendas ahead of us, who do Foreign Policy Analysis in IR.
Socialization, Recognition, and Foreign Policy
Authors: Maitino Martin Egon , de Sá Guimarães Feliciano 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter reviews the current scholarly debate on the concepts of socialization and recognition in international relations (IR), focusing on how they can be analysed jointly and in dialogue with Foreign Policy Analysis (FPA)’s main subfields. We argue that socialization/recognition research could gain by applying FPA concepts and instruments in three different ways. First, using FPA focuses on the decision unit level and how specific state agents (diplomats, leaders, etc.) enact foreign policies to accelerate or block socialization/recognition schemes. Second, adopting FPA’s focus on social actors as active agents of foreign policy could help socialization and recognition studies sharpen their understanding of how these actors are decisive in socialization and recognition processes. Third, using FPA’s methodological plurality has the potential to move socialization and recognition research away from the excessively theoretical and small-n analyses that dominate both fields today to more comparative and large-n approach
Foreign Policy of Emerging Powers
Authors: Destradi Sandra , Wehner Leslie E. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter aims at delineating a new research agenda on rising powers rooted in Foreign Policy Analysis (FPA) that can create a solid nexus between International Relations (IR) and FPA scholarship. We argue that focusing on individual leaders, on the specificities of political parties and their ideologies, on subnational units (paradiplomacy), and on domestic interest groups has the potential to generate new insights into the drivers of emerging powers’ foreign policy decisions and preferences. We also introduce four suggestive themes for a future research agenda on BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa). They are status seeking, autonomy, domestic contestation, and international attributions of responsibility. An FPA approach can provide possible explanations for phenomena like the gap between economic growth and foreign policy activism, the lack of open confrontation between states, the multifaceted strategies advanced by emerging powers, and the inconsistencies and ambiguities that BRICS show as international actors.
Foreign Policy of Small States
Authors: Panke Diana , Thorhallsson Baldur 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter identifies five approaches in small state studies which can be used to enable foreign policy analysis (FPA) approaches to explicitly capture small states as international actors, that is the capacity-related approach; the shelter-seeking approach; the neutrality approach; the hedging approach; and finally, the status-seeking approach. Also, FPA’s recognition of one of the common claims of small state studies regarding the nature of statehood, that all states are not functionally undifferentiated units would strengthen its distinctive field within international relations (IR). Furthermore, a more explicit focus of FPA on new security challenges of states acknowledging that small states are worse equipped to deal with them than larger states would further reinforce the FPA stand in IR. The FPA literature can also more explicitly benefit scholars of small state studies. First, FPA recognition of the significance of domestic characteristics of states strengthens the core theoretical base of small state studies; that is, small states’ foreign policy cannot be understood without taking into account domestic features of each and every state in question. Second, the identified five approaches in small state studies would benefit from the existing FPA studies on the same or related topics.
Foreign Policy and Development
Authors: Campbell Susanna P. , Carcelli Shannon P. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Foreign aid is foreign policy, but it was not always treated as such by international relations (IR) scholars. A literature that once took a purely state-centric approach to research is increasingly finding that an actor-centric approach provides new insights on decisions by aid donors, recipients, and implementers. Approaches from the foreign policy analysis (FPA) literature are relevant to the study of foreign aid and development, and the potential for the two literatures to speak to one other is high. In this chapter, we point to areas of foreign aid and development research that have benefitted from the ideas of FPA. Aid scholars find richer interpretation and understanding of phenomena associated with aid and development when they are able to consider the actions of leaders, bureaucrats, and other individual decision-makers. We suggest further areas of overlap that could support for important advancements in both FPA and IR.
Foreign Policy and Human Rights
Authors: Heffington Colton , Murdie Amanda 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
In this review, we explain how human rights research can inform the study of foreign policy analysis (FPA), namely by surveying where certain foreign policy actions (sanctions, military intervention, foreign aid) can help or harm human rights outcomes and showing how action by external non-state actors may motivate domestic respect for human rights. Evidence shows this is especially likely when international civil society effectively frames an issue. A review of published work further reveals that respect for human rights lowers the risk of war and terrorism. We also consider how FPA research can influence the study of human rights, focusing on the effects of state identity on domestic and foreign policy and the feedback loop between domestic and international norms. Research further indicates that non-state actors, especially non-governmental organizations (NGOs), the public, and the media, play a role in defining appropriate foreign policies related to human rights.
Foreign Policy and Immigration
Authors: Oltman Anna R. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Immigration is an enormously consequential issue area in international politics, both materially and normatively, but it has often been overlooked by traditional approaches to the study of international relations. This chapter positions immigration policy as foreign policy, arguing that decisions about how many and which immigrants a country admits, border control, and efforts to contain and deter migrants abroad, are all best understood as elements of a state’s relationship with the international system. Yet immigration policy outcomes are driven by the actions of a multiplicity of substate actors with diverse interests, from judges and bureaucrats to ethnic lobbies, making immigration policy difficult to understand from a traditional state-centric approach. The chapter highlights how state-level immigration policy is driven by the preferences and structures of these domestic immigration institutions. Furthermore, immigration itself is at odds with a conception of the international system as one of distinct and bounded states, as its defining feature is the permeability of national borders—not just to people, but to their cultures, ideas, assets, and preferences. A foreign policy analysis (FPA) approach to immigration takes seriously both the influence of migrants themselves on the immigration policies of host and origin states, and the impact of immigration policy on migrants’ human rights.
Foreign Policy Analysis and Critical International Relations
Authors: Beasley Ryan , Donnelly Faye , Hom Andrew R. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Belied by limited cross-field publications, Critical International Relations (CIR) scholars and Foreign Policy Analysis (FPA) scholars actually have much in common. They share common cause in challenging state-centric and purely rational approaches while embracing subjectivity and multi-disciplinarity, yet they have diverged in their specific approaches. We review three areas central to FPA, agents and agency, perceptions and images, and decisions, mistakes, and surprises, showing how CIR and FPA might make contributions to, as well as challenge, each other. We suggest FPA scholars consider the agency of non-humans as well as time, the importance of iconic foreign policy images, and reflect on both misrecognition and spontaneity as aspects of foreign policy mistakes and surprises. Similarly, we encourage CIR scholars to foreground the study of elites, consider foreign policy as a specific arena for visuals and spaces, and to reflect on the emergent properties and visceral experiences of foreign policy crises. We conclude by highlighting FPA’s and CIR’s shared motivations towards enhancing pluralism and practical deliberations as crucial ways of avoiding disastrous foreign policies.
The Kirk Satires and Kirk Politics
Authors: Young Ronnie 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter revisits Burns’s early ‘kirk satires’ in the context of religious life in the poet’s own day and in relation to later critical readings of the poet’s views on religion. It shows how Burns was immersed in religious life via his Scots Presbyterian upbringing, how as an emerging poet he became directly involved in local kirk politics, and how the social importance of religion in eighteenth-century Scotland is reflected in his verse. Rather than simply reading Burns as a general satirist of institutionalized religion, as might be encouraged by a modern secular reading, the chapter outlines some of the particular circumstances behind the production of his satires, showing how such details aid understanding of Burns’s religious works. Leading on from recent research into the publication of ‘Holy Willie’s Prayer’, for example, this chapter introduces readers to the complex history of Burns’s celebrated poem to show him responding directly to kirk politics in rural Ayrshire. The chapter also explores the various factions and theological positions within the Church of Scotland at the time through poems such as ‘The Holy Tulzie’, ‘Address to the Unco Guid’, ‘The Holy Fair’, ‘The Ordination’, and ‘The Kirk’s Alarm’. It reflects on church politics in relation to wider political views expressed by the poet in his later work. Finally, the chapter examines the shifting critical reputation of Burns vis-à-vis religion, from contemporary views of the poet as a ‘profane’ rhymer through to the posthumous reshaping of Burns as ‘secular saint’.
Sights of Memory
Authors: Davis Leith 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines book illustrations connected to the works of Robert Burns published in the Romantic era. It considers how the initial publication of Burns’s oeuvre and the subsequent shaping of the poet’s reputation after his death mapped onto changes in the technical processes of book illustration as the industry shifted from copperplate to woodcut and steel-plate engraving. It argues that the increasing proliferation of illustrations in books in the early nineteenth century contributed to the production of Burns not just as a site but also as a sight of cultural memory, as visual representations of the poet, his works, and the countryside in which he lived became synonymous with the production of Scotland as tourist destination.
Dear Guest and Ghost
Authors: McGinn Clark 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This article looks at the growth in participation in the Burns Supper, an annual dinner in commemoration of the Scots poet Robert Burns. It began in his birthplace in 1801 with nine participants and now involves nearly ten million people across the globe. The chapter looks at the spontaneous expansion of the tradition in Scotland and, from an early date, internationally, and it tracks the development of the three core elements present from the beginning: eating haggis, toasting the Bard, and performing Burns’s works. It analyses the flexibility of the concept, which has permitted more diversity—in nationality and gender, in formality, and even in the use of alcohol—than had been previously recognized. This combination of flexibility and tradition now makes the Burns Supper the largest annual, polycentric, global literary festival today, and it would still be recognized by its 1801 founders would still recognize it in its present form.
Robert Burns and Frederick Douglass
Authors: Keith Thomas 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the influence and impact of Robert Burns’s poetry and songs on leaders of the American abolitionist movement in the nineteenth century, with the primary focus being on America’s most famous abolitionist, former slave Frederick Douglass, whose strong affinity for Burns and his writings was manifested in his outlook, speeches, and letters. Like most Americans in the nineteenth century, Douglass considered Burns to be an egalitarian representative of democratic values, and he identified with Burns’s challenges to the hypocrisy of the kirk and to the aristocracy. They mirrored Douglass’s own deep objections to white America’s response to slavery: the hypocrisy of people who considered themselves Christians but still justified their ownership of other humans. Douglass visited Scotland in 1846, and while there he toured Burns Country, meeting Burns’s sister and nieces, all of which he recounted in a letter to Quaker abolitionist Abigail Mott that was reprinted at least ten times in newspapers around the country that year. In the letter Douglass identifies with Burns’s struggles against the kirk and his social station, and by doing so connects the cause of abolition and the plight of slaves to the struggles of working-class people.
Burns in the Digital Age
Authors: Lamont Craig 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter is an examination of the presence of Robert Burns across various digital media, from ‘official’ government smartphone apps to ‘unofficial’ memes. It is shown that Burns’s iconicity is inscribed and adapted globally with the help of established and emerging technologies. The uniqueness of Burns Suppers has proven to be a viable platform for connectedness on social media in particular. This chapter also examines the ways in which digital technologies have served to archive Burns’s works. Known chiefly as a poet and songwriter, Burns would today see his most famous works appearing in an array of online resources. Given the instability of certain digital ventures, however, this new textual frontier has not always been handled with great care. In the end, this chapter will consider a broad spectrum of online versions of Burns and how they have impacted our understanding of his life and legacy.
Robert Burns and the Devil
Authors: Burnett John 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter re-examines Burns’s poem ‘Halloween’, suggesting that rather than folklore with footnotes, it is a satire on the belief that it was possible to foretell who an individual would marry by invoking the help of the Devil. This superstition was held particularly by orthodox Calvinists, who are Burns’s targets, as against the moderates, of whom Burns was one, who were against superstition. The second half of the chapter works through the poem, following the failure of one ritual after another and ending with the disappearance of the Devil and superstition, leaving the characters in an industrializing Scotland with no guides to the future.
Churches, the State, and Politics, 1800–1922
Authors: Brown Stewart J. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The long nineteenth century fundamentally transformed the relations of the Irish churches and the political state. In 1801, the Act of Union and uniting of the Irish and English established churches raised the prospect of making Ireland a semi-confessional Protestant state. However, the O’Connellite Catholic popular movement of the 1820s, which won Catholic Emancipation, effectively ended that prospect. The middle decades of the century saw efforts to separate church and state in Ireland, and make all denominations equal under the law in a pluralistic society. But the post-famine ‘Devotional Revolution’, the more assertive influence of the Catholic Church, and controversies over higher education contributed to growing tensions between the Catholic Church and the state. In the 1880s, the Catholic clergy aligned with Parnell’s Home Rule movement, forming a new, essentially Catholic political order that fundamentally alienated Irish Protestants, and laid the foundations for a semi-confessional Catholic Irish state, and the partition of Ireland, in 1922.