bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Socioeconomic aspects and prognosis
Authors: Khan Muhammad Asim 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Patients with AS experience reduced vitality and quality of life. Compared with the general population, they are more likely to experience progressive functional impairment over time as well as work disability and possible job loss. Many patients cannot maintain the level of employment that they had before the onset of their disease. Patients with physically demanding jobs are more likely to change their type of work, decrease their work hours, or experience temporary or permanent work disability in contrast to patients who have jobs that are less physically demanding. AS patients leave the labor force at a two-to three-fold higher rate than the general population, and they report similar pain and functional disability as those with RA.1–4
Before Prozac
Authors: Shorter Edward 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Psychiatry today is a barren tundra, writes medical historian Edward Shorter, where drugs that don't work are used to treat diseases that don't exist. In this provocative volume, Shorter illuminates this dismal landscape, in a revealing account of why psychiatry is "losing ground" in the struggle to treat depression. Naturally, the book looks at such culprits as the pharmaceutical industry, which is not inclined to market drugs once the patent expires, leading to the endless introduction of new--but not necessarily better--drugs. But the heart of the book focuses on an unexpected villain: the FDA, the very agency charged with ensuring drug safety and effectiveness. Shorter describes how the FDA permits companies to test new products only against placebo. If you can beat sugar pills, you get your drug licensed, whether or not it is actually better than (or even as good as) current medications, thus sweeping from the shelves drugs that may be superior but have lost patent protection. The book also examines the FDA's early power struggles against the drug industry, an influence-grab that had little to do with science, and which left barbiturates, opiates, and amphetamines all underprescribed, despite the fact that under careful supervision they are better at treating depression, with fewer side effects, than the newer drugs in the Prozac family. Shorter also castigates academia, showing how two forms of depression, melancholia and nonmelancholia--"as different from each other as chalk and cheese"--became squeezed into one dubious classification, major depression, which was essentially a political artifact born of academic infighting. An astonishing and troubling look at modern psychiatry, Losing Ground is a book that is sure to spark controversy for years to come.
Power Play
Authors: Shorter Edward 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
What happened to these successful members of the first drug set? They had various fates, through all of which runs the common thread of in- difference to science, the playing up of anecdotal risks rather than bal- ancing the risk-benefit ratio for public health, and the willingness to use the regulator’s awesome power for political purposes. The Food and Drug Administration had been more or less a one- horse operation when in the 1950s and especially in the 1960s it vastly expanded to become eventually the major regulatory agency we know today. It solidified its authority largely by taking on the most popular drugs and beating their manufacturers as a way of expanding agency power. Not that there were any real problems with most of the drugs themselves, which tended to be safe, effective, and widely prescribed. It was rather that the agency aspired to emerge as the tough “new” kid on the regulatory block by knocking down some of the industry heavy- weights. This is the story of how a federal agency won the power to dictate medical indications—meaning diagnoses—to the pharmaceutical industry.
Death Sentences
Authors: Shorter Edward 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Of the first drug set of the 1950s, little remains 60 years later. How did it happen that these important agents were relegated to the sidelines? Part of the story is that they were forcefully sidelined, by the very au- thorities who are supposed to safeguard the public health and ensure that the remedies in the marketplace are optimal. That effort began to gain traction with such events as the 1966 hearings on meprobamate, Librium, and Valium, but the outcomes of those proceedings were small potatoes compared to the results of a larger government initiative that was then just getting underway for a wide variety of medications. Right up front, the class of drugs now formally called antidepres- sants triumphed over all other drug classes—and depression over all other competing diagnoses—partly because they were federally man- dated through broadly sweeping FDA activities from the late 1960s to the early 1980s. During this period, the FDA came to believe in the pu- rity of the concept of “antidepressants,” and the agency was able to im- pose its views on the pharmaceutical industry, which in turn responded by producing scads of antidepressants for the suffering public. It was also helpful that, in tilting the table toward depression, the agency si- multaneously wiped out about half of the existing drugs competing for the neurosis market. This portentous chapter in the history of psychiatry and psychopharmacology is almost unknown. It is called DESI.
American Medicine: Science, Competence, and Ethics
Authors: Jonsen Albert R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The founders of the AMA hoped to encourage the education of physicians “in anatomy, physiology, pathology and organic chemistry.” In 1847 these medical sciences were, as one medical historian says, in “transition to a physiological synthesis.” That physiological synthesis was the convergence of descriptive anatomy with chemistry and physiology. Exciting work was being done in Europe. In Germany, Justus von Liebig was inventing organic chemistry, Johannes Miiller was creating neurophysiology, and his student Theodor Schwann was formulating the cell theory.
Abortion
Authors: Farber Daniel A , Sherry Suzanna 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Perhaps the most important—or at least the best-known—case that the Supreme Court has decided in the past forty years is Roe v. Wade, in, which it recognized a constitutional right to abortion. Few cases in the Court’s history have given rise to such controversy. For almost twenty years after Roe, the Court expanded and then contracted the right it had recognized in Roe, the justices argued among themselves about its validity, and scholars often predicted that it would soon be overruled. But in 1992, in Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey, the Court surprisingly reaffirmed the existence of the constitutional right but altered the structure of its analysis. Both cases can be evaluated under our standards.
Epilepsy: A Problem With The Brain
Authors: Reuber Markus , Schachter Steven C , Elger Christian E , Altrup Ulrich 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Anyone can develop epilepsy, and about one in a hundred people does. This makes epilepsy as common as diabetes or rheumatoid arthritis. However, people talk much less about epilepsy than about these other conditions.
This picture shows 120 people. If they were typical of the whole population, one or two should have epilepsy. Most people with epilepsy would lead a normal life if only people without epilepsy would let them. Unfortunately, many are prejudiced about epilepsy. This book is for people with epilepsy and for people who live or work with them. It is written to inform people about epilepsy. It is meant to explain the causes and treatment of epilepsy. It is meant to be understood by everyone.
Other medical conditions, tuberculosis for instance, particularly affect poor people. There are also diseases that are more common in rich people. Epilepsy affects rich and poor alike. A person can develop epilepsy when he or she is a baby, a young adult, or in older age.
Politics
Authors: Mcgeough Kevin M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The evidence that can be used to reconstruct the government of the Roman monarchy is meager at best. Archaeological data can reveal the existence of public structures, population and site size, and the spread of material culture. However, this evidence is very open to interpretation. Unlike the multitude of contemporary sources available for the Republican and Imperial periods, there is a lack of historical records contemporary with the period of the monarchy. Much later accounts of the monarchy have survived, but it is often difficult to untangle the historical facts from the blend of mythical accounts and contemporary political polemic.
Asthma
Authors: Berger William E , Currie Graeme P 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Asthma is a common chronic inflammatory condition affecting the airways and displays a varied phenotypic picture. It is becoming increasingly recognized by healthcare workers and epidemiological studies suggest that along with other atopic diseases, its prevalence is rising. The precise etiology of asthma remains uncertain, but genetic and environmental factors such as viruses, country of origin, allergen exposure, early use of antibiotics, and numbers of siblings have all been implicated in its inception and development. Pathologically it is characterized by inflammation, physiologically by airway hyper-responsiveness (or hyper-reactivity) resulting in reversible airflow obstruction, and clinically by wheeze, chest tightness, breathlessness and cough. It can present in early childhood as well as adulthood, and varies markedly in severity, clinical course, subsequent disability and response to treatment. Exacerbations and symptoms of asthma are the final manifestation of a complex interplay between an array of inflammatory cells and mediators, which cause airway smooth muscle to intermittently relax and contract. Despite greater knowledge surrounding the immunopathological origins of asthma and considerable advances in its management, it remains one of the most important chronic diseases in young adults and poses a significant degree of morbidity throughout all age groups. A minority of patients experience difficulty in controlling asthma and pose significant therapeutic difficulties in specialist clinics. Exacerbations of asthma contribute to significant costs for healthcare systems and are implicated in adversely affecting the quality of life of individuals and their families. Moreover, although asthma deaths have decreased over the past few decades, an appreciable number of deaths still occur each year. Regular anti-inflammatory therapy with inhaled corticosteroids is required in all but the mildest of disease and attenuates underlying airway inflammation and hyper-responsiveness, while bronchodilators are designed to relax airway smooth muscle and prevent bronchoconstriction on exposure to bronchoconstrictor stimuli. Other forms of treatment are required in individuals with persistent symptoms and exacerbations. In recent years several potentially exciting treatments have emerged and are in varying degrees of development. Part of the new Oxford American Respiratory Library, this concise, portable guide provides an essential reference on current, evidence-based medical approaches to diagnosing and managing asthma. This practical volume features chapters on the pathophysiology of the disease with information on the common symptoms and potential triggers. In addition, the text includes discussions of new and emerging pharmacotherapies and complementary treatment therapies, with guidelines for symptom prevention.
Free Exercise of Religion
Authors: Guiora Amos N 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Under the current legal structure in the United States, religious beliefs are absolutely protected, but conduct in furtherance of those beliefs may be regulated. For example, a state may prohibit certain illegal conduct and may require others, including paying taxes, despite a claim generated by the free exercise clause. However, such regulations may not be religiously motivated for the state cannot create a law specifically designed
Briggflatts: Plot and Parables
Authors: Makin Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
briggflattsis an open poem: Bunting seems to have succeeded in writing a poem that should not need annotation, though it might tolerate it. There are aspects of the poem available to anyone willing to pay attention and to imagine a voice: the ‘wiry texture of sound, utterly new, that comes with the authority of some lost tradition’ (Kenner the words that ‘shine like hoarfrost’ (Connolly3). In particular there is a plot, that readers have found traceable (unlike the plots of some modernist classics) without the aid of mythological skeletons or footnotes. There are other shapes equally accessible: balances or frames of emotion (or outlook), more formal symmetries of season and age (by no means obscure), subtler knittings between movements.
Saints
Authors: Makin Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
0F religion, or of religious tradition, Briggftatts offers us two things: a naming of names,
Columba, Columbanus
Aidan and Cuthbert
- and an embodiment of existences (things, people, or ways of living) that were. The material looks slight. Yet when Bunting felt himself prodded at last to write an Apologia for his masterpiece now published as A Note on ‘Briggftatts’ - the central point of the poem was made to seem religious.
‘To bathe in the Waters of Life; to wash off the Not Human’
Authors: Otto Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
While the Sons of Albion contend with the Bard, Milton is silent. It is only when the ‘foundations of the Earth’ are shaken by the ‘great murmuring’ of the Sons, and the Bard has taken ‘refuge in Miltons bosom’, that he speaks. ln the course of his response, the grave questions of the Sons are displaced by a radical change of comportment. Milton breaches the confines of heaven—the ultimate reference point and transcendental signifier for the fallen world—with a levitation which treats the highest of the high as its ground. He is, therefore, no longer contained by the triangular structure of Satan’s world of judgement.
The Englishness of Old English
Authors: Mitchell Bruce 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
One needn’t get carried away with the similarities between the development of relativization in the post-creole continuum in Hawaii and in Old English and thus conclude on the basis of such parallelisms that Old English (or Middle English) was a creole. It would be futile, in my opinion, to launch a debate about the prospect of uncovering creole origins for Old and Middle English (or for that matter, proto-Germanic). Bailey (1973) and no doubt others would wish to push these similarities farther than I would. When referring to pidginization/creolization (and pidgins/creoles), we must be careful not to confuse the process with the entities which result from them. Hence the term ‘creolization’ should be reserved for a situation in which a creole results. There are however cases where conditions are conducive to simplification, reduction etc. (e.g. second language acquisition), but which do not give rise to a pidgin or creole.
Power and Ideology: An Outline Theory and Sidney’s Arcadia
Authors: Sinfield Alan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A theory of power and ideology should enable us to account for Stubbe’s critique of royal policy (we might say his attempt to subvert it), and also for what we might consider his perverse loyalty. Philip Sidney also wrote criticizing the French marriage, taking arguments and phrases from Stubbe.2 In this chapter, I discuss the roles of the Arcadia and of a person such as Sidney in Elizabethan political structures, hoping to arrive at a general theory of intellectual dissidence in early modern England.
Macbeth: History, Ideology, and Intellectuals
Authors: Sinfield Alan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Violence is good, in this view, when it is in the service of the prevailing dispositions of power; when it disrupts them, it is evil. A claim to a monopoly of legitimate violence is fundamental in the development of the modern state; when that claim is successful, most citizens learn to regard state violence as qualitatively different from other violence, and perhaps they don’t think of state violence as violence at all (consider the actions of police, army, and judiciary as opposed to those of pickets, protesters, criminals, and terrorists). Macbeth focuses major strategies by which the state asserted its claim at one conjuncture.
Wrong Again
Authors: Fish Stanley 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
I Before turning to Ronald Dworkin’s response to my crmque, I would like to disavow in advance one form of argument to which he has frequent recourse. That argument surfaces as an expression of dis may at what Dworkin takes to be my willful misreading of his original essay. He could not, he complains, be assuming the availability, at some level, of a brute or uninterpreted fact because he nowhere an nounces such an assumption and indeed asserts its contrary in the very pages under discussion. The general line of reasoning behind this com plaint is as follows: “I could not possibly hold that position you attribute to me because I repeatedly say I do not.”
No Bias, No Merit: The Case Against Blind Submission
Authors: Fish Stanley 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When members of an institution debate, it may seem that they are arguing about fundamental principles, but it is more often the case that the truly fundamental principle is the one that makes possible the terms of the disagreement and is therefore not in dispute at all. I am thinking in particular of the arguments recently marshaled for and against blind submission to the journal of the Modern Language Association. Blind submission is the practice whereby an author’s name is not revealed to the reviewer who evaluates his or her work. It is an attempt, as William Schaefer explained in the MLA Newsletter, “to ensure that in making their evaluations readers are not influenced by factors other than the intrinsic merits of the article.” In his report to the members Schaefer, then executive director of the association, declared that he himself was opposed to blind submission because the impersonality of the practice would erode the humanistic values that are sup posedly at the heart of our enterprise.
Don’t Know Much About the Middle Ages: Posner on Law and Literature
Authors: Fish Stanley 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The thesis of Richard Posner’s Law and Literature: A Relation Reargued is that the study of literature and the interpretation of statutes are very different activities and that one “has little to contribute” to the other. Let me say at the outset that Judge Posner is right. Literary and legal interpretation are distinct, and the skills they separately require are not readily convertible. But while Posner’s large point is well taken, the reasons with which he supports it are not, for they take the form of a series of distinctions no one of which can be maintained.
Dennis Martinez and the Uses of Theory
Authors: Fish Stanley 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
I On June 24, 1985, Dennis Martinez, then a pitcher for the Balti more Orioles, was caught by journalist Ira Berkow in the act of talking to his manager, Earl Weaver, shortly before the beginning of a game with the Yankees. Berkow, sensing a story, approached Martinez and asked him “what words of wisdom had been imparted by the astute Weaver.’’ Now Martinez is a pitcher who is unlikely ever to make it into the baseball Hall of Fame, if only because he seems to experience every pitch as a discrete event, unrelated to either its predecessor or its successor, but if his baseball skills are suspect, his philosophical skills would seem to be beyond dispute.
Unger and Milton
Authors: Fish Stanley 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
I propose to take Roberto Unger as seriously as he takes the questions he raises. One mark of his seriousness is his insistence on beginning at the beginning, asking each question as if it had never been asked before. As he puts it, with the combination of modesty and ambition that makes his voice so distinctive, “My purpose will be to think as simply as I can about the problems I discuss. In our age, philosophy has won some triumphs because a few men have managed to think with unusual simplicity.”
Dafydd ap Gwilym
Authors: Edwards Huw M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
One of the great innovators of medieval literature, Dafydd ap Gwilym's poetic voice is as distinctive and resonant as those of his more celebrated contemporaries Chaucer and Boccaccio. This book - the first major study of the largely submerged popular verse tradition of medieval Wales and its likely enriching effect on the repertoire of the professional poets - examines Dafydd's use both of the native popular verse tradition and of the persuasive convention of northern French verse to forge a new kind of poetry for a new age. Composing in the wake of the Edwardian conquest of Wales, Dafydd (fl. c. 1330-70) and a few kindred spirits sought to adapt and revitalize an already sophisticated bardic culture by expanding its subject matter to include a surprising variety of entertainment as well as formal praise. Huw M. Edwards sets out the first detailed comparison of Dafydd's verse with the highly influential poetry of northern France, in terms of themes, motifs and poetic genres since the publication of the authentic canon in 1952. The poet's bold and often playful handling of borrowed conventions will be of interest to all students of medieval poetry.
External Influences and Analogues: II
Authors: Edwards Huw M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The cywydd to the lark discussed in the previous chapter is one of the finest illustrations of Dafydd ap Gwilym’s deep religious reverence for the natural world as God’s creation and a manifestation of God on earth. It is a feeling which pervades his nature poetry, and the view that a poem such as GDG 122 (‘Offeren y Llwyn’) is, as I for Williams suggested long ago, an irreverent parody of the established religion comparable with the outrageous burlesques of the Latin scholars cannot, I think, be justified. The phrase ‘careglnwyf a chariad’ (GDG 122.34), ‘a chalice of passion and love’, is audacious in the extreme, but despite the element of parody the spirit of the holy service is not actually undermined. Dafydd’s celebration of love in terms of the sacrament is a challenge, not to religion as such, but to the kind of extreme asceticism preached by the mendicant friars. His answer to the doom-laden warnings of the Grey Friar-that ‘God is not as cruel as old men claim’ (GDG 137.37-8), is a terse reminder that the religion of self-denial is not for everyone, and that the worship of God in and through his Creation, of which feminine beauty and earthly sensuality are essential parts, is equally valid. The image of the woodland love-mass is, of course, reminiscent of the notion of a ‘religion’ of love which is so dear to the troubadours and trouveres; but while the poems of Dafydd and his contemporaries are, inevitably, filled with the language and imagery of religious experience, unlike French and Provern;:al love-poetry there is no coherent ‘system’ with its God of Love, its earthly paradise, and its recurrent metaphor of repentance, penitence, and salvation. However, Dafydd ap Gwilym’s cywyddau serch do contain a num ber of concepts and images drawn from the world of religion which are analogous with Continental love-poetry.