bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diagnosis and Management of Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia
Authors: Peng Gary , Zei Paul C. 
Published: February 2024

ImportanceParoxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT), defined as tachyarrhythmias that originate from or conduct through the atria or atrioventricular node with abrupt onset, affects 168 to 332 per 100 000 individuals. Untreated PSVT is associated with adverse outcomes including high symptom burden and tachycardia-mediated cardiomyopathy.ObservationsApproximately 50% of patients with PSVT are aged 45 to 64 years and 67.5% are female. Most common symptoms include palpitations (86%), chest discomfort (47%), and dyspnea (38%). Patients may rarely develop tachycardia-mediated cardiomyopathy (1%) due to PSVT. Diagnosis is made on electrocardiogram during an arrhythmic event or using ambulatory monitoring. First-line acute therapy for hemodynamically stable patients includes vagal maneuvers such as the modified Valsalva maneuver (43% effective) and intravenous adenosine (91% effective). Emergent cardioversion is recommended for patients who are hemodynamically unstable. Catheter ablation is safe, highly effective, and recommended as first-line therapy to prevent recurrence of PSVT. Meta-analysis of observational studies shows single catheter ablation procedure success rates of 94.3% to 98.5%. Evidence is limited for the effectiveness of long-term pharmacotherapy to prevent PSVT. Nonetheless, guidelines recommend therapies including calcium channel blockers, β-blockers, and antiarrhythmic agents as management options.Conclusion and RelevanceParoxysmal SVT affects both adult and pediatric populations and is generally a benign condition. Catheter ablation is the most effective therapy to prevent recurrent PSVT. Pharmacotherapy is an important component of acute and long-term management of PSVT.
Diagnosis of Skin Disease
Authors: Coulson Ian H. , Benton Emma C. , Ogden Stephanie 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The chapter covers the essential points of history taking and clinical examination critical to the accurate diagnosis of skin disease. It evaluates the simple bedside investigations such as Wood’s light examination, microscopy and imaging options that can supplement clinical skills. Recent digital additions to skin evaluation such as smartphone applications and artificial intelligence are outlined
Epidemiology of Skin Disease
Authors: Williams Hywel C. , Langan Sinéad M. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
As well as quantifying the burden of skin disease, epidemiology provides a direct method for assessing the causes of skin diseases. Identification of causes is a necessary step in pursuing the ultimate goal of disease prevention. This chapter covers the importance of thinking in terms of population rather than individuals, and provides a summary of the substantial global morbidity caused by skin disease. Risk factors from genetics to environment are outlined, along with describing the natural history and associations of common skin diseases. Finally, there is a description of how the principles and data from epidemiological studies provide the cornerstone to planning appropriate dermatology services. The chapter closes by providing the reader with a glossary of terms and a checklist to help with reading epidemiological studies.
Genetics and the Skin
Authors: McGrath John A. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The science and clinical application of genetics to patients with skin diseases continues to evolve rapidly. In this chapter, recent advances in human genetics relevant to dermatologists are reviewed. The content also covers access to modern databases linked to human disease, new findings on disease mutations, updates on investigative genetic techniques, and outlines advances in how to diagnose genetic skin diseases, both rare and common. Recent progress in prenatal diagnosis is also presented.
Inflammation, Immunology and Allergy
Authors: Haniffa Muzlifah 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The skin is the largest barrier organ in the human body. The anatomy and composition of the human skin enables it to perform its function to protect us from external environmental challenges, including ultraviolet irradiation, temperature variation, mechanical force and microbial challenge. This chapter details our understanding of the cellular components of the human skin including the immune cells that form the skin immune network in health, following perturbation and skin disease. We chart the advancement in our knowledge of the human skin through the application of a range of technological platforms from immunohistochemistry to cutting‐edge single cell and spatial omics technologies. The chapter summarises our understanding of how the skin immune network interfaces with systemic immune responses via the peripheral blood circulation and lymphatic drainage from the skin to draining lymph nodes. In addition, we address the differences between the human and mouse skin immune networks, the role of the microbiota in health and disease as well as recent concepts of inflammation that have altered our understanding of homeostasis, repair and healing and disease.
Inherited Acantholytic Disorders
Authors: Zamiri Mozheh 
Published: February 2024

Abstract

Darier disease (DD) and Hailey–Hailey disease (HHD) are autosomal dominant disorders characterised by epidermal acantholysis. They have a similar molecular pathogenesis, with mutations in intracellular calcium pumps of the endoplasmic reticulum (
SERCA2
) and Golgi (
SPCA1
), respectively. DD presents with persistent, hyperkeratotic papules in a seborrhoeic distribution, associated with nail changes and palmar pitting. HHD presents with painful, mainly flexural, erosions. In both, secondary infection is common and hypertrophic flexural disease can be disabling. Histologically, both are characterised by loss of epidermal intercellular adhesion (acantholysis). DD may be accompanied by neuropsychiatric symptoms such as depression, epilepsy, learning disabilities or bipolar disease. First line topical treatment is with emollients, antimicrobials and corticosteroids. Oral antibiotics are often necessary for exacerbations; other systemic options include retinoids and ciclosporin. Physical measures such as laser resurfacing, photodynamic therapy, botulinum toxin and surgical interventions can be considered in refractory cases.
Genetic Blistering Diseases
Authors: McGrath John A. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The integrity of the skin is maintained by complex networks of structural and non‐structural proteins within the epidermis, epidermal basement membrane zone and upper dermis. Disruption to the function of any one of these integral proteins through inherited gene mutations can make the skin less resilient to trauma and more prone to blister formation. This chapter provides an overview of key proteins involved in skin integrity and outlines the spectrum of blistering diseases linked to abnormalities therein. The text also describes approaches to diagnosis of inherited blistering diseases, as well as innovative therapies which try to reduce blistering and improve skin function.
Pruritus, Prurigo and Lichen Simplex
Authors: Ständer Sonja , Yosipovitch Gil 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Chronic pruritus is a common, complex dermatological symptom that has a profound impact on patients and society. It is highly prevelant in the majority of inflammatory skin diseases as well as in bullous autoimmune dermatoses, cutaneous lymphoma, cutaneous drug reactions and ageing skin. Chronic pruritus is also common in non‐dermatological diseases such as advanced stages of chronic kidney disease, hepatobiliary diseases and lymphoproliferative disorders, as well as neuropathies and disorders with psychogenic causes. The pathophysiology is complex and involves many itch mediators and receptors that differ between the diseases, with common neuronal pathways. The majority of types of chronic itch are transmitted by non‐histamnergic nerve fibres. In many inflammatory skin diseases a cross‐talk exists between keratinocytes, the immune system and sensory nerves. The pruritus characteristics of itch and therapy targets may differ between the different aetiological entities, but the impact on quality of life, sleep and psychosocial burden is common to all patients.
Rosacea
Authors: van Zuuren Esther J. , Tan Jerry , van der Linden Mireille M. D. , Schaller Martin 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting the cheeks, chin, nose, forehead and frequently the eyes. Recent advances have emphasised the roles of the innate and adaptive immune systems and neurovascular dysregulation underlying the spectrum of clinical features of rosacea. This chapter covers the phenotype‐based diagnosis and classification system as well as management options based on the latest evidence. Recommendations for management of paediatric rosacea and management of pregnant or lactating women are included. Furthermore, differential diagnoses and facial dermatoses with an uncertain nosological relationship to rosacea will be discussed.
Non‐Inflammatory Disorders of Subcutaneous Fat
Authors: Lee Grace L. , Garg Amit , Chen Amy Y.‐Y. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter addresses principally non‐inflammatory acquired disorders of subcutaneous fat with an emphasis on acquired lipodystrophy, fat hypertrophy, subcutaneous lipomatosis and lipoedema. Acquired lipodystrophy may be associated with other medical conditions and may occur as a result of antiretroviral therapy, total body irradiation or haematopoietic stem cell transplant, or injection of medications. Some of the subcutaneous lipodermatoses may have a genetic component. Also included in the discussion are conditions such as cellulite and skin conditions related to obesity. For each of these acquired disorders, relevant pathophysiology, methods of diagnosis and management options are discussed.
Benign Keratinocytic Acanthomas and Proliferations
Authors: Seaton Edward , Madan Vishal 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Acanthomas are benign proliferations of keratinocytes. Histological features include acanthosis, hyperkeratosis, dyskeratosis and acantholysis. Seborrhoeic keratosis is very common, appears in mid‐life and affects the majority of older adults. Clinical and dermoscopic features are characteristic. Certain somatic mutations are common, but the lesions are genetically stable and not premalignant. Surgery and cryotherapy are effective. Stucco keratosis is a variant in which white hyperkeratotic papules occur on the limbs in older adults. The dermatosis papulosa nigra variant occurs mostly in pigmented skin on the face. Warty dyskeratoma is rare and presents as a cup‐shaped nodule with a keratotic plug with dyskeratosis and acantholysis. Clear cell acanthoma is a red, dome‐shaped papule often on a lower limb with glycogen‐containing cells. Lichenoid keratosis is a solitary pink or brown plaque, mimicking other lesions. Pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia is a reactive epidermal proliferation occurring secondary to inflammatory or neoplastic conditions that mimics squamous cell carcinoma.
Racial and Ethnic Composition of Populations Served by Freestanding Children's Hospitals and Disparities in Outcomes of Pediatric Lupus
Authors: Chang Joyce C. , Liu Jessica P. , Berbert Laura M. , Chandler Mia T. , Patel Pooja N. , Smitherman Emily A. , Weller Edie A. , Son Mary Beth F. , Costenbader Karen H. 
Published: February 2024

ObjectiveHealth disparities may be driven by hospital‐level factors. We assessed whether racial and ethnic composition of populations hospitals serve explain or modify disparities in hospital outcomes of children with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).MethodsIn this retrospective cohort study of patients 5 to 26 years old with SLE at 47 children's hospitals in the Pediatric Health Information System (2006–2021), race and ethnicity were assessed at the patient level and hospital level (proportion of total admissions composed of Black or Hispanic patients, respectively). Outcomes included intensive care unit (ICU) admission or adverse renal outcome (end‐stage renal disease, dialysis, or transplant) during follow‐up. We estimated racial and ethnic disparities, adjusted or stratified by hospital racial or ethnic composition.ResultsOf 8,125 patients with SLE, 2,293 (28%) required ICU admission, and 698 (9%) had an adverse renal outcome. Black and non‐Hispanic White disparities in ICU admission were observed only at hospitals serving higher proportions of Black patients (odds ratio [OR] 1.29, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.04–1.59 vs OR 1.07, 95% CI 0.83–1.38). Larger Black and non‐Hispanic White disparities in adverse renal outcomes were observed at hospitals with higher Black racial composition (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.4–2.8 vs OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.1–2.4). Conversely, Hispanic versus non‐Hispanic disparities in renal outcomes persisted after adjustment for hospital‐reported Hispanic ethnic composition but were observed only at hospitals with lower proportions of Hispanic patients.ConclusionWorse Black and White disparities in SLE outcomes are observed at children's hospitals serving more Black children, whereas distinct patterns are observed for Hispanic and non‐Hispanic disparities. Reporting of hospital characteristics related to populations served is needed to identify modifiable drivers of hospital‐level variation.
Neural network‐based output‐feedback adaptive control for a class of uncertain strict feedback fractional‐order nonlinear systems subject to input saturation
Authors: Rabahi Zoubir , Daoudi Islem , Chemachema Mohamed 
Published: February 2024

SummaryThis paper presents neural networks (NNs) adaptive controller for an uncertain fractional‐order nonlinear system in strict‐feedback form, subject to input saturation, unavailable states for measurement, and external disturbances. The fractional‐order adaptive laws are derived based only on the output tracking error thanks to the implementation of the strictly positive real (SPR) property, differently from the existing results in the literature of fractional‐order strict‐feedback systems where all system states are used in the adaptive laws. The proposed design approach addresses the nonaffine nature of the control input due to saturation nonlinearity by using the mean value theorem and follows a nonrecursive design by using a state transformation where the advantage is twofold. First, it eliminates the explosion complexity found in back‐stepping control‐based approaches design, and second, it reduces the approximators units and parameters in controller implementation. Furthermore, an observer is introduced to estimate the unavailable newly defined states, and then an output adaptive feedback control design is ensured. An NN is used to approximate the unknown ideal control law, and an auxiliary control term is appended to deal with saturation effect, unknown disturbance, and approximation errors. The tracking error is proved to converge asymptotically to a bounded set using the Lyapunov theory. Simulation results on three examples show the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
High‐Performance Te Nanowires/MoS2/Polyimine Nanocomposite‐Based Self‐Healable, Recyclable and Screen‐Printable Flexible Photodetector for Image Sensing
Authors: Peng Hongyun , Li Huiqiao , Guo Erjuan , Zhai Tianyou 
Published: February 2024

AbstractIntrinsically flexible photodetectors are compelling building blocks for next‐generation wearable optoelectronic systems owing to their distinctive advantages of reliable structural durability and versatile scalability for large‐scale production. However, their practical applications are still impeded by the inferior photodetection performance, irreversible device failure after breakage, and serious e‐waste accumulation after service life. Herein, a high‐performance intrinsically flexible, mechanically durable, self‐healable, closed‐loop recyclable, and screen‐printable Te NWs/MoS2 nanosheets/polyimine nanocomposite‐based photodetector are designed by engineering‐ordered‐bridged 1D/2D carrier percolation “fast lanes” in dynamic covalent polyimine matrix via a flow‐designed solution‐shearing method. Such a design provides a sixfold, 20.1‐fold, and 6.9‐fold enhancement in carrier mobility, responsivity (11.68 mA W−1), and detectivity (1.145 × 1010 Jones), respectively, as well as stable photoresponse over eight months or after 50 000 bending‐flattening times. Meanwhile, this photodetector presents excellent self‐healing efficiency and repeatable recyclability for device reconfiguration. Furthermore, these merits can be fully integrated onto textile by assembling nacre‐like Te NWs/MoS2/polyimine nanocomposite coatings on textiles via screen‐printing processes, enabling programmable patterning of photodetection arrays for large‐area image sensing. This work provides a viable approach for the design of shape‐tunable optoelectronics with reliable mechanical durability and customizable functionalities, demonstrating the tremendous potential for large‐scale applications in wearable optoelectronic systems.
A H+/Li+ Ion Exchange Induced Spinel Ion‐Conductive Interphase Stabilizes 4.5 V LiCoO2 in Sulfide‐Based All‐Solid‐State Lithium Battery
Authors: Feng Li , Chen Zhaoxin , Zhang Minghao , Zhang Shaojian , Zheng Jianhui , Xiao Denghai , Liu Chenyu , Lin Zhan 
Published: February 2024

AbstractAll‐solid‐state lithium batteries (ASSLIBs) show significant promise as the next‐generation energy technology due to their high energy density and inherent safety. However, the severe interface reactions between solid electrolyte and the high‐voltage cathodes pose a major challenge, particularly at higher charge voltages. Herein, a H3PO4‐triggered H+/Li+ exchange strategy is proposed to covert LiCoO2 (LCO) surface to spinel Co3O4/Li3PO4 ionic‐conductive interphase. This spinel interphase presents a thickness of 15 nm and good affinity with LCO, which provides long‐lasting protection to suppress interfacial parasitic reactions. Besides, both spinel Co3O4 and amorphous Li3PO4 feature high ionic conductivity compared to bulk LCO, thereby facilitating the interfacial ionic transportation. With such modification, ASSLIBs delivers high specific capacity (146.2 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C), outstanding rate performance (116.4 mAh g−1 at 2 C), and long‐term cyclability (350 cycles at 0.5 C) under a cut‐off voltage of 4.3 V versus Li/Li+. Moreover, this robust spinel interphase further improves the stable cycling (168.9 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C for 100 cycles) under elevated cut‐off voltage (4.5 V vs Li/Li+). This finding highlights the H+/Li+ exchange to convert LCO surface to a spinel ionic‐conductive interphase, which poses new insights for interface design in ASSLIBs.
Data‐Driven Screening of Pivotal Subunits in Edge‐Anchored Single Atom Catalysts for Oxygen Reactions
Authors: Ye Qitong , Yi Xingxing , Wang Cai‐Zhuang , Zhang Tao , Liu Yipu , Lin Shiwei , Fan Hong Jin 
Published: February 2024

AbstractOxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) are key reactions in diverse energy conversion devices, highlighting the importance of efficient catalysts. Edge‐anchored single atom catalysts (E‐SACs) emerge as a special class of atomic structure, but the detailed configuration and its correlation with catalytic activity remain little explored. Herein, a total of 78 E‐SACs (E‐TM‐Nx‐C) have been constructed based on 26 transition metal (TM) species with three coordination patterns. Using structural stability and ORR/OER catalytic activity as the evaluation criteria, a few catalytic structures comparable to Pt (111) for ORR and IrO2 (110) for OER are screened based on high‐throughput calculations. The screening results unveil that the E‐Rh‐N4‐C configuration exhibits most efficient bifunctional activity for both ORR and OER with an overpotential of 0.38 and 0.61 V, respectively. Electronic structure analysis confirms the distinctive edge effects on the electronic properties of TM and N species, and the feature importance derived from machine learning illustrates the efficacy of E‐TM‐Nx subunit configuration in determining the catalytic activity of E‐SACs. Finally, the trained Gradient Boosting Regression (GBR) model exhibits acceptable accuracy in predicting the OH intermediates adsorption strength for E‐SACs, thereby paving the way for expanding catalytic structures based on E‐SACs.
Probing Hyperbolic Shear Polaritons in β‐Ga2O3 Nanostructures Using STEM‐EELS
Authors: Zhang Zhenyu , Wang Tao , Jiang Hailing , Qi Ruishi , Li Yuehui , Wang Jinlin , Sheng Shanshan , Li Ning , Shi Ruochen , Wei Jiaqi , Liu Fang , Zhang Shengnan , Huo Xiaoqing , Du Jinlong , Zhang Jingmin , Xu Jun , Rong Xin , Gao Peng , Shen Bo , Wang Xinqiang 
Published: February 2024

AbstractPhonon polaritons, quasiparticles arising from strong coupling between electromagnetic waves and optical phonons, have potential for applications in subdiffraction imaging, sensing, thermal conduction enhancement, and spectroscopy signal enhancement. A new class of phonon polaritons in low‐symmetry monoclinic crystals, hyperbolic shear polaritons (HShPs), have been verified recently in β‐Ga2O3 by free electron laser (FEL) measurements. However, detailed behaviors of HShPs in β‐Ga2O3 nanostructures still remain unknown. Here, by using monochromatic electron energy loss spectroscopy in conjunction with scanning transmission electron microscopy, the experimental observation of multiple HShPs in β‐Ga2O3 in the mid‐infrared (MIR) and far‐infrared (FIR) ranges is reported. HShPs in various β‐Ga2O3 nanorods and a β‐Ga2O3 nanodisk are excited. The frequency‐dependent rotation and shear effect of HShPs reflect on the distribution of EELS signals. The propagation and reflection of HShPs in nanostructures are clarified by simulations of electric field distribution. These findings suggest that, with its tunable broad spectral HShPs, β‐Ga2O3 is an excellent candidate for nanophotonic applications.
22% Record Efficiency in Nanorod Light‐Emitting Diodes Achieved by Gradient Shells
Authors: Zeng Yicheng , Liu Xiaonan , Liu Yuan , Chen Weiwei , Liu Fangze , Li Hongbo 
Published: February 2024

AbstractThe external quantum efficiency (EQE) in light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) based on isotropic quantum dots has approached the theoretical limit of close to 20%. Anisotropic nanorods can break this limit by taking advantage of their directional emission. However, the progress towards higher EQE by using CdSe/CdS nanorods (NRs) faces several challenges, primarily involving the low quantum yield and unbalanced charge injection in devices. Herein, the seeded growth method is modified and anisotropic nanorods are obtained with photoluminescence quantum yield up to 98% by coating a gradient alloyed CdZnSe shell around conventional spherical CdSe seeds. This intermediate alloyed CdZnSe shell combined with a subsequent rod‐shaped CdZnS/ZnS shell can effectively suppress the electron delocalization in the typical CdSe/CdS nanorods due to their small conduction bandgap offset. Additionally, this alloyed shell can reduce the hole‐injection barrier and create a larger barrier for electron injection, both effects promoting a balanced injection of electrons and holes in LEDs. Hence, LEDs are reached with high brightness (160341 cd m−2) and high efficiency (EQE = 22%, current efficiency = 23.19 cd A−1), which are the highest values to date for nanorod LEDs.