bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A stochastic model of blood flow to calculate blood dose during radiotherapy
Authors: Beekman Chris , Withrow Julia D , Correa Alfonso Camilo M , Pathak Shreya P , Dawson Robert J , Carrasco-Rojas Natalia , Sforza Andrew R , Colon Carlos G , Bolch Wesley E , Grassberger Clemens , Paganetti Harald 
Published: October 2023

Abstract

Purpose. Lymphopenia is a common side effect in patients treated with radiotherapy, potentially caused by direct cell killing of circulating lymphocytes in the blood. To investigate this hypothesis, a method to assess dose to circulating lymphocytes is needed. Methods. A stochastic model to simulate systemic blood flow in the human body was developed based on a previously designed compartment model. Blood dose was obtained by superimposing the spatiotemporal distribution of blood particles with a time-varying dose rate field, and used as a surrogate for dose to circulating lymphocytes. We discuss relevant theory on compartmental modeling and how to combine it with models of explicit organ vasculature. Results. A general workflow was established which can be used for any anatomical site. Stochastic compartments can be replaced by explicit models of organ vasculatures for improved spatial resolution, and tumor compartments can be dynamically assigned. Generating a patient-specific blood flow distribution takes about one minute, fast enough to investigate the effect of varying treatment parameters such as the dose rate. Furthermore, the anatomical structures contributing most to the overall blood dose can be identified, which could potentially be used for lymphocyte-sparing treatment planning. Conclusion. The ability to report the blood dose distribution during radiotherapy is imperative to test and act upon the current paradigm that radiation-induced lymphopenia is caused by direct cell killing of lymphocytes in the blood. We have built a general model that can do so for various treatment sites. The presented framework is publicly available at http://github.com/mghro/hedos.
Multi-view fusion-based local-global dynamic pyramid convolutional cross-tansformer network for density classification in mammography
Authors: Zhong Yutong , Piao Yan , Zhang Guohui 
Published: October 2023

Abstract

Object. Breast density is an important indicator of breast cancer risk. However, existing methods for breast density classification do not fully utilise the multi-view information produced by mammography and thus have limited classification accuracy. Method. In this paper, we propose a multi-view fusion network, denoted local-global dynamic pyramidal-convolution transformer network (LG-DPTNet), for breast density classification in mammography. First, for single-view feature extraction, we develop a dynamic pyramid convolutional network to enable the network to adaptively learn global and local features. Second, we address the problem exhibited by traditional multi-view fusion methods, this is based on a cross-transformer that integrates fine-grained information and global contextual information from different views and thereby provides accurate predictions for the network. Finally, we use an asymmetric focal loss function instead of traditional cross-entropy loss during network training to solve the problem of class imbalance in public datasets, thereby further improving the performance of the model. Results. We evaluated the effectiveness of our method on two publicly available mammography datasets, CBIS-DDSM and INbreast, and achieved areas under the curve (AUC) of 96.73% and 91.12%, respectively. Conclusion. Our experiments demonstrated that the devised fusion model can more effectively utilise the information contained in multiple views than existing models and exhibits classification performance that is superior to that of baseline and state-of-the-art methods.
Generalisation of radiotherapy dose calculation for Monte Carlo algorithm combined with 3D Swin-Unet: a multi-institutional IMRT evaluation
Authors: Zhang Bailin , Zhuang Yongdong , Li Yinghui , Chen Lixin , Liu Xiaowei , Liu Zhibin , Wang Xuetao , Zhu Jinhan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract

Objective. Accurate dose calculations are essential prerequisites for precise radiotherapy. The integration of deep learning into dosimetry could consider computational accuracy and efficiency and has potential applicability to clinical dose calculation. The generalisation of a deep learning dose calculation method (hereinafter referred to as TERMA-Monte Carlo network, T-MC net) was evaluated in clinical practice using intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) plans for various human body regions and multiple institutions, with the Monte Carlo (MC) algorithm serving as a benchmark. Approach. Sixty IMRT plans were selected from four institutions for testing the head and neck, chest and abdomen, and pelvis regions. Using the MC results as the benchmark, the T-MC net calculation results were used to perform three-dimensional dose distribution and dose-volume histogram (DVH) comparisons of the entire body, planning target volume (PTV) and organs at risk (OARs), respectively, and calculate the mean ±95% confidence interval of gamma pass rate (GPR), percentage of agreement (PA) and dose difference ratio (DDR) of dose indices D95, D50, and D5. Main results. For the entire body, the GPRs of 3%/3 mm, 2%/2 mm, 2%/1 mm, and the PA were 99.62 ± 0.32%, 98.50 ± 1.09%, 95.60 ± 2.90% and 97.80 ± 1.12%, respectively. For the PTV, the GPRs of 3%/3 mm, 2%/2 mm, 2%/1 mm and the PA were 98.90 ± 1.00%, 95.78 ± 2.83%, 92.23 ± 4.74% and 98.93 ± 0.62%, respectively. The absolute value of average DDR was less than 1.4%. Significance. We proposed a general dose calculation framework based on deep learning, using the MC algorithm as a benchmark, performing a generalisation test for IMRT treatment plans across multiple institutions. The framework provides high computational speed while maintaining the accuracy of MC and may become an effective dose algorithm engine in treatment planning, adaptive radiotherapy, and dose verification.
Specular highlight removal for endoscopic images using partial attention network
Authors: Zhang Chong , Liu Yueliang , Wang Kun , Tian Jie 
Published: October 2023

Abstract

Objective. Endoscopic imaging is a visualization method widely used in minimally invasive surgery. However, owing to the strong reflection of the mucus layer on the organs, specular highlights often appear to degrade the imaging performance. Thus, it is necessary to develop an effective highlight removal method for endoscopic imaging. Approach. A specular highlight removal method using a partial attention network (PatNet) for endoscopic imaging is proposed to reduce the interference of bright light in endoscopic surgery. The method is designed as two procedures: highlight segmentation and endoscopic image inpainting. Image segmentation uses brightness threshold based on illumination compensation to divide the endoscopic image into the highlighted mask and the non-highlighted area. The image inpainting algorithm uses a partial convolution network that integrates an attention mechanism. A mask dataset with random hopping points is designed to simulate specular highlight in endoscopic imaging for network training. Through the filtering of masks, the method can focus on recovering defective pixels and preserving valid pixels as much as possible. Main results. The PatNet is compared with 3 highlight segmentation methods, 3 imaging inpainting methods and 5 highlight removal methods for effective analysis. Experimental results show that the proposed method provides better performance in terms of both perception and quantification. In addition, surgeons are invited to score the processing results for different highlight removal methods under realistic reflection conditions. The PatNet received the highest score of 4.18. Correspondingly, the kendall’s W is 0.757 and the asymptotic significance p = 0.000 < 0.01, revealing that the subjective scores have good consistency and confidence. Significance. Generally, the method can realize irregular shape highlight reflection removal and image restoration close to the ground truth of endoscopic images. This method can improve the quality of endoscopic imaging for accurate image analysis.
A flexible magnetic detector based on transferred ferroelectric/ferromagnetic thin film heterostructure
Authors: Liang Kun , Chen Zhiqiang , Yao Shuai , Tan Haibin , Zhou Peng , Ma Zhijun , Qi Yajun , Zhang Tianjin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A flexible magnetic detector based on ferroelectric/ferromagnetic (PZT/Metglas) thin film heterostructure is developed by using etching and transferring technique. The transferred PZT film still exhibits (001)-oriented or very highly textured structure with good ferroelectricity (P
r = 50 μC cm−2 and E
c = 150 kV cm−1). Magnetoelectric (ME) voltage coefficient of the PZT/Metglas film heterostructure approaches 5.1 V cm−1 Oe at resonance frequency (57.5 kHz). The flexible detector has a sensitivity of AC 0.3 nT and DC 1 Oe with high stability for magnetic field detection. Our demonstration provides a viable approach for realizing ME thin film transfer technology, which is of great significance for future applications on flexible magnetic detectors.
Superconducting joints of reacted monofilament MgB2 wires sintered by hot uniaxial pressing system
Authors: Liang Hao , Morawski Andrzej , Patel Dipak , Cetner Tomasz , Billah Md Motasim , Rindfleisch Matt , Taylor Richard , Yamauchi Yusuke , Hossain Md Shahriar A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Successful superconducting joints of reacted magnesium diboride (MgB2) monofilament wires are reported in this paper. The absence of a reliable method to develop superconducting joints between reacted MgB2 wires presents a major obstacle to the wider adoption of MgB2 as a material for magnet winding. A hot uniaxial pressing (HUP) system was exploited for sintering purposes since it can facilitate the formation of condensed in situ bulk on the wire filament. The wires were manufactured with an extra thick barrier material to protect the filament from damage during HUP sintering. The sintering temperature and pressure of the HUP system were varied to comprehend the best-performing joint. The performance of joints could be improved by depreciating the pores within the intermediate bulk of the joint. To prove this point, joints were cut to study their morphology. However, due to sintering in pressurised conditions, the reaction of the in situ intermediate bulk was not completed. The x-ray diffraction result detected a significant unreacted magnesium phase in the intermediate bulk. This work obtained joints of reacted MgB2 wires which can be considered for industrial MgB2 magnetic resonance imaging magnets fabrication.
XUV fluorescence as a probe of laser-induced helium nanoplasma dynamics
Authors: Sumfleth Malte , Przystawik Andreas , Namboodiri Mahesh , Laarmann Tim 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
XUV fluorescence spectroscopy provides information on energy absorption and dissipation processes taking place in the interaction of helium clusters with intense femtosecond laser pulses. The present experimental results complement the physical picture derived from previous electron and ion spectroscopic studies of the generated helium nanoplasma. Here, the broadband XUV fluorescence emission from high-lying Rydberg states that covers the spectral region from

6
p
→
1
s

at 53.0 eV all the way to photon energies corresponding to the ionization potential of He+ ions at 54.4 eV is observed directly. The cluster size-dependent population of these states in the expanding nanoplasma follows the well-known bottleneck model. The results support previous findings and highlight the important role of Rydberg states in the energetics and dynamics of laser-generated nanoplasma.
Broadband achromatic metalens design based on predictive neural network and particle swarm optimization-genetic algorithm
Authors: Zhang Cheng , Chen Mingsheng , Zhang Liru , Zhang Ru , Cheng Hong , Shen Chuan , Wei Sui 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The main challenge in designing broadband achromatic metalenses is to achieve the desired phase distribution at different wavelengths and positions. Finding the exact relationship between phase modulation and the size or shape of individual nanopillars is a critical but time-consuming step. This paper presents a novel joint design framework predictive neural networks and particle swarm optimization-genetic algorithms, which combines predictive neural network (PNN) and particle swarm optimization-genetic algorithm (PSO-GA). The proposed framework aims to accurately predict the phase response of nanopillars using PNN, increase the number of phase data points to establish a one-to-one correspondence between the phase and nanopillar parameters in the design of broadband achromatic metalenses, and optimize the parameters of an individual nanostructure of the metalens using PSO-GA. To validate the efficacy of the proposed method, a broadband achromatic metalens for line polarization light in the range of 260–350 nm is designed. Numerical simulations demonstrate that the designed metalens exhibits achromatic focusing. The method proposed in this paper may find wider application in the design of more complex metasurface devices.
Constraints on extended Jordan-Brans-Dicke gravity
Authors: Kaneta Kunio , Oda Kin-ya , Yoshimura Motohiko 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Cosmological analysis of
extended Jordan-Brans-Dicke (eJBD) gravity is presented
in the Einstein metric frame in which gravitational interaction is readily understandable.
Our formulation is the first systematic investigation of how to
introduce lagrangian of standard particle physics
in eJBD framework consistently with the general principle of spontaneously broken
gauge symmetry, which makes it possible to
confront eJBD-based cosmology
with observational and laboratory bounds on time variation
of parameters, masses, and coupling constants,
caused by time evolution of eJBD fields.
Decomposition of standard particle physics lagrangian into
independent gauge invariant pieces is
proposed to avoid serious conflict that may arise from standard
lagrangian transformed from the Jordan frame.
Independent conformal factors are assigned to each of
five gauge invariant pieces.
The formulation is most unambiguously made possible by
defining fields having canonical kinetic terms
that allow us to use the canonical quantization rule of field theory.
This construction gives as one of its consequences
the canonical eJBD field χ that couples to
the universal fermion current, a linear combination of
baryon and lepton number currents,
∂μχ
(3 jμ
B
+ jμ
L
),
in addition to the conventional trace of the energy-momentum tensor.
Field equation of eJBD field along with gravitational equation is analyzed by using a simplified
polynomial class of potential and conformal functions,
giving time evolution of radiation, matter and dark energy densities
consistent with observations when an appropriate set of model parameters
are used.
Finite temperature corrections are further calculated to give
temperature dependent terms in eJBD field potential.
Bianchi type cosmological models in f(T) tele-parallel gravity
Authors: van den Hoogen R.J. , Coley A.A. , McNutt D.D. 
Published: October 2023

AbstractSymmetry assumptions on the geometrical framework have provided successful mechanisms to develop physically meaningful solutions to many problems. In tele-parallel gravity, invariance of the frame and spin-connection under a group of motions defines an affine symmetry group. Here, we assume there exists a three-dimensional group of affine symmetries acting simply transitively on a spatial hypersurface and that this group of symmetry actions defines our affine frame symmetry group. We determine the general form of the co-frame and spin connection for each spatially homogeneous Bianchi type. We then construct the corresponding field equations forf(T) tele-parallel gravity. We show that if the symmetry group is of Bianchi type A (I,II,VI0,VII0,VIIIorIX) then there exists a co-frame/spin connection pair that is consistent with the antisymmetric part of the field equations off(T) tele-parallel gravity. For those geometries having a Bianchi type B symmetry group (IV,V,VIh,VIIh), we find that in general these geometries are inconsistent with the antisymmetric part of thef(T) tele-parallel gravity field equations unless the theory reduces to an analog of General Relativity with a cosmological constant.
Divertor power load investigations with deuterium and tritium in type-I ELMy H-mode plasmas in JET with the ITER-like wall
Authors: Faitsch M. , Balboa I. , Lomas P. , Silburn S.A. , Tookey A. , Kos D. , Huber A. , de la Luna E. , Keeling D. , Kappatou A. ,   JET Contributors
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Divertor power load is a major challenge towards a burning plasma in a next-step tokamak. Here, the first results of a divertor power load characterisation in tritium plasmas in type-I ELMy H-mode, obtained in the JET deuterium-tritium campaign (DTE2) performed in 2021, are presented. It is demonstrated that both, transient loads due to type-I ELMs as well as the power fall-off length, do not exhibit an explicit ion mass dependence, with remarkably similar values in the tritium plasmas and in the deuterium references. This gives an improved credence to published scaling law predictions, solely based on deuterium plasma experiments. Moreover, the type-I ELM impact on the inner divertor target is studied in deuterium discharges. A slightly increased parallel energy fluence on the inner target with a factor of 1.08 compared to the outer target is observed. This is explained by the smaller major radius of the inner target.
Isotope mass scaling and transport comparison between JET Deuterium and Tritium L-mode plasmas
Authors: Tala T. , Järvinen A.E. , Maggi C.F. , Mantica P. , Mariani A. , Salmi A. , Carvalho I.S. , Chomiczewska A. , Delabie E. , Devasagayam F. , Ferreira J. , Gromelski W. , Hawkes N. , Horvath L. , Karhunen J. , King D. , Kirjasuo A. , Kowalska-Strzeciwilk E. , Leerink S. , Lennholm M. , Lomanowski B. , Maslov M. , Menmuir S. , Morales R.B. , Sharma R. , Sun H. , Tanaka K. ,   JET Contributors
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The dimensionless isotope mass scaling experiment between pure Deuterium and pure Tritium plasmas with matched

ρ
∗

,

ν
∗

, β

n
, q and

T
e

/

T
i

has been achieved in JET L-mode with dominant electron heating (NBI+ohmic) conditions. 28% higher scaled energy confinement time

B
t

τ

E
,

t
h

/

A

is found in favour of the Tritium plasma. This can be cast in the form of the dimensionless energy confinement scaling law as

Ω
i

τ

E
,

t
h

∼

A

0.48
±
0.16

. This significant isotope mass scaling is consequently seen in the scaled one-fluid heat diffusion coefficient

A

χ

e
f
f

/

B
t

which is around 50% lower in the Tritium plasma throughout the whole plasma radius. The isotope mass dependence in the particle transport channel is negligible, supported also by the perturbative particle transport analysis with gas puff modulation. The comparison of the edge particle fuelling or ionisation profiles from the EDGE2D-EIRENE simulations show that the absolute density differences that are necessary for the dimensionless match in the confined plasma dominate over any isotope mass dependencies of particle fuelling and ionization profiles at the plasma edge. Local GENE simulation results indicate a mild anti-gyroBohm effect at

ρ

t
o
r

= 0.6 and thereby a small isotope mass dependence in favour of Tritium on heat transport and a negligible effect on particle transport. A significant fraction of the isotope scaling and reduced heat transport observed in the Tritium plasma is not captured in the GENE and ASTRA-TGLF-SAT2 simulations by simply changing the isotope mass for the same input profiles.
Modelling performed for predictions of fusion power in JET DTE2: overview and lessons learnt
Authors: Garcia J. , Casson F.J. , Frassinetti L. , Gallart D. , Garzotti L. , Kim H.-T. , Nocente M. , Saarelma S. , Auriemma F. , Ferreira J. , Gabriellini S. , Ho A. , Huynh P. , Kirov K.K. , Lerche E. , Mantsinen M.J. , Zotta V.K. , Stancar Z. , Taylor D.M.A. , Van Eester D. , Challis C.D. ,   JET Contributors
Published: October 2023

Abstract
For more than a decade, an unprecedented predict-first activity has been carried in order to predict the fusion power and provide guidance to the second Deuterium–Tritium (D–T) campaign performed at JET in 2021 (DTE2). Such an activity has provided a framework for a broad model validation and development towards the D–T operation. It is shown that it is necessary to go beyond projections using scaling laws in order to obtain detailed physics based predictions. Furthermore, mixing different modelling complexity and promoting an extended interplay between modelling and experiment are essential towards reliable predictions of D–T plasmas. The fusion power obtained in this predict-first activity is in broad agreement with the one finally measured in DTE2. Implications for the prediction of fusion power in future devices, such as ITER, are discussed.
L-H transition studies in tritium and deuterium–tritium campaigns at JET with Be wall and W divertor
Authors: Solano E.R. , Birkenmeier G. , Silva C. , Delabie E. , Hillesheim J.C. , Baciero A. , Balboa I. , Baruzzo M. , Boboc A. , Brix M. , Bernardo J. , Bourdelle C. , Carvalho I.S. , Carvalho P. , Challis C.D. , Chernyshova M. , Chomiczewska A. , Coelho R. , Coffey I. , Craciunescu T. , de la Cal E. , de la Luna E. , Dumont R. , Dumortier P. , Fontana M. , Fontdecaba J.M. , Frassinetti L. , Gallart D. , Garcia J. , Giroud C. , Gromelski W. , Henriques R.B. , Hall J. , Ho A. , Horton L.D. , Horvath L. , Jacquet P. , Jepu I. , Joffrin E. , Kappatou A. , Keeling D.L. , King D.B. , Kiptily V.G. , Kirov K.K. , Kos D. , Kowalska-Strzęciwilk E. , Lennholm M. , Lerche E. , Litherland-Smith E. , Loarte A. , Lomanowski B. , Lomas P.J. , Maggi C.F. , Mailloux J. , Mantsinen M.J. , Maslov M. , Meigs A.G. , Monakhov I. , Morales R.B. , Nielsen A.H. , Nina D. , Noble C. , Pawelec E. , Poradzinski M. , Pucella G. , Puglia P. , Réfy D. , Rasmussen J. Juul , Righi E. , Rimini F.G. , Robinson T. , Sertoli M. , Silburn S.A. , Sips G. , Sirén P. , Štancar Ž. , Sun H.J. , Szepesi G. , Taylor D. , Tholerus E. , Thomas B. , Verdoolaege G. , Vincenzi P. , Viola B. , Vianello N. , Wilson T. ,   JET Contributors
Published: October 2023

AbstractThe recent deuterium–tritium campaign in JET-ILW (DTE2) has provided a unique opportunity to study the isotope dependence of the L-H power threshold in an ITER-like wall environment (Be wall and W divertor). Here we present results from dedicated L-H transition experiments at JET-ILW, documenting the power threshold in tritium and deuterium–tritium plasmas, comparing them with the matching deuterium and hydrogen datasets. From earlier experiments in JET-ILW it is known that as plasma isotopic composition changes from deuterium, through varying deuterium/hydrogen concentrations, to pure hydrogen, the value of the line averaged density at which the threshold is minimum,nˉe,min, increases, leading us to expect thatnˉe,min(T) <nˉe,min(DT) <nˉe,min(D) <nˉe,min(H). The new power threshold data confirms these expectations in most cases, with the corresponding ordering of the minimum power thresholds. We present a comparison of this data to power threshold scalings, used for extrapolation to future devices such as ITER and DEMO.