bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gender, Language, and Modernity: Toward an Effective History of “Japanese Women’s Language”
Authors: Inoue Miyako 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Japanese women’s language” is a socially powerful truth. I mean by this not that the phrase refers to the empirical speech patterns of women. Rather, I mean that “Japanese women’s language” is a critical cultural category and an unavoidable part of practical social knowledge in contemporary Japan. The phrase names a space of discourse in which the Japanese woman is objectified, evaluated, studied, staged, and normalized through her imputed language use and is thus rendered into a knowable and unified object. Doxic statements, such as “Women speak more politely than men” and “Women are not capable of speaking logically,” are commonly heard in daily conversation. Scholars, too, have produced a highly reflexive and abstract—therefore privileged—knowledge of how women speak (differently from men); they have systematically located female-male differentiation at all levels of the language: phonology, semantics, morphology, syntax, speech acts, discourse (in the technical linguistic sense), as well as prosodic features such as pitch, and they have explained how female-specific values, attributes, and social roles are registered in speech forms and in the management of conversation.
“Let’s Dress a Little Girlishly!” or “Conquer Short Pants!”: Constructing Gendered Communities in Fashion Magazines for Young People
Authors: Nakamura Momoko 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like all forms of mass communication, fashion magazines for young people use language to construct the identity of their readership. This identity is both imaginary and specific. Texts for mass audiences such as magazines often assume target readers and use language so as to communicate to them. In the process, the imaginary reader is constructed as having particular interests, values, and experiences—that is, as having a particular identity. Actual readers have choices to make about whether they will use the identity of an imaginary reader as a resource to construct their own identities.
Women and Words: The Status of Sexist Language in Japan as Seen through Contemporary Dictionary Definitions and Media Discourse
Authors: Endo Orie , Shibamoto Smith Janet S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One often hears the argument that in order to eliminate sexist language, it is first necessary to eliminate sexism; as long as there is sexism, it is useless to problematize sexist language alone. However, I argue that the existence of sexist language supports and reproduces sexist attitudes and it is, thus, essential to problematize sexist language itself. In this chapter, I focus on three of the many derogatory words used to describe women in Japanese. I examine their treatment both in a sample of Japanese language dictionaries and, more briefly, in the media. While the use of sexist expressions in the media has decreased considerably over time, in dictionaries the treatment of many sexist words remains largely unchanged. Although media have their own shaping effects on the public understanding of gender (see chapters 6 and 7, this volume), they must, ultimately, attract and retain their audience; not surprisingly, then, popular media are found to be more responsive than dictionaries to social change. Lexicographers, however, are experts who authenticate the words and word meanings we use (Gal 1989). As authenticators of symbolic capital (Bourdieu 1977), they have a different relation of symbolic power vis-à-vis the public and tend toward a conservative vision of word meaning and usage. One thinks, in this vein, of dictionaries as offering such authoritative information about lexical items as “correct” pronunciation, meaning, orthography, etymology, usage, and the like.
Farm Women’s Professional Discourse in Ibaraki
Authors: Sunaoshi Yukako 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent studies on language and gender in Japanese (e.g., Okamoto 1995, Inoue 2002, chapter 3, this volume) suggest that “Japanese women’s language” as characterized in terms of a set of linguistic features in Standard Japanese (SJ) is in fact a prescribed norm and thus does not represent the way Japanese women actually use language. While this realization is an important step in the study of women’s language use in Japanese, it must also be pointed out that we still know relatively little about the real language practice of Japanese women and men, who are socially diverse and heterogeneous, and that its investigation entails a consideration of how gender interacts with other social variables, such as region, class, and occupation.
The Allure Of Toxic Leaders
Authors: Lipman-Blumen Jean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Toxic leaders--such as Ken Lay at Enron or Al Dunlap ("Chainsaw Al") at Sunbeam, or Slobodan Milosevic in Yugoslavia--have always been with us, and many books explain what makes them tick. But in The Allure of Toxic Leaders, Jean Lipman-Blumen explains what makes the followers tick, exploring why we tolerate--and remain steadfastly loyal to--leaders who are destructive to their organizations, their employees, their nations, and their constituents. Why do we knowingly follow, seldom unseat, frequently prefer, and sometimes even create toxic leaders? Lipman-Blumen argues that these leaders appeal to our deepest needs, playing on our anxieties and fears, on our yearnings for security, high self-esteem, and significance, and on our desire for noble enterprises and immortality. The author explores how psychological needs--such as the desire to be at the heart of the action, to be an insider--can often make us susceptible to toxic leaders. She describes how followers inadvertently keep themselves in line by a set of insidious control myths that they internalize. In addition, outside forces--such as economic depressions, political upheavals, or a crisis in the company--can increase our anxiety and our longing for charismatic leaders. Equally important, Lipman-Blumen shows how followers, mired in the swamp of toxic leadership, can learn critical lessons for the future and survive in the meantime. She discusses how to confront, reform, undermine, blow the whistle on, or oust a toxic leader. And she suggests how we can diminish our need for strong leaders, identify "reluctant leaders" among competent followers, and even nurture the leader within ourselves. Toxic leaders first charm, but then manipulate, mistreat, weaken, and ultimately devastate their followers. The Allure of Toxic Leaders tells us how to recognize these leaders and identify the germ of toxicity within their "noble" visions before it's too late.
Defining Creole
Authors: Mcwhorter John h. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A conventional wisdom among creolists is that creole is a sociohistorical term only: that creole languages share a particular history entailing adults rapidly acquiring a language usually under conditions of subordination, but that structurally they are indistinguishable from other languages. The articles by John H. McWhorter collected in this volume demonstrate that this is in fact untrue. Creole languages, while complex and nuanced as all human languages are, are delineable from older languages as the result of their having come into existence only a few centuries ago. Then adults learn a language under untutored conditions, they abbreviate its structure, focusing upon features vital to communication and shaving away most of the features useless to communication that bedevil those acquiring the language non-natively. When they utilize their rendition of the language consistently enough to create a brand-new one, this new creation naturally evinces evidence of its youth: specifically, a much lower degree of the random accretions typical in older languages, which only develop over vast periods of time. The articles constitute a case for this thesis based on both broad, cross-creole ranges of data and focused expositions referring to single creole languages. The book presents a general case for a theory of language contact and creolization in which not only transfer from source languages but also structural reduction plays a central role, based on facts whose marginality of address in creole studies has arisen from issues sociopolitical as well as scientific. For several decades the very definition of the term creole has been elusive even among creole specialists. This book attempts to forge a path beyond the inter- and intra-disciplinary misunderstandings and stalemates that have resulted from this, and to demonstrate the place that creoles might occupy in other linguistic subfields, including typology, language contact, and syntactic theory.
Venture Capital and Corporate Governance
Authors: Allen Franklin , Song Wei-ling 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the United States, venture capital has been particularly important in many new industries at the initial stage. It accounts for about two thirds of the private-sector external equity financing of high-technology firms (see Freear and Wetzel, 1994). Venture capital differs from standard forms of financing in that there is a much greater involvement of the providers of funds than is the case with other forms of lending (such as bank loans) in an attempt to avoid the problems arising from asymmetric information. Lenders are also concerned about resolving the uncertainty of cash flows. The absence of collateral means they cannot simply leave the entrepreneurs to their own devices-they must ensure that resources are not squandered if they are to try and earn a return on their investment.
Corporate Governance, Public Policy, and Private Investment Decisions, 2002
Authors: Crist William Dale 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The fact that shareholders did not have any genuine say in the operation of US corporations, and that corporate management was accountable only to the board of directors, who, practically speaking, were accountable only to themselves, was pointed out by scholars as early as 1932 (Berle and Means, 1968). Nevertheless, by 1934, and again in 1940, Benjamin Graham and David Dodd, the founders of fundamental stock analysis, made the observation that an investor should take just as much care in being a stockholder as in becoming a stockholder (Graham and Dodd, 1940, p. 594). In the eyes of corporate management and the public in general, this academic plea for stockholder participation obviously was way before its time. Forty years later, the economic historian Alfred Chandler, Jr. made it very clear that US corporations were controlled by corporate management and not by stockholders, either directly or indirectly (Chandler, 1977).
The Legacy Of Fischer Black
Authors: Lehmann Bruce N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fischer Black was a remarkable social scientist, one whose contributions range from the lofty perch of highbrow theory to the trenches of practical application. The papers represented in this work span the same range, the contributions of a remarkable array of financial economists who embody in different ways Fischer’s ideal of insight from economic theory that both guides and is rooted in the kind of detailed observation of relevant aspects of actual financial markets. It is hoped that readers find this volume to be both a fitting tribute and a stimulus to further research. After all, the advancement of economic science remained a constant goal throughout Fischer’s remarkable career in the many and disparate venues in which he plies his trade.
The People Themselves
Authors: Kramer Larry D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The United States Constitution is the foundational document of the longest and most successful democratic experiment in modern human history. It not only serves as the legal bedrock for the world’s most powerful nation-state but also, more broadly, reflects that nation’s fundamental commitments as a society. Who then has the authority to interpret a blueprint of such extraordinary influence? Americans have come to treat the Constitution as somehow beyond the purview, even the competence, of the average American citizen. Only lawyers, judges, and academics are deemed fit to state what exactly the Constitution means. This elitist reliance on expert judgement is a radical and troublesome departure from the founding fathers’ intent. America’s Founding generation, in darling contrast, embraced a political ideology that celebrated the central role of the “the people” in supplying government with its energy and direction, an ideal that remained at all times in the forefront of their thinking-Federalist and Anti-Federalist alike. In this groundbreaking interpretation of America’s founding and of its entire system of judicial review, Larry Kramer reveals that the colonists fought for and birthed a very different system—and held a very different understanding of citizenship—than Americans believe to be the norm today. “Popular sovreignty” was no historical abstraction nor was the notion of “the people” invoked largely as a flip rhetorical convenience on the campaign trail. Important trials and the prospective passage of the influentional legislation such as the Alien Act—which granted a president the power to imprison or even deport immigrants—were met with vigorous public debate. The outcomes were greeted with celebratory feasts and bonfires, or riotous resistance. In short, Americans drew a clear parallel between the law and the lived reality of their daily existence. Theis self-sovreignty in law as much as politics was active not abstract. With this book, Larry Kramer vaults to the forefront of Constitutional interpretation. In the process, he rekindles the original spark of “we the people”, inviting every citizen to join him in enlivening the seemingly deadened sensibilities that mark the relationship between Americans and their constitutional past, present, and future.
Surviving Transformation
Authors: Barabba Vincent P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How did a major corporation manage to turn itself around while Wall Street and others continued to predict its slow death? The answer may surprise you, and it provides a model for corporate transformation for any company or government agency operating in a world of accelerating change. The company is General Motors, and this book tells how it was able to change the way important decisions were made, leading to resurgence in business across its many product lines. At the beginning of the 1990s, GM was perceived by nearly everyone as falling behind its competitors at an alarming rate. By the beginning of the twenty-first century, though, the company had come storming back with successful new automobiles and new business concepts that captured new markets, while simultaneously holding on to many of its existing customers. What GM did is not just the story of a single automaker, but rather a compelling insight into an approach for any business organization that is faced with the need for a true transformation. As many companies have discovered, efforts at transformation too often fail. GM#x2019;s successful transformation illustrates the importance of management#x2019;s ability to change its mindset and make the tough decisions that revitalize business with bold new products and business concepts. At the heart of successful transformation is the imagination, courage and leadership required to visualize the kind of company an organization wants to become and then work toward that goal. With the destination set and understood by those who will need to implement the changes, decision-makers find it less difficult to overcome impediments to achieving their goal while finding creative ways of doing what may seem impossible. The lessons from GMs turnaround can help any business organization change and keep pace with today#x2019;s turbulent marketplace.
Adverse Events, Stress, and Litigation
Authors: Charles Sara C , Frisch Paul R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is it like to be sued for medical malpractice? Bad medical outcomes traumatize patients but they also traumatize physicians. The litigation that often follows is a profoundly human, rather than just a legal experience. Although every physician’s case is different, this book shows how each case goes through the same judicial stages of complaint, discovery, depositions, motions, and delays that lead to trial, settlement, or being dropped. It also gives doctors an understanding of how lawyers think and work to help defendants. Written by a physician and a lawyer, the book provides unique insights—through real-life stories—into the personal experience of litigation as well as recommendations for dealing with each of the legal process. It also includes up-to-date reviews of HIPAA legislation, the controversial subject of disclosure, and recent developments in the law affecting medical practitioners. Only about thirty percent of plaintiffs win their cases against doctors, but the journey from bedside to witness stand tests both the personal character and the professional skills of those accused. This well-documented book will help doctors understand and navigate the legal system while honouring their own ideals and emerging changed but stronger from the experience.
Reflection on the Problem of “Dirty Hands”
Authors: Elshtain Jean Bethke 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Torture invariably appears on the “never” list of the “forbiddens” of human politics. Genocide tops that list but torture follows close behind. There are good reasons for this. Brutal regimes historically, like Stalin’s Soviet Union and Hitler’s Nazi Germany, used torture as a routine dimension of the state apparatus. Enemies or alleged enemies of those two evil regimes were often tortured for the sadistic pleasure of it—not to get useful information. For torture was used primarily against internal foes of the regime. Torture was also widespread in Argentina at the time of its so-called dirty war in the late 1970s—before the restoration of constitutionalism in 1982. In my discussions with the “Mothers of the Disappeared” who had lost children to the military juntas, torture was listed as the most horrible thing imaginable that their children had suffered prior to their outright killing. One mother of three “disappeared” told me that she couldn’t bear the thought that her children’s last memories on earth were of being tortured. That final image of another human being torturing you, and doing so with sadistic pleasure, prior to taking your last breath, was too much for her to bear. Her health broke, and she never recovered either her health or her faith in humanity.
American Interrogation
Authors: Skolnick Jerome H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Citizens of the United States do not usually consider torture to be a feature of the nation’s heritage. But it is there, hidden by other labels. Slaves were whipped as punishment for offenses, real or imaginary. After the Civil War and into the 1930s, the public torments of Southern “lynchings” were inflicted on black men in the interests of upholding a racist social order. And when “Negroes” were arrested they were “frequently beaten in the wagon on the way to jail or later when they are already safely locked up.” Whether the rhetorically powerful word “torture” should be applied to instances of painful abuse permitted on the basis of a caste status is open to question. The horror of the institution of slavery is that slaves no have lawful claim against the brutal punishments or sexual crimes of their owners. And, as I will discuss later, in the case of Brown v. Mississippi (and other famous southern cases of that era, such as Screws v. U.S.), neither did Southern blacks in the first half of the twentieth century have legal redress for the crimes committed against them by police.
The Prohibition on Torture and the Limits of the Law
Authors: Gross Oren 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The debate about the moral and legal nature of the prohibition on torture is often conducted as if there is no middle ground. One may support an absolute ban on torture, a ban that applies in times of peace as well as in times of great calamity. Alternatively, one may believe that the duty not to torture, even if generally desirable and laudable, does not apply in certain exceptional circumstances, or, even if it does apply, is overridden, canceled, or trumped by competing values. Absolutists—those who believe that an unconditional ban on torture ought to apply without exception regardless of circumstances—frequently base their position on deontological grounds, that is, they assess the intrinsic moral value of things independent of their consequences. For them, torture is inherently wrong. It is an evil that can never be justified or excused. It violates the physical and mental integrity of the person subjected to it, negates her autonomy and humanity, and deprives her of human dignity. It reduces her to a mere object, a body, from which information is to be extracted, while coercing her to act in a manner that may be contrary to her most fundamental beliefs, values, and interests. Torture is also wrong because of its depraving and corrupting effects on individual torturers as well as on society at large. Hence, under no circumstances should such actions be morally acceptable or legally allowed.
Red Blood Cell Genes and Malaria
Authors: Weatherall David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Because malaria has long been and continues to be one of the major killers of mankind, and because these parasites spend a critical period of their complex life cycles within red blood cells, it is not surprising that genetic variation in the structure or function of these cells that is deleterious to the parasite has come under intense selection. Indeed, there is now very strong evidence that selective evolutionary pressure of this kind explains why the genetic disorders of the red cell are by far the most common monogenic diseases in man. This chapter briefly describes the common inherited red cell conditions that seem to have come under selection by different forms of malaria, as well as the relevant human loci and their common mutations (table 8.1), and outlines what is known about how these interactions are mediated. Readers who wish to explore particular aspects in more detail, particularly the original sources on which many of its present concepts are based, are referred to a monograph and several more extensive reviews (Weatherall and Clegg, 2001a, 2001b, 2002; Nagel 2001; Luzzatto et al., 2001; Cooke and Hill, 2001; Roberts et al., 2004).
The Origins of Paper Money in China
Authors: Glahn Richard Von 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
China’s heritage of coining money is as venerable as that of the Mediterranean world. By the time the first unified empire was founded in late third century B.c., use of money had become fundamental to Chinese economic life. Yet from ancient times the monetary system of China diverged substantially from the traditions of the Mediterranean region and west Asia. In the West, monetary standards were based on precious metals. Silver coin predominated within domestic trade, but gold coin prevailed as the monetary standard of international trade. The high and stable value of gold across time and space endowed it with enormous symbolic power as a measure of value invulnerable to manipulation by any state or ruler. Even today the notion of a “gold standard” connotes a stability of real value that transcends dollars, euros, yen, or any state-issued currency. In China, the monetary system of the imperial era was based not on precious metals but on bronze coin. In Western thought, money made from base metals like copper (or even silver) was seen as readily susceptible to fiscal chicanery at the hands of administrators who constantly sought to debase their coins, trying to circulate them at a nominal value greater than their substantive worth. Bronze coin was regarded as a primitive form of money and its low unit value testified to the lack of commercial development within the economy.