bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The presentation and diagnosis of domestic violence
Authors: Heath Iona 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
That was my life. Getting hit, waiting to get hit, recovering; forgetting. Starting all over again. General practice has enormous potential to offer help to women enduring domestic violence.2 The general practice surgery is freely accessible to all and there is no stigma attached to a visit to the general practitioner, the practice nurse or the health visitor, as there might be for a visit to the police domestic violence unit or the offices of the local social services department. Despite this, many general practitioners and other primary health care professionals have been slow to exploit the potential of their situation.
An Evolutionary View
Authors: Greaves Mel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
What then is cancer? The answer you may get depends on what you want to know and how you pose the question. Some of the most vivid and moving descriptions of cancer have come from patients who happen to be writers or journalists.7 These accounts portray what cancer is, in terms of personal impact, uncertainty, and pain: an insider’s story. If, on the other hand, you are looking for details of different cancers, gene mutations or of hazards to avoid, tests to take, or available treatments and averaged outcomes, then these data are available in your library or on internet web sites. This information contributes to the overall picture but does not in itself constitute either an explanation of why we get cancer or an adequate prescription for what makes a cancer. I’m aiming for something different.
How should we live?
Authors: Lomas Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There has never been a shortage of people ready to tell others how to live. Sometimes such advice comes from someone who is regarded as having particular knowledge in a certain field of operations, and, if luck holds, the advice will be helpful. But what of advice that is of a more general nature? In most of daily living this comes from relatives, friends, and the man-in the-street, that is, those who cannot be expected to know the answers any better than we ourselves, whose opinions may be unsought and unwelcome, yet to whom we might gratefully tum when in distress. By contrast, there are the prophets and sages, those who, for one reason or another, have acquired a reputation for wisdom. Most of them are dead; and it is a brave, stupid, or foolhardy person who will readily stand up in the market-place and claim to be wise. Yet, in effect, this is what the psychotherapist is called upon to do.
The boy who bowed to the King
Authors: Ewin Jeannette 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The memorial service for Hugh Macdonald Sinclair was held at the University of Oxford in the Magdalen College Chapel on 13 October 1990. As sounds of the choir filtered from the stone building along the gardens and paths of the College, aproned butlers and kitchen staff rushed heavy trays from the kitchen pantries and cellars across the ancient yard to the President’s residential quarters. The day was warm for the time of year. The staff gossiped as they worked, recalling evenings when Sinclair generously entertained them at dinner in the College; with good food, fine wine, port, and cigars. Always the best from Hugh Sinclair. He was rarely demanding, unlike many Fellows, and he frequently took time to speak with the chefs, butlers, and cleaners alike. He had been a ‘gent’. Tall, softly spoken, balding, and bespectacled. Perhaps shy, some said, but always charming.
Lady Place: progress, and a blunder
Authors: Ewin Jeannette 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Hugh had no money of his own, and was forced to convince his mother to finance the purchase of Lady Place. She would need to sell Gransden, but they could continue to count on her rental income from Barming House. Surely she would enjoy this place: Sutton Courtenay was a picturesque English village. Anglican and Catholic churches were close at hand, as was a fast train to London and a well-known golf course, Frilford Links. The market town of Abingdon, about 3 miles from Lady Place, provided reasonable shopping, and the open fields of the property were convenient for meets of both the Old Berkshire and South Oxfordshire Foxhounds. On a pragmatic level (always of vital importance to his mother), if the two cottages on the property were rented, and the gardens and pasture were put to good use, Lady Place could generate enough cash to help maintain it.
War
Authors: Ewin Jeannette 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
On 1 September 1939, the British Prime Minister, Neville Chamberlain, demanded that Germany cease its invasion of Poland or face a declaration of war: the ultimatum was repeated on the following day. These efforts proved futile, and on 3 September, at 11.30 a.m., the people of the United Kingdom were told hostilities had begun. British ships in the Western approaches and elsewhere were set upon by U-boats, and at 9.30 that night the passenger liner Athenia was torpedoed with the loss of 112 lives. On hearing the news, Hugh unburdened himself in a letter to his mother. He thanked her for the care and kindness she had shown him, recalled the good times they had enjoyed together, and said he loved her. He admitted that he had been ‘dreadfully tired’ at times, and confessed to two bad breakdowns through overwork. If he had been unkind to her, he wrote, it was due to exhaustion, and never the lack of love. After placing the finished letter and a copy of his will in a small brown envelope, Hugh sealed shut the flap with red wax.
Nissen huts and honours received
Authors: Ewin Jeannette 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It was 1947: Princess Elizabeth Alexandra Mary, the elder daughter of King George VI, married her third cousin, Philip, the Duke of Edinburgh; Captain Chuck Yeager flew the Bell X-1 rocket plane at supersonic speed; and India gained her independence from British rule. Perhaps telling more of the time, the fashion house of Dior enjoyed instant success when it introduced the long and swirling skirts of the New Look, flaunting the extravagant use of fabric in the face of lingering rationing.
Clinical effectiveness and evidence-based practice
Authors: Maslin Anna M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Even if an argument is forcefully made for a woman with breast cancer having the right to information which will enable her to exercise her autonomy if she so wishes by being involved in the decision-making process, how likely will it be that accurate, clinically effective, individualized information will be available for her? This section aims to briefly review the position in relation to breast cancer.
Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Chronic Renal Failure
Authors: Wheeler David C , Baigent Colin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Prevalence of cardiovascular disease in chronic renal failure Cardiovascular disease is now the leading cause of mortality among patients with chronic renal failure in Europe, the United States, and other developed countries. Approximately 60% of deaths among US dialysis patients can be attributed collectively to myocardial infarction, cardiac arrest, stroke, and ‘other cardiac causes’ (Table 1.1). Some international variation may exist, although qualitatively similar patterns have been reported in Europe.At all ages, the absolute mortality rates among dialysis patients are substantially higher than in the general population (Fig. 1.1).
Mortality and cardiovascular risk factors influencing survival in end-stage renal failure
Authors: Foley Robert N , Parfrey Patrick S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Pericarditis and pericardial effusion were common manifestations of terminal uremia before renal replacement therapies became available. The availability of chronic hemodialysis led to an almost miraculous change in that the inexorable progression to death associated with the uremic syndrome was stalled. It became rapidly apparent, however, that the reprieve was temporary, and that the survival of dialysis patients was still at least an order of magnitude shorter than in a general population sample of similar age.
Oxidative stress and cardiovascular disease in end-stage renal failure
Authors: Descamps-Latscha Béatrice , Khoa Thao Nguyen , Witko-Sarsat Véronique , Massy Ziad A , Drüeke Tilman L B 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Atherosclerotic vascular disease remains the most frequent complication in uremic patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis, accounting for approximately half of the deaths in these patients.1-4 Although the prevalence of cardiovascular-related deaths in the end-stage renal failure (ESRF) population is highest in the elderly (approximately 150 cardiovascular related deaths per 1000 patient-years at risk), it is still substantial (40 cardiovascular deaths per 1000 patient-years at risk) in the age group 20-40 years. Thus, as a percentage of total deaths, cardiovascular deaths are approximately equivalent across all age groups. Interestingly, the high prevalence of atherosclerotic cardiovascular complications also found in uremic patients not yet on dialysis suggests that uremia-related factors per se can con tribute to the genesis of atherosclerotic vascular lesions.
Congestive heart failure and its management in end-stage renal failure
Authors: Casserly Liam F , Givertz Michael M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Despite advances in the fields of dialysis and renal transplantation, morbidity and mortality remain high in patients with end-stage renal failure (ESRF). Although an overall reduction in crude death rate has been reported in the United States ESRF population since 1988, cardiovascular disease remains the most common cause of mortality. Cardiac arrest and acute myocardial infarction account for the majority of cardiac deaths, but congestive heart failure (CHF) contributes significantly to all other cardiovascular mortality.
Cardiac drugs
Authors: Jennings Kevin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Caution: calculating the correct dosage of parenteral agents pre scribed according to patient weight is difficult and liable to error. Do use the wall charts or pocket aids provided by manufacturers for this purpose.
Inotropic agents should be avoided in patients with obstructive valve disease or with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: they may result in a deleterious increase in the pressure gradient.
The clinical approach to assessing patients with early onset dementia
Authors: Nestor Peter , Hodges John R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The clinical assessment of patients with suspected dementia should, ideally, be multidisciplinary. Neurology, neuropsychology, and psychiatry each have an important role to play in the diagnostic process. Whether one chooses to offer these in a joint assessment clinic or as series of separate consultations will probably depend more on practical than clinical expediencies. Each has its own advantages and disadvantages; our approach, which we have found particularly rewarding, is the joint assessment clinic in which complex referrals are seen by all three arms of the team on the same day (the Cambridge Memory Clinic is described in detail elsewhere: see Berrios and Hodges 2000).
Neuropsychiatric assessment
Authors: Cummings Jeffrey L , Chung Julia A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Neuropsychiatric symptoms, including affective disturbances, personality changes, and psychosis, are common and important in the assessment and treatment of patients with early onset dementia. Early recognition is essential in formulating the differential diagnosis and providing effective interventions that may reduce morbidity and mortality. Single item and multidimensional tools can assist the clinician in evaluating initial symptomatology and monitoring clinical changes.
Drug interventions in dementia
Authors: Rahman Shibley , Sahakian Barbara J , Gregory Carol A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There is now considerable optimism in the treatment of the presenile dementias. However, with this optimism has been the growing realization that therapeutic strategies in dementia should have very specific aims — to delay the progress of the disorder that is causing a progressive decline, to treat a range of emergent cognitive deficits, to ameliorate associated behavioural and affective disturbances, thereby reducing the consequences of functional disability and improving quality of life, and to address fully the needs of the caregiver. Whilst it remains the case that affective and behavioural symptoms of dementia, such as depression, difficult behaviour, and agitation, also often respond to interventions which are non-pharmacological in nature — e.g. trying to avoid circumstances which trigger behavioural outbursts, developing proper care environments, and teaching behavioural management to family members and nurses, these ‘symptoms often respond to therapeutic strategies aimed primarily at cognitive symptomatology.
Definitions, epidemiology, and models of fatigue in the general population and in cancer
Authors: Hotopf Matthew 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Fatigue is a universal experience and a common symptom. Most people experiencing fatigue do not see it as anything unusual, but instead put it down to the toils of normal life (David et al. 1990). In some individuals fatigue can become chronic and disabling. Fatigue is rated by patients as an especially alarming and difficult symptom, whereas doctors—who are perhaps aware of its non-specific nature—tend to underestimate its importance (Dohrenwend and Crandell 1970).
Mechanisms and models of fatigue associated with cancer and its treatment: evidence from preclinical and clinical studies
Authors: Andrews Paul , Morrow Gary , Hickok Jane , Roscoe Joseph , Stone Paddy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Defining non-exercise-induced fatigue in humans and identifying its correlates in other animals is one of the most difficult aspects of studying this widespread clinical problem. In humans an operational definition is ‘a subjective state of overwhelming, sustained exhaustion and decreased capacity for physical and mental work that is not relieved by rest’ (Piper et al. 1989; Piper 1992). Additionally, in contrast to exercise-induced fatigue, that which accompanies cancer and its treatment has a sustained duration of weeks, months, or even years.
Becker muscular dystrophy
Authors: Visser Marianne de , Hoogerwaard Edo M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Becker strongly believed that the newly discovered muscular dystrophy was allelic to DMD. For many years Duchenne type and Becker type of muscular dystrophy were considered to be distinct genetic entities. In 1983, Kingston et al. with molecular genetic evidence, showed that both disorders segregate with the same Xp21 chromosomal region and that DMD and Becker type muscular dystrophy (BMD) most likely were allelic disorders, possibly caused by mutations in the same gene. With the discovery of the dystrophin gene and its product, the dystrophin protein, Becker eventually proved to be
Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy: the muscular dystrophies
Authors: Brais Bernard , Tomè Fernando M S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In 1915, Taylor of Boston reported the familial association of eyelid ptosis and dysphagia in a family of French—Canadian descent (Taylor 1915). The more common autosomal dominant (MIM 164300) form of Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy (OPMD) became a distinct muscular dystrophy in 1962 (Victor et al. 1962).
Managed counselling in primary care
Authors: Foster Joan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The keyword in the tide of this ch.spier is 'managed’: it concept which litis no! been part of the culture of counselling in the past. This chapter will look at the growth of Lonrisellitip in the XI IS and lhe changes that have taken place with the introduction of1 the new XUS’ since April 1999. The particular areas of equity of provision and clinical governance will be discussed. These have had major implications for primary care counsellors in many areas. One of the results will be more a widespread introduction of managed counselling services. What this means in concrete terms will be explored, from both a management and counselling perspective. The consequences in terms of both gains and Josses will also be addressed.
Counselling research and evaluation
Authors: Rowland Nancy , Goss Stephen 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As an emerging; professional "roup, counsellors, especially those who work in primary or secondary care, are taxed with questions about the utility of the work they do. Does counselling work? What interventions work best for which patients? Are counsellors providing a safe and effective service? Further questions focus on the cost of counselling. How much does it cost? Is counselling cost-effective? Is it good value for money? I low does it compare in terms of cost and effectiveness with other interventions designed to alleviate mental health problems in primary care? These questiotts about effectiveness and cost-effectiveness are framed in the context of current health serr ice policy, with its emphasis on quality of care, evidence-based practice and cost-cftcctive services.
Evidence and risk: the sociology of health care grappling with knowledge and uncertainty
Authors: Bellaby Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Evidence-based health care is iconoclastic. It seeks to shake professionals from paradigms of practice that are not proved to be of benefit to patients or that carry unacceptable risks. For example, in the inter-war and post-war period it was common to remove tonsils and adenoids in young children who presented with tonsillitis. That practice would probably have been swept away by evidence-based health care because the benefits were unproved. An instance before the First World War of what evidence-based health care would now consider an unacceptable risk was the use of highly toxic mercury in the treatment of syphilis. In retrospect these clinical practices seem mere fashions of the day. In its place, evidence-based health care seems designed to make medicine an applied science, no longer an art or craft founded on experience.
Outcomes
Authors: Moore Andrew , Edwards Jayne , Barden Jodie , McQuay Henry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Outcomes and measurement are closely related one to another, so closely related in fact that taking them as separate sections requires some explanation. There are several dictionary definitions for outcome: ‘the issue; consequence; result’. The result of a trial or review is not necessarily the issue that interests us. Robert Macnamara once said, in another context, that we must stop making what is measurable important, and find ways to make the important measurable. Gertrude Stein is supposed to have said in the 1920 that for a difference to be a difference it has to make a difference. Once we take messages like this on board, then what we might regard as an outcome may be completely different from the result of a trial, or what the researchers have actually measured. We need to think differently
Being sure of a result
Authors: Moore Andrew , Edwards Jayne , Barden Jodie , McQuay Henry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This section could better be described as ‘bullshit detection’. It aims to draw together ideas about bias and error from preceding sections and use them with examples of how systematic reviews can mislead. This is more important than most of us realise. Entire countries have changed medical policy on the basis of flawed research. An uncritical acceptance of results of systematic reviews and meta-analysis is almost as bad as not using them at all. Many of the sources we think of as being or aiming to be impeccable, like government agencies, academics or even the Cochrane Collaboration, produce reports that are just plain rubbish.
Paracetamol (acetaminophen) with codeine in acute postoperative pain
Authors: Moore Andrew , Edwards Jayne , Barden Jodie , McQuay Henry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Clinical bottom line. Paracetamol with codeine is an effective analgesic. The NNT for at least 50% pain relief with a single dose of paracetamol 1000 mg plus codeine 60 mg was 2.2 (1.7–3.9) based on information on 197 patients. Paracetamol 600/650 mg plus codeine 60 mg had an NNT of 4.2 (3.4–5.3) for at least 50% pain relief over 4–6 h in patients with moderate to severe pain compared with placebo based on information from 1136. Paracetamol plus codeine produced significantly more pain relief than paracetamol alone.
Diclofenac in postoperative Pain
Authors: Moore Andrew , Edwards Jayne , Barden Jodie , McQuay Henry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
For each trial the mean TOTPAR or SPID values for diclofenac and placebo groups were converted to the percent of maximum total pain relief based on the categorical pain scales (%maxTOTPAR or %maxSPID). These values were then converted to dichotomous information on the proportion, and then the number of patients, who achieved at least 50%maxTOTPAR. A NNT for at least 50% pain relief and the relative benefit of the treatment were then calculated.
Naproxen in postoperative Pain
Authors: Moore Andrew , Edwards Jayne , Barden Jodie , McQuay Henry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Clinical bottom line. Naproxen is an effective analgesic. A single dose of 550 mg naproxen sodium versus placebo had an NNT of 3.0 (2.2–4.8) for at least 50% pain relief over 4–6 h in patients with moderate or severe pain compared with placebo. This is more effective than a 1000 mg dose of paracetamol which has an NNT of 4.6 (3.9–5.4).Naproxen sodium 220 and 440 mg were also more effective than placebo. The most commonly reported adverse effects were nausea, vomiting, headache, gastric irritation, dizziness and somnolence. These were predominantly of mild to moderate severity.
Which migraine treatment strategy is most effective?
Authors: Moore Andrew , Edwards Jayne , Barden Jodie , McQuay Henry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A number of strategies can be used to treat acute migraine attacks, each utilising some part of the evidence base. For instance, the initial attack could be treated with aspirin or simple analgesic, and if or when that fails, a triptan could be used. That is a step strategy within an attack. A different approach may be to try aspirin or simple analgesic for a few attacks. It will work for some, but for those for whom it does not work, a triptan may be an alternative treatment. That is a step strategy across attacks, and is probably the strategy most likely to be used in the UK as it is probably seen as the cheapest.
Supplements and herbal Remedies
Authors: Moore Andrew , Edwards Jayne , Barden Jodie , McQuay Henry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Taking food supplements like vitamins or fish oil is now common, as is the use of herbal remedies. Many different types are freely available from pharmacies and health food shops, a big change in the last decade. For some of these there is efficacy, and folate supplementation up to about 400 _g daily is proven to yield benefit in reducing the incidence of cancer and heart disease. What this section seeks to do is examine the evidence for benefits for painful conditions. It will never be comprehensive, because new unsubstantiated treatments seem to emerge weekly. Buyers should beware.
Nilutamide plus orchidectomy for metastatic prostatic cancer
Authors: Moore Andrew , Edwards Jayne , Barden Jodie , McQuay Henry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Clinical bottom line. Nilutamide is associated with pain relief in patients who have undergone orchidectomy for prostatic cancer. Although nilutamide has an NNT of 7.5 (5–15) for any pain relief at six months compared with placebo, it remains to be established whether this is of clinical relevance. The most effective treatment for prostatic cancer with metastases is thought to be removal of the testicular and adrenal androgens. Orchidectomy and luteinizing hormone releasing hormone agonists (LHRH agonists) or oestrogens suppress testicular androgens. Antiandrogens such as nilutamide, flutamide or cyproterone acetate are used to suppress the effects of adrenal androgens.