bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The basics behind bladder pain: A review of data on lower urinary tract sensations
Authors: WYNDAELE J. J. , DE WACHTER STEFAN 
Published: October 2003

Abstract Interstitial cystitis is a syndrome consisting of frequency, urgency, and bladder pain that increases with bladder filling and improves temporarily after voiding.The exact cause or causes are not as yet fully understood. This leads to uncertainty in diagnosis and treatment. There is need for more knowledge, and to acquire this for more research.The fact that the condition causes pain, a pathologic stimulation of sensory fibres, makes understanding the basic sensory mechanisms in the lower urinary tract in normal and pathologic conditions mandatory.In this article we review the data on bladder sensation from the last 25 years and the possible relation with painful bladder syndrome.
Interstitial cystitis, gynecologic pelvic pain, prostatitis, and their epidemiology
Authors: DIOKNO ANANIAS C. , HOMMA YUKIO , SEKIGUCHI YUKI , SUZUKI YASUYUKI 
Published: October 2003

Abstract Aim: To determine a uniform definition of interstitial cystitis (IC) and to develop a strategy on how to study its epidemiology.Methods: Initially, the committee reviewed the literature regarding the definition of IC currently being used and information regarding its epidemiology. The committee held three 1‐hour hearings and discussions on the opinions of invited IC specialists. The issues were presented and discussed. Consensus was sought when possible. The committee members met and summarized the gist of the three sessions.Results: A consensus emerged as to what constitutes IC. Interstitial cystitis must have the elements of chronic pelvic pain and urinary frequency and/or urgency. It was also the recommendation that the term IC be retained followed by chronic pelvic pain syndrome represented by the acronym IC/CPPS. A strategy on the epidemiologic study of IC/CPPS was also recommended.Conclusions: A consensus from this workshop has emerged in terms of defining the component of IC, the preferred terminology, and the strategy to study its epidemiology.
Prevention of RCF damage in curved track through development of the INFRA‐STAR two‐material rail
Authors: HIENSCH E. J. M. , FRANKLIN F. J. , NIELSEN J. C. O. , RINGSBERG J. W. , WEEDA G. J. , KAPOOR A. , JOSEFSON B. L. 
Published: October 2003

ABSTRACTResults from the European 5th frame research project ‘INFRA‐STAR’ are presented. The goal of the project is to prevent rolling contact fatigue (RCF) and to reduce squeal noise in curves by applying an additional surface layer material on the top of the railhead, resulting in a two‐material rail. In INFRA‐STAR, a dynamic train–track interaction model is used to provide the contact forces. Wheel‐rail profiles, wheel‐rail friction, vehicle data, track data and operating conditions are included to calculate the wheel‐rail contact forces and spin moments, contact positions and load distributions in the contact patch. The contact pressure, friction coefficient, coating thickness, material properties of the coating and the rail material are used in finite element calculations and shakedown theory to calculate shakedown limits, which are then used to predict the RCF performance of the system. The paper details the work on theoretical modelling, twin disc testing, metallurgical research and field testing completed to date (August 2002, the project just passed midterm). The development of the surface layer application methods that are used, and the further objectives of the INFRA‐STAR project, are discussed.
Rail integrity management by means of ultrasonic testing
Authors: MARAIS J. J. , MISTRY K. C. 
Published: October 2003

ABSTRACTThis paper discusses the monitoring of the condition of the OREX ore export line rails in South Africa. Ultrasonic testing is widely used to monitor defect development and growth as well as to plan and manage programs to ensure a high level of rail integrity. An overview of the performance and history of the line is given in terms of rail defect levels and derailments due to rail failures in relation to traffic volumes. Some of the inherent characteristics of the rails are discussed and related to the defect development. From the available data it is clear that the rails are degrading in a ‘wear‐out mode’, with increasing defect rates. The use of high technology ultrasonic testing equipment has enhanced the level of knowledge of the condition of the rails tremendously and has led to programs that actually improved the overall condition of the line and eliminated derailments due to rail defects.
The blending of theory and practice in modern rail grinding
Authors: MAGEL E. , RONEY M. , KALOUSEK J. , SROBA P. 
Published: October 2003

ABSTRACTModern rail grinding practices have developed largely through a combination of field experience and intuitive speculation. Many theories related to crack initiation and growth have been proposed through the decades, and those concepts have been cleverly extended to the field of rail grinding to form the basis of the practice known as ‘preventive grinding’. But only recently have practical models emerged from the laboratory and theoretical environment and been applied to the process of rail grinding. These models are substantiating the past practices and providing a pathway towards the development of improved predictive tools for rail fatigue and profile deterioration.
Development of bainitic rail steels with potential resistance to rolling contact fatigue
Authors: SAWLEY K. , KRISTAN J. 
Published: October 2003

ABSTRACTRails are a major capital and maintenance cost for railways in North America. While manufacturers produce clean steels with high quality, most rails made today retain the basic carbon–manganese chemistry of traditional pearlitic rails. This paper describes the development of a bainitic rail steel with potential additional resistance to rolling contact fatigue damage. It is shown that rails can be produced in bainitic steel without the need for complex heat treatments after rolling, and that bainitic rails can have higher hardness and fracture toughness than pearlitic rails. Although small‐ and full‐scale tests indicate that the wear performance of bainitic steel depends considerably on test conditions, the indication is that bainitic steel rails can have significantly better rolling contact fatigue performance compared to pearlitic rails. Reasons for the superior fatigue performance are not fully understood, although a number of hypotheses exist. A conclusion is that continued research would be useful to understand quantitatively the physics and metallurgy of wheel/rail contact.
Shakedown limit of rail surfaces including material hardening and thermal stresses
Authors: BÖHMER A. , ERTZ M. , KNOTHE K. 
Published: October 2003

ABSTRACTSliding friction between railway wheels and rails results in elevated contact temperatures and gives rise to severe thermal stresses at the wheel and rail surfaces. The thermal stresses have to be superimposed on the mechanical contact stresses. Due to the distribution of stresses, the rail surface is generally subjected to higher stresses than the wheel surface. The elastic limit is reduced and yield begins at lower mechanical loads. During the first cycles of plastic deformation, the material hardens and residual stresses build up. The residual stresses provide the structure to shake down to pure elastic behaviour in subsequent load cycles up to a shakedown limit. The kind of hardening observed for rail steel has a considerable influence on the shakedown limit. The shakedown limit is dropped to lower mechanical loads due to the thermal stresses in the rail surface as well. This might cause structural changes in the rail material and rail damage.
Rail defects: an overview
Authors: CANNON D. F. , EDEL K.‐O. , GRASSIE S. L. , SAWLEY K. 
Published: October 2003

ABSTRACTFor about 150 years, the steel rail has been at the very heart of the world's railway systems. The rail works in a harsh environment and, as part of the track structure, it has little redundancy; thus, its failure may lead to catastrophic derailment of vehicles, the consequences of which can include death, injury, costs and loss of public confidence. These can have devastating and long‐lasting effects on the industry. Despite the advances being made in railway permanent way engineering, inspection and rail‐making technology, continually increasing service demands have resulted in rail failure continuing to be a substantial economic burden and a threat to the safe operation of virtually every railway in the world. This paper presents an overview of rail defects and their consequences from the earliest days of railways to the present day.
Image analysis to reveal crack development using a computer simulation of wear and rolling contact fatigue
Authors: FLETCHER D. I. , FRANKLIN F. J. , KAPOOR A. 
Published: October 2003

ABSTRACTPlastic flow of near‐surface rail material under contact loading is a feature of rail–wheel contact, and severe flow typically leads to both wear, and the initiation and development of small surface‐breaking cracks. This paper presents results from a ratcheting based computer simulation, which has been developed to allow the simultaneous investigation of wear, crack initiation and early crack propagation. To identify repeatably small crack‐like flaws, image analysis is applied to the visual representation of the wearing surface generated by the model. This representation shows a good similarity to traditional micrographs taken from sections of worn surfaces. The model clearly reveals the interaction of wear with crack development, processes which are linked because wear truncates surface‐breaking cracks, and can completely remove small surface‐breaking cracks.
Rolling contact in railways: modelling, simulation and damage prediction
Authors: VAN K. DANG , MAITOURNAM M. H. 
Published: October 2003

ABSTRACTVarious kinds of defects are induced by rolling contact on the rail track: kidney‐shaped cracking, shelling and nowadays squat and head checking, which are studied under the sponsorship of the French national railways company SNCF. Modelling of such defects requires the development of specific computational tools in order to evaluate, in the vicinity of the wheel–rail contact zone, the mechanical state (stress, plastic strain cycle and residual stress pattern), which is at the origin of the damages. Moreover, since the loadings induce multiaxial stress and strain states, it is necessary to use a multiaxial criterion to predict the occurrence of fatigue cracks. This review paper is devoted to the presentation of the main results of this research.
On the temperature in the wheel–rail rolling contact*
Authors: FISCHER F. D. , DAVES W. , WERNER E. A. 
Published: October 2003

ABSTRACTThe flash temperature in an asperity of the rail due the wheel–rail rolling contact is investigated. First the contact configuration and the total heat produced are explained. Then approaches to heat partitioning between the two contacting bodies are discussed. A new heat partitioning factor is derived for the case of frictional heating and heating due to plastic deformation, thereby taking into account the roughness of the contacting surfaces by a contact intensity factor distribution as well as the local pressure intensification by individual asperities. Several roughness distributions are studied. Finally, an explicit calculation is outlined of the asperity flash temperature at the end of the contact, expressed by two temperatures and two factors contributing to the partitioning of heat between the contacting bodies.
The current status of theory and practice on rail integrity in Japanese railways—rolling contact fatigue and corrugations
Authors: ISHIDA M. , AKAMA M. , KASHIWAYA K. , KAPOOR A. 
Published: October 2003

ABSTRACTThe paper describes the Japanese understanding and practice with regard to wheel rail interface problems and their management. Rolling contact fatigue, especially squat defects, grinding, corrugations and lubrication, have been considered. The understanding has been developed through a combination of theoretical modeling, laboratory‐based experiments and field trials. Measures have been introduced to mitigate the detrimental effects of these problems and are resulting in benefits to the Japanese railway companies. However, more work is required to better understand wheel rail interface problems and to provide effective solutions.
Resource dispersion and consumer dominance: scavenging at wolf‐ and hunter‐killed carcasses in Greater Yellowstone, USA
Authors: Wilmers Christopher C. , Stahler Daniel R. , Crabtree Robert L. , Smith Douglas W. , Getz Wayne M. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem in the northern Rocky Mountains provides the context for a natural experiment to investigate the response of consumers to resources with differing spatial and temporal dispersion regimes. Grey wolves (Canis lupus) and human hunters both provide resource subsidies to scavengers by provisioning them with the remains of their kills. Carrion from hunter kills is highly aggregated in time and space whereas carrion from wolf kills is more dispersed in both time and space. We estimated the total amount of carrion consumed by each scavenger species at both wolf and hunter kills over 4 years. Species with large feeding radii [bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) and ravens (Corvus corax)], defined as the area over which a consumer can efficiently locate and integrate resources, dominated consumption at the highly aggregated hunter kills whereas competitively dominant species [coyotes (Canis latrans)] dominated at the more dispersed wolf kills. In addition, species diversity and the evenness of carrion consumption between scavengers was greater at wolf kills than at hunter kills while the total number of scavengers at hunter kills exceeded those at wolf kills. From a community perspective, the top–down effect of predation is likely to be stronger in the vicinity of highly aggregated resource pulses as species with large feeding radii switch to feeding on alternative prey once the resource pulse subsides.
The evolutionary and ecological role of heat shock proteins
Authors: Sørensen Jesper Givskov , Kristensen Torsten Nygaard , Loeschcke Volker 
Published: October 2003

AbstractMost heat shock proteins (Hsp) function as molecular chaperones that help organisms to cope with stress of both an internal and external nature. Here, we review the recent evidence of the relationship between stress resistance and inducible Hsp expression, including a characterization of factors that induce the heat shock response and a discussion of the associated costs. We report on studies of stress resistance including mild stress, effects of high larval densities, inbreeding and age on Hsp expression, as well as on natural variation in the expression of Hsps. The relationship between Hsps and life history traits is discussed with special emphasis on the ecological and evolutionary relevance of Hsps. It is known that up‐regulation of the Hsps is a common cellular response to increased levels of non‐native proteins that facilitates correct protein folding/refolding or degradation of non‐functional proteins. However, we also suggest that the expression level of Hsp in each species and population is a balance between benefits and costs, i.e. a negative impact on growth, development rate and fertility as a result of overexpression of Hsps. To date, investigations have focused primarily on the Hsp70 family. There is evidence that representatives of this Hsp family and other molecular chaperones play significant roles in relation to stress resistance. Future studies including genomic and proteonomic analyses will increase our understanding of molecular chaperones in stress research.
Abundance–body mass relationships in size‐structured food webs
Authors: Jennings Simon , Mackinson Steve 
Published: October 2003

AbstractIn communities sharing a common energy source, the energetic equivalence hypothesis predicts that numerical abundance (N) scales with body mass (M) asM−0.75. However, in size‐structured food webs all individuals do not share a common energy source, and the energy available (E) to larger individuals is constrained by inefficient energy transfer through the food chains that support them. This is expected to lead to steeper scalings ofNwithM. Here, we formalize and test an existing model for predicting abundance–body mass scaling, where the decline inEwithMis calculated from the mean predator–prey body mass ratio (from size‐based nitrogen stable isotope analysis) and trophic transfer efficiency. We show that the steep predicted scalings of abundance and body mass (Nscales asM−1.2,Bscales asM−0.2) in a marine food web are consistent with empirical estimates and can be attributed to the small predator–prey body mass ratio (106 : 1). As a previous study has shown that environmental stability may favour low predator–prey mass ratios and long food chains, we predict that steeper abundance–body mass relationships will be found in more stable environments.
Population mixing accelerates coevolution
Authors: Brockhurst Michael A. , Morgan Andrew D. , Rainey Paul B. , Buckling Angus 
Published: October 2003

AbstractTheory predicts that mixing in spatially structured populations of hosts and parasites can increase the rate of antagonistic coevolution. We experimentally tested this prediction by allowing populations of bacteria (Pseudomonas fluorescens) and parasitic bacteriophage to coevolve in mixed and unmixed microcosms. Coevolution proceeded at approximately twice the rate in mixed populations compared with unmixed populations and caused the evolution of more resistant hosts and more infective parasites.
The bioclimatic model: a method of palaeoclimatic qualitative inference based on mammal associations
Authors: Fernández Manuel Hernández , Peláez‐Campomanes Pablo 
Published: October 2003

ABSTRACTAim  The bioclimatic model is a new method for palaeoclimatic reconstruction built on the assumption of a significant correlation between climate and mammal community composition. The goal of this approach is to infer past climatic conditions using mammal fossil associations as source data.Location  The study used mammal faunas from all over the world to develop the bioclimatic model. As an example of the potential of the model, we have applied it to Quaternary faunas from Eurasia.Methods  The proposed model was constructed by applying multivariate discriminant analysis to modern mammal faunas and climates from throughout the world. The model was validated with a different set of modern faunas than those used in the discriminant analysis, including some from transitional zones between different climates (ecotones). To test the reliability of the method in the Pleistocene, the results have been compared to those obtained with data from other disciplines, such as palaeobotany.Results  The results obtained in the validation of the model show that more than 90% of the localities have been classified correctly. Comparisons of results in the late Pleistocene‐Holocene of Barová between a palaeobotanical study and the bioclimatic analysis show the latter to be highly accurate. The results for early Pleistocene faunas show somewhat drier and more open climatic conditions for Europe than the present day, with larger areas of steppe environments.Main Conclusions  The bioclimatic model could be used to infer climatic conditions from mammal faunas. The results presented in this work provide a preliminary example of the potential that bioclimatic analysis has as a tool for palaeoclimatic inference. Finally, this method offers the opportunity to standardize data coming from vertebrate palaeontology for use in the construction and evaluation of climatic models.
Does climate determine broad‐scale patterns of species richness? A test of the causal link by natural experiment
Authors: H‐Acevedo Dagoberto , Currie David J. 
Published: October 2003

ABSTRACTAim Broad‐scale spatial patterns of species richness are very strongly correlated with climatic variables. If there is a causal link, i.e. if climate directly or indirectly determines patterns of richness, then when the climatic variables change, richness should change in the manner that spatial correlations between richness and climate would predict. The present study tests this prediction using seasonal changes in climatic variables and bird richness.Location We used a grid of equal area quadrats (37 000 km2) covering North and Central America as far south as Nicaragua.Methods Summer and winter bird distribution data were drawn from monographs and field guides. Climatic data came from published sources. We also used remotely sensed NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index — a measure of greenness).Results Bird species richness changes temporally (between summer and winter) in a manner that is close to, but statistically distinguishable from, the change one would predict from models relating the spatial variation in richness at a single time to climatic variables. If one further takes into account the seasonal changes in NDVI and within‐season variability of temperature and precipitation, then winter and summer richness follow congruent, statistically indistinguishable patterns.Main conclusions Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that climatic variables (temperature and precipitation) and vegetation cover directly or indirectly influence patterns of bird species richness.
Relative influences of current and historical factors on mammal and bird diversity patterns in deglaciated North America
Authors: Hawkins Bradford A. , Porter Eric E. 
Published: October 2003

ABSTRACTAim   To investigate the relative contributions of current vs. historical factors in explaining broad‐scale diversity gradients using a combination of contemporary factors and a quantitative estimate of the temporal accessibility of areas for recolonization created by glacial retreat following the most recent Ice Age.Location   The part of the Nearctic region of North America that was covered by ice sheets during the glacial maximum 20 000 BP.Methods   We used range maps to estimate the species richness of mammals and terrestrial birds in 48 400 km2 cells. Current conditions in each cell were quantified using seven climatic and topographical variables. Historical conditions were estimated using the number of years before present when an area became exposed as the ice sheets retreated during the post‐Pleistocene climate warming. We attempted to tease apart contemporary and historical effects using multiple regression, partial regression and spatial autocorrelation analysis.Results   A measure of current energy inputs, potential evapotranspiration, explained 76–82% of the variance in species richness, but time since deglaciation explained an additional 8–13% of the variance, primarily due to effects operating at large spatial scales. Because of spatial covariation between the historical climates influencing the melting of the ice sheet and current climates, it was not possible to partition their effects fully, but of the independent effects that could be identified, current climate explained two to seven times more variance in richness patterns than age.Main Conclusions   Factors acting in the present appear to have the strongest influence on the diversity gradient, but an historical signal persisting at least 13 000 years is still detectable. This has implications for modelling changes in diversity patterns in response to future global warming.