bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aeronautics-1903; aerospace-2003; ? ? 2103
Authors: Allen J E 
Published: August 2005

The centenary of the first manned flight was a unique occasion permitting a rare opportunity to range far into both the past and the future. Most of aeronautics must inevitably be focussed on the near future and immediate actions. However, there are some very long-term underlying issues which are invisible from a day-to-day perspective, but which should not be overlooked as they can be used very often to guide decisions that might otherwise be unsound. In Part 1, the paper reviews the major breakthroughs that have impelled aeronautics along a startling trajectory of success, with some mention of the uncertain beginnings, when even Wilbur Wright considered that all his aerodynamic theories were in a muddle. In that spirit, in Part 2, some attempts are made to anticipate possible breakthroughs that might happen in the 21st century. However, aeronautics does not stand alone. Considerations, such as other transport modes, energy substitution, non-vehicular transport, and the consequences of major global political alignments, will be reviewed in order to seek new aeronautical challenges of the future. Some other long-term, but non-aeronautical engineering, initiatives relevant to the IMechE are introduced and discussed in the appendix
Efficacy and Tolerability of Alendronate Once Weekly in Asian Postmenopausal Osteoporotic Women
Authors: Ho Andrew YY , Kung Annie WC 
Published: August 2005

BACKGROUND: Osteoporosis has become a major health problem worldwide, and the incidence is rising in Asian countries. The aminobisphosphonates are potent inhibitors of bone resorption and are currently the mainstay of treatment for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Dosing frequency will likely affect tolerability and adherence to treatment. OBJECTIVE: To assess the tolerability and efficacy of a once-weekly aminobisphosphonate preparation in improving bone mineral density (BMD) and bone turnover markers in osteoporotic Asian women. METHODS: Chinese postmenopausal women with osteoporosis were randomized to receive either alendronate 70 mg once weekly plus calcium carbonate 500 mg daily (n = 29%) or calcium carbonate 500 mg daily (n = 29%) for one year. BMD was measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Markers of bone formation and bone resorption included plasma total alkaline phosphatase and urine N-telopeptides. RESULTS: Treatment with alendronate 70 mg once weekly for one year resulted in significant BMD improvement of 6.1% at the spine, 5.6% at the femoral neck, and 3.5% at the total hip. There was no significant change in the BMD values in the calcium group (spine 1.4%, femoral neck −0.2%, total hip 0%). The BMD response in the alendronate group was significantly different from that in the calcium group at all time points, and the difference was detectable as early as after 3 months of treatment (ANOVA p < 0.001%). The changes remained significant after adjusting for age, age at menarche, and years since menopause (p < 0.001%). Similarly, the reductions in bone markers at 12 months were significantly different between the 2 treatment groups (plasma total alkaline phosphatase: alendronate 27.9%, calcium 5.4%; urine N-telopeptide: alendronate 55.6%, calcium 11.2%; both p < 0.001%). The alendronate regimen was well tolerated, without significant adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: The results confirmed that once-weekly alendronate was efficacious in increasing BMD and reducing bone turnover and was well tolerated in Asian women.
Glycemic Monitoring in Diabetics with Sickle Cell Plus β-Thalassemia Hemoglobinopathy
Authors: Kosecki Sheri M , Rodgers Philip T , Adams Martha B 
Published: August 2005

OBJECTIVE: To report a case of diabetes management in a patient with a hemoglobinopathy that caused her clinician to seek a different measure of glycemic control, fructosamine, rather than glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c). CASE SUMMARY: A 53-year-old African American woman presented with a past medical history of type 2 diabetes, hypertension, seizure disorder, rheumatoid arthritis, and sickle cell disease plus β-thalassemia. She reported fasting blood glucose values ranging broadly from 50 to 320 mg/dL, yet her HbA1c result remained steady in a low range of >6%. A measure of fructosamine returned elevated at 340 μmol/L (reference range 200–300%). DISCUSSION: We believe that this patient's hemoglobinopathy resulted in falsely low levels of HbA1c, and we substantiate this interpretation with the patient's self-monitored blood glucose values from home that appeared higher and inconsistent with the HbA1c results. Although few reports on using the measure of fructosamine appear in the literature, this patient's high fructosamine result supports fructosamine as the more appropriate measure of glycemic control. CONCLUSIONS: Serum fructosamine levels may be considered as an appropriate laboratory measurement when monitoring long-term glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and sickle cell disease.
Parathyroid Hormone (1–84) and Treatment of Osteoporosis
Authors: Shrader Sarah P , Ragucci Kelly R 
Published: August 2005

OBJECTIVE: To present the chemistry, pharmacology, and pharmacokinetics of parathyroid hormone (PTH) (1-84%) and review the available clinical trials that evaluate its efficacy and safety; clinical applicability of this agent and its relationship to other Food and Drug Administration (FDA)–approved medications for treatment of osteoporosis are also discussed. DATA SOURCES: A MEDLINE search (1996–December 2004%) was completed, along with a review of information obtained from the manufacturer, NPS Pharmaceuticals. Key search terms included parathyroid hormone, PTH (1–84%), and ALX 111. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION: Studies were selected based on their relevance and availability. Pertinent information, including objectives, design, demographics, outcomes, adverse events, dosing strategies, and therapeutic controversies, was extracted. DATA SYNTHESIS: PTH (1-84%) is being developed for treatment of osteoporosis. Recent studies have shown that, when administered intermittently as a subcutaneous injection, PTH (1-84%) produces an increase in bone mineral density and prevents vertebral fractures. The fact that this agent contains the C-terminal region of PTH may differentiate it from PTH (1-34%), teriparatide, which is approved by the FDA for treatment of osteoporosis. Further trials are necessary to determine the role of PTH (1-84%) in combination with other treatments for osteoporosis and/or the order in which PTH (1-84%) is given with these other agents. There are currently no comparative trials with other osteoporosis treatment modalities. CONCLUSIONS: PTH (1-84%), when given intermittently as a subcutaneous injection, appears to be a safe and efficacious treatment option for osteoporosis. Further trials are needed to determine its specific place in therapy compared with other treatment options.
Population Abundance and Stock Characteristics of Flathead Catfish in the Lower St. Joseph River, Michigan
Authors: Daugherty Daniel J. , Sutton Trent M. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Little information exists regarding the biological attributes and stock dynamics of flathead catfish Pylodictis olivaris in lotic systems throughout the northern United States. We examined the population abundance, annual survival, growth, condition, size structure, and age structure of flathead catfish in the lower St. Joseph River, Michigan, to direct future management efforts in this system and increase our knowledge of northern flathead catfish stocks. Fish were collected by means of electrofishing during June through September 2002 and 2003. Population abundance was estimated at 5,452 individuals (range, 3,985–7,277 fish), and annual survival was estimated at 67%. Analysis of pectoral spine cross sections revealed that growth was greatest for fish younger than age 6 (range, 83–98 mm/year) and decreased among older age-classes (range, 18–70 mm/year). Relative weight was greatest for individuals less than 300 mm total length (TL; 115%) and declined with increasing fish length. The size structure and age structure of flathead catfish were dominated by fish less than 400 mm TL and younger than age 4 (89% and 79%, respectively), although individuals greater than 1,100 mm TL and up to age 17 were present in the population. Relative stock density estimates indicated that 58% of fish greater than the minimum stock size were of quality length, while flathead catfish of preferred, memorable, and trophy sizes represented 28, 7, and 1% of fish collected, respectively. Despite their presence on the northern fringe of the species' geographic distribution, the flathead catfish in the lower St. Joseph River exhibited biological characteristics and stock dynamics that were similar to those reported for other lightly exploited stocks throughout the midwestern United States.
11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and the pre-receptor regulation of corticosteroid hormone action
Authors: Draper Nicole , Stewart Paul M 
Published: August 2005

Two isozymes of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD1 and 11β-HSD2) catalyse the interconversion of hormonally active cortisol and inactive cortisone. The enzyme evolved from a metabolic pathway to a novel mechanism underpinning human disease with the elucidation of the role of the type 2 or ‘kidney’ isozyme and an inherited form of hypertension, ‘apparent mineralocorti-coid excess’. ‘Cushing’s disease of the kidney’ arises because of a failure of 11β-HSD2 to inactivate cortisol to cortisone resulting in cortisol-induced mineralocorticoid excess.
Conversely, 11β-HSD1 has been linked to human obesity and insulin resistance, but also to other diseases in which glucocorticoids have historically been implicated (osteoporosis, glaucoma). Here, the activation of cortisol from cortisone facilitates glucocorticoid hormone action at an autocrine level. The molecular basis for the putative human 11β-HSD1 ‘knockout’ – ‘cortisone reductase deficiency’ - has recently been described, an observation that also answers a long standing conundrum relating to the set-point of 11β-HSD1 activity. In each case, these clinical studies have been underpinned by studies in vitro and the manipulation of enzyme expression in vivo using recombinant mouse models.
Validated method for l‐ornithine‐l‐aspartate analysis in human plasma by capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Kowalski P. , Bieniecki M. , Olȩdzka I. , Lamparczyk H. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA rapid capillary electrophoresis method for routine determination of two amino acids, l‐ornithine and l‐aspartic acid, in human plasma is reported. The method runs automatically, requires a minimum of sample preparation and moreover includes no extensive extraction and no gradient or derivatization procedure. Analyses were performed on an uncoated silica capillary using buffer solution composed with 10 mm sodium tetraborate and 1 m sodium hydroxide (pH = 10.0). A capillary electrophoresis P/ACE system equipped with UV detection (200 nm), an automatic injector, a fluid cooled cartridge and System Gold data station was used in this study. The total analysis time under these conditions was 8.0 min. The calibration curve was linear in the range 10–280 µg mL−1 for l‐aspartic acid and 20–280 µg mL−1 for l‐ornithine (for both amino acids, r = 0.999). The method was validated by inaccuracy (bias) and precision (RSD) studies by analysing samples. The method was successfully applied to the quantitative determination of l‐ornithine‐l‐aspartate in human plasma and could be useful for clinical and bioavailability investigations. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of antiviral nucleoside analogues AM365 and AM188 in perfusate and bile of the isolated perfused rat liver using HPLC
Authors: Wang Jiping , Nation Roger L. , Evans Allan M. , Cox Susan , Li Jian 
Published: August 2005

AbstractDevelopment, validation and application of an HPLC assay for new antiviral nucleoside analogues AM365 and AM188 in isolated perfused rat liver perfusate and bile were performed. An analytical column (Phenosphere‐NEXT, 250 × 4.6 mm, C18, 4 µm, Phenomenex) was used in tandem with a guard column (4 × 3 mm, C18, Phenomenex) and operated at 25°C. The mobile phase [methanol:10 mmol/L sodium orthophosphate buffer (pH 7.0), 15:85, v/v] was pumped at 1 mL/min. The signal from a diode array detector was collected from 190 to 300 nm. The chromatogram was processed at 220 and 252 nm for AM365 and AM188, respectively. The HPLC method was validated by six intraday and seven interday runs. Standard curves were linear in the range 0.125–8.00 µg/mL for AM365 and AM188, and the lower limit of quantification for AM365 and AM188 was 0.125 µg/mL. Mean interday precision and accuracy of IPL perfusate quality control samples were within 8.8%, and mean intraday precision and accuracy were within 13.1%. The assay has been successfully used in the study of metabolism and disposition of AM365 in the isolated perfused rat liver. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of the ZnII Binding to the Peptide Amyloid‐β1–16 linked to Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Mekmouche Yasmina , Coppel Yannick , Hochgräfe Katja , Guilloreau Luc , Talmard Christine , Mazarguil Honoré , Faller Peter 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAggregation of the human peptide amyloid‐β (Aβ) is a key event in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Zinc ions play an important role in AD and in Aβ aggregation. In vitro, ZnII binds to Aβ and accelerates its aggregation. In this work we have investigated ZnII binding to the synthetic peptide Aβ1–16, which contains the metal‐binding domain of Aβ. CdII was used to probe the ZnII site. Aβ1–16 bound one equivalent of ZnII with an apparent dissociation constant (Kd) of 10−4 M. This Kd value is in the same range as the Zn concentration needed to precipitate Aβ. Circular dichroism and NMR indicated predominantly random‐coil secondary structures of apo‐Aβ1–16, ZnII–Aβ1–16 and CdII–Aβ1–16, which were all highly dynamic and flexible. The three histidines at positions 6, 13 and 14 were suggested to be ligands to ZnII and CdII. Evidence that the aspartate at position 1 served as a fourth ligand to ZnII and CdII was found at pH 8.7. 111CdII NMR showed a resonance at 84 ppm, in line with a mixed oxygen‐/nitrogen‐ligand environment. The tyrosine at position 10 could be excluded as a ligand.
Silicon Chelation in Aqueous and Nonaqueous Media: The Furanoidic Diol Approach
Authors: Kästele Xaver , Klüfers Peter , Kopp Florian , Schuhmacher Jörg , Vogt Martin 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAnhydroerythritol (AnEryt) shares some of its ligand properties with furanosides and furanoses. Its bonding to silicon centers of coordination number four, five, and six was studied by X‐ray and NMR methods, and compared to silicon bonding of related compounds. Diphenyl(cycloalkylenedioxy)silanes show various degrees of oligomerization depending on the diol component involved. For example, Ph2Si(cis‐ChxdH−2) (1) and Ph2Si{(R,R)‐trans‐ChxdH−2)} (2; Chxd=cyclohexanediol) are dimeric, Ph2Si(AnErytH−2) (3) is monomeric, and Ph2Si(L‐AnThreH−2) (4; AnThre=anhydrothreitol) is trimeric both in the solid state and in solution. Ph2Si(cis‐CptdH−2) (5) (Cptd=cyclopentanediol) is monomeric in solution but dimerizes on crystallization. Si(AnErytH−2)2 (6) and Si(cis‐CptdH−2)2 (7) are monomeric spiro compounds in solution but are pentacoordinate dimers in the crystalline state. Pentacoordinate silicate ions are found in A[Si(OH)(AnErytH−2)2] (A=Na, 8 a; Rb, 8 b; Cs, 8 c). Related compounds are formed by substitution of the hydroxo by a phenyl ligand. K[SiPh(AnErytH−2)2]⋅1/2 MeOH (9) is a prototypical example as it shows the two most significant isomers in one crystal structure: the syn/anti and the anti/anti form (syn and anti define the oxolane ring orientation close to, or apart from, the monodentate ligand, respectively). syn/anti Isomerism generally rules the appearance of the NMR spectra of pentacoordinate silicates of furanos(id)e ligands. NMR spectroscopic data are presented for various pentacoordinate bis(diolato)silicates of adenosine, cytidine, methyl‐β‐D‐ribofuranoside, and ribose. In even more basic solutions, hexacoordinate silicates are enriched. Preliminary X‐ray analyses are presented for Cs2[Si(CydH−2)3]⋅ 21.5 H2O (10) and Cs2[Si(cis‐InsH−3)]⋅ cis‐Ins⋅8 H2O (11) (Cyd=cytidine, Ins=inositol).
Phase 1 study of concurrent RMP‐7 and carboplatin with radiotherapy for children with newly diagnosed brainstem gliomas
Authors: Packer Roger J. , Krailo Mark , Mehta Minesh , Warren Katherine , Allen Jeffrey , Jakacki Regina , Villablanca Judith G. , Chiba Akiko , Reaman Gregory 
Published: August 2005

AbstractBACKGROUNDNinety percent of children with diffuse intrinsic brainstem tumors will die within 18 months of diagnosis. Radiotherapy is of transient benefit, and one way to potentially improve its efficacy is to add radiosensitizers. Carboplatin is antineoplastic and radiosensitizing. However, delivery to the primary tumor site is problematic. RMP‐7 is a bradykinin analog that causes selective permeability of the blood‐brain‐tumor interface. The goal of the current Phase I study was to determine the toxicity and feasibility of delivering RMP‐7 and carboplatin for 5 successive days during radiotherapy.METHODSRMP‐7 was given before the end of carboplatin infusion. Local radiotherapy (5940 centigrays) was given within 4 hours of completion of drug delivery. Duration of treatment was escalated in a stepwise, weekly fashion, in cohorts of 3, until there was treatment‐limiting toxicity or until radiotherapy was completed. Thirteen patients were treated, whose median age was 7 years (range, 3–14 yrs).RESULTSOne child died early in treatment of progressive disease and was not assessable for toxicity. Treatment for 3, 4, or 5 weeks was tolerated well, with mild flushing, tachycardia, nausea, emesis, dizziness, and abdominal pain. Of 3 children treated at the full duration of therapy (33 doses over 7 wks), 1 developed dose‐limiting hepatotoxicity and neutropenia. The estimated median survival period was 328 days, and 1 patient remained disease progression free > 400 days from initiation of treatment.CONCLUSIONSThe results of the current study confirmed the feasibility of giving RMP‐7 and carboplatin daily during radiotherapy. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
A mixed finite element method for the generalized Stokes problem
Authors: Bustinza Rommel , Gatica Gabriel N. , González María 
Published: August 2005

AbstractWe present and analyse a new mixed finite element method for the generalized Stokes problem. The approach, which is a natural extension of a previous procedure applied to quasi‐Newtonian Stokes flows, is based on the introduction of the flux and the tensor gradient of the velocity as further unknowns. This yields a two‐fold saddle point operator equation as the resulting variational formulation. Then, applying a slight generalization of the well known Babuška–Brezzi theory, we prove that the continuous and discrete formulations are well posed, and derive the associated a priori error analysis. In particular, the finite element subspaces providing stability coincide with those employed for the usual Stokes flows except for one of them that needs to be suitably enriched. We also develop an a posteriori error estimate (based on local problems) and propose the associated adaptive algorithm to compute the finite element solutions. Several numerical results illustrate the performance of the method and its capability to localize boundary layers, inner layers, and singularities. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genomic profiling of myeloid sarcoma by array comparative genomic hybridization
Authors: Deeb George , Baer Maria R. , Gaile Daniel P. , Sait Sheila N. Jani , Barcos Maurice , Wetzler Meir , Conroy Jeffrey M. , Nowak Norma J. , Cowell John K. , Cheney Richard T. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractMyeloid sarcoma (MS) is a tumor mass of myeloblasts or immature myeloid cells occurring in an extramedullary site. In this study, seven cases of MS [stomach (1), testis (1), skin (2), and lymph node (3)] and 3 synchronous and 1 follow‐up bone marrow (BM) samples were studied for genomic abnormalities using array comparative genomic hybridization (array‐CGH). Array‐CGH construction used ∼5,400 bacterial artificial chromosome clones from the RPCI‐11 library, spanning the human genome. Data were analyzed using the DNAcopy software and custom heuristics. All MS cases had genomic abnormalities detected by array‐CGH. Unbalanced genomic abnormalities in five MS cases were confirmed by conventional cytogenetics (CC) and/or fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH); these abnormalities included loss of 4q32.1‐q35.2, 6q16.1‐q21, and 12p12.2‐p13.2 and gain of 8q21.2‐q24.3, 8, 11q21‐q25, 13q21.32‐q34, 19, and 21. Array‐CGH was also invaluable in identifying possible deletions, partner translocations, and breakpoints that were questionable by CC. The remaining two MS cases had genomic aberrations detected by array‐CGH, but were not studied further by CC/FISH. Chromosome 8 was most commonly abnormal (3/7 cases). Identical genomic abnormalities were demonstrated in MS and in synchronous BM in two cases. These results demonstrate that array‐CGH is a powerful tool to screen MS tissue for unbalanced genomic abnormalities, allowing identification of chromosome abnormalities when concurrent BM is nonanalyzable or nonleukemic. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Snow cover dynamics, soil moisture variability and vegetation ecology in high mountain catchments of central Norway
Authors: Löffler Jörg 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe influence of water balance on vegetation was investigated by measurements of snow cover dynamics and soil moisture variability within small high mountain catchments of central Norway. The challenge of this study is to explain vegetation patterns by means of a functional ecosystem analysis as a basis for regionalization approaches. Results of a process‐oriented analysis of factors determining vegetation were based on spatial data from the low‐ and middle‐alpine altitudinal belts. Methods and techniques were combined for mappings and process measurements. Complex data were processed using a database, a geographical information system and multivariate statistics for spatio‐temporal analyses. The new outcome of this study is that soil moisture gradients do not primarily determine the distribution of vegetation. Snow cover is important for each catchment but does not explain differences between low‐ and middle‐alpine conditions. Similar snow conditions are correlated with different vegetation types along an altitudinal range. Near‐surface temperature conditions have secondary effects on plant species distribution. There is no single significant statistical factor that describes spatial ecological patterns. Only multiple factor groupings can explain the micro‐mosaicing of high‐mountain landscapes. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.