bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Resistance to cerebral ischemic injury in UCP2 knockout mice: evidence for a role of UCP2 as a regulator of mitochondrial glutathione levels
Authors: De Bilbao Fabienne , Arsenijevic Denis , Vallet Philippe , Hjelle Ole Petter , Ottersen Ole Petter , Bouras Constantin , Raffin Yvette , Abou Karin , Langhans Wolfgang , Collins Sheila , Plamondon Julie , Alves‐Guerra Marie‐Clotilde , Haguenauer Anne , Garcia Irene , Richard Denis , Ricquier Daniel , Giannakopoulos Panteleimon 
Published: May 2004

AbstractUncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) is suggested to be a regulator of reactive oxygen species production in mitochondria. We performed a detailed study of brain injury, including regional and cellular distribution of UCP2 mRNA, as well as measures of oxidative stress markers following permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion in UCP2 knockout (KO) and wild‐type (WT) mice. Three days post ischemia, there was a massive induction of UCP2 mRNA confined to microglia in the peri‐infarct area of WT mice. KO mice were less sensitive to ischemia as assessed by reduced brain infarct size, decreased densities of deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end‐labelling (TUNEL)‐labelled cells in the peri‐infact area and lower levels of lipid peroxidation compared with WT mice. This resistance may be related to the substantial increase of basal manganese superoxide dismutase levels in neurons of KO mice. Importantly, we found a specific decrease of mitochondrial glutathione (GSH) levels in UCP2 expressing microglia of WT, but not in KO mice after ischemia. This specific association between UCP2 and mitochondrial GSH levels regulation was further confirmed using lipopolysaccharide models of peripheral inflammation, and in purified peritoneal macrophages. Moreover, our data imply that UCP2 is not directly involved in the regulation of ROS production but acts by regulating mitochondrial GSH levels in microglia.
Photodynamic therapy of interdigital mycoses of the feet with topical application of 5‐aminolevulinic acid
Authors: Calzavara‐Pinton P. G. , Venturini M. , Capezzera R. , Sala R. , Zane C. 
Published: May 2004

Background: Findings of in vitro studies have demonstrated that dermatophytes and yeasts can be effectively photosensitized after topical delivery of 5‐aminolevulinic acid (ALA). This procedure, called photodynamic therapy (PDT), seems to lack mutagenic activity and hazard of selection of drug‐resistant strains.Methods: Twenty percent ALA preparation in Eucerin cream was applied under an occlusive dressing to skin lesions of nine patients with clinical and microbiological evidence of interdigital mycosis of the feet. After 4 h, lesions were irradiated with 75 J/cm2 of broad‐band red light. Interdigital lesions of the other foot served as control (treated with only light or only ALA). After 7 days from the first treatment, no further treatment was delivered if lesions were not clinically evident and direct microscopic examination was negative. Otherwise, three additional weekly treatments were delivered. Four weeks after the last treatment, patientshad a final follow‐up clinical and laboratory examination.Results: Clinical and microbiological recovery was seen in six out of nine patients after one (four cases) or four (two cases) treatments. However, after 4 weeks, recurrences were seen in four patients. Overall tolerability was always good.Conclusion: Under the conditions employed in the present study, ALA‐PDT had good therapeutic effects on interdigital mycosis of the feet. However, recurrences were quick. In vivo environmental conditions, i.e. temperature, humidity and pH of the interdigital skin, could induce a poor cell uptake of ALA and a deficient biosynthesis of photosensitizing protoporphyrin IX. In addition, the irregular tridimensional shape of this peculiar anatomical area could lead to a non‐uniform delivery of light and/or ALA cream. However, the present results can stimulate further studies on the PDT of superficial skin mycoses.
Gene expression profiling of in vivo UVB‐irradiated human epidermis
Authors: Enk Claes D. , Shahar Iris , Amariglio Ninette , Rechavi Gideon , Kaminski Naftali , Hochberg Malka 
Published: May 2004

Background: Several recent studies have employed microarray profiling to study UVB‐regulated gene expression in human skin. These studies are all based on UV‐irradiated cultured cells that differ substantially from the intact tissues they are supposed to imitate. The purpose of the present study was to analyze the differential expression of UVB‐regulated genes in intact human epidermis following in vivo UV irradiation.Methods: The forearms of human volunteers were exposed to 4 MED of UVB in vivo, followed by removal of epidermal samples from exposed and non‐exposed areas after 24 h. RNA samples were analyzed using oligonucleotide microarray (Affymetrix) technology analyzing 12 500 genes simultaneously. Verification of selected genes was performed by semi‐quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction.Results: Gene expression patterns clearly distinguished UV‐exposed epidermis from unexposed skin. Classification of these genes into functional categories revealed that several biological processes are globally affected by UVB. Significant changes were seen in more than 800 genes.Conclusion: Human intact epidermis responds to a single low dose of in vivo UVB irradiation by differential regulation of numerous genes. Our results illustrate the power of global gene expression analysis of human epidermis to identify molecular pathways involved in UV‐induced photodamage.
Secular trends in physical fitness and obesity in Danish 9‐year‐old girls and boys: Odense School Child Study and Danish substudy of the European Youth Heart Study
Authors: Wedderkopp N. , Froberg K. , Hansen H. S. , Andersen L. B. 
Published: May 2004

Introduction:  Low physical fitness and obesity have been shown to be associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Obesity is on the increase in many countries, but little is known about physical fitness trends. Monitoring of changes in fitness and obesity in the population is important for preventive strategies, and the aim of this study was to analyse the secular trends in fitness and body composition in Danish children.Materials and methods:  Two representative population studies were conducted 12 years apart on 9‐year‐old children in the same location: the Odense School Child Study in 1985–86 and the European Youth Heart Study in 1997–98. In both studies, physical fitness was determined by a maximal cycle ergometer test, and obesity was assessed by skinfolds.Results:  Boys had a lower physical fitness and were fatter in 1997–98 than in 1985–86. In addition, an increased polarization is emerging, with the difference between the fit and the unfit and the difference between the lean and the fat being greater in 1997–98 than in 1985–86. In girls, a similar polarization was found, but no overall change in fitness or obesity.Conclusion:  The negative trend and increased polarization for physical fitness and obesity in Danish children suggest a future generation with a higher degree of CVD risk.
Medium range real atomic structure of face-centred icosahedral Ho9Mg26Zn65
Authors: Brühne Stefan , Sterzel Roland , Uhrig Eckhard , Gross Christoph , Assmus Wolf 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
A complementary approach to solve quasi crystalline atomic structures in 3-dimensional (3D) real space is presented: The atomic pair distribution function (PDF) of face centred icosahedral Ho9Mg26Zn65 [a(6D) = 2 × 5.18(3) Å] has been obtained from in-house powder X-ray diffraction data (MoKα

1). For the first time, full profile PDF refinements of a quasicrystal were performed: Starting with rational approximant models, derived from 1/1- and 2/1-Al—Mg—Zn, its local and medium range structure was refined (r < 27 Å; R = 12.9%) using the PDF data. 85% of all atoms show Frank-Kasper (FK) type coordinations. The basic structural unit is the 3-shell, 104-atom Bergman cluster (d ≈ 15 Å) comprising a void at its center. The clusters are interconnected sharing common edges and hexagonal faces of the 3rd shells. The remaining space is filled by some glue atoms (9% of all atoms), yielding an almost tetrahedrally close packed structure. All Ho atoms are surrounded by 16 neighbours (FK-polyhedron “P”). Most of them (89%) are situated in the 2nd shell and form a Ho8 cube (edge length 5.4 Å); they are completed by 12 Mg atoms to a pentagon dodecahedron. Cubes in neighbouring clusters are tilted with respect to each other; their superposition generates diffraction symmetry 2/m3̅5̅. The remaining Ho atoms act as glue atoms. As a result and as can be expected for real matter, local atomic coordinations in quasicrystals are similar when compared to common crystalline intermetallic compounds. From our results, the long range quasiperiodic structure of icosahedral Mg—Zn—RE (RE = Y and some rare earths) is anticipated to be a canonical cell tiling (CCT, after Henely) decorated with Bergman clusters.
Revised Tl(I)–O bond valence parameters and the structures of thallous dichromate and thallous uranyl phosphate hydrate
Authors: Locock Andrew J. , Burns Peter C. 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
Thallium(I) has a 6s
2 non-bonding pair of valence-shell electrons, and shows a wide range of coordination environments and mean bond distances to oxygen. Conventional bond valence parameters with B = 0.37 Å are not suitable for modelling the soft acid – hard base Tl(I)—O interactions. Revised bond valence parameters have been derived for these bonds using structural data taken from the Inorganic Crystal Structure Database and the Cambridge Structural Database for 130 Tl(I)—On polyhedra. Both bond valence parameters, R
0 and B, were refined by minimizing the sum of the squared differences between the formal oxidation state and the experimental bond valence sums of the polyhedra. The recommended values for Tl(I)—O bonds are R
0 = 1.927 Å, B = 0.50 Å, and for the assembled set of Tl—O poly hedra yield an average sum of 0.99 νu with a standard deviation of 0.12 νu. The effects of the revised Tl—O bond valence parameters upon structures containing different types of polyhedra of higher bond valence are examined with respect to the crystal structures of thallous di chromate and thallous uranyl phosphate hydrate. Crystallographic data – Tl2Cr2O7: triclinic, P1̅, a = 7.3150(15) Å, b = 7.4006(15) Å, c = 7.6673(16) Å, α = 109.941(4)°, β = 90.458(4)°, γ = 108.067(4)°, R1 = 5.9%; Tl2(UO2)[(UO2)(PO4)]4(H2O)2: monoclinic, Cm, a = 12.9798(9) Å, b = 15.1639(11) Å, c = 9.3384(6) Å, β = 132.310(1)°, R1 = 3.6%.
Crystal structure determination of Ga3(H3O)H8(PO4)6 · 6 H2O from X-ray powder diffraction data
Authors: Ivashkevich Ludmila S. , Lyakhov Alexander S. , Selevich Anatoly F. , Lesnikovich Anatoly I. 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
The crystal structure of the gallium hydrogen phosphate hydrate, Ga3(H3O)H8(PO4)6 · 6 H2O, has been determined from X-ray powder diffraction data. The structure is trigonal, space group P31c (No. 159), with unit cell dimensions a = 9.0227(1) Å, c = 16.6389(3) Å, V = 1173.08(3) Å3, Z = 2, and D
x = 2.59 g/cm3. The structure was solved by direct methods using EXPO program and refined by FULLPROF package to R
Bragg value of 8.6%. Positions of hydrogen atoms were not defined. There are three unique gallium atoms in the crystal structure, having octahedral oxygen coordination. GaO6 octahedra are linked together via the corners of PO4 tetrahedra to form a three-dimensional network with channels running along the c axis. There are two types of water molecules in the crystal, which essentially differ in their atomic environment. Oxonium cations, lying on crystallographic threefold axis, are surrounded by oxygen atoms of the phosphate groups and water molecules.
Local mean chromium–oxygen distances in Cr3+-centered octahedra of natural grossular-uvarovite garnet solid solutions from electronic absorption spectra
Authors: Langer Klaus , Platonov Alexej N. , Matsyuk Stanislav S. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe crystal field parameter 10Dq[cm⁻¹]of octahedral chromium obtained as the energy of the4A2g→4T2gband of Cr3+in the electronic absorption spectra, EAS, of a series of 13 natural grossular-uvarovite garnets with compositions close to the binary join Ca3(Al1–xCrx)2Si3O12, depend on the chromium fraction xCrof the solid solutions as10Dq[cm⁻¹]= (–515.51 ·xCr) + 16579 (r= 0.984)The 10Dq[cm⁻¹]-values were evaluated in terms of local mean octahedral distances,R̅(Cr–O), [Å]localwith the result thatR̅(Cr–O)local= 0.01262 ·xCr+ 1.9812 (r= 0.982) (a)Equation (a) is in very good agreement with mean 〈Al/Cr—O〉; distances of “individual” octahedraR̅icalculated for the case XCr(individual)= 1.00 from the distance relations obtained in X-ray structure refinements of low symmetry chromian garnets (Wildner and Andrut, 2001). The proves again, that the EAS-method to derive local 3dN-ion–oxygen distances is reliable.R̅(Cr–O)local=ƒ(xCr) and the correspondingR̅i-function deviate strongly from the Vegard line of the crystal averaged functionR̅(Cr–O)average=ƒ(xCr), the “virtual crystal model”. This indicates significant structural relaxation around Cr3+[6]in the garnet solid solutions studied. The relaxation coefficient calculated from the data,∊limxCr→0= 0.82, is closer to∊= 1.0 for full relaxation,i.e.the “hard sphere model”, than to∊= 0.0 for absent relaxation in the “virtual crystal” model. This is proposedly related to the uptake of strain around octahedral chromium, in the large (CaO8) polyhedra interconnected with the octahedra of the grossular-uvarovite garnets.
Structural variation and crystal chemistry of LiMe3+Si2O6 clinopyroxenes Me3+ = Al, Ga, Cr, V, Fe, Sc and In
Authors: Redhammer Günther J. , Roth Georg 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
A total of 32 synthetic end-member and solid-solution compounds of the LiM3+Si2O6 (Li = M2 site, M3+ = M1 site = Al, Ga, V, Fe, Sc and In) clinopyroxene series have been investigated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Except LiCrSi2O6, all compounds show C2/c symmetry at 295 K. LiCrSi2O6 has space group P21/c but transforms to the high temperature C2/c structure at 335 K. The variations of structural parameters in the LiMe3+Si2O6 clinopyroxenes are dominated by the Me3+ site. The average M1—O bond length is linearly correlated with the ionic radius of the M1 cation. Octahedra reflect the increasing size of the M1 cations by steadily increasing bond and edge lengths, the variations however are not uniform. With increasing size of the M1 cation, octahedra deviate from ideal octahedral geometry. Octahedral edges, shared with other structural units, are distinctly hampered in expansion with increasing size of the M1 cation. The increasing size of the M1 octahedral chain is compensated by changing the kinking of the tetrahedral chain and by alterations of bond and edge lengths as well as the bond angles within the tetrahedron. Three different mechanisms of adapting of the structural building units with increasing M3+ cationic radius can be identified: (i) expansion of the tetrahedral chain by stretching (ii) transition form “O” to “S” chain conformation after full expansion and (iii) finally a limit of expansion in a direction. We stress that cations larger than In3+ cannot be substituted at the M1 site because of too large geometrical differences between octahedral and tetrahedral chains.
Propylene Glycol‐Associated Renal Toxicity from Lorazepam Infusion
Authors: Yaucher Ndidi E. , Fish Jeffrey T. , Smith Heidi W. , Wells Jeffrey A. 
Published: May 2004

Objectives. Using data from patients who developed elevations in serum creatinine concentrations while receiving continuous‐infusion lorazepam, we sought to determine the correlations between the magnitude of serum creatinine concentration rise and each of the following variables: serum propylene glycol level, cumulative lorazepam dose, and duration of lorazepam administration. An additional objective was to identify clinical markers for propylene glycol toxicity.Design. Retrospective chart review.Setting. Medical‐surgical intensive care unit and burn unit at a university hospital.Patients. Eight patients who developed elevations in serum creatinine concentrations while receiving continuous‐infusion lorazepam (range 2–28 mg/hr).Measurements and Main Results. The mean cumulative dose of lorazepam was 4305 mg (range 1200–10,920 mg), and the mean propylene glycol level determined at the time of peak serum creatinine concentration was 1103 μg/ml (range 186–3450 μg/ml). Serum creatinine concentrations increased in all eight patients during lorazepam infusion and decreased in seven within 3 days after stopping infusion. A weak‐to‐moderate correlation existed between the magnitude of the rise in serum creatinine concentration and propylene glycol level (r=0.53). A weak‐to‐moderate correlation also was identified between cumulative lorazepam dose and magnitude of serum creatinine concentration rise (r=0.43), and a strong‐to‐moderate correlation was found between duration of lorazepam infusion and magnitude of serum creatinine concentration rise (r=0.60). Propylene glycol levels were strongly correlated with both serum osmolality and osmol gap.Conclusion. The patients' increased serum creatinine concentrations are likely to have resulted from exposure to propylene glycol as a result of lorazepam infusion. Serum osmolality and osmol gap may be useful markers for propylene glycol toxicity.
Outcomes of Dual–Protease Inhibitor Salvage Therapy in Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Infected Patients Referred to a Telephone Consultation Service
Authors: Lim Michael L. , Dong Betty J. , Hart Stacey L. 
Published: May 2004

Objective. To determine the clinical outcomes of dual‐protease inhibitor salvage therapy in heavily experienced patients after their providers consulted the National HIV Telephone Consultation Service (Warmline, 800–933–3413).Design. Observational survey study.Setting. Consultation service for United States health care providers.Patients. Thirty‐one human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐infected patients who had received previous treatment with at least two protease inhibitor‐or nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor‐based regimens and had a viral load of at least 1000 copies/ml.Intervention. Patients whose providers consulted Warmline regarding antiretroviral salvage regimens were identified through a review of telephone calls from January‐July 2001. Virologic and immunologic outcomes were determined for patients who had received a regimen containing either ritonavir and indinavir or ritonavir and amprenavir.Measurements and Main Results. Primary outcomes were percentages of patients with a viral load less than 500 copies/ml at 3 and 6 months and changes in log10 viral load and CD4+ cell count at 3 and 6 months compared with baseline values. By using intent‐to‐treat analysis, a viral load less than 500 copies/ml was achieved in 35% of the 31 patients at 3 months and in 32% of them at 6 months. By using as‐treated analysis, this outcome was achieved in 48% of 23 patients who continued therapy at 3 months and in 59% of 17 patients who continued therapy at 6 months. At 3 months (23 patients) and 6 months (17 patients), respectively, changes in viral load were −1.7 log10 copies/ml (p<0.001) and −1.4 log10copies/ml (p<0.001), and changes in CD4+ cell count were +99 cells/mm3 (p<0.001) and +95 mm3 (p=0.012), compared with baseline.Conclusion. Significant improvements in virologic and immunologic markers occurred in patients heavily experienced with antiretroviral therapy after starting dual‐protease inhibitor treatment regimens. Salvage therapy guided by Warmline consultation appears to be beneficial for this patient population with limited treatment options.
Pancreatitis Associated with Atypical Antipsychotics: From the Food and Drug Administration's MedWatch Surveillance System and Published Reports
Authors: Koller Elizabeth A. , Cross James T. , Doraiswamy P. Murali , Malozowski Saul N. 
Published: May 2004

Study Objective. To investigate the relative numbers and clinical characteristics of pancreatitis in patients treated with the atypical antipsychotic agents, clozapine, olanzapine, and risperidone, versus the conventional neuroleptic, haloperidol.Design. Pharmacovigilance study of pooled, spontaneously reported adverse events.Setting. Government‐affiliated drug evaluation center.Patients. One hundred ninety‐two patients who developed pancreatitis during treatment with one or more antipsychotic agents.Intervention. Patients were identified with the Food and Drug Administration's MedWatch surveillance program and a MEDLINE search.Measurements and Main Results. Most cases of pancreatitis occurred within 6 months after the start of therapy with one or more antipsychotic agents. Of the reports of pancreatitis occurring in conjunction with these drugs, 40%, 33%, 16%, and 12% were in patients receiving treatment with clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone, and haloperidol, respectively. In 50% of the patients receiving haloperidol, an atypical antipsychotic was listed as a concomitant drug. Valproate was administered concomitantly in 23% of patients. Hyperglycemia and acidosis, although uncommon, developed with all the drugs except haloperidol. Twenty‐two patients died. In contrast to patients who developed pancreatitis while receiving an atypical antipsychotic, those who developed the disease while receiving haloperidol were women and tended to be older.Conclusion. The number of reports involving the three atypical antipsychotic agents and the relative paucity of reports involving haloperidol, despite its more extensive patient exposure, suggest that atypical antipsychotics may precipitate pancreatitis. However, the risk may not be the same with all agents; pancreatitis was reported most frequently with clozapine, followed by olanzapine, and then risperidone. The temporal relationship of the onset of pancreatitis with the start of drug therapy further supports a cause‐and‐effect relationship.
Linezolid Clearance During Continuous Venovenous Hemodiafiltration: A Case Report
Authors: Kraft Michael D. , Pasko Deborah A. , DePestel Daryl D. , Ellis Jessica J. , Peloquin Charles A. , Mueller Bruce A. 
Published: May 2004

Objective. To determine the linezolid clearance and serum concentrations in a critically ill man receiving continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration (CVVHDF).Methods. Intravenous linezolid 600 mg every 12 hours was administered to a critically ill, 85‐year‐old man with anuria who was receiving CVVHDF at a dialysate flow rate of 2000 ml/hour and a mean ultrafiltrate production rate of 775 ml/hour. Samples of blood and spent dialysate and ultrafiltrate were obtained at the time of linezolid peaks and troughs, and linezolid concentrations were determined.Results. The CVVHDF yielded a mean linezolid clearance of 36.5 ml/minute and an elimination half‐life of 7.5 hours. The linezolid saturation coefficient ranged from 0.77–0.81. Administration of intravenous linezolid 600 mg every 12 hours yielded suitable serum trough concentrations.Conclusion. Administration of intravenous linezolid 600 mg every 12 hours maintained therapeutic serum trough concentrations in this critically ill patient receiving CVVHDF.