bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Developmental precursors of child- and adolescent-onset schizophrenia and affective psychoses: diagnostic specificity and continuity with symptom dimensions
Authors: Hollis Chris 
Published: January 2003

BackgroundAn increased rate of premorbid impairment has been reported in both child- and adolescent-onset schizophrenic and affective psychoses.AimsTo examine the evidence for a specific association between premorbid impairment and child- and adolescent-onset schizophrenia, and whether specific continuities exist between premorbid impairments and psychotic symptom dimensions.MethodRetrospective case note study of 110 first-episode child- and adolescent-onset psychoses (age 10–17 years). DSM–III–R diagnoses derived from the OPCRIT algorithm showed 61 with schizophrenia (mean age 14.1 years) and 49 with other non-schizophrenic psychoses (mean age 14.7 years).ResultsPremorbid social impairment was more common in early-onset schizophrenia than in other early-onset psychoses (OR 1.9,P=0.03). Overall, impaired premorbid development, enuresis and incontinence during psychosis were specifically associated with the negative psychotic symptom dimension.ConclusionsPremorbid social impairments are more marked in child- and adolescent-onset schizophrenia than in other psychoses. There appears to be developmental continuity from premorbid impairment to negative symptoms.
Nithsdale Schizophrenia Surveys 24: sexual dysfunction
Authors: Macdonald S. , Halliday J. , MacEwan T. , Sharkey V. , Farrington S. , Wall S. , McCreadie R. G. 
Published: January 2003

BackgroundThat sexual dysfunction occurs in schizophrenia is not in doubt. Previous studies have had weaknesses such as the use of selected populations or the absence of a control group.AimsTo measure rates of sexual dysfunction in people with schizophrenia compared with the general population.MethodSexual dysfunction was assessed by a self-completed gender-specific questionnaire. Ninety-eight (73%) of 135 persons with schizophrenia and 81 (71%) of 114 persons recruited as controls returned the questionnaire.ResultsAt least one sexual dysfunction was reported by 82% of men and 96% of women with schizophrenia. Male patients reported less desire for sex, were less likely to achieve and maintain an erection, were more likely to ejaculate more quickly and were less satisfied with the intensity of their orgasms. Female patients reported less enjoyment than the control group. Sexual dysfunction in female patients was associated with negative schizophrenic symptoms and general psychopathology. There was no association between sexual dysfunction and type of antipsychotic medication.ConclusionsPeople with schizophrenia report much higher rates of sexual dysfunction than do the general population. Men and women with schizophrenia have a different pattern of sexual dysfunction.
Evaluation of a community-based rehabilitation model for chronic schizophrenia in rural India
Authors: Chatterjee Sudipto , Patel Vikram , Chatterjee Achira , Weiss Helen A. 
Published: January 2003

BackgroundThere are no community services for the majority of the estimated 10 million persons with schizophrenia in India. Community-based rehabilitation (CBR) is a model of care which has been widely used for physical disabilities in resource-poor settings.AimsTo compare CBR with out-patient care (OPC) for schizophrenia in a resource-poor setting in India.MethodA longitudinal study of outcome in patients with chronic schizophrenia contrasted CBR with OPC. Outcome measures were assessed using the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale and the modified WHO Disability Assessment Schedule at 12 months.ResultsAltogether, 207 participants entered the study, 127 in the CBR group and 80 in the OPC group. Among the 117 fully compliant participants the CBR model was more effective in reducing disability, especially in men. Within the CBR group, compliant participants had significantly better outcomes compared with partially compliant or non-complaint participants (P<0.001). Although the subjects in the CBR group were more socially disadvantaged, they had significantly better retention in treatment.ConclusionsThe CBR model is a feasible model of care for chronic schizophrenia in resource-poor settings.
Medical outcome of pregnancy in women with psychotic disorders and their infants in the first year after birth
Authors: Howard Louise M. , Goss Claudia , Leese Morven , Thornicroft Graham 
Published: January 2003

BackgroundThere has been little research into the health of infants of women with psychotic disorders.AimsTo investigate the antenatal care of mothers with a history of psychotic disorders, obstetric outcomes and the subsequent health of their babies.MethodA matched, controlled cohort study was carried out using the General Practice Research Database. Women with a history of a psychotic disorder, who gave birth in 1996–1998, were compared with women matched for age and general practice (199 cases and 787 controls) and their infants.ResultsCases had a higher proportion of stillbirths (OR=4.03, 95% CI 1.14–4.25,P=0.03) and neonatal deaths (P<0.001). There was no difference in gestational age at antenatal booking. Mothers with psychotic disorders were less likely than controls to attend for infant immunisations 90–270 days after birth (RR=0.94, 95% CI 0.88–0.99,P=0.03). There was no significant difference in the rates of accidents and hospital contacts for infants.ConclusionsThere is an increased risk of stillbirth and neonatal death in women with a history of psychotic disorder, and it is therefore important for health care professionals to focus on optimal obstetric care. The physical health of babies who live with mothers with psychotic disorders is not significantly different from that of matched baby controls.
Discrimination and delusional ideation
Authors: Janssen I. , Hanssen M. , Bak M. , Bijl R. V. , De Graaf R. , Vollebergh W. , McKenzie K. , Van Os J. 
Published: January 2003

BackgroundIn the UK and The Netherlands, people with high rates of psychosis are chronically exposed to discrimination.AimsTo test whether perceived discrimination is associated longitudinally with onset of psychosis.MethodA 3-year prospective study of cohorts with no history of psychosis and differential rates of reported discrimination on the basis of age, gender, disability, appearance, skin colour or ethnicity and sexual orientation was conducted in the Dutch general population (n=4076). The main outcome was onset of psychotic symptoms (delusions and hallucinations).ResultsThe rate of delusional ideation was 0.5% (n=19) in those who did not report discrimination, 0.9% (n=4) in those who reported discrimination in one domain, and 2.7% (n=3) in those who reported discrimination in more than one domain (exactP=0.027). This association remained after adjustment for possible confounders. No association was found between baseline discrimination and onset of hallucinatory experiences.ConclusionsPerceived discrimination may induce delusional ideation and thus contribute to the high observed rates of psychotic disorder in exposed minority populations.
Use of Positron Emission Tomography in Pharmacokinetic Studies to Investigate Therapeutic Advantage in a Phase I Study of 120-Hour Intravenous Infusion XR5000
Authors: Propper D.J. , de Bono J. , Saleem A. , Ellard S. , Flanagan E. , Paul J. , Ganesan T.S. , Talbot D.C. , Aboagye E.O. , Price P. , Harris A.L. , Twelves C. 
Published: January 2003

Purpose: XR5000 (N-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]acridine-4-carboxamide) is a topoisomerase I and II inhibitor. Because the cytotoxicity of XR5000 increases markedly with prolonged exposure, we performed a phase I study of weekly XR5000 by 120-hour continuous infusion over 3 weeks. Patients and Methods: Twenty-four patients with advanced solid cancer were treated at seven dose levels (700 to 4,060 mg/m2/120 hrs) for a total of 67 cycles. Three patients underwent positron emission tomography (PET) studies at the maximum-tolerated dose (MTD) to evaluate normal tissue and tumor carbon-11 radiolabeled XR5000 ([11C]XR5000) pharmacokinetics. Results: The dose-limiting toxicity was National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria (version 1) grade 4 chest and abdominal pain affecting the single patient receiving 4,060 mg/m2/120 hours, and the MTD was 3,010 mg/m2/120 hours. Other grade 3–4 toxicities, affecting single patients at the MTD, were myelosuppression (grade 4), raised bilirubin, vomiting, and somnolence (all grade 3). There was one partial response (adenocarcinoma of unknown primary); the remainder had progressive disease. [11C]XR5000 distributed well into the three tumors studied by PET. Tumor uptake (maximum concentration or area under the concentration versus time curve [AUC]) was less than in normal tissue in which the tumors were located. Tumor exposure (AUC; mean ± SD in m2/mL/sec) increased when [11C]XR5000 was administered during an infusion of XR5000 (0.403 ± 0.1), compared with [11C]XR5000 given alone (0.292 ± 0.1; P < .05), indicating that tumor drug exposure was not saturated. Conclusion: The recommended dose for XR5000 in phase II studies is 3,010 mg/m2/120 hours. PET studies with 11C-labeled drug were feasible and demonstrated in vivo distribution into tumors. Saturation of tumor exposure was not reached at the MTD.
Phase II Trial of Procarbazine, Lomustine, and Vincristine as Initial Therapy for Patients With Low-Grade Oligodendroglioma or Oligoastrocytoma: Efficacy and Associations With Chromosomal Abnormalities
Authors: Buckner Jan C. , Gesme Dean , O’Fallon Judith R. , Hammack Julie E. , Stafford Scott , Brown Paul D. , Hawkins Roland , Scheithauer Bernd W. , Erickson Bradley J. , Levitt Ralph , Shaw Edward G. , Jenkins Robert 
Published: January 2003

Purpose: The purpose of this article is to determine the response rate and toxicity of PCV administered before radiation therapy in patients with newly diagnosed LGO/LGOA and to explore correlations between response with 1p/19q deletions and aberrant p53 expression. Background: Despite prolonged survival of patients with low-grade oligodendroglioma (LGO) and oligoastrocytoma (LGOA), the majority will succumb to progressive disease. Because procarbazine, lomustine (CCNU), and vincristine (PCV) is active in patients with recurrent LGO/LGOA, we hypothesized that it would be beneficial as primary therapy. Methods: Adult patients with residual tumor on magnetic resonance imaging scan following biopsy or subtotal resection of LGO/LGOA received up to six cycles of PCV. Radiation therapy (59.4 or 54.0 Gy) began within 10 weeks of completing chemotherapy or immediately if there was evidence of tumor progression on PCV. Tumor tissue was analyzed by fluorescent in situ hybridization for 1p and 19q deletion and by immunohistochemistry for p53 expression. Results: Eight of 28 (29%) and 13 of 25 (52%) eligible patients demonstrated tumor regression as assessed by the treating physician and a blinded central neuroradiology reviewer, respectively. Myelosuppression was the predominant toxicity. Loss of 1p and 19q were associated with LGO but not LGOA (P = .009), were inversely associated with p53 detection, and were not associated with response to PCV (possibly because of the small sample size). Conclusion: PCV produces tumor regressions in a meaningful proportion of patients with LGO/LGOA. Toxicity, especially myelosuppression, is significant. Loss of 1p and 19q seems limited to patients with pure LGO and is inversely related to p53 alterations.
Changes in food consumption expenditure in Malaysia
Authors: Ishida Akira , Law Siong‐Hook , Aita Yoshihisa 
Published: January 2003

AbstractIn rapidly developing Asian countries, food consumption has drastically expanded and diversified. Trends in Malaysian food consumption are typical of those of developing countries. The overriding objective of this article, therefore, was to explore the structural changes in food consumption expenditure in West Malaysia after the early 1970s when its food consumption diversified under rapid economic growth and urbanization. We have estimated Engel's expenditure elasticities for food items using aggregated cross‐sectional data from the Household Expenditure Survey. Our estimated results clearly indicate that while the expenditure elasticities of away‐from‐home food, and the elasticities of at‐home expenditures for meat, fruits and vegetables, milk and dairy products are relatively high, those of rice and sugar are low. This suggests that the food expenditure structure in West Malaysia has diversified, adding meat, fruits and vegetables, milk and dairy products to the most dominant food item, rice. Moreover, it is likely that the share of food away from home will increase with income enhancement and urbanization due mainly to economic growth. [EconLit citations: Q11 (Aggregate Demand and Supply)]. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Agribusiness 19: 61–76, 2003.
Asymmetric price transmission due to market power in the case of supply shocks
Authors: Bunte Frank , Peerlings Jack 
Published: January 2003

AbstractIn this article the market power argument for explaining asymmetric price transmission due to market power in case of supply shocks is examined. Moreover, the potential welfare effects are examined. The analysis is performed using an extension of the Azzam and Schroeter (1995) model comprising both oligopsony and oligopoly instead of just oligopsony. The model is given empirical content using data on the Dutch cucumber chain and assuming Cournot competition among retailers who have market power on either the consumer/retail or growers/retail market or both. The results show that in case of a cucumber supply shock and market power, consumer prices change more than growers' prices. Moreover, total welfare effects of market power are small but potentially large income distribution effects exist. [EconLit citations: L130, Q130.] © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Agribusiness 19: 19–28, 2003.
Consumer demand for and attitudes toward alternative beef labeling strategies in France, Germany, and the UK
Authors: Roosen Jutta , Lusk Jayson L. , Fox John A. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractFood safety scares have led to loss of consumer confidence in the quality and safety of beef products in Europe. To counteract such concerns, firms and regulators can use brands or labels to signal quality. Using data from mail surveys in France, Germany, and the United Kingdom, we analyze consumer preferences for alternative beef labeling strategies: brands, origin labels, and mandatory labeling of beef from cattle fed genetically modified feed. The analysis suggests that consumers place more importance on labels of origin as opposed to private brands. More than 90% of surveyed consumers wanted a mandatory labeling program for beef produced from cattle fed genetically modified crops. [EconLit citations: D120, L660.] © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Agribusiness 19: 77–90, 2003.
Effect of liberalized U.S.–Mexico rice trade: A spatial, multiproduct equilibrium analysis
Authors: Fuller Stephen , Fellin Luis , Salin Victoria 
Published: January 2003

AbstractA spatial, multiproduct equilibrium model featuring United States–Mexico long‐grain rice trade is developed to determine the effect of removing Mexico's rice tariffs in 2003 on U.S. rough and milled rice exports to that country. Analysis considers rice milling costs and yields in the United States and Mexico, transportation costs associated with U.S. rice exports to Mexico, mill by‐product prices in Mexico and the United States and the changing tariff levels. Results show Mexico's graduated decline in rice tariffs over the 1997 to 2003 period to increase U.S. rice exports to Mexico about 1% per year or a total of 7% over the 6‐year period. United States' long‐grain rice price and production is modestly affected by the increased exports, while the impact on Mexico's rice production and price is comparatively large. Further, results show the historic incentive to export rough rice to Mexico will be replaced by an incentive to export milled rice, thus opportunities for the U.S. rice milling industry to form alliances with Mexican packers and increase direct relationships with large retailers in Mexico. [EconLit citations:C61, Q17, and R40.] © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Agribusiness 19: 1–17, 2003.
Consumer beliefs and attitude towards genetically modified food: Basis for segmentation and implications for communication
Authors: Verdurme Annelies , Viaene Jacques 
Published: January 2003

AbstractResults from a consumer survey comprising 400 face‐to‐face interviews with Flemish consumers (Belgium), which was conducted in the summer of 2000, reveal four consumer segments based on beliefs and attitude towards genetically modified (GM) food, namely: the Halfhearted, the Green Opponents, the Balancers, and the Enthusiasts. While 23.5% of the respondents have positive attitudes (the Enthusiasts) towards GM food, 15.5% are reluctant (the Green Opponents). The other 61.0% of the respondents have rather neutral (the Balancers) to slightly negative (the Halfhearted) attitudes towards GM food. Each of these identified segments can be further profiled in terms of socio‐economic and demographic characteristics, knowledge, general attitudes including trust, information needs, consulted and trusted information sources and channels, and purchase intentions. These insights will provide the necessary input for the development of an effective segmented communication strategy. [EconLit citations: Q130, Q160, Q180.] © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Agribusiness 19: 91–113, 2003.
Localized hypoplasia of the primary canine in bonobos, orangutans, and gibbons
Authors: Skinner Mark F. , Newell Elizabeth A. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThis paper extends observations by Lukacs ([1999] Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 110:351–363; [2001] Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 116:199–208) of localized hypoplasia of the primary canine (LHPC) among large apes to gibbons, bonobos, and orangutans. LHPC is a roughly circular area of deficient enamel on the labial surface of primary canine teeth which, on current evidence from humans, forms several months after birth due to malnutrition‐induced craniofacial osteopenia, leading to crypt fenestration that exposes the dental follicle and more deep‐sited ameloblasts to minor physical traumata during normal motor infant development. Our goal was to determine the prevalence of LHPC among a variety of apes which differ in body mass and socioecology, with a view to elucidating the etiology of the defect. We examined juvenile dentitions from 122 animals from three taxa: 8 Hylobates lar, 75 Pongo pygmaeus from Borneo and Sumatra, and 39 Pan paniscus from central Africa. Reported variables include taxon, sex, arcade, side, and tooth size. Presence/absence and ordinal severity of defect expression were recorded by description, microphotography, and scanning electron microscopy. Molds were taken in high‐resolution dental impression materials and cast in epoxy resin.There are clear taxonomic, but no sex, differences. Prevalence ranged from 0.0% in gibbons to 61.5% in bonobos and 85.3% in orangutans. The result for orangutans is similar to that reported by Lukacs ([1999] Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 110:351–363), while bonobos are much more affected than were the common chimpanzees (22%) described by Lukacs ([1999] Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 110:351–363). There are no significant antimeric differences, but the lower canine is much more affected than the upper by LHPC. We show that larger teeth are more affected by LHPC and have more severe defects. Also, we encountered several instances of patent or healing canine crypt fenestrations, occasionally in direct association with LHPC. Location of the defect indicates that LHPC may occur perinatally but more usually several months postnatally. Histological examination showing the neonatal line and LHPC is required to resolve the issue of timing. We concur with Lukacs ([1999] Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 110:351–363) that taxonomic, anatomical, and environmental variables combine to determine the occurrence and appearance of LHPC. Nevertheless, we conclude that LHPC probably reflects deficient growth of the arcades in infant apes and humans. Am J Phys Anthropol 120:61–72, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analysis of colored teeth from precolumbian tlatelolco: Postmortem transformation or intravitam processes?
Authors: Mansilla J. , Solis C. , Chávez‐Lomeli M.E. , Gama J.E. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThe etiological basis of the abnormal coloration of archaeological teeth has been an unsolved question for a long time. Differences in the appearance of some archaeological teeth from Precolumbian adult and infant skeletons, detected by external optical inspection, led us to study this problem. A blue stain is visible in a few of the deciduous erupted teeth, and a brown color in various unerupted teeth in the collection, while brown spots appear on some permanent teeth. Several processes or factors that may occur during one's life, others around the time of death, and still others resulting from postmortem alterations have been reported as potential causes of abnormal tooth coloration.A sample of 35 colored teeth and two soil layers taken from Tlatelolco were analyzed by particle‐induced X‐ ray emission (PIXE) as well as selective dissolution techniques. Concentrations of total and extractable elements in enamel and soil layers (Cg1–Cg2) were obtained. This paper describes the occurrence and implications of a substantial secondary concentration of Zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), strontium (Sr), and iron (Fe) in the deciduous erupted and nonerupted teeth as compared to that in the adult teeth.Our interpretation is that, in this archaeological context, the brown spots and blue stains on the teeth are due to differences in tooth enamel porosity and to a postmortem biogeochemical process. The alterations involve cumulization and diagenesis of iron, manganese, and organic matter solutions that were eluviated from the soil and are not the result of antemortem or perimortem conditions such as trauma or disease. Am J Phys Anthropol 120:73–82, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Scaling relationships between craniofacial sexual dimorphism and body mass dimorphism in primates: Implications for the fossil record
Authors: Plavcan J. Michael 
Published: January 2003

AbstractCraniofacial remains (the most abundant identifiable remains in the fossil record) potentially offer important information about body size dimorphism in extinct species. This study evaluates the scaling relationships between body mass dimorphism and different measures of craniofacial dimorphism, evaluating taxonomic differences in the magnitude and scaling of craniofacial dimorphism across higher taxonomic groups. Data on 40 dimensions from 129 primate species and subspecies demonstrate that few dimensions change proportionally with body mass dimorphism. Primates show general patterns of greater facial vs. neurocranial and orbital dimorphism, and greater dimorphism in lengths as opposed to breadths. Within any species, though, different craniofacial dimensions can yield very different reconstructions of size dimorphism. There are significant taxonomic differences in the relationships between size and craniofacial dimorphism among primate groups that can have a significant impact on reconstructions of body mass dimorphism. Hominoids tend to show lower degrees of facial dimorphism proportional to size dimorphism than other primates. This in turn implies that strong craniofacial dimorphism in Australopithecus africanus could imply very strong body size dimorphism, conflicting with the relatively modest size dimorphism inferred from postcrania. Different methods of estimating the magnitude of size dimorphism from craniofacial measurements yield similar results, and yield comparatively low percent prediction errors for a number of dimensions. However, confidence intervals for most estimates are so large as to render most estimates highly tentative. Am J Phys Anthropol 120:38–60, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.