bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prognostic indicators for carcinoid neuroendocrine tumors of the gastrointestinal tract
Authors: Rorstad Otto 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFactors that determine the clinical course and outcome of patients with gastrointestinal (GI) carcinoid tumors are complex and multifaceted. These include the site of origin within the GI tract, the size of the primary tumor, and the anatomical extent of disease, whether localized, regional, or metastatic to distant sites. The new World Health Organization (WHO) histological classification of endocrine tumors, including carcinoids, represents a significant advance in terms of providing a consistent framework for histopathological interpretation that should facilitate multicenter research on treatment outcomes. Histochemical indicators of a poorer prognosis are the degree of expression of the proliferation protein Ki‐67 and the p53 tumor suppressor protein. Adverse clinical indicators are the malignant carcinoid syndrome, carcinoid heart disease, and high concentrations of the tumor markers, urinary 5‐HIAA and plasma chromogranin A. J. Surg. Oncol. 2005;89:151–160. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Management of midgut carcinoids
Authors: Åkerström Göran , Hellman Per , Hessman Ola , Osmak Liliana 
Published: February 2005

AbstractMidgut carcinoids developing in the small intestine represent the most common cause of the carcinoid syndrome, with severe symptoms of flush, diarrhoea, and fibrotic valvular heart disease. The tumours may be histologically identified with specific chromogranin A or synaptophysine immunostainings, and by serotonin reactivity, which supports a midgut origin. Urinary 5‐HIAA excretion and serum chromogranin A measurements are used as biochemical tumour markers for clinical diagnosis, and as important monitors of treatment effects and prognostic predictors. The midgut carcinoids have typically slow proliferation and extended disease course, and surgical treatment has become increasingly important for their management. Surgery should aim to remove primary tumours and mesenteric metastases, which may cause long‐term abdominal complications, by typical fibrotic intestinal entrapment and small bowel ischaemia due to encasement of mesenteric vessels. Attempts should also be made to surgically remove or ablate liver metastases, since this may significantly contribute to palliation of the carcinoid syndrome. In patients with this syndrome surgery is combined with continuous biotherapy with long‐acting somatostatin analogues and interferon, which may alleviate symptoms and cause stable disease with slow progression. Favourable survival and life‐quality can be expected with this treatment also in patients with advanced midgut carcinoids. J. Surg. Oncol. 2005;89:161–169. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cover Picture: Macromol. Chem. Phys. 4/2005
Authors: Miura Yozo , Sakai Yumi , Yamaoka Keisuke 
Published: February 2005

Cover: 3‐ and 5‐Miktoarm star copolymers were prepared by the ring‐opening polymerization of ε‐caprolactone and subsequent nitroxide‐mediated radical polymerization styrene. SEC and 1H NMR measurements showed that they are well‐defined miktoarm star copolymers with narrow polydispersities of 1.10–1.37.Further details can be found in the Full Paper by Y. Miura,* Y. Sakai, and K. Yamaoka on page 504.
Antiparkinson medications improve agonist activation but not antagonist inhibition during sequential reaching movements
Authors: Kelly Valerie E. , Bastian Amy J. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe execution of sequential arm movements is critical to activities of daily living such as eating and grooming. It is known that movement sequences are bradykinetic in people with Parkinson's disease (PD) and that antiparkinson medications improve the speed of movement sequences. However, it is unclear how muscle activity is modulated during sequential movements and what effect antiparkinson medications have on muscle modulation. We studied subjects with PD and age‐ and gender‐matched control subjects making sequential reaching movements. Subjects with PD were tested before and after their morning dose of antiparkinson medications (levodopa and/or dopamine agonists). We examined the effect of antiparkinson medications on the modulation of muscle activity (i.e., the ability to activate and inhibit each muscle throughout the course of a sequence). Results showed that the group with PD, before medication, moved more slowly and modulated muscle activity poorly compared to the control group. Antiparkinson medications improved movement speed as expected, although sequential movements remained slower than normal even after medication. Medication improved the ability to activate agonist muscle activity but did not improve the ability to inhibit antagonist activity. Instead, antagonist activity was also increased, resulting in minimal improvements in muscle modulation during sequential reaching movements. © 2005 Movement Disorder Society
Feasibility and validity of a modified finger‐nose‐finger test
Authors: Louis Elan D. , Applegate LaKeisha M. , Borden Sarah , Moskowitz Carol , Jin Zhezhen 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIn essential tremor (ET) research, it is important to obtain standardized, objective data on tremor severity. Often, it is not possible to carry out in‐person or videotaped neurological examinations. In place of these, handwriting samples can be collected, but they do not capture all of the variance in tremor severity. Although additional tests of tremor severity (finger‐nose‐finger [FNF] test) might be of use, these would need to be modified to allow ET patients to mail their results to the study investigator for rating. We modified the standard FNF test (sFNF) by asking subjects to hold a pen during this activity and mark a paper target. The purpose of this report was to determine whether the modified FNF (mFNF) test was feasible and valid. Of 70 subjects, 65 (92.9%) were able to complete the mFNF, demonstrating that it was feasible. The scores of the mFNF correlated highly with those of the sFNF (r = 0.56–0.85; all P < 0.001), indicating the mFNF is a valid measure of tremor severity. In addition, using the regression equation, sFNF = 0.174(mFNF) + 0.743, a sFNF score can be derived easily from the mFNF score. The mFNF may be used to collect valuable data on tremor severity in pathological, genetic, and epidemiological field studies of ET, in which in‐person or videotaped neurological examinations are not possible. © 2005 Movement Disorder Society
Localized two‐dimensional 1H magnetic resonance exchange spectroscopy: A preliminary evaluation in human muscle
Authors: Thomas M. Albert , Chung Hyun‐Kyung , Middlekauff Holly 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA localized two‐dimensional (2D) 1H MR chemical exchange spectroscopic (L‐EXSY) sequence has been implemented on a whole‐body 1.5‐T MRI/MRS scanner. The second spectroscopic encoding to monitor the chemical exchange was an integral part of the single‐volume localization using three slice‐selective 90° radiofrequency (RF) pulses, thereby eliminating the need for any additional RF pulses, off‐resonance/continuous wave saturation, or selective inversion, which are essential in the one‐dimensional 1H MR exchange spectroscopy. Even though the TM‐crusher dephased single‐ and higher‐order multiple‐quantum coherences, the zero‐quantum coherences were indistinguishable from the longitudinal magnetization leading to J‐coupled 2D cross peaks similar to COSY. With TM of 300 ms, two different exchange cross peaks were recorded in human calf muscle: a first peak, between the mobile tissue water and total creatine pools, and a second peak, possibly between the olefinic and magnetically equivalent poly methylene protons of unsaturated lipids. Our preliminary results demonstrate that the intermolecular and intramolecular chemical exchange mechanisms can be monitored noninvasively in human calf muscle using 2D L‐EXSY. Magn Reson Med 53:495–502, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Advantages of frequency‐domain modeling in dynamic‐susceptibility contrast magnetic resonance cerebral blood flow quantification
Authors: Chen Jean J. , Smith Michael R. , Frayne Richard 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIn dynamic‐susceptibility contrast magnetic resonance perfusion imaging, the cerebral blood flow (CBF) is estimated from the tissue residue function obtained through deconvolution of the contrast concentration functions. However, the reliability of CBF estimates obtained by deconvolution is sensitive to various distortions including high‐frequency noise amplification. The frequency‐domain Fourier transform‐based and the time‐domain singular‐value decomposition‐based (SVD) algorithms both have biases introduced into their CBF estimates when noise stability criteria are applied or when contrast recirculation is present. The recovery of the desired signal components from amid these distortions by modeling the residue function in the frequency domain is demonstrated. The basic advantages and applicability of the frequency‐domain modeling concept are explored through a simple frequency‐domain Lorentzian model (FDLM); with results compared to standard SVD‐based approaches. The performance of the FDLM method is model dependent, well representing residue functions in the exponential family while less accurately representing other functions. Magn Reson Med 53:700–707, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Controlled aliasing in parallel imaging results in higher acceleration (CAIPIRINHA) for multi‐slice imaging
Authors: Breuer Felix A. , Blaimer Martin , Heidemann Robin M. , Mueller Matthias F. , Griswold Mark A. , Jakob Peter M. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIn all current parallel imaging techniques, aliasing artifacts resulting from an undersampled acquisition are removed by means of a specialized image reconstruction algorithm. In this study a new approach termed “controlled aliasing in parallel imaging results in higher acceleration” (CAIPIRINHA) is presented. This technique modifies the appearance of aliasing artifacts during the acquisition to improve the subsequent parallel image reconstruction procedure. This new parallel multi‐slice technique is more efficient compared to other multi‐slice parallel imaging concepts that use only a pure postprocessing approach. In this new approach, multiple slices of arbitrary thickness and distance are excited simultaneously with the use of multi‐band radiofrequency (RF) pulses similar to Hadamard pulses. These data are then undersampled, yielding superimposed slices that appear shifted with respect to each other. The shift of the aliased slices is controlled by modulating the phase of the individual slices in the multi‐band excitation pulse from echo to echo. We show that the reconstruction quality of the aliased slices is better using this shift. This may potentially allow one to use higher acceleration factors than are used in techniques without this excitation scheme. Additionally, slices that have essentially the same coil sensitivity profiles can be separated with this technique. Magn Reson Med 53:684–691, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cu(InGa)Se2solar cells on a flexible polymer web
Authors: Birkmire Robert , Eser Erten , Fields Shannon , Shafarman William 
Published: February 2005

AbstractDeposition of CuInGaSe2films on 6‐inch wide Mo coated polyimide web substrate in a roll‐to‐roll vapor deposition system from elemental sources is described. Material transport from the sources to the moving web substrate has been modeled by combining an evaporative effusion model and the gas flow kinetics and by experimentally determining the flux intensity profile. The model gives a reasonably good approximation of the Ga profile in the films. Poor adhesion of the selenide film to molybdenum has been resolved by depositing a thin layer of β‐(Ga0.8In0.2)2Se3precursor layer. Two‐dimensional compositional mapping by energy dispersive spectroscopy of 5‐feet‐long web gave 0.88 ± 1.9% and 0.28 ± 2.5% respectively for Cu/(Ga+In) and Ga/(Ga+In) ratios, indicating highly uniform film composition. This compositional uniformity translated to the uniformity in the devices fabricated on the web. The open‐circuit voltages of the devices from the centerline of the 5‐feet web were measured to be 0.529 ± 0.86%. A two‐dimensional device efficiency survey gave 9.2 ± 1%. The process was able to produce high‐quality material, as defined by the best device efficiency, for a wide range of Cu/(Ga+In) ratios. The best efficiency achieved so far was 12.1% with MgF2anti‐reflection coating. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using SRIM to calculate the relative damage coefficients for solar cells
Authors: Messenger Scott R. , Burke Edward A. , Walters Robert J. , Warner Jeffrey H. , Summers Geoffrey P. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIt is shown how the widely available computer code SRIM can be used to calculate proton relative damage coefficients (RDCs) for solar cells. This approach is important in cases when the incident proton energy is reduced significantly in traversing the active volume of the cell and, consequently, when analytic calculations of the nonionizing energy loss (NIEL) are not satisfactory for calculating the energy dependence of the RDCs. In the SRIM approach it is assumed that the RDCs are proportional to the total number of vacancies formed. The calculation involves integrating the ‘vacancy.txt’ files produced by SRIM over the active depth of the cells and normalizing the results to the number of total vacancies produced by 10 MeV protons. The RDCs calculated from SRIM are found to agree well with experimentally measured values for both Si and multijunction (MJ) solar cells. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Boarding of upper middle class toddlers in China
Authors: Brassard Marla R. , Chen Suhong 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIn the West, institutions are considered the worst environment for rearing young children. It was thus surprising to discover on the 2002 Fulbright Travel Seminar to China that boarding schools for children two years of age and older were popular among affluent parents. This article uses observations of the first author in China, cultural knowledge of the second author (a Chinese woman living in the United States and trained as a school psychologist), recent Chinese history relative to family and educational policy, and attachment theory to explore developmental implications of boarding toddlers, and the cultural context supporting it, and to suggest directions for future research. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 42: 297–304, 2005.
Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser sources for gas detection
Authors: Cerutti L. , Garnache A. , Ouvrard A. , Garcia M. , Genty F. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe molecular beam epitaxy growth conditions of a GaInAsSb/AlGaAsSb multi‐quantum wells stack have been successfully optimised. This included minimising the full‐width at half‐maximum of the high resolution X‐ray diffraction satellites and maximising the photoluminescence peak intensity collected at room temperature. Then, the optimised gain structures were successfully inserted in a) a microcavity and b) an external‐cavity Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser. In both cases, room temperature laser operation near 2.3 µm in the continuous wave regime, with a circular single transverse mode output beam, was demonstrated. An output power larger than 1 mW at room temperature was measured. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
First‐trimester fetuses with increased nuchal translucency do not show altered intracardiac flow velocities
Authors: Haak M. C. , Twisk J. W. R. , Bartelings M. M. , Gittenberger‐de Groot A. C. , van Vugt J. M. G. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractObjectiveTo study intracardiac flow velocities in first‐trimester fetuses with normal nuchal translucency thickness (NT) and those with increased NT.MethodsUltrasound examinations were performed in 85 normal fetuses and 45 fetuses with NT > 95th percentile. Follow‐up was complete and postmortem examination was performed on terminated pregnancies. Flow velocities during the early (e‐wave) and late (a‐wave) peaks across the tricuspid and mitral valves were measured and compared, using multilevel analysis, between the fetuses with normal and those with increased NT. In the group with increased NT, fetuses with and without a heart defect irrespective of the karyotype were compared, and in this group, euploid and aneuploid fetuses were compared, irrespective of the presence of a heart defect.ResultsNo difference in intracardiac flow velocities was found between fetuses with normal and those with increased NT. Within the group of fetuses with increased NT, there was no difference between the fetuses with and without a cardiac defect. However, comparison of aneuploid with euploid fetuses within the group with increased NT showed that both the e‐wave and a‐wave peaks were decreased significantly by 3.03 cm/s and 5.95 cm/s, respectively, across the tricuspid valve, and by 3.47 cm/s and 5.92 cm/s, respectively, across the mitral valve (P < 0.05). The most common cardiac malformations were septal defects.ConclusionThere is no difference in intracardiac blood flow velocities between normal fetuses and those with increased NT. This contradicts the theory that NT is caused by impaired atrial contraction or cardiac failure. In fetuses with increased NT, those with aneuploidy show a decreased e‐wave and a‐wave compared with euploid fetuses. This cannot, however, be explained by the presence of cardiac defects, because there is no difference between fetuses with and without a cardiac defect. Therefore, we hypothesize that the relationship between enlarged NT and cardiac defects can only be explained by a developmental process that coexists at this period of gestation and is linked to cardiovascular development. Copyright © 2005 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Refinement-oriented probability for CSP
Authors: Morgan Carroll , McIver Annabelle , Seidel Karen , Sanders J. W. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractJones and Plotkin give a general construction for forming a probabilistic powerdomain over any directed-complete partial order [Jon90, JoP89]. We apply their technique to the failures/divergences semantic model for Communicating Sequential Processes [Hoa85].The resulting probabilistic model supports a new binary operator, probabilistic choice, and retains all operators of CSP including its two existing forms of choice. An advantage of using the general construction is that it is easy to see which CSP identities remain true in the probabilistic model. A surprising consequence however is that probabilistic choice distributes through all other operators; such algebraic mobility means that the syntactic position of the choice operator gives little information about when the choice actually must occur. That in turn leads to some interesting interaction between probability and nondeterminism.A simple communications protocol is used to illustrate the probabilistic algebra, and several suggestions are made for accommodating and controlling nondeterminism when probability is present.
No association between polymorphisms in three genes of cytochrome p450 family and paranoid schizophrenia in northern Chinese Han population
Authors: Jia Yanbin , Yu Xin , Zhang Boyu , Yuan Yanbo , Xu Qi , Shen Yucun , Shen Yan 
Published: February 2005

AbstractWe genotyped six SNPs in the genes of p450 family among paranoid schizophrenics and normal controls. All subjects are unrelated Han Chinese. Three showed polymorphic, and no significant differences in allele or genotype frequencies were detected between patients and controls. Thus we obtained no evidence for the involvement of the polymorphisms in paranoid schizophrenia in the population investigated.
Analogical reasoning in schizophrenic delusions
Authors: Simpson Jane , Done D. John 
Published: February 2005

AbstractPurposeReasoning ability has often been argued to be impaired in people with schizophrenic delusions, although evidence for this is far from convincing. This experiment examined the analogical reasoning abilities of several groups of patients, including non-deluded and deluded schizophrenics, to test the hypothesis that performance by the deluded schizophrenic group would be impaired.Subjects/materialsEleven deluded schizophrenics, 10 depressed subjects, seven non-deluded schizophrenics and 16 matched non-psychiatric controls, who were matched on a number of key variables, were asked to solve an analogical reasoning task.ResultsPerformance by the deluded schizophrenic group was certainly impaired when compared with the depressed and non-psychiatric control groups though less convincingly so when compared with the non-deluded schizophrenic group. The impairment shown by the deluded schizophrenic group seemed to occur at the initial stage of the reasoning task.DiscussionThe particular type of impairment shown by the deluded subjects was assessed in relation to other cognitive problems already researched and the implications of these problems on reasoning tasks and theories of delusions was discussed.
Amine terminated poly(ethylene glycol) benzoate modified epoxy networks
Authors: Samanta B.C. , Maity T. , Kar S. , Banthia A.K. 
Published: February 2005

PurposeTo evaluate the efficiency of modifying epoxy resin using amine terminated poly(ethylene glycol) benzoate (ATPEGB) for improved toughness and to optimise the results of such a modification.Design/methodology/approachFor effective toughening, various compositions were made by incorporating different concentrations of ATPEGB. The impact and adhesive strengths of the unmodified and modified epoxy networks were characterised.FindingsThe modification of epoxy resin using ATPEGB showed significant enhancement of impact and adhesive strengths over the unmodified one. The modification caused a chemical linkage between ATPEGB and resin which led not only to a phase separation but also to ensuring the intrinsically strong chemical bonds across the ATPEGB phase/resin matrix interface, which was the main cause to the improved impact and adhesive strengths. The optimum results were obtained at 12.5 phr (parts per hundred parts of epoxy resin) of modifier.Research limitations/implicationsThe modifier, ATPEGB, used in the present context was synthesised from poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) of molecular weight 600. Besides, it could be synthesised from PEG of molecular weight 200, 400, 4,000, 20,000 etc. In addition, the efficiency of modification of epoxy resin using these could also be studied.Practical implicationsThe method developed provided a simple and practical solution to improving the toughness of cured epoxy.Originality/valueThe method for enhanced toughness of cured epoxy was novel and could find numerous applications in surface coating and adhesive.