bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of methods of differentiating between fresh and frozen–thawed fish or fillets
Authors: Duflos Guillaume , Le Fur Bruno , Mulak Veronique , Becel Philippe , Malle Pierre 
Published: August 2002

AbstractFreezing is an efficient way of storing fish. Objectively though, it is very hard to determine whether a fish has been previously frozen. Following an appraisal of various methods, we selected a physical determination (torrymeter), a physiological examination (eye lens) and three enzymatic assays (α‐glucosidase, β‐N‐acetylglucosaminidase and β‐hydroxyacyl‐CoA‐dehydrogenase) and applied them to three species: plaice (Pleuronectes platessa), whiting (Merlangus merlangus) and mackerel (Scomber scombrus). We also compared the results obtained following slow and rapid freezing and investigated how spoilage affects the torrymeter measurements and α‐glucosidase assay values. For whole fish the physical method using the torrymeter is a reliable indicator. For fish fillets we recommend the enzymatic method using the α‐glucosidase assay, which should be accompanied by measurement of the freshness to avoid confusing a frozen–thawed fish and a fish in an advanced stage of spoilage. The values noted for fresh and thawed whiting and plaice indicated cut‐off values of 0.15 for whiting and 0.5 for plaice, above which it can be asserted that the sample had been frozen.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Molecular approaches for the detection of truffle species in processed food products
Authors: Amicucci Antonella , Guidi Chiara , Zambonelli Alessandra , Potenza Lucia , Stocchi Vilberto 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMolecular identification techniques were applied in order to analyse food products containing fragments of someTuberspecies. Samples of fungal DNA were processed by analyses of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using truffle species‐specific primers, multiplex PCR, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis, sequencing of the ITS region and specific oligonucleotide probe hybridisation were used. The results obtained demonstrate the applicability of these molecular strategies to the identification of truffles, even when their morphological characteristics are difficult to interpret owing to the drastic treatments utilised in food preparation or the use of unripe fruit bodies (lacking spores). Furthermore, testing was also possible starting from very small amounts of sample and degraded DNA. The methods described have important applications in both the production and sale of such food products, in order to avoid fraud and reveal the possible presence of other fungal species.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Comparison of folate losses in soybean during the preparation of tempeh and soymilk
Authors: Arcot Jayashree , Wong Stephanie , Shrestha Ashok K 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe changes in undeconjugated and total folate content of soybean during various stages of tempeh and soymilk preparation were studied. Total folate was extracted by the tri‐enzyme technique. The ratio of total folate to undeconjugated folate was compared in all samples. Raw soybeans used for tempeh and soymilk preparation contained 4.04 and 4.50 mg total folate kg−1 respectively. Soaking and boiling soybean caused a significant loss of folate during tempeh and soymilk preparation. Leaching was identified as the major cause of folate loss, as soaking and cooking waters were found to contain a large amount of folate. Rhizopus fermentation of boiled soybean caused an increase of 68 and 100% in undeconjugated and total folate contents respectively. Frying reduced the folate content of tempeh significantly. Milling of boiled soybean in soymilk preparation significantly reduced the undeconjugated folate content of blanched soybean but increased the total folate. UHT treatment of soymilk caused a loss of 9 and 14% of undeconjugated and total folates respectively. The total folate content of deep‐fried tempeh and soymilk was 2.35 and 2.76 mg kg−1 respectively. Analysed values are expressed on a dry weight basis.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Fermentation characteristics of polysaccharide fractions extracted from the cell walls of maize endosperm
Authors: van Laar Harmen , Tamminga Seerp , Williams Barbara A , Verstegen Martin W A , Schols H A 
Published: August 2002

AbstractCell walls were extracted from maize endosperm and separated into different polysaccharide fractions by sequential extraction with solutions of saturated Ba(OH)2, demineralised water and 1 and 4 M KOH. Solubilised polysaccharides were collected after each extraction. Residues were collected following the extractions with demineralised water and 1 and 4 M KOH. The original cell wall (CW) material, extracts and residues were analysed for their fermentation characteristics using an in vitro cumulative gas production technique. The rate of fermentation of the alkali‐treated residues was faster than that of the original CW material, except for the 4 M KOH residue, which had a similar rate of degradation to the original CW material. The polysaccharides solubilised from the cell wall (extracts) were all rapidly fermented, more rapidly than both CW and residues. A division of the gas production profile into two phases using curve fitting was in good agreement with a division of the cell wall fermentation into the fermentation of arabinoxylans and cellulose. Therefore the likelihood of preferential degradation of arabinoxylans from the maize cell wall was discussed. The volatile fatty acid production pattern was fairly well explained by the fermentation rate and composition of the substrates. It was concluded that breaking the interactions of polysaccharides in the maize cell wall by mild alkali extraction increases the fermentability of maize cell walls in the gastrointestinal tract of farm animals. Contrarily, more severe alkali extractions will reduce the fermentability of maize cell walls.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Polymerase chain reaction detection of bacterial ribosomal genes from fresh and stored animal feeds
Authors: Maciorowski Kenneth G , Pillai Suresh D , Ricke Steven C 
Published: August 2002

AbstractFeed quality can be influenced by both the microbial population levels and types of organisms that become associated with the feed matrices during processing and storage. Evaluation of microbial quality of animal feeds is difficult, because feeds generally contain a diverse bacterial population that can fluctuate widely depending on a variety of factors. Microbial diversity may be investigated in animal feed using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and 16S rDNA primers. In this study a bacterial isolation step involving centrifugation was combined with several DNA extraction techniques, and PCR amplicons were visualised on electrophoresis gels. Seven different animal feeds and two commonly used feed ingredients, either fresh or stored for approximately 14 months at −20 °C, were chosen (18 feed sources in total) to represent a variety of different matrices, concentrations of macronutrients such as protein and fat, and particle sizes. DNA extraction involving polyethylene glycol 8000 appeared to be the most reliable protocol for the extraction of community DNA for PCR analysis of feeds. The majority of the feeds (14 out of 18 animal feeds and feed ingredients) examined in this study yielded at least one PCR‐positive replicate (1.1 kb band on gel), whereas no amplified products could be obtained from either of the other two DNA extraction protocols. Although some protocol refinement may be necessary for individual feeds, this approach has the potential to be a reliable method for monitoring microbial diversity changes in feeds and for rapid, simultaneous detection of a wide variety of micro‐organisms in animal feeds during processing and storage.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Influence of temperature and plant density on sensory quality and volatile terpenoids of carrot (Daucus carota L.) root
Authors: Rosenfeld Hans J , Aaby Kjersti , Lea Per 
Published: August 2002

AbstractCarrots were grown in controlled climate chambers at 9, 12, 15, 18 and 21 °C and at two plant densities. Descriptive sensory analysis was performed and terpenes were assessed by means of a dynamic headspace technique. The highest score for sweet taste was obtained in carrots grown at the lowest temperature, while bitter taste, terpenes and sugars showed increasing values with increasing growth temperature. Plant density had little or no effect on sensory quality or terpenoid volatiles. Higher temperatures (18 and 21 °C) led to higher contents of terpenoid volatiles in carrots. A high positive correlation between terpenes (α‐terpinene, β‐myrcene, trans‐caryophyllene, farnesene, α‐humulene) and sensory variables (terpene flavour, green flavour, earthy flavour, bitter taste, aftertaste) was found: 83% of the variation in terpenes was able to predict 82% of the sensory variables by means of partial least squares regression (PLS2). It was concluded that these terpenes were responsible for bitter taste and thus suppressed the perception of sweet taste in carrots. Terpinolene decreased with increasing growth temperature and probably plays only a minor role in masking sweet taste in carrots.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Effects of harvest time and storage on dietary fibre components in various cultivars of white cabbage (Brassica oleracea var capitata)
Authors: Wennberg Mathias , Engqvist Gabriele , Nyman Margareta 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe effect of harvest time and storage on dietary fibre content and composition was investigated in six cultivars of white cabbage (Brassica oleracea var capitata). Three cultivars were of early maturity type (SW Nordpol, Rolly and Balbro) and three of late maturity type (Predikant, Hanna and Lion). The average total dietary fibre (TDF) content was 241 g kg−1 dry matter (DM) (CV = 13), of which approximately 25% was soluble (CV = 15). The main dietary fibre components were glucose (37%), uronic acid (32%), arabinose (12%) and galactose (8%) residues. Early cultivars generally had a lower TDF content than late maturity types, due to a lower amount of both insoluble (arabinose, galactose and glucose) and soluble (arabinose) polymers. An early cultivar, Rolly, had the highest solubility, 33%, versus 25 ± 4% for the other cultivars. The early cultivar SW Nordpol had a similar TDF content and proportion of soluble dietary fibre (SDF) to the late cultivar Hanna, but the dietary fibre composition was different, with the early cultivar having a lower proportion of arabinose residues. Storage for 6 weeks had minor effects on the dietary fibre. After further storage of the late maturity cultivars, there was an increase in insoluble dietary fibre (IDF) (glucose and uronic acid residues) and a decrease in SDF (arabinose and galactose residues). As a consequence the solubility of TDF decreased from 29 to 19% on average. Harvesting before physiological maturity was reached resulted in a somewhat lower content of TDF and IDF for two cultivars (Predikant and Hanna), while SDF was more or less unaffected for all cultivars. Long‐term storage had fewer effects on cabbage harvested prior to maturity than when harvested at the right physiological maturity. It is concluded that the observed differences between cultivars and after long term storage are of such magnitude that they may affect nutritional properties of the dietary fibre.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of various levels of aflatoxin and ochratoxin A and combinations thereof on protein and energy utilisation in broilers
Authors: Verma J , Swain B K , Johri T S 
Published: August 2002

AbstractStudies were conducted to evaluate protein and energy utilisation in broilers fed diets containing various levels of aflatoxin (AF; 0, 0.5, 1 and 2 mg kg−1) and ochratoxin A (OA; 0, 1, 2 and 4 mg kg−1) either singly or in different combinations. Total protein efficiency (TPE) was reduced by 50.97, 76.52 and 132.75% at 2 mg kg−1 AF and 2 and 4 mg kg−1 OA respectively. Co‐toxicity at two levels, 1 mg kg−1 AF + 2 mg kg−1 OA and 2 mg kg−1 AF + 4 mg kg−1 OA, resulted in significant reductions of 78.58 and 127.43% respectively in TPE. AF at all three levels and OA at 2 and 4 mg kg−1 caused significant decreases in net protein utilisation (NPU). Co‐toxicity at all three levels led to significantly lower NPU. The reduction in NPU ranged from 18.68% at 0.5 mg kg−1 AF to 75.12% at 2 mg kg−1 AF + 4 mg kg−1 OA. Significant reductions in metabolisable energy (ME) content were recorded at 1 and 2 mg kg−1 AF and all three levels of OA. ME content was reduced drastically when both toxins were fed simultaneously. It is suggested that both AF and OA adversely affect energy and protein utilisation in broilers, and this effect is exacerbated when both toxins are fed simultaneously.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Visitors' perceptions of authenticity at cultural attractions in Hainan, China
Authors: Xie Philip Feifan , Wall Geoffrey 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe island of Hainan is a peripheral province of China with a rapidly expanding tourism industry. In addition to its tropical climate and sea–sun–sand–sex attractions, Hainan possesses substantial ethnic minorities who have become involved in the tourism industry, particularly through the development of folk villages. These folk villages are purpose‐built tourism attractions, akin to small theme parks, in which the theme is ethnicity and in which aspects of local culture are shared with visitors for a price. This paper examines and compares the characteristics and experiences of visitors, mainly of Chinese mainland origin, to three such villages. Emphasis is placed upon the extent to which they are satisfied with their experiences and believe them to be authentic. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
No attraction in strategic thinking: perceptions on current and future skills needs for visitor attraction managers
Authors: Watson Sandra , McCracken Martin 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper presents the findings from an exploratory study into managerial skill requirements in the Scottish visitor attraction sector. It provides an insight into the range, diversity and perceived importance of current and future skills. The main findings highlight a focus on operation skills, with ‘soft’ people skills also seen as being important in the future. However, less emphasis was given to strategic skills, either now or in the future. Given the intensely competitive environment for visitor attractions, this finding is rather concerning as strategic thinking has been presented in the literature and by tourism experts as essential to maintain commercial viability. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Space, sanctity and service; the English Cathedral as heterotopia
Authors: Shackley Myra 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe 43 Anglican Diocesan cathedrals in England attract in excess of 30 million tourist visitors per year, but also function as museums, centres for pilgrimage and foci for the performing arts. This paper examines the complex nature of the experience offered by cathedrals to their visitors, which often generates difficulties associated with sites that may be viewed as interfaces between the sacred and the profane. It also identifies the problems presented by the requirement to earn revenue from visitors (especially by charging admission) when still offering facilities for worship, prayer or meditation. The model adopted is Foucault's concept of sacred space as heterotopia (a ritual space that exists out of time). It is argued that difficulties over admissions charges are not simply straightforward reluctance to pay up, but intrinsically related to the nature of the spiritual experience expected and received by visitors to cathedrals, whether consciously or not. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Heritage attractions and tourism development in Asia: a comparative study of Hong Kong and Singapore
Authors: Henderson Joan C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe paper compares the principal Asian city destinations of Hong Kong and Singapore with specific reference to heritage attractions and their contribution to tourism development, revealing contrasts and similarities that offer an insight into more general practices and processes. Authorities are actively pursuing tourism marketing and development initiatives incorporating the promotion of selected forms of heritage in order to stimulate visitor arrivals, but also employing heritage to define and articulate national and cultural identity. Heritage is thus shown to have a political and socio‐cultural significance in addition to its economic value as a generator of revenue, foreign exchange and employment. These functions help to explain the higher priority allocated to it in strategic planning and its increasing use to attract visitors throughout much of Asia. Contexts may be very different, yet approaches correspond, as demonstrated by the circumstances of Hong Kong and Singapore. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tourism business knowledge of World Heritage sites: a New Zealand case study
Authors: Hall C. Michael , Piggin Rachel 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe article reports on a survey of tourism businesses at the Southwest New Zealand and Tongariro National Park World Heritage properties in New Zealand. Despite the international and domestic tourism significance of the properties the survey identified substantial gaps in business knowledge of World Heritage and associated values. Such a situation has implications not only for tourism business education and management in World Heritage areas but also further consideration of the role that World Heritage listing may actually play in attracting visitors as opposed to the intrinsic characteristics of the property. Copyright
© 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The influence of salesperson skill, motivation, and training on the practice of customer‐oriented selling
Authors: Pettijohn Charles E. , Pettijohn Linda S. , Taylor A. J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWhy is customer‐oriented selling not practiced widely? The purpose of this research was to identify the relationships between factors that may be related to the practice of customer‐oriented selling: Salesperson job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and skills. A survey of 109 retail salespeople provided insights into the relationships between these variables. The findings focused on the importance of the relationships existing between salesperson skills, training, organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and salesperson customer orientation. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Do money‐earning time and money‐exchanging route matter?
Authors: Li Shu 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis article explores whether the route via which the money form is changed (i.e., money–cash–money versus money–token–money) and the timing at which the money is earned (i.e., before performance versus after performance) play a role in influencing people's willingness to part with money. Two studies, with 125 and 253 subjects, respectively, showed that the route indeed had an effect on the spendability of the dollar in hand and that the timing of earning did affect the proclivity to spend the earned money. These results add to a growing body of evidence for the possible violation of the fundamental economic assumption of fungibility. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
About embedded eigenvalues for a spectral problem arising in the study of elastic surface waves in a topographical waveguide
Authors: Sini Mourad 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this paper, we are interested with the spectral study of an operator given by an elastic topographical waveguide, a deformed half‐space, of which the cross‐section is a local perturbation of a homogeneous half‐plane. We look for guided waves propagating more rapidly than Rayleigh waves (which mathematically would correspond to embedded eigenvalues) and prove that there are no guided waves propagating more rapidly than S‐waves. Thanks to the boundary of the deformed half‐plane and some reduced equations, these eventual eigenmodes must locally vanish. Adapting to our case a unique continuation principle for the elasticity system, we conclude that these eigenmodes vanish everywhere. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The scattering theory of C. Wilcox in elasticity
Authors: Mabrouk Mongi , Helali Zouheir 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe extend the abstract time‐dependent scattering theory of C.H. Wilcox to the case of elastic waves. Most of the results are proved with the minimal assumption that the obstacle satisfies the energy local compactness condition (ELC). This holds especially for the existence and unitarity of the wave operators. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the domain dependence of solutions to the compressible Navier–Stokes equations of a barotropic fluid
Authors: Feireisl Eduard , Novotný Antonín , Petzeltová Hana 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe prove a general compactness result for the solution set of the compressible Navier–Stokes equations with respect to the variation of the underlying spatial domain. Among various corollaries, we then prove a general existence theorem for the system in question with no restrictions on smoothness of the spatial domain. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The mapping properties of the radiosity operator along an edge
Authors: Hansen Olaf 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this article we study the radiosity operator along an edge between two adjacent half‐planes. First we show that the radiosity operator is invertible in a whole scale of anisotropic Sobolev spaces. In the absence of any shadows we are able to derive regularity properties of the solution, which depend only on the angle between the half‐planes, the reflectivity coefficients and the right‐hand side. This work can be considered as a supplement to the article of Rathsfeld (Mathematical Methods in the Applied Sciences 1999; 22: 217–241). Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Towards the automatic analysis of 1H NMR spectra: Part 3. Confirmation of postulated chemical structure
Authors: Griffiths Lee , Bright Jonathan D. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA method is proposed which automatically compares experimental and predicted 1H chemical shifts, integrals and scalar couplings and allows the structure on which the predictions are based to be confirmed or refuted. The method is comparatively insensitive to the variable presence of labile protons but is sensitive to the reliability of chemical shift prediction. Nonetheless, even with current commercially available 1H chemical shift prediction, amongst a set of unrelated compounds the structure can be confirmed with 99% confidence. Where the compounds are closely related, the confidence decreases to approximately 60%, or 88% when labile protons are excluded. If closely related pairs are nominated explicitly, a specific criterion can be set for each pair, allowing every pair to be differentiated. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.