bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antibody Response to Inhaled Insulin in Patients with Type 1 or Type 2 Diabetes. An Analysis of Initial Phase II and III Inhaled Insulin (Exubera) Trials and a Two-Year Extension Trial
Authors: Fineberg S. Edwin , Kawabata Tom , Finco-Kent Deborah , Liu Cameron , Krasner Alan 
Published: May 2005

Objective: To compare antibody responses to inhaled human insulin vs. sc human insulin and to determine whether insulin antibody binding is associated with adverse clinical consequences.
Research Design and Methods: Insulin antibody data from initial phase II/III trials were analyzed comparing the efficacy and safety of inhaled insulin with various agents, including sc insulin. Additionally, data from a 24-month extension of the phase III studies were examined. Data were pooled into the following three groups based on insulin treatment status at baseline: patients with type 1 diabetes, and patients with type 2 diabetes using insulin and not using insulin at baseline. Ig class analysis was also performed on randomly selected sera from type 1 patients at the end of the initial trials.
Results: In the initial trials, greater insulin antibody binding was observed in patients receiving inhaled insulin vs. sc insulin. The greatest antibody responses to inhaled insulin were observed in patients with type 1 diabetes [nonparametric comparison of medians at the end of the study, 22.0% binding (unadjusted 95% confidence interval: 19.5, 24.5)], and the lowest responses were observed in non-insulin-using patients with type 2 diabetes in which there was no difference in median values at the end of the study. There were no correlations between antibody binding and glycemic control (measured using glycosylated hemoglobin), insulin dose requirements, hypoglycemic events, or pulmonary function (measured by changes in forced expiratory volume in 1 sec and diffusion capacity of carbon monoxide). Antibody responses were IgG in type. Differences in antibody levels observed in patients with type 1 vs. type 2 diabetes were maintained over the 24-month extension trials. Peak antibody levels across all groups were generally observed after 6–12 months of insulin therapy. Inhaled insulin therapy was not associated with a greater incidence of allergy or other hypersensitivity reactions.
Conclusion: Inhaled insulin was observed to produce a larger antibody response than sc insulin. Insulin antibody binding has not been associated with adverse clinical consequences in trials to date.
Activation cross sections for reactions induced by 14 MeV neutrons on natural tin and enriched112Sn targets with reference to111In productionviaradioisotope generator112Sn(n, 2n)111Sn →111In
Authors: Beták Emil , Mikołajczak Renata , Staniszewska Joanna , Mikołajewski Stefan , Rurarz Edward 
Published: May 2005

SummaryWe measured activation cross sectionsviaγ-ray spectroscopy using high-purity germanium detectors for 16 reactions induced by (14.4 ± 0.2) MeV neutrons on isotopes of tin. The cross sections are:Two112Sn targets enriched to 62.5% and 84%, respectively, were used for these measurements in addition to the natural tin. The cross sections were compared with experimental data found in the literature, with published empirical formulae and with model calculations including also the pre-equilibrium contribution. For reactions which do not involve protons from below the closedZ= 50 shell, the agreement to the data is reasonable, it is somewhat weaker for the (n,p) reactions and still worse in the case of (n, α), where, however, the pre-equilibrium component is not described properly by the models included so far. The possibility of production of111Sn →111In generator system is considered.
Study on some physical chemistry aspects of extraction of uranium(VI) with bis(octylsulfinyl)methane
Authors: Yan-Zhao Yang , Jian Han , Tao Zhu , Chang-Hong Luo , Chuan-Bo Xia 
Published: May 2005

Summary
The extraction equilibrium and kinetics of uranium(VI) from aqueous nitric acid with bis(octylsulfinyl)methane (BOSM) in 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane extraction has been studied. The extracted species was established to be UO2(NO3)2·2BOSM. The extraction process rate is controlled by the following reaction:

The change in enthalpy associated with the extraction reaction was established to be −22 ± 3 kJ/mol.
Adsorption modeling and thermodynamic characteristics of uranium(VI) ions onto 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol (PAN) supported polyurethane foam
Authors: Saeed Muhammad M. , Ahmad Rashid 
Published: May 2005

Summary
The sorption of uranium(VI) ions onto PAN loaded PUF has been investigated. Quantitative sorption of uranium(VI) onto PAN loaded PUF was achieved after 30 minutes equilibration time from pH 7 buffer solution. The sorption data followed Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin–Radushkevich (D–R) isotherms. Langmuir parameters Q = 45.3 ± 0.2 μmol g−1 and b = (76.2 ± 0.2) × 103 dm3 mol−1, Freundlich constants 1/n = 0.21 ± 0.01 and K
F = 229 ± 21 μmol g−1 and D–R parameters β = −0.0015 ± 0.00005 kJ2 mol−2, X
m = 72.23 ± 3.11 μmol g−1 and E = 18.3 ± 0.3 kJ mol-1 have been evaluated. The variation of sorption data with temperature gives ΔH = 176 ± 5 kJ mol−1, ΔS = 626 ± 17 J mol−1
K
−1 and ΔG = −10.6 ± 0.7 kJ mol−1 at 298 K. The positive value of enthalpy (ΔH) and negative value of free energy (ΔG) show endothermic and spontaneous nature of sorption respectively. A number of solvents were tested to elute the uranium-PAN complex from the PAN loaded PUF, only amine solvents and cyclohexanone have the capability to desorb the complex. The sorption mechanism has been discussed.
Solubility of uranium(IV) hydrous oxide in high pH solution under reducing condition
Authors: Fujiwara Kenso , Yamana Hajimu , Fujii Toshiyuki , Kawamoto Kozo , Sasaki Takayuki , Moriyama Hirotake 
Published: May 2005

SummaryThe solubility of uranium(IV) hydrous oxide was measured at 25 °C in NaClO4solution containing Na2S2O4as a reducing agent in the pH range from 12 to 14. The experiment was carried out from oversaturation atI= 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mol/dm3(M). The solubility data were analyzed to obtain the hydrolysis constants (βm) of U(OH)m(4-m). By taking the specific ion interaction theory (SIT) for ionic strength corrections and by using the solubility product logKsp° = −53.93 ± 0.20, the hydrolysis constants atI= 0, log β5°<48.10 and log β6° = 48.95 ± 1.01, were determined together with the ion interaction coefficients of U(OH)5−and U(OH)62−.
Charakterisierung von QCLs und Aufbau von QCL-Modulen für die Gasmesstechnik (Characterisation of QCLs and Development of QCL-Modules for Gas Sensing Applications)
Authors: Braun Marcus , Hartwig Susanne , Beyer Thomas , Peter Andreas , Lambrecht Armin 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
Quantenkaskadenlaser (QCLs) sind neuartige Laserstrahlquellen im mittleren Infrarot (MIR, 3–30 μm). Damit können kompakte und hochempfindliche Laserspektroskopiesysteme ohne aufwändige Kühlung aufgebaut werden. Mit gepulsten QCLs sind Messraten im Bereich 10–100kHz möglich. Bei Messungen mit den Gasen CO, CO2, NO, N2O und NH3 werden Nachweisgrenzen weit unter 1ppm·m erreicht. Das Verfahren eignet sich für offene Messstrecken mit simultaner Wegmessung ebenso wie für extraktive und In-situ-Messanordnungen.
Kalibrationsfreie Bestimmung von Stoffmengenanteilen – Potenziale für Quantenkaskadenlaser in der Gasanalytik (Calibration-free Determination of Amount of Substance Fractions – Potentials for Quantum Cascade Lasers in Gas Analysis)
Authors: Werhahn Olav , Koelliker Delgado Jorge , Schiel Detlef 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
Die Anwendung des Beer–Lambert’schen Gesetzes bietet die Möglichkeit, eine kalibrationsfreie, direkt rückführbare Gasanalytik mit Hilfe von Laserspektrometriesystemen aufzubauen. Mit einem mit direkter Absorptionsspektroskopie arbeitenden Messsystem konnten CO2-Stoffmengenanteile mit Wiederholbarkeiten um 0,5% bei einer Gesamtmessunsicherheit von ±4% gemessen werden.
Lipid Emulsions
Authors: McClements D. Julian , Weiss Jochen 
Published: May 2005

AbstractIn many foods, lipids are often present in a particulate form, i.e., they exist as emulsions where either small fat droplets are dispersed in an aqueous phase or where small water droplets are dispersed in an oil phase. Sensory characteristics and physicochemical properties of lipid emulsions are largely dominated by the size, concentration, physical state, and interactions of the lipid droplets they contain. This chapter introduces the basic concepts and techniques of emulsion science and illustrates how these principles can be used to better understand and control appearance, flavor, stability, and rheology of food emulsions.
Clonal analysis of cardiac morphogenesis in the chicken embryo using a replication‐defective retrovirus: I. Formation of the ventricular myocardium
Authors: Mikawa T. , Borisov A. , Brown A. M. C. , Fischman D. A. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractCells of the precardiac mesoderm (stages 4–6) and dividing myocytes of early hearts (stages 10–15) were tagged with a replication‐incompetent retrovirus (CXL) (Mikawa et al., 1991 b) encoding bacterial β‐galactosidase (β‐gal). Two protocols were used to infect the cardiogenic cells. (1) Small blocks (∼50 μm2) of anterolateral mesoderm were dissected from gastrula‐stage embryos (stages 4–6) and incubated in liquid medium containing the retrovirus. After removal of CXL, the tissues were dispersed into single‐cell suspensions and pressure injected into the precardiac areas of recipient embryos (stages 4–6). Such embryos were then incubated in vitro at 37°C for 2 days (New, 1968), and those embryos with beating hearts were fixed for X‐gal histochemistry and paraffin serial sectioning. (2) CXL was pressure injected in ovo (embryonic stages 4–15) into cardiogenic tissues and the eggs subsequently returned to an incubator. At selected stages of development embryos or whole hearts were fixed, stained with X‐gal, and serially sectioned after paraffin embedding. The first method showed that (1) cells of the precardiac mesoderm could be infected with the retrovirus, (2) the transplanted cells would differentiate into beating myocytes, and (3) β‐gal expression was sufficiently high to be detected histochemically. With the second procedure we could show that (1) β‐gal‐tagged cells formed colonies in the myocardium, (2) the labeled cells were exclusively myocytes, (3) the number of cells per colony increased with increasing age of embryonic development, (4) the size of colonies was larger in the left than the right ventricle, (5) many of the colonies were transmural, i.e., they extended from epicardial to endocardial layers of the myocardium and generally exhibited a cone or funnel‐shape with the base of the cone nearest the epicardium, (6) the orientation of myocytes within each colony changed at different layers of the myocardium, and (7) the cones contained both β‐gal+ and β‐gal− myocytes. DNA labeling studies with [3H]thymidine indicated that cardiogenic cells divided every 16–18 hr during the first week of development and that the CXL‐labeled cells divided indistinguishably from unlabeled myocytes. Based on these observations a model for the growth of the myocardium is presented.
The talpid2 chick limb has weak polarizing activity and can respond to retinoic acid and polarizing zone signal
Authors: Dvorak Leah , Fallon John F. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe talpid2 (ta2) chick mutant has wide, polydactylous wings and legs. Talpid2 limb cartilages have abnormal morphology and a very subtle anteroposterior polarity. Specifically, posterior ta2 limb structures are identifiable, while more anterior cartilages are less distinctive. Here, we investigate the development of anteroposterior limb pattern in the to2 embryo. We show that ta2 posterior limb bud mesoderm is capable of respecifying the anteroposterior axis of a normal wing. However, the average duplication obtained after grafting a ta2 polarizing region was significantly less than the average duplication formed after a graft of normal wing bud polarizing zone. Thus, polarizing activity appears to be weak in ta2. Grafts of normal polarizing zone to the posterior edge of ta2 wing buds had no effect on the ta2 phenotype. This result suggests that a weakly functioning polarizing signal does not account for the altered anteroposterior polarity in ta2 limbs, and that normal polarizing zone activity is not sufficient for formation of normal limb bud cartilages. We demonstrated that transmission of a polarizing signal through the ta2 limb mesoderm was normal. In addition, ta2 anterior border mesoderm had no polarizing activity. We also assessed the ability of ta2 limb bud mesoderm to respond to a polarizing signal. Either normal polarizing zone tissue or a bead containing retinoic acid was placed at the anterior edge of ta2 wing buds at stages 18–23. Both polarizing zone and retinoic acid caused respecification of the ta2 wing anteroposterior axis. The result was that a ta2 ulna replaced the radius, and the most posterior digit was duplicated anteriorly. Limb cartilages with normal morphology never formed. When a bead containing retinoic acid was placed at the posterior edge of ta2 wing buds, there was no effect on anteroposterior pattern. However, beads with retinoic acid always caused a reduction in the number of ta2 wing digits which formed, whether the beads were placed at the anterior or posterior edge of the developing ta2 limb.
Avian scale development XVII: The epidermis of the scaleless (sc/sc) anterior metatarsal skin is determined, but the dermis lacks permissive cues for the patterned expression of the determined state
Authors: Zeltinger Joan , Sawyer Roger H. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractEmbryos homozygous for the gene scaleless (sc/sc) completely lack scutate scales and the beta strata which characterize terminal differentiation of the scale ridges located on the anterior metatarsal region of the foot. Although the sc/sc epidermis cannot undergo scale morphogenesis, it can respond to the inductive dermal ridges of normal scutate scales by generating beta strata. Recently, we discovered that the anterior metatarsal epidermis of normal embryos becomes committed to the formation of beta strata prior to morphogenesis of definitive scale ridges. Here, we examined the possibility that the sc/sc anterior metatarsal epidermis also becomes determined, i.e., committed to scutate scale‐specific terminal differentiation. Experimental tissue recombinants were used to assess the ability of the sc/sc epidermis to generate beta strata. The results show that the germinative cells of the 15‐day sc/sc epidermis are committed to generating beta strata, even though they have not undergone scutate scale morphogenesis. Thus, the mechanisms involved in establishing epidermal determination must differ form those regulating scale morphogenesis.In addition, we examined the formation of patterned, permissive cues in the anterior metatarsal and footpad dermises of sc/sc embryos. Analysis of recombinants showed that both the 15‐ and 20‐day dermises from the sc/sc anterior metatarsal region fail to provide cues for beta stratum formation, when associated with the determined 15‐day scutate scale epidermis. Likewise, the 15‐day sc/sc footpad dermis cannot support beta stratum formation. However, 20‐day sc/sc footpad dermis is able to support the generation of a few abnormally patterned beta strata, demonstrating that sc/sc dermis which has experienced even limited morphogenesis is able to provide permissive cues for the terminal differentiation of the scutate scale epidermis.
Restrictions in gap junctional communication in the Drosophila larval epidermis
Authors: Ruangvoravat Christine P. , Lo Cecilia W. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractWe characterized gap junctional communication in the Drosophila larval epidermis by monitoring the pattern of dye spread following the intracellular injection of the fluorescent dye, Lucifer yellow. We found that dye injected into the epidermis spread extensively from cell to cell, but at segment borders and also at boundaries positioned at the lateral aspects of each body segment, dye spread was restricted. The precise position of these boundaries of restricted gap junctional communication was determined by examining the distribution of the fluorescent tracer in thick sections of each dyeinjected specimen. These results show that each of the thoracic and abdominal segments is segregated into four domains or communication compartments. We also observed the presence of dye in the procuticle and epicuticle, and examined the possible basis for this dye localization.
Antibodies to β1‐integrins cause alterations of aortic vasculogenesis, in vivo
Authors: Drake Christopher J. , Davis Lynn A. , Little Charles D. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractVasculogenesis is the de novo formation of blood vessels from mesoderm. This process occurs very early in development and provides a convenient system for studying morphogenesis in higher vertebrates. The cell‐extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions that occur during dorsal aortic vasculogenesis were examined using the monoclonal antibody, CSAT, a reagent known to neutralize the ligand‐binding activity of avian β1‐integrins. We injected CSAT into quail embryos during a period of active vasculogenesis (4–10 somites). The CSAT antibodies, but not controls, had a marked and reproducible effect on aortic vessel formation. Vasculogenesis appeared to be arrested at the stage when slender cord‐like assemblies of angioblasts rearrange to form tubules. Indeed, aortic primordia near the site of CSAT injection did not form patent vessels.
The pattern of expression of the chicken homolog of HOX1I in the developing limb suggests a possible role in the ectodermal inhibition of chondrogenesis
Authors: Rogina Blanka , Coelho Caroline N. D. , Kosher Robert A. , Upholt William B. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractHomeobox‐containing genes have been implicated in a variety of patterning events during vertebrate limb development. In an attempt to isolate cDNAs corresponding to 5′ members of the chicken HOX 4 cluster of homeobox‐containing genes, a cDNA library constructed from mRNAs expressed during early stages of chick limb development was screened with probes generated by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using oligonucleotide primers corresponding to sequences in the homeoboxes of the human HOX4C and HOX4F genes, the human homologs of Hox‐4.4 and Hox‐4.6. This screening resulted in the isolation of full length cDNAs for the chicken homolog of HOX4F (cognate of mouse Hox‐4.6), which we have termed GHox‐4.6, and the chicken homolog of human HOX1I, which we have named GHox‐1i, a paralog of Hox‐4.6 in the HOX 1 cluster. The homeodomains encoded by GHox‐4.6 and GHox‐ li differ by only three amino acids, and the two proteins show extensive similarity along their entire lengths. Despite their sequence similarity, in situ hybridization analysis has revealed that GHox‐4.6 and GHox‐li exhibit strikingly different spatial patterns of expression during embryonic chick limb development. At early stages of limb development (stages 20–22), GHox‐4.6 transcripts are present in high amounts throughout the posterior half of the limb mesoderm and are absent from the anterior half of the mesoderm, an expression pattern consistent with the possible involvement of GHox‐4.6 in the specification of posterior positional identity. In contrast, GHox‐li exhibits no distinct anterior‐posterior polarity of expression at stage 22, but rather is expressed in high amounts throughout the mesenchyme of the limb bud. At later stages of development (stage 25), GHox‐li continues to be expressed in high amounts throughout the undifferentiated mesenchyme subjacent to the apical ectodermal ridge, and, in addition, is expressed in the mesodermal cells in the proximal peripheral regions of the limb bud subjacent to the ectoderm which are differentiating into nonchondrogenic lineages. Conversely, little or no expression of GHox‐li is detectable in the proximal central core of the limb bud where chondrogenic differentiation is occur‐ring. Thus, GHox‐li is expressed by the undifferentiated subridge mesenchymal cells and proximal peripheral mesenchymal cells of the limb bud that are being inhibited from undergoing chondrogenesis by the apical ectodermal ridge and nonridge ectoderm. These observations suggest the possibility that GHox‐li may be involved in mediating the antichondrogenic effect of limb ectoderm, and that the cessation of GHox‐li expression may be required for chondrogenic differentiation to occur in the proximal central core of the limb bud.
Principal axis analysis of dental attrition data from two Australian Aboriginal populations
Authors: Richards Lindsay C. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractDental attrition scores from two distinct Australian Aboriginal populations were compared by principal axis analysis. The first group was composed of members of the Narrinyeri group who occupied the river basin and mouth of the River Murray. The second group consisted of members of the Kaurna tribe who occupied the coastal plain to the west of the Narrinyeri. The groups were isolated both physically and culturally and as a result differences in patterns of tooth wear might be expected.In the Narrinyeri sample, attrition tended to be more rapid in females for all but the anterior teeth. The only sex difference in the Kaurna was for the maxillary central incisors, which wore more rapidly in females. Interpopulation differences in the pattern of tooth wear were also evident. The incisors, canines, and premolars of Kaurna subjects tended to wear more rapidly, while the rate of posterior tooth wear tended to be greater in the Narrinyeri.The application of the principal axis method to quantitative attrition data provided a sensitive, objective evaluation of tooth wear. The reasons for the observed differences between the two groups are still not completely clear but may relect both functional and morphological differences between groups.
Puncture marks on early African anthropoids
Authors: Gebo Daniel L. , Simons Elwyn L. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractField studies of living primates have shown that primate predation is a rare event. This must also have been true for past primate communities. In the Fayum Oligocene of Egypt, specimens of all four species of Upper Fossil Wood Zone primates show evidence of tooth puncture marks. Of the four potential groups of primate predators–the snakes, the raptors, the crocodiles, and the primitive carnivores or creodonts–only the crocodiles and the creodonts could have made these puncture marks. When one compares the feeding habits of living crocodiles and mammalian carnivores with the evidence from the Fayum, it appears that the Fayum primates were preyed upon and/or scavenged by mammalian carnivore‐like animals. The dismemberment of the Fayum primates by Oligocene predators indicates, in part, why the Fayum fossil material is rarely articulated. Bone damage by predators may well set limits on what bone associations can be discovered in the Fayum even before the bones are scattered and buried by depositional processes.
Mechanisms of honing in the male baboon canine
Authors: Walker Alan 
Published: May 2005

AbstractMale baboons use their sharp upper canines in aggressive interactions. These teeth are sharpened against specialized lower third premolars. The honing premolar is protected against wear by having very thick enamel and the upper canine having very thin enamel, not by structural or mineral differences between the two enamels. Evidence is presented which shows the interactions of enamel ultrastructure and both dentin and enamel wear in canine sharpening.
An alternative method of estimating the cranial capacity of Olduvai Hominid 7
Authors: Vaišnys J. Rimas , Lieberman Dan , Pilbeam David 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe cranial capacity of Olduvai Hominid 7 is estimated to be 690 cc, with a standard uncertainty range of 538 to 868 cc. The estimate is derived from a systematic consideration of the relationships between Bregma‐Asterion chords and cranial capacities obtained from a large sample of Homo sapiens and Pan troglodytes and from available fossil hominids. The estimation technique is applicable to other characters and specimens.