bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fermentation studies with pyruvate decarboxylase mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Hodgson J A , Woodward N A , Welsh L , Moir M , Brown J D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Acetate esters of higher alcohols formed during fermentation of worts by Saccharomyces cerevisiae have an important influence on beer character and flavour. The availability of specific higher alcohols for metabolic esterification is a factor controlling the levels of isopentyl acetate and isobutyl acetate formed. Fermentation and growth studies were performed on genetic constructs of yeast which have been deleted for the genes encoding pyruvate decarboxylase. This allowed the direct demonstration of a specific branched-chain oxo-acid decarboxylase responsible for higher alcohol synthesis.
Instrumente des Prozessmanagements im Dienste der Qualitätssicherung
Authors: Werzinger K , Krüger E , Golz H J , Högel J , Dombrowski D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the process of establishing an open market within the European Community, companies are being subjected to extensive additional tasks and obligations within the framework to quality assurance. In the production area, the brewer must guarantee a correct, secure and documented process. For this purpose, a concept was developed for process analysis, documentation, optimization and security (PADOS). The essential features of PADOS are the production of flow and action charts for the production process together with the determination and evaluation of all possible risk factors involved.
Video/Image analysis system for the calcofluor malt modification method
Authors: Wackerbauer Karl , Camielo Michel , Hardt Rolf 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sample preparation is decisive for the quality of the results in the analysis of malt modification. The sanding and staining procedures have been optimized in order to get best contrast between fluorescent and non¬ fluorescent parts of the malt grains. By this the evaluation of the prepared clayblocks becomes much easier and the analysis results show better reproducibility.
Application of a radiofrequency permittivity biomass probe to the control of yeast cone cropping
Authors: Boulton C A , Clutterbuck V J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has been demonstrated previously that a commercially available biomass sensor, which utilises the passive dielectrical properties of microbial cells, can be used to control yeast pitching rate. Presented here are the results of trials in which the sensor was used to determine the yeast content of process streams issuing from cylindroconical fermenters during cone cropping. Simultaneous off-line analyses confirmed that the probe detected viable yeast but did not respond to non-viable cells and trub. It is concluded that an in-line biomass probe can be applied to control automatically, yeast removal during fermenter run-down.
Sinebrychoff Kerava - a brewery for the 90’s
Authors: Pajunen Esko , Jääskeläinen Kimmo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sinebrychoff’s new brewery on greenfield site in Kerava started brewing on December 1st 1992. Most modern and proven technology has been applied in planning and construction. Brewery lay-out is one level solution with central control room from malt to bright beer. The process is controlled an integrated automation system. The brewhouse has a capacity of 10 tons grist/brew and is equipped with mash filtration system and external wort boiling. In fermentation cylindro conical vessels up to 5,000 hl are installed combined immobilized yeast maturation and lagering system. All wort and treatment processes and operations are gathered to one processing area.
On-line measurement of dissolved nitrogen, oxygen in beer
Authors: Buttrick P , Ellicott M R T , Grant A P , Maule D R , Pyne N S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the UK nitrogen is increasingly being added to filtered draught beer, to improve head performance. To facilitate control of the process of addition, an on-line gas chromatographic system, incorporating a novel sampling system, has been developed which has proved reliable in production use in measuring dissolved nitrogen (with an accuracy of± 1 mg/1) and oxygen. Two alternative systems were also evaluated. Both were based on gas separation foll_owed by thermal conductivity measurements. One was off-line and gave variable results, possibly due to the complication of the sampling system. The other was in-line and shows considerable promise once problems of flow variation are overcome.
Colloidal stabilization of lager beer
Authors: McMurrough I , Kelly R , Madigan D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Improvements in methods for determining the effects of pilot-scale dosage of beer with polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (PVPP) and silica hydrogel (SHG) on the removal of polyphenols and proteins, in relation to the colloidal stabilization of beer, were sought with the objectives of: 1) optimization of dosage rates 2) accurate shelf-life prediction 3) understanding better the influences of raw materials and their processing on colloidal stability.
Electron microscopical analysis of ion channels
Authors: Holzenburg Andreas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The initial steps in approaching the structural determination of ion channels should always include electron microscopical studies, which The latter criterion makes electron microscopy especially suitable for structural studies of proteins which are only available in small amounts (&lt; 1 mg). 50 µl of a sample containing a total of 5 µg protein is, in principle, sufficient to elucidate the 3D structure of a protein! The instruments with the widest range of applications for structural studies of integral membrane proteins are the transmission electron microscopes (TEM). While the scanning TEM (STEM) is mainly used to determine the mass of biological macromolecules and/or macromolecular complexes by recording elastic annular dark-field images (an angular detector specifically retrieves elastically scattered electrons at large angles, i.e. dark-field images) which represent two-dimensional distributions of the projected mass (1, 2), the conventional TEM (CTEM) can be considered the main workhorse in structural molecular biology.
Cerebellar Granule cells
Authors: Cambray-Deakin Martin A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From a casual scan of the literature, it appears that rodent cerebellar granule cell cultures are being used in increasing numbers to address different questions in neurobiology. There are good reasons for this: the cultures are relatively easy to prepare, the starting material is neonatal rat pup thus avoiding the use of pregnant females to provide embryos, the resulting cultures are almost entirely of one cell type, and the cells produced are of relatively high yield for a neuronal culture. Granule cell cultures clearly constitute an excellent model system for studies of structural, biochemical, and electrophysiological devel opment (1,2). In some cases the highly ordered structure of the cerebellum allows parallel studies to be performed in vivo or in slice preparations.
Cerebellar Purkinje neurons
Authors: Cohen-Cory Susana 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cultured Purkinje neurons provide a good model for studying the roles of intrinsic neuronal properties, environmental signals, and cell-cell interactions during development and differentiation. Some of the cellular events that lead to the morphological and functional differentiation of Purkinje neurons, as well as the ontogeny and organization of the cerebellar circuitry are known. Moreover, due to the feasibility of electrophysiological and pharmacological manipulations in culture, Purkinje neurons have provided an excellent system for studying the development of neuronal electrical activity and transmitter sensitivity (1,2). The roles that neural activity, hormones, neurotrophic factors, and cell-cell interactions play during Purkinje cell development are now beginning to be elucidated (3—6).
Proliferation and differentiation in retinal cell cultures
Authors: Lillien Laura 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The vertebrate retina consists of seven major types of cells arranged in three layers that contain cell bodies, alternating with two layers that contain fibres and synapses (Figure 1). Different types of retinal cells can be distinguished by their morphology, expression of antigenic markers, and laminar position. For example, the cell bodies of rod and cone photoreceptor cells are found in the outer nuclear layer (ONL), bipolar, horizontal, amacrine, and Muller cells in the inner nuclear layer (INL), and ganglion cells in the layer closest to the vitreous. This complex structure develops from a small number of neuroepithelial cells that arise from an out-pocketing of the neural tube. During embryonic development, retinal progenitor cells divide extensively, and in some species, progenitor cells continue to divide during the postnatal period (1,2). Populations of progenitor cells that give rise to different types of retinal cells stop dividing at characteristic times during development, differentiate, and migrate to appropriate cell layers (2).
Oligodendrocyte lineage cells from neonatal rat brain
Authors: Collarini Ellen J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Oligodendrocytes, the myelinating cells of the central nervous system, develop from precursor cells also known as 0-2A progenitors because they can also be induced to develop into type-2 astrocytes in vitro (see Chp 7) (1). Although much is known about factors that influence the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (2–4), biochemical analyses of intracellular events that occur during the differentiation process have been hampered by the need for relatively large numbers of purified cells at various stages of development. In the last few years, however, several methods have been published that overcome this problem. Oligodendrocyte lineage cells have been obtained with varying degrees of purity from optic nerve (3), from neonatal rat brain (5,6), or from mixed glial cultures established from neonatal rat brain (7,8), using either density gradient separation (5) or variations on an immunoselective technique known as ‘panning’ (3,6–8), first described for isolating lymphocytes (9). In this technique, dishes are coated with antibodies against a particular cell/surface antigen, then the cell suspension is added to the dish to allow selective binding of cells that express that antigen.
Enteric ganglion cells
Authors: Saffrey M Jill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS), the intrinsic nervous system of the gut, is the largest part of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and is responsible for the co-ordination of intestinal functions. Intestinal reflexes occur largely independently of input from the central nervous system (CNS) or other parts of the PNS, hence the ENS is a highly complex system, containing several types of motoneurons, interneurons, and sensory neurons. This functional heterogeneity is reflected in the great diversity of neurotransmitters employed by enteric neurons (see ref. 1). The ENS also differs considerably from other parts of the PNS in its organization. Unlike other peripheral ganglia, enteric ganglia contain no connective tissue or blood vessels; a major part of enteric ganglia consists of synaptic neuropil. Enteric glial cells are also distinctive, but show a number of similarities to astrocytes. In terms of neuronal diversity, ganglion organization, ultrastructural features, and glial cell characteristics, the ganglia of the ENS have therefore been likened to the CNS (2,3).
Detection of HIV entry into cells
Authors: Mcknight Aine , ClaPham Paul R , Schulz Thomas F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
HIV-l, HIV-2, and SIV belong to the group of primate lentiviruses which use the CD4 molecule as their main port of entry. Binding of HIV virions to CD4 results in conformational changes in the virus envelope glycoproteins, gpl20 and gp41. These structural alterations are likely to be essential for virion and cell membranes to fuse. Many studies indicate that a second, still undefined, cell surface component is needed in addition to CD4, for fusion. HIV-1 is able to bind to other cell surface molecules, including the glycolipid galactocereboside but these mediate viral entry very inefficiently at best. Some strains of HIV-2 have been isolated which can fuse and infect cells independently of CD4 but the alternative receptor used by this virus has not been identified yet. CD4-independent entry of HIV-1 in vitro has also been reported to occur via Fc receptors (of antibody coated virions) or the complement receptors CR2 and CR3 (of virions coated with the C3b/C3d fragments of the complement component C3). However, it is unknown whether these routes of entry are of any significance in vivo.
Platelet preparation and estimation of functional responses
Authors: Mcnicol Archie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Human platelets are amongst the most widely studied cells in the body with a conservatively estimated 4000 articles published in 1993 alone. Clearly a vast number of investigators are presently isolating and successfully using platelets although the methods employed in many of these publications vary radically. The purpose of the present chapter is not to compare and contrast these multiple techniques but to provide reproducible protocols for the preparation of platelets and for assays of their functional responses. It should be noted that many of the more specialized techniques described in later chapters have particular requirements (e.g. specific buffers) not covered in this chapter.
Cellular model systems to study megakaryocyte differentiation
Authors: Erusalimsky Jorge D , Martin John F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years the study of megakaryocyte (MK) differentiation has generated considerable interest. This is due to the fact that it is now widely recognized that changes in platelet reactivity are determined in the MK during thrombopoiesis and that MKs change in pathological conditions (1). For a long time substantial progress in the study of MK differentiation has been hampered by both the unavailability of specific megakaryocyte colonystimulating factors (MK-CSF) and by the difficulties in obtaining pure populations of both mature MKs and their progenitors in ample supply. The latter problem has been partially circumvented by the application of techniques which do not require a large number of cells, such as flow cytometry, dynamic video imaging, in situ hybridization, and the polymerase chain reaction. In addition, the use of megakaryoblastic cell lines, although not the real thing, provide enough homogeneous material for biochemical analysis. Most of the techniques described here may not necessarily apply directly to the study of signal transduction during MK differentiation. However they have an integral role in any approach to identifying and characterizing molecular mechanisms related to the biology of this lineage.
Preparation and uses of semi-permeabilized platelets
Authors: Scrutton Michael C , Knight Derek E , Authi Kalwant S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Permeabilized cells have been widely used over many years to examine various aspects of cellular function which are not readily studied in the intact cell (1). Recently these preparations have been primarily employed to characterize cellular signal transduction mechanisms; and the current development of permeabilization methodology has occurred primarily in this context. The preparations can however be used for other purposes although less effort has been devoted to such aspects.
Monoclonal antibodies to platelet cell surface antigens and their use
Authors: Wilkinson J Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The introduction of the technique of monoclonal antibody (mAb) preparation in 1975 revolutionized the study of cell surface molecules, and this has been as true for platelets as for any other type of cell. mAb have been used both to characterize molecules previously defined by other methods and also to identify new molecules, by immunization of mice with whole platelets or platelet plasma membrane fractions. Like any other cell type, platelets express a wide variety of cell surface proteins whose surface density may vary from tens to tens of thousands of molecules per cell. Many of the major surface glycoproteins are involved in the wide variety of adhesive interactions which platelets are able to undergo (1) and whose activity is tightly controlled during platelet activation. This control may be by conformational changes in existing cell surface molecules, notably in GPilb-Illa to reveal its fibrinogen (Fg) binding site, or by modulation of the level of cell surface expression, as for the platelet selectin, GMP 140. Other major surface glycoproteins, such as the CD9 antigen, have, as yet, no known or well defined function. There are in addition many minor surface proteins, which include receptors of various types and many other molecules of unknown function. mAb may thus be used for the definition of those proteins which are present on the surface of either resting or activated platelets, both in qualitative or quantitative terms. They may also be used for affinity purification, as described in Chapter 7, for further structural and functional characterization. In addition, the exquisite specificity of mAb for a single epitope on a particular protein means that they can be used as probes for particular structures or functions. A variety of mAb has been described, some of which are able to inhibit aggregation and activation while others are able to promote these functions. Hence they are ideal reagents for the characterization of the activities which are responsible for the transformation of resting discoid platelets into multicellular aggregates.
Clinical aspects of platelet function
Authors: Clemetson Kenneth J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
1. Introduction
Since the primary function of platelets is haemostasis, or stopping bleeding, platelet dysfunction is generally seen as an under–or over-expression of this, i.e. in bleeding problems or in various haemostatic or thrombotic disorders. The first task of the clinician faced with such symptoms is to eliminate the possibility of the disorder being produced by a lack or defect in plasma coagulation factors such as factor VIII, von Willebrand factor, fibrinogen, factor IX, factor V, etc. which are commonly affected. Having shown that these lie within the normal range it is necessary to check for platelet-related problems. Basic parameters such as platelet count, platelet volume, and granulosity can be rapidly determined by flow cytometry. Thrombocytopenia, or low platelet count can clearly lead to bleeding problems though there is some controversy about what should be regarded as a threshold value. Normal values lie in the range 150000–400000 platelets/µl but bleeding problems may not appear until values below 10000-20000 platelets/µl are reached. There are many causes for thrombocytopenia which will be dealt with later. When necessary, basic treatment is intravenous platelet concentrates to try to restore platelet levels although the recent cloning of thrombopoietin may, when it becomes generally available, make this a preferred therapy.
Platelet procoagulant activity and its measurement
Authors: Bevers Edouard M , Comfurius Paul , Reutelingsperger Chrisp. M , Zwaal Robert F A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Platelets serve an important function in the haemostatic process. Vessel wall injury causes exposure of subendothelial structures to the blood stream and initiates the process of platelet adhesion, aggregation, and release of granule contents resulting in formation of the primary haemostatic plug. Tissue thromboplastin, released by the damaged vessel wall, initiates activation of the coagulation pathway, leading to formation of thrombin. The action of thrombin on soluble plasma fibrinogen gives rise to deposition of an insoluble fibrin network which consolidates the primary haemostatic platelet plug to a stable thrombus. There exists a mutual interaction between thrombin formation and platelet activation: while thrombin is one of the most potent platelet activators, its formation is strongly enhanced in the presence of activated platelets. The latter is due to the exposure of procoagulant phospholipids at the surface of the platelet plasma membrane, known as the procoagulant response. In this chapter, we will describe two methods to measure this procoagulant response. One method concerns the direct measurement of a lipid-dependent coagulation reaction, i.e. the formation of thrombin by the enzyme complex factor Xa and factor Va, known as the prothrombinase reaction. The other method is based on the detection of surface exposed procoagulant lipid, i.e. phosphatidylserine (PS) by means of Annexin V, a protein with high affinity for anionic phospholipids.
Imaging of individual cell surface MHC antigens using fluorescent particles
Authors: Smith Patricia R , Wilson Keith M , Morrison Ian E G , Cherry, Richard J , Fernandez Nelson 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Class I and class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules are cell surface, transmembrane glycoproteins that have similar overall structure but have readily distinguishable subunit structures (1). The two classes of MHC molecules present peptides, produced from different intracellular compartments, at the cell surface where they are recognized by two major subsets of T cells, CD4 and CDS, respectively. Integral membrane glycoproteins are able to diffuse to varying degrees within the plane of the membrane and so can potentially form protein clusters (2). This clustering of cell surface receptors in response to a particular signal or antibody is important in transmembrane signal transduction (3, 4). The density of class I and class II subsets and their relationship with other cell surface molecules in the correct orientation is thought to be vital for effective T cell recognition.
Approaches to studying MHC expression in mammals other than primates
Authors: Ellis Shirley A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Until recently, nearly all studies on MHC expression and function had been carried out in humans and mice. In these species an enormous body of data has now been collected concerning the minute details of polymorphism present in the classical MHC class I and II genes, as techniques have progressed from serology, through biochemistry, to various molecular approaches. Using this information it has become possible to understand how MHC, peptide, and T cell receptor interact (1), to study the mechanisms involved in evolution of the MHC (2), and to speculate on the role of pathogens as a selective force in maintaining the high level of diversity seen in these molecules (3).
Intrinsic (low-level) chemiluminescence
Authors: Vladimirov Yury A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first attempts to measure the intrinsic low-level ultraviolet emission (‘Mitogenetic rays’) of living cells and biological tissues were made by the Russian scientist Alexander Gurvich who used different dividing cells as biological detectors of ultraviolet (UV) radiation. More recently, gas-discharging quartz tubes with inert metal cathodes as UV-photon counters have been used (see ref. 1 for review).
Quantitative analysis of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal
Authors: Kinter Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tissue damage resulting from the production of reactive oxygen species has been implicated in a diverse series of pathologies. One component of tissue damage by reactive oxygen species is the oxidation of cell membrane poly unsaturated fatty acids. Polyunsaturated fatty acid oxidation can proceed by a chain reaction mechanism referred to as autooxidation in which the termination reactions form a variety of products including a series of aldehydes. The aldehydes reported as products of polyunsaturated fatty acid oxidation are listed in Table 1, which shows that one class of aldehydes formed is the 4-hydroxy-2-alkenals, exemplified by 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4HNE).