bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transnational capitalism and local transformation in Chile
Authors: Gwynne Robert N. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThis paper explores how transnational corporations can ‘transform’ place and livelihoods within a country that has decided to insert itself forcefully within the evolving world economy. The aim is to explore some of the linkages and flows across space that characterise contemporary global capitalism. More specifically, the paper examines the relationship between transnational corporations and fruit production in Chile through examining the formation of global networks and the regulatory system within Chile. The more precise networks created between fruit transnationals and contract farming are examined before the analysis focuses on how the relationship between local development and transnational capitalism has evolved through time in the Guatulame Valley. Two distinct phases are outlined: an early growth phase and one of consolidation and land concentration. The paper ends by pointing to some key themes of transnational capitalism and local development theory in non‐core economies.
The territorialisation of rural Thailand: between localism, nationalism and globalism
Authors: Buch‐Hansen Mogens 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThis paper shows how the control over land and resources in rural Thailand in the present phase of globalisation is a struggle between economic, social and political powers at the global, national and local level. Ever since Thailand was integrated into the world market by signing the Bowring Treaty in 1855 and especially after it embarked on rapid development in the late 1950s economic growth has changed the rural (and urban) landscapes. Since the mid 1980s, export‐oriented manufacturing industry has led Thailand into the present phase of globalisation by further liberalising its economy and increasingly leaving natural resources open to be exploited. Two socio‐political tendencies have been competing in influencing territorialisation of rural Thailand. However, decentralisation and devolution of power promote local institutions that emphasise various degrees of self‐reliance and sustainable utilisation of natural resources opposed to further liberalisation on the world market as promoted by national and transnational businesses and global institutions like the WTO Agreement on Agriculture. Territorialisation of rural Thailand and management of local natural resources is therefore contested space where institutions at the local level operate in a contextual framework of policies formulated at the global level and implemented through national government agencies. The conflicts inherent in the multi‐layered process of local territorialisation are blurred by the different institutions at different geographical levels having different perceptions of the environment. Political ecology or political environmental geography – promoted by a ‘counter‐coalition’ of potentially like‐minded actors operates on various levels in developing alternative territorialisation premised on socially just and sustainable livelihoods. Such approaches, it is proposed, are crucial to the study of local development in the context of globalisation.
Petrol pumps and economic slumps: rural‐urban linkages in Zimbabwe's globalisation process
Authors: Bryceson Deborah Fahy , Mbara Tatenda 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThe blurring of rural and urban space in Sub‐Saharan Africa has been a topical theme in recent years. Under economic duress, occupational distinctions between the two have tended to disappear. It is often inferred that burgeoning trade and service sector activities have encouraged greater personal mobility and rural‐urban linkages as heightened movement of economic actors bridge the physical distance between town and countryside. Meanwhile, the theme of globalisation applied to Africa has tended to suggest that physical distances are contracting as cyberspace and mobile phones spread. But amid this debate, the fluctuating cost of oil as a key determinant of physical movement and distance perception has largely been overlooked. This paper examines Zimbabwe's rural and urban economies’ vulnerability to international oil price fluctuations. Possible future oil price trends and their effect on African development are probed.
Development geography at the crossroads of livelihood and globalisation
Authors: De Haan Leo , Zoomers Annelies 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThis paper explores new insights generated by livelihood research with respect to poverty problems in the world and how people deal with global challenges. Through the examination of the changing outlines of livelihood in the present era of globalisation, the authors unravel the fuzzy relationship between globalisation and local development from an actor point of view. First, the paper analyses the historical and theoretical context in which the modern livelihood approach developed, followed by a short explanation of its contemporary definition. Globalisation trends in livelihoods are then considered in order to determine the consequences for local development. The main issues reviewed are the decomposition of households, the increased diversification of livelihoods, and the emergence of multi‐local livelihoods and livelihood networks. In the conclusion it is argued that the future agenda on local development in development geography should include the study of rooted and dispersed livelihoods.
The impact of urban renewal and gentrification on urban fabric: three cases in Turkey
Authors: Uzun C. Nil 
Published: August 2003

AbstractSince the 1980s, the urban restructuration process has had important effects on cities. One of these is the transformation of urban residential space, which includes processes such as urban renewal and gentrification. The aim of this paper is to briefly examine three urban residential transformation processes in Turkey. Two of these are examples of gentrification of two different neighbourhoods in Istanbul, and the third is an example of urban renewal in a neighbourhood in Ankara. The transformation processes in each of these examples have different structures. Related to the characteristics of the processes, their impacts on the cities are different. These differences are evaluated with respect to their impact on the social and spatial structure in these neighbourhoods.
Geographic patterns of industrial innovation in China during the 1990s
Authors: Sun Yifei 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThis study uses a variety of indicators such as patent grants, new product sales and R&D spending to examine the spatial patterns of industrial innovation in China during the 1990s. It is found that industrial innovation in China has been concentrated in the coastal areas, and the spatial concentration has been increasing in the 1990s, which is contrary to what Sun (2000) found on the patterns of all patent applications in 1985 to 1995. The study also reveals that large and medium‐sized enterprises in China have experienced a switch in their modes of innovative behaviours in the late 1990s: from more spending on imported technologies to more in‐house R&D; though expenditure on absorbing imported technologies has been marginal. Finally, enterprises are not well integrated with independent R&D institutes regarding their R&D efforts, which indicates that the national innovation system in China is still fragmented.
Still not there, but on our way: thinking of urban ICT policies in European cities
Authors: Cohen‐Blankshtain Galit , Nijkamp Peter 
Published: August 2003

AbstractIn the information society, information and communication technology (ICT) is potentially an important policy tool. Especially at local levels, scholars stress the essentiality of active intervention and use of ICT tools. However, since these technologies are still new, little experience exists relative to urban ICT initiatives. This paper therefore aims to examine the way urban front‐liners (both elected politicians and administrative professionals) perceive the opportunities of urban ICT policy. Using a European survey, the authors researched views and beliefs about different aspects of urban ICT policies. Following that, they tested whether there is a relationship between the activity field of the respondents and their views on ICT policies. Significant differences among urban planners and economists were established.
Traffick, Transit and Transaction: A Conceptual Framework for Action Against Drug Supply
Authors: Dorn Nicholas , Bucke Tom , Goulden Chris 
Published: August 2003

Abstract:Using consultations with local police officers, consideration of some international and national case studies from Her Majesty's Customs and Excise and National Crime Squad and review of research literature, three broad sets of potential criteria for effectiveness and prospects for improvement are noted: (i) taking risks and vulnerabilities of particular structures of criminality into account, disruption‐type criteria could be strengthened by further qualitative research; (ii) opportunity reduction‐type criteria could be strengthened by ‘conjunction of criminal opportunity’ research; (iii) criteria such as transaction prices or ‘costs of doing business’ call for further work by economists. Remaining issues include whether these diverse frameworks should be integrated, and the costs of measuring different levels of enforcement impact
The Water Poverty Index: Development and application at the community scale
Authors: Sullivan C.A. , Meigh J.R. , Giacomello A.M. 
Published: August 2003

The article details the development and uses of the water poverty index (WPI). The index was developed as a holistic tool to measure water stress at the household and community levels, designed to aid national decision makers, at community and central government level, as well as donor agencies, to determine priority needs for interventions in the water sector. The index combines into a single number a cluster of data directly and indirectly relevant to water stress. Subcomponents of the index include measures of: access to water; water quantity, quality and variability; water uses (domestic, food, productive purposes); capacity for water management; and environmental aspects.The WPI methodology was developed through pilot projects in South Africa, Tanzania and Sri Lanka and involved intensive participation and consultation with all stakeholders, including water users, politicians, water sector professionals, aid agency personnel and others. The article discusses approaches for the further implementation of the water poverty index, including the possibilities of acquiring the necessary data through existing national surveys or by establishing interdisciplinary water modules in school curricula. The article argues that the WPI fills the need for a simple, open and transparent tool, one that will appeal to politicians and decision makers, and at the same time can empower poor people to participate in the better targeting of water sector interventions and development budgets in general.
Past and future sustainability of water policies in Europe
Authors: Barraqué Bernard 
Published: August 2003

The article contributes to a discussion on two global issues on water: water resources management, and water supply and sanitation. Focusing on Europe, it traces the legal roots of current systems in history: as a resource, water is considered as a common property, rather than a market good; while as a public service it is usually a commodity. Public water supply and sanitation technologies and engineering have developed under three main paradigms: quantitative and civil engineering; qualitative and chemical/sanitary engineering (both on the supply side); and the most recent one, environmental engineering and integrated management (on the demand side).The cost of public drinking water is due to rise sharply in view of the two‐fold financial challenge of replacing an ageing infrastructure and keeping up with ever‐rising environmental and sanitary quality standards. Who will pay? Government subsidies, or water users? The author suggests that apparent successes with privatisation may have relied heavily on hidden government subsidies and/or the healthy state of previously installed water infrastructure: past government subsidies are still felt for as long as the lifetime of the infrastructure.The article stresses the importance of public participation and decentralized local management of water and sanitation services. Informing and involving users in water management decisions is seen as an integral part of the ‘ethics’ side of the crucial three E's (economics, environment, ethics).The article strongly argues for municipal provision of water services, and hopes that lessons learnt and solutions found in the European experience may serve water services management efforts in other regions of the world.
Credible Commitment and Council‐Manager Government: Implications for Policy Instrument Choices
Authors: Feiock Richard C. , Jeong Moon‐Gi , Kim Jaehoon 
Published: August 2003

The credible constraint of morally hazardous or opportunistic behavior can enhance efficiency. This idea is applied to an examination of local government institutions to identify how council‐manager government constrains opportunism in economic development by substituting low‐power bureaucratic incentives for high‐power electoral incentives. A panel design isolates changes in the use of development strategies or instruments in 516 cities.The central argument presented here is that the Progressive ideology of the separation of politics and administration, institutionalized in the council‐manager plan, allows administrators and elected officers to more easily resist opportunistic behavior. Economic and political forces have significant effects that are different for mayor‐council communities than for council‐manager communities. The influence of strategic planning is evident in council‐manager cities, but not in mayor‐council communities. Under council‐manager government, development is carried out in a discriminating manner, leading to lower levels of financial incentives but more loan and business‐attraction programs. In conclusion, the authors discuss how the career patterns of city managers are shaped by the incentive structures created by the council‐manager plan.
Public Administration in the Twenty‐First Century
Authors: Lynn, Jr. Laurence E. 
Published: August 2003

Books reviewed in this article:Donald F. Kettl, The Transformation of Governance: Public Administration for the Twenty‐First Century AmericaLester M. Salamon (ed.), The Tools of Government: A Guide to the New GovernanceH. George Frederickson and Kevin B. Smith, The Public Administration Theory Primer
Chimeric Influenza A Viruses with a Functional Influenza B Virus Neuraminidase or Hemagglutinin
Authors: Flandorfer Astrid , García-Sastre Adolfo , Basler Christopher F. , Palese Peter 
Published: August 2003

ABSTRACT
Reassortment of influenza A and B viruses has never been observed in vivo or in vitro. Using reverse genetics techniques, we generated recombinant influenza A/WSN/33 (WSN) viruses carrying the neuraminidase (NA) of influenza B virus. Chimeric viruses expressing the full-length influenza B/Yamagata/16/88 virus NA grew to titers similar to that of wild-type influenza WSN virus. Recombinant viruses in which the cytoplasmic tail or the cytoplasmic tail and the transmembrane domain of the type B NA were replaced with those of the type A NA were impaired in tissue culture. This finding correlates with reduced NA content in virions. We also generated a recombinant influenza A virus expressing a chimeric hemagglutinin (HA) protein in which the ectodomain is derived from type B/Yamagata/16/88 virus HA, whereas both the cytoplasmic and the transmembrane domains are derived from type A/WSN virus HA. This A/B chimeric HA virus did not grow efficiently in MDCK cells. However, after serial passage we obtained a virus population that grew to titers as high as wild-type influenza A virus in MDCK cells. One amino acid change in position 545 (H545Y) was found to be responsible for the enhanced growth characteristics of the passaged virus. Taken together, we show here that the absence of reassortment between influenza viruses belonging to different A and B types is not due to spike glycoprotein incompatibility at the level of the full-length NA or of the HA ectodomain.
Targeting of the
Turnip Yellow Mosaic Virus
66K Replication Protein to the Chloroplast Envelope Is Mediated by the 140K Protein
Authors: Prod'homme Delphine , Jakubiec Anna , Tournier Vincent , Drugeon Gabrièle , Jupin Isabelle 
Published: August 2003

ABSTRACT

Turnip yellow mosaic virus
(TYMV), a positive-strand RNA virus in the alphavirus-like superfamily, encodes two replication proteins, 140K and 66K, both being required for its RNA genome replication. The 140K protein contains domains indicative of methyltransferase, proteinase, and NTPase/helicase, and the 66K protein encompasses the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase domain. During viral infection, the 66K protein localizes to virus-induced chloroplastic membrane vesicles, which are closely associated with TYMV RNA replication. To investigate the determinants of its subcellular localization, the 66K protein was expressed in plant protoplasts from separate plasmids. Green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion and immunofluorescence experiments demonstrated that the 66K protein displayed a cytoplasmic distribution when expressed individually but that it was relocated to the chloroplast periphery under conditions in which viral replication occurred. The 66K protein produced from an expression vector was functional in viral replication since it could transcomplement a defective replication template. Targeting of the 66K protein to the chloroplast envelope in the course of the viral infection appeared to be solely dependent on the expression of the 140K protein. Analysis of the subcellular localization of the 140K protein fused to GFP demonstrated that it is targeted to the chloroplast envelope in the absence of other viral factors and that it induces the clumping of the chloroplasts, one of the typical cytological effects of TYMV infection. These results suggests that the 140K protein is a key organizer of the assembly of the TYMV replication complexes and a major determinant for their chloroplastic localization and retention.
A Wild-Type Porcine Encephalomyocarditis Virus Containing a Short Poly(C) Tract Is Pathogenic to Mice, Pigs, and Cynomolgus Macaques
Authors: LaRue Rebecca , Myers Suzanne , Brewer Laurie , Shaw Daniel P. , Brown Corrie , Seal Bruce S. , Njenga M. Kariuki 
Published: August 2003

ABSTRACT

Previous studies using wild-type
Encephalomyocarditis virus
(EMCV) and
Mengo virus
, which have long poly(C) tracts (61 to 146 C's) at the 5′ nontranslated region of the genome, and variants of these viruses genetically engineered to truncate or substitute the poly(C) tracts have produced conflicting data on the role of the poly(C) tract in the virulence of these viruses. Analysis of the nucleotide sequence of an EMCV strain isolated from an aborted swine fetus (EMCV 30/87) revealed that the virus had a poly(C) tract that was 7- to 10-fold shorter than the poly(C) tracts of other EMCV strains and 4-fold shorter than that of Mengo virus. Subsequently, we investigated the virulence and pathogenesis of this naturally occurring short-poly(C)-tract-containing virus in rodents, pigs, and nonhuman primates. Infection of C57BL/6 mice, pigs, and cynomolgus macaques resulted in similar EMCV 30/87 pathogenesis, with the heart and brain as the primary sites of infections in all three animals, but with different disease phenotypes. Sixteen percent of EMCV 30/87-infected pigs developed acute fatal cardiac failure, whereas the rest of the pigs were overtly asymptomatic for as long as 90 days postinfection (p.i.), despite extensive myocardial and central nervous system (CNS) pathological changes. In contrast, mice infected with ≥4 PFU of EMCV 30/87 developed acute encephalitis that resulted in the death of all animals (
n
= 25) between days 2 and 7 p.i. EMCV 30/87-infected macaques remained overtly asymptomatic for 45 days, despite extensive myocardial and CNS pathological changes and viral persistence in more than 50% of the animals. The short poly(C) tract in EMCV 30/87 (CUC
5
UC
8
) was comparable to that of strain 2887A/91 (C
10
UCUC
3
UC
10
), another recent porcine isolate.
Competition between the Sendai Virus N mRNA Start Site and the Genome 3′-End Promoter for Viral RNA Polymerase
Authors: Le Mercier Philippe , Garcin Dominique , Garcia Eduardo , Kolakofsky Daniel 
Published: August 2003

ABSTRACT

The genomic and antigenomic 3′-end replication promoters of Sendai virus are bipartite in nature and symmetrical, composed of
le
or
tr
sequences; a gene start or gene end site, respectively; and a simple hexameric repeat. The relative strengths of these 3′-end promoters determines the ratios of genomes and antigenomes formed during infection and whether model mini-genomes can be rescued from DNA by nondefective helper viruses. Using these tests of promoter strength, we have confirmed that
tr
is stronger than
le
in this respect. We have also found that the presence of a gene start site within either 3′-end promoter strongly reduces 3′-end promoter strength. The negative effects of the gene start site on the 3′-end promoter suggest that these closely spaced RNA start sites compete with each other for a common pool of viral RNA polymerase. The manner in which this competition could occur for polymerase off the template (in
trans
) and polymerase on the template (in
cis
) adds insight into how the viral RNA polymerase switches between its dual functions as transcriptase and replicase.
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection Sensitizes Cells to Apoptosis Mediated by Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand
Authors: Kotelkin Alexander , Prikhod'ko Elena A. , Cohen Jeffrey I. , Collins Peter L. , Bukreyev Alexander 
Published: August 2003

ABSTRACTRespiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an important cause of respiratory tract disease worldwide, especially in the pediatric population. For viruses in general, apoptotic death of infected cells is a mechanism for reducing virus replication. Apoptosis can also be an important factor in augmenting antigen presentation and the host immune response. We examined apoptosis in response to RSV infection of primary small airway cells, primary tracheal-bronchial cells, and A549 and HEp-2 cell lines. The primary cells and the A549 cell line gave generally similar responses, indicating their appropriateness as models in contrast to HEp-2 cells. With the use of RNase protection assays with probes representing 33 common apoptosis factors, we found strong transcriptional activation of both pro- and antiapoptotic factors in response to RSV infection, which were further studied at the protein level and by functional assays. In particular, RSV infection strongly up-regulated the expression of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and its functional receptors death receptor 4 (DR4) and DR5. Furthermore, RSV-infected cells became highly sensitive to apoptosis induced by exogenous TRAIL. These findings suggest that RSV-infected cells in vivo are susceptible to killing through the TRAIL pathway by immune cells such as natural killer and CD4+cells that bear membrane-bound TRAIL. RSV infection also induced several proapoptotic factors of the Bcl-2 family and caspases 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10, representing both the death receptor- and mitochondrion-dependent apoptotic pathways. RSV also mediated the strong induction of antiapoptotic factors of the Bcl-2 family, especially Mcl-1, which might account for the delayed induction of apoptosis in RSV-infected cells in the absence of exogenous induction of the TRAIL pathway.