bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Justice in Community Care
Authors: Capitman John A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the United States, other established market economies, and some countries within Asia, Latin America, and the Caribbean, the epidemiological transition and associated changes in population age composition and causes of death had occurred to varying degrees by the 1990s. The accelerating graying of the population expected in coming years stands out as a striking demographic force inLuencing individuals’ lived experience in these countries. As populations age, policies and programs that promote public health and well-being face rapid growth in total demand (because of absolute and relative growth in the number of elders) and the need to direct services to managing co-occurring chronic disease and sociocultural challenges. This rapidly changing medical and demographic context for elder-care practice has stimulated debate in many countries about social goals and the needed service systems, processes, and resource commitments. This chapter explores a central theme in these debates: fairness in 0nancing and provision of community-oriented supportive health services for elders. In this context, “supportive health services” references health and social services offered to elders to extend the period of active engagement in the community by preventing the progress of chronic disease and providing needed supports throughout the disablement process.
Community-Based Care for the Elderly
Authors: Friedland Seymour J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ask most elderly people how they would like to live out their lives and you will typically get a response that indicates a preference for remaining at home. In a recent national study, 64% indicated that in the event of a serious illness they would prefer to live at home, 3% preferred to move to an institution such as a nursing home, and only 15% preferred moving in with family. Yet, 72% of the $98 billion spent in 2000 on long-term care for the elderly was directed toward institutional care. Clearly, then, we continue to have service systems that are geared toward institutional models and are only now beginning to look at community alternatives. The purpose of this chapter is to explore a number of new models of community care, issues involved in developing and sustaining community approaches, and implications for the interdisciplinary model.
Interdisciplinary Health Management for Older Adults
Authors: Satin David G , Armstrong Kimberly , Bard Terry R , Boyle Kathleen , Broverman Shannon , Brown Peggy , Burack Jeanette , Drevins Joan R , Maramaldi Peter , Pritchard Jennifer , Raine Erica , Salinger Julie , Sauder Kimberly , Vaughn Melanie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
david g. satin: What do you know now that you didn’t know before? What kind of thinking or what kind of ideas did this material stimulate?
shannon broverman/Elder Care Administration: I think that we learned about the meaning of interdisciplinary approach to care, which is a unique concept. It’s not something that you have to learn through trial and error; you learn through role-plays and through in-depth group projects.
jennifer prichard/Nursing/Health Care Administration: One of the things that I was really struck by was the number of creative individuals who are putting together very innovative programs to improve the quality of life for elders. I have a much greater appreciation of the multitude of initiatives currently in place and being developed. It is very concerning how truly underresourced we really are to care for our older adults in the future as this age group continues to grow. It will require continued ingenuity and creativity on the part of policy makers and providers to meet their needs.
Morality Without God?
Authors: Sinnott-Armstrong Walter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some argue that atheism must be false, since without God, no values are possible, and thus “everything is permitted.” Walter Sinnott-Armstrong argues that God is not only not essential to morality, but that our moral behavior should be utterly independent of religion. He attacks several core ideas: that atheists are inherently immoral people; that any society will sink into chaos if it is becomes too secular; that without morality, we have no reason to be moral; that absolute moral standards require the existence of God; and that without religion, we simply couldn’t know what is wrong and what is right. Sinnott-Armstrong brings to bear convincing examples and data, as well as a lucid, elegant, and easy to understand writing style. This book should fit well with the debates raging over issues like evolution and intelligent design, atheism, and religion and public life as an example of a pithy, tightly-constructed argument on an issue of great social importance.
What’s So Divine About Commands?
Authors: Sinnott-Armstrong Walter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Theists often assert that atheists can’t really believe in objective morality. These theists are not talking about what is psychologically possible. Their claim is that a certain combination of views is incoherent and indefensible. They think that objective moral values, facts, or truths could not exist if God did not exist; so, if I really followed out the implications of my views on God, then I would have to give up my views on morality in Chapter Four and, instead, become a moral nihilist or subjectivist.
What Do You Know?
Authors: Sinnott-Armstrong Walter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Imagine that you heard a voice in your head commanding you to murder your son. In 1976 in New York City, David Berkowitz responded to such a voice by killing six people. How would you know whether it was a delusion or God speaking to you? This question raises difficulties for the divine command theory, according to secular moral theorists.
On the other side, theists sometimes claim that atheists and agnostics cannot know which acts are morally right or wrong without guidance from God. It is too easy to say that we ought not to cause harm without an adequate reason. What is hard is to figure out whether we have an adequate reason.
Melancholy and Melancholia
Authors: Radden Jennifer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Foucault’s dense and brilliant “archacological” analyses of the structures of insanity reveal suggestions of a sixteenth-and seventeenth-century understanding of that condition as “unreason” (déraison). The notion of insanity as unreason invites some interesting comparisons with its later medical understanding, the ascendency of which Foucault so closely documented.
Is This Dame Melancholy?: Equating Today’s Depression and Past Melancholia
Authors: Radden Jennifer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A superficial continuity links today’s clinicaldepressionwith melancholyand melancholia(the latter two terms were used interchangeably until the nineteenth century). Indeed, an equation between the two is often assumed. The relationship between today’s depression and melancholic states of old is an ambiguous and problematic one, however. Twentieth-century descriptions of depression and pre-nineteenth-century accounts of melancholia show some surprising similarities, but they also differ tellingly. Moreover, whether we see them as the same condition under different guises—reflecting differing cultural idioms of distress, perhaps—is itself a complex methodological and even ontological question.
My Symptoms, Myself: Reading Mental Illness Memoirs for Identity Assumptions
Authors: Radden Jennifer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Portrayals of the relationship between self and psychological symptoms in first person narratives about psychiatric illness and recovery are conspicuously varied.1 Much of this variation will obviously be attributable to the symptoms themselves—not only their degree of disabling severity but also their nature more generally. Some of these states and traits are more abhorrent and painful than others, for example, and some affect moods, capabilities, and responses more central to self and self identity than others—as, I shall argue, does depression.
Optimizing pharmacologic outcomes: Individualization of therapy
Authors: Smith Howard S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An “analgesic ladder” approach to the selection of analgesic drugs for cancer pain has been popularized by the World Health Organization and is now widely accepted as a broad guideline and educational tool (World Health Organization, 1996). No such universally accepted and validated simplistic guideline or stepwise algorithm exists for persistent noncancer pain; however, similar principles of therapy exist, including initiating treatment conservatively with progressive titration of doses and the addition of more aggressive strategies in the face of a lack of responsiveness.
Potential documentation tools in long-term opioid therapy
Authors: Smith Howard S , Kirsh Kenneth L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When opioids are used for long-term therapy, the clinician must be skilled in opioid prescribing, know the principles of addiction medicine, and be committed to performing and documenting a comprehensive assessment repeatedly over time. Inadequate assessment can lead to undertreatment, compromise the effectiveness of therapy, and prevent an appropriate response when problematidrug-related behaviors occur.
The Evolutionary Biology of Human Female Sexuality
Authors: Thornhill Randy , Gangestad Steven W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Research conducted over the last fifteen years has placed in question many of the traditional conclusions about the evolution of human female sexuality. Women have not lost estrus, as earlier researchers thought, but it is simply concealed, resulting in two functionally distinct sexualities with markedly different ends in each phase. At the fertile phase of the cycle, women prefer male traits that may mark superior genetic quality, and at infertile phases, they prefer men willing to invest resources in a mate. Thus, women’s peri-ovulatory sexuality functions to obtain a sire of superior genetic quality, and is homologous with estrus in other vertebrates. This model sheds light on male human sexuality as well: men perceive and respond to women’s estrus, including by increased mate guarding. Men’s response is limited, compared to other vertebrate males, implying coevolutionary history of selection on females to conceal estrus from men and selection on men to detect it. Research indicates that women’s concealed estrus is an adaptation to copulate conditionally with men other than the pair-bond partner. Women’s sexual ornaments-the estrogen-facilitated features of face and body-are honest signals of individual quality pertaining to future reproductive value.
Extended Female Sexuality
Authors: Thornhill Randy , Gangestad Steven W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The definition of extended female sexuality is straightforward: Extended female sexuality is female receptivity to sex or proceptivity for sex (through which females seek to copulate with males) during periods other than when females are fertile—sex when they cannot conceive (see also Rodríguez-Gironés & Enquist, 2001). By de0nition, then, extended female sexuality involves sex with no direct reproductive bene0ts via conception. By another name, extended sexuality is nonreproductive sexuality. We prefer the term extended sexuality, partly so as not to imply that it lacks reproductive bene0ts. (That is, we wish to avoid the implication that sex that is not about “procreation” is merely about “recreation.”) Sex has costs, and these costs must be offset by bene0ts for sex to evolve. We hence adopt the working assumption that extended female sexuality itself does indeed result in net reproductive bene0ts for females who engage in it or is an incidental effect of other features that enhance reproductive success. (As well, some forms of sexuality that are nonconceptive are not extended sexuality; see our discussion of polyandrous sex later.) This chapter focuses on the question of what selection pressures directly or indirectly lead to extended female sexuality.
Age-Related Pharmacology
Authors: Weber Wendell W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Life in healthy individuals begins with a period of rapid growth and development followed by a prolonged period of maturity that slowly and progressively declines into senescence. For treatment of specific diseases, physicians strive to prescribe drugs appropriate for a patient’s age and health on the premise that they will bring about favorable, reproducible responses. But young children and elderly persons differ in many ways from mature adults in their middle years, including their capacity to handle and respond to intrinsic and extrinsic stimuli. Aging dominates both the structure and function of cells and organs over a much lengthier period of life than processes involved in growing and development, but knowledge of the mechanisms associated with aging is still very limited and generally less well understood than those that regulate growth and functional advancement.
Drug Discovery
Authors: Weber Wendell W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes how genomics is involved in the discovery of new drugs for medical therapy. For at least a decade after numerous molecular benchmarks in enzyme and receptor pharmacogenetics had been established, the pharmaceutical industry did not vigorously pursue a gene-based approach to drug discovery. Such an approach was initially viewed with skepticism, but in the 1990s genomics created a whole new direction for drug development, and the elucidation of genetic diversity came to be regarded as an essential component of new drug discovery. By providing a better drug at the outset, genomics could improve safety and efficacy, and diminish costly drug failures.
Kinetics and Mechanisms of Reactions of Cl, O(3P), NO3, and O3 with Alkanes
Authors: Calvert Jack G , Derwent Richard G , Orlando John J , Tyndall Geoffrey S , Wallington Timothy J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, kinetic data for the reactions of alkanes with Cl-atoms, O(3P), NO3, and O3 will be presented. As was noted in chapter I-C, reaction with OH is clearly the major loss process for the alkanes under most atmospheric conditions. However, reaction with Cl, O(3P), and NO3 can play a role in certain circumstances. For example, although ambient concentrations of Cl-atoms have not been firmly established and tropospheric average concentrations are likely to be less than 103 molecule cm-3 (Rudolph et al., 1996), elevated concentrations (104 molecule cm-3 or more) may be present in the marine boundary layer (MBL) (Jobson et al., 1994; Wingenter et al., 1996; 2005), in coastal areas (Spicer et al., 1998), and/or in urban regions (Tanaka et al., 2003). Reaction of O(3P) with the alkanes may play some role in polluted areas, especially in the early morning when photolysis of NO2 [a source of O(3P)] is maximized relative to O3 photolysis (a major OH source). NO3 is most abundant at night and, in fact, is the most important night time oxidant for the alkanes, although the rate at which this night time chemistry occurs cannot compete with daytime OH-initiated oxidation rates. As will be summarized in section III-E, the occurrence of any reaction between ozone and the alkanes has not been established, and these processes can certainly be ignored for any atmospheric conditions (Atkinson and Carter, 1984). Table III-A-1 presents atmospheric lifetimes for a representative set of alkanes against various oxidation pathways (OH, Cl, O(3P), NO3) for conditions found in various regions of the lower atmosphere.
Berlin, 1855–1864 I: A City of Mingled Chimes
Authors: Walker Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bülow’s appointment as head of the piano department at the Stern Con- servatory was the first secure position he had enjoyed. Although he looked forward with trepidation to the routine of institutionalized teaching, it was an important situation and he knew that it would bring him to prominence in the Prussian capital. Shortly before taking up his duties, he wrote to his mother, telling her that if he was going to be condemned to waste his life in Berlin as a piano teacher, the least she could do for him would be to move to Berlin in order to look after him. ‘You must make this sacrifice for me’, he told her.Whether the remark was made half in jest, or whether it was made in all sincerity, even Bülow himself may not have known. Franziska did not require a second invitation; she closed down her home in Dresden, and joined her son in his bachelor’s apartment at no. 4 Behrenstrasse.
The Last Days and Death of Bülow, 1893–1894
Authors: Walker Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Word quickly spread that Bülow was seeking treatment as an occasional patient at the Pankow Hospital for Nervous Diseases, where his doctors were conducting some exploratory tests. This led to speculation on the part of the general public that Bülow had lost his reason, and that he had been incarcerated in an asylum for the mentally insane.It has been well said that a lie can make its way around the world at once, while truth is still putting on its boots. Pankow was, in fact, an advanced centre for the treatment of neurological disorders, with a medical faculty which was among the best in the field.
Laboratory and imaging abnormalities
Authors: Wallace Daniel J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A typical primary care physician’s clinical laboratory and imaging center allows him or her to successfully diagnose, stage, and monitor response to therapy in lupus patients. The complete blood count screens for anemia, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, leucopenia, lymphopenia, leukocytosis, and thrombocytopenias. A comprehensive metabolic panel along with lipid and thyroid testing evaluates liver, renal, and metabolic functions. A routine urinalysis shows sediment, casts, or protein excretion in individuals with renal involvement. Muscle enzymes are elevated with myositis. The partial thromboplastin time is prolonged in many patients with the lupus anticoagulant. Acute-phase reactants such as erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein are elevated with active disease. Chest radiographs reveal pleural effusions, pleural scarring, and interstitial or alveolar changes, while electrocardiograms may suggest pericarditis or myocarditis as well as screen for infarction, strain patterns, or arrhythmias. Joint imaging screens for erosions, calcinosis, and avascular necrosis.
Differential diagnosis and disease associations
Authors: Wallace Daniel J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lupus has many similarities to the “great mimicker,” as Sir William Osler termed syphilis. It can present with symptoms, signs, and laboratory abnormalities affecting every organ system in the body. Twenty percent of patients with one autoimmune disease (including lupus) have a second autoimmune disorder. As a result, there is often a great degree of confusion when lupus is part of the differential diagnosis. This chapter addresses these issues.
Important subsets and special considerations
Authors: Wallace Daniel J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When antibodies to Ro (SSA) cross the placenta, they infrequently settle in fetal tissue. Anti-SSB and anti-RNP may do this as well. Neonatal lupus occurs when the infant is born with a discoid or subacute cutaneous rash that disappears within weeks, often without treatment.This occurs in 7% of infants born to anti-Ro-positive mothers. Two percent of the time, this antibody settles in other tissues. Of those with pathology, 54% have varying degrees of myocardial dysfunction, and 7% have hepatic, hematologic, or neurologic complications. Pregnant mothers with anti-Ro should undergo serial fetal echocardiograms between weeks 18 and 24; dexamethasone or intravenous immunoglobulin may be advised to prevent or ameliorate congenital heart block.
Experimental and innovative therapies
Authors: Wallace Daniel J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As of this writing, no biologic interventions have been approved for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).Numerous agents are in clinical trials and are summarized here. The landscape is continuously changing. The reader is referred to the Web site for up-to-date information. Therapies targeting T/B/antigen-presenting cell interactions in clinical trials include abatacept (already approved for rheumatoid arthritis [RA]). Agents targeting the activation of complement include eculizumab (approved for paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria). The induction of immune tolerance can be effectuated by abetimus (an anti-anti-DNA B-cell toleragen) and edratide (an anti-DNA peptide toleragen), which are in phase III trials. B cells are targeted by rituximab (an anti-CD20 approved for RA), epratuzumab (an anti-CD22), and anti-BlyS/BAFF/APRIL precursors of anti-CD20 (e.g., belimumab, atacicept). A variety of cytokine targets are being studied: anakinra (anti-interleukin [IL]-1 receptor antagonist available for RA), anti-IL-6R, and anti-IL-10, among several others that are promising in animal models.
The central dogma of molecular biology and protein synthesis
Authors: Cordes Eugene H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Suppose for a moment that you are the publisher of J. K. Rowling’s series of Harry Potter novels (don’t spend the money yet; we are just supposing). You have a single copy of her latest manuscript, say Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, the final book in the series. Basically, you have two tasks. The first is to replicate the manuscript in the English language several million times. The second is to translate the English- language manuscript into a number of other languages and then replicate those copies. Now suppose that you are a cell in possession of one copy of your genome, a small collection of DNA molecules. When you sense a round of cell division about to happen, you have two related tasks. The first is to replicate your DNA molecules exactly, so as to have two copies, one for each daughter cell. Unlike the publisher of Rowling’s books, you need only one new copy, not millions, but you will need to continue to replicate the DNA molecules at each round of cell division. The second task is to translate the DNA molecule language into that of RNA and then into that of proteins. A new complement of RNA and protein molecules is required for the new cell and for the process of cell division. So the task of a cell facing cell division is not unlike that of a book publisher in some basic ways.
Vitamins Molecules of life
Authors: Cordes Eugene H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Every morning I begin my day by taking a multivitamin/mineral pill. It serves me as a kind of insurance policy: whatever my diet may be on a given day, I am reasonably assured of fulfilling all my needs for vitamins. This by no means the same as saying that it does not matter what I eat once I have taken my vitamin pill; it surely does. Taking vitamin pills does not excuse one from consuming a sensible diet, rich in vegetables and fruits and sparing in high fat foods. At the same time, vitamin pills are inexpensive and are, in my mind at least, a sensible insurance policy.
Sciatic Nerve
Authors: Fisch Adam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The L4–S3 Nerve roots form the sciatic nerve, which comprises both the peroneal and tibial nerves. The sciatic nerve is responsible for knee flexion and the actions of the lower extremity. As well, it provides sensory coverage to the posterior thigh, most of the lower leg, and the foot. Now, trace the course of your sciatic nerve.