bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estudio comparativo de medios tecnológicos y comunicacionales para mejorar la articulación entre los niveles secundario y universitario
Authors: Gómez Marcelo , Saldis Nancy , Bielewicz Ana , Colasanto Carina , Carreño Claudia 
Published: December 2023

Estudios anteriores desarrollados por este grupo de investigación mostraron que los estudiantes de nivel secundario tienen un manejo parcial de tecnología informática y redes, y no las consideran instrumentos para el aprendizaje formal, aunque han cambiando la forma en que se aprende. Se diseñó, desarrolló y aplicó materiales didácticos para estudiantes del último año del Colegio Nacional de Monserrat y se realizó un estudio comparativo para dilucidar cuáles de las herramientas utilizadas podrían presentar mayor efectividad en el aprendizaje. Se desarrollaron vídeos, guías con realidad ampliada, uso de aula virtual y redes sociales, para fortalecer la autonomía del aprendizaje, competencia de acceso que la educación superior demanda. Se combinó procedimientos cualitativos y cuantitativos utilizando encuestas, entrevistas y focusgroup. Los resultados mostraron estudiantes consultando materiales de manera regular aprovechando el tiempo en clase, consiguiendo mayor autonomía con habilidades para buscar nueva información y relacionarla con contenidos previos.
Varietal Effect of Different Nitrogen Levels on Yield Attributing Characters and Quality Parameters of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Crop
Authors: Kumar Anil , Dwarka  , Patel Vipin , Priya  , Kumar Kailash , Kumhare Alpana 
Published: December 2023

The field experiment was conducted at Agronomy Research FaTArm, Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Narendra Nagar (Kumarganj) Faizabad (U.P.), during Rabi season of 2014-2015. The yield components like number of spikes m-2, spike length (cm), number of grain spike-1, grain weight spike-1(g), grain yield (kg ha-1), straw yield (q ha-1) and nitrogen contain in grain (%), nitrogen contain in straw (%), nitrogen uptake in grain (kg ha-1), nitrogen uptake in straw, protein content in grain (%) were maximum under 160 kg N ha-1 and among the varieties over PBW-373, NW-1014 being at par with HD-2327. The main aim of trial conducted that to know the different varietal parameters of wheat crop.
Halogenated One‐Carbon Compounds
Authors: Bevan Christopher 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThis chapter reviews the one‐carbon compounds with chlorinated, brominated, or iodinated substituted side groups. At ambient temperatures, methyl chloride and methyl bromide are gases; iodoform and methylene chlorobromide are solids; and the remaining seven chemicals in this chapter are volatile, nonflammable liquids. The nonflammability has been an important property for the uses of these chemicals as solvents. Most, if not all, of the chemicals in this chapter are produced in closed‐system facilities. Three of the chemicals (methyl bromide, carbon tetrachloride, and methylene chlorobromide) are ozone‐depleting substances and are tightly regulated under the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. Thus, these chemicals are restricted to feedstock or intermediate uses where, by definition, it is used and entirely consumed, except for trace quantities, and certain exempt applications. For the other chemicals in this chapter, the primary, if not exclusive, uses are as feedstocks or intermediates in the production of other chemicals, the exception being methyl iodide.
Acetone
Authors: Johanson Gunnar 
Published: December 2023

AbstractAcetone is a clear, colorless, mobile liquid that is completely miscible with water and most organic solvents and oils. It is widely used in industry as a solvent, a building block in organic chemistry, and as a polymer precursor. Consumer products with acetone include nail polish removers and paint thinners. Acetone is also a by‐product of mammalian metabolism and is found in all tissues. The internal levels depend on nutritional and metabolic conditions and are increased in obesity and diabetes, and during physical exercise and starvation. Acetone is readily taken up via inhalation and ingestion. Due to its excellent solvent properties, acetone readily removes water and lipids from the skin, making it more vulnerable to irritating, sensitizing, and infectious agents. Compared with many other industrial solvents, acetone is of relatively low toxicity. The critical effect, that is, the first effect that appears as the exposure level increases, is mild respiratory tract and eye irritation. At higher exposures, central nervous system (CNS) effects such as lightheadedness and headache are observed. Acetone is rapidly cleared from the body, mainly by metabolism, and toxic effects after chronic exposure, in general, agree with those following acute exposure. Reproductive and developmental effects appear only after much higher doses of acetone than those causing irritation and CNS effects. Genotoxicity is not observedin vitroandin vivo. No carcinogenicity studies are available.
Monohydric Alcohols—C7 to C22, Aromatic, and Other Alcohols
Authors: Shi Quan , Sarang Satinder S. , Bevan Christopher 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThis chapter reviews linear and branched C7 to C18 monohydric aliphatic alcohols, as well as aromatic, alicyclic, aliphatic unsaturated, and aliphatic halogenated alcohols. The CAS registry number and molecular structures have been provided for all the alcohols, except for the oxo alcohols. These alcohols are mixtures of isomeric alcohols with the composition and CAS registry number dependent on the olefin feedstock.
Synthetic Polymers—Cellulosics, Other Polysaccharides, Polyamides, and Polyimides
Authors: Kim Sang‐Tae , Hamilton Ryan 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThis chapter will focus on cellulose and its derivatives, polyamides, such as nylon, and polyimides. Natural polymers are biological macromolecules and are as old as life itself. The natural polymers include such diverse materials as proteins, polypeptides, polysaccharides, DNA, RNA, wood, wool, and silk. The word polymer is derived from the Greek words poly, or many, and meros, or parts. Natural cellulose is mainly used to produce paperboard and paper. With various chemical treatments, many different types of modified cellulose are prepared. For example, cellulose gum, or sodium carboxyethylcellulose (CMC), is widely used as a cost‐effective thickener and stabilizer in food and beverages. In addition to modifying the behavior of water, cellulose gum is useful in modifying flow, adding texture, and enhancing mouthfeel. A wide range of cellulose gum grades with different viscosities, molecular weights, degrees of substitution, and particle sizes are used in food and beverages. Polyamides occur both naturally and artificially. Examples of naturally occurring polyamides are proteins, such as wool and silk while artificially made polyamides are nylons and aramids. These synthetic polyamides are commonly used in textiles, automotive industry, home care, and sportswear due to their high durability and strength. Polyimide materials are lightweight, flexible, resistant to heat and chemicals, and are used in the electronics industry for flexible cables and as an insulating film. Due to the high mechanical stability even at elevated temperatures, polyimide materials are used as bushings, bearings, sockets, or constructive parts in demanding applications.
Occupational Exposure Limits for Chemical Agents
Authors: Paustenbach Dennis J. , Levy Len , Gordon Ron , Cyrs Will 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThe history and biological basis for setting occupational exposure limits (OELs) for chemical agents are presented in this chapter. Baetjer reported that the first list of standards for chemical exposures in industry was in the United States, known as maximum allowable concentrations (MAC), and that they were prepared in 1939 and 1940. Warren Cook is generally considered the father of occupational exposure limits (OELs). Since then, more than 1000 occupational exposure limits (OELs) have been set for different chemicals in the United States and nearly 5000 limits are available in more than 10 countries. A considerable amount of information about the early history of OELs is presented here and about 300 different references are provided. The methods for setting limits based on the primary toxic effect are discussed (e.g., neurotoxicants, irritants, sensitizers, carcinogens, etc.). The topic of uncertainty factors received considerable attention given its importance to risk assessment. The limitations inherent in various OELs are addressed in some detail. There is a brief discussion about the differences in OELs among different countries. The author's views about the future of OELs are provided.
Chemicals Used in the Electronics Industry
Authors: Whittaker Margaret H. , Fong Arthur , Heine Lauren 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThe electronics industry comprises thousands of different devices including smartphones, tablets, laptops, televisions, and smart appliances that have become critical to daily life around the world. A single electronic product, the focus of this chapter, contains up to 1000 chemicals. This chemical complexity and sheer volume of chemicals present in newly assembled and discarded electronics add to the challenge of reducing the environmental and public health burdens of these products.Potential human health and environmental risks can occur at any life cycle stage of an electronic product, such as toxic solvent exposure during manufacturing or much later in the lifecycle such as the generation of carcinogenic dioxins from informal e‐waste incineration. Prioritizing the elimination of highly hazardous substances and focusing on increasing recycling rates above the industry's current 20% recycling benchmark are needed to protect public health and the environment. Uniform hazard classification frameworks such as the United Nations' Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals (GHS), brand‐specific restricted substances lists (RSLs), positive chemical lists including TCO's Approved Substances List, and country‐specific regulations such as the European Commission's Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) Directive and China's VOC restrictions are all influencing chemical selection on a global scale.This chapter provides an overview of chemicals used in the electronics industry along with their hazards and toxicity concerns. It surveys regulatory and nonregulatory initiatives in place around the world that promote safer chemical selection and reutilization of chemicals and materials and describes tools and practices that contribute to reduced consumption of chemicals of concern in this industry.
Chemical Alternatives Assessment
Authors: Whittaker Margaret H. , Heine Lauren 
Published: December 2023

AbstractChemical alternatives assessment (CAA) is an established methodology to identify alternate chemicals, materials, or product designs to substitute for the use of hazardous substances in products and processes. More than 20 CAA frameworks have been published to date, and many share similar features, such as problem scoping, hazard assessment, exposure characterization, technical feasibility, economic feasibility, decision analysis, and life cycle analysis. This chapter details the history and application of CAA frameworks and methods. The adoption of CAA continues to expand globally due to its incorporation into both regulatory and nonregulatory initiatives. The past 20 years have seen rapid changes in ways that toxicologists and product designers approach the problem of toxic ingredients in products, and in the development of tools and frameworks that support the practice of CAA.Assessing potential chemical substitutes as part of a CAA requires evaluation against numerous health, environmental, and physical hazard endpoints. Such multi‐attribute assessments include the evaluation of broad array of health and environmental toxicity and fate endpoints, and most chemicals have data gaps for one or more endpoints. Awareness of the need to assess a broad range of hazard endpoints coupled with the need to shift fromin vivoanimal testing has propelled the incorporation of new approach methodologies (NAMs) and integrated approaches to testing and assessment (IATA) in chemical hazard assessments used in CAAs.When properly conducted, a chemical alternatives assessment provides the means to avoid regrettable substitutions and promotes the selection of safer chemicals or materials.
Content‐Based Instruction as a Pedagogical Framework
Authors: Snow Marguerite A. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Content‐based instruction (CBI), the purposeful integration of language and content in second/foreign language teaching, is the focus of the current entry. CBI draws inspiration from immersion programs in Canada and the work of Bernard Mohan, which laid the foundation for CBI models that can be found today in second/foreign teaching settings worldwide. The entry describes various approaches of CBI, ranging from language‐driven courses, such as theme‐based instruction, to content‐driven models, such as English as medium of instruction (EMI) and content language‐integrated learning (CLIL). In addition, the entry presents examples of actual CBI programs designed to meet the specific needs of students of different ages, needs, learning outcomes, and settings and, in particular, describes features of academic language that can be taught in CBI programs. Decades of CBI research have revealed that current challenges are the day‐by‐day implementation of CBI courses and programs and the on‐going need for professional development of both language and content teachers. As we look to the future, these two issues, and others, continue to motivate work in CBI.
Generative Grammar
Authors: Klingvall Eva , Manninen Satu 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This entry offers an introduction to generative grammar, describing the key components of the framework and its historical development since its start in the 1950s. Generative grammar is concerned with language as a mental object, and it studies speakers' internal faculty of language: the ability to produce and understand an infinite number of linguistic expressions from a finite set of linguistic building blocks. At the core of this is the syntactic/computational component that puts together linguistic items via the operation Merge and produces hierarchical structures. The syntactic/computational component communicates with the two interpretive components that map the syntactic structures to the articulatory system and the system of thought/interpretation.
Multilingualism
Authors: Cenoz Jasone 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Multilingualism has a long tradition but has gained visibility in the past years. Its scope is very broad and related to several disciplines and research approaches including linguistics, sociolinguistics, neurolinguistics, anthropology, or education, among others. Some studies focus on the individual ability to use several languages, and others look at the languages used in society. Nowadays, the focus is on multilingual speakers because of their specific characteristic which make them different from the sum of several monolingual speakers. The study of multilingualism is increasingly looking at the way multilingual speakers communicate and use their resources to learn additional languages. Multilingual speakers use resources from their whole repertoire when they translanguage. This entry looks at the definition and scope of multilingualism and offers an overview of the recent trends in the study of multilingualism.
Quantitative magnetic resonance neurography in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy: A longitudinal study over 6 years
Authors: Preisner Fabian , Pitarokoili Kalliopi , Lueling Benjamin , Motte Jeremias , Fisse Anna Lena , Grüter Thomas , Godel Tim , Schwarz Daniel , Heiland Sabine , Gold Ralf , Bendszus Martin , Kronlage Moritz 
Published: December 2023

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate magnetic resonance neurography (MRN) for the longitudinal assessment of patients with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP).MethodsProspective examination of twelve CIDP patients by neurological assessment, MRN, and nerve conduction studies in 2016 and 6 years later in 2022. Imaging parameters were compared with matched healthy controls and correlated with clinical and electrophysiological markers. The MRN protocol included T2‐weighted imaging, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), T2 relaxometry, and magnetization transfer imaging (MTI).ResultsNerve cross‐sectional area (CSA) was increased in CIDP patients compared to controls (plexus: p = 0.003; sciatic nerve: p < 0.001). Over 6 years, nerve CSA decreased in CIDP patients, most pronounced at the lumbosacral plexus (p = 0.015). Longitudinally, changes in CSA correlated with changes in the inflammatory neuropathy cause and treatment validated overall disability sum score (INCAT/ODSS) (p = 0.006). High initial nerve CSA was inversely correlated with changes in the INCAT/ODSS over 6 years (p < 0.05). The DTI parameter fractional anisotropy (FA) showed robust correlations with electrodiagnostic testing both cross‐sectionally and longitudinally (p < 0.05). MTI as a newly added imaging technique revealed a significantly reduced magnetization transfer ratio (MTR) in CIDP patients (p < 0.01), suggesting underlying changes in macromolecular tissue composition, and correlated significantly with electrophysiological parameters of demyelination (p < 0.05).InterpretationThis study provides evidence that changes in nerve CSA and FA reflect the clinical and electrophysiological course of CIDP patients. Initial nerve hypertrophy might predict a rather benign course or better therapy response.
Radiographic Progression in Sacroiliac Joints in Patients With Axial Spondyloarthritis: Results From a Five‐Year International Observational Study
Authors: Poddubnyy Denis , Sieper Joachim , Akar Servet , Muñoz‐Fernández Santiago , Haibel Hildrun , Diekhoff Torsten , Protopopov Mikhail , Altmaier Elisabeth , Ganz Fabiana , Inman Robert D. 
Published: December 2023

ObjectiveTo evaluate progression from nonradiographic (nr‐) to radiographic axial spondyloarthritis (r‐axSpA) over 5 years in patients with recently diagnosed (≤1 year) axSpA fulfilling the Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society (ASAS) classification criteria.MethodsA prospsective, observational study (Patients with Axial Spondyloarthritis: Multi‐Country Registry of Clinical Characteristics) was conducted in rheumatology practices in 29 countries. Baseline and follow‐up radiographs of sacroiliac joints were centrally evaluated by three readers according to the grading system of the modified New York criteria for patients initially classified as nr‐axSpA. Radiographic progression from nr‐axSpA to r‐axSpA was evaluated by Kaplan‐Meier analysis. Cox proportional regression analyses for progression from nr‐axSpA to r‐axSpA were also conducted.ResultsAmong 2,165 patients with axSpA, 1,612 (74%) were classified as having r‐axSpA (1,050 [65%]) or nr‐axSpA (562 [35%]) by central reading. Of 246 patients with nr‐axSpA (mean [SD] symptom duration: 4.4 [6.2] years) who had at least one follow‐up sacroiliac joint radiograph, progression from nr‐axSpA to r‐axSpA at any follow‐up visit was observed in 40 patients (16%) over 5 years. Mean time to radiographic progression was 2.4 years (ranging from 0.9 to 5.1 years). Progression to r‐axSpA was associated with male sex (hazard ratio [HR] 3.16 [95% CI 1.22–8.17]), fulfillment of the imaging arm of the ASAS classification criteria (HR 6.64 [1.37–32.25]), and good response to nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (HR 4.66 [1.23–17.71]).Conclusion16% of patients with nr‐axSpA progressed to r‐axSpA within 5 years. Male sex, fulfillment of the imaging arm of the ASAS criteria, and good response to nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs were predictors of radiographic progression in patients with recently diagnosed axSpA.
Soybean Oil‐Derived Lipids for Efficient mRNA Delivery
Authors: Tang Zhongmin , Yu Fan , Hsu Jessica C. , Shi Jianlin , Cai Weibo 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThe rapid progress in the development of COVID‐19 mRNA vaccines during the initial year of the pandemic has highlighted the significance of lipid nanoparticles in therapeutic delivery. Various lipid types have been investigated for the effective delivery of mRNA, each with unique functions and versatile applications. These range from their use in cancer immunotherapy and gene editing to their role in developing vaccines against infectious diseases. Nonetheless, continued exploration of novel lipids and synthetic approaches is necessary to further advance the understanding and expand the techniques for optimizing mRNA delivery. In this work, new lipids derived from FDA‐approved soybean oil are facilely synthesized and these are employed for efficient mRNA delivery. EGFP and Fluc mRNA are used to evaluate the delivery efficacy of the lipid formulations both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, organ‐specific targeting capabilities are observed in certain formulations, and their outstanding performance is demonstrated in delivering Cre mRNA for gene editing. These results showcase the potential of soybean oil‐derived lipids in mRNA delivery, offering utility across a broad spectrum of bioapplications.
Cu@Co with Dilatation Strain for High‐Performance Electrocatalytic Reduction of Low‐Concentration Nitric Oxide
Authors: Wu Ze , Liu Yujing , Wang Dongdong , Zhang Yiqiong , Gu Kaizhi , He Zejin , Liu Limin , Liu Hanwen , Fan Jincheng , Chen Chen , Wang Shuangyin 
Published: December 2023

AbstractElectrocatalytic reduction of nitric oxide (NO) to ammonia (NH3) is a clean and sustainable strategy to simultaneously remove NO and synthesize NH3. However, the conversion of low concentration NO to NH3 is still a huge challenge. In this work, the dilatation strain between Cu and Co interface over Cu@Co catalyst is built up and investigated for electroreduction of low concentration NO (volume ratio of 1%) to NH3. The catalyst shows a high NH3 yield of 627.20 µg h−1 cm−2 and a Faradaic efficiency of 76.54%. Through the combination of spherical aberration‐corrected transmission electron microscopy and geometric phase analyses, it shows that Co atoms occupy Cu lattice sites to form dilatation strain in the xy direction within Co region. Further density functional theory calculations and NO temperature‐programmed desorption (NO‐TPD) results show that the surface dilatation strain on Cu@Co is helpful to enhance the NO adsorption and reduce energy barrier of the rate‐determining step (*NO to *NOH), thereby accelerating the catalytic reaction. To simultaneously realize NO exhaust gas removal, NH3 green synthesis, and electricity output, a Zn‐NO battery with Cu@Co cathode is assembled with a power density of 3.08 mW cm−2 and an NH3 yield of 273.37 µg h−1 cm−2.