bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intergeniculate leaflet and ventral lateral geniculate nucleus afferent connections: An anatomical substrate for functional input from the vestibulo‐visuomotor system
Authors: Horowitz Seth S. , Blanchard Jane H. , Morin Lawrence P. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe intergeniculate leaflet (IGL) has widespread projections to the basal forebrain and visual midbrain, including the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Here we describe IGL‐afferent connections with cells in the ventral midbrain and hindbrain. Cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) injected into the IGL retrogradely labels neurons in a set of brain nuclei most of which are known to influence visuomotor function. These include the retinorecipient medial, lateral and dorsal terminal nuclei, the nucleus of Darkschewitsch, the oculomotor central gray, the cuneiform, and the lateral dorsal, pedunculopontine, and subpeduncular pontine tegmental nuclei. Intraocular CTB labeled a retinal terminal field in the medial terminal nucleus that extends dorsally into the pararubral nucleus, a location also containing cells projecting to the IGL. Distinct clusters of IGL‐afferent neurons are also located in the medial vestibular nucleus. Vestibular projections to the IGL were confirmed by using anterograde tracer injection into the medial vestibular nucleus. Other IGL‐afferent neurons are evident in Barrington's nucleus, the dorsal raphe, locus coeruleus, and retrorubral nucleus. Injection of a retrograde, trans‐synaptic, viral tracer into the SCN demonstrated transport to cells as far caudal as the vestibular system and, when combined with IGL injection of CTB, confirmed that some in the medial vestibular nucleus polysynaptically project to the SCN and monosynaptically to the IGL, as do cells in other brain regions. The results suggest that the IGL may be part of the circuitry governing visuomotor activity and further indicate that circadian rhythmicity might be influenced by head motion or visual stimuli that affect the vestibular system. J. Comp. Neurol. 474:227–245, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Progression of hair cell ejection and molecular markers of apoptosis in the avian cochlea following gentamicin treatment
Authors: Mangiardi Dominic A. , McLaughlin‐Williamson Katherine , May Kara E. , Messana Elizabeth P. , Mountain David C. , Cotanche Douglas A. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractAminoglycoside treatment induces caspase‐dependent apoptotic death in inner ear sensory hair cells. The timing of apoptotic signaling in sensory hair cells following systemic aminoglycoside treatment has not been characterized in vivo. We administered a single subcutaneous injection of the aminoglycoside gentamicin (300 mg/kg) to 12–16‐day‐old chicks and used immunocytochemical techniques to document the following responses in affected hair cells: T‐cell restricted intracellular antigen‐related protein (TIAR) translocation from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, cytochrome c release from the mitochondria, caspase‐3 activation, nuclear condensation, and an orderly progression of hair cell ejection from the proximal end of the basilar papilla. Hair cells in the proximal tip exhibited TIAR translocation from the nucleus and aggregation into punctate granules in the cytoplasm 12 hours after injection and the response progressed distally. Cytochrome c release from the mitochondria into the cytoplasm and caspase‐3 activation were observed in affected hair cells immediately prior to and during ejection. Hair cell ejection occurred between 30 and 54 hours after injection, beginning in the proximal tip and progressing distally. Nuclear condensation accompanied ejection while the loss of: 1) membrane integrity; 2) phalloidin labeling of F‐actin; and 3) TO‐PRO‐1 labeling of nuclear contents occurred within 48 hours following ejection. Our results present a timeline of aminoglycoside‐induced inner ear sensory hair cell apoptotic death that includes an 18‐hour window between the initial apoptotic response and the later stages of programmed death signaling that accompany ejection and a gradual breakdown of hair cells following ejection. J. Comp. Neurol. 475:1–18, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The role of pigment cells in the brain of ascidian larva
Authors: Sakurai Daisuke , Goda Muneki , Kohmura Yoshiki , Horie Takeo , Iwamoto Hideo , Ohtsuki Hisashi , Tsuda Motoyuki 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe functions of melanin in the pigment cells, the ocellus and the otolith, of ascidian larvae were studied by their swimming behavior and cell morphology with and without 1‐phenyl‐2‐thiourea (PTU), an inhibitor of vertebrate tyrosinase. Melanin formation in both the otolith and the ocellus of PTU‐treated larvae at 12 hours of development was completely inhibited. These larvae were unable to swim because of abnormal tail development, but expression of rhodopsin in the outer segments of the photoreceptor was normal. In the PTU‐treated larvae at 15 hours of development, melanin formation in the ocellus was inhibited, but that in the otolith seemed to be normal. The photic behavior of these larvae was normal, as was rhodopsin expression in the outer segments. However, the treated larvae lost upward swimming behavior. Synchrotron radiation X‐ray fluorescence images showed that metallic elements of K, Ca, and Zn in the statocyte of larva were greatly decreased by PTU treatment, which may result in lowering the specific gravity of the pigment mass. SEM observations showed that the statocyte of Ciona intestinalis was supported by three parts, a foot‐piece of the statocyte itself and two fibrous spring‐like structures produced from protuberances. All three structures were synaptotagmin‐positive. Movement of the statocyte would be detected by these three structures and thus would be responsible for the gravitational orientation. J. Comp. Neurol. 475:70–82, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fiber connections of the lateral valvular nucleus in a percomorph teleost, tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)
Authors: Yang Chun‐Ying , Yoshimoto Masami , Xue Hao‐Gang , Yamamoto Naoyuki , Imura Kosuke , Sawai Nobuhiko , Ishikawa Yuji , Ito Hironobu 
Published: May 2004

AbstractFiber connections of the lateral valvular nucleus were investigated in a percomorph teleost, the tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), by tract‐tracing methods. Following tracer injections into the lateral valvular nucleus, neurons were labeled in the ipsilateral dorsal part of dorsal telencephalic area, corpus glomerulosum pars anterior, dorsomedial thalamic nucleus, central nucleus of the inferior lobe, mammillary body, semicircular torus, valvular and cerebellar corpus, in the bilateral rostral regions of the central part of dorsal telencephalic area, dorsal region of the medial part of dorsal telencephalic area, habenula, anterior tuberal nucleus, posterior tuberal nucleus, and spinal cord, and in the contralateral lateral funicular nucleus. Labeled fibers and terminals were found in the ipsilateral cerebellar corpus and bilateral valvula of the cerebellum. Tracers were injected into portions of the telencephalon, pretectum, inferior lobe, and cerebellum to confirm reciprocally connections with the lateral valvular nucleus and to determine afferent terminal morphology in the lateral valvular nucleus. Telencephalic fibers terminated mainly in a dorsolateral portion of the lateral valvular nucleus. Terminals from the corpus glomerulosum pars anterior, central nucleus of the inferior lobe, and mammillary body showed more diffuse distributions and were not confined to particular portions of the lateral valvular nucleus. Labeled terminals in the lateral valvular nucleus were cup‐shaped or of beaded morphology. These results indicate that the lateral valvular nucleus receives projections from various sources including the telencephalon, pretectum, and inferior lobe to relay information to the valvular and cerebellar corpus. In addition, the corpus glomerulosum pars anterior in tilapia is considered to be homologous to the magnocellular part of superficial pretectal nucleus in cyprinids. J. Comp. Neurol. 474:209–226, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. J. Comp. Neurol. 474:209–226, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development of neuromuscular junctions in the mouse esophagus: Morphology suggests a role for enteric coinnervation during maturation of vagal myoneural contacts
Authors: Breuer Christian , Neuhuber Winfried L. , Wörl Jürgen 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe time course of establishment of motor endplates and the subsequent developmental changes in their enteric and vagal innervation were examined in esophageal striated muscle of perinatal and adult C57/Bl6 mice by using immunocytochemistry and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors were visualized with α‐bungarotoxin; vagal motor nerve terminals with antisera against vesicular acetylcholine transporter; and enteric nerve fibers with antisera against neuronal nitric oxide synthase, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and galanin. Because the various stages of esophageal striated myogenesis advance caudocranially, i.e., more mature stages are found cranial to immature stages, longitudinal cryosections through the esophagus were investigated. Synaptogenesis was divided into several distinct stages. 1) Mononucleated cells express acetylcholine receptors over their entire surface. 2) They start to cluster receptors without nerve fiber contacts. 3) The first nerve contact on a growing receptor cluster is made by a vagal nerve terminal, followed by an enteric terminal. 4) Vagal terminals grow until they match the size of endplate areas, and one to three enteric terminals intertwine with them on every receptor cluster. 5) After vagal terminals have covered the whole endplate area, enteric terminals are withdrawn from the majority of motor endplates. In a minority of endplates, enteric coinnervation persists through adulthood. The enteric innervation of all developing motor endplates, shortly after vagal terminals have contacted them, and the removal of enteric nerve fibers from the majority of mature motor endplates suggest a major role of enteric nerve fibers during maturation of esophageal neuromuscular junctions. J. Comp. Neurol. 475:47–69, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
FDTD analysis of wavelength‐selective optical switch using collinear acoustooptic interaction for WDM routing
Authors: Goto Nobuo , Miyazaki Yasumitsu 
Published: May 2004

AbstractA waveguide‐type collinear acoustooptic device can work as a wavelength‐selective switch for wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) light. Therefore, its applications to WDM routing switching are expected. In this paper, in order to evaluate the wavelength‐selective switching characteristics of the device consisting of a directional coupled waveguide and a Y‐branch, simulation is carried out by the FDTD method. The results of the simulation are compared with those of the coupled mode theory, and agreement between them is confirmed. A method of propagating an optical pulse is studied in the segment‐divided region in order to analyze the acoustooptical coupling characteristics in a long scale interaction region. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 87(6): 18–27, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.20064
Broadband lossy conductor wall processing using lumped constant circuit on FDTD method
Authors: Takata Masaaki , Iida Yukio 
Published: May 2004

AbstractA practical conductor boundary processing technique in the FDTD method based on the surface impedance boundary condition is proposed. The surface impedance of the conductor is approximated by the input impedance of a lumped element circuit. It is shown that this approximation is highly accurate in a broad bandwidth. The effectiveness of this method is numerically confirmed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 87(6): 1–9, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.20068
A low bit rate speech codec using mixed excitation linear prediction for private mobile radio
Authors: Sasaki Seishi , Fumoto Teruo 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe authors describe a low bit rate speech codec developed for the next generation of narrow‐band (3 kHz/voice channel) private mobile radio. The speech encoding speed under the proposed speech codec is 1.6 kbit/s, and the speed after communications path encoding is 3.2 kbit/s. The authors propose a method using the speech spectrum envelope information to determine the mixing ratio for pulses and noise in each frequency band used to generate the mixed excitation signal in the Mixed Excitation Linear Prediction (MELP) vocodor model used as a speech encoding method. For the communications path encoding method, the authors assume a burst error of 7% for the worst communications environments in private mobile radio. In order to improve resistance to transmission path errors, the authors create soft decision demodulation data while varying the quantization step width until the errors are no longer detected or a designated number of repetitions is reached for the frame determined as having errors based on the results of error detection during communications path decoding. They then propose a method to repeat soft decision Viterbi decoding. The authors perform subjective evaluation experiments, and confirm the effectiveness of the proposed speech codec in a private mobile communications environment. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 87(6): 69–81, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.20096
Ruthenium(II) and Ruthenium(III) Complexes Containing the [pyS4]2− Ligand [pyS42− = 2,6‐Bis(2‐mercaptophenylthio)dimethylpyridine(2−)]
Authors: Sellmann Dieter , Hein Kinga , Heinemann Frank W. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractIn the search for complexes, having sulfur‐dominated coordination spheres, that potentially bind, activate, or stabilize nitrogenase‐relevant small molecules, we have synthesized several ruthenium−sulfur complexes of the type [Ru(L)(pyS4)] starting from the labile acetonitrile complex [Ru(NCMe)(pyS4)] (2). Complex 2 was obtained from the reduction of [Ru(NO)(pyS4)]Br (1) by N2H4·H2O in the presence of MeCN. The acetonitrile ligand in 2 could be exchanged for the soft σ−π ligand CO to give [Ru(CO)(pyS4)] (3). Attempts to coordinate N2 to the pyS42− fragment of 2 gave [{Ru(pyS4)}2] (4). Complex 2 reacts also with hard σ‐ligands, such as N2H4, NH3, pyridine, and pyrazine, to afford mononuclear [Ru(N2H4)(pyS4)] (5), [Ru(NH3)(pyS4)] (6), [Ru(py)(pyS4)] (7), and [Ru(pyr)(pyS4)] (8), respectively. Reaction of 2 with NEt4N3 resulted in the formation of NEt4[Ru(N3)(pyS4)] (9). The oxidation of 2 with I2 afforded [Ru(I)(pyS4)] (10). The protonated and alkylated species [Ru(NCMe)(pyS4‐H)]BF4 (11), [Ru(NCMe)(pyS4‐Et)]BF4 (12), and [{Ru(pyS4‐Et)}2] (BF4)2 (13) were obtained from 2 by its treatment with HBF4 or Et3OBF4. The N2H4 ligand in 5 could not be oxidized to N2H2: the oxidation of the RuII center to RuIII takes place instead. Attempts to oxidize 5 using either [FeCp2]PF6 or I2 gave [{RuII/III(pyS4)}2](PF6) (14) and [RuIII(NH3)(pyS4)]X (X = PF6, I) (15, 16). The oxidation of 3 and 6 by NOBF4 gave RuIII species of [RuIII(CO)(pyS4)]BF4 (17) and [RuIII(NH3)(pyS4)]BF4 (18). The oxidation of 5 and 6 with H2O2 afforded [{RuII(pyS4−O3)}2] (19), [{RuII(pyS4−O4)}2] (20) and [RuII(NH3)(pyS4−O4)] (21). All complexes were characterized by spectroscopic methods and by elemental analysis. The molecular structures of 4, 6, 10, 14, 15, 19, and 20 were determined by X‐ray crystallographic analyses. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Heterocyclic synthesis with ethyl α‐(3‐carbamoyl‐4,5,6,7‐tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophen‐2‐ylhydrazono)acetates: An expeditious synthetic approach to polyfunctionally substituted pyran, pyridine, and pyridazine derivatives
Authors: Mohareb Rafat M. , Sherif Sherif M. , Gaber Hatem M. , Ghabrial Sami S. , Aziz Susan I. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractEthyl α‐(3‐carbamoyl‐4,5,6,7‐tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophen‐2‐ylhydrazono)acetates 1 were prepared and established as previously described by our research group. Their reactivity toward a variety of active methylene reagents was studied to give pyran, pyridine, and pyridazine derivatives. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 15:300–306, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20019
The carotid sheath: An anatomicophathologic study
Authors: Khafif‐Hefetz Avi , Leider‐Trejo Leonor , Medina Jesus E. , Gil Ziv , Fliss Dan M. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractBackground.Recurrences in the neck after neck dissections occur even in previously operated fields. Although the pathogenesis is unclear, it is well established that recurrences commonly occur at the jugular chain of nodes close to the carotid artery. We investigated the carotid sheath as possibly responsible for such regional recurrences.Methods.Patients undergoing therapeutic or elective neck dissections were prospectively enrolled. Following surgery, the carotid sheath was resected throughout its entire length, fixated in formalin, and histologically examined.Results.Pathologic assessment of carotid sheaths harvested from 34 patients who underwent 40 uncomplicated neck dissections revealed fibro‐fatty tissue and scarce neutrophilic infiltration in all 40 specimens. Four lymphoid aggregates composed almost exclusively of B cells were found at the carotid bifurcation level in three patients. No cancer cells were detected.Conclusion.The absence of cancer cells in patients with metastatic nodes argues against the need to resect the carotid sheath as part of a routine neck dissection. The occurrence of lymphoid aggregates within it, however, may indicate its participation in the pathogenesis of nodal recurrence following neck dissection. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 26: 594–597, 2004
Distribution and origin of vesicular glutamate transporter 2‐immunoreactive fibers in the rat hippocampus
Authors: Halasy Katalin , Hajszan Tibor , Kovács Éva G. , Lam Thien‐Tri , Leranth Csaba 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThis study examined the distribution of vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (VGLUT2)‐immunoreactive neuronal structures in the ipsilateral and contralateral hippocampi of unilateral fimbria/fornix transected, unilateral entorhinal cortex ablated, and intact female and male rats. In the hippocampi of intact animals, the highest density of VGLUT2‐positive boutons was observed in the supragranular layer of the dentate gyrus, followed by the CA2 pyramidal and oriens layers, and the stratum lacunosum‐moleculare of the CA1 field. This staining pattern was identical both in males and in females. Electron microscopic examination revealed that the immunolabeling was confined to axon terminals forming exclusively asymmetric synaptic contacts. The quantitative analysis of the synaptic targets of VGLUT2‐positive terminals showed that in the dentate gyrus, 59% of the synaptic targets were dendritic spines, followed by dendritic shafts (22%) and granule cell somata (19%). In the pyramidal layer of the CA2 field, VGLUT2‐immunoreactive boutons contacted mostly dendritic shafts (85%), only some of which (15%) synapsed with spines. The synaptic targets of VGLUT2‐positive varicosities were dendritic spines (71%) and shafts (29%) in the stratum lacunosum‐moleculare of the CA1 field. The fimbria/fornix transection caused a significant reduction in the density of VGLUT2‐positive boutons only in the CA2 field, while entorhinal cortex ablation elicited no change in fiber density in any of the areas analyzed. Furthermore, our latest experiments on colchicine‐treated animals revealed a large population of VGLUT2‐positive neurons in the hippocampus that may be a possible intrinsic source of hippocampal VGLUT2 boutons. Our results suggest that the most likely sources of VGLUT2‐positive boutons in the dentate supragranular layer, the CA2 area, as well as in the stratum lacunosum‐moleculare of the CA1 field, might be the mossy cells, the supramammillary area, and the nucleus reuniens thalami, respectively. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Donepezil augmentation of clozapine monotherapy in schizophrenia patients: a double blind cross‐over study
Authors: Stryjer Rafael , Strous Rael , Bar Faina , Shaked Ginette , Shiloh Roni , Rozencwaig Silvio , Grupper Daniel , Buchman Nili , Kotler Moshe , Rabey J. Martin , Weizman Abraham 
Published: May 2004

AbstractIncreasing evidence suggests that the cholinergic system is involved in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Donepezil, a central cholinesterase inhibitor, improves psychotic symptomatology in demented patients, however, evidence for its role in the management of active psychosis in schizophrenia remains limited. An 18‐week double blind cross‐over study was conducted in which eight patients were randomly assigned to either donepezil (5 mg/day for the first 4 weeks and 10 mg/day for the following 4 weeks) or placebo as augmentation treatment to clozapine. After this initial phase, there was a 2‐week washout period of the study medication after which the same regimen was crossed over at the same dose and for the same period (8 weeks). No significant difference was noted in the total positive and negative symptom scale scores when donepezil was compared with placebo (16.7%+12.97% vs 3.20%+13.94% respectively, p = 0.18). However, three patients improved (>15%) in the total PANSS scores (37.03%, 16.6% and 25.33%) during the donepezil treatment phase, while only one patient improved (20.87%) during the placebo phase. No differences were noted in the Calgary depression scale (p = 0.305), Simpson Angus scale (p = 0.374), clinical global impression‐improvement scale (p = 0.23) and clinical global impression‐severity of illness scores (p = 0.116). Although this preliminary study failed to demonstrate a clear effect of donepezil augmentation in clozapine treated chronic schizophrenia patients, it seems that the subtle positive effect of donepezil observed in some of our patients should encourage further investigation in a larger sample of this patient subpopulation. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Immunohistochemical patterns in rectal cancer: Application of tissue microarray with prognostic correlations
Authors: Fernebro Eva , Bendahl Pär‐Ola , Dictor Michael , Persson Annette , Fernö Mårten , Nilbert Mef 
Published: May 2004

AbstractWe utilized the high‐throughput tissue microarray method to characterize immunohistochemical expression patterns with correlations to prognosis in rectal cancer. Immunostaining for the markers Ki‐67, Bcl‐2, p53, EGFR, E‐cadherin, β‐catenin, MLH1 and MSH2 was performed in 269 rectal cancers. Expression profiles were correlated to metastasis‐free survival. Immunostaining revealed frequent upregulation and/or aberrant staining patterns for several of the markers, but Ki‐67, p53, Bcl‐2 and EGFR did not show any correlation to prognosis. However, reduced membranous staining for β‐catenin (p = 0.04), lack of cytoplasmic staining for β‐catenin (p = 0.04), reduced membranous staining for E‐cadherin (p = 0.02) and lack of cytoplasmic staining for E‐cadherin (p = 0.02) correlated with metastatic disease. Multivariate analysis including the factors Dukes' stage and tumor differentiation grade demonstrated increased risk of metastatic disease in tumors with lack of cytoplasmic staining for β‐catenin (HR = 3.1, p = 0.02), reduced membranous staining for β‐catenin (HR = 1.7, p = 0.06) and reduced membranous staining for E‐cadherin (HR = 2.1, p = 0.06). Loss of MMR protein expression was confirmed to be a rare event in rectal cancer with loss of MLH1 staining in 3% and MSH2 in 1% of the tumors. The lack of prognostic information contributed by most of these markers suggests that single markers for prognosis may be of limited value in rectal cancer. However, altered expression of β‐catenin and E‐cadherin correlated with metastatic disease, and these markers may have prognostic importance in rectal cancer. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.