bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Retinopathy of Great Pyrenees dogs: fluorescein angiography, light microscopy and transmitting and scanning electron microscopy
Authors: Grahn Bruce H. , Cullen Cheryl L. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjectiveInvestigation of the pathogenesis of Great Pyrenees retinopathy.AnimalsOne male and two female puppies of parents who were affected with Great Pyrenees retinopathy and one 4‐year‐old affected adult male Great Pyrenees dog.ProcedureThe puppies were examined daily from 7 weeks of age by indirect ophthalmoscopy and their fundi were photographed until the lesions were static. Fluorescein angiography was completed at 7 weeks of age, within 24 h of detection of ophthalmoscopic lesions, and then weekly. The eyes of a 4‐year‐old and two 20‐week‐old puppies were examined with light microscopy, and transmitting and scanning electron microscopy.ResultsBlocked choroidal fluorescence was detected at 7 weeks of age. The blocked fluorescence enlarged, when the characteristic serous retinal detachments developed at 11 weeks of age. The detachments enlarged in size and number until the puppies were approximately 20 weeks old. Fluorescein pooling confirmed the presence of transient retinal pigment epithelial detachments. Leakage of dye into serous retinal detachments was not detected in this study. Light microscopy and transmitting and scanning electron microscopy confirmed the presence of multifocal serous retinal detachments with focal retinal degeneration that extended to the inner nuclear layer in a 4‐year‐old dog. The retinal detachments were accompanied by hypertrophy, hyperplasia, increased pigmentation, and vacuolation of the retinal pigment epithelium.Conclusions and clinical relevanceGreat Pyrenees retinopathy is manifested by multifocal serous retinal and retinal pigment epithelial detachments. These detachments are similar to those noted with central serous retinopathy of humans. The sudden development of multifocal retinal and retinal pigment epithelial detachments, and the serous nature of these detachments, supports a theory that they develop secondary to focal secretion and absorption defects in retinal pigment epithelial cells. Given the age of the puppies when the blocked choroidal fluorescence was noted and maturation of the dog retina at 8 weeks postpartum, this retinopathy is considered to be a retinal pigment epithelial dysplasia. This unique inherited retinopathy offers an opportunity to study retinal pigment epithelial secretion.
The selection and evolution of viral quasispecies in HIV‐1 infected children
Authors: Nowak P , Karlsson AC , Naver L , Bohlin AB , Piasek A , Sönnerborg A 
Published: March 2003

Objectives To analyse the diversity and divergence of the viral populations in three mother–child pairs in longitudinally obtained samples for up to 7 years.Methods Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were obtained from three mothers at delivery and three to four samples were obtained from each of their children from 1.5 months up to 78 months of age. The V3 region of HIV‐1 was amplified by polymerase chain reaction, cloned and sequenced. HIV‐1 DNA sequence comparisons were performed by phylogenetic analysis.Results The viral population was initially homogenous in two children but highly heterogeneous in one child. Three patterns of vertical transmission seemed to have occurred: transmission of the most prevalent maternal strain, of a minor maternal strain and of multiple maternal strains. In one child, a possible reappearance of a maternal sequence was observed at 34 months of age.Conclusions Children may become infected with the most prevalent maternal strain, a minor maternal variant or multiple maternal quasispecies. Maternal viral variants may reappear in children after several years of infection and could possibly be derived from a reservoir of founder quasispecies established during the children's primary HIV‐1 infection.
Comparison of endo‐polygalacturonase activities of citrus and non‐citrus races of Geotrichum candidum, and cloning and expression of the corresponding genes
Authors: Nakamura Masayuki , Suprapta Dewa N. , Iwai Hisashi , Arai Kei 
Published: March 2003

summary Geotrichum candidum citrus race, a fungus that causes a sour rot disease in citrus fruits, secretes an endo‐polygalacturonase (PG) that may facilitate the disease. There also exists a non‐citrus race that is non‐pathogenic to citrus fruits. In this research, we found that the PG activity of the citrus race isolates was much higher than that of the non‐citrus race isolates in culture medium and inoculated lemon peel, and that there was a significant correlation between the PG activity and pathogenicity. We isolated the two corresponding PG genes, S31pg1 and S63pg1, from citrus race S31 and non‐citrus race S63, respectively. S31PG1 and S63PG1 consisted of 368 and 369 amino acids, respectively. The two PG genes showed 68% identity at the amino acid level. In expression studies, S31pg1 transcript was detected in mycelia grown in liquid cultures of citrus race S31 containing either glucose, pectin or lemon peel broth. The transcript was also detected in lemon peel inoculated with the isolate. On the other hand, no transcript of S63pg1 was detected in mycelia grown on any liquid cultures of non‐citrus race S63 and lemon peel inoculated with the isolate. These results indicate that PG may play an important role in the development of the sour rot symptom and be involved in the difference of pathogenicity between the two races.
Preparation and sequencing of secreted proteins from the pharyngeal glands of the plant parasitic nematode Heterodera schachtii
Authors: De Meutter Jan , Vanholme Bartel , Bauw Gino , Tytgat Tom , Gheysen Greetje , Gheysen Godelieve 
Published: March 2003

summaryIn order to gain insight into the biology of the parasitic relationship between Heterodera schachtii and its host plant, it is important to understand the functional role of the nematode’s pharyngeal secretions. These secretions presumably play a key role in establishing and maintaining a feeding site for the nematode. An optimized method was used for the in vitro production of H. schachtii pharyngeal gland secretions. These pharyngeal secretions were mainly produced in an insoluble form and could be solubilized under denaturing conditions for further analysis. The soluble fraction was concentrated with StrataClean (Stratagene, La Jolla, CA) or with a phenol/ether extraction. These methods made it possible for the first time to separate the secreted proteins on two‐dimensional gels. By combining a micropreparative sample preparation with mass spectrometry, two β‐1,4‐endoglucanases were identified. A third spot was identified as a novel protein by microsequencing. This is the first report on protein sequence information from pharyngeal secretions of a plant parasitic nematode.
Lessons learned from the core RNA promoters of Brome mosaic virus and Cucumber mosaic virus
Authors: Kao C. Cheng 
Published: March 2003

summaryRNA core promoters are nucleotide sequences needed to direct proper initiation of viral RNA synthesis by the viral replicase. Minimal length core promoter‐templates that can direct accurate initiation of the genomic plus‐, genomic minus‐, and subgenomic RNAs of Brome mosaic virus and Cucumber mosaic virus were characterized in previous works. Several common themes and differences were observed in how each of the core promoters directed the initiation of viral RNA synthesis in vitro. These observations are summarized and compared in this short review.
Strategies used by hospital nurses to cope with a national crisis: a manager's perspective
Authors: Hendel T. , Fish M. , Aboudi S. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThis article explores the anxiety level of, and coping strategies used by, hospital nurses, during a national state of emergency. The study was guided by a stress and coping framework, developed by Lazarus & Folkman, and was conducted at a large teaching hospital, located in the centre of Israel, during the Iraqi crisis in January and February, 1998. Data were collected from a sample of 100 female nurses, and a descriptive correlational design was used. The findings indicated that ≈ 33% of the nurses expressed feelings of stress, tension and a sense of discomfort. The dominant coping strategy used by the nurses was direct‐active, which was found to be the most effective strategy. As they were unable to remove or control the stressor, stress management intervention by nursing managers focused mainly on communicating with staff and providing social support – informational and emotional – to buffer the stressful experience. Providing support and help in finding practical solutions is important for maintaining emotional stability of staff, thereby helping them to improve their nursing interventions in assisting people to cope with stressful situations.
The renaissance of clinical leadership
Authors: Cook M. J. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe purpose of this work was to explore clinical nursing leadership. The research was based on a critical examination of the leadership themes derived from the nursing literature of the United Kingdom, the United States of America and Australia, between 1992 and 1997. The work was also influenced by the findings from semistructured interviews undertaken with five clinical leaders in nursing from the United Kingdom, and study tours to both the United States of America and Australia. The findings support a proposed leadership model as a basis for further exploration and as a framework for contemplating clinical leadership and leadership preparation. A model is presented that identifies factors which influence leadership styles, such as external environment, internal environment, experience and understanding. Four leadership styles are outlined: transactional, transformational, connective and renaissance. These leadership styles are linked to nursing care approaches. A second model provides a basis for considering power and its impact in the workplace. Based on these findings, the contents of a leadership preparation course are outlined.
Kaleidoscope: a 5‐year action research project to develop nursing confidence in caring for patients with HIV disease in west India
Authors: Pratt R. J. , Pellowe C. M. , Juvekar S. K. , Potdar N. S. , Weston A. J. , Joykutty A. , Robinson N. , Loveday H. P. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAs the national epidemic of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic rapidly unfolds in India, nurses have to acquire new competencies in order to provide appropriate care to an increasing number of affected persons. In response, an Indo–British action research collaboration was initiated to build clinical confidence and facilitate relevant changes in nursing practice. During a 10‐day educational programme, a change intervention was applied, culminating in the development of individual and partnership action plans focused on bringing about changes in nursing practice within well‐defined fields of action. Following implementation of their action plans, participants were reassembled 12 months later for a follow‐up workshop to discuss their progress and describe those factors that either helped or hindered them in achieving their objectives. They then developed new action plans for the next 12‐month period. This article reports on the results from six cohorts (n = 160) in India who participated in this project between 1995 and 1999. Action plans were frequently focused on infection control, primary prevention, curriculum development in preregistration nursing programmes and in‐service nursing education. The majority of participants reported significant achievements in realizing their action‐plan objectives. Data analysis revealed that the change intervention itself, together with multidisciplinary support from colleagues, the senior status of the participant, and anticipating and attending the follow‐up workshop, were all positively correlated with achievement. The lack of personal authority and resistance from managers were the two major factors negatively correlated with achievement. This method for facilitating changes in nursing practice has been successfully adapted and replicated by our group in other countries.
Culture, values and racism: application to nursing
Authors: Cortis J. D. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe prevention and management of cancer have been identified as health priorities in most countries. In order to achieve this, many oncology nurses need to face the additional challenge of caring for patients from different cultures. This article progresses beyond previous literature, which generally adopts a solely multicultural approach, and explores the concepts of culture, values and racism with inter‐related concepts such as self‐awareness, cultural encounter, skills and cultural knowledge and their relationship to cancer nursing practice. The case is then argued for enhancing patient care through the application of these concepts to nursing practice.
Organic reagent interaction with hair spatially characterized by infrared microspectroscopy using synchrotron radiation
Authors: Bantignies J‐L. , Fuchs G. , Carr G.L. , Williams G.P. , Lutz D. , Marull S. 
Published: March 2003

SynopsisThe penetration of chemical reagents through human hair after bleaching has been spatially characterized using infrared microspectroscopy (IMS) with a synchrotron source. Chemical imaging of hair cross sections before and after bleaching was achieved with high contrast, using the peptide and lipid mid‐infrared vibrational bands which are characteristic of hair. The ability to make images using functional groups as a contrast mechanism can be applied to studies of other chemical groups, if present, in the structure of the hair. As an example we show how the penetration of an organic active reagent in the hair structure can be quantified with a spatial resolution of few microns.These results demonstrate that synchrotron IMS is a powerful tool for characterizing chemical interactions of hair samples with specific cosmetic materials.RésuméLa pénétration d'une molécule organique à l'intérieur de cheveux décolorés a été spatialement caractérisée par microspectroscopie infrarouge en utilisant une source de rayonnement synchrotron. Les images en contraste chimique de coupes microtomiques transversales de cheveux ont été obtenues avec un excellent contraste, en utilisant les bandes infrarouges des groupements peptides et lipidiques qui sont caractéristiques de sa structure. La possibilité d'obtenir des images en utilisant les différents groupements fonctionnels présents dans les spectres infrarouges permet d'étudier la répartition d'autres molécules chimiques si elles sont présentes en concentration suffisante dans la structure du cheveu. Cette caractéristique a été utilisée ici pour étudier la pénétration d'une molécule organique à travers la structure du cheveu avec une résolution latérale de quelques microns. Ces résultats démontrent la faisabilité de la microspectroscopie infrarouge par rayonnement synchrotron pour étudier spatialement les interactions entre le cheveu et des produits cosmétiques.
The Effect of Rheological Properties of Experimental Moisturizing Creams/Lotions on Their Efficacy and Perceptual Attributes
Authors: Wang S. , Kislalioglu M.S. , Breuer M. 
Published: March 2003

Although anecdotal evidence suggests that the rheology of creams and lotions might affect their moisturizing efficacy and perceptual qualities, to date no systematic investigation of these effects has been carried out. We prepared 12 prototype moisturizing creams that had identical overall formulae but differed in as far as they contained three different polymers (Carbopol 981, Carbopol 5984 and Permulen TR.‐2) each at four concentration levels. Using these creams, we carried out two series of experiments. In the first series, we applied pre‐determined quantities of creams to defined areas of skin on the forearms of eight panelists and then measured the subsequent changes in Transepidermal Water Loss (TEWL) and Skin Capacitance (SC) values as a function of time. In the second series, the panelists were asked to spread and rub over their entire two hands as much of the creams as they deemed necessary for achieving satisfactory perceived moisturization. In this latter series, we also weighed the amounts of cream used and measured the TEWL and SC values at several skin sites as a function of time subsequent to the cream application. The panelists also scored 14 skin attributes for each of the 12 creams used. The same procedures were also carried out with a commercial skin moisturizing cream (Keri®) that was used as a control.In separate laboratory experiments, the rheological properties (i.e. the elastic and viscous moduli) of the various creams at a number of frequencies were measured.The analysis of the experimental results suggested that the overall rheology of creams had little direct effect on both, the moisturizing efficacy and the perceived perceptual attributes. Neither did the overall viscoelasticity or the esthetic attributes of the preparations seem to affect the amounts of creams/lotions that the panelists judged to be necessary for achieving satisfactory perceived hand moisturization.Although all preparations contained the same occlusive material (oil) at identical concentration, nevertheless some of the preparations appeared to show different efficacies depending on the nature and the levels of the polymeric ingredient present.
The Outermost Stratum Corneum Layer is an Effective Barrier Against Dermal Uptake of Topically Applied Micronized Titanium Dioxide
Authors: Pflücker F. , Hohenberg H. , Hölzle E. , Will T. , Pfeiffer S. , Wepf R. , Diembeck W. , Wenck H. , Gers‐Barlag H. 
Published: March 2003

In order to help clarify the controversially discussed dermal uptake properties of micronized titanium dioxide (TiO ), we conducted extensive in vitro dermal absorption studies with ’Franz‐type’ diffusion cells on excised porcine skin. After biopsies and chemical fixation, the overall localization of TiO
in the skin was analyzed by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The lateral and vertical distribution of TiO
within the stratum corneum (SC) was investigated by tape stripping and subsequent scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in combination with energy dispersive X‐ray analysis (EDXA).TiO was found exclusively on the outermost SC layer. The surface deposit, as displayed by TEM, featured clearly distinguishable agglomerates as well as single particles with a characteristic cubic shape and a primary particle size of about 20–50 nm. Concurrently, SEM/EDXA micrographs first showed an even distribution of TiO
on the skin surface. After 10‐fold stripping, however, TiO
was found to be localized only in the furrows and not on the partially removed ridges of the skin surface. SEM/EDXA micrographs of the adhesive tape strips revealed a characteristic pattern of stripped material and free regions. This pattern was an imprint of the skin’s topography. Hence, tape stripping initially removed TiO
and SC layers only from the ridges and not from the deeper furrows. Continued stripping increasingly yielded material from the deeper contours of the SC surface. TiO
was found only in traces in the upper part of the follicle without any evidence of uptake into the follicular epithelium. This indicates that there is not any relevant penetration via the follicular route.We conclude that due to the microtopography of the skin, the strip number normally does not reflect the SC layer number. Accordingly, tape stripping results should always be interpreted with care, especially in the case of topically applied particles, as even higher numbers of subsequent strips may still sample material from the outermost SC layer of the deeper furrows, which could be interpreted falsely as penetrated material. Our results clearly demonstrate that TiO homogeneously and completely covers the outermost SC layer. It is neither delivered to the SC nor to the underlying skin layers when applied topically to porcine skin in vitro in the cosmetic vehicle used here. These findings underscore the safety of this micronized inorganic UV filter.
Identification de filtres solaires dérivés de l'acide para‐aminobenzoique par spectroscopie RMN et par CPG/SM
Authors: Masse M.‐O. , Delporte C. , Bervelt E. 
Published: March 2003

SynopsisGas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry and protonic nuclear magnetic resonance used directly or on fractions obtained by preparative thin layer chromatography, allow identification of the main molecule in commercial samples of PABA (Cas RN 150‐13‐0), PEG‐25 PABA (Cas RN 116242‐27‐4), glyceryl PABA (Cas RN136‐44‐7), ethyl dihydroxypropyl PABA (Cas RN 58882‐17‐0) or octyl dimethyl PABA (Cas RN 21245‐02‐3).
A new device for objective assessment of skin type in Caucasians by violet light reflectance
Authors: Rubegni P. , Cevenini G. , Stanghellini E. , Andreassi M. , Sbano P. , Fabiani P. , Andreassi L. 
Published: March 2003

SynopsisIn the present study, we tested a new device called skin phototype diagnosis (SPD) built for the purpose of objectively determining skin phototype. We compared its performance with that of phototype determinations according to Fitzpatrick method and on tristimulus colorimetry (Minolta CR‐200). Our population consisted of 100 subjects of Caucasian race (60 female, 40 male; mean age 33 years). Skin colour was measured with both devices (SPD and Minolta CR‐200) on the medial surface of the arm (constitutional skin colour). Our study showed that the SPD gave a better representation of Fitzpatrick phototype, showing 89% concordance (evaluated by classification matrix) as against the 71% concordance of the L*a*b* and Yxy colorimetric systems. The present results are important because evaluation of phototype with the SPD device is easy, fast, objective and reliable. Moreover, this instrument has potential applications in cosmetology and in photodermatology.
Integrating toxicology into cosmetic ingredient research and development
Authors: Salminen W. F. 
Published: March 2003

SynopsisToxicity assessment of new cosmetic ingredients is often relegated to the end of the research and development (R&D) cycle. This is an inefficient development scheme, since toxicity concerns often lead to restrictions on the type of cosmetic applications the ingredient can go into and can even lead to abandoning the ingredient. This paper presents a tiered approach for integrating toxicology into cosmetic ingredient R&D. The tiered approach is flexible allowing a company to make cost‐efficient use of readily available resources. Integrating toxicity assessment of new cosmetic ingredients early in the R&D cycle would help avoid developing ingredients with limited or no market potential due to toxicity concerns.
The molecular analysis of leaf senescence – a genomics approach
Authors: Buchanan‐Wollaston Vicky , Earl Simon , Harrison Elizabeth , Mathas Evy , Navabpour Saeid , Page Tania , Pink David 
Published: March 2003

SummarySenescence in green plants is a complex and highly regulated process that occurs as part of plant development or can be prematurely induced by stress. In the last decade, the main focus of research has been on the identification of senescence mutants, as well as on genes that show enhanced expression during senescence. Analysis of these is beginning to expand our understanding of the processes by which senescence functions. Recent rapid advances in genomics resources, especially for the model plant species Arabidopsis, are providing scientists with a dazzling array of tools for the identification and functional analysis of the genes and pathways involved in senescence. In this review, we present the current understanding of the mechanisms by which plants control senescence and the processes that are involved.