bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conclusion
Authors: Kamp Michiel 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The book’s conclusion returns to the introduction’s case study of Hades, this time viewed through the lens of the four categories of hearing discussed in Chapters 1–4. After reviewing the context and possible relevance of these categories for contemporary video game music scholarship, the conclusion discusses the potential for other ways of hearing by way of three examples. First there is the case of hearing something as ‘bad music’, which is compared to earlier case studies in the book. Then there is the issue of hearing an ‘author’ behind a video game soundtrack in light of controversy. Finally, the idiosyncrasies of hearing ‘voice’ in video game music are discussed.
From Deep Learning to Rational Machines
Authors: Buckner Cameron J. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This book provides a framework for thinking about foundational philosophical questions surrounding machine learning as an approach to artificial intelligence. Specifically, it links recent breakthroughs in deep learning to classical empiricist philosophy of mind. In recent assessments of deep learning’s current capabilities and future potential, prominent scientists have cited historical figures from the perennial philosophical debate between nativism and empiricism, which primarily concerns the origins of abstract knowledge. These empiricists were generally faculty psychologists; that is, they argued that the active engagement of general psychological faculties—such as perception, memory, imagination, attention, and empathy—enables rational agents to extract abstract knowledge from sensory experience. This book explains a number of recent attempts to model roles attributed to these faculties in deep-neural-network–based artificial agents by appeal to the faculty psychology of philosophers such as Aristotle, Ibn Sina (Avicenna), John Locke, David Hume, William James, and Sophie de Grouchy. It illustrates the utility of this interdisciplinary connection by showing how it can provide benefits to both philosophy and computer science: computer scientists can continue to mine the history of philosophy for ideas and aspirational targets to find the way to create more robust rational artificial agents, and philosophers can see how some of the historical empiricists’ most ambitious speculations can be realized in specific computational systems.
Memory
Authors: Buckner Cameron J. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the views of the Ibn Sina (Avicenna) on memory. Like other empiricists since Aristotle, Ibn Sina held that memory plays a critical role in human abstraction. In particular, Ibn Sina emphasized the role of affect in allowing memory to influence rational decision-making, by allowing agents to recognize non-perceptible consequences of actions for instrumental choice. The chapter ties Ibn Sina’s ideas about memory to successful models in deep learning that make use of deep reinforcement learning, such as DeepMind’s Episodic Controller architecture, which can play Atari games at superhuman levels of performance. It also reviews classic ideas about the role of memory-simulating modules in neural network architectures, such as the need to overcome catastrophic interference.
Attention
Authors: Buckner Cameron J. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews William James’s theory of attention. It explores the diversity of roles and functions that have been ascribed to attention by cognitive psychology, and it argues that James’s theory has the best chance of explaining how a single faculty could play all of these roles. The chapter explains how James’s view fits particularly well with predictive approaches which are on the ascendancy in machine learning. It explains how a mechanism called “self-attention” operates in transformer architectures, which have demonstrated so much success on language processing tasks such as automated translation, document summary, and the creation of human-like essays and articles. It also makes a case that attention will need to play an important role in modeling cognitive control in order to regulate and coordinate the operations of the other faculties.
Sounds of Effort
Authors: Beaudoin Richard 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Chapter 4 analyzes effortful vocalizations as music. Invoking Schusterman’s somaesthetics, the connection is made between sounded effort in music and sounds that can occur during sex. A classification of sounded effort is divided into climactic and intimate exertions. The first group is illustrated via Nézet-Séguin’s exultant holler at a formal apotheosis in music by Tchaikovsky, Casals’s tense moaning during a climactic cadence in music by Schumann, and Say’s “grunt lead” while recording music by Liszt. The category of subtle vocalizing is illustrated when Chase records Lim, Grimaud records Beethoven, and Kissin records Schubert. An extreme case of unwritten music is provided by Valdettaro’s thoroughgoing growl while recording music by Kodály. Solti’s moans define phrase boundaries in a recording of music by Mahler. Field’s “archive of absence” provokes an extended meditation on the role of grunts in the case of Joyce Hatto.
Form and Generation in Aristotle
Authors: Whiting Jennifer 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The chapter argues against the common view that Aristotle recognizes for each infima species in the category of substance a single form, common to each and every member of the species, in favor of the view that each member of a biological species has its own numerically distinct form—namely, its soul. The main claim is that Aristotle goes this way because he thinks intrinsic unities of form and matter, neither of which can exist apart from the other, are required to account (in a way pre-Socratic theories could not) for the common-sense distinction between generation (and destruction) simpliciter and the accidental forms of change (in quality, quantity, and location) that existing substances undergo. If there is only species-form, then a species-form’s coming (or ceasing) to be in embodied in some matter is simply an alteration of that matter, not the generation (or destruction) of an individual substance.
Metasubstance
Authors: Whiting Jennifer 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The chapter examines two works concerned with Aristotle’s conception of substance, especially in his Metaphysics. One is a new text of Metaphysics VII, prepared and presented with German translation and commentary by Michael Frede and Günther Patzig; the other, Substance, Form, and Psychê by Montgomery Furth, situates the Metaphysics’ conception of substance in a broader context, from pre-Socratic thinkers through Aristotle’s Categories to his biological works. The chapter endorses Frede-Patzig’s view (contra Furth) that Aristotle is committed to the existence of “individual” forms, each peculiar to the individual substance to which it belongs, but rejects Frede-Patzig’s “nominalist” reading of Metaphysics VII as dropping the Categories’ commitment to “secondary substances.” It floats the possibility that Aristotle combines a realist account of biological kinds (whose existence is mind-independent and determined by facts about reproduction) with a conceptualist account of universals (whose actual existence is mind-dependent: they are “in a way” in the soul).
Introduction
Authors: Zayas Luis H. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The Introduction sets the stage for the chapters that follow. Locking up immigrant families became the norm in 2014 under the Obama administration and continued, with more cruelty, during the Trump administration. The federal government had previously put mothers, fathers, and children in immigration prisons, or “baby jails” as many called them. But 2014 ushered in the most extensive and longest-running era of family detention. Official reports and news stories told of the abject suffering of so many asylum-seeking mothers and children. The book tells the stories of the thousands of immigrant families that came in search of safety, security, and a future for their children. The literary tradition of conveying the stories of detained, interned, and jailed people who committed no crimes is a long and important one. The words and stories of mothers and children casts light on the harsh treatment by a government bent on convincing immigrants to leave and deterring others from coming. The policies failed. Migrants kept coming.
Hiding Boys in Therapeutic Detention
Authors: Zayas Luis H. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Chapter 6 ends Part I of the book and reveals the little-known episode of how a Trump-appointed director of the Office of Refugee Resettlement changed its mission and operations by insisting that all decisions about the release of children from detention be made personally by him. The chapter details how an unlikely lawyer, known only for his anti-abortion crusade and shallow legal acumen, subverted standards for child welfare. The chapter is based on a lawsuit brought by the New York Civil Liberties Union to end practices that kept young boys in detention in a therapeutic facility in New York State for extraordinarily lengthy periods without any justification. Through an examination of numerous mental health records compiled on the boys, this chapter shows the impact on their preexisting mental health conditions and the behavioral changes created by detention. Several cases are highlighted demonstrating the negative impact of “therapeutic detention.”
Stages of Central American Immigration
Authors: Zayas Luis H. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Based onclinical experience, extant research, and study data, Chapter 8 advances a framework made up of four stages for understanding the migration process. The first stage is pre-migration, when families face forces that endanger them and their children and force them to flee their countries. The second stage, the mid-migration journey, mostly through Mexico, is fraught with hunger, violence, and pain and the toll that the trek exacts of their bodies and minds. The third stage is detention, which includes the cold rooms, cages, and jails; the cruel behavior of guards; and the deprivation and threats they face inside. The fourth stage, post-detention, is made up of the settlement into life in the United States and the psychological adjustment to a new life.
Stress, Trauma, and Children’s Development
Authors: Zayas Luis H. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Chapter 9 presents the social, emotional, behavioral, and neurobiological impacts of the stresses and traumas inherent in migration across treacherous conditions. The chapter demonstrates how the child’s brain is wired under conditions of extreme stress and trauma and the long-term outcomes known to occur to individuals who have faced extraordinary adversity in early life. The concept of sensitive developmental periods is introduced and discussed. The chapter is filled with illustrations of children’s odd behaviors, separation anxiety, nightmares and night terrors, fugue states, and other psychological reactions. The author includes a message to clinicians and researchers about the importance of distinguishing between stress and trauma because for diagnosis and treatments precision is essential.
I Need to Tell My Story, Too
Authors: Zayas Luis H. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The first of a series of chapters focused on case illustrations, Chapter 10 shows how important storytelling is in the process of healing. In some families, one member seemed to be the heroic figure—whether a child or a parent. In other families, each member played a role in survival. What would these experiences do to children’s and parents’ mental health? The chapter presents the story of Jorge, a 9-year-old boy, and his mother, Mariela, and what they experienced in their migration. Their story, like many others, illuminates the importance of a parent’s confidence in helping their child overcome the odds of migration.
Sleepless Under the Bridge in El Paso
Authors: Zayas Luis H. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Chapter 11 is the story of a mother and two sons who traversed Mexico without incident and suffered under the Paso del Norte Bridge in El Paso, Texas. Without adequate facilities, detainees were held during brutally hot days and freezing temperatures at night, verified by newspaper accounts and first-hand observation by a local journalist. Under the bridge, 3,500 people were psychologically and verbally abused by guards, starved, and denied basic sanitary products, all the while birds roosting overhead defecated on the desperate people. It reveals just one example of not just the unreadiness of US immigration enforcement to handle people but the intentional cruelty that it inflicts on them. An ordeal told through the eyes of a 34-year-old mother and her 13-year-old son, it demonstrates, through the son’s subsequent debilitating depression, how stresses and traumas may appear long after release from detention.
A Mother’s Doubt, a Child’s Hunger*
Authors: Zayas Luis H. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
An 8-year-old girl in Chapter 12, Valeria, demonstrates her strengths in overcoming obstacles that paralyze her mother, María Fernanda, with fear and doubt while her father, Javier, ekes out survival in small towns in Mexico after leaving Honduras. Expecting safety and security in the hands of US immigration authorities, the family is detained and separated. The girl, always hungry, pulls her family along through detention and into a new life in Texas. Their mid-migration journey illustrates the family dynamics and the mother’s faltering mental health. The chapter demonstrates how migration and detention disrupt family systems, parent–child dynamics, and repair.
Sufrir, Sufrimiento, and Hallucinating the Invisible Killer Girl
Authors: Zayas Luis H. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
As told through several vignettes, Chapter 13 illustrates the varied psychological effects of migration, detention, separation, threats, and physical suffering on both children and parents. Children, adolescents, and parents reported nightmares, night terrors, depression, anxiety, panic attacks, insomnia, overeating or undereating, and cases of psychotic episodes (in one case, a boy had hallucinations of an invisible killer girl). Migrant children are varied and may bring intellectual and cognitive limitations and other disabilities that predated the migration but which are no less affected. The accumulation of stress and trauma can be damaging, but solid coping skills, grit, and resilience can offer a balance.
“Attacking” Big Data
Authors: Corn Gary P. , Talbot Jensen Eric 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
When it comes to U.S. national security, the emergence of artificial intelligence (AI) represents a threat to America’s technological predominance. The race to develop AI has become a central front in strategic competition, with China firmly committed to becoming the leading AI power by 2030. And by some estimations, it has the resources, talent, and ambition to achieve its goal in the next decade if current trends do not change. The United States strategy for winning this competition rightly emphasizes measures to foster innovation and enhance U.S. capability, capacity, and leadership—measures such as sustained investment in the research and development (R&D) of these technologies. But R&D alone may not be enough. The United States may need to take affirmative steps to impede China’s ability to develop AI for purposes that threaten U.S. national security. Such measures might include cyber-enabled sabotage to offset China’s competitive advantage of access to big datasets critical to developing AI. This chapter explores the international legal implications of conducting offensive counter-AI operations in and through cyberspace, such as data poisoning or other modes cyber sabotage. While sabotage is not prohibited or regulated as such in international law, there are several international laws and principles relevant to assessing the legality of engaging in preventive actions of cyber sabotage such as the prohibitions on the use of force and coercive intervention. However, depending on a number of variables, carefully crafted counter-AI cyber operations might not implicate these rules and would not otherwise be barred by international law.
Data Centers and International Humanitarian Law
Authors: Delerue François 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter addresses the challenges of applying international humanitarian law (IHL) to the targeting of data centers during armed conflicts. Around the world, such centers store vast quantities of civilian and military data—contributing significantly to “Big Data”—along with applications that process the data. The chapter assesses the circumstances under which such data centers could constitute military objectives as defined in IHL, a predicate finding for targeting operations. The diversity of locations, nature, purposes, and use of data centers complicates this analysis, in part because these centers often commingle military and civilian data and applications, can be owned by public or private actors, and so on. The chapter concludes that, in some cases, data centers may be considered military objectives and thus qualify as lawful objects of attack. The most important elements are the purpose and use of the data center. The chapter also considers the challenges of applying the principles of distinction, proportionality, and precautions to the targeting of data centers that qualify as military objectives, which could be achieved through kinetic or cyber means. Notably, attacks could take the form of temporary or permanent destruction of parts or all of the data center, including the infrastructure necessary to operate the centers. The commingling of civilian and military data presents significant challenges in determining whether attacks can satisfy distinction and proportionality. With respect to proportionality, a particularly thorny issue is to determine potential reverberating effects, due to the number and diversity of the data’s users and uses.
Corporate Data Responsibility
Authors: Sarfaty Galit A. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the role of corporations in the mobilization of big data for humanitarian aid. Big data has become an important tool to facilitate early warning systems and provide real-time awareness of human rights violations as well as emerging humanitarian crises that arise out of armed conflicts. While the use of big data is facilitating the mapping of conflict and the delivery of humanitarian aid, it is also transforming the corporation into a primary gatekeeper of rights protection. The private sector is playing a critical role as the mediator of information by exerting control over access to and analysis of big data. Yet companies may sometimes be reluctant to share data even in situations of mass atrocities and humanitarian crises, whether inside or outside armed conflict. Furthermore, they may be complicit in human rights abuses committed by authoritarian regimes when they engage in digital surveillance and other forms of data manipulation. In order to ensure accountability to vulnerable populations, I argue for the promotion of corporate data responsibility in the name of the corporate responsibility to respect human rights. Corporate data responsibility includes two components. The first is a negative responsibility to do no harm by not assisting states that use data to commit human rights violations. The second is a positive responsibility to respect human rights by making available data that could prevent gross human rights abuses or humanitarian crises.
Deciding What the Jury Sees
Authors: Erlich Henry A. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes specific criminal cases in which the author testified as an expert witness and discusses the general issue of the admissibility of scientific evidence. He discusses how the results generated by new technology are evaluated in an adversarial system in which one side (the prosecution or the defense) typically tries to prevent the jury from hearing the evidence. He gives a personal account of testifying in several admissibility hearings for rape/murder cases and how the judge ruled in each case. In some cases, the DNA profile matched the suspect while in others, it excluded him. The chapter also discusses the historic New York vs. Castro murder case, based on RFLP genotyping, in which the judge ruled that an exclusion was admissible but an inclusion was not and the controversy among population geneticists (the “DNA Wars”) about whether DNA genotyping for forensics was reliable.
The Weight of Evidence
Authors: Erlich Henry A. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes the metrics used in assessing the significance of a DNA match: the random match probability (RMP) and the likelihood ratio (LR). It explains how these numerical estimates are calculated and what assumptions are used. It discusses the concept of statistical independence that allows the product rule to be used in estimating genotype frequencies from population databases and calculating the RMP. The chapter explains how the power of discrimination is a function of the number of different genetic markers used in analyzing the forensic evidence and traces the history of PCR-based genetic typing from the initial HLA-DQalpha test based on sequence polymorphism to the current panels of short tandem repeat (STR) markers analyzed by electrophoresis. The chapter discusses recent technological developments like next generation DNA sequencing and the implementation of rapid DNA instruments that automate STR genotyping and can generate a profile in ninety minutes.
Databases, Cold Hits, and Hot Button Issues
Authors: Erlich Henry A. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses how, in a suspect-less crime, searching a database to find a match between the evidence profile and an individual in the database, a “cold hit,” can lead to a suspect and, ultimately, a conviction. It discusses what kind of metric should be presented to the jury when a DNA match results from a database search, arguing that the random match probability (RMP) is the most appropriate. The chapter discusses the strategy of “familial searching,” using specialized software to identify partial matches between the evidence DNA profile and someone in the database, making relatives of that individual potential suspects. The initial searches were restricted to criminal databases, but some states now allow searches of arrestees. Recently, some major unsolved crimes, such as the Golden State Killer case, have been solved by searching genealogy databases. Specific cases as well as the ethical issues involved are discussed in detail.
DNA, Doggerel, and Race Cards
Authors: Erlich Henry A. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the DNA evidence and the verdict in the OJ Simpson case. The author reviewed the DNA results and was scheduled to testify in the admissibility hearing, but the defense team stipulated to the reliability of DNA genotyping and the hearing was canceled. The defense claimed contamination of the crime scene samples by the LAPD and suggested that some evidence might have been planted. The chapter discusses the nature of the DNA evidence and the strategies used by the prosecution and the defense in this case, but also discusses more generally the different roles these two groups play in the US criminal justice system. The chapter suggests the DNA evidence clearly pointed to the defendant’s guilt; it speculates about what might have led to the jury’s nonguilty verdict.