bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The action of the β-agonist clenbuterol on protein and energy metabolism in fattening wether lambs
Authors: MacRae J. C. , Skene Pat A. , Connell Alexmary , Buchan Vivien , Lobley G. E. 
Published: May 2005

1. Five Greyface wethers (42–45 kg) fed on various fixed amounts of dried grass pellets (either approximately 1·3 times maintenance or 2 times maintenance) by means of belt-type continuous feeders were housed in opencircuit respiration chambers for periods of 45 d. Between days 15 and 35 they received daily oral doses of 1·5 mg of the β-adrenergic agonist clenbuterol (adsorbed on to the feed). Continuous energy and nitrogen balance measurements each of 5 d duration were conducted throughout the chamber confinement.2. On six occasions (twice during the 15 d pre-clenbuterol period, on days +4, +11 and +18 of clenbuterol administration and once during the post-treatment period) animals were infused with [l-14C]leucine to determine the rates of leucine oxidation and the amounts of leucine available for protein synthesis.3. Clenbuterol administration caused a marked increase in N retention (2–3 g N/d; P < 0·001) throughout the 20 d treatment period. It also increased (P < 0·001) the energy expenditure of the animals (on average by 1·1 MJ/d over the first 5 d, compared with immediate pretreatment values, and 0·6 MJ/d over the 20 d period, compared with the mean of pre- and post-treatment control values). The effect of treatment was calculated to result, on average, in the daily retention of 19 (SE 1·5) g more protein and 30 (SE 5·5) g less fat.4. During clenbuterol treatment leucine oxidation was reduced (P < 0·01). However, values for the amounts of leucine available for protein synthesis were equivocal, with an increase (P < 0·001) on day 11 of treatment, but no change on days 4 and 18.5. Withdrawal of the clenbuterol resulted in rapid alterations of N and energy metabolism towards those expected of control animals of that weight.
Influence of dietary leucine content on the activities of branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase (EC2.6.1.42) and branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase (EC1.2.4.4) complex in tissues of preruminant lambs
Authors: Papet Isabelle , Lezebot Nadia , Barre Francoise , Arnal Maurice , Harper Alfred E. 
Published: May 2005

1. Branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase (EC2.6.1.42; BCAAT) and branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase (EC1.2.4.4; BCKDH) activities were measured in preruminant lamb liver, longissimus dorsi muscle, kidney, jejunum and adipose tissue, 2 h after a meal with or without an excess of leucine.2. Skeletal muscle contained about 70% of the total basal BCAAT activities of the tissues studied whereas liver contained about 60% of the total BCKDH activities of these tissues.3. BCAAT activities were very low in preruminant lamb tissues. BCKDH was more phosphorylated in tissues of preruminant lambs than in rats, especially in liver. These low catalytic potentialities might contribute to a low rate of branched-chain amino acid catabolism in sheep.4. Ingestion of an excess of leucine led to an increase in liver and jejunum BCAAT activities and activation of BCKDH in jejunum.
Influence of goat's-milk folate-binding protein on transport of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate in neonatal-goat small intestinal brush-border-membrane vesicles
Authors: Salter Dallynn. , Blakeborough Peter 
Published: May 2005

1. The influence of goat's-milk folate-binding protein (FBP) on the uptake of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (MTHF) by brush-border-membrane vesicles prepared from the small intestine of the 6-d-old goat was investigated using a rapid-filtration assay.2. Uptake of MTHF by the membrane vesicles was strongly enhanced by FBP within the pH range 4·5-6·5, with an optimum at pH 5-5·5.3. Both the initial rate of MTHF uptake and uptake of MTHF at equilibrium were markedly increased in the presence of FBP.4. Uptake of MTHF by brush-border-membrane vesicles was maximal when the molar ratio FBP: MTHF was 1·0-2·5.5. The relation between pH and125I-labelled FBP binding to the membranes was similar to that for uptake of MTHF, with an optimum at pH 5.6. In experiments in which the osmotic pressure of the incubation medium was progressively increased with cellobiose,125I-labelled FBP was found to be taken up primarily by binding to the brush-border-membrane surface.7. Uptake of125I-labelled FBP was time-dependent and saturable, with a Kmof 0·39 (SE 0·07) μM andVmaxof 6·73 (SE 0·92) μg/mg protein.8. Experiments in which various milk proteins (cow FBP, goat FBP, α-lactalbumin, β-lactoglobulin, bovine serum albumin and lactoferrin) were allowed to compete in turn with125I-labelled FBP for uptake by brush-border-membrane vesicles indicated that high-affinity binding was probably specific to FBP, although lactoferrin reduced uptake possibly by non-specific coating of the mucosal surface.9. It was concluded that a folate transport mechanism mediated by the FBP in milk exists at the intestinal brush border of neonatal goats. It is suggested that this may reinforce the developing endogenous transport system.
Pharmacokinetic disposition in sheep of various vitamin E preparations given orally or intravenously
Authors: Hidiroglou M. , Karpinski K. 
Published: May 2005

1. Increases in plasma tocopherol concentrations were compared in sheep after a single oral administration of (per kg body-weight): 67 mg D- and 91 mg DL-epimers of α-tocopherol, and 74 mg D- and 100 mg DL-epimers of α-tocopheryl acetate, or intravenous administration of DL-α-tocopherol and DL-epimers of DL-α-tocopheryl acetate.2. The results showed that biological availability was higher after D-α-tocopherol dosing than after the other forms. Intravenous administration of D-α-tocopherol acetate was a more effective way of dosing in sheep than equivalent intravenous amounts of DL-α-tocopheryl acetate or DL-α-tocopherol.
Dietary menhaden oil: effects on the rate and magnitude of modification of phospholipid fatty acid composition of mouse heart and brain
Authors: Swanson Joy E. , Mark Black J. , Kinsella John E. 
Published: May 2005

1. Male CD-1 white mice, 18-20 g body-weight, were given semi-purified diets containing 100 g menhaden oil (MO) or hydrogenated coconut oil (HCO) /kg for 23 d. Mice were killed on days 0, 3, 5, 7, 14, 23. After 23 d of MO supplementation the remaining mice were switched to the HCO diet for an additional 10 d.2. The progressive change(s) in the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) composition of cardiac and brain phospholipid classes were followed during the MO supplementation and depletion periods.3. The content of fatty acids 20:5n-3, 22:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 increased immediately following ingestion of the MO diet and continued to increase at a steady rate in both heart and brain phospholipid classes.4. In general, the period required to reach steady-state was 1 week for n-3 PUFA and 18:2n-6, and 2 weeks for 20:4n-6.5. Cessation of MO consumption for 10 d resulted in marked decreases in the content of n-3 PUFA and increases in n-6 PUFA in cardiac phospholipids in particular. Brain phospholipids were less responsive.6. The results suggest that dietary fish oil must be consumed for at least 1 week before maximum changes in PUFA composition are observed, and fish oil ingestion must be continuous to maintain elevated n-3 PUFA levels in heart and brain phospholipids.
Weaning practices and breast-feeding duration in Northern Thailand
Authors: Jackson Dorothy A. , Imong Stella M. , Wongsawasdii Lumduan , Silprasert Adung , Preunglampoo Sakda , Leelapat Posri , Drewett R. F. , Amatayakul Kosin , Baum J. D. 
Published: May 2005

Current infant feeding guidelines recommend exclusive breast-feeding until the infant is about 4 months old to reduce the risks of early termination of breast-feeding, undernutrition and infection. In many societies, however, supplementary foods are given well before 4 months of age. The present paper describes weaning practices, factors associated with early supplementation and the effects of supplementation on duration of breast-feeding in a random sample of sixty northern Thai breast-fed infants studied prospectively from birth to 2 years of age. Composition of supplementary foods, energy and protein intake from supplements and changes in the supplementary diet with increasing infant age are also described. Rice-based foods were given from soon after birth; 81% of the sample had received supplements by 6 weeks of age. Early supplementary feeding was significantly associated with rural residence, large household size, maternal employment in agriculture and maternal age. Girls and infants with lower birth weights tended to be supplemented earlier. Despite early feeding of supplements, breast-feeding was prolonged, with median duration of 12 months. Early introduction of supplements and quantity of supplements consumed in the first 3 months were not associated with duration of breast-feeding. However, mothers who gave infant formula as the first supplementary food stopped breast-feeding slightly earlier, as did younger mothers living in households with more children.Breast-feeding: Supplementary feeding: Weaning
Thermic effect of a meal
Authors: Piers L. S. , Soares M. J. , Makan Tania , Shetty P. S. 
Published: May 2005

The variation in the thermic effect of a meal (TEM) was investigated in two groups of five subjects following a standard test meal. Results demonstrated a 50 % lower response over 6 h, in the same subjects, when measured intermittently (protocol 2) as compared with a continuous measurement (protocol 1). The variation in TEM among occasions (measured on three occasions in each subject) was large (coefficient of variation (CV) 18.7%, P < 0.02). However, the post-meal total energy output (CV 1.4%, P > 0.05), non-protein respiratory quotient (CV 1.9%, P > 0.05) and substrate oxidation rate were not different (P > 0.05) in the same individual on separate occasions. Small variations in the basal metabolic rate (BMR) from occasion to occasion (CV 2.6%) contributed to the variation in TEM. However, after allowing for the changes in BMR, variation in TEM (CV 8.6%, P > 0.05) was still sizeable though not statistically significant.Thermic effect: Methodology: Variation of thermic effect
Thermic effect of a meal
Authors: Piers L. S. , Soares M. J. , Kulkarni R. N. , Shetty P. S. 
Published: May 2005

Five apparently healthy, chronically undernourished (UN) male volunteers aged between 18 and 30 years were studied before and after 12 weeks of dietary supplementation. The thermic effect of a meal (TEM) was measured over a period of 6 h using a ventilated-hood system. Results indicated a significant increase in body-weight after supplementation due to increases in body fat and fat-free mass (FFM) in the proportion of 69% and 31% respectively. The basal metabolic rates (BMR) measured post supplementation were significantly higher in absolute terms, with a trend towards higher values when adjusted for the changes in FFM. TEM responses measured after 12 weeks of supplementation were significantly lower when expressed either in absolute terms (presupplementation 227.0 kJ v. post supplementation 193.5 kJ), or as a percentage of the energy density of the meal (9.1% v. 7.7%). This lower TEM was reciprocal to the changes in the BMR (r −0.86). The post-meal total energy output (PMTEO) was, however, not significantly different after 12 weeks of dietary supplementation. The unchanged PMTEO would indicate an unaltered ‘thermogenic capacity’, following supplementation, in these chronically undernourished subjects. These results confirm our earlier conclusion that, in chronic undernutrition, the thermic response to a meal may not contribute to any energy saving.Chronic undernutrition: Dietary supplementation: Basal metabolic rates: Thermic effect: Substrate oxidation rates
The metabolic utilization of amino acids: potentials of 14CO2 breath test measurements
Authors: Schreurs V. V. A. M. , Boekholt H. A. , Koopmanschap R. E. , Weijs P. J. M. 
Published: May 2005

The present paper offers a dual 14CO2 breath test approach to study the metabolic utilization of free amino acids in the body. Using the carboxyl-[14C]isotopomer of an amino acid as the test substrate the percentage recovery of the isotope as 14CO2 reflects which part of the labelled amino acid flux has been decarboxylated. The residual C fragments may flow to total oxidation at least to the level recovered for the universal [14C]isotopomer. In the case that recovery for total oxidation is less than for decarboxylation, part of the [14C]fragments are retained in the body by either exchange or non-oxidative pathways. Utilization of tyrosine and leucine was measured in the post-absorptive phase in adult rats conditioned on isoenergetic diets containing 210, 75 or 0 g protein/kg. It was shown that the level of dietary protein exerts an influence on both decarboxylation and total oxidation. Although the responses of leucine and tyrosine were not different for total oxidation, there was a difference between the amino acids in their relative rate of decarboxylation. That this dual 14CO2 breath test approach can be used as a tool to evaluate whether the protein and amino acid supply has been adequate to support actual requirements is discussed.Amino acid utilization: Amino acid requirements: Leucine: Tyrosine
Inhibitory effect of high protein intake on nephrocalcinogenesis in female rats
Authors: Sterck J. G. H. , Ritskes-Hoitinga J. , Beynen A. C. 
Published: May 2005

Increased intakes of protein have been shown to reduce kidney calcification (nephrocalcinosis) in female rats. Two questions were addressed in the present study. First, can protein-induced inhibition of nephrocalcinosis be demonstrated when the diets used are balanced for calcium, magnesium and phosphorus in the added protein? Second, can the protein effect be explained by the frequently observed magnesiuria after giving high-protein diets? Nephrocalcinosis was induced in female rats by giving purified diets containing 151 g casein/kg and either an increased concentration of P (6v.2 g/kg) or a decreased concentration of Mg (0·1v.0·4 g/kg). To these diets 151 g ovalbumin/kg was added at the expense of glucose, and the diets were balanced for Ca, Mg and P in ovalbumin. The diets were given for 29 d. In rats fed on the diet containing 151 g protein/kg, an increased intake of P or a decreased intake of Mg caused nephrocalcinosis as measured chemically by analysis of kidney Ca as well as histologically by scoring kidney sections stained according to Von Kossa's method. The addition of ovalbumin to the diet prevented the induction of nephrocalcinosis. High P intake and low Mg intake with the low-protein diets induced enhanced loss of albumin in urine, suggesting that nephrocalcinosis caused kidney damage. Increased protein intake with a non-calcinogenic diet also caused increased albumin excretion in urine. Irrespective of the composition of the background diet, increased protein intake caused increased urinary excretion of Mg. When all dietary groups were considered, differences in nephrocalcinosis and urinary Mg output were not proportionally related.Nephrocalcinosis: Phosphorus: Magnesium: Protein: Rat
Mineral excretion of rats fed on diets containing faba beans (Vicia faba L.) or faba bean fractions
Authors: Rubio Luis A. , Grant George , Bardocz Susan , Dewey Peter , Pusztai A. 
Published: May 2005

The effects on faecal mineral excretion of two commercial varieties (local cultivar and Troy cultivar) of raw faba beans (Vicia faba L., minor) meal (VFM) and its fractions have been studied in growing rats. Diets contained local-VFM (dark seed coat) and Troy-VFM (light seed coat) at 474–500 g/kg diet, hull (VFH) from both varieties at 65 g/kg diet, and the insoluble cotyledon residue (VFCR) obtained from the Troy variety at 237 g/kg diet. Rats were pair-fed on diets which had been supplemented with amino acids to target requirements and contained similar amounts of zinc, manganese, iron and copper. With VFM diets the apparent absorption of Zn and Mn was significantly reduced. On the other hand, with hulls the apparent absorption of Fe was reduced while that of Cu slightly increased. As the amounts of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium in VFM and VFH diets were higher than in the controls, the increased intake resulted in a significant increase in both the apparent absorption and the faecal excretion of these minerals. The inclusion of VFCR in the diet had no significant effect on the mineral content of faeces. The relatively low concentrations of phytate in the bean seeds of 7.8 and 6.7 g/kg for the local and Troy cultivars respectively, could not adequately account for the increased mineral excretion. The results suggest that other seed constituents, possibly the soluble non-starch polysaccharides, may be involved in the elevated loss of Zn and Mn in rats fed on diets containing faba bean for extended periods, while some insoluble structural hull components may interfere with the absorption of Fe from the gut.Faba bean (Vicia faba): Faecal mineral excretion: Rat.
Influence of the amount of starch on the glycaemic index to rice in non-insulin-dependent diabetic subjects
Authors: Rasmussen O. , Gregersen S. , Hermansen K. 
Published: May 2005

To test whether the glycaemic index is altered by the amount of carbohydrate, meals containing 25 and 50 g carbohydrate as white rice and white bread were taken by seven non-insulin-dependent diabetic subjects. The glycaemic indices to parboiled white rice corresponding to 25 and 50 g carbohydrate were similar, being 55 (SE 10) and 60 (SE 8) respectively. The incremental areas of blood glucose (above basal) to parboiled white rice were significantly lower than to white bread after both an amount corresponding to 25 g carbohydrate (85 (SE 24) mM × 180 min v. 181 (SE 55) mM × 180 min; P < 0.01) and to 50 g carbohydrate 226 (SE 29) mM × 180 min v. 423 (SE 76) mM × 180 min; P < 0.01). Similar insulin response areas to 25 g carbohydrate given as parboiled white rice and white bread were found, whereas 50 g carbohydrate as white bread caused a significantly higher insulin response area than parboiled white rice (P < 0.05).In conclusion, the glycaemic index of parboiled white rice is not affected by the amount of carbohydrate ingested, at least under the present study conditions.
Calcium and phosphorus requirements of the very young turkey as determined by response surface analysis
Authors: Sanders Alan M. , Jr Hardy M. Edwards , Rowland III George N. 
Published: May 2005

The first experiment was a central composite rotatable design with calculated calcium levels of 6.2, 7.0, 9.0, 11.0, and 11.8 g/kg diet and total phosphorus levels of 5.2, 6.0, 8.0, 10.0, and 10.8 g/kg diet (2.8 g phytin-P/kg by analysis). This design involved three replicates for each rotatable point and fifteen replicates of the central point. The second experiment was a 4 × 4 factorial design with calculated Ca levels of 8.0, 10.0, 12.0, and 14.0 g/kg diet and calculated total P levels of 7.0, 9.0, 11.0, and 13.0 g/kg diet (2.5 g phytin-P/kg by analysis). There were four replicates for each treatment. In both 16 d experiments maize–soya-bean diets were used and each replicate consisted of one pen containing 10-d-old broad-breasted, white tom turkeys. The Ca and total P requirements for optimum growth were estimated to be 12.5 and 10.0 g/kg diet respectively. Bone ash was adequate at these levels of Ca and total P, but maximum bone ash was not achieved until much higher levels of Ca and total P were employed. At the required levels of Ca and total P for growth the incidences of Ca- and P-deficiency rickets were very low. There were no treatment effects on feed efficiency. Increasing dietary Ca decreased the incidence of the Ca-deficiency lesion. There was a quadratic response due to dietary total P on both P-deficiency rickets and plasma dialysable P; intermediate levels of dietary P resulted in low incidence of the P-deficiency lesion and high levels of plasma dialysable P. There was a strong negative correlation between the incidence of P-deficiency rickets and plasma dialysable P. Percentage retention was very low at high levels of dietary P and low levels of Ca which corresponded with slightly higher P-deficiency rickets and low plasma dialysable P. No such obvious relationships existed between Ca retention, incidence of Ca-deficiency rickets, and plasma Ca. The incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia was very low in the present study. There were pronounced dietary treatment effects on phytin-P retention; at 14 d percentage phytin-P retention treatment means ranged from 18 to 46 in Expt 1 and from 0 to 40 in Expt 2 with the highest retention of phytin-P at low levels at both Ca and total P.Calcium: Phosphorus: Phytin-phosphorus retention: Rickets: Tibial dyschondroplasia: Turkey
Universal oscillations of high derivatives
Authors: Berry M.V 
Published: May 2005

Differentiation generates oscillations. For the
n
th derivative
f
(
n
,
t
) of a function
f
(
t
) that is analytic in a strip, including the real
t
-axis, the oscillations occupy a
t
interval that gets larger as
n
increases. The oscillations are studied in detail using integral representations and large-
n
asymptotics. For functions with singularities (poles or branch-points) in the complex
t
-plane, the oscillations of high derivatives are determined by the singularities; for entire functions, the oscillations originate in complex saddle-points. In a wide class of cases, the oscillations are contained in a Gaussian envelope in the
t
interval where
f
(
n
,
t
) is largest, with the envelope including about

oscillations. Examples of the universal oscillations are given for
f
(
t
) with a simple pole, competing branch-points, a single saddle, competing pole and saddle and where the zeros are confined to half the real axis.
Overexpression of MUC13 is associated with intestinal‐type gastric cancer
Authors: Shimamura Takahiro , Ito Hirotaka , Shibahara Junji , Watanabe Akira , Hippo Yoshitaka , Taniguchi Hirokazu , Chen Yongxin , Kashima Takeshi , Ohtomo Toshihiko , Tanioka Fumihiko , Iwanari Hiroko , Kodama Tatsuhiko , Kazui Teruhisa , Sugimura Haruhiko , Fukayama Masashi , Aburatani Hiroyuki 
Published: May 2005

Mucins are secreted or transmembrane glycoproteins that are expressed mainly in the digestive tract. This family of proteins has been the focus of much gastric cancer research as some transmembrane mucins are implicated in tumorigenesis and make attractive targets for cancer diagnosis and therapeutics. Mucins have also been utilized to classify gastric cancer by differentiating between gastric and intestinal phenotypes. Here we show that transmembrane mucin MUC13 is upregulated in gastric cancer. By quantitative real‐time reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction and immunoblot analysis, overexpression of MUC13 was verified in more than half of the samples examined. In immunohistochemical analysis, MUC13 staining was observed in 74 of 114 cases of gastric cancer (64.9%), predominantly in intestinal type (P < 0.001), and in 9 of 10 cases of intestinal metaplasia, precancerous lesions of intestinal‐type gastric cancer, but not observed in normal gastric mucosa. Moreover, MUC13 staining patterns characteristic of histological type were identified: staining was on the apical side of tubular glands in intestinal type and on the cytoplasm in diffuse type. These results suggest that MUC13 is a good differentiation marker for gastrointestinal mucosa and that it may have a causal role that correlates with two distinct gastric tumorigenesis pathways. (Cancer Sci 2005; 96: 265 –274)