bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A reification calculus for model-oriented software specification
Authors: Oliveira J. N. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
This paper presents a transformational approach to the derivation of implementations from model-oriented specifications of abstract data types.
The purpose of this research is to reduce the number of formal proofs required in model refinement, which hinder software development. It is shown to be applicable to the transformation of models written in META-IV (the specification language of VDM) towards their refinement into, for example, Pascal or relational DBMSs. The approach includes the automatic synthesis of retrieve functions between models, and data-type invariants.

The underlying algebraic semantics is the so-called
final
semantics “à la Wand”: a specification “is” a
model
(heterogeneous algebra) which is the final object (up to isomorphism) in the category of all its implementations.

The transformational calculus approached in this paper follows from exploring the properties of finite, recursively defined sets.
This work extends the well-known strategy of program transformation to model transformation, adding to previous work on a transformational style for operation-decomposition in META-IV. The model-calculus is also useful for improving model-oriented specifications.
Branching versus linear logics yet again
Authors: Carmo José , Sernadas Amílcar 
Published: July 2005

AbstractA brief overview is given of the temporal logics used in concurrent program verification and in database and systems specification. The properties of the underlying modal frame structures are analysed. The relative advantages of the linear and branching approaches are discussed. The state versus path formulas controversy is revisited. A meta-linear operatorLis proposed and compared with the “in all trajectories” operator considered in the language CTL*. The usefulness of the new operator within the context of a layered methodology for database and information systems specification and verification is illustrated. The operator is seen as a “frame change operator” and other interesting operators of this class are referred. Finitary and infinitary axiomatisations are given for the operatorL. The proof of the completeness of the infinitary axiomatisation is briefly outlined. This proof requires an appropriate extension of the usual Henkin methods.
A fast pattern matching algorithm derived by transformational and assertional reasoning
Authors: Partsch H. A. , Stomp F. A. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Highly optimised algorithms are, in general, hard to understand. This is a consequence of the designer's sacrifice of clarity and modularity in favour of efficiency. In this paper we present a formal derivation of a rather ingenious algorithm, viz., the fast pattern matching algorithm of Boyer and Moore. The development illustrates that transformational programming combined with assertional reasoning provides an appropriate approach for developing and understanding highly optimised algorithms.
Chain properties of rule closures
Authors: Hermann Miki 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
This article introduces a generalisation of the crossed rule approach to the detection of Knuth-Bendix completion procedure divergence. It introduces closure chains, which are special rule closures constructed by means of particular substitution operations and operators, as a suitable formalism for progress in this direction. Supporting substitution algebra is developed first, followed by considerations concerning rule closures in general, concluding with an investigation of closure chain properties. Issues concerning the narrowing process are not discussed here.
Integrating predicate transition nets with first order temporal logic in the specification and verification of concurrent systems
Authors: He Xudong , Lee John A. N. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
This paper presents some results of integrating predicate transition nets with first order temporal logic in the specification and verification of concurrent systems. The intention of this research is to use predicate transition nets as a specification method and to use first order temporal logic as a verification method so that their strengths — the easy comprehension of predicate transition nets and the reasoning power of first order temporal logic can be combined. In this paper, a theoretical relationship between the computation models of these two formalisms is presented; an algorithm for systematically translating a predicate transition net into a corresponding temporal logic system is outlined; and a special temporal refutation proof technique is proposed and illustrated in verifying various concurrent properties of the predicate transition net specification of the five dining philosophers problem.
An investigation of visuospatial memory impairment in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), combined type
Authors: BARNETT R. , MARUFF P. , VANCE A. 
Published: July 2005

Background. Memory impairment is not considered a core cognitive feature of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, combined type (ADHD-CT), although it is associated with impairments in attentional and executive functions. This study investigates visuospatial memory impairment, in particular encoding and retrieval aspects, in children with ADHD-CT who are stimulant-medication naive and medicated with stimulant medication.Method. A cross-sectional study of visuospatial memory in 6- to 12-year-old children with stimulant-medication-naive ADHD-CT (n=62) and medicated ADHD-CT (n=58) compared to an age- and gender-matched healthy control group (n=39) was completed.Results. Both medication-naive and medicated ADHD-CT groups demonstrated subtle yet significant impairment in visuospatial memory. The memory impairment was delay-independent, which, along with other factors, suggest dysfunction of the encoding rather than retrieval phase of visuospatial memory.Conclusions. Careful study of large ADHD-CT samples does detect deficits in a visuospatial memory task, but these reflect attentional deficits rather than being specifically due to dysfunction of the medial temporal lobe explicit memory system. Children with ADHD-CT may benefit from cognitive and behavioural strategies focused on improving encoding of relevant information rather than retrieval strategies.
Presentation and frequency of catatonia in new admissions to two acute psychiatric admission units in India and Wales
Authors: CHALASANI PADMAJA , HEALY DAVID , MORRISS RICHARD 
Published: July 2005

Background. There are no modern cross-cultural comparative studies of the frequency and clinical presentation of catatonia in a Western country and India using standardized rating instruments and diagnostic criteria.Method. A total of 104 consecutively admitted patients in Wales and in India were screened for catatonic features using the same standardized rating instrument by the same psychiatrist to generate DSM-IV and other diagnostic criteria for catatonia, and a profile of signs in catatonia. Inter-rater reliability for the ratings made by the research psychiatrist was established with local psychiatrists at each unit.Results. The frequency of DSM-IV criteria catatonia was 13·5% in India versus 9·6% in Wales (N.S.). The severity of catatonia did not differ between the two units. However, retarded catatonia was more common in India (12·5%) versus Wales (p<0·05) whereas the frequency of excited catatonia was equally common in both units. Catatonia was found in many different mental disorders not just schizophrenia and affective disorder.Conclusions. Catatonia is commonly found among psychiatric in-patients with a similar frequency and severity but differing clinical presentations in Wales and India. Some classic signs of catatonia like posturing, catalepsy, staring and stupor were more frequent among psychiatric admissions in India than Wales. The differing clinical presentations may be due to differences in demographic features rather than cultural or aetiological factors.
Suicidal ideation and suicide attempts among ethnic minority groups in England: results of a national household survey
Authors: CRAWFORD M. J. , NUR U. , McKENZIE K. , TYRER P. 
Published: July 2005

Background. Socio-cultural factors impact on the extent of suicidal ideation and attempted suicide but the relative importance of these factors among people from different ethnic groups in Britain has not been explored. We examined the prevalence of suicidal ideation, the incidence of attempted suicide, and the extent of service utilization following attempted suicide among representative samples of White, Irish, Black Caribbean, Bangladeshi, Indian and Pakistani individuals living in England.Method. We conducted a secondary analysis of data from the EMPIRIC study, a cross-sectional survey of 4281 adults aged 16–74 years, living in private households in England.Results. Lifetime suicidal ideation was generally lower in ethnic minority groups but higher among those born in the UK than those who migrated to England as adults. Risk factors for suicidal ideation have much in common across different ethnic groups; current symptoms of mental distress being the most important. White British and Irish respondents were twice as likely to receive medical attention following attempted suicide than those from other ethnic groups.Conclusions. Services need to adapt in order to ensure that people from ethnic minorities receive appropriate psychological and medical care following attempted suicide.
The ICAM‐1 antisense oligonucleotide ISIS‐3082 prevents the development of postoperative ileus in mice
Authors: The Frans O , De Jonge Wouter J , Bennink Roel J , Van Den Wijngaard Rene M , Boeckxstaens Guy E 
Published: July 2005

Intestinal manipulation (IM) during abdominal surgery triggers the influx of inflammatory cells, leading to postoperative ileus. Prevention of this local muscle inflammation, using intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1) and leukocyte function‐associated antigen‐1‐specific antibodies, has been shown to shorten postoperative ileus. However, the therapeutic use of antibodies has considerable disadvantages.
The aim of the current study was to evaluate the effect of ISIS‐3082, a mouse‐specific ICAM‐1 antisense oligonucleotide, on postoperative ileus in mice.
Mice underwent a laparotomy or a laparotomy combined with IM after treatment with ICAM‐1 antibodies, 0.1–10 mg kg−1 ISIS‐3082, saline or ISIS‐8997 (scrambled control antisense oligonucleotides, 1 and 3 mg kg−1). At 24 h after surgery, gastric emptying of a 99mTC labelled semi‐liquid meal was determined using scintigraphy. Intestinal inflammation was assessed by myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in ileal muscle whole mounts.
IM significantly reduced gastric emptying compared to laparotomy. Pretreatment with ISIS‐3082 (0.1–1 mg kg−1) as well as ICAM‐1 antibodies (10 mg kg−1), but not ISIS‐8997 or saline, improved gastric emptying in a dose‐dependent manner. This effect diminished with higher doses of ISIS‐3082 (3–10 mg kg−1).
Similarly, ISIS‐3082 (0.1–1 mg kg−1) and ICAM‐1 antibodies, but not ISIS‐8997 or higher doses of ISIS‐3082 (3–10 mg kg−1), reduced manipulation‐induced inflammation. Immunohistochemistry showed reduction of ICAM‐1 expression with ISIS‐3082 only.
ISIS‐3082 pretreatment prevents postoperative ileus in mice by reduction of manipulation‐induced local intestinal muscle inflammation. Our data suggest that targeting ICAM‐1 using antisense oligonucleotides may represent a new therapeutic approach to the prevention of postoperative ileus.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 146, 252–258. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706303
Efficacy of antiepileptic isomers of valproic acid and valpromide in a rat model of neuropathic pain
Authors: Winkler Ilan , Blotnik Simcha , Shimshoni Jakob , Yagen Boris , Devor Marshall , Bialer Meir 
Published: July 2005

Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are often utilized in the treatment of neuropathic pain. The major AED valproic acid (VPA) is of particular interest as it is thought to engage a variety of different neural mechanisms simultaneously. However, the clinical use of VPA is limited by two rare but life‐threatening side effects: teratogenicity and hepatotoxicity.
We synthesized VPA's corresponding amide: valpromide (VPD), two of VPAs isomers and their corresponding amides; valnoctic acid (VCA), valnoctamide (VCD), diisopropyl acetic acid (DIA), diisopropylacetamide (DID), and VPD's congener: N‐methyl‐VPD (MVPD). VCD, DID and VPD are nonteratogenic, potentially nonhepatotoxic, and exhibit better anticonvuslant potency than VPA.
In this study, we assessed the antiallodynic activity of these compounds in comparison to VPA and gabapentin (GBP) using the rat spinal nerve ligation model of neuropathic pain (SNL, Chung model).
VCA and MVPD were inactive. However, VPD (20–100 mg kg− 1), VCD (20–100 mg kg− 1) and DID (20–90 mg kg− 1) produced dose‐related reversal of tactile allodynia with ED50 values of 61, 52 and 58 mgkg− 1, respectively. All the amides were more potent than VPA (ED50=269 mgkg− 1). The antiallodynic effect of VPA, VPD, VCD and DID was obtained at plasma concentrations of 125, 24, 18 and 7 mg l− 1, respectively, with a good pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic correlation and a minimal lag response.
VCD and DID were found to have minimal motor and sedative side effects at analgesic doses, and were equipotent to GBP, currently the leading drug in neuropathic pain treatment. Consequently, VCD and DID have potential to become new drugs for the treatment of neuropathic pain.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 146, 198–208. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706310
Evolving the concept of regulation of vascular tone in humans
Authors: Taddei Stefano 
Published: July 2005

Elucidation of mechanisms regulating microcirculatory vascular tone is a key issue in the knowledge of human pathophysiology. Anandamide is an endogenous lipidic cannabinoid (CB) characterized by potent vasodilator activity acting mainly through the activation of CB receptors, located on the vessel walls, and the vanilloid receptor 1, located on sensory peptidergic nerve endings within the external layers of vessel walls. In humans, cutaneous anandamide administration causes forearm skin vasodilation by activating vanilloid receptor 1 presumably on primary sensory nerves, while intrabrachial infusion of the same compound is devoid of effect on forearm muscle microcirculation. Taken together, these results indicate that, apart from a possible distrectual difference, the effect of anandamide is specific for the abluminal, but not for the endoluminal, part of the vessel wall. Thus, it is conceivable that, at least in the peripheral microcirculation, this compound could act as an autocrine/paracrine agent and not as a circulating hormone. In line with this possibility, it has been demonstrated that anandamide can be produced by macrophages and therefore its biological effect might increase in clinical conditions characterized by augmented activity of this cell line, including cardiogenic, hemorrhagic and endotoxic shock and even in atherosclerosis, inflammation and ischemia. Moreover, increased serum values of anandamide have been found in patients with endotoxic shock. However, decisive information concerning the role of anandamide in humans will be obtained when specific antagonists or inhibitors will be available. In that case, the anandamide system might represent a potential target for the treatment of important cardiovascular conditions, including severe shock.British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 146, 165–166. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706316
Functional expression of the P2Y14 receptor in murine T‐lymphocytes
Authors: Scrivens Michelle , Dickenson John M 
Published: July 2005

Quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR) analysis has previously shown that the P2Y14 receptor is expressed in peripheral immune cells including lymphocytes. Although in transfected cells the P2Y14 receptor couples to pertussis toxin‐sensitive Gi/o protein, the functional coupling of endogenously expressed P2Y14 receptors to the inhibition of adenylyl cyclase activity has not been reported. Therefore, the primary aim of this study was to determine whether the P2Y14 receptor is functionally expressed in murine spleen‐derived T‐ and B‐lymphocyte‐enriched populations.
RT–PCR analysis detected the expression of P2Y14 receptor mRNA in whole spleen and isolated T‐ and B‐lymphocytes.
In T cells, UDP‐glucose (EC50=335 nM) induced a small but significant inhibition (circa 20%) of forskolin‐stimulated cAMP accumulation, suggesting functional coupling of endogenously expressed P2Y14 receptors to the inhibition of adenylyl cyclase activity. In contrast, the other putative P2Y14 receptor agonists UDP‐galactose, UDP‐glucuronic acid and UDP‐N‐acetylglucosamine had no significant effect alone but behaved as partial agonists by blocking UDP‐glucose responses. In B cells, UDP‐glucose (100 μM) had no significant effect on forskolin‐stimulated cAMP accumulation.
Treatment of T cells with pertussis toxin (Gi/o blocker) abolished the inhibitory effects of UDP‐glucose on forskolin‐stimulated cAMP accumulation.
T‐cell proliferation in response to anti‐CD3 monoclonal antibody (1 μg ml−1) was significantly inhibited by UDP‐glucose (59% inhibition; p[IC50]=5.9±0.3), UDP‐N‐acetylglucosamine (37%; 6.1±0.3), UDP‐galactose (56%; 8.2±0.2) and UDP‐glucuronic acid (49%; 6.3±0.2). Interleukin‐2‐ (5 ng ml−1) induced T‐cell proliferation was also significantly inhibited by all four agonists.
In summary, we have shown that the P2Y14 receptor appears to be functionally expressed in murine spleen‐derived T‐lymphocytes. These observations suggest that UDP‐glucose and related sugar nucleotides presumably via the P2Y14 receptor may play an important role in modulating immune function.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 146, 435–444. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706322
A Haplotype Similarity Based Transmission/Disequilibrium Test under Founder Heterogeneity
Authors: Yu Kai , Zhang Shuanglin , Borecki Ingrid , Kraja Aldi , Xiong Chengjie , Myers Richard , Province Michael 
Published: July 2005

SummaryTaking advantage of increasingly available high‐density single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) markers across the genome, various types of transmission/disequilibrium tests (TDT) using haplotype information have been developed. A practical challenge arising in such studies is the possibility that transmitted haplotypes have inherited disease‐causing mutations from different ancestral chromosomes, or do not bear any disease‐causing mutations (founder heterogeneity). To reduce the loss of signal strength due to founder heterogeneity, we propose an SP‐TDT test that combines a sequential peeling procedure with the haplotype similarity based TDT method. The proposed SP‐TDT method is applicable to any size of nuclear family with or without ambiguous phase information. Simulation studies suggest that the SP‐TDT method has the correct type I error rate in stratified populations, and enhanced power compared with some existing haplotype similarity based TDT methods. Finally, we apply the proposed method to study the association of the leptin gene with obesity from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Family Heart Study.
MtDNA and Y‐chromosome Variation in Kurdish Groups
Authors: Nasidze Ivan , Quinque Dominique , Ozturk Murat , Bendukidze Nina , Stoneking Mark 
Published: July 2005

SummaryIn order to investigate the origins and relationships of Kurdish‐speaking groups, mtDNA HV1 sequences, eleven Y chromosome bi‐allelic markers, and 9 Y‐STR loci were analyzed among three Kurdish groups: Zazaki and Kurmanji speakers from Turkey, and Kurmanji speakers from Georgia. When compared with published data from other Kurdish groups and from European, Caucasian, and West and Central Asian groups, Kurdish groups are most similar genetically to other West Asian groups, and most distant from Central Asian groups, for both mtDNA and the Y‐chromosome. However, Kurdish groups show a closer relationship with European groups than with Caucasian groups based on mtDNA, but the opposite based on the Y‐chromosome, indicating some differences in their maternal and paternal histories. The genetic data indicate that the Georgian Kurdish group experienced a bottleneck effect during their migration to the Caucasus, and that they have not had detectable admixture with their geographic neighbours in Georgia. Our results also do not support the hypothesis of the origin of the Zazaki –speaking group being in northern Iran; genetically they are more similar to other Kurdish groups. Genetic analyses of recent events, such as the origins and migrations of Kurdish‐speaking groups, can therefore lead to new insights into such migrations.
Mechanism for Atrial Tachyarrhythmia in Chronic Volume Overload‐Induced Dilated Atria
Authors: HIROSE MASAMICHI , TAKEISHI YASUCHIKA , MIYAMOTO TAKUYA , KUBOTA ISAO , LAURITA KENNETH R. , CHIBA SHIGETOSHI 
Published: July 2005

Introduction: Atrial dilatation associated with chronic volume overload (CVO) plays an important role in the development of atrial fibrillation (AF). However, the underlying mechanisms are unknown. Methods and Results: CVO‐induced atrial dilatation was created in Japanese white rabbits using arteriovenous shunt formation for 6 weeks. Epicardial action potentials were measured from both atria in Langendorff‐perfused sham‐operated control hearts (n = 8) and in CVO hearts (n = 8) using high‐resolution optical mapping techniques. The left atrial diameter was greater in CVO hearts (16.0 ± 0.4 mm) compared to control hearts (11.0 ± 0.8 mm). During steady‐state pacing, right and left atrial conduction velocities were significantly lower in CVO hearts compared to control hearts (P < 0.01). Rapid atrial pacing did not induce atrial tachyarrhythmia (AT) in any control hearts. However, in seven of eight CVO hearts 16 episodes of AT were induced, of which 9 exhibited a single reentrant circuit. The remaining 7 episodes exhibited a focal pattern of excitation without evidence of reentry. Interestingly, the activation rate was higher during reentry (16.1 ± 1.5 Hz) compared to focal AT (9.8 ± 1.0 Hz). In addition, 15 of 16 episodes occurred in the posterior left atrium (PLA). In all seven CVO hearts, AT was self‐sustained for more than 10 minutes. Conclusion: CVO caused atrial dilatation, conduction slowing, and AT associated with reentrant and focal excitation originating from the PLA. These results suggest that the PLA may play an important role in AT induction associated with CVO‐induced atrial dilation.