bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modality and Other Intensional Categories
Authors: Portner Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In previous chapters, we’ve taken the strategy of trying to isolate modality from other semantic categories. The purpose of this strategy is to look carefully at the nature of modality in order that we can develop a precise, explanatory theory of it. However, in reality modal semantics is intertwined with many other topics, and in the following sections we will investigate several:
5.1 Temporal semantics, including tense and aspect
5.2 Conditionals
5.3 Mood and evidentiality
The first topic we’ll study in some depth. The second we will examine in a more cursory way, because the literature on conditionals is so vast that another entire volume would be needed. The third will be treated in an even more superficial way, because an entire volume on it is due to appear (Portner, forthcoming).
What ‘s Taxonomy Got to Do with It? ‘Species Integrity ‘, Human Rights, and Science Policy
Authors: Juengst Eric T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For the last 25 years, human gene transfer research has been bounded by two simple lines: the line between using gene transfer techniques to cure disease or improve the human design, on one hand, and the line between applying gene transfer techniques to somatic cells or germ-line cells, on the other.The dominant view, received as wisdom in both formal sciences policies and in the rhetoric of scientists, has been that enhancement applications of gene transfer would be too morally problematic, and germ-line applications would be too risky to prospective offspring, at least until the practice of safe and effective somatic cell therapy could be perfected.
Enhancements Are a Moral Obligation
Authors: Harris John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If it wasn ‘t good for you it wouldn ‘t be enhancement. In terms of human functioning an enhancement is by definition an improvement on what went before. Not necessarily, as we shall see, an improvement on normal species functioning or species typical functioning, nor are enhancements justifled, as many seem to believe, primarily in terms of their contribution to equal opportunities. There is a continuum between harms and benefits such that the reasons we have to avoid harming others or creating others who will be born in a harmed state are continuous with the reasons we have for conferring benefits on others if we can.
Playing God
Authors: Coady C A J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The accusation of ‘ ‘playing God ‘ ‘ is one commonly levelled against proposals to use science and technology to make dramatic changes in the way we live and cope with the many ills, boons, misadventures, and adventures of living today. It is also used in many other contexts to reject a proposed course of action, including, as we shall see later, in the world of sport. I want to scrutinize this charge of playing God to see what it means and what, if anything, it amounts to as a moral criticism. I will not therefore be concerned so much with whether particular proposals fall prey to this accusation, but with what sort of objection those who present it are making.
The Human Prejudice and the Moral Status of Enhanced Beings: What Do We Owe the Gods?
Authors: Savulescu Julian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘ ‘improved posthumans would inevitably come to view the naturals ‘ ‘ as inferior, as a subspecies of humans suitable for exploitation, slavery, or even extermination. Ultimately, it is this prospect of what can be termed ‘ ‘genetic genocide ‘ ‘ that makes cloning combined with genetic engineering a potential weapon of mass destruction, and the biologist who would attempt it a potential bioterrorist.
Flowering plants (Magnoliophyta)
Authors: Magallón Susana 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Flowering plants (Magnoliophyta, angiosperms) are among the most successful organisms in the history of life. Not only do they encompass an exceptionally vast morphological and phylogenetic diversity, but also they are the major determinants of ecological function and biotic composition in modern terrestrial ecosystems (Fig. 1). Angiosperms constitute a monophyletic group very well supported by molecular data and by a large number of unique traits. These traits include, for example, apical meristems with a two-layered tunica-corpus construction, circular bordered pits lacking margo and torus, and paracytic stomata. Angiosperms share numerous unique reproductive attributes, including the aggregation of pollenand ovule-producing organs into structurally and functionally integrated units, that is, Powers, a bithecal and tetrasporangiate anther, a carpel enclosing the ovules, two integuments surrounding each ovule, a double fertilization process that results in embryo and endosperm, and several whole genome duplications. Concerted eBorts among the international botanical community have led to the recognition of the major clades within angiosperms and to an understanding of their relationships at all phylogenetic levels. Although a few families and genera remain to be phylogenetically placed, and particular regions of the angiosperm tree have for a long-time deAed resolution, a solid understanding of the phylogenetic a1nity of the majority of living angiosperms and of relationships among clades has been achieved. 7is phylogenetic knowledge has been translated into a classification that rePects current understanding of angiosperm evolutionary relationships (1). In this classification, major clades within the angiosperms are treated as orders, and informally named supraordinal clades are also recognized (1, 2).
Cephalopod mollusks (Cephalopoda)
Authors: Lindgrenb Annie , Allcock A Louise 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The class Cephalopoda is a monophyletic group which can be divided into two subclasses; Nautiloidea and Coleoidea. Nautiloidea contains the nautiluses (Nautilus and Allonautilus), whereas Coleoidea contains the octopuses (Fig. 1), squids, and cuttleAshes. Coleoid cephalopods diBer from nautiloids most notably through the reduction (or complete loss) and internalization of the shell. DeAning features of Coleoidea include a muscular mantle used for locomotion and respiration, the modiAcation of the foot into appendages around the mouth, a closed circulatory system, and complex eyes with lenses, although many of these features have been lost or reduced in various taxa. The widely cited annotated classification of the recent Cephalopoda (1) listed over 700 valid species in 139 genera and 47 families. Here we review the evolutionary relationships and divergence times of the members of the class Cephalopoda. Several alternative classifications have been proposed for relationships within Cephalopoda (2). Herein we follow the classification of Young et al. (3) that generally does not include ranks above the family level; however, we make certain assumptions about rank based on nomenclature and position.
Beetles (Coleoptera)
Authors: McKenna Duane D , Farrell Brian D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Beetles (Order Coleoptera) comprise the largest order of animals. With an impact magniAed by their ubiquity, the ecological importance of beetles lies chiePy in the numerous roles they play with plants and fungi, by facilitating reproduction and decomposition, and by directly consuming plant and fungal tissues—and other consumers. Indeed, beetles are part of the food web in nearly every non-marine habitat. Approximately 350,000 living species have been named. Some estimates of the total number of living beetle species are in the millions. Adult beetles can be distinguished from other insects by a suite of features that suit them to a cryptic lifestyle, perhaps most notably, forewings hardened to form elytra. Elytra protect the hindwings and body from mechanical damage, predators, parasites, pathogens, excessive water loss, and other factors thought to constrain habitat use and longevity in other insects (Fig. 1; ref. 1).
Jawless fishes (Cyclostomata)
Authors: Kurakua Shigehiro , Otaa Kinya G , Kuratani Shigeru 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cyclostomata consists of two extant orders, Myxiniformes and Petromyzoniformes (1). Myxiniformes contains a single family, Myxinidae that includes 44 species in six genera (2) (hagAshes; Fig. 1). Petromyzoniformes also consists of a single family, Petromyzonidae that includes 41 species in six genera (3) (lampreys, Fig. 1). Historically, hagAshes and lampreys have been classiAed as cyclostomes (“round mouth”) because both have a jawless mouth armed with retractable horny teeth (4). However, some morphological traits in hagAshes (e.g., lack of vertebrae, heart innervation, and eye lens) have been taken to suggest that lampreys are more closely related to jawed vertebrates (gnathostomes) than to hagAshes (5). To settle this controversy, molecular phylogenetic studies have been conducted since the early 1990s using ribosomal DNA genes (6, 7), mitochondrial genes (8–11), and protein-coding genes of the nuclear genomes (12–16). Here we review the phylogenetic relationships and the divergence time of the two families of Cyclostomata.
Swifts, treeswifts, and hummingbirds (Apodiformes)
Authors: Browna Joseph W , Mindella,B David P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The neoavian Order Apodiformes is classiAed into three reciprocally monophyletic families (1): Apodidae (swiJs, 100 species; cosmopolitan), Hemiprocnidae (treeswiJs, four species; Asia and Australasia), and the speciose Trochilidae (hummingbirds, 347 species; North and South America). theorder is characterized by small birds with strong Pight muscles which are used in energetic Pight, and have, as the name suggests, diminutive feet with limited function (Fig. 1). Although all apodiforms are insectivorous, hummingbirds are predominantly nectivorous (supplementing their diets with insect prey), and consequently constitute a major pollination vector for many neotropical plants (2). Here, the relationships and divergence times of the families of Apodiformes are reviewed. In the Superorder Neoaves, where the monophyletic status of most traditional multifamily orders has been questioned, Apodiformes has been a refreshing bastion of taxonomic stability. Despite striking superAcial morphological, ecological, and behavioral similarities between the acrobatic swiJs and swallows (Family Hirundinidae, Order Passeriformes), and between the nectivorous hummingbirds and sunbirds (Family Nectariniidae, Order Passeriformes), the monophyletic status of Apodiformes has been well supported in all of the major avian classifications since before Fürbringer (3). A comprehensive historical review of taxonomic treatments is available (4). Recent morphological (5, 6), genetic.
The morphology of nominalizations and the syntax of vP*
Authors: Bierwisch Manfred 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a ‘pervasive syntax’ approach to morphologically complex forms, like that of Distributed Morphology (DM in the following), the analysis and structures proposed for a form must also be contained within the analysis of any structure derived from that form. That is, in the same way that the structural analysis for Mary left is contained within the structural analysis for John said that Mary left, the structure for marginalize must be contained within the structure for marginalization.
Different types of muscular dystrophy
Authors: Emery Alan E H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are many different types of muscular dystrophy depending on distribution of predominantly affected muscle groups (Fig. 4.1), severity and prognosis, modes of inheritance, and genetic defects.
It is possible on the basis of the distribution of predominant muscle wasting and weakness, along with certain other features, such as age at onset, to define at least eight major types of muscular dystrophy. Myotonic dystrophy is unique in so many ways that it should perhaps not really be considered a muscular dystrophy; it has been included here for completeness.
Quine ‘s Lecture on Nominalism from the Perspective of a Nominalist
Authors: Chihara Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Quine begins his lecture on nominalism by stating that he is going to defend the position that, in the long-standing philosophical debate between nominalists and realists (or Platonists), there is something real and meaningful at issue. This dispute is seen to arise from the fact that the nominalist maintains, whereas the realist denies, that the only things that exist are ‘ ‘particulars ‘ ‘. Quine addresses in his lecture a central problem regarding this debate: is there a reasonably clear and precise question being debated by the opposing philosophers, or is it hopelessly vague? As Quine sees it, the Logical Positivist ‘s position that the question being debated is simply meaningless amounts to ‘ ‘burying one ‘s head in the sand ‘ ‘ (p. 9).
Socratic Irony as Pretence
Authors: Ferrari G R F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is a very obvious feature of Socratic irony that has never the less not received the discussion it merits, despite the fact that Socratic irony has been much discussed in recent years by specialists in ancient philosophy. The likely reason that its significance has been missed is that specialists in ancient philosophy are not in the habit of approaching irony as it is approached by contemporary linguists, psychologists, and philosophers of language—or if they are, have not at any rate applied the results of their study to their own field. So they have not paused to consider how the irony that Socrates employs in Plato’s aporetic dialogues should best be analysed when treated as what it appears within the fiction to be: everyday language. Instead their tendency has been to turn immediately to what Socrates’ irony can tell us, at the deepest level, about Socrates as a philosopher. The linguistic technicians, for their part, are not in the habit of including Socratic irony within their range of targets for analysis, preferring to direct their attention to less exotic-seeming data.
Glaucon’S Challenge and Thrasymacheanism
Authors: Reeve C D C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Plato‘s brothers, Glaucon and Adeimantus, spend roughly ten Stephanus pages—which, even in a long dialogue like the Republic , is a lot—trying to tell Socrates what they want him to do as regards justice. It has proved extremely difficult, none the less, to say what their message—’Glaucon’s challenge’ as it is often called—actually is and to identify its provenance. In this paper I take up matters afresh, looking away from the text to the secondary literature only very selectively. In Section I I go through what Glaucon and Adeimantus say, distinguishing four different, but I think consistent and mutually illuminating, formulations of the challenge they pose. In Section 2 I look more specifically at what they think is wrong with common conceptions and defences of justice. In Section 3 I examine the relationship between their views and those of Thrasymachus. In Sections 4 and 5 I consider Thrasymachus’ own account of justice and assess its coherence. In Section 6 I turn to the larger question of the philosophical significance of Thrasy -macheanism and the difficulty of responding successfully to it.
Alteration and Aristotle’s Theory of Change in Physics 6
Authors: Murphy Damian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Physics 5 and 6 Aristotle outlines a theory of change. A key feature of this account is the claim that every change is infinitely temporally divisible into subchanges. So, for example, suppose a billiard ball moves from one end of the table to the other in a period of time. After part of the time it will have moved part of the way down the table, and for each smaller part of the time it will have travelled a smaller portion of the length of the table. Aristotle explicitly claims that this theory applies to all types of change and not merely to change of place (and change of size). Many modern critics believe that this is not Aristotle’s considered opinion.1 They claim that for Aristotle changes of quality are often not infinitely temporally divisible into subchanges because there are only, for example, finitely many shades of colour. My aim in this paper is to show that Aristotle thought that all alterations (changes in quality) were infinitely temporally divisible. In practice I shall follow Aristotle in focusing on changes of colour.
Automatic Action in Plotinus
Authors: Wilberding James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Several Plotinus scholars have recently called attention to a kind of action in the sensible world, which one could call ‘spontaneous’ or ‘automatic’ action, that is supposed to result automatically from the contemplation of the intelligible. Such action is meant to be opposed to actions that result from reason, calculation, and planning, and has been put to work to provide a way for Plotinus’ sage to act, and in particular to act morally , without compromising his contemplation. This opposition is found most markedly when he compares the non-deliberative manner in which the World-Soul(as well as Nature and the heavenly bodies) acts with the deliberative manner in which we normally act. ‘Automatic action’ is thus a term I am using to describe this kind of spontaneous and non deliberative action. A theory of automatic action can easily close the gap between the contemplative man and the practical man by allowing for action without deliberation. This is helpful because it is the deliberative element in action that would seem to be incompatible with contemplation. Deliberating about the world—anddeliberation is always about the world, since it is about what can be otherwise—forces one’s rational soul to look away from the intelligible.
Origin and maintenance of clausal embedding complexity
Authors: Karlsson Fred 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are many well-known parameters of grammatical complexity: number of terms (e.g. cases or genders) in a grammatical subsystem; more or less intricate elaboration of phrases by premodification and postmodification; restricted versus repeatable nominalization processes; number of affixes in word forms; simplex versus iterative compound formation; number and depth of embedding of clauses in sentences, etc.
Introduction
Authors: Green Ronald M , Aine Donovan , Jauss Steven A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In September 1960 Dartmouth College and Dartmouth Medical School hosted a landmark conference on ‘‘Great Issues of Conscience in Modern Medicine.’’ That conference helped set the agenda for the emergence of the modern field of bioethics. As Albert R. Jonson records in The Birth of Bioethics, the conference ‘‘was an impressive occasion: men of science, joined by a few humanists, reflected in public about the troubling issues they saw hidden within the wonderful inventions of modern science.
What is it Like to Be a Bird? Wikler and Brock on the Ethics of Population Health
Authors: Eya∗ Nir 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Suppose that I were a bird: a very special bird, who takes an interest in the ethics of healthcare, and who can see through the walls of healthcare clinics. I could peek at anearby clinic, perhaps in the Dartmouth Medical School (near which this conference is taking place), and watch, through the wall, health- care providers treating a single patient. I could raise ethical questions about what I see.
‘Philosophy states only what everyone admits’
Authors: Kenny Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In philosophy we do not draw conclusions. ‘But it must be like this! ‘ is not a philosophical proposition. Philosophy only states what everyone admits. This is one of Wittgenstein ‘s most important statements about the nature of philosophy. Commentators seem reluctant to take it at its face value. Peter Hacker comments on the first sentence: ‘It does not mean that there are no arguments in philosophy, or that no definitive conclusions can be drawn from them, e.g. that solipsism and idealism are incoherent, or that a private language is unintelligible. ‘¹ Garth Hallett comments on the third sentence: ‘[T]o appear plausible this too must be recognized as prescriptive, not descriptive. The trouble is that even the concluding words may have to be read ‘ ‘which everyone ought to admit ‘ ‘. ‘²
Empedocles and His Ancientreaders on Desire and Pleasure
Authors: Wolfsdorf David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A: What are Plato, Speusippus, and Menedemus up to?… What weighty thought, what line of argument are they now investigating? …B: I can tell you about these fellows for sure, since at the Panathenaea I saw a group of youngsters in the exercise-grounds of the Academy and heard them speaking, indescribable, astonishing! They were propounding definitions about nature and separating into categories the forms of life of animals, the nature of trees, and the classes of vegetables. And in particular, they were investigating to what genus one should assign the pumpkin…One of the boys said it was a round vegetable; another that it was a grass; another that it was a tree.
Aristotle on Speusippus on Eudoxus on Pleasure
Authors: Warren James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aristotle’s account in the Nicomachean Ethics of the role of pleasure in the good life and the effsects of pleasure on both character development and action is complex and difficult. Part of this difficulty is generated by Aristotle’s characteristic dialectical approach to the questions he is interested in asking. He raises possibilities, gathers alternative views, and suggests counter-arguments without always making immediately clear his own precise view. By working on the topic of pleasure in this way, Aristotle makes it clear that he is reacting to and offering his own commentary on an earlier debate on the nature and value of pleasure, with its own series of dialectical moves and counter-moves. In Aristotle’s presentation of the matter in the Nicomachean Ethics, three major philosophical rivals are invoked as participants in the debate: Eudoxus, Speusippus, and Plato.
Magna Moralia 1187a29–b–20 : The Early Reception of Aristotle’s Notion of Voluntary Action
Authors: Eliasson Erik 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While traditionally included in the Aristotelian corpus, the Magna Moralia is generally regarded (for linguistic reasons, among others) as not written by Aristotle. Rather, it is thought to be a writing of one of his di ect disciples, or ‘a post-Aristotelian epitome’.
As the Magna Moralia clearly attempts to cover approximately the same ground as the Nicomachean and Eudemian Ethics, it is natural to analyse the extent to which the Magna Moralia develops Aristotle’s accounts. I shall analyse one such aspect in detail, namely the argument at MM 1187a29b20, within the account of how virtue and vice are voluntary and depend on us.This argument has not been given the attention it deserves in previous scholarship.
Simplicius on the Reality of Relations and Relational Change
Authors: Harari Orna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ancient commentators’ approach to Aristotle’s account of relatives in Categories 7 is shaped by the conception that prevailed in later antiquity, in which relatives are composites of a substrate, i.e. an attribute that belongs to the other categories, and a relation. Simplicius shares this conception with the other commentators, but he formulates it in different terms.