bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Terms of endearment
Authors: Alberts Jeffrey R. , Decsy Gyula J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn the animal psychobiology literature, the terms congenital, predetermined, heritable, and chronotypy each have meanings that can help differentiate implicit, sometimes hidden, elements of the broad and onerous term, “innate.” Relevant phenomena in animals' nonverbal recognition and communication systems are discussed. Several ontogenetic analyses reveal that thermotactile stimulation and other forms of heat are potent determinants of learning and attachment in a variety of endothermic species.We describe preliminary data from language evolution and word usage that mirror physiological and affective aspects of thermal stimuli in development. Specifically, we examine the thermal and affective meaning of “warm” and “cool” in languages used in temperate and in tropical climates, as well as the histories of such words in languages that derived from remote linguistic origins, namely Indo‐European and Proto‐Uralic roots. In each of these languages, there have evolved conjoint thermal and affective meanings that suggest a reflection of fundamental homeothermic biology in the psychology of human language.
Socio‐perceptual bases for the emergence of language: An alternative to innatist approaches
Authors: Zukow Patricia Goldring 
Published: January 2005

AbstractRecent challenges from a variety of fields suggest a re‐examination of the nativist position and its implications for child language and communication research and theory. Basic assumptions crucial to the innatist position influence researchers to ignore the source of input, its characteristics, and its impact on language development. In contrast, from a socio‐perceptual/ecological position, the linchpin of the emergence of language is the dynamic structure of the social‐interactive environment in which the child develops. Evidence from a series of studies investigating the social and perceptual bases of the emergence of the lexicon is marshaled to support and illustrate this perspective. Parallel arguments can and ought to be constructed to explain other aspects of language learning.
Individual olfactory signatures as major determinants of early maternal discrimination in sheep
Authors: Porter Richard H. , Lévy Frederic , Poindron Pascal , Litterio Michelina , Schaal Benoist , Beyer Carlos 
Published: January 2005

AbstractResponses of recently parturient ewes to their familiar versus separated (i.e., unfamiliar) twin lambs were observed in an attempt to elucidate further the characteristics of the phenotypic traits (signatures) mediating maternal recognition and bonding. Ewes responded more positively to their familiar lamb than to its twin that had been isolated at birth. Nonetheless, those same mothers also discriminated between their separated twin and unfamiliar alien lambs. Alien lambs elicited similar rejection behavior regardless of whether they had been housed with their own mother or in isolation prior to testing. Lambs appear to have individually distinct (olfactory) signatures; however, the signatures of twin siblings may be sufficiently similar to enable the mother to detect a resemblance. No evidence suggests that acquired maternal labels play a role in either the acceptance of the ewe's own lamb(s) or rejection of aliens.
Elemental and configural associations, the hippocampus and development
Authors: Rudy Jerry W. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTwo views of the stimulus controlling learned behavior are contrasted. On the elemental view, the organism fractionates its environment into isolatable features or elements, and experience alters how it responds by strengthening or weakening associations among the elements. On the configural view, it is the representation of the pattern or conjunction of stimulus elements acting on the organism that acquires control over behavior. This paper addresses the issue of how to describe the stimulus from a comparative/organismic perspective and argues that separate neural systems are available that support both elemental and configural associations. Normal adult rats and rats with hippocampalformation damage, and different‐aged rats and children were compared on tasks that permit a solution based only on elemental associations and tasks that only can be solved if the organism can acquire configural associations. Subjects in all comparison conditions were able to solve tasks that permit an elemental solution, but animals with hippocampal‐formation damage, preweanling rats, and children less than 55 months of age were signficantly impaired on tasks that required solving configural associations. Some implications of this data pattern are discussed.
Behavioral development and maternal care in tufted capuchins (Cebus apella) and squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) from birth through seven months
Authors: Fragaszy Dorothy M. , Baer Janet , Adams‐Curtis Leah 
Published: January 2005

AbstractFourteen infant capuchins and eight squirrel monkeys reared by their mothers in captive species‐typical social groups were observed from birth through 7 months. Motoric altriciality of the neonatal capuchin relative to the squirrel monkey is a key feature of behavioral differences between the species in the first few months after birth. Infants of the two species differed substantially in age at onset of independent locomotion, the developmental profile of independent activities, and the overall amount and rate of particular social activities. Capuchins displayed a lag of 7 weeks relative to squirrel monkeys in the pattern of increasing time spent alone; lags in other indices of independent activity and exploratory behaviors were also evident, although not as clear‐cut. The species also differed substantially in the nature and frequency of social interactions between infants and others. Capuchins, especially laterborn infants of multiparous mothers, experienced a more socially interactive infancy than squirrel monkeys. Contrasts in behavioral developmental and infant care in the two species are related to the timing and duration of the weaning process.
Developmental constraints on the expression of behavioral and heart‐rate orienting responses: II. The role of ambient temperature
Authors: Hayne Harlene , Richardson Rick , Campbell Byron A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe effect of ambient temperature on the expression of behavioral and heart‐rate orienting responses to a novel olfactory stimulus was examined in rats 1–18 days of age. There was no effect of ambient temperature on the behavioral orienting response at any age. Ambient temperature did influence the expression of the heart‐rate orienting response and did so differentially as a function of age. The implications of these findings for developmental models of attention and cognition are discussed. © 1992 Wiley & sons. Inc.
Effect of environmental complexity on the latency of cortical vibrissa potentials
Authors: Seo Misako L. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe effect of differential rearing on evoked potentials was studied in the vibrissal representation of the rat neocortex. Young rats were reared in either enriched, standard, or impoverished conditions from the age of 24–25 days. At 55–60 days of age, the epicortical responses to electric stimulation of a whisker follicle were analyzed under urethane anesthesia. Slight but significant shortening of the latency of initial positivity on the evoked potential was observed after rearing in the enriched condition as compared to the data obtained from the littermates that were reared in the standard or impoverished conditions. © 1992 Wiley & sons. Inc.
The development of righting reflexes in the pouch young of the marsupial Dasyurus hallucatus
Authors: Pellis Sergio M. , Pellis Vivein C. , Nelson John E. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe development of righting was studied in the young of Dasyurus hallucatus, a small marsupial from northern Australia. Young were tested from birth to weaning. Righting began at 40 days, when tactile input on the snout triggered rotation to prone. Over the next 15–20 days, asymmetrical tactile input on the body triggered righting movements by the hindlegs (and later by the forelegs). Vestibular righting reflexes developed after these tactile righting reflexes. Furthermore, asymmetrical vestibular righting (i.e., when the young are held laterally in the air) developed before symmetrical vestibular righting (i.e., when held downward by the pelvis or placed supine in water). Vestibular righting triggered by falling supine in the air did not develop until about 80 days. This study further demonstrates that righting behavior does not consist of a single, integrated motor pattern, but a suite of motor patterns having independent control mechanisms and patterns of development. © 1992 Wiley & sons. Inc.
Contextual control of conflicting associations in the developing rat
Authors: Moye Thomas B. , Brasser Susan M. , Palmer Larry , Zeisset Crista 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTwo experiments examined the effects of manipulations of contextual cues on the expression of conflicting associations in 18‐, 26‐, and 35‐day‐old rats. Subjects learned to GO RIGHT in a water‐filled T‐maze, then were trained to reverse this position habit (GO LEFT). When the competing responses were learned in the same visual context, all age groups displayed a recency effect on a subsequent test in extinction; they behaved in accordance with the last‐learned GO LEFT habit. If the competing responses were learned in different visual context, and testing took place in the context of the first problem, 35‐day‐old subjects behaved in a manner consistent with the GO RIGHT context (reduced recency). However, similarly trained 18‐day‐old subjects showed no evidence of a reduced recency effect. Given that 18‐day‐old rats are sensitive to other context manipulations, the present results suggest that the ability to “disambiguate” conflicting associations by context may be depend upon the maturation of a relatively late‐developing configural learning system. © 1992 Wiley & sons. Inc.
Faces as reinforcers: Effects of pairing condition and facial expression
Authors: Kaplan Peter S. , Fox Karen B. , Huckeby Elizabeth R. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe reinforcing properties of faces were investigated in two experiments in which tones were first paired with an adult female face and subsequently tested for their ability to potentiate visual fixation when compounded with a checkerboard pattern. In Experiment 1, infants who had been presented six pairings of a 65‐dB, 1000‐Hz tone with a smiling face later fixated a checkerboard pattern significantly more when it was compounded with the tone than when it was tested alone. Infants in random and backward controls fixated the checkerboard pattern roughly equal amounts in the presence absence of the tone, and infants in a no tone control did not exhibit a novelty response when shifted from the face to the checkerboard pattern. In Experiment 2, facial expression was varied across groups and the effects on conditioning of a 65‐dB tone that immediately preceded the face were studied. On test trials, greater fixation in the presence of the tone than in its absence was observed when a smiling or a surprised expression was presented, but not when a neutral expression was presented. Differences scores (fixation on tone minus no tone test trials) were significantly geater than zero in the smiling and surprised conditions, and significantly greater in the surprised condition than in the neural condition. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of a conditioned visual fixation paradigm for the study of the reinforcing properties of faces and of infant associative learning in general, and suggest that the expression portrayed by a face contributes to its effectiveness as a reinforcer. © John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Endocrine activation mimics the adverse effects of prenatal stress on the neuromotor development of the infant primate
Authors: Schneider Mary L. , Coe Christopher L. , Lubach Gabriele R. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractPregnant female rhesus monkeys were exposed to a 2‐week period of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) to determine whether it would affect the early neuromotor development of their fetuses in a manner similar to that observed after psychological stressors. During the first month after birth, infants were tested on two occasions with a modification of the Brazelton Newborn Behavioral Assessment Scale. Infants derived from ACTH‐treated pregnancies showed early impairments in motor coordination and muscle tonicity and shorter attention spans as compared to controls. In addition, on a temperament rating scale, infants from the ACTH condition were more irritable and difficult to console. These findings indicate that a delimited period of endocrine activation during pregnancy can have an adverse effect on infant neurobehavioral development, like that of prenatal stress. © 1992 Wiley & sons. Inc.
Ultrasonic vocalization and body temperature maintenance in infant voles of three species (Rodentia: Arvicolidae)
Authors: Blake Barbara H. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractInfant voles thermoregulate poorly and produce ultrasonic vocalizations when cooled. Vocalizing and the ability to maintain body temperature in isolated pups cold‐challenged at 5°C or 22°C were studied in nestling Clethrionomys glareolus, Microtus agrestis, and Arvicola terrestris. The tendency to vocalize varied with age, since pups vocalized more in their 2nd week than in their 1st or 3rd weeks. Rate of vocalizing was correlated with sound pressure level of vocalizations. Their was no apparent relation between vocalizing rate and deep body temperature. M. Agrestis pups vocalized most and A. Terrestris pups lest, and all three species vocalized more at the lower temperature. Maximal vocalizing occurred in mid aged M. Agrestis (at 5°C) with mean of 1291 vocalizations/20 min and mean SPL of 80 dB (decibels re: 20 μN/m2). It is suggested that the vocalizing response is an adaptation related to risk from hypothermia in infant voles. © 1992 Wiley & sons. Inc.
Stability of preference for odors after short‐term exposure in young spiny mice
Authors: Janus Christopher 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe stability of olfactory preferences for artificial odors was studied in young spiny mouse pups (Acomys cahirinus). Subjects aged between 2 and 20 days were exposed to the odor of either cinnamon or cumin for 1.5 hr. The durability of preferences for the familiar versus novel odor was subsequently monitored in a three‐choice preference test. The results suggest the existence of a sensitive phase for learning odor characteristics, through simple exposure, between Days 2 and 18 of the pups' postnatal life. The sensitive phase proved not be an “on‐off” process, but the strongest effect of exposure to odors took place at about Days 4 and 6. However, the duration of preference for exposed odors was dependent on later experience with the odors during retests. The results point to an unusual plasticity in rapid learning of odors through simple exposure in precocial young spiny mice. © 1993 Johan Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Enhanced ethanol intake in preweanling rats following exposure to ethanol in a nursing context
Authors: Hunt Pamela S. , Kraebel Kimberly S. , Rabine Heather , Spear Linda P. , Spear Norman E. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractSeveral studies have confirmed that diet selection patterns of adult rats are at least partially estabilished as a result of early experiences with food‐related stimuli present in the milk of a lactating female (e.g., Capretta & Rawls, 1974; Galef & Clark, 1972; Galef & Henderson 1972). The present experiments were designed to investigate whether preweanling rats would similarly modify their acceptance of an ethanol solution following exposure to this cue in a nursing context. In Experiment 1, 8‐, 12‐, and 16‐day‐old rats were given ethanol, delivered intraorally in compound with milk, while given the opportunity to suckle an anesthetized dam. Subsequent testing revealed that 12‐ and 16‐day‐old subjects evidenced enhanced intake of the ethanol relative to controls, while 8‐day‐olds did not. Finally, the oldest (16 days of age) subjects also expressed a conditioned aversion to the milk when tested 24 hr after conditioning and ethanol‐ingestion testing. Experiment 2 demonstrated that the critical factor for ethanol conditioning was the opportunity to suckle, rather than the simultaneous presence of milk. Finally, the aversion to milk observed in Experiment 1 was shown to have resulted from long‐delay learning, due to the ingestion of a sufficient dose of ethanol during testing to serve as an aversive unconditioned stimulus (Exp. 3) © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Prenatal stress has long‐term effects on behavioral responses to stress in juvenile rhesus monkeys
Authors: Clarke A. S. , Schneider M. L. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe effect of maternal psychological disturbance during pregnancy on postnatal responses of the offspring to stressful events was investigated in juvenile rhesus monkeys. Six pregnant monkeys were repeatedly removed from their home cages and briefly exposed to unpredictable noise during mid to late gestation (Days 90–145 postconception). Six undisturbed pregnant mothers served as controls. Behavioral data were later collected from the 18‐month‐old offspring under a baseline and four progresssively stressful conditions. Social behaviors were considerably more affected by prenatal treatment than nonsocial behaviors. Prenatally stressed offspring showed more abnormal social behavior (mutual clinging) and less normal social behavior (proximity, contact) than controls. These results suggest that offspring of mothers stressed during pregnancy may show enhanced responsivity to stressors later in life, and concur with rodent findings indicating that prenatal stress may have long‐term effect on behavioral reactivity. © 1993 Wiley & sons. Inc.
Service delivery and evaluation from the consumer's point of view
Authors: Kiresuk Thomas J. , Lund Sander H. , Schultz Susan K. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractConsiderable care must be taken to define those groups or individuals most concerned with program impact. The consumer of a service is clearly of primary importance. It is possible to increase program effectiveness for the consumer through the use of certain guiding principles based on the extension of existing quality assurance and program evaluation methodologies.
School reform and the curriculum
Authors: Sikorski Melanie F. , Wallace Trudy , Stariha Winifred E. , Rankin Vivian E. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThis chapter examines changes in how and what children are taught in the Chicago public schools since reform legislation was enacted. The authors examine the Coalition of Essential Schools, the Paideia Program, the Algebra Project, and the Home and Hospital programs.
The perinodal astrocyte
Authors: Black Joel A. , Waxman Stephen G. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractSeveral studies have demonstrated the presence of perinodal astrocyte processes at nodes of Ranvier in the central nervous system, suggesting that, in addition to the axon and oligodendrocyte, astrocytes participate in the formation of mature central nodes. The specific association between perinodal astrocyte processes and nodal membrane develops at the time of, or soon after, the appearance of relatively differentiated nodes of Ranvier. This interaction is likely to be mediated by cell adhesion molecules. J1 is a member of a family of glycoproteins that share a common carbohydrate epitope, designated L2/HNK‐1, and that have been implicated in cell‐cell interactions. This glycoprotein is concentrated at the interface between perinodal astrocyte processes and the nodal region of the axon. Moreover, N‐CAM, which is a member of the same family as J1, and cytotactin, an extracellular matrix component produced by glia, are localized at the interface between the axon and perinodal astrocyte processes at nodes of Ranvier. The association of perinodal astrocyte processes with nodal membrane in the central nervous system is similar to that exhibited by perinodal Schwann cell processes at peripheral nodes, and similar functional properties have been suggested for these two glial cell processes, including production of nodal gap substance, buffering of perinodal extracellular ion concentration, and development and/or maintenance of nodal specializations in the axon membrane. Perinodal astrocyte and Schwann cell processes may also function as extraneuronal sites for the synthesis of voltage‐sensitive sodium channels, to complement neuronal perikaryal synthesis and axonal transport. Ultrastructural studies on specialized patches of axon membrane within some unmyelinated, demyelinated, and dysmyelinated axons support the hypothesis of a specific role for perinodal astrocyte processes in the assembly, stabilization, and/or maintenance of axolemma with nodal characteristics. These observations suggest a multiplicity of functions for perinodal astrocyte processes at central nodes and implicate the astrocyte as an important component of the node of Ranvier.
Potassium conductance in Müller cells of fish
Authors: Newman Eric A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe distribution of potassium conductance across the surface of retinal glial (Müller) cells was determined in three species of fishes: two teleosts, the goldfish (Carassius auratus) and the alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus), and an elasmobranch, the spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias). Potassium conductance was measured by monitoring cell depolarizations evoked by focal ejections of a 15 mEq/L K+ solution onto the surface of freshly dissociated cells. The K+ conductance distributions observed in these three species resembled those found previously in other animals with avascular retinas. In both alewife and dogfish, K+ conductance was highest in the endfoot; K+ conductance in the distal half of these cells ranged from 7.0 to 22.9% of the endfoot conductance. In goldfish, in contrast, K+ conductance was highest in the proximal region of the proximal process (114% of the endfoot conductance). As in the two other species, however, K+ conductance in goldfish was low in the distal half of the cell (7.6 to 40.1% of endfoot conductance). Mean input resistance values of isolated cells were as follows: goldfish, 12.5 MΩ; alewife, 26.4 MΩ; dogfish, 38.0 MΩ. The high resistance of dogfish Müller cells lacking their endfeet (749 MΩ) indicates that 95% of the cell membrane conductance is located in or near the endfoot in this species.
Stimulation of nerve growth factor mRNA content in C6 glioma cells by a β‐adrenergic receptor and by cyclic AMP
Authors: Schwartz Joan P. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAuthentic β‐nerve growth factor mRNA, ∼1.35 kb in size, has been detected by Northern blot analysis in C6 glioma cells. Exposure of the cells to the β‐adrenergic agonist isoproterenol leads to a three‐ to fourfold increase in NGF mRNA, which reaches a peak by 2 hr. The EC50 for this effect of isoproterenol is ∼2nM. The effect can be blocked by the β‐blocker propranolol but not by the α‐blocker phenoxybenzamine. Treatment of the cells with forskolin also increases NGF mRNA three‐ to fourfold, with a maximal effect by 2 hr. The stimulation of NGF mRNA by maximal concentrations of forskolin and isoproterenol is not additive; similarly, the two drugs have a nonadditive effect on cyclic AMP content. The results suggest that NGF gene transcription can be stimulated via increases in intracellular cyclic AMP and that regulation of NGF production by glial cells may occur via activation of cell‐surface neurotransmitter receptors such as the β‐adrenergic receptor.