bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epidemiology of Postconcussion Syndrome: Another Denominator Problem
Authors: Mccrea Michael A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Based on the issues discussed in preceding chapters regarding problems with the definition, diagnosis, and nonspecificity of PCS symptoms, questions are also raised about published reports on the assumed prevalence and epidemiology of PCS. Published literature and clinical lore have long purported that approximately 15–20 percent of MTBI patients go on to report subjective symptoms or other complaints beyond three months postinjury that warrant the label of persistent PCS.
Collaborative Intervention in Early Childhood
Authors: Hirschland Deborah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When young children are showing signs of difficulty, parents, childcare providers, and teachers often approach practitioners for guidance on how to best support healthy development. Whether providing consultation in early education programs and elementary schools, or assisting children and families in clinics or private practice, these practitioners need a sophisticated understanding of early childhood issues combined with a down-to-earth approach to intervention. This practical yet comprehensive guide: Reviews the multi-disciplinary knowledge needed to understand children's social, emotional, and behavioral difficulties Outlines step-by-step approaches to intervention for a a wide range of issues Zeros in on common problems in establishing relationships, communicating effectively, sustaining attention, and handling frustration and anxiety Offers accessible ways to describe principles and strategies to parents and teachers Illustrates the consultative process through richly detailed and engaging case material With its unique integration of theoretical material, real-world applications, and vivid examples of practice, this volume will serve as an invaluable resource for those working to help 3- to 7-year-olds and the adults who care for and teach them.
Golgi Versus Ramó N Y Cajal: Holism Versus Reductionism At The Dawn Of The Neurosciences
Authors: Mazzarello Paolo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1891, while Golgi was making a last attempt to convince his critics of the reality of the diffuse neural net, Ramoón y Cajal and van Gehuchten developed a physiological model in which dendrites, cell body, and axon played well-defined roles in the mechanism of nervous transmission. In contrast to the static model propounded by His Sr. and Forel, Ramón y Cajal was in fact propounding a more dynamic vision of the nerve cell, and van Gehuchten moved in the same direction, albeit with some small differences. We have seen that Ramón y Cajal began to hint at the idea of directional flow of nerve currents in 1889 while investigating the relationship between the basket cells and Purkinje cells. Two years later, this vague intuition became the “law of dynamic polarization,” according to which the dendrites (and the cell body as well) receive nerve impulses, which are then transmitted to the cylindraxis (the conduction apparatus), which in turn distributes them a distance down to the terminal varicose arborization (emission apparatus).
The Threat From Milan
Authors: Mazzarello Paolo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On November 4, 1893, Golgi read the official opening address for the academic year 1893–94, as the new rector of the University of Pavia. His election had been bitterly opposed by the members of the old guard, such as Sangalli, who were jealous of their power and prerogatives. Golgi was the leading exponent of that generation of “progressive” middle-aged academics who were called “Young Turks” by the students [1] because of their aggressive assault on the key positions within the university.
An Elegant Reticulum “Hidden In The Cell Body”
Authors: Mazzarello Paolo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During his three years as rector of the university, Golgi had been occupied primarily with bureaucratic and administrative issues, even if every now and then he was able to return to the laboratory to carry out some experiments. He had resolved to his advantage the problem of the Palazzo Botta (having cut a few corners in the process) and now his institute occupied a vast wing of this building. In 1894 he had set up the section for the production of the anti-diphtheria serum and now, three years later, he added a section for anti-smallpox vaccine.
The Laboratory Where A Discovery Is Made Every Day
Authors: Mazzarello Paolo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
B y the end of the century, the Laboratory of General Pathology had become an institution of world renown and was considered the most important center of biological research in Italy. In its new location in Palazzo Botta, it was better equipped than ever and could host a considerable number of researchers. In March 1901 Pensa had become assistant to Luigi Sala in the new Institute of Anatomy, also located in Palazzo Botta next door to the Laboratory of General Pathology. The relationship between Golgi and Sala was extremely friendly, and there were intense interactions among the personnel of the two laboratories, which were connected by a passageway. Marenghi continued to be Golgi’s associate; the assistants were Veratti and, in the 1900s, Negri. There were also many bright students, including an extremely young Perroncito, who already in 1901 had published a brief paper On the terminations of nerves in the striated muscle fibers, which according to Golgi represented “a line of resistance against the transcendental school of Ap à thy,” [1] as he sarcastically called the Hungarian scientist’s generalization of the neurofibrillar hypothesis.
Back To Research
Authors: Mazzarello Paolo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Back in Pavia, Golgi was elected president by acclamation of the Società Medico-Chirurgica. But he already had too many engagements and decided to decline the honor. At the suggestion of Pensa he was made honorary president of the Società. He used the prestige associated with the Nobel Prize to further his efforts for the renovation of the university and to ward off the Milanese foe. Meanwhile, in July 1905 the Parliament had approved a law that allowed the creation in Milan of Clinical Institutes for Specialization Studies, which it endowed with a modest state contribution. In December a nonprofit organization was created to manage the Clinics of Obstetrics and Gynecology, of Occupational Diseases, and of Infectious Diseases. [1] The courses would be taught by instructors who were equivalent in status to university professors. The Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology was inaugurated in 1906 while the Clinic for Occupational Diseases was in advanced stages of construction.
Is There a Duty to Report a Crime?
Authors: Neuenschwander John A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It happens so rarely that even in-depth oral history workshops and graduate oral history courses never broach the subject. This rarity occurs when an interviewee either admits to an interviewer that he or she committed a crime or names someone else as the perpetrator. If the interviewee is elderly, the admission or revelation is most likely so far in the past that it no longer matters except to the narrator. But what if the interviewee is not an octogenarian but a much younger individual and the crime that he or she is relating is neither distant nor dated? Does an oral history interviewer have any legal duty to report what he or she was told and recorded? If there is no legal duty is there an ethical one? One could construct any number of hypothetical examples of this sort of stunning revelation but a handful of oral historians have readily admitted on H-NET/OHA, the oral history listserv, to being privy to such admissions and/ or accusations.
Groups: Homomorphisms and Subgroups
Authors: Reilly Norman R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we will probea littledeeper into certain groups that areclosely related in some special way to a given group. In one direction, this leads to the concept of a homomorphism that enables us to consider groups that are related but not quite as strongly related as isomorphic groups. In another direction, we will begin the study of subgroups of a group. We will describe completely all finite abelian groups. We will see the wonderful theorems discovered by Sylow that provideus with a wealth of information regarding the presenceof subgroups of prime power order. Combined with the direct product of groups, this enables us to describe completely all the groups of certain orders. We will conclude the chapter by considering two important classes of groups: solvable and nilpotent groups.
Rings and Polynomials
Authors: Reilly Norman R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In chapter 2 we encountered some of the basic properties of rings and fields. In particular, we considered the ring of polynomials in a single variable and saw how essential that theory is to the study of finite fields. In this chapter we return to the study of rings and polynomials, but this time we will be interested in some geometric aspects. After the introduction of the necessary ring theoretical concepts (such as an ideal) we turn our attention to polynomials in several variables and to various properties of the curves and surfaces that they define.
Blogs and Politics
Authors: Davis Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was an incongruous moment for the dawn of the power of new technology: the center of attention was an icon from the past. Strom Thurmond, longtime South Carolina politician and former segregationist third-party presidential candidate, was being feted by his colleagues as he closed his nearly half-century career in the U.S. Senate. Among the 500 guests were many Washington notables, including four Supreme Court justices. Several politicians spoke, including former Senate Majority Leader Bob Dole. They noted Thurmond’s role in American history and praised him for his accomplishments over a long life.
Journalists
Authors: Davis Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On March 22, 2007, the presidential campaign of John Edwards announced that the candidate and his wife would hold an important press conference that afternoon. Shortly before the press conference, CNN, Fox News, and other cable networks began broadcasting stories that Edwards’s wife, Elizabeth, would announce that her breast cancer was no longer in remission and that her husband would suspend his presidential campaign. The story spread across the Internet as well. The campaign told journalists the rumor was not true, but the denial failed to halt the spread of the story. The problem was the story really was false. When the news conference occurred, the Edwardses announced that they would continue their campaign despite the cancer news. Journalists struggled to explain how and why they had given out false information. The source for the news media accounts turned out to be a recently created blog called Politico.com. In contravention of traditional journalistic standards, the blogger who broke the story, a former Washington Post reporter, had reported the rumor after hearing it from only one source. That source turned out to be mistaken. The journalist justified his use of only one source by saying that blogs “share information in real time.”
The Audience
Authors: Davis Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The final player to discuss is the political blog audience. As mentioned earlier, traditional news media audiences intermingle with other players in agenda setting. But do blog audiences do so as well? Before answering that question, it is important to understand who this audience is. Are they unemployed twenty somethings who spend their days hunched over a computer screen reading the latest gossip about a presidential candidate or smirking over the blogosphere’s report on still another media failure? Are they social outcasts who live in a virtual world disconnected from others? Or are they mainstream voters, average Americans? Do they represent the broad spectrum of social life—truckers, physicians, accountants, manicurists, and PhDs as well as high school dropouts, voters and nonvoters? Are they ordinary people seeking more information in order to make decisions about issues and candidates? What are their attitudes about traditional media? Have these readers given up on mainstream media? Or are they supplementing blog and media news sources? And why do they read? What motivates them to spend time reading someone else’s political opinions? Is it pure entertainment? Or do blogs offer news they don’t get elsewhere? What is the relationship between blogs and their audience? Are they affected by what they read? Do they read blogs in order to glean information, but also, perhaps, to shape opinions as well?
Survival Skills: Becoming A “Knight of Faith”
Authors: Scioli Anthony , Biller Henry B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hope lets you breathe a little easier. It gives you a chance to live a more peaceful life, one that is defined by a deep sense of trust, a strong feeling of support, and considerably less fear and worry. Hope can also help you to transform experiences of loss and rise above the gloom and doom of a death that appears devoid of honor or purpose. These might be considered valuable gifts in any era, but they are particularly prized in our time, an age of anxiety fraught with war, disease, and a host of other threats.
These threats have of course been a part of the human experience since the beginning of recorded time. But things are different today. The weapons are more deadly, the spread of disease more rapid, and our awareness of danger more thorough. Moreover, these are only the more proximate or obvious sources of our unease. We are faced with other, more covert problems as well, such as diminished community, disengaged families, mistrust of institutions, and a sense of nihilism manifest in the widespread lack of faith in God or a higher power. Given all these stresses and uncertainties, is it at all surprising that anxiety disorders have become the world’s most prevalent form of psychopathology, affecting roughly one in every nine individuals?
MacAndrew: The Engineer and the Celtic Fringe
Authors: Harvie Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A scheme for the development of Irish tourist traffic in and around Dublin by means of petrol-propelled riverboats, plying in the fluvial fairway between Islandbridge and Ringsend, charabancs, narrow gauge railways, and pleasure steamers for coastwise navigation (10/per person per day, guide (trilingual) included). A scheme to connect by tramline the Cattle Market (North Circular Road and Prussia Street) with the quays ... Leopold Bloom was doing what the Irishman— as much as the Jew— was not supposed to be doing. When Bernard Shaw argued, in John Bull’s Other Island (1904), that Celts were as good at engineering as the Saxons, if not better at it, he challenged an ideology, evolved between the 1840s and the 1870s, which, along with various dubious bits of anthropological lore, claimed technical ability as a racial endowment.
‘Night’s Candles are Burnt Out’
Authors: Harvie Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1928 the Electricity Supply Board of the Irish Free State allowed the painter Sean Keating to document the opening of the Shannon Power Scheme. The river had been diverted fifteen miles upstream from Limerick, and its waters carried along a ten-mile head-race to one of Europe’s largest hydroelectric power stations. Pylons took 152 megawatt hours throughout the new country.This was a young man’s ploy: the engineer Thomas McLaughlin was only 27, and his political boss as Minister of Commerce Patrick McGilligan 34, when the scheme was decided on in 1923, as the civil war ended. Keating’s ‘Night’s Candles are Burnt Out’ was as ambiguous as his master William Orpen’s Versailles paintings had been six years earlier.
Peasant Markets, Commercialization, and Urban Capitalism
Authors: Clarke Colin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Oaxaca’s peasantries are not being destroyed by the inroads of capitalism—especially in remote mountain areas, though many communities are changing, some at a rapid rate. However, peasantries are becoming increasingly differen tiated internally. This is either because the economic value of what they contro1 has been altered by government investment, perhaps in the form of new roads, improved access to electricity, technology, or the market, or because they are influenced by improved education and health provision, once again largely state financed.
However, peasants in favourable agricultural niches in the Central Valleys are fully capable of conducting their own development by obeying market forces, as Waterbury attests in his detailed account of San Antonino over the period 1970 to 1998. Here over-pumping of groundwater for flower and vegetable production for the Oaxaca City market has reduced output, but producers have adapted by moving into dress embroidery, extending their trading connections to the tourist centres of the Pacific coast, and by out-migration (Waterbury 1989, 1999).
Community, Class, and the Rural Municipio
Authors: Clarke Colin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Administrative fragmentation occurs to an extreme degree in Oaxaca, and this is a result both of its mountain and valley physiography and the insular nature of its settlements, the origins of which go back to early colonial or pre-Hispanic times. The current archipelago of towns, villages, and hamlets, set in a sea of near-uninhabited mountains and valleys, is reflected in the spatial pattern of municipios, the principal units of local government below the level of the state. There are 570 municipios in Oaxaca, about 24 per cent of all those in Mexico (Brito de Marti 1982), with an average of 5,200 persons per unit. Not only are these municipal jurisdictions much smaller and more numerous than else where, but they are also relatively more autonomous (Fox and Aranda 1996). Social fragmentation does not end with the municipio. Within each there is usually a miniature hierarchy of settlements, reaching down from the nucleated cabacera municipal (head settlement) to smaller offshoots, often having a recognized, but subordinate, legal status. In 1950, for example, 3,000 distinctive population aggregates (localidades) in Oaxaca were recognized by the census, ranging from ciudades, villas, and pueblos down to rancherias and congregaciones. Each of the two latter had less than 200 inhabitants, with congregaciones being typified by scattered populations: 79 per cent of the Oaxaca population at that date lived in places with fewer than 2,500 persons.
PRI ‘Hegemony’ and Political Dissent
Authors: Clarke Colin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A major thrust of the argument so far has been that the Mexican state, under the aegis of the PRI, has been responsible for the reconstitution and reinforcement of Oaxaca’s peasantries. It has also played a major role in the post-revolutionary construction of weak peasant ethnicities, and of subordinate, but quasi-autonomous, peasant communities. By delaying, until the late 1970s, the implementation of a population policy based on modern methods of contraception, the state has contributed to the creation of potential surplus population throughout the rural and urban communities of Oaxaca.
Boundaries and Country Planning: Ancient and Modern
Authors: Rackham Oliver 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All members of Cambridge University know the back wall of Peterhouse, where it adjoins the town fen: a wall of ancient stone and brick, much patched and recycled, which runs in a curiously erratic course with many angles and offsets. The college was founded on its present site in 1284, but it was not Peterhouse that established the boundary. The college took over the site of the Friars of the Sack (sacked by the Pope for reasons that do not concern us), but it was not the Friars that established the boundary. They, in turn, had taken over houses in a ribbon development along the main road south of Cambridge, but it was not the house-owners that established the boundary. The house-plots were successors to arable strips laid out between the road and the town fen as part of an exercise in country planning in the Norman or Anglo-Saxon period. The owners of these strips had disturbed the originally regular plan by pushing out their back fences into the fen (usque ad mariscum) —farmers, then as now, were not above encroaching on public land (Hall and Lovatt 1989).
Rangeland Livestock Management
Authors: Baker Kathleen M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Throughout West Africa the keeping of livestock is of major social and economic importance. Animals kept are of many different types and methods of their management are varied. Of major importance are herd animals such as cattle, camels, donkeys, sheep, and goats but equally important to many households are small animals such as pigs, chickens, and guinea fowl which are kept in or near the compound. The importance of wildlife, non domesticated animals to the livelihoods of Africans is increasingly being recognized and the farming of ostrich, crocodile, deer, and a variety of rodents both supplements the protein gap in the diets of many Africans and is a tourist attraction.
Conclusions
Authors: Baker Kathleen M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Balancing resources against opportunities is a skill developed over generations by African smallholders. By exploiting variations in the local environment, both in time and in space, farmers and pastoralists minimize the risk of loss in an unpredictable environment. This is an indigenous alternative to more tecnologically developed systems where ecological variation is eliminated, or significantly reduced, with the aid of technology. Constantly juggling the limited resources available to them, indigenous farmers adjust to a non-equilibrial physical environment and changing social and economic circumstances by working round problems rather than by combating them directly. The case of farmers in Gambia’s Western Division is a good example. In response to protracted drought and to the loss of labour from rural-urban migration, dryland farmers adjusted their cropping patterns, growing less labour-intensive and more drought resistant crops such as cassava and tree crops, particularly fruit (see Chapter 6). Irrigation and labour-saving mechanization were never options. As the drought has continued, labour remains a problem, the cost of living has risen, the cost of education, with which most families are concerned, has escalated, and farmers have begun to specialize in the production of mangoes and more recently, cashew. These tree crops are more drought resistant than oranges and are higher in value, as long as they can be marketed. Contrary to expectations, cassava production has fallen back slightly because farmers find it difficult to successfully fence more than one, or at most two, cassava plots. Fencing is critical because cassava grows through the dry season and unless very well protected, is easy prey for animals which, in this part of the region, are not herded in the dry season. Thus adaptations to change are being made constantly but there is little evidence that such changes are being noticed either by government or by the aid agencies involved in the agricultural sector in The Gambia. This reinforces a personal view that in spite of verbal acknowledgement of the competence of smallholder producers, their skill in coping with problems receives little recognition from policy makers. Smallholders are not perceived as a resource and their potential contribution to agricultural development remains invisible to those with the power to influence change.