bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Iodine Status and Food Sources of Iodine by Race‐Hispanic Origin, NHANES 2011–2014
Authors: Herrick Kirsten , Perrine Cria 
Published: November 2023

BackgroundSubgroups of the US may be at risk of iodine deficiency based on low consumption of foods high in iodine (dairy and grain products) (Perrine 2010). Concurrently, iodine intake among other subgroups of the US may be above requirements (Perrine 2013).ObjectivesThe goal of this analysis is to update population estimates of iodine status and consumption patterns of iodine‐rich foods for the general US population and by race‐Hispanic origin. This analysis will present for the first time estimates of iodine status and consumption patterns of iodine‐rich foods for non‐Hispanic Asians Americans (NHA) using data from NHANES 2011–2014.MethodsUsing data from respondents 6 years and over with urinary iodine and day 1 dietary recall from NHANES 2011–2014, we estimate median urinary iodine and mean intake of dairy and grain by race‐Hispanic origin.ResultsMedian urinary iodine (UI) for the US population 6 years and older was 132 ug/L [CI 127–140]. Median UI was 134 ug/L [CI 125–144] for non‐Hispanic whites, 140 ug/L [CI 124–156] for non‐Hispanic blacks, 132 ug/L [CI 123–142] for Hispanics, and 117 ug/L [CI 104–134] for non‐Hispanic Asians. Median UI for all females was 122 ug/l [CI 111–129], and for women of reproductive age (15–44 yr), median UI was 111 ug/L [CI 100–124]. Dairy consumption was highest among non‐Hispanic whites 256 g [CI 235–278]. Hispanics and NHA had similar consumption amounts of diary: 209 g [CI 189–229] and 194 g [CI 164–223], respectively. Dairy consumption was lowest among non‐Hispanic blacks 139 g [CI 123–155]. Grain consumption was highest among non‐Hispanic Asians 446 g [CI 416–475] followed by Hispanics 388 g [CI 359–416], non‐Hispanic blacks 332 g [CI 308–356] and non‐Hispanic whites 313 g [CI 298–328].ConclusionsPopulation levels of median urinary iodine continue to decline from 164 ug/L in 2007–2008 and 144 ug/L in 2009–2010 (Caldwell 2011) and 132 ug/L in 2011–2014. Median UI was lowest for non‐Hispanic Asians. Differences in median UI by race‐Hispanic origin are not completely explained by differences in consumption patterns.Support or Funding InformationThis work was performed under employment of the US federal government and the authors did not receive any outside funding. The findings and conclusions in this paper article are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Higher Mediterranean Diet Quality Score and Lower BMI are Associated with a Less Oxidized Plasma Glutathione and Cysteine Redox Status in Adults
Authors: Bettermann Erika , Hartman Terry J , Ferranti Erin P , Jones Dean P , Quyyumi Arshed A , Vaccarino Viola , Ziegler Thomas R , Alvarez Jessica A 
Published: November 2023

BackgroundBoth plasma redox and diet quality are associated with chronic disease risk, although the extent to which diet quality influences plasma redox status is unknown. We aimed to investigate the relationships of diet quality and obesity with systemic thiol/disulfide redox status.MethodsWe performed a cross‐sectional study of 721 working adults in Atlanta, Georgia. Diet quality was assessed by diet quality scores of habitual dietary intake derived from Block food frequency questionnaires [the Alternative Healthy Eating Index (AHEI), the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) Score, and the Mediterranean Diet Score (MDS)]. We measured plasma glutathione (GSH), cysteine (Cys), and their respective oxidized forms and redox potentials to assess redox status. Linear regression modeling was performed to assess relationships, independently of body mass index (BMI) and other confounders.ResultsThe MDS was positively associated with plasma GSH (β=0.03, p<0.05) and negatively associated with the cystine/GSH ratio (β=−0.03, p<0.05) in multivariate models. Individual Mediterranean diet components (dairy, vegetables, fish, and monounsaturated fat) were also significantly associated with plasma redox outcomes (p<0.05). AHEI and DASH indexes and other dietary factors were not significantly associated with plasma redox outcomes. Obesity status was significantly associated with more oxidized plasma redox markers and several dietary factors, including diet quality indexes and sulfur amino acid intake (p<0.05).ConclusionAdherence to a Mediterranean diet was associated with less oxidizing plasma thiol/disulfide redox systems, while obesity was associated with a more oxidizing state. These findings contribute to the feasibility of targeting diet to improve plasma redox status.Support or Funding InformationSupported by Emory University and the National Institutes of Health (UL1TR000454, K24 DK096574, K01 DK102851).
Effect of Dietary Intake on Bone Mineral Density among Non‐Obese and Obese Women
Authors: Aggarwal Prekshi , Volpe Stella Lucia 
Published: November 2023

ObjectiveAnalysis of dietary intake among non‐obese and obese women was conducted to examine the effects of dietary intakes on bone mineral density (BMD) and obesity.MethodologyThis study was based on a sample of 29 women (15 non‐obese and 14 obese/overweight), 20 to 60 years of age. Dietary intakes were measured by Automated Self‐Administered (ASA) 24‐hour dietary recalls. Body weight and height were measured to calculate body mass index (BMI). Dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) was used to measure total body BMD (TBBMD), lumbar spine BMD (L1 to L4), and dual femur BMD, as well as percent body fat.ResultsThe non‐obese group had a body mass index (BMI) between 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m2, while the obese/overweight group had a BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 (P < 0.001). There was no significant difference between the non‐obese group and obese/overweight group with respect to age and ethnicity (P > 0.05). Average energy intake was 1864 ± 717 kilocalories (kcal) per day for the non‐obese women, and 2080 ± 775 kcal/day for the obese/overweight women (P = 0.44). Similarly, daily intake of protein, fat, carbohydrate, vitamins (A, B12, D, E, K), and minerals (calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium) were similar between the non‐obese and obese/overweight groups (P > 0.05). Dietary intake could not explain the difference in BMI between groups. Both groups met the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA), except for vitamin D and potassium; both groups consumed about 30% to 50% less than the RDA. However, there was a significant correlation (R = 0.68, P = 0.0076) between vitamin K intake and BMD in the obese/overweight group, but not in the non‐obese group (R = 0.18, P = 0.52). The non‐obese group had a significantly lower TBBMD compared to the obese/overweight group (BMD = 1.15 ± 0.08 g/cm2 and 1.26 ± 0.12 g/cm2, respectively) (P < 0.05). Similarly, the non‐obese group had a significantly lower dual femur BMD and percent body fat (0.94 ± 0.27 g/cm2 and 29.18 ± 6.29%, respectively) compared to the obese/overweight (1.12 ± 0.12 g/cm2 and 42.16 ± 6.17%, respectively) (P < 0.05). In addition, BMI was significantly correlated with BMD (R = 0.79, P = 0.007) in the obese/overweight group, but not in the non‐obese group (R = 0.32, P = 0.23).ConclusionsWe found that the non‐obese group had a lower BMD than the obese/overweight group. In addition, BMD was significantly correlated (P < 0.05) with BMI and vitamin K intake in the obese/overweight group, but not in the non‐obese group. More research needs to be conducted to assess the effect of dietary intake and obesity on BMD in women.Support or Funding InformationThis work was supported by the American Association of University Women (www.aauw.org)'s International Post‐Doc Award to Dr. Prekshi Aggarwal.
Health and Wellness in the College Population: Dietary & Lifestyle Contributions to Bone Health
Authors: Plawecki Karen , Beezhold Bonnie , Chen Tammy , Cundari Chris , Sabella Hannah 
Published: November 2023

BackgroundCollege students represent a critical opportunity in physiological age for the impact of physical activity and nutrition to demonstrate profound effects on bone strength. Dietary sources rich in vitamin D and calcium, intake of fruits and vegetables and engaging in physical activity has been associated with building and maintaining strong bones. Emerging research suggests omega‐3's foods may positively impact bone health. This study examines food sources (vitamin D, calcium and omega‐3s) and physical activity (PA) and their associations with bone mineral density (BMD) in a college population.DesignCross‐sectional study design was piloted in a small, private university. Participants completed surveys on diet, lifestyle, and engagement in physical activity. Separate food frequency questionnaires included vitamin D, calcium, and omega‐3 fatty acids, plus the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and the short form of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS). Sahara (Hologic) Heel Ultrasound measured BMD.Statistical AnalysesNon‐parametric statistics and t‐tests (SPSS version 22) examined associations: food sources, recommended intakes, lifestyle factors, PA and BMD.ResultsParticipants (n=50, 33 females and 17 males), between ages of 19–25, completed the study. Estimated vitamin D intake (436 ± 493 IU) was less than recommendations (p=0.02). Estimated calcium intake (1327 ± 912 mg) exceeds recommendations (p=0.01). Omega‐3 intake met recommendations with walnuts (0.893 ± 1.74 gm/d) and canola oil (0.301 ± .697 gm/d) being the main sources. No significant associations were observed between omega‐3's and BMD. Significant findings included higher fruit intake (p=0.014) and lower vegetable intake (p<0.001) intake compared to USDA recommendations. Moderate and vigorous intensity exercises physical activity patterns exceeded American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) recommendations (p<0.001, p<0.05, respectively). No significant associations were observed between PA and BMD.ConclusionsDietary patterns among participants were sub‐optimal for intake of vitamin D, and omega‐3's compared to recommendations for development of bone health habits. Even with a trend of decreasing activity levels as students move towards graduation, physical activity habits met recommendations.Support or Funding InformationNo external funding to report
Omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid erythrocyte composition and 2‐year change in body weight
Authors: Bigornia Sherman J , Noel Sabrina E , Mangano Kelsey , Harris William S , Tucker Katherine L 
Published: November 2023

BackgroundAnimal evidence suggests that omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) consumption may be protective against weight gain, however evidence in humans is lacking, particularly studies with long‐term follow‐up.ObjectiveTo measure prospective associations between omega‐3 PUFA erythrocyte composition and changes in weight over a 2‐year follow‐up among older mainland Puerto Rican adults.MethodsProspective analyses were conducted using data from the Boston Puerto Rican Health Study (n=1080, age: 57±7 y, BMI: 31.9 ± 6.6 kg/m2, 72% female). Erythrocyte membrane fatty acid status was measured at baseline. Total omega‐3 PUFA included fatty acids α‐linolenic, eicosapentaenoic, docosapentaenoic, and docosahexaenoic expressed as a percent of total fatty acid content. The omega‐3 index was defined as the sum of erythrocyte eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid composition. Change in weight (kg) was calculated as 2‐year weight minus baseline weight (kg) as a percent of baseline weight. Multiple linear regression and ANCOVA were used as appropriate.ResultsAverage total omega‐3 erythrocyte composition and the omega‐3 index values were 6.6 ± 1.5% and 4.4 ± 1.4%, respectively. During follow‐up, the average weight change was −0.03 ± 7.3%. Total omega‐3 PUFA composition was inversely and significantly associated with change in weight in minimally and fully adjusted models (Table 1). Larger effect estimates were observed for associations with the omega‐3 index (Table 1). These relationships were not significantly modified by total omega‐6 PUFA composition. In multivariable adjusted analyses, the percent change in weight by increasing omega‐3 index quartile were −0.60% (95% CI: −2.15 to 0.95), −1.25% (95% CI: −2.79 to 0.27), −1.09% (95% CI: −2.61 to 0.42), and −2.12% (95% CI: −3.54 to −0.71), respectively (P‐trend=0.03).ConclusionsWe observed inverse associations between biomarkers of omega‐3 dietary intake and metabolism with 2‐year change in weight, suggesting that the consumption of foods rich in omega‐3 PUFA may benefit weight management among older mainland Puerto Ricans.Support or Funding InformationNIH grants P01‐AG023394, P50‐HL105185, and R01‐AG027087
Associations between baseline omega‐3 PUFA erythrocyte composition and 2‐year change in body weight (n=1080)

Model 1
Model 2
Model 3

β ± SE
β ± SE
β ± SE

Total omega‐3 PUFA
−0.38 ± 0.15*
−0.30 ± 0.15*
−0.34 ± 0.16*

Omega‐3 index
−0.47 ± 0.17*
−0.41 ± 0.17*
−0.47 ± 0.18*

Model 1: time between visits, sex, and baseline age and BMI; Model 2: model 1 plus baseline smoking status, omega‐3 supplement use, physical activity, Healthy Eating Index 2005 score (modified to exclude oil component), total energy intake, diabetes status, and heart disease status; Model 3: model 2 plus total omega‐6 PUFA composition.
P<0.05
Prevalence of Low‐calorie Sweetener Intake in South Asian Adults
Authors: Jin Yichen , Sylvetsky Allison C. , Kandula Namratha , Kanaya Alka M. , Talegawkar Sameera A. 
Published: November 2023

The consumption of low‐calorie sweeteners (LCS), commonly found in diet beverages, reduced‐sugar foods, and tabletop packets, has increased rapidly over the past decades in the general United States (US) population, and has been found to be associated with increased cardiometabolic risk. However, no data exist regarding the prevalence of LCS consumption among South Asians, one of the fastest growing ethnic groups in the US. We therefore conducted a cross‐sectional analysis to determine the prevalence of LCS use in a community‐based cohort of South Asians living in the US (the Mediators of Atherosclerosis in South Asians Living in America study). Consumption of LCS, specifically diet soda and LCS packets, was assessed using a culturally appropriate and validated food‐frequency questionnaire. Chi‐squared and ANOVA tests were used to evaluate differences in LCS consumption with socio‐demographics, health characteristics, and metabolic risk. A total of 892 South Asians (47% women) were included for the analysis with mean age 55.3 (SD=9.4) y. Twenty‐two percent of South Asians reported consumption of LCS at least three servings per week, with higher consumption among older individuals (p=0.049), men (26% vs. 18%, p=0.003), participants with a longer length of residence in the US (p=0.048), and among those who spent more time in TV viewing (p<0.001). Higher prevalence of LCS consumption was also seen among participants with obesity (prevalence: 32% vs. 21%, p=0.006), those who had at least one chronic disease condition (prevalence: 28% vs. 16%, p<0.001), diabetes (47% vs. 17%, p<0.001), hypertension (29% vs. 17%, p<0.001) and in those with coronary artery calcification (Agatston score greater than 0; prevalence: 28% vs. 18%, p=0.001). Additionally, LCS consumption was associated with higher visceral (p=0.001) and subcutaneous fat (p=0.011), and waist circumference (p<0.001). Our findings emphasize the need to investigate potential metabolic effects of LCS use in already‐metabolically vulnerable South Asian individuals.Support or Funding InformationThe MASALA study was supported by the National Institutes of Health (grant number 1R01‐HL‐093009). Data collection at UCSF was also supported by NIH/NCRR UCSF‐CTSI (grant number UL1 RR024131)
A Minimally Processed Dietary Pattern Is Associated with Lower Odds of Metabolic Syndrome among Lebanese Adults
Authors: Nasreddine Lara , Tamim Hani , Hwalla Nahla , Itani Leila , Nasrallah Mona , Ismaeel Hussain , Nakhoul Nancy , Abou‐Rizk Joanna , Naja Farah 
Published: November 2023

ObjectiveThe present study aimed at 1) estimating the consumption of minimally processed, processed and ultraprocessed foods (UPFs) in a sample of Lebanese adults, 2) exploring patterns of intakes of these food groups in the study population, and 3) investigating the association of the derived patterns with socio‐demographic correlates and cardiometabolic risk.MethodsA cross‐sectional survey was conducted in the Greater Beirut area among adults aged above 18 years (n=305) with no prior history of chronic diseases. Data collection included socio‐demographic and lifestyle factors, biochemical, anthropometric and blood pressure measurements and dietary assessment using a food frequency questionnaire. Food items were grouped into 25 groups taking into consideration the NOVA food classification. The contribution of each food group to energy intake (EI) was estimated. Patterns of intakes of these food groups were examined by exploratory factor analysis. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the associations of derived patterns with socio‐demographic and cardiometabolic risk factors.ResultsOut of total EI, 36.5%, and 28.9% were contributed by UPFs and minimally processed foods, respectively. Two dietary patterns were identified: the “Ultraprocessed” and the “Minimally processed/processed”. Participants in the highest quartile of the “Minimally processed/processed” had significantly lower odds for MetS (0.18, 95%CI: 0.04–0.77), hyperglycemia (OR: 0.25, 95%CI: 0.07–0.98), and low HDL (OR: 0.17, 95%CI: 0.05–0.60). Adherence to the “minimally processed/processed” pattern was significantly positively associated with age and education, and inversely with smoking.ConclusionsFindings of this study should inform the development of comprehensive policies and culture‐specific interventions aiming at encouraging the consumption of minimally processed foods.Support or Funding InformationThe study was supported by the Lebanese National Council for Scientific Research.
A Health Behaviour Score Is Associated With Hypertension And Obesity Among Australian Adults
Authors: Livingstone Katherine M , McNaughton Sarah 
Published: November 2023

ObjectiveUnhealthy lifestyle behaviours often cluster together and their combined effect may be detrimental to health. This study aimed to investigate associations between a Health Behaviour Score (HBS) and prevalence of hypertension and overweight/obesity in a nationally‐representative sample of Australian adults.MethodsAdults (n=4609; 19–85 years) from the Australian Health Survey 2011–13 were included in the present cross‐sectional analysis. A HBS (1–5) was derived based on whether individuals met recommendations for established risk factors (diet quality, smoking and physical activity) and emerging risk factors (sedentary time and sleep duration). Poisson regression estimated the prevalence of hypertension and overweight/obesity according to total HBS and HBS components.ResultsThirteen percent, 26%, 31%, 23% and 7% of individuals met one (or zero), two, three, four and five HBS recommendations, respectively. Hypertension prevalence was 17%, 30%, 20%, and 31% lower in individuals meeting two, three, four and five of recommendations, respectively (P‐trend=0.037). Prevalence of overweight/obesity was 0%, 4%, 12%, and 14% lower in individuals meeting two, three, four and five of recommendations, respectively (P‐trend=0.002). Only diet quality and smoking were independently associated with hypertension and overweight/obesity prevalence, respectively.ConclusionsPrevalence of hypertension and overweight/obesity were lower in individuals who had above average diet quality, never smoked, were physically active, spent less time sedentary and got adequate sleep. The combined impact of meeting more recommendations was stronger than that of individual behaviours. Our findings support the need for a holistic approach to public health recommendations that accounts for the correlated nature of these behaviours.Support or Funding InformationKML acknowledges support from the Alfred Deakin Postdoctoral Research Fellowship. SAM acknowledges support from the NHMRC Career Development Fellowship (ID1104636).
Relationship Between Egg and Meat Intake and Type 2 Diabetes Risk: Results from the Adventist Health Study
Authors: Sabaté Joan , Burkholder‐Cooley Nasira , Oda Keiji , Siapco Gina 
Published: November 2023

Studies have indicated that egg intake may increase the risk of type 2 diabetes. However, the background diet may be responsible for the observed associations. We attempted to disentangle the purported relationship between eggs and/or meat intake and diabetes risk. We assessed and validated habitual dietary intake in over 96,000 participants of the Adventist Health Study‐2 cohort with a wide range of meat and egg intakes. T2D incidence was documented over an average eight‐year follow‐up. Egg intake was characterized as never, occasionally (<1x/wk), regularly (2–4x/wk) or daily. Meat intake was categorized as never, low (<25 g/d), medium (≥25 to < 70 g/d) or high (≥70 g/d). We used multivariate logistic regression adjusting for known confounders to evaluate associations between egg and meat intake, BMI and incident T2D. Compared to normal weight subjects, the risk of diabetes was 2.4 and 6.2 times greater among overweight and obese, respectively. The OR (95% CI) of developing diabetes among low, and medium/high meat eaters was 1.32 (1.18, 1.47), 1.46 (1.28, 1.66), and 1.75 (1.48, 2.08), respectively, compared to non‐meat eaters. The frequency of egg consumption, from never to daily, did not change the risk of diabetes across the categories of meat consumers. Among non‐meat eaters (vegetarians), those consuming eggs occasionally or a few times per week had no increase in diabetes risk; however, daily egg consumers had an OR (95% CI) of 1.52 (1.09, 2.11) compared to those who never consume eggs. Adjusting for meat intake, different levels of egg consumption did not change the risk of diabetes among individuals at different BMI categories. Obesity and meat consumption substantially increase the risk of diabetes in a step‐wise fashion. At every level of BMI and meat consumption, the frequency of egg intake does not change the inherent risk of diabetes, except among non‐meat eaters consuming eggs daily.Support or Funding Information(Funded by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) grant 1U01CA152939 and the Egg Nutrition Center.)
The Relation of Dietary Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load to Glucose Homeostasis among Adults Without Diabetes in Southwest China
Authors: Xue Hongmei , Zhang Jieyi , Li Danting , Luo Jiao , Dai Junbiao , Buyken Anette E , Cheng Guo 
Published: November 2023

ObjectiveWe examined whether a higher dietary glycemic index (GI) or glycemic load (GL) was associated with a less favorable glucose homeostasis among Chinese adults and whether these associations were modified by genetic predisposition or whether joined effect exist with their cereal fiber intake.MethodsMultivariable regression analyses were performed in 3918 adults aged 23–69 years for whom three 24‐hour dietary recalls and information on glucose homeostasis, genetic background and potential confounders was available.ResultsAdults in the highest GI/GL tertile had an approximately 9% (5%) higher fasting plasma glucose, 11% (3%) higher glycated haemoglobin, 12% (7%) higher insulin level, and 28% (22%) higher hepatic insulin resistance compared to those in the lowest tertile (adjusted pfor‐trend ≤0.04). Moreover, a higher dietary GI/GL was associated with higher odds of pre‐diabetes (pfor‐trend =0.03). These associations were more pronounced among persons with a high T2DM genetic risk scores (pfor‐interaction ≤ 0.06) or a low cereal fiber intake (pfor‐interaction ≤ 0.05).ConclusionOur study indicates that the dietary GI/GL is of relevance for glucose homeostasis among Chinese adults, particularly among individuals genetically predisposed to T2DM.Support or Funding InformationAll phases of this study were supported by research grant from the National Nature Science Foundation of China (No. 81472976)