bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Breed Structures of for Conservation of Middle Rare Pigs: Implications the Berkshire, Tamworth, White, Large Black, Gloucester Old Spot, British Saddleback, and British Lop
Authors: HALL S. J. G. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract: Registration details of seven rare British breeds of pig w e studied over the period 1978–1986 inclusive. For four breeds, numbers of pigs registered have shown a slight upward trend. About 70% of males and 40% of females that breed, do so in herds other than the natal herd In the breed for which most pedigree data were analysed (the British Lop), 95–100% of recent pig crops were inbred In the rare breeds generally, mean inbreeding at around 6% signifies an inbreeding rate of about 1 % per generation, higher than has been found in commercial breeds. Breeds did not differ greatly in the ways they were structured.About a third of herds supplied boars to other herds, a relatively high proportion, indicating that the breeds have a structure that is not completely hierarchical, and this is favorable for genetic conservation. Pigs whose parents were from different herds were significantly less inbred than those with both parents from the same herd In some breeds it was clear that pigs sharing the same bloodline name were more closely related than pigs within the same herd but with different bloodline names.Conservation procedures applied to these pigs have been designed to conform with the customs and procedures of the British pedigree livestock industry. The most important single such procedure is the registration, with a central authority, of breeding stock.
Use‐Values of Tree Species in a Communal Forest Reserve in Northeast Peru
Authors: PINEDO‐VASQUEZ MIGUEL , ZARIN DANIEL , JIPP PETER , CHOTA‐INUMA JOMBER 
Published: April 2005

Abstract: Several rural villages in the department of Loreto, in northeast Peru, have sought to protect local control over access to natural resources by establishing communal reserves. Most of Loreto's villages have heterogeneous populations of detribalized Indians and mestizos, called ribereños (people of the riverbanks). The communal reserves of ribereño villages currently have no legal status, but are regulated by written communal rules and are actively guarded by community members.An inventory of trees greater than 10 cm in diameter was conducted in one ribereño communal reserve, a fifty‐year‐old secondary forest. A doubly random sampling procedure was used producing a total sample size of 7.5 ha Tree species utilized by community members were found to comprise 60% of the total number of species sampled. Uses were divided into six categories: food construction, crafts remedy, commerce, and other “use‐values” were assigned to each species, based on an ordinal system developed by Prance et al. (1987). The presence or absence of markets for specific forest products was found to be a major determinant of that species' overall use‐value to ribereño populations. Neither the existing markets nor the lack of firm land or resource tenure for ribereño communal reserves encourages sustained management of forest resources.
Nested Faunas and Extinction in Fragmented Habitats
Authors: CUTLER ALAN 
Published: April 2005

Abstract: The faunas of habitat islands, such as those produced by fragmentation of formerly continuous habitats, are commonly made up of nonrandom subsets of the total available species pool. Faunas within an archipelago may form a nested series, with depauperate faunas made up of subsets of more species‐rich faunas. The pattern is seldom perfect: widespread species may be absent from otherwise rich faunas (holes), and uncommon species may occur in depauperate faunas (outliers). The “nestedness” of an assemblage of faunas (its fit to the “nested subset model”; Patterson & Atmar 1986) can be measured by summing the holes and outliers.The distributions of boreal mammals and birds among mountain ranges in the Great Basin of western North America were analyzed by this method Despite differences in their derivation (mammalian faunas are thought to be relicts, isolated since the Pleistocene; bird faunas have probably experienced recurrent colonization throughout their history] both groups show an approximately equal (and highly significant) fit to the nested subset model. They differ, however, in the relative numbers of holes and outliers in their patterns. The mammalian pattern is hole‐rich; the bird pattern is outlier‐rich.The present‐day composition of the mammalian faunas is the result of selective extinction of species of originally richer faunas. The existence of nested subsets in these faunas suggests that extinction is a highly deterministic process: extinctions occurred in approximately the same sequence throughout the region, despite wide variation in extinction rates Extinction sequence has, in fact, been less variable than extinction rates.
Dynamics of Ventricular Repolarization in Patients with Dilated Cardiomyopathy Versus Healthy Subjects
Authors: Alonso Jose Luis , Martínez Pablo , Vallverdú Montserrat , Cygankiewicz Iwona , Pitzalis Maria Vittoria , Genís Antoni Bayés , Cinca Juan , Rizzon Paolo , Caminal Pere , Zareba Wojciech , De Luna Antoni Bayés 
Published: April 2005

Background: Patients with impaired left ventricular function have a high risk of developing ventricular arrhythmias and sudden death. Among different markers of risk, the prolongation and regional heterogeneity of repolarization are of increasing interest. However, there are limited data regarding feasibility of analyzing repolarization parameters and their dynamics in 24‐hour Holter ECG recordings. Methods: Dynamic behavior of repolarization parameters was studied with a new automatic algorithm in digital 24‐hour Holter recordings of 60 healthy subjects and 55 patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (IDC). Repolarization parameters included the mean value of QT and QTc durations, QT dispersion, and peaks of QT duration and QT dispersion above prespecified thresholds. Results: In comparison to healthy subjects, patients with IDC had lower heart rate variability, longer mean QT and QTc durations, higher content of QTc peaks >500 ms, longer QT dispersion and its standard deviation, and a higher content of peaks >100 ms of QT dispersion (P < 0.01 for all comparisons). These repolarization parameters were significantly higher in IDC patients after adjustment for age, sex, and heart rate variability. The parameters of repolarization dynamics correlated with SDNN in healthy subjects but not in dilated cardiomyopathy patients. Conclusions: The automatic assessment of repolarization parameters in 24‐hour digital ECG recordings is feasible and differentiates dilated cardiomyopathy patients from healthy subjects. Patients with dilated cardiomyopathy have increased QT duration, QT dispersion, and increased variability of QT dispersion reflecting variations in T‐wave morphology, the factors which might predispose them to the development of arrhythmic events.
Identification of Optimal Electrocardiographic Criteria for the Diagnosis of Unrecognized Myocardial Infarction: A Population‐Based Study
Authors: Ammar Khawaja Afzal , Yawn Barbara P. , Urban Lynn , Mahoney Douglas W. , Kors Jan A. , Jacobsen Steven , Rodeheffer Richard J. 
Published: April 2005

Background: Despite using the same tool (ECG), the proportion of myocardial infarctions that goes unrecognized varies from 20% to 60% in population‐based studies. The reasons for such wide variations have not been studied. We sought to evaluate the effect of ECG‐MI criteria and study methodology on the prevalence of unrecognized myocardial infarction (UMI) and to identify the optimal ECG‐MI criteria for UMI detection in epidemiologic studies. Methods: A random population‐based sample of 2042 adults, age ≥45 years, underwent history, medical record abstraction and ECG. Six different ECG‐MI criteria and two subjective recognized myocardial infarction (RMI) identification criteria, from different published studies, were applied to the same survey ECG. The operating test characteristics of different criteria were compared with the objective criterion standard of a RMI by Gillum criteria. Results: The UMI proportion estimates varied from 32% to 61% due to variation in ECG‐MI criteria, while keeping the study population, MI recognition criteria, and ECG constant. Subjective criteria for MI recognition had limited value (positive predictive value of 44–93%) in picking up RMI. Depending on the ECG abnormality used to define MI, ECG reading had widely varying sensitivity (21–37%; P < 0.0001) with consistently high specificity (92–97%) for detection of RMI. Conclusions: The prevalence estimates of UMI vary widely and are strongly dependent on the ECG‐MI and MI recognition criteria. Future studies of UMI should explicitly recognize this variation and select the ECG‐MI criteria that match their study aims.
Using distant globular clusters as a test for gravitational theories
Authors: Baumgardt H. , Grebel E. K. , Kroupa P. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
We propose to determine the stellar velocity dispersions of globular clusters in the outer halo of the Milky Way in order to decide whether the dynamics of the Universe on large scales is governed by dark matter or modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND). We show that, for a number of Galactic globular clusters, both the internal and the external accelerations are significantly below the critical acceleration parameter a0 of MOND. This leads to velocity dispersions in the case of MOND which exceed their Newtonian counterparts by up to a factor of 3, providing a stringent test for MOND. Alternatively, in cases where high velocity dispersions are found, these would provide the first evidence that globular clusters are dark matter dominated.
A thick-disc origin for Tycho Brahe's 1572 supernova?
Authors: Fuhrmann Klaus 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
The very recent suggestion for the identification of a faint G-type subgiant, dubbed ‘Tycho G’, as the binary progenitor of Tycho Brahe's 1572 Type Ia supernova by Ruiz-Lapuente et al. is essentially based on the peculiar space velocity of the star. Here we demonstrate that the kinematics of Tycho G are likewise in keeping with the stars of the Milky Way's thick-disc population. Hence we may well be seeing an object that is only coincidentally passing in the vicinity of the supernova remnant, or Tycho Brahe and his contemporaries may indeed have witnessed the late explosion of one of the first stars in the Galaxy.
Red variables in the OGLE-II data base — III. Constraints on the three-dimensional structures of the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds
Authors: Lah P. , Kiss L. L. , Bedding T. R. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
We present an analysis of the 3D structure of the Magellanic Clouds, using period-luminosity (P-L) relations of pulsating red giants in the OGLE-II sample. By interpreting deviations from the mean P-L relations as distance modulus variations, we examine the 3D distributions of the sample. The results for the Large Magellanic Cloud, based solely on stars below the tip of the Red Giant Branch (LMC), confirm previous results on the inclined and possibly warped bar of the LMC. The depth variation across the OGLE-II field is about 2.4 kpc, interpreted as the distance range of a thin but inclined structure. The inclination angle is about 29°. A comparison with OGLE-II red clump distances revealed intriguing differences that seem to be connected to the red clump reddening correction. A spatially variable red clump population in the LMC can explain the deviations, which may have a broader impact on our understanding of the LMC formation history. For the Small Magellanic Cloud, we find a complex structure showing patchy distribution scattered within 3.2 kpc of the mean. However, the larger range of the overall depth on every line-of-sight is likely to smooth out significantly the real variations.
DRYING METHODS AND QUALITY OF SHRIMP DRIED IN A JET‐SPOUTED BED DRYER
Authors: TAPANEYASIN RUNGTIP , DEVAHASTIN SAKAMON , TANSAKUL AMPAWAN 
Published: April 2005

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to experimentally investigate the effects of various parameters, i.e., size of shrimp, level and pattern of inlet drying air temperature, on the drying kinetics and various quality attributes of dried shrimp viz. shrinkage, rehydration ability, texture and color during drying in a jet‐spouted bed dryer. It was found that the use of a constant inlet air temperature of 100C yielded dried shrimp of the best quality in terms of low percentage of shrinkage, high percentage of rehydration, low maximum shear force and high value of redness compared to shrimp dried using other conditions. A simple mathematical model that enables prediction of the drying behavior of shrimp in a jet‐spouted bed dryer has also been developed.
THE POLITICAL ROOTS OF AMERICAN CORPORATE FINANCE
Authors: Roe Mark J. 
Published: April 2005

The distinctive ownership and governance structure of the large American corporation‐with its distant shareholders, a board of directors that defers to the CEO, and a powerful, centralized management‐is usually seen as a natural economic outcome of technological requirements for large‐scale enterprises and substantial amounts of outside capital, most of which had to come from well‐diversified shareholders. Roe argues that current U.S. corporate structures are the result not only of such economic factors, but of political forces that restricted the size and activities of U.S. commercial banks and other financial intermediaries. Populist fears of concentrated economic power, interest group maneuvering, and a federalist American political structure all had a role in pressuring Congress to fragment U.S. financial institutions and limit their ability to own stock and participate in corporate governance.Had U.S. politics been different, the present ownership structure of some American public companies might have been different. Truly national U.S. financial institutions might have been able to participate as substantial owners in the wave of end‐of‐the‐century mergers and then use their large blocks of stock to sit on the boards of the merged enterprises (much as Warren Buffett, venture capitalists, and LBO firms like KKR do today). Such a concentrated ownership and governance structure might have helped to address monitoring, information, and coordination problems that continue to reduce the value of some U.S. companies.The recent increase in the activism of U.S. institutional investors also casts doubt on the standard explanation of American corporate ownership structure. The new activism of U.S. financial institutions‐primarily pension funds and mutual funds‐can be interpreted as the delayed outbreak of an impulse to participate in corporate ownership and governance that was historically suppressed by American politics.
FOUR GOALS FOR A STRONGER U.S. FINANCIAL SERVICES INDUSTRY (AND FIVE WAYS FOR CONGRESS TO HELP US GET THERE)
Authors: Haraf William S. 
Published: April 2005

For at least the past 15 years, the preferred model for financial modernization among U.S. lawmakers and regulators has been based on the concept of the financial services holding company (FSHC) with functional regulation of its financial subsidiaries. Such an approach makes eminently good sense in a world where it is possible to make clear distinctions among different financial functions and between financial services and other information‐based businesses. Although this may have been the case 15 years ago, today the FSHC model will not deal with financial convergence and the broader convergence of information‐based businesses in a completely satisfactory way.To lay the groundwork for a financial structure that can carry us into the next century, Congress needs to look beyond the approaches it has been willing to consider to date. Instead of simply eliminating remaining entry barriers, it needs to permit true financial integration with a much simpler and more streamlined system of regulation than we have today. After holding up four goals for a financial services marketplace for the next century, this article offers five “sensible and politically realistic” suggestions for the 105th Congress that would help move the U.S. financial sector toward those goals.
EVA AND SHAREHOLDER VALUE IN JAPAN
Authors: Sakata Koshiro , Kim E. Han 
Published: April 2005

In a series of individual presentations and a follow‐up set of exchanges, a group of academics and corporate practitioners discuss current problems with the Japanese corporate governance system and the potential role of EVA in addressing them. Professor Tak Wakasugi of Tokyo University identifies the problem as Japanese managers' devotion to “growth at all costs”‐an approach encouraged by the illusion that equity capital is a “free and unlimited resource.” Both Wakasugi and EVA advocate Joel Stern argue that adoption of the EVA performance measurement and incentive system would help impress upon Japanese managers the reality that capital is costly, but without causing them to cut back on promising investments (as would a single‐minded focus on a rate‐of‐return measure like ROE).In the three presentations that follow, Virgil Stephens, Toru Mochizuki, and Mark Newburg‐the CFOs, respectively, of Eastman Chemical, Coca‐Cola Japan, and NCR Japan‐ discuss the implementation and workings of EVA within their companies.
SILICON VALLEY'S HIGH‐VELOCITY LABOR MARKET
Authors: Hyde Alan 
Published: April 2005

The remarkable growth of Silicon Valley has often been linked to its high‐velocity labor market, as characterized by short‐term hiring and frequent employee departures to competitors or start‐ups. Such employee mobility is said to contribute to economic growth by facilitating rapid diffusion of information among firms.Law, nearly everywhere, is a potential obstacle to Silicon Valley‐style growth. In nearly all European countries, the problem is labor laws that discourage the creation of short‐term employment relations and saddle employers with significant obligations when jobs are eliminated. In America, the legal obstacle to the creation of high‐velocity labor markets is the law of covenants not to compete and trade secrets. California law, however, does not permit effective enforcement of either covenants not to compete or trade secret agreements. California companies that have sued departing employees have usually lost the suits, suffered damage to their reputations in their industry, and had difficulty recruiting employees.After showing how this result has been achieved by the California legal system, this article goes on to explain why a labor market in which employees have information that is valuable to employers, and in which long‐term contracting is not feasible, may be economically efficient (in spite of a potentially dampening effect on corporate R & D). A high‐velocity labor market functions more like an information market than like the traditional labor markets analyzed by economists; by spreading information more rapidly, it eliminates much wasteful duplication of effort and achieves more rapid “convergence” on solutions to technological problems—which in turn creates more growth opportunities and start‐ups.In making this argument, the author draws on Paul Romer's model of economic growth in which growth rests on “increasing returns” to information. Following Romer, the author suggests that the economic benefits of information diffusion achieved by labor mobility are likely to outweigh the risks that companies will underinvest in research because of their reduced ability to protect trade secrets.
RETHINKING BANK REGULATION: A REVIEW OF THE HISTORICAL EVIDENCE
Authors: Kroszner Randall S. 
Published: April 2005

The debate over bank powers has taken on special urgency with the recent flurry of proposed mergers, such as the Citicorp‐Travelers Group combination, that would break down the barriers between commercial and investment banking. After more than a decade of failed attempts to expand the scope of permissible bank activities, the House of Representatives recently voted for the first time in favor of a bill to end these Depression era limitations. The issue will be taken up by the Senate this fall.Most of the rationales for regulating banks fall into two broad categories: (1) the need to control potential conflicts of interest stemming from banks' multiple roles as deposit‐takers, lenders, securities underwriters, and investment advisers; and (2) the perceived need to protect against the possibility of bank panics and widespread financial instability. In reviewing the historical evidence compiled by banking and finance scholars over the years, this article finds remarkably little cause for concern and suggests the regulatory cure may be far worse than the disease.On the first issue, the article cites a number of recent studies suggesting that market forces deal more effectively than regulation with conflicts of interests that can arise when commercial banks are engaged in securities underwriting. Contrary to the conventional wisdom, investors during the pre‐Glass‐Steagall era appear to have been better off when they purchased securities from commercial banks rather than investment banks. Moreover, to enhance their credibility in the market, many commercial banks during this period chose to put some distance between their lending and underwriting activities by establishing separate securities affiliates, thereby creating voluntary “firewalls.”In examining the issue of how the expansion of bank powers would affect economic stability, the second half of the article cites a large body of research–including studies of different historical periods and countries–attesting to the durability of commercial (and universal) banking systems. Indeed, one of the most important findings issuing from this research is that the regulatory safety net has often had the unfortunate impact of undermining rather than promoting financial stability.
A NEW APPROACH TO CAPITAL BUDGETING FOR FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Authors: Froot Kenneth A. , Stein Jeremy C. 
Published: April 2005

The classic approach to capital budgeting based on the standard Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) says that the hurdle rate (or cost of capital) for any new project or investment should depend only on the riskiness of that investment. Thus, the hurdle rate, and hence the expected value of the investment, should not be affected by the financial policy of the company evaluating the project. Nor should the hurdle rate be influenced by the company's risk management policy, or by the kind of assets it already has on the balance sheet.This article argues that such a “singlefactor” model may be inappropriate for banks and other financial institutions for two main reasons:

it is especially costly for banks to raise new external funds on short notice;
it is costly for banks to hold a buffer stock of equity capital on the balance sheet, even if this equity is accumulated over time through retained earnings.

The single‐factor CAPM ignores such costs and, in so doing, understates the true economic costs of “illiquid” bank investments. Illiquid investments require special treatment because they impose risks that, although “diversifiable” by shareholders, cannot be readily hedged by the bank and therefore require it to hold more equity capital.The authors accordingly propose a “two‐factor” model for capital budgeting— one in which banks' investment decisions are linked to their capital structure and risk management decisions. One of the key implications of the two‐factor model is that a bank should evaluate new investments according to both their correlation with the market portfolio and their correlation with the bank's existing portfolio of unhedgeable risks. The authors describe several potential applications of their model, including the evaluation of proprietary trading operations and the pricing of unhedgeable derivatives positions. They also compare their approach to the RAROC methodology that has been adopted by a number of banks.