bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Not taking sick leave for gynecologic cancer treatment is negatively associated with returning to the same workplace
Authors: Nakamura Keiichiro , Matsuoka Hirofumi , Kubo Kotaro , Shirakawa Shinsuke , Ida Naoyuki , Haraga Junko , Ogawa Chikako , Okamoto Kazuhiro , Nagao Shoji , Masuyama Hisashi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract

Background
Gynecologic cancers are one of the most common types of malignancies in working-age women. We aimed to determine the factors that impede women from returning to the same workplace after treatment for such cancers.

Methods
A questionnaire-based survey was conducted on 194 women who underwent treatment for gynecologic cancer at the Okayama University (≥1 year after cancer treatment and &lt;65 years of age). We performed a logistic regression analysis to determine the relationship between returning to the same workplace and not taking sick leave.

Results
The median age at diagnosis was 49.0 years, and the median time from cancer treatment to questionnaire completion was 3.8 years. Not returning to the same workplace was positively associated with not being regularly employed (P = 0.018), short work time per day (P = 0.023), low personal income (P = 0.004), not taking sick leave (P &lt; 0.001), advanced cancer stage (P = 0.018) and long treatment time (P = 0.032). Interestingly, not taking sick leave was strongly associated with not returning to the same workplace in the multivariable analysis (P &lt; 0.001).

Conclusions
Not taking sick leave likely was negatively associated with returning to the same workplace after the treatment for gynecologic cancer. Therefore, we suggest that steps be taken to formally introduce a sick leave system over and above the paid leave system in Japan.
I can’t breathe: Difficult intubations
Authors: Montrief Tim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Management of the difficult airway remains one of the highest-risk procedures commonly performed by emergency medicine physicians, and awake fiberoptic intubation is an important yet clinically underutilized procedure in this context. If a difficult airway is predicted, but the patient has a normal oxygenation and mental status, awake fiberoptic intubation is the airway management technique of choice. Early preparation is key, focusing on airway desiccation with glycopyrrolate, nasal vasoconstriction, and adequate topicalization with lidocaine throughout the upper airway, with or without mild sedation. The decision to use an oral versus a nasal approach is dictated by the patient’s airway anatomy, the clinician’s experience, and the availability of equipment and resources in the department.
Hot and shocky: Distributive/septic shock
Authors: Aydin Ani , Mathews Kusum S. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews the most common form of distributive shock, septic shock, and its management. It discusses the significance of early goal-directed therapy (EGDT) in the treatment of sepsis and septic shock, and how the incorporation of portions of this algorithmic approach to septic shock treatment has led to a significant reduction in the mortality associated with this disease over the past 20 years. This chapter also examines current guideline recommendations and approaches to the treatment of septic shock, including fluid resuscitation, vasopressor use, and additional adjuncts, with a focus on a targeted resuscitation using available markers. Finally, it discusses the future of septic shock treatment, including a more tailored and individualized resuscitation to reverse and prevent further end-organ hypoperfusion.
Cardiac arrest and ED ECLS/ECPR
Authors: Augustin Katrina , Becker Torben 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cardiac arrest is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in developed countries, with over 500,000 arrests a year in the United States alone. In refractory cardiac arrest where conventional ACLS therapies prove inadequate, extracorporeal life support (ECLS) can lead to early stabilization, allowing time for diagnosis and potentially life-saving interventions in patients who may otherwise not survive. ECLS is able to temporarily replace heart and lung function by providing circulatory support and/or gas exchange, thus providing a bridge to recovery or more definitive long-term treatments. This emerging treatment, with additional training and expertise, falls within emergency physicians’ scope of practice. Outcomes of ECLS are promising, with increased neurologically intact survival in these patients when compared to conventional CPR.
I’m bleeding!: Hemorrhagic resuscitation
Authors: Strickler Samantha 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hypovolemic shock secondary to bleeding is the most common type of shock in trauma. Rapid recognition of hemorrhagic shock is imperative due to its high mortality. Initial efforts should focus on damage control resuscitation, which emphasizes balanced resuscitation; early administration of blood products; and prevention of hypothermia, metabolic acidosis, and hypocalcemia. Tranexamic acid, an anti-fibrinolytic agent, has been shown to improve overall mortality and mortality due to hemorrhage from trauma when administered early (&lt;3 hours). During damage control resuscitation, a definitive treatment plan for ongoing hemorrhagic shock needs to be determined. Definitive treatment may include going to the operating room for damage control surgery, going to the interventional radiology suite for angioembolization, or transfer to a trauma center for additional resources.
Endocrine emergencies
Authors: Holt Daniel , Ellender Timothy J. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Emergencies related to disorders of the endocrine system are frequently encountered in the emergency department. With the increasing prevalence of diabetes and the potential morbidity and mortality associated with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), emergency providers must be able to identify and treat DKA as well as evaluate and manage the precipitating factors and conditions. Although there have been improvements in the management of DKA, the mortality remains between 1% and 5%. Therefore, emergency providers must be fluent in the cornerstones of care for these patients, including fluid rehydration, repletion of insulin, and management of electrolyte derangements. This chapter also provides information about a variety of other endocrine disorders, each with different presentations, requiring varying evaluations and management strategies.
Corticogeniculate Feedback and Visual Processing
Authors: Usrey W. Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) relay feedforward visual signals from the retina to the cortex. These same neurons also receive extensive feedback input from the cortex. Although corticogeniculate feedback is the single greatest source of synaptic input to LGN neurons, researchers are just beginning to gain an understanding of how corticogeniculate feedback affects visual processing. Results from an increasing number of studies provide important insight into both the organization and function of corticogeniculate feedback. These results demonstrate that feedback projections are organized into parallel streams and can influence both the spatial and temporal properties of visual responses in the LGN, which ultimately affects the signals communicated to the cortex. Importantly, the corticogeniculate pathway cannot be understood when viewed in isolation, as it is an integral part of a geniculo-cortico-geniculate circuit that interconnects the thalamus and the cortex for visual processing.
Auditory Thalamic Nuclei, Cell Types, and Parallel Pathways
Authors: Llano Daniel A. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the past 50–60 years, numerous studies have revealed the auditory thalamus to be a highly heterogeneous structure that sits at the crossroads between brain regions that process primarily the acoustic aspects of sound and those that process the cognitive and emotional aspects. In all mammalian species that have been investigated, the auditory thalamus (more commonly known as the medial geniculate body, or MGB) contains 3 primary nuclei, each with partially overlapping inputs, outputs, and cellular properties. These nuclei delineate at least 3 parallel pathways of information flow between the auditory midbrain and cortex. Modern circuit-dissection approaches have revealed both similarities and differences between the auditory thalamus and other sensory thalamic regions, as will be discussed. This chapter reviews what is known about these pathways through the auditory thalamus, linking decades-old studies with more modern work, and poses questions that may help propel further understanding of this critical structure.
Layer 6 Corticothalamic Neurons in the Somatosensory System
Authors: Brown Solange P. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Standard models of the somatosensory cortex primarily focus on 2 major types of corticothalamic neurons: corticothalamic neurons with cell bodies located in layer 5 (L5 CThNs) and corticothalamic neurons with cell bodies located in the deepest cortical layer, layer 6 (L6 CThNs). In these models, L6 CThNs form a feedback loop with the principal primary somatosensory thalamic nucleus, the ventral posterior nucleus. However, L6 CThNs are made up of a diversity of cell types which form parallel pathways with the thalamus. A number of functions have been ascribed to L6 CThNs, including sculpting the receptive field properties and the temporal structure of the responses of thalamic and cortical neurons, gating sensory information, regulating an animal’s arousal state, and integrating input from brain areas related to motor and higher cognitive functions, but the relationship between these many functions and the classes of L6 CThNs implicated remains poorly understood. This chapter primarily compares 3 major classes of L6 CThNs found in the whisker-associated somatosensory cortex of rodents, the barrel cortex. These L6 CThN subtypes are among the most well studied and serve as a model system for L6 CThNs in other sensory cortical areas and in other mammalian species.
Thalamocortical Contributions to Neural Dynamics and Behavior
Authors: Jaramillo Jorge , Guo Zengcai V. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Neurons in the frontal cortex exhibit intricate dynamics during cognitive functions such as perception, motor planning, and decision-making. Recent studies have demonstrated contributions from non-sensory thalamic nuclei to cortical neural dynamics underlying cognitive and sensorimotor computations. In a memory-guided motor-planning task, interactions between motor thalamus and frontal cortex maintain low-dimensional cortical dynamics (dynamical modes). In this chapter, the authors propose a circuit-level computational framework, whereby interaction between excitatory and inhibitory assemblies in the cortex support dynamical modes, while subcortical structures, including the basal ganglia and brainstem, modulate thalamocortical circuits to control these dynamical modes for successful behavior. The authors review results supporting this computational framework and outline open questions for future work.
Thalamic Contribution to Cortical Network Functions
Authors: Hwang Kai , Shine James M. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Distributed neural activity supports a broad range of perceptual, motor, and cognitive functions. Discovering how brain systems implement this behavioral repertoire is critical for elucidating the neural basis of human cognition. Traditionally, many higher-order and complex cognitive functions such as executive function, decision-making, and working memory are thought to be mediated by the structure and dynamics of the cortical system. However, accumulating evidence suggests that the thalamus likely plays an important yet underappreciated role. This chapter first reviews human neuropsychology findings that demonstrated the necessity of the human thalamus for complex cognitive functions. The authors then review the organization of thalamocortical connectivity, and summarize how thalamocortical interactions can influence local and large-scale brain network functions. In conclusion, they summarize the role of thalamocortical interactions in regulating brain network dynamics subserving cognitive functions.
Postnatal Development of the Thalamocortical Circuit and of Sensory-Driven Cortical Activity
Authors: Karayannis Theofanis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The development of thalamic inputs to the cortex begins in embryogenesis, but continues through the first few postnatal weeks in rodents, the animals this chapter is focused on. The formation of the mature thalamocortical circuit is a very dynamic process that rests on transient interactions that are often thought of as structural and functional scaffolds, which later processes build on. It begins with the innervation of transient populations of early born neurons in the subplate and marginal zone by thalamic axons, interactions which are crucial for the proper formation and maturation of cortical circuits. A plethora of genetic programs have been identified that organize the development of thalamocortical projection patterns both at the pre- and the postsynaptic side. Nevertheless, the role of sensory-driven activity cannot be overstated, since manipulations at the sensory organ, the pathway that carries sensory-driven information, or at the level of the cortex, drastically alter the assembly of thalamocortical and intracortical circuits. Ultimately, sensory inputs assist in creating and reorganizing cortical circuits over the course of the first postnatal weeks that allow for the extraction of finer detail of environmental information.
Connecting Neural Dynamics and Computation Across Spatial and Temporal Scales
Authors: Mease Rebecca A. , Shea-Brown Eric , Fairhall Adrienne L. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Neural dynamics are remarkably diverse, even at the level of isolated neurons. How can we characterize these dynamics systematically, and begin to build theories of how they combine to determine collective dynamics and signal processing in networks? This chapter reviews a general approach of characterizing complex, nonlinear dynamics of neurons in terms of filters that describe how neurons transform their inputs into spike trains, with an emphasis on findings from cortex and thalamus. This reveals distinct “prototypes” of neural dynamics with different computational roles. The authors then review general results on how computational differences at the single neuron level can drive distinct patterns of collective dynamics and collective signal processing in networks.
Thalamus, Thalamocortical Networks, and Non-Motor Symptoms in Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Dalrymple-Alford John C. , Anderson Tim J. , Melzer Tracy R. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) presents as a movement disorder diagnosis accompanied by a diverse range of non-motor signs. Cognitive impairment, through to highly prevalent dementia (PDD), is among the most debilitating of these symptoms. This chapter summarizes issues concerning disease progression and its neuropathology, and emphasizes post-mortem and neuroimaging evidence on the thalamus and related thalamocortical changes. Thalamocortical function across multiple thalamic nuclei is affected by PD and may have a critical influence on many non-motor signs. Important and unanswered questions concern the nature of and temporal and spatial spread of thalamus-related neuropathology and their impact on disease progression. This is relevant for prodromal PD, the evolution of symptoms post-diagnosis, and a better understanding of different clinical phenotypes, including their management and potential treatment strategies.
Visuospatial and Motor Deficits Following Pulvinar Lesions
Authors: Wilke Melanie , Kagan Igor 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most concepts of goal-directed behavior and cognition emphasize cortico-cortical interactions within large-scale networks. However, many, if not all, direct connections between cortical areas are paralleled by a trans-thalamic cortico-pulvino-cortical route, whose importance has been demonstrated by electrophysiological and lesion studies in monkeys and humans. In most literature, the pulvinar is conceived as a “visual” thalamic nucleus, with proven contributions to higher-order visual functions related to visual attention, feature binding, and processing of emotional stimuli. At the same time, the expansion of its dorsal portion in primates, in particular in humans, and its anatomical connectivity with frontoparietal regions suggests an important role in higher-order motor functions such as eye-hand coordination and manual prehension. In this chapter, the authors review electrophysiological, imaging, lesion, and human patient studies showing that pulvinar function goes well beyond its subscribed role in visual attention and might be more appropriately conceived as a multimodal integrator underlying visually guided saccades and reach-grasp behavior. A specific focus will lie on lesion-induced visuospatial and reach-grasp deficits in monkeys and humans.
Psychosis across persons 1: Minority ethnic groups and migration
Authors: Ven Els van der 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of evidence on and candidate explanations for variations in the incidence of psychotic disorder by ethnic group, migrant status, region of origin, and region of destination. In 2019, the United Nations estimated global migration at nearly 300 million international migrants or about 3.5% of the world population, a number that has been steadily increasing. Europe and Asia each hosted more than 80 million international migrants (~55% of the total), North America hosted around 60 million (~20%), and Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, and Oceania hosted the smallest numbers, with percentages of 10 or less. Given the growing mobility of populations, the health of migrants is a critical public health issue. In light of this, it is a concern that migrants experience higher rates of mental health problems. In particular, there is a long history of research showing that certain migrant and minority populations have a higher risk of developing a psychotic disorder compared with host populations. This chapter provides an overview of the empirical evidence on risk of psychosis risk across migrant and ethnic minority groups, and concludes by considering the implications of the evidence to date.
Ribeirão Preto, Brazil: Incidence and risks
Authors: Del-Ben Cristina Marta , Shuhama Rosana , Menezes Paulo Rossi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Brazil, a country of continental extension, has its history marked by social and economic inequalities and struggles to develop science with few resources, but with quality. Among the few Brazilian studies already done on the epidemiology of psychosis is STREAM, discussed in this chapter. The STREAM (Schizophrenia and Other Psychoses Translational Research: Environment and Molecular Biology) study in Ribeirão Preto, the capital city of the 13th Regional Health Department of the State of São Paulo. It aimed to estimate the incidence of psychosis in the Ribeirão Preto catchment area, comprised of 26 municipalities, and to investigate possible interactions between social and biological factors in the occurrence of psychotic disorders. The São Paulo Research Foundation funded the study. It looks at the mental health services, the Psychosis Early Intervention Programme, and examines the results in the context of what needs to be done in the future.
Central and Eastern Europe
Authors: Krupchanka Dzmitry , Winkler Petr , Germanavičius Arunas , Pfeiffer Jan , Höschl Cyril , Plevachuk Oksana , Suvalo Orest 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of mental healthcare and the current state of deinstitutionalization in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). It begins with putting care into context, with the history of the Soviet Union’s views on psychiatry and the socioeconomic landscape being considered, i.e. during the second half of the twentieth century, psychiatry in CEE was influenced by constraints imposed on it by the Soviet Union. Psychiatry in the USSR was systematically involved in the political repression of opponents of the regime. It then goes on to provide three case studies to highlight both similarities and differences in mental healthcare, focusing on Ukraine, the Czech Republic, and the Republic of Lithuania.
Mental health in intellectual disability across cultures
Authors: McCarthy Jane , Daffi Manji , Jesu Amala , McPartland Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of psychiatric illness in people with intellectual disability (ID) across countries and cultures. Most of the evidence on the mental health needs of people with ID is from the UK and most prevalence rates are reported in those of White ethnicity. Although there has been research undertaken in Australia and Canada, these are similarly in mainly homogeneous populations. The limited evidence base, available currently indicates that people with ID from ethnic minority communities are less likely to have a clinical diagnosis of a mental illness. The majority of research in Asia has been conducted in India, which has found a wide variation in reported prevalence. This variation may in part be explained by a lack of culture-specific diagnostic tools. For Latin America and the African continent, the evidence is almost non-existent on the mental health needs of people with ID, with one explanation being that economic resources are very limited, such that the needs of people with disability become a low priority.
Intellectual disability services in Africa
Authors: Bakhiet Aisha M. , Eyeoyibo Mo , El Tahir Mohamed O. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Service provision and models of care for people with intellectual disability vary significantly between African countries. Social and cultural challenges, including stigma, have a huge impact on levels of care across Africa. Furthermore, wars, limitation of resources, and variation between public and private provision in some countries have also appeared to influence the care provided to their respective populations. However, raising awareness seems to inform policies in health, social care, education, and vocational provisions in some countries. This chapter explores the models of care in a group of countries to highlight the current provision and approaches to care and identify challenges faced by people with intellectual disability in Africa. The key strengths and limitations in intellectual disability care in African countries are also discussed.