bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Linezolid and Vancomycin, Alone and in Combination with Rifampin, Compared with Moxifloxacin against a Multidrug-Resistant and a Vancomycin-Tolerant
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Strain in an In Vitro Pharmacodynamic Model
Authors: Cha Raymond , Rybak Michael J. 
Published: May 2003

ABSTRACT

Potential alternatives, including linezolid, adjunctive rifampin, and moxifloxacin, were evaluated against vancomycin-tolerant (P9802-020) and vancomycin-susceptible clinical isolates of
Streptococcus pneumoniae
in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model. Vancomycin exhibited maximal killing of 2-log
10
CFU/ml against P9802-020. Linezolid, moxifloxacin, and linezolid plus rifampin exhibited 99.9% killing against both isolates. These alternatives should be considered for further evaluation against vancomycin-tolerant
S. pneumoniae
.
Eradication of Resident Bacteria of Normal Human Skin by Antimicrobial Ointment
Authors: Hendley J. Owen , Ashe Kathleen M. 
Published: May 2003

ABSTRACT
The application of a topical triple-antibiotic ointment (containing neomycin, polymyxin, and bacitracin) eradicated resident bacteria through 25 layers of the stratum corneum and prevented repopulation of bacteria overnight but not at 1 week. Through 15 layers, mupirocin had some effect, whereas a double-antibiotic ointment had none. The reservoir of resident bacteria in the sebaceous glands is not affected by a topical antibiotic.
Stability and Antibacterial Activity of Cefepime during Continuous Infusion
Authors: Sprauten Pål F. , Beringer Paul M. , Louie Stan G. , Synold Timothy W. , Gill Mark A. 
Published: May 2003

ABSTRACTThe stability of cefepime during simulated continuous infusion was determined with a motorized portable infusion pump worn over a period of 24 to 36 h. Susceptibility testing on cefepime solutions over time indicates that the degradation products do not exhibit antibacterial activity. Cefepime stability at 24 h following continuous infusion was 94.3% ± 1.0%, which supports the use of continuous infusion.
Killing Activity of Micafungin against
Aspergillus fumigatus
Hyphae Assessed by Specific Fluorescent Staining for Cell Viability
Authors: Watabe Etsuko , Nakai Toru , Matsumoto Satoru , Ikeda Fumiaki , Hatano Kazuo 
Published: May 2003

ABSTRACT

We studied the anti-
Aspergillus
activity of micafungin by using two fluorescent dyes to detect cell viability. Micafungin induced flattened hyphae, caused by the bursting of cells, which had lost their viability. Micafungin has killing activity against actively growing hyphae, even though it is not fungicidal against the whole burden of
Aspergillus fumigatus
.
Risk Factors for Fecal Quinolone-Resistant
Escherichia coli
in Mexican Children
Authors: Zaidi Mussaret B. , Zamora Emma , Diaz Pilar , Tollefson Linda , Fedorka-Cray Paula J. , Headrick Marcia L. 
Published: May 2003

ABSTRACT

We determined the prevalence of, and risk factors for, fecal quinolone-resistant
Escherichia coli
(QREC) in 324 children from Yucatan, Mexico. QREC was higher in children with recent
Salmonella
infection (100%) than in children with diarrhea (61%) or healthy children (54%) (
P
= 0.007). Multivariate analysis identified recent hospitalization of a family member (
P
= 0.011, odds ratio [OR] = 5.1) and carriage of
Salmonella
(
P
= 0.004, OR = 3.7) as independent risk factors for QREC.
Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance in
Salmonella enterica
Serovar Typhimurium Strains Isolated in the Czech Republic between 1984 and 2002
Authors: Faldynova M. , Pravcova M. , Sisak F. , Havlickova H. , Kolackova I. , Cizek A. , Karpiskova R. , Rychlik I. 
Published: May 2003

ABSTRACT

In a collection of 66
Salmonella enterica
serovar Typhimurium strains isolated between 1984 and 2002 in the Czech Republic, genes coding for antibiotic resistance were determined by using specific PCRs. We found that the pentadrug-resistant ACSSuT clone first appeared in the Czech Republic in 1990. A new variant of the
aadA
gene designated
aadA21
is described, the 5′ end of which was identical to
aadA2
and the 3′ end of which was identical to
aadA1
.
Salmonella enterica
Serovar Typhi Strains Isolated in Korea Containing a Multidrug Resistance Class 1 Integron
Authors: Pai Hyunjoo , Byeon Jeong-hum , Yu Sunmi , Lee Bok Kwon , Kim Shukho 
Published: May 2003

ABSTRACT

Six strains of
Salmonella enterica
serovar Typhi which were resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, streptomycin, tetracycline, and gentamicin were isolated in Korea. This multidrug resistance was transferred by a conjugative plasmid of about 50 kb. The plasmid harbored a class 1 integron, which included six resistance genes,
aacA4b
,
catB8
,
aadA1
,
dfrA1
,
aac
(
6′
)-
IIa
, and the novel
blaP2
, in that order. All of the isolates showed the same-size plasmids and the same ribotyping patterns, which suggests a clonal spread of these multidrug-resistant isolates.
Molecular Characterization of Isoniazid-Resistant
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Clinical Isolates in Lithuania
Authors: Bakonyte Daiva , Baranauskaite Aurelija , Cicenaite Jurate , Sosnovskaja Anaida , Stakenas Petras 
Published: May 2003

ABSTRACT

Mutations at codon 315 of the
katG
gene were detected in 312 of 364 (85.7%) isoniazid-resistant
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
isolates. Seven of 52 (13.5%) isoniazid-resistant isolates with the wild-type Ser315 codon and 10 of 52 (19.2%) isoniazid-resistant isolates with a mutated
katG
allele had mutation −15C→T in the promoter of the
mabA-inhA
operon.
Comparative Roles of the Cell Wall and Cell Membrane in Limiting Uptake of Xenobiotic Molecules by
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Aouida Mustapha , Tounekti Omar , Belhadj Omrane , Mir Lluis M. 
Published: May 2003

ABSTRACT

Using reversible electropermeabilization of cells and spheroplasts, we show that the cell wall and plasma membrane partly account for bleomycin resistance by acting as two independent barriers. We also report on the presence of a membrane protein that may be responsible for bleomycin internalization and toxicity in
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
.
Vancomycin Penetration of Uninfected Pleural Fluid Exudate after Continuous or Intermittent Infusion
Authors: Byl Baudouin , Jacobs Frédérique , Wallemacq Pierre , Rossi Camelia , de Francquen Philippe , Cappello Matteo , Leal Teresinha , Thys Jean-Pierre 
Published: May 2003

ABSTRACTBlood and pleural exudate samples were obtained from 16 patients receiving intermittent or continuous infusions of vancomycin after lung surgery. The areas under the concentration-time curves for blood and pleural exudates were identical for both administration schedules, while continuous infusion allowed the concentrations in pleural exudates to be more sustained (mean concentration, 12 mg/liter).
Influence of Reduced Susceptibility to Glycopeptides on Activities of Vancomycin and Teicoplanin against
Staphylococcus aureus
in Experimental Endocarditis
Authors: Pavie Juliette , Lefort Agnès , Ploy Marie-Cécile , Massias Laurent , Chau Françoise , Garry Louis , Denis François , Fantin Bruno 
Published: May 2003

ABSTRACT

The influence of reduced susceptibilities to glycopeptides on the activities of vancomycin and teicoplanin against an isogenic pair of clinical
Staphylococcus aureus
strains in experimental endocarditis was investigated. While vancomycin was similarly active against both strains, teicoplanin was approximately 100-fold less active against the resistant strain and selected for the emergence of more resistant subpopulations.
Alpha Interferon Augments Cidofovir's Antiviral and Antiproliferative Activities
Authors: Johnson Jeffrey A. , Gangemi J. David 
Published: May 2003

ABSTRACTThe antiviral and antiproliferative activities of alpha 2a interferon (IFN-α2a) and cidofovir in human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16)-transformed keratinocytes were evaluated. The compounds in combination were more effective than comparable levels of either drug alone. Evaluation of effective drug ratios revealed a synergistic cooperation between IFN-α2a and cidofovir in inhibiting the proliferation of HPV-infected cells.
Antimicrobial Resistance of
Campylobacter jejuni
subsp.
jejuni
Strains Isolated from Humans in 1998 to 2001 in Montréal, Canada
Authors: Gaudreau Christiane , Gilbert Huguette 
Published: May 2003

ABSTRACT

The rates of resistance of 51 to 72 human strains of
Campylobacter jejuni
subsp.
jejuni
isolated annually from 1998 to 2001 in Montréal, Québec, Canada, varied from 1 to 12% for erythromycin, 43 to 68% for tetracycline, and 10 to 47% for ciprofloxacin. In the last years of the study, there was a significant increase in the rate of resistance to ciprofloxacin (
P
= 0.00003) but not in the rate of resistance to erythromycin (
P
= 0.056) or tetracycline (
P
= 0.095) compared to the rate obtained in the first years. All 51
C. jejuni
strains isolated in 2001 were susceptible to gentamicin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, imipenem, and meropenem. From 1999 to 2001, 74 strains of
C. jejuni
acquired abroad were significantly more resistant to ciprofloxacin than 109 strains of
C. jejuni
acquired locally (66 versus 9%,
P
< 0.00001) but were not significantly more resistant to erythromycin (1 versus 6%,
P
= 0.15) or to tetracycline (55 versus 58%,
P
= 0.87).
Emergence of Resistance in Normal Human Aerobic Commensal Flora during Telithromycin and Amoxicillin-Clavulanic Acid Treatments
Authors: Crémieux Anne-Claude , Muller-Serieys Claudette , Panhard Xavière , Delatour Frédérique , Tchimichkian Marina , Mentre France , Andremont Antoine 
Published: May 2003

ABSTRACT

Mean fecal global yeast counts increased similarly during 7 days of treatment with telithromycin (800 mg once daily) or amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (amoxiclav) (1 g of amoxicillin and 125 mg of clavulanic acid 3 times daily) in human volunteers and decreased slowly thereafter. On skin, coagulase-negative staphylococci of decreased susceptibility (DS) to telithromycin increased in the telithromycin group, whereas those with DS to methicillin increased in the amoxiclav group. A similar antibiotic-related shift towards homologous DS was observed for oral nongroupable streptococci (NGS), but in addition, the prevalence of NGS resistant to both classes of antibiotics was significantly greater in the amoxiclav group at days 8 (
P
< 0.01) and 45 (
P
< 0.015).
Resistance to Autolysis in Vancomycin-Selected
Staphylococcus aureus
Isolates Precedes Vancomycin-Intermediate Resistance
Authors: Boyle-Vavra Susan , Challapalli Mamatha , Daum Robert S. 
Published: May 2003

ABSTRACT

Four clinical U.S. glycopeptide intermediate resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
(GISA) isolates were resistant to Triton X-100-induced autolysis. Similar resistance was demonstrated in an isolate obtained after a single passage of a susceptible clinical isolate in low-level vancomycin. Strains with the vancomycin-induced Triton X-100 resistance phenotype produced active murein hydrolases but were resistant to lysis by murein hydrolases.
Biochemical Characterization of β-Lactamases Bla1 and Bla2 from
Bacillus anthracis
Authors: Materon Isabel C. , Queenan Anne Marie , Koehler Theresa M. , Bush Karen , Palzkill Timothy 
Published: May 2003

ABSTRACT

The Sterne and Ames strains of
Bacillus anthracis
carry chromosomal genes
bla1
and
bla2
, which confer β-lactam resistance when expressed in
Escherichia coli
. MIC measurements and steady-state kinetic analyses indicate that Bla1 possesses penicillinase activity while Bla2 possesses penicillinase, cephalosporinase, and carbapenem-hydrolyzing activities.
Prodrugs of Cephalosporin RWJ-333441 (MC-04,546) with Improved Aqueous Solubility
Authors: Hecker Scott J. , Calkins Trevor , Price Mary E. , Huie Keith , Chen Sharon , Glinka Tomasz W. , Dudley Michael N. 
Published: May 2003

ABSTRACT

To improve the aqueous solubility of anti-methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
cephalosporin RWJ-333441 for parenteral administration, acyl derivatives of the C-3 primary amino group were prepared and evaluated for solubility, cleavage in serum in vitro, and conversion to RWJ-333441 in vivo. Improved solubility at physiologic pH values and release of RWJ-333441 in vitro and in vivo were observed for several prodrugs, including the aspartate derivative RWJ-333442.
Mechanism of Action of 4-Phenoxyphenoxyethyl Thiocyanate (WC-9) against
Trypanosoma cruzi
, the Causative Agent of Chagas’ Disease
Authors: Urbina Julio A. , Concepcion Juan Luis , Montalvetti Andrea , Rodriguez Juan B. , Docampo Roberto 
Published: May 2003

ABSTRACT

We investigated the molecular basis of the activity of 4-phenoxyphenoxyethyl thiocyanate (WC-9) against
Trypanosoma cruzi
, the etiological agent of Chagas’ disease. We found that growth inhibition of
T. cruzi
epimastigotes induced by this compound was associated with a reduction in the content of the parasite's endogenous sterols due to a specific blockade of their de novo synthesis at the level of squalene synthase.
Inhibitors of Pantothenate Kinase: Novel Antibiotics for Staphylococcal Infections
Authors: Choudhry Anthony E. , Mandichak Tracy L. , Broskey John P. , Egolf Richard W. , Kinsland Cynthia , Begley Tadhg P. , Seefeld Mark A. , Ku Thomas W. , Brown James R. , Zalacain Magdalena , Ratnam Kapila 
Published: May 2003

ABSTRACT

Pantothenate kinase (CoaA) catalyzes the first step of the coenzyme A biosynthetic pathway. Here we report the identification of the
Staphylococcus aureus coaA
gene and characterization of the enzyme. We have also identified a series of low-molecular-weight compounds which are effective inhibitors of
S. aureus
CoaA.
Detection of CMY-2, CTX-M-14, and SHV-12 β-Lactamases in
Escherichia coli
Fecal-Sample Isolates from Healthy Chickens
Authors: Briñas Laura , Moreno Miguel Angel , Zarazaga Myriam , Porrero Concepción , Sáenz Yolanda , García María , Dominguez Lucas , Torres Carmen 
Published: May 2003

ABSTRACT

Genes encoding the CMY-2, CTX-M-14, and SHV-12 β-lactamases were detected in three of five
Escherichia coli
isolates from fecal samples from healthy chickens which showed resistance or diminished susceptibility to extended-spectrum cephalosporins. A −42 mutation at the promoter region of the
ampC
gene was detected in the other two isolates.
Examination of Diverse Toxin-Coregulated Pilus-Positive
Vibrio cholerae
Strains Fails To Demonstrate Evidence for
Vibrio
Pathogenicity Island Phage
Authors: Faruque Shah M. , Zhu Jun , Asadulghani  , Kamruzzaman M. , Mekalanos John J. 
Published: May 2003

ABSTRACT

The major virulence factors of toxigenic
Vibrio cholerae
are cholera toxin, which is encoded by a lysogenic filamentous bacteriophage (CTXΦ), and toxin-coregulated pilus (TCP), an essential colonization factor that is also the receptor for CTXΦ. The genes involved in the biosynthesis of TCP reside in a pathogenicity island, which has been reported to correspond to the genome of another filamentous phage (designated VPIΦ) and to encode functions necessary for the production of infectious VPIΦ particles. We examined 46
V. cholerae
strains having diverse origins and carrying different genetic variants of the TCP island for the production of the VPIΦ and CTXΦ in different culture conditions, including induction of prophages with mitomycin C and UV irradiation. Although 9 of 10
V. cholerae
O139 strains and 12 of 15 toxigenic El Tor strains tested produced extracellular CTXΦ, none of the 46 TCP-positive strains produced detectable VPIΦ in repeated assays, which detected as few as 10 particles of a control CTX phage per ml. These results contradict the previous report regarding VPIΦ-mediated horizontal transfer of the TCP genes and suggest that the TCP island is unable to support the production of phage particles. Further studies are necessary to understand the mechanism of horizontal transfer of the TCP island.
Mammalian Transforming Growth Factor β1 Activated after Ingestion byAnopheles stephensiModulates Mosquito Immunity
Authors: Luckhart Shirley , Crampton Andrea L. , Zamora Ruben , Lieber Matthew J. , Dos Santos Patricia C. , Peterson Tina M. L. , Emmith Nicole , Lim Junghwa , Wink David A. , Vodovotz Yoram 
Published: May 2003

ABSTRACTDuring the process of bloodfeeding byAnopheles stephensi, mammalian latent transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) is ingested and activated rapidly in the mosquito midgut. Activation may involve heme and nitric oxide (NO), agents released in the midgut during blood digestion and catalysis ofl-arginine oxidation byA. stephensiNO synthase (AsNOS). Active TGF-β1 persists in the mosquito midgut to extended times postingestion and is recognized by mosquito cells as a cytokine. In a manner analogous to the regulation of vertebrate inducible NO synthase and malaria parasite (Plasmodium) infection in mammals by TGF-β1, TGF-β1 regulatesAsNOSexpression andPlasmodiumdevelopment inA. stephensi. Together, these observations indicate that, through conserved immunological cross talk, mammalian and mosquito immune systems interface with each other to influence the cycle ofPlasmodiumdevelopment.
A Recombinant β-1,3-Glucanosyltransferase Homolog of
Coccidioides posadasii
Protects Mice against Coccidioidomycosis
Authors: Delgado Nelson , Xue Jianmin , Yu Jieh-Juen , Hung Chiung-Yu , Cole Garry T. 
Published: May 2003

ABSTRACT

Coccidioides posadasii
is a fungal respiratory pathogen which is responsible for recurrent epidemics of San Joaquin Valley fever (coccidioidomycosis) in desert regions of the southwestern United States. Numerous studies have revealed that the cell wall of the parasitic phase of the fungus is a reservoir of immunoreactive macromolecules and a potential source of a vaccine against this mycosis. A 495-bp fragment of a
C. posadasii
gene which encodes a putative wall-associated, glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored β-1,3-glucanosyltransferase was identified by computational analysis of the partially sequenced genome of this pathogen. The translated, full-length gene (
GEL1
) showed high sequence homology to a reported β-1,3-glucanosyltransferase of
Aspergillus fumigatus
(70% identity, 90% similarity) and was selected for further study. The
GEL1
mRNA of
C. posadasii
was detected at the highest level during the endosporulation stage of the parasitic cycle, and the mature protein was immunolocalized to the surface of endospores. BALB/c or C57BL/6 mice were immunized subcutaneously with the bacterium-expressed recombinant protein (rGel1p) to evaluate its protective efficacy against a lethal challenge of
C. posadasii
by either the intraperitoneal or intranasal route. In both cases, rGel1p-immune mice infected with the pathogen showed a significant reduction in fungal burden and increased survival compared to nonimmune mice. The recombinant β-1,3-glucanosyltransferase is a valuable addition to an arsenal of immunoreactive proteins which could be incorporated into a human vaccine against coccidioidomycosis.
Isolation and Characterization of Mini-Tn
5
Km2 Insertion Mutants of
Brucella abortus
Deficient in Internalization and Intracellular Growth in HeLa Cells
Authors: Kim Suk , Watarai Masahisa , Kondo Yuki , Erdenebaatar Janchivdorj , Makino Sou-ichi , Shirahata Toshikazu 
Published: May 2003

ABSTRACT

Brucella
spp. are facultative intracellular pathogens that have the ability to survive and multiply in professional and nonprofessional phagocytes and cause abortion in domestic animals and undulant fever in humans. The mechanism and factors of virulence are not fully understood. To identify genes related to internalization and multiplication in host cells,
Brucella abortus
was mutagenized by mini-Tn
5
Km2 transposon that carryied the kanamycin resistance gene, 4,400 mutants were screened, and HeLa cells were infected with each mutant. Twenty-three intracellular-growth-defective mutants were screened and were characterized for internalization and intracellular growth. From these results, we divided the mutants into the following three groups: class I, no internalization and intracellular growth within HeLa cells; class II, an internalization similar to that of the wild type but with no intracellular growth; and class III, internalization twice as high as the wild type but with no intracellular growth. Sequence analysis of DNA flanking the site of transposon showed various insertion sites of bacterial genes that are virulence-associated genes, including
virB
genes, an ion transporter system, and biosynthesis- and metabolism-associated genes. These internalization and intracellular-growth-defective mutants in HeLa cells also showed defective intracellular growth in macrophages. These results suggest that the virulence-associated genes isolated here contributed to the intracellular growth of both nonprofessional and professional phagocytes.
A Fluoroquinolone Induces a Novel Mitogen-Encoding Bacteriophage inStreptococcus canis
Authors: Ingrey Keely T. , Ren Jun , Prescott John F. 
Published: May 2003

ABSTRACTThis study investigated whether the recently recognized emergence of canine streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSS) and necrotizing fasciitis (NF) might be partly attributed to the use of fluoroquinolones to treatStreptococcus canisinfections in dogs. Both mitomycin and the fluoroquinolone enrofloxacin caused bacteriophage-induced lysis ofS. canisstrain 34, an isolate from a case of canine STSS and NF. Fluoroquinolone-evoked, bacteriophage-induced lysis occurred over a range of concentrations similar to those that would occur after treatment of dogs with these agents. To search for a possible bacteriophage-encoded streptococcal superantigen gene(s), a library of the 36.5 (±1.1)-kb bacteriophage, designated φsc1, was made by ligating 3- to 7-kbTsp5091-digested φsc1 fragments into anEcoRI-digested λZapII vector. Recombinants were screened for mitogenic activity by using canine peripheral blood lymphocytes. Of 800 recombinants screened, 11 recombinants with mitogenic effects were identified, and their inserts were sequenced. The highest homology of 11.6 kb of sequenced φsc1 DNA was to the completely sequencedStreptococcus pneumoniaebacteriophage MM1. Seven of the 11 φsc1 sequenced inserts contained a 552-bp open reading frame,scm, with 27% amino acid similarity to pokeweed (Phytolacca americana) mitogen. PCR showed this gene to be present in 22 of 23S. canisisolates tested. Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR showed that bacteriophage induction was associated with a 58-fold enhancement of expression of this gene relative to that in a noninduced culture of a similar age. The presence of this gene on a fluoroquinolone-induced bacteriophage may explain the association observed between fluoroquinolone use in dogs and the development of canine STTS and NF.
Killing of
Aspergillus fumigatus
by Alveolar Macrophages Is Mediated by Reactive Oxidant Intermediates
Authors: Philippe B. , Ibrahim-Granet O. , Prévost M. C. , Gougerot-Pocidalo M. A. , Sanchez Perez M. , Van der Meeren A. , Latgé J. P. 
Published: May 2003

ABSTRACT

Phagocytosis and mechanisms of killing of
Aspergillus fumigatus
conidia by murine alveolar macrophages (AM), which are the main phagocytic cells of the innate immunity of the lung, were investigated. Engulfment of conidia by murine AM lasts 2 h. Killing of
A. fumigatus
conidia by AM begins after 6 h of phagocytosis. Swelling of the conidia inside the AM is a prerequisite for killing of conidia. The contributions of NADPH oxidase and inducible nitric oxide synthase to the conidicidal activity of AM were studied using AM from OF1, wild-type and congenic p47

phox
−/−

129Sv, and wild-type and congenic

iNOS
−/−

C57BL/6 mice. AM from p47

phox
−/−

mice were unable to kill
A. fumigatus
conidia. Inhibitors of NADPH oxidase that decreased the production of reactive oxidant intermediates inhibited the killing of
A. fumigatus
without altering the phagocytosis rate. In contrast to NADPH oxidase, nitric oxide synthase does not play a role in killing of conidia. Corticosteroids did not alter the internalization of conidia by AM but did inhibit the production of reactive oxidant intermediates and the killing of
A. fumigatus
conidia by AM. Impairment of production of reactive oxidant intermediates by corticosteroids is responsible for the development of invasive aspergillosis in immunosuppressed mice.