bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phylogeography and speciation of colour morphs in the colonial ascidian Pseudodistoma crucigaster
Authors: TARJUELO I. , POSADA D. , CRANDALL K. A. , PASCUAL M. , TURON X. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractVariation in pigmentation is common in marine invertebrates, although few studies have shown the existence of genetic differentiation of chromatic forms in these organisms. We studied the genetic structure of a colonial ascidian with populations of different colour morphs in the northwestern Mediterranean. A fragment of the c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) mitochondrial gene was sequenced in seven populations of Pseudodistoma crucigaster belonging to three different colour morphs (orange, yellow and grey). Maximum likelihood analyses showed two well‐supported clades separating the orange morph from the yellow‐grey morphotypes. Genetic divergence between these clades was 2.12%, and γST values between populations of the two clades were high (average 0.936), pointing to genetic isolation. Nested clade and coalescence analyses suggest that a past fragmentation event may explain the phylogeographical origin of these two clades. Non‐neutral mtDNA evolution is observed in our data when comparing the two clades, showing a significant excess of nonsynonymous polymorphism within the yellow–grey morphotype using the McDonald–Kreitman test, which is interpreted as further support of reproductive isolation. We conclude that the two clades might represent separate species. We compare the population genetic differentiation found with that estimated for other colonial and solitary ascidian species, and relate it to larval dispersal capabilities and other life‐history traits.
Molecular phylogenetics suggest a North American link between the anthropogenic dry rot fungus Serpula lacrymans and its wild relative S. himantioides
Authors: KAUSERUD HÅVARD , HÖGBERG NILS , KNUDSEN HENNING , ELBORNE STEEN ANDREW , SCHUMACHER TROND 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe dry rot fungus Serpula lacrymans causes damages in wooden buildings and constructions in temperate regions worldwide. In this study, the global phylogeography of S. lacrymans and its wild relative S. himantioides has been investigated to clarify genealogical relationships and determine the origin and spread of the building strains. Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) nrDNA and parts of the beta‐tubulin (tub) and the translation elongation factor (efa) 1a genes were sequenced, and phylogenetic relationships inferred. Some analyses suggest that S. lacrymans may have originated from an ancient S. himantioides lineage, but most results support that S. lacrymans and S. himantioides are monophyletic sister species. Phylogenetic analysis of the ITS data revealed two subgroups within S. lacrymans corresponding to two earlier described varieties; one group occurring frequently in houses worldwide (‘Domesticus’), and one group represented by individuals from forests in Northern California (‘Shastensis’). A few collections from nature were included in the Domesticus group as well, among other specimens from two newly discovered localities in Far East Russia and Siberia. In the Domesticus group little sequence variation occurs, suggesting a recent worldwide dispersal, possibly linked to human activity. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that the Domesticus group may have originated from an ancient lineage related closely to the Shastensis group. A remarkable shift in morphology and habitat preferences has occurred during the evolution of the Domesticus lineage, linked to the transition from nature to human‐made habitats.
Genetic variation and population structure of the mosquito Anopheles jeyporiensis in southern China
Authors: CHEN B. , HARBACH R. E. , BUTLIN R. K. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractGenetic differentiation among populations of Anopheles jeyporiensis was examined using 76 mtDNA COII sequences from 16 sites throughout southern China and northern Vietnam. The COII sequences are AT‐rich (74.58%) and reveal high levels of diversity with 39 of 685 sites polymorphic and 50 different haplotypes present. Genetic variation is high within populations and significant geographical structure was detected at both population and regional levels. In the larger samples, the distributions of haplotypes suggest recent population expansion.
Regional population structure of a widely introduced estuarine invertebrate:Nematostella vectensisStephenson in New England
Authors: DARLING J. A. , REITZEL A. M. , FINNERTY J. R. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractNematostella vectensisis an infaunal anemone occurring in salt marshes, lagoons and other estuarine habitats in North America and the United Kingdom. Although it is considered rare and receives protection in England, it is widely distributed and abundant in the United States, particularly along the Atlantic coast. Recent studies suggest that both anthropogenic dispersal and reproductive plasticity may significantly influence the genetic structure ofN. vectensispopulations. Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) fingerprinting of individuals from nine populations in the northeastern United States indicates that stable populations are maintained by both asexual and sexual reproduction; in some cases asexually reproducing lineages exist within sexually reproducing populations.Fstatistics reveal extraordinarily high degrees of genetic differentiation between populations, even those separated by very short distances (less than 100 m). Genetic distances show little to no correlation with geographical distances, consistent with a role for sporadic, geographically discontinuous dispersal coupled with limited gene flow. No single genotype was found at more than one site, despite apparent homogeneity of habitat. In contrast with reported genotypic distributions forNematostellain the United Kingdom, where a single clonal genotype dominates at multiple sites through southern England, our data thus fail to support the hypothesis of a general‐purpose genotype in the northeastern United States. However, they are consistent with important roles for reproductive plasticity, sporadic introductions and complex local population dynamics in determining the global and regional distribution of this species.
Spatial genetic structure within a metallicolous population of Arabidopsis halleri, a clonal, self‐incompatible and heavy‐metal‐tolerant species
Authors: VAN ROSSUM FABIENNE , BONNIN ISABELLE , FÉNART STÉPHANE , PAUWELS MAXIME , PETIT DANIEL , SAUMITOU‐LAPRADE PIERRE 
Published: October 2004

Abstract Arabidopsis halleri, a close wild relative of A. thaliana, is a clonal, insect‐pollinated herb tolerant to heavy metals (Zn, Pd, Cd) and a hyperaccumulator of Zn and Cd. It is of particular interest in the study of evolutionary processes and phytoremediation. However, little is known about its population gene flow patterns and the structure of its genetic diversity. We used five microsatellite loci to investigate the genetic structure at a fine spatial scale (10 cm to 500 m) in a metallicolous population of A. halleri. We also studied the contributions made by clonal propagation and sexual reproduction (seed and pollen dispersal) to the genetic patterns. Clonal diversity was high (DG > 0.9). Clonal spread occurs only at short distances (< 1 m). Both clonal spread and limited dispersal, associated with sexual reproduction, contribute to the significant spatial genetic structure revealed by spatial autocorrelation analysis. The shape of the autocorrelogram suggests that seed dispersal is restricted and pollen flow extensive, which may be related to intense activity by insect pollinators. Clonal spread was more extensive in the lowly polluted zone than in the highly polluted zone. This cannot be interpreted as a strategy for promoting the propagation of adapted genotypes under the harshest ecological constraints (highest heavy metal concentrations). The higher fine‐scale spatial genetic structure found in the lowly polluted zone can be ascribed to plant densities that were lower than in the highly polluted zone. No evidence of genetic divergence due to spatial heavy metal heterogeneity was found between lowly and highly polluted zones.
Genetic structure, phylogeography and demography of two ground‐beetle species endemic to the Tenerife laurel forest (Canary Islands)
Authors: MOYA ÓSCAR , CONTRERAS‐DÍAZ HERMANS G. , OROMÍ PEDRO , JUAN CARLOS 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe volcanic island of Tenerife (Canary archipelago) was formerly covered at 600–1200 m above sea level on most of its northern side by a cloud forest holding much of the endemic insect fauna. In the most significant surviving patches of this laurel forest at the eastern and western tips of the island occur two forest‐specialist, closely related species ofEutrichopus(Coleoptera, Carabidae); here we present data on mitochondrial DNA variation among populations of these species. In total, 116 individuals from 16 localities were sampled and a 638 bp fragment of the cytochrome oxidase subunit II gene was sequenced, obtaining evidence for two distinct evolutionary lineages, in accordance with morphological and biogeographical data. Volcanic events at ~0.7 Ma might be responsible for vicariance and the fragmentation of the geographical range of an ancestral species, causing the establishment of two matrilineal lineages. Using nested clade and historical demography analyses we infer past cycles of demographic bottlenecks followed by population expansion, mostly in agreement with the geological timescale of volcanic events. Recent trends, however, refer to fragmentation of the cloud forest due to human intervention.
Does heterozygosity estimate inbreeding in real populations?
Authors: BALLOUX F. , AMOS W. , COULSON T. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractMany recent studies report that individual heterozygosity at a handful of apparently neutral microsatellite markers is correlated with key components of fitness, with most studies invoking inbreeding depression as the likely underlying mechanism. The implicit assumption is that an individual's inbreeding coefficient can be estimated reliably using only 10 or so markers, but the validity of this assumption is unclear. Consequently, we have used individual‐based simulations to examine the conditions under which heterozygosity and inbreeding are likely to be correlated. Our results indicate that the parameter space in which this occurs is surprisingly narrow, requiring that inbreeding events are both frequent and severe, for example, through selfing, strong population structure and/or high levels of polygyny. Even then, the correlations are strong only when large numbers of loci (~200) can be deployed to estimate heterozygosity. With the handful of markers used in most studies, correlations only become likely under the most extreme scenario we looked at, namely 20 demes of 20 individuals coupled with strong polygyny. This finding is supported by the observation that heterozygosity is only weakly correlated among markers within an individual, even in a dataset comprising 400 markers typed in diverse human populations, some of which favour consanguineous marriages. If heterozygosity and inbreeding coefficient are generally uncorrelated, then heterozygosity–fitness correlations probably have little to do with inbreeding depression. Instead, one would need to invoke chance linkage between the markers used and one or more gene(s) experiencing balancing selection. Unfortunately, both explanations sit somewhat uncomfortably with current understanding. If inbreeding is the dominant mechanism, then our simulations indicate that consanguineous mating would have to be vastly more common than is predicted for most realistic populations. Conversely, if heterosis provides the answer, there need to be many more polymorphisms with major fitness effects and higher levels of linkage disequilibrium than are generally assumed.
Field Evaluation of the Effect of a Probiotic‐containing Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis Spores on the Health Status, Performance, and Carcass Quality of Grower and Finisher Pigs
Authors: Alexopoulos C. , Georgoulakis I. E. , Tzivara A. , Kyriakis C. S. , Govaris A. , Kyriakis S. C. 
Published: October 2004

SummaryThe aim of the study was to assess the efficacy of BioPlus 2B, a probiotic containing Bacillus licheniformis and B. subtilis spores, on the health status and productivity of pigs, during weaning, growing and finishing stages of growth. On a commercial farrow‐to‐finish farm, five experimental groups were formed, each of 54 weaned piglets. The pigs of the first group (double controls) received normal feed with no probiotic and the pigs of the second group (untreated controls) received BioPlus 2B only during the weaning stage. The pigs of the third, the fourth and the fifth group received the same as the second group feed but, at the growing and at a part of the finishing stages, supplemented with three different doses of Bioplus 2B, a low, medium and high dose, respectively. The results have shown that, compared with the double controls, BioPlus 2B‐treated pigs had a lower morbidity and mortality during the whole trial period, compared with the double controls (range from 9.26 to 14.81% versus 25.93% and from 0.00 to 3.70% versus 11.1%, respectively), as a result of the lower incidence of post‐weaning diarrhoea due mainly to Escherichia coli. Weight gain, feed conversion ratio and carcass quality of the BioPlus 2B‐treated pigs were significantly improved compared with the double controls, whilst the beneficial effects of the probiotic were more pronounced when the medium and high doses were used.
Comparison of the Metabolic and Antioxidant Effects of Diltiazem and Vitamin E on Streptozotocin‐diabetic Rats
Authors: Akdoğan Kaymaz A. , Telci A. , Albeniz I. , Belce A. , Altuğ T. 
Published: October 2004

SummaryIn this study, solitary and combined effects of vitamin E and the calcium‐channel blocker diltiazem were investigated in streptozotocin (STZ)‐induced diabetic rats. Thirty male Wistar albino rats, weighing approximately 200 g were used. Diabetes mellitus was induced by a single intravenous injection of STZ at a dose of 65 mg/kg body weight. Five experimental groups were established as STZ‐diabetic, STZ‐diabetic + vitamin E, STZ‐diabetic + diltiazem and STZ‐diabetic + vitamin E + diltiazem. Vitamin E was injected intraperitoneally three times a week at a dose of 500 mg/kg body weight. Diltiazem was given orally every day at a dose of 25 mg/kg body weight. At the end of the study (10 weeks) blood glucose levels of diabetic rats, which had received vitamin E and diltiazem, had significantly decreased when compared with untreated diabetic rats (P < 0.02). Similarly, HbA1c levels had significantly decreased in diabetic rats which had received vitamin E (P < 0.05), diltiazem (P < 0.01) and vitamin E + diltiazem (P < 0.02) when compared with untreated diabetic rats. Liver glutathione levels of diabetic rats, which had received vitamin E (P < 0.01) and vitamin E + diltiazem (P < 0.05) had significantly increased when compared with untreated diabetic rats. Liver lipid peroxide levels had significantly decreased in diabetic rats, which had received vitamin E (P < 0.001) and diltiazem (P < 0.01). With respect to their metabolic and antioxidant effects, vitamin E proved superior to diltiazem.
The Acyclic Period Postpartum in Automatic and Conventional Milking
Authors: Weiss D. , Reist M. , Bruckmaier R. M. 
Published: October 2004

SummaryThe acyclic postpartum period in cows is prolonged due to frequent suckling when compared with twice daily milking. In conventional milking systems twice daily milking is common, while in automatic milking systems (AMS) three or more milkings are performed in early lactation. In this study, the hypothesis was tested that an increased milking frequency in AMS causes a delay in resumption of ovarian cyclicity postpartum and increases days open in German Fleckvieh cows (n = 124). Calvings were equally distributed throughout the 1‐year experimental period. All cows were housed in one barn. Sixty‐three cows were milked in an AMS (AC) and 61 cows were twice daily milked in a conventional milking parlour (PC). Forty‐two AC and 36 PC remained in the herd until conception. After parturition, milk samples were analysed for progesterone twice weekly to record the ovarian activity until pregnancy was diagnosed. The first and the second ovulation were determined by the progesterone profile of each individual cow. The mean milking frequency during the first 3 weeks after parturition was higher in AC (3.17 ± 0.09 milkings/day) than in PC (milked twice daily). The individual mean milking frequency of AC for the first 3 weeks of lactation ranged from 2.0 to 5.9 daily milkings. The time span from parturition until the first and second ovulation did not differ between AC and PC. However, first ovulation was observed earlier in primiparous (23 ± 1 days) than in multiparous cows (29 ± 1 days,P < 0.05). Within AC no relationship between milking frequency and duration of the acyclic period was observed. Days open did not significantly differ between AC and PC and between primiparous and multiparous cows. In conclusion, the increased milking frequency in AMS did neither cause a delay in resumption of ovarian cyclicity postpartum nor did it increase days open.
Dual‐energy X‐ray Absorptiometry of Birds: an Examination of Excised Skeletal Specimens
Authors: Dirrigl F. J. , Dalsky G. P. , Warner S. E. 
Published: October 2004

SummaryThe ability of dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) to measure bone mineral content and density of bird bones has received little attention. This paper represents the first comprehensive study of the methods, precision, and reproducibility of DXA (GE‐Lunar DPX‐L) for the uniquely shaped, thin and pneumatic bones of birds. Skeletal elements and portions represented by 26 regions of interest (ROIs) are presented and evaluated for the gallinaceous bird species, wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo), ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus) and bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus). Using Lunarsmall animal softwareand the methods described in this paper, photodensitometry of bird bones is possible and opens new opportunities for using birds in clinical models in veterinarian science, osteoporosis studies, space biology, and even archaeological and paleontological research.
Survival of Dairy Cows After Surgery to Correct Abomasal Displacement: 2. Association of Clinical and Laboratory Parameters with Survival in Cows with Left Abomasal Displacement
Authors: Rohn M. , Tenhagen B.‐A. , Hofmann W. 
Published: October 2004

SummaryThis study examines the association of pre‐surgical clinical parameters in cows with left displacement of the abomasum (LDA) with the probability of cure. Data from 466 cases of LDA in which omentopexy was performed were analysed. Cows were classified in three categories according to the outcome of treatment. Cows in the first category were cured, i.e. sent back to the farm for further milk production. Cows in the second category were sent for slaughter because of an unfavourable prognosis concerning productivity. Cows in the third category either died or were salvaged because of poor prognosis concerning survival. Factors were examined for their possible influence on the outcome of treatment by comparing the values of successfully treated cows to those cows that either died or had to be sent for slaughter. Factors that were associated with a favourable prognosis were a short duration of disease, an undisturbed general condition, good appetite, normal faeces, a higher body weight, lower haematocrit, haemoglobin and erythrocyte counts, lower urea, AST and bilirubin, and higher sodium, potassium and chloride concentrations compared with cows with an unfavourable prognosis. Haemoconcentration was associated with higher AST, bilirubin and urea and with low sodium, potassium and chloride. Acetonuria was associated with increased AST and bilirubin and low urea. Low sodium and potassium concentrations were associated with an impaired general condition. It is concluded that a thorough clinical examination with special emphasis on general condition, liver function and dehydration status is of great importance in determining the prognosis of abdominal surgery in cows with LDA.
The Genesis of Public Health Ethics
Authors: Bayer Ronald , Fairchild Amy L. 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACTAs bioethics emerged in the 1960s and 1970s and began to have enormous impacts  on  the  practice  of  medicine  and  research –  fuelled,  by  broad  socio‐political changes that gave rise to the struggle of women, African Americans,  gay  men  and  lesbians,  and  the  antiauthoritarian  impulse  that characterised the New Left in democratic capitalist societies – little attention was given to the question of the ethics of public health. This was all the more striking since the core values and practices of public health, often entailing the subordination of the individual for the common good, seemed opposed to the ideological impulses of bioethics.Of what relevance is autonomy‐focused bioethics for public health, with its mix of justifications including those that are either implicitly or explicitly paternalistic or that seek to impose strictures on individuals and communities in the name of collective welfare? To examine the deep divide between the central commitments of bioethics and the values that animate the practice of public health, we focus on a series of controversies implicating the concepts of privacy, liberty, and paternalism.Recognising the role of moral values in decision‐making was a signal contribution of bioethics in its formative period. Over the past three decades a broad array of perspectives emerged under the rubric of bioethics but individualism remains central. As we commence the process of shaping an ethics of public health, it is clear that bioethics is the wrong place to start when thinking about the balances required in defence of the public's health.
Vaccination and the Prevention Problem
Authors: Dawson Angus 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACTThis paper seeks to critically review a traditional objection to preventive medicine (which I call here the ‘prevention problem’). The prevention problem is a concern about the supposedly inequitable distribution of benefits and risks of harm resulting from preventive medicine's focus on population‐based interventions. This objection is potentially applicable to preventive vaccination programmes and could be used to argue that such programmes are unethical. I explore the structure of the prevention problem by focusing upon two different types of vaccination (therapeutic vaccination and preventive vaccination). I argue that the ‘prevention problem’ cannot be fairly applied to the case of preventive vaccination because such programmes do not just focus upon benefits at the level of populations (as is claimed by the prevention problem). Most such preventive vaccination programmes explicitly seek to create and maintain herd protection. I argue that herd protection is an important public good which is a benefit shared by all individuals in the relevant population. This fact can then be used to block the ‘prevention problem’ argument in relation to preventive vaccination programmes. I conclude by suggesting that whilst the future development and use of therapeutic vaccines does raise some interesting ethical issues, any ethical objections to prophylactic vaccination on the basis of the ‘prevention problem’ will not be overcome through the substitution of therapeutic vaccines for preventive vaccines; indeed, the ‘prevention problem’ fails on its own terms in relation to preventive vaccination programmes.