bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Psychological Model for Presymptomatic Test Interviews: Lessons Learned from Huntington Disease
Authors: Soldan Jo , Street Eddy , Gray Jonathon , Binedell Julia , Harper Peter S. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractThis paper reflects on experience gained from presymptomatic testing for Huntington disease. An approach is presented which considers the role of the clinician and aims of the interview. Irrespective of the disease being tested for, it is suggested that the psychological aim of presymptomatic testing is to foster emotional insight and understanding that will help clients in their decision‐making process about testing and their subsequent adjustment to the result. Based on these aims the process of presymptomatic testing, counseling is considered in terms of clarification, consideration, education, and reflection, followed by decision making. Practical approaches are discussed and illustrated with clinical examples.
To Use or Not to Use: Male Partners' Perspectives on Decision Making About Prenatal Diagnosis
Authors: Kenen Regina , Smith Ann C. M. , Watkins Carolee , Zuber‐Pittore Carol 
Published: December 2002

AbstractWe conducted an exploratory, qualitative pilot study investigating the use of genetic counseling and prenatal genetic technologies between women and their male partners for two referral groups: pregnant women 35 years of age and over (AMA) at the time of delivery and pregnant women with an abnormal maternal serum triple screen (MSAFP3). The convenience sample consisted of 25 semistructured interviews and 50 observations of genetic counseling sessions. Male partners' styles of decision making and the way they viewed prenatal diagnosis decision making were examined. We defined three decision‐making styles based on our interpretation of the data: (1) domain, (2) joint‐delegated, and (3) saliency. The male partners also seemed to view prenatal diagnosis as either an information decision or an action decision and appeared to take a more active role in decision making when the decision was viewed as an action decision.
Factors Influencing Patients' Decisions to Decline Cancer Genetic Counseling Services
Authors: Geer Katherine P. , Ropka Mary E. , Cohn Wendy F. , Jones Susan M. , Miesfeldt Susan 
Published: December 2002

AbstractLittle is known about the factors influencing patients' decisions about whether to utilize cancer genetic counseling services. The purpose of this study is to identify potential barriers to broad utilization of such services. Of a total of 136 decliners of cancer genetic counseling services at our institution, 117 were deemed eligible to participate. Of these, 73 were randomly selected for study. A total of 37/73 (51%) agreed to participate in a semistructured telephone survey designed to assess the factors that impacted their decisions to decline cancer genetic counseling. An interview script, composed of both closed‐ and open‐ended questions, was used to direct the survey. Interviews were audiotaped. Responses to open‐ended questions were content analyzed. Of the participants, 34 were female and 36 were Caucasian. Seventy‐two percent of the participants were between ages 36 and 55 years. Participants cited the following reasons for choosing not to proceed with cancer genetic counseling: concern over health insurability for self or family (n = 15); cost (n = 12); emotional impact on self or family (n = 11); no perceived benefit (n = 11); and time commitment (n = 9). These data provide an understanding of patient's attitudes and concerns impacting their decisions to decline cancer genetic counseling. This information provides guidance for the development of interventions designed to limit barriers among patients referred for such services.
Verbal overshadowing in a multiple face presentation paradigm: effects of description instruction
Authors: Brown Charity , Lloyd‐Jones Toby J. 
Published: December 2002

Abstract‘Verbal overshadowing’, the phenomenon whereby the verbal reporting of a visual memory of a face interferes with subsequent recognition of that face, arises for the presentation of multiple faces following a single face description (Brown and Lloyd‐Jones, 2002). We examine the influence of description instructions on verbal overshadowing using the new multiple presentation paradigm. Participants were exposed to 12 to‐be‐remembered faces and then described (or not, in the control condition) another face. Half the participants received ‘piecemeal’ description instructions, encouraging veridical recall of particular features of the face, and half received ‘elaborative’ instructions which did not explicitly focus on particular facial features, and encouraged erroneous recall of the face. Subsequently, participants discriminated the original 12 faces from 12 distracters in a ‘yes/no’ recognition decision. Verbal overshadowing was evident for piecemeal, but not elaborative recall instructions. We interpret these findings within a ‘transfer‐inappropriate retrieval’ framework (Schooler et al., 1997). Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Verbal overshadowing in voice recognition
Authors: Perfect Timothy J. , Hunt Laura J. , Harris Christopher M. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractAn experiment examined the influence of three factors on the accuracy and confidence in voice identifications from a voice‐lineup. In a factorial design, participants either encoded the original voice deliberately or were exposed incidentally, either heard a normal voice, or a voice recorded through a telephone, and either described a target voice prior to the lineup or they did not. The method of encoding had no impact on performance, whilst hearing a telephone voice reduced confidence without impairing accuracy. Providing a verbal description impaired subsequent identification accuracy (a verbal overshadowing effect), without reducing confidence. Thus, these data demonstrate that verbal overshadowing can occur in voice recognition, and also provide another dissociation between confidence and performance. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mazes and music: using perceptual processing to release verbal overshadowing
Authors: Finger Kimberly 
Published: December 2002

AbstractVerbal overshadowing occurs when participants describe a previously viewed non‐verbal stimulus such as a face prior to a recognition memory test. The results of numerous studies indicate that recognition accuracy is lower when participants describe the face or other non‐verbal stimulus as compared to a no‐description control condition. In the present two‐experiment study, verbal overshadowing was alleviated when participants engaged in a non‐verbal task that emphasized perceptual processing subsequent to describing the face but prior to the recognition memory test. In Experiments 1 and 2, participants viewed a face and then either described the face or completed a distractor task. Next, participants in Experiment 1 engaged in a perceptual task in the form of a series of mazes or a verbal task. Participants who described the face and completed the mazes experienced a release from verbal overshadowing as compared to participants who described the face and completed the verbal task. In Experiment 2, verbal overshadowing was alleviated when participants listened to instrumental music after describing the face, thus demonstrating that an auditory perceptual task can also release verbal overshadowing. The results of these two experiments provide support for a processing shift interpretation of verbal overshadowing. Furthermore, the results indicate this shift can be alleviated, and perceptual processing reinstated, by engaging in an unrelated perceptually oriented task such as completing a maze or listening to music. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effects of exemplar and prototype descriptors on verbal overshadowing
Authors: MacLin M. Kimberly 
Published: December 2002

AbstractPrevious research has found that providing a verbal description for a face impedes later recognition of that face. The current experiment evaluates how the type of information participants are asked to provide about the face affects later recognition. Participants provided attribute, exemplar or prototype information about a person they saw commit a videotaped crime. The verbal overshadowing effect was replicated for participants in the attribute condition. Exemplar participants reproduced this effect, while prototype participants performed nearly as well as controls. Theoretical and practical implications of the type of information witnesses are asked to provide are discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Towards a procedure for eliciting verbal expression of non‐verbal experience without reactivity: interpreting the verbal overshadowing effect within the theoretical framework for protocol analysis
Authors: Ericsson K. Anders 
Published: December 2002

AbstractThe reactive effects of verbal overshadowing are discussed within Ericsson and Simon's (1980, 1984/1993) theoretical framework, which guided the design of procedures that elicit valid and non‐reactive verbal reports. These procedures encourage participants to give free verbal expression to their thoughts. In contrast, the procedures in the verbal overshadowing paradigm require participants to produce prescribed types of verbalizations. Participants are explicitly told how to verbally describe the face, namely ‘to describe each facial feature in as much detail as possible’ and to continue doing so for the full 5 minutes. The reactive effects of ‘verbal overshadowing’ can be linked to the requirement of producing prescribed types of verbalizations and are thus not caused merely by spontaneous verbal expression of one's thoughts. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of visual, spatial, and temporal cues in attenuating verbal overshadowing
Authors: Pelizzon Lara , Brandimonte Maria A. , Luccio Riccardo 
Published: December 2002

AbstractIn three experiments, we investigated the effects of visual, spatial, and temporal cues in attenuating verbal overshadowing derived from the verbal recoding of visual stimuli. Participants studied a set of visual forms and were asked to form an image of each figure, rotate it and try to discover the two capital letters compounding each figure. Before performing the imagery task, participants were re‐presented with a cue that was part of the original stimulus. In Experiment 1, verbal overshadowing effects were shown and attenuated through the re‐presentation of a visual cue. In Experiments 2 and 3, encoding and retrieval conditions were manipulated according to their temporal and spatial characteristics. In Experiment 2, the cue could be either visual (the cardboard shape), spatial–temporal (the number corresponding to serial learning position), or both. Presentation order of the cue at retrieval could be either congruent or incongruent with stimuli presentation order at encoding. In Experiment 3, the temporal and spatial components of the task were separated, by having participants encode the stimuli according to either their temporal or their spatial presentation order. At retrieval, participants received one of three types of cues (visual, order, or visual+order). The results suggest that order information acts as a link between the two separate representations of figure and background, hence preventing verbal overshadowing at encoding (temporal component) or attenuating its influence at retrieval (spatial component). Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lung cancer mortality in a Dutch cohort of asphalt workers: Evaluation of possible confounding by smoking
Authors: Hooiveld Mariëtte , Spee Ton , Burstyn Igor , Kromhout Hans , Heederik Dick 
Published: December 2002

AbstractBackgroundUsing data from a Dutch cohort of workers in road construction and asphalt mixing companies, this article describes possible confounding of the association between exposure to bitumen fume and lung cancer mortality by smoking.MethodsA retrospective cohort of 3,714 workers with at least one season of employment was identified. Semi‐quantitative exposure to bitumen fume was assessed by a job‐exposure matrix. Information on smoking habits was available for a sub‐cohort of 1,138 workers, who underwent medical examinations by the occupational health services in the past.ResultsSmoking habits differed between occupational title groups and there was a positive association between cumulative exposure and smoking. Internal analyses using the non‐exposed subjects as reference category, showed a positive association between semi‐quantitative bitumen fume exposure and lung cancer risk. After adjusting for differences in smoking habits, all relative risks were reduced, but a weak positive association could still be observed.ConclusionConfounding by smoking on the association between exposure to bitumen fume and lung cancer mortality is possible, although the positive trend (not statistically significant) for lung cancer mortality remained. Only a nested case‐control study may allow proper treatment of potential (residual) confounding by smoking in this population. Am. J. Ind. Med. 43:79–87, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cancer morbidity in Swedish asphalt workers
Authors: Bergdahl Ingvar A. , Järvholm Bengt 
Published: December 2002

AbstractBackgroundSome studies have indicated an increased risk of lung cancer among asphalt workers. This study investigates the risk of lung cancer in Swedish asphalt workers.MethodsA cohort of 6,150 asphalt workers, mainly employed in road construction, was compared to the general population, and to a reference group of construction workers not exposed to asphalt fumes. The exposure to polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) at paving in Sweden during the 1980s and 1990s were estimated to be in the order of one or a few micrograms per cubic meter, but must have been higher in earlier years.ResultsThirty‐two lung cancer cases were observed among asphalt workers. The relative risk (SIR) and 95% confidence intervals were 0.98 (0.67–1.39). The corresponding relative risk, as compared to a group of construction workers and adjusted for smoking habits, was 1.03 (0.70–1.45). We found no increased risk for other cancers investigated or death in other lung diseases.ConclusionsAsphalt workers do not have any increased lung cancer risk from exposure to fumes and gases from asphalt at the exposure levels that occurred in Sweden during the 1960s and 1970s. Am. J. Ind. Med. 43:104–108, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mortality and cancer incidence of workers in Finnish road paving companies
Authors: Kauppinen Timo , Heikkilä Pirjo , Partanen Timo , Virtanen Simo V. , Pukkala Eero , Ylöstalo Pekka , Burstyn Igor , Ferro Gilles , Boffetta Paolo 
Published: December 2002

AbstractBackgroundThis study, a component of the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Multicentric Study on Cancer Risk Among European Asphalt Workers, aimed at identifying major mortality risks among workers in Finnish road paving companies.MethodsThe Finnish cohort was comprised of 9,643 men and women from six road paving companies. The mortality of men employed during at least one season (5,676) was followed up from 1964 until end of 1994; an average of 17 years. Standardized mortality ratios (SMR) and relative risks (RR), the latter based on multivariate Poisson regression models were estimated by occupational group and by various metrics of occupational exposures.ResultsAll‐cause mortality was elevated (SMR 1.11, 95% confidence interval, CI 1.03–1.20), mainly due to excesses in accidents, poisonings, and violence (1.29; CI 1.12–1.49), and lung cancer (1.38; 1.03–1.81). Workers exposed to bitumen fumes had a slightly elevated mortality from lung cancer (1.16; 0.69–1.83). Multivariate Poisson regression models with 15‐year lag period suggested trends by cumulative exposure to coal tar, organic vapors, silica dust, diesel exhaust, and bitumen fume.ConclusionsThe elevated mortality from external causes among Finnish building/ground construction workers was probably due to living conditions and related lifestyles. Some evidence was found for a risk of lung cancer due to occupational exposure, but the confirmation of these findings would require a longer follow‐up and improved control for confounding. Am. J. Ind. Med. 43:49–57, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Performance of different exposure assessment approaches in a study of bitumen fume exposure and lung cancer mortality
Authors: Burstyn Igor , Boffetta Paolo , Kauppinen Timo , Heikkilä Pirjo , Svane Ole , Partanen Timo , Stücker Isabelle , Frentzel‐Beyme Rainer , Ahrens Wolfgang , Merzenich Hiltrud , Heederik Dick , Hooiveld Mariette , Brunekreef Bert , Langård Sverre , Randem Britt G. , Järvholm Bengt , Bergdahl Ingvar A. , Shaham Judith , Ferro Gilles , Kromhout Hans 
Published: December 2002

AbstractBackgroundWe compared performance of different exposure assessment approaches in a cohort study of cancer risk among European asphalt workers.MethodsThree bitumen fume exposure indices (duration of exposure (years), average exposure (mg/m3) and cumulative exposure (mg/m3*years)) and two latency models (with and without a 15 year lag) were considered for an association between lung cancer mortality and bitumen fume.ResultsThere was no association between lung cancer risk and either duration or cumulative exposure. However, there was the suggestion of an increase in lung cancer risk accompanying rise in average exposure. Only models with average bitumen fume exposure (with or without lag) improved model fit, albeit to the same extent.ConclusionsConstructing quantitative indices of exposure intensity was justified because they produced the greatest improvement in fit of models that explored possible relationship between bitumen fume exposure and lung cancer risk. The identified associations require further investigation. Am. J. Ind. Med. 43:40–48, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cancer incidence among male Norwegian asphalt workers
Authors: Randem Britt Grethe , Langård Sverre , Dale Inge , Kongerud Johny , Martinsen Jan Ivar , Andersen Aage 
Published: December 2002

AbstractBackgroundThe main objective of the present study was to investigate whether exposure to bitumen fumes could enhance the risk of cancer in asphalt workers.MethodsA historical prospective cohort study was performed including 8,763 male asphalt workers from all main asphalt companies in Norway. Name, date of birth, and unique personal identification number, address, job type, and start and stop of employment in specific jobs was obtained for the workers. Information was complied from payroll and personnel records in the companies. The cohort was then linked to the Cancer Registry of Norway, which has complete records of individual cases of cancer in the Norwegian population since 1953. Follow‐up was from 1 January 1970 to 31 December 1997. The 5‐year age and period adjusted general male population in Norway served as reference population.ResultsLung cancer was found elevated with standardized incidence ratio (SIR) = 1.3 (95% confidence intervals (CI) = 1.1, 1.7) in the overall analysis. Lung cancer was found more elevated in workers first exposed in the 1950s and 1960s and in mastic asphalt workers (SIR = 4.2, 95% CI = 1.2, 10, based on four cases) and pavers (SIR = 1.4, 95% CI = 1.0, 1.9). There was a deficiency in the incidence of malignant melanoma with 13 cases versus 26 expected.ConclusionsRisk of lung cancer was found enhanced among the asphalt workers. Some of the enhanced risk could probably be explained by the smoking habits of the workers. Exposure to coal tar may also have contributed to the enhanced risk. Am. J. Ind. Med. 43:88–95, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cancer mortality among European asphalt workers: An international epidemiological study. I. Results of the analysis based on job titles
Authors: Boffetta Paolo , Burstyn Igor , Partanen Timo , Kromhout Hans , Svane Ole , Langård Sverre , Järvholm Bengt , Frentzel‐Beyme Rainer , Kauppinen Timo , Stücker Isabelle , Shaham Judith , Heederik Dick , Ahrens Wolfgang , Bergdahl Ingvar A. , Cenée Sylvie , Ferro Gilles , Heikkilä Pirjo , Hooiveld Mariëtte , Johansen Christoffer , Randem Britt G. , Schill Walter 
Published: December 2002

AbstractBackgroundInhalation of bitumen fumes is potentially carcinogenic to humans.MethodsWe conducted a study of 29,820 male workers exposed to bitumen in road paving, asphalt mixing and roofing, 32,245 ground and building construction workers unexposed to bitumen, and 17,757 workers not classifiable as bitumen workers, from Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Israel, the Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden, with mortality follow‐up during 1953–2000. We calculated standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) based on national mortality rates. Poisson regression analyses compared mortality of bitumen workers to that of building or ground construction workers.ResultsThe overall mortality was below expectation in the total cohort (SMR 0.92, 95% CI 0.90–0.94) and in each group of workers. The SMR of lung cancer was higher among bitumen workers (1.17, 95% CI 1.04–1.30) than among workers in ground and building construction (SMR 1.01, 95% CI 0.89–1.15). In the internal comparison, the relative risk (RR) of lung cancer mortality among bitumen workers was 1.09 (95% CI 0.89–1.34). The results of cancer of the head and neck were similar to those of lung cancer, based on a smaller number of deaths. There was no suggestion of an association between employment in bitumen jobs and other cancers.ConclusionsEuropean workers employed in road paving, asphalt mixing and other jobs entailing exposure to bitumen fume might have experienced a small increase in lung cancer mortality risk, compared to workers in ground and building construction. However, exposure assessment was limited and confounding from exposure to carcinogens in other industries, tobacco smoking, and other lifestyle factors cannot be ruled out. Am. J. Ind. Med. 43:18–27, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.