bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
War In The Gulf, 1990–91
Authors: Khadduri Majid , Ghareeb Edmund 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For most Americans, the war against Iraq lingers in memory as a vast morality play, a drama offering ready made heroes and villains: a glowering dictator in military uniform, hapless Kuwaiti refugees with tales of persecution, plucky pilots with high-tech wizardry, and a defiant American president, ringing Churchillian as he drew a line in the sand. But this characterization of the war is greatly oversimplified, a one-dimensional portrait, lacking in context and nuance. In War in the Gulf, 1990- 91, eminent scholars Majid Khadduri and Edmund Ghareeb paint a very different picture, one that brings historical depth to the portrait, and displays the actions of many of the participants in a new and revealing light. Khadduri and Ghareeb offer a far more accurate and complex portrait of the Iraq-Kuwait conflict, providing a wealth of background information not readily available before. They made a distinction between the differences between Iraq and Kuwait over frontiers, territory, and sovereignty and the method pursued by Iraqi leaders to resolve those differences. They explore, for instance, the history of relations between Iraq and Kuwait, revealing that Kuwait had once been a part of Basra (in southern Iraq) during the Ottoman rule, and only became a separate country while under British control (it was the British in fact who drew the much-disputed boundary line between Iraq and Kuwait). Khadduri and Ghareeb describe the many decades of struggle to resolve the boundary issue, examining the repeated attempts by other Arab states to mediate according to Islamic traditions of consultation and peaceful resolution within the faith. The authors also show how Saddam Husayn's war with Iran exacerbated the boundary tensions. Because of the decade-long war, Iraq badly needed oil revenue to repay wartime loans and to rebuild, but Kuwait persisted in pumping far beyond its OPEC quota, driving down prices, and costing Iraq billions of dollars of revenue. The book reveals how Kuwait spurned Arab attempts to mediate this clash over oil prices as well as the longstanding boundary dispute, frustrating efforts to resolve this crisis by peaceful means. In one particularly interesting section, the book examines the diplomatic talks during the early summer of 1990, both among various Arab nations (most notably, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and Kuwait), and with Saddam Husayn and the United States (they show how messages from Washington and a visit by a congressional delegation lead by Senator Dole convinced the Iraqi leaders that they would be allowed to settle their problems with Kuwait without outside interference). Khadduri and Ghareeb carry us through to the present, exploring the war and its aftermath, from the uprisings against Baghdad, to the continuing U.N. sanctions, to the recent defections from Saddam's inner circle. War in the Gulf is a balanced, eye-opening account of one of the central events of recent years.
Some Basic Issues
Authors: Heine Bernd 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the preceding chapters, a framework for understanding the nature of auxiliary constructions, at least of some salient kinds of auxiliary construction, was presented. For this purpose, a number of theoretical notions were introduced. While most of them have been discussed in the current literature on grammaticalization (see especially Traugott & Heine 1991; Heine, Claudi, & Hiinnemeyer 1991), there exists disagreement as to their relevance and their exact meaning. Some of these notions are now looked at in more detail in order to provide a better understanding of them, but also with a view to illustrating the kinds of problem that are still associated with them. In the present chapter we will be concerned with problems that are not confined to auxiliaries; rather we will look at some more general problems that concern the semantic, syntactic, and morphological development of linguistic symbols.
Conclusions
Authors: Heine Bernd 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If two scholars use the same methodology, apply it to the same kind of data within one and the same language, and arrive at maximally contrasting conclusions, then this fact would seem to require an explanation. English auxiliaries, for example, are subject modifiers according to Schmerling (1983) but verb modifiers according to Janssen (1983). Note that both scholars presented their conclusions at the same time, on the same language, and using exactly the same model, which is the PTQ (Proper Treatment Quantification) model of Montague (1973). Other paradigm cases of contrasting analysis can be found in the controversies between Jackendoff (1972) and McCawley (1975), or between Pullum and Wilson (1977) on the one hand and Akmajian et al. (1979) on the other, or between Huddleston (1976b) and Palmer (1979b): While the former claim that English auxiliaries are main verbs, the latter insist that they are not; rather that auxiliaries constitute a category that is different from that of main verbs.
‘No Star Performance’The Office in the 1940s
Authors: Nagel Robert F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Around the time Marshall was hired, Houston learned that NAACP members in Tennessee were concerned because, they believed, he had withdrawn from a university desegregation case there. Houston told his colleagues in Tennessee, ’This is no star performance.’ He was ’primarily the administrator’ of the legal campaign against discrimination, and he wanted to make sure that it would become ’self-perpetuating so that the loss of the head or any set of members will not hamper progress.’ One way to do that, he pointed out, was to ensure that ’Negroes not only have a few lawyers but dozens who can push the program through.’ Even more, ’switching and changing’ made the campaign more effective because it demonstrated to opponents that they could not derail the challenges merely by harassing Houston with ’personal reprisals.’ Houston understood a central fea-ture of civil rights litigation: that lawyers operated under constraints that limited their success. As Jeremy Bentham put it, ’The law is not made by judge alone, but by Judge and Company.’ Opposing lawyers, unsympathetic judges, clients, the NAACP as an organization, other interest groups-all were part of the ’company’ with which the NAACP’s lawyers had to deal.
’Behind This Are Certain Facts of Life’ Law in Brown
Authors: Nagel Robert F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Oral advocacy before the Supreme Court is a peculiar art. Its point usually is not to persuade undecided justices; rather, it is to inform them about the case. Many justices are better listeners than they are readers, finding it easier to understand an oral argument than a written one. Oral argument, then, often goes over the ground covered in the brief. Of course the style ought to change. Written advocacy has a formal pace and manner, while a good oral argument is more conversational. Many lawyers are intimidated by the Supreme Court setting and the importance of the occasion. Marshall’s frequent appearances before the Court, in contrast, made it easy for him to talk with the justices, rather than ’make an argument’ to them. Oral arguments also test the waters. Lawyers must decide how to spend their limited time before the Court. They usually will be more comfortable making their easier arguments and ordinarily can present them more clearly in a short time. Yet, precisely because the arguments are easier, lawyers have less to do to bring the justices to see how the argument goes. A lawyer confident that the justices under-stand the easier arguments might spend the available time in laying out the more difficult ones, knowing that the questioning might be rougher and that the full argument might not get across. The NAACP lawyers in the school segregation cases had the advantage of arguing five cases in succession.
The ’Battle Between the Sovereigns’ Violent Resistance to Brown, 1955-1961
Authors: Nagel Robert F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Brown met violent resistance in Little Rock, Arkansas, the LDF lawyers’ deepest feelings about race and the law were drawn into play. Little Rock superin-tendent Virgil Blossom began planning for desegregation while Brown was before the Supreme Court. Over the course of a year, Blossom and his staff developed a plan to desegregate the city’s schools in stages. Two schools under construction would open without segregation as high schools, probably in September 1956. A year later the junior high schools would be desegregated, and several years later the plan would spread to the city’s elementary schools. In May 1955, the school board modified Blossom’s plan: Central High School would be desegregated in September 1957 and the junior highs in 1960, and the date for desegregating elementary schools was left open, though 1963 seemed likely. Students could transfer out of schools where they were part of the minority; as a result, a neighborhood atten-dance plan would probably end up with some African-Americans attending some previously white schools and no whites attending previously black schools. In making Central High the focus of desegregation, the board selected a school lo-cated in a working-class neighborhood while exempting the school under construc-tion in a neighborhood where many white professional and business people lived. Blossom thought preparing a desegregation plan was a routine aspect of his job. In contrast, when the school board announced its plan, it said it was proposing to desegregate the schools only because it had to.1 Daisy Bates led the local NAACP branch. Bates, a resident of Little Rock since 1941, published a newspaper for the city’s African-American community. Acting with the help of Wiley Branton, the branch filed a petition for desegregation with the school board in August 1954. Branton, the first African-American graduate of Arkansas’s law school, practiced law in his home town of Pine Bluff, forty-five miles from Little Rock. The branch watched as the school board’s plans developed, and, when its members concluded that the new high school was about to open in 1956 as an all-white school, they filed suit in February 1956 seeking admission to the new school. At the outset, the case was a ’routine’ desegregation suit, and the LDF national staff had little to do with its first stages; Ulysses Simpson Tate, the
Indonesia
Authors: Parapak Jonathan L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Indonesia is a nation of 6,000 inhabited islands (and even more uninhabited ones) sprawling over 5,000 km along the equator. The population of over 190 million makes it the fifth most populous country in the world. Tying the country together has benefited from modem means, especially satellites-Indonesia was the fourth country to launch a satellite-based communications system. That continues a long tradition-by the fifth century correspondence via letters was common: couriers walked, rode horses, or traveled by sailing vessel. This chapter looks at development of telecommunications in Indonesia; the next chapter expands on the structural changes that began in the 1980s.
Pacific Island Nations
Authors: Jussawalla Meheroo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The concept of a Pacific Telecommunity is rapidly becoming a reality with the emergence of a vibrant region of enormous opportunity in business and equally significant potential in the conduct of everyday life. Communication and transportation technologies have globalized commerce and are integrating the countries and remote islands of the Pacific into a vital, synergetic region. Pacific island nations (PINs) occupy less than 550,000 km2 of land (about the same as France) scattered over fifty times as much ocean. The combined 1991 population of the Polynesian, Melanesian, and Micronesian islands was around 6.3 million (somewhat larger than Hong Kong), 62 percent of them in Papua New Guinea, which means only some 2.4 million elsewhere (slightly fewer than in Singapore). Many of the islands are north of the equator, although all are commonly called South Pacific; tropical Pacific is more accurate.
The United States
Authors: Noam Elim. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Telecommunications in the United States began in 1836 with Samuel Morse and the electromagnetic telegraph. The first U.S. telegraph message, sent from Baltimore to Washington in 1844, was, “What hath God wrought?” The same question was being asked one and a half centuries later when there was fear U.S. telecommunications had been severely crippled by the policy of deregulation, and by the divestiture of the dominant telecommunications institution, American Telephone and Telegraph (AT&T).
Selling War
Authors: Cull Nicholas John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
British propaganda brought America to the brink of war, and left it to the Japanese and Hitler to finish the job. So concludes Nicholas Cull in this absorbing study of how the United States was transformed from isolationism to belligerence in the years before the attack on Pearl Harbor. From the moment it realized that all was lost without American aid, the British Government employed a host of persuasive tactics to draw the US to its rescue. With the help of talents as varied as those of matinee idol Leslie Howard, Oxford philosopher Isaiah Berlin and society photographer Cecil Beaton, no section of America remained untouched and no method--from Secret Service intrigue to the publication of horrifying pictures of Nazi atrocities--remained untried. The British sought and won the support of key journalists and broadcasters, including Edward R. Murrow, Dorothy Thompson and Walter Winchell; Hollywood film makers also played a willing part. Cull details these and other propaganda activities, covering the entire range of the British effort. A fascinating story of how a foreign country provoked America’s involvement in its greatest war, Selling War will appeal to all those interested in the modern cultural and political history of Britain and the United States.
Women as Vessels and Vectors: Lessons from the HIV Epidemic
Authors: Faden Ruth , Kass Nancy , McGraw Deven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The AIDS epidemic often is described as a faithful mirror of everything that is wrong or failing in American health care and science policy. This characterization has particular resonance with respect to women. Increasingly, feminist commentators are claiming that virtually every dimension of the American response to the HIV epidemic—from public health policy to biomedical research to medical care—has ignored the interests and experiences of women. These are tough claims about potential moral wrongdoing in medicine and biomedical science that ought to be of central concern to the field of bioethics, but, to date, they have received little attention in the bioethics literature. Although the HIV epidemic has attracted considerable bioethics commentary, the issues standardly discussed have been little informed by considerations of either gender or class. With a few exceptions, most notably the work of Carol Levine, women have been considered in the bioethics literature only with respect to reproduction, where the implications of vertical transmission for prenatal screening and childbearing among women who are HIV-positive have been discussed.
Gender, Feminism, and Death: Physician-Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia
Authors: Wolf Susan M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The debate in the United States over whether to legitimate physicianassisted suicide and active euthanasia has reached new levels of intensity. Oregon has become the first state to legalize physician-assisted suicide, and there have been campaigns, ballot measures, bills, and litigation in other states in attempts to legalize one or both practices. Scholars and others increasingly urge either outright legalization or some other form of legitimation, through recognition of an affirmative defense of “mercy killing” to a homicide prosecution or other means.
Yet the debate over whether to legitimate physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia (by which I mean active euthanasia, as opposed to the termination of life-sustaining treatment) is most often about a patient who does not exist—a patient with no gender, race, or insurance status. This is the same generic patient featured in most bioethics debates.
Nurturing The Premature Infant
Authors: Goldson Edward 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Traditionally, non-medical, developmental intervention with premature infants has been a controversial topic in neonatal intensive care units (NICU). However, a small but growing band of researchers have been pushing for the acceptance of alternative interventions, such as kangaroo care and massage therapy, that do not resort to surgical or other medical practices. Edward Goldson, a pediatrician at Children’s Hospital in Colorado, has assembled the top researchers in the field to contribute to this comprehensive volume that deals with non-medical intervention with premature infants. Nurturing the Premature Infant is the first to combine the innovative research in this growing area and present it in a single volume. Not only will it be indispensable to professionals in the field, but it will also be of interest to parents of premature infants.
Clause Structure and Language Change
Authors: Battye Adrian , Roberts Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Principles-and-Parameters approach to linguistic theory has triggered an enormous amount of work in comparative syntax over the last decade or so. A natural consequence of the growth in synchronic comparative work has been a renewed interest in questions of diachronic syntax, and this collection testifies to that trend. These papers focus on questions of clause structure which have become a central theme of theoretical work since the pioneering work in the late 1980s by Chomsky, Pollock, and others. The languages studied by an international roster of contributors include all the major Romance and Germanic languages. This volume is of central importance for anyone working in theoretical, comparative, or historical syntax.
Two Types of Verb Second in the History of Yiddish
Authors: Santorini Beatrice 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As is well known, all the Germanic languages except modern English exhibit the verb-second phenomenon, as do several (mostly medieval) varieties of Romance. According to this word order constraint, the inflected verb appears as the second overt constituent of a clause-regardless of whether the first constituent is the subject. Thus, in a verb-second language, clauses in which the first constituent is not the subject, exhibit obligatory subject-verb inversion.
On the Decline of Verb Movement to Comp in Old and Middle French*
Authors: Vance Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the study presented here I examine inverted declarative clauses from several Old and Middle French texts written between the 13th and the 15th centuries and suggest, on the basis of synchronic and diachronic differences within this class of clauses, an explanation for the decline of verb movement to Comp over the period in question. Although it has often been claimed (cf. e.g. Martin (1980); Adams (1987a,b), Lemieux and Dupuis (this volume)) that French remains essentially a verb-second language until the end of the Middle French period (14th-15th c.), my data show clearly that not all inversions are strictly of the verb-second type, despite many surface indications that are consistent with such an interpretation.
Verb Second, Pro-drop, Functional Projections and Language Change1
Authors: Hulk Aafke 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this article we present an account of the history of verb second and pro drop in French and English. We shall identify two types of verb second languages, which we call C-oriented or CV2 languages, and I-oriented or IV2 languages, and the specific properties correlating with this distinction. Next, we shall see how the distinction as drawn, in conjunction with certain assumptions concerning the licensing of functional properties, allows a very articulate account of the history of French, in terms of a development from CV2 to IV2 to non-V2, and sound theoretical motivation why English developed from CV2 to I-non-V2 and did not move through the IV2 stage.
Evolution, Woman ‘s Rights, and Civilizing Missions
Authors: Newman Louise Michele 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As they looked back over recent decades, contemporary observers of the 1890s recognized this period in U.S. history as “the Era of Woman” -a time when women ‘s organizations proliferated and the country seemed especially focused on women ‘s issues and women ‘s rights. Richard T. Ely, director of the School of Economics, Political Science, and History at the University of Wisconsin, declared, “Our age may properly be called the Era of Woman, because everything which affects her receives consideration quite unknown in past centuries.” Commentators at the time were impressed with the recent “progress” of woman, her increased visibility in public and political affairs, her entry into colleges and universities, and her commitment to social reform. Those in sympathy with the woman ‘s movement viewed these changes in woman ‘s status as the manifestation of evolutionary progress, a sign that the civilization of the United States was equal to the higher civilizations of Europe and far superior to the primitive cultures of Asia and Africa. In the words of Joseph Rodes Buchanan, a professor of physiology, medicine, and anthropology, “sustained womanhood is a Western condition, as degraded womanhood is the Oriental condition.
The Making of a White Female Citizenry: Suffragism, Antisuffragism, and Race
Authors: Newman Louise Michele 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the 1870s, 1880s, AND 1890s, white suffragists used theories of evolution to support a new rationale for their own enfranchisement, one that depended on redefining what it meant to be a white female citizen. The new definitions made use of older beliefs in white women ‘s moral superiority but also drew on a growing conviction that white women ‘s special racial qualities were needed to counteract the influence of the immigrant and African American men who had just been enfranchised. As government representatives, ministers, and church groups discussed how to make citizens out of so-called primitives, white suffragists conceptualized a special role for themselves in assimilating nonwhite peoples into U.S. civilization and made this point one of their primary rationales for their own inclusion in the franchise.
Assimilating Primitives: The “Indian Problem” as a “Woman Question”
Authors: Newman Louise Michele 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1891, the same year that May French-Sheldon sailed to Africa, Frances Willard addressed the National Council of Women, a gathering that included the heads of most of the major women ‘s organizations from around the country. Willard tried to clarify what she thought was at the heart of the woman question. “Women as a class have been the world ‘s chief toilers; it is a world-old proverb that ‘their work is never done.” ‘Although she could have been thinking about women working in factories, or as teachers, nurses, and domestic servants, or even aJl women ‘s unpaid domestic labor in their own homes, Willard did not make reference to any of these instances. Instead, she drew upon the observations of one of her temperance workers on an Indian reservation in Florida. As Willard reported, this temperance worker saw oxen grazing and a horse roaming the pasture, while two women were grinding at the mill, pushing its wheels laboriously by hand. Turning to the old Indian chief who sat by, the temperance woman said, with pent-up indignation, “Why don ‘t you yoke the oxen or harness the horses and let them turn the milll” The “calm view” set forth in his answer contains a whole body of evidence touching the woman question. Hear him: “Horse cost 1uoney; ox cost money; squaw cost nothing.