bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Official Negligence, Medical Incompetence, or Another False Alarm? (January-May 1771)
Authors: Alexander John T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The disease at the Vvedenskie Hills annex baffled officials in Petersburg as much as it did the physicians and people of Moscow. In response, the imperial government publicly announced precautions for all of European Russia and, mindful of the plague’s possible revival, investigated additional countermeasures. Still, the abrupt subsidence and limited incidence of the outbreak combined with the onset of intense cold to muffle most apprehensions. Like Dr. Rinder, many wondered whether plague had caused the alarm in the first place. So when disease stealthily revived in Moscow in early 1771 nobody discerned the fact until it became too menacing to ignore or conceal. Extra alarming as a result, this second outbreak galvanized frantic reactions in Moscow and Petersburg, reactions that energized broader precautions under new administrative and medical leadership. The disease and the weather continued their eccentric behavior, however, regenerating controversy in both capitals.
Confirmation of the epidemic at the Vvedenskie Hills reached Petersburg by 27 December 1770, when the council approved Saltykov’s recently instituted precautions and recommended further safeguards for the rest of the empire, Petersburg especially. An empire-wide announcement should urge people to adopt the countermeasures that the government had begun implementing covertly 4 months earlier. On 30 December, Count Nikita Panin reviewed the proposed proclamation, which the council endorsed and Catherine signed the following day. Printed on 3 January 1771, the imperial proclamation was distributed to all government and Church institutions for announcement to the public.
The Plague Riot (September 1771)
Authors: Alexander John T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The plague raced through Moscow in early September 1771. Twice delayed since the epidemic’s start in late 1770, pestilence finally overtook the metropolis and prepared its collapse. Thus the first 2 weeks of September witnessed the climax of a deadly competition among the swiftly accelerating epidemic, the frenzied efforts of Muscovites to escape it, and the attempts of local authorities to buy time in the hope that cooler weather would slow the onrushing cataclysm. Try as Eropkin and his associates might to contain the competition, they faced terrible odds against the combined forces of rampant confusion and capricious weather, catastrophic pestilence and incipient panic. Events occurred so rapidly that the Petersburg authorities, several days and several hundred miles removed from the action, could only react to the results. In fact, the crisis proved that the Moscow authorities knew the city and its people better than did Catherine and her councilors.
By early August, the Moscow authorities foresaw violence if popular horror of pestilence impeded the delivery of necessities. Their fears worsened throughout August as the metropolitan economy rapidly disintegrated. To forestall a subsistence crisis, Eropkin and his colleagues began modifying the regime of compulsory quarantines, providing for workers idled by the closure of manufactories, and allowing masses of people to leave the city. On 31 August, the day after the senate reiterated grave apprehensions in its proposals to Catherine, it heard distressing confirmation from Chief of Police Bakhmetev. He discounted Governor Yushkov’s report of crowding at Moscow’s markets and rejected his proposal to establish special exchange points beyond the city limits—even farther away, that is, than Catherine’s plan to locate them outside the Zemlianoi Val.
Landon’s Library
Authors: Isaac Rhys 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is Sabine Hall on a day or an evening, of uncertain date. Landon is bending over a book. Perhaps he already feels the eyestrain he later lamented. The book is one of his volumes of the mixture of facts and fables assembled by the early Greek historian Herodotus. This author is one of the great ancients; he is indeed a “classic,” but that does not ensure respect.
Contests at Home
Authors: Isaac Rhys 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the first almanac diaries of the 1760s, there were only occasional and brief notices of waywardness in Landon’s eldest son, Robert Wormeley Carter, who after his marriage lived with his father at Sabine Hall. The presence of Robert’s wife, Winifred, was becoming an added source of conflict between father and son. One sample reveals the tone. Mrs. Carter was not well Robin was from home at his diversions.... His father, the old Slave doing a kind of duty in taking care of everybody.
Posture
Authors: Miller Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Regardless of the performance medium, it is neither possible nor desirable to hold to a rigid, static body posture. In fact, there are no physical movements or body positions that a stage director may request that cannot be accommodated (unless bizarre contortion is required at high vocal climaxes). However, because the relationship between breath management and phonation is fundamental to solid technique, physical alignment must become standardized procedure.
Sleep–Wake Disorders
Authors: Endeshaw Yohannes W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sleep–wake disturbances are common among residents of long-term care (LTC) facilities (Cohen et al., 1983; Fetveit & Bjorvatn, 2002; Jacobs et al., 1989; Rao et al., 2005; Voyer et al., 2006). In fact, sleep–wake disturbance may be one of the major factors that inLuenced relatives to place their loved one in an LTC facility (Pollak, 1991). Nighttime sleep disturbance (commonly referred to as insomnia) manifests as persistent dif1culty with sleep initiation and/or maintenance that occurs despite adequate time and opportunity for sleep and results in impairment of daytime activities (American Academy of Sleep Medicine, 2005a); daytime wake problems manifest as excessive daytime sleepiness.
Mental Retardation
Authors: Henderson C Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter will introduce nursing home clinicians to the patient population that has mental retardation (MR). Although MR is not a psychiatric disorder, patients with MR by de1nition have impairment of intellectual ability and therefore may present with atypical rates or presentations of medical/psychiatric conditions and challenges. Clinical problems may arise directly from intellectual impairment in persons with MR via limited language skills to report symptoms, or can occur due to associated syndromic disorders or other developmental disabilities. These clinical problems, along with philosophies of care and legal/regulatory issues that pertain to people with MR, make the relatively small number of nursing home patients with MR an important and well-de1ned population.
Insight-Oriented, Interpersonal, and Integrative Psychotherapy
Authors: Zweig Richard A , Marino, Patricia , Hinrichsen Gregory A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For most older adults, long-term-care placement represents the culmination of a series of traumatic psychological experiences. Their physical integrity has been undermined by chronic illnesses and decline in physical functioning. Their psychological integrity has been severely challenged by an onslaught of stresses, emotional upheaval, and often impairment of the very cognitive abilities that undergird the experience of selfhood. Their social integrity has been fragmented by dislocation from familiar environments, loss of social networks, and the alienating effects of institutionalization. To long-term-care staff, the treatment of these individuals may be overwhelming—all systems appear in decline, yet are complexly interdependent. Interventions to help these patients seem only partially effective and outcomes are rarely certain. Not surprisingly, older long-term-care residents experience higher levels of psychological distress than any other group of elderly (Diagnosis and Treatment of Depression in Late Life, NIH, 1991). Paradoxically, psychological treatment for these residents is rarely commensurate with their distress. Despite documentation of the ef1cacy of psychological treatments, particularly psychotherapy, for community dwelling elderly (Blazer, 2003; Borson et al., 1989; Gatz et al., 1998; Newton & Lazarus, 1992; Scogin & McElreath, 1994), these treatments remain underutilized in long-term-care settings (Herst & Moulton, 1985; Lichtenberg & Duffy, 2000; Ruckdeschel & Katz, 2004; Shea et al., 1992).
Introduction: “I see the President”
Authors: Pinsker Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“I See The President Almost Every Day,” Noted Poet Walt Whitman In An entry from his wartime journal, dated Wednesday, August 12, 1863. “I saw him this morning about 8 1/2 coming in to business.” Whitman, who visited the wounded at Union hospitals and lived on L Street in Washington during part of the conflict, observed that Abraham Lincoln, “somewhat rusty and dusty,” along with an “unornamental cortège” of twenty-five or thirty cavalry troops, made absolutely “no sensation” on the city’s streets. The Long Island native was less immune to the routines of the nation’s capital and maintained a careful vigil over the president’s daily commute while he lived in the city. He reported that in their brief encounters, Lincoln’s “dark brown face” with its “deep-cut lines” was often plainly visible to him, adding wistfully that there was a “deep latent sadness” evident in his eyes. The close scrutiny apparently did not go unnoticed. “We have got so that we exchange bows,” Whitman claimed, “and very cordial ones.” This striking portrait of President Lincoln heading to work raises a provocative question. Where was he spending his nights if not at the White House? Most Americans, and even some scholars, have been unaware that Lincoln maintained a wartime retreat from 1862 to 1864, spending over a quarter of his presidency in residence there, usually each year from early summer to late autumn.
“Am I to have no rest?”
Authors: Pinsker Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Decisive Seven Days’ Battles Were The Bloodiest Of The War To That Point. In a single week the Union lost more men—over 16,000—than had been in uniform at the outset of the conflict. Confederate losses were even ghastlier, but the inability of Federal troops to dislodge Rebel positions around Richmond signaled strategic failure for the Union cause. The springtime had been a hopeful period for the North, as Federal troops had scored a series of victories in the Mississippi Valley and as McClellan’s Army of the Potomac had finally maneuvered into fighting position. Consequently, the impact of the bitter news from the Virginia peninsula threatened to devastate what had been rising northern morale. In this period of renewed crisis, President Lincoln grasped nervously for solutions.
Poetic origins and final phases
Authors: Bloom Harold 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Strong poets are infrequent; our own century, in my judgment, shows only Hardy and Stevens writing in English. Great poets—even Yeats and Lawrence, even Frost—may fail of continuous strength, and major innovators—even Pound and Williams-may never touch strength at all. Browning, Whitman, Dickinson are strong, as are the High Romantics, and Milton may be taken as the apotheosis of strength. Poetic strength comes only from a triumphant wrestling with the greatest of the dead, and from an even more triumphant solipsism. Enormous gifts, the endowment of a Coleridge, or of a lesser but still considerable talent like Eliot, do not avail where strength is evaded, or never attained. Poetic strength, in this sense, rises only from a particular kind of catastrophe—as ordinary consciousnesses must regard the terrible incarnation that can lead to a poet like the very old Hardy or the very old Stevens. This chapter will move from the primal catastrophe of poetic incarnation on to a description of the relation of poetic strength to poetic influence, and then to the final phases of Hardy and Stevens.
The map of misprision
Authors: Bloom Harold 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The New Testament purports to “fulfill” the Old. Blake came, he sometimes thought, to “correct” Milton. Eduard Bernstein, founder of the modern sense of “revisionism,” anticipated many after him by supposedly seeking both to fulfill and to correct Marx, a double quest since undertaken with respect to Freud by Jung and many heresiarchs after him. All revisionists, however irreligious, are anagogists, though frequently shallow in their anagogy. Spiritual uplift too frequently is exposed as the drive towards power over the precursors, a drive fixed in its origins and wholly arbitrary in its aims. Nietzsche ‘s critique of interpretation is both a de-mystification of revisionism and another self-serving instance of revisionism, rising in Nietzsche out of his hatred of the perniciousness of his own belatedness.
In the shadow of the shadows: for now
Authors: Bloom Harold 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I have been tracing the visionary company that inhabits two shadows of influence, the Miltonic tradition that goes from the poets of Sensibility to its culmination in Yeats, and the Emersonian tradition from Whitman to its completion in the last phase of Stevens. This final chapter, a brief speculation on contemporary poetry, will center on interpretative problems presented by what seems to me a revival of the transumptive mode in recent American verse, notably a significant late phase of Robert Penn Warren’s work and extensions of the current phases of John Ashbery and A. R. Ammons.
Stevens’ revival of transumptive allusion, as opposed to the conspicuous allusion of Pound, Eliot and their school, has its parallel in Warren’s recent work, despite Warren’s descent from the rival school of Eliot. Warren’s Audubon: A Vision, like his work in progress, confirms the development over forty years of another strong poet to take the place left vacant by the deaths of the major American poets of this century.
Facilitating Practitioner Use Of Evidence-Based Practice
Authors: Mullen Edward J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses ways to support social work practitioners in their attempts to use evidence-based practice to assess, intervene with, and better understand clients. Although social work practitioners report little use of evidencebased practices, many express a desire to use methods that are considered to be valid (Drake et al., 2001; Mullen, Bacon, 2000, 2003; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1999). There is an emerging literature addressing implementation of evidence-based practices in organizations, but little attention has been given to how individual practitioners can be helped to use evidence-based practice (Addis, Krasnow, 2000; Torrey et al., 2001). While implementation strategies that seek system change by focusing on specific service delivery systems or organizations are important, there are limitations to such efforts. The sheer number of organizations defies any attempt to change them one by one. Also, many practitioners provide services outside such organizational settings, such as in private practice. Accordingly, in addition to implementation strategies directed at service systems and organizations, attention needs to be paid to how practitioners themselves can be helped to implement evidence-based practices. This is the focus of this chapter. This chapter describes evidence-based practice, approaches to dissemination and implementation of best practices that can be of benefit to practitioners, organizational and environmental supports needed for practitioners to function as evidencebased practitioners, and suggestions for training social work practitioners in evidence-based practice.
Evidence-Based Life Skills Interventions For Pregnant Adolescents In School Settings
Authors: Harris Mary Beth , Franklin Cynthia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Practitioners working with adolescents in schools are confronted with many problems that these youths face. Common difficulties encountered by practitioners include violence, behavioral problems, substance abuse, HIV infection, pregnancy, and homelessness. Practice guidelines and interventions that facilitate change or that can counter or reverse these life trends are needed. This chapter examines current practice trends and guidelines for cognitive-behavioral life skills interventions-a type of cognitivebehavioral group intervention-that are being delivered to adolescents in a school setting. This chapter also offers guidance to practitioners for developing and using evidence-based, cognitivebehavioral life skills interventions in schools. Considerations for program interventions in school settings are discussed, including points that apply to psychiatric and behavioral settings, court systems, and other youth-serving institutions. Finally, the chapter presents an example of a life skills intervention that was developed in a school setting. The intervention discussed is the school-based group for adolescent mothers known as the Taking Charge curriculum. Discussion of the intervention in this chapter includes the theoretical frame, curriculum content, and evaluation. This curriculum serves as one example of an evidence-based, cogmnvebehavioral intervention that is being developed for at-risk student populations in schools.
Why depression?
Authors: Callahan Christopher M , Berrios German E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Depression is a killer. It kills dreams, marriages, and people. As the history of reinventing depression unfolds, and as we recount the serendipitous discoveries and cultural conventions surrounding this illness, we do not wish to minimize the suffering that depression causes. No part of this history suggests that depression and emotional problems are not important public health concerns. To highlight the importance of depression from the very outset of this book, we first review recent information about both its global and its personal impact. We then present a general model for the causes of depression and outline the current treatment model for depression in primary care. The goal of this chapter, therefore, is to summarize the experience of depression in our communities.
The Myth Of The Old-Time Doctor
Authors: Callahan Christopher M , Berrios German E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many people hold to common myths that doctors today have substantially lost their humanistic qualities and that prescribing psychoactive medications is a new approach to treating emotional disorders. In this chapter, we debunk these myths because they distract science and society from confronting more important problems in treating emotional disorders. There are two reasons to paint an accurate picture of primary-care doctors in the period before researchers developed the current model of depression treatment. First, some critics of the current treatment model suggest that doctors from a bygone era were more likely to treat emotional symptoms with time, empathy, and understanding rather than a reflexive reach for drugs. In this chapter, we demonstrate that data from this earlier time collected specifically to document these factors do not support such a contention. Second, some of the supporters of the current treatment model portray the treatment of emotional symptoms with psychoactive medications as a revolutionary approach. In this chapter, we demonstrate that drug therapy for emotional distress is long-standing.
The Myth Of The Old-Time Patient
Authors: Callahan Christopher M , Berrios German E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When public health experts address the limitations of the current model for treat- ing depression in primary care, they sometimes contend that people living 50 years ago had more intestinal fortitude and were less likely to seek medical solutions for their emotional and social problems than people are today. In their view, community resources both prevented and treated emotional symptoms in a manner that rendered these symptoms less disabling. They also contend that these old-time patients were less likely to seek drugs and that patients today are too ready to seek care from physicians for the most minor complaints, including minor emotional symptoms. The goal of this chapter is to counter these myths by describing how often people suffered from emotional disorders at mid-century, how often they sought care, and what types of care they expected to receive from their doctors.
A More Accurate Picture Of Primary Care At Mid-Century
Authors: Callahan Christopher M , Berrios German E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter uses the data presented in Chapters 1, 2, and 3 to paint a composite picture of what primary-care practice was like in 1950. When we look too narrowly at the care of emotional disorders, we artificially simplify the complexity of primary care, as well as the challenges that primary-care doctors and patients face when they determine the best approach to treatment. Espousing a romanticized picture of patients and providers at mid-century keeps us from reinventing depression in a useful way because it assumes capacities, talents, and resources that did not exist.
The Fall And Rise Of Specialty Psychiatry
Authors: Callahan Christopher M , Berrios German E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The goal of this chapter is not to give a detailed history of psychiatry or psychopharmacology. Those histories are well recorded. Rather, we briefly review the developments in psychiatry over the past half-century as they pertain to rein- venting depression in primary care, societal views of psychiatry and mental illness, and psychiatry’s shift in focus from severe mental illness in asylums to milder forms in primary care. We also describe the development of the first effective drugs for mental illness, both to draw parallels with the discoveries outlined in the previous chapter and to show how these drugs emboldened psychiatry to expand its reach into primary care.
The Birth Of The Current Treatment Paradigm
Authors: Callahan Christopher M , Berrios German E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The current treatment paradigm for depression in primary care has existed for only about a decade, and developing it involved many researchers and a great deal of funding. It was invented through research in psychiatry and stimulated by an ever-growing awareness of the public health effects of depression. In this chapter, we describe the four pillars of the new model: (1) new diagnostic criteria for emotional disorders, (2) new measures of severity, (3) a disease-specific biomedical framework, and (4) a better understanding of the clinical epidemiology of emotional disorders in primary care. We emphasize that the model is relatively new, based on the best available evidence, understood as incomplete, and expected to change.
The Breath
Authors: Campos Frank Gabriel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are more misconceptions about the breath than any single aspect of brass technique. Wrong ideas can easily have a detrimental impact on performance, and misinformation about breathing is still passed from teacher to student as it was a century ago. Because much of this is generally accepted as correct advice, it may come as a shock that the single most destructive notion about breath con-trol is the belief that we must tighten specific muscles in order to support the air column.
Election Eve, 1800
Authors: Ferling John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the languid summer Adams had managed his little farm, a few indifferent acres that splayed out from the house, where grains were grown and four or five dairy cows and weary horses pastured. On occasion he worked alongside the hired hands, and he enjoyed daily hikes of three or four miles, but he spent most of each day in his dark study, where he read and reflected. Adams devoted as much time as was necessary to the presidency, reading every report sent to Quincy, but, truth be told, there was not much to do that summer and fall, as Congress was not in session and the members of his cabinet were in the capital tending to their respective departments.