bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Venous Thrombosis and Changes of Hemostatic Variables during Cross-Sex Hormone Treatment in Transsexual People
Authors: Toorians A. W. F. T. , Thomassen M. C. L. G. D. , Zweegman S. , Magdeleyns E. J. P. , Tans G. , Gooren L. J. G. , Rosing J. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe incidence of venous thrombosis associated with estrogen treatment in male-to-female (M→F) transsexuals is considerably higher with administration of oral ethinyl estradiol (EE) than with transdermal (td) 17-β-estradiol (E2).To find an explanation for the different thrombotic risks of oral EE and td E2 use, we compared the effects of treatment of M→F transsexuals with cyproterone acetate (CPA) only, and with CPA in combination with td E2, oral EE, or oral E2 on a number of hemostatic variables [activated protein C (APC) resistance and plasma levels of protein S, protein C, and prothombin], all of which are documented risk factors for venous thrombosis. APC resistance was determined by quantification of the effect of APC on the amount of thrombin generated during tissue factor-initiated coagulation; plasma levels of total and free protein S were determined by standard ELISA; and levels of prothrombin and protein C were determined with functional assays after complete activation of the zymogens with specific snake venom proteases.CPA-only, td-E2+CPA, or oral-E2+CPA treatment produced rather small effects on hemostatic variables, whereas oral EE treatment resulted in a large increase in APC resistance from 1.2 ± 0.8 to 4.1 ± 1 (P &lt; 0.001), a moderate increase in plasma protein C (9%; P = 0.012), and a large decrease in both total and free plasma protein S (30%; P &lt; 0.005). The large differential effect of oral EE and oral E2 indicates that the prothrombotic effect of EE is due to its molecular structure rather than to a first-pass liver effect (which they share). Moreover, these differences may explain why M→F transsexuals treated with oral EE are exposed to a higher thrombotic risk than transsexuals treated with td E2. Testosterone administration to female-to-male transsexuals had an antithrombotic effect.
High Risk of Adrenal Insufficiency in Adults Previously Treated for Idiopathic Childhood Onset Growth Hormone Deficiency
Authors: Lange Martin , Feldt-Rasmussen Ulla , Svendsen Ole Lander , Kastrup Knud William , Juul Anders , Müller Jørn 
Published: December 2003

Abstract
The aim was to reevaluate a group of adults treated for idiopathic childhood onset GH deficiency (GHD) after 18 yr without GH treatment.
Twenty-six (11 females) patients participated. All but two had isolated GHD. Childhood diagnosis was established by insulin tolerance test (ITT). The patients were retested with an ITT to evaluate adult GH status. In five patients, an arginine and a synacthen test were performed instead of an ITT.
Eleven of 25 patients had a subnormal cortisol response to ITT or synacthen. Ten patients had a GH peak less than 3.0 μg/liter (0.5. ± 0.5 μg/liter), whereas 16 patients displayed a normal GH response (12.3 ± 10.6 μg/liter) after ITT. IGF-I values were decreased in the patients with a pathological retest as well as in patients with a normal GH response compared with controls (P &lt; 0.005).
In 26 idiopathic childhood onset GHD patients, 44% of the patients had developed adrenal insufficiency; 38.5% had persistent GHD in adulthood, using the same test in both childhood and adulthood. Patients having a normal GH test had decreased IGF-I levels, compared with controls, indicating impaired function of a seemingly normal GH axis. It is imperative that pituitary axes other than the GH axis are tested at regular intervals, even in the absence of GHD in adulthood.
Computed Tomography-Guided Percutaneous Acetic Acid Injection Therapy for Functioning Adrenocortical Adenoma
Authors: Minowada Shigeru , Fujimura Tetsuya , Takahashi Naoki , Kishi Hiroichi , Hasuo Kanehiro , Minami Manabu 
Published: December 2003

Abstract
We reported the outcomes of computed tomography (CT)-guided percutaneous acetic acid injection therapy for functioning adrenocortical adenomas. With the patient in a prone position, the puncture needle was inserted vertically downward into the adenoma with frequent CT scanning. After confirmation by pilot injection with contrast medium, a small aliquot of 40–50% acetic acid was injected and repeated. Between 1997 and 2002, 18 sessions of CT-guided injection therapy, including one session of ethanol injection, were performed on 10 patients (five patients with primary aldosteronism and five patients with Cushing’s or subclinical Cushing’s syndrome) without any complications except transient upper abdominal pain during the acetic acid injection. The follow-up period ranged from 5–69 months. The treatment resulted in almost an extirpation of the adrenocortical hyperfunction in seven patients after one or two sessions. CT-guided percutaneous acetic acid injection might be a simple, cost-effective, and far less invasive treatment for small functioning adrenocortical adenomas.
Alterations in Growth Hormone Secretory Dynamics in Adolescent Girls with Anorexia Nervosa and Effects on Bone Metabolism
Authors: Misra Madhusmita , Miller Karen K. , Bjornson Jennifer , Hackman Annie , Aggarwal Avichal , Chung Joyce , Ott Melissa , Herzog David B. , Johnson Michael L. , Klibanski Anne 
Published: December 2003

AbstractAnorexia nervosa (AN) is a disorder that is increasing in frequency in adolescents, and the age of onset is often in the prepubertal years, potentially affecting the development of peak bone mass and linear growth. The GH-IGF-I axis plays an important role in bone formation, and alterations in GH secretory patterns have been described in adult women with AN. However, GH secretory dynamics in adolescents with AN have not been described, and the effects of alterations in GH secretory patterns and GH concentration on bone metabolism in AN are not known. We examined patterns of GH secretion by deconvolutional analysis, and GH concentration by Cluster analysis, in adolescent girls with AN (n = 22) and controls (n = 20) of comparable bone age and pubertal stage. We also examined the roles of cortisol, leptin, and estradiol in the regulation of GH secretion and concentration, and the relationship of GH secretory patterns and concentration to bone metabolism. Basal GH secretion and secretory pulse number in adolescent girls with AN were increased compared with control values (P = 0.03 and 0.007, respectively), and increased disorderliness of GH secretion (approximate entropy) was found in AN (P = 0.004). Mean and nadir GH concentrations and total area under the concentration curve were increased (P = 0.03, 0.002, and 0.03, respectively), and IGF-I levels were decreased (P = 0.0002) in girls with AN compared with healthy adolescent girls. IGF-I levels correlated negatively with nadir GH concentrations (r = −0.35; P = 0.02). Serum cortisol levels were higher in girls with AN than in controls (P &lt; 0.0001) and correlated inversely with IGF-I (r = −0.58; P = 0.0001) and weakly with GH concentration (area under the concentration curve; r = −0.43; P = 0.05). A strong inverse relationship between markers of nutritional status (body mass index, fat mass, and leptin) and basal and pulsatile GH secretion, and mean and nadir GH concentrations was observed. GH concentration predicted levels of all markers of bone formation and a marker of bone resorption (N-telopeptide) in healthy controls, but not in AN. We demonstrate increases in basal GH secretion, number of secretory bursts, and GH concentration in adolescents with AN compared with controls, accompanied by low IGF-I levels. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that an acquired GH resistance occurs in this undernourished group. We also demonstrate that GH secretion and concentration are nutritionally regulated, and that the effects of nutrition exceed the effects of cortisol on GH concentration. Acquired GH resistance may play a role in the osteopenia and decreased peak bone mass frequently associated with AN.
Local Androgen Inactivation in Abdominal Visceral Adipose Tissue
Authors: Blouin Karine , Richard Christian , Bélanger Chantal , Dupont Pierre , Daris Marleen , Laberge Philippe , Luu-The Van , Tchernof André 
Published: December 2003

AbstractWe examined the expression and activity of two enzymes from the aldoketoreductase (AKR) family 1C, namely type 5 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17β-HSD-5, AKR1C3) and type 3 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3α-HSD-3, AKR1C2) in female sc and omental adipose tissue and in preadipocyte primary cultures. 17β-HSD-5 preferentially synthesizes testosterone from the inactive adrenal precursor androstenedione, whereas 3α-HSD-3 inactivates dihydrotestosterone. mRNAs of both enzymes were detected in adipose tissue from the omental and sc compartments. Real-time PCR quantification indicated a 3-fold higher 3α-HSD-3 expression compared with 17β-HSD-5, and the expression of both enzymes tended to be higher in the sc vs. the omental depot. Accordingly, dose-response and time-course experiments performed in preadipocyte primary cultures indicated that 3α-HSD activity was higher than 17β-HSD activity (13-fold maximum velocity difference). We measured 3α-HSD activity in omental and sc adipose tissue samples of 32 women for whom body composition and body fat distribution were evaluated by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and CT, respectively. We found that androgen inactivation in omental adipose tissue through 3α-HSD activity was significantly higher in women with elevated vs. low visceral adipose tissue accumulation (1.7-fold difference; P &lt; 0.05). Moreover, omental adipose tissue 3α-HSD activity was positively and significantly associated with CT-measured visceral adipose tissue (r = 0.43; P &lt; 0.02) and omental adipocyte diameter (r = 0.42; P &lt; 0.02). These results indicate that local androgen inactivation is a predominant reaction in female abdominal adipose tissue, with the greatest conversion rates observed in the presence of abdominal visceral obesity. Increased androgen inactivation in omental adipose tissue of abdominally obese women may impact locally on the regulation of adipocyte metabolism.
Increased Expression of the 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3-1α-Hydroxylase Gene in Alveolar Macrophages of Patients with Lung Cancer
Authors: Yokomura Koushi , Suda Takafumi , Sasaki Shigekazu , Inui Naoki , Chida Kingo , Nakamura Hirotoshi 
Published: December 2003

Abstract25-Hydroxyvitamin D3-1α-hydroxylase (1α-hydroxylase) plays a central role in calcium metabolism by synthesizing the active hormone 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in the kidney. Its increased expression in the extrarenal tissues has been found in alveolar macrophages in sarcoidosis but not in any other pathological conditions. We found that 1α-hydroxylase-mRNA in alveolar macrophages measured by semiquantitative RT-PCR was 2-fold greater in patients with lung cancer than in control subjects (0.61 ± 0.20 vs. 0.34 ± 0.11, respectively; P &lt; 0.0001). When the clinical stages of lung cancer were divided into early (stage IA–IIIA) and advanced (stage IIIB and IV) and the expression of 1α-hydroxylase gene was compared among the control, early, and advanced groups, the advanced group showed the highest expression, followed by the early group, then the control group (0.34 ± 0.11, 0.52 ± 0.11, and 0.69 ± 0.23 for control, early, and advanced groups, respectively; P &lt; 0.0001). The 1α-hydroxylase-mRNA level was well correlated with serum 1α,25-dihydroxylase D3 concentration and the 1α,25-dihydroxylase D3 to 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 ratio, but none of the findings related to calcium metabolism among the patients with lung cancer. Increased local production of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 may be associated with the pathological conditions, such as immunosuppression, in lung cancer.
Quality of Life, Psychosocial Well-Being, and Sexual Satisfaction in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Authors: Elsenbruch Sigrid , Hahn Susanne , Kowalsky Daniela , Öffner Alexandra H. , Schedlowski Manfred , Mann Klaus , Janssen Onno E. 
Published: December 2003

Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder characterized by chronic anovulation and hyperandrogenism. PCOS is one of the leading causes of infertility and manifests with hirsutism, acne, and obesity. To investigate its impact on health-related quality of life and sexuality, 50 women with PCOS and 50 controls were evaluated with standardized questionnaires (36-item short-form health survey, symptom checklist revised, and life satisfaction questionnaire). The impact of hirsutism, obesity, and infertility was assessed using five-point rating scales, and sexual satisfaction was analyzed with visual analog scales. Patients showed greater psychological disturbances on the symptom checklist revised dimensions, obsessive-compulsive, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, aggression, and psychoticism, along with a lower degree of life satisfaction in the life satisfaction questionnaire scales health, self, and sex. Health-related quality of life measured with the 36-item short-form health survey revealed significantly decreased scores for physical role function, bodily pain, vitality, social function, emotional role function, and mental health in patients with PCOS. Although patients had the same partner status and frequency of sexual intercourse, they were significantly less satisfied with their sex life and found themselves less attractive. Most of the differences were not affected by correction for body weight. In conclusion, PCOS causes a major reduction in the quality of life and severely limits sexual satisfaction.
Effects of Hypo- and Hyperthyroidism on Noradrenergic Activity and Glycerol Concentrations in Human Subcutaneous Abdominal Adipose Tissue Assessed with Microdialysis
Authors: Haluzik Martin , Nedvidkova Jara , Bartak Vladimir , Dostalova Ivana , Vlcek Petr , Racek Pavel , Taus Michal , Svacina Stepan , Alesci Salvatore , Pacak Karel 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThyroid hormones play a major role in lipid metabolism. However, whether they directly affect lipolysis locally in the adipose tissue remains unknown. Therefore, we measured abdominal sc adipose tissue norepinephrine (NE), basal, and isoprenaline-stimulated lipolysis in 12 hypothyroid patients (HYPO), six hyperthyroid patients (HYPER), and 12 healthy controls by in vivo microdialysis.Adipose tissue NE was decreased in HYPO and increased in HYPER compared with controls (90.4 ± 2.9 and 458.0 ± 69.1 vs. 294.9 ± 19.5 pmol/liter, P &lt; 0.01). Similarly, basal lipolysis, assessed by glycerol assay, was lower in HYPO and higher in HYPER than in controls (88.2 ± 9.9 and 566.0 ± 42.0 vs. 214.3 ± 5.1 μmol/liter P &lt; 0.01). The relative magnitude of isoprenaline-induced glycerol increase was smaller in HYPO (39 ± 19.4%, P &lt; 0.05 vs. basal) and higher in HYPER (277 ± 30.4%, P &lt; 0.01) than in controls (117 ± 5.6%, P &lt; 0.01). The corresponding changes in NE after isoprenaline stimulation were as follows: 120 ± 9.2% (P &lt; 0.05), 503 ± 113% (P &lt; 0.01), and 267 ± 17.2 (P &lt; 0.01).In summary, by affecting local NE levels and adrenergic postreceptor signaling, thyroid hormones may influence the lipolysis rate in the abdominal sc adipose tissue.
Low Vitamin D and High Parathyroid Hormone Levels as Determinants of Loss of Muscle Strength and Muscle Mass (Sarcopenia): The Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam
Authors: Visser Marjolein , Deeg Dorly J. H. , Lips Paul 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe age-related change in hormone concentrations has been hypothesized to play a role in the loss of muscle mass and muscle strength with aging, also called sarcopenia. The aim of this prospective study was to investigate whether low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) and high serum PTH concentration were associated with sarcopenia. In men and women aged 65 yr and older, participants of the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam, grip strength (n = 1008) and appendicular skeletal muscle mass (n = 331, using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry) were measured in 1995–1996 and after a 3-yr follow-up. Sarcopenia was defined as the lowest sex-specific 15th percentile of the cohort, translating into a loss of grip strength greater than 40% or a loss of muscle mass greater than 3%. After adjustment for physical activity level, season of data collection, serum creatinine concentration, chronic disease, smoking, and body mass index, persons with low (&lt;25 nmol/liter) baseline 25-OHD levels were 2.57 (95% confidence interval 1.40–4.70, based on grip strength) and 2.14 (0.73–6.33, based on muscle mass) times more likely to experience sarcopenia, compared with those with high (&gt;50 nmol/liter) levels. High PTH levels (≥4.0 pmol/liter) were associated with an increased risk of sarcopenia, compared with low PTH (&lt;3.0 pmol/liter): odds ratio = 1.71 (1.07–2.73) based on grip strength, odds ratio = 2.35 (1.05–5.28) based on muscle mass. The associations were similar in men and women. The results of this prospective, population-based study show that lower 25-OHD and higher PTH levels increase the risk of sarcopenia in older men and women.
Differential Expression and Regulation of Microsomal Prostaglandin E2 Synthase in Human Fetal Membranes and Placenta with Infection and in Cultured Trophoblast Cells
Authors: Premyslova Marina , Li Wei , Alfaidy Nadia , Bocking Alan D. , Campbell Karen , Gibb William , Challis John R. G. 
Published: December 2003

Abstract
We have evaluated the effect of chorioamnionitis on the protein expression of microsomal and cytosolic prostaglandin E2 synthases (mPGES and cPGES) in preterm human placentae (PL) and fetal membranes (FM), by Western blot and immunohistochemistry, as well as the regulatory effect of IL-1β and TNF-α on mPGES, cPGES, and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression in villous trophoblast (VT) and chorion trophoblast (CT) cell cultures. mPGES localized to the syncytiotrophoblast and vascular endothelium in PL and to the amnion epithelium, CT, and decidual cells in FM. cPGES protein was localized only to the syncytiotrophoblast in PL and had the same profile of expression as mPGES in FM. With infection, there was an increase in mPGES expression in PL and a decrease in the expression in FM. cPGES protein did not change in either PL or FM with infection. In VT cells in culture, IL-1β up-regulated COX-2 protein expression but did not affect mPGES. However, TNF-α increased both mPGES and COX-2 protein expression in these cells. In CT cells in culture, IL-1β and TNF-α increased both mPGES and COX-2 protein levels. Neither IL-1β nor TNF-α affected cPGES in either VT or CT cells. We conclude that protein levels of mPGES, as well as COX-2, can be stimulated by cytokines, potentially contributing to the increased prostaglandin production at the time of infection-driven preterm labor. However, multiple mechanisms, which apparently are inductor- and cell-type-specific, exist for the regulation of these enzymes.
The Lipid Droplet-Associated Protein Adipophilin Is Expressed in Human Trophoblasts and Is Regulated by Peroxisomal Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ/Retinoid X Receptor
Authors: Bildirici Ibrahim , Roh Cheong-Rae , Schaiff W. Timothy , Lewkowski Beth M. , Nelson D. Michael , Sadovsky Yoel 
Published: December 2003

AbstractUptake and transplacental transfer of fatty acids is essential for fetal development. Human adipophilin and its murine ortholog adipocyte differentiation-related protein are lipid droplet-associated proteins that are implicated in cellular fatty acid uptake in adipocytes. The nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) stimulates lipid uptake by adipocytes and enhances differentiation of placental trophoblasts. We therefore hypothesized that adipophilin is expressed in human trophoblasts and that its expression is regulated by PPARγ. We initially determined that adipophilin is expressed in human villous trophoblasts and that adipophilin expression is enhanced during differentiation of cultured primary term human trophoblasts. We also found that exposure of cultured human trophoblasts to the PPARγ ligand troglitazone resulted in a concentration-dependent increase in adipophilin expression. We observed a similar increase with LG268, a ligand for retinoid X receptor (RXR), the heterodimeric partner of PPARγ. Lastly, we demonstrated that ligand-activated PPARγ and RXR stimulated the transcriptional activity of adipophilin promoter in CV-1 cells and in the placental JEG3 cell line. We conclude that the expression of adipophilin is enhanced during trophoblast differentiation and is up-regulated by ligand-activated PPARγ/RXR. Enhanced adipophilin expression may contribute to fatty acid uptake by the placenta.
The Trp64Arg Polymorphism of the β3-Adrenergic Receptor Gene Is Not Associated with Body Weight or Body Mass Index in Japanese: A Longitudinal Analysis
Authors: Matsushita Yumi , Yokoyama Tetsuji , Yoshiike Nobuo , Matsumura Yasuhiro , Date Chigusa , Kawahara Kazuo , Tanaka Heizo 
Published: December 2003

Abstract
The β3-adrenergic receptor (ADRB3) is expressed mainly in visceral adipose tissue and is thought to contribute to lipolysis and the delivery of free fatty acids to the portal vein. Although many studies have examined the relationship between the Trp64Arg mutation of ADRB3 and obesity, the results have been inconsistent. We examined the cross-sectional relationship of ADRB3 variants with indexes of obesity, and their longitudinal changes over 10 yr, in men and women, aged 40–69 yr, who were randomly selected from the Japanese rural population. The study considered both dietary energy intake and physical activity levels. Among the 746 participants, the genotype frequencies of the Trp64Trp, Trp64Arg, and Arg64Arg variants were 483, 224, and 39, respectively. The cross-sectional analysis showed no significant differences in height, weight, body mass index, blood pressure, serum total and high density lipoprotein cholesterols, and hemoglobin A1c among the genotype groups even after adjustments for gender, age, smoking, alcohol drinking, physical activity, and energy intake. No significant differences in the weight changes between the genotype groups were evident in the longitudinal analysis. We conclude that the Trp64Arg mutation of ADRB3 has little or no influence on either body weight or body mass index in the general Japanese population.
The −3826 A→G Variant of the Uncoupling Protein-1 Gene Diminishes Postprandial Thermogenesis after a High Fat Meal in Healthy Boys
Authors: Nagai Narumi , Sakane Naoki , Ueno Linda Massako , Hamada Taku , Moritani Toshio 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThis study investigated whether the −3826 A→G nucleotide variant of the uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1) gene is correlated with postprandial thermogenesis after a high fat meal in children. Healthy boys, aged 8–11 yr, were examined for resting energy expenditure and the thermic effect of a meal (TEM), which were measured by indirect calorimetry for 180 min after a high fat (70% fat, 20% carbohydrate, and 10% protein, providing 30% of the daily energy requirement) and a high carbohydrate meal (20% fat, 70% carbohydrate, and 10% protein). The sympatho-vagal activities were assessed by means of spectral analysis of the heart rate variability during the same period. Children were genotyped for UCP1 polymorphism by applying a PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism using buccal samples. There was no reaction of sympathetic activity to the high carbohydrate meal in eitherthe GG allele or the AA+AG group and no significant difference in TEM. However, after the high fat meal, sympathetic responses were found in both groups; further, the GG allele group showed significantly lower TEM than the AA+AG group. In conclusion, despite fat-induced sympathetic stimulation, GG allele carriers have a lowered capacity of TEM in response to fat intake, suggesting that such impaired UCP1-linked thermogenesis can have adverse effects on the regulation of body weight.