bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estates of Society within the Tribal Peace
Authors: Dresch Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There are few geographical spaces between tribes. But within tribes there are frequent moral spaces where the logic of opposition is drastically modified, and it is these we shall look at next. In particular, two broad estates of non-tribesmen are recognized as having rights and obligations within tribal territory. The first such estate are the ‘weak’ people (4u’afa’, pl. of cja’if), whom the tribesmen consider beneath them; they either carry no weapons at all or traditionally wore their daggers obliquely to the left, where the tribesmen and shaykhs wear their daggers upright at the centre of the belt.
Social Life
Authors: Alexander Claire E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
ONE Friday night in November, I accompanied some of the boys on another of their regular ‘boys’ nights out’ in the West End. Having been refused entry to two of their regular winebars, we were walking to a third when we stopped outside an off-licence waiting for Frank, who was looking at video games in a shop, to catch up. We had been standing for less than a minute when the shop-owner ran to the shop door, locked it, and pulled down the metal grille. The incident passed without comment and seemed not to be regarded as an unusual-or, indeed, bizarre-occurrence by any of the boys. Such reactions, reflected also in the common refusal of entry to venues, appeared to be an accepted part of the night’s events. This was despite the fact that all the boys were smartly dressed, neither drunk nor particularly rowdy, and were frequent patrons of the West End bars and clubs. The boys themselves shrugged and claimed that the reactions were not so much racially directed as against the size of the group: although why a group of five black men should constitute such a problem remained unclear and unconsidered.
Black Masculinity I
Authors: Alexander Claire E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
ABOUT six months into my fieldwork, Dion and Satish split up. This event was not unusual nor unexpected; indeed, the couple had already separated twice since my arrival in July 1990. In each case the reason was the same: Satish’s continual infidelity with the numerous women he met while out with his friends. Satish had moved in temporarily with Clive and his parents, waiting for Dion to calm down and allow him to return to their house and two children. One Saturday morning, Dion asked me to drive her to Clive’s house, so she could give Satish ‘a present’. When we arrived, she handed Satish the ‘gift’-which turned out to be a pair of his dirty socks and a used condom-telling him that, since he preferred being with his friends, he could stay with them permanently. Moreover, if he could have other lovers, so could she-indeed, she already had.
The Integration of Labour? British Trade Union Attitudes to European Integration
Authors: Rosamond Ben 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Trade unions have always been important players in British debates about European integration. There are two reasons why this should not be surprising. First the economic emphasis of the integration project has consistently held implications for the largely industrial domain populated by unions. The Treaty of Rome and its successors promised a large scale reordering of economic activity with consequent effects for employment. industrial relations, labour law, social policy, and other areas within the immediate reach of legitimate union concern.
British Business: Managing Complexity
Authors: Greenwood Justin , Stancich Lara 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There is scarcely any doubt that British business, like its counterparts on the Continent, is positive about Europe. It cannot afford not to be. The single market remains at the core of •project Europe’. with over 370 million customers forming the largest home market in the world total direct investment in the EU as a base for external capital to participate in the single market. In the first two decades of British membership the proportion of British exports to the rest of the EU has risen from around one-third to one-half. Investment by UK firms in Europe more than quadrupled from 1986 to 1993, while the UK’s stock of inward investment tripled in the same period (CBI 1995a). Two decades of membership have intertwined the British economy with that of the rest of Europe, while UK firms have, through alliances.
Public Health and Public Hygiene: The Urban Environment in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries
Authors: Woods Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Both Gustave von Aschenbach and Dr Bernard Rieux would have known exactly what was meant by public hygiene, and how its breakdown might have disastrous consequences for public health, consequences that were initially disguised by administrative inaction, even duplicity. But in the late twentieth century it is all too easy to take for granted that those conditions which cost Aschenbach his life and the lives of many of Rieux’s friends have been banished once and for all. We now assume that our piped water supply is not contaminated; that sewage is effectively removed from our homes and treated; that food and drink are not adulterated; that streets are paved, lighted, and cleaned. While some people in some places at some times are not able to make these assumptions, for most of us in the industrialized countries at least these elements of environmental quality are guaranteed. The same could not be said of any period before the First World War. Indeed, it would seem that, for many, the rise of great cities during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries meant deteriorating public hygiene. The securing of public health through public hygiene represents a long and complicated story in which many individuals, organizations, and institutions pllayed prominent roles. Not only is it difficult to see who is responsible for what, but the entire contribution of public hygiene, in relation to other advances, is still open to question.
Macroeconomic Adjustment in Developing Countries
Authors: Corden W Max 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Beginning with A Critique of Welfare Economics, the famous book that first established his reputation, Ian Little has shown a striking ability to assess ideas on important subjects critically with a high degree of sophistication combined with common sense, and to integrate and present these in a way that makes them accessible to students and the economics profession at large. This is certainly true of his monumental Economic Development.
Trade Policy and Development
Authors: Meier G M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The‘neo-classical resurgence’ in development economics, about which Ian Little has written so incisively (Little, 1982), has had its greatest influence as a guide to policies affecting international trade, agriculture, and project appraisal. This chapter concentrates on trade policy. In considering the effects of trade policy on a country’s development, we shall proceed from a summary of the ‘old export pessimism’ and experience with import- substitution policies (Section 1), to assessment of measures for export promotion (Section 2), and the superior performance of outward- orientated economies (Section 3), and finally to a critique of the ‘new export pessimism’ (Section 4). Our modest objective is to synthesize and sum up the essential features of mainstream thought on this subject.
Mirrleesian Optimal Non-linear Income Tax Model
Authors: Tuomala Matti 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There are two commodities in this model, a composite consumption good, x, and labour service, y, for example, the time spent at work. All individuals have the same preference ordering, which is represented by a cardinal utility function u(x,y). The market buys efficiency labour, not labour time itself, and individuals although they are identical in preferences vary in their productivity ability to supply labour. Every individual possesses a specific ability (=marginal productivity) n. Ability is distributed in the population according to the density function f(n).
Concluding Remarks
Authors: Tuomala Matti 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Optimal tax theory and the computation of optimal tax rates have continued to be the subject of great interest to economists. Research strategy in this field has been such that the basic Mirrleesian model has been expanded to examine how optimal tax rates and the shape of tax schedules are affected by new considerations. We have tried to follow the same strategy in this book. We have provided a com prehensive survey of optimal income tax literature. Moreover, we have expanded the basic model in a number of directions.
How Large a Public Sector?
Authors: Beckerman* Wilfred 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There are two good reasons why the desirable size of the public sector is a subject of constant, acute controversy. First, public expenditures—which by no means capture the full impact of the State on the economy—are a large proportion of national product, and the corresponding tax burden affects almost everybody in the community. This applies to every advanced country. As Table 3. I shows, the average share of public expenditures in gross domestic product (GDP) in the (then) ten member countries of the European Community, in 1984, was almost exactly 50 per cent. The British share, at 44.3 per cent, was lower than that of any of the other countries except Greece.
1900-1914: The World we have Lost
Authors: Tomlinson Jim 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
At the turn of the twentieth century public policy on the economy was bounded by three institutions, ‘the three pillars of the anti-collectivist temple’ (Checkland 1983, p. 174)—the gold standard, free trade, and low and balanced budgets. In the period before the First World War these three came under varying degrees of challenge and strain, but, with qualification, they remained the crucial framework for events up to 1914. This chapter must therefore begin with an account of these three pillars of the late Victorian economy.
1931—1939: The Rise of Economic Management?
Authors: Tomlinson Jim 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the 1930s all three pillars of the Victorian economic policy regime—the gold standard, free trade, low and balanced budgets—came under enormous pressure. Gold and free trade succumbed, but the status of the budget remained ambiguous. Expenditure was initially cut and then rose rapidly by peacetime standards, but budget balance, with its implications for fiscal policy, survived largely intact. At the same time, government moved falteringly into greater regulation of major sectors of the economy, notably coal, iron and steel, and agriculture. Undoubtedly the British economy in the 1930s became more managed—but the scope, coherence, and significance of that management remain highly controversial, as indeed does much of the economic history of the 1930s.
Introduction
Authors: Lesourne Jacques 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
To the reader curious about the contents of this book, I propose a twofold answer. It is a book with a dual purpose. In the context of economic theory, it strives to bring out a paradigm capable of enlarging the set of interpretable facts, thanks to more pertinent models of interaction among the agents. It is, moreover, not a completed work but a work in the making. Its main objective is to stimulate research which might with time lead to a veritable reconstruction of micro-economic theory. This theory has, during the last half-century, progressed tremendously, thanks to the paradigm of neo-classical equilibrium. But it continues, by the very hypotheses of its models, to eliminate essential questions from the scope of reflection.
Fertility and Household Labour in Tanzania
Authors: Lockwood Matthew 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This book is a study of human, social, and economic reproduction in Rufiji, a district of coastal Tanzania. It contains two parts, each of which addresses a particular question. In the first half I ask how fertility in Rufiji changed over the twentieth century, and what social and economic transformations were involved. In the second half, attention shifts to one village, Mng’aru, and I examine the influence of household demography on the work patterns of men and women.
Final Effects on Output: A Simple Macromodel
Authors: Albala-Bertrand J M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Theoretically, post-disaster response seeks to compensate society for loss. In reality, however, this response seems primarily concerned not with physical restitution but with the functional compensation of society (see Chapter 1, Sect. 5.). In other words, the revealed aim of response does not appear primarily to be the restitution of capital stocks but the restoration of functioning flows and aggregate performance levels. As opposed to physical compensation, this process is called ̔counterbalance̓.
State Intervention
Authors: Zamagni Vera 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Whoever cnt1c1zes the Italian State’s intervention in economic affairs, as Gerschenkron does,at the same time implicitly acknowledges that the Italian State is an interventionist State, and is not at all ‘lethargic’, as Jones chooses to call those States that do not actively strive to improve their citizens’ lives.2 This was true of the Italian State as far back as the times of the Historical Right.
The Meaning and Measurement of Poverty
Authors: Nolan Brian , Whelan Christopher T 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter outlines the ways in which poverty has generally been concep tualized and measured in relatively rich countries, in order to identify the key problems that subsequent chapters seek to address. It begins with a discussion of how poverty has been defined or viewed in such societies, and an overview of the ways in which it has been measured. The different approaches to deriving and applying a poverty standard are then examined in more detail. This is followed by a description of current official practice in the UK, the USA, and the European Union, to provide concrete illus trations of the way conventional approaches are applied. Given this point of departure, the route to be taken by the current study is then outlined.
Income Poverty
Authors: Nolan Brian , Whelan Christopher T 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we briefly describe the survey on which our empirical analy sis is based, and apply relative income poverty lines to the sample to show the extent and composition of poverty as it would be measured by this widely used approach. We have seen in Chapter 2 that poverty in the rich countries is most often measured using income poverty lines, and that deriving these lines in a purely relative way, for example as proportions of average income, has a number of advantages. Spelling out how many and which households would be identified as poor using this method thus pro vides the background for the development in subsequent chapters of an alternative approach, which employs both income and indicators of depri vation. What will be most interesting, from the point of view of understand ing poverty and framing policy responses, is whether the types of household seen to be below relative income lines are also those identified as poor by the alternative approach.
Measuring Deprivation
Authors: Nolan Brian , Whelan Christopher T 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As we have seen, poverty in industrialized countries is most commonly measured using income poverty lines. Such lines may be derived in a variety of different ways, as outlined in Chapter 2. It is not our aim here to adjudicate between these approaches, though purely relative income lines of the type applied in Chapter 3 have a number of advantages. Rather, our concern is with the use of income itself as the ‘marker’ which allows poor and non-poor households to be distinguished. Chapter 3 has explored a number of the well-known difficulties with the use of income, including the time period over which income is measured and the inherent difficulties in measuring income accurately by means of survey techniques. However, the fundamental issue about reliance on income is not simply one of measure ment: it is whether income, properly measured, in fact tells us what we want to know when we set out to measure poverty.
The New Popuiation Question
Authors: Gauthier Anne Hèléne 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In contrast to the mid-1960s, when the onset of fertility decline had raised alarm in only a few countries, the subsequent reaching of below-replacement fertility levels resulted in widespread concerns. The new questions of population ageing and population decline paralleled to a certain extent those raised in the 1930s, when fears of depopulation were heard. But while in the 1930s, the situation of below-replacement fertility persisted for only a few years, during the 1970s and 1980s there was little sign of fertility reversals. Below-replacement fertility was seemingly here to stay, thus giving rise to some anxieties concerning the economic and social consequences of such a situation. In contrast to the early 1960s when record high levels of fertility were observed, well above replacement, fertility subsequently declined rapidly in several countries to levels as low as 1.3-1.4 children per woman. From a cross-national average (based on 22 countries) of 2.0 in 1975, fertility declined to 1.7 in 1990. While in 1970 levels above replacement were observed in 17 of the countries, it was the case in only 3 of them by 1990 Oreland, New Zealand, Sweden). These trends for selected countries are presented in Table 8.1 and Figure 8.1.
The Finances of the Government
Authors: Heymann Daniel , Leijonhufvud Axel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
If high inflations are virulent processes, with large social and economic costs, the obvious question is why any sane government would allow the malady to fester. Outright policy mistakes do occur but surely cannot provide a complete explanation. Similarly, erratic inflation makes it difficult to conduct policy in a coherent manner. But governments do not end up with high inflations merely because they adapt to an unstable environment. In a manner of speaking, they ‘choose’ the policies that result in high inflation, albeit a choice made under political duress and in difficult circumstances.
Living with High Inflation
Authors: Heymann Daniel , Leijonhufvud Axel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Living with high inflation forces people to adapt every aspect of their economic activities to this peculiarly unstable and unpredictable environment. Even the most routine day-to-day transactions have to be organized differently. In some respects, the survival of relatively normal forms of economic behaviour is striking. The economy does not collapse—at least, not short of actual hyperinflation. But the capacity of individuals and of the economic system as a whole to cope with high inflation should not be exaggerated. Price instability greatly complicates the planning and co-ordination of economic activities. It wastes resources. In the extreme, it wastes them on a grand scale.
The Mansholt Plan and Its Legacy
Authors: Fennell Rosemary 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The origins of structural policy and the basic legislation relating to it were out lined in Chapter 2. The present chapter, and Chapters 9 and 10 examine aspects of the policy as it developed. The Mansholt Plan has already been referred to in Chapter 4, in the context of changes to the price and market policy, and the attempt to introduce the objective method in price-fixing. The document which became known as the Mansholt Plan was the work of a small group of officials who held a series of private meetings in the Luxembourg village of Gaichel, from which they became known as the ‘Gaichel group’ (Ries 1978). Their work expanded into a massive exercise within the Commission and, in December 1968, the Commission presented the outcome to the Council. It took the form of a series of documents under the collective call number COM(68) 1000 (Commission 1968(a j).
Comment
Authors: Quah Danny 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the minds of many economic theorists and many traditional econometricians, vector autoregression (VAR) analysis is one of the worst things that could have happened to the scientific research programme that is business-cycle study. Users of VARs commit every crime imaginable: they estimate reduced forms—and hardly ever calculate formal specification tests—instead, preferring to work with a fiction known as a just-identified model. These practitioners refer to things as structural that no econometrician—working in either standard simultaneous equations, standard time series, or standard rational expectations paradigms—would recognize to be structural. (Within those three groups, of course, none acknowledges any of the others as structural either.) No undergraduate econometrics course teaches the tokens of VAR research dialogue: impulse response functions and forecast error variance decompositions.
A Historical Perspective on Population and Resources
Authors: Wrigley E A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In all living species the size that a population can attain is conditioned by the scale of the food and other resources necessary to sustain life that are available to the population. In all species other than man the scale of such resources may be regarded as given in the sense that the population must adjust to current opportunities and limitations. These may fluctuate widely in the short term, but in the longer term they change very little except on a geological time scale. The antelope has no means of making the grass grow faster or more abundantly, nor the buzzard of influencing the size of the stock of rabbits, or the speed of their reaction to danger.
Introduction
Authors: Blanc-Lapierre Andre 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Concern with how human populations use and abuse physical resources was eloquently expressed by Pope John Paul II in his message commemorating the Day for World Peace (1 January 1990): Today there is a more acute awareness of the threats to world peace, not only because of the weapons race or of the regional conflicts, or of the many forms of injustice that still exist among peoples and nations, but also because of the many infringements upon the laws of Nature and the denial of the respect due to it, of the indiscriminate exploitation of its resources, and of the gradual deterioration in the quality of life. . . . Facing a general deprivation of its environment, mankind has now become more aware of the fact that the world’s wealth cannot continue to be used as it has been in the past.
Energy Resources and Population
Authors: Colombo Umberto 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Since the discovery of fire, energy has been a major factor in development. Each of the great transformations of civilization has been accompanied by new ways to pro duce and utilize energy. Conversely, each new source of energy has made possible, or has necessitated, transformations in social organization. Fire, by permitting the conservation of food and protection from cold, brought about a more stable and complex prehistoric society; draught animal energy was a majqr component in the advent of agriculture; the use of the wind in sea transport and for mills had a profound influence on the Renaissance and contributed to the expansion of cultural and commercial horizons. Coal was at the base of the industrial revolution, which developed in countries having large reserves of this fuel (such as Great Britain and Germany). Electricity stimulated new forms of industry and changed the urban environment, while oil has fueled the great transformation of industrial society, especially after World War II.