bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ultrastructure of Goussia cruciata (Apicomplexa: Coccidia) infecting the liver of horse mackerel, Trachurus trachurus (L.), from Ibero‐Atlantic waters
Authors: Gestal C , Azevedo C 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe ultrastructure of developmental stages of Goussia cruciata and the pathology they cause in the liver of Trachurus trachurus (Teleostei: Carangidae) caught off the Galician (North‐West Spain) and Portuguese North Atlantic coasts are described. Each oocyst contained four ellipsoidal sporocysts, with two sporozoites. The sporocyst wall consisted of a thick and dense inner layer with transverse striations and a multi‐lamellated outer layer formed by parallel dense internal bands alternating with lighter areas. The lamellae formed filamentous extensions of the wall. The sporocyst wall striation period was smaller than that observed in G. clupearum, which has a similar habitat. The dehiscence suture, characteristic of the genus, was present in the sporocysts of G. cruciata. The sporocysts were arranged in a symmetrical and characteristic cross shape. A large number of sporocysts with sporozoites were observed in direct contact with host liver cells. No macroscopic lesions were observed. In heavily infected fish, aggregations of oocysts were often enveloped in a ‘yellow body’ composed of amylopectin granules derived from the parasite and necrotic or aggregated host cells. Degenerating parasites were frequently observed in liver tissue. Host inflammatory cells were accumulated near some oocysts. The ultrastructure of the parasite, together with its strict host specificity, confirmed G. cruciata as a separate and valid species.
Influence of feeding ratio and size on susceptibility to microsporidial gill disease caused by Loma salmonae in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum)
Authors: Becker J A , Speare D J , Dohoo I R 
Published: March 2005

AbstractTwo trials were designed to quantify the effect of feeding ratio and fish size on the cohabitation transmission of Loma salmonae, the causative agent of microsporidial gill disease (MGD) in salmonids, Oncorhynchus spp. To evaluate the effect of feeding ratio on disease onset, groups of 45 rainbow trout, O. mykiss (Walbaum) (RBT), were fed daily at 1% (low), 2% (medium) or 4% (high) of the fish biomass in the tank. There were three tanks at each feeding level: two tanks were exposed to the pathogen and one was a control. For the second objective, 300 RBT were separated into seven tanks so that the weight classifications were small (17–23 g), medium (32–38 g) and large (57–63 g). Each size class was done in duplicate with one control tank containing medium‐sized fish. Separately for each trial, on day 0 post‐exposure (PE) five highly infectious RBT were added to each tank (not including the control tanks) to begin the cohabitation exposure period. Beginning on day 21 PE and continuing biweekly until days 70 and 77 PE for the feeding and fish size trials, respectively, each fish was evaluated for visible branchial xenomas to determine disease onset time. Using survival analysis, the survival curves for the low, medium and high feedings were not significantly different from each other. However, there were significant differences amongst the small, medium and large weight classes in the size trial. The median numbers of days to the development of branchial xenomas was 31, 38 and 42 for small, medium and large size fish, respectively. On any given day, a medium or large sized fish had a hazard ratio for developing branchial xenomas of 0.66 and 0.63, respectively, compared with a small fish. In addition to host species and host strain differences, fish size is now considered a host risk factor for the development of MGD.
Experimental infection of turbot, Scophthalmus maximus (L.), by Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. achromogenes and evaluation of cross protection induced by a furunculosis vaccine
Authors: Björnsdóttir B , Gudmundsdóttir S , Bambir S H , Gudmundsdóttir B K 
Published: March 2005

AbstractTurbot was shown to be sensitive to injection challenges by Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. achromogenes (Asa). A systemic disease was induced and the bacterium was isolated from various internal organs. Histopathological changes involved haemorrhages, necrosis and degeneration in skin and muscle, haemorrhages and necrosis in kidney, degeneration in the heart muscle, and fusion of the secondary gill lamellae. A polyvalent commercial salmon vaccine, containing A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida as one of five antigens, did not confer protection in turbot against an experimental Asa infection 13 weeks post‐vaccination. Vaccination induced a significant antibody response against Asa cells but not against extracellular products of the bacterium. The results of the study indicate that Asa may be a potential threat to turbot farming and that the development of new turbot vaccines is needed.
Propagule dispersal and the scales of marine community process
Authors: Kinlan Brian P. , Gaines Steven D. , Lester Sarah E. 
Published: March 2005

ABSTRACTBenthic marine organisms are characterized by a bipartite life history in which populations of sedentary adults are connected by oceanic transport of planktonic propagules. In contrast with the terrestrial case, where ‘long distance dispersal’ (LDD) has traditionally been viewed as a process involving rare events, this creates the possibility for large numbers of offspring to travel far relative to the spatial scale of adult populations. As a result, the concept of LDD must be examined carefully when applied in a marine context. Any measure of LDD requires reference to an explicit ‘local’ scale, often defined in terms of adult population demography, habitat patchiness, or the average dispersal distance. Terms such as ‘open’ and ‘closed’ are relative, and should be used with caution, especially when compared across different taxa and systems. We use recently synthesized data on marine propagule dispersal potential and the spread of marine invasive species to draw inferences about average and maximum effective dispersal distances for marine taxa. Foremost, our results indicate that dispersal occurs at a wide range of scales in marine communities. The nonrandom distribution of these scales among community members has implications for marine community dynamics, and for the implementation of marine conservation efforts. Second, in agreement with theoretical results, our data illustrate that average and extreme dispersal scales do not necessarily covary. This further confounds simple classifications of ‘short’ and ‘long’ dispersers, because different ecological processes (e.g. range expansion vs. population replenishment) depend on different aspects of the dispersal pattern (e.g. extremes vs. average). Our findings argue for a more rigorous quantitative view of scale in the study of marine dispersal processes, where relative terms such as ‘short’ and ‘long’, ‘open’ and ‘closed’, ‘retained’ and ‘exported’ are defined only in conjunction with explicit definitions of the scale and process of interest. This shift in perspective represents an important step towards unifying theoretical and empirical studies of dispersal processes in marine and terrestrial systems.
Vasodilatory shock in severe acute pancreatitis without sepsis: Is there any place for hydrocortisone treatment?
Authors: Eklund A. , Leppäniemi A. , Kemppainen E. , Pettilä V. 
Published: March 2005

Background:  Hydrocortisone (HC) has been reported to rapidly improve hemodynamics and reduce the time to vasopressor cessation in septic shock, but none has focused on this effect in acute pancreatitis. We therefore performed a study to assess the effects of hydrocortisone on catecholamine‐dependent shock among patients with severe acute pancreatitis.Methods:  A retrospective, case‐controlled study among 10 patients with severe acute pancreatitis and HC treatment for catecholamine‐dependent shock was performed. The control group comprised 11 conventionally treated patients with the same severity of pancreatitis and circulatory shock according to the norepinephrine support required. In focus were the first 48 h from the start of HC administration in the HC group and from the reference point in the control group, respectively. The reference point for the control group was the time point at which doses of norepinephrine exceeded 0.3 µg kg−1 min−1.Results:  Patients in the HC group were weaned off norepinephrine in a significantly shorter time (61 h in HC group vs. 141 h, P = 0.016). The HC group received significantly less norepinephrine (area under curve of norepinephrine dose, P = 0.041). The reduction in norepinephrine dose was comparable at 24 h, being −0.051 (−0.208–0.022) µg kg−1 min−1 in the HC group vs. −0.026 (−0.150–0.030) µg kg−1 min−1 in the controls (P = 0.307), and at 48 h with respective figures of −0.206 (−0.317 to −0.102) µg kg−1 min−1 and −0.103 (−0.178–0.029) µg kg−1 min−1 (P = 0.072), from the start of HC administration.Conclusion:  According to our data it seems reasonable to formulate a hypothesis that low doses of HC shorten the time to vasopressor cessation and rapidly reduce the need for norepinephrine support in patients with shock associated with severe acute pancreatitis without sepsis.
Peroperative depth of anaesthesia may influence postoperative opioid requirements
Authors: Henneberg S. W. , Rosenborg D. , Weber Jensen E. , Ahn P. , Burgdorff B. , Thomsen L. L. 
Published: March 2005

Background:  Studies on monitoring the depth of anaesthesia have shown that with the use of these monitors the peroperative consumption of anaesthetics can be reduced. Studies have also indicated that the peroperative depth of anaesthesia may affect the postoperative course. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a possible relation between the depths of anaesthesia and the postoperative pain score and consumption of morphine.Methods:  We used middle latency auditory evoked potentials (MLAEPs) for monitoring the depth of anaesthesia. The study was prospective, observer blinded and included 50 women scheduled for elective abdominal hysterectomy. Anaesthesia was induced using propofol and remifentanil. Before leaving the recovery room the patients were provided with a programmed patient‐controlled pump (PCA), which was only activated on demand. Auditory evoked potentials were registered from just before induction of anaesthesia and during the whole procedure, but the anaesthetist did not have access to the monitor.Results:  Fifty patients were included and seven were excluded. The remaining 43 patients were divided into two groups: Group High (n=12) with an AAI>28 for >5% of the registration time and Group Low (n=31) with an AAI>28 for <5% of the registration time. Group High had significantly higher morphine requirements in the recovery and activated the PCA‐pump more frequently during the first 24 postoperative hours.Conclusion:  The results indicate that the peroperative depth of anaesthesia may have effects on the postoperative analgesic requirements.
Effects of edaravone on human neutrophil function
Authors: Mikawa K. , Akamatsu H. , Nishina K. , Obara H. , Niwa Y. 
Published: March 2005

Background:  Neutrophils play a crucial role in the antibacterial host defence system. Edaravone is used in critically ill patients who are often immuno‐compromised secondary to concomitant disease or immunosuppressive therapy. The aim of the current study was to assess the effect of edaravone, a novel free‐radical scavenger, on several aspects of human neutrophil function using an in vitro system.Methods:  Chemotaxis, phagocytosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by neutrophil (cellular) and xanthine‐xanthine oxidase (acellular) systems, and intracellular calcium ion levels ([Ca2 + ]i) were measured in the absence and in the presence (at a clinically relevant concentration, and 0.1‐fold, and 10‐fold this concentration) of edaravone.Results:  The clinically relevant concentration of edaravone did not inhibit chemotxais, phagocytosis, or superoxide production of neutrophils. Even at its ordinary clinical plasma concentration, the drug inhibited hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and hydroxyl radical (OH·) generation in the cellular (neutrophil) as well as in the cell‐free (xanthine‐xanthine oxidase) system (P < 0.05). Edaravone did not affect elevation of [Ca2 + ]i in neutrophils stimulated by a chemotactic factor.Conclusions:  These findings suggest that edaravone quenched H2O2, and OH· generated rather than impaired the ability of neutrophils to produce the ROS. However, further studies using in vivo systems are required to elucidate the effects of edaravone on neutrophil function in clinical settings.
Precision of bolus thermodilution cardiac output measurements in patients with atrial fibrillation
Authors: Østergaard M. , Nilsson L. B. , Nilsson J. C. , Rasmussen J. P. , Berthelsen P. G. 
Published: March 2005

Background:  The precision of bolus thermodilution cardiac output measurements in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) has not previously been determined. A priori we suspected that the precision would be lower in patients with AF than in patients with sinus rhythm (SR). Consequently, we also determined if the precision could be improved by injecting the thermal indicator into the right ventricle instead of the right atrium.Methods:  Cardiac output was determined as the average result of four injections of 10 ml of iced saline. Replicate measurements were performed with thermal indicator injections into the right atrium and ventricle. The coefficients of variation and the precisions were calculated.Results:  In the 25 patients with AF, mean cardiac output was 3.96 l min−1 (range 2.4–7.4), the coefficient of variation 0.073 (95% CI ± 0.011), and the precision 0.38 l min−1 (95% CI ± 0.14) with injection into the right atrium. In the 25 patients with SR, mean cardiac output was 4.73 l min−1 (range 2.4–7.3), the coefficient of variation 0.047(95% CI ± 0.006), and the precision 0.38 l min−1 (95% CI ± 0.14). In both groups, an agreement analysis demonstrated that the injection of indicator into the right ventricle resulted in a significantly higher cardiac output [AF+0.25 (95% CI ± 0.15) l min−1, SR+0.29 ( ± 0.20) l min−1].Conclusion:  The coefficient of variation for cardiac output determinations is 55% higher in patients with AF. Two measurements, separated by time or intervention, must differ by 15% in AF patients and 9% in SR patients before one can be 95% confident that a real change has taken place.
Use of a new supraglottic airway device – the CobraPLA – in a ‘difficult to intubate/difficult to ventilate’ scenario
Authors: Szmuk P. , Ezri T. , AkÇa O. , Alfery D. D. 
Published: March 2005

A 67‐year‐old male was scheduled for cadaveric renal transplant. Following rapid sequence anaesthesia, only the tip of the epiglottis was visualized. Mask ventilation was difficult, and therefore an alternative airway device was considered. A size 4 CobraPLA™ (Engineered Medical System, Indianapolis, IN) was inserted into the hypopharynx, and ventilation was easily accomplished. Then, a size 7 endotracheal tube was threaded over a fiberoptic bronchoscope, through the CobraPLA, into the trachea.The description and insertion technique of the CobraPLA, a new supraglottic airway device is shortly discussed. This is the first report of successful management of difficult mask ventilation with the new CobraPLA, supraglottic airway device.
Anesthetic effect of epidural anesthesia with cephalad or caudad catheterization for ankle surgery or hemorrhoidectomy
Authors: Chou W‐Y. , Hsu C‐J. , Cheng J‐T. , Yang L‐C. , Lin C‐R. , Chia Y‐Y. , Yu S‐W. , Tan P‐H. 
Published: March 2005

Background:  The larger size of the first sacral nerve root has been reported to be an unfavorable factor leading to sacral sparing in epidural anesthesia. Previous studies have shown that an adequate analgesic effect of the epidural block was achieved with the catheter placement in the caudal direction. In this study, the anesthetic effect of epidural anesthesia with catheter placement of a cephalic or caudad direction was compared in ankle and hemorrhoid surgery.Methods:  Twenty‐one ASA physical status I or II patients undergoing surgery for ankle fractures with epidural anesthesia were enrolled and randomized into two groups. The epidural catheter was placed either to a cephalad (AU group) or caudal (AD group) direction. Another 21 patients undergoing hemorrhoidectomy were also randomized into two groups to receive epidural anesthesia in a similar way (HU and HD groups). The onset for, duration of, and recovery time from epidural anesthesia and the incidence of analgesic request were recorded.Results:  No significant differences were demonstrated when age, height, weight or sex were compared between the four study groups. The onset time of the block and the incidence of intrasurgical analgesic request were lower in the caudal subgroup when the ankle surgery patients were compared. Otherwise, there were no significant differences in the duration of anesthesia and time to recovery or level of anesthesia.Conclusion:  Injection of local anesthetic solution through a caudally oriented epidural catheter produces faster onset and superior quality of anesthesia in comparison with the injection through the cephaladly oriented catheter in ankle surgery, but not hemorrhoidectomy.
Impact of the AEP‐Monitor/2‐derived composite auditory‐evoked potential index on propofol consumption and emergence times during total intravenous anaesthesia with propofol and remifentanil in children
Authors: Weber F. , Seidl M. , Bein T. 
Published: March 2005

Background:  The composite auditory evoked potential index (cAAI), derived from the AEP Monitor/2 (version 1.6; Danmeter A/S, Odense, Denmark) is a measure of the hypnotic component of general anaesthesia. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of cAAI guidance on propofol consumption and emergence times in children receiving total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) with propofol and remifentanil.Methods:  Twenty children, aged 3–11 years, scheduled for strabismus repair under TIVA with propofol and remifentanil were enrolled. Remifentanil was given to all patients at a constant infusion rate of 0.3 µg kg−1 min−1 throughout the anaesthesia. Patients were randomly allocated to receive a continuous propofol infusion adjusted either according to a conventional clinical practice (Group C, n = 10) or guided by cAAI‐monitoring (Group G, n = 10, target cAAI 25–35). All patients were connected to the AEP Monitor/2, but in group C the anaesthetist was blinded to cAAI values. Propofol consumption (mgkg−1h−1) and emergence times (min) were the primary and secondary outcome measures.Results:  Propofol consumption and emergence times (mean ± SD) were significantly lower in group G compared to group C (Propofol: G: 4.2 ± 1.7 vs. C 6.4 ± 1.3 mg kg−1 h−1; P < 0.01; emergence times: G: 5.1 ± 3.7 vs. C 13.2 ± 8.2 min; P < 0.01). Intraoperative cAAI values (median [interquartile range]) were significantly higher in group G (23.9 [18–29.7]) than in group C (18.4 [16.0–22.1]; P < 0.01). Haemodynamic variables remained stable within age‐related limits, and there were no observations of adverse events, especially no clinical signs of intraoperative awareness in any patient.Conclusion:  Composite auditory evoked potential index monitoring during propofol/remifentanil‐TIVA in children results in reduced propofol consumption and faster emergence.
Dose‐response relationship of rocuronium: A comparison of electromyographic vs. acceleromyographic‐derived values
Authors: Kopman A. F. , Chin W. A. , Moe J. 
Published: March 2005

Background:  Acceleromyography (AMG) is being employed with increasing frequency as a research tool. However, there is almost no information available regarding the accuracy of values for drug potency obtained using AMG. This study was an attempt to determine if AMG‐derived ED50/95 values are interchangeable with those measured with a more traditional neuromuscular monitor.Methods:  Thirty adult patients were studied. Anesthesia was induced and maintained with N20, propofol, and supplementation opioid. Tracheal intubation was accomplished without muscle relaxants. Simultaneous ipsilateral AMG and EMG responses to 0.10 Hz stimulation was recorded. Following instrument calibrations, a single dose of rocuronium was administered. The first patient received a bolus of 0.17 mg kg−1 of rocuronium. Using the Hill equation with a postulated slope of 4.50, the ED50 was calculated. The second subject received a dose which approximated the calculated ED50 for patient no. 1. Successive subjects were given a dose based on the running average of the estimated ED50.Results:  The AMG‐derived ED50/95 values for rocuronium (0.163 ± 0.055 and 0.314 ± 0.105 mg mg−1) were virtually identical to those established using EMG (0.159 ± 0.043 and 0.306 ± 0.084 mg kg−1). While mean peak twitch depression (ΔT1) was the same in both groups for individual subjects ΔT1 differed by ± 20% (95% confidence interval).Discussion:  Acceleromyography‐derived twitch heights for individual patients are not necessarily interchangeable with information obtained using electromyography. Nevertheless, acceleromyography appears to be a valid methodology for determining the drug potency when a population rather than an individual subject is being studied.
Acceleromyography vs. electromyography: an ipsilateral comparison of the indirectly evoked neuromuscular response to train‐of‐four stimulation
Authors: Kopman A. F. , Chin W. , Cyriac J. 
Published: March 2005

Background:  There is a considerable body of evidence which suggests that data obtained using acceleromyography (AMG) cannot be used interchangeably with observations obtained by mechanomyographic (MMG) or electromyograhic (EMG) methods. All previous such studies evaluated the responses from contralateral limbs. This investigation was undertaken to determine if these previously described differences were in part a function of observing the responses from opposing limbs.Methods:  We compared the ipsilateral EMG and AMG response to an ED95 bolus of atracurium in 50 subjects. In half of the individuals the thumb was free to move freely; in half, a small elastic preload was applied to the thumb. Train‐of‐four (TOF) recovery was followed until a TOF ratio >0.90 was recorded by both monitors. Acceleromyography vs. EMG differences and the resultant 95% confidence limits for twitch height (T1) and the TOF ratio were determined.Results:  When the AMG TOF value had recovered to a value of 0.72 ± 0.03; the simultaneously evoked EMG value averaged only 0.59 ± 0.08. This difference was statistically significant (P < 0.001). Although the mean difference AMG vs. EMG was little more than 0.10, differences in an individual might be twice that amount. When the AMG TOF value had recovered to 0.90, the simultaneously evoked EMG value averaged 0.85. Again the 95% confidence limits for individual observations was very wide. With EMG, once the TOF ratio returns to a value of 0.70, T1 has returned to 95% of control. In contrast with AMG, return of T1 −95% of control requires a TOF ratio of almost 0.90. Addition of an elastic preload to the thumb decreased control TOF variability without effecting the relationship between twitch height and the TOF ratio.Conclusion:  Acceleromyographic TOF values tend to overestimate the extent of EMG recovery. Acceleromyographic TOF values <0.90 are indicative of incomplete neuromuscular recovery.