bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Administration of total parenteral nutrition in pigeons
Authors: Degernes Laurel , Davidson Gigi , Flammer Keven , Kolmstetter Christine , Munger Laddie 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Venous access devices connected to jugular vein catheters were implanted sc in 2 groups of 6 White Carneau pigeons (Columba livia). Total parenteral nutrition (tpn), or a control solution (lactated Ringer's solution) was infused as a bolus 4 times daily. Physiologic, hematologic, and biochemical variables were monitored over 5 days. Complications in the TPN-treated pigeons included 8.7% weight loss during the 5-day trial, hyperglycemia for up to 90 minutes after infusion, and glucosuria after infusion. Control pigeons lost 1.3% of their body weight and did not become hyperglycemic or glucosuric after infusion. Hematocrit in both groups of pigeons decreased to a value slightly below published reference values for pigeons. Five pigeons developed venous thrombosis in the proximal part of the cranial vena cava. Results indicated that intermittent administration of tpn is possible in birds; however, further research is required to develop better techniques for administration of tpn solutions. Additionally, it is important to determine, more specifically, the caloric and nutrient requirements of pigeons under stress and receiving tpn.
Bluetongue virus infection in pregnant ewes
Authors: Parsonson Ian M. , Luedke Albert J. , Barber Thomas L. , Walton Thomas E. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Inoculation of 53 ewes after 35, 45, 60, or 80 days of gestation with bluetongue virus serotypes 10, 11, 13, or 17, or with epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serotypes 1 or 2, resulted in overt clinical disease in the 47 ewes inoculated with bluetongue virus but not in the 6 ewes inoculated with epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus. None of the lambs produced by these ewes had developmental defects or any evidence of persistence of viremia.
Disposition of penicillin G after administration of benzathine penicillin G, or a combination of benzathine penicillin G and procaine penicillin G in cattle
Authors: Papich Mark G. , Korsrud Gary O. , Boison Joe O. , Yates W. D. G. , MacNeil J. D. , Janzen E. D. , McKinnon J. J. , Landry D. A. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Plasma concentration of penicillin G was evaluated in beef steers after administration of either a combination of benzathine penicillin G and procaine penicillin G in a 1:1 mixture at a dosage of 9,000 U/kg of body weight, im (n = 5), 24,000 U/kg, im (n = 5), or 8,800 U/kg, sc (n = 5), or benzathine penicillin G alone at a dosage of 12,000 U/kg, im (n = 7). Plasma concentration of penicillin G was measured by use of a high-performance liquid chromatography assay that had a limit of determination of 0.005 µg/ml. At a dosage for this combination of 9,000 U/kg im, and 8,800 U/kg, sc, which are approved label recommendations in Canada, and the United States, respectively, mean (± sem) peak plasma concentration was 0.58 (± 0.15) and 0.44 (± 0.02) µg/ml, respectively. Although plasma penicillin concentration was quantifiable for 7 days in the steers that received 9,000 U/kg, im, and for 4 days in the steers that received 8,800 U/kg, sc, the concentration was < 0.1 µg/ml in both groups after the first 12 hours. After administration of the combination at dosage of 24,000 U/kg, im, there was an initial peak plasma concentration at approximately 2 hours; thereafter, plasma concentration decreased slowly, with half-life of 58 hours. Although plasma penicillin G concentration was quantifiable for 12 days at this dosage, concentration was < 0.1 µg/ml after the first 48 hours. After the initial 48 hours, plasma concentration of penicillin was of similar magnitude and decreased at similar rate for the combination at dosage of 24,000 U/kg and for 12,000 U/kg of benzathine penicillin G alone. Most of the plasma penicillin G concentration in the first 24 hours after administration of a 1:1 combination of benzathine penicillin G and procaine penicillin G is attributable to absorption of procaine penicillin G. After the first 48 hours, most of the plasma drug concentration appeared to be produced by absorption of penicillin G from benzathine penicillin G. Absorption of benzathine penicillin G produces quantifiable plasma penicillin G concentrations for several days, but they are below the level of susceptibility for most bacteria.
Clinical efficacy and toxicity of doxorubicin encapsulated in glutaraldehyde-treated erythrocytes administered to dogs with lymphosarcoma
Authors: Matherne Curt M. , Satterfield William C. , Gasparini Anna , Tonetti Michela , Astroff A. Barry , Schmidt Russell D. , Rowe Loyd D. , DeLoach John R. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Doxorubicin was encapsulated in canine erythrocytes, treated with 0.32% glutaraldehyde, and administered at a dosage equivalent to 30 mg of free doxorubicin/m2 of body surface area to dogs with diagnosis of lymphosarcoma. Compared with administration of free doxorubicin, this method of drug delivery substantially reduced peak plasma concentration and prolonged higher plasma concentration of doxorubicin. As such, this method was comparable to continuous iv infusion. Previous studies have indicated this method’s potential for reduction in toxic side effects, particularly cardiotoxicosis, while allowing higher total doses of doxorubicin to be administered. In this study, doxorubicin encapsulated in glutaraldehyde-treated erythrocytes induced a triphasic exponential decay of doxorubicin from plasma, the highest relative contribution to the total area of the curve being the terminal phase. The treatment was effective in inducing complete and partial remissions of lymphosarcoma, with minimal acute toxicosis and no evidence of cardiotoxicosis. However, substantial, unanticipated, chronic, nonregenerative myelosuppression developed, and was most strikingly expressed as profound thrombocytopenia. Efforts to ameliorate or circumvent this toxic effect will be required prior to further consideration of this doxorubicin delivery system for treatment of systemic neoplasia.
Cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity reactions of cattle vaccinated with mutant strains of Brucella abortus, using brucellins prepared from various brucellar strains
Authors: Cheville Norman F. , Jensen Allen E. , Morfitt David C. , Stabel Thomas J. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Cutaneous reactivity to brucellin was evaluated in 10-month-old heifers vaccinated with low-virulence mutant strains of Brucella abortus and was compared with brucellin reactions in postparturient cows with active brucellosis. In the cows, the cutaneous lesion was characterized microscopically as severe, acute, serofibrinous vasculitis; dermal lesions at 6, 12, 25, and 48 hours after brucellin injection consisted of endothelial activation and perivascular exudation that led to progressive accumulation of fibrin, monocytes, macrophages, and lymphocytes. In vaccinated heifers, cutaneous tests were done, using standard brucellin, brucellin prepared from strain RB51, and the purified brucellar proteins-31K and superoxide dismutase. Negative-control cattle given saline solution, did not have cutaneous reactions. Standard brucellin induced the most marked reactions in vaccinated heifers. Brucellin from rough strain RB51 caused positive reactions in heifers vaccinated with strain 19, but reactions were variable in other groups. Skin lesions induced by purified superoxide dismutase and 31-kd proteins in vaccinated cattle were not acceptable for diagnosis. Marked variability of test responses in vaccinated cattle precludes field use of this test to determine vaccination status.
Enhancement of Pasteurella haemolytica leukotoxic activity by bovine serum albumin
Authors: Waurzyniak Barbara J. , Clinkenbeard Kenneth D. , Anthony W.Confer Anthony W. Confer , Srikumaran S. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Growth of Pasteurella haemolytica A1 in RPMI 1640 medium containing 0.5% bovine serum albumin (bsa) for 2.5 hours enhanced culture supernatant leukotoxic activity (30,700 ± 12,900 toxic units/ml, compared with leukotoxic activity of culture supernatants produced in RPMI 1640 medium alone (120 ± 40 toxic units/ml). Gel filtration chromatography of the leukotoxic activity from RPMI 1640 medium supernatants in buffer containing 50 mM NaCl indicated a single leukotoxic activity peak (peak I) eluting near the gel resin molecular mass exclusion limit (estimated molecular mass of approx 8,000 kd). In contrast, culture supernatants produced in RPMI 1640 plus bovine serum albumin medium (RPMI + bsa) had peak I and 2 additional leukotoxic activity peaks (peaks II and III) with estimated molecular mass of approximately 80 and < 30 kd, respectively. All leukotoxic activity peaks were composed of approximately 100-kd molecular mass leukotoxin protomer, as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting with a monoclonal antibody against leukotoxin. Subjecting culture supernatant leukotoxic activity produced in RPMI + bsa to gel filtration chromatography in buffer containing 500 mM NaCl or 6M urea resulted in detection of only a single leukotoxic activity peak with estimated approximate molecular mass of 250 and 800 kd, respectively. These findings suggest that Phaemolytica exists as a high molecular mass aggregate with low leukotoxic activity which, in the presence of bsa, partially disaggregates to multiple toxin forms with enhanced leukotoxic activity. Some of these leukotoxin forms interact with dextran-based gel resins at low ionic strength.
Differential artificial ventilation in anesthetized horses positioned in lateral recumbency
Authors: Moens Y. , Lagerweij E. , Gootjes P. , Poortman J. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Effects of differential ventilation on gas exchange were studied in 7 isoflurane-anesthetized, laterally recumbent horses, and were compared with effects of conventional ventilation, using similar minute volume. A tracheal tube-in-tube intubation technique allowed each lung to be connected separately to an anesthetic circle system with a ventilator. Two distribution patterns of tidal volume were investigated; half the tidal volume was distributed to each lung and two-thirds the tidal volume was distributed to the dependent lung. Effects of the combination of these patterns with positive end-expiratory pressure (peep) of 10 and 20 cm of H2O to the dependent lung were investigated.
Differential ventilation maintained PaCO2, but significantly increased PaCO2 from 180 to 270 mm of Hg (+44%) and decreased shunt perfusion from 22 to 19% (-15%), regardless of the distribution pattern used. Mean airway pressure was lower than the value detected during conventional ventilation. The combination of differential ventilation with selective peep was followed by a decrease in PaCO2 and further increase of PaCO2 and decrease of shunt, which were similar for both distribution patterns. Effects of peep of 20 cm of H2O were more pronounced than those of peep of 10 cm of H2O. Owing to the combined effects of differential ventilation and selective peep, PaCO2 increased to 399 mm of Hg and shunt decreased to 15%. This represents increase of 112% and decrease of 33% respectively, compared with values for conventional ventilation. Mean airway pressure increased maximally to 23 cm of H2O, which was 11 cm of H2O greater than the value for conventional ventilation. During differential ventilation, alveolar dead space in the dependent lung became greater than that in the nondependent lung and maximum was 39%. There were no significant changes in arterial blood pressure. Beneficial effects on gas exchange can be explained by improved matching of ventilation and perfusion, possibly attributable to reopening of previously closed units in the dependent lung.
Effect of prior lavage on bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cell population of lavaged and unlavaged lung segments in horses
Authors: Sweeney Corinne R. , Rossier Yves , Ziemer Ellen L. , Lindborg Susan R. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) was performed on 16 horses to determine whether it caused local or diffuse inflammation in the lungs. In 7 horses, bal was performed in both lungs twice, 48 hours apart. Although total cell counts of the bal samples did not change significantly, there were increased numbers and percentage of neutrophils in the second lavage fluid samples. In 5 horses, bal was performed in 1 lung and repeated 48 hours later in the same lung and in the corresponding airway in the contralateral lung. The absolute cell count and percentage of neutrophils were significantly (P = < 0.05) increased in the second sample from the lung that was lavaged twice. In 4 horses, bal was performed in 1 lung and 48 hours later, repeated in an adjacent airway to the first bal site, and in the corresponding airway in the contralateral lung. Significant differences were not detected the total or differential cell counts of the bal fluid recovered at any time, except for an increase in neutrophil percentage in the second sample in the contralateral lung. The increased neutrophil percentage values were within the range of normal for healthy horses.
Results of the study suggested that, in horses, bal induces a localized pulmonary neutrophil influx that persists at least 48 hours and is characterized by a relative and absolute increase in the number of neutrophils in the lavage fluids.
Experimentally induced infection with bluetongue virus serotype 11 in cows
Authors: Parsonson Ian M. , Thompson Lee H. , Walton Thomas E. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The consequences of inoculation of bluetongue virus (btv) serotype 11 into 16 susceptible cows either at the time of breeding or at specified stages of pregnancy were studied. The cows were free of btv or epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus, and none had antibodies to btv before virus inoculation. A group of 4 cows was mated naturally to a bull reported to shed btv-11 (CO75B300 strain) in the semen. The bull was suspected of infecting cows at mating with btv-11, which subsequently transplacentally infected the developing fetuses and induced persistently infected and congenitally malformed progeny.
Two groups of 4 pregnant cows were inoculated with an insect-derived strain of btv-11 (CO75B300), one group by direct deposit into the uterus at estrus, the other, by intradermal and sc administrations. A 90-day fetus was inoculated in utero with virus from the same pool.
Four pregnant cows were inoculated with sheep blood-passaged virus of the same btv-11 strain (CO75B300) by intradermal and sc routes. Three cows were inoculated with btv-free suspending fluids and ovine erythrocytes by the intrauterine and intradermal-sc routes and were used as in-contact controls.
Infection with insect-derived btv-11 was confirmed in 3 cows of 1 group by virus isolation and by detection of serum antibodies. The 4 cows inoculated with sheep blood suspension of btv- 11 developed viremia and produced antibodies to the virus. None of the cattle had clinical signs of bluetongue, other than 2 cows that had a slight rectal temperature increase on postinoculation day 4.
All cows and fetuses that ranged in gestational age from 69 to 217 days appeared grossly normal at necropsy. Antibodies were not detected in fetal blood. Viral antigen was not detected in fetal tissues by inoculation into sheep or by immunofluoerscence, and viral rna was not detected by use of the polymerase chain reaction.
Developmental deformities were not seen in any fetus. The btv-11 was not transmitted via the bull semen after natural mating. The btv-11 strain CO75B300, isolated from this bull and passaged either as insect-derived or ovine erythrocyte suspensions, infected 8 cows. However, the virus was not transplacentally transmitted to their fetuses. It was concluded that there was no evidence for congenital btv-11 infection in this study.
Blood coagulopathy in dogs with shock induced by injection of heartworm extract
Authors: Kitoh K. , Watoh K. , Kitagawa H. , Sasaki Y. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
A crude, whole-body extract of female heartworms was administered iv to 10 dogs with and 13 dogs without heartworm (hw) infection. Shock developed in 8 of 10 infected dogs and 11 of 13 noninfected dogs, and blood coagulopathy was observed in 12 of 19 dogs with shock. Prevalence and severity of blood coagulopathy were proportionate to prevalence and severity of shock. Platelet count decreased in all dogs with shock with or without blood coagulopathy; thus, the decrease in platelet count might be related to shock. In 4 dogs, activated partial thromboplastin time (aptt) was prolonged - 192.0 seconds at 30 minutes after hw injection - and prothrombin time (pt) was increased-13.8 seconds at initial collapse. In 8 dogs, aptt was increased - 200 seconds for 2 hours after hw injection - and pt was increased - 200 seconds at 30 minutes after the injection. The aptt prolongation might have been caused mainly by decreases in activities of factors VIII, IX, XI, and XII of the intrinsic blood coagulation pathway. In dogs with severely prolonged pt plasma fibrinogen concentration and factor II activity decreased slightly. Prolonged pt was corrected in vitro by addition of normal plasma at high concentration (> 80 %), but prolonged aptt could not be corrected in vitro by addition of 80 % normal plasma. Serum fibrin degradation products concentration was < 10 μg/ml, and soluble fibrin monomer complex was negative in all dogs. Thrombi were not found in blood vessels of any organ at necropsy and after histologic study. Therefore, it was suggested that blood coagulopathy resulting from inhibition of coagulation factor activities might develop in shock induced by hw extract.
Whole-blood platelet aggregation, buccal mucosa bleeding time, and serum cephalothin concentration in dogs receiving a presurgical antibiotic protocol
Authors: Schermerhorn Thomas , Barr Stephen C. , Stoffregen Dana A. , Koren-Roth Yossi , Erb Hollis N. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Whole-blood platelet aggregation (using the impedance method) and adenosine triphosphate (atp) release, buccal mucosal bleeding time (bt), and serum cephalothin concentration were measured in 21 adult female Beagles before (pre) and 1 hour (1hr) after iv administration of cephalothin (22 mg/kg). A second injection of cephalothin (22 mg/kg) was given 3 hours after the first, and blood samples were obtained 1 hour (4 hr, 4 hours after the first injection) and 3 hours (6 hr, 6 hours after the first injection) after the second injection. Samples of jugular blood were obtained from each dog, using citrate as an anticoagulant. A platelet count was obtained for each sample. Platelet aggregation and atp released from the aggregating platelets were measured within 1 hour of sample collection, using a whole-blood aggregometer. Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and collagen were used as aggregating agents. Aggregation was measured over 6 minutes for each aggregating agent; atp release in response to collagen, but not to ADP, was measured over the same period. For 1 hr samples, there was a significant (P < 0.01) reduction from pre values in the ability of platelets to aggregate in response to ADP. Bleeding time was determined, using a published procedure, with each dog as its own control. Bleeding time during the same period was found to be significantly increased over pre values for 1 hr (P < 0.01) and 6 hr (P < 0.02) samples. There was no significant difference between bt for 1 hr and 4 hr samples. Median serum cephalothin concentrations in pre, 1 hr,4hr, and 6 hr samples did not correlate significantly to platelet aggregation, atp release, platelet count, or bt at any time during the study. Because serum cephalothin concentration was so low, and because there are few reports of the kinetics of cephalothin after iv administration, serum cephalothin was measured in 2 dogs over 2 hours after single iv administration of cephalothin. Values reached a peak at 2 minutes after drug administration, then decreased rapidly over 10 to 15 minutes, and were low by 2 hours.
Investigation of oxygen-derived free radical generation in cancellous bone specimens obtained from dogs
Authors: Lewis Daniel D. , Church Daniel F. , Hosgood Giselle , van Ee Rene T. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Generation of free radicals and the ability ofvarious antioxidants to attenuate radical production in freshly procured cancellous bone specimens was investigated, using spin-trapping and electron spin resonance (esr) techniques. Seven core cancellous bone specimens, 10 mm long and 7.9 mm in diameter, were obtained using aseptic technique, from the proximal portion of the humerus of 9 adult mixedbreed dogs. One core cancellous bone specimen from each dog was incubated in spin trap α-phenyl-N tert-butylnitrone in Eagle's minimum essential medium and served as a control. The other 6 specimens from each dog were incubated in α-phenyl-N-tertbutylnitrone/Eagle's minimum essential medium plus 1 of the following antioxidants: superoxide dismutase, catalase, superoxide dismutase/catalase, indomethacin, allopurinol, or deferoxamine mesylate. All specimens were incubated at 26 C for 90 minutes, then frozen at -20 C until they were prepared for analysis by esr spectroscopy. Each specimen was thawed, homogenized, and extracted in a low-dielectric organic solvent prior to obtaining an esr spectrum which was analyzed for hyperfine splitting constants to identify radicals. Each first-derivative spectrum was digitally double-integrated to obtain an area: these areas were used to compare intensities of the spin. For each treatment group, the areas from the treated specimens were compared with the areas from the control specimens, using a paired t-test. Significance was accepted at P ≤ 0.05.
Spin adducts were detected in all cancellous bone specimens. Specimens incubated in deferoxamine (P = 0.0017) and superoxide dismutase/catalase (P = 0.0452) had significantly smaller areas than did control specimens. The areas for the other treatment groups did not differ significantly from controls. Our results substantiate free radical production in freshly procured cancellous bone specimens and that radical formation is attenuated by in vitro incubation with deferoxamine or superoxide dismutase/catalase.