bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rethinking the Stock Concept: A Phylogeographic Approach
Authors: DIZON ANDREW E. , LOCKYER CHRISTINA , PERRIN WILLIAM F. , DEMASTER DOUGLAS P. , SISSON JOYCE 
Published: March 2003

Abstract: The “stock” is the fundamental population unit of legally mandated conservation efforts, yet its formal definition in the scientific literature and in two U.S. conservation acts is varied and so general that attempts to apply it in practice are arbitrary. Because choice of stocks deserving management protection is sometimes politically contentious, improvement of the working definition is important.A key element should be the degree to which a population can be considered an evolutionarily significant unit. We propose that a hierarchial classification scheme be applied to stock designations. Category I populations, having the highest probability of being evolutionarily significant units, are characterized by a discontinuous genetic divergence pattern where locally adapted and closely related genome assemblages are separated from others geographically and by significant genetic distances. Category II populations are similarly characterized by significant genetic diversity, but with weak geographic partitioning. Category III populations are the converse of II, having little genetic differentiation between assemblages that are clearly separate and likely to be reproductively isolated. Category IV assemblages have the lowest probability of being evolutionarily significant units and are characterized by extensive gene flow and no subdivision by extrinsic barriers. In addition to phylogeographic designation, the following information is used in the classification, as indicated by single‐letter abbreviations: distribution (a), population response (b), phenotypic (c), and genotypic (d) information. Included are evidence both for and against designating population as a separate stock. In the designation “Type II a/bc,” for example, information to the right of the solidus would be evidence for “lumping,” to the left would be for “splitting.” Missing letter abbreviations would signify lack of reliable data. Note that phylogeographic designation depends on the results of selection operating to produce a locally adapted genome (indicated by differences in demographic, phenotypic, and genotypic measures) and on gene flow (indicated by differences in distribution or by movement data).Hierarchial stock categorization allows resource managers to direct limited resources to the populations most deserving of protection, that is, the populations that are most likely to be evolutionarily significant units. Using this comprehensive classification of stock allows preliminary, conservative splitting of assemblages where data are lacking without the danger that these divisions will become entrenched as biological dogma.
Songbird Use of Gallery Woodlands in Recently Cleared and Older Settled Landscapes of the Selva Lacandona, Chiapas, Mexico
Authors: WARKENTIN IAN G. , GREENBERG RUSSEL , ORTIZ JAVIER SALGADO 
Published: March 2003

Abstract:Many regions of Central America have undergone wide‐scale habitat change as land has been converted for cultivation or grazing. Clearing for agriculture often leaves a variety of regenerating and remnant patches of wooded vegetation. Of particular importance is arroyo vegetation, or strips of trees or tall shrubs growing along streams. Although it is widely acknowledged that tropical arroyo vegetation supports high densities of birds, as avian habitat it remains poorly studied. We used point counts to study populations of migrant and resident songbirds in the arroyo vegetation of settled areas of the Selva Lacandona adjacent to the Montes Azules Biosphere Reserve of southeastern México. Two study areas were established on lands that had been cleared and settled 20–35 and 10 years previously. Our objectives were to asses the value of arroyo vegetation to the conservation of avian species diversity and abundance in agricultural landscapes and to compare the composition and abundance of songbirds in cleared areas settled at different times over a 35‐year period. Arroyo vagetation had a wide diversity of songbird species that, in overall terms, differed little between those landscapes cleared recently and those cleared up to 35 years previously. In both areas we found a high abundance of habitat generalists and a smaller number of forest‐dependent species, particularly migrants. Loss of forest specialists occurs rapidly, with little further loss as the arroyos become increasingly isolated. Our data also suggest that birds do not crowd into limited habitat as the surrounding vegetation is eliminated, implying that the overall carrying capacity of the agricultural landscape is greatly enhanced as larger areas of arroyo vegetation are protected. Protection of arroyo vegetation will increase the diversity of birds living in agricultural areas and can be achieved simply by expanding upon land‐use practices currently in use.Use de galerías boscosas por aves cantoras en paisajes recientemente clareados y en paisajes poblados con anterioridad de la Selva Lacandona en Chiapas, México
Near‐Extinction of Porcupines by Mountain Lions and Consequences of Ecosystem Change in the Great Basin Desert
Authors: Sweitzer Richard A. , Jenkins Stephen H. , Berger Joel 
Published: March 2003

In North America’s Great Basin Desert changes in plant communities that occurred after the introduction of domestic livestock in the late 1800s resulted in the irruption of mule deer (Ocodoileus hemionus) and expansion of mountain lions (  Felis concolor). We report on a situation in which mountain lion predation caused the near‐extinction of another native species, porcupines (  Erethizon dorsatum). We used demographic information collected over 8 years on an individually identified population and long term climatic data in a stochastic population model to examine the hypothesis that predation and not weather‐induced starvation or random population fluctuations threatened the persistence of a naturally small population of porcupines. Whether drought‐related reductions in mule deer densities induced mountain lions to prey on porcupines is unclear, but our results suggest predation and not climatic conditions caused the decline of a once robust population of over 80 to <5 animals in only 3 years. These data represent an unusual case in which predation by a native predator caused the near‐extinction of a native prey species, suggesting that one unforeseen consequence of ecosystem change in western North America may be the impending loss of small, native vertebrate populations.Cuasi‐extinción de Puercoespines por Pumas y Consecuencias del Cambio en el Ecosistema del Desierto Great BasinLos cambios ocurridos en las comunidades vegetales del Desierto Great Basin en Norteamérica después de la introducción de ganado a fines del siglo pasado resultaron en la irrupción del venado bura (Odocoileus hemionus) y en la ezpansión del puma (  Felis concolor). Este trabajo reporta un caso en el que la depredación por pumas casi causó la extinción de otra especie nativa, el puercoespín (  Erethizon dorsatum). Utilizamos información demográfica de una población individual obtenida a lo largo de 8 años así como datos climáticos de varios años en un modelo estocástico de la población para examinar la hipótesis de que la persistencia de poblaciones naturalmente pequeñas de puercoespines estaba amenazada por la depredación y no por hambruna ni por fluctuaciones poblacionales aleatorias. No es claro si la reducción en la densidad de venado bura asociada a períodos de sequía indujo a los pumas a depredar puercoespines, pero nuestros resultados sugieren que la depredación y no las condiciones climáticas, provocó la declinación de una población robusta de mas de 80 animales a menos de 5 en solo tres años. Estos datos representan un caso inusual en el que la depredación por una especie nativa casi causó la extinción de una especie‐presa nativa, lo que sugiere que una consecuencia no prevista de los cambios en los ecosistemas de Norteamérica occidental puede ser la inminente pérdida de poblaciones pequeñas de vertebrados nativos.
Prenatal Smoking Cessation Counseling by Texas Obstetricians
Authors: Mullen Patricia Dolan , Pollak Kathryn I. , Titus Jyothi P. , Sockrider Marianna Martin , Moy Julie Graves 
Published: March 2003

Background:Smoking during pregnancy causes 20 to 30 percent of low birthweight and 10 percent of infant mortality in the United States. Brief counseling can reduce rates of smoking. The study objectives were to describe Texas obstetricians' pregnancy smoking cessation counseling activity and to identify attributes associated with consistent, effective counseling.Methods:A survey was mailed to a random sample of Texas obstetricians.Results:A response rate of 44 percent (n=204) was attained. A counseling coverage‐effectiveness index was created based on the percentage of smokers counseled and use of specific techniques. Almost all respondents reported asking about smoking; fewer, however, reported counseling smokers. Physicians with low index scores, indicating inconsistent coverage, ineffective counseling, or both were dissatisfied with their current counseling, did not perceive counseling to decrease smoking, were not aware of the risks of smoking, and were unfamiliar with expert reports and recommendations for prenatal care.Conclusions:Obstetricians who are not reached by expert reports and guidelines from groups outside their specialty or who do not perceive the seriousness of maternal smoking are less likely to counsel consistently and to use the most effective techniques. Continuing medical education at local, state, and national levels should be directed toward increasing knowledge and skills about smoking cessation counseling of pregnant women. (BIRTH 25:1, March 1998)
Prevalence and Predictors of Women's Experience of Psychological Trauma During Childbirth
Authors: Soet Johanna E. , Brack Gregory A. , DiIorio Colleen 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACT: Background: The increased acceptance of the prevalence of trauma in human experience as well as its psychological consequences has led to revisions of diagnostic criteria for the disorder. The three purposes of this study were to examine the rates at which women experienced psychological trauma in childbirth, to explore possible causal factors, and to examine possible factors in the development of the disorder.Methods: One hundred and three women from childbirth education classes in the Atlanta metropolitan area completed a survey in late pregnancy and a follow‐up interview approximately 4 weeks after the birth.Results: The childbirth experience was reported as traumatic by 34 percent of participants. Two women (1.9%) developed all the symptoms needed to diagnose posttraumatic stress disorder, and 31 women (30.1%) were partially symptomatic. Regression analysis showed that antecedent factors (e.g., history of sexual trauma and social support) and event characteristics (e.g., pain in first stage of labor, feelings of powerlessness, expectations, medical intervention, and interaction with medical personnel) were significant predictors of perceptions of the childbirth as traumatic. The pain experienced during the birth, levels of social support, self‐efficacy, internal locus of control, trait anxiety, and coping were significant predictors of the development of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms after the birth.Conclusions: These findings suggest several intervention points for health care practitioners, including careful prenatal screening of past trauma history, social support, and expectations about the birth; improved communication and pain management during the birth; and opportunities to discuss the birth postpartum. (BIRTH 30:1 March 2003)
Effect of H. pylori Infection and CagA Status on Leukocyte Counts and Liver Function Tests: Extra‐Gastric Manifestations of H. pylori Infection
Authors: Graham David Y. , Osato Michael S. , Olson Carol A. , Zhang Jie , Figura Natale 
Published: March 2003

Background.It has been suggested that H. pylori infection is associated with abnormalities in total leukocyte count as well as the number of basophils and lymphocytes. In addition, CagA seropositivity has been associated with an increase in serum transaminase (SGOT) values. The aim of this study was to confirm the findings of previous subgroup analyses in patients before and after treatment for H. pylori infection and to ascertain whether the abnormalities reversed following successful treatment.Methods.Blood counts and serum transaminase levels were obtained prior to and following treatment of H. pylori infection of H. pylori‐infected duodenal ulcer patients. CagA status was assessed by Western blot of the H. pylori isolates obtained from the patients.Results.Ninety‐four ulcer patients were studied, including 77 with CagA‐positive H. pylori isolates (82%) and 17 with CagA‐negative H. pylori isolates. All study parameters remained within normal limits both before and after therapy. There were no significant changes in any study parameter in those who failed therapy. Successful therapy resulted in a significant fall in total white cell count (7413 ± 520 cmm to 6738 ± 410 cmm, for pretreatment vs. cured, respectively, p = 0.04) and was almost entirely accounted for by a reduction in the number of circulating polymorphonuclear leukocytes (4595 ± 370 cmm to 3855 ± 270 cmm for pretreatment vs. cured, respectively, p = 0.015). The pretreatment SGOT and basophil count were significantly higher in those with CagA‐positive H. pylori (SGOT = 23 ± 1 vs. 18.5 ± 1 U). Successful or failed therapy with follow‐up for 3 months post therapy did not result in a significant change of SGOT levels.Conclusions.We confirmed an increase in total leukocyte count and number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in those with H. pylori infection. We also confirmed higher SGOT levels with CagA‐positive H. pylori infection, but the failure to resolve within 3 months of cure of the infection makes it unlikely to be a direct result of the H. pylori infection.
Assessment of a New Triple Agent Regimen for the Eradication of Helicobacter pylori and the Nature of H. pylori Resistance to This Therapy in Japan
Authors: Suzuki Junko , Mine Tetsuya , Kobayasi Intetsu , Fujita Toshiro 
Published: March 2003

Background.Multiple regimens for the eradication of Helicobacter pylori have been tested, but the best therapy has not been determined yet. To determine the efficacy of a new triple agent regimen using a combination of lansoprazole, amoxicillin, and clarithromycin against Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), and to examine H. pylori resistance to this therapy in ineffective cases.Methods.We studied a total of 71 patients infected with H. pylori who had gastric ulcer (n~=~37) or duodenal ulcer (n~=~34) as confirmed by endoscopy. Patients received 1500~mg amoxicillin, 400~mg clarithromycin and 30~mg lansoprazole for 2~weeks followed by 30~mg lansoprazole for 6~weeks in patients with gastric ulcer or for 4~weeks in those with duodenal ulcer. Endoscopic examination was performed before treatment and at 1~month, 2~months, and 5~months after initiating treatment to check the status of ulceration and H. pylori infection.Results.The eradication rate of H. pylori was 92% (CI, 83–100%) in the gastric ulcer group and 94% (CI, 86–100%) in the duodenal ulcer group at 5~months, as determined by per‐protocol analysis. Resistance to clarithromycin was present in 1 of 71 (1%) patients before treatment and in 2 of 5 (40%) patients after treatment. No resistance to amoxicillin and lansoprazole was found in patients before or after treatment. The resistance to clarithromycin changed during the observation period.Conclusions.The new triple agent regimen was effective against H. pylori. Resistance to clarithromycin may not be permanent and it might be one of the risk factors which affect the efficacy of a clarithromycin‐based therapy.
Effectiveness of Omeprazole‐Amoxicillin‐Clarithromycin (OAC) Therapy for Helicobacter pylori Infection in a Japanese Population
Authors: Miwa Hiroto , Ohkura Ryuichi , Murai Toshio , Nagahara Akihito , Yamada Toshio , Ogihara Tatsuo , Watanabe Sumio , Sato Nobuhiro 
Published: March 2003

Background. Omeprazole or lansoprazole, amoxicillin, clarithromycin (PPI/AC) therapy has been reported to provide a high cure rate of H. pylori infection with few adverse effects. Effectiveness of H. pylori therapy may vary among different geographic regions and patient populations. However, there are few reports in Japan as to its effectiveness. We have, therefore, studied the effectiveness of H. pylori therapy in a large group of Japanese patients. Methods. For this study, 366 H. pylori‐positive patients with peptic ulcer disease or non‐ulcer dyspepsia (263 men and 103 women, mean age 48.5 years) were assigned to 6 groups, each receiving a different PPI/AC regimen. Group 1 received omeprazole (OPZ) 20 mg, amoxicillin (AMOX) 1500 mg, and clarithromycin (CAM) 400 mg; Group 2 OPZ 40 mg, AMOX 1500 mg, and CAM 400; and Group 3 OPZ 20 mg, AMOX 2000 mg, and CAM 600 mg daily for 14 days. The group treated with lansoprazole (LPZ) 30 mg, AMOX 1500 mg and CAM 400 mg was used for 14 days in Group 1L. OPZ 20 mg, AMOX 750 mg, and CAM 200 mg were given to Group 4 for 28 days and OPZ 20 mg, AMOX 1500 mg, CAM 400 mg was administered to Group 5 for 7 days. Cure of infection was assessed by the 13C urea breath test one month after completion of therapy. Results. Cure rates calculated by excluding the patients who showed borderline value of 13C urea breath test (Δ13C value between 5 and 10‰ in Groups 1, 1L, 2, 3, 4, and 5 were 82.7% (95% CI; 74–90), 88.9% (76–96), 84.9% (72–93), 81.3% (67–91), 84.6% (72–93), and 85.1% (72–94) on an intention‐to‐treat basis, and 88% (80–94), 95.2% (84–99), 95.6% (85– 99), 90.7% (78–97), 95.7% (85–99) and 88.9% (76–96) on a per‐protocol basis, respectively. Adverse effects that affected compliance were observed in 10 of 237 patients on 14‐day regiments, one of 47 on a 28‐day regimen and one of 46 on a 7‐day regimen. Conclusion. Two weeks PPI/AC therapy is highly effective for cure of H. pylori infection in the Japanese population. The low dose one month regimen and the one week OAC regimen were also effective in our patient population.
Effect of Smoking and Histological Gastritis Severity on the Rate of H. pylori Eradication with Omeprazole, Amoxicillin, and Clarithromycin
Authors: Kamada Tomoari , Haruma Ken , Komoto Kunihiko , Mihara Mitsuhiro , Chen Xing , Yoshihara Masaharu , Sumii Koji , Kajiyama Goro , Tahara Kazumasa , Kawamura Yuzuru 
Published: March 2003

Background. The combination of omeprazole, amoxicillin, and clarithromycin is a common regimen against Helicobacter pylori. Several recent studies have shown that smoking, high intragastric acidity, and the degree of histological gastritis are associated with H. pylori eradication failure.Materials and Methods. One hundred and thirty‐seven H. pylori–positive patients were treated with a 1‐week regimen composed of omeprazole, 20 mg once daily; amoxicillin, 500 mg; and clarithromycin, 200 mg thrice daily. Success of the treatment was evaluated by histology and the 13C‐urea breath test at least 4 weeks after completion of therapy. Data about age, gender, alcohol intake, smoking habits, and previous proton pump inhibitor intake were collected in patient interviews. We evaluated fasting gastric pH and the degree of histological gastritis before eradication of H. pylori.Results. The overall eradication of H. pylori at 4 weeks was successful in 98 of 137 patients (72%). On the multivariate analysis, a low grade of inflammation in the antrum (p≤ .01; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.34–16.75), low grade of activity in the fundus (p≤ .05; 95% CI, 1.31–9.65), and smoking (p≤ .05; 95% CI, 1.27–6.82) were the significant independent factors predicting treatment failure.Conclusions. These findings indicate that H. pylori eradication therapy with omeprazole, amoxicillin, and clarithromycin is less effective in patients who smoke and more effective in patients with high scores of antral inflammation and fundal activity at baseline biopsy.
Pantoprazole Suppresses Helicobacter pylori Without Affecting Cure
Authors: Adamek Romuald J. , Szymanski Christian , Pfaffenbach Boris 
Published: March 2003

Background. Short‐term, low‐dose triple regimens composed of proton‐pump inhibitors (PPI) and two antibiotics are the current gold standard therapy for cure of Helicobacter pylori infection. To date, the effect of PPI pretreatment on eradication outcome is not known. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of pretreatment with pantoprazole on the efficacy of an ensuing triple therapy.Methods. In this open, randomized, monocenter, parallel group comparison, 107 patients with duodenal ulcer or functional dyspepsia were assigned to receive one of the following treatment regimens: a 7‐day triple therapy with pantoprazole, 40 mg bid; clarithromycin, 250 mg bid; and metronidazole, 400 mg bid, which was either preceded or followed by a 7‐day therapy with pantoprazole, 40 mg (P‐PCM or PCM‐P). Assessment of H. pylori status was performed by a biopsy urease test and 13C urea breath test at the initial visit and 13C urea breath test at all follow‐up visits.Results. The 7‐day pantoprazole pretreatment resulted in a significant decline of the δ values of the 13C urea breath test. H. pylori infection was cured in 47 of 52 intention‐to‐treat patients of the P‐PCM group (90%; 95% confidence interval, 79–97%) and in 46 of 53 of the PCM‐P group (87%; 95% confidence interval, 75–95%).Conclusions. Pretreatment with pantoprazole suppresses H. pylori but does not impair the efficacy of a consecutive short‐term, low‐dose triple therapy.
Four‐Day, Twice Daily, Quadruple Therapy with Amoxicillin, Clarithromycin, Tinidazole and Omeprazole to Cure Helicobacter pylori Infection: A Pilot Study
Authors: Calvet Xavier , Titó Llùcia , Comet Ricard , García Neus , Campo Ralel , Brullet Enric 
Published: March 2003

Background. The best regimen for the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection has yet to be defined. Four‐day quadruple therapy with tetracycline, metronidazole, bismuth, and a proton pump inhibitor has been shown to obtain a very high cure rate. However, the fact that it must be taken four times daily may interfere with compliance. The objective of the study was to test the efficacy and tolerability of a new 4‐day therapy with 4 drugs taken every 12 hours to cure H. pylori infection. Patients and Methods. Fifty‐six consecutive patients with peptic ulcer disease and H. pylori infection were treated with an oral 4‐day course with omeprazole (20 mg/12 hours), clarithromycin (500 mg/12 hours), amoxicillin (1 g/12 hours) and tinidazole (500 mg/12 hours). Efficacy of the treatment was determined at least 2 months after therapy either by biopsy (in the case of gastric ulcer) or by 13C‐urea breath test. A second breath test was performed at least 6 months after therapy.Results. Two patients were lost to follow‐up. Forty‐nine of the remaining 54 patients were cured at the first control [intention‐to‐treat cure rate: 87.5% (CI 95% 75–94%); per protocol cure rate: 90.7% (CI 95% 81–98%)]. Forty‐three of these 49 cured patients returned for a second 13C urea breath‐test at 6–12 months. Two of them were not cured, giving a long‐term cure rate of 85.5% per protocol and 73.2% by intention‐to‐treat. Compliance was good, although 25 patients had mild side effects.Conclusion. This particular four‐day therapy is well tolerated, easy to follow, and achieves an acceptably high cure rate.