bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DNA on surfaces
Authors: Bates Andrew D , Maxwell Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The development of the ideas of linking number, twist and writhe (Chapter 2) has provided powerful concepts for understanding the geometry of supercoiled DNA. However, we have seen that the actual values of twist and writhe are difficult to determine, except in a few specialized cases (Chapter 2, Section 2.4.1). An important factor that can modulate DNA supercoiling is the wrapping of the DNA on a protein surface, where, in a closed-circular molecule, the writhing of the DNA around the complex and any changes in twist of the DNA helix contribute to the overall supercoiling of the molecule.
Knots and catenanes
Authors: Bates Andrew D , Maxwell Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To most people the word ‘knot’ conjures up images of boy scouts and bowlines, but, in the context of this book, it refers to ‘topological’ knots in DNA. The distinction between the everyday sense of the word ‘knot’ (as applied, for example, to a piece of string) and a topological knot, is that the latter must be a closed curve. Like linking number (Chapter 2, Section 2.3.1), topological knotting is a concept that is only meaningful in a closed curve.
Biological consequences of DNA topology
Authors: Bates Andrew D , Maxwell Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We hope that by the time you have reached this chapter you will have a good grasp of the concepts of DNA topology and will appreciate that it is an unavoidable issue when dealing with virtually any naturally occurring DNA molecule. The purpose of this chapter is to put DNA topology into the context of important biological processes: DNA replication, transcription, and recombination.
Origin and significance of Special Relativity
Authors: Giulini Domenico 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The year 1905 is commonly known as Einstein’s miraculous year. In that year, the just 26 year old patent clerk Albert Einstein (1879–1955)—at this time still a scientific nobody—published five seminal papers in the prestigious German physics journalAnnalen der Physik, each of which had a major impact on the future development of physics. (A book containing all five papers in English translation appeared a fewyears ago [1], nowalso available as an e-Book.)
The Foucault pendulum
Authors: Baker Gregory L , Blackburn James A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The sphere, hanging from a long wire set in the ceiling of the choir, swayed back and forth with isochronal majesty … I knew the earth was rotating, and I with it, and Saint-Martin-des-Champs and all Paris with me, and that together we were rotating beneath the Pendulum, whose own plane never changed direction, because up there, along the infinite extrapolation of its wire beyond the choir ceiling, up toward the most distant galaxies lay the Only Fixed Point in the universe, eternally unmoving.
With a novelist’s hyperbole, Umberto Eco begins his unusual tale entitled Foucault’s Pendulum. It is a story of innocent diversions that turn into consuming reality, of fictitious plots, hatched by three unlikely dreamers with their word-randomizing computer, that strangely coincide with ancient diabolical schemes. These fictitious schemes would reach fruition in the former church, Saint Martin des Champs—now part of the Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers (CNAM) in Paris, that has housed a Foucault pendulum since 1855. The plot of Eco’s novel has little to do with the physics of the pendulum, except that the pendulum’s regularity provides, as with Poe’s story, a prominent and ominous symbol. Through symbolism of the pendulum and many classical allusions, Eco’s tale builds a crescendo of dread toward the horror of its final conclusion.
The torsion pendulum
Authors: Baker Gregory L , Blackburn James A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The restoring forces responsible for harmonic motion in a conventional pendulum are provided by the local gravitational field. A grandfather clock, standing on the surface of the Moon, will run slow. A grandfather clock, ﬂoating in interplanetary space, will not ‘‘tick’’ at all. Gravity on the Moon is reduced; in free space it is zero.
But if, by the term pendulum, we mean to suggest the rather general situation of a hanging mass executing periodic motion, then in principle different types of pendula could be created by devising configurations for which other forms of restoring force arise. For example, in a torsion pendulum, a mass-structure is suspended from a thin fiber that is anchored securely at its other end as shown in Fig. 5.1.
The chaotic pendulum
Authors: Baker Gregory L , Blackburn James A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much of the history of physics has been characterized by the effort to understand, in great detail, increasingly smaller pieces of nature; beginning with classical particles and waves, and progressing to molecules, atoms, nuclei, and elementary particles. This trend became especially pronounced in the twentieth century with the development of sophisticated experi mental apparatus capable of probing deeply into nature’s innermost parts. Aside from the sense that one is closer to reality at the deeper levels of nature, it is plausible to assume that a clear understanding of the small pieces of nature will lead to a clear view of the large picture. The whole is presumed equal to the sum of its parts. This approach is sometimes call reductionism.
More recently, in certain areas of physics, the opposite methodology has proved fruitful. New structure and organization may become evident when there is complexity, large numbers of parts, several degrees of freedom, or even just sufficient energy to make a discrete change in the system. Indeed, sometimes the whole is more than the sum of its parts. This creation of new richness of behavior often occurs in the study of processes that are pushed well beyond their equilibrium configurations. Researchers find new levels of organization, new complexity that does not seem to be obvious from a consideration of the individual parts of the process (Prigogine 1980). For example, if reactants are forced rapidly into certain chemical reactions, the resultant products may show spatial or temporal ordering (Zhabotinskii 1991). Or convective systems with large temperature gradients may exhibit new structural or dynamic organization of ﬂuid motion. Even the motion of the humble pendulum achieves a new level of complexity if it is driven energetically at nonresonant frequencies.
The Dynamical Equations
Authors: Darrigol Olivier 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Modern derivations of the fundamental equations for non-viscous fluids have an air of evidence. The fluid is divided into volume elements, and the acceleration of a volume element is equated to a force divided by a mass. The force on the element dτ is the sum of an external action fdτ (e.g. gravity) and of the resultant -( ▽P)dt of the pressures exerted on the surface of the element by the surrounding fluid. If v (r, t) denotes the velocity of the fluid at the point r and time t, and r (t) is the position of the element at time t, then the acceleration of the element is the time derivative of v [r(t), t], that is, ∂v= ∂tþ (v • ∂)v. The mass of the element is the product of its density ρ and its volume dτ. Hence Euler’s equation follows:
Viscosity
Authors: Darrigol Olivier 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the early nineteenth century, the rational fluid mechanics of d’Alembert, Euler, and Lagrange remained irrelevant to the mundane problems of pipe flow and ship resistance. Engineers had their own empirical formulas, and mathematicians their own paper theory of perfectly unresisted flow. A similar contrast existed in the case of elasticity: the formulas established by mathematicians for the flexion of prisms were of little help in evaluating the limits of rupture in physical constructions. In the 1820s and 1830s, a new breed of French engineer–mathematicians trained at the Ecole Polytechnique, mainly Navier, Cauchy, and Saint-Venant, struggled to fill this gap between theory and practice. As a preliminary step toward a more realistic theory of elasticity, in 1821 Navier announced the general equations of equilibrium and motion for an (isotropic, one-constant) elastic body. Transposing his reasoning to fluids, he soon obtained a new hydrodynamic equation for viscous flow, namely the Navier–Stokes equation.
Turbulence
Authors: Darrigol Olivier 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If the velocities [of water in rivers] remained constant in each point of the traversed space, the surface of the liquid would look like a plate of ice and the herbs growing at the bottom would be equally motionless. Far from that, the stream presents incessant agitation and tumultuous, disordered movements, so that the velocities change in an abrupt and most diverse manner from one point to another and from one instant to the next. As noted by Leonardo da Vinci, Venturi, and especially Poncelet, one can perceive eddies, large and small, with a vertical mobile axis. One can also see, at the surface, bouillons, or eddies with a nearly horizontal axis, that constantly surge from the bottom and thus form genuine ruptures, with the intertwining and mixing motions that M. Boileau observed in his experiments. (Adhémar Barré de Saint-Venant, 1872)
Hard to gain though it may be, any understanding of hydrodynamic instabilities is of a negative kind. Namely, it only tells us when and why the rigorous solutions of the hydrodynamic equations under given boundary conditions fail to represent natural flows. It does not tell us much on the sort of motion into which the unstable system settles after perturbation. From common observations, everyone knows the great complexity of this motion. The capricious eddying of water behind obstacles, or the hesitating, convoluted rise of smoke from a fire have indeed inspired poets with metaphors for the unpredictability of human life.
The Elasticity of Long-Chain Molecules
Authors: Treloar L R G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE preceding chapters have set out the basic concepts of the kinetic theory of rubber elasticity and discussed in general thermodynamic terms some of its most characteristic consequences. We have seen that in its dependence on the changes of conformation of long-chain molecules the elasticity of rubber stands in striking contrast, both physically and thermodynamically, to the elasticity of an ordinary solid such as a crystal or a glass. We now proceed to the next stage in the development of the kinetic theory, which consists in the quantitative derivation of the actual mechanical properties of a rubber in terms of its molecular constitution.
Experimental Examination of the Statistical Theory
Authors: Treloar L R G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN the last chapter we saw that the statistical network theory leads to an expression for the work of deformation in a pure homogeneous strain of the most general type (eqn (4.9)), and to corresponding general stress-strain relations (eqns (4.18)), which involve only a single material constant or modulus, which is related to the degree of cross-linking or number of chains per unit volume of the network (eqn 4.9b)). Attempts to verify the theory by comparison with the actual properties of rubbers have been concerned both with the form of the stress-strain relations, and with the comparison of the measured value of the modulus with that deried from chemical estimates of the degree of cross-linking.
Evolving together
Authors: Mayhew Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In much of the last two chapters we attempted to explain the outcome of ecological interactions by assuming one species evolving in relation to constraints provided by another, evolutionarily static, species. Of course there is no reason why this process need be so one-way, and if it is not, then it is essential that the reciprocal evolution of both species in an interaction be considered. Such reciprocal evolution of interacting species is called co-evolution. The aim of co-evolutionary studies is to predict or understand the evolutionary dynamics and evolutionary outcomes that result from species interactions. The subject actually has one of the longest histories of any in evolutionary ecology, with basic concepts and theory dating to the 1950s (see Thompson 1999).
Big evolution
Authors: Mayhew Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Up until now the book has been concerned with the properties of individual lineages and how they change through time: so-called ‘microevolution’. Our focus in microevolution has been mostly on how the average properties of a species may change and why they were of a certain observed value as opposed to some other hypothetical values. This is a natural stance to take, because intraspecific variation tends to be small in comparison with interspecific variation, hence, we can justify to some extent treating species as single points in the moving cloud of phenotype space (though see Chapter 11). Evolutionary biologists can also consider the properties of clades of lineages: so-called ‘macroevolution’ (Figure 14.1).
David G. Lloyd and the evolution of floral biology: from natural history to strategic analysis
Authors: Barrett Spencer C H , Harder Lawrence D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
David G. Lloyd’s scholarly contributions provide the conceptual foundation for many aspects of plant reproductive biology. Here we provide a biographical sketch of Lloyd’s life, trace his intellectual development, and highlight the main research problems that he tackled during his 30-year career. Our review reveals how Lloyd started as a botanist making natural history observations in the classic Darwinian tradition. As his career progressed, Lloyd embraced the optimality approach of evolutionary ecology, enabling him to provide some of the first strategic analyses of plant reproductive adaptations. Many of Lloyd’s ideas have influenced contemporary research and we identify four major areas in which he made seminal contributions: self- and cross-fertilization, gender strategies, allocation strategies and floral mechanisms.
Between cortex and the basal ganglia: Neuroscientific Accounts Of Voluntary Action
Authors: Roth Gerhard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The study of voluntary action has a long tradition in neurobiology and neurology, especially because of the consequences of impairment in the motor system, such as in Parkinson’s disease or in Chorea Huntington. Usually, voluntary actions are experienced consciously and are accompanied by the feeling that they originate from within ourselves—as opposed to being a reflex. In more neurological and neurobiological terms, voluntary actions include all kinds of behaviour that can be started, restrained, or changed during its course and can vary in intensity. They can typically improve through practice, as in the case of driving a car, cycling, or playing the piano. Characteristically, they first require conscious control in the form of attention and concentration, and an explicit act of will, but the more they are perfected and stereotyped, the less they require conscious control, including an act of will. Interestingly—despite this process of automation and decoupling from consciousness—we still attribute these movements to ourselves.
Mental causation: the Supervenience argument and the proportionality constraint
Authors: SchrÖDer JÜRgen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One central aspect of the mind-body problem traditionally has been the question: ‘How can the mind influence the body, and how it is possible that mental items like intentions and beliefs can make a difference to how we act’. By the times of Descartes this question threatened to undermine his substance dualism because it was not at all clear how something immaterial could change the course of the material particles out of which the human body is composed. Later on, when the conservation of energy was discovered, it was thought that a causal influence from an immaterial soul to a material brain would violate this conservation law because any time there is a mental change, energy would disappear from the brain, and any time there is a mentally induced change in the brain, energy would be created. Although this problem did much to weaken the support for substance dualism, there were still those who sought to render mental causation compatible with the conservation of energy by appealing to quantum effects (e.g. Eccles, 1989).
Rational And Irrational Intentions: An Argument For Externalism
Authors: Vossenkuhl Wilhelm 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is plenty of evidence, for instance, in mathematics, the sciences, and economics, that rationality is paramount to all other cognitive powers. There is further evidence that intentions are borne and originate in the mind. We therefore might be inclined to conclude that rational intentions are brought about in the mind internally by the best of all cognitive powers. In this case it would be enough to analyse mental representations that are antecedent to decision making in order to find the basic ingredients causing rational or irrational intentions.
Bird population dynamics, management, and conservation: the role of mathematical modelling
Authors: Lebreton J -D , Clobert J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the real world animal populations rarely show simple patterns of growth such as the exponential or logistic model: most of the time complex mechanisms interact over time in an intrinsically multiplicative process. This complexity limits the value of intuitive reasoning or of simple models. In a parallel way, biological goals in studies of the dynamics of bird populations are very diverse, ranging e.g. from deciding if a population is stable in numbers, to assessing the effects of dispersal at various levels in time and space. This might be used equally to fight a pest as to predict the risk of extinction of an endangered population.
Effects of predation on the numbers of Great Tits Parus major
Authors: Mccleery R H , Perrins C M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Great Tit, Parus major is one of the most intensively studied small birds in the world and, more importantly perhaps, has been the subject of a number of long-term studies from which some conclusions can be drawn about the dynamics of populations. The longest running study was that started in the Netherlands by H. Wolda (Kluijver 1951) and continued in the Hoge Veluwe (van Balen 1980) and on the island of Vlieland. The Oxford study was started in Wytham Woods by Drs D. Lack and J. A. Gibb in 1947 (e.g. Lack 1966); initially this study was confined to a relatively small area of the woods, Marley Wood, but was extended to cover the whole of Wytham Woods during the years 1958-65. Few breeding adults were trapped before 1960 and from 1960-4 only females were caught, so for studies such as this one, involving survival rates of individuals, 1965 marks the beginning of the usable data set.
Survival rates of Greater Flamingos in the west Mediterranean region
Authors: Johnson A R , Green R E , Hirons G J M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Flamingos lay their eggs on the ground or in raised mud nests and breed in large, dense colonies. In spite of the numbers of adult birds present at colonies they are ineffective in deterring predators from taking eggs or young. Even birds much smaller than Flamingos, such as gulls, are able to take eggs with little difficulty. Therefore, successful breeding depends on the inaccessibility of colonies. Consequently, these are usually on islands and set in large desolate areas rarely penetrated by mammalian predators (Cramp and Simmons 1977).
Analysis and ecological correlates of tick burdens in a New Guinea avifauna
Authors: Pruett-Jones Melinda , Pruett-Jones Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ticks (Arachnida: Acari) are nearly ubiquitous ectoparasites of terrestrial vertebrates. Although taxonomically conservative, with approximately 800 species in 20 genera in three families (Ixodidae, Argasidae, and Nuttalliellidae; Hoogstraal 1978), ticks are geographically widely distributed, being found on all continents, and most islands (Hoogstraal 1973). They infest most orders and families of mammals, reptiles, and birds and are vectors for a number of pathogens which are known to adversely affect the survival and reproduction of both human and nonhuman hosts (Hoogstraal 1966; Wilde 1978). As vectors of human diseases, ticks rank second only to mosquitoes (Obenchain and Galun 1982). With respect to bird populations, effects of tick infestations on reproduction include mortality of young, nest failure, and nest desertion (Duffy 1983, and references therein).
Effects of avian host age and arbovirus infection on mosquito attraction and blood-feeding success
Authors: Scott Thomas W , Edman John D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we review the role of birds in arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) transmission cycles with emphasis on interactions between avian hosts and mosquito vectors. Our discussion begins with an introduction to the role of birds in arbovirus transmission and is followed by a summary of contemporary thoughts on attraction of mosquitoes to birds and on avian defensive behaviour toward mosquitoes that are attempting to blood feed. The last section of the chapter addresses research that we conducted to determine how avian host age and virus infection status affect the attraction and blood-feeding success of mosquitoes.
The need for a worldwide botanical referenee system
Authors: Lucas G Ll. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The taxonomists of the world have been struggling to identify, name and classify the world’s flora now in a systematic way for nearly 250 years. We have been very conscientious; there are nearly one million names in the Index Kewensis to prove it. However, we all know there are probably only about 250 000 species covered by those names and of course there are still many species to be discovered, named, and classified. What must we do, therefore, to help the user community to have full access to our combined knowledge to help them with their specific needs? Simply, they need a basic system that identifies the entities, gives them a name, and shows how they relate to one another, and what their distributions are. How simple it sounds-but it doesn’t exist. Because this system doesn’t exist, others (lawyers and legislators) are taking the decisions and in doing so are putting taxonomists to one side. We have to take the high ground again by providing such a system: a reliable and permanent system. But what is essential is that the taxonomists design and run the system. Hence one element of this programme is the Species Plantarum Project. It must be an international collaborative venture to show that we, the taxonomic community, can provide what the world needs. More importantly we need to start now. It is a big task and the sooner it is started the sooner it will be finished.