bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and characterization of salen‐type ligands functionalized with pyrrole derivative pendant arms
Authors: Andrade Mariana , Sousa Carla , Enrique Borges José , Freire Cristina 
Published: April 2005

AbstractSeveral salen‐type ligands functionalized with two pyrrole derivative pendant arms were prepared. These Schiff base ligands, which differ in the imine bridge, were prepared by a multi‐step procedure that includes (i) synthesis of 3‐pyrrol‐1‐ylpropanoic acid, (ii) transformation of the latter compound into the mixed carboxylic–carbonic anhydride (MCCA) intermediate followed by reaction with 2,3‐dihydroxybenzaldehyde to give (3‐formyl‐2‐hydroxyphenyl) 3‐(pyrrol‐1‐yl)propanoate and finally (iii) Schiff condensation of the different 1,2‐diamines with (3‐formyl‐2‐hydroxyphenyl) 3‐(pyrrol‐1‐yl)propanoate. The key step in the Schiff base ligand preparation is the functionalization of the 2,3‐dihydroxybenzaldehyde at the C‐3 hydroxyl group without protection of the C‐2 hydroxyl group, by a regiospecific acylation of the ortho‐hydroxyl group via esterification with the mixed carboxylic–carbonic anhydride of 3‐pyrrol‐1‐ylpropanoic acid. The compounds were characterized by elemental analyses, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and FTIR and UV–visible spectrophotometry. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Emergency response to a noncollision hazmat release from a railcar
Authors: Ogle Russell A. , Morrison D.R. , Viz M.J. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractA manufacturer of a solid oxidizer experienced three successive hazardous material accidents/releases during a one‐week period. This case study discusses the emergency response process and how it evolved as new information became available. The commodity, a granular solid classified as DOT 5.1, was known to be thermally unstable. The material was further known to be both water‐reactive and susceptible to autocatalytic decomposition (that is, its decomposition products accelerated the rate of decomposition). During decomposition the material has the capacity to generate a large volume of noncondensable gases. The manufacturer transported the commodity in bulk using pressure differential hopper railcars.After the occurrence of the first accident, the manufacturer implemented a rapid and effective emergency response to protect human health and the environment. Because this was a noncollision event, immediate consideration was given to the fleet of commodity‐containing railcars in transit to customer sites. The technical challenges unique to rail transportation and railcar design greatly influenced the emergency response. These challenges and their resolution are discussed. Although the next two accidents resulted in loss of the commodity, there were no injuries or environmental impact. The subsequent accident investigation determined that the direct cause of the railcar decompositions was the inadvertent introduction of water into the bulk solid. Data collected during the emergency response phase played a crucial role in the subsequent root cause investigation and in the design of safeguards to reduce the hazard of decomposition in future rail shipments. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2005
Thermal properties of a high volume fraction SiC particle‐reinforced pure aluminum composite
Authors: Zhang Qiang , Wu Gaohui , Jiang Longtao , Luan Bofeng 
Published: April 2005

AbstractWith dual‐sized SiC particles, a 70 vol% SiCp/pure Al composite was fabricated by squeeze casting technology. The composite was subjected to a thermal cycling test between 20 and 150 °C. A large residual tensile strain was observed at the end of the first cycling, but the residual length changes were reduced with the following cyclings. It was demonstrated that the thermal stress during the cycling process played an important role in the dimensional change. The composite coefficients of thermal expansion during thermal cyclings ranged from 9.14 × 10–6 to 9.28 × 10–6/K, and they were in better agreement with the prediction of Kerner's model. To calculate the thermal conductivity of the composite with dual‐sized reinforcements, an equivalent particle diameter was introduced to the effective medium approximation method. The predicted values agreed well the measured conductivity. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Energy spectrum and optical properties of polymer–nanocrystal composites
Authors: Shik A. , Bakueva L. , Ruda H. E. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractComposite systems containing semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs) embedded into a conducting polymer matrix have a number of key distinctions from semiconductor quantum dot heterostructures. Low electron affinity of conducting polymers results in a type‐II heterojunction at the NC‐polymer interface with electrons localized inside NC and delocalized holes with a continuous density of states. Optical properties of nanocomposites were considered accounting for the above‐mentioned features of energy spectrum. The results explain a series of experimentally observed peculiarities including various and sometimes featureless absorption spectra, large Stokes shift and activationless photoconductivity. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Bali beyond the bomb: disparate discourses and implications for sustainability
Authors: Robinson Alex J. , Meaton Julia 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis paper reflects on varied local responses to the Kuta bombings and situates them within recent political events in Indonesia. It notes that there is an increasingly voiced need for the fuller incorporation of local realities into future development paradigms in Bali.Following 12 October there was a politically powerful and urgent call for Bali to get back to ‘business as usual’. This opinion was presented rationally, coherently and with authority. It is, it implies, the voice of Bali. However, for many in Bali the events of 12 October presented a critical time for reflection and seeds were evident of fledgling calls for change.It is suggested that for development to be sustainable in Bali there is a need to recontextualize policies and agendas in line with recent socio‐political events. Crucially, there is a growing need for a change of emphasis away from a broad focus on conflicts between tourists and hosts and towards conflicts within and between localized communities. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
What drives socially responsible investment? The case of the Netherlands
Authors: Scholtens Bert 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis paper asks what determines the growth of socially responsible savings and investments in the Netherlands. We find that special tax regulation can be held responsible for more than half of the growth in socially responsible savings and investments during the period 1995–2001. It has resulted in socially and environmentally worthwhile projects that would otherwise not have had access to finance. Furthermore, it appears that investors in the Netherlands are sensitive to changes in the underlying regulation. However, an important fraction of the investors is likely to keep their investments if the favourable tax treatment were to be abandoned. This paper also investigates the financial performance of socially responsible savings and investments. We find that the investments earn returns that do not significantly differ from the return on their benchmarks. The risk, however, is significantly above that of the benchmark. In contrast, socially responsible savings earn a higher (after‐tax) return and have equal risk in comparison with ordinary savings. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Secretory immunoglobulin‐A reactivity following increases in workload intensity using the Defined Intensity Stressor Simulation (DISS)
Authors: Wetherell Mark A. , Sidgreaves Martin C. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractPrevious work suggests that secretory immunoglobulin‐A (S‐IgA) reactivity is inversely related to the perceived demands of the stressor. The Defined Intensity Stressor Simulation (DISS) comprises eight stressor modules, and allows for the manipulation of stress either through increasing the number of modules, or increasing the workload of the modules. The current study assessed the effect of increasing the workload of four modules upon S‐IgA reactivity and perceived demands. Participants (N = 14) attended three sessions on consecutive days where they provided a timed saliva sample immediately before and after 5 min on the DISS at low, medium and high workload. Following each session participants recorded their perceptions of the task with regard to workload and levels of stress and arousal. Perceived workload and stress, but not arousal, increased in accordance with increases in workload, however, differential S‐IgA reactivity was observed. Low workload resulted in a slight increase in S‐IgA secretion; medium workload elicited significant up‐regulation, while down‐regulation of S‐IgA occurred following high workload. As DISS is analogous to a variety of working environments it is suggested that the observed S‐IgA reactivity is indicative of how individuals react to multi‐tasking environments when faced with increases in objective or perceived workload demands. As S‐IgA levels are related to protection from illness, down‐regulation of S‐IgA in those who perceive greater demands may lead to greater vulnerability to ill‐health. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Personal and organizational outcomes related to job stress and Type‐A behavior: a study of Canadian and Chinese employees
Authors: Jamal Muhammad 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis study examined the relationship of job stress, Type‐A behavior and its two components (time pressure and hard driving/competitiveness) with burnout, health problems, job satisfaction, organizational commitment and turnover motivation among employees in Canada (N = 535) and mainland China (N = 685). Data were collected by means of a structured questionnaire from Canadian employees in Montreal and Chinese employees in Beijing. Pearson correlation and moderated multiple regression were used to analyze the data. Job stress, global Type‐A and its two components were significantly related to a number of dependant variables in both countries. Some support for differential effects of Type‐A behavior components was found primarily in the Canadian sample. Implications of findings are discussed for cross‐cultural research. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of a Korean traditional herbal supplement on symptoms of stress and mood profiles in high school girls: a randomized, double blind, placebo‐controlled trial
Authors: Lee Myeong Soo , Park Mi‐Suk , Shin Yong‐Il , Moon Byung‐Soon , Woo Won‐Hong 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a Korean traditional herbal remedy, Ondamtanggamibang, on symptoms of stress and mood state in a randomized, double blind, placebo‐controlled trial. Forty healthy high school girls volunteered to participate and were randomly assigned to either an herbal remedy group (N = 20) or a placebo control group (N = 20). Subjects consumed the supplement or placebo once a day for 3 days. Total symptoms of stress and total mood disturbance scores decreased significantly in the herbal remedy group as compared with the control group. These results suggest that this Korean traditional herbal supplement may be beneficial in alleviating the symptoms of stress and in enhancing mood. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
One equation fits overkill: why allometry underpins both prehistoric and modern body size‐biased extinctions
Authors: Brook Barry W. , Bowman David M. J. S. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe higher extinction proneness of large bodied vertebrates, both in the past and during the modern global biodiversity crisis, has a fundamental explanation in allometry: maximal population increase is scaled to body mass (W) by W−0.25, whilst generation length scales by W0.25 . Populations of any sized vertebrate can persist if their populations experience the same proportional reduction each generation, but if this chronic mortality occurs at an annual rate, then smaller short‐lived animals are able to survive whilst larger animals are driven inexorably to extinction. On this basis, our interpretation of the empirical body mass‐extinction risk evidence for both the Late Pleistocene extinctions and the contemporary biodiversity crisis is that human impacts are sufficiently rapid and ubiquitous to outstrip the capacity of natural selection in most large taxa, upsetting the highly evolved life history trade‐offs that permit the maintenance of a diverse assemblage of different sized animals.
Foraging behaviour of western sandpipers changes with sediment temperature: implications for their hemispheric distribution
Authors: Nebel Silke , Thompson Graham J. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractMigratory shorebirds need to replenish their energy reserves by foraging at stop‐over sites en route. Adjusting their foraging behaviour to accommodate variation in local prey availability would therefore be advantageous. We test whether western sandpipers (Calidris mauri), a sexually dimorphic shorebird, adjust their foraging behaviour in response to local changes in prey availability, as inferred by changes in diurnal time and sediment temperature. Both males and females showed quantitative changes to foraging mode in relation to each of these variables. Probing, for example, which is used to exploit infaunal prey, was significantly more common at higher temperatures. The results presented here are consistent with the notion that western sandpipers can adjust their foraging behaviour in response to variation in prey availability. Further, we speculate that temperature‐induced changes to prey location may contribute to the striking sexual segregation observed for this species during the non‐breeding season.
SOME LESSONS ON CONSTITUTION-MAKING FROM ZIMBABWE
Authors: Hatchard John 
Published: April 2005

The former (and late lamented) Chief Justice of South Africa, Justice Ismail
Mohammed, once observed that:“The constitution of a nation is not simply a statute which mechanically defines
the structures of government and the relations between the government and the
governed, it is a ‘mirror of the national soul’, the identification of the ideals and
aspirations of a nation, the articulation of the values binding its people and
disciplining its government.”Further, as van der Vyer has warned, “. . . a superimposed constitutional
formulae or constitutional arrangements that . . . do not address the real causes
of discontent, are sure to generate their own legitimacy crisis.” It follows that
the development of an appropriate procedure for constitution-making is of the
greatest practical importance. This short comment seeks to examine critically
the much-publicized efforts in Zimbabwe to develop a new autochthonous
constitution and to draw some lessons therefrom.
CASE NOTE
Authors: Osode Patrick C. 
Published: April 2005

DEFINING THE LIMITS OF PERMISSIBLE EMPLOYMENT DISCRIMINATION AGAINST PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS IN SOUTH AFRICA: HOFFMAN V. SOUTH AFRICAN AIRWAYS [2000] 12 BLLR 1365.Perhaps the most positive and exciting aftermath of the apartheid era is the
construction of the new South Africa upon the foundation of a Constitution
and other legal instruments that are unanimous and unambiguous in two
respects. The first is in their proscription of unfair discrimination and the second
is in their permission of statutory and other measures aimed at eliminating the
effects of past discrimination on those groups of persons who were at the receiving
end of same. The provisions of these instruments as well as their tenor and
spirit reveal an unmistakable national resolve to break from a culture of racial
discrimination to a constitutionally protected culture of human rights for South
Africans of all ages, classes and colours. Without doubt, the most important of
those provisions is the equality clause of the Bill of Rights contained in the
second chapter of the Constitution. This probably follows from a realization of
the fact that equality is fundamental to “the maintenance and propagation of
human rights in a democratic body politic, particularly in an acutely divided
society” such as South Africa.
TraA and its N-terminal relaxase domain of the Gram-positive plasmid pIP501 show specific oriT binding and behave as dimers in solution
Authors: KOPEC Jolanta , BERGMANN Alexander , FRITZ Gerhard , GROHMANN Elisabeth , KELLER Walter 
Published: April 2005

TraA is the DNA relaxase encoded by the broad-host-range Grampositive plasmid pIP501. It is the second relaxase to be characterized from plasmids originating from Gram-positive organisms. Full-length TraA (654 amino acids) and the N-terminal domain (246 amino acids), termed TraAN246, were expressed as 6×His-tagged fusions and purified. Small-angle X-ray scattering and chemical cross-linking proved that TraAN246 and TraA form dimers in solution. Both proteins revealed oriTpIP501 (origin of transfer of pIP501) cleavage activity on supercoiled plasmid DNA in vitro. oriT binding was demonstrated by electrophoretic mobility shift assays. Radiolabelled oligonucleotides covering different parts of oriTpIP501 were subjected to binding with TraA and TraAN246. The KD of the protein–DNA complex encompassing the inverted repeat, the nick site and an additional 7 bases was found to be 55 nM for TraA and 26 nM for TraAN246. The unfolding of both protein constructs was monitored by measuring the change in the CD signal at 220 nm upon temperature change. The unfolding transition of both proteins occurred at approx. 42 °C. CD spectra measured at 20 °C showed 30% α-helix and 13% β-sheet for TraA, and 27% α-helix and 18% β-sheet content for the truncated protein. Upon DNA binding, an enhanced secondary structure content and increased thermal stability were observed for the TraAN246 protein, suggesting an induced-fit mechanism for the formation of the specific relaxase–oriT complex.
Regulation of activity in vitro and in vivo of three phospholipases B from Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: MERKEL Olaf , OSKOLKOVA Olga V. , RAAB Florian , EL-TOUKHY Rosemarie , PALTAUF Fritz 
Published: April 2005

The genome of the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, contains three highly similar genes coding for phospholipases B/lysophospholipases. These enzymes behave differently with respect to substrate preferences in vitro and relative contributions to phospholipid catabolism in vivo [Merkel, Fido, Mayr, Prüger, Raab, Zandonella, Kohlwein and Paltauf (1999) J. Biol. Chem. 274, 28121–28127]. It is shown in the present study that, in vitro, pH markedly affects the substrate preference of Plb1p and Plb2p, but not of Plb3p. At the pH optimum of 2.5–3.5, the order of substrate preference of Plb1p and Plb2p is PtdSer (phosphatidylserine)&gt;PtdIns&gt;PtdCho (phosphatidylcholine&gt;PtdEtn (phosphatidylethanolamine). At pH values of 5 and above, the substrate preferences change to PtdCho=PtdEtn for Plb1p and PtdSer=PtdEtn for Plb2p. Accordingly, with cultured cells the ratio of PtdIns/PtdCho breakdown, as reflected in the ratio of GroPIns (glycerophosphoinositol)/GroPCho (glycerophosphocholine) released into the culture medium, is inversely related to the pH of the growth medium. This effect is ascribed to the pH response of Plb1p, because Plb2p does not contribute to the degradation of PtdIns and PtdCho in vivo. Bivalent and tervalent cations activate phospholipases B at pH 5.5, but are inhibitory at pH 2.5. Al3+ at a concentration of 20 mM increases Plb1p activity in vitro by 8-fold and leads to a 9-fold increase in GroPCho release by whole cells. In vivo, cycloheximide strongly inhibits the breakdown of PtdIns, and to a lesser extent PtdCho. However, Al3+-stimulated GroPCho release is almost completely inhibited by cycloheximide. Deletion of PLB3 leads to increased sensitivity to toxic Al3+. Addition of SDS or melittin to cultured cells leads to a significant increase in phospholipid degradation, which is insensitive to inhibition by cycloheximide. Deletion mutants defective in the PLB1 gene are significantly more resistant to SDS than are wild-type cells.
Depletion of Caco-2 cell cholesterol disrupts barrier function by altering the detergent solubility and distribution of specific tight-junction proteins
Authors: LAMBERT Daniel , O'NEILL Catherine A. , PADFIELD Philip J. 
Published: April 2005

In the present study, we have investigated the role of cholesterol in maintaining the barrier properties of the model intestinal cell line Caco-2. We have extracted membrane cholesterol using methyl-β-cyclodextrin and demonstrated that maximally, methyl-β-cyclodextrin lowered cell cholesterol levels by 40–45%. Depletion of cell cholesterol was accompanied by an 80–90% decrease in monolayer transepithelial electrical resistance and a significant increase in the paracellular permeability of dextrans of 4, 10 and 40 kDa. The increase in dextran permeability was most pronounced for the two lower molecular mass species. In addition to the decline in the barrier properties of the monolayers, extraction of cell cholesterol produced an increase in the Triton X-100 solubility of claudin 3, claudin 4 and occludin, and the loss of all three proteins from the plasma membrane (tight junctions). In contrast, removal of cholesterol had no detectable influence on the detergent solubility or morphological distribution of claudin 1. These results indicate that membrane cholesterol is a critical factor in maintaining the barrier property of epithelial monolayers. More specifically, cholesterol appears to stabilize the association of certain proteins with the tight junctions.
Shedding and γ-secretase-mediated intramembrane proteolysis of the mucin-type molecule CD43
Authors: ANDERSSON Christian X. , FERNANDEZ-RODRIGUEZ Julia , LAOS Sirle , BAECKSTRÖM Dan , HAASS Christian , HANSSON Gunnar C. 
Published: April 2005

CD43 is a transmembrane molecule that contains a 123-aminoacids-long cytoplasmic tail and a highly O-glycosylated extracellular domain of mucin type. Endogenous CD43 expressed in COLO 205, K562 and Jurkat cells revealed a membrane-associated, 20 kDa CD43-specific cytoplasmic tail fragment (CD43-CTF) upon inhibition of γ-secretase. This fragment was formed by an extracellular cleavage, as it was not accumulated after treating cells with 1,10-phenanthroline, a metalloprotease inhibitor. When CD43 was transfected into HEK-293 cells expressing dominant-negative PS1 (presenilin-1), the CD43-CTF was accumulated, but not in cells with wild-type PS1. Owing to its accumulation in the presence of a non-functional PS variant, it may thus be a novel γ-secretase substrate. This CTF is formed by an extracellular cleavage close to the membrane, is a fragment that can be concluded to be a substrate for γ-secretase. However, the intracellular γ-secretase product has not been possible to detect, suggesting a quick processing of this product. During normal growth the CTF was not found without γ-secretase inhibition, but when the cells (COLO 205) were very confluent the fragment could be detected. The intracellular domain of CD43 has previously been shown to contain a functional nuclear localization signal, and has been suggested to be involved in gene activation. From this and the present results, a novel way to explain how mucin-type molecules may transduce intracellular signals can be proposed.