bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Feasibility study to demonstrate the potential of smoke hoods in simulated aircraft fire atmospheres: Development of the fire model
Authors: Paul K. T. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe subject of this paper is the development of a fire model producing smoke similar to that which could be anticipated from a burning passenger aircraft in the period before flashover. The simulated aircraft fire smoke was used to test filter and oxygen‐donating smoke hoods as part of the Accident Investigation Branch research programme initiated after the Boeing 737 fire at Manchester in 1985. A relatively simple approach was adopted in which materials used in passenger aircrafts cabins were burned in an enclosed room. The smoke hood exposure tests were then carried out in the same room. The fire model permitted the smoke hoods to be tested for 5‐min periods with an atmosphere approximating to that required and for longer periods with atmospheres with reduced concentrations of the more polar gases. Analytical procedures enabled both challenge atmospheres and filter penetration to be assessed. The evaluation of smoke hoods by Rapra Technology and British Coal demonstrated that filter smoke hoods were capable of providing protection (providing there was sufficient oxygen to sustain life), that carbon dioxide did not cause debilitation and that the heat produced by the oxidation of carbon monoxide was dissipated. Oxygen‐donating systems were also capable of providing protection for the duration of their oxygen supply but it was necessary to prevent the build‐up of carbon dioxide. Other important factors, such as the effectiveness of smoke hood to head seals and the effect of hood donning on aircraft evacuation times, have not been examined in this paper.
Material characteristics in the analysis of heated steel beams
Authors: Skowroński Wojciech 
Published: May 2005

AbstractBeam fire tests are expensive and complicated. They may be replaced by calculations of the heated beam deflection by means of the method presented in this paper. The following material characteristics in the analysis of the deflection of beams during fire may be taken as fundamental: the steel creep characteristic at elevated temperatures, the modulus of elasticity and the coefficient of thermal expansion. According to the yield hinge theory, the yield stress is the criterion of failure of steel beams in fire. On the other hand, in the analysis of the deflection of the heated steel beams the influence of the yield stress is very small. The influence of the respective material characteristics on the heated steel beam's destruction is shown in this paper.
A laboratory‐scale gallery fire test on rubber conveyor belts with fabric skeletons
Authors: Nakagawa Yuichi , Komai Takeshi , Kohno Makoto 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe authors have conducted a laboratory‐scale gallery fire test on nine different rubber conveyor belts with fabric skeletons. The interior of the gallery used in this test was 2.5 m long, 0.35 m wide and 0.35 m high. The fire test on each sample was conducted in the upward airflow of the inclined gallery as well as in the horizontal one, and both 60 mm and 90 mm wide specimens, whose length was about 1.5 m, were provided for each test. The test results were compared with those from some other small‐scale flammability tests; i.e. the small‐scale flame, the oxygen index and the hot plate ignition tests. In addition, some problems in the laboratory‐scale gallery fire test were also discussed. As a result, it has been found empirically that determination of both the time to ignition and the flame‐propagation speed could be significant in case the flame propagated over the whole length of the belt specimen in the gallery, so that the fire resistance of the belt samples could be classified in detail.
A study of the synergistic action of antimony oxide in fire‐retardant polyethylene
Authors: Yang Y. P. , Brewer D. G. , Venart J. E. S. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe fire‐retardant effectiveness of mixtures of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and artimony oxide (Sb2O3) in polyethylene (PE) was examined utilizing differential thermal analysis (DTA), gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS) and limited oxygen index (LOI) techniques. It was determined that the normal practice of mixing Sb2O3 with HBCD induced a synergistic chemical reaction at 250°C whose main product, SbBr3, was responsible for enhanced fire retardancy. The mixing of SbBr3 directly into the PE produces a superior fire‐retardant polyethylene.
A study of the fire behaviour of polypropylene letter trays
Authors: McArthur N. A. , Jolliffe C. B. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractA study of the fire behaviour of polypropylene plastics trays being considered for letter handling has been carried out. Various ignition sources and configurations of trays (both empty and filled with letters) were examined. In particular, stacks of trays contained in large steel‐mesh unit load devices (ULDs), protected by automatic sprinklers, were ignited and the progress of the fires, release of heat and smoke, and sprinkler activation recorded. It was found that, when examined singly or in stacks in scenarios which might be encountered in sorting areas and post offices, the trays made from fire‐retardant plastics were more difficult to ignite and took longer to become involved in fire than those made from standard grade plastics. The benefits of this slower build‐up fire with the retarded plastics formulation were reduced to some extent by the greater amounts of smoke released by the burning of the retarded plastics. For stacks of ULDs filled with trays, typical of a scenario in a mail exchange, the fire‐retardant plastics gave significant benefits in terms of life safety and fire damage to the trays and mail.
Some properties of hardened cement paste and reinforcing bars upon cooling from elevated temperatures
Authors: Dias W. P. S. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe post‐cooling properties of reinforced concrete constituents are of great relevance in the assessment of a structure for re‐use after fire. The expansive rehydration of dissociated calcium hydroxide on post‐cooling exposure to air can cause a total loss in strength if cement paste specimens are heated to and maintained at 400°C or above. The use of cement replacement agents can mitigate this effect. The strength and ductility of hot‐rolled mild steel and cold twisted steel on gradual cooling or quenching from various temperatures can be correlated with microstructural phenomena. There is a significant increase in strength and loss of ductility when both types of steel are quenched from temperatures above 723°C. Some practical implications of these properties are described, using examples of fire‐damaged structures.
PC‐Based product‐selection systems to enhance fire safety in construction
Authors: Zicherman Joseph B. , Frey David , Licht Richard , Jensen Kristen , Schommer Tony 
Published: May 2005

AbstractGrowing use of PCs in offices has been accompanied by increasing dependence on these systems to accomplish construction/specification and CAD‐based design tasks. The combination of product performance and characteristic data with PC‐based data storage and retrieval techniques is a newly developed example of this. Storage techniques utilized range from floppy disks on single systems through those loaded to hard disks or ROM systems, such as compact disks containing hundreds of megabytes of information. The combination of artificial intelligence techniques to aid the specifier are particularly useful where complex code‐mandated fire performance requirements exist. Using through penetration fire‐stopping technology as an example illustrates how such technology can assist architects, designers and specifiers. Computer workstations—both PCs and Macs—are increasingly finding their way into the design and specification work implicit in constructing buildings. Because of the growing complexity of requirements for fire performance of these structures, use of computer‐based systems to aid in choosing the right components to maintain fire safety levels makes good sense. Coupling artificial intelligence approaches—i.e. quasi‐expert systems—to selection of such products with viewing of drawings can reduce design professionals' work loads and provide increased advantages for designers, specifiers, enforcement officials and product manufacturers and marketers.
Improved fire safety of composites for naval applications
Authors: Sorathia Usman , Rollhauser Charles M. , Hughes W. Allen 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThis study is based on the use of integral, hybrid thermal barrier to protect the core of the composite structure. Thermal barrier treatments evaluated in this study include ceramic fabric, ceramic coating, intumescent coating, hybrid of ceramic and intumescent coating, silicone foam, and phenolic skin. The composite systems evaluated in combination with thermal barrier treatments included glass/vinyl ester, graphite/epoxy, graphite/bismaleimide, and graphite/phenolic. All configurations were tested for flammability characteristics. These included smoke density and combustion gas generation (ASTM E‐662), residual flexural strength (ASTM D‐790), heat release rate, and ignitability (ASTM E‐1354). ASTM E‐662 test method covers the determination of specific optical density of smoke generated by solid materials. ASTM D‐790 test method covers the determination of flexural properties of composite materials in the form of rectangular bars. ASTM E‐1354 (cone calorimeter) covers the measurement of the response of materials exposed to controlled levels of radiant heating with or without an external ignitor, and is used to determine the ignitability, heat release rates, mass loss rates, effective heat of combustion, and visible smoke development. Without any fire barrier treatments, all composite systems evaluated in this study failed to meet ignitability and peak heat release requirements of MIL‐STD‐2031 (SH) at radiant heat fluxes of 75 and 100 kW m−2, respectively. Intumescent coating and a hybrid system consisting of intumescent coating over ceramic coating were the most effective fire barrier treatments for composite systems evaluated in this study. Using either of these treatments, all composite systems met the ignitability requirements of 90 and 60 at 75 and 100 kW m−2, respectively. Except for glass/vinyl ester, all systems also met the peak and average heat release requirements of MIL‐STD‐2031 (SH) at radiant heat fluxes of 25, 75, and 100 kW m−2, respectively.
Note: Fire‐retardant treatment of roofing thatch
Authors: Eboatu A. N. , Birnin‐Kebbi F. , Shehu D. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe double salt calcium phosphate–calcium sulphate monohydrate, hereafter referred to as fertilizer, was used to impregnate some grass commonly used for roofing houses. It was found that this treatment significantly changed the thermal characteristics of the material. Reasons are adduced to explain these observations.
Oxygen index: Correlations to other fire tests
Authors: Weil Edward D. , Patel Navin G. , Said M. M. , Hirschler Marcelo M. , Shakir Saleem 
Published: May 2005

AbstractAn investigation has been carried out of the limiting oxygen index (LOI) test. A review of the literature shows that, although there is abundant information on the test, it is not clear that its results correlate well with those of any other test, or indeed with those of real fires. Theoretical considerations indicate that the test could be improved by using it with bottom ignition rather than with the standard top ignition. A number of materials were tested in the cone calorimeter and in the LOI, and various correlations were attempted. In general, correlations between some of the cone calorimeter properties measured and the inverse of the LOI made sense. These correlations were not, however, sufficiently sensitive, even when investigating small effects on a single base polymer system, to justify using the LOI as a proxy for the cone in any way. The LOI is likely to continue to be used extensively. This work suggests that quality control and, possibly, mechanistic or other flame‐retardant additive studies, are its only applications where the results can be justified.
An experimental facility for determination of steady flame spread rate of materials employing the Quasi‐stationary flame front technique
Authors: Bhatnagar Subodh Kumar , Varshney B. S. , Mohanty B. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractAn experimental facility based on the Quasi‐stationary Flame Front Technique for determination of steady flame spread rate of materials at discrete levels of external radiant heat flux was developed. The method employs an external radiant heat source in front of which an element of a specimen of the material is positioned at a location corresponding to the desired level of external radiant heat flux. A specimen movement assembly, which can be operated manually, was designed for moving the specimen towards the stationary external radiant heat source such that the flame front could be maintained quasi‐stationary. The experimental technique employed is simple in operation yet is capable of yielding reliable flame fornt displacement–time data. In the paper the design considerations of the experimental facility, details of its components, calibration and typical experimental results obtained are presented.
Fire performance of fire‐retardant wood fiberboard ceiling tile
Authors: Zicherman J. B. , Allard D. L. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractWood fiberboard‐based, cellulose ceiling tiles have been used for many years. While various fire‐retardant technologies have been developed to reduce the surface flammability of these products to acceptable levels, questions of their suitability for use due to their intrinsic fuel value and the impact of attachment methods used on fire performance have been raised from time to time. This paper reviews the history of these products from a fire‐performance perspective and presents materials property data on surface flamespread, thermal conductivity and ignition phenomena. In addition, large‐scale room fire test results are presented including compartment tests conducted on a variety of assemblies (including those installed with mastic construction adhesives) according to ASTM E 603—Standard Guide for Room Fire Experiments.
An attachment for use with the NBS smoke density chamber for measurement of smoke obscuration at different orientations
Authors: Hirschler Marcelo M. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe NBS smoke density chamber (ASTM E662) is the most popular test instrument used to measure smoke obscuration. In its standard use, it can accommodate only samples in the vertical orientation. In this work, the smoke generated by 12 materials was measured in the smoke chamber in the normal way and by using a proposed attachment, with a dual‐burner system which can be oriented both horizontally and vertically. Results obtained were different for many of the materials, due particularly to melting characteristics of some of them, which then led to inaccurately small smoke values. Most of the materials were also tested in the cone calorimeter, which gave the same trends (albeit with a mediocre correlation) as the smoke chamber in the horizontal orientation. The correlation between cone calorimeter results and vertical orientation (traditional or dual‐burner) results in the smoke chamber was virtually non‐existent. This suggests that the use of the NBS smoke chamber in a horizontal orientation may result in it yielding more meaningful data.
Plasma MHPG and AMDP depression relations, evolution and drug effect in a follow‐up study of depressed patients
Authors: Karege F. , Bovier Ph. , Gaillard J.‐M. , Tissot R. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractPlasma MHPG levels and AMDP rating score were measured in depressed patients before treatment, and a follow‐up study was performed during the next 3 months of drug therapy to detect possible relationships between the parameters. Before treatment, MHPG levels were moderately lower in depressed than in age‐ and sex‐matched normal subjects. Bipolar depressed patients presented the lowest values. In the three diagnostic groups (DSM‐III), antidepressant treatment resulted in a significant decrease of mean levels in unipolar and dysthymic depressed, but not in bipolar depressed patients. When the type of antidepressant was considered, imipramine (IMI)‐ or desipramine (DMI)‐treated patients, but not fluvoxamine (FLU)‐treated, also decreased their mean values of MHPG, with minor difference between improved and non‐improved patients. However, when patients were grouped according to their pattern groups (low (LL), high (HL), or normal (NL) baseline MHPG levels), interesting information emerged: improvement of clinical state of patient (i.e. 60 per cent of AMDP baseline reduction) resulted in ‘normalization’ of erratic values (HL and NL) whatever the treatment, while in non‐improved patients such evolution was not observed. In the latter group, change in MHPG levels was only drug‐related (decrease in IMI–DMI‐treated and no change in FLU‐treated values). Results suggest that mechanisms of buffering NA activity were lost in endogenous depression and restored in patients responding to treatment.
Dopamine depletion hypothesis of cocaine dependence: A test
Authors: Gill K. , Gillespie H. K. , Hollister L. E. , Davis C. M. , Peabody C. A. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractMeasurements of plasma homovanillic acid (HVA), plasma 3‐methoxy‐4‐hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG), serum prolactin and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) scores were made in 21 cocaine‐dependent patients seeking inpatient treatment. These measurements were obtained within 1–3 days of the last dose of cocaine and were repeated after 10–20 days of abstinence from cocaine. Abnormal values on any of the biochemical measurements were unusual and showed no convincing evidence of dopamine or norepinephrine depletion. Ten patients had significant HDRS scores on admission which decreased by 50% or more during hospitalization without specific treatment. The controversy over whether chronic exposure to cocaine depletes dopamine remains unsettled. Howevr, it is more likely that down‐regulation of postsynaptic dopamine receptors is the major consequence of such exposure.
Is viloxazine an antidepressant? A placebo‐controlled double‐blind study in major depressive disorder presenting in a general hospital
Authors: Thompson C. , Isaacs G. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractViloxazine was one of the first of the ‘second‐generation’ antidepressants. Its relative lack of cardiotoxic, anticholinergic, sedative and seizure‐inducing adverse effects suggested its use as an antidepressant in general hospitals where tricyclic antidepressants might be frequently contraindicated. We conducted a double‐blind trial of 300 mg viloxazine against placebo in 43 patients with major depressive disorder. The placebo‐treated group showed a slightly, but not significantly, greater improvement in depression scores using observer and self‐rating scales over those using viloxazine. A review of previous placebo‐controlled studies of viloxazine offers little support to its use as an antidepressant.
A short‐term open trial of clomipramine in the treatment of patients with panic attacks
Authors: Judd F. K. , Burrows G. D. , Marriott P. F. , Farnbach P. , Blair‐West S. , Norman T. R. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractClomipramine was used to treat 14 patients with panic attacks. Diagnosis was made according to DSM‐III criteria for agoraphobia with panic attacks or panic disorder uncomplicated. An open evaluation of the drug over an 8‐week treatment period was conducted. A total of 10 patients completed the study. Clomipramine was effective in reducing the mean number of panic attacks, the greatest response being observed in the first 2 weeks of treatment. Findings on all outcome measures showed that clomipramine was also effective in alleviating depression secondary to panic attacks, non‐specific aspects of anxiety and improving phobic avoidance. There was a suggestion that responders to treatment received lower doses of clomipramine than non‐responders. Further studies are required to evaluate this issue and the role of clomipramine in the treatment of panic disorders.
Acute extrapyramidal reactions following lithium and sulpiride co‐administration: Two case reports
Authors: Dinan Timothy G. , O'Keane Veronica 
Published: May 2005

AbstractTwo case reports are presented in which lithium and sulpiride were used jointly in patients with affective disorder. In both cases significant extrapyramidal reactions occurred. The reactions were successfully treated by withdrawing the drug combination. It is suggested that the adverse events relate to the mechanism of action of sulpiride which, unlike other neuroleptics, requires sodium to bind to the dopamine receptor. Lithium may substitute for sodiumenhancing sulpiride binding.
Intraosseous anchorage of the carbon fiber composite ligament by bony ingrowth
Authors: Boss Jochanan H. , Shajrawi Ibrahim , Mendes David G. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractIt is common experience that carbon fiber braids, which are passed through osseous tunnels, are not incorporated by osteointergration. Rather, they are separated from the boy walls of the tunnels by a granulomatous–cicatrizing interface membrane. In the exceptional case, however, Bony ingrowth into the braid occurs without an intervening soft tissular layer. Bony ingrowth may be contingent on the stability of the carbon fiber braid within the osseous tunnel.
Nanocrystalline epsein–barr virus decoys
Authors: Kossovsky Nir , Gelman Andrew , Sposler Edward , Millett David 
Published: May 2005

AbstractA novel biotechnology is introduced by way of the successful synthesis of nanocrystalline Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) decoys having specific in vivo immunogenie activity. Assembled from ultrafine suface modified tin oxide and purified DNA‐free isolated EBV envelope proteins, the decoys consisted of >150 nm units whose electophoretic mobilities were similar to whole EBV; whose outer coats were strongly immunoreactive with murine monoclonal anti‐EBV antibodies; and which elicited immunospecific niutralizing anti‐EBV antibodies in the rabbit. The development of this carier techonology for vaccine preparations is suggested.
In vitro analysis of the effects of biomaterial adherence on a Staphylococcus epidermidis strain's sensitivity to cephaloridine
Authors: Oga Masayoshi , Arizono Tuyoshi , Sugioka Youichi , Naylor Paul T. , Myrvik Quentin N. , Gristina Anthony G. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThis study examined the effects biomaterial adherence had on Staphylococcus epidermidis‐46 morphology and sensitivity to the antibiotic cephaloridine. Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) discs served as the biomaterial substratum in this study. Suspension cultures of SE‐46 at 108 CFU/mL were allowed to adhere to PMMA discs for 2, 6, or 12 h prior to exposure to cephaloridine at 250 μg/mL, which is 500 times greater than the MIC of 0.5 μg/mL. After a 24‐h exposure to the antibiotic viable bacteria adherent to the disc were removed and counted. Those data revealed that at shorter adherence times a larger percentage of the adherent organism were erradicated by antibiotic exposure, 83.6%versus 15.6%for 2‐h and 12‐h adherencetimes, respectively. Although a significant percent of the organisms were killed with short adherence times, the organism still persisted in the face of high concentrations of cephaloridine. Scanning electron micrographs of organism adherent for 2 and 12 h revealed distinct morphological changes in the extracellular matrix indicating increased matrix production with longer adherence. Thus, these data reveal that adherence to biomaterials provides a protected environment for the bacteria and the time an organism is adherent to a biomaterial surface prior to antibiotic exposure can also increase the organism's resistance to antibiotics.