bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fractional flux rates ofNτ-methylhistidine in skin and gastrointestine: the contribution of these tissues to urinary excretion ofNτ-methylhistidine in the rat
Authors: Nishizawa N. , Noguchi T. , Hareyama S. , Funabiki R. 
Published: May 2005

1.Fractional flux rates ofNτ-methylhistidine (3-methylhistidine; Me-His) of skin and gastrointestine were measured by administering [methyl-3H]methionine to rats.2.The results showed that the contribution of these tissues to urinary excretion of Me-His was at least 16.6 %. This means that when fractional catabolic rates of myosin and actin were estimated from urinary excretion of Me-His, the part of Me-His derived from skin and gastrointestine should not be neglected.
Metabolic effects of a mixed and a high-carbohydrate low-fat diet in man, measured over 24 h in a respiration chamber
Authors: Hurni M. , Burnand B. , Pittet PH. , Jequier E. 
Published: May 2005

1. The relation between dietary carbohydrate:lipid ratio and the fuel mixture oxidized during 24 h was investigated in eleven healthy volunteers (six females, and five males) in a respiration chamber. Values of the fuel mixture oxidized were estimated by continuous indirect calorimetry and urinary nitrogen measurements.2. The subjects were first given a mixed diet for 7 d and spent the last 24 h of the 7 d period in a respiration chamber for continuous gas-exchange measurement. The fuels oxidized during 2·5 h of moderate exercise were also measured in the respiration chamber. After an interval of 2 weeks from the end of the mixed-diet period, the same subjects were given an isoenergetic high-carbohydrate low-fat diet for 7 d, and the same experimental regimen was repeated.3. Dietary composition markedly influenced the fuel mixture oxidized during 24 h and this effect was still present 12 h after the last meal in the postabsorptive state. However, the diets had no influence on the substrates oxidized above resting levels during exercise. With both diets, the 24 h energy balance was slightly negative and the energy deficit was covered by lipid oxidation.4. With the high-carbohydrate low-fat diet, the energy expenditure during sleep was found to be higher than that with the mixed diet.5. It is concluded that: (a) the composition of the diet did not influence the fuel mixture utilized for moderate exercise, (b) the energy deficit calculated for a 24 h period was compensated by lipid oxidation irrespective of the carbohydrate content of the diet, (c) energy expenditure during sleep was found to be higher with the high-carbohydrate low-fat diet than with the mixed diet.
Effect of dietary vicine and vitamin E supplementation on the productive performance of growing and laying chickens
Authors: Muduuli David S. , Marquardt Ronald R. , Guenter Wilhelm 
Published: May 2005

1. Experiments were conducted to study the effects of dietary vicine (2, 6-diamino-4, 5 dihydroxy pyrimidine-5 (β-D-glucopyranoside)) and supplemental vitamin E on the performance of laying hens and growing chicks.2. Chicks fed on diets that contained vicine had similar growth rates but slightly higher levels of spontaneous haemolysis of erythrocytes than birds fed on a control diet.3. Vicine when fed to laying hens had a very dramatic effect. It depressed food consumption, egg weight, fertility and hatchability of eggs, packed cell volume and erythrocyte haemoglobin levels and led to increased liver weights, liver glutathione levels, liver and plasma lipid levels, plasma lipid peroxide levels and erythrocyte haemolysis in vitro. Liver protein and plasma vitamin E:lipid levels were not altered. Vitamin E supplementation slightly increased egg weights, markedly improved fertility and hatchability of eggs and lowered liver weights and lipid levels but did not affect the other factors examined.4. It is concluded that vicine which was isolated from faba beans (Vicia fabaL.) has a marked influence on the metabolism of the laying hen and only a slight effect on the growing chick. Vicine or its metabolites or both cause peroxidation of cellular components which result in abnormal lipid transport or synthesis or both, increased fragility of erythrocytes, and reduced fertility. These effects are overcome to varying extents by supplemental vitamin E.
Effects of dietary phosphorus and calcium on the intestinal absorption of Ca in sheep
Authors: Abdel-Hafeez H. M. , Mañas-Almendros M. , Ross R. , Care A. D. , Marshall D. H. 
Published: May 2005

1. Wether sheep were used, some of which were prepared with a Thiry-Vella loop of jejunum. The long-term use of these loops was ensured by regular perfusion with fresh nutrient solution.2. The net calcium absorption rale from a Thiry-Vella loop of jejunum increased with increasing intraluminal Ca concentration and was increased by the addition of 1 α-hydroxy-cholecalciferol (3μg/l) to the loop fluid.3. When the diet of sheep was changed from one which was normal in Ca to a diet low in Ca there was an increase in the efficiency of net Ca absorption from the jejunal loop. This dietary change was accompanied by an increase in the circulating concentration of 1,25-dihydroxy-cholecalciferol (1.25(OH)2D3).4. An intravenous infusion of the Ca chelating agent EDTA increased the efficiency of net Ca absorption from the jejunal loop. The use of47Ca demonstrated that this reflected an increase in the true absorption rate of Ca.5. Dietary phosphorus deficiency reduced the efficiency of intestinal Ca absorption and was associated with a reduction in the plasma concentration of 1,25(OH)2D3.
Association of methanogenic bacteria with ovine rumen ciliates
Authors: Stumm C. K. , Gijzen H. J. , Vogels G. D. 
Published: May 2005

1. The frequency of association between methanogenic bacteria and ovine rumen ciliates was studied in the rumen fluid of a fistulated sheep.2. A period of fasting and flushing of the rumen content with nitrogen resulted in a relatively high association, whereas the intake of food and flushing with hydrogen caused a detachment of the methanogenic bacteria from the ciliates.3. The changes in the frequency of association can be correlated with the relative attribution to the H2production by hydrogenogenic bacteria and rumen ciliates.
A model for zinc metabolism in sheep given a diet of hay
Authors: Suttle N. F. , Davies H. Lloyd , Field A. C. 
Published: May 2005

1. Four pairs of Scottish Blackface ewes were given a basal diet of hay, providing 8 mg zinc/d, and one of four levels of supplementary Zn (0, 75, 150 or 225 mg/d) continuously by intraruminal infusion.2. 65Zn (59 μCi) was given intravenously after stabilization for 14 d and the changes in specific radioactivity (SR) of plasma and faeces were monitored for a further 10 and 13 d respectiveiy. The faecal endogenous losses and absorption of Zn were estimated, using the principle of isotope dilution, by two methods using the whole or latter parts of SR: time curves.3. Faecal endogenous losses were estimated by the part area method to be 4·9, 6·4, 5·1 and 6·3 ± 0·35 mg/d at 0, 75, 150 and 225 mg supplemental Zn/d i.e. largely unaffected by Zn intake and averaging 0·11 mg/kg live weight (LW). The whole area method gave similar results.4. Urinary excretion was negligible (probably < 0·2 mg/d) for all sheep.5. The amount of Zn absorbed was assumed to equal the irreversible loss of Zn under steady-state conditions and found to remain constant at 7·6±0·39 and 10·3±0·6 mg/d when calculated by ‘whole’ and ‘part area’ methods. Zn retention did not increase with Zn intake and homoeostasis was achieved primarily by control of Zn absorption which fell from 0·75 to 0·03 or from 0·96 to 0·05 of intake, depending on method of calculation, as intakes increased.
Ingestion of iron in sow's faeces by piglets reared in farrowing crates with slotted floors
Authors: Gleed P. T. , Sansom B. F. 
Published: May 2005

1. Two sows were housed in farrowing crates with slotted floors and fed daily with approximately 200 μCi 198Au from 3 d before farrowing until their piglets were 21 d old.2. The sows' faeces became radioactive but their milk remained free of radioactivity. The piglets' mean (±SE) whole-body radioactivity was equivalent to 8·5 ± 0·9 g (range 3·8–15·5 g) of faeces. This is probably a measure of their daily intake of faeces.3. The possibility of using this natural coprophagia to prevent piglet anaemia has been demonstrated on two commercial piggeries by feeding the sows a diet containing 2000 mg Fe/kg.
The effect of long-term feeding of soya-bean flour diets on pancreatic growth in the rat
Authors: Crass Rosa A. , Morgan R. G. H. 
Published: May 2005

1. Pancreatic growth was measured in rats by changes in pancreatic weight, nucleic acid content and protein content after feeding diets of heated soya-bean flour (HSF), raw soya-bean flour (RSF), 200 g raw soya-bean flour+800 g heated soya-bean flour/kg (80 HSF) and 400 g raw soya-bean flour+600 g heated soya-bean flour/kg (60 HSF) for periodsup to 36 weeks. Control rats of comparable age to soya-bean flour-fed rats were continuedon rat cubes during the 36-week study.2. Cube-fed rats remained significantly heavier than rats fed on soya-bean flour diets. Analysis of variance showed rats fed on HSF were significantly heavier than RSF-fed rats and rats fed on 80 HSF significantly heavier than those fed on 60 RSF.3. Pancreatic indices in HSF-fed rats were similar to comparable control rats.4. Hypertrophy was found in rats fed on the RSF-containing diets with the extent of enlargement corresponding to the RSF content. Hyperplasia was also found in rats fed on RSFand 60 HSF.5. The greatest pancreatic growth was seen in RSF-fed rats with all the indices peaking at 8 weeks followed by a decline and then a rise again at 36 weeks.6. The fall in pancreatic indices in rats fed on RSF for 12 and 24 weeks is most likely an effect of general malnutrition due to the multiple deficiences in amino acids which occur in animals fed on RSF. The rise at 36 weeks may reflect increased body growth or the beginning of adenornatous changes.
The availability to the chick of pantothenic acid in foods
Authors: Latymer Eva A. , Coates Marie E. 
Published: May 2005

1. The content of total pantothenic acid (PaA) in two foodstuffs of microbial origin was measured by standard microbiological and chick biological assays.2. Substantially and consistently higher values were found by the chick assay than by the microbiological determination, indicating that PaA-containing compounds were present that were not utilized by the test micro-organisms but were available for chicks. Attempts to identify these compounds did not explain the source of excess PaA activity for the chick.3. It is suggested that forms of PaA that are undetected by standard methods of microbiological assay differ from one food to another and require different treatments to make the vitamin available to the assay organism.
The origin of urinary aromatic compounds excreted by ruminants 2. The metabolism of phenolic cinnamic acids to benzoic acid
Authors: Martin A. K. 
Published: May 2005

1. The extent to which phenolic derivatives of benzoic acid (seven); of phenylacetic acid (one); of 3-phenylpropionic acid (one) and of cinnamic acid (six) served as precursors of the urinary benzoic acid excreted by sheep was determined after administration as continuous drips via rumen or abomasal cannulas.2. Phenolic derivatives of benzoic or of phenylacetic acid were not dehydroxylated to yield aromatic acids following administration via either route.3. Rumen infusion of phenolic derivatives of both 3-phenylpropionic and cinnamic acids gave enhanced rumen concentrations of 3-phenylpropionic acid with negligible amounts of benzoic acid. Between 63 and 106% of the 2-, 3- or 4-hydroxy acids, of the 3,4-dihydroxy acids or of the 3-methoxy, 4-hydroxy acids infused were excreted in the urine as benzoic acid and a variable proportion, characteristic of the individual animal, of up to 20% of the dose as cinnamic acid.4. Abomasal infusion of monohydroxy 3-phenylpropionic and cinnamic acids did not yield urinary benzoic acid increments. However, between 11 and 34% of abomasally-infused disubstituted phenolic cinnamic acids infused were excreted in the urine as benzoic acid due, it is postulated, to entero-hepatic circulation and microbial metabolism of the infused acids in the large intestine.5. It is concluded that rumen microbial metabolism of dietary phenolic cinnamic acids to 3-phenylpropionic acid followed by its absorption and oxidation in the body tissues is responsible for the greater part of the benzoic and cinnamic acids found in ruminant urine.
A survey of human liver reserves of retinol in London
Authors: Huque T. 
Published: May 2005

1. The retinol content of human liver tissue, obtained at autopsy from mortuaries in the London area, was determined in a group of 364 subjects.2. Tissue samples from the central portion of the right lobe of the liver were saponified, extracted with light petroleum (b.p. 40–60°) and retinol assayed colorimetrically using the trifluoroacetic acid procedure.3. The frequency distribution of retinol reserves was skewed to the right (positive skewness). The mean retinol content for the entire group was 252 mg/kg, with a median of 198 mg/kg and a range of 0–1201 mg/kg. Of the subjects, 49% had reserves in the range 100–300 mg/kg (regarded as the‘normal range’ for liver retinol) while 5% had reserves below 40 mg/kg (the arbitrary ‘cut-off’ point below which individuals are considered to be at risk). Only one subject had no detectable retinol reserves. On the other hand, 11 % of the subjects had reserves exceeding 500 mg/kg.4. No sex-related differences were apparent, the median retinol reserves of male and female subjects being 190 and 202 mg/kg respectively.5. Median retinol reserves varied markedly with age. They were relatively low (121 mg/kg) in infancy. but were approximately three times greater in childhood, adolescence and young adulthood. Thereafter, reserves declined gradually with increasing age to a low of 113 mg/kg in subjects over the age of 90 years.6. When subjects were classified according to primary cause of death, the median reserves were as follows (mg/kg): accidental deaths 270, cancer 207, cardiovascular diseases 204, intestinal diseases 178, nervous diseases 164, hepatic diseases 158, respiratory diseases 141, sudden infant death syndrome 127.7. Retinol reserves in London are substantially higher than those reported from North America and are exceeded only by those reported from New Zealand and Ghana. It is therefore concluded, from the results of this survey and also from official estimates of the dietary intake of retinol and provitamin A carotenoids, that vitamin A status in London, and probably also in the rest of Britain, is quite satisfactory.
Protein-polyphenol reactions
Authors: Hurrell R. F. , Finot P. A. , Cuq J. L. 
Published: May 2005

1. Studies were made on the lysine content of casein reacted with caffeic acid oxidized aerobically under alkaline conditions or enzymically with tyrosinase (EC1.14.18.1).2. Loss of fluorodinitrobenzene (FDNB)-reactive lysine was rapid at pH 10 and increased with time and the temperature of the reaction, with concentration of caffeic acid and with the oxygenation of the mixture. In presence of the enzyme mushroom tyrosinase, maximum reduction of reactive lysine occurred at pH 7 and was dependent on the reaction time and on the concentration of caffeic acid.3. Reaction of α-formyl-L-[U-14C]lysine with caffeic acid at pH 10 showed the rapid formation of five reaction products which appeared to polymerize gradually as the reaction progressed.4. The nutritionally available lysine content of the casein-caffeic acid mixtures, as assayed with rats, was reduced after both alkaline and enzymic reactions, as were faecal digestibility, net protein ratio and net protein utilization. Biological value however was not reduced.5. In metabolic studies using goat milk casein labelled with L-[3H]lysine and reacted with caffeic acid in the same way, the lysine–caffeoquinone reaction products were not absorbed by the rat but were excreted directly in the faeces.6. The importance of the reaction of proteins with caffeoquinone and chlorogenoquinone (formed by the oxidation of caffeic and chlorogenic acids respectively) is discussed in relation to the production of sunflower protein, leaf protein and other vegetable-protein concentrates.
Studies on vitamin D metabolism in malnourished children
Authors: Raghuramulu N. , Reddy Vinodini 
Published: May 2005

1. Basal levels of serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25-OHD) were estimated in ten normal children and twenty-seven children with protein–energy malnutrition.2. Five normal children and fourteen malnourished children were administered a single massive dose of 15 mg vitamin D orally and the remaining children received oral supplements of 50 μgvitamin D daily for 20 d. Blood samples were obtained after 10 and 20 d of dosing and serum 25-OHD levels were repeated.3. The basal serum 25-OHD levels were significantly lower (P< 0·05) in malnourished children than in normal children.4. Administration of a single massive dose of vitamin D as well as daily supplementation of small doses resulted in significant increases in serum 25-OHD levels within 10 d. However, the increase with a massive dose was of a higher magnitude. There was no significant difference between the normal and malnourished children.5. The binding capacity of serum to 25-OHD was similar in both the groups.6. These results suggest that vitamin D metabolism is not altered in protein–energy malnutrition.
Studies on the control of iron uptake by rabbit small intestine
Authors: Cox T. M. , O'Donnell M. W. 
Published: May 2005

1. Whole-body retention in vivo and uptake of59Fe-labelled ascorbate and nitrilotriacetate chelates by intestinal slices in vitro were determined in groups of normal control rabbits and rabbits with experimentally-induced Fe deficiency.2. Over-all absorption as measured by retention of doses of either chelate was greatly increased in conditions of Fe deficiency.3. Intestinal Fe uptake in vitro was inhibited up to 77% in the presence of 2,4-dinitrophenol and sodium fluoride. Initial rates showed saturation within the concentration range 18–450 μmol/l, suggesting that uptake was brought about by an active transport process.4. When studied at chelate concentrations of 450 μmol/l, significant regional differences in uptake rates were observed. Uptake in duodenal slices was increased when compared with slices from jejunum and ileum.5. Fe uptake from ferric and ferrous chelates was greatly enhanced in Fe deficiency. This was chiefly due to increases in uptake by slices from the duodenum, but uptake into slices of distal intestine was also stimulated.6. Kinetic analysis of Fe uptake by duodenal slices from animals rendered Fe deficient by diet or repeated bleeding indicated in both groups an increased apparent maximum velocity (Vmax) for influx of Fe without significant changes in apparent affinity for Fe.7. The experiments provide further insight into the nature and regional distribution of transport of Fe into the intestine and suggest, in the rabbit, that important control of Fe absorption may be exerted by an active process operating at this initial entry step.
Effects of moderate increases in dietary polyunsaturated: saturated fat on plasma triglyceride and cholesterol levels in man
Authors: Kraemer Fredric B. , Greenfield Michael , Tobey Ted A. , Reaven Gerald M. 
Published: May 2005

1. The effects of two isoenergetic diets differing only in the values for polyunsaturated: saturated fat (P : S values of 0·2v. 2·0) were studied in twenty adult human volunteers.2. A period of 14 d on the high P:S diet failed to produce significant changes in fasting triglyceride levels, though there were individual variations. On the other hand, fasting cholesterol levels dropped by 10% (P< 0.005). High-density-lipoprotein-cholesterol concentrations were not influenced by changes in the P:S value.3. Investigations into the mechanism by which changes in the P:S value might affect plasma triglyceride values revealed no consistent effects on very-low-density-lipoprotein kinetics, insulin secretion, insulin sensitivity or free fatty acid concentrations.4. The results of this study suggest that the largest increase in dietary P:S values that is likely to be obtained on a long-term basis may have only a small effect on plasma triglyceride and cholesterol concentration.
Studies of the large intestine of sheep
Authors: Dixon R. M. , Nolan J. V. 
Published: May 2005

1. Fermentation and absorption of constituents of digesta in segments of the large intestine of sheep given different diets were studied by analysis of gut contents obtained at slaughter after a period during which the sheep had been administered a non-absorbable gut marker.2. In sheep given chopped, dried lucerne (Medicago sativa) there was net absorption of water throughout the large intestine with concomitant increases in the proportion of dry matter (DM) And organic matter (OM). There was net disappearance of 62 g OM, 1·66 g non-urea non-ammonia-nitrogen (NU–NAN) and 0·6 g(urea + NH3)-N in the caecum and proximal colon. There was no significant change in OM and NU–NAN flow through the remainder of the large intestine but there was a net disappearance of 0·3 g NH3–N. There was also net appearance of volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the caecum, most of which was apparently absorbed before the rectum.3. Metabolism in the caecum was also studied in sheep grazing fresh pasture or consuming one of three sugar cane-bagasse-based diets, or barley pellets. In the lucerne- and pasture-fed sheep there was a net disappearance of approximately 0·5 g NH3-N/d from the caecum, while in sheep fed on bagasse plus urea, 1·4 g NH3-N/d was apparently absorbed from this region. The addition of fish meal to this latter diet resulted in apparent disappearance of 5·3 g NH3-N/d from the caecum and proximal colon.4. There was apparent loss of NU–NAN from the caecum of sheep on all diets except the barley diet. With the latter diet there was a net gain of 1 g NU–NAN/d which was associated with relatively high VFA concentration and production; taken together these results indicate that microbial fermentation in the caecum was more extensive in the sheep fed on the barley diet than in those fed on the other diets.5. The proportions of individual VFA in digesta from the rumen and caecum of lucerne-fed and pasture-fed sheep and in digesta from the caecum of sheep given the bagasse-based or barley diets are also reported and discussed.6. In general the results indicate that the caecum and to a lesser extent the proximal colon were the major regions of fermentation and absorption of the components of the digesta in the large intestine.