bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of chloroquine (CQ) and sulphadoxine/pyrimethamine (SP) therapy in uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Indo‐Myanmar border areas
Authors: Mohapatra P. K. , Prakash Anil , Taison K. , Negmu K. , Gohain A. C. , Namchoom N. S. , Wange D. , Bhattacharyya D. R. , Goswami B. K. , Borgohain B. K. , Mahanta J. 
Published: April 2005

SummaryChloroquine (CQ) and sulphadoxine/pyrimethamine (SP) are two first‐line antimalarials used under the existing Indian National Drug Policy in the north‐eastern region of India bordering several countries including Myanmar. Although widespread resistance to antimalarials in Plasmodium falciparum has been reported from western Myanmar, information from the Indian side of the border is scarce. We studied the therapeutic response to CQ and SP at four sites in Changlang and Lohit, two administrative districts of Arunachal Pradesh bordering Myanmar. We monitored uncomplicated falciparum malaria patients after treatment with standard regimens of CQ and SP for 28 days following the revised in‐vivo protocol of the World Health Organization. A total of 236 patients, 95 in the CQ group and 141 in the SP group, participated. We recorded 23.8% early treatment failures to CQ and 14.1% to SP; late clinical failures of 14.3 and 12.6%; late parasitological failures of 10.7 and 8.1% and adequate clinical and parasitological responses of 51.2 and 65.2%, respectively. The significantly different treatment failure rates seen in Chowkham (furthest from Indo‐Myanmar border) and Jairampur/Nampong (nearest to Indo‐Myanmar border) for chloroquine (Cox proportion hazard ratio 9.1, P < 0.0001) and SP (Cox proportion hazard ratio 7.35, P = 0.001) denote a non‐response gradient to the two antimalarials extending from the international border. The gradient is probably indicative of the direction of movement of the drug‐resistant P. falciparum parasite. The utility of chloroquine as the first‐line drug under the present National Drug Policy in these areas needs reconsideration.
Endemic coastal malaria in the Thousand Islands District, near Jakarta, Indonesia
Authors: Maguire Jason D. , Tuti Sekar , Sismadi Priyanto , Wiady Iwa , Basri Hasan , Krisin  , Masbar Sofyan , Projodipuro Purnomo , Elyazar Iqbal R. F. , Corwin Andrew L. , Bangs Michael J. 
Published: April 2005

SummaryObjectives  To conduct malaria surveillance near Jakarta where only imported malaria has been described over the past two decades and to characterize endemicity and risk to heavily populated peri‐urban locations.Methods  Standard cross‐sectional malariometric surveys and mosquito collections at the Thousand Islands District and developing peri‐urban areas of Jakarta.Results  During October 2000 outbreak investigations in the Tidung Island group, the slide positive rate was 47% (38%Plasmodium falciparum, 7%P. vivax, and 2% mixed infections) among 733 persons screened. Very few parasitemic inhabitants were symptomatic (<1%), and native residents were more commonly infected than immigrants (odds ratio 1.72), consistent with endemic autochthonous transmission. Adult and larval mosquito collections detected Anopheles sundaicus. In June 2001, prevalence of parasitemia at Pari Island, where sampling was adequate for comparison, remained high, 32%vs. 43% previously. Among 1377 individuals screened at nearby Tangerang District, a heavily populated mainland suburb dominated by fishponds through which many islanders travel to Jakarta, only 19 malaria infections were identified, all imported from Pari Island. Entomological surveillance in Tangerang identified An. subpictus, An. vagus, and An. barbirostris, all considered minor malaria vectors on Java.Conclusions  Malaria is endemic in the Tidung Island group. Imported malaria occurs in the heavily populated Tangerang District where coastal development is increasing and vector breeding sites and demographic patterns lend increasingly to malaria importation and risk of emergent malaria. Careful attention to the impact of coastal development activities on vector populations and efforts to prevent introduction of An. sundaicus are warranted.
La difficulté du partenariat entre professionnels de santé et mutualistes: le cas de la mutuelle de santé Maliando en Guinée‐Conakry
Authors: Criel Bart , Diallo Alpha Ahmadou , Vennet Jean Van der , Waelkens Maria‐Pia , Wiegandt Axel 
Published: April 2005

RésuméUne mutuelle communautaire d'aire de santé (MUCAS) a été conçue et mise en place en 1998 en Guinée forestière dans le cadre du projet de recherche action PRIMA (Projet de recherche sur le partage du risque maladie). Ce projet visait à tester sous quelles conditions un système mutualiste permet d'améliorer l'accès à des soins de qualité. La spécificité du modèle MUCAS est double: d'une part, le souhait de l'intégrer dans le système local de santé par la construction d'un partenariat entre mutuelle et services de santé; et d'autre part, l'effort systématique de l’équipe de recherche locale pour essayer d‘impliquer les professionnels de santé, aux niveaux opérationnels aussi bien que gestionnaires du système, dans la planification et la mise en place de la mutuelle. Nous présentons ici les résultats d'une étude de la perception du modèle MUCAS par les professionnels de santé guinéens. L’étude a consisté en une série d'interviews semi‐structurées faite auprès de 16 agents de santé au mois d'avril 2000. Les résultats montrent que les professionnels perçoivent la mutuelle comme une stratégie efficace pour améliorer l'accès aux soins, mais ils illustrent également le manque de compréhension, l'incertitude et même la résistance que le modèle semble avoir suscité auprès des professionnels. L'approche partenariale, si elle a été comprise, n'a pas été intériorisée par les professionnels de la santé. Ils maîtrisent l'outil technique mais sont désemparés dans leur dialogue avec la population. Cette étude illustre les difficultés d'un réel partenariat entre population et services de santé et le besoin de mieux préparer, former et encadrer les professionnels lors de la conception, la mise en place et l'organisation de modèles mutualistes de financement des soins de santé. L'importance de cet aspect a été insuffisamment reconnue par l’équipe de recherche malgré sa bonne volonté et les nombreux moments de concertation qu‘elle a organisé entre les différentes parties prenantes. Une leçon importante de cette expérience est le besoin pour les promoteurs de concevoir et d'opérer des systèmes mutualistes dans lesquels les attentes et craintes des agents de santé sont mieux identifiées et mieux prises en compte.
Range expansion by moose into coastal temperate rainforests of British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Darimont C. T. , Paquet P. C. , Reimchen T. E. , Crichton V. 
Published: April 2005

ABSTRACTRanges of species are dynamic and respond to long‐term climate change and contemporary effects such as habitat modification. We report here that moose (Alces alces) have recently colonized coastal temperate rainforests of British Columbia, Canada. Contrary to recent publications, field observations of moose and their sign, combined with their occurrence in wolf (Canis lupus) faeces, suggest that moose are now widespread on the coastal mainland and occur on least three islands. Traditional ecological knowledge (information accumulated by aboriginal peoples about their environment) suggests that colonization occurred during the mid 1900s, concomitant with logging of major watersheds that bisect the Coast Mountain Range. Range expansion by moose may have ecological consequences such as alteration of predator–prey dynamics and transmission of disease to native deer (Odocoileus hemionus).
Genetic diversity does not affect the invasiveness of fountain grass (Pennisetum setaceum) in Arizona, California and Hawaii
Authors: Poulin Jessica , Weller Stephen G. , Sakai Ann K. 
Published: April 2005

ABSTRACT Pennisetum setaceum (Poaceae) is a perennial bunch grass that invaded the United States during the 20th century and is highly invasive in Hawaii, moderately invasive in Arizona, and not yet invasive in southern California. Pennisetum setaceum is apomictic, a condition that is normally associated with low genetic variation within populations, but even moderate levels of genetic variation among populations could account for differences in invasiveness. To determine whether genetic factors are causing the variable invasion success, we used Inter‐Simple Sequence Repeat markers (ISSRs) to examine genetic variation in populations from the three areas. Screening of 16 primers revealed no genetic variation within any population or between any geographical areas, a pattern consistent with complete apomixis. Variation in invasion success appears unrelated to genetic differences among populations. Differences in the seasonal timing of rainfall among the regions may be the cause of variable invasiveness of fountain grass. Alternatively, differences in timing of introduction or duration of lag phase may have limited invasiveness in Arizona and southern California.
The sensitivity of lizards to elevation: A case study from south‐eastern Australia
Authors: Fischer Joern , Lindenmayer David B. 
Published: April 2005

ABSTRACTLizard distribution patterns were examined in relation to elevation in two undulating landscapes. We asked three specific questions: (1) Were different lizard species associated with particular elevations? (2) Did biological attributes of lizards (e.g. body size, colour, reproduction strategy, etc.) vary with elevation? (3) Did species richness of lizards vary with elevation? Field data were collected in two undulating production landscapes in south‐eastern Australia, approximately 100 km to the west of the Australian Capital Territory. Lizards were surveyed using 648 pitfall traps and 3840 m of drift fence. Both study landscapes were divided into 50 m elevation classes. For each elevation class, survey effort, the capture rate of individual species, and species richness were recorded. Correspondence analysis was used to sort lizards according to their altitudinal distribution profiles. Analysis of variance was used to examine if biological attributes of lizards were related to their altitudinal distribution profiles. Generalized linear modelling was used to relate elevation to the capture rate of individual species, and to species richness. Lizard species differed in their altitudinal preferences. Skinks, taxa with a Bassian distribution or distribution restricted to the Great Dividing Range, dark‐bodied species and viviparous species were more likely to inhabit high elevations. Elevation was significantly related to the capture rate of seven species, and ecologically similar species replaced one another as elevation increased. Species richness peaked significantly at intermediate elevations in both landscapes. We conclude that lizards were highly sensitive to elevation. Elevation changes of as little as 50 m may be related to a change in species richness or species composition. Future research should assess if reptiles in other undulating landscapes with a temperate climate are similarly sensitive to elevation. If so, conservation activities in these landscapes need to consider the full spectrum of topographic positions and elevations.
Minimum residence time, biogeographical origin, and life cycle as determinants of the geographical extent of naturalized plants in continental Chile
Authors: Castro Sergio A. , Figueroa Javier A. , Muñoz‐Schick Mélica , Jaksic Fabian M. 
Published: April 2005

ABSTRACTThe geographical extent of exotic plant species is a major component of invasiveness, which has been explained by intrinsic attributes of the plants, such as growth rate, reproductive type, life form, and biogeographical origin. We assessed quantitatively life cycle and biogeographical origin as determinants of the geographical distribution of naturalized plants in continental Chile, using minimum residence time (MRT) as an estimator of introduction date. We assembled a database with information on 428 plants (principally herbs) in continental Chile, corresponding to 61% of the exotic naturalized flora. For each species we recorded: (1) minimum residence time (introduction date or first recorded date in the country); (2) biogeographical origin (American, Eurasian, others); (3) life cycle (annual, perennial, others); (4) number of Chilean regions occupied by the plant. We found that 82 species (19%) have been recorded in only one region of Chile, while only three species have been found in all 13 regions of the country. About 89% of the species (381) have been found only in central Chile (Regions IV to VIII), while the remaining 11% (47) are found only in the northern (Regions I to III) or southern parts of the country (Regions IX to XII). We detected significant differences in regional spread of naturalized plants according to minimum residence time: those species with shorter MRT had more limited spread ranges than those with longer MRT. Biogeographical origin and life cycle did not explain geographical extent in Chile. This study shows that historical factors are more important than biological ones in determining the geographical extent of naturalized plants in continental Chile. Thus, caution should be exercised when assigning value to biological attributes that may confer invasiveness to naturalized plants.
Genetic diversity and differentiation of two Mediterranean pines (Pinus halepensis Mill. and Pinus pinaster Ait.) along a latitudinal cline using chloroplast microsatellite markers
Authors: Gómez A. , Vendramin G. G. , González‐Martínez S. C. , Alía R. 
Published: April 2005

ABSTRACTSeveral studies have reported glacial refugia and migration pathways for different pine species in the Iberian Peninsula, all of them based on a single‐species approach. In this paper, chloroplast microsatellites (cpSSRs) are used to compare population genetic structure and diversity estimates for interspecific pairs of populations located along a cline from southwestern (latitude 36°32′ N, longitude 5°17′ W) to northeastern Spain (latitude 42°14′ N, longitude 2°47′ E) in two widely distributed Mediterranean pines, Pinus halepensis Mill. and Pinus pinaster Ait. Some cpSSRs were shared between species, facilitating comparison of levels of gene diversity at the species level and inferences about within and among species differentiation. P. pinaster showed a much higher number of variants (29) and haplotypes (69) than P. halepensis (20 and 21, respectively). Moreover, genetic diversity estimates for interspecific pairs of populations along the cline were negatively correlated. Three main causes may explain the differences between species in the present‐day distribution of genetic diversity: (1) the distribution of genetic variability before the Quaternary glaciations, with an earlier presence of P. pinaster in the Iberian Peninsula and a late spread of P. halepensis from eastern and central Europe, (2) the location of the Holocene glacial refugia and the migration pathways from these refugia to the present‐day range (from northeast to southwest in P. halepensis and from southwest to northeast and northwest in P. pinaster) and (3) the interactions between species during the postglacial spread.
Quality criteria for patient advice and liaison services: what do patients and the public want?
Authors: Abbott Stephen , Meyer Julienne , Copperman Jeannette , Bentley Jane , Lanceley Anne 
Published: April 2005

AbstractBackground  Every NHS trust and Primary Care Trust (PCT) in England now has a Patient Advice and Liaison Service (PALS) which provides an identifiable person to whom service users can turn if they have a problem or need information while using the NHS. This paper reports data from a 2‐year qualitative study of London PALS.Objective  To develop patient‐centred criteria by which to assess PALS.Design  Data were generated from qualitative interviews with 15 PALS service users and 15 members of local user/carer organizations, and from a workshop with representatives of 14 user/carer organizations (national and London‐wide). Emergent findings were circulated to other user/carer organizations (n = 32) for critique and comment.Results  Findings suggest that users and their representatives want PALS to: be responsive to the needs and wishes of individuals; be accessible to all sections of the community, including older people, ethnic minorities and groups with special needs; offer clear, accurate and comprehensive information about local health and other services; work with their NHS organization to create a more patient‐centred service; collaborate effectively with other organizations; be adequately resourced.Conclusions  These criteria resemble the national standards for PALS compiled by the Department of Health, with the exception of the need for adequate resourcing. They also resemble previous work on users’ and carers’ criteria for service delivery. Interestingly, PALS’ lack of independence was not a major concern, though clients do need access to independent advocacy when ‘insider’ trouble‐shooting fails. Although an alternative to the adversarial approach of complaints is welcome, PALS, like complaints procedures, may be under‐used by marginalized or demoralized service users.
Breast cancer in two regimes: the impact of social movements on illness experience
Authors: Klawiter Maren 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis article uses the narrative of one woman, Clara Larson, to explore changes over time in the experiences of illness available to women diagnosed with breast cancer. To claim that different illness experiences become available at different times is simply to acknowledge that experiences of disease are shaped not only by the individual circumstances of disease sufferers and the particular character of their pathologies, but by culturally, spatially and historically specific regimes of practices. This article explores the impact of social movements on the regime of breast cancer and makes four contributions to the scholarship on illness experience. First, it offers the concept disease regime as a way of conceptualising the structural shaping of illness experience. Second, it demonstrates the value of incorporating social movements more thoroughly into the study of illness experience. Third, it proposes that social movements change illness experiences in two ways: (1) by changing the sufferer or her relationship to the regime's practices; and (2) by changing and expanding the regime's actual practices. And fourth, it demonstrates how gender and sexuality are constituted within disease regimes and are challenged by social movements. This article is informed by four years of ethnographic research conducted in the San Francisco Bay Area between 1994 and 1998, supplemented by historical research and more than 40 taped interviews and oral histories with current and former breast cancer patients, activists, educators, scientists, support group leaders and volunteers.
SECOND HOMES IN GERMANY AND THE NETHERLANDS: OWNERSHIP AND TRAVEL IMPACT EXPLAINED
Authors: DIJST MARTIN , LANZENDORF MARTIN , BARENDREGT ANGELA , SMIT LEO 
Published: April 2005

ABSTRACTIn Western countries, the scale of second home ownership increased enormously in the last decades. Yet, the outcomes of this development on spatial patterns and behaviour are unclear. In this paper we focus on two issues that arise from this trend: first, the impact of the residential environment of the primary dwelling on second home ownership and, second, the impact of second homes on travel. The paper is based on two empirical studies carried out in the Netherlands and in Germany. In the Netherlands, the owners of second homes frequently compensate for the lack of leisure opportunities at home or in close vicinity of their home in urbanised areas in which they primarily live. The same is true for allotment owners in Germany. However, Dutch non‐mobile caravan owners and German owners of second homes do not follow any compensation strategies. In both countries the use of the private car is dominant although in Germany travel distances are larger than in the Netherlands. Based on a typology of second homeowners a sketch of future developments will be given. Some recommendations for housing and transportation policies will be formulated.
TRAJECTORIES OF REGIONS AND SPATIAL INTEGRATION IN THE WORLD‐SYSTEM
Authors: DE WACHTER ASTRID , SAEY PIETER 
Published: April 2005

ABSTRACTIn this paper, we reconstruct the trajectories of the southern Low Countries as part of the world‐system and of the Campine, initially as part of the Duchy of Brabant (itself part of a small world‐economy), and later as part of the southern Low Countries, on the basis of a hypothesis that spatial integration/fragmentation involves the upgrading/downgrading of the status of a region in the world‐economy. Spatial integration is conceived of as a process of transformation that (re)produces a coherent pattern of functional shapes. However, the degree of coherence is not necessarily measured by the volume of horizontal relations between the integrated areas. Moreover, a distinction should be made between the factors of transformation that (re)produce the pattern and other factors that produce a configuration that happens to coincide with that pattern. Finally, the world‐economy should be considered as an autopoietic system, functioning in the manner of a transformation matrix.
PEACEFUL RELATIONS IN A STATELESS REGION: THE POST‐WAR MARONI RIVER BORDERS IN THE GUIANAS
Authors: KRUIJT DIRK , HOOGBERGEN WIM 
Published: April 2005

ABStRACTOne effect of Surinam's civil war (1986–1992) has been the migration of the Maroon population and of Brazilian gold diggers to the frontier territory of the Maroni river basin. The region's new political structure is the product of a ‘partial state failure’ or a government void. In Latin America this phenomenon is generally associated with uncontrollable violence of a variety of non‐state armed actors. In our case, extreme violence is absent. The region is even the locus of a fairly peaceful multi‐ethnic social fabric, a peaceful multicultural coexistence of Maroons and Brazilian migrants, but Surinamese Maroons fled to French Guiana. In French Guiana the authorities tend to turn a blind eye to the stream of migrants, in Surinam they are more or less openly tolerated. The institutional perpetrators of the civil war violence have withdrawn from the region, alliances and treaties between the several Maroon clans and the regional indigenous village chiefs have been struck. The (informal) gold economy and the influx of Brazilian garimpeiros brings short‐term prosperity and both ethnic groups enjoy their share of the surplus, whereas transport is protected by local Maroon authorities. The Brazilian migrants have learnt to pay their informal taxes and respect the customary laws of sexual relations and marriage.
SIMULATING THE FUTURE OF AGRICULTURAL LAND USE IN THE NETHERLANDS
Authors: KOOMEN ERIC , KUHLMAN TOM , GROEN JAN , BOUWMAN ARNO 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe agricultural sector in the Netherlands has lost much of its importance over the last 50 years in terms of the number of people involved and its relative contribution to the economy – even though production is still increasing. Yet, the area under agricultural use has changed relatively little: farmland still dominates the country. The question for the future is how expected further changes in agriculture will affect agricultural land use: how much land will be taken out of production and to what use it will be put. This is especially relevant now that the Dutch Government has decided to loosen its grip on spatial planning. Two opposing socio‐economic scenarios are therefore drafted that offer a coherent view on agricultural change, external pressures and government intervention. Implementing these in a land use simulation model provides an initial answer to the possible future of agricultural land in the country.