bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measuring the economic benefit of treatment with atypical antipsychotics
Authors: Knapp MRJ 
Published: April 2005

SummarySchizophrenia has a major impact on the quality of life of sufferers, and its broader impact on families and on society are well known, although less thoroughly documented. The majority of sufferers require long-term treatment and support, and there are depressingly frequent media stories about violent incidents involving people with the illness. Consequently the costs of schizophrenia, broadly defined, loom large, not just from the perspective of health care decision-makers and governments, but also from that of sufferers and their families, to many other people with only indirect experience of the disease.
Non-invasive assessment of right ventricular function in the late follow-up of the Senning procedure
Authors: Morhy Samira S. , Andrade Jose L. , Soares Andressa M. , Ribeiro Zilma V. , Wilberg Tatiana M. , Mathias Wilson , Parga Jose R. , Bustamante Luis N. P. , Atik Edmar , Ramires Jose F. 
Published: April 2005

Deteriorating ventricular function is a major concern after the Senning operation. A Doppler-derived non-geometric measurement, the so-called myocardial performance index, has been described for use in adults and children. We aimed to assess the utility of this index as a method for quantification of right ventricular function in patients in the late follow-up of the Senning procedure, and to correlate the right ventricular ejection fraction and the first derivative of right ventricular pressure as derived using echocardiography with the ejection fraction determined using magnetic resonance imaging.We studied 44 patients within a mean postoperative period of 15.3 years. We calculated the right ventricular myocardial performance index by pulsed wave Doppler interrogation of tricuspid inflow and aortic outflow, the ejection fraction by Simpson's rule, and the first derivative of right ventricular pressure by continuous wave Doppler from tricuspid regurgitation.Mean values of right ventricular myocardial performance index, ejection fraction, and the first derivative of right ventricular pressure were 0.50, 39 percent and 1,398 millimetres of mercury per second, respectively. A cut-off value of 0.47 for the right ventricle myocardial performance index was determined, with a sensitivity of 75 percent and a specificity of 62.5 percent. We found no correlation between ejection fraction and the first derivative of right ventricular pressure as estimated by echocardiography and the ejection fraction as shown by magnetic resonance imaging (r2 equal to 0.29 and 0.04 respectively).We concluded, first, that patients with preserved right ventricular function had values for the right ventricular myocardial performance index lower than 0.47, and second, that ejection fraction and the first derivative of right ventricular pressure as determined echocardiographically did not correlate with values derived using magnetic resonance imaging.
Darmstadt as Other: British and American Responses to Musical Modernism
Authors: HEILE BJÖRN 
Published: April 2005

There is currently a backlash against modernism in English-language music studies. While this vogue of ‘modernism bashing’ is ostensibly based on progressive ideologies, it is dependent on a one-sided perception of musical modernism which it shares with earlier conservative disparagements. Of central importance in this respect is the ‘othering’ of musical modernism as an essentially continental European phenomenon in the ‘Anglosphere’, where it is consistently suspected of being a ‘foreign import’ – by conservative commentators in the first part of the twentieth century, just as by their ‘new-musicological’ successors at the turn of the twenty-first.The example of the Anglo-American reception of the so-called Darmstadt school, usually regarded as quintessentially modernist, demonstrates how certain partial understandings and downright prejudices are handed down. For instance, the critical commonplace of Darmstadt’s presumed obsession with such values as technical innovation, structural coherence, and a scientistic rationalization of composition says more about those who coined it – mostly American critics who were uncomfortable with the aesthetic as well as the political radicalism of Darmstadt – than about the music itself. It is often precisely this depoliticized, sanitized construction of modernism that present-day critics have attacked, apparently unaware that this has always been a misrepresentation. By thus tracing some common misapprehensions in the Anglo-American reception of musical modernism, I want to argue for a fuller recognition of modernism’s essentially dialectical nature.
Variation in non-invasive measurements of vascular function in healthy volunteers during daytime
Authors: ter AVEST Ewoud , HOLEWIJN Suzanne , STALENHOEF Anton F. H. , de GRAAF Jacqueline 
Published: April 2005

Although it is often recommended to standardize the time of day when performing non-invasive measurements of vascular function, the exact influence of the time of day on the outcome of IMT (intima-media thickness), PWV (pulse wave velocity), AIX (augmentation index) and FMD (flow-mediated dilatation) measurements has not been reported before. Nineteen healthy volunteers visited our department on two different occasions: the first visit was at 09:00 hours after an overnight fast, and the second visit was at 14:00 hours after a standardized breakfast. Non-invasive measurements of atherosclerosis were performed twice at 09:00 hours and once on the second visit at 14:00 hours. Measurement of IMT, PWV, AIX and FMD was reproducible according to the method of Bland and Altman. The absolute difference between repeated measurements at 09:00 hours showed no significant difference compared with the absolute difference between 09:00 and 14:00 hours for IMT (0.029±0.014 compared with 0.021±0.014 mm; P=0.27), PWV (0.63±0.50 compared with 0.75±0.74 m/s; P=0.52), AIX (4.0±4.0 compared with 5.5±5.2%; P=0.35) and FMD (3.8±3.7 compared with 4.2±2.9%; P=0.70). In conclusion, our results show that, in healthy volunteers during the daytime, IMT, PWV, AIX and FMD outcomes are not confounded by variation in the exact time of the examination as long as other (exogenous) conditions, including food intake, smoking and intake of alcohol, are carefully controlled for.
The Use of Spraying Methods and of Volatile Suspending Media in the Preparation of Specimens for Electron Microscopy
Authors: Backus Robert C. , Williams Robley C. 
Published: April 2005

Developments have been made in the use of spraying methods in the preparation of specimens for examination in the electron microscope. At the same time, two wholly volatile diluents, containing electrolytes and adjusted to normal pH, have been developed for use in forming the spray drops. The use of volatile electrolytes makes it unnecessary to wash the specimen after the droplet patterns have been formed on the specimen screens.
There are several qualitative and quantitative uses and advantages of the spray technique as described. The qualitative ones are these: (1) the brief drying time of the droplets helps to preserve the shapes of particles upon drying, and also allows studies to be made of rapidly reacting systems; (2) since the drop patterns are reproducibly representative samples of the suspension under investigation, qualitative assays of the particulate composition of the suspension can be made, and a comparison of the particulate composition of two closely similar suspensions can be made under ideal control conditions; (3) the droplet patterns are discretely bounded by blank areas of substrate film, and this fact makes practicable the detection of small and subtle differences between the fine structure of the specimen material and that of the substrate.
The quantitative uses of the spray technique are: (1) by use of reference particles of known numbers in a suspension it is readily possible to determine the volumes of droplets issuing from a spray-making device; (2) by use of reference particles it is also possible to make an assay of the number of other particles, such as a virus, per unit volume of mixed suspension; (3) if a suspension is highly purified, the particle weight of the material in suspension can be determined. Experiments involving the counting of about 10,000 particles show that the quantitative precision is as good as would be expected from the statistics of random sampling.
The construction and use of a spray gun are described, as well as the characteristics of two volatile diluents: ammonium acetate and ammonium carbonate.
Thermionic Work Function of the (100) Face of a Tungsten Single Crystal
Authors: Brown A. A. , Neelands L. J. , Farnsworth H. E. 
Published: April 2005

A slab with one surface cut and etched parallel to (100) crystallographic planes formed the cathode in a low power electron microscope. The electron image of the cathode was formed on a fluorescent screen with a small hole at the center. An electron collector placed behind the hole permitted a measure of the electron current passing through the hole as a function of the temperature of the cathode as measured with an optical pyrometer.
The most probable value of the work function, φ, obtained after 2400 hours of outgassing in a sealed-off, gettered tube is 4.59±0.02 ev. This may be compared with 4.56 ev obtained previously by Nichols for the work function in the [100] direction of a tungsten single crystal wire.
A General Solution for the Bending of Beams on an Elastic Foundation of Arbitrary Continuity
Authors: Hetényi M. 
Published: April 2005

In the analysis of beams which are supported elastically along their entire length, it is usually assumed that the elastic support is provided either by a series of independent springs, or by a completely continuous elastic medium.
The present paper proposes a method of solution for the intermediate cases, that is, for foundations of partial continuity, by assuming that such foundations may be represented by beams imbedded into an otherwise discontinuous supporting material. In a foundation of this type, there are three independent elastic constants, the resilience of the discontinuous spring layers above and below the beam that is within the foundation, and the flexural rigidity of the foundation beam itself. By changing the values of these three constants, elastic foundations of a wide variety may be produced or, conversely, the constants may be adjusted in such a manner as to represent approximately the characteristics of any given elastic supporting medium.
In the paper a general procedure is presented from which solutions can be derived for the bending of beams on such foundations under any loading or end conditions. The method is illustrated by examples showing the range of pressure distributions that may occur under beams supported on foundations of this type.
The Response Characteristics of Linear Systems
Authors: Cini Marcello 
Published: April 2005

For a linear system, steady-state response to sinusoidal stress cannot have a unique dynamic modulus and phase shift, but these quantities must be related to rate of creep; particularly they cannot be independent of external frequency.
A proof is given that such linear system is always equivalent to a viscoelastic system. Finally the discrepancy between the relations deduced and experimental results of various authors is pointed out and discussed.
Formation of Crystal Nuclei in Liquid Metals
Authors: Turnbull D. 
Published: April 2005

The known facts about nucleation phenomena in liquid metals are interpreted satisfactorily on the basis of the critical size and interfacial energy concepts. In large continuous masses nucleation is almost always catalyzed by extraneous interfaces. However, in very small droplets the probability that a catalytic inclusion is present is so much less that their minimum nucleation frequencies are reproducible and form a consistent set of values.
Interfacial energies, σ, between crystal nuclei and the corresponding liquids have been calculated from nucleation frequencies of small droplets on the basis of the theory of homogeneous nucleation. Energies of interfaces, σg, one atom thick and containing N atoms were calculated from the σ's. The ratio of σg to the gram atomic heat of fusion, ΔHf, was approximately 0.45 for most metals but ∼0.32 for H2O, Bi, Sb, and Ge.
The effect of relative complexity of crystal structure upon the supercooling behavior of pure metals apparently is a reflection of its effect upon ΔHf.
The Propagation of Plastic Deformation in Solids
Authors: Von Karman Theodore , Duwez Pol 
Published: April 2005

The stress wave caused by a longitudinal impact at the end of a cylindrical bar has been analyzed in the case where the impact velocity is large enough to produce plastic strain. The theory gives a method for computing the stress distribution along the bar at any instant during impact. It is shown that for a given material, there is a critical impact velocity such that when subjected to a tension impact with a velocity higher than the critical, the material should break near the impacted end with negligible plastic strain.
An experimental investigation was made concurrently with the theoretical study. Some of the most significant experimental results are presented in this paper.
On Crazing of Linear High Polymers
Authors: Hsiao C. C. , Sauer J. A. 
Published: April 2005

The effect of various variables, such as type of stress, stress magnitude, duration of stressing, and environment on the initiation and development of crazing in linear polymers is discussed. The basic nature of crazing is investigated in some detail for polystyrene specimens by means of the light microscope, the electron microscope and the x-ray spectrometer. The results of these observations and their bearing on the fundamental group structure of polystyrene molecules is presented.
The relationship between crazing and orientation is discussed, as well as the effect of both of these factors on the mechanical properties. The experimental results are compared, wherever possible, with the previously reported data of other investigators. A short discussion is then given of a theory of crazing from the point of view of the molecular structure of the material.
Stress-Strain Properties of Natural Rubber under Biaxial Strain
Authors: Boonstra B. B. S. T. 
Published: April 2005

Tube-shaped samples were stretched in a direction parallel to the tube axis and at the same time inflated to cause a tangential extension. In this way 600 percent axial and 300 percent tangential elongation could be attained simultaneously. The stresses were calculated from the pressure in the tube and the dynamometer readings.
The results are plotted as axial stress-strain curves at different tangential elongations ranging from 0–300 percent.
The curve for a higher tangential elongation lies at higher stresses than that for a lower tangential elongation; the differences are however larger than the theory predicts.
At 600 percent axial elongation stress relaxation was measured at different tangential elongations. It appears that the relaxation constant is independent of the tangential elongation.
Artificial Field Equations for a Region Where μ and ε Vary with Position
Authors: Smith P. D. P. 
Published: April 2005

I. Theory. The field equations developed admit of solutions in regions where μ and ε vary with position. For regions of zero conductivity, they are symmetrical with respect to electric and magnetic quantities, and the TM case can be derived from the TE. Fields derivable from a single component 4-potential are examined, and their propagation equations are found. A table relates the tensor and pseudo-tensor components to the usual vector components.
II. Applications in cylindrical polar coordinates. For the TE case, three types of solution exist, called A, B, or C, where the E field is parallel to the elementary vectors dz, dr or rdθ, respectively (for the TM case, H replaces E). In each TM or TE case, two possible distributions of μ and ε occur, leading to separable propagation equations. TEM waves can be derived from both TM and TE cases, but the impedances are different.
TE, TM and TEM waves for certain specific distributions of μ and ε, and their applications to curved guides, horns, and co-axial lines are considered. Some expressions are obtained for the fields, propagation constants, cut-off frequencies, and impedance. These solutions are not necessarily of the most general type, for to meet the conditions that restrict their choice, μ and ε are taken to be independent of the coordinate to which the transverse component of E (in TE) or H (in TM) is parallel.
Electron Microscopy of Wet Biological Tissues by Replica Techniques
Authors: Fischbein Irwin W. 
Published: April 2005

The study of wet biological tissues in situ using the electron microscope was made possible by modifying existing replica techniques and developing a new wet replication method. The shortcomings of existing replica techniques are discussed and the modifications necessitated are described.
Replicas of wet tissues were produced in extremely thin polystyrene films which could be observed directly in the electron microscope; however, superior results were obtained by preparing silica replicas from the replicated polystyrene films. A modified two-replica silica method proved satisfactory but the three-replica silica method developed was preferable. Electron micrographs of wet wood fiber surfaces used to illustrate these techniques reveal new data concerning submicroscopic cell wall structure.
The problem of interpreting replicas of partially degraded and disorganized materials is illustrated and discussed briefly.
Theory of Collinear Antennas
Authors: King Ronold 
Published: April 2005

If N collinear antennas are individually center driven, the only transmission line in the neutral plane is the one for a central unit if N is odd. Since lines that are not in a neutral plane constitute antennas, such an array is not practically useful.For a single driven unit with symmetrical, parasitic, collinear elements, the driving transmission line is in the neutral plane and may be replaced by an equivalent generator and terminal-zone network. An array with two parasites is analyzed. Since the currents in the halves of the three units are not alike, three simultaneous integral equations occur. By making reasonable assumptions these are reduced to the single equation of the isolated antenna but with a different kernel. Approximate expressions are obtained for the currents and for the mutual and self-impedances of the elements.The collinear antenna with outer elements driven from the central one by phase-reversing stubs is studied. For three elements components of the currents in the several possible modes are obtained with different degrees of approximation. The in-phase currents in the antennas are greatest, and are obtained with considerable accuracy. The currents in the outer units are not symmetrical, but with elements of length λ/2 the odd components of the currents are shown to be negligible.
Emissivity Changes of Thoria Cathodes
Authors: Weinreich O. A. 
Published: April 2005

Spectral and total emissivity measurements of thoria-coated tungsten filaments show that irreversible and reversible changes of the emissivity occur. ελ (λ=0.65μ) varies from 0.2 to 0.7 and εt from 0.2 to 0.5.
Certain variations of the thermal radiation can be related to changes of thermionic emission.
Passage of current through the coating affects emissivity and thermionic emission. This is shown by measuring infra-red radiation and electron current simultaneously. The existing relationship between emissivity and thermionic activation is discussed.
Thermocouples of the Refractory Metals
Authors: Morgan F. Haydn , Danforth W. E. 
Published: April 2005

The thermoelectric power of several refractory thermocouples was investigated, W-Ta for temperature measurements up to 3000°C, W-Mo up to 2600°C, Ta-Mo up to 2600°C and W-W/Mo (alloy 50 percent Mo/50 percent W) up to 2900°C.
Basic calibration was carried out using several melting points and the results were verified and interpolated by means of an optical pyrometer.
The couples W-Ta and W-Mo have been applied in this laboratory to the temperature measurement requirements in high temperature vacuum furnaces and determinations of spectral emissivity.
Determination of Crystallite Size with the X-Ray Spectrometer
Authors: Alexander Leroy , Klug Harold P. 
Published: April 2005

The accuracy of the Scherrer crystallite size equation is limited in part by the uncertainty in β, the experimentally deduced pure diffraction broadening. Currently used procedures for estimating β from the observed breadth of a Debye-Scherrer line are not, in general, applicable to the x-ray spectrometer.
By making use of a scheme of convolution analysis for analyzing the effect of geometrical factors in broadening the pure diffraction contour, a correction curve is developed for determining β from the experimentally measured line breadths b and B (Jones' notation). The degree of reliability of this correction procedure is ascertained by applying Stokes' direct Fourier transform procedure for determining the form of the pure diffraction contour free of instrumental effects.
Suggestive procedures are given for crystallite size determination with the x-ray spectrometer in different size ranges, and several examples are described.
The Impact of a Body on a Water Surface at an Arbitrary Angle
Authors: Trilling Leon 
Published: April 2005

This paper presents an approximate method of determining the pressure distribution during impact on the surface of a body which strikes a horizontal water surface at an arbitrary angle.
The effect of the splash is neglected and the pressure on the free boundary is assumed proportional to the potential, as if the process were an impulse. The shape of the submerged portion of the striking body is approximated by a semi-ellipse (two dimensions), by a hemisphere, half an ellipsoid of revolution and half a general ellipsoid. Under those conditions, explicit results for the pressure distribution are found. As a special example, the impact pressures on a sphere striking at 45° angle are computed in detail.
The Electronic Isograph for Roots of Polynomials
Authors: Marshall Byron O. 
Published: April 2005

An electronic apparatus which assists in the finding of the roots of polynomials is described. The device accepts the coefficients of polynomials of degree 10 or less and yields the absolute magnitude of the roots to a precision of 0.01 relative to the largest coefficient in the polynomial and an angular accuracy of 0.3 degree on the angle of the root.
The method used is the electronic analog of the expression ω= ∑ anzn= ∑ anrn cosnθ+j ∑ anrn sinnθ.Sinnθ and cosnθ are generated by a motor-driven commutator. The radius r is controlled manually. Hence a plot of ω is placed on the oscilloscope for a fixed r as a function of θ. To find the root r is manipulated until ω crosses the origin in the ω-plane. The value of θ is found by inserting a pip on the intensity of the oscilloscope under a variable phase control. When this pip is moved to the origin of the ω-plane the phase meter indicates the angle of the root in the z plane.