bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Descending supraspinal pathways in amphibians. II. Distribution and origin of the catecholaminergic innervation of the spinal cord
Authors: Sánchez‐Camacho Cristina , Marín Oscar , Smeets Wilhelmus J.A.J. , Ten Donkelaar Hans J. , González Agustín 
Published: August 2002

AbstractImmunohistochemical studies with antibodies against tyrosine hydroxylase, dopamine, and noradrenaline have revealed that the spinal cord of anuran, urodele, and gymnophionan (apodan) amphibians is abundantly innervated by catecholaminergic (CA) fibers and terminals. Because intraspinal cells occur in all three orders of amphibians CA, it is unclear to what extent the CA innervation of the spinal cord is of supraspinal origin. In a previous study, we showed that many cell groups throughout the forebrain and brainstem project to the spinal cord of two anurans (the green frog, Rana perezi, and the clawed toad, Xenopus laevis), a urodele (the Iberian ribbed newt, Pleurodeles waltl), and a gymnophionan (the Mexican caecilian, Dermophis mexicanus). To determine the exact site of origin of the supraspinal CA innervation of the amphibian spinal cord, retrograde tracing techniques were combined with immunohistochemistry for tyrosine hydroxylase in the same sections. The double‐labeling experiments demonstrated that four brain centers provide CA innervation to the amphibian spinal cord: 1.) the ventrolateral component of the posterior tubercle in the mammillary region, 2.) the periventricular nucleus of the zona incerta in the ventral thalamus, 3.) the locus coeruleus, and 4.) the nucleus of the solitary tract. This pattern holds for all three orders of amphibians, except for the CA projection from the nucleus of the solitary tract in gymnophionans. There are differences in the strength of the projections (based on the number of double‐labeled cells), but in general, spinal functions in amphibians are controlled by CA innervation from brain centers that can easily be compared with their counterparts in amniotes. The organization of the CA input to the spinal cord of amphibians is largely similar to that described for mammals. Nevertheless, by using a segmental approach of the CNS, a remarkable difference was observed with respect to the diencephalic CA projections. J. Comp. Neurol. 434:209–232, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Laminar organization of the pyramidal cell layer of the subiculum in the rat
Authors: Ishizuka Norio 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe distribution of neurons in the subiculum of the rat that give rise to subcortical connections was studied using retrograde labeling with horseradish peroxidase conjugated to wheat germ agglutinin. Injections were made into the anteroventral thalamic nucleus, the medial mammillary nucleus, the nucleus accumbens, and the lateral septal nucleus. To facilitate the analysis, the hippocampal formation with adjacent cortices were “flattened,” which allowed the cutting of sections perpendicular to the full septotemporal axis. Cells projecting to the anteroventral thalamic nucleus (AV cells), the medial mammillary body (MMB cells), and the nucleus accumbens (ACC cells) were observed consistently throughout the entire septotemporal (dorsoventral) and transverse extent of the subiculum (from field CA1 of the hippocampus to the presubiculum). In the transverse plane, the three kinds of projection cells were arranged in a laminar fashion: The AV cells were observed in the deepest portion of the subicular pyramidal cell layer, the ACC cells were observed in the most superficial portion of the layer, and the MMB cells were observed in the middle portion of the layer. Although this laminar arrangement was observed at all septotemporal levels of the subiculum, it was most apparent at the septal level. At more temporal levels, the “laminae” shifted such that the superficially located ACC cells were more prominent in the proximal half of the subiculum, whereas the AV cells were shifted toward the distal half of the subiculum. The average size of somata of the AV cells was 72.3 μm2, that of the ACC cells was 105.2 μm2, and that of the MMB cells was 121.8 μm2. The connectional and cytoarchitectonic data indicate that there is a distinct sublamination of the subicular pyramidal cell layer, suggesting that the subiculum may be analogous to the infragranular layer (layers V and VI) of the isocortex. J. Comp. Neurol. 435:89–110, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantitative analysis of the dendrites of sacral preganglionic neurons in the cat
Authors: Morgan Charles W. , Ohara Peter T. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractQuantitative analyses were performed on the dendrites and somata of 25 electrophysiologically identified preganglionic neurons (PGN) obtained from the sacral spinal cord of the cat by intracellular injection of Neurobiotin or horseradish peroxidase. Total dendritic length and surface area were measured for each dendrite. The sizes of the stem dendrites measured at their base were positively correlated with the sizes of the entire tree and numbers of end branches. Total surface area of somata and dendrites averaged 39,138 μm2; 90.7% of that was from the dendrites. To obtain measurements of the relative contributions of PGN dendrites to specific regions of the spinal cord, the percentage of each dendrite occupying eight spinal cord regions was recorded. Sixty‐three percent of the dendrites projected dorsal to their somata, whereas an average of 33.3% of dendrites were located in the white matter, most of them in the lateral and dorsolateral funiculi. The neurons within this sample formed a continuum with some neurons having a large percentage of dendrites in lamina I but little in the white matter, whereas at the other end of the continuum were cells with the reverse configuration. The intermediate neurons had dendrites in both locations. Taken together, these data indicate a heterogeneous population of PGN in the lateral band of the sacral parasympathetic nucleus. J. Comp. Neurol. 437:56–69, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bipolar cell diversity in the primate retina: Morphologic and immunocytochemical analysis of a new world monkey, the marmoset Callithrix jacchus
Authors: Chan Tricia L. , Martin Paul R. , Clunas Nathan , Grünert Ulrike 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe aim of this study was to identify the bipolar cell types in the retina of a New World monkey, the common marmoset, and compare them with those found in the Old World macaque monkey. Retinal whole‐mounts, sections, or both, were stained by using DiI labeling and immunohistochemical methods. Semithin sections were analyzed by using quantitative methods. We show that the same morphologic types of bipolar cell as described for the Old World macaque monkey by Boycott and Wässle (Boycott and Wässle [1991] Eur. J. Neurosci. 3:1069–1088) are present in marmoset retina: two types of midget bipolar cells, six type of diffuse bipolar cells, a blue cone bipolar cell, and one type of rod bipolar cell. The pattern of staining with different immunohistochemical markers (“fingerprint”) of each bipolar cell type in marmoset was also the same as described for macaque, with one exception: the flat midget bipolar cell (FMB) class is labeled by antibodies to recoverin in macaque but is labeled by antibodies to CD15 in marmoset. The labeled FMB cells in marmoset make contact with multiple cone photoreceptors throughout most of the extrafoveal retina. The spatial density of bipolar cells in marmoset is shown to be sufficient to support one‐to‐one connectivity of midget bipolar and ganglion cells in the fovea and to allow for parallel pathways to ganglion cells throughout the retina. Quantitative differences in the morphology and receptor connectivity between marmoset and macaque can be related to differences in cone and rod photoreceptor density between the species. We conclude that bipolar cell diversity is a preserved feature of the primate retina. J. Comp. Neurol. 437:219–239, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Immunohistochemical localization of 3β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and 5α‐reductase in the brain of the African lungfish Protopterus annectens
Authors: Mathieu Maura , Mensah‐Nyagan Ayikoe Guy , Vallarino Mauro , Do‐Régo Jean‐Luc , Beaujean Delphine , Vaudry David , Luu‐The Van , Pelletier Georges , Vaudry Hubert 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe localization of the enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis of neurosteroids in the brain of dipnoans has not yet been determined. In the present study, we investigated the immunohistochemical distribution of 3β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β‐HSD) and 5α‐reductase (5α‐R) in the brain and pituitary of the African lungfish Protopterus annectens by using antibodies raised against type I human 3β‐HSD and type I human 5α‐R. The 3β‐HSD and 5α‐R immunoreactivities were detected in cell bodies and fibers located in the same areas of the lungfish brain, namely, in the pallium, thalamus, hypothalamus, tectum, and periaqueductal gray. Identification of astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and neurons with antisera against glial fibrillary acidic protein, galactocerebroside and neurofilaments revealed that, in the lungfish brain, 3β‐HSD immunolabeling is expressed exclusively by neurons, whereas the 5α‐R‐immunoreactive material is contained in both neurons and glial cells. In the pituitary gland, 3β‐HSD‐ and 5α‐R‐like immunoreactivity was localized in both the pars distalis and the pars intermedia. The present study provides the first immunocytochemical mapping of two key steroidogenic enzymes in the brain and pituitary of a lungfish. These data strongly suggest that neurosteroid biosynthesis occurs in the brain of fishes, as previously shown for amphibians, birds, and mammals. J. Comp. Neurol. 438:123–135, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ontogeny of angiotensin II type 1 receptor mRNAs in fetal and neonatal rat brain
Authors: Nuyt Anne Monique , Lenkei Zsolt , Corvol Pierre , Palkovits Miklós , Llorens‐Cortés Catherine 
Published: August 2002

AbstractStudies have demonstrated a specific function of the angiotensin II (Ang II) type 1 receptor (AT1) in regulation of adult central cardiovascular, fluid, and pituitary hormone release and a predominant role of the renin‐angiotensin system in fetal and neonatal cardiovascular homeostasis. The pattern of brain AT1 mRNA expression during fetal and neonatal development is currently unknown. We used radiolabeled cRNA probes for in situ hybridization histochemistry to determine the ontogenic development of the two AT1 subtypes (AT1a and AT1b) mRNA in rat brain, from 11 days of gestation (E11) to 28 days after birth (P28). No AT1b mRNA was detected in the developing brain, whereas AT1a mRNA was first detected at E19. The age at which AT1a mRNA is first detected varied among different brain areas and expression predominates in areas involved in fluid homeostasis, pituitary hormone release, and cardiovascular regulation, where it persists until P28. AT1a mRNA expression is present from E19 onward in the median preoptic nucleus, the vascular organ of the lamina terminalis, the paraventricular nucleus, the periaqueductal gray, the nucleus raphe pallidus, the motor facial nucleus, and very weakly in the nucleus of the solitary tract and the ambiguus nucleus, and at E21 in the subfornical organ, the anterior olfactory nucleus and the piriform cortex. AT1a mRNA expression is present after birth in many regions, including the preoptic and lateral hypothalamic areas, the area postrema and medullary reticular nuclei. In conclusion, during brain development, expression of AT1a mRNA, appears in late gestation at E19, predominantly in forebrain areas involved in fluid homeostasis and cardiovascular regulation. In contrast, AT1a mRNA expression is absent or present only in very small amounts until after birth in many medullary nuclei, known to play an important role in cardiovascular modulation. Our results suggest that, in perinatal life, AT1a is involved in fluid and perhaps cardiovascular homeostasis and that the role of Ang II in modulating medullary cardiovascular centers matures later in postnatal life. J. Comp. Neurol. 440:000–000, 2001. J. Comp. Neurol. 440:192–203, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
On the well‐posedness of the Euler equations in the Triebel‐Lizorkin spaces
Authors: Chae Dongho 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe prove local‐in‐time unique existence and a blowup criterion for solutions in the Triebel‐Lizorkin space for the Euler equations of inviscid incompressible fluid flows in ℝn,n≥ 2. As a corollary we obtain global persistence of the initial regularity characterized by the Triebel‐Lizorkin spaces for the solutions of two‐dimensional Euler equations. To prove the results, we establish the logarithmic inequality of the Beale‐Kato‐Majda type, the Moser type of inequality, as well as the commutator estimate in the Triebel‐Lizorkin spaces. The key methods of proof used are the Littlewood‐Paley decomposition and the paradifferential calculus by J. M. Bony. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A multicast group communication protocol, engine, and bridge for CORBA
Authors: Moser L. E. , Melliar‐Smith P. M. , Narasimhan P. , Koch R. R. , Berket K. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMulticast group communication is needed for fault‐tolerant distributed systems and, in particular, for the new Fault Tolerant CORBA standard, to maintain strong replica consistency. However, different multicast group communication protocols are appropriate for different environments, which makes it difficult to define a single standard multicast protocol. In this paper, we present a multicast group communication engine and bridge for CORBA that allows multiple group communication protocols to be used concurrently. We also present the Fault Tolerant Multicast Protocol, a group communication protocol that allows different fault tolerance systems to interoperate.The group communication engine and bridge places Lamport timestamps on messages, and multicasts messages to groups, using one or more group communication protocols. The group communication protocols reliably deliver the timestamped messages in timestamp order to the group communication engine, which integrates these streams of messages into a single stream for delivery in timestamp order. The Fault Tolerant Multicast Protocol operates over IP Multicast, and consists of the Reliable Multicast Protocol which provides reliable source‐ordered message delivery, the Reliable Ordered Multicast Protocol which provides reliable totally ordered message delivery, and the Host Group Membership Protocol which provides host group membership services. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Verified lightweight bytecode verification
Authors: Klein Gerwin , Nipkow Tobias 
Published: August 2002

AbstractEva and Kristoffer Rose proposed a (sparse) annotation of Java Virtual Machine code with types to enable a one‐pass verification of well‐typedness. We have formalized a variant of their proposal in the theorem prover Isabelle/HOL and proved soundness and completeness. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis and optimization of a novel biasing for constant‐gain CMOS open‐loop amplifiers
Authors: Palmisano G. , Salerno R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA replica biasing circuit is presented which allows open‐loop gain in CMOS amplifiers to be accurately set. The proposed solution is a new biasing which takes advantage of a triode‐biased transistor instead of the ΔVGSapproach which is the traditional one. The circuit can be applied to both RF and IF amplifiers which are based on resistive loads in order to achieve high‐frequency and/or low‐noise performance. A detailed analysis of second‐order effects is then given which emphasizes the effects due to mobility degradation, channel‐length modulation and threshold voltage mismatches. Simulated results show a good sensitivity to process variations. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adaptive least mean squares block Volterra filters
Authors: Haweel Tarek I. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAdaptive filtering has found many applications in situations where the underlying signals are changing or unknown. While linear filters are simple from implementation and conceptual points of view, many signals are non‐linear in nature. Non‐linear filters based on truncated Volterra expansions can effectively model a large number of systems. Unfortunately, the resulting input auto‐moment matrix is ill conditioned, which results in a slow convergence rate. This paper proposes a class of block adaptive Volterra filters in which the input sequences are Hadamard transformed to improve the condition number of the input auto‐moment matrix and consequently improve the convergence rate. This is achieved by the decorrelation effect produced by the orthogonality of the transform. Since Hadamard transformation employs only ±1's, the additional required computational and implementation burdens are few. The effect of additive white Gaussian noise is introduced. Simulation experiments are given to illustrate the improved performance of the proposed method over the conventional Volterra LMS method. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ACE4k: An analog I/O 64×64 visual microprocessor chip with 7‐bit analog accuracy
Authors: Liñán G. , Espejo S. , Domínguez‐Castro R. , Rodríguez‐Vázquez A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper describes a full‐custom mixed‐signal chip which embeds distributed optical signal acquisition, digitally‐programmable analog parallel processing, and distributed image memory cache on a common silicon substrate. This chip, designed in a 0.5 µm standard CMOS technology contains around 1.000.000 transistors, of which operate in analog mode; it is hence one the most complex mixed‐signal chip reported to now. Chip functional features are: local interactions, spatial‐invariant array architecture; programmable local interactions among cells; randomly‐selectable memory of instructions (elementary instructions are defined by specific values of the cell local interactions); random storage/retrieval of intermediate images; capability to complete algorithmic image processing tasks controlled by the user‐selected stored instructions and interacting with the cache memory, etc. Thus, as illustrated in this paper, the chip is capable to complete complex spatio‐temporal image processing tasks within short computation time (<300 ns for linear convolutions) and using a low power budget (<1.2 W for the complete chip). The internal circuitry of the chip has been designed to operate in robust manner with >7‐bits equivalent accuracy in the internal analog operations, which has been confirmed by experimental measurements. Such 7‐bits accuracy is enough for most image processing applications. ACE4k has been demonstrated capable to implement up to 30 templateσ‐either directly or through template decomposition. This means the 100% of the 3×3 linear templates reported in Roska et al. 1998, [1]. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Use of phycoerythrin and allophycocyanin for fluorescence resonance energy transfer analyzed by flow cytometry: Advantages and limitations
Authors: Batard Pascal , Szollosi Janos , Luescher Immanuel , Cerottini Jean‐Charles , MacDonald Rob , Romero Pedro 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackgroundThis study validates the use of phycoerythrin (PE) and allophycocyanin (APC) for fluorescence energy transfer (FRET) analyzed by flow cytometry.MethodsFRET was detected when a pair of antibody conjugates directed against two noncompetitive epitopes on the same CD8α chain was used. FRET was also detected between antibody conjugate pairs specific for the two chains of the heterodimeric α 4β1 integrin. Similarly, the association of T‐cell receptor (TCR) with a soluble antigen ligand was detected by FRET when anti‐TCR antibody and MHC class I/peptide complexes (〈〈tetramers〉〉) were used.ResultsFRET efficiency was always less than 10%, probably because of steric effects associated with the size and structure of PE and APC. Some suggestions are given to take into account this and other effects (e.g., donor and acceptor concentrations) for a better interpretation of FRET results obtained with this pair of fluorochromes.ConclusionsWe conclude that FRET assays can be carried out easily with commercially available antibodies and flow cytometers to study arrays of multimolecular complexes. Cytometry 48:97–105, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distinctive patterns of Her‐2/neu, c‐myc, and cyclin D1 gene amplification by fluorescence in situ hybridization in primary human breast cancers
Authors: Janocko Laura E. , Brown Kathryn A. , Smith Charles A. , Gu Ling Ping , Pollice Agnese A. , Singh Sarita G. , Julian Thomas , Wolmark Norman , Sweeney Lillian , Silverman Jan F. , Shackney Stanley E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackground: Human solid tumors undergo clonal evolution as they progress, but evidence for specific sequences of genetic changes that occur in individual tumors and are recapitulated in other tumors is difficult to obtain. Methods: Patterns of amplification of Her‐2/neu, c‐myc, and cyclin D1 were determined by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in relation to the presence of p53 dysfunction and ploidy in 60 primary human breast cancers. Results: We show that there are clusters of genophenotypic abnormalities that distinguish lobular breast cancers from nonlobular tumors; that cyclin D1 amplification occurs prior to the divergence of lobular breast cancers from nonlobular cancers; that p53 dysfunction, Her‐2/neu amplification, and c‐myc amplification are characteristic features of nonlobular breast cancers, but not of lobular breast cancers; and that the frequencies of amplification of all three oncogenes examined increase progressively with increasing aneuploidy, but that each gene exhibits a different profile of increasing amplification in relation to tumor progression. Early amplification of c‐myc appears to be an especially prominent feature of hypertetraploid/hypertetrasomic tumors. Conclusions: The data suggest that in tumors containing multiple abnormalities, these abnormalities often accumulate in the same cells within each tumor. Furthermore, the same patterns of accumulation of multiple genophenotypic abnormalities are recapitulated in different tumors. Cytometry (Comm. Clin. Cytometry) 46:136–149, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A congestion control framework for available bit rate service in ATM networks
Authors: Chan Sammy , Zukerman Moshe , Wong Eric W. M. , Ko K. T. , Yeung Edmund , Wydrowski Bartek 
Published: August 2002

AbstractFair packet discarding (FPD) is a mechanism which provides incentives to users to co‐operate in congestion control, so that ATM networks can operate more efficiently. In this paper, we propose asimplecongestion control framework consisting of a combination of FPD and ATM Forum's explicit‐rate flow control scheme. We show by simulations that this frame‐work achieves all objectives of congestion control: (1) control congestion, (2) achieve high user‐perceived throughput, (3) maintain fairness and (4) provide protection from misbehaving users. In addition, we equip this framework with two enhancements to improve efficiency, and reduce end‐to‐end delay. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fine‐needle aspiration biopsy of alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma of the parotid: A case report and review of the literature
Authors: Valencerina Gopez Evelyn , Dauterman John , Layfield Lester J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe cytologic features of an alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma arising within the parotid gland are described. The occurrence of this neoplasm as a primary malignancy in the parotid gland is very rare, and the tumor is usually not included in the cytologic differential diagnosis of parotid tumors. The diagnosis of the current case was achieved by a combination of fine‐needle aspiration biopsy and frozen sections. Realizing the difficulty of recognizing this tumor both histologically and cytologically, we present this case to increase the awareness of this tumor's occurrence within the parotid gland and other salivary glands, and to highlight cytomorphologic features that will aid the pathologist in making the correct diagnosis. Diagn. Cytopathol. 24:249–252, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.