bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of local restaurant smoking regulations on progression to established smoking among youths
Authors: Siegel M , Albers A B , Cheng D M , Biener L , Rigotti N A 
Published: September 2005

Background:While smoke-free restaurant laws are intended to protect the public from secondhand smoke exposure, they may also discourage smoking among adolescents. There is no evidence from longitudinal studies to test this hypothesis.Objective:To examine the effect of local restaurant smoking regulations on progression to established smoking among adolescents.Design, setting, and subjects:A cohort of 2623 Massachusetts youths, ages 12–17 years at baseline, was interviewed via random digit dial telephone survey in 2001–2002 and followed up two years later. A generalised estimating equations (GEE) logistic regression analysis was used and controlled for potential individual, household, and town level confounding factors.Main outcome measure:Progression to established smoking during the two year follow up period (defined as having smoked 100 or more cigarettes in one’s life).Results:Compared to youths living in towns with weak regulations, those living in towns with strong regulations (complete restaurant smoking bans) had less than half the odds of progression to established smoking (odds ratio (OR) 0.39, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.24 to 0.66). The association was stronger for youths in towns with strong regulations in effect for two or more years (OR 0.11, 95% CI 0.03 to 0.37), although it was still present for those in towns with strong regulations in effect for less than two years (OR 0.55, 95% CI 0.33 to 0.90). No relationship was found between living in a town with a medium restaurant smoking regulation (restriction of smoking to enclosed, separately ventilated areas) and rates of progression to established smoking.Conclusions:Local restaurant smoking bans may be an effective intervention to prevent youth smoking.
Delayed In Vivo Catabolism of Intermediate-Density Lipoprotein and Low-Density Lipoprotein in Hemodialysis Patients as Potential Cause of Premature Atherosclerosis
Authors: Ikewaki Katsunori , Schaefer Juergen R. , Frischmann Michael E. , Okubo Keio , Hosoya Tatsuo , Mochizuki Seibu , Dieplinger Benjamin , Trenkwalder Evi , Schweer Horst , Kronenberg Florian , Koenig Paul , Dieplinger Hans 
Published: September 2005

Objective—Premature cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in patients with end-stage renal disease treated by hemodialysis (HD). Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels are not generally increased in HD patients, but their LDL metabolism is still poorly understood. We therefore investigated the in vivo metabolism of apoB-containing lipoproteins in two different ethnic populations of HD patients and controls.Methods and Results—We performed stable isotope kinetic studies using a primed constant infusion of deuterated leucine in 12 HD patients and 13 healthy controls. Tracer/tracee ratio of apoB was determined by means of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, and the modeling program SAAMII was used to estimate the fractional catabolic rate (FCR) of apoB. Mean LDL-apoB plasma concentrations were almost identical in both groups (HD: 95±30 mg/dL, controls: 91±40 mg/dL), whereas LDL-apoB FCR was 50% lower in HD patients as compared with controls (0.22±0.12 days−1versus 0.46±0.20 days−1,P=0.001) with concomitantly decreased production rates of LDL. Compared with controls, intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL)-apoB FCR was 65% lower (2.87±1.02 days−1versus 8.89±4.94 days−1,P=0.014), accompanied by 1.5-fold higher IDL-apoB levels in HD. Very low-density lipoprotein metabolism was similar in both study groups.Conclusions—In vivo catabolism of LDL and IDL is severely impaired in HD patients but misleadingly masked by normal plasma cholesterol levels. The resulting markedly prolonged residence times of both IDL and LDL particles might thus significantly contribute to the well-documented high risk for premature cardiovascular disease in HD patients.
Eloquent Bodies: Rituals in the Contexts of Alleviating Suffering
Authors: Hornborg Anne-Christine 
Published: September 2005

AbstractIt seems that the revitalization of traditional rituals has been an effective way of developing a new embodiment and identity. The ability of the Canadian Mi'kmaq Indians to rework the cultural body, historically imposed on them by the dominant society, opens the way to weeding out destructive patterns unconsciously or consciously embedded historically in their bodies. The ritual opens up opportunities to explore new habitus and to employ the body in a domain shared with like-minded peers so as to facilitate new ways of approaching the world. The rituals thus provide redemptive opportunities for bodies that have been disempowered by hegemonic contexts, and simultaneously offer social affirmation of the new way of being in the world.
What Controls the Mean Depth of the PBL?
Authors: Medeiros Brian , Hall Alex , Stevens Bjorn 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
The depth of the planetary boundary layer (PBL) is a climatologically important quantity that has received little attention on regional to global scales. Here a 10-yr climatology of PBL depth from the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) atmospheric GCM is analyzed using the PBL mass budget. Based on the dominant physical processes, several PBL regimes are identified. These regimes tend to exhibit large-scale geographic organization. Locally generated buoyancy fluxes and static stability control PBL depth nearly everywhere, though convective mass flux has a large influence at tropical marine locations. Virtually all geographical variability in PBL depth can be linearly related to these quantities. While dry convective boundary layers dominate over land, stratocumulus-topped boundary layers are most common over ocean. This division of regimes leads to a dramatic land–sea contrast in PBL depth. Diurnal effects keep mean PBL depth over land shallow despite large daytime surface fluxes. The contrast arises because the large daily exchange of heat and mass between the PBL and free atmosphere over land is not present over the ocean, where mixing is accomplished by turbulent entrainment. Consistent treatment of remnant air from the deep, daytime PBL is necessary for proper representation of this diurnal behavior over land. Many locations exhibit seasonal shifts in PBL regime related to changes in PBL clouds. These shifts are controlled by seasonal variations in buoyancy flux and static stability.
Did the ECMWF Seasonal Forecast Model Outperform Statistical ENSO Forecast Models over the Last 15 Years?
Authors: Jan van Oldenborgh Geert , Balmaseda Magdalena A. , Ferranti Laura , Stockdale Timothy N. , Anderson David L. T. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
The European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) has made seasonal forecasts since 1997 with ensembles of a coupled ocean–atmosphere model, System-1 (S1). In January 2002, a new version, System-2 (S2), was introduced. For the calibration of these models, hindcasts have been performed starting in 1987, so that 15 yr of hindcasts and forecasts are now available for verification.
Seasonal predictability is to a large extent due to the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) climate oscillations. ENSO predictions of the ECMWF models are compared with those of statistical models, some of which are used operationally. The relative skill depends strongly on the season. The dynamical models are better at forecasting the onset of El Niño or La Niña in boreal spring to summer. The statistical models are comparable at predicting the evolution of an event in boreal fall and winter.
The Statistics and Structure of Subseasonal Midlatitude Variability in NASA GSFC GCMs
Authors: Robinson Dennis P. , Black Robert X. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
A comprehensive analysis of midlatitude intraseasonal variability in extended integrations of NASA GSFC general circulation models (GCMs) is conducted. This is approached by performing detailed intercomparisons of the representation of the storm tracks and anomalous weather regimes occurring during wintertime in the Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP)-type simulations of both the NASA–NCAR and a version of the Aries model used in NASA’s Seasonal-to-Interannual Prediction Project (NSIPP) model. The model-simulated statistics, three-dimensional structure, and dynamical characteristics of these phenomena are diagnosed and directly compared to parallel observational analyses derived from NCEP–NCAR reanalyses.
A qualitatively good representation of the vertical structure of intraseasonal eddy kinetic energy (EKE) is provided by both models with maximum values of EKE occurring near 300 hPa. The main model shortcoming is an underestimation of EKE in the upper troposphere, especially for synoptic eddies in the NSIPP model. Nonetheless, both models provide a reasonable representation of the three-dimensional structure and dynamical characteristics of synoptic eddies. Discrepancies in the storm-track structures simulated by the models include an anomalous local minimum over the eastern Pacific basin. However, both GCMs faithfully reproduce the observed Pacific midwinter storm-track suppression. Interestingly, the NSIPP model also produces a midwinter suppression feature over the Atlantic storm track in association with the anomalously strong upper-level jet stream simulated by NSIPP in this region.
The regional distribution of anomalous weather regime events is well simulated by the models. However, substantial structural differences exist between observed and simulated events over the North Pacific region. In comparison to observations, model events are horizontally more isotropic, have stronger westward vertical tilts, and are more strongly driven by baroclinic dynamics. The structure and dynamics of anomalous weather regimes occurring over the North Atlantic region are qualitatively better represented by the models. The authors suggest that model deficiencies in representing the zonally asymmetric climatological-mean flow field (particularly the magnitude and structure of the Pacific and Atlantic jet streams) help contribute to model shortcomings in (i) the strength and seasonal variability of the storm tracks and (ii) dynamical distinctions in the maintenance of large-scale weather regimes.
Asymmetry between El Niño and La Niña in a Global Coupled GCM with an Eddy-Permitting Ocean Resolution
Authors: Dong Buwen 
Published: September 2005

AbstractObservations show the asymmetric nature of El Niño and La Niña sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies. Warm events are often stronger than cold events. This asymmetric behavior is an important feature that can be used to validate coupled models to test their ability to represent the climate system. The asymmetry of El Niño and La Niña SST anomalies has been investigated in a simulation of the Hadley Centre eddy-permitting coupled general circulation model. It is found that the asymmetric behavior is captured by the model with SST anomalies associated with strong El Niño events being greater than those associated with strong La Niña events. The pattern of the SST asymmetry also bears some similar characteristics to those based on observations despite the deficiency that SST anomalies associated with both El Niño and La Niña extend too far westward in the model.Through a heat budget analysis of the ocean mixed layer, it is shown that nonlinear dynamic heating (NDH) is important in generating intense El Niño and the SST asymmetry between El Niño and La Niña events, especially in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. This nonlinear dynamic heating enhances the amplitude of El Niño and reduces the amplitude of La Niña, and therefore leads to the asymmetry between El Niño and La Niña events, with El Niño being stronger. However, the skewness and asymmetry in the model are relatively weak, being consistent with a relatively weak nonlinear dynamical heating. It is also shown that the eastward-propagating feature of subsurface anomalies provides a favorable phase relationship between temperature and current anomalies that results in strong nonlinear dynamical heating that tends to produce stronger El Niños. In addition, in the model simulation, the nonlinear nature of zonal wind stress anomalies between El Niño and La Niña events also plays an important role in the central tropical Pacific. These different mechanisms work constructively to determine the asymmetry between El Niño and La Niña events in the model, and they are similar to those proposed in recent studies based on observations. The ability of the model to simulate this asymmetric feature is encouraging and offers hope to the challenge of predicting the amplitude of strong El Niño events.
Seasonal Surface Air Temperature and Precipitation in the FSU Climate Model Coupled to the CLM2
Authors: Shin D. W. , Cocke S. , LaRow T. E. , O’Brien James J. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
The current Florida State University (FSU) climate model is upgraded by coupling the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Community Land Model Version 2 (CLM2) as its land component in order to make a better simulation of surface air temperature and precipitation on the seasonal time scale, which is important for crop model application. Climatological and seasonal simulations with the FSU climate model coupled to the CLM2 (hereafter FSUCLM) are compared to those of the control (the FSU model with the original simple land surface treatment). The current version of the FSU model is known to have a cold bias in the temperature field and a wet bias in precipitation. The implementation of FSUCLM has reduced or eliminated this bias due to reduced latent heat flux and increased sensible heat flux. The role of the land model in seasonal simulations is shown to be more important during summertime than wintertime. An additional experiment that assimilates atmospheric forcings produces improved land-model initial conditions, which in turn reduces the biases further. The impact of various deep convective parameterizations is examined as well to further assess model performance. The land scheme plays a more important role than the convective scheme in simulations of surface air temperature. However, each convective scheme shows its own advantage over different geophysical locations in precipitation simulations.
ENSO Suppression due to Weakening of the North Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation*
Authors: Timmermann A. , An S-I. , Krebs U. , Goosse H. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Changes of the North Atlantic thermohaline circulation (THC) excite wave patterns that readjust the thermocline globally. This paper examines the impact of a freshwater-induced THC shutdown on the depth of the Pacific thermocline and its subsequent modification of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) variability using an intermediate-complexity global coupled atmosphere–ocean–sea ice model and an intermediate ENSO model, respectively. It is shown by performing a numerical eigenanalysis and transient simulations that a THC shutdown in the North Atlantic goes along with reduced ENSO variability because of a deepening of the zonal mean tropical Pacific thermocline. A transient simulation also exhibits abrupt changes of ENSO behavior, depending on the rate of THC change. The global oceanic wave adjustment mechanism is shown to play a key role also on multidecadal time scales. Simulated multidecadal global sea surface temperature (SST) patterns show a large degree of similarity with previous climate reconstructions, suggesting that the observed pan-oceanic variability on these time scales is brought about by oceanic waves and by atmospheric teleconnections.
Origin of quartz cores in tourmaline from Roche Rock, SW England
Authors: Müller A. , Williamson B. J. , Smith M. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe nature and mode of origin of quartz-cored tourmalines (QCT) are studied from hydrothermal quartz veins within massive quartz-tourmaline (MQT) rocks at Roche, SW England. The QCT are annular, have blue maximum absorption colour and occur together with tourmalines with brown cores rimmed by blue tourmaline. Where the quartz core is not continuous throughout the length of the QCT crystals, the tourmaline core has brown maximum absorption colour, similar to tourmalines without quartz cores. Both the blue and brown tourmalines are schorl, but are compositionally distinct showing different Fe/(Mg + Ti) ratios and Ca concentrations. Fluid inclusion data indicate quartz precipitation from a moderate salinity (∼20–25 wt.% NaCl eq.) brine which periodically boiled following pressure drops within the vein system. The QCT show rheomorphic and lobate textures on their inner margins indicating selective dissolution of their brown, relative Mg-, Ti- and Ca-rich tourmaline cores and replacement with quartz. This presents a problem in terms of the nature of the fluid responsible for such selective dissolution because tourmaline is generally highly resistant under the normal range of hydrothermal fluid conditions. It is proposed that the relatively high concentrations of Ti, Mg and Ca in the brown tourmaline caused significant lattice strain, which together with an increase in pH, and probably Al, in the boiling hydrothermal fluid caused the brown cores to become unstable compared with the Fe-rich blue tourmaline rims.
Exsolution and hydration of pyroxenes from partially serpentinized harzburgites
Authors: Viti C. , Mellini M. , Rumori C. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractOrtho- and clinopyroxenes within partially-hydrated harzburgites from Elba and Val di Cecina (Italy) show lamellar exsolution textures and variable replacement by biopyriboles, talc-chlorite-serpentine mixed layers and serpentine. Chemical and geothermometric data suggest that the pyroxenes crystallized at 1240–1051°C, followed by subsolidus exsolution at slightly lower T (1145–1025°C for clinopyroxene lamellae + orthopyroxene matrix pairs and a 1033–982°C range for orthopyroxene lamellae + clinopyroxene matrix pairs).Investigation by transmission electron microscopy of exsolved enstatite and augite reveals a multistage hydration process. The first stage (highest T, probably in the amphibole stability field) leads to the formation of biopyribole lamellae within exsolved augite, leaving the enstatite matrix unaffected. The second stage (~500–300°C) corresponds to the topotactic replacement of enstatite by layer silicates (talc + chlorite + serpentine, with (001)layer silicates parallel to (100)enstatite). Enstatite is also replaced by randomly oriented, poorly crystalline serpentine. The last hydration stage (<300°C) corresponds to the disappearence of augite and recrystallization of serpentine, leading to completely hydrated bastites with random lizardite lamellae, polygonal serpentine and minor chrysotile.
Microdiamonds, their classification and tectonic implications for the host eclogites from the Dabie and Su-Lu regions in central eastern China
Authors: Xu Shutong , Liu Yican , Chen Guanbao , Ji Shouyuan , Ni Pei , Xiao Wanshen 
Published: September 2005

AbstractWe have found >10 in situ microdiamonds in thin sections of eclogites from the Dabie and Su-Lu regions of central eastern China since the first occurrence of microdiamond in eclogites from the Dabie Mountains (DMT) reported in 1992. The microdiamonds are found not only in the central part but also in the northern part of the DMT. Several free crystals have been recovered from the crushed eclogites from the central DMT. Most in situ microdiamonds are inclusions in garnets but a few larger ones are intergranular. Most of the diamondiferous eclogites in the central part of the DMT are associated with coesite. Most importantly, the observation of microdiamonds in northern Dabie lead us to question the supposition that this is a low-P metamorphic terrane. All the diamondiferous eclogites from both the north and central DMT are of continental affinity as demonstrated by their negative εNd values. Therefore, both the north and central eclogite belts in the DMT are considered to be from the deep subducted terrane. Five in situ microdiamonds and two free crystals are first reported in this paper. The dimensions of the in situ microdiamonds are 30–180 µm and the free crystals are up to 400–700 mm across. All the microdiamonds are confirmed as such by Raman spectroscopy. The results of an infrared spectroscopic investigation on two larger free crystals and two in situ microdiamonds show that all the microdiamonds from both the Dabie and Su-Lu regions are mixed types IaA and IaB diamonds and there is no indication of any synthetic microdiamonds in our samples because such synthetic microdiamonds are always rich in type Ib.
Sudden blastic transformation in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia treated with imatinib mesylate
Authors: Jabbour Elias , Kantarjian Hagop , O'Brien Susan , Rios Mary Beth , Abruzzo Lynne , Verstovsek Srdan , Garcia-Manero Guillermo , Cortes Jorge 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Sudden blastic transformation (SBT) has been reported in 0.5% to 2.5% of patients treated with interferon-α (IFN-α) during the first 3 years of therapy. Imatinib is now standard therapy for patients with chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase. We investigated the occurrence of SBT among patients treated with imatinib. Among 541 patients treated with imatinib in chronic phase, 23 developed blast phase, which was of sudden onset (ie, occurring in patients previously in complete cytogenetic remission) in 4 patients (17%; 0.7% of the total), 2 lymphoid and 2 myeloid. Patients with SBT were found to have low-risk features more often at the time of presentation and had achieved optimal response with imatinib. Three of the 4 patients underwent allogeneic stem cell transplantation and achieved a molecular remission. SBT is still a rare event, probably less common than that observed with IFN-α therapy. Continuous monitoring of patients treated with imatinib is mandatory.
A soluble tissue factor-annexin V chimeric protein has both procoagulant and anticoagulant properties
Authors: Huang Xin , Ding Wei-Qun , Vaught Joshua L. , Wolf Roman F. , Morrissey James H. , Harrison Roger G. , Lind Stuart E. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractTissue factor (TF) initiates blood coagulation, but its expression in the vascular space requires a finite period of time. We hypothesized that targeting exogenous tissue factor to sites of vascular injury could lead to accelerated hemostasis. Since phosphatidylserine (PS) is exposed on activated cells at sites of vascular injury, we cloned the cDNA for a chimeric protein consisting of the extracellular domain of TF (called soluble TF or sTF) and annexin V, a human PS-binding protein. Both the sTF and annexin V domains had ligand-binding activities consistent with their native counterparts, and the chimera accelerated factor X activation by factor VIIa. The chimera exhibited biphasic effects upon blood coagulation. At low concentrations it accelerated blood coagulation, while at higher concentrations it acted as an anticoagulant. The chimera accelerated coagulation in the presence of either unfractionated or low-molecular-weight heparins more potently than factor VIIa and shortened the bleeding time of mice treated with enoxaparin. The sTF-annexin V chimera is a targeted procoagulant protein that may be useful in accelerating thrombin generation where PS is exposed to the vasculature, such as may occur at sites of vascular injury or within the vasculature of tumors.