bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Attitudinal Hedonism
Authors: Feldman Fred , Feldman Fred , Feldman Fred 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
The distinction between sensory pleasure and attitudinal pleasure is drawn. Arguments are given to show that these are distinct kinds of pleasure. The concept of intrinsic attitudinal pleasure is introduced and explained. Making use of this concept, Intrinsic Attitudinal Hedonism is formulated and compared to Default Hedonism. An argument is presented to show that Intrinsic Attitudinal Hedonism is not refuted by the objection (described earlier) based on the possibility of a good life without pleasure. The differences between attitudinal pleasure (‘enjoying the things you get’) and mere satisfaction (‘getting the things you want’) are explained. Mill's distinction between higher and lower pleasures is introduced and criticized. A new form of hedonism—Altitude Adjusted Intrinsic Attitudinal Hedonism—is formulated, explained, and compared to other forms of hedonism. This is said to express the core of Mill's idea of ‘qualified hedonism’.
Problems about Beauty and Justice
Authors: Feldman Fred 
Published: August 2004

AbstractContains the author's replies to the last remaining objections to hedonism—Moore's objection concerning ‘the heap of filth’ and Ross's objection concerning worlds in which pleasure is enjoyed by the undeserving. Points out that, strictly speaking, these objections do not bear on the forms of hedonism already discussed in the book. Extends the theories so as to make the objections apply and then tweaks the forms of hedonism so that they evade the objections.
NON‐NATURALISM
Authors: Brink David O. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Green's non-naturalism, which commits him to his own dualism, inasmuch as he seems to think that a precondition of conscious experience is an active self-conscious mind that is prior to and independent of experience and so outside space and time. It is argued that Green's non-naturalism is problematic. His non-naturalism about the self threatens to reintroduce the very dualism for which he criticizes Kant. A related problem afflicts his view of the Absolute. Whereas the metaphysical and epistemological arguments of the first part of the Prolegomena seem to demand a single transcendent self-consciousness that is outside space and time, much of Green's ethics, political philosophy, and theology seems to treat the corporate spiritual principle as a transhistorical agent that is immanent in the lives of individual agents and progressive social institutions. Green must choose whether the Absolute is transcendent or immanent.
DESIRE, INTELLECT, AND WILL
Authors: Brink David O. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Green's view that responsible action involves desire, intellect or belief, and will. Green argues that desire and belief are distinct, though complementary, mental states. They are, in a way, parallel — both involve a kind of ‘striving’ to overcome ‘alienation’ or ‘opposition’ with the world. Having explained the distinction and connections between belief and desire, the question arises whether the will can be reduced to either or is some third state, and what its role is in responsible action. Green believes that willing is distinct from both desire and from belief, and from the simple combination of belief and desire.
SELF‐REALIZATION AS THE GOOD
Authors: Brink David O. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Green's arguments for self-realization. He suggests that it is the very capacities that make moral responsibility possible that determine the proper end of deliberation. Responsible action involves self-consciousness and is expressive of the self. The self is not to be identified with any desire or any series or set of desires; moral personality consists in the ability to subject appetites and desires to a process of deliberative endorsement and to form new desires as the result of such deliberations. So the self essentially includes deliberative capacities, and if responsible action expresses the self, it must exercise these deliberative capacities. This explains why Green thinks that the proper aim of deliberation is a life of activities that embody rational or deliberative control of thought and action.
ARISTOTELIAN FRIENDSHIP
Authors: Brink David O. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
This chapter compares Green's claims about self-realization and the common good with Aristotle's claims about friendship and the way in which friendship contributes to the agent's own eudaimonia. This is an appropriate interpretative aid in so far as Green thinks that Aristotle was right to ground an agent's duties in an account of eudaimonia whose principal ingredient is a conception of practical virtue regulated by the common good, and Aristotle's account of the common good rests on his account of friendship.
The Limits to Coercive Consociationalism in Northern Ireland
Authors: McGarry John , O'Leary Brendan 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
The chapter, initially published in 1989, reviews efforts by the UK and Irish governments to achieve a settlement in Northern Ireland during the late 1980s. It bears the impress of its time; normatively consociational, but somewhat bleak in its assessments. It contains an appraisal of constitutional options facing policymakers.
International Intervention in East Timor
Authors: Martin* Ian 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis chapter examines the unique case of East Timor and its implications for the future of international intervention. Although Indonesia’s claim of sovereignty over East Timor was not recognized by the United Nations and most member states, the international community deemed Indonesia’s consent essential to intervention. The background to intervention in East Timor, Indonesia’s strong resistance to any international security presence in East Timor, the manner in which Indonesia’s consent was induced, and contrasts between the situations in East Timor and Kosovo are discussed.
The Growth Elasticity of Poverty
Authors: Heltberg Rasmus 
Published: August 2004

AbstractHow much does economic growth contribute to poverty reduction? The discussion is analytical, and empirical approaches assess the poverty elasticity of growth; the emphasis is that the relationship between growth and poverty change is non‐constant. For a given poverty measure, it depends on initial inequality and on the location of the poverty line relative to mean income. In most cases, growth is more important for poverty reduction than changes in inequality, but this does not tender inequality unimportant. Reduction in inequality may be triple effective: (1) it will reduce poverty for a given level of income, (2) it will accelerate the poverty reducing impact of economic growth, and (3) according to cross‐country growth regressions, it may contribute to a larger rate of growth.
Educational Expansion and Income Distribution: A Microsimulation for Ceará
Authors: Ferreira Francisco H. G. , Leite Phillippe George 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Does more education really mean less poverty and less inequality? This study presents the results of a microsimulation exercise for the Brazilian State of Ceará, which suggests that broad‐based policies aimed at increasing educational attainment would have substantial impacts on poverty reduction, but muted effects on inequality. While these results are highly dependent on assumptions about the behaviour of returns to education for the distribution of earnings, they are much more robust for the distribution of household income per capita. Over half of the poverty‐reducing effect of more education operates through greater incentives for labour force participation among the poor, and through reductions in fertility. Both of these effects operate largely through decisions made by poor women.
Immigrants and the Welfare State in Europe
Authors: Baldwin-Edwards Martin 
Published: August 2004

AbstractSocial protections for immigrants in EU countries are fragmented and tenuous: not only is the variation between countries great but so is the protection afforded in different phases of the immigrant life cycle for immigrants of different legal statuses and nationalities. European welfare regimes reflect not only citizenship conceptions and other ideologies but also principles of inclusion and exclusion. The relationship of immigrants to welfare systems is either accidental (structural toleration), juridical (international treaties and human rights case law), or ideological (active immigrant policies). These piecemeal adaptations of welfare systems to immigrants are complex and costly to implement, but it is doubtful that European countries will be able to escape their histories of racial exclusion and construct inclusive, market‐based welfare systems.
Back to the Future: Immigration Research, Immigration Policy, and Globalization in the Twenty-first Century
Authors: Massey Douglas S. , Taylor J. Edward 
Published: August 2004

AbstractToday's international migrant flows are connected to broader processes of economic integration that for the past half century have been shrinking the globe. Places that are linked to one another by flows of goods, capital, commodities, and information also tend to be linked by flows of people, in a process that many people today refer to as “globalization.” This realization suggests a third way between the extremes of an open border and draconian restrictions on international movement. Rather than attempting to discourage immigration through unilateral actions, policy makers should recognize immigration as a natural part of global economic integration and work multilaterally to manage it. International migration should thus be brought under the aegis of broader multilateral agreements regulating trade and investment.
Social and Sexual Networks: The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health
Authors: Morris Martina 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
This chapter describes the design and structure of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), a nationally representative sample of over 90,000 adolescents attending school in the United States. Add Health employs a clustered, school-based sample that allows for the collection of extensive social and romantic network data from students attending the same schools. All students within a school were surveyed, so the within-school friendship networks are complete. The chapter reviews the study design, the fieldwork experience, the measurement of network characteristics, and concludes by presenting a sampling of findings from studies using the network data in Add Health.
Theology and Meaning
Authors: Rundle Bede 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
The status of theological claims is examined, initially in conjunction with the logical positivist's challenge to theism. This challenge is found to be only partially successful, but severe problems remain: we can make some headway with an appeal to analogy in defining God's attributes, but in general we lack a satisfactory account of the meaning of key theological propositions, and in some cases can condemn them as implicitly contradictory.
Measuring the Population of a Northeast Thai Village
Authors: Prohmmo Aree , Bryant John 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe definitions of village membership used by ordinary people imply village populations that are variable and fuzzy. The definitions used by administrators, including leaders of village organizations, imply populations that are fixed and crisp. Social scientists have traditionally failed to distinguish between these two types of population and forms of categorization, leading to mismeasurement and false findings.
Extensions and Consequences
Authors: Peacocke Christopher 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Traces out some of the ramifications the explanation of the character and source of perceptual entitlement has and indicates some applications beyond the case of perceptual entitlement. These extensions concern the relations between rationality and truth; the possibility of Gettier examples in the domain of perceptual knowledge; Moore's Proof; the relationship between entitlement and factive states; the individuation of concepts; moral thought; and the philosophy of action.
Comparing Apples and Oranges: The Effect of Multilateral Currency Unions on Trade
Authors: Nitsch Volker 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
This chapter explores whether the two multilateral currency unions that have existed much longer than EMU have had a measurable effect on intraregional trade. They are (1) the CFA franc zone in West and Central Africa and (2) the Eastern Caribbean Currency Union. Membership in a currency union indeed tends to promote trade, particularly among economically large countries. However, the pattern of intra-union trade deviates much less from otherwise similar non-union trade than previous estimates of a large trade-multiplying effect of common currencies suggest.
Common Currencies and Market Integration Across Cities: How Strong is the Link?
Authors: Isgut Alberto E. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
With two balanced panels of up to 124 goods and services prices and up to 116 international cities, this chapter studies the determinants of price dispersion across pairs of cities in 2001. It finds that price dispersion increases with distance, nominal bilateral exchange-rate volatility, and differences in economic development. Price dispersion is significantly lower across cities located in the euro area. These findings are obtained after controlling for whether cities are located in the same country and regional trading and common language areas or have other historical links.
Inequality, Growth, and Poverty: An Overview of Changes over the Last Two Decades
Authors: Cornia Giovanni Andrea 
Published: August 2004

AbstractStarts by setting the research presented in the book in historical context, and discusses its rationale and purpose. Describes the research methodology adopted and the objectives of the study, which are two: to document and analyse the recent changes in within‐country income inequality against the background of changes occurring in this area in the two preceding decades; and to identify the causes of the changes in income inequality recorded during the period under observation. Next, the main findings of the study are summarized, presented as six main conclusions: a fall in inequality during the golden age (the first 30 years after the Second World War) is followed by a rise over the last two decades (the 1980s and 1990s); sources of inequality change; impact of the observed inequality changes on poverty and growth; the contribution of structural factors to the recent surge in inequality; recent factors influencing the distribution of income–skilled‐biased technical change; and recent factors influencing the distribution of income—policies towards stabilization, liberalization, and globalization. The last section of the chapter discusses questions either unanswered or only partially answered in the book.
Does Educational Achievement Help Explain Income Inequality?
Authors: Checchi Daniele 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Discusses the fact that although income distribution and the distribution of educational attainments are obviously related, the sign of the relationship between educational achievements and income inequality cannot be predicted a priori . For this reason, the chapter investigates the empirical determinants of aggregate income inequality and, more specifically, the relative contribution of education to measured income inequality. Checchi considers this to be crucial for two reasons: first, from a theoretical point of view, it is important to understand the plausibility of studying intergenerational equilibria under stationary distributions of income and human capital in the population; second, from a policy point of view, it is important to understand whether urging countries (or people) to increase their educational achievements is going to exacerbate, moderate, or have little influence on the subsequent earnings distribution. The chapter is organized as follows: the second section reviews the literature on income inequality determinants, the third provides an empirical econometric analysis, and the last offers conclusions; an appendix indicates data sources and discusses data reliability.
The Impact of Financial Liberalization and the Rise of Financial Rents on Income Inequality: The Case of Turkey
Authors: Yeldan A. Erinc 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
This is the third of five country case studies on income inequality, and investigates the impact of financial liberalization and the rise of financial rents on income inequality in Turkey. The chapter has five sections: Introduction; Indicators of Income Distribution: The Evidence—a broad overview, and evidence on the patterns of income distribution in Turkey over the last three decades; Macroeconomic Adjustment under Financial Liberalization and the Rise of Financial Rents—a discussion of the evolution of functional categories of income that includes an account of the macroeconomic adjustment; The Rising Fiscal Gap and the Role of the State in Regulating the Distributional Structure—a detailed analysis of the rise in public sector deficits and the distributive consequences of the widening fiscal gap; and Concluding Comments and Overall Assessment. Sect. 3 looks at the inherent tensions caused by the macroeconomic disequilibria embodied in the process of integration with world markets under conditions of a poorly supervised banking system and underdeveloped and fragile domestic asset markets; here, it is found to be analytically convenient to decompose the path of Turkish liberalization after 1980 into two major subperiods partitioned by the strategic step of capital account deregulation—which took place in 1989 and was completed by the full integration of the domestic market into global financial markets. This section also studies the patterns of the wage cycle and productivity growth using quantitative filtering techniques, and reports on the disassociation of labour remunerations from the productivity gains in the real sphere of the economy.
The “Jusen Problem”
Authors: Milhaupt Curtis J. , West Mark D. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Examines financial regulation and the resolution of financial institution failure in Japan by analysing how informal rules contributed to the collapse of Japan's home mortgage lending (jusen) industry and its resolution. The authors focus on this event in part because the “jusen problem” was the first of a series of crises in the Japanese financial sector, and it represents the paradigmatic case of financial regulatory failure that sadly still manifests itself in Japan today. As Robert Higgs has noted, ‘There is no way to substitute pure theory for a knowledge of history’. By getting to the bottom of the recent jusen history, one can understand much of what ails Japan today. Just as importantly, the authors present this case because it is an elaborate illustration of the dynamics between law and private ordering at work in a crucial industry.
Percutaneous Tracheostomy: Don't Beat Them, Join Them
Authors: Blankenship D Russ , Gourin Christine G. , Davis W Bruce , Blanchard Amy R. , Seybt Melanie W. , Terris David J. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractObjectives: The introduction of percutaneous tracheostomy (PercTrach) has resulted in tension over the scope of practice between otolaryngologists and pulmonary/critical care (PCC) specialists. We sought to determine the value of a collaborative approach to the performance of PercTrach at the bedside in the intensive care unit setting.Study Design and Methods: A retrospective study of consecutive patients who underwent bedside PercTrach at the Medical College of Georgia between May of 2003 and November of 2003. All cases were performed in conjunction with the PCC team, which typically provided bronchoscopic guidance during the performance of the procedure, whereas the PercTrach was performed by the otolaryngology team, although these roles were occasionally reversed. In all cases, the PercTrach was performed using the Ciaglia Blue Rhino introducer set.Results: Twenty‐three patients (12 males, 11 females) with a mean age of 47.6 ± 14.3 (range 23–65) years underwent PercTrach. The procedural times ranged from 7 to 21 minutes, with a mean of 13.9 ± 4.4 minutes; this represented 9.6 minutes on average to insert the tracheostomy tube and an additional 4.3 minutes to completely secure the tracheostomy tube. The time interval from consultation to PercTrach was less than 24 hours in 16 of 23 cases (overall mean time to PercTrach = 41.7 ± 37.1 hours), with delays beyond 24 hours related in most instances to patient stability.Conclusion: A multidisciplinary approach to PercTrach results in a number of clinical and educational benefits. Chief among these benefits is a rapid, cost‐effective response to requests for elective tracheostomy. Practicing otolaryngologists with a prior bias against this approach (as we had) should reconsider adopting this revised procedure.
Laryngeal Abscess after Injection Laryngoplasty with Micronized AlloDerm
Authors: Zapanta Philip E. , Bielamowicz Steven A. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractObjective: Patients with unilateral vocal cord paralysis usually present with dysphonia and occasionally with swallowing problems. Operative management includes thyroplasty type I, injection laryngoplasty, arytenoid adduction, and reinnervation. Recent publications have documented the safety of micronized AlloDerm (Cymetra, LifeCell Corporation, Branchburg, NJ) for injection laryngoplasty, but we report the first documented case of a laryngeal abscess after injection laryngoplasty with Cymetra.Study Design: Single case report of a laryngeal abscess after injection laryngoplasty with Cymetra.Methods: The patient's clinical course is presented and discussed, and the pertinent literature is reviewed.Results: Prompt hospital admission with intravenous antibiotics and steroids resolved this airway emergency. Follow‐up visits showed a significantly improved postoperative voice with an intact airway.Conclusion: A review of the literature reveals that this case of a laryngeal abscess after injection laryngoplasty with Cymetra is the first of its kind. Studies have shown that the use of AlloDerm in the head and neck region is safe, but otolaryngologists need to be cognizant of potential complications when working with this material.