bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antidepressant evaluation of polysaccharides from a Chinese herbal medicine Banxia‐houpu decoction
Authors: Guo Yusong , Kong Lingdong , Wang Yemin , Huang Zhiqi 
Published: April 2004

AbstractBanxia‐houpu decoction, a traditional Chinese medicine has been used in the treatment of depression. The present study conﬁrmed that oral administration of polysaccharides from Banxia‐houpu decoction, exhibited a reduction in the immobility time in the tail suspension and in the forced swimming tests in mice in a time‐dependent manner. This effect at a dose of 320 mg/kg was more potent than that at a dose of 640 mg/kg. The polysaccharides from Banxia‐houpu decoction were active in animal models of depression with comparable effects to known antidepressants. The oral administration of the polysaccharides at a low dose for 4 weeks resulted in a signiﬁcant increase in the monoamine neurotransmitter 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) and dopamine (DA) levels in whole mouse brain, but produced no signiﬁcant increase in 5‐hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5‐HIAA) and norepinephrine (NE) concentrations. The effect of polysaccharides on the brain neurotransmitter levels appeared to be quite different from the effect of ﬂuoxetine, a serotonin speciﬁc reuptake inhibitor. The results indicate that the mode of action of polysaccharides from Banxia‐houpu decoction in depression might be related to both 5‐HT and DA systems. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Trauma Management in Ancient Greece: Value of Surgical Principles through the Years
Authors: Pikoulis Emmanouil A. , Petropoulos John C.B. , Tsigris Christos , Pikoulis Nikolaos , Leppäniemi Ari K. , Pavlakis Emmanouil , Gavrielatou Evgenia , Burris David , Bastounis Elias , Rich Norman M. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThis article surveys in an interdisciplinary fashion the evolution of ancient Greek medicine and traumatology in particular. In sounding out the key methods and themes of Greek medicine, we cite a range of medical treatises and correlate them to the rich evidence of ancient Greek art (iconography), which often is explicit in its depiction of the management of disease and of trauma in particular. The article begins its survey from Homer, our first source of medical information, and highlights the pioneering work of Hippocrates and the secularized professional guild of the ”sons of Aesclepius.”
Sternocleidomastoid Muscle Flap Preventing Frey Syndrome following Parotidectomy
Authors: Filho Wail Queiroz , Dedivitis Rogério A. , Rapoport Abrão , Guimarães André V. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractFrey syndrome is one of the potential sequelae of parotidectomy. Various medical and surgical treatments have been used in an attempt to avoid this embarrassing condition. Recently, interposing barriers between the overlying skin flap and the parotid bed, such as the sternocleidomastoid muscle (SCM) flap, have been used to prevent this condition. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of using this flap on Frey syndrome. A series of 138 patients who underwent subtotal or total parotidectomy from January 1995 to December 2001 were divided into two groups. One group had an SCM flap reconstruction (n = 24), and the other group did not (n = 19). A subjective clinical questionnaire and the objective Minor’s starch iodine test were used to evaluate the incidence of this syndrome. The postoperative period varied from 12 to 90 months. The frequency exact test of Fisher and the nonparametric test of Mann‐Whitney were applied. The association with the absence of sweating and the presence of the SCM flap was significant (p = 0.0002). There was no association with flushing or pain and the flap. There was a significant association with the starch iodine test and the presence of the flap (p = 0.0016). The only significant association of the epidemiologic and clinical characterization of the patients with a negative or positive Minor’s test was between sweating and a positive Minor’s test (p = 0.0001). The only significant aspect in the diagnosis of Frey syndrome is gustatory sweating. There is a significant association with a negative Minor’s test and the presence of the SCM flap and with sweating and a positive Minor’s test. The SCM flap is an efficient method for preventing Frey syndrome following parotidectomy.
Fast, but Error‐Prone, Responses During Acute Alcohol Intoxication: Effects of Stimulus‐Response Mapping Complexity
Authors: Schweizer Tom A. , Jolicœur Pierre , Vogel‐Sprott M. , Dixon Mike J. 
Published: April 2004

Abstract: Background: Although moderate doses of alcohol can impair performance on tasks that require information processing, little is known about the locus of the alcohol effects within the processing stream. This study used a psychological refractory period paradigm to investigate the effect of alcohol on the central, cognitive stage of information processing when task complexity is manipulated by altering stimulus‐response compatibility.Methods: Thirty‐four healthy male social drinkers were assigned to one of two groups (n= 17) that performed two tasks. Each trial consisted of a task 1 stimulus (tone) followed by a task 2 stimulus (letter) that was presented after one of four stimulus onset asynchronies (50, 200, 500, or 1100 msec). A baseline test of performance was obtained before the groups received a beverage containing either 0.0 g/kg (placebo) or 0.65 g/kg alcohol. Both groups were retested when blood alcohol concentration (BAC) was increasing and was decreasing.Results: The alcohol group made significantly more errors in task 1 compared with their drug‐free baseline measure during the ascending phase of the BAC curve, and error rates increased to a greater extent for the more complex arbitrary stimulus‐response mapping condition. Moreover, this increase in errors continued unabated during the descending phase of the BAC curve. Increasing BACs also slowed performance (longer reaction time), but unlike errors, reaction time returned to drug‐free baseline levels when BAC was decreasing.Conclusions: The results provide evidence that an acute dose of alcohol can impair one aspect of the central, cognitive stages of information processing. The possibility that errors in information processing remain during decreasing BACs even after processing speed has returned to drug‐free levels has important practical implications relating to the detrimental consequences of acute alcohol intoxication.
Alcohol Consumption and Antiretroviral Adherence Among HIV‐Infected Persons With Alcohol Problems
Authors: Samet Jeffrey H. , Horton Nicholas J. , Meli Seville , Freedberg Kenneth A. , Palepu Anita 
Published: April 2004

Abstract: Background: Alcohol abuse has been associated with poor adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). We examined the relative importance of varying levels of alcohol consumption on adherence in HIV‐infected patients with a history of alcohol problems.Methods: We surveyed 349 HIV‐infected persons with a history of alcohol problems at 6‐month intervals. Of these subjects, 267 were taking HAART at one or more time periods during the 30‐month follow‐up period. Interviews assessed recent adherence to HAART and past month alcohol consumption, defined as “none”, “moderate”, and “at risk”. We investigated the relationship between adherence to HAART and alcohol consumption at baseline and at each subsequent 6‐month follow‐up interval using multivariable longitudinal regression models, while controlling for potential confounders.Results: Among the 267 HIV‐infected persons with a history of alcohol problems who were receiving HAART, alcohol consumption was the most significant predictor of adherence (p < 0.0001), with better adherence being associated with recent abstinence from alcohol, compared with at‐risk level usage (odds ratio = 3.6, 95% confidence interval = 2.1–6.2) or compared with moderate usage (odds ratio = 3.0, 95% confidence interval = 2.0–4.5).Conclusions: Any alcohol use among HIV‐infected persons with a history of alcohol problems is associated with worse HAART adherence. Addressing alcohol use in HIV‐infected persons may improve antiretroviral adherence and ultimately clinical outcomes.
Effective Photocontrol of Micelle Formation by Malachite Green Derivative Carrying a Long Alkyl Chain
Authors: M. Uda Ryoko , Oue Masatoshi , Kimura Keiichi 
Published: April 2004

Abstract
We designed Malachite Green leuconitrile carrying a long alkyl chain that is intended for a photoresponsive surfactant. The critical micelle concentration of cetyltrimethylammoium chloride solution containing the photoresponsive compound was decreased significantly by UV irradiation. The lipophilic photochromic compound realizes photochemical control of micelle formation.
Useful Method for Direct Introduction of the Photoaffinity 3-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-3-trifluoromethyldiazirine Group
Authors: Shigenari Toshihiko , Hakogi Toshikazu , Katsumura Shigeo 
Published: April 2004

Abstract
A convergent and efficient preparation method of the photoaffinity 3-(4-alkoxyphenyl)-3-trifluoromethyldiazirine derivatives was established by direct introduction of the photoaffinity group utilizing the Mitsunobu reaction.
Selective Electrodeposition and Etching on Polymer Brush Template Prepared by Patterned Monolayer Surface Initiated Polymerization
Authors: Zhou Feng , Liu Zhilu , Li Weinan , Hao Jingcheng , Chen Miao , Liu Weimin , Sun D C 
Published: April 2004

Abstract
Electrodeposition of polypyrrole (PPy) and etching resistance can be achieved on the same area of a single binary pattern of hydrophilic polymer brush and hydrophobic self-assembled monolayer. In this way, the prepared conducting polymer and the metal microstructures can have the same pattern.
Multimedia instructions and cognitive load theory: Effects of modality and cueing
Authors: Tabbers Huib K. , Martens Rob L. , Van Merriënboer Jeroen J. G. 
Published: April 2004

Background: Recent research on the influence of presentation format on the effectiveness of multimedia instructions has yielded some interesting results. According to cognitive load theory (Sweller, Van Merriënboer, & Paas, 1998) and Mayer's theory of multimedia learning (Mayer, 2001), replacing visual text with spoken text (the modality effect) and adding visual cues relating elements of a picture to the text (the cueing effect) both increase the effectiveness of multimedia instructions in terms of better learning results or less mental effort spent.Aims: The aim of this study was to test the generalisability of the modality and cueing effect in a classroom setting.Sample: The participants were 111 second‐year students from the Department of Education at the University of Gent in Belgium (age between 19 and 25 years).Method: The participants studied a web‐based multimedia lesson on instructional design for about one hour. Afterwards they completed a retention and a transfer test. During both the instruction and the tests, self‐report measures of mental effort were administered.Results: Adding visual cues to the pictures resulted in higher retention scores, while replacing visual text with spoken text resulted in lower retention and transfer scores.Conclusions: Only a weak cueing effect and even a reverse modality effect have been found, indicating that both effects do not easily generalise to non‐laboratory settings. A possible explanation for the reversed modality effect is that the multimedia instructions in this study were learner‐paced, as opposed to the system‐paced instructions used in earlier research.
Psychological disidentification with the academic domain among ethnic minority adolescents in The Netherlands
Authors: Verkuyten Maykel , Thijs Jochem 
Published: April 2004

Background: Among ethnic minority group adolescents, experiences with discrimination and prejudice in school settings are thought to lead to a defensive detachment of the self from the school domain. That is, these adolescents may disengage their self‐feelings from their academic performances causing the academic self to become a less important part of global self‐worth. However, there is limited empirical evidence for this assumption and the existing research is on African American students.Aims: To examine among ethnic minority adolescents in the Netherlands the hypothesis that under conditions of perceived discrimination minority group members tend to psychologically disengage their self‐feelings from educational performance. Samples. Study 1 was conducted among 161 Turkish students between 13 and 16 years of age. The sample in Study 2 consisted of 112 Turkish participants of 11 and 12 years of age.Methods: Two questionnaire studies were conducted and participants responded to questions on perceived academic performance, academic self‐esteem, global self‐worth and perceived discrimination in school.Results: In both studies, academic self‐esteem mediated the relationship between perceived educational performance and feelings of global self‐worth. More importantly, perceived discrimination in school moderated the relationship between academic self‐esteem and global self‐worth. Discrimination did not moderate the relationship between academic performance and academic self‐esteem.Conclusion: The results indicate that for ethnic minorities perceived discrimination in school can lead to psychological disidentification from the academic domain whereby global self‐worth is less based on performances and competencies in the academic domain.
Examining the Role of Auditor Quality and Retained Ownership in IPO Markets: Experimental Evidence*
Authors: MAYHEW BRIAN W. , SCHATZBERG JEFFREY W. , SEVCIK GALEN R. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractWe use experimental markets to test the Datar, Feltham, and Hughes (DFH) 1991 model of entrepreneur choice of auditor and retained ownership in initial public offerings (IPOs). DFH predict that entrepreneurs use retained ownership to signal IPO value and substitute high‐quality auditors for retained ownership to signal value as the risk of the IPO increases. Given the mixed support for DFH from archival research, we conduct experimental markets that directly operationalize the model's decision variables, which permits a direct test of whether the model is descriptively valid. In addition, our market setting provides a strong test of this theory by including an alternative Nash equilibrium also present in field settings, one in which only auditor quality is used by entrepreneurs to signal IPO value. Our results suggest that DFH predict entrepreneur behavior in baseline markets where both computerized investors and auditors are programmed to price consistently with the DFH equilibrium. However, the DFH model does not describe behavior when “robot” investors are replaced with human investors in the market. The results suggest that entrepreneurs and investors strategically interact in a manner that leads them away from the DFH equilibrium and toward the alternative Nash equilibrium behavior of entrepreneurs with high‐value assets hiring high‐quality auditors irrespective of IPO risk. Our results imply that the DFH model has limited descriptive validity, document the importance of strategic behavior on market equilibrium formation, and suggest that the mixed results found in prior DFH‐based field studies may reflect the model's low descriptive validity.
N‐Heterocyclic Carbene–Graphene Nanotransistor Based on Covalent Bond for Ultrastable Biosensors
Authors: Kim Kyung Ho , Seo Sung Eun , Park Seon Joo , Kim Jinyeong , Park Chul Soon , Le Thanh‐Hai , Lee Chang‐Seop , Kim Yu Kyung , Kim Hye‐Yeon , Jun Sangmi , Kwak Jisung , Lee Yeon Kyung , Yoon Hyeonseok , Song Hyun Seok , Kwon Oh Seok 
Published: January 2024

AbstractFatal pathogenic organisms have been detected by various point‐of‐care tests (PoCTs) in clinical samples. PoCTs based on portable electrical devices are able to detect organisms in simple and rapid method. Although electrical PoCT devices show ultra sensitivity when detecting pathogens in standard samples, their industrialization has been limited due to low reproducibility, sensitivity, and specificity, resulting from nonspecific binding issues by media. In this research, a perpendicular N‐heterocyclic carbene self‐assembled monolayer (NHC‐SAM) conjugated on graphene micropattern field‐effect transistors (NGMFETs) is first demonstrated for monitoring pathogens. Two single bonds of NHCSAM on GM are investigated via density functional theory (DFT) and surface analyses. Bioreceptors are conjugated on the side gate‐modulated NGMFET for ultra‐stable on‐site detection. The side‐gated BNGMFETs system displayed remarkable performance in the detection of the following: i) SARS‐CoV‐2 spike protein S1 (limit of detection (LOD): ≈10 pg mL−1) in CTM, ii) O. tsutsugamushi Ab (LOD: ≈1 pg mL−1), and iii) E. coli (LOD: 10° CFU mL−1) in serum. Compared to commercial methodology, the platform presents 102 times higher LODs towards those pathogens in clinical samples with higher reproducibility. Based on these results, side‐gated BNGMFETs can be utilized as universal PoCT during pandemics.
Localized S‐Li2s Conversion with Accelerated Kinetics Mediated by Mixed Conductive Shell for High‐Performance Solid‐State Lithium‐Sulfur Battery
Authors: Wang Minkang , Su Han , Zhong Yu , Hu Xiaoyu , Wang Xiuli , Gu Changdong , Tu Jiangping 
Published: January 2024

AbstractSolid‐state lithium‐sulfur batteries (SSLSBs) using polymer electrolytes are considered as one of the most promising energy storage systems due to their high specific energy, facile processability, and low cost. However, the sluggish solid‐state sulfur conversion kinetics limits their specific density and challenges the practical application. Here, to address this concern, a hollow carbon/Li1.4Al0.4Ti1.6(PO4)3 nanosphere (H‐C/LATP) structure is prepared, with high mixed electronic/ionic conductivity, as sulfur hosts for fabricating high‐performance polymer‐based solid‐state Li‐S battery. With the incorporation of the H‐C/LATP rigid shell, the localized sulfur conversion with accelerated kinetics is realized by introduced stable sulfur‐H‐C/LATP double‐phase interface and enhanced charge‐transfer behavior. In addition, H‐C/LATP shows excellent absorption ability toward lithium polysulfides, thus suppressing the shuttle effect in solid electrolytes. As a result, superior cycling stability and rate performance are achieved. The assembled SSLSB delivers a capacity of 1213.2 mAh g−1 in the first cycle and 948.3 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles at 0.1 C. Besides, high active material loading is also demonstrated in this configuration with stable capacity retention. This work provides a practical pathway for the sulfur cathode design in polymer‐based SSLSBs.
Applying collocation and APRIORI analyses to chimpanzee diets: Methods for investigating nonrandom food combinations in primate self‐medication
Authors: Freymann Elodie , d'Oliveira Coelho João , Hobaiter Catherine , Huffman Michael A. , Muhumuza Geresomu , Zuberbühler Klaus , Carvalho Susana 
Published: January 2024

AbstractIdentifying novel medicinal resources in chimpanzee diets has historically presented challenges, requiring extensive behavioral data collection and health monitoring, accompanied by expensive pharmacological analyses. When putative therapeutic self‐medicative behaviors are observed, these events are often considered isolated occurrences, with little attention paid to other resources ingested in combination. For chimpanzees, medicinal resource combinations could play an important role in maintaining well‐being by tackling different symptoms of an illness, chemically strengthening efficacy of a treatment, or providing prophylactic compounds that prevent future ailments. We call this concept the self‐medicative resource combination hypothesis. However, a dearth of methodological approaches for holistically investigating primate feeding ecology has limited our ability to identify nonrandom resource combinations and explore potential synergistic relationships between medicinal resource candidates. Here we present two analytical tools that test such a hypothesis and demonstrate these approaches on feeding data from the Sonso chimpanzee community in Budongo Forest, Uganda. Using 4 months of data, we establish that both collocation and APRIORI analyses are effective exploratory tools for identifying binary combinations, and that APRIORI is effective for multi‐item rule associations. We then compare outputs from both methods, finding up to 60% agreement, and propose APRIORI as more effective for studies requiring control over confidence intervals and those investigating nonrandom associations between more than two resources. These analytical tools, which can be extrapolated across the animal kingdom, can provide a cost‐effective and efficient method for targeting resources for further pharmacological investigation, potentially aiding in the discovery of novel medicines.
The effects of exogenous substances on the color of heated bones
Authors: Rosa Joana , Batista de Carvalho Luís A. E. , Gil Francisco P. S. C. , Marques Maria Paula M. , Ferreira Maria Teresa , Gonçalves David 
Published: January 2024

AbstractObjectivesBurned bone coloration has been used for decades to help in the bioanthropological analysis of burned human bones. However, there is a variety of factors that can interfere with the coloration manifested by bones exposed to heat, resulting in colors that differ from the usual black to white gradient. In this study, we evaluated possible causes of unusual coloration changes and hues in burned bone.Materials and MethodsFor that purpose, defleshed fresh pig (Sus scrofa) ribs as well as fresh and dry human clavicles were burned at four different temperatures (500, 700, 900 and 1100°C) in contact with different materials (CaO, Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn, and polyester cloth). Observable color changes were assessed through naked eye observation and description, Munsell color charts, and reflectance spectrophotometry. Additionally, chemical changes in bone were assessed using Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy in attenuated total reflectance (FTIR‐ATR) and x‐ray fluorescence (XRF).ResultsOur results showed that some materials did affect usual burned bone coloration (Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn) and correspondent FTIR‐ATR and XRF spectra. As for other materials, although no effect on visual bone coloration was observed, they still affected FTIR‐ATR and XRF spectra (CaO and cloth).DiscussionThis study can contribute to the anthropological analysis of burned human remains, providing some answers to what can cause unusual types of heat‐induced colorations.
A simple and sensitive liquid chromatography triple quadrupole mass spectrometry method for the determination of XL092 in monkey plasma and its application to pharmacokinetic study
Authors: Li Cui , Li Xiaokun , Fan Ali , He Ning , Wu Dongmei , Yu Hongyan , Wang Kun , Jiao Weijie , Zhao Xu 
Published: January 2024

AbstractXL092 is a potent ATP‐competitive inhibitor of multiple receptor tyrosine kinases that is undergoing clinical development for the treatment of lung cancer. In this study, an LC triple quadrupole mass spectrometry method was established to measure XL092 in monkey plasma. A Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 column was used for chromatographic separation. The mobile phase consisted of water containing 0.1% formic acid and acetonitrile with a gradient elution at the flow rate of 0.4 mL/min. Multiple reaction monitoring mode was used for quantitative analysis of XL092 in positive electrospray ionization. In the concentration range of 0.5–1000 ng/mL, XL092 showed excellent linearity in monkey plasma with a correlation coefficient greater than 0.995 (r > 0.995). The lowest limit of quantification was 0.5 ng/mL. The intra‐ and inter‐day relative standard deviations were <9.99%, while the relative error ranged from −12.50% to 8.10%. The mean recovery was over 82.51%. XL092 was stable in monkey plasma after storage under certain conditions. The validated method was demonstrated to be selective, sensitive, and reliable, and has been successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of XL092 in monkey plasma. XL092 showed moderate short half‐life (~3.81 h) and good oral bioavailability (80%).