bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Localization of MyoD, myogenin and cell cycle regulatory factors in hypertrophying rat skeletal muscles
Authors: Ishido M. , Kami K. , Masuhara M. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractAim:  MyoD, myogenin, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitor p21 (p21) proteins are key molecules in inducing the growth of myogenic cells in vitro. However, it has not been determined which cell types express these factors in hypertrophying skeletal muscles in vivo.Methods:  Using immunohistochemical techniques, we examined the spatial and temporal expression patterns of MyoD, myogenin, PCNA and p21 proteins in functionally overloaded rat plantaris muscles induced by ablation of the soleus and gastrocnemius muscles.Results:  MyoD and myogenin were detected in myonuclei located inside the dystrophin‐positive plasma membrane of myofibres, m‐cadherin‐positive satellite cell nuclei and nuclei located in the interstitial spaces between myofibres on days 1, 3, 5 and 7 post‐surgery. Entry of satellite cells into the cell cycle was indicated by the expression of PCNA on day 3 post‐surgery, and withdrawal from the cell cycle was observed by the expression of p21 in satellite cell nuclei on day 5 post‐surgery. However, the expression of both PCNA and p21 in satellite cell nuclei disappeared on day 7 post‐surgery.Conclusion:  These results indicate that proliferated satellite cell‐derived myoblasts and undefined myogenic cells located in the interstitial spaces may contribute to an increase in myonuclear number and/or hyperplasia. Furthermore, we provide evidence that all of myonuclei, satellite cells and undefined myogenic cells express both MyoD and myogenin proteins. These results suggest that continual expression of MyoD and myogenin proteins in these cells is an essential molecular event which induces the successful hypertrophy of skeletal muscles.
Leukaemia inhibitory factor alters expression of genes involved in rat cardiomyocyte energy metabolism
Authors: Florholmen G. , Andersson K. B. , Yndestad A. , Austbø B. , Henriksen U. L. , Christensen G. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractAim:  Cardiac remodelling is associated with changes in contractile proteins and their performance, alterations in energy production and intracellular calcium homeostasis, as well as changes in extracellular matrix proteins. Some of these processes may be mediated through the gp130 receptor complex. Patients with heart failure have increased cardiac gene expression of leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF), a cytokine that signals through the gp130 receptor. The aim of this study was to identify alterations in gene expression in LIF‐stimulated neonatal cardiomyocytes.Methods:  Cardiomyocytes were isolated from 1‐ to 3‐day‐old Wistar rats and stimulated for 48 h with LIF. Gene expression was examined by repeated cDNA filter array analysis (n = 5) and key results verified by complementary methods.Results:  In LIF‐stimulated cultures we observed increased cell area and changes in gene expression. The intracellular signal regulators signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, calcium/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase IV, protein kinase Cδ and the transcription factor ID1 were upregulated. Adenylyl cyclase V was downregulated. LIF also induced altered expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase‐1. Receptor genes for tumour necrosis factor, interleukin‐4, neurotensin and somatostatin were upregulated. Finally, LIF reduced the expression of components in the adenosine triphosphate synthase complex, epidermal fatty acid‐binding protein and insulin‐like growth factor‐binding proteins 1 and 6.Conclusions:  Array analysis revealed changes in mRNA levels of several genes not previously associated with activation of the gp130/LIF receptor complex. Our findings indicate a role for LIF in regulation of cardiomyocyte energy metabolism.
Changes in PCr/Cr ratio in single characterized muscle fibre fragments after only a few maximal voluntary contractions in humans
Authors: Beltman J. G. M. , Sargeant A. J. , Haan H. , van Mechelen W. , de Haan A. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractAim:  This methodological study investigated the number of brief maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVC) needed to show evidence of fibre activation, as indicated by changes in the phosphocreatine to creatine (PCr/Cr) ratio.Methods:  Subjects performed series of four, seven and/or 10 MVC (1 s on, 1 s off) of the m. quadriceps (60°‐flexion angle). Biopsy samples of the m. vastus lateralis were taken at rest and immediately post‐exercise. Single muscle fibres were dissected from the freeze‐dried samples and classified as types I, IIA or IIAX, using mATPase stainings. Fragments of characterized fibres were analysed for PCr and Cr content.Analyses of variance were performed to investigate changes in PCr/Cr per fibre group over time, followed by Bonferroni post‐hoc test (P < 0.01). The fifth percentile of resting values of each fibre group was determined.Results:  Mean PCr/Cr ratio after four, seven and 10 MVCs were significantly lower for all fibre groups (P < 0.01). The mean decreases were 44, 64 and 76%, respectively. However, only after seven and 10 contractions PCr/Cr ratios of all, but three type I and two type IIAX fibres, individual fibres were below the fifth percentile.Conclusion:  In very short duration exercise, involving seven brief maximal voluntary contractions, changes in the PCr/Cr ratio indicated activation of different characterized muscle fibre fragments. The results suggest that this approach may be useful for investigating the pattern of fibre type activation in exercise of very short duration.
Hidden Truths: The Politics of Brain, Mind and Soul in Australian Psychiatry
Authors: Halasz George 
Published: December 2004

(T)here is no such thing as the scientific mind, but many sorts of scientific mind; there is no such thing as the scientific method, but many sorts of method. There is only one sort of contract which the scientist has, which is with truth, from which he must never knowingly depart. Professor Sir Dennis Hill (1971) 1
Professionally Indicated Short-Term Risk-Taking in the Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder
Authors: Krawitz Roy , Jackson Wendy , Allen Ruth , Connell Ann , Argyle Nick , Bensemann Clive , Mileshkin Cris 
Published: December 2004

Objective: To define and explore the rationale for professionally indicated short-term risk-taking in treating adults with borderline personality disorder, and discuss prerequisites for the approach, clinical implementation and medicolegal contexts. Conclusion: When prerequisites are met and clinical and medicolegal practice is sound and thorough, taking short-term risk, as part of a comprehensive treatment, is a legitimate professional consideration in working with some adults with borderline personality disorder.
Obesity in Schizophrenia: What can be Done About it?
Authors: Catapano Lisa , Castle David 
Published: December 2004

Objective: To selectively review the literature on obesity in people with schizophrenia. Conclusions: Obesity is a common problem for people with schizophrenia, with an estimated 40–60% of this population being obese or overweight. Obesity among the mentally ill may contribute to adverse medical and psychological consequences as well as medication non-compliance and poorer quality and enjoyment of life. This review discusses the issues related to obesity in schizophrenia and the role of pharmacological and behavioural treatments in the reduction of obesity and maintenance of gains.
How well Do Australian Medical Schools Prepare General Practitioners to Care for Patients with Mental Disorders?
Authors: Sahhar Deborah , O'Connor Daniel 
Published: December 2004

Objective: The purpose of the present paper was to map the mental health workloads of general practitioners (GPs), and to determine GPs' views of the adequacy of their undergraduate training in psychiatry. Methods: Twenty-nine GPs who had graduated since 1980 from an Australian medical school provided data on 339 consecutive adult patients with conspicuous psychological disorders. After listing their patients’ problems and management plans, doctors rated the value of their undergraduate teaching in preparing them for this task. Results: Depression, anxiety and substance abuse accounted for 71% of reported cases. Virtually all patients were given some psychologically orientated treatment. Only half were prescribed a psychotropic medication. Nineteen of the 29 doctors wished that they had received more training in counselling. Conclusions: In an earlier survey it was found that Australian and New Zealand medical school curricula focused largely on the diagnosis and pharmacological management of psychosis and depression. The GPs in the present study most commonly applied psychologically orientated treatments of anxiety, depression and substance abuse. It is proposed that medical schools provide tuition to medical students in counselling.
The patient's Voice in a Problem-Based Learning Case
Authors: Chur-Hansen Anna , Koopowitz Les 
Published: December 2004

Objective: Problem-based learning (PBL) relies upon trigger material, often a paper case, to stimulate self-directed enquiry and group discussion. We describe the process of writing a PBL case based upon a patient's narrative account of her experiences of psychiatric illness, and the possible benefits of that collaboration for the patient, as well as for student learning. Conclusion: Real patients are under-utilized in teaching, as are their narratives, and both are believed to be resources worthy of further attention.
Privacy and Identity in a Changing World
Authors: Harte Angela 
Published: December 2004

Objective: To consider the issues of privacy and identity relevant to psychiatric practice in the context of recent technological initiatives and the society that has produced them. Conclusions: Emerging technologies may have implications for the ways in which Western society relates. These are likely to affect the ways patients present, their concerns and how we may best assist them. Psychiatry may also be of benefit in the evaluation of the privacy implications of new technologies.
Biosynthesis of arginine from citrulline and related compounds by mixed ruminal bacteria, protozoa and their mixture in vitro
Authors: SULTANA Halima , HUSSAIN‐YUSUF Hazizul , ONODERA Ryoji 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACTBiosynthesis of arginine (Arg) from citrulline (Cit), ornithine (Orn), proline (Pro), and 5‐aminovaleric acid (5AV) by mixed rumen bacteria (B), protozoa (P), and their mixture (BP) was quantitatively investigated in an in vitro system from the standpoint of protein nutrition in ruminants. Rumen microorganisms, collected from ruminally fistulated goats, were anaerobically incubated with or without 1 mmol/L each of substrates at 39°C for 12 h. Arginine and other related compounds, produced in both supernatants and acid‐hydrolyzates of microorganisms in B, P, and BP suspensions, were analyzed by high‐performance liquid chromatography. Arginine production from Cit in BP, when expressed with a unit of ‘μmol/g microbial nitrogen’, was approximately 70% and 94% higher than that in B and P, respectively, in a 12‐h incubation period. In the case of Orn, the values were approximately 30% and 75%. Both rumen bacteria and protozoa could produce Cit and Orn from Pro, so it is assumed that they can produce Arg from Pro. Rumen protozoa were unable to degrade 5AV and it was the final product in the metabolism of Cit, Orn and Pro in P suspension. A trace amount of Orn and Pro produced from 5AV in B and BP suspensions indicated that the reversible reaction of 5AV formation was performed only by rumen bacteria. This is the first quantitative report on Arg biosynthesis from its precursors by rumen microorganisms.
Development of avian embryo manipulation techniques and their application to germ cell manipulation
Authors: NAITO Mitsuru 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACTThe development of chicken embryo culture techniques, from single‐cell stage to hatching, makes it possible to manipulate developing embryos at any developmental stage. Production of germline chimeric chickens by the transfer of stage X blastodermal cells or primordial germ cells enables the manipulation of germline cells in vitro. Production of transgenic chickens has been attempted by the retroviral vector method, microinjection of DNA into a fertilized ovum at the single‐cell stage, use of chimeric intermediates produced by the transfer of stage X blastodermal cells or primordial germ cells, manipulation of spermatozoa, and in vivo manipulation of gonads. So far, the only non‐viral method that has successfully produced transgenic chickens is microinjection of DNA into a fertilized ovum. Manipulation of primordial germ cells could become an efficient system for producing transgenic chickens by combining it with the highly efficient transfection method or the in vitro culture system for primordial germ cells. Preservation of avian genetic resources has now become possible by cryopreservation of stage X blastodermal cells or primordial germ cells as well as spermatozoa. The development of nuclear transfer techniques for avian species is necessary.
Scrotal circumference, bodyweight and serum testosterone concentration of Red Sokoto weaner bucks as influenced by dry season crop‐residue supplementation
Authors: MALAU‐ADULI Bunmi Sherifat , EDUVIE Lawrence , LAKPINI Clarence , MALAU‐ADULI Aduli Enoch Othniel 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACTThe effect of dry season supplementation with crop‐residue‐based rations on bodyweight, scrotal circumference and serum testosterone concentrations in Red Sokoto weaner bucks at 5, 6 and 7 months of age was investigated in the present study. There were 7 treatment groups which were fed a positive control ration (conventional concentrate) fed at 1 and 2% of the bucks’ bodyweights (Rations 1A and 2A), two crop‐residue‐based test rations each fed at 1 and 2% of bodyweight (1B, 2B, 1C and 2C), and a negative control that was unsupplemented (Ration D). All treatment groups had ad libitum access to natural pastures and Digitaria smutsii hay as a basal diet. Bodyweight and scrotal circumference of the bucks significantly increased (P < 0.05) with age from 5.9 kg to 10.2 kg, and 4.40 cm to 6.95 cm, at 5 and 7 months of age, respectively. Bucks on Ration D (unsupplemented group) had the lowest bodyweight and scrotal circumference. Bucks on Ration 2A showed a significant increase in basal testosterone concentration from 0.32 ng/mL at 5 months of age to 0.65 ng/mL at 7 months of age. Peak testosterone concentration also increased from 1.0 ng/mL at 5 months to 2.8 ng/mL at 7 months of age. Bucks on test Ration 2C had higher bodyweights (6.75, 8.00 and 10.00 kg at 5, 6 and 7 months of age, respectively) than bucks on the other test Ration B (6.20, 7.20 and 8.50 kg, respectively). There were no significant differences between the two test rations with regard to scrotal circumferences of the bucks at all ages. However, at 7 months of age, bucks on test Ration 2C had significantly higher peak testosterone concentration (1.80 ng/mL) than their counterparts on test Ration 2B (1.30 ng/mL). The secretory patterns of testosterone were episodic and pulsatile in nature. It was concluded that crop‐residue supplementation in prepubertal Red Sokoto bucks has a significant influence on their bodyweight, scrotal circumference and testosterone production. Test Ration C was a cheap, affordable and better crop‐residue‐based ration for optimal reproductive performance than test Ration B.
Change of plasma insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1) concentration with early growth in Japanese beef cattle
Authors: SUDA Yoshihito , NAGAOKA Kentaro , NAKAGAWA Kazuki , CHIBA Takashi , YUSA Fumihiro , SHINOHARA Hisashi , NIHEI Akira , YAMAGISHI Toshihiro 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACTThe aim of the present study was to examine the change in plasma insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1) concentration with early growth, changes of bodyweight (BW) and relative dairy gain (RDG) in the pre‐ (PRW) and postweaning periods (POW) in Japanese beef cattle, and relationships with metabolites. A total of 33 calves, 22 Japanese black, 6 Japanese shorthorn and 5 of their crossbreed were studied. Insulin‐like growth factor‐1 and metabolite (glucose, triacylglycerol, nonesterified fatty acid) levels in the plasma, from jugular vein blood taken every month, were measured along with BW. Insulin‐like growth factor‐1 in POW increased dramatically with increase of BW (P < 0.05), and the correlation was positive at 0.52 (P < 0.01). Glucose levels correlated significantly with BW, RDG and IGF‐1 (P < 0.01). Metabolic required calorie correlated positively with IGF‐1 (P < 0.01). Also, correlations of BW in POW, with BW and RDG in PRW were positive (P < 0.01). Growth in PRW would be influenced by maternal effects, while active self‐secretion of IGF‐1 in POW might contribute to POW growth. These factors suggested that to increase growth in PRW, maintaining enough maternal effect and IGF‐1 level in POW, was important for establishing better growth after weaning.
Protective effect of sodium glutamate and sorbitol on thermal denaturation of chicken and croaker actomyosin
Authors: KAWAKAMI Kouji , NEUPANEY Dhanapati , SAMEJIMA Kunihiko 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACTThe thermal protective effect (E‐Value) of sodium glutamate (Na‐Glu) on chicken and croaker actomyosin (AM) was significant but decreased slightly with increasing concentration. The E‐value of chicken AM with Na‐Glu was 1.11 mol/L−1 at 0–0.75 mol/L and decreased to 0.4 mol/L−1 at 0.75–1.5 mol/L. Likewise, the E‐value of croaker AM with Na‐Glu was 1.51 mol/L−1 at 0–1 mol/L and decreased to 0.2 mol/L−1 at 1–1.5 mol/L. Sorbitol showed a steady thermal protective effect on chicken and croaker AM. The E‐values of chicken and croaker AM at 0 to 1.5 mol/L sorbitol were 0.71 mol/L−1 and 0.59 mol/L−1, respectively. The protective effect of sorbitol on both types of AM was greater than that of Na‐Glu. Higher concentrations of Na‐Glu with chicken and croaker AM gave a decrease in viscosity number and turbidity. Higher concentrations of Na‐Glu caused internal aggregation of AM and the protective effect of Na‐Glu was decreased. The results of this experiment confirmed that Na‐Glu and sorbitol have different modes of action and ability to control the thermal denaturation of chicken and croaker AM.
Factors affecting egg production and layer bird mortality in private poultry farms in the subhumid zone of Nigeria
Authors: MALAU‐ADULI Aduli Enoch Othniel , BAWA Gideon Shaibu , JOEL Kayode 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACTEgg production and layer bird mortality data obtained from five different private farms in Zaria within the subhumid zone of Nigeria, over a 6‐year period (1994–1999) were subjected to least squares analysis to determine the effects of age, season and year. It was demonstrated that age had a highly significant influence (P < 0.01) on egg production in that birds falling within the age group 30–39 weeks produced the highest number of eggs (3255 ± 109), while birds over 100 weeks of age produced the lowest number of eggs (1206 ± 412). Similarly, seasonal variation in egg production was also significant (P < 0.05); the highest egg production (2926 ± 90) was obtained during the early dry season, and the lowest (2423 ± 95) during the late wet season. Mortality was generally low (0.0–0.9%) and not significantly different from 20 to 49 weeks of age (P > 0.05). However, from 50 to 100 weeks of age, highly significant differences (P < 0.01) in mortality were observed, with the 90–100 weeks age group recording the highest mortality of 15.7 ± 1.3%. Furthermore, yearly variations in egg production and mortality were highly significant (P < 0.01) with 1999 producing the most eggs (4410 ± 102) and recording the lowest mortality (1.4%). It was concluded that due to the significant seasonal, age and yearly variations, data on egg production and mortality need to be adjusted for these effects to enable unbiased comparison between and within farms. Furthermore, farmers can make adequate feeding preparations commensurate with each season for optimal egg production.
Analysis of energy metabolism and mechanism of loop diuretics in the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop in dog kidneys
Authors: Kiil F. , Sejersted O. M. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractAim: The thick ascending limb of Henle's loop (TALH) absorbs up to 40% of filtered NaCl in volume‐expanded dogs. To examine if a fraction of this absorption is passive, NaHCO3 absorption and associated NaCl absorption in proximal tubules were inhibited by acetazolamide, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor.Results: Ouabain, a specific inhibitor of Na,K‐ATPase activity, reduced the remaining NaCl absorption and renal oxygen consumption in a ratio ΔNa/ΔO2 = 18, as expected for active transport. However, the responses to two loop diuretics were ΔNa/ΔO2 = 24 for ethacrynic acid and ΔNa/ΔO2 = 30 for bumetanide. Both loop diuretics induced potassium secretion. By superimposing ouabain potassium secretion was stopped and ΔNa/ΔO2 = 18 restored. Replacement of half of the circulating NaCl with Na2SO4 gave stop‐flow pattern similar to those obtained after ethacrynic acid.Conclusions: Low entry of some sodium ions thorugh the apical membrane is permitted despite low chloride supply or blockade by loop diuretics of chloride entry by the Na‐K‐2Cl transporter. Continued Na‐K‐ATPase activity causes secretion of potassium ions through the apical ion channel, ethacrynic acid being more kaliuretic and less natriuretic than bumetanide. Greater paracellular recycling of sodium ions after bumetanide maintains ionic balance. In contrast, under normal conditions excess entry of chloride by the Na‐K‐2Cl‐transporter leads to paracellular back‐diffusion of chloride rather than paracellular absorption of sodium ions, consistent with ΔNa/ΔO2 = 18 after ouabain. Thus all NaCl transport along TALH is active in vivo, whereas absorption of other cations, such as lithium, probably is passive.
Interactions between COX‐2 and the renin–angiotensin system in the kidney
Authors: Harris R. C. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractAim:  In adult mammalian kidney, COX‐2 expression is found in a restricted subpopulation of cells. The two sites of renal COX‐2 localization detected in all species to date are the macula densa (MD) and associated cortical thick ascending limb cells (cTALH) and medullary interstitial cells. Physiological regulation of COX‐2 in these cellular compartments suggests functional roles for eicosanoid products of the enzyme. In the MD region, COX‐2 expression increases in high renin states [salt restriction, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition, renovascular hypertension], and selective COX‐2 inhibitors significantly decrease plasma renin levels and renal renin activity and mRNA expression. An important role for COX‐2‐derived prostanoids in regulation of renin expression and secretion has also been determined by using mice with selective genetic deletion of either the COX‐1 or COX‐2 gene. There is evidence for negative regulation of MD/cTALH COX‐2 by angiotensin II and by glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids, suggesting that in the kidney, cortical COX‐2 expression is regulated in part by alterations in activity of the renin–angiotensin system.