bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in serum β-lipoprotein concentration during the development of kwashiorkor and in recovery
Authors: Coward W. A. , Whitehead R. G 
Published: September 2005

1. Serum β-lipoprotein and cholesterol have been measured in children ‘at risk’ to severe protein-calorie malnutrition and in others with kwashiorkor or marasmus. β-Lipoprotein was estimated by an immunological technique. In children recovering from kwashiorkor, serum triglyceride estimations and lipoprotein electrophoretic separations were also carried out.2. β-Lipoprotein concentrations did not fall significantly until serum albumin concentration was less than 2.5 g/100 ml; cholesterol concentration fell before β-lipoprotein.3. In frank kwashiorkor, serum β-lipoprotein concentration was reduced by about 30%, whereas cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations were reduced by about 50% in comparison with apparently normal children. Electrophoretic evidence showed that serum α-lipoprotein concentration was also reduced or absent altogether. Marasmic children had normal serum concentrations of β-lipoprotein and the other lipid components measured.4. The metabolic significance of this degree of reduction in serum β-lipoprotein concentration in the pathogenesis of the fatty liver of kwashiorkor has been discussed. It was concluded that, in Ugandan children with serum albumin concentrations below 2.50 g/100 ml, the β-lipoprotein concentration was probably insufficient for normal mobilization of fat from the liver and the children could therefore be considered susceptible to the development of a fatty liver.5. The recovery from kwashiorkor was marked by a rapid rise in serum β-lipoprotein concentration and hypertriglyceridaemia but a slower rise in cholesterol concentration. This confirmed the results of previous investigations.
Effects of isocaloric exchange of dietary sucrose and starch on fasting serum lipids, postprandial insulin secretion and alimentary lipaemia in human subjects
Authors: Mann J. I. , Truswell A. S. 
Published: September 2005

1. Fasting serum cholesterol and triglyceride, and post prandial insulin secretion and lipaemia were measured in human subjects in a metabolic ward, who were given an ordinary diet (diet 1) in which the sucrose was isocalorically replaced by starch (diet 2) or vice versa. The subjects were nine healthy normolipaemic adult males. In eight of these subjects the effect of sucrose calorie reduction (diet 3) on fasting serum lipids was also studied.2. When starch replaced sucrose, there were no singnificant differences in fasting serum lipid concentrations or immunoreactive insulin or in the insulin response and alimentary lipaemia after a standard mixed breakfast.3. Serum triglyceride concentration fell and cholesterol concentration rose during the period of sucrose (and calorie) restriction.4. After lunch and supper on the first two diets (when different carbohydrates were given) the lipaemic response was larger and the insulin response smaller after meals containing sucrose.5. Thus, there was no difference between concentrations of fasting serum lipids when starch replaced sucrose at 23% total calories, but the concentrations of serum triglycerides were higher after individual mixed meals containing sucrose.6. There were no significant differences in the fatty acid patterns of serum lipids on the different diets.
The influence of malnutrition on the postprandial metabolic rate and respiratory quotient
Authors: Brooke O. G. , Ashworth Ann 
Published: September 2005

1. Pre- and post-prandial metabolic rates were measured in twelve malnourished Jamaican infants.2. On admission to hospital, minimal increase in postprandial metabolic rate were found, whereas during the recovery phase when growth was rapid, inreases in postprandial metabolic rate of up to 38% occurred.3. After recovery only the five children who were still gaining weight at a rate of more than 4 g/kg body-weigh. d continued to show a substantial increase in postprandial metabolism.4. A highly significant correlation was found between growth rate and the increase in postprandial metabolic rate.5. Marked differences existed in the respiratory quotient measured 4 h after the last meal, the values being low on admission and high during the phase of rapid growth.6. After a test meal, the respiratory quotient rose sharply both innewly admitted and in recovered children, but fell slightly when the children were studied during the phase of rapid growth.
Studies on the transfer of calcium across the ovine placenta and incorporation into the foetal skeleton
Authors: Braithwaite G. D. , Glascock R. F. , Riazuddin Sh. 
Published: September 2005

1. Radioactive calcium has been used to study the placental transfer of Ca in ewes at three stages of gestation.2. At each stage virtually all the radioactive Ca injected into a foetus was still present 5–6 h later and little or none was found in the mother or in a twin foetus if present.3. It was concluded that there is neither exchange of Ca between foetal and maternal pools nor transfer from foetus to mother. Passage of Ca across the placenta of the ewe is therefore a one-way process.4. The rapidly exchangeable Ca pool of the foetus tended to increase in size with the stage of gestation and was found to contain only about half of the total Ca of the foetal soft tissues.5. Two methods for calculating the rate of accretion of Ca into the foetal skeleton have been applied. The results obtained from these calculations suggested that rates of foetal bone accretion also increased with the stage of gestation. Accretion per unit foetal weight, however, remained fairly constant irrespective of age or number of foetuses present.6. Bone accretion rates calculated from the results of the present work were very similar to the rates obtained previously for transfer of Ca across the sheep placenta, indicating that resorption of Ca from bone is negligible in the foetus.
Evaluation of meals cooked by large-scale methods: a comparison of chemical analysis and calculation from food tables
Authors: Stock Anne L. , Wheeler Erica F. 
Published: September 2005

1. Energy, protein, fat and iron have been determined by chemical analysis in a number of meals and whole days' diets prepared by large-scale catering methods. The results have been compared with the results of calculation from food composition tables.2. There were wide differences between calculated and analytical values for all the constituents, especially for fat and iron. For energy and fat, calculation from food tables gave constantly higher results than did analysis.3. Large differences in calculated and analysed fat and energy intakes occurred especially when there was frequent use of certain foods that are generally prepared in a non-standard way.4. The range of differences between average calculated and analytical results depended on the duration of surveys. We have estimated that in a 7 d survey, calculated 7 d protein and energy intakes would fall within ± 20% of the analytical value in 90% of individuals; for iron and probably for other minerals, the range would be ± 50% of the analytical value.
The metabolism of linoleic acid by the young lamb
Authors: Noble R. C. , Steele W. , Moore J. H. 
Published: September 2005

1. Groups of lambs were killed immediately after birth; others were reared on a diet of cow's milk and were killed at 10, 20 and 30 d after birth. The concentrations of 18: 2ω6 (linoleic acid) were determined in cow's milk and the concentrations of 18:2ω6, 20:4ω6 (arachidonic acid) and 20: 3ω9 (Δ5, 8, 11eicosatrienoic acid) were determined in the whole carcasses of the lambs.2. The carcass of the newborn lamb contained only about 300 mg 18: 2ω6. During the first 20 d after birth, there were large increases in the 18: 2ω6 contents of the carcasses, and on the 10th and 20th days, their contents of 18: 2ω6 were similar to the dietary intakes of 18: 2ω6 at the corresponding time-intervals after birth.3. The 20: 3ω9 to 20:4ω6 ratio in the carcass of the newborn lamb was about 1.6, but after 10 d the ratio had decreased to 0.38 in spite of the fact that 18:2ω6 contributed only about 1% of the total calories in the diet.4. The minimum dietary requirements for essential fatty acids for young ruminants and for non-ruminent animals are compared.
Mechanisms of heat damage in proteins
Authors: Waibel P. E. , Carpenter K. J. 
Published: September 2005

1. ε-(γ-L-Glutamyl)-L-lysine was found to have a growth-promoting activity that was approximately equal to the equivalent quantity of L-lysine for both young rats and chicks receiving a lysine-deficient diet.2. Small quantities of the compound were found in the plasma of the chicks and rats receiving it at the level of 0.4–0.5% on the diet, but none was detected in the rat urine and only a trace in the separated chick urine.3. Direct intravenous infusion of glutamyl-lysine into rats resulted in higher plasma concentrations; it is suggested that hydrolysis of the ingested peptides may occur largely in the intestinal wall.4. The findings are discussed in relation to the earlier hypothesis that the formation of glutamyl-lysine cross-linkages in severely heated protein provides an explanation of their reduced nutritional value.
A comparison of feeding reconstituted and dried milk upon the growth and carcass composition of calves
Authors: Pryor W. J. , Ternouth J. H. 
Published: September 2005

1. The live-weight gain, carcass weight, edible carcass composition, efficiency of food conversion, and roughage intake were measured in three groups of calves fed for 87 d. After a 3-week feeding period on a common regimen, one group of calves was weaned on to a diet of dry whole-milk powder and chopped lucerne, the second group received a similar diet except that the whole-milk powder was reconstituted to a liquid milk, containing 12–15% dry matter. The third group was given the diet in the same manner as the second group except that the chopped lucerne was availablead lib.2. The mean live-weight gains for the three groups were 37.7, 47.6 and 52.7 kg respectively, the differences between the dry-fed and the liquid-fed groups being highly significant.3. Energy and nitrogen accretion in the edible carcass and efficiency of food conversion were superior in the second and third groups.4. The third group ate larger quantities of roughage, though the difference did not reach significance.5. The reasons for the superiority of the liquid milk diet are discussed in relation to the avoidance of ruminal fermentation of the milk.
The growth and development of rats given a low-protein diet
Authors: Dickerson J. W. T. , Hughes P. C. R. , McAnulty P. A. 
Published: September 2005

1. Weanling (24-d-old) rats of a black and white hooded strain were allowed free access for 28 d to a diet containing 5% casein supplemented with methionine, and sucrose as the carbohydrate. Controls were fed on a 25% casein diet with a corresponding reduction in sucrose. Animals given the deficient diet were killed either at 52 d of age or after subsequent rehabilitation on the 25% casein diet when aged 140 d. These animals were compared with controls killed at these two ages and at the start of the experiment.2. The skeletons were X-rayed, skeletal maturity was determined according to a scoring system, and various bones were measured. The forebrain and cerebellum were analysed for cholesterol and DNA and the brain stem for cholesterol only. The DNA content of the paired quadriceps muscles and the livers was also determined.3. On the low-protein diet the body-weight rose by 7 g compared with the control value of 115 g. On rehabilitation, the body-weight of the previously malnourished group showed the expected growth spurt, but failed to attain that of the controls at 140 d.4. With the exception of the pelvis width, all the bones grew a little during the period on the low-protein diet. After rehabilitation, the hind limb, pelvis, iliac and spine lengths and the bi-iliac width remained smaller than these measurements in the corresponding controls, whereas there was no difference in the length of the fore limb, width of the pelvis or in the bone maturity score.5. The forebrains and cerebellums of the malnourished rats did not increase in weight, whereas some increase occurred in the brain stem. The concentration of cholesterol in the forebrains of the deficient animals was the same as that in controls of the same age, but on rehabilitation the concentration did not rise to the control value. The concentration of cholesterol in the cerebellum and brain stem of the deficient rats was lower than in controls of the same age but, whereas that in the cerebellum attained an almost normal level on rehabilitation, that in the brain stem remained significantly lower. The low-protein diet prevented the normal increase in cerebellum DNA and the amount remained low in the rehabilitated animals.6. The experimental diet caused a complete cessation of growth of the quadriceps muscles, and even after rehabilitation they weighed less than their controls. The DNA content, however, was not significantly lower.7. The low-protein diet did not permanently affect either the weight or DNA content of the liver.
A study of the relationship between Hess tests and leucocyte ascorbic acid in a clinical trial
Authors: Eddy T. P. 
Published: September 2005

1. The results of a previously reported controlled trial of vitamin supplementation of elderly hospital patients, in which capillary resistance was measured by the Hess test, were examined and analysed statistically.2. Capillary resistance was reduced during successive 3-monthly tests over a period of 12 months and the reduction was related to leucocyte ascorbic acid concentration.3. It is postulated that the rate of recovery from capillary trauma inflicted by the test was dependent upon the function of ascorbic acid in the hydroxylation of proline to hydroxyproline during collagen synthesis.
The effect of work level and dietary intake on sweat nitrogen losses in a hot climate
Authors: Weiner J. S. , Willson J. O. C. , El-Neil Hamad , Wheeler Erica F. 
Published: September 2005

1. Nitrogen intakes, and N output in urine, faeces and sweat have been measured in six young Tanzanian men who were accustomed to a hot climate. The measurements were done while the subjects were receiving first a normal and then a low-N diet; and when they were performing moderate physical work, and had undergone a period of acclimatization.2. When the subject were acclimatized and working on a normal diet, their sweat output increased, with a fall in its N concentration. Total sweat N loss increased from an average of 0.10 to 0.71 g/d.3. The effect of the low-N diet was to decrease both the sweat N concentration, and the rate of increase of total N loss in sweat, as sweat volume increased.4. It is estimated that maximum sweat N losses would not exceed 1 g/d on an adequate diet, or 0.5 g/d on a low-protein diet. Our results provide no basis for recommending extra protein allowances to cover sweat N losses for workers in tropical climates.
Metabolism of propane-1:2-diol infused into the rumen of sheep
Authors: Clapperton J. L. , Czerkawski J. W. 
Published: September 2005

1. Propane-1:2-diol (loog/d) was infused through a cannula into the rumen of sheep receiving a ration of hay and dried grass. The concentration of volatile fatty acids, propanediol, lactic acid and of added polyethylene glycol, and the pH of the rumen contents were measured. The energy metabolism of the sheep was also determined.2. Most of the propanediol disappeared from the rumen within 4 h of its infusion. The infusion of propanediol resulted in a 10% decrease in the concentration of total volatile acids; the concentration of acetic acid decreased by about 30%, that of propionic acid increased by up to 60% and there was no change in the concentration of butyric acid.3. The methane production of the sheep decreased by about 9% after the infusion of propanediol and there were increases in the oxgyen consumption, carbon dioxide production and heat production of the animals; each of these increases was equivalent to about 40% of the theoretical value for the complete metabolism of 100 g propanediol.4. It is concluded that, when propanediol is introduced into the rumen, a proportion is metabolized in the rumen and a large proportion is absorbed directly. Our thanks are due to Dr J. H. Moore for helpful discussions, to Mr D. R. Paterson, Mr J. R. McDill and Mr C. E. Park for looking after the animals and to Miss K. M. Graham, Miss A. T. McKay and Mrs C. E. Ramage for performing the analyses.
Folate nutrition in the kid
Authors: Ford J. E. , Knaggs G. S. , Salter D. N. , Scott K. J. 
Published: September 2005

1. A study was made on the folate content of goat's milk in relation to stage of lactation, and on the interrelationship between blood and milk folate concentrations in the dam and in the kid.2. In seven goats the folate concentration in the colostrum at parturition ranged from 136 to 300 ng/ml, and averaged 205 ng/ml. The concentration fell sharply during the early days of lactation and by day 14 it averaged only 9.5 ng/ml. This pattern of rapid decline in milk folate concentration with advancing lactation was little affected by daily provision of folic acid parenterally in relatively large amounts.3. The colostrum and milk contained a minor whey protein that combined strongly with folate, and presumably acts as a trapping mechanism to accumulate the vitamin from the plasma into the milk. The milk folate concentration determined by the rate of milk secretion in relation to the availability of free folate in the blood plasma.4. At parturition the plasma folate concentration in the kids was very low – about 1 ng/ml – but by day 2 it had increased to about 28 ng/ml. This folate was protein-bound and accompanied by an excess of free binder protein. It appeared that the folate-protein complex from the colostrums was transmitted intact into the kids' blood circulation.5. The possible importance of the folate-binding protein in regulation of folate metabolism is discussed.
On the calculation of heat production from open-circuit calorimetric measurements
Authors: McLean J. A. 
Published: September 2005

1. The equation used for calculating heat production of ruminant animals is expressed in a new form, convenient for application to open-circuit calorimetry.2. It is shown that in open-circuit calorimetry the possible error involved in making the assumption that respiratory quotient is equal to unity is small compared with the possible error involved in neglecting methane production.3. In open-circuit calorimetry heat production can be predicted with accuracy to within ± 2% solely from the measurement of oxygen concentration and ventilation rate.
The effects of environmental temperature and plane of nutrition on heat loss, energy retention and deposition of protein and fat in groups of growing pigs
Authors: Verstegen M. W. A. , Close W. H. , Start I. B. , Mount L. E. 
Published: September 2005

1. Eight groups each of four castrated male pigs, 25–30 kg initial body-weight, were kept for periods of 3 weeks in a calorimeter equipped as a pig pen and maintained at either 8° or 20°. At each temperature two feeding levels (g food/kg body-weight per d) were used, 45 and 52 at 8°, and 39 and 45 at 20°. Metabolizable energy, heat loss and nitrogen balance were measured.2. Heat loss was higher at 8° than at 20° and was independent of plane of nutrition, whereas at 20° the higher heat loss occurred at the higher plane of nutrition. Energy retention depended on both temperature and feeding level, and was highest at the 52 g feeding level at 8°.3. N retention was not influenced by environmental temperature but varied with plane of nutrition (correlation coefficient = 0·94), the increase being 9·98 (± 0·8) mg N per g food increase. The correlation coefficient between N retention and body-weight gain was also 0·94; body-weight gain was correlated with N retention rather than with fat deposition. Fat gain was reduced at the lower feeding levels and at the lower environmental temperature at the feeding level of 45 g/kg.4. The partial efficiency of energy retention at 20° was 66·5%. From this efficiency the maintenance requirement (at zero energy retention) at 20° was calculated to be 418 kJ/kg0·75. At 8° the partial efficiency of energy retention was 99·4%.
Influence of meal-feeding on some of the effects of dietary carbohydrate deficiency in rats
Authors: Akrabawi S. S. , Salji J. P. 
Published: September 2005

1. Experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of feeding rats on a diet based on a mixture of maize oil fatty acids as the only source of non-protein energy (fatty acid diet) and the influence on these effects of giving such a diet in a single daily meal lasting 2 h.2. In comparison with a triglyceride diet in which the non-protein energy was in the form of maize oil, feedingad lib.with the fatty acid diet produced no significant changes in body-weight gain, plasma glucose and plasma ketones concentrations, liver glycogen concentration and protein efficiency ratio.3. In comparison with the triglyceride diet, meal-feeding with the fatty acid diet produced significantly lower body-weight gain and protein efficiency ratio; moreover, it significantly lowered plasma glucose and liver glycogen concentrations.4. Rats meal-fed on the fatty acid diet synthesized glucose from protein, as evidenced by the significantly higher liver glycogen concentration detected 6 h after the meal had been eaten, but the increase was significantly lower than in the animals fed on the triglyceride diet. Also, 6 h after the meal had been eaten, the amount of meal remaining in the stomach of rats meal-fed on the fatty acid diet was significantly higher than in those fed on the triglyceride diet.
Iron Metabolism in the veal calf
Authors: Bremner I. , Dalgarno A. C. 
Published: September 2005

1. The iron requirements of eighteen Ayrshire bull calves reared on fat-supplemented skim milk for 14 weeks fromc.16 d of age have been studied. There was a highly significant relationship between dietary Fe intake (10, 40 and 100 mg/kg dry diet) and blood haemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume and plasma Fe concentration.2. A microcytic normochromic anaemia developed in the calves given a diet containing 10 mg Fe/kg diet, but not in the other calves.3. Plasma Fe concentrations increased to > 5 μg Fe/ml in calves receiving 100 mg Fe/kg diet but there were no effects of Fe treatment on plasma Fe-binding capacity, which rose from 4·9 to 8·4 μg Fe/ml during the experiment. Saturation of plasma transferrin was only 3% in the Fe-deficient calves.4. There were some significant effects of Fe treatment on tissue concentrations of Fe and cytochromec.5. Dietary supplementation with 5 mg copper/kg dry diet had little effect on the growth or haematological status of the calves, although there were significant Cu × Fe interactions for mean corpuscular haemoglobin and mean corpuscular volume. There was no evidence of Cu deficiency in the calves, as measured by blood and liver Cu concentrations and by ceruloplasmin and cytochrome oxidase activities.