bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diagnosis of induced toxoplasmosis in neonatal cats
Authors: Dubey J. P. , Lappin M. R. , Thulliez P. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Sixteen pregnant queens were inoculated orally with tissue cysts of Toxoplasma gondii, and fetal membranes and offspring were examined for Τ gondii infection by bioassay in mice. Queens appeared clinically normal, although all shed Τ gondii oocysts. Toxoplasma gondii was isolated from tissues of 7 of 33 fetuses or kittens from 5 litters (at 13, 23, 26, 27, and 29 postinaculation days) from 8 queens euthanatized between 10 and 31 postinoculation days. Infection with Τ gondii was found In kittens from all 8 litters from the 8 queens that were allowed to undergo parturition and nurse their kittens. A total of 43 kittens were born to these 8 quean.
Toxoplasma gondii was isolated from tissues of 26 of 40 kittens bioassayed; in 3 kittens, tissues were not available for bioassay. Toxoplasmosis was severe in full-term kittens born to 5 queens; all 25 kittens from these litters died or were ill by 24 days of age. Anorexia, lethargy, hypothermia, and sudden death were the most common manifestations. Cytologic examination of peritoneal fluid aspirate samples and determination of hepatic-associated enzyme concentrations in affected kittens, as well as measurement of anti-T gondii antibodies in serum of kittens and queens, were helpful in the diagnosis of neonatal toxoplasmosis. Transplacental transfer of anti-T gondii antibodies was not observed in cats. Toxoplasma gondii oocysts were found in fecal samples of 3 kittens from different litters at 16, 24, and 63 days of age.
Sebaceous adenitis in dogs and results of treatment with isotretinoin and etretinate: 30 cases (1990-1994)
Authors: White Stephen D. , Rosychuk Rod A. W. , Scott Kathryn V. , Hargis Ann M. , Jonas Leonard , Trettien Amy 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Medical records of 30 dogs with histologically confirmed sebaceous adenitis that were treated with isotretinoin or etretinate were reviewed. Akitas and Standard Poodles were overrepresented, compared with the general hospital population. Thirteen dogs had concurrent pyoderma.
The retinoids were administered for a minimum of 2 months. Dosage for the 13 dogs treated with isotretinoin only ranged from 0.8 to 3.5 mg/kg of body weight/d (mean, 1.4 mg/kg/d). Dosage for the 10 dogs treated with etretinate only ranged from 0.7 to 1.8 mg/kg/d (mean, 1.1 mg/kg/d). Two dogs were first given isotretinoin (mean dosage, 1.5 mg/kg/ d) and, when they did not respond, were subsequently given etretinate (mean dosage, 0.85 mg/kg/d). Five dogs were first given etretinate (mean dosage, 1 mg/kg/d) and, when they did not respond, were subsequently given isotretinoin (mean dosage, 1.6 mg/kg/d).
For the 20 dogs treated with isotretinoin, 1 was lost to follow-up; 9 of the remaining 19 had a successful outcome (> 50% reduction in severity of scaling and extent of alopecia, compared with pretreatment appearance). For the 17 dogs treated with etretinate, 9 had a successful outcome. Outcome could not be predicted on the basis of clinical signs or histologic findings, and a prognosis could not be determined on the basis of whether sebaceous glands were evident histologically.
Retrograde contrast radiography of the distal portions of the intestinal tract in foals
Authors: Fischer A. T. , Yarbrough T. Y. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
A technique for retrograde contrast radiography of the distal portions of the intestinal tract of foals was developed and then performed in 25 foals (1 to 30 days old) with colic. Retrograde contrast radiography was shown to be sensitive (100%) and specific (100%) for evaluating obstruction of the small colon or transverse colon. It was slightly less sensitive (86%) and specific (83%) for evaluation of the entire large colon, particularly in older foals. Retrograde contrast radiography provided increased diagnostic capability, compared with that for noncontrast radiography. Retrograde contrast radiography can provide valuable information when evaluating foals with colic and should be part of the diagnostic evaluation.
Response to high-dose radioactive iodine administration in cats with thyroid carcinoma that had previously undergone surgery
Authors: Guptill Lynn , Catharine J. , Scott-Moncrieff R. , Janovitz Evan B. , Blevins William E. , Yohn Susan E. , DeNicola Dennis B. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Seven cats with thyroid carcinomas that had previously undergone surgical removal of neoplastic tissue were treated with 30 mCi of radioactive iodine (131I). Six of the cats had clinical signs of hyperthyroidism; 1 did not. There were no complications associated with 131I treatment, and clinical signs resolved in all cats. Technetium scans of 4 cats made after treatment did not have evidence of isotope uptake. In the remaining 3 cats, small areas of isotope uptake, the intensity of which was equal to or less than the intensity of uptake in the salivary glands, were seen. All 7 cats became hypothyroid after treatment; 4 required L-thyroxine supplementation. One cat was alive 33 months after treatment. The other 6 cats were euthanatized because of unrelated diseases 10 to 41 months after treatment.
Effects of phenobarbital administration on results of serum biochemical analyses and adrenocortical function tests in epileptic dogs
Authors: Chauvet Anne E. , Feldman Edward C. , Kass Philip H. 
Published: December 2023

Objective—
To determine what effects long-term phenobarbital administration to dogs with epilepsy would have on serum biochemical factors and adrenocortical function.

Design—
Prospective, uncontrolled study.

Animals—
Five dogs with idiopathic epilepsy.

Procedure—
Serum total protein, albumin, total bilirubin, and cholesterol concentrations and serum alkaline phosphatase and alanine aminotransferase activities were measured before and 2 weeks, 6 months, and 12 months after initiation of phenobarbital administration. Endogenous ACTH concentration was measured, and ACTH stimulation and low-dose dexamethasone suppression tests were performed at the same time.

Results—
Serum albumin concentration decreased in 4 of 5 dogs, and serum cholesterol concentrations decreased in all 5 dogs over the course of the study. Serum alkaline phosphatase concentration and alanine aminotransferase activities increased over time, and were greater than the upper reference limits in 4 of the 5 dogs by the end of the study. Endogenous ACTH concentration increased in all dogs but remained within reference limits. Plasma ACTH-stimulated aldosterone concentration increased over the course of the study. Plasma cortisol concentration did not suppress, after administration of dexamethasone, in 1 dog after 6 and 12 months of phenobarbital administration.

Clinical Implications—
Although endogenous
acthconcentration should be normal in dogs receiving phenobarbital, results of ACTH stimulation and dexamethasone suppression tests may be altered. Serum albumin and cholesterol concentrations, and serum alkaline phosphatase and alanine aminotransferase activities may also be abnormal.
Radioiodine treatment of 524 cats with hyperthyroidism
Authors: Peterson Mark E. , Becker David V. 
Published: December 2023

Objective—
To evaluate a protocol for subcutaneous radioiodine treatment of cats with hyperthyroidism in which the dose was determined on the basis of severity of the cat's clinical signs, thyroid tumor size, and magnitude of the serum thyroxine (T4) concentration.

Design—
Prospective case series.

Animals—
524 cats with hyperthyroidism.

Procedure—
A scoring system based on 3 factors (severity of clinical signs, size of the thyroid gland, and magnitude of the serum T4 concentration) was used to select the dose of radioiodine to be administered subcutaneously.

Results—
On the basis of the scoring system, 310 (59%) cats were treated with a low dose of radioiodine (< 3.5 mCi; median, 3.0 mCi), 158 (30%) were treated with a moderate dose (3.5 to 4.4 mCi; median, 4.0 mCi), and 56 (11 %) were treated with a high dose (≥ 4.5 mCi; median, 5.0 mCi). At time of discharge from the hospital, serum T4 concentration was still high in 80 (15.3%) cats, but by 6 months after administration of radioiodine, the serum T4 concentration had decreased to within or below reference range in all but 8 (1.5%) cats with persistent hyperthyroidism. Many cats had low serum T4 concentrations at some time after radioiodine treatment, but only 11 (2.1 %) cats developed clinical and clinicopathologic features of hypothyroidism and required supplementation with L-thyroxine. Thirteen (2.5%) cats had a relapse of hyperthyroidism 1.1 to 6.5 years after initial radioiodine treatment. Overall, the response to treatment was considered good in 94.2% of the cats. Median survival time in the cats was 2.0 years; the percentage of cats alive after 1, 2, and 3 years of treatment was 89, 72, and 52%, respectively.

Clinical Implications—
Results of the study suggest that this method of dose estimation works well and that subcutaneous administration of radioiodine provides a safe and effective means of treating hyperthyroidism in cats.
Evaluation of the use of intrauterine infusions of oxytetracycline, subcutaneous injections of fenprostalene, or a combination of both, for the treatment of retained fetal membranes in dairy cows
Authors: Stevens Reyneld D. , Page Dinsmore R. , Cattell Marguerita B. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Dairy cows (n = 207) that had retained fetal membranes for more than 8 hours after parturition were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatment groups (group 1, daily intrauterine infusion of oxytetracycline; group 2, daily intrauterine infusion of oxytetracycline and a single SC injection of fenprostalene; group 3, a single SC injection of fenprostalene; and group 4, untreated controls). Cows were monitored daily. Subsequent disease conditions were recorded, and appropriate treatments were initiated. Interval from parturition to expulsion of fetal membranes was unaffected by treatment regimen. The frequency of cows with high rectal temperatures (≥ 39.5 C) was significantly (P < 0.05) less in cows treated with oxytetracycline infusions; however, the frequency of displaced abomasum, ketosis, and mastitis was unaffected by treatment method. Treatment method appeared to influence the development of postpartum uterine pathologic conditions. Treatment with oxytetracycline and fenprostalene (group 2) increased (P < 0.05) the frequency of pyometra. Treatment with fenprostalene (groups 2 and 3) decreased the number of cows with a palpable uterine lumen detectable during per rectal palpation at 28 to 42 days after parturition. Reproductive efficiency, as determined on the basis of the interval from parturition to conception, was unaffected by treatment protocol.
Epizootiologic evaluation of urolithiasis in cats: 3,498 cases (1982–1992)
Authors: Thumchai Rosama , Lulich Jody , Osborne Carl A. , King Vickie L. , Lund Elizabeth M. , Marsh William E. , Ulrich Lisa K. , Koehler Lori A. , Bird Kathleen A. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To test the hypothesis that breed, sex, and age of cats, and anatomic location of uroliths are risk factors for calcium oxalate and magnesium ammonium phosphate urolithiasis.

Design
Retrospective case-control study.

Sample Population
Records of 3,498 feline urolith accessions submitted between September 1982 and September 1992.

Procedure
Mineral composition of feline uroliths was quantitatively analyzed. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated for breed, sex, age, and urolith location as risk factors for calcium oxalate and magnesium ammonium phosphate urolith formation. The population at risk was defined as all cats for which that type of urolith had been submitted. The control population was all cats for which uroliths had been submitted, excluding cats with the type of urolith being evaluated.

Results
Burmese, Persian, and Himalayan breeds were at higher risk for developing calcium oxalate uroliths, but at reduced risk for developing magnesium ammonium phosphate uroliths. Compared with females, neutered male cats had a higher risk for developing calcium oxalate uroliths, but a reduced risk for developing magnesium ammonium phosphate uroliths. The risk for calcium oxalate urolith formation increased with age. One- to 2-year-old female cats had the highest risk for magnesium ammonium phosphate uroliths. Uroliths removed from the kidneys were more likely to be composed of calcium oxalate than of magnesium ammonium phosphate.

Clinical Implications
Breed, sex, and age of cats, and anatomic location of uroliths should be considered when evaluating risk of calcium oxalate and magnesium ammonium phosphate urolithiasis in urolith-forming cats. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996; 208:547–551)
Unilateral nephrectomy in dogs with renal disease: 30 cases (1985-1994)
Authors: Gookin Jody L. , Stone Elizabeth Arnold , Spaulding Kathy A. , Berry Clifford R. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To evaluate indications for and complications, efficacy, and effects on renal function of unilateral nephrectomy in dogs with renal disease, and to evaluate the role that scintigraphy had in the decision to excise a kidney.

Design
Retrospective case series.

Animals
30 dogs with renal disease that underwent unilateral nephrectomy. A comparison group of 12 dogs with renal calculi that underwent renal scintigraphy but not nephrectomy was included.

Results
Indications for nephrectomy included renal or ureteral calculi (n = 10), renal mass (8), chronic pyelonephritis (5), perirenal mass (3), severe hydronephrosis and hydroureter (3), and renal hypoplasia with ureteral ectopia (1). None of the dogs were azotemic before surgery. Renal scintigraphy apparently influenced the decision to perform nephrectomy, because in 14 of 16 dogs that underwent nephrectomy, the affected kidney contributed ≤ 33% of the total glomerular filtration rate, but in 6 of 8 comparison dogs that underwent nephrotomy, the affected kidney contributed > 33% of total glomerular filtration rate. Complications of nephrectomy included oliguria (5) and organ laceration (2). Mean ± SD final serum creatinine concentration for 16 dogs alive at least 6 months after nephrectomy was 2.2 ± 1.8 mg/dl. Three dogs had chronic renal failure of undetermined cause at the time of death. Nephrectomy did not completely resolve the underlying disease in 13 dogs. Renal function was evaluated in 6 dogs 2 to 3.5 years after nephrectomy and was impaired in 4. None of the dogs were anemic, azotemic, proteinuric, or hypertensive. Survival time varied depending on the underlying disease.

Clinical Implications
Multiple factors contributed to the decision to perform nephrectomy. Unilateral nephrectomy resulted in few serious complications and was not detrimental to the remaining kidney, but did not always resolve the underlying disease. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;208:2020-2026)
Ability of flumazenil, butorphanol, and naloxone to reverse the anesthetic effects of oxymorphone-diazepam in dogs
Authors: Lemke K. A. , Tranquilli W. J. , Thurmon J. C. , Benson G. J. , Olson W. A. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To evaluate the ability of flumazenil (FLU), butorphanol (BUT), and naloxone (NAL) to reverse the anesthetic effects of oxymorphone-diazepam in dogs.

Animals
6 healthy adult mixed-breed dogs.

Procedure
Dogs were randomly assigned to each of 6 reversal treatment groups. In each experiment, oxymorphone (0.22 mg/kg of body weight, IV) and diazepam (0.22 mg/kg, IV) were given sequentially 15 minutes after glycopyrroiate (0.01 mg/kg, IV) administration. Physiologic saline solution (SAL; 1 ml), FLU (0.01 mg/kg), BUT (0.44 mg/kg), or NAL (0.06 mg/kg) alone, or FLU-BUT or FLU-NAL (same dosages) was given IV as a reversal treatment 15 minutes after oxymorphone-diazepam administration. An individual unaware of the treatment protocol recorded time to extubation, sternal recumbency, and walking.

Results
Time to extubation was significantly (P < 0.05) less with BUT, NAL, FLU-BUT, or FLU-NAL treatment, compared with that for SAL treatment. Time to sternal recumbency was less with BUT, NAL, FLU-BUT, or FLU-NAL treatment, compared with that for SAL treatment. Time to walking was less with FLU-BUT or FLU-NAL treatment, compared with that for SAL treatment.

Clinical Implications
Flumazenil, in combination with BUT or NAL, can be used to reverse the anesthetic effects of oxymorphone-diazepam in dogs. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:776–779)
Relationship between inflammatory hepatic disease and inflammatory bowel disease, pancreatitis, and nephritis in cats
Authors: Weiss Douglas J. , Gagne J. M. , Armstrong P. Jane 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To determine whether cats with inflammatory hepatic disease had concurrent inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), pancreatitis, or chronic interstitial nephritis.

Design
Prospective case series.

Sample Population
78 tissue sections of liver, intestine, pancreas, and kidney from cats that had previous necropsy examinations at the teaching hospital.

Procedure
We reviewed histologic sections of liver, intestine, pancreas, and kidney from cats that had previous necropsy examinations and determined the prevalence of lymphocytic portal hepatitis, cholangiohepatitis, IBD, pancreatitis, and chronic interstitial nephritis, and the relationship among them.

Results
36 cats had lymphocytic portal hepatitis, 18 had cholangiohepatitis, and 24 did not have inflammatory hepatic disease. The prevalence of IBD (10/36; 28%) and pancreatitis (5/36; 14%) in cats with lymphocytic portal hepatitis was not significantly different from cats without inflammatory hepatic disease. The prevalence of IBD (15/18; 83%) and pancreatitis (9/18; 50%) was greater (P < 0.05) for cats with cholangiohepatitis, compared with cats without inflammatory hepatic disease. Thirty-nine percent of cats (7/18) with cholangiohepatitis had IBD and pancreat Evidence of IBD in association with cholangiohepatitis was characterized by infiltration of lymphocytes and plasma cells into the lamina propria; however, neutrophilic infiltrates also were found in 6 of 15 (40%) cats with cholangiohepatitis. Pancreatitis was mild in all cats.

Clinical Implications
Cats with a diagnosis of cholangiohepatitis should be evaluated for IBD and pancreatitis, (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:1114-1116)
Evaluation of udder health and mastitis in llamas
Authors: Rowan Lynnel L. , Morin Dawn E. , Hurley Walter L. , Shanks Roger D. , Kakoma Ibulaimu , Hoffmann Walter E. , Goetz Thomas E. , Cullor James S. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To investigate intramammary infections in llamas, identify the pathogens responsible, and determine whether effects of intramammary infection could be detected by use of mastitis indicator tests commonly used for cows.

Design
Observational study.

Animals
100 llamas on 10 farms.

Procedure
Milk samples were evaluated by bacterial culturing and by determination of somatic cell count (SCC), using direct microscopic and automated counting methods, California Mastitis Test score, pH, and N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase activity. Correlation coefficients were determined among the various mastitis indicator tests, and test results were determined for milk from infected and uninfected glands.

Results
Evidence of intramammary infection was evident in 76 of 369 (21%) milk samples, with 54 of 94 (57%) llamas having at least 1 infected gland. Staphylococcus sp other than Staphylococcus aureus were the predominant pathogens. None of the llamas had clinical signs of mastitis, and significant differences were not detected in SCC, California Mastitis Test score, pH, or N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase activity between infected and uninfected samples. California Mastitis Test scores were negative or trace for 307 of 313 (98%) samples, and SCC were low. In contrast, pH and N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase activity of milk from uninfected glands were higher than values reported for milk from uninfected cows, and neither variable was significantly correlated with the number of somatic cells in samples of llama milk.

Clinical Implications
Although intramammary infections develop in llamas, inflammation (mastitis) appears to be rare. Values for mastitis indicator tests used for cows cannot be directly extrapolated to llamas. Subclinical mastitis is apparently not an important problem in llamas in the United States. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:1457–1463).
Central diabetes insipidus in dogs: 20 cases (1986–1995)
Authors: Harb Marcella F. , Nelson Richard W. , Feldman Edward C. , Scott-Moncrieff J. Catharine , Griffey Steve M. 
Published: December 2023

Objective—
To assess clinical signs, biochemical findings, results of modified water deprivation and other diagnostic tests, response to treatment, and survival time in dogs with central diabetes insipidus (CDI).

Design—
Retrospective study.

Animals—
20 dogs with CDI.

Procedure—
Signalment, history, physical examination, results of diagnostic tests, response to treatment, and survival time were extracted from the medical record of each dog and supplemented with information obtained from owners via telephone.

Results—
Isosthenuria or hyposthenuria was a consistent finding. Seven dogs with complete CDI and 13 dogs with partial CDI were identified on the basis of results of a modified water deprivation test. Dogs treated with desmopressin acetate responded well to treatment. Seven dogs were alive 18 to 72 months (median, 36 months) after diagnosis, and 10 dogs died or were euthanatized 1 week to 2 years (median, 2 months) after diagnosis. Seven of 10 dogs that died developed neurologic signs after diagnosis of CDI. Computed tomography revealed a mass in the region of the pituitary gland in 5 of 7 dogs. Necropsy of 6 dogs, including 2 dogs on which computed tomography had been performed, revealed neoplasia in the pituitary gland.

Clinical Implications—
Onset of neurologic signs after diagnosis of CDI in middle- to old-aged dogs indicates that CDI may not be a benign disease that is treated easily. Brain imaging is recommended after diagnosis of CDI in middle- to old-aged dogs. Also, because many dogs are isosthenuric on initial examination, CDI cannot be ruled out as a cause of polyuria and polydipsia on the basis of lack of hyposthenuria. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:1884–1888)
Correlation between subjective and objective measures used to determine severity of postoperative pain in dogs
Authors: Conzemius Michael G. , Hill Chris M. , Sammarco Jill L. , Perkowski Sandra Z. 
Published: December 2023

Objective—
To determine the association between subjective and objective variables commonly used to evaluate severity of postoperative pain in dogs. Design-Prospective double-blind study.

Animals—
36 dogs with unilateral rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament that underwent surgery to stabilize the stifle.

Procedure—
Each dog was assessed to determine severity of pain before and after surgery, using various subjective and objective criteria.

Results—
Subjective measures of pain (scores for visual analogue and numerical rating scales) correlated poorly or were not correlated with heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure, and results of a pain threshold test. Scores for visual analogue and numerical rating scales correlated with each other and with the amount of vocalization at most time periods.

Clinical Implications—
We detected a weak association between commonly employed subjective and objective measures of pain. This indicated that some of these measurement techniques do not predictably reflect severity of postoperative pain in dogs. Therefore, clinicians should not rely too heavily on these variables when assessing severity of postoperative pain in dogs. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;210:1619–1622)