bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mass Incarceration and For-Profit Prisons
Authors: Carl John 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Mass incarceration in the Unites States is a social issue of enormous proportion. The United States leads the world in incarceration rates by an order of magnitude. This high rate of mass incarceration has specific policy and practice implications for forensic social workers. The values of the social work profession assert advocacy for the dignity of all people, while carceral spaces are overrun with the poor, mentally ill, and overtly vulnerable. This chapter provides information about the state of mass incarceration in the United States. The chapter also discusses specific intersections for social workers and social work as a profession.
Drug Policy
Authors: Plassmeyer Mark 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides readers with a comprehensive understanding of how substances and the people that use them were criminalized over time and the current efforts to reverse that trend. It begins with an overview of the outcomes of the prohibition-based model. Then the major historical policies that led to the current drug control framework in the United States, along with some efforts at reform, are explored. Next, the chapter delves into alternative approaches to drug policy that consider drug use from a public health perspective. Notably, these policies aim to reduce the possible harms of drug use and redress the damages suffered by vulnerable people and communities during past approaches that were primarily based within the criminal legal system. The conclusion discusses the emerging drug policies and practices most in line with social work values and the need for social work to engage more meaningfully in shaping drug policy moving forward.
Mental Health Policies
Authors: Scheyett Anna M. , Leonard Margaret B. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines policies that impact individuals with mental illness in the criminal justice system and their resultant overrepresentation and vulnerabilities. Policies are organized in two categories: in the courtroom and during incarceration. In the courtroom, the chapter reviews policies that protect the rights of individuals with mental illness including due process, competence to stand trial, and not guilty by reason of insanity. The chapter then examines policies during incarceration, including policies addressing assessment of individuals with mental illness, the right to adequate treatment while incarcerated, forced medication while incarcerated, discipline, and preparation for release from incarceration. The chapter concludes with recommendations for social workers to become educated regarding all these policies in order to advocate, both at the individual and policy levels, to protect the rights and well-being of individuals with mental illness who are involved in the criminal justice system.
Reentry
Authors: Sommers Carly , Justesen Elizabeth A. , Leibowitz George S. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Reentry into the general population after being incarcerated presents many difficulties, such as finding housing, shelter, and support. Recidivism rates continue to be high, and people often are rearrested within nine years of being released. Formerly incarcerated people often struggle with the stigma surrounding those who have been incarcerated, and this often leads to difficulties finding housing, jobs, and government funding. Advocating for enhancing community resources for those who are reentering society after being incarcerated can change the outcome of their futures. Instead of focusing funding solely on the policing and court side of the criminal justice system, investing in substance use and mental health prevention and treatment can help reentry success. This chapter covers the difficulties of reentry, the stigma surrounding incarcerated people, and ways to advocate for change to make reentry more successful.
Juvenile Justice
Authors: McCarter Susan , Menon Sujeeta E. , Taylor Kris 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter highlights contemporary facets of forensic social work practice with juvenile justice-involved youth. Readers will consider the additional systems that many justice-involved youth contact (e.g., education, health/mental health care, substance abuse services, foster care); challenges to their biopsychosocial, spiritual, and cultural development; and their relevant subpopulation groups categorized by gender identity, LGBTQ+ identity, poverty status, and race/ethnicity. The chapter presents theoretical foundations in juvenile justice services and current treatment strategies with particular attention to youth development, wraparound service provision, reentry, trauma-informed care, culturally relevant interventions, and probation reform. The chapter concludes with an exploration of forensic social work settings and the role of social work with justice-involved youth along with a relevant case study featuring a young woman charged with assault with a deadly weapon at school.
Human Trafficking
Authors: Preble Kathleen M. , Nichols Andrea 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
As awareness about human trafficking has increased, so too has knowledge about the phenomenon and appropriate interventions. This chapter details theoretical underpinnings, evidenced-based knowledge, and interventions for supporting survivors of human trafficking. It offers a critical examination of interventions and how they may be applied when working with survivors. The chapter discusses the impacts of human trafficking response on communities of color and gender and sexual minorities and how these considerations may influence interactions with potential survivors. Concluding this chapter is a case study involving a survivor experiencing intimate partner–based trafficking and the ethical implications of intervention based on the social work code of ethics. A table of social work principles is provided with illustrations of evidence-based and competency-based social work actions when working with survivors of trafficking.
A Longer Road to Adulthood
Authors: Arnett Jeffrey Jensen 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the concept of emerging adulthood as a new stage of the lifespan between adolescence and young adulthood, lasting from the late teens through the 20s. The historical origins of emerging adulthood are explored, focusing on four revolutions in the 1960s and 1970s that laid the foundation for the world as we know it today, including the new life stage of emerging adulthood: the Technology Revolution, the Sexual Revolution, the Women’s Movement, and the Youth Movement. Emerging adulthood is described in terms of five distinctive features: identity explorations, instability, self-focus, feeling in-between, and possibilities/optimism. Reasons are presented for why previous terms for the years 18 to 29 are inadequate (e.g., “late adolescence,” “youth”). Then the plan of the book is presented, including the methodology of the research the book was based on.
What Is It Like to Be an Emerging Adult?
Authors: Arnett Jeffrey Jensen 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents profiles of four diverse emerging adults, ages 21 to 27. Two are male and two are female, two are White and two are members of ethnic minorities, two are college graduates and two are not, and the four of them grew up in several different parts of the United States. Although the persons in the profiles are diverse, they were not chosen to be representative of all persons in the original study, much less all persons in their 20s. Rather, the persons in the profiles were chosen because they exemplify the five features that define emerging adulthood as a distinct life stage: identity explorations, instability, self-focus, feeling in-between, and a sense of possibilities. The profiles presented in this chapter will serve to illustrate the essential characteristics of emerging adulthood described in Chapter 1 by connecting them to the real lives of emerging adults.
Emerging Adulthood(s)
Authors: Arnett Jeffrey Jensen 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This book focuses mainly on American research, but emerging adulthood is a cultural theory and an international phenomenon. All over the world, young people are attaining longer and more widespread education and entering marriage and parenthood at later ages. Nevertheless, the clarion call for research on emerging adulthood is “one stage, many paths.” That is, although the demographic changes are similar worldwide, there may be many different forms that emerging adulthood can take. This chapter presents research from four places in the world that illustrate this variation: China, India, South Africa, and Brazil. Each of the forms of emerging adulthood in these countries has distinctive features, from filial piety in China to the “Black Tax” in South Africa, but they share a common contrast to the American pattern in their stronger sense of obligation to their natal families.
Speculation about replacement epistemic norms
Authors: Talbot Brian 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter speculates on what the right replacement for standard epistemic norms will look like and points to potential future projects for epistemology. The chapter suggests a new type of epistemic goodness, which is had only by collections of beliefs—those constituting our overall picture of the world around us—and is worthy of respect. The norms governing these collections cannot be truth-oriented, and thus require jettisoning epistemic concepts such as knowledge, truth, accuracy, evidence, coherence, and reliability. In addition to this new notion of goodness, the chapter discusses important questions about norms governing interesting beliefs, and argues for the complete replacement of knowledge in our normative systems. Finally, the chapter discusses how epistemic norms might interact with practically or socially vindicated norms on belief.
Introduction
Authors: Sawyer R. Keith , Henriksen Danah 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Chapter 1 introduces the reader to scientific research on creativity. The chapter begins by providing the rationale for studying creativity—the need for creative solutions to challenging problems, whether in business, personal life, or society. The chapter then provides the two definitions of creativity that will be used throughout the book: the individualist definition, associated with psychological research, and the sociocultural definition, associated with group dynamics, sociology, economics, and anthropology. The chapter ends by describing the Western cultural model of creativity—a set of 10 beliefs that most people ascribe to in Western countries, including the United States. These 10 beliefs will be referenced throughout the book.
Conceptions of Creativity
Authors: Sawyer R. Keith , Henriksen Danah 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter summarizes a wide range of approaches to creativity through history. The chapter begins by reviewing how conceptions of creativity have changed over the centuries. These changes tend to oscillate between two extremes. The first is rationalism—the view that creativity is a conscious activity that is pursued with intention and with expertise. The second is Romanticism—the view that creativity is unexplainable and bubbles up from the unconscious mind; creativity is associated with rejecting convention; and expertise might actually interfere with creativity. The chapter quickly reviews additional conceptions of creativity: that children are more creative than adults; that creativity is a form of self-discovery; that creativity is available to all people, not only the educated experts.
The Creative Process, Part 1
Authors: Sawyer R. Keith , Henriksen Danah 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter is the first of three chapters that review psychological research on what happens in the mind when people are being creative. These three chapters are organized around the creative process—an eight-step process where each step is associated with mindsets and cognitive processes. The core theme of these three chapters is that creativity emerges from action in time, not from a single brilliant idea that happens in a brief moment. Chapter 5 reviews the first four of the eight stages. The first is Find and formulate the problem, referred to as problem finding. The second stage is Acquire knowledge relevant to the problem. This research includes studies of expertise. The third stage is Gather a broad range of potentially related information. The fourth stage is Take time off for incubation.
The Creative Process, Part 2
Authors: Sawyer R. Keith , Henriksen Danah 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Chapter 6 continues to review research on the eight stages of the creative process. Chapter 5 reviewed the first four stages and this chapter reviews the next two: Stage 5 is Generate a large variety of ideas. This research includes studies of the moment of insight, cognitive fixation, and studies of whether insights are incremental or sudden. Stage 6 is Combine ideas in unexpected ways. This research includes studies of cross-fertilization, conceptual combination, and metaphor and analogy. The chapter concludes with reviews of research on creative imagery and a taxonomy of types of insights, including combinatorial, exploratory, and transformational.
The Creative Process, Part 3
Authors: Sawyer R. Keith , Henriksen Danah 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Chapter 7 continues to review research on the eight stages of the creative process that began in Chapters 5 and 6. This chapter reviews the final two stages. Stage 7 is Select the best ideas, applying relevant criteria. Research shows that creativity is not simply the generation of original ideas; many ideas should be generated because most of them will not be creative. This is called the productivity theory. Each idea has to be evaluated because many ideas will turn out to not be original or not be useful or appropriate. Stage 8 is Externalize the idea using materials and representations. Research shows that creativity is enhanced when mental concepts and insights are sketched or built into prototypes.
Creative Self-Beliefs
Authors: Sawyer R. Keith , Henriksen Danah 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores creative self-beliefs—what people believe about themselves and their own creativity. It discusses the “self,” which distinguishes a person from others as a unique individual, and how people build a sense of meaning about the self—their self-beliefs. Self-beliefs influence how people will act in a given situation, including how they use, or don’t use, their creativity. Creative self-beliefs are an internal sensibility that people often use to help them decide if, when, or how to act creatively. The chapter reviews research on how one’s creative self-beliefs affect creative skills, behaviors, or abilities, looking at creative self-belief concepts like creative self-efficacy, creative personal identity, and creative mindset. The chapter reviews the effects of personality, social, family, cultural, and experiential influences on these different kinds of creative self-beliefs and creative outcomes. It concludes with promising areas and possible tensions in research on creative self-beliefs.
Technology and Creativity
Authors: Sawyer R. Keith , Henriksen Danah 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews the relationship between creativity and technology. Recent decades have seen bursts of creativity and innovation fueled by digital technologies, and creativity also fuels the development of new technological tools. From social media, to artificial intelligence (AI), to other daily digital tools that people use, new technologies are accelerating, and they affect how people live, work, communicate, and create. In this chapter, the authors define technology (both digital and otherwise) and consider the theoretical foundations of how technologies support creativity, and how creativity impacts the development of technologies (e.g., affordances, affordance theory, sociocultural influences). The chapter discusses research on creativity relative to new technological phenomena, like internet creativity, YouTube, content creators, crowdsourced creativity, online art, makerspaces, augmented reality, virtual reality, artificial intelligence, and more. The authors conclude by considering how technology alters the landscape of creativity in ever-changing ways.
Visual Arts
Authors: Sawyer R. Keith , Henriksen Danah 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews studies of creativity in the visual arts—such as painting, sculpture, and graphic design. The first half of the chapter takes an individualist approach, and the second half takes a sociocultural approach. Individualist research, which is generally done by psychologists, has studied the personality of the painter; the role of problem finding in creativity; neuroaesthetics, or the brain basis of creativity and visual perception; and how visual creativity has changed over the decades in Europe and the United States. The chapter takes a sociocultural approach in reviewing studies of outsider art, installation art, photography, movies, and animated cartoons.
Theater
Authors: Sawyer R. Keith , Henriksen Danah 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews research on creativity in theater performance. Although much stage performance in Western countries is highly scripted, performances in non-Western cultures often incorporate substantial improvisation. The chapter reviews research by anthropologists on traditional non-written performance genres, and reviews the influence of commedia dell’arte—an improvisational genre—on European theater. The chapter reviews studies of the personality of the actor; the flow or peak state that actors experience; and the role of emotional expression in performance. The chapter ends with a review of ensemble creativity, particularly the form of improvisational theater associated with Chicago in the United States.
How Flexible Authoritarianism Looks and Feels
Authors: Schwenck Anna 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter establishes flexible authoritarianism as more than an abstract ideology; it operates at concrete sites, can be experienced, and is shaped by people co-creating these sites. Government-sponsored youth-leadership summer camps take place in all of Russia’s federal districts. They are political spectacles, intended to legitimate flexible authoritarianism by staging youthful support for the regime, influencing young people’s self-perception, and engaging them as co-creators of a government-sponsored civic life. These camps resemble business start-up meetings—enhancing campers’ project management and grant-writing skills—as much as Soviet summer camps. While seeking to engender creativity and ambition, the camps uphold an authoritarian Erziehungsstil that discourages independent thinking and cooperation among peers. Based on the author’s observations as a participant and young campers’ perceptions of their camp experience, the chapter provides a thick description of how flexible authoritarianism operates through narratives, images, symbols, music, and routines.
Loyal Youths’ Individualist Quests for Change
Authors: Schwenck Anna 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Drawing on narrative interviews conducted with almost forty participants in provincial youth-leadership camps, this chapter investigates the texture of their loyalty to the regime, their quests for self-development, and the contribution of such quests to the common good. It shows that most campers are critical of the workings of the Russian government but largely tolerate or support the goals of the regime. It argues that campers seek social change through individualist projects but have a markedly apolitical understanding of this change. Motivated to enjoy the conveniences available to the middle class in economically advanced liberal democracies, they are keen to spur local development in their home regions. The chapter reveals that most campers self-identify as active, entrepreneurially minded, patriotic citizens, while condemning those who would passively live off state spending.
Professionalizing Patriots
Authors: Schwenck Anna 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the activities of “Stop Rudeness” (StopKham) and “Lion Versus,” (Lev Protiv) two law-and-order youth initiatives that enforce and promote patriotic morals through the branding and staging of heroic masculinity. These initiatives popularize a neotraditional mindset among young people by challenging alleged offenders on camera and uploading suspenseful, humorous, and violent video clips of their raids on online platforms such as YouTube. The vigilante-entrepreneurs promote a new type of masculinity, fusing the heroic, combative figure of the rebel with that of the successful entrepreneur. This chapter examines the popularization and popification of authoritarian values in the digital era, and shows how these enterprises reflect the regime’s goals back at itself. The video clips translate governmental discourses of deservingness and undeservingness into a hip, youthful genre of social-media entertainment that reaches beyond Russia.
A hypothesised model and theoretical issues related to posttraumatic stress disorder in physical illnesses
Authors: Chung Man Cheung 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Chapter 10 aims to identify knowledge gaps from existing research, to formulate overarching research questions, and to create a hypothesized model. The model is structured based on the research gaps of whether posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) subtypes should be considered in patients with chronic illness, whether the interaction between personality and coping strategies would moderate the association between cumulative trauma and distress outcomes, including PTSD subtypes, and whether a distorted self would influence the complex interaction between cumulative trauma and personality and coping risk factors in people who have experienced PTSD associated with a physical illness. To address posttraumatic growth, another research gap is how people with physical illnesses may experience growth when they experience a distorted self structure, and how illusory growth may contribute to triggering growth in patients with PTSD who suffer from their illnesses and a distorted self. The final research gap is how a family can cope with or reduce the demands of the cumulative effects of PTSD and the secondary traumatic effects of various family members, change their appraisal of the current situation, and restore homeostasis within a family.
Incarnation
Authors: Apetrei Sarah 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines two distinctive christological teachings—the doctrine of spiritual or heavenly flesh, and the doctrine of spiritual senses—which were closely related, and central to the thought of radical theologians in the 1640s and 1650s. I argue that heavenly flesh, a heterodox tradition derived most immediately from radical Reformation sources, was prevalent in the apocalyptic mysticism of influential preachers in this period, and that women contributed centrally to its development and dissemination. The idea of a new incarnation in the flesh of saints involved radical implications, not least for gender identity, which were realized by the doctrine’s proponents. The doctrine of spiritual senses also provided an incarnational framework for understanding visionary experience, not least in women’s prophetic works.