bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Religious Factors in Language Spread
Authors: Ferguson Charles A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The distribution of major types of writing systems in the world correlates more closely with the distribution of the world’s major religions than with genetic or typological classifications of language, a fact which has often been noted by sociolinguis and others interested in the spread of writing systems. This correlation between religions and writing systems does not result from any inherent relationship between religious practices or beliefs and the processes of reading and writing. Rather, the present distribution of writing systems is largely a result of the fact that in many instances the spread of a major religion has simultaneously introduced the use of writing into a nonliterate speech community. So it has happened that wherever Westem Christianity has spread in nonliterate communities, it has introduced a variety of the Latin script for writing local, previously unwritten languages; and wherever Islam has spread to nonliterate communities, it has introduced a variety of the Arabic script for writing previously unwritten languages. Sometimes, when a major religion has spread to a literate community, the effect of the new religion has been to replace a local writing system without replacing the languages spoken in the community, as when the Arabic alphabet replaced the other ways of writing Persian or Malay, or when the Latin alphabet replaced other ways of writing Old Norse or Philippine languages. One of the most impressive associations of a writing system with a religion is the use of the Hebrew alphabet by the Jews.
Sports Announcer Talk: Syntactic Aspects of Register Variation
Authors: Ferguson Charles A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One or two sentences of a radio announcer’s report of a game in progress will usually be sufficient to identify the particular kind of talk being used, different from all other kinds of radio talk, such as straight news, sermons, soap operas, or talk shows. One clue to the identification is the subject matter and the specialized vocabulary of the sport, but the same topics and lexicon may also be used in afterthe-fact news broadcasts, editorials, or interviews on talk shows. A more distinctive clue is the prosodic pattern, i.e., the features of tempo, rhythm, loudness, intonation, and other characteristics of voice. This clue is so powerful2 that it can often serve to distinguish not only sports announcing from other radio talk but even baseball from football announcing when the segmental phonetic characteristics and, hence, the actual words of the broadcast are muffled or masked. In this paper, some attention will be paid to these lexical and prosodic clues, but the primary purpose is to explore a third clue, the syntactic differences between sports announcer talk (SAT) and other kinds of discourse, especially the mythical “normal” discourse variously referred to as vernacular, common core, unmarked, or ordinary adult conversation. The analytic approach adopted here is that of register variation, although it is recognized that other approaches might also be instructive for investigating the phenomena of SAT. For example, a structural analysis of the genre or form of discourse of sports announcing could provide an account of the sportscast, which is indeed a highly structured and well recognized genre of contemporary mass media discourse. Such broadcasts start with background information about the game, the occasion, the teams, and so forth; conclude with interviews of players and coaches; and include components of direct reportage, comment, advertising commercials, and other elements in relatively fixed proportions and relatively fixed sequence.
Individual and Social in Language Change: Diachronic Changes in Politeness Agreement in Forms of Address
Authors: Ferguson Charles A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tying together findings from macro and micro-level research has been recognized as a major problem since the earliest days of explicitly sociolinguistic research, and Joshua Fishman’s has been one of the clearest voices calling attention to it (Fishman 1972). The present paper explores some aspects of this problem in one traditional area of sociolinguistic research-forms of address. It does so from the pragmatic perspective of politeness phenomena and in terms of a recognized area of linguistic theory-grammatical agreement. It describes some mismatch phenomena in politeness agreement with second person pronouns in two languages, Persian and Portuguese, for which both macro- and micro-studies are available. Finally, it offers some cross-language generalizations that can be tested from other languages.
Information Processing Limits
Authors: Kronenfeld David B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we will examine the implications of Miller’s “;Magical Number 7 ... “; article1 ( 1956) for semantic and decision structures of the sort studied by cognitive anthropology; in doing so, we will relate Miller’s work to Bruner, Goodnow, and Austin’s (1956:chap. 4) discussion of concept-formation strategies. We will be looking at limitations on our ability to process information, at the devices we utilize to get around such limitations, and on the relationship of these devices to the kinds of culturally standardized cognitive structures we have found within the semantics of natural language. I will suggest a cognitive structural explanation of a set of interre lated anthropological findings regarding the nature of complex semantic structures. We will see why early cognitive anthropologists (or ethnoscientists) kept finding one or the other of only two semantic structures: taxonomy-like tree structures (based on elaborated inclusion relations) and componential-like paradigmatic ones (based on elaborated contrast relations). We will explore the differences between the two structures in the relationship of attributes to categories, and we will explore the relative degree of foregrounding of the defining attributes versus the categories themselves in these alternative semantic structures. We will conclude by examining how the same explanation might apply to different kinds oflinguistic and anthropological structures, including syntactic structures and the structures cognitive anthropologists have found to underlie a variety of culturally standardized natural decision processes.
Institutional Structure and Innovation in the Emerging Russian Software Industry
Authors: Katkalo Valery , Mowery David C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Previous chapters note that the unique characteristics of software have given rise to significant differences between the development of the software industry and that of other high-technology industries in the industrial economies. But these chapters also demonstrate the importance of national influences on industry evolution. In the case of Russia, the evolution of the software industry cannot be divorced from the institutional and political context. A discussion of the Russian software industry must therefore include some consideration of the late-twentieth-century changes in Russia’s economic and political systems.
Believing for Reasons
Authors: Gaus Gerald F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My ultimate concern in this book is with moral, and especially political, justification in which participants advance to others their reasons for beliefs, principles, and policies. But participation in political justificatory discourse presupposes that people enter with beliefs supported by reasons. When a person seeks to justify her belief to others, she ordinarily supposes that she has good reasons for it. As a participant in such interpersonal justificatory discourse, then, one typically endeavors to show others what one thinks already obtains, namely, that one has good reasons for what one believes. To be sure, as discussion proceeds one may revise this initial estimate; we shall see in part II that the effort to justify what one already believes often results in revision of one’s beliefs. So I certainly do not wish to deny that interpersonal discussion is dynamic, and indeed ultimately necessary for personal justification. Yet none of this undermines the presumption that at any given time one enters any particular discussion with beliefs for which one already has reasons. Indeed, interpersonal justification produces belief change just because participants are prepared to reply to queries about, and challenges to, their beliefs by pointing to specific reasons supporting them. If others convince you that your supporting reasons are unsound, change of belief is apt to occur. Beliefs that are justified because they are supported by, or follow from, reasons I shall call inferentially justified.
The Internal and External Perspectives
Authors: Gaus Gerald F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thus far I have focused on the causal dimension of the basing relation. But, of course, that one belief causes another does not show that it is a reason for it. As Pollock notes, our beliefs can be knit together causally in odd ways: I might believe that I am going to be late to my class, and that might cause me to run on a slippery sidewalk, lose my footing, and fall down, whereupon I find myself flat on my back looking up at the birds in the tree above me. My belief that I was going to be late caused me to have the belief that there were birds in the tree, but I do not believe the latter on the basis of the former. To be sure, cases of this sort are more puzzling on an efficient causation account of the basing relation, as it seems manifest that one’s belief that one will be late for class does not sustain one’s belief that there are birds in the tree. Psychoanalysis is probably a richer source of examples of nonjustifying sustaining causes. That Little Hans fears horses because he is afraid that his father will castrate him does not justify his belief that horses are dangerous. In short, reasons are justificatory. But how do we determine whether some consideration is a good reason-or any sort of reason at all-for Alf to believe {3?
Taming Relativism
Authors: Gaus Gerald F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thus far I have been arguing in favor of the possibility of a relativism of reasons. It may thus seem that we should endorse what Stephen Stich calls “normative cognitive pluralism”: Normative cognitive pluralism is not a claim about the cognitive processes people do use; rather it is a claim about good cognitive processes-the cognitive processes that people ought to use. What it asserts is that there is no unique system of cognitive processes that people should use, because various systems of cognitive processes that are very different from each other are equally good.However, nothing I have said justifies such a strong claim. I have argued that reasons concern connections within belief systems, and be­ cause the initial set of beliefs may differ or because some of the logical operators may differ, Alf might have a reason to accept f3 while Betty has a reason to reject /3, even though both their belief systems are openly justified. Moreover, I have argued that Betty can recognize that Alf really has a reason to believe f3 though she does not have such a reason. This, I take it, is to endorse a sort of relativism of reasons.
Why All Justification Cannot Be Purely Inferential
Authors: Gaus Gerald F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Surely some of our beliefs are purely inferentially justified. The idea that we are justified in believing one thing just because it is based upon other beliefs is attractive and familiar, and moreover seems applicable to many everyday instances of justification. It is tempting to suppose that purely inferential justification might be the only sort of justification. I now wish to argue that it cannot be. If any of Alf’s beliefs are purely inferentially justified, then all his beliefs cannot be purely inferentially justified. That being so, the most an advocate of inferential justification can endorse is my minimal inferential requirement (sec. 5.3).
The Judiciary and the Lin1its of Legislation
Authors: Gaus Gerald F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In order to resolve the clash of private judgments characteristic of the state of nature, argued Hobbes, Locke, and Kant, we require an umpire who resolves disputes through the rule of law, the definitive voice of public reason. Thus far I have been dealing with the umpire that formulates general rules; I now turn to the application of those rules to specific cases.
Seeing Like a Racial State
Authors: Pascoe Peggy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Leon Lampton couldn’t make up his mind. As clerk of Los Angeles County, Lampton was in charge of the county’s marriage license bureau, which, in turn, was required to carry out California’s miscegenation law. Bureau officials declared, with more than a hint of pride, that it was part of their job to “be able to distinguish races and detect those who, because of youth or race, are not entitled to obtain a license to marry.” Its employees were accustomed to turning away Black, Chinese, and Japanese applicants who planned to marry Whites, but neither Lampton nor California’s other county clerks knew what they should do in the case of Filipinos. To do his job, Lampton had to know whether Filipinos were “Mongolians” or not.
Interracial Marriage as a Natural Right
Authors: Pascoe Peggy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Andrea Pérez told her family she wanted to marry Sylvester Davis, her father stopped speaking to her. And that was only the beginning. Before Andrea and Sylvester finally wed, they had to face a long line of obstacles. They had to find a lawyer to help them challenge the racial roadblocks they ran into at the marriage license bureau. They had to steel themselves against the hate mail that arrived after they took their case to court. And then they had to endure the two long years of legal wrangling that followed. During the reign of miscegenation law, interracial couples often faced opposition, and even interference, from their families, friends, and neighbors. They were stalked by the possibility of scandal, and they risked a range of legal problems that ran from criminal charges all the way to inheritance troubles. At first glance, then, Andrea and Sylvester’s situation might seem much like that of interracial couples in earlier periods.
Unbending Gender
Authors: Williams Joan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Unbending Gender, Joan Williams takes a hard look at the state of feminism in America. Concerned by what she finds—young women who flatly refuse to identify themselves as feminists and working-class and minority women who feel the movement hasn’t addressed the issues that dominate their daily lives—she outlines a new vision of feminism that calls for workplaces focused on the needs of families and, in divorce cases, recognition of the value of family work and its impact on women’s earning power. Williams notes that good jobs in America are designed for the ideal employee, who works full-time and often overtime, with no career interruptions. Even today, most American mothers do not meet this ideal: a majority do not work full-time, and only a small fraction work overtime. Williams points out that women will never achieve equality until mothers do: she argues that employers need to implement parent-supportive policies—or face liability for sex discrimination. She also maintains that ideal-worker fathers are supported by a flow of family work from mothers, yet divorce courts treat the family wage as owned solely by the ideal worker. The result is the impoverishment of women and children, who comprise the bulk of the poor in the United States. Unbending Gender questions the idea that women simply choose between staying at home with their children or going to work. Given the limited options that contemporary American culture allows them, mothers are forced to make compromises. Joan Williams’ solution is an inclusive, family-friendly feminism that supports both mothers and fathers as caregivers and as workers.
Chapter Eight
Authors: Williams Joan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In closing, let’s return to the conversation with which the book began, which took place while I was sitting side by side with a woman I had just met at Plastercraft, chatting as our daughters painted Cinderellas a gaudy pink. “I decided to quit my job and stay home,” she told me. “But it was my choice; I have no regrets.” I asked her whether she would not really prefer to continue working as a lawyer, with shorter hours of work. She replied wistfully: “Of course, that’s what I really want.”
Ethics and a Retrieval of Corporate Strategy
Authors: Gilbert Daniel R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The conversation in class that morning was getting tedious. The subject was affirmative action. More than a few of my students were resisting the question that I had posed for our discussion: “Why is affirmative action so controversial in these times?” These students eagerly wanted instead to answer some version of their own question: “How can we express our unhappiness with affirmative action?” They filled the air with a familiar rhetoric: “Affirmative action undermines merit. White males are becoming victims. Employees should be evaluated on objective standards, just like we are graded. People should wait their turn; there are plenty of opportunities.
Strategy Through Convention
Authors: Gilbert Daniel R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thank you, Bryan Burrough and John Helyar, for writing Barbarians at the Gate. Thank you for making available a story that has been one of the most useful case studies I have ever used in an undergraduate course about corporate strategy.1 Thank you as well, Messrs. Burrough and Helyar, for your unintended assistance in my efforts to retrieve the idea of corporate strategy from the nuisance that it has become.2 For a book wit“barbarians” in the title, Barbarians at the Gate has been a most useful way to retrieve corporate strategy with a meaning that has some­ thing to do with our humanity. Thank you, many times over.
Trial and Punishment
Authors: Haliczer Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The trials of soliciting confessors, unlike the more serious offenses that came under the jurisdiction of the Holy Office in which partial proofs were acceptable, required a minimum of two eyewitnesses. Of course, the very nature of confession made it impossible for these witnesses to testify to the same occurrence, but under inquisition law it was perfectly acceptable if they testified to two distinct occurrences of the same offense. This rule was strictly observed by the Suprema in spite of the eagerness of certain overzealous prosecutors and provincial inquisitors who frequently urged arrests based on the testimony of a single witness of exceptional character. In May 1696, the Mallorca tribunal received an interesting deposition from Father Jorge Fortuny, a Jesuit who had recently administered the viaticum to a young married woman in her home. Gravely ill and on the point of death, the woman, twenty-nine year-old Juana Anna Barbassa y Montagut, told Fortuny about her seven-year relationship with Sebastian Rigo, a Trinitarian who had formerly been her confessor. Since this relationship had included numerous instances of solicitation, it was obviously a matter for the Inquisition, and Father Fortuny refused to absolve the woman unless she made a deposition and allowed him to bring it to the tribunal. Experienced inquisitors and prosecuting attorneys were always happy to receive this kind of evidence because they knew that deathbed confessions were unusually reliable. Within ten days, the tribunal had Barbassa y Montagut interviewed, and armed with her detailed confession, prosecuting attorney Sebastian Ferragut wrote the Suprema requesting that Rigo be arrested and placed in the secret prison to await trial. The Suprema, however, refused this request, pointing out that the case could not commence without another witness.
Victims and Unwilling Penitents
Authors: Haliczer Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The victims of solicitation came from a broad cross section of Spanish society, ranging from slaves and prostitutes to the daughters of hidalgos. Entirely excluded were the women of the great nobility who, like the many aristocratic ladies who supported Teresa de Jesus, could have their pick of the finest confessors and whose social prestige would have protected them from any such indignity. Among the fourteen nobles whom I have been able to identify, the majority were the wives or daughters of members of the lesser nobility, like María de Mora and Juana de Magan, two orphan cousins of a hidalgo family from Villaseca de la Sagra near Toledo. Both cousins were solicited by Geránimo de los Herreros, a Dominican who assisted the local curate in carrying out his pastoral responsibilities in the village. At the very bottom of the social pyramid were an almost equally small number of slaves (three) like Isabel Forteza from Oran, who turned Christian in Palma de Mallorca after being sold to a canon of the cathedral, and destitute individuals (six) like Gutierra González, who was a resident of the poorhouse in Ciudad Real when she made her deposition before commissioner Luis de Aguilera. There were also six prostitutes whose status as “lost” women excited the erotic imagination of their confessors, even when they made an effort to rehabilitate themselves in a Magdalen house.
A Politics of Ethics Framework Based on Action-Leaning
Authors: Nielsen Richard P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I develop a behavioral science-based action-learning theoretical framework for considering the methods of doing ethics in organizations. This theoretical framework helps to understand how various methods are interrelated, their relative strengths and limitations, and their civic appropriateness. Hirschman (1970) in his classic book Exit, Voice, and Loyalty framed organizational ethics action theory in terms of three individual strategies for resisting organizational and bureaucratic abuses: exit, voice, or loyalty. This analysis has become a foundation for behavioral science-based ethics action theory. Argyris and Schon implicitly recognize the foundational nature of Hirschman’s framework, but in their critical deconstruction of it they point out that Hirschman “shares with much of the contemporary literature a particular way of framing relations between individuals and their organizations. He treats exit and voice as measures by which individuals may resist organizational tyranny” (1988, p. 199). That is, he implicitly frames problems in winlose, adversarial terms.
Single-, Double-, and Triple-Loop Politics: Overcoming Obstacles to Ethical Organization Behavior
Authors: Nielsen Richard P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The present chapter circles back and examines how well the different methods discussed in chapters 4-10 can address the obstacles considered in chapter 2. The appropriateness and practicality of the politics of triple-loop dialog, double-loop dialog, win-win deal-making, winlose forcing, and internal due-process systems are considered in relation to the obstacles at the levels of the individual, tradition, and the environment. Why should we engage in dialog with each other and our traditions? Different people have different experiences, talents, perspectives, knowledge, and insights. Through individual-to-individual, doubleloop dialog we can help each other learn about what is ethically appropriate. Similarly, different traditions have stored within them different experiences, perspectives, knowledge, and insights. Traditions have memory. Just as we as individuals can help each other learn about what is ethically appropriate through double-loop dialog, tripleloop dialog that includes our different traditions can help us remember and learn about what is ethically appropriate.