bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detection of presymptomatic Parkinson's disease: Combining smell tests, transcranial sonography, and SPECT
Authors: Sommer Ulrike , Hummel Thomas , Cormann Katja , Mueller Antje , Frasnelli Johannes , Kropp Joachim , Reichmann Heinz 
Published: May 2004

AbstractOlfactory loss is among the early signs of Parkinson's disease (PD). We investigated whether “idiopathic” olfactory dysfunction might relate to signs of nigral degeneration. Olfactory tests were combined with transcranial sonography of the substantia nigra and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging. Thirty patients diagnosed with idiopathic olfactory loss participated. Eleven of these patients exhibited an increased echogenicity of the SN in the transcranial sonography. In 10 of these 11 patients, SPECT scans with 123I‐FP‐CIT were performed. Median uptake ratios in the basal ganglia were pathological in 5 patients, 2 patients exhibited borderline findings, and 3 patients had normal results. Considering patients with idiopathic olfactory dysfunction, noninvasive transcranial sonography seems to be helpful in identifying patients potentially at risk to develop PD. Longitudinal follow‐up studies are necessary to estimate the ratio of patients with dopaminergic cell loss in the basal ganglia who will develop PD in the future. © 2004 Movement Disorder Society
L‐dopa–responsive Parkinson's syndrome in association with phenylketonuria: In vivo dopamine transporter and D2 receptor findings
Authors: Evans Andrew H. , Costa Durval C. , Gacinovic Sveto , Katzenschlager Regina , O'Sullivan John D. , Heales Simon , Lee Phillip , Lees Andrew J. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractReports of parkinsonism in phenylketonuria are exceedingly rare. We report on a patient who had received a delayed diagnosis of phenylketonuria as an infant and subsequently developed levodopa‐responsive parkinsonism at the age of 33. Single‐photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) using 123I‐FP‐CIT ([123)I]‐2 beta‐carbomethoxy‐3beta‐(‐4‐iodophenyl)‐N‐(3‐fluoropropyl)‐nortropane) used to measure dopamine transporter levels on two occasions, 7 and 9 years after the onset of neurological symptoms, were normal. Iodine‐123‐iodo‐lisuride SPECT (IBZM) imaging, however, showed reduced caudate over putamen binding. This combination of imaging findings indicates a possible upregulation of postsynaptic D2 receptors in the context of intact presynaptic dopamine nerve terminal density. © 2004 Movement Disorder Society
Examination of the SGCE gene in Tourette syndrome patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder
Authors: De Carvalho Aguiar Patricia , Fazzari Melissa , Jankovic Joseph , Ozelius Laurie J. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractMutations in the ϵ‐sarcoglycan gene (SGCE) have been reported in families with myoclonus–dystonia (M‐D). In addition to abnormal movements, obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) has also been described in families with M‐D. OCD is a common feature in another movement disorder, namely Tourette syndrome (TS). The comorbidity of these disorders suggests that common genetic factors might be involved in their susceptibility. To evaluate this, we performed two sets of experiments. An association study using a polymorphism within an intron of the SGCE gene was assessed in patients with TS and OCD versus controls, and the SGCE gene itself was screened for mutations in all TS/OCD patients, followed by direct sequencing of the gene in a limited number of these patients. No correlation was found by either method. © 2004 Movement Disorder Society
A modiﬁed method for determining protein binding capacity of plant polyphenolics using radiolabelled protein
Authors: Henson Ginger L. , Niemeyer Lee , Ansong Godfred , Forkner Rebecca , Makkar Harinder P. S. , Hagerman Ann E. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractA modiﬁed radiochemical protein binding method for determining the protein binding capacity of plant polyphenolics (tannins) is described. Puriﬁed tannin or unfractionated plant extracts were immobilised on ﬁlter paper discs and incubated with the 125I‐labelled bovine serum albumin. Protein bound to the disc was proportional to the amount of tannin applied to the disc, although at high concentrations of polyphenolics the discs became saturated and the relationship was no longer applicable. The method was validated using puriﬁed procyanidin from Sorghum grain and has been applied to crude polyphenolic extracts from maple, white oak, black oak, walnut and tulip poplar leaves. Speciﬁc chemical assays for the determination of proanthocyanidins (acid butanol method) and hydrolysable tannins (modiﬁed potassium iodate method) were employed to validate the new protein binding method with the complex plant extracts. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Standardisation of Gymnema sylvestre R. Br. with reference to gymnemagenin by high‐performance thin‐layer chromatography
Authors: Puratchimani V. , Jha S. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractA simple and reproducible HPTLC method for the determination of gymnemagenin (1) in Gymnema sylvestre has been developed. Components were separated on pre‐coated silica gel 60 F254 plates with chloroform:methanol (9:1) and scanned using a densitometric scanner in the UV reﬂectance mode at 290 nm. Linearity of determination of 1 was observed in the range 4–10 µg. The average percentage recovery of 1 from an extract was 99.09 ± 0.29, and the content of 1 in leaves of the title plant was 1.61% (dry weight). Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Computer‐assisted, high‐performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection for the analysis of coumarins in Peucedanum palustre and Angelica archangelica
Authors: Eeva Manu , Rauha Jussi‐Pekka , Vuorela Pia , Vuorela Heikki 
Published: May 2004

AbstractA reversed‐phase HPLC method with atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation MS detection has been developed for the separation and identiﬁcation of coumarins in plants of Peucedanum palustre L. (Moench) and Angelica archangelica (L.) var. archangelica. The Turbo Method Development® program was utilised to optimise the mobile phase with two organic solvents (acetonitrile and methanol) and two aqueous solutions (1.0% formic acid and 10 mm ammonium acetate). Optimisation of the solvent gradients for the method was performed with the aid of the DryLab® program. Analyses were carried out using a Phenomenex Prodigy® RP C18 column. Fifty‐two peaks (14 of which were associated with coumarins) were separated in 30 min from extracts of P. palustre, and 48 peaks (15 associated with coumarins) from extracts of A. archangelica. A total of 21 different coumarin‐type compounds were identiﬁed in the aerial and the underground parts of the title plants. Isopimpinellin and pimpinellin were found for the ﬁrst time in P. palustre and were identiﬁed by comparison of retention times and MS data obtained following the analysis of pure standards. This is the ﬁrst report of the coumarin composition of the umbels of P. palustre. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polyoxypregnane glycosides from Caralluma retrospiciens
Authors: Halaweish Fathi T. , Huntimer Eric , Khalil Ashaf T. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractSix related polyoxypregnane glycosides were isolated and characterised from Caralluma retrospiciens leaves. The compounds were identiﬁed as 12β‐benzoyloxy‐8β,14β‐dihydroxypregn‐20‐one‐3‐O‐[3‐O‐methyl‐6‐deoxy‐β‐d‐allopyranosyl‐(1 → 4)‐β‐d‐cymaropyranosyl‐(1 → 4)‐β‐d‐cymaropyranoside], 12β‐benzoyloxy‐8β,14β‐dihydroxypregn‐20‐one‐3‐O‐[β‐d‐glucopyranosyl‐(1 → 4)‐3‐O‐methyl‐6‐deoxy‐β‐d‐allopyranosyl‐(1 → 4)‐β‐d‐cymaropyranosyl‐(1 → 4)‐β‐d‐cymaropyranoside], 12β‐benzoyloxy‐8β,14β‐dihydroxypregn‐20‐one‐3‐O‐[β‐d‐glucopyranosyl‐(1 → 4)‐3‐O‐methyl‐6‐deoxy‐β‐d‐galactopyranosyl‐(1 → 4)‐3‐O‐methyl‐6‐deoxy‐β‐d‐galactopyranoside], 12β‐benzoyloxy‐8β,14β‐dihydroxypregn‐20‐one‐3‐O‐[β‐d‐glucopyranosyl‐(1 → 6)‐β‐d‐glucopyranosyl‐(1 → 4)‐3‐O‐methyl‐6‐deoxy‐β‐d‐galactopyranosyl‐(1 → 4)‐3‐O‐methyl‐6‐deoxy‐β‐d‐galactopyranoside], 12β‐benzoyloxy‐11α‐isovaleroyloxy‐8β,14β‐dihydroxypregn‐20‐one‐3‐O‐[β‐d‐glucopyranosyl‐(1 → 4)‐3‐O‐methyl‐6‐deoxy‐β‐d‐galactopyranosyl‐(1 → 4)‐3‐O‐methyl‐6‐deoxy‐β‐d‐galactopyranoside], and 12β‐benzoyloxy‐11α‐isovaleroyloxy‐8β,14β‐dihydroxypregn‐20‐one‐3‐O‐[β‐d‐glucopyranosyl (1 → 4)‐3‐O‐methyl‐6‐deoxy‐β‐d‐allopyranosyl‐(1 → 4)‐β‐d‐cymaropyranosyl‐(1 → 4)‐β‐d‐cymaropyranoside]. The structures were determined by detailed analysis of one‐ and two‐dimensional NMR spectra as well as by chemical means. The compounds showed cytotoxic activities towards brine shrimp having IC50 values of 1.19 × 10−4, 8.83 × 10−5, 2.64 × 10−4, 2.26 × 10−4, 2.39 × 10−4 and 1.70 × 10−4 M, respectively. This is the ﬁrst report of the isolation of these compounds from a natural source. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Morphology and temperature responsiveness–swelling relationship of poly(N‐isopropylamide–chitosan) copolymers and their application to drug release
Authors: Lee Chia‐Fen , Wen Chia‐Jen , Lin Chia‐Lung , Chiu Wen‐Yen 
Published: May 2004

AbstractPoly [N‐isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm)–chitosan] crosslinked copolymer particles were synthesized by soapless emulsion copolymerization of NIPAAm and chitosan. An anionic initiator [ammonium persulfate (APS)] and a cationic initiator [2,2′‐azobis(2‐methylpropionamidine)dihydrochloride (AIBA)] were used to initiate the reaction of copolymerization. The chitosan–NIPAAm copolymer synthesized by using APS as the initiator showed a homogeneous morphology and exhibited the characteristic of a lower critical solution temperature (LCST). The copolymer synthesized by using AIBA as an initiator showed a core–shell morphology, and the characteristic of LCST was insignificant. The LCST of the chitosan–NIPAAm copolymer depended on the morphology of the copolymer particles. In addition, the chitosan–NIPAAm copolymer particles were processed to form copolymer disks. Then, the effect of various variables such as the chitosan/NIPAAm weight ratio, the concentration of crosslinking agent, and the pH values on the swelling ratio of chitosan–NIPAAm copolymer disks were investigated. Furthermore, caffeine was used as the model drug to study the characteristics of drug loading of the chitosan–NIPAAm copolymer disks. Variables such as the chitosan/NIPAAm weight ratio and the concentration of the crosslinking agent significantly influenced the behavior of caffeine loading. Two factors (pore size and swelling ratio) affected the behavior of caffeine release from the chitosan–NIPAAm copolymer disks. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 3029–3037, 2004
The Bianchi classification of maximal D = 8 gauged supergravities
Authors: Bergshoeff E. , Gran U. , Linares R. , Nielsen M. , Ortín T. , Roest D. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe class A theories have 1/2 BPS domain wall solutions that uplift to purely gravitational solutions consisting of 7D Minkowski and a 4D Euclidean geometry. These geometries are generically singular. The two regular exceptions correspond to the near‐horizon limit of the single‐center or double‐centered Kaluza‐Klein monopole. In contrast, the class B supergravities are defined by a set of equations of motion that cannot be integrated to an action and allow for no 1/2 BPS domain walls.
Heterotic string theory on non‐Kähler manifolds with H‐flux and Gaugino condensate
Authors: Cardoso G.L. , Curio G. , Dall'Agata G. , Lüst D. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractWe discuss compactifications of heterotic string theory to four dimensions in the presence of H–fluxes, which deform the geometry of the internal manifold, and a gaugino condensate which breaks supersymmetry. We focus on the compensation of the two effects in order to obtain vacua with zero cosmological constant and we comment on the effective superpotential describing these vacua.
Physical reduced phase space of non‐local theories
Authors: Gomis J. , Kamimura K. , Ramírez T. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractIn the case of string field theory, at lowest truncation level, the physical phase space of spatially homogeneous configurations is two dimensional around q = 0, which is the relevant case for the rolling tachyon solutions, and infinite dimensional around q = M2 / g.
S‐matrix, vertex operators and correlation functions of Liouville theory
Authors: Jorjadze G. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractWe investigate the S‐matrix of Liouville theory on the basis of exact relation between exponentials of the in‐ and out‐fields. The vertex operators for negative integer exponentials are constructed by regularising procedure. Their vacuum matrix elements are calculated using Dotsenko‐Fateev integrals. The result is continued analytically to the generic case. The obtained correlation function coincides with the suggested 3‐point function of Dorn and Otto for positive exponentials only.
Brane/flux interactions in orientifolds
Authors: Berg M. , Haack M. , Körs B. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractCombining the benefits of D‐branes and background fluxes in string compactifications opens up the possibility to explore phenomenologically interesting brane world models with stabilized moduli. However, it is difficult to determine interaction effects among open strings and fluxes in the effective action. We derive the full bosonic Lagrangian of a (spontaneously broken) 𝒩 = 4 supersymmetric model with D3‐branes and NSNS and RR 3‐form fluxes in an orientifold of type IIB, that, without fluxes, would be T‐dual to type I theory. In the limit where backreaction in form of a warp factor is neglected, the effective action can be obtained through a procedure that combines dimensional reduction and T‐duality, and it is found to be in agreement with results from gauged supergravity. This provides evidence for the consistency of this commonly used approximation scheme.
Puzzles for matrix models of chiral field theories
Authors: Landsteiner K. , Lazaroiu C.I. , Tatar R. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractWe summarize the field‐theory/matrix model correspondence for a chiral 𝒩= 1 model with matter in the adjoint, antisymmetric and conjugate symmetric representations as well as eight fundamentals to cancel the chiral anomaly. The associated holomorphic matrix model is consistent only for two fundamental fields, which requires a modification of the original Dijkgraaf‐Vafa conjecture. The modified correspondence holds in spite of this mismatch.
Nonlocal quantum gravity and the size of the universe
Authors: Reuter M. , Saueressig F. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractMotivated by the conjecture that the cosmological constant problem is solved by strong quantum effects in the infrared we use the exact flow equation of Quantum Einstein Gravity to determine the renormalization group behavior of a class of nonlocal effective actions. They consist of the Einstein‐Hilbert term and a general nonlinear function Fk(V) of the Euclidean spacetime volume V. For the V + V ln V‐invariant the renormalization group running enormously suppresses the value of the renormalized curvature which results from Planck‐size parameters specified at the Planck scale. One obtains very large, i.e., almost flat universes without finetuning the cosmological constant. A critical infrared fixed point is found where gravity is scale invariant.
Algebras in tensor categories and coset conformal field theories
Authors: Fröhlich J. , Fuchs J. , Runkel I. , Schweigert C. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe coset construction is the most important tool to construct rational conformal field theories with known chiral data. For some cosets at small level, so‐called maverick cosets, the familiar analysis using selection and identification rules breaks down. Intriguingly, this phenomenon is linked to the existence of exceptional modular invariants. Recent progress in CFT, based on studying algebras in tensor categories, allows for a universal construction of the chiral data of coset theories which in particular also applies to maverick cosets.
Ricci flows and infinite dimensional algebras
Authors: Bakas I. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe renormalization group equations of two‐dimensional sigma models describe geometric deformations of their target space when the world‐sheet length changes scale from the ultra‐violet to the infra‐red. These equations, which are also known in the mathematics literature as Ricci flows, are analyzed for the particular case of two‐dimensional target spaces, where they are found to admit a systematic description as Toda system. Their zero curvature formulation is made possible with the aid of a novel infinite dimensional Lie algebra, which has anti‐symmetric Cartan kernel and exhibits exponential growth. The general solution is obtained in closed form using Bäcklund transformations, and special examples include the sausage model and the decay process of conical singularities to the plane. Thus, Ricci flows provide a non‐linear generalization of the heat equation in two dimensions with the same dissipative properties. Various applications to dynamical problems of string theory are also briefly discussed. Finally, we outline generalizations to higher dimensional target spaces that exhibit sufficient number of Killing symmetries.
On long time unitarity restoring processes in the presence of eternal black holes
Authors: Barbón J.L.F. , Rabinovici E. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractWe discuss the various scales determining the temporal behaviour of correlation functions in the presence of eternal black holes. We point out the origins of the failure of the semiclassical gravity approximation to respect a unitarity‐based bound suggested by Maldacena. We find that the presence of a subleading (in the large N approximation involved) master field does restore the compliance with one bound but additional configurations are needed to explain the more detailed expected time dependence of the Poincare recurrences and their magnitude.
The minimal O(N) sigma model at D = 3 as the holographic image of a higher spin field theory on AdS4
Authors: Leonhardt T. , Rühl W. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractWe show that to the order $O \big ( {1 \over N} \big )$ included all n‐point functions can be expressed by the propagator of the α field and an insertion of the order ${1 \over N}$ 4‐point function of α, which is a simple algebraic function.
Comments on the scalar propagator in AdS × S and the BMN plane wave
Authors: Dorn H. , Salizzoni M. , Sieg C. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractWe discuss the scalar propagator on generic ADSd+1 × Sd′+1 backgrounds. For the conformally flat situations and masses corresponding to Weyl invariant actions the propagator is powerlike in the sum of the chordal distances with respect to AdSd+1 and Sd′+1. In all other cases the propagator depends on both chordal distances separately. We discuss the KK mode summation to construct the propagator in brief. For AdS5 × S5 we relate our propagator to the expression in the BMN plane wave limit and find a geometric interpretation of the variables occurring in the known explicit construction on the plane wave.
Preface
Authors: Dorn H. , Lüst D. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractWe thank all the authors for preparing their manuscripts. For financial support we thank the DFG‐Schwerpunktprogramm 1096, DESY Zeuthen and Humboldt University. Last not least our thanks go to our co‐organizers Johanna Erdmenger, Stephan Stieberger and Gerhard Weigt.
Strategies for non‐chemical weed control on public paved areas in Denmark
Authors: Hansen Preben K , Kristoffersen Palle , Kristensen Kristian 
Published: May 2004

AbstractTo be proactive in minimizing pesticide use, the public authorities in Denmark agreed in 1998 to phase out the use of pesticides on publicly owned areas by the end of 2002. A part of the agreement was an increasing focus on research into and development of new methods and implements for non‐chemical weed control on paved areas. Due to a large increase in the costs of non‐chemical weed control, the park authorities have to put the different types and locations of paved areas in order of priority to optimize the weed control effort. The present authors divided the paved areas into five weed control levels, dependent on placement, quality and use. For the 3 years 1999–2001, experiments with different non‐chemical weed control methods were conducted on pavements at six locations in Denmark. The aim was to test the reaction of the weeds to different treatments and strategies. The efficacies of the methods were evaluated by analysis of digital images to estimate the fraction of the paved area covered with green vegetation (weed coverage). The weed coverage was used as the dependent variable in the subsequent statistical analysis. The independent variables in the model were incoming radiation, wear, area of joints in the pavement, the dying process of the weeds and the number of runs/applied energy of the mechanical or thermal weed control methods, respectively. The estimated parameters from the statistical model were used to build a simulation model, which was used to optimise five weed control strategies to fulfil the suggested weed control levels. In the suggested strategy for maximum weed control, 12 thermal weeding applications at 2‐week intervals are suggested. The ‘clean‐up’ strategy is based on one weed‐brushing in late spring or early autumn. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Weed control on hard surfaces in The Netherlands
Authors: Kempenaar Corné , Spijker Joop H 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe non‐agricultural use of pesticides in The Netherlands declined in the period 1986–2001 from 127 000 to 40 000 kg AI per annum. However use on pavements rose from 23% to 50% of the total non‐agricultural use. To diminish the dependency on herbicides, both preventive and curative non‐chemical weed control methods have been examined. In the future both mechanical and thermal methods can be improved. On a flat pavement mechanical methods are preferred because they are more effective. Two approaches are used by municipalities to lower the environmental impact of the use of herbicides on pavements. The first is to phase out the use of chemicals on hard surfaces and the second is the integrated approach in which herbicides are not prohibited, but used only on places and at times when the risk of run‐off is below a mutually accepted level. Both approaches can be effective. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
EK‐2612, a new cyclohexane‐1,3‐dione possessing selectivity between rice (Oryza sativa) and barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus‐galli)
Authors: Kim Tae‐Joon , Kim Jin‐Seog , Hong Kyoung Sik , Hwang In‐Taek , Kim Kyoung Mahn , Kim Hyeong‐Rae , Yun Cho Kwang 
Published: May 2004

AbstractA newly synthesized experimental compound, EK‐2612 is one of the class of cyclohexane‐1,3‐diones which are commonly known to be grasskillers. A greenhouse study was conducted to evaluate the herbicidal performances of EK‐2612 on several grass species in comparison with tralkoxydim, a commercialized cyclohexanedione derivative. Like tralkoxydim, the compound EK‐2612 showed excellent control efficacy on most grass weeds tested through foliar application rates between 250 and 63 g AI ha−1. Unlike tralkoxydim, however, EK‐2612 showed a good rice safety, and there was no rice damage observed at the level below 125 g AI ha−1, while rice injury developed at the same application rates of tralkoxydim. With this rice safety, EK‐2612 controlled barnyardgrass effectively up to the two‐leaf stage under both submerged and dried paddy conditions. An in vitro ACCase assay indicated that EK‐2612 is a strong ACCase inhibitor; however, the dose‐response was not substantially different in rice and barnyardgrass, showing I50 values of 0.1 and 0.12 µM, respectively. These results suggest that the compound EK‐2612 is targeting plant ACCase, but the whole‐plant rice safety is not attributable to a different inhibition of the target site in rice from that in barnyardgrass. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry