bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Paleoecology of Humans and their Ancestors
Authors: Burney David A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Humans and their ancestors have interacted with East African environments longer than with any other ecosystems in the world. This is perhaps the supreme irony of human ecology: the megafauna-dominated “living Pleistocene” of East Africa is in fact the environment that the Hominidae have affected for the longest period of time. For those students of the past who are interested in analyzing the connections between humans, species extinction, and environmental change, East Africa is thus a special and enigmatic case.
Saline and Freshwater Lakes of the Kenyan Rift Valley
Authors: Melack J M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lakes are a conspicuous feature of the eastern African Rift Valley which stretches from the Afar depression of northeastern Ethiopia through the highlands of Ethiopia, Kenya and Tanzania to southern Tanzania (29). Because no rivers flow to the ocean from the eastern African Rift Valley, the whole region is a basin of internal drainage in which lie closed-basin or endorheic lakes. Tectonic and volcanic activity associated with the formation of the Rift Valley created the lake basins. The lakes that are in the rift valley that bisects the central highlands of Kenya from Lake Magadi in the south to Lake Bogoria in the north are emphasized in this chapter (Fig. 7.1, Table 7.1).
Freshwater Wetlands and Marshes
Authors: Harper David , Mavuti Kenneth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term ‘wetland’ encompasses a wide range of vegetation types characterized by soils permanently or temporarily waterlogged, by either salt (such as mangroves and marshes) or fresh water (such as swamps and pet bogs). Several of these types of wetland are the focus of separate chapters in this book (inter-tidal, riverine forests, shallow lakes) and so the definition used by this chapter is that freshwater wetlands are ‘temporarily or permanently wet ecosystems dominated by emergent grasses and reeds or swamp vegetation’. The wetlands of this chapter are closest to the ecosystem defined by the International Biological Program (which promoted ecosystem research in the decade 1964 to 1974) rather than the broader definition used by the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance in 1971 which is the basis of modern wetland conservation. The Ramsar definition would encompass the full range of wet ecosystems described in this book (Chapters 4,5,6,14).
Coastal Forests
Authors: Burgess Neil , FitzGibbon Clare , Clarke Phillip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On first entering a coastal forest, it is sometimes difficult to appreciate their significance. Unlike tropical rain forests, one is not immediately struck by the size of the trees, the variety of the plants or the sheer amount of vegetation (Fig. 13.1). Instead, the trees are relatively small, and just a few species dominate the canopy in any one place. During the dry season, in particular, the vegetation appears sparse and many of the trees have lost their leaves. The forest can appear empty and devoid of life, particularly in the middle of the day when the high air temperature reduces animal activity. Only the diversity of butterflies and the intensity of insect noise give any indication of the true nature of this unique habitat. As a result, it is not surprising that the conservation significance of the coastal forests has only recently been realized. Now it is known that they support a wealth of species, many of which are found nowhere else in the world; many species found have not even been named, let alone investigated in detail; the ecological processes are poorly understood; and very few studies have been made on the importance of the plants and animals and their value to local people.
Guiding Light and Luminous Fountains (1841–1890)
Authors: Hecht Jeff 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is 400 kilometers (250 miles) as the crow flies from Geneva to Paris, a leisurely day’s drive on modern highways. The train ride took a much longer day in 1889, but to the 86-year-old Daniel Colladon that marked tremendous progress. In 1825, he had spent four bumpy days and nights on the same route in a horse-drawn coach on his way to study physics in the center of European science. Paris had been called the City of Light since it became the intellectual center of the Age of Enlightenment in the late eighteenth century.
Reflections on the City of Light
Authors: Hecht Jeff 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Alec Reeves saw only the first steps toward fiber-optic communications, and probably had no idea that John Logie Baird himself had played a bit part in fiber-optic imaging. But he was prophetic in seeing the development of fiber communications as an adventure. It was a marvelous adventure for John Midwinter. “Everything we touched turned to gold,” he recalls. ”It was unbelievable. From 1974 onwards, it was just one success after another. We had this wonderful group, with very strong backing.”
Theoretical Foundations of Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
Authors: Garber Am. , Weinstein M C , Torrance G W , Kamlet M S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) informs resource allocation decisions in health and medicine: How well it does so depends on the comparability and consistency of analyses of diverse interventions. But even a cursory examination of the literature reveals that investigators have made different assumptions about such issues as which costs and effects should be included in the analysis, which rate (if any) should be used to discount health effects that occur in the future, and the ways in which the cost of people’s time should be incorporated. In the absence of uniform methods and perspectives-or of time-consuming efforts to reconstruct analyses that have used disparate methods-the results of different analyses cannot be compared.
Estimating Costs in Cost Effectiveness Analysis
Authors: Luce B R , Manning W G , Siegel J E , Lipscomb J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the theory and process of identifying, estimating, and valuing the resource costs associated with the current use and future consequences of health care interventions. A primary objective of cost-effectiveness analysis is to incorporate a consideration of resource consumption into decisions about health care. An explicit examination of resources allows an assessment of costs relative to the health benefits of an intervention.
Wrong’s What I do Best
Authors: Ching Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is the first study of “hard” country music as well as the first comprehensive application of contemporary cultural theory to country music. Barbara Ching begins by defining the features that make certain country songs and artists “hard.” She compares hard country music to “high” American culture, arguing that hard country deliberately focuses on its low position in the American cultural hierarchy, comically singing of failures to live up to American standards of affluence, while mainstream country music focuses on nostalgia, romance, and patriotism of regular folk.L With chapters on Hank Williams Sr. and Jr., Merle Haggard, George Jones, David Allan Coe, Buck Owens, Dwight Yoakam, and the Outlaw Movement, this book is written in a jargon-free, engaging style that will interest both academic as well as general readers.
“Country ’til I die”: Contemporary hard country and the incurable unease of class distinction
Authors: Ching Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While Richard Peterson has convincingly argued that the history of commercial country music, beginning in 1923, can be written by following its dialectical movement between “hard-core and soft-shell” expressions (Creating, 229 ff.), this movement does not take place of its own accord. The dialectic works not as an automated pendulum but at least partly as a reaction to forces outside the field of country music. In fact, the term “hard country” is a relatively recent one, appearing sometime in the late 1960s and early ’70s, well after Nashville’s music industry had actively promoted the cross-over potential of the “countrypolitan” Nashville sound.1 While fan magazines like Country Song Roundup have long been obsessed with changes and stylistic varieties in country music, they never introduced the term “hard country” with any fanfare although it gradually began to appear as a conflictual and often pejorative synonym for related terms like “hillbilly,” “honky-tonk,” “pure country,” and “real country.” (For that matter, as Ronnie Pugh has shown, the generic rubric “country” was not consistently used until around 1950.)2
One Step Ahead of the Law: Market Pressures and the Evolution of Managed Care
Authors: Bloche M Gregg 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the last two decades of the twentieth century, market forces recast both the politics and the institutions of American medical care. Managed health plans emerged as large players in the politics of health care provision, able to shape policy debate and regulatory decisions. The terms of mainstream debate over cost-control policy shifted fundamentally, from the comparative merits of price controls, supply-side regulation, and competition among providers to the appropriate scope and design of regulatory constraints on competition among health plans and provider networks. Politically plausible discussion over expanding access to care shifted from European-style public provision of medical services or insurance to the merits of alternative government subsidy schemes for the purchase of private coverage.
Speaking Through the Silence
Authors: Berman Laine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Uncovering the structures and functions of conversational narratives uttered within natural social networks, Laine Berman shows how working-class Javanese women discursively construct identity and meaning within the rigid constraints of an hierarchical social order. She does this by identifying the silences, the “unsaid”, and by revealing both the structure and function of silence in terms of its indexical reference to local meaning. It is here that the force of the Javanese language as used in everyday interaction shows itself to be an extremely potent philosophical entity as well as a means of social control. Thus, at least in regard to the urban poor, the book boldly questions the difference between traditional definitions of Javanese elegance and oppression. This study will contribute to our understanding of the social consequences of language use, to the linguistic knowledge of Indonesia and Java, and to such basic linguistic issues as narrative structure and function, speech levels and styles, and indexicality features.
Something More
Authors: Prausnitz Frederik 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1815, on the threshold of a century supremely confident in man’s ultimate ability to master the world through objective observation and scientific discovery, Goethe proposed the preceding correlation among observable nature, the spirit within, and ... something more. He concluded that “active participation” (handeln) would be one way of discovering y), that “something more” in nature, but he failed to elaborate on z), the “something more” within ourselves that is not necessarily reflected in the outer world.
The Ethnomusicologist, Ethnographic Method, and the Transmission of Tradition
Authors: Shelemay Kay Kaufman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
However else they may identify themselves and each other, fieldworker and subject are first and foremost human beings. It is this shared identity that makes field work, with both its problems and its accomplishments, a meaningful mode of mutual learning. Most ethnomusicological discussions of the transmission of tradition attempt to document and interpret the manner in which music is communicated over time within a particular setting, giving attention to both the interpersonal dynamics and communication technologies of these processes. However, I will focus my inquiry neither on the native carriers of tradition nor on the materials these traditions con vey. Rather, I propose to take a reflexive turn and to discuss the role of the ethno musicologist who, while seeking to document the transmission process, becomes a part of it.
The Architectural Manipulation of Space, Time, and Gravity
Authors: Fitch James Marston , Bobenhausen William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Human experience, through its metabolic and sensory perceptual systems, occupies its own “habitat” in the external world. Indeed, for the purposes of fruitful architectural and urbanistic analysis, each of its component systems must be conceived of as having its own separate habitat. Each of these can be described topologically in terms of modalities of stimulus and response. But each of these habitats must also be described in spatial and temporal terms as well, as all of them have dimension (height, width, length) and all of them are experienced across time.
Emotion in Response to Art
Authors: Levinson Jerrold 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Responding emotionally to artworks is a familiar enough occurrence, and hardly seems puzzling, recalled at that level of generality. Why should not works of art, in company with people, animals, natural objects, and political events, produce emotions in us? Philosophers have, however, raised questions about emotional responses to art in particular contexts or when viewed from certain angles. These questions suggest that there is indeed something puzzling about such emotions.
The Paradox of Caring
Authors: Currie Gregory 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our responses to fictions, their events, and their characters, can seem deeply problematic. A typical statement of the problem raises the question: how is it even logically possible to respond to fictions in the way we seem to? How, more specifically, is it possible to care about people we don ‘t believe in? But to be given an answer to this problem-to be told the conditions that make it possible to do something-is not yet to be told how we actually do it, for actuality is a much narrower condition than possibility. Indeed, mere assurance of possibility can itself be no solution to a problem about what we humans, with our contingent mental makeup, do or don ‘t do; many things that are logically possible cannot be done by us. So if our concern is how we respond to fiction as we appear to do, we had better be given a plausible story about the mental mechanisms involved.
In earlier work on what I am here calling “the paradox of caring” I had much to say on the logical issues, and relatively little on the psychological detail necessary to fill out the solution I proposed.1 I think that solution was basically right, and that might be excuse enough for going back to it. But I don ‘t want merely to repeat myself. I shall say something about why the solution I offer is not merely logically satisfactory but psychologically plausible as well.
Contra the Hypothetical Persona in Music
Authors: Davies Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The listener’s phenomenal experience of music’s expressiveness is more like a face-to-face encounter with someone who publicly and vividly displays his feeling than it is like hearing a dispassionate description of an emotional state. The expressiveness is immediate and direct, not filtered through an arbitrary symbol system. It is immanent in the music, rather than something beyond the music’s boundaries to which its sound refers. But if the experience of the expressiveness is as of an occurrent emotion, whose emotion could that be? Given that the music is nonsentient, it appears that an owner of the emotions expressed in it must be found.
Evaluating Emotional Responses to Fiction
Authors: Livingsto Paisley , Mele Alfred R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Philosophical discussion of emotional responses to fiction has been dominated by work on the paradox of fiction, which is often construed as asking whether and how we can experience genuine emotions in reaction to fiction. One may also ask more generally how we ought to respond to fictional works, a question that has to do both with what we should do when reacting to fiction and with what we should and should not let happen to us. Is it possible to delineate any principles regarding the rationality, and more generally, the appropriateness of emotional responses to fiction?
Segregation, Poverty, and Mortality in Urban African Americans
Authors: Polednak Anthony P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book examines mortality rates for African-Americans in selected U.S. urban areas in relation to both social class and the degree of black-white residential segregation. Mortality rates for African-American infants and young adults are shown to be especially high in certain highly-segregated areas. The findings will foster the development of the "epidemiology of American apartheid", a new field of research that has relevance to social and health policy. The intended audience includes sociologists (especially medical sociologists) who are likely to be familiar with segregation but not with its potential relevance to the health of African-Americans. Epidemiologists have recently turned to the study of racism and health, but epidemiologic studies have not dealt specifically with black-white segregation and health. Psychologists interested in racism are important potential collaborators with sociologists and epidemiologists in studies of the epidemiology of racial difference in health. Readers working in social policy and health policy areas, including urban issues, should also find relevant material. This work fits within the framework of Swedish economist Gunnar Myrdal's thesis that the American creed of equality of opportunity remains unfulfilled.
“Social Race” and Black-White Segregation
Authors: Polednak Anthony P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Returning to the conceptual framework in Figure 1-1, racial prejudice underlies the discriminatory behavior practiced by whites against blacks. The persistence of segregation is based in part on these attitudes and behaviors, although human attitudes are often not consistent with behavior. Black skin color and (ultimate) ancestry in the African homeland (mainly western Africa) are social markers of African Americans that trigger prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behavior among whites. White attitudes about the “quality” of neighborhoods, and inceasing emigration, as the proportion of blacks rises are very instructive in this regard.
Black Poverty, Segregation, and “Concentration” or “Neighborhood” Effects
Authors: Polednak Anthony P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The central theme of this book is that the concentration of blacks in high-poverty urban areas, with adverse effects on their quality of life, also may affect their health (Fig. 1-1). The previous chapter addressed segregation as one of the two elements of this combination of factors. This chapter describes features of the distribution of poverty or low income among African-Americans, including temporal changes in black poverty rates in certain urban areas.
Segregation and Poverty in Relation to Variation in Urban Black Mortality Rates
Authors: Polednak Anthony P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, some specific MSAs and PMSAs (often collectively referred to as “MSAs” in this chapter) with unusually high and low mortality rates for blacks, or black/white ratios of mortality rates, for all causes of death combined are identified. Certain ecologic data on characteristics of these MSAs are shown. Examination of these characteristics may help to explain the death rates observed.
Exploring and Planning “Meaning” for Performance
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Thomas Alma 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thousands of words have been written purporting to help you explore the meaning in your musical repertoire. As a singer, you are nearly always caught up in the technical demands of your vocal production, so much so that the ideas, actions, and meanings behind the words, as many of you report, tend to be tacked on at the end. Obviously, the music itself has meaning, and if you were a flutist or a violinist, this might be enough. But in an opera or recital, where words expand or narrow the meaning, it certainly is not enough.
The Song Recital and the Staged Performance
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Thomas Alma 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Because you and your pianist are autonomous in the recital-choosing the repertoire, arranging the program order, making the musical decisions-you need to work on a number of psychological skills that will help you the person, you the performer, and your performance itself. (You will see that some of these skills clearly apply also to opera performance.) The skills required for performing a song recital—as opposed to doing an operatic role—lie mostly in a realm outside of vocalism. Aside from the necessity, because of the size of an opera house (generally larger than a recital hall) and the presence of an operatic orchestra, of using a tone that has great carrying power, the vocal demands are much the same for the song recital. Singing a single song in a recital closely resembles singing an aria, usually a fairly static lyric moment in the midst of operatic action, and performing a cycle of songs or a cantata demands much the same kind of continuous concentration on drama as does performing an operatic role.
Other Zinc Finger Proteins: WTl and GLI3
Authors: Semenza Gregg L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the nuclear receptor superfamily has an impressive and steadily growing number of members, it represents only a small subset of all known zinc finger transcription factors. Among the dozens of other such factors encoded in the human genome, defects in WTl and GLI3 have been associated with human malformation syndromes and, in the case of WTl, predisposition to tumorigenesis. Germline deletions of chromosome llp13 result in the autosomal dominant WAGR syndrome (MIM 194072), which is characterized by predis position to Wilms tumor, congenital niridia, genitourinary malformations, and mental !:etardation (Riccardi et al., 1978). A contiguous gene syndrome was proposed as the basis for the pleiotropic phenotypic man ifestations (Schmickel, 1986). The predisposition to Wilms tumor (ne phroblastoma) was proposed to be caused by the presence of an inacti vating germline mutation (the llp13 deletion) that was present in all cells of the target organ (the kidney). If tumorigenesis required the in activation of both alleles of a “tumor suppressor” gene within a single cell, then the likelihood of this occurring would be greatly increased by the presence of the first “hit” within all cells of the target organ (Knud son, 1971).
Homeodomain Proteins
Authors: Semenza Gregg L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As described in Chapter 3, homeodomain proteins are transcription factors that are characterized by the presence of a 60-amino-acid DNA binding domain. The structure of the homeodomain consists of a flexible amino-terminal arm followed by three a helices (Fig. 9.1) with the second and third helices forming a helix-turn-helix motif that is structurally similar to the DNA binding domain of several prokaryotic transcriptonal repressors (Harrison and Aggarwal, 1990). The carboxyl-terminal third helix of the homeodomain makes direct base contacts with the major groove of the double helix (and is thus known as the recognition helix), the amino-terminal arm makes contact in the minor groove, and there are extensive contacts with the sugar-phosphate backbone (Kissinger et al., 1990; Otting et al., 1990; Wohlberger et al., 1991).