bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tracking rapid and slow ice-dammed lake changes through optical satellites and local knowledge: a case study of Tystigbreen in Norway
Authors: Abderhalden Jogscha Miriam , Bly Kristine Katherine , Lappe Ronja , Andreassen Liss Marie , Rogozhina Irina 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The number of glacial lakes has grown globally concurrently with the retreat of glaciers in the last few decades, increasing the risk of potentially hazardous glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) and posing a threat to downstream communities. Norway has several known ice-dammed lakes that produce repeated GLOFs but as we show here, the existing GLOF database is incomplete and needs to be improved through continuous monitoring of glaciers and glacial lakes. This study examines the case of an ice cap in central Norway hosting at least four drainage-prone lakes. We reconstruct the sequence of lake drainage events through a combination of remote sensing, ground-truthing and citizen science while scrutinising the applicability of the PlanetScope imagery vs Sentinel-2 and Landsat-8 OLI products. As opposed to the Landsat imagery that often fails to resolve even the largest glacial lakes of Tystigbreen, both PlanetScope and Sentinel-2 are helpful in identifying previously unrecognised glacial lakes and undocumented drainage events. Our analysis suggests that a fusion of the two satellite products may be beneficial for automated tracking of glacial lake changes. We also demonstrate that local knowledge and systematic involvement of citizens in data collection have a potential to enrich GLOF databases.
CEO International Experience in Advanced Market Economies and Firm Investment Horizon in a Transitioning Economy
Authors: Ge Lipeng Gary , Muller Alan , Gong Tianyu , Qian Cuili 
Published: February 2024

AbstractBuilding on the literature on managerial myopia, we investigate how chief executive officers’ (CEOs) international experience in advanced market economies affects their firms' investment horizons in a transitioning economy. To overcome myopia, CEOs should possess the knowledge needed to manage current tasks, thereby freeing up cognitive resources for future considerations. In the context of our theorizing, we argue that international experience in advanced market economies equips CEOs with knowledge about how to deal with their current tasks of market-oriented adaptation in a transitioning economy, freeing up cognitive resources for considering longer-term investment horizons. Additionally, the effect of CEO international experience in advanced market economies on firm investment horizon is stronger under conditions that increase the cognitive burden on CEOs to perform market-oriented adaptation tasks – specifically, when there is a high scope of pro-market reform, high intensity of foreign competition, analyst coverage, and a high level of institutional ownership. Our estimation based on a matched sample of 204 Chinese CEOs during the period 2002–2019 supports the majority of our predictions. Our study contributes to research on firm investment horizon, CEO international experience, and transition economies.
On hallucinations and memory: the relationship between hallucinations and autobiographical overgenerality in Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: El Haj Mohamad , Larøi Frank 
Published: February 2024

AbstractObjectives:Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has been associated with autobiographical overgenerality (i.e. a tendency of patients to retrieve general rather than specific personal memories). AD has also been associated with hallucinations. We investigated the relationship between autobiographical overgenerality and hallucinations in AD.Methods:We invited 28 patients with mild AD to retrieve autobiographical memories, and we also evaluated the occurrence of hallucinations in these patients.Results:Analysis demonstrated significant correlations between hallucinations and autobiographical overgenerality in the patients.Conclusion:AD patients who are distressed by hallucinations may demonstrate autobiographical overgenerality as a strategy to avoid retrieving distressing information that may be related with hallucinations. However, hallucinations as observed in our study can be attributed to other factors such as the general cognitive decline in AD.
Egyptian Fan Culture and the Afterlife of ʿAbd al-Halim Hafiz
Authors: Mangialardi Nicholas 
Published: February 2024

AbstractWhen the Egyptian singer ʿAbd al-Halim Hafiz passed away in 1977, a group of fans began meeting at his tomb to celebrate his memory and music. Since then, their gathering has become an annual multi-day event attracting thousands of the singer's devotees from across Egypt and the Arab world. This article explores the unique fan culture around ʿAbd al-Halim, tracing its emergence after his death and expansion into various ritual activities organized by fans. As I show, central to the affective power of Halim fandom is the sense that the singer is close and tangible. I examine how fan practices foster this feeling, but also argue that it is rooted in the music ʿAbd al-Halim made during his lifetime. Investigating Halim fandom, this article offers a new ground-level perspective of how ordinary people in the region interact with music, popular culture, and each other.
Elasmobranch diversity around the southern Caribbean island of Tobago: opportunities for conservation in a regional trade hub
Authors: Cook Neil D. , Clementi Gina M. , Flowers Kathryn I. , Fanovich Lanya , Cable Jo , Perkins Sarah E. , Wothke Aljoscha , Mohammed Ryan S. , Chapman Demian D. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Sharks are scarce in much of the Caribbean due to widespread depletion. Trinidad and Tobago, in the southern Caribbean, is a shark meat consumer and international exporter of dried shark fins. Despite limited fisheries management there is a small Marine Protected Area (MPA; 7 km2) in urbanised southwest Tobago, but its effect on sharks and rays (elasmobranchs) is unknown. The rural northeast is a recently designated UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Reserve with a significant marine component and plans for a large MPA, but no baseline data for elasmobranchs exist. Given the local importance of elasmobranchs and a newly drafted Sustainable Shark and Ray Management Plan, we used baited remote underwater video stations within a 40 m depth contour at 270 randomly generated points around Tobago to: (i) establish a baseline of species richness and relative abundance, (ii) investigate the influence of season, habitat relief, depth and water temperature on relative abundance, and (iii) investigate spatial variation in relative abundance. Caribbean reef sharks, nurse sharks, and southern stingrays were observed at all sites, the latter two more frequently in the urbanised southwest. Shark diversity was unexpectedly high in the northeast, driven by rarer species (sharpnose, smoothhound, tiger, scalloped hammerhead, great hammerhead) only observed there. Habitat relief, depth and season likely influence relative abundance of elasmobranchs around Tobago, but research is needed to elucidate species-level effects. Shark species richness in northeast Tobago is high for the Caribbean, warranting research attention, while the larger MPA presents an opportunity to strengthen elasmobranch management.
Consideration of the proxy modelling validation framework
Authors:   The IFoA Proxy Model Working Group, Wollam Dominic , Kuona Maynard , Thomson Matthew , Liu Rachael , Paton Stuart 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Solvency II requires that firms with Internal Models derive the Solvency Capital Requirement directly from the probability distribution forecast generated by the Internal Model. A number of UK insurance undertakings do this via an aggregation model consisting of proxy models and a copula. Since 2016 there have been a number of industry surveys on the application of these models, with the 2019 Prudential Regulation Authority (“PRA”) led industry wide thematic review identifying a number of areas of enhancement. This concluded that there was currently no uniform best practice. While there have been many competing priorities for insurers since 2019, the Working Party expects that firms will have either already made changes to their proxy modelling approach in light of the PRA survey, or will have plans to do so in the coming years. This paper takes the PRA feedback into account and explores potential approaches to calibration and validation, taking into consideration the different heavy models used within the industry and relative materiality of business lines.
Current and Future Patterns of Global Wildfire Based on Deep Neural Networks
Authors: Zhang Guoli , Wang Ming , Yang Baolin , Liu Kai 
Published: February 2024

AbstractGlobal climate change and extreme weather has a profound impact on wildfire, and it is of great importance to explore wildfire patterns in the context of global climate change for wildfire prevention and management. In this paper, a wildfire spatial prediction model based on convolutional neural networks (CNNs) was constructed in the reference period (1997–2014) by using wildfire driving factors and historical burned areas derived from the Global Fire Emissions Database (GFED4s). The shifting spatial patterns of global burned areas in future scenarios for the twenty‐first century was investigated by using shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs) published by CMIP6. Projected burned areas are analyzed by using nine climate models from CMIP6 under four SSPs (SSP126, SSP245, SSP370 and SSP585) for four defined periods. The evolution of the spatial pattern of global wildfires was further described based on terrestrial ecoregions and GFED regions. The results showed that for the reference period (1997–2014), burned areas were generally distributed in tropical and subtropical regions. The projection results exhibited a systematic increasing trend under the four SSPs from a global perspective in response to climate warming. The increasing trend for the burned area in the SSP370 and SSP585 scenarios was more obvious than that for the SSP126 and SSP245 scenarios. As the severity of the emission scenarios increases, severe wildfires will gradually shift to higher latitudes in the mid‐to‐long term (2061–2080) and long term (2081–2100).
GRACE and GRACE Follow‐On Gravity Observations of Intermediate‐Depth Earthquakes Contrasted With Those of Shallow Events
Authors: Han Shin‐Chan , Sauber Jeanne , Broerse Taco , Pollitz Fred , Okal Emile , Jeon Taehwan , Seo Ki‐Weon , Stanaway Richard 
Published: February 2024

AbstractEarthquakes involve mass redistribution within the solid Earth and the ocean, and as a result, perturb the Earth's gravitational field. For most of the shallow (<60 km) earthquakes with Mw > 8.0, the GRACE satellite gravity measurements suggest considerable volumetric disturbance of rocks. At a spatial scale of hundreds of km, the effect of volumetric change exceeds gravity change by vertical deformation; for example, negative gravity anomalies associated with volumetric expansion are characteristic patterns after shallow thrust events. In this study, however, we report contrasting observations of gravity change from two intermediate‐depth (100–150 km) earthquakes of 2016 & 2017 Mw 8.0 (two combined) Papua New Guinea thrust faulting events and 2019 Mw 8.0 Peru normal faulting and highlight the importance of compressibility in earthquake deformation. The combined 2016/17 thrust events resulted in a positive gravity anomaly of 5–6 microGal around the epicenter, while the 2019 normal faulting produced a negative gravity anomaly of 3–4 microGal. Our modeling found that these gravity changes are manifestation of vertical deformation with limited volumetric change, distinct from gravity changes after the shallow earthquakes. The stronger resistance of rocks to volume change at intermediate‐depth results in largely incompressible deformation and thus in a gravity change dominated by vertical deformation. In addition, malleable rocks under high pressure and temperature at depth facilitated substantial afterslip and/or fast viscoelastic relaxation causing additional vertical deformation and gravity change equivalent to the coseismic change. For the Papua New Guinea events, this means that postseismic relaxation enhanced coseismic uplift and relative sea level decrease.
Processes Driving Subseasonal Variations of Upper Ocean Heat Content in the Equatorial Indian Ocean
Authors: Chandra Ashneel , Keenlyside Noel , Svendsen Lea , Singh Awnesh 
Published: February 2024

AbstractIn the equatorial Indian Ocean, the largest subseasonal temperature variations in the upper ocean are observed below the mixed layer. Subsurface processes can influence mixed layer temperature and consequently air‐sea coupling. However, the physical processes driving temperature variability at these depths are not well quantified. During the boreal winter, the Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO) partly drives upper ocean heat content (OHC) variations. Therefore, to understand processes driving subseasonal OHC variability in the equatorial Indian Ocean, we use an observationally constrained, physically consistent ocean state estimate from the Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean (ECCO) Consortium. Using a heat budget analysis, we show that the main driver of subseasonal OHC variability in the ECCO ocean state estimate is horizontal advection. Along the equator, OHC variations are driven by zonal advection while the role of meridional advection becomes more important away from the equator. During the active phase of the MJO, net air‐sea heat fluxes damp OHC variability along the equator, while away from the equator net air‐sea heat fluxes partly drive OHC variability. Equatorial OHC variations are found to be associated with processes driven by Kelvin and Rossby waves consistent with previous studies. By quantifying the physical processes, we highlight the important role of ocean dynamics in contributing to the observed variations of subseasonal OHC in the equatorial Indian Ocean.
Island‐Induced Eyewall Replacement in a Landfalling Tropical Cyclone: A Model Study of Super Typhoon Mangkhut (2018)
Authors: Lau K. H. , Tam C.‐Y. , Wu C.‐C. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractAn unconventional, island‐induced eyewall replacement (IER) occurred in Super Typhoon Mangkhut (2018) when it crossed Luzon Island. Upon landfall, its original compact eyewall broke down and dissipated rapidly. As Mangkhut exited Luzon and entered the South China Sea, a much larger new eyewall formed at a radius of 150–200 km from the storm center, three times larger than the original one. Unlike the eyewall replacement cycle in intense tropical cyclones, the breakdown of the original eyewall preceded the formation of the new eyewall (NEF) in Mangkhut. This evolution was reproduced reasonably well in a control experiment using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model. Two sensitivity experiments showed that the IER was triggered by Luzon Island, whose terrain is essential for not only the destruction of the original eyewall but also the NEF. In an axisymmetric framework, it is demonstrated for the first time that the NEF was preceded by the following processes: (a) an increase in the outward‐directed agradient force in the boundary layer (BL) inflow region after landfall due to differential rates of weakening between the radial pressure gradient and the tangential wind, (b) creation of a BL deceleration zone, (c) localized reinforcement of BL inflow deceleration within the NEF region when Mangkhut re‐entered the ocean, following an exisiting framework of an unbalanced dynamical pathway, and (d) strengthening of the BL convergence and uplift which initiated and sustained the deep convection of the new eyewall.
Preliminary Investigation on the Kinetic Characteristics of the Glacial Debris Flows in Tianmo Valley, Tibet Plateau, China
Authors: Zhang Yan , Lyu Liqun , Ren Wanlong , Wang Zhaoyin 
Published: February 2024

AbstractGlacial debris flows occurring on the Tibetan Plateau consistently result in significant property damage and loss of human life. A comprehensive field investigation was conducted in Tianmo valley along the Sichuan‐Tibet Highway to reveal the dynamics of a debris flow that occurred on 11 July 2018. Furthermore, a depth‐averaged multiphase debris flow model was proposed and employed to reconstruct the characteristics of the debris flow. The model derivation, implementation, evaluation, and application were presented to demonstrate its performance. The Voellmy model was chosen because it adequately accounts for both basal frictional effects and the entrainment phenomenon. The entrainment processes, the ice melting, and the lubrication effect, were also taken into consideration. Based on the numerical results combined with field investigation data, the kinetic characteristics of the glacial debris flow were analyzed. The Tianmo valley has a small area, but the volume and erosion rate of debris flows were much larger than that of two‐phase debris flows in the same location due to ice melting. The simulation results demonstrated that the glacial debris reached a peak velocity of 20 m/s. Additionally, the volume of the debris flow increased by 50% due to the erosion over a short runout distance of approximately 4,000 m. This increase was a result of the high velocity and abundant entrainment sources on the slope. This study aims to improve understanding of the high velocity and destructive potential of debris flows in the Tianmo valley.
Reservoir Drawdown Highlights the Emergent Effects of Water Level Change on Reservoir Physics, Chemistry, and Biology
Authors: Lewis Abigail S. L. , Breef‐Pilz Adrienne , Howard Dexter W. , Lofton Mary E. , Olsson Freya , Wander Heather L. , Wood Cecelia E. , Schreiber Madeline E. , Carey Cayelan C. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractWater level drawdowns are increasingly common in lakes and reservoirs worldwide as a result of both climate change and water management. Drawdowns can have direct effects on physical properties of a waterbody (e.g., by altering stratification and light dynamics), which can interact to modify the waterbody's biology and chemistry. However, the ecosystem‐level effects of drawdown remain poorly characterized in small, thermally stratified reservoirs, which are common in many regions of the world. Here, we intensively monitored a small eutrophic reservoir for 2 years, including before, during, and after a month‐long drawdown that reduced total reservoir volume by 36%. During drawdown, stratification strength (maximum buoyancy frequency) and surface phosphate concentrations both increased, contributing to a substantial surface phytoplankton bloom. The peak in phytoplankton biomass was followed by cascading changes in surface water chemistry associated with bloom degradation, with sequential peaks in dissolved organic carbon, dissolved carbon dioxide, and ammonium concentrations that were up to an order of magnitude higher than the previous year. Dissolved oxygen concentrations substantially decreased in surface waters during drawdown (to 41% saturation), which was associated with increased total iron and manganese concentrations. Combined, our results illustrate how changes in water level can have cascading effects on coupled physical, chemical, and biological processes. As climate change and water management continue to increase the frequency of drawdowns in lakes worldwide, our results highlight the importance of characterizing how water level variability can alter complex in‐lake ecosystem processes, thereby affecting water quality.
Measurement and Calibration of EMF: A Study Using Phone and GBDT for Mobile Communication Signals
Authors: Zeng Sheng , Chen Weiwei , Ji Yuhang , Yan Liping , Zhao Xiang 
Published: February 2024

AbstractElectromagnetic exposure caused by mobile communication signals has always been a cause of concern. Due to the cost and inconvenience of professional measurement equipment, researchers have turned to smartphone APPs to study and assess the electric field strength caused by mobile communication signals. However, existing cell phone‐based measurements have two weaknesses. First, no system architecture suitable for large‐scale crowdsourced testing has been proposed. Second, since smartphone sensors cannot measure electric field strength directly, existing methods for converting the received signal power of the phone and electric field strength have errors of more than 5 dB. This paper proposes a measurement and calibration method for electric field strength of mobile communication signals based on a smartphone app and gradient boosting decision tree (GBDT). This method consists of a downlink signal acquisition system based on an APP and a calibration model based on GBDT to convert received signal power into electric field strength. The experimental results show that the proposed model achieves a R2 score of 0.93 and a MAE of 0.97 dB. Compared with the existing methods, our method improves the calibration accuracy by 4 dB, enabling large‐scale, low‐cost, and high‐precision direct measurement of the electric field strength of mobile communication signals.
Leigh syndrome with developmental regression and ataxia due to a novel splicing variant in the PMPCB gene
Authors: Matthews Emma , Whittle Ella F. , Khan Faraan , McEntagart Meriel , Carroll Christopher J. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractOnly five children with pathogenic PMPCB gene variants have been described and all carried missense variants. Clinical features included a Leigh-like syndrome of developmental regression, basal ganglia lesions and ataxia with or without dystonia and epilepsy. Three of the five died in childhood and none was older than age six when described. We report the first splice site variant in the PMPCB gene in a 39-year old individual who experienced developmental regression and ataxia following otitis media in childhood. A minigene assay confirms this variant results in aberrant splicing and skipping of exon 12.
GPR55 is expressed in glutamate neurons and functionally modulates drug taking and seeking in rats and mice
Authors: He Yi , Shen Hui , Bi Guo-Hua , Zhang Hai-Ying , Soler-Cedeño Omar , Alton Hannah , Yang Yihong , Xi Zheng-Xiong 
Published: February 2024

AbstractG protein-coupled receptor 55 (GPR55) has been thought to be a putative cannabinoid receptor. However, little is known about its functional role in cannabinoid action and substance use disorders. Here we report that GPR55 is predominantly found in glutamate neurons in the brain, and its activation reduces self-administration of cocaine and nicotine in rats and mice. Using RNAscope in situ hybridization, GPR55 mRNA was identified in cortical vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (VgluT1)-positive and subcortical VgluT2-positive glutamate neurons, with no detection in midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons. Immunohistochemistry detected a GPR55-like signal in both wildtype and GPR55-knockout mice, suggesting non-specific staining. However, analysis using a fluorescent CB1/GPR55 ligand (T1117) in CB1-knockout mice confirmed GPR55 binding in glutamate neurons, not in midbrain DA neurons. Systemic administration of the GPR55 agonist O-1602 didnt impact ∆9-THC-induced analgesia, hypothermia and catalepsy, but significantly mitigated cocaine-enhanced brain-stimulation reward caused by optogenetic activation of midbrain DA neurons. O-1602 alone failed to alter extracellar DA, but elevated extracellular glutamate, in the nucleus accumbens. In addition, O-1602 also demonstrated inhibitory effects on cocaine or nicotine self-administration under low fixed-ratio and/or progressive-ratio reinforcement schedules in rats and wildtype mice, with no such effects observed in GPR55-knockout mice. Together, these findings suggest that GPR55 activation may functionally modulate drug-taking and drug-seeking behavior possibly via a glutamate-dependent mechanism, and therefore, GPR55 deserves further study as a new therapeutic target for treating substance use disorders.