bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conclusion: The Secularization of Conscience Reconsidered
Authors: Moskos Charles C , Chambers II John Whiteclay 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The “new” conscientious objection, by definition, must imply significant departure from previous usage. Otherwise “new” is just another misapplication of an overworked adjective. This book would offer a useful perspective on the study of conscientious objection even if the only new dimension were a dispassionate and comparative approach to the topic. It has done that and much more: This multinational study of conscientious objection in the West demonstrates the recent and unprecedented reshaping of conscientious objection and its relationship to the armed forces, the state, and to society. The new dimensions—the augmenting, indeed, near supplanting, of the old religious and communal grounds for objection by a new secular and often privatized base; the proliferation of COs in uniform; and the recognition and acceptance of these trends by the state—warrant the appellation the “new” conscientious objection.
Introduction
Authors: Wegner Judith Romney 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most important social revolution of the late twentieth century has been the rise of modern feminism. The raising of women’s consciousness has, for the first time in recorded history, brought substantial numbers of men and women to understand how patriarchal culture constructed and maintained male dominance and female subservience, and how the restriction of women to the private realm of domesticity and their exclusion from the public domain of intellectual activity has systematically deprived women of the life of mind and spirit available to men (or at least to male elites) within patriarchal society.
The Wife
Authors: Wegner Judith Romney 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the Israelite daughter leaves her father’s house for that of her husband, she exchanges subjection to one man for subservience to another. But something else changes, too. As her father’s daughter she was a virtual chattel, lacking almost all the rights, duties, and powers we earlier defined as indicators of personhood. In advancing from the status of daughter to that of wife, she becomes a person, that is, she acquires numerous legal entitlements and obligations. Marriage transforms the girl into a woman in more ways than one, for besides fulfilling her biological des tiny it brings her into a relationship marked by a reciprocal nexus of spousal rights and duties that clearly defines her as a person in the mishnaic system.
Woman And The Public Domain
Authors: Wegner Judith Romney 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Given the patriarchal background of the Mishnah, many of the women discussed in the previous chapter enjoyed a surprising degree of person hood. Indeed, an autonomous woman’s legal entitlements and obligations in matters of personal status and private commerce scarcely differed, in theory, from those of a man. Yet even autonomous women (much less dependent woman) never attain total equality with men because law and custom conspire to exclude women in general from the public domain of mishnaic culture.
From Abdullah to Hussein
Authors: Satloff Robert B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book examines the most turbulent period in the history of Jordan's ruling house, the six years following the assassination of the kingdom's founder, Abdullah (1951-1957). Those years witnessed the country's lone episode of weak monarchy, when the king--the novice Hussein or his ill-starred father, Talal--was not the preeminent political actor in the land. Rather, it was during that time at the regime was left in the hands of a mix of Palestinian, Transjordanian, and Circassian royalists who had never before wielded executive authority inside the kingdom. Based on exclusive interviews and newly released archival resources, this book traces the only two royal successions in Jordanian history: the eleven-month reign of the little-known Talal, and the early years of King Hussein.
Abu’l Huda’s Last Hurrah
Authors: Satloff Robert B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Immediately after dismissing al-Mulqi, Hussein appointed Tawfiq Abu’l Huda to form a government once again. It was a move not without its irony. Abu’l Huda was exactly the sort of man Hussein would decry in his autobiography as one of those “rapacious politicians [who] fought for the crumbs of office” after Abdullah’s death three years earlier.1 Only once did Hussein refer in those memoirs to Abu’l Huda by name, and incorrectly, no less; no mention is made of Abu’l Huda’s replacement of al-Mulqi in May 1954.2 But when the young monarch needed a firm hand to restore balance to Jordanian politics, it was to the ten-time prime minister that he turned.3 Hussein was later to say that after al-Mulqi, he “had to go back to the older generation. I believe,” he admitted, “they gave us the chance to continue.”4
Sita’s Daughters: Coming Out of Purdah
Authors: Minturn Leigh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Leigh Minturn in this work recounts the dramatic changes in the role and status of Indian women in the Rajput caste of Khalapur that have taken place between 1955 and 1975. She explains the relationship of these changes to the decline in the observance of a complex system of customs collectively called purdah, which include the veiling of women's faces and bodies, subservient posture when speaking to men, separation of husbands and wives and deference of young wives to their mothers-in-law. The decline in the observance of the customs has both led to and been fostered by modernization. Unlike other studies of Indian women, Minturn preserves the individuality of her subjects.
A Genre for Mark
Authors: Bryan Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I have yet to address directly the question asked earlier: What kind of text would Mark have been seen to be, either by its author or by its first readers and auditors? What, in short, was its genre?
Following the massive and influential work of Rudolf Bultmann, and for reasons that have perhaps more to do with theological conviction than scientific criticism, there has been until recently a curious reluctance among New Testament scholars to consider this question seriously, or to look to literature contemporary with the written gospel for parallels that will help us understand its genre. The written gospel, it has been claimed, is of its own kind: sui generis. It is unique, having no exact parallel in any literature. The gospels can be understood only as expansions of the primitive Christian preaching, or as having risen in response to a need for Christian lections to match the Jewish calendar in the liturgy. There are elements of truth in all these claims. There is evidence that early Christian literature was read in the Christian assembly (Col. 4:16; compare Philem 2). Yet there is hardly evidence that at this period it was read in sequence, or in connection with a “calendar” that is itself a matter of considerable scholarly uncertainty. Justin’s description of the Roman liturgy in the mid-second century, when “the memoirs of the apostles or the writings of the prophets” were read “for as long as time permits,” appears in any case to contradict such an idea (Apology 1.67).
As It Is Written: Oral Characteristics of Mark’s Appeals to Scripture
Authors: Bryan Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Scarcely has Mark gained our attention and begun his narrative, when he tells us that what we are to hear took place “as it is written” (1:2). As I have claimed to be considering the oral characteristics of Mark’s narrative, that I should now examine his appeal to written authority may seem surprising. Surely such an appeal is essentially alien to orality? In the whole of Homer, we may recall, there is only one possible reference to a written message, and even on that occasion it is not entirely clear that the “baneful signs”
No Longer a Wife: Widows in Rural North India
Authors: Wadley Susan S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This comment from Saroj, a Brahman widow in her fifties from the village of Karimpur in north India, captures the views of north Indian Hindu widows: to lose one’s husband is to lose one’s main support. Yet the branches that Saroj belittles-a woman’s other kin, both natal and affinal-must exist for support and be strengthened if the new widow is to prosper. Using case studies from Karimpur, this essay explores why widows find this loss so difficult and hence why marriage is of such major concern to Hindu women. While feminists may decry the pardii.system and the economic dependence of north Indian women, the lives of widows only reinforce the desirability of marriage for Hindu women themselves. Widows present both ideological and economic challenges to the Hindu system. Ideologically their femaleness and their sexuality is to be controlled by fathers, husbands, or sons. Economically they are to be supported by male kin, through whom they gain access to resources. Whether the control of women is rooted in ideology or economics, it rests in male hands. Ideally, if a woman is widowed at all, she is widowed in old age, with a son to control and support her.
The Apocalypses as Writing
Authors: Himmelfarb Martha 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I have by now explored the central themes of the ascent apocalypses: the understanding of heaven as temple, the visionary’s achievement of angelic status in a process that echoes priestly investiture, and the phenomena of nature as a source of knowledge of God. This final chapter considers some basic but difficult questions: What kind of literature are these apocalypses? What kind of people wrote them, and for what purposes? Any attempt to answer these questions inevitably runs up against the pseudepigraphy of the apocalypses. Pseudepigraphy was a widespread phenomenon in the ancient world, by no means restricted to Jews and Christians. With different functions depending on genre, it assumes a distinctive shape in the apocalypses because of their claim to represent divine revelation. The epigraph, from Enoch’s journey to the ends of the earth in the Book of the Watchers, poses the problem clearly and sharply. The author claims Enoch’s authority for his account of sights that none of his readers has ever seen.
How are we to understand that claim? Some significant recent scholarship has claimed that, despite their pseudepigraphy, many apocalypses reflect the visionary experience of their authors. This point of view stands in dramatic contrast to the older style of study of the apocalypses, represented by the grandfather of
Introduction
Authors: Wentz Richard E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
John Williamson Nevin was born on February 20, 1803, in the Cumber land Valley of Pennsylvania and spent his early life on his parents’ farm in Franklin County. His mother was a sister of Hugh Williamson, a prominent figure during the War of Independence and one of the framers of the Consti-tution. “Being of what is called Scotch-Irish extraction,” he writes, “I was by birth and blood also, a Presbyterian; and as my parents were both conscientious and exemplary professors of religion, I was, as a matter of course, care fully brought up in the nurture and admonition of the Lord, according to the Presbyterian faith as it then stood.
The Public Character Of Theology
Authors: Wentz Richard E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
German theologians, and German theology have their faults. Among these may be named the want of more close and living communion between the professors and the great body of the Church. . . . This gives a one-sided tendency to German theology, which we may hope to escape in this country. . . . The natural turn of the American mind [is] one of the conditions which will determine the character of American theology. . . . The pros perity of the Church, the advancement of society, the purification and elevation of public morals, will always enter as conditions into our theological science.
“A Theatre For The World”: Nationalism And The American Republic
Authors: Wentz Richard E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When we read in the present state of the world, the approach of a new historical period, whose character and course are to be determined prevail ingly by the new order of life which reigns in America, we are not so foolish as to conceive of this under the form of a simple triumph of our national spirit, as it now stands, over the political institutions of the old world. . . .The revolutionary spirit of the age [has its significance] in the yet undeveloped life toward which transitionally it points and leads. This lies in the direction which the course of history has already begun to take in America. . . by means of the theatre here opened.
Violence in the Black Imagination
Authors: Takaki Ronald T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
1992 has been an explosive year for racial relations in the United States—from the reactions to the Rodney King verdict to debate about Malcolm X and the film portrayal of his role in American history. What relations do the recent events in Los Angeles have to the Watts Riots in 1965? Violence in the Black Imagination shows that these recent events force us to understand the history of racism in America and its legacy of antagonism and violence. Ronald T. Takaki presents three short novels of major African-American leaders in the nineteenth century: Frederick Douglass, the leading black abolitionist; Martin Delany, the father of black nationalism; and William Wells Brown, a pioneer of the black novel. The novels are accompanied by substantive essays which provide both biographical information on the author and explore the common theme of their work—the issue of black revolutionary violence in antebellum America. The work includes a new preface which examines the 1992 South Central Los Angeles racial explosion in relationship to Martin Luther King, Jr., Malcolm X, and the 1965 Watts Riot.
Introduction
Authors: Takaki Ronald T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I am an invisible man. No, I am not a spook like those who haunted Edgar Allan Poe; nor am I one of your Hollywood-movie ectoplasms. I am a man of substance, of flesh and bone, fiber and liquids-:and I might even be said to possess a mind. I am invisible, understand, simply because people refuse to see me.... That invisibility to which I refer occurs because of a peculiar disposition of the eyes of those with whom I come in contact. A matter of the construction of their inner eyes, those eyes with which they look through their physical eyes upon reality. Ralph Ellison, Invisible Man THE invisibility Ralph Ellison so eloquently denounces has tragically influenced the ways many scholars have interpreted the history of antebellum black America. Historians have in many cases been able to see blacks only as they wished to see them-only as servile, lazy, and happy, or only as defiant, discontented, and rebellious. The invisibility may, however, be the result of something more pernicious and less obvious than ideological or racial biases. It may be not merely “a matter of the construction of their inner eyes” but also a matter of methodology.
Not Afraid to Die: Frederick Douglass and Violence
Authors: Takaki Ronald T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
He murdered Mary Dalton, accidentally, without thinking, without plan, without conscious motive. But, after he murdered, he accepted the crime. And that’s the important thing. It was the first full act of his life; it was the most meaningful, exciting and stirring thing that had ever happened to him. He accepted it because it made him free, gave him the possibility of choice, of action, the opportunity to act and to feel that his actions carried weight. Iain’t trying to forgive nobody, said Bigger Thomas, and Iain’tasking for nobody to forgive me. Iain’t going to cry. They wouldn’t let me live and I killed. Maybe it ain’t fair to kill, and Jreckon I really didn’t want to kill. But when I think of why all the killing was, I begin to feel what I wanted, what I am. ... They would do well to read Fanon; for he shows clearly that this irrepressible violence [of the colonized against the colonizer] is neither sound and fury, nor the resurrection of savage instincts, nor even the effect of resentment: it is man re-creating himself. I think we understood this truth at one time, but we have forgotten it-that no gentleness can efface the marks of violence; only violence itself can destroy them.
War Upon the Whites: Black Rage in the Fiction of Martin Delany
Authors: Takaki Ronald T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In one of his insightful comparisons, Frederick Douglass summed up the essential difference between himself and Martin Delany. “I thank God for making me a man simply,” he observed, “but Delany always thanks him for making him a black man.”2 Unlike Douglass, Delany viewed revolutionary violence in relation to black separation and emigration to Africa rather than integration in America. As an abolitionist, Delany believed violence was necessary in the struggle for black liberation. “Shall the American slave,” he asked in the newspaper North Star in 1849, “remain in abject bondage, waiting patiently, toiling on and suffering on, having nothing in prospect but the hope of his heartless relentless master’s good will? Never. Let him be taught that he dare strike for liberty,-let him know this, and he at once rises up disenthralled-a captive redeemed from the portals of infamy to the true dignity of his nature-an elevated freeman.” At the 1854 National Emigration Convention, Delany again advocated resistance.
Indian Islam: The Shah Bano Affair
Authors: Awn Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Numerous scholars, when discussing issues of gender, single out the Islamic world for particularly sharp criticism, for what they perceive as its systematic oppression of women. Traditional patriarchies still wield enormous control in many Islamic societies, limiting women’s access to the broader society and controlling their ability to make independent choices. But whether Islam as a religious system is the main support of this enduring patriarchal structure is not explored in the current study. Suffice it to say that Islamic religious law, while affirming the equality of men and women before God, nevertheless distinguishes clearly between the rights of men and women. And men, time after time, are afforded greater rights than women.
Whom to Believe?
Authors: Harris Edward M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When setting out to write a study of the political career of Aeschines, one is immediately confronted with the problem of how to use the sources. The problem is not an unusual one for modem historians of Classical Greece, who often have to rely on accounts written long after the event or on a single contemporary account com posed by an author whose bias and unreliability are readily apparent. In one regard, however, the career of Aeschines presents unique problems with sources: virtually all of our information about him has to be extracted from his own speeches and those of his most bitter enemy, Demosthenes. Although there are numerous sources for the period in which he lived-Plutarch’s Lives, in particular those of Demosthenes, Phocion, and Alexander.
Getting to Know Philip
Authors: Harris Edward M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Aeschines first addressed the Assembly in 348, Athens was not enjoying a golden age. The Athenians still possessed the largest fleet in the Aegean, but it had not won them the hegemony that they had once held in the fifth century s.c. and had been eager to regain ever since. For a short time after the founding of the Second Athenian Confederacy in 378, it looked as if the goal of uniting all the Greeks of the Aegean under Athenian leadership might again be attained. But the goal proved to be elusive. The inhabitants of the islands and the cities that ringed the Aegean joined the Athenian Confederacy primarily out of fear of Sparta. Once the threat of Sparta was removed by the defeat of her hoplites at Leuctra in 371 and the subsequent invasion of the Peloponnese by the victorious Thebans, the members of the confederacy began to see little advantage in remaining under Athenian leadership. And when the Athenians took the step of concluding an alliance with Sparta, they under mined the main rationale for the confederacy, making it just a matter of time before the stronger, more independently minded members went their own way. To aggravate the situation further, the Athenians, who had posed as liberators, revived their imperialistic ambitions in northern Greece by seeking to retake their former colony Amphipolis, a move which must have increased the suspicions of their already skeptical allies.
Conclusion
Authors: Harris Edward M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A study of Aeschines’ career shows how mistaken it is to speak in terms of a single pro-Macedonian party either in Athens or throughout Greece. Aeschines’ approach to relations with Philip and Alexander differed in crucial respects from the position of Isocrates, whose ideal of Panhellenic unity he never espoused, and of Demades, whose style of diplomacy he chose not to imitate. In fact, Aeschines’ own position often differed, ranging from initial opposition to a policy of close alliance with Philip. Contrary to Demosthenes’ claims, the Greeks who cooperated at one time or another with Philip and later with Alexander did not form a single band of traitors, who were united by a single approach. There were several shades of opinion, and any account of the period that does not take into account this diversity in approaches to Philip will present an oversimplified picture of the events that led to the establishment of Macedonian hegemony.
Starting from Scratch
Authors: Elms Alan C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In One Of My previous lives I was an experimental social psychologist. I learned that when you change people’s attitudes in the laboratory, the change often fails to influence their later behavior, unless you give your audience a detailed and practical plan of action to carry into real life.1 I don’t work on experimental research subjects’ attitudes any more, but I suspect that what I learned then applies to what I’m doing now. To promote the cause of psychobio graphical progress most effectively, I need to go beyond inspirational homilies. So this chapter will offer a variety of specific, basic suggestions about how to get started as a psychobiographer especially about how to collect the data you’ll need when you try to understand a life. Even if you’re absolutely sure you’re never going to write a psychobiography, I suggest you give the chapter a try.
The Auntification of C. G. Jung
Authors: Elms Alan C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Henry Murray often said that all theory is autobiography. Andre Maurois observed that biography is sometimes disguised autobiography.1 I’d almost be willing to add a dictum of my own: “No psychobiography without autobiography.” It’s frustrating if not impossible to do a psychobiographical analysis when your data deal only with the externals of an individual’s life. A few autobiographers have striven to remain entirely in the realm of observable behavior,2 but most blend descriptions of their subjective experiences with accounts of external events. Rarely is the inner life given as large a role as in C. G. Jung’s Memories, Dreams, Reflections.
Allport Meets Freud and the Clean Little Boy
Authors: Elms Alan C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Gordon Allport’s brief autobiography, written a year before he died, he asked this question repeatedly about his own life: “How shall a psychological life history be written?” It was a question he had asked recently about another life, as he prepared to publish a book of letters from an elderly woman friend along with an array of theories that might explain her peculiar personality. It was a question he had asked more broadly a quarter-century earlier, when he wrote a monograph on The Use of Personal Documents in Psychological Science. It was a question he had asked quite early in his career, in his study of a confessional work as odd as its title: The Locomotive God.