bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adjunctive treatment with subantimicrobial doses of doxycycline: effects on gingival fluid collagenase activity and attachment loss in adult periodontitis
Authors: Golub Lorne M. , McNamara Thomas F. , Ryan Maria E. , Kohut Bruce , Blieden Timothy , Payonk Gregory , Sipos Tibor , Baron Hazen J. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjectives: The therapeutic effects of doxycycline and other tetracyclines in the treatment of periodontitis involve, at least in part, mechanisms that are unrelated to their antimicrobial activity. Previous clinical studies have shown that doxycycline administered orally, at doses below those needed for antimicrobial efficacy, to human subjects with adult periodontitis resulted in significantly reduced collagenase activity in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and in extracts of inflamed gingival tissues. The purpose of the present study was to identify clinically effective dosing regimens using subantimicrobial dose doxycycline (SDD) as an adjunctive therapy in patients with adult periodontitis.Material and Methods: A total of 75 adult men and women qualified for enrollment into the three‐part, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind, parallel‐group study. Patients were stratified based on repeatedly exhibiting pathologic levels of periodontal attachment (ALv) and GCF collagenase activity at several appointments prior to baseline. Patients were administered a scaling and prophylaxis, then 1 of 5 treatment schedules for 12 weeks (part I), followed by a 12‐week period of no drug therapy (part II), a second scaling and prophylaxis, and 12 additional weeks of treatment (part III). Primary determinants of efficacy included reductions in GCF collagenase activity and changes in relative ALv.Results: 66 patients completed the 1st 12 weeks (part I) of the 3‐part, 36‐week study; 51 patients completed the entire 36‐week study. From baseline to week 12 (part I), treatment with specially formulated SDD capsules (20 mg) 2× daily (1× every 12 h) for up to 12 weeks was shown to significantly reduce GCF collagenase activity and to improve ALv, effects not seen in patients treated with placebo. Continuous drug therapy over the 12‐week treatment period was needed to maintain and maximize the reduction in GCF collagenase and the improvement in ALv. Improvements in periodontal disease parameters occurred without the emergence of doxycycline‐resistant micro‐organisms. In patients administered an “on‐off‐on” regimen of SDD over 36 weeks (parts I–III), essentially no attachment loss occurred in patients receiving the highest of these SDD regimens (20 mg 2× daily during part I and 20 mg 1× daily in part III), whereas patients administered placebo capsules experienced a mean attachment loss of approximately 0.8 mm at the 24‐ and 36‐week time periods.Conclusions: Doxycycline administered at subantimicrobial doses led to improvements in disease parameters, with no apparent side effects, and appears to have significant potential as an oral adjunctive therapy in the long‐term management of adult periodontitis.
The anesthetic onset and duration of a new lidocaine/prilocaine gel intra‐pocket anesthetic (Oraqix®) for periodontal scaling/root planing
Authors: Friskopp Johan , Nilsson Marie , Isacsson Göran 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground: A new non‐injection anesthetic, lidocaine/prilocaine gel (Oraqix®, AstraZeneca) in a reversible thermosetting system, has been developed to provide local anesthesia for scaling/root planing (SRP). The aim of this study was to determine the anesthetic onset and duration of the gel for SRP in patients with periodontitis.Methods: 30 patients were randomized to either 30 s, 2 min, or 5 min of treatment with the gel prior to SRP of a tooth. The gel was applied to periodontal pockets with a blunt applicator. On completion of the SRP of each tooth (2–3 teeth treated/patient), the patients rated their pain on a 100‐mm visual analogue scale (VAS).Results: The median VAS pain score was 7.5 mm in the 30‐s group, 28.5 mm in the 2‐min group, and 15.5 mm in the 5‐min group, with a significant difference between the 30‐s and 2‐min groups (p=0.03). In 2 patients in the 5‐min group, but none in the other groups, the SRP was interrupted due to pain. The mean duration of anesthesia measured as pain on probing were 18.1, 17.3, and 19.9 min in the 30‐s, 2‐min, and 5‐min groups, respectively. There were no reports of numbness of the tongue, lip, or cheek, neither were there any adverse local reactions in the oral mucosa. The gel was easy to apply and did not interfere with the SRP procedure.Conclusion: Oraqix® provides anesthesia after an application time of 30 s, with a mean duration of action of about 17 to 20 min.
Bone morphogenetic protein‐2 stimulates cell recruitment and cementogenesis during early wound healing
Authors: King Gaston N. , Hughes Francis J. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground:The unique action of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) on mineralised tissue formation indicates that BMPs are good candidates for use in stimulating periodontal regeneration. Relatively little is known about the mechanisms of actions of BMPs during periodontal regeneration, although recent evidence from our laboratory suggests that the effects of BMPs may be profoundly influenced by various factors including root surface conditioning, delivery systems and masticatory forces.Aim:The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of rhBMP‐2 on cell recruitment during periodontal regeneration using a pulse‐chase technique where cells are labelled with a thymidine analogue (BrdU) (pulse) and the migration of their progeny is followed (chase) during early wound healing. The relationship between the rhBMP‐2 influence on cell recruitment from the periodontal ligament (PDL) and its ability to stimulate cementogenesis was also evaluated.Method:The buccal aspect of the distal root of the first molar was denuded of its PDL, cementum and superficial dentine through a bony window created in the mandible of 64 Wistar rats under general anaesthesia. Test animals were treated with 10 μL of 500 μg/ml rhBMP‐2 in a collagen membrane sponge (n=32) and control defects received 10 μl of saline in a collagen sponge (n=32). All animals received an intraperitoneal single pulse injection of 40 mg/kg BrdU label 2 days postoperatively. Groups of test and control animals (n=8) were killed 2 hours later on day 2 and at 4, 7 and 10 days postoperatively. Mandibles were processed for histological examination.Results:The results show that rhBMP‐2 had a profound effect on proliferation and migration of cells in the adjacent and deeper aspects of the PDL at 7 and 10 days post periodontal wounding (p<0.05). Significantly greater new cementum formation occurred in the test group at 10 days (p=0.03).Conclusion:This study shows that following periodontal wounding rhBMP‐2 stimulates cell recruitment by increasing proliferation and migration of cells from the adjacent unwounded PDL into the wounded area, thus promoting periodontal regeneration by increasing new cementum formation.
Experimental peri‐implant mucositis in man
Authors: Zitzmann N. U. , Berglundh T. , Marinello C. P. , Lindhe J. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjectives: The purpose of this study was to examine reactions of gingiva and peri‐implant mucosa (PiM) to de novo plaque accumulation in humans.Material and Methods: Prior to the start of the study, which included 12 partially edentulous subjects, a 3‐week plaque control program was performed. Ethical approval was granted by the local ethics committee. On day 0, 2 soft tissue biopsies were harvested, 1 from a tooth and 1 from an implant site in every subject. After 3 weeks of undisturbed plaque accumulation (day 21), 2 additional biopsies were obtained from the gingiva and PiM in each subject. The tissue samples, each 4×4 mm in size, were snap frozen and prepared for immunohistochemical analysis.Results: The size of the infiltrate (ICT) in the day 0 biopsies, was about 0.03 mm2 in both the gingiva and PiM. At the end of the plaque accumulation period, the size of the lesion had significantly increased in both groups and occupied an area of 0.26 mm2 in the gingiva and 0.14 mm2 in PiM. In the biopsies presenting day 0, the proportions of the various cell populations examined were similar in the gingiva and in PiM. The tissue fractions of almost all types of cells increased during the 3 weeks, but the mean change for each cell type was greater in the gingiva than in PiM. The CD3/CD19 ratio decreased in the gingiva between day 0 and 21, but increased in PiM.Conclusion: The results of the present study indicated that plaque accumulation induced an inflammatory response characterized by increased proportions of T‐ and B‐cells in the ICT of both the gingiva and the PiM. Although not statistically significant, the host response in the gingiva tended to be more pronounced than in the peri‐implant mucosa.
Studies on the effect of polyvinyl pyrrolidone on the activity of chlorhexidine mouthrinses: plaque and stain
Authors: Claydon N. , Addy M. , Jackson R. , Smith S. , Newcombe R. G. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground, aims: Polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) was shown in vitro to reduce chlorhexidine induced, dietary staining without affecting the uptake of the antiseptic to the test substrate. The aim of these studies in vivo was to determine whether PVP affected plaque and dietary staining by a low concentration chlorhexidine rinse.Methods: The plaque and stain studies used a double blind, randomised 6, treatment crossover design involving healthy subjects with a high standard of oral hygiene and gingival health. The rinse formulations under test were: (A) aqueous alcohol (placebo control), (B) 0.03% chlorhexidine, (C) 0.06% chlorhexidine, (D) 0.06% chlorhexidine+1.2% PVP, (E) 0.06% chlorhexidine+5% PVP, (F) 0.06% chlorhexidine+10% PVP. In the plaque study, on day 1 of each period, subjects were rendered plaque free and then rinsed with 15 ml of the test rinse for 60 s. No further tooth cleaning was performed and subjects returned 24 h later for plaque scoring by area. In the stain study, on day 1 of each period, the tongue and teeth of each subject were rendered stain free. Subjects then rinsed under supervision for 60 s with 15 ml of the allocated rinse 8× a day between 09:00 h and 17:00 h for 3 days. Immediately after each rinse with the test formulation, subjects rinsed for 120 s with 15 ml of warm black tea. Subjects were requested to also drink at least 5 cups of tea or coffee per day. On day 4, stain was scored by area and intensity from designated teeth and dorsum of the tongue. Washout periods were at least 7 days in both studies.Results: Plaque areas were greatest with placebo and least with 0.06% chlorhexidine. Plaque scores increased with increasing concentrations of PVP in the 0.06% chlorhexidine rinse and were significantly higher than 0.06% chlorhexidine without PVP rinse. Tooth stain areas were comparable for placebo, 0.03% and 0.06% chlorhexidine rinses, but significantly reduced with the PVP/chlorhexidine rinses compared to the 0.06% chlorhexidine rinse. Tooth stain intensity was significantly increased with 0.06% chlorhexidine rinses compared to placebo and chlorhexidine/PVP rinses. Tongue stain area and intensity were significantly reduced with 5% and 10% PVP/chlorhexidine rinses compared to 0.06% chlorhexidine rinse.Conclusion: PVP, at the concentrations tested, reduced the stain propensity of a 0.06% chlorhexidine rinse but at the expense of some loss of plaque inhibition.
CD9 and HLA‐DR expression by crevicular epithelial cells and polymorphonuclear neutrophils in periodontal disease
Authors: Bisson‐Boutelliez C. , Miller N. , Demarch D. , Bene M. C. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground, aims: The composition of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) is likely to reflect inflammatory modifications that take place in the gingiva during periodontal diseases.Method: In this study, GCF was collected at 3 different sites from 23 periodontal patients. The sites were assessed to be healthy, presenting gingivitis or periodontitis. 10 healthy individuals without any form of periodontal disease formed the control group and were sampled at one site each. The cell content of GCF was collected using Durapore Millipore strips, and 2 types of cells were studied: epithelial cells (EC) and polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN). The expression of CD9 and HLA‐DR within or on the surface of these cells was studied in immunofluorescence on cytospin smears.Results: Both CD9 and HLA‐DR expression on EC differed significantly from control subjects, and the latter decreased according to the severity of the pathology. None of the PMN found in controls expressed CD9 or HLA‐DR. However, in periodontal patients, the expression of HLA‐DR within PMNs was detectable and increased according to the severity of lesions. CD9 expression on PMNs also increased with inflammation.Conclusion: This study shows that clinically healthy sites of periodontal patients already present signs of immunological activation characterised by a down modulation of HLA‐DR expression on EC and an upregulation of these 2 molecules in PMN.
Validation of smoking status in clinical research into inflammatory periodontal disease
Authors: Scott D. A. , Palmer R. M. , Stapleton J. A. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground: Tobacco smoking is an accepted risk factor for periodontal disease. Most studies in the periodontal literature rely on reported smoking habits which can be unreliable. This review specifically addresses this problem.Methods: Methods of assessing tobacco smoke exposure, variation in individual smoking habits, classification of former/ex‐smokers, and validation of abstinence in smoking cessation studies receive attention.Discussion: Additionally, clinical studies that have examined periodontal health in subjects with validated smoking status are discussed.
IL‐8 and TNF‐α from peripheral neutrophils and acute‐phase proteins in periodontitis
Authors: Fredriksson M. , Bergström K. , Åsman B. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjective: In other studies, we have found deviant functions in peripheral neutrophils in periodontitis. The aim here was to study (1) the release of cytokines, IL‐8 and TNFα, from neutrophils in 15 treated periodontitis patients and pair‐matched controls as well as (2) the effects of cigarette smoking.Material and methods: Cytokines released in the incubation medium from un‐stimulated and Fcγ‐R‐stimulated neutrophils and some acute‐phase reactants were measured with ELISA.Results: Non‐smoking patients had trends for lower TNFα release compared to non‐smoking controls, while corresponding trends were rather similar for Il‐8. Smoking had a moderate but inconsistent effect on the release of both cytokines. However, in patients, the ratio between stimulated/un‐stimulated release of Il‐8 was significantly lowered by smoking (p<0.03). The parameters of inflammation in plasma differed only slightly between patients and controls, indicating that periodontal disease in a quiet phase has a negligible systemic effect with the possible exception for a higher IL‐8 level. In contrast, smoking had significant systemic effect on the neutrophil count and IgG levels.Conclusions: Release of IL‐8 and TNF‐α from peripheral neutrophils and various parameters of inflammation in plasma seem to be affected more by cigarette smoking than periodontal disease.
Distribution of erm(F) and tet(Q) genes in 4 oral bacterial species and genotypic variation between resistant and susceptible isolates
Authors: Chung Whasun O. , Gabany Joseph , Persson G. Rutger , Roberts Marilyn C. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground: Bacteroides forsythus, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia are Gram‐negative anaerobic bacteria that are currently considered potential periopathogens. Prevotella nigrescens has recently been separated from P. intermedia and its rôle in periodontitis is unknown. The erm(F) gene codes for an rRNA methylase, conferring resistance to macrolides, lincosamides and streptogramin B (MLSB), and the tet(Q) gene for a ribosomal protection protein, conferring resistance to tetracycline. The presence of these resistance genes could impair the use of antibiotics for therapy.Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the carriage of erm(F) and tet(Q), and genetic variability of 12 Porphyromonas gingivalis, 10 Prevotella intermedia, 25 Prevotella nigrescens and 17 Bacteroides forsythus isolates from 9 different patient samples.Methods: We used polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detecting antibiotic resistance genes, and pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) for detecting genetic variability among the isolates.Results: Thirty‐one (48%) isolates were resistant to both erythromycin and tetracycline and carried the erm(F) and tet(Q) genes, eight (13%) were tetracycline resistant and carried the tet(Q) gene, 9 (14%) were erythromycin resistant and carried the erm(F) gene, and 12 (19%) isolates did not carry antibiotic resistance genes. PFGE was used to compare isolates from the same patient and isolates from different patient samples digested with XbaI. No association was found between antibiotic resistance gene carriage and PFGE patterns in any species examined. All isolates of the same species from the same patient had highly related or identical PFGE patterns. Isolates of same species from different patients had unique PFGE pattern for each species tested.Conclusion: All isolates of the same species from any one patient were genetically related to each other but distinct from isolates from other patients, and 66% of the patients carried antibiotic resistant isolates, which could impair antibiotic therapy.
Collagenase‐2 (MMP‐8) and collagenase‐3 (MMP‐13) in adult periodontitis: molecular forms and levels in gingival crevicular fluid and immunolocalisation in gingival tissue
Authors: Kiili M. , Cox S. W. , Chen H. W. , Wahlgren J. , Maisi P. , Eley B. M. , Salo T. , Sorsa T. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAim: To determine the cellular and molecular forms of MMP‐8 (collagenase‐2) and MMP‐13 (collagenase‐3) associated with chronic adult periodontitis by examining the species present in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and enzyme distribution in gingival tissue.Methods: 30‐s GCF samples were collected directly from the periodontal pockets of 12 untreated patients using filter paper strips. After elution into buffer, the samples were examined by Western immunoblotting with polyclonal antibodies for MMP‐8 and MMP‐13 and quantification by scanning image analysis. Individual band intensities were expressed as a percentage of total sample absorbance and mean patient values were calculated. Gingival tissue from 6 patients was fixed in formalin and embedded in paraffin wax. MMP‐8 and MMP‐13 were localised using the same antibodies and an avidin‐biotin‐peroxidase detecting system. Double staining was performed with a contrasting substrate reaction.Results: The majority of MMP‐8 staining in pre‐treatment GCF was present in 80, 75 and 60 kD bands corresponding to prepro‐, pro‐ and active forms of PMN‐type enzyme. 43 and 38 kD bands evidently represented active, fibroblast‐type MMP‐8. Immunoreactivities at >100 kD and 30 kD were probably enzyme‐inhibitor complex and degraded fragments, respectively. MMP‐13 was seen mainly as 60 kD proenzyme with some 40 kD active enzyme and a small proportion of >100 kD complex. The percentages of MMP‐8 PMN‐type enzyme and MMP‐13 proenzyme bands correlated significantly with gingival and bleeding indices (p<0.05). Immunohistochemistry demonstrated MMP‐8 in PMNs, sulcular epithelial and also plasma cells in inflamed gingival connective tissue. MMP‐13 immunoreactivity was detected in the sulcular epithelium and in macrophage‐like cells.Conclusion: Multiple species and elevated levels of both MMP‐8 and MMP‐13 from many rather than single cellular sources in the diseased periodontium are identified in untreated periodontitis GCF and active forms contribute to GCF collagenase activity.
Can application of exogenous fibronectin enhance periodontal regeneration?
Authors: Wagle Jason E. , Virji Adi S. , Williams Karen B. , Rapley John W. , MacNeill Simon R. , Cobb Charles M. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground: Although fibronectin (FN) is an important extracellular glycoprotein involved in periodontal wound healing, it is not clear whether the application of exogenous fibronectin (ExoFN) offers any clinical benefit. The purpose of this preliminary in vitro study was to determine the binding of FN from three different sources, viz. endogenous EDTA‐plasma, endogenous serum and exogenous commercial purified human fibronectin in PBS buffer, to demineralized and non‐demineralized root powder.Method: The binding of FN to a known quantity of mineralized and non‐demineralized root powder by overnight incubation at 15°C was studied by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) technique. The criteria for optimal performance of EIA procedure for the determination of FN was established. Particle size of powdered root structure was standardized using a Vibratory Sieve Shaker.Results: The EDTA‐plasma and the serum FN exhibited binding of (17.8 ± 2.1 µg) and (6.5 ± 4.5 µg), respectively, to the non‐demineralized root powder. However, the binding was only significant for the EDTA‐plasma FN (p < 0.01) when compared to controls. In the demineralized group there was no ascertainable binding of FN from either endogenous or exogenous sources. ExoFN in buffer exhibited no binding at all to the non‐demineralized or demineralized root powder.Conclusion: The preliminary data suggest that additional plasma and serum factors may facilitate the binding of FN to root powder. High levels of FN in blood do not necessarily indicate that FN is available for binding to the root surface during periodontal surgery.
Investigation of an IL‐2 polymorphism in patients with different levels of chronic periodontitis
Authors: Scarel‐Caminaga Raquel M. , Trevilatto Paula C. , Souza Ana P. , Brito Rui B. , Line Sergio R. P. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground: Interleukin‐2 (IL‐2) is a pro‐inflammatory cytokine derived from Th1 cells. This cytokine is involved in B‐cell activation and stimulates macrophages, natural killer cells, T‐cell proliferation and osteoclast activity. IL‐2 has been also implicated in the stimulation of osteoclast activity in bone resorption.Objective: In this study the relationship between the polymorphism − 330 (T→G) in the IL‐2 gene and different levels of chronic periodontal disease was investigated.Material and Methods: DNA was extracted from buccal epithelial cells of 113 unrelated adult individuals acting as controls and with different levels of periodontitis. The PCR‐RFLP technique was used to investigate the polymorphism in the promoter of IL‐2 gene.Results: When comparing the data of three groups of patients (Control, Moderate and Severe) we did not find significant differences between the studied IL‐2 polymorphism and severity levels of PD. However, when the Control and Moderate phenotypes were grouped together and compared with genotypes TT vs. TG/GG, a significant difference was observed.Conclusion: We conclude that the − 330 (T→G) polymorphism in the IL‐2 gene is associated with the severity of periodontal disease. The results presented in this study suggest an active role of IL‐2 in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease.