bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kierkegaard’s Don Giovanni
Authors: Weiss Piero 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
S0ren Kierkegaard (1813-55), the Danish philosopher whose thought influenced Scandinavian writers in the nineteenth century and the whole existentialist movement in the twentieth, was deeply affected by Mozart’s Don Giovanni already in his student days. The figure of the opera’s hero came to occupy an important place in his first major work, Either/Or (Enten/Eller, Copenhagen, 1843), where it serves to illustrate vividly, and famously, a mode of existence that finds fulfillment in the gratification of the senses. This, obviously, is not the whole story Kierkegaard has to tell, and in the 11Or” part of his equation he presents a brief for the life lived ethically. But it is not for their philosophical import that the following excerpts are included here.
E. T. A. Hoffmann On “music Drama That Springs From The Heart”
Authors: Weiss Piero 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ernst Theodor Amadeus Hoffmann (1776-1822) was a many-sided genius: musician, painter, writer, man of law. His influence on the romantic movement was immense. His works of fiction inspired operas and ballets (Offenbach’s Tales of Hoffmann, Tchaikovsky’s Nutcracker are examples) as well as instrumental music (Schumann’s “Kreisleriana,” etc.). He was a pioneering music critic as welI, and in the following selection, first pubIished separately in 1 814, later incorporated in Kreisleriana, Part II (1815), he addressed himself to a subject close to his heart, opera. Himself an opera composer (he was composing his most successful one, Undine, at the time this essay was written), Hoffmann here expounds some of his basic beliefs, taking his cue from a remark attributed to the Italian composer Antonio Sacchini (1730-86). The remark obviously referred to the older style of opera seria, and Hoffmann is well aware of this; he does not dispute the older aesthetic but rather deplores the confused state of opera in his own time and what he views as a widespread tendency to seek easy “effects.” His own idols are Cluck and Mozart (in whose honor he changed his third name, Wilhelm, to Amadeus), and they figure prominently in this essay.
Brecht On “Epic Opera”
Authors: Weiss Piero 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Kurt Weill’s and Bertolt Brecht’s opera Aufstieg und Fall der Stadt Mahagonny (Rise and Fall of the City of Mahagonny) had its first performance on 9 March 1930 in Leipzig. As Brecht’s footnote 3 below testifies, the event provoked riotous behavior in the audience, and protests on moral and political grounds accompanied the opera as it appeared in other cities-in stark contrast to the reception given to the same authors’ Die Dreigroschenoper (The Threepenny Opera), which, since its premiere three years earlier, was quickly becoming the biggest theatrical success of Weimar Germany. Social criticism already marked the earlier work. In Mahagonny it became the main message and, for Brecht, the only reason for any opera to exist. With the publication of his Remarks on the work in 1930, Brecht made the need for theatrical reform (or “innovation”) contingent on the reform of society as a whole. By now he was (and would remain for the rest of his life) a committed Marxist, and his comments on contemporary efforts to break with operatic convention are abrasive precisely because these efforts did not presuppose a simultaneous restructuring of society (see his references to Strauss’s Elektra, Krenek’s Jonny spielt auf, Stravinsky’s Oedipus Rex by innuendo, and finally on Cebrauchsmusik).
Stravinsky, Auden, And The Rake’s Progress
Authors: Weiss Piero 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After viewing Hogarth’s eight paintings of “The Rake’s Progress” (1733) at the Chicago Art Institute in May 1947, Stravinsky decided they would form the subject of an English-language opera he had been meaning to compose. He was living in Hollywood at the time, and he asked his neighbor Aldous Huxley to recommend a librettist. Huxley recommended W. H. Auden; the result was one of the most successful operas of the later twentieth century. The first contacts between the composer and the librettist (who would soon be joined by Chester Kallman as collaborator) are recorded below. Note, in the first letter, Stravinsky’s original intention of avoiding recitative and using spoken dialogue instead; he later changed his mind and employed “secco” recitative, complete with harpsichord.
The Solar System
Authors: Ladders Katharina , Fegley Bruce 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Solar system elemental abundances (often referred to as “cosmic” abundances in the older literature) represent the best abundance estimates for our solar system. Abundance data are obtained from solar spectroscopy (solar abundances) and from abundance determinations in primitive meteorites (CI-chondrites). Except for volatile elements (e.g., H, C, N, 0, noble gases), which are lost from meteorites and elements that are destroyed in the sun (e.g., Li, Be, B), the agreement between solar and meteoritic abundances is generally fair.
Mars and Satellites
Authors: Ladders Katharina , Fegley Bruce 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mars has an elliptical orbit (e˜0.093), which leads to ˜45% more insolation at perihelion than aphelion. As a consequence, the seasons are more accentuated than on Earth. Seasonal temperatures range from 148 K in polar winter to 290 K in southern summer. The seasonal temperature changes cause CO2 condensation into and sublimation from the polar caps, producing an annual pressure change of 37% (2.4 mbar) relative to the global mean pressure of 6.36 mbar. Annual pressure variations due to CO2 condensation and sublimation were monitored by the Viking landers.
Angels in the Machinery
Authors: Edwards Rebecca 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Angels in the Machinery offers a sweeping analysis of the centrality of gender to politics in the United States from the days of the Whigs to the early twentieth century. Author Rebecca Edwards shows that women in the U.S. participated actively and influentially as Republicans, Democrats, and leaders of third-party movements like Prohibitionism and Populism decades before they won the right to vote, and in the process, transformed forever the ideology of American party politics. Using cartoons, speeches, party platforms, news accounts, and campaign memorabilia, she offers a compelling explanation of why family values, womens political activities, and even candidates sex lives remain hot-button issues in politics to this day.
Introducation
Authors: Edwards Rebecca 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As witnesses to an industrial revolution, nineteenth-century Americans were fascinated by the power and complexity of machines. In political debate they used machines as a metaphor for both the electoral system and for parties. A convention of freedmen, for example, urged southern blacks to organize “as a political unit, looking towards equal rights, with decided political machinery.” “Party machinery,” declared a Republican leader in 1868, “is the only possible method by which a free republic can accomplish the purpose of its existence.” Other references were negative: one New York Democrat protested convention rules that made a delegate “a mere cog in the wheel of a machine,” and Harper’s scoffed at the “usual machinery” of electoral campaigns.
Redemption
Authors: Edwards Rebecca 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The depression of 1893 was one of the worst economic crises ever to hit the United States. While it did not devastate financial markets as severely as the Great Depression would in 1929, the effect on industry was catastrophic. A quarter of the nation’s railroads went bankrupt. Production slumped in almost every manufacturing sector and ensuing layoffs were massive. Outside agriculture, which had its own problems, unemployment reached an estimated 2 million. Thousands of displaced workers sought charity in the cities, wandered the countryside, or starved from want. Some who kept their jobs fared only a little better, as wages in the textile and mining industries dropped more than 25 percent from levels that were already depressed. In real terms, American wages lost a fifth of their value in two years.
The Peculiar Institution of Southern Violence
Authors: Grimsted David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A young lawyer from Cincinnati, William Hauser, wrote his cousin, Julia Conrad, as soon as he arrived in Helena, Arkansas, in 1841. He had high hopes that he could establish his legal career quickly in the South, and he didn’t want Conrad to worry about him just because she’d probably read that a mob had recently drowned fifty to seventy-five “gamblers” in the area. He lectured that it was “such exaggerated accounts” that gave the South “a more abominable complexion” than it deserved: “In this instance I have been assured from the best authority there were not more than thirty men shot or otherwise killed.” Hauser didn’t mail the letter immediately, hoping to provide more precise details about where he was settling. Eight days later he added a postscript from Mills Point, Kentucky, having concluded, “I would have to sacrifice everything and endanger life to live” in Arkansas. He was on his way home to Ohio.
The Mobs of the Second Party System
Authors: Grimsted David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Niles’ Register reported with horror the October 1834 election riots in Philadelphia. Rowdies sometimes formed “such a mass of living matter” that the feeble or aged gave up their vote, and even the strongest could stay only if willing to sacrifice their clothes. Elections were becoming the province “of a villainous mob-sets of wretched creatures, hired at so much for the day’s work, to do the bidding of their employers!-to block up the passage or ‘knock down and drag out.”‘ A letter from a Philadelphia woman, Julia Grew, corroborated Niles’s account. “Such immovable mobs collected around the polls,” she wrote, “that the common method for a gentleman to present his vote was by a conveyance across the heads of the multitude. During this delightful transportation, some gentlemen of the opposite party would snip a seam in his coat, and tear it as far as possible. Some had their clothes literally tom off, and many persons were much injured.” Some chose other means of access; one man, Niles reported, fixed a knife against his abdomen to clear a path toward the polls.
Prologue
Authors: Lahav Noam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Why is the sky dark at night?” The question is not as trivial as it may seem, because if the universe is infinite and eternal, according to Newton’s model, then starlight should reach our planet from all directions, and the sky should also be illuminated at night. This problem is sometimes called “Olbers’ Paradox,” even though it is not a paradox, nor was it Willhelm Olbers (1758-1840) who addressed it first, in 1823. This problem had first been contemplated by Thomas Digges in 1576 and was known to later astronomers, including Johannes Kepler, Edmund Halley, and Sir William Herschel. It was Edgar Allan Poe, however, the founder of popular scientific journalism, who suggested a partial solution to this problem as early as 1848. According to his proposal, the universe has a finite age, though it was generally assumed it is inherently static. Thus, the light from remote stars did not have enough time to reach the earth and is beyond our horizon now. Forty years later this suggestion was supported by Lord Kelvin (1824-1907) but was not accepted, and it was later forgotten.
General Chemical, Biochemical, and Molecular-Biological Characterization
Authors: Lahav Noam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When we attempt to define life, or living, we immediately come up against a fundamental and apparently irreducible paradox: living organisms are composed of inanimate molecules Must we then say that “life” is the interaction of all the inanimate components of this whole? In other words, that nothing is alive in a cell except the whole of it? The chemical status of the cell is far from static, even when it seems to change only slightly with time. Chemical processes, that is, the synthesis and breakdown of molecules, take place in the cell continuously. These processes create fluxes of matter and energy between the cell and its environment that are characteristic of living organisms. The scientific disciplines that study these processes are thermodynamics, biochemistry, and molecular biology.
Clues and Speculations Based on Cosmology and Geology
Authors: Lahav Noam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The idea of life in planetary systems similar to ours is rather old. If the origin of life on planet Earth is assumed to have been based on organic compounds formed in the atmosphere (the classical Miller-Urey experiment), then life could have formed on other planets as well (Kasting et al., 1997).
Introduction
Authors: Cavicchi Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Early in the morning of April 30, 1976, after playing a two-and-a-half hour concert in Memphis, Tennessee, Bruce Springsteen took a cab to Elvis Presley ‘s Graceland Mansion and jumped the gate in an attempt to meet his boyhood idol. At the time Springsteen was a star; his album Born to Run (1975) was a hit, and he had been on the covers of both Time and Newsweek. But the guard who emerged from the bushes to remove the intruder didn ‘t know him. “He thought I was just another crazy fan, “ Springsteen said. “Which I was “ (Marsh 1979, 193).
Ignorning the music Business
Authors: Cavicchi Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While many fans represent their connection with Bruce Springsteen in terms of his music “touching them, “ a very personal and immediate interaction, they nevertheless admit that their listening is part of a lengthy and elaborate act of commodified exchange. Fans know that when Springsteen writes a song, he cannot simply perform it for his audience; the song must travel a complex circuit involving band members, record company executives, managers, producers, recording technicians, mixing engineers, promotion people, designers, printers, record store owners, clerks, the press, radio DJs, concert promoters, roadies, and merchandisers before it ever reaches anyone ‘s ears (see Darnton 1989). As 20-yearold college student Russ Curley told me, “Ideally, you would have music, and the people who were going to listen to it naturally gravitate toward it. But things are complicated when you have a capitalist society and system where music is big business “ (interview, November 2, 1993).
Papyrus Rolls
Authors: Kilgour Frederick G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
DJ SOMETIME AROUND 3 zoo B. c., King Narmer, also known as Menes, united the kingdoms of Upper and Lower Egypt and became the first king of the First Dynasty. It was also at this time that the earliest known Egyptian writing was done; the pictographs on the oft-reproduced slate Palette of Narmer provide one example. Narmer’s dynasty and the dynasty that followed, which began about2900 B.C. and lasted for another two hundred years, comprised the Early Dynastic Period. Thirty more dynasties followed, with the last, the Ptolemaic, ending in30 B.C. Egyptian chronology has suffered, and still suffers, from wandering dates generated by various chronological schemes adopted at various times. Flinders Petrie’s design of sequence dating, long useful for the study of Egyptian prehistory, was predicated on the assumption that absolute dating was impossible, which was certainly the case in T901, when Petrie put forth his proposal. In recent decades, however, carbon-14 dating has produced prehistoric dates within usefully narrow limits; although they have replaced Petrie’s chronology, there are naturally some older monographs still being reprinted that contain his sequence dates. Further confusion arises as dynastic dates have been, and are still being, changed as knowledge of ancient Egypt expands.
Computer-Driven Book Production
Authors: Kilgour Frederick G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE HALF CENTURY following the Second World War was a revolutionary era, for it encompassed the sixth and seventh punctuations of equilibria in the history of the book: the development and introduction of photocomposition, which made offset printing so economical that it replaced cast type; and the introduction of electronic books, to be discussed in the next chapter. Gutenberg’s seminal concept—that the act of physical writing by humans could be mechanized, and that the mechanism could be used to make multiple copies of a book at a low cost—remains basic to modern printing technology, although the technologies Gutenberg had available more than five centuries ago were different in every regard from those of the late twentieth century. As has already been said, when new technologies furnish new solutions to problems, they rarely do so by mimicking earlier technology.
Solute Transport Above The Sediment-Water Interface
Authors: Boudreau Bernard P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Transfer of solutes through a benthic boundary layer (BBL) exerts an influence on a number of geochemically important processes, including the dissolution of CaCO3 (Schink and Guinasso, 1977), ferromanganese nodule formation (Boudreau and Scott, 1978; Boudreau, 1988), oxygen consumption and the growth of microbial mats (Jumars and Nowell, 1984; Jfl,lrgensen and Revsbech, 1985; Gundersen and ]ri.lrgensen, 1990), nutrient transfer to coral reefs (Bilger and Atkinson, 1992, 1995; Baird and Atkinson, 1997), and the release of contaminants (Thibodeaux et al., 1980). This chapter describes the transport of solutes through the water side of the BBL and the models that account for their distributions and fluxes. In this chapter, two types of solutes are distinguished: those that are not measurably reactive, called passive, and to those that exhibit appreciable reaction in a BBL, termed reactive. The lack of reactivity of passive solutes is restricted to their behavior in the water column, whereas their production or consumption is assumed to occur at the sediment-water interface and/or in the underlying sediments.
Unintentional Injuries: Drownings, Falls, and Burns
Authors: Barss Peter , Smith Gordon S , Baker Susan P , Mohan Dinesh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Drownings, falls, and burns are the major causes of fatal or severe unintentional injury, after traffic injuries. In isolated or mountainous areas with few roads, and even in certain cities, their health impact exceeds that of traffic injuries. Falls and burns are leading causes of mild and moderate injuries in the home and elsewhere. This chapter examines the importance of each of these injuries, special circumstances pertaining to developing countries and indigenous communities leading to these injuries, and the classification, data sources, examples, and determinants for each type of injury. Each of these three types of injuries includes several subcategories that may have quite different determinants and risk groups. Careful classification and specific analyses of circumstances relating to the subcategories most common in a particular area are essential to determine the most appropriate interventions.
Conclusion
Authors: Barss Peter , Smith Gordon S , Baker Susan P , Mohan Dinesh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Attitudes towards injuries are changing. This should lead to a new era when scientific studies help guide decision makers toward effective leadership in the prevention of morbidity and mortality from injuries. We hope the material in this book has provided an introduction for the reader interested in preventing injuries, especially in neglected areas of developing countries or in indigenous, remote, and other underserved communities in industrialized countries. It should be obvious by now that relatively little injury surveillance and research has been done in such locations, especially for non-traffic injuries. This situation is changing as researchers and senior officials become aware of recent developments in injury control, acquire expertise in injury surveillance, improve local data sources, and begin to apply various interventions in their own countries.
Aspects of Meter
Authors: Schachter Carl 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Meter is a problem. Theorists investigating rhythm have reached no consensus about such fundamental issues as the nature of the metrical accent, the possibility of meter over large spans of time, and the status of discrepancies between the meter as notated and some of the obvious rhythmic emphases in a piece. When different theorists attempt a metrical analysis of the same piece or passage, the divergent results can be striking indeed. The classic instance is that most overanalyzed piece of music, the theme for the variations that open Mozart’s Piano Sonata in A Major, K.331. Hugo Riemann maintains that Mozart failed to notate the true downbeats, and he “improves” the notation by putting bar lines in the middle of Mozart’s measures.
The Adventures of an F#
Authors: Schachter Carl 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a well-known letter to his father, Mozart discussed how he went about writing an opera, in this case The Abduction from the Sera3/io. Osmin’s uncontrollable rage, for instance, was to be expressed by a sudden and unexpected change in key and time. Just after the apparent end of his F-major aria, following a bit of dialogue with Pedrillo, Osmin launches into the aria’s A-minor pendant, composed in a new meter and tempo and with new orchestration al/a Turca.
Social Revolution and the Persistence of Rape
Authors: Smith Patricia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By and large, an effective change in law requires a substantial revision of cultural attitude, not the other way around. Still, some legal reform, as long as it is incremental, can encourage cultural evolution. Certainly there has been enormous social upheaval with regard to sexual relations between men and women during the second half of the twentieth century-so much so, in fact, that it is often called a sexual revolution. One might think that recent cultural change, then, is sufficient to support some needed legal reform. But the changes, while undeniable, are difficult to assess. In some ways they are cataclysmic; in others, barely discernible. Rape, for one thing, is as prevalent, menacing, and limiting to women as it has ever been. Assuming that rape, like slavery, is an evil that we would like to see evolve out of existence, I would like to consider what has changed, what hasn’t changed with regard to sexual attitudes, as well as what might be changed especially in law and legal enforcementto encourage the decline of rape in our culture.
Immune Response and Methods for Detection of Infectious Diseases
Authors: Peace-Brewer Amy L , Kane Kimberly L , Folds James D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An individual’s ability to survive in a world of pathogens depends on an intact immune system. The immune system is a network of cells and proteins that are capable of identifying, as well as removing, a foreign invader. As the system is challenged by various pathogens, such as microorganisms, viruses etc., different sections of the immune system are activated to facilitate the removal of the pathogen. Each section of the immune system is adept at eliminating or clearing different types of organisms. Therefore understanding how the various sections of the immune system respond to different organisms can be useful for identifying stages of infection. This chapter is divided into three major sections: an overview of the branches of the immune system; examples of different immune responses; and laboratory testing methodologies illustrating how one can distinguish between infection and exposure to a particular pathogen.