bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detection of Toxoplasma gondii in feline and canine biological samples by use of the polymerase chain reaction
Authors: Stiles Jean , Prade Rolf , Greene Craig 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To develop a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique to identify Toxoplasma gondii DNA in biological samples from cats and dogs.

Design
To artificially create samples that would mimic those acquired in a clinical setting from animals with naturally acquired toxoplasmosis. Using these samples, a PCR test to identify T gondii DNA was developed.

Sample Population
Feline and canine aqueous humor, CSF, serum, and blood samples.

Procedure
Tachyzoites of several strains of T gondii grown in cell culture were added to feline and canine aqueous humor, CSF, serum, and blood samples. Protocols for identifying T gondii DNA by use of the PCR were developed.

Results
The DNA from as few as 10 tachyzoites of T gondii could be identified in feline and canine aqueous humor, CSF, and serum samples. One hundred tachyzoites could be identified in blood samples.

Conclusions
Toxoplasma gondii can be identified in feline and canine biological samples by use of the PCR.

Clinical Relevance
Correlation of clinical disease to T gondii serum antibodies provides only a presumptive diagnosis of toxoplasmosis. Use of PCR to detect T gondii DNA in biological samples from cats and dogs may provide a sensitive tool for the antemortem diagnosis of toxoplasmosis and may be most beneficial when used in conjunction with serum antibody titers.(Am J Vet Res 1996;57:264-267)
Effects of intramuscular or interpleural administration of morphine and interpleural administration of bupivacaine on pulmonary function in dogs that have undergone median sternotomy
Authors: Dhokarikar Pradnya , Caywood Dennis D. , Stobie Daniel , Raffe Marc R. , Albrecht Mark , BVSc Mathur Kannan , King Vickie , Hegstad Becky , Randall Debbie 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate effects of interpleural or IM administration of morphine and interpleural administration of bupivacaine on pulmonary function in dogs that have undergone median sternotomy.

Design
Experimental trial.

Animals
18 healthy dogs.

Procedure
Dogs underwent median sternotomy and were randomly assigned to groups of 6 dogs each. Group-A dogs were given morphine (1.0 mg/kg of body weight) IM; group-B dogs were given 0.5% bupivacaine (1.5 mg/kg) interpleurally; and group-C dogs were given morphine (1.0 mg/kg) interpleurally. Heart rate; systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressures; rectal temperature; pain score; and arterial blood gas partial pressures were measured and pulmonary function testing was performed immediately after extubation (time 0) and up to 48 hours later. Serum cortisol and morphine concentrations were measured at time 0 and up to 12 hours after surgery.

Results
There was a significant decrease in pH, Pao2, mean oxygen saturation of hemoglobin, and dynamic compliance; and a significant increase in Paco2. alveolar-arterial difference in partial pressure of oxygen, pulmonary resistance, and work of breathing for dogs in all groups after surgery. Serum cortisol concentrations were significantly increased, compared with preoperative values, in all dogs. Serum cortisol concentrations were significantly higher in group-B dogs between 3 and 5 hours after surgery, compared with group-A dogs.

Conclusions
Median sternotomy was associated with significant alterations in pulmonary function. Effects of interpleural administration of bupivacaine and morphine were similar to effects of IM administration of morphine.(Am J Vet Res 1996;57:375-380)
Penetration of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin into breast milk, and pharmacokinetics of the drugs in lactating rabbits and neonatal offspring
Authors: Aramayona Jose J. , Mora Jaume , Fraile Lorenzo J. , Garcia Maria A. , Abadía Ana R. , Bregante Miguel A. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine the pharmacokinetics and milk penetration of enrofloxacin (ENR) and ciprofloxacin (CIP) in lactating rabbits and their disposition in suckling rabbits.

Design
Prospective cross-over study.

Animals
6 lactating New Zealand White rabbits and their offspring (16 days after parturition).

Procedure
Serial plasma and milk samples were assayed by use of a high-performance liquid chromatography technique. In vitro protein binding in plasma and skim milk was measured by ultrafiltration. Skim-to-whole milk ratio also was determined. The time course of ENR and CIP was fitted by nonlinear least squares regression analysis, and the pharmacokinetic variables were compared.

Results
The time courses of ENR and CIP in plasma were similar in lactating adult rabbits (mean body clearances, 23.9 and 27.2 ml/min/kg of body weight, for ENR and CIP, respectively). Observed milk-to-plasma ratios (M/P) were determined, using the area under the milk and plasma concentration versus time profiles (ENR, 2.59; CIP, 3.61). Predicted M/P (ENR, 6.35; CIP, 3.04) were calculated from in vitro measurements. Body clearance calculated for ENR and CIP in suckling rabbit pups involved a decrease of 80 and 74%, respectively, over that found in lactating animals.

Conclusions
Observed CIP M/P were correlated to predicted values, which strengthens the argument that CIP passes into the milk by nonionic diffusion. The lack of correlation between observed and predicted ENR M/P pointed out that ENR undergoes faster elimination from milk than that predicted by the diffusional model. Diminished elimination capacity observed in suckling rabbits would result in greater exposure than that predicted from concentrations alone. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:547–553)
Contribution of passive immunity to porcine respiratory coronavirus to protection against transmissible gastroenteritis virus challenge exposure in suckling pigs
Authors: Sestak Karol , Lanza Ignacio , Park Seong-Kuk , Weilnau Peggy A. , Saif Linda J. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine the ability of porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV) infections to induce passive immunity in suckling pigs to transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) challenge exposure.

Design and Animals
4 TGEV seronegative sows and their litters (group A) served as controls, whereas 2 other groups (B and C) of sows (also TGEV seronegative) were oronasally inoculated with live PRCV during 1 or 2 subsequent pregnancies, respectively.

Procedure
Effectiveness of passive immunity provided to pigs via colostrum and milk was assessed after TGEV challenge exposure, and TGEV antibody responses in colostrum and milk were analyzed.

Results
Mortality in the 3 groups of young pigs correlated with severity of clinical signs of TGEV infection and was highest in control litters (86% in group-A pigs) and lowest in litters of sows inoculated with PRCV in 2 subsequent pregnancies (14% in group-C pigs). Virus-neutralization and IgA and IgG TGEV antibody titers of milk collected from sows at challenge exposure had significant positive correlation with litter survival. Significantly higher numbers of TGEV-specific IgA and IgG antibody-secreting cells were found in group-A pigs than in group-C pigs, suggesting that high titer of maternal antibodies (induced in group-C sows multiply exposed to PRCV) may interfere with active antibody responses.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
Results suggest that, in PRCV-infected pig herds, multiple exposures of pregnant sows are associated with higher IgA and IgG antibody titers to TGEV in milk, and these titers contribute to protection against TGEV infection. (Am J Vet Res 1996; 57:664–671)
Effects of rate of gain on scrotal circumference and histopathologic features of the testes of half-sibling yearling beef bulls
Authors: Ohl M. W. , Ott R. S. , Faulkner D. B. , Hornbuckle T. , Hess R. A. , Cmarik G. F. , Zinn G. M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine the effects of high and low gain on production variables and reproductive characteristics of bulls, including histopathologic lesions in the testes, as determined by quantitative measurements.

Animals
23 half-sibling, 11.6-month-old beef bulls, averaging 326 ± 8.3 kg in weight and having a mean scrotal circumference of 28.7 ± 0.4 cm.

Design
Bulls were randomly assigned within pairs to high- or low-gain rations and fed ad libitum for 112 days.

Procedures
Scrotal circumference and body weight were measured on days 0, 28, 56, 84, and 112. Bulls were castrated on day 112. Morphologic characteristics of spermatozoa were determined from samples taken on days 50 and 111. Testis sections from each bull were examined, using light microscopy, for changes in the seminiferous epithelium and interstitium. A grading scheme was used to quantify testicular lesions by histologic techniques. Pathologic changes in 600 cross sections from each bull were classified into 9 grades. The degree of germinal epithelial loss per 100 tubules was calculated by assigning a value to each grade according to the severity of loss of germinal epithelium.

Results
Scrotal circumference (mean ± SEM cm), 34.0 ± 0.8 vs 31.7 ± 0.5 (P < 0.001), body weight (kg), 512.3 ± 19.6 vs 421.9 ± 9.4 (P < 0.001), and paired testicular and epididymal weight (g), 532 ± 31 vs 425 ± 24 (P < 0.0001) and 73.8 ± 1.9 vs 56.3 ± 3.7 (P < 0.001) were greater in the high-gain than in the low-gain group. Morphologic characteristics of spermatozoa were similar for both groups. Means for graded seminiferous epithelial effects were similar in each group. Hypoplastictype tubules were found in bulls with small scrotal circumference in both the high- and low-gain groups.

Conclusion
High gain resulted in greater testicular growth but testicular structure and function were similar for both groups. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:844–847)
Effects of pretreatment with ketoprofen and phenylbutazone on experimentally induced synovitis in horses
Authors: Owens Jane G. , Kamerling Steven G. , Stanton Shawn R. , Keowen Michael L. , Prescott-Mathews Judith S. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To compare the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID), ketoprofen (2.20 and 3.63 mg/kg of body weight) and phenylbutazone (4.40 mg/kg), in an acute equine synovitis model.

Design
4 groups of 6 horses received NSAID or saline solution in a randomized design.

Animals
24 clinically normal mares and geldings.

Procedure
Left intercarpal joints were injected with sterile carrageenan to induce synovitis at the same time as IV administration of NSAID or saline solution. Clinical assessments were made and synovial fluid was withdrawn at 0, 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, and 48 hours.

Results
The eicosanoids, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and leukotriene B4, increased in synovial fluid after synovitis induction in all horses then returned to near baseline by 48 hours. All NSAID-treated horses had decreased PGE2, compared with saline-treated horses. This effect lasted longer in phenylbutazone-treated horses than in ketoprofen-treated horses. There were no treatment effects on leukotriene B4. In saline-treated animals, lameness, joint temperature, and synovial fluid volume, protein concentration, and nucleated cells increased 3 to 12 hours after induction, with marked reduction by 48 hours. Only phenylbutazone treatment reduced lameness, joint temperature, and synovial fluid volume.

Conclusion
Phenylbutazone was more effective than ketoprofen in reducing lameness, joint temperature, synovial fluid volume, and synovial fluid PGE2. Results do not support lipoxygenase inhibition by either NSAID.

Clinical Relevance
This reversible model induced synovial fluid alterations similar to those observed in horses with septic arthritis. Results indicate that phenylbutazone may be more useful than ketoprofen in treating acute joint inflammation. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:866–874)
Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin after intravenous and intramuscular administrations in sheep
Authors: Mengozzi G. , Intorre L. , Bertini S. , Soldani G. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate the pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin after administrations of enrofloxacin in sheep.

Design
Crossover study performed by IV and IM administrations of 2.5 mg of enrofloxacin/kg of body weight to 2 groups of 3 sheep. After a 15-day resting period, the drug administration was repeated, using the alternative route.

Animals
6 clinically normal Massese sheep of either sex.

Procedure
Blood samples were collected at suitable intervals over a 24-hour period, and plasma concentrations of enrofloxacin and its main metabolite ciprofloxacin were determined by a high-performance liquid chromatography method. Pharmacokinetic variables for both substances after IV and IM enrofloxacin administrations were calculated by use of statistical moments and were analyzed, using a crossover ANOVA.

Results
After IV administration of enrofloxacin, a rapid distribution phase was followed by a slower elimination phase. When the same dose was administered IM, enrofloxacin was rapidly and almost completely absorbed, with bioavailability of 85%. After 24 hours, the mean plasma concentration of ciprofloxacin was similar to that of the parent drug.

Conclusions
The large volume of distribution indicates that enrofloxacin is widely distributed in the body of sheep. The fraction of enrofloxacin metabolized to ciprofloxacin (35 and 55% for IV and IM administrations, respectively) suggests that, in this species, the antimicrobial activity of enrofloxacin could be attributable, at least in part, to its mam metabolite ciprofloxacin.

Clinical Relevance
IV or IM administration of 2.5 mg of enrofloxacin/kg provides plasma concentrations higher than mean inhibitory concentration for most pathogens in sheep. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1040–1043)
Nephrotoxicity of amphotericin B administered to dogs in a fat emulsion versus five percent dextrose solution
Authors: Randall Stacy R. , Adams Larry G. , White M. Randall , DeNicola Dennis B. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine whether administration of amphotericin B in a fat emulsion solution would reduce the nephrotoxicity of amphotericin B, compared with that associated with administration of amphotericin B in 5% dextrose solution.

Design
Prospective controlled study.

Animals
2 groups of 5 adult male Beagles.

Procedure
Dogs received amphotericin B (1 mg/kg of body weight/d) prepared in 5% dextrose solution or in 20% fat emulsion daily for 6 doses. Serum biochemical analysis, CBC, urinalysis, and endogenous creatinine clearance were performed on days 0 and 8, 2 days after the last dose of amphotericin B. On day 8, dogs were euthanatized and gross necropsies were performed. Unbiased semiquantitative scoring of the kidneys for the degree of injury was performed by use of light microscopy.

Results
There were no significant differences in serum creatinine, urea nitrogen, or potassium concentrations, urine specific gravity, endogenous creatinine clearance, or degree of tubulo-interstitial injury between the 2 groups.

Conclusion
In this model, the degree of nephrotoxicity of amphotericin B was not significantly different for dogs receiving the drug in a fat emulsion versus its administration in 5% dextrose. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1054–1058)
Fibrinolytic activity in dogs after surgically induced trauma
Authors: Lanevschi Anne , Kramer John W. , Greene Stephen A. , Meyers Kenneth M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine whether alterations in the fibrinolytic pathway analytes, plasminogen (PLG), tissue plasminogen activator, and α2-antiplasmin are significant in dogs subjected to minor and major surgical trauma.

Animals
18 dogs in 3 groups of 6 each.

Procedure
Plasma fibrinolytic pathway analytes were measured in dogs with trauma of ovariohysterectomy (minor trauma) or orthopedic surgery (major trauma) and halothane anesthesia (control group). A commercial procedure adapted to a microtitration plate was used to measure the analytes. Blood was obtained 24 hours before anesthesia, at extubation (0 hours), and again at 2, 24, and 48 hours after extubation. An analyte quality-control strategy was maintained.

Results
In the major trauma group, there was a significant, transient, postsurgical decrease in PLG activity at 0 and 24 hours and a return to presurgical values by 48 hours. The minor trauma group had a similar trend without significant changes, including an increase in PLG values at 48 hours that exceeded the reference range. Antiplasmin values changed significantly in the major trauma group only. Tissue plasminogen activator values remained within the reference range.

Conclusions
Tissue plasminogen activator was not considered a clinical marker of interest for detection of alterations in fibrinolysis after trauma. In contrast, plasma PLG and α2-antiplasmin values may be useful in the evaluation of hemostatic complications of surgery.

Clinical Relevance
Identification of altered fibrinolysis in dogs undergoing traumatic surgery may provide a baseline for preventive pre- and postsurgical hemostatic care. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1137-1140)
Efficacy of a subcutaneously administered, ultraviolet light-killed Pasteurella haemolytica A1-containing vaccine against transthoracic challenge exposure in goats
Authors: Purdy Charles W. , Straus David C. , Sutherland R. J. , Ayres J. R. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine the effectiveness of Pasteurella haemolytica biovar A, serovar 1 (Ph A1) killed by UV light and incorporated with an oil adjuvant or carriers.

Animals
40 weanling male Spanish goats.

Procedure
Goats were randomly allotted to 1 of 6 treatment groups: 4 Ph A1 bacterins (agar beads, polyacrylate beads [PA], phosphate-buffered saline solution, Freund's incomplete adjuvant), live Ph A1 with polyacrylate beads (LiPhPA), and polyacrylate beads (UnVac). Each of 4 Ph A1 vaccines was administered SC twice, 21 days apart, to 1 of 4 groups; another group received only PA beads SC, and the last group received live Ph A1 with PA beads by transthoracic injection into the left lung. 14 days after the second vaccination, all goats were challenge exposed with live Ph A1 by transthoracic injection into the right lung, and 4 days later, all goats were euthanatized and necropsied.

Results
Mean volume of consolidated right lung tissue was 1.02 cm3 for the LiPhPA group, 168.1 cm3 for the UnVac group, 2.3 cm3 for the Freund's incomplete adjuvant bacterin group, 5.53 cm3 for the PA bacterin group, 9.01 cm3 for the agar beads bacterin group, and 7.51 cm3 for the phosphate-buffered saline solution bacterin group. Mean volume of consolidated lung tissue was significantly different between the UnVac group and the other 5 groups.

Conclusion
The LiPhPA group and 4 bacterin groups developed protective immunity against live Ph A1 challenge exposure.

Clinical Relevance
An SC administered, UV light- killed Ph A1 bacterin induced protective immunity equal to that induced by virulent live Ph A1 injected into the target organ, the lung. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1168-1174)
Alterations in colonic arterial and venous plasma neuropeptide concentrations in horses during low-flow ischemia and reperfusion of the large colon
Authors: Moore Rustin M. , Charalambous Andreas C. , Masty Jerome 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To measure colonic arterial (CA) and colonic venous (CV) plasma neuropeptide concentrations during low-flow ischemia and reperfusion of the large colon in horses.

Animals
10 adult horses.

Procedure
CA and CV plasma samples collected from anesthetized horses during experimentally induced low-flow colonic ischemia and reperfusion were assayed for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), and substance P (SP), using radioimmunoassays. In 6 anesthetized horses, colonic ischemia (20% of baseline [BL]) was maintained for 3 hours, then blood flow was restored and monitored for 3 hours. Hemodynamic variables were monitored continuously and recorded at 30-minute intervals. CA resistance was calculated from colonic blood flow (Qcolon) and mean CA pressure values at each time. Blood was obtained from CA and CV catheters at 0, 1, 2, 3, 3.25, 3.5, 4, 5, and 6 hours; plasma VIP, CGRP, and SP concentrations were quantified, using radioimmunoassays. In 4 additional horses, VIP and CGRP were measured in CA and CV blood at 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1 hour.

Results
Heart rate was significantly increased at 5.5 and 6 hours; other alterations in systemic hemodynamic variables were not significant. Decrease in Qcolon during ischemia was significant; Qcolon rebounded to a value significantly greater than BL value within 5 minutes of reperfusion and was maintained above the BL value during 3 hours of reperfusion. Mean CA pressure was significantly decreased during ischemia, but returned to a value not different from the BL value by 3.25 hours. Mean CV pressure remained unchanged from the BL value during ischemia, but increased to a value significantly greater than the BL value by 3.25 hours and remained increased through 6 hours. CA resistance began to decrease during early ischemia and was significantly less than the BL value by 3.25 hours; it remained less than the BL value through 4 hours. Increase in CV VIP concentration was significant by 0.25 hour of ischemia, but decreased to a value not different from BL value by 3.25 hours. Increase in CV CGRP was significant at 3.25 hours, but this variable returned to a value not different from BL value by 3.5 hours.

Conclusions
CV VIP concentration increases during low-flow colonic ischemia, and CV and CA CGRP and CA SP concentrations increase during early reperfusion. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1200-1205)
Effects of acepromazine and buprenorphine on measured indices of the signal-averaged electrocardiogram in healthy dogs
Authors: Kushner Lynne I. , Calvert Clay A. , Boyle Carolyn R. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objectives
To determine values for indices of signal-averaged electrocardiograms (SAECG) in healthy dogs, and to determine whether sedation with acepromazine and buprenorphine would alter these indices.

Animals
15 healthy adult dogs.

Procedure
SAECG were recorded from each dog twice: prior to sedation and immediately after sedation with acepromazine (0.01 mg/kg of body weight, IV) and buprenorphine (0.007 mg/kg, IV). Time-domain methods were used to analyze the SAECG. All indices were calculated by use of a computer. Measured indices included QRS duration, duration of low-amplitude signals in the terminal part of the QRS complex, root mean square voltages of the terminal 30 and 40 milliseconds of the QRS complex, heart rate, and high-frequency noise levels.

Results
We did not detect significant differences between values measured when dogs were not sedated and values measured when dogs were sedated except in regard to heart rate (P = 0.0001) and high-frequency noise levels (P = 0.0004), which were lower when dogs were sedated. Late potentials were not visually identified in SAECG from any dog in this study.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance
Sedation facilitated recording of SAECG in dogs without altering the results. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1511-1514)