bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The increase in skeletal muscle mass in male and female mice
Authors: Griffin G. E. , Goldspink G. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe total mass of skeletal muscle in male and female mice of strain 129/Re was found by removing the muscle from the bones using papain. The total muscle mass of male and female mice of under three weeks of age was not significantly different. After this time the muscle mass of male mice increased more rapidly and plateaued at a higher value than that of females. However, if the total muscle mass was plotted as a function of body weight then there was no significant difference between males and females. The percentage of body weight taken up by skeletal muscle was the same for males and females at all stages of development.
Changes in fat cell morphology during lactation in the mouse
Authors: Elias Joel J. , Pitelka Dorothy R. , Armstrong Rosa C. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA comparison was made of changes in the morphology of fat cells in the intact mammary gland, de‐epithelialized mammary fat pad, and the parametrial fat pad of female C3H mice during lactation. Mammary fat pad not in contact with actively secretory epithelium shows partial loss of fat during lactation (systemic effect) while in the presence of such epithelium there is much greater loss of fat (systemic plus local effect). In the same animal the parametrial fat pad shows greater depletion during lactation than the de‐epithelialized mammary fat pad. The extent of fat depletion is dependent on the number of nursing young and the duration of lactation. In the intact mammary gland and parametrial fat pad, marked change in fat cell structure is not seen in pregnancy except possibly at the very end; after weaning, replenishment of lactation‐depleted fat cells is conspicuous by 48 hours. The basic ultrastructure of mammary fat cells and the kinds of changes they undergo during depletion do not differ from those described for other mammalian adipose tissues.
The arterial supply to the lumbo‐sacral spinal cord in the monkey: A comparison with man
Authors: Fried Larry C. , Doppman John 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThis report compares the arterial supply of the lumbo‐sacral spinal cord in the monkey with that of man. The arterial supply to the lumbo‐sacral cord of 100 monkeys (82 Rhesus and 18 Mangabey) was demonstrated by perfusion techniques. We tabulated the level and side of origin of the great anterior medullary artery. Previous authors have shown that in man the peak incidence of the great anterior medullary artery is at T‐10. The peak incidence in the monkey is at L‐1. There are other features of the arterial supply to the lumbo‐sacral cord of the monkey that are different from man.
Conditions affecting the extracellular space in the frog's forebrain
Authors: Van Harreveld A. , Trubatch Janett 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe forebrain of the isolated central nervous system of frogs was fixed by freeze substitution and studied with the electron microscope. The extracellular space (ECS) of brains kept for 15–20 min in a physiological salt solution at room temperature varied from an appreciable to a negligible one. In electron micrographs exhibiting a large ECS the tissue elements had a uniform electron density. The EMs with little space featured in some instances a moderate swelling of presynaptic terminals and other tissue elements. Brains kept in a cooled medium or a salt solution with MgCl2 added exhibited invariably an abundant ECS. Treating the brain with a 100 mM KCl solution 5–90 sec before freezing yielded EMs with a contracted ECS and swollen tissue elements, many of which could be identified as dendritic spines. This effect of KCl was in many experiments prevented by bathing the brain in a salt solution containing 10 mM MgCl2 or in a Ca‐free solution.
Growth and distribution of human fetal brown fat
Authors: Merklin Robert J. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractMacroscopic and microscopic examination of adipose tissue was carried out in a series of 20 human fetuses, ranging in weight from 380–3032 gm, in an attempt to identify all areas of brown (multilocular) fat development and growth. Brown fat distribution in the human fetus takes the form of a highcollared vest affording coverage to the cervical, thoracic and abdominal viscera. Much of this fat lies deep within the body immediately outside the pleural and peritoneal membranes. the remainder overlies or borders muscles of the shoulder girdle and neck as distinct brown fat deposits deep to the subcutaneous layer of white (unilocular) fat. All brown fat bodies contain unilocular cells but they occur in very small numbers in the brown fat bodies of the posterior cervical triangle, anterior mediastinum and perirenal and suprailiac regions. Brown fat bodies usually develop along the course of large blood vessels and several of them develop direct vascular connections with the liver and kidneys. The total weight of fetal brown fat increases at a rate directly proportional to that of the liver and kidneys up to 2134 gm body weight and to that of the liver beyond this weight.
The popliteal node assay for graft‐versus‐host interaction in mice. I. Location and proliferation of donor and host cells within the popliteal node
Authors: Monié Herbert J. , Everett N. B. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA parental (CBAT6T6) lymph node cell suspension was injected into the hind footpad of F1 (CBA × C57BLKs) recipients. The resulting increase in the recipient's popliteal lymph node weight was linearly related on double log plots to the number of parental lymph node cells injected. The node weight response was biphasic including an initial rise, a maximum weight gain at seven to nine days and a gradual decline to normal weight. When the long‐lived small lymphocyte population of the donor was labeled with 3H‐thymidine, the location, morphology and mitotic activity of labeled cells was followed by radioautography. These cells were most frequently observed in the mid‐ and deep cortex and the medullary cords of the host node. Very few labeled blast cells were observed in sections or smears and radioautographs of chromosome spreads confirmed the infrequency of donor long‐lived small lymphocyte transformation and proliferation. Of the proliferating cells in the host node at the peak of the response, 60–85% were of host origin. These observations and others are discussed, and it is proposed that the host short‐lived small lymphocyte accounts for the majority of mitotic cells in the node at the peak of the response.
Distribution of 125I‐labeled human growth hormone in immature, hypophysectomized rats pretreated with ACTH or unlabeled human growth hormone
Authors: Mayberry H. E. , Waddell William J. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractWhole‐body autoradiograms were prepared from intact and hypophysectomized (Hypox) rats after receiving 125I‐HGH iv. In addition, some hypox rats received unlabeled HGH or ACTH six minutes before receiving the 125I‐HGH. Hypox rats had greater concentrations of radioactive material in the renal cortex, adrenal cortex, liver and submandibular gland than was present in blood. Pretreatment with ACTH increased the radioactive material in the inner zones of the adrenal cortex; liver and renal cortex contained more radioactive material than blood; and the submandibular gland contained an amount equal to that in blood. Pretreatment with unlabeled HGH greatly suppressed uptake of radioactivity in liver and adrenal cortex and slightly increased the uptake in the renal cortex. Radioactivity could not be detected in the renal medulla or urine of any of the rats. No concentration of radioactive material greater than that seen in blood was present in any other organ or tissue in any of the groups. In the intact rats, the kidney and the adrenal cortex had the greatest concentrations of radioactivity, while the concentration in the liver was equal to that in blood. Autoradiograms were also prepared from sections from untreated hypox rats that were dipped in 125I‐HGH solutions. These confirmed the presence of binding sites in the adrenal cortex and liver for 125I‐HGH. No binding of radioactive material was seen in the kidney.
Subsurface cisterns in mouse hepatocytes
Authors: Tandler Bernard , Hoppel Charles L. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractExtensive subsurface cisterns were commonly found beneath the apposed plasmalemmas of adjoining hepatocytes in young and adult mice. The cisterns were of two types: (1) flat cisterns, often with ribosomes on their deep surface, and (2) flattened, highly fenestrated smooth surfaced saccules, some of which were in continuity with smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Despite their frequent occurrence, the subsurface cisterns were always absent from the regions of gap or tight junctions, as well as from the periphery of bile canaliculi and cell surfaces bordering the space of Disse. The function of these cisterns remains undetermined.
Morphological plasticity in the wall of the third ventricle during the estrous cycle in the rat: A scanning electron microscopic study
Authors: Brawer James R. , Lin Peck Sun , Sonnenschein Carlos 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe ependymal tanycytes lining the ventral basal region of the third ventricle were studied in female rats during different stages of the estrous cycle. At mid‐diestrus, the apical membranes of tanycytes were shown to be devoid of microvilli and of other surface irregularities. During proestrus, a multitude of microvilli and small bulbous protrusions characterize this region of the ventricular wall. These surface disruptions persist through estrus and disappear during diestrus. In addition, so‐called supraependymal cells were observed and counted. Their numbers also vary with respect to the estrous cycle. The significance of these changes is discussed with respect to a possible mechanism for transporting substances from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to the parenchyma of the hypothalamus and to the circulation.
Morphological studies on denervated brown adipose tissue
Authors: Slavin Bernard G. , Bernick Sol 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIntact and denervated brown fat lobes of normal and cold‐exposed mice were studied by light and electron microscopy. Following two weeks of denervation in normal and cold‐exposed mice, denervated brown fat cells were hypertrophied because of lipid accumulation. In normal mice there was a transient increase in glycogen. In cold‐exposed mice, the quantity of glycogen in intact and denervated brown fat was greater than in normal mice. Mitochondria increased in size, and the number of cristae was greater in intact fat of cold‐exposed mice than in denervated brown fat. Carbon perfusion of blood vessels demonstrated a decreased capillary bed in denervated fat. Capillary constriction noted only in denervated brown fat is indicative of reduced blood flow.
Tridimensional reconstruction of the rat thymus
Authors: Sainte‐Marie Guy 
Published: February 2005

AbstractSome aspects of the basic histological features of the thymus are still not adequately known. The architecture of the heterogeneous organ, like the thymus, can be revealed by a tridimensional reconstruction only. We carried out such reconstruction of the cortex, medulla and network of interlobular septa of the rat thymus. The serial sections of a 10‐week‐old and of a 5‐day‐old thymus were projected on a cardboard of a thickness proportional to the magnification of the projection. The outlines of the three studied components were traced and cut off. The superposition of the similar cut‐offs yielded a model of each of the three thymic components. The models demonstrated that the current description of the organ is not thoroughly realistic. It was found that there exists bridges of cortex crossing the medulla, whereas buds of medulla are present in the area generally occupied by the cortex. The relationship between the medulla and the cortex is more intricate than currently described. The results revealed that the interlobular septa do not form a network of more or less regular walls designed to divide a lobe into comparable lobules. Instead, this network is irregular, being related to the pathway of the main intrathymic blood vessels.
Innervation of feline perineal musculature
Authors: Martin William D. , Fletcher Thomas F. , Bradley William E. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractInnervation to muscles of the feline perineum was examined by gross dissection of the sacral nerve plexus and quantitation of efferent and afferent myelinated fibers in selected nerves derived from the plexus. In addition, distribution of muscle fiber sizes and muscle spindle content were determined for muscles innervated by the nerves studied.Efferent myelinated fiber populations were bimodal in nerves innervating muscles with many spindles and unimodal in nerves innervating muscles in which few or no spindles were observed. Coccygeus and levator ani muscles had similar numbers of muscle spindles, but the spindles were different in the two muscles based on afferent innervation. In both coccygeous and external anal sphincter muscles, primary spindle endings must be associated with relatively small afferent nerve fibers. The pelvic urethra received more large myelinated afferent fibers than the penis. The three divisions of the external anal sphincter muscle had three distinct populations of muscle fibers, based on size distribution. The homologous bulbospongiosus and constrictor vulvae muscles had different populations of muscle fibers.
Histochemical enzyme profile of the masseter muscle in different mammalian species
Authors: Schiaffino S. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIt has long been known that in certain mammalian species the masseter muscle is a fast‐twitch muscle in spite of its red colour. We have investigated the histochemical fiber composition of this muscle in the rabbit and in different species of rodents. In the mouse, rat and guinea pig the masseter is uniformly composed of fibers displaying alkali‐stable and acid‐labile myosin ATPase activity like most fibers in fast‐twitch hindleg muscles and moderate to high succinate dehydrogenase activity. The homogeneity of the histochemical profile with respect to myosin ATPase activity makes this muscle especially suitable for correlated physiological, biochemical and ultrastructural studies. The rabbit masseter has a basically similar though relatively heterogeneous fiber composition with atypical histochemical properties. A sizable population of fibers in this muscle exhibit high levels of both alkali‐stable and acid‐stable myosin ATPase activity. Mitochondrial α‐glycerophosphate dehydrogenase activity, which reflects the glycolytic capacity of skeletal muscle fibers, varies in the masseter of different species in a way which cannot be exactly predicted on the basis of the reactions for myosin ATPase and succinate dehydrogenase.
Early embryology of the fathead minnow Pimephales promelas rafinesque
Authors: Manner Harold W. , Dewese Casimira M. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas (Rafinesque), has been laboratory bred and the early embryos staged and described. At 23°C the embryo requires 33 hours to reach the 13‐somite stage. This period of early embryonic development has been divided into 12 stages. The description of each of these stages is accompanied by photographs.
Ultrastructure of mouse egg cylinders developed in vitro
Authors: Solter Davor , Biczysko Wieslawa , Pienkowski Marek , Koprowski Hilary 
Published: February 2005

AbstractMouse blastocysts were grown in vitro and the ultrastructure of resulting egg cylinders was compared with the ultrastructure of egg cylinders isolated from uterus. Egg cylinders grown in vitro had two or three germ layers and were attached to the bottom of the dish through the layer of trophoblastic cells. The entoderm was composed of two cell types intermixed haphazardly: (1) One type had numerous microvilli on the free surface and a large number of dense bodies, autophagic vacuoles, big and small vacuoles and myelin figures in the cytoplasm. (2) The other type had rich, rough endoplasmic reticulum with wide cisternae. The cisternae were filled with fine, granular material similar to that found as a thick membrane separating the entodermal layer from the rest of the embryo. The first type of cell was ultrastructurally similar to cells of the visceral entoderm of egg cylinders isolated from uterus and the second type was similar to cells of the parietal entoderm. The thick basement membrane observed in embryos grown in vitro was similar to Reichert's membrane. Parietal entoderm and Reichert's membrane were never found as separate structures in embryos grown in vitro. It is probable that the entodermal cells in blastocysts differentiate in vitro into both parietal and visceral entodermal cells within the same layer. Mesodermal and ectodermal cells of vitral embryos were similar to such cells in the egg cylinders isolated from the uterus. The cytoplasm was filled with free ribosomes in the form of polysomes and also contained a few profiles of endoplasmic reticulum, well developed mitochondria and Golgi apparatus. Intercellular spaces between mesodermal cells were large and the cells were not attached to one another. Ectodermal cells were tightly packed and inter‐connected with numerous desmosomes. The ultrastructure of egg cylinders in vitro and in vivo was similar. Observed differences might be caused by culture conditions and some of them probably represented the changing pattern of differentiation in vitro.
Cytological effects of salt‐stress and localization of transport adenosine triphosphatase in the lateral nasal glands of the desert iguana, Dipsosaurus dorsalis
Authors: Ellis Richard A. , Goertemiller Clarence C. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractEach of the bilateral nasal glands of Dipsosaurus is surrounded by a thin cartilagenous capsule. A short excretory duct leads to the vestibule of the nasal cavity. This duct connects with the branched principal secretory tubules that end in small terminal segments. Tall columnar cells line the principal secretory tubules, but mucous and tuft cells form the terminal elements. In salt‐stressed animals the spaces between dark and light principal secretory cells are dilated. Potassium‐dependent, ouabain sensitive, adenosine triphosphatase (Ernst, '72a) was localized within the lateral plications of the principal secretory cells and in the apical microvilli of the tuft cells. These observations are consistent with current concepts of ion transport in salt‐secreting epithelia, and they suggest that the tuft cells, not found in avian salt glands, play a role in the unusual physiology (Templeton, '66) of the nasal glands in this reptile.
Structural and functional homologies of the accessory reproductive glands of two species of sciurids, Cynomys ludovicianus and Citellus tridecemlineatus
Authors: Foreman Darhl 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe microscopic anatomy of the accessory glands of black‐tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) and thirteen‐lined ground squirrels (Citellus tridecemlineatus) have been studied. In addition, the glands of a 5 cm fetal prairie dog have been described. Adult and fetal prairie dogs and adult ground squirrels have so‐called seminal vesicles folded dorsally over the dorsal prostate with ducts leading directly to the urethra lateral to, but in the region of, the entrance of both the dorsal prostatic ducts and the deferent ducts. Histological studies of the seminal vesicles of both prairie dogs and ground squirrels showed that they were tubuloalveolar glands and were similar in structure to the dorsal prostates of each species. The fructose concentrations of the dorsal prostate and seminal vesicles of out‐of‐season prairie dogs were similar, and both glands accumulated fructose with the onset of the breeding season or with injection of testosterone propionate but the seminal vesicles accumulated more fructose than the prostate. On the basis of histological structure, anatomical relationships, accumulation of fructose and possible function as a coagulating gland it is proposed that the proper name for the so‐called seminal vesicles in these species is craniodorsal prostate.
Fast and simple identification of adipose tissues in situ with dithizon
Authors: Epple August , Marques Maria , Miller S. B. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractMinute amounts of white or brown adipose tissue can be localized in situ within seconds by covering the organ surfaces with an alkaline solution of dithizon (diphenylthiocarbazone) in alcohol and water. The adipose tissues stain deep green, while the other organs remain unstained, or appear in various shades of pink and red. This technique has been successfully applied to various groups of vertebrates (mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fishes), and it works in fresh, in deep frozen and in formalin‐fixed specimens. It fails after tissue fixation in mercuric chloride‐containing fluids. In vitro studies show that the staining reaction is due to (1) a preferential solubility of small amounts of dithizon in adipose tissue lipids, and (2) the development of a green color, which appears when dithizon dissolves in lipids or organic solvents.
Retino‐tectal course of optic nerves in cyclopic and synophthalmic zebrafish embryos
Authors: Schmatolla Ernest 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFactors contributing to the retino‐tectal course of the optic nerves in cyclopic and synophthalmic zebrafish embryos were evaluated. The eye abnormalities were produced by immersing blastula stage eggs in 3% ethanol for two hours. Approximately 50% of cyclopic eyes produced one optic nerve that exits from the eye to innervate one optic tectum. The remaining half of the cyclopic embryos formed optic nerves that were unable to exit from the eyes.In the synophthalmic embryos, two optic nerves were always produced. These nerves either joined within the partially fused retinas, or shortly after exit from the eyes, to form one nerve which entered the brain and innervated only one optic tectum. Crossing over was not seen within the fused eyes or after exit from the eyes.The resultant single optic nerves in the cyclopic and synophthalmic embryos innervated the side of the brain penetrated by the nerve. They entered in the floor of the forebrain, diencephalon, or midbrain, usually asymmetrically. Axial growth, directional orientation, and contact guidance of matrix configurations appeared an adequate explanation for the establishment of the retino‐tectal pathway.
The ultrastrcture of wallerian degeneration in the severed optic nerve of the newt (Triturus viridescens)
Authors: Turner James E. , Singer Marcus 
Published: February 2005

AbstractWallerian degeneration in the severed newt's (Triturus viridescens) optic nerve is complete between the 10–14th post operative day (p.o.d.). Consequently, the newt optic nerve displays one of the most rapid degenerative responses yet reported for the central nervous system of vertebrates. In most cases it also exhibits the speed of degenerative phenomena in the vertebrate peripheral nervous system.The degeneration of unmyelinated axons is most rapid and is completed by 2–3 p.o.d., compared to myelinated axons, most of which degenerate between 2–10 p.o.d. Myelin ring formation (vesicular transformation) is the principal form of lamellar breakdown and occurs in a highly organized manner which can be clearly staged.The glial cell response to Wallerian degeneration is two‐fold: cytoplasmic hypertrophy and myelin‐lytic. Glial hypertrophy subsides by the 10–14 p.o.d. with the ingrowth of numerous regenerating nerve fibers. The myelin‐lytic response accounts for most of the myelin destruction. Leukocyte‐like and microglialike cells also participate in myelin breakdown but to a lesser degree.