bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Management of other behavioural and psychological symptoms in dementia
Authors: Ballard Clive , O’Brien John , James Ian , Swann Alan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As for all behavioural and psychological symptoms in dementia (BPSD), it is important to consider the management sieve (Chapter 3): is the problem severe enough and persistent enough to need intervention? If so can an augmentation of the support package or environment, or a specific psychological intervention, resolve or substantially improve the situation? If conservative measures and non pharmacological interventions have not been successful, is the problem severe enough to merit a trial of pharmacotherapy? For most of the BPSD considered in this chapter, there is very little evidence pertaining to treatment intervention, other than some notable trials of non-pharmacological approaches for the treatment of abnormal vocalizations. The potential side effects and consequences of drug interventions, particularly with neuroleptic agents, have been highlighted elsewhere (Chapter 15), but are particularly important when considering the absence of any adequate clinical trials.
An integrated treatment approach
Authors: Ballard Clive , O’Brien John , James Ian , Swann Alan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The main aim of this chapter is to synthesize an approach to the management of behavioural and psychological symptoms in dementia (BPSD) using the principles and guidelines discussed in detail in the preceding chapters. From the outset, one must acknowledge the scanty evidence base for this integrated model: most of it comes from experience in clinical practice. It is a potentially risky venture to com bine different paradigms in an all-encompassing integrated whole. It can be particularly problematic to combine an essentially psychosocial model as a cause for aggressive behaviour and, at the same time, equate the same behavioural problems with changes in neurotransmitter functioning. However, as clinicians, we strongly believe that these models are not mutually exclusive and that a careful, judicious combination of approaches can act synergistically.
Evidence-based medicine for professionals
Authors: Gray JA Muir 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Ludwig Wittgenstein was a very able medical laborntory technician, working in Newcastle General Hospital during the Second World War, and in addition was one of the twentieth century’s most influential philosophers. His contribution in his latter, better-known, job was to linguistic philosophy and although his text is often dense and difficult, his basic messages were, and are, simple and clear. Words, he said, are simply tools, and most causes of dis¬ agreement arise from the fact that those who were arguing were using the same term with different meanings. For Wittgenstein, what can be said is the same as what can be thought, as the famous aphorism from his key work the Tractatus says, ‘the limits of my language are the limits of my world’ (Wittgenstein 1922). He also pointed out that words, as they become more widespread in their use, pick up many different meanings and may eventually cause more confusion than clarity. All these observations relate to the term “evidence-based medicine’ since it was first introduced five years ago.
Risk communication—making evidence part of patient choices
Authors: Edwards Adrian , Bastian Hilda 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the importance of discussing risk information when making choices about treatment or care that are informed or supported by evidence. The sharing of risk information is one of the key competences in involving patients in choices (Chapter 8, Elwyn and Charles). The content of ‘effective’ information and the context in which discussions are most effective are described. However, we discuss also that risk information is highly susceptible to errors of interpretation by professionals and patients and the danger of manipulation. This chapter summarizes the existing literature on these issues, and describes how steps can be made to ensure that the information of most value to patients can be presented and discussed, and in an accurate and balanced way.
Assessment of the Injured Athlete
Authors: Smith Aynsley M , Hartman Angela D , Detling Nicole J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The number of reported athletic injuries has increased &gt; as a consequence of more people becoming involved in sports and improved methods of detecting and diagnosing injuries. The fact that athletes are participating in sports at younger ages, thus identifying themselves as athletes early in Jife, makes both acute and chronic injury more devastating. Frequently, athletes of all ages have their dreams and goals interrupted by injury.
Coping Strategies
Authors: Miller Gretchen A Kerr ,Patricia S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
We know intuitively that there are tremendous individual differences in the way people appraise and cope with life stressors. One only needs to consider Holocaust survivors to appreciate the human potential to overcome extraordinary levels of stress. And yet, others suffer deleterious consequences with relatively minor stressors. Physicians speak freely of the influence of patients’ attitudes, particularly optimism and pessimism, on the course of illness.
Creating an Environment for Recovery
Authors: Taylor Adrian , Marlow Caroline 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
We know a great deal about adherence levels to fitness and exercise pro grams, and adoption and maintenance of a wide range of health-promoting behaviors. There is relatively less evidence about how good athletes are at adhering to a program of rehabilitation following a sports injury. However, the few studies that have examined this show that adherence rates may vary considerably depending on the setting, medical history, severity of the injury, stage of season, importance attached to (or level of) sports participation, and many other factors. Perhaps the most critical factor though is whether the rehabilitation program is to take place independently at home or in a super vised facility. Evidence suggests that adherence may be considerably higher in a supervised setting or in sporting cultures which are supportive of the recovering athlete.
Steroid injection for shoulder and elbow disorders
Authors: Moore Andrew , Edwards Jayne , Barden Jodie , McQuay Henry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Clinical bottom line. There is currently insufficient evidence to provide a definitive answer on the efficacy of steroid injections. Existing data suggest no compelling evidence. Steroid injections should not be used to alleviate pain associated with shoulder disorders until the effectiveness of this treatment can be demonstrated. Shoulder disorders are often caused by periarticular soft tissue impairment, with a minority originating from neurological or generalised musculoskeletal conditions, neoplasms or referred pain from the neck or from internal organs. Based on Dutch data, of all newly presented episodes, 23% resolve within one month, 51% within six months and 59% within one year.
Cognitive behaviour therapy and behaviour therapy for chronic pain
Authors: Moore Andrew , Edwards Jayne , Barden Jodie , McQuay Henry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Inclusion criteria were randomised clinical trial which assessed cognitive behaviour therapy or behaviour therapy in the treatment of chronic pain. MEDLINE, PsychLit, Embase and Social Science Citation Index were searched, using a combination of MeSH terms and relevant keywords, for trials which assessed cognitive behaviour therapy or behaviour therapy for the treatment of chronic pain. Bibliographies of retrieved reports and reviews were checked for additional citations. The Oxford Pain Relief Database was also searched. Papers were read by each reviewer. Authors were contacted for additional information if this was lacking from the individual studies. Information was pooled in a meta-analysis and effect size was calculated using Hedge’s g. Corrections for small sample size were made. When mean or standard deviations were not presented other available statistics were used to determine the effect size.
Homeopathy
Authors: Moore Andrew , Edwards Jayne , Barden Jodie , McQuay Henry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Homeopathy became popular in the 19th century, based on the idea that preparations of substances that, when given to healthy people, produced symptoms similar to those of the disease being treated. ‘Like cures like’ is one assumption. Another is that homeopathic remedies become stronger when diluted and accompanied by vigorous shaking. The greater the dilution, the greater the strength, therefore, even to the point where it is unlikely that even a single molecule of the original substance still exists in the final dilution.
Other complementary or alternative therapies for pain
Authors: Moore Andrew , Edwards Jayne , Barden Jodie , McQuay Henry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Clinical bottom line. Trials are of insufficient quality to draw a clear conclusion. It is not clear whether physiotherapy is better than other conservative treatments, or whether it is better than no treatment. It is not possible to establish which types of exercises are the most effective. Physiotherapy is widely used for back complaints, usually exercise therapy given alone or in combination with other treatments (e.g. massage, heat, traction, ultrasound or short wave diathermy). A systematic review [1] found 16 trials in which control groups were active/no intervention/placebo and the main outcomes pain and mobility.
The epidemiology of delirium
Authors: Lindesay James , Rockwood, Kenneth , Rolfson Darryl 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The purposes of epidemiological research are to describe and define disorders; to pro- vide prevalence and incidence rates to inform service development and evaluation; and to identify aetiological factors. To date, most epidemiological studies of delirium in old age have been carried out in medical and surgical in-patients, and have focused on esti- mating its prevalence and incidence in these settings, identifying significant risk fac- tors, and evaluating its impact upon outcomes. The picture that emerges from these studies is not a consistent one; in particular, the estimated prevalence and inci- dence rates vary considerably between studies. This is due to a number of conceptual and methodological issues that need to be borne in mind when interpreting these data: case definition, case finding, selection bias, and differences in the populations being studied.
Clinical skills in the evaluation of arthritis
Authors: Szer Ilona S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to fully describe the physical findings in children with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) and related conditions. Most children with rheumatic conditions have objective physical findings, especially in muscles and joints. Through careful examination and pattern recognition the physician can arrive at the correct diagnosis. The initial consultation visit sets the stage for the future care of the child. The physician should be unhurried and undisturbed. Therapy begins when the physician greets the patient at the doorstep and continues as the history is taken.
Acute and chronic infections of bones and joints
Authors: Kimura Yukiko 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to discuss all of the infectious conditions that may present with musculoskeletal manifestations and must be “ruled out” early in the evaluation of the child with arthritis. When a child presents with fever and a limp or limb pain, the first and most urgent diagnostic consideration should be that of a serious bacterial infection (see Part 1, Chapter 1.3, Algorithm 1.3.1, “The Child with Musculoskeletal Pain/Dysfunction and Fever”), rather than Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA). Bacterial musculoskeletal infections such as osteomyelitis and septic arthritis, which occur commonly in children, can cause serious morbidity if not recognized, diagnosed, and treated promptly and appropriately.
Autoinflammatory diseases and distinct but rare rheumatic conditions
Authors: Li Suzanne C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to describe a number of diseases occurring in children that may mimic JIA particularly Systemic Arthritis. These diseases are frequently hereditary and their genetic basis is becoming increasingly understood. In addition to rheumatic conditions, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, dermatomyositis, and vasculitis syndromes discussed in Chapter 1.6, there are a number of other systemic inflammatory conditions that can present with features suggestive of Systemic Arthritis. These include the periodic fever syndromes, sarcoidosis, CINCA/ NOMID, Blau syndrome, Caffey disease, and Goldbloom syndrome, all of which will be discussed in this chapter.
Oligoarthritis
Authors: Miller John J , Malleson Peter N 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The aims of this chapter are to discuss the clinical features, investigations, immunopathology, and genetics of Oligoarthritis. Both Persistent Oligoarthritis (which remains oligoarticular throughout its disease course), and Extended Oligoarthritis (which becomes polyarticular), will be discussed in separate sections of the chapter. As uveitis is common in this form of JIA, this condition will also be discussed here.
Psychosocial aspects
Authors: Shaw Karen 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Why some children and families with JIA cope well, and why others have social and emotional difficulties is discussed. How to recognize and address psychosocial problems so as to maximize the overall well- being, and minimize the disability of a child with JIA is explored. Despite the difficulties associated with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA), psychosocial dysfunction is not inevitable. The majority of families manage with considerable skill. They develop new competencies and for some, the presence of arthritis can even result in strengthened family ties. This said, living with JIA is not easy.
Adjunctive therapies
Authors: Klein-Gitelman Marisa 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to discuss therapies that are potentially important in managing the complications of JIA, including anaemia, growth failure, drug toxicity, and osteoporosis. Children with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) may develop secondary medical problems as a result of the initial disease process itself and /or the medical therapy used to control arthritis. Adjunctive therapies are interventions that treat symptoms associated with the underlying illness or its treatment but do not specifically alter the disease course. This chapter examines the use of several adjunctive therapies in the treatment of children with chronic arthritis.
Surgical interventions
Authors: Hall Ann 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to discuss the role of surgical procedures in the management of JIA. Surgery has an established place in the management of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) although this role is diminishing because of improved medical management. However, a proportion of children will require surgery during the course of their illness. In one centre [1] 10% of all patients with JIA had at least one surgical procedure; 50% of these patients had Rheumatoid Factor positive Polyarthritis. First reports of surgery for JIA began to appear in the literature in the 1960s.
Greek Art and Architecture
Authors: Boardman John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The arts of the western world have been dominated by the art of the Greeks. Even the alternative arts of Celtic Europe or the Asian steppes were infiltrated by classical imagery. Although this record makes it easy for us to isolate those characteristics which distinguish Greek art from the arts of other cultures, contem¬porary or later, it has probably also made it the more difficult to assess on its own terms, to judge its role and the response of those for whom it was practised, and to value justly its profound innovations. And the attempt to define its characteristics may also do less than justice to that other remarkable phenomenon, the rapidity of its evolution from virtual abstraction to realism; while if its history is defined in such bald terms we may also miss other fundamental qualities-its unusual (for antiquity) subject¬ matter and its preoccupation with form and proportion.
The History of the Hellenistic Period
Authors: Price Simon 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Hellenistic period, the 300 years between the reigns of Alexander the Great of Macedon (336-323 BC) and Augustus, the first Roman Emperor (31 BC-AD 14), is often seen as an uninteresting and incoherent part of Greek history. Falling be¬ tween the two ‘central’ periods of classical Athens and Ciceronian or Augustan Rome, the period seems to be merely the melancholy story of the decline of the Greek city, subjected first to Alexander and his successors and then to the Romans.
Introduction
Authors: Fitzpatrick Sheila 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This second edition of The Russian Revolution appears in the wake of dramatic events-the fall of the Communist regime and the dissolution of the Soviet Union at the end of 1991. Those events have had all sorts of consequences for historians of the Russian Revolution. In the first place, they have opened archives that were previously closed, brought forth memoirs that were hidden in drawers, and released a flood of new material of every kind. In the second place, they have changed the category of the Russian Revolution.
The Setting
Authors: Fitzpatrick Sheila 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
At the beginning of the twentieth century, Russia was one of the great powers of Europe. But it was a great power that was universally regarded as backward by comparison with Britain, Germany, and France. In economic terms, this meant that it had been late to emerge from feudalism (the peasants were freed from legal bondage to their lords or the state only in the 1860s) and late in industrializing.
The Armistice, September 1943
Authors: Morgan Philip 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
On the evening of 8 September 1943, Marshal Badoglio, the head of the government, announced the armistice in a radio broadcast to the Italian people and armed forces: The Italian government, acknowledging the impossibility of continuing the unequal struggle against the overwhelming power of our opponents, and with the aim of sparing the nation further and more serious harm, has requested an armistice from General Eisenhower, commander-in-chief of the Anglo-American allied forces. This request has been met. Consequently, all hostilities against Anglo-American forces by Italian forces, everywhere, must stop. Italian forces, however, will resist any eventual attacks coming from any other source.
Continuing the Wars, and the Second Fall of Mussolini, April 1945
Authors: Morgan Philip 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In 1990, an Italian called Giuseppe Bonfanti, 66 years old, returned to Italy from Brazil, where he had emigrated after the war. The purpose of his visit was to kill another elderly man, 68-year-old Giuseppe Oppici. It was not a tidy killing. If it had happened forty-five years earlier, Bonfanti would undoubtedly have used his gun. As it was, he killed Oppici with a pickaxe in an alley in Salina, the birthplace of both men. The reason, and justifiation, for the killing was that in November 1944 Oppici was among a group of Fascists on a reprisal expedition who burned down the partisan Bonfanti’s house and slaughtered his livestock. ‘I came back just to kill him,’ said Bonfanti;’ finally I made him pay.
The Domination Of Pompeius
Authors: Syme Ronald 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Pompeii, a family of recent ennoblement, were of non-Latin stock, as the name so patently indicates, probably deriving their origin from Picenum, a region where they possessed large estates and wide influence.1 Cn. Pompeius Strabo, after shattering the Italian insurrection in Picenum, used his influence and his army for personal ends and played an ambiguous game when civil war broke out between Marius and Sulla. Brutal, corrupt and perfidious, Strabo was believed to have procured the assassinat10n of a consul. When he died of a natural but providential death the populace broke up his funeral. Strabo was a sinister character, ‘hated by heaven and by the nobility’, for good reasons. There were no words to describe Cn. Pompeius the son. After his father’s death, protected by influential politicians, he lay low, lurking no doubt in Picenum.
Toothpicks and Logos
Authors: Heskett John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This is a book that has needed to be written for years.' Victor Margolin, Editor, Design Issues John Heskett wants to transform the way we think about design by showing how integral it is to our daily lives, from the spoon we use to eat our breakfast cereal, the car we drive to work in, to the medical equipment used to save lives. Design combines 'need' and 'desire' in the form of a practical object that can also reflect the users identity and aspirations through its form and decoration. This concise guide to contemporary design goes beyond style and taste to look at how different cultures and individuals personalize objects. Heskett also reveals how simple objects, such as a toothpick, can have their design modified to suit the specific cultural behaviour in different countries. There are also fascinating insights into how major companies such as Nokia, Ford, and Sony approach design. Finally, we are shown an exciting vision of what design can offer us in the future and especially its role in humanising new technology.
Into The Twentieth Century And Beyond
Authors: Snow Stephanie J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Victorians poised on the brink of a new century considered any aesthesia as one of the best fruits of their times. In chloroform’ s jubilee year, the Duke of Cambridge opened a new operating theatre at St George’ s Hospital: nothing during the reign of Queen Victoria had made as much progress as medical and surgical science, he said. Four years later, the Victorian era ended with the death of the Queen in 1901, and a new reign began. About-to-be Edwardians, reading of the postponement of Edward’ s coronation on account of his suffering an abscess in the appendix, did not, perhaps, appreciate that had Victoria, rather than Edward suffered the same condition, matters may have been very different.
Inuit
Authors: McGhee Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
On a Calm August Day in 1576 Martin Frobisher and his navigator Christopher Hall climbed to the top of a rocky hill on Baffin Island. They hoped to discover the western outlet of the narrow and tortuous strait, which they had been following for days, between lands that they assumed to be Asia to the north and America to the south.They were only a few kilometres from the closed western end of what is now known as Frobisher Bay, but in a haze of distance and hope they thought that they detected two remote headlands and between them the open sea, which “they judged to be the West Sea, whereby to pas to Cathay and to the East India.” Looking in the other direction, however, the explorers became aware of a more immediate distraction.