bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Breathing into Śivarājayoga
Authors: Cantú Keith Edward 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides an extensive treatment of the system of Sabhapati’s three branches of yoga, hatha yoga (Haṭhayoga), or the “yoga of force,” Haṭharājayoga, or the “royal yoga of force,” and Śivarājayoga, or the “royal yoga for Shiva.” Each branch is treated with numerous quotations and references to Sabhapati’s works that treat each branch. The chapter also includes multiple visual diagrams that depict Shivarājayoga and offers an overview of the roles that subtle physiology such as the Tantric cakras or lotuses play in his literature. The final part of the chapter provides an analysis of some of the core techniques of Sabhapati’s system of Śivarājayoga, including its connection with kundalini and the notion of “divine pilgrimage” both within and outside the yogic body.
Money, Money, Money
Authors: Brock Clare R. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 7 considers the implications of increased informational and negotiation subsidies from interest groups on policy outcomes. It probes the trade-off for many interest groups between increased influence on policy, at the cost of more expensive advocacy, and less timely congressional action. While high-salience, must-pass legislation, like the farm bill, often makes it through the legislative process, lower salience legislation that was once comparatively easy to pass is more often a casualty of gridlock. This chapter highlights the consequences of this trade-off: a widening divide between “rich” and “poor” interest groups in terms of influence and success. Relatively poorer groups lobby less than richer groups and are less likely to have in-house lobbyists to do the work. Wealthier groups are able to hire more long-term lobbyists, and therefore ultimately engage in more successful advocacy. This is an increasingly important phenomenon as the legislative timeline stretches longer from ideation to execution.
Promises to do Favors
Authors: Gordley James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A party who promises a gift of money or property incurs a cost to benefit the other party. As we will be using the term, a party who promises to do another a favor wishes to confer a benefit on the other without incurring any cost. In a non-commercial context, that party is being generous. In a commercial context, such promises are most often made to facilitate a contract of exchange between the parties. In both cases, the rules governing the enforceability of these promises prevent parties who intended a favor to be costless from incurring costs that they did not expect.
Voluntary Exchange (with Hao Jiang)
Authors: Gordley James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Parties contract so that each will obtain a performance of greater value than the one given in return. When the performance is not of greater value, a party may be given relief for mistake or frustration of purpose so long as withdrawing from the contract is not unfair to the other party. If these doctrines are correctly understood, there is no need for a doctrine of innocent misrepresentation. Fraud should matter for the same reasons that it matters in tort law. Duress should be grounds for relief when it leads a party to contract on unfair terms or to pay more for a performance that its value to that party.
Conditions
Authors: Gordley James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The conventional approach to conditions is to say that they must be strictly fulfilledalthough perfect fulfillment may be excused when it results in a forfeiture. The better approach is to consider the purpose of a condition. It should be strictly fulfilled if it specifies or defines the performance due from the other party, such as the deadline for exercising an option. It need not be strictly fulfilled if it protects a party against the increased costs of performance, or safeguards the expected benefits of performance, or facilitates the determination of when a performance is due. Sometimes the condition is that one of the parties must be satisfied with the performance. A party who is not actually satisfied should not be bound if, as a result, that party cannot use that performance for the purposeintended: a client who commissions a painting cannot use it for its intended purpose unless it satisfies the client’s personal taste. A party who is unreasonably dissatisfied should be bound if the purpose of the condition is to ensure that a performance is made correctly: for example, that engineering specifications have been followed.
Creative Resentments
Authors: Congdon Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the role that emotions play in moral change, focusing on the case of resentment. It develops two related theses. The first holds that feelings of resentment are grounded in the resenter’s conviction that some portion of their existing normative expectations has been violated. The second, often voiced by feminist philosophers, holds that resentments can make a rational contribution to the development of new normative expectations, transforming the resenter’s existing normative outlook. Certain expressions of the prior norm requirement in recent discussions of anger and resentment clash with the notion of norm-creative resentments, portraying resentment as essentially conservative of existing norms. Against this, this chapter develops the notion of “emotional articulation,” according to which emotions can involve cognitively complex processes that give rise to genuinely new normative commitments. The chapter compares the resulting view with Martha Nussbaum’s cognitivist theory of emotion.
Moral Progress and Immanent Critique
Authors: Congdon Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter assembles the preceding chapters’ arguments to defend an simmanent epistemology of judgments of moral progress and regress. It elaborates this via five theses: (i) that the rational criteria for such judgments are immanent to the transition being judged; (ii) that some of these criteria are available prior to, (iii) some only in the midst of, and (iv) some only retrospectively and after the transition itself; and (v) that moral articulation is ongoing and open-ended. It embraces as non-viciously circular the idea that the moral concepts used in judging the successes and failures of moral articulation are themselves prior results of moral articulation. It draws comparisons with related accounts of moral progress and immanent critique in Elizabeth Anderson and Rahel Jaeggi. It develops Charles Taylor’s notion of “reasoning through transitions” and illustrates this through a case study of Raphael Lemkin’s invention of the concept and term, “genocide,” in 1942.
Ethical Data Science
Authors: Washington Anne L. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Predictive data science is often viewed as a public good, yet too often human needs are pitted against the financial interests of large digital infrastructures. Can data science truly serve the public interest? The question of our time is whether the promise of predictive science will exceed the inherent conflicts of interests presented by the organizations that fund it. As one of the first books on public interest technology, Ethical Data Science: Prediction in the Public Interest acknowledges the institutional incentives that drive computational prediction. It argues that data science prediction embeds administrative preferences that often ignore the disenfranchised. The book introduces the prediction supply chain to highlight moral questions alongside the interlocking legal and commercial interests dominating data science. Situating data-driven analysis within multiple layers of effort systematically exposes risky dependencies while also pinpointing opportunities for principled action, research ethics, and policy interventions. The prediction supply chain organizes critical thinking throughout the typical data science workflow, from gathering data through learning from insights. Data scientists can explore the full human potential of prediction by thinking like chefs, painters, historians, librarians, philosophers, and architects. Each stage draws on the arts and humanities as methods to empower broader conversations across multiple forms of expertise. Practitioners, academics, students, and legislators will learn how to identify social dynamics in data trends, reflect on ethical questions, and deliberate over solutions. The book establishes the limits of predictive technology controlled by the few and urges for more inclusive data science.
American Antimonopoly and the Rise of Regulated Industries Law
Authors: Novak William J. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
William Novak’s chapter “American Antimonopoly and the Rise of Regulated Industries Law” traces the development of this distinctly regulatory antimonopoly tradition from the late nineteenth century to the New Deal. Novak investigates the important role of antimonopoly and antitrust in the larger Progressive Era effort to develop new techniques and technologies of control over American business in the immediate wake of the declining efficacy of nineteenth-century common-law and state charter–based mechanisms for regulating corporations. From the perspective of legal history, Novak emphasizes the crucial role of American antimonopoly and antitrust in the long, steady, and momentous expansion and nationalization of American police power in the early twentieth century. Beyond the specific problem of monopoly per se, Novak’s chapter probes the role of the Sherman Act, the Clayton Act, and the creation of the FTC in the larger expansion of federal police power control over corporations and economic activities formerly dealt with by states through charters and more local police regulations.
Jurisdiction beyond Our Borders
Authors: Phillips-Sawyer Laura 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1945, Judge Learned Hand wrote one of the most influential opinions in modern antitrust law. In declaring that the Aluminum Company of America (Alcoa) had illegally monopolized the industry for virgin aluminum and had participated in an illegal international cartel, Hand both revived and extended American antitrust law. The ruling is famous for several reasons: it narrowly defined the relevant market in favor of the government; it expanded the category of impermissible dominant firm conduct; it interpreted congressional intent as protecting an egalitarian business environment; and it established the extraterritorial reach of US antitrust laws. This essay offers a historical explanation for the origins of antitrust extraterritoriality and advances two arguments: first, right before and during the interwar years, the antitrust doctrine of strict territoriality had been eroded through a series of distinguishing cases and contradictory congressional policies. Second, the well-documented connection between European fascism and cartelization provided strong external pressures to extend American antitrust law and policy abroad and to redouble anticartel and antimonopoly provisions at home. Thus, both internal and external pressures culminated in the Alcoa case, which signaled a new era in American antitrust law—renewing both anticartel and antimonopolization policy while at the same time linking market competition to the protection of American territorial and popular sovereignty. By 1945, extraterritorial antitrust had emerged as an acceptable means of governance to curtail international cartel behavior, discipline monopolies at home, and impose an American-led liberal—and hegemonic—internationalism on its trade partners.
Duration of the Proceedings
Authors: Kidane Won L. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most frequently raised concerns about ISDS is the length of time that the proceedings take. ISDS tribunals often sit in judgment of domestic local processes of that frequently take years to fall apart. The record of proceedings are usually compounded. Do ISDS cases objectively take an unnecessary amount of time given their complexity? To the extent there is any comparison, do they take more time than comparable commercial arbitral cases? Do they take more time than comparable domestic court cases? Is the complaint about delay supported by the evidence? This chapter surveys the duration of the proceedings of the cases under study and evaluates if the concerns of inordinate delay are accurate in light of the nature and complexity of the typical disputes and the procedural steps that need to be followed to ensure due process.
Fair and Equitable Treatment, Full Protection and Security, and Nondiscrimination
Authors: Kidane Won L. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Innocuous-sounding terms such as fair and equitable, legitimate expectations, and nondiscrimination have over the decades been subjects of immeasurable acrimony and resulted in more controversy than any other substantive principles of international investment law. Following the claims of expropriation, the second most common claims labeled against the African states have been the denial of Fair and Equitable Treatment (FET) and/or Full Protection and Security (FPS), and to a lesser extent, principles of nondiscrimination such as Most Favored Nation (MFN) treatment and national treatment. This chapter examines the nature and scope of the assertion of these principles against African states in the pre-2010 cases.
The Pan-African Investment Code as a Bridge to AfCFTA Investment Protocol
Authors: Kidane Won L. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A precursor to the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) Investment Protocol, the Pan-African Investment Code (PAIC) was considered an innovative approach that attempted to resolve some of Africa’s traditional dilemmas in terms of striking the right balance between investment attraction and protection and the preservation of policy space to the sovereign. Whether PAIC got the balance right is debatable. There is no doubt, however, it provoked significant academic and policy interest since the text was made public. This chapter analyzes the approach that PAIC had taken and how it contributed to the AfCFTA Investment Protocol, which seems to have built on its key innovations and corrected some of the excesses of PAIC’s pro-state approach.
Back to the Museum
Authors: Cheng Anne Anlin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The book started with Pablo Picasso in the museum; it ends with Josephine Baker in the museum. This short “coda” chapter tells the story of Josephine Baker responding to a question asked of her about modernism. Baker’s arched reply is seen here as a clever rejoinder to both Picasso and the European modernism that had sought to stereotype and appropriate her. It is yet another instance of how the colonial object can speak back against the “master” and reveals how the so-called object may have her own wayward life that cannot be contained by the modernist-primitivist discourse that sought to constrain her. In the end, this book argues that Baker has instigated a new order of seeing, one that disrupted even as it inspired high modernism.
Detention of Migrants
Authors: McGregor Lorna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the compatibility of the current international law on the administrative detention of migrants with the call by certain supranational bodies for its abolition. It identifies and critiques two frameworks governing the legality and legitimacy of the detention of migrants under international law: first, the more widely relied upon lawfulness, necessity, and proportionality test, and second, the narrower approach of the European Court of Human Rights, which does not question the reasons for, or necessity of, detention. While the former approach offers greater protections than the latter, the chapter argues that it also suffers from deficiencies in the breadth of the permitted grounds for detention; how purported risks are evidenced; the lack of clarity on how vulnerability is taken into account in decision-making; and in access to, and the nature of, alternatives. In this respect, the chapter argues that room exists for the significant tightening of international law. However, it submits that the abolition or radical reduction of the practice will not be achieved through a focus on the law on detention alone, but also requires the realisation of a rights-based approach to migration since the drivers for detention regimes emanate from securitised approaches to migration.
Party People
Authors: Sikk Allan , Köker Philipp 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Political parties are nothing without their people, and candidates are essential to parties’ core functions—contesting elections, filling political offices, and shaping policy. Inspired by evolutionary theories, Party People: Candidates and Party Evolution conceptualizes candidates as ‘party genes’ and develops a candidate-based approach to party evolution. Tracking candidates between elections and parties opens up new perspectives on party development in complex and dynamic settings of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) and beyond. Based on an original database ‘Electoral Candidates in CEE’ (ECCEE) of 200,000 electoral candidates from over sixty elections across nine CEE democracies, this book presents a groundbreaking study of party evolution using candidate change as an indicator of party change. The book offers a series of methodological and conceptual innovations for measuring candidate turnover, party fission and fusion, programmatic change, and party leadership change. Party People: Candidates and Party Evolution makes a significant contribution to the study of CEE party politics as well as to the general scholarship on elections, parties, and political change.
A conceptual model of candidate and party change
Authors: Sikk Allan , Köker Philipp 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter outlines a multidimensional view of party change and the rationale for using candidate change as its indicator. The first section discusses links between candidate turnover and other dimensions of party change (programmatic, leadership, organizational), and situates the approach in the wider literature on political parties, legislative turnover, party switching, and candidate selection. The second section proposes an ‘evolutionary’ or ‘electoral’ approach to party change and introduces ‘slate’ as a joint term for parties and electoral coalitions in an election. The chapter outlines a model of candidate list formation as an interactive process between candidates and (proto)slates that helps to define the notions of candidate entry, exit, and return. The final section of the chapter develops a baseline model of candidate change and discusses the expected impact of party size on candidate turnover.
Transforming Noise
Authors: Yeang Chen-Pang 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book examines the historical origin of the attempts to understand, control, and use noise in modern times. Today, the concept of noise is employed to characterize random fluctuations in general. Before the twentieth century, however, noise only meant disturbing sounds. In the 1900s–50s, noise underwent a conceptual transformation from unwanted sounds that needed to be domesticated into a synonym for errors and deviations in all kinds of signals and information. It is argued that this transformation proceeded in four stages. The rise of sound reproduction technologies—phonograph, telephone, and radio—in the 1900s–20s prompted engineers to tackle unwanted sounds as physical effects of media through quantitative representations and measurements. Around the same time, physicists developed a theory of Brownian motions for random fluctuations and applied it to electronic noise in thermionic tubes of telecommunication systems. These technological and scientific backgrounds led to three distinct theoretical treatments of noise in the 1920s–30s: statistical physicists’ studies of Brownian fluctuations’ temporal evolution, radio engineers’ spectral analysis of atmospheric disturbances, and mathematicians’ measure-theoretic formulation. Finally, during and after World War II, researchers working on the military projects of radar, gunfire control, and secret communications converted the interwar theoretical studies of noise into tools for statistical detection, estimation, prediction, and information transmission. In so doing, they turned noise into an informational concept. Since the grappling with noise involved multiple disciplines, its history sheds light on the interactions between physics, mathematics, mechanical technology, electrical engineering, and information and data sciences in the twentieth century.
Institutional Framework
Authors: Peers Steve 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 2 examines the institutional developments in this area over time, in particular the gradual shift (pre-Maastricht Treaty, Maastricht Treaty, Treaty of Amsterdam, Treaty of Nice, Treaty of Lisbon) to more power for the EU institutions: qualified majority voting in the Council, co-decision with the European Parliament, the initiative of the Commission (and the exceptions to each of these rules), the application of EU law principles such as direct effect and supremacy, and the full jurisdiction of the CJEU on asylum and migration issues. This includes an explanation of the opt-outs which various Member States have in this field.It also examines the role of human rights and the rule of law, and external relations (including post-Brexit cooperation with the UK, and the association of some non-EU countries with Schengen) in this field generally.
Institutional Framework
Authors: Peers Steve 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the institutional developments in this area over time, in particular the gradual shift (pre-Maastricht Treaty, Maastricht Treaty, Treaty of Amsterdam, Treaty of Nice, Treaty of Lisbon) to more power for the EU institutions: qualified majority voting in the Council, co-decision with the European Parliament, the initiative of the Commission (and the exceptions to each of these rules), the application of EU law principles, and the full jurisdiction of the CJEU (with limited exceptions) on criminal law, policing and civil cooperation issues. It also examines the role of human rights and external relations (including post-Brexit cooperation with the UK) in this field generally.
Distributional semantics and the fog of meaning
Authors: Geeraerts Dirk , Speelman Dirk , Heylen Kris , Montes Mariana , De Pascale Stefano , Franco Karlien , Lang Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The present chapter provides some background regarding distributional semantics and its methodological position in word meaning research. It provides an informal introduction to the token-based distributional technique and explains how the token-based distributional workflow illustrated in this monograph is a specific instantiation of a broader set of distributional approaches to lexical semantics, including collocational analysis, the behavioural profile approach, and traditional fully manual text analysis. It emphasizes that distributional approaches in lexical semantics do not exhaust the methodological options and draws attention to the problem of methodological underdetermination in semantics, as attested by the fact that the major methodological perspectives in word meaning research do not necessarily converge in their results.