bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Transplantation of the European State-Models, 1500-1715
Authors: Finer S E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
background: Atlantic Europe had discovered a completely new and vast continent and by conquest and colonization was replicating itself there. Adam Smith exclaimed: The discovery of America and that of a passage to the East Indies by the Cape of Good Hope, are the two freatest and most important events recorded in the history of mankind .. : As it stands, this statement is not true; alter it to refer to the history of government and it becomes so.
Risk, Threat, And Security Institutions
Authors: Wallander Celeste A , Keohane Robert 0. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The post-cold war world presents challenges for both policy and theory in international relations. One important challenge to international relations theory is the anomaly of NATO’s continuity after the cold war. Inspired by the Soviet threat, created under American leadership, designed to bolster the security of its members against the Soviet Union by aggregating defence capabilities, NATO ought to be either collapsing or withering away: dying with a bang or a whimper. Indeed, since the end of the cold war theorists working in the realist tradition have clearly and forcefully predicted NATO’s demise, if not in ‘days’ then in ‘years’.
Alliances As Instruments Of Intra-Allied Control
Authors: Gelpi Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although realist theories of international relations have frequently denied that international institutions have any independent influence on state behaviour, one set of security institutions that realist scholars have paid attention to is alliances.1 The theoretical core of this literature asserts that alliances form as a response to external threats or imbalances of power.2 That is, alliances are believed to influence the behaviour of states outside the alliance. This framework for understanding the causes and effects of alli ances has become known as the ‘capability aggregation model’. Institu tionalist theories, on the other hand, have tended to focus on the influence of institutions on the behaviour of the members themselves.3 As a result, institutionalists have often overlooked the most significant institutions which address security issues: alliances. To some extent this volume rep resents an effort to redress this imbalance.
Shaping the Nation
Authors: Harriss Gerald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Black Death, the Peasants' Revolt, the Hundred Years War, the War of the Roses... A succession of dramatic social and political events reshaped England in the period 1360 to 1461. In his lucid and penetrating account of this formative period, Gerald Harriss draws on the research of the last thirty years to illuminate late medieval society at its peak, from the triumphalism of Edward III in 1360 to the collapse of Lancastrian rule. The political narrative centres on the deposition of Richard II in 1399 and the establishment of the House of Lancaster, which was in turn overthrown in the Wars of the Roses. Abroad, Henry V's heroic victory at Agincourt in 1415 led to the English conquest of northern France, lasting until 1450. Both produced long term consequences: the first shaped the English constitution up to the Stuart civil war, while the second generated lasting hostility between England and France, and a residual wariness of military intervention in Europe. Equally significant changes occurred in English society. The Black Death produced a crisis in agrarian structures, marked by the Peasants' Revolt in 1381 and the end of serfdom. In landed society distinctive grades of knights, esquires and gentlemen emerged, linked to the nobility in a web of patronage and service, with an ethos of 'good lordship' and fidelity. While the nobility were the king's immediate counsellors, the gentry reflected the concerns of the community of the realm in parliament. An increasingly well-educated and articulate class, they served as MPs and JPs and staffed the growing legal profession. The greater merchants controlled the wool trade, the source of England's wealth, and distributed commodities through a network of towns and markets. The marked individualism of this society, memorably depicted in The Canterbury Tales, was accompanied by a growing sense of national identity, expressed in the use of standard London English. A spate of church building in perpendicular, a distinctive national style, was matched on the one hand by the intensity of Catholic devotion and on the other hand by the proto-Protestantism of John Wyclif and the Lollards. THE NEW OXFORD HISTORY OF ENGLAND The aim of the New Oxford History of England is to give an account of the development of the country over time. It is hard to treat that development as just the history which unfolds within the precise boundaries of England, and a mistake to suggest that this implies a neglect of the histories of the Scots, Irish, and Welsh. Yet the institutional core of the story which runs from Anglo-Saxon times to our own is the story of a state-structure built round the English monarchy and its effective successor, the Crown in Parliament. While the emphasis of individual volumes in the series will vary, the ultimate outcome is intended to be a set of standard and authoritative histories, embodying the scholarship of a generation.
The Gentry
Authors: Harriss Gerald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The existence of medium and small landlords between the baronage and peasantry with distinctive economic, military, and social functions can be traced for at least two centuries prior to this period. But it was in the century following the Black Death that they acquired a role in the polity which they were to retain as long as land remained the basis of wealth and power. Moreover, within the broad category of middling landowners there emerged a graded hierarchy of status which substantially accorded with wealth and which entitled and obliged men to undertake military or magisterial functions. Title, wealth, and function conferred social esteem and bred a class with recognizable social and political attitudes, making the emergence of the ‘gentry’ arguably the most momentous development of this period; one which not only illuminates the economy, culture, and polity of late medieval England but distinguishes it from its continental neighbours.
Luigi LuzzattL 1876. The Centenary of the Publication of Adam Smith’s Work
Authors: Klemm Silvia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The societies of political economy of London, Paris, and Brussels have recently celebrated the centenary of the publication of the work by Adam Smith, recalling the attention of thinkers to meditate on the immortal volume. In the Middle Ages, the ideas of Aristotle were known through the commentary of Averroes, and when the scholars could read in the original manuscript the high philosophies of the Stagirite, a beam of new light penetrated into their intellects, which were obscured by the empty and arid entelechies, and the living word of the master freed them from the slavery of the commentators.
Aspect and Predication
Authors: Ramchand Gillian Catriona 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book investigates the systematic correspondences between syntactic structure and semantic interpretation in the domain of predicate-argument relationships. It takes as its starting point the striking effects of nominal argument interpretation on aspectual semantics, pursuing the intuition that these effects are not quirky or exceptional, but are in fact the most visible reflexes of a more pervasive and systematic interaction between the aspectual event structure of a predicate and its arguments. The Scottish Gaelic language is the empirical base of the investigation, as it exhibits a set of predicational structures which interact in a highly visible way with its aspectual system. The book provides a detailed working out of a semantic system of argument classification which moves away from lexically-driven thematic roles in the traditional sense and towards a more constrained, syntactically motivated, set of primitives.
Introduction
Authors: Walker Donald E , Zampolli Antonio , Calzolari ,Nicoletta 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This volume developed out of a Workshop entitled ‘Automating the Lexicon: Research and Practice in a Multilingual Environment’ that was held in Marina di Grosseto, Italy, 19-23 May 1986. The Workshop ‘was organized in response to a dramatic increase in interest in the lexicon during the early 1980s that was expressed by people and organizations representing a spectrum of activities across many dimensions. However, it is not appropriate to consider the contents as just another workshop proceedings. Instead, the papers have provided a baseline and a reference point for further research and development on problems associated with the lexicon. In addition, from the papers and the discussions a set of recommendations has emerged that has actually served to organize research in the field, further co-operation, and maximize the effectiveness of individual and group efforts.
Constructing Lexicon-Grammars
Authors: Gross Maurice 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We present the state of construction of a lexicon-grammar of French, and, at the same time, principles applicable to other languages. The system which has been constructed can be considered as a specific linguistic theory systematically applied to a linguistic material that has a significant coverage.
The theory of lexicon-grammar is founded on the following axiom: The linguistic unit of meaning is the elementary sentence.
A Methodology for the Construction of a Terminology Dictionary
Authors: Nagao Makoto 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dictionaries and encyclopedias represent rich sources of knowledge. The dictionary records the meanings and usages of the words of the language; the encyclopedia describes the varieties of concepts and objects in the real world. Thus, dictionary and encyclopedia together may be thought of as condensed stores of knowledge that humankind has accumulated throughout its history. However, the problem is to make accessible this vast body of knowledge, to devise appropriate methods of retrieval so that this rich resource may be exploited to the full. Access to the information in today’s print dictionaries is available only via the alphabetical list of entry words, so that, for instance, a person wishing to discover which biblical quotations exist within the text of a given dictionary cannot immediately call up this data, because of the constraints of the printed book. It is of course a simple task when the dictionary text is structured and available in electronic form.
F
Authors: Beaton K B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The general term is die Tatsache. Das Faktum or der/das Fakt are exact, but more learned, syns.Wir milssen den Tatsachen ins Auge sehen, face up to the facts. Die Tatsache bleibt bestehen, the fact remains. Das ist ein interessantes Faktum. Diese Erscheinung (phenomenon) ist ein unbestrittener historischer/naturwissenschaftlicher Fakt.
Alternations i/e and u/o in South Dravidian
Authors: Krishnamurti Bhadriraju , Emeneau Murray B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With the help of the work so far done in comparative Dravidian studies, it is possible to reconstruct the following phonemes for Proto-Dravidian: Since all short vowels contrast with long vowels, we set up a phoneme of length, marked .All consonants except those of the alveolar and the retroflex series occur initially, and every consonant except *fl occurs finally in a word. A non-morphemic (the so-called enunciative) /u/ occurs regularly after a final stop and optionally after a final sonorant (any consonant that is not a stop).
Dravidian Nasals in Brahui
Authors: Krishnamurti Bhadriraju , Emeneau Murray B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Of these, the identification of Group 5 Br. dīr vs. other languages nīr first occurs in Caldwell (1913: 634), and that of Groups 1, 4, 5, and 6 occurs in the etymological comments on Brahui vocabulary given by Bray himself (1934, v.s.vv.).
Regularity of Sound Change through Lexical Diffusion: A Study of s &gt; h &gt; Ø in Gondi Dialects
Authors: Krishnamurti Bhadriraju , Emeneau Murray B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gondi is a Dravidian language spoken by 2.2 million speakers (Census of India, 1981) in the mountains and forests of four adjacent states in central India. Gondi is a chain of several dialects, some of which, at distant points, are perhaps not mutually intelligible.
The Principies-and-Parameters Approach: A Comparative Syntax of English and Japanese
Authors: Fukui Naoki 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since around 1960, constant efforts have been made in the theory of generative grammar to factor out certain general principles that govern rule application in the grammars of particular languages, attributing them to the initial state of the language faculty, i.e. Universal Grammar (UG), thereby allowing the rules of the language to remain in the simplest form. The extracted general principles gradually eliminated the need for rules of particular languages entirely, deducing the effects of the apparent rules in the sense that the interaction of these invariant principles yields the phenomena of particular languages which the rules were constructed to describe. Around 1980, work along these lines converged to form a conception of the nature of language called the 'principles-and-parameters' theory in which the biologically determined mental organ UG is conceived as the set of principles each of which is associated with an open parameter whose value is to be set by experience (cf. Chomsky 1981a, b).
Orientation
Authors: Dixon R M W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book provides a fresh look at parts of the grammar of English. It pays particular attention to meaning, considering the different sorts of meanings words have, and showing how the varying grammatical behaviours of words are a consequence of their meaning differences.
My ‘meaning orientation’ stance is a little novel. In addition, some of the topics discussed here (especially in Chapters IO and II) are scarcely mentioned in regular grammars of English. It could be said that the present book takes off from the point where most other grammars end.
What sells slowly, but wears well?
Authors: Dixon R M W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have said, several times, that the semantic role which is most likely to be relevant for the success of an activity is placed in syntactic subject relation; this is Mary in Mary sells sports cars, Mary cut the veal with the new knife, Mary poured the custard (onto the pie) with the new jug. If an adverb like quickly, easily, properly or well is added to these sentences it will be taken to describe the way in which the subject performed the activity—Mary certainly sells sports cars quickly, Mary cut the veal easily with the new knife, Mary didn’t pour the custard properly (onto the pie) with the new jug (but spilt some on the cloth).
She gave him a look, they both had a laugh and then took a stroll.
Authors: Dixon R M W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Parallel to Mary walked in the garden we can say Mary had a walk in the garden. Here the verb have substitutes for walk, and takes tense inflection. The original verb base walk now functions as head of an NP which follows have, with the singular indefinite article a. The locational phrase in the garden is carried over unaltered. These two sentences, Mary walked in the garden and Mary had a walk in the garden, have a similar meaning; there is, however, a definite and predictable semantic difference, which we discuss in §II.3.
Relabelling
Authors: Whitman John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Minimalist approaches to diachronic syntax have focused primarily on phenomena that can be accounted for in terms of changes in feature strength, such as innovation or loss of verb movement. Roberts (1997) shows how the same basic approach extends to changes in phrasal constituent order (concretely, the shift from OV to VO order in English) within the antisymmetry framework of Kayne (1994), where head-final constituent order across languages is transformationally derived. A transformational account of word-order variation across languages as well as within languages makes it possible to account for a large portion of the phenomena that have traditionally attracted the attention of historical syntacticians in terms of a single mechanism: presence or absence of a feature forcing a particular movement operation.
Policewomen in the USA
Authors: Heidensohn Frances 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the introduction to the last chapter I outlined some of the aspects of the research which I undertook in the USA. The main difference there was that it was possible to have both group interviews/discussion and individual ones. As some of the dialogue I quote later shows, the women were often particularly effective in interviewing each other. Sometimes they disagreed. More importantly, they both developed ideas and themes and, especially, encouraged each other. I have published a report on my survey of Equal Opportunities in the USA which highlighted a key feature of US as compared with British policing: optimism. Almost everywhere I went, there was a great deal of confidence about women’s role in policing (Heidensohn 1989b). This was true even where figures of recruitment were fairly modest, as in New York City Police Department where the proportion of female sworn personnel is similar to that in London, but with fewer in senior positions.
The Logic of the Law
Authors: Lobban Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Commentaries were widely praised as the first systematic view of English law. However, when lawyers praised the work, they admired it more as an introduction to the law for students and gentlemen than as a complete and accurate statement of the law. The Commentaries were indeed widely perceived as being ‘one of the best books for the student to take for his foundation’, and for that reason, Blackstone’s method was lauded: but professionals were less convjnced by the work’s status as a guide for lawyers. In a sense, what made the Commentaries attractive to the gentlemanly reader made them unattractive to the profession. For what was important in law to the generation of lawyers after Blackstone looking at his work were those very particularistic parts of the common law which Blackstone had found to undermine his natural law deductivism. Practitioners ignored or rejected the notion that the law was a set of rational rules which could be set out in a systematic way from the law of nature.
Introduction
Authors: Ando Nisuke 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The theme of the present book is an evaluation, from the standpoint of international law, of some of the Allied, particularly the US, treatment of Japanese private property during the occupation of Japan subsequent to the cessation of the hostilities of the Second World War. The expression ‘the US treatment’ is preferred, because the Allied occupation of Japan was, in substance, a US undertaking. During the nearly seven years of occupation, the USA, as the occupant, took various occupation measures, mainly for the purpose of demilitarizing and democratizing the political, economic, and social system of the defeated state; and some of these measures caused extensive damage to the private property of a number of Japanese. To what extent a military occupant of enemy territory may interfere with the private property of the enemy civilians therein is a long standing problem in international law, and the present book is a contribution to the study of this general problem.
The Disappointment-Preventing Principle and Substantive Justice
Authors: Kelly P J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In two recent revisionary accounts of Bentham’s political morality it has been acknowledged that he used the ‘disappointment-preventing principle’ as a principle of distributive justice. The view that this principle provides all that Bentham intended by a theory of justice is supported in the following passage where he wrote:
Civil more expressively termed distributive justice assumes and makes reference to the distribution made or proposed to be made of the several external objects of value, the several objects of general desire, the several objects corresponding to the several quarters in which as above security is capable of being wounded.
The Determination of the Money of Account (continuation): Subsequent Uncertainty
Authors: Mann F A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE money of account, though originally clearly defined, may during the life of a legal relationship become uncertain.
This happens where a new monetary system emerges, usually as the result of changes of territorial sovereignty, and it therefore becomes doubtful whether the money of account of a particular obligation remains the same or is changed into the money of account of the successor State. Thus after the cession or annexation of territories the new sovereign introduces a new currency, but money issued by the former sovereign circulates and suddenly becomes foreign money; similarly, debts or sums provided for in statutes {such as fines or dues) are expressed in terms of the former sovereign’s currency.
The Institution of Legal Proceedings and its Effect upon Foreign Money Obligations
Authors: Mann F A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
PURSUING the rough scheme which has been adopted· for the logical development of the law Of foreign money obligations, we find that after determining the money of account, i.e. the substance and thereafter the quantum of the obligation, and the money of payment (fixing the mode of payment), there must now follow a discussion of the question whether and how, if payment must be enforced by action, legal proceedings affect the structure of foreign money obligations.
Aristotle and Thomas Aquinas
Authors: Gordley James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Greek philosophy and Roman law contributed in different ways to the synthesis the late scholastics achieved in the sixteenth century. Roman law provided a wealth of legal detail and also gave the late scholastics an agenda. They wished to solve the problems the Romans addressed by applying larger philosophical ideas. They took the ideas themselves, however, from the philosophy of Aristotle as it had been interpreted by Thomas Aquinas.
The Nineteenth-Century Reformulation
Authors: Gordley James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the authority of Aristotle collapsed in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the law of contract lost its philosophical foundations. Nevertheless, as we have seen, for a long time doctrine changed very little. Systematic and general reformulation did not come until the nineteenth century, when the Aristotelian origins of contract doctrine were long forgotten and Aristotelian philosophy itself was barely intelligible.
Asia
Authors: Muntarbhorn Vitit 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As I A is a region of vast proportions and marked contrasts. It is the largest continent on the globe, with some two-thirds of the world’s population. Its multitude of races, languages, and cultures indicates the difficulties of attempting generalizations. Its heterogeneity militates against the search for a comprehensive approach towards the refugee problem within the region. Little is known of the magnitude of migrations in Asia before the nineteenth century, especially as statistical record-keeping is a recent innovation in the area. In terms of massive flows of people, in the nineteenth century there was continuous migration of several million Chinese to various parts of South-East Asia.2 Several million Indians emigrated to areas now known as Burma, Sri Lanka, and Malaysia, as ec.onomic migrants.3 Before the Second World War there was also an exodus of Indians to East Africa, South Africa, and the West Indies-’the New World’-in search of employment. However, as recipient countries became more restrictive towards immigration, migration declined.