bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
History of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Authors: Weir Bryce 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A stroke is a loss of brain function caused by structural vascular disease. It usually excludes loss of function from epilepsy, trauma, transient hypotension, infection, metabolic disorder, neoplasm, peripheral ocular and vestibular disorder, degeneration, and psychiatric disease. A subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is excess blood in the subarachnoid space, which can be caused by a large variety of pathologies. For instance, blood can enter the subarachnoid space from vessels within the subarachnoid space, from vessels in the brain that bleed through the cortex into the subarachnoid space, from vessels in the ventricles or on the ventricular surfaces, and from vessels in the dura or subdural space, which cause bleeding that ruptures through the outer arachnoid layer.
Epidemiology and Associated Disease States
Authors: Weir Bryce 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An aneurysm is a dilatation on a blood vessel,1 usually an artery. Many different types of aneurysms affect the nervous system (Table 3-1). The most common type is a saccular or ovoid protrusion attached by a small neck to the artery of origin, historically called a “berry.” Ruptured aneurysms account for most cases of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), and the incidence of aneurysmal SAH is directly related to age. Aneurysmal rupture is extremely uncommon in infancy, becoming steadily less so during aging. For this reason the term “congenital” applied to aneurysms is a misnomer.
Therapeutic Aspects of Sah: Endovascular
Authors: Weir Bryce 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The concept of obliterating an aneurysm during the same catheterization that establishes the diagnosis has intrinsic appeal. Endovascular placement of coils or stents might be a rapid, safe, and inexpensive way of curing aneurysms. Luessenhop and Velasquez first attempted such treatment for an aneurysm in 1964, placing a Silastic sphere attached to a suture. The attempt ended in failure, but it was the pioneering effort.
Dolly Mice
Authors: McLaren Anne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dolly the cloned sheep was derived by nuclear transfer to an enucleated oocyte, using a nucleus from a cell culture grown from mammary gland tissue taken from a 6-year-old pregnant ewe. Doubts expressed by a few scientists as to the provenance of the progenitor nucleus have recently been allayed by microsatellite analysis and DNA fingerprinting of Dolly’s DNA and that of the donor ewe. Dolly herself appears healthy and sociable, with no reported signs of premature aging. She has given birth to six lambs conceived by entirely conventional means.
The Comparative Architecture of Silks, Fibrous Proteins, and Their Encoding Genes in Insects and Spiders
Authors: Riekel C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Evolvability is the capacity of the genome to produce new genotypes (Kirschner and Gerhard 1998). Whether gene changes and new interactions result in adaptive change depends on how tightly the genotype is mapped onto an organismal phenotype (Wagner and Altenberg 1996). One of the most direct genotype-phenotype maps is that charting the relationship between the molecular genetic organization of the silk gene and the molecular organization and function of silk proteins. As in venoms, plant and defense compounds, and proteinaceous flower pigments, the gene product is used externally in a way that is easily measured.
Insect Spatial Vision Is a Potential Selective Factor on the Evolution of Silk Achromatic Properties and Web Architecture
Authors: Lehrer M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When judging the possible role of natural selection in the evolution of the properties of spider silks, one must think not only of the silks, but also of the visual capacities of the spiders ‘ prey, the insects. Put simply, why do some insects fly into spider webs whereas others are clearly able to avoid them? To investigate this question, we consider the insects ‘ responses to both spatial and chromatic parameters of webs and silks. In the present chapter, we will focus on the insects ‘ spatial vision and the spatial parameters of webs. The insects ‘ color vision and the chromatic parameters of silks will be dealt with in chapter 5.
All insects possess so-called compound eyes; so called because they are made up of a complex array of tiny units called ommatidia (facets; figure 4.1). Depending on the insect species, the compound eye contains between several dozens and 10,000 ommatidia, each between 10 and 40 µm in diameter.
Insect Learning Capacity Is a Potential Selective Factor in the Evolution of Silk Color and the Decorative Silk Patterns Spun by Spiders
Authors: Craig Catherine L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The two previous chapters have discussed the spatial and chromatic visual capacities of insects, to outline how—or if at all—these capacities might have acted as a selective force on the evolution of silks. The previous findings suggest two pathways through which insects may have affected silk evolution. One pathway results in the evolution of silks that are either cryptic against their background or invisible to insects; the second pathway results in silks that display some spatial or chromatic parameters that attract insects to the web. At first sight, web attractivity appears to be advantageous to the spider by increasing the probability of prey capture. However, it might have the opposite effect if the prey are armed with a learning capacity equal to that demonstrated for several insect species in behavioral experiments. An insect that has been attracted by a web and intercepted will be badly punished. If the insect succeeds to struggle free, then the memory of the annoying experience might cause it to avoid webs in the future. This avoidance behavior would select against the evolution of visible webs and favor the evolution of cryptic webs.
Inter-Gland Competition for Amino Acids and the ATP Costs of Silk Synthesis
Authors: Craig Catherine L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Silks are induced, highly expressed proteins that are secreted and used externally by insects and spiders. The numbers of ways in which silks are used and the ease of obtaining resources necessary to synthesize them affect the metabolic cost of silk and hence the evolution of the arthropods that produce them. For example, the silk systems of ancestral, nonaraneomorph spiders are limited and different silk proteins seem to be used nonspecifically (see chapter 3). Nonaraneomorph foraging systems are also limited, as is the metabolic efficiency of ancestral spiders (two pairs of book lungs, no tracheae). In contrast, the metabolic systems of Araneoidea are more efficient (one pair of book lungs, tracheae) and their silk systems and foraging behaviors appropriately complex. The single pair of silk glands of herbivorous moth larvae makes them seem relatively simple compared to those of the araneomorphs. Just prior to metamorphosis, however, the volume of silk that moths produce is enormous. Such striking differences in the diversity of silk systems, the volume of silk produced and the life histories of silk producers (that is, herbivores versus predators, hemimetabolous versus holometabolous development) suggest that the evolution and complexity of silk secretion systems may well be correlated with the abundance and predictability of available resources.
The Dissolution Of The Problem Of The Elenchos
Authors: Benson Hugh H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Plato’s Apology, Socrates describes his distinctive practice, his elenchos, which he believes is primarily responsible for his indictment and subsequent death. Both here and in Plato’s other early dialogues he testifies to a structure of aims or goals of his elenchos, whose centerpiece is the testing of knowledge, wisdom, or expertise of individuals who have some claim to it. In the same dialogues he also testifies to a number of constraints on his elenchos that make it quite unlikely that Socrates could justifiably believe that his method tested his interlocutors’ claim to knowledge, wisdom, or expertise by establishing the truth or falsehood of their beliefs. Rather these constraints appear to require that all that Socrates could justifiably believe is that an individual elenchos tested the interlocutors’ knowledge, wisdom, or expertise by establishing the consistency or inconsistency of their beliefs. But before we can conclude from this anything about Socrates’ epistemological views we need to examine how Socrates thinks that individual elenctic arguments test his interlocutors’ claim to knowledge, wisdom, or expertise. To this task I turn in this chapter.
The Priority Of Definitional Knowledge
Authors: Benson Hugh H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to this tradition. Socrates maintained that he could not know that virtue is teachable if he failed to know what virtue is, nor could Euthyphro know that prosecuting his father for murder is pious if he failed to know what piety is. In fact. it was so commonplace to attribute this principle to Socrates that Peter Geach. who in an influential essay (1966) found the principle to be both intellectually and morally disreputable. dubbed it the Socratic fallacy.
Knowledge, Virtue, And Other Problems
Authors: Benson Hugh H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Socratic model of knowledge I have proposed faces a number of serious challenges. First, two sets of passages, those in which Socrates avows knowledge and those in which he claims to be virtuous, appear to be at odds with the robust model of knowledge I have uncovered. Second, various absurd or dubious consequences appear to attend this model of knowledge, consequences that it would be implausible to suppose Socrates could have missed or would have endured. In this chapter, I respond to these challenges. While some of these have more force than others, in the end I hope to have weakened their force sufficiently so that the model of Socratic knowledge I have uncovered can be said to be the most plausible overall interpretation of the texts. Indeed, in the case of the latter challenges—what might be thought of as philosophical challenges—rather than raising difficulties for my interpretation of Socratic knowledge, they serve to confirm it. The epistemological work of two of Socrates’ immediate philosophical successors, Plato and Aristotle, can plausibly be understood as an attempt to avoid the absurd or dubious consequences without abandoning Socrates’ model of knowledge. Unfortunately. in this book I can offer this only as a plausible conjecture. To do more would require a complete account of Platonic and Aristotelian epistemology. But if the conjecture is correct, it indicates that Plato and Aristotle understood Socrates’ model of knowledge along similar lines to those I have proposed.
Conclusion: Meno, The Slave-Boy, And Plato
Authors: Benson Hugh H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Meno has long been viewed as a transitional dialogue; while traces of the philosophy of the early dialogues remain, traces of the views of the middle dialogues begin to emerge.1 Understanding the Meno as transitional is, in part, a consequence of Plato’s more self-conscious attention to epistemological matters. In particular, it is a consequence of his introduction of the theory of recollection. The theory of recollection appears to be introduced in the Meno for the first time as a solution to an epistemological problem arising out of the earlier Socratic dialogues, and yet the theory lacks the metaphysical sophistication it has in later dialogues like the Phaedo.
Introduction
Authors: Rees Helen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In spring 1989 I took an exploratory field trip to Yunnan Province, an ethnically diverse and spectacularly scenic area of southwest China. In early May I joined several other foreign students and tourists on a bumpy twenty-hour bustrip from Kunming, the provincial capital, to Lijiang, a county in the northwest of the province (see Figure 1.1). Known for its mountainous terrain (see Figure 1.2), the unspoiled traditional architecture of its county seat (see Figure 1.3), and the unusual culture of the local inhabitants, the Naxi ethnic minority (pronounced Na-shee in Mandarin Chinese), Lijiang had been opened to foreigners in 1985. By 1989 it was attracting several dozen foreign tourists a week, and a number of local ventures, especially restaurants, were beginning to cater to them.
Ethnic Minorities and the Chinese State
Authors: Rees Helen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The musical experience of the Naxi in the twentieth century has been shaped by disparate factors, one of the most important of which has been their position as an ethnic minority within the Chinese state. This chapter outlines the history of minority-state interaction in the southwest, and concludes by examining Communist policy toward minority performing arts—a vital subtext underlying many events in Lijiang in the post-1949 period.
The Wider World Comes to Ljjiang: The Musical Impact
Authors: Rees Helen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For most of its existence, Lijiang’s Dongjing music had little observable impact outside its own county: for all its high profile within its home territory, it seldom traveled farther afield. Although a German university professor made a wax cylinder recording in 1935, and He Yi’an of the Dayan Town Dongjing association recorded a few pieces as flute solos while on a business trip to Kunming in 1947, these appear to have been isolated events that left no lasting impression on the wider world (Track 1996: 49, 64). The same is true of other musical genres: while there was certainly interethnic and intercounty diffusion of songs, dances, and religious musics, they seem to have retained a purely local importance. Though mentioned briefly in county gazetteers and other local literature, in the pre-Communist era none of these musics achieved even regional renown, let alone national fame.
Breathing During Wakefulness and Sleep
Authors: Aldrich Michaels. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The study of breathing during sleep is important for several reasons. First, of all the organ functions of the body, breathing is unique in that it is under voluntary as well as automatic control. Although little volitional control can be exerted over cardiac, renal, gastrointestinal, and endocrinologic activity, breathing can easily be increased, decreased, or modulated voluntarily, which permits singing, talking, whispering, and breath holding. Voluntary systems, how ever, are operative only during wakeful ness; with the onset of sleep, control of breathing becomes entirely involuntary. Second, breathing is more vulnerable than other major organ functions to the physiologic changes that occur with sleep. Third, disorders associated with disturbed breathing during sleep are both frequent and severe, and they often have serious complications. Sleep disorders associated with breathing disturbances are discussed in Chapters 13 and 14.
Parasomnias
Authors: Aldrich Michaels. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Parasomnias are disorders in which undesirable physical and mental phenomena occur mainly or exclusively during sleep.1 They differ from the dyssomnias in that insomnia and daytime sleepiness are not the primary complaints; rather, the com plaint is related to the undesirable phenomena. Central nervous system (CNS) activation, with skeletal muscle activity and signs of autonomic arousal, occurs with many of the parasomnias. Physical phenomena may include visceral contractions, jerks or twitches of the extremities, thrashing, shouts and screams, posturing, walking or running, and complex automatisms. Mental phenomena may include thoughts, dreams, images, and emotions.
Sleep Disorders in Dementias and Related Degenerative Diseases
Authors: Aldrich Michaels. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Degenerative disorders of the central nervous system (CNS) may disrupt sleep in a number of ways (Table 18-1), determined partly by the regions of the brain that degenerate. In some disorders, such as Parkinson’s disease and progressive supranuclear palsy, sleep disturbance is a virtually universal symptom; in others, such as Huntington’s disease, sleep com plaints are less common.
Photoemission from organic molecular crystals
Authors: Pope Martin , Swenberg Charlese E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The electrons that are ejected from a solid subsequent to the absorption of highenergy light contain considerable information about the static energy level structure of the solid and the density of states at these energies. In addition, photoemission that is produced as a result of bimolecular reactions between two excited states (of which at least one is mobile) inside the solid constitutes a new and powerful method not only for elucidating static energy levels but also for studying the dynamic properties of excitons, free and trapped carriers, and other transient species. Kinetically bimolecular photoemission was discovered by Pope, Kallmannn, and Giachino (1965) and is referred to as the double-quantum external photoelectric effect (DQEPE). The energy released in the bimolecular reaction can be determined from the kinetic energy of the emitted electron, and the details of the kinetics can be determined from the light-intensity dependence of the process.
Miscellaneous systems
Authors: Pope Martin , Swenberg Charlese E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is a difficult task to discuss the electronic properties of all the interesting organic compounds that have been studied recently and at the same time maintain the modest proportions of this book. Accordingly, in this last chapter, some personal choices were made, influenced chiefly by the growing importance of polymeric systems. Single-crystal studies were favored whenever appropriate. The systems chosen include a dye, a pigment, a polymer with an unsaturated backbone, a polymer with a saturated backbone and aromatic pendant groups, a polymer donoracceptor system of great practical interest, and, finally, a liquid. In addition to the intrinsic interest of the compounds chosen, some useful by-products have been realized. Thus, the phthalocyanines provide a good example of the thermal generation of carriers, while the polymers and liquids serve as a jumping-off point for the discussion of amorphous systems and percolation.
Electronic processes in polydiacetylene (PDA)
Authors: Pope Martin , Swenberg Charlese E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The treatment of polydiacetylenes (PDA) in Chapter VI is extensive. Not mentioned there are the triplet exciton and possible polaron states. The relation between the optical band gap and the valence to conduction band transition remained to be clarified. In addition, there is the question of the carrier mobility, which has remained controversial. The energy-level structure of PDA-TS (PTS in Chapter VI) is also not fully outlined. The following discussion will deal with these and other features, starting with the singlet exciton, which, unlike the exciton in anthracene, is short-lived and nonfluorescent.
Carrier transport
Authors: Pope Martin , Swenberg Charlese E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The past few years have witnessed major advances in the theory of carrier transport in polymeric materials and molecular crystals. One can divide these materials into four distinct groups depending on their microscopic properties and then in turn on their different optical and transport properties (Borsenberger et al. 1996): Molecularly doped polymers and molecular crystals Polymers with chromophoric pendant groups (e.g., poly(N-vinylcarbazole).
Space-charge and emission-limited currents
Authors: Pope Martin , Swenberg Charlese E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The phenomenology of current flow in homogeneous semiconducting solids is independent of the constitution of the system. Under conditions of thermal equilibrium, the required data include the dielectric constant, the density of free carriers, the effective mobility of these carriers, the electric field, and the electric field dependence of these parameters. In semiconductors, current can be limited by the accumulation of space charge (space-charge-limited current) (SCLC) or by the inability of the contact to supply this current (emission-limited current) (ELC). Space-charge-limited currents are the maximum that can flow in the semiconducting solid and have been discussed in Chapter II.
Organic magnets (0 M)
Authors: Pope Martin , Swenberg Charlese E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Magnetic materials are technologically indispensable, with annual sales larger than that of semiconductors. Applications of magnetics find their way into telecommunications technology, energy storage, safety equipment, information storage devices, and a variety of medical instruments. At present organic magnets do not rival the inorganic variety in magnetization. However, there are potentialities in organic magnets that are absent in the inorganic systems, such as flexibility, transparency, thin-film-forming ability, and low density that will insure the organic materials some important niche in technology.
Introduction
Authors: Heffernan William C , Kleinig John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is the connection between social justice and criminal justice? The terms “social justice” and “criminal justice” are themselves so contested that one must pause, before considering the relationship between them, to think carefully about what they mean. Each term can be said to pose a question. In speaking of social justice, one asks about the requisites of a justly constituted society; in speaking of criminal justice, one asks about the basis of just punishment. Given everyday usage, though, each term can also be said to provide an answer to the question it poses. References to social justice usually include an assumption that a society can be just only if it has undertaken redistributive steps to insure fairness in wealth holdings--if not equality in holdings, then at least satisfaction of its members’ basic needs. References to criminal justice tend to be based on the assumption that punishment can be just only if it is based on retributive principles. These specific conceptions of social and criminal justice are, of course, open to challenge.
Art and Religion
Authors: Louden Robert B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The chief texts to be examined in this chapter are Kant’s Critique of Judgment (1790) and Religion Within the Boundaries of Mere Reason (1793). Both of these works are quite different from the Kantian lecture materials on education and anthropology examined in previous chapters in that they: (1) were published by Kant himself, (2) are mature works of the critical period, and (3) are intended primarily as contributions to his project of critical philosophy rather than that of popular, applied philosophy. Additionally, there is much more secondary literature on Kant’s aesthetics and religion than there is on his pedagogy and anthropology, and some of the former does cast considerable light on a variety of Kantian moral themes, for example, the role of feeling in relation to morality.1 However, to my knowledge, no one has yet analyzed Kant’s aesthetics or religion from the particular perspective of impure ethics. The fields of art and religion are treated together in this chapter primarily because (1) they address similar issues in empirical ethics and (2) neither domain on its own makes quite as direct or as large a contribution to the second part of ethics as do those domains explored in other chapters. The first four sections treat art, while the final two sections concern religion.