bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Challenge and threat responses during downward and upward social comparisons
Authors: Mendes Wendy Berry , Blascovich Jim , Major Brenda , Seery Mark 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe examined cardiovascular responses indicating challenge and threat during social comparisons. Experiment 1 manipulated comparison direction (i.e. upward/downward) within a cooperative social interaction, during which we measured cardiovascular responses, evaluations of demands and resources, and self‐reports. Participants interacting with upward comparison partners evaluated the task as more ‘threatening’ (demands relative to resources) than participants cooperating with downward comparison partners. Moreover, participants cooperating with upward comparison partners exhibited cardiovascular reactivity consistent with threat (i.e. increased ventricle contractility, no changes in cardiac output, and vasoconstriction). In contrast, participants interacting with downward comparison partners exhibited challenge responses (i.e. increased contractility, increased cardiac output, and vasodilation). This basic finding was extended in Experiment 2 with the examination of a classic moderator of social comparison, attitudinal similarity of the comparison partner. Participants paired with attitudinally dissimilar partners exhibited exacerbated reactions relative to participants paired with attitudinally similar partners. That is, relative to similar partners, dissimilar partners engendered greater threat responses during upward comparisons and a tendency toward greater challenge responses during downward comparisons. These results are discussed within an assimilative/contrast model of social comparisons. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Frequencies and relative levels of clustered damages in DNA exposed to gamma rays in radioquenching vs. nonradioquenching conditions
Authors: Sutherland Betsy M. , Bennett Paula V. , Weinert Emily , Sidorkina Olga , Laval Jacques 
Published: August 2002

AbstractClustered damage induced by ionizing radiation—two or more oxidized bases, abasic sites, or strand breaks within a few DNA helical turns—have been postulated to be major lethal and/or mutagenic sites. Although they have recently been shown to be induced in genomic DNAs by ionizing photons and particles, little is known of the factors that affect their yields or the relative levels of the classes of clusters. Toward this aim we have investigated the effect of DNA milieu, specifically, a nonradioquenching (phosphate) or radioquenching (Tris) solution, upon the generation of clustered lesions in a well‐defined molecule, T7 bacteriophage DNA. Irradiation of DNA in Tris reduces the yields of all clustered damages to 1–3% of the levels formed in phosphate. Further, although the percentage of the total clusters in oxidized purine clusters is largely unchanged, and the level of abasic clusters decreases, the frequencies of double‐strand breaks and oxidized pyrimidine clusters increase in the radioquenching solution. The ratio of the level of oxidized pyrimidine clusters to double‐strand breaks in a DNA in radioquenching solution is similar to that obtained in DNA in human cells, also a radioquenching environment. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 38:159–165, 2001. Published 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Assessing the communication of environmental policies: a chaotic model
Authors: Winnard G.M. , Cannibal G.L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThere is nothing more difficult to carry out, nor more doubtful of success,
nor more dangerous to handle, than to initiate a new order of things.
Machiavelli.
This study assessed the communication methods used to promote energy reduction within a city council, and suggested ways of improving them. These methods were assessed using Lichtenstein's chaotic logic of organizational transformation, which uses chaos theory to divide a cultural change process into three stages. The council was identified as not having completed stage one of that change process, which involves the identification of reasons as to why a change process is necessary, and communicating about the change process to everybody in the entire organization. This was judged to be because the organization‐wide formal and informal communication network necessary for efficient cultural change had not been built. In order to improve the efficiency of communication, education and training methods, recommendations were made that included a council‐wide survey around energy issues, a series of informal meetings and the utilization of peer pressure and formal, informal, qualitative and quantitative feedback. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Assessing the biotic distance between groups of biological populations by means of replicated counts
Authors: Marcheselli M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe problem of assessing the difference in species composition between groups of biological populations is considered when the vectors of relative abundances are estimated through replicated counts. A Monte Carlo study was employed to investigate the performance of classical MANOVA and Smith's permutation test. The use of MANOVA represents a promising strategy provided that an adequate number of populations is assigned to those groups in which a greater variability of abundance estimates arises. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gray box identification of flexible structures: application to robust active vibration suppression control
Authors: Forrai A. , Hashimoto S. , Isojima A. , Funato H. , Kamiyama K. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe paper deals with gray box identification of flexible structures and active vibration suppression from a robust control perspective. First, the linearized mathematical model of an N‐storey flexible structure is presented. Next, the generalized mathematical model is particularized for the investigated three‐storey flexible structure. The considered flexible structure is identified based on black box and gray box identification methods and the model's parametric uncertainties are deduced. Furthermore, control constraints are presented for the design problem, in case of velocity as well as acceleration feedback, from a robust control perspective. Finally, the effectiveness of the control system is tested through experiments, when the input disturbance is assumed to be a sinusoidal one as well as a historical earthquake record (1940 El Centro record). Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of reed stem density on foredune development
Authors: Arens S. M. , Baas A. C. W. , Van Boxel J. H. , Kalkman C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractVegetation density on foredunes exerts an important control on aeolian sediment transport and deposition, and therefore on profile development. In a long‐term monitoring field experiment, three plots were planted with regular grids of reed bundles in three different densities: 4, 2 and 1 bundles per m2. This study reports on the differences in profile development under the range of vegetation densities.Topographic profiles were measured between May 1996 and April 1997. Results indicate important differences in profile development for the three reed bundle densities: in the highest density plot a distinct, steep dune developed, while in the lowest density a more gradual and smooth sand ramp was deposited. When the stems had been completely buried, differences in profile evolution vanished. After a second planting of reed stems in January 1997 the process was repeated. In May 1997, all plots had gained a sand volume ranging from 11·5 to 12·3 m3 m−1, indicating that the sediment budget is relatively constant, regardless of the particular profile evolution.The field evidence is compared with simulations of profile development, generated by the foredune development model SAFE. The model successfully reproduces the overall profile development, but in general, the equations used for vegetation–transport interaction overestimate the effect of vegetation. This causes some deviations between field and model results. Several reasons for this are discussed. Based on the experiments reported here, recommendations are given for further research. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessment of shallow landslide susceptibility by means of multivariate statistical techniques
Authors: Baeza Cristina , Corominas Jordi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSeveral multivariate statistical analyses have been performed to identify the most influential geological and geomorphological parameters on shallow landsliding and to quantify their relative contribution. A data set was first prepared including more than 30 attributes of 230 failed and unfailed slopes. The performance of principal component analysis, t‐test and one‐way test, allowed a preliminary selection of the most significant variables, which were used as input variables for the discriminant analysis. The function obtained has classified successfully 88·5 per cent of the overall slope population and 95·6 per cent of the failed slopes. Slope gradient, watershed area and land‐use appeared as the most powerful discriminant factors. A landslide susceptibility map, based on the scores of the discriminant function, has been prepared for Ensija range in the Eastern Pyrenees. An index of relative landslide density shows that the results of the map are consistent. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Use of the mass spectrometer for heat release rate analysis in fire calorimeters
Authors: Enright P.A. (Tony) , Vandevelde Paul 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis document outlines the concept of replacing the conventional gas analysis train in fire calorimeters, with a mass spectrometer (MS). This concept is motivated by a desire to improve upon aspects of the conventional technique. These are cumbersome equations, time delays, time lags and ‘noisy’ results. The theoretical advantages and disadvantages of using a MS are presented. This document should form the basis of an experimental programme to value the worth of the concept. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The fire performance of electrical insulating materials used in fluorescent lighting fixtures
Authors: Zicherman Joseph 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAnalysis of a major fire incident at a home furnishings warehouse led to the conclusion that extended exposure of electrical insulating materials composing a lampholder in a fluorescent lamp were the initial items ignited. It was thought that these items, composed of thermoset polymers, were ignition‐resistant materials. However, analysis showed that thermally induced degradation caused the material to degrade into an easily ignited, char‐like residue. The parent polymer, highly cross‐linked urea formaldehyde, had been initially cast into the lampholder configuration to prevent high voltage conditions and arcing.Thermal and elemental analyses as well as the investigation conducted at the fire site, helped to determine that the original polymer had pyrolysed into a residue differing in both chemical composition — reduced hydrogen and oxygen content — and physical characteristics when compared with the parent material. The changes in the chemical and physical properties of the original polymer explain the observed thermal inertia of the residue and its tendency to smolder (as opposed to the ‘parent polymer’). They are characterized by (1) an increased accessibility to oxygen, (2) reduced thermal conductivity and (3) increased proportion of carbon. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Program Achievements in the Formerly Utilized Sites Remedial Action Program
Authors: Huston Kip R. , McDaniel Tomiann 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) initiated a survey program in 1974 that led to the creation of
the Formerly Utilized Sites Remedial Action Program (FUSRAP) under authorities granted by the Atomic
Energy Act of 1954, as amended. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) managed FUSRAP from 1981 to 1997,
after assuming the responsibilities of the Atomic Energy Commission. On October 13, 1997, Congress transferred
FUSRAP management to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps) under the Energy and Water Development
Appropriations Act of 1998. Congress tasked the Corps to review and assess the program and complete it quickly
and efficiently. The Corps executes about $1.3 billion annually in environmental remediation work. In
addition to FUSRAP, the Corps' environmental remediation program consists of the Formerly Used Defense
Sites Program as well as work for a number of federal clients, including the Army, Air Force, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), National Aeronautics and Space Administration
(NASA), and others. FUSRAP makes up approximately 11 percent of the Corps' environmental
remediation program. The Corps has encountered many challenges and achieved many successes since the program
was transferred. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.*
Hype or Hope: The Potential of Phytoremediation as an Emerging Green Technology
Authors: Schwitzguébel Jean‐Paul 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPhytoremediation is defined as the use of green plants and their associated microorganisms, soil amendments,
and agronomic techniques to remove, contain, or render harmless environmental pollutants. At the present time,
phytoremediation is an emerging technology and there is still a significant need to pursue both fundamental and
applied research to fully exploit the metabolic and growth habits of higher plants. It is precisely the purpose of
the European COST Action 837 to stimulate the development and evaluate the potential of plant biotechnology for
the removal of organic pollutants and toxic metals from wastewater and contaminated sites. However, green plants
grow under nonsterile conditions and thus strongly interact with many microorganisms, like bacteria and
mycorrhizal fungi. In this context, an Inter‐COST Workshop on bioremediation was recently organized to
address the significance of soil microorganisms for plants, and the importance of their interactions, with regard
to their potential for phytoremediation. Based on the outcomes of this workshop, the potential use of
phytoremediation is presented in this article. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Reprinted from
Remediation Volume 11, Number 4.
Composition of the essential oil from the leaves of Eruca sativa
Authors: Miyazawa Mitsuo , Maehara Takako , Kurose Kohsuke 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe components of the essential oil from the leaves of Eruca sativa were analysed by capillary GC and GC–MS. The essential oil from the leaves of Eruca sativa was found to contain 67 volatile components, representing 96.52% of the oil, which were characterized. The main constituents were 4‐methylthiobutylisothiocyanate (60.13%) and 5‐methylthiopentanonitrile (11.25%). The essential oil from the leaves of E. sativa was characterized by a high content of sulfur‐ and nitrogen‐containing compounds. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spectral analysis of flux vector splitting finite volume methods
Authors: Sengupta Tapan K. , Sridar D. , Sarkar S. , De S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractNew results are presented here for finite volume (FV) methods that use flux vector splitting (FVS) along with higher‐order reconstruction schemes. Apart from spectral accuracy of the resultant methods, the numerical stability is investigated which restricts the allowable time step or the Courant–Friedrich–Lewy (CFL) number. Also the dispersion relation preservation (DRP) property of various spatial and temporal discretization schemes is investigated. The DRP property simultaneously fixes space and time steps. This aspect of numerical schemes is important for simulation of high‐Reynolds number flows, compressible flows with shock(s) and computational aero‐acoustics. It is shown here that for direct numerical simulation applications, the DRP property is more restrictive than stability criteria. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Unsteady RANS method for surface ship boundary layer and wake and wave field
Authors: Rhee Shin Hyung , Stern Fred 
Published: August 2002

AbstractResults are reported of an unsteady Reynolds‐averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) method for simulation of the boundary layer and wake and wave field for a surface ship advancing in regular head waves, but restrained from body motions. Second‐order finite differences are used for both spatial and temporal discretization and a Poisson equation projection method is used for velocity–pressure coupling. The exact kinematic free‐surface boundary condition is solved for the free‐surface elevation using a body‐fitted/free‐surface conforming grid updated in each time step. The simulations are for the model problem of a Wigley hull advancing in calm water and in regular head waves. Verification and validation procedures are followed, which include careful consideration of both simulation and experimental uncertainties. The steady flow results are comparable to other steady RANS methods in predicting resistance, boundary layer and wake, and free‐surface effects. The unsteady flow results cover a wide range of Froude number, wavelength, and amplitude for which first harmonic amplitude and phase force and moment experimental data are available for validation along with frequency domain, linear potential flow results for comparisons. The present results, which include the effects of turbulent flow and non‐linear interactions, are in good agreement with the data and overall show better capability than the potential flow results. The physics of the unsteady boundary layer and wake and wave field response are explained with regard to frequency of encounter and seakeeping theory. The results of the present study suggest applicability for additional complexities such as practical ship geometry, ship motion, and maneuvering in arbitrary ambient waves. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A method for analysing nesting techniques for the linearized shallow water equations
Authors: Heggelund Yngve , Berntsen Jarle 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA method for analysing different nesting techniques for the linearized shallow water equations is presented. The problem is formulated as an eigenvector–eigenvalue problem. A necessary condition for stability is that the spectral radius of the propagation matrix is less than or equal to one. Two test cases are presented. The first test case is analysed, and effects of enforcing volume conservation and nudging in time are studied. A nesting technique is found that causes no growth of any eigenvectors for reasonable time steps. This nesting technique is then used on both test cases, and results are compared to an everywhere refined model and a coarse grid model. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The direct simulation Monte Carlo method using unstructured adaptive mesh and its application
Authors: Wu J.‐S. , Tseng K.‐C. , Kuo C.‐H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe implementation of an adaptive mesh‐embedding (h‐refinement) scheme using unstructured grid in two‐dimensional direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method is reported. In this technique, local isotropic refinement is used to introduce new mesh where the local cell Knudsen number is less than some preset value. This simple scheme, however, has several severe consequences affecting the performance of the DSMC method. Thus, we have applied a technique to remove the hanging node, by introducing the an‐isotropic refinement in the interfacial cells between refined and non‐refined cells. Not only does this remedy increase a negligible amount of work, but it also removes all the difficulties presented in the originals scheme. We have tested the proposed scheme for argon gas in a high‐speed driven cavity flow. The results show an improved flow resolution as compared with that of un‐adaptive mesh. Finally, we have used triangular adaptive mesh to compute a near‐continuum gas flow, a hypersonic flow over a cylinder. The results show fairly good agreement with previous studies. In summary, the proposed simple mesh adaptation is very useful in computing rarefied gas flows, which involve both complicated geometry and highly non‐uniform density variations throughout the flow field. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transition and heat transfer predictions in a turbine cascade at various free‐stream turbulence intensities through a one‐equation turbulence model
Authors: Tsourakis G. I. , Koubogiannis D. G. , Giannakoglou K. C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe one‐equation Spalart–Allmaras turbulence model, coupled with criteria for the prediction of the transition onset, is employed for the numerical prediction of the heat transfer along the nozzle guide vanes of a high‐pressure turbine, at various operating conditions. Emphasis is put on how to overcome a known shortcoming of the Spalart–Allmaras model, i.e. its insensitivity to free‐stream turbulence. For this purpose, an extra viscosity coefficient is defined and used in the mean flow equations. This extra viscosity is proportional to the free‐stream turbulence with a damping in the boundary layer. Its use is adequate to circumvent the aforementioned weakness of the Spalart–Allmaras model, without any other intervention in the model itself. For the prediction of the onset of transition, the Abu‐Ghannam and Shaw and the Mayle criteria are used, depending on the level of free‐stream turbulence. Both yield very satisfactory predictions in a wide range of Reynolds numbers and/or turbulence intensities. From a numerical point of view, this paper proposes techniques for the implementation of the solution method on unstructured grids with triangular elements and reconfirms findings of previous works, like the suitability of the containment‐circle tessellation in highly stretched grids. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The accuracy and efficiency of alternative option pricing approaches relative to a log‐transformed trinomial model
Authors: Chen Hsuan‐Chi , Chen David M. , Chung San‐Lin 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis article presents a log‐transformed trinomial approach to option pricing and finds that various
numerical procedures in the option pricing literature are embedded in this approach with choices of different
parameters. The unified view also facilitates comparisons of computational efficiency among numerous lattice
approaches and explicit finite difference methods. We use the root‐mean‐squared relative error and
the minimum convergence step to evaluate the accuracy and efficiency for alternative option pricing approaches.
The numerical results show that the equal‐probability trinomial specification of He (12) and Tian (25) and the sharpened trinomial
specification of Omberg (21) outperform other lattice approaches and explicit
finite difference methods. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 22:557–577, 2002