bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Work‐life policies and programs: Comparing the responsiveness of nonprofit and for‐profit organizations
Authors: Pitt‐Catsouphes Marcie , Swanberg Jennifer E. , Bond James T. , Galinsky Ellen 
Published: March 2004

AbstractAnalysis of the data from the 1998 Business Work‐Life Study, one of the first comprehensive studies of
how U.S. organizations are responding to the work‐life needs of the nation's changing workforce,
indicates that nonprofits with one hundred or more employees are more likely than for‐profits to offer
particular types of work‐life policies and programs (such as extended leaves following birth or
adoption) and to pay for at least some of the costs of health insurance for part‐time employees. In
contrast, nonprofits are less likely to offer other work‐life supports (such as paid maternity
leave). Despite the resource constraints that can restrict the compensation and benefits packages offered by
some nonprofits, the overall scope of the work‐life initiatives established by nonprofits is similar to
those initiatives at for‐profit organizations. Regression analyses find that although organizations'
profit status does not explain variance in the scope of their work‐life initiatives, three of the variables
measured by this study (indicators of workplace commitment to diversity and work‐life issues,
percentage of women in executive positions, and the size of the workforce) do.
Exploring OD in Africa: A response to David Lewis
Authors: James Rick 
Published: March 2004

AbstractOrganization development (OD) has become an increasingly popular approach among international donors
who are eager to improve the impact of their aid to developing countries. Major questions, however, have been
raised as to whether this is not another example of “technique peddling” by Western donors and
consultants. Many argue that this participatory, imported, Western approach to organizational change relies on
cultural assumptions of open discussion that are simply not present in many developing societies. Taking up
Lewis's challenge in his article “Organization and Management in the Third Sector: Towards a
Cross‐Cultural Research Agenda” (NML 2002), this article explores the veracity of such
concerns. Using practitioner experience of implementing OD with African NGOs, this article reveals that many
principles of OD are pre‐existing within African cultures and are not a new foreign import. It concludes
that, as with any culture, there are aspects that undermine and reinforce particular approaches to management and
change. An anthropological perspective can assist in understanding the local culture sufficiently to be able to
identify, avoid, or overcome cultural resistance, while at the same time using cultural symbols as levers for
change.
Planned change at The Center on Philanthropy: The CLER model
Authors: Brescia William 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThis article examines the creation of The Center on Philanthropy as an example of organizational change
using the Configurational, Linkages, Environments, Resources (CLER) Model. In a case study, the CLER
Model is used as a tool for analyzing planned change. Applying the model aided the rapid identification of the
environment as favorable and able to provide necessary support. CLER determined that linkages were key in this
change, due to the numerous formal and informal linkages that were positive and favorable toward the change.
The importance of resources for implementing this change also became apparent in the analysis.
Adverse drug reactions and off‐label prescribing for paediatric outpatients: a one‐year survey of spontaneous reports in Sweden
Authors: Ufer Mike , Kimland Elin , Bergman Ulf 
Published: March 2004

AbstractPurposeTo investigate the extent and characteristics of off‐label prescribing for paediatric outpatients among drugs reported to have caused an adverse reaction.MethodsA retrospective, cross‐sectional, observational analysis of spontaneous adverse drug reaction (ADR) reports in Sweden in the year 2000. We included all reports concerning drugs prescribed for outpatients younger than 16 years. Each ADR was classified with respect to its causality, seriousness and type of reaction. Off‐label prescribing was evaluated with respect to age, dose, indication, formulation and route and frequency of administration.ResultsWe identified 112 patient‐linked reports corresponding to 158 ADRs of which 31% were serious. Antiasthmatic drugs were most frequently suspected as a cause of almost every third adverse reaction. The average proportion of off‐label drug prescribing amounted to 42.4%. It was more frequently associated with serious than non‐serious ADRs and mostly due to a non‐approved age or dose. The most common clinical manifestations were psychiatric disorders and mucocutaneous inflammatory reactions.ConclusionsOff‐label prescribing for paediatric outpatients is common among drugs reported to have caused an ADR. It is suggested to further identify unlabelled drugs frequently contributing to, in particular serious ADRs in children for a proper benefit‐risk assessment of off‐label drug use. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Early radiographic and clinical features associated with bronchiectasis in children
Authors: Redding Gregory , Singleton Rosalyn , Lewis Toby , Martinez Patricia , Butler Jay , Stamey David , Bulkow Lisa , Peters Helen , Gove James , Morray Barbara , Jones Carol 
Published: March 2004

AbstractBronchiectasis among children living in developing regions is associated with respiratory infections during early childhood, but specific risk factors that precede childhood bronchiectasis are not fully characterized. We hypothesized that severe respiratory syncytial viral (RSV) infection in infancy would increase the risk of bronchiectasis among Alaska Native children in rural Alaska. This was a follow‐up cohort study of a 1993–1996 case‐control study of RSV‐hospitalized case patients and their controls. For each 5–8‐year‐old former case‐patient and control subject, we reviewed medical records, interviewed parents, performed physical examinations and spirometry, collected sera, and analyzed all historical chest radiographs. Ten (11%) RSV cases and 10 (9%) controls had radiographic evidence of bronchiectasis. The mean age at radiographic diagnosis of bronchiectasis was 3.3 years (range, 1.2–6.1 years). Children were more likely to develop bronchiectasis if their chest radiographs, when they were <2 years of age, showed lung parenchymal densities (RR = 3.9, P < 0.013), persistent parenchymal densities >6 months' duration (RR = 3.0, P = 0.02), or infiltrates on multiple episodes (test for trend, P = 0.003). Radiographic features of hyperinflation and atelectasis among children <2 years old were not associated with eventual bronchiectasis. A single severe infection with RSV alone did not predispose Alaska Native infants to bronchiectasis. Childhood bronchiectasis was associated with lung and hence airway injury, manifested on radiographs by parenchymal densities or “pneumonia” rather than by hyperinflation or atelectasis. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2004; 37:297–304. © 2004 Wiely‐Liss, Inc.
Maximal expiratory flow at FRC (V′maxFRC): Methods of selection and differences in reported values
Authors: Koumbourlis Anastassios C. , Chen Xin C. , Rao J. Sunil , Schluchter Mark D. , Easley Kirk , Colin Andrew A. , Hiatt Peter , Kattan Meyer , McCarthy Kevin , Mellins Robert B. , Peavy Hannah , Platzker Arnold C.G. , Steinbach Suzanne , Ting Andrew , Weisner Michael D. , Wohl Mary Ellen B. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractWe compared three methods of reporting maximal expiratory flow (V′maxFRC) measured in partial expiratory flow‐volume curves (PEFVCs) at the point of functional residual capacity (FRC). PEFVCs were obtained with the rapid thoracoabdominal compression technique (RTC) on a total of 446 occasions in 281 HIV‐negative, asymptomatic infants (4.8–28.1 months old). Three different expressions of V′maxFRC were recorded: 1) the highest measured flow (maxV′FRC), 2) the mean of the three highest flows (mean3V′FRC), and 3) the flow at FRC in a composite curve (compV′FRC) consisting of PEFVCs, obtained at different jacket pressures and superimposed at their distal limb. The numerical value of maxV′FRC was 7.4% (±5.6%) higher than the mean3V′FRC, and 11.9% (±17.7%) higher than the compV′FRC; the mean3V′FRC was 5% (±18.3%) higher than the compV′FRC. Bland‐Altman analysis was used to evaluate the agreement between the three indices. The mean difference and 95% limits of agreement were: maxV′FRC −mean3V′FRC, 14 ± 18 ml/sec; maxV′FRC − compV′FRC, 23 ± 58 ml/sec; and mean3V′FRC − compV′FRC, 10 ± 52 ml/sec. The differences between the slopes of the three indices (regressed against height) were statistically significant, although clinically unimportant. We conclude that despite their high correlation, the mean3V′FRC and maxV′FRC should not be used interchangeably, and that the composite analysis, although useful, does not improve the reproducibility of V′maxFRC, and thus it cannot be recommended for routine use in its current form. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2004; 37:318–323. © 2004 Wiely‐Liss, Inc.
NO pathway in CF and non‐CF children
Authors: Wooldridge Jamie L. , Deutsch Gail H. , Sontag Marci K. , Osberg Iris , Chase Daniel R. , Silkoff Philip E. , Wagener Jeffery S. , Abman Steven H. , Accurso Frank J. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractControversy exists concerning abnormalities of the nitric oxide (NO) pathway in cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease. Although some studies suggested that NO activity is impaired in CF, changes in NO production in young children have not been studied. We hypothesized that nitric oxide synthase (NOS II) expression is decreased in young children with CF, leading to decreased production of lower airway NO, and that decreased NOS II expression is related to airway inflammation. Accordingly, we measured lower airway exhaled NO, nitrate, and NOS II expression in airway epithelium and macrophages by bronchoscopy, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), and bronchial brushing in 13 children with CF, 4 adolescent patients with CF, and 14 disease control children. Lower airway NO and nitrate were not different between CF and disease controls. Immunostaining studies of NOS II expression in airway epithelial cells and macrophages were similar in CF and control patients. Within the CF group, however, expression of NOS II was inversely related to BAL neutrophil counts and IL‐8, two markers of airway inflammation. We conclude that lower airway NO, nitrate levels, and NOS II expression are not different in young children with CF and disease control patients, but that NOS II expression decreases in CF as airway inflammation increases. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2004; 37:338–350. © 2004 Wiely‐Liss, Inc.
An antidepressant effect of Sho‐ju‐sen, a Japanese herbal medicine, assessed by learned helplessness model in mice
Authors: Kuribara Hisashi , Tomioka Hideo , Takahashi Reiko , Onozato Kazumi , Murohashi Naomi , Numajiri Tomomi , Iwata Hisato , Koya Sakuji 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe antidepressant effect of Sho‐ju‐sen, a Japanese herbal medicine composed of extracts of three herbs; kumazasa leaf (Sasa Kurinensis Makino et Sibata), Japanese red pine leaf (Pinus densiﬂora Sieb. et Zucc) and ginseng radix (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer), was assessed using a learned helplessness model in mice. The learned helplessness was produced by presenting 120 unavoidable/inescapable shocks for 3 days to the mouse in a shuttle box, and the avoidance training was carried out on day 4. Compared with the control group given tap water, free consumption of Sho‐ju‐sen (1%, 3% and 10%) for 21 days resulted in a signiﬁcant amelioration of the response rate at 1% and 3%, and both the response rate and % avoidance at 10%. Although Sho‐ju‐sen (10%) caused no signiﬁcant effect following the 7‐day intake, it ameliorated the response rate following the 14‐day intake. The extract of Japanese red pine leaf, but not kumazasa leaf or ginseng radix, mildly improved the response rate. Learned helplessness was signiﬁcantly and dose‐dependently reduced by imipramine (10 and 30 mg/kg i.p.), while only mildly by diazepam (1 mg/kg p.o.). These results suggest that a long‐term consumption of Sho‐ju‐sen is effective for the amelioration of depression, and the effectiveness is derived mainly from the extract of Japanese red pine leaf. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antibacterial activity of ent‐kaurene diterpenoids from Rabdosia rosthornii
Authors: Kubo Isao , Xu Yunlong , Shimizu Kuniyoshi 
Published: March 2004

AbstractBiological activities of ent‐kaurene diterpenoids, rosthornins A–D, isolated from the ether extract of the dried leaves of Rabdosia rosthornii (Diels) Hara (Labiatae) were tested. They exhibited antibacterial activity speciﬁcally against Gram‐positive bacteria, among which Propionibacterium acnes was noted to be the most susceptible. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Receding Horizon Control for Legged Robot–Slack Variable Method for Swing Leg
Authors: Hiroki Takeuchi 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe slack variable method is introduced into receding horizon control with inequality constraint, and formulation about swing leg is described. Generally, the conditions that swing leg does not fall under the floor altitude can be described as inequality state variable constraint. It is difficult to treat this as a states variable constraint, because there is not control input variable explicitly. In this paper, it proposes dealing this with a problem using slack variable. This simple formulation can be applied to a varied legged robot with any number of legs. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Control of Teleoperators with Communication Time Delay through State Convergence
Authors: Azorin Jose M. , Reinoso Oscar , Aracil Rafael , Ferre Manuel 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThis paper describes a new control method of teleoperation systems with communication time delay. This method models the teleoperation system in the state space, considering all the possible interactions that could appear in the operator‐master‐slave‐environment set, and it uses the Taylor expansion to model the time delay. The control system allows that the slave manipulator follows the master in spite of the time delay in the communication channel. The tracking is achieved by state convergence between the master and the slave. The method is also able to establish the desired dynamics of this convergence and the dynamics of the slave manipulator. Furthermore, a simple design procedure is provided to obtain the control system gains. These control gains are calculated solving a set of seven equations. The control method is robust to the uncertainty of the design parameters, so it is not necessary to obtain good estimations of these parameters. Simulations and experiments with a one DOF teleoperation system are presented to verify the control method. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dynamic Control of a Large Scale of Pneumatic Multichain Systems
Authors: Guihard M. , Gorce P. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to propose a general principle able to manage the supervision, coordination, and control problems of a large scale of multichain structures in dynamic and interacting tasks. The main originality lays in its modular feature. The number of chains and of joint per chain are indeed not restricted. The only assumption is that all the chains are linked to a principal element from which the dynamic stability will be computed. This is for example the case for multi‐finger and multi‐legged structures for which respectively the palm and the trunk represent the principal element. The principle consists in controlling the stability of this element and distributing the effort on the other chains to maintain the stability of the whole. To increase the compliant feature, we consider that each joint is pneumatically actuated. Each joint is then dynamically controlled to ensure the asymptotic stability of the local chain it belongs to. A global architecture is presented where each part is detailed. An example is then displayed showing the performances of a two‐legged robot in the standing posture under external perturbation effects. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A new multi‐state fading model for mobile satellite channels based upon AFD and LCR data
Authors: Matolak David W. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractUsing measured data on average fade duration (AFD) and level crossing rate (LCR), we obtain new analytical expressions for the probability density function (pdf) of received signal envelope in a mobile satellite channel, via a new method. The measured data for an urban environment comes from Kanatas et al. Proceedings of the 1997 International Mobile Satellite Conference, Pasadena, CA, 16–18 June, 1997; 169–175, but the new method is general in nature and can be applied to other environments. The method is less direct than curve‐fitting to a histogram of the ‘raw’ measured fading amplitude data, but is comparable in complexity and yields good results. Our new model is a composite one, similar to other composite models given in the literature, e.g. the Loo and Lutz models, but in contrast to these, the new model affords a completely closed‐form expression for the pdf. As with these other composite models, the new model is amenable to the development of computer simulations of mobile satellite channel amplitude time series realizations, and can be combined with state transition models to provide a complete multi‐state fading model. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Angiotensin II effect on calcium mobilization and mitogen‐activated protein kinase activation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells
Authors: Montiel Mercedes , Gámez M. Idoia , García‐Vallejo J. Jesús , Pérez de la Blanca Enrique , Martín Elisa , Quesada Juan , Jiménez Eugenio 
Published: March 2004

AbstractAngiotensin II (Ang II) stimulation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) provoked a transient increase in intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) and induced a phosphorylation on mitogen‐activated protein kinase/extracellular signal regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK). Treatment of HUVEC with Ca2+‐ATPase inhibitor thapsigargin or Ca2+ ionophore A23187 resulted in a significant increase in ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Ang II‐stimulated ERK1/2 phosphorylation was sensitive to the pretreatment of cells with U73122, a selective phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor, resulting in a pronounced decrease of ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Additionally, Ang II‐induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation was prominently reduced by the removal of Ca2+ from extracellular medium. Furthermore, activation of ERK1/2 was mimicked by phorbol 12‐myristate acetate, a protein kinase C (PKC) activator, while the Ang II‐provoked ERK1/2 phosphorylation was markedly attenuated by a PKC inhibition after the treatment of HUVEC with GFX109203X, a specific PKC inhibitor. This study demonstrated that Ang II mediates an increase in the MAPK/ERK phosphorylation in HUVEC which is dependent on [Ca2+]i and PKC activation.
Seabird distribution on the Humboldt Current in northern Chile in relation to hydrography, productivity, and fisheries
Authors: Weichler Tanja , Garthe Stefan , Luna-Jorquera Guillermo , Moraga Julio 
Published: March 2004

AbstractFactors affecting seabird distribution in the Humboldt Current upwelling system in northern Chile were studied in January 1999 using ship transect counts. Of 24 species recorded, the Peruvian booby (Sula variegata), the kelp gull (Larus dominicanus) and the Humboldt penguin (Spheniscus humboldti) were the most abundant. Species composition varied among different areas of the system and distribution patterns differed substantially among eight of the more abundant species. Most species showed links to variation in environmental factors (trawler distribution, SST and chlorophyll concentration). Principal component analysis identified a feeding-flock factor as the most important one for explaining observed distribution patterns. One-third of all birds recorded were associated in feeding flocks and 3% of all individuals were directly attending fishing vessels.
A temperature-dependent reproductive model for spotted seatrout (Cynoscion nebulosus) explaining spatio-temporal variations in reproduction and young-of-the-year recruitment in Florida estuaries
Authors: Kupschus Sven 
Published: March 2004

Abstract
Spotted seatrout (Cynoscion nebulosus) exhibit various seasonal patterns of reproduction and juvenile recruitment in estuaries across their range. To explain this variability, data on the reproductive state of 1674 individual females from the Indian River Lagoon were used to develop a generalized additive model (GAM) describing the relationship between reproduction and local environmental conditions. The model predicted that optimum spawning conditions exist at a water temperature of 29°C, indicating that if this temperature was exceeded during the spawning season, spawning activity would be temporarily curtailed, which would lead to a bimodal recruitment curve. In contrast, daily mean water temperatures below the optimum condition would result in a single recruitment peak. The reproductive model was largely consistent with historical information on spotted seatrout spawning seasonality along the gulf and Atlantic coasts of the US. Factors other than temperature (i.e., hours after sunset, lunar period and size and condition factor of females) were also found to regulate reproductive activity. Model predictions of the number of recruits based on local temperature regimes during the spawning season were compared to actual catches of juvenile spotted seatrout in three Florida estuaries. The reproductive model was able to predict the timing and modality of recruitment, but the relative amplitude of the fluctuations in abundance was dampened considerably compared to the observed variation.
Buffered random sampling: a sequential inhibited spatial point process applied to sampling in a trawl survey for northern shrimp Pandalus borealis in West Greenland waters
Authors: Kingsley M.C.S. , Kanneworff P. , Carlsson D.M. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractA stratified random sample survey has been carried out since 1988 as a component of the assessment of the stock of northern shrimp Pandalus borealis in offshore West Greenland waters. In 1999, the placing of stations independently and randomly was replaced by buffered random sampling, in which stations were randomly placed but prevented from being closer together than a prescribed limit. Buffered random sampling gave a more even distribution of stations within strata, and nearest-neighbour distances were on average increased by 50%. The statistical effects were difficult to determine, but did not appear to be large, and the estimated standard errors did not change much from previous years. However, the buffered sampling method generated designs in which stations were evenly distributed over the strata, and did away with the need for subjective manual adjustment of the positions of stations which independent random sampling sometimes placed too close to another station.