bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prostitution and the Law
Authors: Karras Ruth Mazo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter approaches medieval understandings of feminine sexuality by looking at what different jurisdictions thought they were regulating when they legislated about whoredom, and how and why they attempted to control it. Law is one of the most powerful means any society has at its disposal to control behavior. This is not only because legislation can prohibit particular acts (with greater or lesser degrees of effectiveness), but also because simply by establishing what kind of behavior is deviant, it asserts power over those who practice that behavior. Law does not emerge on its own; society creates it, and law reflects that society’s needs, assumptions, and mores. By being enshrined in the law, these assumptions and mores become increasingly clear, tangible, and entrenched. Whereas attitudes and conventions may evolve on their own, law requires formal action if it is to change. It provides a fixed, codified point, usually presented in carefully chosen language, to which people can refer. Laws about whoredom are thus powerful tools for delimiting appropriate feminine behavior. Whatever opprobrium society chooses to heap on anyone labeled a whore gains force when it is backed by legal clout. In medieval English law, however, neither prostitution nor whoredom was ever formally defined. There were no official registers of prostitutes as there were, for example, under the Contagious Diseases Acts of the 1860s. The application of the legal category “whore” to women other than commercial prostitutes blurred the boundaries between the latter group and deviant women generally, just as the Contagious Diseases Acts functioned to control not only prostitutes but all poor women through the involuntary registration as a prostitute of any woman the authorities deemed immoral.
Estranged Bedfellows
Authors: Roshwald Aviel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Anglo-French clash in the Middle East during the Second World War not only marked a turning point in the region's political development, but also became a sticking point in wartime relations between the two powers. British and Free French troops united to seize control of the Vichy regime's Middle Eastern possessions in a bloody campaign in 1941. But the alliance was an uneasy one, as the British tried to enlist the growing forces of Arab nationalism to wrest control of Syria and Lebanon from the Free French. The European alliance against the Germans was repeatedly strained by mutual suspicion in a colonial conflict which both powers were bound to lose. Drawing on newly opened archival sources, Roshwald skilfully clarifies the complex mixture of colonial political manoeuvres, personal clashes, and Arab nationalism that shaped this critical period in Middle Eastern history.
Popular Musics Of the Non-Western World
Authors: Manuel Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Reflecting the growing interest in popular music from the developing world, this unique book is the first to examine all major non-Western music styles, from increasing familiar genres like reggae and salsa, to the lesser-known regional styles of Latin America, the Caribbean, Africa, the Middle East, non-Western Europe (Greece, Yugoslavia, Portugal), Asia, and the Near East.
The Non-Arab Middle East
Authors: Manuel Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Turkey's musical heritage-one of the richest of the non-Western world-is remarkable for its diversity and for the influence it has exerted on the cultures of its neighbors. The legacy of extended Ottoman rule is clear in the urban musics of Greece, Yugoslavia, and other Balkan coun­tries, as in the art music of the Arab world, which developed hand-in­hand with Turkish classical music during the several centuries of Turk­ish rule. At present, Turkish popular music, although little known in the West, finds substantial audiences in Greece, Israel, and elsewhere, and flourishes with great vitality in West Germany as well as Turkey.
South Asia
Authors: Manuel Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The South Asian subcontinent, comprising India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, and Sri Lanka, encompasses a great diversity of musical cultures and styles. The multitude of folk music traditions reflect the linguistic, ethnic, class, regional, and religious diversity of the South Asian population, now surpassing one billion. The South Asian aristoc­racies sustain two "Great Traditions" of art music, the Hindustani, or North Indian, and the Karnatak, or South Indian.
The Pacific
Authors: Manuel Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The cultures of the Melanesian, Polynesian, and Micronesian Pacific represent a formidable diversity with respect to language, religion, his­tory, and music, as well as racial origins. At the same time, a degree of cultural affinity and similar socio-historical developments in the twen­tieth century have contributed to the evolution of a set of popular music styles that can be accommodated into a relatively unified continuum of pan-Pacific styles. In the use of simple three-part vocal harmonies, most of these musics reflect the impact of the Protestant missionaries, who popularized hymn singing throughout much of the Pacific since the early nineteenth century.
An Ambivalent Zionist Leadership
Authors: ofer Dalia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Britain’s declaration of war against Nazi Germany in September 1939 com plicated the Zionist position toward aliyah bet. It created paradoxes of basic interests: an opposition to British White Paper policy and a strong support and identification with Great Britain in its war against Nazi Germany. Since aliyah bet was the principal means of Zionist opposition to British policy, its continuation following the start of the war was a source of debate among Zionists.
Revisionist Aliyah
Authors: ofer Dalia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In contrast to the ambivalence that plagued the Jewish Agency, the Haganah, and the Mossad, the Revisionist movement unequivocally supported the idea of Aliyah bet. Revisionist leaders voiced no qualms about having to resort to unorthodox methods, and the potential damage to Zionist political interests did not worry them. The Revisionist movement was in extreme opposition to the Zionist policy conducted by the labor coalition.
Nazi Expulsion Policy: Berthold Storfer and the Immigration
Authors: ofer Dalia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During late 1938 and 1939, a consensus emerged among the various Nazi agencies regarding the Jews residing within the borders of the Reich: the Nazis determined that these Jews should be forcibly expelled rather than quarantined internally or deported to Reich-held territories. The policy of forced emigration was part of the Reich’s overall strategy in preparation for war.
After the Sinking of the Struma
Authors: ofer Dalia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Struma disaster did not stop Jews from trying to leave Rumania. The same forces that motivated desperate Jewish escape measures in 1941 were still evident in 1942. The British indeed hoped that the Struma’s fate would deter other Jews from taking such a course, but that was not to be. As long as the Rumanians allowed Jews to depart, Jews sought every available escape route.
Aliyah and Rescue: The Case of Bulgarian Jewry, 1943
Authors: ofer Dalia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In December 1942, when extermination of the Jews became public knowledge and when the British foreign secretary took the floor in the House of Commons to condemn Nazi genocide, about half of the Palestine immigration certificates allotted to Jews under the White Paper of 1939 had not yet been utilized. British immigration policy, wartime conditions, and the Final Solution had combined to create a situation in which 34,000 certificates were still avail able fifteen months before the end of the five-year limit.
Assaultive Violence
Authors: Rosenberg Mark L , Mercy James A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Assaultive violence is a very serious public health problem in the United States, with consequences of psychological and social dysfunction as well as injury and death. Assaultive violence includes both nonfatal and fatal interpersonal violence where physical force or other means is used by one person with the intent of causing harm, injury, or death to another. Homicide is death due to injuries inflicted by another person with intent to harm, injure, or kill by any means. In 1986 homicide was the twelfth leading cause of death overall in the United States and the leading cause of death for black men aged 15–34. In addition, in the United States, homicide was the fourth leading cause of potential years of life lost-an index that measures the number of years of productive life lost to society through the deaths of persons who died before reaching age 65. This highlights the important impact of this problem on our nation’s youth.
Child Sexual Abuse
Authors: Finkelhor David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Child sexual abuse is sexual contact with a child that occurs as a result of force or in a relationship where it is exploitative because of an age difference or caretaking responsibility. There were an estimated 155,900 cases of child sexual abuse identified by professionals in 1986, a 221 percent increase over 1980. However, research on this subject is difficult, scarce, and extremely variable in quality.
Ethical Issues in HIV Testing During Pregnancy
Authors: Walters Leroy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is divided into five sections. The first section outlines the pertinent empirical assumptions underlying the analysis. This section is necessary because some aspects of the ethical analysis may be contingent on a particular fact situation. The second section considers the major parties affected by HIV testing decisions made during pregnancy and examines the first of three central ethical questions surrounding prenatal HIV testing-the potential benefits and harms of testing. The third examines whether testing programs should be voluntary or mandatory. The fourth section analyzes who should be tested. The pregnant woman is clearly the primary focus of this section, but the fetus, the genetic father, health-care workers involved in the care of the pregnant woman, and society at large will also be considered. The final section comments on the social matrix of the prenatal testing question in the United States.
The Comparative Method as Heuristic
Authors: Nichols Johanna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Non linguists are not always able to distinguish easily between genetic groupings established by the comparative method and those proposed on other grounds. A much-publicized recent example is Cavalli-Sforza et al. (1988), where the very deep macro groupings the authors assume for languages of the Pacific and New World are treated as the same kind of grouping as Indo-European or Uralic. Another example is Renfrew 1991, where, following IllicSvityc, Nostratic is described as based on the same comparative method as lndo-European (1991: 6). More tangential to linguistic questions, Stoneking and Cann (1989), analyzing mitochondrial DNA divergences in human populations, estimate the rate of evolution by assuming that Papua New Guinea, Australia, and North America each constitutes a single population of a single age. This amounts to an implicit assumption that each of these areas was colonized only once, an assumption compatible with the linguistic macro groupings of Indo-Pacific, Australian, and Amerind. In these and other works, non linguists working on human prehistory assume or implicitly assume that macro groupings are the same kind of entity as families like ludo-European, that they are established by the same comparative method as lndo-European was, and that the received view in linguistics takes them as established or plausible. Works like these, or the macro groupings they assume, are cited with approval in popular works such as Turner 1988 and Gould 1991.
Early Germanic Umlaut and Variable Rules
Authors: Durie Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The comparative method assumes that sound change is a regular process, in the sense that it affects all instances of a given allophone or phoneme in a particular context, rather than proceeding on a word by word or random basis. As a consequence, in describing phonological change, the classical procedure involves writing rules which take the form: In such-and-such an phonological context, such-and-such a change takes place. In the sense that such statements are categorical, that is intended to apply to all cases which satisfy the structural description, they model regular changes. In practice, it is the experience of every comparative linguist that even the best rule system will be come up against a corpus of ‘exceptions’: cases that do not fit the rule. The historical linguist will seek to explain or motivate these exceptions in a number of ways: There may be borrowings involved; there may be specific morphological (e.g. analogical) processes at work; particular kinds of expressive effects may have applied; certain types of change such as haplology or metathesis are widely recognized to be inherently irregular; and the exceptions may be items of small grammatical categories that often manifest exceptional changes (e.g. pronouns). A discussion of explanations for some such ‘irregularities’ is provided by Lyle Campbell in this volume.
Origin of the Caribbean
Authors: Roughgarden Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Anolis lizards found throughout the islands of the Caribbean and in Central America may serve as “living strata.” Here, information about eastern Caribbean anoles is offered to help reconstruct the origin of the Lesser Antillean Island Arc inrdation to Puerto Rico and the Netherlands-Venezuelan Antilles. This chapter is taken primarily from [285]; a preliminary account appeared in [288].
Fantasy and Reality in History
Authors: Loewenberg Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Fantasy and Reality in History, Peter Loewenberg brings what the discipline of psychoanalysis has learned about human conduct and the irrational to bear on the analysis and writing of history. The result is a remarkable series of studies on individual and social anxiety, racism and nationalism, and crisis management. First examining early twentieth century Z”urich and the first practitioners of psychoanalysis--Freud, C.G. Jung, Karl Abraham, and others--to establish the discipline’s understanding of the unconscious and how it functions, Loewenberg then explores the tensions in the lives and politics of modern political leaders. The great British Liberal Prime Minister Walther Rathenau, and the Russian fascist demagogue Vladimir Zhirinovsky are among those studied. In each of these interconnected essays, Fantasy and Reality in History makes readily evident the advantages, and unique insights, that psychoanalytical techniques can provide in the examination of history. Loewenberg’s blend of clinical and historico-political methods not only produces new exciting research, but demonstrates how it is done.
Absolutism And Ruling Class
Authors: LeDonne John P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is the first comprehensive examination of the Russian ruling élite and its political institutions during an important period of state building, from the emergence of Russia on the stage of world politics around 1700 to the consolidation of its position after the victory over Napoleon. Western scholarship has focused on the great rulers of the period, Peter, Catherine, and Alexander, neglecting the lesser nobility on whose support these rulers relied. LeDonne not only gives a full chronological account of the development of bureaucratic, military, economic, and political institutions in Russia during this period, but also skilfully analyses the ways in which local agencies and the ruling classes exercised control and shared power with the absolute monarchs. The book will substantially revise scholars’ views of the nature of political power in imperial Russia.
Courts And Procedures
Authors: LeDonne John P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Without a tradition of political and scholarly debate and a social and territorial differentiation favoring the emergence of conflicting interests seeking resolution in a national jurisprudence, the Russian judiciary remained in an amorphous state. The political order was no Rechtsordnung, a legal system in which the cultivation and the application of power had become secondary;’ it was instead one in which the subjective and arbitrary preferences of ruler and ruling elite were accepted as legal norms, and those of the ruling class overrode the claims of the dependent population.
The Odyssey of Homer
Authors: Lawrence T E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The fruit of four years’ work, Lawrence published his translation of Homer’s epic under the pseudonym of T. E. Shaw, after George Bernard Shaw. Reading like a novel, it was described in the New York Herald Tribune as ‘perhaps the most interesting translation of one of the world’s most interesting books’, while the Book of the Month Club News called it ‘one of the notable books of our time’.
Book II
Authors: Lawrence T E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So soon as rosy-fingered morning came forth from the first grey dawn, the beloved son of Odysseus sprang from bed, dressed, threw the sling of his cutting sword over one shoulder, and tied the rich sandals round his nimble feet: stately as a God he stepped out and down from his bed-chamber. On the moment he had called his heralds and told them to sound, with their ringing voices, the assembly amongst the long haired Achaeans.
Book IX
Authors: Lawrence T E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many-Sided Odysseus then began : “ Lord Alcinous, most eminent, we are in very deed privileged to have within our hearing a singer whose voice is so divinely pure. I tell you, to my mind the acme of intelligent delight is reached when a company sits feasting in some hall, by tables garnished with bread and meat, the while a musician charms their ears and a cup-bearer draws them wine and carries it round served ready for their drinking. Surely this, as I say, is the best thing in the world.
The Genetics of Longevity in Humans
Authors: Turner Trudy R , Weiss Mark L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Few topics of human biology attract more general attention than “aging.” Yet knowledge of the determinants and variability in aging parameters are severely limited. In large part this deficiency results because we lack a clear picture as to what constitutes “aging,” why it occurs and why individuals age at different rates. In this paper we review some of the theories concerning the genetics of aging. Additionally, we review the limited literature on the anthropological genetics of aging. For this purpose, we define anthropological genetics as aspects of heredity which are of anthropological significance. This is a much broader definition than the generally accepted restriction to the genetics of small populations, associated aspects of demography, and an emphasis on within and between population variability. This extended definition is largely a result of the minimal literature on anthropological genetics of aging in any narrower sense. Of prime interest in this regard are questions as to why some individuals or populations live longer than others.
Primate Gerontology: An Emerging Discipline
Authors: DeRousseau C Jean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The field of primate aging is in its infancy, although there have been several reviews and edited volumes describing age-related changes in old primates (Bowden, 1979; Davis and Leathers, 1985; Pavelka and Fedigan, 1991). The field has grown along with primatology in general from description through explanation to experimentation, but it still lacks a cohesive framework. In this paper I review the major sources of data on aging in non-human primates, and identify three themes within primatology with direct or indirect significance to human aging. These themes are also evolutionary in nature and may help to define a true “primate gerontology.” They are: behavior and physiology; nutrition and aging; and life history.
Chronic Degenerative Diseases and Aging
Authors: Crews Douglas E , Gerber Linda M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One goal of biological anthropology is to explore and document human biological variation within and between populations. Longevity and patterns of chronic degenerative diseases vary across today’s many populations and the likelihood is that they have varied throughout hominid evolution. Where life expectancy is low, the constellation of infectious, parasitic, and nutritional disease, poor maternal conditions, congenital childhood diseases, and accidents contribute overwhelmingly to morbidity and mortality. In contrast, where longevity extends to the seventh and eighth decades, a group of conditions, collectively identifiable as chronic degenerative diseases, lead morbidity and mortality statistics.
Nutrition and Aging: lntraindividual Variation
Authors: Stini William A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although it would not be accurate to characterize human dietary versatility as unique, it is nonetheless true that the human digestive system is remarkably tolerant with respect to the range of foods that can be processed to extract the nutrients needed to sustain homeostasis. A survey of dietary practices among human populations, past and present, would reveal some that are almost totally vegetarian while others are, or have been in the recent past, nearly totally carnivorous.
Modeling the Variability in Longitudinal Patterns of Aging
Authors: Brant Larry J , Pearson Jay D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Human population biologists and biological anthropologists have often been concerned with establishing developmental norms, describing the range of normal and pathological variation from those norms, identifying the sources of the variability, and studying adaptive responses to change (Little and Haas, 1989). These are also topics of great interest to gerontologists because of the ongoing debate concerning “normal” aging versus disease (Rowe and Kahn, 1987; Fozard et al,. 1990) and the desire for effective interventions to slow or arrest age-related disease processes. Human biologists’ interests in variability and adaptation are also linked to gerontology by the observations that aging is characterized by increased phenotypic variability (Bourliere, 1970) and reduced adaptive capacity (Shock et al,. 1984). In essence, all of these research questions hinge on the effective study of individual differences in patterns of change over time.
Incorruptible Milk: Breast-feeding and the French Revolution
Authors: Jacobus Mary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1791, the women citizens of Clermont-Ferrand wrote to the French National Assembly: “Nous faisons sucer à nos enfants un lait incorruptible et que nous clarifions à cet effet avec l’esprit naturel et agréable de la liberté (Applau dissements).” From the vantage point of the bicentennial of the French Revolution, we might ponder the politicization of what has come to seem so private a matter. But to place maternal nurture—that is, breast-feeding—unequivocally in the personal domain is to forget that, for the eighteenth century at least, wet-nursing was both a social institution and a state-regulated industry.