bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Case in Point: Morality and Paternalism in the Asbestos Industry: A Functional Explanation
Authors: Tweedale Geoffrey , Warren Richard 
Published: March 2003

“It is the creation of the paternalistic but secretive company which produces moral indifference towards its employees”. This Turner & Newall case‐study highlights the significance of how a corporate morality or a thought world can affect the ethical conduct of the individuals in the organization. Geoffrey Tweedale is Senior Research Fellow in the Centre for Business History, and Richard C. Warren is Principal Lecturer in the Department of Business Studies, at The Manchester Metropolitan University, Aytoun Building, Aytoun Street, Manchester. M1 3GH.Acknowledgments. This study draws partly on a study funded by the Wellcome Trust. Also to be thanked are David Jeremy and Andrew Lock. Michael O’Connor of Chase Manhattan Bank kindly provided court transcripts and other records from the Bank’s collection of non‐confidential T&N materials.
The social and ethical alchemy: an integrative approach to social and ethical accountability
Authors: De Colle Simone , Gonella Claudia 
Published: March 2003

In recent years there has been an explosion of interest by companies in developing approaches to instill values in their decision‐making processes and to manage and report on their social performance. The emerging field of social and ethical accounting, auditing and reporting (SEAAR) is characterised by considerable differentiation not only in terminology, but also in methodology and focus. This article aims to analyse the key conceptual and methodological differences between internally focussed approaches to SEAAR, dealing with ethics (behavioural) issues, and externally focussed approaches to SEAAR, dealing with social (stakeholder) issues.In their discussion of the benefits and potential pitfalls of exclusively internally or externally focussed approaches the authors suggest two organisational metaphors as heuristics – the Cultish and the Chameleon organisation. The authors then propose an integrative approach to SEAAR which will overcome this dissonance and initiate a mutually reinforcing process that, in the long‐term, can build both internal trust and cohesiveness and external credibility. The suggested approach is characterised as social and ethical alchemy since the aim is to achieve more than the sum of the two separate parts – a business ethics programme and a social reporting process – by creating leverage and synergy between the key components.
Secrets of Success from the Heathrow School of Management
Authors: Furnham Adrian 
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in this article:Stephen Covey, The 7 Habits of Highly Effective Managers: Powerful Lessons in Personal ChangeSam Deep and Lyle Sussman, Act on It! Solving 101 of the Toughest Management ChallengesSpencer Johnson, Who Moved My Cheese? An Amazing Way to Deal with Change in Your Work and in YourLifeJoel Brandon and Daniel Morris, Just Don't Do It! Challenging Assumptions in BusinessHarold Geneen with Brent Bowers, Synergy and Other Lies: DownsizingBureaucracy and Corporate Culture Debunked
Depending on the Kindness of Strangers: Current National Data Initiatives and Developmental Research
Authors: Brooks‐Gunn Jeanne , Berlin Lisa J. , Leventhal Tama , Fuligni Allison Sidle 
Published: March 2003

This article provides a brief review of current large‐scale, longitudinal data collection initiatives focusing on children. These studies will be available for secondary data analyses in the twenty‐first century. In addition to child outcome data, process‐oriented information is being collected on child–parent interactions, quality of child care, elementary school teacher reports and classroom observations, accessibility and use of health, educational and social services, parental mental health, family violence, fathering, parental residence patterns, income and income sources, child support, employment patterns, and community characteristics. Several of these studies are randomized trials of the efficacy of early childhood intervention services and housing mobility programs. The usefulness of these efforts for exploring policy‐relevant issues (child support enforcement, work requirements for welfare recipients, antipoverty strategies, housing subsidies and relocation, availability of child care, child‐care subsidies) are discussed.
A Million Polygons, a Million Pixels: Which is Heavier?
Authors: Sillion François X. 
Published: March 2003

The impressive progress of rendering software and hardware over the last two decades often leads to the – too rapid – conclusion that high‐quality 3D imagery can now be incorporated in all sorts of applications. Interestingly, these advances allow more and more complex applications to be envisioned: however, an increase in processing power is not necessarily used to treat the same problem faster, but also creates a desire to attack larger problems. In many ways the models for visual simulation or engineering applications grow faster than the graphics systems! recent work on image‐based rendering and modeling shows a growing awareness that traditional 3D methods may not scale well for the current and coming complexity levels.This talk will examine some of the challenges lying ahead for the development of future graphics applications. Specifically, when is it better to use pixels than polygons? when is a 3D model required? how can we mix and match competing approaches? can image‐based approaches help for different applications such as lighting simulations? some issues related to network applications will also be discussed.
Adaptive Acquisition of Lumigraphs from Synthetic Scenes
Authors: Schirmacher Hartmut , Heidrich Wolfgang , Seidel Hans‐Peter 
Published: March 2003

Light fields and Lumigraphs are capable of rendering scenes of arbitrary geometrical or illumination complexity in real time. They are thus interesting ways of interacting with both recorded real‐world and high‐quality synthetic scenes.Unfortunately, both light fields and Lumigraph rely on a dense sampling of the illumination to provide a good rendering quality. This induces high costs both in terms of storage requirements and computational resources for the image acquisition. Techniques for acquiring adaptive light field and Lumigraph representations are thus mandatory for practical applications.In this paper we present a method for the adaptive acquisition of images for Lumigraphs from synthetic scenes. Using image warping to predict the potential improvement in image quality when adding a certain view, we decide which new views of the scene should be rendered and added to the light field. This a‐priori error estimator accounts for both visibility problems and illumination effects such as specular highlights.
Capturing and Re‐Using Rendition Styles for Non‐Photorealistic Rendering
Authors: Hamel J. , Strothotte T. 
Published: March 2003

Rendering high‐quality non‐photorealistic images of a given geometric model is often associated with a considerable amount of effort on the part of a user to fine‐tune the rendition. In this paper we introduce a method and tools for re‐using the user's effort invested in one model for the rendering of other models.Our method uses templates to describe rendition styles. The paper gives a number of examples of the successful transfer of styles from one model to another.
Formal Specification in the Revision of GKS: An Illustrative Example
Authors: Duce D.A. , Damnjanovic L.B. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe first ISO/IEC standard for computer graphics, the Graphical Kernel System (GKS) was published in August 1985. In accordance with ISO/IEC procedures, GKS is now being reviewed and revised. This paper describes how formal specification techniques are being used by the authors to analyse key parts of proposals being made for changes to the framework of GKS to bring the standard into line with the requirements of applications and the operating environment likely to be found in the mid‐1990's.
Geometric and Group‐theoretic Methods for Computer Graphic Studies of Islamic Symmetric Patterns
Authors: Abas S. J. , Salman A. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractOver the last several years the authors have used computer graphics to generate, study and analyze more than 300 Islamic geometrical repeat patterns. These patterns offer a rich source for exploitation by artists and are also of interest to mathematicians, crystallographers, architects, archaeologists and others. They can serve as elegant test beds for research into hierarchical programming and texture mapping. The paper discusses the evolution of classical geometric methods for Islamic patterns and goes on to develop algorithms based on group theory for efficient generation of all crystallographic repeat patterns using modern computer graphics.
Visual Composition and Multimedia
Authors: de Mey Vicki , Breiteneder Christian , Dami Laurent , Gibbs Simon , Tsichritzis Dennis 
Published: March 2003

AbstractMultimedia applications can be seen as sets of autonomous parts, independent yet capable of working together. This assumption allows for the construction of multimedia applications in a “connectionist” fashion. In this paper we describe mechanisms for the visual composition of multimedia applications. These mechanisms allow for quick and flexible application construction by direct manipulation with reference to multiple composition models. An object‐oriented framework for multimedia systems will be introduced throughout the paper.
HAGI, a High‐level Application/Graphics Interface
Authors: Hsu Y. H. , Kuo Y. S. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractHAGI is an object‐oriented graphics system developed on top of the X window system. In addition to providing facilities that structured graphics systems such as GKS usually have, HAGI supports a high‐ level graphics paradigm with the following features:

In addition to graphical objects, the system provides a class of application objects with a higher level of abstraction than graphical objects.
Graphics manipulation operations can be issued simplyfrom application objects without explicitly referring to specific graphical objects. Thus graphics manipulation appears to be transparent to application programmers.
Graphical objects are designed to encompass more semantics, thus are at a level close to the application. For example, they useflexible visual objects to determine their visual appearance.

HAGI provides such a high‐level application/graphics interface by maintaining a dependency relationship between graphical objects and application objects.
A Functional Approach to the Visual Simulation of Gaseous Turbulence
Authors: Sakas Georgios , Westermann Rüdiger 
Published: March 2003

Abstract:This paper presents a functional method for the visual simulation of 2‐D or 3‐D turbulent gaseous motion by using time‐varying fractals. The used function incorporates results from the “spectral theory of turbulence”, thereby providing a physics‐based approach adapted to the needs of computer graphics. The involved turbulence function is band‐limited, continuous, differentiable, anisotrop, and smooth, provides different fractal dimensions along each axis, may be evaluated locally with different parameters, and requires only minimal storage space, thus supporting an implementation on large parallel processing networks with small nodes. Inhomogeneity in the form of local disturbances of the turbulence field may also be easily considered. The parameters used to describe turbulent motion are rather intuitive, so that they may be utilized easily by users. Examples for modeling different types of clouds and fire are given.
Template‐Based Volume Viewing
Authors: Yagel Roni , Kaufman Arie 
Published: March 2003

AbstractWe present an efficient three‐phase algorithm for volume viewing that is based on exploiting coherency between rays in parallel projection. The algorithm starts by building a ray‐template and determining a special plane for projection ‐ the base‐plane. Parallel rays are cast into the volume from within the projected region of the volume on the base‐plane, by repeating the sequence of steps specified in the ray‐template. We carefully choose the type of line to be employed and the way the template is being placed on the base‐plane in order to assure uniform sampling of the volume by the discrete rays. We conclude by describing an optimized software implementation of our algorithm and reporting its performance.
A line clipping algorithm and its analysis
Authors: Krammer Gergely 
Published: March 2003

AbstractOne of the classical problems of Computer Graphics: line clipping against a rectangle is revisited. Coordinate raster refinement and some unusual forms of the parametric equation of the line are used to develop formulae for a line clipping algorithm. The algorithm is first presented in a form, where clarity of presentation is the prime concern. It is then transformed into one big nested branch, which after optimisation is assumed to be the most efficient form with a heavy cost on size. It is assumed that any mathematical consideration of the clipping problem would after a similar optimisation lead to a branching structure of equal complexity and speed. Line clipping thus belongs to the class of problems for which after a proper mathematical and logical analysis automatic program transformations may do the rest.This work has been supported by a grant from the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Project No. OTKA 2572/1991
Area Sampling Buffer: Tracing Rays with Z‐Buffer Hardware
Authors: Sung Kelvin 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAn algorithm that allows the use of z‐buffer hardware in assisting area sampling for a ray tracing style renderer is described. The implementation issues involved in discretizing the sampling area and light source area are discussed and solutions are proposed. The effects of the hardware‐assisted ray tracing approach on frame‐buffer systems and image synthesis processes are considered.
Reference, Synthesis and Constraint Satisfaction*
Authors: Pineda Luis A. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractIn this paper we discuss two kinds of constraint satisfaction problems that arise in the context of geometric modelling, In particular in the modification of 2‐D wire‐frame diagrams that are subject to an arbitrary number of geometrical and topological constraints. We argue that problems in this domain can be classified in two categories that we shall call problems of reference and problems of synthesis. Since Sutherland's Sketchpad program [16], a large number of systems have addressed constraint satisfaction in terms of the representation of constraints sets as equation systems, which in turn are solved by numerical methods like local propagation, relaxation and Gaussian elimination. Here, we present an alternative framework. We argue that conceptualising constraint satisfaction as symbolic rather than “numerical” problems helps to clarify the notion of “constraint”, simplify solution methods, and to explain the intuitive inferential processes underlying the modification of drawings in the course of interactive drafting sessions. The theory presented in this paper has been tested with an experimental computer program called Graflog [5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12]. The program has been implemented during the last four years, and has evolved through several stages. The current version is implemented in terms of two Unix‐processes connected by Unix‐pipes. The first is a “C” program running X windows, and handles the external aspects of the interaction. The second is a Prolog program supporting the representational structures and interpreters of the system.
A Development Environment for Constructing Graph‐Based Editing Tools
Authors: Chen M. , Townsend P. , Wang C.Y. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractScientists and engineers use numerous kinds of graph notations to model various objects in the real world and their relationships in an abstract pictorial form. However, developing a specific graph editing tool for each of these notations is often very costly in terms of time and resources. This paper outlines a design of a suitable development environment for constructing graph‐based editing tools, based on the requirements analysis of such an environment derived from a survey of more than 60 different graph notations.
The Graphical Translation of English Text into Signed English in the Hand Sign Translator System
Authors: Holden E.J. , Roy G.G. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractSigned English is a manual interpretation of English using fingerspelling and signs. A prototype of the Hand Sign Translator (HST) system was developed to graphically translate English into Signed English, using two‐handed animation. The HST consists of a practical interface that aims to help users learn Signed English, and the translation process where English text is transformed into a series of images that represent corresponding signs. This paper describes the translation process which involves two stages; the input environment and the animation process. The input environment consists of text analysis in order to extract corresponding kinematic data from the database, named English‐Sign Dictionary (ESD). The data is then used as an input to the animation process, Firstly, the skeleton models of keyframe images and their in‐between poses are calculated. Secondly, appropriate volume models are applied in order to surround the surface of skin. Then the shapes that are suitable for painting are generated, and finally images are drawn and rendered using a smooth animation technique.
PRIP – A Parallel Raster Image Processor
Authors: Van Campenhout Jan M. , Lasure Roeland 
Published: March 2003

AbstractLike colour video displays and laser printers, laser photoplotters are raster scan devices. For such devices, the pixel stream representing the image must be generated in real time, and in the (scan line) order required. However, the typical size of the images photoplotters produce is an order of magnitude higher than that of video displays and laser printers, precluding the use of full‐size bitmap memories. These requirements pose particular implementation problems for the raster image processor generating the pixel stream.The parallel RIP system presented here is aimed at high‐resolution laser photoplotters, and features a largely scalable performance ranging from 40 to several hundred megapixels per second. It is built with standard components such as graphics microprocessors and VRAM memories. Its architecture is that of a distributed memory multiprocessor system with a global ring‐like topology. And most importantly, it can be programmed using the traditional sequential programming paradigm. Only minor additions are needed to sequential graphical algorithms to be executable on the system with an arbitrary number of processors.A prototype 8‐processor PRIP system has been built and tested generating printed circuit board images for a direct imaging photoplotter. The prototype exhibits a near‐linear speedup with respect to a monoprocessor solution. Architectural simulations indicate that the system can be expanded to well over 10 processors.
Using Multimedia to Support Cooperative Editing
Authors: Santos A. , Tritsch B. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBy Cooperative Editing we mean the coordinated manipulation of information by a group of authors. During the editing process the (co‐)authors need to communicate their ideas, drafts and constraints (remotely or face‐to‐face) until a final version of the information is achieved. For the different phases of this process ‐ discussion of ideas, editing, cross‐checking ‐ different media or media integration are adequate. Furthermore, analysing the transition from individual work to group work, within different human activities, two pitfalls are often detected if computer support is considered: a) technological communication difficulties, especially if the group is remotely located on heterogeneous hardware, associated with a fall in productivity and frequent social inadequacies of the group's computer support; b) the lack of integrated media processing tools available for group editing.In order to solve these problems, we suggest that Multimedia can be applied in two ways: to effectively support the necessary group communication links; and to enhance the expressiveness of the information edited. To test this statement we have been conceptualising and implementing a prototype system. Most of the techniques involved can be used in other tools that need multimedia capabilities or that support other specific types of group activities.The innovative aspects of the work are the use of multimedia techniques to support demanding applications, possibly on cross‐platforms, and the integration of several concepts to support cooperation.
A Declarative Design Method for 3D Scene Sketch Modeling
Authors: Donikian Stéphane , Hégron Gérard 
Published: March 2003

AbstractIn this paper, we present a dynamic model associated with an intelligent CAD system aiming at the modeling of an architectural scene sketch. Our design methodology has been developed to simulate the process of a user who tries to give a description of a scene from a set of mental images. The scene creation is based on a script which describes the environment from the point of view of an observer who moves across the scene. The system is based on a declarative method viewed as a stepwise refinement process. For the scene representation, a qualitative model is used to describe the objects in terms of attributes, functions, methods and components. The links between objects and their components are expressed by a hierarchical structure, and a description of spatial configurations is given by using locative relations. The set of solutions consistent with the description is usually infinite. So, either one scene consistent with this description is calculated and visualized, or reasons of inconsistency are notified to the user. The resolution process consists of two steps: firstly a logical inference checks the consistency of the topological description, and secondly an optimization algorithm deals with the global description and provides a solution. Two examples illustrate our design methodology and the calculation of a scene model.
Accurate and Consistent Reconstruction of Illumination Functions Using Structured Sampling
Authors: Drettakis George , Fiume Eugene 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe study of common classes of diffuse emitters, such as planar convex polygons, reveals several interesting properties of the functions of illumination these emitters cast on receiver surfaces. Some properties, such as the position of the maximum and the curvature are of particular interest for sampling and reconstruction of illumination across receivers. A computationally efficient approach is presented that identifies these properties, and uses them to select samples of illurnination. In addition these properties are used to determine upper bounds on the error due to linear and quadratic interpolants. These bounds are then used to adaptively subdivide the non‐uniform sampling grid, resulting in accurate reconstruction. Results show that the method reduces the error compared to uniform approaches, and produces more consistent animated sequences.
Spanning a C1‐Surface over a Given Wireframe
Authors: Tokumasu Shinji , Harashima Ichirou , Nakajima Norihiro 
Published: March 2003

AbstractA problem of spanning a surface of C1 continuity (C1‐surface) over a given wireframe is introduced. By exploiting the concept of a super surface patch introduced in an earlier paper, we proved the existence of an approximate, yet practical solution of the problem. That is, we presented a method or a procedure, by which to span a C1‐surface over the wireframe. This technique is intended to be utilized as a flexible surface generation method for the 3D shape design in the industrial world.