bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Church in Anglo–Saxon Society
Authors: Blair John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
From the impact of the first monasteries in the seventh century, to the emergence of the local parochial system five hundred years later, the Church was a force for change in Anglo-Saxon society. It shaped culture and ideas, social and economic behaviour, and the organization of landscape and settlement. This book traces how the widespread foundation of monastic sites (‘minsters’) during c.670-730 gave the recently pagan English new ways of living, of exploiting their resources, and of absorbing European culture, as well as opening new spiritual and intellectual horizons. Through the era of Viking wars, and the tenth-century reconstruction of political and economic life, the minsters gradually lost their wealth, their independence, and their role as sites of high culture, but grew in stature as foci of local society and eventually towns. After 950, with the increasing prominence of manors, manor-houses, and village communities, a new and much larger category of small churches were founded, endowed, and rebuilt: the parish churches of the emergent eleventh- and twelfth-century local parochial system. In this innovative study, John Blair brings together written, topographical, and archaeological evidence to build a multi-dimensional picture of what local churches and local communities meant to each other in early England.
Minsters in Church and State c.650–850
Authors: Blair John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The monastic boom started, in the years around 670, at a critical point in the development of the English Church and its culture. If the Synod of Whitby (664) was largely of symbolic importance, few areas of religious life can have been left untouched by the plague which struck England in the same year, and remained a feature of life for some decades. Yet that disaster (which could, like the fourteenth-century plague, have given survivors access to higher material standards) accompanied an extraordinary economic and cultural expansion. As the first, essentially foreign, generations of religious mentors passed from the scene, their place was taken by English-born men and women trained from youth in Christian doctrine and scholarship. The really momentous change was not the triumph of ‘Roman’ over ‘Irish’, but the formation of an indigenous ecclesiastical establishment which could stand on its own feet.
Variation and Change in the Forms of Private Life in the 1980s
Authors: Kuijsten Anton 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In contemporary western societies, the family is often regarded as a fortress under siege, on the verge of surrender to new forms of living arrangement. What Ahlburg and De Vita (1992:2) recently mentioned for the United States, seems to have validity for most European countries as well: &‘The breadwinner-homemaker model with husband and wife raising their own biological (or adopted) children was once the dominant pattern.
The Health and Survival of the Elderly Evidence From the Gothenburg Longitudinal Study
Authors: Svanborg Alvar 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In gerontology one of the most urgent questions concerns a better understanding of how ageing in itself, as distinguished from disease, influences our vitality, and to what extent it would be possible to postpone at least certain of the negative functional consequences of ageing. What are the determinants for a prolongation of life with reasonable quality? In other words: can we postpone the negative functional consequences of ageing?
One obvious problem is to differentiate between manifestations of ageing and symptoms of disease, especially if disease might be an unavoidable consequence of ageing.
Playing on Principle? Israel’s Justification for its Administrative Acts in the Occupied West Bank
Authors: Fair Emma Play 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Israel’S occupation of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip is a legalistic one. The military government invariably seeks to defend its actions in the Occupied Territories with reference to legal provisions or principles, whether of international or local law. Emphasizing its claim to respect the standards and principles of international law, the military authorities informed an academic delegation to the Occupied Territories that: The Israeli government’s equivocal position as to which provisions of ‘humanitarian law’ apply to its occupation of the West Bank and Gaza is examined in many of the chapters in this volume2 and will not be further discussed here. The purpose of this paper is rather to examine Israel’s application of certain principles derived from international law, summed up in the statement above: the maintenance of ‘public order and safety’, concern for the welfare of the local population, and the ensurance of security.
Enforcement of Human Rights in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip
Authors: Dugard John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Whatever the correct legal status of the Occupied Territories of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip may be, it is accepted by both Israel and her critics that the conduct of the military administration in the Occupied Territories is to be judged by the standards of international law. The most obvious standards are those contained in the humanitarian provisions of the Hague Regulations of 1907 and the Fourth Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War of 1949. However, it is also suggested that Israel’s administration should be judged by wider standards, such as those contained in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948.
The Use and Abuse of Unjust Enrichment
Authors: Beatson J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Law of Restitution is now firmly established as a distinct branch of the law of obligations. Yet for much of the past 25 years its status has been the subject of debate both in the courts and in academia and there are those who still regard it with suspicion. This is therefore an appropriate time to publish the collected essays of a scholar who has made a significant contribution to the study of restitution and who has established a distinctive position on many of its most keenly disputed controversies. For this collection the author has chosen a number of previously published and influential papers which he has selectively revised and updated, together with a number of completely new papers which present his latest views on a range of issues central to the law of restitution.
E
Authors: Toth A G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Equal Pay (Principle Of) Principle according to which men and women should receive equal pay for equal work or work of equal value. This principle is laid down in Art. 141 EC [Art. 119 of the original EEC Treaty], which has been described as the ‘European translation’ or counterpart of Convention No. 100 concerning equal remuneration for men and women workers for work of equal value, adopted by the International Labour Organization in 1951 (see Case 43/75 Defrenne II [1976] ECR 455 at p. 484 per A.-G. Trabucchi).
Lawyers and the Making of English Land Law 1832–1940
Authors: Anderson J Stuart 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Here Stuart Anderson offers a completely fresh interpretation of the manner in which the concepts found in the 1925 property legislation were formed by debates about law reform beginning in the 1840s. Examining the texts of the statutes with a historian's eye, he explains how the statutes were enacted, by whom, and for what reasons. The result is both a work of legal history and a commentary on modern English land law.
Law As A Social System
Authors: Luhmann Niklas 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Modern systems theory provides a new paradigm for the analysis of society. In this volume, Niklas Luhmann, its leading exponent, explores its implications for our understanding of law. Luhmann argues that current thinking about how law operates within a modern society is seriously deficient. In this volume he lays out the theoretical and methodological tools that, he argues, can advance our understanding of contemporary society and, in particular, of the identity, performance, and function of the legal system within that society. In systems theory, society is its communications: they are its empirical reality; the items that can be observed and studied. Systems theory identifies how communications operate within a physical world and how different sub-systems of communication operate alongside each other. In this volume, Luhmann uses systems theory to address a question central to legal theory: what differentiates law from other parts of society? However, unlike conventional legal theory, this volume seeks to provide an answer in terms of a general social theory: a methodology that answers this question in a manner applicable not only to law, but also to all the other complex and highly differentiated systems within modern society, such as politics, the economy, religion, the media, and education. This truly sociological approach offers profound insights into the relationships between law and all of these other social systems.
Sentencing, Equal Treatment, and the Impact of Sanctions
Authors: Ashworth Andrew , Player Elaine 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
One distinguishing mark of Andrew von Hirsch’s writings is that they narrow the gap between the philosophy of punishment and the justification of sentencing and penal practices. It is difficult enough to establish a convincing rationale (or set of justifications) for State punishment in principle. It is even more difficult to apply that rationale to actual sentencing systems, not merely in respect of the range of available sentences and the practices of courts at the sentencing stage but also in relation to the practices of ‘penal agents’ (e.g. prison officials, probation officers) in carrying out the sentences imposed by courts. And yet if justifications for State punishment are to be practical, they must be justifications which relate to the actual punishments to which convicted offenders are subjected.
Law in Policing: Legal Regulation and Police Practices
Authors: Dixon David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The book poses the questions: how do law and policing relate; and can police practices be significantly changed by means of legal regulation? In examining these questions, this book deals with issues which are at the heart of contemporary debates about policing. It contains empirical research from England and Australia in the context of the international policing literature, arguing that studies of policing need theoretical and comparative development. The structure of the book is as follows. The first chapter provides a detailed critical reading of three theoretical conceptions of law in policing which the author terms legalistic-bureaucratic, culturalist, and structural. Chapter two examines the concept of police powers, using historical material from England and Australia. The way in which empirical work can generate theoretical reconsideration is shown in Chapter three, which considers the ways in which legal regulation of policing may be evaded by obtaining a suspect's 'consent' to policing practices such as search and detention, and considers the implications of this for conceptions of policing. Chapters four and five focus on the key policing practice of custodial interrogation in, respectively, England and Australia. This leads, in Chapter six, to the long controversy about the right of silence (and to its severe restriction in the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994). It concludes with comments about the symbolic nature of the issue, the theoretical implications of the problems encountered in defining and counting instances of suspects using the right to silence, and the possible effects of the 1994 Act. The final chapter discusses how the practices and forms of law and policing intersect, relates law in policing to broader debates about regulation, the rule of law, and techniques of controlling power, and considers the limits and possibilities of using law to direct and control policing.
A. W Brian Simpson: Bibliography
Authors: Winterton Jules 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This is a bibliography of the published works of Alfred William Brian Simpson, as listed in various bibliographies, library catalogues, and indexing services from the early 1950s to about February 1999. The breadth of his interests has necessitated a wide search. An attempt has been made to be comprehensive but such attempts do not always succeed, and the compiler would be glad to receive a note of any works omitted.
Non-aligned Neutrality
Authors: Holbraad Carsten 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The last period of Danish foreign policy which may be presented as characterized by some particular form of neutrality was only brief. It lasted from the end of the German occupation and the restoration of Danish government in May 1945 to the collapse of the Scandinavian defence talks and the accession to the North Atlantic treaty in the earlier months of 1949. The policy of neutrality was brought into play within a year of the liberation, soon after the breakdown of the post-war solidarity of the allied powers, and was not finally abandoned till more than three years later, in a situation of high tension between East and West. Developed at a time when Denmark was seeking to overcome what were now recognized as the great handicaps of its earlier policies of neutrality, namely isolation and weakness, the new policy was in those respects different both from that pursued in the decades of voluntary diplomatic isolation before the First World War and from that followed in the period of deliberate military weakness before the Second World War. Especially in its earlier phase, it was also considerably more outward-looking and active than either of the two earlier policies had been.
Electioneering
Authors: Butler David , Ranney Austin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Elections in all the world's democracies have changed radically over the past forty years. The advent of television, opinion polls, and campaign consultants has transformed them - but what some see as the `Americanization' of electioneering has happened very differently in different countries. In this book acknowledged local experts explore how far elections have been `Americanized' in ten countries or regions, including the USA, Britain, Japan, and Latin America. Their essays shed new light on the diversity of ways in which democratic choice is made. They also discuss campaigning methods and debate whether the increasingly sophisticated techniques invoked by politicians to win votes actually make their campaigns more effective. This is a study in comparative government; it is also a pragmatic examination of the most essential element of any democracy - free elections.
The Electoral Systems Researcher as Detective: Probing Rae’s Suspect ‘Differential Proposition’ on List Proportional Representation
Authors: Arend Lijphart 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to solve an intriguing mystery in Douglas W. Rae’s (1967) celebrated book The Political Consequences of Electoral Laws: his ‘differential proposition’ on list proportional-representation formulas is based on a weak, logically flawed, hypothesis-but is nevertheless clearly confirmed by his empirical evidence. I shall show that this mystery can be satisfactorily solved, but only after a great deal of careful and persistent sleuthing and the sorting-out of a large number of promising but insufficient clues.
Vying for European Funds: Territorial Restructuring in Spain
Authors: Morata Francesc , Muñoz Xavier 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Since its entry into the EU Spain has developed, rather successfully, a twofold bargaining strategy, reaping the benefits of membership of an integrated market and a democratic European alliance, but also claiming additional funds to close the gap between it and the large member states. The EU has been perceived as a source of benefits in terms of political stability, economic growth, regional aids, and foreign investments.
Cohesion in Italy: A View on Non-Economic Disparities
Authors: Grote Jürgen R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the conclusion to his Governing Italy, David Hine (1993) expressed the hope ‘that the exigencies of Community membership will force ... reforms on the national political system’. Perhaps the European Union, under current political conditions of fragmentation, generalized clientelism, and corruption, is one of the last credible authorities able to instigate reforms. A more effective and legitimate Italian governance system needs changes on two fronts: it requires more balanced state-state relations, and it calls for more positive state-society relations. It will be argued that EU cohesion policy is particularly well-suited to help overcome the fragmentation and pluralism of the Italian state. EU cohesion policy could help to define a more central role for regional government in central-regional relations, and it could encourage a more effective partnership between state and private organizations.
The British Press and European Integration: 1948 to 1996
Authors: Wilkes George , Wring Dominic 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Between 1948 and 1975, the British press moved from a vaguely ‘proCommunity’ consensus to a pronounced and nearly unanimous Euroenthusiasm. Gradually this gave way to widespread Euroscepticism in large sections of the press in the 1990s.
Nutrition, Immunity and Infection
Authors: Lunn Peter G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In attempting to define the cause of the decline in premature mortality which has occurred during the past 200 years in countries which are now developed, one clear direction of investigation is to draw comparisons with parts of the world which remain underprivileged. If we understand which environmental factors are responsible for the continued high levels of early mortality in such countries, it should be possible to identify which aspects of socioeconomic development have helped to reduce the problem.Clearly, one of the major differences between the developed and developing world is in nutrition and nutritional status. Food availability for the majority of people in developing countries is at best marginal, and chronic undernutrition throughout life is often the norm.
Testing for Common Trends
Authors: Stock James H , Watson Mark W 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Cointegrated multiple time series share at least one common trend. Two tests arc developed for the number of common stochastic trends (i.e. for the order of cointegration) in a multiple time series with and without drift. Both tests involve the roots of the ordinary least squares coefficient matrix obtained by regressing the series onto its first lag. Critical values for the tests are tabulated, and their power is examined in a Monte Carlo study. Economic time series are often modeled as having a unit root in their autoregressive representation, or (equivalently) as containing a stochastic trend. But both casual observation and economic theory suggest that many series might contain the same stochastic trends so that they are cointegrated. Previous researchers have found that U.S. postwar interest rates, taken individually, appear to be integrated of order 1. In addition, the theory of the term structure implies that yields on similar assets of different maturities will be cointcgrated.
Peasants and Governments
Authors: Bevan David , Collier Paul , Gunning Jan Willem , Bigsten Arne , Horsnell Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This book is the first of two companion volumes by these authors on trade shocks in controlled economies. Both theoretically innovative and drawing on extensive applied work, it addresses a number of issues in the forefront of economics, principally the relationship between macro and micro economics, by analysing the impact of an external macro shock - the coffee price boom - on each of two developing countries which have much in common but whose governmental organizations and objectives differ sharply. The authors focus on three important ways in which governments affect peasants: setting crop prices; controlling access to consumer goods; and provision of public services. They address these three areas using microeconomic analysis and household survey data collected in Kenya and Tanzania. Much of the analysis is relevant for a wide class of developing countries.
The Demographic Transition
Authors: Chesnais Jean-Claude 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This book examines the basic mechanisms behind the modernization of demographic behaviour. The author has marshalled an impressive amount of statistical material relating to 67 countries, half of them less developed, and covering the period 1720-1984. The whole sweep of western demographic experience is dealt with comprehensively and impartially, and though technically sophisticated, the book also covers issues of interpretation and analysis. The author shows how mortality decrease necessarily precedes fertility decline and how so-called exceptions are simply false exceptions; how the decline of fertility is dependent on important and manifold social transformations; and reveals the strong connections between international migration and the course of demographic transition. Chesnais demonstrates that less developed countries are following the same general patterns as MDCs and argues that the theory of demographic transition must include the effect of population changes on the economic progress of society.
Nationalization: Ownership and Organization
Authors: Tomlinson Jim 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The question of who should own industry has been a major issue of British politics in the twentieth century. In 1918 the Labour Party made nationalization a key part of its political programme. Between 1945 and 1951 the Labour government nationalized a significant proportion, about 20 per cent, of British industry. In the 1980s a Conservative government reversed much of this nationalilzation in its programme of privatization. This history may be seen in a number of lights. Obviously it can be seen as a significant part of British political history (e.g. Barry 1965; Morgan 1987); it can be seen as a fundamentally administrative phenomenon (e.g. Gordon 1938; Chester ll975); it can be seen in relation to economic theory (e.g. Brech 1985; Vickers and Yarrow 1988); or it can be seen in the light of the development of the individual industries concerned (e.g. Supple 1986). This diversity of approaches reflects an obvious but important truth about nationalization--that its objectives and its implications have been extremely diverse and complex. Without denying this diversity and complexity this chapter, in line with the concerns of the book, focuses upon nationalization as an efficiency issue. Part of the argument for and against nationalization always related to the perceived impact on industrial efficiency, though this was, as always, efficiency perceived in a particular sense which needs to be understood in context.
1979--1990: Enterprise and Economic Liberalism
Authors: Tomlinson Jim 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Conservative government elected in 1979 was committed to a reversal of most of the norms of economic policy of the post-war period. Rather than using demand management to control output and employment, the centrepiece of policy was to be the control of the money supply to beat inflation. This was to be accompanied by a ‘rolling back ‘ of the state, measured both by the level of public expenditure, borrowing, and taxation and the extent of state regulation of the economy. The defeat of inflation and the reduction in the role of the state were aimed to provide the conditions for sustained economic growth. This aim was also seen as requiring a major shift in the balance of power in the labour market, away from trade unions towards employers. This reduction of union power was aimed not only at freeing the labour-market to operate more like the competitive model of economics textbooks, but also at ending the corporatism of the 1970s, with its extension of the unions ‘ political role.