bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determination of the magnetic complex antenna factor of a double‐gapped shielded loop antenna
Authors: Fujii Katsumi , Takashima Makoto , Iwasaki Takashi , Matsumoto Yasushi , Sugiura Akira 
Published: April 2004

AbstractTo determine the magnetic complex antenna factor of a shielded loop antenna with double feed sections for high‐frequency magnetic field measurement, two methods that combine the characteristics of a 180° hybrid obtained by measurement with numerical calculations of the element section are studied. The magnetic complex antenna factors obtained by the proposed methods are compared with that obtained from measurement by the three‐antenna method. It is shown that the computation methods proposed in this paper are useful if the characteristics of the 180° hybrid can be expressed in terms of Z parameters or Y parameters. It is demonstrated that the uncertainty of the phase appearing, as a problem in the three‐antenna method, can be resolved. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 87(10): 10–17, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.10192
What your firm should know about identity theft
Authors: Gerard Gregory , Hillison William , Pacini Carl 
Published: April 2004

AbstractIdentity theft is the fastest‐growing crime in the United States. Many articles discuss steps individuals can take to minimize the risk of identity theft, but few realize the devastating effects this crime can have on businesses. Many firms may not even recognize the huge liability of not controlling information risks. The authors provide detailed advice on how to recognize, manage, and control those risks—so your firm doesn't become another victim. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Internal controls: Take seven key actions before you certify!
Authors: Green Scott 
Published: April 2004

AbstractBeginning in August, CEOs will certify that their internal controls reasonably assure the reliability of their company's financial reporting. Most companies have been preparing for this by hiring consultants, convening project teams, and other activities. But what happens after the consultants leave and the teams disband? Other priorities will take over. But the CEO's career is still on the line every time he or she certifies the system of internal control! The author presents seven key actions a CEO should take before taking the leap of certification. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Transversals and multicolored matchings
Authors: Akbari Saieed , Alipour Alireza 
Published: April 2004

AbstractRyser conjectured that the number of transversals of a latin square of order n is congruent to n modulo 2. Balasubramanian has shown that the number of transversals of a latin square of even order is even. A 1‐factor of a latin square of order n is a set of n cells no two from the same row or the same column. We prove that for any latin square of order n, the number of 1‐factors with exactly n − 1 distinct symbols is even. Also we prove that if the complete graph K2n, n ≥ 8, is edge colored such that each color appears on at most ${{n - 2} \over {2e}}$ edges, then there exists a multicolored perfect matching. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Stochastic perturbation approach to the wavelet‐based analysis
Authors: Kamiński M. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe wavelet‐based decomposition of random variables and fields is proposed here in the context of application of the stochastic second order perturbation technique. A general methodology is employed for the first two probabilistic moments of a linear algebraic equations system solution, which are obtained instead of a single solution projection in the deterministic case. The perturbation approach application allows determination of the closed formulas for a wavelet decomposition of random fields. Next, these formulas are tested by symbolic projection of some elementary random field. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Controlled synthesis of amphiphilic biodegradable polylactide‐grafted dextran copolymers
Authors: Nouvel Cécile , Dubois Philippe , Dellacherie Edith , Six Jean‐Luc 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe whole controlled synthesis of novel amphiphilic polylactide (PLA)‐grafted dextran copolymers was achieved. The control of the architecture of such biodegradable and potentially biocompatible copolymers has required a three‐step synthesis based on the “grafting from” concept. The first step consisted of the partial silylation of the dextran hydroxyl groups. This protection step was followed by the ring‐opening polymerization of D,L‐lactide initiated from the remaining OH functions of the partially silylated polysaccharide. The third step involved the silylether group deprotection under very mild conditions. Based on previous studies, in which the control of the first step was achieved, this study is focused on the last two steps. Experimental conditions were investigated to ensure a controlled polymerization of D,L‐lactide, in terms of grafting efficiency, graft length, and transesterification limitation. After polymerization, the final step was studied in order to avoid degradation of both polysaccharide backbone and polyester grafts. The chemical stability of dextran backbone was checked throughout each step of the synthesis. PLA‐grafted dextrans and PLA‐grafted (silylated dextrans) were proved to adopt a core‐shell conformation in various solvents. Furthermore, preliminary experiments on the potential use of these amphiphilic grafted copolymers as liquid/liquid interface stabilizers were performed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 2577–2588, 2004
Ballistic Study of the SAPL GC27 Gun: Is It Really “Nonlethal”?
Authors: Voiglio Eric J. , Frattini Benoît , Dörrzapf Jean‐Jacques , Breteau Jacques , Miras Alain , Caillot Jean‐Louis 
Published: April 2004

AbstractTo evaluate the potential dangers of the “nonlethal” 12‐gauge single‐shot handgun SAPL GC27 with Fun‐Tir (FT) and mini‐Gomm‐Cogne (mGC) ammunition, a ballistic study was performed with both types of ammunition. Nine unembalmed human corpses covered with a cloth sheet were shot through the right and left pectoral regions. With the mGC ammunition, rib fractures were observed when the firing range was less than 2 meters, skin perforation when the range was less than 1.5 meters, with lung injuries at less than 0.2 meter; the heart and the aorta were lacerated at contact range (0 meter). No skin perforation was observed with the FT ammunition, but rib fractures were observed when it was fired at up to 2 meters. Our study shows that the mGC ammunition, shot by the CG27 firearm, can be lethal at contact range and that pellets penetrate the skin at ranges of less than 1 meter. These results led us to conclude that this weapon is too dangerous to be marketed as a “nonlethal” weapon. The term “reduced wounding power weapon” is preferable.
Effects of Raclopride in the Core of the Nucleus Accumbens on Ethanol Seeking and Consumption: The Use of Extinction Trials to Measure Seeking
Authors: Samson Herman H. , Chappell Ann M. 
Published: April 2004

Abstract: Background: A previous study using a sipper procedure of ethanol self‐administration found that blockade of the D2 dopamine (DA) receptors in the nucleus accumbens resulted in a reduction in ethanol‐seeking behavior with only slight effects on ethanol drinking. However, because of procedural matters in that study, it was unclear as to the extent of the reduction in seeking behavior that occurred. This study expanded that study to examine in more depth the role of DA transmission in the nucleus accumbens in ethanol‐seeking and consummatory behaviors.Methods: Male Long‐Evans rats were initiated to self‐administer 10% ethanol with a sipper‐tube procedure. Once initiated, in a once‐a‐day session, pressing a lever 30 times resulted in a sipper tube containing the ethanol solution being made available for 20 min. By using extinction trials in which no sipper was presented and responses were recorded for 20 min, a measure of ethanol seeking, with no effects of consumption, could be obtained. Bilateral microinjections of 1.0, 3.0, and 10.0 μg of raclopride into the nucleus accumbens were tested on both consummatory and extinction trials.Results: There were significant decreases in ethanol‐seeking responses at both the 3.0‐ and 10.0‐μg doses of raclopride, whereas no effects of those doses on consumption were observed. The effects on extinction responding were the same for the first run of responses as for total responding, without effecting rates of responding.Conclusions: These findings replicate and expand the initial study with this model of ethanol self‐administration and indicate that DA transmission at the D2 receptor in the nucleus accumbens is important for processing information related to stimulus control and goal‐directed behavior. The results also suggest that DA has at most a minor role in controlling ethanol consumption once a drinking bout has begun.
A study of the xenoantigenicity of adult pig islets cells
Authors: Komoda Hiroshi , Miyagawa Shuji , Kubo Tomoko , Kitano Etsuko , Kitamura Hajime , Omori Takeshi , Ito Toshinori , Matsuda Hikaru , Shirakura Ryota 
Published: April 2004

Abstract:  Background:  The pig pancreas is considered to be the most suitable source of islets for xenotransplantation into patients with type I diabetes. The purpose of this study was to assess the antigenicity of pig islets, including the Galα1‐3Galβ1‐4GlcNAc‐R (the α‐Gal) and Hanganutziu‐Deicher (H‐D) antigens, and the pathway involved in human complement activation.Methods:
The expression of α‐Gal on islets from adult pigs was investigated by immunohistochemical staining and flowcytometric analysis. The α1,3 galactosyltransferase (α1,3GT) activity of islets was determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography. Antigenicity to human natural antibodies, including the H‐D antigen of pig islets was next examined by treatment of pig islets with tunicamycin, D‐threo‐1‐phenyl‐2‐decanoylamino‐3‐morpholino‐1‐propanol (PDMP) and/or neuraminidase. In addition, complement‐mediated islets lysis was examined using factor D‐deficient and C1‐deficient sera.Results:  Adult pig islets expressed negligible amounts of α‐Gal epitope, and α1,3GT activity was also undetectable. However, human natural antibodies, immunoglobulin G and M, and the anti H‐D antibody react to the adult islet. Treatment of pig islets with tunicamycin, but not PDMP, led to a drastic reduction in antigenicity to human serum, indicating the importance of N‐linked sugars on the islets. Neuraminidase treatment indicated the presence of, not only the H‐D antigen, but also other sialic acid antigens that reacted with the human natural antibody. The complement deposition of C4, C3 and factor B on islets was demonstrated. The alternative pathway‐mediated pig islet killing accounted for approximately 30% of that by the total complement pathway.Conclusion:  The origin of antigenicity of pig islets is mainly N‐linked sugars including sialic acid antigens, but not the α‐Gal, and pig islets can be injured by both the classical and the alternative complement pathway in human serum.
Multimeric tyrosine sulfate acts as an endothelial cell protectant and prevents complement activation in xenotransplantation models
Authors: Laumonier Thomas , Walpen Alexander J. , Matozan Katja M. , Korchagina Elena Y. , Bovin Nicolai V. , Haeberli André , Mohacsi Paul J. , Rieben Robert 
Published: April 2004

Abstract:  Background:  Activation of endothelial cells (EC) in xenotransplantation is mostly induced through binding of antibodies (Ab) and activation of the complement system. Activated EC lose their heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) layer and exhibit a procoagulant and pro‐inflammatory cell surface. We have recently shown that the semi‐synthetic proteoglycan analog dextran sulfate (DXS, MW 5000) blocks activation of the complement cascade and acts as an EC‐protectant both in vitro and in vivo. However, DXS is a strong anticoagulant and systemic use of this substance in a clinical setting might therefore be compromised. It was the aim of this study to investigate a novel, fully synthetic EC‐protectant with reduced inhibition of the coagulation system.Method:  By screening with standard complement (CH50) and coagulation assays (activated partial thromboplastin time, aPTT), a conjugate of tyrosine sulfate to a polymer‐backbone (sTyr‐PAA) was identified as a candidate EC‐protectant. The pathway‐specificity of complement inhibition by sTyr‐PAA was tested in hemolytic assays. To further characterize the substance, the effects of sTyr‐PAA and DXS on complement deposition on pig cells were compared by flow cytometry and cytotoxicity assays. Using fluorescein‐labeled sTyr‐PAA (sTyr‐PAA‐Fluo), the binding of sTyr‐PAA to cell surfaces was also investigated.Results:  Of all tested compounds, sTyr‐PAA was the most effective substance in inhibiting all three pathways of complement activation. Its capacity to inhibit the coagulation cascade was significantly reduced as compared with DXS. sTyr‐PAA also dose‐dependently inhibited deposition of human complement on pig cells and this inhibition correlated with the binding of sTyr‐PAA to the cells. Moreover, we were able to demonstrate that sTyr‐PAA binds preferentially and dose‐dependently to damaged EC.Conclusions:  We could show that sTyr‐PAA acts as an EC‐protectant by binding to the cells and protecting them from complement‐mediated damage. It has less effect on the coagulation system than DXS and may therefore have potential for in vivo application.
External cephalic version induced fetal cerebral and umbilical blood flow changes are related to the amount of pressure exerted
Authors: Leung Tak Yeung , Sahota Daljit Singh , Fok Wing Yee , Chan Lin Wai , Lau Tze Kin 
Published: April 2004

Objective  To correlate the applied pressure during external cephalic version with the changes in fetal middle cerebral arterial and umbilical arterial flow before and after the procedure.Design  A prospective observational study over a two‐year period.Setting  External cephalic version was performed in a university hospital.Population  Sixty‐nine women with singleton breech‐presenting pregnancy at or above 36 weeks of gestation undergoing external cephalic version.Methods  During external cephalic version, the operator wore a pair of pressure‐sensing gloves which had thin piezo‐resistive sensors positioned on the palmar surface. During each version procedure, real‐time pressure readings were recorded from all sensors, and then analysed with a computer program. The amount of pressure applied over time was presented by pressure–time integral. The pulsatility indices of both fetal middle cerebral artery and umbilical artery before and after external cephalic version were measured. The changes of pulsatility indices of both middle cerebral artery and umbilical artery were presented as a ratio of the post‐external cephalic version pulsatility indices to pre‐external cephalic version pulsatility indices, denoted by middle cerebral artery pulsatility index ratio and umbilical artery pulsatility index ratio, respectively. The statistical correlation between pressure–time integral and middle cerebral artery pulsatility index ratio and umbilical artery pulsatility index ratio are analysed using Pearson's correlation test.Main outcome measures Changes in pulsatility indices of fetal middle cerebral and umbilical arteries and fetal heart rate after external cephalic version.Results  The overall success rate of external cephalic version was 77%. There was a significant negative correlation between pressure–time integral and both middle cerebral artery pulsatility index ratio (P= 0.001) and umbilical artery pulsatility index ratio (P= 0.012). When women were categorised according to placental site, pressure–time integral was negatively correlated with middle cerebral artery pulsatility index ratio only when the placenta was posteriorly located (P= 0.003), and with umbilical artery pulsatility index ratio only when the placenta was laterally located (P= 0.03).Conclusions  The greater the force applied during external cephalic version, the greater the reduction in pulsatility indices of middle cerebral artery and umbilical artery, indicating an increase in blood flow through these arteries. The increase in cerebral blood flow after external cephalic version is more prominent when the placenta is lying posteriorly, while the increase in umbilical flow is more prominent when the placenta is lying laterally. These findings suggest that the vascular changes probably represent a direct effect of force exerted on the fetal head and the placenta.
Fast Inducing Synthesis of Spherical Superparamagnetic β-FeOOH Nanoparticles without Aggregation
Authors: Fan Honglei , Song Baozhen , Yang Zhenqiu , Li Qiaoxia 
Published: April 2004

Abstract
Spherical nanoparticles of superparamagnetic akaganeite (β-FeOOH) without aggregation are prepared by the inducing role of ethyl acetate under 373 K during 10 min. The X-ray diffraction and IR spectra displayed the crystalline nature of β-FeOOH structures. Transmission electron micrograph of the samples revealed that the average diameter of nanoparticles with good dispersity is 14.7 nm. The measurements by superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometry showed that the samples is the superparamagnetic above the blocking temperature of 18 K under field cooling.
A Square Cyclic Porphyrin Dodecamer: Synthesis and Single-Molecule Characterization
Authors: Kato Aiko , Sugiura Ken-ichi , Miyasaka Hitoshi , Tanaka Hiroyuki , Kawai Tomoji , Sugimoto Manabu , Yamashita Masahiro 
Published: April 2004

Abstract
We prepared a square cyclic porphyrin dodecamer via the tetramerization of a trimer shaped like a right angle. The molecule was visualized by scanning tunneling microscopy to be square.
Aqueous Photo-Dimerization Using 2-Pyridylsilyl Group as a Removable Hydrophilic Group
Authors: Nokami Toshiki , Itami Kenichiro , Yoshida Jun-ichi 
Published: April 2004

Abstract
The [2+2] photo-dimerization of 2-pyridylsilyl-substituted stilbene derivatives was investigated and exclusive dimer production was observed in aqueous dilute solution. This result is explained in terms of the local concentration effect of substrates in water. The transformation of obtained photo-dimer was also investigated.
Correct interpretation of heme protein spectra allows distinguishing between the heme and the protein dynamics
Authors: Stavrov Solomon S. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractIt is shown by using the vibronic approach that the iron displacement out of the porphyrin plane in deoxyheme proteins intermixes the porphyrin π and axial iron–histidine σ electronic subsystems. This intermixing explains the substantial coupling of the iron–histidine vibration to the heme Soret excitation, the appearance of the iron–histidine band in the corresponding resonance Raman spectra, and a number of other experimental data, including the dependence of the iron–histidine vibrational frequency on the extent of the iron displacement out of the porphyrin plane. This dependence implies that there is an anharmonic coupling between the corresponding vibrations, which is shown to be the cause of the specific temperature dependence of the iron–histidine band. The anharmonic coupling and the dependence of the dipole transition moment of the charge transfer optical absorption band III on the iron–porphyrin distance cause the anomalous temperature and pressure dependencies of this band. It is shown that the change in both the magnitude and the distribution of the iron–porphyrin distance is expected to affect the band III intensity. Consequently, the stationarity of the band III intensity can be considered as a signature of the stationarity of the iron–porphyrin distance and its distribution in deoxyheme proteins, whereas the band III position and width could be also affected by the change in the protein electric field, caused by the protein globule dynamics. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers, 2004
Implications of articulatory awareness in learning literacy in english as a second language
Authors: Yamada Jun 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe articulatory awareness task, which was found by Griffiths and Frith (2002) to discriminate ex‐dyslexic from non‐dyslexic adults, was given to three groups of Japanese college students with different English reading abilities. Two unexpected results emerged: (1) Articulatory awareness performance was generally poor across the groups, thereby suggesting that poor articulatory awareness is not unique to dyslexia but rather to reading difficulty in general, and (2) There was a weak but significant positive correlation between articulatory awareness and English reading ability. Implications are that while articulatory awareness may not function only in dyslexia, it is embedded in a complex information‐processing network involving reading acquisition. Specifically, a revised Articulatory Awareness Deficit Hypothesis is formulated, which states that poor articulatory awareness is part of articulation difficulty associated with poor phonological awareness that in turn tends to underlie dyslexia and reading difficulty. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Promise and peril in implementing pay‐for‐performance
Authors: Beer Michael , Cannon Mark D. , Baron James N. , Dailey Patrick R. , Gerhart Barry , Heneman Herbert G. , Kochan Thomas , Ledford Gerald E. , Locke Edwin A. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractWhy would managers abandon pay‐for‐performance plans they initiated with great hopes? Why
would employees celebrate this decision? This article explores why managers made their decisions in 12 of
13 pay‐for‐performance “experiments” at Hewlett‐Packard in the mid‐1990s.
We find that managers thought the costs of these programs to be higher than the benefits. Alternative managerial
practices such as effective leadership, clear objectives, coaching, or training were thought a better investment.
Despite the undisputed instrumentality of pay‐for‐performance to motivate, little attention has
been given to whether the benefits outweigh the costs or the “fit” of these programs with
high‐commitment cultures like Hewlett‐Packard was at the time. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals,
Inc.
Protective effect of Astragalus corniculatus saponins against myeloid grafﬁ tumour in hamsters
Authors: Krasteva I. N. , Toshkova R. A. , Nikolov S. D. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractA puriﬁed mixture containing mostly saponins (PMS) from Astragalus corniculatus Bieb. was used in an in vivo model to demonstrate its protective effect against myeloid Grafﬁ tumour in hamsters. Survivability, tumour growth and tumour transplantability were followed. Comparative studies revealed that the intraperitoneal administration of PMS: (i) decreased the tumour transplantability; (ii) inhibited tumour growth in the early stages of tumour progression; (iii) increased the mean survival time; (iv) reduced the percentage mortality. These results suggest that appropriate use of PMS could outline a promising strategy for the treatment of myeloid Grafﬁ tumour. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.