bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preischemic hyperglycemia‐aggravated damage: Evidence that lactate utilization is beneficial and glucose‐induced corticosterone release is detrimental
Authors: Schurr Avital , Payne Ralphiel S. , Miller James J. , Tseng Michael T. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAerobic lactate utilization is crucial for recovery of neuronal function posthypoxia in vitro. In vivo models of cerebral ischemia pose a conceptual challenge when compared to in vitro models. First, the glucose paradox of cerebral ischemia, namely, the aggravation of delayed neuronal damage by preischemic hyperglycemia, cannot be reproduced in vitro. Second, in vitro elevated glucose levels protect against ischemic (hypoxic) damage, an outcome that has seldom been reproduced in vivo. Employing a rat model of cardiac‐arrest‐induced transient global cerebral ischemia (TGI), we found that hyperglycemic conditions, when induced 120–240 min pre‐TGI, significantly reduced post‐TGI neuronal damage as compared to normoglycemic conditions. In contrast, hyperglycemia, when induced 15–60 min pre‐TGI, significantly aggravated post‐TGI neuronal damage. Brain lactate levels in rats loaded with glucose either 15 min or 120 min pre‐TGI were significantly and equally higher than those of control, saline‐injected rats. The beneficial effect of 120 min pre‐TGI glucose loading was abolished by lactate transport inhibition. A significant increase in blood corticosterone (CT) levels was observed upon glucose loading that peaked at 15–30 min and returned to baseline levels by 60–120 min. When rats loaded with glucose 15 min pre‐TGI were treated with metyrapone, a CT synthesis inhibitor, a significantly lower degree of delayed neuronal damage in comparison to both untreated, 15 min glucose‐loaded rats and normoglycemic, control rats was observed. Thus, although elevated levels of brain lactate cannot explain the glucose paradox of cerebral ischemia, hyperglycemia‐induced, short‐lived elevation in CT blood levels could. More importantly, lactate appears to play a crucial role in improving postischemic outcome. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Endogenous IGF1 enhances cell survival in the postnatal dentate gyrus
Authors: Cheng Clara M. , Cohen Matt , Tseng Victor , Bondy Carolyn A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe dentate gyrus is selectively reduced in size in the insulin‐like growth factor 1 (IGF1) null mouse brain. The purpose of this study was to determine whether this defect is due to reduced granule cell numbers, and if so, to determine whether altered cell proliferation, survival, or both contribute to attenuation of dentate gyrus size. At postnatal day 10 (P10), granule cell numbers were not significantly different in IGF1 null and littermate wildtype (WT) dentate gyri. The subgranular zone cell population, however, was relatively increased, and the granule cell layer population relatively decreased in the IGF1 null dentate gyrus. By P50, total dentate cell numbers were decreased by 20% (P = 0.01) in the IGF1 null mouse, although IGF1 null subgranular zone progenitor cells remained relatively increased compared with WT (38%, P < 0.05). IGF1 null dentate cell proliferation, assessed by thymidine analogue incorporation, was actually increased at P10 (33%, P < 0.05) and P50 (167%, P = 0.001). Dentate granule cell death, assessed by the appearance of pycnotic cells and DNA fragmentation, was also significantly increased in the IGF1 null dentate (61%, P < 0.05 and 101%, P = 0.03). These data suggest that endogenous IGF1 serves an important role in dentate granule cell survival during the course of postnatal brain development. In addition, this work suggests the potential of a compensatory mechanism promoting increased dentate cell proliferation in the face of impaired cell survival during postnatal neurogenesis. J. Neurosci. Res. 64:341–347, 2001. Published 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Regulation of olfactory neurogenesis by amidated neuropeptides
Authors: Hansel Donna E. , Eipper Betty A. , Ronnett Gabriele V. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe existence of stem cells in the CNS raises issues concerning the ability of nervous tissues to regenerate in the adult mammal and provides new perspectives on the treatment of degenerative disease and traumatic injury of the nervous system. These cells have a relatively limited range of locations within the nervous system and include cells of the rostral migratory stream, hippocampus, retina, and olfactory epithelium. The olfactory epithelium has been studied as a model of adult neuronal regeneration, with neuronal precursor/basal cells serving as the olfactory “stem cells.” The identification of factors that promote neuronal proliferation or regeneration within the olfactory epithelium can provide clues to the process of adult mammalian nervous system repair and treatment. Multiple factors have been examined that appear to influence the proliferation and subsequent maturation of basal cells. These factors include nerve growth factor, fibroblast growth factor‐2, epidermal growth factor, and insulin/insulin‐like growth factor‐1. Recently, two amidated neuropeptides, neuropeptide Y (NPY) and pituitary adenylate cyclase‐activating polypeptide (PACAP38), identified in the olfactory epithelium have been shown to promote dramatically neuronal proliferation. The effects of NPY and PACAP suggest that amidated neuropeptides may serve a broad developmental and regenerative role in the mammalian olfactory epithelium. J. Neurosci. Res. 66:1–7, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of cyclic AMP on the expression of myelin basic protein species and myelin proteolipid protein in committed oligodendrocytes: Differential involvement of the transcription factor CREB
Authors: Afshari Fatemah S. , Chu Annie K. , Sato‐Bigbee Carmen 
Published: August 2002

AbstractOur previous results support the idea that CREB (cyclic AMP‐response element binding protein) may be a mediator of neuroligand and growth factor signals that, coupled to different signal transduction pathways, play different roles at specific stages of oligodendrocyte development. In the early stages, when cells are immature precursors, CREB may play a role as a mediator of protein kinase C (PKC)/mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways regulating cell proliferation. In contrast, at a later stage, when cells are already committed oligodendrocytes, CREB seems to play an important role as a mediator in the stimulation of myelin basic protein (MBP) expression by cyclic AMP (cAMP). In this study, we have investigated whether cAMP and CREB play a role in regulating the expression of all or on the other hand particular MBP isoforms. The results indicated that treatment of committed oligodendrocytes with the cAMP analogue db‐cAMP results in a pattern of expression of MBP‐related polypeptides that most closely resembles the pattern of MBPs observed in cerebra from adult animals. Experiments in which CREB expression was inhibited using a CREB antisense oligonucleotide, suggested that CREB is involved in the cAMP‐dependent stimulation of all the MBP isoforms. In contrast, we have found that db‐cAMP stimulates the expression of myelin proteolipid protein (PLP) in a process that occurs despite inhibition of CREB expression. These results support the idea that cAMP stimulates the maturation of oligodendrocytes and stress the fact multiple mechanisms may convey the action of this second messenger modulating oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination. J. Neurosci. Res. 66:37–45, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of two‐layer and single‐layer canopy models with Lagrangian and K‐theory approaches in modelling evaporation from forests
Authors: Wu A. , Black A. , Verseghy D.L. , Bailey W.G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe near‐field effect on flux calculation was examined using two approaches: (1) The performance of a Lagrangian two‐layer canopy model was compared with a K‐theory two‐layer canopy model and a K‐theory single‐layer canopy model; and (2) the near‐field resistance was placed in series with aerodynamic resistance in the Canadian Land Surface Scheme (CLASS). The first approach was tested using flux data measured from a boreal aspen forest because it had a thick understorey canopy. The second approach was tested using the aspen forest and a Douglas fir forest. Results from both approaches confirmed that the difference between simulations from K‐theory and the Lagrangian evaporation models was small due to the strong control by stomatal conductance. Furthermore, the two‐layer canopy models were inferior to the single canopy model in the calculation of the sensible and latent heat fluxes above the forest. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society
Diurnal and seasonal characteristics of precipitation at an upland site in Scotland
Authors: Svensson Cecilia , Jakob Dörte 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe diurnal and seasonal characteristics of precipitation at Eskdalemuir, in southern Scotland, were studied by representing the hour of rainfall as a circular variable and applying statistical methods for directional data. Hourly precipitation data for 1970–86 were analysed for four different precipitation intensities. Concurrent observations of wind direction and speed were used to help in the interpretation of the results.The occurrence of precipitation of light intensity, 0.1–0.4 mm h−1, has a bimodal distribution with early‐morning and afternoon maxima in both summer and winter. Heavier precipitation in summer is concentrated in the afternoon, presumably reflecting convective activity in response to the diurnal heating cycle. Very heavy precipitation (≥5.0 mm h−1) in winter occurs significantly more often in the early‐morning hours (02:00–08:00 GMT) than during the rest of the day. This is attributed to orographic enhancement of precipitation because of the associated wind direction. For both seasons, very heavy precipitation in the early‐morning hours occurs predominantly in airflow from the south or south–south‐east, i.e. roughly perpendicular to the topographical barrier formed by the Southern Uplands. In contrast, very heavy precipitation during the afternoon, especially in summer, is more associated with south–south‐westerly winds coming from the sea. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society.
Millennial‐scale variability in the oceans: an ocean modelling view
Authors: Bigg Grant R. , Wadley Martin R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractClimate and ocean‐only models have shown that the ocean will respond abruptly to significant perturbations in surface forcing. Centennial‐scale oscillation is a characteristic of circulation in large semi‐enclosed ocean basins such as the Arctic, whereas millennial‐scale adjustment to changes in surface forcing has been found in the global ocean component of climate models. We show that the millennial time‐scale in climate models is likely to be intrinsic to the ocean through its presence in an ocean‐only model. The strength of the thermohaline circulation is shown to be very sensitive to the magnitude of ice albedo and, to a lesser extent, perturbation in the surface freshwater flux. Modelled glacial ocean circulation, in contrast to present‐day simulations, requires an enhanced freshwater flux over the northern Atlantic, even in its non‐Heinrich state, to obtain realistic overturning in the North Atlantic. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Holocene variations of sea‐surface conditions in the southeastern Barents Sea, reconstructed from dinoflagellate cyst assemblages
Authors: Voronina Elena , Polyak Leonid , Vernal Anne De , Peyron Odile 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPalynomorphs were analysed in two sediment cores from the southeastern Barents Sea representing the past 8.3 and 4.4 kyr. High dinocyst contents and species diversity enabled the application of the best analogue method to quantitatively reconstruct sea‐surface salinities, temperatures and ice cover using 677 modern reference sites from the North Atlantic and Arctic seas, including new data from the Barents Sea reported here. At the southern core site, where waters are affected by the Atlantic inflow, sea‐surface conditions were relatively warm and stable between ca. 8000 and 5000 calendar yr BP. In contrast, the past 5 kyr had periods with cooler temperatures and extended ice cover, fluctuating mostly at 1–1.5 kyr frequencies at both sites. Most pronounced coolings occurred around 8.1, 5, 3.5–3.2 and 2.5 ka. The northern site additionally shows younger cooling events, tentatively dated to 1.4, 0.3 and 0.1 ka. Identified variations in sea‐surface conditions indicate changes in Atlantic water inputs to the Barents Sea. Our results generally correlate to palaeoclimatic reconstructions from northwestern Eurasia, exemplified by palynological records from Karelia. This correlation suggests that sea‐surface variations in the Barents Sea reflect large‐scale changes in atmospheric and oceanic interactions between the North Atlantic and the Arctic. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
E‐Change: Charting a path towards sustainable e‐strategies
Authors: Stace Doug , Holtham Clive , Courtney Nigel 
Published: August 2002

Abstract
This paper proposes that the E‐revolution constitutes a special case of disruptive innovation for organizations, demanding new responses by leaders, managers and change agents in successfully charting a course of change.
The greatest challenges in embedding E‐technologies are not necessarily strategic or technical. They relate to people, structure and culture—that is, to the critical issues of implementation and business innovation.
A typology of different kinds of E‐change strategies is developed, showing how different organizational forms and change processes will be necessary in different strategic contexts.
The approach used successfully by one organization may be completely inappropriate for another. A change‐mapping schema is then introduced to illustrate how these E‐strategies and associated change processes may alter over time.
Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Combining high‐amylose and waxy starch mutations in barley
Authors: Swanston J Stuart , Ellis Roger P , Morrison Ian M , Mackay George R , Dale M Finlay B , Cooper Allison , Tiller Sarah A , Duffus Carol M , Cochrane M Patricia , Prentice R Derek M , Paterson Linda , Lynn Andrew 
Published: August 2002

AbstractInbred lines, from a cross between barleys carrying the waxy and high‐amylose genes respectively, were characterised by the presence of both, either or neither of the genes and grown under field conditions. Starch granule proteins were separated by SDS‐PAGE and lines carrying the waxy gene, with or without the high‐amylose gene, had greatly reduced intensities of the 60 kDa band associated with granule‐bound starch synthase. One representative sample of each starch type was also grown under two controlled environment (CE) regimes. Starch properties were assessed on field‐ and CE‐grown samples of these genotypes and large differences were observed among starch types. Growth conditions generally had comparatively little effect on the starch properties measured. The waxy and high‐amylose genes appeared to have additive effects, both in reducing modal granule size and in increasing gelatinisation temperature significantly above that observed when only one of the genes was present. The genotype with both mutations produced a starch with phosphorus content and blue value, after removal of lipid, slightly higher than those of the waxy type and with an RVA profile similar to that of the wild type, but with lower peak and final viscosities.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Detection of inverted beet sugar adulteration of honey by FTIR spectroscopy
Authors: Sivakesava S , Irudayaraj J 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA combination of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and multivariate statistics as a screening tool for the determination of beet medium invert sugar adulteration in three different varieties of honey is discussed. Honey samples with different concentrations of beet invert sugar were scanned using the attenuated total reflectance (ATR) accessory of the Bio‐Rad FTS‐6000 Fourier transform spectrometer. The spectral wavenumber region between 950 and 1500 cm−1 was selected for partial least squares (PLS) regression to develop calibration models for beet invert sugar determination in honey samples. Results from the PLS (first derivative) models were slightly better than those obtained with other calibration models. Predictive models were also developed to classify beet sugar invert in three different varieties of honey samples using discriminant analysis. Spectral data were compressed using the principal component method, and linear discriminant and canonical variate analyses were used to detect the level of beet invert sugar in honey samples. The best predictive model for adulterated honey samples was achieved with canonical variate analysis, which successfully classified 88–94 per cent of the validation set. The present study demonstrated that Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy could be used for rapid detection of beet invert sugar adulteration in different varieties of honey.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Pathology and prognosis of mucinous gastric carcinoma
Authors: Yasuda Kazuhiro , Adachi Yosuke , Shiraishi Norio , Yamaguchi Kimio , Shiromizu Akio , Kitano Seigo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesClinicopathologic characteristics of mucinous gastric carcinoma (MGC) are unclear, and whether surgical results of MGC are unfavorable is controversial. Pathology and prognosis of patients with MGC were studied using multivariate analysis.MethodsThe study included 17 patients with MGC and 614 with nonmucinous gastric carcinoma (NGC). The tumor was defined as MGC when more than one half of tumor area had mucin pools. Patients were evaluated with regard to age, sex, tumor location, size, gross type, depth of wall invasion, lymph node metastasis, lymphatic and vascular permeations, stage of disease, and operative curability.ResultsMGC tumors, when compared with NGC tumors, were featured by the large size (9.0 vs. 5.2 cm), grossly infiltrative type (76 vs. 30%), T2 or more invasion (100 vs 53%), positive lymph node metastasis (88 vs. 32%), lymphatic permeation (94 vs. 55%), vascular permeation (47 vs. 25%), and stages III and IV (88 vs. 32%). On a multivariate analysis, mucinous histologic type was not an independent prognostic factor. Although 5‐year survival rate for all MGC patients was lower than that for all NGC patients, the survival rate was not different between the MGC and NGC patients when compared in the same category of tumor size, depth of wall invasion, lymph node metastasis, and stage.ConclusionsMGC is rare and detected mostly in an advanced stage. Mucinous histologic type itself is not a prognostic significance in patients with gastric carcinoma, and the biologic behavior of MGC is similar to that of ordinary advanced gastric carcinoma. J. Surg. Oncol. 2001;76:272–277. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Interleukin‐10 and interferon‐gamma levels within the peritoneal cavity of patients with gastric cancer
Authors: Majima Takashi , Ichikura Takashi , Seki Shuhji , Takayama Eiji , Hiraide Hoshio , Mochizuki Hidetaka 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackground and Objectives:Immune status in the peritoneal cavity of patients with gastric cancer remains largely unknown. To clarify the clinical significance of the host immune response within the peritoneal cavity, we examined the levels of interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ), a type 1 cytokine, and interleukin‐10 (IL‐10), a type 2 cytokine, in peritoneal washings obtained from patients with gastric cancer.Methods:Both the concentrations of IFN‐γ and of IL‐10 in peritoneal washings obtained during surgery from 56 patients with gastric cancer were determined by an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.Results:The IFN‐γ level was not correlated with the IL‐10 level. The IL‐10 level increased in a stage‐dependent manner. The high IL‐10 level correlated with an unfavorable outcome, whereas there was no relationship between the IFN‐γ level and survival rate. However, among the stage III–IV cancer patients, the high IFN‐γ level correlated with a favorable outcome, while there was no relationship between the IL‐10 level and survival rate.Conclusion:Although the IL‐10 level increases with tumor progression, the outcome of patients with advanced gastric cancer may be affected by the IFN‐γ level, but not by the IL‐10 level, in the peritoneal cavity. J. Surg. Oncol. 2001;78:124–130. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Kinetics and mechanism of the aminolysis of 4‐nitrophenyl and 2,4‐dinitrophenyl 4‐methylphenyl carbonates in aqueous ethanol
Authors: Castro Enrique A. , Andujar Monica , Campodonico Paola , Santos José G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe reactions of 4‐methylphenyl 4‐nitrophenyl carbonate (MPNPC) and 4‐methylphenyl 2,4‐dinitrophenyl carbonate (MPDNPC) with a series of secondary alicyclic amines are subjected to a kinetic investigation in 44 wt% ethanol–water, at 25.0°C, ionic strength 0.2 M (KCl). Under amine excess over the substrate, pseudo‐first‐order rate coefficients (kobs) are obtained. Plots of kobs against [amine] are linear, with kN as slopes. A biphasic Brönsted‐type plot for kN is obtained for the aminolysis of MPNPC, with slopes β1 = 0.2 (high pKa) and β2 = 0.9 (low pKa). This is in accordance with a stepwise mechanism, through a zwitterionic tetrahedral intermediate (T±), and a change in the rate‐determining step, from formation to breakdown of T± as the amine pKa decreases. For the aminolysis of MPDNPC, a slightly curved Brönsted‐type plot for kN is obtained, with β1 = 0.1 (low pKa) and β2 = 0.55 (high pKa). This is consistent with a concerted mechanism. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 34: 309–315, 2002
Strategic community management promoted by innovation communities
Authors: Kodama Mitsuru 
Published: August 2002

AbstractFor the last few years, the videoconferencing system and multi‐point connection service market represented by multimedia technology have enjoyed strong growth in Japan. Behind the recent upturn in this market was the strategic alliance of NTT, Japan's largest telecommunications carrier, and PictureTel of the USA, followed by the birth of business communities centered around or outside NTT, thus intensively creating and boosting a new market referred to as interactive video communication. This paper reviews the challenges that faced NTT, one of the big businesses in Japan, followed by PictureTel and other players within and outside NTT, all of which created various strategic business communities. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Photomechanical transdermal delivery: The effect of laser confinement
Authors: Lee Shun , McAuliffe Daniel J. , Flotte Thomas J. , Kollias Nikiforos , Doukas Apostolos G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackground and ObjectivePhotomechanical waves can transiently permeabilize the stratum corneum and facilitate the delivery of drugs into the epidermis and dermis. The present study was undertaken to assess the effect of pulse characteristics to the penetration depth of macromolecules delivered into the skin.Study Design/Materials and MethodsPhotomechanical waves were generated by confined ablation with a Q‐switched ruby laser. Fluorescence microscopy of frozen biopsies was used to assay the delivery of macromolecules through the stratum corneum and determine the depth of penetration.ResultsPhotomechanical waves generated by confined ablation of the target have a longer rise time and duration than those generated by direct ablation. Confined ablation required a lower radiant exposure (from ∼7 J/cm2 to ∼5 J/cm2) for an increase in the depth of delivery (from ∼50μm to ∼400μm).ConclusionsControl of the characteristics of the photomechanical waves is important for transdermal delivery as they can affect the depth of drug penetration into the dermis. Lasers Surg. Med. 28:344–347, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.