bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Life after Etna: Empedocles in Prose and Poetry
Authors: Kenny Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is a familiar passage in Aristotle ‘s Nicomachean Ethics (1147a20, b12) in which the incontinent person, who does what he says he ought not to do, is compared to a drunken man reciting the verses of Empedocles. Scholars are undecided why Empedocles comes into the picture here. Is it because he was himself a champion of temperance, or is it because his verses are so difficult to construe? Either way, we are clearly meant to envisage a person reciting poetry that he does not really understand. I mention the passage only to introduce an apology.
Virtue and the Good in Plato and Aristotle
Authors: Kenny Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Professor T. H. Irwin, in a recent paper ( ‘Glaucon ‘s Challenge: Does Aristotle Change his Mind? ‘ in R. Heinaman (ed.), Plato and Aristotle ‘s Ethics, Ashgate, 2003) attributes to Plato the following nine theses: (I) The Conditional Thesis. Non-moral goods and evils are only conditionally good and bad; they are good when used virtuously, bad when used viciously.
The Wittgenstein Editions
Authors: Kenny Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his will of 29 January 1951, Wittgenstein bequeathed to Rush Rhees, Elizabeth Anscombe, and Georg Henrik von Wright ‘all the copyright in all my unpublished writings; and also the manuscripts and typescripts thereof to dispose of as they think best ‘. These heirs were to publish ‘as many of my unpublished writings as they think fit ‘ and were to share the royalties and other profits equally between themselves.
The Unity of Knowledge and the Diversity of Belief
Authors: Kenny Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was a great honour to be invited to join the distinguished company of those who have given the Athenaeum lectures since their inception in 1998. The club ‘s talk dinner committee showed great perspicacity in choosing, as the overall theme of the lecture series, ‘The Unity of Knowledge ‘. This is a broad and fertile topic that can be approached in a variety of ways, as previous lectures have amply demonstrated. There is, in my view, a special unity peculiar to knowledge— and not only scientific knowledge. Belief on the other hand— and not only religious belief— leaves room for exuberant diversity. Knowledge is single, belief is multiplex. There are two reasons for this difference between knowing and believing. One reason is philosophical, the other is historical; one reason is necessary, the other is contingent.
Making Holes in the Dark
Authors: Dixson Alan F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sexual selection has played a major role in the evolution of the reproductive organs of animals. A full appreciation of this aspect of sexual selection is relatively new, however, and was unknown to Darwin at the time he formulated his theories concerning the pre-copulatory aspects of selection. Here, and in the following two chapters, I consider how sexual selection has affected the evolution of reproductive anatomy and physiology in mammals.
Masculine Dimensions
Authors: Dixson Alan F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The male genitalia evolved as an exquisitely complex, integrated system for the production, storage, and delivery of sperm (and accessory glandular secretions) to females during sexual activity. Studies of invertebrates have provided ample evidence for effects of sexual selection upon the evolution of male genitalic morphology and physiology (Eberhard 1985; 1996; Simmons 2001; Poiani 2006). The same evolutionary principles may be applied in comparative studies of the genitalia in the mammals, including human beings. The reproductive systems of male mammals are structurally diverse, with remarkable differences in their accessory reproductive glands and penile morphologies. At least some of this diversity may have been influenced by sexual selection, whether via sperm competition or cryptic female choice. The question of cryptic female choice will be deferred until the next chapter, where possible effects of sexual selection upon the evolution of the female genitalia are discussed. Here I shall explore the effects of sperm competition upon the evolution of the male reproductive system in mammals, in order to address a number of questions.
Adam’s Apple
Authors: Dixson Alan F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An obvious anatomical sex difference in adult humans concerns the size and shape of the larynx, with resultant differences in vocal pitch; this is usually deeper in men than in women. These structural and vocal sex differences develop during puberty when, under the action of testosterone, the cartilages and muscles of the male larynx enlarge and the vocal cords increase in length. The thyroid cartilage, the largest of the nine cartilages which make up the larynx, becomes especially prominent in some males, causing a bulge to appear in the midline at the front of the neck; this is the pomum Adami, or Adam’s apple (Figure 8.1). Darwin (1871) was well aware of this sex difference in Homo sapiens, and noted parallels in the greater size of the larynx and deeper vocalizations of various male mammals. He considered that ‘man appears to have inherited this difference from his early progenitors. His vocal cords are about one third longer than in woman, or than in boys.’
Introduction
Authors: Stores Gregory 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Attitudes to sleep vary significantly from one person to another. Some see it as an enjoyable experience and even a relief from daytime pressures and cares—a view expressed poetically by Sir Philip Sidney (1554–1586):Come, Sleep! O Sleep, the certain knot of peace, The baiting-place of wit, the balm of woe, The poor man’s wealth, the prisoner’s release, Th’indifferent judge between the high and low. Astrophel and Stella (Certain Sonnets , Sonnet XXXIIX) On the other hand, those who sleep badly can regard the night as a distressing time, sometimes even to be dreaded, partly because of their inability to sleep but also because things can generally seem much worse at night than during the day. Literature again illustrates the point in Shakespeare’s Macbeth : Good things of day begin to droop and drowse, Whiles night’s black agents to their preys do rouse.
Signs of unsatisfactory sleep
Authors: Stores Gregory 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fact: Actually, inadequate or poor-quality sleep can affect you in many different ways, both psychologically and physically. So much is this the case that often this explanation of your difficulties gets overlooked instead of being dealt with. Many people know they do not sleep well, although many do not ask for help and soldier on as best they can. Others are less aware that their sleep is unsatisfactory and that they could benefit if their sleep was improved. Ideally, a person’s sleep at night should be both long enough (adequate sleep) and also of sufficiently good quality to restore them, so that they feel well and can function properly during the day. Good-quality sleep means that sleep is sound and unbroken. In addition, sleep quality can be impaired (also called ‘fragmented’ sleep) by very brief arousals without you consciously waking up. This happens particularly in later life and in various sleep disorders, such as obstructive sleep apnoea (see Chapter 9), causing daytime sleepiness.
Sleep disorders misinterpreted as other medical or psychological conditions
Authors: Stores Gregory 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At several points in this book, it has been mentioned that sleep disorders can mistakenly be thought to be some other type of condition and nothing particularly to do with sleep. This will happen if the person themselves or their relatives or friends giving advice (or professionals whom they consult for help) do not know enough about the many types of sleep disturbance and the various ways in which you can be affected.
Guilt-Free Morality
Authors: Harman Gilbert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How essential is the complex emotion of guilt to morality? Can we define moral standards, in contrast with other sorts of standards, as those standards it is appropriate to feel guilt for violating? Is it essential to being a moral person to be disposed to feel guilt if one takes oneself to have acted morally wrongly?
Here are some of the ways in which some philosophers and psychologists have taken the emotion of guilt to be essential to morality.
One relatively central idea is that guilt feelings are warranted if an agent knows that he or she has acted morally wrongly. It might be said that in such a case the agent has a strong reason to feel guilt, that the agent ought to have guilt feelings, that the agent is justified in having guilt feelings and unjustified in not having guilt feelings.
The Actor’S Quality
Authors: Chambers E K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE history detailed in the foregoing chapter represents, from the point of view of the playing companies, a vexed progress towards that state of regulative security which, in the case of any industry dependent upon a permanent habitation and the outlay of capital, is the first condition of economic stability. More than once in the course of the struggle was an approach made to a settlement before it was actually reached. The rather obscure period of the first attempts of the companies to establish themselves in London was closed by the experimental patent to Leicester’s men and the fairly reasonable City regulations of 1574.
The Actor’S Economics
Authors: Chambers E K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
WITHAL the actors, or the more discreet of them, prospered. This fact peeps out from the diatribes of their critics, and is indeed part of the case against them. The theatres are thronged, while the churches are empty. The drones suck the honey stored up by London’s laborious citizens. Already, in 1578, John Stockwood estimates the aggregate gain of eight play-houses, open but once in the week, at £2,000 by the year. The players began to ruffle it, in garments fit only for their betters. ‘ The very hyrelings ‘, says Gosson in 1579, ‘ which stand at reuersion of vis by the weeke, iet under gentlemen’s noses in sutes of silke, exercising themselues too prating on the stage, and common scoffing when they come abrode, where they looke askance ouer the shoulder at every man, of whom the Sunday before they begged an almes ‘ ; and in like vein Walsingham’s correspondent of 1587 bewails to him the ‘ wofull sight to see two hundred proude players jett in their silkes, wheare five hundred pore people sterve in the streets ‘.
Actors
Authors: Chambers E K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Alleyn, Edward, was born on I September 1566 in the parish of St. Botolph, Bishopsgate. His father was Edward Alleyn of Willen, Bucks, Innholder and porter to the Queen, who died in 1570; his mother, Margaret Townley, for whom he claimed a descent from the Townleys of Lancashire which modem genealogists hesitate to credit, re-married with one John Browne, a haberdasher, between whom and other Brownes who appear in theatrical annals no connexion can be proved. Edward Alleyn is said by Fuller in his Worthies to have been’ bred a stage player’.
Introduction: The Public Theatres
Authors: Chambers E K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The evidence of the maps as to the position of the theatres is obscured, partly by uncertainties as to the dates and authorships both of the engravings and of the surveys on which they were based, and partly by the pictorial character of the topography. They are not strict plans in two dimensions, such as modem cartographers produce, but either drawings in full perspective, or bird’s-eye views in diminished perspective. The imaginary standpoint is always on the south, and the pictorial aspect is emphasized in the foreground, with the result that, while the Bankside theatres, but not those north of the river, are generally indicated, this is rarely with a precision which renders it possible to locate them in relation to the thoroughfares amongst which they stand. This is more particularly the case since, while the general grouping of buildings, gardens, and trees appears, from a comparison of one view with another, to be faithfully given, it is probable that the details are often both conventionally represented and out of scale.
Staging In The Theatres: Seventeenth Century
Authors: Chambers E K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE turn of the century is also a turning-point in the history of the public theatres. In 1599 the Chamberlain’s men built the Globe, and in 1600, not to be outdone, the Admiral’s men built upon the same model the Fortune. These remained the head-quarters of the same companies, when at the beginning of the reign of James the one became the King’s and the other the Prince’s men. Worcester’s, afterwards the Queen’s, men were content for a time with the older houses, first the Rose, then the Curtain and the Boar’s Head, but by 1605 or 1606 they were occupying the Red Bull, probably a new building, but one of which we know very little. Meanwhile the earlier Tudor fashion of plays by boys had been revived, both at Paul’s, and at the Blackfriars, where a theatre had been contrived by James Burbadge about 1596 in a chamber of the ancient priory, for the purposes of a public stage.
The Printing Of Plays
Authors: Chambers E K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A HISTORIAN of the stage owes so much of his material to the printed copies of plays, with their title-pages, their prefatory epistles, and their stage-directions, that he can hardly be dispensed from giving some account of the process by which plays got into print. Otherwise I should have been abundantly content to have left the subject with a reference to the researches of others, and notably of that accomplished bibliographer, my friend Mr. A. W. Pollard, to whom in any event the debt of these pages must be great. The earliest attempts to control the book-trade are of the nature of commercial restrictions, and concern themselves with the regulation of alien craftsmanship.1 But when Tudor policy had to deal with expressions of political and religious opinion, and in particular when the interlude as well as the pamphlet, not without encouragement from Cranmer and Cromwell, became an instrument of ecclesiastical controversy, it was not long before the State found itself committed to the methods of a literary censorship. We have already followed in detail the phases of the control to which the spoken play was subjected.2 The story of the printed play was closely analogous ; and in both cases the ultimate term of the evolution, so far as our period is concerned, was the establishment of the authority of the Master of the Revels.
Playwrights
Authors: Chambers E K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bibliographical Note.-The abundant literature of the drama is more satisfactorily treated in the appendices to F. E. Schelling, Elizabethan Drama (1908), and vols. v and vi (1910) of the Cambridge History of English Literature, than in R. W.Lowe, Bibliographical Account of English Theatrical Literature (1888), K. L. Bates and L. B. Godfrey, English Drama: a Working Basis (1896), or W. D. Adams, Dictionary of the Drama (1904). There is an American pamphlet on Materials for the Study of the English Drama, excluding Shakespeare (1912, Newbery Library, Chicago), which I have not seen. Periodical lists of new books are published in the Modern Language Review, the Beiblatt to Anglia, and the Bulletin of the English Association, and annual bibliographies by the Modern Humanities Research Association (from 1921) and in the Shakespeare Jahrbuch. The bibliography by H. R. Tedder in the Encyclopaedia Britannica (11th ed.) s.v. Shakespeare, A. C. Shaw, Index to the Shakespeare Memorial Library (1900-3), and W. Jaggard, Shaluspeare Bibliography (19u), on which, however, cf. C. S. Northup in J. G. P. xi. 218, are also useful. W. W. Greg, Notes on Dramatic Bibliographers (1911, M. S. C. i. 324), traces from the publishers’ advertisements of the Restoration a catena of play-lists in E. Phillips, Theatrum Poetarum (1675), W. Winstanley, Lives of the Most Famous English Poets (1687), G. Langbaine, Momus Triumphans (1688) and Account of the English Dramatick Poets (1691), C. Gildon, Lives and Characters of the English Drainatick Poets (1698), W. R. Chetwood, The British Theatre (1750), E. Capell, Notitia Dramatica (1783), and the various editions of the Biographica Dramatica from 1764 to 1812. More recent are J. 0. Halliwell-Phillipps, Dictionary of Old English Plays (1860), and W. C. Hazlitt, Manual of Old English Plays (1892); but all are largely superseded by W. W. Greg, A List of English Plays (1900) and A List of Masques, Pageants, &-c. (1902). His account of Warburton’s collection in The Bakings of Betsy (Library, 1911)serves as a supplement. A few plays discovered later than 1900 appeared in an Irish sale of 1906 (cf. JahYbuch, xliii. 310) and in the Mostyn sale of 1919 (cf. t.p. facsimiles in Sotheby’s sale-catalogue). For the problems of the early prints, the Bibliographical Note to ch. xxii should be consulted.
Reading Platonic Writing: A Discussion of Christopher Rowe, Plato and the Art of Philosophical Writing
Authors: Denyer Nicholas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Throughout his philosophical career, Plato was a loyal follower of Socrates. His loyalty was more than an admiration for Socrates the man and an enthusiasm for his dialectical method. For his loyalty included also a commitment to some more substantive views that he took himself to share with Socrates. Among these views were: the world is providentially governed; no wise person ever harms anyone; a wise person will know about things like beauty and goodness; beauty and goodness are not identical to any or all ordinary beautiful or good things; all would be well with our lives if we were wise; attaining perfect wisdom is beyond human powers. Perhaps the most adventurous of these views concerned the motives for action: at bottom, we can desire only one thing, what is good for us, and therefore, in order to act better, all we need is better information about what is good for us.
Kan T: F Rom P Ractical Laws To Morality
Authors: Rwin Terence I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So far we have discussed Kant’s claims about practical laws and categorical imperatives as general claims about practical reason, not as specific claims about morality. He defends claims about external reasons that we might accept without believing that all and only moral principles are practical laws. The next stage in a clear presentation of Kant’s position ought to show how moral principles are practical laws. Kant offers two sorts of arguments for this conclusion about moral principles: (1) Our views about morality, reasons, praise, and blame imply that moral principles are practical laws. (2) We can see (without relying on the truth of our moral views) that moral principles are practical laws.
KAN T: Morality and the Good
Authors: Rwin Terence I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have now examined Kant’s argument to show that practical laws must include moral principles, and that we are not completely guided by practical laws until we follow moral principles that prescribe the treatment of persons as ends. In following these practical laws, we achieve positive freedom. If we are to be autonomous, acting on principles that are the laws of the rational will itself and are not derived from outside, we must follow the categorical imperative of morality.
Hegel: Morality and Beyond
Authors: Rwin Terence I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have seen how Hegel’s views on eudaemonism help us to understand his judgment on Greek ethics. It is more difficult to describe his views on the modern moral theories of the 17th and 18th centuries. His discussion of Kant would be easier to evaluate if we could consider other theories that try to give an account of Morality. But Hegel is not interested in the history of modern moral philosophy before Kant. We can raise some relevant questions, however, if we examine his treatment of utilitarianism, with the help of his idealist successors. Both Bradley and Green treat hedonist utilitarianism as a one-sided conception of the good and the right that can usefully be contrasted with Kant. According to Bradley, both utilitarianism and Kantian ethics fail to give a correct account of the self in its relation to morality. For him, the right account is contained in a version of eudaemonism.
Marx and I Dealist Moral Theory
Authors: Rwin Terence I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A reasonably full discussion of Marx’s views on social theory would go far beyond moral philosophy. Indeed, moral philosophy might not be very prominent in a full exposition of his views, since he does not discuss questions in moral theory at length. The views he expresses are often implicit rather than explicit, and even when they are explicit, they are often assertions rather than conclusions of theoretical argument. Moreover, a full discussion would have to take account of questions about the relation between Marx’s earlier works, in which the Hegelian influence is more evident, and his later works. The development of Marx’s thought, and the importance or unimportance of Hegelian philosophical assumptions in different stages of his thought, are controversial topics that are quite relevant to his views on questions about morality.
Sidgwick: Methods and Sources
Authors: Rwin Terence I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One critic describes Sidgwick’s Methods of Ethics as ‘on the whole the best treatise on moral theory that has ever been written’. Whether or not we agree with this estimate, Methods deserves study as a sophisticated defence of the utilitarian position. It rests both on a close examination of the history of ethics and on a careful estimate of the different options in moral theory. Sidgwick lays a foundation in meta-ethics and moral psychology for his normative argument. His discussion of meta-ethical issues takes up some of the arguments in Price that anticipate Moore’s non-naturalism. In contrast to earlier utilitarians, Sidgwick rejects both a hedonist theory of motivation and a sentimentalist account of moral obligation. He profits from the criticisms that Butler, Price, and Reid urge against Hutcheson and Hume.
Against Deity Theories
Authors: Leftow Brian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Theories about the relation between God and necessary truth may be as old as theist metaphysics. One basic worry in this sphere is a relative of the Euthyphro dilemma: is the necessary true because God afirms it, or does god afirms it because it is true? As with the Euthyphro dilemma, both horns can seem problematic. Say that the necessary is true because God afirms it, and one risks making the necessary as contingent as God’s free choice. Say that God afirms it because it is true, and one risks making God less ultimate in reality than whatever modal ontology establishes the necessary as true prior to His afirming. Almost all theist theories on the subject have opted for what is in fact a way between the horns. If modal truth is somehow grounded on God’s nature, deity, the modal ontology which establishes it as true is as necessary as God’s existence and yet not prior to Him in reality: God afirms it because it is true, but this boils down to His afirming it because His nature is what it is. It is an appealing solution. But I think it is not entirely correct. In what follows, I first display the main historical sorts of deity theory. I then argue that no such view is true.