bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Lifeworld as Phenomenon and as Research Heuristic, Exemplified by a Study of the Lifeworld of a Person Suffering Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Ashworth Ann , Ashworth Peter 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe carer of the person with dementia is enjoined to maintain respect, and to reinforce this a bill of rights has been established (Bell and Troxel, 1994). Of course, talk of rights does not guarantee respectful behaviour. In this paper it is argued that the discovery that the sufferer continues to be a person, with a unique lifeworld, can assist the carer to conform willingly to the demand that they act respectfully.The current research project makes central the idiographic description of the individual case.
The Lifeworld of the University Student: Habitus and Social Class
Authors: Bufton Serena 
Published: February 2004

AbstractPhenomenological psychology has typically avoided the "importation" of such concepts as social class from sociology.Within the epoche, such terminology is bracketed on the grounds that it brings with it excess theoretical baggage and threatens the return to experience in itself. Yet, in uncovering the lifeworld of university students who—in what in Britain is still predominantly a preserve of the privileged—come from relatively economically disadvantaged homes, "class" or some cognate concept is found to be necessary to capture the range of modes of alienation and disjunction experienced. Following Casey's discussion of the way in which Bourdieu's notion of habitus relates to Merleau-Ponty's description of the interpenetration of the natural and the cultural in the lived body, social class is shown to bring together students' accounts of their multi-faceted sense that "University is not for the likes of us"—encompassing issues of identity, sociality, and spatio-temporal dislocation.
The student lifeworld and the meanings of plagiarism
Authors: Ashworth Peter , Freewood Madeleine , MacDonald Ranald 
Published: February 2004

AbstractAs plagiarism is a notion specific to a particular culture and epoch, and is also understood in a variety of ways by individuals, particular attention must be paid to the putting of the phenomenological question, What is plagiarism in its appearing? Resolution of this issue leads us to locate students' perceptions and opinions within the lifeworld, and to seek an initially idiographic set of descriptions. Of twelve interview analyses, three are presented. (a) A student who took an especially anxious line, his morality having to do with the fear of being shamed were he to be accused of plagiarism in his work. (b) A student who saw academic development as the movement from dependence on respected authors such that the novice's work is near plagiaristic, to autonomy and self-assured originality. (c) A student whose degree involved painting and art history—disciplines with very distinct understandings of plagiarism. To combat plagiarism, then, one must not assume that students have a prior grasp of the unequivocal meaning of the notion, but must accept that a process of acculturation is required.
Genotype–environment interaction in schizophrenia-spectrum disorder
Authors: Tienari Pekka , Wynne Lyman C. , Sorri Anneli , Lahti Ilpo , Läksy Kristian , Moring Juha , Naarala Mikko , Nieminen Pentti , Wahlberg Karl-Erik 
Published: February 2004

BackgroundEarlier adoption studies have convincingly confirmed the importance of a genetic contribution to schizophrenia. The designs, however, did not incorporate observations of the rearing-family environment.AimsTo test the hypothesis that genetic factors moderate susceptibility to environmentally mediated risks associated with rearing-family functioning.MethodA Finnish national sample of adopted-away offspring of mothers with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders was compared blindly with adoptees without this genetic risk. Adoptive rearing was assessed using family rating scales based upon extended family observations at initial assessment. Adoptees were independently re-diagnosed after a median interval of 12 years, with register follow-up after 21 years.ResultsIn adoptees at high genetic risk of schizophrenia, but not in those at low genetic risk, adoptive-family ratings were a significant predictor of schizophrenia-spectrum disorders in adoptees at long-term follow-up.ConclusionsAdoptees at high genetic risk are significantly more sensitive to adverse v. ‘healthy’ rearing patterns in adoptive families than are adoptees at low genetic risk.
Efficacy of cognitive–behavioural therapy by general practitioners for unexplained fatigue among employees
Authors: Huibers Marcus J. H. , Beurskens Anna J. H. M. , Van Schayck Constant P. , Bazelmans Ellen , Metsemakers Job F. M. , Knottnerus J André , Bleijenberg Gijs 
Published: February 2004

BackgroundFatigue is a common complaint that may lead to long-term sick leave and work disability.AimsTo assess the efficacy of cognitive–behavioural therapy by general practitioners for unexplained, persistent fatigue among employees.MethodA randomised controlled trial, using a pre-randomisation design in primary care, investigated 151 employees on sick leave with fatigue. Participants in the experimental group were offered five to seven 30 min sessions of cognitive–behavioural therapy by a general practitioner; those in the control group were offered no treatment. Main outcome measures (fatigue severity self-reported absenteeism, registered absenteeism and clinical recovery) were assessed at 4 months, 8 months and 12 months.ResultsAt baseline, 44% of the patients already met research criteria for chronic fatigue syndrome. There was no significant difference between the experimental group and the control group on primary or secondary outcomes at any point.ConclusionsCognitive–behavioural therapy by general practitioners for unexplained, persistent fatigue did not prove to be an effective intervention. Since these doctors were unable to deliver this therapy effectively under ideal circumstances, it is unlikely that doctors in routine practice would be more successful in doing so.
Testimony method to ameliorate post-traumatic stress symptoms
Authors: Igreja Victor , Kleijn Wim C. , Schreuder Bas J. N. , Van Dijk Janie A. , Verschuur Margot 
Published: February 2004

BackgroundThe effectiveness of the testimony method has not been established in rural communities with survivors of prolonged civil war.AimsTo examine the effectiveness and feasibility of a testimony method to ameliorate post-traumatic stress symptoms.MethodParticipants (n=206) belonged to former war zones in Mozambique. They were divided into a case (n= 137) and a non-case group (n=69). The case group was randomly divided into an intervention (n=66) and a control group (n=71). Symptoms were measured during baseline assessment, post-intervention and at an 11-month follow-up.ResultsPost-intervention measurements demonstrated significant symptom reduction in both the intervention and the control group. No significant differences were found between the intervention and the control group. Follow-up measurements showed sustained lower levels of symptoms in both groups, and some indications of a positive intervention effect in women.ConclusionsA remarkable drop in symptoms could not be linked directly to the intervention. Feasibility of the intervention was good, but controlling the intervention in a small rural community appeared to be a difficult task to accomplish.
Management of psychiatric in-patient violence: patient ethnicity and use of medication, restraint and seclusion
Authors: Gudjonsson Gisli H. , Rabe-Hesketh Sophia , Szmukler George 
Published: February 2004

BackgroundSignificant ethnic differences have been found previously on a forensic unit in the management of psychiatric patients after a violent incident.AimsTo study the management of violent incidents on all general wards in a large psychiatric hospital in South London. The main question is whether there are differences in the management of Black patients involved in violent incidents compared with White patients and, if so, what are the factors leading to it?MethodAll recorded violent incidents (1515 in total) on 14 general wards over three years (1994, 1996, 1998) were analysed using mixed logistic regression to estimate the odds ratio that the corresponding management decision (emergency medication, physical restraint, seclusion) was taken for Black patients compared with White patients after controlling for covariates and unobserved heterogeneity between subjects.ResultsBlack patients were more likely than White patients to be given emergency medication and to be secluded after a violent incident, but not to be physically restrained. However, differences disappeared when the odds ratios were adjusted for other variables.ConclusionsRacial ‘stereotyping’ was unlikely to have played a major direct role in determining nurses' responses.
What do consultants think about the development of specialist mental health teams?
Authors: Harrison Judy , Traill Barry 
Published: February 2004

Aims and MethodThe UK Government is promoting three types of specialist team in psychiatry: assertive outreach, crisis resolution and early intervention in psychosis. Policy guidance suggests that psychiatrists be recruited to work exclusively within these teams, but little is known about the views of psychiatrists regarding their development. A postal survey was undertaken to seek the views of consultant psychiatrists in the North West.ResultsSeventy per cent of psychiatrists responded to the questionnaire. Equal numbers agreed and disagreed with the development of specialist roles. Few services had been able to recruit to extra consultant sessions within the new teams and only a third of consultants believed the resources so far available to be reasonable. Overall views of the new teams were positive (mean scores 6.36, 6.51 and 6.03 on a 1–10 visual analogue scale for assertive outreach, crisis resolution and early onset psychosis teams). Consultants are particularly likely to believe that the new teams will increase patient satisfaction and provide a welcome change in role for some psychiatrists. A total of 64% of consultants believe that crisis resolution services could reduce hospital admissions, compared with 41% for assertive outreach and 31% for early onset psychosis teams. The concern most often voiced was that new services are being developed at the expense of existing teams.Clinical ImplicationsConsultants perceive benefits associated with the new teams but are concerned about their impact on the rest of the organisation. If resource and recruitment issues can be addressed, consultants could prove to be supportive of these new models of service.
Activity and Safety of the Antiestrogen EM-800, the Orally Active Precursor of Acolbifene, in Tamoxifen-Resistant Breast Cancer
Authors: Labrie Fernand , Champagne Pierre , Labrie Claude , Roy Jean , Laverdière Jacques , Provencher Louise , Potvin Martin , Drolet Yvan , Pollak Michael , Panasci Lawrence , L'Espérance Bernard , Dufresne Jean , Latreille Jean , Robert Jean , Samson Benoît , Jolivet Jacques , Yelle Louise , Cusan Lionel , Diamond Pierre , Candas Bernard 
Published: February 2004

Purpose To determine the efficacy and safety of EM-800 (SCH-57050), the precursor of acolbifene, a new, highly potent, orally active, pure antiestrogen in the mammary gland and endometrium, for the treatment of tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer. Patients and Methods Forty-three post menopausal/ovariectomized women with breast cancer who had received tamoxifen, either for metastatic disease or as adjuvant to surgery for ≥ 1 year, and had relapsed were treated in a prospective, multicenter, phase II study with EM-800 (20 mg/d [n = 21] or 40 mg/d [n = 22] orally). Results Thirty-seven patients had estrogen receptor (ER)-positive tumors (>10 fmol/mg; mean, 146 fmol/mg cytosolic protein), three patients had ER-negative/progesterone receptor-positive tumors, and three patients had undetermined ER status. The objective response rate to EM-800 was 12%, with one complete response and four partial responses. Ten patients (23%) had stable disease for ≥ 3 months, and 7 patients (16%) had stable disease for ≥ 6 months. With a median follow-up of 29 months, median duration of response was 8 months (range, 7 to 71+ months). Treatment with EM-800 was well tolerated. No significant adverse events related to the study drug were observed clinically or biochemically. Conclusion EM-800 produced responses in a significant proportion of patients with tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer, thus showing that this highly potent, selective estrogen receptor modulator, which lacks estrogenic activity in the mammary gland and endometrium, has incomplete cross-resistance with tamoxifen, thus suggesting additional benefits in the treatment of breast cancer.
Enalapril to Prevent Cardiac Function Decline in Long-Term Survivors of Pediatric Cancer Exposed to Anthracyclines
Authors: Silber Jeffrey H. , Cnaan Avital , Clark Bernard J. , Paridon Stephen M. , Chin Alvin J. , Rychik Jack , Hogarty Alexa N. , Cohen Mitchell I. , Barber Gerald , Rutkowski Monika , Kimball Thomas R. , Delaat Cynthia , Steinherz Laurel J. , Zhao Huaqing 
Published: February 2004

Purpose To determine whether an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, enalapril, prevents cardiac function deterioration (defined using maximal cardiac index [MCI] on exercise testing or increase in left ventricular end-systolic wall stress [LVESWS]) in long-term survivors of pediatric cancer. Patients and Methods This was a randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial comparing enalapril to placebo in 135 long-term survivors of pediatric cancer who had at least one cardiac abnormality identified at any time after anthracycline exposure. Results There was no difference in the rate of change in MCI per year between enalapril and placebo groups (0.30 v 0.18 L/min/m2; P = .55). However, during the first year of treatment, the rate of change in LVESWS was greater in the enalapril group than in the placebo group (−8.59 v 1.85 g/cm2; P = .033) and this difference was maintained over the study period, resulting in a 9% reduction in estimated LVESWS by year 5 in the enalapril group. Six of seven patients removed from random assignment to treatment because of cardiac deterioration were initially treated with placebo (P = .11), and one has died as a result of heart failure. Side effects from enalapril included dizziness or hypotension (22% v 3% in the placebo group; P = .0003) and fatigue (10% v 0%; P = .013). Conclusion Enalapril treatment did not influence exercise performance, but did reduce LVESWS in the first year; this reduction was maintained over the study period. Any theoretical benefits of LVESWS reduction in this anthracycline-exposed population must be weighed against potential side effects from ACE inhibitors when making treatment decisions.
Primary Chemotherapy for Intracranial Nongerminomatous Germ Cell Tumors: Results of the Second International CNS Germ Cell Study Group Protocol
Authors: Kellie Stewart J , Boyce Hayden , Dunkel Ira J , Diez Blanca , Rosenblum Marc , Brualdi Lynette , Finlay Jonathan L 
Published: February 2004

Purpose The optimum therapy for intracranial nongerminomatous germ cell tumors (NGGCT) remains controversial. The primary objective of this study was to determine whether intensive cisplatin and cyclophosphamide-based combination chemotherapy was effective in patients with intracranial NGGCT. Patients and Methods Twenty patients were enrolled, aged 5 to 41 years (median, 13 years). Initial therapy included two courses of Regimen A (cisplatin, etoposide, cyclophosphamide, and bleomycin). Patients achieving a complete remission (CR) then received two courses of Regimen B (carboplatin, etoposide, and bleomycin). Those in CR after four courses of treatment received one additional course of Regimen A and Regimen B, while those not in CR after four treatment courses underwent second-look surgery and/or irradiation. Results Sixteen of 17 patients assessable for response after two courses of treatment achieved a CR or partial response (CR + partial response, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.73 to 1.0). With a median follow-up of 6.3 years, 14 of 20 patients are alive without disease; eight patients were without relapse or progression, of whom three received local irradiation in first complete remission in violation of protocol, and six patients were in durable second or third complete remission after further chemotherapy and/or irradiation. The 5-year overall survival and event-free survival were 0.75 (95% CI, 0.56 to 0.94) and 0.36 (95% CI, 0.13 to 0.59), respectively. Conclusion Intensive chemotherapy was effective in one-third of patients in this study. Salvage therapy, including irradiation, was feasible in patients with recurrent disease.
Phase I and Pharmacokinetic Study of Topotecan Administered Orally Once Daily for 5 Days for 2 Consecutive Weeks to Pediatric Patients With Refractory Solid Tumors
Authors: Daw Najat C. , Santana Victor M. , Iacono Lisa C. , Furman Wayne L. , Hawkins Dana R. , Houghton Peter J. , Panetta J. Carl , Gajjar Amar J. , Stewart Clinton F. 
Published: February 2004

PurposeWe conducted a phase I trial of the injectable formulation of topotecan given orally once daily for 5 days for 2 consecutive weeks (qd × 5 × 2) in pediatric patients with refractory solid tumors.Patients and MethodsCohorts of two to six patients received oral topotecan at 0.8, 1.1, 1.4, 1.8, and 2.3 mg/m2/d every 28 days for a maximum of six courses. Twenty patients (median age, 10.6 years) received a total of 51 courses. Eight patients received topotecan capsules during course 2 only.ResultsDose-limiting toxicity occurred at 2.3 mg/m2/d and consisted of prolonged grade 4 neutropenia (n = 2), grade 3 stomatitis as a result of radiation recall (n = 1), grade 3 hemorrhage (epistaxis) in the presence of grade 4 thrombocytopenia (n = 1), and grade 3 diarrhea in the presence of Clostridium difficile infection (n = 1). Dose-limiting, prolonged grade 4 neutropenia and thrombocytopenia occurred in one patient at 1.4 mg/m2/d. Infrequent toxicities were mild nausea, vomiting, elevated liver ALT or AST, and rash. The maximum-tolerated dosage was 1.8 mg/m2/d; the mean (± standard deviation) area under the plasma concentration-time curve for topotecan lactone at this dosage was 20.9 ± 8.4 ng/mL · h. The population mean (± standard error) oral bioavailability of the injectable formulation was 0.27 ± 0.03; that of capsules was 0.36 ± 0.06 (P = .16). Disease stabilized in nine of 19 assessable patients for 1.5 to 6 months.ConclusionOral topotecan (1.8 mg/m2/d) on a qd × 5 × 2 schedule is well tolerated and warrants additional testing in pediatric patients.
Pelvic Irradiation With Concurrent Chemotherapy Versus Pelvic and Para-Aortic Irradiation for High-Risk Cervical Cancer: An Update of Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Trial (RTOG) 90-01
Authors: Eifel Patricia J. , Winter Kathryn , Morris Mitchell , Levenback Charles , Grigsby Perry W. , Cooper Jay , Rotman Marvin , Gershenson David , Mutch David G. 
Published: February 2004

Purpose To report mature results of a randomized trial that compared extended-field radiotherapy (EFRT) versus pelvic radiotherapy with concomitant fluorouracil and cisplatin (CTRT) in women with locoregionally advanced carcinomas of the uterine cervix. Patients and Methods Four hundred three women with cervical cancer were randomly assigned to receive either EFRT or CTRT. Patients were eligible if they had stage IIB to IVA disease, stage IB to IIA disease with a tumor diameter ≥ 5 cm, or positive pelvic lymph nodes. Patients were stratified by stage and by method of lymph node evaluation. Results The median follow-up time for 228 surviving patients was 6.6 years. The overall survival rate for patients treated with CTRT was significantly greater than that for patients treated with EFRT (67% v 41% at 8 years; P < .0001). There was an overall reduction in the risk of disease recurrence of 51% (95% CI, 36% to 66%) for patients who received CTRT. Patients with stage IB to IIB disease who received CTRT had better overall and disease-free survival than those treated with EFRT (P < .0001); 116 patients with stage III to IVA disease had better disease-free survival (P = .05) and a trend toward better overall survival (P = .07) if they were randomly assigned to CTRT. The rate of serious late complications of treatment was similar for the two treatment arms. Conclusion Mature analysis confirms that the addition of fluorouracil and cisplatin to radiotherapy significantly improved the survival rate of women with locally advanced cervical cancer without increasing the rate of late treatment-related side effects.
Gefitinib in Combination With Paclitaxel and Carboplatin in Advanced Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer: A Phase III Trial—INTACT 2
Authors: Herbst Roy S. , Giaccone Giuseppe , Schiller Joan H. , Natale Ronald B. , Miller Vincent , Manegold Christian , Scagliotti Giorgio , Rosell Rafael , Oliff Ira , Reeves James A. , Wolf Michael K. , Krebs Annetta D. , Averbuch Steven D. , Ochs Judith S. , Grous John , Fandi Abderrahim , Johnson David H. 
Published: February 2004

PurposePreclinical studies indicate that gefitinib (Iressa, ZD1839; AstraZeneca, Wilmington, DE), an orally active epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, may enhance antitumor efficacy of cytotoxics, and combination with paclitaxel and carboplatin had acceptable tolerability in a phase I trial. Gefitinib monotherapy demonstrated unparalleled antitumor activity for a biologic agent, with less toxicity than docetaxel, in phase II trials in refractory, advanced non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This phase III, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial evaluated gefitinib plus paclitaxel and carboplatin in chemotherapy-naive patients with advanced NSCLC.Patients and MethodsPatients received paclitaxel 225 mg/m2and carboplatin area under concentration/time curve of 6 mg/min/mL (day 1 every 3 weeks) plus gefitinib 500 mg/d, gefitinib 250 mg/d, or placebo. After a maximum of six cycles, daily gefitinib or placebo continued until disease progression. End points included overall survival, time to progression (TTP), response rate (RR), and safety evaluation.ResultsA total of 1,037 patients were recruited. Baseline demographic characteristics were well balanced. There was no difference in overall survival (median, 8.7, 9.8, and 9.9 months for gefitinib 500 mg/d, 250 mg/d, and placebo, respectively; P = .64), TTP, or RR between arms. Expected dose-related diarrhea and skin toxicity were observed in gefitinib-treated patients, with no new significant/unexpected safety findings from combination with chemotherapy. Subset analysis of patients with adenocarcinoma who received ≥ 90 days' chemotherapy demonstrated statistically significant prolonged survival, suggesting a gefitinib maintenance effect.ConclusionGefitinib showed no added benefit in survival, TTP, or RR compared with standard chemotherapy alone. This large, placebo-controlled trial confirmed the favorable gefitinib safety profile observed in phase I and II monotherapy trials.