bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
chapter XXIII
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE following morning the servant of the house in which I was lodging entered the room and observed that a Zaptieh corporal, or Onbashee, who had escorted us into the town on the day of my arrival, wished to see me.
“Tell him to come in,” I said. In a few minutes the
river, its banks set fast with ice and hoar-frost, glittered in the distance, and reflected the rays of a midday sun.
Large stacks of wood had been piled up near the stream. The timber had been cut in the forests above the town, and been floated down the river to Tokat. It is chiefly used for smelting copper, the Government having some smelting works in the neighbourhood. According to my informant, they were established thirty years ago by a German; after his decease they had been bought by the Turkish authorities.
The Caimacan thought that he had accompanied the battalion far enough. Drawing a little on one side, we let the soldiers pass us. The standard-bearer waved his flag, the old major saluted by lowering the point of his sword as he rode past, and with the words, “Go in safety, God be with you. We shall meet in Erzeroum,” we parted.
chapter XXVII
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I WAS thinking of calling upon the Italian lady when Mohammed, running into my room, informed me that the governor was actually coming in person to call upon me, and that it was a great honour; for some time before this the Khedive’ s treasurer had passed through Sivas, and Issek Pacha had not deigned to visit him, but had conversed with the Egyptian from the street.
“See what a great man you are, Effendi!” said the delighted Mohammed. “The equal of a Pacha too! fortunate is my fate that I have been assigned to you as a servant!”
The governor drove up to the door in a vehicle which very much resembled a brewer’s dray. It was the only carriage of any sort or kind in Sivas. This fact alone added considerably to the Pacha’s importance in that town. He was a corpulent man, and required a great deal of pushing at the hands of his two attendants to make him pass through the doorway of the carriage; two steps enabled the person inside the vehicle to descend to the ground,
chapter XXXVIII
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THERE are 800 houses or about 4000 inhabitants in Kemach, and barley is very plentiful throughout the district, the price for the maintenance of my five horses not exceeding sevenpence per day.
This town had been visited by an English traveller about five years previous; whereas no Englishman, so far as I could learn, had been in Divriki or Arabkir in the memory of the oldest inhabitant.
The Caimacan, who informed me about my compatriot having been in Kemach, was very curious to learn my opinion about the impending war; and when I told him that I believed England would remain neutral, remarked,
chapter LXV
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I STARTED early the following morning en route for Ardahan, a Turkish fortress about forty-two miles from Kars. The road was good for the first three hours, but then became very bad. We rode over some mountains covered with deep snow, and halted for the night in a small village called Molla Hassan, inhabited by Kurds. A Turkish major had recently inhabited the room assigned to us. He had intended remaining there for some time; but the insects proving too much for him, he had taken up his abode in a Turkish village near Kars.
chapter LXIX
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
MY journey was over. A few weeks after my return to London, war was declared by Russia against Turkey. In the opinion of Her Majesty’s Government, this was a most iniquitous and unnecessary step on the part of the Tzar. Her Majesty’s Government did not conceal its views about the matter. The Earl of Derby, in a despatch to Lord A. Loftus, dated May 1st, 1877, made use of the following expressions:-
Oldham and Oxford, 1902–20
Authors: Kennedy Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
WILLIAM Walton’S is a classic example of the career of a British creative artist: at first regarded as subversive; then acclaimed as the answer to all prayers and absorbed into the body politic of music as part of the establishment; and finally treated as an institution, though one whose foundations are by then found to be suspect. He himself picked a careful and wary path through the minefields strewn around him at various points in his progress from enfant not so very terribleto unofficial laureate. He never lacked patrons, whether they were kindly clerics, titled ladies, or film producers. But none, except perhaps one, claimed his full allegiance. He had no close association with a locality, as Elgar had with Worcestershire and Britten with East Anglia, nor did his music take root at a specific festival like the Three Choirs or Aldeburgh; he owed no debts to any musical creed or dogma, as Vaughan Williams did to folk-song and others do to serialism; he was in the midst of the most fashionable intellectual literary circle of the 1920s yet continued, like Kipling’s Cat, to walk by himself as far as his tastes and prejudices were concerned.
Crown Imperial, 1936–7
Authors: Kennedy Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The First Symphony crowned an astonishing decade for Walton, ten years in which he had produced the three masterpieces on which his fame most securely rests and which had seen the revised Façadeand PortsmouthPoint.All this in a no less fruitful decade for English music as a whole, for within the same period came Vaughan Williams’s FlosCampi,Job,and Fourth Symphony, Bax’s Third and Fourth Symphonies, Bridge’s Oration,Lambert’s RioGrande,and a host of lesser works. Not content with this, the critics were greedy for more, especially from Walton. Only Newman, taking the hint from Walton’s music for EscapeMeNever,advised him to ‘keep his hand in with trifles’ for two or three years. This Walton did.
War Films, 1939-42
Authors: Kennedy Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Walton intended, if the war had not intervened, to fulfil his plan of writing chamber music. In August 1939 Kenneth Wright of the BBC was in touch with him about ‘your long promised Quartet’ for the Blech Quartet. Instead his first wartime task was the transcription of music from J. S. Bach’s cantatas selected by Constant Lambert for a Sadler’s Wells ballet with choreography by Ashton and decor by Rex Whistler. The Wise Virginshad its first performance on 24 April 1940 with the principal roles danced by Margot Fonteyn and Michael Somes. (It is said, accurately I hope, that posters for the ballet season included the words ‘TheWiseVirgins(subject to alteration)’.)
Troilusand Cressida, 1954–76
Authors: Kennedy Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Walton arrived in London at the end of September 1954 to prepare for the first performance of Troilus and Cressida,but first he had an operation at the London Clinic. He soon realized that his expectation of a trying time at Covent Garden was to be fulfilled. Magda Laszlo’s English was so poor that she had to be coached by Susana Walton, an Argentinian. The final choice for designer of the costumes was Malcolm Pride. The scenery was the responsibility of Sir Hugh Casson, assisted by two exstudents of the Royal College of Art, David Gentleman, who provided a painting on the temple wall in Act I, and Sheila Mitter, who designed the curtain in Pandarus’s house in Act II. Casson was also helped by Jocelyn Herbert and William Glock’s wife Clement. Rehearsals began in November.
Epilogue
Authors: Kennedy Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Roy Campbell’s comment is the chief clue. Even as an Oxford undergraduate, Walton showed him ‘how a man may live for his art.’ However nonchalant he appeared—as someone said of him, ‘he intrigues interest by appearing not to be very interested’ —and whatever he said in deprecation of his gifts, the fact remains that Walton was totally committed to the art of composition for sixty-seven years. He composed something every day to the last day of his life, even if it was only two bars which he later threw away. ‘He kept office hours,’ Julian Bream observed in 1981. Walton was a supremely professional, dedicated composer, or, as he put it, ‘I was so damned stupid all I could do was to write music.’
Cambridge, Bedford and Yorkshire
Authors: Stripp Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The turning-point for me came at Cambridge in the spring of 1943. My college Tutor, Kitson Clark, had sent round a note about an officer who was coming to interview people at the Appointments Board, now less confusingly called the University Careers Service; it might have something to do with languages. Was I interested? I was. I had been studying Classics, having arrived at Cambridge by a roundabout route. My father had been at London University but thought I should try for Oxbridge. Our Boat Race loyalties had favoured Oxford — I think purely from colour prejudice—but in any case many schools encouraged their pupils to back both horses; if unlucky at the first, regard it as a trial run for the second. I spent several interesting days at Exeter College, Oxford, in 1942, and am still waiting to hear if they have a place for me. Some months later Trinity College, Cambridge, offered me a place and a scholarship. That settled it.
Marching Orders
Authors: Stripp Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By now I had unexpectedly become a Sergeant and ate in the Sergeants ’ Mess; only at an establishment like GCHQ could one leap the two intervening ranks in one go. Mary had scarcely sewn on my three stripes when I learnt that the commission already hinted at was on its way for me and for eight others: Jock Anderson, Marcus Crowley, Joe Cunningham, Tony Fenn-Wiggin, David Jones, Peter Soskice, David Warwick and Tim Whewell. To make us still more military we were to go on a course at Rushden Hall. We arranged to meet. The Japanese linguists just outnumbered the German, but we were united in our ignorance of Rushden Hall, and consulted the Adjutant. It was in Northamptonshire and was ‘something to do with REME, the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers’. Curiouser and curiouser—but we were given a few days’ leave to get our uniforms and get ourselves organised. A new personal number also arrived, much easier to remember: P 329137. One difference between the commissioned and the non commissioned is that the uniform for the latter, shabby and ill-fitting though it may be, particularly in the British Army, is provided free; officers buy their own. There is much more to get: service dress as well as battle-dress, shirts, ties, an immense greatcoat instead of the absurd gas-cape of the private soldier, a hat, more comfortable boots that actually fit, khaki handkerchieves by tradition, a short swagger-stick, and a pair of pips. Most people, knowing that the transition from second lieutenant is only a matter of time, buy two pairs. Optimists get three; only the immodestly ambitious buy a pair of crowns as well. My prospective father-in-law kindly gave me his Sam Browne belt from the 1914—18 war, in which he had won a Military Cross.
Loose ends
Authors: Stripp Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This modest term changed its meaning during the war and it can hardly be surprising that it continues to be ambiguous. By late 1943 it should have meant only the exploitation of plain-language conversations, low-grade codes and ciphers, direction-finding and enemy procedures in signals networks, frequencies, call-signs, operators’ transmitting characteristics and even radar warning systems. For m t people these activities lack the glamour that sometimes attaches to sigint, but they were responsible for a formidable volume of useful intelligence. Aileen Clayton’s book The Enemy is Listening gives an excellent picture of what was involved, particularly in air operations in Europe and the Mediterranean. The interception and study of signals in plain language relies no.t only on the conversations themselves but also on careless operator chat before and after transmissions. These can help to identify units, both by oven descriptions and by such subtler methods as TINA, the recognition of individual radio-operators, and the identification of different types of radio set by RFP. This information in tum can pinpoint the move of a unit from one area to another, which may well betray a significant feature of the enemy’s plans. If operator X, with his idiosyncratic ‘fist’ (or ‘signature’ or ‘handwriting’) was originally in the LEMUR signals net and has now . turned up in LEOPARD, what can that tell us about units common to both nets? The answer will suggest how one further piece should fit into the jigsaw puzzle of the enemy’s order-of-battle.
Phuket Island
Authors: Stripp Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While I was at WEC Delhi we deciphered a 6633 message in the summer of 1945 reporting a British landing on Phuket Island, off the west coast of the long Kra isthmus—now an international beach resort famed for its water-sports and seafood delicacies. We assumed that GHQ, down the road, would be glad to have this up-to-the-minute situation report from the enemy, and rang up to give them the news. There was a tense silence; then a horrified voice said ‘We can’t possibly discuss that. It’s Top Secret’, and rang off. Almost every piece of paper that a codebreaker or any intelligence officer handles in his duties is Top Secret, so this was hilarious as well as depressing evidence of a dead-headedness that has been known to afflict some staff officers in large headquarters remote from the battle-front.
The Crusading Movement and Historians
Authors: Riley-Smith Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In November 1095 a church council was meeting in Clermont under the chairmanship of Pope Urban II. On the 27th, with the council coming to an end, the churchmen, together with some lay people mostly from the countryside around, assembled in a field outside the town and the pope preached them a sermon in which he called on Frankish knights to vow to march to the East with the twin aims of freeing Christians from the yoke of Islamic rule and liberating the tomb of Christ, the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem, from Muslim control.
The Crusading Movement,1274–1700
Authors: Housley Norman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As it neared the end of the first two centuries of its existence, the crusading movement was in a condition of crisis. Recent successes in Spain, Prussia, and Italy had been staggering, but they could not compensate for the fact that the defence of the Holy Land stood on the edge of calamity in the face of the Mamluk advance.
Waist-belt for Gold—A Servant an Encumbrance when Travelling—Cologne— Russian Diplomatic Agent—The Nord Newspaper—Mr. Disraeli and the Suez Canal Shares—Baron Reuter—Strausberg—Examination of Passports—Of Sleeping Bag—Railway Travelling in Russia—Refreshment Rooms—Russian disregard of Time—Officials easily Suborned—St. Petersburg—Sleigh Drivers —No Russian Piece in any Theatre—A Russian’s Dislike to his own Language—His contempt for anything purely Russian—Military Rank—A Village Drinking Establishment—Jonka—Table d’hbte—Fish Soups—India and Education—Agitators—General Kauffmann’s Dislike to Publicity—Mr. Schuyler—Bismarck and the Russian Language—All have their Price—Gold an Open Sesame—Letter to General Milutin—Count Schouvaloffs Brother not in St. Petersburg.
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The 30th November, 1875, broke cold and damp. It was one of those disagreeable days that depress and lower the barometer of the human spirit to a semidespondent level; but I had finished all my regimental duty, and having provided myself at Thornhill’s with a strong waist-belt to contain the amount of gold I thought necessary for my journey, and which by the way was a most uncomfortable bedfellow, I drove to the Victoria Station, to start by the night mail.
Sleigh Sickness—A Happy Family—Orenburg—Nipping—Gas from a Charcoal Stove—A Professor of Eastern Languages—The Chief of the Police—Special Order Prohibiting Foreigners from Travelling in Turkistan — Messrs. MacGahan and Schuyler—In Search of a Servant—Friendly Interest Russian Officers take in India—Exhibition of Maps—Map of the Punjaub—March Routes—General Bazoulek.
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was hard work, this perpetual travelling. Where- ever the roads were passable I kept steadily journeying onward, and gradually diminished the distance that lay between myself and Orenburg. For the last hundred versts there were scarcely any travellers, save at one station, where I met a few officers who were on their way to Samara. They did not much fancy the piece of road which lay before them, and told me that the winter we were having was the most exceptionally cold season they had ever experienced in those latitudes. Occasionally the road for a few miles would take quite a different aspect.
The Ural Cossacks — Dissenters — Two Thousand Five Hundred Men Banished—Exiles Flogged—A Battue—Reports about General Kauffmann—The Tzar’s Officers in Turkistan
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The principal topic of conversation at Orenburg was a recent emeute amidst the Ural Cossacks. It appeared that the inhabitants of the town of Uralsk, as also many of the people in that neighbourhood, had become excessively discontented with the military law of universal conscription. Previously to the promulgation of the new edict, the better-to-do classes had not sent their sons to serve, and the ranks were filled with recruits from the poorer orders. But now all was changed ; money would no longer purchase a substitute, and grievous discontent possessed the minds of the Ural Cossacks. Most of them were Raskolniki dissenters from the Greek Church, and belonged to the old faith (Staroi vara).
An English Engineer Officer at Kasala—A Russian Scientific Expedition —Surveying the Oxus—The Rapidity of the Stream—A Future Fleet- Transport and Fishing Barges—Lady Smokers—Disturbances in Kokan —The Invalide Newspaper—Abuse of Yakoob Bek—Dinner—”Anything you ask for “—Cabbage Soup and Cold Mutton—Colonel Goloff—His Residence—An Assembly—The Beauty and Fashion of Kasala—Steamers— Wood instead of Coal—Great Expense to Government—” When we Fight you Fellows in India “—Zakuski—Russian Linguists—System of Teaching Languages—Our Schools in England—Latin and Greek, or French and German—A Foundation; or, a Two-storied House.
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Commandant pressed me to remain beneath his roof, at least until such time as I could find sleeping quarters. His wife now informed me that an English engineer officer * had resided beneath their roof the previous summer, and had subsequently accompanied a Russian scientific expedition as far as Petro-Alexandrovsk, the object of his journey being to survey the Oxus. The members of the expedition had, at the time my compatriot was with it, navigated the stream to the fort, but since his departure some Russian officers had ascended the river seventy versts beyond that part; indeed, the Commandant informed me that when a steamer then being built was finished, which would draw but little water and steam twenty versts per hour, it would be able to ascend the stream for a much greater distance, and perhaps to the source of the river.
Water Route from Kasala to Petro-Alexandrovsk—The Irkibai Route—The Winter March Route—General Perovsky—His Expedition—Loss of Nine Thousand Camels—New Year’s Day—Two out of Ten Cossacks Frozen to Death—Major Wood and the Survey of the Oxus—Struggling into the Saddle—Your Horse is Tough—Ophthalmia—Cotton Bales—The Mohammedans and the Deity—Fatalism—The Will of Allah.
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The water route to Petro-Alexandrovsk was closed to me by the frost, but it affords easy communication in summer with the Khivan khanate. Indeed, should the Russian Government ever permit Englishmen to travel in their Asiatic dominions, Khiva will probably become known to Mr. Cook, and on the list of his personally- conducted tours. However, besides the water route by the Jaxartes, Sea of Aral, and Oxus, there are several land routes used respectively in summer and winter.
TheOozek—A Fragile Bridge—The Oxus—Khivan Taxation—Russian Imports— The Traders—A Slug—A Caravan—Costumes—Saddles—Khivan Horses— Salam Aaleikom—Quarters for the Night—Hospitality—A Khivan House— Melons—Hindostan and England—Railways—An Iron Horse—500 Versts in twenty-four hours.
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Now we crossed a little stream about twenty yards wide, known by the name of the Oozek. It was said to be a tributary of the Oxus. A rough bridge made of cross-poles, sticks, and dried clay afforded a means of crossing the water; for the banks were too steep to admit of a descent to the frozen surface. Finally, after riding along a narrow path planted on both sides with high reeds, we arrived upon the banks of the. Amou Darya, and I gazed on that world- renowned stream which in my boyish days it had been my dream to visit.
The Messenger—Two Khivan Noblemen—Minarets—Orchards—Mulberry Trees —Khiva—The Fortifications—The Market-place—The Gallows—How Murderers are put to death—The Muscovite Imagination—Capital Punishment rarely inflicted—The Population—The Schools—Cupolas—The Khivan’s House—A Bath in Khiva—The Bathing Establishment—The Belt which contained my Gold—The Moullah—Captain Abbott—” The Winter killed the Dogs by thousands “—The Khan’s Treasurer—”They do not love you English People “—” Four Years ago we were quite as far off Russia as you are at the present time”—Distinguished Foreigners—Ink Frozen—”The Russians have not such things.”
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The next morning we encountered on the road the messenger whom I had despatched with my letter to the Khan. He was accompanied by two Khivan noblemen. One of them courteously saluted us. He then said that his Majesty had received my letter, and had sent him forward to escort me into the city, and to say that I was welcome to his capital.
Breakfast in Khiva—Decorations or Orders—How to obtain them in Russia—The Procession through the Streets—The Band—The Khan’s Palace—His Guards —Effeminate Boys dressed a little like Women—The Treasury—Khivan Tribute to the Tzar—The Executioner—Nazar’s Trepidation—The Reception Hall—The Audience—The Khan—His description—Tea—The Interpreters— England, “ How far is it from Russia ? “—Englishmen and Germans—Wyld’s Map—”Where is India ? “—A Compass—An Infernal Machine—Afghanistan —China—War with Russia—” The Russians laughed at you “—”What shall you do about Kashgar?”—”Are there Jews in your Country?”—”The Russians love Money very much”—” Hum ! “
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the morning my host again appeared, accompanied by several servants bearing sweetmeats and fruits, the invariable preludes to a breakfast at Khiva, whilst a frozen block of milk was also sent me, and some butter which was as hard as a billiard-ball. Nazar was all this time engaged in brushing a black shooting-jacket, the only garment I possessed except my regular riding attire. However, I had brought one white shirt, thinking that I might possibly have an interview with some Central Asian magnate or other. Greatly to my surprise, the article in question was not much the worse for the journey.