bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A description of the bat star nervous system throughout larval ontogeny
Authors: Pagowski Veronica 
Published: December 2023

AbstractLarvae represent a distinct life history stage in which animal morphology and behavior contrast strongly to adult organisms. This life history stage is a ubiquitous aspect of animal life cycles, particularly in the marine environment. In many species, the structure and function of the nervous system differ significantly between metamorphosed juveniles and larvae. However, the distribution and diversity of neural cell types in larval nervous systems remains incompletely known. Here, the expression of neurotransmitter and neuropeptide synthesis and transport genes in the bat star Patiria miniata is examined throughout larval development. This characterization of nervous system structure reveals three main neural regions with distinct but overlapping territories. These regions include a densely innervated anterior region, an enteric neural plexus, and neurons associated with the ciliary band. In the ciliary band, cholinergic cells are pervasive while dopaminergic, noradrenergic, and GABAergic cells show regional differences in their localization patterns. Furthermore, the distribution of some neural subtypes changes throughout larval development, suggesting that changes in nervous system structure align with shifting ecological priorities during different larval stages, before the development of the adult nervous system. While past work has described aspects of P. miniata larval nervous system structure, largely focusing on early developmental timepoints, this work provides a comprehensive description of neural cell type localization throughout the extensive larval period.
Trade‐off between soil carbon sequestration and net ecosystem economic benefits for paddy fields under long‐term application of biochar
Authors: Chen Zhuoxi , Han Shuo , Dong Zhijie , Li Hongbo , Zhang Aiping 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThe application of biochar and nitrogen fertilizer can increase rice yield, soil organic carbon (SOC) storage and reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, few studies have systematically evaluated the carbon footprint (CF) and net ecosystem economic benefits (NEEB) of paddy ecosystems under long‐term application of biochar and nitrogen fertilizer. Here, the life cycle assessment method was used to quantify the CF and NEEB of paddy fields under different biochar and nitrogen fertilizer application rates in 7 years. Three biochar rates of 0 (B0), 4.5 (B1) and 13.5 t ha−1 year−1 (B2) and two nitrogen fertilizer rates of 0 (N0) and 300 kg ha−1 year−1 (N) were set. The results showed that B2 significantly increased methane (CH4) emission by 38%, decreased nitrous oxide (N2O) emission by 29%, and significantly increased global warming potential by 27% compared with B0. Besides that, biochar application significantly increased ΔCSOC by 87%–173% and reduced CF by 1.6–1.8 Mg CO2 eq ha−1. Among them, CH4 and N2O emissions contributed 46%–95% of total GHG emissions, and the production and transportation of nitrogen fertilizer and biochar contributed 17%–52% of total GHG emissions. Nitrogen fertilizer application can significantly increase rice yield by 85% compared to the N0, which could bring the largest NEEB. Biochar application had a negative influence on the NEEB regardless of N application. This might be attributable to the fact that the economic gains from increased rice production and SOC caused by biochar cannot outweigh the high cost of biochar. These results suggest that the biochar application can significantly improve the SOC sequestration and reduce the CF, but also had negative effect on NEEB in paddy filed.
Contingent Contracts in Banking: Insurance or Risk Magnification?
Authors: GERSBACH HANS 
Published: December 2023

AbstractWhat happens when banks compete with deposit and loan contracts contingent on macro‐economic shocks? The private sector insures the banking system efficiently against crises through such contracts when failing banks go bankrupt. When risks are large, banks may shift part of the risk to depositors who receive state‐contingent contracts. In contrast, when failing banks are rescued, new phenomena such as risk magnification emerge. Depositors receive noncontingent contracts, while loan contracts demand high repayment in good times and low repayment in bad times. Banks overinvest and generate large macro‐economic risks, even if the underlying productivity risk is small or zero.
Biogeographic analysis based on phylogenomic data supports multiple ancient dispersals that facilitated the eastern Asia–North America–Mexico disjunction in the subfamily Linnaeoideae (Caprifoliaceae)
Authors: Wang Hong‐Xin , Morales‐Briones Diego F. , Landis Jacob B. , Wen Jun , Wang Hua‐Feng 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThe small subfamily Linnaeoideae of Caprifoliaceae exhibits a disjunct distribution in Eurasia and North America, including Mexico, with most taxa occurring in eastern Asia or Mexico and the monospecific Linnaea Gronov. ex L. having a circumboreal to north temperate distribution. We sampled 17 of the 20 species representing all Linnaeoideae genera and used nuclear (target enrichment) and complete plastome sequence data to reconstruct the phylogeny. Our results show strong topological conflicts between nuclear and plastid data, especially concerning Dipelta Maxim. and Diabelia Landrein, supporting hybridization events complicating the deep diversification. Nuclear data were used for divergence time estimation and ancestral area reconstruction. The divergence time between the Mexican Vesalea M. Martens & Galeotti and the Linnaea clade was dated to 39.5 Ma, with a 95% highest posterior density of 28.2 Ma (mid‐Oligocene) to 45.2 Ma (mid‐Eocene). Reconstructed ancestral areas support a widespread common ancestor of Linnaea plus Vesalea in Mexico and at least another area (eastern Asia, North America, or Europe). The biogeographic analysis, including fossils, supports the ancestral range of Linnaeoideae to be widespread in central and western China + Europe + Mexico, or eastern and northern Asia + central and western China + Mexico, or central and western China + North America + Mexico. The North Atlantic and/or the Bering land bridges may be important in the widespread distribution across continents in the Northern Hemisphere. Our study highlights the importance of utilizing fossils in biogeographic inferences andusing data from different genomes while reconstructing deep and shallow phylogenies of organisms.
Two avian Plasmodium species trigger different transcriptional responses on their vector Culex pipiens
Authors: Garrigós Marta , Ylla Guillem , Martínez‐de la Puente Josué , Figuerola Jordi , Ruiz‐López María José 
Published: December 2023

AbstractMalaria is a mosquito‐borne disease caused by protozoans of the genus Plasmodium that affects both humans and wildlife. The fitness consequences of infections by avian malaria are well known in birds, however, little information exists on its impact on mosquitoes. Here we study how Culex pipiens mosquitoes transcriptionally respond to infection by two different Plasmodium species, P. relictum and P. cathemerium, differing in their virulence (mortality rate) and transmissibility (parasite presence in exposed mosquitoes' saliva). We studied the mosquito response to the infection at three critical stages of parasite development: the formation of ookinetes at 24 h post‐infection (hpi), the release of sporozoites into the hemocoel at 10 days post‐infection (dpi), and the storage of sporozoites in the salivary glands at 21 dpi. For each time point, we characterized the gene expression of mosquitoes infected with each P. relictum and P. cathemerium and mosquitoes fed on an uninfected bird and, subsequently, compared their transcriptomic responses. Differential gene expression analysis showed that most transcriptomic changes occurred during the early infection stage (24 hpi), especially when comparing P. relictum and P. cathemerium‐infected mosquitoes. Differentially expressed genes in mosquitoes infected with each species were related mainly to the metabolism of the immune response, trypsin, and other serine‐proteases. We conclude that these differences in response may partly play a role in the differential virulence and transmissibility previously observed between P. relictum and P. cathemerium in Cx. pipiens.
Demographic responses of oceanic island birds to local and regional ecological disruptions revealed by whole‐genome sequencing
Authors: Gabrielli Maëva , Leroy Thibault , Salmona Jordi , Nabholz Benoit , Milá Borja , Thébaud Christophe 
Published: December 2023

AbstractDisentangling the effects of ecological disruptions operating at different spatial and temporal scales in shaping past species' demography is particularly important in the current context of rapid environmental changes driven by both local and regional factors. We argue that volcanic oceanic islands provide useful settings to study the influence of past ecological disruptions operating at local and regional scales on population demographic histories. We investigate potential drivers of past population dynamics for three closely related species of passerine birds from two volcanic oceanic islands, Reunion and Mauritius (Mascarene archipelago), with distinct volcanic history. Using ABC and PSMC inferences from complete genomes, we reconstructed the demographic history of the Reunion Grey White‐eye (Zosterops borbonicus (Pennant, 1781)), the Reunion Olive White‐eye (Z. olivaceus (Linnaeus, 1766)) and the Mauritius Grey White‐eye (Z. mauritianus (Gmelin, 1789)) and searched for possible causes underlying similarities or differences between species living on the same or different islands. Both demographic inferences strongly support ancient and long‐term expansions in all species. They also reveal different trajectories between species inhabiting different islands, but consistent demographic trajectories in species or populations from the same island. Species from Reunion appear to have experienced synchronous reductions in population size during the Last Glacial Maximum, a trend not seen in the Mauritian species. Overall, this study suggests that local events may have played a role in shaping population trajectories of these island species. It also highlights the potential of our conceptual framework to disentangle the effects of local and regional drivers on past species' demography and long‐term population processes.
The multifarious MerR family of transcriptional regulators
Authors: Tulin Gonzalo , Figueroa Nicolás R. , Checa Susana K. , Soncini Fernando C. 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThe MerR family of transcriptional regulators includes a variety of bacterial cytoplasmic proteins that respond to a wide range of signals, including toxins, metal ions, and endogenous metabolites. Its best‐characterized members share similar structural and functional features with the family founder, the mercury sensor MerR, although most of them do not respond to metal ions. The group of “canonical” MerR homologs displays common molecular mechanisms for controlling the transcriptional activation of their target genes in response to inducer signals. This includes the recognition of distinctive operator sequences located at suboptimal σ70‐dependent promoters. Interestingly, an increasing number of proteins assigned to the MerR family based on their DNA‐binding domain do not match in structure, sequence, or mode of action with any of the canonical MerR‐like regulators. Here, we analyzed several members of the family, including this last group. Based on a phylogenetic analysis, and similarities in structural/functional features and position of their target operators relative to the promoter elements, we propose to assign these “atypical/divergent” MerR regulators to a phylogenetically separated group. These atypical/divergent homologs represent a new class of transcriptional regulators with novel regulatory mechanisms.
Use of oral nutritional supplements in irradiated patients with head and neck cancer
Authors: Frydrych Agnieszka M. , Parsons Richard , Kujan Omar 
Published: December 2023

AbstractObjectivesMalnutrition is common among patients with head and neck cancer (HNC) and associated with poorer outcomes. Oral nutritional supplements (ONS) are often prescribed, with concerns raised about their cariogenicity. This study examined ONS use and caries experience in patients with HNC 12 months post‐diagnosis.MethodsFifty‐four patients with HNC referred for pre‐radiotherapy dental assessment were recruited. Data collected included: age, gender, residential postcode, smoking, alcohol use, HNC characteristics, dental history, oral hygiene habits, dietary advice and ONS use. Data was collected at diagnosis, during radiotherapy and 6 weeks, three, six‐ and 12‐months post‐treatment completion.ResultsFifty‐one subjects completed the study. 76.5% of the participants used ONS for an average of 13.8 weeks. Caries developed in 22.9% of ONS users and 11.1% of non‐users (p = 0.6585). The mean overall duration of ONS use was 18.7 weeks for the caries group and 8.5 weeks for the caries‐free group (p = 0.1507). Lack of collaboration and disconnection was noted between dietary advice given by dieticians and dentists.ConclusionsONS use is common among patients with HNC. Larger studies are needed to establish the reasons for caries development and impacts of ONS use on oral health. Importance of multidisciplinary management of malnutrition is highlighted.
Impact of COVID‐19 on pediatric surgery cancellations: A retrospective study
Authors: Yokoyama Ryota , Inokuchi Ryota , Shimada Kensuke , Ueda Hiroshi , Tanaka Makoto , Tamiya Nanako 
Published: December 2023

AbstractBackgroundPrevalence trends and reasons for pediatric surgery cancellation in Japan during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic have not previously been reported. This study aimed to compare the prevalence and reasons for cancellation of pediatric surgeries in Japan before and during the COVID‐19 pandemic.MethodsThis single‐center retrospective cohort study reviewed the reasons for surgery cancellations scheduled for patients aged <18 years between the prepandemic period (September 2017–December 2019) and the COVID‐19 pandemic period (January 2020–April 2022). The cancellation reasons were classified into four major categories: medical, surgical, patient‐related, and administrative.ResultsOf the 3395 and 3455 surgeries scheduled before and during the COVID‐19 pandemic, 305 (9.0%) and 319 (9.2%) surgeries were canceled (p = 0.737), respectively. The proportion of cancellations due to infections or fever in medical reasons decreased from 67.9% to 56.1% (p = 0.003) and that due to patient‐related reasons increased from 6.6% to 15.1% (p = 0.001). Further, the proportion of cancellations due to staff shortages in staff administrative reasons increased from 0.3% to 3.1% (p = 0.011). There was no significant difference in the proportion of surgeries canceled due to surgical reasons between the two periods.ConclusionsThe proportion of cancellations due to infections or fever decreased during the COVID‐19 pandemic, while that due to staff shortages increased. Infection prevention is an important measure to address the staff shortages. Implementation of national or regional policies and additional strategic interventions may be required to prepare for disasters like the COVID‐19 pandemic.
Air Propulsion
Authors: Brooks Morgan 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This paper describes experiments with propellers proving that the accepted screw theory of air propulsion does not accord with the facts. Air is impelled by a propeller at a speed approaching twice the screw advance for small blade angles, hence the theory of reflection or batting action should replace the screw theory. Thrust is shown to be due in greater degree to velocity and less to blade disk area than is commonly supposed. A method of predicting the complete flying performance of a propeller from a single static test of an accurate model is indicated.
Stresses in Machines When Starting or Stopping
Authors: Hymans F. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
For the intelligent determination of the dimensions of machine parts it is necessary that the forces acting thereon be known. The calculation of these forces follows at present one of two methods. The first assumes a state of equilibrium for the machine, which, however, exists only when the machine runs at constant speed or is at rest. In the second the machine is considered to consist of rigid parts, but their acceleration at start or stop is considered. Neither of these methods leads to even approximately correct results. A new method for the correct evaluation of the forces acting on machine parts during start or stop is developed, and illustrated by application to a vertical geared hydraulic hoisting machine. It is shown that the stresses during start or stop depend on the inertia and elasticity of the parts, their distribution throughout the system, and on the magnitude and nature of the accelerating force. Vibrations at start or stop always occur, but whether they are pronounced and give rise to dangerous stresses depends to a very great extent on the character of the accelerating force.
Industrial Power Problems
Authors: Uhl W. F. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
In order to determine the best source of power for an industry, where there is a choice, it is generally advisable to consider the reliability of the source primarily and its cost only as a secondary matter. Fuel saving was formerly considered along with the cost of power, but must now be treated as one of the factors affecting reliability of power and from the broad economical standpoint of fuel conservation.
It would generally be good policy to purchase power where this source is available, even if the cost is somewhat higher than would be the case with power produced by the industry, providing always that the purchased power is reliable.
Many industries are confronted with situations where the determination of relative reliability and cost are somewhat complex. Such a situation occurs where an industry owns or could develop a water power or where there is a demand for low-pressure steam and hot water which could be obtained as a by-product from a steam-power plant operated by the industry or where the steam power from such a plant would be a by-product in the production of low-pressure steam and hot water. Other situations are combinations of water power with supplementary power of some kind, where there is no demand for low-pressure steam, or where a small water power is supplementary to other sources of power. In the latter case the problem usually is to make the best use of the water power.
A number of fairly common situations have been defined in this paper and some approximate data are given to assist in the determination of relative reliability and cost in each case.
Daylight vs. Sunlight in Sawtooth–Roof Construction
Authors: Brown Wendell S. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Empirical research of the amount of direct sunlight and the intensity of daylight to be admitted on the working plane in sawtooth construction.
An equation is derived to determine the time of admission of direct sunlight and the number of hours of its duration with a given orientation of sawtooth buildings and slope of the lighting area.
Further considerations are made in regard to the influence of the size and slope of the sawtooth lighting area on the relative intensity of daylight received from the northern sky. A special example is worked out illustrating the method of computing the relative amount of diffused light entering a building.
The Conservation of Heat Losses from Pipes and Boilers
Authors: Bagley Glen D. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Every means of accomplishing a saving in the consumption of coal is of great present importance. One of the most important means is the use of the proper heat insulation for steam pipes and boilers as well as all other heated surfaces.
This paper presents the results of a series of experiments made at the Mellon Institute of Industrial Research on 85 per cent magnesia coverings. The methods of measurement of the losses from bare and covered pipes are described and a general method for the calculation of the losses from covered surfaces is developed. The effect of the various factors of steam temperature, cost of coal, and size of pipe on the economic side of the problem is worked out and tables are given showing the proper thickness of covering to use under all conditions. The effects of air currents on heat losses have been studied and tests have also been made to determine the permanence of the original heat-insulating qualities in service. Several large-scale experiments have been made on practical installations to check up the results of the laboratory experiments under actual conditions. Tables showing the saving in coal or money which is accomplished by the use of coverings are presented.
Present Practice in Thread-Gage Making
Authors: Wells Frank O. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The author describes the difficulties experienced by manufacturers of thread gages in their efforts to maintain accuracy and standardization and, at the same time, meet the present demands of increased production.
The process of cutting threads in the lathe requires expert manipulation to be successful. The errors in lead screw should be corrected and a good cutting tool correctly held is essential. Approved methods of thread lapping, grinding and testing are described.
The question of tolerances is important. An unreasonable and useless accuracy of gage tolerance complicates the making and increases the cost of thread gages. The author recommends a set of values for medium tolerances. The figures are not too close and are offered as applicable in most practical cases.
Labor Dilution as a National Necessity
Authors: Waldron Frederick A. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
In order to meet the increased demands for labor, which were greatly increased at the outbreak of the war, the Government of Great Britain established a Bureau of Labor Dilution and commissioned it with the distribution of labor in a manner to relieve skilled workmen of the performance of those functions of their task which could be accomplished by less skilled workmen.
The author, after referring to the work done by this Bureau, outlines in a general way the scope of labor dilution as a necessary application to the national resources of the United States.
He proposes the standardization of engineering products, the coöperative effort of legislators and engineers, the education of the public to a mental attitude of basic economy, and a redistribution of occupations according to adaptability, as steps contributing directly or indirectly to the elimination of useless and unnecessary labor.