bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High Oxide Ion Conductivity in Mg-Doped La10Si6O27 with Apatite-type Structure
Authors: Yoshioka Hideki 
Published: March 2004

Abstract
Structure and ionic conductivity of Mg-doped La10Si6O27 was investigated on dense ceramic samples prepared from sol–gel derived powders using two step sintering process. The conductivity was increased by the doping (from 22 to 30–39 mS cm−1 at 800 °C) because of expansion of the apatite lattice.
The “Christianization” of Israel and Jews in 1950s America
Authors: Mart Michelle 
Published: March 2004

AbstractIn the 1950s, the United States experienced a domestic religious revival that offered postwar Americans a framework to interpret the world and its unsettling international political problems. Moreover, the religious message of the cold war that saw the God-fearing West against atheistic communists encouraged an unprecedented ecumenism in American history. Jews, formerly objects of indifference if not disdain and hatred in the United States, were swept up in the ecumenical tide of “Judeo-Christian” values and identity and, essentially, “Christianized” in popular and political culture. Not surprisingly, these cultural trends affected images of the recently formed State of Israel. In the popular and political imagination, Israel was formed by the “Chosen People” and populated by prophets, warriors, and simple folk like those in Bible stories. The popular celebration of Israel also romanticized its people at the expense of their Arab (mainly Muslim) neighbors. Battling foes outside of the Judeo-Christian family, Israelis seemed just like Americans. Americans treated the political problems of the Middle East differently than those in other parts of the world because of the religious significance of the “Holy Land.” A man such as Secretary of State John Foster Dulles, who combined views of hard-nosed “realpolitik” with religious piety, acknowledged the special status of the Middle East by virtue of the religions based there. Judaism, part of the “Judeo-Christian civilization,” benefitted from this religious consciousness, while Islam remained a religion and a culture apart. This article examines how the American image of Jews, Israelis, and Middle Eastern politics was re-framed in the early 1950s to reflect popular ideas of religious identity. These images were found in fiction, the press, and the speeches and writings of social critics and policymakers. The article explores the role of the 1950s religious revival in the identification of Americans with Jews and Israelis and discusses the rise of the popular understanding that “Judeo-Christian” values shaped American culture and politics.
Optimal design of added viscoelastic dampers and supporting braces
Authors: Park Ji‐Hun , Kim Jinkoo , Min Kyung‐Won 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThis paper presents a simultaneous optimization procedure for both viscoelastic dampers (VEDs) and supporting braces installed in a structure. The effect of supporting braces on the control efficiency of VEDs is also investigated. To apply a general gradient‐based optimization algorithm, closed‐form expressions for the gradients of objective function and constraints are derived. Also, the constraint on the dynamic behavior of a structure is embedded in the gradient computation procedure to reduce the number of variables in the optimization. From numerical analysis of an example structure, it was found that when sufficient stiffness cannot be provided for the supporting braces, the flexibility of the brace should be taken into account in the design of the VED to achieve the desired performance of the structure. It was also observed that, as a result of the proposed optimization process, the size of the supporting brace could be reduced while the additional VED size (to compensate for the loss of the control effect) was insignificant. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Differential regulation of gliogenesis in the context of adult hippocampal neurogenesis in mice
Authors: Steiner Barbara , Kronenberg Golo , Jessberger Sebastian , Brandt Moritz D. , Reuter Katja , Kempermann Gerd 
Published: March 2004

AbstractIn adult hippocampal neurogenesis, new neurons appear to originate from a cell with astrocytic properties expressing glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Also, new astrocytes are generated in the adult dentate gyrus. Whereas the putative astrocyte‐like progenitor cells are consistently S‐100β‐negative, many new astrocytes are S‐100β‐positive. Thus, it is unclear whether the GFAP‐positive progenitor cells are astrocytes in a general sense or rather neural progenitor cells with certain astrocytic characteristics. We therefore investigated the development of GFAP‐expressing cells in the context of adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Proliferating cells could be either GFAP‐positive or doublecortin‐positive (DCX), but never both, indicating two independent populations of dividing cells in the glial and neuronal lineages. Two distinct populations of cells with astroglial properties were detected—one expressing GFAP, the other co‐expressing GFAP and S‐100β. We never found S‐100β‐cells to be in S‐phase. No overlap between neuronal and glial markers was seen at any time point. Thus, astrogenesis occurred in parallel and to some degree independent of adult neurogenesis. The uninterrupted GFAP expression in this lineage, and neuronal markers in the other lineage, argue against a late common precursor for neurogenesis and gliogenesis in the adult hippocampus. Very few newly generated microglia and no new oligodendrocytes were detected. Environmental enrichment and voluntary wheel running—two experimental paradigms with robust stimulatory effects on adult hippocampal neurogenesis—affected hippocampal astrogenesis differentially: Running, but not enrichment, strongly induced net astrogenesis (GFAP/S‐100β), but also GFAP‐positive S‐100β‐negative cells, which thus appear to be a transiently amplifiable intermediate population within the glial lineage. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mislocalization of Kir channels in malignant glia
Authors: Olsen M.L. , Sontheimer H. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractInwardly rectifying potassium (Kir) channels are a prominent feature of mature, postmitotic astrocytes. These channels are believed to set the resting membrane potential near the potassium equilibrium potential (EK) and are implicated in potassium buffering. A number of previous studies suggest that Kir channel expression is indicative of cell differentiation. We therefore set out to examine Kir channel expression in malignant glia, which are incapable of differentiation. We used two established and widely used glioma cell lines, D54MG (a WHO grade 4 glioma) and STTG‐1 (a WHO grade 3 glioma), and compared them to immature and differentiated astrocytes. Both glioma cell lines were characterized by large outward K+ currents, depolarized resting membrane potentials (Vm) (−38.5 ± 4.2 mV, D54 and −28.1 ± 3.5 mV, STTG1), and relatively high input resistances (Rm) (260.6 ± 64.7 MΩ, D54 and 687.2 ± 160.3 MΩ, STTG1). These features were reminiscent of immature astrocytes, which also displayed large outward K+ currents, had a mean Vm of −51.1 ± 3.7 and a mean Rm value of 627.5 ± 164 MΩ. In contrast, mature astrocytes had a significantly more negative resting membrane potential (−75.2 ± 0.56 mV), and a mean Rm of 25.4 ± 7.4 MΩ. Barium (Ba2+) sensitive Kir currents were >20‐fold larger in mature astrocytes (4.06 ± 1.1 nS/pF) than in glioma cells (0.169 ± 0.033 nS/pF D54, 0.244 ± 0.04 nS/pF STTG1), which had current densities closer to those of dividing, immature astrocytes (0.474 ± 0.12 nS/pF). Surprisingly, Western blot analysis shows expression of several Kir channel subunits in glioma cells (Kir2.3, 3.1, and 4.1). However, while in astrocytes these channels localize diffusely throughout the cell, in glioma cells they are found almost exclusively in either the cell nucleus (Kir2.3 and 4.1) or ER/Golgi (3.1). These data suggest that mislocalization of Kir channel proteins to intracellular compartments is responsible for a lack of appreciable Kir currents in glioma cells. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Influence of HRM practices on organizational commitment: A study among software professionals in India
Authors: Paul A. K. , Anantharaman R. N. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractAlthough organizational commitment has been discussed frequently in organizational psychology for almost four
decades, few studies have involved software professionals. A study in India reveals that HRM practices such as
employee‐friendly work environment, career development, developmentoriented appraisal, and comprehensive
training show a significant positive relationship with organizational commitment. The study's results emphasize
the role of such HRD variables as inculcating and enhancing organizational commitment, and suggest that HRD
practitioners and researchers should further develop commitment‐oriented organization policies.
Geldanamycin, an inhibitor of the chaperone activity of HSP90, induces MAPK‐independent cell cycle arrest
Authors: Bedin Monique , Gaben Anne‐Marie , Saucier Cécile , Mester Jan 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe effects of GA, an ansamycin antibiotic in development as a lead anticancer drug, were studied in mouse BP‐A31 fibroblasts and in human cancer‐derived cell lines. GA and related molecules act by inhibiting the chaperone function of the Hsp90 protein through competition for ATP binding. The antiproliferative effects of GA have been attributed to destabilization of the Raf‐1 protein, one of the targets of Hsp90, and to the resulting inhibition of MAPK. Addition of GA to BP‐A31 cells, synchronously progressing through the G1 phase, inhibited Rb hyperphosphorylation and G1/S transition irrespective of the time of addition. The G1 arrest was accompanied by a progressive decrease in Raf‐1 content, especially of the phosphorylated form; however, GA caused only partial inhibition of MAPK phosphorylation. We show that GA triggers a rapid and marked decrease in the kinase activity of the cyclin E/cdk2 complex coupled with a decline in both total and cdk2‐associated cyclin E. In transient transfection experiments, inhibition of cyclin E expression by GA was correlated with inhibition of the transcriptional activity of the cyclin E gene promoter. Inhibition of cdk4 activity by GA was observed 3 hr after addition of the drug to late G1 cells but not after a short (1 hr) exposure, as revealed by the phosphorylation of Rb on the Ser780 residue. In human cancer‐derived cell lines expressing or not a functional Rb protein, GA blocked proliferation and inhibited the transcriptional activity of the cyclin E gene promoter. In these cell lines, the antiproliferative effect of GA was not limited to the G1 phase, suggesting the existence of multiple cellular targets of the drug. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Increasing colorectal cancer incidence rates in Japan
Authors: Yiu Hoi‐Yan , Whittemore Alice S. , Shibata Atsuko 
Published: March 2004

AbstractWe examined trends of colorectal cancer incidence rates among Japanese (Miyagi Prefecture) and United States (US) whites (State of Connecticut) between 1959 and 1992. Age‐standardized rates in Japan have increased dramatically and are now similar to US white rates. For both colon and rectum, age‐specific rates in Japanese men born after 1930 exceed those in US whites, and the Japanese excess increases with year of birth. Similar patterns are evident for women. The current trends suggest that colorectal cancer will become a major source of morbidity and mortality in Japan, as these young Japanese age and their risks increase. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Two new tumor‐specific antigenic peptides encoded by gene MAGE‐C2 and presented to cytolytic T lymphocytes by HLA‐A2
Authors: Ma Wenbin , Germeau Catherine , Vigneron Nathalie , Maernoudt Anne‐Sophie , Morel Sandra , Boon Thierry , Coulie Pierre G. , Van den Eynde Benoît J. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractWe have identified 2 antigens recognized by several melanoma‐specific cytolytic T lymphocyte clones isolated from a melanoma patient with a clinical history of tumor regression after immunotherapy. Both antigens are presented by HLA‐A2 and encoded by gene MAGE‐C2, a cancer‐germline gene shown previously to be silent in normal somatic tissues and expressed in 40% of melanomas and in other tumor types. One antigen corresponds to peptide ALKDVEERV336–344, whereas the other corresponds to peptide LLFGLALIEV191–200. The CTL clones recognizing these 2 peptides also recognized allogeneic tumor cell lines expressing MAGE‐C2 and HLA‐A2. These 2 new peptides are the first known MAGE‐C antigens and represent promising targets for cancer immunotherapy. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
p53, p16 and cyclin D1: Molecular determinants of radiotherapy treatment response in oral carcinoma
Authors: Jayasurya R. , Francis Geo , Kannan S. , Lekshminarayanan K. , Nalinakumari K.R. , Abraham Thomas , Abraham Elizabeth K. , Nair M. Krishnan 
Published: March 2004

AbstractManagement of oral cancer by radiotherapy has witnessed promising advances in the past few years, with patient‐tailored radio fractionation regimens. Different fractionation schedules, conventional and altered regimes, have been used in curative radiotherapy. Although contribution of biological markers on radio response has been evaluated, its unique influence on various radio fractionation schemes has not been accounted so far. Our study analyses a set of proteins that previously demonstrated radio response influence for their possible prognostic value in decision‐making process between the respective fractionation schemes. Expression patterns of regulatory proteins such as p53, cyclin D1, p16, Cdk4, p21, Rb, bcl‐2 and PCNA were determined by immunohistochemistry utilizing monoclonal antibodies in 125 patients who received curative radiotherapy dose. Among these 125 patients, 90 (72%) received altered fractionation, whereas 35 (28%) received conventional fractionation. p53 over‐expression correlated with local treatment failure among the patients treated with conventional fractionation whereas cyclin D1 over‐expression and p16 underexpression were associated with local treatment failure as well as overall survival in altered fractionation treated cases. Our findings suggest that wild‐type p53 status may be an important parameter for achieving high local control in those patients undergoing conventional fractionation, where as intact p16 and cyclin D1 status may be beneficial for effective local control in patients who are treated with altered fractionation. Furthermore, it can be assumed that conventional fractionation employs p53‐mediated apoptosis, whereas altered fractionation activates the functional G1 cell‐cycle checkpoint for tumor growth suppression. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Food groups and colon cancer risk in African‐Americans and Caucasians
Authors: Satia‐Abouta Jessie , Galanko Joseph A. , Martin Christopher F. , Ammerman Alice , Sandler Robert S. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe disparities in colon cancer incidence between African‐Americans and other U.S. ethnic groups are largely unexplained. This report examines associations of various food groups with colon cancer in African‐Americans and Caucasians from a case‐control study. Incident cases of histologically confirmed colon cancer, age 40–80 years, (n = 613) and matched controls (n = 996) were interviewed in‐person to ascertain potential colon cancer risk factors. Diet over the year before diagnosis or interview date was assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire adapted to include regional foods. Multivariate logistic regression models estimated energy‐adjusted and non‐energy adjusted odds ratios (OR). Controls generally reported higher consumption (daily amount and weekly frequency) of fruits, vegetables and dark green, deep yellow fruits/vegetables, whereas cases consumed more refined carbohydrates and fats, oils and snacks. Regardless of ethnic group or energy adjustment, high and frequent vegetable consumption (particularly dark green vegetables) was protective, consistent with 20–50% reductions in risk. In Caucasians, high refined carbohydrate and red meat consumption (amount and frequency) was associated with a statistically significant 2‐fold increased risk in non‐energy adjusted models. In African‐Americans, frequent intake of dairy foods was associated with a doubling in risk (OR = 1.9, 95% CI = 1.1–3.4) in non‐energy‐adjusted models, whereas frequent fruit consumption correlated with a non‐significant 30% lower risk. These findings add to growing evidence that plant foods may protect against colon cancer; however, the effects of the other food groups varied by ethnic group and energy adjustment. These results may also explain some of the ethnic differences in colon cancer incidence. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Poly(sebacic acid‐co‐ricinoleic acid) biodegradable carrier for paclitaxel: In vitro release and in vivo toxicity
Authors: Shikanov Ariella , Vaisman Boris , Krasko Michal Y. , Nyska Abraham , Domb Abraham J. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractPolyesteranhydrides synthesized by the transesterification of ricinoleic acid and sebacic acid followed by anhydride polymerization were examined as potential controlled delivery carrier for paclitaxel. Solid and liquid polymers were used. Polymers containing 30% ricinoleic acid are solid whereas polymers containing 70% ricinoleic acid are liquid at body temperature and semisolid at room temperature. It was found that upon addition of the liquid polymer to water it solidifies to form a stable semisolid. Paclitaxel, a potent antitumor agent, was incorporated in the polymers (5–20% w/w) and its release in buffer solution was monitored. Paclitaxel was released for over 100 days while the polymer carrier was being degraded. The release rate was affected by the paclitaxel content; the higher the content, the slower was the release. The toxicity of the polymers and formulations with paclitaxel was examined by subcutaneous injection of liquid polymer samples or implantation of solid polymer specimens to mice for different time periods. Histopathological examination of the tissue surrounding the implant showed minor inflammation 1 week after the injection and no inflammation 3 weeks after implantation. Injection of the polymer without paclitaxel showed no adverse effects. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 69A: 47–54, 2004
Quantitative microcomputed tomography analysis of mineralization within three‐dimensional scaffolds in vitro
Authors: Cartmell Sarah , Huynh Kimberly , Lin Angela , Nagaraja Srinidhi , Guldberg Robert 
Published: March 2004

AbstractSynthetic and naturally derived scaffold biomaterials in combination with osteogenic cells or bioactive factors have the potential to serve as bone graft substitutes. Porous poly(l‐lactide‐co‐dl‐lactide) (PLDL) scaffolds with mechanical properties comparable to trabecular bone and an oriented, interconnected porosity designed to enhance internal mass transport were recently developed. In this study, PLDL scaffolds were seeded with rat calvarial or rat stromal cells and cultured up to 8 weeks in media containing osteogenic supplements. Cell‐seeded human demineralized trabecular bone matrix (DTBM) scaffolds were included for comparison. All constructs were imaged weekly from 4 to 8 weeks using microcomputed tomography (micro‐CT) to nondestructively quantify the amount and distribution of mineralized matrix formation. The total mineralized matrix volume increased with time in culture for all construct groups. DTBM constructs contained significantly more mineralized matrix than PLDL constructs. However, an analysis of the acellular DTBM scaffolds exposed to osteogenic media revealed partial remineralization of the demineralized matrix whereas no mineralization was detected in acellular PLDL scaffolds. Differences in mineral distribution were also evident with cell‐mediated mineralization found throughout the PLDL constructs but localized to the periphery of the DTBM constructs for both cell types. Expression of bone marker genes indicating osteoblast differentiation was demonstrated in all groups at 8 weeks using a quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Osteocalcin expression was significantly higher for calvarial cell constructs compared to stromal cell constructs, regardless of the type of scaffold. This study demonstrated that micro‐CT imaging may be used to nondestructively and quantitatively monitor mineralization within three‐dimensional scaffolds in vitro. PLDL scaffolds with an oriented microarchitecture were shown to support cell attachment, differentiation, and cell‐mediated mineralization comparable to natural DTBM scaffolds. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 69A: 97–104, 2004
Proliferation, differentiation, and calcification of preosteoblast‐like MC3T3‐E1 cells cultured onto noncrystalline calcium phosphate glass
Authors: Lee Yong‐Keun , Song Jin , Lee Sang‐Bae , Kim Kwang‐Mahn , Choi Seong‐Ho , Kim Chong‐Kwan , LeGeros Racquel Z. , Kim Kyoung‐Nam 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to investigate calcium phosphate glass as a potential biomaterial for hard tissue repair. We prepared calcium phosphate glass using the system CaO‐CaF2‐P2O5‐MgO‐ZnO and cultured MC3T3‐E1 cells onto the glass in α‐MEM with β‐glycerophosphatase and ascorbic acid. Proliferation of the cells was determined to evaluate the biocompatibility of the prepared calcium phosphate glass. The alkaline phosphatase activity was measured to examine the osteoblast differentiation. Mineralization was evaluated by staining the calcium precipitates with Alizarin red. Culture onto the calcium phosphate glass exhibited no significant influence on cell proliferation compared to the polystyrene chosen as a control in this experiment (p > 0.05). The alkaline phosphatase activity in the experimental group, however, was enhanced by the calcium phosphate glass significantly at 10–18 days after incubation than that of the control group (p < 0.05). The promotion of bone‐like tissue formation by the calcium phosphate glass was observed after 7 days and thereafter. The results of the present study indicate that the prepared calcium phosphate glass affects osteogenesis by increasing calcification of the extracellular matrix. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 69A: 188–195, 2004
Defining Modernity: Guomindang Rhetorics of a New China. Edited by Terry Bodenhorn. [Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Center for Chinese Studies, 2003. 288 pp. £35.50; $50.00. ISBN 0-89264-161-4.]
Authors: Myers Ramon H. 
Published: February 2004

The eight essays in this volume represent the research of a new generation of scholars examining historical change in 20th-century modern China, namely Kuomintang party-state development between 1925 and 1970. According to Ernest P. Young in the introduction, these essays describe the “cultural, ideational, and symbolic dimensions” of change in the KMT party-state activities and the response by elites and ordinary people.If we define, as does Nobel prize-winner Douglass C. North, “institutional change” as the beliefs, ideas, rules, laws, norms, and so on that influence the motivation, choices, and actions of individuals and organizations (private and public) in society, we then say the book under review is about institutional reform and its protagonists and opponents.Creating a new society requires at least some degree of institutional change. Those holding power resist change, clinging to old institutions. The ensuing struggle can be ferocious, with many possible outcomes. When the KMT began promoting institutional reform in 1925, it encountered great resistance, and after 1934 the resistance had not only stalled reforms, it had stirred up great social disharmony.