bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Proton computed tomography as a tool for proton therapy planning: preliminary computer simulations and comparisons with x‐ray CT basics
Authors: Teixeira de Assis Joaquim , Yevseyeva, Olga , Evseev Ivan , Lopes Ricardo Tadeu , Schelin Hugo Reuters , Loss Klock Márgio Cezar , Paschuk Sergei A. , Schulte Reinhard W. , Williams David C. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractProton beams can destroy tumors better than other radiation treatment options because they deliver their energy in a very accurate way, while leaving the surrounding tissue undamaged. However, it requires a very accurate prediction of the Bragg peak position within the patient's body. In existing proton treatment centers, the dose calculations are performed based on x‐ray computed tomography (CT) and the patient is positioned with x‐ray radiographs. During the 1970s and early 1980s, it was shown that the use of proton beams rather than conventional x‐rays could have some advantages. With the development of specialized medical proton gantries at Loma Linda University Medical Center (USA) and several other proton treatment centers worldwide, interest in this question has been renewed. The modern approach has advanced from simple proton film radiography to CT reconstructions from proton energy loss measurements employing individual proton tracking techniques. This permits image degradation due to multiple Coulomb scattering, one of the main problems of proton CT, to be reduced. Current work is devoted to the comparison of conventional x‐ray CT and proton computed tomography (pCT) as two alternative tools for measuring the physical properties of the human body, required for proton treatment planning. In this paper, a brief comparative overview of the physical basics of both methods are followed by the analysis of Monte Carlo simulation results. The first‐generation CT scheme was assumed for simplicity. The precisions relative to water volumetric electron density distributions, extracted from CT and pCT images, and the sources of absolute errors are discussed. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Density‐dependent regulation in populations of potato‐colonizing aphids
Authors: Alyokhin Andrei , Drummond Francis A. , Sewell Gary 
Published: September 2005

AbstractScarcity of long‐term (over 30 years) data series represents a major challenge for an accurate estimation of the role of density‐dependent processes in population regulation. We analyzed population densities of the wingless parthenogenic morphs of buckthorn aphid (BA), Aphis nasturtii Kaltenbach, potato aphid (PA), Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas), and green peach aphid (GPA), Myzus persicae (Sulzer) from 1949 to 2003 for signs of density‐dependent regulation. We found strong evidence of density‐dependent regulation, with detection of density dependence being fairly consistent among the different statistical techniques. Direct density dependence was detected for the populations of all three species. There was also evidence of delayed density dependence for PA. The periodicity of population fluctuations for BA and GPA was 6.1 years and 3.9 years, respectively. The periodicity for PA was not explicit, being highly variable throughout the time series. Effects of density‐independent weather factors were relatively minor compared to density‐dependent regulation. The BA populations experienced a significant reduction in both density and annual oscillations starting in 1995, while GPA populations experienced a similar reduction in 1991. No such change was apparent for PA. The most likely explanation for the observed phenomenon is a change in the composition of the lady beetle community following the establishment of two alien coccinellid species, and/or changes in insecticide use by commercial growers in the area of the study.
Disentangling the effects of capture efficiency and population abundance on catch data using random effects models
Authors: Trenkel Verena M. , Skaug Hans J. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
We propose a random effects model for disentangling population abundance and capture efficiency effects on bottom-trawl catches. The spatial distribution of individual fish is assumed random leading to a Poisson distribution for the number of individuals in the trawl path (no schooling). Capture efficiency, i.e. the proportion of individuals in the trawl path being retained by the gear, is modelled as a random variable. We propose model extensions that include the effects of body size on haul efficiency. We applied the models to several species from the Celtic Sea groundfish community based on small-scale repetitive hauls. The resulting abundance estimates allowed us to study population abundance ratios; the estimated capture efficiencies were comparable between species and showed that generally gear efficiency increases for larger species with the exception of haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus), which had low estimated gear efficiency despite its large body size. Model identifiability was studied using simulations and an independent trawl data set from the same area.
Cholinergic innervation of the mouse isolated vas deferens
Authors: Cuprian Alina M , Solanki Pravesh , Jackson Margaret V , Cunnane Thomas C 
Published: September 2005

Recently, a population of nerves has been described in the aganglionic mouse vas deferens, in which electrically evoked contractions were insensitive to high concentrations of the adrenergic neurone blocker, bretylium. In this paper, the pharmacology of this nerve‐evoked contraction has been examined in more detail.
Bretylium (20 μM) revealed, after 5 h exposure, a new residual neurogenic contraction (20 stimuli at 10 Hz) that was tetrodotoxin‐sensitive.
The muscarinic antagonist, cyclopentolate (0.1 and 1 μM), reduced this residual component and the inhibition was reversed by the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, neostigmine (1 and 10 μM).
Nicotine (30 μM) enhanced the residual component revealed by bretylium, suggesting that there are prejunctional nicotinic receptors (nAchRs) influencing acetylcholine (Ach) release.
In the presence of prazosin (0.1 μM), a selective α1‐adrenoceptor antagonist, and α,β‐methylene ATP (1 μM), a purinergic agonist that desensitise P2X receptors, neostigmine increased the hump component of contraction and yohimbine (0.3 μM), an α2‐adrenoceptor antagonist, enhanced both components of the electrically evoked stimulation. The contraction was blocked by cyclopentolate (1 μM).
In the absence of bretylium, neostigmine alone increased the hump component of contraction in a frequency‐dependent manner. This increase was reversed by atropine (1 μM) and cyclopentolate (1 μM) to control levels. However, in control experiments, atropine or cyclopentolate did not detectably influence the delayed neurogenic contraction.
Ach (10 μM) induced a contraction in the mouse vas deferens, either when applied alone or in the presence of neostigmine.
Thus, it has been demonstrated unequivocally that the mouse vas deferens is innervated by functional cholinergic nerves, whose action is terminated by cholinesterase. Furthermore, Ach release can be enhanced by activation of prejunctional nAchRs presumably located on the cholinergic nerve terminals.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 146, 927–934. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706357
Inflammatory mechanisms underlying the rat pulmonary neutrophil influx induced by airway exposure to staphylococcal enterotoxin type A
Authors: Desouza Ivani A , Franco‐Penteado Carla F , Camargo Enilton A , Lima Carmen S P , Teixeira Simone A , Muscará Marcelo N , De Nucci Gilberto , Antunes Edson 
Published: September 2005

Association between staphylococcal infection and pathogenesis of upper airways disease has been reported. This study aimed to investigate the mechanisms underlying the rat pulmonary inflammation induced by airway exposure to staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA).
SEA (0.3–10 ng trachea−1) caused dose‐dependent neutrophil accumulation in BAL fluid, reaching maximal responses at 4 h (25‐fold increase for 3 ng trachea−1). Significant accumulation of both lymphocytes and macrophages in BAL fluid was also observed at 4 h (2.1‐ and 1.9‐fold increase, respectively, for 3 ng trachea−1). At later times (16 h), neutrophil counts in bone marrow (immature forms) and peripheral blood increased by 63 and 81%, respectively. SEA failed to directly induce chemotaxis and adhesion of isolated neutrophils.
Analysis of mRNA expression for iNOS, COX‐2 and CINC‐2 in lung tissue showed an upregulation of these enzymes, which paralleled elevated levels of LTB4, PGE2, TNF‐α, IL‐6 and NO2− in BAL fluid. Expression of CINC‐1 was unchanged, whereas CINC‐3 was reduced in SEA‐treated rats. Incubation of isolated alveolar macrophages with SEA (3 μg ml−1) resulted in significant elevations of TNF‐α and NO2− levels in the cell supernatants.
Dexamethasone (0.5 mg kg−1), celecoxib (3 mg kg−1) and compound 1400 W (5 mg kg−1) markedly reduced SEA‐induced lung neutrophil influx and NO2− levels in BAL fluid. The lipoxygenase inhibitor AA‐861 (100 μg kg−1) partly inhibited the neutrophil influx in SEA‐treated rats without modifying the NO2− levels. None of these treatments reduced the number of mononuclear cells in BAL fluid (except of dexamethasone, which abolished the increased lymphocyte counts).
Our study shows that airways exposure to SEA results in marked neutrophil influx through mechanisms involving increased expressions of CINC‐2, iNOS and COX‐2, as well as enhanced production of NO, PGE2, LTB4, TNF‐α and IL‐6.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 146, 781–791. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706393
Jasmonates induce nonapoptotic death in high‐resistance mutant p53‐expressing B‐lymphoma cells
Authors: Fingrut Orit , Reischer Dorit , Rotem Ronit , Goldin Natalia , Altboum Irit , Zan‐Bar Israel , Flescher Eliezer 
Published: September 2005

Mutations in p53, a tumor suppressor gene, occur in more than half of human cancers. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that jasmonates (novel anticancer agents) can induce death in mutated p53‐expressing cells.
Two clones of B‐lymphoma cells were studied, one expressing wild‐type (wt) p53 and the other expressing mutated p53.
Jasmonic acid and methyl jasmonate (0.25–3 mM) were each equally cytotoxic to both clones, whereas mutant p53‐expressing cells were resistant to treatment with the radiomimetic agent neocarzinostatin and the chemotherapeutic agent bleomycin.
Neocarzinostatin and bleomycin induced an elevation in the p53 levels in wt p53‐expressing cells, whereas methyl jasmonate did not.
Methyl jasmonate induced mostly apoptotic death in the wt p53‐expressing cells, while no signs of early apoptosis were detected in mutant p53‐expressing cells. In contrast, neocarzinostatin and bleomycin induced death only in wt p53‐expressing cells, in an apoptotic mode.
Methyl jasmonate induced a rapid depletion of ATP in both clones.
In both clones, oligomycin (a mitochondrial ATP synthase inhibitor) did not increase ATP depletion induced by methyl jasmonate, whereas inhibition of glycolysis with 2‐deoxyglucose did.
High glucose levels protected both clones from methyl jasmonate‐induced ATP depletion (and reduced methyl jasmonate‐induced cytotoxicity), whereas high levels of pyruvate did not.
These results suggest that methyl jasmonate induces ATP depletion mostly by compromising oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria.
In conclusion, jasmonates can circumvent the resistance of mutant p53‐expressing cells towards chemotherapy by inducing a nonapoptotic cell death.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 146, 800–808. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706394
Heat shock proteins as emerging therapeutic targets
Authors: Sõti Csaba , Nagy Enikõ , Giricz Zoltán , Vígh László , Csermely Péter , Ferdinandy Péter 
Published: September 2005

Chaperones (stress proteins) are essential proteins to help the formation and maintenance of the proper conformation of other proteins and to promote cell survival after a large variety of environmental stresses. Therefore, normal chaperone function is a key factor for endogenous stress adaptation of several tissues. However, altered chaperone function has been associated with the development of several diseases; therefore, modulators of chaperone activities became a new and emerging field of drug development. Inhibition of the 90 kDa heat shock protein (Hsp)90 recently emerged as a very promising tool to combat various forms of cancer. On the other hand, the induction of the 70 kDa Hsp70 has been proved to be an efficient help in the recovery from a large number of diseases, such as, for example, ischemic heart disease, diabetes and neurodegeneration. Development of membrane‐interacting drugs to modify specific membrane domains, thereby modulating heat shock response, may be of considerable therapeutic benefit as well. In this review, we give an overview of the therapeutic approaches and list some of the key questions of drug development in this novel and promising therapeutic approach.British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 146, 769–780. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706396
Low concentrations of neuroactive steroids alter kinetics of [3H]ifenprodil binding to the NMDA receptor in rat frontal cortex
Authors: Johansson Tobias , Frändberg Per‐Anders , Nyberg Fred , Le Grevès Pierre 
Published: September 2005

The modulatory effects of the two neurosteroids pregnenolone sulphate (PS) and pregnanolone sulphate (3α5βS) on [3H]ifenprodil binding to the N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor in rat frontal cortex were studied.
The binding for [3H]ifenprodil itself displayed monophasic kinetics in all experiments. None of the neurosteroids displaced the radioligand from its binding site on the NR2B subunit of the NMDA receptor. However, their continual presence at nanomolar concentrations had significant effects on ligand binding kinetics, interacting through distinct sites in saturation, competition and dissociation experiments.
PS at 30 nM enhanced the specific binding to about 150% of that in its absence and enhanced the dissociation rate three‐fold indicating a positive modulation of [3H]ifenprodil binding to the NMDA receptor. Furthermore, PS increased Bmax and decreased Kd suggesting that the neurosteroid exposes new [3H]ifenprodil binding sites with altered properties.
In contrast, 3α5βS (30 nM) decreased specific [3H]ifenprodil binding to approximately 40% of that determined for the radioligand alone. The presence of 3α5βS at nanomolar concentrations induced biphasic curve fits in saturation, competition as well as dissociation experiments.
In conclusion, the present study show that the allosteric modulators PS or 3α5βS change [3H]ifenprodil binding kinetics in a way indicating conformational alteration of its binding site on the NR2B subunit.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 146, 894–902. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706397
Attitudes to Error and Patient Safety
Authors: Webster Craig S. , Grieve Diana J. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
The vast majority of patients clearly benefit from modern health care. However, the rate of injury and death inadvertently caused by medical treatment remains too high, and exacts enormous human and financial costs. Organisational change is not solely a technological issue however, and the attitudes of clinicians are critical to the successful improvement of safety and the effective re‐design of procedures and equipment. We purposively surveyed a group of clinicians for whom treatment‐caused harm is of particular concern in order to better understand some of the difficulties involved in technological change and the potential attitudinal barriers to safety improvement.
Inter‐firm Migration of Tacit Knowledge: Law and Policy1
Authors: van Caenegem William 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Much knowledge is diffused by the exchange of property rights in intangibles. But tacit knowledge, not being subject to property rights, is instead diffused by migration of knowledgeable individuals between firms. The law impacts significantly on this diffusion mechanism, in particular those rules that determine the use individuals may make of their tacit knowledge after migration to a different firm. The general principle underlying the relevant law is that individuals are free to migrate with all their tacit knowledge. Nonetheless there are some narrow exceptions to this principle. That these exceptions remain narrow and carefully policed by the courts is important because imposing too many restraints on use of tacit knowledge post‐term would have a negative impact on real innovation.
Should the Knowledge‐based Economy be a Savant or a Sage? Wisdom and Socially Intelligent Innovation
Authors: Rooney David , McKenna Bernard 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Discourse about knowledge‐based economies rarely moves beyond the commercialization of science and engineering, and is locked in the discursive limits of functionalism. We argue that these discourses limit the scope of what knowledge‐based economies might achieve because they are uninformed by an adequate conception of knowledge. In particular, knowledge management and knowledge‐based economy discourse has not included the axiological dimension of knowledge that leads to wisdom. Taking an axiological perspective, we can discuss policy frameworks aimed at producing the social structures needed to bring fully formed and fully functioning knowledge societies into being. We argue that while the dominant discourse of industrial modernity remains rationalist, functionalist, utilitarian and technocratic, knowledge‐based economies will resemble a savant rather than a sage. A wisdom‐based renaissance of humanistic epistemology is needed to avoid increasing social dysfunction and a lack of wisdom in complex technological societies.
Japonica Rice: Intellectual Property, Scientific Publishing and Data‐sharing1
Authors: Rimmer Matthew 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
This article examines a series of controversies within the life sciences over data sharing. Part 1 focuses upon the agricultural biotechnology firm Syngenta publishing data on the rice genome in the journal Science, and considers proposals to reform scientific publishing and funding to encourage data sharing. Part 2 examines the relationship between intellectual property rights and scientific publishing, in particular copyright protection of databases, and evaluates the declaration of the Human Genome Organisation that genomic databases should be global public goods. Part 3 looks at varying opinions on the information function of patent law, and then considers the proposals of Patrinos and Drell to provide incentives for private corporations to release data into the public domain.
Warning Signals, Wind Speeds and What Next: A Pilot Project for Disaster Preparedness among Residents of Central Vietnam's Lagoons
Authors: Ramaprasad Jyotika 
Published: September 2005

This paper describes a pilot disaster preparedness campaign for Central Vietnam. Central Vietnam is highly prone to water related disasters, which result in an enormous loss of lives and livelihood and make sustainable development almost impossible. Residents in the lagoons of Central Vietnam, who are particularly vulnerable because of their proximity to water, were the target audience for this project. The project first built social marketing capacity among Vietnamese government officials and community leaders, and then used their input as well as secondary and primary research to prepare the campaign. The significance of the project lies in the fact that this may be one of the first projects in Vietnam to systematically plan a campaign based on social marketing principles. These principles are new in Vietnam, a communist country that has only recently introduced economic reform. The project thus signals the greater acceptance of nonstructural and particularly social marketing/communication approaches to disaster preparedness, where in the past the emphasis has been on structural solutions such as building dykes and dams. The project is also part of a shift that is taking place in disaster mitigation where disaster relief, the mainstay to date, is now coupled with disaster preparedness.
Effects of self‐modeling on figure skating jump performance and psychological variables
Authors: Law Barbi , Ste‐Marie Diane M. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThis study investigated whether self‐modeling plus physical practice would improve intermediate level figure skaters’ jump performance, as well as their self‐efficacy, motivation, and state anxiety, when compared to physical practice alone. Twelve female figure skaters (M=13.4 years of age, SD=1.4) participated in a within‐participant design where they received a self‐modeling intervention for one jump and a control condition for another jump. They were also compared with a separate control group of 7 skaters (M=14.2 years of age, SD=2.35) who received no intervention. We hypothesized that skaters would show greater improvement in physical and psychological performance scores for jumps in the self‐modeling condition than for jumps in the control conditions. We also hypothesized that increased self‐efficacy and motivation and decreased state anxiety would mediate the relationship between self‐modeling and physical performance. Counter to our predictions, no differences existed between the two conditions for the self‐modeling group or between the self‐modeling group and the control group. Despite the lack of statistical support for our hypotheses, skaters’ evaluation of the intervention was very positive and suggests possible explanations for the results.
Injuries in handball: Examination of the risk factors
Authors: Tsigilis Nikolaos , Hatzimanouil Dimitrios 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThis paper examines the influence of selected risk factors on injuries among male players of competition handball. Data relating to risk factors were collected using a self‐report questionnaire. The factors that were examined were age, height, weight, body mass index, field position, past sport experience, level of competition, pre‐season conditioning, number of practices per week, frequency of participation in games, use of prophylactic equipment, use of stretching exercises, and technical training. The questionnaire was administered to 216 male handball players. Nearly half of the players (42.6% or n=92) reported that they had been injured during the previous two years. The injury incidence was 8.14 injuries per 1,000 game hours for the preceding two years. Logistic regression analysis revealed that the variables “use of prophylactic equipment” and the “number of practices per week” contributed significantly to the prediction of an injury in handball players. The results of this study suggest that it is possible to reduce injury occurrence by giving specific attention to players using prophylactic equipment and to the lower‐competition‐level players.