bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE RELATIVE EFFECTS OF PROTEIN, CHOLINE, AND METHIONINE IN THE TREATMENT OF EXPERIMENTAL DIETARY CIRRHOSIS IN THE RAT
Authors: Plough Irvin C. , Patek Arthur J. , Bevans Margaret 
Published: June 2004

Cirrhosis of the liver was produced in rats by feeding a diet low in protein (4 per cent casein) and deficient in lipotropic factors. The degree of liver cirrhosis was determined from specimens obtained at biopsy. Comparable groups of animals then were treated with diets containing 4 per cent casein and 30 per cent casein. The 4 per cent casein diets were supplemented with choline and methionine; the 30 per cent casein diets were fed with and without added choline.
On supplementing the low protein diet with choline and methionine the animals remained feeble, their growth remained stunted, and their livers showed signs of progressive cirrhosis. In contrast, animals fed the higher protein diet (with or without added choline) grew normally, and their livers showed signs indicating arrest and regression of the disease process.
These studies suggest that the feeding of high protein (30 per cent casein) diets to rats with nutritional cirrhosis produces reparative effects greater than those attributable to the supplements choline and methionine.
PLASMA PROTEIN LABELED WITH LYSINE-ϵ-C14
Authors: Yuile C. L. , O'Dea A. E. , Lucas F. V. , Whipple G. H. 
Published: June 2004

The metabolism of homologous plasma proteins, labeled with lysine-ϵ-C14, after oral administration to dogs has been investigated.
The speed of the various processes involved is indicated by the maximum rate of C14 O2 excretion which is attained within 1 to 4 hours, the prompt appearance of protein activity in the plasma and disappearance of non-protein activity from it, both virtually complete in 7 to 10 hours, as well as the rapid incorporation of a large percentage of the fed-C14 into tissues.
There are no essential differences between the behavior of labeled plasma and that of an amino acid digest containing ϵ-C14 labeled lysine when these two materials are given orally.
At the end of 48 hours after labeled plasma feeding, a CO2 elimination of 16 to 28 per cent of the fed C14 is noted. In contrast, after 48 hours following labeled plasma by vein, a CO2 elimination of only 2.5 per cent is recorded—almost a 10 to 1 ratio. We believe this, together with the data concerning plasma and tissue protein activity, represents a significant difference in the metabolic process. The evidence favors a complete breakdown of plasma protein to the amino acid level when given orally but not when given by vein.
THE HALF-LIFE OF HOMOLOGOUS GAMMA GLOBULIN (ANTIBODY) IN SEVERAL SPECIES
Authors: Dixon Frank J. , Talmage David W. , Maurer Paul H. , Deichmiller Maria 
Published: June 2004

1. The half-lives of homologous gamma globulins labelled with I131 agree well with the half-lives of passively administered homologous antibodies and provide a simple, quantitative tool for the determination of antibody half-life when immunochemical techniques are difficult to apply.
2. The half-lives of gamma globulin or antibody vary markedly from species to species and apparently even among age groups within a species.
3. The half-lives of gamma globulin or antibody seem to be dependent, at least in part, on the metabolic rate of the host.
STUDIES BY ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF THIN SECTIONS OF INFECTIOUS MYXOMATOSIS IN RABBITS
Authors: Epstein B. , Reissig Magdalena , De Robertis E. 
Published: June 2004

Rabbits were inoculated with the C.P.M. strain of myxoma virus and the resulting subcutaneous tumors were fixed, embedded, and sectioned for observation with the electron microscope.
Both round cells and the typical stellate myxomatous cells were observed in addition to changes in the collagen pattern at the intercellular spaces. The cytoplasm of the cells showed a great number of bodies of varying size and density, the largest of them having the size and other characteristics of the elementary bodies of the virus. Some of the bodies showed an internal structure, being formed by the tight clumping of small dense particles.
Distribution curves of the diameter of the elementary bodies and of the smaller internal particles are presented.
The morphological problems involved in the virus-host cell relationship are discussed in the case of the myxoma virus.
THE CHEMICAL AND ANTIVIRAL PROPERTIES OF THE SOMATIC ANTIGEN OF PHASE II SHIGELLA SONNEI
Authors: Jesaitis Margeris A. , Goebel Walther F. 
Published: June 2004

1. The somatic antigen of Phase II Shigella sonnei can be isolated by extracting phenol-killed microorganisms with water. This substance inactivates all T phages to which this bacillus is susceptible.
2. The Phase II antigen is constituted from a protein and a phosphorylated lipocarbohydrate. The major portion of the protein component can be removed by digestion with pancreatin. The enzymatically degraded antigen thus obtained can be further dissociated into its protein and lipocarbohydrate components by treatment with 90 per cent phenol. Glucose, galactose, glucosamine, and an aldoheptose have been identified as the monosaccharide constituents of the lipocarbohydrate.
THE USE OF PHOSPHORUS 32 IN STUDIES ON PLASMODIUM GALLINACEUM
Authors: Clarke Delphine H. 
Published: June 2004

A quantitative method for following parasite growth in vitro is described. The method is based on the determination of the degree of incorporation of phosphorus into the nucleic acids, in particular desoxypentose nucleic acids, of the parasitized cell. Phosphorus incorporation is measured by utilizing the radioactive isotope, P32.
The degree of phosphorus incorporation into DNA was found to be closely correlated with estimates of parasite growth based on stained film examinations of intact cell preparations. The isotope was likewise found to be incorporated into the DNA of preparations in which the host cell had been disrupted by lysis and the extent of this incorporation also paralleled the impressions gained from smear examinations.
It is suggested that this method provides a sensitive and objective method of studying parasite growth.
TRANSAMINATION IN THE METABOLISM OF ß-2-THIENYL-DL-ALANINE IN NORMAL AND NEOPLASTIC CELLS IN VITRO
Authors: Jacquez John A. , Barclay Ralph K. , Stock C. Chester 
Published: June 2004

In tissue cultures of C-57 black mouse heart and sarcoma T-241, ß-2-thienyl-DL-alanine acts specifically as a phenylalanine antagonist.
Heart cultures can transaminate between ß-2-thienyl-DL-alanine and phenylpyruvate to form L-phenylalanine and thus block the toxic action of the remaining ß-2-thienyl-DL-alanine, whereas sarcoma T-241 cultures cannot.
Of eleven mouse tumors and four rat tumors tested for their ability to perform this reaction, nine tumors had little or no activity.
The ß-2-thienylpyruvic acid resulting from transamination further reacts to form a red compound the exact structure of which is not yet known.
EFFECT OF SODIUM MONOFLUOROACETATE ON THE MULTIPLICATION OF INFLUENZA VIRUSES, MUMPS VIRUS, AND PNEUMONIA VIRUS OF MICE (PVM)
Authors: Mogabgab William J. , Horsfall Frank L. 
Published: June 2004

Sodium fluoroacetate, given after virus inoculation in doses of 3 to 4 mg. per kg. in mice or 2 mg. in chick embryos, caused only a slight delay in the multiplication of the PR8 strain of influenza A virus in the mouse lung and of PR8 or the Lee strain of influenza B virus in the allantoic sac. The quantities of the compound used were sufficient to cause approximately 10 to 20 per cent mortality in mice and 100 per cent in chick embryos.
The use of small virus inocula did not markedly increase the effect of sodium fluoroacetate on the multiplication of PR8 or Lee in the chick embryo and maximal titers were obtained in all cases. In contrast to the findings in the chick embryo, sodium fluoroacetate caused a definite delay in the multiplication of Lee virus in the mouse lung but did not affect the final virus titer.
Sodium fluoroacetate in like amounts caused only a minimal delay in the multiplication of pneumonia virus of mice (PVM) in the mouse lung or of mumps virus in the chick embryo. With both PVM and mumps virus, maximal titers were obtained almost simultaneously in fluoroacetate and control animals. When three daily injections of the compound were given to mice infected previously with PVM, a definite diminution in the virus titer was demonstrable. However, pretreatment with three daily injections of the compound caused no alteration in the capacity of mice to support the multiplication of PVM.
From the results of these experiments, it appears that the cellular metabolic processes blocked by sodium fluoroacetate are not essential for the multiplication of influenza viruses, mumps virus, or pneumonia virus of mice (PVM).
STRAIN-SPECIFIC ELEMENTS IN INFLUENZA ANTIGENS
Authors: Hirst George K. 
Published: June 2004

Rabbit antisera were prepared against ten antigenically different influenza A strains. These sera were absorbed with one or more heterologous strains and in each case all the heterologous or crossing antibody was removed; the anti-bodies remaining after this treatment were specific for the immunizing strain or group of strains.
On the basis of reactions with absorbed sera, the strains fell into seven groups.
Absorbed specific antisera of these groups were used to test the HI titer against a large number of influenza A viruses. Most of the strains were inhibited by a single serum, a few were inhibited by none of the sera, and only one strain was inhibited by two antisera.
The grouping of strains by this method was less equivocal than classifications based on previous tests. When more fully developed, this technique promises to be of interest and assistance in the study of influenza, especially from the epidemiological and prophylactic standpoints.
STUDIES ON THE GENERALIZED SHWARTZMAN REACTION
Authors: Good Robert A. , Thomas Lewis 
Published: June 2004

Intravenous injection of thorotrast or trypan blue rendered rabbits susceptible to the production of bilateral cortical necrosis of the kidneys by a single intravenous injection of small amounts of meningococcal or Serratia marcescens toxin. This reaction was not produced when thorotrast or trypan blue were injected after toxin had been given.
A single intradermal injection of toxin produced hemorrhagic skin lesions resembling the local Shwartzman reaction in rabbits given thorotrast 6 hours previously. These animals also developed bilateral cortical necrosis of the kidneys. When the order of injection was reversed, and thorotrast given after toxin, neither skin nor kidney lesions occurred.
The skin and kidney lesions in thorotrast-treated rabbits were, like the local and generalized Shwartzman reactions, completely prevented by treatment with nitrogen mustard, in doses sufficient to produce polymorphonuclear leukopenia.
The significance of these reactions, and their relationship to the previously described response to toxin in cortisone-treated rabbits, are discussed.
FATE OF MUMPS VIRUS IN THE EMBRYONATED EGG AS DETERMINED BY SPECIFIC STAINING WITH FLUORESCEIN-LABELLED IMMUNE SERUM
Authors: Watson Barbara K. 
Published: June 2004

Specific staining with fluorescein-labelled immune serum was used to study the progress of mumps virus infection in a series of embryos harvested at daily intervals. The results were compared with the hemagglutinin and infectivity titers of the corresponding extraembryonic fluids. The evidence obtained indicated that the multiplication of the virus was restricted to those cells which came into surface contact with infected fluid. Following intraamniotic inoculation into 8 day old embryos, these included the cells lining the amniotic membrane and the epidermal and pharyngeal epithelium. Depending apparently on the extent of the contamination of the allantoic cavity and of the extraembryonic celom in the course of inoculation, varying amounts of virus were also present in the cells lining the chorioallantoic membrane and occasionally in the peritoneum. During the later stages of the infection, staining which was principally if not entirely extracellular was seen in the gastrointestinal tract, and, after the dissolution of the tracheal plug, in the respiratory tract.
The virus was first detected 1 to 2 days after inoculation as brightly fluorescent intracytoplasmic granules of varying size. As these granules increased in size and number they gradually filled the cytoplasm of the outer one or two layers of cells lining the adjoining cavity. The extent and brightness of the staining reached a peak 4 to 6 days after inoculation and thereafter decreased progressively.
The staining of the tissues closely paralleled the rise and fall in the infectivity of the extraembryonic fluids. The development of hemagglutinins, on the other hand, provided a less sensitive measure of virus multiplication than did the staining.
No differences were detected in the mortality of the infected and control series of embryos nor was there evidence of any pathological changes.
In contrast to the 8 day old embryos, no virus multiplication was detected following the inoculation of 16 day old embryos.
THE MECHANISM RESPONSIBLE FOR THE HYPERCHOLESTEREMIA INDUCED BY TRITON WR-1339
Authors: Friedman Meyer , Byers Sanford O. 
Published: June 2004

Injection of triton WR-1339 into rats leads to a rapid increase in the cholesterol, cholate, and various lipid fractions of their blood. The increase in cholesterol is confined to the blood itself.
The cholesteremic effect of triton was not dependent upon a prior accumulation of cholate in plasma.
The liver was found to be the source of the excess cholesterol but the rate of cholesterol synthesis, the excretion of cholate, and the cholesterol content of the liver were not changed by injection of triton.
The cholesteremic effect of triton is not due to alteration in the intestinal excretion of cholesterol.
Transfer of blood between "tritonized" and normal rats leads to a disappearance of the hypercholesteremia in the former and its appearance in the latter animals.
The plasma proteins of rats injected with triton are markedly changed qualitatively.
Heparin was found to inhibit the hypercholesteremic effect of triton.
The hypercholesteremia following triton injection appears to be due to a fundamental physicochemical change in the plasma proteins produced by injection of this detergent.
STRUCTURAL CHANGES PRODUCED IN BROWN-PEARCE CARCINOMA CELLS BY MEANS OF A SPECIFIC ANTIBODY AND COMPLEMENT
Authors: Kalfayan Bernard , Kidd John G. 
Published: June 2004

Structural changes were regularly observed in Brown-Pearce rabbit carcinoma cells that had been brought into contact, in the presence of complement, with rabbit serum containing an antibody that reacts specifically with a distinctive sedimentable constituent of the carcinoma cells. The cellular changes appeared rapidly and were accompanied by an equally rapid loss of viability.
The structural changes, as disclosed by histological and cytological methods, including phase contrast microscopy, were described in detail and illustrated. Essentially they were characterized by the entrance of considerable quantities of fluid into the cell, together with swelling and disorganization of its cytoplasm, vesiculation and rupture of the bulk of its cytoplasmic particles, and rapid and virtually complete loss of cytoplasmic basophilism. The plasma membranes, though stretched thin about the swollen cytoplasm of the altered cells, and otherwise changed also, remained unruptured during many hours' observation. The nuclei of the altered cells, however, remained relatively un-changed, their membranes persisting unruptured and their sap remaining wholly transparent and undiminished in amount for long periods, while within it the chromatin retained its staining properties, though sometimes becoming clumped and marginated; by contrast, the nucleoli of the treated cells promptly shrank and lost much of their affinity for the basic dyes.
The experimental conditions under which the structural changes became manifest were given in detail, together with an analysis of the findings and brief mention of certain of their implications for cytology and immunology.
INDUCTION OF STREPTOMYCIN RESISTANCE IN SENSITIVE HEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE BY EXTRACTS CONTAINING DESOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID FROM RESISTANT HEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE
Authors: Alexander Hattie E. , Leidy Grace 
Published: June 2004

Resistance to streptomycin, of a degree exceeding 1000 µg. per ml., has been induced in sensitive strains of Hemophilus influenzae by exposure for 10 minutes to desoxyribonucleic acid-containing extracts isolated from a strain of type b Hemophilus influenzae which had emerged resistant to 1000 µg. of streptomycin per ml. DNA is essential for the process which brings out this change; the reaction can be prevented by destruction of the DNA with crystalline desoxyribonuclease.The resistant trait which is created in this way is heritable.
The nature of the process which induces resistance is similar in all respects to the reaction which induces heritable changes in type specificity of H. influenzae.
These results offer another example of the gene-like action of highly specific DNA's.
The pattern of resistance brought out in a bacterial population exposed to the DNA-containing, resistance-inducing extract, is similar to that which occurs when emergence of resistance of H. influenzae to streptomycin follows the selection by streptomycin of spontaneously occurring resistant mutants. The change in a bacterial cell from average susceptibility to streptomycin to resistance to 1000 µg. of streptomycin per ml. can occur in a single step.
EXPERIMENTAL ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS IN RABBITS
Authors: Kellner Aaron , Hedal Emily F. 
Published: June 2004

Female rabbits became immunized during pregnancy to the rabbit blood group factors G or g in five out of ten instances in which the red cells of the fetuses carried one of the factors absent in the mother. Antibodies so produced were of low titer and disappeared in all cases within 6 weeks after the birth of the litter. Repeated pregnancies did not result in additive increases in titer.
Antibodies to the G-g factors, whether produced by the injection of red cells or by pregnancy, crossed the placenta readily from mother to fetus and were found at birth (and prior to nursing) associated with the red cells and in the serum of the fetuses. The rabbit placenta appeared to be equally permeable to the agglutinating and coating antibodies.
The implications of these findings and their relation to the pathogenesis of erythroblastosis fetalis are briefly touched upon.
STUDIES ON ENTRY AND EGRESS OF POLIOMYELITIC INFECTION
Authors: Faber Harold K. , Silverberg Rosalie J. , Dong Luther 
Published: June 2004

Poliomyelitis virus, when ingested by cynomolgus monkeys in their regular food, infected peripheral ganglia (nodose) as early as the 3rd day, as shown by recovery of the virus. Conditions on the 2nd and 4th days were not investigated, but on the 5th and 6th days, virus was recovered from the Gasserian and nodose ganglia, and from the superior cervical sympathetic and celiac ganglia.
The findings indicate that the method of oropharyngeal swabbing used in a study already reported and the method of simple feeding used in the present study produce comparable results.
Viremia, noted in the present study, was contemporaneous with virus recoveries from the ganglia.
Reasons are presented why the peripheral ganglia are the most probable source of viremia since these are the only known site of early lesions (which are typical and appear as early as the 2nd day after oral infection) and no lesions are known to occur in extraneural tissues.
Invasion of the CNS occurred in 3 animals out of 11; one on the 5th and 2 on the 6th day. Whether this was due to viremia or to centripetal extension along axonal channels is not clear.
THE PROTECTION OF INTRACELLULAR BRUCELLA AGAINST THERAPEUTIC AGENTS AND THE BACTERICIDAL ACTION OF SERUM
Authors: Shaffer James M. , Kucera Carrell J. , Spink Wesley W. 
Published: June 2004

A method for the in vitro study of intracellular brucella has been described. Exudative leukocytes containing intracellular brucella have been maintained in vitro in a synthetic tissue culture medium or in human or animal serum.
Intracellular brucella are protected in vitro against the lethal action of therapeutic agents or the bactericidal action of serum. This protection of intracellular brucella is dependent upon the presence of an intact, viable host cell.
None of the currently available therapeutic agents, whether used alone or in combinations, were capable of killing all intracellular brucella in vitro in 24 hours. A remarkable protection of intracellular brucella against streptomycin has been demonstrated. The most effective reduction in the number of viable intracellular brucella was accomplished by exposure of the host cells to streptomycin plus aureomycin, terramycin, or chloramphenicol.
The available evidence suggests that the ability of brucella to localize and remain viable within the cells of an infected host is an important biologic factor in establishing and perpetuating brucella infections, despite therapeutic measures or the operation of the host's humoral defense mechanisms.
Reduction of neotetrazolium by leukocytes and brucella in vitro provides a method for assessing the metabolic status of the host cell, but does not discriminate with any degree of certainty a viable from a non-viable intracellular organism.
THE INTRACELLULAR LOCALIZATION OF POLIOMYELITIS VIRUS
Authors: Kaplan Albert S. , Melnick Joseph L. 
Published: June 2004

A study was made of the intracellular localization of Type 2 poliomyelitis virus, using the technique of Mirsky and Pollister (23) for cellular fractionation. After isotonic saline homogenization of central nervous system tissue from infected mice, and subsequent centrifugation of the suspension, the virus present in the supernatant fluid was held to be of cytoplasmic origin. Upon serial washings of the sediment with physiological saline, the resulting supernates contained progressively less virus until by the seventh washing, virtually none was present. At this point extraction of the washed sediment with molar NaCl, which lyses the nuclei, yielded substantial amounts of virus, and this was assumed to be from nuclear sources. The possibility has not been excluded however that the "nuclear" sediment was contaminated by cytoplasmic particles too large to remain in the supernate.
Experiments on the increase of virus during the incubation and acute stages of infection have revealed that it was first detectable in the "cytoplasmic" fraction and subsequently in the "nuclear" fraction. Virus in the "nuclear" fraction from paralyzed mice sometimes reached titers almost as high as those found in the "cytoplasm."
Adsorption experiments indicated that the "nuclear" fraction of CNS tissue from normal, uninoculated mice did not adsorb added Type 2 poliomyelitis virus, nor did such fractions adsorb virus procured from the "cytoplasm" or "nuclei" of infected cells.
Although individual mice varied in their response after virus injection, the "cytoplasmic" fraction of paralytic mice was found to contain virus regularly, whereas little more than half of the non-paralytic mice yielded it. When virus was present in the "cytoplasm," it could be found in the "nuclear" fraction of paralytic mice with much greater regularity than in that of non-paralytic mice.
A comparison between the lines of the MEF1 strain of poliomyelitis virus, "adapted" and "non-adapted" to newborn mice, and the Lansing strain, revealed no differences in their intracellular increase. In both infant and adult mice, the chief difference in the findings with non-paralyzed and paralyzed mice lay in the greater concentration of virus in the "nuclear" fractions of the latter group.