bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
278 Efficacy of Water Application of a Humic Substance, Butyric Acid, Vitamins C, D and E And/Or Electrolytes on Performance and Mortality in Health-Challenged Nursery Pigs
Authors: Edmonds Michael S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Health challenges continue to be rampant in nursery pigs which has led to increased industry-wide mortality trends. Therefore, the objective of these three studies was to evaluate a water supplement (HV; HydraVantage, Kent Nutrition Group, Muscatine, IA) which is a proprietary blend of a humic substance, butyric acid and vitamins C, D and E, as well as an electrolyte blend on nursery performance and mortality. Experiment 1 consisted of 196 crossbred weanling pigs (7 pigs/pen with 14 pens/treatment) which were randomly allotted by BW to 2 treatments consisting of control (water for 33 d) or HV at 2 ounces/gallon of stock solution and proportioned through a medicator (1:128) for 11 d followed by water for 22 d. There were no performance differences. However, mortality was reduced (P &lt; 0.01) from 6.12% for the control to 0.00% for HV. In experiment 2, there were 488 weanling pigs (6 to 10 pigs/pen with 14 pens/treatment) which were randomly allotted by BW to 4 treatments in a 34-d trial. Treatment 1 was control (water), Treatments 2 and 4 were HV at 2 ounces/gallon of stock for 11 d and 34 d, respectively. Treatment 3 utilized HV at 2 ounces/gallon of stock during 0 to d 11 with 1 ounce/gallon of stock of HV utilized during d 11 to d 21 followed by water. No performance differences were observed among the 4 treatments. Mortality was 10.89%, 4.82%, 5.54% and 7.26% for Treatments 1 to 4, respectively, with Treatment 1 having a greater mortality (P &lt; 0.05) compared with Treatments 2 to 4. In Experiment 3, a 2 x 2 factorial study was conducted (7 pigs/pen with 14 pens/treatment) in which the treatments were: 1) Water; 2) HV at 2 ounces/gallon of stock for 34 d; 3) Electrolytes at 32 ounces/gallon of stock for 34 d; and 4) HV at 2 ounces/gallon of stock solution and electrolytes at 30 ounces/gallon of stock for 34 d. Overall pen gain tended to be improved (P = 0.09) by 5.23 kg with supplemental HV. Moreover, mortality was reduced (P = 0.06) by 36% (16.86% mortality for Treatments 1 and 3 vs. 10.73% mortality for Treatments 2 and 4). Supplemental electrolytes had no effect on mortality. These data suggest that HV has a positive effect by reducing mortality in pigs undergoing health challenges.
437 Incentivizing and Aligning U.S. Industry to Drive Change
Authors: Wilkinson Leah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Climate issues are complex, and the feed industry is tackling them from multiple angles. From innovations in animal food manufacturing to policy activities focused on improving efficiency and effectiveness of regulatory processes, the feed industry is working toward answers that will have an impact for the industry, all of agriculture and for the environment. Learn about recent developments that are setting the direction for sustainable change.
288 Awardee Talk: Vaginal Microbiomes of Lactating Dairy Cattle Bred Utilizing Timed Artificial Insemination Or Estrus Expression
Authors: Soffa Dallas R , McAnally Brooke E , Hickman-Brown Kyle J , Smith Molly S , Spencer Jennifer A , Poole Rebecca K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Within the cattle industry, implementation of timed artificial insemination (TAI) or estrus detection protocols aid in determining the optimal breeding date. However, previous studies utilizing both breeding strategies have found differences between pregnancy rates, further emphasizing pregnancy establishment as a prominent issue in cattle production systems. Recent research has begun to evaluate the role of the female reproductive microbiome as it pertains to pregnancy establishment in cattle. It has been demonstrated that shifts in the female reproductive bacterial communities may alter pregnancy outcomes in cattle. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate vaginal microbiomes on day of artificial insemination (AI) in dairy cattle bred utilizing either TAI or estrus detection and the impacts on subsequent pregnancy outcomes. Lactating Holstein cows (104 days in milk) were classified into two groups based on breeding protocols: 1) TAI (n = 44), and 2) Heat (n = 9). On day of AI, sterile swabs were inserted into the vagina, rotated eight times, and subsequently stored at -80°C in sterile collection tubes for microbiome analysis. For microbiome analysis, the V4 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA bacterial gene was targeted. Statistical analysis for microbiome data were conducted using PROC TTEST in SAS where equality of variances was performed. Pregnancy rates by TAI versus Heat were 56.8% and 33.3%, respectively. The phylum Firmicutes had greater relative abundance in cows bred by Heat (64.1 ± 2.3% vs. 53.9 ± 2.5%, respectively; P &lt; 0.01) compared with phyla Proteobacteria (7.1 ± 0.8% vs. 13.7 ± 1.7%), Fusobacteria (0.9 ± 0.3% vs. 5.8 ± 1.5%), and Actinobacteria (1.8 ± 0.3% vs. 3.2 ± 0.5%) which had a greater relative abundance in cows bred by TAI (P &lt; 0.01). Within Firmicutes, genera Ruminococcus (13.0 ± 1.0% vs. 8.5 ± 0.6%), Blautia (10.3 ± 0.7% vs. 8.0 ± 0.5%), Clostridium (5.8 ± 0.2% vs. 4.9 ± 0.3%), Oscillospira (2.2 ± 0.2% vs. 1.7 ± 0.1%), and Caloramator (2.1 ± 0.1% vs. 1.7 ± 0.1%) were all greater in relative abundance in cows bred by Heat compared with cows bred by TAI (P &lt; 0.05). Interestingly, within Fusobacteria, genera Sneathia (0.6 ± 0.3% vs. 3.5 ± 1.0%) and Fusobacterium (0.2 ± 0.1% vs. 1.5 ± 0.5%) were greater in relative abundance in cows bred by TAI (P &lt; 0.01). Within phyla Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes, genera Gallibacterium and Porphyromonas respectively, were both greater in relative abundance in cows bred by TAI (P &lt; 0.05). Collectively these results indicate that the vaginal microbiomes of lactating dairy cows bred via TAI or estrus expression differs. Additionally, a shift in the vaginal microbiome to a prevalence of the phylum Firmicutes on day of AI appears to be negatively impacting pregnancy outcomes.
25 Role of Kndy and Arcuate Kiss1r-Containing Neurons in the Preovulatory Luteinizing Hormone Surge and Puberty Onset of Female sheep
Authors: Griesgraber Max J , Onslow Kayla M , Shuping Sydney , Bowdridge Elizabeth , Hardy Steven , Aerts Eliana , Coolen Lique , Nestor Casey , Hileman Stanley , Lehman Michael , Goodman Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Neurons within the arcuate nucleus (ARC) of the hypothalamus containing kisspeptin, neurokinin B (NKB), and dynorphin (KNDy neurons) have an important role in regulating the pulsatile secretion of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). In sheep, kisspeptin neurons also contribute to the LH surge, as kisspeptin receptor (Kiss1r) antagonist administration reduces surge amplitude by 50% and KNDy neurons are likely involved, based on increased Fos expression at the time of the surge. However, the extent to which kisspeptin acts within the ARC regulate the GnRH/LH surge remains unclear. Thus, herein we tested the hypothesis that deletion of KNDy or ARC Kiss1r-containing neurons would impair the LH surge. Adult female sheep received bilateral injections targeting the ARC of NKB-saporin (NKB-SAP, n = 8), kisspeptin-saporin (Kiss-SAP, n = 10), or blank-saporin (Blank-SAP, n = 7) as a control. In other work, NKB-SAP lesioned over 90% of ovine KNDy neurons, while Kiss-SAP lesioned 67% of Kiss1r-containing cells without affecting KNDy or GnRH cell number. Ewes were also ovariectomized and a subcutaneous silastic estradiol (E2) implant was inserted at the time of neurosurgery. Two artificial luteal phases were simulated with progesterone-containing CIDRs, immediately followed by E2 treatment via implants to induce an LH surge. Blood samples were collected every two to four hours over two days and analyzed for LH via radioimmunoassay. LH surge amplitude in six of eight NKB-SAP ewes (49.5 ± 11.7 ng/mL) was significantly reduced compared with Blank-SAP control ewes (156.7 ± 20.2 ng/mL, p = 0.0001), a reduction similar to that produced by treatment with a Kiss1r antagonist. Nine of ten Kiss-SAP treated ewes displayed little to no increase of LH at the time of the expected surge (16.6 ± 5.3 ng/mL, p &lt; 0.0001). Lesion effectiveness is currently being assessed by RNAscope, however all Kiss-SAP animals examined to date have significantly reduced ARC Kiss1r cell numbers except a single ewe which exhibited a normal LH surge. Based on these data, we propose that in ewes, KNDy neurons contribute to, but are not required for, the LH surge. In contrast, ARC Kiss1r-containing cells are essential for a functional LH surge. Given these results, we are currently assessing the role of ARC Kiss1r neurons in ovine puberty using a similar approach. Our data to date shows that time to puberty onset is similar for Kiss-SAP, Blank-SAP, and non-surgical control animals as measured by an increase in progesterone (p = 0.35). Blood samples to detect LH pulses and the LH surge are currently being analyzed, as are ARC Kiss1r cell numbers.
311 Evaluation of Post-Transit Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Feedlot Heifers Sourced and Finished in Different Regions of the U.S
Authors: Gubbels Erin R , Dornbach Colten W , Rusche Warren C , Burdick Sanchez Nicole C , Carroll Jeffery A , Hales Kristin E , Broadway Paul R , Smith Zachary K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The objective was to evaluate growth performance and carcass traits following transit of feedlot heifers sourced and finished in different geographical regions in the U.S. Yearling heifers [n = 190; initial body weight (BW) 483 and 425 kg for SD and TX sourced, respectively] were used in a 2×2 factorial arrangement of origin state (SD vs TX) and finishing state (SD vs TX). Heifers were allotted on d -1 into four treatments: sourced from SD and finished in SD (SD-SD), sourced from SD and finished in TX (SD-TX), sourced from TX and finished in SD (TX-SD), and sourced from TX and finished in TX (TX-TX). Heifers were weighed on d -1, 3, 15, 28, 56, 78 (TX-TX and SD-TX) and 90 (SD-SD and TX-SD). On d 0, SD-TX and TX-SD heifers were shipped to the finishing location and weighed the following morning (d 1) to determine transportation shrink. To monitor transportation effects, vaginal temperature probes were inserted into all SD-TX and TX-SD heifers and a portion of SD-SD and TX-TX heifers on d -1 and removed on d 3. Clinical attitude scores (CAS) were recorded on d -1, 0, 1, 2 and 3 for indications of bovine respiratory disease symptoms. The GLIMMIX procedure of SAS was used to analyze growth performance and carcass measures with fixed effects of origin and finishing state. The MIXED procedure was used for CAS and temperature data with the same fixed effects and time as a repeated measure. Transported heifers had reduced temperatures (P &lt; 0.05) during transit and post-transit compared with non-transported heifers. Temperatures of transported heifers increased (P &lt; 0.05) during loading and unloading. On d 0, 1 and 3 there was a shift in the distribution of heifers that had a CAS score greater than 0 for TX-TX, SD-TX and TX-SD. Cattle endured high ambient temperatures (temperature humidity index value &gt; 75) 54% and 18% of the feeding period for TX and SD finished heifers, respectively. All cumulative growth performance measures and carcass trait interactions were statistically significant (P &lt; 0.05) besides initial BW, percent shrink of transported heifers, average daily gain, dressing percent, ribeye area and liver abscess severity, which were similar (P &gt; 0.30). There was a shift in the distribution (P &lt; 0.05) towards a greater proportion of Yield Grade 1 and Select carcasses for heifers fed in TX compared with those fed in SD, likely due to fewer days on feed. Overall, heifers transported to higher ambient temperatures had reduced dry matter intake, quality grades (QG) and limited growth recovery (45 kg lighter) compared with non-transported heifers. Heifers transported to lower ambient temperatures recovered growth and had improved QG at the same level of rib fat compared with non-transported heifers.
314 Dehydrated Garlic Powder Did Not Influence Enteric Gas Fluxes in Feedlot Steers
Authors: Oyedeji Oluwatobi , Lardner Herbert A , Block Hushton , Durunna Obioha N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This 2-yr study was conducted to evaluate the biochemical profiles of commercial dehydrated garlic powder (DGP) and its associated influence on enteric gas fluxes, mineral intake, and body performance at a 5% inclusion level. The DGP was assessed for the stability of the bioactive compounds, especially those responsible for garlic flavor. Each year, resealed (NE) and exposed-to-air (E) DGPs were sampled serially in storage at months 0, 1, 2, and 3. Crossbred steers (n = 40 in year 1; n = 80 in year 2) were assigned to either 5%DGP or 0%DGP treatment group in a randomized complete block design, balancing for initial body weight and breed composition. Feed and supplement intakes for individual animals were monitored using an automatic feeding system. Each year, steers were fed high-grain rations in feed bunks separate from mineral supplement bunks on a free-choice basis over 72 and 82 days, respectively. Methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2), oxygen (O2), and hydrogen (H2) fluxes were also measured using an automatic head-chamber emission monitoring system. Data were analyzed using a linear model in R software with year and treatment as fixed effects. Organosulfur compounds were quantified using Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography and Gas Chromatography. No differences (P &gt; 0.05) were observed for allicin, allyl methyl sulfide, dimethyl trisulfide, allyl propyl disulfide, diallyl disulfide, and diallyl trisulfide concentrations in NE-DGP. In E-DGP, the greatest (P &lt; 0.05) concentrations of allicin, diallyl sulfide, and 2-vinyl-4H-1,3-dithiin were recorded at month 1, while other compounds remained stable (P &gt; 0.05) throughout storage months. There were no differences (P &gt; 0.05) in dry matter intake, average daily gain, and the gain-to-feed ratio between 5%DGP and 0%DGP groups. Garlic supplementation did not also influence (P &gt; 0.05) body composition (ribeye area, intramuscular fat, rump fat thickness, and rib fat thickness) of steers, but supplement intake was higher (P &lt; 0.0001) in 5%DGP (204.31 gd-1) compared with 0%DGP (148.04 gd-1) group. There were no differences in the enteric fluxes from 0%DGP and 5%DGP groups for CO2 (8854.04 g·d-1, 9322.69 g·d-1; P = 0.12), CH4 (139.75 g·d-1, 154.12 g·d-1; P = 0.29), O2 (6327.84 g·d-1, 9107.30 g·d-1; P = 0.27) and H2 (0.87 g·d-1, 0. g·d-1; P = 0.17). Results suggest that organosulfur compounds in dehydrated garlic powder can be stable and contributed to enhanced mineral supplement intake of feedlot cattle but did not affect enteric gas fluxes and body performance.
346 Substitution of Modified Distillers Grains with Soybean Meal with Or Without Hulls Had Negligible Effect on Growth Performance, Efficiency and Carcass Traits in Yearling Steers
Authors: Ross Cassidy , Bird Scott , Smith Zachary K , Rusche Warren C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Changes to the fuel landscape in the United States have resulted in changes in long-held supplemental protein price relationships. The objective of this study was to evaluate substituting oilseed meal for corn processing co-products. Predominately Angus steers [initial shrunk body weight (BW) = 435 ± 23.6 kg] were used in a 118-d experiment using three treatments: modified distillers grains (MDGS)fed at 15% diet DM (MDGS) replaced by either soybean meal and corn (9 and 6% of DM, respectively; SBM), or soybean meal and soyhull pellets (9 and 6% of DM, respectively; SBM-SBH). Steers (n = 240) were individually weighed and allotted to one of 24 pens (n = 10 steers per pen; 8 pens per treatment) at the Southeast Research Farm located near Beresford, SD. Dietary concentrations of crude protein and neutral detergent fiber based on tabular values and weekly batching records were 12.3 and 17.6%, 12.8 and 14.5%, and 12.8 and 17.8% for MDGS, SBM, and SBM-SBH, respectively. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS 9.4 with treatment and block as fixed effects; pen was the experimental unit. Pen conditions were wet and muddy during the final weeks of this experiment; consequently, final BW was calculated by dividing hot carcass weight (HCW) by a common dressing percentage of 62.5. No differences amongst treatments (P ≥ 0.11) were found for carcass-adjusted final BW, dry matter intake (DMI), average daily gain (ADG), or feed efficiency. Dietary treatment had no effect (P ≥ 0.11) on HCW, dressing percentage, ribeye area, rib fat, marbling score, USDA Yield Grade, percent empty body fat (EBF), or final BW adjusted to 28% EBF. Distribution of USDA Quality and Yield grades were unaffected by treatment (P ≥ 0.39). Dietary treatment did not affect liver abscess incidence and severity (P = 11). Net energy values calculated from animal performance agreed closely with tabular estimates with observed to expected ratios for net energy equaling one. In this experiment, feeding supplemental protein sources with enhanced diet conditioning attributes and greater concentrations of ruminally undegradable protein provided no advantage to cattle performance. These results indicate that protein source decisions can be based upon price per unit of delivered crude protein.
364 The Effects of Replacing Dried Distillers Grains with Solubles with a Heat-Treated Soybean Meal in Forage-Based Growing Cattle Diets
Authors: Gullickson Grady J , Nichols Madeliene , Entzie Yssi L , Hansen Lydia E , Underdahl Sarah R , Tobin Colin T , Swanson Kendall C , Carlson Zachary E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of increased concentrations of metabolizable protein and lysine from heat-treated soybean meal (TSBM) in forage-based growing cattle diets predicted to have positive metabolizable protein balance. Seventy Angus-based steers (298 ± 16 kg initial BW) were utilized in an 85-d randomized generalized block design with animal as the experimental unit. Dietary treatments were arranged to replace a proportion of the basal protein source, DDGS included at 16% dietary dry matter (DM), with TSBM at rates of 0% (TSBM0), 4% (TSBM4), 8% (TSBM8), and 12% (TSBM12) dietary DM. Steers were provided with ad libitum access to feed and water in a monoslope barn with dry-lot access. The basal diets contained (DM basis) 44% corn silage, 37% oat hay, and 3% supplement. Steers were blocked by BW into light, medium, and heavy blocks. Daily feed disappearance was measured using an automated feed system (Insentec Roughage Intake Control, Hokofarm B.V., Marknesse, The Netherlands), with disappearance assumed to be intake. Steers were individually weighed every 28 d to calculate average daily gain (ADG) throughout the experiment. Growth performance and feed intake were analyzed utilizing the MIXED procedure of SAS with fixed effects of body weight block and TSBM inclusion level. Treatments were evaluated when the F test was significant (P ≤ 0.05). There were no differences (P ≥ 0.16) for ending BW, ADG, dry matter intake (DMI), or gain:feed (G:F) among treatments (Table 1). Therefore, in growing diets predicted to be sufficient in metabolizable protein, replacing distillers grains with a source of metabolizable protein and amino acids provided by heat-treated soybean meal did not affect growth performance.
366 Effects of Acidosis Bout Events on Animal Growth and Development, and the Effectiveness of Liver Abscess-Controlling Antibiotic on Diminishing Its Incidence
Authors: Batista Luiz Fernando Dias , Rivera Madeline E , Tedeschi Luis O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ruminal acidosis is a common metabolic disorder that affects feedlot and dairy cattle and occurs when the supply of organic acids from fermentation exceeds its absorption, accumulating acid content in the rumen. Virginiamycin (VM) has inhibitory effects on primary liver abscess-causing bacteria. In feedlot animals, dietary VM has been shown to reduce rumen acidosis and improve feed conversion actively. This study evaluated ruminal pH over 150 days on feed (DOF) of growing and finishing beef cattle and investigated the relationships between ruminal pH and growth and development outcomes and the effectiveness of the continuous or intermittent provision of VM in 120 Angus-crossbred steers. Steers received VM (240 mg/d) as follows: no VM (T000); VM in the last 50 d (T001); VM for the last 100 d (T011); VM in the first 50 d (T100); VM in the first 100 d (T110); and VM for 150 d (T111). Animals were fed a grower-type diet (metabolizable energy [ME]: 2.45 Mcal/kg; crude protein [CP]: 12.2 % dry matter basis [DM]) for 50 d before the adaptation of a finisher-type diet (ME: 2.60 Mcal/kg; CP: 10.6% DM) over a 17-d period. The finisher-type diet was fed for the remaining 84 days. On d -1 and d 82 each animal received an indwelling pH bolus to record ruminal pH at 10-min intervals. Acidosis bout event was categorized as if the pH stayed below 5.6 for 3 hours. Data were analyzed using a random coefficient statistical model, binary data was analyzed using the logit link function and correlations were analyzed using PROC CORR in SAS (Table 1). Duration under pH 5.8 and 5.6 tended to have a negative correlation with gain to feed (G/F; P ≤ 0.080), and % of the time that pH remained below 5.6 when under 5.8 was negatively correlated with G/F (P = 0.007) and tended to have a negative correlation with average daily gain (ADG; P = 0.081). Similarly, acidosis bouts event and duration of bout event (DURB) tended (P ≤ 0.074) to have a negative correlation with G/F, while ADG was negatively correlated (P = 0.035). The number of acidosis bout events and probability of acidosis bout events to occur increase linearly (R2 = 0.89, P &lt; 0.001, and R2 = 0.77; P &lt; 0.001, respectively) as DOF progressed. The probability of an acidosis bout event decreased by 46% for the T111 treatment compared with T000 (35.43% vs. 18.82%; P = 0.049). Acidosis bout event seems to affect the growth and development of beef steers negatively, and it appears to be more critical as DOF progress. Administration of VM at 240 mg/d throughout the whole feeding period seems to reduce the incidence of acidosis bout events.