bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of Pavement Surface Type on Tire/Pavement Generated Noise
Authors: Bennert T , Hanson D , Maher A , Vitillo N 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Pavement noise evaluations were conducted on 42 pavement surfaces in New Jersey using the Close Proximity Method (CPX) via the NCAT Noise Trailer. The CPX Method is a current ISO Standard that measures sound levels of the tire/pavement interface, thereby providing a method to evaluate solely the influence of pavement surface on traffic noise. The surfaces were comprised of both hot mix asphalt (HMA) and Portland cement concrete (PCC). The HMA surfaces consisted of dense-graded asphalt mixes (DGA), open-graded friction course (OGFC) with and without crumb rubber, stone-mastic asphalt (SMA), NovaChip®, and a microsurfacing slurry mix. The PCC surfaces, pavements and bridge decks, had varying surface treatments consisting of transverse tining, saw-cut tining, diamond grinding, and broom finish. The main focus of the research was to: 1) Evaluate how different pavement surfaces influence the generation of tire/pavement noise, 2) Evaluate the effect of vehicle speed on the tire/pavement generated noise, and 3) Provide guidance as to the repeatability of the CPX method and optimal test distance on the roadway to aid in maximizing testing efficiency.
Results of the testing indicated that the asphalt-based surfaces provided the lowest tire/pavement noise levels. Of the HMA surfaces tested, the OGFC mixes modified with crumb rubber provided the lowest noise levels (96.5 dB(A) at 60 mph (96.5 km/h)). However, not only were these mixes modified with crumb rubber, but they also had the finest aggregate gradation. The loudest HMA surface was a 12.5 mm SMA mix (100.5 dB(A) at 60 mph (96.5 km/h)). The PCC surfaces had the highest noise levels. Of all PCC surfaces tested, the transverse tined surface obtained the loudest noise levels (106.1 dB(A) at 60 mph (96.5 km/h)). It was found that if the PCC surface was diamond ground, the noise levels could be comparable, and sometimes lower, than typical HMA pavement surfaces. Typical noise levels of the diamond ground PCC surfaces were approximately 98.7 dB(A) at 60 mph (96.5 km/h). To evaluate the effect of vehicle speed, noise measurements were conducted at 55, 60, and 65 mph (88.5, 96.5, and 104.6 km/h). Test results within this range indicate that on average, the tire/pavement noise increases linearly and at a rate of approximately 0.18 dB(A) for every 1.0 mph (1.6 km/h). The NovaChip® mixes were less susceptible to the increase in vehicle speed (0.15 dB(A) increase for every 1.0 mph (1.6 km/h) increase), while the PCC broom finish (no treatment) surfaces were affected the greatest by vehicle speed (0.29 dB(A) increase for every 1.0 mph (1.6 km/h) increase). The CPX method was found to be repeatable, with an average standard deviation of approximately 0.13 dB(A), as long as the test distance was greater than 0.2 miles (0.32 km). This is most likely due to the sensitivity of the test method being influenced by the ability to track the identical wheel-path in successive test runs.
Down syndrome and comorbid autism‐spectrum disorder: Characterization using the aberrant behavior checklist
Authors: Capone George T. , Grados Marco A. , Kaufmann Walter E. , Bernad‐Ripoll Susana , Jewell Amy 
Published: March 2005

AbstractTo report on the cognitive and behavioral attributes of 61 children with Down syndrome (DS) and autistic‐spectrum disorder (ASD) according to DSM‐IV criteria; to determine the utility of the aberrant behavior checklist (ABC) to characterize these subjects for research purposes; and to test the hypothesis that subjects with DS + ASD could be distinguished from their typical DS peers using the ABC. Cross‐sectional design. Cases with DS + ASD (N = 61), comparison group of DS + stereotypy movement disorder (SMD) (N = 26) and typical DS controls without behavior problems (N = 44) were ascertained and enrolled sequentially upon presentation to a DS clinic at an academic medical center over a 10‐year period from 1991 to 2001. All subjects underwent neurodevelopmental and medical evaluation, and standardized cognitive testing. The parents provided responses to standardized behavioral questionnaires. Cognitive function (IQ) differed markedly across the three groups. The Lethary and Stereotypy subscales of the ABC were highly significant (P < 0.001) in distinguishing the three groups from one another. Within the ASD group differences were apparent by DSM‐IV type on the Lethargy subscale, which reached significance, ANOVA (F = 0.002) andt‐test (Autism > PDD,P = 0.005; PDD < CDD,P = 0.002). Using a multivariate regression model, the ABC scales alone explained 62% of variance of ASD outcome; addition of demographic variables explained up to 68% of the variance. There is good correlation between DSM‐IV criteria for autism and subscales scores on the ABC in subjects with DS. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using the ABC to characterize the neurobehavioral phenotype of a cohort of children with trisomy 21 and ASD for ongoing research purposes. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
XEpac, a guanine nucleotide‐exchange factor for Rap GTPase, is a novel hatching gland specific marker during the Xenopus embryogenesis
Authors: Lee Seung Joon , Han Jin‐Kwan 
Published: March 2005

AbstractcAMP is a second messenger controlling various cellular processes through cAMP‐dependent protein kinase (cAPK, PKA) and cyclic nucleotide‐gated ion channels. Recently, the PKA‐independent–cAMP‐mediated signaling pathway by means of exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (Epac) has been demonstrated. Epac is a guanine nucleotide‐exchange factor (GEF) for Rap, a Ras‐like small GTPase. To investigate this new target for cAMP in development, we have isolated Xepac, the Xenopus laevis homologue of Epac by cDNA library screening. Xepac (Xepac1) encodes 890 amino acids, which have 57% identity with human Epac1 and 59% with that of rat Epac1 in amino acids. Whole‐mount in situ hybridization and reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction analysis show that XEpac is expressed both maternally and zygotically and is restricted within the developing hatching gland. Intriguingly, overexpression of XEpac induces the anterior markers XAG‐1 and XOtx2 and can convert ectoderm into cement‐ and hatching gland‐expressing cells. These results suggest that XEpac contains anterior positional information. Developmental Dynamics 232:1091–1097, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Recent applications of capillary electrophoresis‐electrospray ionisation‐mass spectrometry in drug analysis
Authors: Smyth W. Franklin 
Published: March 2005

AbstractA critical review of applications for the period 2000–2004, taken from the Web of Knowledge database, of the technique capillary electrophoresis‐electrospray ionisation‐mass spectrometry (CE‐ESI‐MS) in drug analysis is presented. The review is concerned with molecules of mass less than 500 Da, chosen according to selected structural classes in which they give ESI signals primarily as [M+H]+ ions although other ions, such as [M−H]−, [M+Na]+, and [M+NH4]+, are also reported. These structural classes are drugs with amine‐containing side chains, drugs with N‐containing saturated ring structures, 1,4‐benzodiazepines, other heterocyclic hypnotics, carbohydrates, sulphonylureas, anthracyclines, sulphonamides, penicillins, cephalosporins, tetracyclines, nitrocatechols, steroids, flavonoids/polyphenols, cannabinols, and miscellaneous molecules. Details are given on the fragmentations, where available, that these ionic species exhibit in‐source and in ion‐trap, triple quadrupole, and time of flight‐mass spectrometers. The review gives a critical evaluation of these recent CE‐ESI‐MS analytical methods in drug analysis. Analytical information on, for example, sample concentration techniques, CE separation conditions, recoveries from biological media and limits of detection (LODs) are provided. Potential applications of CE‐MS to particular drugs or drug classes are also briefly discussed in the text.
Why humanistic approaches in HRD won't work
Authors: McGuire David , Cross Christine , O'Donnell David 
Published: March 2005

AbstractHumanism has long been considered a cherished worldview underpinning human resource development. As such, it occupies a privileged status within the field, and in the main, its central tenets have gone unchallenged, despite massive changes in the economic, sociological, and technological structure of work and society. This article challenges the preeminence of humanism and argues that the rhetoric of humanistic approaches is not matched by organizational actions of compressed career progression pathways, tight budgetary constraints, and a market‐driven economic philosophy.
Toroid formation in charge neutralized flexible or semi‐flexible biopolymers: potential pathway for assembly of DNA carriers
Authors: Tang Mary X. , Li Weijun , Szoka Francis C. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractBackgroundThe theoretical state diagram for semi‐flexible macromolecules such as DNA predicts that a tightly wound toroid can be a stable structure. Experimentally, toroids roughly 100 nm in diameter are routinely observed for DNA in the presence of multivalent cations at low DNA concentration. Theory also predicts toroids can form between non‐DNA semi‐flexible polymers and multivalent counterions. This phenomenon provides a means to co‐package DNA with functionalized anionic polymers to create gene delivery systems.Methods and resultsWe show using electron microscopy that non‐DNA polymers (polylysine, polyglutamic acid, and dextran sulfate) form toroids when mixed with multi‐ or polyvalent ions of opposite charge. The non‐DNA toroids are similar in diameter to ones made with DNA. The results using dextran sulfate, a semi‐flexible polymer, are explained by current theory. However, theory predicts that high flexibility in polypeptides should discourage their incorporation into stable toroids. To explain these latter observations we propose that charge neutralization facilitates secondary structure formation, which confers stiffness, thereby allowing stable toroids for the polypeptides studied. We measured the secondary structure of the toroid‐forming polypeptides using circular dichroism (CD). The CD spectrum indicates the polypeptides undergo transitions from non‐ordered structures (random coil) to ordered secondary structures (either α‐helix or β‐sheet) upon charge neutralization which supports the hypothesis. The type of secondary structure is dependent on the type of multivalent counterion used to form the toroids. Formation of the polypeptide toroids confers resistance to heat denaturation of the resulting polypeptide secondary structure. The CD spectrum of DNA in a toroid also is changed from that of uncomplexed DNA, but all of the counterions used to form DNA toroids created structures with similar CD spectra in the DNA region (250–290 nm).ConclusionsThe toroid structure obtained using DNA is observed in other semi‐flexible non‐DNA polymers such as dextran sulfate, and also in flexible polymers such as polylysine and polyglutamic acid upon charge neutralization with multivalent counterions. In the flexible polymers we propose that this phenomenon is due to induction of secondary structure upon charge neutralization, which decreases polymer flexibility, i.e. increases polymer stiffness, to enable toroid formation. These results have significant implications for the co‐assembly of non‐DNA anionic polymers with DNA to create nanoscopic gene carriers. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Control of silicate nanocomposite morphology in binary fluids: Coarse‐grained molecular dynamics simulations
Authors: Anderson Kelly L. , Sinsawat Anuchai , Vaia Richard A. , Farmer B. L. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractIn situ polymerization is the most successful technique for thermoplastics and thermosets for the preparation of well‐dispersed polymer‐layered silicate nanocomposites with desirable mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties. The efficiency of this approach depends significantly on the polarity of the monomer and curing agent and the intermolecular interactions at the silicate surface. To explore the intermolecular interactions that influence morphology development on the mesoscale, large‐scale coarse‐grained models comprising a coherent stack of platelets immersed in a sea of binary fluids (representing the monomer and curing agent) have been used under isothermal isobaric conditions. The beads in the mixtures differ in their relative affinity for the silicate sheets. The simulation results indicate that completely intercalated structures can be obtained by the simple adjustment of the relative concentration of the binary fluid mixture and the pressure experienced by the nanocomposite. The generation of internal pressures associated with intercalation within a microcanonical (constant particle–volume–temperature, NVT) simulation has an impact on the observed processes. The isobaric (constant particle–pressure–temperature, NPT) ensemble is believed to more effectively represent the actual nonequilibrium intercalation process. Partial intercalation occurs at low concentrations of the component most strongly attracted to the sheets. Under select conditions, a steady increase of intercalated fluid beads indicates the initial stages of the formation of an exfoliated structure. Indeed, exfoliated structures have been observed in simulations of sheets with lower aspect ratios. A strong partitioning effect can be seen even for low concentrations of the attractive fluid. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 1014–1024, 2005
Investigating interactions of biomembranes and alcohols: A multiscale approach
Authors: Dickey Allison N. , Faller Roland 
Published: March 2005

AbstractWe studied the interaction of lipid bilayers with short‐chain alcohols, using molecular dynamics on different length scales. We used detailed atomistic modeling and modeling on a length scale on which an alcohol is just an amphiphilic dimer. Our strategy was to calibrate a coarse‐grained model against the detailed model at selected state points at a low alcohol concentration and then perform a wider range of simulations with the coarse‐grained model. We obtained semiquantitative agreement with experimental data for the major observables, such as the order parameter and area per molecule. We found a linear increase in the area per molecule with the alcohol concentration. The alcohol molecules in both system descriptions were in close contact with the glycerol backbone. Butanol molecules could enter the bilayer to some extent, in contrast to the behavior of shorter alcohols. At very high alcohol concentrations, we found clearly increased interdigitation between leaflets. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 1025–1032, 2005
Thermodynamic properties from ab‐initio calculations: New theoretical developments, and applications to various materials systems
Authors: Fähnle Manfred , Drautz Ralf , Lechermann Frank , Singer Reinhard , Diaz‐Ortiz Alejandro , Dosch Helmut 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe great power of the cluster‐expansion method for atomistic simulations of the ground state properties and the thermodynamic properties of multi‐component solids is highlighted. In the first part of the paper some recently developed combinations of this method with other atomistic simulation techniques (N‐body potentials and cluster functionals) are discussed. In the second part the ab‐initio cluster expansion method is used to investigate the ground‐state structures for bulk FexCo1–x, the Ni90%–Al(110) surface and for adatom configurations on Mo(112), and the phase diagram for the system Ni–Fe–Al. Finally, an outlook for future applications of this calculational technique is given. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Heterogeneous coupled dissipation modeling of volume and enthalpy recovery in glass systems
Authors: Wang C. J. , He J. , Ying X. N. , Huang Y. N. , Riande E. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe dynamics of volume and enthalpy recovery of glasses are studied by introducing a new fictive temperature form and the size distribution of the solid‐like clusters into the original heterogeneous coupled dissipation model. The renewed model gives a satisfactory description of the pertinent experiments. The present model is also compared with the successful Kovacs–Aklonis–Hutchinson–Ramos and the Tool–Narayanaswamy–Moynihan models. It is found that the parameters describing the non‐linearity and non‐exponentiality of the recovery in these two models are related with the heterogeneity of glass‐formers. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Rough surface scattering in many‐mode conducting channels: gradient versus amplitude scattering
Authors: Izrailev F. M. , Makarov N. M. , Rendón M. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractWe study transport properties of many‐mode electron waveguides paying the main attention to the interplay between the amplitude and gradient scattering from rough surfaces. Our analysis shows that the two types of scattering are governed by different control parameters. The first (common) parameter is the ratio of the roughness amplitude to the transverse average width of a waveguide. The second parameter is determined by the squared derivative of a surface profile. We have found that the latter parameter can play the major role in the expression for the inverse mean free path, in contrast to all previous studies where the square‐gradient terms were neglected. Our results may be used in experimental realizations of the surface scattering of electron waves, as well as in other applications (e.g., for optical and microwave waveguides). (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A Hopfield Neural Network Approach to the Dual Response Problem
Authors: Köksoy Onur , Yalcinoz Tankut 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe application of neural networks to optimization problems has been an active research area since the early 1980s. Unconstrained optimization, constrained optimization and combinatorial optimization problems have been solved using neural networks. This study presents a new approach using Hopfield neural networks (HNNs) for solving the dual response system (DRS) problems. The major aim of the proposed method is to produce a string of solutions, rather than a ‘one‐shot’ optimum solution, to make the trade‐offs available between the mean and standard deviation responses. This gives more flexibility to the decision‐maker in exploring alternative solutions. The proposed method has been tested on two examples. The HNN results are very close to those obtained by using the NIMBUS (Nondifferentiable Interactive Multiobjective Bundle‐based Optimization System) algorithm. Choosing an appropriate solution method for a certain multi‐objective optimization problem is not easy, as has been made abundantly clear. Unlike the NIMBUS method, the HNN approach does not set any specific assumptions on the behaviour or the preference structure of the decision maker. As a result, the proposed method will still work and generate alternative solutions whether or not the decision maker has enough time and capabilities for co‐operation. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Bayesian Approach to Obtain a Lower Bound for the Cpm Capability Index
Authors: Lin G. H. , Pearn W. L. , Yang Y. S. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe Taguchi capability index Cpm, which incorporates the departure of the process mean from the target value, has been proposed to the manufacturing industry for measuring manufacturing capability. A Bayesian procedure has been considered for testing process performance assuming $\mu =T$, which was generalized without assuming $\mu = T$. Statistical properties of the natural estimator of the index Cpm for normal processes have been investigated extensively. However, the investigation was restricted to processes with symmetric tolerances. Recently, a generalized Cpm, referred to as $C''_{{\rm p}m}$, was proposed to cover processes with asymmetric tolerances. Under the normality assumption, the statistical properties of the estimated $C''_{{\rm p}m}$ including the exact sampling distribution, the rth moment, expected value, variance, and the mean‐squared error were obtained. In this paper, we use a Bayesian approach to obtain the interval estimation for the generalized Taguchi capability index $C''_{{\rm p}m}$. Consequently, the manufacturing capability testing can be performed for quality assurance. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Coin flipping from a cosmic source: On error correction of truly random bits
Authors: Mossel Elchanan , O'Donnell Ryan 
Published: March 2005

AbstractWe study a problem related to coin flipping, coding theory, and noise sensitivity. Consider a source of truly random bits x ∈ {0, 1}n, and k parties, who have noisy version of the source bits yi ∈ {0, 1}n, when for all i and j, it holds that P[y = xj] = 1 − ϵ, independently for all i and j. That is, each party sees each bit correctly with probability 1 − ϵ, and incorrectly (flipped) with probability ϵ, independently for all bits and all parties. The parties, who cannot communicate, wish to agree beforehand on balanced functions fi: {0, 1}n → {0, 1} such that P[f1(y1) = … = fk(yk)] is maximized. In other words, each party wants to toss a fair coin so that the probability that all parties have the same coin is maximized. The function fi may be thought of as an error correcting procedure for the source x. When k = 2,3, no error correction is possible, as the optimal protocol is given by fi(yi) = y. On the other hand, for large values of k, better protocols exist. We study general properties of the optimal protocols and the asymptotic behavior of the problem with respect to k, n, and ϵ. Our analysis uses tools from probability, discrete Fourier analysis, convexity, and discrete symmetrization. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2005
Characterizing configurable software product families and their derivation
Authors: Raatikainen Mikko , Soininen Timo , Männistö Tomi , Mattila Antti 
Published: March 2005

AbstractConfigurable software product families are a subclass of software product families that are customized in a product individual derivation process without design or programming. This article presents results on analyzing two such families and their derivation processes found in a descriptive case study on software product families. Some characteristics particular to such product families and their derivation seem to emerge: There is a configurable product base that is configured to the customer requirements. The variability has two distinct levels, of which the first is visible to the customer at sales. The derivation process consists of requirements specification, configuring, delivery, installing, and tailoring activities. Derivation is very flexible and efficient. Most derivations can be carried out without programming. The activities primarily require application domain understanding, system administrator skills, and understanding of the family. The product developers can be separated organizationally from product derivators. We further proposed some hypotheses on the success factors for configurable software product families: A large enough number of derivations, understanding and stability of the application domain, and clear software product family–oriented culture and processes. However, very advanced or software product family–oriented software engineering methods or similar methods do not seem a prerequisite for success. We also suggest further research on configurable software product families. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.