bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterizing the Stimulated Reservoir Volume Using Manifold Learning on 3d Motions of Microseismic Sources
Authors: Chakravarty Aditya , Misra Siddharth 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Uniform manifold approximation and projection (UMAP) finds a low-dimensional representation of a complex dataset while preserving local structure and global distances present in high-dimensional data. Using UMAP, a high-dimensional microseismic data is transformed into a lower-dimensional, graph-based representation. In this paper, UMAP is applied on accelerometer signals recorded during an intermediate field-scale fracture propagation experiment at the Sanford Underground Research Facility in South Dakota. Our analysis shows that the short-time Fourier Transform of signals recorded by a single channel of the 3D accelerometer is the best feature extraction technique for the desired representation learning. For the first time, we have successfully identified the distinct fracture planes corresponding to each micro-earthquake location using accelerometer data from an intermediate-scale hydraulic stimulation experiment.
Due to the scatter of microseismic events and associated uncertainty of microseismic event locations, the assignment of reliable fracture-plane label to a microseismic event is possible only for a small percentage of events that have sufficiently high signal to noise ratio, and/or are favorably located for unambiguous assignment. In this paper, we also present a semi-supervised learning method based on UMAP for label propagation to assign fracture-plane labels to many unlabeled microseismic events, utilizing a limited amount of labeled data, which have pre-assigned fracture-plane labels. The proposed semi-supervised label propagation on a low-dimensional manifold achieves exceptional precision and recall (&gt;92%) while employing just a small percentage (~20%) of microseismic events with fracture-plane labels. With just a small set of labeled microseismic events, it is possible to assign fracture-plane labels to four times as many microseismic events.
Serpentinization in Peninsular Malaysia: Implication for Hydrogen Generation
Authors: Ismail H. H. , Zhao H. , Rajput S. , Jones E. A. , Tan S. W. , Basori B. I. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Natural hydrogen is one of the key elements in the green energy initiative for the carbon net zero strategy of the world. Serpentinization is known as the most common process that generates natural hydrogen. This research work is aimed to gain a deeper understanding of the mineralogical composition and distribution of ophiolites in Peninsular Malaysia and to evaluate the potential of natural hydrogen generated from serpentinization processes. Field studies were conducted in various areas along the Bentong-Raub suture zone to study ophiolite rock occurrences in the suture zone. Standard petrographic and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analyses were conducted to examine the mineralogical and chemical composition of rocks samples. The results show the majority of samples contain a significant amount of serpentine minerals such as antigorite, cronstedtite and lizardite, as well as some unaltered ultramafic minerals (e.g., forsterite, fayalite, pyroxene and hornblende), and secondary minerals (e.g., magnetite and chromite). The degree of serpentinization varies between 15% and 93% of the bulk volume with most samples exceeding 75%. Samples collected at Sungai Koyan, Cheroh, Bentong, and Bukit Rokan are characterized by high concentrations of antigorite, a type of Mg-rich serpentine. In contrast, cronstedtite, a Fe-rich serpentine mineral, is the dominant species in the samples from the Petaseh area. The mineralogy of the samples indicates hydrogen generation occurred via the reaction between fayalite (Fe-rich olivine) reaction with water, which is consistent with the observation that a significant amount of magnetite was found within samples from the Petaseh outcrop. Findings from a geochemical and mineralogical analysis reveal a significant serpentinization process along the Bentong-Raub suture zone, ultimately producing a substantial amount of hydrogen. These results highlight a potential natural hydrogen source in Peninsular Malaysia; however, supplementary research is necessary for further evaluation.
Development of a New Retarder Recipe Containing Boric Acid for Improved Performance Efficiency at Mid Temperature Range (MTR) in Oil and Gas Well Cementing Operations
Authors: Ohochukwu Chioma , Mathew Samuel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Various cementing retarders used in field operations where the Bottom Hole Circulation Temperatures (BHCTs) are in the range of 240F to 280F have been observed to pose deficiencies like the inability to adequately cover the entire temperature spectrum, especially towards its higher end. This study recommends a recipe that has more reliability across the entire temperature range.
API 10B-2 was adopted as the method of choice during the study's laboratory analysis. The thickening times for various concentrations of existing widely used mid-temperature retarders were analyzed to find out the temperature range in which the retarder works with its optimum performance efficiency. Then, the recommended recipe which combines Boric acid, and a lignosulfonate-based product was subjected to the same test conditions to reveal the maximum attainable temperature. These results were compared to show which recipe had the optimum performance.
The laboratory results obtained showed that despite the increasing concentrations of the reference mid-temperature retarders (MTRs), which were tested at different mid-temperatures, it was not possible to achieve extended thickening times especially as the test temperatures approached the higher end of the temperature spectrum (260F-280F); Some reference retarders, despite their claims to be used as MTRs, could not be used to design extended thickening time above 220F, others which were reliable at the lower end of the temperature spectrum, lost desired efficiency as the test temperatures increased up to 250F. However, the recommended recipe under study which combines a fixed concentration of the lignosulfonate-based product and varying concentrations of Boric acid was effectively reliable with better thickening time performance across the entire temperature spectrum from 240F to 280F.
This development introduces to the industry a reliable Mid Temperature Retarder (MTR) recipe that covers the entire spectrum of the mid-temperature range and allows for the design of both short and long thickening times.
India's Pioneer High Pressure Air Injection Process Design: An Evaluation of its Efficacy for Enhanced Oil Recovery
Authors: Singh S. , Sharma S. , Trivedi S. , Mishra G. , Meena R. , Mitra S. 
Published: October 2023

AbstractHigh Pressure Air Injection (HPAI) is one of the most versatile EOR processes and offers several advantages over other processes in low permeability light-oil reservoirs. The current study illustrates a HPAI pilot design process for an onshore light oil field of India having permeability in the range of 1-15mD. Study included screening of the field, combustion tube tests to establish technical feasibility & spontaneous ignition, modelling of lab results to validate kinetics and pilot design through simulation.Laboratory study was conducted on Combustion Tube (CT) System at IRS, ONGC, Ahmedabad. Here one-dimensional reservoir of ~2m length was created to physically represent reservoir condition in the CT and air was injected at high flux rate. To develop comprehensive kinetic model involving Thermal Cracking, LTO and HTO, the target oil was characterized based on maltenes and asphaltene.Further lab results were modelled using thermal simulator to validate the developed comprehensive kinetics. Later, the pilot was designed through field scale simulation study using the validated kinetic model. A fine scale Geocellular model prepared with block dimensions 50*50 was used for pilot design.In CT combustion front could be created, sustained and propagated. The average peak temperature of the stable zones was ~415°C with a temperature of ~600°C in the zones packed with native core, coke and shale. High peak temperature was observed due to catalytic effect of clay & coal present. Air requirement was 188 m3(ST)/m3, fuel consumption was 18.40 kg/m3, air to fuel ratio of 10.21 m3/kg and apparent H/C ratio of 1.21. Ignition was achieved within 12 hours of commencement of air injection at reservoir temperature (101°C) in second CT test confirming spontaneous ignition.The combustion tube model using comprehensive kinetics showed satisfactory match of oil rates, combustion front velocity, and peak temperature. Typical combustion characteristics such as formation of coke, and change in viscosity with temperature were successfully captured in the tube run. The temperature profile just ahead of the front showed the LTO reactions taking place in that region.In simulation, after history match, prediction variant was run with two inverted five spot patterns for pilot design. Simulation indicates average air injection rate of ~50,000 m3/d during the project life of 8 years. Envisaged incremental oil from the pilot area was ~12% above BAU case of the target STOIIP.Based on the study, India's first High Pressure Air Injection project is to be implemented in the tight light oil field by April 2024. The comprehensive design of the process via laboratory, simulation and process optimization would lessen the uncertainty of the process and would pave the way for improving recovery from tight light oil field. Also, confirmation of spontaneous ignition in such reservoirs reduces the number of factors influencing the success of the process.
Optimization Design of Gravity Assisted Gas Drainage Combined with Pattern Flooding and the Application in Pilot in H Reservoir
Authors: Wang Rujun , Lian Liming , Zhang Chengze , Chen Dong , Xu Hanbing , Huang Zhaoting , Zhou Wei , Cheng Ronghong , Luo Ji , Fu Ying , Wu Yongping , Jin Quan , Dong Lisheng , Ka De'er , Chen Xiaobo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Gas flooding is one of the important technologies to enhance oil recovery and contributes over one third of world's EOR production. This paper provide a research method based on the combination of gravity assisted gas drainage and pattern gas flooding, trying to solve the problem that formation structure is complex possessing large dip angle and small formation amplitude concurrently. This design is finally applied in scheme of H Reservoir which includes H-L Reservoir and H-Y Reservoir.
Gravity assisted gas drainage and pattern gas flooding has been applied separately in the development of structural higher part and structural lower part. Laboratory physical simulation experiment, fine reservoir description and residual oil distribution have been researched to obtain higher oil recovery and gas-oil exchange rate. Multiple series of well patterns have been designed to according with multi-layer reservoirs. Stereoscopic well pattern will be reconstructed with gas flooding in the lower layers and existing development mode in the upper layers. This design has been used in the reservoir scheme of sandstone reservoir H. The combination gas flooding design and relative research methods proposed in this paper have been implemented in the reservoir scheme of H Reservoir.
The design and development model was applied in the H-L Reservoir enhanced recovery program and field practice. After 20 years’ prediction, the cumulative gas injection was about 100 Bcf, the cumulative oil production was about 15 MMBbls, the water content at the end of the period was reduced to 60%, and the degree of recovery was improved by more than 20 percentage points compared with the water drive.
The design and development model was applied in the H-Y Reservoir enhanced recovery program and field practice. After 30 years’ prediction, the cumulative condensate oil production was about 15 MMBbls, and the cumulative condensate gas production was more than 1000 Bcf. The EOR at the end of the test period was improved by over 28 percentage points compared with that of the depletion program.
The improved EOR technique of combination of gravity assisted gas drainage and pattern gas flooding is creatively applied in formation with large dip angle and small structure amplitude concurrently in this paper, and bring about a striking effect. Other technologies such as fine reservoir description, stereoscopic well pattern, perforation upward layer by layer, GAGD, et al. will also achieve jelly results. In addition, the application of CO2 GAGD - pattern flooding could converse into CCUS later, while HC- GAGD - pattern flooding could converse into gas storage later.
Digitalization as the Key Enabler to Unlock New Carbon Value Streams
Authors: Thiebaut De Kergret Malou 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As regulators and financial institutions set high expectations to transition to net zero, climate-neutral operations became a requirement today. However, many companies in the industry face challenges in measuring their emissions in an accurate, consistent, and automated way. As regulations become more stringent, calculating its carbon footprint is critical to unlock value and avoid penalties for inaccurate carbon footprint reporting. In this paper, I will share how digitalization is the foundation for effective carbon footprint management.
While every company is unique one thing remains constant; measurement is the first step towards effective carbon footprint management. To achieve the best results possible scope creep must be avoided for effectiveness. Once the key emitting processing units are selected, the main sources of emission and measurement can be identified for scopes 1 and 2. With a Fit-for-plant mindset, real-time data, and digitalization, models can be deployed to automate emission calculations. Doing so lets you effectively measure and track the carbon intensity of your intermediary and final products in real-time and provides carbon data in your daily operation management.
Through implementing this approach with customers, we have seen benefits of reducing efforts and costs related to emission data calculation and validation from 3-4weeks of effort quarterly to 0days; freeing up 1 to 2 resources to focus on value-added tasks; identifying high emitters, operational discrepancies, equipment inefficiencies, and operational improvements to reduce emission from 18,000 to 7,000 ton CO2e/year for a 150,000 bbl/day for a deep conversion refinery and to save up to 0.5% of energy consumption. Furthermore, the approach helped reduce IT overhead as emissions and energy consumption are measured, validated, consolidated and reported through one readily available tool. Lastly, the customers were able to trace the carbon intensity into their final products and leverage this for new value stream opportunities.
Digitalization is the key to making the invisible visible and manageable. To track carbon, you must know where it comes from in real-time, so it becomes actionable. Quarterly or monthly calculations based on estimated and inaccurate emission factors methodology won't be sufficient for emission accounting and capturing opportunities arising with green premium and scope 3. This whitepaper offers a new perspective on carbon footprint management and the need for an automated emission calculation system to manage emissions effectively and track carbon. This will, in turn, unlock new value stream opportunities. Lastly, this paper highlights the workforce empowerment benefits and the financial considerations of emission granularity, as inaccurate emissions calculations will have financial implications in the future.
Fracture Characterization and Evaluation Using Fault Likelihood Technology Reveals Sub-Seismic Deformation Zones and Reduces Drilling Uncertainties in Abu Dhabi Unconventional Plays, United Arab Emirates
Authors: El-Din R Mahmoud Salah , Al-Marzooqi Hassan , Al-Blooshi Abdullah , Alharthi Amena , Al-Hashmi Abdulla 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The main objective of this study is to maximize the efficiency of characterizing and evaluating naturally fractured unconventional reservoirs in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. Using routine 3D seismic interpretation methods in these highly fractured geological settings has previously led to the misinterpretation of seismic noise as fractures and potentially overlooking a great deal of sub-seismic detail. Consequently, a more advanced Fault Likelihood technology was used to overcome the challenges associated with this goal. This objective is intended to reduce drilling uncertainties, minimize the risk of drilling geohazards, and optimize hydrocarbon productivity in areas of dense natural fracture swarms.
An advanced Fault Likelihood approach was used in this study by calculating semblance across adjacent 3D seismic traces in elongated fault-like windows at different azimuthal and dip directions. The quantified semblance values are then used to locate possible faults at low semblance values between seismic traces after integration with dip and azimuthal values. A structural coherency filter was used to smooth seismic data along the main reflection dips without altering discontinuous surfaces, including possible faults. Fault Likelihood, azimuth, and dip volumes were incorporated to obtain a tracking volume.
The presence, shape, geometry, orientation, and distribution of each seismic-scale and sub-seismic fracture was possible to outline by using detailed analysis of the resulting fault likelihood volumes and visualization in the three-dimensional domain. Additionally, automatic fault extraction was applied to create more robust seismic maps of key horizons. Resultant numerous, low-uncertainty faults and fracture objects are to be used in the fault modeling workflow as part of static reservoir modeling. Results of this study are intended to be used in creating low-uncertainty, highly detailed fracture models that are of primary importance in the dual porosity nature of the unconventional reservoirs in the United Arab Emirates.
Routine manual fault interpretation is a tedious and subjective process in 3D seismic interpretation. If the subject area has many fractures and faults of various scales, structural interpretation will be very time-consuming and will not identify sub-seismic discontinuities. Therefore, automated fault interpretation and extraction is a better option. Alternative methods of routine edge-detection automated fault interpretation often give generic results that can misinterpret seismic noise as genuine geological surface discontinuities while overlooking a great deal of fracture presence and distribution. To resolve this challenge, the fault likelihood approach provides a breakthrough by improving fault attribute quality using three-dimensional seismic data.
In-Pipe Localization for Pipeline Intervention Gadgets
Authors: AlSharif Mohammed H. , Ba'adani Mohammad , Toro Frankly , Ghamdi Khalid , Zahrani Salah , Abdulmohsin Mohammed , Al-Jarro Ahmed 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The in-pipe localization is a challenging task, particularly in underground buried pipelines, due to the blockage of GPS signals and the infeasibility of installing additional sensors on the already constructed multitude of networks of pipelines. This paper proposes a novel localization system that capitalizes on the detection of welds that are regularly positioned within a pipeline, via electromagnetic sensors mounted on a traveling device inside a pipeline. The welds are present as a result of joining each pair of pipe segments, known as spools, which are manufactured of a standardized length. The localization is achieved by means of recording the timestamp whenever a weld is detected, whereby the average velocity and travelled distance of the moving device can then be determined from two consecutive readings. The estimated average velocity and travelled distance obtained from the detection of welds are combined with the acceleration and angular velocity readings obtained from an inertial measurement unit to determine the location of the travelling device. The proposed system is designed to provide higher accuracy at lower computational complexity and hardware costs when compared to other existing systems, which often require both in-pipe and out-of-pipe interactions. Furthermore, the proposed system is designed attachable to and/or integrate-able with standard pipeline intervention gadgets (PIGs), robots, or other widely used intervention and inspection tools.
Hydrogen Blending in Gas Network – A Case Study of Jubail City in Saudi Arabia
Authors: AlShammari Saud , Haq Bashirul , Alshehri Dhafer 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In recent years, Saudi Arabia's development has been blooming on many fronts. That necessitates an increase in energy demand. More than 60% of that energy generation is yielded from Natural Gas (NG). On a national scale, more than 200 million metric tons of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) is estimated from NG combustion for energy generation every year. This study will evaluate H2-NG blending network readiness in Jubail City, Saudi Arabia, to reduce CO2 emissions.
The gas network system in Jubail City is thoroughly studied to investigate the system's readiness for hydrogen blending. Different scenarios are considered to provide flexibility to adopt Hydrogen blending with the existing network without the need for any major upgrade. A gas network model of Jubail City is developed in PIPESIM-Net software to examine corrosion and erosion effects on the existing gas network with various CO2 and H2O concentrations. Furthermore, Hydrogen is introduced to the composition at different concentrations such as 5,10,15,20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90%. The model will be expanded to include all gas network components in the Kingdom.
The developed simulation model showed that the existing gas network in Jubail Industrial City could handle the target hydrogen concentration of 5 to 20 percent with no significant upgrade required. Additionally, worst-case scenarios for high water and CO2 saturation sensitivity analysis showed mild corrosion rate, with the latter causing a more noticeable corrosion rate. Also, the model showed no significant concerns for erosion, indicating that the pipelines are adequately sized. Finally, it is estimated that a 4 million metric tons reduction per year of CO2 emissions in Jubail Industrial alone that can be extrapolated to 20 million metric tons on a national scale.
This study will directly impact the global environment by evaluating Hydrogen blending readiness in Saudi Arabia, which will significantly reduce carbon emissions and support the Kingdom's mission to be carbon-neutral.