bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In vitro allergen-induced degranulation of pulmonary mast cells from horses with recurrent airway obstruction (heaves)
Authors: Hare Jonathan E. , Viel Laurent , Conlon Peter D. , Marshall Jean S. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine the capacity of pulmonary mast cells (PMC) to degranulate in response to various potential allergens and other secretagogues in horses with recurrent airway obstruction (heaves) and clinically normal horses before and after exposure to moldy hay.

Animals
5 horses with heaves and 5 clinically normal horses.

Procedures
Heaves was characterized as an increased clinical respiratory score and maximum change in transpulmonary pressure of > 20 cm H2O after exposure. Bronchoalveolar lavage was performed during each period. Washed and resuspended cells were exposed for 20 minutes at 37 C with whole reconstituted freeze-dried preparations of Aspergillus fumigatus, Alternaria tenuis, and Ambrosia elation, fungal extracts of Aspergillus fumigatus, Alternaria tenuis, and Micropolyspora faeni; A23187; and compound 48/80. Histamine release (HR) was used as a marker of degranulation.

Results
Compared with clinically normal horses, HR was significantly greater from PMC from horses with heaves during remission and exacerbation in response to whole preparations and extracts of Aspergillus fumigatus and whole preparations of Alternarla tenuis. Extracts of Alternaria tenuis caused significantly greater HR from PMC from horses with heaves during exacerbation. Histamine was also released from PMC in response to A23187 and to changes in osmolality of the medium, but only as a result of cell lysis by compound 48/80.

Conclusions
Increased degranulation of PMC after antigenic challenge may contribute to the pathogenesis of heaves in horses.

Clinical Relevance
Strategies for prevention and treatment that attenuate degranulation of PMC may assist in the clinical management of horses with heaves. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:841–847)
In vitro effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents and prostaglandins I2, E2, and F2α on contractility of taenia of the large colon of horses
Authors: Van Hoogmoed Linda , Rakestraw Peter C. , Snyder Jack R. , Harmon Faye A. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objectives
To determine the in vitro effect of various prostaglandins (PG) and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) on contractile activity of the large-colon taenia of horses.

Animals
14 healthy horses.

Procedure
The taenia was collected from the ventral colon, cut into strips (2 × 10 mm), and mounted in a tissue bath system (20-ml capacity) that contained oxygenated Krebs buffer solution warmed to 37.5 ± 0.5 C. After equilibration, incremental doses of PGE2, PGF2α, PGI2, flunixin meglumine, carprofen, ketoprofen, and phenylbutazone were added to the baths, and contractile activity was recorded. Magnitude of the response was calculated by comparing contractile activity before and after administration of the PG or NSAID to the tissue baths.

Results
PGE2 and PGF2α caused a significant increase in contractile activity, whereas PGL2 induced an inhibitory response. Activity of NSAID on contraction was predominantly inhibitory. At low concentrations, ketoprofen induced an excitatory effect, which then became inhibitory at high concentrations. Compared with the other NSAID, carprofen significantly reduced contractile activity at lower concentrations.

Conclusions
PGE2 and PGF2α appear to enhance contractility of large-colon taenia of horses, whereas PGL2 was inhibitory in the in vitro model. Administration of NSAID also inhibited contractility, with carprofen having the most potent effect.

Clinical Relevance
Administration of NSAID in combination with liberation of endogenous PG may predispose horses to development of intestinal stasis and subsequent impaction. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:1004-1009)
A polymerase chain reaction screening strategy for the promoter of the canine dystrophin gene
Authors: Schatzberg S. , Olby N. , Steingold S. , Keene B. , Atkins C. , Meurs K. , Solomon G. , Goedegebuure S. A. , Wilton S. , Sharp N. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To develop a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) strategy to screen the dystrophin promoter(s) in dogs with cardiac and skeletal myopathies.

Animals
9 Doberman Pinschers, 1 Dalmation, and 1 Saint Bernard with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM); 1 Irish Terrier with muscular dystrophy; and 2 dystrophin-deficient German Shorthaired Pointers (GSHP).

Procedure
For each of the 3 unique exons associated with the muscle (M), Purkinje (P), and cortical (C) promoters of the dystrophin gene, each first exon, and the M promoter plus its first exon, were amplified, cloned, and sequenced. The M dystrophin transcript was amplified by reverse transcriptase PCR from skeletal and cardiac muscle RNA of 1 Doberman Pinscher and from skeletal muscle RNA of 1 GSHP.

Results
The M, P and C first exons were amplified from all dogs except the 2 GSHP, which had a deletion encompassing the entire M, P, and C dystrophin promoter region. The M transcript could not be amplified from muscles of the GSHP, but was amplified from skeletal and cardiac muscle of the Doberman Pinscher. Sequencing of the product representing the M promoter and its first exon revealed no differences between clinically normal dogs and the Doberman Pinscher with DCM.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
We have ruled out a major rearrangement of the dystrophin promoter region as the universal cause of DCM in Doberman Pinschers or of Irish Terrier myopathy. Use of the strategy identified a large deletion of this region in muscle from the GSHP. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:1040-1046)
Pharmacokinetics of ibuprofen after intravenous and oral administration and assessment of safety of administration to healthy foals
Authors: Breuhaus Babetta A. , DeGraves Fred J. , Honore Erika K. , Papich Mark G. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine pharmacokinetics of ibuprofen in healthy foals and to determine clinical effects after oral administration for 6 days.

Animals
7 healthy 5- to 10-week-old foals.

Procedure
Serum concentrations of ibuprofen were measured after IV and oral (nasogastric tube) administration at dosages of 10 and 25 mg/kg of body weight. Foals were given ibuprofen (25 mg/kg, PO, q 8 h) as a paste for 6 days. Serum and urine were obtained before and after the 6-day period.

Results
Half-life of elimination (Kel t1/2) of IV-administered ibuprofen (ie, 10 and 25 mg/kg), was 79 and 108 minutes, maximal serum concentration (Cmax) was 82 and 160 μg/ml, and clearance was 0.003 and 0.002 L/kg/min, respectively. At the higher dosage, clearance was significantly lower and Cmax was significantly higher. Ibuprofen given via nasogastric tube resulted in Kel t1/2 of 81 and 100 minutes and Cmax of 22 and 52 μg/ml for 10 and 25 mg/kg, respectively. The absorption half-life was 13 minutes, and bioavailability ranged from 71 to 100%. Foals remained healthy during oral administration of ibuprofen. Serum urea nitrogen, creatinine, and l-iditol dehydrogenase values increased significantly, and γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT) activity and osmolality decreased, but all measurements remained within reference ranges. Urine GGT activity doubled. Necropsy did not reveal gross or histologic renal lesions attributable to ibuprofen. Acute gastric ulcers were evident in 1 foal, although clinical signs of ulcers were not observed.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
Ibuprofen can be given safely to healthy foals at dosages ≤ 25 mg/kg every 8 hours for up to 6 days. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:1066-1073)
Comparison of three methods for estimation of exercise-related ion losses in sweat of horses
Authors: Kingston Janene K. , McCutcheon L. Jill , Geor Raymond J. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To quantify total fluid loss in sweat of Thoroughbreds during > 3 hours of low-intensity exercise in controlled conditions and to calculate and compare estimated ion losses in sweat, according to 3 methods.

Animals
6 exercise-trained Thoroughbreds.

Procedure
Fluid and ion losses in sweat were measured in 6 horses exercising at 40% of the speed that elicited maximum oxygen consumption for 45 km. Horses were given a 15-minute rest period at the end of three 15-km exercise phases. Horses completed 2 exercise trials. Ion losses in sweat were calculated, using measurements of local sweating rate and sweat ion composition (SWT), change in net exchangeable cation content (CAT), and change in extracellular ion content (PLAS) derived from plasma total solids and ion concentrations.

Results
Measurement of SWT revealed a mean (± SEM) fluid loss in sweat during 45 km of exercise of 27.5 ± 1.6 L. Total ion loss in sweat was approximately 241 g or 7.8 mol with higher sodium losses in the second and third phases of exercise compared with the first phase. Losses of sodium and potassium calculated by SWT or CAT were not significantly different from each other, whereas losses of these ions as determined by PLAS were significantly lower.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
Calculation of ion losses from a mean whole body sweating rate extrapolated from either local sweating rate and sweat ion composition or from change in net exchangeable cation content provide similar results, whereas ion losses determined by changes in extracellular ion content derived from plasma total solids and ion concentration results in underestimation of actual losses. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:1248–1254)
Electrically elicited blink reflex in horses with trigeminal and facial nerve blocks
Authors: Anor Sonia , Espadaler Josep M. , Monreal Lluis , Pumarola Marti 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To reassess reference values for the components of the electrically induced blink reflex, document reference values for facial motor nerve conduction velocity, and demonstrate usefulness of the blink reflex as a diagnostic tool in peripheral facial and trigeminal nerve dysfunction in horses.

Animals
10 healthy adult horses (8 males, 2 females) without neurologic abnormalities.

Procedure
Blink reflex tests were performed by electrical stimulation of the supraorbital nerve and facial (auriculopalpebral) nerve. Reflex and direct muscle-evoked potentials of the orbicularis oculi muscles were recorded from concentric needle electrodes inserted bilaterally in these muscles. Supraorbital and auriculopalpebral nerve blocks were performed by lidocaine hydrochloride injections.

Results
Supraorbital nerve stimulation elicited 2 or 3 ipsilateral and 1 contralateral reflex muscle potential in the orbicularis oculi muscles. Auriculopalpebral nerve stimulation elicited a direct and a reflex potential in the ipsilateral orbicularis oculi muscle. After left supraorbital nerve block, no responses could be elicited ipsilaterally or contralaterally upon stimulation of the blocked nerve, but bilateral responses were obtained upon stimulation of the right supraorbital nerve. After right auriculopalpebral nerve block, no responses were recorded from the right orbicularis oculi muscle upon stimulation of left or right supraorbital nerves.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
Reference values for the components of the blink reflex and facial motor nerve conduction velocity will allow application of these tests to assist in the diagnosis of equine neurologic disorders involving the trigeminal and facial nerves, the brainstem, and the cranial end of the cervical segment of the spinal cord. This study reveals the usefulness of the blink reflex test in the diagnosis of peripheral trigeminal and facial nerve dysfunction in horses. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:1287–1291)
Preclinical study in cats of the pro-photosensitizer 5-aminolevulinic acid
Authors: Lucroy Michael D. , Edwards Benjamin F. , Peavy George M. , Krasieva Tatiana B. , Griffey Stephen M. , Stiles Joanna B. , Madewell Bruce R. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine whether feline cells were able to convert 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) to protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) in vivo and in vitro, whether IV administration of ALA to healthy cats resulted in adverse effects, and whether PpIX accumulated in a squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of a cat.

Animals
4 healthy adult cats and 1 adult cat with a cutaneous SCC.

Procedure
In vitro production of PpIX was determined by incubating Crandell feline kidney cells with ALA. Effects of ALA administration and in vivo production of PpIX were determined by administering ALA (100, 200, or 400 mg/kg of body weight) to healthy cats and collecting skin biopsy specimens for up to 24 hours after drug administration. Blood samples were collected for CBC and serum biochemical analyses, and necropsies were performed. Accumulation of PpIX in a SCC was determined by treating a cat with a facial SCC with ALA and collecting specimens of the tumor and adjacent grossly normal skin.

Results
Incubation of ALA with feline cells resulted in time- and dose-dependent cytoplasmic accumulation of PpIX in vitro. After IV ALA administration, PpIX was detected in all tissues examined, with the highest fluorescence intensity in epithelia and in squamous cell carcinoma. The tumor-to-skin fluorescence intensity ratio was 5. All cats developed hepatotoxicoses.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
Results from this limited number of cats suggest that ALA may be a useful photosensitizer in cats, but that doses > 100 mg/kg, IV, may not be safe. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:1364–1370)
Dimeric inhibin concentrations in mares with granulosa-theca cell tumors
Authors: Christman Shelly A. , Bailey Michael T. , Wheaton Jonathan E. , Troedsson Mats H. T. , Ababneh Mohammed M. , Santschi Elizabeth M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine whether concentrations of dimeric inhibin (αβA) are greater in plasma and tumor fluid from mares with granulosa-theca cell tumors (GTCT), compared with concentrations in plasma and equine follicular fluid (eFF) from control mares.

Animals
6 mares with GTCT and 12 clinically normal mares.

Procedure
The αβA immunoradiometric assay used 2 antibodies, one against each subunit of inhibin (α and βA subunits). Tumor tissue, tumor fluid, and a single blood sample were collected at the time of surgical removal of the GTCT. A single blood sample was collected from 7 control mares during various stages of the estrous cycle. Five other control mares were ovariectomized when their ovaries contained growing follicles of 25 to 35 mm in diameter. A blood sample and eFF from the largest follicle were collected at the time of ovariectomy.

Results
Mares with GTCT had significantly greater plasma concentrations of αβA (mean ± SEM, 0.86 ± 0.53 ng of recombinant human-αβA/ml), compared with control mares (0.14 ± 0.02 ng/ml). Concentrations of αβA in tumor fluid and eFF were similar. Concentrations of αβA were significantly lower after ovariectomy.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
Dimeric inhibin concentration was higher in plasma from mares with GTCT than in plasma from control mares. Increased granulosa cell mass and loss of mechanisms regulating αβA release in mares with GTCT likely accounted for the increase in plasma concentrations. Measurement of αβA concentrations may be useful for identifying mares with GTCT. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:1407–1410)
Hemodynamic effects of ionized calcium in horses anesthetized with halothane or isoflurane
Authors: Grubb Tamara L. , Benson Gordon J. , Foreman Jonathan H. , Constable Peter D. , Thurmon John C. , Olson William O. , Tranquilli William J. , Davis Lloyd E. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objectives
To evaluate the effects of halothane and isoflurane on cardiovascular function and serum total and ionized calcium concentrations in horses, and to determine whether administration of calcium gluconate would attenuate these effects.

Animals
6 clinically normal adult Thoroughbreds.

Procedure
Catheters were inserted for measurement of arterial blood pressures, pulmonary arterial blood pressures, right ventricular pressure (for determination of myocardial contractility), right atrial pressure, and cardiac output and for collection of arterial blood samples. Anesthesia was then induced with xylazine hydrochloride and ketamine hydrochloride and maintained with halothane or isoflurane. An IV infusion of calcium gluconate was begun 75 minutes after anesthetic induction; dosage of calcium gluconate was 0.1 mg/kg of body weight/min for the first 15 minutes, 0.2 mg/kg/min for the next 15 minutes, and 0.4 mg/kg/min for an additional 15 minutes. Data were collected before, during, and after administration of calcium gluconate.

Results
Halothane and isoflurane decreased myocardial contractility, cardiac index, and mean arterial pressure, but halothane caused greater depression than isoflurane. Calcium gluconate attenuated the anesthetic-induced depression in cardiac index, stroke index, and maximal rate of increase in right ventricular pressure when horses were anesthetized with isoflurane. When horses were anesthetized with halothane, a higher dosage of calcium gluconate was required to attenuate the depression in stroke index and maximal rate of increase in right ventricular pressure; cardiac index was not changed with calcium administration.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
IV administration of calcium gluconate may support myocardial function in horses anesthetized with isoflurane. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:1430–1435)
Pharmacokinetics of flunixin meglumine in donkeys, mules, and horses
Authors: Coakley Mariah , Peck Kenneth E. , Taylor Tex S. , Matthews Nora S. , Mealey Katrina L. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To compare serum disposition of flunixin meglumine after IV administration of a bolus to horses, donkeys, and mules.

Animals
3 clinically normal horses, 5 clinically normal donkeys, and 5 clinically normal mules.

Procedure
Blood samples were collected at time zero (before) and 5, 10, 15, 30, and 45 minutes, and at 1, 1.25, 1.5, 1.75, 2, 2.5, 2.75, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, and 8 hours after IV administration of a bolus of flunixin meglumine (1.1 mg/kg of body weight). Serum was analyzed in duplicate by the use of high-performance liquid chromatography for determination of flunixin meglumine concentrations. The serum concentration-time curve for each horse, donkey, and mule were analyzed separately to estimate noncompartmental pharmacokinetic variables

Results
Mean (± SD) area under the curve for donkeys (646 ± 148 minute • µg/ml) was significantly less than for horses (976 ± 168 minute • μg/ml) or for mules (860 ± 343 minute • µg/ml). Mean residence time for donkeys (54.6 ± 7 minutes) was significantly less than for horses (110 ± 24 minutes) or for mules (93 ± 30 minutes). Mean total body clearance for donkeys (1.78 ± 0.5 ml/kg/h) was significantly different from that for horses (1.14 ± 0.18 ml/kg/h) but not from that for mules (1.4 ± 0.5 ml/kg/h). Significant differences were not found between horses and mules for any pharmacokinetic variable.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance
Significant differences exist with regard to serum disposition of flunixin meglumine in donkeys, compared with that for horses and mules. Consequently, flunixin meglumine dosing regimens used in horses may be inappropriate for use in donkeys. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:1441–1444)
Write Like You’re Living in a Better World: Creative Writing as a Means for Building the Societies We Wish to See
Authors: Di Marco Campbell Luke Ray 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The following article explores a proposed educational programme premised on writing for utopias. Specifically, through facilitated dialogue, participants would collectively engage in creative writing as a mechanism for envisioning alternative futures grown out of divergent political ideologies or social norms to those they experience today. Participants are encouraged to question their current mentality, reflect on why society operates as it does today, and consider what changes they would want to bear witness to. The contribution outlines core concepts for the programme, whilst offering a sample twelve-session guide with suggestions on how to adapt it based on previous knowledge or the participants' ambitions. The ambition of such an undertaking is that students are supported - and support each other - to break with traditional formulaic tasks and, instead, develop their creativity and vision. Their works then serve as a starting point for further tasks predicated on critical dialogue over why they hold particular beliefs, rely on their stated visions to be utopian, and, ultimately, what steps are required to build towards the society they wish to see. The premise is non-prescriptive to enable writers to take their narratives in whichever directions they see fit - for example, whilst science fiction permits us to consider far flung futures, and fantasy enables perspectives to emerge from any source (flora, fauna, or otherwise), historical fiction enables us to revisit significant moments in time to ask what could have been had different choices been made. Throughout the submission, several literary and cinematic fiction examples are drawn upon to help demonstrate the relevant points.
Ein gesamtstaatlicher „Transformations- und Infrastrukturfonds“ zur Stabilisierung der Schuldenbremse
Authors: Hüther Michael 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
With its judgement on the federal budget, the German Federal Constitutional Court has thrown the government’s financial planning into disarray. Important public investments are at stake, as the debt brake sets tight limits for the treasury and debt-financed shadow budgets. But the green transition requires public investment as the time horizons are short and the investment risk for technologies and international competition is high. A transformation and infrastructure fund (TIF) anchored in the constitution, combined with planning accelerations should be established in order to finance government investments while at the same time leaving the debt brake in the core budget untouched.
Processes
Authors: Leal João , Munck Petersen Rikke 
Published: January 2024

There is a big gap between the abstraction of an idea and its concrete implementation. This gap is filled with processes that imply the taking of actions to help achieve a tangible result, and there is a myriad of ways these actions can follow through. Photographic and filmic methodologies shape work through the processes of doing informed by gestures in the photographic and filmic operations on site and in the later editing phase1 by which an understanding is changed into a story, an idea in a final visual and/or sequential form.
The need for good ideas due to the growing challenges presented by climate changes, imposes serious thinking around actual ways of doing relevant contributions to help ‘heal a broken world’. Photographic and filmic work processes can support that purpose embedding specific site experience methodologies open to the passage of time and the changes it encompasses associated with the landscape we have inherited. Exploring a place or a landscape and working with what is found through movement: walking, driving, flying, the editing of footage, the study of photographs, films, or selected material, reveal changes to specific landscapes and possible readings, interpretations, and understandings of those changes. Such actions and processes have a long tradition in artistic practices transecting land art, landscape architecture and environmental studies.2
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