bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Split Signals
Authors: Mickiewicz Ellen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Television has changed drastically in the Soviet Union over the last three decades. In 1960, only five percent of the population had access to TV, but now the viewing population has reached near total saturation. Today's main source of information in the USSR, television has become Mikhail Gorbachev's most powerful instrument for paving the way for major reform. Containing a wealth of interviews with major Soviet and American media figures and fascinating descriptions of Soviet TV shows, Ellen Mickiewicz's wide-ranging, vividly written volume compares over one hundred hours of Soviet and American television, covering programs broadcast during both the Chernenko and Gorbachev governments. Mickiewicz describes the enormous significance and popularity of news programs and discusses how Soviet journalists work in the United States. Offering a fascinating depiction of the world seen on Soviet TV, she also explores the changes in programming that have occurred as a result of glasnost.
From Adversariness to Resolution: Lawyers, Clients, and the World of Deals
Authors: Sarat Austin , Felstiner William L F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we examine the way meanings are constructed and power is exercised as lawyer and client assess the strategies and tactics necessary to move from contention to the resolution of the divorce. Given the portrait of the legal process described in Chapter 4, lawyers and their clients must confront the question of how divorce disputes should be managed. This concern is central in most of the cases that we observed, and it is an issue that may recur as lawyer and client discuss each of the major issues in a divorce case. Generally the question is whether the client should attempt to negotiate a settlement or insist on resolution by a judge. This question is sometimes posed issue by issue and sometimes across many issues.
Robert E. Speer and the Board of Foreign Missions
Authors: Longfield Bradley J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Even as Machen was fighting desperately to preserve the “old Princeton” in the spring of 1929, he was gearing up for combat with Robert E. Speer, senior secretary of the Board of Foreign Missions, over the orthodoxy of the board. Machen had long held suspicions about the faithfulness of many missionaries sent out by the board but, at least until the middle of the 1920s, had been able to support this enterprise. In a 1925 letter he allowed, “It is not now contrary to my conscience to give to our Foreign Board, though I cannot say that I give with much enthusiasm.” By 1929 his distrust of the board and of Speer had intensified to such a degree that he composed an essay entitled, “Can Evangelical Christians Support Our Foreign Board?” and sent it to Speer for his examination and comment.
Words and Praxis
Authors: Burton-Christie Douglas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two constantly recurring questions found in the Sayings remind us of the inextricable bonds that connected words and praxis for the desert monks. The first—“Abba, give me a word”—is more of a plea than a question, but nevertheless implies a multitude of questions. The other—“Abba, what should I do?” —reveals the concrete and practical character of the monks’ concerns and complements the first. Together, these two questions provide an entree into a world characterized by an extraordinary sensitivity to words and their effects, both those of Scripture and those of the elders. Those who came to the elders seeking “a word” did so not because they wanted or needed an extended spiritual discourse. They sought instead to have their very particular needs and concerns addressed by direct, immediate words of salvation, power, truth, assurance, and even tenderness. “The answers were not intended to be general, universal prescriptions. Rather, they were originally concrete and precise keys to particular doors that had to be entered, at a given time, by given individuals. They had a practical and existential quality.” The elders themselves made it abundantly clear that these words were spoken only for the sake of being taken up and integrated into the hearts, minds, and actions of those who received them. Therefore, the question of how to realize or fulfill the meaning of these words became one of the paramount concerns of the desert. The concern for words of salvation and how to bring them to realization are the primary elements necessary for understanding how the culture of the Word was formed in the desert.
The Humble Way of Christ
Authors: Burton-Christie Douglas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“First of all, the monk must gain humility; for it is the first commandment of the Lord who said: ‘Blessed are the poor in spirit, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven (Mt 5:3).’ ”1 This saying of Abba John of Thebes expresses well the significance this beatitude had in the imagination of the desert fathers. Humility was the starting point for the desert monks, both because it was the first commandment and because they knew that without the self-emptying which humility implied, the treasures for which they had come to the desert would forever elude them. The Sayings is filled with questions about the meaning of humility and about how to acquire and cultivate it: its importance was equalled only by its elusiveness. The monks’ questions about humility focused on and drew upon various words of Scripture and in particular the witness of Christ. In pursuing humility, they were attempting to realize in their own lives the call to self-emptying exemplified in the words and witness of Jesus.
Preparations For Travel: Naipaul’s Conradian Atavism
Authors: Nixon Rob 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Emotionally and culturally, Naipaul’s childhood had prepared him for a Victorian Britain that had long since passed. He never fully recovered from that chimera. Thus, when he speaks of being educated toward the Old World, the epithet Old takes on a particular resonance: Coming from a place like Trinidad, which I always felt existed on the edge of the world, far away from everything else, not only physically but also in terms of culture, I felt that I had to try very hard to rejoin the Old World. In his symptomatic phrasing, “rejoin” testifies to the ease with which he confuses the feeling that he ought to have belonged to the Old World with the illusion that he once did. And in fantasy, his bond is not to Every detail of behaviour is regulated-the bowels to be cleared before breakfast and never after, for instance, the left hand and not the right to be used for intimate sexual contact, and so on. Relationships are codified. Here Naipaul the moody traveler is withheld from view and Indian cultural practices are brought center-stage. He comes closer to a style of ethnography: the language is unemotive, diagnostic, nonnarrative, and he strives to sound formal and impartial.
African-American Muslim Women
Authors: McCloud Beverly Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most scholars writing about Islam in the African-American Muslim community have focused their efforts on the examination of the teachings of the Nation of Islam.1 In particular, their interest seems to have centered on a critique of the Nation’s philosophy concerning the origin of the Caucasian race, a preoccupation of non-Muslim as well as Muslim writers.2 This obsession with the teachings about race has led to two major lacunae in our understanding of the dynamics of Islam in society. First, we have relatively little informed data about the growth and development of an equally large Islamic population outside the Nation of Islam, that of the Sunni African Americans who have been active in the major urban areas of the United States since the first quarter of this century. Second, there is no analytical writing about the role of women in the African-American Muslim community, including the Nation of Islam.
Direct Cinema and the Myth of Informed Consent: The Case of Titicut Follies
Authors: Anderson Carolyn , Benson Thomas W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As an amalgam of art, journalism, and social science, the direct cinema documentary can make strong claims to artistic license, First Amendment protection, and the autonomy of observational research, but it also shares the ethical dilemmas of these three fields. Thus, recent discussions of the uses, and abuses, of human subjects in art, news, and scientific inquiry become germane when considering the ethical boundaries of documentary film. Even for the most scrupulous documentary film-maker and the most knowledgeable subject, the unstaged, relatively unobtrusive procedures of direct cinema filming and the generally inductive method of editing place unusual burdens on film-makers and subjects who subscribe to notions of informed consent.
Perspectives on the Television Arab
Authors: Shaheen Jack g. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many of our perceptions of the world--Of people, issues and eventscome not from direct experience, but from second-hand information. Such information, Walter Lippmann observed, forms a large portion of our ideas-ideas that create long-lasting “pictures in our heads.” This information causes us to view people in particularly limiting ways, as mere stereotypes.
Out of South Africa: The Gods Must Be Crazy
Authors: Volkman Toby Alice 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1981 an obscure South African film opened in movie theatres in half a dozen U.S. cities and closed soon afterward without a ripple. In Europe, Japan, and South America, however, The Gods Must Be Crazy created major waves. Perhaps inspired by its international success, 20th Century-Fox acquired the film and opened it in New York in the spring of 1984. Since then, Gods has become a raging success in North America. In less than one year it grossed $1 mil1ion at New York’s 68th Street Playhouse, with minimal advertising. Nor is it just a New York phenomenon: it has played continuously in cities throughout the country, and remains, according to 20th Century-Fox, “hard as nails.” Internationally, it has earned more than $90 million since 1981, including $40 million in Japan alone. The film has inspired rave reviews, picket lines, and a protest resolution at the 1984 meetings of the American Anthropological Association.
The Japanese Warrior Adopts Zen
Authors: King Winston L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Zen Buddhism first became an important factor in the training and life of the Japanese warrior class in the thirteenth century. During the late-twelfth-century struggle of the Genji and Heike clans, Jōdo (Pure Land) Buddhism—in which Amida and his infinite mercy and forgiveness were paramount—was perhaps the soldier’s favorite religious loyalty, especially in the hour of death. But with the coming of the Hōjō regency to power, Zen Buddhism increasingly took the leading role.
“Bring Her Home”: Louise Erdrich
Authors: Lincoln Kenneth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Indi’n humor breathes life into a native legacy of dispossession that would mute survival. “Humor is a primary means of reconciling the tradition of continuance, bonding, and celebration with the stark facts of racial destruction,” Paula Allen sees in The Sacred Hoop. Intertribal jokes bond clans against outsiders, as they humanize cross-cultural lines of defense. Comedy opens exchange with “others”; it softens battle lines toward some measure of tolerance, if not intercultural trade. Laughter in these charged circumstances spills across cultural boundaries, opens ethnic blockages, and reconfirms tribal pride to counter xenophobic fear. A people’s humor can both focus and release tension—a way of “economizing” the psyche’s suffering, Freud contends, and relieving the ego’s defensive need to control. Hence Indi’n humor draws the people together tribally, drives out an ethnocentric aggressor, and redirects expectations toward a more collaborative future.
The Psychopathology of Religion: European Historical Perspectives
Authors: Betzen Jacob A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nearly inextricable with human culture, religion has woven itself into the very existence of the human being throughout a long and complex history. As such, a culture theory can only abstractly distinguish religion as an “ideological system” from techno-economics, social structure, and individual personality (Kaplan & Manners, 1972). Everywhere and in multivarious forms, religion reveals itself in the histories of cultures. It has inspired the highest and the best in people. On our travels we admire temples and cathedrals. In concert halls we enjoy the compositions of religious themes, and in museums we devote ourselves to so-called religious art. At the same time, however, the history of religion has been a sad tale wherein it has constituted, legitimized, and enforced inequitable relations in the spheres of labor and society. Whereas religion has at times promoted people’s best, it has also defamed and oppressed people, and it has persecuted other-believers and nonbelievers.
Religion and Self-Actualization
Authors: Tamney Joseph B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the l 960s self-actualization has been a popular symbol for people critical of established culture. The works of Abraham Maslow remain readily available, and it is these books more than anything else that has shaped the understanding of self-actualization. Given the countercultural context for the championing of this personal ideal, it is not surprising that researchers have tended to assume that established religion is inimical to self-actualization.
Religion, N euroticism, and Psychoticism
Authors: Francis Leslie J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Attempts to synthesize the findings of research concerned with the relationship between religion and mental health confront three fundamental problems. Two of these problems involve definition of the central constructs “religion” and “mental health.” The third is concerned with the methodology of demonstrating a relationship between such constructs. Concluding their review of the area, Spilka and Werme (197 l) argued that studies locating mental health within a dimensional model of personality might offer a new and potentially fruitful approach to the question. Two decades later their suggestion still remains inadequately explored. Therefore, the present chapter explores, from theoretical and empirical perspectives, a possible reconceptualization of both mental illness and religiosity as continuous (rather than discrete) variables. Such a reconceptualization places the question about the relationship between religion and mental illness within the context of a psychometric equation, amenable to analysis by means of multiple correlational techniques, analogous to other psychometric equations.
Religion and Mental Health in Early Life
Authors: Shafranske Edward P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Religion is both a personal enterprise and a cultural institution through which people are initiated into a sense of purpose and place within the social and ontological universes. Religion provides a language that captures, within the limits of discourse, an individual’s apprehension of the meaningfulness and, at times, the anomie that existence presents. As Erikson (1962/1958) noted, religion “elaborates on what feels profoundly true even though it is not demonstrable: it translates into significant words, images, and codes the exceeding darkness which surrounds man’s existence, and the light which pervades it beyond all discrete comprehension” (p. 21). Religion informs the individual of the moral values, and prescribed behaviors which will sustain fruitful participation within family, neighborhood, and society. Religion holds an integral role in the fabric of the culture and in the individual life of the person. Religion provides a cultural “binding,” as its etymology suggests, to the realm of personal meaning and human relations. Embedded within the weave of culture, religion appears for some as a predominant strand, and, for others, as a nearly unnoticeable thread in the course of their life. Religion, as a preeminent institutional force, shaping fundamental beliefs and behaviors, whether explicitly or implicitly, has import as a factor in the psychological functioning of the individual. In light of this observation, it is suggested that religion plays a significant role in mental health. This chapter examines the role of religion in mental health with an eye toward its seminal influence within the early life of the person. It presents a theoretical model through which the religious life of children may be apprehended as relevant to their development in toto, and as a staging arena upon which mature faith takes root. We will examine those processes, falling within the rubric of “religious,” which contain the potential to affirm and to support the mental health of children.
Biblical Narrative and Modern Consciousness
Authors: Schneidau Herbert N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first point I want to make is one that is implicit in much else in this volume: that narrative is of the essence, if one may use the term, of the Bible, it is not merely a vehicle or adjunct or epipheomenon. This point needs emphasis because it tends to be eclipsed by the assumption that the Bible consists of a set of doctrinal propositions, with illustrative stories: of all the idees refues about the Bible, this one is surely the most stultifying. Probably most of those who read the Bible, speaking statistically, do so to find doctrinal guidance, or to buttress already fixed precepts. Yet this exercise effaces the historical character, and hinders recognition of some important consequences of that. The framers of the Pentateuchal laws were wiser, who put them all into a narrative framework, and thus showed that they recognized what they had in hand.
Even theologians whose interest is primarily in doctrinal questions can recognize the danger of treating the narratives as merely instrumental. James Barr poses for himself the question of why the Bible was for believers so “unquestionedly central, so inevitable and necessary, so sufficient and so authoritative?” And the answer, he says, “lies in the literary character of the Bible ... [for it] is not in itself a work of doctrine or theology.’’
Introduction
Authors: Marsden George M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is about how and why pace-setting American universities are defined as they are. Particularly it is concerned with how and why they are defined with respect to religion. These two questions are closely connected since those who originally set the standards for American universities in the late nineteenth century were shaped by their strongly Protestant heritage. Most of the first generation of university builders were active Protestants and many were ardent believers. Even if they gave up the particulars of the evangelicalism of their mentors’ generation, they retained a dedication to liberal Christianity. Through the second and third generations of the evolution of American universities, until the early 1960s, almost all the leaders of the pace-setting institutions were of Protestant stock, had outlooks shaped by a Protestant ethos, and on occasion would honor their Christian heritage. In the late nineteenth century, when American universities took their shape, the Protestantism of the major northern denominations acted as a virtual religious and cultural establishment. This establishmentarian outlook was manifested in American universities, which were the first half of the twentieth century built impressive chapels signaling their respect for their Christian heritages. As late as the 1950s it was not unusual for spokespersons of leading schools to refer to them as “Christian” institutions. Such vestiges of the Protestant establishment are significant not simply
California: Revolution without Much Ideology
Authors: Marsden George M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rather than warfare, the typical motif in the transition from the old-time colleges to the new universities was peaceful revolution. Few of the old guard were willing to take a stand, as Porter did, that would risk looking sectarian. On the other side, most of the revolutionaries were sons of the evangelical college tradition and wished to emphasize that they were the true heirs to its ideals. While they were well aware of a need for a break from the past, they also saw continuity between the old colleges and the new universities. Nowhere were such continuities suggested in a more intriguing way than in the origins of the University of California out of the College of California. On October 9, 1867, the trustees of the College of California, a private college, voted to cede all its assets to the proposed new state university. The College of California, which had opened its doors in Oakland in 1860, was a typically New England enterprise, conducted by New School Presbyterians and Congregationalists, aspiring to establish the “Yale of the West.” Although the college was struggling and had few students, it was not entirely impoverished. Its most valuable tangible asset, which it donated to the state, was a magnificent tract of land in a nearby area that the college leaders had named Berkeley.
Making the World Safe from the Traditionalist Establishment
Authors: Marsden George M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recognition of the commonalities shared by leading American Protestant educators in their assumptions that they should shape a unified national culture sets the stage for understanding Princeton during the very different administrations of Francis Patton (1888-1902) and Woodrow Wilson (1902-1910). Patton was every bit as triumphalistic as his friend Benjamin Warfield. “If Calvinism is true, Arminianism is false,” Patton declared a few years before becoming president of the college. “If the Baptists are right Paedobaptists are wrong. The positions ... being contradictory, we are shut up to one or the other of them....Believing in Calvinism, we believe that if Christendom shall ever have a unanimous faith, it will be a Calvinistic faith, which was the faith of Augustine, which was the faith of Paul.”1One might well find it incredible that during the 1890s a respected American university would have a president who held such views.2 It is less remarkable when one remembers, however, that Patton made a clear distinction between what was appropriate for the church and what was appropriate for the college, which, despite control by Presbyterian trustees, was not an agency of the church.