bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Philosophers: Clarifying the Concepts
Authors: Jonsen Albert R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“In the early days,” recalls Dan Callahan, “the theologians were a powerful force. They were articulate and had thought much about the problems . . . but philosophers, who had started to realize that philosophy should have something to say about real life, brought a different set of concepts and strategies, a different vocabulary than theological ethics.” The theologians had discovered that the concepts and vocabulary imported from their traditions required translation for bioethical debates. The philosophers had an even more difficult task: they were compelled to move beyond their training to speak cogently in the bioethical debates. The philosophers who came into bioethics had been trained in the philosophical idiom of the 1950s. That idiom was not congenial to the kind of analysis that the new questions seemed to require-an analysis that could facilitate practical decisions and contribute to policy. Those who made the transition from academic philosophy to bioethics had to venture from their disciplinary home without losing touch with its intellectual heritage. This chapter traces that heritage from its beginnings in Western philosophy through a characteristic American version during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries and ends in the academic departments of the 1950s and 1960s. We shall then introduce some of the persons who applied their philosophical training and acumen to the questions of the new medicine and biology.
Acute, High-Risk Patients: The Case of Transplantation
Authors: Arnold Robert M , Shaw Byers W , Purtilo Ruth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Acute, high-risk surgery involves operations on patients who often face a significant risk of morbidity and mortality without surgery, but for whom surgery itself involves significant risk of morbidity and mortality. Indeed, nonsurgical management may clearly involve higher risk than surgical management, making surgical management seem an obvious choice. Thus, at first glance, the informed consent process for surgery for these patients seems straightforward. Information should be provided to the patient, as described in Chapter 2, and a recommendation for surgery made. On closer examination, matters are not quite so straightforward. High-risk surgery requires patients to balance a better long-term survival against a significant short-term risk of mortality and morbidity. Informing patients of the various operative and nonoperative statistics is thus critically important. What and how much information to give will be discussed in this chapter. Institutional and economic changes in the way surgery is practiced raise new issues for the consent process.
Surgery and Other Medical Specialties
Authors: Jecker Nancy S , Allen Margaret D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ethics of relationships among surgeons and other medical specialists is fraught with potential ethical conflicts. As referral specialists, surgeons some times find themselves at the center of a tangled web of relationships, composed of multiple medical specialists with overlapping and competing authority, responsibility, and interests. Potential for ethical chaos within these relationships is hardly new; it is apparent both in traditional, fee-for-service and newer, managed care settings (see Chapters 17, 18, and 19). In this chapter, we identify and address ethical issues that arise in relationships among surgeons and medical specialists, particularly referring physicians. Typically, the referral process functions remarkably well and ethical conflict is avoided. Colleagues properly work up and refer patients, obtain the patient’s consent to perform surgery, and at the appropriate juncture the surgeon returns the patient’s care to the referring physician. Occasionally, these stable referral patterns become disrupted and conflicts arise. For example, a surgeon functioning ,vithin a multispecialty team may disagree with a referring physician regarding a patient’s diagnosis and whether or not surgery is medically indicated for the patient’s-now corrected-diagnosis. Surgeons working as part of multi specialty teams must tread carefully to maintain collegial relationships.
Introduction
Authors: McKim Robert , McMahan Jeff 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is incontestable that the resurgence of nationalist sentiment in many areas of the world is one of the most important and least anticipated phenomena of contemporary international politics. People are increasingly conscious of their national identities; they are rediscovering their national histories, pressing for recognition of their distinctness, and making various demands under the banner of national self-determination—for example, demands for the preservation of their cultures and languages, for the right to educate their children in the ways of their ancestors, and often for independent statehood, sometimes with accompanying demands for the expulsion of outsiders from what is regarded as the national homeland.
Democracy and Communal Self-Determination
Authors: Copp David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The standard issues in political philosophy take the division of the world into political units as given. For example, the question whether there is an obligation to obey the law assumes that a state is given and asks whether there is an obligation to obey its laws. Similar things could be said about the questions: What would a just state be like, and what is the appropriate form of government? The standard issues are concerned with moral constraints on the state. I believe that there are also moral constraints on the division of the political world into states. In this essay, I want to pursue the issue of what these constraints are. I call this issue “the problem of political division:’ A natural model to have in mind is one in which stateless people coalesce into groups that then decide to form states. This state-of-nature model cannot deal adequately with some of the most interesting dimensions of the problem, however, which arise after a division into states already exists. In this essay, I focus on whether there are any kinds of groups that have a right to secede from the states that govern them. I believe it is useful to consider this question in the context of the larger problem of political division.
Small Ternary
Authors: Caplin William E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The small ternary is one of the most important forms in all of classical instrumental music. As a theme-type in its own right, the small ternary can constitute the main theme of any full-movement form (sonata, rondo, concerto, etc.). The theme of most theme and variations movements is built as a small ternary. And the form, at times highly modified, can make up all three sections of the slow-movement large ternary form, as well as an interior theme of a rondo form. In addition to functioning as an individual thematic unit, the small ternary can replicate the basic formal and tonal plan found in the full-movement minuet and sonata forms. Thus, more than any other theme-type, the small ternary raises issues of musical form that transcend the scope of simple thematic organization.
Rondo Forms
Authors: Caplin William E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All rondo forms in Western art music display a basic pattern of formal organization. A principal thematic idea-the “rondo theme” or “refrain”-alternates regularly with two or more contrasting passages, termed “couplets: ‘ “episodes: ‘ or “digressions? ‘ Letters of the alphabet traditionally describe a variety of rondo forms, such as ABACA, ABACADA, ABACABA (where ‘ ‘A” stands for the refrain, and the remaining letters, for couplets of differing material). In the classical era, however, most rondos can be situated in one of two main categories-the five-part rondo (ABACA) and the sonata-rondo (ABACABA). Variants of each type create a number of other formal designs (e.g., ABACADA, ABACBA).
Visual Data
Authors: Vision Gerald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Let us tum our attention to the form of visual objects, a topic that also falls un der that of the logical form of perception sentences. Many kinds of phrases follow ing forms of the verbs ‘to see’ and ‘to perceive’ (and their translations) give syntactically acceptable objects, but two in particular concern us. The first is the propositional clause, an independently evaluable proposition, usually, though not invariably, preceded by ‘that.’ (Indeed, we can call this construction ‘seeing that.’) Its significance for us is to express something sentential in structure. Al though I am employing the term of art ‘proposition,’ the classical importance of this form is that visual contents have the snytactical complexity of sentences. The other form is the direct-object noun phrase, coming closest to signifying what commonsensically might be regarded as a thing or entity (but including scenes, events, and items of unbounded complexity). We may call the first specification propositional, the second objectual. 1 An example of the former is “Daphne sees that a bird is in the nest”; an example of the latter, “Daphne sees a bird.” As will soon be made manifest, these constructions permit different sorts of implications, thereby lending themselves to quite distinct philosophical theories about perception. There are a number of other constructions, some of which will also concern us to a lesser degree, but the central issues of this chapter play off the two just noted.
Deviant Causal Chains
Authors: Vision Gerald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Let’s chart our progress on the causal theory. A first principle, (C), to the effect that o is seen by S only if it is a cause of S’s perceptual episode, has been established, and various considerations for allegiance to a direct-realist version have been adduced. Chapter 4 makes it clear that whatever else is accomplished, we had better be able to deal with objectual seeing. Now let’s jump ahead to the problem of the next chapter. Suppose it had been shown that o had a distinctive causal mark, one that makes manifest why it, out of a multitude of causal factors, is the thing seen. Would there still be serious problems to bedevil CTP? No doubt, there are other delicate questions to be raised about visual perception.
A Hierarchy of Cells: The Definition of Brain Death
Authors: Clark William R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Let us turn once again to our patient, who we left in the back of an ambulance speeding toward a hospital emergency room. The paramedics continued to provide oxygen and to monitor his vital functions closely during the ride. Fortunately the morning traffic was still light; they reached the hospital in just under five minutes. When he was brought into the ER, he was still unconscious. His heart was beating regularly, but more slowly than it should. His breathing appeared relatively normal.
Metaphilosophy and Free Will
Authors: Double Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Why is debate over the free will problem so intractable? In this broad and stimulating look at the philosophical enterprise, Richard Double uses the free will controversy to build on the subjectivist conclusion he developed in The Non-Reality of Free Will (OUP 1991). Double argues that various views about free will--e.g., compatibilism, incompatibilism, and even subjectivism--are compelling if, and only if, we adopt supporting metaphilosophical views. Because metaphilosophical considerations are not provable, we cannot show any free will theory to be most reasonable. Metaphilosophy and Free Will deconstructs the free will problem and, by example, challenges philosophers in other areas to show how their philosophical argumentation can succeed.
Introduction
Authors: Double Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There cannot be any such thing as free will, and there cannot be any such thing as moral responsibility either. Determinism has nothing to do with it, because the difficulty lies solely in the ideas of free will and moral responsibility. Our proclaiming choices to be free and persons to be morally responsible for their choices can be nothing more than our venting of non-truth-valued attitudes, none of which is ‘more correct’ or ‘more rational’ than competing attitudes about choices and persons. Nihilism regarding attitudes defeats all theories that hold that free will and moral responsibility are coherent, objective concepts. This is the view that I believe is true, the view that I argue for in the second part of this book, and argued for in The Non-Reality of Free Will (Double, 1991B). I have come to believe, however, that on grounds of logical consistency the subjectivist variety of free will non-realism that I think is true cannot support itself in a decisive way.
Metaphilosophies
Authors: Double Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, I explicate my notion of a metaphilosophy and illustrate the differences in metaphilosophies that I claim make the free will problem unsolvable. In section 1, I place the question of metaphilosophy within the broader context of asking for the purposes of human activities in general. In section 2, I show that our view of philosophy influences, but does not determine, our metaphilosophy. Section 3 elaborates four metaphilosophies that I call Philosophy as Conversation, Philosophy as Praxis, Philosophy as Underpinnings, and Philosophy as Worldview Construction. Section 4 shows how having a metaphilosophy can be helpful in philosophical debate. Section 5 shows why metaphilosophies cannot be proven. Section 6 anticipates three objections to the thesis of the previous section.
A human activity is for whatever we want it to be for. This reflects not only the truism that practical reason depends on our desires as well as our beliefs but also the Sartrean fact that we give ourselves our own purposes. Given the number of desires we have, we perform activities for indefinitely many goals. Even a rarified intellectual activity such as science, art, or philosophy can be done for many goals: pleasure, the exercise of creativity, spiritual consolation, intellectual stimulation, the pursuit of truth, artistic expression, the attempt to gain insight into human nature, venting one’s spleen, or galvanizing others to moral action, as well as the more mundane aims, such as gaining money or fame.
Free Will is a Moral Concept
Authors: Double Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I argue that when we add free to the psychological words choice and will, the result is a moral concept. If free choice is moral and if there are no objective moral truths, then there are no objective truths about free will. I do not argue for the moral non-realist premise, although I have done so (Double, 1991B, chapter 7) and others have given what I think are highly persuasive arguments (Hume; Williams, 1973 and 1981; Mackie, 1977; Harman, 1977; Blackbum, 1984). Within the framework of this book I do not need to argue for moral non-realism, because part II presupposes Philosophy as Continuous with Science and the intermediate principles that go along with it. Given those premises, it will be enough for my purposes if I can show that free choice is moral. In chapter 9 I reinforce the argument of this chapter and go a step further. There I argue that if we accept the Humean principle that moral conclusions cannot be derived from non-moral premises, we can show both that free choice is a moral notion and that ascriptions of free choice cannot be true.
Conclusion
Authors: Double Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this book I have examined the connection between metaphilosophy and one specific philosophical problem. Regarding that problem, I think that the most-likely-to-be-true picture of what exists contains neither free choices nor moral responsibility, irrespective of whether human choices are determined. I think that my subjectivist variety of non-realism, assuming the metaphilosophy and intermediate-level principles that I accept, is more plausible than any of the familiar free will theories. But subjectivist non-realism by its own lights cannot support itself decisively. This is due to the evaluative nature of metaphilosophies and the role that metaphilosophies play in the justification of free will theories.
Even if we reject subjectivism, we cannot show any free will theory to be more plausible than the rest. The plausibility of any free will theory depends on the adoption of a supporting metaphilosophy and intermediate-level principles and the avoidance of meta-level views that would undermine it. The ‘right’ metaphilosophy can make a free will theory, and the ‘wrong’ one can break it.
Descartes: Conqueror of Scepticism
Authors: Popkin Richard H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In René Descartes’ reply to the objections of Father Pierre Bourdin, he announced that he was the first of all men to overthrow the doubts of the sceptics. More than a century later, one of his admirers said, “Before Descartes, there had been Sceptics, but who were only Sceptics. Descartes taught his age the art of making Scepticism give birth to philosophical Certainty.” This picture of Descartes’ role as an opponent of the nouveau pyrrhonisme, and of his philosophy as a new dogmatism issuing from the abysses of the doubts of his sceptical contemporaries, has received scant attention in the vast literature concerning the origins and characteristics of Cartesianism. Although the traditional interpretation of Descartes saw him as the scientific enemy of Scholasticism and orthodoxy fighting to found a new era of intellectual freedom and adventure, this is gradually giving way to a more conservative interpretation of Descartes as a man who tried to reinstate the medieval outlook in the face of Renaissance novelty, and a thinker who sought to discover a philosophy adequate for the Christian worldview in light of the scientific revolution of the seventeenth century.
Political and Practical Answers to Scepticism
Authors: Popkin Richard H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Turning from the religious and spiritual ways of dealing with scepticism to a more mundane effort that was offered in the seventeenth century, I shall look at the political solution offered by Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679).
Hobbes was born in 1588 on the day of the Spanish Armada sea battle. He
went to Oxford and then became a tutor to the earl of Devonshire and stayed on as a functionary for the family. Hobbes spent many years in Paris—1629–31, 1634, 1637, and 1640–51—and spent a great deal of his time, when most of his books were written, as a central member in the circle of Mersenne and Gassendi. He also came to know Guy Patin, one of the libertins érudits, who became his personal physician later on. During this period in Paris, he learned much about the New Science and made a trip to visit Galileo. Back in England, he was involved with the moderate leadership of the Anglican Church.
Remodeling The Model Home In Uncle Tom’s Cabin And Beloved
Authors: Askeland Lori 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Within the lables “structuralism” and “poststructuralism” resides an architectural view of language and meaning. Even when such views are deconstructive ones, building and dwelling metaphors inevitably inhabit these critical discourses-as it simultaneously becomes more difficult to establish clear boundaries and build firm walls. Thus, not surprisingly, the critical theories being debated and reworked in English departments also wormed their ways into the walls and offices of architecture departments. Amos Rapoport, for example, became one of the founders of environment-behavior studies during the 1960s and 1970s, helping to broaden the study of architecture to include “vernacular” (or “folk”) architecture as well as the canon of buildings designed and conceived by professional architects. Rapoport finds that as social and cultural institutions buildings are related to language because “both express the cognitive process of making distinctions, reflecting the tendency of the human mind to impose an order on the world through schemata and naming.” He insists that “[o]ne can, therefore, look at built environments as physical expressions of schemata and cognitive domains: environments are thou3ht before they are built.”
Between Presence And Absence Beloved, Postmodernism, And Blackness
Authors: Perez-Torres Rafael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Heney Louis gates jr., has famously discussed a central dilemma of black literature: its presence marks as well an absence because “black” has in Western European discourse long signified “blank.” The problem a black author finds in articulating black identity, Gates argues, “can perhaps be usefully stated in the irony implicit in the attempt to posit a ‘black self’ in the very Western languages in which blackness itself is a figure of absence, a negation. Ethnocentrism and ‘logocentrism’ are profoundly interrelated in Western discourse as old as the Phaedrus of Plato, in which one finds one of the earliest figures of blackness, a figure of negation” (7).
Justifying the Environmentalist Agenda
Authors: Varner Gary E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My View can fairly be characterized as anthropocentric, at least in one sense. As I use the terms, a view is valuationally anthropocentric just in case it involves attribution of intrinsic value only to human beings, and a view is axiologically anthropocentric if its principles favor at least some human interests when these are in conflict with the interests of nonhumans. My view is not valuationally anthropocentric, because it involves attribution of intrinsic value to the satisfaction of every interest of every living thing, whatever its species. However, my view can fairly be described as axiologically anthropocentric, for principle P2’ is that the satisfaction of a ground project creates more value than the satisfaction of any other kind of interest, and I am willing to admit that only human beings have ground projects. And, because I embrace no aggregative principle of obligation, my view provides no way of arguing that a human being’s ground project ought to be doomed despite the fact that, considered in isolation, its satisfaction creates preeminent value. That is, in the axiology of my view (the principles I defend in chapter 4), pride of place is given to certain interests that only humans have.
A Casebook For Spatial Statistical Data Analysis
Authors: Griffith Daniel A , Layne Larry J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This volume compiles geostatistical and spatial autoregressive data analyses involving georeferenced socioeconomic, natural resources, agricultural, pollution, and epidemiological variables. Benchmark analyses are followed by analyses of readily available data sets, emphasizing parallels between geostatistical and spatial autoregressive findings. Both SAS and SPSS code are presented for implementation purposes. This informative casebook will serve geographers, regional scientists, applied spatial statisticians, and spatial scientists from across disciplines.