bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The immunophilin‐ligands FK506 and V‐10,367 mediate neuroprotection by the heat shock response
Authors: Klettner Alexa , Herdegen Thomas 
Published: March 2003

The macrolid FK506 is widely used in transplantation to suppress allograft rejection. FK506 and its derivatives are powerful neuroprotective molecules, but the underlying mechanisms remain to be resolved. We have previously shown that the FK506 mediated neuroprotection against oxygen radicals is independent of the inhibition of calcineurin but depends on de novo protein synthesis.
Here, we have shown that FK506 mediates protection against H2O2, UV‐light or thapsigargin in neuronal cell lines, but not in non‐neuronal cells such as R3T3 fibroblasts. We compared in detail the effect of FK506 on apoptotic features in PC12 cells after H2O2 with V‐10,367 which binds to FKBPs but does not inhibit calcineurin. Both molecules exert the same neuroprotective effect after H2O2 stimulation. FK506, but not V‐10,367, inhibited the cytochrome c release out of the mitochondria and the caspase 3 activation, while both molecules inhibited the cleavage of Poly‐(ADP‐ribose)‐polymerase (Parp) and prevented the expression of p53.
FK506 and V‐10,367 rapidly induced the expression of Hsp70 and Hsp27, but not Hsp90. Their neuroprotective actions could be completely blocked by quercetin, a functional inhibitor of the heat shock proteins.
We conclude that immunophilin‐ligands such as FK506 and V‐10,367 exert their neuroprotection independent of calcineurin through the induction of the heat shock response. The identification of the underlying signal transduction from application of immunophilin ligands to the expression of heat shock proteins represents a novel target cascade for neuroprotection.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2003) 138, 1004–1012. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0705132
Expression and function of P2X purinoceptors in rat histaminergic neurons
Authors: Vorobjev Vladimir S , Sharonova Irina N , Haas Helmut L , Sergeeva Olga A 
Published: March 2003

The pharmacology of ATP responses and the expression pattern of seven known subunits of the P2X receptor were investigated in individual histaminergic neurons of the tuberomamillary nucleus (TM).
ATP (3–1000 μM) evoked fast non‐desensitizing inward currents in TM neurons. 2‐methylthioATP (2MeSATP) displayed the same efficacy but a lower potency, EC50s 84 μM versus 48 μM, when compared with ATP. Adenosine‐diphosphate (ADP), uridine‐triphosphate (UTP) and alpha beta methylene‐ATP (αβ‐meATP) were inactive.
ATP‐mediated whole cell currents were potentiated by acidification of the recording solution (pH 7.5 and 6.6 were compared).
Single‐cell RT–PCR (scRT–PCR) analysis revealed that the P2X2 receptor is expressed in all PCR‐positive neurons. Each of the P2X1, P2X3, P2X4, P2X5 and P2X6 mRNAs were detected in less than 35% of the cells.
Suramin antagonized ATP responses with an IC50 of 4.2 μM and pyridoxalphosphate‐6‐azophenyl‐2′,4′‐disulphonic acid (PPADS, 1 μM) reduced ATP responses to 43% of control, when antagonists were pre‐applied 90s before the agonist. Cibacron blue (3 μM) given together with ATP potentiated control responses by 67%, but inhibited it to 10% after pre‐application.
2′,3′‐O‐(2,4,6‐Trinitrophenyl) adenosine 5′‐triphosphate (TNP–ATP) antagonized ATP responses with an IC50 of 7 μM.
Pharmacological properties of ATP responses together with scRT–PCR data suggest that P2X2 is the major purinoceptor on the soma of TM neurons, however the presence of heteromeric P2X2/5 receptors in some neurons cannot be excluded.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2003) 138, 1013–1019. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0705144
DomCut: prediction of inter-domain linker regions in amino acid sequences
Authors: Suyama Mikita , Ohara Osamu 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
Summary: DomCut is a program to predict inter-domain linker regions solely by amino acid sequence information. The prediction is made by using linker index deduced from a data set of domain/linker segments. The linker preference profile, which is the averaged linker index along a sequence, can be visualized in the graphical interface.
Availability: The web server, together with supplementary information, is available at http://www.kazusa.or.jp/tech/suyama/domcut. The distribution version of DomCut is also available upon request from the authors.
Contact: suyama@embl-heidelberg.de
* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
† Present address: Biocomputing, EMBL, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69012 Heidelberg, Germany.
The fuzzy polynucleotide space: basic properties
Authors: Torres Angela , Nieto Juan J. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
Motivation: Any triplet codon may be regarded as a 12-dimensional fuzzy code. Sufficient information about a particular sequence may not be available in certain situations. The investigator will be confronted with imprecise sequences, yet want to make comparisons of sequences. Fuzzy polynucleotides can be compared by using geometrical interpretation of fuzzy sets as points in a hypercube.
Results: We introduce the space of fuzzy polynucleotides and a means of measuring dissimilitudes between them. We establish mathematical principles to measure dissimilarities between fuzzy polynucleotides and present several examples in this metric space.
We calculate the frequencies of the nucleotides at the three base sites of a codon in the coding sequences of Escherichia coli K-12 and Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv, and consider them as points in that fuzzy space. We compute the distance between the genomes of E.coli and M.tuberculosis.
Availability: Available on request from the authors.
Contact: amnieto@usc.es
* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
TreeSAAP: Selection on Amino Acid Properties using phylogenetic trees
Authors: Woolley Steve , Johnson Justin , Smith Matthew J. , Crandall Keith A. , McClellan David A. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
Summary: The software program TreeSAAP measures the selective influences on 31 structural and biochemical amino acid properties during cladogenesis, and performs goodness-of-fit and categorical statistical tests.
Availability: The TreeSAAP package (executables for Windows PC or Macintosh OSX, Java source code, documentation, and instruction manual) is available at http://genome.cs.byu.edu/treesaap.htm. UNIX version is available upon request.
Contact: David_McClellan@byu.edu
* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
TRAIT (TRAnscript Integrated Table): a knowledgebase of
human skeletal muscle transcripts
Authors: Toppo Stefano , Cannata Nicola , Fontana Paolo , Romualdi Chiara , Laveder Paolo , Bertocco Emanuela , Lanfranchi Gerolamo , Valle Giorgio 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
Summary: TRAIT is a knowledgebase integrating information on transcripts with related data from genome, proteins, ortholog genes and diseases. It was initially built as a system to manage an EST-based gene discovery project on human skeletal muscle, which yielded over 4500 independent sequence clusters. Transcripts are annotated using automatic as well as manual procedures, linking known transcripts to public databases and unknown transcripts to tables of predicted features. Data are stored in a MySQL database. Complex queries are automatically built by means of a user-friendly web interface that allows the concurrent selection of many fields such as ontology, expression level, map position and protein domains. The results are parsed by the system and returned in a ranked order, in respect to the number of satisfied criteria.
Availability: http://muscle.cribi.unipd.it and http://muscle.cribi.unipd.it/features/querystrait.html
Contact: stefano@cribi.unipd.it; giorgio.valle@unipd.it
* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
MatArray: a Matlab toolbox for microarray data
Authors: Venet David 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
Summary: The microarray technology allows the high-throughput quantification of the mRNA level of thousands of genes under dozens of conditions, generating a wealth of data which must be analyzed using some form of computational means. A popular framework for such analysis is Matlab, a powerful computing language for which many functions have been written. However, although complex topics like neural networks or principal component analysis are freely available in Matlab, functions to perform more basic tasks like data normalization or hierarchical clustering in an efficient manner are not. The MatArray toolbox aims at filling this gap by offering efficient implementations of the most needed functions for microarray analysis. The functions in the toolbox are command-line only, since it is geared toward seasoned Matlab users.
Availability: http://www.ulb.ac.be/medecine/iribhm/microarray/toolbox
Contact: davenet@ulb.ac.be
MENDB: a database of polymorphic loci from natural populations
Authors: Livingstone K. , Rieseberg L. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
Summary: MENDB is an online database for genetic markers determined to be polymorphic in natural populations. The database contains primer sequences and conditions for PCR, taxonomic information, and links to GenBank records, as well as basic statistics on the level of polymorphism for the surveyed populations/individuals.
Availability: http://snook.bio.indiana.edu/
Contact: klivings@bio.indiana.edu
* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
COMMON MULTIPLES OF COMPLETE GRAPHS
Authors: BRYANT DARRYN , MAENHAUT BARBARA 
Published: March 2003

A graph $H$ is said to divide a graph $G$ if there exists a set $S$ of subgraphs of $G$, all isomorphic to $H$, such that the edge set of $G$ is partitioned by the edge sets of the subgraphs in $S$. Thus, a graph $G$ is a common multiple of two graphs if each of the two graphs divides $G$. This paper considers common multiples of a complete graph of order $m$ and a complete graph of order $n$. The complete graph of order $n$ is denoted $K_n$. In particular, for all positive integers $n$, the set of integers $q$ for which there exists a common multiple of $K_3$ and $K_n$ having precisely $q$ edges is determined.It is shown that there exists a common multiple of $K_3$ and $K_n$ having $q$ edges if and only if $q \equiv 0 \, ({\rm mod}\, 3)$, $q \equiv 0 \, ({\rm mod}\, \binom n2)$ and(1) $q \neq 3 \binom n2$ when $n \equiv 5 \, ({\rm mod}\, 6)$; (2) $q \geq (n + 1) \binom n2$ when $n$ is even; (3) $q \notin \{36, 42, 48\}$ when $n = 4$.The proof of this result uses a variety of techniques including the use of Johnson graphs, Skolem and Langford sequences, and equitable partial Steiner triple systems.2000 Mathematical Subject Classification: 05C70, 05B30, 05B07.
A STRENGTHENING OF RESOLUTION OF SINGULARITIES IN CHARACTERISTIC ZERO
Authors: BRAVO A. , VILLAMAYOR U. O. 
Published: March 2003

Let $X$ be a closed subscheme embedded in a scheme $W$, smooth over a field ${\bf k}$ of characteristic zero, and let ${\mathcal I} (X)$ be the sheaf of ideals defining $X$. Assume that the set of regular points of $X$ is dense in $X$. We prove that there exists a proper, birational morphism, $\pi : W_r \longrightarrow W$, obtained as a composition of monoidal transformations, so that if $X_r \subset W_r$ denotes the strict transform of $X \subset W$ then:(1) the morphism $\pi : W_r \longrightarrow W$ is an embedded desingularization of $X$ (as in Hironaka's Theorem);(2) the total transform of ${\mathcal I} (X)$ in ${\mathcal O}_{W_r}$ factors as a product of an invertible sheaf of ideals ${\mathcal L}$ supported on the exceptional locus, and the sheaf of ideals defining the strict transform of $X$ (that is, ${\mathcal I}(X){\mathcal O}_{W_r} = {\mathcal L} \cdot {\mathcal I}(X_r)$).Thus (2) asserts that we can obtain, in a simple manner, the equations defining the desingularization of $X$.2000 Mathematical Subject Classification: 14E15.
MARKED SCHOTTKY GROUPS AND REPRESENTATIONS OF SURFACE GROUPS
Authors: BUTTON J. O. 
Published: March 2003

We give a complete condition for any $n$ elements of ${\rm PSL}(2, {\mathbb R})$ to generate a Fuchsian group which is a Schottky group on that set of generators, and apply it to a question of Bowditch on representations of surface groups into ${\rm PSL}(2, {\mathbb R})$.2000 Mathematical Subject Classification: 20H10, 32G15.
NORMALIZERS OF OPERATOR ALGEBRAS AND REFLEXIVITY
Authors: KATAVOLOS A. , TODOROV I. G. 
Published: March 2003

The set of normalizers between von Neumann (or, more generally, reflexive)
algebras $\mathcal{A}$ and $\mathcal{B}$ (that is, the set of all operators $T$ such that
$T \mathcal{A} T^{\ast} \subseteq \mathcal{B}$ and $T^{\ast} \mathcal{B} T \subseteq \mathcal{A}$) possesses
‘local linear structure’: it is a union of reflexive linear spaces. These spaces belong to the
interesting class of normalizing linear spaces, namely, those linear spaces $\mathcal{U}$ of
operators satisfying $\mathcal{UU}^{\ast} \mathcal{U} \subseteq \mathcal{U}$ (also known as ternary rings
of operators). Such a space is reflexive whenever it is ultraweakly closed, and then it is of the
form $\mathcal{U} = \{T : TL = \phi (L) T$ for all $L \in \mathcal{L}\}$ where $\mathcal{L}$ is a set of
projections and $\phi$ a certain map defined on $\mathcal{L}$. A normalizing space consists of normalizers
between appropriate von Neumann algebras $\mathcal{A}$ and $\mathcal{B}$. Necessary and sufficient conditions
are found for a normalizing space to consist of normalizers between two reflexive algebras. Normalizing
spaces which are bimodules over maximal abelian self-adjoint algebras consist of operators
‘supported’ on sets of the form $[f = g]$ where $f$ and $g$ are appropriate Borel functions.
They also satisfy spectral synthesis in the sense of Arveson.2000 Mathematical Subject Classification: 47L05 (primary), 47L35, 46L10 (secondary).
MORITA EQUIVALENT PRINCIPAL 3-BLOCKS OF THE CHEVALLEY GROUPS G2(q)
Authors: USAMI YOKO , NAKABAYASHI MIYAKO 
Published: March 2003

The principal 3-block of a Chevalley group $G_2(q)$ with $q$ a power of 2 satisfying $q \equiv 2$ or 5 mod 9 and the principal 3-block of $G_2(2)$ are Morita equivalent.2000 Mathematical Subject Classification: 20C05, 20C20, 20C33.
SINGULARITIES OF HYPERBOLIC GAUSS MAPS
Authors: IZUMIYA SHYUICHI , PEI DONGHE , SANO TAKASI 
Published: March 2003

In this paper we adopt the hyperboloid in Minkowski space as the model of hyperbolic space. We define the hyperbolic Gauss map and the hyperbolic Gauss indicatrix of a hypersurface in hyperbolic space. The hyperbolic Gauss map has been introduced by Ch. Epstein [J. Reine Angew. Math. 372 (1986) 96–135] in the Poincaré ball model, which is very useful for the study of constant mean curvature surfaces. However, it is very hard to perform the calculation because it has an intrinsic form. Here, we give an extrinsic definition and we study the singularities. In the study of the singularities of the hyperbolic Gauss map (indicatrix), we find that the hyperbolic Gauss indicatrix is much easier to calculate. We introduce the notion of hyperbolic Gauss–Kronecker curvature whose zero sets correspond to the singular set of the hyperbolic Gauss map (indicatrix). We also develop a local differential geometry of hypersurfaces concerning their contact with hyperhorospheres.2000 Mathematical Subject Classification: 53A25, 53A05, 58C27.
LOGARITHMIC ORBIFOLD EULER NUMBERS OF SURFACES WITH APPLICATIONS
Authors: LANGER ADRIAN 
Published: March 2003

We introduce orbifold Euler numbers for normal surfaces with boundary $\mathbb{Q}$-divisors. These numbers behave multiplicatively under finite maps and in the log canonical case we prove that they satisfy the Bogomolov–Miyaoka–Yau type inequality. Existence of such a generalization was earlier conjectured by G. Megyesi [Proc. London Math. Soc. (3) 78 (1999) 241–282]. Most of the paper is devoted to properties of local orbifold Euler numbers and to their computation.As a first application we show that our results imply a generalized version of R. Holzapfel's ‘proportionality theorem’ [Ball and surface arithmetics, Aspects of Mathematics E29 (Vieweg, Braunschweig, 1998)]. Then we show a simple proof of a necessary condition for the logarithmic comparison theorem which recovers an earlier result by F. Calderón-Moreno, F. Castro-Jiménez, D. Mond and L. Narváez-Macarro [Comment. Math. Helv. 77 (2002) 24–38].Then we prove effective versions of Bogomolov's result on boundedness of rational curves in some surfaces of general type (conjectured by G. Tian [Springer Lecture Notes in Mathematics 1646 (1996) 143–185)]. Finally, we give some applications to singularities of plane curves; for example, we improve F. Hirzebruch's bound on the maximal number of cusps of a plane curve.2000 Mathematical Subject Classification: 14J17, 14J29, 14C17.
ECONOMICAL COVERS WITH GEOMETRIC APPLICATIONS
Authors: ALON NOGA , BOLLOBÁS BÉLA , KIM JEONG HAN , VU VAN H. 
Published: March 2003

A cover of a hypergraph is a collection of edges whose union contains all vertices. Let $H = (V, E)$ be a $k$-uniform, $D$-regular hypergraph on $n$ vertices, in which no two vertices are contained in more than $o(D / e^{2k} \log D)$ edges as $D$ tends to infinity. Our results include the fact that if $k = o(\log D)$, then there is a cover of $(1 + o(1)) n / k$ edges, extending the known result that this holds for fixed $k$. On the other hand, if $k \geq 4 \log D $ then there are $k$-uniform, $D$-regular hypergraphs on $n$ vertices in which no two vertices are contained in more than one edge, and yet the smallest cover has at least $\Omega (\frac {n}{k} \log (\frac {k}{\log D} ))$ edges. Several extensions and variants are also obtained, as well as the following geometric application. The minimum number of lines required to separate $n$ random points in the unit square is, almost surely, $\Theta (n^{2/3} / (\log n)^{1/3}).$2000 Mathematical Subject Classification: 05C65, 05D15, 60D05.
MACKEY FORMULA IN TYPE A (Proc. London Math. Soc. (3) 80 (2000) 545–574)
Authors: Bonnafé Cédric 
Published: March 2003

The statement (and the proof) of Theorem 4.1.1 of the paper ‘Mackey formula in type A’ [Proc. London. Math. Soc. (3) 80 (2000) 545–574] is false. In this corrigendum we provide a correct statement (and a correct proof). As a consequence, we see that Corollary 4.1.2 of the paper holds. So all the other statements in the paper are correct (up to minor misprints…).2000 Mathematical Subject Classification: 20G05, 20G40.
Unintentional fatal injuries arising from unpaid work at home
Authors: Driscoll T R , Mitchell R J , Hendrie A L , Healey S H , Mandryk J A , Hull B P 
Published: March 2003

Objective:Unpaid work in and around the home is a common and potentially high risk activity, yet there is limited information about the circumstances surrounding resulting injuries. This study aimed to describe circumstances surrounding fatal injuries resulting from home duties activities, in order to identify and prioritise areas for prevention.Design and setting:Coroners’ reports on all unintentional deaths in Australia from 1989–92 inclusive were inspected to identify deaths of interest. Rates were calculated using population data and incorporating measures of time engaged in particular home duties activities.Results:There were 296 home duties deaths over the four year period. Most (83%) deaths were of males, and males had 10 times the risk of fatal injury compared with females. The most common activities resulting in fatal injuries were home repairs, gardening, and car care. The highest risk activities (deaths per million persons per year per hour of activity) were home repairs (49), car care (20), home improvements (18), and gardening (16). Being hit by inadequately braced vehicles during car maintenance, falls from inadequately braced ladders, contact with fire and flames while cooking, and contact with electricity during maintenance were the most common injury scenarios.Conclusions:Fatal injury of persons engaged in unpaid domestic work activities is a significant cause of death. Use of activity specific denominator data allows appropriate assessment of the degree of risk associated with each activity. The recurrence of similar circumstances surrounding many independent fatal incidents indicates areas where preventative interventions might be usefully targeted.
Nail gun injuries in residential carpentry: lessons from active injury surveillance
Authors: Lipscomb H J , Dement J M , Nolan J , Patterson D , Li L 
Published: March 2003

Objective:To describe circumstances surrounding injuries involving nail guns among carpenters, calculate injury rates, identify high risk groups and preventive measures.Methods and setting:Active injury surveillance was used to identify causes of injury among a large cohort of union residential and drywall carpenters. Injured carpenters were interviewed by experienced journeymen; enumeration of workers and hourworked were provided by the union. The combined data allowed definition of a cohort of carpenters, their hours worked, detailed information on the circumstances surrounding injuries, and identification of preventive measures from the perspectives of the injured worker and an experienced investigator.Results:Nail guns were involved in 14% of injuries investigated. Ninety percent of these injuries were the result of the carpenter being struck, most commonly by a nail puncturing a hand or fingers. The injury rate among apprentices was 3.7 per 200 000 hours worked (95% confidence interval (CI) 2.7 to 4.9) compared with a rate of 1.2 among journeymen (95% CI 0.80 to 1.7). While not always the sole contributing factor, a sequential trigger would have likely prevented 65% of the injuries from tools with contact trip triggers.Conclusions:Training, engineering, and policy changes in the workplace and manufacturing arena are all appropriate targets for prevention of these injuries. Use of sequential triggers would likely decrease acute injury rates markedly. Over 70% of injuries among residential carpenters were associated with through nailing tasks (such as nailing studs or blocks, trusses or joists) or toe nailing (angled, corner nailing) as opposed to flat nailing used for sheathing activities; this provides some indication that contact trip tools could be used solely for flat nailing.
Seatbelt use by high school students
Authors: Williams A F , McCartt A T , Geary L 
Published: March 2003

Objective:To determine seatbelt use of teenage drivers arriving at high schools in the morning and at evening football games compared with belt use of adults driving teenage passengers to these events, and teenage passenger belt use depending on whether they were being driven by another teenager or an adult.Methods:Unobtrusive observations of belt use were made at 12 high schools in Connecticut and Massachusetts.Results:Among males, teenage drivers had lower belt use than adults; differences between female teenage and female adult drivers were slight. Teenage passengers had lower belt use in vehicles driven by other teenagers than in cars driven by adults, but more than 40% of teenage passengers in vehicles driven by adults, presumed in most cases to be the teenager’s parent, were not belted. Teenage passenger belt use was lower than teenage driver use regardless of gender. These differences were found both at morning arrivals and at football games, but teenage belt use was not much different in these two settings. Teenage passengers were belted more often if drivers were belted, whether the driver was another teenager or an adult, but a third of male passengers and 25%–30% of female passengers were unbelted even when drivers were belted.Conclusion:Teenagers have high crash risk but low belt use, which adds to their injury problem. Avenues to address this include strong belt use laws and their enforcement, building belt use requirements into graduated licensing systems, keeping young beginners out of high risk driving situations, and finding ways to influence parents and other adults to ensure that their teenage passengers use seatbelts.