bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Position Paper on Critical Care Pharmacy Services
Authors:   Society of Critical Care Medicine and the American College of Clinical Pharmacy, Rudis Maria I. , Cohen Henry , Cooper Bradley E. , Gonzalez Luis S. , Hassan Erkan , Klem Christian , Kluth‐Land Vanessa L. , Kramer Katherine M. , Swerlein Ala M. , Whipple Julie Ann 
Published: June 2004

Objective. To identify and describe the scope of practice that characterizes the critical care pharmacist and critical care pharmacy services. Specifically, the goals were to define the level of clinical practice and specialized skills characterizing the critical care pharmacist as clinician, educator, researcher, and manager; and to recommend fundamental, desirable, and optimal pharmacy services and personnel requirements for the provision of pharmaceutical care to critically ill patients. Hospitals having comprehensive resources as well as those with more limited resources were considered.Data Sources. Consensus of critical care pharmacists from institutions of various sizes providing critical care services within several types of pharmacy practice models was obtained, including community‐based and academic practice settings. Existing guidelines and literature describing pharmacy practice and drug use processes were reviewed and adapted for the critical care setting.Conclusions. By combining the strengths and expertise of critical care pharmacy specialists with existing supporting literature, these recommendations define the level of clinical practice and specialized skills that characterize the critical care pharmacist as clinician, educator, researcher, and administrator. This position paper recommends fundamental, desirable, and optimal pharmacy services as well as personnel requirements for the provision of pharmaceutical care to critically ill patients.
Peak Expiratory Flow Rate and Premenstrual Symptoms in Healthy Nonasthmatic Women
Authors: Chong Elaine , Ensom Mary H. H. 
Published: June 2004

Study Objectives. To characterize intrasubject, intersubject, and diurnal variability in peak expiratory flow rates (PEFR) of healthy nonasthmatic women over at least one complete menstrual cycle; to determine whether a relationship exists between PEFR and premenstrual symptoms in these women; and to provide a forum to educate women pharmacy students by interactive study participation.Design. Longitudinal, investigator‐blinded study.Setting. University of British Columbia and Children's and Women's Health Centre.Patients. Forty healthy nonasthmatic female pharmacy students were enrolled, and 31 (aged 22.1 ± 1.5 yrs) completed the study.Intervention. Women were followed for at least one menstrual cycle during which they recorded premenstrual symptom questionnaire scores daily (15 mood and physical symptoms, graded 0–3 in severity). They also measured and recorded PEFR (3 consecutive attempts) every morning and every evening. A feedback survey was later administered by electronic mail.Measurements and Main Results. Thirty‐one women, 28 of whom were of Asian descent, completed the study. Over half of them (58.1%) showed classic patterns of premenstrual symptoms, whereas PEFR fluctuated randomly over the course of the cycle. Average coefficients of variation (CVs) were 4.17 ± 2.09% for morning PEFR, 3.97 ± 2.25% for evening PEFR, and 3.72 ± 2.55% for mean daily PEFR. Average absolute diurnal variation was 17.13 ± 12.46 L/minute, and relative diurnal variation was 3.98 ± 2.52%. Intersubject variability for morning, evening, and mean daily PEFRs yielded low CVs of 13.7%, 14.3%, and 13.9%, respectively. Only 14 (11.3%) of 124 correlations between PEFR and premenstrual symptoms were significant (p<0.05). Most participants responded positively (mean score 3.87 on a 5‐point scale) to the survey on the impact of this study.Conclusion. Intrasubject and diurnal variability in PEFR are minimal in nonasthmatic women; similarly, intersubject variability is relatively low. The menstrual cycle appears to have little effect on PEFR in healthy nonasthmatic Asian women. Pharmacy students who take part in serial PEFR monitoring gain new appreciation for asthma and asthmatic patients.
Effect of Antipyretic Therapy on the Duration of Illness in Experimental Influenza A, Shigella sonnei, and Rickettsia rickettsii Infections
Authors: Plaisance Karen I. , Kudaravalli Suneel , Wasserman Steven S. , Levine Myron M. , Mackowiak Philip A. 
Published: June 2004

Study Objectives. To determine whether antipyretic therapy prolongs the course of experimental influenza A, Shigella sonnei, and Rickettsia rickettsii infections.Design. Retrospective observational study.Setting. University Center for Vaccine Development.Subjects. Fifty‐four volunteers with experimentally induced influenza A, 45 with S. sonnei, and 21 with R. rickettsii infections participated.Interventions. Subjects from the six influenza A studies were challenged intranasally. If they met certain criteria, they were offered aspirin or acetaminophen for symptomatic relief. Subjects from the three Shigella studies were challenged with the bacteria and then given trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole. Acetaminophen also could be administered. In the one R. rickettsii trial, subjects were inoculated intradermally and treated with tetracycline. Again, acetaminophen was administered for symptomatic relief.Measurements and Main Results. Data, excerpted from subjects' study records, were evaluated using Wilcoxon tests, Spearman's correlation coefficients, and multiple regression analysis. Two‐tailed hypotheses with a value of 0.05 were used for all of the analyses. There was a striking correlation between antipyretic therapy and duration of illness in subjects infected with influenza A and S. sonnei, but not R. rickettsii.Conclusions. Multivariate analysis suggested that antipyretic therapy prolonged illness in subjects infected with influenza A, but its use was the result of prolonged illness in those infected with S. sonnei. The precise nature of these relationships requires a prospective, randomized, placebo‐controlled trial.
Tramadol and Seizures: A Surveillance Study in a Managed Care Population
Authors: Gardner Jacqueline S. , Blough David , Drinkard Carol R. , Shatin Deborah , Anderson Gail , Graham David , Alderfer Raymond 
Published: June 2004

Study Objective. To investigate the occurrence of tramadol‐associated seizures.Design. Retrospective cohort and case‐control studies.Setting. UnitedHealth Group‐affiliated independent practice model health plans, from different regions of the United States, contracting with large networks of physicians.Intervention. Analysis of administrative data from a large U.S. managed care population.Patients. A cohort of 9218 adult tramadol users and 37,232 concurrent nonusers.Measurements and Main Results. Fewer than 1% of users (80) had a presumed incident seizure claim after the first tramadol prescription. Risk of seizure claim was increased 2‐ to 6‐fold among users adjusted for selected comorbidities and concomitant drugs. Risk was highest among those aged 25–54 years, those with more than four tramadol prescriptions, and those with history of alcohol abuse, stroke, or head injury. A case‐control study among users was conducted to validate incident seizure outcomes from medical records. Only eight cases were confirmed, and all had cofactors associated with increased seizure risk.Conclusion. In a general population, risk of seizure may be associated with long‐term therapy with tramadol or the presence of cofactors, or confined to a small sensitive population subset.
Comparative Safety of Filgrastim versus Sargramostim in Patients Receiving Myelosuppressive Chemotherapy
Authors: Milkovich Gary , Moleski Ronald J. , Reitan John F. , Dunning David M. , Gibson Gene A. , Paivanas Thomas A. , Wyant Susan , Jacobs R. Jake 
Published: June 2004

Study Objective. To compare rates of adverse events with filgrastim versus sargramostim when given prophylactically to patients receiving myelosuppressive chemotherapy.Design. Retrospective review with center crossover.Setting. Ten United States outpatient chemotherapy centers.Patients. Four hundred ninety patients treated for lung, breast, lymphatic system, or ovarian tumors.Intervention. Prophylactic use of filgrastim or sargramostim, with dosages at investigator discretion.Measurements and Main Results. The frequency and severity of adverse events and the frequency of switching to the alternative CSF were assessed. There was no difference in infectious fever. Fever unexplained by infection was more common with sargramostim (7% vs 1%, p<0.001), as were fatigue, diarrhea, injection site reactions, other dermatologic disorders, and edema (all p<0.05). Skeletal pain was more frequent with filgrastim (p=0.06). Patients treated with sargramostim switched to the alternative agent more often (p<0.001).Conclusion. Adverse events were less frequent with filgrastim than with sargramostim, suggesting that quality of life and treatment costs also may differ.
The Low‐Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol‐Lowering Effect of Pravastatin and Factors Associated with Achieving Targeted Low‐Density Lipoprotein Levels in an African‐American Population
Authors: Chong Pang H. , Tzallas‐Pontikes Pamala J. , Seeger John D. , Stamos Thomas D. 
Published: June 2004

Study Objectives. To describe the low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL)‐lowering effect of pravastatin in African‐American patients and to identify factors associated with achieving National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP)‐defined target levels.Design. Retrospectively defined cohort study.Setting. Large, government‐owned, teaching hospital.Patients. Eighty‐four African‐American patients starting therapy with pravastatin in October‐November 1997.Measurements and Main Results. Whether or not target LDL concentrations were achieved was used to measure efficacy. Stepwise logistic regression identified the target LDL, baseline LDL, and baseline high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) as significant predictors of achieving the target. The proportion of patients achieving their target LDL when that target was below 160, below 130, and 100 mg/dl or below was 64%, 32%, and 13% (p=0.004), respectively. Medical record review identified the reasons for not achieving target as incorrect drug regimen, inadequate lipid monitoring, and noncompliance.Conclusion. These results indicate that substantial numbers of patients receiving lipid‐lowering therapy are not meeting NCEP‐defined targets and that with increased drug monitoring and compliance, improvements in achieving NCEP target LDL levels could be realized.
Open‐Label, Nonrandomized Study of the Effects of Gatifloxacin on the Pharmacokinetics of Midazolam in Healthy Male Volunteers
Authors: Grasela Dennis M. , LaCreta Frank P. , Kollia Georgia D. , Randall Diane M. , Uderman Howard D. 
Published: June 2004

Study Objective. To confirm findings from an in vitro study that showed gatifloxacin did not substantially inhibit cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 model substrate metabolism.Design. Open‐label, nonrandomized trial.Setting. Clinical pharmacology unit.Subjects. Fourteen healthy adult men.Intervention. Using midazolam probe methodology, the clearance of midazolam in the presence of multiple‐dose gatifloxacin was evaluated.Measurements and Main Results. Typical steady‐state concentrations of gatifloxacin 400 mg once/day had no effect on midazolam clearance, and gatifloxacin pharmacokinetics were unaffected by midazolam. All doses of both agents were well tolerated.Conclusion. Data from this in vivo trial support in vitro experience with gatifloxacin and suggest that interactions are unlikely between gatifloxacin and drugs that are metabolized by CYP3A.
Absorption of Phenytoin from Rectal Suppositories Formulated with a Polyethylene Glycol Base
Authors: Burstein Aaron H. , Fisher Karen M. , McPherson M. Lynn , Roby Carol A. 
Published: June 2004

Study Objective. To compare phenytoin pharmacokinetics following administration of an oral suspension and a rectal suppository formulated with a polyethylene glycol base.Design. Unblinded, single‐dose, randomized, crossover trial.Setting. University‐affiliated pharmacokinetics and biopharmaceutics laboratory.Subjects. Six healthy subjects.Intervention. Subjects were given a single 200‐mg dose of phenytoin as an oral suspension and a rectal suppository separated by a 1‐week washout.Measurements and Main Results. Blood for plasma phenytoin concentrations was obtained at baseline and 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 24 hours after administration. Plasma was analyzed by high‐performance liquid chromatography (coefficient of variation < 6%) for total phenytoin concentration. Phenytoin maximum concentration (Cmax), time to Cmax (Tmax), time to first measurable concentration (Tlag), and area under the curve from time zero to time of last measurable concentration (AUClast) were estimated for oral and rectal administration by WinNonlin (v 1.1) and compared using Wilcoxons signed rank test (p<0.05 for statistical significance). Two subjects did not have detectable plasma phenytoin concentrations after rectal administration. For the other four subjects, median rectal Cmax was significantly lower than oral Cmax (0.4 vs 1.9 μg/ml, p=0.028), median rectal Tmax did not differ from oral Tmax (11.9 vs 8.0 hrs, p=0.465), and median rectal AUClast, although highly variable, was significantly lower than oral AUClast (5.4 vs 36.2 μg•hr/ml, p=0.046). No Tlag was seen after oral administration, but with rectal administration the median Tlag was 2 hours. The estimated relative bioavailability of rectal phenytoin suppositories based on AUC0–24 was 4.7%, with individual values ranging from 0–58.3%.Conclusion. It appears that absorption of phenytoin from polyethylene glycol rectal suppositories in healthy subjects is highly variable and unpredictable. Thus this formulation is not recommended.
Brillouin–Wigner Expansions for Molecular Electronic Structure
Authors: Hubač Ivan , Wilson Stephen 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe use of Brillouin–Wigner expansions in describing electron correlation effects in systems requiring the use of a multireference formalism is described. Brillouin–Wigner‐based methods avoid the intruder state problem which plagues Rayleigh–Schrödinger‐based methods. Such methods can be applied to many‐body systems either(i)by applying the Brillouin–Wigner expansion to solve the equations of an explicitly many‐body method; or(ii)by developinga posterioricorrections. The Brillouin–Wigner coupled cluster theory is presented in both its single reference and multireference forms. Single and multireference configuration interaction expansions are described together with the accompanyinga posterioricorrection procedures.
Molecular Complexes: Perturbations of Vibrational Spectra
Authors: Ford Thomas A. 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
The structures, interaction energies, and vibrational spectra of a series of molecular complexes containing boron trifluoride as the electron acceptor and a variety of oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and halogen bases as the electron donors have been computed. The effects of the molecular interactions on the vibrational properties of the boron trifluoride species have been studied, and the degree of perturbation has been correlated with some of the properties of the bases.
Retrospective reports of organizational commitment after Russian military downsizing
Authors: Kwong Jessica Y. Y. , Hamilton V. Lee 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThis paper assesses the accuracy of people's memories of attitudes and explores sources of errors in the recollection. We did a secondary analysis on a panel survey of the Russian Army's officer corps, conducted before and after its downsizing. The dependent measure was the discrepancy between Army officers' prospective and retrospective organizational commitment ratings made 18 months apart. We linked this discrepancy to the officers' sense of mastery and evaluations of job prospects across the two waves. In general, officers tended to overestimate their prior commitment to the Army. The amount of overestimation was positively related to both officers' initial level and the subsequent increase in mastery, but was negatively related to their perceived immediate job prospects. Possible mechanisms for the distortion and conceptual implications are discussed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Going shopping and identifying landmarks: does collaboration improve older people's memory?
Authors: Ross Michael , Spencer Steven J. , Linardatos Lisa , Lam Kent C. H. , Perunovic Mihailo 
Published: June 2004

AbstractOlder participants (mean age = 72.82 years) attempted to recall items from shopping lists while shopping in a supermarket and subsequently in their homes on recognition tests. They also attempted to identify local landmarks on a map. The recall occurred either together with their spouses or independently. Collaborative recall was compared to the pooled, nonredundant recall of spouses who completed the memory tasks alone (nominal groups). Nominal groups produced more hits on most measures and never fewer hits than did collaborative groups. However, collaborative groups consistently generated fewer memory errors than did nominal groups. In many everyday contexts, a tendency for collaboration to reduce false recall could be advantageous to older people. Signal detection analyses revealed that collaboration leads couples to require a higher level of certainty before they are willing to claim that they recognize an item. Finally, we examined the relation between expertise and recall in the shopping and landmark tasks. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How knowing and doing inform an autobiography: relations among preschoolers' theory of mind, narrative, and event memory skills
Authors: Kleinknecht Erica , Beike Denise R. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractResearch on the development of autobiographical memory in children has revealed the importance of two seemingly separate but related factors: Theory of mind, or the ability to know what another can and cannot know, and narrative skill, or the ability to tell a coherently structured story. The present research study with 22 preschoolers examined the extent to which each factor predicts two separate components of autobiographical memory ability: (1) the content of memory and (2) the structure of the memory narrative. As hypothesized, we found that theory of mind skills predicted the ‘how’ or structure of the children's fictional story narratives, whereas narrative skills predicted the ‘how much’ or content of the children's memory. Implications for the development of autobiographical memory are discussed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Post‐identification feedback, confidence and recollections of witnessing conditions in child witnesses
Authors: Hafstad Gertrud Sofie , Memon Amina , Logie Robert 
Published: June 2004

AbstractEyewitness confidence and detailed memory reports are often considered reliable indicators of the credibility of the eyewitness testimony. This study investigated how feedback concerning the accuracy of a lineup identification influences witnesses' confidence in the accuracy of their identification decision and their judgements concerning the witnessing experience. Fifty‐seven children (11–12 years) and 55 adults (17–39 years) viewed a video of a robbery and attempted to identify the culprit from a photo lineup. The culprit was not present. Participants received confirming feedback, disconfirming feedback, or no feedback on the accuracy of their identification. The confidence judgements and recollections of witnessing conditions of both children and adults were influenced by confirming and in some instances, disconfirming feedback. These findings imply that confidence and memory reports are easily distorted by non‐specific feedback and investigators should be sensitive to this particularly when dealing with vulnerable witnesses such as children. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Facets of personality and the phenomenology of autobiographical memory
Authors: Rubin David C. , Siegler Ilene C. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe relationship between individual differences in autobiographical memory and personality was examined by having 118 undergraduates complete the NEO Personality Inventory after rating 15 word‐cued autobiographical memories on 20 scales. The Openness to Feelings facet (O3) correlated with measures of belief in the accuracy of memories, recollection, sensory imagery and emotion. Four other facets had correlations with belief (A3—Altruism, E1—Warmth, E4—Activity, E6—Positive Emotions). These facets also deal with emotional components of personality. In multiple regressions, measures of belief and measures of recollection were predicted by different variables, and for measures of belief, the O3 facet increased the variance accounted for beyond that of just the cognitive variables. Our results are consistent with and extend studies of the effects of depression and emotional suppression on autobiographical memory. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Risk and the recognition of driving situations
Authors: Chapman Peter , Groeger John A. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThis paper reports a series of experiments that explore the relationship between subjective risk when viewing driving situations and subsequent recognition memory for such films. In the first experiment no simple relationship was found between risk and recognition performance. Instead the experience of subjective risk was associated with good recognition of generally dangerous situations but poor recognition of generally safe ones. The remaining experiments replicated this result and explored possible reasons for it. An account of the results in terms of schema theory was tested and rejected. The effect is instead interpreted in terms of the types of information that are present and attended to in different kinds of dangerous situation. Overall recognition memory for films of driving situations was surprisingly poor, but the pattern of results was consistent with drivers showing good memory for central details from dangerous situations. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Measuring velocity distributions of viscous fluids using positron emission particle tracking (PEPT)
Authors: Bakalis S. , Fryer P. J. , Parker D. J. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractPositron emission particle tracking (PEPT) can be used to trace the path of a radioactive particle within opaque fluids in pilot‐scale equipment; the method can track particles through several centimeters of metal. PEPT has been successfully used to follow isokinetic tracers in viscous fluids and thus to measure velocity distributions under both isothermal and nonisothermal conditions in pipe flow. The accuracy of the method decreased as the measured velocities increased; the faster the particle traveled, the less accurate its detection. For velocities of up to 0.5 m/s the accuracy of the method was acceptable. Agreement between experimentally measured and theoretical velocity distributions was very good, for a range of fluids and process conditions. As tracer particles are used, there were problems ensuring that all parts of the measurement volume were sampled. This is possible to overcome to an extent by adjusting particle size; 600‐μm tracers did not pass within 1 mm from the tube wall, whereas 240‐μm particles passed much closer to the boundaries of the flow. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 1606–1613, 2004