bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
J
Authors: Castro Rafaela G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A jacal is a hut or shack, but in south and west Texas it refers to a specific type of structure that was home to the Tejano of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Jacales were the first houses built by the Spanish settlers in 1749 and became the houses of the mestizo (mixed-race) population of Texas. Constructed from posts and mud, with the vertical posts embedded in the ground, tied together with rawhide, and covered with a mixture of mud or clay, it is similar to the adobe house of New Mexico, except that the mud was not formed into bricks. The roofs were made of dried weeds, cane thatched with tule, straw, or coarse grass. Some of the straw roofs lasted for thirty or more years. Usually jacales were only one room, measuring twelve by twelve feet, and blankets covered the door and window, but they were well insulated, keeping out heat and cold, and lasting for many years. Construction of jacales started in the eighteenth century and persisted into the early twentieth century; it is identified with the Tejano way of life. When the Anglo Americans moved into Texas they too lived injacales until their “big houses” were built, but their vaqueros (cowboys) continued to live in jacales in clusters surrounding the ranches. To this day many people on the Mexican side of the border still live in jacales. The grandparents and parents of many Chicano baby boomers were born and raised in Tejano jacales, and the expression “nae( en un jacal” (I was born in a hut) has often been heard as the beginning line of a cuento (story).
N
Authors: Castro Rafaela G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the Spanish word nacer, nacimiento is the name for a Christmas nativity scene. In the Southwest the creation of nacimientos has been a tradition since the seventeenth century. A nacimiento may resemble a religious altar in that it is an assemblage of many articles and objects, all depicting the recent birth of Jesus Christ in the manger, but a nacimiento can also include other Christmasrelated images, biblical scenes, and possibly artifacts relating to the life experiences of the creator. The set of the nacimiento can vary in size from a small table to half a room, or to the whole front yard of a home. Outdoor nacimientos will have life-size figures of Mary and Joseph and various other biblical characters and animals. This custom is not particular to the Chicano community, and nativity scenes can be found throughout the country during the Christmas season. It is thought that Saint Francis of Assisi is the saint responsible for much of the veneration of the infant Jesus, and the custom of creating nativity scenes or monuments to the birth of Christ has been going on for hundreds of years.
W
Authors: Castro Rafaela G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chicano wedding rituals vary from state to state in the Southwest and the Midwest, often incorporating emerging American customs, but there are still common traditions that originate with Catholicism and the Spanish heritage that are shared from community to community. The Spanish word for a wedding is bocla, meaning “nuptials,” and often Chicanos will call a wedding celebration La Boda. The southwestern region with the most researched and documented wedding customs is New Mexico, because the descendents of the early Hispanos have been conscious of describing and writing down their traditions. For instance Fabiola Cabeza de Baca, Cleofas Jaramillo, and Nina Otero all wrote about the weddings of northern New Mexico. In her book The Good Life. Fabiola Cabeza de Baca has a brief chapter on wedding traditions, including recipes and a detailed description of the preparation of the food.
World Events and Career Experiences, A Personal Perspective
Authors: Mizruchi Mark S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I started college as a math major, but I was also interested in world events. It was the early 1970s; the student movement was in decline; a progressive presidential candidate, George McGovern, had just been soundly defeated; and I wanted to know why. Like many students of that generation, my quest for understanding eventually led me to Marxism. Elements of a crude, unconscious Marxism were already present in my worldview, but I now began to read Marx and Marxist literature, trying to figure out why American workers had not revolted against capitalism. I gradually reached the conclusion that they were victims of “false consciousness.” Their hostility toward students and the poor rather than big business reflected their inability to see the “true” sources of their malaise. The cause of this malady, I reasoned, must be big business itself, that is, the capitalist class.
In Defense of Foxes
Authors: Winship Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is a line among the fragments of the Greek poet Archilochus which says, “The fox knows many things, but the hedgehog knows one big thing.” ... Taken figuratively, the words can be made to yield a sense in which they mark one of the deepest differences which divide writer and thinkers, and it may be, human beings in general. For there exists a great chasm between those, on one side, who relate everything to a single central vision, one system, less or more coherent or articulate, in terms of which they understand, think and feel-a single, universal, organising principle in terms of which alone all they are and say has significance-and on the other side, those who pursue many ends, often unrelated and even contradictory, connected, if at all, only in some de facto way, for some psychological or physiological cause, related by no moral or aesthetic principle.
Professional Rebellions and Personal Researches, or How I Became Bored with Myself
Authors: Gamson Joshua 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I was never much of a rebel. I was a shy and sometimes angry child, but my tantrums were generally directed at myself or at inanimate objects and only occasionally landed on my parents. As a teenager, when I really ought to have been hating my parents and differentiating myself from them, I found that they did little more than get on my nerves. I would call home if I was going to be late, brush my teeth if I had smoked pot, and get their permission to have a party when they were out of town. I tended to like my room neat, and sometimes I would even tell them what was going on in my life. This was always my style: as a good kid at school and at home, I pretty much got the freedom to do as I liked. Also, my parents had given me little to rebel against. I went to a public alternative high school with my parents’ full support, where kids did drugs and carved “HELP” and “FUCK” into their arms and got physical education credit for walking to school.
Abbreviation or Aberration: The Role of the Shushògi in Modern Sòtò Zen Buddhism
Authors: Heine Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although karmic retribution for evil actions invariably infiltrates all three stages of time, the act of repentance [zange] transforms and lessens the effects considerably, and results in the eradication of wrongdoing or sin [metsuzai] and the attainment of purity. There-fore, let us repent before the Buddha in all sincerity, and realize that when we do this the merit-power of repentance not only saves and purifies us, it also stimulates the growth within us of pure, doubtfree faith and earnest effort. When pure faith appears it changes others just as it changes us, and its benefits encompass all beings, both animate and inanimate. Shushògi Sòtò Zen (or the Sòtò-shu) is the largest of the three Zen sects in Japan by far and, with 10 million adherents, stands as one of the larger of the traditional forms of Buddhism.1 Its 14,000 affiliated temples rank as the greatest number for any Buddhist institutional network, and it enjoys a growing clerical community of monks, nuns, temple priests, and ordained lay leaders. Like the other Japanese sects, Sòtò has survived challenges stemming from a variety of internal and external forces and pressures in the modern period, beginning with the Meiji Restoration in 1868 that caused a general decline of Buddhist influence.
“Liberate the Mahabodhi Temple!”: Socially Engaged Buddhism, Dalit-Style
Authors: Doyle N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the early morning hours of Buddha Purnima 1992, some eight hundred Buddhists from Maharasthra entered the Mahabodhi Temple compound and congregated in front of the locked doors leading into the main sanctuary. There at the site, and on the day,2 of the Buddha’s enlightenment these Dalits3 lit twenty-two candles commemorating the vows made by their deceased leader, Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar, when he and a half-million of his untouchable followers formally renounced Hinduism and embraced Buddhism on 14 October 1956.4 But on this morning, a twenty-third candle was lit and a new promise ardently added to the others: “Let it be known that today, here in Bodh Gaya, we vow to liberate this temple from Hindu hands! Jai Buddha ki jai! Jai Jai Bhim! (Hail Buddha! Hail Bhim [Ambedkar]!)” Just before sunrise, another group—comprising monks from the various Bodh Gaya monasteries, Buddhist pilgrims, Indian politicians, and visiting dignitaries—wound its way through town and ended under the Bodhi Tree. The annual puja began, as usual, with the monks chanting: Wrst the Southeast Asians, then the Tibetans, and Wnally the Japanese. Next, speeches were given by a handful of notables, including the high commissioner of Sri Lanka, Neville Kanakaratne. In his speech, which was being broadcast live over Sinhalese radio, Kanakaratne announced his government’s plan to install a gold-plated railing around the Bodhi Tree and asserted that Bodh Gaya should be seen in the same light as Mecca, Jerusalem, or the Vatican.
Hereditary Spherocytosis
Authors: Ideguchi Hiroshi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A 25-year-old Japanese man was admitted to the hospital because of fever, sore throat, and general malaise. He had been febrile for several days and had noticed that the color of his urine was unusually dark. On admission, his temperature was 37.8°C. The physician noted anemic conjunctiva (delicate membrane lining the eyelids and covering the eyeballs), injected pharyngeal mucosa (mucous membrane), cervical lymphadenopathy (swelling of the lymph nodes), and mild splenomegaly (enlargement of the spleen). Barr virus confirmed that he had infectious mononucleosis. He was kept in bed for 2 weeks, by which time the signs of inflammation and hepatocellular damage entirely disappeared. However, mild anemia (hemoglobin 110–120 g/L) with reticulocytosis (5.0%–6.0%), increased serum unconjugated bilirubin, and splenomegaly still remained, suggesting the presence of persistent hemolysis. The physician therefore performed further examinations to confirm the diagnosis of hemolytic anemia.
Biotinidase Deficiency: A Biotin-Responsive Disorder
Authors: Wolf Barry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A 6-month-old male was brought to the emergency department because the parents observed that he had “jerking” of his arms and legs. They said that the child had been sleeping for longer periods of time over the last few days and had episodes of vomiting that were not related to the time of feeding. He had been less responsive than usual, and they were concerned because his rate of breathing had markedly increased this morning. The parents had called their pediatrician, who recommended that they bring the child to see him. While preparing to bring the child to the physician’s office, the child began jerking and “twitching.” Instead of bringing their child to the pediatrician, the parents called the emergency medical service, which took him directly to the emergency department of the local hospital. By the time the emergency medical team arrived, the child had stopped seizing but was somnolent.
I-Cell Disease (Mucolipidosis II)
Authors: Chambers James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The patient (Fig. 17-1) was a 38-week-gestation product of a 22-year-old G,P1Abo (gravida 1, first pregnancy; paradelivery, first delivery; abortion, 0) woman and her 31-year-old first-cousin partner. Pregnancy was complicated by oligohydramnios (deficiency in the amount of amniotic fluid); an amniocentesis revealed a normal male karyotype. The infant was delivered by cesarean section because of maternal preeclampsia (development of hypertension due to pregnancy). Apgar scores were 8/9, weight was 2200 g, and length was 18.5 inches. On newborn examination, microcephaly (a broad nasal bridge with anteverted nostrils), micrognathia (smallness of the jaws, especially the underjaw), hypospadias (a defect in the wall of the urethra), and undescended testes were seen.A tentative diagnosis of Smith-LemliOpitz syndrome was postulated. By 9 months of age, marked developmental delay was noted. Repeat evaluation revealed bilateral inguinal hernias, dysmorphic features with synophrys (growing together of the eyebrows), and thick upper lip with gum hypertrophy; limitation of motion at the knees, hips, elbows, and wrists; camptodactyly (bending of fingers); rib flaring; hepatosplenomegaly; corneal clouding; and hypotonia in addition to those findings reported at birth.
Inborn Errors of Urea Synthesis
Authors: Chakraborty Pranesh , Geraghty Michael T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A male infant was born at term following an uncomplicated pregnancy to a healthy woman pregnant for the first time. The delivery was uncomplicated, and growth was appropriate for gestational age. Initially, he was breastfed every 3 h. On the second day of life, he developed mild respiratory distress and fed poorly. Antibiotics were started, but no evidence for an infection was found. On day 3, he became increasingly unresponsive. Blood glucose and electrolytes were normal. He became comatose and required artificial ventilation. Repeat tests showed persistent respiratory alkalosis, and the plasma ammonium was 1250 amol/L (normal 5–30). Serum electrolytes, plasma glucose, and lactate and a toxicology screen were normal. Plasma was obtained for quantitative amino acid analysis and quantitative carnitine and for an acylcarnitine profile; urine was obtained for orotic acid measurement and organic acid profiling.
Obesity: A Growing Problem
Authors: Rosenthal Miriam d. , Pasquinelli Lawrence M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
T.F. is a 14-year-old girl who came into the office for a well-care examination accompanied by her mother. She had a history of asthma and used albuterol (a bronchodilator) as needed. She was concerned that her weight was too high, and that she was often teased at school by other children. Both T.F. and her mother have been reading about weight loss and exercise; they were ready to make a change to decrease T.F.’s weight. The patient lived with her mother and her sister. Her father died in a car accident 2 years prior to the visit. Her grandmother had type 2 diabetes and high cholesterol. T.F. ate fast food more than three times a week, drank three 8-ounce cans of nondiet soda each day, and watched about 4 h of television per day. She rarely exercised to break a sweat and did not Obesity is a common medical condition seen daily by most physicians. BMI is a useful clinical tool to evaluate a patient’s size compared with others of the same age. This measure takes into account the patient’s height as well as weight. BMI is calculated with either of the following two formulas depending on which measurement system is used: Her thyroid was not enlarged, the cardiac examination was normal, and the lung examination was normal without any wheezing (a high-pitched, flutelike noise with expiration often seen with asthma). She had a dark, thick skin rash in the folds on her neck called acanthosis nigricans.
Protein-Energy Malnutrition
Authors: gopichandran Vijayaprasad , Lai lien B , Gopalan venkat 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A 22-month-old male child was seen in a pediatric clinic in the United States (Carvalho et al., 2001). He had been suffering from intermittent skin eczema since 2 weeks of age. After weaning at 13 months of age, he was given cow’s milk, and several episodes of vomiting were observed soon after. Since his parents suspected milk intolerance and were apprehensive about the cow’s milk causing a possible worsening of the eczema, he was immediately switched to a lactose-free diet that was primarily a rice milk beverage. This rice drink was extremely low in protein but (somewhat) adequate in caloric content. Although well educated, the parents mistakenly assumed that the beverage, because of its fortified contents and high cost, was a superior food product for their child even though the container stated that the rice milk beverage was not meant for use as an infant formula. Despite normal growth during infancy, poor weight gain was obvious during the second year, when the child was on a daily intake of 1.5 L of the rice drink, which is equivalent to 3 g protein and 790 calories/day (norm for ages 1–3, 16 g protein and 1300 calories/day). In the weeks before admission, he was irritable, was less active, and displayed an increase in skin lesions.
Lactose Intolerance
Authors: Osgood Marcy P , Johnson Abiodun O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A 6-year-old African American boy presented with a 6-month history of nausea, abdominal discomfort, and diarrhea with three to four watery stools a day associated with passage of much gas. These complaints began soon after he started first grade when he was required to drink 2 cups of milk with his school lunch. The symptoms occurred after lunch, and he felt much better after having a bowel movement. No blood was noted in the stool. He was mostly symptom free on weekends, when he rarely drinks milk. There has been no fever or no weight loss, and his appetite has remained good. In general, the boy has been healthy since birth at full term. He was breast-fed for 6 months, at which time he was weaned to regular infant formula, and started taking solids in the form of rice cereal. He began eating table food at 1 year of age. Neither parent drinks much milk. He is the only child of both parents, and there are no other family health concerns.
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: panja Srinivas , chelliah aruna , Burge mark R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia. This can result from defects in insulin secretion, defects in insulin action, or both. Because glucose is a chemically reactive molecule, the chronic hyperglycemia of diabetes is associated with long-term damage, dysfunction, and, ultimately, failure of various organs. These include the eyes, the kidneys, the nervous system, and the cardiovascular system. Several pathogenic processes are involved in the development of diabetes. These range from autoimmune destruction of the o-cells of the pancreas with consequent insulin deficiency (type 1 diabetes, about 10% of cases) to poorly characterized abnormalities that result in resistance to insulin action combined with inadequate insulin secretion (type 2 diabetes, about 90% of cases). Regardless of mechanism, the ultimate basis of known abnormalities in carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism in diabetes is the deficient action of insulin on target tissues.
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia: P450c21 Steroid Hydroxylase Deficiency
Authors: Pepe Gerald J , Rosenthal Miriam D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A 2-day-old neonate was referred to the pediatric endocrinology team with ambiguous external genitalia, including clitoral hypertrophy and fusion of the labia. The baby had been delivered spontaneously at 38 weeks of gestation after an uneventful pregnancy and presented with no obvious clinical manifestations other than apparent masculinization of the external genitalia/genital ambiguity. A sample was obtained for genetic testing, which subsequently confirmed a 46XX chromosomal makeup. Examination of serum electrolytes indicated mild hyponatremia (decreased sodium concentration) and hyperkalemia (elevated potassium). A blood sample was also sent to a central laboratory for hormone analyses. The results, obtained 5 days after the patient was sent home, showed that blood levels of cortisol (hydrocortisone) and aldosterone were well (s4 fold) below normal, whereas levels of androgens, including de hydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), DHEA-sulfate (DHEAS), androstenedione, and testosterone, were elevated more than 5-fold. Serum levels of 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) exceeded 10,000 ng/mL ((100-fold above normal), while estradiol and estrone were barely detectable and thus normal for age. Plasma levels of renin were also elevated.
The Heyday of the New Immigrant Enclave
Authors: Sterba Christopher M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
America’s entrance into the war posed challenges for two populations that were very much in flux. By 1917, New Haven Italians and New York Jews had moved well beyond the initial stage of establishing their housing and employment niches and were now able to rely on a wide range of ethnic institutions. Observers regarded these settlements as foreign cities-within-the-city. The immigrants lived and worked mainly with their kinsmen, bought familiar homeland foods from ethnic grocers, and attended religious services and read newspapers (if they could read) in their own languages.
Prehistory
Authors: Leeming David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As is the case with other parts of the world, the emergence of the human species in the Middle East is difficult to establish. There are archeological indications—primarily rough stone tools and skeletal remains—of the presence of an early hominid species (Homo erectus) in the area dating from at least 300,000 B.C.E., the period known as the lower (early) Paleolithic (Old Stone Age, c. 2 million-100,000 B.C.E.—geologically the Ice Age or the Pleistocene).
The Bronze Age
Authors: Leeming David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
History can be said to begin when records are kept for later people to read. To the extent that this is so, prehistory ended and history began at Sumer. It is easy to imagine that the need grew for a means of keeping track of the complexities of irrigation, animal husbandry, planting schedules, trade, government, religious activities, and various religious stories, such as the creation myths and the “biographies” and deeds of the particular city gods that provided a given people with cultural identity and significance. The Sumerians had by about 3400 B.C.E. discovered the solution to the need to record these things by inventing a writing system that was a major step beyond the old clay pictographic token system that had long been used by many cultures for merely quantitative records.
The Mythology of Anatolia
Authors: Leeming David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The mythology of pre-Greek and pre-Islamic Anatolia (Asia Minor, Asian Turkey) is an amalgamation of the pantheons and sacred stories of several peoples, including the Hattians, the Hittites, and the Hurrians. The Hattians, or proto-Hattians (since the Hittites took on the Hattie name), were an indigenous people who were living on the central Anatolian plateau when the Hittites and several smaller lndoEuropean tribes, the Luwians and Palaians, arrived there at the end of the third millennium B.C.E. The Hurrians, while politically and geo¬ graphically more Mesopotamian than Anatolian, made significant in¬ roads into Anatolia, and their religion forms a major part of the Hittite-Anatolian mythology. Other Mesopotamian mythic material and Canaanite stories as well also found their way into Anatolian mythology by way of the Hurrians.
The Mythology of the Western Semites
Authors: Leeming David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Western Semites were the Semitic-speaking peoples of the area that includes what was once known as the land of Canaan. In the pre-Islamic ancient world, Western Semites included Arameans, the various people labeled Canaanites (including the Phoenicians and the people ofUgarit), the Hebrew-Israelites, and other tribes that migrated to the region. The Western Semites produced both Judaism and Christianity.