bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ethnic Disparities: Control of Glycemia, Blood Pressure, and LDL Cholesterol Among US Adults with Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Kirk Julienne K , Bell Ronny A , Bertoni Alain G , Arcury Thomas A , Quandt Sara A , Goff David C , Narayan K M Venkat 
Published: August 2005

OBJECTIVE: To examine ethnic disparities in the quality of diabetes care among adults with diabetes in the US through a systematic qualitative review. DATA SOURCES: Material published in the English language was searched from 1993 through June 2003 using PubMed, Web of Science, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health, the Cochrane Library, Combined Health Information Database, and Education Resources Information Center. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION: Studies of patients with diabetes in which at least 50% of study participants were ethnic minorities and studies that made ethnic group comparisons were eligible. Research on individuals having prediabetes, those <18 years of age, or women with gestational diabetes were excluded. Reviewers used a reproducible search strategy. A standardized abstraction and grading of articles for publication source and content were used. Data on glycemia, blood pressure, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were extracted in patients with diabetes. A total of 390 studies were reviewed, with 78 meeting inclusion criteria. DATA SYNTHESIS: Ethnic minorities had poorer outcomes of care than non-Hispanic whites. These disparities were most pronounced for glycemic control and least evident for LDL-C control. Most studies showed blood pressure to be poorly controlled among ethnic minorities. CONCLUSIONS: Control of risk factors for diabetes (glycemia, blood pressure, LDL-C) is challenging and requires routine assessment. These findings indicate that additional efforts are needed to promote diabetes quality of care among minority populations.
The Effects of Adipose Fin Clipping and Coded Wire Tagging on the Survival and Growth of Spring Chinook Salmon
Authors: Vander Haegen G. E. , Blankenship H. L. , Hoffmann A. , Thompson D. A. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Each year, millions of Pacific salmon are identified by the insertion of a coded wire tag and removal of the adipose fin. To evaluate the effects of adipose fin clipping and coded wire tagging on the survival, growth, and straying of spring Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, we coded-wire-tagged juveniles over a 3-year period and excised their adipose fins at three hatcheries on the Columbia River. In addition, the study fish and control fish were marked with otolith marks so that returning adults without tags and the untagged controls could be distinguished from untagged strays. We collected otoliths, tags, and length data from adults returning to the three hatcheries. Because the proportions of fish with coded wire tags returning to the hatchery were similar to those released and there was no discernable pattern of increase or decrease, we concluded that coded wire tags and adipose fin marks did not affect juvenile-to-adult survival. Although there was an indication that coded-wire-tagged fish were more likely to to be smaller when they returned than fish without coded wire tags, the size discrepancy was less than one standard deviation of the natural biological variation in size. Tagged juveniles released at the rearing site did not tend to stray when they returned as adults. Based on these results, we concluded that coded wire tagging is a useful method for gathering information with minimal bias on the fates of groups of fish.
A Long-Term Comparison of Redband Trout Distribution, Density, and Size Structure in Southwestern Idaho
Authors: Zoellick Bruce W. , Allen Dale B. , Flatter Brian J. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
During 1993–2003, we reexamined the density and size structure of populations of Columbia River redband trout Oncorhynchus mykiss gairdneri at 43 sites in sagebrush desert basins of southwestern Idaho. Trout density had originally been sampled at these sites during 1977–1982. Populations were sampled in four major drainages of the Snake River basin: Bruneau River, Jordan Creek, Owyhee River, and Snake River tributaries. Redband trout distribution remained relatively stable between the two time periods, trout being present at 79% of the sites in 1977–1982 (1970s) and 84% of the sites in 1993–2003 (1990s). The mean density of redband trout did not differ between the 1970s (29.9 ± 6.3 trout/100 m2 (mean ± SE)) and the 1990s (26.4 ± 5.5 trout/100 m2), but the differences in redband trout density between these time periods were correlated with elevation. Densities were stable or declined at elevations less than 1,500 m, and densities generally were stable or increased at elevations of 1,500 m or greater. Densities increased from 19.7 ± 6.3 trout/100 m2 in the 1970s to 39.3 ± 12.0 trout/100 m2 (n = 12) in the 1990s for the Jordan Creek drainage, where most sites were at higher elevations. Mean density declined from 37.5 ± 9.5 to 17.8 ± 6.0 trout/100 m2 (n = 16) from the 1970s to 1990s for Snake River tributaries, which were located at low elevations. The proportion of juvenile trout contributing to Snake River tributary populations declined from 48% to 25% from the 1970s to the 1990s. In contrast, the size structure of redband trout populations in the higher-elevation Jordan Creek drainage was similar between time periods, juvenile trout constituting 44– 47% of the fish in those populations. Static to declining populations at low elevations indicate the importance of retaining or restoring connectivity between redband trout populations in desert basins.
A Review of the Diagnosis and Management of Male Breast Cancer
Authors: Giordano Sharon H. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract

Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader will be able to: List the risk factors for male breast cancer.Explain the differences between breast cancer in men and women.Discuss the importance of adjuvant therapy in male breast cancer.
Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 hour of AMA PRA category 1 credit at CME.TheOncologist.com
Male breast cancer is an uncommon disease although the incidence has increased over the past 25 years. As with many other rare “orphan” diseases, male breast cancer is understudied. The rarity of the disease precludes prospective randomized clinical trials. In addition, few researchers and minimal funding have focused on breast cancer in men, but further work is clearly needed to better understand this disease. It shares many similarities with breast cancer in women; yet some clear differences have emerged. In this article, the latest information on the epidemiology, biology, and treatment of male breast cancer is reviewed.
Detection of Micrometastatic Disease in Bone Marrow: Is It Ready for Prime Time?
Authors: Janni Wolfgang , Rack Brigitte , Lindemann Kristina , Harbeck Nadia 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Minimal residual disease (MRD), or isolated tumor cells (ITCs) in bone marrow, may be the source of potentially fatal overt distant metastases in solid tumors even years after primary treatment. MRD can be detected by immunohistochemical methods using antibodies directed against cytokeratins or cell-surface markers or molecular, polymerase chain reaction–based techniques. Among solid tumors, the clinical relevance of MRD has been most extensively studied in breast cancer patients. Recently, the highest level of evidence for the prognostic impact of MRD in primary breast cancer was reached by a pooled analysis comprising more than 4,000 patients, showing poor outcome in patients with MRD at primary therapy. Yet the clinical application of MRD detection is hampered by the lack of a standardized detection assay. Moreover, clinical trial results demonstrating the benefit of a therapeutic intervention determined by bone marrow status are still absent. Recent results suggest that, in addition to its prognostic impact, MRD can be used for therapy monitoring or as a potential therapeutic target after phenotyping of the tumor cells. Persistent MRD after primary treatment may lead to an indication for extended adjuvant therapy. However, until clinically relevant data regarding successful therapy of MRD are available, treatment interventions on the basis of MRD should only be performed within clinical trials.
Second Field Tumors: A New Opportunity for Cancer Prevention?
Authors: Braakhuis Boudewijn J.M. , Brakenhoff Ruud H. , Leemans C. René 
Published: August 2005

Abstract

Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Describe the origin and clinical burden of HNSCC.Explain the concept of field malignancy.Discuss the potential of prevention research in HNSCC.
Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 hour of AMA PRA category 1 credit at CME.TheOncologist.com
Recent molecular genetic studies provide evidence that the majority of, if not all, head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) develop within a contiguous field of preneoplastic cells. Cells of a field show genetic alterations associated with the process of carcinogenesis. A subclone in a field gives rise to an invasive carcinoma. An important implication of this knowledge is that, after surgery of the initial carcinoma, part of the field may remain in the patient. A field with preneoplastic cells that share genetic alterations with cells of the excised tumor has been detected in the resection margins of at least 25% of patients, indicating that this frequently occurs. Fields can be much larger than the actual carcinoma, sometimes having a diameter &gt;7 cm. When a field remains after resection of the tumor, the risk for another carcinoma, designated as a second field tumor (SFT), is considerably greater. It is important to realize that an SFT develops from preneoplastic cells clonally related to the initial tumor. In this respect, it should be discriminated from a recurrent carcinoma that has developed from minimal residual cancer that was left behind and from a second primary tumor that independently develops from the initial carcinoma. Patients at risk for SFTs belong to a unique patient group for whom intense surveillance is indicated and chemoprevention is an attractive option. The priorities are to identify the patients in whom a remaining field will progress to cancer and to find the genes involved. With this knowledge, highly efficient clinical prevention trials, including those using the local application of therapeutic agents, can be designed. It is important to note that SFTs also may occur after treatment of various other cancers, including those of the bladder, skin, esophagus, lung, cervix, breast, and colon.
Diagnostic Value of CYFRA 21-1, CEA, CA 19-9, CA 15-3, and CA 125 Assays in Pleural Effusions: Analysis of 116 Cases and Review of the Literature
Authors: Shitrit David , Zingerman Boris , Shitrit Ariella Bar-Gil , Shlomi Dekel , Kramer Mordechai R. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractLevels of tumor markers in pleural effusions may help to establish the diagnosis of pleural malignancy, but the precise diagnostic value of each marker remains unclear. The aim of this study was to assess the diagnostic value of five common pleural fluid tumor markers, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), cytokeratin fragment (CYFRA) 21-1, cancer antigen (CA) 15-3, CA 19-9, and CA 125, and to review the literature from the past 15 years. Pleural fluid samples were collected prospectively from 116 patients and assayed for CEA, CYFRA 21-1, CA 15-3, CA 19-9, and CA 125 levels. A MEDLINE search of the English-language literature from the past 15 years was also done.Effusions were classified as benign or malignant on the basis of their definitive pathologic or cytologic diagnoses. The levels of all pleural tumor markers were statistically significantly higher in the malignant group than in the benign group. The marker with the highest accuracy was CEA (85.3%); CA 15-3, CYFRA 21-1, and CA 19-9 had similar accuracies (75.2%, 72.4%, and 71.5%, respectively), and CA 125 had the lowest accuracy (40.5%). On univariate analysis, tumor-marker combinations did not result in a greater accuracy than that of CEA alone. On multivariate logistic regression, CA 15-3 and CYFRA 21-1 were significant predictors of malignancy. Among the nine reports in the literature comparing 11 different tumor markers, CEA, CA 15-3, and CYFRA 21-1 yielded the best results. We conclude that pleural fluid analysis should include CEA for the diagnosis of malignancy. CA 15-3 and CYFRA 21-1 may serve as alternative options.
Male‐to‐male transmission in Laurin–Sandrow syndrome and exclusion of RARB and RARG
Authors: Kjaer Klaus W. , Hansen Lars , Eiberg Hans , Christensen Knud Stenild , Opitz John M. , Tommerup Niels 
Published: July 2005

AbstractWe report on a father and a son with nasal and limb defects characteristic of Laurin–Sandrow syndrome (LSS) excluding for the first time X‐linked inheritance in this rare condition. Based on a search for genes expressed late during nose formation and early in limb formation we identified retinoic acid receptor B (RARB) and retinoic acid receptor G (RARG) as possible candidate genes and sequenced bidirectionally including all exons and intron–exon bounders. We identified a single nucleotide substitution in intron 2 of RARB, which is conserved in human, chimp, dog, mouse, rat, and chicken. However, it was located 83 bp from exon 2, suggesting it is a rare polymorphism which does not account for the phenotype. No other mutations were found. This suggests that another yet unknown gene is responsible for the condition. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Familial recurrence of heart defects in subjects with congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries
Authors: Piacentini Gerardo , Digilio M. Cristina , Capolino Rossella , Zorzi Andrea De , Toscano Alessandra , Sarkozy Anna , D'Agostino Rita , Marasini Maurizio , Russo M. Giovanna , Dallapiccola Bruno , Marino Bruno 
Published: July 2005

AbstractFamilial recurrence of congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries (CCTGA) is considered uncommon. Most of the previous familial studies involved a small number of patients and referred to all situs and looping anomalies including single ventricle, heterotaxia, and other cardiac defects different from CCTGA. We performed a large, consecutive clinical case series study in order to detect the recurrence of congenital heart defects in families of children with the classic form of CCTGA. From January 1997 through December 2004, 102 consecutive patients with CCTGA were evaluated in four institutions. There were 59 male (57.8%) and 43 female (42.2%). Mean age was 8.6 ± 7.8 years. Eighty‐eight patients (86.3%) had situs solitus of the atria, 14 (13.7%) situs inversus. The cardiac and extracardiac anomalies among relatives and the patterns of familial recurrence were investigated. Relatives with congenital heart defects were found in 16/102 families (15.7%). Transposition of the great arteries (TGA) was the most common recurrent defect (6/102 families). Consanguinity was identified in the parents of three probands. Six probands had an unaffected twin‐sib. Recurrence risks for congenital heart defects were calculated at 5.2% (6/116) for siblings. In conclusion, CCTGA is not always sporadic in families. The pattern of inheritance, the presence of consanguinity among parents and the recurrence of situs inversus could suggest, in some families, an autosomal recessive mechanism with similarities with that occurring in some pedigrees with heterotaxia. The recurrence of TGA and CCTGA in the same family suggests a pathogenetic link between these two anatomically different malformations. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Conductivity of crosslinked poly(epichlorohydrin‐co‐(ethylene oxide)‐co‐(allyl glycidyl ether)) compositions under ambient circumstances for its application to an electrophotographic system
Authors: Matoba Y. , Shoji S. , Ikeda Y. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractTerpolymers were synthesized by copolymerization of epichlorohydrin with ethylene oxide (EO) and allyl glycidyl ether. The terpolymers were crosslinked by sulfur curing. Conductivity of the crosslinked terpolymer compositions was investigated for application to an electrophotographic system. The composition containing 71 mol % EO units in the terpolymer gave high and stable conductivity over a wide range from low temperature and low humidity to high temperature and high humidity conditions. The conductivity of crosslinked terpolymer composition satisfied Ohm's law against the applied voltage from 10 to 1000 V, which is necessary for the electrophotographic system. The conductivity increased by the addition of a small amount of electrolyte. The staining ascribable to the migration of electrolyte was not observed, when 3 parts per hundred rubber by weight of octadecyltrimethylammonium perchlorate was doped to the crosslinked terpolymer composition whose EO content in the terpolymer was 71 mol %. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 825–830, 2005
Rheological destructuring of aqueous gels composed of cellulose ethers following storage in the presence of redox agents
Authors: Jones David S. , Muldoon Brendan C. O. , David Woolfson A. , Dominic Sanderson F. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractDespite their widespread use, there is a paucity of information concerning the effect of storage on the rheological properties of pharmaceutical gels that contain organic and inorganic additives. Therefore, this study examined the effect of storage (1 month at either 4 or 37°C) on the rheological and mechanical properties of gels composed of either hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (3–5% w/w, HPMC) or hydroxyethylcellulose (3–5% w/w, HEC) and containing or devoid of dispersed organic (tetracycline hydrochloride 2% w/w) or inorganic (iron oxide 0.1% w/w) agents. The mechanical properties were measured using texture profile analysis whereas the rheological properties were analyzed using continuous shear rheometry and modeled using the Power Law model. All formulations exhibited pseudoplastic flow with minimal thixotropy. Increasing polymer concentration (3–5% w/w) significantly increased the consistency, hardness, compressibility, and adhesiveness of the formulations due to increased polymer chain entanglement. Following storage (1 month at 4 and 37°C) the consistency and mechanical properties of additive free HPMC gels (but not HEC gels) increased, due to the time‐dependent development of polymer chain entanglements. Incorporation of tetracycline hydrochloride significantly decreased and increased the rheological and mechanical properties of HPMC and HEC gels, respectively. Conversely, the incorporation of iron oxide did not affect these properties. Following storage, the rheological and mechanical properties of HPMC and HEC formulations were markedly compromised. This effect was greater following storage at 37 than at 4°C and, additionally, greater in the presence of tetracycline hydrochloride than iron oxide. It is suggested that the loss of rheological/mechanical structure was due to chain depolymerization, facilitated by the redox properties of tetracycline hydrochloride and iron oxide. These observations have direct implications for the design and formulation of gels containing an active pharmaceutical ingredient. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 852–859, 2005
Characterization of poly(indole‐5‐carboxylic acid) in aqueous rechargeable cells
Authors: Sivakkumar S. R. , Angulakshmi N. , Saraswathi R. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractSelf‐doped poly(indole‐5‐carboxylic acid) (P5CO2H) is electrodeposited from acetonitrile containing 0.1M LiClO4 as electrolyte and characterized by UV–vis, IR, cyclic voltammetry, and scanning electron microscopy techniques. The polymer is evaluated as a cathode active material together with a Zn anode in rechargeable cells containing 1M ZnSO4 at pH 5. The cell shows an open circuit voltage of 1.36 V and a specific capacity of 67 Ah kg−1. The ac impedance study shows a predominant diffusion mechanism. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 917–922, 2005
Genetic control of experimental spondylarthropathy
Authors: Szabó Zoltán , Szántó Sándor , Végvári Anikó , Szekanecz Zoltán , Mikecz Katalin , Glant Tibor T. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractObjectiveTo characterize experimentally induced spondylarthropathy (SpA) in arthritis‐susceptible inbred mice and in their F1 and F2 hybrid generations of susceptible and resistant mouse strains.MethodsSpA was induced in susceptible BALB/c and C3H/HeJCr (C3H) strains of mice, and in their F1 and F2 generations derived from intercrosses with arthritis‐ and/or spondylitis‐resistant DBA/2 and DBA/1 parent strains, by systemic immunization with cartilage proteoglycan (PG) aggrecan. The incidence and severity of PG‐induced spondylitis (PGIS) were scored histologically, and these scores for spine involvement were correlated with serum antibody and cytokine levels and with in vitro T cell responses to cartilage PG.ResultsPGIS was induced by systemic immunization with cartilage PG in adjuvant, and ∼60–70% of susceptible mouse strains and their F2 hybrids developed spondylitis either with or without arthritis. Adjuvants, particularly those activating the innate immune system and enforcing the Th1 dominance, had significant effects on the outcome and progression of SpA. The DBA/1 strain appeared to carry genes protecting this strain and its F1 and F2 hybrids from spondylitis, whereas the DBA/2 strain, although resistant to PGIS, harbored genes permitting PGIS in its hybrid generations. Arthritis‐ and/or spondylitis‐susceptible BALB/c and C3H parent strains and their F2 hybrids exhibited the highest incidence and severity of spondylitis.ConclusionPGIS, a murine model of autoimmune spondylitis, shows similarities to ankylosing spondylitis. Segregation of susceptibility to PG‐induced arthritis (PGIA) from that to PGIS in different genetic crosses suggests that PGIA and PGIS are separate diseases. Therefore, this model allows for the elucidation of genetic components involved in the etiology of SpA, independent of those controlling the susceptibility to PGIA.
Polymerization Kinetics of Fischer‐Tropsch Reaction on Iron Based Catalysts and Product Grade Optimization
Authors: Fernandes F. A. N. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe polymerization kinetics of Fischer‐Tropsch reactions on a K‐promoted Fe catalyst was studied. To represent the product distribution, a kinetic model was developed based on alkyl and alkenyl mechanisms for hydrocarbon chain propagation, which were assumed to occur simultaneously in the Fischer‐Tropsch synthesis. The conclusion was drawn that superimposed Anderson‐Schulz‐Flory (ASF) distributions with different chain growth probabilities, on iron catalysts, can be the result of different chain growth mechanisms. The polymerization mechanism was used to obtain the product distribution for several conditions, and the optimum conditions for the production of transportation fuels were found.