bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
"I(t) could not choose but follow": Erotic Logic in The Changeling
Authors: Haber Judith 
Published: February 2004

IN ACT 3 OF THOMAS MIDDLETON and William Rowley's The Changeling, in a scene that recalls and revises Beatrice Joanna's earlier "seduction" of the loathsome De Flores, De Flores makes evident his intention to commit rape. Beatrice kneels and sues for deliverance, but he refuses, raises her, and, as she shivers in mute fear, declares:

'Las how the turtle pants! Thou'lt love anon
What thou so fear'st and faint'st to venture on.
(3.4.169-70)

These lines are clearly meant to recall the epithalamium from Ben Jonson's masque Hymenaei, composed to celebrate the scandalous marriage of Frances Howard and the Earl of Essex. By repeating Jonson's invocation to marital consummation at the end of a rape scene, Middleton does something similar to what the passage itself does—insists, that is, on the coincidence of fear and desire, of virgin and whore, of marriage and rape. And while the playwright makes the connection between these apparent opposites explicit, he seems to be merely spelling out paradoxes and problems that are already present in Jonson's poem and in the epithalamic tradition in general.
This essay explores how The Changeling anatomizes, criticizes, and simultaneously participates in the assumptions implicit in that tradition. Here and in his other plays, Middleton succeeds, through a complex network of allusions, in foregrounding the frightening male fantasies at the heart of the tradition. At the same time, the play's powerful manipulation of dramatic structure enables it, in contrast to lyric and other nondramatic versions of those fantasies, to paper over the contradictions it uncovers, presenting its culture's nightmares in their most compelling form.
Structural changes and mechanical performance of recycled poly(vinyl chloride) bottles exposed to ultraviolet light at 313 nm
Authors: Sombatsompop N. , Sungsanit K. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe structural changes and mechanical performance of virgin poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) bottle (VB) compounds blended with postconsumer PVC bottles collected from a specified factory (RB‐F) and houses (RB‐H), were examined before and after UV irradiation at 313‐nm UV wavelength for different periods of time up to 28 days. The results indicated that, when exposed to UV light, the RB‐F/VB blends containing greater conjugated double bonds with higher yellowness index appeared to exhibit better mechanical performance than that of the RB‐H/VB blends. It was found that the amount of conjugated double bonds was not a linear function of the discoloration level of PVC compounds. Tensile strength of the VB compounds was not affected when incorporated with RB‐F recyclate, but progressively decreased with increasing RB‐H recyclate. An optimum concentration for RB recyclates to be added into the virgin compound was recommended for obtaining a maximum impact strength. Both tensile and impact strengths decreased with increasing UV exposure time, a severe degradation being obvious after a UV exposure time of 21 days. Hardness was not affected significantly by the addition of PVC recyclate, but increased with increasing UV exposure time. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 84–94, 2004
Biodegradation of physicochemically treated LDPE by a consortium of filamentous fungi
Authors: Manzur A. , Limón‐González M. , Favela‐Torres E. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractSamples of low density polyethylene previously subjected to physicochemical treatments–thermal treatment (TT) at 105 and 150°C or accelerated aging treatment (AAT)–were subjected to biodegradation by a consortium of four fungi during 9 months. Morphological, structural, and surface changes and mineralization were evaluated. TT samples showed decreases in the onset melting temperature (To), melting point (Tm), relative crystallinity (Φ), and mean crystallite size (L110). The degradation products in all treated samples were carbonyl and double bonds groups. The biological treatment (BT) affected the properties of all treated samples. To at 3 months decreased with respect to sample at 0 months; the changes were higher in TT samples; the samples then remained without significant changes. Increases in Φ were observed in TT samples within a 3‐month BT, after which reductions occurred. After a 9‐month BT, increases in L110 were registered in all samples (up to 2.6 nm). The highest mineralization value (3.26%) was obtained with the AAT. The reported changes suggested that the fungi mainly digest the amorphous phase of polyethylene in the first stage of the experiment, but later they also digest small crystals. Superficial growth of microorganisms occurred, and penetration of hyphae was observed in most oxidized samples. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 265–271, 2004
Control of particle size and carboxyl group distribution in soap‐free emulsion copolymerization of methyl methacrylate–ethyl acrylate–acrylic acid
Authors: Kang Kai , Kan Cheng You , Du Yi , Liu De Shan 
Published: February 2004

AbstractPolymer microspheres with narrow size distribution and with carboxyl groups on their surfaces were synthesized by soap‐free emulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA), ethyl acrylate (EA), and acrylic acid (AA), and the distribution of –COOH in the latex was determined by conductometric titration. Effects of ingredients on polymerization, latex particle size (Dp), and its distribution, and the distribution of –COOH were investigated. Results showed that monomer conversion and the amount of embedded –COOH (Ea) decreased, and Dp increased with increasing amounts of NH4HCO3. The amounts of surface –COOH (Sa) and water –COOH (Fa) and the number of –COOH on each square centimeter of the particles' surface (Sd) increased with increasing amounts of NH4HCO3 and AA. With the increase of initiator (APS) and AA, Dp deceased. Ea increased with the increase of AA. Fa increased and then remained constant, and Sd decreased with the increase of initiator. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 433–438, 2004
Optical and surface properties of whey protein isolate coatings on plastic films as influenced by substrate, protein concentration, and plasticizer type
Authors: Hong Seok‐In , Han Jung H. , Krochta John M. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractComposite film structures of common plastic polymers including polypropylene (PP) or poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) with whey protein isolate (WPI) coatings may be obtained by a casting method. Optical and surface properties of the resulting WPI‐coated plastic films, as affected by protein concentration and plasticizer type, were investigated to examine the biopolymer coating effects on surface modification with polymeric substrates of opposite polarity. The measured properties involved specular gloss, color, contact angle, and critical surface energy. Regardless of the substrates, WPI‐coated films possessed excellent gloss and no color, as well as good adhesion between the coating and the substrate when an appropriate plasticizer was added to the coating formulations. The protein concentration did not significantly affect gloss of WPI‐coated plastic films. Among five plasticizers applied, sucrose conferred the most highly reflective and homogeneous surfaces to the coated films. The WPI coatings were very transparent and the coated films with various protein concentrations and plasticizers showed no noticeable changes in color. Experimental results suggest that WPI coatings formulated with a proper plasticizer can improve the visual characteristics of the polymeric substrate and enhance water wettability of the coated plastic films. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 335–343, 2004
Synthesis and properties of polyurethane resins based on liquefied wood
Authors: Wei Yuping , Cheng Fa , Li Houping , Yu Jiugao 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThree polyurethane resins were synthesized from liquefied wood and three diisocyanates, i.e., TDI, IPDI, and HDI. The liquefied wood was obtained by the liquefaction of benzylated wood wastes using Dibasic esters (DBE) as solvent with hydrochloric acid as catalyst for 3 h, at 80°C. The thermal stability and microphase morphology of polyurethane films were investigated by TG, DSC, WAXD, and SEM methods. The experimental results indicated that polyurethane resins from liquefied wood had higher thermal stability than traditional ones, and the special structure and the difference of chemical structure of diisocyanates resulted in the crytallinity and microphase separation of obtained polyurethanes. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 351–356, 2004
Morphology and mechanical properties of layered silicate reinforced natural and polyurethane rubber blends produced by latex compounding
Authors: Varghese S. , Gatos K. G. , Apostolov A. A. , Karger‐Kocsis J. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractNatural rubber (NR), polyurethane rubber (PUR), and NR/PUR‐based nanocomposites were produced from the related latices by adding a pristine synthetic layered silicate (LS; sodium fluorohectorite) in 10 parts per hundred parts rubber (phr). The dispersion of the LS latices in the composite was studied by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Further information on the rubber/LS interaction was received from Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA). Tensile and tear tests were used to characterize the performance of the rubber nanocomposites. It was found that LS is more compatible and thus better intercalated by PUR than by NR. Further, LS was preferably located in the PUR phase in the blends, which exhibited excellent mechanical properties despite the incompatibility between NR and PUR. Nano‐reinforcement was best reflected in stiffness‐ and strength‐related properties of the rubber composites. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 543–551, 2004
Permeability of semicrystalline polymers to toluene/methanol mixture
Authors: Gagnard Christelle , Germain Yves , Keraudren Patrick , Barrière Benoît 
Published: February 2004

AbstractIn this article, we analyze the effect of the alcohol content in gasoline on the permeability of four semicrystalline polymers used in automobile fuel systems. More specifically, we are interested in the methanol/toluene mixture as a “binary” model of a complex gasoline to understand the selectivity brought about, in front of these solvents, by the nature of the polymer. We developed a permeation cell coupled to a chromatograph to analyze the composition of escaping toluene and methanol. These experiments allow us to demonstrate the strong “positive synergy” that exists between the flows of the methanol and the toluene when they are mixed, compared to the flows of these solvents on their own. This phenomenon is notably highlighted on polymers of very different kinds (PA12, PVDF, HDPE, EVOH) and, in light of recent theoretical developments, we can consider that this property is general, because this “positive synergy” is a consequence of the evolution of the solubility of the mixture of solvents in the polymer film, and more particularly, of the highly positive value of the Flory‐Huggins interaction coefficient between methanol and toluene. These experimental data allow one to better understand and predict the permeability behavior of the polymers in front of complex gasolines. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 676–682, 2004
Reconfiguring control in library collection development: A conceptual framework for assessing the shift toward electronic collections
Authors: Covi Lisa M. , Cragin Melissa H. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractAcademic and special libraries are in the midst of a shift toward hybrid collections. This shift from collection ownership to an information access model supports the distributed nature of learning and work. However, unanticipated consequences of these changes are emerging. One confounding result is a visible pattern of discontinuities in collections, with unique features for electronic products. Patterns of discontinuities encountered included the occurrence of intermittent holes and unintentionally masked information. This has both immediate and long‐term implications for library users and services, and there are not yet coherent measures to assess these sorts of outcomes. A framework is required for the systematic evaluation of the effects of new systems such as bundled electronic resources. This research suggests that evaluating both use and non‐use of electronic collections will supplement other acquisitions and service measures to support long‐range planning and decision‐making.
One‐Step Synthesis of Hypoxanthine from Glycinamide and Diformylurea
Authors: Lagoja Irene M. , Herdewijn Piet 
Published: February 2004

AbstractBecause of their easy availability and their relative chemical stability, urea, formic acid, and glycine might have played a role in the assembly process of nucleobases. In this paper, a short reaction path is described to prepare hypoxanthine starting from the above mentioned precursors. The formation of hypoxanthine has been verified by high‐resolution mass spectrometry with the 15N‐labelled urea as starting material, and HPLC analysis. The yield of this condensation reaction has been determined spectrophotometrically.
A Structure‐Information Approach to the Prediction of Biological Activities and Properties
Authors: Hall Lowell H. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe structure‐information approach to quantitative biological modeling and prediction is presented in contrast to the mechanism‐based approach. Basic structure information is developed from the chemical graph (connection table). The development, beginning with information explicit in the connection table (element identity and skeletal connections), leads to significant structure information useful for establishing sound models of a wide range of properties of interest in drug design. Skeletal branching patterns and valence state definition lead to relationships for valence‐state electronegativity and atom or group molar volumes. Based on these important aspects of molecules, both the electrotopological state (E‐State) and molecular‐connectivity structure descriptors (χ indices) are developed. A summary of QSAR models indicates the wide range of applicability of these structure descriptors and the predictive quality of QSAR models for protein binding, HIV‐1 protease inhibition, bloodbrain‐barrier partitioning, fish toxicity, carcinogenicity risk, structure space for similarity searching, and data mining. These models are independent of three‐dimensional structure information and are directly interpretable in terms of structure information useful to the drug‐design process.
Enhanced Fluorescence of Remote Functionalized Diaminodicyanoquinodimethanes in the Solid State and Fluorescence Switching in a Doped Polymer by Solvent Vapors
Authors: Jayanty S. , Radhakrishnan T. P. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractRemote functionalized zwitterionic diaminodicyanoquinodimethanes are found to exhibit a dramatic enhancement of light emission in the solid state and when doped in polymer films, as compared to the solution state. Crystal structure analysis of prototypical molecules reveals the role of the remote functionality in the solid state molecular organization. Semiempirical quantum chemical computations provide a viable model to explain the interesting phenomenon of fluorescence enhancement as arising from the inhibition of geometry relaxation of the vertical excited state to a nonemitting state. The reversible switching of a doped polymer film fluorescence triggered by solvent vapors is demonstrated.
Lanthanum Endohedral Metallofulleropyrrolidines: Synthesis, Isolation, and EPR Characterization
Authors: Cao Baopeng , Wakahara Takatsugu , Maeda Yutaka , Han Aihong , Akasaka Takeshi , Kato Tatsuhisa , Kobayashi Kaoru , Nagase Shigeru 
Published: February 2004

AbstractLanthanum endohedral metallofulleropyrrolidines have been synthesized for the first time through addition of an azomethine ylide to La@C82‐A in toluene. It was found that the addition reaction is very efficient and, to some extent, regioselective. Two major endohedral metallofulleropyrrolidines, a monoadduct and a bisadduct of La@C82‐A with abundance ratio of ∼1:0.4, have been isolated by HPLC chromatography and characterized by mass spectrometry, UV/Vis‐NIR absorption, and EPR spectroscopy. The electronic structure of La@C82‐A has been modified slightly upon monoaddition and significantly upon bisaddition of the pyrrolidines.
Supramolecular Photomagnetic Materials: Photoinduced Dimerization of Ferrocene‐Based Polychlorotriphenylmethyl Radicals
Authors: Ratera Imma , Ruiz‐Molina Daniel , Vidal‐Gancedo José , Novoa Juan J. , Wurst Klaus , Letard Jean‐François , Rovira Concepció , Veciana Jaume 
Published: February 2004

AbstractNew ferrocenyl Schiff‐base polychlorotriphenylmethyl radicals have been synthesized and characterized. The imino group of one such radical undergoes an irreversible trans to cis structural isomerization induced by light. Such photoinduced isomerization has been monitored by UV/Vis and ESR spectroscopy and also monitored by HPLC. ESR frozen solution experiments at low temperature revealed that the cis isomer dimerizes, showing a strong antiferromagnetic interaction. Although numerous photochromic supramolecular systems have been described, such a photoinduced self‐assembly process represents the first example of a one‐way photoswitchable magnetic system in which a conversion between a doublet and a singlet ground state species is promoted by a photoinduced dimerization process driven by the formation of hydrogen bonds. DFT calculations on the minimized structure and on the rotational barriers have been performed to establish the origin of such behavior. The effect of the substituents and the media polarity on the photoisomerization of this imine chromophore have also been studied. It has been observed that the efficiency of the process is markedly dependent on the presence and characteristics of electron‐donor and electron‐acceptor substituents of the ferrocenyl Schiff‐base polychlorotriphenylmethyl radicals as well as on the polarity of the solvent.
Ti2: Accurate Determination of the Dissociation Energy from Matrix Resonance Raman Spectra and Chemical Interaction With Noble Gases
Authors: Himmel Hans‐Jörg , Bihlmeier Angela 
Published: February 2004

AbstractUV‐visible and resonance Raman spectra of Ti2 isolated in Ar, Kr, and Xe matrices at temperatures of 10 K were measured by using the 514 nm line of an Ar ion laser. The data show that the Ti2 molecule interacts strongly with Xe, leading to a significant weakening of the TiTi bond strength. The f(TiTi) force constant decreases in the series Ar>Kr>Xe, from 232.8 Nm−1 in Ar and 225.5 Nm−1 in Kr to 199.7 Nm−1 in Xe. Additional experiments in an Ar matrix containing 2 % of Xe indicate the formation of a molecule of the formula Ti2Xe. Our spectra for Ti2 in an Ar matrix give evidence for several previously not observed members of the Stokes progression. The sum of experimental data allows for an improved estimation of the dissociation energy on the basis of a LeRoy–Bernstein–Lam analysis. A dissociation energy of 1.18 eV was derived from this analysis. The UV‐visible data give evidence of the vibrational levels of an excited state of Ti2.
Antibodies to non‐bilayer phospholipid arrangements induce a murine autoimmune disease resembling human lupus
Authors: Baeza Isabel , Leyva Emma , Campos Begoña , Lara Mónica , Ibáñez Miguel , Farfán Norberto , Orozco Héctor , Flores‐Romo Leopoldo , Hernández‐Pando Rogelio , Wong Carlos 
Published: February 2004

AbstractAntibodies recognizing non‐bilayer phospholipid arrangements (NPA) in membrane models and in cell membranes in vivo, triggered an autoimmune‐like disease in mice. This exhibited features similar to human lupus and was induced by injecting mice either with the H308 monoclonal antibody specific to NPA, with sera from mice which already had developed the autoimmune disease, or withliposomes treated with the NPA inductors chlorpromazine or procainamide; or with these NPA inductors alone. All these procedures revealed the involvement of antibodies to non‐bilayer phospholipids in inducing this autoimmune‐like disease. Unraveling the mechanisms of these antibodies might contribute to a better understanding of the molecular and immunological basis of autoimmune diseases like lupus and, hopefully, towards the development of better therapeutic strategies.
Introducing a mouse model for pre‐eclampsia: adoptive transfer of activated Th1 cells leads to pre‐eclampsia‐like symptoms exclusively in pregnant mice
Authors: Zenclussen Ana C. , Fest Stefan , Joachim Ricarda , Klapp Burghard F. , Arck Petra C. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractPre‐eclampsia (PE) is the most severe pregnancy‐related disease, leading to high maternal and fetal morbidity/mortality. Immunological imbalances associated with endothelial cell dysfunction have been hypothesized as a cause for the onset and perpetuation of PE. Valid and reliable animal models are urgently required to test this hypothesis and to better understand the mechanisms underlying PE. We developed a novel PE‐model by adoptively transferring activated BALB/c Th1‐like splenocytes into allogeneically pregnant BALB/c female mice during late gestation; the model mimicked the symptoms of PE, i.e. increased blood pressure and glomerulonephritis accompanied by proteinuria. Interestingly, these PE‐like symptoms were not detectable in non‐pregnant recipients of activated Th1‐like cells. Adoptive cell transfer adversely affected the outcome of pregnancy by increasing fetal rejection, with uterine immune cells showing an inflammatory profile. In conclusion, we have established a valid and reliable PE mouse model, which opens vast opportunities for therapeutic interventions.
Analysis of the activating receptors and cytolytic function of human natural killer cells undergoing in vivo differentiation after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation
Authors: Vitale Chiara , Chiossone Laura , Morreale Giuseppe , Lanino Edoardo , Cottalasso Francesca , Moretti Sara , Dini Giorgio , Moretta Lorenzo , Mingari Maria Cristina 
Published: February 2004

AbstractPatients undergoing allogeneic bone marrow transplantation offer a unique system to analyze NK cell development in vivo. We analyzed NK cells from 23 such patients to assess the acquisition of activating receptors. Four patients displayed an immature NK cell surface phenotype at engraftment, as their cells were CD16–KIR– and NKG2D– but expressed low levels of NKp46, NKp30, 2B4 and NKG2A. These NK cells had particularly low cytolytic activity against the HLA‐class‐I– melanoma F01 cell line and the 721‐221 EBV‐infected B cell line. Moreover, cytoxicity was inhibited upon mAb‐mediated crosslinking of 2B4. Analysis of NK cells at day 30 after bone marrow transplantation revealed the occurrence of both phenotypic and functional maturation. These data are in agreement with a previous in vitro study showing that immature NK cell precursors express CD16, NKG2D and KIR only at a late stage of differentiation and also express inhibitory 2B4. Our present study allows a better understanding of the NK cell differentiation in vivo.