bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Presynaptic localization of an AMPA‐type glutamate receptor in corticostriatal and thalamostriatal axon terminals
Authors: Fujiyama Fumino , Kuramoto Eriko , Okamoto Keiko , Hioki Hiroyuki , Furuta Takahiro , Zhou Ligang , Nomura Sakashi , Kaneko Takeshi 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe neostriatum is known to receive glutamatergic projections from the cerebral cortex and thalamic nuclei. Vesicular glutamate transporters 1 and 2 (VGluT1 and VGluT2) are located on axon terminals of corticostriatal and thalamostriatal afferents, respectively, whereas VGluT3 is found in axon terminals of cholinergic interneurons in the neostriatum. In the present study, the postsynaptic localization of ionotropic glutamate receptors was examined in rat neostriatum by the postembedding immunogold method for double labelling of VGluT and glutamate receptors. Immunoreactive gold particles for AMPA receptor subunits GluR1 and GluR2/3 were frequently found not only on postsynaptic but also on presynaptic profiles immunopositive for VGluT1 and VGluT2 in the neostriatum, and GluR4‐immunoreactive particles were observed on postsynaptic and presynaptic profiles positive for VGluT1. Quantitative analysis revealed that 27–45% of GluR1‐, GluR2‐, GluR2/3‐ and GluR4‐immunopositive particles found in VGluT1‐ or VGluT2‐positive synaptic structures in the neostriatum were associated with the presynaptic profiles of VGluT‐positive axons. In contrast, VGluT‐positive presynaptic profiles in the neostriatum showed almost no immunoreactivity for NMDA receptor subunits NR1 or NR2A/B. Furthermore, almost no GluR2/3‐immunopositive particles were observed in presynaptic profiles of VGluT3‐positive (cholinergic) terminals that made asymmetric synapses in the neostriatum, or in those of VGluT1‐ or VGluT2‐positive terminals in the neocortex. The present results indicate that AMPA receptor subunits but not NMDA receptor subunits are located on axon terminals of corticostriatal and thalamostriatal afferents, and suggest that glutamate released from these axon terminals controls the activity of the terminals through the presynaptic AMPA autoreceptors.
Transient expression of secretin in serotoninergic neurons of mouse brain during development
Authors: Lossi Laura , Bottarelli Lorena , Candusso Maria Elena , Leiter Andrew B. , Rindi Guido , Merighi Adalberto 
Published: January 2005

AbstractExistence of the gastro‐intestinal peptide secretin in the CNS has been a matter of debate, and contrasting results have been reported, altogether indicating that the CNS is not a major site of production of this peptide. A thorough analysis was conducted in brain of transgenic mice in which the expression of the early region of simian virus 40 large T antigen (Tag) is under control of the rat secretin gene promoter. We studied Tag expression in the brains of E14–P90 transgenic mice as well as secretin mRNA and protein expression in transgenic and control CD1 mice at corresponding developmental stages. We show here a perfect correspondence of Tag and secretin mRNA expression in the mesencephalon of transgenic and normal mice between E14 and birth. In embryos, Tag is also expressed in the spinal cord, as well as in several areas of the peripheral nervous system. Localization of Tag in P0–P90 animals becomes restricted to a single compact cellular mass in mesencephalon at the level of the dorsal raphe, raphe magnus and lateral paragigantocellular nuclei. Neurons of these nuclei display secretin mRNA from E14 to birth, in both control CD1 and transgenic mice. Approximately half of these secretin‐expressing neurons are immunoreactive for serotonin (5HT) and/or tryptophan hydroxylase. These results demonstrate that the secretin gene is transiently expressed in mouse serotoninergic mesencephalic neurons during development. In addition our data suggest a trophic role for secretin on neurons known to be involved in multiple superior functions in the normal brain, and lost in neurodegenerative disorders.
Elevation of the level and activity of acid ceramidase in Alzheimer's disease brain
Authors: Huang Yu , Tanimukai Hitoshi , Liu Fei , Iqbal Khalid , Grundke‐Iqbal Inge , Gong Cheng‐Xin 
Published: January 2005

AbstractProtein glycosylation modifies the processing of several key proteins involved in the molecular pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Aberrant glycosylation of tau and down‐regulation of sialyltransferase in AD brain suggest a possible dysregulation of protein glycosylation that may play a role in AD. We therefore isolated major glycoproteins from AD brain by using lectin‐affinity chromatographies and ion‐exchange chromatography and further separated them using SDS‐polyacylamide gel electrophoresis. Mass spectrometry analysis of 11 isolated glycoproteins led to their identification as: neuronal cell adhesion molecule, β‐globin, IgM heavy chain VH1 region precursor, contactin precursor, dipeptidylpeptidase VI, CD81 partner 3, prenylcysteine lyase, adipocyte plasma‐associated protein, acid ceramidase and two novel proteins. We found that the level and activity of acid ceramidase (AC), one of the major identified human brain glycoproteins, were significantly elevated in AD brain. Immunohistochemical staining indicated that AC was located mainly in the cell bodies of neurons and colocalized with neurofibrillary tangles. Our findings suggest that AC might play a role in controlling neuronal apoptosis and that AC‐mediated signalling pathways might be involved in the molecular mechanism of AD.
A case–control study to investigate an association between adverse pregnancy outcome and periodontal disease
Authors: Moore S. , Randhawa M. , Ide M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractObjectives: The aim of this case–control study was to ascertain if women who experienced a preterm (or premature) birth had any differences in periodontal disease severity compared with women who delivered at term.Material and Methods: Subjects were recruited postpartum. Case subjects delivered a baby before 37 weeks of gestation whereas control subjects gave birth at or around term. A questionnaire was administered by a Research Midwife, designed to collect demographic information, pregnancy outcome variables and information on other factors which may influence health in pregnancy. A periodontal examination was then performed at the bedside.Results: Demographic variables were similar between case and control subjects. There was a higher proportion of case subjects who reported smoking. There were no differences in oral hygiene, bleeding on probing or loss of attachment; however, control subjects had a higher proportion of periodontal pockets probing 5 mm or greater.Conclusions: There was no association between the severity of periodontal disease and pregnancy outcome in this population.
Expression of the receptor of advanced glycation end products in gingival tissues of type 2 diabetes patients with chronic periodontal disease: a study utilizing immunohistochemistry and RT‐PCR
Authors: Katz J. , Bhattacharyya I. , Farkhondeh‐Kish F. , Perez F. M. , Caudle R. M. , Heft M. W. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractObjectives: Relationship between diabetes and periodontal disease is well established. It has been shown that advanced glycation end‐products (AGEs) might exert noxious effects on gingival tissues through its receptor. Evidence for the role of receptors of AGE (RAGE) in periodontal disease was verified in a murine model for diabetes. However, the presence of RAGE in human gingival tissues has not been demonstrated previously. In this study we demonstrate the presence of RAGE in human periodontium in patients with chronic periodontitis with and without type 2 diabetes.Material and Methods: Gingival biopsies from eight patients with both type 2 diabetes and chronic periodontitis and 14 healthy control subjects with chronic periodontitis were immunohistochemically stained for RAGE. Five samples from the study groups and four controls were subjected to reverse transcriptase coupled to polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) for quantitative determination of mRNA for RAGE.Results: On immunohistochemistry, positive staining for RAGE was seen in the endothelium and the basal and spinous layer of the inflamed gingival epithelium in both type 2 diabetes and non‐diabetes tissue with no statistically significant difference between both groups. RT‐PCR, however, showed a 50% increase in mRNA for RAGE in the gingiva of diabetic patients when compared with controls (p<0.05).Conclusions: Although there was no change in the staining intensity for RAGE between both groups, the increase in the mRNA for RAGE in the type 2 diabetes gingival epithelium may indicate a possible involvement of this receptor in the periodontal destruction in type 2 diabetes.
Filament end‐rounding quality in electric toothbrushes
Authors: Meyer‐Lueckel H. , Rieben A. S. , Kielbassa A. M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractObjectives: A good quality of filament tips is desirable to protect both gingiva and dental hard tissues. The aim of the present study was to compare the end‐rounding quality of the filaments in 15 electric toothbrushes (Rowenta dentaclip® ZH‐07, dentaclip® ZH 010, rotaclip® ZH‐11; Blend‐a‐dent Wellenprofil 2000 hart, Wellenprofil 2000 mittel‐weich, Medic for kids; Broxo®; UltraSonex™; Krups 548, Waterpik® BH‐4U; Butler Gum®; Dr. Best e‐Flex3; Oral‐B® (EB3, EB 17‐8, Plak Control Kids)).Material and Methods: From each brand five brushes were chosen randomly. Five tufts were selected from each brush and studied with a scanning electron microscope (× 45) at a viewing angle of 45°. The filament tips were numbered from top left to bottom right and selected filaments were judged by a well‐trained, blinded second examiner according to the Silverstone & Featherstone method.Results: Nine of the 15 brands examined showed a high (“acceptable”: >89%), four products a medium (76–84%) and two a bad (34–38%) end‐rounding quality.Conclusion: A good quality of filament tips is claimed by the dental profession to protect both gingiva and dental hard tissues from abrasion. This could be observed for 13 of the 15 brands examined.
Three different rinsing times and inhibition of plaque accumulation with chlorhexidine
Authors: Van der Weijden G. A. , Timmerman M. F. , Novotny A. G. A. , Rosema N. A. M. , Verkerk A. A. J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAim: This study assessed the plaque inhibiting effect of a 0.2% chlorhexidine (CHX) solution (Corsodyl®) with three different rinsing times following a 72 h non‐brushing period.Material and Methods: The clinical investigation was a single‐blind, randomised study involving 90 volunteer students (40 male and 50 female, mean age 23.2 years). Subjects were randomly allocated to one of three groups for which the protocol only differed with respect to the duration of rinsing. At the start of the trial, all participants received a dental prophylaxis to remove all plaque deposits. Subjects refrained from all mechanical oral hygiene procedures, but rinsed two times per day for the allocated duration with CHX mouth rinse over a period of 72 h. The chlorhexidine preparation was of 0.2% concentration used at a dose of 10 ml for either 15, 30 or 60 s. After 72 h, the Quigley & Hein plaque index (PI) from all volunteers was recorded at six sites per tooth. All participants received a questionnaire to evaluate their perception of rinsing duration.Results: After 72 h, the mean whole‐mouth PI was 1.33, 1.18 and 1.24, respectively, for the 15, 30 and 60 s rinsing group. The difference in plaque scores between the three groups was not statistically significant. Results from the questionnaire showed a significant difference between the groups for their perception of rinsing duration.Conclusions: No significant difference was observed in the level of plaque after 72 h of non‐brushing whether the subjects rinsed for 15, 30 or 60 s with 0.2% chlorhexidine.
Social and biological early life influences on severity of dental caries in children aged 6 years
Authors: Peres Marco Aurélio , Latorre Maria do Rosário Dias de Oliveira , Sheiham Aubrey , Peres Karen Glazer , Barros Fernando C. , Hernandez Pedro Gonzales , Maas Angela Maria Nunes , Romano Ana Regina , Victora Cesar Gomes 
Published: January 2005

Abstract – Objective: To investigate the relationship between social and biological conditions experienced in very early life and dental caries in children aged 6 years.Methods: The design was a dental caries cross‐sectional study nested in a birth cohort study started in Pelotas, Brazil, in 1993. The cross‐sectional study was carried out in 1999. A random sample of 400 6‐year‐old children was selected from among 5249 live births in 1993. The World Health Organization (1997) criteria were used to diagnose dental caries. Results from the oral health study were linked to the data concerning perinatal and childhood health and illnesses and family social conditions collected at birth, 1, 3, 6 and 12 months, and in the sixth year of life. Dental caries was the outcome measured at two levels of severity (very low: dmft ≤ 1; high: dmft ≥ 4). Unconditional univariate and multiple logistic regression analysis were performed.Results: Self‐employed and employees/unemployed, fathers with <8 years of education at time child was born, child's height deficit for age at 12 months; child who did not attend day care centre in sixth year of life; brushing teeth less than once a day, and children with sweet consumption of at least once a day at 6 years were risk factors for high dental caries after controlling for possible confounders.Conclusions: Harmful social and biological risk factors accumulated in early life contributed to the development of a high level of dental caries in childhood.
Antidepressant xerogenic medications and restoration rates
Authors: Brad Rindal D. , Rush William A. , Peters Dawn , Maupomé Gerardo 
Published: January 2005

Abstract –  Objectives:  This report examines the association between xerogenic antidepressant medication use and dental restorations (a proxy for dental caries).Methods:  Data for this study was collected from the electronic databases of two large dental group practices associated with two managed care organizations. The population examined was at least 55‐year‐old on the reference date and had at least 48 months of concurrent dental, medical and pharmacy coverage. We identified 915 individuals whose only exposure to a xerogenic medication was to an antidepressant. This group was compared with a group not on any medications and to a group on medications without any known xerostomic side effect.Results:  Poisson regression was used to compare restoration occurrence and restoration rates among the three groups. The antidepressant medication and the no xerogenic medication groups were more likely to have restorations than the no medication group but there was no difference in restoration rates between the two medication groups. The mean restoration rates were significantly different between the three groups with the antidepressant group having the highest restoration rate. The no xerogenic group also had a higher rate than the no medication group but not as high as the antidepressant group rate.Conclusions:  This study provides objective quantification of the long‐term effects that anti‐depressant medications have on restoration use.
Organisational Adventures in District Government in Long An Province: Central Regulation Versus Local Initiative
Authors: Hicks Natalie 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThis article explores the role of district government in agricultural development in Vietnam's Long An province from 1954 to the present. It argues that it is only in the reform era that the district has begun to realise its potential as a 'transmission belt' between the higher authorities and the grassroots. Under the South Vietnamese regime and in the pre-reform era of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, local initiative was stifled as policy was dictated from on high by central government, with disastrous consequences. In the reform era, district officials have been joined by 'associates of the state', such as agricultural extension officers, to develop innovative 'local' approaches to agricultural development. This has led to increased prosperity but also rising inequality. While the central government has been more willing to allow local experimentation under reform, its influence and interests are still felt, even at the district level. Most scholars emphasise a sharp break between pre-1975 and post-1975 Vietnam. By contrast, this article highlights the way in which there are important elements of continuity both between regimes and between the pre-reform and post-reform eras.
A Bias-Corrected Precipitation Climatology for China
Authors: Ye Baisheng , Yang Daqing , Ding Yongjian , Han Tianding , Koike Toshio 
Published: January 2005

Abstract
This paper presents the results of bias corrections of Chinese standard precipitation gauge (CSPG) measurements for wind-induced undercatch, a trace amount of precipitation, and wetting loss. Long-term daily data of precipitation, temperature, and wind speed during 1951–98 at 710 meteorological stations in China were used for this analysis. It is found that wind-induced gauge undercatch is the greatest error in most regions, and wetting loss and a trace amount of precipitation are important in the low-precipitation regions in northwest China. Monthly correction factors ratio of corrected amount to measured amount of precipitation differ by location and by type of precipitation. Considerable interannual variation of the corrections exists in China due to the fluctuations of wind speed and frequency of precipitation. More importantly, annual precipitation has been increased by 8 to 740 mm with an overall mean of 130 mm at the 710 stations over China because of the bias corrections for the study period. This corresponds to 6%–62% increases (overall mean of 19% at the 710 stations over China) in gauge-measured yearly total precipitation over China. This important finding clearly suggests that annual precipitation in China is much higher than previously reported. The results of this study will be useful to hydrological and climatic studies in China.
Realistic Initialization of Land Surface States: Impacts on Subseasonal Forecast Skill
Authors: Koster Randal D. , Suarez Max J. , Liu Ping , Jambor Urszula , Berg Aaron , Kistler Michael , Reichle Rolf , Rodell Matthew , Famiglietti Jay 
Published: January 2005

Abstract
Forcing a land surface model (LSM) offline with realistic global fields of precipitation, radiation, and near-surface meteorology produces realistic fields (within the context of the LSM) of soil moisture, temperature, and other land surface states. These fields can be used as initial conditions for precipitation and temperature forecasts with an atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM). Their usefulness is tested in this regard by performing retrospective 1-month forecasts (for May through September, 1979–93) with the NASA Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO) seasonal prediction system. The 75 separate forecasts provide an adequate statistical basis for quantifying improvements in forecast skill associated with land initialization.
Evaluation of skill is focused on the Great Plains of North America, a region with both a reliable land initialization and an ability of soil moisture conditions to overwhelm atmospheric chaos in the evolution of the meteorological fields. The land initialization does cause a small but statistically significant improvement in precipitation and air temperature forecasts in this region. For precipitation, the increases in forecast skill appear strongest in May through July, whereas for air temperature, they are largest in August and September. The joint initialization of land and atmospheric variables is considered in a supplemental series of ensemble monthly forecasts. Potential predictability from atmospheric initialization dominates over that from land initialization during the first 2 weeks of the forecast, whereas during the final 2 weeks, the relative contributions from the two sources are of the same order. Both land and atmospheric initialization contribute independently to the actual skill of the monthly temperature forecast, with the greatest skill derived from the initialization of both. Land initialization appears to contribute the most to monthly precipitation forecast skill.
Winter Orographic Precipitation Ratios in the Sierra Nevada—Large-Scale Atmospheric Circulations and Hydrologic Consequences
Authors: Dettinger Michael , Redmond Kelly , Cayan Daniel 
Published: January 2005

Abstract
The extent to which winter precipitation is orographically enhanced within the Sierra Nevada of California varies from storm to storm, and season to season, from occasions when precipitation rates at low and high altitudes are almost the same to instances when precipitation rates at middle elevations (considered here) can be as much as 30 times more than at the base of the range. Analyses of large-scale conditions associated with orographic precipitation variations during storms and seasons from 1954 to 1999 show that strongly orographic storms most commonly have winds that transport water vapor across the range from a more nearly westerly direction than during less orographic storms and than during the largest overall storms, and generally the strongly orographic storms are less convectively stable. Strongly orographic conditions often follow heavy precipitation events because both of these wind conditions are present in midlatitude cyclones that form the cores of many Sierra Nevada storms. Storms during La Niña winters tend to yield larger orographic ratios (ORs) than do those during El Niños. A simple experiment with a model of streamflows from a river basin draining the central Sierra Nevada indicates that, for a fixed overall basin-precipitation amount, a decrease in OR contributes to larger winter flood peaks and smaller springtime flows, and thus to an overall hastening of the runoff season.
Coupling between Large-Scale Atmospheric Processes and Mesoscale Land–Atmosphere Interactions in the U.S. Southern Great Plains during Summer. Part I: Case Studies
Authors: Weaver Christopher P. 
Published: January 2005

Abstract
This paper is Part I of a two-part study that uses high-resolution Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) simulations to investigate mesoscale land–atmosphere interactions in the summertime U.S. Southern Great Plains. The focus is on the atmospheric dynamics associated with mesoscale heterogeneity in the underlying surface fluxes: how shifts in meteorological regimes modulate these diurnal, mesoscale processes, and their overall impact at larger scales and over multiple diurnal cycles. Part I examines individual case study time periods drawn from the simulations that illustrate general points about the key land–atmosphere interactions. The main findings are as follows: The mesoscale processes are embedded within a synoptic-scale organization that controls the background meteorological regime at a given location. During the clear, dry days in the simulated months, heterogeneity in the surface fluxes forces strong, lower-tropospheric, mesoscale circulations that exhibit a characteristic dynamical life cycle over diurnal time scales. In general, the background large-scale flow does not affect the overall intensity of these coherent roll structures, though strong large-scale subsidence can sometimes dampen them. In addition, depending on the thermodynamic profile, the strong vertical motions associated with these circulations are sufficient to trigger shallow or even deep convection, with associated clouds and precipitation. Furthermore, surface heterogeneity sufficient to force such circulations can arise even without heterogeneity in preexisting land cover characteristics such as vegetation, for example, solely as a result of spatial variability in rainfall and other atmospheric processes. In Part II the mesoscale land–atmosphere interactions in these case study periods are placed in the larger context of the full, monthlong simulations.