bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Getting the consistency right in thickened liquids using Viscgo Sticks: A validation study
Authors: Jones Debra , Allsopp Karen , Burden Sorrel 
Published: November 2023

AbstractBackgroundDysphagia is a condition whereby a person's ability to swallow, eat and drink is impacted. One strategy to manage dysphagia and aid safe swallowing is the modification of food and drink, including using thickening agents to thicken drinks. Drinks are thickened to levels appropriate to a person's swallowing abilities and the underutilised ‘syringe flow test’ is currently the recommended method for checking thickness levels. Viscgo Sticks were developed as a practical alternative to the flow test.MethodsThis is a real‐world validation study designed to determine validity and reliability of Viscgo Sticks. Independent researchers and healthcare professionals tested Viscgo Sticks (Viscgo Limited) against the flow test in three levels of thickened drinks. Researchers also conducted tests with different thickening agents and different drink types: water, milk, orange juice and hot tea.ResultsThe intra‐ and inter‐rater reliability of Viscgo Sticks was moderate to almost perfect (κ = 0.45–0.98) within and between researchers and substantial (κ = 0.66–0.67) within and between healthcare professionals. When tested by researchers and healthcare professionals against the flow test, Viscgo Sticks correctly classified 83.33%–100% of thickened drinks with high accuracy (area under curve = 0.70–1.00).ConclusionsA simple and reliable tool like Viscgo Sticks, which can verify a prescribed thickness level of liquid, is invaluable in healthcare settings where day‐to‐day drink preparation occurs. Overall, Viscgo Sticks provide a reliable and valid means to test thickened drinks in clinical practice with a few exceptions identified.
Razor sharp: The role of Occam's razor in science
Authors: McFadden Johnjoe 
Published: November 2023

AbstractOccam's razor—the principle of simplicity—has recently been attacked as a cultural bias without rational foundation. Increasingly, belief in pseudoscience and mysticism is growing. I argue that inclusion of Occam's razor is an essential factor that distinguishes science from superstition and pseudoscience. I also describe how the razor is embedded in Bayesian inference and argue that science is primarily the means to discover the simplest descriptions of our world.
Dental microwear texture analysis reveals a likely dietary shift within Late Cretaceous ornithopod dinosaurs
Authors: Kubo Tai , Kubo Mugino O. , Sakamoto Manabu , Winkler Daniela E. , Shibata Masateru , Zheng Wenjie , Jin Xingsheng , You Hai‐Lu 
Published: December 2023

AbstractDinosaurs were the dominant megaherbivores during the Cretaceous when angiosperms, the flowering plants, emerged and diversified. How herbivorous dinosaurs responded to the increasing diversity of angiosperms is largely unknown due to the lack of methods that can reconstruct diet directly from body fossils. We applied dental microwear texture analysis (DMTA), an approach that quantifies microtopography of diet‐induced wear marks on tooth surfaces, to ornithopods, the dinosaur clade that includes taxa with the most sophisticated masticatory system. We found that Late Cretaceous ornithopods have significantly rougher dental microwear texture (DMT) compared to pre‐Late Cretaceous ornithopods, and DMT variation increased in hadrosaurids, a derived Late Cretaceous ornithopod clade. These changes indicate a likely temporal dietary shift towards more abrasive foodstuffs within ornithopods, probably due to the increased ingestion of phytoliths (amorphous silica bodies in plants). Phytoliths are a main source of rough DMT in modern herbivores, along with exogenous dust and grit, and were generally more concentrated in Late Cretaceous angiosperms than in other major plant groups. Our results show that DMTA of the occlusal enamel surface can be used to reconstruct the diets of herbivorous dinosaurs, with a resolution superior to conventional methods.
Climate gradient and leaf carbon investment influence the effects of climate change on water use efficiency of forests: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Li Shenglan , Agathokleous Evgenios , Li Shuangjiang , Xu Yansen , Xia Jiaxuan , Feng Zhaozhong 
Published: November 2023

AbstractForest ecosystems cover a large area of the global land surface and are important carbon sinks. The water‐carbon cycles of forests are prone to climate change, but uncertainties remain regarding the magnitude of water use efficiency (WUE) response to climate change and the underpinning mechanism driving WUE variation. We conducted a meta‐analysis of the effects of elevated CO2 concentration (eCO2), drought and elevated temperature (eT) on the leaf‐ to plant‐level WUE, covering 80 field studies and 95 tree species. The results showed that eCO2 increased leaf intrinsic and instantaneous WUE (WUEi, WUEt), whereas drought enhanced both leaf‐ and plant‐level WUEs. eT increased WUEi but decreased carbon isotope‐based WUE, possibly due to the influence of mesophyll conductance. Stimulated leaf‐level WUE by drought showed a progressing trend with increasing latitude, while eCO2‐induced WUE enhancement showed decreasing trends after >40° N. These latitudinal gradients might influence the spatial pattern of climate and further drove WUE variation. Moreover, high leaf‐level WUE under eCO2 and drought was accompanied by low leaf carbon contents. Such a trade‐off between growth efficiency and defence suggests a potentially compromised tolerance to diseases and pests. These findings add important ecophysiological parameters into climate models to predict carbon‐water cycles of forests.
Combined biochar and manure addition to an agricultural soil benefits fertility, microbial activity, and mitigates manure‐induced CO2 emissions
Authors: Lebrun Manhattan , Zahid Zubda , Bednik Magdalena , Medynska‐Juraszek Agnieszka , Száková Jiřina , Brtnický Martin , Holátko Jiří , Bourgerie Sylvain , Beesley Luke , Pohořelý Michael , Macků Jan , Hnátková Tereza , Trakal Lukáš 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThe importance of blending biochar into manure prior to its application as a soil amendment was investigated by this laboratory and field study, hypothesizing an (i) increase in soil fertility; (ii) improvement in microbial activity; (iii) reduction in manure‐induced CO2 emissions after combining amendments. Biochar was mixed with manure (50:50 V/V) and aged in field conditions for 6 months whereafter pristine biochar, manure, and manured biochar (50:50 V/V) were incorporated into an agricultural drought‐prone Regosol. All treatments and soil mixtures were incubated, with laboratory measurements of CO2 emissions taken using a coupled column respirometer set up, while nutrient availabilities as well as enzymatic activities were also tested. Demonstrable benefits of the biochar when blended to manure were exemplified in reduced CO2 emissions, by 60% compared with manure alone, and improved C and N acquisition by microorganisms. When applied to soil, blended biochar manure did not enhance CO2 emissions, but did significantly improve soil fertility by the avoidance of leaching of non‐plant consumed nutrients from the soil (e.g. NO3− by 58%). A significant increase in functional diversity indices in the presence of manured biochar highlights the added value of the blended approach. Field application yielded reduced effects; manure induced a higher carbon and nitrogen mineralization (thus potentially higher C and N emissions via CO2, CH4 and N2O) as well as a higher microbial functional diversity. Further studies should verify the effects observed here in a range of soil types and climates.
Conceptualization, Realization, and Validation of Distributed Cyber-Physical Systems for Sensing and Automation
Authors: Kwao Vincent , Workneh Hilina Tibebu , Raptis Ioannis 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This paper investigates the feasibility of the pragmatic implementation of distributed algorithms in real-world cyber-physical systems (CPSs). We detail how distributed (and parallel) computing systems can be realized using existing system-design software for CPS development. A series of experiments is devised and used to verify the information-exchange capacity of the computing nodes and the synchronous and real-time operational effectiveness of the overall distributed computing system development framework. Finally, an actual distributed computing system is realized and validated by executing a fundamental distributed consensus protocol.
Experiment of Floating Seismic Isolation System
Authors: Mori Takashi , Shimada Takahiro , Kai Satoru , Otani Akihito , Yamamoto Tomohiko , Yan Xing L. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Experiment of a floating seismic isolation technology for application to small modular reactor (SMR) is conducted using a small-scale apparatus. The SMR is assumed to be located on land rather than offshore and installed on a newly proposed floating structure in pool. The floating structure is designed to mitigate the propagation of the horizontal component of seismic motion between the ground and the SMR buildings and to reduce the excitation force on the buildings caused by the vertical wave propagation through water. The floating structure design consists of a series of air cavities and orifices at the bottom of the structure. The underlining physics is to modify air volume modulus and damping ratio of the gaseous space under the floating structure that contribute to the propagation of seismic waves. Although experiments were conducted with both horizontal and vertical seismic input motions and the structure demonstrates significant effects of seismic reduction in both directions, only the results of experiment using vertical motions are discussed in this paper.
Microstructure-Sensitive Description of the Residual Stressability of Components With the Aid of Virtual Experiments
Authors: Neite Maximilian , Dölz Michael , Könemann Markus , Münstermann Sebastian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The application of macroscopic damage models is often made difficult by the fact that the calibration of the model parameters is associated with great experimental effort. Therefore, a methodological, simulative approach is presented to determine the damage model parameters with significantly less material input for the actual, local material state. Virtual experiments were performed on three-dimensional, statistically Representative Volume Elements (3D-RVE) of the microstructure to incorporate microstructure-based influences. For the generation of 3D-RVE, the in-house software DRAGen was used, which generated a geometric model based on input data gathered from EBSD analyses on the ferritic-bainitic reactor pressure vessel steel 22NiMoCr3-7. Mechanical properties were assigned to the constituents of the microstructure model by utilizing a phenomenological crystal plasticity model, which was inversely calibrated on the experimental flow curve. In addition, damage criteria on the microscale following the macroscopic material behavior are needed for cleavage and ductile fracture mechanism. Finally, the macroscopic damage model can be calibrated locally by micromechanical simulations. The virtual experiments were conducted with prescribed deformation boundary conditions, and different stress states were simulated by varying them.
Fractography of Neutron Irradiated RPV Steels – A Comparison of Shift in Reference Temperature and Net Hardening
Authors: Das Aniruddh , Chekhonin Paul , Houska Mario , Obermeier Florian , Altstadt Eberhard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Reactor pressure vessel (RPV) steels in nuclear reactors face embrittlement due to neutron irradiation. The embrittlement is associated with an increase in the reference temperature obtained via fracture toughness testing using the Master Curve concept. However, the fracture surfaces of some highly embrittled RPV steels exhibit ductile dimples. Through this work, we show that material properties, such as yield strength as a function of temperature, play an important role in determining the net hardening of a material. Additionally, we recorded the location of fracture initiators, using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) on the fracture surfaces of tested mini-C(T) specimens from four different RPV steels, to check whether it was affected by neutron irradiation and side grooving. We detected fracture initiators associated with high fracture toughness at greater distances to the crack tip. The locations of the fracture initiators changed significantly for samples with and without side-grooves and did not change significantly with respect to the irradiation state. We found the primary causes for increased ductility of embrittled RPV steels to be lower irradiation induced hardening and a higher loss in yield strength with increasing temperatures. Caution must therefore be exercised while interpreting the embrittlement of a material using ductile fracture surfaces alone.
Development of Conservative Material Properties to Account for Concrete Degradation Mechanisms With Specific Emphasis on Rebar Corrosion Due to Chloride Ingress
Authors: Browning K. M. , Hasa L. , de Haan-de Wilde F. H. E. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
NPPs and research reactors built during the mid-20th century often have incomprehensive material characteristics of their concrete structures. This lack of quality records frequently leads to challenges when attempting to demonstrate safety during life extension projects or when specific modelling is necessary for portions of the plant when design regulations are updated with new or revised requirements.
In the framework of LTO there is limited knowledge about ageing and the structural integrity of concrete structures. In order to increase the knowledge in the field of civil structures, this paper focuses on investigating the ageing mechanisms of civil structures at NRG, Petten, and determining an appropriate chloride ingress model together with the alteration of concrete material properties to account for possible degradation effects. Knowledge of the ageing mechanisms of civil structures, especially concrete, will improve concrete’s ageing management and assessment methods.
The purpose of this research paper is to provide a methodology that can be used to account for possible concrete degradation. This will include a chlorine ingress model, calibrated to data obtained from the HFR chimney, that allows for the rebar reduction to be calculated. Furthermore, the design properties of concrete were determined in line with NEN-EN 1992-1-1:2004 [10] and NEN-EN 1990 [11] for specific concrete grades. The model generated will allow for user input if more detailed concrete properties are available for the area in question. This will allow the generation of area specific design properties for concrete that accounts for possible rebar reduction due to chloride ingress corrosion.
The report illustrates a methodology to account for chloride ingress during modelling by reducing the rebar diameter. It further demonstrates the importance of the assumed concrete properties as starting inputs to the chloride model and the calculated rebar reduction and generated internal pressure. The determined concrete properties, together with calculated rebar diameter reduction, are used to update the previously completed FEA of the HFR [1] and provide a comparison of the previous results when considering reduced concrete strength and rebar diameter. The actual rebar corrosion due to chloride ingress within the HFR is expected to be less as surface corrosion conditions are expected to be less.
In the future, more accurate material properties should be determined through physical measurement for the modelled slab. Further research and modelling can be completed to understand better steel corrosion failure in reinforced concrete with 3D FE analysis and measurements for chloride ingress in the HFR should be obtained.
Design Considerations for Pressure Vessels Containing a Top Mounted Agitator
Authors: Ebrahimi Kaveh , Millet Barry , Kirkpatrick Kenneth , Depner Jessica 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pressure vessels containing agitators supported by a nozzle on the vessel top cover are commonly used in a variety of industrial applications such as electric car battery material plants, metal refining plants, plastic recycling plants, food processing facilities, petrochemical plants and in the pharmaceutical industry.
The loads and moments induced by the agitator on both the top cover and the supporting nozzle are often cyclic in nature and it is common that these be ignored or only partially evaluated during the design of the vessel, especially when there may be time constraints or lack of resources. This can result in a shorter operating life for the agitator or its drive mechanism than originally expected, which could further lead to vibrational issues and subsequent fatigue failures in the top cover or the nozzle.
A correctly designed top cover and nozzle support for an agitator should be strong enough to withstand the sustained cyclic loads and contain features so it is acceptable for the cyclic conditions to allow the safe use of the equipment for the entirety of its intended design life.
The purpose of this paper is to firstly explain some of the recommended features that should be taken into account during the design and fabrication of agitator-mounted vessels and then to investigate a simple approach to estimate the fatigue damage on the nozzle. The suggested method will then be further examined against FEA results to ascertain its validity. British PD 5500 fatigue design rules will be considered for the evaluation.
Analysis of Fluid-Elastic Instability Models for Tube Banks With Square Arrangement in Cross-Flow
Authors: Neumeister Roberta Fátima , Petry Adriane Prisco , Möller Sergio Viçosa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The present study aims to compare experimental results with the existing models most applied to determine the critical reduced velocity in tube banks with a pitch ratio of 1.26 in a square arrangement and suggest adjustments considering the position of the cylinder free to vibrate. The experimental results were obtained in an aerodynamic channel using a tube bank test section with four and five rows. All the cases tested presented one cylinder free to vibrate in different positions inside a tube bank with the square arrangement. The experimental results showed the occurrence of fluid elastic instability for some cases, the critical reduced velocity changes with the position inside the tube bank, and the third row presents the lower reduced velocity. The results showed that the common models are quasi-static, quasi-steady, and quasi-unsteady. The quasi-steady and quasi-unsteady models presented conservative responses in the determination of the critical reduced velocity. The quasi-static model is conservative for some cases, while does not predict the fluid elastic instability for others. The experimental results showed that the critical reduced velocity reduces about 20% with the increase in the number of rows upstream of the cylinder free to vibrate.
Design Overview of Pressure Vessel Containment System for Proton Radiography of Shock Physics Experiments
Authors: Spernjak Dusan , Reichert Heidi , Ney Stephen , Venhaus Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A system of nested pressure vessels is being developed to facilitate proton imaging of small-scale shock physics experiments at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL). Proton imaging provides valuable experimental data to characterize materials under extreme loading conditions. The main components of the nested system are the Inner Pressure Confinement Vessel (IPCV, which hosts the physics experiment), the Outer Pressure Containment Vessel (OPCV) and Beam Pipes and Auxiliary Hardware (BPAH). IPCV, OPCV, and BPAH together form a Pressure Vessel Containment System (PVCS).
The detonation of high explosives (HE) inside the IPCV drives material inside the physics experiment package to extreme loading conditions, which are imaged using a proton beam and an imaging system. The IPCV is an explosively loaded high-pressure vessel which is rigidly mounted into the OPCV. The OPCV is a statically loaded vacuum vessel, where the OPCV and beam pipes form the containment barrier and are under vacuum for the purpose of proton imaging. The OPCV bellows are connected to a rotary platform allowing linear and torsional movements within a range of motion for alignment of the OPCV/IPCV assembly within a fixed beamline. The OPCV is supported by a novel alignment system which allows six degrees of freedom of motion to locate the experiment package relative to the proton beam for precise imaging.
The IPCV is designed to the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Division 3, Code Case 2564. The aim is to make the confinement boundary Code-compliant while allowing for maximum resolution of proton radiography across a sufficiently large field of view. The OPCV is designed to ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Division 1 with the allowance of Division 2 analysis per Mandatory Appendix 46 originating from Interpretation VIII-1-01-12 from BPVC Sec VIII-1 (2012). The nested vessels and beam pipes are connected to the Vacuum and Gas Handling System (VGHS). This paper provides an overview of the final design, analysis, and testing of the PVCS and its subassemblies.
Comprehensive Modelling of Pressurized Thermal Shock With a Probabilistic Approach
Authors: Pasti Fabio , Tajfirooz Sina , Uitslag-Doolaard H. J. , Brigante Francesco , De Haan-De Wilde F. H. E. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pressurized thermal shock (PTS) may cause a quick, catastrophic cleavage fracture in a reactor pressure vessel (RPV) of a pressurized water reactor (PWR). Low temperatures, thermal strains, and radiation embrittlement can all combine to create dangerous situations for structures, specifically thick-walled reactor pressure containers with fractures and welds as weak areas. A thorough picture of the temperature and stress intensity is required to determine the likelihood of the onset and spread of a cleavage crack. The ductile to brittle transition temperature affects the critical stress intensity for brittle cleavage fracture. This complicated combination of loads, absolute temperatures, and temperature gradients is combined with radiation damage to evaluate the likelihood that cleavage fracture will occur. In earlier works, simulations were carried out using combined computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and finite element method (FEM) simulations to get the most realistic picture of this issue. However, due to the complexity of the problem, the thermal mixing of the fluid and its effects on the RPV wall are simulated by models that are simplified in terms of geometric complexity and physics. This study investigates the effect of the interaction between multiple emergency core cooling (ECC) plumes on the thermal response of the RPV wall by considering a full (360 degree) RPV geometry with two loops for the ECC fluid injection. We first perform a transient conjugate heat transfer CFD simulation to compute the spatial and temporal evolutions of RPV wall temperature. The unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations are solved on the fluid side, and the unsteady heat transfer equation is solved on the solid side.
Next, a static structural analysis using FEM is conducted using the temperature profile obtained from CFD analysis on a one-loop reactor as input. The goal of the FEM analysis is to investigate the link between the depth, length, and ratio of the crack and the probability of failure. A probabilistic approach is used to evaluate the possibility of failure. The ultimate goal of these studies is the generation of a code that can implement hydraulic models that replace the time and resource-demanding CFD and FEM analysis.