bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Internal Migration and Urbanization
Authors: KEYFITZ NATHAN 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Civilization in its very etymology means urbanization, cities being the points of political and cultural progress through 6,000 years, the places where modern econ omies started to be built in the nineteenth century. One cannot imagine economic, political, or social development taking place over a countryside that has no cities. Yet cities have also been seen as evil. They were the places, said Oliver Goldsmith in the eighteenth century, “Where wealth accumulates, and men decay” and Shelley in the nineteenth century, “Hell is a city much like London-A populous and smoky city,” at a time when London was not yet a large city by modern standards. For Dickens the poverty of the city mass drove many to a nasty life of crime.1 And yet notwithstanding Goldsmith, Shelley, Dickens, and many other critics, it was those cities that gave birth to the modern industrial achievements of the West.
Government-Business Relations and Competitiveness: The Japanese Case
Authors: Kosai Yutaka 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Japan’s promotion of industrial competitiveness is often regarded as having rewarded cooperation between the public and private sectors. As is usual with a ‘success story,’ however, myth and reality are so mingled that it is difficult to determine whether the competitiveness of Japanese industries has been improved because of, irrespective of, or in spite of, governmental involvement, and, if so, to what extent. A quick glance at the theories presented and facts documented by previous researchers makes one hesitant to draw a simplistic conclusion.
Economic Development in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Hall Peter A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As a result of the extraordinary success of the Japanese economy especially in the years after 1945, there is growing interest in the institutional conditions that have underpinned its development. This volume explores one dimension of those conditions, namely the character and behavior of the Japanese civil service. The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of the findings reported here from the perspective of one who specializes in the economic and political development of other nations.
Chicken or Egg? A Theory of the Relationship between Feminist Movements and Family Change
Authors: Chafetz Janet Saltzman 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A variety of changes over the past 25 years in women’s lives and basic social institutions in industrial nations, especially trends involving the family, have often been attributed to the effects of feminist activism that began in the late 1960s. My research on women’s movements (Chafetz and Dworkin 1986, 1989) and on changing gender systems (Chafetz 1989, 1990) leads me to conclude that this explanation is simplistic and that a complex relationship exists in industrial nations between macro-structural social change, changes within families, attitudes towards gender and the family, and feminist movement activism. Moreover, the critical linchpin that connects these phenomena is an increase in female labour force participation rates, especially those of married women. Unravelling the processes by which these factors are related to one another leads to a more complex and satisfying intellectual understanding of the role of feminist activism in producing change and provides a potentially cogent basis for strategy development by activists and policy-makers. In this chapter I will explicate a theory of the relationship among increased labour force participation by women, the re-emergence of feminist activism, and certain kinds of family changes, specifically as they occurred during the 1960s and 1970s. This theory draws from and expands upon my prior work with A.G. Dworkin on women’s movements (1986, 1989), and my own work on gender system change (1989, 1990).
Intra-EU Multinationality of Industries
Authors: Davies Stephen , Lyons Bruce 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
What determines whether leading EU firms spread their production across member states, as opposed to concentrating production in their home bases? How is the scale of such intra-EU multinational operations related to the structure of industries--in particular, concentration? And what is the role of multinational operations in the European integration process? These are the questions motivating this chapter, which turns to the third dimension of struc ture identified in the core decomposition of Chapter 4. Our estimates on the degree of industry multinationality provide the first ever evidence of cross-member-state production observed at the relatively dis aggregated 3-digit level. This opens up a wider range of questions than those usually explored in previous literature on multinational enterprises (MNEs), especially in the EU context. Very often, empirical studies have had to focus on the determinants of foreign direct investment flows, in the absence of produc tion statistics; and they have often used aggregate national data (derived from balance of payments accounts). Alternatively, where firm-level studies have been attempted, they have usually been confined to only the very largest con glomerate firms, using only crude and over-aggregate industrial breakdowns. Inevitably therefore, industry-level characteristics have tended to play relat ively minor roles in the analysis.
Determinants of Diversification Patterns
Authors: Davies Stephen , Lyons Bruce 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
For a long time diversified firms have played a major role in both production and distribution activities in almost all industrialized countries. It is hardly surprising then that answers to questions such as why they exist and what ef fects they have on economic welfare can be traced back to the economic liter ature of the late 1950s and early 1960s. In the Penrose (1959) tradition, the firm isseen as a collection of specific assets that can beexploited in related activities. In the managerial theory of the firm (Marris, 1964), managers pursue di versification strategies to maximize growth and to reduce risks. More recently, the concept of the multi-product firm has been fully incorporated into neo classical production theory and the implications of diversified entry, multi market contacts, tie-in sales, etc. have become important issues in modern industrial organization theory. On the empirical side, the focus has progress ively widened from the measurement of the extent of diversification and its general causes, to the study of diversification patterns and directions.
Multinationality at the Firm Level
Authors: Davies Stephen , Lyons Bruce 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Thischapter moves our examination of corporate strategy from the product to the spatial dimension. Any large firm potentially faces choices on how to arrange its production across the member states within the EU: should it con centrate operations in its home base, or expand into other member states? Just as there may be a trade-off in product space between increasing market shares and diversification, so, in geographic space, increasing spatial dispersion may be an alternative to an increasing share in the home economy Naturally, this chapter overlaps to some extent with the industry-level ana lysis of multinationality in Chapter 7: undoubtedly, some firms will be more multinational than others because of the types of industries in which they operate. However, a firm-level analysis widens the perspective. For example, it is possible that a firm may have multinational operations across industries, whilst being uninational within individual industries. This might happen when a vertically integrated firm locates its production of an intermediate product, A, and the finished product, B, in different countries.
Public Procurement lndustries
Authors: Davies Stephen , Lyons Bruce 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Purchases by the public sector account for a sizeable part of total demand in the European Union-somewhere in the range of 15 % to 20 % of total GDP. The importance of public procurement varies greatly across industries, and in some cases, government purchasing policy has been highly instrumental in forming industry structure. Before the Single European Market measures came into effect, public procurement was still very fragmented with a different procurement system in place for each member state. This created high (often prohibitive) barriers for the exports of manufacturers based in other EU mem ber states or outside countries: only 2-3 % of all public procurement contracts were awarded to enterprises from other member states. Of course, to the extent that these barriers were only trade related, foreign’ manufacturers could resort to establishing local production units in order to become ‘indigenous’ manufacturers. However, other discriminatory measures, or strategic behavi our by national champion firms in collusion with their national governments, could also sometimes block this kind of market entry.2 It is probable, therefore, that measures to eliminate public procurement bias will have a considerable effect in the reorganization of the industries concerned.
The Increasing Role of the Urban Non-formal Sector in Indonesia: Employment Analysis within a Multisectoral Framework
Authors: Azis Iwan J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The analysis of employment and labour movements often stresses the growth of the urban formal sector vis-a-vis the expanding commercial agriculture (farm) sector. Yet, various problems in developing countries more often than not involve issues such as rapid urbanization versus limited expansion of industrial employment, suggesting the potential growth of the less visible non-formal sector in the overall development process. It is in this context that the multi sectoral framework approach could be very useful for analysing employment patterns and estimating labour movements.
Conclusion: The Prospects
Authors: Jones Gavin , Visaria Pravin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
One of the three countries covered in this book-Brazil-has reached a high level of urbanization, with about 75 per cent of its population resident in urban areas. The percentage is not likely to increase beyond 85 per cent. Moreover, natural increase of Brazil’s population has been declining rapidly in recent years. This, allied with the limited scope for further rural-urban migration as a result of the contraction of the rural population, implies that growth rates of urban populations will not be very high in future.
Introduction
Authors: Bacci Massimo Livi 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Even in the most backward contemporary population infant and child mortality is low by historical standards; indeed the main demographic revolution has been the increased survival of children and the gradual elimination of biological waste linked to the high mortality of the past. For contemporary populations, reducing infant mortality to one death every thousand births is not an impossible target, as it is within reach of the ten per thousand target for less favoured populations. But no historical population could approach the hundred per thousand level for significantly long periods and a loss of between one-fifth and one-third was common. How populations and societies could cope with appalling mortality levels, managing to survive, reproduce, expand, and accumulate, is still a matter of won der for demographers and social scientists.
Infant and Child Mortality in the Indian Subcontinent, 1881-1947
Authors: Dyson Tim 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The population under birth and death registration in British India in 1901 was slightly in excess of 220 million people-that is, roughly one in seven of the world’s entire population. This registration system regularly produced a veritable mountain of detailed official publications and statistics. Indeed, for the period 1881-1947 examined here, it may well be that the quantity of official published registration statistics for the Indian subcontinent (covering large areas of con temporary India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Myanmar (Burma) and Sri Lanka, which as ‘Ceylon’ was administered by Britain, although not as part of British India) is only exceeded by that for the whole of Western Europe combined.
Infant Mortality in Pre-Transition Japan: Levels and Trends
Authors: Saito Osamu 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The study of mortality has long been an underexplored area in the field of the historical demography of Japan. This is largely because no reliable estimates of infant mortality are available for either Tokugawa or Meiji times. For the Tokugawa period (the period before the Meiji Restoration of 1868 and subsequent reforms), village population registers, the chief source material so far utilized by historical demographers, do not give us information about infant deaths. As for the period between the Restoration and the year 1920, when the first national census was taken, it has long been believed that both births and deaths were seriously under recorded. With lack of evidence, therefore, a view that infant mortality must have declined as time went on has been shared by many scholars, especially by demographers.
The Death of Foundlings: A Tragedy in Two Acts
Authors: Bardet Jean-Pierre , Dufour, Corinne , Renard Jacques 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the 1760s, doctors and administrators became aware of and began to measure the demographic cost of, child abandonment; in other words, they began to evaluate the incapacity of child welfare institutions to assure the survival of their charges. In France, this sudden awareness translated into a fervent exchange of ideas and information, as well as ill-fated attempts at artificial breast-feeding.
Infant Mortality in Late Nineteenth Century Canada
Authors: Mcinnis Marvin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Little has been written about infant mortality in nineteenth-century Canada. That is unfortunate since the Canadian case reveals great diversity in the pattern of infant mortality rates and offers interesting possibilities for the exploration of influences and relationships. True, no readily available and manifestly reliable national series of statistics on infant mortality exists for Canada prior to the 1920s, and that may have deterred investigators. A substantial body of usable and interpretable data exists for late nineteenth-century Canada, however, and by utilizing that it may be feasible to gamer a look at a particularly interesting pat tern of rates of infant deaths.
Gender Inequality And Women’S Agency
Authors: Dréze Jean , Sen Amartya 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Inequality between men and women is one of the most crucial disparities in many societies, and this is particularly so in India. Differences in female and male literacy rates, discussed in the last chapter, are one aspect of this broader phenomenon of gender-based inequality in India. In much of the country, women tend in general to fare quite badly in relative terms compared with men, even within the same families. This is reflected not only in such matters as education and opportunity to develop talents, but also in the more elementary fields of nutrition, health, and survival. Indeed, the mortality rates of females tend to exceed those of males until the late twenties, and even the late thirties in some states, and this-as we know from the experiences of other countries-is very much in contrast with what tends to happen when men and women receive similar nutritional and health care. One result is a remarkably low ratio of females to males in the Indian population compared with the corresponding ratio not only in Europe and North America, but also in sub-Saharan Africa. The problem is not, of course, unique to India, but it is particularly serious in this country, and certainly deserves public attention as a matter of major priority.
Introduction
Authors: Bergström Villy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The literature on the political economy of growth is immense: both political scientists and economists have written extensively on this topic. In this paper we do not even attempt to provide a comprehensive survey of the literature; our more modest purpose is to evaluate what we have learnt from the recent out burst of research on the political economy of growth that has occurred in the last few years. This recent literature has developed at the intersection of the new ‘endogenous growth theory’ and the new ‘macro-political economy’.
Political Instability, Quality of Governments and Growth
Authors: Bergström Villy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Researchers studying the relationship between political instability and growth have to tackle two major issues. First, how to define political instability. Second, does political stability foster growth or vice versa, or both? Political instability can be measured in two different ways. The first uses some index of socio-political unrest The second approach focuses on the frequency of government changes, namely on executive instability.
Conclusions
Authors: Bergström Villy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
We conclude by summarizing the main results and puzzles of this literature and by indicating which are, in our view, the next steps in this area of research. Several results appear fairly robust. First, political instability is harmful for growth, and to some extent low growth fosters political instability. This result is not overly sensitive to different measures of political instability. Second, income inequality is harmful for economic growth, but the exact channels linking these two variables are less clear. One possible channel is political instability and mass violence. We presented evidence consistent with the hypothesis that income inequality creates social discontent which in tum fuels unrest, violence and political instability. The latter has negative effects on growth. Evidence on the other political channel, fiscal redistribution, is for the moment less clear. Part of the problem is the variety of different policy instruments that can be used to achieve the desired redistribution.
Government Expenditure and Economic Growth
Authors: Bergström Villy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Does government expenditure have a positive or negative effect on economic growth? A priori, we do not know. Arguments can be made in both directions. To the extent that the well-known effects of the existence of collective goods, externalities and natural monopolies are important impediments to growth, the types of government expenditure that rectify these problems can be expected to have growth-enhancing effects. Following Barro (1990) we may label this ‘productive’ government spending. Another problem is that the valuation of government output may lead to an overestimation of measured growth. In the different accounts, government goods and services are valued at their cost of production. This procedure gives rise to a number of difficulties which bias the researcher to find that increased government spending results in increased economic growth.
Recent Growth Experience
Authors: Bergström Villy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Fig. 26.1 shows the annual average real GDP growth in the last five years of the Summers & Heston data (1984-8) for the sixteen countries for which I have union density data. The sample average growth rate is 3.14 per cent There are eight countries with below average growth, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden and Switzerland.
Conclusion
Authors: Bergström Villy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The empirical work reported here reveals three things. First, government policies affect economic growth in the OECD countries. The growth of government consumption and the variability of inflation are negative and significant factors in every regression reported in the paper. I believe that Levine and Renelt’s rejection of this hypothesis is due mainly to their poor experimental design that forces drastically different countries to share a common set of coefficients.
Introduction
Authors: Bergström Villy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This paper attempts to interpret the experiences of some successful late industrializers in the light of economic ideas. Whether economic growth and successful structural transformation occur because of skilful public policies or on the basis of private activities coordinated only by a decentralized price system is of course a classic controversy within political economy. Many economists seem at least implicitly to read the empirical literature on growth in the light of this normative question.
Common Characteristics of the Four Late lndustrializers
Authors: Bergström Villy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The experiences of the four case countries exhibit at least the following common characteristics that may have been associated with ‘mechanisms’ of success in state-led industrialization. TI1e subsequent discussion will then present an attempt to make sense of these observations: (1) In all of the four countries, the state has been very powerful and interventionist, so that the practical organization of new investment has at times resembled that of the planned economies. (2) All have been extremely organized, corporatist economies where strategic decisions of economic and industrial policy have been taken in concert between the state and organized interest groups of business and labour. (3) In all of them, and in spite of the extensive statist planning, the state and the political establishment have been ultimately committed to the liberal market order and respect of private property as a principle. (4) In all of them, for various historical reasons, the state has been politically strong and has also been endowed with a large and competent bureaucracy.
Further Mechanisms of Success
Authors: Bergström Villy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The discussion has hopefully so far made some sense of the first two stylized facts of Chapter 31. The extensive state intervention obeys a sound economic logic-provided one is willing to buy the basic assumptions of externalities. However, what has been said hitherto should apply to almost any small economy. What has made the four countries successful? Why have the states been willing and capable to act in ways conducive to success? This section discusses stylized facts 3--6 and suggests at least some ways in which they may have contributed to good performance.
An Overview of Country Experiences
Authors: Bergström Villy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter briefly describes the individual experiences of each country case in the light of the foregoing discussion. We pay relatively more attention to Finland and Austria, since many excellent analyses (especially Wade, 1989; Amsden, 1989) have already been devoted to the two Asian miracles. Korea illustrates most of the elements outlined above. The Korean state has been very strong not only towards labour but also towards business. The Korean state has offered large rewards for successful entrepreneurs, but it has also had the ability to discipline business: ‘where Korea differs from most other late industrialising countries is in the discipline its state exercises over private firms’ (Amsden, 1989, p. 14).
Conclusions
Authors: Bergström Villy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
We have tried to understand the political and economic determinants of successful state intervention in industrialization. Can they be generalized to produce ‘recipes’ for success? It must be emphasized that these experiences relate to specific stages of economic development. Forces that generate long-run growth are different and still largely unknown. However, many theoretical and empirical arguments emphasize the importance of thresholds and qualitative leaps. The study of particular phases of industrialization and structural change is therefore an extremely important task for development economics.