bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anatomical imaging
Authors: Erkinjuntti Timo , Pohjasvaara Tarja 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we focus on vascular risk factors, brain changes, and cognition; radiological correlates of vascular dementia; brain imaging and current clinical criteria; subtypes of vascular dementia; subcortical vascular dementia; Alzheimer’s disease with CVD; vascular cognitive impairment; and conclude with suggestions for further research.
The prevention and control of periodontal disease
Authors: Jenkins Bill , Heasman Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Periodontal disease, once established, is often time-consuming and costly to treat, while untreated or unsuccessfully treated periodontal disease is a significant cause of tooth loss. Approximately 10–15% of the populations of industrialized countries are affected by generalized severe chronic periodontitis, and evidence suggests that it may often have its onset during adolescence and early adulthood. Furthermore, gingivitis, which always precedes periodontitis, is widely prevalent in children. Preventive strategies which are targeted at children, adolescents, and young adults may, therefore, reduce the need for protracted and expensive treatment of established disease.
Prevention of malocclusion
Authors: Gordon Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Malocclusion of the teeth is not really a disease in the way that dental caries and periodontitis are, it is more a reflection of the natural variation that occurs in any biological system. True prevention of malocclusion is difficult to envisage, as there is a strong genetic component in the make-up of most malocclusions (Mills 1978). Preventive measures may be effective in dealing with environmental factors, but are unlikely to influence the outcome in cases where the genetic background is one of the more important determining factors.
Premenstrual syndrome
Authors: Blake Fiona 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From earliest times men have written about women’s changing moods and behaviour and attributed them to their female anatomy and their menstrual cycle. In the twentieth century, Frank (1931) coined the term premenstrual tension (PMT). He perceived a link between symptoms in the latter half of the menstrual cycle and the fluctuations of the reproductive hormones. From the 1950s, Dalton has campaigned for the better recognition and treatment of such symptoms and widened the concept, calling it premenstrual syndrome (PMS). Since then, PMS has received much publicity, in both the lay and medical press. There is still much debate about the syndrome’s definition, aetiology and treatment, but following considerable research and debate, there is now a better understanding of PMS and a range of ways of managing the problem. It is a complex and fascinating topic that raises many questions about the interactions between hormones and physiological changes and life events and stress.
Management of urinary incontinence in women
Authors: Thakar Ranee , Stanton Stuart , Kane Judy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Urinary incontinence is defined by the International Continence Society as an involuntary loss of urine that is objectively demonstrable and a social and hygiene problem (Abrams et al. 1988). It not only causes considerable personal suffering for the individual affected but is also of immense economic importance to the Health Service costing the nation approximately 424 million pounds per annum (The Continence Foundation, 2000). Women do not report urinary incontinence due to shame, embarrassment and ignorance regarding treatment options. Norton et al. (1988) found more than 25% of women with urinary incontinence delayed seeking help for 5 or more years, half of these due to embarrassment, despite significant impact on their lives.
Promoting the health of women in primary care
Authors: Nicholson Sandra , Carter Yvonne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A definition of women’s health depends not only on the attitudes of healthcare professionals but also on the perception and health beliefs of the women themselves. Healthy women are both physically and mentally well. This chapter is concerned with promoting the health of women in the UK, but the world-wide context of women’s health, with for example unacceptably high maternal mortality rates and overt discrimination of women in developing countries, cannot be ignored and where appropriate is referred to. Indeed, all women have the right to ‘the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health’ (Beijing Platform for Action 1995).
The Kingdoms Of The Southern English
Authors: Stenton F M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most important fact in the history of the earliest English kingdoms is the clear distinction which was maintained for more than two centuries between the peoples established respectively north and south of the Humber. It is reflected in the language of many formal documents written by men for whom the titles of kings and the names of peoples represented at least an approximation to political facts. As early as the year 672 the different English peoples beyond the Humber are collectively described in a solemn record as Nordanhymbrorum gens-the nation of the Northumbrians. No formal document ever speaks of the Southumbrians, but the Anglian, Saxon, and Jutish peoples who lived between the Humber and the Channel are often brought together in early charters as the Sutangli, or southern English.
The English Church From Theodore To Boniface
Authors: Stenton F M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The five years following the council of Whit by form the most critical period in the history of the Anglo-Saxon church. Its ultimate unity had been made possible by King Oswiu’s decision. But the men who were to realize this ideal were as yet untried in responsible positions, and for the moment the mere continuance of organized Christianity in England was uncertain. At the very time of the council England, like much of western Europe, was being swept by a pestilence, which removed many leaders of the clergy, depopulated whole monasteries, and produced a widespread reversion to heathenism. The East Saxons, whose bishop Cedddied in the plague, relapsed in a general panic. Individual bishops likeJaruman of Mercia laboured outside their own dioceses to prevent apostasy, and although few monastic communities seem to have escaped the plague, most of them survived it. But the whole organization of the church in England was rapidly disintegrating in these years; it was becoming difficult to maintain an ordered succession of bishops, and the see of Canterbury itself was vacant.
The Burning of Louvain
Authors: Kramer Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1914 Louvain was a wealthy university town, with a rich architectural heritage of the late medieval and early modern periods. St Peter’s church, the City Hall, and the University Library were examples of Brabant Gothic. The university, founded in 1425, had been the intellectual centre of the Low Countries; after having been closed in the eighteenth century it was refounded in 1834 as a Catholic university. Its library was not the most significant in Europe: Oxford, Paris, and several other university and ducal libraries had greater collections.
On Nuns and Nunneries
Authors: Evangelisti Silvia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One day in April 1575, the citizens of Florence witnessed a great ceremony: seven young novices made their solemn profession of vows in the convent of San Giovannino of the military order of the Knights of Malta. A large female community located along Via San Gallo, not far from the Duomo, San Giovannino mainly hosted the daughters of the aristocracy, some of whom came from the ruling Medici family. The seven girls walked into the church in pairs while singers and musicians performed the traditional ‘Come Thou Brides of Christ ’, and then headed toward the altar of the church where they received the black veil and habit before the father superior of the convent. Great numbers of patrician men and women, as well as the girls’ families and the local clergy, participated in these splendid celebrations, orchestrated by the nuns as memorable occasions which maximized their public visibility and presence in the city.
Cloistered Spaces
Authors: Evangelisti Silvia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Stendhal ’s novel The Abbess of Castro tells the story of two young aristocrats, Héle`ne and Jules, in sixteenth-century Naples. After falling in love and encountering the disapproval of their families, they are separated from each other and Héle`ne is obliged to enter a convent and become a nun. In a desperate attempt to see his beloved again, Jules goes to the convent of the Visitation now her new home in the nearby city of Castro: The day after, just before dawn, he entered the walls of the small city of Castro; even before entering the city, Jules saw the convent of the Visitation, a vast building circumscribed by black walls, and very similar to an army quarter. He ran into the church; it was marvellous.
Voices from the Cloister
Authors: Evangelisti Silvia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘No institution in Europe has ever won for the lady the freedom of development that she enjoyed in the convent . . . The impulse toward leadership which kept the men in the world sent women out of it. ’1 Writing at the beginning of the twentieth century, the American historian Emily James Putnam described in these powerful terms the impact of convents on the history of women. Removed from society, convents acted as catalysts for female freedom and individual development. No other institution could be compared to them. They were unique. Putnam ‘s forthright view may have drawn on her own personal, professional experience. A distinguished scholar, she worked in some of the most prestigious academic institutions in her country, including Barnard College, and the New School for Social Research.
Open Communities for Women
Authors: Evangelisti Silvia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As we have seen, the contemplative model of religious life according to which women prayed and performed their spiritual duties withdrawn from the world was enthusiastically promoted by the Church and exported to the colonies. However it was not the only model available to female religious. From the late Middle Ages onwards women practised a range of diVerent forms of religious life, including the more Xexible option of joining a community but taking simple vows only rather than the solemn vows taken by nuns. These simple vows were reversible and allowed women to maintain their secular status in the world. Although they often joined a religious order, dressed and prayed like nuns, and embraced chastity and poverty, these women practised a socially oriented form of commitment, fostering an active spirituality in direct contact with the world, rather than pure contemplation.
Ethnic Conflict
Authors: Wolff Stefan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Why is it that Catholics and Protestants in Northern Ireland have been in perpetual conflict for thirty years when they can live and prosper together elsewhere? Why was there a bloody civil war in Bosnia and Herzegovina when Croats, Serbs, and Muslims had lived peacefully side-by-side for decades? Why did nobody see and act upon the early warning signs of genocide in Rwanda that eventually killed close to a million people in a matter of weeks? What is it that makes Kashmir potentially worth a nuclear war between India and Pakistan? In recent years hardly a day has gone by when ethnic conflict in some part of the world has not made headline news. The violence involved in these conflicts continues to destabilize entire regions, hamper social and economic development, and cause unimaginable human suffering. And the extensive media coverage of these conflicts all too often raises important questions that it signally fails to answer. This book aims to fill this gap. Drawing on the author’s long experience of studying such conflicts around the world and his involvement in attempts to resolve them, it provides an illuminating and accessible introduction to the origins, dynamics, and management of ethnic conflict. In doing so, it helps explain the fundamental question underlying all these conflicts: why do nationalism and ethnicity still have such terrible power to turn neighbour against neighbour?
Introduction
Authors: Wolff Stefan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 18 April 2005, the BBC reported several pieces of good news. Voters in the Turkish Republic of northern Cyprus had voted for Mehmet Ali Talat, the (non-recognized) country’s Prime Minister and a strong supporter of reunification with the south, in presidential elections. Talat had campaigned on a platform of reconciliation and rapprochement with the Greek-dominated part of the island and promised to initiate fresh talks with Greek Cypriot leaders.
Paris, June 1940
Authors: Diamond Hanna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 14 June 1940 Nazi tanks rolled into the French capital which had been deserted by the vast majority of its inhabitants. The previous day, the gates of the Gare d’ Austerlitz swung shut for the last time as the final train south left. In the preceding two weeks, this station, like the city of Paris, had witnessed some of the most extraordinary scenes in its history. Suddenly, government ministries were left deserted as administrative officials and other staff left for the Tours area, anxious not to fall into German hands. Witnessing this departure made Parisians finally realize that the arrival of the Nazis in their city was imminent, leaving only one option if they did not want to and themselves under occupation: escape. In their panic to leave Paris, the train was their first thought and mainline stations were inundated. It immediately became clear that the railways could not cope with this unexpected demand for evacuation and the services struggled to keep up.
The Ravages of War
Authors: Gratzer Walter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On an autumn day in 1919 Dr Harriette Chick from the Lister Institute in London, and her colleague, Dr Elsie Dalyell, arrived by train in Vienna, and were greeted by Professor Clemens von Pirquet of Vienna University. The Great War was over, the Habsburg monarchy had fallen, and the City of Dreams was dilapidated, its population in the grip of famine and disease. Harriette Chick was no stranger to Vienna. Daughter of a lace merchant, she had graduated from University College London, and gone on to advanced study in her chosen field of bacteriology at the universities of Munich and more especially Vienna, which was then, and remained for another three decades, one of the world’s pre-eminent centres of medical science.
The Poor, the Rich, the Healthy, and the Sick
Authors: Gratzer Walter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The progress of science and the concerns of the Victorian social reformers stimulated an increasingly close scrutiny of the methods by which staple foods were prepared and the purity of the products that went into them. The quality of bread was an enduring preoccupation. In England the weights of loaves were standardized and their price regulated as early as 1266 by a body called the Assize of Bread. Bread at this time was most often baked with rye or wheat wholemeal flour, produced by grinding up the entire grain. By the 17th century a preference had developed for a more or less white bread, made with wheat flour from which a large part of the husks, or bran, had been separated.
‘A Thousand Little Guantanamos’: Western States and Measures to Prevent The Arrival of Refugees
Authors: Gibney Matthew J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the last lines of his ‘Emigrant’s Lament’, Bertholt Brecht contrasts two perspectives on experience of the refugee. In the first, the view of the person forced from his country, to be a refugee is to be ‘lost’. The refugee is forced to eke out an existence in a place where the social and political markers that enable orientation in the world are alien and difficult to decode. In the second, the perspective of the receiving country, the refugee is an interloper, someone from whom any request is ‘impertinent’, or to employ a word closer to the one Brecht uses in the original German, ‘shameless’.
The Repositioning of Citizenship and Alienage: Emergent Subjects and Spaces for Politics
Authors: Sassen Saskia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most of the scholarship on citizenship has claimed a necessary connection to the national state. The transformations afoot today raise questions about this proposition in so far as they significantly alter those conditions which in the past fed that articulation between citizenship and the national state. The context for this possible alteration is defined by two major, partly interconnected conditions. One is the change in the position and institutional features of national states since the 1980s resulting from various forms of globalization. These range from economic privatization and deregulation to the increased prominence of the international human rights regime. The second is the emergence of multiple actors, groups, and communities partly strengthened by these transformations in the state and increasingly unwilling automatically to identify with a nation as represented by the state.
Petunias, one-eyed ducks, and roly-poly mice
Authors: Horne Jim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All living organisms, including bacteria and plants, have a regular, daily period of rest and inactivity, but whether this can be seen as sleep is another matter. Plants cease their photosynthesis at night, not simply because of the dark but because, like all other living organisms, they have their own daily internal ‘biological clock’, called a circadian rhythm (from the Latin circa about, diem day). Sanservia , the ‘sensitive plant’, closes its leaves when touched and also closes them at night. Nevertheless, if it is kept in the dark continuously, the leaves will persist in opening during normal daylight hours.
By the brain, for the brain
Authors: Horne Jim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is going on in the mind of my cat, sitting on the windowsill for the last half an hour, attentively watching the birds on the lawn, or in the mind of my dog lying there in its basket with ears pricked up and following my every move? Probably, uncharitable thoughts towards birds in the case of the cat and fun and games for the dog. Or, to be more serious, let us call it ‘quiet readiness’. It is a characteristic of a fairly advanced brain, which both these animals do have. Even when sitting relaxed like this, their brains are alert, busy, and ready for action. Intently watching something happen, especially if the scene is changing from moment to moment, and a quick response is required, puts quite a demand on the brain, whether it be that of a dog, cat, or human.
Odd behaviour
Authors: Horne Jim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Randy Gardner showed little sign of abnormal or psychotic behaviour, and nor did Patrick and Gilbert’s participants or for that matter most other people in sleep deprivation experiments. This is an important point because it has been claimed that sleep loss produces models of madness, or ‘artificial psychoses’, that can be used to study psychiatric illnesses. So it has been reasoned (by others) that we could learn more about these illnesses by studying normally healthy, but sleep-deprived, people. This idea largely arose through a misunder- standing of various odd behaviours seen during sleep deprivation studies, and an unwarranted interest in the rare individual who does show apparently psychotic tendencies. In these cases it is usually dis- covered (too late) that the individual had some sort of psychological problem to begin with, and one might wonder why any well-balanced individual would want to volunteer for some of these arduous studies in the first place, even though they are well looked after and can pull out at any time. One sleep deprivation study actually used hospitalised patients with schizophrenia and, to the apparent surprise of the investigators, the deprivation caused a psychotic flare-up.
Cinema of the mind
Authors: Horne Jim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whereas the mental activity of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is intense, visual, and florid, more tranquil thoughts and imagery do occur during the rest of sleep, which sleep researchers refer to as ‘thinking’ or ‘mentation’. Sometimes, however, what appears to be real dreaming can be found in non-REM sleep. Other interesting visual states exist in and around sleep for some people, who have the ability to conjure up visual scenes during drowsiness and light sleep. This reverie is called ‘hypnagogic’ imagery when it occurs around sleep onset and ‘hypnopompic’ imagery during morning awakening.
Things that go bump in the night
Authors: Horne Jim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During our study of people’s sleep at home, described in Chapter 12, the participants were asked to note down what caused them to wake up at night, if they happened to do so. Just over 6,400 reports were logged, which works out to about once a night per person. Estimates, next morning, of how long the awakenings lasted were mostly between five and ten minutes. The number and duration did not differ much between the sexes, or with increasing age, but there were important differences in the causes, as shown shortly. For 70 per cent of the awakenings the reports were that it was easy to get back to sleep afterwards, whereas for 23 per cent it was ‘with difficulty’, and for the remaining 7 per cent ‘very difficult’, where ‘worry’ was the main reason. Overall, the most common explanations tended to be ‘don’t know’ or ‘woke up thinking about something’.
chapter XI
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“WELL, how is the animal’s back?” I inquired of Radford, when he awoke me the next morning.
“I can’t make it out, sir. I took the saddle off, and our horse ain’t touched at all. Osman came in when I was a looking at him. He laughed and said ‘Eyi’ (good), and I said
‘Eyi’ too. But, sir, it is a wonder to me that the horse ain’t got an awful back.”
“How are you getting on with your Turkish?” I inquired. “Capital, sir; I often have a talk with Osman, though I
can’t say as how we understand each other much. The fellow, he knows more about horses than I thought he did; one lives and learns, even from Turks.”
We were escorted out of Istanos* by the Mudir and his two sons, lads of from twelve to fifteen, who had got up at daybreak to speed the Frank on his way. The Armenian priest also came to the door. In spite of the early hour, a great many inhabitants had assembled on the house-tops to have a look at the Englishman and his party.
Belshazzar’s Feast, 1929–31
Authors: Kennedy Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Belshazzar’sFeastbegan as a BBC commission sometime in the second half of 1929. The corporation was emerging as a major and influential patron of music. In 1929 alone fifty works received first performances, or first performances in Britain, under BBC auspices, and plans were going ahead for the formation of the corporation’s own symphony orchestra. Adrian Boult was brought from Birmingham, where he had been conductor of the city’s orchestra since 1924, to be Director of Music. Walton had decided that his next composition would be choral. Again it was a friend’s success that spurred him to try to emulate and outdo it.