bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Southern Mesoamerica
Authors: Bierhorst John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Of the nearly five million people who are called Maya, the largest single group belongs to the Yucatan Peninsula, which is divided among the Mexican states of Campeche, Yucatán, and Quintana Roo and the northern parts of Guatemala and Belize. These Yucatec, or Maya of Yucatan, number approximately three quarters of a million. They live in towns and villages and in the state capital of Merida, the region’s principal city.
Lower Central America
Authors: Bierhorst John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Indian peoples of Panama, Costa Rica, and the eastern regions of Nicaragua and Honduras are generally considered to have more in common with South America than with the AztecMaya, or Mesoamerican, area.
Traits that might be mentioned would include the use of blowguns, hammocks, canoes, sweet manioc, and bark cloth, also a preference for hunting and fishing rather than agriculture. All these features, however, are found among at least some groups in Guatemala and southern Mexico.
More distinctively South American are the low wooden stools carved with animal faces and the large, multifamily houses, often circular or oval in plan, with high, nearly conical thatched roofs. The stools are still in use, and although the houses, now single family, are not as large as they once were, the round or oval plan is still occasionally found.
Destructions and New Beginnings
Authors: Bierhorst John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Stories of lost races are among the most characteristic myths of Mexico and Central America. Often the ancient people are giants or dwarves, and usually they are too clever, too evil, or too imperfect to exist in the present world. In some cases they are not killed but merely driven underground, and their power can still be felt. Some versions tell of two, three, or even four previous races, each destroyed in a different manner. Flood is the most frequent catastrophe, though many storytellers mention a too hot sun or an onslaught of jaguars. Christian influence may be detected in the Tarahumara version given here.
The Quest for Corn
Authors: Bierhorst John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The discovery of corn by a small creature, usually an ant, and the breaking open of the corn mountain by lightning are the essential features of this myth throughout its many variants. The additional episodes involving the secretive fox and the impatient woodpecker are typical of the modern Maya. Much abbreviated variants of the story are found in old Maya writings such as the Popol Vuh and the Book of Chilam Balam of Chumayel.
Now, at that time the people had no corn or other crops. They and the animals lived on fruits, also roots that they found in the forest. However, there was corn in the world. It was hidden under a great rock. No one knew about it except the leaf-cutter ants.
Journeys to the Other World
Authors: Bierhorst John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The story of the thunder god whose human helper makes foolish mistakes is typical of the Maya area, though it is told as far north as the Distrito Federal of Mexico (where the thunder spirits are “rain dwarfs” and their home is called Tlalocan). Here, in a variant from the Mam of Guatemala, the scene is set in the sky, the thunder spirit is “the lord of the clouds,” and his helpers are “angels.”
They say it happened long ago, they say a man was carried off by the lord of the clouds, who took him away to his home in the sky, and when the man looked around, he saw angels. They were just setting out with their capes, just beginning to run, starting to thunder, and they made a cracking sound. In their hands they carried a reflecting sword that flashes when rain falls, and makes lightning. The noise of their capes is the storm, and when they run, rain falls on the earth.
Myths in Sequence
Authors: Bierhorst John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
One myth does not make a mythology. Stories in quantity are needed to authorize a people’s customs, to illustrate the lessons that must be passed on to the young, and to answer the difficult questions “Where are we?” and “How did we get here?”
As is often the case, stories heard from grandparents and chance acquaintances can be saved up, then reeled off one by one around the hearth fire. This makes for good storytelling in the ordinary sense. But the term “mythology” implies a certain unity or interconnectedness that gives the stories added power. Often, though not always, the individual who understands how to put the myths together is no mere narrator but a religious specialist, who also knows songs, ceremonies, and other sacred lore.
Adventures of the Hero
Authors: Bierhorst John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The figure of the hero helps to bridge the gap between myth and history. Unlike the gods, he is usually a man who has lived on earth, often with a definite life span that begins with his birth and ends with his death or disappearance.
Nevertheless, heroes can become gods, and vice versa. Quetzalcoatl is a major deity of the Aztecs, but in some stories he is an earthly hero. The same is true of the Maya god Itzamna; and in modern lore, Christ is usually the tragic hero pursued and crucified, yet he sometimes fills the role of God the Creator.
Among the Huichol, the important god of hunting known as Elder Brother Deer Tail may also be called Kauyumari (Makes People Crazy), of whom trickster stories are told. In the latter case, the narrator will add, “Well, of course that happened in those days before he became sacred.”
Clans, Crests, and Ceremonies
Authors: Bierhorst John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Caught up in the pursuit of riches, Northwest Coast chiefs and their retainers developed a form of polite warfare in which symbols as well as goods were the weapons. Competing chiefs represented their clans, who were as eager to display their genealogies, emblems, and knowledge of ceremonies as to prove that they could outspend their rivals.
The normal arena for these displays was the potlatch, a kind of assembly for the purpose of distributing wealth.
The Northeast: Gluskap’s Country
Authors: Bierhorst John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Unlike their neighbors to the west and south, the peoples of the upper Northeast had no creation epic. In this damp, chilly country of hunters and fishermen, Earth Diver and emergence myths were all but unheard of. Although a number of tales-including corn mother stories-passed freely up the coast, the mythology of the upper region centered around a culture hero who had as much in common with the Transformer of the Northwest Coast as with the heroes of adjacent Huron and Iroquois tribes.
The Hare Cycle
Authors: Bierhorst John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Moving into the Great Lakes country and the upper Mississippi basin, we leave behind the dignified culture heroes of the Northeast and encounter once again the trickster-hero typical of the West. For the midwestern Siouans-the Winnebago, the Iowa, the Oto, the Omaha, the Ponca-this figure is Hare, called Mastshingke (rabbit) in the language of the Omaha. The Algonkian Ojibwa and Menominee call him Manab6zho, or Nanabush, a variable name that has been translated Great Hare.
Cataclysms
Authors: Bierhorst John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
During the summer flood season in the Chaco an entire village can be swept away by a wall of water moving like a tidal wave. Yet often in the winter all water disappears, and even the riverbeds are dry. The highest temperatures in South America, rising to 115° F., have been recorded in the Chaco. Yet bitter cold with frost is not uncommon in the southern and eastern part of the region.
Providers and Deliverers
Authors: Bierhorst John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
South of the Gran Chaco, the native populations rapidly thin out. No more than a few scattered remnants of the old Puelche and Tehuelche tribes are to be found in the lush grasslands, or pampas, of central Argentina and in the arid prairie lands farther south, known as Patagonia. In Tierra del Fuego, at the bottom of the continent, virtually all Indian life had been extinguished by the mid-twentieth century.
Highland Gods
Authors: Bierhorst John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Homeland of the most powerful of native American societies, the Central Andes is one of the poorer regions from the standpoint of pure mythology. The fascination of Inca civilization itself, nevertheless, lends weight to the bits and pieces of Inca myth that have survived. Conquered by Spaniards in 1533, the Inca empire had patched together dozens of highland tribes, stretching from northern Argentina and Chile through Bolivia, Peru, and Ecuador.
Myth and Archaeology
Authors: Bierhorst John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Without regard to time layers or differing pottery types, the Quechua of Hualcan in the Peruvian highlands attribute ancient artifacts to the people of the dark, who were burned to death when the sun first rose. Some say these chullpa people buried their belongings when they saw that they were going to be killed, and this is why farmers today find pots and carvings as they dig their fields. Architectural remains are explained on the theory that in the dark time, stones responded to verbal commands or fell into place of their own accord.
The Seesaw Brain: "Highs" and Adaptations
Authors: Goldstein Avram 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The brain resists any disturbance in its neurochemical equilibrium. It recognizes a chemical change immediately, then adapts to it slowly. An addictive drug that mimics or blocks a neurotransmitter or receptor is like a weight thrown suddenly onto one side (let’s call it the drug side) of a balanced seesaw. The sum of all the adaptations is like a counterweight added slowly to the opposite side (the adapting side) until the level state is reached again. If a drug floods the brain suddenly (a drug spike), an immediate change in brain function results. In the vernacular, if this effect is hedonic (pleasurable), it is called a drug “high;” the drug side of the seesaw drops. If the same drug is trickled slowly into the brain instead of spiking, adaptations can occur even while the drug level is increasing; the “high” is muted or nearly absent, while a plateau drug level is established.
The Winds of Change
Authors: Quandt Richard E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the autumn of 1989, I was doing exactly what I had been doing every other autumn: teaching my classes in economics at Princeton University, where I was a professor, writing articles for learned journals, and participating in the life of the university in various ways. But while it was business as usual for me, the times were unusually exciting and the atmosphere heady, because significant political changes were occurring in Central and Eastern Europe.
In early November, I received a telephone call from William G. Bowen, the president of The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. Bowen had been the president of Princeton University until January, 1988, at which time he as sumed the presidency of the Mellon Foundation. Obviously, I had known him for many years—he is also an economist and, in fact, I was one of his examiners on his final Ph.D. oral examination many years earlier. He wanted to know whether I would be willing to go to Budapest on behalf of the Mellon Foundation in order to evaluate two projects that had been called to the Foundation’s attention by Mark Palmer, the U.S. Ambassador to Hungary. The intermediary between Palmer and the Foundation was John C. Whitehead, former deputy secretary of state (July 1985-January 1989), who was a member of the Mellon Foundation’s board of trustees. It is noteworthy that the Foundation had no programs at the time in Hungary or any other Central or East European country. I replied that I would be happy to do so, since I was scheduled to go to Budapest anyway in a few of weeks in order to attend a scholarly meeting of economists. Stephanie Bell-Rose, who had joined the Foundation recently as its general counsel, came down to Princeton to explain in more detail what the Foundation wanted me to find out about the two projects and to assure me that she would arrange appointments for me with Ambassador Palmer and with a number of Hungarian experts who were reported to be knowledgeable about the projects.
Building a Program
Authors: Quandt Richard E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As I mentioned in the previous chapter, I realized early in the game that I would have to undertake a fairly substantial amount of travel to the region, both to solicit grant applications and to supervise projects once they were funded. Until we had made a sizeable number of grants, which took at least two years, correspondence was inadequate in itself to generate many good applications. This was partly because potential grantees had never heard of the Mellon Foundation and an invitation to prepare a grant application, extended by letter, was not always taken seriously, and partly because they often had only rudimentary ideas about how to prepare a proposal. I aimed at establishing a relatively regular pattern of travel, so that people could form reasonable expectations about when I might visit. Because I was teaching at Princeton until the end of the 1994-95 academic year, I could not very well get away for the requisite time before the middle or end of May. I always scheduled my visits to Czechoslovakia (later the Czech Republic and Slovakia) and Hungary for the end of May and early June, and my visits to Poland so as to overlap the fall term break at Princeton. These trips tended to be two-to-three-week trips and the days were crammed with appointments from early morning until after dinner. In Poland I always engaged a car with a driver to get from city to city, in the Czech Republic and Slovakia I drove myself, and in Hungary I mostly traveled by train. Some of my most delightful car trips took place in the Czech Republic and Slovakia where I was often accompanied by Andrew Lass, professor of anthropology at Mount Holyoke College, who managed our Czech and Slovak library projects. But car travel was also tiring. The road trip from Bratislava to Košice takes about five hours and the trip from Košice to Prague some seven to eight hours, and it is not adequate compensation for the fatigue that the road takes you near the famous battlefield of Austerlitz. So sometimes we went by air and had the dubious pleasure of flying in a Soviet-built Yak 42 jet, which gives one a good understanding of how sardines feel in a can.
Universities, Priorities, Problems
Authors: Quandt Richard E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In all spheres in which western donors were attempting to transfer knowledge, it was important to be sensitive to the needs of the prospective recipients and to avoid patronizing them. This was not always easy to do; in fact, the donors were transferring superior hardware and superior management skills, and such transfers unavoidably required that old ways of doing things be abandoned. Much as one tried to be on one’s best behavior, the frustrations of conducting business and coping with the exigencies of everyday life in Eastern Europe added to one’s impatience. And frustrations there were plenty.
One May, I spent a week or so in Prague and was unable to reserve rooms at the Intercontinental Hotel, where I always stayed. I ended up in the Atrium, a huge, modern building with a vast interior space, that promised the ultimate in efficiency. The second morning I was there, I decided that I wanted to have the International Herald Tribune delivered to my room every day because when I left the hotel in the morning to go about my business, it had not arrived yet and when I returned in the evening, it was all sold out. So I went to the concierge and asked him to arrange for it to be delivered to my room. To my considerable surprise, he asked me “Why?” I explained patiently that I left in the morning before it was delivered to the hotel and when I returned there were no copies left. He understood and sympathized, but informed me that the concierge’s desk did not handle such requests and that I would have to speak to the business center about this matter. So I went to the business center, where again I was asked why, and I again explained the reason, perhaps a little less patiently than the first time. The staff person at the business center understood the reason but told me that this was not done by the business center, but by the boutique. So, off I went to the boutique, where I was assured that my request was reasonable, but that the boutique did not do that; I would have to ask the concierge to deliver the paper to my room.
Igbo Cosmology and the Parameters of Individual Accomplishment in Things Fall Apart
Authors: Okafor Clement 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Since The Publrcation of Things Fall Apart in 1958, the novel has developed into a truly remarkable literary phenomenon; it is not only the most widely read book in Africa except for the Bible, but also is now part of the global literary canon. Furthermore, Things Fall Apart has sold more than eight million copies and has been translated into fifty-five languages of the world.
As the literary world celebrates the fortieth anniversary of the publication of this classic, it is more important now than ever before that we establish an appropriate epistemological framework that can profitably inform our critical discussions of Things Fall Apart.
“When a Man Fails Alone”
Authors: Scheub Harold 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There Is A Temptation, upon reaching the final pages of Things Fall Apart, Chinua Achebe’s tale of a man and his chi, to accept Obierika’s assessment of the hero’s unhappy fate. That this temptation should be avoided is evident in a study of that central character. Okonkwo does not lend himself to facile analysis. Of the various approaches to his character and fate, the first and most obvious is also the least acceptable when considered within the context of the total novel and not simply the final pages of the work. That evident conclusion is angrily expressed by the hero’s close friend who, turning vehemently on the white district commissioner as they stand at the foot of the tree from which hangs the limp body of the brash Okonkwo, spits out the words that, in their simplicity, obscure rather than edify: “That man was one of the greatest men in Umuofia. You drove him to kill himself” (147). So neat, so readily apparent—and yet so disturbingly inadequate an explanation—perforce leads one to a closer investigation of the character of Okonkwo, and significant aspects of that character warn against the obvious.
How the Center Is Made to Hold in Things Fall Apart
Authors: Kortenaar Neil Ten 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A Whole Volume Me has been written by Emmanuel Meziemadu Okoye on the encounter between traditional Igbo religion and Christianity in the novels of Chinua Achebe, a volume which concludes that Achebe has done his research and that his depiction of the colonization of Igboland is historically accurate. Fiction, of course, cannot be judged by its verifiability; it expresses not what happened but what might have happened. Precisely because it must be plausible, however, fiction has to meet standards of correspondence and be adequate as an image of the human experience of the world (Ricoeur, Temps III, 278). Okoye’s desire to establish the accuracy of Achebe’s fiction is not misplaced. However, if we consider the novels as historiography and judge how faithful they are to the past, it is not just the details of culture and of incident that must be considered. The writing of history has two components: it depends on verifiable facts, and it arranges those facts in a narrative.
Introduction
Authors: Eatwell John , Taylor Lance 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
These events seemed more threatening than crises in the 1970s and 1980s (even when some, like the 1982 developing country debt shock, were devastating to the economies concerned) and led to a worldwide reappraisal of international financial arrangements. In particular, an unstated assumption among major players in both the private and public sectors that ongoing liberalization and deregulation of financial markets are invariably beneficial came under increased scrutiny. Almost all serious commentators now believe that some degree of regulation of international capital markets is both desirable and likely to happen. But there is as yet no consensus about how to analyze and specify an appropriate form of regulation or how to implement it in a proper institutional setting.
The Triumph of the Rentiers? The 1997 Korean Crisis in a Historical Perspective
Authors: Chang Ha-Joon , Yoo* Chul-Gyue 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The present paper aims to shed some new light on this debate from a historical perspective by comparing the three episodes of foreign debt crisis in modern Korean history (1970-72, 1980, 1997) and the evolution of the country’s financial system before and after these crises.
Procyclicality of Regulatory Ratios?
Authors: Turner* Philip 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The question of the procyclicality has several aspects. One concerns the timing of any tightening of capital rules-usually after a crisis when bank lending is in any case being curtailed. A second possible element is a supposed regulatory bias in favor of short-term lending, rather than long-term lending-which means that emerging markets are more vulnerable in a downturn. Another concerns the inherent cyclicality of any invariant minimum capital ratio.
Liposomal Nystatin
Authors: Hamill Richard J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Nystatin, the first successful antifungal agent, was isolated and subsequently developed through the collaborative efforts of Rachel Fuller Brown, a biochemist employed by the New York State Department of Health in Albany, and Elizabeth Lee Hazen, a microbiologist working in New York City. In a soil sample obtained from a dairy farm in Virginia, Hazen isolated a Streptomyces species, later identified as Streptomyces noursei. This organism produced two antifungal substances; one was later found to be too toxic for subsequent development. A second compound was present in the alcohol extracts from surface growth in liquid media of 5–7 day-old cultures. This material had a broad spectrum of antifungal activity and prolonged the life of mice infected with Cryptococcus neoformans and Histoplasma capsulatum (Hazen and Brown, 1950). Hazen and Brown originally called this agent fungicidin (Hazen and Brown, 1951), but later changed the name to nystatin after the New York State Department of Health Laboratories. They presented their discovery at the 1950 meeting of the National Academy of Sciences (Hazen and Brown, 1951), and were subsequently awarded a patent on June 25, 1957. E.R. Squibb & Sons received the license for the patent and began marketing the drug as Mycostatin in 1954.