bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic Models for Developmental Homeostasis: Historical Perspectives
Authors: Woolf Charles M , Markow Therese A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cannon (1932), in his book Wisdom of the Body, presented the concept of homeostasis, which refers to the property of an organism to adjust itself to variable conditions. The word is often used in conjunction with an adjective, resulting in such combinations as physiological homeostasis, psychological homeostasis, ecological homeostasis, genetic homeostasis, and developmental homeostasis. The last mentioned example (developmental homeostasis) refers to the property of the organism to adjust, through self-regulation, to environmental or genetic disturbances during development and stay within the norms of development. Developmental homeostasis is often used interchangeably with the terms developmental stability and canalization in the early literature, but in more current literature, in some cases, more precise definitions have been applied.
Developmental Instability and Animal Communication: Fluctuating Asymmetry as a Signal and as an Influence on the Signaling Process
Authors: Uetz George W , Taylor Phillip W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
More than a decade has passed since Therese Markow (1987) and Anders M0ller (1990) first suggested that fluctuating asymmetry (FA), the morphological expression of developmental instability (DI), might play a role in sexual selection and/or communication. Through the intervening years, there have been several hundred studies carried out across a vastly diverse array of taxa. Although there are many species in which no relationship between FA and either sexual selection or communication has been detected, there are many others in which at least correlational relationships have been detected (see M0ller and Swaddle 1997; Simmons et al. 1999; Thornhill et al. 1999; Tomkins and Simmons, chapter 15, and M0ller and Cuervo, chapter 16, this volume). The exact roles for DI and FA in the context of communication remain largely unexplored, but the present literature provides ample encouragement for continued exploration.
Developmental Instability and the Stochastic Component of Total Phenotypic Variance
Authors: Lajus Dmitry L , Graham John H , Kozhara Alexander V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent interest in developmental instability has resulted in an extensive literature. In the overwhelming majority of studies, developmental instability is employed exclusively as an indirect measure of fitness. After a period of optimism, though, it has become clear that, although developmental instability is evidently related to fitness, it is not always a reliable and easily interpretable measure of fitness (and see Clarke, chapter 12, this volume). Further progress in this field requires an understanding of the nature of variation itself; developmental instability is merely one cause of phenotypic variation.
Ecological Theory of Adaptive Radiation An Empirical Assessment from Coregonine Fishes (Salmoniformes)
Authors: Bernatchez Louis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Elucidating the causes of population divergence and species diversity is a central issue in evolutionary biology. As for any scientific discipline, progress in this field will be best achieved if studies are embedded into a strong, predictive, theoretical framework. In this view, perhaps the most comprehensive concept available to evolutionary biologists is the ecological theory of adaptive radiation. Its central elements were formalized in the first half of the twentieth century by founders of the evolutionary synthesis and others, namely Huxley (1942), Mayr (1942), Lack (1947b), Dobzhansky (1951), and Simpson (1953). The theory holds that adaptive radiation, including both phenotypic divergence and speciation, is ultimately the outcome of divergent natural selection stemming from environmental and resource heterogeneity, as well as competitive interactions. Schluter (2000) has recently re-evaluated and extended this theory in the light of studies that have been conducted since its formulation. Overall, this synthesis of knowledge has supported the great utility of the ecological theory of adaptive radiation, which indeed makes it one of the most successful theories of evolution ever advanced (Schluter 2000).
To Count, to Extract, and to Exterminate Population Statistics and Population Politics in Lrite Imperial and Soviet Russia
Authors: Holquist Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In The Late Summer And Early Fall Of 1925, Soviet forces conducted a massive military operation throughout the Chechen autonomous republic, employing more than seven thousand troops, two dozen artillery pieces, and eight airplanes. In the course of the campaign, they subjected 101 of the region’s 242 communities to artillery and machine-gun fire and bombed a further sixteen from the air. One, Urus-Martan aul, the very same settlement at which the Chechen autonomous republic had been declared in 1923, was hit by nine hundred artillery shells, as well as by air bombardment. One might present this campaign as Russian imperialism in a Soviet guise or, alternately, as a specifically Soviet form of ethnic repression. But the explicit goal of all this violence was “the extraction of the bandit element,” which, according to the campaign’s operational summary,
was concluded with satisfaction.
Local Politics and the Birth of the Republic of Bashkortostan, 1919-1920
Authors: Schafer Daniel E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Early 1919, Among The Darkest Days of the Russian civil war, the Soviet government began a collaboration with a small group of Bashkir politicians and military officers who had previously fought against Soviet power alongside the troops of Admiral Alexander Kolchak, the tsarist naval officer who commanded anti-Bolshevik forces in Siberia. The two sides reached an agreement whereby the Bashkirs would end their anti-Soviet activities and turn their weapons against Kolchak; in return, the Soviet government recognized Bashkortostan, a land of rugged hills and broad plains straddling the Ural mountains, as an autonomous part of the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic (RSFSR). There followed some sixteen months of increasingly difficult collaboration between the Bashkir nationalists and the Russian Bolsheviks, ending when the foremost figure in the Bashkir movement, Ahmed Zeki Validov, and his closest aides abandoned the effort and fled to join the Basmachi guerrillas in Central Asia. Why should this episode command our attention? The dramatic defection of Bashkir troops weakened Kolchak’s front on the eve of his 1919 spring offensive, dramatically revealed the discontent among his non-Russian allies, and may have marked a significant turning point in the military campaign on the eastern front. Historian Richard Pipes viewed the Bolshevik-Bashkir collaboration as the “first experiment in Soviet nationality policy,” by which he meant the emerging Soviet practice of granting territorial autonomy to non-Russian nationalities. For Pipes, the failure of the Bashkir experiment prefigured the failure of Soviet nationality policy in general, as non-Russian hopes for autonomy were crushed by both the inherent tendency of the Soviet regime toward centralization and its affinity with Russian nationalism.
Bias
Authors: Selvin Steve 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To describe the regression to the mean incurred in measuring and remeasuring systolic blood pressure on the same individual. The data analyzed are from the Buffalo Blood Pressure Study, designed to investigate the misclassification of blood pressure measurements, which are notoriously difficult to read accurately. The study consisted of a random sample of 1082 households made up of 2279 individuals who were interviewed and measured for blood pressure levels. A random subsample of 50 individuals was revisited and a second blood pressure measurement obtained approximately eight months later. The 50 measurement/remeasurement pairs provided a set of observations made on the same individual recorded at two different times, frequently referred to as repeated measurement data.
Matched Analysis (One Case and Two Controls)
Authors: Selvin Steve 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To determine if exposure to electromagnetic radiation is associated with the risk of a birth defect. More specifically, does a newborn infant whose mother lives near high-voltage power lines have an increased risk of a congenital anomaly? DATA Of the infants born in the east-central region of France (1988-1991) and observed during the first year of life, 118 had major congenital anomalies. Each of these 118 infants were matched to two randomly selected controls who were of the same gender and born approximately on the same date in the same municipality. For all 354 study subjects, the distance from their mother’s residence (home/apartment during pregnancy) was measured to the nearest 225 or 400 kilovolt high-voltage power line. These data were derived entirely from birth records and detailed maps. To reflect risk, two measures of maternal/infant exposure to electromagnetic field (emf) radiation were used-the distance as measured directly in meters and the distance dichot­ omized into less than or equal to 100 meters and more than 100 meters. The motivation for the matched design was to equalize, at least partially, com-
Asia as Spectacle and Commodity: The Feminization of Orientalist Consumption
Authors: Yoshihara Mari 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Eight Cousins (1875), one of Louisa May Alcott’s novels for girls, depicts the transformation of the heroine Rose from a sheltered, frail orphan to a healthy, strong young woman. Rose’s new guardian Uncle Alec takes her from the stuffy world of great-aunts and trans- forms her into a new type of woman who practices a healthy diet, outdoor exercise, domestic industry, and intellectual curiosity. Like the enormously popular Little Women and Alcott’s numerous other stories, the novel portrays the material and moral lives of genteel girls and the emergence of a new type of womanhood in late nineteenth-century America. Alcott’s proto-feminist ideals, which often conflicted with the dominant conventions of femininity and domesticity as well as the demands of the market, were expressed under the guise of conventional juvenile literature.
Concerning Compositions Used in Street Serenades and Masquerades, Such as Giustinianas, Serenades, and Balletts
Authors: Praetorius Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Morley (A Plain and Easy Introduction, 295ff.) has this to say about the giustinianas: “There is likewise a kind of songs [sic] (which I had almost forgotten) called Giustinianas and are all written in the Bergamasca language; a wanton and rude kind of music it is, and like enough to carry the name of some notable courtesan of the city of Bergamo, for no man will deny that Justiniana is the name of a woman.” Alfred Einstein (The Italian Madrigal, trans. Alexander Krappe, Roger Sessions, and Oliver Strunk [Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1971-3:177) refutes this notion, saying the genre nothing to do with Bergamo or courtesans, but rather “three degenerate Venetian men.” The songs are a kind of mascherata in the form of the canzon villanesca.
Advice Concerning the Form and Arrangement of the Latin and German Hymns and Concerted Compositions in my Polyhymniæ and Other Works
Authors: Praetorius Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To the first style belong the Latin and German songs in the Polyhymniæ Tubiciniæ and Tympanistriæ; one may employ trumpets and timpani in these compositions in churches that can justify their use.
Epilogue
Authors: Berry Stephen W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Laurence Keitt eventually married Susan Sparks and whisked her away, as promised, to Europe. There they loured galleries and ruins and planned for Susan to continue her art instruction. As the disunion sentiment in the South reached fever pitch, however, Keitt found himself unable to stay away. He had worked for Southern independence his entire adult life, and as it became a possible, then a probable, and then an accomplished fact, Keitt was drawn irresistibly back into politics.
With Pleasure
Authors: Abramson Paul R , Pinkerton Steven D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Challenging everything from the mandates of the Catholic Church to the hotly debated ethics of pornography, and from the controversy surrounding gay rights to issues of gender and feminism, With Pleasure explores a new theory of human sexuality that ignites every hot topic in the public domain. What role, authors Paul Abramson and Steven Pinkerton ask, does sexual pleasure play in our lives? Is the pursuit of sexual enjoyment in our blood? Our brains? Our very nature? Regardless of the source, it can be agreed that the joys of sex are widely appreciated. Why, then, is pleasure so often overlooked in discussions of sexual behaviour, and why do cultural, historical, and religious treatises so often fail to emphasise, or outright ignore, this obvious aspect of human sexuality? Responding to these and many other questions about our most private affairs, With Pleasure provides a profoundly original challenge to the cherished truisms of human sexuality. Abramson and Pinkerton proclaim the paramount importance of pleasure, while at the same time overthrowing traditional ideas about gender, pornography, contraception, homosexuality, abortion, and much more. Supported by rigorous research and co-written by one of the foremost authorities on sex, With Pleasure argues that human sexuality cannot be understood if its significance is limited to reproduction alone. The authors posit that in humans reproduction itself occurs as a byproduct of pleasure--not the other way around--and that it is the strong drive for pleasure that makes people overcome many obstacles--and even life-threatening dangers such as AIDS--to have sex. Ranging from discussions about the church to current debates about pornography, and from evolutionary theory to questions about the future of sex and pleasure, Abramson and Pinkerton argue persuasively that the pleasurability of sex cannot be restricted to purely reproductive behaviour. With Pleasure advances a startling and original new theory about human sexuality, one which the authors believe will replace all existing notions about sex. The book, standing in direct and deliberate opposition to traditions that try to confine sexuality to procreation, is sure to ignite a firestorm of controversy.
Sex as Procreation: Is That All There Is?
Authors: Abramson Paul R , Pinkerton Steven D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ancient Romans liked the idea of nature. In fact, they liked it so much that they codified it as a principle, known as natural law. This principle distinguished the laws enacted by mere humans from the laws inherent in glorious nature. And just what did natural law encompass? The third century A.D. jurist, Ulpian, explained:
Natural law is what nature has taught all animals. This law is not unique to the human race but common to all animals born on land or sea and to birds as well. From it comes the union of male and female which we call marriage, as well as the procreation of children and their proper education [educatio]. We see in fact that all other animals, even wild beasts, are regulated by an understanding of this law.
The notion that nonprocreative sex was “unnatural” or a “crime against nature “ was quickly co-opted by the still coalescing Christian Church, and by the middle of the thirteenth century was explicitly incorporated into orthodox Christian doctrine.
The Biology of Sexual Pleasure
Authors: Abramson Paul R , Pinkerton Steven D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ultimately, the foundations of human sexual pleasure must be biological, regardless of the triviality or momentousness of cultural influences. To give just one example, penile erection is evident in the male fetus by the thirty-eighth week in utero, long before cultural conditioning could have a significant effect. Even more suggestive is the existence of the clitoris, an organ whose sole function is to provide pleasure. Like the penis, the clitoris makes its anatomical debut well before birth.
Physiological specialization for pleasure is especially evident in orgasm. One might argue that male orgasm is subservient to ejaculation, and thereby satisfies a reproductive purpose. But why then do women orgasm as well? Women can certainly ovulate and conceive without it. Moreover, women seem to achieve orgasm more readily during clitoral masturbation and oral-genital sex than during vaginal penetration. This implies that female orgasm is relatively less common during reproductive sexual activities.
The Psychology of Sexual Pleasure
Authors: Abramson Paul R , Pinkerton Steven D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Shortly after the protagonist (Jimmy) of The Crying Game discovers that his “girlfriend” (Dil) is really a man, the following intimate exchange takes place:
Jimmy: “I should’ve known, shouldn’t I?”
Dil: “Probably.”
jimmy: “I kinda wish I didn’t.”
Dil: “You can always pretend.”
But can one really pretend? On a purely physiological level it would certainly seem possible. After all, genital stimulation, whether by a man or a woman, sends the same sensory signals to the brain. Yet somehow the sex, appearance, and identity of the person providing the stimulation are all critical determinants of whether or not the stimulation is perceived as pleasurable. Many people, heterosexual and homosexual alike, are strongly attracted to only one of the two sexes.
AIDS: The End of Pleasure?
Authors: Abramson Paul R , Pinkerton Steven D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1999, 2.8 million people died of AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome), and another 5.4 million people were newly infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes AIDS. Disheartening, yes, but these numbers pale in comparison with the cumulative totals. By the start of the twenty-first century, nearly 19 million people had died of AIDS since the epidemic began in the 1980s, and more than 53 million had contracted HIV. Thus far, Africa has been the hardest-hit region of the world: In many sub-Saharan countries, one out of every ten adults is infected with HIV.
In the United States, over one million people have been infected with HIV, and nearly a half million people have died of AIDS. The epidemic has slowed among its earliest targets, gay men and other men who have sex with men, and is now considered by many to be mainly a disease of the poor and disenfranchised. More than half of all new AIDS cases now occur among African Americans and Hispanics; women make up about a quarter of all new diagnoses.
Porn: Tempest on a Soapbox
Authors: Abramson Paul R , Pinkerton Steven D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Imagine this movie: A helpless and troubled, though attractive woman is married off to an ineffectual man. Later, a second man coerces her into selling herself sexually, and somehow, she falls in love with her coercer. When her husband learns of the affair he attempts to rape her, and then, when she continues the affair, he mutilates her.
Despicable? Yes. Horrific? Definitely so. Obscene? Perhaps, but probably not. Certainly the vast majority of critics who saw the film The Piano, whose plot is summarized here, deemed it Art—a feminist achievement, in fact. They thought it was so good, so original, that they even honored it with three Academy Awards (best actress, best original screenplay, and best supporting actress).
To some of us, however, The Piano was merely despicable, and even more so because the woman’s daughter in the film was a witness to both the rape and the mutilation. This film and the critical acclaim it has garnered aptly demonstrate the hypocrisy surrounding the issue of pornography.
Reactions Of Aromatic Compounds With OH Radicals
Authors: Calvert Jack G , Atkinson Roger , Becker Karl H , Kamens Richard M , Seinfeld John H , Wallington Timothy J , Yarwood Greg 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As discussed in chapter I, the aromatic hydrocarbons are important contributors to the chemical processes in urban air masses. Aromatic hydrocarbons not containing unsaturated &gt; C=C &lt; bond(s) in the substituent groups react only slowly with 0 3 and with N0 3 radicals (Atkinson and Carter, 1984; Atkinson, 1991b). However, aromatic compounds react with OH radicals, with a rate coefficient that depends on the substituent groups attached to the aromatic ring (see section 11-C; Zetzsch,1982a; and Atkinson, 1991a). As a generalization, in the atmosphere aromatic compounds are more reactive than alkanes but less reactive than alkenes. The simplest aromatic hydrocarbon, benzene (C6H6) , is the least reactive of the aromatic hydrocarbons. In view of the fact that benzene has multiple double bonds involved in its structure, at first sight it is surprising that its reactivity is much lower that that of the alkenes. This can be seen in figure 11-A-1, where the reactivity of a series of four C6-ring hydrocarbons that contain an increasing number of carbon-carbon double bonds can be compared. Cyclohexene (C6H10), which contains one double bond, shows an increase of a factor of about 9 in the rate coefficient for reaction with OH radical (at 298 K) over that for the analogous saturated hydrocarbon, cyclohexane (C6H n) , which contains no double bonds.
The Road To Bleeding Kansas
Authors: Nelson Scott Reynolds , Sheriff Carol 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In March 1855, thousands of Missourians—armed with rifles, Bowie knives, revolvers, and wooden clubs—crowded onto rafts to cross the swirling reddish-brown waters that divided their state from the nation’s newest territory: Kansas. These men wore no uniforms and answered to no commanding officer, though David Rice Atchison, a former U.S. senator, had rallied them together. While they looked and acted more like thugs than soldiers, the “border ruffians,” as they came to be called, fought for a well-defined cause: to stop every last “damned nigger thief.” The Missourians believed that they could do so by ensuring that Kansas was governed by proslavery politicians. Some of these same Missourians had already started the process, when four months earlier they had come to Kansas to help elect John W. Whitfield, a proslavery candidate, as Kansas’s nonvoting delegate to the U.S. Congress. Much more was at stake in the March election, though, for it would determine the makeup of the territorial legislature. When Congress had established Kansas and Nebraska as territories in 1854 (with boundaries extending far beyond what constitutes the current-day states with those names), it legislated that each territorial government would decide for it-self—under a principle called “popular sovereignty”—whether slavery would be legal. Most Americans believed that Nebraska’s climate and topography made it inhospitable to slavery, but the institution seemed more likely to find a home in Kansas, where the weather and soil (at least along its eastern portion) resembled those of the neighboring slave state of Missouri.