bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On a multilevel preconditioning module for unstructured mesh Krylov solvers: two‐level Schwarz
Authors: Tuminaro R. S. , Tong C. H. , Shadid J. N. , Devine K. D. , Day D.M. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractMultilevel methods offer the best promise to attain both fast convergence and parallel efficiency in the numerical solution of parabolic and elliptic partial differential equations. Unfortunately, they have not been widely used in part because of implementation difficulties for unstructured mesh solvers. To facilitate use, a multilevel preconditioner software module, ML, has been constructed. Several methods are provided requiring relatively modest programming effort on the part of the application developer. This report discusses the implementation of one method in the module: a two‐level Krylov–Schwarz preconditioner. To illustrate the use of these methods in computational fluid dynamics (CFD) engineering applications, we present results for 2D and 3D CFD benchmark problems. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Uniform colour spaces based on the DIN99 colour‐difference formula
Authors: Cui G. , Luo M. R. , Rigg B. , Roesler G. , Witt K. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractSeveral colour‐difference formulas such as CMC, CIE94, and CIEDE2000 have been developed by modifying CIELAB. These formulas give much better fits for experimental data based on small colour differences than does CIELAB. None of these has an associated uniform colour space (UCS). The need for a UCS is demonstrated by the widespread use of the a*b* diagram despite the lack of uniformity. This article describes the development of formulas, with the same basic structure as the DIN99 formula, that predict the experimental data sets better than do the CMC and CIE94 colour‐difference formulas and only slightly worse than CIEDE2000 (which was optimized on the experimental data). However, these formulas all have an associated UCS. The spaces are similar in form to L*a*b*. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 27, 282–290, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.10066
MEK inhibitor U0126 interferes with immunofluorescence analysis of apoptotic cell death
Authors: Blank Norbert , Burger Renate , Duerr Birgit , Bakker Frank , Wohlfarth Anika , Dumitriu Ingrid , Kalden Joachim R. , Herrmann Martin 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackgroundBinding of extracellular growth factors to cell surface receptors often results in activation of the mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK). MAPK is regulated by MAPK kinase, also called MEK. Deprivation of growth factors during cell culture or intracellular MEK inhibition leads to inhibition of proliferation and apoptotic cell death. Besides other techniques, apoptotic cells can be identified by phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure and exclusion of membrane‐impermeant propidium iodide (PI). We investigated the limitations of detection of apoptotic cell death and cytofluorometry in cells cultured in the presence of the MEK inhibitor U0126.MethodsApoptotic cell death was induced in the plasmacytoma cell line INA‐6, in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), and in cultured T lymphoblasts by deprivation of interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) or by incubation with the MEK inhibitor U0126. Apoptotic cell death was quantified by flow cytometry using annexin V/propidium iodide (AxV/PI) double staining.ResultsU0126‐treated cells dramatically changed their fluorescence pattern during cell culture. If AxV/PI staining is employed to detect apoptotic cell death, the background fluorescence mimicks PS exposure on viable cells. The compound itself has no intrinsic fluorescence in vitro but develops an intensive fluorescence during cell culture which can be observed in all fluorescence channels with a predominance in the FL1 channel (525 nm). We further demonstrate that at least some of the U0126‐induced background fluorescence is dependent on cellular uptake and intracellular modifications or cellular responses.ConclusionsThese results demonstrate that appropriate controls for every single time point are necessary if fluorescence analyses are performed in the presence of chemical enzyme inhibitors. In the case of MEK inhibitors, either the use of PD098059 or PD184352 as an alternative for U0126 or nonfluorometric methods for detection of apoptosis should be considered. Cytometry 48:179–184, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Small aggregates of platelets can be detected sensitively by a flow cytometer equipped with an imaging device: Mechanisms of epinephrine‐induced aggregation and antiplatelet effects of beraprost
Authors: Satoh Kaneo , Yatomi Yutaka , Kubota Fumio , Ozaki Yukio 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackgroundAlthough cross‐talks between platelets and other blood cells are important in vivo, laboratory platelet aggregation tests have been performed mainly with the use of platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) as samples. Methods that enable an efficient and sensitive detection of platelet aggregates in whole blood are being developed.MethodsA flow cytometer equipped with an imaging device, the flow imaging cytometer 2 (FIC2), was used to detect platelet aggregates in whole blood.ResultsThe FIC2 provides a resolution that is high enough to differentiate platelet aggregates from single platelets or other blood cells. Epinephrine elicited platelet aggregate formation in hirudin plus argatroban‐treated whole blood, but not in PRP. The reconstitution study revealed that a small amount of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) from erythrocytes may play an important role in epinephrine‐induced platelet aggregation (in whole blood), through mediation of P2Y1 receptors. When the inhibitory effect of beraprost, an antiplatelet agent, on platelet aggregation was assessed, analysis of whole blood samples with FIC2 proved to be the most sensitive among the methods available.ConclusionsFIC2 is a promising device for detection of platelet aggregates in whole blood, with wide basic and clinical applications. Cytometry 48:194–201, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Colloid cyst of the third ventricle: Cytomorphologic features on stereotactic fine‐needle aspiration
Authors: Parwani Anil V. , Fatani Imran Y. , Burger Peter C. , Erozan Yener S. , Ali Syed Z. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractStereotactic brain fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) is a valuable diagnostic modality for evaluating space‐occupying central nervous system disorders. Colloid cyst (CC) is a rare nonneoplastic lesion thought to arise from misplaced endodermal tissue in the anterosuperior portion of the third ventricle. This study summarizes cytomorphologic features of CC on FNA along with clinical, radiologic, and histopathologic correlation. Ten cases of CC of the third ventricle diagnosed on FNA were retrospectively reviewed for a period of 12 yr (1989–2000). Material was obtained under stereotactic radiologic guidance. Smears were stained with Diff‐Quik and Papanicolaou stains and cell block sections with hematoxylin and eosin. The aspirates showed a characteristic sticky and viscous quality on gross examination. Smears showed abundant, amorphous, proteinaceous material with staining qualities similar to colloid aspirated from thyroid. This included a purplish, filmlike coating of the slide with occasional “cracking” artifact; thick, globular, eosinophilic fragments; and granular, ropelike, and somewhat viscous, mucinous material. Pathognomonic radiating hyphae‐like structures were not seen. The cellular components varied from isolated cuboidal/columnar cells to large tissue fragments of glandular‐type epithelium with focal ciliated border. Goblet cells were frequently identifiable, as were fragments of collagenous cyst wall. Stereotactic FNA of the CC of the third ventricle is an accurate and cost‐effective diagnostic modality. Cytomorphology coupled with the radiologic features is sufficiently unique for the diagnosis of this rare pathologic entity. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;27:27–31. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prediction of polymorphic N‐acetylation of new drug candidates by correlation with human NAT1 and NAT2
Authors: Jemnitz Katalin , Vereczkey László 
Published: October 2002

AbstractDue to interindividual variation in N‐acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) activity, pharmaceutical companies face the problem of polymorphic metabolism in drugs that are metabolized mainly or exclusively by this enzyme. An in vitro method has been developed to predict in vivo polymorphic N‐acetylation at an early stage of drug development. Two new type 5H‐2,3‐benzodiazepine derivatives, Nerisopam (NER) with anxiolytic activity and GYKI47261 with antiepileptic activity, are metabolized mainly by N‐acetylation in the rat and human. The selectivity of human N‐acetyltransferases (NAT1,2) to form the acetylated metabolites has been investigated by correlation analysis. Twelve human liver samples were characterized for NAT1 and NAT2 phenotype based on their enzyme activity toward two selective NAT1 (p‐aminobenzoic acid, PABA; p‐aminosalicylic acid, PAS) and two selective NAT2 (sulfamethazine, SMZ; procainamide, PROC) substrates. Significant correlation was found between enzyme activities NAT1PABA/NAT1PAS and NAT2SMZ/NAT2PROC, respectively, and no correlation was observed comparing enzyme activities toward NAT1PABA/NAT2PROC. Enzyme activities using NER and GYKI 47261 as substrates were compared to activities obtained with NAT1 and NAT2 selective substrates, and the correlation coefficients were calculated. Good correlation was established between the rates of acetylation of the two drugs and that of the NAT2 selective substrate (NER/NAT2SMZ, r2=0.91, GYKI 47261/NAT2SMZ, r2=0.91). In contrast, no correlation was found between the rate of conjugation of the drugs and that of NAT1 selective substrate (NER/NAT1PABA, r2=0.022, GYKI 47261/NAT1PABA, r2=0.0004), suggesting polymorphic in vivo metabolism, since both drugs are acetylated preferably by NAT2. According to our results, correlation analysis based on in vitro acetylation activity may be used to predict in vivo polymorphic metabolism. Drug Dev. Res. 56:17–22, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An exploratory study of fetal behavior at 33 and 36 weeks gestational age in hypertensive women
Authors: Warner J. , Hains S. M. J. , Kisilevsky B. S. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe relationship between maternal blood pressure (BP) and fetal behaviors as well as differential spontaneous and vibroacoustic elicited fetal behaviors were examined in hypertensive (n=21) compared to normotensive (n=22) women at 33 and 36 weeks gestational age (GA). Maternal BP was negatively related to GA at birth and birth weight. On average, fetuses of hypertensive women were born 2 weeks earlier (38 weeks GA) and 340 g lighter. Maternal systolic BP was negatively related to the number of spontaneous body movements observed on ultrasound scan over 20 min and the magnitude of the fetal heart rate (FHR) acceleration elicited by a vibroacoustic stimulus. At 36 weeks GA, vibroacoustic stimulation elicited differential responding with fetuses in the hypertensive compared to the normotensive group having fewer body movements, a lower magnitude of FHR acceleration, and a lack of cardiac–body movement coupled responses. These findings suggest a relationship between maternal BP and fetal behaviors and differential functional development of sensory‐motor response systems which need to be characterized in the subgroups of hypertensive disorders observed during pregnancy. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 41: 156–168, 2002. Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/dev.10062
Efficient ectopic gene expression targeting chick mesoderm
Authors: Oberg Kerby C. , Pira Charmaine U. , Revelli Jean‐Pierre , Ratz Beate , Aguilar‐Cordova Estuardo , Eichele Gregor 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAbstractThe chick model has been instrumental in illuminating genes that regulate early vertebrate development and pattern formation. Targeted ectopic gene expression is critical to dissect further the complicated gene interactions that are involved. In an effort to develop a consistent method to ectopically introduce and focally express genes in chick mesoderm, we evaluated and optimized several gene delivery methods, including implantation of 293 cells laden with viral vectors, direct adenoviral injection, and electroporation (EP). We targeted the mesoderm of chick wing buds between stages 19 and 21 (Hamburger and Hamilton stages) and used β‐galactosidase and green fluorescent protein (GFP) to document gene transfer. Expression constructs using the cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter, the β‐actin promoter, and vectors with an internal ribosomal entry sequence linked to GFP (IRES‐GFP) were also compared. After gene transfer, we monitored expression for up to 3 days. The functionality of ectopic expression was demonstrated with constructs containing the coding sequences for Shh, a secreted signaling protein, or Hoxb‐8, a transcription factor, both of which can induce digit duplication when ectopically expressed in anterior limb mesoderm. We identified several factors that enhance mesodermal gene transfer. First, the use of a vector with the β‐actin promoter coupled to the 69% fragment of the bovine papilloma virus yielded superior mesodermal expression both by markers and functional results when compared with several CMV‐driven vectors. Second, we found the use of mineral oil to be an important adjuvant for EP and direct viral injection to localize and contain vector within the mesoderm at the injection site. Lastly, although ectopic expression could be achieved with all three methods, we favored EP confined to the mesoderm with insulated microelectrodes (confined microelectroporation‐ CMEP), because vector construction is rapid, the method is efficient, and results were consistent and reproducible. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Optimality in the developing vascular system: Branching remodeling by means of intussusception as an efficient adaptation mechanism
Authors: Djonov Valentin G. , Kurz Haymo , Burri Peter H. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe theory of bifurcating vascular systems predicts vessel diameters that are related to optimality criteria like minimization of pumping energy or of building material. However, mechanisms for producing the postulated optimality have not been described so far, and quantitative data on bifurcation diameters during development are scarce. We used an embryonic vascular bed that rapidly grows and adapts to changing hemodynamic conditions, the chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM), and correlated vascular cast and tissue section morphology with in vivo time‐lapse video monitoring. The bifurcation exponent Δ and associated parameters were quantitatively assessed in arterial and venous microvessels ranging in diameter from 30 to 100 μm. We observed emergence of optimality by means of intussusception, i.e., formation of transvascular tissue pillars. In addition to intussusceptive microvascular growth (IMG = expansion of capillary networks) and intussusceptive arborization (IAR = formation of feeding vessels from capillaries) the observed intussusception at bifurcations represents a third variant of nonsprouting angiogenesis. We call it intussusceptive branching remodeling (IBR). IBR occurred in vessels of considerable diameter by means of two alternative mechanisms: either through pillars arising close to a bifurcation, which increased in girth until they merged with the connective tissue in the bifurcation angle; or through pillars arising at some distance from the bifurcation point, which then expanded by formation of ingrowing tissue folds until they became connected to the tissue of the bifurcation angle. Morphologic evidence suggests that IBR is a wide‐spread phenomenon, taking place also in lung, intestinal, kidney, eye, etc., vasculature. Irrespective of the mode followed, IBR led to a branching pattern close to the predicted optimum, Δ = 3.0. Significant differences were observed between Δ at arterial bifurcations (2.70 to 2.90) and Δ at venous bifurcations (2.93 to 3.75). IBR, by means of eccentric pillar formation and fusion, was also involved in vascular pruning. Experimental changes in CAM hemodynamics (by locally increasing blood flow) induced onset of IBR within less than 1 hr. Our study provides morphologic and quantitative evidence that a similar cellular machinery is used for all three variants of vascular intussusception, IMG, IAR, and IBR. It thus provides a mechanism of efficiently generating complex blood transport systems from limited genetic information. Differential quantitative outcome of IBR in arteries and veins, and the experimental induction of IBR strongly suggest that hemodynamic factors can instruct embryonic vascular remodeling toward optimality. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The effects of psychoeducation on disturbed eating attitudes and behavior in young women with type 1 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Olmsted Marion P. , Daneman Denis , Rydall Anne C. , Lawson Margaret L. , Rodin Gary 
Published: October 2002

AbstractObjectiveThis study aimed to evaluate the effect of a six‐session psychoeducation (PE) program on young women with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) and disordered eating attitudes and behavior.MethodTwo hundred twelve young women attending a pediatric diabetes clinic were screened for signs of eating disturbance. Of these women, 130 passed the screening and were invited to participate in the intervention phase of the study. Eighty‐five subjects were randomized to the PE or treatment‐as‐usual group. Assessments were conducted before and after treatment and at 6‐month follow‐up.ResultsIntention‐to‐treat group by time multivariate analyses of variance (MANOVAs) indicated significant reductions following PE treatment on the Restraint and Eating Concern subscales of the Eating Disorder Examination (EDE) and on the Drive for Thinness and Body Dissatisfaction subscales of the Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI), but no improvement in frequency of purging by insulin omission or hemoglobin A1c levels.DiscussionThe PE group was associated with reductions in eating disturbance, but not with improved metabolic control. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 32: 230–239, 2002.
The impact of racial stereotypes on eating disorder recognition
Authors: Gordon Kathryn H. , Perez Marisol , Joiner Thomas E. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractObjectiveEating disorders are commonly believed to affect Caucasian women more so than other women. The authors examined whether participants recognize disturbed eating symptoms to a lesser degree in an African American or Hispanic female compared with a Caucasian female.MethodA sample of 160 undergraduate students of different ethnic backgrounds read a passage about an adolescent girl who displayed eating disorder symptoms. Participants received one of three passages; the passages differed only regarding the girl's race (African American, Caucasian, or Hispanic). Participants completed questionnaires used to reveal possible racial stereotypes about eating disorders.ResultsThe study found that the race of the adolescent girl had a significant impact on detection of disturbed eating patterns, such that participants recognized the eating disorder more when they read about a Caucasian girl than when they read about a minority girl (Hispanic or African American).DiscussionThe results have implications for public awareness of eating disorders, as well as clinical implications for work with eating disorder patients from various ethnic backgrounds. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 32: 219–224, 2002.
Maneuver target tracking with an acceleration estimator using target past positions
Authors: Hashirao Masataka , Kawase Tetsuya , Sasase Iwao 
Published: October 2002

AbstractTarget tracking filters with a low computational load are desired in air traffic control systems in order to simultaneously search and track multiple aircraft. The applications of the α−β filter and the Kalman filter have been widely studied. Although excellent tracking accuracy can be obtained for linear motion by the α−β filter, the tracking accuracy degrades for a maneuvering target, the difference between the predicted position and the actual target position becomes large, and mistracking where the target is lost may occur. While there has been research on filters that estimate the acceleration, these filters could only be used when there is little maneuvering and the computational load is huge. In this research, we propose a method that adds an acceleration term during turning motion as the tracking filter for maneuvering motion and not just linear motion and estimates the turning acceleration from past estimated positions of the target. We also reduce the tracking errors for a maneuvering target. We use simple trajectories of the target in computer simulations and compare the proposed method to conventional filters to demonstrate its effectiveness. And we evaluate the performance of the proposed acceleration estimation method. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 85(12): 29–37, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.10026
Gender recognition method based on silhouette, footstep, and foot pressure measurements for counting customers
Authors: Sudo Kyoko , Yamato Junji , Tomono Akira , Ishii Ken‐ichiro 
Published: October 2002

AbstractConventional methods of gender recognition cannot be applied to counting store customers in terms of both data acquisition conditions and processing time. To solve this problem, the authors proposed a gender recognition method based on human silhouette shape characteristics. The current study demonstrated for the first time how efficient the footstep characteristic and foot pressure characteristic are for gender recognition. It discussed the recognition technique based on joining of the mentioned characteristics with the silhouette characteristic. These were joined by the one‐dimensional compression based on the Fischer discrimination of characteristic vectors arranged in the order of characteristic rates for these three types. Based on the results of clothing‐related research aimed at department store customers, a population group consisting of 45 male and 45 female participants was gathered to simulate distribution of various types of clothing and footwear. The authors conducted recognition tests with this population group and examined distributions by types of clothes and footwear in the characteristic space. The results showed that (1) for each separate characteristic rate the recognition rate which used to be 80% increased up to 90% due to use of joint characteristics, (2) there were numerous samples that featured correct recognition by the footstep characteristic or foot pressure characteristic even with erroneous recognition by the silhouette characteristic, which demonstrated effectiveness of the proposed combination of the three types of characteristic rates. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 85(8): 54–64, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.10066
Identification of defects in a scan chain by IDDQ measurement
Authors: Hirase Jun‐ichi , Shindou Naoki , Akahori Koji 
Published: October 2002

Abstract“Scan design” which effectively tests sequential circuits has been popular in the LSI industry. However, to make this operation successful, the scan chain must work normally. This paper proposes a new efficient test method for scan chains. This is based on the idea that an abnormal chain is identified by its abnormal IDDQ. This method can identify even the exact location of an abnormal part. The effectiveness of this method has been confirmed experimentally. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 85(6): 33–39, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.1110