bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Health and Risk
Authors: Alaszewski Andy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, I review current research on health and health care. In the opening section I consider the importance of risk in the development of health care, especially the ways in which the medical profession has used it to establish a dominant role, and the development of epidemiology as the main method of health risk analysis. In the second section I examine the current risk research agenda and the ways in which this is shaped by health policy agenda.
Life Course, Youth, and Old Age
Authors: Vickerstaff Sarah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we consider how theorizations of the risk society have impacted upon the sociological understanding of the life course, we take current analyses and controversies about ‘youth’ and ‘old age’ as examples to illustrate contemporary debates. The discussion is divided into six parts. First, we provide a brief introduction to the idea of the life course and its traditional conceptualization and how risks and uncertainties are understood in the area of life course studies.
‘Genuine Accents’
Authors: Clark Heather 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If the Belfast poets needed, in Mahon’s words, to ‘insist upon a different court of appeal from that which sits in the South’, they would have to insist upon different poetic fathers, ones who had wrestled with the peculiarly Northern ‘schizoid’ identity to which Longley frequently alluded.The work of Kavanagh, Hughes, Frost, Hill, Larkin, Yeats, and Lowell, though deeply influential, could not provide a common point of origin. But John Hewitt and Louis MacNeice could: for all their differences, both poets had confronted a sense of displacement that was familiar to Heaney, Mahon, Simmons, Longley, and Muldoon. Hewitt’s strategy was to turn his attention to the region, while MacNeice fashioned himself a restless cosmopolitan.
‘The Twilight of International Morality’? Hans J. Morgenthau and Carl Schmitt on the end of the Jus Publicum Europaeum
Authors: Brown Chris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The relationship between Carl Schmitt and Hans J. Morgenthau was fraught with all kinds of tensions.1 Both were, at least in the 1920s, conservative legal theorists who were critical of liberal accounts of politics and the law. Schmitt was approximately 20 years Morgenthau’s senior, and initially the latter appears to have regarded him as a potential mentor, sending him a copy of his doctoral thesis which overed a friendly critique of Schmitt’s very influential Concept of the Political (1st edn. 1927).
Introducing insect conservation
Authors: Samways Michael J , New Tim R , McGeoch Melodie A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Insects are the most speciose class of animals, with nearly a million described species, and probably several times this number still to be discovered, diagnosed, and named, especially in the tropics (Grimaldi and Engel 2005). Their functional roles are enormous. They play major roles in virtually every terrestrial and freshwater ecosystem. The conservation of insects has major functional significance in maintaining the diversity of ecological processes on which all life ultimately depends. These roles are often difficult to quantify in economic terms. Nevertheless, in the USA alone, wild insects are estimated to be worth $57 billion per year by providing services such as controlling pests, pollinating flowers, burying dung, and providing nutrition for other wildlife (Losey and Vaughan 2006).
Designing sampling protocols for insect conservation
Authors: Samways Michael J , New Tim R , McGeoch Melodie A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Insects, by virtue of their variety, small size, and large number, do not readily lend themselves to being counted or their diversity quantified. They most often first have to be conned, cajoled, or otherwise extracted from their crevices and other hiding places using a selection of the techniques that are described in the next chapter. However, once the target group or taxon (for example ground-dwelling or aquatic insects, such as ants or aquatic beetles) and most appropriate collection method(s) have been selected, several other questions arise. Ecologists (and entomologists in particular) are almost never able to obtain a complete measure of reality, and must rely on samples to ‘represent’ that reality.
Measuring environmental variables
Authors: Samways Michael J , New Tim R , McGeoch Melodie A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Insects respond to a range of conditions around them. Many insects have precise requirements for food (such as a particular host plant or dung type) and less readily quantified environmental requirements, such as suitable microclimate. Their incidence, abundance and distributions are governed strongly by such features. These conditions (broadly, environmental variables, EVs) may be determined by other organisms (biotic variables, such as interactions with plants and natural enemies), the physical world (abiotic variables, such as temperature or stream flow), or a combination of both (such as litter depth). Abiotic and biotic variables may combine to strongly influence the seasonal activity patterns of insects, and favourable conditions dictate the rate and timing of such development.
Biodiversity and assemblage studies
Authors: Samways Michael J , New Tim R , McGeoch Melodie A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ecologists and entomologists describe patterns in insect species richness, abundance, and distribution, and seek ways to explain these. Biodiversity encompasses the variety of life, including genes, species, communities, and ecosystems (Gaston 1996). Insect biodiversity therefore includes examining the morphological (such as sexual dimorphism and differences between life history stages) and genetic variation within species, differences in characters, abundance and function between species, and patterns of species richness, composition, and structure within and between communities.
Reconsidering the Case for Black Reparations
Authors: Valls Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The issue of black reparations has received a great deal of attention in recent years. On the face of it, this development would seem odd. After all, we are more than one generation removed from the close of the civil rights era which ended de jure segregation and outlawed most forms of racial discrimination. Yet it is precisely the failure of policies adopted during the civil rights era to bring about racial equality that lies behind the attention that the issue of black reparations is currently receiving. The idea of black reparations provides a framework for advancing the stalled progress toward racial justice.
Further Trouble for Unsettled Waters: Attention to Gender in the Debate on Black Reparations
Authors: Benson Carolyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a recent article on the history of the black reparations movement, Martha Biondi raises what would seem to be a straightforward question. Given the lack of discussion afforded to the particular exploitation suffered by black women under slavery and Jim Crow in the literature on reparations, she asks, will pending reparative policies address the realities of systemic sexual violence against women and the abuses of reproductive freedom during slavery and its legacy?1 While straightforward in and of itself, however, this question seems to be grounded in a larger and ultimately more complex set of questions concerning the appropriateness of introducing gender and gender oppression as central categories of analysis in the discourse on black reparations.
How Should We Respond to the Cultural Injustices of Colonialism?
Authors: Bhargava Rajeev 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Colonialism has been a recurrent feature of human history. Everywhere in the past, lands have been conquered and new settlements have emerged brutally. Marauders who came to new lands to plunder wealth stayed on after killing the original inhabitants and stealing their goods. All brutal invasions were unjust even when they were not recognized to be so but in most such cases of past injustices, circumstances have changed so drastically as to supersede them. The possible historic injustice inflicted on the people of parts of north India by the Mughal conquest in the early sixteenth century has certainly been superseded first because of the common suffering inflicted on both Muslims and Hindus by British colonialism and second by the birth of political democracy in India. These past injustices of conquest and ancient colonialisms that have long ceased are not the concern of the chapter.1
All Cats are Grey by Night
Authors: Wright Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In June 1990 Roy Kerridge wandered through Dalston for the benefit of readers of his ‘In the City’ column in The Independent. After relishing the vivacity of the ‘buxom Nigerian shoewives’ (whose ‘elaborate head-ties’ have a picturesque way of ‘nodding’ in the sweatshops) and declaring ‘fascinating Kingsland Road’ to be ‘the best place for shoes outside Lagos’, this beady-eyed social observer went on to describe his ‘happiest discovery’ in the area. Passing through ‘a secret entrance’ that runs below ‘a narrow iron railway bridge’, he found himself in Albion Square: a gracious and unexpected place that, with its ‘church, inn, trees and opulent terraces’, looked ‘like a transplanted corner of fashionable Canonbury or Highgate’.
The Bow Quarter: Six Hundred and Seventy Luxury Flats in an Old Victorian Hell-House
Authors: Wright Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
1988 was absurdly crowded with historical anniversaries. No sooner had the beacons been lit for the Spanish Armada than William and Mary landed at Torbay and started marching towards London for the Glorious Revolution. Somewhere on the road they passed a raggle-taggle encampment of hippies, poets and radicals gathered in sad commemoration of their youth.
The European Party System after Enlargement
Authors: Schmitt Hermann , Thomassen Jacques 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the introductory chapter we argued that despite the lack of a truly European process of political representation, elections for the European Parliament (EP) can still serve as an instrument of linkage between the will of the European people and the political decision making at the European level if a number of conditions are met. The first condition is that European party groups are competitive, i.e., distinct, and internally cohesive with regard to major policy dimensions. This condition will only be met if national political parties belonging to the same party group in the EP present compatible policy programmes to their national electorates.
Enlargement and the ‘Normal ‘ European Parliament
Authors: Voeten1 Erik 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How does enlargement affect politics in the European Parliament (EP)? A large body of research indicates that the EP increasingly functions like a ‘normal ‘ parliament. This statement refers not only to the body ‘s gradually expanding legislative powers but also to the observation that its politics have not become dominated by national divisions but rather by supranational partisan politics along left–right ideological lines (Attina 1990; Thomassen and Schmitt 1997; Hix 2001; Kreppel 2002; Noury 2002; Raunio 2002; Kreppel and Hix 2003; Alter 2004; Hix, Noury, and Roland 2005, 2006a, 2006b). These findings are important because competition between supranational parties in a common low-dimensional ideological
Trust in Political Institutions
Authors: Wessels Bernhard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The last chapter dealt with output support from a utilitarian perspective. In terms of the Eastonion framework (see introductory chapter), this chapter goes a step further up in the hierarchy of objects of support and explores the levels of trust in institutions at the national and the European level. Since the major concern of this book is representation and accountability, analysis will be restricted to institutions that are functionally concerned with both aspects, that is, parliaments and governments. More precisely, we will analyse the development of trust in the respective national parliament and the European Parliament (EP)
Political Thought and International Relations
Authors: Bell Duncan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Political realism dominated the field of International Relations during the Cold War. Since then, however, its fortunes have been mixed: pushed onto the backfoot during 1990s, it has in recent years retuned to the centre of scholarly debate. Despite its prominence in International Relations, however, realism plays only a marginal role in contemporary international political theory. It is often associated with a form of crude realpolitik that ignores the ethical dimensions of political life. The contributors to this book explore alternative understandings of realism, seeing it as a diverse and complex mode of political and ethical theorising rather than simply a "value-neutral" social scientific theory or the unreflective defence of the national interest. A number of the chapters offer critical interpretations of key figures in the canon of twentieth century realism, including Hans Morgenthau, E. H. Carr, and Reinhold Niebuhr. Others seek to widen the lens through which realism is usually viewed, exploring the writings of Martin Heidegger, Hannah Arendt, and Leo Strauss. Finally, a number of the contributors engage with general issues in international political theory, including the meaning and value of pessimism, the relationship between power and ethics, the purpose of normative political theory, and what might constitute political "reality." Straddling International Relations and political theory, this book makes a significant contribution to both fields.
Demographic and Factual Overview
Authors: Saggar Shamit 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Western Europe, informed estimates conclude, includes between 12 and 15 million Muslims. In the UK alone, the official census-based total is 1.6 million. This figure derives from a self-description methodology originating in 2001. Internal growth through childbirth and a young population age profile will have lifted the total substantially before the next scheduled headcount in 2011. Inward migration will also have contributed to rising numbers. At the time of publication, most reliable quasi-official estimates cluster around the 1.8—2 million mark.
Aid and Power: A Comparative Analysis of the Country Studies
Authors: Whitfleld Lindsay 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Aid and Power, Mosley, Harrigan, and Toye argued that there was no or little conditionality on World Bank loans in the 1980s to some countries, not because of any explicit ultimatum by those recipients, but because of an unspoken understanding that their governments would not welcome detailed programmes of policy reform being imposed on them as well as an awareness in the Bank of the importance of maintaining a lending programme in these countries (Mosley, Harrigan, and Toye 1995: 78).
The G20: A Practitioner’s Perspective
Authors: Rubio-Marquez Vanessa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on one of the most visible networks of developing-country officials—the Group of 20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors (G20). Drawing on my experience as both Director General of International Financial Affairs at Mexico’s Ministry of Finance and as Secretary General of the G20 in 2003—positions that allowed me to experience the internal workings of the G20 first-hand—I examine the origins and achievements of the network. I conclude that the G20 has evolved into one of the most important bodies for ensuring international financial stability and argue that there are powerful reasons for keeping the network alive. To preserve its relevance over time, however, the network needs to have a clear mandate vis-à-vis other institutions, as well as a carefully designed agenda that promotes the interests of all its members and one that lends itself to the provision of concrete deliverables.
Africa’s G4 Network
Authors: Bah Khadija 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the functioning of African political networks, two in particular—the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) and the African Peer Review Mechanism (APRM). Within each, there are several formal, institutionalized networks. These include the NEPAD Heads of State and Government Implementing Committee (HSGIC), the APR Forum, the NEPAD Steering Committee, the APR Panel of Eminent Persons, and various national networks in member states. This chapter will demonstrate that behind these formal networks is an informal, non-institutionalized network of the Heads of State of four of Africa’s most influential states, a group I call ‘Africa’s G4’. The group is comprised of Presidents Thabo Mbeki of South Africa, Olusengu Obasanjo of Nigeria, Abdelaziz Bouteflika of Algeria, and Abdoulaye Wade of Senegal. This group was the force behind the evolution, adoption, and implementation of NEPAD and its APRM. This chapter explores the extent to which Africa’s G4, working through NEPAD and the APRM, has been able to change African politics and influence the industrialized North not only to recommit to the continent’s development but to do so on the basis of a new equal partnership based on mutual accountability.
Networking of Senior Budget Officials
Authors: Matheson Alex , Schoch Mickie , Kraan Dirk-Jan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines a network which has strengthened national policymakers through exchanges of knowledge and peer support. The main network—the Senior Budget Officials’ Working Party (SBO) of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)—is one of the oldest and arguably one of the most successful of the OECD’s many technical networks. This chapter explores how it has worked and also how two groups of developing and transition economies—one in Eastern Europe and the other in sub-Saharan Africa—are creating their own networks of senior budget officials following the OECD SBO model. These networks are, respectively, the Central Eastern and South Eastern Europe Senior Budget Officials Network (CESEE) and the Collaborative African Budget Reform Initiative (CABRI). This chapter is therefore about the promise and the challenges involved in emulating developed-country networks and applying the model to a developingor transition-economy context.
Introduction
Authors:   ADB
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Africa has considerable oil and gas resources that can help accelerate growth on the continent if used strategically. Although new resources are discovered progressively, they are not equally distributed; indeed, 38 African countries are currently net oil importers. High and volatile oil prices are thus a challenge for all of Africa; they represent an opportunity to be pursued for exporting countries and an obstacle to be tackled for importing countries. The broad objective of this report is to shed light on the key issues related to the social, environmental, and economic impacts of high and volatile oil and gas prices. This includes a discussion of Africa’s oil and gas status, from a worldwide perspective, and the continent’s major challenges and opportunities in the energy sector.
Challenges and Opportunities
Authors:   ADB
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the challenges and opportunities for turning oil and gas resources into economic wealth to alleviate poverty in Africa. The discussion focuses on providing a platform that will allow for pursuit of the best opportunities in the future to fully harness wealth from oil and gas resources. At the regional level, the energy demand-supply balance situation in Africa is positive: Given the region’s total energy resource endowment, substantially higher oil and gas consumption can adequately be met with regional supplies—with ample surplus still maintained for export. Despite this seemingly optimistic outlook, the country and sub-regional realities reveal multidimensional issues and challenges confronting expanded access to oil and gas in Africa (AU, 2007).
In situ hybridization for the localization and quantification of peptide mRNAs
Authors: Emson P C , Nunez, D J , Davenport A P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In situ hybridization (or hybridization histochemistry) is the application of nucleic acid hybridization techniques to the detection of DNA or RNA sequences in cytological and histochemical preparations. The method is inherently more sensitive than other nucleic acid hybridization techniques which depend on the preparation of DNA or RNA samples from homogenized tissue, in that the signal may be detected within an individual cell or group of cells. Thus, it is possible, for example, to detect which cells in a brain nucleus are expressing a particular gene and also to use a combination of radioactive and non-radioactive probes to identify several gene transcripts in a single tissue section. The sensitivity of the technique is such that a few copies of an mRNA can be detected within a cell and with the use of suitable densitometric methods, it is also possible to make data assessment quantitative. The technique of in situ hybridization for detection of nuclear DNA will not be considered here, but details can be found in a companion volume (Nucleic Acids Hybridization) (I). In this chapter we will concentrate on the procedures for radioactive and non-radioactive in situ hybridization used in our laboratory for the detection of peptide mRNAs and we will discuss our attempts at quantifying the signals. For further discussion of the method, its limitations and alternative protocols, the reader should consult reviews (1—5).
Localization of peptide hormones by light and electron microscopy
Authors: Pow David V , Clark Anne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Immunocytochemical techniques can be used to identify specific peptides in tissues, cells, and cell fractions. The sensitivity of immunocytochemical methods (ICC) are principally limited by the affinity of the antibody and the preservation of the peptide. Unfortunately, retention of antigenicity and preservation of ultrastructure are frequently incompatible. Ideally, all specimens would be fixed in a medium suitable for light (LM) and electron microscopy (EM) and a common detection system used. Specimens prepared for EM can be examined with LM either at the pre-embedding stage or with I µm thick resin sections. In practice, it is easier to process separate specimens for each study since, for LM, preservation of subcellular organelles can be sacrificed for maximal antigen preservation, whereas EM demands excellent retention of structural features often at the expense of antigenicity. Thus balances must be achieved for each peptide and each tissue.
Receptor characterization
Authors: Treadway Judith L , Pessin Jeffrey E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Characterizing the structural and functional properties of peptide hormone receptors is generally an important first step in determining the molecular mechanism of hormone action and transmembrane signalling in intact cells. In this chapter we give the procedures for isolating and purifying peptide hormone receptors from various tissues and cells, as well as characterizing the physicochemical properties of these receptors. We have focused primarily on methodology for insulin and IGF-I (insulin-like growth factor-I) receptors, with the intent that this information can be applied to other peptide hormone receptor systems as well.
Cyclic nucleotides
Authors: Lakey Trevor , Pyne Nigel , Murphy Greg 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Peptide hormones bind to specific receptors on the exterior of the cell, and activate particular signal transduction systems, thus eliciting a physiological response. One type of signal which has been shown to mediate the effects of many hormones on many cells types involves the production or degradation of cyclic nucleotides [primarily cyclic AMP (cAMP) and cyclic GMP (cGMP)] inside the cell.