bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in Intergenerational Class Mobility in Hungary, 1973–2000
Authors: Róbert Péter , Bukodi Erzsébet 
Published: March 2005

AbstractInvestigates temporal changes in Hungarian mobility patterns. Large-scale data sets of the Hungarian Central Statistical Office, collected between 1973 and 2000 are used for this purpose. In addition to descriptive statistics, log-linear and log-multiplicative models are fitted to the data in order to investigate trends of temporal changes. Descriptive results indicate that the restructuring of the class distribution slowed down in the 1980s in comparison to the 1970s but it increased again in the 1990s. Observed mobility rates turned out to be relatively high but data does not indicate an increase in the openness of the Hungarian society. For relative mobility rates, the hypothesis of constant social fluidity cannot be rejected for Hungary. Though an increase in social fluidity did occur between 1973 and 1983, it levelled off between 1983 and 1992, and it reversed between 1992 and 2000.
Recent Trends in Intergenerational Occupational Class Reproduction in the Netherlands 1970–99
Authors: Ganzeboom Harry B. G. , Luijkx Ruud 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe Netherlands has moved from being a comparatively closed society in the 1950s towards a relatively open one around 2000. Analysing occupational class mobility for men and for women in the labour force between 1970 and 1999 on the basis of 35 surveys, a clear downward trend in total social reproduction is found for men (–1.6% per year) and for women (–1.1%). No convincing evidence of a trend reversal has been found. This general trend towards more social fluidity is also replicated in the partial analysis, where the trends towards more openness do not only apply to the ascriptive parts of the status attainment patterns (fathers promoting their children’s educational and occupational outcomes directly), but also to the achievement part (the partial association between education and occupation). The last finding contradicts common theories. A possible explanation is that, over time, educational credentials have lost some of their discriminatory power.
Modern Challenges to the Welfare State and the Antecedents of the Third Way
Authors: Surender Rebecca 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThere has been considerable rethinking on the part of governments when it comes to social policy, in particular, about the relationships between the labour market, the family, and the state, and about the role of the state and the nature of governance. Very little of the post-war welfare settlement remains unquestioned, whether the nature of the risk addressed; the nature of entitlements and the form of conditionality to be applied; or the best means of making provision. This chapter outlines these welfare state changes and discusses possible explanations for them including political pragmatism, rapid structural change and the role of political ideas. It argues that whether referred to as ‘Third Way’ or not, many similarities in the welfare reforms adopted by industrialized welfare states can be identified. The chapter offers an examination of the US, the UK, and Australian cases to argue that in order to understand why an explicit discourse of policy reconfiguration and reform was actively embraced in some countries but avoided in others, an analysis of the impact of both the political history and constraints of institutional structures is necessary.
Welfare Philosophy and the Third Way
Authors: White Stuart 
Published: March 2005

AbstractCritics of the Third Way in welfare argue that it represents a break with the philosophy of the welfare state characteristic of mainstream social democracy. They argue that the Third Way is not genuinely egalitarian. They argue that it embodies ideas about personal responsibility and social duty that are incompatible with a social democratic commitment to a welfare state founded on ‘social rights’. This paper considers these claims. It argues that central Third Way claims about the balancing of rights and responsibilities do in fact fit with the mainstream traditions of social democratic welfare philosophy. However, Third Way thinkers do indeed aspire to a much less ambitious kind of egalitarianism than was aspired to by past generations of social democratic thinkers.
A Race to the Bottom?
Authors: Castles Francis G. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the argument that recent years have seen a ‘race to the bottom’ in social spending. Using comparative data from 21 OECD countries, it shows that social spending has been increasing rather than decreasing in recent decades and that the welfare state has become a more prominent aspect of public policy in most OECD countries. The chapter also shows that adjustments to take account of standards of provision and real spending per capita do not fundamentally alter this picture.
The Catastrophic Flash-Flood Event of 8–9 September 2002 in the Gard Region, France: A First Case Study for the Cévennes–Vivarais Mediterranean Hydrometeorological Observatory
Authors: Delrieu Guy , Nicol John , Yates Eddy , Kirstetter Pierre-Emmanuel , Creutin Jean-Dominique , Anquetin Sandrine , Obled Charles , Saulnier Georges-Marie , Ducrocq Véronique , Gaume Eric , Payrastre Olivier , Andrieu Hervé , Ayral Pierre-Alain , Bouvier Christophe , Neppel Luc , Livet Marc , Lang Michel , du-Châtelet Jacques Parent , Walpersdorf Andrea , Wobrock Wolfram 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
The Cévennes–Vivarais Mediterranean Hydrometeorological Observatory (OHM-CV) is a research initiative aimed at improving the understanding and modeling of the Mediterranean intense rain events that frequently result in devastating flash floods in southern France. A primary objective is to bring together the skills of meteorologists and hydrologists, modelers and instrumentalists, researchers and practitioners, to cope with these rather unpredictable events. In line with previously published flash-flood monographs, the present paper aims at documenting the 8–9 September 2002 catastrophic event, which resulted in 24 casualties and an economic damage evaluated at 1.2 billion euros (i.e., about 1 billion U.S. dollars) in the Gard region, France. A description of the synoptic meteorological situation is first given and shows that no particular precursor indicated the imminence of such an extreme event. Then, radar and rain gauge analyses are used to assess the magnitude of the rain event, which was particularly remarkable for its spatial extent with rain amounts greater than 200 mm in 24 h over 5500 km2. The maximum values of 600–700 mm observed locally are among the highest daily records in the region. The preliminary results of the postevent hydrological investigation show that the hydrologic response of the upstream watersheds of the Gard and Vidourle Rivers is consistent with the marked space–time structure of the rain event. It is noteworthy that peak specific discharges were very high over most of the affected areas (5–10 m3 s−1 km−2) and reached locally extraordinary values of more than 20 m3 s−1 km−2. A preliminary analysis indicates contrasting hydrological behaviors that seem to be related to geomorphological factors, notably the influence of karst in part of the region. An overview of the ongoing meteorological and hydrological research projects devoted to this case study within the OHM-CV is finally presented.
Co-morbidity leads to altered treatment and worse survival of elderly patients with colorectal cancer
Authors: Lemmens V E P P , Janssen-Heijnen M L G , Verheij C D G W , Houterman S , Repelaer van Driel O J , Coebergh J W W 
Published: March 2005

Abstract

Background
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of co-morbidity on the treatment and prognosis of elderly patients with colorectal cancer.

Methods
The independent influence of age and co-morbidity on treatment and survival was analysed for 6931 patients with colorectal cancer aged 50 years or more diagnosed between 1995 and 2001 in the southern part of the Netherlands.

Results
Co-morbidity had no influence on resection rate. The use of adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with stage III colonic cancer was influenced by co-morbidity, especially a previous malignancy (odds ratio (OR) 0·2 (95 per cent confidence interval (c.i.) 0·1 to 0·6); P = 0·002) or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (OR 0·3 (95 per cent c.i. 0·1 to 0·9); P = 0·043). Co-morbidity also influenced use of adjuvant radiotherapy in patients with rectal cancer, especially the presence of hypertension in combination with diabetes (OR 0·5 (95 per cent c.i. 0·2 to 0·9); P = 0·031). Co-morbidity influenced survival (hazard ratio up to 1·6), when adjusted for age, sex, tumour stage and treatment. The greatest influence on survival of patients with colonic cancer was previous malignancy, cardiovascular disease and COPD, and that of patients with rectal cancer was COPD, hypertension, and hypertension in combination with diabetes.

Conclusion
Elderly patients with co-morbidity were treated less aggressively and had a worse survival than those with no concomitant disease.
A cohort study of cancer risk in relation to family histories of cancer in the Utah population database
Authors: Kerber Richard A. , O'Brien Elizabeth 
Published: March 2005

AbstractBACKGROUNDIt is well known that genetic variability affects the risk of many cancers, but details of the patterning of inherited cancer risk across different sites and age groups still are not well quantified.METHODSThe authors conducted a nested case–control study of the familial risk of 40 cancers based on a cohort of 662,515 individuals from the Utah Population Database. From 1 to 10 controls selected from the cohort were matched individually on gender, birth year, and birthplace to each cancer case; and familial standardized incidence ratios (FSIR) were calculated for both cases and controls. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate relative risks and population‐attributable risks (PARs) of cancer in relation to FSIR. Relative risks of cancer in first‐degree through fifth‐degree relatives of cases, compared with controls, were calculated using the proportional hazards methods. All analyses were adjusted for spouse affection status and Latter Day Saints church affiliation.RESULTSThirty‐five of 40 cancers exhibited positive associations between risk and FSIR, and 21 of those associations were statistically significant. PAR estimates were strikingly high for prostate carcinoma (57%), breast carcinoma (39%), colon carcinoma (32%), lip carcinoma (31%), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (35%), and melanoma (32%). Both the proportion and the number of all cancers attributable to family history peaked at 32% in the group ages 65–84 years and remained high in the group age ≥ 85 years.CONCLUSIONSA substantial portion of cancer risk was attributable to familial factors. The patterns of familial cancer recurrence among distant relatives suggested that simple genetic mechanisms may explain much of the familiality of cancer. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Flow cytometric characterization of viable meiotic and postmeiotic cells by Hoechst 33342 in mouse spermatogenesis
Authors: Bastos Henri , Lassalle Bruno , Chicheportiche Alexandra , Riou Lydia , Testart Jacques , Allemand Isabelle , Fouchet Pierre 
Published: March 2005

AbstractBackgroundSpermatogenesis in adult is a complex stepwise process leading to terminally differentiated spermatozoa. The cellular heterogeneity of testis renders complex the studies on molecular aspects of this differentiation process. Analysis of the regulation of adult spermatogenesis would undoubtedly benefit from the development of techniques to characterize each germinal differentiation step.MethodsHoechst 33342 staining of mouse testicular cells allows characterization of an enriched population in germinal stem cell and spermatogonia, called side population. In this study, we examined the definition of the various germinal populations stained by Hoechst 33342, notably meiotic and postmeiotic cells.ResultsPreleptotene spermatocytes, spermatocyte I, spermatocyte II, and round and elongated spermatids were discriminated by Hoechst 33342 staining. In addition, we associated differentiation of spermatocyte I through leptotene to diplotene with changes in Hoechst 33342 red fluorescence pattern.ConclusionsHoechst 33342 staining of viable germinal cells constitutes a valuable tool to study normal and impaired mouse adult spermatogenesis or to isolate viable cells from various differentiation stages for studies of molecular mechanisms regulating spermatogenesis. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Emerging patterns of cardiac conduction in the chick embryo: Waveform analysis with photodiode array‐based optical imaging
Authors: Rothenberg Florence , Watanabe Michiko , Eloff Benjamin , Rosenbaum David 
Published: March 2005

AbstractMajor difficulties investigating the developing cardiac conduction system stem from that the embryonic heart is extremely small (< 2 mm) and cardiac activation is relatively rapid (< 8 msec). The objective of this study was to investigate the electrophysiology of the embryonic chick cardiac conduction system at periseptation stages with a photodiode array‐based detection method of optical mapping capable of high spatial and temporal resolution. Previous work indicated that, in chicken embryos, a switch occurs in ventricular activation pattern from immature base‐to‐apex to mature apex‐to‐base pattern at the time of ventricular septation. It was our aim to map activation in more detail to identify the active pathway or pathways of atrioventricular conduction at these particular stages. Analysis of preseptated hearts (n = 10) showed that the latest atrial activation took place just above the site of the earliest ventricular activation at the ventral left ventricular base. Analysis of postseptated hearts (n = 11) showed apex‐to‐base conduction consistent with activation through the maturing His–Purkinje system. Evaluation of hearts during septation revealed a gradual transition of ventricular activation patterns rather than an abrupt “switch.” External pacing of preseptated hearts revealed significant slowing of interventricular conduction compared with spontaneous beats (spontaneous, 61.7 cm/sec ± 9 cm/sec vs. paced, 36.5 cm/sec ± 10 cm/sec). The more detailed mapping revealed that, before septation, the pattern of activation of the ventricular myocardium is consistent with direct atrial–ventricular myocardial connections at the left lateral atrioventricular junction; however, functional evidence for a preferential conduction pathway within the ventricles was present before septation. Developmental Dynamics 233:456–465, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Downregulation of GFAP, TSP‐1, and p53 in human glioblastoma cell line, U373MG, by IE1 protein from human cytomegalovirus
Authors: Lee Karim , Jeon Kipyoung , Kim Jong‐Mook , Kim Vic Narry , Choi Dong Hee , Kim Seung U. , Kim Sunyoung 
Published: March 2005

AbstractHuman cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a member of the β‐herpesvirus family, which has tropism for glial cells. It was recently reported that HCMV might play important roles in the pathogenesis of malignant glioma. In this study, we investigated the effects of the HCMV IE1 protein on the gene expression profile in the human glioblastoma cell line, U373MG by employing cDNA microarray technology. Using DNA chips containing approximately 1,000 human cDNAs, RNA samples from U373MG cells stably expressing IE1 were compared with those from the control cells lacking IE1 cDNA. Fluorescence intensities of 13 genes were significantly decreased in IE1‐expressing cells, while one gene was found to be upregulated. Among these 14 genes, we chose to work further on glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), thrombospondin‐1 (TSP‐1), and p53, because of their previously known involvement in tumorigenesis. The mRNA levels of all these genes were found to be decreased in IE1‐expressing glioblastoma cells by real‐time quantitative reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) as well as Northern blot analysis. The decreased expression of these genes was also observed at protein levels as measured by immunocytochemistry or fluorescence‐activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis. Our data strongly suggested that HCMV IE1 could modulate the expression of cellular genes that might play important roles in the pathogenesis of glial tumors. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Very low intensity alternating current decreases cell proliferation
Authors: Cucullo Luca , Dini Gabriele , Hallene Kerri L. , Fazio Vincent , Ilkanich Erin V. , Igboechi Chiazor , Kight Kelly M. , Agarwal Mukesh K. , Garrity‐Moses Mary , Janigro Damir 
Published: March 2005

AbstractElectric fields impact cellular functions by activation of ion channels or by interfering with cell membrane integrity. Ion channels can regulate cell cycle and play a role in tumorigenesis. While the cell cycle may be directly altered by ion fluxes, exposure to direct electric current of sufficient intensity may decrease tumor burden by generating chemical products, including cytotoxic molecules or heat. We report that in the absence of thermal influences, low‐frequency, low‐intensity, alternating current (AC) directly affects cell proliferation without a significant deleterious contribution to cell survival. These effects were observed in normal human cells and in brain and prostate neoplasms, but not in lung cancer. The effects of AC stimulation required a permissive role for GIRK2 (or KIR3.2) potassium channels and were mimicked by raising extracellular potassium concentrations. Cell death could be achieved at higher AC frequencies (>75 Hz) or intensities (>8.5 μA); at lower frequencies/intensities, AC stimulation did not cause apoptotic cellular changes. Our findings implicate a role for transmembrane potassium fluxes via inward rectifier channels in the regulation of cell cycle. Brain stimulators currently used for the treatment of neurological disorders may thus also be used for the treatment of brain (or other) tumors. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Positive and negative depression coping in low‐income African American women
Authors: Oakley Linda Denise , Song Mi‐Kyung , DeBose‐McQuirter Michelle 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe purpose of the study was to examine positive and negative depression coping (DC) in low‐income African American women. Because low‐income African American women have been shown to be vulnerable to depression symptom onset yet less accepting of treatment, DC in this population is of interest to researchers. Depression symptom severity, defense mechanisms, difficult life circumstances (DLC), and social support were examined as possible determinants of DC. In 244 mildly or moderately to severely depressed women, mature defense mechanisms predicted positive DC, and DLC predicted negative DC. Social support had no effect on positive or negative DC. Findings are discussed in terms of individual and community tailored rehabilitative psychotherapy to promote positive DC. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 28:106–116, 2005
Linking tumor cell cytotoxicity to mechanism of drug action: An integrated analysis of gene expression, small‐molecule screening and structural databases
Authors: Covell David G. , Wallqvist Anders , Huang Ruili , Thanki Narmada , Rabow Alfred A. , Lu Xiang‐Jun 
Published: March 2005

AbstractAn integrated, bioinformatic analysis of three databases comprising tumor‐cell‐based small molecule screening data, gene expression measurements, and PDB (Protein Data Bank) ligand–target structures has been developed for probing mechanism of drug action (MOA). Clustering analysis of GI50 profiles for the NCI's database of compounds screened across a panel of tumor cells (NCI60) was used to select a subset of unique cytotoxic responses for about 4000 small molecules. Drug–gene–PDB relationships for this test set were examined by correlative analysis of cytotoxic response and differential gene expression profiles within the NCI60 and structural comparisons with known ligand–target crystallographic complexes. A survey of molecular features within these compounds finds thirteen conserved Compound Classes, each class exhibiting chemical features important for interactions with a variety of biological targets. Protein targets for an additional twelve Compound Classes could be directly assigned using drug‐protein interactions observed in the crystallographic database. Results from the analysis of constitutive gene expressions established a clear connection between chemo‐resistance and overexpression of gene families associated with the extracellular matrix, cytoskeletal organization, and xenobiotic metabolism. Conversely, chemo‐sensitivity implicated overexpression of gene families involved in homeostatic functions of nucleic acid repair, aryl hydrocarbon metabolism, heat shock response, proteasome degradation and apoptosis. Correlations between chemo‐responsiveness and differential gene expressions identified chemotypes with nonselective (i.e., many) molecular targets from those likely to have selective (i.e., few) molecular targets. Applications of data mining strategies that jointly utilize tumor cell screening, genomic, and structural data are presented for hypotheses generation and identifying novel anticancer candidates. Proteins 2005. Published 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Introduction
Authors: Gedge Karin E. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
The perception of a “peculiar” alliance between nineteenth-century Protestant clergy and their female parishioners emerges from contemporary sources such as Nathaniel Hawthorne’s novel The Scarlet Letter (1850) and the widely publicized adultery trial of Henry Ward Beecher (1875), and the influential monograph The Feminization of American Culture (1977) by Ann Douglas. By examining a wider variety of primary sources from mostly ordinary northern, white, Protestants, Gedge analyzes the similarities and differences between perceived, imagined, idealized, and experienced pastoral relationships, and identifies the cultural, spiritual, and psychological tensions they reveal. She outlines the argument that women were without benefit of clergy in the pastoral relationship. Though viewed as natural allies in their mission as moral guardians of the new republic, women and clergy were estranged by the same ideology that prescribed their alliance.
The Bellwether; or, What the Traveler Saw
Authors: Gedge Karin E. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
European travelers to the early republic published numerous accounts that often expressed alarm and dismay at the reciprocal devotion of women and ministers, seeing in it a threat to families, churches, and the republic itself. Whether conservative or liberal, skeptical or approving of the democratic experiment and the disestablished church, writers as varied as Frances Trollope, Harriet Martineau, Francis Grund, Charles Dickens, and Frances Wright felt compelled to describe the pastoral relationship and often did so in derogatory ways. It served as synecdoche and bellwether for the health of the republic.
Miracle of the Rose
Authors: Graziano Frank 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Rose and flower tropes are pursued into “deflowering,” paradise-garden and edenic imagery, the odor of sanctity, and the miracle after which St. Rose of Lima’s name was changed. The discussion references Venus, the Virgin Mary as the “Rose without Thorns,” the Romance of the Rose, and Christ as the New Adam, among other topics.
Why Rose of Lima?
Authors: Graziano Frank 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
A discussion of why among the many candidates Rose of Lima received high honors as first saint of the New World and patron of the Americas. The reasons discussed include Rose’s penitential asceticism, support of religious and civil authorities, effective hagiography, Criollismo, advocacy by the Dominicans and Queen Mariana of Austria, and massive public devotion. Also discussed are the popularization of mysticism by Fray Luis de Granada and others, the Inquisition’s response, and the religious ideals of Counter-Reformation Spain.