bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Temperature dependence of the raman spectrum of DNA. II. Raman signatures of premelting and melting transitions of poly(dA)·poly(dT) and comparison with poly(dA‐dT)·poly(dA‐dT)*
Authors: Movileanu Liviu , Benevides James M. , Thomas George J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe temperature dependence of the Raman spectrum of poly(dA)·poly(dT) (dA: deoxyadenosine; dT: thymidine), a model for DNA containing consecutive adenine·thymine (A·T) pairs, has been analyzed using a spectrometer of high spectral precision and sensitivity. Three temperature intervals are distinguished: (a) premelting (10 < t < 70°C), in which the native double helix is structurally altered but not dissociated into single strands; (b) melting (70 < t < 80°C), in which the duplex is dissociated into single strands; and (c) postmelting (80 < t°C), in which no significant structural change can be detected. The distinctive Raman difference signatures observed between 10 and 70°C and between 70 and 80°C are interpreted in terms of the structural changes specific to premelting and melting transitions, respectively. Premelting alters the low‐temperature conformation of the deoxyribose‐phosphate backbone and eliminates base hydrogen bonding that is distinct from canonical Watson–Crick hydrogen bonding; these premelting perturbations occur without disruption of base stacking. Conversely, melting eliminates canonical Watson–Crick pairing and base stacking. The results are compared with those reported previously on poly(dA‐dT)·poly(dA‐dT), the DNA structure consisting of alternating A·T and T·A pairs (L. Movileanu, J. M. Benevides, and G. J. Thomas, Jr. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 1999, Vol. 30, pp. 637–649). Poly(dA)·poly(dT) and poly(dA‐dT)·poly(dA‐dT) exhibit strikingly dissimilar temperature‐dependent Raman profiles prior to the onset of melting. However, the two duplexes exhibit very similar melting transitions, including the same Raman indicators of ruptured Watson–Crick pairing, base unstacking and collapse of backbone order. A detailed analysis of the data provides a comprehensive Raman assignment scheme for adenosine and thymidine residues of B‐DNA, delineates Raman markers diagnostic of consecutive A·T and alternating A·T/T·A tracts of DNA, and identifies the distinct Raman difference signatures for premelting and melting transitions in the two types of sequences. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biopolymers 63: 181–194, 2002; DOI 10.1002/bip.10022
Characterization of aqueous two‐phase partition systems by distribution analysis of radiolabeled analytes (DARA): Application to process definition and control in biorecovery
Authors: Lebreton Bénédicte , Walker Simon G. , Lyddiatt Andrew 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this article, we describe a characterization method applicable to aqueous two‐phase systems (ATPS) heavily loaded with complex biological feed‐stocks. We also studied the partition behavior of mixtures of traceable and quantifiable radiolabeled amino acids, selected on the basis of their relative hydrophobicity A unique linear relation was established between the tie‐line length (TLL: commonly determined by graphical methods) and the hydrophobic factor (HF) for ATPS comprising potassium phosphate and PEG alone, and validated for polymer molecular weights from 300 to 8000 Da in systems operated at an apparent pH value of 7.5. Radiolabeled amino acids were subsequently applied to the characterization of ATPS loaded with whole bovine blood by the determination of effective tie‐line lengths (TLLe). The addition of biomass to ATPS increased TLLe relative to that of blank ATPS of equivalent original composition of PEG and phosphate. In addition, an increase of biomass loading (variously sourced from blood, yeast, and E. coli) contributed to phase formation and stabilization of loaded ATPS in respect of system sensitivity toward operational conditions. The controlled application of sensitive ATPS (adjacent to the binodal curve) could thus be reconsidered for further application of aqueous two‐phase partitioning as a primary purification process. The application of effective tie‐line determinations by distribution analysis of radiolabeled analytes (DARA) as a process‐aid in the design and operation of ATPS in biorecovery is discussed. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 77: 329–339, 2002.
Surface transformation of bioactive glass in bioreactors simulating microgravity conditions. Part I: Experimental study
Authors: Radin S. , Ducheyne P. , Ayyaswamy P. S. , Gao H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSurface modified bioactive glass with surface properties akin to those of the bone mineral phase is an attractive candidate for use as a microcarrier material for 3‐D growth of bone‐like tissue in rotating wall vessel bioreactors (RWVs). The critical surface properties of this material are the result of reaction in solution. Because an RWV environment is completely different from conditions previously employed for bioactive glass testing, a detailed study of the surface reactions is warranted. Under properly chosen conditions, RWVs can also provide a simulated microgravity environment for the bioactive glass (BG) particles. In this sense, this study is also a report on the behavior of a bioactive material under microgravity conditions simulated on earth. A high aspect ratio vessel (HARV) and carefully selected experimental conditions enabled the simulation of microgravity in our laboratory. A complimentary numerical study was simultaneously conducted to ascertain the appropriateness of the experimental parameters (particle size, particle density, medium density, medium viscosity, and rotational speed) that ensure simulated microgravity conditions for the glass particles in the HARV. Physiological solutions (pH 7.4) with and without electrolytes, and also with serum proteins, were used to study the change in surface character resulting from simulated microgravity. Control tests at normal gravity, both static and dynamic, were also conducted. Solution and surface analyses revealed major effects of simulated microgravity. The rates of leaching of constituent ions (Si‐, Ca‐, and P‐ions) were greatly increased in all solutions tested. The enhanced dissolution was followed by the enhanced formation of bone‐like minerals at the BG surface. This enhancement is expected to affect adsorption of serum proteins and attachment molecules, which, in turn, may favorably affect bone cell adhesion and function. The findings of the study are important for the use of bioactive materials as microcarriers to generate and analyze 3‐D bone‐like tissue structures in bioreactors under microgravity conditions or otherwise. © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 75: 369–378, 2001.
A novel enzyme reactor using gluten membrane entrapping cell‐associated enzyme
Authors: Lee Wen‐Chien , Guo Shang‐Hsin 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA membrane enzyme reactor consisting of variable pieces of replaceable cell‐immobilized membranes was proposed for the continuous production of bioproducts. To demonstrate the characteristics of the reactor, cell‐immobilized membranes were prepared by the entrapment of permeabilized recombinant Escherichia coli cells containing penicillin G acylase within the gluten matrices. A stainless‐steel net that was created with a mesh frame was used to support each gluten membrane so that the membranes could be filled into the rectangular‐shaped reactor. The reactor equipped with either six or 12 pieces of cell‐immobilized gluten membranes containing a biomass concentration of 5%, w/w was effective in catalyzing the production of 6‐aminopenicillanic acid from penicillin G. In comparison with intact cells, the cell‐immobilized preparation was more stable and the half‐life time of the immobilized cell‐associate enzyme in gluten membrane was estimated to be 36 days by a long‐term operation. As the substrate solution was forced to flow through the reactor equipped with six membranes and in the direction perpendicular to the membranes, the pressure drop was determined to be less than 50 cm H2O with a flow‐rate up to 50 mL/min. This low pressure due to the porous structure of gluten membrane would lead to a lower operational cost. Increasing either the number of membranes or the area of each cell‐immobilized membrane can easily do scaling‐up of this membrane reactor. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 76: 311–317, 2001.
Removal of the fermentation by‐product succinyl L‐tyrosine from the β‐lactamase inhibitor clavulanic acid using a molecularly imprinted polymer
Authors: Yu Yihua , Ye Lei , de Biasi Vern , Mosbach Klaus 
Published: August 2002

AbstractClavulanic acid is a β–lactamase inhibitor used in therapeutic combinations with the penicillin‐type antibiotics. During the fermentation leading to clavulanic acid, a succinyl L‐tyrosine by‐product is unavoidably formed. Occasionally, the amount of this by‐product is found to be as high as 2% of the product even after standard purification operations. To further remove this impurity, we prepared a highly specific adsorbent for succinyl L‐tyrosine with the molecular imprinting technique. This was performed by simultaneously using vinylbenzyl trimethylammonium chloride and methacrylic acid as the functional monomers. The imprinted polymer selectively bound succinyl L‐tyrosine, and could be successfully used to remove this impurity at concentrations of less than 2% in the presence of clavulanic acid. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 79: 23–28, 2002.
High performance liquid chromatographic–mass spectrometric assay for the quantitation of BMS‐204352 in dog K3EDTA plasma
Authors: Yao Ming , Mantha Subbarao , Shah Vinod R. , Vachharajani Nimish N. , Arnold Mark E. , Pursley Janice M. , Srinivas Nuggehally R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA high performance liquid chromatographic‐mass spectrometric (LC/MS) assay was developed and validated for the determination of BMS‐204352 in dog K3EDTA plasma. A 0.5 mL aliquot of control plasma was spiked with BMS‐204352 and internal standard (IS) and buffered with 1 mL of 5 mM ammonium acetate. The mixture was then extracted with 3 mL of toluene. After separation and evaporation of the organic phase to dryness using nitrogen at 40°C, the residue was reconstituted in the mobile phase and 25 µL of the sample were injected onto a Hypersil C18 column (2 × 50 mm; 3 µm) at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. The mobile phase was consisted of two solvent mixtures (A and B). Solvent A was composed of 5 mM ammonium acetate and 0.1% triethylamine in 75:25 v/v water:methanol, pH adjusted to 5.5 with glacial acetic acid, and solvent B was 5 mM ammonium acetate in methanol. A linear gradient system was used to elute the analytes. The mass spectrometer was programmed to admit the de‐protonated molecules at m/z 352.7 (IS) and m/z 357.9 (BMS‐204352). Standard curves of BMS‐204352 were linear (r2 ≥ 0.998) over the concentration range of 0.5–1000 ng/mL. The mean predicted quality control (QC) concentrations deviated less than 5.1% from the corresponding nominal values (ie 4, 80, 400 and 2000 ng/mL); the within‐ and between‐assay precision of the assay were within 5.5% relative standard deviation. Stability of BMS‐204352 was confirmed after at least three freeze/thaw cycles and BMS‐204532 was stable in dog plasma when stored frozen at or below −20°C for at least 16 weeks in spiked QC samples and for at least 4 1/2 weeks for in vivo study samples. BMS‐204352 and IS were stable in the injection solvent at room temperature for at least 24 h. The assay was applied to delineate the pharmacokinetic disposition of BMS‐204352 in dogs following a single intravenous dose administration. In conclusion, the assay is accurate, precise, specific, sensitive and reproducible for the pharmacokinetic analysis of BMS‐204532 in dog plasma. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Environmental management codes and continuous environmental improvements: insights from the chemical industry
Authors: Solomon Barry D. , Mihelcic James R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe chemical industry has the highest quantity of toxic releases and hazardous waste generation in the US. We present survey results that examined compliance with seven major environmental statutes at small and medium‐sized chemical facilities. This survey was designed to complement the findings of the US Environmental Protection Agency/Chemical Manufacturers Association ‘Root Cause’ survey, which attempted to determine reasons for environmental noncompliance at large chemical facilities. Results of our study indicated that 30% of the respondents did not have an Environmental Management System in place, including Responsible Care, even though Responsible Care is required for active membership in their trade association. Also, survey respondents looked beyond their own facility for meeting their compliance assistance needs. Statistical analysis of the results showed that for six of seven environmental laws examined, company size had a statistically significant correlation with awareness of compliance requirements. Only in the case of one major environmental statute was the hypothesized relationship not statistically significant. The results point to the need for trade associations, state and federal government and management to devote additional resources to improving environmental compliance for smaller chemical companies. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
The treatment of subcapital humerus fracture with dynamic helix wire and the risk of concommitant lesion of the axillary nerve
Authors: Traxler H. , Surd R. , Laminger K.A. , Windisch A. , Sora M.C. , Firbas W. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractDisplaced subcapital fractures of the humerus represent a therapeutic challenge for the surgeon, all the more so because of their high incidence among osteoporotic patients. Open surgical repair involves increased risk of avascular necrosis of the humeral head, while percutaneous reduction and fixation often fails as a result of loosening pins. As a possible solution, a minimally invasive technique was developed in which a dynamic titanium wire helix is inserted into the medullary space of the diaphysis of the humerus and then rotated proximally into the head fragment. This new approach for osteosynthesis was performed in 84 patients, most of whom had suffered two‐ or three‐part fractures. Results were evaluated by the Constant Functional Score, indicating an average 87% rehabilitation. An associated anatomical study of 53 human cadavers investigated the position of the main branches of the axillary nerve relative to the surgical placement of the wire helix. In all cases, the distance between the most vulnerable anterior branch of the axillary nerve (ABAN) and the operative site was sufficient, as long as insertion occurs in the distal third of the distance between the head of the humerus and the deltoid tuberosity. Utilization of the titanium helix results in prompt healing of subcapital fractures while offering minimal risk for the elderly osteoporotic patient and does not endanger branches of the axillary nerve. Clin. Anat. 6:418–423, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preventing unsuitable people from working with children—the criminal justice and court services bill
Authors: Thomas Terry 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe continuing concern to safeguard children from abuse in schools, children's homes and similar settings has led to proposals to make it an offence for those with convictions against children to even apply for work with children. The Criminal Justice and Court Services Bill will introduce ‘disqualification orders’ for such offenders. The background development of this Bill is considered, together with the way the new orders will fit with existing criminal record check arrangements, current bans and the role of the forthcoming Criminal Records Bureau, which will tie all these systems together in a ‘one‐stop shop’. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of subjective group memberships and perceptions of power in industrial conflict
Authors: Taylor Natalie , McGarty Craig 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA survey conducted with university academics (N = 187) investigated self‐reported behaviour, explanations, social identification and perceptions of power during a period of industrial disputation. The results point to the importance of subjective experience of group memberships rather than overt group memberships in understanding behaviour and perceptions of power during industrial conflict and demonstrate very little support for the idea that industrial action or inaction reflects coerced behaviour. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Meeting the advocacy needs of people who have been abused by health and social care practitioners
Authors: Williams Jennie , Nash Jo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe Prevention of Professional Abuse Network (POPAN) is the first national organization within the UK to address the problem of the abuse of clients and patients by health and social care providers. POPAN has a small staff group of eight people and a larger network of advisers, supporters and allies; its activities include campaigning, training, consultancy, and the provision of information, advice and advocacy. Jennie Williams is a clinical psychologist and trustee of POPAN, she has supported the development of the organization since the early 1990s; Jo Nash was the main person involved in the development and provision of the advocacy service between September 1997 to January 2000. This is the edited version of a taped and transcribed interview that took place in 1999. Jo Nash is uniquely placed to provide information of significance to anyone using or providing health and social care services. Her work as an advocate has given her a very particular insight into the challenges faced by those seeking redress for professional abuse, and she has first hand experience of providing advocacy to people who are vulnerable and reluctant to trust anyone offering help. In this interview Jo Nash directs attention to the considerable limitations in current complaints systems, practices and procedures, and offers comment on the implications for change. Her work with POPAN provides continual reminders of the importance of prevention, and she identifies a number of ways in which action can be taken to prevent health and social care practitioners abusing their patients and clients. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of sarcolemma and sarcoplasmic reticulum isolated from skeletal muscle of the freeze tolerant wood frog, Rana sylvatica: the β2‐adrenergic receptor and calcium transport systems in control, frozen and thawed states
Authors: Hemmings Susan J. , Storey Kenneth B. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn freeze tolerant wood frog Rana sylvatica, the freeze‐induced liberation of glucose plays a critical role in survival in response to sub‐zero temperature exposure. We have shown that the glycaemic response is linked to selective changes in the expression of hepatic adrenergic receptors through which catecholamines act to produce their hepatic glycogenolytic effects. The purpose of the present study was to determine if skeletal muscle, another catecholamine‐sensitive tissue with glycogenolytic potential, displayed similar or different changes. In order to achieve these objectives, skeletal muscle derived from Rana sylvatica was studied in control, frozen and thawed states. In isolated sarcolemmal fractions, freezing effected an 88% decrease in β2‐adrenergic receptor expression but was without effect on the calcium pump; while thawing resulted in a recovery of the β2‐adrenergic receptor to 60% of control levels and a 2.4‐fold increase in calcium transport. In isolated sarcoplasmic reticular fractions, freezing effected a 52% decrease in calcium binding and a 92% decrease in oxalate‐stimulated calcium uptake; while thawing elicited partial normalization to control levels to 70% with respect to calcium binding and to 47% with respect to calcium uptake. Freezing and thawing were associated with increases and decreases, receptively, in blood glucose levels but were without effect on skeletal muscle glycogen content. Thus these muscle changes in Rana sylvatica in freezing and thawing are not linked to glycogen breakdown, are different from those previously seen in liver, and may provide a role in recovery of muscle function during thawing by protecting glycogen stores for contraction and maximizing extracellular calcium for excitation–contraction coupling in the frozen state. The involvement of thyroid hormone in triggering these muscle changes is discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of quinacrine treatment on the activity of acid hydrolases (phosphatase, N‐acetyl‐β‐glucosaminidase, glucosidase, galactosidase and esterase) in Tetrahymena
Authors: Kovács P. , Csaba G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe effect of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) inhibitor, quinacrine, on the activity of hydrolytic enzymes in Tetrahymena pyriformis homogenate, was investigated. The activity of all of the enzymes studied (acid phosphatase, N‐acetyl‐β‐glusosaminidase, glucosidase, galactosidase and esterase) was significantly reduced in the presence of quinacrine. Since there are no data on the inhibitory effect of PLA2 and PLA2 influenced metabolic pathways to the hydrolytic enzymes, the direct effect of quinacrine on the hydrolytic enzymes (of Tetrahymena) can be supposed. This is supported by the fact that the other PLA2 inhibitor, 4‐bromophenacyl bromide, did not influence phosphatase activity. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Walker 256 tumour growth causes marked changes of glutamine metabolism in rat small intestine
Authors: Lima Manuela M. Ramos , de Mello Maria Alice R. , Curi Rui 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe effect of Walker 256 tumour growth on the metabolism of glucose and glutamine in the small intestine of rats was examined. Walker 256 tumour has been extensively used as an experimental model to induce cancer cachexia in rats. Walker 256 tumour growth decreased body weight and small intestine weight and length. The activities of glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphate‐dependent glutaminase were reduced in the proximal, median and distal portions of the intestine. Glutamine oxidation was reduced in the proximal portion only. The decrease in glutaminase activity was not due to a low synthesis of the protein as indicated by Western blotting analysis. Hexokinase and citrate synthase activities were not changed by the tumour. These findings led us to postulate that tumour growth impairs glutamine metabolism of small intestine but the mechanism involved remains to be elucidated. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Visualized plaque debris as a cause of distal embolization after percutaneous coronary intervention in patient with unstable angina
Authors: Sakai Shunta , Mizuno Kyoichi , Tomimura Masato , Tanabe Jun , Seimiya Koji , Takano Masamichi , Yokoyama Shinya , Ohba Takayoshi , Uemura Ryota 
Published: August 2002

AbstractProcedural complications of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty for unstable angina are higher than for stable angina. We report a case in which coronary angioscopy proved the dislodgment of a large plaque fragment after Cutting Balloon angioplasty and confirmed our suspicion that plaque fragmentation can cause distal embolization. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;55:113–117. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.