bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
OKN‐related neurons in the rat nucleus of the optic tract and dorsal terminal nucleus of the accessory optic system receive a direct cortical input
Authors: Schmidt M. , Zhang H.‐Y. , Hoffmann K.‐P. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIt has been previously assumed that the asymmetry of the monocular optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) of lateral‐eyed mammals is caused by an absence of visual cortex projections to directional selective neurons in the pretectal nucleus of the optic tract and dorsal terminal nucleus of the accessory optic system (NOT‐DTN). In contrast to this generally accepted hypothesis, we present multiple evidence that OKN‐related neurons in the rat NOT‐DTN in fact do receive input from the visual cortex.We studied the corticofugal projection to NOT‐DTN physiologically, with extracellular single unit recording and electrical stimulation of the optic chiasma and the visual cortex, and anatomically, using retrograde and anterograde tracing techniques. In particular we focussed our attention on the NOT‐DTN neurons, which control eye movements during OKN. All OKN‐related NOT‐DTN cells were activated after optic chiasma stimulation. Forty‐five percent of these neurons were also activated after stimulation of the visual cortex (VC). The majority of neurons activated from VC (80%) also responded to monocular stimulation of either eye. On the contrary, most of the neurons that responded to stimulation of the contralateral eye only were not activated from VC. After injection of fluorescent latex microspheres into the NOT‐DTN, retrogradely labeled neurons were found in areas 17, 18, and 18A of the visual cortex. Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin injected into the visual cortex anterogradely labeled fibres and terminals throughout the NOT‐DTN complex. Labeled boutons were found in close proximity to OKN‐related NOT‐DTN cells, selectively stained after horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injections into the inferior olive. Our results demonstrate that NOT‐DTN cells in the rat, which are involved in the generation of horizontal OKN, receive a direct input from the ipsilateral visual cortex.
Quantitative synaptology of functionally different types of cat medial gastrocnemius α‐motoneurons
Authors: Brännström Thomas 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe aim of this ultrastructural investigation was to study quantitatively the synaptology of the cell bodies and dendrites of cat medial gastrocnemius (MG) α‐motoneurons of functionally different types. In electrophysiologically classified and intracellularly HRP‐labelled MG α‐motoneurons of the FF (fast twitch, fatigable), FR (fast twitch, fatigue resistant) and S (slow twitch, very fatigue resistant) types, the synaptic covering of the soma as well as that of dendritic segments located within 100 μm and at 300, 700, and 1,000 μm distance, respectively from the soma, was analyzed.The synaptic boutons were classified into the L‐(apposition length > 4 μm) and S‐types (<4 μm) with spherical synaptic vesicles, and the F‐type with flat or pleomorphic synaptic vesicles. The length of apposition towards the motoneuron membrane was measured for each bouton profile. Approximately 1,000 boutons contacted the soma and a similar number of boutons contacted the proximal dendrites within 50 μm from the soma. The number of dendritic boutons was larger at the 300 μm distance than at the 100 and 700 μm distances.The three types of motoneurons showed similar values for percentage synaptic covering and synaptic packing density in the proximal dendrites, while in the most distal dendritic regions the S motoneurons had more than 50% higher values for percentage covering, packing density and total number of boutons. The S motoneurons also exhibited a larger preponderance of F‐type boutons on the soma. The ratio between the F‐ and S‐types of boutons decreased somatofugally along the dendrites in the type FF and FR motoneurons, while in the S motoneurons it remained fairly constant.
Development of the principal sensory nucleus of the trigeminal nerve of the rat and evidence for a transient synaptic field in the trigeminal sensory tract
Authors: Al‐Ghoul Walid M. , Miller Michael W. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe early development of the principal sensory nucleus of the trigeminal nerve (PSN) was examined to determine whether spatiotemporal patterns of synaptogenesis coincide with patterns in neuronal generation, migration, and death. The morphogenesis of PSN neurons during the period from G16 to P14 was studied with a Golgi method. Prenatally, PSN neurons had dendrites that extended into the sensory tract of the trigeminal nerve (s5), and from as early as G18, these dendrites were studded with spines. The dendrites in the s5 degenerated or regressed in the early postnatal period so that the s5 was free of dendrites by P14. The development of anti‐synapsin I immunoreactivity was traced from G14 to P10. Immunoreactive puncta (synaptic boutons) appeared in the medial third of the s5 transiently between G18 and P5. On the other hand, puncta in the PSN did not appear until G20, at which time they were confined to the lateral margin of the PSN. By P0, puncta were distributed throughout the PSN. Cytochrome oxidase activity in the PSN was low and unpatterned prenatally. Postnatally, cytochrome oxidase activity intensified and a segmented pattern of barreloids appeared in the ventral PSN on the day of birth. By P5, the complete pattern of barreloids, spanning the full width of the ventral PSN, was evident. The development of cytochrome oxidase activity in the PSN followed the lateral‐to‐medial gradient of synaptogenesis revealed by the development of synapsin 1 immunoreactivity. This gradient is opposite of that for neuronal generation, migration, and death. Moreover, the s5 serves as a transient synaptic field.
Distribution of calbindin‐D28k immunoreactivity in the monkey temporal lobe: The amygdaloid complex
Authors: Pitkänen Asla , Amaral David G. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractCalbindin‐D28k is a calcium‐binding protein located in a variety of neuronal cell types in many regions of the central nervous system. In the present study, we describe the distribution of calbindin‐D28k‐immunoreactive cells, fibers, and terminals in the monkey amygdaloid complex. Calbindin‐D28k‐immunoreactive neurons could be divided into four major cell types. Neurons of the first three cell types demonstrated clearly stained dendrites that were either aspiny or had a few spines on their distal portions. Type 1 cells were small, stellate, or multipolar and found throughout the amygdala. Type 2 cells were large, multipolar and were most commonly found in the deep nuclei, particularly in the lateral nucleus, intermediate division of the basal nucleus, accessory basal nucleus and in the periamygdaloid cortex. Type 3 cells were fusiform, of various sizes, and were found throughout the amygdala. Type 4 cells were quite large and lightly stained; the dendrites of these cells were usually unstained. The size, shape, and location of Type 4 labeled cell bodies suggested that they might be the large, modified pyramidal cells that constitute the projection neurons of the amygdala. Type 4 cells were observed primarily in the lateral, basal, and accessory basal nuclei and in the periamygdaloid cortex. Calbindin‐D28k‐immunoreactive fibers and terminals were difficult to observe in the amygdala partly because of a diffuse, finely granular neuropil labeling that was particularly dense in the anterior cortical and medial nuclei, in the central nucleus, and in the periamygdaloid cortex. The neuropil labeling was substantially lighter in the lateral, basal, and accessory basal nuclei. Conspicuous linear profiles resembling the “calbindin bundles” of the neocortex were evident in large numbers in the accessory basal nucleus, the medial portion of the parvicellular division of the basal nucleus, in the amygdalohippocampal area, and in the periamygdaloid cortex. There were calbindin‐D28k‐positive fibers in the stria terminalis and in the ventral amygdalofugal pathway. When the distributions of calbindin‐D28k and parvalbumin immunoreactivity in the monkey amygdaloid complex were compared, it appeared that the overall distribution of these two calcium‐binding proteins was generally complementary rather than overlapping. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Selective sparing of later‐born ganglion cells after neonatal transection of the infraorbital nerve
Authors: White Fletcher A. , Chiaia Nicolas L. , McCann Patricia , Enfiejian Howard L. , Macdonald Gordon J. , Bennett‐Clarke Carol A. , Rhoades Robert W. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA combination of [3H]thymidine labelling and retrograde tracing with either horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or true blue (TB) was used to determine whether V primary afferent neurons born on different embryonic (E) days were differentially susceptible to neonatal transection of the infraorbital nerve (ION). In one experiment, rat fetuses were exposed to [3H]thymidine on E‐8.5, 9.5, 10.5, 11.5, 12.5, 13.5, 14.5, or 15.5, the left infraorbital nerve (ION) was transected on the day of birth, and both the regenerate and intact IONs were labelled with HRP when the animals reached adulthood. The percentage of HRP labelled cells that were also heavily labelled by [3H]thymidine was calculated for both the intact ganglion and that ipsilateral to the damaged nerve for each animal. A consistently higher percentage of double labelled cells on the lesioned rather than on the intact side for a given E‐day was taken as an indication that cells born on the day in question had an increased probability of survival relative to the entire population of V ganglion cells that contributed axons to the ION. Cells born late in gestation on E‐12.5 through 14.5 were significantly more likely than early born (E‐9.5 through 11.5) cells to survive neonatal axotomy. In a second experiment, fetuses were exposed to [3H]thymidine on either E‐9.5, E‐10.5, or E‐14.5, the vibrissa pads on both sides of the face were injected with TB within 6 hours of birth, and the ION was transected 6–8 hours later. When these rats reached at least 60 days of age, ganglia were processed for the visualization of both TB and [3H]thymidine labelled neurons. Cells labelled with both tracers would have been born on a given E‐day, projected to the vibrissa pad via the ION at the time of nerve transection, and survived any naturally occurring or lesion‐induced cell death. As in the HRP tracing experiment, ganglion cells born on E‐14.5 were significantly more likely to survive neonatal ION transection than those born on either E‐9.5 or E‐10.5. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Immunohistochemical studies on neurofilamentous hypertrophy in degenerating retinal terminals of the olivary pretectal nucleus in the rat
Authors: Meller D. , Schmidt‐Kastner R. , Eysel U. T. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractFollowing section of the optic nerve, degenerating retinal terminals reveal an accumulation of neurofilaments (neurofilamentous hypertrophy) as demonstrated by silver impregnation techniques or electron microscopy. The present study examined degenerating retinal terminals by means of immunohistochemistry and antibodies specific for the triplet of neurofilament proteins of low (NF‐L), medium (NF‐M), and high (NF‐H) molecular weight class. Following unilateral optic nerve section in the rat and survival 1,2,4,8, and 21 days, brains were perfused with aldehyde fixative, sliced on a vibratome and stained for neurofilaments by using the peroxidase‐antiperoxidase technique. Other brains were frozen, cut in the native state, and slid‐mounted sections were fixed by acetone. Side comparisons in visual pathways were made in frontal sections, taking advantage of the near complete crossing of retinal fibers in the rat. Anterograde degeneration of axons occurred in the optic tract and brachium colliculi. Changes of terminals were investigated in the olivary pretectal nucleus, which contains a dense aggregation of retinal terminals in the core region. The optic tract and brachium coliculi showed a reduction in imunostaining for neurofilament proteins following axotomy. Within the core region of the olivary pretectal nucleus, strong increases of immunoreactivity of NF‐L and NF‐M were detected begining at 2 days postlesion and persisting at 8 days. No changes in NF‐H proteins were found in the terminal regions with three different antibody probes. The increase in immunostaining reflects the accumulation of neurofilament proteins in the degenerating retinal terminals, i.e., neurofilamentous hypertrophy. A combination of increased influx of neurofilaments into the terminals and decreased local degradation by calciumactivated neutral protease might explain the accumulations. The selective occurrence of NF‐L and NF‐M suggests molecular specificity of the degenerative process, which may be related to differences in axonal transport, integration into the stationary cytoskeleton, and phosphorylation state of different neurofilament proteins. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Efferent projections of the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus)
Authors: Kalsbeek Andries , Teclemariam‐Mesbah Rebecca , Péavet Paul 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe efferent projections of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the golden hamster have been examined by using the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (Pha‐L). SCN projections were further localized through a combination of restricted SCN‐lesions and immunocytochemistry for three well‐known peptidergic transmitters contained in SCN neurons, viz. vasopressin (VP), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), and gastrin‐releasing peptide (GRP). Thus, major terminal fields of SCN‐derived VP were detected in the medial preoptic nucleus, the anterior part of the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVA), the medial parvicellular part of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), and the medial part of the dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (DMH). VIP‐containing projections from the SCN were discovered in the PVA, anterior and dorsal parvicellular divisions of the PVN, subparaventricular area, and medial DMH. Efferent fibers from the SCN containing GRP were restricted to the subparaventricular area, medial DMH, and supraoptic nucleus. In addition, Pha‐L tracing indicated the existence of SCN projections which could not be ascribed to one of the presently investigated peptides. Furthermore, a pronounced innervation of the contralateral SCN was observed, of which the neurotransmitter remains to be established.The results of the present study indicate that the different neuronal populations in the SCN, as characterized by their transmitter content, also show a clear diversity in their preferential target areas. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantitative analysis of central terminal projections of visceral and somatic unmyelinated (C) primary afferent fibers in the guinea pig
Authors: Sugiura Y. , Terui N. , Hosoya Y. , Tonosaki Y. , Nishiyama K. , Honda T. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn guinea pigs, intracellular labeling of the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells with Phaseolus vulgaris‐leucoagglutinin (PHA‐L) was used to demonstrate the central projections of somatic and visceral afferent C‐fibers. The terminations of the afferent fibers were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively with the aid of camera lucida drawings. Terminal branches of C‐fibers of both somatic and visceral origin were, in general, distributed in accord with the organization of the neuropil in lamina of the spinal cord. Terminal boutons arranged from longitudinally coursing fibers were distributed in lamina I, while boutons in lamina II were scattered in an apparent random fashion. The synaptic enlargements were counted in gray matter of the spinal dorsal horn and measured on each terminal branch of a fiber. All synaptic boutons (over one thousand) of somatic fibers were found in the superficial dorsal horn (laminae I and II). More than 60% of the synaptic enlargements of the visceral afferents also were localized superficially (lamina I and adjacent dorsal funiculus) while 10–20% of the visceral enlargements appeared in deeper layers of the spinal cord. Boutons of somatic C‐fibers were larger than those of visceral orgin. Quantitative data of the unmyelinated afferent fibers are discussed in the context of the sensory functions of myelinated afferent fibers. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The central nucleus of the inferior colliculus in rat: A Golgi and computer reconstruction study of neuronal and laminar structure
Authors: Malmierca Manuel S. , Blackstad Theodor W. , Osen Kirsten K. , Karagülle Tevfik , Molowny Roberto L. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe cellular basis for the laminar structure of the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus has been investigated by computer‐assisted 3‐D reconstruction of Golgi impregnated dendritic arbors, sampled from serial sections of resin embedded material of adult rat. Two types of flattened neurone, defined here as flat (F) and less flat (LF), are described as contributing to the pattern. The dendritic arbors of F neurones had a smaller absolute thickness (mean about 50 μm) and a denser arbor. They were strikingly parallel regionally and formed laminae mostly one cell thick. The laminae appeared to be separated by interlaminar compartments populated by the LF neurones. The arbors of the latter were thicker (mean about 100 μm) and less dense than those of the F neurones. The different density of the two types may, at least in part, be responsible for the corresponding difference in density of oriented dendrites within the laminae and interlaminar compartments. The orientation planes of F and LF arbors were roughly similar, but a consistent, slight difference in orientation between F and LF arbors is not excluded. Most of the F and LF arbors were elongated in parallel with the ventrolaterally to dorsomedially oriented long axis of the laminae. A few were instead oriented rostrocaudally or in intermediate directions. The interlaminar compartments appeared less distinct in the low than in the high frequency region. The latter region also differed from the former by having F neurones with a higher number of intermediate and terminal segments and a denser arbor. It is discussed whether the observed F and LF cells constitute two distinct cell types or are varieties of one type of neurone, with the morphological differences reflecting differences in location. Further characterization of the neurones on histochemical, hodological, and other criteria is required to settle this question. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Immunochemical heterogeneity in the tecto‐LP pathway of the rat
Authors: Lane Richard D. , Bennett‐Clarke Carol A. , Allan Dawn M. , Mooney Richard D. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe projection from the rat's superior colliculus (SC) to the lateral posterior nucleus of the thalamus (LP) has previously been described as arising from a morphologically homogeneous population of neurons in the stratum opticum (SO). The present study combined immunocytochemistry with retrograde tracing and lesion techniques to determine whether or not the SC → LP projection arose from neurons that were also neurochemically homogeneous. The combination of retrograde tracing and immunocytochemistry with an antibody directed against calbindin‐D 28K (CBD) showed that 64.4% of the neurons that project from SC to LP contain this calcium‐binding protein. Retrograde tracing and immunocytochemistry for adenosine deaminase (ADA) showed that a smaller number of tecto‐LP cells (15.7%) were immunoreactive (IR) for this enzyme. Moreover, nearly all (93.0%) of the ADA‐IR tecto‐LP cells also contained CBD‐IR. Adenosine deaminase‐IR axons in LP were restricted to the dorsomedial portion of the nucleus and their density was substantially reduced after ablation of the ipsilateral superficial SC laminae. The lateral posterior nucleus contained numerous CBD‐IR cells and fibers throughout its extent and it was thus difficult to determine the extent to which the extra‐perikaryal CBD‐IR in this nucleus was dependent upon the tecto‐LP pathway. Nevertheless, destruction of the ipsilateral SC did reduce the density of CBD‐IR in LP. These results suggest that the SC → LP projection in rat arises from at least four neurochemically distinct cell groups: (1) those that contain CBD, (2) those that contain both CBD and ADA, (3) a very small population that contains only ADA, and (4) a group that is not recognized by either of these markers. Our results further suggest that ADA containing fibers may have a more restricted terminal distribution in LP than axons that contain only CBD. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
JUN, FOS, KROX, and CREB transcription factor proteins in the rat cortex: Basal expression and induction by spreading depression and epileptic seizures
Authors: Herdegen T. , Sandkühler J. , Gass P. , Kiessling M. , Bravo R. , Zimmermann M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe expression of the nuclear c‐JUN, JUN B, JUN D, c‐FOS, FOS B, KROX‐24, and CREB transcription factors was investigated in the cortex of adult rats by immunocytochemistry. The expression patterns were studied in untreated rats and up to 24 hours following topical application of 1 M KCl to the cortical surface (KCl) or i.v. injection of bicuculline (BIC). Topical KCl induced cortical spreading depression and systemic injection of bicuculline evoked generalized tonic‐clonic seizures.In untreated rats, JUN B, c‐FOS, and FOS B were expressed in a small number of neurons in the piriform, perirhinal, entorhinal, and insular cortex and in layers II, III, and VI of all neocortical areas. In contrast, c‐JUN, JUN D, and KROX‐24 were expressed in all cortical layers but with different intensities of immunoreactivity (IR): c‐JUN‐IR was generally weak and predominantly present in layers II, III, and VI. JUN D‐IR was equally strong in all layers. KROX‐24 showed a prominent expression in layers II, IV, and VI. The CREB protein exhibited a high and fairly homogeneous constitutive expression throughout the cortex with a slight preponderance in layer II and piriform cortex.Following KCl or BIC, a strong induction was seen for c‐FOS, JUN B, and KROX‐24, whereas c‐JUN, JUN D, and FOS B showed only a moderate increase compared to basal levels. Changes of CREB‐IR could not be detected. The localization of induced JUN, FOS, and KROX proteins reflected the pattern of labelling in untreated animals but demonstrated a higher intensity of labelling and an increased number of immunoreactive nuclei. The intensity and persistence of IR as well as the number of labelled cells following BIC exceeded those following KCl. Following BIC, increased levels of FOS B and JUN D were still present after 24 hours. Counterstaining with cresyl‐violet and GFAP, a marker for astrocytes, revealed that JUN, FOS, and KROX proteins were expressed in neurons but not in glial cell populations.The present data demonstrate that CREB, JUN, FOS, and KROX transcription factors exhibit a layer‐specific expression in the cerebral cortex with only slight area‐specific differences both in untreated rats and following stimulation with KCl and BIC. The expression of transcription factor proteins indicate complex molecular genetic changes in cortical neurons due to pathophysiological events such as seizure activity and spreading depression. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.