bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSX-26 A Comparison of Buffer Type and Methodology in Determination of in Vitro Digestibility of Four Bermudagrass Cultivars
Authors: Boggier Abigail E , Hines Abbigail R , da Silva Aghata Elins Moreira , Smith Brandon B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Buffers are an essential component in various biochemical and biophysical assays, enabling the control of pH shifts in the environment. The Tilley and Terry (1963) and Goering Van Soest (1970) methods dominate in vitro forage digestibility research with equally viable results. However, the methods utilize distinct buffer solutions to control the in vitro environment. Given this divergence, it is of interest whether differences in estimates are a factor of the methodology, or the buffer solutions employed in the method. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of in vitro DM digestibility (IVDMD) methodology and buffer solution on digestibility estimates of four bermudagrass cultivars. We conducted our experiment as a randomized complete block design with a 2 × 2 × 4 factorial treatment structure. Approximately 1,000 mL of rumen content (solid and liquid fractions) were collected from two ruminally fistulated heifers in each of two periods (blocks). The samples were separated into two 500-mL aliquots; the first aliquot was subjected to the procedures of Tilley and Terry (1963), and the second aliquot was subjected to the Goering and Van Soest (1970) procedure. Duplicate samples of four bermudagrass cultivars (Coastal, Russell, Tifton 44, Tifton 85) were placed in 125-mL Erlenmeyer flasks and incubated according to the assigned in vitro method. One-half of the samples in each method received the methodologically prescribed buffer solution, and the other one-half in each method received the opposite buffer. There was no effect of in vitro method (P = 0.78), buffer solution (P = 0.53), or bermudagrass cultivar (P = 0.46), or their interactions (P ≥ 0.23) on IVDMD estimates in this experiment. Results are interpreted to mean that buffer type is not pivotal to methodological success, and both methods will yield similar estimates of digestibility.
PSXIII-25 The Effect of Adding Rumalato on Enteric Methane Production in Goats
Authors: Romero-Huelva Manuel , Romero Pedro , Martinez Laura , Mallo Juan Jose , Puyalto Monica , Yañez David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Livestock production significantly contributes to anthropogenic greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions, one of the main sources being enteric methane (CH4) produced during rumen fermentation. Recent metanalysis have shown that the use of specific CH4 inhibitors represents the nutritional strategy with most potential. However, despite the extensive research conducted in the last years, the number of products available for the livestock sector is still very limited. The objective of this work was to assess the impact of using a rumen modulator additive (Rumalato) on enteric CH4 emissions. Twelve adult non-pregnant goats (45.2 kg BW) were allocated to either control (CTL) or Rumalato (RUMA) included at 12 g/d in a completely randomized design. Both groups were fed a diet consisting of 60 % concentrate and 40 % alfalfa hay. Goats were adapted to the treatments for two weeks before going into respirometry chambers for 3 consecutive days to measure CH4. The three days of measurement per animal were averaged. Data were statistically analyzed by variance analysis with Proc GLM procedure of SAS studio (methane emission = block + treatment + average + error). The average daily dry matter intake (DMI) did not differ between CTL and RUMA treatments. The CH4 yield, CH4 emission per kg of DMI was 15% less in the case of RUMA (22.2 vs 26.1 L/kg DMI, for RUMA and CTL respectively, P = 0.044). In conclusion, the dietary supplementation with Rumalato showed potential to reduce enteric CH4 production without compromising feed intake.
PSXIV-4 Body Condition and Production Status Impacts on Estrus Indicators in Beef Cattle on a Producer Farm
Authors: Arowolo Jeremiah , Kolikapongu Ramya Sri , Namani Sharath Chandra , Brown Jalani , Holmes Bryanna , Whitley Niki C , Moawad Adel R R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The use of artificial insemination (AI) in cattle can increase farm profitability by increasing the genetic merit of offspring, but animal body condition (fatness) and stage of production can influence breeding efficacy. Therefore, during an on-farm AI session, the effect of body condition score and production status (nursing offspring or not) on indicators of estrus (readiness for breeding) was examined. Thirty-six cows 3 to 12 years of age and having previously had at least one calf were used. Cows were estrus synchronized by the owners using the Co-Synch with CIDR fixed time AI protocol (GnRH and CIDR on day 0 followed by CIDR removal and prostaglandin on day 7 with AI and GnRH on day 10). At AI using cryopreserved semen from a commercial source (Premier Select Sires), body condition score was assessed (1-9; 1 = emaciated, 9 = obese), and indicators of estrus (presence of mucous, pink color of vulva, turgid and open cervix and easy insemination) were noted. On this farm, body condition scores for the animals the producer chose to estrus synchronize ranged from 3 to 5. Animals were nursing calves 3 to 5 months of age (n = 15) or were not nursing calves (n = 21). Statistical analysis (with SAS) indicated that nursing negatively impacted body condition as well as number of estrus indicators noted at AI and that body condition tended to be positively related to the number of estrus indicators noted.
PSXIV-19 Gas Flux By Calves from Dams Identified as Either High Or Low Methane Emitters
Authors: Friend Emalee J , Gunter Stacey A , Moffet Corey A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Eight (BW = 398 ± 8 kg) Red Angus heifers were used to examine the similarity between respiration gas parameters of dams and their offspring. The CH4, CO2 emissions, and O2 consumption of heifers were measured over a 70-day period using an automated head-chamber system that measured CO2, CH4, and O2 fluxes. Heifers grazed native mixed-grass prairie and were given a daily supplement of 1.025 kg of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) pellets via the automated head-chamber system. Heifers were then artificially inseminated using sexed semen from a single Black Angus sire. The emissions of the offspring (BW = 284 ± 7 kg; 7 heifers, 1 steer) were measured at 11 months of age over a 70-day period. Like the dams, during their measurement period, the offspring grazed native mixed-grass prairie and were given a daily supplement of 1.025 kg of alfalfa pellets via the automated head-chamber system. Means for CH4, CO2 emissions, O2 consumption, CH4:CO2 ratio, respiratory quotient, and heat production were compared between dams and their calf by regressing maternal parameters on the parameters of the calves and using beginning dam and offspring BW as covariates. Methane emissions of the dams and their offspring had an excellent Pearson’s correlation (ρ = 0.79). Carbon dioxide emissions and O2 consumption had an excellent Pearson’s correlation among dams and their offspring (ρ = 0.88 and 0.91, respectively). Heat production as well as the CH4:CO2 ratio also had an excellent and good Pearson’s correlation (ρ = 0.91 and 0.67, respectively). The respiratory quotient correlation was good (ρ = 0.60). These results indicated that CH4 and CO2 emissions, O2 consumption, the CH4:CO2 ratio and HP production from offspring have a good Pearson’s correlation with the dam’s emissions. Hence, even with this small dataset, there is evidence that beef cattle can be selected for lower greenhouse gas emissions.
PSXIV-3 3-Nitrooxypropanol Dosages to Reduce Methane Emission By Feedlot Beef Cattle
Authors: Pedrini Cibeli A , Machado Fábio S , Niehues Maria B , Perdigão Alexandre , de Carvalho Victor Valério , Acedo Tiago S S , Kindermann Maik , Tamassia Luis , Walker Nicola , Gandra Jefferson 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our objective was to evaluate the effects of 3-nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP, Bovaer, DSM Nutritional Products) at different levels in feedlot beef cattle diets on productive performance, biological efficiency, and methane (CH4) emissions. Thirty Nellore bulls (iBW, 407 ± 6 kg) were randomly assigned to three treatments with ten replicates (animal) per treatment. The animals were fed a high-concentrate feedlot diet for 87 days, according to the three treatments: 1) 0, Control (no addition of 3-NOP); 2) Bovaer75 (75 mg/kg DM of 3-NOP), 3) Bovaer100 (100 mg/kg DM of 3-NOP,). Gas emissions (CH4 and H2) were evaluated individually using the GreenFeed unit (C-Lock, USA), while the variables of dry matter intake (DMI) were evaluated using digital feeders (Intergado System, Brazil). Body weights of yearling bulls were recorded after 16-h fasting at the beginning and end of the experiment. Data were submitted to be analyzed using PROC MIXED from SAS 9.4, evaluated by orthogonal contrasts, with a significance level of 5%. Initial BW was used as a covariate when significant to adjust the statistic model. No differences on DMI (kg/d and %BW, P = 0.323) were observed between control animals and those fed with Bovaer. Animals fed with Bovaer75 had greater ADG than control and Bovaer100, (1.73 vs. 1.63 and 1.60 kg/d; P = 0.038 and P = 0.025, respectively) and better biological efficiency than control (⁓127.0 vs 135.3 kg DMI/15 kg carcass produced, P &lt; 0.023). A similar result was observed for carcass gain, in which animals supplemented with Bovaer 75 had greater gains than the control. Animals fed 75 and 100 mg/kg DM of Bovaer emitted respectively 33.7% and 42.7% less methane per se (g/d, P &lt; 0.01) compared with control, and additionally produced more hydrogen (P &lt; 0.01) vs control. There were significant reductions in the measured methane yield in relation to DMI (CH4: DMI, P &lt; 0.01) and methane intensity (CH4/ADG, P &lt; 0.01) for animals fed the two levels of Bovaer, in comparison with the control, as well as a significant difference in the reduction of CH4 in relation to the biological efficiency for the animals fed with Bovaer (P &lt; 0.01). We conclude that feeding Bovaer consistently reduces methane emission from feedlot cattle, in which the reduction intensity increased over the dosages evaluated in the current study.
PSVII-17 Differential Freeze/Thaw Rates Affect Water-Holding Capacity and Lipid Oxidation in Beef Rib Primal Cuts
Authors: Stafford Chandler , Taylor Mackenzie , Bird Troy , Matarneh Sulaiman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fresh meat is vulnerable to microbial contamination and loss of quality. Hence, freezing is used to mitigate these issues during transport and storage. However, freezing may negatively impact the same quality characteristics it was meant to preserve, resulting in products that are dissatisfying to the consumer. During the freezing process of meat, water forms ice crystals of various shapes and sizes. The degree of ice crystal growth, mainly due to the freezing rate, has been shown to affect several meat quality characteristics, including tenderness, juiciness, and color. Previous research has primarily evaluated the effect of freezing/thawing on the quality of beef retail cuts. To the best of our knowledge, however, minimal research has been devoted to examining the impact of freezing/thawing on the quality of beef primal and sub-primal cuts. Therefore, this study aimed to gain deeper insight into the histological, ultrastructural, and physiochemical changes occurring in whole beef ribs in response to different freezing/thawing treatments. To achieve our objective, we purchased 32 choice beef rib primals from a local harvest facility 24 h postmortem. Ribs were vacuum packaged and randomly divided into four groups (8 ribs/group). The first group was frozen in a −20 °C freezer (slow freezing), stored in the same freezer for 12 weeks, and thawed at 4 °C for 24 h (slow thawing). The second group was frozen in an ultralow temperature freezer (−80 °C; fast freezing), stored in the same freezer for 12 weeks, and thawed at 4 °C for 48 h. The third and fourth groups were frozen and stored in the same manner as groups one and two, respectively, but were thawed in a water bath (10 °C) for 8 h (fast thawing). Two 2.5-cm-steaks from the middle and each end were collected to represent the entire rib. One steak from each of the three areas was used for color, cook loss, and tenderness evaluation, while the other three supplied tissue for drip loss and lipid oxidation analysis. Data were analyzed using the mixed model of SAS with P ≤ 0.05 considered significant. No differences were observed in color or tenderness between the treatments (P &gt; 0.05). However, slow thawing increased drip loss, regardless of the freezing rate (P &lt; 0.05). Greater cook loss was observed in the fast frozen-slow thawed samples compared with fast frozen-fast thawed samples (P &lt; 0.05). The slow frozen-fast thawed steaks had greater lipid oxidation than the slow frozen-slow thawed treatment (P &lt; 0.05). In general, our data show that subjecting whole beef rib sections to fast freezing may reduce water loss at the expense of increased lipid oxidation. This demonstrates that additional research is needed to further optimize beef primal cut storage.
PSXI-22 Different Initial Body Weight and Dietary Supplementation of Tryptophan, Threonine, and Methionine on Feeding Behavior Index of Growing Pigs Under a Sanitary Challenge
Authors: da Valini Graziela Alves Cunha , Méthot Steve , Remus Aline , Hauschild Luciano 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sanitary challenges (SC) can affect growth and revenue of pig production. The reduction in growth performance result from a decrease in daily feed intake (DFI). Besides, feeding behavior patterns may be also affected for pigs under SC. The extent of this impact might depend on the initial body weight (BW) of pigs. Additionally, supplementing tryptophan (Trp), threonine (Thr), and methionine (Met) above NRC requirements may attenuate inflammation and modulates DFI under SC. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate initial BW variation and SC effect on feeding behavior of growing pigs fed supplemented diet with Trp, Thr, and Met at 100 or 120% of NRC recommended levels. Eighty gilts were categorized into two groups according to initial BW; light (23±0.8 kg) and heavy (29±1.0 kg). Both BW groups were group-housed for 14 days trial in a good or poor SC. Pigs within SC poor were orally inoculated with 2×109 CFU of Salmonella typhimurium, and fresh manure from a pig farm was spread on the floor. In contrast, pigs within SC good were not inoculated, nor was manure spread. Two diets (D) were provided within each SC: control (CN) or supplemented (AA+) diet with Trp, Thr, and Met:Lysine at 120% of NRC recommended levels. Pigs were individually fed through automatic feeders. Indexes of irregularity of feed intake (IIFI), meal duration (MD), and total intake (TI) were calculated based on real-time information registered by the feeders. For each pig, a monotonically increasing step function using relative cumulative DFI and relative time (after 14 days) was obtained, and linear regression models were fitted. The areas between the step function and the regression line were summed to obtain the IIFI. The means were compared using the MIXED procedure of SAS. There was an interaction for SCxD for TI, MD, and IIFI (P &lt; 0.10, Table 1). Pigs within good SC fed AA+ had lower TI and shorter MD than CN diet (P &lt; 0.05), however, pigs within poor SC fed CN or AA+ diet had no differences in TI and MD. Pigs within good SC fed AA+ had greater IIFI than CN diet, whereas pigs within poor SC fed CN had decreased IIFI than AA+ diet (P &lt; 0.05). Furthermore, BW influenced TI, and MD, as heavy pigs had a greater TI and MD than the light pigs (P = 0.01), with no changes in IIFI (P &gt; 0.10). Pigs in poor SC had a greater IIFI meaning they had fewer longer meals and greater DFI compared with pigs in good SC. Increasing Trp, Thr, and Met ratio influenced the pigs feeding behavior likely due to changes in TI. Additionally, the IIFI may be a tool to detect on set SC due to salmonella infection.
PSXIII-8 Effects of Dietary Lactobacillus Reuteri on Immune Responses, Blood Profiles, Intestinal Morphology, and Ileal Gene Expression of Weaned Pigs
Authors: Ha Sewon , Kyoung Hyunjin , Park Kyeong Il , Kim Yonghee , Ahn Jinmu , Lee Jae In , Nam Jinwook , Kim Kimoon , Kang Yonggu , Park Youngmin , Shin Ikcheol , Song Minho 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Weaning period is critical for gut health and immunity of pigs due to negative effect of weaning stress. Probiotics can be a potential alternative to antibiotics. However, there is limited information on potential mechanism of gut health and immunity of dietary Lactobacillus reuteri. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary Lactobacillus reuteri on immune responses, blood profiles, intestinal morphology, and ileal gene expression of weaned pigs. A total of 48 weaned pigs [average initial body weight (BW) = 6.51 ± 0.87 kg; 21 days old] were allotted to 2 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design (block: initial BW and sex). Dietary treatments had 6 replicate pens with 4 pigs per pen and fed for 4 weeks. Dietary treatments consisted of a basal weaner diet based on corn-soybean meal (CON) and CON supplemented with 0.02% Lactobacillus reuteri IDCC 3701 (LR). The LR was obtained from a commercial company (ILDONG Bioscience Co., Ltd., Pyeongtaek, Republic of Korea). Blood samples were collected from randomly selected one pig per pen on day 1, 7, 14, and 28. Serum was obtained from the blood sample to measure immune responses. On the last day of the experiment, the pigs were euthanized to collect small intestinal segments for intestinal morphology. Ileal mucosa were collected from ileal tissue for gene expression analysis. Measurements were serum cortisol, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) using ELISA kits, blood profiles using an automated hematology analyzer, intestinal morphology using hematoxylin and eosin method, and ileal gene expression of tight junction proteins and inflammatory cytokines using qRT-PCR. Data were analyzed by using PROC GLM of SAS. Experimental unit was a pen. Statistical model for immune responses, blood profiles, and intestinal morphology included dietary treatments as a main effect and initial BW as a covariate. The t-test was used for the comparison of ileal gene expression. Pigs fed LR had drecreased (P &lt; 0.05) serum TNF-α and IL-6 on day 7 and serum TGF-β1 on day 14 than those fed CON. In addition, pigs fed LR had greater (P &lt; 0.05) hemoglobin concentration on day 7 than those fed CON, but had reduced (P &lt; 0.05) hematocrit on day 14. Pigs fed LR had greater (P &lt; 0.05) villus height to crypt depth ratio in duodenum than those fed CON. The LR upregulated (P &lt; 0.05) claudin-1 gene compared with CON, but downregulated (P &lt; 0.05) interleukin-8 and TNF-α genes. In conclusion, addition of dietary Lactobacillus reuteri in weaner diets improved intestinal morphology, modulated blood profiles and immune responses, and gene expression of inflammatory cytokines.
PSIII-21 Effects of Supplementing Carinata Meal Compared with Cottonseed Meal on Performance, Intake, and Digestibility in Backgrounding Beef Heifers Consuming a Corn Silage-Based Diet
Authors: Schulmeister Tessa M , Tarnonsky Federico , Podversich Federico , Vargas Juan , Maderal Araceli B , Marenchino Ignacio Fernandez , Cuervo Wilmer , Lopez Camila Gomez , Gonella Angela M , Dubeux Jose C B , DiLorenzo Nicolas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The value of carinata, a non-food oilseed crop, has been demonstrated as a high-quality jet fuel alternative and successful cover crop in the southeastern U.S.; however, research is limited regarding carinata as an alternative for commonly used protein sources in livestock. Eighty-four Angus crossbred heifers were used in a generalized randomized block design to evaluate the effects of supplementing carinata meal compared with cottonseed meal on performance, intake, and digestibility in a backgrounding corn silage-based diet. Treatments included: corn silage only (CS), corn silage + Brassica carinata meal (BCM) at 10% (BCM10) or 20 % (BCM20) inclusion, or corn silage + cottonseed meal at 10% inclusion (CSM). Protein sources were mixed with corn silage prior to delivery and provided ad libitum, with individual intake measured using the GrowSafe system. Data were analyzed using Proc Glimmix of SAS. An effect of treatment was observed (P &lt; 0.01) for final body weight (BW), average daily gain, and gain to feed ratio, where CS was least. Dry matter intake (DMI; kg/d) was greatest (P = 0.01) for BCM10 compared with CS, yet BCM20 and CSM did not differ from CS or BCM10. No effect of treatment was observed on DMI as a percentage of BW (P = 0.35) or residual feed intake (P = 0.94). Heifers receiving CSM had the greatest (P &lt; 0.01) intake of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF). Intake of crude protein (CP; P &lt; 0.01) was least for CS and greatest for BCM20 and CSM, with BCM10 intermediate. Digestibility of all nutrients was least (P &lt; 0.01) for CS, and greatest (P &lt; 0.01) for BCM20 in CP and NDF, only, where BCM10 and CSM did not differ. Digestibility of DM, OM, and ADF was less (P &lt; 0.01) in BCM10, greater in BCM20, while CSM did not differ between BCM10 and BCM20. Carinata supplemented at 10% diet DM performed similarly to cottonseed meal in backgrounding beef heifers fed a corn silage-based diet, thereby enhancing its value in the southeastern U.S.
PSIII-28 A Novel Direct-Fed Microbial Supports in Vitro Intestinal Integrity Upon Clostridium Perfringens Challenge
Authors: Boll Erik Juncker , Cappellozza Bruno I , Copani Giuseppe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gastrointestinal pathogens cause productive, health, welfare, and financial losses to the beef cattle herd. Among these pathogens, Clostridium perfringens type A is of interest given its prevalence, negative effects on intestinal health, and subsequent losses caused in beef animals. Based on this rationale, we hypothesized that a novel direct-fed microbial (DFM) formulation would support the gut barrier integrity upon a challenge with C. perfringens type A. Therefore, our objective was to evaluate how a novel DFM can support the in vitro integrity of intestinal epithelial cell monolayers exposed to C. perfringens type A. Human cancer-derived epithelial intestinal Caco-2 cell monolayers were seeded in transwells for approximately 20 days. A DFM mixture containing Lactobacillus animalis, Propionibacterium freudenreichii, Bacillus licheniformis, and B. subtilis (BOVAMINE DEFEND Plus; Chr. Hansen A/S, Hørsholm, Denmark) was then administered to the apical side of the cell monolayers at 1.0 × 108 CFU/transwell. Then, C. perfringens type A (ATCC #13124) was added at 2.8 × 107 CFU/transwell. Transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) was measured over a 16-h period, after which area under the curve (AUC) was calculated. By itself, C. perfringens type A led to a TEER decrease that reached its lowest levels at 6.5 h post-pathogen administration. Overall mean decrease in TEER was in the order of 19.3% when compared with control cells. The DFM mixture supported the integrity of the intestinal cell monolayers both with and without the C. perfringens type A challenge, improving AUC by 24.5 and 19.1%, respectively, when compared with non-challenged control cells. In comparison with the negative control cells (C. perfringens-treated), improvements on AUC ranged from 45.6 to 39.4% vs. DFM and DFM + pathogen. In conclusion, these data support our hypothesis that a DFM mixture containing L. animalis, P. freudenreichii, B. licheniformis, and B. subtilis (BOVAMINE DEFEND Plus) supports the gut barrier integrity with or without the pathogenic challenge.