bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Review of Laws Having Racially Disparate Impacts
Authors: Wing Adrien Katherine 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Race discrimination is a global phenomenon. Sometimes, the behavior is intentional. In the U.S. context, the Fourteenth Amendment has been interpreted to protect against such activity. In many other circumstances, there is a racially discriminatory impact, that is, the behavior was not intentional. In the United States, the Civil Rights Act covers this type of discrimination. Other countries have grappled with how to handle racially disparate impact as well. The main case selection in this chapter, City Council of Pretoria v. Walker, illustrates how South Africa is handling the concept. That country is emerging from a recent history of de jure segregation against a black majority by the white minority. South Africa has a new Constitutional Court that is interpreting a new post-apartheid constitution with a detailed equality clause that covers both intentional and unintentional behavior. The Walker case implicates issues of race, class, housing segregation, and “reverse discrimination” in interesting ways, and raises the question of how the U.S. Supreme Court would handle a similar case. The notes discuss the experience of the U.S., Brazil, Canada, Europe, and international law.
46
Authors: Schachter Steven C , Krishnamurthy Kaarkuzhali Babu , Cantrell Deborah T Combs 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Epilepsy is so new to me that I don’t know what experiences merit sharing. At this time, there has been relatively minimal effect on the quality and substance of my life. Until this point, I’ve been fortunate to be in good health and not to take medication beyond an aspirin or acetaminophen here and there. It took a while to get adjusted to taking medication on a schedule and remembering to take it with me at the start of the day.
64
Authors: Schachter Steven C , Krishnamurthy Kaarkuzhali Babu , Cantrell Deborah T Combs 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
How many men does it take to change a light bulb? One—but the job will never get done. How many women does it take to change a light bulb? Many—but they will find the problem, make a plan, and get it done today. And they will work together while doing so!! How can we apply this riddle to our own lives with epilepsy? It means that if you have concerns about your health or the impact of your epilepsy on others, then you need to find out what the problem is, get help from others, find out the necessary information, figure out the problem, and address it!.
Introduction
Authors: Schachter Steven C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A seizure is usually defined as a sudden alteration of behavior due to a temporary change in the electrical functioning of the brain, in particular the outer layer of the brain called the cortex. Approxi-mately 1 percent of the population has recurrent seizures. When a person has recurrent seizures over a period of time, he or she is usually diagnosed with epilepsy. Seizures are the main symptoms of epilepsy and the main target for treatment. Seizures can take many different forms, as the descriptions in this book indicate.
Living with Epilepsy
Authors: Schachter Steven C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
I was diagnosed with epilepsy after being told for over ten years that I didn’t have it. It was very difficult for my parents to accept. And in some ways it was something that they did not want to really hear . . . because it made their daughter imperfect. In the end, my mother blamed herself, because she had lifted a dresser while she was only eight-plus months pregnant with me. Because of that I was born premature.
Epilepsy and Seizures in Children
Authors: Pellock John M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Epilepsy Defined Childhood epilepsy comes in many forms. An otherwise bright, alert, and very intelligent child may have only brief staring spells, whereas another child with other handicaps may have prolonged convulsions. Therefore, what epilepsy means to an individual depends on the person he or she knows or has heard about with epilepsy. Seizure types, their causes, and illnesses that may be associated with seizures all influence what we think about when we attempt to define epilepsy. A seizure is a symptom that the brain is malfunctioning. It is a clinical event. This malfunction may be transient and may never recur, or it may be the sign of a permanent disability that will bring many more seizures. Because different areas of the brain can produce seizures, they may take on very different characteristics in each child or adult. The term epilepsy is used to refer to a group of disorders marked by recurrent seizures. Most children with epilepsy have one or only a few types of seizures. As children grow and mature, the behavior that characterizes their seizures may vary. In some children, the seizures eventually disappear and they are said to have ‘‘grown out of their seizures.’’ The eventual course of a child’s epilepsy is frequently related to the cause of the seizures.
Pedagogy: South Kensington and the Provinces
Authors: Siegel Jonah 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
While the British Museum and the National Gallery were the sites to which the imagination of a total centralized collection tended to return through most of the nineteenth century, the period saw the emergence of other important institutions established to satisfy the same goal. The South Kensington Museum, identified from the outset by its location far from the center of the city, manifested the museal aspirations of the era unconstrained by the limits of a traditional site, collection, or structure. Founded by the sponsors of the Great Exhibition with funds remaining from that venture, the institution was driven from the outset by clearly articulated pedagogic aims. However, while Henry Cole emphasizes his commitment to transparency and openness in the brief extract that opens this selection, the institution that later became the Victoria and Albert Museum was not likely to escape the threat of confusion and surfeit liable to afflict a national storehouse or treasury that came to include a number of quite distinct collections. As the four-part series from Leisure Hour, “The South Kensington Museum” (1859), demonstrates, the modern museum is as subject to becoming overwhelmingly heterogeneous as its more oldfashioned predecessors.
Making The Birth of a Nation
Authors: Stokes Melvyn 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
If there ever was a scenario for shooting The Birth of a Nation, it disappeared a long time ago. Raymond Allen Cook claims that sometime in early 1914, Dixon and Griffith spent several weeks working on such a scenario in a loft in New York’s Union Square. This may be true, although Dixon’s demands for financial compensation for the rights to his work (and dissatisfaction when the full amount was not forthcoming) make it unlikely. In any case, there was probably already a scenario of sorts, the one prepared by Frank E. Woods in 1912 for the unsuccessful Kinemacolor version of The Clansman. Early prints of The Birth of a Nation contain a credit for a “Story by D. W. Griffith and Frank E. Woods.” The film’s copyright also jointly credited the scenario to Griffith and Woods. What appears most likely is that Griffith and Woods worked closely together as they had at Biograph to refashion Dixon’s novels (with some additional material from his play) into a narrative treatment that could be used at the start of filming.
Transforming the American Movie Audience
Authors: Stokes Melvyn 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
On February 18, 1915, The Birth of a Nation became the first motion picture ever to be shown in the White House. Operators wearing full evening dress utilized two Simplex machines to project the film onto the white wooden panels of the East Room. The screening was a personal favor by President Woodrow Wilson to Thomas Dixon Jr., a former classmate and longtime friend. Invited by Dixon to view Griffith’s film, the president had only one objection, and that was practical: he could not accept social invitations because he was still officially in mourning for his wife, Ellen Axson Wilson, who had died a few months earlier. To get around this difficulty, Dixon suggested exhibiting the film at the White House, where the president, his daughters, and some members of the cabinet would be able to view it. There is a legend (one of many that would grow up around this movie) that at the end of the showing, Wilson remarked: “It is like writing history with lightning. And my only regret is that it is all so terribly true.” He may have said this. After all, the film’s view of the Civil War and Reconstruction periods was not too different from Wilson’s own (his historical writings were several times quoted in the film’s intertitles). Moreover, it is unlikely that the Southern-born Wilson (who, as president, had extended segregation to all departments of the federal government) was bothered by the film’s rampant racism. But there seems to be no contemporary reference for the remark. In 1977, when the only survivor of the White House screening was interviewed, she recalled that the president “seemed lost in thought during the showing” and “walked out of the room without saying a word when the movie was over.”
Optical Coherence Tomography in the Management of Diabetic Retinopathy
Authors: Moshfeghi Andrew A , Scott Ingrid U , Flynn Harry W , Puliafito Carmen A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a noninvasive test that evaluates diabetic retinopathy both quantitatively and qualitatively. Time-domain (Stratus OCT) Spectral-domain (Fourier domain OCT) Retinal thickness evaluation with OCT is often inversely correlated with visual acuity in patients with diabetic macular edema, although this association has been reported to be modest. OCT abnormalities due to diabetic retinopathy include the following: Cystoid macular edema Vitreoretinal traction and posterior hyaloid abnormalities Subretinal Luid OCT is useful to monitor the clinical course as well as the response to treatment. Laser photocoagulation Intravitreal pharmacotherapies Intravitreal steroids Intravitreal vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors Vitreoretinal surgery Correlation of clinical examination, Luorescein angiography, and OCT Endings can provide a comprehensive assessment and understanding of visual dysfunction in patients with diabetic retinopathy.
E
Authors: Campbell Robert Jean 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
EAA Excitatory amino acid (neurotransmitter), including aspartate and glutamate (q.v.). At least three different subtypes of EAA receptors are known: (1) the NMDA receptor (q.v.), which is activated by NMDA and also by ibotenate, glutamate, and aspartate; (2) the kainate receptor, which is activated by kainate and also by glutamate and quisqualate; and (3) the AMPA receptor, which is activated by AMPA and also by glutamate and quisqualate. See excitotoxicity.
EAAT2 Excitatory amino acid transporter-2, the promotor of a gene for the major glutamate transporter in CNS. See glutamate.
EAATs Excitatory amino-acid transporters, a family of membrane proteins essential to glutamate uptake (q.v.). EAAT1 and EAAT2 are predominantly glial and are found in the hippocampus. EAAT3 is expressed in neurons of the hippocampus and elsewhere in the brain. EAAT4 and EAAT5 are also neuronal; the former is found in Pukinje cells in the cerebellum, the latter in the retina.
EAP Employee assistance program (q.v.).
ear pulling Pulling of the ears is believed by Kanner to be a substitute for thumb-sucking; in psychoanalysis it is believed to be a masturbatory equivalent.
Earle, Pliny (1809–1892) American psychiatrist; hospital administration; in 1877 published statistical study entitled The Curability of Insanity.
early infantile autism See autistic disorder.
H
Authors: Campbell Robert Jean 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
HAART Highly Active Anti Retroviral Therapy; also known as cart (combination antiretroviral therapy). Available since 1996, HAART uses multiple (three or more) antiretroviral drugs, typically from at least two classes, to suppress human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication. Multiple classes are required because new mutations—including those that confer resistance to single drugs or classes—arise at prodigious rates and are “archived “ in the form of proviral DNA. See microglia. Additionally, by reducing plasma viral replication to undetectable levels, HAART curbs CD4+ T lymphocyte destruction, a major pathogenic feature of HIV disease. This partially restores immune function and impedes disease progression, but it does not eliminate the virus. The person infected with HIV must take medications for life (Ellis, R. et al. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 8: 33–44, 2007). See pill fatigue; risk-taking behavior; STIs.
J
Authors: Campbell Robert Jean 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Jack the Clipper The designation given to any person with a morbid propensity to clip hair or braids of girls; the name was first used in reference to a man in Chicago who for several years carried on the practice.
Jack the Ripper According to some, a London physician, an epileptic, who over a period of years during the 1880s committed brutal murders, presumably while in a postictal fugue state.
jacknife spasms See infantile spasms.
Jackson, John Hughlings (1834–1911) British neurologist; epilepsy, aphasia, dissolution, and disinhibition processes in brain damage.
Jackson law According to Hughlings Jackson ‘s concept of the hierarchic development of mental functions, when there is organic brain disease the higher (i.e., the more complex and more recently developed) centers will be paralyzed or affected first, and the lower centers will resist deterioration the longest.
Jackson syndrome A bulbar syndrome due to involvement of the vagus, spinal accessory, and hypoglossal nerves. Symptoms are homolateral paralysis of the soft palate, pharynx, and larynx; homolateral paralysis of the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles; and homolateral paralysis and atrophy of the tongue.
Jacksonian epilepsy A variant of grand mal epilepsy (q.v.) described by J. H. Jackson. The convulsion begins with clonic movements, which increase in severity and spread (the “cortical march ‘ ‘) to involve large segments of the limb, then the other limb on the same side, then the face, and finally sometimes the other side, at which point consciousness is usually lost. The spread is along anatomical and/or physiological lines, and this type of epilepsy almost always indicates organic disease of the precentral cortex.
W
Authors: Campbell Robert Jean 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Wada dominance test A method for determining the side of cerebral dominance by intracarotid injection of amobarbital, introduced by J. Wada in 1949.
waddling gait Clumsy gait, seen in dislocation of the hip and in muscular dystrophies with hip weakness. The weakness necessitates use of the trunk muscles in walking, so that the patient rolls from side to side as he walks.
Wagner, Ernst A famous patient in European psychiatry who is an example of the classic concept of paranoia. Wagner was a teacher who, at age 27, committed an undisclosed sexual act with animals. The next day, and for the rest of his life, he developed the conviction that other people knew what he had done and were mocking him. This led to a sensational mass murder in 1913 (when he was 38) that included his wife, his children, and 8 others from his village; he wounded 12 others and burned down several buildings.
Z
Authors: Campbell Robert Jean 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Zeitgeber See rhythms, biological.
zelophobia Fear of jealousy.
zelotypia Zealotry; excessive zeal, carried to the verge of insanity, in the advocacy of any cause. Zelotypia is sometimes an expression of schizoidia (q.v.).
Zieve syndrome Transient hyperlipemia, jaundice, and hemolytic anemia associated with alcoholic fatty liver and cirrhosis, probably caused by specific damage to the alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans and to the liver; in most cases, upper abdominal pain is so severe that an operable condition is suspected.
zinc Zn; a metallic element with the atomic number 30.
The Child Who Hurts All Over
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Children who complain of constant pain are a source of great concern for both parents and physicians. While there are many possible explanations, these symptoms may be the first indication of rheumatic or other serious diseases. Parents who are concerned should schedule a full physical examination, making sure the staff knows this is not a routine physical. Your child is far more likely to get the care he or she needs if your physician knows why you are coming and is thinking about the problem in advance.
Dermatomyositis and Polymyositis
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Dermatomyositis in childhood is characterized by weakness of the proximal muscles (those muscles closest to the trunk) and rash. In most cases the disease begins slowly, with the gradual onset of progressive weakness. However, a small percentage of cases begin with dramatic fever, rash, elevated muscle enzymes, and profound weakness. Dermatomyositis may begin in any age group, sometimes affecting very young children and at other times teenagers. The dermatomyositis that occurs in adults appears to be different from the disease in childhood. The key to the diagnosis of dermatomyositis is recognition of progressive muscle weakness involving the upper arms and upper legs to a much greater degree than the hands and feet. It is always associated with a rash, usually on the upper eyelids and over the elbows and knees.
Sports Injuries
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
I often evaluate children who have significant athletic ability and chronic pain. One of these was a young girl who was training for the Olympics. Tania had grown up in Eastern Europe, and because of her talent she had been selected to come to the United States to work with a famous coach in preparation for the next Olympics. Her family stopped to see me in New York on their way to the training program because she had “minor knee pain.” When I took the history, I found that Tania’s knee pain had begun over a year ago. At first it occurred only when she worked out, but with time it became more persistent. Her family was very proud, saying, “She works out six days a week, many hours each day despite the pain.” Unfortunately, careful evaluation revealed that Tania had permanently damaged the bone in her leg (proximal tibia). Her dedication in continuing to practice despite the pain did not lead to the Olympics; it led to surgery and the end of her career. Had Tania stopped and been evaluated sooner, the diagnosis of benign hypermobile joint syndrome could have been made, the permanent injury could have been prevented, and her athletic career might have been saved.
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Margaret was fourteen years old when I met her. She did well in junior high school but seemed lazy over the summer before starting high school. When high school began, she did not seem to be making new friends and complained of being tired. School was hard. Her family just assumed that she needed to get used to high school. As the semester progressed, she seemed to be spending more time in her room. Her parents got phone calls reporting that she was not performing well in school, and her grades were poor. She was losing weight, irritable, and disinterested. By December there were questions about drug use, difficulty adjusting to the new school, and so on.
In January the school requested a psychiatric evaluation. The psychiatrist asked for a pediatric evaluation. Fortunately, the pediatrician ran a full set of blood tests and found that Margaret was anemic, with an elevated ESR and a positive ANA test. She was referred to my office. When I walked into the room and shook her hand, she cried because her hands hurt when I squeezed. She had not realized that she had arthritis. She had no rash, but her blood and urine tests confirmed the presence of systemic lupus erythematosus. As I write this, I saw Margaret yesterday. It’s eight years later, and she is finishing college and doing very well. She wants to teach English.
Osteoporosis and Osteopenia
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Charlotte was twenty-one years old when I first met her. She had been cared for by another rheumatologist for many years but was referred to me because of her need for joint replacement surgery. She was diagnosed with JA at the age of twelve years and treated with corticosteroids when her disease did not respond to NSAIDs. She felt much better with the corticosteroids and was able to attend school and go on to college. During the college years, Charlotte was away from home and managed her own medications. Although she was officially on a low dose of corticosteroids, she freely admitted that when she felt stiff or sore she took extra doses. Charlotte completed college with honors and planned to go on to graduate school. However, she had fallen and fractured her femur. X-rays revealed that she had severe diffuse osteoporosis. Over the next few years, she suffered multiple fractures. She has never been able to attend graduate school.
Alternative Medicine: Vitamins and Supplements
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Whenever I finish explaining a new medication and a parent asks, “Is there another choice?” I know that something is worrying the parent. One of the biggest problems in medicine is fear of side effects, and in talking to parents, I often make a comparison to flying. When you board the airplane and the flight attendant talks about the life jacket under the seat in front of you, you cannot help but think, “If there’s a real chance we’re going to land in the water, I’m getting off this plane.” Surely, the flight attendant feels the same way. However, the government requires that passengers be informed about the life jacket and other safety precautions. Similarly, physicians are required to tell patients about the possible side effects of medications. If they thought there would be any serious ones, they would not prescribe the medicine. However, physicians and flight attendants are required to give patients and passengers this information, because no one knows for sure when something might go wrong.
Reconstructive Surgery
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Rebecca’s parents were very nervous. Rebecca had severe arthritis that had affected her hips. Despite taking multiple medications from a variety of physicians, things had slowly gotten worse over the past year. Now Rebecca was in my office. She and her parents had hoped that I would have a medication to reverse all of her problems and allow her to walk normally again. Unfortunately, it wasn’t so. Rebecca’s hip pain was so bad that she rarely ventured out of the house except to go to school. She had begun to use a wheelchair to get from class to class. Careful review of her X-rays made it clear that medications would cause no improvement. Rebecca needed hip replacements.