bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Three-dimensional hindlimb kinematics of water running in the plumed basilisk lizard (Basiliscus plumifrons)
Authors: Hsieh S. Tonia 
Published: October 2003

SUMMARYMuch of what is known about tetrapod locomotion is based upon movement over solid surfaces. Yet in the wild, animals are forced to move over substrates with widely varying properties. Basilisk lizards are unique in their ability to run across water from the time they hatch to adulthood. Previous studies have developed mechanical models or presented theoretical analyses of running across water, but no detailed kinematic descriptions of limb motion are currently available. The present study reports the first three-dimensional kinematic descriptions of plumed basilisk lizards (Basiliscus plumifrons) running across water, from hatchling (2.8 g) to adult (78 g)size range. Basilisks ran on a 4.6 m-long water track and were filmed with two synchronized high-speed cameras at 250 frames s–1 and 1/1250 s shutter speed. All coordinates were transformed into three dimensions using direct linear transformation. Seventy-six kinematic variables and six morphological variables were measured or calculated to describe the motion of the hindlimb, but only 32 variables most relevant to kinematic motion are presented here.Kinematic variation among individuals was primarily related to size differences rather than sprint speed. Although basilisk lizards applied some of the same strategies to increase running velocity across water as other tetrapods do on land, their overall kinematics differ dramatically. The feet exhibit much greater medio-lateral excursions while running through water than do those of other lizards while running on land. Also, whereas the hindlimb kinematics of other lizards on land are typically symmetrical (i.e. limb excursions anterior to the hip are of similar magnitude to the limb excursions aft of the hip), basilisks running through water exhibit much greater excursions aft than they do anterior to the hip. Finally, ankle and knee flexion in early stance is a defining feature of a tetrapod step during terrestrial locomotion; yet this characteristic is missing in aquatic basilisk running. This may indicate that the basilisk limb acts primarily as a force producer – as opposed to a spring element – when locomoting on a highly damping surface such as water.
Intrapopulational variation in the standard metabolic rate of insects:repeatability, thermal dependence and sensitivity (Q10) of oxygen consumption in a cricket
Authors: Nespolo R. F. , Lardies M. A. , Bozinovic F. 
Published: October 2003

SUMMARYStudies focusing on physiological variation among individuals, and its possible evolutionary consequences, are scarce. A trait can only be a target of natural selection if it is consistent over time, that is, a trait must be repeatable. In ectotherms it has been suggested that standard metabolic rate(MR) is related to Darwinian fitness, since it reflects energy usage and expenditure. The metabolic rate of the cricket Hophlosphyrum griseuswas determined at three ambient temperatures. Repeatability of MR was estimated by product–moment correlation on residuals of body mass, as well as the thermal sensitivity of MR on an individual basis (individual Q10). The MR of H. griseus was significantly repeatable(r=0.53) and highly dependent on ambient temperature, and its sensitivity (Q10) was dependent on the temperature range. Our estimation of MR repeatability was high in comparison to published studies in vertebrates. Ours is the second report of repeatability (i.e. consistency over time of an individual's performance ranking within a population) of any aspect of energy metabolism in an insect, and also the first study to report significant repeatability of MR.Individual Q10 values revealed important interindividual variation, which reflects the existence of intrapopulational variability in the thermal sensitivity of MR. In addition, individual Q10 values were negatively correlated between temperature ranges. This means that crickets having low Q10 at low temperatures, presented high Q10 at high temperatures, and vice versa. Our results suggest that MR could be of selective value in insects, showing consistency over time and intrapopulational variability in its thermal dependence. Nevertheless, its heritability remains to be determined.
Motor control of locomotor hindlimb posture in the American alligator(Alligator mississippiensis)
Authors: Reilly Stephen M. , Blob Richard W. 
Published: October 2003

SUMMARYCrocodilians are unusual among quadrupedal tetrapods in their frequent use of a wide variety of hindlimb postures, ranging from sprawling to a more erect high walk. In this study, we use synchronized kinematic videos and electromyographic recordings to test how the activity patterns of hindlimb muscles in American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis Daudin)differ between sprawling and more upright postures.Previous force platform analyses suggested that upright posture in alligators would require greater activation by hindlimb extensors to counter increases in the flexor moments exerted about joints by the ground reaction force during upright stance. Consistent with these predictions, ankle extensors (gastrocnemius) and knee extensors (femorotibialis internus and iliotibialis 2) exhibit increases in signal intensity during the use of more upright stance. Bone loading data also predicted that activation patterns for hip adductors spanning the length of the femur would not differ between sprawling and more upright posture. Correspondingly, motor patterns of the adductor femoris were not altered as posture became more upright. However, the adductor puboischiofemoralis externus 3, which inserts far proximally on the femur, displays significant increases in burst intensity that could contribute to the greater femoral adduction that is integral to upright posture.In contrast to patterns in alligators, in mammals EMG burst intensity typically decreases during the use of upright posture. This difference in the motor control of limb posture between these taxa may be related to differences in the relative sizes of their feet. Alligator feet are large relative to the hindlimb and, as a result, the ground reaction force shifts farther from the limb joints during upright steps than in mammals, increasing flexor moments at joints and requiring alligator extensor muscles to exert greater forces to keep the limb in equilibrium. However, several alligator hindlimb muscles show no differences in motor pattern between sprawling and upright posture. The wide range of motor pattern modulations between different postures in alligators suggests considerable independence of neural control among the muscles of the alligator hindlimb.
Propulsive impulse as a covarying performance measure in the comparison of the kinematics of swimming and jumping in frogs
Authors: Nauwelaerts Sandra , Aerts Peter 
Published: October 2003

SUMMARYAnimals have to modulate their locomotor behavior according to changes in external circumstances. The locomotor requirements are expected to be most extreme for species that move through different physical environments, such as water versus land.In this study, we examine the use of the propulsive impulse as a covariate in the comparison of the kinematics of locomotion of a semi-aquatic frog Rana esculenta, across land and through water. We focused on the propulsive phase because it is functionally the most significant phase of the locomotor cycle in both jumping and swimming, and it is also the most comparable.The frog alters the joint angles of its legs in order to adjust its performance (i.e. impulse) within both locomotor modes. The kinematics and this modulation of the propulsive phase differ between the two modes; however,we found that the impulse ranges of swimming and jumping do not fully overlap. Possible explanations for this include larger lateral forces during swimming,a reduced force transmission due to a lower external load during swimming and reduced muscle recruitment due to differences in coordination patterns.
Merocyanine-dye-sensitized Photoinitiator Generating a Free-radical via an Intramolecular Electron-transfer Process
Authors: Kawamura Koichi 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Dye-linked initiators, in which merocyanine 1 and bis(trichloromethyl)-1,3,5-triazine 2 were linked by a different number of methylene chains, were synthesized. The linked initiators were found to be much more effective in the polymerization of acrylates than a simple mixture of the dye/initiator in photopolymer coatings upon irradiation at 430-nm wavelength.
Reaction of Stable Sulfenic and Selenenic Acids Containing a Bowl-type Steric Protection Group with a Phosphine. Elucidation of the Mechanism of Reduction of Sulfenic and Selenenic Acids
Authors: Goto Kei , Shimada Keiichi , Nagahama Michiko , Okazaki Renji , Kawashima Takayuki 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The mechanism of the reduction of the stable sulfenic acid 1 and selenenic acid 2 containing a bowl-type steric protection group by triphenylphosphine was elucidated by tracer studies using H218O. It was found that the initial step of the reaction involves the attack of the phosphine on the sulfur or selenium atom of 1 and 2, respectively, in contrast with the reduction of hydroperoxides by a phosphine, where the initial attack occurs on the hydroxylic oxygen.
Immobilization of Colloidal Crystals, Formed from Polymer-modified Silica in Organic Solvent, in Polymer Gel with Radical Polymerization
Authors: Yoshinaga Kohji , Fujiwara Kumiko , Tanaka Yasuyuki , Nakanishi Mikiko , Takesue Masafumi 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Radical copolymerization of methyl methacrylate and 1,2-dimethacryloyloxyethane in acetonitrile solution containing colloidal crystals of poly(methyl methacrylate)-grafted silica afforded polymer gels involving the particle arrays.
Novel Structural Transformation around Ln(III) and Unusual Bending of Acetylacetonato Chelate in A Series of New 3d–4f Dinuclear Complexes [(hfac)3Ln(μ-bpypz)Cr(acac)2]
Authors: Kawahata Ryouji , Tsukuda Toshiaki , Yagi Takashi , Subhan Md Abdus , Nakata Hiroyasu , Fuyuhiro Akira , Kaizaki Sumio 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
A new series of discrete [(hfac)3Ln(μ-bpypz)Cr(acac)2] dinuclear complexes has demonstrated the novel LnIII ion size depedent structural transformation around LnIII as well as diastereospecifically assembled chiral configuration along with the unusual bending of the acetylacetonate chelate ring in CrIII.
Physical Aspects of Process Control in Selective Laser Sintering of Metals
Authors: Das S. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractDirect selective laser sintering (SLS) is a layered manufacturing technique that can produce fully dense, functional components in high performance metals. In this review paper, a first step is taken towards identifying and understanding some of the important physical mechanisms in direct SLS. This study not only provides an insight into phenomena observed during direct SLS processing of a variety of metallic materials but also helps in selecting those materials that are most amenable to direct SLS processing. The physical mechanisms discussed include oxidation, non‐equilibrium wetting, epitaxial solidification, metal vaporization, and oxide purification. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for the design of direct SLS machines, process development, and process control.
Investigation of the Correlation between Texture and Microstrucure on a Submicrometer Scale in the TEM
Authors: Zaefferer S. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractIn recent years the investigation of local texture and microstructure by analysis of electron backscatter diffraction patterns (EBSP) in the SEM has become a very powerful and popular method. With the introduction of SEM with field emission guns (FEG) the spatial resolution of EBSP measurements could be enhanced from 500 nm with a tungsten emitter to better than 50 nm. This evolution of SEM techniques raises the question whether transmission electron microscopy (TEM) still has fields of application in texture research. The present article answers this question with a clear “yes” and presents three examples of investigations where TEM is indispensable. The three examples comprise the investigation of the correlation between dislocation structure and deformation texture, a study on nucleation mechanisms of recrystallization in highly deformed metals and the investigation of microtexture and microstructure in nanocrystalline materials. Together with the presentation of these cases some of the necessary measurement techniques are described briefly. It is shown that TEM has to be applied when highest spatial resolution of orientation determination and imaging and high accuracy of orientation determination are to be reached, when the three‐dimensional and quantitative characterization of lattice defects is required or when materials with a high density of lattice defects are to be investigated.
Materials Aspects of Photonic Crystals
Authors: López C. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractPhotonics, the technology of photons (as electronics is the technology of electrons), promises to be the new century's driving force in the advancement of, mainly but not only, information technology, such as communications and computing. This technology was initiated with the advent of lasers and optical fibers that, for various reasons, embody the best choice of source and channel of the information carrier: the photon. If the parallel with electronics is to be further pursued, one soon realizes that many more components are needed not only in the transport section of the technology but also, and principally, in the logic section: signal processing. An answer is promised to many of these demands by the potentiality of the new photonics era: photonic bandgap (PBG) materials, otherwise known as photonic crystals (PCs). In the present review a general perspective is presented on the state of the art in PC technology providing a broad audience‐oriented description of fundamentals and properties.
Can Carbon Nanotubes be Considered Useful Tools for Biological Applications?
Authors: Bianco A. , Prato M. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractCarbon nanotubes can be made soluble in both organic solvents and in aqueous solutions by organic functionalization. In particular, soluble carbon nanotubes can be further derivatized by coupling with amino acids and bioactive peptides. Immobilization of peptides to the external walls of carbon nanotubes may find interesting applications in diagnostics, vaccine and drug delivery, or multipresentation of bioactive molecules.
Prevalence of overweight among adolescent females in the United Arab Emirates
Authors: Al‐Hourani Huda M. , Henry C. Jeya K. , Lightowler Helen J. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe purpose of the study was to investigate the prevalence of overweight in adolescent females in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). A total of 898 females, ages 11–18 years, were recruited from five of the seven Emirates with the highest resident Emirati population. Height, weight, triceps skinfold thickness (TSF), and mid‐upper‐arm circumference were measured in each subject. Reference data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) were used for comparison. At risk for overweight or overweight were defined as a body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) ≥85–95th percentile and ≥95th percentile, respectively. Mean values for BMI and TSF at all ages were higher than the 50th percentile (median) of the NHANES reference data. Using the BMI classification, 14% and 9% of all subjects were classified as at risk for overweight or overweight, respectively. The proportion of subjects at risk for overweight ranged between 7–19% and the prevalence of overweight ranged between 6–15%. The proportion of subjects with a BMI ≥85 percentile ranged from 15% at age 17 years to 33% at age 11 years. Furthermore, 27% and 28% of subjects ages 11 and 12 years, respectively, were above the TSF 90th percentile. These two age groups also showed a high prevalence of overweight using the BMI classification. In conclusion, the findings from our study suggest that a high proportion of adolescent females in the UAE are overweight or at risk for overweight. The consequences of this are a serious concern for public health and need to be addressed. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 15:758–764, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Decline in enamel hypoplasia in relation to fluoridation in Australians
Authors: Corruccini R.S. , Townsend G.C. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractEnamel hypoplasias are thought to represent calcification disruption indicative of metabolic stress during development. Hypoplasias of permanent maxillary central incisors and mandibular canines have undergone a notable reduction in frequency between Euro‐Australian twins born around 1965 and those born ca. 1990. Even when scored very liberally these linear defects are 3.1–4.6 times as prevalent in the earlier Australians, and the discrepancy is proportionately greater among strictly scored defects. Likely correlates of this secular trend logically include reduced childhood fevers and clinical intervention to reduce circum‐natal stresses acting on cotwins. However, fluoridation of metropolitan water has emerged as the statistically strongest hypoplasia‐preventing factor. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 15:795–799, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Historical genetics: Spatiotemporal analysis of the formation of the Brazilian population
Authors: Callegari‐Jacques Sidia M. , Grattapaglia Dario , Salzano Francisco M. , Salamoni Sabrina P. , Crossetti Shaiane G. , Ferreira Márcio E. , Hutz Mara H. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractA total of 1,037 individuals living in five different sociogeographic regions of Brazil were studied in relation to 12 short tandem repeat polymorphisms. The objective was to assess the degree of European, African, and Amerindian contributions to their gene pools. Although most of the genetic variability was found within regions, significant differences were also observed between regions. The estimated relative proportions of the above‐indicated continental contributions showed intermediate values between those obtained with uniparental (mtDNA, Y‐chromosome) data, and a higher percentage of European heritage as compared to previous autosome results. A north–south trend of increasing European contribution was also found, in agreement with the history of the Brazilian population. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 15:824–834, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Patterns for the initiation of breastfeeding in humans
Authors: Holman Darryl J. , Grimes Michael A. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractEstablishment of lactation has important biological and emotional health consequences for the newborn. Even so, substantial variation within a culture and among different cultures is seen in the onset of breastfeeding. Parametric mixture models are used to explore this variation and to uncover general human patterns for the initiation of breastfeeding. The model components reflect two hypothesized patterns of behavior. The first component is a “natural” pattern of breastfeeding that reflects, to some extent, a general mammalian behavior. The second component arises through culturally mediated behaviors that affect the initiation of breastfeeding. The model was fit by maximum likelihood to interval‐ and right‐censored observations on 26,220 mother–infant pairs collected from 25 previously published studies of breastfeeding behavior. Both model components were clearly statistically identified. Effects of cultural and geographic covariates were found to have significant effects on all components of the model. Although there is clear evidence for two distinct patterns of behavior in the initiation of breastfeeding, the results suggest that learned behaviors play an important role in mediating even “natural” breastfeeding behavior. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 15:765–780, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Significant linkage to chromosome 22q for exploratory eye movement dysfunction in schizophrenia
Authors: Takahashi Sakae , Ohtsuki Tsuyuka , Yu Shun‐Ying , Tanabe Ei‐ichi , Yara Kazuo , Kamioka Masashi , Matsushima Eisuke , Matsuura Masato , Ishikawa Koichi , Minowa Yousuke , Noguchi Emiko , Nakayama Junko , Yamakawa‐Kobayashi Kimiko , Arinami Tadao , Kojima Takuya 
Published: October 2003

AbstractA genome‐wide scan for a locus responsible for exploratory eye movement (EEM), which is quantitative and can be disturbed in association with schizophrenia, was performed. A 10‐cM resolution genome‐wide linkage analysis of the EEM disturbance with 358 highly polymorphic microsatellite markers in 38 nuclear families with 122 members (38 probands, 47 sibs, and 37 parents) including 58 sib‐pairs yielded the suggestive linkage to the GCT10C10 marker on chromosome 22q11.2 (LOD = 2.48). Dense mapping with additional markers around the GCT10C10 marker yielded evidence for significant linkage between EEM disturbance and markers D22S429 and D22S310 on chromosome 22q12.1 (LOD score of 4.63) with suggestive evidence for the chromosome region 22q11.2–q12.1. Our findings suggest that a relatively small number of loci may control the schizophrenia‐related quantitative EEM trait. We believe that identifying gene(s) on chromosome 22q associated with the EEM phenotype may forward our understanding of the etiology of schizophrenia. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Polymorphism Screening of PIP5K2A: A Candidate Gene for Chromosome 10p‐Linked Psychiatric Disorders
Authors: Stopkova Pavla , Saito Takuya , Fann Cathy S.J. , Papolos Demitri F. , Vevera Jan , Paclt Ivo , Zukov Ilja , Stryjer Rafael , Strous Rael D. , Lachman Herbert M. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractLithium is a potent noncompetitive inhibitor of inositol monophosphatases, enzymes involved in phosphoinositide (PI) and inositol phosphate metabolism. A critical component of the PI pathway is phosphatidylinositol 4,5‐bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P2), which is hydrolyzed to second messengers and has a direct role in synaptic vesicle function. Interestingly, a number of genes involved in the synthesis and dephosphorylation of PtdIns(4,5)P2are found in regions of the genome previously mapped in bipolar disorder (BD) including 10p12, 21q22, and 22q11, among others. Some of these regions overlap with loci mapped in schizophrenia (SZ). One gene involved in PI metabolism that maps to a region of interest is 10p12‐linkedPIP5K2A, a member of the phosphatidylinositol 4‐phosphate 5‐kinase family. Polymorphism screening revealed the existence of an imperfect CT repeat polymorphism located near the exon 9‐intron 9 splice donor site. A modest difference was found in the distribution of alleles from this highly polymorphic variant when bipolar and schizophrenic subjects were compared with controls; relatively rare short repeat variants were found more commonly in patients and homozygosity for a common long repeat variant was found more commonly in controls. These data suggest that the imperfect CT repeat inPIP5K2Aintron 9 should be further investigated as a possible candidate allele for 10p12‐linked psychiatric disorders. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.