bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Capital Sins
Authors: Aquinas Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It seems that there are seven capital sins, for Gregory says in his work Morals: “There are seven chief sins, namely, vainglory, envy, anger, spiritual apathy, avarice, gluttony, and lust.” But there are not, for the following reasons: We seem to call sins capital from which other sins arise. But all sins arise from one or two sins. For 1 Tim. 6:10 says: “Covetousness is the root of all evils.” And Sir. 10:15 says: “Pride is the origin of all sin.” Therefore, there are not seven capital sins. People have said that the Apostle in 1 Tim. 6:10 is speaking about covetousness to signify a general disorder of desire, not a special kind of sin. But covetousness as a special kind of sin is the inordinate desire of riches that we call avarice. And the Apostle is speaking in the cited text about such covetousness, which is evident from what he says in 1 Tim. 6:9: “Those who wish to become rich fall into temptation and the snare of the devil.” Therefore, the covetousness that is the root of all evils is a special kind of sin.
On Vainglory
Authors: Aquinas Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It seems that vainglory is not, for the following reasons: Vainglory consists of persons wishing their good deeds to be apparent to others. But this is praiseworthy rather than a sin. For Mt. 5:16 says: “Let your light shine before human beings, so that they see your good works.” Therefore, vainglory is not a sin. The desire for vainglory consists of persons seeking that human beings praise their good deeds. But the Apostle in Rom. 12:17 commands this of us: “Provide good deeds both in the sight of God and in the sight of all human beings.” Therefore, vainglory is not a sin. Every sin consists of the disorder of a natural appetite. But vainglory does not seek anything that is not naturally desirable, since it is by nature desirable that human beings know truth, and that they themselves be known. Therefore, vainglory is not a sin.
On Avarice
Authors: Aquinas Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It seems that avarice is not, for the following reasons: 1.Every special kind of sin has a special kind of matter, since the objects of moral acts always determine the species of the acts. But avarice has a general, not a special, kind of matter, for Augustine says in his work On Free Choice: “We should understand ava-rice, which is called philarguria in Greek, both regarding silver or coins and regarding all immoderately desired things whenever one at all wants more than is sufficient.”1 Therefore, avarice is not a special kind of sin. What includes in itself different kinds of sins is not a special kind of sin. But avarice includes in itself different kinds of sins, since even pride, which is the disordered desire for pre-eminence, is included in avarice. For Gregory in a homily on Mt. 4:1, “Jesus was led,” etc., says: “There is avarice not only for money but also for high position when one desires a status above one’s measure.”2 Therefore, avarice is not a special kind of sin. Cicero says that “avarice is the immoderate love of possessing.”3 But we are said to possess everything that belongs to us, both our substantial parts and our qualities and our size and our external accidents, as the Philosopher says in the Categories.4 Therefore, avarice is not a special kind of sin.
Short-Term Price Drift
Authors: Singal Vijay 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Events associated with high-quality information signals tend to exhibit price continuations. The quality of information is characterized by the magnitude of price change, volume, and public dissemination of information. There is evidence to suggest that a large price change accompanied by high volume and a public announcement is followed by a drift in prices. A trading strategy designed to capture this short-term price continuation will earn annual abnormal returns of 15–36 percent after transactions costs.
Predictably, there is much research on price continuations (also called price drift or price momentum) and price reversals.1 It seems that there is momentum in stock returns over periods of six to twelve months—that is, if prices are rising, they will continue to rise, or if they are falling, they will continue to fall (see Chapter 5). Over longer periods extending up to five years, there is a tendency for mean reversion, that is, prices revert to normal levels. The medium- and long-term evidence suggests that there are cycles in price patterns. However, mispricings that rely on long periods are not interesting. First, it is not clear that those mispricings actually occur, given the noise in estimates. Second, trading strategies are not easily amenable to long holding periods.
Momentum in Industry Portfolios
Authors: Singal Vijay 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is evidence to suggest that industry portfolios exhibit momentum. Industries that have done well in one period also do well in the next period. Moreover, industries with no related futures markets are likely to show greater momentum than industries where information regarding real assets is aggregated in futures prices. Industry portfolios constructed in this manner generate returns that may be much larger than the S&P 500 return.
Investment practitioners believe that asset allocation among bonds, domestic stocks, and foreign stocks should be altered over time depending on individual circumstances and economic conditions. This chapter proposes taking asset allocation a step further, to allocation among different industries. One industry may be hot today and another may be hot next month depending on changing fads, individual preferences, national requirements, or political expediency. For example, after the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, the defense and security industry did exceptionally well, as demand for such equipment and personnel increased. Similarly, bad weather or continued drought can affect production of commodities and hurt industries that use those inputs.
Merger Arbitrage
Authors: Singal Vijay 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When a merger is announced, the target’s price should rise close to the bidder’s offer for the target. However, in most cases it does not. Two reasons account for the difference. First, successful completion of the merger is not a certainty. Second, shareholders of the target firm must earn a positive return until consummation of the merger, which implies that the target’s price must be less than the offered price. Based on past completion rates and completion periods, the difference in the bidder’s offer and the actual target price after merger announcement is larger than what it should be.
Investors and arbitrageurs can earn annual abnormal returns of 4 to 10 percent by buying the target upon a cash merger announcement, and by buying the target and short-selling the bidder upon announcement of a stock merger. The profitability of merger arbitrage can be improved by carefully selecting mergers in which large arbitrageurs are unlikely to participate but which generate higher abnormal returns.
International Investing and the Home Bias
Authors: Singal Vijay 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Financial economists have long maintained that all investors can improve the quality of their portfolios by investing a significant part of their portfolio in foreign securities. Including foreign assets reduces the risk of the portfolio due to low correlations between foreign stocks and domestic stocks without hurting return. However, individual investors routinely underweight foreign assets, perhaps due to their ignorance. While it is not possible to arbitrage home bias, investors should not suffer due to a home bias in their own portfolios.
This chapter is about a long-term trading strategy. Too many investors fail to realize the importance of investing internationally and consequently fail to obtain the best risk-return trade-off. This is known as the home bias. The tendency of investors to be insufficiently diversified is not limited U.S.
From the Outside Looking In: Franz Rosenzweig’s Construction of a Jewish Theology in Light of His Ambivalent Encounter with Christianity
Authors: Krell Marc A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Franz Rosenzweig’s theology emerged out of the intersection of Judaism, Christianity, and secular philosophy at the beginning of the twentieth century and was a clear reflection of the historical situation of German Jewry at the close of the nineteenth century. At that time, German Jewish scholars of the Wissenschaft des Judentums (Science of Judaism) had attempted to unite Jewish and German Christian cultures through the medium of secular or historical knowledge. A century earlier, the eighteenth century Jewish philosopher Moses Mendelssohn had also attempted to integrate Judentum and Deutschtum by carving out a neutral zone of universal, natural reason to which Jews could contribute as human beings in the street while preserving their particularity through home ritual observance.
Mind
Authors: Appiah Kwame Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In countless movies, computers play a starring role. Some talk in synthesized voices; others write a stream of words on a screen. Some manage spaceships; others, the “brains” of robots, manage their own “bodies.” People converse with them, are understood by them, exchange information and greetings with them. Much of this is still science fiction. But real computers advise lawyers on relevant cases, doctors on diagnoses, engineers on the state of atomic reactors. Both the fantasy and the fact would have astonished our grandparents. Their grandparents might have thought that this could only be achieved by magic. Yet most of us are getting used to it, taking the silicon age for granted.
Remington to Modern: Finding the Core on the Fringe
Authors: Lienhard John H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The driving forces of change reveal their essential and primitive form, not at the core of an intellectual movement, but on the fringe. Once ideas lose their raw edge and begin finding a center of refinement, the forces that formed them blur and become harder to identify.
In chapter 3, for example, we see that the public’s almost slapstick response to the new X-rays was an avenue through which modern physics raised general expectations. Chapter 4 describes the way hopes for the raw commodity of ingenuity spiraled upward for a season, after 1900. The popularization of genius in America reflected a deep change in expectations.
Automobile
Authors: Lienhard John H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The 41-story First National Bank Building in St. Paul, Minnesota, was, by far, the tallest thing in my childhood experience. By the turn of the twenty-first century, only two St. Paul buildings had topped it, and they by only a small margin. Finished the year I was born, the First National Bank Building dominated the city, and it has remained the first image I see when I hear the word skyscraper.
Peals of Thunder
Authors: Walker Ronald W , Turley Richard E , Leonard Glen M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The vanguard company of Mormon pioneers arrived in the Salt Lake Valley in the latter part of July 1847. It was the beginning of the largest mass migration by a single group in nineteenth-century America. But moving west did not end the Mormons’ troubles.
At fi rst, the federal government met the Latter-day Saints half way in their desire for self-government. In 1851 President Millard Fillmore appointed Brigham Young governor and superintendent of Indian affairs for Utah Territory. Washington split its other six territorial appointees among Mormons and non-Mormons, and the division between wary partisans virtually assured a clash.
Avoid All Excitement, But Be Ready
Authors: Walker Ronald W , Turley Richard E , Leonard Glen M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Smoot’s News at the Big Cottonwood Canyon picnic changed everything. Earlier when Young had heard of the newspaper out cry against the Saints in the East, he was not rufied. “We have become like the little boy that got so in the habit of being whip[p]ed every night that he could not go to sleep without a whipping,” he said. Throughout the summer he had predicted that once easterners got a close look at the Mormons’ chief accuser, Judge W. W. Drummond, they would see that they had been “effectually humbugged.”
Discovering Native Religion 1860–1920
Authors: Jenkins Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before mainstream Americans could even think of Indian religious freedom, they had first to accept that what Indians were doing did in fact constitute a religion, and that was a slow process. At least since colonial days, we can find accurate and perceptive reports of Native cultures by observers who had no difficulty in applying the straightforward label of “religion.” These accounts coexisted, though, with a large body of romanticized legend that failed to see Native ways as worthy of that name. Indian rituals became a kind of children’s play, their myths and stories no more than fairy tales.
Thinking Tribal Thoughts
Authors: Jenkins Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The wave of books and related materials on Native spirituality is diverse in its content, and in many cases, the actual relationship to any Native tradition past or present is tenuous. Nobody enforces orthodoxy in neo-Indian spirituality, and certainly not accuracy. Still, we can trace certain themes, which appeal to what is obviously a substantial audience. Though we do not have anything as neat or systematic as a creed of neo-Indian spirituality, certain core ideas and themes run throughout these various cultural manifestations and the broader social movement they represent. The appeal of Indian-ness needs little explanation in general, but the specifically religious package has features that make it particularly attractive to a modern audience. One, clearly, is its repackaging in terms that are already familiar from the Western New Age. While the images and names are relatively new, the underlying ideas are old friends: occult, metaphysical, and pseudoscientific concepts that in various forms have demonstrated their appeal to American audiences for perhaps the last 150 years.
A Preferential Option for the Spirit:The Catholic Charismatic Renewal
Authors: Chesnut R Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While Base Christian Communities (CEBs) struggle to maintain a presence throughout Latin America, a contemporaneous Catholic movement easily fills soccer stadiums in the major cities of the region with tens of thousands of fervent believers. At the beginning of the twenty-first century, the Catholic Charismatic Renewal (CCR) stands as the largest and most dynamic movement in the Latin American church. Even leaders of the liberationist wing of the Catholic Church, who often view Charismatics as alienated middle-class reactionaries, admit that no other ecclesial movement has the CCR’s power to congregate and mobilize the faithful. In Brazil, the CCR’s popular appeal is not limited to the realm of the sacred. In 1999, the latest CD of samba-inspired religious music sung by the young star of the Brazilian CCR, Padre Marcelo Rossi, sold more copies than any other recording artist, including Soprano Contrariar (an immensely popular pagode band),1 in Latin America’s largest country.
Entrepreneurial Spirits:Religions of the African Diaspora
Authors: Chesnut R Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Joining Pentecostalism and Charismatic Catholicism in dominating Latin America’s new spiritual marketplace is th eregion’s third major pneumacentric religious tradition, the faiths of the African diaspora. Over the past half-century, the religions that African slaves brought over to the Americas as part of their cultural baggage have been thriving in Brazil and much of the Caribbean. In Brazil, Umbanda and Candomble, the two principal African-derived religions, successfully compete with pneumacentric Christianity for the loyalty of urban spiritual consumers. In the Caribbean, Vodou forms an integral part of the Haitian cultural fabric, much as Catholicism has done historically in Ibero America.1 Indeed, it was Vodou that inspired and sustained the slave revolt that culminated in Haitian independence and the world’s first black republic in 1804. Santeria did not play the same revolutionary role in Cuba, but it has al lowed African-Cubans to maintain their African cultural roots and derive spiri tual succor and power from West African orishas, or spirits.
Conclusion: Ex Uno Plura (Out of One, Many)
Authors: Chesnut R Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the 1980s, the progressive Catholic Church and Base Christian Communities dominated the study of Latin American religion. This “new way of being church” with its preferential option for the poor captured the hearts and minds of many North American and Latin American social scientists. While such studies continued into the ensuing decade, it was a radically different religious group that grabbed the academic spotlight in the 1990s. Scholars David Stoll and David Martin in 1990 informed us that while sectors of the Latin American church had been “opting for the poor” since the late 1960s, the poor themselves in far greater numbers had been opting for Pentecostalism. With its provocative title, Is Latin America Turning Protestant?, Stoll’s book, in particular, brought Pentecostalism in from the academic margins and thrust it onto center stage. In fact, it was Stoll’s timely question that prompted me to examine Latin American Pentecostalism at its epicenter in Brazil.
Controlling the Radiation of Heat
Authors: Allen Edward , Swoboda David , Allen Edward 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One essential role of a building in providing thermal comfort is controlling the flow of thermal radiation to and from the human body. Sometimes a building must protect the body from an excessive influx of radiant heat from the sun or from sun-warmed objects. At other times, protection is needed to prevent an excessive radiation of heat from the body to a cold outdoor environment. Exchanges of radiation also take place continually between the body and the surrounding interior surfaces of the building, requiring that the temperatures of these surfaces be regulated sufficiently to ensure comfort. In some situations, the active manipulation of radiation is appropriate as the major mechanism in a scheme for achieving thermal comfort for the occupants of a building.
Providing Concentrated Energy
Authors: Allen Edward , Swoboda David , Allen Edward 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Until the late nineteenth century, only two forms of energy were commonly available in ordinary buildings for performing useful work: fire and human muscle power. Today, in most parts of the world, electricity is available in every room of every building as a clean, reliable, exceptionally convenient form of energy for illuminating, heating, operating tools and appliances, and powering electronic communications and entertainment.
Getting a Building Built
Authors: Allen Edward , Swoboda David , Allen Edward 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A building begins as a concept of need in someone’s mind. If the need is a simple one and the person dexterous and ambitious, the steps needed to realize the concept are simple and direct. In some primitive societies, one or more members of the family or tribe scratch a floor-plan circle or rectangle of suitable size on the bare ground and assemble locally gathered materials-mud, stone, reeds, snow, logs, or poles-into a building on the spot. The design and details of the building require little thought because they are traditional to the society.
Building Components and Building Function
Authors: Allen Edward , Swoboda David , Allen Edward 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So far we have examined the characteristics of the outdoor environment, compared them with the environmental requirements of people and society, and noted the range of functions that we expect a building to perform in reconciling the differences between the two. We have discussed at considerable length the various physical mechanisms employed in buildings to perform these functions. It now remains to look briefly at the common components from which we assemble buildings, to see what functions we expect each to per form, and by what combination of mechanisms each works. Simple words such as wall or roof denote very complicated components that perform a surprising range of functions in a building.
Spacecraft Propulsion, Launch Systems, and Launch Mechanics
Authors: Pisacane Vincent L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Propulsion systems are needed to place spacecraft into orbit, to maintain or change their trajectories, and to control their attitude. Rocket systems are self-contained in that they change stored energy into kinetic energy to produce thrust. Rocket systems are classified in a variety of ways: by their nature of their use (for example, launch, attitude control, orbit adjustment, apogee kick motor, station keeping), by the type of energy (chemical, electric, nuclear), and by the phase of the propellant (liquid, solid, hybrid).
Space Communications
Authors: Hoffman Eric J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Almost without exception, spacecraft must receive operating commands and data from the ground and return (“telemeter”) data to the Earth. Indeed, communications is usually so mission critical that it is the first subsystem to be made redundant. Figure 9.1 shows the block diagram of a typical spacecraft communications subsystem. Its “base-band” elements collect, assemble, and store data, and interpret commands. Radio frequency (RF) elements link the spacecraft with the Earth. The baseband portion will be described in detail in chapter 10. This chapter focuses on the RF and communication systems aspects.
Embedded Software Systems
Authors: Utterback Harry K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we will explore the world of embedded software systems, including a brief overview of past systems, current systems, and what we might expect in the future. A discussion of the benefits of embedded systems to overall spacecraft design and the attendant drawbacks will lead into the application of software engineering to the problems of developing embedded software systems. Development environments, simulation of developing hardware interfaces, and changing requirements will be discussed. Software development issues will be examined, including language selection and the ramifications of a bad choice, the reuse problem, and testing, testing, testing. Automatic code generation from various design sources will also be discussed. We will focus on the software aspects of these embedded systems, looking at the planning and development processes necessary to produce reliable and trusted spacecraft software.
Nanosatellite Conceptual Design
Authors: Pisacane Vincent L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter integrates the information presented earlier by illustrating the fundamentals of the conceptual design of a simplified spacecraft mission. A conceptual design is the initial step in the description of a space system in which the overall mission requirements are defined, the mission is described, a concept of operations defined, subsystem specifications determined, and initial characteristics and performance of each subsystem assessed. In addition, schedules, costs, and mission and development risks are identified. The simplified mission addressed here is one that engineering students in a senior design class could design and build over a period of about two years if supported by knowledgeable faculty and/or professionals from the space industry. It should be cautioned that the description as presented should not be construed as anything more than the first steps in a conceptual design that must go through the rigors of the preliminary and critical design phases. The emphasis in the following description is on the design of the spacecraft.