bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hepatitis B
Authors: Miller Laurie C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is the most common serious infection in internationally adopted children. Nearly all children are tested in their birth countries for HBV; very few children who test positive are offered for international adoption. Exceptions include a single infected member of a sibling group. Despite negative HBV test results from the birth country in virtually all children placed for international adoption, about 5%–7% of new arrivals are infected. This discrepancy is due to tests done in the birth country being inaccurate or infection occurring after testing was completed. Infection with HBV represents risks to the infected child, the child’s family, and the community. Physicians caring for internationally adopted children should recognize the risk factors for HBV infection, appropriate diagnostic tests, their timing and interpretation, clinical features of HBV infection, need for vaccination to prevent HBV, and the basic principles of management of the HBV carrier. This chapter reviews these features of HBV infection.
Lactose Intolerance
Authors: Miller Laurie C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lactose intolerance is often blamed—incorrectly—for intestinal symptoms in internationally adopted children. Lactose intolerance, or the inability to digest and absorb the milk sugar lactose, results from deficiency of the enzyme, lactase, or more precisely, lactase-phlorizin hydrolase. Although many children come from ethnic groups with high prevalence of acquired lactose intolerance (Table 28–1), this condition is rare in infants and young children. Except under pathologic conditions, lactase remains active during the first few years of life to enable children to absorb and digest breast milk.
The News Bureaus and the New Deal
Authors: Ritchie Donald A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the time that Franklin D. Roosevelt entered the White House in 1933, three hundred news bureaus operated in Washington. The most influential of these represented the half dozen papers that the president read in bed every morning, principally the New York Times, New York Herald Tribune, Chicago Tribune, Baltimore Sun, Washington Post, and Washington Times-Herald. Roosevelt tended to skim over their critical editorial pages, the bulk of the nation’s press having editorially opposed his election. He paid closer attention to the news stories, feeling confident that he could sway public opinion more through the reporters than through their editors and publishers. The buoyant president was “a smooth propagandist;’ Detroit News correspondent Blair Moody observed. “Every reporter in Washington knows that, and Mr. Roosevelt knows they all know it. He is trying to ‘sell’ the New Deal to the public, and makes no bones about it.” Roosevelt instituted twice-weekly press conferences where he all but seduced the reporters who packed into the Oval Office. Roosevelt’s approach to the economic crisis he had inherited bolstered his support within the Washington press corps, with most reporters favoring his bold initiatives for reform and recovery. Despite this partiality, Roosevelt had an uneasy and sometimes stormy relationship with Washington’s most influential news bureaus. No matter how artfully he flattered and rewarded their correspondents, he could not control the news they reported.
The Friends of Joe McCarthy
Authors: Ritchie Donald A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Political sentiments in the Washington press corps swung to the left during the New Deal and remained there, fanning resentment of a liberal bias in the news. The leader of the Republican Party’s conservative wing, Senator Robert Taft, blamed the media for his loss of the presidential nomination to General Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1952. Despite Eisenhower’s landslide victory that fall, his running mate, Richard Nixon, smarted for years over reports that Washington correspondents had largely voted for the Democratic candidate. As Democrats had controlled the executive branch and Congress for most of the previous twenty years, Washington reporters had naturally developed a network of sources among Democratic office holders. A small band of conservative journalists resisted this trend and cultivated their sources among the opposition. Although they portrayed themselves as a beleaguered minority, they were not an inconsequential force. Some of them represented powerful newspaper chains such as Hearst and Scripps-Howard, whose editorial positions leaned decidedly toward the right. Others attracted national audiences via their radio broadcasts. They were fairly prominent and popular members of the press corps until they made the mistake of siding with a freewheeling senator from Wisconsin. The friends of Joe McCarthy soared with his celebrity and then crashed with his censure.
Ecological Momentary Assessment of Physical Activity in Hispanics/Latinos Using Pedometers and Diarie
Authors: Arredondo Elva M , Elder John P , Marshall Simon , Baquero Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Assessment of the overt performance of any behavior, including physical activity, is a distinguishing feature of both behavioral assessment and behavior analysis (Kazdin, 1981). Through direct assessment, minimal inference is needed about the relationship between the actual behavior and the subject’s interpretation of that behavior. Ideal measures of physical activity are those that are objective, valid, and reliable. To meet the criterion of objectivity, observers must not allow their own feelings or interpretations to affect their recordings (Sulzer-Azaroff & Mayer, 1991). Ultimately, the utility of the assessment is judged with respect to how it contributes to interventions that increase the participant’s adaptive behaviors (Hayes, Nelson, &Jarrett, 1987; Nelson, 1983; Sulzer-Azaroff & Mayer, 1991). Thus, it is important to collect as much information as possible about the behavior and the environment in which it occurs to better understand antecedents of behavior change.
Momentary Health Interventions: Where are We and Where are We Going?
Authors: Carter Brian L , Day Susan X , Cinciripini, Paul M , Wetter David W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent advances in communications and computer technology give health professionals several powerful new tools that can dramatically increase the effective ness of health interventions. In contrast to health interventions that take place within the professional setting, the key to momentary health interventions is their ability to capture and influence critical moments as they happen in the patient’s everyday life. For example, Newman, Consoli, and Taylor (1999) used a palmtop computer to assist in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Patients carried a portable computer designed to deliver a standard cognitive behavioral therapy for GAD. The computer-assisted treatment was shown to be effective. The success of this treatment was likely due in part to the fact that patients could use the device in their everyday environment when they felt anxious instead of traveling to the professionals’ site.
Pillars Of The Crown 1806–1810
Authors: Chasteen John Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Napoleon’s invasion of Spain and Portugal, chronicled in this chapter, provoked rage and rejection in América. Crucially, but very confusingly, América’s struggles for independence began with a virtually unanimous outpouring of loyalty toward the hereditary monarchies of both Spain and Portugal. This fervent loyalty appeared with crystal clarity when two expeditions of English-speaking adventurers tried to pry pieces of América away from Spain in 1806.
Not-So-Civil Wars, 1810–1812
Authors: Chasteen John Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By september 1810, Portuguese patriots and their British allies had retaken Lisbon, and, in Spain, Cádiz still defied Napoleon. Overall, however, French armies dominated the Iberian peninsula. Meanwhile, in América, juntas multiplied. All of them proclaimed loyalty to Fernando VII while denying their subservience to Spain and asserting their status as separate and equal kingdoms. If made effective, these claims themselves would end Spain’s colonial system, so the Spanish resistance government at Cádiz could never accept them. For the moment, though, the Cádiz government was tiny, fragile, isolated, and fighting for its own survival. Americano juntas in Caracas, Buenos Aires, Bogotá, and Santiago had little need to fear retaliation from Spain. Their problem for the time being lay in their own backyard, as various sorts of fighting began to tear América apart. Events in New Spain were the most dramatic.
Choices, 1778
Authors: Ferling John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Winter had a way of bringing bad tidings to London. The city had learned of the Boston Tea Party, the boycott adopted by the First Continental Congress, and the military disasters at Trenton and Princeton during earlier dark winters, but the worst news yet arrived in December 1777. Londoners learned of the loss of Burgoyne’s army at Saratoga.
“A Respec Table Army”: The Grim Year, 1778
Authors: Ferling John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Continentals marched down Gulp Road toward their winter quarters, tramping past trees with scruffy brown leaves and over small patches of old snow that once had been white. On December 19 they entered the place that was to be their encampment, a site that one soldier called a “wooded wilderness.”These men were not in high spirits. Had they known of the diplomacy under way in Paris, they would have been happier, but as it was they were hungry and exhausted after weeks of campaigning, and their thin and tattered clothing offered no defence against the bite of early winter. The army’s supply system, at its best never particularly distinguished, had begun to crumble around the end of October. Some men had not savoured a good meal, or known a full stomach, for longer than they cared to remember. The officers were troubled by the plight of their soldiers and incensed that the civilian authorities seemed unable to get a handle on the army’s logistical needs. Many of the senior officers were angry with the choice of Valley Forge for winter quarters, and angrier still that such a substantive decision had resulted from the meddling of state and national officials. One was vexed that Washington had bowed to the demands of Congress. “It is unfortunate,” he said, “that Washington is so easily led.” Another fumed that it was “unparalleled in the History of Mankind to establish Winter Quarters in a Country wasted and without a single Magazine.”
The Fate of Color-Blind Citizenship
Authors: Elliott Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Albion Tourgée’s devotion to the cause of racial equality was extraordinary. It was impressive not merely because of his unwavering faith in the principle itself but because of his willingness to sacrifice so much to advance it. He did so as a matter of conscience. Radical individualism, as I have termed it, was a demanding ethic that led men and women of conscience to speak, write, and agitate for social justice often before the most hostile audiences or under the most adverse and unrewarding circumstances. Critics and opponents of such radicals always have been quick to look for psychological explanations for their behavior.
History, Symptoms, and Signs
Authors: Wallace Daniel J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A thorough medical evaluation is essential in order to make a diagnosis of lupus. This consultation should be performed by a rheumatologist or qualified internist. A rheumatologist is an internist (as are cardiologists, gastroenterologists, etc.) who has special expertise in diagnosing and managing diseases of the musculoskeletal and immune systems. The consultation includes several components. First, a history of the patient’s complaints is taken. On the first visit to a consultant, it is helpful to present a summary of important symptoms and signs in a concise fashion, either by making a list of them or reviewing them mentally beforehand.
Why the Aches? Arthritis, Muscles, and Bone
Authors: Wallace Daniel J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The musculoskeletal system is the most common area of complaint in lupus patients. This system involves different types of tissues: the joints, muscles, bone, soft tissues, and supporting structures of joints such as tendons, ligaments, or bursae. The reader may wish to refer to Figure 13.1 as these areas are dis- cussed.
Lupus in the Kidney and Urinary Tract
Authors: Wallace Daniel J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The kidneys are critical to long-term health, and we have come a long way in understanding how they play a central role in many diseases. Unfortunately, in up to 40 percent of lupus patients, the disease can affect how the kidneys function. While some do not require treatment, most forms of kidney disease, termed lupus nephritis, warrant aggressive management. After discussing the functional anatomy of the kidney, the symptoms and signs of lupus nephritis are reviewed, followed by a classification of kidney disease and an overview of its therapy.
You Can Help Conquer Lupus
Authors: Wallace Daniel J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When confronted with a diagnosis of lupus, most patients are initially frightened about the prognosis. Often, their first reaction is to ask what they did wrong. Coping with the diagnosis of lupus can be a difficult proposition. So many aspects of the disease must be dealt with that can at times seem overwhelming. Studies have shown that over half of lupus patients express a broad range of feelings including stress, anger, depression, fear, guilt, and pain. Conquering these concerns is so complicated that in the early 1990’s the Arthritis Foundation (with the cooperation of the Lupus Foundation of America) supports what is called SLESH, or the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Self-Help course, which consists of seven weekly two-and-a-half-hour sessions addressing these issues. Other lupus support organizations have developed similar programs, updated and modified the original programs.
Introduction
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Chase Constance 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the viewpoint of an untutored bystander, the choral director’s art constitutes a director in place before a group of singers, baton in hand (or not), leading the coordinated singing effort of the chorus. End of story? Clearly not. The director’s art is far more complex. It requires skills in the intellectual, physical, and social arenas. It entails expertise in matters musical, historical, linguistic, and vocal. Further knowledge in the areas of leadership, performance psychology, and the mental processes that enhance rehearsal and performance add immeasurably to the director’s success.
Breath Management
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Chase Constance 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Contrary to some prevalent beliefs, singing is not just speaking on pitch. The requirements of breath for singing exceed those for speaking. Problems of pitch, tone quality, legato, onset, melisma, extreme ranges, and dynamics are each helped in varying amounts by good breath management. Choral singers generally have no resource for improving their breathing skills other than the director’s teaching during rehearsals. Given training by the director, they can achieve a technique that delivers a longer breath, a more stable vibrato, better pitch, improved legato, and the capacity to blend even at varied dynamic levels.
The Individual Singer
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Chase Constance 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For much of the twentieth century it was believed that nothing could halt the vocal deterioration caused by growing older. The latest research on the aging voice now mirrors the research on health and aging. It states that proper vocal health habits can stave off the effects of aging. Older singers who wish to retain their skills as long as possible should also assiduously follow informed principles of nutrition and exercise. The research also notes that many older singers habitually sing only at rehearsals and performances. To restore and retain their vocal fitness, it is essential that they vocalize or sing a bit every day. Just fifteen minutes every day is the prescription. The old adage applies to singers, too: use it or lose it. As otolaryngologist Daniel Boone states: “the older professional voice user keeps a surprisingly stable vocal pattern when compared to the voice of an untrained age peer.”
What Do We Know and Not Know about Diet and Enamel Structure?
Authors: Teaford Mark F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Teeth are the most common elements in the human fossil record—largely because they’re the most resilient structures in the body. For the most part, they are made of inorganic materials, and they tend to remain intact well after death, unless they are subject to post mortem abrasion or erosion. Thus, it’s no surprise that they’ve provided many clues about the evolution of human diet. However, when you consider the range of “diets” currently sold through the mass media, and when you look at the intricate complexities of nonhuman primate diets in the wild, it becomes all too obvious that “diet” is an incredibly complicated topic. So if we’re ever going to have any hope of documenting the origins and evolution of human diet, we will have to use every available piece of evidence—each with its strengths and weaknesses. The focus of this chapter will be on dental enamel, specifically, its thickness and microstructure. What Do We Know about Dental Enamel?
Modeling the Significance of Paleoenvironmental Context for Early Hominin Diets
Authors: Sept Jeanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From a dietary perspective, did it matter which habitats early hominins lived in? We certainly assume it did, given our understanding of basic principles of evolutionary ecology, but to what extent can we demonstrate this? Hypotheses about early hominin diet have been central to our interpretations of human evolution since Robinson focused attention on dietary niches (Robinson, 1954, 1963) and challenged the field to develop ecological models of human ancestry. As described elsewhere in this volume, paleoanthropologists have made significant progress in recovering and interpreting different types of empirical data that can guide reconstructions of both ancient environments and hominin dietary adaptations. Yet, as richer and more detailed paleoecological data accumulate, the theoretical challenges also grow as we seek to compare more varied types of evidence with different sampling scales, taphonomic histories and interpretive frameworks. This chapter reviews the role of modeling in developing our understanding of early hominin diet and subsistence behavior. It evaluates how combining data from paleoenvironments and contemporary analogs allows us to model both the ecological constraints on early hominin subsistence behavior and feeding opportunities—the variety, abundance, and distribution of foods hominins would have encountered in different ancient habitats. In particular, models of ancient “edible landscapes” can provide a critical framework for evaluating the archaeological and paleontological evidence for early hominin diets and help refine hypotheses about protohuman subsistence strategies to guide future research.
Muscle Relaxation, Differential Relaxation Breathing Retraining
Authors: Rothbaum Barbara Olasov , Foa Edna B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter will describe breathing retraining and relaxation training. Not everyone will need this in therapy. If you are using the SIT program, it will be helpful to you. If you do not need or already know about this topic, you may skip to the next section. Most of us realize that our breathing affects the way that we feel. For example, when we are upset, people may tell us to take a deep breath and calm down. However, taking a deep breath often does not help. Instead, in order to calm down, one needs to take a normal breath and exhale slowly.
Reliving the Trauma Memory in Imagination
Authors: Rothbaum Barbara Olasov , Foa Edna B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In your first session of imaginal exposure, you are going to spend most of the session reliving the memory of your assault in your imagination. It is difficult to understand and make sense of traumatic experiences. When you think about the rape or are reminded of it, you may experience extreme anxiety and other negative feelings such as shame or anger. The assault was a very frightening and distressing experience, so you tend to push away or avoid the painful memories. You may tell yourself, ‘Don’t think about it; time heals all wounds’ or, ‘I just have to forget about it.’ Other people often advise you to use these same tactics. Also, your friends, family, and partner may feel uncomfortable hearing about the assault, and this may influence you not to talk about it. But, as you have already discovered, no matter how hard you try to push away thoughts about the assault, the experience comes back to haunt you through nightmares, flashbacks, phobias, and distressing thoughts and feelings. These symptoms signal us that your assault is still “unfinished business.” In this treatment the goal is to help you process the memories connected with the assault by having you remember them for an extended period of time. Staying with these memories, rather than running away from them, will help decrease the anxiety and fear that are associated with them. It is quite natural to want to avoid painful experiences such as memories, feelings, and situations that remind you of the assault. However, as we already discussed, the more you avoid dealing with the memories, the more they disturb your life. Some of the following examples may help you understand why you need to process the traumatic memories rather than avoiding them.
Role-play, Assertive Behavior, and Covert Modeling
Authors: Rothbaum Barbara Olasov , Foa Edna B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A technique called role-play will help you learn new behaviors and words to use in situations that make you anxious. Have you ever had the experience of role-playing before? Role-playing is like a dress rehearsal. This technique is based on the principle that practicing what you want to say before you enter a stressful situation helps to decrease your anxiety and gives you a higher chance of obtaining your goal. If you are in therapy, your therapist can role play with you in session. Here is how it works. Some role-plays will deal with how to be more assertive. Assertiveness is saying what you need to say in an effective way. One important point is that being assertive is not the same as being aggressive. Think about assertiveness as the happy medium between being passive and being aggressive. If a person is passive all the time and lets people walk all over her, she may become angry and explode over minor incidents. This is n’t a helpful way to act with family, friends, or coworkers. On the other hand, if a person is aggressive with someone, she may initially get what she wants, but in the long run people may start avoiding her. Let’s talk about the difference between aggressive, nonassertive, and assertive behaviors.
Putting the Techniques Together: Common Problems and Complications
Authors: Rothbaum Barbara Olasov , Foa Edna B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the end of Session 8, it is time to check your progress in treatment and to evaluate whether or not you need more sessions. At this time, your therapist may have asked you to complete some of the questionnaires and interviews again. If so, please use this information in evaluating your progress in the program. You may remember rating your PTSD symptoms previously in Chapter 5. We would like for you to re-assess your PTSD symptoms at this point. Below is a description of the PTSD symptoms. Please rate each symptom that you are currently experiencing on a 0-3 scale.