bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
VITAMIN B12Co60 DISTRIBUTION IN DOG TISSUES DURING MANY MONTHS
Authors: Woods W. D. , Hawkins W. B. , Whipple G. H. 
Published: June 2004

Experiments dealing with the distribution of B12Co60 in the dog indicate that with time (9 months after administration) there is a shift in the distribution of the vitamin as compared to the short term experiments, as well as prolonged retention of the vitamin within various dog tissues.
The heart, gastric mucosa, liver, spleen, and brain show high concentrations of the isotope in long term experiments.
This distribution, in the heart for example, does not fit with an hypothetical breakdown of B12Co60 complex and storage of a physiologically inactive fraction.
Repeated periods of anemia produced by phenylhydrazine make it possible to demonstrate radioactive material in red cell stroma of dogs that have previously received vitamin B12Co60. This radioactive material must have come from other body stores, such as liver and stomach.
The high concentration of B12Co60 in the gastric mucosa suggests a relationship between it and the intrinsic factor as described by Castle.
STUDIES ON THE ANTIGENICITY OF ß- AND α1-LIPOPROTEINS OF HUMAN SERUM
Authors: Scanu Angelo , Lewis Lena A. , Page Irvine H. 
Published: June 2004

The techniques of agar immunoelectrophoresis and agar double diffusion were applied to the study of the antigenicity of ß- and α1-lipoproteins separated by ultracentrifugation from normal human sera. The effects of delipidation were also investigated.
It was shown that ß- and α1-lipoproteins are antigenically distinct. For each class of lipoprotein studied, a single antigenic component was demonstrated. In some, but not all, preparations of α1-lipoprotein a second, small antigenic component was detected, and identified as albumin. Absorption with lipoprotein-free serum or albumin removed this component without changing the lipoprotein band.
Delipidation did not affect the antigenicity of either ß- or α1-lipoproteins. Immunoelectrophoresis, because of its high sensitivity and specificity, provides an additional criterion of purity for antigenic proteins in addition to the data that can be obtained from ultracentrifugal and free electrophoretic analysis.
A BIOCHEMICAL AND MORPHOLOGIC STUDY OF MYELINATION AND DEMYELINATION
Authors: Majno Guido , Karnovsky Manfred L. 
Published: June 2004

Bilateral transection was performed on rat sciatics. At varying intervals after the operation, samples of nerve were taken both distal and proximal to the level of transection, as well as from the tissue which bridged the gap between the stumps. These samples were incubated in Warburg flasks, with glucose and a labelled lipide precursor (acetate or phosphate). The total lipides were then extracted and their radioactivity was measured. Normal rat sciatics served as controls, and the biochemical and histological findings were correlated.
In the distal portion undergoing Wallerian degeneration, the lipide content began to fall before any removal of myelin could be detected histologically. It is suggested that there is a period of "non-cellular removal" prior to the physical breakdown of the myelin. Changes in respiration and in lipogenesis from acetate followed a triphasic course, and agreed with the histological findings in that after a period of predominantly passive changes (approximately 1 to 3 days) there follows a period of cellular reaction (4 to 50 days) and a period of atrophy (from 50 days onward). The incorporation of phosphate into the lipides was increased at all stages examined, even as early as 22 hours after section. This increased P32 incorporation could not be reproduced in nerves allowed to degenerate in vitro. It is suggested that the hypertrophying Schwann cells synthesize some lipide moieties at a considerably faster rate than others.
Proximal to the level of transection, lipogenesis from acetate was depressed, for as long as 32 days postoperatively. It appears, therefore, that the maintenance of the myelin sheath is impaired also above the level of transection.
In the "union tissue" which developed between the stumps, prior to the appearance of histologically visible myelin, lipogenesis was low; later it rose above levels for normal nerve. This pattern of lipogenesis in regenerating nerve is similar to that found in growing nerves.
FURTHER STUDIES ON THE CHEMICAL BASIS FOR SEROLOGICAL SPECIFICITY OF GROUP A STREPTOCOCCAL CARBOHYDRATE
Authors: McCarty Maclyn 
Published: June 2004

Azoproteins prepared with p-aminophenyl-ß-N-acetyl-glucosaminide react in precipitin tests with Group A streptococcal antisera. The reaction is nonreciprocal, and antisera to the azoprotein do not react with Group A carbohydrate.
Phenyl-N-acetyl-glucosaminides inhibit the reaction of Group A carbohydrate with homologous antisera and with antisera to the azoprotein. The ß-anomer is more effective as an inhibitor than the α-anomer.
Formation by a soil bacillus of the enzyme which removes N-acetyl-glucosamine from Group A carbohydrate is induced by phenyl-ß-N-acetyl-glucosaminide but not by the α-compound. The enzyme, like the glucosaminidase of emulsin, appears to be specific for ß-glucosaminides.
Neither the induced enzyme nor emulsin effectively remove all of the N-acetyl-glucosamine from the azoprotein antigens.
The findings support the view that ß-N-acetyl-glucosaminide side chains represent the major antigenic determinant of Group A streptococcal carbohydrate.
THE USE OF PRECIPITIN ANALYSIS IN AGAR FOR THE STUDY OF HUMAN STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTIONS
Authors: Halbert Seymour P. 
Published: June 2004

As evidenced by precipitin analysis with pooled human gamma globulin, at least 12 distinct antigens were produced in cultures by one strain of Group A streptococcus (C203S). It was suggested on this basis, that these antigens were produced in vivo during human infections.
By the combined use of continuous flow electrophoresis on paper curtains, and column chromatography with calcium phosphate gels, five of these have been isolated in a probable high state of purity. One of the components was obtained from culture filtrates of a Group C streptococcal strain.
Three of the purified antigens have been tentatively identified as streptolysin "O", diphosphopyridinenucleotidase, and proteinase precursor. The latter could be very readily crystallized, and appears "identical" with that described by Elliott. The DPNase was of extremely high potency, 1 mg. being capable of destroying 12.6 gm. of DPN in 7½ minutes at 37°C.
The identity of the other two components is uncertain as yet. They are distinct from each other and the above products immunologically, and are not related to the "C" carbohydrate.
The applicability of these methods for the analysis of infectious diseases generally was discussed.
LATENT VIRAL INFECTION OF CELLS IN TISSUE CULTURE
Authors: Bader John P. , Morgan Herbert R. 
Published: June 2004

Mouse fibroblasts (L cells) fail to support the growth of psittacosis virus (6BC strain) if they are maintained on a medium containing only inorganic salts and glucose for 2 days prior to infection. Virus propagation can be stimulated by the addition of a synthetic medium containing amino acids, water-soluble vitamins, glutamine, glucose, and inorganic salts. By omitting single amino acids from the complete synthetic medium, tyrosine, threonine, methionine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, leucine, valine, and cysteine or cystine were found to be essential for stimulation, while lysine, arginine, histidine, hydroxyproline, proline, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, serine, alanine, and glycine were not essential. The cells on deficient media showed varying degrees of degenerative changes, but there was little correlation between ability to support psittacosis virus growth and morphologic condition of the cells.
Glucose is also an essential component of the medium for viral growth, but the absence of glutamine had no effect on stimulation of virus propagation. L cell cultures maintained on media deficient in phenylalanine or tryptophan for 2 days before infection were also found to be incapable of supporting virus growth. The implications of this study in latent viral infections are discussed.
STUDIES OF THE PLASMIN SYSTEM
Authors: Norman Philip S. , Hill Betsy M. 
Published: June 2004

There are two inhibitors of plasmin in the plasma proteins of the human. α1-antiplasmin is heat-labile and migrates as an α1-globulin on electrophoresis. It combines non-dissociably with plasmin at a rate that depends on temperature.
α2-antiplasmin is relatively more heat-stable and migrates as an α2-globulin on electrophoresis. It combines dissociably with plasmin independently of temperature.
STUDIES ON THE BACTERIOPHAGES OF HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Krause Richard M. 
Published: June 2004

The lysis of cell walls of hemolytic streptococci by a phage-associated lysin has been described. A method is presented for preparing the lysin from Group C streptococcal phage lysates.
Following lysis almost all of the cell wall carbohydrate is recovered in solution. This material has the serological reactivity, physical-chemical properties, and values for nitrogen, rhamnose, and glucosamine similar to those of the carbohydrate isolated from the cell walls by the Streptomyces albus enzyme. Group C carbohydrate isolated by either enzyme inactivates Group C bacteriophage.
The protein liberated by the lysin from Group A Type 6 cell walls gives a type-specific precipitin reaction with homologous rabbit antiserum. Preliminary data are presented on the ammonium sulfate fractionation and the electrophoretic separation of a protein fraction with the serological reactivity of M protein.
GENETICS OF SOMATIC MAMMALIAN CELLS
Authors: Puck Theodore T. , Cieciura Steven J. , Robinson Arthur 
Published: June 2004

A methodology designed to eliminate mitotic inhibitor action and involving use of pretested fetal calf serum and careful pH and temperature control has been described by which cells from normal human and animal tissue can be maintained in active growth for long periods in vitro without development of aneuploidy.
By means of this procedure, it is possible reliably to establish cell cultures from minute skin biopsies which can be taken from any individual.
Clones of mammalian cells with chromosomal markers have been isolated by this means from x-irradiated non-irradiated cell cultures.
Application of these techniques to chromosome delineation in large numbers of human subjects; determination of chromosomal sex in patients; spontaneuos and induced genetic changes in somatic mammalian cells in vivo and in vitro; comparison of metabolic differences between normal and cancerous cells and other problems have been indicated.
THE EFFECT OF DIPHTHERIA TOXIN ON THE METABOLISM OF HELA CELLS
Authors: Strauss Norman , Hendee Edelmira D. 
Published: June 2004

The effect of diphtheria toxin on certain metabolic processes in growing HeLa cells has been described. It was found that both aerobic respiration and glycolysis are insensitive to toxin action. The incorporation of S35-methionine was found to be completely inhibited by toxin prior to the appearance of any visible cell damage. It was also observed that toxin levels above 0.3 Lf per ml. had no further effect on the kinetics of inhibition of methionine uptake. The kinetics of intoxication were studied by adding diphtheria antitoxin to a partially intoxicated culture at various times and measuring the resulting rate of methionine uptake.
Low temperatures were found to block intoxication. Using this information, data were obtained suggesting that the initial step in the process of intoxication consists of a rapid adsorption of toxin by the cell.
The kinetics of toxin action on protein synthesis were compared with those of cyanide and 2,4-DNP. Diphtheria toxin eliminates completely any methionine uptake remaining after exposure of the cell to either of these respiratory inhibitors.
The significance of these results is discussed.
PARTICIPATION OF BICARBONATE IN RNA AND PROTEIN SYNTHESES AS INDICATED BY VIRUS PROPAGATION IN HUMAN CELLS
Authors: Chang R. Shihman ,   With the Technical Assistance of Helen Liepins
Published: June 2004

The propagation of a strain of Coxsackie virus, group B type 1, in human cell cultures depleted of bicarbonate has been studied. Under the described experimental conditions, bicarbonate depletion suppresses the propagation of this virus. This suppressive effect may be reversed by the addition of the following compounds to the bicarbonate-depleted cultures: (a) bicarbonate; (b) adenosine, guanosine, cytidine, and uridine; (c) adenylic, guanylic, cytidylic, and uridylic acids; (d) enzymatically degraded RNA prepared from yeasts or human embryo, or (e) RNA. The following compounds are unable to reverse the suppressive effect of bicarbonate depletion: (a) adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil, with or without ribose; (b) adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine; (c) deoxyadenosine, deoxyguanosine, deoxycytidine, and thymidine; (d) deoxyadenylic, deoxyguanylic, deoxycytidylic, and thymidylic acids; (e) enzymatically degraded DNA, or (f) DNA.
The same general results as with the Coxsackie virus have been obtained with a strain of poliovirus and vaccinia virus. The failure of bicarbonate depletion to suppress completely the propagation of the poliovirus under the described condition constitutes a major difference.
The significance of these findings is discussed.
THE OCCURRENCE OF POLYGLYCEROPHOSPHATE AS AN ANTIGENIC COMPONENT OF VARIOUS GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIAL SPECIES
Authors: McCarty Maclyn 
Published: June 2004

A bacterial substance has been described which gives a precipitin reaction with certain antisera to Group A streptococci. The precipitating antigen is present in various Gram-positive bacteria, including most hemolytic streptococci, staphylococci, and aerobic sporulating bacilli. It is not present in any of the Gram-negative species examined or in pneumococci, clostridia, or corynebacteria.
Analysis of purified preparations obtained from Group A streptococci indicates that the antigen is a simple polymer of glycerophosphate. The identification has been confirmed by immunochemical studies, including precipitin tests and specific inhibition with synthetic polyglycerophosphates. In addition, the infrared spectra of bacterial and synthetic polyglycerophosphate are shown to be closely similar. Immunochemical analysis suggests that the amount of polyglycerophosphate present in Group A streptococci and staphylococci is approximately 1 per cent of the dry weight of the cells. The cellular localization and function of the polyglycerophosphate have not been established.
DOUBLE INFECTIONS OF SINGLE CELLS WITH ECHO 7 AND COXSACKIE A9 VIRUSES
Authors: Itoh Heihachi , Melnick Joseph L. 
Published: June 2004

Virus particles derived from single cells infected with two enteroviruses have been studied. Evidence was obtained to indicate that phenotypic, but not genotypic, mixing occurs between Coxsackie A9 (CAP) and ECHO 7 (E7) viruses.
Monkey kidney cultures in monolayer were doubly infected with high multiplicities of CA9 and E7 viruses. During the latent period, the infected cells were suspended, diluted, and distributed under oil into droplets each containing a single cell, as checked by microscopic observation.
The virus particles released by individual cells into the microdrop were characterized in differential plaque neutralization tests. Fifteen per cent of the microdrops contained doubly neutralizable particles, 53 per cent yielded either CA9 or E7 particles, and 34 yielded particles of an intermediate character (deficits between 37 and 75 per cent).
On passage, the doubly neutralizable particles yielded progeny of both parental types. All passage strains behaved like the corresponding parent strain as regards pathogenicity for newborn mice, which is to say that this property was limited to virus particles with CA9 antigenicity.
Coxsackie A9 has a more rapid growth cycle than ECHO 7 in rhesus monkey kidney cell cultures, and a slower one in patas cultures. In rhesus, when E7 virus was added first, CA9 could be added up to 2 hours later, and still a significant number of cells yielded either CA9 or doubly neutralizable virus. The converse was observed in patas cells.
DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA) AND PROTEIN ALTERATIONS IN HELA CELLS INFECTED WITH TYPE 4 ADENOVIRUS
Authors: Ginsberg Harold S. , Dixon Mary K. 
Published: June 2004

During a single cycle of multiplication of type 4 adenovirus in HeLa cells an average 2-fold increase in total DNA occurred over that measured in uninfected cells. Of the total DNA from infected cells about 23 per cent was extractable into 0.15 M NaCl, a quantity approximately four and a half times greater than that of the DNA obtained from normal cells in 0.15 M NaCl. Ninety to 99 per cent of infectious virus was also extracted into the 0.15 M NaCl fraction. Concurrently with the accumulation of DNA in virus-infected cells there occurred a 2-fold increase in total protein. The proportionate increases in protein were approximately equal in 0.15 M NaCl and water extracts of infected cells. High speed centrifugation indicated that the bulk of the DNA and protein was not directly associated with infectious viral particles. Although in virus-infected cells a markedly increased synthesis occurred of a DNA which had solubility properties different from the major portion of normal host DNA, nucleotide analysis did not reveal any other qualitative differences. However, a marked change in nucleotide molar ratios was observed in the 0.15 M NaCl-soluble DNA from virus-infected cells.
It seems apparent from the findings that the biochemical alterations found in HeLa cells infected with type 4 adenovirus are intimately related to the infectious process.
DETERMINATION OF TYPE IN CAPSULATED TRANSFORMANTS OF PNEUMOCOCCUS BY THE GENOME OF NON-CAPSULATED DONOR AND RECIPIENT STRAINS
Authors: Jackson Stanley , MacLeod Colin M. , Krauss Marjorie R. 
Published: June 2004

Capsulated transformants producing type II polysaccharide have been obtained by reactions between a number of R mutants of type II pneumococcus.
All the IIR strains except II-R36 yielded extracts which transformed 2 VIIIR strains to VIIIS. Two of the IIR strains were transformed to VIIIS by an extract of 1 VIIIR strain.
The most striking result was the production of both IIS and VIIIS transformants by the action of extracts of both VIIIR strains applied to cells of II-RB. This suggests that the determination of capsular type in pneumococcus does not depend on single allelomorphic genes; it seems more likely that a number of genes may be required to determine type specificity, and that some genes may be common to different types, possibly in connection with common biochemical pathways for some stages of polysaccharide synthesis.
This is further indicated by the finding that extracts of capsulated strains of each of the types I, II, III, VII, VIII, XIV, and XVIII are capable of giving IIS transformants with 1 or more of the IIR strains in addition to the expected donor-type transformants.
Strain II-R36 was transformed by extracts of all S types except type VII, but the only transformants found were of the donor type. It appears that II-R36 may have multiple genetic deficiencies for type II capsulation, possibly in the form of a deletion. This may be the case also with IIIS strains since only IIIS transformants were found when IIIS extract was applied to any of the IIR strains.
STUDIES OF MOUSE POLYOMA VIRUS INFECTION
Authors: Rowe Wallace P. , Hartley Janet W. , Law Lloyd W. , Huebner Robert J. ,   With the Technical Assistance of John D. Estes, William T. Lane, and Britton H. Smith
Published: June 2004

Eight mouse colonies were surveyed for prevalence of antibody to mouse polyoma virus. Frequency of HI antibody varied from 0 to 84 per cent in adult mice in different colonies. Antibody was infrequent in mice less than 3 months of age, and increased in frequency with age. There was no evidence that infection was specific for particular mouse strains. The highest frequency of infection was found in colonies in which breeding mice are housed in proximity to mice inoculated with polyoma virus or passage tumors, and within an infected colony, the incidence of infection was greatest in rooms housing mice inoculated with polyoma virus. Mice from a colony free of antibody became infected when held in room or cage contact with virus-inoculated mice, but at very low rates except in mothers of inoculated litters. These results were interpreted as indicating that artificial contamination of the environment is an important factor in determining the prevalence of infection in the colonies observed.
There was no correlation between polyoma infection and spontaneous leukemia in AK. mice.
THE CYTOTOXIC ACTION OF IMMUNE GAMMA GLOBULIN AND COMPLEMENT ON KREBS ASCITES TUMOR CELLS
Authors: Green H. , Fleischer R. A. , Barrow P. , Goldberg B. 
Published: June 2004

The in vitro exposure of Krebs ascites tumor cells to the action of rabbit immune gamma globulin alone does not result in any changes in the cell concentration of amino acids, ribonucleotides, RNA, DNA, or protein, nor in the rate of entry of potassium into the cell.
The exposure of the cells to antibody + complement results in the following changes within a few minutes:—
(a) Loss of about two-thirds of the free amino acids and ribonucleotides.
(b) Loss of about 90 per cent of the intracellular potassium.
(c) Loss of about three-quarters of the cell RNA to the medium, part appearing as TCA-soluble and the rest as TCA-insoluble products. There were no changes detectable in DNA.
(d) A small increase in total free amino acid of the cell suspension.
(e) Loss of from 30 to 60 per cent of the cell protein.
The loss of these substances is believed to occur through a cell membrane which is still intact, as judged by phase and electron microscopy, and still able to discriminate to a small degree against passage of larger molecules.
STUDIES ON TUBERCLE BACILLUS-MONOCYTE RELATIONSHIP
Authors: Fong Jacob , Chin Dennis , Akiyama Hajime J. , Elberg Sanford S. 
Published: June 2004

Studies of the relationship of protective serum factor to cellular resistance and to tuberculin skin sensitivity have demonstrated that protective serum factor may exist independently of a high level of cellular resistance, and that both protective factor and cellular resistance may be demonstrable without a concomitant hypersensitivity of the delayed type.
The experiments with absorbed sera and the globulin fraction of immune serum indicated no specific association of protective serum factor with antibody globulin.
The protective factor in immune serum was found to be thermostable and non-dialyzable.
In vitro exposure of virulent tubercle bacilli to the immune serum from BCG-immunized animals failed to alter the bacterial capacity for destruction of monocytes and for intracellular proliferation.
In vitro cultivation of normal and immune monocytes in normal or immune serum was not effective in changing the native susceptibility or resistance of these cells.
Effective manifestation of resistance to virulent tubercle bacilli by immune monocytes was found to require the continuous presence of immune serum.
The intracellular passage of virulent tubercle bacilli in an immune system (immune monocytes cultivated in immune serum) resulted in a decreased bacterial potential for destruction of normal monocytes when these were cultivated in the presence of immune serum.