bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) nuclear genes in the genomes of Drosophila melanogaster, Drosophila pseudoobscura and Anopheles gambiae
Authors: Tripoli Gaetano , D'Elia Domenica , Barsanti Paolo , Caggese Corrado 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Background
In eukaryotic cells, oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) uses the products of both nuclear and mitochondrial genes to generate cellular ATP. Interspecies comparative analysis of these genes, which appear to be under strong functional constraints, may shed light on the evolutionary mechanisms that act on a set of genes correlated by function and subcellular localization of their products.

Results
We have identified and annotated the Drosophila melanogaster, D. pseudoobscura and Anopheles gambiae orthologs of 78 nuclear genes encoding mitochondrial proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation by a comparative analysis of their genomic sequences and organization. We have also identified 47 genes in these three dipteran species each of which shares significant sequence homology with one of the above-mentioned OXPHOS orthologs, and which are likely to have originated by duplication during evolution. Gene structure and intron length are essentially conserved in the three species, although gain or loss of introns is common in A. gambiae. In most tissues of D. melanogaster and A. gambiae the expression level of the duplicate gene is much lower than that of the original gene, and in D. melanogaster at least, its expression is almost always strongly testis-biased, in contrast to the soma-biased expression of the parent gene.

Conclusions
Quickly achieving an expression pattern different from the parent genes may be required for new OXPHOS gene duplicates to be maintained in the genome. This may be a general evolutionary mechanism for originating phenotypic changes that could lead to species differentiation.
Predictors of Survival After Radiofrequency Thermal Ablation of Colorectal Cancer Metastases to the Liver: A Prospective Study
Authors: Berber Eren , Pelley Robert , Siperstein Allan E. 
Published: February 2005

Purpose The aim of this study was to determine the predictors of survival at the time of radiofrequency thermal ablation (RFA) in patients with colorectal liver metastasis. Patients and Methods One hundred thirty-five patients with colorectal liver metastases who were not candidates for resection underwent laparoscopic RFA. Results The median Kaplan-Meier survival for all patients was 28.9 months after RFA treatment. Patients with a carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) less than 200 ng/mL had improved survival compared with those with a CEA more than 200 (34 v 16 months; P = .01). Patients with the dominant lesion less than 3 cm in diameter had a median survival of 38 v 34 months for lesions 3 to 5 cm, and 21 months for lesions greater than 5 cm (P = .03). Survival approached significance for patients with one to three tumors versus more than three tumors (29 v 22 months; P = .09). The presence of extrahepatic disease did not affect survival. Only the largest liver tumor size more than 5 cm was found to be a significant predictor of mortality by Cox proportional hazards model, with a 2.5-fold increased risk of death versus the largest liver tumor size less than 3 cm (P = .05). Conclusion This study determines which patients do best after RFA. Historical survival with chemotherapy alone is 11 to 14 months, suggesting RFA has a positive impact on overall survival. Limited amounts of extrahepatic disease do not appear to affect survival adversely. RFA is a useful adjunct to chemotherapy in those patients with liver-predominant disease.
Thermochromatographic studies of mercury and radon on transition metal surfaces
Authors: Soverna S. , Dressler R. , Düllmann Ch. E. , Eichler B. , Eichler R. , Gäggeler H. W. , Haenssler F. , Niklaus J.-P. , Piguet D. , Qin Z. , Türler A. , Yakushev Alexander B. 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
In preparation for the experimental investigation of chemical properties of element 112 model studies were conducted based on the assumed similarity of element 112 to either the noble gas Rn or the transition metal Hg, its supposed lighter homologue in group 12. The adsorption behavior of elemental Hg on the transition metals Ag, Au, Ni, Pd, and Pt were investigated experimentally by off-line gas thermochromatography. The deduced adsorption data of Hg were compared with new values calculated using the Eichler–Miedema model. The observed sequence of increasing Hg-metal-interactions for Ag < Ni < Au < Pd < Pt confirms the predicted trend. The only exception was Pd, on which Hg was calculated to adsorb at a higher temperature than on Pt. Difficulties to obtain reproducible clean surfaces of Ag, Ni, Pd, and Pt led to the choice of Au as the best metal surface suitable to adsorb Hg.
For fast on-line gas thermochromatography studies on metallic surfaces a new set-up was developed based on the In-situ Volatilization and On-line detection technique (IVO). This set-up was tested in on-line thermochromatographic investigations with short-lived Hg isotopes and 219Rn, using Au or Pd as stationary surfaces. An overall efficiency of about 60% and a transportation time less than 25 s was determined for this newly designed IVO. A separation factor of more than 106 was estimated for non-volatile species.
EXAFS study on the neptunium(V) complexation by various humic acids under neutral pH conditions
Authors: Sachs S. , Schmeide K. , Reich T. , Brendler V. , Heise K. H. , Bernhard G. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe structure of Np(V) humic acid (HA) complexes at pH 7 was studied by extended X-ray absorption fine structure analysis (EXAFS). For the first time, the influence of phenolic OH groups on the complexation of HA and Np(V) in the neutral pH range was investigated using modified HAs with blocked phenolic OH groups and Bio-Rex70, a cation exchange resin having only carboxyl groups as proton exchanging sites.The formation of Np(V) humate complexes was verified by near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. Axial Np-O bond distances of 1.84–1.85 Å were determined for the studied Np(V) humate complexes and the Np(V)-Bio-Rex70 sorbate. In the equatorial plane Np(V) is surrounded by about 3 oxygen atoms with bond lengths of 2.48–2.49 Å. The comparison of the structural parameters of the Np(V) humates with those of Np(V)-Bio-Rex70 points to the fact that the interaction between HA and Np(V) in the neutral pH range is dominated by carboxylate groups. However, up to now a contribution of phenolic OH groups to the interaction process cannot be excluded completely. The comparison of the obtained structural data for the Np(V) humates to those of Np(V) carboxylates and Np(V) aquo ions reported in the literature indicates that humic acid carboxylate groups predominantly act as monodentate ligands. A differentiation between equatorial coordinated carboxylate groups and water molecules using EXAFS spectroscopy is impossible.
Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Teosinte
Authors: Fukunaga Kenji , Hill Jason , Vigouroux Yves , Matsuoka Yoshihiro , Sanchez G. Jesus , Liu Kejun , Buckler Edward S , Doebley John 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
The teosintes, the closest wild relatives of maize, are important resources for the study of maize genetics and evolution and for plant breeding. We genotyped 237 individual teosinte plants for 93 microsatellites. Phylogenetic relationships among species and subspecific taxa were largely consistent with prior analyses for other types of molecular markers. Plants of all species formed monophyletic clades, although relationships among species were not fully resolved. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the Mexican annual teosintes divide into two clusters that largely correspond to the previously defined subspecies, Z. mays ssp. parviglumis and ssp. mexicana, although there are a few samples that represent either evolutionary intermediates or hybrids between these two subspecies. The Mexican annual teosintes show genetic substructuring along geographic lines. Hybridization or introgression between some teosintes and maize occurs at a low level and appears most common with Z. mays ssp. mexicana. Phylogeographic and phylogenetic analyses of the Mexican annual teosintes indicated that ssp. parviglumis diversified in the eastern part of its distribution and spread from east to west and that ssp. mexicana diversified in the Central Plateau of Mexico and spread along multiple paths to the north and east. We defined core sets of collections of Z. mays ssp. mexicana and ssp. parviglumis that attempt to capture the maximum number of microsatellite alleles for given sample sizes.
Chromosomal Inversion Polymorphism Leads to Extensive Genetic Structure
Authors: Munté Agustí , Rozas Julio , Aguadé Montserrat , Segarra Carmen 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
The adaptive character of inversion polymorphism in Drosophila subobscura is well established. The OST and O3+4 chromosomal arrangements of this species differ by two overlapping inversions that arose independently on O3 chromosomes. Nucleotide variation in eight gene regions distributed along inversion O3 was analyzed in 14 OST and 14 O3+4 lines. Levels of variation within arrangements were quite similar along the inversion. In addition, we detected (i) extensive genetic differentiation between arrangements in all regions, regardless of their distance to the inversion breakpoints; (ii) strong association between nucleotide variants and chromosomal arrangements; and (iii) high levels of linkage disequilibrium in intralocus and also in interlocus comparisons, extending over distances as great as ∼4 Mb. These results are not consistent with the higher genetic exchange between chromosomal arrangements expected in the central part of an inversion from double-crossover events. Hence, double crossovers were not produced or, alternatively, recombinant chromosomes were eliminated by natural selection to maintain coadapted gene complexes. If the strong genetic differentiation detected along O3 extends to other inversions, nucleotide variation would be highly structured not only in D. subobscura, but also in the genome of other species with a rich chromosomal polymorphism.
Replication of an Egfr-Wing Shape Association in a Wild-Caught Cohort of Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Dworkin Ian , Palsson Arnar , Gibson Greg 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Linkage disequilibrium mapping has been used extensively in medical and evolutionary genetics to map causal polymorphisms within genes associated with disease status or phenotypic variation for a trait. However, the initial findings of most nonhuman studies have not been replicated in subsequent studies, due in part to false positives, as well as additional factors that can render true positives unreplicable. These factors may be more severe when the initial study is performed using an experimental population of organisms reared under controlled lab conditions. We demonstrate that despite considerable phenotypic differences for wing shape between a lab-reared experimental population and a wild-caught cohort of Drosophila melanogaster, an association between a putative regulatory polymorphism in Egfr and wing shape can be replicated. These results are discussed both within the framework of future association-mapping studies and within the context of the evolutionary dynamics of alleles in populations.
The Evolution of the SEPALLATA Subfamily of MADS-Box GenesSequence data from this article have been deposited with the EMBL/GenBank Data Libraries under accession nos. AY850178, AY850179, AY850180, AY850181, AY850182, AY850183, AY850184, AY850185, AY850186.
Authors: Zahn Laura M , Kong Hongzhi , Leebens-Mack James H , Kim Sangtae , Soltis Pamela S , Landherr Lena L , Soltis Douglas E , dePamphilis Claude W , Ma Hong 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Members of the SEPALLATA (SEP) MADS-box subfamily are required for specifying the “floral state” by contributing to floral organ and meristem identity. SEP genes have not been detected in gymnosperms and seem to have originated since the lineage leading to extant angiosperms diverged from extant gymnosperms. Therefore, both functional and evolutionary studies suggest that SEP genes may have been critical for the origin of the flower. To gain insights into the evolution of SEP genes, we isolated nine genes from plants that occupy phylogenetically important positions. Phylogenetic analyses of SEP sequences show that several gene duplications occurred during the evolution of this subfamily, providing potential opportunities for functional divergence. The first duplication occurred prior to the origin of the extant angiosperms, resulting in the AGL2/3/4 and AGL9 clades. Subsequent duplications occurred within these clades in the eudicots and monocots. The timing of the first SEP duplication approximately coincides with duplications in the DEFICIENS/GLOBOSA and AGAMOUS MADS-box subfamilies, which may have resulted from either a proposed genome-wide duplication in the ancestor of extant angiosperms or multiple independent duplication events. Regardless of the mechanism of gene duplication, these pairs of duplicate transcription factors provided new possibilities of genetic interactions that may have been important in the origin of the flower.
Costly Resistance to Parasitism
Authors: Zhong Daibin , Pai Aditi , Yan Guiyun 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Information on the molecular basis of resistance and the evolution of resistance is crucial to an understanding of the appearance, spread, and distribution of resistance genes and of the mechanisms of host adaptation in natural populations. One potential important genetic constraint for the evolution of resistance is fitness cost associated with resistance. To determine whether host resistance to parasite infection is associated with fitness costs, we conducted simultaneous quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping of resistance to parasite infection and fitness traits using the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum) and the tapeworm parasite (Hymenolepis diminuta) system in two independent segregating populations. A genome-wide QTL scan using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers revealed three QTL for beetle resistance to tapeworm infection. These three QTL account for 44–58% variance in beetle infection intensity. We identified five QTL for fecundity and five QTL for egg-to-adult viability, which accounted for 36–57% and 36–49%, respectively, of the phenotypic variance in fecundity and egg-to-adult viability. The three QTL conferring resistance were colocalized with the QTL affecting beetle fitness. The genome regions that contain the QTL for parasite resistance explained the majority of the variance in fecundity and egg-to-adult viability in the mapping populations. Colocalization of QTL conferring resistance to parasite infection and beetle fitness may result from the pleiotropic effects of the resistance genes on host fitness or from tight linkages between resistance genes and adverse deleterious mutations. Therefore, our results provide evidence that the genome regions conferring resistance to tapeworm infection are partially responsible for fitness costs in the resistant beetle populations.
Magnetic Resonance Image Correlates of Hemiparesis After Neonatal and Childhood Middle Cerebral Artery Stroke
Authors: Boardman James P. , Ganesan Vijeya , Rutherford Mary A. , Saunders Dawn E. , Mercuri Eugenio , Cowan Frances 
Published: February 2005

Objective. Motor impairment after neonatal and childhood-onset ischemic stroke (IS) is common, although the prevalence and type of hemiparesis differs between the 2 age groups. Lesion topography is an important predictor of hemiparesis after neonatal IS, but it is not known if the same topographic predictors of adverse motor outcome apply to childhood-onset IS. We used a consistent approach to define lesion topography and evaluate motor outcome in both age groups to (1) investigate whether early topographic predictors of hemiparesis after unilateral middle cerebral artery–territory stroke are the same in neonates and older children and (2) compare the prevalence of dystonia and loss of independent finger movements between the 2 age groups.
Design. Twenty-eight patients with neonatal-onset IS (Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom) were studied together with 43 patients with childhood-onset IS (Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom). All patients had exclusive unilateral middle cerebral artery–territory IS. Lesion topography was studied by using the first magnetic resonance image acquired after the onset of symptoms and was coded for involvement of cerebral cortex (CC), posterior limb of the internal capsule (PLIC), basal ganglia (BG), and white matter. The primary outcome was hemiparesis, and secondary outcomes were dystonia and loss of age-appropriate independent finger movements.
Results. Hemiparesis was more common after childhood-onset IS (56%) than neonatal-onset IS (24%). In neonatal-onset IS, concomitant involvement of BG, CC, and PLIC predicts the development of hemiparesis (odds ratio: 99; 95% confidence interval: 5.2-1883.8), and no child with 1 or 2 of these structures involved developed hemiparesis. In contrast, in childhood-onset IS, concomitant BG, CC, and PLIC lesions tended to be associated with hemiparesis (9 of 11), but this adverse outcome was seen also among patients with 1- or 2-site involvement. However, hemiparesis was less likely if the infarction involved BG only (odds ratio: 0.162; 95% confidence interval: 0.036-0.729). Dystonia was present in 15 of 24 in the childhood-onset group with hemiparesis but was not seen after neonatal-onset IS. In both age groups upper-limb impairment was more severe than lower-limb impairment, with frequent loss of independent hand function among hemiparetic patients.
Conclusions. In neonatal and childhood-onset IS, early magnetic resonance imaging provides useful prognostic information about subsequent motor outcome. There are differences in the functional response of the neuromotor system to injury between the 2 age groups that cannot be attributed to methodological differences alone.
Changes in Access, Utilization, and Quality of Care After Enrollment Into a State Child Health Insurance Plan
Authors: Kempe Allison , Beaty Brenda L. , Crane Lori A. , Stokstad Johan , Barrow Jennifer , Belman Shira , Steiner John F. 
Published: February 2005

Background. There currently are few published data evaluating the effect of State Children's Health Insurance Programs on health care outcome measures in children. Colorado's Child Health Plan Plus (CHP+) is a non-Medicaid State Children's Health Insurance Program that began enrollment in April 1998. The objectives of this study were to compare reported (1) access to care, (2) utilization of health care, and (3) quality of care during the year before and the first year after enrollment into CHP+.Methods. We interviewed 480 randomly selected families by telephone 2 months after their first enrollment into CHP+ (September 1999 to January 2000) and, again, 1 year later. We used generalized linear models to examine the effect of enrollment on health care access, utilization, and quality while controlling for type of previous insurance, length of time uninsured before enrollment, race/ethnicity, and age.Results. Regarding access to care, the percentage of families who reported a usual site of preventive care did not change significantly, but families reported more often being able to see providers as soon as desired for routine care (incidence ratio [IR]: 2.03; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.37–3.02]), for care when sick or injured (IR: 2.77; 95% CI: 1.85–4.16), for specialty care (IR: 1.96; 95% CI: 1.16–3.32), and for all health care (IR: 2.35; 95% CI: 1.81–3.07). Unmet medical needs decreased after versus before enrollment for prescription medications (IR: 0.38; 95% CI: 0.26–0.55), mental health care (IR: 0.63; 95% CI: 0.40–0.97), prescription glasses (IR: 0.44; 95% CI: 0.29–0.65), and dental care (IR: 0.59; 95% CI: 0.47–0.76). Regarding utilization, the proportion who saw a provider for routine care in the past year increased (IR: 1.39; 95% CI: 1.06–1.83), but reported visits for sick, specialty, and emergency department care and hospitalizations did not increase. Regarding quality of care, the proportion who rated their health care as “best” increased (RI: 1.31; 95% CI: 1.04–1.66) after versus before enrollment.Conclusions. Families who were newly enrolled into CHP+ perceived dramatic increases in access to all types of care and decreases in unmet medical needs, no increase in utilization of emergency department or hospitalization services, and improved overall quality of care in the year after enrollment into CHP+.
Critical Gaps in Child Passenger Safety Practices, Surveillance, and Legislation: Georgia, 2001
Authors: Staunton Catherine , Davidson Steve , Kegler Scott , Dawson Lisa , Powell Kenneth , Dellinger Ann 
Published: February 2005

Objective. Motor vehicle crashes remain the leading cause of death among US children 1 year of age and older. Although age-appropriate child passenger restraint use and back seating position are effective injury prevention strategies, many children 12 years of age and younger ride inappropriately restrained and seated in the front seat. In Georgia and in most states, surveillance of child passenger restraint use is less than optimal. Although child safety seat legislation is 1 of the most effective mechanisms for increasing correct restraint use and back seating position, Georgia's child occupant restraint law, like the laws in most states, falls short of practices recommended by government and child advocacy safety groups. The objective of this study was to document child passenger restraint use and seating position among children aged 0 to 12 years in Georgia and to use these study results to evaluate the efficacy of Georgia’s child restraint surveillance and legislation.
Methods. In May and June 2001, police roadblocks were used to collect information about child passenger age, restraint use, and seating position.
Results. Data were collected on 1858 children who were riding in 1221 vehicles in 24 different Georgia counties. Results showed that 56% of children were inappropriately restrained and/or in the front seat. The most problematic age groups included infants who were in forward-facing child safety seats (28%) and/or in the front seat (22%); children who were 5 to 8 years of age in car seat belts alone (88%), rather than age- and size-appropriate child safety seats (6%); and children who were 9 to 12 years of age and riding in the front seat (39%). We compared our results with the existing Georgia passenger restraint surveillance system and found that it would have missed 77% of the children in our study who were inappropriately restrained and/or riding in the front seat. In a similar comparison, Georgia's restraint law did not cover over 74% of the children in our study who were riding at risk.
Conclusion. The results of this study highlight 3 important areas for improving child passenger safety: targeted interventions to promote booster seat use and riding in the back seat, expanded child passenger restraint and seating position surveillance, and expanded legislation to mandate booster seat use and back seating position.