bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF LIGATION OF THE COMMON BILE DUCT ON CHOLESTEROL SYNTHESIS IN THE RAT
Authors: Fredrickson Donald S. , Loud Alden V. , Hinkelman Beverly T. , Schneider Henny S. , Frantz Ivan D. 
Published: June 2004

The effect on cholesterol synthesis of ligation of the common bile duct was studied in the rat. The bile ducts of rats were ligated; 24 to 48 hours later, estimates of the rate of cholesterol synthesis were made, either by injection of labelled water or acetate into the intact animal, or by incubation of slices or homogenates of the liver in the presence of 1-C14-acetate. These various criteria all indicated that cholesterol synthesis was increased following ligation of the bile duct. The average ratios of the rate of synthesis in the experimental animals to that in the controls were as follows:
1. Synthesis from C14-carboxyl-labelled acetate: (a) in the intact rat fed ad libitum, 19; (b) in liver slices from the fasted rat, 23; (c) in liver slices from the rat fed ad libitum, 4; (d) in cell-free homogenates from the fasted rat, &gt;27; (e) in cell-free homogenates from the rat fed ad libitum, 17.
2. Synthesis from tritium-labelled water in the intact rat fed ad libitum, 4.
GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS OF INFLUENZA VIRUS: THE INFLUENCE OF A SULFONIC ACID
Authors: Ackermann W. Wilbur , Maassab Hunein F. 
Published: June 2004

The growth characteristics of influenza virus in an isolated tissue maintained in vitro have been described. When compared with previously reported results using the embryonate egg, a considerably shorter latent period was observed. The release or liberation of the virus occurred throughout a period of many hours. There was no evidence of a general "burst" phenomenon, and the destruction of a cellular membrane did not seem to be essential to or concomitant with the release of virus.
An early phase in the development of virus was described which is sensitive to the action of α-amino-p-methoxyphenylmethanesulfonic acid and it is by virtue of this that virus multiplication is prevented. If this phase was allowed to go on to completion, replication of virus occurred even in the presence of the sulfonic acid, but the release of virus from the tissue was impaired.
It is suggested that the sulfonic acid may interfere with the adsorption or penetration of the virus and that the initiation of infection and the liberation of new virus may be processes which share some common character.
EXPERIMENTAL STAPHYLOCOCCUS INFECTION IN THE HAMSTER CHEEK POUCH: THE PROCESS OF LOCALIZATION
Authors: Young G. 
Published: June 2004

Small amounts of staphylococcus suspensions were injected into the cheek pouches of hamsters. Within 5 hours, the organisms were recovered from all outlying areas of the pouches, and in the following hours the entire structures showed vasodilation, edema, petechiae, and accumulation of leukocytes in the venules. Leukocytosis also occurred at this time.
Between 24 and 48 hours, well defined abscesses developed at the sites of injection, and there was a sharp decrease in the bacteria in all other areas. From the 3rd day onward, organisms were only occasionally recovered from tissue outside the abscesses. At this period of localization, the generalized edema and petechiae also subsided, as did the leukocytosis.
Localization of infection was not due to a walling off process, since the bacteria were disseminated through the entire pouches in the 1st few hours, but these organisms diminished rapidly, while those at the original injection sites continued to grow and reproduce for several days.
Localization of infection appeared to be due to the inability of the bacteria carried away from the site of injection to reproduce. This in turn may have been due to dilution, to lack of sufficient toxin to produce a necrotic substrate, or to greater accessibility of these organisms to phagocytes.
THE EXPERIMENTAL PRODUCTION OF COMBINATION FORMS OF VIRUS
Authors: Gotlieb Tamar , Hirst George K. 
Published: June 2004

The simultaneous inoculation of influenza A and B strains into eggs was found to result in the formation of virus which had antigenic properties of both parent strains. The hemagglutinin of the new virus could be inhibited by both A and B antisera and the agent was also neutralized by both sera. This X particle displayed the characteristics of what we have previously called X1. It did not reproduce itself on multiplying in the egg, but instead yielded parent types.
Limiting infectious dilutions of influenza virus were studied in eggs by inoculating two different strains at once to act as markers for singly or doubly initiated infections. A base line was thus established for the frequency of single and mixed infections at virus dosages which were fractions of one ID50. These frequencies were compared with those obtained with X viruses. X1 virus from A-B infections did not initiate an unusual number of mixed infections at the end point. By contrast, X1 and X2 (M-W type) gave much higher numbers of mixed infections than did the control virus.
In the discussion it is proposed (a) that doubly antigenic viruses are due to an effect known as phenotypic mixing and (b) that the ability of individual virus particles to give rise to two separate strains is due to heterozygosis or diploidy.
STUDIES OF INFLUENZA VIRUS INFECTION IN THE CHICK EMBRYO USING FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY
Authors: Watson Barbara K. , Coons Albert H. 
Published: June 2004

As evidenced by specific staining with fluorescent antibody, the major sites of multiplication of the PR8 and Lee B strains of influenza virus in chick embryos injected by the amniotic route were in the cells lining the amnion and in the epidermal and pharyngeal epithelium. Varying amounts of virus were also present in the epithelium of the allantois and less frequently in the peritoneum. No virus was detectable in any of the other tissues of 25 embryos injected between the 7th and 11th days of incubation and examined 48 hours later. Three out of five of the embryos inoculated with the PR8 strain of influenza virus on the 12th day of incubation, on the other hand, showed in addition extensive involvement of the cells lining the respiratory tract.
Specific staining of the tissues was first detectable when the ID50 of the amniotic fluids attained a level of greater than 4.5, which corresponded to the time of the appearance of hemagglutinins. With the inocula used this was generally achieved sometime between the 18th and 24th hour of the infection with the PR8 strain of virus and between the 24th and 48th hour of the infection with the Lee B strain of virus.
Cytologically, the multiplication of the influenza viruses was characterized by a diffuse type of immunospecific staining which was first detectable in the nuclei and later in the cytoplasm of the cells. The infection progressed rapidly and despite the restricted distribution of the viruses resulted in the death of the embryo in from 3 to 6 days.
The results obtained in the present experiments are compared with the findings previously reported in similar studies of mumps virus (6).
MECHANISM OF CELL WALL PENETRATION BY VIRUSES
Authors: Puck Theodore T. , Lee Howard H. 
Published: June 2004

Treatment of radioactively labelled host cells with T1 or T2 bacteriophages induces a leakage of cellular P and S into the medium.
Evidence is presented showing that this increased cell permeability is not the result of complete lysis of a small fraction of the cells, but rather is made up of contributions from all or most of the infected population.
This leakage of cellular constituents exhibits the following characteristics: (a) Infection of a cell with a single virus suffices to evoke the reaction; (b) Increasing the multiplicity up to 7 to 8 virus particles per cell does not affect the extent of leakage produced; (c) Some leakage does occur at 0°C., but much less than at 37°C.; (d) Infection by T1 virus results in a smaller amount of leakage than in the case of T2, but the pattern of response to varying virus multiplicity is the same; (e) The P resulting from such leakage contains no DNA and chemically resembles that which elutes in smaller amounts from uninfected cells; (f) At 37°C. the virus-induced leakage reaction appears within a matter of seconds, and usually decreases after 2 to 3 minutes; (g) The reaction is inhibited by 0.025 M Mg++.
Theoretical considerations are presented suggesting the place of this reaction in the sequence of events constituting the virus penetration reaction; its relationship to the phenomenon of lysis-from-without; and its resemblance to the leakage reaction produced by electrostatic binding of ionized compounds to cell surfaces. The existence of similar effects in avian-mammalian virus systems is noted.
CELLULAR MECHANISMS OF PROTEIN METABOLISM IN THE NEPHRON
Authors: Kretchmer N. , Dickerman H. W. 
Published: June 2004

1. Shifts of enzymatic activity have been followed during the formation and evolution of the droplets that form in the cells of the proximal convolution of the nephron of the rat after the injection of a 50 per cent solution of egg white in isotonic saline.
2. Twelve hours after injection there is a 35 to 40 per cent decrease in succinoxidase and cytochrome oxidase activities in the fraction containing the larger particles; i.e. mitochondria and droplets in equal concentration. Although after 30 hours the quantitative proportion of droplets and mitochondria is the same as previously, the activities of the fraction have returned to the normal observed originally in the uninjected rat in a corresponding fraction consisting of mitochondria only.
3. The microsome fraction shows an average increase of 35 per cent in oxidative enzyme activities during the early period following injection, and decreases to the original figure in the later period of droplet formation.
4. It is concluded from the shifting pattern of localization of oxidative enzyme activity within the cell particulates that the absorption droplets arise by the incorporation of the mitochondrial elements, which originally contain the highest enzyme activity, with absorbed protein through the intermediate stage of smaller (microsomal) particles.
Tissue Monocytes/Macrophages in Inflammation
Authors: Brack Alexander , Labuz Dominika , Schiltz Anu , Rittner Heike L. , Machelska Halina , Schäfer Michael , Reszka Regina , Stein Christoph 
Published: June 2004

Background
Opioid-containing leukocytes migrate to peripheral sites of inflammation. On exposure to stress, opioid peptides are released, bind to opioid receptors on peripheral sensory neurons, and induce endogenous antinociception. In later stages of Freund's complete adjuvant-induced local inflammation, monocytes/macrophages are a major opioid-containing leukocyte subpopulation, but these cells also produce proalgesic cytokines. In this study, the role of tissue monocytes/macrophages in hyperalgesia and in peripheral opioid-mediated antinociception was investigated.

Methods
After intraplantar injection of Freund's adjuvant, leukocyte subpopulations and opioid-containing leukocytes were analyzed by flow cytometry in the inflamed paw in the presence or absence of monocyte/macrophage depletion by intraplantar injection of clodronate-containing liposomes (phosphate-buffered saline and empty liposomes served as controls). Paw volume was measured with a plethysmometer. Hyperalgesia was determined by measuring heat-induced paw withdrawal latency and paw pressure threshold. Paw pressure threshold was also measured after swim stress and injection of fentanyl.

Results
At 48 and 96 h of inflammation, it was found that (1). monocytes/macrophages were the largest leukocyte subpopulation (> 55% of all leukocytes) and the predominant producers of opioid peptides (71-77% of all opioid-containing leukocytes in the paw), (2). clodronate-containing liposomes depleted monocytes/macrophages by 30-35% (P < 0.05), (3). hyperalgesia was unaltered by liposome injection (P > 0.05), and (4) opioid-containing leukocytes and swim stress but not fentanyl-induced antinociception were significantly decreased by clodronate-containing liposomes (P < 0.05, P > 0.05, all by t test; opioid-containing cells and swim stress-induced increase of paw pressure threshold were reduced by 35-42% and 20%, respectively).

Conclusion
Partial depletion of tissue monocytes/macrophages impairs peripheral endogenous opioid-mediated antinociception without affecting hyperalgesia.
Oil price assumptions in macroeconomic forecasts: should we follow futures market expectations?
Authors: Coimbra Carlos , Esteves Paulo Soares 
Published: June 2004

AbstractIn macroeconomic forecasting, in spite of its important role in price and activity developments, oil prices are usually taken as an exogenous variable, for which assumptions have to be made. This paper evaluates the forecasting performance of futures market prices against the other popular technical procedure, the carry‐over assumption. The results suggest that there is almost no difference between opting for futures market prices or using the carry‐over assumption for short‐term forecasting horizons (up to 12 months), while, for longer‐term horizons, they favour the use of futures market prices. However, as futures market prices reflect market expectations for world economic activity, futures oil prices should be adjusted whenever market expectations for world economic growth are different to the values underlying the macroeconomic scenarios, in order to fully ensure the internal consistency of those scenarios.
Cyclical behaviour and shock‐persistence: crude oil prices
Authors: Jalali‐Naini Ahmad R. , Asali Mehdi 
Published: June 2004

AbstractOil prices behave differently over different time‐horizons. For the short run, we examine the pattern of movements in crude oil prices over business cycles and test whether price increases influence global output and/or are influenced by economic cycles. For the long run, we focus on whether “shocks” to crude oil prices are persistent or not. Our findings indicate that the price of crude oil exhibits substantial cyclical behaviour, as verified by several tests carried out in this paper. The VAR analysis indicates that the price of oil is a pro‐cyclical variable. Moreover, the results show that, while, during the 1972–2003 period (when OPEC exerted more influence in the oil market), the oil market experienced substantial fluctuations in price, the price cycles were mean‐reverting and not shock‐persistent. This could indicate that OPEC market power can have stabilising effects.
Characteristics of sleep disturbances in Poland – results of the National Health Interview Survey
Authors: Kiejna Andrzej , Rymaszewska Joanna , Wojtyniak Bogdan , Stokwiszewski Jakub 
Published: June 2004

Background:Apart from insomnia, poor quality of sleep, decreased sleep duration, tiredness after awakening and frequency of using sleeping drugs are important indicators of sleep problems.Objectives:The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of indicators of sleep disturbance, such as quality of sleep, sleep duration, feeling of restfulness in the morning and drug utilization in a randomly selected Polish adult population.Methods:A stratified scheme of sampling involving two steps was used. A representative Polish population sample of 47 924 non-institutionalized adults was interviewed. Assessments of sleep-related problems were based on six questions. Standardized prevalence ratios (SPRs and their 95% confidence intervals) were calculated.Results:Almost one-tenth of Polish inhabitants usually slept badly or very badly, a problem that was more common among women than men. Quality of sleep decreased together with ageing and this process was more rapid in women than in men over 40 years of age. Highly educated respondents had the highest quality of sleep. Up to one-fifth of the general Polish population usually woke up tired in the morning. Mean sleep duration was 7.7 h, with no gender differences. Usage of over-the-counter (OTC) medications was significantly lower than usage of those prescribed by the physician (5 vs. 16%). Women used OTC drugs twice as often as men.Conclusions:It would appear to be necessary to introduce educational programmes for the community as well as for general practitioners in order to correct improper attitudes.
Effects of desmopressin (DDAVP) on memory impairment following electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
Authors: Abdollahian Ebrahim , Sargolzaee Mohammad R. , Hajzade Moosareza , Mohebbi Mohammad D. , Javanbakht Arash 
Published: June 2004

Background:Memory impairment is a common adverse effect of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Studies on animals and humans suggest that vasopressin improves the cognitive function, and positive effects of desmopressin on memory and learning have been reported. This research was performed for evaluation of the effects of desmopressin in the prevention of memory impairment following ECT.Methods:This randomized, double-blind controlled clinical trial with placebo administration was performed on 50 patients with psychiatric disorders who were candidates for ECT. Subjects in the case group received 60 µm of intranasal desmopressin daily (in three doses of 20 µm). For the control group 0.9% saline solution was administered in the same way. Memory function was evaluated using Wechsler's Memory Scale three times a week (the first time before the start of ECT and the second and third times after the third and sixth sessions, respectively). Results were analyzed byt-test and Pairedt-test.Results:The mean age of patients was 29 years (range 20–40). During the course of ECT, patients in the control group demonstrated a meaningful decrease in memory scores (from a base score of 80.15–75.45 in the second test and 72.60 in the third test). Despite this, a meaningful increase in memory scores was observed during the treatment with desmopressin in the case group (from a base score of 73.27–75.70 and 79.13 in the second and the third tests, respectively). There was a meaningful difference between the two groups (P< 0.0001).Conclusion:This study confirms the protective effect of desmopressin against memory impairment. The results confirm that memory impairment is a common side-effect of ECT and suggest that desmopressin may prevent ECT-induced memory impairment by its effects on memory and the learning process.
The impact of weight gain associated with atypical antipsychotic use in schizophrenia
Authors: Chue Pierre , Cheung Raphael 
Published: June 2004

Background:Atypical antipsychotics offer clear advantages in the management of schizophrenia, compared with conventional neuroleptics, but weight gain is a significant adverse effect with some of these agents.Objective:To review the literature on weight gain associated with atypical antipsychotic treatment in schizophrenia.Methods:Relevant sources were identified from Medline searches to February 2003 using combinations of keywords including ‘schizophrenia’, ‘antipsychotics’, ‘weight gain’, ‘adverse events’, ‘obesity’, and ‘diabetes’.Results:Most atypical antipsychotics induce some weight gain, but the magnitude of the effect varies markedly. The greatest increases are seen with clozapine and olanzapine: risperidone has a slight effect, comparable with that of conventional neuroleptics, while ziprasidone and aripiprazole appear from current data to have little effect. In addition, atypical antipsychotics have been associated with metabolic disturbances, particularly glucose dysregulation and dyslipidemia. These effects tend to be more marked with olanzapine and clozapine than with other agents. Weight gain associated with atypical antipsychotics imposes substantial morbidity, in addition to that associated with schizophrenia itself. Furthermore, weight gain can significantly impair patients' quality of life, and leads to non-adherence with treatment. Effective weight management should include the selection of an appropriate atypical antipsychotic and for effective weight management, as well both diet and exercise, formal weight management programs tailored to the needs of schizophrenic patients may be useful, and some patients may benefit from weight-reducing drugs.Conclusions:Weight gain associated with atypical antipsychotics is a common problem that requires effective management. The selection of an agent with a low risk of weight gain, such as risperidone or ziprasidone, is central to such management.
Focus on fillings: a qualitative health study of people medically diagnosed with mercury poisoning, linked to dental amalgam
Authors: Jones Linda Miriam 
Published: June 2004

Background:This paper reports a qualitative investigation of people who have considered removing their dental amalgam fillings following a medical diagnosis of mercury poisoning.Objective:To document themes from patients' collective, subjective experience; and explore links between illness and dental amalgam.Methods:Seven focus groups involved 35 participants selected by random, criteria sampling from the computerized patient records of one medical practice.Results:The participants' experiences represented four scenarios, each with a distinct pattern of presenting illness, and developmental path for health beliefs linking mercury and illness. When discussing health outcomes following their diagnosis of mercury poisoning, 29 of the 32 participants who had begun amalgam removal reported enduring health gains. Participants compared sources of information on mercury poisoning, and explored issues related to medical practice: the focus on symptoms and not aetiology; how symptoms were monitored; the stigma of a psychosomatic label; suicide; and the problematic detoxification process.Conclusion:The placebo effect and reduced galvanism as explanations for recovery are considered. A ‘toothless body’ metaphor is proposed as a possible explanation for missed diagnosis of mercury poisoning. Participants reported that the experience was costly both financially and socially, and wanted health professionals to be more open to considering mercury in a causal role for chronic illness.