bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparing data mining methods on the VAERS database
Authors: Banks David , Woo Emily Jane , Burwen Dale R. , Perucci Phil , Braun M. Miles , Ball Robert 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPurposeData mining may enhance traditional surveillance of vaccine adverse events by identifying events that are reported more commonly after administering one vaccine than other vaccines. Data mining methods find signals as the proportion of times a condition or group of conditions is reported soon after the administration of a vaccine; thus it is a relative proportion compared across vaccines, and not an absolute rate for the condition. The Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) contains approximately 150 000 reports of adverse events that are possibly associated with vaccine administration.MethodsWe studied four data mining techniques: empirical Bayes geometric mean (EBGM), lower‐bound of the EBGM's 90% confidence interval (EB05), proportional reporting ratio (PRR), and screened PRR (SPRR). We applied these to the VAERS database and compared the agreement among methods and other performance properties, particularly focusing on the vaccine–event combinations with the highest numerical scores in the various methods.ResultsThe vaccine–event combinations with the highest numerical scores varied substantially among the methods. Not all combinations representing known associations appeared in the top 100 vaccine–event pairs for all methods.ConclusionsThe four methods differ in their ranking of vaccine–COSTART pairs. A given method may be superior in certain situations but inferior in others. This paper examines the statistical relationships among the four estimators. Determining which method is best for public health will require additional analysis that focuses on the true alarm and false alarm rates using known vaccine–event associations. Evaluating the properties of these data mining methods will help determine the value of such methods in vaccine safety surveillance. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Products from solvolysis reactions that form (2‐phenylcyclopropyl)carbinyl cations
Authors: Chandrasena R. Esala P. , Aebisher David , Newcomb Martin 
Published: June 2005

AbstractProducts from solvolytic reactions that form the (2‐phenylcyclopropyl)carbinyl cation were determined. The majority of products (> 98%) derived from the 1‐phenyl‐3‐butenyl cation, consistent with reports by Wiberg and co‐workers. Small amounts of products derived from the 1‐phenyl‐1‐cyclopropylmethyl cation also were found; these products were previously predicted to be formed from reactions of the title cation. Although the 1‐phenyl‐1‐cyclopropylmethyl cation is considerably more stable than the 1‐phenyl‐3‐butenyl cation, it is not kinetically accessible under a variety of solvolytic conditions. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Kinetics and mechanism of the reaction of substituted benzyl chlorides with copper in dimethylformamide
Authors: Egorov Anatoly M. , Matyukhova Svetlana A. , Anisimov Alexander V. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe reaction of copper metal with various substituted benzyl chlorides in dimethylformamide was studied. The kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of the reaction was clarified. Hammett plots of log(k/k0) vs the substituent constant σ gave a good correlation (ρ = 0.43, Sρ = 0.05, r = 0.960). The structure of the organic group has little effect on the rate of reaction of substituted benzyl chlorides with copper. In the absence of atmospheric oxygen, the oxidative dissolution of copper proceeded via a single‐electron transfer mechanism with formation of 1,2‐diphenylethanes and copper(I) complexes. The stereochemistry and intermediate compound were also studied. The reaction mechanism is discussed. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Supramolecular assemblies of crown‐containing 4‐styrylpyridine in the presence of metal cations
Authors: Fedorov Y. V. , Fedorova O. A. , Andryukhina E. N. , Shepel N. E. , Mashura M. M. , Gromov S. P. , Kuzmina L. G. , Churakov A. V. , Howard J. A. K. , Marmois E. , Oberlé J. , Jonusauskas G. , Alfimov M. V. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractOptical and x‐ray experiments showed the possibility of studying 4‐styrylpyridine with a 15‐crown‐5 ether fragment to bind metal cations through the participation of two centres: the crown ether moiety and the heterocyclic part. The metal cations studied can be divided into three groups. Alkaline earth metal cations form complexes with the crown ether centre, H+, Co2+ and Cd2+ prefer coordination with the N‐atom of heterocyclic part and Hg2+ cations form complexes through coordination with both binding centres. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A psbA mutation in Kochia scoparia (L) Schrad from railroad rights‐of‐way with resistance to diuron, tebuthiuron and metribuzin
Authors: Mengistu Lemma W , Christoffers Michael J , Lym Rodney G 
Published: June 2005

AbstractKochia [Kochia scoparia (L) Schrad] has become resistant to many herbicides used in cropland and railroad rights‐of‐way in North Dakota and Minnesota. Kochia scoparia plants that had survived annual treatments with diuron and tebuthiuron were sampled along railroad rights‐of‐way in North Dakota and Minnesota. The samples were screened in the greenhouse for resistance to diuron, tebuthiuron, metribuzin and bromoxynil from 0.5× to 32× the recommended use rates. A resistant K scoparia accession (MN‐3R) was confirmed with resistance up to 16‐fold higher than recommended use rates for tebuthiuron and diuron and up to 4‐fold higher for metribuzin. However, the resistant K scoparia accession was susceptible to bromoxynil even at 50% of the recommended use rate. The herbicide binding region of the psbA gene fragment of eight resistant (R) and seven susceptible (S) K scoparia accessions was PCR‐amplified and sequenced for detection of mutations. The psbA gene of four R K scoparia accessions was mutated at residue 219 with substitution of isoleucine for valine (GenBank accession number AY251265). The seven S K scoparia accession sequences were wild‐type at this residue (GenBank accession number AY251266). The other four R accessions sequences showed a previously known triazine R mutation with substitution of glycine for serine at residue 264. All 15 K scoparia accessions were wild‐type at all other psbA residues within the region analyzed. Resistance to diuron, tebuthiuron and metribuzin among the railroad rights‐of‐way K scoparia is probably due to the mutation at residue 219 of the psbA gene in some plants, but due to the previously reported Ser264Gly substitution in other plants. Target‐site resistance associated with a change of valine to isoleucine at residue 219 of the psbA target‐site in weeds has previously been reported for Poa annua L selected in diuron‐treated grass seed fields, and for Amaranthus powelli S Wats selected in linuron‐treated carrot fields. This is the first report of the mutation in herbicide‐resistant K scoparia. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Evaluation of phenylaminopyrimidines as antifungal protein kinase inhibitors
Authors: Pillonel Christian 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe effects of diverse phenylaminopyrimidines (PAP), namely PAP‐pyridines (type A), PAP‐pyrazoles (type B) and PAP‐thiazoles (type C), on Neurospora crassa Shear & Dodge has been investigated. The results revealed that type A strongly inhibit the in vitro growth of N crassa, whereas types B and C are much less active. A significant correlation was observed between the Neurospora growth inhibition and the intrinsic activity of type A compounds on the cyclin‐dependent protein kinase p34CDC2 of starfish, suggesting that the target of phenylaminopyrimidines in fungi is a cyclin‐dependent protein kinase (CDK). The phenylaminopyrimidine‐binding CDKs Phoss (major band) and CDC2 (minor band) involved in phosphorus uptake, glycogen synthesis and the cell cycle were identified from N crassa by affinity chromatography on phenylaminopyrimidine–sepharose. Comparative experiments with different protein kinases revealed the importance of the side chain of phenylaminopyrimidines for their target selectivity. A type B compound was found to selectively inhibit the MAP‐kinase OS‐2 involved in the osmoregulatory pathway of Neurospora. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Convergent solid‐phase synthesis of hirudin
Authors: Goulas Spyros , Gatos Dimitrios , Barlos Kleomenis 
Published: June 2005

AbstractHirudin variant 1 (HV1), a small protein consisting of 65 amino acids and three disulfide bonds, was synthesized by using Fmoc‐based convergent methods on 2‐chlorotrityl resin (CLTR). The linear sequence was assembled by the sequential condensation of 7 protected fragments, on the resin‐bound 55–65 fragment. The conditions of fragment assembly were carefully studied to determine the most efficient synthetic protocol. Crude reduced [Cys16, 28(Acm)]‐HV1 thus obtained was easily purified to homogeneity by RP‐HPLC. Disulfide bridges were successfully formed by a two‐step procedure, involving an oxidative folding step to form Cys6–Cys14 and Cys22–Cys39 linkages, followed by iodine oxidation to form the Cys16–Cys28 bond. The correct disulfide bond alignment was established by peptide mapping using Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease at pH 4.5. Copyright © 2005 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tunneling time for phonons: dependence on the system's size
Authors: Villegas Diosdado , de León‐Pérez Fernando , Pérez‐Alvarez Rolando 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWe discuss the physical conditions under which the tunneling time for long‐wavelength phonons through semiconductor heterostructures is independent of the system's size, i.e. the effect equivalent to the Hartman effect for electrons. An analysis of the vibrational energy stored in the system is shown to be relevant for this study. In fact, the phonon Hartman effect is explained on the basis of saturation of the stored vibrational energy. Both acoustic and optical phonons are considered. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electronic properties of double perovskite compounds
Authors: Carvajal E. , Navarro O. , Allub R. , Avignon M. , Alascio B. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe double perovskites family A2MM′O6 (A being an alkaline‐earth and M, M′ two different transition‐metal elements) is considered as a serious candidate for magnetoelectronic applications. It appears to be fundamental to understand the role of electronic parameters controlling the half‐metallic ground state and high Curie temperature Tc. In this respect it is very interesting that different members of the family present a variety of electronic and magnetic properties. Among them, Sr2FeMoO6 and Sr2FeReO6 are half‐metallic ferromagnets with fairly large Tc(≈450 K) while Sr2FeWO6 is known as an antiferromagnetic insulator with TN ≈ 37 K. As expected, a metal–insulator and magnetic transition has been reported in the substituted compounds Sr2FeMoxW1–xO6. To elucidate the origin of such different behavior in these Sr2FeMO6 double perovskites we consider a correlated electron picture with localized Fe‐spins (d5 configuration) and conduction electrons originating from M (M = Mo, Re or W) together with the double‐exchange type interaction taking place in the hybridized Fe–M t2g band and competing with the antiferromagnetic superexchange interactions between the Fe‐spins. We consider here only the ordered stucture in which Fe and M constitute two interpenetrating sublattices. Using a tight‐binding model and the renormalized perturbation expansion technique, we calculate the density of states and determine the behaviour of the critical temperature as a function of the band filling and the Fe–M charge transfer energy. This allows us to discuss the stability of the half‐metallic ferromagnetic state with increasing charge transfer energy. We will also discuss the electronic properties and the ferro‐antiferromagnetic transition in the substituted compounds like Sr2FeMoxW1–xO6, when disorder among Mo/W takes place in the M‐sublattice. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Optical, electrical and structural characterization of CuInSe2 thin films
Authors: Calderón C. , Gordillo G. , Romero E. , Bolaños W. , Bartolo‐Pérez P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractStructural, optical and electrical properties of polycrystalline p‐type CuInSe2 (CIS) thin films, grown by a process including a chemical reaction between Cu and InxSey thin films deposited sequentially by evaporation, followed by annealing in a Se environment, were studied through XRD (X‐ray diffraction), transmittance and Hall voltage measurements. The conditions to grow CIS thin films in the α phase of the chalcopyrite structure were found through a parameter study. CIS films with these characteristics are usually used for the fabrication of high efficiency solar cells. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Study of electrical transport properties of ZnO thin films used as front contact of solar cells
Authors: Calderón C. , Gordillo G. , Olarte J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis work is focused on the study of possible mechanisms affecting the electrical transport properties of ZnO thin films. The films were deposited using the reactive evaporation technique, obtaining transmittances greater than 80% and resistivities of the order of 8 × 10–4 Ω cm without using extrinsic doping. This films are suitable for transparent front contact of solar cells.Measurements of resistivity and Hall coefficient, as a function of temperature, were performed on the films. The interpretation of these results was done with the help of a theoretical calculation of the carrier mobility as a function of the temperature. Several scattering mechanisms affecting the electrical transport in the temperature range studied (90 K–680 K) were found. The most important are processes occurring in the grain boundaries and interactions of free carriers with ionized impurities. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Phase‐glass scaling near the coherence transition in granular HoBa2Cu3O7–δ superconducting thin films
Authors: Roa‐Rojas J. , Landínez Téllez D. A. , Prieto P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSystematic measurements of electrical magnetoconductivity near the coherence transition of granular HoBa2Cu3O7–δ thin films are reported. Experiments performed in magnetic fields ranging from 0 to 2500 Oe reveal that close to the coherence transition temperature Tc0(H), the correlation length scales as a power law of temperature with a thermal‐dependent critical exponent, ν. In low external fields the corresponding value of ν is consistent with the two‐dimensional phase‐glass model, which is in the same dynamical universality class of the so‐called vortex‐glass model. At applied fields H > 1000 Oe, the vortex dynamics becomes stronger and the coherence transition is not observed. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Li2O at high pressures: structural properties, phase‐transition, and phonons
Authors: Kunc K. , Loa I. , Grzechnik A. , Syassen K. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA structural phase transition in Li2O, from the anti‐fluorite to the anti‐cotunnite structure, is evidenced by angle‐dispersive synchrotron X‐ray powder diffraction and supported by ab initio calculations. The equations of state E(V), P(V) and the enthalpies H(P) are determined, for both phases, using total‐energy calculations based on the Projector Augmented Waves method. The calculations supply the value of the transition pressure at T = 0 and in the ‘ideal conditions’ and provide detailed information on all 9 structural parameters describing the anti‐cotunnite structure of Li2O at various pressures. We also report Raman frequencies, calculated for both phases and measured in the anti‐fluorite phase, so as to provide a tool for monitoring the approach and the progress of the transformation. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
On the detailed mechanism of the burn‐in in GaInP/GaAs HBTs
Authors: Cabrera‐Arenas V. , Mimila‐Arroyo J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe evolution of the base current of GaInP/GaAs Heterojunction Bipolar Transistors (HBTs) is studied as a function of the stressing current during the burn‐in. It is found that the base current decreases in an exponential way with the involved time constants depending themselves on the stressing current in a way proportional to I–2. Such behaviour is explained considering two independent recombination centres that are deactivated during the stressing by the capture of two electrons. These two recombination centres might be H+ and the quasi complex Si+–H+ which capture two electrons each becoming H− and SiH. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Thermally Driven Interfacial Dynamics of Metal/Oxide Bilayer Nanoribbons
Authors: Law Matt , Zhang Xiao Feng , Yu Rong , Kuykendall Tevye , Yang Peidong 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSolid–solid interfacial processes greatly affect the performance of electronic and composite materials, but probing the dynamics of buried interfaces is challenging and often involves lengthy or invasive sample preparation. We show that bilayer nanoribbons—made here of tin dioxide and copper—are convenient structures for observing as‐made interfaces as they respond to changing temperature in a transmission electron microscope (TEM). At low temperatures (<200 °C), differential thermal expansion causes the bilayers to bend when heated or cooled, with the motion determined by the extent of Cu–SnO2 epitaxy. At higher temperatures, we are able to watch—in real time and with nanometer resolution—a progression of grain growth, interdiffusion, island formation, solid‐state chemical reactions, and melting. This novel TEM geometry is readily applicable to other nanoribbon/coating combinations and is well suited to observing interfacial phenomena driven thermally or by the application of mechanical, electrical, or magnetic forces.
Genetic Counseling Outcomes: Perceived Risk and Distress After Counseling for Hereditary Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Codori Ann‐Marie , Waldeck Tracy , Petersen Gloria M. , Miglioretti Diana , Trimbath Jill D. , Tillery Miriam A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractGenetic counseling may turn risk information into cancer prevention behavior by modifying health beliefs and cancer‐related distress. We assessed the effect of genetic counseling on these factors in 101 adult first‐degree‐relatives of colorectal cancer patients from families with known or suspected hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. Before counseling and once afterward, subjects completed self‐report measures of perceived lifetime risk and cancer‐distress. Most persons overestimated their cancer risk, and higher perceived risk was associated with believing that colorectal cancer cannot be prevented. Individual perceived risk changed after counseling, although mean perceived risk was unchanged. After adjusting for baseline risk, older persons and those with higher estimated objective cancer risk had larger postcounseling decreases. Distress after counseling was positively correlated with baseline distress and anxiety symptoms, and inversely correlated with tolerance for ambiguity. The findings suggest counseling interventions that should increase the likelihood of screening and offer hypotheses for future research.
Emotional Responses to APO E Genotype Disclosure for Alzheimer Disease
Authors: Romero Linda J. , Garry Philip J. , Schuyler Mark , Bennahum David A. , Qualls Clifford , Ballinger Lori , Kelly Velma , Schmitt Cheryl , Skipper Betty , Ortiz Irene E. , Rhyne Robert L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe purpose of our study is to assess the emotional responses to disclosing APO E genotype to asymptomatic older adults at increased risk for Alzheimer disease (AD). This is a longitudinal cohort study of volunteer subjects who were aged 50 years or over, asymptomatic for (AD), had a family history of AD, passed a psychological assessment, and participated in pre‐ and post‐test genetic counseling and three follow‐up visits over 10 months. We analyzed responses by three emotional constructs: depressed, worried, and relieved. Three hundred and twenty‐eight subjects were screened, 76 received their APO E genotype. When emotional responses occurred it was immediate, between baseline and the 1 month follow‐up. Emotional reactions did not change significantly past 1 month. Our results suggest that for emotionally stable persons, disclosing results of their APO E genotype, high risk subjects did not report more depression or worry and low risk subjects felt relieved by knowing the results. Future studies should evaluate the risks of disclosure to family members involved in the diagnostic work‐up of a relative and include subjects from a broader range of emotional stability and socioeconomic background.
A Practical Account of Autonomy: Why Genetic Counseling is Especially Well Suited to the Facilitation of Informed Autonomous Decision Making
Authors: Hodgson Jan , Spriggs Merle 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn genetic counseling, facilitation of autonomous decision‐making is seen as a primary aim and respect for autonomy is used to justify a nondirective counseling approach whereby clients are free to make their own choices after being given all necessary information. However in the genetic counseling literature, autonomy as a concept appears to be interpreted variably and often narrowly. We offer a practical account of autonomy that is coherent, consistent and philosophically defensible for the genetic counseling setting. At the same time we demonstrate how nondirective counseling may serve to frustrate rather than facilitate client autonomy. We suggest that promoting purposeful dialogue rather than counseling that is nondirective is more conducive to client autonomy.
New positron emission tomography tracer [11C]carvedilol reveals P‐glycoprotein modulation kinetics
Authors: Bart Joost , Dijkers Eli C F , Wegman Theodora D , de Vries Elisabeth G E , van der Graaf Winette T A , Groen Harry J M , Vaalburg Willem , Willemsen Antoon T M , Hendrikse N Harry 
Published: June 2005

Imaging of P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp) function in the blood–brain barrier (BBB) may support development of strategies, which will improve drug delivery to the brain. [11C]verapamil has been developed as a positron emission tomography (PET) tracer, to image P‐gp function in vivo. Ideally, for the purpose of brain imaging, tracers should have a log P between 0.9 and 2.5. The β‐receptor antagonist carvedilol is a P‐gp substrate with a log P=2.0, and can be labeled with [11C]. The aim of this study was to determine whether the P‐gp substrate [11C]carvedilol can be used as a PET tracer for visualisation and quantification of the P‐gp function in the BBB.
Cellular [11C]carvedilol accumulation in GLC4, GLC4/P‐gp, and GLC4/Adr cells increased three‐fold in the GLC4/P‐gp cells after pretreatment with cyclosporin A (CsA) whereas no effect of MK571 could be determined in the GLC4/Adr cells.
Ex vivo [11C]carvedilol biodistribution studies showed that [11C]carvedilol uptake in the brain was increased by CsA. [11C]carvedilol uptake in other organs was not affected by CsA.
Autoradiography studies of rat brains showed that [11C]carvedilol was homogeneously distributed over the brain and that pretreatment with CsA increased [11C]carvedilol uptake.
In vivo PET experiments were performed with and without P‐gp modulation by CsA. P‐gp mediated transport was quantified by Logan analysis of the PET data, calculating the distribution volume (DV) of [11C]carvedilol in the brain. Logan analysis resulted in excellent fits, revealing that [11C]carvedilol is not trapped in the brain. Brain DV of [11C]carvedilol showed a dose‐dependent increase of maximal three‐fold after CsA pretreatment. Above 15 mg kg−1, no change in DV was found. Compared to [11C]verapamil less CsA was needed to reach maximal DV, suggesting that [11C]carvedilol kinetics is a more sensitive tool to in vivo measure P‐gp function.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 145, 1045–1051. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706283