bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Embryonic and paralarval development of the central nervous system of the loliginid squid Sepioteuthis lessoniana
Authors: Shigeno Shuichi , Tsuchiya Kotaro , Segawa Susumu 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe embryonic development of the central nervous system (CNS) in the oval squid Sepioteuthis lessoniana is described. It has three distinct phases: (1) The ganglionic accumulation phase: Ganglionic cell clusters develop by ingression, migration, and accumulation of neuroblasts. (2) The lobe differentiation phase: Ganglia differentiate into lobes. The phase is identified by the beginning of an axogenesis. During this phase, neuropils are first formed in the suboesophageal mass, then in the basal lobe system, and finally in the inferior frontal lobes and the superior frontal‐vertical lobe systems. (3) The neuropil increment phase: After the shape of the lobes reached its typical form, neuropil growth occurs, specifically in the vertical lobe. The paralarval central nervous system (CNS) is characterized by neuronal gigantism of the giant fibers and some suboesophageal commissures and connectives. The neuropil formation in the CNS of S. lessoniana occurs somewhat earlier than in Octopus vulgaris, although the principal developmental plan is quite conservative among the other coleoids investigated. Some phylogenetic aspects are discussed based on the similarities in the morphologic organization of their brains. J. Comp. Neurol. 437:449–475, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Connections of higher order visual relays in the thalamus: A study of corticothalamic pathways in cats
Authors: Guillery R.W. , Feig Sherry L. , Van Lieshout David P. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractAxonal markers injected into layers 5 and 6 of cortical areas 17, 18, or 19 labeled axons going to the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), the lateral part of the lateralis posterior nucleus (LPl), and pulvinar (P). Area 19 sends fine axons (type 1, Guillery [1966] J Comp Neurol 128:21–50) to LGN, LPl, and P, and thicker, type 2 axons to LPl and P. Areas 17 and 18 send type 1 axons to LGN, and a few type 1, but mainly type 2 axons to LPl and P. Type 1 and 2 axons from a single small cortical locus distribute to distinct, generally nonoverlapping parts of LP and P; type 1 axons have a broader distribution than type 2 axons. Type 2 axons, putative drivers of thalamic relay cells (Sherman and Guillery [1998] Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:7121–7126; Sherman and Guillery [2001] Exploring the thalamus. San Diego: Academic Press), supply small terminal arbors (100‐ to 200‐μm diameter) in LPl and P, and then continue into the midbrain. Each thalamic type 2 arbor contains two terminal types. One, at the center of the arbor, is complex and multilobulated; the other, with a more peripheral distribution, is simpler and may contribute to adjacent arbors. Type 2 arbors from a single injection are scattered around and along “isocortical columns” in LPl, (i.e., columns that represent cells having connections to a common cortical locus). Evidence is presented that the connections and consequently the functional properties of cells in LP change along these isocortical columns. Type 2 driver afferents from a single cortical locus can, thus, be seen as representing functionally distinct, parallel pathways from cortex to thalamus. J. Comp. Neurol. 438:66–85, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Numerical solution of regularized long wave equation using Petrov–Galerkin method
Authors: Dogan Abdulkadir 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe regularized long wave (RLW) equation is solved by a Petrov–Galerkin method using quadratic B‐spline finite elements. A linear recurrence relationship for the numerical solution of the resulting system of ordinary differential equations is obtained via a Crank–Nicolson approach involving a product approximation. The motion of solitary waves is studied to assess the properties of the algorithm. The development of an undular bore is modelled. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Color space and its divisions
Authors: Kuehni Rolf G. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractA synthesis of the author's recent work on color‐order systems and color‐difference evaluation is provided in context of current knowledge and practices. The development of a colorimetric model is demonstrated using Munsell “Celtic crosses” as a model of perceptual space. Issues surrounding color‐matching functions, unique hues, the Helmholtz–Kohlrausch effect, and lightness and chroma crispening are addressed, as is the difficulty of reconciling a difference‐based hue, chroma, lightness model with an Euclidean model. A new lightness scale and treatment of lightness crispening is proposed. The results indicate that, despite problems, relatively simple modified opponent‐color models provide good accuracy in predicting color‐order system and supra‐threshold small color‐difference data. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Col Res Appl, 26, 209–222, 2001
Comparisons between color‐space scales, uniform‐color‐scale atlases, and color‐difference formulae
Authors: Oleari Claudio 
Published: September 2002

AbstractColor‐space metrics are considered and three main aspects are analyzed: (1) the distinction between small and large color differences; (2) the relation between space metrics and color‐difference formulae; (3) the color‐scale comparison between CIE 1931 and CIE 1964 observers.The analysis, based on daylight adaptation, is made for the 2° visual field on a chromaticity diagram with uniform scales according with the MacAdam ellipses1 and, for the 10° visual field, on the OSA‐UCS.2,3 The conclusions are: (i) the main difference between 2° and 10° observers is a proper dilation of the chromaticity scales; (ii) the chroma scale of the Munsell system is uniform for the 10° visual field; (iii) the scales of the Munsell system are in good agreement with those of OSA‐UCS; (iv) the usual color‐difference formulae (CMC, CIE94) represented on the OSA‐UCS space show a distortion that seems due to their definition in the CIELAB space; the BFD formula shows a lower distortion. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Col Res Appl, 26, 351–361, 2001
Investigation of parametric effects using medium colour‐difference pairs
Authors: Xin John H. , Lam Chuen Chuen , Luo M. Ronnier 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe article investigates five types of parametric effects in assessing colour difference. The visual assessment experiments were conducted in six phases. The viewing parameters studied include the sample separation, sample size, and the background colours. The dataset prepared in this study includes a total of 107 cotton‐dyed pairs belonging to five colour centers. The average colour difference of the sample pairs was about 5.0 CIELAB units. Gray‐scale method was used for colour‐difference assessment with a panel of 10 observers (2 assessments each). The CIELAB colour‐difference formula was found to have the best performance over other formulae using the current dataset. In general, the parametric effects vary from 8–15%. When further analyzing the colour centers, it was found that much larger parametric effects of 42% and 26% were associated, respectively, with green sample pairs assessed on the green background and blue samples pairs assessed on the blue background. The green and blue background colours in these two cases are very close to the green and blue colour centers selected, which clearly indicates the crispening effect. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Col Res Appl, 26, 376–383, 2001
‘Seeing the wood from the trees’: a continuum model of psychopathology advocating cognitive behaviour therapy for schizophrenia
Authors: McGovern John , Turkington Douglas 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe present work examined the question ‘can cognitive behaviour therapy be successfully adapted to treat schizophrenia and become a recognized adjunct CBT treatment approach by frontline services?’ It was proposed that this was possible, and that a significant barrier to this was the ‘mental set’ of the wider clinical community. Prevailing attitudes of (1) believing that symptoms are not amenable to reasoning and may be made worse on enquiry, (2) patients are too severely disturbed to benefit from a psychological intervention, were related to a strict categorical model of psychopathology, where schizophrenia is viewed as a discrete entity. The premise was put forward that, the realistic benefits of categorical models, i.e. the identification of distinguishing features of a disorder, specific treatment approaches, and relatively homogeneous groups for research, have caused undue emphasis to be placed on identifying differences disorders. In consequence considerably less attention has been paid to scientific evidence showing important similarities across disorders. To protect against the error of unable to see the wood from the trees a preliminary descriptive continuum model of psychopathology was proposed to supplement existing categorical models. Analysis of the literature showed considerable support for a continuum model and the legitimacy of adapting traditional cognitive behaviour therapy approaches for use with schizophrenic patients. Reports of successful cognitive behaviour therapy interventions, particularly with positive symptoms suggest that patients can improve with this adapted approach and that the wider clinical community should be encouraged to assist its further development through research and training initiatives. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantification of the leukocyte common antigen (CD45) in mature B‐cell malignancies
Authors: Hendrickx Ann , Bossuyt Xavier 
Published: September 2002

AbstractCD45 is a glycoprotein expressed on all lymphohematopoietic cells. Its expression increases during normal B‐cell differentiation and remains stable on mature cells. Although it is widely known that CD45 antigen expression is decreased in B‐acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), only scarce and contradictory information is available on CD45 expression on mature B‐cell malignancies. In healthy adults (n = 15), CD45 expression on B lymphocytes was lower than that on T cells. In patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL; n = 22), CD45 expression on malignant cells was lower than that on the whole lymphocyte population of healthy adults (n = 28) and on normal B lymphocytes (n = 15). In 6 of the 22 CLL patients, the malignant cell population could be separated from the normal lymphocyte population on the CD45‐side scatter (SSC) plot. In 16 CLL patients, there was some degree of overlap between the malignant and normal cells with respect to CD45 expression. For these patients, there was an inverse correlation between CD45 expression on the whole lymphocyte population and the percentage of malignant cells in this population. In two patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), CD45 expression on the malignant cells appeared lower than that on normal B cells and on the whole lymphocyte population. In six patients with hairy cell leukemia (HCL), CD45 expression on hairy cells was comparable to that on the whole lymphocyte population of healthy adults, but slightly higher than that of normal B cells. Evaluation of CD45 expression may help to characterize mature B‐cell malignancies. Cytometry (Comm. Clin. Cytometry) 46:336–339, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
P2 receptors in cerebellar neurons: Molecular diversity of ionotropic ATP receptors in Purkinje cells
Authors: García‐Lecea Marta , Sen Raquel P. , Soto Florentina , Miras‐Portugal Ma Teresa , Castro Enrique 
Published: September 2002

AbstractATP is now recognized as a fast neurotransmitter after the demonstration of synaptic transmission mediated by ATP in the medial habenula, locus coeruleus, spinal cord, and hippocampus. We focused on the postnatal rat cerebellum as a model territory and studied the role of ATP neurotransmission using cultured cells. Cerebellar Purkinje neurons in culture express ionotropic P2X receptors. We have shown that Ca2+ signals mediated by ATP in Purkinje cells present pharmacological profile characteristics of ATP receptors formed by P2X2 subunits. However, the complete range of known P2X subunits are expressed in the cerebellum. With the aid of the RT‐PCR technique we identified mRNA for P2X1–4 and P2X6 subunits in the rat cerebellum during the first postnatal week. These results have been confirmed by Southern blotting of PCR products using selective P2X probes. This opens the question of the relative contribution of each subunit to functional channels. Immunocytochemical labeling using anti‐P2X antibodies reveal that several P2X subunits colocalize to the same Purkinje cell. This raises the possibility of extensive hetero‐oligomerization of P2X subunits. Patch‐clamping of Purkinje cells in culture indicates the presence of two subpopulations of ATP receptors: a fast and rapidly desensitizing receptor and a nondesensitizing receptor with slower kinetics. Our results suggest that both receptors may be formed by co‐assembly of dissimilar P2X subunits. Drug Dev. Res. 52:104–113, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Load voltage compensation using series–shunt power converter
Authors: Takeshita Takaharu , Hayashi Yuji , Matsui Nobuyuki , Fujita Hideki 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThis paper presents a method of amplitude control and unbalance compensation of the load voltage using a series–shunt power converter. The series power converter works to obtain a constant balanced sinusoidal load voltage. The shunt converter regulates the DC link voltage and compensates for the reactive current of the source within the rated current of the converter. To design the required capacity for the series–shunt power converter, the relation between the converter capacity and the load power factor at constant compensation voltage is introduced. The required capacity of the series–shunt power converter is reduced by more than 50% compared with that of a conventional series power converter. The effectiveness of the proposed load voltage compensation technique using the series–shunt power converter is verified by experiments. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 136(3): 39–48, 2001
Influence of capacitor properties on irregular ignition of discharge circuit using a thyristor
Authors: Miyairi Keiichi , Itoh Eiji , Morimitsu Norimasa , Ishikawa Makoto , Hagiwara Katsuo 
Published: September 2002

AbstractA misfire phenomenon taking place in a discharge circuit composed of a capacitor and thyristor has been investigated. This circuit was operated at a frequency of up to 198 Hz. A misfire was observed in a circuit with a PET capacitor at low temperatures, while no misfire was observed with a PP capacitor under any conditions. Transient currents in the range of 40 A to 1 mA were measured with a digital oscilloscope. In the case of a PET capacitor, the current initially decreased exponentially at a given time constant, but exhibited a slow decay which caused the misfire. This current is associated with residual charges trapped in the bulk of the PET film. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 137(2): 1–7, 2001
Corporate environmental management and information technology
Authors: Rikhardsson Pall M. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractInformation technology has changed, is changing and will continue to change the face of business as we further enter the Information Society. Today it would be difficult for a company to function effectively without the aid of various information technologies, such as accounting software, production software, the Internet, computer networks and telecommunications devices.Information technology also has an impact on how companies perform environmental management. This paper looks at the relations between corporate environmental management and information technology. First it presents a framework for mapping information technology. Using this framework it focuses on the use of information technology in corporate environmental management and describes the market for standard environmental management information systems and implementation experiences from one large international company. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment
Tests on low‐ductility RC frames under high‐ and low‐frequency excitations
Authors: Quek Ser‐Tong , Bian Chengmei , Lu Xilin , Lu Wensheng , Xiong Haibei 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe response of low‐ductility reinforced concrete (RC) frames, designed typically for a non‐seismic region, subjected to two frequencies of base excitations is studied. Five half‐scaled, two‐bay, two‐storey, RC frames, each approximately 5 m wide by 3.3 m high, were subjected to both horizontal and/or vertical base excitations with a frequency of 40 Hz as well as a lower frequency of about 4 Hz (close to the fundamental frequency) using a shake table. The imposed acceleration amplitude ranged from 0.2 to 1.2g. The test results showed that the response characteristics of the structures differed under high‐ and low‐frequency excitations. The frames were able to sustain high‐frequency excitations without damage but were inadequate for low‐frequency excitations, even though the frames exhibited some ductility. Linear‐elastic time‐history analysis can predict reasonably well the structural response under high‐frequency excitations. As the frames were not designed for seismic loads, the reinforcement detailing may not have been adequate, based on the crack pattern observed. The effect of vertical excitation can cause significant additional forces in the columns and moment reversals in the beams. The ‘strong‐column, weak‐beam’ approach for lateral load RC frame design is supported by experimental observations. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Do starvation diets lead to irreversible lung changes?
Authors: Key Adrienne , Lacey J. Hubert , Nussey Stephen 
Published: September 2002

AbstractAnimal research has demonstrated specific, irreversible, structural and functional changes in the lungs of starved rats. The effect of starvation on lung compliance in anorexia nervosa has not been studied. This case‐study and series review offer evidence of similar changes occurring specifically in the lungs of younger patients with very severe anorexia nervosa. They also raise the possibility that the younger the patient, the greater the risk of permanent damage. We conducted a detailed comparison of 13 cases. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Improving Public Communication in Environmental Impact Assessments
Authors: Ligon Daisy M. , Deason Jonathan P. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractA recent research project investigated the potential application of computer‐aided tools as a means of
improving and enhancing public communication of environmental impact assessments (EIAs) of federal
facilities. This article focuses on one aspect of the research project: a survey that asked how environmental
impacts should be measured and in what form the results should be presented in order to improve the
communication process. The responses to the survey supported the importance of selecting appropriate
environmental measures and presenting the results in a way that can easily be understood. The survey also
provided insights on how EIAs could be expanded (e.g., in terms of how impacts should be quantified)
and whether all needed information can be derived (and presented) using interactive computer tools.
© 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Filters for short non‐stationary sequences
Authors: Pollock D. S. G. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThis paper describes a methodology for implementing bidirectional frequency‐selective filters in cases where the data sequence is short and non‐stationary. A simple method is proposed for dealing with the start‐up problem. The method has a firm theoretical basis and it is computationally efficient. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
AN2/NG2 protein‐expressing glial progenitor cells in the murine CNS: Isolation, differentiation, and association with radial glia
Authors: Diers‐Fenger Marianne , Kirchhoff Frank , Kettenmann Helmut , Levine Joel M. , Trotter Jacqueline 
Published: September 2002

AbstractDuring early neural development, the lineage specification of initially pluripotent progenitor cells is associated with proliferation, differentiation, and migration. Oligodendroglial progenitor cells migrate from their sites of origin to reach the axons that they will myelinate. We have described a cell‐surface protein, AN2, expressed by oligodendroglial progenitor cells in vitro and showed that antibodies against AN2 inhibited the migration of cultured primary oligodendroglial progenitor cells, suggesting that the AN2 antigen plays a role in their migration. Recently, results from MALDI mass spectroscopy showed that AN2 is the mouse homologue of the rat NG2 protein. In this study, we have analyzed cells staining with AN2 antibodies during development and in the adult murine central nervous system (CNS), carried out double stainings with antibodies against NG2, and investigated the differentiation potential of cells in vitro after isolation from early postnatal brain using AN2 antibodies. AN2 and NG2 antibodies stained totally overlapping populations of cells in the CNS. AN2/NG2 expressing cells in embryonic and postnatal brain expressed the PDGF‐α‐receptor and in postnatal brain exhibited electrophysiological properties typical of glial progenitor cells. Cells isolated from early postnatal brain using AN2 monoclonal antibody developed into oligodendrocytes in low serum medium or into astrocytes in the presence of fetal calf serum. In the embryonic spinal cord, cells staining with AN2 antibodies were found closely apposed to radial glial cells, suggesting that glial precursors, like neurons, may use radial glia as scaffolds for migration. GLIA 34:213–228, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Endogenous opioids and oligodendroglial function: Possible autocrine/paracrine effects on cell survival and development
Authors: Knapp Pamela E. , Itkis Olga S. , Zhang Lixin , Spruce Barbara A. , Bakalkin Georgy , Hauser Kurt F. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractPrevious work has shown that oligodendrocytes (OLs) express both μ‐ and κ‐opioid receptors. In developing OLs, μ receptor activation increases OL proliferation, while the κ‐antagonist nor‐binaltorphimine (NorBNI) affects OL differentiation. Because exogenous opioids were not present in our defined culture medium, we hypothesized that NorBNI blocked endogenous opioids produced by the OLs themselves. To test this, intact and partially processed proenkephalin and prodynorphin‐derived peptides were assessed in OLs using immunocytochemistry or Western blot analysis, or both. Immature OLs possessed large amounts of intact and partially processed proenkephalin precursors, as well as posttranslational products of prodynorphin including dynorphin A (1–17). With maturation, however, intact or partially processed proenkephalin was expressed by only about 50% of OLs, while dynorphin A (1–17) was undetectable. To assess the function of OL‐derived opioids, the effect of κ‐agonists/antagonists on OL differentiation and death was explored. κ‐Agonists alone had no effect. In contrast, NorBNI significantly increased OL death. Additive OL losses were evident when NorBNI was paired with toxic levels of glutamate, suggesting that κ‐receptor blockade alone is sufficient to induce OL death. Thus, the results indicate that OLs express proenkephalin and prodynorphin peptides in a developmentally regulated manner, and further suggest that opioids produced by OLs modulate OL maturation and survival through local (i.e., autocrine and/or paracrine) mechanisms. GLIA 35:156–165, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.