bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Implant‐supported fixed prostheses in the edentulous maxilla
Authors: Bergkvist Göran , Sahlholm Sten , Nilner Krister , Lindh Christina 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Objectives: To evaluate the survival rate of non‐submerged solid‐screw ITI dental implants with a rough (titanium plasma sprayed, TPS) surface in the edentulous maxilla after 1 and 2 years of loading.Material and method:  Twenty‐five patients (mean age 64 years) with edentulous upper jaws received five–seven implants and, after a mean healing time of 6.9 months, screw‐retained implant‐supported fixed prostheses. A total of 146 ITI solid screw TPS implants were inserted. The diameter of 56% of the implants was smaller (3.3 mm) than the standard (4.1 mm) and the diameter of the rest (44%) was standard. The bone quantity of the majority of the patients was low and the bone quality poor. Clinical parameters were registered at baseline and at two annual follow‐ups. Radiological examinations and assessments were also made at these times.Results: Mean marginal bone level at baseline was measured at a point 4.52 mm (range 1.45–7.70, SD 1.2) apical of the reference point. Mean bone loss from baseline to 1 year of loading was 0.24 mm (SD 0.9, P=0.002) and from 1 year to 2 years of loading 0.15 mm (SD 0.4, P<0.001). Five implants failed, four of which were early failures prior to loading. One implant failed shortly after bridge installation. The cumulative survival rate was 96.6% after 1 and 2 years.Conclusion: ITI TPS solid‐screw implants in combination with fixed prostheses had successful survival rates and were found to be a viable treatment alternative in the edentulous maxilla.
Vertical distraction osteogenesis of the mandible applied to an iliac crest graft: report of a case
Authors: Nocini Pier Francesco , Massimo Albanese , Editta Buttura da Prato , Antonio D'Agostino 
Published: December 2004

AbstractObjectives:This clinical case represents a particular application of vertical distraction osteogenesis of the mandible. The surgical technique was applied to an iliac crest bone graft previously positioned on an anterior mandibular defect with the aim to restore the vertical height after a partial resorption in a trauma patient.Case report: Distraction osteogenesis was applied because it was necessary to restore the mandibular height in a young male patient who presented with a post‐trauma anterior mandibular bony deficiency. Because of the irregularity of the mandibular surface and the depth of the defect, the patient first underwent an iliac crest bone grafting that, after 3 months, showed partial resorption. Vertical distraction osteogenesis was performed on the grafted mandible in order to obtain a satisfactory bony height of the mandibular ridge. Then the patient was successfully rehabilitated by means of an implant‐supported prosthesis.Conclusion: Vertical distraction osteogenesis appears to be a versatile surgical procedure, which can be applied as a secondary treatment in patients presenting with mandibular trauma sequelae.
Single‐tooth replacement by immediate implant and connective tissue graft: a 1–9‐year clinical evaluation
Authors: Bianchi Andrea E. , Sanfilippo Francesco 
Published: December 2004

AbstractObjectives: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the long‐lasting efficacy of a combined surgical protocol, using immediate implant and subepithelial connective tissue graft for single‐tooth replacement. The advantages of this single‐center, longitudinal, randomized, blind examiner research were the following: preservation of both keratinized mucosa amount and bone tissue, optimal peri‐implant marginal sealing, satisfactory aesthetic results, reduction in treatment time.Materials and methods: In the time period from 1990 to 1998, 116 patients were consecutively admitted for treatment with a total of 116 solid screw ITI‐implants supporting single crowns. Ninety‐six patients underwent the proposed combined treatment (test group), while 20 received only single immediate implants (control group). The observation time extended from 1 up to 9 years.Results: The 9‐year cumulative survival rate was 100% for both test and control groups. Comparative statistical analysis of soft and hard tissue peri‐implant parameters demonstrated better results in the test group than in the control during every single 3‐year analysis and especially in the last observation interval. The test group also showed very good results in terms of aesthetic parameters, which estimated the keratinized mucosa width, the alignment of crown emergence profile and the patient's satisfaction.Conclusion: Single‐tooth replacement by immediate solid screw ITI implants in association with connective tissue autograft was demonstrated to be a predictable procedure. Moreover, this treatment can be considered as a sure system to reach an excellent functional and harmonious aesthetic restoration.
CARD15 gene mutations in periodontitis
Authors: Laine M. L. , Murillo L. S. , Morré S. A. , Winkel E. G. , Peña A. S. , Van Winkelhoff A. J. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractObjectives: The CARD15 gene encodes the Nod2 protein, which is involved in intracellular recognition of bacterial products like peptidoglycan, activates inflammation and regulates apoptosis through nuclear factor‐kappa B, a transcription factor that plays a central role in the innate immunity. Two functional mutations, an insertion mutation at nucleotide 3020 (3020insC) and a missense mutation C2104T in the CARD15 gene (originally NOD2 gene) have been reported to be associated with Crohn's disease. Our aim was to investigate the occurrence of CARD15 gene polymorphisms in adult patients with periodontitis taking into account smoking and presence of putative periodontal pathogens as additional variables.Material and methods: A case–control study was performed in 104 Dutch Caucasian patients with severe adult periodontitis (54 non‐smokers and 50 smokers, mean age 46 years) and in 97 ethnically matched, periodontal healthy controls (73 non‐smokers and 24 smokers, mean age 40 years). DNA isolated from a mouthwash was typed with PCR technology. Presence of putative periodontal pathogens was established by culture technique.Results: Frequencies of the CARD15 3020insC and 2104T mutations were similar in the periodontitis group and in the control group (5.1% and 13.3%; 5.2% and 10.3%, respectively). The highest carrier frequency of CARD15 mutations was found in non‐smoking patients without Porphyromonas gingivalis and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (29.4% versus 17.4% in controls); however it did not reach statistical significance.Conclusion: Our results suggest no role for CARD15 3020insC and C2104T mutations in adult periodontitis.
Clinical development and evolution in plaque removal performance of a battery powered toothbrush
Authors: Claydon N. , Moran J. , Newcombe R. G. , Smith S. R. , Addy M. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractBackground and aim: There is growing evidence that the new generation of electric toothbrushes are more effective than manual toothbrushes. The primary aim of these studies was to compare, as an indication of the stage of development, the plaque removal properties of a prototype battery powered toothbrush with an established product. A secondary aim was to utilise the data to appraise plaque accumulation together with the patterns of removal.Method: The three studies presented used the same, single‐examiner, randomised, single‐blind cross‐over design involving up to 24 healthy volunteers. The prototype brushes, E6500 versions s1, s2 and s3 and E8000 with head speeds of 6500 and 8000 oscillations/min were compared with a similar design marketed product (MP) with a head speed of 8800 oscillations/min. All brushes had circular brush heads with oscillating rotating actions. Subjects accumulated plaque over a 4‐day period during which no oral hygiene measures were performed. On day 4, the plaque accumulation was scored by index. Subjects then used the allocated toothbrush for 2 min. This was followed by a re‐scoring of the remaining plaque.Results: Studies 1 and 2 showed significantly less plaque removed by prototype E6500 (s1) and prototype E6500 (s2), respectively, than by MP. In study 3, prototype E8000 removed similar quantities of plaque to MP (approximately 65%). In contrast prototype E6500 (s3) only removed 60% of accrued plaque. Differences, however, did not reach statistical significance.Conclusions: The study methodology was appropriate to distinguish between the study toothbrushes and was furthermore able to establish a level of comparability for one of the prototype modifications with a similar MP.
Efficacy of subgingivally applied minocycline in the treatment of chronic periodontitis
Authors: Lu Hsein‐Kun , Chei Chong‐Ji 
Published: December 2004

Background:  The use of adjunctive minocycline with mechanical debridement in treating periodontitis has been widely studied using different methods. However, the results from these studies are equivocal.Objective:  The purpose of this study was to clarify the efficacy of the adjunctive use of subgingival minocycline application plus scaling/root planing as compared with the results of one episode of scaling/root planing in the treatment of chronic periodontitis.Methods:  Fifteen patients were enrolled in this split‐mouth clinical trial. Probing depth, clinical attachment loss, gingival index, and bleeding on probing were evaluated at the baseline before scaling/root planing and 6, 10, 14, and 18 weeks later according to a single‐blind protocol. The amount of interleukin‐1β (interleukin‐1β pg/site) at each lesion was also simultaneously measured in gingival crevicular fluid in a parallel comparison design. After full‐mouth baseline measurements and scaling/root planing, 78 lesions with a residual mean probing depth of 5 mm at anterior teeth were selected and equally distributed in either right or left sites based on a split‐mouth symmetrical design and randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups (with or without minocycline administration, n = 39 for each group).Results:  Probing depth significantly decreased from the baseline (week 0) to week 6 after scaling/root planing (p < 0.05) in both groups, but there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups (p > 0.05). However, at weeks 10, 14, and 18, the experimental group showed significantly greater improvement in pocket reduction than the control group (p < 0.05). Similarly, both groups also showed significant decreases in gingival index scores from weeks 0–6 (p < 0.05), but gingival index reductions at weeks 10, 14, and 18 were statistically significant in favor of the experimental group (p < 0.05). The experimental group had more attachment gain than the control group at weeks 14 and 18 (p < 0.05). Values of interleukin‐1β (pg/site) at the experimental sites were significantly reduced at weeks 10, 14, and 18, as compared to values at control sites (p < 0.01). Finally, the incidence of bleeding on probing showed no differences between the two groups for any time interval (p > 0.05).Conclusions:  In this 18‐week clinical trial, the results suggested that scaling/root planing with adjunctive subgingival administration of minocycline ointment has a significantly better and prolonged effect compared to scaling/root planing alone on the reduction of probing depth, clinical attachment loss, gingival index, and interleukin‐1β content, but not on bleeding on probing.
Chronic glycine treatment inhibits ligature‐induced periodontal disease in Wistar rats
Authors: Breivik Torbjørn , Gundersen Yngvar , Fonnum Frode , Vaagenes Per , Opstad Per Kristian 
Published: December 2004

Objective:  Dysregulation of immune and stress responses plays a significant role for the development and progression of inflammatory diseases, including periodontal disease. The non‐essential amino acid glycine modulates immune and central nervous system (CNS) responses, and has been shown to beneficially affect tissue destructive inflammatory conditions. The purpose of this study was to test the ability of orally administered glycine to influence periodontal disease progression, as well as immune and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) responses following lipopolysaccharide stimulation.Methods:  Glycine was supplied in the drinking water during the whole experiment to male Wistar rats, starting 3 days before the induction of experimental ligature‐induced periodontal disease. Control rats were given tap water only. The periodontal breakdown was assessed after the ligatures had been in place for 34 days. Following intraperitonal lipopolysaccharide stimulation, concentrations of the proximal cytokines tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and interleukin‐10, as well as the HPA axis‐derived hormone corticosterone, were measured in blood serum.Results:  Orally administered glycine significantly reduced periodontal bone loss as measured by digital X‐rays (p = 0.007). Bone loss was negatively correlated with increased serum glycine, whereas no significant relationship was found with TNF‐α, interleukin‐10, or corticosterone.Conclusion:  Chronic ingestion of glycine supplied in the drinking water significantly reduced periodontal bone loss. No effect of glycine on immune and HPA‐axis responses was revealed. Further studies are needed to clarify the mechanisms of action.
Biological foundation for periodontitis as a potential risk factor for atherosclerosis
Authors: Chun Yong‐Hee P. , Chun Kyoung‐Ryul J. , Olguin De'Avlin , Wang Hom‐Lay 
Published: December 2004

Objectives:  Links between periodontal diseases and systemic diseases have been well documented by epidemiological studies. Recently, research has shifted to elucidating the biologic mechanism for a causal relationship. One focus of interest is atherosclerosis, the underlying event of cardiovascular diseases due to its serious health impact. However, it is still not clear whether periodontopathic pathogens are truly etiologic agents or ubiquitous bystanders. This article reviews the current understanding about the molecular biological interactions between periodontal disease and atherosclerosis and the biological plausibility of periodontitis as a potential risk factor for cardiovascular disease.Materials and methods:  The current literature regarding periodontal diseases and atherosclerosis and coronary vascular disease was searched using the Medline and PubMed databases.Results:  In vitro experiments and animal models are appropriate tools to investigate the biological interactions between periodontal disease and atherosclerosis at the cell molecular level. The concepts linking both pathologies refer to inflammatory response, immune responses, and hemostasis. In particular, Porphyromonas gingivalis appears to have unique, versatile pathogenic properties. Whether or not these findings from isolated cells or animal models are applicable in humans with genetic and environmental variations is yet to be determined. Likewise, the benefit from periodontal therapy on the development of atherosclerosis is unclear. Approaches targeting inflammatory and immune responses of periodontitis and atherosclerosis simultaneously are very intriguing.Conclusion:  An emerging concept suggests that a pathogenic burden from different sources might overcome an individual threshold culminating in clinical sequela. P. gingivalis contributes directly and indirectly to atherosclerosis.
Effect of periodontal treatment on the C‐reactive protein and proinflammatory cytokine levels in Japanese periodontitis patients
Authors: Yamazaki Kazuhisa , Honda Tomoyuki , Oda Taro , Ueki‐Maruyama Kaoru , Nakajima Takako , Yoshie Hiromasa , Seymour Gregory J. 
Published: December 2004

Background:  Recent epidemiological studies have shown that individuals with periodontitis have a significantly increased risk of developing coronary heart disease. In addition to conventional risk factors, chronic infection and subsequent production of systemic inflammatory markers may be associated with this increased risk.Objectives:  The aim of the present study was to determine whether the presence of chronic periodontitis and subsequent periodontal treatment could influence the serum levels of C‐reactive protein (CRP), interleukin‐6 and tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) in a Japanese population.Methods:  Sera were obtained from 24 patients with moderate to advanced periodontitis at the baseline examination and at reassessment after completion of treatment. As a control, sera were also obtained from 21 subjects without periodontitis. High‐sensitivity CRP (hs‐CRP) was measured using nephelometry with a latex particle‐enhanced immunoassay and interleukin‐6 and TNF‐α were determined by sensitive enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.Results:  The levels of hs‐CRP and interleukin‐6 in the sera of this Japanese population seemed to be much lower than those reported in other populations. TNF‐α on the other hand, demonstrated similar levels between this Japanese and other populations. Periodontal status demonstrated a significant improvement in all patients following treatment. There was a trend toward higher hs‐CRP levels in patients at baseline compared with control subjects. Hs‐CRP level tended to decrease with improvement of the periodontal condition following treatment and approached that of control subjects, although this decline was not statistically significant. interleukin‐6 and TNF‐α levels did not change following periodontal treatment. Furthermore, there was no difference in the serum levels of these inflammatory cytokines between patients either at baseline or at reassessment and control subjects.Conclusions:  In this pilot study, we were unable to show that periodontal disease significantly affects the serum levels of systemic inflammatory markers. However, this does not necessarily mean that periodontitis does not contribute to the total burden of inflammation as there was a tendency for hs‐CRP to decrease following successful periodontal treatment. Large‐scale studies are clearly needed to determine the impact of periodontal disease on systemic inflammation.
Investigation of periodontal ligament reaction upon excessive occlusal load – osteopontin induction among periodontal ligament cells
Authors: Kaku Masaru , Uoshima Katsumi , Yamashita Yasuo , Miura Hiroyuki 
Published: December 2004

Objective:  The purpose of the present study was to investigate the reaction of the periodontal ligament to excessive occlusal loading by observing the histological changes and osteopontin induction. The possibility of ligand for receptor activator of nuclear factor κB (RANKL) participation in osteopontin induction was also discussed.Background:  The precise mechanism of periodontal ligament breakdown by excessive occlusal loading remains unclear. We established an experimental model for excessive occlusal loading in vivo. Osteopontin is known to be produced upon mechanical loading and is considered to induce the migration of osteoclasts to the resorption site. RANKL is one of the essential factors for osteoclast maturation and induces the constitutive induction of intracellular osteopontin in vitro.Methods:  The occlusal surface of the upper left first molars of rats was raised by steel wire bonding in order to induce occlusal trauma. The destruction of the periodontal ligament was observed and the production of osteopontin and RANKL by periodontal ligament cells was detected via immunohistochemistry.Results:  Our model produced wide‐ranging destruction of the periodontal ligament. From day 3 to day 7, prominent compression of the periodontal ligament and osteoclast migration were observed at the apical interradicular septum. Osteopontin was detected in some osteoclasts, surrounding fibroblasts, and osteoblasts adjacent to the compression area. RANKL was observed from day 1 to day 7 around the osteoblasts and osteoclasts.Conclusions:  Our model was useful for the detailed investigation of periodontal ligament breakdown during excessive occlusal loading. Although intracellular osteopontin was produced in osteoclasts with intermittent occlusal loading, the role of this protein in the cells was not clear. No correlation between RANKL distribution and osteopontin production in osteoclasts could be found.
Regime Building as a Prime Mover of Technological Progress: The Energy Sector in the Central Asia-Caspian Region
Authors: Molchanov Mikhail , Yevdokimov Yuri 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
International political economy and global politics at large are increasingly driven by struggles over control of energy resources. The energy reserves of the Central Asia-Caspian region are fast becoming a focal point for these struggles. The exploration and development of oil and gas deposits can be realized in a variety of ways, some of which promote security and sustainability, while others open the gates for potential intrastate and interstate conflicts. Productivity growth and sustainable development can only be achieved on the basis of international cooperation that requires everyone to follow certain mutually agreeable "rules of the game." These rules, and the institutions that support them, should ideally form the backbone of an international governance structure that will promote not only peace and development, but also technological progress and social stability. This study demonstrates a connection between international politicaleconomic cooperation, on the one hand, and technological growth and social advancement of the region, on the other hand. It offers an analysis of the potential consequences of a cooperative regime for technological progress in the energy sector of the Central Asia-Caspian region. It shows that establishment of a cooperative energy regime in the region will lead to a technological breakthrough, as manifested by significant productivity growth, decreased unit cost of energy, and technological advancements in the energy sector itself and across the economy.
New Digital Technologies: Privacy/Property, Globalization, and Law
Authors: David Matthew , Kirkhope Jamieson 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThis paper addresses attempts to locate and dislocate music audiences in the context of global commercial, legal, and technical developments. The 2001 legal decision against Napster in the United States found the file share service company guilty of copyright infringement. This precedent appeared to support the recording industry. However, such legal frames have been bypassed by new softwares. Supporters see such global networks of sharing and distribution as undoing corporate control. The recording industry has responded with parallel claims of having encryption and surveillance technologies capable of globally reregulating property. However, as this article shows, there is no technical necessity and that total freedom and total enforcement are impossible. Just as globalization is reified into an inevitable process of deregulation in one instance and at the next moment it is reified into an indispensable regulatory regime, so new electronic media and global electronic networks promote neither regulation or deregulation, except in so far as the balance of social forces at any one time interprets and enacts them in such ways.
Cranial arterial foramen diameter in turtles: a quantitative assessment of size-independent phylogenetic signal
Authors: Jamniczky Heather , Russell Anthony 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe study of turtle systematics has relied heavily on characters of the cranial circulation, particularly the internal carotid system, which is represented by canals and foramina in the bony skull. Comparison of cranial arteries and foramina has been qualitative; we undertake a quantitative reassessment of these features. We compare three methods of size removal from morphological data, and suggest methods by which size standardisation may be achieved in instances of incomplete preservation and statistically inadequate sample sizes. Further, we demonstrate that cranial arterial foramina provide a reliable estimate of vessel size, and conclude that the internal carotid system varies quantitatively, significantly and consistently among turtle clades, in a fashion which allows predictions to be made about phylogenetic relationships.