bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dendritic cells and follicular dendritic cells express a novel ligand for CD38 which influences their maturation and antibody responses
Authors: Wykes Michelle N. , Beattie Lynette , Macpherson Gordon G. , Hart Derek N. 
Published: October 2004

SummaryCD38 is a cell surface molecule with ADP‐ribosyl cyclase activity, which is predominantly expressed on lymphoid and myeloid cells. CD38 has a significant role in B‐cell function as some anti‐CD38 antibodies can deliver potent growth and differentiation signals, but the ligand that delivers this signal in mice is unknown. We used a chimeric protein of mouse CD38 and human immunogobulin G (IgG) (CD38‐Ig) to identify a novel ligand for murine CD38 (CD38L) on networks of follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) as well as dendritic cells (DCs) in the spleen. Flow‐cytometry found that all DC subsets expressed cytoplasmic CD38L but only fresh ex vivo CD11c+ CD11b– DCs had cell surface CD38L. Anti‐CD38 antibody blocked the binding of CD38‐Ig to CD38L, confirming the specificity of detection. CD38‐Ig immuno‐precipitated ligands of 66 and 130 kDa. Functional studies found that CD38‐Ig along with anti‐CD40 and anti‐major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II antibody provided maturation signals to DCs in vitro. When CD38‐Ig was administered in vivo with antigen, IgG2a responses were significantly reduced, suggesting that B and T cells expressing CD38 may modulate the isotype of antibodies produced through interaction with CD38L on DCs. CD38‐Ig also expanded FDC networks when administered in vivo. In conclusion, this study has identified a novel ligand for CD38 which has a role in functional interactions between lymphocytes and DCs or FDCs.
Pathogenesis of collagen‐induced arthritis: modulation of disease by arthritogenic T‐cell epitope location
Authors: Tang Bo , Brand David D. , Ma Zhijun , Stuart John M. , Myers Linda K. , Kang Andrew H. 
Published: October 2004

SummaryCollagen‐induced arthritis (CIA) is an animal model of human rheumatoid arthritis that can be induced in susceptible mice by immunization with type II collagen (CII) or with collagen fragments, including cyanogen bromide (CB) peptides. One susceptible mouse strain, B10.RIII (I‐Ar), has previously been found to respond to two major T‐cell determinants, namely CII 610–618 (GPAGTAGAR) within CB10 and CII 445–453 (GPAGPAGER) within CB8. Although CB10 contains the immunodominant determinant, it is not arthritogenic. Using recombinant techniques, the determinant within CB10 was mutated to rCB10T614P,A617E, generating a recombinant CB10 that in effect contained the arthritogenic epitope. When used for immunization, rCB10T614P,A617E was arthritogenic. This suggested that the arthritogenic property was intrinsic to the epitope and unrelated to its position within the CII molecule. To test this hypothesis, additional mutants were generated. The wild‐type T‐cell epitope of CB10 was deleted from its natural position, and the ‘arthritogenic’ GPAGPAGER T‐cell epitope was inserted into the C‐terminal portion of the CB10 peptide. The resulting peptide induced arthritis in B10.RIII mice. Adding a second copy of the T‐cell determinant to other sites within CB10, however, had varying results. A second T‐cell epitope located at the C‐terminus of rCB10 significantly increased the incidence and severity of arthritis, while determinants placed in other positions had little effect. These data indicate that the T‐cell epitope has intrinsic arthritogenic properties, but there are positional and structural constraints that affect its arthritogenicity. Enhanced arthritis was associated with an increased T‐cell proliferation to the peptides, an increase in the level of inflammatory cytokines, and higher levels of anti‐CII immunoglobulin. These data suggest that the position and copy number of T‐cell determinants also affect the overall immune T‐cell responses.
The uses of photography in clinical nursing practice and research: a literature review
Authors: Riley Robin G. , Manias Elizabeth 
Published: October 2004

Aims. The aim of this paper is to report a study to identify themes and provide a ‘snap‐shot’ of the scope and uses of photography in clinical nursing practice and research.Background. Despite the dominance of vision as a way of understanding the world in Western societies, the applications of photography in clinical nursing practice and research have not been well synthesized or reported in the literature.Methods. A computerized search of CINAHL database was performed using the terms photographs, photography, photographic, photovoice, videorecording and videotaping. Hand searching for additional citations was also undertaken.Findings. The identified papers on photography were categorized into broad themes that reflected the different applications to which photography had been applied: documentation and surveillance; therapeutic intervention; teaching, learning and evaluating performance; research methods; and descriptive and instructional literature. Approaches to the use of photography, as recorded in the nursing literature, are broad and include: wound surveillance, covert patient surveillance, photo essay, art therapy, self‐portraits, life albums, simulated recall, participant observation, photovoice, photo hermeneutics, production of research scenarios, and video modelling.Conclusions. The most common applications of photography in nursing and related journals include photo elicitation to promote understanding in research, videorecording as a method of teaching and learning, and as a method of observation, with more creative approaches tending to be employed in health professions other than nursing. Few reports gave explanations of how researchers negotiated ethical concerns when seeking approval for studies in clinical settings, and few gave details of the processes of data analysis.
Neuronal correlates of gastric pain induced by fundus distension: a 3T‐fMRI study
Authors: Lu C.‐L. , Wu Y.‐T. , Yeh T.‐C. , Chen L.‐F. , Chang F.‐Y. , Lee S.‐D. , Ho L.‐T. , Hsieh J.‐C. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractVisceral hypersensitivity in gastric fundus is a possible pathogenesis for functional dyspepsia. The cortical representation of gastric fundus is still unclear. Growing evidence shows that the insula, but not the primary or secondary somatosensory region (SI or SII), may be the cortical target for visceral pain. Animal studies have also demonstrated that amygdala plays an important role in processing visceral pain. We used fMRI to study central projection of stomach pain from fundus balloon distension. We also tested the hypothesis that there will be neither S1 nor S2 activation, but amygdala activation with the fundus distension. A 3T‐fMRI was performed on 10 healthy subjects during baseline, fullness (12.7 ± 0.6 mmHg) and moderate gastric pain (17.0 ± 0.8 mmHg). fMRI signal was modelled by convolving the predetermined psychophysical response. Statistical comparisons were performed between conditions on a group level. Gastric pain activated a wide range of cortical and subcortical structures, including thalamus and insula, anterior and posterior cingulate cortices, basal ganglia, caudate nuclei, amygdala, brain stem, cerebellum and prefrontal cortex (P < 0.001). A subset of these neuronal substrates was engaged in the central processing of fullness sensation. SI and SII were not activated during the fundus stimulation. In conclusion, the constellation of neuronal structures activated by fundus distension overlaps the pain matrices induced musculocutaneous pain, with the exception of the absence of SI or SII activation. This may account for the vague nature of visceral sensation/pain. Our data also confirms that the insula and amygdala may act as the central role in visceral sensation/pain, as well as in the proposed sensory‐limbic model of learning and memory of pain.
Diagnosis of flea allergy dermatitis: comparison of intradermal testing with flea allergens and a FcɛRI α‐based IgE assay in response to flea control
Authors: LAFFORT‐DASSOT CATHERINE , CARLOTTI DIDIER‐NOËL , PIN DIDIER , JASMIN PIERRE 
Published: October 2004

Abstract  The objective of this study was to evaluate the accuracy ofin vivoandin vitrotests in the diagnosis of flea allergy dermatitis in comparison with history, clinical signs and response to flea control. Intradermal testing using four different sources of flea allergens and FcɛRIα‐based immunoglobulin (Ig)E assays were performed in 15 flea‐allergic dogs, 15 atopic dogs and 15 dogs infested with fleas but showing no clinical signs of skin disease. Sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value, positive predictive value and accuracy were calculated for all five tests and results varied greatly. Sensitivity, specificity and overall accuracy were 27, 83 and 64%, respectively, for one extract (Isotec), 67, 90 and 82% for another extract (Greer), 93, 90 and 91% for flea saliva, 40, 90 and 73% for the recombinant Cte f 1 both produced by Heska Corp. and 87, 53 and 64% for a FcɛRIα‐based IgE assay. These results indicate that intradermal testing with flea extracts is more accurate in the diagnosis of flea allergy dermatitis thanin vitrotests. Moreover, pure flea saliva used as a reagent for intradermal testing provided the best results in terms of sensitivity, specificity and overall accuracy although the Greer extract, a whole body flea extract, also allowed a good correlation between intradermal testing results and clinical approach to flea allergy dermatitis diagnosis.
The preventive anti‐oxidant action of thiazolidinediones: a new therapeutic prospect in diabetes and insulin resistance
Authors: Da Ros R. , Assaloni R. , Ceriello A. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractBackground  Hyperglycaemia‐derived oxygen free radicals may be mediators of diabetic complications.Methods  Recent studies show that hyperglycaemia‐induced overproduction of superoxide seems to be the first and key event in activation of pathways involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications. Superoxide overproduction is accompanied by increased nitric oxide generation and consequently formation of the powerful oxidant peroxynitrite and by poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase activation. This results in acute endothelial dysfunction and activation of inflammation in blood vessels that contribute to the development of diabetic complications.Results  Thiazolidinediones are a new class of insulin‐sensitizing agents. They inhibit intracellular free radical overproduction. In particular, they inhibit the same pathways involved in hyperglycaemia‐derived oxidative stress, particularly iNOS and NF‐κB. Studies in animal models suggest that thiazolidinediones can reduce oxidative stress, independent of their ability to reduce hyperglycaemia.Conclusions  The availability of compounds that simultaneously decrease hyperglycaemia, restore insulin resistance and inhibit pathways activated by high glucose producing oxidative stress signals a promising approach.
Diurnal blood glucose profiles in women with gestational diabetes with or without hypertension
Authors: Leinonen A. , Hiilesmaa V. , Andersen H. , Teramo K. , Kaaja R. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractAim  The aim of the study was to establish whether diurnal blood glucose profiles differed in women with gestational diabetes (GDM) with different forms of hypertensive complications.Methods  The subjects were patients diagnosed at 26–32 gestational weeks as having GDM (n = 178). They were classified as being normotensive, having chronic hypertension (with or without superimposed pre‐eclampsia on chronic hypertension) or pregnancy‐induced hypertension (with or without proteinuria). We compared diurnal blood glucose profiles (blood glucose taken every 4 h over 24 h) in these three groups.Results  Hypertension complicated 43% of the women with GDM. The glucose profiles were similar between the three groups, except that in early morning hours (from 04:00 to 08:00 h) blood glucose concentrations increased in mothers with chronic hypertension, whereas they decreased in the normotensive women. In univariate regression analysis, both obesity (BMI ≥ 28 kg/m2) and chronic hypertension showed significant association with blood glucose rise from 04:00 to 08:00 h, but in a multiple regression model neither showed significant independent effect.Conclusions  The rise in blood glucose levels during the early morning hours in women with GDM and chronic hypertension could reflect greater insulin resistance and sympathetic overactivity.
Better long‐term glycaemic control with the basal insulin glargine as compared with NPH in patients with Type 1 diabetes mellitus given meal‐time lispro insulin
Authors: Porcellati F. , Rossetti P. , Pampanelli S. , Fanelli C. G. , Torlone E. , Scionti L. , Perriello G. , Bolli G. B. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractBackground  Glargine is a long‐acting insulin analogue potentially more suitable than NPH insulin in intensive treatment of Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1 DM), but no study has proven superiority. The aim of this study was to test superiority of glargine on long‐term blood glucose (BG) as well as on responses to hypoglycaemia vs. NPH.Methods  One hundred and twenty‐one patients with T1 DM on intensive therapy on four times/day NPH and lispro insulin at each meal, were randomized to either continuation of NPH four times/day (n = 60), or once daily glargine at dinner‐time (n = 61) for 1 year. Lispro insulin at meal‐time was continued in both groups. In 11 patients from each group, responses to stepped hyperinsulinaemic‐hypoglycaemia were measured before and after 1 year's treatment.Results  Mean daily BG was lower with glargine [7.6 ± 0.11 mmol/l (137 ± 2 mg/dl)] vs. NPH [8.1 ± 0.22 mmol/l (146 ± 4 mg/dl)] (P < 0.05). HbA1c at 4 months did not change with NPH, but decreased with glargine (from 7.1 ± 0.1 to 6.7 ± 0.1%), and remained lower than NPH at 12 months (6.6 ± 0.1%, P < 0.05 vs. NPH). Frequency of mild hypoglycaemia [self‐assisted episodes, blood glucose ≤ 4.0 mmol/l (72 mg/dl)] was lower with glargine vs. NPH (7.2 ± 0.5 and 13.2 ± 0.6 episodes/patient‐month, P < 0.05). After 1 year, NPH treatment resulted in no change of responses to hypoglycaemia, whereas with glargine plasma glucose, thresholds and maximal responses of plasma adrenaline and symptoms to hypoglycaemia improved (P < 0.05).Conclusions  The simpler glargine regimen decreases the percentage of HbA1c and frequency of hypoglycaemia and improves responses to hypoglycaemia more than NPH. Thus, glargine appears more suitable than NPH as basal insulin for intensive treatment of T1 DM.
New and experimental approaches to treatment of diabetic foot ulcers: a comprehensive review of emerging treatment strategies
Authors: Eldor R. , Raz I. , Ben Yehuda A. , Boulton A. J. M. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractDiabetic foot ulcers occur in up to 15% of all diabetic patients and are a leading cause of nontraumatic amputation worldwide. Neuropathy, abnormal foot biomechanics, peripheral vascular disease and external trauma are the major contributors to the development of a foot ulcer in the diabetic patient. Therapy today includes repeated debridement, offloading, and dressings, for lower grade ulcers, and broad spectrum antibiotics and occasionally limited or complete amputation for higher grades, requiring a team effort of health care workers from various specialties.The large population affected by diabetic foot ulcers and the high rates of failure ending with amputation even with the best therapeutic regimens, have resulted in the development of new therapies and are the focus of this review. These include new off loading techniques, dressings from various materials, methods to promote wound closure using artificial skin grafts, different growth factors or wound bed modulators and methods of debridement.These new techniques are promising but still mostly unproven and traditional approaches cannot be replaced. New and generally more expensive therapies should be seen as adding to traditional approaches.
Increased cysteine availability is essential for cadmium tolerance and accumulation in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Domínguez‐Solís José R. , López‐Martín M. Carmen , Ager Francisco J. , Ynsa M. Dolores , Romero Luis C. , Gotor Cecilia 
Published: October 2004

SummaryEmploying genetic transformation using an Atcys‐3A cDNA construct expressing the cytosolic O‐acetylserine(thiol)lyase (OASTL), we obtained two Arabidopsis lines with different capabilities for supplying cysteine under metal stress conditions. Lines 1‐2 and 10‐10, grown under standard conditions, showed similar levels of cysteine and glutathione (GSH) to those of the wild‐type. However, in the presence of cadmium, line 10‐10 showed significantly higher levels. The increased thiol content allowed line 10‐10 to survive under severe heavy metal stress conditions (up to 400 µm of cadmium in the growth medium), and resulted in an accumulation of cadmium in the leaves to a level similar to that of metal hyperaccumulator plants. Investigation of the epidermal leaf surface clearly showed that most of the cadmium had accumulated in the trichomes. Furthermore, line 10‐10 was able to accumulate more cadmium in its trichomes than the wild‐type, whereas line 1‐2 showed a reduced capacity for cadmium accumulation. Our results suggest that an increased rate of cysteine biosynthesis is responsible for the enhanced cadmium tolerance and accumulation in trichome leaves. Thus, molecular engineering of the cysteine biosynthesis pathway, together with modification of the number of leaf trichomes, may have considerable potential in increasing heavy metal accumulation for phytoremediation purposes.
A transcriptomics resource for wheat functional genomics
Authors: Wilson Ian D. , Barker Gary L. A. , Beswick Richard W. , Shepherd Sophie K. , Lu Chungui , Coghill Jane A. , Edwards David , Owen Philippa , Lyons Rebecca , Parker Jill S. , Lenton John R. , Holdsworth Michael J. , Shewry Peter R. , Edwards Keith J. 
Published: October 2004

SummaryGrain development, germination and plant development under abiotic stresses are areas of biology that are of considerable interest to the cereal community. Within the Investigating Gene Function programme we have produced the resources required to investigate alterations in the transcriptome of hexaploid wheat during these developmental processes. We have single pass sequenced the cDNAs of between 700 and 1300 randomly picked clones from each of 35 cDNA libraries representing highly specific stages of grain and plant development. Annotated sequencing results have been stored in a publicly accessible, online database at http://www.cerealsdb.uk.net. Each of the tissue stages used has also been photographed in detail, resulting in a collection of high‐quality micrograph images detailing wheat grain development. These images have been collated and annotated in order to produce a web site focused on wheat development (http://www.wheatbp.net/). We have also produced high‐density microarrays of a publicly available wheat unigene set based on the 35 cDNA libraries and have completed a number of microarray experiments which validate their quality.
Targeted knockouts of Physcomitrella lacking plant‐specific immunogenic N‐glycans
Authors: Koprivova Anna , Stemmer Christian , Altmann Friedrich , Hoffmann Axel , Kopriva Stanislav , Gorr Gilbert , Reski Ralf , Decker Eva L. 
Published: October 2004

SummaryUsing plants as production factories for therapeutic proteins requires modification of their N‐glycosylation pattern because of the immunogenicity of plant‐specific sugar residues. In an attempt towards such humanization, we disrupted the genes for α1,3‐fucosyltransferase and β1,2‐xylosyltransferase in Physcomitrella patens by homologous recombination. The single Δfuc‐t and Δxyl‐t plants, as well as the double knockout, lacked transcripts of the corresponding genes, but did not differ from the wild‐type moss in morphology, growth, development, and ability to secrete a recombinant protein, the human vascular endothelial growth factor VEGF121, into the culture medium. N‐Glycan analysis, however, revealed the absence of 1,3‐fucosyl and/or 1,2‐xylosyl residues, respectively. Therefore, the modifications described here represent the key step towards the generation of moss lines suitable for the production of plant‐made glycosylated biopharmaceuticals with nonallergenic N‐glycans.
Early development of subcortical regions involved in non‐cued attention switching
Authors: Casey B.J. , Davidson Matthew C. , Hara Yuko , Thomas Kathleen M. , Martinez Antigona , Galvan Adriana , Halperin Jeffrey M. , Rodríguez‐Aranda Claudia E. , Tottenham Nim 
Published: October 2004

Abstract This study examined the cognitive and neural development of attention switching using a simple forced‐choice attention task and functional magnetic resonance imaging. Fourteen children and adults made discriminations among stimuli based on either shape or color. Performance on these trials was compared to performance during blocked trials requiring all color or all shape discriminations. Magnetic resonance echo planar images were acquired during performance of the task. Both children and adults showed robust bilateral activity of the caudate nucleus when switching attention between color and shape discriminations that correlated negatively with mean response latency on these trials. However, neither switching costs nor caudate activity correlated with age, suggesting early development of the underlying neural circuitry involved in switching between salient stimulus sets. Overall, children and adults differed in performance and patterns of brain activity on the task, with adults responding more accurately and faster than children, and recruiting more prefrontal and parietal regions. These results suggest an important role of subcortical regions (i.e. caudate nucleus) in non‐cued attention switching, with increasing recruitment of cortical regions with age.
Two‐ and three‐year‐olds infer and reason about design intentions in order to categorize broken objects
Authors: Kemler Nelson Deborah G. , Holt Morghan B. , Egan Louisa Chan 
Published: October 2004

Abstract In naming artifacts, do young children infer and reason about the intended functions of the objects? Participants between the ages of 2 and 4 years were shown two kinds of objects derived from familiar categories. One kind was damaged so as to undermine its usual function. The other kind was also dysfunctional, but made so by adding features that appeared to be intentional. Evidence that 2‐, 3‐ and 4‐year‐olds were more likely to apprehend the broken objects than the intentionally dysfunctional objects as members of the familiar lexical categories favors the conclusion that, in naming, children may spontaneously infer and reason about design intentions from an early age. This is the first evidence that 2‐ and 3‐year‐olds not only take design intentions into account in object categorization, but that they do so even without explicit mention of the objects’ accidental or intentional histories. The results cast doubt on a proposal that young children's lexical categorization is based on automatic, non‐deliberative processes.
An Overlapping‐generations Model of Escape Clause Protection
Authors: Davidson Carl , Matusz Steven J. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe paper explores the efficiency consequences of using temporary protection to ease adjustment following an unexpected, permanent improvement in a country's terms of trade. In the model, workers trade off the potentially higher wage that the export sector has to offer with a lower job acquisition rate. An unexpected improvement in the terms of trade surprises old workers who cannot undo the decisions they made while young. Some old workers who had not planned to search for work in the export sector end up changing their plans, adding to the pool of searchers, creating congestion. Temporary protection can reduce congestion and make the transition to the new steady state smoother. Moreover, there are conditions under which the congestion externalities lead to multiple steady‐state equilibria that can be Pareto‐ranked. Temporary protection may lead to a permanent change in the allocation of resources, and this permanent change may be welfare‐enhancing.