bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Teaching to Live
Authors: Wright Almeda M. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Teaching to Live: Black Religion, Activist-Educators, and Radical Social Change interrogates the stories of African American activist-educators whose faith convictions inspired them to educate in radical and transformative ways. At issue is that many of these educators are known only or primarily for their educational theory or their activism, and that their religious convictions were either obscured or ignored. This book counters this trend, exploring the connections between religion, education, and struggles for freedom within African American communities throughout the twentieth century through the stories of particular activist-educators. It begins with the reflections of Anna Julia Cooper, W. E. B. Du Bois, Ida B. Wells, and Nannie Helen Burroughs, who attempted to transform American society by expanding the involvement of African Americans as contributors to all aspects of American life, including the religious, intellectual, and cultural. It also explores the activist-educators at the center of the mid-twentieth-century civil rights movement, like religious and lay leaders Septima Clark and James Lawson, and the cadre of student leaders and teachers they trained. Finally, it investigates models of religious activist-educators Olivia Pearl Stokes and Albert Cleage Jr., which emerged in last quarter of the twentieth century as new questions about the centrality of the Black Church in the African American community and Black activism began to take shape. The rich and complex narratives of these educators point to several ways that religion, education, and radical social change intersect, and they invite readers to continue exploring how these concepts will evolve for future generations of activist-educators.
Words Whose Origin Has Bothered You for Years
Authors: Liberman Anatoly 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Some words are so rare or exotic that their origins invariably cause interest and even amusement. This chapter features five such words. Alairy, whose origin has been explained quite well, is a good example of how some old (here, Middle English) word has survived until today in children’s (girls’) folklore. Aroint, remembered from Macbeth, a word meant to scare away witches, has probably also been explained well, but the explanation lies buried in a note from long ago and had to be excavated. Galoot is, most probably, a borrowing from Dutch and provides another example of an etymology, one guessed at but unknown to dictionary makers. Wayzgoose remains partly obscure. However, the proposed etymologies do throw some light on the origin of this name for a printers’ banquet. Pilgarlic, with its hidden sexual innuendo, seems to have been accounted for rather convincingly. Yet, once again, dictionaries know next to nothing about its etymology. The disparity between what is in principle known about words’ origin and what can be found in the available reference sources is the main motif of this chapter.
It Takes All Sorts to Make the World Go Round
Authors: Liberman Anatoly 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The words discussed in this chapter (bigot, bugger, beggar; henchman, scoundrel, bully—along with the verb bullyrag—curmudgeon, catawampus, pettifogger, simpleton, snob, codger ~ cadger, and plug-ugly) refer to the names of rum characters and one rare occupation. Since plug-ugly is probably a loan from Dutch, the idiom to play hookey, also of Dutch provenance, has been added at the end of the last section. The discussion often centers on the questions of religion and heresy (bigot, beggar, bugger), history (henchman), trade (pettifogger) and touches on literary figures (bullyragging, scoundrel, snob) and superstitions (catawampus). Slang, borrowing, language variation, change of meaning, and folk etymology are among the main linguistic topics featured in the chapter.
Crabbed Age Looks Back at Youth and Feels Amused
Authors: Liberman Anatoly 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Over the years, numerous words have been coined to ridicule new fashions and individuals who do not look like the rest of the population. Dandy, masher, dude, and nerd are typical designations invented for such people. None of the four words has an ascertainable etymology. Masher is probably the least obscure of them, and nerd is the most opaque (its connection with nut has been proposed in this book). Dandy and dude are based on the repetition of d, and the coincidence may not be fortuitous. All the words featured here surfaced as slang and still belong to this register.
Marital Bliss and a Few Diversions
Authors: Liberman Anatoly 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Apart from the fact that kiss, honeymoon, bicker ~ bitch, and harlot belong in some way to a similar semantic field (sex and family relations), they share a feature especially important to the structure and content of this book: each is an etymological puzzle. On the face of it, honeymoon has nothing to do with honey; bitch seems to refer to bitch (but it does not); and harlot is an etymological crux that has invited endless speculation. Discussion of kiss takes us to the origin of rites and ceremonies and the erotic sphere. Bicker appears to have emerged as a dicing term, and the story of harlot meanders through the reign of King William the Conqueror, the history of prostitution, and the niceties of the European military vocabulary (the riddle of the origin of harlot seems to have been solved). The reference to some basic medieval military terms will be picked up in the story of Harlequin (Chapter 8).
Tools, Implements, and Professions
Authors: Liberman Anatoly 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter continues the discussion begun in the previous one. The names of some tools are extremely old, because axes and mattocks were used at the dawn of civilization, and the origin of such words is rarely clear. Besides, axes, adzes, and other tools, whose names are featured here, belonged to the common stock of itinerant artisans, and those names sometimes combined elements from several languages, most notably, English and French. Sex toys are also old and ubiquitous. Since they are toys, it does not come as a surprise that dildo is probably a playful word. Tools take researchers to the names of artisans. Hence haberdasher and hatter, both included here. The origin of haberdasher remains disputable, while the main question about hatters is not the fully transparent word hatter but whether they were more prone to madness than any other artisans. The history of awning and tarpaulin illustrates the difficulty of discovering the origin of late nautical terms.
Apollo’s Disciples
Authors: Schulz Raimund J. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Following the Phoenicians, Greeks started to settle on the west Mediterranean littoral and the shores of the Black Sea, from where they would embark either into the hinterland or towards the Atlantic. Aristeas of Proconnesus travelled to the Urals and told of strange people in central Asia, among them the Hyperboreans, who were perhaps Chinese. The Greeks were also already familiar with the Amber Road along the Danube. Farther to the west, Greek and Carthaginian mariners sailed through the Strait of Gibraltar into the Atlantic and reached the legendary Tin Isles (Britain?). All these expeditions paved the way for advances in geographical understanding (spherical earth) and encounters with religious movements from outside of the Greek world (for example, shamanic practices).
Beyond the Mediterranean
Authors: Schulz Raimund J. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
In the sixth century bce, larger political formations take centre stage and put their stamp on world exploration. In the west, the Carthaginian navigator Hanno colonizes the coast of Morocco, sails up the Senegal River in search of gold, and explores the African coastline as far as today’s Cameroon. At the same time, trans-Saharan trade routes connect west Africa with Egypt and Carthage. In the east, the Greek seafarer Scylax explores the Indus region and pioneers a sea route from the mouth of the Indus to the west for the Persian king Darius. His report on India and its peoples profoundly influenced Greek ethnography and anthropology, culminating in the comprehensive accounts of the world composed by Hecataeus and Herodotus.
New Horizons on Land and at Sea
Authors: Schulz Raimund J. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The wealth of data on remote lands and people supplied by long-distance travel demanded new models for describing the world. In combination with political and commercial interests, these models accelerated the gains in knowledge made by Greek conquerors and seafarers. Against this backdrop, Pytheas of Massalia sailed to the North Atlantic in the fourth century bce. This was not just an individual ‘scientific’ enterprise but also a commercial venture to secure his hometown access to tin and amber in the North and Baltic Seas. He was probably the first Mediterranean traveller to visit Iceland and Norway. In the meantime, Alexander the Great marched across the Caucasus following his victory over Darius III, leading his army as far as India. One of his aims was to reach the edges of the world and clear up geographical questions that had preoccupied scholars like Aristotle.
The Globalization of Eurasia in the First and Second Centuries ce
Authors: Schulz Raimund J. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The flourishing economy of the Roman Empire and the enormous wealth accrued by Roman senators stimulated overseas trade with India. Middlemen bought luxuries, pepper, and aromatics in Indian port cities and sold them at high prices in Alexandria. In around 100 ce, a Greek mariner sailed through the Strait of Malacca into the South China Sea and beat a path to the court of the Han emperors. Traders entered the Chinese Empire via the ‘silk roads’, while Chinese delegations reached the Euphrates asking for the way to the Roman Empire. There emerged a network not only of global commercial and diplomatic contacts, but also of religious ideas and geographical knowledge. The idea of a spherical earth prompted debate on the extent of the Atlantic and on how it might be crossed. But there was no economic or material pressure, and no missionary enthusiasm, to turn these speculations into reality
Pitch-based Structures
Authors: Nakra Teresa M. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Chapter 3 addresses the “vertical” dimension of music, also known as the frequency domain or “tonal pitch space.” It focuses primarily on pitch, starting with creating and naming notes. It also explores how notes are grouped together to form standard units of musical structure such as intervals, scales, and chords. The chapter investigates how to group and scaffold pitches together, learn how groupings function, and create them using code; it then discusses how a sense of tonality defines the complex system of relationships between notes and note groupings, governed ultimately by our notions of consonance and dissonance. Finally, it engages with the concept of musical keys and how they support an overarching system and context within which notes, intervals, scales, and chords derive their meanings and functions.
The Examined Run
Authors: Little Sabrina B. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The Examined Run provides an accessible treatment of what it might look like to use running as a laboratory for virtue development. This book engages many topics in the field of virtue ethics—virtue, vice, exemplarism, emotions, and competition—and places them in conversation with training and racing in endurance sports. The Examined Run explores happiness and success, competition and character. It investigates whether certain definitions of success conflict with being morally good, and whether certain virtues may be performance-enhancing in the world of sport. It asks whether athletes should strive to be “limitless,” and it examines how to take seriously considerations of human nature in competitive sport. This book welcomes readers into a tradition of inquiry about character, flourishing, and suffering, so that they can ask better questions about what it means to live a happy life and how running might fit in.
Pride Ran-eth Me into a Shed
Authors: Little Sabrina B. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The focus of this book is the formation of virtues through distance running. This requires a background in virtue ethics and its connection to running. This chapter provides an overview of virtue ethics, among other moral approaches, and defends the value of placing virtue ethics in conversation with distance running. This chapter offers a framework for addressing the specific questions of virtue, vice, development, happiness, and other considerations of virtue ethics found in later chapters. It also raises big questions, such as how virtues are connected to happiness, what people are for, and why our bodies matter when it comes to moral character.
Applying a Public Health Context to Climate Change
Authors: Patz Jonathan A. , Levy Barry S. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Human-caused climate change is creating, both directly and indirectly, profound and widespread environmental and health consequences. Mitigation (primary prevention) policies in the energy, transportation, and agriculture sectors can reduce emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) while simultaneously providing near-term health co-benefits. Adaptation (secondary prevention) actions can reduce the health consequences of climate change, and some adaptation actions can also mitigate GHG emissions. This chapter includes some strategies, such as communicating the health relevance of climate change, building movements, and promoting climate justice, that can strengthen public and political support to address climate change. This chapter also includes textboxes on disparities and on a brief history of organizational responses to climate change, including the work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).
Heat-Related Disorders Among Community Populations
Authors: Basu Rupa , Wu Xiangmei (May) 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Average ambient temperatures are increasing and heat waves are becoming more frequent, more intense, and longer in duration. Heat-related disorders and heat-related complications of underlying medical conditions are becoming more frequent. High-risk populations include older people, pregnant people, and young children; those with underlying medical conditions; individuals of low socioeconomic status; and those without access to air conditioning. People living in urban areas are often at greater risk for heat-related morbidity and mortality because of the urban heat island effect. Measures for prevention include developing and implementing heat response plans with heat-warning systems, making cool environments available, and educating the public about the risks of heat-related disorders and measures to lower these risks.
Vectorborne Diseases
Authors: Barker Christopher M. , Reisen William K. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Vectorborne diseases result from infections with pathogens that have intricate transmission cycles in which pathogens are transmitted between humans or other vertebrate hosts by arthropod vectors. These cycles are strongly affected by climate and other environmental conditions. Climate effects on vectorborne diseases are complex. Warming temperatures, changing precipitation patterns, and increasing frequency of extreme weather events have resulted in the emergence or reemergence of many vectors and vectorborne diseases in recent decades. Warming temperatures enable earlier and longer seasons of annual vector activity and have enabled the expansion of important tick and mosquito vectors into temperate latitudes. Effects of climate change have coincided with other major anthropogenic changes, such as urbanization and globalized travel and trade, which increase contact between humans and vectors and enable long-range vector and pathogen movement into new areas. Prevention of vectorborne diseases relies on early detection of emerging threats through surveillance and timely data-sharing.
Waterborne Diseases
Authors: Bratburd Jennifer R. , McLellan Sandra L. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
A wide variety of host-associated and environmental pathogens can cause waterborne disease. Waterborne disease is being affected by changing climate factors, including extreme weather events, increased rainfall and flooding, decreased rainfall and drought, sea-level rise, and increased ambient temperature. Many countries and communities have inadequate infrastructure for water treatment and supply that is vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. Prevention of waterborne disease depends on maintaining water infrastructure, ensuring sustainable access to affordable clean drinking water, maintaining sewage and drinking water treatment, supporting prevention based on human behaviors, improving agricultural management, monitoring recreational water, and performing public health surveillance. Because different pathogens are affected differently by climate change, some interventions to prevent waterborne disease need to be adapted to specific pathogens.
Food Insecurity and Malnutrition
Authors: Fanzo Jessica , Schneider Kate R. , Wood Stanley 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Climate change is placing stress on food production areas, adversely affecting environments for future agriculture and livestock production as well as threatening food security and nutrition. Changes in temperature and rainfall are increasing the potential for insect, pest, and disease threats to food production, food safety, and water quality as well as the risk of malnutrition. Climate change is challenging the ability of production systems in low- and middle-income countries to raise productivity in the face of growing food demand, thereby raising food prices and jeopardizing nutrition. Climate change can exacerbate undernutrition by reducing household food security, environmental health, and access to health services. Specific actions that can increase the resilience of agri-food systems and households to climate change include research and development of stress-tolerant and resilient crop varieties and animal breeds, more efficient food markets, agricultural information services, improved social protection measures, and early-warning systems. The chapter includes a textbox on threats from plant pathogens.
Violence
Authors: Levy Barry S. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The ways in which climate change contributes to violence are generally not recognized. There is increasing evidence that climate change contributes to the occurrence of self-inflicted violence (including suicide), interpersonal violence, and collective violence (including war and other forms of armed conflict). Concerning interpersonal violence, higher temperatures and extreme weather events have been associated with gender-based violence and community violence. There is increasing data showing that climate change, especially warmer temperature and extremes of precipitation, can contribute to causing armed conflict, although climate change is often less of a causative factor than other social and political factors. In addition to mitigation and adaptation, measures can be taken to prevent conflicts from becoming violent, address the underlying causes of violence, and build a stronger infrastructure for peace. The chapter also includes a textbox on migration due to climate change.
Promoting Climate Justice
Authors: Haar Rohini J. , Levy Barry S. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Climate justice addresses inequities between those who have been responsible for causing climate change and those who are suffering most from the consequences of climate change. Climate justice asserts that those most responsible for climate change assume primary responsibility for mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions, adaptation to climate change, and reparations for those who are most severely affected. Climate justice ensures that all people, especially marginalized communities, have a voice in public policy decisions concerning mitigation, adaptation, and reparations. Climate justice ensures that mitigation, adaptation, and reparation measures create co-benefits and do not worsen existing inequities. And climate justice means addressing a wider range of societal inequities. This chapter covers these issues and includes a textbox on climate justice policies for a renewable energy transition.
Political and Religious Leaders
Authors: Stratton Hild Elaine 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Chapter 2 examines the ritual for the dying contained in the manuscript Bibliothèque nationale de France, lat. 934, associated with the Cathedral of Saint Stephen in Sens (from the late twelfth to thirteenth centuries). Editions and analyses of the ritual’s three notated chants are provided. The chapter argues that this specific deathbed liturgy—documented in Sens for over 300 years—is itself a compilation of diverse traditions. From these differing practices, the ritual’s compilers primarily drew upon texts and chants containing benevolent depictions of the afterlife. For the dying person, the ritual portrayed death as a migration, rather than a judgment. Analyses of the ritual’s chants and psalms—some of which are included in Dante’s depiction of purgatory in the Divine Comedy—reveal the substantial role music played in conveying these reassuring images. The manuscript’s scribal work also indicates that the ritual could have been sung for women and laity.
Final Considerations
Authors: Stratton Hild Elaine 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The book’s conclusion summarizes some of the most important academic gains provided by a study of the music in medieval Europe’s deathbed rituals. The chapter also considers a striking commonality in the rituals’ use of music: song is consistently prescribed to accompany the final breath of life. The reception of the Eucharist, viaticum, formed the central focus of deathbed rituals prior to the Carolingian era. Yet in the liturgical tradition investigated in this book, singing the chant complex Subvenite–Suscipiat most often marked the decisive moment. The chapter considers possible reasons underlying this practice of singing: the Neoplatonic understandings of the Middle Ages and the pragmatic motivations that might have prompted a privileged position for song at the final breath.
The Consequentialism of the Late Ashʿarites
Authors: Saemi Amir 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Early Ashʿarites (including al-Juwainī) espouse divine command theory. Al-Ghazālī, however, rejects divine command theory and offers a new semantics for moral terms. He advocates a self-centered consequentialist ethical theory. The chapter provides an overview of al-Ghazālī’s ethical theory and his moral epistemology, according to which reason has no power to discover the moral status of actions. Based on al-Ghazālī’s consequentialist ethical theory, the argument for strict adherence is reconstructed to reject the reliability of our independent moral judgments. The argument implies that we have to follow Scriptural injunctions in their literal sense. The argument’s reliance on consequentialism, however, generates some worries for the argument.
The Hermeneutics of Scripture
Authors: Saemi Amir 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The problem of divinely prescribed evil arises only if we have a moral interpretation of Scriptural injunctions, and can be resolved once we reject that interpretation in favor of a legal interpretation of Scriptural injunctions. Ibn Tufayl’s philosophical tale Hayy ibn Haqzān can help us understand the social function of religious laws and why it is rational to legislate nonoptimal moral rules under nonideal conditions. An argument for Legal Interpretation is offered in light of Ibn Tufayl’s idea and the planning conception of law. This argument reveals that there is a grain of truth in the contextualization view. The chapter also discusses the moral functions of Scripture in our modern world.