bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Materialism as a Scientific Hypothesis
Authors: Graham George , Valentine Elizabeth R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In discussing the logical status of the thesis that sensations are processes in the brain, J. J. C. Smart (1959, pp. 155-156)1 contends that I was partly right and partly wrong in maintaining that this thesis could and should be interpreted as a straightforward scientific hypothesis (Place, 1956). He argues that insofar as the issue is between a brain-process thesis and a heart, liver, or kidney thesis the is­ sue is empirical and can be decided by experiment. But insofar as the issue is between materialism on the one hand and epiphenomenalism, psychophysical parallelism, interactionism, and so forth, on the other, the issue is nonempirical. I shall argue that Smart is partly right and partly wrong in maintaining that the is­ sue between the kind of materialism that both he and I would wish to defend and the rival doctrines of epiphenomenalism, psychophysical parallelism, interaction­ism, and so forth, is a nonempirical issue.
Consciousness and the “Zombie-Within” A Functional Analysis of the Blindsight Evidence
Authors: Graham George , Valentine Elizabeth R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I develop a theory of consciousness and its unconscious counter­part that I call the “zombie-within.” It has its source in two lines of research, both of which originated in the 1950s, now more than forty years ago. One of these was an attempt made by the present author in two papers published in the British Journal of Psychology, “The concept of heed” (Place, 1954) and “Is conscious­ ness a brain process?” (Place, 1956), to examine the implications for the science of psychology of the work of Wittgenstein (1953; 1958) and Ryle (1949) on the linguistic analysis of what Ryle calls the “logical geography of our ordinary mental concepts.” The other was the late Donald Broadbent’s (1958) experimental and theoretical analysis of the phenomenon of selective attention in his book Perception and Communication.
The Role of the Ethnomethodological Experiment in the Empirical Investigation of Social Norms and Its Application to Conceptual Analysis
Authors: Graham George , Valentine Elizabeth R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The idea behind this paper is one that has been with me since I was an undergraduate at Oxford in the period immediately following the end of the Second World War. I was studying philosophy and psychology in what was then the brand new honors school of Philosophy, Psychology and Physiology honors school. Those were heady days when philosophy at Oxford was undergoing a revolution from which emerged what came to be called ‘ordinary language philosophy’.
Patria Potestas
Authors: Frier Bruce W , McGinn Thomas A J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Marriage, the first linchpin of the Roman family, may seem, from a modern perspective, surprisingly poorly developed and supported in Roman law. By contrast, patria potestas (paternal power), the second linchpin, is forcefully constructed, so forcefully, in fact, that it is one of the most distinctive aspects of the Roman legal tradition. Common to almost all legal systems is a recognition that, during their youth, children require close control by, if possible, their parents, who through social and legal norms have extensive powers to discipline their children and control their property; nor, in premodern legal systems, is it at all unusual for these powers to be concentrated chiefly in the father as representative of a traditional patriarchy. But what is unusual about Roman law is that paternal dominance did not end when children attained maturity or adulthood. On the contrary, with limited exceptions, this dominance continued as long as the child had any living antecedent in the direct male line (father, paternal grandfather, and so on). The jurists recognize patria potestas as a distinctive cultural marker, a determinant of national identity. As Gaius observes: “This is a right peculiar to Roman citizens, since generally speaking no other people have such power over their children” (Inst. 1.55). In legal theory, at least, the right was not only lifelong but virtually unlimited; patres familias, as the wielders of patria potestas, could decide whether those in their power lived or died, whether and whom they could marry and for how long, whether they could treat any property as their own (even though the pater always remained the true owner), and so on.
Succession
Authors: Frier Bruce W , McGinn Thomas A J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As we have seen, Roman law concentrated extensive legal power in the hands of patres familiae, who constituted a relatively small portion of the citizen population. For this reason, the death of a pater familias was frequently an event of singular importance, above all to the survivors within his household: a moment they anticipated and experienced with hope, dread, or a dozen other emotions, but at the very least with anxiety about how the division of his estate would affect them. In such tense circumstances, Romans became astonishingly litigious. It comes as no surprise, then, that the law of succession (which governs the process whereby heirs “succeed into the position” of a decedent) had an importance in Roman law considerably greater than in ours. Whether succession was regulated by a will or through the rules for intestacy, it was always a primary means whereby members of the elite acquired wealth and social position. Testamentary bequests, above all from relatives but also from friends, enabled upper-class Romans to maintain or enhance the status enjoyed by previous generations, as well as to prepare to transmit this status to future ones. This process of intergenerational transmission soon acquired a moral aspect as well, as an expression of familial affection and duty (pietas) that transcended individuals and implicated broader social opinions. The amount of space devoted to succession in surviving Roman juristic writings suggests its actual importance in life: as much as 40 percent of Justinian’s Digest. Therefore this chapter only samples relevant case law illustrating fundamental themes related to the family.
Tutelage and the Status of Children and Women
Authors: Frier Bruce W , McGinn Thomas A J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Roman law, like other legal systems, recognized that some individuals, although they have become sui iuris, continue to require supervision, especially (in the Roman view) with regard to their property. From this recognition there derived a rather haphazardly concocted law of guardianship whereby a sui iuris person could be subject to the control of a tutor or curator; the extent of this control, however, varied widely from case to case. Young children presented a particular challenge. The harsh Roman demographic regime meant that many children became orphans before reaching adulthood. The Roman Empire offered only limited public assistance in handling orphans; and, as we have seen (Cases 148–154), adoption of sui iuris persons was actually discouraged, obviously because the Romans disliked eliminating independent households. Therefore, they instead relied heavily on tutelage. Archaic statute required the child’s nearest male agnate to become tutor, but this system had a clear potential for abuse since the agnate would often be an heir if the child died intestate. As a result, from an early date it became common for a child’s pater familias to name a tutor in his will; the power to name a testamentary tutor went hand in hand with the pater’s right to dispose of the child’s inheritance if the child died before reaching adulthood (Cases 173–176). When both these possibilities failed, by the late third century B.C. the praetor, in concert with other magistrates, could name a tutor; serving as tutor was conceived as a public duty. The powers and responsibilities of these tutores were extensive. Managing the ward’s estate meant maintaining not only its financial well-being but also, indirectly, the welfare of the ward. In principle, the tutor enjoyed the status of an owner of the property in question, though this still left some room for action on the part of the child in tutelage. But for the tutor there was a palpable downside to wielding so much authority. Tutores could be compelled to take up their role by a magistrate and were liable if they failed to do so. Acting as the guardian of a minor-age child might itself entail liability under one or more headings if the tutor acted fraudulently or simply without due care.
Preliminary: The Professor’s Legacy
Authors: Steinberg Michael , Rothe Larry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When my father arrived in the United States from Germany in 1925, he was already almost thirty. He spoke no English and was a veteran of the Western Front who had fought on the losing side. He moved in with a distant cousin, Wilhelm Alvin, who lived in Chicago—where, in a red brick three-story building at the intersection of Lincoln, Diversey, and Racine avenues, he had founded the Lincoln Conservatory of Music. In Germany, Wilhelm Alvin had always been known as der Alvin, and in the neighborhood around the Lincoln Conservatory of Music, heavily populated with German immigrants, you might have expected he would be called the same. (Alvin: My father always used the German pronunciation, the accented Al matching the sound of the first syllable of olive, and the vin sounding like veen.) But this was America, and here Alvin was William A. His students and their parents called him Professor. His friends called him Bill. Or Big Bill. He had girth—the photos show that—and his bearing suggests power as well. He liked to drink, claimed to have cured himself of malaria by a steady intake of dark rum while serving in Cuba in the Spanish-American War, and despite Prohibition knew how to slake his thirst. His hospitality made him popular, right down to a drinking friendship with the beat cop. He must also have had a genuine streak of generosity, else he would not have sponsored my father’s emigration.
The Sacred, the Profane, and the Gritty Affirmations of Music
Authors: Steinberg Michael , Rothe Larry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The sacred and the profane: the concepts have been with us all our lives, from our earliest days, even before we were able to name them. Growing up even in the most politically correct environment, with elders committed to moral relativism, we still formed ideas about should and shouldn’t, about what separated the nice kids from the others. Only later, as our sensibilities were formed with help from the Bible or Torah or Quran, John Milton, Herman Melville, Mozart, Bach, Beethoven, Lincoln, Gandhi, Hitler, Stalin, Superman, Darth Vader, Martin Luther King Jr., Mother Teresa, and an array of hands known only to each of us, and which continue to shape our personal clay—only later did we develop and refine notions of Good and Evil. Given the either/or methods in which most of us were raised, it is natural for us to think about Good and Evil and their counterparts, the Sacred and Profane—the lofty and the raunchy, spirit and gland—as though they were separate entities. But eventually we recognize what a volatile mixture of opposites we are. Those who can resign themselves to this fact take a step on the path to wisdom. Those who cannot, join the evangelical wing of the Republican Party. Great art—and music, especially—will help steer us toward the first of these alternatives.
Remembering Rachmaninoff
Authors: Steinberg Michael , Rothe Larry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Adoorbell rings in Hollywood. Answering, the owner, five foot one, has to tilt his head back to look into the face of his unexpected and tall, tall visitor. A “six-and-a-half-foot scowl” is how Stravinsky described Rachmaninoff. But on this spring evening, Rachmaninoff is not scowling. He has come to present an immense jar of honey to his fellow-expatriate and fellow-composer. What a shame that Vera Stravinsky is not on hand with her camera to capture this moment. (And by the way, there are pictures of Rachmaninoff smiling most winningly.)
A Visit with Lou Harrison
Authors: Steinberg Michael , Rothe Larry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
That’s an awfully damn East Coast thing to say!” That scornful remark was addressed to me by the composer and writer Charles Shere. I no longer remember what terrible thing I had said that elicited Shere’s words. I do remember that he spoke them at Tanglewood in the summer of 1974 at a workshop on music criticism and that it came as a shock to me that there could be an “East Coast thing to say” or, by obvious inference, a “West Coast thing.” I was the Boston Globe’s music critic then, and we on the East Coast thought of our “thing” as central and normative, and of everything else as eccentric and peripheral.
The Evolution of Reciprocity in Sizable Groups
Authors: Boyd Robert , Richerson Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Several lines of evidence suggest that sizable groups of people sometimes behave cooperatively, even in the absence of external sanctions against noncooperative behavior. For example, in many food foraging groups, game is shared among all members of the group regardless of who makes the kill (e.g., Kaplan and Hill, 1984; Lee, 1979; Damas, 1971). In many other stateless societies, men risk their lives in warfare with other groups (e.g., Meggit, 1977). There is also evidence that a great deal of cooperation takes place in contemporary state-level societies without external sanctions. For example, people contribute to charity, give blood, and vote—even though the effect of their own contributions on the welfare of the group is negligible. The groups benefiting are often very large and composed of very distantly related individuals. Perhaps the most dramatic examples of cooperation in contemporary societies are underground movements such as Poland’s Solidarity in which people cooperate to achieve a common goal in opposition to all of the power of the modern state (see Olson, 1971, 1982, and Hardin, 1982, for further examples.) Because of the anecdotal nature of these data, it is possible to doubt any particular example. However, psychologists and sociologists have also shown that people cooperate under carefully controlled laboratory conditions, albeit for smaller stakes.
Why People Punish Defectors: Weak Conformist Transmission Can Stabilize Costly Enforcement of Norms in Cooperative Dilemmas With Joseph Henrich
Authors: Boyd Robert , Richerson Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In many societies, humans cooperate in large groups of unrelated individuals. Most evolutionary explanations for cooperation combine kinship (Hamilton, 1964) and reciprocity (“reciprocal altruism,” Trivers, 1971). These mechanisms seem to explain the evolution of cooperation in many species including ants, bees, naked mole rats, and vampire bats. However, because social interaction among humans often involves large groups of mostly unrelated individuals, explaining cooperation has proved a tricky problem for both evolutionary and rational choice theorists. Evolutionary models of cooperation using the repeated n-person prisoner’s dilemma predict that cooperation is not likely to be favored by natural selection if groups are larger than around 10, unless relatedness is very high (Boyd and Richerson, 1988). As group size rises above 10, to 100 or 1000, cooperation is virtually impossible to evolve or maintain with only reciprocity and kinship.1
Group-Beneficial Norms Can Spread Rapidly in a Structured Population
Authors: Boyd Robert , Richerson Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many culturally transmitted norms are group-beneficial (Sober and Wilson, 1998): property rights encourage productive effort, rules against murder and assault encourage civil order, norms governing the filling of political offices reduce the chances of civil war, and product standards, building codes, and rules of professional conduct allow more efficient commerce. For most of human history, states were weak or nonexistent, and norms were not enforced by external sanctions. Nonetheless, norms were important regulators of social order, and while in modern states black-letter laws also further many of the same ends as informal norms, the evidence is that informal custom still plays a very important role in regulating behavior (Ellickson, 1991).
The Evolution of Altruistic Punishment With Herbert Gintis and Samuel Bowles
Authors: Boyd Robert , Richerson Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Unlike any other species, humans cooperate with nonkin in large groups. This behavior is puzzling from an evolutionary perspective because cooperating individuals incur individual costs to confer benefits on unrelated group members. None of the mechanisms commonly used to explain such behavior allows the evolution of altruistic cooperation in large groups. Repeated interactions may support cooperation in dyadic relations (Axelrod and Hamilton, 1981; Trivers, 1971; Clutton-Brock and Parker, 1995), but this mechanism is unsustainable if the number of individuals interacting strategically is larger than a handful (Boyd and Richerson, 1998). Interdemic group selection can lead to the evolution of altruism only when groups are small and migration is infrequent (Sober and Wilson, 1998; Eshel, 1972; Aoki, 1982; Rogers, 1990). A third recently proposed mechanism (Hauert, De Monte, Hofbauer, and Sigmund, 2002) requires that asocial, solitary types outcompete individuals living in uncooperative social groups, an implausible assumption for humans.
Toward a Disciplined Writing Life
Authors: Schneider Pat , Elbow Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Often I am asked, “How can I write regularly, steadily, faithfully?” This is not the question of how effective the writing is but how to maintain a consistent effort.
Most of what we think and read about discipline only increases our resistance. “Discipline” usually means making ourselves do some duty, grit our teeth, force ourselves to do what we don’t want to do. A disciplined writer, we are told (or we tell ourselves) writes every day, writes X number of hours a day or X number of pages or paragraphs a day. We read how someone else structures his or her writing life, and we judge ourselves by that pattern. Unfortunately, many books on writing reinforce this idea of discipline.
Writing Practice: Developing Craft
Authors: Schneider Pat , Elbow Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As artists, we must not underestimate the importance of conscious and continuous work to master our craft. Here are a few basic suggestions that I find most commonly needed by writers who are beginning or returning to their vocation as writer.
Our writing is most powerful when it is most concrete. In the piece that follows, Myra South could have simply said, “The herb gardens are bountiful.” How much more we are given by being allowed to taste, see, and touch!
A couple weeks ago I picked bunches of sweet basil. We ate many leaves wrapped around yellow pear tomatoes we’d also grown. Basil leaves were also delicious on wheat crackers spread with gorgonzola. Or wrapped around black olives. Or in frittatas with onions and red bell peppers.
Introduction: Writing with Others
Authors: Schneider Pat , Elbow Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most writers benefit from regular communication with other writers. Writing can be a lonely endeavor, much of the work must be done in solitude. However, too much solitude—or too much conversation with people who do not write, and too little with those who do—can lead to depression and despair. Having a place to listen thoughtfully to new work by others and having the option of receiving response to your own writing can be invigorating, encouraging, and tremendously helpful. On the other hand, the wrong sort of group, workshop, or class can do damage.
Writing in a Classroom
Authors: Schneider Pat , Elbow Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I have not, to this point, said enough about good teachers and exciting classrooms. Every year I have the privilege of “kicking off” a summer writing program for teachers in public schools in Connecticut, under the supervision of Mary Mackley, the visionary director of the Connecticut Writing Center, University of Connecticut. My responsibility is to provide a model workshop in which teachers experience writing in the ways described in this book.
Giant Velvet Worm (Tasmanipatus barretti) in Tasmania, Australia: Effects of Planned Conversion of Native Forests to Plantations
Authors: Fox Julian C , Mesibov Robert , McCarthy Michael A , Burgman Mark A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The giant velvet worm belongs to the phylogenetically significant phylum Onychophora, which has a close but as yet undetermined relationship to the largest animal phylum, Arthropoda (Moore 2001). Onychophora are believed to have changed little over the last hundred million years (Poinar 1996), and the phylum is of great interest to evolutionary biologists for its phylogenetic significance. Globally, approximately 140 species have been described, and there are phylum-wide tendencies toward local endemism, disjunct populations, and low densities. Such characteristics resulted in the entire phylum Onychophora being cited as vulnerable in the IUCN Invertebrate Red List (Wells et al. 1983). The giant velvet worm shares these attributes, being endemic to northeast Tasmania and having a low population density across a largely unprotected environment subject to disturbance from forestry and agriculture. The giant velvet worm is listed as rare under the Tasmanian Threatened Species Protection Act of 1995. Onychophora are cryptic animals and often live deep within decaying logs. The giant velvet worm and its sister species the blind velvet worm were not recognized until 1984 and 1987, respectively. Today the greatest threats to the giant velvet worm are inappropriate fire management and the planned conversion of large tracts of wet eucalypt forest to plantation. Conservation management planning permits further plantation establishment within the range of T. barretti with the caveat that special actions may be required to reduce the chance of local extinction and fragmentation of populations.
Frillneck Lizard (Chlamydosaurus kingii ) in Northern Australia: Determining Optimal Fire-Management Regimes
Authors: Brook Barry W , Griffiths Anthony D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fire is a dominant factor determining the distribution and abundance of fauna and flora in northern Australia. It occurs regularly over extensive areas of the savanna-woodland environment. For instance, at present, over 50% of the landscape of the “Top End” of the Northern Territory is burned annually, and only 12% of the entire area of this region remains unburned for more than 6 years (Williams et al. 2001). Fire is, and has been, used extensively by Aboriginal people to manage this landscape (Bowman 1998). The exodus of Aboriginal people from many parts of the country over the last 50 to 100 years after European colonization has dramatically changed fire regimes in these areas, almost certainly altering the timing and increasing the frequency and extent of bushfires. Fire is one of the main tools used in the management of wildlife by government conservation agencies in northern Australia (Press et al. 1995). It can be used to manipulate habitat in the vast open landscapes of northern Australia, and every year it affects at least 40% to 50% of the 20,000 km2 area that encompasses Kakadu National Park (Russell-Smith et al. 1997).