bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SATELLITE ACCOUNTS: A RELEVANT FRAMEWORK FOR ANALYSIS IN SOCIAL FIELDS
Authors: Lemaire Maryvonne 
Published: March 2005

Social fields are areas of analysis in which one finds both market and non‐market production and situations where indirect means of financing are used, in that expenditure is made by a third party rather than by the consumer.The borderline between these two spheres changes with time and from one country to another, but often when a system of third party paying is in practice, the difference is hardly noticeable for the beneficiary. On the other hand, the central framework of national accounts introduces a complete dichotomy of these two situations.In order to obviate this drawback, the national accounts have proposed two solutions. The first leads to having appear on the accounts of households only the expenditure made by them and not the figure of their consumption. Contrary to this is a second solution whereby the consumption account of households is extended to include the non‐market services received directly, and a corresponding imputed income appears.This second solution makes possible a richer analysis. However, it calls for the use of fictitious circuits and this often creates problems in the choice of a recording time. Furthermore, the number of circuits chosen has to be limited if they are to he the object of international agreement.The French system of satellite accounts seems particularly well suited to a truly thorough description of these phenomena. In fact, the analysis is carried out from a tripartite point of view of the producer, the beneficiary and the financer (i.e. the third party who takes on the expenditure). In this system, the functional perspective based on the study of the beneficiary of the expenditure can be analysed in greater depth than in the central framework of national accounts.Thus satellite accounts represent a complementary solution for the processing of problems inherent to these fields.
THE HIGH COST OF EATING: CAUSES OF INTERNATIONAL DIFFERENCES IN CONSUMER FOOD PRICES
Authors: Lipsey Robert E. , Swedenborg Birgitta 
Published: March 2005

Prices of food vary greatly among the developed countries, and some countries' food prices have been consistently far above the OECD average. The main explanation for food price difference is the extent of protection of agricultural products at the farm level. A second important influence is the level of VAT on food. A third is deviations of aggregate country price levels from the levels that would be predicted from their per capita incomes, presumably because of omitted characteristics of the countries' economies, such as, possibly, inefficient or monopolistic service sectors. In addition, there are occasional episodes of high or low price levels due to temporary factors affecting exchange rates.The degree of protection of agricultural products is treated both as an exogenous factor and as an endogenous one. In the latter case, it is explained by climatic conditions and, presumably, the political influence of the agricultural sector or a general desire to retain an agricultural sector despite poor growing conditions.
FLASH GROWTH ESTIMATES USING CALENDAR INFORMATION
Authors: Reininga Ted , Kazemier Brugt 
Published: March 2005

In 1991 Statistics Netherlands introduced their early flash estimates of the Quarterly National Accounts. In this article we examine a new, faster flash estimate, some three to four weeks earlier. The gain is made by using a simple regression technique and incomplete data. To compensate for the lack of data, information on the number of working days and shopping days was added to the regression. The inclusion of these calendar aspects significantly affect GDP growth: 0.30 percent point extra GDP growth for one extra working day, and 0.17 percent point for one extra shopping day.The cost of an earlier estimate is a decrease of reliability. The probability of a forecast error of over 0.5 percent point will be about 26 percent, compared to 12 percent for the official flash estimate.
REINVESTED EARNINGS IN THE NATIONAL ACCOUNTS
Authors: Dalgaard Esben , Eff Christoffer , Thomsen Annette 
Published: March 2005

The paper raises three questions. Firstly, is it warranted that a significant part of primary (property) income is not shown in the national accounts as being distributed to the owners of the assets to which it accrues but ends up as capital gains in the revaluation account? Secondly, why has the SNA chosen not to record reinvested earnings of corporations as flows of property income with the exception of foreign direct investment, and thirdly why the asymmetrical recording of stock investments constituting more than 10 percent of equity capital depending on whether domestic or foreign transactions are concerned? Reinvested earnings on domestic equity investment above 10 percent of a corporation are not recorded as property income in the system.The paper looks at these three questions from the perspective of the analytical uses of national accounts. The consequences for the analysis of income distribution both between nations and within nations are examined.
Rates of Osseointegration of Dental Implants With Regard to Anatomical Location
Authors: Drago Carl J. 
Published: March 2005

Purpose Implantation of commercially pure titanium dental implants can be obtained predictably and consistently. The initial research focused on the edentulous population, with most of the fixtures being placed into the anterior mandibular area. There has been increased use of dental implants for partially edentulous patients.Materials and Methods This study reports the results of 169 consecutively treated patients with 673 fixtures. Patients were observed for 7 months to 8 years following occlusal loading.Results Implant osseointegration was 89.1% in the anterior maxillae; 71.4% in the posterior maxillae; 96.7% in the anterior mandible; and 98.7% in the posterior mandible.Conclusions Osseointegration may be most dependent on anatomical location in the jaws.
Compatibility of Type IV Dental Stones With Polysulfide Impression Materials
Authors: Schelb Ernst , Jones John D. , Prihoda Thomas J. 
Published: March 2005

Purpose In the American National Standards Institute/American Dental Association specification no. 19, compatibility of impression materials with dental stones is assessed by the presence of a 20μm‐wide line reproduced on an unmodified calcium sulfate dihydrate cast. In actual dental practice, modified type IV dental stones are used, although little is known of their compatibility with polysulfide impression materials. This study evaluated the compatibility of 6 polysulfide impression materials and 11 modified type IV dental stones.Materials and Methods A line 20 μm wide was etched on four glass dies. Four samples of each combination of impression material and dental stone were prepared according to the manufacturer's directions with an additional 3 minutes for the final setting time. Compatibility was determined by the presence of the reproduced line on the dental stones, as observed under low angle 10 × magnification by four rater groups.Results The line was reproduced on all of the impression specimens, and the examiners recorded 66 positive identifications of the line on the stone casts out of a possible 1,056 ratings for a total of 6.25% of the specimens. Out of a possible 66 impression‐stone combinations, only 18 reproduced the 20‐μm line. The combinations reproducing the lines most frequently (75%) were Neoplex with Blue Die Stone (Columbus Dental, St Louis, MO) and Coeflex with Indic Die Stone (Coe Lab Inc, Chicago, IL).Conclusions The study showed that many combinations of polysulfide impression materials and modified type IV dental stones did not reproduce the 20‐μm line; therefore, not every polysulfide is compatible with every type IV dental stone.
Comparison of Anterior Tooth Width in Natural and Artificial Dentitions
Authors: Baer Marvin L. , Reynolds Mark A. 
Published: March 2005

Purpose This study characterizes the distribution of the mesiodistal widths of maxillary anterior natural teeth for comparison with the widths of the most commonly used artificial denture teeth.Materials and Methods The width of the six maxillary anterior teeth was measured on a curve defined by the facial surfaces of the teeth. Four hundred fifty‐one casts of completed orthodontic patients (154 men and 297 women) were measured separately by gender. The width of the maxillary anterior natural teeth was compared to that of artificial denture teeth (Bioblend, Dentsply International, York, PA).Results The mean ± standard deviation (SD) width of the six anterior teeth for men and women (55.6 ± 3.1 mm and 53.6 ± 3.0 mm, respectively) differed significantly (P < .05). The mode (most frequent size) was 55 mm for both men and women; however, 40% of the women and 67% of men had anterior teeth that measured 55 mm or wider. In contrast, the mean width of the most widely distributed artificial maxillary denture teeth (Bioblend) is 50.1 mm, with a range of 44 to 58 mm. Of the 42 molds available, only 5 have a width of 55 mm or greater.Conclusions These findings suggest that one reason for the inappropriate selection of comparatively small maxillary denture teeth is the lack of physiologically sized tooth molds.
Cyclic Fatigue Testing of Six Endodontic Post Systems
Authors: Cohen Brett I. , Deutsch Allan S. , Musikant Barry Lee 
Published: March 2005

Purpose This study tested the comparative cyclic fatigue of six prefabricated post systems (Flexi‐Post (Essential Dental Systems, South Hackensack, NJ), Flexi‐Anterior (Essential Dental Systems), Vlock (Brasseler USA, Inc, Savannah, GA), Parapost (Whaledent/Coltenen, New York, NY), Cytco (L.D. Caulk, Milford, DE), and Access post (Essential Dental Systems).Materials and Methods Cyclic fatigue testing was obtained with an in vitro fatigue machine that simulated clinical fatigue conditions. An instantaneous applied force of 5.0 pounds was applied to each post specimen and data was recorded when post breakages occurred. If no breakages occurred, then the test was stopped after 2,000,000 repetitions.Results Failures only occurred with the Cytco and Vlock post designs. The Flexi‐Post, Flexi‐Anterior, Parapost and the Access post all had greater resistance to cyclic fatigue with no failures.Conclusions This experimental design may simulate biting forces and stresses seen for posts in a clinical situation.
Passive Fit of Implant‐Retained Prosthetic Superstructures Improved by Electric Discharge Machining
Authors: Linehan Allan D. , Windeler A. Stewart 
Published: March 2005

PurposeAn absolutely passive fit at the interface with the superstructure and the abutment cylinders is needed for implant longevity. In this study, a method of cast framework correction using electric discharge machining (EDM) was evaluated.Materials and MethodsAn original research model incorporating strain gages was devised to measure the fit of implant superstructures in three dimensions as cast and to compare this relationship with the fit following framework machining with EDM.ResultsVisually, the fit of the frameworks was excellent, and the results of ANOVA demonstrated that the mean fit of the frameworks significantly improved (P > .04) after machining with EDM.ConclusionsThe EDM process offers a rapid, accurate, and simple technique to correct for casting inaccuracies in the fabrication of hybrid implant prostheses.
Development of a Radiopaque, Autopolymerizing Dental Acrylic Resin
Authors: Mattie Patrick A. , Rawls H. Ralph , Cabasso Israel 
Published: March 2005

PurposeCurrent prosthetic acrylic resins are radiolucent and cannot be imaged using standard radiographic techniques. If accidentally impacted or ingested, delays in localizing or removing the foreign body may be life‐threatening. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of an experimental radiopaque additive, triphenyl bismuth (TPB), on polymethyl methacrylate resins formulated for dental use. We also investigated methods to improve TPB‐containing resin microbeads and optimize processing variables for specimen fabrication in autopolymerizing resin systems.Materials and MethodsSelfcured samples of experimental resins were prepared containing 0% to 27% TPB and were tested according to American National Standards Institute/American Dental Association and International Organization for Standardization performance standards. A control group and two commercial provisional crown and bridge resins were used for comparison.ResultsThe standard of radiopacity (aluminum radiopacity) is met at TPB levels of 14.5%. The control resin had a greater transverse deflection compared with the TPB‐resin groups, but deflection was within standard limits for all resins. Polishability, color stability, and solubility were unaffected by TPB, whereas sorption decreased, although not significantly, at higher TPB levels. Translucency decreased at 27% TPB, and specimens containing 0% to 20% TPB were transparent. A tendency to entrain air bubbles, because of the hydrophobicity of TPB, resulted in increased susceptibility to brittle failure at the higher TPB levels. Solubility slightly exceeded American Dental Association standards for all TPB‐resins and the control. All other performance standards were acceptable for resins containing 0% to 20% TPB.ConclusionsAt concentrations that provide a diagnostic level of radiopacity, TPB does not significantly alter required performance and processing properties. Thus, TPB is capable of commercially acceptable performance as a radiopacifying additive for dental acrylics.
A Study of Anterior Guidance
Authors: Donegan Sara Jean , Knap Florian J. 
Published: March 2005

Purpose This study focuses on the curvature and inclination of the lingual surfaces of the maxillary anterior teeth from the transition point on the cingulum to the incisal edge.Materials and Methods On 32 sets of mounted casts, 768 measurements were made of the curvature of the lingual surfaces utilizing radius gauges. The inclination of the lingual surface relative to the occlusal plane was recorded. The relationship of the incisal edge of the mandibular teeth to the transition point on the cingulum of the maxillary teeth was determined. Centric occlusion contact was noted on each tooth.Results Significant differences were found between the measured areas of any one tooth and between the types of teeth. The average radius ranged from 20.5 mm on the mesial ridge of the canine to 5.3 mm in the fossa of the central. The average inclination of the lingual surfaces was 46%. In centric occlusion, 97% of the canines and 59% of the centrals and laterals were in contact with the opposing teeth. These contacts occurred 2.8 mm incisal to the transition point. The centrals contacted two opposing teeth (45%), and canines contacted one opposing tooth (53%).Conclusions The function and curvature of the incisor teeth vary considerably from those of the canines. Overcontouring the lingual surfaces of the maxillary incisors to gain contact is not normal and may be detrimental.
Fatigue of Resin Cement–Base Metal Alloy Bond Strength
Authors: White Shane N. , Golshanara Alan 
Published: March 2005

Purpose Strong durable bonds between resin cements and metal alloys are critical to the success of resin‐bonded, resin‐veneered, or resin‐retained prostheses. However, few comprehensive, comparative evaluations of materials or the fatigue effects of thermal cycling have been reported. The rate of strength loss may be a more important predictor of long‐term success than bond strength. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of artificial aging by thermal cycling and resin cement type on the bond strengths to a base metal alloy.Materials and Methods This study investigated the effect of the number of thermal cycles (0, 1, 10, 100, 1,000 and 10,000) on the bond strengths of nine fixed prosthodontic resin cements. Specimens were assigned randomly to thermal cycle number/cement type test groups. Cylinders of a base metal alloy were bonded in an end‐to‐end configuration. One end of each bonded specimen was insulated, and the specimen was thermal cycled. Then, the bonds were tested in shear and bond strengths calculated.Results Two‐way ANOVA revealed that the effects of cement type, the number of thermal cycles, and their interaction all significantly affected bond strength (p < .0001). Multiple range analysis showed that some cements had significant trends to lose bond strength with thermal cycling (p < .05), while others did not (p > .05).Conclusions Both the type of resin cement and the amount of thermal cycling influenced bond strength to a base metal alloy. Some materials displayed more rapid loss of bond strength than others.
The Bond Strength of an Adhesive Resin Luting Cement to a Variety of Surface Treatments of a High‐Palladium Copper Alloy
Authors: Lynde Thomas A. , Whitehill J. Michael , Coffey James P. , Meiers Jonathan C. 
Published: March 2005

Purpose This study evaluated the tensile bond strength of a bisphenol glycidyl methacrylate (Bis‐GMA) resin luting cement with four different surface treatments of a high Pd‐Cu alloy.Materials and Methods For each surface treatment type (tin‐plated, porcelain furnace oxide, air‐abraded, and finished‐only), 15 opposing half‐dumbbell‐shaped samples were cast and prepared in new Pd?Cu alloy. Samples were luted with a Bis‐GMA resin luting cement at a film thickness of 80 μm using a custom alignment apparatus. Samples were stored in distilled water at 37°C for 24 hours, thermocycled for 1,000 cycles, and then stored for 30 days in distilled water at 37°C. Samples were then subjected to fracture in tension at a loading rate of 0.5 cm/min with the bond strengths calculated in megapascals (MPa). The fractured surfaces were examined using stereomicroscopy and scanning electron microscopy at various magnifications ranging from 5.5x to 500x to determine the type of bond failure (adhesive, cohesive, or mixed).Results Tensile bond strengths (mean ± SD MPa) were: tin‐plated, 30 ± 15.7; porcelain furnace oxide, 23 ± 8.6; air‐abraded, 8 ± 8.1; and finished‐only, 4 ± 4.5. Statistical analysis of the tensile bond values using an ANCOVA and Tukey's multiple comparison test at a significance level of 0.05 indicated that there was no difference between the tin‐plated and the furnace oxide groups, as well as between the air‐abraded and the furnace oxide groups. However, there was significant difference between the tin‐plated, the air‐abraded, and the finished‐only groups. The observed bond failures were predominantly mixed and cohesive in nature with only one adhesive failure.Conclusions There was no significant difference in the tensile bond strengths between the tin‐plated group or the porcelain furnace oxide surface group. This suggests that the less‐technique‐sensitive porcelain furnace oxide surface treatment offers an alternative for achieving high metal‐resin bonds to a high Pd?Cu alloy.
Effect of Resin/Fluoride and Holmium: YAG Laser Irradiation on the Resistance to the Formation of Caries‐Like Lesions
Authors: Holt Raleigh Alton , Nordquist Robert E. 
Published: March 2005

Purpose This study compared the effects of a combination of a topical application of resin/NaF mixture and holmium‐doped yttrium aluminum garnet (HO:YAG) laser energy with untreated control sites for their resistance to acid destruction/mechanical challenges of root surfaces adjacent to restorative margins.Materials and Methods Forty‐eight extracted human teeth were prepared for restorations with coronal margins in enamel and the apical margins on root surfaces. Four types of restorative materials were used. One half of the restorative/root surface margins were treated with an application of nonfilled resin/fluoride mixture and holmium‐doped yttrium aluminum garnet laser irradiation; the remaining portion served as the untreated control for each tooth. Acid (10% formic) and mechanical (air sandblaster) challenges were used to test the effects of these treated sites to their controls and to other types of restorative/root surface margins. The depth of root surface loss within 0 to 2 mm apical from the restorative margins was measured and evaluated after 24, 48, and 72 hours of acid exposures.Results The measurements of tooth loss for the 24‐ and 48‐hour acid‐exposure cycles were subjected to statistical analysis (ANOVA) using a paired t test for the variables. The variables, depth of tooth surface loss for the control sites was compared with the depth of loss of the treated sites on opposing sides of each tooth. The depth of tooth surface loss for the control sites had an average mean of 0.35 (0.25) mm for the 24‐hour acid exposures, with the opposing treated sides having a mean of 0.053 (0.05) mm (significant at the 0.05 level). The 48‐hour acid‐exposure results showed significant increased tooth loss for the control sites, but minimum additional loss on the treated sites. The control sites showed an average mean of 1.16 (0.24) mm and a mean of 0.095 (0.103) mm for the treated areas, significant at the 0.05 level. No measurements were made for the 72‐hour cycle groups of composite and amalgam alloy restorations because of the loss of most of the filling materials in the control sites. The control groups of crowns showed an average mean loss of 2.06 (0.37) mm with only 0.20 (0.19) mm surface loss for the treated sites. The paired t test for variables indicated no significant differences of tooth surface loss between various types of restorative margins used in this study.Conclusions HO:YAG laser energy irradiation after application of resin/NaF to restorative margins and adjacent areas showed a significant increased resistance to acid/mechanical destruction on cementum‐dentin root surfaces. The integrity of the restorative/dentin margins were maintained after extended exposures to formic acid and mechanical challenges.
In vitro Enamel Demineralization and The Marginal Gap of Simulated Cast Restorations With Three Different Cements
Authors: Wu Ynlow H. , Hutton John E. , Marshall Grayson W. 
Published: March 2005

Purpose This study investigated 1) the relationship between marginal gap sizes and enamel demineralization, and 2) the influence of three cements on this enamel demineralization.Materials and Methods Horizontal sections of 60 noncarious, freshly extracted human third molars were randomly assigned to one of four groups. Simulated cast restorations were attached to the specimens with 1) zinc phosphate cement, 2) glass ionomer cement, 3) composite resin cement, or 4) no cement (control). The tooth/restoration gaps were controlled at 51, 102, and 204 μm. The specimens were incubated for 16 weeks in buffered lactic acid gelatin to induce demineralization. Photomicrographs were obtained from sections of each sample using a polarized light microscope. Three evaluators measured wall and primary enamel lesion depths allowing for the determination of a demineralization ratio (DR). Data were analyzed by repeated‐measures ANOVA (α= 0.05).Results The between‐evaluator effects were not significant. All evaluators agreed that DR was significantly related to cement (p= .0001) but not to marginal gap size. The resin cement had the smallest DR (0.7 ± 0.3), and the control group had the greatest (4.4 ± 2.0).Conclusions The presence of any one of the three investigated cements resulted in decreased demineralization. The amount of demineralization was unaffected by marginal gap size.