bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Drug-Induced Suppression of Conditioned Stimulus Intake: Reward, Aversion, and Addiction
Authors: Grigson Patricia S , Twining Robert C , Freet Christopher S , Wheeler Robert A , Geddes Rastafa I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to figures provided by the National Institute on Drug Abuse http://www.nida.nih.gov/Infofacts/index.html, in 2004, 34.2 million Americans used cocaine at least once, 7.8 million Americans used crack at least once, 2.4 million Americans used heroin (87% under the age of 26), and there were 450,000 current users of ecstasy. There were 14.6 million users of marijuana in 2004 and 70.3 million Americans smoking cigarettes. These large numbers are even more problematic because many become addicted and addiction is not resolved following even long periods of abstinence. In fact, addition is a disease of chronic relapse (Leshner & Koob, 1999), costing society hundreds of billions of dollars each year as the addict repeatedly cycles from addiction to abstinence, withdrawal, drug-seeking, and relapse.
Memory Phenomena and Conditioned Taste Aversion
Authors: Meehan Susanne M , Riccio David C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Unlike many other learning paradigms, conditioned taste aversion (CTA) can often be acquired in a single trial and hence learning need not be measured online. Rather, it is often assessed after the conditioning is completed. Following a pairing of a taste with induced illness, a period of time, typically 24 or 48 h, is interpolated to permit recovery from the malaise at the time of testing. So, in a sense, almost all CTA studies involve a retention interval, albeit a relatively brief one. Given CTA’s well-deserved reputation as a phenomenon that is resistant to forgetting, one might wonder why a chapter on memory and CTA is needed. Our view would be that if we broaden the scope to include the variety of phenomena associated with CTA, then there are a number of findings that prove relevant for discussion.
Strain Differences in Taste Aversion Learning: Implications for Animal Models of Drug Abuse
Authors: Riley Anthony L , Davis Catherine M , Roma Peter G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the focus on animal models of drug abuse has traditionally been on the reinforcement processes underlying the initiation and escalation of drug intake, recently there has been an increasing interest in the drug’s aversive effects (as indexed by the conditioned taste aversion [CTA] procedure) in such models. This chapter describes some of the recent work on the role of aversions (as a protectant factor in drug escalation), focusing primarily on work on inbred strains of mice and rats or rodent models that have been selectively bred for drug reactivity. The chapter closes with an overview of the role of environmental factors in modulating reactivity in such lines and strains, highlighting the importance of gene–environment interactions in the particular phenotype of drug-taking behavior.
Conditioned Taste Aversion Across the Life Span from Prenascence to Senescence
Authors: Misanin James R , Anderson Matthew J , Hinderliter Charles F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although John Garcia published his first paper (Garcia, Kimeldorf, & Koelling, 1955) on conditioned taste aversion (CTA) in the widely read journal, Science, it was his seminal paper on the relationship of cue to consequence, which appeared in Psychonomic Science over a decade later (Garcia & Koelling, 1966) that triggered an intensive investigation of this unique phenomenon by other investigators. The majority of the investigations over the next decade, parametric studies, were empirical in nature, attempting to delineate a set of functions describing the manner in which different levels of a variable, for example, conditioned stimulus (CS) or unconditioned stimulus (US) amount (Bond & DiGiusto, 1975) or intensity (e.g., Dragoin, 1971a; Kalat, 1974) affect the development of CTA. Other studies focused on the neural structures mediating the association of taste and illness (e.g., Buresova & Bures, 1973, 1974, 1975). During this time there was also much concern and discussion as to whether or not CTA conformed to the general laws of learning (e.g., Kalat, 1977; Kalat & Rozin, 1971; Revusky, 1977; Rozin & Kalat, 1971; Seligman, 1970). There was also much speculation as to whether “stimulus relevance,” the focal point of Garcia and Koelling’s (1966) paper, was learned or innate (e.g., Mackintosh, 1973; Revusky, 1977). During this decade, however, there was little effort to answer this latter question experimentally.
Genetic Influences on Conditioned Taste Aversion
Authors: Cunningham Christopher L , Gremel Christina M , Groblewski Peter A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Individuals differ widely in their willingness to consume certain foods or fluids. Some of these differences can be attributed to innate (unlearned), genetically influenced differences in sensitivity to specific tastes (Drayna, 2005). For example, humans show bimodality in their ability to detect the extremely bitter taste of phenylthiocarbamide (PTC), a phenomenon that can be explained largely by allelic variation in a single gene, TAS2R38 (Kim et al., 2003). In many cases, however, individual differences in avidity for a food or fluid are more readily traced to the previous consequences, positive or negative, of ingesting those substances. In other words, individuals might differ in their willingness to consume a food or fluid based on previous learning about the postingestive effects of consumption. One common example of this phenomenon is the development of aversion to the taste of a food whose consumption was previously followed by nausea and vomiting, regardless of whether the illness was directly caused by a toxin in the food or was merely coincidental. Individuals who have previously experienced illness after eating a certain food are more likely to avoid that food or to report that it tastes “bad” than individuals who have not (Bernstein, 1999).
Biomechanics of MTBI
Authors: Mccrea Michael A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A critical component of any injury examination is reconstructing the event or accident that is considered the cause of the patient’s presenting injuries. As noted in part one, this is a sometimes difficult exercise in the case of MTBI where oftentimes there are no eyewitnesses and patients are unable to provide a credible report due to a period of unconsciousness or posttraumatic amnesia that confounds their account of the incident. As a result, clinicians are often left with the challenge of determining whether or not the accident in question was sufficient to cause underlying brain injury. In a motor vehicle accident scenario, it is common to ascertain where the patient was positioned in the vehicle, whether they were belted, how fast the vehicle was traveling, the crash orientation (e.g., rear-ended vs. broadsided vs. rollover), and the nature of any direct impact to the head in the accident—all in hopes of reconstructing a biomechanical model for that individual case. In other accident scenarios, it is equally important to establish aspects of acceleration and deceleration, translational and rotational dynamics, and a general sense of injury biomechanics. Historically, establishing a minimal biomechanical threshold for traumatic brain injury has been one of the most elusive concepts frustrating biomechanists and neuroscience researchers.
Nonspecificity of Postconcussion Syndrome Symptoms
Authors: Mccrea Michael A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is now a substantial empirical literature base showing that PCS symptom report is influenced by factors other than head injury, suggesting that symptoms typically associated with PCS are not specific to head injury. Numerous studies have reported that PCS symptoms are quite common among individuals with various medical or psychological disorders. Others have documented relatively high base rates of postconcussion symptoms in the healthy, normal population.
PCS as a Neuropsychological Disorder
Authors: Mccrea Michael A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While the pathophysiology of MTBI itself is now well delineated and provides a clear neurologic basis for the acute symptoms and functional effects during the first several days to weeks postinjury, the base of scientific evidence makes it very unlikely that PCS is a neurologic condition stemming from an MTBI. That said, differential diagnosis of PCS still presents significant challenge to the clinician.
A Practical Model for Clinical Management of PCS
Authors: Mccrea Michael A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this progression toward transferring scientific evidence to clinical application, I now present a strong foundation of theory and research on interventional models for treating PCS as a neuropsychological disorder. To reiterate, the construct of ‘‘neuropsychological disorder’’ is based on the fact that MTBI and PCS, perhaps more than any other entity in neuroscience, call on a clinician’s expert understanding of both neurologic and psychological principals. While there is little question about the neuropathophysiology of MTBI, it is the clinician’s understanding of psychological principals that will be most effective in treating the individual patient who presents with lingering com- plaints or other difficulties after MTBI that eventuate to a diagnosis of persistent PCS.
Use of Computer-Generated Reports in Treatment Planning
Authors: Butcher James N , Perry Julia N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many clinicians find that computer-based psychological test interpretations are valuable aids in pretreatment planning for several reasons. First, psychological test results can be processed rapidly and the information from the MMPI-2 or BTPI can be immediately available to incorporate in therapy planning early in the intervention, even in the initial session. Second, a computer-based test result can provide extensive personality information in a readily usable form without the need for the therapist to search through the empirical research for each patient’s proﬁle. The automated MMPI-2 or BTPI report summarizes the most valid test correlates in a readable format. Finally, the automated personality test report is an informative, interesting format for use in providing test feedback to clients, a process that is discussed in more detail in Chapter 8.
Legitimacy and Competence
Authors: Power Samantha 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
President Bush’s successors, whether Democrat or Republican, will not be able to recoup fully the global influence that the United States has lost since the turn of the century. Even if Iraq could be stabilized and U.S. troops withdrawn, it will not be possible to return to the unipolar 1990s. Nonetheless, the next president can make substantial headway in enhancing U.S. influence and security in the short and long term by doing four things: (1) taking stock of the altered twenty-first-century landscape; (2) improving U.S. intelligence-gathering and analysis and making a long-term, societywide commitment to understanding Islam; (3) enhancing U.S. legitimacy by ceasing practices that do not comport with international law, reckoning with recent blunders and injustices, and concretely improving human welfare abroad; and (4) strengthening U.S. resiliency by fortifying potential U.S. targets and thickening the domestic base for foreign policy, a base that has withered substantially since 9/11.
Hedonic Hotspots: Generating Sensory Pleasure in the Brain
Authors: Smith Kyle S , Mahler Stephen V , Peciña Susana , Berridge Kent C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Avital question concerning sensory pleasure is how brain mechanisms cause stimuli to become pleasurable and liked. Pleasure is not an intrinsic feature of any stimulus, but instead reflects an affective evaluation added to the stimulus by the brain. That is, as Frijda expresses it (Frijda, 2006, Chapter 6, this book), a pleasure gloss or hedonic value must be actively “painted” on sweet or other sensations to make them pleasant. Brain mechanisms of pleasure, whatever they are, must take a mere sensory signal and transform it into a hedonic and ‘liked’ reward.
Blow-Up Solutions for Semilinear Elliptic Equations
Authors: Ghergu Marius , Rădulescu Vicenţiu D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we are concerned with a class of singular solutions for logistictype equations. We focus on positive solutions with blow-up boundary behavior and we formulate several sufficient conditions for the existence of such solutions. One of the main results we describe here establishes a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of blow-up boundary solutions in the singular case of a potential that vanishes on the boundary.
Sublinear Perturbations of Singular Elliptic Problems
Authors: Ghergu Marius , Rădulescu Vicenţiu D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Singular problems arise in the study of non-Newtonian fluids, boundary layer phenomena for viscous fluids, chemical heterogeneous catalysts, as well as in the theory of heat conduction in electrically conducting materials. The associated singular stationary or evolution equations describe various physical phenomena. For instance, superdiffusivity equations of this type have been proposed by de Gennes [60] as a model for long-range Van der Waals interactions in thin films spreading on solid surfaces. Singular equations also appear in the study of cellular automata and interacting particle systems with self-organized criticality (see [39]), as well as to describe the flow over an impermeable plate (see [38]).
Singular Gierer–Meinhardt systems
Authors: Ghergu Marius , Rădulescu Vicenţiu D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The associated parabolic system to (10.1) subject to Neumann boundary conditions is known as the Gierer–Meinhardt system and it occurs in morphogenesis and cellular differentiation. These problems arise in the study of biological pattern formation by auto- and cross-catalysis, and are related to known biochemical processes and cellular properties.
Separate and Unequal
Authors: King Desmond 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this landmark book, Desmond King reveals and corrects a glaring gap at the epicenter of studies of racial inequality and political development in the United States: their blindness to the pivotal role of the state in making race. With historical precision and analytic rigor, he demonstrates how, for seven decades following the legal affirmation of the doctrine ‘separate and equal’ in 1896, the federal government both bolstered and expanded racial separation, in effect nationalizing the pattern of black subordination elaborated by Southern segregationists in the aftermath of abolition. The abiding social and symbolic marginality of the African American community in US society thus emerges, not as an inert legacy of slavery or a result of its alleged cultural failings, but as a creature of state policies studiously enforced by the federal bureaucracy until the 1960s. Enriched by a postscript that reviews and revises its core argument, this new edition of Separate and Unequal is one that every serious student of racial domination and comparative politics will want to read and engage.--Loïc Wacquant, University of California, Berkeley, and Centre de sociologie européenne, Paris Despite major strides in combating racial segregation and oppression since the Civil Rights movement, racial inequality remains a persistent and vexing problem in America today. At the forefront of recent scholarship highlighting the central influence of the US federal government on race relations well before the 1960s, Separate and Unequal uncovers, through archival research, how the federal government used its power to impose a segregated pattern of race relations among its employees and, through its programs, upon the whole of American society. In a new postscript to this revised edition, Desmond King places his original, ground breaking analysis in the context of recent studies and connects the legacy of exclusionary programs and policies to current racial disparities in welfare reform, prisons, and education.
The Federal Government in a Segregated Society: Public Employment Exchanges and Housing Programmes
Authors: King Desmond 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The election of Franklin D. Roosevelt to the presidency in 1932 on the promise of a ‘New Deal’ for unemployed and hungry Americans, exposed to the ravages of the Great Depression, signalled a new activism by the Federal government. Working and securing housing are two of the most basic activities in which citizens engage, and it was precisely in these areas that Roosevelt’s administration forged a new role for the Federal government.
Beauty And Cold In Stockholm
Authors: Mazzarello Paolo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The official announcement arrived in Pavia in a letter from Count Karl Axel Hampus Mörner, president of the Karolinska Institutet, sent on October 26. That year, 191,840 francs had been set aside for the prize in medicine, and half of this would go to the Italian researcher. The recognition had been motivated “in appreciation of your work on the anatomy of the nervous system.” Mörner asked Golgi if he intended to take part in the awards ceremony planned for December 10, and if so, whether he would be accompanied by some members of his family. [3] Golgi was then informed that it was customary for the laureates to give a lecture and was asked to keep secret the notice that he would receive the prize. The news, however, found its way into print within a few hours.
A Case Study
Authors: Neuenschwander John A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The vast majority of oral historians and programs have thus far managed to avoid spending any time in court. The case of Society of Survivors of the Riga Ghetto, Inc. v. Huttenbach is a notable exception to this generalization.The litigation arose out of a contractual dispute between the leadership of the Society of Survivors of the Riga Ghetto and Dr. Henry R. Huttenbach, a professor of history at the City College of the City University of New York. During the late 1970s, the society began look king for a historian to write a history of the ghetto, which had been set up by the Nazis in the city of Riga, Latvia, during the period from 1941 to 1943. Since most of the material for such a work lay in the memories of survivors, the society wanted someone who would do the oral history interviews as well as the actual writing. They eventually chose Dr. Huttenbach, a recognized specialist in Holocaust stud- ies. In preparation for writing the history, he interviewed more than one hundred survivors and collected a small archive of written material and memorabilia.
Defamation
Authors: Neuenschwander John A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On April 19, 1989, a sixteen-inch gun on the USS Iowa exploded during a train- ing exercise. Forty-seven crew members were killed in this tragic accident. Intense media coverage followed. Charles Thompson II produced two programs for 60 Minutes on the accident and its causation. He subsequently wrote A Glimpse of Hell: The Explosion of the USS Iowa and Its Cover-Up, published by W.W. Norton in 1999. The book was based in part on more than two hundred interviews. Daniel Meyer, an ensign on the Iowa at the time of the accident, was one of Thompson’s most important interviewees. In 2001, four crew members joined together to sue the publisher, the author, and Daniel Meyer for defamation and false light. They maintained in their lawsuit that the book contained numerous falsehoods and suggested that their actions led directly to the death of forty-seven sailors on the Iowa.
Institutional Review Boards and Oral History
Authors: Neuenschwander John A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) appeared on college campuses during the 1980s. They were created to review and monitor research involving human subjects. Ethical considerations such as respect for all persons and justice in the selection and treatment of human subjects were to be the paramount factors by which IRBs judged each research study. If appropriate consideration of these ethical issues was not built into a study, then it could not be allowed to go for- ward. The impetus for such oversight was a combination of outrage over the Nazi experiments on Holocaust victims and the United States’ own tragic Tuskegee Syphilis Study as well as the recognition after World War II that biomedical research involving human subjects had become an integral part of modern science and needed to be monitored in order to prevent further victimization. The cur- rent regulations on human subject research are found in Chapter 45, Section 46 of the Code of Federal Regulations. They are commonly referred to as the Common Rule. Eighteen federal agencies, including the Departments of Education and Defense, subscribe to these regulations and require that institutions which receive federal funds for human subject research must create Institutional Review Boards to apply the Common Rule. Ironically, the National Endowment for the Humanities, which is the federal agency most likely to provide financial support for oral history research, is noticeably absent from this list.
Unconventional Wisdom
Authors: Kaufmann Karen M , Petrocik John R , Shaw Daron R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Late deciders go for the challenger; turnout helps the Democrats; the gender gap results from a surge in Democratic preference among women—these and many other myths are standard fare among average citizens, political pundits, and even some academics. But are these conventional wisdoms—familiar to anyone who watches Sunday morning talk shows—really valid? Unconventional Wisdom offers a novel yet highly accessible synthesis of what we know about American voters and elections. It not only provides an integrated overview of the central themes in American politics—parties, polarization, turnout, partisan bias, campaign effects, swing voters, the gender gap, and the youth vote—it upends many of our fundamental preconceptions. Most importantly, it shows that the American electorate is much more stable than we have been led to believe, and that the voting patterns we see today have deep roots in our history. Throughout, the book provides comprehensive information on voting patterns; illuminates (and corrects) popular myths about voters and elections; and details the empirical foundations of conventional wisdoms that many understand poorly or not at all. Written by three experts on American politics, Unconventional Wisdom serves as both a standard reference and a concise overview of the subject. Both informative and witty, the book is likely to become a standard work in the field, essential reading for anyone interested in American politics.
Campaign Effects in the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Kaufmann Karen M , Petrocik John R , Shaw Daron R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By emphasizing the stable psychological predispositions of voters, rather than the strategic maneuvers of candidates, we appear to question seriously the idea that campaigns determine presidential election results in the United States. However, we think that campaigns do matter, even though many voters behave predictably. Past behaviour and models that predict presidential elections, ignoring a campaign, can and do get it wrong (as most predictions of the 2000 election did). We believe that these models are useful because they help to explain—to the candidates, pundits, and voters—the context in which an election will be contested. They tell us what to expect in the absence of a presidential campaign.
Modular Arithmetic
Authors: Reilly Norman R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we study the most basic algebraic system of all—the integers. Our familiarity with the integers from everyday affairs might lead us to the impression that they are uninteresting. Nothing could be further from the truth, and in this chapter we will barely scratch the surface of a subject that has intrigued mathematicians for more than 2000 years.