bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of a quality control method for the characterization of oligonucleotides by capillary zone electrophoresis‐electrospray ionization‐quadrupole time of flight‐mass spectrometry
Authors: Willems An V. , Deforce Dieter L. , Van Peteghem Carlos H. , Van Bocxlaer Jan F. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractA capillary zone electrophoresis‐negative electrospray ionization‐quadrupole time of flight‐mass spectrometric method was developed for the characterization of oligonucleotides after synthesis, using model compounds. The major difficulty is the adduction of metal cations to the polyanionic backbone of the oligonucleotide sample, resulting in complex spectra and decreased sensitivity. Several approaches were investigated to circumvent this problem. Separation was performed in an ammonium carbonate buffer. During separation, the interfering metal ions were exchanged for ammonium ions, which are less tightly bound to the oligonucleotide when ionized. The influence of the addition of piperidine and imidazole or trans‐1,2‐diaminocyclohexane‐N,N,N',N'‐tetraacetic acid (CDTA) to the running buffer for further reduction of cation adduction was investigated. Addition of CDTA to the buffer system resulted in a deconvoluted spectrum with very little adducts. On‐line sample stacking proved vital to preconcentrate the samples. The pH and the concentration of the ammonium carbonate buffer as well as the electrophoresis voltage were optimized to achieve the best signal response for the oligonucleotides and a maximum reduction of the cation adducts as well as a short analysis time. Finally, the sheath liquid composition was examined for further improvement of the signal. The developed method was used to analyze different oligonucleotides (5000–9200 Da) in light of its use as a final quality control method for oligonucleotides in terms of purity and sequence homogeneity of the synthesized products. In all cases, very little adducts were observed in the deconvoluted spectra, and the relative errors of the measured molecular masses ranged from 3 to 35 ppm.
Combining capillary electrophoresis with mass spectrometry for applications in proteomics
Authors: Simpson David C. , Smith Richard D. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractMass spectrometry (MS)‐based proteomics is currently dominated by the analysis of peptides originating either from digestion of proteins separated by two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis (2‐DE) or from global digestion; the simple peptide mixtures obtained from digestion of gel‐separated proteins do not usually require further separation, while the complex peptide mixtures obtained by global digestion are most frequently separated by chromatographic techniques. Capillary electrophoresis (CE) provides alternatives to 2‐DE for protein separation and alternatives to chromatography for peptide separation. This review attempts to elucidate how the most promising CE modes, capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) and capillary isoelectric focusing (CIEF), might best be applied to MS‐based proteomics. CE‐MS interfacing, mass analyzer performance, column coating to minimize analyte adsorption, and sample stacking for CZE are considered prior to examining numerous applications. Finally, multidimensional systems that incorporate CE techniques are examined; CZE often finds use as a fast, final dimension before ionization for MS, while CIEF, being an equilibrium technique, is well‐suited to being the first dimension in automated fractionation systems.
Interpolation processes using multivariate geostatistics for mapping of climatological precipitation mean in the Sannio Mountains (southern Italy)
Authors: Diodato Nazzareno , Ceccarelli Michele 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe spatial variability of precipitation has often been a topic of research, since accurate modelling of precipitation is a crucial condition for obtaining reliable results in hydrology and geomorphology. In mountainous areas, the sparsity of the measurement networks makes an accurate and reliable spatialization of rainfall amounts at the local scale difficult. The purpose of this paper is to show how the use of a digital elevation model can improve interpolation processes at the subregional scale for mapping the mean annual and monthly precipitation from rainfall observations (40 years) recorded in a region of 1400 km2 in southern Italy. Besides linear regression of precipitation against elevation, two methods of interpolation are applied: inverse squared distance and ordinary cokriging. Cross‐validation indicates that the inverse distance interpolation, which ignores the information on elevation, yields the largest prediction errors. Smaller prediction errors are produced by linear regression and ordinary cokriging. However, the results seem to favour the multivariate geostatistical method including auxiliary information (related to elevation). We conclude that ordinary cokriging is a very flexible and robust interpolation method because it can take into account several properties of the landscape; it should therefore be applicable in other mountainous regions, especially where precipitation is an important geomorphological factor. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Complex chromosome 22 rearrangements in astrocytic tumors identified using microsatellite and chromosome 22 tile path array analysis
Authors: Seng Tzer Jing , Ichimura Koichi , Liu Lu , Tingby Ola , Pearson Danita M. , Collins V. Peter 
Published: March 2005

AbstractMany studies have reported chromosome 22 as being abnormal in astrocytic tumors. In an attempt to map precisely the abnormal region or regions that potentially harbor tumor‐suppressor genes or oncogenes, we constructed a chromosome 22 tile path array covering 82% of 22q with the use of 441 chromosome 22 clones. A 10‐Mb whole‐genome array consisting of 270 clones from all autosomes was included in the array. A total of 126 astrocytic tumors—5 diffuse astrocytomas (A), 29 anaplastic astrocytomas (AA), and 92 glioblastomas (GB)—were examined for chromosome 22 alterations both by microsatellite analysis (using 28 markers to identify allelic imbalance) and with the tile path array. The results showed that chromosome 22 alterations in astrocytic tumors could be complex. A number of tumors had a combination of deletions with and without reduplication of the retained chromosome, as well as copy number gains and amplifications. In two glioblastomas, overlapping homozygous deletions were identified that involved three genes (DEPDC5/KIAA0645, YWHAH, C22ORF24/HSN44A4A). The terminal region telomeric to the clone RP3‐398C22 appeared to be the most frequently deleted region. The estimated incidence of any chromosome 22 alteration was 5% in A, 33% in AA, and 38% in GB. This study demonstrated the advantages of combining array comparative genomic hybridization and microsatellite analysis in elucidating complex genomic rearrangements in primary human tumor tissue. Supplementary material for this article can be found on the Genes, Chromosomes and Cancer website at http://www.interscience.wiley.com/jpages/1045‐2257/suppmat/index.html. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Microstructured scaffolds for liver tissue cultures of high cell density: Morphological and biochemical characterization of tissue aggregates
Authors: Eschbach Erik , Chatterjee Shyam S. , Nöldner Michael , Gottwald Eric , Dertinger Hermann , Weibezahn Karl‐Friedrich , Knedlitschek Gudrun 
Published: March 2005

AbstractVery high cell densities and optimal vascularization characterize among others organs and tissues in vivo. In order to study organ‐specific functions in vitro or to make use of them in medical devices/treatments in the future, this natural architecture should be rebuilt. An important aspect in this context is the appropriate ratio of medium to cell volume being so far not optimally reestablished in most of the currently available in vitro systems. To improve such culture conditions, we constructed a microstructure to culture hepatocytes and (without any addition of extracellular matrix material) characterized liver tissue in the form of evenly sized aggregates. The liver‐specific differentiation status of such aggregates was monitored by their ability to perform CYP450 dependent xenobiotic metabolism along with the measurement of albumin secretion. Freshly isolated adult rat hepatocytes show an initial loss of total CYP450 content and of associated activities (mixed function oxidases). However, in the aggregate system, this level did not decrease further but remained stable or even increased throughout the culture period of 10–13 days. The CYP450 dependent metabolism of the hepatocytes is able to respond to classic inducing agents. The described culture efficiently supports liver‐specific functions of adult rat hepatocytes and seems to be suited not only for use in an extracorporeal liver device but also for the formation of evenly sized small aggregates to be of use in transplantation of differentiated liver tissue. Moreover, after design variations, the microstructure can be applied for functional analysis of metabolically active hepatocytes as well as for toxicological and pharmacological validation. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Perinucleolar compartment and transformation
Authors: Kopp K. , Huang S. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe perinucleolar compartment (PNC) is a sub‐nuclear structure that preferentially localizes to the nucleolar periphery. The PNC is found predominantly in transformed cells both in vitro and in vivo. PNC prevalence (the percentage of cells containing at least one PNC) positively correlates with the progression of breast cancer and patient survival. PNCs are highly enriched with newly synthesized RNA polymerase III transcripts and RNA‐binding proteins. The structural integrity of the PNC is dependent upon the transcription of these RNAs and a critical level of the polypyrimidine tract binding (PTB) protein, as assayed by the localization of other PNC‐associated proteins. These observations suggest a model in which the PNC is a dynamic, functional organelle that forms under specific physiological conditions favoring cellular transformation and might be involved in the metabolism of RNA polymerase III transcripts. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bioprocesses for the removal of nitrogen oxides from polluted air
Authors: Jin Yaomin , Veiga María C , Kennes Christian 
Published: March 2005

AbstractNitrogen oxides (NOx) of environmental concern are nitrogen monoxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). They are hazardous air pollutants that lead to the formation of acid rain and tropospheric ozone. Both pollutants are usually present simultaneously and are, therefore, called NOx. Another compound is N2O which is found in the stratosphere where it plays a role in the greenhouse effect. Concern for environmental and health issues coupled with stringent NOx emission standards generates a need for the development of efficient low‐cost NOx abatement technologies. Under such circumstances, it becomes mandatory for each NOx‐emitting industry or facility to opt for proper NOx control measures. Several techniques are available to control NOx emissions: selective catalytic reduction (SCR), selective non‐catalytic reduction (SNCR), adsorption, scrubbing, and biological methods. Each process offers specific advantages and limitations. Since bioprocesses present many advantages over conventional technologies for flue gas cleaning, a lot of interest has recently been shown for these processes. This article reviews the major characteristics of conventional non‐biological technologies and recent advances in the biological removal of NOx from flue gases based on the catalytic activity of either eucaryotes or procaryotes, ie nitrification, denitrification, the use of microalgae, and a combined physicochemical and biological process (BioDeNOx). Relatively uncomplicated design and simple operation and maintenance requirements make biological removal a good option for the control of NOx emissions in stationary sources. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Development and characterisation of a molecularly imprinted polymer prepared by precipitation polymerisation for the determination of phenylurea herbicides
Authors: Carabias‐Martínez Rita , Rodríguez‐Gonzalo Encarna , Herrero‐Hernández Eliseo , Díaz‐García Marta Elena 
Published: March 2005

AbstractNew materials based on molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) have been developed for use as sorbents in solid phase extraction to preconcentrate some urea herbicides. In the preconcentration step, different molecularly imprinted polymers were tested using methacrylic acid (MAA) and 2‐(trifluoromethyl)acrylic acid (TFMAA) as functional monomers, and linuron and isoproturon as templates. The best results were obtained when the polymer was synthesised using MAA with isoproturon as template. Another parameter evaluated was the way in which the polymer was obtained. We observed that the imprinted polymers obtained by precipitation displayed a greater capacity to retain the phenylureas. Studies conducted using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that the bulk polymerisation method is far from ideal owing to the random shape and size distribution of the particles obtained, whereas when polymerisation was carried out in precipitation microspheres were obtained. In order to confirm the interaction between the functional monomer and the template, 1H NMR (CD2Cl2) analyses were conducted. The results obtained suggest that the hydrogen and/or nitrogen of the amino group of the template would be involved in the formation of hydrogen bonds with the functional monomer. The imprinted polymer obtained by precipitation polymerisation with MAA as functional monomer and isoproturon as template can be applied to preconcentrate phenylureas when the sample is dissolved in toluene. The proposed methodology was employed to evaluate polymer selectivity towards humic acids and towards other herbicides.
New Evidences of Glass Transitions and Microstructures of Soy Protein Plasticized with Glycerol
Authors: Chen Pu , Zhang Lina 
Published: March 2005

AbstractSummary: Soy protein isolate (SPI) and glycerol were mixed under mild (L series) and severe (H series) mixing conditions, respectively, and then were compression‐molded at 140 °C and 20 MPa to prepare the sheets (SL and SH series). The glass transition behaviors and microstructures of the soy protein plasticized with glycerol were investigated carefully by using differential scanning calorimetry and small‐angle X‐ray scattering. The results revealed that there were two glass transitions in the SPI/glycerol systems. When the glycerol contents ranged from 25 to 40 wt.‐%, all of the SL‐ and SH‐series sheets showed two glass transition temperatures (Tg1 and Tg2) corresponding to glycerol‐rich and protein‐rich domains, respectively. The Tg1 values of the sheets decreased from −28.5 to −65.2 °C with an increase of glycerol content from 25 to 50 wt.‐%, whereas the Tg2 values were almost invariable at about 44 °C. The results from wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction and small‐angle X‐ray scattering indicated that both protein‐rich and glycerol‐rich domains existed as amorphous morphologies, and the radii of gyration (Rg) of the protein‐rich domains were around 60 nm, a result suggesting the existence of stable protein domains. The results above suggest that protein‐rich domains were composed of the compact chains of protein with relatively low compatibility to glycerol and glycerol‐rich domains consisted of relative loose chains that possessed good compatibility with glycerol. The significant microphase separation occurred in the SPI sheets containing more than 25 wt.‐% glycerol, with a rapid decrease of the tensile strength and Young's modulus.Schematic of the microstructures of glycerol‐plasticized soy protein with glycerol‐rich and protein‐rich domains.magnified imageSchematic of the microstructures of glycerol‐plasticized soy protein with glycerol‐rich and protein‐rich domains.
Synthesis of Diphenylamine‐Substituted Phenylazomethine Dendrimers and the Performance of Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Cho Jun‐Sang , Kimoto Atsushi , Higuchi Masayoshi , Yamamoto Kimihisa 
Published: March 2005

AbstractSummary: We have designed and synthesized novel diphenylamine‐substituted phenylazomethine dendrimers (DP‐Gn, n = 1, 2) as hole‐transport materials for organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs). These dendrimers similar to phenylazomethine dendrimers showed a stepwise metal complexation with metal ions. They have good multi‐redox properties attributed to the terminal amine moieties and excellent thermal stabilities. Double layer EL devices utilizing the dendrimers as a hole‐transport material and Alq3 as the emitting and electron transport materials were fabricated. The EL performances of the devices increased with higher dendrimer generations. Moreover, by using the metal ion (0.5 equiv. SnCl2)‐complexed DP‐G2 dendrimers, the luminance and EL efficiency of the devices were drastically increased by more than double and over 30%, respectively. These metal complexable phenylazomethine dendrimers are novel and promising materials for highly efficient OLEDs.Structure of the diphenylamine‐substituted phenylazomethine dendrimer DP‐G2.magnified imageStructure of the diphenylamine‐substituted phenylazomethine dendrimer DP‐G2.
Pulsed Laser Polymerization of Styrene in Microemulsion: Determination of Band Broadening in Size Exclusion Chromatography with Multimodal Distributions
Authors: Mader Christoph , Schnöll‐Bitai Irene 
Published: March 2005

AbstractSummary: Styrene was polymerized in microemulsion by pulsed laser radiation. The resulting multimodal distributions are composed of equidistant Poisson distributions as bimolecular termination occurs mainly during the short laser pulses. For nearly all distributions the first peak was almost base line separated and higher order peaks were clearly distinguishable. The width of the first and second peak was used to determine the extent of band broadening (bb), σ, as a function of the retention volume. Results were collected for three combinations of columns differing in their separation range. These values and those obtained from anionically polymerized polystyrene standards show the same dependence on the retention volume and can be described by the van Deemter equation even beyond the exclusion limit. The results are interpreted in the context of obstructed diffusion and the van Deemter equation is extended to take into account the contribution of the individual columns with different pore sizes. Both theory and experiment advocate a non‐uniform bb thus emphasizing the necessity for the determination of bb for a given set of columns.Comparison of experimental results (squares – standards, circles PLP‐ME samples) and theory (full line: according to Equation (6c), broken lines: individual contributions of the columns).magnified imageComparison of experimental results (squares – standards, circles PLP‐ME samples) and theory (full line: according to Equation (6c), broken lines: individual contributions of the columns).
Adenovirus‐5 E1A suppresses differentiation of 3T3 L1 preadipocytes at lower levels than required for induction of apoptosis
Authors: Cao Jun , Arulanandam Rozanne , Vultur Adina , Preston Thomas , Jaronczyk Katarzyna , Tomai Evangelia , Zandi Keivan , Raptis Leda 
Published: March 2005

AbstractTo investigate the functional relationship between the ability of the adenovirus‐5 E1A oncogene product to transform with its ability to block adipocytic differentiation and induce apoptosis, we expressed E1A in the 3T3 L1 preadipocytic cell line. The results demonstrate a dramatic, quantitative reciprocal regulation of differentiation and several transformation‐associated properties in response to graded levels of E1A expression, with the suppression of differentiative capacity, focus formation, and anchorage‐independent proliferation requiring increasing levels of E1A. Progressively higher E1A levels were accompanied by apoptosis induction. The effect of E1A upon adipocytic differentiation as well as transformation and apoptosis required binding to the retinoblastoma‐susceptibility gene product. These data reveal a dissociation between E1A signals leading to transformation, suppression of differentiation and induction of apoptosis, based on levels of expression. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clinical and molecular aspects of the myotonic dystrophies: A review
Authors: Machuca‐Tzili Laura , Brook David , Hilton‐Jones David 
Published: March 2005

AbstractType 1 myotonic dystrophy or DM1 (Steinert's disease), which is the commonest muscular dystrophy in adults, has intrigued physicians for over a century. Unusual features, compared with other dystrophies, include myotonia, anticipation, and involvement of other organs, notably the brain, eyes, smooth muscle, cardiac conduction apparatus, and endocrine system. Morbidity is high, with a substantial mortality relating to cardiorespiratory dysfunction. More recently a second form of multisystem myotonic disorder has been recognized and variously designated as proximal myotonic myopathy (PROMM), proximal myotonic dystrophy (PDM), or DM2. For both DM1 and DM2 the molecular basis is expansion of an unstable repeat sequence in a noncoding part of a gene (DMPKin DM1 andZNF9in DM2). There is accumulating evidence that the basic molecular mechanism is disruption of mRNA metabolism, which has far‐reaching effects on many other genes, in part through the induction of aberrant splicing, explaining the multisystemic nature of the disease. The unstable nature of the expansion provides a molecular explanation for anticipation. This review emphasizes the clinical similarities and differences between DM1 and DM2. It examines current views about the molecular basis of these disorders, and contrasts them with other repeat expansion disorders that have increasingly been recognized as a cause of neurological disease. Muscle Nerve, 2005
Practice parameter: Utility of electrodiagnostic techniques in evaluating patients with suspected peroneal neuropathy: An evidence‐based review
Authors: Marciniak Christina , Armon Carmel , Wilson John , Miller Robert 
Published: March 2005

AbstractAn evidence‐based review of electrodiagnostic (EDX) techniques in the evaluation of peroneal neuropathy was conducted to determine whether these techniques are useful for diagnosis and prognostication in this disorder. A Medline search and a review of relevant sources were performed in 1999 and updated through July 2003 to identify articles describing the use of EDX in patients suspected to have peroneal neuropathy. From the 499 articles identified, 112 articles describing motor and sensory nerve conduction studies and needle electromyography in peroneal neuropathy were reviewed in detail; 11 articles met the predetermined literature inclusion criteria for the adequacy of EDX techniques employed. Six articles provided Class III evidence in support of a role for nerve conduction studies in making the diagnosis of peroneal neuropathy; five articles provided Class IV evidence. Implicit in making the diagnosis were normal EDX findings outside the distribution of the peroneal nerve. The current literature supports the use of EDX in patients with suspected peroneal neuropathy (Level C recommendation). Muscle Nerve, 2005