bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bourdleu on ‘Habitus’
Authors: Thompson John B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Such a disposition, or system of dispositions, is what Bourdieu calls ‘habitus’, the main features of which are summed up (rather densely) in the following passage: the structures constitutive of a particular type of environment ˛ produce the habitus, systems of durable dispositions, structured structures predisposed to function as structuring structures, that is, as the principle of generation and structuration of practices and representations which can be objectively ‘regulated’ and ‘regular’ without in any way being the product of obedience to rules, objectively adapted to their goal without presupposing the conscious orientation towards ends and the express mastery of the operations necessary to attain them and, being all that, collectively orchestrated without being the product of the organizing action of a conductor.
Giddens on ‘Structuration’
Authors: Thompson John B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Let me begin by outlining the central themes of Giddens’s account. This account is formulated with a view towards building upon the strengths, while avoiding the weaknesses, of certain theoretical orientations in the social sciences. Functionalism has rightly emphasized the institutional features of the social world and has focused attention on the ways in which the unintended consequences of action serve to maintain existing social relations. Structuralism and ‘post-structuralist’ approaches have developed novel conceptions of structure, of structuring processes and of the subject, conceptions which have been applied with particular efficacy to the analysis of texts and cultural objects. But what functionalism and structuralism lack, in spite of much discussion of the ‘action frame of reference’ and the ‘theory of the subject’, is an adequate account of action and agency. The latter have been principal concerns of ‘analytical philosophy’ during the last two deqtdes, as well as of the ‘interpretative sociologies’ influenced by Husserl, Wittgenstein and others.
Class and Class Struggle
Authors: Thompsoni E P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It seems that, once again, it is necessary to explain how a historian —or how this historian-understands the term’class’. Some fifteen years ago I concluded a rather protracted work of analysis into a particular moment of class formation. In the Preface I offered some comments on class which concluded: ‘Class is defined by men as they live their own history, and, in the end, this is its only definition.’’ It is generally supposed today, among a new generation of Marxist theorists, that such a statement must either be ‘innocent’ or (far worse) ‘not innocent’: i.e. evidence of an ulterior surrender to empiricism, historicism, etc. These people have very much better ways of defining class: definitions moreover which can be swiftly reached within theoretical practice and without the fatigue of historical investigation.
The ‘Linguistic Turn’: Class, ‘Experience’, and Politics
Authors: Jones Gareth Stedman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The latest essays in this book indicate a shift in my thinking not only about these particular topics but also about the social historical approach as such.1 Most important in this respect was the process of rethinking that lay behind my essay on Chartism. I wanted to make a study of Chartism both because my work on a projected biography of Engels suggested the need to find a critical yardstick by which to judge his picture of the movement, and because no overview of English working class development was possible without an adequate interpretation of that crucial episode. The weakness of my critique of Foster’s book had derived from the vagueness of its treatment of Chartism as a political phenomenon. The decline of Chartism had there been described only from a most stratospheric angle of vision in terms of a failure of the social Weltanschauung supposedly represented by the Chartists in the face of the advance and stabilization of the national and international economy. Similarly, in accounting for its beginnings, although I had felt a long-standing unease at the theoretical level about Edward Thompson’s picture of the formation of working-class consciousness, it was impossible to provide a more satisfactory alternative without independent engagement with the primary sources.
Language, Gender, and Working-Class History
Authors: Scott Joan W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This essay is an attempt to address a problem that seems to me increasingly evident and stubbornly resistant to easy solution. That problem is the one faced by feminist historians in their attempts to bring women as a subject and gender as an analytic category into the practice of labor history. If women as subjects have increased in visibility, the questions raised by women’s history remain awkwardly connected to the central concerns of the field. And gender has not been seriously considered for what it could provide in the way of a major reconceptualization of labor history. Some feminist historians (myself included) have therefore viewed with cautious optimism their colleagues’ increasing interest in theories of language.
The Nights of Labor
Authors: Ranciere Jacques 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What relationship is there between the Sunday extravagances of these ‘arti¬ sans’ and ‘petty bourgeois’ men on the one hand, and the solid realities of exploitation and class struggle on the other? As with every vertigo and every Sunday, it is one of everything and nothing. Monday they will begin again the monotony of work or the vagrancy of unemployment. The world remains unchanged when the young seamstress leaves the Saint-Simonian preaching session, to which she had gone ‘to find a bit of droll amusement’ and from which she returned ‘filled with admiration and astonishment for the grandeur of the ideas and the unselfishness of the apostles’.’ Nothing has changed, but nothing will ever be the same as before, either. Fifty years later, when many of the apostles will have forgotten or disavowed it, our seamstress and our joiner will still proudly bear the marks of the bite. For it is in the moments when the real world wavers and seems to reel into mere appearance, more than in the slow accumulation of day-to-day experiences, that it becomes possible to form a judgment about the world.
A Post-Materialist Rhetoric for Labour History
Authors: Sewell William jun H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In labor studies, by comparison, a broad and complacent materialist perspect¬ ive dominates the field. There have been challenges—for example, Gareth StedmanJones’s and Joan Scott’s mutually hostile arguments for the primacy of language over class in the determination of labor politics or Jacques Rancière’s attempts to deconstruct the myth of the artisan—but Stedman Jones, Scott, and Ranciere have so far recruited few followers among labor historians, who have tended to dismiss them for lapsing into ‘mere’ intellectual history.’ I believe labor history is destined to suffer from continuing intellectual doldrums unless its largely unexamined materialist common sense is more widely and vigorously contested. It would, of course, be chimerical to imagine that labor studies could, in the present situation, spawn a theoretical debate as intense and multiformed as that occurring in contemporary feminist studies. Yet the politics and the political economy of labor in the contemporary world hardly seem conducive to theoretical complacency.
Habermas and the ‘Public Sphere’
Authors: Eleyi Geoff 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By ‘the public sphere’ we mean first of all a realm of our social life in which something approaching public opinion can be formed. Access is guaranteed to all citizens. A portion of the public sphere comes into being in every conversation in which private individuals assemble to form a public body. They then behave neither like business or professional people transacting private affairs, nor like members of a constitutional order subject to the legal constraints of a state bureaucracy. Citizens behave as a public body when they confer in an unrestricted fashion —that is, with the guarantee of freedom of assembly and association and the freedom to express and publish their opinions —about matters of general interest. In a large public body this kind of communication requires specific means for transmitting information and influencing those who receive it.
Gendering ‘the Social’
Authors: Riley Denise 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Both this ‘social’ and ‘women’ lean forward, as concepts, into a future which is believed to sustain them. It is as if ‘women’, who have been erroneously or ignorantly represented, might yet, reconstructed, come into their own. In many later nineteenth and indeed early twentieth-century addresses on the Woman Question, they are caught up not in being, where they are massively misunderstood, but in becoming. If ‘women’ can be credited with having a tense, then it is a future tense. It is true that the trajectory of ‘man’ in the nineteenth-century human sciences often winds him backward to the riddles of his origins, or alternatively, reels him out towards the double question of his ends.
The Social Bases of Obedience and Revolt
Authors: Moore Jun Barrington 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After a relatively brief immersion in the autobiographies and prewar sociological investigations of German working-class life, an investigator will notice the existence of an intellectual elite among the working class with a somewhat patronizing stance toward what it regards as the mass of the workers. In modem times this is often the case with subordinate and oppressed groups, whose leaders are often unsure whether the masses will be up to carrying the burden that historical destiny has supposedly laid upon their shoulders. In Germany at this time the distinction was mainly between an articulate upper stratum of workers and a much larger stratum of inarticulate or possibly deliberately silent ones. Most though not all of the information that is available about the inarticulate comes from the articulate. To learn what we can about the mentality of the inarticulate it is necessary to have as clear a conception as possible of the biases and predilections of the articulate.
‘Rebelling against the Work we Love’
Authors: Cottereau Alain 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If we are to begin to comprehend the reality of working-class life at the time of Le Sublime, our first step must be to dispel several current myths which prevent any kind of understanding of the social relations involved. A set of ‘Industrial Revolution’ images, repeated like a catechism for the last century, would have us believe that only large-scale factory production and the use of the steam engine resulted in real ‘typical’ industrial capitalism and its by-product, the real ‘typical’ working class. In consequence, descriptions of the situation in Paris refer only to these stereotypes. Production in Paris had supposedly remained separated from large-scale industry, retaining for the most part its ‘traditional’ nature, preserved in the old forms of domestic industries and small businesses. ‘Luxury’ industries (goldsmiths, ‘articles from Paris’, fashionable clothes) and the main body of consumer industries are thought to have produced a particular working-class profile which differed greatly from that of the proletariat the Industrial Revolution had created. A powerful ‘working-class aristocracy’ had supposedly grown up, highly skilled, jealous of its independence and with a libertarian attitude rooted in former values. This tendency would have been reinforced by the large-scale immigration of rural craft workers.
Gender and the Middle Class
Authors: Davidoff Leonore , Hall Catherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Family Fortunes is a book about the ideologies, institutions and practices of the English middle class from the end of the eighteenth to the mid nineteenth centuries. It concerns both men and women. It looks at the place of the family and the delineation of gender difference at a time of rapid economic, political and social change. The principal argument rests on the assumption that gender and class always operate together, that consciousness of class always takes a gendered form. Of course the articulation of class and gender is never a peifect fit. Indeed, tension between class aspirations and feminine identity was one of the powerful forces in the development of mid nineteenth-century feminism.
Meanings of Class
Authors: Sewell William jun H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Class consciousness first emerged in France during the agitation that followed the Revolution of 1830. In order to make their essentially corporate demands comprehensible in the liberal climate established by the July Revolution, workers took up the language of the Revolution and reshaped it to fit their own goals. The two crucial innovations were the identification of manual workers as ‘the people’ by casting them as industrial serfs who must be emancipated from their exploitation at the hands of privileged proprietors and the elaboration of an idiom of fraternal association.
War and the Language of Class
Authors: Waites Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the early nineteenth century, the language of’class’ came to designate the social divisions of an increasingly industrial, capitalist society, not entirely to the exclusion of older terms appropriate to the pre-industrial hierarchy, but in such a way as to be the dominant convention.’ This language became enmeshed in social practices and relations, and helped constitute the sense people made of their society. Since its adoption, there have been several important shifts in ‘class’ usage and reference.
Introduction
Authors: Kemp Sandra , Squires Judith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1984 bell hooks reflects on the ‘growing disinterest in feminism as a radical political movement’ and the increasing inability w arrive at a unified definition of feminism itself A decade later Anna Yeatman writes of the ways in which academic feminism, or ‘femocracy’, has been characterized by various attempts to respond to challenges of’ otherness’. In these pieces, and in all those within this section, we find the nvo issues which have most preoccupied and characterized feminist theorizing in the 1980s and 1990s: the fragmentation and institutionalization of feminism itself.
French Feminism in an International Frame
Authors: Spivak Gayatri Chakravorty 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A young Sudanese woman in the Faculty of Sociology at a Saudi Arabian University said to me, surprisingly: ‘I have written a structural functionalist dissertation on female circumcision in the Sudan.’ I was ready to forgive the sexist term ‘female circumcision’. We have learned to say ‘clitoridectomy’ because others more acute than we have pointed out our mistake.
Introduction
Authors: Kemp Sandra , Squires Judith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The pieces in this section question whether feminist critiques of traditional epistemologies imply the existence of a specifically ‘female’ knowledge. Questions concerning the nature of knowledge and the validity of knowledge claims have been central to feminist writings. Much early writing was ranked up with establishing and exploring the extent w which traditional epistemologies worked to systematically exclude the possibility that women could be the agents of knowledge. The development of such critiques of traditional epistemologies as specifically ‘male’ has generated debate concerning the existence and/ or nature of a specifically ‘female knowledge.
One is not Born a Woman
Authors: Wittig Monique 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A materialist feminise approach to women’s oppression destroys the idea that women are a ‘natural group’: ‘a racial group of a special kind, a group perceived as natural. a group of men considered as materially specific in their bodies’. ’hat the analysis accomplishes on the level of ideas. practice makes actual at the level of facts: by its very existence, lesbian society destroys the artificial (social) fact constituting women as a ‘namra1 group’. A lesbian society’ pragmatically reveals that the division from men of which women have been the object is a political one and shows that we have been ideologically rebuilt into a ‘natural group’. In the case of women, ideology goes far since our bodies as well as our minds are the product of this manipulation.
Their ‘symbolic’ exists, It holds power-we, the sowers of disorder, know It only too well
Authors: Shiach Morag 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The title of this paper is a quotation from ‘The laugh of the Medusa’ by Helene Cixous. The quotation mobilizes terms that are central both to Cixous’s work over the last twenty years and to this collection on psychoanalysis and feminism. Focusing on questions of ‘the symbolic’, of power, and on the politics of disorder, Cixous’s work suggests new sorts of solutions to the relationship between psychoanalytic theory and feminist practice.
Feminism, Humanism, Postmodernism
Authors: Soper Kate 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Postmodernist argument (or the argument of ‘modernity’ as others have wanted to call it/ has issued a number of challenges: to the idea that we can continue to think. “Titer and speak of our culture as representing a continuous development and progress; to the idea chat humanity is proceeding towards a tools of ‘emancipation’ and ‘self-realization’; w the idea that we can invoke any universal subjectivity in speaking atom the human condition.
Psychoanalysis and the imaginary Body
Authors: Grosz Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This[... ] is part of a larger project:[... ] an attempt to rethink the terms in which subjectivity is usually understood in feminist theory. Subjectivity has tended to be conceptualized in terms that privilege and affirm the primacy of mind over body, a conceptual opposition that has characterized western philosophy since its inception in ancient Greece. Even psychoanalytic theory has been generally understood. by feminists and others, as an account of the psychical production of masculine and feminine subjects. as if this can somehow occur or make any sense in isolation from the \cultural and social) specificities of sexed bodies.
Queer Theory and the War of the Sexes
Authors: Mcintosh Mary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Feminism is a form of politics deeply rooted in humanism. Its project is laboratory, its subjects women. To be a feminist necessarily involves a belief that women and men are intrinsically free and equal and that women’s oppression lies in the denial of the development of our full capacities. This is why the question of defining women. in terms other than those of biological reductionism, has been so important.
AIDS, Identity, and the Politics of Gender
Authors: Treichler Paula 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When I shared this with a medical school colleague, he got huffy: ‘That’s not a joke.’ he said, ‘that’s feminism!’ Indeed; it’s feminism that turns on an important paradox of identity: When does Joe’ become Jane’’ And even d&lt;lcs Joe become Jane? If someone is called a ‘woman’, what criterion is being treated as essential?
Sexuality in the Field of Vision
Authors: Rose Jacqueline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Freud often related the question of sexuality to that of visual representation. Describing the child’s difficult journey into adult sexual life, he would take as his model little scenarios, or the staging of events, which demonstrated the complexity of an essentially visual space, moments in which perception fo1mders (the boy child refuses to believe the anatomical difference that he sees/ or in which pleasure in looking tips over into the register of excess (witness to a sternal act in which he reads his own destiny, the child tries to interrupt by calling attention to his presence).”‘ Each time the stress falls on a problem of seeing.
Missing Women: Rethinking: Early Thoughts on Images of Women
Authors: Pollock Griselda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The political identity of the women’s movement has been formed in large part by a critique of the representations of women that circulate through ‘high’ culture and the media, including film, television, advertising, and pornography. These ‘images of women’ have been denounced by some in the name of feminism. Yet they are difficult w disavow because of the potency of their formulations of femininity, their fascination. and their pleasures. V/e recognize a gap between idealized or debased versions of woman’ and the lives and identities we ordinarily inhabit. am in spite of the gap, we canny am acknowledge that to a certain extent our identities are formed through such imageries.
Frida Kahlo’s ‘Grotesque’ Bodies
Authors: Chedgzoy Kate 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1925. when she was an eighteen-year-old pre-medical student at the elite National Preparatory School in :lexicon City, Frida Kahlo suffered terrible injuries as a result of a crash involving the bus she was travelling on. According to an eye-witness account, as Frida lay in the road. her pelvis crushed, pierced through the womb and vagina by a metal rod. somehow all her clothes were torn off and her naked body was showered with gold pigment which a fellov,1-passenger on the bus had been carrying. Even at this moment of utter physical pain and objection, her body was made into an object to be displayed and looked at. And if the objectivity of the account is questionable, it nevertheless testifies eloquently to the desire to convert Kahlo’s lived existence into a sort of bizarre art object.
Women and Ecology
Authors: Merchant Carolyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
women and nature have an age old association-an affiliation that has persisted throughout culture. language, and history. Their ancient interconnections have been dramatized by the simultaneity of two recent social movements-women’s liberation, symbolized in its controversial infancy by Betty Friedan’s Feminine Mysrique \1963). and the ecology movement, which built up during the 1960s and finally captured national anthemion on Earth Day, 1970. Common to both is an egalitarian perspective.
Fetal Fascinations: New Dimensions to the Medical-Scientific Construction of Fetal Personhood
Authors: Franklin Sarah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The issue of fetal personhood or fetal rights has become increasingly significant within contemporary public debates over reproduction, and correspondingly v,1ithin feminist analyses of these. [... ] Feminists such as Rosalind Patches and Janet Gallagher were among the first to note this shift and to develop a feminist critique of its implications for women. Since the early 1980s, it has become an increasingly significant component of feminist analyses of various reproductive issues, from new reproductive technologies. such as prenatal diagnosis and in vitni fertilization, to fetal organ transplants, enforced Caesarian sections and, of course, the continuing struggle for abortion rights.
Tinysex and Gender Trouble
Authors: Turkle Sherry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From my earliest effort to construct an online persona, it occurred to me that being a virtual man might be more comfortable than being a virtual woman. when I first logged on to a MUD, I named and described a character but forgot to give it a gender. I was struggling with the technical aspects of the MUD universe-the difference between various MUD commands such as ‘saying’ and ‘emoting’, ‘paging’ and ‘whispering’.