bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CONSTITUENTS OF ELEMENTARY BODIES OF VACCINIA
Authors: Hoagland Charles L. , Smadel Joseph E. , Rivers Thomas M. 
Published: June 2004

The results of chemical analyses reveal that it is possible to secure preparations of elementary bodies of vaccinia that possess a considerable uniformity in their chemical constituents. Furthermore, the amounts of certain of these constituents, namely, nitrogen, alpha-amino nitrogen after hydrolysis, phosphorus, total fat, phospholipid, neutral fat, reducing sugar after hydrolysis, and cystine, in the purified virus are significantly different from those in the various materials discarded during the process of purification.
The amounts of phospholipid and neutral fat in the virus preparations are not appreciably affected by extraction with ethyl ether or by digestion with lipase, procedures which do not inactivate the virus. Cholesterol, on the contrary, is apparently completely removed by these manipulations, and hence is not considered to play an important part in the economy of the virus.
I. POLIOMYELITIC VIRUS IN HUMAN STOOLS
Authors: Trask James D. , Paul John R. , Vignec Alfred J. 
Published: June 2004

1. The detection of the virus of poliomyelitis in 10 stools from 8 individuals is reported. All were in relation to epidemic poliomyelitis and 7 of them represented well recognized forms of the disease. The positive stools were distributed among 56 specimens collected from 53 persons in the first 4 weeks of illness.
2. The ease of detection of virus was directly related to the non-paralytic type of disease and inversely related to the age of the patients.
3. The negative results with stools employed for controls gives point to the use of the fecal examinations as an epidemiological tool.
4. The stability of the virus in feces has been demonstrated by successful mailing of samples over long distances and during the heat of summer.
5. At least one infective dose per gram of fecal material was extracted from one stool.
THE ACTIVATING, TRANSFORMING, AND CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS OF THE RABBIT PAPILLOMA VIRUS (SHOPE) UPON IMPLANTED TAR TUMORS
Authors: Rous Peyton , Kidd John G. 
Published: June 2004

The effects of the rabbit papilloma virus upon tar tumor tissue are widely various, as the present paper and previous ones attest. It enables some of the benign tar tumors of domestic rabbits (papillomas, carcinomatoids) to establish themselves after implantation,—which they are unable to do under ordinary circumstances, being dependent upon favoring factors; and it may drive them to active proliferation without altering their morphology. Some growths it fails to influence and some it converts into virus papillomas. Often, however, it brings about cytological changes which are indicative of a combination of its influence with that of the undetermined factor motivating the original tumor. The resulting neoplasm exhibits a blend of characteristics.
The virus makes some benign tar tumors become cancerous forthwith, the malignancy developing without intermediate virus papillomatosis. It can be readily imposed upon some of the squamous cell carcinomas which tar elicits in its natural host, the cottontail rabbit, and it may drive such tumors to proliferate faster, or alter them morphologically, or do both. Its stimulating effect is especially pronounced in the case of those tar cancers that are slow-growing.
Since the virus can influence tar cancers markedly, one can scarcely suppose it to be devoid of effect upon the cancers of the same type which derive from the papillomas it has itself engendered. Other implications of the work are discussed.
A DWARF MUTATION IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Greene Harry S. N. 
Published: June 2004

An hereditary type of dwarfism in the rabbit has been described. In contrast to the dwarfs described in other animals, this type is evident at birth and conforms to the classification, nannosomia primordialis, as used in human pathology. In homozygous form the variation is lethal and produces a miniature individual approximately one-third the size of its normal sibs. Heterozygous animals are approximately two-thirds the size of normal sibs at birth and never attain an equal stature.
The expression of the variation is modified by genetic factors carried by a line of cretinoid animals and, rarely, dwarfs derived from crosses with this line survive for 1 to 2 months. The striking changes in such survivors are hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the acidophilic cells of the pituitary and atrophy of the gonads. Such changes are not present in ordinary dwarfs and it is concluded that the acidophilic hyperplasia represents the influence of the modifying factors of the cretinoid line and supplies the growth hormone responsible for survival. The gonadotropic hormone is not supplied by the secretory activity of these cells and as a result the gonads atrophy.
The evidence at hand indicates that the primary effect of the dwarfing gene is an inhibition of the secretory functions of the pituitary. In homozygous individuals, the inhibition is complete and the variation is expressed as a lethal dwarf. In heterozygous animals, the function of the organ is altered, producing an undersized individual. The modifying factors of the cretinoid line act either to partially remove the inhibition or to alter the constitution of the animal so that life is possible for a short period without the full complement of pituitary hormones.
THE ACTION OF RENIN ON RABBITS WITH RENAL HYPERTENSION
Authors: Taggart John , Drury D. R. 
Published: June 2004

Our results lead us to believe that renin in the form in which it is extracted from the kidney cannot be the agent causing chronic renal hypertension.
The reasons against accepting renin as the pressor substance responsible for the hypertension of renal ischemia may be summed up as follows:—
1. The high blood pressure levels of renal ischemia cannot be approximated by any constant injection of renin that will maintain a sustained increase in normal animals.
2. The ratio of size of response to size of dose becomes progressively less as the amount of the dose is increased. If the hypertension of renal ischemia were due to a large elaboration of renin in the body, a small dose injected would be expected to have much less effect than in a normal individual. This is not the case; the response of the hypertensive animal to a given dose of renin is the same. Also animals with increased blood pressure due to a constant infusion of renin respond differently qualitatively and quantitatively to renin than do animals hypertensive from renal ischemia.
3. Since renin exhibits the phenomenon of tachyphylaxis one cannot explain the sustained hypertension of renal ischemia as due to a substance toward which the body becomes refractory as more and more of it is given. If tolerance results from the presence in the renin preparation of an antagonistic contaminant which persists longer in the body than the pressor agent, renal hypertension is definitely not caused by renin. This follows from our observations that rabbits hypertensive from renal ischemia, and in which tolerance is produced, maintain the blood pressure they had before injection of any renin.
ENCEPHALOMYELITIS OF MICE
Authors: Theiler Max , Gard Sven 
Published: June 2004

1. The two strains of virus named GD VII and FA, respectively, accidentally discovered during experiments with yellow fever, have been shown to be immunologically related to each other, as well as to the virus of mouse encephalomyelitis.
2. Infection of the central nervous system can be produced with both strains by intracerebral, intranasal, or intraperitoneal inoculations. The cardinal symptom produced by the GD VII strain of virus by all three methods of inoculation is a flaccid paralysis of the limbs. The symptoms produced by the FA strain are referable to lesions of the brain when infection is produced by intracerebral and intranasal inoculation. Following intraperitoneal inoculation of the FA strain of virus, however, a flaccid paralysis is usually produced.
3. By the use of graded collodion membranes the particle size of the virus of mouse encephalomyelitis has been shown to be from 9 to 13 mµ
4. The stability of the virus at different hydrogen ion concentrations has been tested. It has been found that there are two optima of stability, one at about pH 8.0 and the other at pH 3.3.
5. The virus is readily inactivated at 37°C. by 1 per cent hydrogen peroxide.
6. Of organic solvents tested, ether had no action, whereas ethyl alcohol in 20 per cent concentration almost completely inactivated the virus after 45 minutes in the cold.
7. The virus can be precipitated by means of ammonium sulfate.
8. With increasing age mice acquire a relative resistance to the virus.
9. Immunity to a subsequent intracerebral inoculation can be produced by intraperitoneal, as well as intranasal, administrations of relatively large amounts of virus.
10. Mice infected by the intracerebral inoculation of a relatively avirulent virus acquire a high degree of immunity to a subsequent inoculation of a highly virulent strain.
11. The course of infection in mice following intracerebral, intranasal, and intraperitoneal inoculation of the FA strain of virus has been studied.
ENCEPHALOMYELITIS OF MICE
Authors: Gard Sven 
Published: June 2004

In a study of mouse encephalomyelitis the following observations were made:—
1. A definite relationship exists between the amount of virus inoculated intracerebrally and the length of the incubation period.
2. The reciprocal of the incubation period was found to be approximately proportionate to the logarithm of the amount of virus inoculated. The relationship can, therefore, be given a simple mathematical form.
3. This fact provides a basis for a new method for measurement of the activity of mouse encephalomyelitis virus.
THE RELATIONSHIP OF SULFAPYRIDINE, NICOTINIC ACID, AND COENZYMES TO THE GROWTH OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
Authors: West Randolph , Coburn Alvin F. 
Published: June 2004

Our studies indicate that sulfapyridine modifies the normal metabolism of a bacterium.
Coenzymes inhibit the effect of sulfapyridine on the growth of staphylococcus in Knight's medium.
Nicotinic acid does not interfere with the action of sulfapyridine under the same conditions.
The possible relation of sulfapyridine, nicotinic acid, and coenzymes in relation to bacterial growth is discussed.
CONSTITUENTS OF ELEMENTARY BODIES OF VACCINIA
Authors: Hoagland Charles L. , Lavin George I. , Smadel Joseph E. , Rivers Thomas M. 
Published: June 2004

It has been possible by means of classical chemical methods to isolate and to characterize to some extent the nucleic acid of elementary bodies of vaccinia.
Determination by means of diphenylamine reagent revealed that the major part of the nucleic acid was of the thymus type. This was further substantiated by its stability in the presence of ribonuclease, less than 10 per cent undergoing depolymerization during prolonged incubation at 37°C.
By the technique employed, at least 5.6 per cent of the virus was shown to be thymonucleic acid. This amount agreed favorably with the value calculated from the non-lipid organic phosphorus of elementary bodies on the assumption that the phosphorus bound in the organic form was derived principally from nucleic acid.
THE LIBERATION OF RENIN BY PERFUSION OF KIDNEYS FOLLOWING REDUCTION OF PULSE PRESSURE
Authors: Kohlstaedt K. G. , Page Irvine H. 
Published: June 2004

1. Isolated dogs' kidneys have been perfused with defibrinated blood under hemodynamic conditions similar to those in the body. Under these circumstances blood flow, urine secretion, and oxygen consumption are well maintained, but urea clearance is low. Renal venous blood collected initially and at the end of 3 or more hours of perfusion exhibited no difference in vasoconstriction properties when perfused along with renin or renin-activator through an isolated rabbit's ear.
2. Reduction of pulse pressure by constricting the renal artery may be performed without reducing mean pressure significantly. Impairment of urea clearance and rate of urine secretion follow, and oxygen consumption is slightly reduced.
3. After an hour or more of perfusion with reduced pulse pressure, gradual rise in mean renal arterial pressure distal to the clamp and reduction of blood flow occur.
4. Renal venous blood collected after about one hour of perfusion with reduced pulse pressure differs from that collected before reduction of pulse pressure in that it causes intense vasoconstriction when perfused with renin-activator through an isolated rabbit's ear.
5. Perfusion of a dog's hind leg under similar circumstances does not cause this change in the venous blood to occur.
STUDIES ON THE PATHOGENESIS OF EXPERIMENTAL PNEUMOCOCCUS PNEUMONIA IN THE DOG
Authors: Hamburger Morton , Robertson O. H. 
Published: June 2004

A study has been made of the mode of origin of the secondary lesions occurring spontaneously during the course of experimental pneumococcus pneumonia in the dog. It was observed that the primary lesions of dogs exhibiting interlobar spread contained much more edema fluid than did those in which the inflammatory process remained confined to a single lobe. Furthermore, the sequence of spread from lobe to lobe in relation to the anatomical arrangement of the bronchi and the prone position of the animal was such as to suggest that secondary lobe involvement arose as a result of edematous pneumonic exudate flowing into the more dependent bronchial openings.
Experiments were undertaken to determine whether pneumococci are constantly being distributed throughout the lung in the experimental disease in varying degree yet produce secondary foci of consolidation only if the microorganisms reach the terminal airways and are retained there through some interference with the normal eliminatory mechanism. Attempts to produce secondary lesions in dogs with non-spreading single lobe involvement, by means of plugging a terminal bronchus of a normal lobe with starch paste or mucin were largely unsuccessful. In only three out of 19 instances did a lesion develop at the site of obstruction. An investigation was then made of the distribution of pneumococci in the lungs of dogs at the height of the pneumonia. In dogs with single lobe lesions pneumococci were recovered from the lesion itself but not from any other part of the peripheral lung tissue, whereas in animals showing spread to other lobes pneumococci were found to be distributed widely throughout the lung in both the apparently normal and the involved lobes. Some of the microscopic sections of the uninvolved parts of the lungs of dogs with metastatic lesions revealed small masses of pneumococcus-containing exudate in the smaller bronchi and terminal airways of otherwise normal tissue. This finding, in conjunction with the detection of beginning inflammatory changes in other areas normal in the gross, would seem to provide direct evidence of the manner in which pneumococci are transferred from the initial lesion to other lobes and highly presumptive evidence for the mode of origin of the secondary lesions.
HETEROTRANSPLANTATION OF FROG CARCINOMA; CHARACTER OF GROWTH IN THE EYES OF ALIEN SPECIES
Authors: Lucké Balduin , Schlumberger H. 
Published: June 2004

Transplantation into foreign hosts of the kidney carcinoma of leopard frogs has been investigated by grafting the tumor in the anterior chamber of two other species belonging to the same family of frogs (green frog, bullfrog), of a species from a different family (the toad), and of animals of different classes of cold-blooded vertebrates (goldfish, alligator). In the eyes of frogs of alien species, the kidney carcinoma became established as readily as in the eye of the natural host. In toads, the proportion of successful transplantation was slightly less. No progressive growth of transplanted tumor occurred in the fish or the reptile, although in fish characteristic tumor acini persisted and a few mitoses were to be found long after implantation. In the alligator the transplants deteriorated much more rapidly. Thus the success of transplantation into alien species decreased as the relationship to the original species became more distant.
An inflammatory reaction to the tumor graft appeared in the eye of reptiles and fish, but no such reaction occurred in amphibians.
The character and rate of growth of transplants were followed by continued direct examination with the microscope and were found to be practically the same in the eye of alien species as in the original species. Nor were differences in the finer structure of the tumor observed in the several species. The neoplastic cells retained their acinar arrangement, supported by stroma which developed quite as well from the tissues of alien hosts as from those of the natural host.
It was possible to engraft the tumor in the eye of the natural host, then to transplant it into the eye of another species, and finally to retransplant it in the original species. In this way the tumor has been propagated for 443 days.
A tissue culture of the tumor has been successfully transplanted into the eye of an alien host.
Thus these results demonstrate that, among cold-blooded vertebrates, the humors and tissues of the eye have a high degree of tolerance for foreign tumor grafts.
INFECTION OF GUINEA PIGS BY APPLICATION OF VIRUS OF LYMPHOCYTIC CHORIOMENINGITIS TO THEIR NORMAL SKINS
Authors: Shaughnessy Howard J. , Zichis Joseph 
Published: June 2004

As shown in Table I, 97 guinea pigs were used in this study. Fifty-seven were exposed by placing a virus suspension on their normal skins. Of this number, 34 had screw-top capsules attached to them. Thirteen were exposed by spreading the virus suspension on their feed and cage litter. Ten were inoculated intracerebrally to establish the potency of the virus. The remaining 17 were not exposed artificially to the virus and were employed as controls to detect cross infection.
Twenty-two guinea pigs, to which capsules were attached, died as a result of virus infection; 1 died of unknown causes and 11 survived without showing any clinical signs of the infection. Sixteen of the animals without the capsules died of virus infection and 7 did not become infected. The 10 guinea pigs that were inoculated intracerebrally became infected and died. None of the animals that were exposed by spreading the virus on the feed and the litter in the cages, or those used as unexposed controls, developed any clinical signs of infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis.
It is realized that minute abrasions, not visible with a hand lens, may have been present in the skins of these guinea pigs. However, any condition of this nature would be a factor encountered in any normal skin.
In view of these facts, it is believed that these results indicate that the virus of lymphocytic choriomeningitis may infect guinea pigs through the normal, apparently intact, skin.
STUDIES OF A MURINE STRAIN OF POLIOMYELITIS VIRUS IN COTTON RATS AND WHITE MICE
Authors: Jungeblut Claus W. , Sanders Murray 
Published: June 2004

1. A neurotropic murine virus was isolated by passing poliomyelitis virus (SK strain) from the monkey to cotton rats and white mice.
2. The murine virus has been grown in tissue culture consisting of embryonic mouse brain in ox serum ultrafiltrate.
3. The symptoms and lesions produced by the murine infection compare in all respects with those of poliomyelitis in monkey and man.
4. The murine virus, while highly pathogenic for mice and cotton rats, is non-pathogenic for albino rats, guinea pigs, and rabbits. It possesses limited pathogenicity for rhesus monkeys.
5. Although producing no paralysis in the above mentioned refractory animals, the murine virus may be recovered in active form from neural and extraneural sites of infected albino rats, guinea pigs, and monkeys, but not from rabbits.
6. The identity of the murine and monkey virus is further suggested by cross-neutralization between the murine virus and homologous (SK) and related (Aycock) antipoliomyelitis sera, as well as between homologous and related monkey poliomyelitis virus and antimurine virus sera.
7. Immunization of monkeys with live murine virus, in the form of mouse brain or tissue culture, seems to confer some degree of resistance against subsequent infection with the homologous poliomyelitis monkey virus.
8. The presence of the murine virus in the central nervous system of infected monkeys appears to interfere with the propagation of SK and Aycock poliomyelitis monkey virus in the same animal.
HEMOGLOBIN AND PLASMA PROTEIN
Authors: Robscheit-Robbins F. S. , Madden S. C. , Rowe A. P. , Turner A. P. , Whipple G. H. 
Published: June 2004

Given healthy dogs, fed abundant iron and a limited protein diet, with sustained anemia due to simple bleeding, we can study the capacity of each animal to produce new hemoglobin and plasma protein.
Some dogs can produce much hemoglobin and enough new plasma protein to maintain the plasma protein concentration at approximately a low normal level. It is probable that their plasma protein producing capacity is not fully extended (Table 2).
Other dogs (Table 5) can produce the same amount of hemoglobin but a hypoproteinemia develops and continues which should mean a maximal stimulus to produce new plasma protein. In such dogs we have strong stimuli to produce simultaneously new hemoglobin and new plasma protein. The ratio of plasma protein to hemoglobin varies from 40 to 60 per cent.
The total new formed blood protein may amount to 30 to 40 per cent of the total diet protein intake which shows that some dogs have remarkable capacity to conserve and use diet protein.
In this emergency of simultaneous depletion of hemoglobin and plasma protein levels, the dog gives preference to hemoglobin manufacture no matter what one of the listed food proteins is tested.
UNION IN VITRO OF THE PAPILLOMA VIRUS AND ITS ANTIBODY
Authors: Friedewald William F. , Kidd John G. 
Published: June 2004

Experiments are described which show that the rabbit papilloma virus elicits an antibody of one type only, this being capable both of neutralizing the virus and of fixing complement in mixture with it. The virus and its antibody have a powerful, specific affinity for one another, each being capable of absorbing the other in great excess when they are brought together in the test tube. The union formed by them in vitro cannot be dissociated in any demonstrable degree by dilution or centrifugation.
In many respects the findings differ from those with most viruses previously studied.
THE RECOVERY FROM PATIENTS WITH ACUTE PNEUMONITIS OF A VIRUS CAUSING PNEUMONIA IN THE MONGOOSE
Authors: Weir John M. , Horsfall Frank L. 
Published: June 2004

1. A virus capable of producing pulmonary consolidation in the wild mongoose (Herpestes griseus) has been isolated from throat washings obtained from four patients with a clinical syndrome termed acute pneumonitis.
2. The virus was not pathogenic for ferrets, mice, guinea pigs, rabbits, monkeys, voles, hamsters, deer mice, skunks, opossums, or woodchucks.
3. The virus was filterable through Berkefeld V and N candles, was not inactivated by glycerin or by freezing and drying in vacuum, and was propagated for at least 30 serial passages on the chorio-allantoic membrane of the developing chick embryo.
4. Normal mongooses placed in contact with infected mongooses developed pulmonary consolidation.
5. The virus was neutralized by the serum of mongooses convalescent from the infection but was not neutralized by normal mongoose serum.
6. Serum of human beings convalescent from acute pneumonitis also neutralized the virus, but serum obtained from the same individuals during the acute phase of the disease failed to do so.
7. The evidence so far obtained strongly suggests that this virus is the cause of acute pneumonitis in human beings. It differs from other viruses known to cause infections of the respiratory tract in man.