bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Apolipoprotein (apo)AV deficiency aggravates ethanol‐induced liver injury, promoting progression from simple steatosis to alcoholic steatohepatitis and then to liver fibrosis in mice
Authors: Wang David Q , Gao Bin , Wang Helen H , de Bari Ornella , Tso Patrick 
Published: November 2023

BackgroundAlcoholic liver disease (ALD) includes a broad spectrum of disorders, ranging from simple steatosis to severe forms of liver injury such as alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH), fibrosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Almost all heavy drinkers suffer from fatty liver, but only 20–40% of them develop more severe forms of ALD, and the underlying mechanisms contributing to disease progression remain elusive. Although there are an increasing number of animal models of ALD, none of them depicts the complex metabolic profile and the histological patterns typical of ALD patients. Because apoAV is synthesized exclusively in the liver, we hypothesizethat it plays a critical role in regulating hepatic lipid metabolism, and ethanol interacts with apoAV to severely disrupt hepatic lipid homeostasis, leading to lipotoxic hepatocellular injury.MethodsMale apoAV KO, transgenic (Tg) and WT mice were given chronic (5%, v/v) and binge (5g/kg once per wk) ethanol feeding (a modified NIAAA model) for 4 wk. Liver histopathology was examined by H&E and Sirius Red staining. The murine primary hepatocytes and hepatic stellate cells were treated with lysophosphatidylcholine (lysoPC). mRNA and protein levels were studied by qRT‐PCR and Western blots. Lipidomic analysis of liver was performed by ESI‐MS/MS.ResultsEthanol caused a dose‐dependent inhibitory effect on mRNA and protein expression of apoAV in WT hepatocytes. This induced the accumulation of excess triglyceride and the formation of numerous lipid droplets in apoAV KO, but not Tg hepatocytes vs. WT controls. After ethanol feeding, apoAV KO mice displayed rapid development of liver steatosis, subsequently evolving from simple steatosis to ASH and then to liver fibrosis. WT mice developed only liver steatosis. Ethanol increased hepatic lysoPC levels, a known lipotoxic fatty acid metabolite, by enhancing its synthesis in KO mice compared to WT mice. Increased lysoPC induced hepatic lipo‐apoptosis through TNFα by stimulating both caspase‐induced apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS)‐mediated mitochondrial dysfunction in KO, but not WT mice. These alterations triggered ASH with a key histological feature of hepatocellular ballooning, and increased collagen secretion by hepatic stellate cells through activating profibrogenic genes and heat shock protein 47, leading to liver fibrosis in KO mice.ConclusionsThe apoAV KO mouse model closely recapitulates many characteristics of the pathogenic processes and histological patterns of ALD in patients. LysoPC may be a key trigger for ASH, similar to its proposed role in NASH. These innovative studies elucidate a critical role of apoAV in the pathogenesis of ALD.Support or Funding InformationThis work was supported in part by research grants DK101793 and DK106249, both from the National Institutes of Health (US Public Health Service).
The anterior jugular veins: preliminary study
Authors: Hojaij Flávio , Santos Lesley , Souza Bruna , Pacheco Juliana , Andrade Mauro , Akamatsu Flávia Emi , Jacomo Alfredo Luiz 
Published: November 2023

The jugular venous system is responsible for the head and neck drainage. The anterior jugular vein has the smallest caliber when compared with the other jugular veins. Near to the superior thoracic opening, the anterior jugular veins run sideways, deep to the sterno bone. Above the sterno bone, the anterior jugular veins run side by side lateral to the midline and they can communicate to each other through an arch – the jugular venous arch. There are many relevant anatomical variations among the anterior jugular veins. Therefore, an anatomical pattern study about these veins have a relevant clinical importance for the enhancement of the surgical technique and improvement of post‐operative cares for procedures done in the anterior region of the neck like thiroidectomies and trachoestomiesObjectiveDescribing the anterior jugular veins relations in the infrahyoid area and comparing possible variations with anthropometric characteristics.MethodTo study the anterior jugular veins positions, Using a form, previously elaborated, the anterior jugular veins are observed according to the following characteristics: the number of veins, caliber, position, path, distance between the middle line, presence and anastomoses location, presence and jugular venous arch location. The cadavers' anthropometric characteristics. had been collected.ResultsThese are the preliminary results : 5 cases with 2 anterior jugular veins;4 cases with only one anterior jugular vein e one case with 3 anterior jugular veins. Fifty per cent of the cases showed the anterior jugular veins near to the midline plan (1cm or less). The veins' caliber were 5 mm or less in 60% of the cases. There are many variantions talking about the arch.Conclusionsas a preliminary study we are able to state that there are many relevant anatomical variations in number of veins and their caliber
Comparison of 3D laser‐based photonic scans and manual anthropometric measurements of body size and shape in a Swiss validation study
Authors: Ruhli Frank , Bender Nicole , Staub Kaspar 
Published: November 2023

Manual anthropometric measurements are time‐consuming and challenging to perform within acceptable intra‐ and inter‐individual error margins in large studies. Three‐dimensional (3D) laser body scanners provide a fast and precise alternative: Within a few seconds the system produces a 3D image of the body topography and calculates some 150 standardized body size measurements.The aim was to enhance the small number of existing validation studies and compare scan and manual techniques based on five selected measurements. We assessed the agreement between two repeated measurements within the two methods, analyzed the direct agreement between the two methods, and explored the differences between the techniques when used in regressions assessing the effect of health related determinants on body shape indices.We performed two repeated body scans on 123 volunteering young men using a Vitus Smart XXL body scanner. We manually measured height, waist, hip, buttock, and chest circumferences twice for each participant according to the WHO guidelines. The participants also filled in a basic questionnaire.Mean differences between the two scan measurements were smaller than between the two manual measurements, and precision and intra‐class correlation coefficients were higher. Both techniques were strongly correlated. When comparing means between both techniques we found significant differences: Height was systematically shorter by 2.1cm, whereas waist, hip and bust circumference measurements were larger in the scans by 1.17–4.37cm. In consequence, body shape indices also became larger and the prevalence of overweight was greater when calculated from the scans. Between 4.1% and 7.3% of the probands changed risk category from normal to overweight when classified based on the scans. However, when employing regression analyses the two measurement techniques resulted in very similar coefficients, confidence intervals, and p‐values.For performing a large number of measurements in a large group of probands in a short time, body scans generally showed good feasibility, reliability, and validity in comparison to manual measurements. The systematic differences between the methods may result from their technical nature (contact vs. non‐contact).Support or Funding InformationMäxi Foundation
Patterns of Thyrocervical Trunk Variation
Authors: Ballas Elissa R , Inouye Sandra 
Published: November 2023

This study reports the classification of thyrocervical trunk branching patterns from 64 subclavian arteries in 33 adult cadavers. Of the 64 subclavian arteries, 28 (43.8%) were from male cadavers and 36 (56.3%) were from female cadavers. Branching patterns were classified based on a scheme described by Lippert and Pabst.1 A thyrocervical trunk was observed 63 times in the sample and was absent on one side in one cadaver; two cadavers had one side that was unusable due to previous dissections. In all cadavers that had a thyrocervical trunk, branching occurred at the subclavian artery distal to the vertebral artery and medial to the anterior scalene muscle. The incidence of the traditional thyrocervical trunk branching pattern described in textbooks (type a), in which the thyrocervical trunk is formed by the inferior thyroid, suprascapular, and transverse cervical arteries, was 64.1% (36.6% male, 63.4% female). The incidence of the next most common pattern (type c), in which the inferior thyroid and suprascapular arteries branched from a common trunk and the transverse cervical artery had a separate origin, was 21.9% (71.4% male, 28.6% female). The incidence of the third most common pattern (type b), in which the internal thoracic artery originated from the thyrocervical trunk in addition to the inferior thyroid, suprascapular, and transverse cervical arteries, was 6.3% (20.0% male, 80.0% female). Four other subclavian arteries had different branching patterns, including one that had no thyrocervical trunk. The cadaver with no thyrocervical trunk exhibited the inferior thyroid, suprascapular, and transverse cervical arteries arising separately from the subclavian artery.Chi‐square analyses comparing male and female distribution samples, as well as comparing right and left sides, yielded no significant differences for either. However, comparisons between the frequency of branching patterns in this study with those reported by Lippert and Pabst revealed a significant difference between the two samples (p<.05). While Lippert and Pabst reported the incidence of types a and c at 30% each, this study reports the incidence of those types at 64.1% and 21.9%, respectively. The cadaver with no thyrocervical trunk and separate arteries arising from the subclavian artery was not described in the extensive study by Lippert and Pabst, and perhaps may be a rare variant.This region of the body is a common site of invasive procedures; therefore, it is critical to be aware of common and variable arterial branching patterns.Support or Funding InformationThis study was made possible with the support of the Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine and Midwestern University.
Anatomical Investigation of the Tensor Vastus Intermedius in the Quadriceps Muscle Group
Authors: Collins Christopher T. , Figge Lauren , Reeves Rustin , Lovely Rehana 
Published: November 2023

Study ObjectivesThe aim of this study is to further investigate the presence of the tensor vastus intermedius (TVI) in a larger sample size of 80 thighs and also attempt to bring novel imaging techniques to the discussion.BackgroundUntil this year, the quadriceps muscle group has been described as containing four muscles, with few studies describing its deviation from this definition. Most recently, a study reported finding this additional muscle belly in all 26 cadaver dissections performed, which was then named TVI for its similarities to the tensor fascia lata (TFL) and its anatomical relationship to the vastus intermedius (VI) (Grob et al 2016).MethodsIn the preliminary dissections performed on 49 donor thighs we focused specifically on TVI presence, tendinous properties and nerve innervation. This current study includes 80 donor thighs and will include the previously stated focuses as well as the vascular supply of the TVI. Biostatistical analysis will also be used to find any correlation of TVI bilaterally or with known factors of the donor such as gender.ResultsAlong with the TVI muscle belly presence, there is variation among its tendinous contribution to the quadriceps tendon, which is classified based on the muscle it fuses with, vastus lateralus (VL), VI or both, or whether it is completely independent.ConclusionOur preliminary investigation showed TVI presence in 38% of cadaver thighs, which is also what we expect to find in the additional 80 thighs analyzed of the present study.
Incidence of Right Lung Fissuring and Lobation in Human Cadavers
Authors: Ettarh Raj , Reynolds Amberly , Hassan Sherif S , Govero Austin 
Published: November 2023

Lobes in the human lung possess relative functional independence. The delineating fissures between lobes provide a physical barrier to help confine disease processes; therefore, knowledge of lobation patterns for the lungs has significant implications for clinical management of pulmonary pathologies. Traditionally, the right lung is believed to be commonly divided into 3 lobes and the left lung into 2 lobes. However, there is no data in the published literature to support this conventional knowledge. This study addressed this gap in the literature by examining the lungs bilaterally in 68 cadavers. Fissures in each lung were inspected for complete or incomplete formation by determining presence of full or partial depth. Fissures were photographed, and proper (true) lobes were defined as completely delineated if they were bordered by full‐depth fissures that extend from costal surface of lung to hilum of lung. There were 3 distinct patterns of lobe formation in both lungs: no lobes (lobeless), two lobes (bi‐lobed) and three lobes (tri‐lobed). Three percent of right lungs were lobeless compared to 1% among left lungs. Twenty percent of right lungs had 2 completely formed lobes and 77% were tri‐lobed. Ninety‐four percent of left lungs were bi‐lobed and 5% had three completely formed lobes. Only 35% of horizontal fissures in the right lung were full depth. One in 5 right lungs had 2 completely formed lobes, and approximately 3 in 10 lungs have a lobe count that differs from the traditional 3:2 Left: Right pattern. The incidence of unusual patterning is sufficiently significant to warrant caution by clinicians for patients with pulmonary diseases.Support or Funding InformationNone
Diabetes Mellitus Reduces The Expression Of Betatrophin In Pancreatic Islet Cells
Authors: Adeghate Ernest , D'Souza Crystal , Al Balooshi Mohammed 
Published: November 2023

Betatrophin, a peptide hormone expressed in liver and fat cells, has been reported to increase the rate of pancreatic β‐cell proliferation and β‐cell mass expansion. The present study determines whether the pancreatic content of betatrophin is reduced after the onset of diabetes mellitus (DM). DM was induced in adult male rats by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ) at a dose of 60 mg/kg body weight. Pancreatic tissue fragments were fixed overnight in freshly prepared Zamboni's fixative. The fixed tissue samples were embedded in paraffin wax. Sections of 6 μm thickness were cut on a microtome and processed for immunofluorescence. For immunoelectron microscopy, pancreatic tissue fragments (2 mm3) were fixed in McDowell's fixative and embedded in resin. Nickel grids with sections of pancreatic tissue were rinsed in 0.01 M sodium citrate buffer at 90°C for 5 minutes, cooled and jet‐washed with de‐ionized water. The sections were later immunostained using antibodies against either a combination betatrophin/insulin or betatrophin/glucagon. DM caused a significant reduction in the expression of betratrophin in pancreatic islet cells. Moreover, betatrophin was localized with insulin and glucagon in pancreatic islet cells. Betatrophin was found mainly in the secretory granules of insulin‐ and glucagon‐producing cells. These findings suggest a possible role of betatrophin in pancreatic endocrine function.Support or Funding InformationThis study was supported by a research grant from the UAEU
Colonic mucosa is affected by gastric restriction in an animal model
Authors: Fontes Luiz Gustavo , Itezerote Ana , Saleh Samir , Hojaij Flávio , Andrade Mauro , Martinez Carlos Augusto Real , Akamatsu Flávia Emi , Jacomo Alfredo Luiz 
Published: November 2023

Gastric reduction procedures are currently employed to treat morbid obesity and there are few reports concerning the consequent effects in large intestine.We devised an experimental model of gastric restriction using rats. The animals were submitted to surgical gastrostomy and a cylindrical loofah is inserted in the stomach. Surgical procedure is described in detail elsewhere.We studied 30 adult male Wistar rats divided in three groups: the stomach reduction group (R10), the sham group (S10), which underwent the same procedure except for the loofah insertion and the control group (C10). Animals were fed and kept in separate cages. They were weighed every other day until being sacrificed on day 10.Sections of the colon were obtained and stained with hematoxylin‐eosin and analyzed for the length of the crypts, mucous cells and inflammatory cells.The data were submitted to the Kolmogorov‐Smirnov test to verify the type of distribution. Data with normal distribution are presented as mean ± standard deviation. In this case, to compare groups, variance analysis was performed (ANOVA) followed by Bonferroni multiple comparisons. The tests were performed with 5% significance level.The analysis of goblet cells count on R10 group indicated a statistically significant reduction of goblet cells and the crypts were shallower as compared to the C10. There were no difference regarding inflammatory cells. These findings might be a result of colonic mucosae atrophy secondary to the effects of gastric restriction in this model.
Angiogenic, oxidative and hormonal responses of the prostatic microenvironment in high fat diet‐fed aging mice
Authors: Cagnon Valeria Helena , de Almeida Lamas Celina , Hermes Tulio , Kido Larissa Akemi , Minatel Elaine , Collares‐Buzato Carla , Marostica Mario Roberto 
Published: November 2023

Aging and obesity are associated with prostatic lesion induction. Cellular proliferation, angiogenesis and oxidative stress could be altered in both processes. Thus, the aim of the study herein was to evaluate different molecules related to angiogenesis, oxidative stress and hormonal metabolism, considering aging and high‐fat diet intake on the mice prostate. FVB mice (30) were divided into the following groups: Young group (YNG ‐ 3 months old), Senile group (SE ‐ 11 months old), Senile and high‐fat diet (SHE ‐ 11 months old + high‐fat diet). YNG and SE groups received a normolipid diet (22% protein, 53% carbohydrate, 4.5% lipids and 2.9 Kcal/g) and SEH group, received a high‐fat and high‐calorie diet (20% protein, 50% carbohydrate, 21% lipids and 4.7 Kcal/g). After 60 days, the mice were anesthetized and the ventral prostate were collected and submitted to morphological analysis; and to immunohistochemical and immunoblotting evaluation for androgen and estrogen receptor (AR, ERα), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), 4HNE and catalase. Weight gain, food and energy intake were analyzed. The results showed reduced weight gain and increased energy intake in SE group compared to YNG group. The high‐fat diet intake during aging led to increased weight gain and energy intake, despite diminishing food intake in relation to SE group. The prostatic morphology in SE group showed increased cellular proliferation, well‐differentiated adenocarcinoma, microacini, inflammatory cells and hypertrophied fibromuscular stroma. The high‐fat diet intake by aging mice aggravated the prostatic injuries in relation to SE group, showing increased cell proliferation, well‐differentiated adenocarcinoma, microacini and fibromuscular stroma hypertrophy. The inflammatory cell level was elevated in SHE group despite not significantly differing from SE group. In addition, reduced AR immunolabeling and increased ERα, VEGF, 4HNE and Catalase levels were verified in SE group as compared to YNG group. The high‐fat intake during aging led to an AR, ERα, VEGF, 4HNE and Catalase increase as compared to SE group. Thus, we concluded that the aging process led to harmful changes in the prostatic microenvironment, favoring glandular lesions. Also, the high‐fat intake in association with aging increased the microenvironment molecular imbalance, compromising glandular stromal‐epithelial interaction. The association of hormonal imbalance as well as angiogenic and oxidative processes due to aging and high‐fat diet intake dysregulated important signaling pathways in the prostate, particularly related to cell proliferation and inflammation, leading to pre‐malignant lesions. The glandular microenvironment ERα and angiogenic signaling stimuli, contributed to the glandular dynamic rupture.Support or Funding InformationSao Paulo Research Foundation (Fapesp‐2015 25714‐1
Heat Induced by Visible Light Promotes Anti‐Aging Effect in the Skin of Mice
Authors: Monte‐Alto‐Costa Andréa , Santos‐Silva Marco Aurélio , Schanuel Fernanda Seabra , Saguie Bianca , Romana‐Souza Bruna 
Published: November 2023

It is well known that the exposition to sun light induces skin aging, recently it was shown that heat induced by infra‐red can also induce skin aging. However, the effects of heat from visible light on skin are not known. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of heat induced by visible light on mice skin. Mice were divided into two groups exposed at 23°C or 43°C in a thermal chamber for 30 minutes on alternate days for 13 days. On day 14, mice were killed and skin was analyzed. The heat induced by visible light caused an increase in epidermal and dermal thickness. It also increased gene and protein expression of transforming growth factor‐β (Tgfβ1 and TGF‐β1/2/3) and it has not changed the number of inflammatory cells, neutrophils and macrophages. The heat increased the area of collagen fiber, and decreased gene expression of Col1a1 and protein collagen type I. However, heat increased the Col3a1 gene expression and protein type III collagen. Heat increased the area of the elastic fibers and gene expression of fibrillin‐1 and elastin. In conclusion, acute heat exposure induced by visible light may be an extrinsic factor with anti‐aging effects in skin of mice.Support or Funding InformationThis study was supported by FAPERJ, CAPES and CNPq.
The Relationship Between the Facial Vessels and the Deep Fascia of the Infraorbital Region: A New Concept
Authors: Amodeo Chiara Andretto , Chevallier Jean‐Marc , Delmas Vincent , Keller Gregory 
Published: November 2023

The Superficial Musculo‐Aponeurotic System (SMAS) has been considered for decades the carrying layer of the facial vessels. Recently the existence of a deep fascial layer in the infraorbital region has been shown and this finding seems to change some classic anatomical concepts related to the facial vessels as well.Materials and Methods20 hemifaces have been dissected at the Centre du Don des Corps de l'Université Paris DesCartes in Paris to study the relationship between the facial artery and vein and the deep fascia of the infraorbital region, that continues from the temporal region and covers the mimetic muscles of the infraorbital area.ResultsThe vessels were identified in all the specimens and the facial artery was followed from the anterior border of the masseter muscle. In the midface its path was always superficial to the deep fascial layer, in the plane between the SMAS and the deep fascia, on the contrary the facial vein started its path deep to the deep fascia just medial to the medial border of the levetor labii superioris muscle, running in a deeper plane than the artery.ConclusionsIn all the specimens in the midface the facial vessels were in relationship with the expansion of the superficial layer of the deep temporal fascia. The facial artery ran always superficial to it, on the contrary the facial vein in its path toward the lower third of the face ran in a deeper plane than the artery, deep to the deep fascial layer of the infraorbital region.