bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthetic polymers containing α‐amino acids: from polyamides to poly(ester amide)s
Authors: Puiggalí Jordi , Subirana Juan A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractPolyamides and poly(ester amide)s which contain glycine residues as a comonomer show unique features. In collaboration with Professor M. Goodman we carried out studies on low molecular weight models which allow a structural analysis with atomic detail. In this way, sequential polyamides constituted by glycine and ω‐amino acids may adopt new structures characterized by a network of intermolecular hydrogen bonds that are established along three directions at 120°. This peculiar structure is based on the conformational preferences of glycine residues. X‐ray and electron microscopy studies on poly(ester amide)s indicate a structure constituted by a stacking of hydrogen bonded sheets. Differences have been found in the shift between consecutive sheets. Copyright © 2005 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Finite element analysis (FEA) applied to polyethylene foam cushions in package drop tests
Authors: Mills N. J. , Masso‐Moreu Y. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTwo designs of polyethylene (PE) foam cushions were compared, using a rigid ‘product’ of mass 5.6 kg, and an outer corrugated fibreboard box. The acceleration–time history for the product was measured when the box was dropped flat from 1 m onto a rigid floor. The data was processed to calculate the impact force as a function of the packaging deformation. Finite element analysis (FEA) predictions of the impact force vs. package deflection were accurate for end‐cap designs using Ethafoam, but underestimated the slope of the experimental force vs. deflection relation for corner‐cap designs. The corner‐cap design is more efficient in reducing the peak product acceleration for multiple impacts. The contribution of the corrugated board box to the impact response appears to be small. The FEA results were compared with those from the cushion curve design method and were found to better predict the performance of complex shaped cushions. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The use of intrinsic mode functions to characterize shock and vibration in the distribution environment
Authors: Rouillard Vincent , Sek Michael A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThis paper describes an innovative approach, based on the instrinsic mode functions (IMFs), to characterize the nature of mechanical vibration encountered in transport vehicles. The paper highlights the importance of understanding the nature of transport vibration and shows that their accurate characterization is essential for the optimization of protective packaging. Although there have been numerous studies aimed at characterizing random vibration during transport, the majority of those have been limited to applying relatively conventional signal analysis techniques, such as the average power spectral density (PSD). This paper investigates the benefits offered by the recently introduced Hilbert–Huang transform when characterizing non‐stationary random vibration in comparison with more traditional Fourier analysis‐based techniques. The paper describes the operation of the Hilbert–Huang transform, which was developed to assist in the analysis of non‐Gaussian and non‐stationary random data. The Hilbert–Huang transform is based on the empirical mode decomposition (EMD) technique used to produce a finite number of IMFs, which, as a set, provide a complete description of the process. It is shown how these IMFs are well suited to the application of the Hilbert–Huang transform to determine the magnitude and instantaneous frequency of each IMF. The technique is applied to various records of random vibration data collected from transport vehicles in order to illustrate the benefits of the method in characterizing the nature of non‐stationarities present in transport vibration. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The combination of liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry and chip‐based infusion for improved screening and characterization of drug metabolites
Authors: Staack Roland F. , Varesio Emmanuel , Hopfgartner Gérard 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAn approach has been developed for drug metabolism studies of non‐radiolabeled compounds using on‐line liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) combined with chip‐based infusion following fraction collection. The potential of this approach, which improves the data quality compared with only LC/MS analysis, has been investigated for the analysis of in vitro metabolites of tolcapone and talinolol, two compounds with well‐characterized metabolism. The information‐dependent LC/MS/MS analysis enables the characterization of the major metabolites while the chip‐based infusion is used to obtain good product ion spectra for lower level metabolites, to generate complementary MS information on potential metabolites detected in the LC/MS trace, or to screen for unexpected metabolites. Fractions from the chromatographic analysis are collected in 20 second steps, into a 96‐well plate. The fractions of interest can be re‐analyzed with chip‐based infusion on a variety of mass spectrometers including triple quadrupole linear ion trap (QqLIT or Q TRAP) and QqTOF systems. Acquiring data for several minutes using multi‐channel acquisition (MCA), or signal averaging while infusing the fractions at approximately 200 nL/min, permits about a 50 times gain in sensitivity (signal‐to‐noise) in MS/MS mode. A 5–10 μL sample fraction can be infused for more than 30 min allowing the time to perform various MS experiments such as MSn, precursor ion or neutral loss scans and accurate mass measurement, all in either positive or negative mode. Through fraction collection and infusion, a significant gain in data quality is obtained along with a time‐saving benefit, because the original sample needs neither to be re‐analyzed by re‐injection nor to be pre‐concentrated. Therefore, a novel hydroxylated talinolol metabolite could be characterized with only one injection. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of isomeric allylic diols resulting from chlorophyll phytyl side‐chain photo‐ and autoxidation by electron ionization gas chromatography/mass spectrometry
Authors: Rontani J.‐F. , Aubert C. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe electron ionization (EI) mass spectral fragmentation of the trimethylsilyl derivatives of 3‐methylidene‐7,11,15‐trimethylhexadecane‐1,2‐diol, Z‐ and E‐3,7,11,15‐tetramethylhexadec‐3‐ene‐1,2‐diols and Z‐ and E‐3,7,11,15‐tetramethylhexadec‐2‐ene‐1,4‐diols resulting from chlorophyll phytyl side‐chain photo‐ and autoxidation was investigated. Different pathways (substantiated by deuterium labelling) were proposed in order to explain the main fragmentation observed. Then, some sufficiently specific fragment ions were selected and used to characterize these compounds in natural environmental samples. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Carbon film growth on iron substrates by a CVD method
Authors: Ding Yun‐Shuang , Li Wei‐Na , Shen Xiong‐Fei , Galasso Francis S. , Suib Steven L. , DiCarlo Joe 
Published: January 2005

AbstractCarbon film coatings have been produced by a hot‐wall chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method under moderate conditions from pyrolysis of a mixture of propane and argon on an Fe(110) substrate at temperatures of 800–900 °C for different deposition times. The effects of temperature and reaction time on the growth of the carbon films were studied. Field‐emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Raman microscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and x‐ray diffraction methods have been performed to study the surface morphologies, growth features and microstructures of the carbon film coatings. The FESEM analyses indicated that carbon films on an Fe substrate consisted of flat‐layer and filamentous morphologies. Raman and AES analyses showed that the carbon initially was crystalline but the degree of disorder in the top layer of the carbon film increased with increasing deposition temperature. High‐resolution transmission electron microscopy studies are also in agreement with Raman results. The same trend was observed when the deposition time was increased from 5 to 30 min. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Segregation in zirconia: equilibrium versus non‐equilibrium segregation
Authors: Nowotny J. , Sorrell C. C. , Bak T. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe present work considers the differences between the following two phenomena: equilibrium segregation, which is a thermodynamic phenomenon where the driving force is excess interfacial energy; and non‐equilibrium segregation, which can be produced by phenomenological shocks applied to the solid surface. Fully stabilized cubic yttria‐stabilized zirconia (YSZ) is used as the exemplar for these considerations. Equilibrium segregation in YSZ results in enrichment of the surface and near‐surface layers in constituent elements, typically yttria and impurities. This segregation is an intrinsic material property and has an impact on the performance of zirconia at elevated temperatures. On the other hand, non‐equilibrium segregation leads to a complex distribution of properties (structure and concentration gradients) that are determined by the experimental procedures used rather than being a material property. However, such non‐equilibrium segregation can result in localized structural changes. The present paper also considers the effect of the gas phase on surface properties of metal oxides, including YSZ, and the surface dynamics of YSZ at temperatures below that required to reach equilibrium. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A comparison of the Dorfman–Berbaum–Metz and Obuchowski–Rockette methods for receiver operating characteristic (ROC) data
Authors: Hillis Stephen L. , Obuchowski Nancy A. , Schartz Kevin M. , Berbaum Kevin S. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThere are several different statistical methods for analysing multireader ROC studies, with the Dorfman–Berbaum–Metz (DBM) method being the most frequently used. Another method is the correctedFmethod proposed by Obuchowski and Rockette (OR). The DBM and OR procedures at first appear quite different: DBM is a three‐way ANOVA analysis of pseudovalues while OR is a two‐way ANOVA analysis of accuracy estimates with correlated errors. We show that the original DBM and ORFstatistics for testing the null hypothesis of equal treatments have the same form and will typically have similar values; however, differences in the denominator degrees of freedom will result in differences inp‐values even when theFstatistics are identical. We show how the methods can be generalized to include variations in the accuracy measure, covariance method, and degrees of freedom. Identical results are obtained when the methods agree with respect to all three of these procedure parameters; hence for a particular choice of procedure parameters the choice of method appears to depend mainly on software preference and availability. The methods are compared using data from a factorial study with two modalities, five readers, and 114 patients. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enacting reform‐based science materials: The range of teacher enactments in reform classrooms
Authors: Schneider Rebecca M. , Krajcik Joseph , Blumenfeld Phyllis 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTo promote large‐scale science education reform, developers must create innovations that teachers can use to learn and enact new practices. As part of an urban systemic reform effort, science materials were designed to reflect desired reforms and to support teacher thinking by addressing necessary content, pedagogy, and pedagogical content knowledge for teachers. The goal of this research was to describe teachers' enactments in comparison to reform as instantiated in the materials. Four middle school teachers' initial enactment of an inquiry‐based science unit on force and motion were analyzed. Findings indicate two teachers' enactments were consistent with intentions and two teachers' enactments were not. However, enactment ratings for the first two were less reflective of curriculum intent when challenges were greatest, such as when teachers attempted to present challenging science ideas, respond to students' ideas, structure investigations, guide small‐group discussions, or make adaptations. Overall, findings suggest that purposefully using materials with detailed lesson descriptions and specific, consistent supports for teacher thinking can help teachers with enactment. However, materials alone are not sufficient; reform efforts must include professional development and efforts to create systemic change in context and policy to support teacher learning and classroom enactment. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 42: 283–312, 2005
Endosonography of the anal sphincter in women of different ages and parity
Authors: Starck M. , Bohe M. , Fortling B. , Valentin L. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractObjectivesTo obtain reference data representative of normal findings at anal endosonography in pregnant and non‐pregnant women. To determine intraobserver and interobserver agreement in the detection of endosonographic anal sphincter defects in asymptomatic women.MethodsTwenty‐five non‐pregnant nulliparous women and 25 non‐pregnant parous women (age range, 20–67 years) and 47 pregnant women (age range, 21–39 years) underwent anal manometry and anal endosonography. The endosonographic internal and external sphincter thickness and sphincter length were measured online. Endosonographic sphincter defects were measured and classified offline from videotapes by two independent examiners using an endosonographic defect score ranging from 0 (no defect) to 16 (maximal defect), the score taking into account the location and the longitudinal and circumferential extension of the defect.ResultsEndosonographic sphincter thickness and length did not differ between non‐pregnant nulliparous and parous women and did not change substantially with age. The anal sphincter was thicker and the anal resting pressure area and manometric sphincter length were greater in pregnant than in non‐pregnant women of the same age (20–39 years). There was good intra‐ and interobserver agreement with regard to detection of endosonographic anal sphincter defects (kappa ≥ 0.70). Eighteen (19%) women had endosonographic sphincter defects but in only four (4%; 4/97) cases were they moderate or large (defect score, 7–10). Ten (20%) of the non‐pregnant women reported minor gas incontinence and one reported minor incontinence for both gas and liquid stool. The frequency of incontinence did not differ between women with and without sphincter defects.ConclusionsReference data representative of normal findings at anal endosonography have been established for non‐pregnant women and for nulliparous women in the third trimester of pregnancy. Small endosonographic sphincter defects and minor gas incontinence are common in women without known sphincter trauma. They seem to be unrelated to each other and may be regarded as normal variants. Copyright © 2005 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
First‐trimester diagnosis of imperforate anus
Authors: Taipale P. , Rovamo L. , Hiilesmaa V. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractImperforate anus or anorectal atresia is often associated with major fetal structural defects but it may also be an isolated abnormality. Prenatal diagnosis is difficult but may be assisted by ultrasound detection of a dilated distal bowel or rectum. We report on a fetus at 12 weeks of gestation in which a dilated colon was detected at ultrasound examination. Dilatation of the colon was clearly seen in the first and third trimesters of pregnancy, but was difficult to detect in the second trimester. At birth, the newborn was diagnosed with a low type of imperforate anus. Copyright © 2005 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How was it for you? Men, prostate cancer and radiotherapy
Authors: Owens J. , Kelsey S. , White A. 
Published: January 2005

This paper explores the views of men who have experienced external beam radiotherapy as part of their treatment for prostate cancer. Using three focus groups, the study aimed to explore men's experience of radiotherapy. However it soon became clear that it is not possible to disentangle the experience of radiotherapy from that of the whole cancer journey. Four themes emerged from qualitative analysis of the data, namely, making decisions (feeling prepared and informed), the experience of radiotherapy, side effects of treatment and sources of support.The findings indicate that health care professionals involved in radiotherapy treatment delivery need to understand and maintain sensitivity to the physical and emotional impact of the men's experience prior to radiotherapy in addition to those experienced during radiotherapy. In order to raise awareness and understanding of whole experience from the men's perspective, it is suggested that feedback of patient experience should become an integral part of radiotherapy department activity.This paper is an extract from a wider study that explores the experience of men undergoing brachytherapy and external beam radiotherapy.
Provision of IMRT in the UK. Part 2: Current levels, planned expansion and obstacles to implementation
Authors: Baker C.R. , Hardy V. 
Published: January 2005

UK Radiotherapy Departments have been surveyed to establish the current level of provision of intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) and its expected growth in the next 2 to 5 years. At the time of writing, nine UK Departments have implemented IMRT, providing a national capacity of approximately 20 new patients per month. By 2005, a further nine Departments expect to have implemented IMRT. As confidence and experience of IMRT grows, streamlining of quality control (QC) and the development of class solutions for inverse treatment planning are expected to significantly reduce the preparation time required for each patient and so increase patient capacity in all Departments.Staff training requirements, extra workloads in treatment planning and QC, identification of inverse planning parameters and current limitations of inverse treatment planning systems were identified as the key learning points for Departments that have been through the implementation process. Obstacles identified as preventing early implementation include equipment availability, staff shortages and heavy clinical workloads limiting the amount of time available for implementation.
Systematic in vivo dosimetry for quality assurance using diodes. Part 1: Experiences and results of the implementation of entrance dose measurements
Authors: Appleyard R. , Ball K. , Hughes F.E. , Kilby W. , Lassen S. , Nicholls R. , Rabett V. , Sage J. , Smith M. , Thomson E. 
Published: January 2005

Purpose: This paper describes our experiences of implementing systematic in vivo dosimetry at the Norfolk and Norwich Hospital and reviews the results of 2,254 entrance dose measurements made over a 17-month period.Methods and materials: Entrance dose measurements using p-type diodes were performed on all new planned patients. The calibration procedure and correction factors applied are described. A 4% tolerance was applied.Results: The results of all measurements indicated a small mean deviation from expected entrance dose of 10.77% and a standard deviation of 2.85%. 16.7% of all measurements exceeded the 4% tolerance with 9.2% exceeding a 5% level. The estimated overall errors for 578 treatments were calculated using the weighted averages of all beams. A narrower SD of 1.96% combined with only 4.8% of all treatments exceeding a 4% tolerance show that large deviations from a single field do not always translate into significant overall errors.Conclusions: Global dosimetric accuracy was within clinically acceptable limits and variations between measured and expected doses were mainly attributable to factors affecting diode reading. A number of errors in calculating deviations and the inconsistent application of the protocol suggest the need for interfacing the diode system with software control.
Pilot study investigating efficacy of acupressure wristbands for reduction of radiotherapy-induced nausea
Authors: Bridge, P. , Chakraborti P.R. , Thomas G. , Filkins L. , Fleet A.J. 
Published: January 2005

Persistent nausea remains one of the most distressing side effects of radiotherapy treatment despite advances in anti-emetic medication.Stimulation of the Nei-Guan (P6) acupoint on the wrist has been used in Chinese medicine to treat nausea for over 4,500 years. Studies have demonstrated that acupressure wristbands can reduce postoperative nausea, motion sickness, morning sickness and chemotherapy-induced nausea. This pilot study aimed to determine if they could also help reduce radiotherapy-induced nausea. There are no published reports of their use in this setting, thus this preliminary pilot was conducted before engaging in a major study.A prospective, paired, cross-over study investigated the impact adding acupressure wristbands to the usual anti-emetic care had on radiotherapy-induced nausea. Over the trial period, 30 patients were recruited when they reported radiotherapy-induced nausea to radiotherapists. Their daily nausea levels were assessed for a fortnight using a simple questionnaire and an anti-emetic tablet count. Comparing the 2 weeks data for these patients showed that there was a dramatic drop in their scores when the acupressure wristbands were used. There was a mean score drop of 61% for the combined nausea and vomiting frequency and severity, i.e. a 61% improvement in quality of life.This study suggested that acupressure wristbands might have a role to play in the treatment of radiotherapy-induced nausea. It is recommended that further studies be conducted to determine their exact role. They potentially offer several benefits when compared to anti-emetic medication. They are easy to use, have no side effects and are more economical since they are reusable. Furthermore, acupressure wristbands place the patient in control of their nausea to some degree. This in turn will make the patients feel less anxious, less depressed and reduce the common feelings of helplessness that often accompanies cancer patients.
Towards conformal radiotherapy: an audit of technique accuracy
Authors: Stanley S. 
Published: January 2005

Introduction: Conformal radiotherapy demands an accurate and reproducible treatment set up technique therefore the purpose of this study was to determine whether the current techniques were suitable for use with conformal treatment plans and to establish whether the current verification procedure was adequate.Method: 30 patients undergoing radical radiotherapy were recruited to each technique to be studied. Megavoltage images (MVI's) were taken twice during week one and then at weekly intervals. All study images were assessed after the patient had completed the treatment course using Masthead PIPS software. Field placement errors were recorded in x, y and z directions where appropriate. Patient characteristics were recorded to establish whether there was any relationship between reproducibility and patient size.Results: Head and neck: 26.6% patients had one or more errors >5 mm, 3.3% had consistent errors >5 mm throughout treatment. Poor fit of the beam direction shell was associated with errors >5 mm. Chest and abdomen: The technique was modified after 20 patients due to the large number of errors exceeding 10 mm. A significant (p < 0.01) reduction in the number of errors was in the modified technique group, this group also had a significantly (p < 0.01) reduced range of errors in the y direction. Pelvis: Significantly more errors were seen in the y and z directions using the sinmed kneeblock. A link between field placement errors and patient size was found.Conclusion: Imaging on the first fraction is not sufficient to determine whether a set up error is likely to occur consistently during treatment, at least two sets of images are required. The study has shown that technique development is necessary for the chest, abdomen and pelvis prior to the introduction of conformal radiotherapy.