bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of homologous fibrin adhesive on callus formation and extracortical bone bridging around a porous-coated segmental endoprosthesis in dogs
Authors: Roy Robert G. , Markel Mark D. , Lipowitz Alan J. , Gottsauner-Wolf Florian , Taswell Howard F. , Chao Edmund Y.S. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Modular, porous-coated, titanium segmental endoprostheses were implanted bilaterally in the femoral diaphysis of 7 adult mixed-breed dogs. Autogenous bone graft in particle form was placed around the implant and bone. In 1 limb, homologous fibrin adhesive was mixed with the graft in situ before soft tissue closure. The contralateral limb was grafted in identical manner, but without fibrin adhesive, and served as a control. Radiography was performed immediately after surgery and 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 weeks later to assess callus area and bone remodeling. At 12 weeks, dogs were euthanatized and bone/implant fixation strength was tested under torsion and compared with values for 6 in vitro controls. Histomorphometric and microradiographic analyses of transverse sections of the distal portion of the implanted femurs were performed. Radiographic callus area was significantly (P < 0.05) smaller in the femurs grafted with fibrin adhesive, compared with the contralateral control. New bone formation (21.4 ± 1.8% vs 19.2 ± 2.4%), unlabeled bone (64.8 ± 3.0% vs 67.9 ± 4.2%), porosity (13.9 ± 0.7% vs 12.9 ± 0.8%), and bone ingrowth into the porous coating (10.3 ± 0.9% vs 10.0 ± 1.2%) were not significantly different between fibrin- and nonfibrin-grafted implants, respectively. There were no significant differences in torsional strength of implant fixation between the fibrin- and nonfibrin-grafted femurs or between the in vivo implanted femurs and the in vitro controls. These data indicate that fibrin adhesive may have been advantageous in maintaining apposition of bone graft adjacent to the endoprosthesis, but it probably did not have an enhancing effect on extracortical bone bridging or ingrowth over a porous-coated segmental bone replacement endoprosthesis.
Evaluation of agar gel immunodiffusion and indirect fluorescent antibody assays as supplemental tests for dourine in equids
Authors: Hagebock Joyce M. , Chieves Lucious , Frerichs Wayne M. , Miller Charles D. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The agar gel immunodiffusion (agid) and indirect fluorescent antibody (ifa) assays were evaluated as supplemental tests to the complement-fixation (cf) test, the official US importation certification test for dourine in equids. The American stabilate (n = 10 animals) or the Canadian stabilate (n = 6 animals) of Trypanosoma equiperdum cultured in rat blood was administered by catheterization and infusion in the urogenital tract of 16 equids. To assess parasitemia and serologic responses by use of the cf, agid, and ifa tests, a total of 787 serum and blood samples were obtained from equids before exposure and 3 times a week after exposure to T equiperdum. Results of the ifa and agid tests were compared with the cf test results. The disease was diagnosed earlier by the ifa test than by the agid test, regardless of antigen preparation or exposure group. The mean number of days between exposure and positive result by the cf and ifa tests was the same when either homologous or heterologous antigen was used in the ifa test.
In general, the ifa test was more sensitive than the agid test in diagnosing dourine, regardless of the antigen preparation used in the test or exposure group. Differences in test specificity were observed among both groups of exposed equids when either antigen was used (P < 0.05). The agid test, using the American antigen, was more specific than the ifa test for sera from both groups of equids. When the Canadian antigen was used, the ifa test was a more specific test than the agid test (P < 0.01).
Although differences in the positive predictive value and negative predictive value of the ifa and agid tests were significant (P < 0.01) for both groups of equids, the values were not entirely conclusive in determining which of the 2 assays was better as a supplemental test. It is recommended that the more sensitive ifa test be used for screening the few equids with anticomplementary cf test results for dourine. The agid test can be used to verify positive ifa results for dourine.
Hemostasis in cows with endotoxin-induced mastitis
Authors: Welles Elizabeth G. , Williams Mary A. , Tyler Jeffrey W. , Lin Hui Chu 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Hemostasis was evaluated in cows with experimentally induced endotoxemia and mastitis, caused by intramammary infusion of endotoxin (1 mg) derived from Escherichia coli. Hemostatic tests included prothrombin time; activated partial thromboplastin time; thrombin time; fibrinogen, fibrin(ogen) degradation products, and platelet concentrations; and antithrombin-III and plasminogen activities. Significant alterations were observed in the mean values of most analytes (prothrombin time was increased; thrombin time was increased with subsequent decrease; activated partial thromboplastin time, fibrinogen concentration, plasminogen activity, and platelet concentration were decreased; and antithrombin-III activity and fibrin(ogen) degradation products concentration were unchanged) at 1 or more postchallenge sample collection times (3, 12, or 24 hours) after endotoxin administration, compared with mean values obtained from samples prior to endotoxin administration. These data indicated activation of hemostatic mechanisms, initiated either directly by endotoxin or by inflammatory mediators released or produced in response to endotoxin infusion.
Adherence of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae to porcine ciliated respiratory tract cells
Authors: Zielinski Gustavo C. , Ross Richard F. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Adherence of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae to the mucosa of the distal portion of the respiratory tract of swine is an important initial event in development of mycoplasmal pneumonia. A suitable in vitro model of adherence would be useful for investigation of mycoplasmal and host cell factors involved in this process. We have developed an adherence assay, using suspensions of porcine respiratory tract ciliated epithelial cells and M hyopneumoniae. Tracheal epithelial cells, collected by use of cytologic brushes, were mixed with broth cultures of M hyopneumoniae and the mixtures were incubated, diluted, vortexed, and sedimented. Pellets were spread on glass slides, stained with a fluorescent antibody against M hyopneumoniae, and evaluated by fluorescent microscopy. Fluorescence was observed principally among cilia on the ciliated tufts of epithelial cells. Only a few organisms were observed adhering on the nonciliated parts of ciliated cells or on other cell types. When mycoplasmas were preincubated with low dilutions of serum from swine convalescing from M hyopneumoniae disease, attachment was partially inhibited (P < 0.05). Significant inhibition of attachment was not observed when organisms were preincubated with higher dilutions of convalescent serum, with purified IgG from hyperimmune serum against M hyopneumoniae, or with low dilutions of lung lavage fluids (from convalescent swine) that contained specific IgA antibodies against M hyopneumoniae. Preincubation of the organisms with periodate and trypsin abolished attachment and formaldehyde decreased it (P < 0.05), whereas a variety of carbohydrates had no effect on attachment. Preincubation with dextran sulfate, ammonium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, and methionine reduced attachment (P < 0.05). Treatment of cell-Mycoplasma mixtures with the hydrophobic bond-breaking agent tetramethylurea, or incubation in absence of salt, or at low temperature also reduced attachment (P < 0.05). Attachment was not observed when ovine, rabbit, or guinea pig ciliated respiratory tract cells were mixed with M hyopneumoniae. Attachment of M dispar to porcine ciliated cells could not be detected, whereas M hyorhinis attached nonspecifically to all cell types in suspensions of porcine tracheal mucosa. These results indicate that adherence of M hyopneumoniae may be a host-specific event that is mediated by proteins and carbohydrates on the surface of the organism and by sulfur-containing molecules in the host cell membrane. The highly polarized location of the mycoplasmas on the cilia of epithelial cells indicates possible existence of stereospecific interactions between mycoplasmal adhesin(s) and receptor(s) on host cells. However, decreased adherence obtained by incubating Mycoplasma-ciliated cell mixtures with tetramethyl-urea, by incubating mixtures in absence of salt or at low temperature, indicates that nonspecific hydrophobic interactions might have a role in the attachment process.
Effects of triamcinolone acetonide on pulmonary function and bronchoalveolar lavage cytologic features in horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Lapointe Jean-Martin , Lavoie Jean-Pierre , Vrins André A. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Effects of triamcinolone acetonide (ta) on pulmonary function, bronchoalveolar lavage cytologic features and serum cortisol concentration, were studied in 5 control horses and 5 horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd). In experiment 1, horses were brought in from pasture 3 weeks before administration of 1 injection of ta (0.09 mg/kg of body weight, im), and were stabled in dusty conditions throughout the experimental period. Measurements of respiratory rate (f), tidal volume, minute ventilation, expiratory-to-inspiratory time ratio, maximal change in transpulmonary pressure (ΔPL), pulmonary resistance (RL), and dynamic compliance (Cdyn) were obtained during quiet breathing, immediately before (baseline) and 1, 2, 3, 5, and 9 weeks after administration of ta. Pulmonary airway cells were collected by bronchoalveolar lavage while horses were at pasture, at baseline, and 2, 5, and 9 weeks after ta administration. Serum cortisol concentration was measured before and after adrenocortical stimulation with 100 IU of adrenocorticotropic hormone, 1 week prior to ta administration, and 4 and 8 weeks thereafter. In experiment 2, 4 months after ta injection, pulmonary function measurements were repeated in all horses immediately before and 30 minutes after administration of atropine (0.015 mg/kg, iv), to evaluate the reversibility of airway obstruction.
In experiment 1 at baseline, COPD-affected horses had significantly (P < 0.05) higher values than did controls for f, ΔPL, RL, and percentage of neutrophils, and had lower values for Cdyn and percentage of lymphocytes and macrophages. There were significant reductions in ΔPL and RL, and increase in macrophage percentage after ta administration in copd-affected horses only. The degree and duration of these changes varied among individual copd-affected horses, but ΔPL, and RL, values had returned to or were above baseline in all horses 5 weeks after treatment. Baseline cortisol concentration was decreased 4 weeks after ta administration, but the mean increase in cortisol values after adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation was similar to that observed prior to treatment.
In experiment 2, values of ΔPL, RL, and Cdyn, after atropine administration were similar to those of controls in the 2 copd-affected horses that had improved most after ta, but were only partially improved in the 3 other horses, indicating possible irreversible lesions in the latter.
Benzocaine-induced methemoglobinemia attributed to topical application of the anesthetic in several laboratory animal species
Authors: Davis Judith Anne , Greenfield Randall Elwin , Brewer Thomas George 
Published: January 2024

Summary
In a screening study, a common benzocaine-containing anesthetic was topically applied to the following species: dogs (n = 11), domestic shorthair cats (n = 38), Long-Evans rats (n = 22), Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 11), ferrets (n = 6), rhesus monkeys (n = 10), cynomolgus monkeys (n = 10), owl monkeys (n = 10), New Zealand White rabbits (n = 18), miniature pigs (n = 9), ICR mice (n = 4), C3H mice (n = 4), and C57BL/10SnJ mice (n = 24). All animals, except mice and rats, received a 2-second spray to the mucous membranes of the nasopharynx for an estimated dose of 56 mg. A 2-second spray to rodents' oral mucous membranes deliverd too great a volume of fluid for these animals; therefore, an equivalent dose was applied to the oral mucosa membranes by use of a 23-gauge needle and syringe. Initial (baseline) blood samples, as well as 4 blood samples taken every 15 minutes after drug application, were analyzed for methemoglobin (MHb), using an oximeter. Positive MHb response (> 3 sd above baseline) was seen in individuals of all groups. The study was repeated in dogs several months later to confirm low response. Response to benzocaine spray was observed in most animals tested, with response peaking between 15 and 30 minutes after dosing. Positive MHb response ranged from 3.5 to 38%, was detected in > 95% of individual animals, and ranged from 15 to 60 minutes after drug administration. Responses were variable because of the screening nature of the study and the topical route of drug administration, but the highest responses were observed in rabbits and cats, and the lowest were seen in mice and dogs. Methemoglobin could be a confounding variable for several types of studies; investigators should consider this toxicity of benzocaine-containing topical anesthetics and use appropriate alternative methods or drugs (ie, lidocaine).
Influence of labor and neonatal hypoxia on sympathoadrenal activation and methionine enkephalin release in calves
Authors: Aurich Jörg E. , Dobrinski Ina , Petersen Annette , Grunert Eberhard , Rausch Wolf-Dieter , Chan Wing W. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Labor and delivery stimulate increased release of catecholamines and endogenous opioid peptides in neonates. Catecholamines promote adaptation to the extrauterine environment after birth. Enkephalins are stored together with catecholamines in the adrenal medulla and have an inhibitory effect on catecholamine release. We investigated the influence of labor and neonatal hypoxia on epinephrine, norepinephrine, and met-enkephalin release in calves. Blood samples were taken from the umbilical artery before rupture of the umbilical cord and from the jugular vein repeatedly after birth. Highest plasma norepinephrine concentration was found in calves delivered at the end of gestation (term calves) before umbilical cord rupture. In calves delivered before the physiologic end of gestation (preterm calves), norepinephrine values increased after cord rupture, but remained lower than values in term calves. Epinephrine release followed a similar pattern, but norepinephrine was clearly predominant. In term calves, met-enkephalin values were significantly higher than values in preterm calves. In calves of both groups, met-enkephalin release increased after cord rupture. During birth, the increase in catecholamine release seems to take place earlier than that of enkephalins. Norepinephrine-dominated stimulation during expulsion of the calf might be followed by increasing enkephalinergic inhibition after cord rupture and onset of respiration. Reduced release of catecholamines and enkephalins in preterm calves may be connected with delayed adaptation to the extrauterine environment.
Prevalence of bluetongue virus expression in leukocytes from experimentally infected ruminants
Authors: Ellis John A. , Coen Michael L. , MacLachlan N. James , Wilson William C. , Williams Elizabeth S. , Leudke Albert J. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Replication of bluetongue virus (btv) in leukocytes from the blood of sheep, cattle, elk, and mule deer inoculated with btv serotype 10 or 17 was assessed by immunocytochemical staining and dot blot northern hybridization to determine if differences in the prevalence of infection in this blood fraction might account for the differences in clinical disease among these species. Viremia was confirmed by virus isolation in all inoculated animals. Analysis of leukocytes with monoclonal antibodies specific for btv proteins revealed low numbers of infected leukocytes in only 2 sheep 8 days after inoculation with btv serotype 10. Most of the cells expressing btv were identified morphologically as monocytes; approximately 10% of infected cells were lymphocytes. Bluetongue virus was not detected by use of dot-blot hybridization on samples of blood. Our results suggest that differential infection of leukocytes does not account for the pronounced differences in clinical signs and pathologic changes among ruminants.
In situ hybridization of virulent canine distemper virus in brain tissue, using digoxigenin-labeled probes
Authors: Zurbriggen Andreas , Müller Cornelia , Vandevelde Marc 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Only a few hybridization experiments have been performed for detection of canine distemper virus (cdv) nucleic acid sequences in tissue cultures and in various tissues. Those published studies used probes derived from tissue culture-adapted cdv, and hybridization signals were not obtained in the CNS tissue, although infective cdv and viral antigen were detectable in this tissue. We developed probes complementary to virulent cdv and were able to detect viral RNA not only in primary brain cell cultures, but also in brain tissues, by use of in situ hybridization. Sensitivity of the test at least equaled that of immunohistochemistry. We applied digoxigenin-labeled, strand-specific RNA probes complementary to the nucleoprotein-coding viral nucleic acid sequence. Our results indicate that to detect cdv nucleic acid sequences in brain tissues, it is essential to use probes derived from the virulent virus.
Effect of furosemide and weight carriage on energetic responses of horses to incremental exertion
Authors: Hinchcliff K. W. , McKeever K. H. , Muir W. W. , Sams R. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The effect of furosemide-induced weight loss on the energetic responses of horses to running was examined in a 3-way crossover study. Eight 2- to 3-year-old Standardbred mares received, in random order, 10 ml of saline solution 4 hours before running on a treadmill (control trial, C); or, during 2 trials, 1 mg of furosemide/kg of body weight, iv, 4 hours before running. During one of the trials when the horses received furosemide, they carried weight equal to that lost over the 3.75 hours after furosemide administration while running (furosemide-loaded, fl), and during the other trial they did not carry weight equal to that lost after furosemide administration (furosemide-unloaded, fu). Horses performed an incremental exercise test on a treadmill during which rates of oxygen consumption (Vco2) and carbon dioxide production (Vco2) were measured, respiratory exchange ratio was calculated, and blood samples were collected for determination of mixed venous plasma lactate concentration and arterial and mixed venous oxygen saturation. Furosemide treatment caused significantly (P < 0.001) greater weight loss than did saline administration; mean ± sem weight loss (exclusive of fecal loss) was 1.6, 8.8, and 10.2 kg (sem = 2.0) for C, fl, and fu trials, respectively. The speed at which peak Vo2 was achieved was 9.31, 9.56, and 9.50 (sem = 0.16) m/s, respectively, time to fatigue was 547, 544, and 553 (sem = 26) seconds, respectively, and the highest speed attained was 10.3, 10.2, and 10.2 (sem = 0.2) m/s, respectively. Mean peak rate of oxygen consumption was 130.7, 129.6, and 129.6 (sem = 1.9) ml/min/kg, respectively. There was a significant (P = 0.070) group × speed interaction for Vco2; during trial fu, horses had significantly (P < 0.05) lower rate of CO2 production at speed of 9 m/s and at the speed that caused peak Vo2, than during trial C. The respiratory exchange ratio during the fu trial was significantly (P < 0.05) less than that during the C trial at the speed that caused peak Vo2. Plasma lactate concentration at speed of 9 m/s for C, fl, and fu trials was 15.4, 16.5, and 13.3 (sem = 0.8) mmol/L, respectively; values for the fl and C trials were not significantly different, whereas the mean value for the fu trial was significantly (P < 0.05) less than that for the C trial. Thus, administration of furosemide to horses altered the energetic response to exertion. Replacement of the furosemide-induced weight loss resulted in Vco2, plasma lactate, and respiratory exchange values indistinguishable from those during the control trial.
Computer-assisted three-dimensional gait analysis of amphotericin-induced carpal lameness in horses
Authors: Peloso J. G. , Stick J. A. , Soutas-Little R. W. , Caron J. C. , DeCamp C. E. , Leach D. H. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Motion of 6 clinically sound horses trotting at a speed of 4 m/s on a treadmill was captured by video cameras before and 9, 16, and 23 days after amphotericin-induced lameness to determine the quantitative variables of three-dimensional computer-assisted image analysis that objectively describe carpal lameness. Amphotericin-B was used to induce lameness, and phenylbutazone (2.2 mg/kg of body weight, PO, once) and butorphanol tartrate (0.1 mg/kg im, q 6 h, to effect) were used to control discomfort. Four 60Hz cameras were symmetrically placed around the treadmill to capture 6 seconds of images from retro-reflective spheres taped to the trotting horses. Images were transferred to a video-based digitizer and a computer work station, where 4 files of two-dimensional data were reduced to 1 file of three-dimensional data. The effect of lameness on motion analyzed was assessed by use of two-way ANOVA. Differences between means were assessed, using the Student-Newman-Keul’s test (P ≤ 0.05).
Head and withers excursions, (dorsal vertical displacement of head and withers targets, respectively) during the sound forelimb support phase were increased significantly during all lameness measurement periods. Head excursion, but not withers excursion, during the lame forelimb support phase, was decreased significantly during all lameness measurement periods. Computer determinations of stride length swing phase, stance phase, forelimb abduction, and carpal and fetlock ranges of motion did not consistently characterize the lameness. It was concluded that three-dimensional computer-assisted image analysis could be used for objective lameness evaluation in horses and that head and withers excursions were the most consistent variables for assessing equine carpal lameness.