bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Entrepreneurship
Authors: Katz Richard 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Japan can foster entrepreneurship and embrace creative destruction today because it has done so before. Most of today’s corporate giants emerged from ambitious, risk-taking entrepreneurial firms that began in the late 1940s through the early 1970s, or else earlier in the 1870s through 1920s. That’s made Japan rich in record time. During this process, people were willing to lose jobs and see inferior companies die because they could get good new jobs at rising wages. Japan was safe for failure. In the aftermath of the two 1970s oil shocks, however, Japan switched from creating new innovators to protecting older firms from competition in the name of preserving jobs. It did so because the primary social safety net was one’s current job at one’s current company. The system was no longer safe for failure. However, without room for enough experiments, most of which will fail, there will be too few triumphs. This shift eventually led to the three lost decades that began in 1990.
Analog Mindset in a Digital World
Authors: Katz Richard 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The shift from the analog era to the digital era requires a change in business institutions. Yet, Japan’s companies remain stuck in the analog mode that was successful in the older era: huge, capital-intensive companies that try to develop all their innovations in-house. That works in some industries, like autos. But in rapidly changing ones like electronics, it fails. Moreover, products incorporate too many different technologies for one company to master. Additionally, modern software allows more and more business R&D to be conducted by smaller firms (e.g., under 1,000 rather than over 25,000 as before (see C2P30)). For all these reasons, the digital era requires more entrepreneurial companies, as well as cooperation among wide networks of companies ranging in size, a process called open innovation. Failure to adapt is why Japan came in 63rd out of 63 countries in how much benefit its companies get for their digital investments, and why Japanese electronics has suffered falling global sales even as global purchases of electronics are exploding.
Big Company Disease
Authors: Katz Richard 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Sometimes, the most successful long-lived companies have the worst blind spots, leaving them unable even to perceive that times have changed, let alone come up with ways to adapt to that change. That’s why economic progress in every country requires new, entrepreneurial companies able to see things with fresh eyes. Because there are so few entrepreneurs in today’s Japan, it is particularly vulnerable to what the Japanese call the “big company disease.” This is not about a lack of intelligence or technological genius, but of commercial vision: the ability to transform technical innovations and ideas into goods and services that household and business customers want. The failure of Fujitsu versus Cisco in Internet networks is a case in point. As in the Fujitsu case, many older incumbents reject innovations because they often disrupt existing business models, a phenomenon known as disruptive innovation. This syndrome is hardly unique to Japan. The only answer is a business system that nourishes new entrants, thereby allowing new ideas to be attempted.
Gazelles
Authors: Katz Richard 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
New rapidly growing innovative companies—nicknamed gazelles—are indispensable to dynamism and productivity growth in all rich countries. Nations and industries with a high rate of new entries have higher average levels of productivity. Partly, this is because new gazelles are more efficient and more imaginative than the firms they replace. They are not fettered by the blind spots of older firms. While most would-be gazelles fail, the few that succeed have an outsized impact. During the 1980s–1990s, American firms less than five years old supplied a stunning 60% of the growth in factory output per worker. Equally important is that competition from the gazelles compels the older corporate giants—nicknamed elephants—to up their game. It was Tesla’s rise that led older automakers to jump into electric vehicles. Countries need both gazelles and elephants, but the balance between them has to be right. Japan, in shoring up its elephants, has deprived itself of enough gazelles.
The Butterfly Effect in Finding Customers
Authors: Katz Richard 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
In the form of e-commerce, the technology megatrend has altered a fundamental part of the power balance in business, finally giving newcomers far more access to millions of customers. Traditionally, that access was blocked by a complex distribution system dominated by the big incumbents. Now, on the Rakuten Internet mall alone, 56,000 ordinary small and medium enterprises (SMEs) sell ¥5.6 trillion ($43 billion) worth of products to 110 million customers. One furniture maker saw its sales explode from $1 million per year to $160 million. Technology has similarly altered business-to-business transactions. Companies that traditionally preferred to deal with suppliers they’ve known for decades now find that they need services and products that they cannot master. At Toyota, the number of software vendors now exceeds traditional parts makers among its top 5,000 suppliers. Most are new to the Toyota supply chain, and they cherish their independence and ability to collaborate with anyone. The spread of open innovation would give a further boost to newcomers.
Why We Need Cost-Effectiveness Analysis, How It Is Done, and Why It Needs Fixing
Authors: Phelps Charles E , Lakdawalla Darius N. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
In medical care markets, health insurance severs the link between value and cost. Consequently, patients receive considerable amounts of minimally valuable medical care—“flat-of-the-curve medicine.” Value falls as treatment use expands to populations with minimal potential health gains (the extensive margin) or by increasing the frequency of use (the intensive margin). To replace the “discipline” normally provided by market forces, cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) calculates the added costs and added health gains in any treatment, both compared to an appropriate “control” therapy. CEA then computes the ratio of added costs to added benefits—the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER). To use CEA methods, decision-makers must choose a threshold value, above which ICERs are deemed as too high. This chapter discusses missing “elements of value” that could enter more complete analyses. This sets the stage for showing how the generalized and risk-adjusted cost-effectiveness model captures many of these missing value elements in a coherent and theory-based way.
Measuring the Risk Parameters
Authors: Phelps Charles E , Lakdawalla Darius N. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The generalized risk-adjusted cost-effectiveness (GRACE) model requires estimates of people’s risk preferences regarding health, similar to those regarding income. Key parameters in GRACE include relative risk aversion and prudence. To date, no estimates of these parameters have been published. This chapter details two approaches to obtaining these estimates. The first relies on the growing field of “happiness” economics, relying on people’s stated levels of happiness on numerical scales (e.g., 0–10) and on their level of health and income. Then, using the same data, multiple regression techniques allow recovery of key risk preference parameters both for health and for income. The second method uses discrete choice experiments to estimate relative risk aversion and relative prudence in health. The chapter also shows how the hyperbolic absolute risk aversion utility function can expand from parameters directly estimated to all that might be needed to fully implement GRACE.
Sustaining Progress
Authors: Angelo Paul J. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Chapter 8 assesses the sustainability of results achieved during Plan Colombia and the Mérida Initiative following a drawdown of US security assistance in Colombia and Mexico after more than a decade. Concerns about excessive militarization and waning accountability continued. Nonetheless, the institutionalization of reforms through bureaucratic processes and doctrine publication in Colombia helped prevent major reversals in professionalism among security forces. Mexican authorities, on the other hand, failed to build on lessons from the Mérida Initiative period. President Andrés Manuel López Obrador’s reorganization of the security sector replicated many of the shortcomings of previous reform attempts, including militarization, corruption, and rising insecurity.
Intersectionality
Authors: Zack Naomi 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Intersectionality occurs when people who are already oppressed experience more oppression. Examples include women who experience racism or black poor people who are disabled. Identifying such intersections allows for more precise analysis of oppression, as well as newly recognized identities, such as black women or homeless people of color. Identifying oppression always compares one group to another group that is not oppressed, and both groups form units. The method of intersectionality can be expanded to many areas of progressive thought, across disciplines. The injustice of oppression logically requires a broad humanistic framework. Despite its immense popularity, intersectionality is often confused with diversity and inclusion, and its broad applications are often not recognized. This text explains what intersectionality is in theory and reality, with vivid examples of contemporary intersected groups. The three parts of this book encompass the nature of intersectionality as a theory, how the indeterminacy of intersectional method allows for the identification of new intersections such as victims of sudden violence, and intersections that result when minority students are “firsts” in higher education. Intersectional analysis compares those oppressed with those unoppressed in the same unit. The lack of oppression is justified by moral requirements for more general groups to which units ultimately belong. Intersectionality logically depends on universal egalitarian humanism. Humans owe other human beings certain goods and recognition and are prohibited from harming them in certain ways.
Class and Race in Higher Education
Authors: Zack Naomi 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Higher education for minority “firsts” acquaints them with middle-class lifestyles that exceed higher earning power. Elements of such lifestyles can be chosen, without changing social class identities. Recent evidence suggests that college graduates are healthier, not because they have more money but because they gain more autonomy through fulfilling employment. While wellness is increasingly emphasized, the life of the mind is often neglected as a high value of college experience. Learning to learn is a skill that endures lifelong. Theorists now view social class as more than economic advantage because it includes cultural capital, made up of chosen purposeful activities in leisure. Given the history of intellectual disparagement of both women and racial/ethnic minorities, the overemphasis on college as a means for earning more money is a factor of oppression for minority college students.
Transitions Between Treatment Settings
Authors: Horan Sarah , Hamilton Allie 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the challenges that patients, families, and rehabilitation teams face when transitioning from one healthcare setting to another, a common occurrence in the process of rehabilitation. Treatment setting transitions are well known to set up the potential for deleterious impacts on patients’ functional outcomes. Primary challenges including preserving momentum, changes in the patient–provider relationship, accessibility of resources, ensuring patient understanding, navigating role conflicts, and coordination of care between settings, are some of the specific barriers discussed. Fortunately, motivational interviewing (MI) spirit and skills can be utilized by rehabilitation professionals to enhance communication and understanding between treatment setting teams and with patients and caregivers, reducing the likelihood of negative impacts. This chapter uses two thorough case examples to highlight how MI can be used in these contexts.
Motivational Interviewing and Quality Improvement Research
Authors: Choflet Amanda , Lavezza Annette , Daley Kelly 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter outlines a variety of approaches to systematically measure the impact of motivational interviewing (MI) spirit and skills on clinical care, focusing not only on quality improvement (QI) techniques but also on research and implementation science frameworks. QI is designed to improve clinical outcomes in as close to real time as possible without necessarily generating new knowledge and is best applied in a clinical setting. Research is required when best practices are not clearly defined for a clinical environment or population and new knowledge must be discovered. Implementation science focuses on approaches to address challenges in the integration of new knowledge into practice. Putting the electronic health record to work allows for QI evaluation and feedback reporting through access to process measures and outcome measures. It is critical to have a foundation of a strong team with trusting relationships and flexible strategic planning.
The Choice of Odysseus
Authors: Van der Laan Sarah 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The Choice of Odysseus reveals that the Odyssey provided Renaissance authors and readers with a poetic ethics—tools for living developed in poetry—to navigate the challenges of their age. As they endured schisms, ruptures, and failures of ideals, readers and poets turned to the Odyssey for narratives of recovery and aftermath. The Choice of Odysseus reconstructs Renaissance readings of the Odyssey from myriad sources. Situating major works by Petrarch, Poliziano, Ariosto, Tasso, Spenser, Monteverdi, and Milton in these Odyssean contexts, it recovers a powerful Renaissance tradition of Odyssean epic. Renaissance poets adopted the Odyssey as an epic model that supplements and even opposes the Virgilian epic model of conquest and imperial foundations. For Renaissance readers and authors, the Odyssey renders heroic other kinds of lived experience: the necessity of facing the world and its challenges with only human wisdom and reason; the ability to integrate traumatic detours and reversals into a vision of an accomplished self; the recovery of a private life and personal desires painfully suspended for public service. Emphasizing marriage, reconciliation, homecoming, and the return to private life and private desires as suitably heroic matter for epic and powerful conventions for narrative and poetic closure, the Renaissance Odyssey and the epics and operas it inspired confer a uniquely heroic status on experience for men and women alike.
Daniel After Babylon
Authors: Grillo Jennie 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Daniel After Babylon explores the afterlife of those parts of the biblical book of Daniel unique to the Septuagint and its translations. These Additions to Daniel—the Prayer of Azariah and the Song of the Three Young Men, the story of Susanna, and the legend of Bel and the Dragon—have generated a large and diverse body of reception in liturgy, exegesis, homily, typology, art, music, literature, and other media. This book first traces the material lives of the Additions to Daniel in manuscript and print inside and outside the Greek Bible, and then examines three thematic nodes where readers of the Additions have especially gathered: martyrdom, different visions of the afterlife, and the experience of seeing beauty.
Prelude on Prayer
Authors: Grillo Jennie 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
A Roman gold glass bowl found in Cologne makes Daniel, Susanna, and the Three Hebrews into matching figures praying in a place of danger. Their separate stories map onto a common template, and this motif of the orans in the place of peril becomes a nutshell of the whole book of Daniel across not only its early Christian reception but also its early Jewish afterlife. The inclusion of prayer within this Daniel meme derives from the Additions version of Dan. 3, and so we see that the Additions are at the heart of the reception of Daniel from earliest times.
Afterlives and Otherworlds
Authors: Grillo Jennie 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
There is a growing focus on the afterlife even within the Hebrew and Aramaic textual tradition of Daniel, where the second half of the book develops a heightened awareness of extra-mundane realities. The Additions continue this trajectory by giving further specification to the book of Daniel’s growing realism about resurrection, and by giving a fuller sense of Hades as a place. The reception of the Additions to Daniel shows their special aptness for imagining life after death, with several recurring emphases: the idea that the dead inhabit other worlds of their own; that they have conscious experience; that their experience is neither wholly good nor wholly bad; that it can change; and that the living can influence those changes. Later interpreters have used the Additions to explore ideas of hell and its harrowing, refrigerium interim, purgatory, and paradise.
The Safety Net Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic Recession and the Older Population
Authors: Moffitt Robert A. , Ziliak James P. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractThe chapter examines how receipt of several major transfer programs changed during the pandemic recession for persons age 50–74. Unemployment Insurance (UI) and the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) receipt grew for less educated men and women age 50–61, and both provided significant support to those age 62+. Receipt responded more strongly during the pandemic than during the Great Recession. Medicaid benefits responded much less and little response occurred for the Supplemental Security Income (SSI), Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI), and social security programs. The chapter provides policy suggestions for reforms of the SSI and DI programs and for safety-net programs in general, for greater countercyclical assistance to the older population.
Shakespeare and the Royal Actor
Authors: Barnden Sally 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Shakespeare and the Royal Actor argues that members of the royal family have identified with Shakespearean figures at various times in modern history in order to assert the continuity, legitimacy, and national identity of the royal line. The book provides an account of the relationship between the Shakespearean afterlife and the royal family through the lens of a broadly conceived theatre history. It suggests that these two hegemonic institutions have had a mutually sustaining relationship across a period of modern history from the accession of George III in 1760 to that of Elizabeth II in 1952. Identifications with Shakespearean figures have been strategically deployed to assert the Englishness of a dynasty with strong familial links to Germany, and to cultivate a sense of continuity from the more autocratic Plantagenet, Tudor, and Stuart monarchs informing Shakespeare’s drama to the increasingly ceremonial monarchs of the modern period. The book is driven by new archival research, particularly in the Royal Collection and Royal Archives. As such its argument and case studies are shaped by the archival practices espoused by the monarchy’s own narrative of itself. It reads these archives critically, asking how different forms of royal and Shakespearean performance are remembered in the material holdings of royal institutions.
Law at the Movies
Authors: Fish Stanley 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This book asks the question “How can legal doctrine be turned into filmic art?” By “legal doctrine” I do not mean the sonorous abstractions that usually accompany the self-presentation of law—Justice, Equity, Equality, Liberty, Autonomy, and the like. Rather I have in mind the specific rules and procedures invoked and analyzed by courts on the way to declaring a decision—mail fraud, lawyer–client confidentiality, property law, libel law as applied to public figures, the distinction between interdicted violence and the violence performed by the legal system, the interplay of positive law and laws rooted in morality, the difference between civilian law and military law, the category of class action, the death penalty, the legal definition of insanity, the admissibility of different forms of evidence. In the movies I discuss, these and other points of doctrine and procedure do not serve as a background, occasionally visited, to the substantive issues that drive the plot and provide the characters with choices; they declare the plot, and character is formed and tested in relationship to their demands. Apparently technical matters are pressed until they occupy both foreground and background and become the movie’s true subject. If large, abstract concepts emerge, they emerge at the back end of doctrine and are, in effect, produced by doctrine. These are not law-themed movies; they are movies about the unfolding of legal process. They do not begin with grand definitions of law; they begin (and end) with the details of legal practice in a particular, delimited, legal space. Grand definitions, if there are any, follow.
Russian Wedding Songs
Authors: Levaniouk Olga 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Every step of the traditional Russian wedding finds expression in songs and laments. Interactions between the two parties are staged as mock conflict with blaming and teasing songs, humor, and obscenity. The largest share of songs belongs to the bride, whose loss of maidenhood, often imagined as a withered or cut flower, constitutes the central plot line. The songs dramatize the irreversible change she undergoes in ceasing forever to be a girl (free, playful, and cherished by parents and friends), her resistance, and eventual acquiescence. In her laments, the bride composes in performance, acting her own self within the world of the wedding. As the turning point in the wedding is reached, the laments cease; and the songs reflect this reversal by transitioning to praise for the newlyweds and themes of fertility and abundance.
The Traditional Yiddish Folk Song
Authors: Lukin Michael 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Eastern European Jews, dwellers of shtetls (small market towns), created a distinctive repertoire of traditional folk songs in eastern Yiddish that flourished from early modern times until the Holocaust. During this prolonged period, its various genres developed interconnections, both poetic and musical. Marked by conservatism and internal inspirations, traditional songs shared a creative adaptation of old western European elements, adopted before the Ashkenazi immigration to central-eastern Europe (i.e., before the sixteenth–seventeenth centuries), to their Slavic surroundings. A comparative analysis of poetics, music, performance contexts, and cultural backgrounds of three representative repertoires—lullabies, lyric songs, and ballads—reveals their idiosyncratic aesthetics and semiotics, which, although they cannot be confirmed by living members of the eastern European communities, can be deduced using an interdisciplinary approach, combining fieldwork among descendants and the examination of archival materials from folkloristic and historical-ethnomusicological perspectives.