bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Topographic, microscopic, radiographic, and computerized morphometric studies of the human adult edentate mandible for oral implantologists
Authors: Maher William P. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractMany edentate human mandibles obtained at random from cadaveric subjects of different ages were cleansed of their soft tissue coverings (macerated) and then divided into groups based upon alveolar process resorption differences. Each mandible was transected at five locations corresponding to prior sites of the molar and premolar teeth. The medial surface area of each section and its cortical and medullary components were accurately measured by computerized digital morphometry. Skeletomorphologic details were examined by gross, microscopic, and radiographic methods. Images made visible by the three methods were compared. Comparison clearly indicated that images of cortical thickness peripherally, trabecular bone density centrally, and the differences in density of canal borders and their locations in many edentate mandibles are very often inadequately portrayed by conventional oral radiographic methods. These inadequacies present a strong caveat to the unwary oral implantologist.
Longitudinal lymphatic plexuses of the teniae coli and their probable clinical significance
Authors: Parke Wesley W. , Settles Harry E. , Bunger Paul C. , Neufeld Daniel A. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA previously undescribed lymphatic plexus was found coursing longitudinally in association with the teniae coli during a routine demonstration of the gastroenteric subserous lymphatics using the hydrogen peroxide method. Further investigation using sections of the colon from autopsy specimens and dogs showed this plexus to be a constant anatomic feature and suggested that deficiencies in the classic methods of lymph vessel demonstration were responsible for the lack of previous observations. As these lymphatics may course several centimeters in both anal and oral directions before draining into regional mesocolic lymphatics, they provide a route by which malignant cells may extend, or be forced by operative manipulation of a tumor, to more distant sites in the colon wall. With awareness of these plexuses, generous ranges of resection and prophylactic measures to reduce malignant cell transfer should help reduce their possible contribution to suture line recurrences of colon tumors.
Lymphatic anastomoses between the distal esophagus and gastric cardia in dogs
Authors: Natsugoe Shoji , Aikou Takashi , Shimazu Hisaaki , Tabata Masashi 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe intramural lymphatic system draining the distal esophagus and gastric cardia was studied on 35 mongrel dogs, using a dye injection procedure. When the dye was injected into the esophageal or gastric mucosa within 2 cm of the esophago‐gastric junction (EGJ), a mesh of lympho‐capillary networks was observed advancing inferiorly or superiorly across the EGJ. The intramural lymphatics of the distal esophagus and gastric cardia anastomose, especially in the central part of the muscularis mucosae.On transmission electron microscopy, lumina filled with dye were proved to be lymphatic capillaries by demonstrating open gaps and overlapping or inter‐digitating endothelial cell processes. Some lympho‐capillaries containing dye were also observed beneath the esophageal epithelium. If the situation be extrapolated to human anatomy, the results suggest that lymphatic neoplastic metastases may occur even in early cases of carcinoma of the distal esophagus or gastric cardia.
Anatomy of the lumbar spinal nerves in the intervertebral foramen
Authors: Kostelic John K. , Haughton Victor M. , Sether Lowell A. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe anatomic relationships between the dorsal and ventral roots, spinal nerve, and dorsal and ventral rami of the lumbar spinal nerves have been described previously primarily on the basis of gross dissection and not on sectional anatomic techniques. Therefore, we examined the proximal spinal nerves in 16 cadavers by gross dissection, cryomicrotomy, and histology. On opening the root sheath that had been exposed by gross dissection, multiple fascicles could be identified intervening between the spinal nerve and the spinal nerve roots. Anatomic sections in a sagittal plane immediately distal (lateral) to the dorsal root ganglion demonstrated a plexus of fascicles 6–15 in number and 2–6 mm in length. On histologic sections the 6–15 fascicles were identified interspersed with fat and numerous small blood vessels. The proximal spinal nerve is formed from the convergence of these fascicles.
A retroesophageal right subclavian artery with the right vertebral artery originating from the right common carotid artery
Authors: Roszel Adam J. , Kiely Michael L. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe right subclavian artery was found to be retroesophageal, and the right vertebral artery originated from the right common carotid artery in a 46‐year‐old female cadaver. The right subclavian artery stemmed from the upper portion of the thoracic aorta, posterior and inferior to the origin of the normal left subclavian artery. The right and left common carotid arteries originated from the aortic arch in close proximity. Compression of the trachea anteriorly could not be demonstrated. The right inferior laryngeal nerve was nonrecurrent. A brief review of the literature shows the importance of knowledge concerning the aberrant right subclavian artery for the roentgenologist and the surgeon in the treatment of patients with this vascular anomaly.
Vascular anatomy of the spinal epidural space: Considerations on the etiology of the spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma
Authors: Groen Rob J. M. , Ponssen Hans 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe anatomy of the blood vessels in the spinal epidural space is an important basis for the understanding of the etiology of the spontaneous spinal epidural hemorrhage (SSEH). The structure of the internal vertebral venous plexus and epidural arteries, in particular the poorly recognised “cluster‐type” arteries, has been studied. The cluster arteries are easily mistaken for vascular anomalies. The literature is reviewed, and the different theories on the etiology of the SSEH are discussed.
Imaging the thoracic lymphatics: Experimental studies of swine
Authors: Collins James D. , Shaver Marla L. , Disher Anthony C. , Batra Poonam , Brown Kathleen , Miller Theodore Q. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe lungs and hearts of 15 swine were surgically harvested intact and studied in the fresh state. The lymphatics of the lung and mediastinum were cannulated and contrast medium was introduced by retrograde injection to identify the visceral pleural lymphatics and deep lymphatics of the lung. Radiographic x‐ray, CT, MR, and color photographic images were obtained. Collateralization, extravasation (bronchorrhea), perivascular stasis, and circumvention were demonstrated. Lymphatic communication with the contralateral lung, thoracic duct, heart, and the diaphragm was demonstrated. The findings correlate with the lymphangiographic display of lymphedema of the extremities, obstruction to lymph flow secondary to congenital abnormalities, trauma, tumor, and infections. Our results support the view that stents and/or large bore needles may be introduced into the superficial lymphatics of the lung. The lymphatics of the lung may be anastomosed post lung transplantation and thus possibly reduce passive congestion that occurs in the early postoperative period. The authors postulate that tumor cells and infectious agents may be spread from one lung to the other by the anatomical pathways demonstrated.
Subperitoneal layer of elastic fibers in the female pelvis
Authors: Pawlina Wojciech , Larkin Lynn H. , Masterson Byron J. , Ross Michael H. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA preliminary report from this group described a unique layer of subperitoneal elastic fibers in the female pelvis. The current study was undertaken to better characterize this elastic layer in the female and determine if it exists in the male pelvis. Thirty‐seven hemipelves were used in this study and were employed for one of two purposes: dissection and/or sampling for histologic study. The following histologic stains were employed: Verhoeff's hematoxylin for elastic fibers, Masson's trichrome for collagen, and hematoxylin and eosin for general morphology. In some areas (broad ligament) the subperitoneal elastic layer was very thin with dispersed fibers while in other areas (uterosacral fold) the layer was thick with tightly packed fibers. A subperitoneal layer of elastic fibers was not detected in samples from the greater omentum; however, a dense but poorly organized layer of elastic fibers was noted between the posterior layer of the rectus sheath and the peritoneum. While a similar layer of elastic fibers was found in the male pelvis, the layer was less dense and less well organized than in the female. These findings indicate that in addition to the well‐accepted pelvic ligaments, in the female there may be a layer of elastic fibers that assists in supporting pelvic viscera in a more dynamic manner than the ligaments. Proper alignment or manipulation of this layer during reconstructive surgery may enhance postoperative results.
Anatomy of arm veins: Significance for vein valve transplantation
Authors: Purvis Edward S. , Hyde Gordon L. , Peck David 
Published: February 2005

AbstractVein valve transplantation is a recently described operation to treat the sequelae of lower extremity venous hypertension resulting from valvular dysfunction. The operation involves harvesting a segment of an arm vein contianing a competent valve and transplanting it into a lower extremity vein. To determine the optimal incisions for obtaining a suitable valve‐containing segment of vein, 20 cadaver arms were dissected. Cephalic, basilic, and brachial veins were examined for size, distribution of valves, and presence of tandem valves (defined as valves separated by 2 cm or less). Because patency rates are low in vascular grafts < 4 mm in diameter, only veins of this size or greater were considered adequate for transplantation. Cephalic veinswere found to have a consistently smaller diameter than basilic or brachial veins (P < 0.0001). Incisions for exposure of the basilic and brachial veins were evaluated. When exposure was limited to the middle third of the arm, an adequate vein, either the basilic or one of the brachial veins, was found in all cases. When either the distal or proximal third of the arm was exposed, however, an adequate vein was found in only 70% of the cases (P < 0.02). Tandem valves, although potentially useful, were present in only 5%, 25%, and 20%, respectively, of distal, middle, and proximal arm segments. Based on the results of this study, a medial incision along the middle third of the arm, exposing a basilic or brachial vein, is recommended as the optimal approach for vein harvesting in vein valve transplantation.
Cortical indices of the shaft of weight bearing and non‐weight bearing long bones in the adult human
Authors: Nwoha P. U. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThis study was conducted on X‐ray films of the shaft of normal femur and second metacarpal bones of adult male and female Nigerians to compare the percentage cortical thickness relative to the subperiosteal diameter (cortical index) of these bones. Age was correlated with cortical index (CI) using Pearson's product of moment correlation coefficient. Confidence limits of CI were calculated for clinical use. Results obtained were analysed for each sex and compared at P<0.05 level of significane. CI of the second metacarpal is significantly greater than of the femur in both the male and female. Age maintained significant inverse correlation with CI of the femur and nonsignificant correlation with the second metacarpal in the female. In the male, age had nonsignificant correlation with the femur or with the second metacarpal bone.It is concluded that (i) the amount of percentage relative cortical bone to subperiosteal diameter of the second metacarpal, a nonweight‐bearing bone, is greater than that of the femur, a weight‐bearing bone, (ii) age of the adult has significant effect on the amount of cortical bone of the femur in the female but not in the male, and (iii) age of the adult does not have significant effect on the amount of cortical bone of the second metacarpal in both sexes.
The influence of anesthesia of the ear on the sensory innervation of the soft palate
Authors: Williams Huw O. L. , Whittet Heikki B. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFollowing the application of a topical anesthetic agent to the tympanic membrane, a number of patients described a sensation of numbness in the mouth. On examination these patients were found to have a significant area of anesthesia on the inferior surface of the ipsilateral soft palate.As a result of auditory tube dysfunction many of the tympanic membranes were atrophic and retracted. In these cases the pars tensa was closely related to the medial wall of the tympanic cavity, and local anesthetic agents applied to the tympanic membrane could easily diffuse through to the promontory and related structures. If the bone over the tympanic plexus or that over the facial nerve were dehiscent these nerves would be exposed to the effect of the anesthetic. We feel that our observation suggests that in some individuals at least, the pathway of sensory innervation of the soft palate may involve either the facial nerve or the tympanic branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve.
Anatomic considerations in placement of central venous catheters
Authors: Mathers Lawrence H. , Smith David W. , Frankel Lorry 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA knowledge of anatomy is essential for efficient and skillful placement of central venous catheters in seriously ill patients. The anatomy of the femoral, brachial, axillary, subclavian, external jugular, and internal jugular veins is described, and landmarks useful in achieving successful cannulation are discussed. Infectious and thrombotic complications of long‐term cannulation are reviewed. Catheterization of the umbilical vein in the newborn infant is a very useful alternative approach to central venous cannulation in this age group.
Tomographic abdominal anatomy with magnetic resonance color composites
Authors: Brown H. Keith , Hazelton Todd R. , Putnam Lisa M. , Silbger Martin L. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an excellent modality for tomographically visualizing abdominal structures, particularly the liver, In an effort to simulate the natural color scheme of the living abdomen using MRI, we have generated color composites from sets of gray tone MR images obtained at corresponding anatomic slice positions from two healthy individuals. Pulse sequences used for our image sets included T1‐, T2‐, and proton density‐weighted spin echo sequences as well as an angiographic FISP gradient echo sequence. A PC/AT‐compatible computer with 24‐bit graphics display capbilites, along with commerical and customized image‐processing software, was used for composite generation. The applied colors were selected based on quantitative characteristics tissue intensity patterns so that tissue contrast could be optimized in the final image. The generated composites were correlated with cadaver sections to evaluate the color scheme of these false‐colored images. With our composite generation techniques, it was possible to generated near‐natural appearing color images of the abdomen. Color composites may be useful for teaching human cross‐sectional anatomy and may also have diagnostic applications in abdominal MRI studies. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Computer‐generated three‐dimensional reconstruction of the mediastinm correlated with sectional and radiological anatomy
Authors: Conley David M. , Kastella Kenneth G. , Sundsten John W. , Rauschning Wolfgang , Rosse Cornelius 
Published: February 2005

AbstractWe describe a three‐dimensional computer‐generated model of the human mediastinum. Contours were manually traced from photographs of a serially sectioned, unfixed frozen cadaver block, Using software developed in‐house, the contours were digitized, automatically assembled and placed in registration, and displayed on a high performance graphics workstation as surfaced images. The model thus produced has advantages over traditional representations of anatomical structures; it is realistic, accurate, efficient, and flexible. Each anatomical component of the mediastinum is stored as a separate file in the computer and can be selectively accessed, displayed, and manipulated, allowing the model to be disassembled, reassembled, dissected, and viewed in any orientation. The model can be divided into a series of transversely cut “slabs,” the surfaces of which correlated with the anatomy displayed in the original cryosections and with radiological scans, thus permitting 2‐D sectional anatomy to be viewed in the context of the 3‐D model. Animation of the model can be accomplished by recording pre‐planned scripts onto videodiscs. The videodiscs serve as image archives that can be viewed in an interactive, self‐paced manner or accessed from a computer‐based multimedia system that is being developed by the Digital Anatomist Program. Anatomical reconstructions based on datasets of x‐, y‐, z‐coordinates have potential clinical applications as models that can be displayed to match the sectional planes of radiological images. The mediastinum model we describe is part of a large image database being developed by the Digital Anatomist Program that will form the spatial component of a knowledge base in structural biology. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anatomical concept for a selective anateromedial approach to the third cervical vertebra
Authors: Fasel J. , Gerber B. , Morscher E. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe present paper proposes a selective antermodial approach to the third cervical vertebra, based on the topographic and stratigraphic anatomy of the carotid regions. The study was performed on 12 subjects and involved 20 observations. The investigations showed the existence of an “access window” limited in one direction by the external carotid artery and pharynx, and in the other direction, by the superior thyroid artery and the hypoglossal nerve. The steps that precede the follows this crucial step of the approach are presented in a stratigraphic order from superficial to deep. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The pulmonary arterial system, an anatomic/MRI study in sagittal planes
Authors: Cahill Donald R. , Breen Jerome F. , Myers Jay D. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThis paper provides a decription and a mini‐atlas (with bold labeled anatomic drawings and magnetic resonance images) (MRIs) of the pulmonary arterial system and surrounding structures for the purpose of interpreint MRIs of heart patients examined in sagittal planes. The pulmonary arterial system (right outflow tract) was studied by examination of cadaver sections made in sagittal planes and by examination of corresponding MRIs from two living normal adult males. We propose a nontraditional format for describing the pulmonary arterial system by dividing in into four parts, rather than the customary three parts, adding a Pulmonary valve region between the ending of the conus arteriosus and the beginning of the pulmonary trunk. This region contains the entire pulmonary valve. It is approximately 1.5 cm long and is defined or outlined by the triple‐scalloped fibrous annulus of the pulmonary valve as decribed by Zimmerman (Ann R Coll Eng 39:348, 1966). Defining this region as a separate anatomic entity provides for a more precise description of the relationships of the left coronary and anteior interventricular arteries, the left sinus of the aortic valve, and left auricle to the outflow tract than that found in conventional descriptive anatomy. This paper also defines the ending of the pulmonary trunk, and the orifices of the left and right pulmonary arteries in relationship to the carina found in the upper posterior wall of the pulmonary trunk. An explanation for preferential enlargement of the left pulmonary artery in pulmonary valve stenosis is correlated to our study. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anatomy of the ulnar part of the lateral collateral ligament of the elbow
Authors: O'Driscoll Shawn W. , Horii Emiko , Morrey Bernard F. , Carmichael Stephen W. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe lateral ulnar collateral ligament (LUCL) of the elbow has been illustrated variably in anatomy texts. The purpose of this investigations was to determine the percentage of specimens in which this structure is present, and to describe its anatomy and function. The LUCL was identified as part of the lateral capsulo‐ligamentous complex in 17 of 17 fresh frozen cadaver elbows (P <.0001). The LUCL originates on the lateral epicondyle, blends with the fibers of the annular ligament as it arches superficial to it, then curves to insert on the tubercle of the supinator crest of the ulna. It is distinct at its insertion, but not at its origin where its fibers blend with those of the common extensor origin. The insertion is exposed in the interval created between (the deep surface of) the fascia of the supinator and its muscle fibers. The insertion can be palpated by applying a varus stress to the elbow. Cutting the ulnar fibers permitted posterolateral rotatory subluxation of the ulno‐humeral joint and varus subluxation of the elbow. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anatomy of dorsalis pedis artery and its use in limb salvage surgery
Authors: Barman A. Addison , Chaudhry Saqib S. , Moideen Ahamed S. , Egozi Leon 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe Dorsalis Pedis artery (DPA) is an often overlooked but important artery that can be utilized for limb salvage surgery. It is especially useful in the diabetic patient in whom disease at the level of the bifurcation of the popliteal artery is common. The unique anatomic location and communication with the pedal arch makes the DPA a good outflow vessel. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. 105:401–405 (Verta, 1982, Ascer, 1988 J. Vasc. Surg., 8:434–441; Harris, 1989, Arch Surg., 124:1232–1235). © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distribution of the extensor tendons on the dorsum of the hand
Authors: Godwin Yvette , Ellis Harold 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe patterns of the tendons of extensor digiti minimi, extensor digitorum, and extensor indicis have been studied on the dorsum of the hands of 25 embalmed cadavers.Each of the tendons of extensor digitorum (ED) is usually single, but those of the middle and ring fingers are occasionally multiple. Intertendinous connections are of variable pattern. The ED tendon of the little finger lies closely to that of the ring finger, with which it may be fused, or it may be absent. It is suggested that it may be undergoing evolutionary reduction.Extensor digiti minimi (EDM) usually has two tendons, but may have three or four. In addition to EDM, the little finger also receives either a separate tendon, or a tendinous slip, from ED.Extensor indicis (EI) varies in the number of its tendons, in its position relative to the ED tendon to index finger, and in its connection to extensor pollicis longus tendon.Examples of supernumerary muscles (extensor digitorum brevis manus, extensor indicis brevis, and extensor pollicis et indicis communis) were also found. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Skeletal maturity in normal children from Liverpool, United Kingdom
Authors: Dhar Sunil , Dangerfield P. H. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractPrevious studies have indicated a normal regional variation in skeletal maturity in the United Kingdom (Kristmundsdottir et al: Ann. Hum. Biol., 11:133–139, 1984). The purpose of this study was to assess the bone age of normal children from Liverpool by the TW2 method (Tanner et al.: Assessment of Skeletal Maturity and Prediction of Adult Height (TW2 Method). Second edition. London: Academic Press, 1983). Two hundred and seventy‐three children with appropriate hand and wrist radiographs for hand injuries were assessed. When compared with the TW2 standards, there was no significant difference in the skeletal maturity of these children. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.