bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How AI should be used in radiology: assessing ambiguity and completeness of intended use statements of commercial AI products
Authors: van Leeuwen Kicky G. , Hedderich Dennis M. , Harvey Hugh , Schalekamp Steven 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Background
Intended use statements (IUSs) are mandatory to obtain regulatory clearance for artificial intelligence (AI)-based medical devices in the European Union. In order to guide the safe use of AI-based medical devices, IUSs need to contain comprehensive and understandable information. This study analyzes the IUSs of CE-marked AI products listed on AIforRadiology.com for ambiguity and completeness.

Methods
We retrieved 157 IUSs of CE-marked AI products listed on AIforRadiology.com in September 2022. Duplicate products (n = 1), discontinued products (n = 3), and duplicate statements (n = 14) were excluded. The resulting IUSs were assessed for the presence of 6 items: medical indication, part of the body, patient population, user profile, use environment, and operating principle. Disclaimers, defined as contra-indications or warnings in the IUS, were identified and compared with claims.

Results
Of 139 AI products, the majority (n = 78) of IUSs mentioned 3 or less items. IUSs of only 7 products mentioned all 6 items. The intended body part (n = 115) and the operating principle (n = 116) were the most frequently mentioned components, while the intended use environment (n = 24) and intended patient population (n = 29) were mentioned less frequently. Fifty-six statements contained disclaimers that conflicted with the claims in 13 cases.

Conclusion
The majority of IUSs of CE-marked AI-based medical devices lack substantial information and, in few cases, contradict the claims of the product.

Critical relevance statement
To ensure correct usage and to avoid off-label use or foreseeable misuse of AI-based medical devices in radiology, manufacturers are encouraged to provide more comprehensive and less ambiguous intended use statements.

Key points
• Radiologists must know AI products’ intended use to avoid off-label use or misuse.
• Ninety-five percent (n = 132/139) of the intended use statements analyzed were incomplete.
• Nine percent (n = 13) of the intended use statements held disclaimers contradicting the claim of the AI product.
• Manufacturers and regulatory bodies must ensure that intended use statements are comprehensive.

Graphical Abstract
Evaluation of therapeutic effect and prognostic value of 18F-FDG PET/CT in different treatment nodes of DLBCL patients
Authors: Zhao Wenyu , Wu Xiaodong , Huang Shuo , Wang Hui , Fu Hongliang 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Background
In the present study, we aimed to investigate the role of baseline (B), interim (I) and end-of-treatment (Eot) 18F-FDG PET/CT in assessing the prognosis of diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL), so as to identify patients who need intensive treatment at an early stage.

Methods
A total of 127 DLBCL patients (62 men; 65 women; median age 62 years) were retrospectively analyzed in this study. Baseline (n = 127), interim (n = 127, after 3–4 cycles) and end-of-treatment (n = 53, after 6–8 cycles) PET/CT images were re-evaluated; semi-quantitative parameters such as maximum standardized uptake value of lesion-to-liver ratio (SUVmax(LLR)) and lesion-to-mediastinum ratio (SUVmax(LMR)), total metabolic tumor volume (TMTV) and total metabolic tumor volume (TLG) were recorded. ΔTLG1 was the change of interim relative to baseline TLG (I to B), ΔTLG2 (Eot to B). ΔSUVmax and ΔTMTV were the same algorithm. The visual Deauville 5-point scale (D-5PS) has been adopted as the major criterion for PET evaluation. Visual analysis (VA) and semi-quantitative parameters were assessed for the ability to predict progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) by using Kaplan–Meier method, cox regression and logistic regression analysis. When visual and semi-quantitative analysis are combined, the result is only positive if both are positive.

Results
At a median follow-up of 34 months, the median PFS and OS were 20 and 32 months. The survival curve analysis showed that advanced stage and IPI score with poor prognosis, ΔSUVmax(LLR)1 < 89.2%, ΔTMTV1 < 91.8% and ΔTLG1 < 98.8%, ΔSUVmax(LLR)2 < 86.4% were significantly related to the shortening of PFS in patient (p < 0.05). ΔSUVmax(LLR)1 < 83.2% and ΔTLG1 < 97.6% were significantly correlated with the shortening of OS in patients (p < 0.05). Visual analysis showed that incomplete metabolic remission at I-PET and Eot-PET increased the risk of progress and death. In terms of predicting recurrence by I-PET, the combination of visual and semi-quantitative parameters showed higher positive predictive value (PPV) and specificity than a single index.

Conclusion
Three to four cycles of R-CHOP treatment may be a time point for early prediction of early recurrence/refractory (R/R) patients and active preemptive treatment. Combined visual analysis with semi-quantitative parameters of 18F-FDG PET/CT at interim can improve prognostic accuracy and may allow for more precise screening of patients requiring early intensive therapy.
Supplementation of vitamin E or a botanical extract as antioxidants to improve growth performance and health of growing pigs housed under thermoneutral or heat-stressed conditions
Authors: Silva-Guillen Ysenia V. , Arellano Consuelo , Wiegert Jeffrey , Boyd R. Dean , Martínez Gabriela E. , van Heugten Eric 
Published: February 2024

AbstractBackgroundHeat stress has severe negative consequences on performance and health of pigs, leading to significant economic losses. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of supplemental vitamin E and a botanical extract in feed or drinking water on growth performance, intestinal health, and oxidative and immune status in growing pigs housed under heat stress conditions.MethodsDuplicate experiments were conducted, each using 64 crossbred pigs with an initial body weight of 50.7 ± 3.8 and 43.9 ± 3.6 kg and age of 13-week and 12-week, respectively. Pigs (n = 128) were housed individually and assigned within weight blocks and sex to a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement consisting of 2 environments (thermo-neutral (21.2 °C) or heat-stressed (30.9 °C)) and 4 supplementation treatments (control diet; control + 100 IU/L of D-α-tocopherol in water; control + 200 IU/kg of DL-α-tocopheryl-acetate in feed; or control + 400 mg/kg of a botanical extract in feed).ResultsHeat stress for 28 d reduced (P ≤ 0.001) final body weight, average daily gain, and average daily feed intake (−7.4 kg, −26.7%, and −25.4%, respectively) but no effects of supplementation were detected (P> 0.05). Serum vitamin E increased (P < 0.001) with vitamin E supplementation in water and in feed (1.64 vs. 3.59 and 1.64 vs. 3.24), but not for the botanical extract (1.64 vs. 1.67 mg/kg) and was greater when supplemented in water vs. feed (P = 0.002). Liver vitamin E increased (P < 0.001) with vitamin E supplementations in water (3.9 vs. 31.8) and feed (3.9 vs. 18.0), but not with the botanical extract (3.9 vs. 4.9 mg/kg). Serum malondialdehyde was reduced with heat stress on d 2, but increased on d 28 (interaction,P < 0.001), and was greater (P < 0.05) for antioxidant supplementation compared to control. Cellular proliferation was reduced (P = 0.037) in the jejunum under heat stress, but increased in the ileum when vitamin E was supplemented in feed and water under heat stress (interaction,P = 0.04). Tumor necrosis factor-α in jejunum and ileum mucosa decreased by heat stress (P < 0.05) and was reduced by vitamin E supplementations under heat stress (interaction,P < 0.001).ConclusionsThe addition of the antioxidants in feed or in drinking water did not alleviate the negative impact of heat stress on feed intake and growth rate of growing pigs.
Quantitative calibration of Tb-161 SPECT/CT in view of personalised dosimetry assessment studies
Authors: McIntosh Lachlan , Jackson Price , Emmerson Brittany , Buteau James P. , Alipour Ramin , Kong Grace , Hofman Michael S. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Background
Terbium-161 (161Tb)-based radionuclide therapy poses an alternative to current Lutetium-177 (177Lu) approaches with the additional benefit of secondary Auger and conversion electron emissions capable of delivering high doses of localised damage to micro-metastases including single cells. Quantitative single-photon emission computed tomography, paired with computed tomography (SPECT/CT), enables quantitative measurement from post-therapy imaging. In view of dosimetry extrapolations, a Tb-161 sensitivity SPECT/CT camera calibration was performed using a method previously validated for 177Lu.

Methods
Serial imaging of a NEMA/IEC body phantom with Tb-161 was performed on SPECT/CT with low-energy high-resolution collimators employing a photopeak of 75 keV with a 20% width. Quantitative stability and recovery coefficients were investigated over a sequence of 19 scans with buffered 161Tb solution at total phantom activity ranging from 70 to 4990 MBq.

Results
Sphere recovery coefficients were 0.60 ± 0.05, 0.52 ± 0.07, 0.45 ± 0.07, 0.39 ± 0.07, 0.28 ± 0.08, and 0.20 ± 0.08 for spheres 37, 28, 22, 17, 13, and 10mm, respectively, when considered across all activity and scan durations with dual-energy window scatter correction. Whole-field reconstructed sensitivity was calculated as 1.42E−5 counts per decay. Qualitatively, images exhibited no visual artefacts and were comparable to 177Lu SPECT/CT.

Conclusions
Quantitative SPECT/CT of 161Tb is feasible over a range of activities enabling dosimetry analogous to 177Lu whilst also producing suitable imaging for clinical review. This has been incorporated into a prospective trial of 161Tb-PSMA for men with metastatic prostate cancer.
Prevention of umbilical outpouchings and mortality in pigs: Meloxicam, tying, cutting, and chlorhexidine versus amoxicillin or no treatment? A clinical field trial
Authors: Hansen Marie-Louise , Larsen Inge , Jensen Tina Birk , Kristensen Charlotte Sonne , Pedersen Ken Steen 
Published: February 2024

AbstractBackgroundUmbilical outpouchings (UOs) are common in Danish pigs. Neonatal antibiotics are therefore used with the hope of reducing umbilical infections and subsequently UOs. However, the effect of neonatal antibiotics on preventing UO has been the subject of mixed conclusions, and secondly, treating all animals with antibiotics might exacerbate the development of antimicrobial resistance.This study analysed the effects of different treatments on the prevalence of umbilical outpouchings and mortality from birth to nursery unit. All treatment was on the day of birth. The groups were: a negative control group, an antibiotic group receiving amoxicillin, and an experimental group where the piglets had their umbilical cord disinfected with chlorhexidine, followed by tying and clipping, and lastly, injection with meloxicam. The pigs were examined six weeks after weaning, and all pigs that died during the study were autopsied.ResultsThere were 5494 pigs divided across the three groups. There were no statistically significant differences in UO prevalence between the groups: control 3.9%, antibiotic 4.2%, and experimental 4.0% (p = 0.87). The only variable affecting the prevalence of UOs in this study was sex with females being at higher risk. There were no statistically significant differences in mortality between the groups from birth until departure from the nursery unit: control 22.9%, antibiotic 21%, and experimental 21.4% (p = 0.33). The variables affecting mortality were sex, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), birth weight, and cross fostering. Males had higher odds of dying, as had piglets recorded with some degree of IUGR. Also, low birth weight increased the odds of dying for all weight quartiles compared to the fourth (the heaviest piglets > 1.6 kg), as well as cross fostering increased the odds ratio of dying.ConclusionsThis study found no significant differences in the prevalence of UOs and mortality following different treatments at birth. The study showed that the prevalence of UO and mortality was not reduced following the administration of amoxicillin or meloxicam in combination with disinfection and tying of the umbilical cord.
Co-producing an online patient public community research hub: a qualitative study exploring the perspectives of national institute for health research (NIHR) research champions in England
Authors: Hoverd Eleanor , Staniszewska Sophie , Dale Jeremy , Spencer Rachel , Devrell Anne , Khan Dena , Lamouline Carrol , Saleem Sanya , Smith Pam 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Background
Patient and Public Involvement and Engagement (PPIE) should be embedded as part of researchers’ everyday practice. However, this can be challenging. Creating a digital presence for PPIE as part of Higher Education Institutes’ (HEIs) infrastructure may be one way of supporting this. This can support how information is made available to patients and members of the public, but relatively little is known about how HEIs can best do this. Our aim was to develop a university website for patients and members of the public to learn about ways to get actively involved in research and be able to access the results of health and social care research.

Methods
This project involved working as partners with five National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Research Champions. NIHR Research Champions are volunteers who raise awareness and share experiences about health and social care research. Content of a prototype Patient Public Community Research Hub website was co-produced with the Research Champions, and then 15 NIHR Research Champions from across England were asked for their views about the website.

Findings
The information collected told us that the Patient Public Community Research Hub was viewed as being beneficial for increasing visibility of PPIE opportunities and sharing the findings of studies though needs further work: to make the information more user-friendly; to improve the methods for directing people to the site and to create new ways of connecting with people. It provides a foundation for further co-development and evaluation. A set of recommendations has been developed that may be of benefit to other HEIs and organisations who are committed to working with patients and members of the public.
Is it harmful or helpful? Examining the causes and consequences of generative AI usage among university students
Authors: Abbas Muhammad , Jam Farooq Ahmed , Khan Tariq Iqbal 
Published: February 2024

AbstractWhile the discussion on generative artificial intelligence, such as ChatGPT, is making waves in academia and the popular press, there is a need for more insight into the use of ChatGPT among students and the potential harmful or beneficial consequences associated with its usage. Using samples from two studies, the current research examined the causes and consequences of ChatGPT usage among university students. Study 1 developed and validated an eight-item scale to measure ChatGPT usage by conducting a survey among university students (N = 165). Study 2 used a three-wave time-lagged design to collect data from university students (N = 494) to further validate the scale and test the study’s hypotheses. Study 2 also examined the effects of academic workload, academic time pressure, sensitivity to rewards, and sensitivity to quality on ChatGPT usage. Study 2 further examined the effects of ChatGPT usage on students’ levels of procrastination, memory loss, and academic performance. Study 1 provided evidence for the validity and reliability of the ChatGPT usage scale. Furthermore, study 2 revealed that when students faced higher academic workload and time pressure, they were more likely to use ChatGPT. In contrast, students who were sensitive to rewards were less likely to use ChatGPT. Not surprisingly, use of ChatGPT was likely to develop tendencies for procrastination and memory loss and dampen the students’ academic performance. Finally, academic workload, time pressure, and sensitivity to rewards had indirect effects on students’ outcomes through ChatGPT usage.
Using 6-CIT, P300 encephalography, and pro-inflammation assessments for screening age-related cognitive decline and exploring associated risk factors in Egyptian elderly
Authors: Saleh Mai S. , Galal Asmaa F. , Sallam Sara F. , Mowaad Noha A. , Zeidan Hala M. , Hashish Adel , Elhabashy Hala R. , Heikal Ola A. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Background
The elderly population is suffering from many mental health problems that are aggravated as a matter of age and cognitive decline is a serious one of them. The aim of the present work is to screen the cognitive performance among a sample of Egyptian elderly volunteers and to investigate the associated risk factors.

Results
A sample of 88 elderly volunteers from both genders was enrolled in the study according to the specified eligibility criteria after signing the approval consent. Medical history and socio-demographic data were collected from all participants in addition to basic clinical examination. Cognitive performance was assessed using the 6-Item Cognitive Impairment Test (6-CIT) while the endogenous event-related potentials (ERP) was measured using P300. The inflammatory biomarkers; TNF-α and COX-2 levels were assessed in serum using ELISA technique in addition to gene expression of TNF-α, PPAR-γ and CD-36 exploration using qRT-PCR. About half (51%) of the sample under investigation showed cognitive problems with scores on the 6-CIT exceeding the normal level. TNF-α serum levels showed positive correlation with P300 latency and correlated negatively with P300 reaction time. Furthermore, serum COX-2 levels correlated positively with P300 reaction time and negatively with P300 amplitude.

Conclusion
The study population is showing early signs of cognitive decline that invites attention to the importance of spreading preventive measures against further deterioration. Inflammatory biomarkers under investigation and 6-CIT are suggested to be used in prediction of early stages of cognitive decline among the elderly population.
Inflammatory cytokines and their potential role in Sjogren’s syndrome risk: insights from a mendelian randomization study
Authors: Shi Wenbin , Xu Yuli , Zhang Anan , Jia Xiqun , Liu Shuhua , Hu Ziyang 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Aim
This study aimed to investigate the causal impact of inflammatory cytokines on Sjogren’s Syndrome (SS) and to identify potential biomarkers for SS clinical management using Mendelian Randomization (MR).

Materials and methods
Leveraging GWAS summary data of inflammatory cytokines and SS, we executed the first two-sample MR analysis. Genetic variants from prior GWASs associated with circulating inflammatory cytokines served as instrumental variables (IVs). Data regarding cytokines were analyzed using the Olink Target-96 Inflammation panel, synthesizing data from 14,824 participants. GWAS summary statistics for SS were procured from the UK Biobank, focusing on samples of European ancestry. To discern the causal relationship between inflammatory cytokines and SS, several MR methodologies, including inverse variance weighted (IVW) and MR-Egger regression, were applied.

Results
After rigorous IV quality control, 91 cytokines were incorporated into the MR analysis. The IVW analysis identified 8 cytokines with a positive association to SS: Axin-1 (OR 2.56, 95% CI 1.07–6.10), T-cell surface glycoprotein CD5 (OR 1.81, 95% CI 1.08–3.02), CUDP1 (OR 1.61, 95% CI 1.00-2.58), CXCL10 (OR 1.92, 95% CI 1.25–2.95), IL-4 (OR 2.18, 95% CI 1.22–3.91), IL-7 (OR 2.35, 95% CI 1.27–4.33), MCP-2 (OR 1.27, 95% CI 1.05–1.54), and TNFRSF9 (OR 1.83, 95% CI 1.03–3.24), suggesting their potential in increasing SS risk.

Conclusion
Our study conducted through MR, identified various inflammatory cytokines associated with SS risk, validating some previous research results and offering some new potential biomarkers for SS. However, these findings necessitate further research for validation and exploration of their precise role in the onset and progression of SS.
Comparison of magnetic resonance elastography and diffusion-weighted imaging for differentiating benign and malignant liver lesions
Authors: Abdelgawad Mohammed Saied , Elseady Bassuoni Abdelaziz , ELabd Osama Lotfy , Kohla Mohamed Samy , Samea Mohamed El Sayed Abdel 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Background
Imaging is a crucial diagnostic tool in focal liver lesions (FLLs) diagnosis. Without the need for an intravenous contrast agent, two such MRI methods that can distinguish between benign and malignant FLLs are diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and magnetic resonance elastography (MRE). The purpose of this study was to assess the utility of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance elastography in the identification and differentiation of benign and malignant hepatic focal lesions.

Methods
This cross-sectional study was carried out on ninety patients (with mean age 52 years) with hepatic focal lesions (29 benign and 61 malignant). Both MRE and DWI were performed on the patients. A modified gradient-echo sequence was used for MRE, and respiratory-triggered fat-suppressed single-shot echoplanar DW imaging (b = 0.800) was used for DWI. Maps of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and stiffness were produced. Regions of interest were placed over the FLLs on stiffness and ADC maps to get FLL ADC values and mean stiffness. Receiver operating curve (ROC) analysis was used to compare the roles of MRE and DWI in the differentiation of benign and malignant FLL.

Results
The ADC of FLLs and MRE stiffness exhibited strong negative correlation [(r: −0.559; p < 0.001)]. Compared to malignant FLLs, benign FLLs had much higher mean ADC values. However, compared to benign FLLs, malignant FLLs exhibited much greater mean stiffness. FNH has the lowest mean stiffness of all FLLs, at less than 2.22 kPa. Among FLLs, CCAs had the lowest mean ADC values and the highest mean stiffness. The results showed that the MRE and DWI cutoff values were > 4.23 and ≤ 1.43, respectively; the area under the curve (AUC) values were 0.991 and 0.894, and the sensitivity and specificity results were 96.7%, 93.1%, and 85.2%, 89.7%, respectively.

Conclusions
MRE was found to be more sensitive method for identifying benign and malignant hepatic focal lesions than DWI.