bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modelling the population cost-effectiveness of current and evidence-based optimal treatment for anxiety disorders
Authors: ISSAKIDIS C. , SANDERSON K. , CORRY J. , ANDREWS G. , LAPSLEY H. 
Published: January 2004

Background. The present paper describes a component of a large population cost-effectiveness study that aimed to identify the averted burden and economic efficiency of current and optimal treatment for the major mental disorders. This paper reports on the findings for the anxiety disorders (panic disorder/agoraphobia, social phobia, generalized anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder and obsessive–compulsive disorder).Method. Outcome was calculated as averted ‘years lived with disability’ (YLD), a population summary measure of disability burden. Costs were the direct health care costs in 1997–8 Australian dollars. The cost per YLD averted (efficiency) was calculated for those already in contact with the health system for a mental health problem (current care) and for a hypothetical optimal care package of evidence-based treatment for this same group. Data sources included the Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Well-being and published treatment effects and unit costs.Results. Current coverage was around 40% for most disorders with the exception of social phobia at 21%. Receipt of interventions consistent with evidence-based care ranged from 32% of those in contact with services for social phobia to 64% for post-traumatic stress disorder. The cost of this care was estimated at $400 million, resulting in a cost per YLD averted ranging from $7761 for generalized anxiety disorder to $34 389 for panic/agoraphobia. Under optimal care, costs remained similar but health gains were increased substantially, reducing the cost per YLD to <$20 000 for all disorders.Conclusions. Evidence-based care for anxiety disorders would produce greater population health gain at a similar cost to that of current care, resulting in a substantial increase in the cost-effectiveness of treatment.
Nodal, Uterine and Meningeal γδ T‐Cell Lymphomas in Cattle
Authors: Tanaka H. , Takai H. , Sato K. , Ishikawa Y. , Shibahara T. , Kadota K. 
Published: January 2004

SummaryThree cases of bovine γδ T‐cell lymphoma without skin involvement are described. Case 1 was a 17‐month‐old Holstein heifer with generalized lymphadenopathy. Case 2 was a 4‐year‐old Holstein cow that had multiple tumour masses in the uterine body and horns. Case 3, a 23‐month‐old Holstein bull was presented with generalized tremor, nystagmus and hyperesthaesia, and there were several tumour masses in the meninges. Cases 1 and 2 had epitheliotropic neoplastic infiltrates in the tonsillar epithelium and endometrial glands, respectively. Immunohistochemistry showed CD3+, WC1+, CD79a− lymphoma cells in all cases, and perforin was positive in two cases. Electron‐dense granules were present in many neoplastic cells of all cases. These findings supported the cytotoxic γδ T‐cell origin of the present lymphomas. Bovine γδ T‐cell lymphoma may originate in a wide variety of anatomical sites and may be classified into several histological subtypes.
Reference Intervals and Age‐related Changes for Platelet Count, Mean Platelet Volume and Plateletcrit in Healthy Pre‐weaning Piglets in Italy
Authors: Faustini M. , Bronzo V. , Maffeo G. , Russo V. , Munari E. , Vigo D. 
Published: January 2004

SummaryPlatelet count (PLT) mean platelet volume (MPV) and plateletcrit (PCT) were determined for 117 Landrace × Large White piglets aged 3–21 days; counts were performed with an automated blood cell counter (ABX Pentra 120). Reference values were estimated following the guidelines of the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry (IFCC) and the International Committee for Standardization in Haematology (ICSH). The calculated central 95% reference limits for PLT was 49.9–516.2 × 109/l, for MPV 6.71–9.91 fl and for PCT 0.009–0.395%. When observations are divided into three age groups (about 1 week each) there is an increase in mean PLT count and PCT in 2‐week piglets, and a decrease in MPV from the first to the third week of life. These reference values provide guidelines for interpreting for experimental and clinical observations, as well as for monitoring of the health status of similar aged piglets determined using automated impedance‐light focusing methodology.
Cervimetry and Ultrasonographic Observations of the Cervix Regression in Dairy Cows During the First 10 days Post Partum
Authors: Wehrend A. , Failing K. , Bostedt H. 
Published: January 2004

SummaryThe aim of this study was to describe the involution process of the bovine cervix during the first 10 days post partum by using an intracervically introduced gauge and transrectal ultrasonography. Twenty‐five pluriparous Holstein Friesian cows were included, which were randomized into three groups: group 1 (n = 10): transrectal ultrasonographic presentation of the formation of cervical folds; group 2 (n = 10): measurement of the reduction of the canalis cervicalis using an intracervically introduced gauge. The examinations were performed directly after expulsion and 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 18 and 24 h post partum, and in intervals of 24 h up to the tenth day. The involution process can be divided into four phases: 1: fast reduction up to the sixth hour; 2: protracted reduction up to the second day without constant formation of folds; 3: protracted reduction up to the seventh day with constant formation of folds; 4: re‐opening of the canalis cervicalis maintaining the structure of the folds. The reduction process (phase 1– phase 3) can be shown as the sum of two exponential functions with different grading coefficients: y = reduction 1 × e−b1 × t + reduction 2 × e−b2 × t. Reduction 1 is reduction in cm during the first phase and reduction 2 is reduction in cm during the second and the third phase. Group 3 (n = 5): to exclude an influence of the high frequency of examinations on the involution process the cows were examined immediately after parturition and on the fifth and tenth day post partum using the same method as in groups 1 and 2. In conclusion, the involution process of the bovine cervix guarantees a fast protection of the cavum uteri and a drainage of the lochia at the end of the early puerperium. The re‐opening phase after the seventh day has not yet been described in any other species and can be interpreted as the adaptation to the exsudative puerperium in the cow.
Rigid bronchoscopy for foreign body removal: anaesthesia and ventilation
Authors: Farrell Patrick T. 
Published: January 2004

SummaryForeign body aspiration is a leading cause of death in children 1–3 years old, although mortality is low for children who reach the hospital. Presenting symptoms of an inhaled foreign body depends on time since aspiration. Immediately after inhalation the child starts to cough, wheeze, or have laboured breathing. If the early signs are missed, the child usually presents with fever and other signs and symptoms of chest infection. A plain chest X‐ray has relatively low sensitivity and specificity for inhaled foreign body. The gold standard for diagnosis and management of this condition is rigid open tube bronchoscopy under general anaesthesia. For late presentations, time should be taken to fast the child and complete a thorough evaluation before bronchoscopy. The procedure should be performed in a well‐equipped room with at least two anaesthesiologists, one with paediatric experience, in attendance. Most experienced anaesthesiologists prefer inhalational rather than intravenous induction of anaesthesia and a ventilating bronchoscope rather than intubation. Equally good results have been reported with spontaneous ventilation or positive pressure ventilation; jet ventilation is not advocated for foreign body removal in children.
Single‐lung ventilation in infants and children
Authors: Hammer Gregory B. 
Published: January 2004

SummaryDuring the past decade, the use of video‐assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) has dramatically increased in children as well as adults. Although VATS can be performed while both lungs are being ventilated, single‐lung ventilation (SLV) is desirable during VATS. In addition, anaesthesiologists are performing (and paediatric surgeons are requesting) SLV more frequently for open thoracotomies in infants and children.
Prevention and management of complications of airway surgery in children
Authors: Yellon Robert F. 
Published: January 2004

SummaryPreventing and managing complications of airway surgery in children requires proactive attention to both surgical and anaesthetic aspects of the planned procedure. Preoperative evaluation should include a thorough physical examination and, especially in children with multiple congenital anomalies, flexible fibreoptic nasopharyngolaryngoscopy, direct laryngoscopy and rigid or flexible bronchoscopy. The goal is to identify dynamic abnormalities such as laryngomalacia or vocal cord paralysis, tracheal or bronchial lesions, gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease (GORD), aspiration, laryngotracheal stenosis, totally obstructing tracheostomy‐associated granulation tissue and Noonan syndrome preoperatively, and then to plan surgical management to achieve the best possible outcome for each patient.
The airway in patients with craniofacial abnormalities
Authors: Nargozian Charles 
Published: January 2004

SummaryAirway management for patients with craniofacial disorders poses many challenges. The anaesthesiologist must be familiar with the normal bony and soft‐tissue anatomy in the airway and how anatomy is altered by various congenital disorders. Specific areas to assess include the oral cavity, anterior mandibular space, maxilla, temporomandibular joint and vertebral column. Congenital conditions that may alter normal anatomy and therefore anaesthetic management include cleft lip and palate with or without Pierre Robin syndrome, craniofacial dysostosis, mandibulofacial dysostosis/Treacher Collins syndrome, hemifacial microsomia, Klippel‐Feil syndrome, Beckwith‐Wiedemann syndrome, trisomy 21/Down's syndrome, Freeman–Sheldon/whistling face syndrome/craniocarpotarsal dysplasia, fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva, mucopolysaccharidosis and vascular malformations.
Cricoid pressure: indications and complications
Authors: Landsman Ira 
Published: January 2004

SummaryCricoid pressure to occlude the upper end of the oesophagus, also called the Sellick manoeuvre, may be used to decrease the risk of pulmonary aspiration of gastric contents during intubation for rapid induction of anaesthesia. Effective and safe use of the technique requires training and experience. Cricoid pressure is contraindicated in patients with suspected cricotracheal injury, active vomiting, or unstable cervical spine injuries. The technique may be particularly difficult in patients with a history of difficult intubation. The recommended pressure to prevent gastric reflux is between 30 and 40 Newtons (N, equivalent to 3–4 kg), but pressures greater than 20 N cause pain and retching in awake patients and a pressure of 40 N can distort the larynx and complicate intubation. The recommended procedure is, therefore, to induce anaesthesia and apply a pressure of about 30 N, either manually or with the cricoid yoke, to facilitate intubation. Reported complications of cricoid pressure during intubation include oesophageal rupture and exacerbation of unsuspected airway injuries.
Liquid ventilation: an adjunct for respiratory management
Authors: Wolfson Marla R. , Shaffer Thomas H. 
Published: January 2004

SummaryAlthough significant advances in respiratory care have reduced mortality of patients with respiratory failure, morbidity persists, often resulting from iatrogenic mechanisms. Mechanical ventilation with gas has been shown to initiate as well as exacerbate underlying lung injury, resulting in progressive structural damage and release of inflammatory mediators within the lung. Alternative means to support pulmonary gas exchange while preserving lung structure and function are therefore required. Perfluorochemical (PFC) liquids are currently used clinically in a number of ways, such as intravascular PFC emulsions for volume expansion/oxygen carrying/angiography and intracavitary neat PFC liquid for image contrast enhancement or vitreous fluid replacement. As a novel approach to replace gas as the respiratory medium, liquid assisted ventilation (LAV) with PFC liquids has been investigated as an alternative respiratory modality for over 30 years. Currently, there are several theoretical and practical applications of LAV in the immature or mature lung at risk for acute respiratory distress and injury associated with mechanical ventilation.
Isolation by Language and Distance in Belgium
Authors: Barrai I. , Rodriguez‐Larralde A. , Manni F. , Ruggiero V. , Tartari D. , Scapoli C. 
Published: January 2004

SummaryThe isonymy structure of trilingual Belgium was studied using the surname distributions for 1,118,004 private telephone users. The users were distributed in 77 Flemish, 76 French, and 3 German speaking towns, selected on a geographic basis to form an approximately regular grid over Belgium. Lasker's distance was found to be considerably higher between languages than within languages. For the whole of Belgium, irrespective of language, it was highly correlated with linear geographic distance, with r = 0.721±0.014, which is the highest correlation observed in European countries to date. Within Belgium and within languages, the correlation was highest among the Flemish (r = 0.878 ± 0.007), and lowest among the French (r = 0.631±0.020). Isolation by distance in Belgium is the highest we have found in Europe, and as high as in Switzerland where the different languages are separated by geographical barriers. This is not the case in Belgium, so that the considerable isolating power of languages emerges clearly from the present analysis. From the comparison of Lasker's distance between (9.48) and within (8.16) languages, and from its regression over geographic distance (b = 0.01206), it was possible to establish a quantitative relationship between the isolating power of languages and that of geographic distance as (9.48–8.16)/0.01206 = 109 kilometres. This transformation of language distance into an equivalent geographic distance, given here for Belgium, can be applied to any similar geo‐linguistic situation.
Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Diversity in a Sedentary Population from Egypt
Authors: Stevanovitch A. , Gilles A. , Bouzaid E. , Kefi R. , Paris F. , Gayraud R. P. , Spadoni J. L. , El‐Chenawi F. , Béraud‐Colomb E. 
Published: January 2004

SummaryThe mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) diversity of 58 individuals from Upper Egypt, more than half (34 individuals) from Gurna, whose population has an ancient cultural history, were studied by sequencing the control‐region and screening diagnostic RFLP markers.This sedentary population presented similarities to the Ethiopian population by the L1 and L2 macrohaplogroup frequency (20.6%), by the West Eurasian component (defined by haplogroups H to K and T to X) and particularly by a high frequency (17.6%) of haplogroup M1. We statistically and phylogenetically analysed and compared the Gurna population with other Egyptian, Near East and sub‐Saharan Africa populations; AMOVA and Minimum Spanning Network analysis showed that the Gurna population was not isolated from neighbouring populations.Our results suggest that the Gurna population has conserved the trace of an ancestral genetic structure from an ancestral East African population, characterized by a high M1 haplogroup frequency. The current structure of the Egyptian population may be the result of further influence of neighbouring populations on this ancestral population.
Molecular Analysis of Myophosphorylase Deficiency in Dutch Patients with McArdle's Disease
Authors: Martín M. A. , Rubio J. C. , Wevers R. A. , Van Engelen B. G. M. , Steenbergen G. C. H. , Van Diggelen O. P. , Visser M. De , Die‐Smulders C. De , Blázquez A. , Andreu A. L. , Arenas J. 
Published: January 2004

SummaryWe report on 8 Dutch patients with McArdle's disease from 6 unrelated families. Molecular analysis revealed the presence of four previously described mutations: the common R49X mutation, the IVS14+1G>A mutation and the recently reported R269X and Y84X nonsense mutations; and two new molecular defects: a missense mutation R138W in the homozygous state in two siblings, and a frameshift mutation c.1797delT. This first genetic study of patients from The Netherlands with McArdle's disease confirms that the R49X mutation is also the most common in Dutch patients, and that there is genetic heterogeneity within this population. Moreover, our data support the hypothesis that the Y84X mutation is a relatively frequent mutation in McArdle's patients with a Central European background, and expand the already crowded map of mutations within the PYGM gene responsible for McArdle's disease.
Tests of Gene‐Environment Interaction for Case‐Parent Triads with General Environmental Exposures
Authors: Lake S. L. , Laird N. M. 
Published: January 2004

SummaryAs knowledge of the human genome continues to grow, more progress is being made towards not only identifying the genes involved in disease susceptibility but also in defining the synergistic role genes play with environmental exposures. The detection of gene‐environment interactions is important as it can offer clinicians a potential means of intervention. The discovery of interactions relies heavily on powerful statistical methods. We present a test, FBAT‐I, that can be used to investigate gene‐environment interaction. The test uses the case‐parent triad design and protects the statistical inference from potential spurious results due to population admixture.
Formation of amyloid fibrils from fully reduced hen egg white lysozyme
Authors: Cao Aoneng , Hu Daoying , Lai Luhua 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe fully reduced hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL), which is a good model of random coil structure, has been converted to highly organized amyloid fibrils at low pH by adding ethanol. In the presence of 90% (v/v) ethanol, the fully reduced HEWL adopts β‐sheet secondary structure at pH 4.5 and 5.0, and an α‐to‐β transition is observed at pH 4.0. A red shift of the Congo red absorption spectrum caused by the precipitation of the fully reduced HEWL in the presence of 90% (v/v) ethanol is typical of the presence of amyloid aggregation. EM reveals unbranched fibrils with a diameter of 2–5 nm and as long as 1–2 μm. The pH dependence of the initial structure of the fully reduced HEWL in the presence of 90% (v/v) ethanol suggests that Asp and His residues may play an important role.
An evolutionary route to xylanase process fitness
Authors: Palackal Nisha , Brennan Yali , Callen Walter N. , Dupree Paul , Frey Gerhard , Goubet Florence , Hazlewood Geoffrey P. , Healey Shaun , Kang Young E. , Kretz Keith A. , Lee Edd , Tan Xuqiu , Tomlinson Geoffery L. , Verruto John , Wong Vicky W.K. , Mathur Eric J. , Short Jay M. , Robertson Dan E. , Steer Brian A. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractDirected evolution technologies were used to selectively improve the stability of an enzyme without compromising its catalytic activity. In particular, this article describes the tandem use of two evolution strategies to evolve a xylanase, rendering it tolerant to temperatures in excess of 90°C. A library of all possible 19 amino acid substitutions at each residue position was generated and screened for activity after a temperature challenge. Nine single amino acid residue changes were identified that enhanced thermostability. All 512 possible combinatorial variants of the nine mutations were then generated and screened for improved thermal tolerance under stringent conditions. The screen yielded eleven variants with substantially improved thermal tolerance. Denaturation temperature transition midpoints were increased from 61°C to as high as 96°C. The use of two evolution strategies in combination enabled the rapid discovery of the enzyme variant with the highest degree of fitness (greater thermal tolerance and activity relative to the wild‐type parent).
Chalcone isomerase family and fold: No longer unique to plants
Authors: Gensheimer Michael , Mushegian Arcady 
Published: January 2004

AbstractChalcone isomerase, an enzyme in the isoflavonoid pathway in plants, catalyzes the cyclization of chalcone into (2S)‐naringenin. Chalcone isomerase sequence family and three‐dimensional fold appeared to be unique to plants and has been proposed as a plant‐specific gene marker. Using sensitive methods of sequence comparison and fold recognition, we have identified genes homologous to chalcone isomerase in all completely sequenced fungi, in slime molds, and in many gammaproteobacteria. The residues directly involved in the enzyme's catalytic function are among the best conserved across species, indicating that the newly discovered homologs are enzymatically active. At the same time, fungal and bacterial species that have chalcone isomerase‐like genes tend to lack the orthologs of the upstream enzyme chalcone synthase, suggesting a novel variation of the pathway in these species.
Solution structure of a BolA‐like protein fromMus musculus
Authors: Kasai Takuma , Inoue Makoto , Koshiba Seizo , Yabuki Takashi , Aoki Masaaki , Nunokawa Emi , Seki Eiko , Matsuda Takayoshi , Matsuda Natsuko , Tomo Yasuko , Shirouzu Mikako , Terada Takaho , Obayashi Naomi , Hamana Hiroaki , Shinya Naoko , Tatsuguchi Ayako , Yasuda Satoko , Yoshida Mayumi , Hirota Hiroshi , Matsuo Yo , Tani Kazutoshi , Suzuki Harukazu , Arakawa Takahiro , Carninci Piero , Kawai Jun , Hayashizaki Yoshihide , Kigawa Takanori , Yokoyama Shigeyuki 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe BolA‐like proteins are widely conserved from prokaryotes to eukaryotes. The BolA‐like proteins seem to be involved in cell proliferation or cell‐cycle regulation, but the molecular function is still unknown. Here we determined the structure of a mouse BolA‐like protein. The overall topology is αββααβα, in which β1and β2are antiparallel, and β3is parallel to β2. This fold is similar to the class II KH fold, except for the absence of the GXXG loop, which is well conserved in the KH fold. The conserved residues in the BolA‐like proteins are assembled on the one side of the protein.