bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The number and distribution of ganglion cells in the cat's retina
Authors: Stone Jonathan 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe number of ganglion cells in the cat's retina, and the pattern of their distribution over the retina, have been reinvestigated. Criteria are presented for the identification of ganglion cells in Nissl‐stained whole mounts, most particularly for the distinction between small ganglion cells and neurological cells, by reference to retinas with no ganglion cells (obtained by nerve section) and to areas of retina containing a population of only small ganglion cells was counted in four retinas (mean total 116,250). The number of large or “giant” cells (presumably the somas of Y‐cells and of α‐cells ) varied from 4,200 to 7,100. Overall these cells comprised 4.0‐6.3% of the total ganglion cell population. Their distribution over the retina showed a concentration around the area centralis, with a localized minimum density at the area centralis, and a concentration in the visual streak. These concentrations of large cells were quantitatively less than the concentrations of smaller cells in the area centralis and visual streak, so that the relative frequency of large cells was minimal (mean 1.6%) at the area centralis and increased steadily up to 5.5‐6.9% in peripheral retina. Their relative frequency was distinctly lower along the visual streak that in peripheral retina above or below the streak.
The nasotemporal division of retina in the siamese cat
Authors: Stone Jonathan , Campion Joyce E. , Leicester Jonathan 
Published: May 2005

AbstractBy sectioning one optic tract in Siamese kittens and allowing sufficient time for the affected ganglion cells to degenerate and disappear, we have obtained maps of the distribution of ipsi‐ and contralaterally projecting ganglion cells in the Siamese cat. As previous work predicted, many ganglion cells in the Siamese cat retina project contralaterally which, in the normally pigmented cat, would project ipsilaterally. The transition from the pattern of projection typical of nasal retina (all contralateral) to that typical of temporal retina (most ipsilateral) is much more gradual in the Siamese cat than in the normally pigmented cat, and is centred 1.7‐3 mm temporal to the area centralis, instead of at the area centralis. In the Siamese cat only a few ganglion cells at the area centralis project ipsilaterally, as against nearly 50% level 1.7‐30 mm into temporal retina, and overall the zone of transition may be several millimetres wide, as against about 0.2‐0.5 mm in the normally pigmented cat. Evidence is presented that the degree of the abnormality of nasotemporal division varies between individual Siamese cats and that the abnormality is more severe among large or “giant” cells than among the population as a whole.
Intracortical connectivity of architectonic fields in the somatic sensory, motor and parietal cortex of monkeys
Authors: Jones E. G. , Coulter J. D. , Hendry S. H. C. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractAnterograde and retrograde transport methods were used to study the corticocortical connectivity of areas 3a, 3b, 1, 2, 5, 4 and 6 of the monkey cerebral cortex. Fields were identified by cytoarchitectonic features and by thalamic connectivity in the same brains. Area 3a was identified by first recording a short latency group I afferent evoked potential. Attempts were made to analyze the data in terms of: (1) routes whereby somatic sensory input might influence the performance of motor cortex neurons; (2) possible multiple representations of the body surface in the component fields of the first somatic sensory area (SI).Apart from vertical interlaminar connections, two types of intracortical connectivity are recognized. The first, regarded as “non‐specific,” consists of axons spreading out in layers I, III and V‐VI from all sides of an injection of isotope; these cross architectonic borders indiscrimininately. They are not unique to the regions studied. The second is formed by axons entering the white matter and re‐entering other fields. In these, they terminate in layers I‐IV in one or more mediolaterally oriented strips of fairly constant width (0.5–;1 mm) and separated by gaps of comparable size. Though there is a broadly systematic topography in these projections, the strips are probably best regarded as representing some feature other than receptive field position. Separate representations are nevertheless implied in area 3b, in areas 1 and 2 (together), in areas 3a and 4 (together) and in area 5; with, in each case, the representations of the digits pointed at the central sulcus.Area 3b is not connected with areas 3a or 4, but projects to a combined areas 1 and 2. Area 1 is reciprocally connected with area 3a and area 2 reciprocally with area 4. The connectivity of area 3a, as conventionally identified, is such that it is probably best regarded not as an entity, but as a part of area 4. Areas identified by others as area 3a should probably be regraded as parts of area 3b. Parts of area 5 that should be more properly considered as area 2, and other parts that receive thalamic input not from the ventrobasal complex but from the lateral nuclear complex and anterior pulvinar, are also interconnected with area 4. More posterior parts of area 5 are connected with laterally placed parts of area 6. A more medial part of area 6, the supplementary motor area, occupies a pivotal position in the sensory‐motor cortex, for it receives fibers from areas 3a, 4, 1, 2 and 5 (all parts), and projects back to areas 3a, 4 and 5.
The islands of calleja: Organization and connections
Authors: Fallon James H. , Riley Joseph N. , Sipe Jack C. , Moore Robert Y. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe islands of Calleja (IC) in the rat are composed of seven small groups of granule cells in the polymorph layer of the olfactory tubercle and one large group, the insula magna, which lies along the border between septum, nucleus accumbens and nucleus of the diagonal band. The cytoarchitecture and neuronal morphology of the IC and surrounding cells, studied using Nisslstained and Golgi‐Kopsch material, are described. In addition, the afferent and efferent connections of the IC were analyzed using fluorescence histochemistry, the autoradiographic tracing method, and the anterograde and retrograde horseradish peroxidase methods. Topographically organized projections to the IC from the dopamine‐containing cells of the substantia nigra‐ventral tegmental area are demonstrated by the glyoxylic acid fluorescence histochemical method and the autoradiographic tracing technique. Anterograde and retrograde horseradish peroxidase studies provide evidence for reciprocal, topographically organized interconnections between the IC and the septum, nucleus accumbens, amygdala and piriform cortex. These observations indicate that the IC constitute a unique population of granule cells, located in the olfactory tubercle, innervated by dopamine neurons of the mesencephalon and interconnected with olfactory and non‐olfactory components of the basal forebrain.
Connections of striate cortex in the prosimian, galago senegalensis
Authors: Symonds Laura L. , Kaas Jon H. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractEfferent and afferent connections of primary visual cortex, Area 17, were determined in a prosimian, Galago senegalensis, by autoradiographic methods after injections of 3H‐proline or 3H‐HRP. The cortical connections of Area 17 with Areas 18 and MT were homotopic and reciprocal. Projections from Area 17 terminated largely in layer IV and somewhat in layer III of both Areas 18 and MT. Most of the cells projecting to Area 17 were located in layer V of Area 18 and layer VI of MT. Subcortical projections included the reticular nucleus of the thalamus, where columns of label corresponding to injection sites were found in the caudal forth of the nucleus. Projections to the lateral geniculate nucleus were along lines of isorepresentation and were in register with the cells projecting back to the injection site. The parvocellular layers were less densely labeled than other layers by the transport of 3H‐proline, while concentrations of label were noted on the dorsal and ventral margins of the nucleus and in interlaminar regions between the internal parvocellular and magnocellular layers and between the two magnocellular layers. The pattern of terminations in the pulvinar complex suggested functional subdivisions. We have divided the inferior pulvinar into a large central nucleus, IPc, with topologically organized input from Area 17; a smaller medial nucleus, IPm, with a second pattern of input from Area 17; and a dorso‐posterior nucleus, IPp, without input from striate cortex. The superior pulvinar likewise appears to have several subdivisions. One of these, a “central” nucleus of the superior pulvinar, SPc, receives topologically organized projections from Area 17. SPc is about the same size as IPc and is organized as a mirror image of IPc. Thus, both IPc and SPc represent the lower visual quadrant medially and the upper visual quadrant laterally; central vision is represented along the common border for both nuclei, while peripheral vision is represented dorsorostrally in SPc and ventrocaudally in IPc. Finally, the superficial grey of the superior colliculus receives topologically organized input form Area 17.
Studies of the cat's medial interlaminar nucleus: A subdivision of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus
Authors: Kratz Kenneth E. , Webb Sarah V. , Murray Sherman S. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe medial interlaminar nucleus (MIN) of the cat lies medial to the laminated region of the dorsal lateral geniculate (lamLGN). This latter region includes the A and C laminae. As does lamLGN, MIN receives direct retinal input and projects to various visual cortical areas. We examined the MIN of 15 normal adult cats with electrophysiological and anatomical techniques.Autoradiographs processed from cats that had one eye injected with tritiated fucose and proline indicate that MIN is composed of at least two laminae, one for each eye. The area which receives input from the ipsilateral eye is a small central region surrounded dorsally, medially, and ventrally by a larger crescent shaped region that receives input from the contralateral eye. This pattern was also evident from electrophysiological recording experiments.Extracellular recordings from 102 single‐units in MIN indicate that these cells have properties essentially identical to lamLGN Y‐cells. That is, they had short latencies to orthodromic stimulation of the optic chiasm and antidromic stimulation of the visual cortices, responded in a phasic manner to the presentation of a standing contrast within the receptive field center, responded to rapidly moving visual stimuli, and showed non‐linear spatial summation properties typical of lamLGN Y‐cells. We discovered two difference between MIN cells and lamLGN Y‐cells. First the mean receptive field center size of MIN cells is considerably larger than that of lamLGN Y‐cells, and second, MIN cells do not have the non‐dominant eye inhibitory receptive fields found for many lamLGN Y‐cells.Cell size measurements indicate that while the mean cell size in MIN is approximately 30% greater than in the A laminae of lamLGN, the distribution of MIN cell sizes extends over the full range of cell sizes in the A laminae. Since the A laminae are comprised mostly of X‐ and Y‐cells, this suggests that, although Y‐cells on average are larger than X‐cells, considerable overlap exists in their size distribution. No differences between the ipsilateral and contra lateral terminal zones were found on any measure.Since MIN cells share most or all the fundamental features of lamLGN Y‐cells, we suggest that these cell groups should be considered subpopulations of a more general group of geniculate Y‐cells. Accordingly, we refer to these two subpopulations as lamLGN Y‐cells and MIN Y‐cells.
Chemical and morphological studies on garfish peripheral nerves
Authors: Hofteig John H. , Mendell Jerry R. , Yates Allan J. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractGangliosides were extracted, separated by thin layer chromatography, and quantitated in three cranial nerves of the garfish (Lepisosteus osseus): the completely unmyelinated olfactory nerve (OLF), and two nerves composed of both myelinated and unmyelinated fibers, viz., the main trunk of the maxillary nerve (MAX) and a branch of the maxillary nerve (BR‐MAX). Morphological studies on each of these nerves were done to verify that the OLF had been excised free of any contamination from the accompanying myelinated BR‐MAX, to aid in the interpretation of the biochemical findings, and to clarify the nature of the OLF supporting cell.The chief chemical findings were (1) documentation of the presence of gangliosides in nerves previously thought not to contain them, (2) demonstration that gangliosides can be associated with unmyelinated nerves, (3) demonstration of a greater proportion of one simple ganglioside (G‐6) in the OLF but greater proportions of two complex gangliosides (G‐2 and G‐O) in the MAX and BR‐MAX, and (4) that either GM4 or a variant of the GM3 is present in OLF. The morphological findings with respect to the difficulty of ascribing only peripheral nervous system characteristics to the OLF supporting cell are discussed in relation to the ganglioside band chromatographing slightly ahead of GM4 in the OLF.
3H‐Thymidine autoradiographic analysis of telencephalic histogenesis in the chick embryo: I. Neuronal birthdates of telencephalic compartments in situ
Authors: Tsai Huei Mei , Garber Beatrice B. , Larramendi Luis M. H. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe birthdates of neuronal populations comprising the chick telencephalon were determined by 3H‐thymidine labeling and were mapped with respect to their terminal positions in the 16‐day embryo. Essentially all neurons were generated between four and nine days of embryonic development. Each telencephalic structure (based on terminology used by Karten and Hodos, '67) was characterized by a specific range of birthdates: some regions such as the core of the ectostriatum or the paleostriatum primitivum, were generated within a single day, while others, such as the hyperstriatum accessorium, required up to five days for generation of the complete population. Spatial‐temporal gradients of neuronal birthdates, lateromedial and ventrodorsal, were seen in the telencephalon as a whole and within individual subcompartments as well. An “outside‐in” pattern of histogenesis predominated throughout the entire telencephalon, including the dorsolateral cortex. However, notable exceptions pertaining to the paleostriatum augmentatum, hyperstriatum intercalatus and field “L” were observed. Glial cells, generated for the most part after day ten, were found to be distributed homogeneously throughout all areas of the telencephalon. These data provide the first birthdating data for an avian telencephalon and bring greater resolution to previous analyses of the histogenesis of this brain region. Further, the compartmentalization of the proliferative neuroepithelium is revealed by these data, and the possibility of a common time of origin in the neuroepithelium for neurons of related function is discussed.
The immunocytochemical localization of enkephalin in the central nervous system of the rat
Authors: Finley James C. W. , Maderdrut Jerome L. , Petrusz Peter 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe immunocytochemical localization of enkephalin‐like immunoreactivity (ELI) throughout the rat central nervous system (CNS) was investigated. The detection of ELI‐containing structures was facilitated through the use of (1) brains from colchicine‐treated rats, (2) the proteolytic pretreatment of sections with pronase and (3) the “double‐bridge” staining technique. Our findings confirm the presence of ELI in perikarya, neuronal processes and terminals in many areas of the CNS. In addition, the localization of ELI‐containing perikarya is reported for the first time in the following areas: the olfactory bulb, the olfactory tubercle, the lateral preoptic nucleus, several nuclei within the amygdaloid nuclear complex, the hippocampus, the neocortex, the cingulate cortex, the posterior mammillary nucleus, the medial nucleus of the optic tract, the brachium of the inferior colliculus, the ventral tegmental nucleus, the locus ceruleus, the subceruleal region, the lateral trapezoid nucleus, the nucleus reticularis lateralis, and lamina VII of the cervical spinal cord. Our results demonstrate ELI in neurons which are heterogeneous in size, some probably functioning as interneurons and others as projection neurons in different areas of the CNS. The location of these neurons within the brain suggests that these pentapeptides serve diverse functions which include, in addition to nociception, the regulation of neuroendocrine, respiratory, auditory, vestibular, and olfactory functions.
An atlas of α‐bungarotoxin binding sites and structures containing acetylcholinesterase in the mouse central nervous system
Authors: Arimatsu Yasuyoshi , Seto Akiko , Amano Takehiko 
Published: May 2005

AbstractAlpha‐bungarotoxin (α‐BGT) has been established as a specific ligand for peripheral nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). To demonstrate the distribution of possible nAChRs in the mouse central nervous system, detailed maps of α‐BGT binding sites were made by light microscopic autoradiography. Cryostat sections fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde were incubated with [125I]α‐BGT and were processed for autoradiographic visualization of bound radioactivity. Systematic observations of the autoradiographs revealed extensive but uneven distributions of α‐BGT binding sites throughout the brain and spinal cord. The highest level of toxin binding occurred in the nucleus (nuc.) dorsalis tegmenti (von Gudden) as well as in the nuc. subthalamicus, nuc. amygdaloideus medialis posterior, nuc. centrum medianum‐parafascicularis thalami, nuc. interpeduncularis pars lateralis, nuc. parabigeminalis, colliculus posterior, and nuc. dorsalis nervi vagi. The distribution patterns of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity were also mapped histochemically and were correlated to those of α‐BGT binding sites. Most of the regions with significant levels of α‐BGT binding also showed significant staining reaction of AChE.
Developmental alterations in binocular competitive interactions and visual acuity in visually deprived cats
Authors: Smith Douglas C. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of developmental alterations in binocular competitive interactions between the eyes on visual acuity. Comparisons were made between animals which were monocularly deprived (MD) of patterned visual input, binocularly lid‐sutured cats (BD), and animals which had the lids of one eye sutured closed and the other eye removed prior to natural eye opening (MDE). Thus, each group differed in the degree of competitive imbalance between the eyes during postnatal development. Threshold visual acuity for high contrast, squarewave gratings was measured in a jumping stand. Mean visual acuities for each group using a single deprived eye were: group MD, 0.64 cycles/deg; group BD, 3.2 cycles/deg; group MDE, 3.72 cycyles/deg. These results indicate that the greater the competitive disadvantage an eye is placed at during development, the greater the acuity (sensory) deficits. Further, comparisons made between MD and MDE animals indicated that the acuity deficits using the deprived eye in MD cats are much more a result of competition than of the effects of deprivation per se.
Regional distribution of substance P‐like immunoreactivity in the frog brain and spinal cord: Immunohistochemical analysis
Authors: Inagaki Shinobu , Senba Emiko , Shiosaka Sadao , Takagi Hiroshi , Kawai Yuriko , Takatsuki Kenichi , Sakanaka Masahiro , Matsuzaki Takashi , Tohyama Masaya 
Published: May 2005

AbstractWith the indirect immunofluorescence technique of Coons, the overall distribution of the substance P (SP)‐positive neuron system in the frog brain and spinal cord was explored. SP‐positive cells were observed in more than ten areas, such as olfactory bulb, amygdaloid complex, septal area, bed nucleus of hippocampal commissure, hypothalamic periventricular zone, dorsal and ventral thalamus, infundibulum, torus semicircularis, optic tectum, the area dorsal to the interpeduncular nucleus, central gray matter of the mesorhombencephalon, and raphe region, etc. A dense network of SP‐positive fibers was also widely distributed in the frog brain and spinal cord. SP‐positive fibers were roughly divided into two types. One consisted of very fine SP‐positive fibers and gave the region a diffuse appearance. The area medial to n. Bellonci, interpeduncular nucleus, n. isthmi, and optic tectum contained this type of SP‐positive fibers. The other one consisted of clearly distinguishable varicose fibers. A number of SP‐positive fibers located in the amygdaloid complex, striatal complex, hypothalamus, central gray matter of the mesorhombencephalon, trigeminal spinal nucleus, and posterior horn of the spinal cord belonged to this category. The functional role of the SP‐positive neuron system in the central nervous system is also briefly discussed.