bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Bardet–Biedl and Alström Syndromes
Authors: Beales Philip L , Parfrey Patrick S , Katsanis Nicholas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Six conditions have as their primary features, retinal dystrophy and obesity and the association of retinal dystrophy and renal dysplasia occurs in four disorders (Table 17.1). The Bardet–Biedl and Alström syndromes are associated with all three components; retinal dystrophy (RD), obesity, and renal dysplasia. There are many other similarities between the two entities and both are inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. The clinical manifestations and genetics of both syndromes will be discussed in this chapter.
Von Hippel–Lindau Disease
Authors: Maher Eamonn R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Von Hippel–Lindau (VHL) disease is the most common cause of familial clear cell renal cell carcinoma (RCC). VHL disease results from germline mutations in the VHL tumour suppressor gene and is characterized by variable expression and multisite tumour susceptibility (see Table 21.1).
Characteristics of different routes of administration
Authors: Dahlöf Carl G H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The availability of several triptan formulations provides an opportunity to tailor therapy to individual patients’ needs. For the majority of patients, tablets, which offer more or less consistent efficacy within 30 min of administration in a convenient dosing form, may be an appropriate choice. Although clinical trials do not demonstrate robust differences in efficacy between triptan tablets, individual patients do distinguish them and often have a preference for one triptan or dose over another. For those having difficulties in swallowing a tablet, the freeze-dried fast-melting tablet that can be taken without water may be an option. This dosage form dissolves instantly on the tongue, and the active agent is swallowed with the saliva and absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. For patients who desire particularly rapid relief that cannot be provided by a tablet form, sumatriptan injection with a 10 min onset of action may be an appropriate choice. Patients with very severe attacks and those with vomiting may also benefit from the injection.
Dialysis-associated amyloidosis
Authors: Bardin Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1978, Kenzora reported for the first time the identification of amyloid deposition in a carpal tunnel biopsy specimen from a patient undergoing hemodialysis. From this time, dialysis-associated amyloidosis has been recognized as an increasingly significant problem in renal failure patients maintained on long-term dialysis therapy. Amyloid deposits involve mainly articular and periarticular tissues resulting in a disabling arthropathy, the frequency of which increases with length of survival upon dialysis. Amyloid arthropathy is at present considered as one of the main factors limiting the quality of life of long-term survivors. Moreover, systemic deposition and neurological compromise following destructive involvement of spine are rare but potentially life-threatening complications. This review will attempt to picture the features of the disease and to differentiate them from articular symptoms of other etiologies in dialysis patients.
Surgical management
Authors: Sarfati Emile , Drüeke Tilman B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The surgical treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism is based on a perfect knowledge of parathyroid anatomy and embryology. Whatever the procedure chosen it is necessary to find and expose all parathyroid glands. The parathyroid glands arise as proliferation of endodermal cells at the lateral tip of the third and fourth pharyngeal pouches. The third pouch gives rise to the inferior parathyroid (PIII) gland and to the thymus. This common origin explains the tight anatomical links of both inferior parathyroids and thymus. The fourth pouch gives rise to the superior parathyroid (PIV) gland. The parathyroid bodies migrate in the 13–14 mm embryonic stage. An important anatomical event occurs with the deflexion of the neck and the descent of the heart and the large vessels. The inferior parathyroid gland (PIII) dragged by the thymic sketch descends toward the upper mediastinum. It is abandoned more or less at the same height as the lower thyroid pole or within the thyro-thymic ligament. During its migration the inferior gland may be left very high above the upper thyroid pole (parathymus) or very low into the anterior and upper mediastinum with the thymus. The migration of the superior gland (PIV) is short and this gland remains close to the posterior part of the middle thyroid lobe. The superior glands are never far from the lower thyroid artery. In 85% of cases they are located less than 2 cm from the crossing between the lower thyroid artery and the inferior laryngeal nerve. This crossing explains the more or less tight links of the superior and inferior glands near the lower thyroid artery.
Overview
Authors: Jha Prabhat , Chaloupka Frank J , Brown Phyllida 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book brings together a set of critical reviews of the current status of knowledge on tobacco control. It is intended to provide a sound and comprehensive evidence-base for the design of effective tobacco control policies in any country, with an emphasis on the needs of the low-income and middle-income countries where most smokers live. The structure of the book is as follows. Following the Overview, there are six sections. Section I provides brief descriptive overviews of global trends in smoking and the impact of tobacco on health, as well as a discussion of the costs of tobacco use. Section II provides an economic analysis of tobacco use, focusing on three key issues: tobacco addiction, the costs and benefits of tobacco use, and the economic rationale for government intervention in the tobacco market. Section III reviews the effectiveness of policies intended to reduce demand for tobacco: the provision of consumer information about tobacco; the impact of advertising and promotion; the taxation of tobacco products; clean indoor-air policies and other regulatory measures; and smoking cessation therapies.
Poverty and smoking
Authors: Bobak Martin , Jha Prabhat , Nguyen Son , Jams Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the association between poverty and tobacco use. It provides a comprehensive review of the data on smoking prevalence and consumption levels in different sodo-economic groups, both within individual countries and internationally. It finds that smoking is more common among poor men (variously defined by income, education, occupation, or sodal class) than rich men in nearly aD countries. In high income countries, the social gradients of smoking are clearly established for men: smoking has been widespread for several decades, and smoking-attributable mortality can be measured reliably. Analyses of smoking-attributable mortality in middle age (defined as ages 35–69) in Canada, England and Wales, Poland, and the United States reveal that smoking is responsible for most of the excess mortality of poor men in these countries. For women, the situation is more variable, partly reflecting the more recent onset of mass smoking by women in certain parts of the world. Why poor people smoke more remains a complex question that requires further research.
A welfare analysis of tobacco use
Authors: Peck Richard , Chaloupka Frank J , Jha Prabhat , Lightwood James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the costs and benefits of smoking with the aim of asking whether. in economic terms, tobacco on net makes the world better or worse off. Given that the analysis is relatively complex and technical, we provide a summary for the reader interested in the key findings and an outline of the methods used. Introduction. Like most consumer goods, cigarettes have both costs and benefits. The chief benefits are the satisfaction and enjoyment that smokers receive from smoking. There are also profits to producers. The chief costs are death and disability among smokers themselves. Other costs, which are much smaller, include health damage to non-smokers from passive smoking.
How big is the worldwide cigarette-smuggling problem
Authors: David Merriman , Yurekli Ayda , Chaloupka Frank f. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cigarettes have particular appeal to potential smugglers because taxes often account for a large share of their price, making them a highly profitable product to smuggle. Economic models of smuggling are used to develop techniques for measuring the extent and nature of the worldwide cigarette smuggling problem. We conduct three separate empirical analyses. Our estimates indicate that between 6% and 8.5% of global cigarette consumption is smuggled. The perceived level of corruption, as measured on a published ‘transparency index’ ranging from O (highly corrupt) to 10 (highly dean), statistically explains more of the variance in experts’ estimates of cigarette smuggling than do cigarette prices. Using data on relative cigarette prices and travel between European countries, we estimate the extent of bootlegging (the legal purchase of cigarettes in one country for consumption or resale in another country without paying applicable taxes or duties) in Europe. Simulations show that even when the potential for increased smuggling is taken into account, increases in cigarette tax rates result in increased tax revenue. Coordinated multilateral increases in cigarette taxes would result in significantly more tax revenue and less smuggling than unilateral tax increases.
Strategic priorities in tobacco control for governments and international agencies
Authors: Jha Prabhat , Paccaud Fred , Nguyen Son 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Any review of strategic priorities in tobacco control will tend to be simplistic, given the variation in factors affecting policy at the local level. The key goal of comprehensive tobacco-control programs is to improve health, but correcting market failures and reducing inequality are other important goals. For short-term progress in reducing mortality, programs need to be focused both on reducing the uptake of smoking by children and on helping adults to quit. Most tobacco-control programs will be a combination of price, information, and regulation interventions, but the relative importance of each of these three components will vary across countries by income level and administrative capacity. Where such combined control programs have been evaluated, they appear to be effective, and they can be implemented at low per capita costs. We examine some responsibilities of the international agencies reviewing their own policies and programs, acting regionally on specific control instruments, and sponsoring research. Finally, the political economy of tobacco control is discussed.
Alcohol: No Ordinary Commodity
Authors: Babor Thomas , Caetano Raul , Casswell Sally , Edwards Griffith , Giesbrecht Norman , Graham Kathryn , Grube Joel , Gruenewald Paul , Hill Linda , Holder Harold , Homel Ross , Österberg Esa , Rehm Jürgen , Room Robin , Rossow Ingeborg 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From a public health perspective, alcohol is no ordinary consumer product. On a global level, it is a major contributor to disease, disability, and premature mortality. It also has an adverse impact on many aspects of social life. Alcohol: No Ordinary Commodity – Research and Public Policy describes recent advances in alcohol research that have direct relevance for the development of effective alcohol policies at the local, national and international levels. It covers the search for policies that protect health, prevent disability, and address the social problems associated with the misuse of beverage alcohol. This book is, at its core, a scientific treatise on what alcohol policy is, why it is needed, which interventions are effective, how policy is made, and how scientific evidence can inform the policy-making process. The book opens with an introduction to the policy agenda. The second section then presents a snapshot of drinking patterns and alcohol-related problems throughout the world, providing a global panorama of the challenges faced. The third section critically reviews the evidence for six strategies that have often been used as a basis for alcohol policy: taxation and pricing, regulating the physical availability of alcohol, modifying the drinking context, drinking-driving countermeasures, regulating alcohol promotion, education and persuasion programmes, and treatment and early intervention services. Section four provides an international analysis of the policy making process. The book concludes with a consumer’s guide to effective alcohol policy, synthesising what is known about how communities and nation states can effectively manage this extraordinary commodity.
Regulating the physical availability of alcohol
Authors: Babor Thomas , Caetano Raul , Casswell Sally , Edwards Griffith , Giesbrecht Norman , Graham Kathryn , Grube Joel , Gruenewald Paul , Hill Linda , Holder Harold , Homel Ross , Österberg Esa , Rehm Jürgen , Room Robin , Rossow Ingeborg 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we discuss the physical availability of beverage alcohol. Physical availability refers to the accessibility or convenience of the product, which has policy implications for preventing alcohol-related problems through controls on the conditions of sale to the drinker as a retail customer. Such controls extend back at least as far as recorded human history. The Code of Hammurabi, dating from 3800 years ago, included three articles governing the behaviour of tavern-keepers and their customers in Mesopotamia (Hammurabi 2000). A major aim of these measures throughout history and into modern times has been to reduce the harm from drinking.
Subtypes of vascular dementia and their pathogenesis: a critical overview
Authors: Pantoni Leonardo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The general understanding of the role that vascular lesions play in determining cognitive impairment has changed considerably over the last few decades. Originally, narrowing and occlusion of the cervical and large intracranial arteries were considered to be the leading causes of dementia in the elderly (‘arterio-sclerotic dementia’) (Forstl and Howard 1991; Berchtold and Cotman 1998), an assumption often based on reports of cases that were only vaguely characterized from the clinical–pathological point of view.
Infertility and early pregnancy loss
Authors: Lockwood Gillian M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To paraphrase Tolstoy, ‘all fertile couples resemble one another, but all infertile couples are unhappy in their own way’. Since about one in six couples seeks specialist help because of difficulty or delay in conceiving a first or subsequent child, the problem of infertility will continue to play a significant and increasing role in the general practitioner (GP)’s consultation load.
Vaginal discharge and sexually transmitted infections
Authors: Oakeshott Pippa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Good general practice management of women with vaginal discharge and sexually transmitted infections can make an important difference to their health. It may prevent the potentially devastating consequences of undiagnosed or inadequately treated cervical chlamydia infection. It can also help to reduce the discomfort, embarrassment, and anxiety often associated with genitourinary problems. Not every woman needs investigation. If a woman in a long-term stable relationship develops symptoms of thrush after a course of antibiotics, blind treatment is perfectly reasonable.
Breast disorders
Authors: Power Danielle , Maher* Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Breast diseases are an increasing issue for general practitioners, who can expect 30 presentations per 1000 women per year, ranging from mild breast pain to breast lumps, but overall only 6% are found to have breast cancer (RCGP and OPCS 1995). Most women referred to specialist services will be reassured that the breast abnormality is due to a benign process. Nevertheless, breast cancer remains a major health issue. The lifetime risk of breast cancer is 11% (1 in 10 women in their lifetime), representing almost 30% of all cancers in women. In 1997 there were 36 100 new registrations of breast cancer in the United Kingdom (Office of National Statistics 2001), with an overall increase of one to two per annum, particularly in the elderly. Breast cancer remains the leading cause of death from malignancy in women, accounting for almost 20% of these deaths in the UK (13 198 deaths in 1998).
Women’s cancer screening: cervical, breast, and ovarian screening
Authors: Bankhead Clare , Austoker Joan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A screening programme invites asymptomatic people in a population at risk to be tested for a disease for which there is an effective treatment. Screening does not diagnose illness. Those who (screen) test positive are sent on for further diagnostic tests to determine whether they do have the disease. Ideally, screening should be able to detect a precursor condition so that the disease can be stopped before it even starts. A good example of this is cervical screening that aims to detect a precancerous lesion called cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). If this condition is detected and treated, cervical carcinoma is very unlikely to develop. Breast screening, however, can detect very early stage breast cancer when the tumour is too small to be felt. Around half the cancers found at screening are still small enough to allow breast-saving surgery and most breast cancers are found at an early stage when there is a good chance of a successful recovery.
Familial cancers and women’s health
Authors: Lucassen Anneke , Watson Eila 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There have been many recent advances in research into genetic diseases and conditions. More and more genetic tests are becoming available which can provide information about a woman’s health. Although individually many genetic conditions are rare, collectively they account for a significant proportion of the general practitioner’s (GP) workload. This chapter focuses on the genetic aspects of a family history of cancer, as this is the area of genetics influencing women’s health that the GP is most likely to face today (2002). In particular breast, ovarian, endometrial, and colorectal cancers are discussed, each of which can occur in the context of a strong inherited predisposition.
Complementary medicine and women’s health*
Authors: A’Court Christine , Ong Chi Keong , Wootton Jacqueline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the UK, between 1993 and 1995, a 25% increase in sales of alternative medicines was noted (Mintel 1995). Expenditure has been estimated to be about £500 million a year for visits to complementary practitioners (Thomas et al. 2001) and the cost could be as much as £1.5 billion if over-the-counter purchases are included (Ernst and White 2000; Ong and Banks 2003). US expenditure on complementary medicine rose in 1990–97 from $13bn to $38bn a year, and twice as many consultations were with complementary medicine practitioners as with mainstream family doctors (Eisenberg et al. 1998). Australia has also witnessed an increase in usage, with four times as much public expenditure on complementary, as on conventional, medicines (MacLennan et al. 1996).
Anglo-Saxon England
Authors: Stenton F M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘outstanding ... one of the most valuable contributions ever made to our knowledge of the history of our own land’ English Historical Review This book covers the emergence of the earliest English kingdoms to the establishment of the Anglo-Norman monarchy in 1087. Professor Stenton examines the development of English society, from the growth of royal power to the establishment of feudalism after the Norman Conquest. He also describes the chief phases in the history of the Anglo-Saxon church, including the Conversion of the various English kingdoms, and the unification of Britain by the kings of Mercia and completed by the kings of Wessex. Drawing on many diverse examples-place-names, coins and charters, wills and pleas, archaeology, and the laws of the Anglo-Saxons-the result is a fascinating insight into this period of English history.
Life in the Third Reich
Authors: Bessel Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Third Reich, a regime which instigated the most destructive war in modern history, still evokes fascination and horror today. Yet how were the lives of ordinary German people of the 1930s and 1940s affected by the politics of Hitler and his folllowers? Looking beyond the catalogue of events, this book reveals that daily life involved a complex mixture of bribery and terror, of fear and concessions, of barbarism and appeals to conventional moral values, employed to maintain a grip upon society. The essays presented here by eight leading historians shed fresh light on familiar topics, the role of political violence in Nazi seizure of power, the German view of Hitler himself, and also focus upon less well-known aspects of life in the Third Reich, such as village life, the treatment of 'social outcasts', and the Germans own retrospective view of this period of their history.
Good Times, Badtimes: Memories of the Third Reich
Authors: Herbert Ulrich 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As late as 1951 almost half of those citizens of the Federal Republic of Germany questioned in a public opinion survey described the period between 1933 and 1939 as the one in which things had gone best for Germany. All ‘politics’ aside, for a large part of the population the image of National Socialism was characterised principally not by terror, mass murder and war but by reduction of unemploy ment, economic boom, tranquillity and order. In 1949 the lnsti tut fur Demoskopie (Public Opinion Institute) summarised the result of its survey of the ‘Consequences ofNational Socialism’. There was ‘no more talk of German rebirth or of racial awaken ing among the population; these bits of Third Reich decor are antiquated, worn out, finished’. On the other hand, memories of the ‘positive’ aspects ofNational Socialism were still as fresh as ever.
Tashkent
Authors: Bailey Lt.-Col. F M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the time of our arrival Tashkent had been under the Bolsheviks for nearly a year. Trams and horse cabs plied, and a few things could still be bought in the shops. In our hotel we could get quite good meals, and life generally at this time was not very different from what it must have been before the revolution. But the position rapidly deteriorated. Hotels and restaurants were closed or turned into Soviet institutions meagrely patronized by the proletariat. All motor cars had been commandeered for the Bolshevik officials. Theatres were still open. While we were in Tashkent an Englishman passed through with a troupe of performing elephants! These he was taking to Kashgar over the none too easy Terek Dawan. Everywhere one saw Austrian prisoners of war. ·Many still in their uniforms with F.J.I. on their hats. In all cafes and restaurants an orchestra of Austrians played. The most fashionable restaurant was the Chashka Chai (Cup of Tea). We were very soon known to the band here and they used to break off their tune and play ‘Tipperary’ as we entered! Under the deep shade of the karagach (a kind of elm) or acacia we would eat ices and drink beer, or one of the substitutes for tea or coffee, to the pleasant sound of running water in the street gutters.