bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antigens and antibodies. Lectins
Authors: David Serge 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Readers with a background in biochemistry or medicine will immediately recognize that Sections 15.2 and 15.3 are not on the same level as other parts of this book. This brief section on immunochemistry is above all designed for readers who have followed traditional teaching in organic chemistry. At the moment many sugar chemists work in more or less close collaboration with immunologists. In this book, expressions such as antigen, antibody, monoclonal antibody, determinant, and epitope are found in different sections; and certain analytical methods of quantitative immunology have also been mentioned. Reading Sections 15.2 and 15.3 of this chapter should give the organic chemist a more concrete view of these ideas and experiments. Our goal is to render the dialogue between the immunologist and the organic chemist somewhat easier.
Direct Phasing in Crystallography
Authors: Giacovazzo Carmelo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Direct methods are, at present, applied to a large variety of cases: X-ray, neutron or electron data; single crystal and powder data; small molecules and macromolecules. While direct methods solved in practice the phase problem for small molecules, their application to macromolecules is recent and still undergoing strong development. The fundamentals of the methods are described: in particular it is shown how the methods can be optimized for powder, neutron or electron data, and how they can be integrated with isomorphous replacement, molecular replacement and anomalous dispersion techniques. Maximum Entropy methods are also described and discussed. Sets of test structures are used to verify, throughout the various chapters, the mathematical techniques there described and to provide practical examples of applications. This book will appeal to a wide variety of readers - offering both a comprehensive description of direct methods in crystallography and an invaluable reference tool. The first three chapters can be considered as an introduction to the field, with sufficient material to constitute a university course and for allowing the expert use of most direct methods programs. Subsequent chapters are aimed at graduate students and working crystallographers. Basic results are described and discussed in the main body of the text, while the appendices compliment these with in depth mathematical details. The quoted literature is extremely wide and the interested reader can find suggestions for future work and further reading throughout the book.
Finitely presented pro-p groups
Authors: Wilson John S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The notion of finite presentability is of interest for various classes of profinite groups, but it has received particular attention for the class of pro-p groups, where p is a fixed prime. The motivation comes from various sources: field theory, the theory of finite p-groups, and applications to infinite abstract groups. Examples of finitely presented pro-p groups include all pro-p groups of finite rank and all Poincare duality groups.
Boron reagents
Authors: Ishihara Kazuaki 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Arylboron reagents with electron-withdrawing aromatic groups and chiral boron reagents as Lewis acid catalysts are described in this chapter. The classical boron Lewis acids, BX3, RBX2 and R2BX (X = F, Cl, Br, OTf) have become popular tools in organic synthesis. In general, these are used stoichiometrically in organic transformations under anhydrous conditions, since the presence of even a small amount of water causes rapid decomposition or deactivation of the promoters. To obviate some of these inherent problems, we have demonstrated the potential of tris(pentafluorophenyl)boron (1), bis(pentafluorophenyl)borinic acid (2), bis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl) borinic acid (3), 3,4,5-trifluorophenylboronic acid (4), and 3,5-bis(trifluoro methyl)phenylboronic acid (5) as a new class of boron catalysts.
Magnesium(II) and other alkali and alkaline earth metals
Authors: Yanagisawa Akira 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Alkali and alkaline earth metal salts have mild Lewis acidities and have been utilized as a promoter or catalyst for organic reactions. Among the alkali metal salts, LiC1O4,1-3usually used as a concentrated solution in diethyl ether, is the most popular reagent to induce various transformations, including Diels-Alder reactions,4 5 1,3-sigmatropic rearrangements,6 Mukaiyama aldoladditions,7 8 and Michael additions.9 A catalytic amount of the lithium compound has also been found effective to promote these reactions.7 8.1° Additionally, LiBF4 and LiNTf2 have been used as lithium Lewis acid alternatives for Diels-Alder reactions.11.12 The alkaline earth metal salt MgBrz13 is commonly used as a Lewis acid capable of forming strong bidentate chelates with u-alkoxy carbonyl compounds.
Other transition metal reagents: chiral transition-metal Lewis acid catalysis for asymmetric organic synthesis
Authors: Nishiyama Hisao , Ama Yukihiro Motoy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Transition-metal Lewis acid catalysts can supply one or occasionally two vacant sites as Lewis acids for substrates possibly to meet the 18-electron rule for transition metals, and moreover they need not change their valency during the reactions. The unique vacant sites prepared by releasing one or two ligands from the characteristic configurations MLn (n = 4-6, M = metal, L = ligand) consists of different kinds of steric circumstances. Therefore, design of their ligands with consideration not only of stereochemistry but also of valency of metals has been a remarkably attractive subject to develop new Lewis acid catalysts especially for asymmetric synthesis.
Fluorinated Organozinc reagents
Authors: Davis Charles R , Burton Donald j. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fluorinated organometallic reagents provide a general method for the introduction of fluorine into organic molecules and the chemistry of fluorinated vinyl, alkynyl, benzyl, allyl, propargyl, and aryl organometallics1 as well as the chemistry of perfluoroalkyl and functionalized perfluoroalkyl organometallics2 has been recently reviewed. The synthetic utility of many of these organometallic reagents, particularly the fluorinated lithium and Grignard reagents, has been impeded by their limited thermal stability. In recent years, however, significant progress has been made in the preparation and application of diverse fluorinated organozinc reagents which exhibit superior thermal stability. This chapter focuses on the practical aspects of preparation, handling, and application of salient fluorinated vinyl, alkynyl, allyl, Reformatsky, and dialkoxyphosphinylzinc reagents which typify the expanding utility of fluorinated organozinc reagents in organic synthesis.
Coral Reefs: Growth and Development
Authors: Tomascik Tomas , Mah Anmarie Janice , Nontji Anugerah , Moosa Mohammad Kasim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The fundamental problem in supplying a terminology for reefs is that it is, in effect, a taxonomy of reef forms, but a taxonomy derived from imperfect and perhaps biased knowledge of the range and complexity of reef phenomena.—Stoddart 1978 Since the early works of Molengraaff (1927), three basic reef types have been usually discussed in the Indonesian scientific, management and government circles, namely: 1) fringing reefs, 2) barrier reefs; and 3) atolls. This geologically derived classification system, representing an evolutionary sequence of reef development, was first formalized by Darwin in 1842 (Darwin 1842) and has changed little in its general principles. The key feature of Darwin’s formalization of the classification
General principles: chain reactions based on stannane chemistry
Authors: Zard Samir Z 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chain reactions involving organotin hydrides are by far the most commonly employed in organic synthesis. A wide variety of carbon- and heteroatom-centred radicals can thus be generated and captured under conditions of sufficient mildness to be compatible with many of the highly complex intermediates encountered in modem synthesis. The propagation steps are generally fast enough that the steady-state concentration of the intermediate radicals remains automatically low, and unwanted radical-radical interactions are greatly diminished.
Protein-tyrosine phosphatases
Authors: Goldstein Barry J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first descriptions of PTPases in cell and tissue extracts provided evidence that they were distinct from other protein phosphatases because of their substrate specificity, neutral pH optimum, resistance to EDT A, and unique inhibition by low concentrations of zinc or vanadate [33]. Biochemical studies have since provided evidence that PTPases are found ubiquitously in cytosolic and particulate fractions of cells not only in mammals, but in diverse organisms including invertebrates and lower organisms such as yeast, viruses and bacteria.
Patterns and regulation of PTPase expression
Authors: Goldstein Barry J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While most of the cloned mammalian PTPases are expressed in a variety of tissues, there are many examples of a wide variation in the levels of relative expression, and a number of PTPases whose expression is limited to certain tissues (Table 5). For example, CD45 is expressed solely and SH-PTPl predominantly in haematopoietic cells, STEP and RPTP-σ (LAR-PTP2B) are expressed predominantly in brain, GLEPPl in kidney, and OST-PTP has a peculiar distribution restricted to bone and testis. The PTPases in brain typically have a characteristic neuroanatomic distribution identified by in situ hybridization with cRNA probes or by immunohistochemistry with specific antibodies. These patterns of expression have led to speculation about the roles of certain PTPases in neuronal migration and axonal elongation in the establishment of neural networks in the brain and spinal cord.
Numerical Analysis A Mathematical Introduction
Authors: Schatzman Michelle , Taylor John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Numerical analysis explains why numerical computations work, or fail. This book is divided into four parts. Part I starts with a guided tour of floating number systems and machine arithmetic. The exponential and the logarithm are constructed from scratch to present a new point of view on questions well-known to the reader, and the needed knowledge of linear algebra is summarized. Part II starts with polynomial approximation (polynomial interpolation, mean-square approximation, splines). It then deals with Fourier series, providing the trigonometric version of least square approximations, and one of the most important numerical algorithms, the fast Fourier transform. Any scientific computation program spends most of its time solving linear systems or approximating the solution of linear systems, even when trying to solve non-linear systems. Part III is therefore about numerical linear algebra, while Part IV treats a selection of non-linear or complex problems: resolution of linear equations and systems, ordinary differential equations, single step and multi-step schemes, and an introduction to partial differential equations. The book has been written having in mind the advanced undergraduate students in mathematics who are interested in the spice and spirit of numerical analysis. The book does not assume previous knowledge of numerical methods. It will also be useful to scientists and engineers wishing to learn what mathematics has to say about the reason why their numerical methods work - or fail.
Fourier’s world
Authors: Schatzman Michelle , Taylor John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the end of the eighteenth century and the beginning of the nineteenth century lived two important men in France. Although they were contemporaries and possessed the same surname, they were not related. One was Charles Fourier (1772-1837), philosopher and Utopian, the inspiration behind phalanstery and of a communism founded on free cooperation in a harmonious climate of human goodness.
Pythagoras’ world
Authors: Schatzman Michelle , Taylor John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we discuss good old right angles and all the numerical and mathematical marvels they give rise to, as much for the solution of systems of equations as for the various interesting qualitative properties of Hermitian matrices. The reader will, perhaps, have noticed that this subject has already been touched upon in Section 3.1, Lemma 3.1.9, and in Section 10.1 in the study of the Rayleigh quotient.
Projective Geometries over Finite Fields
Authors: Hirschfeld J W P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is an account of the combinatorics of projective spaces over a finite field, with special emphasis on one and two dimensions. With its successor volumes, Finite projective spaces over three dimensions (1985), which is devoted to three dimensions, and General Galois geometries (1991), on a general dimension, it provides a comprehensive treatise of this area of mathematics. The area is interesting in itself, but is important for its applications to coding theory and statistics, and its use of group theory, algebraic geometry, and number theory. This edition is a complete reworking of the first edition. The chapters bear almost the same titles as the first edition, but every chapter has been changed. The most significant changes are to Chapters 2, 10, 12, 13, which respectively describe generalities, the geometry of arcs in ovals, the geometry of arcs of higher degree, and blocking sets. The book is divided into three parts. The first part comprises two chapters, the first of which is a survey of finite fields; the second outlines the fundamental properties of projective spaces and their automorphisms, as well as properties of algebraic varieties and curves, in particular, that are used in the rest of the book and the accompanying two volumes. Parts II and III are entirely self-contained; all proofs of results are given. The second part comprises Chapters 3 to 5. They cover, in an arbitrary dimension, the properties of subspaces such as their number and characterization, of partitions into both subspaces and subgeometries, and of quadrics and Hermitian varieties, as well as polarities. Part III is a detailed account of the line and the plane. In the plane, fundamental properties are first revisited without much resort to the generalities of Parts I and II. Then, the structure of arcs and their relation to curves is described; this includes arcs both of degree two and higher degrees. There are further chapters on blocking sets and on small planes, which means of orders up to thirteen. A comprehensive bibliography of more than 3000 items is provided. At the end of each chapter is a section, Notes and References, which attributes proofs, includes further comments, and lists every relevant reference from the bibliography.
Cubic curves
Authors: Hirschfeld J W P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although a superficial examination indicates that characteristic two is a special case, the results do not bear this out; however, slightly different methods are required to obtain the results. Apart from the value of q modulo 3, the value modulo 4 turns out to be relevant. In fact, the value of q modulo 12 provides the separation of prime powers needed; this is given in Table 11.1.
Background
Authors: Hurley Stephen , Leese Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The field of research that is known by the generic term frequency assignment or channel assignment can be considered to have started in the 1960s. The basic requirement, because of spectrum scarcity, is the need for efficient reuse of the spectrum available for any given radio service. The basic prohibiting factor in radio spectrum reuse is interference, caused by the environment or by other radio transmissions. Interference can be reduced by deploying efficient radio subsystems (improvements in hardware) and by making use of better channel assignment techniques.
Optical communications
Authors: Solymar Laszlo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Signalling with the aid of torches was, no doubt, a kind of optical communications and, of course, observing the positions of beams and shutters by telescopes may also be considered as belonging to the field of optics. A more modern way of using light for communications was invented by Alexander Graham Bell as an extension of his work on the telephone. He invented a device which worked on the principle that the human voice could modulate the intensity of light. The modulated light then propagated through air to reach the line-of-sight receiver, where the varying light intensity gave rise to a varying current, which in turn could be converted back to sound. The device was called a ‘photophone.’ It worked well in good weather. Contemporary comments were not all admiring.
Deregulation and privatization
Authors: Solymar Laszlo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The end of the war saw AT&T stronger than ever. They had the local monopoly, the long distance monopoly and the manufacturing monopoly. Almost all the equipment used by the AT&T network was manufactured by Western Electric, their own company. The Justice Department of the US thought that was too much of a good thing and filed a suit in 1949 seeking to divest Western Electric from AT&T. The case dragged on until 1956 when an out-of-court settlement known as the Final Judgment was reached. AT&T was allowed to retain their manufacturing arm in return for a few minor concessions, namely that (i) Bell companies would license their patents under reasonable and non-discriminating terms to all applicants1 and (ii) they would not engage in any unregulated business. This meant that anything related to telecommunications was all right but anything outside, e.g. computers, was forbidden.
Analysis of Composed Fin Arrays
Authors: Braunshtein O , Kalman H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A general method of analysis is presented for heat transfer through a heat sink composed of rectangular fins attached to each other in orthogonal fashion. By treating each fin in the array as a single fin and considering its place in the array through the boundary conditions, the analysis of the problem is reduced to solving a system of linear algebraic equations. An analysis of fin performance and optimum dimensions is presented and, for design purposes, the results are presented graphically and in simple correlations.
Solution of Two-Phase Stefan Problems by the Heat Balance Integral Method
Authors: Caldwell J , Chiu C K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Change of phase occurs naturally in many physical and industrial processes. In past work Caldwell and Chiu [1, 2] have used a simple fronttracking method, namely, the heat balance integral method (HBIM), based on the work of Goodman [3] and Bell [4, 5] to solve one-dimensional solidification problems. This paper extends the method to two-phase Stefan problem in cylindrical and spherical geometries. Such problems arise when the effect of sub-cooling is taken into account. Numerical results are obtained for the two-phase spherical problem for a range of Stefan number, sub-cooling parameters and ratio of conductivities. Variation of parameters will have some effect on the solidification process and these effects are also studied.
Interaction of Insoluble Spherical Particles with a Solidifying Interface in the Presence of Morphological Instabilities
Authors: Hadji L , Davis A M J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Solid inclusions are mixed with the melt during the solidification processing of particle reinforced metal matrix composites. The influence of these inclusions on the stability of the planar solid-liquid interface during the unidirectional solidification of binary systems is examined. A new expression for the distribution coefficient, which accounts for the presence of particles, is derived.
Experimental Heat Transfer Intensification in Two-Dimensional Flow under Bulk Forces
Authors: Kolesnikov Yu.B , Andreev O V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A class of hydrodynamic and heat problems exists in which two-dimensional flow is driven by a bulk force. In this context, a homogeneous magnetic field transverse to an electrically conducting flow confined by boundaries perpendicular to the field is an effective tool for the transformation of the flow to a two-dimensional (2D) state in the plane perpendicular to the field. Scaling of the conducting flow under the homogeneous magnetic field and the eventual development of instability are considered. As an example of the transverse field influence on a flow, a rotating flow confined between two stationary concentric cylinders with insulated end walls exposed to an axial homogeneous magnetic field is studied experimentally. The rotation of the conducting fluid is excited by a driving electromagnetic bulk force arising from the interaction of the magnetic field and electric current (applied from outside) flowing radially through the fluid between the cylinders.
The Case of Bounded Vorticity
Authors: Chemin Jean-Yves , Gallagher Isabelle , Iftimie Dragos 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim of this section is to prove an existence and uniqueness theorem when the initial vector field has its curl bounded and compactly supported. In this case, in contrast with the previous chapter, we will use the concept of energy. Indeed, the space where we must include the initial data is, according to Lemma 1.3.1, a space of the type Em (see Definition 1.3.3). Let us now state the theorem.
Vortex Sheets
Authors: Chemin Jean-Yves , Gallagher Isabelle , Iftimie Dragos 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The vortex sheets problem consists in finding a solution to the incompressible Euler system (E) in dimension 2, when the vorticity is initially the measure of length of a compact curve of class C. This problem is similar to the vorticity patch problem with one extra notch of singularity. It seems out of reach to prove the analogue of the result on the vorticity patches, even if it is true. Indeed this would imply that the vorticity at time t is the measure of length of a smooth compact curve. The path we are going to take is the following. First, we are going to find a large and stable class of initial data containing the divergence-free vector fields with a vorticity that is the measure of length of a smooth compact curve. Then we will regularize the initial data taken in that class. Theorem 4.2.4 gives the existence of global solutions associated with the regularized initial data. Finally, the a priori energy estimates will enable us to take the limit and thus to construct a solution. The result of this approach is the following theorem.
The Wave Front and the Product
Authors: Chemin Jean-Yves , Gallagher Isabelle , Iftimie Dragos 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The concept of the wave front of a distribution is fundamental in the study of the regularity properties of the solutions of partial differential equations, linear or not. Here is what it is all about. Let u be a distribution on an open subset Ω of ℝd and let x0 be a point in Ω. We consider an infinitely differentiable function f, vanishing outside a small neighbourhood of xo embedded in Ω, and such that f(x0) ≠ 0. It is well known that the Fourier transform of fu, denoted is an infinitely differentiable function and its absolute value is bounded by a polynomial. It is also well known that the smoothness of fu, that is to say the local smoothness of u, is linked to decreasing properties of the function.
Collagen VIII
Authors: Ricard-Blum Sylvie , Dublet * Bernard , der Rest Michel van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Collagen VIII was initially isolated from the culture medium of endothelial cells and designated as Endothelial Cell collagen (EC collagen, [92, 912]), before being referred to as collagen VIII [94, see 19, 43 for reviews]. It is a major component of Descemet’s membrane, the basement membrane separating corneal endothelial cells from corneal stroma [1083].