bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phase I study of eniluracil and oral 5‐fluorouracil in combination with docetaxel in the treatment of patients with metastatic breast carcinoma
Authors: Rivera Edgardo , Valero Vicente , Cristofanilli Massimo , Frye Debra K. , Booser Daniel J. , Rosales Marguerite M. , Hortobagyi Gabriel N. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractPURPOSEThe authors conducted a single‐institution Phase I clinical trial to determine the maximum tolerated doses and to define the toxic effects of oral eniluracil and oral 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU) combined with docetaxel in patients with metastatic breast carcinoma.PATIENTS AND METHODS.Patients with metastatic breast carcinoma were eligible if they had disease progression after anthracycline‐based therapy and had never been exposed to taxanes. The starting doses of oral eniluracil and oral 5‐FU were 11.5 mg/m2 and 1.15 mg/m2, respectively, twice daily on Days 1–14. Docetaxel was given intravenously at a starting dose of 50 mg/m2 on Day 1 only. The dose of docetaxel was escalated among cohorts until a maximum tolerated dose was reached. Courses were repeated every 21 days.RESULTSThe authors treated 19 patients with Stage IV breast carcinoma, of whom 5 had received prior chemotherapy for their metastatic disease. Fifty‐three percent had a performance status of 1, and 53% had bone or soft tissue involvement as the dominant site of disease. All patients had received prior therapy with doxorubicin. The dose‐limiting toxicity was neutropenic fever. No episodes of sepsis were observed. Significant antitumor activity was observed with a total of two complete and nine partial responses. The recommended doses for Phase II studies are 72 mg/m2 docetaxel on Day 1 and 10.0/1.0 mg/m2 oral eniluracil/5‐FU twice daily for a total of 14 days, with courses being repeated every 21 days.CONCLUSIONSThe combination of oral eniluracil/5‐FU and intravenous docetaxel is a safe and well tolerated regimen. Significant antitumor activity is associated with this combination. Cancer 2002;94:2321–6. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10488
CD56+ TdT+ blastic natural killer cell tumor of the skin
Authors: Khoury Joseph D. , Medeiros L. Jeffrey , Manning John T. , Sulak Laura E. , Bueso‐Ramos Carlos , Jones Dan 
Published: October 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDAn unusual cutaneous tumor that has blastic morphology and coexpresses CD56 and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) has been recently recognized and termed blastic natural killer cell lymphoma.METHODSThe authors identified seven cases of such CD56+TdT+ blastic tumors presenting in skin at their institution. The authors correlated clinical course with histomorphology and immunophenotype.RESULTSAll 7 patients (6 men, 1 woman, 52‐85 years) presented with rapidly growing, frequently multiple cutaneous nodules. All patients had low level bone marrow involvement at diagnosis and frequently had lymph node involvement. Tumor cells were of intermediate size with irregular nuclear contours, fine chromatin, and indistinct small nucleoli. The expression of TdT varied between 5% and over 90% of the neoplastic cell population. Tumor cells were negative for surface CD3, CD5, and CD20 in all cases, but some patients showed expression of CD2 (three out of five), cytoplasmic CD3 (two out of seven), CD4 (six out of seven), and CD16 (three out of seven). Molecular studies showed absence of T‐cell receptor gene rearrangements in all cases. All seven patients had rapid progression of disease, and six patients have died of their disease or complications. Three patients developed progressively increasing numbers of bone marrow blasts that had a myeloid immunophenotype and were negative for TdT and CD56. Two patients met criteria for acute myeloid leukemia at 11 and 22 months after presentation, respectively.CONCLUSIONSCD56+ TdT+ blastic tumor presenting in skin is a systemic malignancy likely of primitive/undifferentiated hematopoietic origin. Patients might subsequently develop tumors of myeloid or myelomonocytic phenotype, indistinguishable from acute myelogenous leukemia. Cancer 2002;94:2401–8. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10489
Two schedules of second‐line irinotecan for metastatic colon carcinoma
Authors: Earle Craig C. , Kwok Ambrose , Gazelle G. Scott , Fuchs Charles S. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDIn a recently reported, randomized trial, it was found that a regimen of irinotecan once every 3 weeks for patients with advanced colorectal carcinoma was associated with a lower incidence of severe diarrhea compared with weekly treatment, and both regimens had similar efficacy.METHODSResource utilization was captured prospectively for all 291 patients who were included in the trial. Utilities were estimated by transformation of the global quality‐of‐life (QOL) item on the Eastern Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer QLQ‐C30 instrument.RESULTSPatients in the every‐3‐week arm incurred an average incremental cost of $1362, because they received higher average weekly doses and because the every‐3‐week regimen resulted in less toxicity, allowing delivery of 97% of the planned doses compared with delivery of only 75% of the planned doses in the weekly arm. This lower toxicity also resulted in offsetting savings from decreased hospitalization and less requirement for supportive medications. Non‐chemotherapy‐related treatment administration costs also were lower, because the every‐3‐week regimen could be delivered with half the number of infusions. Utility declined less in the every‐3‐week arm, resulting in a saving of 6.3 quality‐adjusted days. The base‐case cost:utility ratio was $78,627 per quality‐adjusted life year for patients on the every‐3‐week schedule. However, that ratio was very sensitive to the cost of irinotecan.CONCLUSIONSThe schedule of irinotecan once every 3 weeks schedule was more costly but achieved lower toxicity, resulting in modestly improved utility. The cost‐per‐utility ratio was comparable to other commonly accepted contemporary treatments. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Morphology of horizontal cells in the retina of the capuchin monkey, Cebus apella: How many horizontal cell classes are found in dichromatic primates?
Authors: dos Reis José Wesley L. , de Carvalho Walther Augusto , Saito Cézar A. , Silveira Luiz Carlos L. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe morphology of horizontal cells was studied in the retina of dichromatic capuchin monkeys, Cebus apella. The cells were labeled with the carbocyanine dye, 1,1′,dioctadecyl‐3,3,3′,3′‐tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI), and the labeling was then photoconverted to a stable product by using a diaminobenzidine reaction. The sizes of cell body, dendritic field, and axon terminal, as well as the number of dendritic clusters and cone convergence, were measured at increasing distance from the fovea. Three distinct morphological classes of horizontal cells were identified. Their dendritic and axonal morphology resembles those of H1, H2, and H3 cells described in trichromatic primates. The size of the cell bodies, dendritic fields, and axon terminals of all cell classes increases towards retinal periphery. H3 cells have larger dendritic fields and more dendritic clusters than H1 cells. All labeled horizontal cells located in selected patches of retina were further analyzed to quantify the differences between H1 and H3 cells. H1 cells have smaller dendritic field area, smaller total length of primary dendrites, more dendritic branching points, and larger fractal dimension than H3 cells. We have distinguished H1 and H3 cells based solely in morphological criteria. Their physiology should be further analyzed with detail, but their presence in both dichromatic and trichromatic primates suggests that neither of them have a specialized role in the red‐green color opponent channel of color vision. J. Comp. Neurol. 443:105–123, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Androgenic regulation of expression of androgen receptor protein in the perineal motoneurons of aged male rats
Authors: Matsumoto Akira , Prins Gail S. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractAndrogen might regulate expression of androgen receptors (AR) in AR‐containing motoneurons in young animals. In the present study, it was examined whether expression of AR was also regulated by androgen in aged animals. Twelve male rats were castrated at 26 months of age. Five days following castration, the animals were treated with testosterone propionate (TP; six males) or vehicle (six males) and killed 2 hours later. Six sham‐castrated rats served as controls. AR immunoreactivity was examined in motoneurons of the spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus (SNB) in these animals by immunohistochemistry using the polyclonal antibody PG21. In control animals, slightly intense AR immunoreactivity was confined to the nuclei of the motoneurons. AR immunoreactivity was completely eliminated in the motoneurons of castrated rats. In castrated, aged animals treated with TP, the intensity of AR immunoreactivity in the nuclei of SNB motoneurons was increased. Plasma levels of testosterone in castrated, aged animals 2 hours following treatment with TP were significantly greater than those in controls. These results suggest that expression of AR in motoneurons of the SNB in aged male rats is up‐regulated in response to androgen and that androgen may be, at least in part, involved in the process of aging of the SNB in male rats. J. Comp. Neurol. 443:383–387, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Several subpopulations of neuropeptide Y– containing neurons exist in the infundibular nucleus of sheep: An immunohistochemical study of animals on different diets
Authors: Chaillou Elodie , Baumont René , Chilliard Yves , Tillet Yves 
Published: October 2004

AbstractConversely to rodents, the involvement of hypothalamic neuropeptide Y (NPY) neurons in the control of nutrition is poorly understood in ruminants such as sheep. Therefore, the aim of this work was to describe the NPY neurons of the diencephalon in ewes submitted to different diets. In colchicine‐treated animals, large populations of NPY‐immunoreactive (‐ir) neurons were observed in a ventral and a lateral subpopulation of the infundibular nucleus (IN), in the median eminence, the pituitary stalk, and the dorsomedian and dorsocaudal nuclei. No labeled perikaryon was observed in the magnocellular neurons of the hypothalamus, although numerous labeled fibers were noted in the neural part of the pituitary. The pattern of distribution of NPY‐ir neurons in the sheep hypothalamus is similar in many ways to those of rodents, but it presents also many specific characteristics that have not been previously described. In ewes that were fasted for 24 hours, or fed ad libitum, the number of NPY‐ir neurons was the same whatever the hypothalamic structures. In underfed ewes (40% of maintenance for 24 weeks), the lateral subpopulation of the IN presented a higher number of NPY‐ir neurons than observed in the 100% fed ewes. Conversely, in the ventral subpopulation, the animals refed ad libitum (at least 150% of maintenance for 4 days) presented a lower number of NPY‐ir neurons than the other groups. The other NPY neuronal populations of the hypothalamus were not significantly modified by the dietary treatments. For the first time, we demonstrated the presence of two functionally distinct subpopulations of NPY neurons in the sheep IN. The variations of labeled neurons were correlated with plasma nonesterified fatty acid levels but not with leptinemia. J. Comp. Neurol. 444:129–143, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression patterns of Notch1, Notch2, and Notch3 suggest multiple functional roles for the Notch‐DSL signaling system during brain development
Authors: Irvin Dwain K. , Zurcher Shelley D. , Nguyen Theanh , Weinmaster Gerry , Kornblum Harley I. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe Notch‐DSL signaling system consists of multiple receptors and ligands, and plays many roles in development. The function of Notch receptors and ligands in mammalian brain, however, is poorly understood. In the current study, we examined the expression patterns for three receptors of this system, Notch1, 2, and 3, in late embryonic and postnatal rat brain by in situ hybridization. The three receptors have overlapping but different patterns of expression. Messenger RNA for all three proteins is found in postnatal central nervous system (CNS) germinal zones and, in early postnatal life, within numerous cells throughout the CNS. Within zones of cellular proliferation of the postnatal brain, Notch1 mRNA is found in both the subventricular and the ventricular germinal zones, whereas Notch2 and Notch3 mRNAs are more highly localized to the ventricular zones. Both Notch1 and Notch3 mRNAs are expressed along the inner aspect of the dentate gyrus, a site of adult neurogenesis. Notch2 mRNA is expressed in the external granule cell layer of the developing cerebellum. In several brain areas, Notch1 and Notch2 mRNAs are relatively concentrated in white matter, whereas Notch3 mRNA is not. Neurosphere cultures (which contain CNS stem cells), purified astrocyte cultures, and striatal neuron‐enriched cultures express Notch1 mRNA. However, in these latter cultures, Notch1 mRNA is produced by nestin‐containing cells, rather than by postmitotic neurons. Taken together, these results support multiple roles for Notch1, 2, and 3 receptor activation during CNS development, particularly during gliogenesis. J. Comp. Neurol. 436:167–181, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Vanilloid receptor VR1 is both presynaptic and postsynaptic in the superficial laminae of the rat dorsal horn
Authors: Valtschanoff Juli G. , Rustioni Aldo , Guo Athena , Hwang Se Jin 
Published: October 2004

AbstractTerminals in the rat spinal cord that express the vanilloid receptor VR1 are from small and medium dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons and appear prominent in lamina I and inner lamina II. Because primary afferents from these neurons can be myelinated or unmyelinated and their terminals in these laminae can be of various morphological and functional types, we undertook this study to identify the type(s) of VR1‐positive afferent fibers and terminals. In the DRG, many small and medium‐sized neurons are immunopositive. Under electron microscopy, dorsal root afferents that are immunopositive for VR1 are predominantly unmyelinated. Large numbers of VR1‐positive terminals in lamina I are of the nonglomerular type and may contain dense core vesicles. VR1 immunoreactivity in terminals in lamina I is in good agreement with data on noxious, heat‐sensitive neurons in the dorsal horn. Two types of glomerular afferent terminals in lamina II also are immunopositive for VR1. In both laminae, most VR1‐positive terminals are distinct from substance P‐positive terminals. However, the immunoreactivity in lamina II also is prominent in dendrites that are contacted by primary afferent endings. Because we also observed patchy immunostaining in cell bodies in lamina II, this unexpected result may reflect synthesis of VR1 by neurons in this lamina. However, because dorsal rhizotomy abolishes VR1 staining in both laminae I and II, it is suggested that the expression and intracellular dynamics of VR1 in lamina II neurons are controlled by presynaptic input. J. Comp. Neurol. 436:225–235, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chemical coding and electrophysiology of enteric neurons expressing neurofilament 145 in guinea pig gastrointestinal tract
Authors: Hu Hong‐Zhen , Gao Na , Lin Zhong , Gao Chuanyun , Liu Sumei , Ren Jun , Xia Yun , Wood Jackie D. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractElectrophysiologic recording and indirect immunofluorescence were combined to study localization of the medium‐sized neurofilament 145 (NF145) component of the cytoskeleton in morphologically identified neurons in the myenteric and submucosal plexuses of the guinea pig enteric nervous system. Neuronal localization of chemical markers, including calbindin DK28, calretinin, nitric oxide synthase, choline‐acetyltransferase, neuropeptide Y, serotonin, neurokinin 1 receptor protein, and somatostatin, was integrated with electrophysiologic and morphologic results for a more complete assessment. NF145 immunoreactivity (‐IR) was present in ganglion cells with Dogiel type I morphology in the myenteric plexus of the stomach and small and large intestine. NF145‐IR was not found in myenteric ganglion cells with Dogiel type II morphology. NF145‐IR was not present in any of the ganglion cells in the submucosal plexus. NF145 was expressed in nerve fibers in both myenteric and submucosal plexuses. The majority of these fibers were identified as sympathetic postganglionic axons based on their disappearance in organotypic culture and on their expression of tyrosine hydroxylase. The myenteric ganglion cells with NF145‐IR had electrophysiologic properties of S‐type enteric neurons. NF145‐IR was found in neurons with vasoactive intestinal peptide, serotonin, nitric oxide synthase, somatostatin, and neurokinin 1 receptor but not with neuropeptide Y or calbindin. The results in general suggest that NF145 is localized to distinct subsets of myenteric motor neurons and interneurons. Absence of NF145 from ganglion cells in the submucosal plexus is an example of differences between myenteric and submucosal components of the enteric nervous system. J. Comp. Neurol. 442:189–203, 2002. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dysembrioplastic neuroepithelial tumor: Cytological diagnosis by intraoperative smear preparation
Authors: Bleggi‐Torres Luiz F. , Netto Mário Rodrigues Montemór , Gasparetto Emerson Leandro , Gonçalves e Silva Adriano , Moro Marlus 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe dysembrioplastic neuroepithelial tumor (DNT) is a benign and slow‐growing temporal lobe cortical lesion that presents with clinically unresponsive partial and complex seizures, with onset before age 20 yr. DNT shows a multinodular architecture and the presence of mixed glioneural elements. The authors report on a case of DNT diagnosed by the intraoperative smear cytological technique. We describe the cytological characteristics of smear preparations of DNT, with emphasis on the differential diagnosis. The authors present a 5‐yr‐old male with partial seizures for the preceding 3 yr. The patient showed no other neurological deficits. Magnetic resonance identified a lesion in the cortical area of the right temporal lobe. The smear cytology showed small, round, oligodendroglial‐like cells arranged in lobules, with microcystic spaces containing ganglion cells floating in a fine fibrillary background. Histology confirmed the diagnosis of DNT. This report shows that the smear preparation can be trustworthy for the intraoperative diagnosis of DNTs, helping to determine the appropriate neurosurgical procedure and thus avoiding extensive and unnecessary resections. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;26:92–94; DOI 10.1002/dc.10042 © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A design theory of ferroelectric liquid crystal polarization control device for tilted incident light angle
Authors: Ogawa Noriyuki , Machida Kosuke , Nakagami Takakiyo 
Published: October 2004

AbstractAs a form of free‐space‐type optical switch, the authors have proposed a planar polarization control‐type optical switch. The present paper reports the design theory for a liquid crystal polarization control device with a tilted incidence angle as a key device for this switch. Since the switching of the optical paths by the polarization control of a liquid crystal is used as the operating principle, it is necessary to develop a device that can accurately change the direction of polarization of the beam incidence tilted from the crystal plane by 90° by an applied voltage. It has been known experimentally that a device with a characteristic close to this requirement can exist. A general design method has not been reported. In this paper, for the device made of ferroelectric liquid crystal, the polarization control characteristic is theoretically analyzed by the Jones matrix so that the condition for changing the polarization direction of the output light exactly by 90° is derived. Based on this finding, the optimum design values of the layer thickness and optical axis of the liquid crystal are numerically obtained. The polarization control characteristics of the fabricated device for a wavelength of 0.85 µm are measured and the validity of the present design method is demonstrated. © 2002 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 85(3): 30–39, 2002
Transient power characteristics of balanced three‐phase variable inductance
Authors: Funato Hirohito , Kamiyama Kenzo , Kawamura Atsuo 
Published: October 2004

AbstractInductance has a particularly important role in power circuits. The authors have proposed the Variable Active–Passive Reactance (VAPAR), which can produce a virtual variable inductance. In this paper, the transient power characteristics of a balanced three‐phase variable inductance are analyzed using the instantaneous active and reactive power theorem. With an ideal voltage source or an ideal current source connected to a balanced three‐phase variable inductance, the transient power characteristics are analyzed theoretically, and then the results are verified through simulations. In the other cases, it is difficult to solve for the transient power, but it is shown that the transient power characteristics can easily be estimated from the results of simulations in which an ideal voltage source or an ideal current source is connected to a balanced three‐phase variable inductance. Experiments are also carried out to verify the theoretical analysis and simulations. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 136(2): 49–57, 2001
Compensation of stator iron loss of vector‐controlled induction motor using robust flux observer
Authors: Hasegawa Masaru , Yamasaki Hisanori , Doki Shinji , Okuma Shigeru 
Published: October 2004

AbstractA new vector control system of an induction motor is proposed in this paper to reduce the influence of iron loss, which has been difficult to deal with. Recently, many methods have been proposed to improve the accuracy of torque control, concentrating on the identification of parameters and the adjustment of the controllers. But, it is necessary for experts to tune parameters initially in those methods. The new method can reduce the influence of iron loss by using a robust flux observer. By adding current decoupling control for compensation of the iron loss, a vector control system with high torque linearity can be constructed. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 137(3): 59–66, 2001
Transition Metal Chemistry of Low Valent Group 13 Organyls
Authors: Gemel Christian , Steinke Tobias , Cokoja Mirza , Kempter Andreas , Fischer Roland A. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe coordination of low‐valent group 13 organyls EIR [E = Al, Ga, In; R = Cp*, C(SiMe3)3] to transition metals has attracted increasing interest over the past decade. Complexes and cluster compounds of these new ligands with a number of transition metals have been isolated and characterised. The EIR moiety is formally isolobal with CO and PR3 (R = alkyl, Cp*) or carbenes (R = chelating group) with varying σ‐donor and π‐acceptor properties depending on the organic group R as well as the group 13 metal E. In this review, different ways of forming M−E bonds such as substitution reactions of labile ligands or insertion of EIR into transition metal halide bonds are described. Furthermore, the reactivity of homoleptic complexes Ma(EIR)b is discussed, outlining the use of these new complex types in bond activation reactions. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)