bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High‐risk management guidelines for elderly suicidal patients in primary care settings
Authors: Brown Gregory K. , Bruce Martha L. , Pearson Jane L. ,   the PROSPECT Study Group
Published: August 2002

AbstractOlder adults, especially older white men, are more likely to commit suicide than other age‐groups. The assessment and management of suicide ideation and behavior for the elderly is especially relevant for primary care physicians because many patients visit their physician shortly before committing suicide. In 1993, the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research (AHCPR) released clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of depression in primary care settings. The AHCPR guidelines offered some assistance with respect to detecting and treating patients who are suicidal. However, these guidelines lacked detailed and specific instructions for managing high‐risk patients within the context of intervention research. The current set of guidelines builds upon this previous work by describing (1) a general approach for interacting with suicidal patients; (2) structured assessments for determining the degree of risk for suicide; (3) crisis intervention strategies; and (4) ongoing management procedures for working with suicidal patients in primary care settings. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prefrontal cortex involvement in processing incorrect arithmetic equations: Evidence from event‐related fMRI
Authors: Menon Vinod , Mackenzie Katherine , Rivera Susan Michelle , Reiss Allan Leonard 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe main aim of this study was to investigate the differential processing of correct and incorrect equations to gain further insight into the neural processes involved in arithmetic reasoning. Electrophysiological studies in humans have demonstrated that processing incorrect arithmetic equations (e.g., 2 + 2 = 5) elicits a prominent event‐related potential (ERP) compared to processing correct equations (e.g., 2 + 2 = 4). In the present study, we investigated the neural substrates of this process using event‐related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Subjects were presented with arithmetic equations and asked to indicate whether the solution displayed was correct or incorrect. We found greater activation to incorrect, compared to correct equations, in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC, BA 46) and the left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC, BA 47). Our results provide the first brain imaging evidence for differential processing of incorrect vs. correct equations. The prefrontal cortex activation observed in processing incorrect equations overlaps with brain areas known to be involved in working memory and interference processing. The DLPFC region differentially activated by incorrect equations was also involved in overall arithmetic processing, whereas the VLPFC was activated only during the differential processing of incorrect equations. Differential response to correct and incorrect arithmetic equations was not observed in parietal cortex regions such as the angular gyrus and intra‐parietal sulcus, which are known to play a specific role in performing arithmetic computations. The pattern of brain response observed is consistent with the hypothesis that processing incorrect equations involves detection of an incorrect answer and resolution of the interference between the internally computed and externally presented incorrect answer. More specifically, greater activation during processing of incorrect equations appears to reflect additional operations involved in maintaining the results in working memory, while subjects attempt to resolve the conflict and select a response. These findings allow us to further delineate and dissociate the contributions of prefrontal and parietal cortices to arithmetic reasoning. Hum. Brain Mapping 16:119–130, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The semantic interference effect in the picture‐word paradigm: An event‐related fMRI study employing overt responses
Authors: de Zubicaray Greig I. , Wilson Stephen J. , McMahon Katie L. , Muthiah Santhi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe used event‐related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate neural responses associated with the semantic interference (SI) effect in the picture‐word task. Independent stage models of word production assume that the locus of the SI effect is at the conceptual processing level (Levelt et al. [1999]: Behav Brain Sci 22:1–75), whereas interactive models postulate that it occurs at phonological retrieval (Starreveld and La Heij [1996]: J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn 22:896–918). In both types of model resolution of the SI effect occurs as a result of competitive, spreading activation without the involvement of inhibitory links. These assumptions were tested by randomly presenting participants with trials from semantically‐related and lexical control distractor conditions and acquiring image volumes coincident with the estimated peak hemodynamic response for each trial. Overt vocalization of picture names occurred in the absence of scanner noise, allowing reaction time (RT) data to be collected. Analysis of the RT data confirmed the SI effect. Regions showing differential hemodynamic responses during the SI effect included the left mid section of the middle temporal gyrus, left posterior superior temporal gyrus, left anterior cingulate cortex, and bilateral orbitomedial prefrontal cortex. Additional responses were observed in the frontal eye fields, left inferior parietal lobule, and right anterior temporal and occipital cortex. The results are interpreted as indirectly supporting interactive models that allow spreading activation between both conceptual processing and phonological retrieval levels of word production. In addition, the data confirm that selective attention/response suppression has a role in resolving the SI effect similar to the way in which Stroop interference is resolved. We conclude that neuroimaging studies can provide information about the neuroanatomical organization of the lexical system that may prove useful for constraining theoretical models of word production. Hum. Brain Mapping 14:218–227, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The role of permanent income and family structure in the determination of child health in Canada
Authors: Curtis Lori J. , Dooley Martin D. , Lipman Ellen L. , Feeny David H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe use data from the Ontario Child Health Study (OCHS) to provide the first Canadian estimates of how the empirical association between child health and both low‐income and family status (lone‐mother versus two‐parent) changes when we re‐estimate the model with pooled data. Two waves of data provide a better indication of the family's long‐run level of economic resources than does one wave. Our measures of health status include categorical indicators and the health utility score derived from the Health Utilities Index Mark 2 (HUI2) system. Consistent with findings from other countries, we find that most outcomes are more strongly related to low‐average income (in 1982 and 1986) than to low‐current income in either year. Unlike some previous research, we find the quantitative impact of low‐income on child health to be modest to large. Lone‐mother status is negatively associated with most outcomes, but the lone‐mother coefficients did not change significantly when we switched from low‐current income to low‐average income. This implies that the lone‐mother coefficient in single cross‐sections is not just a proxy for low‐permanent income. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The physician–patient relationship as a game of strategic information transmission
Authors: De Jaegher Kris , Jegers Marc 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe show that the intuition underlying the supplier‐induced demand (SID) hypothesis is reflected in the cheap‐talk literature from game theory, and in the credence‐good literature from the economics of information. Applying these theories, we conclude that a neoclassical version of the SID hypothesis is only relevant for treatment decisions involving an expensive treatment that is equally effective in curing several states, but efficient in curing only some of these states (in that a cheaper treatment is efficient otherwise). For a simple game involving such a treatment decision, we show that a Nash equilibrium exists where the patient is able to constrain the physician in inducing demand, without the market for the potentially induced treatment failing. This equilibrium allows us to derive comparative statistics and welfare results. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Atypical fibroxanthoma of the scalp
Authors: Anderson Peter J. , McPhaden Allan R. , Ratcliffe Robert J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackgroundAtypical fibroxanthoma occurs most frequently in the head and neck region of the elderly. Previous reports have identified that the condition usually arises at the following sites: the nose, cheeks, forehead, and the ears; its development at other sites is unusual.MethodWe report a series of 10 cases with lesions all occurring at an apparently unusual site, the scalp, over a 10‐year period. We compared the clinical and histologic appearances and behavior of this series with the existing reports of these lesions elsewhere in the head and neck region to investigate whether there were differences with those occurring at a conventional site.ResultsDespite the identification of a range of clinical and histologic findings in our cases, we were unable to find any significant differences with those arising at a conventional site.ConclusionThis clustering of cases at an apparently unusual site leads us to propose that this condition occurs more commonly on the scalp than current literature suggests. The possibility of its development at this site should be remembered by head and neck surgeons in their differential diagnosis of exophytic lesions of the scalp. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck 23: 399–403, 2001.
Further experience with botox injection for tracheoesophageal speech failure
Authors: Lewin Jan S. , Bishop‐Leone Julie K. , Forman Arthur D. , Diaz Eduardo M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackgroundSome patients fail to acquire tracheoesophageal (TE) speech after laryngectomy because of pharyngeal constrictor hypertonicity. Botox injection relieves hypertonicity, but there are little objective data regarding outcomes, duration of effect, and reinjection rates.MethodsHypertonicity was identified by means of insufflation testing and confirmed videofluoroscopically in 23 unsuccessful TE speakers. Each patient received an EMG‐guided Botox injection. Additional injections were offered if the first injection failed to produce fluent speech.ResultsOverall, 20 of 23 patients (87%) achieved fluent TE speech production after Botox injections; 5 after additional injections. Two patients declined further intervention, and 1 failed to achieve fluent TE speech production even after 3 Botox injections. The longest sustained effect was 37 months, the shortest was 5 months for 1 patient who required reinjection of Botox to maintain her TE speech production.ConclusionsBotox injection relieves constrictor hypertonicity in selected cases of TE speech failure with little need for reinjection to maintain long‐term speech success. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck 23: 456–460 2001.
Surgical treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the base of tongue
Authors: Gourin Christine G. , Johnson Jonas T. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIntroductionSquamous cell carcinoma (SSC) of the tongue base has historically been shown to be associated with a poor prognosis. We reviewed our experience with primary surgery followed by postoperative radiation therapy (XRT) to determine the impact of our treatment protocols on outcome.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed the records of all patients presenting to the University of Pittsburgh with previously untreated SSC of the tongue base between 1980–1997. Patients who were treated nonoperatively were excluded from analysis. Surgical excision of the primary was performed with ipsilateral neck dissection. The contralateral neck was dissected when the primary lesion was located in the midline or for clinically positive contralateral neck nodes. Postoperatively, most patients (93%) received XRT to the primary site and neck. Adjuvant chemotherapy was offered if histologic signs of aggressive behavior were identified (multiple nodes or extracapsular spread).ResultsOf 87 patients identified, 39 (45%) were initially seen with T1 or T2 tumors. Seventy‐nine patients (91%) were initially seen with stage III or IV disease. Contralateral neck dissection was performed in 36 patients (41%). Metastatic disease was demonstrated in 84% of ipsilateral neck nodes and in 47% of contralateral neck nodes. Occult metastases were found in 61% of clinically N0 necks. Local recurrence occurred in 5 patients, regional recurrence occurred in 12 patients, and distant metastases developed in 22 patients. Overall and disease‐specific survival rates at 5 years for all patients were 49% and 56%, respectively. The 5 year disease‐specific survival rates for stage I, stage II, stage III, and stage IV disease were 100%, 86%, 62%, and 48%. The 5‐year disease‐specific survival rate was 88% for T1 lesions, 64% for T2 lesions, 58% for T3 lesions, and 30% for T4 lesions (p < .05, log‐rank test).ConclusionsSurgical treatment of SCC of the tongue base is highly effective in achieving local disease control and disease‐free survival for early lesions. Because both functional outcome and survival are poor after surgical treatment of advanced lesions, we now offer brachytherapy with XRT or participation in a combined chemoradiation protocol rather than primary surgical therapy to patients with advanced disease. Prospective studies are needed to compare the effect of these organ‐preserving therapies with traditional combined surgery and XRT to determine the effect on functional outcome and quality of life. © 2001 Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck 23: 653–660, 2001.
Comparative analysis of cholinergic innervation in the dorsal hippocampus of adult mouse and rat: A quantitative immunocytochemical study
Authors: Aznavour Nicolas , Mechawar Naguib , Descarries Laurent 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTo obtain quantitative data on the distribution of the acetylcholine (ACh) innervation in the dorsal hippocampus of adult mouse (C57/B6) and rat (Sprague‐Dawley), a semicomputerized method was used to measure the length of immunostained axons in hippocampal sections processed for light microscopic immunocytochemistry with a highly sensitive antibody against choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). The results could be expressed in density of axons (meters per mm3) for the different layers and regions of dorsal hippocampus (CA1, CA3, DG), and also in density of axon varicosities (millions per mm3), after having determined the average number of varicosities per unit length of ChAT‐immunostained axon (4 varicosities/10 μm). In mouse, the mean regional densities of ACh innervation were thus measured at 13.9, 16.1, and 15.8 m of axons, for 5.6, 6.4, and 6.3 million varicosities per mm3 of tissue, in CA1, CA3, and DG, respectively. The values were comparable in rat, except for CA1, in which the densities were lower than in mouse by 40% in the stratum lacunosum, and 20% in the stratum radiatum. Otherwise, the laminar patterns of innervation were similar in the two species, the highest densities being found in the stratum lacunosum moleculare of CA3, pyramidale of both CA1 and CA3, and moleculare of DG. These quantitative data will be of particular interest to evaluate changes in mutant mice, or mice and rats subjected to experimental conditions affecting the cholinergic phenotype. Hippocampus 2002;12:206–217. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lufthansa's Transformation Marathon: Process of Liberating and Focusing Change Energy
Authors: Bruch Heike , Sattelberger Thomas 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTransformations often fail to activate the energy of those whose creativity and action are needed to realize
fundamental change. In 1991 Lufthansa was almost bankrupt. Today it has become one of the world's most
profitable airline companies and a founding member of the STAR ALLIANCE, aspiring to become the world's leading
aviation group. Lufthansa has undergone a fundamental ongoing change—its approach relies on people. Core
elements of this strategy involve providing space for reflection and dialogue despite the crisis pressure, building
networks of change actors and creating durable platforms for emotional mobilization and reflection on action. ©
2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Evidence for seasonal subglacial outburst events at a polythermal glacier, Finsterwalderbreen, Svalbard
Authors: Wadham J. L. , Hodgkins R. , Cooper R. J. , Tranter M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBulk runoff and meteorological data suggest the occurrence of two meltwater outburst events at Finsterwalderbreen, Svalbard, during the 1995 and 1999 melt seasons. Increased bulk meltwater concentrations of Cl− during the outbursts indicate the release of snowmelt from storage. Bulk meltwater hydrochemical data and suspended sediment concentrations suggest that this snowmelt accessed a chemical weathering environment characterized by high rock:water ratios and long rock–water contact times. This is consistent with a subglacial origin. The trigger for both the 1995 and 1999 outbursts is believed to be high rates of surface meltwater production and the oversupply of meltwater to areas of the glacier bed that were at the pressure melting point, but which were unconnected to the main subglacial drainage network. An increase in subglacial water pressure to above the overburden pressure lead to the forcing of a hydrological connection between the expanding subglacial reservoir and the ice‐marginal channelized system. The purging of ice blocks from the glacier during the outbursts may indicate the breach of an ice dam during connection. Although subglacial meltwater issued continually from the glacier terminus via a subglacial upwelling during both melt seasons, field observations showed outburst meltwaters were released solely via an ice‐marginal channel. It is possible that outburst events are a seasonal phenomenon at this glacier and reflect the periodic drainage of meltwaters from the same subglacial reservoir from year to year. However, the location of this reservoir is uncertain. A 100 m high bedrock ridge traverses the glacier 6·5 km from its terminus. The overdeepened area up‐glacier from this is the most probable site for subglacial meltwater accumulation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A modular approach to addressing model design, scale, and parameter estimation issues in distributed hydrological modelling
Authors: Leavesley G. H. , Markstrom S. L. , Restrepo P. J. , Viger R. J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA modular approach to model design and construction provides a flexible framework in which to focus the multidisciplinary research and operational efforts needed to facilitate the development, selection, and application of the most robust distributed modelling methods. A variety of modular approaches have been developed, but with little consideration for compatibility among systems and concepts. Several systems are proprietary, limiting any user interaction. The US Geological Survey modular modelling system (MMS) is a modular modelling framework that uses an open source software approach to enable all members of the scientific community to address collaboratively the many complex issues associated with the design, development, and application of distributed hydrological and environmental models. Implementation of a common modular concept is not a trivial task. However, it brings the resources of a larger community to bear on the problems of distributed modelling, provides a framework in which to compare alternative modelling approaches objectively, and provides a means of sharing the latest modelling advances. The concepts and components of the MMS are described and an example application of the MMS, in a decision‐support system context, is presented to demonstrate current system capabilities. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon‐DNA adducts in liver tissues of hepatocellular carcinoma patients and controls
Authors: Chen Shu‐Yuan , Wang Li‐Yu , Lunn Ruth M. , Tsai Wei‐Yann , Lee Po‐Huang , Lee Chue‐Shue , Ahsan Habibul , Zhang Yu‐Jing , Chen Chien‐Jen , Santella Regina M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractHCC is a common cancer and HBV and AFB1 are well‐documented, major risk factors. Epidemiologic studies have documented that cigarette smoking also contributes to the development of HCC. PAHs are ubiquitous environmental pollutants and products of incomplete combustion. They are present in both mainstream and sidestream cigarette smoke. PAHs are metabolically activated by phase I enzymes, including CYP1A1, into electrophilic reactants (diol epoxides), which covalently bind to DNA to form adducts. Diol epoxides are also substrates for phase II detoxifying enzymes, including GSTM and GSTP. To examine the association between PAH‐DNA adducts and HCC, adduct levels were determined in liver tissue by relative staining intensity with an immunoperoxidase method using a polyclonal antiserum against BPDE‐modified DNA. Subjects were also genotyped for polymorphism in several genes involved in the metabolism of PAH, including GSTM1 and GSTP1. Liver tissue was collected from patients with histologically confirmed HCC (n = 105) and from non‐HCC controls (n = 37). There was a significant positive correlation (r = 0.3, p < 0.01) between adducts in tumor and adjacent nontumor tissues among HCC cases. The risk of HCC was higher after adjustment for age, sex and HBsAg in the group with the highest tertile tissue levels of PAH‐DNA adducts (mean relative nuclear staining intensity of tumor and nontumor tissue > 344) than in the group with the lowest tertile (staining < 241, OR = 3.9, 95% CI = 1.0–14.9). Among non‐HCC controls, there were no significant associations between adduct levels and cigarette smoking, GSTM1 null genotype and HBsAg positivity. A strikingly increased HCC risk was observed (OR = 20.3, 95% CI = 5.0–81.8) among HBsAg‐positive subjects whose PAH‐DNA adduct levels were high (mean relative nuclear staining intensity of tumor and nontumor tissue > 301, median of control tissues) compared to HBsAg‐negative subjects who had low PAH‐DNA adduct levels. 4‐ABP‐ and AFB1‐DNA adducts had been measured previously in these same tissues. Subjects with elevated DNA adduct levels of PAH, 4‐ABP and AFB1 had a significantly higher HCC risk with an OR of 36.7 (95% CI 7.2–187.2) compared to those who had low DNA adduct levels. These results suggest that PAHs may play a role in human hepatocarcinogenesis in conjunction with HBsAg carrier status, GSTM1 and GSTP1 genotypes and exposure to 4‐ABP and AFB1. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.