bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Scale in Language
Authors: Enfield N. J. 
Published: October 2023

AbstractA central concern of the cognitive science of language since its origins has been the concept of the linguistic system. Recent approaches to the system concept in language point to the exceedingly complex relations that hold between many kinds of interdependent systems, but it can be difficult to know how to proceed when “everything is connected.” This paper offers a framework for tackling that challenge by identifying *scale* as a conceptual mooring for the interdisciplinary study of language systems. The paper begins by defining the scale concept—simply, the possibility for a measure to be larger or smaller in different instances of a system, such as a phonemic inventory, a word's frequency value in a corpus, or a speaker population. We review sites of scale difference in and across linguistic subsystems, drawing on findings from linguistic typology, grammatical description, morphosyntactic theory, psycholinguistics, computational corpus work, and social network demography. We consider possible explanations for scaling differences and constraints in language. We then turn to the question of *dependencies between* sites of scale difference in language, reviewing four sample domains of scale dependency: in phonological systems, across levels of grammatical structure (Menzerath's Law), in corpora (Zipf's Law and related issues), and in speaker population size. Finally, we consider the implications of the review, including the utility of a scale framework for generating new questions and inspiring methodological innovations and interdisciplinary collaborations in cognitive‐scientific research on language.
The effect of metformin on urate metabolism: Findings from observational and Mendelian randomization analyses
Authors: Dai Huajie , Hou Tianzhichao , Wang Qi , Zhu Zheng , Zhu Yijie , Zhao Zhiyun , Li Mian , Xu Yu , Lu Jieli , Wang Tiange , Ning Guang , Wang Weiqing , Bi Yufang , Zheng Jie , Xu Min 
Published: October 2023

AbstractAimTo evaluate the effect of metformin on urate metabolism.Materials and MethodsUsing the UK Biobank, we first performed association analyses of metformin use with urate levels, risk of hyperuricaemia and incident gout in patients with diabetes. To explore the causal effect of metformin on urate and gout, we identified genetic variants proxying the glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c)‐lowering effect of metformin targets and conducted a two‐sample Mendelian randomization (MR) utilizing the urate and gout genetic summary‐level data from the CKDGen (n = 288 649) and the FinnGen cohort. We conducted two‐step MR to explore the mediation effect of body mass index and systolic blood pressure. We also performed non‐linear MR in the UK Biobank (n = 414 055) to show the results across HbA1c levels.ResultsIn 18 776 patients with type 2 diabetes in UK Biobank, metformin use was associated with decreased urate [β = −4.3 μmol/L, 95% confidence interval (CI) −7.0, −1.7, p = .001] and reduced hyperuricaemia risk (odds ratio = 0.87, 95% CI 0.79, 0.96, p = .004), but not gout. Genetically proxied averaged HbA1c‐lowering effects of metformin targets, equivalent to a 0.62% reduction in HbA1c, was associated with reduced urate (β = −12.5 μmol/L, 95% CI −21.4, −4.2, p = .004). Body mass index significantly mediated this association (proportion mediated = 33.0%, p = .002). Non‐linear MR results suggest a linear trend of the effect of metformin on urate reduction across various HbA1c levels.ConclusionsThe effect of metformin may reduce urate levels but not incident gout in the general population.
Heights to white pine blister rust cankers caused by Cronartium ribicola on young Pinus monticola in the Oregon East Cascades
Authors: Oblinger Brent W. , Stauder Cameron M. 
Published: October 2023

AbstractIn addition to breeding for genetic resistance, lower branch pruning is a management strategy to mitigate adverse effects of Cronartium ribicola on young western white pine (Pinus monticola; WWP) in portions of the Interior Northwest, USA (INW). However, only data on heights of white pine blister rust (WPBR) cankers and post‐treatment effects from outside the Oregon East Cascades (OEC) have previously informed INW pruning guidelines. To evaluate the appropriateness of these guidelines for WWP in the OEC, heights to cankers on young WWP (<30 years old) were measured in 120 plots within 12 stands throughout the OEC. Canker heights were analysed for live WWP ≥2.54 cm in diameter at 1.37 m. Incidence and severity of WPBR on live WWP, in addition to heights to cankers, varied among stands. Increased severity of WPBR (number of cankers on live‐infected trees and percent mortality by WPBR) was observed in stands with the alternate host Ribes more frequently occurring in plots. Of all cankers, approximately 97% were found in the lower half of the total tree height, and only 10% of cankers on young WWP were found above the first third of the total tree height. When evaluating canker heights in all stands, mean heights to branch and bole cankers were <2.2 m. Bole cankers were lower than branch cankers (p = .01), reaffirming that potentially lethal cankers in the INW often originate from infections lower in the crown. In stands, the number of plots with Ribes present was positively correlated with the number of cankers on live‐infected WWP and percent mortality of WWP due to WPBR (p < .04). As the incidence of WPBR on live WWP increased in stands, heights to the highest cankers also increased (p = .002). The number of cankers on live‐infected trees was positively correlated with the mean and highest heights to cankers (p < .002). Given that the vast majority of cankers were prunable and occurred in the lower crown of young WWP, pruning lower branches to increase survival of WWP is a management option in the OEC, and prioritization of stands for treatment is recommended.
Assessing non‐right‐handedness and atypical cerebral lateralisation as predictors of paediatric mental health difficulties
Authors: Irani Zubin A. , Sheridan Andrew M. C. , Badcock Nicholas A. , Fox Allison 
Published: October 2023

AbstractResearch utilising handedness as a proxy for atypical language lateralisation has invoked the latter to explain increased mental health difficulties in left‐/mixed‐handed children. The current study investigated unique associations between handedness and language lateralisation, handedness and mental health, and language lateralisation and mental health, in children, to elucidate the role of cerebral lateralisation in paediatric mental health. Participants were N = 64 (34 females [52%]; MAge = 8.56 years; SDAge = 1.33; aged 6–12 years) typically developing children. Hand preference was assessed via a reaching task, language lateralisation was assessed using functional transcranial Doppler ultrasonography (fTCD) during an expressive language task, and mental health was assessed with the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. As hypothesised, leftward hand preference predicted increased general mental health issues in children, with a strong relationship noted between leftward hand preference and the emotional symptoms subscale. Contrary to expectation, no relationship was found between direction of language lateralisation and general mental health issues, although exploratory analyses of subscales showed rightward lateralisation to predict conduct problems. Hand preference and direction of language lateralisation were also not significantly associated. The relatively weak relationship between manual and language laterality coupled with discrepancy regarding the predictive scope of each phenotype (i.e., hand preference predicts overall mental health, whereas language laterality predicts only conduct problems) suggests independent developmental pathways for these phenotypes. The role of manual laterality in paediatric mental health warrants further investigation utilising a neuroimaging method with higher spatial resolution.
Geographic income diversification of large European banks: Better or worse?
Authors: Gerek Caner , Tuncez Ahmet M. 
Published: October 2023

AbstractThis study examines the impact of geographic income diversification of large European banks on performance and risk‐taking by using unique data. By dividing the total operating income into three regions as the home country, the rest of Europe and the rest of the world, we find evidence that geographic income diversification reduces bank performance and increases risk‐taking. Particularly, shifting operations from home countries to other European countries or the rest of the world reduces bank performance and enhances risk‐taking unless the bank is highly concentrated in these areas. We also identify contributing channels, including the “follow‐the‐customer” hypothesis, new subsidiaries and board diversity, to explain the adverse effect.
Climate change affects the distribution of diversity across marine food webs
Authors: Thompson Murray S. A. , Couce Elena , Schratzberger Michaela , Lynam Christopher P. 
Published: October 2023

AbstractMany studies predict shifts in species distributions and community size composition in response to climate change, yet few have demonstrated how these changes will be distributed across marine food webs. We use Bayesian Additive Regression Trees to model how climate change will affect the habitat suitability of marine fish species across a range of body sizes and belonging to different feeding guilds, each with different habitat and feeding requirements in the northeast Atlantic shelf seas. Contrasting effects of climate change are predicted for feeding guilds, with spatially extensive decreases in the species richness of consumers lower in the food web (planktivores) but increases for those higher up (piscivores). Changing spatial patterns in predator–prey mass ratios and fish species size composition are also predicted for feeding guilds and across the fish assemblage. In combination, these changes could influence nutrient uptake and transformation, transfer efficiency and food web stability, and thus profoundly alter ecosystem structure and functioning.
Moderate grazing intensities modulate canopy structure that influences short‐term intake rate of heifers grazing a natural grassland
Authors: Wallau Marcelo , Neves Fabio , Caram Nicolas , Bremm Carolina , Pinto Cassiano E. , Da Trindade Julio K. , Mezzalira Jean , Carvalho Paulo C. F. 
Published: October 2023

AbstractGrazing management frequently relies on forage availability as an indicator of performance. However, canopy structure and composition can play an important role in foraging behavior and intake in native grasslands. Here, we aim to (1) assess the effect of grazing management on herbage biomass, tussock cover, average canopy and inter‐tussock canopy height, and to (2) study the effect of these canopy structure components on short‐term intake rate (STIR) and patch selectivity of beef cattle, in a native grassland in the Campos region in southern Brazil. Ten 1000 m2 experimental units were built in five paddocks (two per paddock) managed with different herbage allowance (HA) treatments: four fixed year‐round HA (1 to 4 kg dry matter [DM]/kg live weight [LW]) and one variable HA (2 and 3 kg DM/kg LW during spring and the rest of the year, respectively). The experimental units were grazed individually with four heifers during 45 min, in two grazing cycles. Before each grazing session, we assessed the total herbage mass, average and inter‐tussock canopy height, and tussock cover. During the 45‐min grazing sessions, we evaluated the STIR (g DM/kg LW0.75/min) and grazing time in tussock and inter‐tussock strata. Increasing the HA increased the total herbage mass, canopy height and tussock cover. The STIR was maximized with herbage mass of 2200 kg DM/ha and a tussock cover of ~7%, canopy structures related with moderate grazing intensities (i.e., 2 and 3 kg DM/kg LW), which increased the selection opportunity by herbivores. Canopy structures associated with heavy (1 kg DM/kg LW) and lenient grazing intensity (4 kg DM/kg LW) determined linear decreases of 50% in STIR.
Dilp8 and its candidate receptor, Drl, are involved in the transdetermination of the Drosophila imaginal disc
Authors: Nemoto Kazuya , Masuko Keita , Fuse Naoyuki , Kurata Shoichiro 
Published: October 2023

AbstractDrosophila imaginal disc cells can change their identity under stress conditions through transdetermination (TD). Research on TD can help elucidate the in vivo process of cell fate conversion. We previously showed that the overexpression of winged eye (wge) induces eye‐to‐wing TD in the eye disc and that an insulin‐like peptide, Dilp8, is then highly expressed in the disc. Although Dilp8 is known to mediate systemic developmental delay via the Lgr3 receptor, its role in TD remains unknown. This study showed that Dilp8 is expressed in specific cells that do not express eye or wing fate markers during Wge‐mediated TD and that the loss of Dilp8 impairs the process of eye‐to‐wing transition. Thus, Dilp8 plays a pivotal role in the cell fate conversion under wge overexpression. Furthermore, we found that instead of Lgr3, another candidate receptor, Drl, is involved in Wge‐mediated TD and acts locally in the eye disc cells. We propose a model in which Dilp8–Drl signaling organizes cell fate conversion in the imaginal disc during TD.
A next generation FVIII mimetic bispecific antibody, Mim8, the impact on non‐factor VIII related haemostasis assays
Authors: Bowyer Annette Elizabeth , Hickey Kieron , Kitchen Steve , Ezban Mirella 
Published: October 2023

AbstractIntroduction and aimsMim8 is a next generation bispecific antibody developed for the treatment of haemophilia A (HA). Mim8 has an increased potency compared to first generation molecules. The impact on Mim8 on non‐FVIII measuring haemostasis assays was assessed in plasma containing Mim8.MethodsCongenital severe HA plasma was spiked with increasing concentrations of Mim8 (0–20 μg/mL). 28 routine and specialist haemostasis assays were used to measure activities. These included tests for prothrombin time (PT), fibrinogen, thrombin, D‐dimer, anti‐Xa, heparin induced thrombocytopenia (HIT), clotting factors II–XII, factor XIII, von Willebrand factor (VWF), thrombophilia and DRVVT.Results and conclusionsLess than 10 % difference was calculated between plasma without Mim8 and plasma spiked to 15 μg/mL Mim8 in all assays except thrombin time (−10.5%), APTT‐based factor IX, XI and XII, Werfen VWF:RCo (10.6%) and Siemens LA1 (−26.4%) and LA2 (−16.9%). At the expected therapeutic steady state levels of Mim8 (5–8 μg/mL), less than 10% difference was calculated for thrombin time and Werfen VWF:RCo.APTT‐based assays of FIX, XI and XII are significantly elevated in the presence of Mim8 and should not be performed. A chromogenic FIX assay could be used to accurately measure FIX activity in the presence of Mim8. There was some interference in the DRVVT method we used so local assessment of other DRVVT methods is advised. Differences in all other tests would not be predicted to affect patient management.
Accreditation model of European Haemophilia Centres in the era of novel treatments and gene therapy
Authors: Boban Ana , Baghaei Fariba , Karin Fijnvandraat , Klamroth Robert , Miesbach Wolfgang , Stephensen David , Kavanagh Mary , Noone Declan , Crato Miguel , Peyvandi Flora ,   EAHAD Accreditation and Audit of Haemophilia Centres Working Group
Published: October 2023

AbstractIntroductionThe international certification of haemophilia centres in Europe is run by the European Association of Haemophilia and Allied Disorders (EAHAD) and European Haemophilia Consortium (EHC) since 2013. The centres are designated as European Haemophilia Comprehensive Care Centres (EHCCC) or European Haemophilia Treatment Centres (EHTC), based on the specific requirements which evaluate centres’ ability to provide care for patients with haemophilia and allied disorders.AimTo establish the new protocol for accreditation of European Haemophilia Centres.MethodsEAHAD, in collaboration with EHC, established Accreditation Working Group with the aim to define necessary measures to safeguard quality and improvement of bleeding disorders care throughout Europe and to build a novel model for accreditation of European Haemophilia Centres.ResultsThe European guidelines for certification of haemophilia centres have been updated to guidelines for the accreditation and include all the requirements regarding facilities, laboratory and personnel needed for optimal management of novel treatment options, including the introduction of the hub‐and‐spoke model for delivery of gene therapy. A pilot project for the accreditation of haemophilia centres including on‐site audit has been designed.ConclusionImplementation of the novel accreditation protocol of the haemophilia treatment and haemophilia gene therapy centres has been made to further improve the quality of care for patients with haemophilia and other inherited bleeding disorders.
Forty years of Helicobacter pylori infection and changes in findings at esophagogastroduodenoscopy
Authors: O'Connor Humphrey J. 
Published: October 2023

AbstractBackgroundIt is 40 years since the discovery of Helicobacter pylori infection. Over that time major changes have occurred in esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) findings. The aim of this review is to describe these changes, and the important role H. pylori infection has played in their evolution.MethodsReferences were identified through searches of PubMed using the search terms—endoscopy time trends, peptic ulcer disease, gastroesophageal reflux disease, upper gastrointestinal cancer, gastric polyps, H. pylori, eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders, and celiac disease, from 1970 through December 2021.ResultsThe prevalence of H. pylori infection has fallen and consequently, H. pylori‐positive peptic ulcer disease has become rare. Gastroesophageal reflux disease is now the commonest disorder diagnosed at EGD, and Barrett's esophagus has increased in parallel. Cancer of the distal stomach has fallen while esophageal adenocarcinoma and reflux‐related cardia cancer have risen. Gastric polyps have changed from hyperplastic and adenomas to sporadic fundic gland polyps. Antimicrobial resistance has made H. pylori infection more difficult to eradicate. Eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders, particularly eosinophilic esophagitis, have emerged as important new allergic disorders. Celiac disease has changed and increased.ConclusionsEGD findings appear to have changed from features suggesting a H. pylori‐positive “phenotype” 40 years ago to a H. pylori‐negative “phenotype” today. These changes have major implications for the management of gastrointestinal disorders.
Can proactively induced organisational citizenship behaviour (OCB) foster positive work attitudes? Theorising the mediating role of ‘meaning of work’ for IT professionals
Authors: Chandra Shalini , Srivastava Shirish C. , Joseph Damien 
Published: October 2023

AbstractGiven the high employee turnover rates among information technology (IT) professionals, firms are on the lookout for ways to retain them. With this end in view, to keep their professionals committed and satisfied, many IT firms are making proactive efforts to induce a favourable organisational environment by encouraging employees towards extra‐role organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs). However, there is scant evidence as to whether orchestrating proactively induced OCB results in positive work attitudes. Our study contributes by theorising the mechanisms through which OCB fosters positive work attitudes among IT professionals, which is expected to lower their turnover rates. Grounding our research in self‐perception and self‐determination theories, we hypothesize the relationships between IT professionals' OCB and their affective attitudes towards their organisation and job, as being mediated by their cognitive evaluations of the ‘meaning of their IT work’. We test the theorised model with data collected through a large‐scale two‐wave survey design from a multinational IT‐services company. The results offer a nuanced understanding of the relationship between OCB and positive work attitudes for IT professionals, which have significant implications for research and practice.
Broadband near infrared photoluminescence of Cu2+‐doped corundum (α‐Al2O3)
Authors: Romanov Alexey N. , Haula Elena V. , Kapustin Arseny A. , Kostyukov Alexey A. , Egorov Anton E. , Kuzmin Vladimir A. , Korchak Vladimir N. 
Published: October 2023

AbstractCopper‐doped corundum (α‐Al2O3) possesses an intense broadband photoluminescence in the near infrared. This photoluminescence is originated from Cu2+ ions, which substitute for Al3+ ions in corundum lattice. Co‐doping with Ge is necessary to obtain the luminescent material. It seems, that simultaneous introduction of Ge is needed to provide the charge compensation for heterovalent Cu2+ → Al3+ substitution, in such a way that the whole process (Cu2+, Ge4+) → 2Al3+ is charge‐balanced. The broad photoluminescence spectrum matches well with transparency window of silica optical fibers and the quantum yield seems to be satisfactory, so copper‐doped corundum can become demanded as a new active media for solid state lasers and amplifiers. This is the first example of photoluminescence from octahedrally coordinated Cu2+ ion in oxide materials.
Beyond the dawn of virtualized learning environments: A comparative study of video and augmented reality information delivery on student engagement and knowledge retention
Authors: Geana Mugur V. , Cernusca Dan , Liu Pan 
Published: October 2023

AbstractBackgroundEducation is, after gaming, the second largest sector embracing augmented reality (AR) at an accelerated pace, yet studies on AR's potential as an efficient learning environment had mixed results.ObjectivesThis study's primary objective is to test students' interaction with graphical 3D elements in AR and its impact on information retention. The second objective is to compare information retention from AR engagement with information retention from exposure to identical 3D content delivered via instructional video. Finally, the third objective explores students' perceptions of AR as a learning environment.MethodsSixty‐five college students participated in a two‐arm experiment followed by semi‐structured interviews.Results and ConclusionAR can efficiently deliver a meaningful learning experience and promotes information retention. Nevertheless, AR's interactive features and novelty may distract learners while they engage with the virtual environment. Objective data obtained through eye tracking and video monitoring showed similar levels of engagement with a 3D model for both environments. While both AR and video groups showed significant knowledge gain from pre to post‐intervention, the video format was overall significantly more effective than AR in increasing topic‐related information retention. However, participants preferred the AR learning environment significantly more than the video.TakeawaysAlthough effective, AR is still a distracting instructional environment. Designing learning experiences tailored explicitly for AR environments requires additional research to ensure its successful deployment as a learning tool.