bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reconsidering the Marielito Legacy: Race/Ethnicity, Nativity, and Homicide Motives*
Authors: Martinez Ramiro , Nielsen Amie L. , Lee Matthew T. 
Published: May 2003

Objective.This article investigates how race/ethnicity is associated with specific types of violent crime such as killings between intimates, robbery homicide, or drug‐related killings. We extend the study of the role of race and ethnicity for violence by examining five ethnic/immigrant groups, including the Mariel Cubans—a group singled out by many as particularly drug‐crime‐prone.Methods.Using 1980 through 1990 homicide data for the City of Miami, we use multinomial logistic regression to examine the association between race/ethnicity, nativity, and several types of homicide motives.Results.Contrary to popular expectations, ethnicity and immigration status rarely play a role in the types of homicide involvement of victims or violators. Incident characteristics, such as multiple offenders, or gender and age, were consistently more important influences in shaping homicide circumstances.Conclusions.The analyses revealed few significant relationships between immigration status and homicide motives, suggesting that immigrant groups like the Marielitos have more in common with native groups' experiences of criminal violence than is commonly assumed.
A MODEL FOR THE OPTIMAL ASSET-LIABILITY MANAGEMENT FOR INSURANCE COMPANIES
Authors: SBARAGLIA S. , PAPI M. , BRIANI M. , BERNASCHI M. , GOZZI F. 
Published: May 2003

This paper is devoted to the formulation of a model for the optimal asset-liability management for insurance companies. We focus on a typical guaranteed investment contract, by which the holder has the right to receive after T years a return that cannot be lower than a minimum predefined rate rg. We take account of the rules that usually are imposed to insurance companies in the management of this funds as reserves and solvency margin. We formulate the problem as a stochastic optimization problem in a discrete time setting comparing this approach with the so-called hedging approach. The utility function to maximize depends on various parameters including specific goals of the company management. Some preliminary numerical results are reported to ease the comparison between the two approaches.
JUAN DE SALCEDO JOINS THE NATIVE FORM OF WARFARE
Authors: Rodriguez Felice Noelle 
Published: May 2003

AbstractFrom the beginning of the sixteenth century the Spanish in the Philippines documented their triumph over the native population, but failed to appreciate the way in which the latter understood the conduct of war. This essay focuses on the conflict between local and Spanish forces in 1570 which historians usually interpret as a Spanish victory. A closer reading of the sources, however, reveals the complexities of the local situation. By discussing indigenous forms of warfare the essay places the Spanish 'triumph' in the context of the indigenous rules underlying pangangayao, the native game of warfare. Les documents rédigés dès le début du XVIe siècle par les Espagnols font état de leur « triomphe » sur les populations locales. Ils ne font en revanche aucune mention, faute peut être d'en avoir une compréhension suffisante, de la manière dont la guerre était alors conçue par les autochtones. Cet article traite tout particulièrement du con it de 1570 entre les indigènes et les Espagnols que les historiens lisent généralement comme une victoire ibérique. Mais une lecture minutieuse des sources nous révèle la complexité de la situation. On s'efforce donc ici de s'intéresser à la perception locale du conflit et de replacer le « triomphe espagnol » dans la perspective du pangangayao, l'art autochtone de la guerre.
Late-onset X-linked sideroblastic anemia following hemodialysis
Authors: Furuyama Kazumichi , Harigae Hideo , Kinoshita Chiharu , Shimada Toshihiko , Miyaoka Kazuko , Kanda Chiaki , Maruyama Yoshifumi , Shibahara Shigeki , Sassa Shigeru 
Published: May 2003

Abstract
X-linked sideroblastic anemia (XLSA) is due to deficient activity of erythroid-specific 5-aminolevulinate synthase (ALAS2). We report here a patient who developed sideroblastic anemia at the age of 81 years while undergoing hemodialysis. The diagnosis of sideroblastic anemia was established by the presence of ringed sideroblasts in the bone marrow, and treatment with oral pyridoxine completely eliminated the ringed sideroblasts. We identified a novel point mutation in the fifth exon of this patient's ALAS2 gene, which resulted in an amino acid change at residue 159 from aspartic acid to asparagine (Asp159Asn). In vitro analyses of recombinant Asp159Asn ALAS2 revealed that this mutation accounted for the pyridoxine-responsiveness of this disease. The very late onset in this case of XLSA emphasizes that nutritional deficiencies caused either by dietary irregularities in the elderly or, as in this case, by maintenance hemodialysis therapy, may uncover occult inherited enzymatic deficiencies in the heme biosynthetic pathway.
Multimodal tuning of a vibrating ring using laser ablation
Authors: Gallacher B J , Hedley J , Burdess J S , Harris A J , McNie M E 
Published: May 2003

This paper investigates laser ablation as a mechanism for fine tuning the flexural modes of vibration of a slightly imperfect suspended ring. A theoretical analysis of the effect of ablation on the natural frequencies of both in-plane and out-of-plane flexural modes is developed. Contributions made to the frequency shift from the reduced mechanical stiffness and reduced mass, as a result of ablation, are included. A specific cyclic symmetric relationship between the modes of vibration and the ablation configuration permitting multimodal tuning is developed. This relationship is expanded for the particular case of flexural modes of order 2 and 3, which are commonly used in vibrating ring gyroscope designs. For vibrating ring gyroscopes, tuning between certain flexural modes of vibration greatly increases the sensitivity of the device to applied rates of rotation. Therefore, a fine-tuning mechanism is highly desirable. An experimental examination of multimodal tuning using laser ablation is performed. In-plane modes of order 2 and out-of-plane modes of order 3 are investigated. Stiffness reduction as a possible method for modifying the natural frequencies of the out-of-plane modes of vibration is explored.
Cognitive style, working memory and learning behaviour and attainment in school subjects
Authors: Riding Richard J. , Grimley Michael , Dahraei Hassan , Banner Gloria 
Published: May 2003

Background: Both working memory capacity and cognitive style have independently been found to affect performance on school‐type tasks, but their effects in interaction have not been considered.Aims: The aims of this study were to consider the relationship between working memory, cognitive style and gender on (a) overall learning behaviour, and (b) performance on a range of school subjects.Sample: The sample comprised 206 13‐year‐old secondary comprehensive school Year 8 pupils, being all pupils in that year who completed the principal assessments.Method: The pupils did an assessment of working memory efficiency — the Information Processing Index (Riding, 2000a). They also completed the Cognitive Styles Analysis (Riding, 1991) to determine their positions on the two fundamental cognitive styles, which were indicated by two ratios: the Wholist‐Analytic ratio and the Verbal‐Imagery ratio. Overall learning behaviour was rated by the pupils' tutors. In addition, attainment in each of 10 subjects was rated by their subject teachers.Results: For overall learning behaviour, there was an interaction between working memory capacity and cognitive style. With the Wholist‐Analytic style dimension, memory made a marked difference for Analytics but had little effect for Wholists, and with the Verbal‐Imagery dimension Verbalisers were affected but not Imagers. With the school subjects, these differed in terms of their sensitivity to gender, memory and style.Conclusion: The results were discussed in terms of differences between the styles in terms of information‐processing demands. Practical ways of improving learning performance were also considered.
Self‐perceived competence, learning conceptions and preferred learning situations in the domain of communication
Authors: Bakx Anouke W.E.A. , Vermetten Yvonne J. M. , Van der Sanden Johan M.M. 
Published: May 2003

Background: An important purpose of education in the field of social work is the development of social‐communicative competence and students' individual learning theories (ILTs) concerning this domain.Aims: Our first aim was to develop diagnostic instruments for ILT assessment and to understand the relationships between ILT variables. Our second purpose was to study the differences in ILT variables between students of three study years.Samples: A total of 396 full‐time social work students participated in this study: 176 first‐year, 147 second‐year and 73 fourth‐year students (92% women and 8% men).Method: Based on a theoretical framework, three questionnaires have been constructed, covering three ILT variables: self‐perceived competence, learning conceptions and preferred learning situations. For scale construction, principal component analyses and reliability analyses were conducted. ANOVAs and post hoc comparisons of means were used to investigate cross‐sectional differences regarding ILT variables. Pearson correlations and regression analyses were performed to gain more insight into the relationships between ILT variables.Results: Five aspects of self‐perceived competence, four learning conceptions and five preferred learning situations were found. Learning conceptions and self‐perceived competencies were found to be predictors of students' preferred learning situations. Many differences were found between the three groups of students, especially between the first‐year students and the others.Conclusions: When studying the acquisition of social‐communicative competence, it is important to take students' individual learning theories into account. Increased insight into the role ILTs play can be of help in improving social work education.
Using the Mann‐Whitney test on informetric data
Authors: Huber John C. , Wagner‐Döbler Roland 
Published: May 2003

AbstractThe fields of informetrics and scientometrics have suffered from the lack of a powerful test to detect the differences between two samples. We show that the Mann‐Whitney test is a good test on the publication productivity of journals and of authors. Its main limitation is a lack of power on small samples that have small differences. This is not the fault of the test, but rather reflects the fact that small, similar samples have little to distinguish between them.
Efficient single‐pass index construction for text databases
Authors: Heinz Steffen , Zobel Justin 
Published: May 2003

AbstractEfficient construction of inverted indexes is essential to provision of search over large collections of text data. In this article, we review the principal approaches to inversion, analyze their theoretical cost, and present experimental results. We identify the drawbacks of existing inversion approaches and propose a single‐pass inversion method that, in contrast to previous approaches, does not require the complete vocabulary of the indexed collection in main memory, can operate within limited resources, and does not sacrifice speed with high temporary storage requirements. We show that the performance of the single‐pass approach can be improved by constructing inverted files in segments, reducing the cost of disk accesses during inversion of large volumes of data.
Lysosomal amino acid transporter LYAAT‐1 in the rat central nervous system: An in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical study
Authors: Agulhon Cendra , Rostaing Philippe , Ravassard Philippe , Sagné Corinne , Triller Antoine , Giros Bruno 
Published: May 2003

AbstractA first mammalian lysosomal transporter (LYAAT‐1) was recently identified and functionally characterized. Preliminary immunocytochemical data revealed that LYAAT‐1 localizes to lysosomes in some neurons. In order to determine whether it is expressed in specific neuron populations and other cell types, and to confirm whether it is localized at the membrane of lysosomes, we used in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry methods in adult rat central nervous system (CNS). We found that LYAAT‐1 is expressed in most areas of the CNS, specifically in neurons, but also in choroid plexus and ependymal epithelium cells. LYAAT‐1‐IR (immunoreactivity) levels varied among different neuroanatomical structures but were present in neurons independently of the neurotransmitter used (glutamate, GABA, acetylcholine, noradrenaline, serotonin, or glycine). Light and confocal microscopy demonstrated that LYAAT‐1 and the lysosomal marker cathepsin D colocalized throughout the brain and electron microscopy showed that LYAAT‐1‐IR was associated with lysosomal membranes. In addition, LYAAT‐1‐IR was also found associated with other membranes belonging to the Golgi apparatus and lateral saccules and less frequently with multivesicular bodies, endoplasmic reticulum, and occasionally with the plasma membrane. The localization of LYAAT‐1 at the lysosomal membrane is consistent with the view that it mediates amino acid efflux from lysosomes. Furthermore, its cell expression pattern suggests that it may contribute to specialized cellular function in the rat CNS such as neuronal metabolism, neurotransmission, and control of brain amino acid homeostasis. J. Comp. Neurol. 462:71–89, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bioorganic Chemistry of Ceramide
Authors: Brodesser Susanne , Sawatzki Peter , Kolter Thomas 
Published: May 2003

AbstractCeramide is the hydrophobic membrane anchor of glycosphingolipids, a vital component of the human skin, and a novel signaling substance. We give an overview of ceramide analogues that have been prepared to address biochemical questions related to the various functions of this lipid. We also discuss possible therapeutic applications. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
4‐(Trifluoromethyl)quinoline Derivatives
Authors: Lefebvre Olivier , Marull Marc , Schlosser Manfred 
Published: May 2003

AbstractUnder carefully controlled conditions, ethyl 4,4,4‐trifluoroacetoacetate (ethyl 4,4,4‐trifluoro‐3‐oxobutanoate) can be condensed with anilines and subsequently cyclized to give 4‐trifluoromethyl‐2‐quinolinones 1 although only in poor yield. Heating these products with phosphoryl tribromide affords 2‐bromo‐4‐(trifluoromethyl)quinolines 2 which can be converted into 4‐(trifluoromethyl)quinolines 3 by reduction, 4‐trifluoromethyl‐2‐quinolinecarboxylic acids 4 by permutational halogen/metal exchange followed by carboxylation, and 2‐bromo‐4‐trifluoromethyl‐3‐quinolinecarboxylic acids 5 by consecutive treatment with lithium diisopropylamide and dry ice. Debromination of acids 5 makes 4‐trifluoromethyl‐3‐quinolinecarboxylic acids 6 available. As at any time 2‐trifluoromethyl‐4‐quinolinones 9 may form instead of the expected isomers 1, the structures have to be assigned on the basis of unequivocal NMR spectral criteria. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Synthesis of Fluorinated Cycloalkyl N‐Phenylcarbamates and Their Microbial Defluorination/Oxygenation by Beauveria bassiana
Authors: Haufe Günter , Pietz Sylke , Wölker Dörthe , Fröhlich Roland 
Published: May 2003

AbstractEarlier investigations showed that cycloalkyl N‐phenylcarbamates were hydroxylated by the fungus Beauveria bassiana predominantly in the 4‐position relative to the electron‐rich substituent. In cases involving fluorinated methylene groups potentially capable of hydroxylation, however, defluorination and formation of a ketone was observed. The formation of the ketone can be explained by primary hydroxylation to form an unstable geminal fluorohydrin, which is subsequently dehydrofluorinated. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Syntheses of Enantiomerically Pure Cyclopent‐2‐ene‐1‐carboxylic Acid and (Cyclopent‐2‐enyl)acetic Acid by Enantioselective Palladium‐Catalyzed Allylic Alkylations − Synthesis of Enantiomerically Pure (−)‐Chaulmoogric Acid
Authors: Seemann Matthias , Schöller Markus , Kudis Steffen , Helmchen Günter 
Published: May 2003

AbstractAsymmetric Pd‐catalyzed allylic alkylations of dimethyl malonate and diethyl 2‐acetoxymalonate with 3‐chlorocyclopentene, using phosphanyloxazolines 1 and ent‐1 as chiral ligands, gave products (−)‐2 and (+)‐3b with 95 and 99.5% ee, respectively. Oxidative degradation of (+)‐3b furnished (+)‐(R)‐cyclopent‐2‐ene‐1‐carboxylic acid [(+)‐4] with > 99% ee. Alkylation product (−)‐2 was transformed into enantiomerically pure (−)‐(R)‐(cyclopent‐2‐enyl)acetic acid [(−)‐5] by three simple steps. Availability of (−)‐5 enabled the first synthesis of enantiomerically pure (−)‐chaulmoogric acid [(−)‐9] in three steps. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Cover Picture: (Aryl)(phosphanyl)Carbene: Ground‐ and Excited‐State Reactions (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 11/2003)
Authors: Despagnet‐Ayoub Emmanuelle , Gornitzka Heinz , Bourissou Didier , Bertrand Guy 
Published: May 2003

AbstractThe cover picture shows ground‐state as well as excited‐state reactions for a stable (aryl)(phosphanyl)carbene. Cyclopropanation and carbene coupling reactions demonstrate the ambiphilic character of the ground state while the 1,2‐migration reaction only occurred under irradiation and thus involves an excited state of the stable carbene. Details are discussed in the article by D. Bourissou and G. Bertrand et al. on p. 2039 ff. Thanks are due to Mr. Chistian Pradel for his help in generating this cover illustration.
Potential of Müller glia to become neurogenic retinal progenitor cells
Authors: Fischer Andy J. , Reh Thomas A. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractThe possibility of neural regeneration has gained credence with the identification of neural stem cells seeded within different regions of the adult central nervous system (CNS). Recently, this possibility has received an additional boost from reports that glia, the support cells of the CNS, might provide a source of neural regeneration. We review some of our findings that Müller glia in the chicken retina are a source of proliferating progenitors that can generate neurons. These Müller cells are fully differentiated glial cells that serve functions ascribed to this cell type. In response to damage or exogenous growth factors, Müller glia dedifferentiate, proliferate, express combinations of transcription factors normally expressed by embryonic retinal progenitors, and produce new neurons and glia. In light of these data, the potential of Müller glia as a source of neural regeneration in the retina of nonavian species, namely humans, seems an avenue of investigation that warrants serious consideration. GLIA 43:70–76, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Elusive radial glial cells: Historical and evolutionary perspective
Authors: Rakic Pasko 
Published: May 2003

AbstractSince the discovery of radial glial cells in the human fetal forebrain, this specialized cellular population has been identified in most regions of the vertebrate brain during restricted developmental periods. However, their size, longevity, and significance for guiding migrating neurons have increased with the evolutionary expansion of the mammalian neocortex, reaching a peak in the gyrencephalic human forebrain. The phenotypic distinction of radial glial cells from the more specialized neuronal progenitors in the proliferative zones and from the migrating neurons in the intermediate zone of the primate fetal forebrain, based initially on morphological criteria, has been supported by their ultrastructural, molecular, and physiological characteristics. In addition, modern in vivo and in vitro approaches revealed that these specialized embryonic cells can also generate neuronal cell lines, which either immediately, or after several divisions, migrate along radial shaft processes of the mother cells that span the expanding and convoluted cerebral wall. The multiple functions of radial glial cells and their species‐specific adaptations indicate a pivotal role in evolution, development, and pathology of the cerebral neocortex. GLIA 43:19–32, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Verhalten laserschockverfestigter und festgewalzter Randschichten der Ti‐Legierung Ti‐6Al‐4V bei schwingender Beanspruchung unter erhöhten Temperaturen
Authors: Altenberger I. , Nalla R.K. , Noster U. , Liu G. , Scholtes B. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractEs ist seit langem bekannt, dass mechanische Oberflächenbehandlungen wie etwa Festwalzen, Kugelstrahlen oder Laserschockoberflächenbehandlungen, um nur einige zu nennen, das Ermüdungsverhalten hochbeanspruchter metallischer Bauteile entscheidend verbessern können. Insbesondere Festwalzen und Laserschockoberflächenbehandlungen haben sich als besonders wirksam herausgestellt, da sie tiefe Druckeigenspannungs‐ und Verfestigungsprofile sowie eine vergleichsweise glatte Oberflächentopographie erzeugen. Tatsächlich wird z. B. das Festwalzen bereits serienmässig zur Erhöhung der Schwingfestigkeit von Stählen, wie etwa beim Festwalzen von Kurbelwellen, eingesetzt. Obwohl die meisten Arbeiten zum Festwalzen sich mit Stählen beschäftigen, wurde dieses Verfahren in jüngerer Zeit auch auf eine Reihe von Titanwerkstoffen erfolgreich angewendet. Die vorliegenden Untersuchungen beschäftigen sich mit dem Einfluss von Festwalzbehandlungen auf das Niedrig‐ und Hochlastwechselermüdungsverhalten der wichtigsten kommerziellen Titanlegierung Ti‐6Al‐4V, wobei besonderes Augenmerk auf die thermische und mechanische Stabilität randnaher Eigenspannungszustände und Mikrostrukturen gerichtet wurde. Zusätzlich werden erste Ergebnisse zum Eigenspannungszustand und zur Schwingfestigkeit lasergeschockter Ti‐6Al‐4V‐Proben präsentiert und mit Resultaten festgewalzter Zustände verglichen. Ausserdem wird untersucht, ob die Oberflächenbehandlungen auch bei erhöhten Temperaturen (bis 450 °C) ihre Wirksamkeit zur Verbesserung der Schwingfestigkeit behalten. Basierend auf Wechselverformungs‐ und Lebensdaueruntersuchungen, in Kombination mit Röntgendiffraktometrie und In‐situ‐Transmissionselektronenmikroskopie, lässt sich feststellen, dass Laserschockoberflächenbehandlungen und insbesondere Festwalzen die Rissbildung und Ausbreitung in hochtemperaturschwingbeanspruchtem Ti‐6Al‐4V trotz eines fast völligen Druckeigenspannungsabbaus wirkungsvoll hemmt. Daraus lässt sich ableiten, dass zusätzlich zu Eigenspannungen vor allem randnahe Mikrostrukturen, welche im Falle von mechanisch randschichtverfestigtem Ti‐6Al‐4V durch sehr hohe Versetzungsdichten und Nanokristallite gekennzeichnet ist, einen wesentlichen Einfluss bei der Lebensdauererhöhung durch Randschichtverfestigung haben.
Stabilität antielektrostatischer Beschichtungen auf der Basis von Polyethylendioxithiophenen
Authors: Kolesov I. S. , Münstedt H. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractDie antielektrostatische Ausrüstung von Bauteilen aus Polymerwerkstoffen ist von großem anwendungstechnischem Interesse. Für den technischen Kunststoff Polyamid 6 und den Hochtemperaturthermoplasten Polyethersulfon wurde gezeigt, dass durch die Beschichtung mit Polyethylendioxithiophen eine für antielektrostatische Anwendungen ausreichende Leitfähigkeit zu erreichen ist. Aufgrund von chemischen Alterungsvorgängen des leitfähigen Polymers nimmt der Oberflächenwiderstand der beschichteten Prüfkörper jedoch zu. Für verschiedene Temperaturen, Schichtdicken und Rezepturen wurde die zeitliche Veränderung des elektrischen Widerstandes gemessen. Die Alterung zeigt in einer für technische Zwecke ausreichenden Näherung ein Arrhenius‐Verhalten. Somit werden Abschätzungen von Widerstandsänderungen unter verschiedenen Anwendungsbedingungen möglich.