bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inherent limitations and control design for camless engine idle speed dynamics
Authors: Wang Yan , Stefanopoulou Anna , Smith Roy 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe idle speed control problem of a spark‐ignited engine equipped with a camless valvetrain is considered. The camless valvetrain allows control of the individual intake and exhaust valves of each cylinder and can be used to achieve unthrottled operation, and consequently, optimize the engine performance. We formulate the speed control problem for this engine and show that it exhibits unstable open‐loop behaviour with a significant delay in the feedback loop. The instability is intrinsic to the unthrottled operation and specific to the camless actuation used to achieve the unthrottled operation. The delay is caused by the discrete combustion process and the sensor/computer/actuator interface. We demonstrate the inherent system limitations associated with the unstable dynamics and the delay and provide insight on the structural (plant) design that can alleviate these limitations. Finally, stabilizing controllers using classical and modern robust design techniques are presented and tested on a nonlinear simulation model. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The long and winding (and frequently bumpy) road to successful client engagement: one team's journey
Authors: Campbell Deborah 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSuccessful client engagements require both good model‐building process and good facilitation. Using an executive team‐building wilderness journey as an analogy, this article describes the process and facilitation of one particularly successful client engagement. At completion, in addition to using the model results to guide their strategic decision process that year, the client took on full ownership of the model, its use as an ongoing decision‐making resource, and its maintenance. Yet, between the smooth and relatively easy sales process and the important final results were a myriad of ups and downs. Each obstacle in our road brought learning and insight, and confirmed standard processes or suggested new ones. In the end, we developed a model to guide a specific but not restrictive strategic decision area, facilitated an understanding within the organization of the dynamic complexity of their business without the detail complexity, organized their data in a way that made it useful for them as it had not been before, and built a very strong client–consultant team relationship. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aiming for restructuring success at London Underground
Authors: Mayo Donna D. , Callaghan Martin J. , Dalton William J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBeginning in 1997, the UK government called on London Underground Limited (LUL) to assess its options for a broad restructuring. LUL commissioned an analysis by PA Consulting Group featuring the development and use of a system dynamics simulation model of the Underground. This article describes major aspects of this work, and how use of the dynamic simulation model has evolved to meet LUL's changing needs. The model provided a common framework for analyzing structural options; simulated performance under different potential structures and identified critical aspects of implementation; helped educate LUL's potential private‐sector partners about the Underground; and, most recently, enhanced LUL's evaluation of the private sector bids. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Direct detection of mutation sites on stretched DNA by atomic force microscopy
Authors: Zhang Yi , Lu Yongtao , Hu Jun , Kong Xiangyin , Li Bin , Zhao Guoping , Li Minqian 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBased on MutS protein recognition of heteroduplex DNA, here we report an approach by using atomic force microscopy (AFM) in combination with a DNA stretching technique for detecting small DNA alternations. The AFM studies showed that the binding ratio of heteroduplex DNA to MutS was higher than that of homoduplex DNA. The data also showed that the stretching operation caused little change to the binding ratios of both heteroduplex and homoduplex DNA. By stretching the MutS‐bound DNA, the distances from MutS binding sites to the DNA ends could be measured directly using AFM and the position of the binding sites could be measured. Because of the DNA stretching operation, this method will be competent to detect unpaired or mismatched sites on long DNA molecules in a direct and visual way. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
XPS study of the changes during the service life of polyester powder coatings
Authors: Haverkamp R. G. , Siew D. C. W. , Barton T. F. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPolyester powder coatings have been used for many years on architectural products, such as aluminium window trim. This study investigates the degradation mechanism of naturally weathered coatings that have been exposed to aggressive climatic conditions, including high ultraviolet radiation and coastal atmospheres containing salt. These conditions provide a harsh test regime over a period of 10 years. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was useful for detecting the initial stages of coating degradation. The technique allows for the testing of new polymer coating materials under real conditions in much shorter time spans. The XPS study is supported by photoacoustic Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bruno de Finetti: the mathematician, the statistician, the economist, the forerunner
Authors: Rossi Carla 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBruno de Finetti is possibly the best known Italian applied mathematician of the 20th century, but was he really just a mathematician? Looking at his papers it is always possible to find original and pioneering contributions to the various fields he was interested in, where he always put his mathematical ‘formamentis’ and skills at the service of the applications, often extending standard theories and models in order to achieve more general results. Many contributions are also devoted to educational issues, in mathematics in general and in probability and statistics in particular.He really thought that mathematics and, in particular, those topics related to uncertainty, should enter in everyday life as a useful support to everyone's decision making. He always imagined and lived mathematics as a basic tool both for better understanding and describing complex phenomena and for helping decision makers in assuming coherent and feasible actions. His many important contributions to the theory of probability and to mathematical statistics are well known all over the world, thus, in the following, minor, but still pioneering, aspects of his work, related both to theory and to applications of mathematical tools, and to his work in the field of education and training of teachers, are presented. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new approach to training back‐propagation artificial neural networks: empirical evaluation on ten data sets from clinical studies
Authors: Ciampi Antonio , Zhang Fulin 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe present a new approach to training back‐propagation artificial neural nets (BP‐ANN) based on regularization and cross‐validation and on initialization by a logistic regression (LR) model. The new approach is expected to produce a BP‐ANN predictor at least as good as the LR‐based one. We have applied the approach to ten data sets of biomedical interest and systematically compared BP‐ANN and LR. In all data sets, taking deviance as criterion, the BP‐ANN predictor outperforms the LR predictor used in the initialization, and in six cases the improvement is statistically significant. The other evaluation criteria used (C‐index, MSE and error rate) yield variable results, but, on the whole, confirm that, in practical situations of clinical interest, proper training may significantly improve the predictive performance of a BP‐ANN. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Teaching hypothesis tests – time for significant change?
Authors: Sterne Jonathan A. C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractConfusion in the teaching of statistical inference dates back to the conflict of Fisher's P‐values and significance tests with the Neyman‐Pearson hypothesis testing approach. To avoid the well‐known pitfalls arising from over‐reliance on significance tests and the division of results into ‘significant’ or ‘not significant’, many medical journals now insist that presentation of statistical analyses includes confidence intervals as well as or instead of P‐values. The confusion over how to report statistical analyses which is evident in the recent medical literature is matched by divergent teaching of hypothesis tests between the 16 U.K. medical schools represented at the April 2000 Burwalls meeting. Suggested guidelines for the teaching of statistical inference to medical students are presented, and possible future developments are discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Logistic regression when binary predictor variables are highly correlated
Authors: Barker Lawrence , Brown Cedric 
Published: August 2002

AbstractStandard logistic regression can produce estimates having large mean square error when predictor variables are multicollinear. Ridge regression and principal components regression can reduce the impact of multicollinearity in ordinary least squares regression. Generalizations of these, applicable in the logistic regression framework, are alternatives to standard logistic regression. It is shown that estimates obtained via ridge and principal components logistic regression can have smaller mean square error than estimates obtained through standard logistic regression. Recommendations for choosing among standard, ridge and principal components logistic regression are developed. Published in 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Repeated‐measures models to evaluate a hepatitis B vaccination programme
Authors: Renard Didier , Bruckers Liesbeth , Molenberghs Geert , Vellinga Akke , Van Damme Pierre 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn 1985–1986, a hepatitis B vaccination programme was conducted in a Belgian institution for the mentally handicapped. A group of 97 residents was followed up for 11 years in order to characterize the long‐term persistence of hepatitis B antibodies after vaccination. This paper proposes the use of linear mixed‐effects models to account for serial correlation and between‐individual heterogeneity in the data, while adjusting the analysis for various individual characteristics and important risk factors in the response to vaccination. We propose several model building strategies and focus on the prediction of future levels of antibodies. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The continual reassessment method: comparison of Bayesian stopping rules for dose‐ranging studies
Authors: Zohar Sarah , Chevret Sylvie 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe continual reassessment method (CRM) provides a Bayesian estimation of the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) in phase I clinical trials and is also used to estimate the minimal efficacy dose (MED) in phase II clinical trials. In this paper we propose Bayesian stopping rules for the CRM, based on either posterior or predictive probability distributions that can be applied sequentially during the trial. These rules aim at early detection of either the mis‐choice of dose range or a prefixed gain in the point estimate or accuracy of estimated probability of response associated with the MTD (or MED). They were compared through a simulation study under six situations that could represent the underlying unknown dose–response (either toxicity or failure) relationship, in terms of sample size, probability of correct selection and bias of the response probability associated to the MTD (or MED). Our results show that the stopping rules act correctly, with early stopping by using the two first rules based on the posterior distribution when the actual underlying dose–response relationship is far from that initially supposed, while the rules based on predictive gain functions provide a discontinuation of inclusions whatever the actual dose–response curve after 20 patients on average, that is, depending mostly on the accumulated data. The stopping rules were then applied to a data set from a dose‐ranging phase II clinical trial aiming at estimating the MED dose of midazolam in the sedation of infants during cardiac catheterization. All these findings suggest the early use of the two first rules to detect a mis‐choice of dose range, while they confirm the requirement of including at least 20 patients at the same dose to reach an accurate estimate of MTD (MED). A two‐stage design is under study. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Model‐based estimation of vaccine effects from community vaccine trials
Authors: Longini Ira M. , Halloran M. Elizabeth , Nizam Azhar 
Published: August 2002

AbstractCommunity vaccine trials are becoming increasingly important to assess both the direct and indirect community level effects of vaccination. In this paper, we present statistical methods to analyse such trials, using a design with several matched pairs of communities. The communities are matched on similarities in infection transmission as reflected through the basic reproduction number. Two methods of analysis are presented and compared. The first is simple empirical estimation of vaccine effects. Summary measures of these effects are constructed by reciprocal variance weighted averages across the community pairs. The second is likelihood‐based where we derive a mixed effects epidemic model. This model takes the intercommunity variability into account through a random effect on the basic reproduction number. With this model, we derive a distribution‐free estimator for the variance of the random effect. We use simulated epidemics to explore the performance of the two estimation methods for different numbers of community pairs and different levels of inter‐pair variability. Both methods provide acceptable estimates in terms of bias and precision under reasonable conditions. Although the empirical approach involves fewer assumptions than the model‐based approach, the resulting vaccine effectiveness estimates are only applicable to the vaccination fraction tested in the trial. In contrast, the model‐based approach can be used to predict the vaccine effectiveness at vaccination fractions other than those used in the trial. Thus, it can be used as a public health policy tool for predicting the community level effects of vaccination. We demonstrate such use by predicting total vaccine effectiveness for the whole range of vaccination fractions. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Global strategy and population‐level learning: the case of hard disk drives
Authors: McKendrick David G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSome scholars argue that firms within the same industry engage in similar foreign investment behavior irrespective of nationality because they face a common set of pressures and incentives. Others emphasize the persistent diversity in business practices and behavior of firms from different nations as they invest abroad. Using the hard disk drive industry as a case, this paper explores whether nationality or industry has the greater influence on global strategy and whether it affects industry performance. The findings suggest that firms from the same nation are likely to adopt similar global strategies initially, but that, over time, the industry as a whole converges on the same blueprint for action. At the same time, however, strategic focus and organizational characteristics moderate national influences: firms from the same nation are more likely to adopt the same global strategy if they compete in the same product segment and are of similar size and age. The evidence also indicates that the national industry that is first to select what becomes the dominant strategy acquires an advantage over competitors from other countries. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ageing of a data‐intensive legacy system: symptoms and remedies
Authors: Visaggio Giuseppe 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis study generalizes some of the symptoms of ageing of a legacy system. Each symptom is specified by metrics and the results of the measurements made suggest what operations should be undertaken to renew the software. The study is based on retrospective analysis of data collected during the execution of a large renewal process of a very old legacy system. It therefore provides evidence of the expected efficacy of such renewal processes and can be used to decide how best to plan them and manage them in order to increase their efficacy. It can also be used to define the reengineering requirements to ensure long life to the system despite successive evolutions of the application and the operation domain. The metrics can provide a basis for monitoring a software system to ensure that its quality does not degrade to such an extent that the most costly and risky renewal processes then have to be performed to improve it. Finally, the paper points out the problems with renewal processes that still remain open. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Natural philosophy and developmental systems
Authors: Salthe Stanley N. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractNatural philosophy is being revived by way of grounding it in thermodynamics and information theory. This discourse systematizes information from all the sciences so that every field of knowledge of nature supports every other as parts of a concept of general evolution. The point is to construct an intelligible picture of the world. Change in material systems involves both development and evolution. General evolution is primarily developmental, and the specification hierarchy of integrative levels can be used to model it. In this hierarchy, biology is seen as a kind of material system, and social phenomena as kinds of biological systems. This pattern implies there was a tendency toward psychology on the earth. This scheme is biased by having been produced by psychological, social, biological beings, integrating humans with the rest of nature, and so it embodies valuation. Natural philosophy welcomes values in its constructions. There has never been a culture without an origination myth; general evolution, as constructed within natural philosophy, differs by referring to its own genesis within a picture of the genesis of the world. Copyright © 2001 International Society for the Systems Sciences.
Gerard de Zeeuw and architectural research
Authors: Verbeke Johan 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper reports on the interaction between Professor Gerard de Zeeuw and the staff of the Faculty of Architecture Sint‐Lucas (Brussels–Ghent, part of the Hogeschool voor Wetenschap & Kunst), henceforth referred to as Sint‐Lucas (Architecture). The paper is a case study of Professor Gerard de Zeeuw at work, highlighting the main issues he brings into discussion and reports on the way he works with groups. It is structured around the four encounters between Gerard de Zeeuw and staff of Sint‐Lucas and discusses the important problem of defining the background and criteria for scientific research in Architecture.During the group activities, Gerard de Zeeuw stimulated a positive and open climate valuing ideas and allowing emergence of ideas. His way of working was based on enlightening ideas, maintaining focus, creating a constructive climate, introducing the framework described in this paper and an iterative process of developing ideas.The first encounter was during a meeting to prepare an EU application in Delft. Some time later, the Board of Sint‐Lucas decided to invest in the development of architectural research. A short meeting with de Zeeuw in Brussels was followed by a residential workshop in Wissant (France). This resulted in a policy statement on architectural research at Sint‐Lucas. This statement is the formal outcome of the interaction processes between Gerard de Zeeuw and Sint‐Lucas and proves Gerard de Zeeuw's impact on the formulation of criteria for scientific research in architecture. The final ideas were developed during de Zeeuw's retirement meeting in Amsterdam (the Netherlands). For each encounter, we will try to highlight the main ideas and the impact on Sint‐Lucas and research in architecture. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An Asian American Perspective on Psychosocial Student Development Theory
Authors: Maekawa Kodama Corinne , McEwen Marylu K. , Liang Christopher T. H. , Lee Sunny 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPsychosocial student development theory based on predominantly white student populations may not be appropriate for Asian American students. The authors propose a new model of psychosocial development for Asian American students that takes racial identity and external influences into account.
NMDA antagonist effects on striatal dopamine release: Microdialysis studies in awake monkeys
Authors: Adams Barbara W. , Bradberry Charles W. , Moghaddam Bita 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBrain imaging studies have suggested that the NMDA antagonist ketamine is as potent a releaser of striatal dopamine as amphetamine. This conclusion contradicts microdialysis findings in the rodent that NMDA antagonists, in contrast to amphetamine, have little or no effect on striatal dopamine release. The present study addressed two mechanisms that could account for this discrepancy: 1) whether there is a species difference, i.e., rodents vs. primates, in the responsivity of striatal dopamine to NMDA antagonists, and 2) whether rapid uptake of dopamine prevents reliable measures of synaptic dopamine release by microdialysis in response to NMDA antagonists. MRI‐directed in vivo microdialysis was used to compare the effects of psychotomimetic NMDA antagonists phencyclidine (PCP), ketamine, and amphetamine on extracellular striatal dopamine levels in awake rhesus monkeys. The effect of PCP was also investigated in the presence of intrastriatally applied nomifensine, a dopamine uptake blocker. Amphetamine (0.1 or 0.4 mg/kg) produced robust and dose‐dependent increases in dopamine release ranging 2–10‐fold above baseline. PCP at 0.1 mg/kg had no effect and at 0.3 mg/kg produced a small 50% increase over baseline. Ketamine, at the relatively high dose of 5 mg/kg, produced only a 30% increase in dopamine release. Intrastriatal application of nomifensine did not influence the effect of PCP, suggesting that rapid uptake of dopamine is not preventing the detection of a PCP‐induced increase in dopamine release. These findings suggest that in the primate, ketamine and PCP are not effective dopamine releasers, as has been suggested by previous imaging studies. Synapse 43:12–18, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Orientation Control and Fixation of Discotic Liquid Crystal
Authors: Kawata Ken 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe established hybrid, horizontal, vertical, and vertical‐twisted alignment of discotic liquid crystals on web‐coating
thin film. Newly developed materials are the photopolymerizable discotic liquid crystals, in order to fix desired novel alignment,
the alignment promoters that deposit toward air surface during web coating, followed by drying of solvent, and then accomplish desired
alignment of liquid crystals, the alignment layers that promote desired alignment of liquid crystals from the substrate side and the
chiral agents, which have strong chiral powers in small amounts. Hybrid aligned discotic liquid crystal thin film has proven quite
effective in expanding the viewing angle of thin film transistor liquid crystal displays. © 2002 The Japan Chemical Journal
Forum and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Chem Rec 2:59–80, 2002: Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com)
DOI 10.1002/tcr.10015