bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Negotiating International Trade Agreements
Authors: McMillan John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
WHILE THE players in the games so far considered have been people or firms, games are also played among nations. This chapter will discuss international trade negotiations. Business negotiations are usually conducted behind closed doors; it is difficult for outside analysts to get detailed information about how they proceeded. When governments negotiate, by contrast, the news media pay close attention. Trade negotiations among nations therefore provide a useful case study illustrating the bargaining theory of Chapters 5 and 6. Nations regularly negotiate agreements on the rules governing their trade with each other. Since the Second World War, the main forum for such negotiations among non-Communist nations has been the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). GATT has had remarkable success in reducing tariffs on trade among developed nations. When GATT began in 1947, tariffs were typically around 50% or more-a significant barrier to world trade. After successive negotiations over three decades, these tariffs were virtually eliminated, permitting a vast increase in the volume of international trade, and a resulting increase in the wealth of the Western nations.
Bidding in Competition
Authors: McMillan John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All The Games we have so far considered involve only two players. Negotiation games sometimes involve three or more participants. Most of what we learn from two-person games about the possibilities for gains from trade carries over to the case of three or more players. But additional considerations of competition and cooperation arise when there are more than two players: one of the players can try to play the others off against each other; and groups of players can work jointly in coalitions.
New Product Development Effectiveness: A Triadic Comparison in the Information-Technology Industry
Authors: Doz Yves 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter summarizes findings from research on new product development in a sample of European information-technology (IT) firms, in comparison with firms in the same industry in Japan and the United States. The purpose of this research was to contribute to an understanding of how effectively European providers of information-technology products and systems exploit their technological resources, leveraging existing know-how and succeeding in new research and development (R&D) efforts. The research was prompted by the perception of a relatively poor performance of European companies in the information-echnology industry, and in particular in the newer, faster-moving product areas, such as active components, personal computers, and workstations, in comparison with their American and Japanese competitors. Although the poor performance of European firms could partly be ascribed to market conditions-such as the fragmentation of markets and the role of public policies-internal policies, practices, and organizational processes of firms may also play a role. A number of studies of product development policies, organization, and processes have been performed on Japanese and American IT firms, but there was a relative paucity of comparable empirical research on European firms.
The Brothel Boy and Other Parables of the Law
Authors: Morris Norval 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Norval Morris is widely known as one of the foremost experts in the field of criminal law. This work represents the culmination of his thinking about the major criminal law debates of our time - capital punishment, adoption conflicts, the insanity defence, battered wife syndrome and child abuse among others. Morris illustrates these complex and controversial issues through a number of vivid stories set in the colonial Burma of the 1920s. Morris borrows Orwell’s persona, Eric Blair, a young district officer placed in the position of being both policemen and judge, to probe questions that animate contemporary legal debate. Morris’s use of fiction as a vehicle for legal argument contributes to an exciting trend in legal studies which includes the work of Derrick Bell (AND WE ARE NOT SAVED) and Patricia Williams. Most of the stories have been published in legal journals and have been enthusiastically received by legal scholars. A film featuring Raoul Julia in the role of Eric Blair is being produced by Blaze productions, to be distributed by Warner Brothers. A television series of the eight stories is under consideration.
The Best Interests of the Child
Authors: Morris Norval 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It had happened swiftly, safely, and to the noisy delight of the Chinakans. The distance between the beach and their fishing village was about a hundred yards; we were inundated midway on our journey, providing a perfect view for all. When we pushed off there seemed ample clearance between the calm waters and the gunwales, though the barque was heavily laden with the tins of bully beef, of dried biscuits, of jam and condensed milk, and a wide variety of other groceries to which the Burmese villagers were reputed to be partial. I doubt that Mr. Plimsoll would have been suspicious, unless perhaps he was wise in the ways of Burmese fishing villagers.
The Planter’s Dream
Authors: Morris Norval 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“The nightmare suddenly became real,” Taylor later told me. “The noise of the gun was no dream, though the dream had seemed very real. I found myself standing there, shotgun in hand, close to the bed, her head and chest blasted, lumps scattered everywhere.” Dr. Veraswami had arrived before me, called by Taylor’s boy, Aka Thon, who then came shouting on to my bungalow. Veraswami had bicycled up the hill at top speed through a predawn rainstorm. When I got there, dawn was breaking. Taylor sat slumped forward in a chair on the verandah, Aka Thon squatting anxiously nearby, the details of the scene appearing like a developing daguerreotype as the light increased. They made no move as I hurried inside.
Secrecy, Sin, and Sexual Enticement The Integration of Public and Private Life Worlds
Authors: Lystra Karen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If It 1s True that erotic activity was thriving in Victorian American life, it is equally true that Victorians committed huge amounts of energy to hide that fact. One of the more interesting conundrums of nineteenth century culture originates in the spectacle of secrecy and the veil of denial that surrounded sexuality among middle-class Americans. Does such reticence make sense, except as a reflection of hypocrisy and repression? Perhaps. But this does not fully explain the frank, teasing, sometimes celebratory descriptions of erotic experience in an array of private expressions. The well-documented Victorian penchant for secrecy, censorship, and restrictive public pronouncements must be explained in conjunction with the sexual appreciation found in private life.
Mutagenesis and Transgenesis
Authors: Silver Lee M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Genetic variation—the existence of at least two forms—is the essential ingredient present in all breeding experiments. Phenotypic variation, in particular, can be used as a means for uncovering the normal function of a wild type allele. As discussed in the first chapter of this book, it was the availability of many variant phenotypes within the fancy mouse trade that made the house mouse such an ideal organism for studies by early geneticists. In a sense though, the house mouse won by default because, in the absence of domestication and artificial selection, variation in traits visible to the eye is extremely rare and thus, other small mammals were genetically intractable. Although the fancy mouse variants provided material for a host of early genetic studies, the number of different variants was still limited, and the rate at which new ones arose spontaneously in experimental colonies was exceedingly low: it is now known that, on average, only one gamete in 100,000 is likely to carry a detectable mutation at any single locus.
Genetic Markers
Authors: Silver Lee M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Linkage analysis can only be performed on loci that are polymorphic with two or more distinguishable alleles. Naturally occurring polymorphic loci with clear single-gene effects are rarely observed in wild animal populations. In the laboratory, however, it is possible to identify and breed animals with mutations at many different loci (see Chapter 6). Over the last 90 years, thousands of independent mouse mutations have been characterized in various laboratories. In fact, as discussed previously, a primary reason for the initial choice of the mouse as an experimental genetic system was the collection of rare genetic variants present in the hands of the fancy mouse breeders (see Chapter 1). However, even this variation is restricted in its scope and usefulness for geneticists. This is because of the severe limitation in the number of phenotypic markers that can be incorporated into any one cross. Although over 50 independent loci have been characterized with effects on coat color (Silvers, 1979), it is impossible to follow more than a handful at any one time since mutant alleles at any one locus will act to obscure the expression of mutant alleles at other loci. With mutant alleles that affect viability in some way, the problem of sorting out overlapping phenotypes becomes even more severe.
Social Adversity and Sentencing Policy
Authors: Tonry Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rejection of social adversity as a complete defense does not require that it be rejected as a mitigating consideration in a just sentencing system. To say to an offender that it was he who decided to burglarize a home and that he is responsible for his act and will be convicted does not mean that we cannot sympathize with the pressures he was under and try, for his sake and ours, to help him resist temptation next time and to fashion a sentence as constructive and as little destructive as possible. We must do so if we are to lessen the disproportionate numbers of blacks in our jails and prisons, and the damage that those disproportions do to the lives of black Americans.
On the Concept of ‘‘Organizational Community’’
Authors: Porac Joseph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since I am not an expert on interorganizational research, it is difficult for me to evaluate the specific merits and sins of each chapter in the session on community evolution. Instead, I would like to use my position as a na’ive outsider to make a few general comments about how organizational communities are conceptualized and studied. Even to a nonexpert, it is clear that the five chapters in the session cover a very wide range of community-level phenomena with a diverse array of analytical tools. This diversity suggests that interesting tensions exist below the theoretical surface, tugging and pushing researchers to move along different conceptual trajectories in their efforts to understand how organizational communities develop over time. In this brief commentary, I want to explore one of these underlying tensions and show how it can be used to make sense of the choices made in these chapters.
Strategic Control and M-form Implementation
Authors: Hoskisson Robert E , Hitt Michael A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On January 22, 1988, the Eastman Kodak Company agreed to acquire Sterling Drug, Inc., for $5.1 billion. This was the largest nonoil acquisition to that point in U.S. history. While the performance of Sterling had been, at best, stagnant in recent years, Kodak executives felt they could install “Kodak management” and tum around the drug company’s performance. Therefore, they attempted to exercise strategic control. Exercise of strategic control represents evaluation of strategic decisions and action, rather than of outcomes (e.g., financial returns). However, the effective exercise of strategic control generally requires extensive knowledge of the firm’s operations and of its market. In particular, Kodak management focused on Sterling Drug’s R&D operation. However, Sterling’s problems became more severe after Kodak installed its management team. The company’s new drugs were not testing well; at the same time, its existing product line was facing fierce competition. Kodak managers quietly cut projects that were predicted to generate new products for Sterling Drug. As a result, debt on the acquisition exceeded the firm’s operating earnings by $50 million in 1989.1 Although Kodak executives have a good understanding of the chemicals involved in photography, Sterling Drug represents an unrelated market diversification for Kodak. It was inappropriate for Kodak executives to exercise strategic control because they did not have effective understanding of the drug industry, nor did they know how to manage the internal operations of a drug business. On the other hand, Sterling Drug’s performance prior to the acquisition revealed that its managers had not been effective either.
Restructuring Managerial Incentives
Authors: Hoskisson Robert E , Hitt Michael A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the 1980s, average compensation for chief executive officers in U.S. firms increased by 212 percent. At the same time, factory workers received pay increases averaging 53 percent; engineers, 73 percent; and teachers, 95 percent. For the same time period, the average earnings per share of the Standard & Poors top 500 companies increased by only 78 percent. Therefore, some argue that unless top executives were significantly underpaid prior to the 1980s, the increase in pay during that decade does not seem warranted. On the other hand, some offsetting changes in executive compensation occurred in the early 1990s.
Downscoping
Authors: Hoskisson Robert E , Hitt Michael A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Between 1968 and 1979 General Mills pursued a pattern of growth through acquisition and diversification. Moving from its base in consumer foods, General Mills expanded into toys, games, apparel, specialty retailing, travel service, rare coins and stamps, and restaurants. All acquisitions had well-established national-brand franchises. In 1968 89.5 percent of General Mills’ sales were in consumer foods; by 1976, only 61.8 percent of sales were in consumer foods. In 1981 Bruce Atwater became CEO. He realized that corporate strategy was unevenly distributed across industries and product lines and that many product lines were subject to sharp cyclical swings. He also found in the early 1980s that General Mills’ diversification strategy was increasingly devalued by the market.
African Methodism as a Social Movement, II
Authors: Campbell James T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In August 1903 a short letter appeared in Koranta ea Beacona, the English-Setswana newspaper edited by future South African Native National Congress founder Solomon Plaatje. The letter came from Segale Pilane, a Bakhatla chief and one of Britain’s most important allies in the just completed South African War. Like other Africans, Segale and his people had expected British victory to usher in a new liberal order for Africans in the Transvaal. They had also hoped for a restoration of Bakhatla lands in the western Transvaal that had been stolen by the Boers in the 1880s. Needless to say, both expectations proved unavailing, leaving Segale bitter and resentful. While in this attitude, he somehow came across a copy of The Voice of the People, an African American emigrationist newspaper published by AME Bishop Henry Turner. The paper, essentially a catalog of racial oppression around the globe, struck an immediate chord with the chief, prompting him to write. Segale was particularly enraged by a story of an African minister in the Orange Free State who had been defrocked by white missionaries “only because he is black.” “I say: Pray, Natives, do hear the cry of your own ‘People’,” he wrote. “They even despise our own creation and say that they cannot allow the Book in black hands. I say, let us leave them alone.” As a parting shot, he added that, in any future war, Africans should aid the Boers.
Middle Passages
Authors: Campbell James T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the beginning of World War I, African Methodism’s unique moment in the intertwined history of the United States and South Africa had more or less passed. Henry Turner, the driving force behind the AME Church’s African outreach, went to his rest in 1915, the same year as Benjamin Tanner, his great antagonist. Questions about Africa and its relationship to African American life, which had consumed AME councils for the better part of a century, were crowded aside by a host of concerns closer to home—by war, by renewed spasms of racial violence, and by a massive northward migration that depopulated whole swaths of the church’s southern heartland. While AME leaders continued to endorse African missions and occasionally to support them financially, Africa was clearly becoming a sideshow within the church. In the face of the East St. Louis race riot of 1917 and the explosion in Chicago two years later, it was hard to see Africa as the primary challenge for black Christianity, the field on which the future of the race would be determined.
Introduction
Authors: Howe Daniel Walker 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the twenty-fourth of May 1844, Professor Samuel F. B. Morse, seated amidst a hushed gathering of distinguished national leaders in the chambers of the United States Supreme Court in Washington, tapped out a message on a device of cogs and coiled wires: what hath god wrought Forty miles away, in Baltimore, Morse’s associate Alfred Vail received the electric signals and sent the message back. The invention they had demonstrated was destined to change the world. For thousands of years messages had been limited by the speed with which messengers could travel and the distance at which eyes could see signals such as flags or smoke. Neither Alexander the Great nor Benjamin Franklin (America’s first postmaster general) two thousand years later knew anything faster than a galloping horse. Now, instant long-distance communication became a practical reality.
An Era of Good and Bad Feelings
Authors: Howe Daniel Walker 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Monday, March 4, 1817, was unseasonably warm and sunny in Washington—a stroke of good fortune for the eight thousand spectators who had come to witness the inauguration of the new president. The House and Senate had wrangled over plans for the event, and with the public buildings still not yet fully repaired from their burning two and a half years before, indoor options were limited. So it had been decided to hold the ceremony in the open air on the steps of the Capitol.1 The site became a tradition, although since inauguration day has been moved back to January 20 the chances of good weather are even less.
Jackson’s Third Term
Authors: Howe Daniel Walker 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Andrew Jackson strengthened the presidency,” it is often claimed. True, Old Hickory extended the circle of presidential advisors, expanded the patronage to be dispensed, and broadened use of the veto power. He successfully combined the office of the presidency with leadership of his political party. He triumphed in confrontations with his rivals Biddle and Calhoun. Yet the power of President Jackson remained to a large extent a function of his personal popularity, that is, charismatic rather than institutional. He did not succeed in transferring all of his own power to his successors. Indeed, the second party system that resulted from his rule proved to be a period of weak presidents. (James Knox Polk was the only exception, and even he served but one term.) Jackson did not so much strengthen the institution of the presidency as set an example that later popular presidents could invoke. Martin Van Buren, however, did not make himself one of these. Adept at gaining power, he proved largely unsuccessful in wielding it. Jackson’s heir was fated to preside ineffectually over a time of economic hardship and bitter conflicts.
The New Economy
Authors: Howe Daniel Walker 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When John Ball reached his twenty-first birthday in 1815, he finally felt free to leave home, his father’s semi-subsistence farm atop a thousandfoot hill near Plymouth, New Hampshire. The youngest of ten children, he had worked on the farm from his earliest memories. He looked back on the time of his growing up matter-of-factly but not fondly. “With me it was all work and no play.” Sunday brought surcease from physical labor, but Calvinist strictness made it “the dullest day of all.” What he minded most was “having so limited an opportunity for an education.” Eventually his father had allowed the youth to walk four miles to the home of a clergyman who tutored him, not only in English and history but also in Latin, a prerequisite for college. Soon John knew enough to teach school in the winter, when his work could be spared from the farm. By the time he could gain admission to Dartmouth he was much older than most of the undergraduates, and his father warned him that “you must not look to me for help.” Still he managed to graduate in 1820. John Ball went on to a career as a lawyer in New York. Meanwhile, John’s sister Deborah, a woman of “vigorous body and mind, quite self-reliant,” had also left home, learned the tailoring trade, and married a man named William Powers, who founded a factory in New York making oil cloth. When William died, Deborah carried on the business, and John suspended his law practice to become her factory foreman. After Deborah’s factory got on a firm footing, John Ball departed for a well-publicized trip to Oregon, speculated in Michigan land, and despite the hard times following 1837 found both fortune and a happy late marriage there. Remembering his own early struggles, he played an influential role in creating the Michigan public school system.
The War Against Mexico
Authors: Howe Daniel Walker 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the first of May 1846, before word of fighting had even reached Washington, General Taylor pulled most of the Army of Occupation (as it had been named) out of Fort Texas and, leaving only a small garrison behind, fell back toward Port Isabel to protect his supply base from the advancing Mexicans. General Arista had intended to encircle Taylor’s smaller force, but a shortage of boats delayed his crossing the river until the Americans had got away. He then besieged Fort Texas and, with his main body, blocked Taylor’s return to relieve it. A young U.S. second lieutenant arriving at Port Isabel on May 2 heard his first hostile gunfire, the distant booming of the Mexican cannon starting to bombard the fort. Ulysses Grant never forgot his reaction: He “felt sorry” he had joined the Army.
The Revolutions of 1848
Authors: Howe Daniel Walker 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When news of an uprising in Paris arrived in New York on March 18, 1848, Americans learned that it had broken out—appropriately, they thought—on the twenty-second of February, George Washington’s Birthday. America’s sense of mission, of being an example to the world, appeared justifled. New York’s penny press, which had celebrated manifest destiny, now sensationalized the tidings coming across the Atlantic. Within weeks, other revolutions broke out across much of Europe, promising to overthrow authoritarian regimes in the name of a variety of liberal, democratic, and ethnic-minority movements. “The finger of revolution points to us as its example, its cloud and pillar of fire!” crowed the New York Sun in vivid rhetoric typical of Jane Storm, the “mistress of manifest destiny,” who had returned from her secret mission in Mexico. “The great principles of popular sovereignty which were proclaimed in 1776 by the immortal author of our Declaration of Independence, seem now to be in the course of rapid development throughout the world,” President Polk wrote to his emissary in Paris.