bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantitative renal scintigraphic determination of effective renal plasma flow in dogs with normal and abnormal renal function, using 99mTc-mercaptoacetyltriglycine
Authors: Itkin Randall J. , Krawiec Donald R. , Twardock A. Robert , Gelberg Howard B. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Effective renal plasma flow (erpf) was evaluated, using the measurement of p-aminohippurate clearance (clpah) and quantitative renal scintigraphy (qrs) with 99mTc-mercaptoacetyltriglycine (99mTc-MAG3). The clpah and qrs determinations were made in 6 dogs: 2 determinations for each dog before, and 1 determination after induction of renal failure by administration of amphotericin B. Least-squares regression analysis was used to derive an equation to estimate erpf from qrs data. The results indicated that qrs, using 99mTc-MAG3, correlated reasonably well (r = 0.82, P < 0.001) with erpf determined from the clpah value. The right kidney contributed 53.3% of global erpf (P = 0.002). Hepatobiliary excretion of 99mTc-MAG3 was variable within each dog. There was not a consistent pattern with respect to time or renal function. All dogs had nausea or emesis, or both, after iv administration of 99mTc-MAG3. The qrs method with 99mTc-MAG3 provides an adequate means to estimate erpf in healthy dogs and dogs with renal failure.
Densitometric properties of long bones in dogs, as determined by use of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry
Authors: Markel Mark D. , Sielman Emily , Bodganske John J. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
We performed dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (craniocaudal and lateromedial views) on 10 pairs of humeruses, radiuses, femurs, and tibias from dogs, using an alignment jig, to determine the homotypic bone mineral density variations of long bones. The bones were divided into 3 regions: proximal, middle, and distal parts of the diaphysis. The bone mineral density of cortical bone, medullary bone, and total bone was determined. Of 160 homotypic comparisons, 21 indicated significant (P ≤ 0.05) differences between right and left bones at either a region or location. These differences were observed most frequently in the craniocaudal view and were probably secondary to positioning errors. Evaluation of elliptical bones, such as the radius, also indicated that, when the thicker dimension, such as the lateromedial view of the radius was measured, the bone mineral density of regions-of-interest in that view was greater than that in the opposite view (ie, craniocaudal view of the radius). This study validates the concept of using the contralateral limb as the control condition in orthopedic studies of dogs, particularly when evaluating the densitometric properties of long bones. This study also emphasizes the importance of accurate positioning to prevent inadvertent alteration of bone mineral density results when using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry is particularly susceptible to positioning errors, because it converts a 3-dimensional structure into a 2-dimensional image.
Effect of psyllium on plasma concentration of glucose, breath hydrogen concentration, and fecal composition in calves with diarrhea treated orally with electrolyte solutions
Authors: Naylor Jonathan M. , Liebel Taryn 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
We investigated the effect of adding psyllium to a standard electrolyte solution in 10 calves with diarrhea. The calves were tested with the standard solution on one day and standard solution plus psyllium on the alternate day. The order of treatments was randomized. Psyllium converted the solution into mucilage, but did not affect fecal consistency. Mean ± sem area under the glucose absorption curve was lower for mucilaginous than for nonmucilaginous solutions, 2.1 ± 0.62 vs 3.75 ± 1.18 mmol·h, respectively, but the difference was not significant. The area under the breath hydrogen curve was marginally lower for mucilaginous than non-mucilaginous solutions, 102 ± 20 and 209 ± 60 ppm·h, respectively. The usefulness of such decreased bacterial fermentation is doubtful.
Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in sera of hunter-killed white-tailed deer in Pennsylvania
Authors: Humphreys J. G. , Stewart R. L. , Dubey J. P. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Serum samples from 593 white-tailed deer in Pennsylvania that were killed by hunters in 1991 were examined for Toxoplasma gondii antibodies, by use of the modified agglutination test. Sixty percent (357/593) of the deer had T gondii antibodies; 10% had titer of 25,23% had titer of 50, and 27% had titer ≥ 500. Sex-specific differences in prevalence were not detected.
Measurement of upper airway pressures in exercising horses with dorsal displacement of the soft palate
Authors: Rehder Renata S. , Ducharme Normand G. , Hackett Richard P. , Nielan Gary J. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
To determine whether abnormal airway pressures have a role in development of dorsal displacement of the soft palate (ddsp), measurements of tracheal and pharyngeal pressures were correlated with nasopharyngeal morphology in exercising horses. Exercising videoendoscopy and measurement of tracheal and pharyngeal pressures were used in 14 clinically normal horses and 19 horses with intermittent ddsp. The pressure signals were superimposed on the videoendoscope image, and both images were saved simultaneously on a videocassette for slow motion analysis to determine the instant displacement occurred in the respiratory cycle. Horses were submitted to an escalating 8-minute high-speed test with a maximal speed of 14 m/s. Compared with clinically normal horses, horses with intermittent ddsp did not have excessively negative inspiratory pressures during exercise. Eight horses displaced the soft palate during inspiration, 4 horses displaced it during expiration, and 7 displaced it by swallowing. Some horses displaced the soft palate at the beginning of the exercise trial, before reaching maximal speed, some horses displaced it at the peak speed, and some horses displaced it when slowing down. Epiglottic size in horses with ddsp was within normal limits, ruling out epiglottic hypoplasia as a cause of ddsp during exercise. Airway pressures were significantly (P < 0.002) altered after ddsp. Pharyngeal and tracheal inspiratory pressures were less negative, whereas pharyngeal expiratory pressure became less positive and tracheal expiratory pressure became more positive after displacement, suggesting a decrease in airflow and an increase in expiratory resistance in the upper airway.
Differential cell analysis and phenotypic subtyping of lymphocytes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from clinically normal dogs
Authors: Vail David M. , Mahler Peter A. , Soergel Steve A. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
In 33 healthy dogs, 66 bronchoalveolar lavage samples from the right and left caudal lung lobes were analyzed for volume of return, cellularity, differential cellularity, and immunophenotypic lymphocyte subpopulations. Lavage return was 64.8% (mean) following 3 sequential 25-ml lavages, for a total lavage volume of 75 ml. With this technique, 21.1 × 106 cells/sample (mean) were obtained. The cellular components of bronchoalveolar lavage samples, in decreasing order of frequency, were alveolar macrophages (79.4%), lymphocytes (13.5%), eosinophils (3.6%), mast cells (2.1%), epithelial cells (0.8%), and neutrophils (0.6%). Mean alveolar lymphocyte subpopulation frequencies, determined in 18 samples, for pan T, CD4, and CD8 cells were 52, 21.9, and 17.8%, respectively, with a CD4/CD8 ratio of 1.3. Variables analyzed did not vary between right and left caudal lung lobes, nor were they affected by body weight.
Diet effect on activity product ratios of uric acid, sodium urate, and ammonium urate in urine formed by healthy Beagles
Authors: Bartges Joseph W. , Osborne Carl A. , Felice Lawrence J. , Allen Timothy A. , Brown Charles , Unger Lisa K. , Koehler Lori A. , Bird Kathy A. , Chen Menglan 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Urine activity product ratios of uric acid, sodium urate, and ammonium urate and urinary excretion of metabolites were determined in 24-hour samples produced by 6 healthy Beagles during periods of consumption of a low-protein, casein-based diet (diet A) and a high-protein, meat-based diet (diet B). Comparison of effects of diet A with those of diet B revealed: significantly lower activity product ratios of uric acid (P = 0.025), sodium urate (P = 0.045), and ammonium urate (P = 0.0045); significantly lower 24-hour urinary excretion of uric acid (P = 0.002), ammonia (P = 0.0002), sodium (P = 0.01), calcium (P = 0.005), phosphorus (P = 0.0003), magnesium (P = 0.01), and oxalic acid (P = 0.004); significantly (P = 0.0001) higher 24-hour urine pH; and significantly (P = 0.01) lower endogenous creatinine clearance. These results suggest that consumption of diet A minimizes changes in urine that predispose dogs to uric acid, sodium urate, and ammonium urate urolithiasis.
Laparoscopic anatomy of the equine abdomen
Authors: Galuppo Larry D. , Snyder Jack R. , Pascoe John R. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Laparoscopy was performed on 6 horses (2 mares, 2 geldings, 2 stallions) to determine the normal laparoscopic anatomy of the equine abdomen. After withholding feed for 36 hours, horses were examined from the left and right paralumbar fossae, and the visceral anatomic structures were recorded by videotape and photography. One mare developed emphysema located subcutaneously at the primary laparoscopic portal; otherwise, there were no complications. The anatomic structures of diagnostic importance that were observed in the left half of the abdomen were the hepatic duct; left lateral and quadrate lobes of the liver; stomach; spleen; left kidney with the associated nephrosplenic ligament; segments of jejunum, descending colon, and ascending colon; left side of the male and female reproductive tracts; urinary bladder; vaginal ring; and mesorchium. Important structures observed in the right side of the abdomen were portions of the common hepatic duct; left lateral, quadrate, and right lobes of the liver; caudate process of the liver; stomach; duodenum; right dorsal colon, epiploic foramen; omental bursa; right kidney; base of the cecum; segments of jejunum, descending colon, and ascending colon; urinary bladder; right half of the male and female reproductive tracts; and rectum.
Role of low dietary fat in the treatment of dogs with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
Authors: Westermarck Elias , Junttila Juha T. , Wiberg Maria E. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The main objective of the study reported here was to determine whether signs typical of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (epi) are alleviated when affected dogs are fed a diet with low fat content, compared with feeding ordinary commercial dog food or food prepared by the owner. The most cost-effective amount of enzyme supplement also was estimated. The study consisted of 6 test periods. Duration of the first and third periods was 4 weeks, and that of the others was 2 weeks. During the first 2 periods, the dogs were fed their original diet. The amount of enzyme supplement was reduced by half between the first and the second period. During the last 4 periods, the dogs were fed only the low-fat diet, and amount of the enzyme supplement was reduced stepwise. During the entire study, owners were asked to assess daily the severity of 9 signs typical of epi. A new index was established by adding the daily scores of each individual epi sign. This index was designated the epi index and was used as a measure of the general well-being of the dog. When the mean epi indexes of the original diet periods were compared with those of the corresponding low-fat diet periods, there were no statistically significant differences by use of Tukey's test or the paired t-test. There was considerable variability between dogs, however. The fat content of the original diet did not correlate with the difference in epi signs when the dogs were fed the low-fat diet. According to our study, feeding a low-fat diet to dogs with epi did not significantly alleviate clinical signs of the disease.
Decreasing the enzyme supplementation by 50% of the recommended dose did not significantly increase severity of the cumulative epi score. Decreasing the enzyme supplement by three-fourths of the recommended dose was excessive, and the severity of the clinical signs increased significantly (P < 0.05). The cost of the low-fat diet, compared with that of the original diet, was high.
Systemic and colonic venous hemostatic alterations in horses during low-flow ischemia and reperfusion of the large colon
Authors: Moore Rustin M. , Couto C. Guillermo , Muir William W. , Moore Bonnie Rush , Kociba Gary J. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Twenty-four horses were randomly allocated to 3 groups. All horses underwent a ventral midline celiotomy, and the large colon was exteriorized and instrumented. Group-1 horses served as sham-operated controls, group-2 horses underwent 6 hours of colonic ischemia, and group-3 horses were subjected to 3 hours of ischemia and 3 hours of reperfusion. Baseline blood samples were collected, then low-flow colonic ischemia was induced in horses of groups 2 and 3 by reducing colonic arterial blood flow to 20% of baseline. All horses were monitored for 6 hours. Citrated systemic venous (sv) blood samples were collected from the main pulmonary artery, and colonic venous (cv) samples were collected from the colonic vein draining the ventral colon. Samples were collected at 0, and 2, 3, 3.25, 4, and 6 hours for determination of one-stage prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, antithrombin III activity, and fibrinogen concentration. Data were analyzed statistically, using two-way anova for repeated measures, and post-hoc comparisons were made by use of Student Newman Keul's test. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. There were significant decreases in all hemostatic variables by 2 hours in sv and cv samples from horses of all 3 groups, but there were no differences among the 3 groups for any of these variables. These hemostatic alterations could have been secondary to a hypercoagulable state or to fluid therapy-induced hemodilution. Colonic ischemia-reperfusion was not the cause of these alterations because these alterations also were observed in the sham-operated control horses. Significant temporal alterations existed even after accounting for the hemodilution. The most plausible explanation for these alterations is that hemostatic activation was incited by the celiotomy and manipulation of the colon during exteriorization and instrumentation. Comparison of paired sv and cv samples for each hemostatic variable revealed significant differences for the absolute values of one-stage prothrombin time and fibrinogen concentration, but not for activated partial thromboplastin time or antithrombin III activity. This indicates that monitoring sv hemostatic variables does not necessarily provide an accurate assessment of hemostatic function in regional vascular beds. Largecolon ischemia with or without reperfusion did not alter hemostatic function.
Mechanical evaluation of transosseous wire rope configurations in a large animal external fixator
Authors: Rapoff Andrew J. , Markel Mark D. , Vanderby Ray 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
By use of wire ropes as the transosseous component, an external skeletal fixator for the repair of long bone fractures in horses and cattle has been designed and tested in axial compression. Theoretical methods were used in the design process to size fixator components; however, our results suggest that conventional methods of analyzing the displacement of the transosseous component may not apply to wire ropes. Large pretensions in the wire ropes are necessary to obtain functional stiffnesses for fracture fixation. Therefore, a method was sought for terminating the ropes so that an appropriate pretension could be introduced into the rope through its interface with the fixator rings. Ropes were terminated by use of 5 methods and were tested in axial tension to failure. These methods included 3 copper sleeve arrangements, welded ends, and drum sockets. The drum sockets (57.6% of rope breaking strength) far exceeded the strengths provided by the copper sleeves (8.5 to 26.6%) and the welded ends (44.3%). Using the drum sockets, 5 rope configurations were assembled to the fixator, using wood blocks to simulate bones with a gap defect. The fixator was loaded in axial compression for each of the rope configurations, and stiffnesses were determined from measured axial displacement and applied load. The 4-ring fixator configuration, with 2 ropes at 60° angular separation/ring, was the stiffest. In a worst case (gap) model, a mean axial compression load of 1,730 N was observed at 2 mm of displacement for a 4-ring fixator configuration. Our results suggest that, in less conservative scenarios where compression of the fracture surfaces can share limb loads, wire ropes may function well as the transosseous components of an external fixator.
Effects of age on temperature-related variation in motor nerve conduction velocity in healthy chickens
Authors: Bagley Rodney S. , Wheeler Simon J. , Gay John M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Muscle potentials evoked by stimulation of the sciatic nerve were evaluated in 4- and 15-week-old chickens. Each bird was anesthetized and slowly cooled externally from a normal body temperature of 40 C to 28 C, and motor nerve conduction velocities were measured at various intervals during cooling. Motor nerve conduction velocity decreased linearly with decreasing limb temperature in both groups. The rate of change in motor nerve conduction velocity per degree in 2 groups (2.13 m/s/C vs 1.84 m/s/ C) fell just short of a statistically significant difference (P = 0.0508), indicating that an age-related effect on temperature-associated variation in motor nerve conduction velocity may be present.
Effects of furosemide, exercise, and atropine on tracheal mucus transport rate in horses
Authors: Maxson Abby D. , Soma Lawrence R. , May Laura L. , Martini Joli A. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Effects of furosemide, exercise, and atropine on tracheal mucus transport rate (tmtr) in horses were investigated. Atropine (0.02 mg/kg of body weight) administered iv or by aerosolization significantly (P < 0.05) decreased tmtr at 60, but not at 30 minutes after its administration in standing horses. Furosemide (1.0 mg/kg, iv) did not have any significant effect on tmtr when measured at 2 or 4 hours after its administration in standing horses. Exercise alone or furosemide (1.0 mg/kg, iv) administration followed 4 hours later by exercise did not alter tmtr, compared with values for standing control or exercised horses administered saline solution. Atropine (0.02 mg/kg, iv) administered after exercise significantly (P < 0.05) decreased tmtr, compared with values for no exercise standing controls, for exercise after administration of saline solution, and for furosemide and exercise.
Persistence of a single electropherotype and serotype (G6P5) of bovine rotavirus in calves on a closed dairy farm from 1990 to 1993
Authors: Ishizaki Hiroshi , Ohta Chikako , Shirahata Toshikazu , Goto Hitoshi , Taniguchi Koki , Urasawa Tomoko , Urasawa Shozo 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
A virologic survey was conducted on calves with diarrhea associated with bovine rotavirus (brv) on a closed dairy farm. The brv was detected from 32 of 219 (14.6%) fecal specimens repeatedly collected from 56 calves born during the years 1992-1993, regardless of whether they had diarrhea. Most of the 32 strains were isolated from fecal specimens obtained from 2- to 6-week-old calves. After electrophoresis of double-stranded viral rna from the 32 strains, genomic rna migration patterns were similar to those of the predominant brv strains isolated at the same farm during the years 1990-1991. All representative strains were identified as G serotype 6 (G6) and P type 5 (P5) by results of the virus-neutralization test and polymerase chain reaction procedure. Thus, brv had no change in genomic rna electropherotypes and serologic antigenicities in a closed dairy herd over a period of several years.
Trypanosoma cruzi infection in Walker Hounds from Virginia
Authors: Barr Stephen C. , Van Beek Olga , Carlisle-Nowak Melissa S. , Lopez Jorge W. , Kirchhoff Louis V. , Allison Neil , Zajac Anne , Lahunta Alexander de , Schlafer Donald H. , Crandall Wilson T. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Trypanosomiasis has been reported in dogs from Texas, Oklahoma, Louisiana, and South Carolina. We describe the first isolation and characterization of Trypanosoma cruzi from a Walker Hound pup in Virginia that also had postvaccinal distemper. The mother of the pup and 7 of its 8 siblings also were found to be infected with T cruzi, suggesting that the parasite had been transmitted transplacentally or through lactation. Parasitologic, serologic, histologic, and molecular methods were used to establish the diagnosis of T cruzi infection in these dogs. In a serologic survey of 12 dogs (including the sire of the pups) from the area in which the index case occurred, none were found to have antibodies to T cruzi. However, 2 of a further 52 dogs from different areas (to the index case), but in the same county, were seropositive to T cruzi. These findings indicate that canine trypanosomiasis is present in an area of the United States not previously known to be enzootic.
Plasma and synovial fluid kinetics, disposition, and urinary excretion of naproxen horses
Authors: Soma Lawrence R. , Uboh Cornelius E. , Rudy Jeffrey A. , Perkowski Sandra Z. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Naproxen (+6-methoxy- [α-methyl] -2-naphthalene acetic acid) is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is used for the treatment of inflammatory conditions in horses. We developed a model that describes the drug's disposition and renal excretion, including synovial fluid disposition and elimination after iv administration in horses. The plasma disposition, after iv administration of 5 mg/kg of body weight, was described by a two-compartment model; mean ± sd distribution and elimination half-lives were 1.42 ± 0.42 and 8.26 ± 2.56 hours, respectively. Plasma concentration of naproxen after iv administration of 5 mg/kg was 55.3 ± 13.5 and 0.61 ± 0.42 mg/L at 5 minutes and 48 hours after its administration, respectively. Steady-state volume of distribution was 0.163 ± 0.053 L/kg, and area under the plasma concentration time-curve was 372.1 ± 128.2 mg/h/L. The peak synovial fluid concentration of 12.68 ± 12.39 mg/L was measured at 6 hours, and decreased to 0.71 ± 0.38 mg/L at 36 hours after naproxen administration. The decrease of naproxen concentration in synovial fluid paralleled that in plasma. The appearance half-life of naproxen in synovial fluid was 4.64 hours, and the elimination half-life was 6.73 hours. Total body clearance was 0.015 ± 0.006 L/h/kg. The percentage of plasma protein binding was 97.0 ± 2.9% at plasma concentrations between 5 and 100 mg/L. This was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than the percentage of binding at plasma concentrations of 0.5, 1, and 500 mg/L, which was 75.2 ± 11.8%. Most of the drug was excreted as glucuronidated naproxen and unconjugated desmethylnaproxen. The recovery of naproxen and all metabolites in urine at 36 hours was 64.6 ± 7.2% of the total dose. Of this total, 39.6 ± 10.3% and 8.5 ± 7.9% were glucuronidated naproxen and desmethylnaproxen, respectively; 0.3 ± 0.1% and 16.6 ± 7.9% were free naproxen and desmethylnaproxen, respectively.