bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cerebral tumours
Authors: Baraitser Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Abstract: Most cerebral gliomas are spontaneous events and familial aggregation is rare. When this does occur it is usually confined to twins, or first degree relatives, and threegenerational glioma families are very uncommon. Central neurofibromatosis should always be excluded. There are, in addition, the so-called ‘cancer families’ stretching over many generations in which cerebral gliomas might be a part of the general predisposition to develop a cancer.
Sleep and speech disorders
Authors: Baraitser Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Abstract: The narcoleptic syndrome consists of a combination of narcolepsy (a sudden irresistible urge to sleep), cataplexy (an akinetic state provoked by excitement), sleep paralysis (on waking), and hypnagogic hallucinations. The clinical diagnosis may be supported by the finding of REM-onset sleep (within the first 30 minutes). The diagnosis is usually straight-forward on clinical grounds, but whereas sleep paralysis is non-specific, it is difficult to sustain a diagnosis without cataplexy (Parkes et al., 1995). ‘Jelly attacks’ with laughter, or in the anticipation of laughter, is how it is often described, and the muscles around the face might jerk.
Anaesthesia
Authors: Wardrope Jim , Edhouse June A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Adequate wound examination and management is very difficult unless good analgesia and anaesthesia are achieved. The choice of anaesthetic will depend on many variables. An ‘easy’ eyelid wound in a strong, unreasoning three-yearold may be impossible to suture without general anaesthesia, while a large thigh wound may be very adequately treated using local techniques. If you foresee problems in obtaining adequate operating conditions using simple techniques, seek advice.
The state of the art: clinical implications for cancer patients and directions for future research
Authors: Cunningham A J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This final chapter was requested as a general overview of the field, with some reference to the other papers, and some speculation on profitable directions for research, the emphasis being on clinical implications. It will thus consider broad trends rather than details. Inevitably it will be an expression of personal views, so the author’s background and biases need to be acknowledged. I began doctoral training for a research career in immunology in 1964, at which time it was widely believed that control of cancer would soon be achieved through our rapidly growing knowledge of the immune system. By the early 1980s, this goal seemed as far out of reach as ever, and for this and other reasons I moved to research in health psychology, which seemed to me to have more promise for helping people with cancer. In 2001, despite many advances in knowledge of immunological mechanisms, significant deliberate control of most human cancers through this avenue is still not possible.
Preparation And Analysis Of The Urinary Sediment
Authors: Fogazzi Giovanni B , Ponticelli Claudio , Ritz Eberhard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We ask the patient to deliver the second urine of the morning, which is usually concentrated and acidic and without the lysis of the elements which can occur in overnight urine for the prolonged permanence in the bladder [2, 3], We also ask the patient to avoid strenuous physical activity, e.g. jogging, in the hours preceding urine collection. This activity, in fact, can cause urinary changes including haematuria and cylindruria [4], It is preferable to examine the patient while she or he is not undergoing excessive diuresis, since in diluted urine several types of elements are reduced in number because of lysis. It is also undesirable to examine highly alkaline urine, because this favours the lysis of leukocytes [5] and casts [6], as well as the precipitation of phosphates. These can mask other urinary elements.
The Urinary Sediment Of The Normal Subject
Authors: Fogazzi Giovanni B , Ponticelli Claudio , Ritz Eberhard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the time of Thomas Addis (see «Historical Introduction« for details), many studies have been carried out on the urine sediment of normal subjects. All studies showed that erythrocytes, leukocytes, renal tubular epithelial cells and casts could be present.
Initial assessment
Authors: Currie David G , Ritchie Ewan , Stott Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the case of the severely injured patient, and particularly the multiply injured patient, the first priority is to carry out a rapid assessment of the airway, breathing, and circulation, and to initiate resuscitation. However, of the very large number of patients seen every year in A and E departments following head injuries the great majority do not require admission, and a majority of those who do are conscious and have no neurological deficit.
Scalp and skull injuries
Authors: Currie David G , Ritchie Ewan , Stott Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The scalp injury both draws attention to the fact that the patient has had a head injury and may itself be of serious significance. Failure to recognize that the patient has had a head injury may mean that, in the event of deterioration, the possibility of intracranial haemorrhage is not considered.
Domestic violence: a health-care issue
Authors: Crisp Debbie , Stanko Betsy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite the increase in the amount of research and other work from the past twenty five years, which has served to problematize violence within intimate relationships, the nature, frequency and extent of this type of abuse remain under debate. The term domestic violence is itself currently without a universally agreed definition, but is instead used generically to define a number of factors involved in serial abusive rela tionships. The intimacy of the parties involved, the nature of the abuse, and the wide range of its impact combine to make ‘domestic violence’ an important social problem.
The effects of assault on health care professionals
Authors: Mezey Gillian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Health professionals work with members of the public at all times of the day and night, a factor that makes them vulnerable to violent assault and victimization. Attacks on health-care professionals may be committed by other staff, patients, or members of the public. They may be a consequence of the assailant’s mental disorder or altered level of arousal due to drug or alcohol intoxication. They may be commit ted with or without intent or prior planning on the part of the assailant. The defini tion of violence includes relatively minor acts, such as verbal abuse, intimidation, harassment, and threats, which cause damage because of their potential to escalate and impact on staff morale and confidence, as well as more serious physical or sexual assaults. In the most extreme cases, it may result in serious injury or even the death of the health professional.
Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease
Authors: Saggar-Malik Anand K , Somlo Stefan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) typically presents in the third or fourth decade with haematuria, loin (flank) pain or hypertension. It is characterized by the progressive development and enlargement of bilateral renal cysts and often leads to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) by late middle age. It is well recognized now that ADPKD is a multisystem disorder with many extra-renal changes and complications.
Tuberous Sclerosis Complex
Authors: Weber Astrid P , Mueller Robert F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a neurocutaneous syndrome characterized by the development of hamartomatous lesions in numerous organ systems. It was first described by Bourneville in 1880 who described the association between mental retardation and fits with post-mortem findings of tuber-like growths and areas of sclerosis (Bourneville 1880).
Neurofibromatosis
Authors: Huson Susan M , Canham Natalie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The neurofibromatoses are a group of dominantly inherited genetic disorders defined by the presence/absence of specific types of skin pigmentation, tumours of the nervous system and ophthalmalogical features. Although historically eponymous or descriptive terminology was used, the NIH Consensus Conference (1988) recommended a numerical classification which is now internationally recognized.
Statistical considerations in analysing health care resource utilization and cost data
Authors: Heyse Joseph F , Cook John R , Carides George W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much attention has recently focused on statistical methods for assessing uncertainty in health economic evaluations. Uncertainty in the estimate of programme costs and effects arises from two primary sources. The first is uncertainty in assumptions about the form of the underlying economic model, including assumptions about key model parameters, such as the time horizon and discount rate. In other situations, economic models use point estimates for parameters relating to patient outcomes or cost. O’Brien et al.(1994) call this first type of evaluation a deterministic analysis and recommended that uncertainty be assessed by using a comprehensive sensitivity analysis. Briggs et al.(1994) discussed the different forms of sensitivity analysis that can be applied. These may include simple reporting of the results over a suitable range of parameters, analysis of extremes, or a threshold analysis. Probabilistic sensitivity analyses are also used in some studies.
Macrophages as antigen-presenting cells: relationship to dendritic cells and use in vaccination studies
Authors: Paglia P , Colombo M P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pioneering studies have demonstrated that only a very small proportion of an injected antigen (&lt;1%) is involved in an immune response, the rest being rapidly degraded and excreted (Nossal, 1995). This suggests that antigen presentation is a rate-limiting step in an immune response and therefore needs to be handled in a highly specialized manner. A wide spectrum of cells can present antigens (Table 3.1) depending on how and where the antigen first encounters cells of the immune system and on the nature of the antigen itself. Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) have evolved in subtypes that have specialized features regarding the mechanism of antigen uptake, processing and transport to lymphoid organs, and interaction with lymphocytes. Many cells have the ability to capture pathogens and harmful cells and to process them somehow.
Macrophage–virus interactions
Authors: Zink W , Ryan L , Gendelman H E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mononuclear phagocytes (MPs) (blood monocytes, tissue macrophages, connective tissue histiocytes, dendritic cells in lymph nodes and spleen, Langerhans cells of skin. Kupffer cells of liver and microglial cells of brain) comprise one of the principle elements in the clearance and inactivation of microbial pathogens including viruses. Paradoxically, these cells also represent a major target cell and infectious reservoir for a number of persistent viral infections. Alterations in MP function resulting from viral infection may lead to a number of pathological outcomes. Ultimately, the interaction between the virus and MPs is the net result of a complex series of intracellular events and can lead to the destruction or persistence of the pathogen and/or the precipitation of disease through alterations in immune responses.
Background and early development: discussion summary
Authors: Olesen Jes 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was pointed out that the development of sumatriptan not only meant much more effective treatment to migraine patients with fewer side-effects, but actually marked a complete change for the whole field of migraine research. The advent of a specific drug, which had a poor brain penetration and therefore presumably an extracerebral site of action, made it clear to the medical community that migraine is a neurobiological disorder. The fact that the drug has no psychotropic effect further underlines that psychological factors at the most can be aggravating but are not essential for the onset of migraine attacks. This phenonomal achievement was due to the intuition and ingenuity of Professor Patrick Humphrey.
Pharmacological analysis of the contractile effects of eletriptan and sumatriptan on human isolated blood vessels
Authors: Broek Rémon W M van den , MaassenVanDenBrink Antoinette , Vries René de , Avezaat Cees J , Saxena Pramod R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The high efficacy profile of the 5-HT1B/1D agonist sumatriptan as well as some shortcomings (low oral bioavailability, high headache recurrence, and chest symptoms) has prompted the development of several second-generation triptans, including eletriptan. Eletriptan displays a higher affinity than sumatriptan for the 5-HT1B (pKi: 8.00 and 7.37, respectively) and 5-HT1D (pKi: 8.94 and 8.04, respectively) receptor. It is now generally accepted that the therapeutic action of the triptans is mainly due to constriction of dilated intraand extracranial blood vessels. However, albeit less profound, the triptans also have the ability to contract non-cranial blood vessels, such as the coronary artery, which may lead to cardiovascular adverse events in predisposed individuals.
Pharmacology of the triptans: discussion summary
Authors: Humphrey Patrick P A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The differential metabolism of the triptans was of specific interest with regard to potential clinical–drug interactions arising from differing routes of metabolism of particular triptans. It was agreed that where clinical contraindications are necessitated these have been largely taken care of by current FDA labelling requirements. However, one issue that came to a head in the discussion was the role of the P-GP pump, to which eletriptan (but not currently available triptans) specifcally binds. This was not just in terms of excluding eletriptan from the brain, but also in terms of the potential involvement with other homologous drug-binding sites, such as CYP3A4. It was said that in the clinical trial programme, coincident treatment with combined CYP3A4/P-GP inhibitors and eletriptan did not lead to an increase in adverse events reported. .
Antimigraine actions of the triptans: central nervous system effects are most important
Authors: Goadsby Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Every time a patient with migraine has headache relief with a triptan, a fascinating cascade of pathophysiological and therapeutic interactions takes place. Over the last decade a body of data has accumulated which addresses the question of how triptans, serotonin 5-HT1B/1D agonists, work. Here I will review the evidence arising from a debate held at this meeting for the proposal that a central action is most important for the therapeutic effect of triptans. This subject has, in part, been previously debated considering the generic question of a neural versus vascular effect of triptans.
Do we really understand how the triptans work?
Authors: Olesen Jes 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The triptans were first developed because of their vasoconstrictor properties, which were relatively selective for the cranial arteries. Not long after their introduction it was, however, suggested that the ability of triptans to counteract neurogenic inflammation in the dura might in fact be a more important mechanism of action. Subsequently it was hypothesized that the stabilizing effect of triptans on peripheral sensory nerve ending was equally important at the proximal end of the first sensory neuron and that prejunctional-polarization in the nucleus caudalis of the trigeminal nucleus might be an important mechanism of action.
Regulation of capsaicin-evoked CGRP release from rat dural sensory neurons in vitro
Authors: Feniuk W , Jarvie E , Humphrey Patrick P A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The release of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) from the peripheral terminals of the trigeminal ganglion has been implicated as one of the underlying mechanisms involved in migraine pathogenesis. Furthermore, experimental studies in rats have provided indirect evidence that triptans can inhibit the release of sensory neuropeptides, such as substance P and CGRP, from the perivascular terminals of the trigeminal nerve. Such studies include demonstartion of the inhibition of neurogenic vasodilation of dural blood vessels and the inhibition of neurogenic and capsaicin-evoked plasma protein extravasation.
Arterial distensibility in ergotamine and sumatriptan abuse
Authors: Evers Stefan , Barenbrock Michael , Husstedt Ingo W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Arterial compliance plays an important role in cardioand cerebrovascular haemodynamics by damping down the Fluctuation in arterial pressure and blood low generated by the intermittent cardiac output. Stiffness of large arteries impairs the buffering function of the arterial system leading to a disproportionate increase in systolic pressure and increase in pulse pressure at any given value of mean arterial pressure. Furthermore, the impaired buffering function contributes to the afterload imposed on the heart leading to left ventricular hypertrophy.
Antimigraine actions of the triptans: discussion summary
Authors: Hargreaves Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The triptans that are currently available are agonists at 5-HT1B/1D/1F receptors and are highly effective acute antimigraine drugs. It has been hypothesized that they have three key sites of antimigraine action. First, as proposed by Harold Wolff, they are vasoconstrictor and act at 5-HT1B receptors to reverse the vasodilation that is thought to occur in pain-producing meningeal blood vessels. Second, probably through an action at 5-HT1D receptors, the triptans can act on the peripheral and central terminals to inhibit the trigeminal nerves. In the periphery the triptans can inhibit neurogenic proinlammatory neuropeptide release from perivascular trigeminal nerves, and centrally they can reduce pain signal transmission in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis and in so doing could prevent trigeminal ‘wind up’ and sensitization.
Parathyroid gland function in patients with renal failure
Authors: Goodman William G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Parathyroid gland function is abnormal in most patients with renal failure. Several factors account for this disturbance including abnormalities in the regulation of parathyroid hormone (PTH) release from the parathyroid cell, alterations in prepro-PTH gene transcription and PTH synthesis, disturbances in the control of parathyroid cell proliferation, and changes in the intracellular processing and peripheral metabolism of PTH. Excess PTH secretion usually results. Most patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) have biochemical evidence of secondary hyperparathyroidism, and serum PTH levels are elevated, often markedly so. Although some individuals with ESRD have normal or only moderately increased serum PTH levels, certain components of parathyroid gland function in such patients are qualitatively similar to those documented in patients with overt secondary hyperparathyroidism. Thus, excess PTH secretion by the parathyroids is a hallmark of chronic renal failure.
Adynamic bone disease in uremia
Authors: Fournier Albert , Morinière Philippe , Oprisiu Roxana , Tataru Adriana Albu , Said Said , Brazier Michel , Marié Annick , Solal Martine Esther Cohen , Ghazali Abderahman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For the sake of clarity it must first be stressed that the definition of adynamic (or aplastic) bone disease (ABD) and that of osteoporosis are based on criteria of different nature. Adynamic bone disease is a histopathological pattern which has been individualized among the various types of renal osteodystrophy by Sherrard et al. in hypercalcemic uremic patients because it did not coincide with formerly individualized entities, namely osteitis fibrosa, osteomalacia, and mixed lesions. In spite of hypercalcemia, osteoclastic bone resorption was not increased as in osteitis fibrosa, and in contrast to osteomalacia osteoid volume and thickness were not increased. Actually only osteoid surface may be increased in ABD. As in osteomalacia, however, osteoblastic surfaces were scarce or absent, explaining the low bone formation rate (BFR).
Disease and Mental Illness
Authors: Downie R S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IT is remarkable how little medicine has changed. The classifications, case reports, and general accounts of disease in Hippocrates ( fifth century BC) and other Greek physicians are all recognizably medicine in the modern sense. Another ancient medical belief is that we can to some extent control our own health by our mode of life. Sometimes this belief can take a dangerous form, as noted by Susan Sontag; illnesses can quite wrongly be seen as expressions of our personalities or even our moral natures. On the other hand, some great creative minds have triumphed despite or even because of their afflictions.
Alcohol consumption trends and patterns of drinking
Authors: Babor Thomas , Caetano Raul , Casswell Sally , Edwards Griffith , Giesbrecht Norman , Graham Kathryn , Grube Joel , Gruenewald Paul , Hill Linda , Holder Harold , Homel Ross , Österberg Esa , Rehm Jürgen , Room Robin , Rossow Ingeborg 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes alcohol consumption trends and patterns of drinking in a global perspective. The typical frequency of drinking and the amount of alcohol consumed per occasion vary enormously, not only among world regions and countries, but also over time and between different population groups. As will be shown in this chapter, variations in these ‘patterns’ of drinking affect rates of alcohol-related problems, and have implications for the choice of alcohol policy measures.
The global burden of alcohol consumption
Authors: Babor Thomas , Caetano Raul , Casswell Sally , Edwards Griffith , Giesbrecht Norman , Graham Kathryn , Grube Joel , Gruenewald Paul , Hill Linda , Holder Harold , Homel Ross , Österberg Esa , Rehm Jürgen , Room Robin , Rossow Ingeborg 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes the enormous range of alcohol-related consequences within two broad categories: alcohol’s contribution to the burden of illness carried by individuals and societies, and alcohol’s harmful effect on the social fabric of families, communities, and nations. It also discusses the beneficial effects of alcohol, and considers their implications for estimating the burden of illness.
Historical evolution of the concept of vascular dementia
Authors: Román Gustavo C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The clinical picture of progressive cognitive decline accompanied by hemiparesis, sometimes with recovery or ‘partial resolution’ of a motor deficit, most likely corresponds to instances of vascular dementia. In Thomas Willis’ terms, the degree of intellectual loss post-apoplexy could range from ‘dullness of mind and forgetfulness’ (the current equivalent of vascular cognitive impairment) down to ‘stupidity and foolishness’ (or belated vascular dementia).
Prevalence and incidence patterns of vascular dementia
Authors: Rocca Walter A , Knopman David S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Vascular dementia (VaD) is a complex disease, emerging from a variety of distinct cerebrovascular pathologies with varied clinical presentation (Román et al. 1993). The most common mechanisms underlying VaD are multiple large-vessel infarcts, a single strategically placed infarct (angular gyrus, thalamus, basal forebrain, posterior cerebral artery or anterior cerebral artery territories), multiple basal ganglia and white matter lacunes, or extensive periventricular white-matter lesions (Román et al. 1993).