bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Simplified 3D Oceanic Model Assimilating Geostrophic Currents: Application to the POMME Experiment
Authors: Giordani Hervé , Caniaux Guy , Prieur Louis 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
A simplified oceanic model is developed to easily perform cheap and realistic mesoscale simulations on an annual scale. This simplified three-dimensional oceanic model is obtained by degenerating the primitive equations system by prescribing continuously analysis-derived geostrophic currents Ug into the momentum equation in substitution of the horizontal pressure gradient. Simplification is provided by a time sequence of Ug called guide, which is used as a low-resolution and low-frequency interpolator. This model is thus necessarily coupled to systems providing geostrophic currents—that is, ocean circulation models, analyzed/reanalyzed fields, or climatologies. In this model, the mass and currents fields are constrained to adjust to the geostrophic guide at all scales. The vertical velocity is deduced from the vorticity equation, which ensures the coherence between the vertical motion and the geostrophic structures evolution. Horizontal and vertical advection are the coupling processes that can be activated independently from each other and offer the possibility to (i) continuously derive a three-dimensional model when all processes are activated, (ii) understand how some retroaction loops are generated, and (iii) study development of structures as a function of the geostrophic environment. The model was tested during a 50-day lasting simulation over the Program Océan Multidisciplinaire Méso Echelle (POMME) experiment (northeast Atlantic Ocean, September 2000–October 2001). Optimal analyzed geostrophic currents were derived weekly during POMME from a quasigeostrophic model assimilating altimeter data. Comparison with independent in situ and satellite data indicates that this simulation is very realistic and does not drift, thanks to the prescribed geostrophic guide.
The Effects of Mesoscale Eddies on the Stratification and Transport of an Ocean with a Circumpolar Channel
Authors: Henning Cara C. , Vallis Geoffrey K. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe effects of eddies in a primitive equation ocean model configured in a single hemisphere domain with circumpolar channels at their poleward ends are investigated; in particular, two regimes for the mass balance in the channel are investigated. With small overlying winds, the channel stratification is largely set by diffusion operating in the gyre portion of the domain: the depth scale varies with a fractional power of the diffusivity but has little dependence on the wind stress. As the winds are increased, the depth becomes increasingly controlled by a tendency toward small residual circulation. In this limit, a scaling theory is derived for the stratification in the channel that predicts the overall depth of the thermocline as a power of the wind stress and that allows the eddy length scale to differ from the channel length scale. The predicted depth depends on the details of the closure chosen for the eddy buoyancy flux, but in general it varies as some fractional power of the wind stress, and a channel-only numerical simulation agrees well with this prediction. When a gyre region is added to the channel, vertical diffusion in the gyre exerts some control on the channel stratification even at higher winds, forcing the mass balance into a mixed regime in which both eddy and diffusive effects are important. The depth scale varies less with the wind stress than in a channel-only configuration, and the residual mean circulation in the channel is maintained by the convergence of cross-isopycnal eddy buoyancy fluxes.
A Qualitative Study of Religious Practices by Chronic Mentally Ill and their Caregivers in South India
Authors: Padmavati R. , Thara R. , Corin Ellen 
Published: June 2005

Background: Socio-cultural explanatory factors for mental health problems determine help seeking behaviors. The study aimed to understand the reasons mentally ill patients and their families in India choose to seek help from a religious site. Materials and methods: Persons with mental illness and their families were interviewed at religious sites using a guideline questionnaire. Issues such as significant life events, explanations for perceived abnormal behavior and reasons for choosing a specific religious site for ‘treatment’ were explored. Discussion: Seeking religious help for mental disorders is often a first step in the management of mental disorders as a result of cultural explanations for the illness. This behavior also has social sanctions.
Water-blown Polyurethane Rigid Foam Modified with Maleate
Authors: Murayama Satoshi , Fukuda Kenji , Kimura Tadashi , Sasahara Toshiaki 
Published: June 2005

Water-blown polyurethane rigid foams have serious disadvantages like, friability and resulting lower adhesion strength. To solve these problems, maleate is added to a polyol premix containing water or to polyisocyanate. Maleate does not react with either of them. In spite of the high stability of the maleate-containing polyol premix or polyisocyanate, when the polyol premix and the polyisocyanate are mixed, maleate reacts immediately with the primary amine, generated by the reaction of isocyanate and water, to yield a secondary amine. Then the secondary amine reacts with another isocyanate to form ‘substituted-urea linkage,’ having moderate cohesive property related to the bulky maleate residue. By the addition of maleate, the friability and the adhesiveness improves considerably. Furthermore, the dimensional stability of the modified rigid foam does not deteriorate by the addition of enough maleate to improve the friability. Computer simulation substantiates that the reactions that start from maleate and primary amine occurs during the foam preparation. Thus, water-blown polyurethane rigid foam with improved friability and adhesiveness can be provided by mixing of inexpensive maleate alone.
Beyond populist punitiveness?
Authors: Hutton Neil 
Published: June 2005

Much of the survey data on public knowledge and attitudes to sentencing and punishment gathered over recent years have suggested that the public in western jurisdictions support harsher punishment and have diminishing confidence in the criminal courts. The results of research on the same issues using focus groups, deliberative polls or other methods which provide more information or allow respondents to discuss their views with others, appear to suggest that these punitive attitudes become more moderate as well as more complex and contradictory. Recent research in Scotland has produced similar results. What do these results mean? Are the public punitive or not? The argument presented here is that punitive attitudes exist alongside more rational and more reflective attitudes. Part of the explanation for this is that attitudes are, at least in part, an artefact of the methodology used to discover them. This does not mean that they are not real and substantial, but rather that public opinion is much more nuanced and contradictory than it appears from survey research. This interpretation raises different challenges for political leadership and policy making.
An Assessment of US Comparative Advantage in Technical Textiles from a Trade Perspective
Authors: Chi Ting , Kilduff Peter , Dyer Carl 
Published: June 2005

With the sharp decline of the US textile industry since 1997, attention has been focused on the technical and industrial textile sector. This is widely believed to have a bright future as a result of US strengths in technology and the importance of product innovation in spurring market growth. However, there have been no formal academic studies of US competitiveness in this sector. This article measures the international competitiveness of the US technical and industrial textile sector and assesses how this has changed over time. Balassa’s Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) method has been used to conduct the analysis. Technical and industrial textile products identified from four-digit SITC classifications were divided into ‘higher-tech’ and ‘lower-tech’ categories according to their estimated technological intensity. The US RCA in each category, and in aggregate textiles, was compared against those of nine leading textile trading partners between 1992 and 2002. These were drawn equally from high, middle, and low-income country groups, based on World Bank classifications. A repeated measures analysis of variance was used to test for statistical significance. Overall, high-income countries enjoy a stronger international trade position in higher-tech products, while medium- and low-income countries have a stronger position in lower-tech products and aggregate textiles. While the US has maintained a revealed comparative advantage in higher-tech products with partners from all groups, it has a revealed comparative disadvantage in lower-tech products and in aggregate textiles. No statistically significant differences in US competitiveness between country groups and no changes in US competitiveness over time were found. The findings support the view that the US is a leader in sophisticated technical and industrial textile products. However, the maintenance of this position will be influenced by intensified international competition and the strategies of US companies, which may choose to relocate some operations offshore.
A potential propensity for failure secondary to clot embolism in neonatal ECMO
Authors: Khoshbin Espeed , Machin David , Killer Hilliary , Peek Giles J , Sosnowski Andrzej W , Firmin Richard K 
Published: June 2005

Objective: To report a single case of oxygenator failure caused by clot embolism originating from the bladder; and to discuss some preventative options. Case report: A 2.5 kg neonate with a diagnosis of influenza A received veno-arterial (V / A) extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) for cardiorespiratory support. Halfway through treatment, she underwent an elective circuit change for numerous clots in her circuit. The patient continued to consume vast quantities of platelets and developed a fatal oxygenator failure after 18 days. Discussion: Amongst the factors influencing the outcome in events of a sudden unexpected oxygenator failure are the severity of patient illness, the size of the clot relative to the size of the oxygenator, the availability of a previously primed circuit and the ease and speed of priming a new oxygenator. Conclusion: There is a need for improvement in the design of small oxygenators and ECMO circuits. Adjustment of the coagulation parameters and lowering the tolerance towards clots in the circuit by electively changing them may reduce the incidence of sudden unexpected oxygenator failure. However, using a slightly larger Medos oxygenator may gain valuable time needed to arrange an oxygenator/circuit change.
Procalcitonin is useful whereas C-reactive protein is not, to predict complications following coronary artery bypass surgery
Authors: Macrina Francesco , Tritapepe Luigi , Pompei Francesca , Sciangula Alfonso , Evangelista Ernesto , Toscano Francesca , Criniti Anna , Brancaccio Gianluca , Puddu Paolo Emilio 
Published: June 2005

Background: The respective value of procalcitonin (PCT) and C-reactive protein (CRP) as markers of postoperative complications after coronary bypass surgery is unclear. Therefore, complications during one week after surgery were studied to evaluate the predictive role of PCT and CRP changes during the immediate postoperative period. Methods: Thirty-two patients, in whom an uneventful immediate postoperative course was anticipated, were prospectively enrolled and followed-up to the 7th postoperative day. At the end of the follow-up, patients were divided into two groups. Group A were patients with an uncomplicated postoperative course and Group B were patients with a complicated postoperative course. Results: Serum samples were drawn for PCT and CRP determination after induction of anesthesia (baseline), at the end of surgery and daily until postoperative day 2. Baseline serum PCT concentrations were 0.119 ± 0.09 and 0.209 ± 0.21 ng/mL in Groups A and B, respectively (NS). Serum PCT concentration increased compared with baseline in both groups during the first two days after surgery. The increase in serum PCT concentration was significantly greater in Group B than A patients ( p<0.0002). Considering a perioperative abnormal cut-off value of > 0.5 ng/mL, there were none in Group A versus 57% in Group B ( p<0.0001). Baseline serum CRP concentrations were 1.449 ± 1.30 and 1.589 ± 1.35 ng/mL in Groups A and B, respectively (NS). After surgery, CRP increased significantly compared with baseline in both groups. When changes in time-varying variables were included in a logistic model, complications were predicted by changes (between baseline and end of surgery values) of PCT (coefficient=9.410; t=2.18) and heart rate (coefficient=0.075; t=1.57), whereas changes of CRP, white blood cells, mean blood and central venous pressures did not contribute statistically. The model constant was -4.827 (t= -2.43) and the ROC curve area was 0.8971. Thus, absolute PCT changes of 0.20, 0.40 and 0.60 ng/mL carry an approximate risk of 5, 26 and 69%, respectively, of postoperative complications in the time frame of this study. Conclusions: A postoperative serum PCT concentration of >0.5 ng/mL is highly suggestive of a postoperative complication. CRP changes do not contribute to predictive information.
Hypothermia-induced platelet aggregation and cognitive decline in coronary artery bypass surgery: a pilot study
Authors: Hall Matthew W , Hopkins Ramona O , Long James W , Mohammad S Fazal , Solen Kenneth A 
Published: June 2005

Hypothermia-induced platelet aggregation (HIPA) was previously reported in whole blood exposed to synthetic surfaces at 24°-32°C in one-third of normal subjects tested. Cardiopulmonary bypass, conducted with hypothermia, may lead to such aggregation, resulting in microvascular occlusion contributing to cognitive impairment. This pilot study was conducted to explore the relationship between HIPA and cognitive outcome at hospital discharge in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery as a first step toward a longer-term study. Patients (n=45) undergoing mild to moderate hypothermia (32°-28°8C) during CABG surgery underwent cognitive testing preoperatively and prior to hospital discharge. Tests included: visual and verbal memory, mental processing speed, executive function, language, and intellectual function. HIPA was identified using an in vitro assay in which blood flowing in polyvinychloride tubing was subjected to hypothermia, and platelet aggregates were detected using microscopy and passing the exiting blood through a 20-μm pore filter. Forty-four percent of patients exhibited HIPA. The entire cohort exhibited significant postoperative cognitive decline in verbal memory, mental processing speed and executive function. There was greater cognitive decline in the group with HIPA compared with the group not exhibiting this phenomenon. The patients with HIPA showed significant decline in four of five cognitive measures whereas patients not exhibiting this phenomenon declined in only two of five cognitive measures. HIPA appears to be associated with an added risk of cognitive decline immediately following CABG surgery employing mild to moderate hypothermia. The findings of our study suggest the long-term cognitive effects of hypothermia-induced platelet aggregation need to be explored.
Study of the simulation model of a displacement-sensitive shock absorber of a vehicle by considering the fluid force
Authors: Lee Choon-Tae , Moon Byung-Young 
Published: June 2005

In this study, a new mathematical dynamic model of a displacement-sensitive shock absorber (DSSA) is proposed to predict the dynamic characteristics of an automotive shock absorber. The performance of a shock absorber is directly related to the vehicle behaviour and performance, for both handling and ride comfort. The proposed model of the DSSA is considered as two modes of the damping force (i.e. soft and hard) according to the position of the piston. In addition, the DSSA is analysed by considering the transient zone for more exact dynamic characteristics. For the mathematical modelling of the DSSA, flow continuity equations at the compression and rebound chamber are formulated. The flow equations at the compression stroke and rebound stroke respectively are formulated. Also, flow analysis of the reservoir chamber is carried out. Accordingly, the damping force of the shock absorber is determined by the forces acting on both sides of the piston. The characteristics of the damping force are observed by the proposed method. The analytical results of the damping force characteristics are compared with the experimental results to prove the effectiveness. In particular, the effects of the displacement-sensitive orifice area on the damping force and the effects of the displacement-sensitive orifice length on the damping force are observed. The results reported herein will provide a better understanding of the shock absorber.
Photoswitchable Magnetic Layer-by-Layer Films Consisting of Azobenzene Derivatives and Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
Authors: Suda Masayuki , Miyazaki Yasuo , Hagiwara Yuki , Sato Osamu , Shiratori Seimei , Einaga Yasuaki 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
The photoswitchable magnetic thin films have been designed by alternate depositions of bipolar amphiphilic azobenzene and Fe3O4 nanoparticles by using the layer-by-layer adsorption technique. In these films, reversible photoisomerizations of the azobenzene chromophore affected the electrostatic interaction between the azobenzene chromophore and the surface of Fe3O4 nanoparticles. As a result, we have succeeded in controlling the magnetization of these films by photoillumination at room temperature.
Discovery and consequences of apolipoprotein-ε3Groningen: a G-insertion in codon 95/96 that is predicted to cause a premature stop codon
Authors: Dijck-Brouwer D A Janneke , van Doormaal Jasper J , Kema Ido P , Brugman Astrid M , Kingma Anneke W , Muskiet Frits A J 
Published: June 2005

Background: We found an unexplained, persistent discrepancy between the outcomes of two apolipoprotein-E (apo-E) genotyping methods for a patient with features of familial dysbetalipoproteinaemia (FD). Polymerase chain reaction - restriction fragment length polymorphism resulted in the apo-ε2/ε2 genotype, whereas minisequencing indicated apo-ε2/ε3. The discrepancy was predicted to derive from a novel mutation. Methods: Sequencing of patient DNA, set-up of a mutation analysis method and establishment of mutation occurrence in 19 family members of the proband and investigation of its association with serum lipid indices. Results: Sequencing demonstrated a G-insertion in codon 95 or 96 (95AAG-96-GAG-95AAG-96GGA-G) of the apo-ε3 allele. The mutation, designated apo-ε3Groningen, was predicted to cause a frameshift, a premature stop codon at codon 146 (AAGεTAA) and the expression of a truncated apo-E protein, if any. Four family members with the apo-ε3Groningen were identified. Two family members with apo-ε3/ε3Groningen had serum lipid indices within reference ranges but low-serum apo-E. Three subjects with apo-ε2/ε3Groningen, proband included, had serum cholesterol, triglycerides and calculated low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels above the reference ranges. Their electrophoresis pattern showed the classical broad-beta band, indicative of FD. Conclusion: Apo-ε3Groningen heterozygosity is unlikely to precipitate FD, unless provoked by compound apo-ε2 heterozygosity or other FD precipitating factors.
Gynaecomastia, hyperprolactinaemia and HIV infection
Authors: Acharya Sashi , Fernando J J Rufus , Gama Rousseau 
Published: June 2005

Endocrine complications of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and its treatment are being increasingly recognized. We discuss the diagnosis and management of an HIV seropositive man who presented with bilateral gynaecomastia and 'hyperprolactinaemia' due to macroprolactin within six months of starting antiretroviral therapy. We suggest that the gynaecomastia may be a feature of immune reconstitution disease. Measurement of serum prolactin in the investigation of gynaecomastia should be reserved for those with hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism. Since macroprolactin contributes to circulating prolactin in HIV-seropositive subjects, hyperprolactinaemic samples in these patients should be tested for macroprolactin.
Serially increasing change in lipoprotein(a) concentration has predictive value in acute vascular events
Authors: Hong Soon Jun , Seo Hong Seog , Park Chang Gyu , Rha Seung Woon , Joo Oh Dong , Ro Young Moo 
Published: June 2005

Background: Lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) has been regarded in some studies as an independent risk factor of atherosclerotic vascular disease. However, the use of a baseline plasma Lp(a) concentration as a screening tool for future acute vascular events (AVE) is controversial. We therefore investigated whether progressively increasing change in plasma Lp(a) concentration is associated with the development of AVE. Methods: We investigated prospective analyses of 985 participants (464 women and 521 men) who had either clinically evident vascular disease (VD group, n=443) or its risk factor(s) (RF group, n=542). Blood samples were taken from all participants every six months to measure inflammatory markers such as Lp(a) and C-reactive protein during a 10-year follow-up period. Results: During the follow-up, 223 new cases of myocardial infarction, stroke, and peripheral arterial disease were identified. In the RF group, the relative risk of positive ∆ Lp(a) for predicting AVE was 4.36 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.76-10.85; P=0.002). In the VD group, the relative risk of positive ∆ Lp(a) for predicting AVE was 6.35 (95% CI 3.68-10.97; P<0.001). Conclusions: These results suggest that a progressively increasing change in Lp(a) concentration has a highly significant predictive value in AVE in both the VD and the RF groups.
The effect of plant stanol- and sterol-enriched foods on lipid metabolism, serum lipids and coronary heart disease
Authors: Gylling Helena , Miettinen Tatu A 
Published: June 2005

Phytosterols are plant sterols, mainly campesterol and sitosterol, and their respective stanols (5α-saturated derivatives), which chemically resemble cholesterol. They are present in a normal diet and are absorbed proportionally to cholesterol, but to a much lesser extent, such that less than 0.1% of serum sterols are plant sterols. Phytosterols inhibit intestinal cholesterol absorption, and fat-soluble plant stanol esters were introduced as a functional food for lowering serum cholesterol in the early 1990s; plant sterol esters entered the market at the end of the 1990s. Inhibition of the intestinal absorption of cholesterol stimulates cholesterol synthesis, a factor which limits serum cholesterol lowering to about 10% with phytosterols. Enrichment of the diet with plant stanol esters reduces absorption and serum concentrations of both cholesterol and plant sterols, whereas enrichment of the diet with plant sterol esters, especially in combination with statins, lowers serum cholesterol but increases serum plant sterol levels. Recent studies have suggested that high-serum plant sterol levels may be associated with increased coincidence of coronary heart disease. Estimates of coronary heart disease reduction by 20-25% with plant sterols/stanols is based mainly on short-term studies. Long-term cholesterol lowering, needed for the prevention of coronary heart disease, may be successful with plant stanol esters, which lower serum cholesterol in both genders over at least a year.