bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Monetary Economy of the Late Empire and its Social Presuppositions
Authors: Banaji Jairus 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Aspetti sociali del quarto secolo Mazzarino argued that the Constantinian monetary order differed fundamentally from Diocletian’s. He saw the differences mainly in terms of social ones. Constantine promoted the interests of the owners of gold. The basis of this is the idea that Diocletian, on the contrary, held the price of gold artifically low. The evolution of Constantine’s system destroyed these value relations with inexorable permanence. In other writings Mazzarino described these changes as ‘revolutionary’.
Estates
Authors: Banaji Jairus 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The large rural properties of the Mediterranean evolved in a variety of distinctive cultural and ecological settings which exerted an obvious influence on their topographies and structural form. In abstraction from these settings, the term ‘estate’ conveys little beyond the rough impression of a large agricultural property. Even if we hold the factor of scale constant, the large properties of the Roman Mediterranean display irreducible diversity. To begin with, there was the vast conglomeration of oil-producing estates along the middle reaches of the Guadalquivir which François Jacques brilliantly linked to several generations of a senatorial family identified as F( ). The core of this ‘estate’ is said to have coincided with a triangle of roughly 20 km2.
Conclusion
Authors: Banaji Jairus 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has been a major argument of this book that the emergence of gold as a stable high-value coinage revolutionized the economic conditions of the late empire. In gold the aristocracy rediscovered a powerful medium of accumulation, and the state a medium of taxation that would progressively displace taxes in kind as the dominant form of public revenue. The dogma of late antique isolationism, deeply rooted in the first generation of scholars who turned in a serious way to issues of economic history, was first seriously assaulted by Mickwitz in the early 1930s. However, even Mickwitz would see the late Roman state as a bastion of ‘natural economy’, and end his thesis with the strange dualism of a vibrant set of monetary relations in the private sector coupled with a large area of public finance that was impervious to monetary economy.
The Early Church
Authors: Chadwick Henry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Loss of memory is sad. More than we know our lives are influenced by our past. There may of course be things in it that we have no right to forget and wish we could consign to oblivion. In a version of the ancient myth of Hades, not all the dead are allowed to go and drink of the waters of forgetfulness. But here will also be much for which memory is grateful. These lectures attempt to remind us in outline where we have come from in the story of all who have seen and still see in Jesus of Nazareth the most important single event for humanity.
Late Antiquity
Authors: Cameron Averil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The period covered in this chapter has often been portrayed either as the golden age of early Christianity, or as a time when it was corrupted from its early purity by association with the state. Each of these views is an over-simplification, the second perhaps more so, with its implication of an Ur-faith, existing pure and undefiled from the beginning, and its moral and religious idealization of the first Christians. Contemporary discussion of the relation of church and state in our own society, however, also makes the questions raised in this lecture particularly relevant to the modern world.
Couples’ Careers in Flanders
Authors: Corijn Martine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Couples (have to) make several decisions with regard to their family life and work. Theories focus on different mechanisms at work in these decisions: rational choices, structural constraints, cultural conditions (see Bernardi, in Chapter 6 below). Both stratification and mobility research and family formation studies have for a long time omitted consideration of the couple as a unit and even neglected the wife as an individual subject of a family or employment career. As decisions on the family formation usually rely upon both partners involved, characteristics of both partners are important determinants because partners constitute, to a certain degree, each other’s constraints.
Romanization, the Social War, and integration into the Roman state
Authors: Bradley Guy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The change in the sense of identity of allied Italians in the period between the Roman conquest and the death of Augustus (AD 14) is an extremely important factor in the history of Italy. In the conventional picture, Italians moved from thinking of themselves in terms of their local ethnic group, whether Umbrian, Marsic, Samnite, or whatever, to regarding them¬ selves as being Roman.
Non-dramatic poetry
Authors: Magnusson Lynne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Venus and Adonis and The Rape of Lucrece, narrative poems published in 1593 and 1594, were Elizabethan bestsellers, running respectively through at least ten and six editions in Shakespeare’s lifetime. Surprisingly, what first made Shakespeare a celebrity were these early poems, not the ‘Sonnets’ printed in 1609, in which, for later generations, Shakespeare seemed to have ‘unlocked his heart’,1 nor his more famous plays.
Source study
Authors: Scragg Leah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whereas for the modern reader the study of Shakespeare's sources tends to suggest a species of archaeological investigation, designed to explore the range of the dramatist's reading rather than elucidate the plays, for Shakespeare's contemporaries the recognition of the material used in the construction of a literary work afforded a significant element of the pleasure afforded by the text. The creative process during the Renaissance was rooted in the concept of imitation, a methodology wholly at odds with the emphasis placed on originality today. Children were trained to write during this period through the study and adaptation of literary models, and thus to appreciate the fresh meanings produced by the deft alteration of a source. As a product of this educational system, Shakespeare was not aloof from these mental habits but turned naturally to the literary stock in the construction of his plays. Rather than inventing his own plots or dramatic situations, he shaped inherited stories to his own ends, implicitly inviting the more discerning of his audience, in some instances, to reflect on novel departures from familiar motifs.
Studies in sexuality
Authors: Smith Bruce R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Shakespeare’s contemporaries give us very good reasons for starting an investigation of his plays and poems with stirrings of feeling in the genitals. Philip Stubbes is probably the best known of these witnesses. In his attack on ‘Stage Plays and Interludes, with Their Wickedness’ in The Anatomy of Abuses (1583) Stubbes makes no bones about it: the fundamental appeal of stage plays is to incite lust. ‘Do they not induce whoredom and uncleanness?’ he begins. ‘Nay, are they not rather plain devourers of maidenly virginity and chastity?’
Performance criticism
Authors: Gilbert Miriam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like many other approaches to Shakespeare, performance criticism is a hybrid; it depends on textual criticism, on psychological analysis, on historical background, on cultural assumptions. But, at its centre, performance criticism involves the conversation between two kinds of ‘close reading’: close reading of the text in the way that actors, directors, designers read it, so as to create a performance, whether on stage or in the mind (from page to stage), and close reading of a performance so as to record it and then to see how it illuminates the text (from stage to page). Each reading enhances the other, and both extend the range of possible interpretations.
Shakespeare and translation
Authors: Hoenselaars Ton 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Shakespeare is easily the world’s most popular poet and playwright. Especially to those who cherish him as a consummate master of the English language, it might come as a surprise that the majority of Shakespearian consumption around the globe takes place in a language other than early modem English. In most educational contexts where today’s common language is taught, Shakespeare may indeed be read and discussed in English, but extracurricular Shakespeare, on the page and on the stage, exists by virtue of translation.
Commemorating Shakespeare
Authors: Ziegler Georgianna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Where in the world is Shakespeare? Where would you go if you went out looking for traces of him or memorials to him? Stratford-upon-Avon in England, his birthplace, is an obvious location, but what about Germany, or Japan, or New Zealand, or even Odessa, Texas in the United States? Shakespeare himself evidently did not think much of monuments, as he says in his Sonnet 55 quoted above. He believed that the best memorial was in his plays and poems; as long as they continued to be performed and read, he would be remembered. Nevertheless, Shakespeare's popularity has grown so much since the eighteenth century that people all over the world have wanted to honour him with more tangible monuments such as statues, theatres, and libraries. This chapter begins with a brief survey of how Shakespeare first became a figure of popular culture. Then it examines places around the world that are dedicated to honouring him and his work.
Post-Hellenistic Narratives
Authors: Buxton Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With the end of the Hellenistic era we reach a period when, above all with the work of Ovid, stories of metamorphosis narrated in Latin texts began to flourish and eventually to dominate. Yet for several centuries after Ovid composed his Metamorphoses there continued to be produced a series of Greek explorations of the same cluster of themes, reworking and often innovating on the basis of the tradition whose lineaments I have been sketching. Indeed the range of imaginative uses to which metamorphosis was put became if anything even more diverse. In this chapter I shall attempt to show how metamorphosis was ‘good to think with’ regarding (1) the credibility of myths, as explored by Pausanias, (2) the debate about whether animals possess reason, as dramatized by Plutarch, (3) the interpretation of dreams, as conducted by Artemidoros
Cities and communes
Authors: Coleman Edward 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Communal Italy’ is historians’ shorthand for the highly urbanized areas of Lombardy and Tuscany between the twelfth and the early fourteenth centuries. It was here, in cities located in the plains of the rivers Po and Arno, and in the foothills of the Alps and the Apennines, that self-governing communes first emerged around most of them followed a similar path to institutional maturity over the course of the next century. In the, however, the communes struggled to accommodate the aspirations of groups hitherto excluded from civic politics that coalesced in opposition to the established regime under the much heralded banner of the Popolo. These pressures, combined with an inability to find a modus vivendi with the Church, and an incurable predilection for factionalism and feud amongst the urban nobility, led to a crisis in many cities by In the following decades, against a backdrop of worsening economic conditions, communes were widely replaced by the rule of a single powerful family of signori, a term often mistranslated as ‘despots’ or ‘tyrants’.
Papal Italy
Authors: Bolton Brenda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Between the mid-eleventh and mid-fourteenth centuries that is, from the reformed papacy to the Avignonese legation of Cardinal Albórnoz papal Italy, although its frontiers were always fluid, became a defined and consolidated entity. At its widest extent, it stretched from Ceprano and the river Liri in the south to Radicofani in the north, and eastwards through the centre of the peninsula, crossing the Apennines to reach the Adriatic coast. Within these boundaries lay a complex assemblage of landed properties over which the popes claimed certain ancient rights and precedents, ruling them through an effective machinery of administration and justice at the local level.
Trade and navigation
Authors: Tangheroni Marco 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The flag of the Italian navy carries the symbols of Venice, Amalfi, Genoa, and Pisa, in homage to the ‘four maritime republics’. This reference to past glories is not without foundation, but it should not be allowed to efface the significant differences in the histories of these republics, both in terms of character and chronology. In the early medieval period Amalfi and Venice had been part of the Byzantine Empire, and even though they gradually asserted more and more independence, they also maintained close links with Constantinople.
General Introduction: Working Together
Authors: Harrison Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book derives from a conference. held in Oxford in 1997 under the title ‘Working Together’, which aimed to promote a simple idea: that. in the contemporary context of the study and interpretation of classical literature at universities, conventional classical scholarship and modern theoretical ideas need to work with each other in the common task of the interpretation of texts. The Oxford conference arose directly from another conference held in London in 1995 on the theme of ‘The Language of Latin Poetry’ (now published as Adams and Mayer, 1999), at which a distinguished colleague raised the issue of the absence of more theoretically minded scholars at that gathering, and suggested that greater dialogue and co-operation represented the way forward. In my view such dialogue and co-operation is not merely desirable; it is essential to ensure the survival and relevance of the study of classical literature in the twenty-first century.
Introduction
Authors: Braund Susanna Morton 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Just as it is hard to imagine a world without gender-we have to turn to science-fiction writers like Ursula le Guin for that-so I find it hard to imagine a literary world without genre. Yet it was not always so. Once upon a time (but not so long ago), there were philologists who preferred to dispense with abstract notions such as genre, doubtless in this case assisted by the obvious Frenchness of the word. Happily, the arguments in favour of ‘genre’ have been put so forcefully that the arena of debate has now shifted to focus upon the precise model of genre that is invoked. That is reflected in the two papers in this section of the book, which take for granted the usefulness of ‘genre’ as a critical tool and proceed to debate the adequacy and implications of different formulations of ‘genre’.
Introduction
Authors: Reeve Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Perhaps I have not met the idea before, and when I follow it up I rather like it. It annoys me, therefore, when Blenkinsop in 1997 (I hope there is no classical scholar of that name) puts it forward as though it were quite new, with no mention of the medieval commentator. I suppose it annoys me for two reasons: I would rather sec credit given where it is due, and fresh things to work on are hardly in short supply. The first reason, however, is less intellectual than moral, and the same could be said of the second. After all, neither affects the truth of Blenkinsop’s article, if truth was its aim.
Hope Against Fear
Authors: Fortna Benjamin C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The late Ottoman educational endeavor, like its counterparts around the world in the nineteenth century, was fueled by both hope and fear. It shared with school-building drives around the world an extraordinary optimism in modern-style pedagogy as a panacea for a wide variety of ailments and shortcomings, both real and perceived. In Western Europe, where the new education had developed, this “an1azing optimism” was sufficiently widespread for one historian to term this period “the Age of Education.” In many non-Western locales, faith in new-style education was redoubled by the sense that the by now undeniable advantage of the Western powers derived in large part from a secret: superior education. The “secret wisdom” of the West was especially appealing because it appeared so easy to apply, particularly in the many cultures, such as those of East Asia and the Islamic world, where an abiding, deeply held respect for learning held sway.
History of Universities
Authors: Haugen Kristine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Volume XVI/2 of History of Universities contains the customary mix of learned articles, book reviews, conference reports, and bibliographical information, which makes this publication such an indispensable tool for the historian of higher education. Its contributions range widely geographically, chronologically, and in subject-matter. The volume is, as always, a lively combination of original research and invaluable reference material.
The Predominance of the Slave’s Role
Authors: Fraenkel Eduard , Drevikovsky Tomas , Muecke Frances 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our examination of Plautus’ monologues led us to make some observations on form. Turning to content, we shall now look at a significant recurring motif which, though not restricted to the monologues, does mainly occur there—it has been touched on occasionally in the course of our investigations. We noted above (p. 159) that the monody which Caecilius adapted from a monologue in Menander’s The Necklace opens with an aphorism which is completely missing from the original (Gellius 2.23.20). The old man applies the general dictum to his own fate and then continues: qui sapiet, de me discet, qui quasi ad hostis captus liber servio salva urbe atque arce (‘He who has good sense will learn from me, who just like a free man taken prisoner amongst the enemy am a slave, though the city and citadel remain safe’).
‘Contaminated’ Plays
Authors: Fraenkel Eduard , Drevikovsky Tomas , Muecke Frances 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As we looked at certain particular qualities of Plautus’ comedies, we felt compelled to trace the Roman playwright’s transformations, deletions, substitutions, and new creations along very varied paths. In the course of our investigations so far, it will have become apparent in what way we are to understand Maccus vortit barbare (‘Maccus turned it into Latin’), more clearly than by means of a mere paraphrase. In particular we found through our examination of some slave and parasite roles that Plautus augmented these characters at the expense of the overall structure of the plays. The example of the slave monologue in Trin. iv.3 proved that in this process he took not only jokes from his own stock but also occasionally parts of scenes from other comedies. More important than any such individual fact is the general recognition that Plautus does not put himself into the service of any Greek poet, nor does he aspire to dramatic unity as the main aim in his art. When they examine the question of whether Plautus used one play or more than one, most studies of ‘contamination’ fail to put it in the wider context of Plautus’ general modus operandi.
Shakespeare and Marx Today
Authors: Egan Gabriel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Marxism is not a magical key that unlocks Shakespeare. It is an approach to economic realities, ideas, language, and art in all its forms that draws on the concepts and principles we have been discussing (such as ideology, dialectics, exchange, alienation, commodity fetish- ism, and reaction) and can connect Shakespeare’s historical, cultural, and intellectual context with the imaginative works he produced. It is not simply a matter of ‘following the money’, for much of what we have seen has drawn on philosophical, historical, and psychological works, and the readings overfed here are intended to suggest the wide range of things a Marxist approach can attend to.
‘Archives’ and‘Scribes’ and Information Hierarchy in Mycenaean Greek Linear B Records
Authors: Palaima Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Within the context of the ancient written records and archives discussed in this volume, the Mycenaean Greek Linear B material is distinctive in the following ways: (1) The clay documents at each site are ‘temporary’ records used to monitor economic activities within textually unspecified administrative periods of less than a year.
Reconstructing an Archive: Account and Journal Texts from Persepolis
Authors: Brosius Maria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Reconstructing an archive’ is understood to involve two tasks: the investigation of how an archive was organized, and the reconstruction of the bureaucratic stages involved in the process of record-keeping. Certain kinds of information were written onto a tablet or papyrus to record a specific process within the administration. Can we establish how these processes worked? Were copies of texts made, and if so, which texts and how many duplicates were created? Do the size and shape of a tablet tell us about its contents and about its use within an administrative process? To what extent do seals and seal impressions help us in determining what kind of tablet we are dealing with? Where were the tablets written? How were they stored once they arrived at their final destination?
Tomoi Synkollēsimoi
Authors: Clarysse Willy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Archives are essential for goodgovernment, but in orderto be useful they need to be filed in a way that keeps them accessible. Today computers have completely overturned the way in which archives are kept, and within a generation it will be dicult to understand the intricacies of record-keeping before the twenty-first century. If the university administration of Leuven wants to know how many first-year male students from Antwerp have been enrolled during the last twenty years, the answer is found in a few seconds by a simple search on the university computer. Twenty years ago, this would have taken half a day, because the students would no doubt have been filed year by year in alphabetical order. To identify the male students from Antwerp would have meant going through all those files, looking them out one by one. In antiquity there was the additional problem that alphabetical classification was unknown in administrative documents until the second century bc,1 and even after it had become common in the Roman period, it was limited to the first letter of the word or name, or at the most to the first and second letters.
Analytical Survey 5: ‘Reading is Good Prayer’: Recent Research on Female Reading Communities
Authors: Wogan-Browne Jocelyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Growth in the history of the book, of reading, and of literacies, to say nothing of work on women, means that the apparently specialized topic dealt with here can barely be contained in a single essay (even one concerned primarily with medieval women readers rather than writers, who are only incidentally relevant here).1 Although some reference will be made to work in other regions of Europe, the primary focus of this essay is limited to reading communities in medieval England, in, principally, anglophone scholarship, and primarily, though not exclusively, around the US–UK axis.