bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fragmented coherence: solid waste management in Colombo
Authors: van Horen Basil 
Published: December 2004

Notwithstanding the increasingly fragmented organizational relationships within Colombo's urban governance system, the cooperative nature of stakeholder relationships lends a high level of coherence to the overall system. Since 1995, Colombo's solid waste management system has been characterized by the increased role of the private sector, community‐based organizations and NGOs. Whilst the increasingly fragmented nature of this system exhibits some deeply ingrained problems, there are also a number of positives associated with the increased role of civil society actors and, in particular, the informal sector. Reforming regulatory frameworks so as to integrate some of the social norms that are integral to the lives of the majority of urban residents will contribute to regulatory frameworks being considerably more enforceable than is currently the case. Such reform requires that institutional and regulatory frameworks need to be flexible enough to adapt to the changing social, political and economic context. In the Colombo case, effective cooperation between public sector and civil society stakeholders illustrates that adaptive institutional arrangements grounded in pragmatism are feasible. The challenge that arises is to translate these institutional arrangements into adaptive regulatory frameworks — something that would require a significant mind shift on the part of planners and urban managers.En dépit de relations structurelles de plus en plus fragmentées, la nature coopérative des liens entre les différents acteurs apporte une forte cohérence à l'ensemble du système de gouvernance urbaine de Colombo. Depuis 1995, la gestion des déchets y est caractérisée par le rôle croissant du secteur privé, de groupements locaux et d'ONG. Si la nature plus fragmentée de ce système révèle des problèmes profondément ancrés, un certain nombre d'aspects positifs s'associe au rôle plus présent des acteurs de la société civile, notamment du secteur informel. Réformer les cadres statutaires afin de pouvoir y intégrer certaines normes sociales dominantes dans la vie des citadins contribuera à ce que ces cadres soient beaucoup plus faciles à mettre en œuvre qu'actuellement. Cette réforme implique que les cadres institutionnels et statutaires soient suffisamment souples pour s'adapter aux contextes social, politique et économique évolutifs. Dans le cas de Colombo, une coopération efficace entre les parties prenantes du secteur public et de la société civile montre que des dispositifs institutionnels adaptatifs fondés sur le pragmatisme sont viables. Le défi à relever tient à la possibilité de traduire ces dispositifs institutionnels en cadres statutaires adaptatifs, ce qui exigerait un net changement de mentalités chez les responsables et aménageurs urbains.
The question of rent: the emerging urban housing crisis in the new century
Authors: Turk Michael 
Published: December 2004

The emergence of a new housing crisis in the United States for low‐income renter households at the outset of the twenty‐first century can be traced to an increasing lack of affordability, where the average cost of housing as a portion of income has risen steadily over the last half‐century. In turn, this rise in housing costs can be attributed to a growing and dramatic shortage of low‐cost rental housing. Ultimately, the evocation of homeownership as the embodiment of the ‘American Dream’ has made renting the ‘stepchild’ of housing options, and this has had hidden, but nonetheless deleterious effects upon US cities, which remain major concentrations of rental housing and financially‐strapped tenants.Aux Etats‐Unis, on peut imputer la nouvelle crise du logement du début du vingt‐et‐unième siècle touchant les ménages locataires à faibles revenus à une impossibilité croissante d'accessibilité financière, la part du coût moyen d'un logement dans le revenu ayant progressé constamment au cours du demi‐siècle précédent. Par ailleurs, cette élévation des coûts du logement peut être attribuée à une pénurie accrue et dramatique de l'habitat à loyer modéré. Enfin, évoquer l'accession à la propriété comme incarnation du ‘Rêve américain’ a fait de la location le ‘parent pauvre’ des possibilités de logement, ce qui a eu des effets latents, quoique néfastes, sur les grandes villes américaines, lesquelles restent des concentrations dominantes de logements locatifs et d'occupants désargentés.
The aftermath of France's last moral panic and its sociology
Authors: Bonnet Francois 
Published: December 2004

Stéphane Beaud and Michel Pialoux Violences urbaines, violence sociale. Genèse des nouvelles classes dangereusesRobert Castel L'insécurité sociale. Qu'est‐ce qu'être protégé?David Garland The culture of control. Crime and social order in contemporary societyHugues Lagrange Demandes de sécurité. France, Europe, Etats‐Unis
Pathogenesis of acute myeloid leukaemia and inv(16)(p13;q22): a paradigm for understanding leukaemogenesis?
Authors: Reilly John T. 
Published: December 2004

SummaryAcute myeloid leukaemia (AML) has been proposed to arise from the collaboration between two classes of mutation, a class I, or proliferative, mutation and a class II, or blocking, mutation. A limitation of this so‐called ‘two‐hit’ hypothesis has been the lack of identifiable proliferative and blocking mutations in most AML cases. However, it is now known that the CBFβ–MYH11 fusion gene in AML and inv(16), by disrupting the normal transcription factor activity of core binding factor (CBF), functions as a class II mutation. In addition, nearly 70% of patients with AML and inv(16) are known to possess mutually exclusive mutations of the receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), c‐KIT and FLT3, as well as RAS genes, that provide a class I, or proliferative, signal. AML and inv(16), therefore, is one of the best understood of the acute leukaemias at the genetic level and so provides a paradigm for the ‘two‐hit’ hypothesis of leukaemogenesis. This paper reviews the recent advances in the molecular pathology of AML and inv(16) and discusses possible therapeutic implications of the current pathogenetic model.
Biological and genetic factors influencing plasma factor VIII levels in a healthy family population: results from the Stanislas cohort
Authors: Morange P. E. , Tregouet D. A. , Frere C. , Saut N. , Pellegrina L. , Alessi M. C. , Visvikis S. , Tiret L. , Juhan‐Vague I. 
Published: December 2004

SummaryThe mechanisms underlying the variability of factor VIII (FVIII) levels are still poorly understood. The only receptor of FVIII identified so far is the lipoprotein receptor‐related protein (LRP), which is thought to be involved in FVIII degradation. We aimed to characterize biological and genetic factors related to FVIII variability, focusing on coding polymorphisms of the LRP gene and polymorphisms potentially detected by molecular screening of the LRP‐binding domains of the FVIII gene. Plasma FVIII coagulant activity (FVIII:C) and von Willebrand factor (VWF:Ag) antigen levels were measured in a sample of 100 healthy nuclear families (200 parents and 224 offspring). The ABO blood group and the three coding polymorphisms of the LRP gene (A217V, D2080N and C766T) were genotyped. Lipids and anthropometric factors poorly contributed to the variability of FVIII:C (<5%). A strong effect of ABO blood groups on FVIII:C levels was observed that remained significant after adjustment for VWF:Ag levels (P = 0·02). These two factors explained more than 50% of FVIII:C variability. After adjustment for VWF:Ag and ABO blood groups, a residual resemblance for FVIII:C persisted between biological relatives (ρ = 0·13 ± 0·06 between parents and offspring, ρ = 0·24 ± 0·09 between siblings) compatible with an additional genetic influence. The N allele of the LRP/D2080N polymorphism was associated with decreased levels of FVIII:C (90·4 ± 8·7 vs. 102·2 ± 3·5 IU/dl, P = 0·03) and VWF:Ag levels (109·1 ± 11·2 vs. 125·4 ± 4·4 IU/dl, P = 0·02). No polymorphism was detected in the LRP‐binding domains of the FVIII gene. This study reinforces the hypothesis of a genetic influence of FVIII levels beyond the influence of VWF:Ag and ABO blood groups. The D2080N polymorphism of the LRP gene weakly contributed to the variability of FVIII:C levels in this healthy population.
Phase I/II dose escalation study of recombinant human interleukin‐11 following ifosfamide, carboplatin and etoposide in children, adolescents and young adults with solid tumours or lymphoma: a clinical, haematological and biological study*
Authors: Cairo Mitchell S. , Davenport Virginia , Bessmertny Olga , Goldman Stanton C. , Berg Stacy L. , Kreissman Susan G. , Laver Joseph , Shen Violet , Secola Rita , Van De Ven Carmella , Reaman Gregory H. 
Published: December 2004

SummaryThrombocytopenia remains the major dose‐limiting toxicity of myelosuppressive chemotherapy in children with solid tumours. Recombinant human interleukin‐11 (rhIL‐11) has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration as treatment for adults with solid tumours and lymphomas with severe chemotherapy‐induced thrombocytopenia. We conducted a phase I/II trial of rhIL‐11 following ifosfamide, carboplatin and etoposide (ICE) chemotherapy in children with solid tumours or lymphomas. Patients received ifosfamide 1800 mg/m2/d for 5 d, carboplatin 400 mg/m2/d for 2 d and etoposide 100 mg/m2/d for 5 d with rhIL‐11 subcutaneous (s.c.) at 25–125 μg/kg/d on days 6–33. Forty‐seven patients with median age 10·5 years (range, 0·7–26 years) were studied. Median days to absolute neutrophil count ≥0·5 × 109/l, platelet count ≥50 × 109/l and platelet transfusions were 23, 18, 18, 16·5 and 18·5, 21, 20, 18 and 3, 3, 4, and 2 d at doses 25, 50, 75 and 100 μg/kg respectively. There was a dose‐dependent increase in Cmax (7·6–25·5 ng/ml), AUC0−ρ (57–209 ng·h/ml) and T1/2 (4–8·2 h) respectively. There was a 4% incidence of anti‐IL‐11 antibody formation. Clinically important adverse events to rhIL‐11 were papilloedema and periosteal bone formation. In summary, rhIL‐11 was well tolerated at doses of ≤50 μg/kg (maximal tolerated dose) and associated with improved haematological recovery and reduced platelet transfusion requirements compared with historical controls receiving similar ICE chemotherapy without rhIL‐11.
Surgery for gastroenteropancreatic tumours in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1: review and personal experience
Authors: TONELLI F. , FRATINI G. , FALCHETTI A. , NESI G. , BRANDI M. L. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract.Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) gastro‐entero‐pancreatic (GEP) tumours develop from the pancreatic islets and from the endocrine cells of the duodenal and gastric mucosa. Even if GEP tumours have generally a benign course, a subgroup of them shows an aggressive behaviour and is a major cause of death amongst MEN1 patients. Diagnosis of insulinoma should lead promptly to pancreatic surgery. MEN1 gastrinomas are multiple and almost exclusively localized in the duodenum. Cure rate for Zollinger–Ellison syndrome in MEN1 is low when surgery is limited to tumour enucleation or full thickness duodenal wall resection. Conversely, pancreatoduodenectomy is followed by higher chance of cure. For nonfunctioning tumours exceeding 1 cm diameter in size a prompt treatment is recommended due to their high malignant potential. Gastroscopic surveillance is indicated for the frequent occurrence of multiple, small, type 2 fundic carcinoids. Endoscopic removal is possible for lesions growing in the mucosa‐submucosa, but partial or even total gastrectomy is recommended for the small number of gastric carcinoids infiltrating the muscular layers.
A simple spectrophotometric method for the quantification of residual haemoglobin in platelet concentrates
Authors: Cookson P. , Sutherland J. , Cardigan R. 
Published: December 2004

Background and Objectives  High levels of residual haemoglobin (Hb 0·1 g/l) are known to decrease the efficiency of pathogen‐inactivation systems. We evaluated three separate methods to quantify Hb in platelet concentrates (PC).Materials and Methods  Nine PC prepared in platelet additive solution (PASIII) (median platelet yield of 283 × 109/unit, range 46–353) were spiked to known Hb concentrations with whole blood and the samples were measured by using each of three methods: the 3,3′,5,5′‐tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) oxidation method (Sigma Diagnostics, 527‐A); the Harboe spectrophotometric method; and the HemoCue plasma low‐Hb photometer (PLHP).Results  The TMB and Harboe methods showed linear results compared to expected Hb (r2 ≥ 0·981, P < 0·001) over the range tested (0·09–0·28 g/l) when the samples were haemolysed. The TMB method underestimated by an average of 6%, at and around 0·1 g/l Hb, compared to a 4% overestimation by the Harboe method and a threefold overestimation by the PLHP. The Harboe intra‐assay coefficient of variation was ≤ 1·85% across all concentrations, which contrasted with 30% at and around 0·1 g/l for the TMB method.Conclusions  The Harboe spectrophotometric method is convenient, safe, accurate and reproducible, and outperforms the TMB and PLHP methods for quantification of residual Hb in PC.
Heat sensitivity of a SARS‐associated coronavirus introduced into plasma products
Authors: Yunoki M. , Urayama T. , Yamamoto I. , Abe S. , Ikuta K. 
Published: December 2004

Background and Objectives  Various measures to inactivate/remove viruses have been implemented for manufacturing plasma‐derived products. Here, we examined the heat inactivation ability of an agent of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), SARS coronavirus (CoV).Materials and Methods  The Frankfurt‐1 strain of SARS‐CoV was incorporated in manufacturing processes of several products by using samples collected immediately before liquid heat treatment at 60 °C.Results  SARS‐CoV was easily inactivated by this treatment for 60 min in all in‐process samples. However, the different composition of the tested samples affected the heat sensitivity of the virus strain: the infectivity of the virus in Antithrombin III preparation still remained after heating for 30 min at 60 °C.Conclusion  If by rare chance SARS‐CoV contaminates source plasma, there should be no or only minor risk of this virus infection, due to sufficient inactivation by the 60 °C 10 h liquid heating step, although we must pay attention to the composition used for blood product preparation.
Mandatory reflection: the Canadian reconstitution of the competent nurse
Authors: Nelson Sioban , Purkis Mary Ellen 
Published: December 2004

Over the past two decades, the competency movement has been gathering momentum internationally within the ranks of professional nursing. It can be argued that this momentum is in response to government initiatives aimed at improving consistency in workforce training and accreditation, and fostering national and international portability of qualifications. At the same time, the competency movement has provided the opportunity for regulators, service providers and government to develop mechanisms to reconstitute competent nurses as accountable, self‐regulating subjects and to monitor this transformation in particular ways. The ways in which competencies have been taken up to do this transforming work in Canada are unique and deserving of some detailed description and analysis.We argue that Canadian nursing regulatory authorities have chosen to view competence as the rehearsal of ethical attributes consonant with the professional role,as opposed to the enactment of skilled conduct. As a result, reflective practices rather than skill and knowledge have become the cornerstone of nursing competency formulation and review. We argue that this distinctly Canadian approach to competency serves three ends. First, it privileges the ‘attribute’ element of the nursing competency model and side steps the ever‐problematic ‘nursing knowledge’ issue; second, self‐surveillance by nurses shifts the onus for professional development from industry to the individual; and third, it concedes responsibility for skill assessment by the regulatory authorities to industry control, leaving employers free to determine skill base and skill mix requirements for practice. Finally, we argue that the reflective component of the regulatory framework for Canadian nurses radically fails as a tool for auditing quality and assessing competency. Rather, it functions as a governmental practice that furthers the deregulatory and economic rationalist aims of the Canadian health reform agenda.
Genetic population structure of the wind‐pollinated, dioecious shrub Juniperus communis in fragmented Dutch heathlands
Authors: OOSTERMEIJER J. GERARD B. , DE KNEGT BART 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe wind‐pollinated, dioecious shrub Juniperus communis L. is declining in Dutch heathlands, mainly because recruitment is scarce. Aside from ecological factors, inbreeding associated with reduced population size and isolation in the currently fragmented landscape might explain this decline. However, the breeding system of this species largely prevents inbreeding. We assessed variation in 18 allozyme loci in 12 Dutch juniper populations to investigate population structure and to test the hypothesis that small populations have less genetic variation and show more inbreeding than large populations. Variation was high for a species with a fragmented distribution, but similar to values observed in other juniper species. The proportion of polymorphic loci (P) ranged between 0.72 and 0.83, expected heterozygosity (He) ranged between 0.16 and 0.27 and the mean effective number of alleles per locus (A) ranged between 2.5 and 3.3. Population size was not correlated with genetic variation or with sex ratio. Deviations from Hardy–Weinberg expectations, mainly heterozygote deficiencies, were mostly observed in larger populations, which appear to have been broken up into smaller subunits. Differentiation among populations was small (FST = 0.026) and there was a significant departure from random mating (FIS = 0.174). Geographic and genetic structures were not related. Our data suggest that gene flow in this wind‐pollinated shrub was high during the establishment phase of the current populations. Gene exchange by pollen and seeds may be less extensive in the present‐day landscape. However, juniper decline is not likely to be caused by genetic factors. Alternative hypotheses include changed heathland disturbance regimes, pollen limitation, seed predation and age‐related fecundity reductions. Implications for the restoration of juniper populations are discussed.
Role of a seasonally specialist bird Zosterops japonica on pollen transfer and reproductive success of Camellia japonica in a temperate area
Authors: KUNITAKE YOKO KAWATE , HASEGAWA MASAMI , MIYASHITA TADASHI , HIGUCHI HIROYOSHI 
Published: December 2004

Abstract Camellia japonica is considered to be pollinated by birds, but to date no studies have clarified the contribution of birds to the seed production and reproductive success of this species. We conducted a pollinator exclusion experiment that showed that fruit set was sixfold greater in flowers visited by birds than in flowers without bird visitation. Field observations revealed that most of the visitations made by birds were of the species Zosterops japonica. Furthermore, the level of fruit set was found to be saturated after only five visitations by Z. japonica. These results demonstrate that Z. japonica is the most effective pollinator of C. japonica. Such a strong relationship between a plant and an omnivorous bird pollinator has rarely been reported in a temperate zone.
ENDOSCOPIC SUBMUCOSAL DISSECTION FOR EARLY GASTRIC CANCER: TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY, OPERATION TIME AND COMPLICATIONS FROM A LARGE CONSECUTIVE SERIES
Authors: Oda Ichiro , Gotoda Takuji , Hamanaka Hisanao , Eguchi Takako , Saito Yutaka , Matsuda Takahisa , Bhandari Pradeep , Emura Fabian , Saito Daizo , Ono Hiroyuki 
Published: December 2004

Background:  Endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) is a recognized treatment for early gastric cancer (EGC). One‐piece resection is considered to be a gold standard of EMR, as it provides accurate histological assessment and reduces the risk of local recurrence. Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is a new technique developed to obtain one‐piece resection even for large and ulcerative lesions. The present study aims to identify the technical feasibility, operation time and complications from a large consecutive series.Methods:  We reviewed all patients with EGC who underwent ESD using the IT knife at National Cancer Center Hospital in the period between January 2000 and December 2003.Results:  During the study period of 4 years we identified a total of 1033 EGC lesions in 945 consecutive patients who underwent ESD using the IT knife. We found a one‐piece resection rate (OPRR) of 98% (1008/1033). Our OPRR with tumor‐free margins was 93% (957/1033). On subgroup analysis it was found to be 86% (271/314) among large lesions (≥ 21 mm) and 89% (216/243) among ulcerative lesions. The overall non‐evaluable resection rate was 1.8% (19/1033). The median operation time was 60 min (range; 10–540 min). Evidence of immediate bleeding was found in 7%. Delayed bleeding after ESD was seen in 6% and perforation in 4% of the cases. All cases with complications except one were successfully treated by endoscopic treatment.Conclusion:  The present study shows the technical feasibility of ESD, which provides one‐piece resections even in large and ulcerative EGC.
Joint Employer Status in Triangular Employment Relationships
Authors: Davidov Guy 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe article examines the question of who should be considered the legal employer in triangular employment relationships. It is argued that outsourcing of employer responsibilities to temporary work agencies is illegitimate with regard to long‐term employees and must be curtailed; further, that even in the case of short‐term (‘traditional’) employment through agencies, there is reason to place some employer responsibilities with the user firm. The suggested solution supports regulations directed at preventing agency employment abuse, as currently exist in some European countries, but at the same time would place employer responsibilities with both agency and user firm, jointly and severally.
Statistical presentation and analysis of ordinal data in nursing research
Authors: Jakobsson Ulf 
Published: December 2004

Objectives:  The aim of this study was to review the presentation and analysis of ordinal data in three international nursing journals in 2003.Method:  In total, 166 full‐length articles from the 2003 editions of Cancer Nursing, Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences and Nursing Research were reviewed for their use of ordinal data.Results:  This review showed that ordinal scales were used in about a third of the articles. However, only about half of the articles that used ordinal data had appropriate data presentation and only about half of the analyses of the ordinal data were performed properly.Conclusions:  Ordinal data are rather common in nursing research, but a large share of the studies do not present/analyse the result properly. Incorrect presentation and analysis of the data may lead to bias and reduced ability to detect statistical differences or effects, resulting in misleading information. This highlights the importance of knowledge about data level, and underlying assumptions for the statistical tests must be considered to ensure correct presentation and analyses of data.