bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Dispersion of Power
Authors: Bagg Samuel Ely 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The Dispersion of Power is an urgent call to rethink centuries of conventional wisdom about what democracy is, why it matters, and how to make it better. Drawing from history, social science, psychology, and critical theory, it explains why elections do not and cannot realize the classic ideal of popular rule, and why prevailing strategies of democratic reform often make things worse. Instead, Bagg argues, we should see democracy as a way of protecting public power from capture—an alternative vision that is at once more realistic and more inspiring. Despite their many shortcomings, real-world elections do prevent the most extreme forms of tyranny, and are therefore indispensable. In dealing with the vast inequalities that remain, however, we cannot rely on standard solutions such as electoral reform, direct democracy, deliberation, and participatory governance. Instead, Bagg shows, protecting and enriching democracy requires addressing underlying inequalities of power directly. In part, this entails substantive policies attacking the advantages of wealthy elites. Even more crucially, deepening democracy requires the organization of oppositional, countervailing power among ordinary people. Neither task is easy, but historical precedents exist in both cases—and if democracy is to survive contemporary crises, leaders and citizens alike must find ways to revive and reinvent these essential democratic practices for the twenty-first century.
The Dynamics of Plant Growth
Authors: Ford E. David 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Answers to practical questions about plant growth are sought with increasing urgency. Climate change is affecting the stability of vegetation and the yield of many important crops, and there is a continual need for ever more productive varieties to feed a growing global population. Answering questions posed by these problems requires a more integrated understanding of how plants function in producing growth. This book shows how this understanding can be achieved. First and foremost, plant growth must be defined as a dynamic system with developmental, morphological, and physiological processes responding to fluctuations in the environment due to weather, changes in the architecture of the plant as it grows, and the effects of plants on their environment: connecting these processes in a complete system is the essential integration. Part I shows, for contrasting plant types, that developmental, morphological, and physiological processes must all be considered to explain differences in growth and survival; Part II defines the types of control processes occurring in plants and their different functions; Part III illustrates the importance of plant morphology in controlling growth; Part IV shows how, and to what extent, the effects of environmental factors are controlled by plant processes particularly as plants grow in size. A final chapter defines how a theory for growth of a particular plant must be based on its characteristics as a dynamic system.
Variation in architectural dynamics and its effects on growth
Authors: Ford E. David 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The diversity of plant architectures has presented difficulties in understanding how architecture may affect growth. A theory for this relationship developed by Hallé et al. (1978), derived primarily for tropical tree species, is discussed particularly with regard to convergent evolution for proposed models. Recent research with conifers has shown evolutionary transitions between architectural models in different families. The causes of variation in above ground architecture, both within and between species, are discussed as a result of interactions between organogenesis, extension, and plasticity and the controls involved in these processes are described. The standpoint is advanced that morphological variation and plasticity should be considered as integral parts of architecture as a dynamic process.
Growth in a fluctuating environment
Authors: Ford E. David 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Plants are adapted to both utilize and at least partly tolerate regular and irregular variation in the physical–chemical system, but their responses to change are not constant—the same environmental change can produce different responses at different times, controlled by the genetics and physiology of the plant itself. This is illustrated using a sequence of continuous measurements of hourly shoot extension and environmental variables and where cell expansion and contraction are important. Interlocking active controls produce responses that maintain growth during conditions that may otherwise be considered as restrictive; however, these controls may only function during particular conditions, i.e. they have domains of operation. Typically the response to changing conditions is not instantaneous and there are conditions when the adjustments have only limited effectiveness.
Statistics and Dynamics of Urban Populations
Authors: Barthelemy Marc , Verbavatz Vincent 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In this book, we describe all aspects of quantitative approaches to urban population growth, ranging from measures and empirical results such as the famous Zipf law, to the mathematical description of their evolution. We will follow the historical development of these approaches, starting with the Gibrat law to modern stochastic equations. This book will be of interest to researchers working on quantitative aspect of cities and from many different disciplines such as quantitative geography, spatial economics, geomatics, urbanism and transportation, physics, or applied mathematics. Researchers working in complex systems and statistical physics will also constitute an important part of its general readership. This book will also be of potential interest to graduate students and researchers entering the field or interested in quantitative studies of urban systems.
Why and how to engage beneficiaries as co-(social) entrepreneurs?
Authors: Hueske Anne-Karen , Willems Willemine , Hockerts Kai 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Social entrepreneurship is typically thought of as the pursuit of a commercial activity with the primary goal to achieve societal impact. The European school of thought on social entrepreneurship emphasizes one more constituent element of social entrepreneurship namely, stakeholder engagement, especially beneficiary engagement, through organizing the decision-making as a participatory process to foster local democracy. However, there is limited research on engagement through social entrepreneurship, and this is mostly published in practitioner-oriented journals. Engaging with literature about citizen engagement in science and technology shows that these findings regarding hardware (methods, tools), software (mindset), and orgware (embedding in organizational structures and processes) can stimulate social entrepreneurship research. Both engagement processes share similar aims. The normative argument values democracy and empowerment and aims to nurture it through engagement. Instrumental and substantial arguments claim that engagement leads to better fitting and accepted innovations. In addition, implementing engagement faces similar barriers in both fields. Following the three lenses of hardware, software, and orgware, we analyse engagement in social entrepreneurship research. Concluding, we identify avenues for future research on the process of engagement and its contribution to the societal impact of the social enterprise. Future research is needed to understand how engagement practices influence the societal impact, especially local democracy, of social enterprises, and how this relationship is influenced by engagement competences of the social entrepreneur and engagement experiences of the beneficiary as well as the degree to which engagement practices are embedded in the social enterprise.
Inside the UN Security Council
Authors: Gifkins Jess 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
UN Security Council decisions impact billions of people and yet its formal rules are minimal and tell us little about how decisions are made. Instead, informal, and often unwritten practices, form the basis of negotiations. This book introduces and develops the concept of legitimation practices to analyse the UN Security Council’s decision-making. Legitimation practices shape the process and outcome of negotiations. Internal legitimation practices, which relate to the legitimation of Security Council decisions such as prioritizing unanimity, constrain and enable the text of resolutions. External legitimation practices such as ‘doing something’, even if it cannot be implemented, relate to the legitimation of actors in the negotiations and shape whether decisions can be reached at all. This book demonstrates the impact of legitimation practices within Security Council decision-making, both in general and focused on the case of Darfur in the west of Sudan. Security Council negotiations on Darfur are analysed in depth to show how legitimation practices shape decision-making across issue areas of agenda-setting, sanctions, referral to the International Criminal Court, and peacekeeping. Foregrounding legitimation practices sheds light on seemingly contradictory moments within Security Council decision-making, such as the United States enabling the referral of the situation in Darfur to the International Criminal Court, despite long-standing objections to the court and the capacity to veto the decision. The book draws on a wide range of primary and secondary sources, including original interviews with key decision makers, to show that legitimation practices are an integral aspect of Security Council negotiations.
On the Ground in Darfur
Authors: Gifkins Jess 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides background on the conflict in Darfur, setting the context for subsequent chapters on the Security Council’s negotiations over Darfur. It begins with precursors and escalation, and then establishes the trajectory and impacts of the conflict. It analyses two prominent international debates on whether genocide occurred in Darfur, and on the application of the responsibility to protect. It argues that the debate over whether genocide was occurring took place after the height of the violence had passed and at times detracted much-needed resources from the humanitarian effort. The development of the responsibility to protect occurred in parallel with the escalation of the Darfur conflict and generated expectations for action among Western states. Large coordinated civil society movements developed, which advocated for the Security Council to take specific actions. This meant that Darfur had unusually high domestic salience, especially in the US, and there was greater potential for external legitimation practices to feature because of the significant domestic interest.
Inching towards Sanctions
Authors: Gifkins Jess 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter analyses Security Council negotiations towards four key resolutions on sanctions between 2004 and 2006. It demonstrates that the external legitimation practice of ‘doing something’, even if it cannot be implemented, was central to these negotiations. Two years of intense negotiations over sanctions resulted in a partial arms embargo and targeted sanctions against only four individuals. The first two sanctions resolutions in 2004 were facilitated by text-based agreements, where Security Council members did not agree on the substance of the decision and instead found language they could agree on. This left Council members with divergent interpretations of what they had agreed to, and difficulties in following through on the threat of sanctions for non-compliance. It took until 2005 to authorize sanctions infrastructure in the form of a Sanctions Committee and a Panel of Experts. When issuing its report, the Panel of Experts recommended targeted sanctions against seventeen individuals, however, Security Council members could only agree on four individuals. China demonstrated audience sensitivity by blocking targeted sanctions in the Sanctions Committee but enabling them to pass in the Security Council where its actions had public scrutiny. A diplomatic cable from the time reports that China said it would be ‘unthinkable’ to block an otherwise unanimous resolution. Western states attempted to ‘do something’, however, the combined impact of sanctions resolutions on Darfur was minimal.
Conclusion
Authors: Romano Livio , Traù Fabrizio 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The industrial world is facing the economic consequences of the exhaustion of the Globalization Age (GA), largely due to endogenous reasons. The arrival of the pandemic and the war in Ukraine have furtherly challenged, in turn, the mutual confidence among the various players of global value chains, pushing the world into rising uncertainty. A major point here lies in the fact that the unfolding of the GA was driven by the idea that at a geopolitical level the world had become fundamentally an unipolar entity (led by the US), so that the possibility for a cross-country conflict at the political level was to be considered as having been overcome, once and for all, by the sheer strength of market forces. As far as the so-called ‘End of History’ has been blatantly disproved, the US has de facto abandoned the logic of multilateralism and free trade and has started playing instead a strong role in enhancing through their trade policy the trend towards de-globalization. As a consequence, as far as policy has now taken the scene in driving global changes, the economic determinants of development have been correspondingly weakening.
The policy gap in the information environment
Authors: Thorson Emily 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter introduces three types of policy information: policy-outcome (about the outcomes of policies), policy-potential (about possible future policies), and policy-current information (about existing policies). Drawing on content analyses, the chapter argues that the media systematically ignore policy-current information. This tendency is the product of several systematic biases in news coverage. The focus on strategy frames leads journalists to prioritize how policy changes affect electoral outcomes, novelty bias leads them to focus on policy change rather than providing critical background information, and the “curse of knowledge” makes it difficult to them to comprehend the wide gaps in public understanding of basic policy facts.
The Existence Puzzles
Authors: Roberts M.A. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This book introduces newcomers to population ethics, a relatively new branch of moral philosophy that asks how moral law addresses distinctions in how many people, and just who, will exist in the future. This book also proposes a new way of thinking about the hard cases that population ethics is so widely known for. An intuitive first pass at what moral law has to say about the choice to bring new people into existence to begin with comes from Narveson. We are “in favour of making people happy” (we can call that the basic maximizing intuition) but are “neutral about making happy people” (the basic existential intuition). Ever since population ethics started attracting intense interest just a few decades ago, the dominant narrative has been that the two intuitions exist in high tension—that they are indeed inconsistent—and that, as between the two, it is the basic existential intuition that must go. That unfortunate conclusion ties our hands both in addressing climate change and establishing the moral permissibility of and constitutional right to contraception and earlier abortion. Moreover, it demands grave sacrifices on the part of many people in exchange for the bare chance to avoid human extinction indefinitely. This book takes a different tack. It considers hard cases to generate, not counterexamples disproving the basic existential intuition, but puzzles we can solve by application of the puzzle-solving rules we all understand: fitting the pieces together without throwing any of them out and within the confines of conceptual necessity.
Fluent Circulation
Authors: McDaniel Byrd 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Chapter 2 explores a community of creators on lip-syncing apps, primarily focusing on a relationship among musical.ly, TikTok, and YouTube. Lip-syncing videos stage the act of music reception, as people flaunt their fluency in musical styles and idioms. This chapter offers the concept of fluent circulation as a construct for exploring these performances, in order to weave together a wide range of official and less-conventional languages (e.g., English, Spanish, American Sign Language, dance, gestures, air guitar, hashtags, social-media conventions, and editing techniques). All of these fluencies represent various types of knowledge that are made visible and audible through digital practices, in a way that holds a community together. This chapter demonstrates how these fluencies can transcend individual platforms, enabling a style of popular-media transmission that can create continuity for ever-changing digital subcultures.
Interests and Identities
Authors: Cinalli Manlio 
Published: January 2024

AbstractCitizenship creates a problem of collective action. In rejecting kinship-like criteria as the basis for rule and membership, citizenship raises the question on what basis can “society” be shaped as a shared collectivity? The concept of interest has provided a contractual grounding for linking individuals into a social whole. Identity, alternatively, pointed to cognitive and emotional foundations for anchoring the individual in a collectivity. The concepts of interest and identity mirror the framings of, respectively, demos and ethnos. In the nation-state, the ethnos of nationalism has been the basis of describing the collective identity. While citizenship has served the role of defining rights and membership, its transformative role in making the individual part of a collective civic identity is less evident. Citizenship has not been the basis for invoking the sense of a collective, emotionally felt identity. Arriving at a “collectively felt” civic identity is key for repairing democracies.
From Borders to Seams
Authors: Cinalli Manlio 
Published: January 2024

AbstractGeographic borders and social boundaries generate an ongoing interrogation about who belongs in the ingroup and who should be excluded. Unlike borders and boundaries, the concept of “seams” recognizes, in civic contexts, the mutual dependence and opposition of connected parties. Civic life, in its authentic sense, is “seamed”—it is not about a priori, “fixed” attributions of sex, race, or caste. Seams, in the sartorial metaphor, are both a line of delineation and of suturing. In the context of extraordinary global flows, transnational identities, dual citizenship, and the like (together with counter trends of renewed nationalism), this chapter re-conceptualizes borders to account for changes on the ground. In contexts where seams are recognized and facilitated, we move beyond “insiders and outsiders” and toward more scalar understandings of relational ties. We may even get beyond the foregrounding of categories like ethnicity, class, and caste in favor of collective civic projects.
Completing the Third Revolution?
Authors: Cinalli Manlio 
Published: January 2024

AbstractThis book proposes a paradigmatic shift in the approach to citizenship, showing a way forward for reinvigorating democracies. Such a shift demands a more holistic framing of citizenship, pivoting from the nation-state lens to that of a civic polity—a civitas. Citizenship is more than rights and membership. It is about civically embedded sets of ongoing acts. Citizenship, its underlying grammar, induces a fluent interaction between rights and participation in social and political life. It unifies the “politics of consent” and the “politics of rights.” Rather than reducing individuals to a singular demographic category, citizenship opens the civic, relational possibilities by recognizing the multivalent quality of individuals. That makes possible the emergence of more authentic civic collectivities, rather than defaulting to the ethnos, domestically or nationally. Institutionally, how rights are structured to encourage such a civic process is critical. The twenty-first century guild is one, core response.
Introduction
Authors: Nyman John A. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents the conventional theory of insurance and gambling and introduces the alternative quid pro quo theory. It then discusses a number of preliminary issues—whether to use income or wealth as the argument of the utility function, whether to view the gain from either insurance or gambling as additional income or additional consumption, whether to include all insurance and all gambling under the theory or to constrain the theory to apply to only certain types, whether to base the theory on a single utility function or on functions that are state-dependent, whether to use the term “risk” or the term “uncertainty”—and presents the justifications for each decision. The chapter ends with an overview of the content of the remaining nine chapters.
Demand for Gambling
Authors: Nyman John A. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In this chapter, the quid pro quo theory of gambling is presented as the demand for an expected income transfer that is work-free. The theoretical literature on the utility and disutility of labor is explored next. The variability of the demand for gambling is explained by alternative ways in which the consumer could view the opportunity cost of the wager and by alternative consumer expectations regarding the consumption value of the gambling income winnings. This section also reviews the empirical evidence supporting these sources of gambling variation. A number of additional sections cover a variety of topics: two complications of the theory, a review of the conventional theory of the demand for gambling for comparison, the insurance-purchasing gambler, the entertainment theory of the demand for gambling, lotteries as an exception to the quid pro quo theory, and the implications of gambling theory for the demand for insurance.
Empirical Evidence for Gambling
Authors: Nyman John A. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This wide-ranging chapter first considers the problems with the attempts to explain the demand for gambling with the curvature of the utility function and with the explanations based on the insurance-purchasing gambler. It then reviews the empirical evidence suggesting that the implied context for a consumer’s gambling decision is the workplace. The demand for gambles is re-presented next using a modified prospect theory diagram. The chapter suggests that research on risk preferences may have been biased through mental accounting and that such accounting might explain the phenomenon of preference reversals. Next, it reviews the empirical studies that attempt to determine the motivation for recreational gambling, and those that show that entertainment is dependent on the ability of the gambling game to generate additional income. It also considers the studies of a welfare gain from gambling. An appendix reconsiders one of the alternative motivations for gambling: the gambler’s fallacy.