bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Teratogenicity of Edoferon Kappa A, a Molecule Derived from Salicylate, in Cultured Rat Embryos: Differences from Salicylate and Interaction with Free Oxygen Radical Scavenging Enzymes
Authors: Karabulut A. K. , Ülger H. , Pratten M. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe effect of edoferon kappa A (E‐KA), a non‐specific immunomodulatory and anti‐neoplastic chemical substance derived from the methyl form of salicylate (acetyl salicylic acid; ASA), on mammalian embryos was studied and compared to the effects of ASA. Rat embryos were cultured in vitro from 9.5 days of gestation for 48 h. E‐KA (0.1–12.8 mg/ml) and ASA (0.1–0.6 mg/ml) were added to the whole rat serum. To investigate the interaction of these molecules with antioxidant agents, the lowest effective concentrations of E‐KA (0.6 mg/ml) and ASA (0.3 mg/ml) for all parameters were added to the culture media in the presence of superoxide dismutase (SOD) (30 U/ml) or glutathione (0.5 μmol/ml). The growth and development of embryos was compared and each embryo was evaluated for the presence of any malformations. E‐KA and ASA decreased growth and development in a concentration‐responsive manner. There was also a concentration‐related increase in overall dysmorphology (haematoma in the yolk sac and neural system, open neural tube, abnormal tail torsion and the absence of fore limb bud). There were no statistically significant differences between the control and embryos grown in the presence of 0.1–0.4 mg/ml E‐KA, although the effects of ASA started at a concentration of 0.2 mg/ml. Embryos showed significant growth retardation in all scoring criteria and severe malformations when 0.5–3.2 mg/ml E‐KA and 0.3–0.6 mg/ml ASA were added. When SOD was added, there was a significant decrease in the incidence of malformations and growth and developmental parameters were increased but this decrease never reached the control level. We concluded that E‐KA has direct toxic effects on the developing embryo but at much higher concentrations than ASA, and the teratogenic effects of these molecules might be related to free oxygen radicals.
Mini Review of Canine Stifle Joint Anatomy
Authors: Carpenter D. H. , Cooper R. C. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe stifle is a complex, condylar, synovial joint that allows motion in three planes. The complexity of the normal motion is directly related to the structure and functions of the anatomical components that form the joint. Alteration in any one of these components often leads to dysfunction as well as an increased risk of damage to other structures in the joint. Thus understanding of the normal anatomy and function of each stifle joint component is essential for proper diagnosis and treatment of any stifle joint injury. This review highlights the basic anatomy and function of the stifle joint components.
Ultrastructural Features of Myenteric Ganglia of Adult Wistar Rats (Rattus norvegicus)
Authors: Natali M. R. M. , Miranda Neto M. H. , Orsi A. M. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe ultrastructural features of the ganglia of the myenteric plexus exhibit changes according to the animal species. These myenteric ganglia in the duodenum of adult rats of the Wistar strain were characterized ultrastructurally in this work. Those ganglia were depicted as compact structures, composed of neurones and glial cells, forming a dense neuropil surrounded by a continuous basal lamina and collagen fibrils. Glial cell bodies were smaller and apparently more frequent than neuronal cell bodies, being morphologically distinguished by nuclear features. In the neuronal extensions granular and agranular synaptic vesicles of different sizes predominate, in addition to mitochondria and myelinized profiles. Gliofilaments were not observed on the glial extensions of the rats.
Morphological Changes in the Sciatic Nerve of Diabetic Rats Treated with Low Molecular Weight Heparin OP 2123/Parnaparin
Authors: Artico M. , Massa R. , Cavallotti D. , Franchitto S. , Cavallotti C. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThis study points out the early alterations that affect the sciatic nerve of rats with experimentally induced diabetes. It emphasizes the advantages deriving from treatment with low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) OP 2123/parnaparin and correlates these findings with observations emerging from a review of the relevant literature. In fact, the number and diameter of the capillaries within the sciatic nerve of diabetic rats appear to be increased consistent with a microangiopathy (the main characteristic of which is the fragility of new vessels), that is related to the evolution of diabetes in humans and animals. Our results suggest a possible therapeutic role for OP 2123/parnaparin in both diabetic neuropathy and microangiopathy, frequent complications of diabetes.
A Quantitative Study of the Neural Changes Underlying Pyloric Stenosis in Dogs
Authors: Abel R. M. , Doré C. J. , Bishop A. E. , Facer P. , Polak J. M. , Spitz L. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThis study aimed to quantify the neural changes in congenital pyloric stenosis in dogs and to study the comparative anatomy between this condition in dogs and that in infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. Eight specimens from the pylorus of dogs with pyloric stenosis and six control specimens were examined using conventional histology and immunohistochemistry for a range of neural antigens. The changes in the proportion of nerves immunoreactive for each antigen were quantified and analysed statistically. The morphology of the nerves in the diseased dogs was similar to that in controls. Only vasoactive intestinal peptide was reduced in expression in dogs (median proportion in control dogs 0.57, in diseased dogs 0.17;P = 0.065). This study demonstrates both morphological similarities and significant differences between closely related conditions in dogs, humans and other species.
Study of the Nervous Tissue Development in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Embryos Treated with Oxytetracycline
Authors: Arias P. , Pinochet L. F. , Disi A. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe purpose of this study was to discover whether the use of different doses of oxytetracycline causes any alteration in the development of nervous tissue in rainbow trout embryos. Five thousands eggs of females rainbow trout were divided into five groups. One group acted as control and the other four were administered with one of four doses of oxytetracycline, 0.025, 0.050, 0.100, or 0.201 μm, at the moment of fertilization. The eggs were incubated under pisciculture conditions to just before being ready to spring off. From the 10th day, 10‐egg samples were taken regularly and fixed. Five were processed for histological techniques and stained with haematoxylin and eosin, cresyl fast violet and silver, the other five were homogenized for antibiotic detection. Histological alterations appeared in 37‐day‐old embryos, with an abnormal migration of the neuroblasts to the marginal layer of the neural cord, and alterations in the development of the lens and eye layers. Some embryos showed abnormal curvature of the spinal cord but these changes were not statistically significant.
Ultrastructural Observations on the Platelets of the Arabian Tahr (Hemitragus jayakari)
Authors: Johnson E. H. , Muirhead D. E. , Wood R. J. , King G. J. , Al‐Busaidy R. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe ultrastructure of platelets was studied in specimens of peripheral blood from 18 healthy adult Arabian tahrs (Hemitragus jayakari). The platelets were characterized by their extreme polymorphism. The number of alpha granules, typically one to six per cell, was considerably less than that reported for most animal platelets. Similar to humans, the platelets of the Arabian tahr had nucleoids within the alpha granules. However, nucleoids were not a consistent finding. One or more electron‐dense granules, most commonly contained within clear vesicles, was commonly observed. A unique feature was the lack of an open canalicular system, which is considered a hallmark feature of this cell type in most mammalian and reptilian platelets.
The Renal Structure in an Asian Elephant (Elephas maximus)
Authors: Endo H. , Akihisa N. , Sasaki M. , Yamamoto M. , Arishima K. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe renal structure of a female Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) was observed in both macroscopic and light microscopic levels. The left kidney was elongated‐ellipse in shape, whereas the right appeared round. The left kidney was 31 cm in cranio‐caudal length, 21 cm in medio‐lateral length, and 2950 g in weight. The right kidney was 34 cm in cranio‐caudal length, 22 cm in medio‐lateral length, and 3250 g in weight. The external appearance showed the six separated renal lobes in both sides of the kidney. The four pairs of the lobes were fused in the deepest region in both sides of kidney, so we considered it as an incompletely lobated kidney in this species. We observed the proximal and distal urinary tubules in histological sections. Many renal corpuscles consisted of the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule. Many mesangial cells and some podocytes were confirmed in each glomerulus; however, Bowman's capsules were larger than those in other mammalian species.
Gross and Microscopic Observations on the Lingual Structure of the Florida Manatee Trichechus manatus latirostris
Authors: Levin M. J. , Pfeiffer C. J. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe tongue of the Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) was studied macroscopically, light and electron microscopically. The tongue was slender, muscular and firmly fixed in the oral cavity; only the cranial tip was free and mobile. Numerous filiform papillae were distributed over the dorsal surface of the rostral tongue. Multiple raised, round fungiform‐like papillae were distributed over most of the dorsum. Typical fungiform papillae were restricted to the lateral margins of the tongue. Foliate papillae, presenting as multi‐fossulate openings, were noted on the caudolateral margins. Open pits were located on the dorsocaudal surface and lateral walls. Microscopic examination showed that most of the lingual dorsum was covered with a thick stratified squamous epithelium. Open pits led to well‐developed mucous salivary glands. Glands within the foliate papillae were mostly mucous, although some seromucous glands were present. Taste buds were restricted to the epithelium of the foliate papillae. Throughout the tongue, striated muscle was abundant below the epithelium. Blood vessels, lymph channels and nerve fibres were freely distributed throughout the intermuscular stroma. Nerve fibres reacted positively with neurone specific enolase (NSE) antibody throughout the tongue, including nerve bundles, glands and taste buds. Clear to translucent vacuoles were found juxtaposed to nuclei in the stratum spinosum in the foliate papillae epithelium.
Distribution of Nociceptin‐like Immunoreactivity in the Central Nervous System of the Mongolian Gerbil: an Immunohistochemical Study
Authors: KIM H. W. , Kwon Y. B. , Ham T. W. , Roh D. H. , Yoon S. Y. , Han H. J. , Kim K. W. , Lee W. S. , Kim J. K. , Yoon O. B. , Lee J. H. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThis study is designed to demonstrate the distribution of nociceptin, endogenous ORL1 receptor ligand, in the central nervous system of the Mongolian gerbil. To intensify the nociceptin‐like immunoreactivity (NOC‐LI), colchicine was administered into the lateral ventricle, at 48 h prior to the trans‐cardiac perfusion. In the group without colchicine treatment, NOC‐LI was observed in the fibres of the spinal dorsal horn, specifically in the superficial layers. However, the NOC‐LI in the superficial layers disappeared after the administration of colchicine. In the brain, NOC‐LI was prominent in the hypothalamus, hippocampus, cerebral peduncle, substantia nigra, dorsal raphe, periaqueductal grey, locus coeruleus and trapezoid nucleus. Colchicine treatment markedly intensified the NOC‐LI in the somata of the central nervous system, whereas the untreated sections were too weak to observe and analyse. The distribution of NOC‐LI provides informative data for studies of the neuronal circuit that nociceptin may be involved in.
Lymphocyte Proliferation in Lymphoid Organs of the Dromedary Camel using the Monoclonal Antibody MIB‐5 Against the Proliferation‐Associated Nuclear Epitope Ki‐67
Authors: Zidan M. , Pabst R. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryDetection of proliferating lymphocytes is useful for studying immune reactions and for the prognosis of tumours of lymphocyte origin. Markers detecting proliferating cells are lacking in the dromedary camel. This study deals with the immunohistochemical detection of the Ki‐67 proliferation‐associated nuclear epitope using MIB‐5 in frozen sections from spleens, different lymph nodes and haemal nodes of eight camels (0.5–12 years old). Frozen sections from rat spleens were labelled in parallel with camel tissue as a positive control. Large numbers of cells expressing the Ki‐67 epitope were localized in germinal centres of all lymphoid organs tested. A few cells were found in the periarterial lymphoid sheath and the red pulp of the spleen, also in the lymphatic cords of the lymph nodes and the haemal nodes. There were no obvious differences in respect to the age of the animals. The Ki‐67 epitope is well expressed by proliferating cells in camel lymphoid organs. MIB‐5 can be applied to identify this epitope and will be a useful marker for cell production in immune reactions.
Comparative Functional Morphology of the Masticatory Apparatus in the Long‐snouted Crocodiles
Authors: Endo H. , Aoki R. , Taru H. , Kimura J. , Sasaki M. , Yamamoto M. , Arishima K. , Hayashi Y. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe masticatory muscles and their related structures of the skull were observed in the Indian gavial (Gavialis gangeticus), the false gavial (Tomistoma schlegelii), and the African slender‐snouted crocodile (Mecistops cataphractus) to detail some morphological differences in comparison with the other crocodile species, and to compare and elucidate the functional strategy of themasticatory apparatus in these long‐snouted species. The Musculus pterygoideus posterior was relatively smaller in the three species compared with many short‐snouted crocodiles. It suggests that the masticatory power in fish‐eating long‐snouted species is not so high as in the short‐snouted crocodiles, while the masticatory muscles were morphologically different among the three long‐snouted species as follows. The M. pterygoideus posterior of the false gavial was extended in the lateral side of the lower jaw unlike the Indian gavial. The M. pseudotemporalis and the Fenestra supratemporalis were largely developed in the Indian gavial, however we suggest that the other two species possess the weak bundles in this muscle. The false gavial and the African slender‐snouted crocodile have the pterygoid bone well‐developed extending dorso‐ventrally and it is suggested that the M. adductor mandibulae posterior attached to the pterygoid bone may be much larger than the Indian gavial. These data morphologically clarify the masticatory mechanism in the long‐snouted crocodiles different from the short‐snouted species, and demonstrate that the evolutional strategy to share the functional role in the masticatory muscles have been differently established between the Indian gavial and the other two species. We also obtained the morphological data in the fossil skull of the Machikane crocodile (Toyotamaphymeia machikanense) and concluded from the fossil characters that the considerable developments of the M.pterygoideus posterior and the M.pseudotemporalis in this species had not morphologically been consistent with both the Indian and false gavials.
Long‐Term Degeneration and Regeneration of the Rabbit Facial Nerve Blocked with Conventional Lidocaine and Bupivacaine Solutions
Authors: Gözi̇l R. , Kurt İ. , Erdoğan D. , Çalgüner E. , Keski̇l S. , Kurt M. N. , Elmas Ç. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe alterations due to the long‐term degeneration and regeneration of the rabbit facial nerve were investigated. The facial nerve was blocked with conventional lidocaine and bupivacaine solutions. The rabbits were sacrificed and facial nerves were removed 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks after the administration of normal saline, lidocaine and bupivacaine. The samples were then processed for electron microscopic observation.Degenerations were seen 2–4 weeks after the injection of normal saline, lidocaine and bupivacaine. In the normal saline group the regeneration process was observed after 6 weeks, whereas in the lidocaine and bupivacaine groups this process was first noticed after 8 weeks.In the lidocaine and bupivacaine groups, regeneration was not completed at the end of 8 weeks; however, it was faster in the bupivacaine group. Bupivacaine is therefore suggested as the drug of choice for neural blockade as it caused less damage and a faster regeneration.
Histological Thin‐Sections: a Method for the Microscopic Study of Teeth in Spanish Red Deer (Cervus elaphus hispanicus)
Authors: Azorit C. , Hervas J. , Analla M. , Carrasco R. , Mun˜oz‐Cobo J. 
Published: March 2003

A method to obtain thin histological sections (4–5 μm thick) from teeth, using a conventional microtome, is described for incisors, molars and canines from Spanish red deer (Cervus elaphus hispanicus). Decalcifying solutions of formic acid and nitric acid at different concentrations were ineffective. This was not the case for a solution of 14% hypochloric acid and polyvinylpyrrolidone (TBD‐1® of Shandon). However, the time needed to complete decalcification was longer than the time estimated by other authors. Incisors required between 4 and 6 days, molars between 7 and 15 days, and canines between 8 and 12 days. The preparation of histological thin‐sections from teeth with a conventional microtome, required some training or prior specialization, because most of defective or lost material occurred during the preliminary stage of the study. However this technique is inexpensive enough to be implemented in any histological laboratory. The preparations obtained are suitable for growth mark observation in dentine and in cementum for dating studies. Nevertheless, they are not suitable for enamel change studies, because the enamel is completely destroyed during the decalcifying process.
Prenatal Thyroid Gland in Sheep with Regard to the Presence of Isthmus
Authors: Hájovská K. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryWe studied the embryonal thyroid gland in 18 foetuses of sheep of Slovac merino breed by light microscopy in the period from 32nd to 36th day of evolution.We found that in the majority of sheep foetuses, the thyroid gland consists of two separate lobes and their structure was the same during the afore‐mentioned period.Parenchyma, composed of solid cell networks or cell groups in the form of nests, was irregularly divided by septa, containing embryonal blood vessels.Almost all cases of this experiment showed slight asymmetry of lobes. In one case the asymmetry reached a considerable proportion ‐ nearly the length of one lobe.Glandular isthmus was presented in only eight cases from 18 foetuses. We did not find fibrous isthmus in any case.
A Study of the Immunohistochemical Localization of the Progesterone and Oestrogen Receptors in the Magnum of the Immature Ostrich, Struthio camelus
Authors: Madekurozwa M.‐C. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe immunolocalization of the progesterone (PR) and oestrogen receptors (OR), in the magnum of the immature ostrich, was investigated during periods of ovarian activity and inactivity. In the immature ostrich, with an active ovary, numerous well‐developed tubular glands were present in the lamina propria. Significantly, PR immunostaining was strong in the surface epithelium and tubular glands of these birds. In contrast, weak staining for the PR was observed in the surface epithelium of birds with inactive ovaries. Tubular gland formation, in these birds, was indicated by bud‐like invaginations of the surface epithelium. Oestrogen receptor immunoreactivity was negligible in both birds with active and inactive ovaries. These findings suggest that steroid hormones, produced by the active ovary of the immature ostrich, influence the differentiation of the magnum. Furthermore, the action of these steroid hormones appears to be mediated through the PR.
Structure and Ultrastructure of the Celiac–Mesenteric Ganglion Complex in the Domestic Dog (Canis familiaris)
Authors: Ribeiro A. A. C. M. , Elias C. F. , Liberti E. A. , de Lima Guidi W. , de Souza R. R. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryA number of neurons of the autonomic nervous system are situated in the ganglia and can be systematically divided into pre‐vertebrals, paravertebrals, intramural and para‐viscerals. The celiac–mesenteric ganglion, an important pre‐vertebral ganglion, is located together with the abdominal aorta and links the central nervous system to the peripheral system, participating in the coordination of peripheral reflexes and principally innervating the stomach, intestines, accessory glands (liver and pancreas). In addition, the celiac–mesenteric ganglion also contributes to the innervation of the spleen and has a role in gastrointestinal motility control. This study examined the structural and ultrastructural aspects of 40 celiac–mesenteric ganglia from domestic dogs. For light microscopy ganglia were included in paraplast and stained with haematoxylin–eosin, picrosirius, toluidine blue, Calleja's and Masson's trichrome. For examination by electron microscopy, the ganglia were submitted to cryofracture, enzyme digestion, hydrolysis and fixed in 5% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.4). The celiac–mesenteric ganglion was observed as a ganglionic complex composed of various ganglionic units separated by types I and III collagen fibres, predominantly unmyelinated nerve fibres and continuous capillaries. This complex is surrounded by a double‐layer capsule (internal and external). The principal ganglion cells had eccentric nuclei with two nucleoli, the nucleolemma was double and presented nuclear pores. In the cytoplasm there were vesicles of the Golgi apparatus, electron‐dense vacuoles, mitochondrias, smooth and granulated endoplasmic reticulum and free ribosomes. In conclusion, this ganglionic complex, in contrast to similar structures in the enteric nervous system, presents separate ganglionic units in a systematic arrangement related to the extrinsic and specific innervation of the target organs.
Gross Anatomy and Ultrasonographic Images of the Reproductive System of the Sumatran Rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis)
Authors: Zainal Zahari Z. , Rosnina Y. , Wahid H. , Jainudeen M. R. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe Sumatran rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis) is the smallest of all the rhino species. It is one of the rarest mammals in the world and is in imminent danger of extinction. A study was carried out on seven wild‐caught females, three wild‐caught males and one captive born female Sumatran rhinoceros at the Sumatran Rhinoceros Breeding Centre in Sungai Dusun, Selangor, Malaysia, beginning 1990. As a result of the paucity of scientific information on the reproductive biology of the Sumatran rhinoceros, this study was conducted to obtain information, which could assist in the captive breeding of this endangered and near extinct species. The anatomy of the reproductive system was based on two post‐mortem specimens and transrectal real‐time ultrasonography in six adult females. Genitalia of the Sumatran rhinoceros were similar to those of other species of rhinoceroses. The cervix consisted of several folds, the uterus was bicornuate with a short body and prominent horns and the ovaries were completely covered by the fimbriated end of the fallopian tube. The internal genitalia could be imaged by ultrasonography. The testes were located within a pendulous scrotum. Two lateral projections were located at the base of the penis. A well‐defined process glandis was present at the tip of the penis. The accessory sex glands and the testes could be imaged by ultrasonography.