bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification by Proteomic Analysis of Calreticulin as a Marker for Bladder Cancer and Evaluation of the Diagnostic Accuracy of Its Detection in Urine
Authors: Kageyama Susumu , Isono Takahiro , Iwaki Hideaki , Wakabayashi Yoshihiko , Okada Yusaku , Kontani Keiichi , Yoshimura Koji , Terai Akito , Arai Yoichi , Yoshiki Tatsuhiro 
Published: February 2004

AbstractBackground: New methods for detection of bladder cancer are needed because cystoscopy is both invasive and expensive and urine cytology has low sensitivity. We screened proteins as tumor markers for bladder cancer by proteomic analysis of cancerous and healthy tissues and investigated the diagnostic accuracy of one such marker in urine.Methods: Three specimens of bladder cancer and healthy urothelium, respectively, were used for proteome differential display using narrow-pH-range two-dimensional electrophoresis. To evaluate the presence of calreticulin (CRT) as detected by Western blotting, we obtained 22 cancerous and 10 noncancerous surgical specimens from transurethral resection or radical cystectomy. To evaluate urinary CRT, we collected 70 and 181 urine samples from patients with and without bladder cancer, respectively. Anti-CRT COOH-terminus antibody was used to detect CRT in tissue and urine.Results: Proteomic analysis revealed increased CRT (55 kDa; pI 4.3) in cancer tissue. Quantitative Western blot analysis showed that CRT was increased in cancer tissue (P = 0.0003). Urinary CRT had a sensitivity of 73% (95% confidence interval, 62–83%) at a specificity of 86% (80–91%) for bladder cancer in the samples tested.Conclusions: Proteomic analysis is useful in searching for candidate proteins as biomarkers and led to the identification of urinary CRT. The diagnostic accuracy of urinary CRT for bladder cancer appears comparable to that of Food and Drug Administration-cleared urinary markers, but further studies are needed to determine its diagnostic role.
Excitonic Coupling Strength and Coherence Length in the Singlet and Triplet Excited States of meso–meso Directly Linked Zn(II)porphyrin Arrays
Authors: Ha Jeong‐Hyon , Cho Hyun Sun , Song Jae Kyu , Kim Dongho , Aratani Naoki , Osuka Atsuhiro 
Published: February 2004

AbstractExcitation‐energy transport (EET) phenomena in meso–meso directly linked Zn(II)porphyrin arrays in the singlet and triplet excited states were investigated with a view to electronic coupling strength and coherence length by steady‐state and time‐resolved spectroscopic measurements. To investigate energy transfer in the triplet states, we modified the Zn(II)porphyrin arrays with bromo substituents at both ends. The coupling strength of the Soret bands of the arrays was estimated to be about 2200 cm−1, and that of the Q bands is about 570 cm−1. The coherence length in the S1 state of the Zn(II)porphyrin arrays was determined to be 4–5 porphyrin units, which is comparable to that of the well‐ordered two‐dimensional circular structure B850 in the peripheral light‐harvesting antenna (LH2) in photosynthetic purple bacteria. This indicates that the Zn(II)porphyrin arrays are well suited for mimicking natural light‐harvesting antenna complexes. On the other hand, the rate of energy transfer in the triplet state is estimated to be on the order of 100 μs−1, and the very weak coupling between the triplet states (ca. 0.003 cm−1), indicates that the triplet excitation energy is essentially localized on a single porphyrin moiety.
In Situ Spectroscopic Analysis of Nanocluster Formation
Authors: Wang Jia , Boelens Hans F. M. , Thathagar Mehul B. , Rothenberg Gadi 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe importance of small metal clusters in catalysis and the problems in understanding the clustering process in solution are outlined. A new analysis method for UV/Vis spectra is presented and applied to monitor the kinetics of ion reduction and cluster formation in situ. This method, which is based on a combination of two chemometric techniques, takes into account the entire UV/Vis spectrum and offers better interpretation possibilities than the traditional “band‐assignment” approach. This is particularly true for nanoclusters because these have significant spectral contributions also outside the broad plasmon band that is usually associated with them. The reduction of palladium, gold, and silver ions and the formation of the corresponding clusters is monitored in the presence of two different reducing agents, sodium borohydride and tetraoctylammonium acetate. While Pd2+ is found to reduce and cluster directly, the spectral decomposition of the Au3+ reduction profiles shows two species corresponding to the Au+ intermediate and the Au0 clusters. The rates of reduction and clustering for Pd, Au, and Ag are compared and the possibilities of synthesising multimetallic clusters of these metals by coreduction are discussed.
Ultrafast Time‐Resolved Transient Structures of Solids and Liquids by Means of Extended X‐ray Absorption Fine Structure
Authors: Tomov Ivan V. , Rentzepis Peter M. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractDetection of ultrafast transient structures and the evolution of ultrafast structural intermediates during the course of reactions has been a long standing goal of chemists and biologists. This article will be restricted to nanosecond, picosecond and shorter time‐resolved extended X‐ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) studies, its aim being to present the progress and problems encounter in measurements and understanding the structure of transients. The recent advances in source technology has stimulated a wide variety of novel experiments using both synchrotrons and smaller laboratory size systems. With more efficient X‐ray lenses and detectors many of the previously difficult experiments to perform, because of the exposure time required and weak signals, will now be easily performed. The experimental system for the detection of ultrafast time‐resolved EXAFS spectra of molecules in liquids is described and the method for the analysis of EXAFS spectra to yield transient structures is given. We believe that utilizing our table‐top ultrafast X‐ray source and the polycapillary optics in conjunction with dispersive spectrometer and charge coupled devices (CCD) we will be able to determine the structure of many reaction intermediates and excited states of chemical and biological molecules in solid and liquid state.
How To Make Ohmic Contacts to Organic Semiconductors
Authors: Shen Yulong , Hosseini Ahmad R. , Wong Man Hoi , Malliaras George G. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe process of charge injection plays an important role in organic semiconductor devices. We review various experimental techniques that allow injection to be separated from other competing processes, and quantify the injection efficiency of a contact. We discuss the dependence of the injection efficiency on parameters such as the energy barrier at the interface, the carrier mobility of the organic semiconductor, its carrier density (doping level), the presence of mobile ions, and the sample geometry. Based on these findings, we outline guidelines for forming ohmic contacts and present examples of contact engineering in organic semiconductor devices.
On the effectiveness of alternative paths in QoS routing
Authors: Jia Yanxia , Nikolaidis Ioanis , Gburzynski Pawel 
Published: February 2004

AbstractWe propose a routing strategy in which connection requests with specific bandwidth demands can be assigned to one of several alternative paths connecting the source to the destination. The primary goal of this multiple‐path approach is to compensate for the inaccuracy of the knowledge available to routing nodes, caused by the limited frequency of link state (LS) information exchanges. We introduce a collection of K‐shortest path routing schemes and investigate their performance under a variety of traffic conditions and network configurations. We subsequently demonstrate that K‐shortest path routing offers a lower blocking probability in all scenarios and more balanced link utilization than other routing methods discussed in the literature. With our approach, it is possible to reduce the frequency of link state exchanges, and the incurred bandwidth overhead, without compromising the overall performance of the network. Based on the proposed routing scheme, we investigate different link state dissemination algorithms, which are aimed at reducing the communication overhead by prioritizing the scope and differentiating the qualitative content of LS update messages. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parlay‐based service provision in circuit‐ and packet‐switched telecommunications networks
Authors: Papadakis Andreas E. , Chaniotakis Emmanuel S. , Giannakakis Prokopis E. , Tselikas Nikolaos D. , Venieris Iakovos S. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe spectrum of potential value added services over Internet telephony is wide, but the current service provision solutions are inadequate or proprietary. The nature of Internet differs significantly from that of circuit switched network, however, VoIP architectures can capitalize service control architectures in the PSTN world. We describe such an architecture based on the intelligent network and the Parlay, employing distributed objects and mobile agents as enabling technologies. This architecture has been implemented in the PSTN and the Internet and it has provided a framework for service provisioning, augmenting the space of supported services. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A downlink beamforming method for multimedia CDMA/TDD systems
Authors: Hara Yoshitaka , Park Duk‐Kyu , Kamio Yukiyoshi 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThis paper proposes a downlink beamforming method in TDD (time division duplex)‐type CDMA (code division multiple access) system. The proposed beamforming is a method that can satisfy various requirements of the user for SINR (signal‐to‐interference‐plus‐noise power ratio) in the multimedia communications environment while trying to minimize the total transmitted power from the base station. In the proposed method, the beamforming is performed with allowance for the SINR required by the user and the number of fingers in RAKE reception at the terminal. In the beamforming process it is desirable to reduce the total transmitted power from the base station in transmitted power control. As a result of performance evaluation, we see that the proposed method can improve the system capacity in an environment where terminals with various transmission rates coexist. In particular, when the traffic is concentrated to a cell, the proposed beamforming is shown to function effectively. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 87(6): 61–75, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.10062
Performance evaluation of OFDM with a nonlinear distortion compensation technique using partial transmit sequence and predistortion
Authors: Horiuchi Takaaki , Yang Weizu , Ohtsuki Tomoaki , Sasase Iwao 
Published: February 2004

AbstractAs a conventional method of compensating the nonlinear distortion in OFDM (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing), LCP‐COFDM (linearized constant peak‐power coded OFDM) has been proposed. In LCP‐COFDM, however, the signal power is reduced by the linear compression (constant peak amplitude) process, which degrades the noise immunity and degrades the BER (bit error rate) characteristic. Consequently, this paper proposes a nonlinear distortion compensation scheme in which the BER is improved by combining LCP‐COFDM with the partial transmit sequence. As a result of performance evaluation by computer simulation, it is shown that the proposed method can improve the BER with nearly the same out‐band radiation reduction as conventional LCP‐COFDM. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 87(6): 34–42, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.10129
A proposal of multihop mesh network architecture featuring adaptive network control for broadband fixed wireless access systems
Authors: Kishi Yoji , Tabata Keita , Konishi Satoshi , Nomoto Shinichi 
Published: February 2004

AbstractAs a means of flexibly providing large‐capacity access infrastructure at a low cost, the broadband fixed wireless access (BFWA) system using millimeter‐wave and quasi‐millimeter‐wave frequencies is promising. In general, wireless channel quality variations are significant due to rainfall in wireless systems using millimeter‐wave and quasi‐millimeter‐wave frequencies. Hence, deterioration of the channel working rate is a problem. In this paper, a multihop wireless access system with a mesh configuration is proposed that can deploy a millimeter‐ and quasi‐millimeter‐wave BFWA system at a high quality and a high density. In the proposed system, deterioration of the channel working rate due to wireless channel quality variations is avoided. In addition, the capacity is maximized by adaptively assigning the network resources for variations of the traffic demand and wireless channel transmission capacity. Further, as an adaptive control used in the proposed system, wireless channel assignment for a wireless link and load distribution among several paths within the mesh network are discussed. The problem is formulated as a mixed nonlinear optimization problem. In addition, a heuristic solution is proposed for solving the problem within a realistic time for a network of the anticipated size. The proposed algorithm is applied to a mesh network and the behavior and the performance of the algorithm are evaluated to prove its effectiveness. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 87(6): 22–33, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.10133
Exact analysis of performance of selective‐repeat ARQ scheme with limited retransmissions
Authors: Fujii Shumji , Hayashida Yukuo 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThis paper considers the selective‐repeat ARQ scheme, which is a typical error control scheme used in data communication systems, and analyzes the performance of the scheme in which the number of frame retransmissions is limited. In the proposed scheme, messages such as image for which information loss can be tolerated to some extent are transmitted after being divided into multiple frames. If the retransmission of a frame reaches the preset limit, the receiver accepts that frame even if an error is present, and the error is processed as noise or distortion. By this scheme, an upper limit can be defined for the time from the start to the end of the message transmission. This paper analyzes the proposed scheme using the discrete‐time queuing model and derives the distribution of the message transmission delay. The throughput and the required receiver buffer capacity are also derived. It is shown by numerical examples that the throughput can be improved and the receiver buffer capacity can be reduced. If the strict analysis is continued, however, the state space of the Markov chain is enlarged with the increase in the number of parameters such as the round‐trip propagation delay and the number of message divisions. Thus, the numerical calculation of the transmission delay becomes difficult. The approximate analysis of the message transmission delay and its properties are discussed in Ref. 1. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 87(6): 1–11, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.10181
Tetrathionate Disproportionation by Thiomonas intermedia K12
Authors: Wentzien S. , Sand W. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThiomonas intermedia K12, a moderately acidophilic bacterium, which oxidises sulphur compounds, – exhibited the capability to use tetrathionate under oxic and anoxic conditions. Whereas under oxic conditions, the reduced sulphur tetrathionate compound was oxidised, under anoxic conditions, the organism disproportionated the compound. In both cases, trithionate and sulphate were produced but in different amounts. The results of the tetrathionate degradation experiments under oxic conditions pointed towards a cyclic degradation process with a transient formation of trithionate and sulphate as the final products, similar to the mechanism described for acidophilic sulphur compound oxidising bacteria. The results of the tetrathionate degradation experiments under anoxic conditions hinted to a partial reduction of tetrathionate to thiosulphate and a fractional oxidation to trithionate and sulphate. 4 M tetrathionate were converted to 6 M thiosulphate, 1 M trithionate, 1 M sulphate, and 8 M protons. The ΔG0' of this reaction was found to be –16.1 kJ per mol tetrathionate degraded. Additionally, Thiomonas intermedia K12 grew under anoxic conditions with tetrathionate as the sole energy source. The cell numbers increased from 105 as the start value to 107/mL at the end. Organic compounds, excluding traces of yeast extract, did not enhance growth. Therefore, it is proposed that tetrathionate disproportionation is a novel lithotrophic metabolism, which allowed Thiomonas intermedia K12 to survive changing conditions of oxygen supply in sulphur‐compound‐rich environments and even to grow during this reaction. The extensive sulphur compound analysis was carried out by ion‐pair chromatography.
Capacity of Salvinia minima Baker to Tolerate and Accumulate As and Pb
Authors: Hoffmann T. , Kutter C. , Santamaría J. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe use of Salvinia minima Baker for the removal of lead (Pb) and arsenic (As) from aqueous solutions was investigated. In a first approach, the effect of different concentrations of AsO43– and Pb(II) on the growth and accumulation of these metals was studied. The plants tolerated concentrations of 20–40 μM Pb(II) and 200 μM of AsO43–. Toxic effects occurred when 20 μM of Pb(II) and 100 μM AsO43– were used. These effects included growth inhibition (decreased yield of biomass and frond area) as well as an altered frond (leaf‐like structure in ferns) appearance and tissue consistence. S. minima showed a high uptake of Pb (34 mg/g dry weight) compared to As (0.5 mg/g dry weight). The uptake of As was inhibited by phosphate. Additional kinetic studies revealed a two‐stage accumulation of both elements: a rapid first phase within the first 6–12 hours and a slow second phase up to the end of the 96‐hour experiment.
Anaerobic Hydrogen Production from Sucrose Using an Acid‐Enriched Sewage Sludge Microflora
Authors: Lin C.Y. , Chou C.H. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractA novel and high‐rate anaerobic sequencing bath reactor (ASBR) process was used to evaluate the hydrogen productivity of an acid‐enriched sewage sludge microflora at a temperature of 35 °C. In this ASBR process a 4 h cycle, including feed, reaction, settle, and decant steps, was repeatedly performed in a 5 L reactor. The sucrose substrate concentration was 20 g COD/L; the hydraulic retention time (HRT) was maintained at 12–120 h at the initial period and thereafter at 4–12 h. The reaction/settle period ratio, which is the most important parameter for ASBR operation was 1.7. The experimental results indicated that the hydrogenic activity of the sludge microflora was HRT‐dependent and that proper pH control was necessary for a stable operation of the bioreactor. The peak hydrogenic activity value was attained at an HRT of 8 h and an organic loading rate of 80 kg COD/m3 × day. Each mole of sucrose in the reactor produced 2.8 mol of hydrogen and each gram of biomass produced 39 mmol of hydrogen per day. An overly‐short HRT might deteriorate the hydrogen productivity. The concentration ratios of butyric acid to&#146;acetic acid, as well as volatile fatty acid and soluble microbial products to alkalinity can be used as monitoring indicators for the hydrogenic bioreactor.
A Novel Olive Oil Degrading Thermoactinomyces Species with a High Extremely Thermostable Lipase Activity
Authors: Al‐Khudary R. , Hashwa F. , Mroueh M. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractA filamentous, Gram‐positive, spore forming aerobic bacterium was isolated from olive oil contaminated soil (Al Koura, Lebanon) on rhodamine agar plates at 60 °C. The isolate, HRK‐1 produced large quantities of an extracellular thermostable lipase which degrades olive oil. It was primarily classified as a Thermoactinomyces sp. due to the filamentous structure of its cells that bear one spore each on an un‐branched sporophore, the resistance of its spores to boiling, utilisation of sucrose as a carbon source and production of dark pigments. The isolate grew optimally at a temperature of 60 °C, a pH of 7.3 and an orbital shaking of 250 rpm. It showed an efficient olive oil degrading ability. No traces of triolein were detected after a 36‐h cultivation. A concentration of 10 % [v/v] olive oil did not inhibit its growth. Lipase production was constitutive, and did not depend on the presence of olive oil. The optimum concentration of olive oil for lipase activity was 1 % [v/v], and the activity was not enhanced at higher concentrations, but on the contrary, a decrease in enzyme activity was recorded. The lipase of HRK‐1 was preliminarily characterised in the crude cell‐free supernatant with a specific activity of 0.14 U/mg. It has an optimum activity at 60 °C and a pH of 8.0. This lipolytic enzyme showed resistance to boiling and to a wide range of metallic ions and inhibitors. The formation of this heat‐stable lipase started in the early exponential growth phase, while a maximum extracellular enzyme activity was detected at the end of the decline phase, when most of the cells appeared as spherical spores. The exceptionally high activity of lipase (2.37 U/ml) produced by HRK‐1 measured in the cell free supernatant clearly indicated the commercial importance of this isolate, especially after it showed great stability at elevated temperatures.
New Process to Minimize Effluent Water in the Production of DNT
Authors: Winterbauer H. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractUntil recently, freshwater had to be used for “neutral washing” in the DNT production. Using the new process outlined in this communication, it is now possible to recycle process condensate from the concentration of sulfuric acid. No additional freshwater is needed and the effluent water stream to be treated is also correspondingly reduced. MNT and DNT are recovered and recycled to the production process. Losses are minimized.
Modular Structure of Biochips Based on Microstructured Deposition of Functional Nanoparticles
Authors: Weber A. , Knecht S. , Brunner H. , Tovar G.E.M. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThis paper presents the microstructured deposition of nanoparticles, which are chemically modified to be conjugated to biomolecules or dyes. In our approach, we separated the technical steps “surface chemistry” and “microstructuring” into two fully independent processes. This was realized by firstly synthesizing specific nanoparticles with tailor‐made surfaces. Thus, the surface chemistry was customized to the demands of most different kinds of specific proteins. Then, microstructured monolayer arrays of these nanoparticles were generated by photolithography, microcontact printing or spotting with a microarrayer. The overall system resulted in a nanoparticle‐based microarray for the selective binding of protein ligands providing both wide flexibility and high specificity.