bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Group Randomized Trials
Authors: Murray David M. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractGroup‐randomized trials (GRTs) are comparative studies in which investigators randomize identifiable groups to conditions and observe members of those groups to assess the effects of an intervention. They face special problems of design and analysis that must be considered to ensure adequate power and valid results. The most critical problem is that observations taken on members of identifiable groups tend to be positively correlated, thereby violating the independence of errors assumption underlying the common analytic methods. Mixed‐model regression methods, generalized estimating equations, and randomization‐based methods can provide solutions to this problem if used properly and under the right circumstances. This article provides a brief review of these issues.
Diagnosis Related Groups (DRGs): Measuring Hospital Case Mix
Authors: Wiley Miriam M. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe Diagnosis Related Group (DRG) system constitutes an approach to measuring hospital case mix that entails the separation of hospitalized patients into unique groups based on their diagnoses and procedures. Since originally developed in the United States in the 1980s, a number of versions of DRGs have developed to reflect the evolution in potential applications, in addition to developments in expertise, information technology, and data systems. Major initiatives in the development of DRG‐type systems have taken place in Australia with the production of AR‐DRGs and in a number of European countries. In addition to being applied extensively throughout North America, DRG‐based applications are now widespread internationally, particularly in Europe and Australia.
Econometric Methods in Health Services
Authors: Maciejewski Matthew L. , Hebert Paul L. , Conrad Douglas A. , Sullivan Sean D. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
The purpose of this article is to provide a brief summary of prominent econometric applications in modern health economics, by providing a broad overview of problems to which econometric methods have been applied. These methods typically are used to address problems in health, health care delivery, and health care costs from a cross‐section of observations at a given time. The chapter considers methods for analyzing continuous outcomes, such as cost; continuous, nonnormally distributed outcomes; simultaneous equation methods; and methods for count data, such as utilization data.
Health Care Financing
Authors: Lave Judith R. , Peele Pamela B. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
The methods used to finance personal health care service play a major role in shaping a country's health care system. Personal health care services are those services such as hospital care, physician care, dental services, and drugs that are provided directly to individuals. The financing methods influence the terms under which people access the health care delivery system, the types of health care provided, and the mechanisms used to allocate health care services. They also influence how the costs of health care services are distributed over the population by income and by health status. Two aspects of health care financing are the focus of this article: the sources of funds for health care services and the mechanisms used to pay individuals and institutions who provide health care services.
Health Care Utilization Data, Analysis
Authors: Ash Arlene S. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Data on health care utilization are used to address important questions about what is done for whom, and can shed light on why and with what outcome, in the large segment of economic life that “delivers” health care services to populations. We describe the purposes of and major issues associated with common study types (e.g. small area variations, disparities, provider profiling, cost effectiveness). Methodologic issues include: defining the study scope in accordance with its purpose (data source, population, timeframe, units of analysis and units of inference); choosing appropriate models (dealing with clustered observations, skewness, heteroscedasticity, and “point masses” at zero); and addressing the “censoring” effect of death on cost.
Health Services Data Sources in Canada
Authors: Taillon S. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Canada has a predominantly publicly financed health insurance system that covers medically necessary hospital (inpatient and outpatient) and physician services for all residents. This system, popularly known as “Medicare”, consists of 13 interlocking health plans administered by the 10 provinces and three territories.
In December 1993, the Canadian Institute for Health Information (CIHI) was established as an independent, nongovernmental, not‐for‐profit corporation and the Deputy Ministers of Health confirmed the CIHI board as its principal advisor on health‐information‐related matters. The CIHI was established to serve as the national mechanism to coordinate the development and maintenance of a comprehensive and integrated health information system for Canada. In addition, the CIHI provides and coordinates the provision of accurate and timely information required for the establishment of sound health policy; the effective management of the Canadian health system; and to generate public awareness about factors affecting good health.
This article describes some of the major Canadian health‐related data holdings, which may be accessible to researchers or others.
League Tables
Authors: Spiegelhalter David J. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractWhen comparing organizations, it is tempting to place them in rank order according to some summary statistic, and hence implicitly estimate their “true rank”. This can be a very unreliable exercise, which can be emphasized by making formal inference on the true rank. Mortality rates of New York surgeons are used for illustration. A comparative plot that does not involve explicit ranking is recommended.
M
edical
E
xpenditure
P
anel
S
urvey (
MEPS
)
Authors: Cohen Steven B. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
The Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS), initiated in 1996, provides continuous data on the health care utilization, expenditures, insurance coverage, sources of payment and access‐to‐care measures of individuals and households in the US civilian noninstitutionalized population. The MEPS, sponsored by the Agency for Health care Research and Quality (AHRQ) and cosponsored by the National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (NCHS/CDC), consists of three interrelated surveys: the Household Component, the Medical Provider Component, and the Insurance Component. Annual Household Component participants are selected, via a multistage, clustered sample design, from households participating in the previous year's National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), while the Provider Component seeks supplementary and confirmatory data from their health care providers. The Insurance Component collects data on the amount, types, and costs of job‐related health insurance from 30 000 businesses annually. Sampling weights are used to produce population estimates for individuals, families, and population subgroups, such as the elderly and children. Since 2002, the MEPS sample seeks 15 000 families and 40 000 individuals yearly.
Dissociation of Alkaliated Alanine in the Gas Phase: The Role of the Metal Cation
Authors: Abirami Seduraman , Wong Catherine Chiu Lan , Tsang Chun Wai , Ma Ngai Ling 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe dissociation of prototypical metal‐cationized amino acid complexes, namely, alkaliated alanine ([Ala+M]+, M+=Li+, Na+, K+), was studied by energy‐resolved tandem mass spectrometry with an ion‐trap mass analyzer and by density functional theory. Dissociation leads to formation of fragment ions arising from the loss of small neutrals, such as H2O, CO, NH3, (CO+NH3), and the formation of Na+/K+. The order of appearance threshold voltages for different dissociation pathways determined experimentally is consistent with the order of critical energies (energy barriers) obtained theoretically, and this provides the necessary confidence in both experimental and theoretical results. Although not explicitly involved in the reaction, the alkali metal cation plays novel and important roles in the dissociation of alkaliated alanine. The metal cation not only catalyzes the dissociation (via the formation of loosely bound ion–molecule complexes and by stabilizing the more polar intermediates and transition structures), but also affects the dissociation mechanisms, as the cation can alter the shape of the potential energy surfaces. This compression/expansion of the potential energy surface as a function of the alkali metal cation is discussed in detail, and how this affects the competitive loss of H2O versus CO/(CO+NH3) from [Ala+M]+ is illustrated. The present study provides new insights into the origin of the competition between various dissociation channels of alkaliated amino acid complexes.
Single‐Molecule Fluorescence Spectroscopy of Protein Folding
Authors: Schuler Benjamin 
Published: July 2005

AbstractSingle‐molecule spectroscopy is an important new approach for studying the intrinsically heterogeneous process of protein folding. This Review illustrates how different single‐molecule fluorescence techniques have improved our understanding of mechanistic aspects in protein folding, exemplified by a series of recent experiments on a small protein.
Uncertainty analysis of heat release rate measurement from oxygen consumption calorimetry
Authors: Brohez Sylvain 
Published: July 2005

AbstractOxygen consumption calorimetry remains the most widespread method for the measurement of the heat release rate from experimental fire tests. In a first step, this paper examines by theoretical analysis the uncertainty associated with this measurement, especially when CO and soot corrections are applied. Application of theoretical equations is presented for chlorobenzene which leads to high values of CO and soot yields. It appears that the uncertainty of CO and soot corrections are high when the fuel composition is unknown. In a second step, a theoretical analysis is provided when the simplest measurement procedure is used for oxygen consumption calorimetry. The overall uncertainty can be dominated either by the uncertainty associated with the oxygen concentration, the assumed heat of combustion, the fumes mass flow rate or the assumed combustion expansion factor depending on the oxygen depletion. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Isolated central nervous system blast crisis in chronic myeloid leukemia
Authors: Rajappa Senthil , Uppin Shantveer G. , Raghunadharao D. , Rao I. Satish , Surath Anjna 
Published: July 2005

AbstractChronic myeloid leukemia is a myeloproliferative disorder characterized by the presence of the Philadelphia chromosome, t(9:22). Extramedullary blast crisis is a rare event. Imatinib mesylate has become the treatment of choice, especially for patients for whom allogenic stem cell transplantation is not an option. Imatinib produces complete cytogenetic responses in excess of 80%. However, the penetration of the drug and its metabolites into the CNS (Central Nervous System) is poor. Hence for patients who are on prolonged imatinib therapy and continue to have complete cytogenetic responses, the central nervous system may become a sanctuary site. We report a patient who had a complete hematologic and cytogenetic response and presented with headache and vomiting. The MRI showed meningeal enhancement and the CSF (Cerebro Spinal Fluid) examination was positive for blasts. He was started on cranial radiotherapy and triple intrathecal chemotherapy. He showed good symptomatic improvement and cleared the blasts in the CSF. At the end of radiation, he was in complete hematological remission but had 50% marrow metaphases positive for Philadelphia chromosome. As he did not have a matched sibling donor, the dose of imatinib was increased to 600 mg daily. He continues to be in complete hematologic remission at the time of this report. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diabetic amyotrophy in an adolescent responsive to intravenous immunoglobulin
Authors: Filho Jose Americo Fernandes , Nathan Brandon M. , Palmert Mark R. , Katirji Bashar 
Published: July 2005

AbstractWe report the case of a 13‐year‐old boy with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus who developed severe diabetic amyotrophy, which progressed over a few months but demonstrated rapid recovery after administration of intravenous immunoglobulin. This report highlights the importance of monitoring adolescents for even the rare neurologic complications of diabetes mellitus most commonly encountered in adults, and supports the need for well‐designed trials using immunomodulatory therapies in diabetic amyotrophy. Muscle Nerve, 2005
Synthetic and characterization aspects of dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization
Authors: Sahnoun Medhi , Charreyre Marie‐Thérèse , Veron Laurent , Delair Thierry , D'Agosto Franck 
Published: July 2005

Abstract2‐cyanoprop‐2‐yl dithiobenzoate (CPDB) mediated RAFT polymerization of dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) was carried out in dioxane at 90 °C. The influence of several parameters, such as the monomer to CPDB molar ratio (100 to 500), the monomer concentration (2 mol·L−1 to 5.9 mol·L−1), and CPDB to initiator molar ratio (1 to 10), was evaluated with regards to conversion and polymerization duration, as well as control of molar mass and molar mass distributions. Number average molar masses from 10,000 to 70,000 g·mol−1 can be targeted. The determination of the molar masses has been carried out by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) with a refractometer detector with poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) standards. The experimental values were lower than the expected ones. Then, SEC in aqueous medium with an online laser light scattering detector was used both to get absolute molar masses and to recalibrate the SEC column in THF. Characterization of well‐controlled PDMAEMA samples has been performed by proton NMR spectroscopy and matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry. Finally, a chain extension experiment was evaluated with regard to living features. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 3551–3565, 2005
Molecular Boxes on a Molecular Printboard: Encapsulation of Anionic Dyes in Immobilized Dendrimers
Authors: Onclin Steffen , Huskens Jurriaan , Ravoo Bart Jan , Reinhoudt David N. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractFifth‐generation poly(propylene imine) dendrimers, modified with 64 apolar adamantyl groups, have been immobilized on cyclodextrin host monolayers (“molecular printboards”) on glass by supramolecular microcontact printing. The immobilized dendrimers retain their guest‐binding properties and function as “molecular boxes” that can be filled with fluorescent dye molecules from solution. Alternatively, part of the immobilized dendrimers were filled with dye molecules by cross‐microcontact printing while the remaining, empty dendrimers were filled with a different dye from solution, resulting in alternating patterns of dye molecules. In addition, we demonstrate that encapsulation of dyes in immobilized dendrimers is reversible: immobilized molecular boxes can be filled with a dye, emptied, and subsequently refilled with a different dye.
Brief report: Adaptation of the Italian Version of the Troms⊘ Social Intelligence Scale to the adolescent population
Authors: Gini Gianluca 
Published: July 2005

ABSTRACTSocial intelligence is a construct that has shown promising practical applications, but its use in research and applied settings has been limited by definitional problems and the complexity of most existing measures of social intelligence. The goal of the present study was to adapt the Italian version [Gini & Iotti (2004) La Troms⊘ Social Intelligence Scale: Traduzione e adattamento alla popolazione Italiana. Italy: University of Padova.] of the Troms⊘ Social Intelligence Scale, TSIS [Silvera, Martinussen, & Dahl (2001). Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 42, 313–319.] to the adolescent population (the sample comprised 320 Italian adolescents, 132 boys and 188 girls). Our analyses revealed the same factorial structure of the original scale and showed a good internal reliability. The items of the TSIS‐IV were reasonably unbiased in terms of social desirability response bias.
Phosphatidylinositol‐4‐phosphate 5‐kinase γ is associated with cell—cell junction in A431 epithelial cells
Authors: Akiyama Chiyuki , Shinozaki‐Narikawa Naeko , Kitazawa Takatoshi , Hamakubo Takao , Kodama Tatsuhiko , Shibasaki Yoshikazu 
Published: July 2005

AbstractCell to cell contact in epithelial cells is crucial for tissue integrity and is maintained by junctional complexes, such as the adherens junction (AJ). Actin polymerization has been shown to be important for AJ formation; however, the molecular mechanisms have yet to be clarified. It has been shown that increased phosphatidylinositol‐4,5‐bisphosphate (PIP2) induces actin polymerization. It is thus of interest to know more about the production of PIP2 during cell—cell adhesion formation in epithelial cells. The distribution of phosphatidylinositol‐4‐phosphate 5‐kinase γ635 (PIP5Kγ635), an isoform of the PIP2 synthesizing enzymes, was examined in epithelial cell line A431. It was found that, in non‐contact cells, PIP5Kγ635 was not concentrated at the plasma membrane. However, in cells that were in contact, PIP5Kγ635 localized to the intercellular contact sites and colocalized with E‐cadherin and β‐catenin, two components of AJ, and with polymerized actin, but did not colocalize with focal adhesion, integrin‐mediated cell—substratum complex. Decreasing calcium ion concentration induced both disruption of intercellular adhesion and the dissociation of both PIP5Kγ635 and actin from the contact site. These results suggest that PIP5K has an important role in actin polymerization in epithelial cell—cell adhesion.
Antipsychotic agents. Gradually improving treatment from the traditional oral neuroleptics to the first atypical depot
Authors: Möller H.-J. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractRelapse is one of the key factors in the long-term outcome of schizophrenia. The consequences of relapse are diverse and often unpredictable, and the time to recovery and degree of recovery worsen with each successive relapse. There is now overwhelming evidence that advances in antipsychotic drug treatment have led to significant reductions in the rate of relapse. This review charts the developments that have taken place in antipsychotic therapy from the introduction of depot formulations, through atypical agents, to the development of the first long-acting atypical antipsychotic. Depot formulations of conventional antipsychotics were developed in the 1960s and led to fewer relapses and episodes of hospitalization, compared with oral equivalents. Meta-analysis has confirmed that patients receiving depot antipsychotics experience significantly greater global improvement than those receiving the respective oral agents. Conventional antipsychotics are, however, associated with a range of potentially serious adverse events. The atypical antipsychotics were introduced in the 1990s and have significant advantages over conventional agents with regard to positive and negative symptoms. There is also evidence that atypical agents can reduce the risk of relapse. Importantly, atypical antipsychotics have an improved safety profile compared with older agents, particularly with regard to extrapyramidal symptoms. One disadvantage of atypical agents has been that they are only available in an oral form. The recent development of a long-acting injectable formulation of risperidone means that a new treatment option is available to physicians.
The antecedents of supply chain agility of a firm: Scale development and model testing
Authors: Swafford Patricia M. , Ghosh Soumen , Murthy Nagesh 
Published: July 2005

AbstractIn a constantly changing global competitive environment, an organization's supply chain agility directly impacts its ability to produce, and deliver innovative products to their customers in a timely and cost effective manner. While the beneficial impact of supply chain agility is generally acknowledged, very little research exists to date addressing how an organization can achieve supply chain agility. This study first presents a framework of an organization's supply chain process flexibilities as an important antecedent of its supply chain agility, and then establishes the key factors that determine the flexibility attributes of the three critical processes of the supply chain—procurement/sourcing, manufacturing, and distribution/logistics. Using empirical data, we develop flexibility and agility scales related to our supply chain agility model, and then test the model. Findings reveal that supply chain agility of a firm is directly and positively impacted by the degree of flexibility present in the manufacturing and procurement/sourcing processes of the supply chain; while it is indirectly impacted by the level of flexibility within its distribution/logistics process. The results also support our view that a firm's supply chain agility is impacted by the synergy among the three process flexibilities in its internal supply chain.
Impacts of climate and river flooding on the hydro-ecology of a floodplain basin, Peace-Athabasca Delta, Canada since A.D. 1700
Authors: Wolfe Brent B. , Karst-Riddoch Tammy L. , Vardy Sheila R. , Falcone Matthew D. , Hall Roland I. , Edwards Thomas W.D. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractMulti-proxy paleolimnological analyses on lake sediment cores from "Spruce Island Lake" (58° 50.82′ N, 111° 28.84′ W), a perched basin in the northern Peace sector of the Peace-Athabasca Delta (PAD), Canada, give insights into the relative roles of flow regulation of the Peace River and climatic variability on the basin hydro-ecology. Results indicate substantial variability in basin hydro-ecology over the past 300 years ranging from seasonal to periodic desiccation in the 1700s to markedly wetter conditions during the early 1800s to early 1900s. The reconstruction is consistent with (1) dry climatic conditions that defined the peak of the Little Ice Age and subsequent amelioration evident in conventional ring-width and isotopic analyses of tree-ring records located hydrologically and climatically upstream of the PAD, and (2) Peace River flood history inferred from sub-annual magnetic susceptibility measurements from another lake sediment record in the Peace sector of the PAD. Although regulation of the Peace River for hydroelectric power generation since 1968 has long been considered a major stressor of the PAD ecosystem leading to reduced frequency of ice-jam and open-water flooding and an extended period of drying, our results show that current hydro-ecological status is not unprecedented as both wetter and drier conditions have persisted for decades in the recent past under natural climatic variability. Furthermore, paleolimnological evidence from Spruce Island Lake indicates that recently observed dryness is part of a longer trend which began some 20�"40 years prior to Peace River regulation.