bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
English Women Writers and the French Revolution
Authors: Mellor Anne k. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Following the fall of the Bastille, at the height of the Terror and afterward, during the Napoleonic campaigns and the reign of Bonaparte, a few intrepid Englishwomen crossed the Channel and experienced at first hand the events and the consequences of the French Revolution. Recording their impressions in letters, memoirs, and published prose, they developed out of the initiating ideology of the revolution—the battle cry of liberté, egalité, fraternité—a new vision both of the ideal government and of the nature and role of women.
Remembering the Personal Past
Authors: Ross Bruce M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The impetus for this book is the belief that a comprehensive description of autobiographical memory in both form and function must be an eclectic, interdisciplinary endeavour. Unlike cognitive and experimental psychologists, who have conducted most of their work in laboratories and have been concerned with rote memory tasks, Ross looks at motivation and emotion as components of human memory and assembles a diverse body of sources that have heretofore been ignored by psychologists in their study of memory. He organizes his discussions along three lines of inquiry: (1) the subjective or experimental dimension of autobiographical memory, (2) the early development and later recall of childhood memories, and (3) social, historical, and folkloric perspectives on autobiographical retention. Rich and original scope, this work calls on the names of James, Titchener, Freud, Piaget, Baldwin, Janet, Proust, Sartre, Bergson, Russell, Strauss, and Merleau-Ponty, among others, to broaden our current understanding of the experience of autobiographical memory.
Some Psychoanalytic Offshoots
Authors: Ross Bruce M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many ideas about personal memories that have some Freudian genealogy have been applied in unchanged or modified form by therapists who are not themselves psychoanalysts. In this chapter I first present the views of Alfred Adler regarding autobiographical memory, followed by two examples of how seemingly minor and even discarded ideas in Freudian theorizing have been enlarged upon and made more consequential than they ever were in psycho­ analytic theory. The two psychiatrists, D. Ewen Cameron and William Sargant, who evolved these enlarged Freudians concepts concerning personal memory, are themselves more than a little critical of psychoanalysis, with their criticisms of interest as representing novel viewpoints. The latter part of the chapter, dealing with the contents of Chapters 3 through 6, offers a summarizing assessment of some past and present trends in psychoanalytic theorizing regarding autobiographical memory.
Memory Transmission and Cultivation
Authors: Ross Bruce M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter continues the emphasis of the previous chapter on the social aspects of memory. The central focus is the transmission of memories­ communication within society that is linked and interpreted in different ways by the retention capabilities of interacting individuals. Societal contexts are far broader, more representative, and less artificial than the laboratory experiments and psychotherapeutic inteviews that have been central to memory theorizing. In the past, memoric factors in societal interchanges have more often been assumed than studied by humanists and social scientists, but interest in formal study has been increasing in the latter half of the twentieth century. My selection of topics is intended to demonstrate the diversity of problems and theories that have been discussed within and between a variety of academic disciplines that ordinarily have minimal communication with each other.
Conclusions and Possibilities
Authors: Ross Bruce M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The three approaches taken to autobiographical memory-subjective, developmental, and social-have many cross-relationships, though no single discipline combines them satisfactorily. This state of affairs can be taken more as a challenge than a reproach. No exact and comprehensive definition of autobiographical memory has been proposed, but a number of phenomena have been described and will be discussed further that strengthen the case for considering autobiographical memory as possessing unique characteristics. In this chapter I extend consideration of previously described topics with only passing attention paid to origin or authorship. Some definite and possibly opinion­ated judgments and suggestions are expressed, and some new supporting material is introduced.
Psychological Development Of Deaf Children
Authors: Marschark Marc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This volume provides the first comprehensive examination of deaf children’s development. In examining its role from the pre-natal period to adulthood, deafness becomes a potential determiner of differences in social and cognitive functioning. Special attention is given to the role of interpersonal communication between deaf children and their parents, peers, and teachers. The majority of deaf children (those with hearing parents) have relatively little linguistic communication with their parents, but the apparent effects of this situation go far beyond language. Deaf children may develop social and cognitive strategies for dealing with the world that differ from those developed by hearing children. The existence of such differences need not imply that deaf children are any less capable than hearing peers, but a variety of studies have revealed that they lag behind hearing age-mates in several areas. A careful and balanced consideration of existing evidence concerning deafness and development provides a new psychological perspective on deaf children and deafness in light of recent findings concerning manual communication, parent-child interactions, and intellectual and academic assessments of hearing impaired children. The result is an integrated understanding of social, language, and cognitive development as they are affected by childhood deafness and by each other. In this context, several popular assumptions about deaf children - some in their favour, some against - are found to lack any basis in fact, and several new discoveries are evident.
The Struggle To Revise The Security Treaty, 1957-60
Authors: Schaller Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN 1957, Hollywood released a film version of Sayonara, James Michener’s best-selling novel about American military personnel in Japan during the Korean War. Starring Marlon Brando as air force pilot Lloyd Gruver, the story centered on the redemptive power of love between Japanese women and American soldiers. One of the protagonists, Joe Kelly, commits suicide along with his bride when his callous superior officer threatens to transfer him out of the country. In Gruver’s case, a submissive “golden skinned” lover, along with a dose of Japanese culture, transform him from a coarse bigot to a champion of interracial harmony.
The New Frontier In The Pacific
Authors: Schaller Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE three years that followed the security treaty crisis proved unusually convivial. Chastened by the upheaval of 1960, President John F. Kennedy and Prime Minister Ikeda Hayato shifted the focus of bilateral relations away from military issues and back toward trade, a subject in which both sides perceived mutual advantage. Like Eisenhower, Kennedy believed that increasing economic interdependence would link Japan more firmly to the Western alliance. And, like his mentor, Yoshida Shigeru, Ikeda recognized that only the United States could pro vide the outlet for trade expansion on which Japan’s export-oriented economy and conservative hegemony depended.
Vibration Of Membranes, Plates, And Shells
Authors: Fletcher Neville H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Synopsis. Vibrating membranes, plates, and shells are important components of biological acoustic systems. Like strings, membranes rely upon being stretched with appreciable tension over rigid frames, and their vibration modes have nodal lines or curves that divide the membrane into areas vibrating with opposite phase, as shown in Figs 5.1 and 5.4. Generally only the lowest mode, which has no nodal curves and a maximum amplitude near its center, is important in biological applications. The frequency of this first mode depends on the square root of the tension divided by the membrane thickness (or the elastic stress divided by the density) and is inversely proportional to the square root of the area of the membrane. It depends relatively little upon the exact shape of the membrane, provided it is reasonably equiaxial. This is illustrated for rectangular and circular membranes in Fig. 5.2.
Low-Frequency Auditory Models
Authors: Fletcher Neville H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Synopsis. Animals generally have a plane of symmetry, and therefore two ears. There is usually an acoustic connection between the two ears through some sort of tube or cavity, but in animals such as mammals the connecting Eustachian tubes are so long and narrow that the ears are essentially independent. For sound at frequencies sufficiently low that the distance between the ears is much less than the sound wavelength, the sound pressure is the same at the two ears, but there is a difference in phase that depends upon the separation of the ears and the direction from which the sound is coming, as illustrated in Fig. 9.1. Auditory systems in which the two ears are acoustically coupled have generally developed in such a way as to respond to this phase difference directly, but animals with independent ears have to rely upon signal processing at a higher neural level in order to derive information about the direction of the acoustic source.
Pipes And Horns
Authors: Fletcher Neville H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Synopsis. Pipes and horns are important components of many auditory and vocal systems, and their dimensions are often comparable with or larger than the wavelength of the sounds with which they interact. It is wrong to simply apply naive ideas of “open” or “stopped” pipes when analyzing such systems, for only occasionally are these approxi¬mations valid. More generally we must consider the waves flowing in both directions in the pipe or horn and use a set of four impedance coefficients Z;i, as shown in Fig. 10.1, to represent the element by an electric analog network. The values of these impedance coefficients can be readily calculated in terms of the dimensions of the pipe or horn and the operating frequency. In narrow pipes, as shown in Fig. 10.2, the speed of sound may be somewhat reduced, and the attenuation a can become quite high.
The Officers of the Night
Authors: Rocke Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“[The government] wishes to root out of its city the abominable vice of sodomy, called in the holy scriptures the most evil sin, and having decided that if what is written herein is done, for the most part this will be accomplished.” Thus began the law resoundingly approved on April 17, 1432, with which Florence finally instituted a special magistracy to pursue and prosecute sodomy. Culminating a thirty-year period of agitation for repression, on the one hand, and of contradictions, indecision, and failed expedients, on the other, the founding of the Office of the Night and the reforms introduced along with it signaled a watershed for homosexual activity and its regulation. For long prosecuted rarely and selectively, sodomy now became subject to systematic and routine control. During the next seventy years, until it was suppressed in 1502, the Office of the Night played what many Florentines deemed an indispensible role, as the informers’ comments suggest, in the community’s efforts to discipline the sexual behavior of its members.
Nazi Doctors, Racial Medicine, and Human Experimentation
Authors: Proctor Robert N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The human experimentation carried out by physicians in Nazi concentration camps can be understood only within the context of the German militarized state and the racial hygiene movement.1 Profound and disturbing questions arise concerning how and why physicians were able to engage in these medical crimes and atrocities. How could men and women sworn to the Hippocratic oath, trained as professionals in the world’s most advanced scientific culture, come to commit crimes that even today stand as exemplars of evil? My interest in these questions is part of a larger interest in what can be called the “political history of science”: How do political formations shape the structure of science? Why do scientists support or resist the emergence of a particular political order? How does this pattern of support or resistance differ from discipline to discipline? Why do governments find it in their interest to support one kind of science and not another? And how are the theories or i:nethods in a particular science shaped by the larger political order?
Universality of the Nuremberg Code
Authors: Macklin Ruth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A long-standing philosophical debate focuses on the question of whether ethics are relative to time and place. One side argues that there is no evident source of a universal morality, and that ethical rightness and wrongness are products of the cultural and historical milieu from which they emanate. Opponents claim that even if a universal set of ethical norms has not yet been articulated or agreed upon, ethical relativism is a pernicious doctrine that must be rejected. The first group replies that the search for universal ethical precepts is a quest for the Holy Grail. The second group responds with the telling charge: If ethics were relative to time, place, and culture, then what the Nazis did was “right” for them, and there is no basis for moral criticism by anyone outside the Nazi society.
Where Do We Go from Here?
Authors: Annas George J , Grodin Michael A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The contributors to this book, writing from a variety of professional and historical perspectives, have individually added a great deal to our understanding of the Nuremberg Code and its place in modern medical research. When we began this project, we assumed it would demonstrate the centrality of the Nuremberg Code in all ethical discussions involving human experimentation. The contributors seem to agree with this overall assessment. Nonetheless, although most discussions begin with Nuremberg, almost none end there, and there has been a consistent and insistent movement away from the directness of the Code toward more flexible forms of judging the conduct of human experimentation.
An Atlas of Drosophila Genes
Authors: Maroni Gustavo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The common fruitfly, Drosophila, is the most extensively studied of all organisms from the standpoint of genetics and cytology. This atlas summarizes what is known about the approximately 100 Drosophila genes for which the complete nucleotide sequence is known. Each entry includes a description of the gene's molecular organization and expression, the complete nucleotide and amino acid sequences, maps of interesting structures, highlights of functional features and promoter regulatory regions, and selected references to the primary literature. A separate section of the atlas considers different aspects of gene organization as they occur in the Drosophila genome. Topics covered include size correlations among various genetic elements, splicing signals, translation initiation signals, and codon bias. The work represents a new milestone in summarizing current information and making it easily accessible to geneticists and biologists.
Bicoid: Bed
Authors: Maroni Gustavo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The following discussion refers to the 489 amino acid product of the major transcript, BCD. It is a DNA-binding regulatory protein of the homeodomain type. BCD controls the expression of early developmental genes in the anterior half of the embryo (Gehring 1987; Driever and Nüsslein-Volhard 1989; Hayashi and Scott 1990; Harrison 1991). For a review see Driever (1992).
The Dopa Decarboxylase Cluster: Ddc, l(2)amd, Cs, DoxA2
Authors: Maroni Gustavo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Ddc cluster is arbitrarily defined as those genes that fail to complement Df(2L)TW130, 37B9-C1 to 37D1-2, an 8-12-band deletion in the left arm of chromosome 2. The cluster contains 18 genetically identified genes plus three transcription units for which no mutations are known. Some of the genes in this cluster seem to be functionally related, most of them being involved in the formation, sclerotization and pigmentation of cuticle. Several genes in the cluster have mutant alleles that are female sterile. For three genes, Ddc, l(2)amd and DoxA2, some of the gene-product biochemistry is known; these genes are involved in catecholamine metabolism (Fig. 11.1) (Wright 1987).
The Metallothionein Genes: Mtn, Mto
Authors: Maroni Gustavo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
MTN and MTO share properties with the metallothioneins (MT) of other invertebrate and vertebrate species: they are small, they lack aromatic amino acids and Cys residues constitute 25% or more of the protein (Lastowski-Perry et al. 1985; Mokdad et al. 1987). One striking feature of MTN is the arrangement of its 10 Cys residues in Cys-X-Cys groups that are distributed almost identically to the Cys-X-Cys groups in the N-terminal half of mammalian MT (Lastowski-Perry et al. 1985; Maroni 1990). Otherwise, sequence identity beteen MTN and MTO, or between either one of the Drosophila MTs and a mammalian MT is not extensive, being only 20-25% in all pairwise combinations.
Ribosomal Protein 49: Rp49
Authors: Maroni Gustavo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Protein 49 of the large ribosomal subunit (Vaslet et al. 1980; O’Connell and Rosbash 1984). The syntheses of ribosomal proteins are coordinately regulated and at least part of that regulation occurs at the level of translation. For instance, while almost all Rp49 mRNA is translated during oogenesis, only a small fraction is associated with polysomes early in embryogenesis (Al-Atia et al. 1985).
The Serendipity Gene Cluster: Sryα Sryβ, Sryδ
Authors: Maroni Gustavo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sryα , Sryβ and Sryδ are grouped in a dense cluster within an 8 kb segment that also includes janA, jan B and the ribosomal protein gene rp49 (Fig. 28.1). The three Sry genes are transcribed in the same direction; the distance between the poly-A signal in one gene and the TATA box of the next is a few hundred bp. In addition to the gene-specific transcripts, two other longer poly-A RNAs are detectable. These include sequences from neighboring genes: eitherβ plus α or α plus δ are combined. These longer RNAs are thought to be the consequences of transcription starting normally in one gene but then proceeding to “read-through” to the end of the next gene downstream (Vincent et al. 1984, 1985).
Vitelline Membrane Protein Genes: Vm26Aa, Vm26Ab, Vm32E, Vm34C, Fcp3C
Authors: Maroni Gustavo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The complete sequences of four genes for vitelline membrane proteins (Vm26Aa, Vm26Ab, Vm32E and Vm34C) are available: all of these genes are in the left arm of the second chromosome. The predicted amino-acid sequences for the four proteins include a common 38-amino-acid segment: within this segment, the sequences of Vm26Aa and Vm34C are identical to each other and to the consensus sequence; the Vm26Ab sequence differs from the consensus in 10% of the positions and the Dm32E sequence differs by 24%. Outside of this region, the protein sequences are quite different, but putative signal peptides have been identified. Vm26Ab has 6-7 repeats of the octapeptide Tyr-Ser-Ala-Pro-Ala-Ala-Pro-Ala, a sequence that occurs only once in Vm32E and Vm34C (Fig. 31.1). These predicted sequences indicate the proteins are rich in Ala (10-27%) and Pro (9-16%) (Popodi et al. 1988; Scherer et al. 1988).
Messenger RNA splicing signals in Drosophila Genes
Authors: Mount Stephen M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides a general description of introns in Drosophila genes, with emphasis on the genetic information responsible for the correct specification of boundaries between introns and exons. The problem of locating introns within unannotated DNA sequences is posed by any large genomic sequencing project, and provides a perspective for discussing the information that specifies their removal. I want to stress, however, that there may not be a single set of rules that can identify all introns in all tissues. Certainly, it has become clear that the rules for locating introns will differ between species, such as flies and humans, in different taxonomic classes. Here, I will attempt to describe in general terms both what is known about how introns are recognized by the splicing machinery, and how an investigator might go about identifying introns within the sequence of his favorite Drosophila gene. Ultimately, such searches will be carried out by computer. Most current software, however, is designed specifically or primarily for species other than Drosophila (one exception is the program GM (Fields and Soderlund 1990), which accepts organism-specific consensus matrices and codon asymmetry tables). I am currently developing computational applications of the ideas described here, and interested readers are encouraged to consult current releases of the electronic Drosophila Information Newsletter.
Cultures of War and Peace: A Comparative Study of Waorani and Semai
Authors: Chek Clayton A Robar , Chek Carole J Robar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The explanation of human violence and war has, in recent years, come increasingly to occupy the attention of social and behavioral scientists. In anthropology, the most influential of the resulting theories have offered final cause explanations that focus on factors largely external to human consciousness and purposes: on adaptations to ecological parameters and on presumed biologically based propensities of one or another sort, especially the maximization of inclusive fitness.
Social Structure, Psychocultural Dispositions, and Violent Conflict: Extensions from a Cross-cultural Study
Authors: Ross Marc How Ard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is difficult to conceive of a human community where there is no conflict among its members or between persons in the community and outsiders. At the same time, the degree to which conflict is physically violent varies widely. There are cases such as the Yanomamo (Chagnon 1967), where feuding and warfare are an ongoing condition of daily life in contrast to the Semai of Malaysia where open physical expressions of differences is rare and strongly discouraged (Dentan 1968; see also Chapters 9 and 10 of this volume). How can we best understand such variation? The research reported here summarizes and extends a series of studies contrasting two broad societal level explanations for within society (internal) and between society (external) conflict and violence (Ross 1985, 1986a, b, forthcoming). One view is structural, accounting for patterns of conflict in terms of competing interests that develop in particular forms of social and economic organization. The other is psychocultural, explaining violent conflict as a result of both culturally learned dispositions and interpretations of the world typical in a society.