bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Histological evidence of intersex in feral sharptooth catfish (Clarias gariepinus) from an estrogen‐polluted water source in Gauteng, South Africa
Authors: Barnhoorn I. E. J. , Bornman M. S. , Pieterse G. M. , van Vuren J. H. J. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThis is the first histological evidence of intersex in a fish species inhabiting a South African water source. One hundred catfish (Clarias gariepinus) were collected randomly from the Marais Dam (MD) and the Rietvlei Dam (RVD) in the Rietvlei Nature Reserve (RNR), South Africa. These dams drain water from a stream that receives effluent from industrial sites, agricultural activities, informal settlements, and municipal treatment plants. Each fish was evaluated macroscopically and had blood drawn, and its gonads were macroscopically and histologically examined to verify intersex potentially related to endocrine disruption. Gonadal histology of several fish showed primary oocytes scattered in testicular tissue, indicative of intersex. The results showed intersexuality in 20% of fish from both the dams. The GSI value for intersex fish was closer to male GSI values, suggesting that the sampled intersex fish were more likely to have occurred from the feminization of male catfish. Target chemical analyses showed that the water, sediment, and serum samples tested positive for p‐nonylphenol (p‐NP). The p‐NP level in water and sediment at MD was 6360 and 4.0 μg/kg, respectively, whereas in sediment at RVD it was 113 μg/kg. Commonly found in the effluent from sewage treatment plants, p‐NP in water and sediment indicates estrogenic water pollution, which might affect wildlife and humans dependent on these sources. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 19: 603–608, 2004.
Impact of aminopolycarboxylates on aquatic organisms and eutrophication: Overview of available data
Authors: Schmidt Carsten K. , Brauch Heinz‐Jürgen 
Published: November 2004

AbstractAminopolycarboxylic acids, which include ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), 1,3‐propylenediaminetetraacetic acid (1,3‐PDTA), β‐alaninediacetic acid (β‐ADA), and methylglycinediacetic acid (MGDA), constitute a class of complexing agents that occur in a wide range of domestic products and that are used intensively as metal sequestrants in several industrial applications. Because they are highly polar and partially nondegradable, aminopolycarboxylates are released into the aquatic environment in significant quantities, mainly via wastewater. The historical and current use of aminopolycarboxylates and their ubiquitous presence in surface waters prompted many studies about their possibly detrimental impact on aquatic organisms. This review summarizes the available data and information on the eutrophication potential and toxicity of aminopolycarboxylates to a multitude of aquatic organisms including vertebrates, invertebrates, algae, bacteria, and protozoa. This article also addresses how the ecotoxic effects of aminopolycarboxylates are dependent on their speciation, that is, on their presence in a free or a metal‐complexed form. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 19: 620–637, 2004.
Pisistratus’ leadership in A. P. 13.4 and the establishment of the tyranny of 561/60 b.c.
Authors: Goušchin Valerij 
Published: November 2004

It is well known from the sources that three Athenian factions were organized after Solon's reforms. Herodotus writes as follows:In the course of time there was a feud between the Athenians of the coast under Megacles son of Alcmeon and the Athenians of the plain under Lycurgus son of Aristolaides. Pisistratus then, having an eye to the sovereign power, raised up a third faction. He collected partisans and pretended to champion the hillmen (συλλέξαՏ δ­ σταƣώταՏ ĸαì τѽ λóγω τѽν ύπεραĸρíων προστάЅ). (Her. 1.59, trans. A.D. Godley [Loeb])
TheoriaandDarśan:pilgrimage and vision in Greece and India
Authors: Rutherford Ian 
Published: November 2004

THEORIAIN GREEK RELIGIONWhat was the Greek for pilgrim? If there is no simple answer, the explanation is the great diversity of ancient pilgrimages and pilgrimage-related phenomena. People went to sanctuaries for all sorts of reasons: consulting oracles, attending festivals, making sacrifices, watching the Panhellenic games, or seeking a cure for illness; there were variations in the participants (individuals or state-delegations, small groups or large), and variations in the length of distance traversed to get to the sanctuary; finally, changes occurred in the shape of pilgrimage over time: pilgrimage is not the same in the Hellenistic period as it is in the classical period, and pilgrimage in the Roman world is different again.If we limit our scope to state-pilgrimage and to the classical period, we find a special vocabulary for pilgrimage in the wordθεωρόςand its derivativesθεωρέω, θεωρία, andθεωρίς2.θεωρίαis the normal term for state-pilgrimage, as we see in the famous introduction to Plato'sPhaedo(58b) describing the Athenian pilgrimage to Delos. The corresponding term for a pilgrim isθεωρός, found first in Theognis(Eleg776), and frequently in the fifth century. The verbθεωρέωcan mean ‘go on a pilgrimage to’, as in Thucydides' account of Ionian pilgrimage to the Delian festival (3.101).θεωρίςis the normal Attic term for a sacred ship used to convey sacred delegates to and from a sanctuary. One area where this family of words is never used is that of pilgrimage to healing sanctuaries; if we find any word used there, it isἱκέτης, in later texts sometimes the neutralσνμϕοιτητής.
P. OXY. 2078, Vat.gr. 2228, and Vergil's Choaron
Authors: Clark Raymond J. 
Published: November 2004

I shall argue the likelihood that Vergil took Aeacus’ speech as his model for Charon's, as part of Aeneas’ newly created journey through Vergil's expanded topography of Hades.The four Greek verses just quoted, addressed by Aeacus to Heracles, and Heracles’ reply in twelve, were first published separately by Rabe, and then inserted by Page as verses 16–19 and 20–31 between surviving frs. 1 and 2 of P.Oxy. 2078, to be ascribed in all likelihood to the lost Pirithous of Euripides, rather than to the slightly later Critias.
How the Shroud for Laertes became the robe of Odysseus
Authors: Whallon William 
Published: November 2004

This paper builds an argument against R. D. Dawe, who believes that one of the most famous of all stories is inauthentic and badly told. In his notes on ‘When she showed the robe, after weaving the great web, washing it so that it looked like the sun or moon, then it was that an evil spirit brought Odysseus from somewhere’, Dawe remarks that the web story ‘hardly belongs’ in the Odyssey, and asks: ‘Why “showed”? And to whom? Why the otiose addition of “after weaving the great web”, as if we had not just been talking about that very thing? Answers to these questions will be given in my final paragraph.To look closely into the epics, and if possible behind them, I will say a word about distinguishing the pre-text from the text. First, oral poets would enlarge and otherwise reshape their material, not always with flawless technique. It may be true but cannot be proven that one such poet, more than any other, created the Iliad, and that the same one, or a different one, more than any other, created the Odyssey.
The German Council of Municipalities (Deutscher Gemeindetag) and the Coordination of Anti-Jewish Local Politics in the Nazi State
Authors: Gruner Wolf 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
This article examines the role played by municipalities and local governments in the widening persecution of Jews in 1930s Nazi Germany, focusing on municipal initiatives to exclude Jews from public markets, and to expropriate Jewish property and possessions. Municipal discriminatory measures were often coordinated by the German Council of Municipalities, which linked communal administrations to various state ministries. By exploring the interaction between national and locak anti-jewish policies, the article argues that the Couoncil of Municipalities regularly sanctioned measures that went beyond what Berlin itself had authorized, thus pressing forward the steady destruction of German-Jewish life.
Australian Representations of the Holocaust: Jewish Holocaust Museums in Melbourne, Perth, and Sydney, 1984–1996
Authors: Berman Judith 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Museums in Europe and elsewhere have depicted the events of the Holocaust in different representational and narrative forms. This article observes that Holocaust museums in Australia present neither a humanist narrative, as in the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, nor a Zionist narrative, as at Yad Vashem. Nor do the museums connect the Holocaust to Australian history or relate it to Australian Cultural or political contents. Museums in Melbourne, Perth, and Sydney were established primarily to educate the broader Australian public In response to the Phenomenon of Holocaust denial. Their founders were motivated more by this task than by any political ends: the issue of addressing rival claims to victimhood was not at the fore.
“Ihr müßt sein, auch wenn ihr nicht mehr seid”: The Jewish Central Museum in Prague and Historical Memory in the Third Reich
Authors: Rupnow Dirk 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Some scholars have suggested that the Nazis planned not only to exterminate the Jews physically, but to erase them from the very historical record. But the collection and exhibition activities of Jewish scholars working under the direction of the SS in occupied Prague undermine such arguments, the author asserts. The establishment of the Jewish Central Museum—by which preservation and documentation were associated with looting and extermination—implies a different understanding of the nature and role of memory in the Third Reich.
The Development and Implementation of Nazi Denaturalization and Confiscation Policy up to the Eleventh Decree to the Reich Citizenship Law
Authors: Dean Martin 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Both Nazi racial policy and confiscation of Jewish property motivated the intensification of denaturalization in the late 1930s and early 1940s. Considerable continuity marked the development of denaturalization policy from 1933 to 1941 as existing laws and practices were progressively extended in scope. The initially small group of outspoken critics of the regime who had fled abroad and been targeted by the Gestapo for denaturalization grew steadily to encompass a wide variety of alleged “opponents,” especially Jews. By 1940 the Gestapo's greed moved the Reich Security Main Office (RSHA) to extend denaturalization to all Jewish emigrants who owned significant property in Germany. The Eleventh Decree, promulgated in November 1941, was designed to simplify this enormous bureaucratic task, but it was also intended to legalize the automatic confiscation of property from German Jews “deported East.”
Memory by Way of Anne Frank: Enlightenment and Denial Among West Germans, Circa 1960
Authors: Sackett Robert 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Beginning in the late 1950s, West Germans made one particular Holocaust victim the focus not only of remembrance and mourning, but of an uneasy discussion of German guilt. Understanding the Holocaust by way of Anne Frank, though practiced the world over, took unique forms in the Federal Republic, where her diary gained unprecedented popularity. Yet some critics feared that excessive attention to the girl's story distracted from larger moral questions and turned her into a figure whose role was to excuse the German nation of its Nazi past. An analysis of Ernst Schnabel's 1958 book, Anne Frank: Spur eines Kindes, and its reception in West Germany provides a glimpse into the tensions and ambiguities that complicated German attempts to “come to terms with the past.”
Guido Landra and the Office of Racial Studies in Fascist Italy
Authors: Gillette Aaron 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
The early history of the Racial Office of the Ministry of Popular Culture offers a window into the politics of official racism under Mussolini. The Office was charged with disseminating racist propaganda throughout Italy, as well as with establishing liaison with corresponding racial propaganda offices of friendly governments. Guido Landra, the first director of the Racial Office, vigorously acted to fulfill his mandate, leading to the creation of a secret Italo-German Committee on Racial Questions. The budding integration of Italian and German racial propaganda was cut short when Mussolini decided, in February 1939, to pursue a racial ideology considerably different from that professed by the German National Socialists.
“Fascist Criminals to the Gallows!”: The Holocaust and Soviet War Crimes Trials, December 1945–February 1946
Authors: Prusin Alexander Victor 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
While the Nuremberg trials are synonymous with the punishment of war criminals, until recently little was known about the Soviet Union's own concurrent war crimes tribunals. These proceedings have been under-studied for two reasons: lack of access to Soviet archives, and the fact that the tribunals tended to function as political propaganda vehicles. Yet examination of the court documents yields valuable information about not only Soviet legal practice, but also the genocide of Jews in the German-occupied Soviet territories.
Extermination of the Gypsies in Estonia during World War II- Popular Images and Official Policies
Authors: Weiss-Wendt Anton 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
A discussion of Nazi anti-Gypsy policy in Estonia needs to center on local interpretation and implementation of RSHA and RKO orders. Contradictions between various German instructions, which often discriminated among sedentary and itinerating Gypsies, created a state of confusion that increased chances for survival. Since in Estonia Sonderkommando 1a of the German Security Police exercised oversight rather than itself carrying out atrocities, the destruction of the Gypsy community in Estonia proceeded at a pace slower than elsewhere in Eastern Europe. Interested in exploiting slave labor, the German Security Police in Estonia did not consider liquidation of the Gypsies a priority. Acculturated to traditional anti-Gypsy prejudices and burdened by their own wartime travails, the majority of Estonians remained indifferent when Estonian police deported Gypsies.
Lili Boulanger's La Princesse Maleine: A Composer and her Heroine as Literary Icons
Authors: Fauser Annegret 
Published: November 2004

On 22 July 1917 Maurice Maeterlinck wrote to the composer Lili Boulanger:Dear Mademoiselle and Friend,All my thoughts are with you in your pain and your anxiety. But I have a confidence which comes to me from I don't know where and which I would like to share with you. I feel – I would nearly say, I know – that the child-genius who must give a voice to La princesse Maleine cannot pass away before having accomplished her work, which seems fused with her destiny.
The meteorology of the Western Indian Ocean, and the influence of the East African Highlands
Authors: Slingo Julia , Spencer Hilary , Hoskins Brian , Berrisford Paul , Black Emily 
Published: November 2004

This paper reviews the meteorology of the Western Indian Ocean and uses a state–of–the–art atmospheric general circulation model to investigate the influence of the East African Highlands on the climate of the Indian Ocean and its surrounding regions. The new 44–year re–analysis produced by the European Centre for Medium range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) has been used to construct a new climatology of the Western Indian Ocean. A brief overview of the seasonal cycle of the Western Indian Ocean is presented which emphasizes the importance of the geography of the Indian Ocean basin for controlling the meteorology of the Western Indian Ocean. The principal modes of inter–annual variability are described, associated with El Niño and the Indian Ocean Dipole or Zonal Mode, and the basic characteristics of the subseasonal weather over the Western Indian Ocean are presented, including new statistics on cyclone tracks derived from the ECMWF re–analyses.
Sensitivity experiments, in which the orographic effects of East Africa are removed, have shown that the East African Highlands, although not very high, play a significant role in the climate of Africa, India and Southeast Asia, and in the heat, salinity and momentum forcing of the Western Indian Ocean. The hydrological cycle over Africa is systematically enhanced in all seasons by the presence of the East African Highlands, and during the Asian summer monsoon there is a major redistribution of the rainfall across India and Southeast Asia. The implied impact of the East African Highlands on the ocean is substantial. The East African Highlands systematically freshen the tropical Indian Ocean, and act to focus the monsoon winds along the coast, leading to greater upwelling and cooler sea–surface temperatures.
Older people’s understanding of cumulative risks when provided with annual stroke risk information
Authors: Fuller R , Dudley N , Blacktop J 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Understanding how cumulative health risks increase over time constitutes an important part of decision making about treatment risks and benefits. In this study, wide ranging perceptions of cumulative risk led to significant overestimation and underestimation of risks over time. Time has shown to significantly impact on the personal interpretation of cumulative risk information by patients, with many subjects struggling to understand the concept of cumulative risks. This suggests that a careful explanation of the effect of cumulative risk over time to patients should contribute to more effective decision making.
Management of traumatic brain injury: some current evidence and applications
Authors: Guha A 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Traumatic brain injury remains a worldwide problem. Newer modalities in the management of such injuries include both drugs and therapeutic strategies. Continuing research in animal models has provided a better understanding of the pathophysiological processes that follow head injury, and this in turn has enabled workers to work on improved treatment targets. Although there are exciting and novel approaches emerging, there is no substitute for meticulous initial resuscitation. Additionally, some of the more well known management options are now better understood. These concepts are discussed in the article.
Anatomical distribution of colorectal cancer over a 10 year period in a district general hospital: is there a true “rightward shift”?
Authors: Gomez D , Dalal Z , Raw E , Roberts C , Lyndon P J 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Introduction: Recent studies of patients with colorectal cancer have suggested a shift towards the proximal colon and an increase in the incidence of right sided colon cancer. This study aimed to determine the anatomical distribution of colorectal cancer over a 10 year period in a district general hospital.
Methods: Records of patients diagnosed with primary colorectal cancer from 1993 to 2002 were reviewed for demographic data, histology subtype, and anatomical location of the tumour. Tumours located at and proximal to the splenic flexure were defined as right sided cancer and tumours arising distal to the splenic flexure were defined as left sided cancer.
Results: A total of 763 patients were included in the study, of whom all had adenocarcinoma and 99% were white. Sixty nine percent of cancers were left sided and 31% were right sided. Although there was a 4% increase in the proportion of right sided cancers, there was no statistically significant increase using logistic regression analysis. Mann-Whitney U test revealed no significant difference in age at diagnosis between the right and left sided cancers. Although a higher proportion of females were diagnosed with right sided cancer compared with left sided cancer, this was not statistically significant.
Conclusion: The anatomical distribution of colorectal cancer has been fairly stable at this hospital with no evidence of a shift towards the proximal colon. No differences were identified in the tumour distribution with respect to gender and age at diagnosis. Our findings support the initial application of flexible sigmoidoscopy for investigating patients with suspected colorectal malignancy and follow up colonoscopy for selected patients to exclude right sided pathology.
Cachexia in malaria and heart failure: therapeutic considerations in clinical practice
Authors: Onwuamaegbu M E , Henein M , Coats A J 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Cachexia is an independent prognostic marker of survival in many chronic diseases including heart failure and malaria. Morbidity and mortality from malaria is high in most of the third world where it presents a very challenging public health problem. Malaria may present in the UK as fever in the returning traveller or as fever in overseas visitors. How and why cachexia develops in malaria in a manner similar to the cachexia of chronic heart failure and the treatment strategies that would alter outcomes in both diseases are discussed in this review.
EXISTENCE AND UNIQUENESS OF THE SOLUTION TO THE EDGE PROBLEM IN A TWO-DIMENSIONAL REACTIVE BOUNDARY LAYER
Authors: BOILLAT ERIC 
Published: November 2004

We prove an existence and uniqueness theorem for the ordinary differential problem which characterizes the profiles of the different physical quantities at the edge of two-dimensional reactive boundary layer. The main difficulties to be circumvented are the nonlinearities due to the different thermodynamical functions involved in the reactive boundary layer equations and the degeneracy caused by the natural initial conditions, where the tangential velocity has to vanish. We conclude by making some mathematical considerations about the relations that exist between the reactive boundary layer equations and the corresponding equations which describe the boundary layer in chemical equilibrium.
Weights of Feynman diagrams, link polynomials and Vassiliev knot invariants
Authors: Piunikhin Sergey 
Published: November 2004

We prove that the construction of Vassiliev invariants by expanding the link polynomials Pg,V(q, q−1) at the point q=1 is equivalent to the construction of Vassiliev invariants from Chern-Simons perturbation theory. In both constructions a simple Lie algebra g and an irreducible representation V of g should be specified. We give an example of a Vassiliev invariant of order six which cannot be obtained by these constructions if we restrict ourselves to simple Lie algebras and do not allow semisimple ones. The explicit description of primitive elements in the Kontsevich Hopf algebra is given.
PERIODIC RESULTS FOR THE COLOURED (GENERALISED) JONES POLYNOMIAL
Authors: KURPITA BOHDAN I. , MURASUGI KUNIO 
Published: November 2004

Using the vertex model interpretation of the coloured (generalised) Jones polynomial of a link L, we show that if the colour of the ith component is Ni+mir, then modulo tr−1 this coloured Jones polynomial is congruent, up to a product of calculable factors, to the coloured Jones polynomial with the colour of the ith component Ni, where Ni and r are positive integers, and mi is a non-negative integer. The proof depends on the fact that, up to a known factor, the coloured Jones polynomial of a link may be calculated from a (1, 1)-tangle, the closure of which represents the link.