bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Properties and biological activity of a new peptide antibiotic (Colisan)
Authors: Leon Shalom A. , Bergmann Felix 
Published: December 2004

AbstractColisan has the formula Lys3Val4Leu3IleTyr and a molecular weight of approximately 1500. Neither N‐terminal nor C‐terminal group have been found. The peptide is highly resistant to hydrolysis by proteolytic enzymes (pepsin and trypsin). The ϵ‐amino groups of lysine are indispensable for biological activity, since either deamination or acetylation completely inactivates Colisan. A comparative study with basic peptides like polylysine demonstrated their similarity of action, on one hand, and an antagonistic effect to Colisan, on the other. The fast action of the antibiotic and the specific effect on the cell membranes of many different biological systems (Entameba, Paramecium, erythrocytes, smooth muscle, and others) support the hypothesis that the primary damage occurs in the membrane with consequent alteration of permeability. The leakage of intracellular material (histamine) from mast cells after application of Colisan is in accord with this hypothesis. The results strongly suggest that the biological activity of the peptide is based essentially, but not exclusively, on its basic character.
Toxic spiroepoxy compounds from Fusaria and other hyphomycetes
Authors: Bamburg J. R. , Marasas W. F. , Riggs N. V. , Smalley E. B. , Strong F. M. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractMany hyphomyceteous fungi have been found to produce closely related toxic metabolites which form the class of compounds called scirpenes. The structures of those compounds are reviewed and current studies on their biological activity and possible implication in moldy corn poisoning are discussed.
Response of biological waste treatment systems to changes in salt concentrations
Authors: Kincannon D. F. , Gaudy A. F. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe effect of NaCl on the yield of biological solids and on the ability of continuously cultured heterogeneous microbial populations to remove substrate was assessed by changing the salt concentration in the inflowing synthetic waste. During the period of increasing the salt concentration to 30,000 mg/l the system could not maintain a high substrate removal efficiency. However, after an acclimation period the system regained its former efficiency. Upon diluting the salt out of the system, a significant rise in cell yield was noted as the salt level passed through the range 8,000–10,000 mg/l. It was found that steady operation at a salt level of 8,000 mg/l sustained the cell yield at a high level.
Genetic control of virus production in cell lines
Authors: Walker Jerry S. , Lincoln Ralph E. , Weirether Francis J. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA procedure to maintain genetic control of virus production in tissue cell lines, has been proposed and discussed. Both the tissue cell which replicates the virus and the virus inoculum must be homogeneous in order to produce a product with the expected characteristics. Certain philosophical and technical aspects of the problem are discussed in relation to developing and maintaining genetically homogeneous stock cultures, inoculum, and product.
Decigram quantities of pure foot‐and‐mouth disease virus from cell cultures
Authors: Bachrach Howard L. , Polatnick Jerome 
Published: December 2004

AbstractBaby‐hamster kidney (BHK) cell cultures grown in rolling 2‐liter Baxter bottles are used for the production of foot‐and‐mouth disease virus (FMDV) which is subsequently purified. The bottles are held securely in round wire racks (19 per rack) and rotated on a three‐tiered roller mill. The use of a strongly buffered growth medium makes changes of the medium unnecessary. A sheet of aluminum foil is used to seal the cultures. It is pressed tightly over all the bottles in a rack by means of a polyurethane foam sheeting bonded to the underside of a rigid snap‐on cover. Special equipment eliminates removing the bottles from the racks at any stage in their use. The loaded racks fit directly onto headers of a glassware washer. Spent cell growth media and virus fluids are collected by inverting an entire rack of bottles‐Current production is 400 BHK cultures (21 racks) containing 8 × 108 cells each after 6 days growth. About 344 of these cultures (18 racks) are used to grow virus. The purification process yields about 113 mg of pure FMDV per week; the overall recovery based on infectivity is 32%. The projected maximum production of purified virus in the present facilities is approximately 2.5 times greater than this amount.
A multisurface tissue propagator for the mass‐scale growth of cell monolayers
Authors: Weiss R. E. , Schleicher J. B. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractVarious multisurface mass‐scale tissue culture propagators ranging in capacity up to 200 liters have been developed at Abbott Laboratories. These patented units consist, of an enclosed vessel containing a multiplicity of separated glass plates or disks on which cells may attach and proliferate. Means for mixing and aeration of the medium are provided. Sample ports facilitate the addition of cultures and media, the withdrawal of samples, the washing of cell monolayers, and the harvesting of cells and cell products. The large cell growth surface per occupied volume, the provision for separating tissue cells from media simply and easily, and the minimization of the amount of labor required per cell growth area are some of the many advantages of the multisurface tissue propagator that are described.
A pilot plant for mammalian cell culture
Authors: Moore George E. , Hasenpusch Peter , Gerner Robert E. , Burns Alex A. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractStudies of the possible viral etiology of human leukemia have required large quantities of cultured cells derived from human hematopoietic tissues. Since cultures sufficiently large and free from contamination could not readily be produced according to existing methods, a pilot, cell culture plant has been constructed for the production of mammalian cells in mass quantity. 500‐ml to 20‐liter trophocell units have already proved to be scientifically and economically practical, as they provide good reliability, excellent growth rates, and sustained yield of human cells. 200‐liter stainless steel culture units have now been added to the trophocell system. Five complete 200 liter units are now in operation. The design of the original stainless steel unit was based on that of a stainless steel, jacketed soup kettle. There are no openings in the vessel other than those in the lid, which provide convenient access points for sampling, sensor probes, etc. Environmental parameters, e.g., liquid level, temperature, and pH, are monitored and controlled with commercially available apparatus. Many initial problems connected with the new 200 liter units have been resolved, but operational and design problems remain in the areas of stable instrumentation, cell harvesting, salvaging and reuse of unspent media components, establishment of physiologic steady stale, recovery of virus‐containing cells with reculture of the remaining unaffected cells, and the recovery and separation of cell components and special products such as immunoglobulins, interferons, and hormones. A definitive cell plant with culture units of 20, 50, 250, and 1250 liters is now being constructed.
Effect of centrifugation on the viability of Burkitt lymphoma cells
Authors: Wang Daniel I. C. , Sinskey Tony J. , Gerner Robert E. , De Filippi Richard P. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThis study reports some findings on the effects of centrifugation on the viability of mammalian cells. The authors used Burkitt lymphoma cells cultivated in a synthetic medium containing 10% fetal calf serum for all experiments. Batch centrifugations were conducted in a RC2‐B centrifuge (Ivan Sorvall, Incorporated, Norwalk, Connecticut USA) operated at 0 and 25°C. During centrifugation we exposed the cells to gravitational fields ranging from 24,800 to 42.200g. The results showed that at, 0°C and 25,800 or 42,000g no loss in cell viability occurred for up to 90 min exposures in the centrifugal field. However, at 25°C and for gravitational fields of 24,800 and 42,000g, there were appreciable losses in cell viability. Continuous centrifugation studies in the Sharples supercentrifuge (Division of Penn Salt Corporation, Warminister, Pennsylvania USA) were also conducted with bowl speeds up to 28,000 rpm (19,000g) and flow rates ranging from 1.4 to 20 1, hr. Slight, losses in cell viability were noted and postulated as caused by the shear stresses encountered by the cells. Some pumping studies using the lymphoma cells substantiate this conclusion.
The zonal centrifuge applied to the purification of a low‐yield virus in human leukemia cells
Authors: Toplin I. , Boyden R. , De Padova A. , Brandt P. , Sottong P. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe herpes‐type virus found in certain cell cultures derived from Burkitt's lymphoma, other human leukemias, and normal human leukocytes, was concentrated and partially purified by large‐volume density gradient centrifugation using zonal centrifuge systems. Using the Jiyoye (P‐3) cell line as a model, rate‐zonal runs on disrupted cell suspensions in sucrose gradients yielded concentrates with high virus particle counts when 10–15 ml of packed cells were processed per liter of gradient. Isolation and removal of cell nuclei or fluorocarbon treatment of cell sonicates permitted virus recovery from larger volumes of cells per experiment. Zonal centrifugation of concentrated cell‐free spent media from highly infected cell cultures yielded more purified virus than obtained from cells. Viral concentrates were prepared with particle counts of 1010–1011/ml and total protein concentrations of 0.2–0.5 mg/ml. Subsequent isopyenie‐zonal centrifugation of the various high‐count virus fractions from the zonal centrifuge showed a heterogeneity in buoyant virus density ranging from 1.18 to 1.27 in potassium tart rate. The spread in virus density was attributed to the different morphological forms of the virus observed by electron microscopy.
New directions in the production of vaccines
Authors: Overman John R. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractNew trends and developments in vaccines emphasized the growing need for safety tests of increased complexity, rather than a need for ultrasophisticated and complex devices. The Vaccine Development Branch of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, operating with an annual budget of $6,000,000 has the task of expediting the collaborative efforts of 50 laboratories for developing, producing, and testing experimental vaccine lots. Rubella has a major priority; other priorities are assigned to respiratory syncytial, parainfluenza, adenoviruses, influenza, and rhinoviruses, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. To accomplish this requires a very expensive and complex program involving rapid information exchange and increased emphasis on safety testing with regard to extraneous viruses and the oncogenic potential of the vaccines. The latter need resulted from such experience as that with the Salk vaccine and the tumorproducing potential of some adenoviruses. Electron microscopy has been useful in discovering possible viral contaminants. Of all material produced for experimental work, from 65 to 70% is used for safety tests.
A method for aeration and foam control in fermentation vessels
Authors: Worthington G. R. L. , Wolochow H. , Chatigny M. A. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe production of large quantities of microbial mass, or their by‐products, frequently requires aeration and mixing of fluid media. This operation often results in copious production of foam which cannot be exhausted with the effluent air or gas. Foam is usually controlled with antifoam agents which may interfere with product purity, oxygen uptake, and with subsequent product, handling. The process herein described obviates the requirement for antifoam agents or other foam‐control methods. In essence, the air (or other gases) and foam in the headspace are continuously withdrawn, entrained in the intake side of a self‐priming pump, and reintroduced into the bulk of the process liquid medium. The headspace may be enriched with oxygen or other gases.
Rocker cell culture incubator
Authors: Tunnah Kenneth V. , McLimans William F. , Moore George E. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA rocker mammalian cell culture system is described. The basic mechanical component is a special incubator with contained rocker culture trays. The system provides for precise environmental temperature regulation with intermittent rocking of contained cultures in such a manner as to permit thin fluid overlay of cells with maximum accessibility to oxygen while circumventing the problems of evaporation, substrate depiction, etc.
Kinetics of gas diffusion in mammalian cell culture systems. II. Theory
Authors: McLimans William F. , Blumenson Leslie E. , Tunnah Kenneth V. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractMathematical models have been constructed which relate the depth of the culture fluid overlay to the oxygen available to mammalian cells cultured under static conditions. These models suggest that the maintenance of a given rate of oxygen utilization by some culture systems may be critically depended on this fluid depth and on the solubility and rate of diffusion of oxygen in the culture fluid. The importance of these concepts as applied to the isolation and growth of differentiated cells representative of the tissue of origin are noted.
Simultaneous gas–liquid interfacial oxygen absorption and biochemical oxidation
Authors: Tsao George T. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractTwo experimental methods were used in measuring oxygen‐transfer rates. The results indicate that two possible mechanisms are operating in simultaneous gas–liquid interfacial oxygen absorption and biochemical oxidation. One of the mechanisms, the direct absorption mechanism, has not been much studied in bioengineering. Mathematical equations are derived to describe the simultaneous mechanisms.
The cultivation of animal cells at controlled dissolved oxygen partial pressure
Authors: Kilburn D. G. , Webb F. C. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA 3‐liter culture vessel has been developed for the growth of animal cells in suspension at controlled pH and dissolved oxygen partial pressure (pO2). The culture technique allows metabolically produced CO2 to be measured; provision can be made to control the dissolved CO2 partial pressure. In cultures containing a low serum concentration, gas sparging to control pO2 was found to cause cell damage. This could be prevented by increasing the serum concentration to 10%, or by adding 0.02% of the surface‐active polymer Pluronic F68. The growth of mouse LS cells in batch culture without pO2 control was found to be limited by the availability of oxygen. Maximum viable cell populations were obtained when dissolved pO2 was controlled at values within the range 40–100 mm Hg.
Large‐Scale isolation of acid phosphatase from human erythrocytes
Authors: Fisher R. A. , Harris H. , Houldsworth M. , Lilly M. D. , Dunnill P. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA laboratory process for the isolation of type B acid phosphatase from human erythrocytes has been scaled up 80 times. The enzyme was purified 1300‐fold by adsorption on calcium phosphate gel, ammonium sulfate precipitation, and gel filtration. The yield was 27%. Results for the type A enzyme are also presented.
Application of continuous oxidative assimilation and endogenous protein synthesis to the treatment of carbohydrate wastes deficient in nitrogen
Authors: Gaudy A. F. , Goel K. C. , Gaudy Elizabeth T. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA synthetic waste (with glucose as carbon source) devoid of a source of nitrogen was purified in a laboratory scale pilot plant by a new modification of the activated sludge process. The process makes use of a separate carbon assimilation (oxidative assimilation) phase and an endogenous phase in which ammonia is added to a portion of the settled sludge and non‐nitrogenous products stored in the cells in the assimilation phase are converted to protein. It was found that sludge so treated, when recycled to the assimilation tank, could carry out continuous oxidative assimilation of the waste. Various COD:N ratios were studied. At the highest, 70:1, 90% purificaton efficiency was achieved.
Animal cell cultures as a source of hormones
Authors: Tashjian Armen H. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractCurrent methodology now makes it possible to establish in culture a variety of mammalian cells which perform organ‐specific functions during serial propagation for periods of months or years. This report describes the results of experiments with animal and human cells that produce growth hormone, adrenocortical steroid hormones, thyrocalcitonin, and parathyroid hormone. Within the next decade it should be possible to use cell culture methods for manufacturing purposes to produce hormones and other valuable cellular products which are difficult to obtain in other ways. At first it may be necessary to use neoplastic cells for this purpose; but evidence is accumulating to suggest that it may eventually be possible to establish in culture normal, functional animal and human cells.
Dynamic behavior of the chemostat subject to substrate inhibition
Authors: Yano Toshimasa , Koga Shozo 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA theoretical study was made on the dynamic behavior of a single‐vessel continuous fermentation subject to a growth inhibition at, high concentration of the rate limiting substrate. Phase plane plotting and stability analysis showed three steady states to exist; namely, a “washout”; state, a nontrivial stable state, and an unstable state. Whether the system attains a nontrivial steady state or is to be washed‐out depends upon the initial values of the cell and/or substrate concentration(s). Since this property is a characteristic feature of the present system, an experimental procedure was suggested to insure a stable operation in practice.
Effect of high substrate concentration and cell feedback on kinetic behavior of heterogeneous populations in completely mixed systems
Authors: Ramanathan M. , Gaudy A. F. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractGrowth kinetics of heterogeneous populations of sewage origin were studied in completely mixed reactors of the once‐through type at a high concentration of incoming substrate, 3000 mg/l glucose, and in systems employing cell feedback or sludge recycle at an incoming substrate concentration of 1000 mg/1 glucose. The recycle flow rate employed was 25% of the incoming feed flow, and the concentration of cells in the recycle was maintained as closely as possible at 150% of the cell concentration in the reactor. Studies were made at various dilution rates. Throughout these studies, batch experiments using cells grown at the various dilution rates were made to determine ks and μm values. As in previous studios using heterogeneous populations, the relationship between specific growth rates μ and substrate concentration S was represented better by the Monod equation than by any other which was tested. The growth “constants” μm, ks, and Y were found to fall in the same general range as those determined in previous studies in once‐through systems operated at 1000 mg/l glucose. It was observed that cell recycle, even at the relatively low concentration factor employed in these studies, greatly enhanced the flocculating and settling characteristics of the cells.
Measurement of heat evolution and correlation with oxygen consumption during microbial growth
Authors: Cooney C. L. , Wang D. I. C. , Mateles R. I. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA procedure for measuring the rate of heat production from a fermentation has been developed. The method is based on measuring the rate of temperature rise of the fermentation broth resulting from metabolism, when the temperature controller is turned off. The heat accumulation measured in this manner is then corrected for heat losses and gains. A sensitive thermistor is used to follow the temperature rise with time. This procedure is shown to be as accurate as previous methods but much simpler in execution. Using this technique, the rate of heat production during metabolism was found to correlate with the rate of oxygen consumption. Experiments were performed using bacteria (E. coli and B. subtilis), a yeast (C. intermedia), and a mold (A. niger). The substrates investigated included glucose, molasses, and soy bean meal. The proportionality constant for the correlation is independent of the growth rate, slightly dependent on the substrate, and possibly dependent On the type of organism growth. This correlation has considerable potential for predicting heat evolution from the metabolism of microorganisms on simple or complex substrates and providing quantitative parameters necessary for heat removal calculations.
Kinetics of fermentation processes
Authors: Kono T. , Asai T. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractKinetic studies on fermentation processes were made and a general equation of production rate was newly presented applying the kinetic theory on mierobial cell growth which was reported previously by the authors.l,2 Equations for product concentration in fermentation time courses were derived by developing mathematically the general equation of production rate, and characteristic properties of fermentation processes were clarified. Some examples of fermentations were analyzed kinetically using the new kinetic theory. The calculated values of product, and cell concentrations were in good agreement with the observed values.
The design, construction, and characteristics of a new long‐lived steam sterilizable oxygen electrode
Authors: Brookman J. S. G. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA steam sterilizable oxygen electrode for fermentor use is described. The electrode has a silver cathode, lead anode, phosphate electrolyte, and a membrane of a fluorinated ethylene‐propylene copolymer film (FEP.).The electrode has a linear response to partial pressure of oxygen from 1.5 × 10−2 to 103 mm Hg.
Composition of cell material and biological value of the cellular protein of a micrococcus strain grown on hydrocarbons
Authors: Ertola R. J. , Mazza L. A. , Balatti A. P. , Sanahuja J. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA Micrococcus cerificans strain was grown on simple media with n‐hexadecane or gas oil as sole carbon sources. Samples of cellular material recovered from hexadecane or gas oil fermentations do not appear to differ significantly in their composition. The protein content varied from 68 to 75%. With the exception of sulfur amino acids the amino acid distribution compares favorably with the FAO standard reference protein.The biological value of cell protein recoveered from hexadecane fermentations was 67 (cascin, 70). In the case of gas oil grown cells, the cell material recovered had to be completely purified in order to improve its protein quality. After fully extraction of undersirable fraction with petroleum ether in a Soxhlet apparatus the biological value observed was 63.
Kinetics of microbial oxidation of n‐heptane. I. Characterization of the process
Authors: Çaǧlar M. A. , Thompson A. R. , Houston C. W. , Rose V. C. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractUtilization of n‐heptane by a Pseudomonad was studied in pilot‐size butch cultures. Optimal pH and temperature were determined by a factorial design and a medium based upon mineral uptake rates was formulated. High cell yields were obtained by volatilizing heptane in the incoming air and thereby achieving good hydrocarbon dispersion. Hydrocarbon carried by effluent gases was recovered and recycled. In cultures where pH is not controlled, decrease in the electrolytic conductivity of the medium was found to be indicative of viable cells and was used in monitoring bacterial propagation. If not checked, increase in salinity in pH controlled cultures was found to affect cell production negatively. Viscosity changes were not very significant. Heptane to aqueous medium ratio was found to affect oxygen supply to the system due to higher dissolved oxygen concentrations associated with hydrocarbons.