bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Use of an Electrostatic Detection Device to Identify Individual and Class Characteristics on Documents Produced by Printers and Copiers—A Preliminary Study
Authors: LaPorte GM 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
The market is inundated with inkjet printers, laser printers, and photocopiers, which are often used in criminal activities. Many of these office machines are built by various manufacturers, hence they are constructed with different hardware designs (e.g. “rolling” and “grabbing” mechanisms) that have changed over the years due to technological advances. Examinations of printed documents that involve the chemical analysis of ink colorants and the identification of physical machine defects such as trash marks are essential for the forensic examiner, but new techniques are needed to more closely identify a machine model or group of models. An electrostatic detection device (EDD) provides forensic examiners with a nondestructive method to examine indentations on a document. In this work, an EDD is used to detect latent physical markings left on documents by printers and photocopiers. Seventeen inkjet printers, 12 laser printers, and 3 photocopy machines were used to produce test documents. Physical markings were detectable in the large majority of the documents and were reproducible 100% of the time.
The Diversity of Dental Patterns in the Orthopantomography and Its Significance in Human Identification
Authors: Lee SS , Choi JH , Yoon CL , Kim CY , Shin KJ 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the utility of orthopantomography for human identification. Three hundred orthopantomograms were randomly selected from those stored at Dental Hospital of Yonsei University in Seoul. Dental patterns observed in the orthopantomograms were converted into eight codes and their diversity was calculated. The diversity of dental patterns in the orthopantomogram data was 99.92% for full dentition and the diversity of mandible (99.28%) was slightly higher value than that of maxilla (98.22%). In the case of molars and premolars in both jaws, the diversity values ranged from 92.13% to 96.04%. It was founded that orthopantomography is a valuable means of personal identification not only based on full dentition but also when only the posterior teeth are available. The present study indicates that orthopantomography is excellent means of forensic identification.
Unusual Characteristic Patterns of Postmortem Injuries
Authors: Asamura H , Takayanagi K , Ota M , Kobayashi K , Fukushima H 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
Animal scavenging is one of the most significant causes of postmortem injuries. A large variety of scavenging animals have been reported on in previous papers. Although postmortem injuries attributable to birds are well known in the case of ”aerial burial,” the custom in Tibet, few cases of bird scavenging have been reported. In the two cases discussed herein, postmortem injuries were attributed to crows. Both cases, shared characteristic patterns of postmortem injuries, and in both cases death was attributed to fire. Although massive tissue loss by the crow scavenging made it difficult to determine the cause of the death and rendered personal identification difficult, 1 mL of blood drawn from the intracranial cavity and DNA analysis enabled this information to be determined, albeit with some difficulty.
Evaluation of 5-(4-Nitrophenyl)-2,4-pentadien-1-al (NPPD)as a Tracer for Shadowing Pursuits
Authors: Ohta H , Suzuki Y , Sugita R , Kasamatsu M , Marumo Y , Suzuki S 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
The chemical compound 5-(4-Nitrophenyl)-2,4-pentadien-1-al (NPPD), called “spy dust”, was usedin the Soviet Union as a shadowing pursuit, the act of following someone secretly, for investigating the activities of diplomatic personnel. It is also useful for counter-terrorism, and some criminal cases in the forensic science field. In this paper, it was synthesized and evaluated as a tracer for shadowing pursuits. The method for utilizing this reagent was very simple: it was dissolved in methanol (1 mg/mL) and sprayed on the restricted area. If the suspect was to enter this area or touched the sprayed material, NPPD was attached to the suspect's shoe surface or hands. The color examination was a two-steps process: first was the addition of 1 mL of a 0.1% naphthoresorcinol methanol solution to the methanol extracts of a methanol-contained cotton swab used to smear some surfaces of the suspect, and second, the addition of 1 mL of concentrated hydrochloric acid, which turned the solution dark red. The λmax of the colored solution was 510 nm, measured by ultraviolet-vis spectroscopy. Detection limits for three methods were determined: a visual method (detection limit 100 ng/3 mL), an ultraviolet-visible spectrometric method (detection limit 10 ng/3 mL), and a selected-ion-monitoring gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric method (detection limit 300 pg/injection). The forensic utility of NPPD was demonstrated for two simulated cases: a theft case and a case where NPPD was used as a tracer to prove that an automobile had entered a restricted area.
These examinations prove NPPD is a useful shadowing pursuit (spy dust) for the forensic science field.
NIST Bullet Signature Measurement System for RM (Reference Material) 8240 Standard Bullets
Authors: Ma L , Song J , Whitenton E , Zheng A , Vorburger T , Zhou J 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
A bullet signature measurement system based on a stylus instrument was developed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) for the signature measurements of NIST RM (Reference Material) 8240 standard bullets. The standard bullets are developed as a reference standard for bullet signature measurements and are aimed to support the recently established National Integrated Ballistics Information Network (NIBIN) by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF) and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). The RM bullets are designed as both a virtual and a physical bullet signature standard. The virtual standard is a set of six digitized bullet signatures originally profiled from six master bullets fired at ATF and FBI using six different guns. By using the virtual signature standard to control the tool path on a numerically controlled diamond turning machine at NIST, 40 RM bullets were produced. In this paper, a comparison parameter and an algorithm using autoand cross-correlation functions are described for qualifying the bullet signature differences between the RM bullets and the virtual bullet signature standard. When two compared signatures are exactly the same (point by point), their cross-correlation function (CCF) value will be equal to 100%. The measurement system setup, measurement program, and initial measurement results are discussed. Initial measurement results for the 40 standard bullets, each measured at six land impressions, show that the CCF values for the 240 signature measurements are higher than 95%, with most of them even higher than 99%. These results demonstrate the high reproducibility for both the manufacturing process and the measurement system for the NIST RM 8240 standard bullets.
Comparison of Age Estimated from Degree of Racemization of Aspartic Acid, Glutamic Acid and Alanine in the Femur
Authors: Ohtani S , Yamada Y , Yamamoto T , Arany S , Gonmori K , Yoshioka N 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
Aspartic acid (Asp) is generally used for estimation of age by measuring the degree of racemization. For other amino acids, however, there are few reports regarding the usefulness of the degree of racemization for the estimation of age. Accordingly, in this study using the femur (obtained from 21 cadavers) as the specimen, we measured the degree of racemization of glutamic acid (Glu) and alanine (Ala) along with Asp in the total amino acid (TAA) fraction as well as in acid-insoluble collagen-rich (IC) and acid-soluble peptide (SP) sub-fractions. We compared the degrees of racemization of each amino acid and the accuracy of the ages estimated from them. The degree of racemization and the reaction rate of racemization were ranked in the order of Asp&gt;Glu&gt;Ala in the TAA and IC fractions, but Asp&gt;Ala&gt;Glu in the SP fraction. It is noteworthy that the degrees of racemization differed between the three amino acids depending on the fraction tested. The correlation coefficient (r) between the degree of racemization and the chronological age was higher in the SP than in the TAA or IC fraction. Among three amino acids, Asp showed the highest correlation coefficient as predicted. The present study confirmed that Asp from the SP fraction is the best indicator for age estimation using racemization rates.
Estimation of Postmortem Interval (PMI) as Revealed Through the Analysis of Annual Growth in Woody Tissue
Authors: Courtin GM , Fairgrieve SI 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
The discovery of human remains lying across a black spruce (Picea mariana) leader (branch) that subsequently grew up around the remains provided an opportunity to use the growth ring pattern to estimate the postmortem interval (PMI). As these remains were discovered in an advanced state of decomposition in October of 2000, and it was clear that relevant insect evidence was not forthcoming, this novel approach to estimating PMI was proposed. The asymmetrical growth of the leader resulted in a correspondingly asymmetrical pattern of its growth rings. As the date of cutting the leader was known, it was possible to evaluate the asymmetrical growth pattern to provide an estimation of PMI. Fine polishing of the cross section and computerized quantification of ring widths enabled an estimation of the displacement of the leader, and hence the time the decedent's body was so positioned. By charting the ring-width differential for the leader, it was concluded that the displacement occurred sometime between July of 1993 and May of 1994. The actual date of disappearance was confirmed to be August 24, 1993.
A Minimally Destructive Technique for Sampling Dentin Powder for Mitochondrial DNA Testing
Authors: Shiroma CY , Fielding CG , Lewis JA , Gleisner MR , Dunn KN 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to present the horizontal sectioning technique used by odontologists at the Central Identification Laboratory to sample dentin for mtDNA analysis. From the perspective of DNA testing, anthropologists and odontologists at the Central Identification Laboratory work with ancient remains. In many instances, the lack of comprehensive antemortem records, the potential for fragmentation and commingling, and environmental exposure makes the use of traditional forensic identification techniques difficult or impossible. Teeth are highly resistant to environmental degradation and are an excellent source of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). This technique is simple, quick, and relatively conservative, allowing for preservation of the majority of the external portion of the tooth structure.
Stability of Drugs in Stored Postmortem Femoral Blood and Vitreous Humor
Authors: Holmgren P , Druid H , Holmgren A , Ahlner J 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
The stability of 46 drugs in postmortem femoral blood stored for one year at -20°C was investigated. The drugs included benzodiazepines, antidepressants, analgetics and hypnotics. For seven drugs we found a significant change in the concentration between the first and second analysis. Five substances; ethanol, desmethylmianserin, 7-amino-nitrazepam, THC and zopiclone showed a decrease in the concentration whereas the concentrations of two substances; ketobemidone and thioridazine increased. However, the changes observed were not of such an order that it would affect the interpretation in normal forensic casework. We also investigated the possible influence of potassium fluoride on the concentrations of the 46 drugs in vitreous humor after storage for one year. For two substances, ethanol and zopiclone, there were significantly lower concentrations in the samples without potassium fluoride. Furthermore, we also studied the correlation between the concentrations in femoral blood and vitreous humor. For 23 substances there was a significant difference between the concentrations in the vitreous humor and femoral blood. Significant correlations between the concentrations in these two specimens were found for 23 substances, indicating that vitreous humor can be an alternative specimen when blood samples are not available, provided that such correlation exists for the particular substance. Statistical analysis also revealed a correlation between the degree of protein binding of the different drugs and percentage of vitreous/femoral blood concentrations.
Decompositional Odor Analysis Database
Authors: Vass AA , Smith RR , Thompson CV , Burnett MN , Wolf DA , Synstelien JA , Dulgerian N , Eckenrode BA 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
This study, conducted at the University of Tennessee's Anthropological Research Facility (ARF), describes the establishment of the Decompositional Odor Analysis (DOA) Database for the purpose of developing a man-portable, chemical sensor capable of detecting clandestine burial sites of human remains, thereby mimicking canine olfaction. This “living” database currently spans the first year and a half of burial, providing identification, chemical trends and semi-quantitation of chemicals liberated below, above and at the surface of graves 1.5 to 3.5 ft deep (0.45 to 1.0 m) for four individuals. Triple sorbent traps (TSTs) were used to collect air samples in the field and revealed eight major classes of chemicals containing 424 specific volatile compounds associated with burial decomposition. This research is the first step toward identification of an “odor signature” unique to human decomposition with projected ramifications on cadaver dog training procedures and in the development of field portable analytical instruments which can be used to locate human remains buried in shallow graves.
Molecular Genetic Data at Two Tetranucleotide Repeat Loci (D12S66 and D12S67) in Two Indian Tribal Populations
Authors: Das B , Arun VS , Seshadri M Ph.D. 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
Molecular genetic polymorphism study was undertaken in two tribal population groups of India at two tetranucleotide repeat loci on chromosome 12 (D12S66 and D12S67). The two tribal groups studied were Bison Horn Maria and Muria, belonging to Bastar district of Madhya Pradesh in Central India. For this study, 75 random, unrelated individuals were analyzed for D12S66 locus, whereas 76 individuals were analyzed for D12S67 locus.
Review of: Neurodevelopmental Mechanisms in Psychopathology
Authors: Malavade K , Billick SB 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
This fascinating book represents an exciting perspective on the origins of psychopathology by focusing on the development of the brain. The assumption of such a neurodevelopmental perspective is that mental disorders arise from factors that alter the normal course of brain development. It is based on an understanding from research in these areas that neurodevelopment is a complex process that can be altered by a number of factors, from inherited constitutional liabilities to psychosocial stressors. The theoretical underpinnings of the neurodevelopmental perspective emerged in the 1970s, when clinical researchers proposed shifting the focus of understanding psychopathology from trying to identify a single initial cause of mental disorders to emphasizing the importance of bi-directional relationships among brain and experience in producing behavior.
Mechanical Property Evaluation Using the Small Punch Test
Authors: Eskner M , Sandström R 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
The small punch (SP) test technique is an attractive method for evaluating mechanical behavior in materials where only small volumes of materials are available. An SP-test machine was developed where miniature disc specimens 5 and 3 mm in diameter and with thickness ranging between 50 to 400 µm can be investigated. For two materials, a 1Cr-0.5Mo low alloy steel and an 18Cr-9Ni austenitic stainless steel, the stress-strain flow curve was assessed and compared with that in tensile tests. The yield strength was determined from the SP-test by analyzing the initial elastic deformation with help of classical plate bending theory. The effective flow properties in the biaxial stress state were evaluated through analytical modelling of the stretching deformation. Good agreement between the uniaxial and biaxial flow properties was found for the 1Cr-0.5Mo steel and acceptable agreement for the 18Cr-9Ni steel.
Influence of Grapefruit Juice on the Systemic Availability of Itraconazole Oral Solution in Healthy Adult Volunteers
Authors: Gubbins Paul O. , McConnell Scott A. , Gurley Bill J. , Fincher Timothy K. , Franks Amy M. , Williams David K. , Penzak Scott R. , Saccente Michael 
Published: May 2004

Study Objective. To evaluate the effect of repeated ingestion of grapefruit juice on the systemic availability of itraconazole (ITZ) and hydroxy‐itraconazole (OHITZ) serum concentrations in subjects administered hydroxypropyl‐β‐cyclodextrin‐ITZ (HP‐β‐CD ITZ) oral solution.Design. Randomized, two‐period, crossover study.Setting. College of pharmacy research unit.Subjects. Twenty healthy, adult volunteers (10 men, 10 women).Intervention. Subjects received 240 ml of regular‐strength grapefruit juice from frozen concentrate or bottled purified water 3 times/day for 2 days. On the third day they received a single dose of HP‐β‐CD ITZ oral solution 200 mg (20 ml) with 240 ml of the beverage. Two hours after dosing they received another 240 ml of the beverage.Measurements and Main Results. Repeated blood samples were drawn for 72 hours after dosing. After a 14‐day washout period, subjects were crossed over to the beverage they had not received previously and the above procedure was repeated. There was no difference in peak ITZ concentration (Cmax) or time to Cmax (Tmax). Coadministration of grapefruit juice reduced OHITZ Cmax nearly 10%, but this difference was not statistically significant. It produced a statistically significant increase in ITZ area under the concentration‐time curves from 0–48 hours (AUC0–48) (17%) and from time zero extrapolated to infinity (AUC0–) (19.5%). Apparent oral clearance of ITZ was significantly reduced (14%). Significant changes in OHITZ exposure were not observed; however, grapefruit juice coadministration produced statistically significant decreased mean OHITZ:ITZ AUC0–48 and AUC0– ratios. Grapefruit juice also decreased the mean OHITZ:ITZ Cmax ratio, but the difference was not statistically significant.Conclusion. Repeated grapefruit juice consumption moderately affects ITZ systemic availability in subjects administered HP‐β‐CD ITZ oral solution. Unlike previous findings with ITZ capsules, changes in the disposition of ITZ and OHITZ after repeated grapefruit juice consumption are consistent with grapefruit juice inhibition of intestinal cytochrome P450 3A4.
Pharmacokinetics and Dose‐Proportionality of Oxymorphone Extended Release and Its Metabolites: Results of a Randomized Crossover Study
Authors: Adams Michael P. , Ahdieh Harry 
Published: May 2004

Study Objective. To evaluate the pharmacokinetics and dose‐proportionality of four dose strengths (5, 10, 20, and 40 mg) of oxymorphone extended release (ER) under both single‐dose and steady‐state conditions.Design. Randomized, three‐period, four‐sequence, crossover study.Setting. Bioavailability clinic.Subjects. Twenty‐four healthy adult volunteers.Intervention. Each subject received three of the four possible doses. The three 8‐day administration periods were separated by a 7‐day washout. Plasma was collected for up to 48 hours after a single dose on day 1 and during a 12‐hour dosage interval at steady state. Naltrexone was administered to reduce opioid‐related adverse effects.Measurements and Main Results. Twenty‐three subjects completed at least one study period. Dose‐proportionality and linearity were confirmed after single doses (mean oxymorphone ER area under the concentration versus time curve [AUC] 4.54, 8.94, 17.80, and 37.90 ng·hr/ml for 5‐, 10‐, 20‐, and 40‐mg doses, respectively) and at steady state (mean oxymorphone ER AUC 5.60, 9.77, 19.3, and 37.0 ng·hr/ml for 5‐, 10‐, 20‐, and 40‐mg doses every 12 hrs, respectively). Similar results were found for maximum plasma concentration. Metabolite (6‐hydroxyoxymorphone and oxymorphone‐3‐glucuronide) plasma levels also increased in a linear fashion after single‐dose administration and at steady state.Conclusion. The pharmacokinetic profile of oxymorphone ER demonstrates linearity and dose‐proportionality under single‐dose and steady‐state conditions for the parent compound and its metabolites for doses of 5–40 mg.
Relative Bioavailability of an Extemporaneous Ondansetron 4‐mg Capsule Formulation versus Solution
Authors: Lam Y. W. Francis , Javors Martin A. , Ait‐Daoud Nassima , Roache John D. , Johnson Bankole A. 
Published: May 2004

Study Objective. To compare the relative bioavailability of an extemporaneous ondansetron capsule formulation with that of an identical dose of the commercially available solution formulation.Design. Open‐label, randomized, two‐way crossover study.Setting. University‐affiliated research laboratory.Subjects. Sixteen (eight men, eight women) healthy, nonsmoking volunteers.Intervention. Participants were randomly assigned to receive a 4‐mg dose of either the commercially available ondansetron solution or the extemporaneous ondansetron capsule formulation. Blood sampling was performed over 12 hours after dosing. After a washout period of at least 3 days, each participant was switched to the alternate formulation, and blood sampling was repeated.Measurements and Main Results. Ondansetron was well absorbed after administration of both formulations, with the solution achieving a faster rate of drug absorption over the first hour of dosing. After the peak plasma concentration was achieved, the plasma concentration–time curves of both formulations declined at a similar steady rate. There were no significant differences in pharmacokinetic parameters between the two formulations, and the relative bioavailability of the capsule versus the solution formulation was 101%.Conclusions. Similar concentration‐time curves and pharmacokinetic parameters were achieved with the two formulations. The commercially available solution would be a useful alternative formulation for administration of low‐dose ondansetron in research and clinical settings.