bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Lender of Last Resort
Authors: Solow Robert M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I must try to walk a narrow line. My task is to discuss the role of the lender of last resort from the point of view of a theorist interested in economic pol icy. That seems to be the natural role for the theorist of last resort. Everyone at this conference knows more than I do about the historical and institutional texture of lenders of last resort, and most know more about the history of economic thought on the subject. That very fact suggests that no one at this conference wants to see real (or even nominal) theorist’s theorizing, complete with hard mathematical models. So I shall aim for a compromise. My goal is to indicate in a general way what economic theory has to say on the two main analytical questions that generally arise in discussions of this subject.
Experienced Utility and Objective Happiness: A Moment-Based Approach
Authors: Kahneman Daniel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The concept of utility has carried two different meanings in its long history. As Bentham (1789) used it, utility refers to the experiences of pleasure and pain, the ‘sovereign masters’ that ‘point out what we ought to do, as well as determine what we shall do.’ In modern decision research, however, the utility of outcomes refers to their weight in decisions: utility is inferred from observed choices and is in turn used to explain choices.
The Workhouses and Irish Famine Mortality
Authors: Guinnane Timothy w. , Gráda Cormac Ó 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
though they ignore the role of specifically local factors. In local histories of the Irish famine an indulgent landlord, an active priest, or a corrupt workhouse master might mitigate or accentuate the disadvantages captured by other measures. Indeed, local histories often claim or imply that the experience of some location or other dif¬ fered from what might have been predicted on the basis of county- or province-level variables alone. In other words, agency matters. This study focuses on one issue often highlighted in such local accounts: the role of workhouse relief during the famine.
The Demographic Impact of a Mild Famine in an African City: The Case of Antananarivo, 1985-7
Authors: Garenne Michel , Waltisperger Dominique , Cantrelle Pierre , Ralijaona Osee 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Famines have been recurrent throughout human history. Their occurrence has diminished only recently because of increases in food production, improved man¬ agement of food stocks, the diminishing isolation of most parts of the world, greater international trade, better and faster transport, as well as increased international awareness, higher sensitivity towards human rights, and greater international solidar¬ ity. However, even in the second half of the twentieth century severe famines occurred in South Asia, China, and sub-Saharan Africa. If earlier famines were primarily due to dimatic factors, plant diseases and poor crisis management, recent famines seem mostly to have been due to serious mismanagement by the state (i.e. bad governance) and to the voluntary or forced isolation of a country-often the consequence of international or civil war. The latter scenario applies particularly apropos famines in sub-Saharan Africa during the past quarter of a century.
The I.R.A. at War 1916-1923
Authors: Hart Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Between 1916 and 1923, Ireland experienced rebellion and mass mobilization, guerrilla and civil war, partition and ethnic conflict, and the transfer of power from British to Irish governments. The essays in The I.R.A. at War propose a new history of this Irish revolution: one that encompasses the whole of the island as well as Britain, all of the violence and its consequences, and the entire period from the Easter Rising to the end of the Civil War. When did the revolution start and when did it end? Why was it so violent and why were some areas so much worse than others? Why did the I.R.A. mount a terror campaign in England and Scotland but refuse to assassinate British politicians? Where did it get its guns? Was it democratic? What kind of people became guerrillas? 3What kind of people did they kill? Were Protestants ethnically cleansed from southern Ireland? Did a pogrom take place against Belfast Catholics? These and other questions are addressed using extensive new data on those involved and their actions, including the first complete figures for victims of the revolution. These events have never been numbered among the world's great revolutions, but in fact Irish republicans were global pioneers. Long before Mao or Tito, Sinn Féin and the Irish Republican Army were the first to use a popular political front to build a parallel underground state coupled with sophisticated guerrilla and international propaganda and fund-raising campaigns. Ireland's is also perhaps the best documented revolution in modern history, so that almost any question can be answered, from who joined the I.R.A. to who ordered the assassination of Sir Henry Wilson. The intimacy and precision with which we are able to reconstruct and analyse what happened make this a key site for understanding not just Irish, but world, history.
The Thompson Submachine Gun in Ireland Revisited
Authors: Hart Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In 1967 The’ Irish Sword published a pioneering article by J. Bowyer Bell on the carly history of the Thompson submachine gun and its acquisition by the Irish Republican Army in 192 1. Bell was one of the first historians to deal with guns and gunmen in a scholarly fashion, and in doing so also uncovered an extraordinary story ‘involving Irish agents, British spies, inscrutable Japanese, aborted smuggling’, and the first ever use of the Tommy gun in action.’ Due to the lack of available documents at the time, however, much of this story remained untold, particularly the details of the ‘aborted smuggling’, how and when the guns reached Ireland, and what happened to them after the Truce of 1921. Fortunately, since Bell’s article was first published a full history of the Thompson gun has appeared and a large amount of relevant material has come to light in lrish and British archives.
Michael Collins and the Assassination of Sir Henry Wilson
Authors: Hart Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Joe went in a straight line while 1 determined intercept him (Wilson) from entering the door. Joe deliberately levelled his weapon at four yards range an&lt;l fired twice. Wilson made for the dour as best he could and actually reached the doorway when 1 encountered him at a range of seven or eight feet. I fired three shots rapidly, the last om: from the hip, a I took a step forward. Wilson was now uttering short cries and in a doubled up position staggered towards the edge of the pavement. At this point Joe fired once again and the last I saw of him he (Wilson) had collapsed.’
Postcolonialism
Authors: Boehmer Elleke 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Postcolonial literatures (anglophone, francophone, lusophone, etc.) proliferate and change constantly, even as postcolonial critical studies in the academy continue to grow apace. This chapter aims to outline 1990s developments in the area, in particular with respect to the prominence of two constituencies of postcolonial writers relatively overlooked at the time of independence and into the 1970s—women and Indigenous peoples.
Has the Coffee Federation become Redundant? Collective Action and the Market in Colombian Development
Authors: Thorp Rosemary 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This paper considers the role andmodus operandi of a remarkable and controversial group: the National Coffee Federation of Colombia. Over time, the Federation has been both respected and criticized, often fiercely. Today its role is being challenged as inappropriate to the new commitment, in Latin America, and specifically in Colombia, to a free market economy, and as an obstacle to a ‘level playing field’. To evaluate both the past and the contemporary challenge, we need to explore the origins and historical role of the Federation, over its seventy years of existence, to provide a basis for an attempt at imagining Colombia without its Federation, and by that means for evaluating what its true role is today.
Dynamic Decisions under Uncertainty: Some Recent Evidence from Economics and Psychology
Authors: Cubitt Robin P , Starmer Chris , Sugden Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Many of the decision problems under uncertainty that are faced by individuals have a dynamic structure. Educational choices and long-term savings decisions are obvious examples. Conventional economic theory has provided ways of analyzing such problems by endorsing a set of principles that can extend the standard theory of individual static choice under uncertainty, expected utility theory (henceforth EUT), into a dynamic context. However, most experimental investigation of single agent decision-making under uncertainty has related to static contexts, that is, to straightforward choices between single-stage gambles. In contrast, in this chapter, we discuss recent experimental research that is directly concerned with dynamic decision problems. We will describe below some important properties of the standard approach to modeling dynamic choice and show how, as descriptive claims, they are challenged by this experimental evidence. We briefly consider the implications of this fact for future directions in modeling dynamic choice under uncertainty.
Introduction
Authors: Engel William E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The spirit of the subtitle of this book, ‘Shades of Memory’, is embodied in these three citations. The first comes from an Italian-English dictionary, and covers the range of meanings associated with the word for ‘shade’ in the Renaissance. The second citatio, taken from a thesauru, identifies the word ‘shady’ as being one of the many possible epithets an aspiring poet might use with ‘oblivion’. The first speaks of art as well as of nature, and concerns the supernatural (‘a ghost, a spirit’) as well as antisocial behaviour (‘unkindness or jealousie’).
Modelling the Universe: Poetry, Science, and the Art of Metaphor
Authors: Armitage Simon 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Housman might have been wrong about the number of planets or he might have been anticipating the debate over the actual status of Pluto, but he did have something to say about imitation, and I’ll come back to that ‘mimic heaven’ later in the day. At the University where I once taught Creative Writing, the Physics Department offered a course known in the common room as Astronomy for Poets. Being somewhat interested in both subjects, I got very curious when I heard about Astronomy for Poets, and phoned up the admissions secretary, who sent me a glossy full-colour brochure, much of it written in Day-Glo yellow, like the wording on the packet of an improved biological washing powder.
Introduction
Authors: Miola Robert S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This anthology makes available in modern spelling and punctuation substantial Catholic contributions to literature, history, and theology in the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. Featuring some essential medieval and Continental works, Early Modern Catholicism aims to recover the Catholic origins and expressions of the English Renais-sance (c.1520–1640). The term ‘Catholic’ (from katholicos, ‘universal’) names the Western Latin church loyal to Rome, as it did originally in the work of St Cyprian (c.252). This term, of course, is fraught with complexities. The Eastern schism (1054) established a rival Catholic structure with a patriarch in Constantinople. The Roman Church experienced severe internal divisions as it struggled to balance temporal and spiritual concerns and to lead a far-Xung collection of powerful, autonomous kingdoms.
Nicholas Sander
Authors: Miola Robert S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the Wrst wave of Catholic exiles under Elizabeth, Nicholas Sander (1530–81) became a priest and professor of theology at Louvain. He wrote a weighty defence of the Church, De visibili monarchia ecclesiae (Louvain, 1571), as well as a Catholic account of the changes in religion in England, De schismate Anglicano (Cologne, 1585) (see histories). His A Treatise of the Images of Christ (1566) defended Catholic beliefs and practices against Protestant iconoclasm, speciWcally against the attack of Bishop Jewel, A Reply unto M. Harding’s Answer (1565), who condemned Catholic veneration of images as idolatry (see also Foxe’s depiction, Fig. 4). In the selections below Sander recalls with horror the Lutheran desecration of Catholic icons in Antwerp.
The Tower Debates, 1581
Authors: Miola Robert S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Second Day The excerpt here comes from the second debate, 18 September 1581. Campion acquitted himself so well in the Wrst debate (31 August 1571), that the authorities changed the opponents and the venue, reduced the audience, and excluded fellow Catholic prisoners. Church Militant the Church on earth, struggling against the powers of evil. 1. visibility i.e. visibility of the Church. Catholics argued that Christ established the Roman Church and that the institution and its followers were visible through the ages; Protestants argued that the true Church consisted in the invisible fellowship of the elect. 2. Goade Roger Goade (1538–1610), Cambridge scholar and administrator. 14. Diocletian Roman emperor (245– 313) who persecuted Christians. 20. Sylvester Saint Sylvester, pope (r. 314–35). 21. Queen Mary Catholic Mary Tudor (r. 1553–8), a period of persecution for Protestants. 22. Goade’s response diVers in A True Report (1583): ‘Surely you make evil and untrue comparisons. You have no such cause to complain of bloody persecutions in the time of our gracious queen, and do not well to compare Her Highness’s peaceable and mild government with those tyrannical persecutions’ (sig. J1).
A Declaration of the Sentence and Deposition of Elizabeth, 1588
Authors: Miola Robert S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Sixtus the Fifth, by God’s providence the universal pastor of Christ’s Xock, to whom by perpetual and lawful succession appertaineth the care and government of the Catholic Church, seeing the pitiful calamities which heresy hath brought into the renowned countries of England and Ireland, of old so famous for virtue, religion, and Christian obedience, and how at this present through the impiety and perverse government of 5 Elizabeth, the pretensed Queen, with a few of her adherents, those kingdoms be brought not only to a disordered and perilous state in themselves but are become as infected members, contagious and troublesome to the whole body of Christendom, and not having in those parts the ordinary means which by the assistance of Christian princes he hath in other provinces to remedy disorders and keep in obedience and ecclesiastical 10 discipline the people, for that Henry the Eighth, late king of England, did of late years by rebellion and revolt from the See Apostolic violently separate himself and his subjects from the communion and society of the Christian commonwealth; and Elizabeth, the present usurper, doth continue the same with perturbation and peril of the countries about her, showing herself obstinate and incorrigible in such sort that without her 15 24. only mere. 37. deceitful division Burlegh blamed the Northern Uprising in 1569, led by the earls of Westmoreland and Northumberland, on the papal bull that appeared in 1570 (Execution, 1584, sigs. Biii–Biiiv ). 38. Libeller Lord Burleigh.
Robert Southwell
Authors: Miola Robert S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Brilliant and well born, Robert Southwell (1561–95) joined the Society of Jesus in 1578, and in 1586 he returned to England to minister to Catholics, including Philip Howard, imprisoned for his faith. He wrote an An Epistle of Comfort (1587) to all persecuted Catholics (see Consolations, instructions and devotions), and other works, notably Mary Magdalen’s Funeral Tears (1591), and a plea for tolerance, An Humble Supplication to Her Majesty (1595, pub. 1600–1). Southwell endured capture, imprisonment, and torture before his execution in 1595.
Gertrude More
Authors: Miola Robert S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Great-great-granddaughter of Thomas More, Gertrude More (ne´e Helen) (1604–33) inherited the family faith, Catholicism, its intellectual traditions, and its practice of educating women. Gertrude’s father, Cresacre More, founded the English Benedictine convent at Cambrai and sent Gertrude there, along with her sister and two cousins. Under the spiritual direction of the great contemplative Dom Augustine Baker (see instructions and devotions), More studied St Augustine as well as mystics such as St John of the Cross, St Teresa of Avila, St Gertrude, and Walter Hilton. She wrote two prose works,The Holy Practices of a Divine Lover (1657) and The Spiritual Exercises (1658), both of which contain mystical poetry—poetry that charts the journey of the human soul to love and praise of God.
Meditations
Authors: Miola Robert S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Arising from Scripture, patristic writing, and early Christian practice, the traditions of Catholic meditation or ‘mental prayer ‘ are rich and deep. Early modern manuals and handbooks by such writers as Antonio de Molina and Gaspare Loarte, provide instructions 20. St Damascene John of Damascus, 8th-c. Church Father. 22. stay support. 34. four. elements earth, air, Wre, and water, supposed the basic elements of creation. 41. cithern wire-strung instrument.
Francis de Sales
Authors: Miola Robert S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Admired preacher and doctor of the Church, Francis de Sales (1567–1622) founded the Institute of the Visitation (a religious order for women) and a congregation of priests now known as the Oblates of St Francis de Sales. Among his writings is An Introduction to a Devout Life (tr. 1613), which broke with previous practice by addressing not religious but 7. Timete Dominum sung as a gradual at the All Saints Mass.
William Shakespeare
Authors: Miola Robert S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In every sense a special case, William Shakespeare (1563–1616) stands at the centre of the new early modern England that is emerging as a site of religious struggle and redeWnition. While there is no conclusive evidence for Shakespeare’s own religious convictions and practices, scholars now take more seriously Richard Davies ‘ late 17th-c. comment, ‘He died a papist ‘, and recognize the circumstantial evidence in favour of Roman Catholicism. Stratford-upon-Avon remained partially loyal to Catholicism as, indeed, did Warwick-shire, home to the Coventry mystery plays, an early dramatic inXuence on Shakespeare.
Ben Jonson
Authors: Miola Robert S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Catholicism colours the work of Ben Jonson (1572–1637) early and late (see poetry). Sejanus (1603–4) provoked Lord Henry Howard to summon Jonson before the Privy Council for ‘popery and treason ‘ (Jonson, Informations, ll. 325–7). Since no record of the session survives and since the extant play has been revised, we cannot know exactly what prompted the charges. But as it stands Sejanus, like the verse epistle to Lady Aubigny, reXects contemporary conXicts and mirrors the Catholic plight. The Roman government silences dissent, oppresses historians, burns books, falls prey to faction, and, most important, spies on and punishes its citizens.
James Shirley
Authors: Miola Robert S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Massinger’s successor in the King’s Men, James Shirley (1596–1666) became a leading dramatist of the early and mid-seventeenth century, admired chieXy for his witty, satirical comedies. Ordained in the Church of England, Shirley may have become a Catholic around 1622; some of his thirty-seven plays and masques show marked sympathy for the Catholic faith. There is praise for the Benedictines throughout The Grateful Servant (1630)
Bartolomeade Las Casas
Authors: Miola Robert S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Early in his life the Dominican priest, Bartolomede Las Casas (1474–1566), received land and Indian slaves for participating in the conquest of Cuba. In 1514 he experienced the radical change of heart that initiated his life’s work as an advocate for native peoples in present-day Mexico, Central and South America, and the Caribbean.
Robert Persons
Authors: Miola Robert S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Eloquent, zealous, and proliWc, Robert Persons (1546–1610) became a Jesuit in 1575, established seminaries abroad, and served as rector of the English College in Rome. Emerging as the leader of the English Mission (1579–81), he preached, administered sacraments, and set up a press which printed responses to attacks as well as Catholic oVensives. Persons distinguished himself as a polemicist and as a devotional writer in works such as Certain Reasons why Catholics Refuse to go to Church (1580, see Langdale, controversies); the Ignatian Book of the Christian Exercise (1582, reprinted and revised forty times before 1640); and A Treatise of Three Conversions (1603–4), excerpted below, which presents a Catholic national history of England against the Acts and Monuments of John Foxe. Like William Allen, Persons advocated armed intervention in England and thus aroused the mistrust and hostility of most English Catholics.
Philip O’s ullivan-Beare
Authors: Miola Robert S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
From County Cork, Philip O’s ullivan-Beare (1590?–1660?) studied at Compostella, served as a soldier, wrote saints ‘ lives as well as his important Historiae Catholicae Iberniae Compendium ( ‘History of Catholic Ireland ‘, Lisbon, 1621). Like fellow countrymen Peter Lombard and David Rothe, O’s ullivan-Beare wrote his history in Latin for European audiences. The Compendium presents the complicated struggles of Ireland as a battle between heretical English invaders and native Irish Catholics.
Elizabeth Cary
Authors: Miola Robert S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Elizabeth Cary (TanWeld), Viscountess Falkland (c.1585–1639), dramatist and historian, mastered Latin, Hebrew, and modern languages including Irish, and identiWed herself as ‘a Catholic, and a woman ‘ (Reply, 1630, sig. eˆ1v ). After her conversion to Catholicism in 1626, her husband Henry Cary renounced her and forced separation from her children. Destitute, Elizabeth Cary performed charitable works and wrote translations, saints ‘ lives, hymns to the Virgin, and the History of Edward II (1627), recounting the reign and assassination.
Anthony Copley
Authors: Miola Robert S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A Catholic poet who responded to Spenser’s Faerie Queene in A Fig for Fortune (1596, see poetry), Anthony Copley (1567–1609?) also published a book of jests, Wits, Fits, and Fancies (1595). Largely translated from a Spanish work, La Xoretta spagnola, Copley published the book to ‘minister content and merriment ‘(sig. A3) to readers. Wits, Fits, and Fancies displays the kinds of humour evident in the drama of the period, rich in puns, wordplay, and character stereotypes. Including jokes about doctors, worldly clerics, and famous church Wgures, the selections below also touch upon serious religious issues of the time, the persecution of Jews and the dissolution of the monasteries.
Thomas Lodge
Authors: Miola Robert S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Having converted to Catholicism, probably during his youth (1581?), Thomas Lodge (1558–1625) studied law, sailed on expeditions, studied medicine, worked as a London doctor with a large Catholic practice, and suVered several indictments for recusancy. Among other works he translated the Dominican Luis de Granada, and wrote pamphlets, plays, and Wction (including the pastoral Rosalynde, a source for As You Like It). As a London author Lodge mainly shares the vision and artistic values of the Protestant University Wits, George Peele, Thomas Nashe, and Robert Greene. Anatomizing contemporary vice in the manner of their works, Wit’s Misery (1596), for example, discovers in early modern London seven devils and their oVspring, walking about as contemporary slanderers, fashion-mongers, actors, liars, and haters of virtue.