bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Mason H E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Moral conflict has long been recognized as a fundamental fact of moral life, but the full implications of the possibility of conflict within the moral consciousness of a conscientious person exhibited in a moral dilemma have only recently engaged moral philosophers. The perspicuous specification of a moral dilemma is a matter of philosophical controversy, but generally speaking, a person can be said to face a dilemma in a situation in which compelling moral considerations favor each of the courses of action open to him. Suppose that a person in a position of responsibility must decide how to respond to terrorists holding a number of hostages. If he deals with them, he may win the release of the hostages but encourage the practice; if he refuses to deal with them, he may risk the lives of the hostages. Or suppose that a military commander must either withdraw air support from an exposed unit under his command or risk substantial losses to the balance of his troops. Whatever he does he will bear some responsibility for the attendant loss of life, and he may in retrospect carry the burden of that responsibility whatever course of action he might have taken. Not all dilemmas are as dramatic as these. Dilemmas take many forms, arise in a wide variety of circumstances, and appear to arise in the context of widely differing moral and ideological systems.
Moral Conflict and Its Structure
Authors: Brink David O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is commonly thought that there might be conflicts of obligations or moral dilemmas and that their existence would have serious implications for moral theory, metaethics, or deontic logic. Some alleged implications of moral dilemmas depend upon their frequency. On one such view, the fact that moral dilemmas are so common places severe constraints on the prospects for a systematic moral theory and on the possibility of moral knowledge. But a more common view is that something about the structure of a moral dilemma generates troublesome or paradoxical implications. On this view, the important question is whether there are or could be any moral dilemmas; their frequency is of little or, at most, secondary importance. Indeed, if we understand ‘moral dilemmas’ univocally in both contexts, then the question of their existence must be prior to the question of their frequency. In any case, I shall focus on this second, structural issue.
Before we debate whether there are moral dilemmas, we need to know what sort of conflict is necessary to produce trouble or paradox in ethical theory. In fact, it will be useful to reserve the expression ‘moral dilemma’ as a term of art that refers to conflicts with such consequences. When the nature of these conflicts and their consequences are clear, we can ask whether it is reasonable to suppose that there arc moral dilemmas.
Self Expressions
Authors: Flanagan Owen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Continuing the old philosophical project of reconciling a scientific view of ourselves with the view of ourselves as agents of free will and meaning, but bringing to this project the latest insights of neuroscience, cognitive science, and psychiatry, Flanagan’s collection of essays explores topics such as a scientific explanation of consciousness, the moral socialization of children, and the nature and issues of psychological phenomena such as multiple personality disorder and false memory syndrome.
Obrecht as Exegete: Reading Factor orbis as a Christmas Sermon
Authors: Bloxam M Jennifer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As its title suggests, this study dwells on analogies: analogies between com posers and theologians, between composing and preaching, between the medieval motet and the medieval sermon. Such comparisons are slippery things, sometimes obfuscating more than they illuminate. Why do we persist in drawing analogies? Sigmund Freud once wrote: “Analogies decide nothing, that is true, but they can make one feel more at home.” Freud’s observation captures the essence of this author’s motivation in attempting an analysis by analogy: the construction of analogies relating various expressions of medieval sensibilities (a kind of contextualization) is just one way in which we moderns seek to mediate the “alterity” of the medieval world-the essential otherness of the medieval mentality that precludes our ever experiencing the remnants of that culture as did its original audience. If we can detect a sympathetic resonance between a particularly abstruse medieval motet and ways of thinking and communicating peculiar to medieval people, then perhaps we can approach a step closer to “feeling at home” with this distant music.
In Defense of Americanism
Authors: Kammen Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although writing about film and for radio occupied much of Seldes’ time during the 1930s and ‘40s, along with anticipating what might become of television, there was yet another aspect of his busy life that, in certain key respects, seems to have been something of an aberration. He became, along with some other prominent intellectuals, an intense chauvinist—almost jingoistic at times. He reversed or at least significantly altered positions that he had held for a long time, insisting, for example, that there could be such a thing as “good” propaganda; and he took some stands that would embarrass him years later. As he wrote to a close friend in 1959, referring to 1936–38, “I’m appalled at what I dared to write about in those days.”
Sexual Orientation and Gender: Dichotomizing Differences
Authors: Okin Susan Moller 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Laws in the United States, as in many other countries, have had a significant impact on both the differential treatment of men and women, and the differential treatment of heterosexuals and of gay men and lesbians. Because of many changes during the last twenty-five years, explicit legal discrimination on the grounds of sex is now considerably less extensive than is legal discrimination on the grounds of sexual orientation. But there are still many ways in which social, economic, and political structures and expectations, as well as some laws, privilege men over women, as well as heterosexual over homosexual persons. These are two of the many dimensions along which persons in our society are not afforded equal treatment--in which their different bodies or desires are made to affect considerably the ways in which and the extent to which they are able to be effective citizens and to lead personally fulfilling lives. The issue to be addressed here is not the privileging of heterosexual men per se, but the relationship between the two aspects of it-between sexism and heterosexism. Specifically, I argue that both the dichotomizing of masculine and feminine attributes, and the privileging of the former, are closely related to the stigmatization of homosexuality. Consequently, to the extent that a theory or social policy aims at reducing gender-by which I mean the social salience and institutionalization of sexual difference-it is also likely to reduce heterosexism.
In Justice, Gender, and the Family, I have argued for the greater justice of a future society.free.from gender-one in which, as I put it: “[i]n its social structures and practices, one’s sex is of no more social relevance than one’s eye color or the length of one’s toes....”2 One point of criticism of the book has come up a number of times: its supposed heterosexist bias.
Democratic Sex: Reynolds v. U.S., Sexual Relations, and Community
Authors: Rosenblum Nancy L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Democratic theory provides a distinctive vantage point on sexuality, one that rivals more familiar standpoints, such as popular morality and moral philosophy, religion, and the legal right to privacy. “Democratic sex” in my title is shorthand for the view that appropriately ordered intimate relations reinforce democracy. Preoccupied with the formative effects of sexuality on character and community, an increasing number of contemporary political theorists approach the legal regulation of sexual conduct and relations from the point of view of their congruence with democratic principles. Of course, religiously inspired accounts of the public interest in intimate relations have greater practical political force today, but they do not occupy the field alone. Democratic considerations, too, give sexuality a political face.
The Convergence of Characters
Authors: Reinhartz Adele 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Existence Of Clear Boundaries between one person and another underlies the very notion of personal identity. Although the absence of the proper name does not rule out the presence of individuality, it potentially blurs the lines between characters upon which construction of identity depends. One example that we have already encountered concerns the identities of the prostitute-mothers in 1 Kings 3. Their anonymity prevents the reader from determining whether the living child is awarded to the plaintiff or to the defendant. The ambiguity created by the blurring of distinct identity creates uncertainty and challenges the reader’s tendency to impute stable character to biblical figures. Although uncertainty may create confusion, it may also be a valuable vantage point from which to interpret the story.
Humans
Authors: Zahavi Amotz Avishag 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Human social life, like that of all other organisms, reflects the interaction of cooperation and competition among collaborators. We don’t mean to suggest that human social systems are not vastly more complex than those of animals. Still, we believe that the same principles guide both; the behavioral mechanisms that survive over generations are those that increase the number of the individual’s childbearing offspring. Thus, we will be guided by the Handicap Principle as we examine the logic behind mechanisms of social behavior and methods of communication among humans.
Experiments Perilous: The Ethics of Research with Human Subjects
Authors: Jonsen Albert R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The conferences of the 1960s discussed ethical and moral issues (rarely defining these two terms) in lengthy agendas. Speakers touched on many topics, often only to express concern, seldom to define, analyze, or resolve them. The more structured discourse of the centers and commissions brought sharper definition to the issues. The lengthy agenda was abbreviated to five topics that received extensive and concentrated attention during the first decades of bioethics. The next five chapters survey these five topics: research with human subjects, genetics, organ transplantation, death and dying, and reproduction. We shall situate each topic in its historical context and review its treatment in bioethical discourse.
Context, Continuity, and Fairness
Authors: Ripstein Arthur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Defenders of nationalism have claimed at least three advantages to cultural membership. The first two are goods for individuals. First, membership in a secure culture provides a sufficiently familiar moral space within which people can develop a rich and varied range of conceptions of the good. Second, it offers support for or confirmation of certain views of the good by placing them in a larger history. The third advantage is a good for societies: cultural membership is sometimes said to make justice possible by making citizens see the sacrifices demanded by a state as expressions of who they are rather than arbitrary burdens.
Eroding Sovereignty
Authors: Shue Henry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much argument about the sovereignty of states is made hopelessly simplistic by its generality. Should we recognize state sovereignty or not? Do states have too much sovereignty or just about the right amount? And so forth. In order to get a firm grasp, we must examine specific matters over which states could be permitted or denied sovereignty of specific kinds one at a time. Sovereignty is not some mystical cloud that either envelops the state entirely or dissipates completely; there are bits and pieces of asserted sovereignty. These assertions can be granted or contested one by one and accepted in this era and rejected in the next, or vice versa. Sovereignty should, I would think, be treated more like a (crazy) quilt that can be left to cover some things but pulled off of others.
The History of Scepticism
Authors: Popkin Richard H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is the third edition of a classic book first published in 1960, which has sold thousands of copies in two paperback edition and has been translated into several foreign languages. Popkin’s work has generated innumerable citations, and remains a valuable stimulus to current historical research. In this updated version, he has revised and expanded throughout, and has added three new chapters, one on Savonarola, one on Henry More and Ralph Cudworth, and one on Pascal. This authoritative treatment of the theme of scepticism and its historical impact will appeal to scholars and students of early modern history now as much as ever.
Michel de Montaigne and the Nouveaux Pyrrhoniens
Authors: Popkin Richard H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Michel de Montaigne was the most significant figure in the sixteenth-century revival of ancient scepticism. Not only was he the best writer and thinker of those who were interested in the ideas of the Academics and Pyrrhonians, but he was also the one who felt most fully the impact of the Pyrrhonian arguments of complete doubt and its relevance to the religious debates of the time. Montaigne was simultaneously a creature of the Renaissance and the Reformation. He was a thoroughgoing humanist, with a vast interest in, and concern with, the ideas and values of Greece and Rome and their application to the lives of men in the rapidly changing world of sixteenth-century France. He was alive, perhaps as no other contemporary, to the vital significance of the rediscovery and exploration of the “glory that was Greece and the grandeur that was Rome,” as well as to the discovery and exploration of the New World. In both of these newly found worlds Montaigne discerned the relativity of man’s intellectual, cultural, and social achievements, a relativity that was to undermine the whole concept of the nature of man and his place in the moral cosmos.
Pierre Bayle
Authors: Popkin Richard H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The culmination of sceptical critiques of philosophy and theology appeared in the writings of the last seventeenth-century sceptic, Pierre Bayle, a supersceptic who attacked a vast variety of theories and opinions in his many, many writings.
Pierre Bayle was born in 1647 in the tiny town of Carla (now Carla-Bayle), near the Spanish border south of Toulouse, where his father was a Protestant minister. He lived in the troubled atmosphere of the persecuted Huguenots, whose status as a powerful minority was being undermined by Louis XIV.
Throughout the seventeenth century, from the time of Richelieu’s capture of La Rochelle onward, Protestant power and rights were being eroded. The situation grew worse and worse in the second half of the century, with severe governmental pressure to force the Calvinists to convert to Catholicism, resulting in the closing of Protestant schools and churches and the quartering of unruly dragoons in Protestant homes and finally culminating in 1685 with the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, which withdrew all legal rights and privileges from the Protestant minority.
Elephants, Gods, and People The Interrelationship of Culture and Ecology
Authors: Sukumar Raman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the end of the Pleistocene or last glaciation, about 10,000 years ago, the end was inevitable for a host of the larger mammal species, including the mammoths and the mastodons. Climate change and associated environmental change and “overkill” by humans are the most likely explanations for this extinction spasm toward the end of the last Ice Age. The Holocene thus dawned on prehistoric man with a highly impoverished megafauna over a substantial land area of the Northern Hemisphere as well as in the southern continents of Australia and South America. Exceptions to this extinction spasm were Africa and southern Asia.
Beloved A Spiritual
Authors: Holloway Karla F C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The literary and linguistic devices that can facilitate the revision of the historical and cultural texts of black women’s experiences have perhaps their most sustained illustration in Toni Morrison’s Beloved. Here, narrative structures have been consciously manipulated through a complicated interplay between the implicit orature of recovered and (re)membered events and the explicit structures of literature. The reclamation and revision of history function as both a thematic emphasis and textual methodology. The persistence of this revision is the significant strategic device of the narrative structures of the novel.
The Ghosts of Slavery Historical Recovery In Toni Morrison’s Beloved
Authors: Krumholz Linda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Toni Morrison’s Beloved reconceptualizes American history. Most apparent in the novel is the historical perspective: Morrison constructs history through the acts and consciousness of African-American slaves rather than through the perspective of the dominant white social classes. But historical methodology takes another vital shift in Beloved; history-making becomes a healing process for the characters, the reader, and the author.
Beloved Woman, Thy Name Is Demon
Authors: Harris Trudier 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If we think of Toni Morrison’s work on a continuum from Sula (1974), where she begins the transformation of woman from human being to something other than human and where she experiments with sentience beyond death, through Tar Baby (1981), with its talking trees and butterflies, then Beloved (New York: Knopf, 1987), with its emphasis on the temporal transcendence of the grave, is a natural extension of those ideas. The ancient tree mothers who would claim Jadine as their sister by drowning her in tar if necessary are not so far removed from the single-mindedness of Beloved, who would kill Sethe as quickly as she would claim her as mother. In exploring the novel’s basis in folk traditions, some prevailing ideas about the female body, especially those grounded in myth and fear, are especially illuminating.
The Principle of Inclusiveness Establishing Priorities among Interests
Authors: Varner Gary E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE SATISFACTION of interests constitutes a fundamental moral value, because to say that a being has interests is to say that it has a welfare, or good of its own, that matters from the moral point of view. So if an action would satisfy an interest, that is a prima facie reason for performing it. On the other hand, the dissatisfaction of interests constitutes a fundamental moral disvalue. So if what I do sets back the interests of some other being, that is a prima facie reason for not doing it.
Men’s Games, King’s Deer: Poaching in Medieval England
Authors: Hanawalt Barbara A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Poaching is a game-a dangerous, thrilling game of hide-and-seek that has changed little over time. Poachers’ boasting stories and newspaper accounts casually refer to poaching as play. In The News and Observer of Raleigh, North Carolina, for instance, an article on poaching comments that “in a way, it’s a game the officers and hunters play: Both know their territory intimately, and often they know each other.” A nineteenth-century poacher, a country man, filled a small book with stories of how he outsmarted both animals and gamekeepers. When an exasperated landowner finally allowed him to hunt, the poacher commented, “Now you’ve given me permission it won’t be half as much fun.” Historians have traditionally looked at poaching as a legal problem or, more recently, as a continuing battle in class warfare pitting hungry country men against the landholding class. While the spoils of poaching, particularly in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century England, did supplement poor men’s diets and the act of poaching did encourage explicit inter-class tensions, their significance is far more basic to men’s nature than a matter of simple economics. A poor man can put meat on the table by other means and can express class hostility through other avenues. The appeal of illegal hunting is that it is a manly game.
Apes, Language, and the Human Mind
Authors: Savage-Rumbaugh Sue , Shanker Stuart G , Taylor Talbot J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For more than twenty years, Sue Savage-Rumbaugh has been studying the linguistic and cognitive skills of a number of laboratory-reared primates. Recently, her work with Kanzi (a bonobo) has been acknowledged as having achieved a scientific breakthrough of stunning proportions: Kanzi has acquired linguistic and cognitive skills equal to those of a 2-1/2 year-old human child. Apes, Language and the Human Mind skillfully combines the exciting narrative regarding the Kanzi research with incisive critical analysis of the research's broader linguistic, psychological, and anthropological implications. Sure to be controversial, this exciting new volume offers a radical revision of the sciences of language and mind.
Whitman the Political Poet
Authors: Erkkila Betsy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent critical studies have emphasized the formal, mystical, and psychological dimensions of Walt Whitman’s art, dwelling mainly upon his Emerson Ian and Transcendental sources. This study is the first book to undertake a detailed analysis of Whitman’s entire work in relation to the political struggles of the 19th century. Erkkila repairs the split between the private and the public, the personal and the political, the poet and history, that has in the past defined the analysis and evaluation of Whitman’s work. Her approach combines close reading and historicist analysis, examining his poems as both products and agents of the political culture of his time. Among the topics explored are the ways in which the politics of race, class, gender, capital, technology, western expansion, and war enter into the poetic design of “Leaves of Grass”; the relation between Whitman’s (homo)sexual body and the body politic of his poems; and the ways in which the Civil War and its aftermath affected Whitman’s artistic ordering and reordering of his work.
Pardons
Authors: Moore Kathleen Dean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Pardons, Kathleen Dean Moore addresses a host of crucial questions surrounding acts of clemency, including what justifies pardoning power, who should be pardoned, and the definition of an unforgivable crime. Illustrating her arguments with rich and fascinating historical examples-some scandalous or funny, others inspiring or tragic-Moore examines the philosophy of pardons from King James II’s practice of selling pardons for two shillings, through the debates of the Founding Fathers over pardoning power, to the record low number of pardons during recent U. S. administrations. Carefully analyzing the moral justification of clemency, Moore focuses on presidential pardons, revealing that over and over again-after the Civil War, after Prohibition, after the Vietnam War, and after Watergate-controversies about pardons have arisen at times when circumstances have prevented people from thinking dispassionately about them. Her groundbreaking study concludes with recommendations for the reform of presidential pardoning practices.