bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sunken Submarines
Authors: Piantadosi Claude A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Barents Sea is one of the most inhospitable maritime environments in the world. Along the northern coastline of Scandinavia, the tumultuous surface freezes solid for four months every winter. In the peak of summer surface water temperature is 5°C, cold enough that a lightly clad man in a life vest would survive less than an hour. Nonetheless, the Barents Sea provides the only major sea route for commercial shipping into and out of western Russia during the warmer months. It is also home to the Russian Northern Fleet, whose warships sail from Murmansk with relative lack of scrutiny compared to more temperate ports on the Baltic and Caspian Seas.
Sailing with the Northern Fleet, despite modern advances in maritime technology, is almost as perilous today as it was a century ago. Since World War II the peacetime Soviet Navy has lost dozens of ships and many hundreds of sailors in the sea, including four nuclear submarines. The most recent tragedy occurred on August 12, 2000, when a state-of-the-art nuclear submarine sank with all hands lost, sending the Russian people into a state of national mourning.
The Gravity of Microgravity
Authors: Piantadosi Claude A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On April 12, 1961, 27-year-old Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin entered his tiny Vostok spacecraft atop the massive R-7 booster and rocketed into Earth orbit in his legendary three-orbit, 108-minute flight. Meanwhile the Western medical establishment was in the midst of a debate about whether human beings could tolerate extended periods of near weightlessness. The dramatic physiological effects of microgravity are multifaceted, but over the short term they are tolerated remarkably well by the human body. Prolonged weightlessness does not seem to impose a clearly identifiable limitation to survival, but it has been the source of concern in at least six areas of human biology: space sickness, cardiovascular function, lung function, immune function, loss of bone and muscle mass, and interactions with radiation.
An Account Of Corsica
Authors: Boswell James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Frontispiece: the portrait Henry Benbridge (1743-1812), American, was in Italy 1764-69; from there, between June and August 1768, he went to Corsica to paint Paoli; he came to London in December 1769 and returned permanently to America in 1770 (Gen. Corr. ii. 73-74 nn. 3, 4). Sir John Dick, then at Leghorn (see p. 11 n. 11) was the link-man; it was he who, c. 30 June 1768, forwarded JB’s letter to Paoli (presumably requesting that the portrait be undertaken) and had the portrait in his possession in August 1768 (Ibid, ii. 73, 97). The painting was exhibited in London, c. 12-24 May 1769 (Ibid, ii. 139 n. 6); the engraving was added to Corsica in the 3rd edn. title-page Non enim ... A. D. 1320 ‘Truly it is not on account of glory, or wealth or honour that we are fighting, but solely for that freedom which a virtuous man will sacrifice only with his life,’ Litera Comitum et Baronum Scotiae ad Papam (1320). Often referred to as the ‘Declaration of Arbroath,’ this letter from the Scottish nobility to the Pope asserted the independence of Scotland and rejected the domination of England. title-page Edward and Charles Dilly Edward (1732-79) and Charles (1739-1807), London booksellers and publishers. On 28 July 1767, Edward Dilly accepted JB’s proposal that Corsica should be published; he agreed to pay JB 100 guineas for the copyright; and, as his letters show, he took a keen, personal interest in the book. He contributed to British Essays in Favour of the Brave Corsicans (1769), a collection published by the two brothers. The first edition of Corsica was printed in Glasgow by the renowned Robert (1707-76) and Andrew (1712-75) Foulis (Gen. Corr. i. 187).
Neonatal Synesthesia: A Reevaluation
Authors: Maurer Daphne , Mondloch Catherine J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In The World of the Newborn, Charles and Daphne Maurer (1988) proposed that the normal newborn is synesthetic. They argued that “the newborn does not keep sensations separate from one another, but rather “mixes sights, sounds, feelings, and smells into a sensual bouillabaisse” in which “sights have sounds, feelings have tastes,” and smells can make the baby feel dizzy (p. 51). In later publications, D. Maurer and Mondloch provided additional evidence for this hypothesis (Maurer, 1993; Maurer & Mondloch, 1996) and distinguished strong and weak forms of it (Maurer & Mondloch, 1996). The purpose of this chapter is to review the basis for the original hypothesis and to reevaluate it in light of the evidence since 1996 on the neural basis of synesthesia, on developmental plasticity, and on cross-modal interactions in nonsynesthetic adults and children.
A Letter to My Students
Authors: Campos Frank Gabriel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Teaching the trumpet is a difficult task. The development and refinement of high-level psychomotor skill is a slow and frequently frustrating process. We teachers rely on our personal experience, training, and intuition to solve the problems that come into the studio each day. Every student has a unique pattern of physical and mental characteristics that must be explored and understood in order to properly prescribe workable solutions for the obstacles that halt forward progress.
“An Affection That Can Never Die”
Authors: Ferling John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Jefferson had believed that Adams possessed the attributes necessary for extraordinary statesmanship, including honesty, a rare ability to persevere in the face of foreboding hostility, formidable intelligence, and remarkable disinterestedness. Adams, Jefferson added, was “profound in his vision . . . and accurate in his judgment, “ and his tireless energy ensured that he would get things done. Jefferson saw blemishes in Adams, noting that he was vain and irritable, somewhat naive, and unduly cynical. Nevertheless, his virtues easily outweighed his faults, Jefferson had concluded in 1787. Adams was a gregarious and warmhearted soul, he said, and advised Madison that he “is so amiable, that I pronounce you will love him.”
“Quite at My Leisure”
Authors: Ferling John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Adams wrote to Jefferson in January, his first correspondence with the Virginian in years. He envied Jefferson’s retirement, he began, then unctuously exclaimed that he too planned to leave public life when his term expired in fourteen months. It is unlikely that Jefferson believed this tripe. Although he said nothing about the coming election, Adams coyly dilated on the “foul Fiend” of electoral degeneracy, and went on to descant on how he and Jefferson would be able to close their careers with their “Hearts pure and hands clean of all Corruption in Elections.” It appears that Adams, who expected Jefferson to run against him, was obliquely exhorting his likely foe to renounce the base partisanship that had characterized the newspaper wars and, increasingly, local elections in recent years. Jefferson did not take the bait.
“Our Bonaparte”
Authors: Ferling John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hamilton believed that the military-preparedness steps taken by Congress had almost put the nation “where we ought now to be.” Although he publicly characterized these as defensive measures, Hamilton quietly, and only among his closest confidants, spoke of more aggressive designs. Florida and Louisiana were the “key of the Western Country,” he declared, and their possession was “essential to the permanency of the Union.” It was his view that the “whole land force” of the United States should be used to seize Spain’s dominions from St. Augustine to New Orleans. When military operations began, he added, the “command . . . would very naturally fall upon me.” This was because during the summer of 1798 Washington had accepted Adams’ offer to serve as commander of the Provisional Army, but on two conditions: that he be permitted to remain at Mount Vernon until a French invasion was imminent, and that Hamilton be named inspector general, the second in command. Adams abhorred the prospect of Hamilton being in charge while the titular commander languished at home, but he dared not challenge Washington.
Health Promotion
Authors: Vandiver Vikki L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Health promotion is a field born out of an international movement calling for fundamental change in the way societies achieve and maintain health for all people, particularly those with mental health conditions (WHO, 2004a). Considered the “new public health,” health promotion reflects this movement and is considered an emerging field of action and advocacy designed to address the full range of modifiable and interactive determinants of health (Baum, 1998). This chapter begins with an overview of the various definitions and applications of the term health promotion. This is followed by a review of key public health concepts: prevention and promotion, risk and protective factors, and their relationship with determinants of health. The remainder of the chapter provides a chronological history of health promotion up to present day, reviews the numerous ways in which health promotion is integrated into mental health services and policies, outlines limitations, and identifies critical issues for the field. Last, the chapter concludes with a section entitled “In Our Own Words,” a summary of focus group comments from consumers and family members on the topic of integration of health and mental health care. For this chapter, participants discuss the following focus group statement: “Describe your experiences with the health system when you have a mental health problem or need.”
The Role of Developmental Plasticity in Comparative Physiology: Mechanism and Process
Authors: Hammond Kimberly A , Cardullo Richard A , Ghalambor cameron k. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Comparative physiologists have historically been interested in understanding how groups of organisms, generally in different taxa, approach problems of regulating homeostasis or dealing with external stresses. The questions we ask focus on the comparison of physiological systems that incorporate constitutively different mechanisms in different species. We often ask our questions in the spirit of appropriate examples, as exemplified by the work of August Krogh on respiratory gas exchange and blood flow in vertebrates and invertebrates. Krogh was memorialized with the principle that bears his name and states, “For many problems there is an animal on which it can be most conveniently studied” (Krebs 1975). Some classic examples are the study of osmoregulatory function in desert versus mesic mammals, costs of transport and temperature acclimation in cold- and warm-tolerant animals, and digestive design differences in animals with different dietary habits. Comparative physiologists have also investigated phenotypic changes in physiological systems or characters within populations of a species, living in different habitats, or in the same group of animals exposed to different physiological challenges over the course of time (phenotypic plasticity). At one time we referred to these types of phenotypic changes as physiological “adaptations.” However, with the advent of evolutionary thinking in physiological research, we now refer to these types of adjustments as phenotypic plasticity to distinguish between physiological states that have a strictly genetic basis and those induced by the environment.
Practical Applications Derived from Basic Developmental Studies
Authors: Keller Bradley B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Each day in the United States approximately 80 children are born with congenital heart disease. Each day the parents of a newborn are told that their baby has a problem that may require medications or surgery, or that their baby may not live. Each and every day parents respond with the same simple question, “Why?” This is the most basic of questions asked at a time of incomprehensible fear. Our quest as developmental biologists, scientists, and physicians is to answer this extraordinarily simple and complex question by defining the mechanisms that regulate normal cardiovascular morphogenesis and the events that produce altered developmental trajectories. The goal of this chapter is to provide the reader with a brief overview of the clinical spectrum of congenital cardiovascular malformations, with several recent examples of molecular explanations for specific defects, and then provide a general discussion of the fundamental relationship between cardiovascular structure and function that is present from the onset of the heart beat throughout life.
Walter Reed and the Yellow Fever Experiments
Authors: Lederer Susan E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On October 27, 1900, the front page of the New York Times brandished the headline “Mosquito Carries Yellow Fever Germ” The special report described how the investigations conducted by U.S. Army surgeon Walter Reed and his colleagues—Aristides Agramonte, James Carroll, and Jesse Lazear—established that the Aedes mosquito served as the “intermediate host” for the so-called parasite of yellow fever. Through a series of elegant and painstaking experiments, the members of the Yellow Fever Commission demonstrated that yellow fever was not transmitted via bodily contact or through infected clothing. Because there was no animal model for yellow fever, these experiments necessarily involved human beings. Two members of the Yellow Fever Commission— Lazear and Carroll—participated in early trials with “loaded” mosquitoes. Later, the members of the Commission secured human subjects, both American soldiers stationed in Havana and recently arrived Spanish immigrants, who agreed to be exposed to infected mosquitoes and to the bed linens and clothing taken from patients dead from yellow fever. Fortunately, after investigator Jesse Lazear succumbed to yellow fever in 1900, no other individuals died as a result of their participation in the yellow fever experiments.
The Declaration of Helsinki
Authors: Ashcroft Richard E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Declaration of Helsinki is arguably the most widely known and influential guideline in medical research worldwide. Titled the “World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects,” it is an official policy of the World Medical Association (WMA). Initially promulgated in 1964, it has been revised five times, most recently in 2000. The 2000 revision was greatly controversial before, during, and after its publication, and subsequently two “clarificatory” notes have been added, in 2002 and 2004. This chapter reviews the history of the Declaration, describes its current contents, discusses its strengths and deficiencies, and gives a prognosis for its future importance and influence.
Research With Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Jonsen Albert R , Miller Franklin G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the winter of 2005, at a time when fear of a global influenza pandemic galvanized public concern, healthy young people were volunteering to test the safety and efficacy of an experimental vaccine derived from an avian influenza virus. Scientific research with the potential to have a great public health impact thus depends on the willingness of healthy individuals to volunteer the use of their bodies. In addition to testing experimental vaccines, healthy volunteers are needed for early-phase safety testing of pharmaceutical agents, to evaluate the efficacy of various agents to prevent common diseases that cause substantial mortality and morbidity, for a wide range of studies aimed at understanding normal human biology, and as a comparison group for research aimed at understanding the nature of diseases and better ways to treat them.
Assessing and Comparing Potential Benefits and Risks of Harm
Authors: King Nancy M P , Churchill[ Larry R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Without clinical research on pediatric illnesses and medical interventions, children might receive dangerous or ineffective treatments. Yet society also has an obligation to protect children from excessive risks and foster their development, which could be threatened by enrolling them in research studies. Guidelines for pediatric research are needed to balance these aims, taking into account the fact that most children are not able to give informed consent.
Confidentiality
Authors: Gostin James G Hodge Jr,. Lawrence O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Protecting the confidentiality of individually identifiable health information that is acquired, used, disclosed, or stored in the design, performance, or analysis of human subjects research is essential to respecting the dignity and privacy of human subjects participating in clinical research. Theories of confidentiality and privacy of identifiable health data are featured in the earliest conceptions of medical ethics. These theories are replicated in research ethics that evolved in the latter half of the twentieth century. Research ethics have consistently reflected a strong respect for the autonomy of individuals participating in research studies by protecting identifiable health data used in conducting research studies. Legal requirements at the international, federal, and state levels specifically address confidentiality protections in human subjects research and other settings.
What is scleroderma?
Authors: Mayes Maureen D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book will tell you a lot about scleroderma. But there are two things it cannot tell you: the cause of scleroderma and the cure. These are the two most important things about any disease, and it is upsetting to the patient and frustrating for the physician that there are no clear answers to the most basic questions: “How did I get this?” and “How do I get rid of this?”
Cutting a Good Figure: The Fashions of Venetian Courtesans in the Illustrated Albums of Early Modern Travelers
Authors: Rosenthal Margaret F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this essay I argue that Venetian courtesans were not transgressors of dress codes but fashion trendsetters who played artfully with the visual boundaries separating women into distinct groups. My principal evidence consists of three unpublished miniature albums in manuscript dating from the 1570s to the 1590s that display courtesans and other women in various states of dress. Rather than mere mimicry of the styles of Venetian noblewomen by courtesans, these manuscripts show that courtesans selected clothing from many different groups of women both as a tool for collective identification and to create highly individualized styles. They also show that certain courtesans not only negotiated social freedoms as writers and musicians but managed as a collective to attract to the lagoon republic foreign visitors who hoped to witness them in action during annual festivals. Visitors often purchased visual representations of courtesans’ dress in the Venetian marketplace and then placed them, together with colored miniatures of other Venetian fashions of both men and women, in personal albums as memories of their visit.
On Hearing the Courtesan in a Gift of Song: The Venetian Case of Gaspara Stampa
Authors: Rycke Dawn De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have seen that the repertories performed by Italian courtesans to such acclaim are highly problematic for the modern scholar. Indeed there is hardly a single collection or even piece that can be said with absolute certainty to have been sung by a woman, courtesan or otherwise. In what follows I offer a case study designed to interrogate the much larger problem of the courtesan’s lost music by looking at a set of polyphonic partbooks and proposing new possibilities for how female performance of solo song might be buried in written sources. My evidence is a fourvoice collection of madrigals written by Perissone Cambio in Venice (fl. 1540–50) and dedicated in 1547 to the famous female poet, singer, and lute player Gaspara Stampa (1523–54).1 Working backwards from a polyphonic madrigal book in order to uncover solo repertory is a relatively novel endeavor, as studies of women’s solo repertories generally look directly at song-type genres like frottole and lute songbooks. My own study ostensibly addresses only the practice of a single female musician, but from it I extrapolate to a hypothetical cross-section of the repertories of Italian courtesans all told, raising various questions about how courtesans made their repertories and how their singing was regarded as cultural currency.
Who’s Afraid of Giulia Napolitana? Pleasure, Fear, and Imagining the Arts of the Renaissance Courtesan
Authors: Ruggiero Guido 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1562 the young Venetian noble Luigi Dolfin visited the noted Florentine courtesan Giuliana Napolitana, and after making a deal with her that she would come sleep with him at his lodgings, he left her four gold scudi and went about his business, one imagines anticipating with pleasure his night of pleasure. Such were the prerogatives of men, upper class and rich. They could buy the artful services of beautiful, cultured, and desirable women and in the process confirm their place on top of society as well as their power and masculinity. But the smooth power of wealth and status in this case was overturned by the young and, strange as it may sound, equally powerful Giuliana. Her power, however, is less easily recognizable because it lies in places where many are not used to looking for such things: in gender, sex, and ultimately in fantasy and illusion, perhaps her most developed arts as a courtesan. But make no mistake: her power was no illusion, as Luigi Dolfin, with all his more traditional social, economic, and masculine power, learned to his regret.
Missile Warfare And The American Imperium Operation Praying Mantis The Persian Gulf April 18, 1988
Authors: Symonds Craig L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Cold War Was A Period Of Putative World Peace punctuated by countless small wars-and some that were not so small. From Berlin to Cuba, Korea to Vietnam, the two superpowers focused much of their national energy-and their national treasure-on an effort to gain an advantage over the other, or at least to prevent the other from gaining an advantage. The weapons grew increasingly sophisticated and terrible as both sides developed nuclear capability as well as ever-larger rocket engines to increase warhead “throw weight” in a grisly calculation of mutual deterrence.
Early Childhood
Authors: Gregg Gary S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When “pediatric” infant-care practices successfully protect against the many threats to survival, they cultivate basic trust and a “symbiotic” interdependence similar to that Sudhir Kakar describes for Hindu India and Takeo Doi for Japan. In traditional MENA milieus, weaned toddlers then move into much less predictable worlds: of hunger that is less reliably satisfied, of nearly continuous ailments and discomforts, and of fears of dangerous creatures and invisible beings—conditions found many preindustrial societies. Toddlers often find themselves competing for attention, affection, and prized foods, and for boys, at least, this competition may be intensified by shaming comparisons with siblings, relatives, and peers. Girls take on housework and caretaking responsibilities that both curtail their freedom and enable them to make valuable contributions to the household; boys are mostly left to play.