bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Production Optimization with Clamp-On Multiphase Flowmeter
Authors: Black Michael , Heinks Carsten , Cramer Ron 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In order to enable real-time production optimization and reservoir performance of a given oil asset it is necessary to establish continuous production measurement of the producing wells. A clamp-on Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducer (EMAT) multiphase metering system has been developed that can be rapidly installed on all, or some of the production flow lines of new wells or retrofitted to existing wells with zero intervention. The clamp-on aspect of this non-radioactive EMAT measurement approach simplifies measurement across multiple wells within a field or reservoir. Real-time continuous field measurement results from producing wells are presented, and the associated opportunities for automation and production optimization also are explored.
The work flow that was used to configure the meter prior to installation to the line also is described. This process included empirical and physics-based flow analysis of reported well conditions based on pipe geometry, production data and PVT information. In preparation for each well, simulations were performed using the Taitel and Dukler model to predict the flow regime [1].
Following this the EMAT flowmeter was brought to multiple well sites and installed on to producing flowlines downstream of the well head surface choke where measurements were taken. Results obtained were compared against the expected flow conditions obtained from references such as test separators.
It is possible with the clamp-on meter to monitor the flow regime within the pipe by monitoring diagnostic parameters, which are compared to the predicted behavior of each of the wells. Real time flow regime monitoring can be very useful for optimization purposes and is usually not achieved using traditional well testing techniques.
The EMAT measurement technique is a novel approach for multiphase clamp-on well production measurement: the field measurement results are presented for the first time in this paper. The rapid, non-intrusive and cost-effective deployment of this EMAT multiphase flow measurement device presents potential for significant well/reservoir production and HS&E improvements in the area of oilfield surveillance and production optimization.
Strengthening Digital Transformation of Rigless Well Intervention Through ROSE Platform, Driven by Well-Planned Strategy and Business Objective Alignment
Authors: Maher Manar , Syafruddin Muhammad , Reddicharla Nagaraju , Subaihi Maad , Albadi Mohamed , Desouky Tarek , Ahmad Zeeshan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Rigless well work intervention is at the forefront of field production cycle that integrates production optimization, reservoir monitoring plan (RMP), well maintenance, and well integrity. It is imperative that the oilfield provides efficient rig less planning, monitoring, and optimization, despite of dynamic challenges of field operation, that non only ease the business workflow but also attract opportunities, improve resources utilization, and optimize operational cost. To this end, the integrated online platform of rigless operation schedule entry (ROSE) provides a collaborative access for all stakeholder to streamline planning and scheduling of rigless activities and resources.
Rigless well planning was traditionally conducted in manual basis using an excel spreadsheet. Without data integration, well input was sourced in scattered from different data bases that requires significant man hours to develop the plan. Furthermore, an extra effort is exerted to adjust or revise the plan and not easy for tracking and optimization. Progress or actual reports were communicated in email or shared folder to concerned stakeholders i.e., Development, Operation, and Well Integrity that is deemed not practical. ROSE is developed as digital solution where all rigless activities and resources are synchronized in one platform, provide all stakeholders an easy access and data extracting. ROSE also facilitates an automated well recommendation as a feed of rigless scheduling from RMP automation, PIES business plan, and well integrity workload.
The integrated online platform of rigless operation schedule entry (ROSE) has been built to integrate rigless well plan, provides collaborative input and enhance rigless packages utilization. The platform provides user friendly features to initiate, revise, and optimize the well plan. ROSE proves an improvement of 20% in rigless package utilization by rigless operation clustering that translates to potential cost saving $1.2MM per year for an asset. In addition, it generates an automated report feeding to several business performance KPIs. The platform streamlines communication workflow which reduces emails and reminders and saves thousands of manhours spent in manual scheduling that otherwise can be allocated to other essential well operations.
Development of ROSE is driven by the philosophy of do more with less with data integration and collaborative work at the core of its development. The platform is maintained simple with an easy interface for user to develop rigless well work plan. Yet, the system provides high visibility of overall rigless plan throughout the year and support realization of well operational business plan.
Physics-Augmented Data Driven Method to Detect and Quantify the Impact of Well Interference
Authors: Sinha Utkarsh , Chauhan Prithvi Singh , Zalavadia Hardikkumar , Sabharwal Varad , Sankaran Sathish , Chen Clark 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In unconventional reservoirs, well interference caused by hydraulic fracturing of a child well can significantly affect productivity of the parent well, leading to prolonged shut-ins and increased operational costs. Therefore, a reliable approach is needed to detect well interference, quantify impact, and forecast the resulting production profile. This study proposes a physics-based data-driven method for identifying well interference events and quantifying their effects on subsequent well production using minimal and easily accessible input data.
In this work, we suggest a workflow for detecting well interference and quantifying its impact based on a transient well performance (TWP) methodology. The main steps in the workflow include computing the dynamic drainage volume (DDV) using the diffusive time of flight (DTOF) method, history matching on pressure and rates, calculating transient productivity index (PI), detecting breakpoints in PI evolution, and fitting a multi-segment TWP model to forecast production rates. We also implement physically consistent validation criteria based on directional variations in water-cut and pressure to determine if the anomaly is the result of well interference. The method is scalable and is run on a routine basis (daily) to pick up new events and automatically update the forecast for all wells in the field. The improved forecast is a result of two major effects – first, accounting for pressure variations as part of the TWP method that normalizes operational variations; and second, the ability to account for interference and extraneous influence to recalibrate well performance.
We verified and validated the proposed method on multiple US onshore fields with extremely high accuracy. Both before and after well interference, the production forecast results were compared with actual production rates, and the results were highly accurate. Further, a root cause analysis was performed to find correlations between the interference results and potential driving factors. Our results indicate that not all interference events are detrimental to long term well performance. Some of the results generated by this method could be useful in understanding the mechanisms to predict or control future interference events.
This study offers a systematic and computationally robust approach to identifying well interference events and quantifying their effects on subsequent well production using minimal and easily accessible input data. The proposed method provides a quick, distinct, and understandable physics-based data-driven approach that can be used as part of closed-loop reservoir management to scale up to the entire field.
Suitability of Various Loads and Structural Response Methods for Fatigue Analysis: A Comparative Study in Arabian Gulf Region
Authors: Uthamanthil N. K. , Thomas A. P. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In shallow and intermediate seas, jackets and towers often support offshore facilities like oil and gas platforms and wind turbine foundations. Additionally, these formations may exist in deeper seas. They are tubular-element lattice structures with vertical or slanting legs and tubular bracing. Offshore jackets are susceptible to fatigue due to cyclic wave produced by wave-induced forces and high number of welded tubular connections. These two aspects contribute to the sensitivity to fatigue of offshore lattice structures.
For the successful design of offshore constructions, fatigue damage is a crucial limit state criteria since materials with greater static strength must now be used. Historically, the aviation sector was the first to use fatigue as a design criterion, followed by nuclear, steel, offshore, and marine industries. In the latter case, the fatigue limit state (FLS) must be established explicitly due to the use of higher strength steels in the design. Typically, S-N data are derived from laboratory studies, which serve as the foundation for fatigue failure design requirements.
The concept selection step for field development necessitates the consideration of a thorough approach to assess the historical and prospective fatigue damage of an existing Offshore jacket structure. It is imperative to ensure that the chosen procedure is highly rigorous due to the significant financial ramifications involved.
Successful Implementation of a Novel Low-Viscosity Retarded Acid System in a Depleted Reservoir – Case History from Mexico
Authors: Lugo Ramiro , Guillot Guillermo , Mercado Modesto , Vasquez Julio , Colon Alberto 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This paper describes the planning and execution of a challenging well stimulation operation on a well in the southeast Mexico basin. The job was successfully executed despite complex conditions and the involvement of multiple services, including Coiled Tubing (CT), downhole tools, and fluid services used in efforts to solve a limited wellbore–reservoir communication. The stimulation design included first-time operator implementation of a chemically retarded acid system proving that depth of penetration can be maximized in an open hole long interval carbonate reservoir using a Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) blend with low viscosity and a nonpolymeric water soluble modifying agent.
1 ½ in CT with a milling tool was used initially in an attempt to overcome mechanical resistance while re-entering the well completion. Subsequent trials to spot and inject fluids with the CT resulted in some success from the first acidizing treatments. The main challenge included designing and implementing a customized matrix acidizing intervention to limit the Near-Wellbore (NWB) spending and opening a pathway in a slotted liner completion with a severe mechanical obstruction.
Placement of the reactive stimulation fluids required the application of proper techniques to reduce initial pumping pressure and establishing communication into a carbonate formation. Despite bottom-hole conditions restricting reservoir injection, a comprehensive analysis and operational preparation played a major role in successfully executing this acidizing intervention. Stimulation resulted in a five-fold production increase with a stable post-stimulation wellhead pressure indicating improved wellbore-reservoir communication.
Results demonstrated significant advantages to acid stimulation jobs that include chemically retarded HCl without gelling agents or emulsifiers. These improvements include: (a) reduced risks associated with formation damage or HSE concerns if applying only gelled or diesel emulsified acids blends; (b) deployability in high treating pressure wells where pipe friction losses are a major consideration; and (c) achieving maximum acid retardation and deep penetration.
This achievement highlights the potential of conducting successful stimulation jobs where an acidizing solution may not normally be the first option in wells with challenging downhole environments restricted to flow.
A Methodology to Evaluate Video Analytics for Drilling Safety Operation Using Machine Learning
Authors: Alkaabi Sultan , Al Azri Ahmed , Al Zakwani Saud , Al Tamimi Fadhil 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In Petroleum Development Oman (PDO) mission that committed to empower employees with the needed capabilities and fuel innovation, efficiency and more importantly achieve and sustain a 100% Health, Safety and Environment (HSE), by transforming the way of handling HSE events by moving from reactive to proactive approach. Drilling operations represent a challenging environment due to human factors that prone focusing on operations mainly instead of safety of Personnel Protective Equipment (PPE). Surveillance cameras are installed in various locations in rig floor and contribute to security and safety. However, the current methods of video analytic in floor rigs are weak in the long-term sequence of nodes with missing and abnormal error value such nighttime, low illumination which causes poor images. In a proof-of-concept exercise, PDO has been provided the AI Solution to overcome all above limitation to develop AI Models based on drilling operation on rig floor. Consequently, this paper presents machine learning pipeline that is validated and evaluated the vendors Video AI detection of HSE violations of PPE and restricted zone access on the rig floor that shared video dataset. The pipeline can be described in two parts. Due to the complexity of the use case that usually difficult to be managed in-house, we propose a method to bring different algorithms solutions from different vendors where the evaluation is managed in-house. In this, we present a framework for video analytic evaluating safety operation drilling in floor rigs. This framework contains the data of video source that collected, annotations guidelines to support necessary data quantities for the best machine learning approaches, performance metrics, and tools that containing scoring baseline models to be able compute amazing performance output regarding annotated ground truth data. The benefit of this study was to address some challenges of video object analytic and tracking beyond evaluation framework that enables a significant comparison of Machine learning models, provides AI vendors with sufficient data for the exploration the automatic modeling approaches, encourages the incorporation evaluation the techniques with process development, and contributes valuable oil and gas drilling that will demonstrate very useful to Computer Vision (CV) research for next years.
State of Art Engineering Approach to Optimize Existing Subsea Pipeline Free Span Rectification
Authors: Alhajaj Mohammed Eissa , Marzooqi Ali Abdulla Al , Panambur Sandeep , AlHammadi Mohammed Nasser 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Free Spanning of existing subsea pipelines is a matter of concern during the operational phase and requires periodic inspection and rectification. Spans are mainly caused by seabed irregularities, scouring, and the movement of the top layer of soil during the operational life cycle. ADNOC has conducted periodic inspections of its existing pipelines through an ROV (Remote Operated Vehicle) survey and found numerous pipelines with critical spans that do not meet the allowable span criteria. These spans require further detailed assessment to estimate and optimize the extent of required mitigation without compromising the pipeline's health and integrity. Based on the survey findings and initial screening, it was observed that there were over 4500 free spans requiring a detailed level of assessment before proceeding with the free span correction. In this regard, a state-of-the-art approach was adopted to perform free span assessments, which comprised both analytical methods and Finite Element Analysis (FEA) before proposing a mitigation scheme.
As opposed to the conventional approach of comparing the reported span against the allowable span, three levels of assessment steps were adopted to identify critical spans that require mitigation. Initial screening, location-specific profile mapping, analytical approaches, and representative FEA were undertaken to estimate the actual number of free spans requiring rectification.
This paper aims at highlighting the methodology being adopted to perform the free span assessment of existing pipelines and is mainly focused on the different level/steps adopted in the assessment to optimize free span rectification.
PEM Fuel Cell Retrofit Solutions for Marine Industry
Authors: Skajem C. 
Published: October 2023

Although international shipping is critical to global trade, maritime transport is a major source of air pollution, including greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Despite progress in recent years, the maritime sector still relies almost entirely on fossil fuels. At present, atmospheric emissions fossil fuel powered ships include sulfur oxides (SOx), nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulate matter (PM), and carbon dioxide (CO2).
According to the International Maritime Organization (IMO), the United Nations agency responsible for preventing air pollution by ships, maritime shipping is responsible for 18 to 30% of NOx, 9% of SOx, and 3.5-4 % of CO2 emissions worldwide. In addition, the maritime risk management and environmental assessment organization RightShip projects, that if no abatement action is taken, global CO2 emissions may increase 50 to 250% by 2050 because of shipping growth. In April 2018, the IMO adopted a non-binding agreement to reduce CO2 emissions. Suggested carbon reduction strategies include improving fuel quality and engine emission standards as well as using new technologies, such as fuel cells.
Offshore Underwater Fixed Structure Integrity Assessment Using LRUT, PEC & ACFM Advanced Technologies with Minimal Marine Growth Removal
Authors: Krishnamoorthy Paramasivam , Tremblay Charles , Jackson Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Offshore underwater structures degrade over time due to the harsh environment and operating conditions of the structure leading to potential problems such as fatigue cracking or corrosion. This necessitates the need for regular inspection, monitoring, and possibly repair to ensure that the structurescontinue to operate safely. However, conventional inspection techniques face significant challenges when inspecting subsea structures, particularly related to the access of the area of interest. Removal of marine growth in these areas and the safe use of remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) can be time consuming and problematic. To address these challenges, a unique approach was developed that combines different advanced non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques to maximize productivity and minimize intrusions while ensuring the data collected is the high quality needed for integrity assessment, allowing for the safe operation of critical assets.
This approach involves a combination of long-range ultrasonic testing (LRUT) technology with marinized transducer tooling, underwater Pulsed Eddy Current (PEC) testing, and underwater Alternating Current Field Measurement (ACFM) to inspect subsea structures. The LRUT technology is initially used to screen piles for overall condition with marine growth only needing to be removed at the tool location. PEC is used to verify critical findings without removing any marine growth. ACFM is used to inspect underwater welds for fatigue cracks, all with minimal removal of marine growth.
This approach has successfully implemented in the field, including the use of underwater marinized LRUT collars, to inspect approximately 1000+ piles of circular piles (LRUT for 700+ circular piles and ACFM & PEC for 1000+ piles which includes circular and hexagonal piles) with different diameters and wall thicknesses. This technical paper provides details about the challenges encountered during implementation and how they were overcome. Furthermore, it shares real site experience and results of this innovative inspection program. The results were validated by cross-checking with other techniques such as underwater ultrasonic thickness gauging (UTG) and close visual inspection (CVI) by qualified divers to ensure accuracy and reliability of the results.
Offshore WTG Monopile Installation – Crane Vessel Preparation
Authors: George C. J. , Varghese C. , Kamal F. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Oil and Gas EPC contractors in the Middle East are gradually transitioning into the Wind farm development projects in Far East Asia and Europe. NPCC, one of the leading contractors in the EPC of fixed oil and gas platforms in Middle East is executing the installation of Wind turbine generator (WTG) monopile foundations in an offshore field of Northeast Asia. Monopiles are simple type of structural foundation used to support the wind turbines in offshore fields and are designed to withstand the operational and environmental loads on the latter. A simple and common form of WTG foundation would be a single vertical monopile which differs from conventional offshore jacket piles with respect to its large diameter (8 meter) and weight (up to 1,950mt) based on the capacity of WTG. Installation of these piles requires specialized custom-made equipment for lifting, upending and standalone vertical driving.
The foundations of fixed platforms typically consist of a jacket with a mud mat and drilled/driven grouted piles with a maximum diameter of 2.5 meters. These piles are crucial for supporting the process platforms or wellhead topsides. The conventional installation method involves transporting the jacket and piles on a cargo barge and installing them using a simple, dual block lifting system with or without upending clamps on the barge.
However, when dealing with large diameter monopiles, the transport barge can only accommodate two of them. At offshore, these monopiles must be shifted to either a separate barge or a crane vessel equipped with a massive upending hinge for upending prior to installation / driving at final location. The installation aids used for wind farm foundation components are completely different and unique from those used for installing foundations of fixed oil and gas platforms. Unlike fixed jacket foundations where the jacket legs guide the pile installation and driving process, monopiles require a gripping system to hold them vertically in place during installation. Such equipment necessitates careful consideration for layout onboard, and this paper explores the challenges involved in modifying the crane vessel layout to accommodate WTG monopile installation.
Transforming an existing derrick lay floating crane vessel for WTG monopile installation is a highly challenging and critical task. This paper delves into various aspects to be considered when converting a floating vessel to make it suitable for foundation installations on Offshore Wind Farms. The paper extensively covers topics related to Constructability, Mobilization, and Installation, offering valuable insights for the installation engineering of monopiles. Moreover, it serves as a valuable reference for any Installation Contractor venturing into wind farm installations.