bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What cure for the Madwoman in the Attic?
Authors: Rowson Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the achievements of feminist literary criticism over the last few decades has been the establishment of a canon enriched with ‘rediscovered’ works. If you had asked typical American readers of Scribner’s or the Century Magazine in 1897, ‘what novelist of the day will “last” and still be read in 1997?’ they might well have backed Silas Weir Mitchell, whose historical romance of Quaker pacifism in the Revolutionary War, Hugh Wynne, was the best-selling novel of 1897. Few of them, I suspect, would have backed Kate Chopin or Charlotte Perkins Gilman for immortality. But it is one of literary history’s ironies that, if Mitchell has any name-recognition in the 1990s, it is as not as a novelist but in his other professional capacity as a physician specializing in women’s nervous disorders. Specifically, it is his demonized appearance as the advocate of the ‘rest cure’ in Chopin’s The Awakening and –– most dramatically –– in Gilman’s The Yellow Wall-Paper that has ensured Mitchell a place in modern consciousness.
Who is George Leach?
Authors: Rowson Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Sea-Wolf opens brilliantly –– the fog-bound ferry-boat Martinez hooting its way across the San Francisco Bay at night, in an atmosphere shrouded in gloomy foreboding. On board the middle-aged littérateur, Humphrey van Weyden, is mightily pleased with himself –– more particularly he is pleased with his literary reputation and power. He idly observes, as an entomologist might look at an unusual genus of ant, one of his fellow passengers –– a man with no legs who walks on artificial limbs. During Humphrey’s complacent reverie the Martinez collides with another vessel, is holed, and rapidly sinks. So ‘civilized’ is Humphrey that at first he simply watches the spectacle as a disinterested observer. This commotion surely cannot affect him–– the ‘Dean of American Letters the Second’? Why are these women squealing like ‘pigs’? He is too refined even to struggle for his life –– at least initially.
Clarissa’s invisible taxi
Authors: Rowson Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is not an easy novel to read, but Virginia Woolf’s Mrs Dalloway is the easiest of novels to summarize. ‘A day in the life of a middle-aged upper-class London woman planning her party’, is how the Oxford Companion to Twentieth Century Literature encapsulates it. The long prelude to the novel is Clarissa Dalloway’s morning walk through the West End on a brilliant June morning (the 13th) in 1923 to select the flowers for the entertainment she and her politician husband are giving that evening. One of the pleasures of Mrs Dalloway is that you can follow quite exactly the route taken by Clarissa on her morning walk. OUP has helpfully provided a map for pedestrianminded readers. They should also set their watches. Woolf originally called her novel ‘The Hours’, and Clarissa Dalloway’s early morning peregrination through the London streets is precisely measured by the chimes of two clocks, Big Ben and the slightly belated St Margaret’s (the parish church of the House of Commons). It is with Mrs Dalloway’s morning excursion that I am concerned –– specifically, the puzzle of how she makes her return journey.
Who betrays Elizabeth Bennet?
Authors: Rowson Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Elizabeth Bennet’s final put-down of Lady Catherine de Bourgh in Volume III, Chapter 14 of Pride and Prejudice ranks with Lady Bracknell and the handbag as one of the most memorable scenes in literature. As Jane Austen tells it, it is a conflict of battleaxe versus rapier with the old battleaxe comprehensively vanquished. Lady Catherine flies the field with her magnificently hollow rebuke: ‘I take no leave of you, Miss Bennet. I send no compliments to your mother. You deserve no such attention. I am most seriously displeased’ (p. 318).
What has so seriously displeased Lady Catherine is the report that Elizabeth is about to become engaged to Darcy –– a marital prize she has reserved for her own daughter Anne. The couple are ‘tacitly’ engaged –– she loftily tells Miss Bennet. But, as she is obliged to add:’ The engagement between them is of a peculiar kind’ (p. 315). The de Bourghs have not troubled, that is, to secure the young man’s compliance in the matter.
Why is the monster yellow?
Authors: Rowson Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Simon Levene writes wittily in response to Is Heathcliff a Murderer?, correcting an error and pointing out an unobserved other puzzle in Frankenstein:
without seeming ragingly pedantic, may I mention p. 27, where you refer to a ‘metallic bolt’ attaching [the monster’s] head to its body? In fact, it is not a bolt but the ends of the electrodes through which the electricity flows into the monster. More to the point, why should Victor Frankenstein ever construct a body? Why wouldn’t one body have done quite as well?
Mr Levene’s ‘one body’ question sticks in the mind. After wrestling with it, I would offer two possible lines of explanation. The first is to be found in the epigraph from Milton’s Paradise Lost (x. 743–5) on the novel’s title-page:
What are Mr Hale’s ‘doubts’?
Authors: Rowson Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Victorians had a soft spot for novels about the ‘agony’ of religious uncertainty. The most popular, by far, was Robert Elsmere (1888) by Mrs Humphry Ward. Mrs Ward’s hero is a young Anglican minister, tormented by spiritual anxiety –– ‘doubts’. Specifically, Robert cannot accept Christ’s divinity, the biblical miracles, or the ‘damnatory psalms’. Yet, the Revd Mr Elsmere ‘believes’.
Elsmere is a product of Oxford in the 1850s. The university had been, since Newman’s first ‘Tract for the Times’ in 1833, the epicentre of religious doubt and what Gladstone (reviewing Robert Elsmere) called ‘the battle of belief’. After much spiritual battling, Elsmere moves towards a Unitarian position on matters of theology. He resigns his country living, and starts a ‘settlement’ for the poor (‘The New Brotherhood’) in the East End of London. At the end of the novel he dies of consumption. His monument, the New Brotherhood, lives on.
Where does Sydney Carton get his chloroform?
Authors: Rowson Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before Sydney Carton can do the far better thing than he has ever done he is obliged (rather ignobly) to disable his double, Charles Darnay, with an anaesthetic and have him smuggled insensibly out of Revolutionary France to the safety of England. Carton’s plan is complicated by the fact that, in reprisal for the Evremonde crimes (testified to, unwillingly, by his father-in law, Dr Manette), Charles has been sentenced to death. The young aristo is being held in the impregnable ‘black prison of the Conciergerie’ (p. 428), closely guarded by fanatic sentinels, until –– in a few hours –– Madame Guillotine does her bloody work and there is one Evremonde the less.
Cabinets and detectives
Authors: Rowson Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Sherlock Holmes mania –– which shows little sign of abating a century on –– took off not with the first fulllength novel (A Study in Scarlet, 1887), but with the series of six short stories that began in the Strand Magazine in July 1891 and were later collected as The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes (1892). The first story, ‘A Scandal in Bohemia’, lays down what was to be Doyle’s favourite narrative formula in these short tales. It is March 1888. Dr Watson (now a married man) finds himself in the vicinity of 221B Baker Street and drops in on his bachelor friend. Holmes is discovered in his usual cocaine-alleviated state of ennui. He delivers himself of some bracing Holmesian maxims. ‘You see, but you do not observe,’ he tells his dull fidus Achates; how many steps, for example, are there from the hall to the room where they are sitting? Seventeen, as Watson has a thousand times seen and never observed.
Why isn’t everyone a vampire?
Authors: Rowson Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Readers of a perverse turn of mind will have wondered at the epidemiology of vampirism as it is described in Stoker’s Dracula, and as it is displayed in the numerous film adaptations. The crucially puzzling passage is found in one of Van Helsing’s incidental lectures to his friends the Harkers and Lucy Westenra’s fiancé, Arthur. They are steeling themselves for the stake-through-the-heart operation which will ‘save’ (by truly ‘killing’) Lucy –– Dracula’s first English victim, as we understand (what, one wonders, happened to the crew of the Demeter, the vessel which brought the count to England?). To uninformed observers, Lucy has been dead and buried a week. But she has risen from her grave to suck the blood of children playing at dusk (it is late September, the days are short) on Hampstead Heath. Her little victims know her as the ‘Bloofer Lady’. Van Helsing knows her as one of the grisly army of the Un-Dead.
Egypt And The Holy Land
Authors: Robinson Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Too suggestive? Too confounding? But Egypt was the very place our doughty friend Impulsia Gushington chose as most likely to edify and entertain the noble heart of a tourist. Ida Pfeiffer, the first woman to make a successful career of travelling, found it both stimulating and enjoyable. Amelia Edwards's classic A Thousand Miles Up the Nile proclaimed it a surprisingly accessible treasure-ground of ancient civilization's richest pickings, there not just for the finding (simply kick the sand away a little) but for the taking home and showing off to one's friends too.
Risk and risk factors
Authors: Ebrahim Shah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In common with most chronic diseases, strokes do not have single causes, but seem to be multifactorial in their causation. However, even in infectious diseases that have a single cause, such as mycobacterium tuberculosis, the risk of being infected, and then of developing tuberculosis, is dependent on a chain of causal factors, some very closely related to the pathogenetic process (e.g. inhaling bacilli from a close relative), whereas others are much further back in the causal chain (e.g. poor childhood nutrition). Epidemiologists are frequently concerned with discovering characteristics of people and populations that increase or decrease their chances (or risk) of suffering diseases. The mechanisms by which disease occurs in those at increased risk is often suggested by epidemiological enquiry, but working out the final pathological pathways is a goal for laboratory scientists.
Recurrent stroke
Authors: Ebrahim Shah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Will it happen again, Doctor?’ The stroke patient is asking one of the most difficult questions to answer clearly and is expecting a straight yes or no. The clinician may toss a mental coin, and say ‘no’, realizing that this answer will be wrong some of the time but right most of the time. The response may be justified by the paternalistic notion that the patient really does not need negative ideas to ponder during the difficult period of recovery. An alternative is to give a probability of a further stroke. Depending on the optimism of the doctor this may be stated as a percentage chance of having a stroke or a much bigger chance of not having a stroke. The figure usually quoted is around IO per cent per year (Allen 1984a; Wade et al. 1985b).
Effects of stroke
Authors: Ebrahim Shah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many of the effects of stroke are not obvious for weeks or months, and by this time the patient is often back at home if admission was sought during the acute phase. Follow-up by rehabilitation teams, hospital, and family doctors after a stroke is patchy, and certainly not related to need—if impairments and disability are accepted as indicators of need (Ebrahim et al. 1987b), so it is likely that many complications may go undetected. Avoidable complications of stroke have been reviewed (Mulley 1982), and for painful hemi plegic shoulders, spasticity, contractures, constipation, falls, and fractures there is nothing new to add. In the areas of depressed mood, cognition, dysphasia, urinary incontinence, dysphagia, deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, quality of life, and support for carers, more recent studies are available. The extent of these specific complications, their importance and management will be considered next.
Pregnancy and mental health
Authors: Brockington Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As with many psychological explorations, the early work was done by psycho analysts, e.g. Fries and Lewi114.who explored the feelings of three normal mothers in depth. Hall and Mohr pioneered a more systematic approach, interviewing 66 pregnant women in Chicago; this revealed ‘a host of mental-hygiene problems and situations inimical to the prospects of successful child-rearing’. Later, Loesch and Greenberg interviewed, on an average of five occasions, 53 pregnant women, including 31 unmarried mothers.
Drugs prescribed and abused
Authors: Brockington Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whenever drugs are prescribed to a pregnant or lactating woman, the fetus is put at risk in a number of possible ways:
Mutagenicity. Some drugs cause mutations, affecting the ovum or spermatozoum before fertilization. Their frequency is thought to be related to the number of chromo somal gaps, chromosomal breaks or haploid cells. Lysergic acid may have this effect.
Introduction
Authors: Quick Clive R , Majeed Ali , Rooney Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Surgeons aspire to practise their craft in line with the principles of the Hippocratic oath. This oath originated from the Greek school of medicine around 500 BC. The essence of these principles is as follows: Doctors must be instructed and registered to protect the public from amateurs and charlatans. Medicine is for the benefit of patients and doctors must avoid doing anything known to cause harm. Euthanasia and abortion are prohibited.
Management of acute pain
Authors: Doyle Patrick , Munglani R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pain is a subjective experience that can only be experienced directly by the sufferer. Nerve activation by noxious stimuli results in pain pathway activity that forms the central core of the perceived pain. However, emotional and behavioural dimensions to pain, for example suffering and anxiety, may also be experienced. This illustrates the complex nature of pain; the effective treatment of pain may require all these various levels to be addressed.
Critical care of the surgical patient
Authors: Pappachan V J , Jonas M M , Oduro A , Smith H S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The availability of adequately equipped and staffed recovery units and the lowering of the threshold for the admission of these patients to ITU are important advances in the management of postoperative surgical patients which have contributed towards improved quality of patient care. The perioperative mortality rate for elective surgery as a whole is between 0.5 and 1.9 per cent. However, this increases substantially when factors such as urgent and emergency operations, heart failure, chronic lung disease, and age over 75 years are involved. The most common complications contra to this increased morbidity and mortality are those of the circulatory and respiratory systems.
Soft-tissue surgery and wound management
Authors: Cross K Simon , Earley Michael J , Mccue Jane , Quick Clive R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Surgery of the superficial tissues requires care and attention to ensure that a good functional and cosmetic outcome is achieved. Skin operations are often regarded as ‘minor’ and are often per formed by general practitioners or assigned to the most junior member of the hospital surgical team. However, disasters can occur if assessment is not carried out adequately and an appropriate level of surgical expertise employed. The principles of asepsis/antisepsis pioneered by Semmelweis (1847) and Lister (1867) must also be observed. The underlying principles have changed little during the twentieth century, but the practice has evolved markedly, with new methods of sterilization, disposable items, and single-use packs improving the chances of maintaining sterility.
Elective upper gastrointestinal surgery
Authors: Botha Abrie , Hughes Frances , Thomas Dion Morton ,Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For a general surgeon, the foregut includes the embryological foregut and midgut, and the associated solid organs. This chapter deals sequentially with the common, and some not so common, disorders of the oesophagus, stomach, duodenum, liver, biliary tree, pancreas, and spleen.
Colorectal surgery
Authors: Saunders Mike , Abercrombie John , Everett Paul Thomas with W G , McGregor John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The surgical principles employed in most colorectal procedures have been steadily evolving over the past 120 years. Standard methods for resection of all parts of the colon have now been formalized and technical advances have been made with stapling devices which sometimes obviate the need for a permanent stoma in patients with low rectal carcinoma. The ability to anastomose bowel low in the pelvis at the level of the anorectal ring is the key advance, which allows low anterior resections and ideal pouch procedures to be undertaken. However, it is still necessary to pay close attention to the details of patient prepara tion if morbidity and mortality are to be kept at a minimum.
Venous and lymphatic disorders
Authors: Sarin S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ulcerating wounds of the lower limbs must have been treated by innumerable men of medicine in the past, but the association between ulcers and varicose veins is attributed to Hippocrates of Cos (460-377 BC), who was also the first to recommend incision of the varies and compression, to squeeze out the ‘humours’. The rise of the Roman Empire saw Aulus Cornelius Celsus (AD 30) deal with the treatment of ulcers by bandaging with linen, and Galen (AD 130-200) is said to have popularized avulsion techniques of varicose veins. However, Galen’s erroneous views of anatomy and physiology, based on comparative anatomical dissections (he had little access to human post mortem specimens) and the dogmatic views of the Church, marked an enduring stagnation in the development of surgery in Europe throughout the Middle Ages.
Psychiatry and Psychopathology
Authors: Cutting J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There have been documented instances of madness for as long as there have been records of human activity. During Roman times, some consensus was reached as to how it should be classified, and this classification persisted largely unchanged until the beginning of the nineteenth century. The extent of the agreement is illustrated in Table 2.1, where the opinions of three of the most eminent Roman physicians and those of four subsequent writers on the topic are shown. There was one type associated with febrile illness-variously called phrenitis, frenisie, or delirium. There was dementia, also variously named. Then there was melancholia, So far, there was considerable agreement. But madness not accounted for by the above categories was the subject of much dispute. (What are now regarded as neurological, developmental, and neurotic conditions were placed in the same category as madness,)
Self
Authors: Cutting J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The self, as a unique unity of inward qualities, is a modern concept dating back no earlier than the beginning of the nineteenth century. In the words of Foucault (1966): ‘Man was constituted at the beginning of the nineteenth century’. The origins of the concept are well traced up to this period by van Peursen (1966), Wilkes (1988), and Taylor (1989).
Language
Authors: Cutting J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The study of language for itself is largely a development of the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Saussure (1857-1913) is regarded as the seminal figure who founded linguistics, with his posthumous Cours de linguistique generale published in 1916. Therefore views on the nature of language can be conveniently considered under three headings: pre-Saussurian, Saussurian, and post-Saussurian.
What is medical audit?
Authors: Lawrence Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Audit is such an unsatisfactory term that it is hard to understand how it ever became adopted by the medical profession. Its derivation from the Latin audio implies listening rather than doing, passivity rather than an active endeavour to change. Its usage in the accountancy and business world implies external scrutiny of activity with the promise of corrective action, rather than a professional commitment to improvement. Perhaps it was adopted because early examples of the audit of medical care were externally organized reviews of hospital medical care provision, heavily concerned with examining the outcome of clinical care, rather than searching for an overall improvement in medical services. For example, the confidential enquiry into maternal deaths has been a long running—and successful— assessment of the clinical outcome of pregnancy, but with little concern for patient acceptability.
Medical audit and accountability
Authors: Metcalfe David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To be an independent contractor is not to be absolved of accountability. Doctors are paid to provide medical care, and many of the actions they take cost the NHS public money. Those who spend public money are accountable to Ministers in Parliament. In the case of primary health care this accountability is mediated through Family Health Service Authorities (FHSAs), who supervise contracts by monitoring claims for item of service or target achievement, prescribing activity from Prescribing Analysis and Cost (PACT), and now other activities from practice reports. This constitutes external performance review, and it enables FHSAs to make comparisons, both between practices and between any given practice and whatever it chooses to cite as the ‘norm’ or expected level of performance.
Preventive care: child surveillance and women’s health
Authors: Pierce Mary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The foundations of our current child health services lie in the dreadful mortality figures of the end of the last century. In 1900 in Nottingham 161 per 1000 children died within their first year of life. By 1922 a child welfare service had been started. In 1967 the Sheldon Report recommended a series of checks which have been repeated almost continuously since then (Sheldon Report 1967). The Royal College of General Practitioners report Healthier children—thinking prevention strongly advocated the early integration of developmental surveillance into general practice (Royal College of General Practitioners 1982). In 1989 a review of child health surveillance Health for all children (Hall 1990, 2nd edn) critically appraised current activities and made recommendations as to whether practices should be continued or discontinued.