bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Technology vs ‘terrorism’: circuits of city surveillance since September 11th
Authors: Lyon David 
Published: October 2003

Since September 11th 2001 ‘terrorism’ has understandably become the preoccupation of many, especially in urban areas, where the threat of ‘terrorism’ is greatest. High on the list of priorities is tightening up the technological means of ensuring security, by adopting in particular new surveillance measures. While these are mainly expansions of already existing systems — biometrics, ID cards, CCTV and communications interception — an interesting and perhaps disturbing new feature of these is the apparent willingness to create modes of integration between previously separate systems. Similar software and dependence on algorithmic techniques permit data‐sharing across several boundaries that were previously less porous. The dispersed data‐gathering of the surveillant assemblage, that includes relatively ‘innocent’ items such as consumer transaction trails —‘categorical seduction’— converges with the more centralized activities of policing and intelligence —‘categorical suspicion’— in the effort to make urban areas safe. The consequences of this are likely to be far‐reaching, reinforcing our reliance on technological solutions, and increasingly inserting them into the routines of everyday life in the city.Depuis le 11 septembre 2001, le ‘terrorisme’ est naturellement devenu la préoccupation de beaucoup, surtout dans les zones urbaines où la menace ‘terroriste’ est la plus forte. Aux premiers rangs des priorités, on trouve les moyens technologiques d'assurer la sécurité, notamment l'adoption de nouvelles mesures de surveillance. Si certaines consistent principalement àétendre les systèmes existants (biométrie, cartes d'identité, circuits de télévision et interception des communications), l'une des nouvelles méthodes, intéressante mais quelque peu troublante, est la volonté apparente de créer des modes d'intégration entre des systèmes jusqu'alors indépendants. Des logiciels similaires et une subordination à des techniques algorithmiques permettent le partage de données à travers plusieurs frontières auparavant moins perméables. La collecte de données éparses dans l'assemblage de surveillance, incluant des éléments relativement ‘innocents’ tels que le suivi des transactions de clients s'allie aux activités les plus centralisées de la police et du renseignement afin de sécuriser les zones urbaines. Les conséquences sont susceptibles d'aller plus loin, renforçant notre dépendance à l'égard de solutions technologiques et multipliant celles‐ci dans les routines de la vie quotidienne urbaine.
Dealing with urban terror: heritages of control, varieties of intervention, strategies of research
Authors: Molotch Harvey , McClain Noah 
Published: October 2003

The events of September 11th bring urgency to problems of urban security, both in terms of finding ways to protect cities from attacks by terrorists and also protecting urban life from repressive measures that form in reaction to those attacks. We outline a rationale for urbanists to participate in analysis and policy‐formulation on security issues and examine the utility of past urban research strategies, including criminology, in terms of their relevance to the current challenge. We suggest principles to guide future urban policy in light of past experiences.Les événements du 11 septembre rendent urgents les problèmes de sécurité urbaine, à la fois pour trouver des façons de protéger les villes contre des attaques terroristes et pour préserver la vie urbaine de mesures répressives en réponse à ces attaques. L'article argumente en faveur de la participation d'urbanistes à l'analyse et à la formulation d'une politique publique sur les questions de sécurité. Il examine le parti à tirer des stratégies de recherches urbaines antérieures (y compris en criminologie) en fonction de leur pertinence par rapport au défi actuel. De plus, il suggère des principes permettant d'orienter la politique urbaine future à la lumière des expériences passées.
World cities in poor countries: conclusions from case studies of the principal regional and global players
Authors: Gugler Josef 
Published: October 2003

This is a brief report on a study of world cities in the under‐researched poor countries. Whereas previous work has focused rather haphazardly on one or a few cities beyond the West, this is the first study to systematically cover such ‘second‐tier’ world cities. Fourteen leading authorities from diverse backgrounds bring their expertise to bear on twelve world cities across four continents. Alongside the economic, they consider the political and cultural role these cities play within their regions and at the global level. The study leads to three principal conclusions: (1) these cities are extraordinarily diverse; (2) the city centers have become elite enclaves; and (3) along with the forces of globalization, the state and popular movements are important actors. These findings indicate the need for research that moves beyond the focus on globalization to take into account the multiple forces shaping world cities. And they demonstrate the benefits of overcoming an ethnocentrism in urban studies that privileges Western cities as locales of study and sources of generalization.Ce compte rendu résume une étude sur les grandes villes mondiales situées dans les pays pauvres délaissés par les recherches. Tandis que les travaux précédents s'étaient consacrés, plutôt au hasard, à quelques grandes villes hors d'Occident, cette étude est la première à couvrir systématiquement les villes mondiales ‘de second ordre’. Quatorze auteurs éminents d'appartenances diverses apportent leur expertise à l'égard de douze grandes villes mondiales réparties sur quatre continents. Ces chercheurs s'intéressent non seulement à la fonction économique, mais aussi aux rôles politique et culturel de ces villes au niveau régional et international. Trois conclusions majeures se dégagent: ces villes sont extraordinairement diverses, les centres‐villes sont devenus des enclaves pour élites et, parallèlement aux poussées de la mondialisation, l'État et les mouvements populaires sont des acteurs importants. Ces résultats montrent la nécessité de réaliser des recherches qui dépassent le seul plan de la mondialisation pour tenir compte des forces multiples qui façonnent les villes mondiales. De plus, ils prouvent qu'il vaut mieux s'émanciper de l'ethnocentrisme des études urbaines, lequel privilégie les villes occidentales comme sites d'étude et sources de généralisation.
Toward an understanding of the spatiality of urban poverty: the urban poor as spatial actors
Authors: Gotham Kevin Fox 
Published: October 2003

The last two decades have witnessed an explosion of empirical research on the role of space in group life at the same time scholars have lamented the under‐theorization of space in sociology. In particular, mainstream poverty researchers have conceptualized space as a neutral backdrop against which action unfolds and viewed poor people's agency as passive and unreflexive. This article attempts to move beyond this space‐as‐container ontology and provide a more coherent view of how theorizing space and spatial issues can help us understand the actions of the urban poor. At the core of the paper is an attempt to theorize agency as a spatial phenomenon — with spatial attributes and spatial influences — and offer empirical insight into how different spatial meanings can enable or constrain particular forms of social action and behavior. My intent is to contribute to an understanding of the urban poor as spatial actors. I argue that the importance of space lies in understanding it as an object of political struggle, a constitutive component of human agency, and a facilitator as well as constraint upon action.Les deux dernières décennies ont connu une explosion des recherches empiriques sur le rôle de l'espace dans la vie de groupe, tandis que les intellectuels déploraient le manque de théorisation de l'espace en sociologie. En particulier dans le courant dominant de la recherche sur la pauvreté, l'espace a été conceptualisé comme un décor neutre devant lequel se déroule l'action, et la capacité d'action des pauvres était considérée comme passive et irréfléchie. Cet article tente de dépasser cette ontologie de l'espace‐contenant et de fournir une vision plus cohérente de la façon dont on peut théoriser l'espace et dont les aspects spatiaux peuvent aider à comprendre les actions des populations urbaines pauvres. L'essence de ce travail vise à théoriser l'agence en tant que phénomène spatial — avec des influences et attributs spatiaux — et à proposer un aperçu empirique de la manière dont différentes significations spatiales peuvent susciter ou limiter des formes spécifiques d'action et de comportement sociaux. Le propos est de contribuer à une reconnaissance des pauvres des villes en tant qu'acteurs spatiaux. Donner son importance à l'espace, c'est le concevoir comme thème de lutte politique, élément constitutif de l'agence humaine, ainsi qu'aide et entrave à toute action.
Architecture, banal nationalism and re‐territorialization
Authors: McNeill Donald , Tewdwr‐Jones Mark 
Published: October 2003

This article concerns the relationship between architecture, territory and identity within major city‐regions, and attempts to unpick notions of cultural and aesthetic meanings stemming from particular mega‐projects. Debates over the form and function of major new architectural projects reveal ongoing attempts by territorial elites to re‐narrate nations within the context of the re‐regulation of sovereignty within Europe. To understand what these processes may mean, we employ Billig's conception of ‘banal nationalism’, which notes the pervasiveness of nationalism as an ideology through everyday life. We explore the idea practically by considering one example of an urban development project: the (unbuilt) Welsh Opera House in Cardiff Bay and the machinations that occurred politically over the choice of a mega‐project to represent the re‐branding of both a city and a nation. We conclude the article by suggesting that it is important to identify forms of aesthetics, function and location within cities, since the architectural mega‐project is increasingly becoming a key tool in the search for new national brands in Europe's free market of identities. Overall, although it may be worthwhile for culture to play a significant role within debates regarding nationalism and identity within globalization, cultural meanings generated from aesthetic forms may take different modes according to what territorial scale a mega‐project is attempting to represent.Portant sur la relation entre architecture, territoire et identité dans les grandes villes ou régions, cet article tente de démêler les notions de significations culturelle et esthétique émanant de certains méga‐projets. Les débats sur la forme et la fonction des nouveaux grands projets architecturaux révèlent les efforts constants des élites territoriales pour re‐raconter les nations dans le contexte de la re‐régulation de la souveraineté en Europe. Pour comprendre le sens que peuvent avoir ces processus, l'article emprunte à Billig son concept du ‘nationalisme banal’, qui souligne l'imprégnation d'une idéologie nationaliste dans la vie quotidienne. Cette idée est examinée à partir d'un exemple concret de projet d'urbanisme: le Welsh Opera House de Cardiff Bay (jamais construit) et les méandres politiques sur le choix d'un méga‐projet visant à traduire la redéfinition à la fois d'une ville et d'une nation. La conclusion suggère qu'il est important d'identifier des formes d'esthétique, de fonction et de localisation au sein des grandes villes, puisqu'un grand projet architectural devient progressivement un outil‐clé dans la quête de nouvelles “marques” nationales sur le marché libre européen des identités. Globalement, si la culture a intérêt à jouer un rôle important dans les débats sur le nationalisme et l'identité au cur de la mondialisation, les significations culturelles nées de formes esthétiques sont susceptibles de prendre différents statuts selon l'échelle territoriale que cherche à représenter un méga‐projet.
China's Urbanization
Authors: Friedmann John 
Published: October 2003

Books reviewed in this article:Susan D. Blum,Portraits of “Primitives”: Ordering Human Kinds in the Chinese NationLiz Zhang,Strangers in the City: Reconfigurations of Space, Power, and Social Networks within China's Floating PopulationNancy N. Chen, Constance D. Clark, Suzanne Gottschang and Lyn Jeffery (eds.),China Urban: Ethnographies of Contemporary CultureJohn R. Logan (ed.),The New Chinese City: Globalization and Market Reform
Annotation: Hyperlexia: disability or superability?
Authors: Grigorenko Elena L. , Klin Ami , Volkmar Fred 
Published: October 2003

Background: Hyperlexia is the phenomenon of spontaneous and precocious mastery of single‐word reading that has been of interest to clinicians and researchers since the beginning of the last century.Methods: An extensive search of publications on the subject of hyperlexia was undertaken and all available publications were reviewed.Results: The literature can be subdivided into discussions of the following issues: (1) whether hyperlexia is a phenomenon that is characteristic only of specific clinical populations (e.g., children with developmental delays) or whether it can also be observed in the general population; (2) whether hyperlexia is a distinct syndrome comorbid with a number of different disorders or whether it is a part of the spectrum of some other clinical condition(s); (3) whether hyperlexia should be defined through single‐word reading superiority with regard to reading comprehension, vocabulary, general intelligence, any combination of the three, or all three characteristics; (4) whether there is a specific neuropsychological profile associated with hyperlexia; (5) whether hyperlexia is characterized by a particular developmental profile; and (6) whether hyperlexia should be viewed as a disability (deficit) or superability (talent).Conclusions: We interpret the literature as supporting the view that hyperlexia is a superability demonstrated by a very specific group of individuals with developmental disorders (defined through unexpected single‐word reading in the context of otherwise suppressed intellectual functioning) rather than as a disability exhibited by a portion of the general population (defined through a discrepancy between levels of single‐word reading and comprehension). We simultaneously argue, however, that multifaceted and multi‐methodological approaches to studying the phenomenon of hyperlexia, defined within the research framework of understanding single‐word reading, are warranted and encouraged.
Family dynamics and preadolescent girls with ADHD: the relationship between expressed emotion, ADHD symptomatology, and comorbid disruptive behavior
Authors: Peris Tara S. , Hinshaw Stephen P. 
Published: October 2003

Background: Despite the strong biological underpinnings of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), family factors remain salient influences on the course of the disorder. However, relatively little is known about how family‐level variables relate to ADHD in girls and whether these variables are linked primarily to core ADHD symptomatology or to comorbid aggressive conditions.Methods: We investigated the relationship between parental expressed emotion (EE), measured via the five‐minute speech sample (FMSS), and ADHD as well as comorbid disruptive behavior disorders, in a diverse sample of 131 girls aged 6–12 years.Results: High parental EE was associated with both ADHD and aggression, whether these constructs were measured categorically or continuously. The EE component of criticism, as opposed to emotional overinvolvement (EOI), showed the stronger associations with both constructs. ADHD subtypes (Inattentive vs. Combined) were equivalent with respect to prediction from high EE status. Whereas linkages with EE were stronger for ADHD than for aggression and withstood control of comorbid aggression, the converse was not true – i.e., the link between EE and aggression did not hold with control of ADHD. Multiple regression analyses revealed that the associations were independent of parenting stress and maternal depression; exploratory analyses revealed interactions between EE and (a) maternal depression and (b) Child Verbal IQ with respect to predictions of disruptive behavior.Conclusions: These findings add to a growing body of literature on ADHD in girls and highlight a pivotal link between family dynamics and the spectrum of ADHD‐related behaviors. They also indicate that inattentive symptoms may be equally challenging to parents as hyperactive/impulsive symptoms.
Deliberate self‐harm in adolescents: a study of characteristics and trends in Oxford, 1990–2000
Authors: Hawton Keith , Hall Stephanie , Simkin Sue , Bale Liz , Bond Alison , Codd Sharon , Stewart Anne 
Published: October 2003

Background: Deliberate self‐harm (DSH) is a major healthcare problem in adolescents. Identification of targets for prevention and treatment requires ongoing monitoring of trends and characteristics of those involved.Method: Using data from the Oxford Monitoring System for Attempted Suicide, we have examined trends and characteristics in adolescents aged 12–18 years presenting to a general hospital because of DSH between 1990 and 2000.Results: The numbers of presentations by females increased during the study period. An association of DSH with school stress was suggested by there being fewer presentations during the school holiday periods, the largest number in term times occurring on Mondays, and study problems being common. Self‐poisoning was involved in more than 90% of episodes. Paracetamol overdoses decreased following legislation on pack sizes of analgesics. Antidepressant overdoses increased during the study period, in keeping with the rise in prescriptions. Drug misuse increased markedly in the boys, as did a history of violence to others. Being a victim of violence increased in girls. Suicide intent was higher in males. Problems faced by the adolescents showed marked gender differences, and differed between age groups and between those carrying out their first DSH episode and repeaters.Conclusions: Clinical management of DSH in adolescents requires a range of responses, often involving multiservice and multidisciplinary input. Preventive initiatives in schools are also required.
The Prevalence of Tourette Syndrome in 13–14‐year‐olds in Mainstream Schools
Authors: Hornsey Heatha , Banerjee Sube , Zeitlin Harry , Robertson Mary 
Published: October 2003

This study's aim was to estimate the prevalence and describe the clinical characteristics of Tourette syndrome (TS) in 13–14‐year‐old schoolchildren attending mainstream secondary schools. A three‐stage ascertainment procedure was used to identify those who had TS. First, all 1012 Year 9 pupils were screened for tics using validated self‐report questionnaires, which were completed by parents, teachers, and pupils. Data were available from at least one informant for 918 (90.7%) subjects. Tics were identified in 189 (18.7%) pupils. Second, families were contacted and a semistructured interview was carried out to determine whether they had TS. Finally, to ensure that the diagnosis of TS was correct, all those assessed as having TS were systematically assessed by an expert clinician in the field of TS.Seven young people were identified as fulfilling the criteria for TS, giving a minimum prevalence rate amongst 13–14‐year‐olds of 0.76% (95% CI 0.31 to 1.57) and a more realistic estimate of 1.85% (95 % CI 1.00 to 2.95). Behavioural problems, in particular hyperkinetic disorder, were frequently associated with the TS group. These findings lend further support to the contention that the prevalence of TS in the community has hitherto been underestimated, though the symptoms may be generally milder than cases of TS presenting to clinics. This study supports the need for vigilance for TS in school‐age children in primary care and in educational settings, so that children with this potentially serious disorder can be identified and assessed and effective management packages can be formulated to address their needs, when necessary.
The Differential Assessment of Children's Attention: The Test of Everyday Attention for Children (TEA‐Ch), Normative Sample and ADHD Performance
Authors: Manly Tom , Anderson Vicki , Nimmo‐Smith Ian , Turner Anna , Watson Peter , Robertson Ian H. 
Published: October 2003

“Attention” is not a unitary brain process. Evidence from adult studies indicates that distinct neuroanatomical networks perform specific attentional operations and that these are vulnerable to selective damage. Accordingly, characterising attentional disorders requires the use of a variety of tasks that differentially challenge these systems. Here we describe a novel battery, the Test of Everyday Attention for Children (TEA‐Ch), comprising nine subtests adapted from the adult literature. The performance of 293 healthy children between the ages of 6 and 16 is described together with the relationships to IQ, existing measures of attention, and scholastic attainment. This large normative sample also allows us to test the fit of the adult model of functionally separable attention systems to the observed patterns of variance in children's performance. A Structural Equation Modelling approach supports this view. A three‐factor model of sustained and selective attention and higher‐level “executive” control formed a good fit to the data, even in the youngest children. A single factor model was rejected.There are behavioural and anatomical grounds to believe that Attention Deficit Disorder ADD) is particularly associated with poor self‐sustained attention and behavioural control. The TEA‐Ch performance of 24 boys diagnosed with ADD presented here is consistent with this view. When performance levels on WISC‐I11 subtests were taken into account, specific deficits in sustained attention were apparent while selective attention performance was within the normal range.
Balancing Work and Family: A Controlled Evaluation of the Triple P‐ Positive Parenting Program as a Work‐Site Intervention
Authors: Martin Alicia J. , Sanders Matthew R. 
Published: October 2003

Background: Despite a wealth of evidence showing that behavioural family intervention is an effective intervention for parents of children with behavioural and emotional problems, little attention has been given to the relationship between parents functioning at work and their capacity to manage parenting and other home responsibilities. This study evaluated the effects of a group version of the Triple‐P Positive Parenting Program (WPTP) designed specifically for delivery in the workplace.Method: Participants were 42 general and academic staff from a major metropolitan university who were reporting difficulties managing home and work responsibilities and behavioural difficulties with their children. Participants were randomly assigned to WPTP, or to a waitlist control (WL) condition.Results: Following intervention, parents in WPTP reported significantly lower levels of disruptive child behaviour, dysfunctional parenting practices, and higher levels of parental self‐efficacy in managing both home and work responsibilities, than parents in the WL condition. These short‐term improvements were maintained at 4‐months follow‐up. There were also additional improvements in reported levels of work stress and parental distress at follow‐up in the WPTP group compared to post‐intervention.Conclusions: Implications for the development of ‘family‐friendly’ work environments and the prevention of child behaviour problems are discussed.