bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reading Aloud and Spelling in Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Graham Naida L , Patterson Karalyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Alzheimer’s initial report of a patient with this disease (1907, translated in 1977), both reading and writing deficits were noted. The study of these deficits in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) was, however, limited until the 1980s, when research on the neuropsychological features of AD proliferated. Examination of reading and writing in AD was initially done in the context of investigations focused on clinical issues or general language functioning, and the assessments were, therefore, somewhat superficial. Nevertheless, these studies established that agraphia is a common early symptom in AD (Appell et al.1982; Cummings et al.1985; Faber-Langendoen et al.1988; Murdoch et al.1987). The findings on reading have been less consistent. Early work gave rise to the traditional view that reading aloud is well-preserved in AD (Bayles et al.1992; Code and Lodge 1987; Cummings et al.1986; Friedman et al.1992; Nelson and McKenna 1975; Sasanuma et al.1992; Sevush 1984), but it has subsequently been demonstrated that this usually applies only to certain types of words (see below).
Cognitive Approaches to the Management of Dementia
Authors: Rusted Jennifer M , Clare Linda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Impairment in episodic memory—memory for temporally and spatially defined events, which are both personally relevant and context—dependent-is a defining feature of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) (Brandt and Rich 1995) and is typically present in severe form from the earliest stages. Semantic memory—memory for lexical information, facts and general knowledge—is impaired in some people with early-stage AD (Hodges and Patterson 1995) and is increasingly affected as the dementia progresses.
GPCR signalling through enzymatic cascades
Authors: Challiss R A John , Nahorski Stefan R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is now appreciated that the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) constitute a superfamily of proteins that allow cells within multicellular organisms to respond to their environment and to exchange information. Of the 600-plus GPCRs already identified in the human genome (Venter et al. 2001), many are expressed exclusively, or at their highest levels, within the central nervous system (CNS). Despite this abundance of GPCRs in the CNS, it is only recently that we have begun to appreciate how these receptors contribute to the control of specific aspects of neuronal function. In this Chapter we will discuss the intracellular pathways regulated by GPCRs with a view to providing an insight into the diversity of mechanisms by which this receptor superfamily can mediate and modulate neuronal signalling.
GPCR signalling through ion channels
Authors: Roberson Christov , Clapham David E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
G proteins act as relay stations which sense structural changes on the receptor protein in response to ligand binding and translate this action into the onset of a cellular response, as illustrated in the previous chapter. This is often manifest as alterations in the activity of a number of different intracellular biochemical cascades. However, many GPCRs have also been shown to interact with ion channels in complex ways. When considering the coupling mechanisms that link seven-transmembrane receptors to the activation or inhibition of ion channels a number of questions arise. First, one must establish which G protein subclass is involved in the regulatory step. Thus far, at least 20 different G-alpha subtypes have been identified and classified into four major subfamilies based on sequence homology (Simon et al . 1991; Hepler and Gilman 1992; Chapter 1.4). The sensitivity of different Gα subunits to certain bacterial toxins such as pertussis toxin (PTX) or cholera toxin (CTX) is generally used as an initial aid in this identification. Furthermore, it must be shown which of the two functionally relevant G protein subunits, Gα or Gβγ , is the active participant in the regulatory step.
Protein regulators of GPCR function
Authors: Hepler John R , Saugstad Julie A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As described in previous chapters many extracellular ligands such as neurotransmitters, hormones, cytokines, and sensory input rely upon G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and linked signalling pathways to exert their actions at target cells. The established dogma is that these extracellular stimuli utilize a receptor, a heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein αβγ subunit complex), and downstream effector proteins to transmit their signals across the plasma membrane (Hepler and Gilman 1992; Clapham and Neer 1997; Hamm 1998). Specifically, agonist occupancy of GPCRs causes exchange of GTP for GDP on Gα that activates Gα and stimulates its dissociation from the Gβγ complex. Free Gα -GTP and Gβγ then directly regulate the activity of well-defined effector proteins (e.g. adenylyl cyclases, phospholipases, ion channels) that, in the case of enzyme targets, generate second messenger molecules. In this model, second messengers activate signalling cascades that account for the many cellular actions initiated by the activated receptor. However, a wealth of new information highlights the limitations of this model and suggests that GPCRs utilize a growing list of additional protein binding partners to carry out their cellular actions (Bockaert and Pin 1999; Hall et al . 1999a )
Muscarinic receptors
Authors: Ellis John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The pharmacology of acetylcholine is in many ways a very old subject. The use of antimuscarinic plant extracts as both poisons and therapies can be traced back to ancient times. Thus, Linnaeus gave the systematic name Atropa belladonna to the deadly nightshade, in homage to Atropos of Greek mythology, who cuts the thread of life, and to Italian women, who reportedly used the same plant as a topical cosmetic to dilate the pupils (Brown and Taylor 2001). Indeed, Socrates may have been poisoned with henbane (Hyoscyamus niger), rather than with hemlock (Burgen 1995). Many cholinergic compounds were isolated to purity or near-purity in the nineteenth century, including atropine and acetylcholine, and it was the muscarinic action of acetylcholine on the heart that established the chemical basis of neurotransmission in Otto Loewi’s famous experiment (Smith 1996).
Gender Identity And Music
Authors: Dibben Nicola 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All human societies make social distinctions based on gender: for example, many societies label some work as ‘women’s work’ and some as ‘men’s work’, and in the domain of music some kinds of musical activities are deemed ‘female’ or ‘male’. Why should musical activities be gendered in this way? And what role does music have in the psychological sense of oneself as male or female? In this chapter, I present evidence for the role of music in the construction of gender identity. The approach adopted here which provides the explanatory framework for the research reported is a social constructionist perspective (although biological and cognitive approaches are also discussed briefly). Issues addressed in this chapter are the gendering of music as an activity, the gendering of musical practices and tastes, and the way in which musical texts may position the (gendered) subject.
Introduction
Authors: Pepe Margaret Sullivan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Accurate diagnosis of a medical condition is often the first step towards its control. Appropriate treatment generally depends on knowing what the condition is. Diagnosis is a familiar part of everyday life. I diagnose a runny nose and sore throat as a cold, that I then treat with chicken soup, orange juice and rest. More formal, familiar medical diagnostic tests include, for example, bacterial cultures, radiographic images and biochemical tests. Consider bacterial culture of a throat swab for streptococcal infection (strep throat), of urine for urinary tract infection, of blood for sepsis and of spinal fluid for meningitis.
Biometrika: The first 100 years
Authors: Cox D R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A broad sketch is given of the origins of Biometrika, of the contents of the early volumes and of the progression of the journal over the century. The contention ‘that numbers mean nothing and do not exist in Nature’ is a very serious thing, which will have to be fought. Most other people have got beyond it but most biologists have not. Do you think it would be too hopelessly expensive to start a journal of some kind? If one printed 500 copies of a Royal 8vo once a quarter, sternly repressing anything by way of illustration except process drawings and curves, what would the annual loss be, taking any practical price per number? If no English publisher would undertake it at a cheap rate, the cost of going to Fischer of Jena, or even Engelmann, would not be very great.
The Relation Between Measures of Correlation in the Universe of Sample Permutations
Authors: Daniels H E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent papers by Hotelling & Pabst (1936), Pitman (1937), Kendall (1938) and Kendall, Kendall & Babington-Smith (1939) discuss the distribution of the correlation coefficient when members of the sample corresponding to the two variates are permuted randomly relative to one another. In the case of rank correlation, the characteristics of the population sampled are generally unknown, and a significance test has to be based on the distribution obtained from the sample in this way.
The pair theory of liquids —equilibrium properties
Authors: Egelstaff P A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The pair theory is simply that theory of liquids which results from truncating the series for the total potential energy (eqn 2.42 or 3.28) at the pair term. We shall assume that the pair potential, u 2(r), is independent of state parameters (P, V, T) and that the pair correlation function, g2(r), is known at all state points. This implies that the thermodynamic derivatives of g 2(r)are known, which in turn means that properties which may be expressed in terms of these derivatives are known. Some versions of the pair theory express bulk properties in terms of distribution functions of higher order than g 2(r)In the treatment given below, such functions arc not necessary because the use of thermodynamic derivatives eliminates the (explicit appearance of) higher-order functions (for example, via eqn (2.28)) and simplifies the theoretical expressions.
Computer simulations and perturbation theory
Authors: Egelstaff P A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter two other methods of calculation of the properties of liquids, starting from the pair potential, will be considered. First, we shall discuss the simulation of a classical liquid by following the behaviour of several hundred particles using computer methods. As an example of this approach, the calculation of y(r) will be described. There are several uses for data obtained this way, including: a test for the results of the theories described in Chapter 5; a prescription through which numerical limits of validity of these theories may be established, which in turn allows these theories to be used as an interpolation technique between widely separated (in (P, V, T) space) computer simulation results; a starting point for theories or calculations which include higher-order potentials; a starting point for perturbation ‘theories of fluids’, which include theories for both atomic and molecular fluids; and a set of ‘exact’ theoretical predictions which may be compared to experimental results, especially for regions outside the range of validity of the theories discussed in Chapter 5.
Collective modes of motion at high frequencies
Authors: Egelstaff P A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The discussion of Chapter 14 was centred on the long-wavelength or Q &gt; 0 region of ( ω, Q) space where a fluid may be treated as a continuum. In this chapter, larger values of Q and w are considered where the microscopic structure of the liquid is important and the dynamic structure factor is related to the high-frequency modes of motion. At first, this treatment will follow the method used for the discussion of single-particle modes, in that the viscosity coefficient will be expressed as the time integral of a correlation function (e.g. eqns ( 15.3a) and (15.13b)) and the high-frequency behaviour of that function will be outlined.
Towards a settled life 1660–65
Authors: Hall Marie Boas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So, with a suspiciously superior choice of phrase (he did not greatly like the English) did Samuel Sorbière describe the turn of events which was to give Oldenburg a settled way of life in England, a post of responsibility and a distinguished position in the world of learning both at home (now firmly England) and abroad. In fairness it must be remembered that Sorbière had known Oldenburg in Paris as tutor to Richard Jones, an auditor rather than a member of the Montmor Academy. And indeed Oldenburg did not rise above his earlier circumstances immediately upon his return to England and was in danger of dropping into obscurity.
Aftermath
Authors: Hall Marie Boas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Oldenburg died his family was left bereft, his friends grieved, and the learned world felt it as an extraordinary loss. Only his few enemies rejoiced, and like Hooke saw it as creating the possibility of a major upheaval in the Royal Society. Oldenburg’s importance to the world is best shown by the spontaneous tributes paid by various individuals, tributes contained in letters never intended to be made public.
Variation in mating systems and sexual dimorphism
Authors: Bennett Peter M , Owens Ian P F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Variation in mating system among bird species occurs along two major axes: variation in the number of ‘social partners’ and variation in the number of ‘sexual partners’. An individual’s social partners are those with which it cooperates with respect to defending a breeding territory and/or providing parental care. An individual’s sexual partners, on the other hand, are simply those with which it copulates.
Representations of the complex classical categories
Authors: Neretin Yu. A , Gould G G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is devoted to the classification of the holomorphic representations of the categories GD, GA and various categories close to them. We call these categories classical in honour of the classical groups. We begin (§§3.1- 3.2) with a discussion of the holomorphic representations of the classical groups SL(n, ℂ), S p(2n, ℂ), SO(2n, ℂ), SO(2n + 1, ℂ). Here the main result is the deceptively simple theorem of E.
Fundamentals of Semigroup Theory
Authors: Howie John M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is an indispensable source for anyone with an interest in semigroup theory or whose research overlaps with this increasingly important and active field of mathematics. It clearly emphasizes "pure" semigroup theory, in particular the various classes of regular semigroups. More than 150 exercises, accompanied by relevant references to the literature, give pointers to areas of the subject not explicitly covered in the text.
Physical principles of atom probe instrumentation
Authors: Miller M K , Cerezo A , Hetherington M G , Smith G D W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite the simplicity of early atom probe designs, current instruments often include many features intended to improve their performance and range of applications. This chapter discusses the source of limitations in mass resolution and the underlying physics of the methods used to minimize its effect. Pulsed heating of the field ion specimen, used as an alternative to voltage pulsing, is also considered. 4.1 ENERGY DEFICITS In the basic time-of-flight equation used for mass-to-charge ratio determination in the atom probe (eqn 1.3), it is assumed that the ion is instantaneously accelerated to a well defined (and known) energy. However, there will always be some finite acceleration time and the ion will fail to acquire the full energy e(Vac + Vpulse) since the field evaporation pulse (typically 10-20 ns duration) will end within this acceleration period. There are also inherent energy losses, termed ion appearance potentials (§2.4), but these are relatively small, amounting to 20-40 eV. The overall shortfall in the energy of a field evaporated ion is termed the energy deficit. Atom probe designs will usually include a counter electrode placed close to the specimen, to minimize the extent of the acceleration region and thus reduce acceleration time.[1,21 This configuration also reduces energy deficits, although some deficit will remain. There are other benefits in the use of a counter electrode: the specimen field will be increased for a given applied voltage and, in instruments where the channel plate and screen assembly can be moved, the field and energy deficits will remain independent of tip-to-screen distance.
Future directions
Authors: Miller M K , Cerezo A , Hetherington M G , Smith G D W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In terms of the imagery used in the Preface to this book, the first phase of our ‘Journey into Inner Space’ is essentially complete. The ‘space technology’ needed to carry us to the world of atoms has been successfully developed. We can ‘land’ on the surface of almost any metallic or semiconducting material, ‘walk around’, ‘look’ at the atoms, identify them and even study the ‘architecture’ of this new world in three dimensions. What, then, of the futureã The one thing we can confidently predict is that it will be unpredictable! However, certain trends are clearly discernible and so we will make a few forecasts.
Truth and knowability: on the principles C and K of Michael Dummett
Authors: Martin-Löf Per 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is an ambiguity in the term ‘assertion’: you may use it either generally for a claim, a knowledge claim, or specifically for an affirmation, that is, for a claim of the form ‘A is true’, where A is a proposition. In this talk, I shall use it consistently in the first of these two senses. Also, I shall use the terms ‘assertion’ and ‘judgement’ synonymously. At the bottom of my list is the notion of truth as one pole of the distinction between appearance and reality: it is so to speak the high notion of truth, often capitalized, although I have put it at the bottom. At the top is the notion of truth of closed formulas, or sentences, which is the lowest notion in the sense that it is a purely mathematical notion, determined by Tarski’s well-known recursive definition, and I shall not be concerned with that either, but remain in the middle region, dealing exclusively with the notion of truth of a proposition and the notion of truth of an assertion, or judgement.
How to be a naturalist about mathematics
Authors: Maddy Penelope 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
1Naturalism1, as I use the term, is a metaphilosophical principle describing the proper relations between philosophy and methodology, between philosophical theorizing about a given practice and methodological decisions about how that practice should be pursued. This usage springs from work of Quine and Putnam in the philosophy of science, but I have recently applied it to mathematics in ways that depart substantially from the views of these authors.
My focus so far has been on how naturalism affects the evaluation of set-theoretic methodology, that is, on its implications for particular, practical decisions. But a principle on the relations between philosophy and methodology can be expected to raise philosophical issues as well, and perhaps to have philosophical ramifications. I will focus here on the philosophical aspects of naturalism. This is a big topic, so I can only attempt a preliminary sketch of the terrain.
Mathematical evidence
Authors: Martin Donald A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I will be discussing the subject of this conference, truth in mathematics. I will not, however, talk about the nature of mathematical truth but only about what counts as evidence for mathematical truth. I will do this not in general but only by way of two nearly thirty-year old examples from descriptive set theory, examples that seem similar to typical cases of evidence in empirical sciences. (The examples are not, of course, intended to be typical examples of mathematical evidence.) I hope it will be clear that my examples are cases of strong scientific evidence for the truth of mathematical propositions. I will raise and discuss the issue of whether there are stronger canons of evidence in mathematics, canons that my examples do not satisfy.
The Tower of Hanoi
Authors: Woodin W Hugh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
concern perhaps more prevalent among logicians than among mathematicians in general is that the formal axioms chosen for set theory lead to a contradiction. Further, possible inconsistency has been a frequent point in the criticism of the study of large cardinals in general. This is without question a valid concern; however the intricate structure that has evolved in the course of this study seems to provide justification for the belief in the consistency of these axioms.
Introduction
Authors: D'eath P D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Black holes are regions of space-time where the gravitational field is so strong that not even light can escape. As will be seen in Chapter 2, it appears to be inevitable that black holes will form as a result of gravitational matter collapse. This is expected to occur for a star of sufficiently large mass, of the order of a few solar masses, once it has burnt its nuclear fuel. Black holes can also be formed by gravitational collapse of the inner regions of a galaxy, or by collisions. This leads one to look first for equilibrium (time-independent) black-hole states. The stationary (time-independent) black holes, say in a theory containing only gravity and Maxwell electromagnetism, are Schwarzschild (with mass), ReissnerNordstrom (with mass and charge), Kerr (with mass and angular momentum), and Kerr-Newman (with mass, angular momentum, and charge). It is a remarkable result that, in such a non-linear theory as general relativity, the stationary Einstein-Maxwell black holes should be exactly known, and be given in terms of only three parameters (Hawking and Ellis 1973; Robinson 1975; Wald 1984). The structure of these space-times is investigated with the help of Penrose conformal diagrams (Chapter 2). It is now known that the stationary (time-independent) black holes are stable against small perturbations (Whiting 1989). Hence it seems reasonable to expect that a matter collapse will lead at late times to a stationary black-hole space-time together with radiation which propagates out toward infinity. Much can then be learnt from studying the standard stationary black-hole models, together with linearized perturbations propagating in them (Chapter 2).
Linear Extensions and Moore Spaces
Authors: Baues Hans-Joachim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we describe some basic concepts used in this book. We first introduce purely categorical notions like detecting functor, linear extension of categories, and the cohomology of categories. Then we describe the properties of Whitehead’s f-functor which we shall need for the description of homotopy classes of maps between Moore spaces in degree 2.
Linear Algebra
Authors: Rowlinson Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We discuss the relationship between the structure of a graph and the spectrum of its adjacency matrix, and we describe a classic application of linear algebra to distance-regular graphs. The notions of graph angles and star partitions enable us to explore the influence on graph structure of an individual eigenvalue. The representation of a finite graph by a matrix provides an immediate link between linear algebra and graph theory. If the vertices of the graph G are labelled 1, 2, … , n, then the corresponding adjacency matrix A is the n × n matrix whose ij-entry is 1 if the vertices i and j are adjacent, and 0 if they are non-adjacent. Thus A is a symmetric matrix with zero diagonal; see Fig. 6.1 for a simple example.