bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ion channels and epilepsy
Authors: Lerche Holger , Jurkat‐Rott Karin , Lehmann‐Horn Frank 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIon channels provide the basis for the regulation of excitability in the central nervous system and in other excitable tissues such as skeletal and heart muscle. Consequently, mutations in ion channel encoding genes are found in a variety of inherited diseases associated with hyper‐ or hypoexcitability of the affected tissue, the so‐called ‘channelopathies.’ An increasing number of epileptic syndromes belongs to this group of rare disorders: Autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy is caused by mutations in a neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (affected genes: CHRNA4, CHRNB2), benign familial neonatal convulsions by mutations in potassium channels constituting the M‐current (KCNQ2, KCNQ3), generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus by mutations in subunits of the voltage‐gated sodium channel or the GABAA receptor (SCN1B, SCN1A, GABRG2), and episodic ataxia type 1—which is associated with epilepsy in a few patients—by mutations within another voltage‐gated potassium channel (KCNA1). These rare disorders provide interesting models to study the etiology and pathophysiology of disturbed excitability in molecular detail. On the basis of genetic and electrophysiologic studies of the channelopathies, novel therapeutic strategies can be developed, as has been shown recently for the antiepileptic drug retigabine activating neuronal KCNQ potassium channels. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Aggressive and neutral interventions in conflicts in captive groups of brown lemurs (Eulemur fulvus fulvus)
Authors: Roeder J.J. , Duval L. , Gosset D. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThird‐party interventions in conflicts have revealed complexity in primate social relationships. This type of intervention has seldom been analyzed in prosimians, although many of these species exhibit complex (multimale/multifemale) social organizations. The present study on captive brown lemurs (Eulemur fulvus fulvus) shows that dominant individuals were more likely to intervene in conflicts. Both males and females intervened aggressively in conflicts. Female aggressive interventions occurred mainly on behalf of close kin, whereas males mainly intervened on behalf of juveniles. This study also provides the first record of neutral or peaceful interventions in lemurs. Although females intervened neutrally, almost all neutral interventions were by dominant males. Dominant males intervened in conflicts neutrally more often than agressively, principally in conflicts between adults and juveniles or between juveniles. Neutral interventions by males always ended the conflicts and were often followed by affiliative contacts between participants (intervenors and opponents). In lemurs, female interventions can be explained by kin selection, while the nature of dominant males' interventions suggests a control role. Interventions by males on behalf of juveniles may increase the formers' fitness. Am J Phys Anthropol 118:253–258, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role of parkin mutations in 111 community‐based patients with early‐onset parkinsonism
Authors: Kann Martin , Jacobs Helfried , Mohrmann Kathrin , Schumacher Kirsten , Hedrich Katja , Garrels Jennifer , Wiegers Karin , Schwinger Eberhard , Pramstaller Peter P. , Breakefield Xandra O. , Ozelius Laurie J. , Vieregge Peter , Klein Christine 
Published: October 2002

AbstractEarly‐onset parkinsonism is frequently reported in connection with mutations in the parkin gene. In this study, we present the results of extensive genetic screening for parkin mutations in 111 community‐derived early‐onset parkinsonism patients (age of onset <50 years) from Germany with an overall mutation rate of 9.0%. Gene dosage alterations represented 67% of the mutations found, underlining the importance of quantitative analyses of parkin. In summary, parkin mutations accounted for a low but significant percentage of early‐onset parkinsonism patients in a community‐derived sample.
Effects of oxcarbazepine on sodium concentration and water handling
Authors: Sachdeo Rajesh C. , Wasserstein Alan , Mesenbrink Peter J. , D'Souza Joseph 
Published: October 2002

AbstractOxcarbazepine, a keto‐analogue of carbamazepine, was recently approved in the United States for the treatment of seizures of partial onset. Some patients treated with oxcarbazepine showed the development of hyponatremia, which in most instances was asymptomatic. Understanding the mechanisms by which oxcarbazepine can lead to a reduction of serum sodium levels could have therapeutic implications for the few patients in whom symptomatic hyponatremia develops. In this study, we evaluated sodium and water handling in patients with epilepsy and in healthy subjects titrated over 3 weeks to a maximum daily oxcarbazepine dose of 2,400mg. All subjects were evaluated in a hospital setting after an overnight fast and after an acute water‐load test performed before oxcarbazepine exposure and after maintenance on the medication for 3 weeks. Before oxcarbazepine exposure, the percentage of water load excreted was normal as both groups excreted more than 80% of the administered water load. After the intake of oxcarbazepine, the water load resulted in a reduction of the serum sodium and free water clearance without a concomitant increase in the arginine vasopressin serum levels. Most subjects in both groups failed to excrete 80% or more of the water load, suggesting that the effect of oxcarbazepine is physiological. We found that, after the water load, serum sodium and free water clearance were diminished in both groups without a concomitant increase in the arginine vasopressin serum levels. These findings indicate that oxcarbazepine‐induced hyponatremia is not attributable to the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone. Possible mechanisms include a direct effect of oxcarbazepine on the renal collecting tubules or an enhancement of their responsiveness to circulating antidiuretic hormone.
Impact of sustained deprenyl (selegiline) in levodopa‐treated Parkinson's disease: A randomized placebo‐controlled extension of the deprenyl and tocopherol antioxidative therapy of parkinsonism trial
Authors: Shoulson Ira , Oakes David , Fahn Stanley , Lang Anthony , Langston J. William , LeWitt Peter , Olanow C. Warren , Penney John B. , Tanner Caroline , Kieburtz Karl , Rudolph Alice ,   the Parkinson Study Group
Published: October 2002

AbstractDeprenyl (selegiline) delays the need for levodopa therapy in patients with early Parkinson's disease, but the long‐term benefits of this treatment remain unclear. During 1987 to 1988, 800 patients with early Parkinson's disease were randomized in the Deprenyl and Tocopherol Antioxidative Therapy of Parkinsonism trial to receive deprenyl, tocopherol, combined treatments, or a placebo and were then placed on active deprenyl (10mg/day). A second, independent randomization was carried out in early 1993 for 368 subjects who by that time had required levodopa and who had consented to continuing the deprenyl treatment (D subjects) or changing to a matching placebo (P subjects) under double‐blind conditions. The first development of wearing off, dyskinesias, or on–off motor fluctuations was the prespecified primary outcome measure. During the average 2‐year follow‐up, there were no differences between the treatment groups with respect to the primary outcome measure (hazard ratio, 0.87; 95% confidence interval, 0.63, 1.19;p= 0.38), withdrawal from the study, death, or adverse events. Although 34% of D subjects developed dyskinesias and only 19% of P subjects did (p= 0.006), only 16% of D subjects developed freezing of gait but 29% of P subjects did (p= 0.0003). Decline in motor performance was less in D subjects than P subjects. Levodopa‐treated Parkinson's disease patients who had been treated with deprenyl for up to 7 years, compared with patients who were changed to a placebo after about 5 years, experienced slower motor decline and were more likely to develop dyskinesias but less likely to develop freezing of gait.
Minicolumnar pathology in dyslexia
Authors: Casanova Manuel F. , Buxhoeveden Daniel P. , Cohen Morris , Switala Andrew E. , Roy Emil L. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe minicolumn is an anatomical and functional unit of the brain whose genesis accrues from germinal cell divisions in the ventricular zone of the brain. Disturbances in the morphometry of minicolumns have been demonstrated recently for both autism and Down's syndrome. We report minicolumnar abnormalities in the brain of a dyslexic patient. The corresponding developmental disturbance (ie, large minicolumns) could account for the perceptual errors observed in dyslexia.
A novel mutation in the deoxyguanosine kinase gene causing depletion of mitochondrial DNA
Authors: Taanman Jan‐Willem , Kateeb Ihab , Muntau Ania C. , Jaksch Michaela , Cohen Nadine , Mandel Hanna 
Published: October 2002

AbstractRecently, a homozygous single‐nucleotide deletion in exon 2 of the deoxyguanosine kinase gene (DGUOK) was identified as the disease‐causing mutation in 3 apparently unrelated Israeli‐Druze families with depleted hepatocerebral mitochondrial DNA. We have discovered a novel homozygous nonsense mutation in exon 3 of DGUOK (313C→T) from a patient born to nonconsanguineous German parents. This finding shows that mutations in DGUOK causing mitochondrial DNA depletion are not confined to a single ethnic group.
Effect of vibration on rheology of polymer melt
Authors: Yan Zheng , Shen Kai Zhi , Zhang Jie , Chen Li Min , Zhou Chixing 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn this article, under shearing vibration and pressure vibration, the rheological behavior of HDPE, ABS, and PS melts and the mechanical properties of molded parts are studied. The experimental results show that, under the vibration condition, the apparent viscosity of the polymer melt decreases with an increasing of the vibration frequency and amplitude applied. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 85: 1587–1592, 2002
Biodegradability, mechanical properties, melt flow index, and morphology of polypropylene/amylose/amylose‐ester blends
Authors: Basu Diya , Datta Chandan , Banerjee Amarnath 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe blended polypropylene (PP) with amylose (AM) and/or dodecanoyl ester of amylose (DODAM) in an effort to make it biodegradable. The content of AM/DODAM was varied from 0 to 40% in the blends. The biodegradability, mechanical properties, melt flow indexes (MFIs), and morphologies of the blends were studied. Biodegradability increased with increases in AM/DODAM content. It was found to be dependent on DODAM content and was at a maximum in blends containing 40% AM + DODAM. Blends with no DODAM or 2.5% DODAM showed almost no adherence of the phases. Dispersion of AM improved in blends with 5% DODAM, and it showed satisfactory adherence to PP also. The tensile strength, elongation at break, and Izod impact strength decreased with increasing AM content. However, in blends with both AM and DODAM, all these properties, especially the elongation at break, showed improvements. The same trend was observed for MFI. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 85: 1434–1442, 2002
Synthesis of a new cationic surfactant for the alkaline hydrolysis of solvent‐pretreated polyester fabrics
Authors: Gawish S. M. , Mosleh S. , Ramadan A. M. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe synthesis of a cationic surfactant was based on diethanolamine and alkyl halides such as cetyl bromide with epichlorohydrin as a quaternizing agent. It was characterized by the elemental microanalysis of nitrogen and chloride and infrared spectroscopy. Polyester (PET) crepe fabric was pretreated with a series of solvents, including tetrachloroethane and tetrachloroethylene, at 25, 50, and 100°C. Untreated and solvent‐pretreated PET fabric was hydrolyzed with 8 g/L NaOH at 100°C in the absence and presence of a cationic surfactant as a catalyst, and the weight loss was determined. The effects of solvent pretreatment on alkaline hydrolysis and PET dyeing were also examined. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 85: 1652–1660, 2002.
Effects of mineral additives on the β‐crystalline form of isotactic polypropylene
Authors: Feng Jiachun , Chen Mingcai , Huang Zhitang , Guo Yuanqiang , Hu Hongqi 
Published: October 2002

AbstractNineteen kinds of minerals, alone and in bicomponent mixtures with LaC (a mixed ternary complex of trivalent lanthanum stearate and stearin), were added to isotactic polypropylene (iPP). The influences of the minerals on the crystallographic forms of iPP were investigated. A wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction examination demonstrated that no mineral or LaC acting alone could induce the occurrence of the hexagonal β‐form, whereas the bicomponent mixtures could when the mineral was a calcium compound or contained calcium compounds, whether the calcium compounds had a hexagonal crystallographic form or not. We surmise that the actual β‐iPP substrate in such a system might be some binuclear complexes of calcium and rare earth elements with some specific ligands. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 85: 1742–1748, 2002
Time optimization of ultraviolet–ozone pretreatment for improving wool fabrics properties
Authors: El‐Zaher N. A. , Micheal M. N. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWool fabrics were exposed to ultraviolet (UV)–ozone treatment for different periods. After exposure, the fabrics were analyzed by Fourior transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Also, the crystallinity and amorphousity regions were followed by an X‐ray diffraction technique. The results were correlated by mechanical properties measurements. After a certain period of exposure, the dyeability and printability were improved because these abilities are strongly related to the percentage ratio of crystallinity regions to amorphousity regions in wool fabrics. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 85: 1469–1476, 2002
Formation and investigation of epoxy intumescent compositions modified by active additives
Authors: Kodolov V. I. , Shuklin S. G. , Kuznetsov A. P. , Makarova L. G. , Bystrov S. G. , Demicheva O. V. , Rudakova T. A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractResults are reported of research on intumescent composites based on epoxy resin cross‐linked with polyethylene polyamine and containing ammonium polyphosphate and such modifying additives as calcium borate, manganese dioxide, nickel, and chromium, containing tubulenes as gas‐formers and carbonization stimulators. The changes in composition and physicochemical properties of modified compositions under conditions of heat and fire were investigated by X‐ray photo‐electron spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and local force spectroscopy. Ammonium polyphosphate mainly stimulates carbonization processes on the inner surface of a bubble being formed during foam coke formation. The introduction of metal‐containing tubulenes leads to the formation of fire‐retardant and low flammability‐compositions with high coke and carbon structures content. The use of calcium borate in the compositions considerably increases the strength of foam coke being formed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 85: 1477–1483, 2002
Mill processability of brominated isobutylene‐co‐paramethyl styrene and its blends with ethylene propylene diene terpolymer (EPDM) in the continuous milling operation
Authors: Kumar Bhuwneesh , De P. P. , De S. K. , Bhowmick A. K. , Peiffer D. G. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe milling behavior of brominated isobutylene‐co‐paramethylstyrene (BIMS), ethylene propylene diene terpolymer (EPDM), and their blends was investigated over a range of temperatures and friction ratios using the continuous milling operation. At 30 °C, BIMS forms a loose nervy appearance and, as the temperature is increased to 90 °C, it gradually forms a tight elastic band. EPDM forms a loose band at all temperatures and friction ratios studied. For different blends of BIMS and EPDM, the milling behavior changes from a tight elastic band to a loose bagging band on increasing the EPDM content. Addition of different fillers results in lowering of the tendency to go to the back roll, even at lower temperatures. In all the filled systems, a smooth, regular, and tight elastic band is obtained at all the temperatures and friction ratios studied. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 85: 1484–1495, 2002
Removable foams based on an epoxy resin incorporating reversible Diels–Alder adducts
Authors: Mcelhanon James R. , Russick Edward M. , Wheeler David R. , Loy Douglas A. , Aubert James H. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe have successfully incorporated Diels–Alder reversible chemistry into epoxy resins. The Diels–Alder chemistry goes in the forward direction at 60 °C and reverses at or above 90 °C. One resin was formulated with other commercial ingredients into foamed epoxy. The foam, shown to have mechanical properties similar to foams formed with conventional epoxy resins, is being utilized for electronic encapsulation. Because of the built‐in reversible chemistry, the foams can be easily removed by dissolution in 1‐butanol at 90 °C. Removal allows for the rework, upgrading, or dismantlement of the electronic components. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 85: 1496–1502, 2002
High‐pressure phase equilibria for a styrene/CO2/polystyrene ternary system
Authors: Wu Jialong , Pan Qinmin , Rempel Garry L. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractTo reveal the possibility of supercritical (SC)‐CO2‐assisted devolatilization of polystyrene, the equilibrium composition data for the CO2 phase in a styrene/CO2/polystyrene ternary system is determined by a semistatic experimental technique. The parameters in the lattice–fluid equation of state of Sanchez and Lacombe are determined for the investigated system. The distribution coefficients of styrene between the polymer and the supercritical fluid phases are investigated experimentally at 318 and 328 K over the pressure range of 12–20 MPa. The binary interaction parameter between styrene and CO2 is obtained by regression of the vapor–liquid equilibrium data. The interaction parameter between CO2 and polystyrene is calculated by using the sorption data from the literature, and the interaction parameter between styrene and polystyrene is optimized by using the measured data of this study. The investigation of the distribution coefficients indicates that styrene can be removed from polystyrene by SC‐CO2 at near room temperature and moderately high pressures. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 85: 1938–1944, 2002
Development of soybean oil‐based composites by solid freeform fabrication method: Epoxidized soybean oil with bis or polyalkyleneamine curing agents system
Authors: Liu Z. S. , Erhan S. Z. , Xu J. , Calvert P. D. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractSoybean oil‐based composites are prepared by the solid freeforming fabrication (SFF) method. Epoxidized soybean oil is solidified with a gelling agent, and composites are formed by fiber reinforcement. Glass, carbon, and mineral fibers are used in the formulations. The type of fiber and degree of fiber alignments affect the properties of the composites. In addition, the effects of curing agents, curing temperature, fiber combination, and fiber loading on mechanical properties of composites and dynamic analysis are studied and reported. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 85: 2100–2107, 2002
Relationship of structure and properties of phosphine‐containing catalysts in reactions with epoxy and phenol compounds
Authors: Nagai Akira , Kokaku Hiroyoshi , Ishii Toshiaki 
Published: October 2002

AbstractTriphenylphosphine (TPP) derivatives, which are catalysts of reactions with epoxy and phenol compounds, were investigated regarding the melting behavior and catalyst effect. The melting behavior was measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and the relationship of melting behavior (melting point and heat of fusion) and chemical structure were discussed using the heat of formation calculated by a semiempirical method. Two schemes are proposed for the reactions with epoxy and phenol compounds: a complex formation scheme, and an ionic scheme. The ionic scheme was the predominant route in the reactions with epoxy and phenol compounds in the bulk state at high temperature (180°C) on the basis of DSC measurements of the curing reaction and the semiempirical calculation of the heat of formation of products and partial charge of the phosphine group in the TPP derivatives. Consequently, the reaction rate of epoxy and phenol compounds decreased by introducing electron‐withdrawing substituents such as chlorine in the basic catalyst. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 85: 2335–2341, 2002
Calcium dicarboxylates nucleation of β‐polypropylene
Authors: Li Xiaojun , Hu Keliang , Ji Mingrong , Huang Yunlan , Zhou Guien 
Published: October 2002

AbstractSeven dicarboxylates of calcium were synthesized. The effect of dicarboxylate on the formation of β‐form polypropylene was investigated by X‐ray diffraction. Calcium pimelate, calcium suberate, calcium phthalate, and calcium terephthalate have been found to be an effective β‐nucleator. The Kx values of the isotatic propylene samples with 0.5 wt % of the nucleators above are 0.95, 0.96, 0.93, and 0.62, respectively. Calcium succinate, calcium adipate, and calcium sebacate behave invalidly on the nucleating of the β‐phase. We conducted an investigation on the affect of particle shape, crystal form, and crystallinity upon the level of the β‐form. The X‐ray diffraction of the effective nucleators reveals a common character that their first reflection locate at the d‐spacing between 10 to 13 Å, indicating structural similarity of the nucleators with β‐polypropylene. The nucleation mechanism is explained by the cooperative effect of the nonpolar and polar part of nucleating agents in the crystallization of polypropylene. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 633–638, 2002
Enhanced strain hardening in elongational viscosity for HDPE/crosslinked HDPE blend. I. Characteristics of crosslinked HDPE
Authors: Yamaguchi Masayuki , Suzuki Ken‐Ichi , Maeda Shingo 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBlending a crosslinked high‐density polyethylene (xHDPE) enhances melt strength and strain hardening behavior in elongational viscosity of high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) to a great degree. Gel fraction of xHDPE has a stronger effect on the strain hardening than sol fraction, although sol fraction also enhances the strain hardening to some degree. Further, the xHDPE crosslinked by peroxide in a compression mold exhibits more pronounced effect than xHDPE by radiation, which is attributed to the difference in the amount of the gel fraction. The xHDPE, which enhances the strain hardening, has sparse crosslink points in the network. Moreover, it was found from linear viscoelastic measurements, such as oscillatory modulus and relaxation modulus, that the xHDPE is characterized as a critical gel, which was also supported by the result of tensile testing. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 73–78, 2002