bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cover Picture: Molecular Spin Clusters: New Synthetic Approaches and Neutron Scattering Studies (ChemPhysChem 9/2003)
Authors: Basler Reto , Boskovic Colette , Chaboussant Grégory , Güdel Hans U. , Murrie Mark , Ochsenbein Stefan T. , Sieber Andreas 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe cover picture shows the principles of inelastic neutron scattering (INS) in magnetic molecular clusters. An incoming monochromatic neutron beam is scattered by a target sample (here a tetranuclear nickel(II) complex) both elastically (no energy transfer) and inelastically (positive or negative energy transfer). Scattered neutrons of varying velocity are then collected in detector banks that span a wide angular range. The interactions between the magnetic moments of the sample and the neutrons that occur during INS allow the investigation of the magnetic properties of the material and the accurate determination of the relevant parameters, including those associated with exchange interactions and magnetoanisotropy. This is nicely illustrated by the inelastic peaks, observed on both sides of the elastic line, which correspond to magnetic energy transfer between the neutrons and the sample. INS is a unique technique that affords a detailed insight into the magnetic levels over a large energy range (up to 1000 cm−1) and thus can provide crucial information for a wide variety of magnetic materials. For more information, see the review by Güdel and co‐workers on pages 910–926.
Magnetic pole position detection method and control of a brushless DC servomotor with incremental encoder
Authors: Sugimoto Hidehiko , Ichikawa Takeshi , Hosoi Keisuke , Kawasaki Shoji 
Published: September 2003

AbstractOn start‐up of a brushless DC servomotor, it is necessary to detect its magnetic pole position in order to generate the torque effectively. Numerous brushless DC servomotors contain a high angle resolution encoder for the speed control and position control. It can also be used in magnetic pole position detection. There are absolute encoders and incremental encoders. If a brushless DC servomotor contains the absolute encoder, the motor can be started since its absolute position can be detected using magnetic pole position detection. However, the absolute encoder is not used except where high accuracy is required because it is expensive. The incremental encoder generally cannot detect the magnetic pole position during motor start‐up, which is why an exclusive magnetic pole position sensor is required until a standard signal output of the encoder is established.This paper describes a method of magnetic pole position detection of a brushless DC servomotor with an incremental encoder used without an exclusive magnetic pole position sensor. The feature of this method is that it allows detection of the magnetic pole position with very few revolutions in a matter of seconds during motor start‐up. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 145(4): 64–77, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10219
Toxicological evaluation of an electrically heated cigarette. Part 2: Chemical composition of mainstream smoke
Authors: Stabbert R. , Voncken P. , Rustemeier K. , Haussmann H.‐J. , Roemer E. , Schaffernicht H. , Patskan G. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe chemical composition of mainstream smoke from an electrically heated cigarette (EHC) and that of mainstream smoke from the University of Kentucky Reference Cigarette 1R4F was analyzed.In contrast to the 1R4F, which is a conventional, lit‐end cigarette, the EHC is smoked in a microprocessor‐controlled lighter with electrical heater elements. The electrical heating causes the tobacco under the heater element to burn at a low temperature during each puff.A comprehensive list of chemical constituents was analyzed in mainstream smoke. The list is a combination of those compounds suggested for analysis in cigarette smoke by a US Consumer Product Safety Commission proposal in 1993, and those cigarette smoke constituents identiﬁed by the International Agency on Research on Cancer as being present in cigarette smoke and characterized as carcinogens.The low pyrolysis/combustion temperature of tobacco in the EHC causes distinct shifts in the composition of the smoke compared with a conventional cigarette. A signiﬁcant drop was seen in the yields of almost all toxicologically relevant constituents. On a per cigarette basis almost two‐thirds of the constituents were reduced by at least 80%, whereas on an equal total particulate matter basis about two‐thirds of the constituents were reduced by at least 50%, with many constituents reduced by more than 90%. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Toxicological evaluation of an electrically heated cigarette. Part 4: Subchronic inhalation toxicology
Authors: Terpstra P. M. , Teredesai A. , Vanscheeuwijck P. M. , Verbeeck J. , Schepers G. , Radtke F. , Kuhl P. , Gomm W. , Anskeit E. , Patskan G. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe biological activity of mainstream smoke from an electrically heated cigarette (EHC) with controlled combustion and from the University of Kentucky Reference Cigarette 1R4F was determined in Sprague Dawley rats exposed nose‐only for 90 days, 6 h a day, 7 days per week. For an equivalent response comparison between the two cigarette types, two doses were chosen for the EHC where the anticipated results were in the dynamic range of the 1R4F dose–response curve (four concentrations) for most end points. The number of cigarettes smoked per m3 of diluted smoke resulted in total particulate matter concentrations of 40 and 90 µg l −1 for the EHC and 40–170 µg l −1 for the 1R4F. Biomonitoring indicated achievement of target doses. Mainstream smoke yields were lower for the EHC, with the exception of formaldehyde. No smoke‐related mortality, remarkable in‐life observations or abnormal gross pathological ﬁndings were observed. Smoke‐ and dose‐related clinical pathology and organ weight changes included: increases in segmented neutrophils, some liver parameters and lung and adrenal weight relative to body weight; and decreases in lymphocytes, glucose concentration and spleen weight. Smoke‐related histopathological ﬁndings in the respiratory tract included epithelial cell hyperplasia, squamous metaplasia, atrophy and accumulation of pigmented alveolar macrophages; they were mostly dose‐dependent, more pronounced in the upper than lower respiratory tract and completely or partially reversed by 6 weeks post‐inhalation. Qualitatively, the biological effects seen for the EHC and the 1R4F were comparable and similar to those observed in other mainstream smoke inhalation studies. Quantitatively, the biological activity of the EHC mainstream smoke was, on average, 65% lower than that of the 1R4F mainstream smoke on an equal cigarette basis and equivalent activity on an equal TPM basis. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of quercetin and genistein on copper‐ and iron‐induced lipid peroxidation in methyl linolenate
Authors: Boadi William Y. , Iyere Peter A. , Adunyah Samuel E. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe single and combined effects of two abundant ﬂavonoids, namely quercetin and genistein, were investigated according to their ability to inhibit the oxidation of methyl linolenate via Fenton's pathway. Antioxidative activity was determined by oxidizing methyl linolenate suspended in a buffer solution with either Fe2+ (50 µM) or Cu2+ (50 µM) and hydrogen peroxide (0.01 mM) without or with a ﬂavonoid sample (10 or 20 µM). Lipid peroxidation products were measured by the thiobarbituric acid (TBA) assay and the amounts of thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances (TBARS) were calculated from a calibration curve using 1,1,3,3‐tetraethoxypropane as the standard. Both quercetin and genistein at the 10 or 20 µM level decreased lipid peroxidation signiﬁcantly compared with their respective controls. Of the two ﬂavonoids tested, quercetin had a more marked effect on inhibiting lipid peroxides. Peroxidation products for the control samples were higher for the Fe2+‐treated samples compared with the Cu2+ samples. Combination of both ﬂavonoids at the same dose levels continued to decrease lipid peroxidation, the effect being the same for both metal ions. The data suggest that the combined ﬂavonoids offered better protection than the single treatments and this may be attributed to the better radical scavenging or increased chelating capabilities of the combined over the single treatments. The differences in peroxide levels for the single treatment of quercetin compared with the genistein‐treated samples may reﬂect the structural differences between these compounds in combating oxidative stress. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Kinetic analysis of hexose transport to determine the mechanism of amygdalin and prunasin absorption in the intestine
Authors: Wagner Brent , Galey William R. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractEvidence is accumulating that glucose‐conjugated compounds may be carried across the gut mucosa via the epithelial sodium‐dependent monosaccharide transporter SGLT1. A modiﬁcation of the everted intestinal sac technique was utilized to study the transport of the cyanogenic glycoside amygdalin (d‐mandelonitrile β‐d‐gentiobioside) and its metabolite d‐mandelontrile β‐d‐glucoside (prunasin). Everted sacs of rat jejunum and ileum were bathed in isotonic oxygenated sodium chloride–potassium phosphate buffer containing 2.8 µCi d‐[3H]‐mannose and 0.187 µCi d‐[14C]‐glucose. For treatment groups, buffers contained phloridzin, galactose, amygdalin or prunasin. The rate constant (k) for the transport process was calculated. Compared with the control (n = 33), phloridzin (n = 25) signiﬁcantly reduced the rate constants of both d‐[14C]‐glucose and d‐[3H]‐mannose. Substitution of sodium with choline and incremental galactose treatments similarly reduced d‐[14C]‐glucose inﬂux, indicating that a fraction of the transport is carrier‐mediated. Treatment with amygdalin did not signiﬁcantly affect the rate constants of d‐[14C]‐glucose or d‐[3H]‐mannose transport. However, treatment with 1 mM prunasin (n = 16) did reduce the inﬂux of d‐[14C]‐glucose without affecting d‐[3H]‐mannose values. This is consistent with the reports ﬁnding that glycoside absorption may be mediated by SGLT1. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Relevance of the developmental toxicity of ethanol in the occupational setting: a review
Authors: Irvine Lorraine F. H. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractNumerous studies have been conducted investigating the reproductive toxicology of ethanol, the overwhelming majority concerning the adverse effects of consuming alcohol in beverages during pregnancy. Because many of the in vivo studies were designed to model alcoholism, they used comparatively high doses and assessed relatively few endpoints. Outcomes may have been affected by disturbances of metabolism at such high exposures, giving rise to secondary effects on development. The available data on ethanol from ‘conventional’ developmental toxicity study test methods of the type used for regulatory hazard assessment of chemicals are limited. It is in this context, however, i.e. the use of ethanol as an industrial chemical rather than as a component of beverages, that this review is based. Using the usual criteria applied for the purpose of hazard assessment of industrial chemicals, it is concluded that there is no evidence that industrial exposure to ethanol is a developmental toxicity hazard. Developmental toxicity may result from drinking alcoholic beverages, the threshold level for all aspects of which has yet to be deﬁned. This is not, however, considered relevant to the low blood alcohol concentrations resulting from any conceivable inhalation or dermal exposure in the workplace or through the directed use of any consumer product containing ethanol. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Survival and metabolic responses to freezing by the water frog (Rana ridibunda)
Authors: Voituron Yann , Eugene Michel , Barré Hervé 
Published: September 2003

AbstractWe studied the ability of the marsh frog Rana ridibunda to survive freezing exposure and the associated subsequent metabolic variations. This species that typically overwinters under water tolerates the conversion of 55% of its body water into ice. This ice content is attained after a few hours (between 8 and 36 hours depending on the mass of the individual and the environmental temperature) but death occurs at greater than 58% ice. Freezing stimulated a significant increase in blood carnitine and trimethylamine levels (respectively 4.5±2.5 and 0.5±0.2 µmol.l−1 for controls versus 27.0±18.9 and 3.6±4.1 µmol.l−1 after thawing) but these increases had no significant effect on plasma osmolality which was unchanged between control and freeze exposed frogs (252.6±20.3 versus 240.2±25.0 mOsmol.l−1, respectively). Freezing also induced a significant dehydration of heart, liver and muscles (respectively 4.2, 3.2 and 2.8%) but the observed levels are low compared to values found in highly freeze tolerant species. This species could be classified as “partially freeze tolerant” enduring the transformation of a significant part of its body water into ice but not the completion of the exotherm. The existence of freeze tolerance in an aquatic hibernator that does not accumulate cryoprotectant, exhibiting low organ dehydration after freezing and low hypoxia tolerance, raises the possibility that a tolerance of nearly 60% ice within the body is common among anurans. J. Exp. Zool. 299A:118–126, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Turning manoeuvres in free‐flying locusts: High‐speed video‐monitoring
Authors: Berger Sebastian , Kutsch Wolfram 
Published: September 2003

AbstractHigh‐speed video‐monitoring (500 f/s) was employed to analyse the flight path of free‐flying locusts. A 3–D reconstruction enabled the simultaneous documentation of the motion of the body and all four wings. Particular attention was paid to turning manoeuvres. It is shown that angular changes during yawing and rolling are closely related; both are coupled, enabling natural banking of a free‐flying animal. Rolling depends on bilateral inequalities in stroking of both wing pairs, whereby the differences are more conspicuous for the forewings. A relatively shorter downstroke occurs for the “inner” side of a turn. The determination of the phase ratio allows a reliable description of the instantaneous rolling manoeuvre. There is no change in cycle duration correlated with turning. The downstroke shortening results from a slight delay of downstroke initiation and an advance of the upstroke reversal. In parallel, the stroke amplitude is reduced on the ”inner” side. The effects of bilateral asymmetries are immediate; they influence the instantaneous wing‐beat cycle, but not the subsequent cycle. These correlations are consistent, though variable, in their magnitude, as is to be expected for a complex system in which several parameters have to be combined for the behaviourally relevant output. J. Exp. Zool. 299A:127–138, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Turning manoeuvres in free‐flying locusts: Two‐channel radio‐telemetric transmission of muscle activity
Authors: Kutsch Wolfram , Berger Sebastian , Kautz Harald 
Published: September 2003

AbstractA device has been constructed allowing the simultaneous transmission of two separate electrical signals in unrestrained small animals. We employed this device to investigate the motor output in free‐flying locusts. The activation pattern of several combinations of different muscles was recorded, including bilateral symmetric muscles and pairs of antagonists. Particular attention was paid to the recruitment of a specific set of flight muscles in both winged segments during rolling manoeuvres. The relationship of the muscle activation with wing movement was analysed in combination with a high‐speed video‐monitoring. The muscles are activated in advance of the relevant stroke directions, in opposition to previous studies of tethered flying locusts. During turning manoeuvres a statistically significant difference in timing of the bilateral symmetric muscles is not apparent; this contrasts with the distinct difference revealed for the bilateral wing movement. It is discussed that rolling might rely on the fine tuned interaction of several major flight muscles or on the precise activation of a specific wing hinge muscle. Correspondence with investigations of bird flight is discussed. J. Exp. Zool. 299A:139–150, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
On a Penrose–Fife type system with Dirichlet boundary conditions for temperature
Authors: Gilardi Gianni , Marson Andrea 
Published: September 2003

AbstractWe deal with the Dirichlet problem for a class of Penrose–Fife phase field models for phase transitions. An existence result is obtained by approximating the non‐homogeneous Dirichlet condition with classical third type conditions on the heat flux at the boundary of the domain where the model is considered. Moreover, we prove a regularity and uniqueness result under stronger assumptions on the regularity of the data. Suitable assumptions on the behaviour of the heat flux at zero and +∞are considered. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatial distribution of safety factors: Cohesive vertical cut
Authors: Baker R. , Leshchinsky D. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe objective of the present work is to study the spatial distribution of safety factors in a vertical purely cohesive cut, utilizing the safety map notion introduced by Baker and Leshchinsky (2001). The investigation shows that there exists a zone in the vicinity of the crest in which critical conditions are realized on slip circles with overhanging cliffs. Such mechanisms are stable only if there is sufficient tensile strength to prevent formation of tension cracks. It is shown that the tensile strength required to prevent cracking is of the same order as the mobilized cohesion, and Taylor's classical result is valid only for such conditions. The safety factor of a vertical cut in a zero tensile strength material is approximately 70% of Taylor's value. It is demonstrated that safety maps provide a natural framework for designing remedial measures in substandard slopes. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prenatal diagnosis of trisomy 18p and distal 21q22.3 deletion
Authors: Chen Chih‐Ping , Chern Schu‐Rern , Lee Chen‐Chi , Chen Li‐Feng , Chin Daniel T. H. , Tzen Chin‐Yuan , Wang Wayseen 
Published: September 2003

AbstractObjectivesTo present the perinatal findings and molecular cytogenetic analysis of concomitant trisomy 18p (18p11.2→pter) and distal 21q22.3 deletion.Case and MethodsA 29‐year‐old woman, gravida 2 para 1, underwent amniocentesis at 17 weeks' gestation because she was a carrier of a balanced reciprocal translocation, 46,XX,t(18;21)(p11.2;q22.3). Cytogenetic analysis of the cultured amniocytes revealed a karyotype of 46,XX,der(21)t(18;21)(p11.2;q22.3). The fetus had a derivative chromosome 21 with an extra short arm of chromosome 18 attached to the terminal region of the long arm of chromosome 21. Level II sonograms did not find prominent structural anomalies. The pregnancy was terminated subsequently. At autopsy, the proband displayed a mild phenotype of hypertelorism, a small mouth, micrognathia, a narrowly arched palate, low‐set ears, and clinodactyly. The brain and other organs were unremarkable. Genetic marker analysis showed a distal deletion at 21q22.3 and a breakpoint between D21S53 (present) and D21S212 (absent), centromeric to the known holoprosencephaly (HPE) minimal critical region D21S113–21qter.ConclusionGenetic marker analysis helps in delineating the region of deletion in prenatally detected unbalanced cryptic translocation. Fetuses with concomitant trisomy 18p and distal 21q22.3 deletion may manifest inapparent phenotypic abnormalities in utero. Haploinsufficiency of the HPE critical region at 21q22.3 may not cause an HPE phenotype. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Serial in utero ultrasonographic measurements of the fetal thyroid: a new complementary tool in the management of maternal hyperthyroidism in pregnancy
Authors: Cohen Ohad , Pinhas‐Hamiel Orit , Sivan Eyal , Dolitski Mordechai , Lipitz Shlomo , Achiron Reuwen 
Published: September 2003

AbstractObjectiveTreatment of maternal hyperthyroidism during pregnancy is complicated by the lack of readily available measures of the thyroid status of the fetus. The aim of this study is to describe the use of serial in utero ultrasound measurements of fetal thyroid in patients being treated for Graves' disease in pregnancy.MethodsOver a 24‐month period, all pregnant women with Graves' disease attending our special Fetal Thyroid Unit were followed. Maternal thyroid status was assessed by thyroid function tests. Fetal thyroid size was measured serially by transvaginal ultrasonography between 14 and 17 weeks of gestation and by abdominal ultrasonography between 18 and 37 weeks of gestation in 20 women with Grave's disease.ResultsIn 15 fetuses, thyroid width and circumference were within the 95% confidence interval of the normal population. In five fetuses, thyroid size was above the 95th percentile for gestational age. In three of them, thyroid size decreased concurrently with a decrease in maternal thionamide dosage, reaching normal range. These three fetuses were born euthyroid. In two fetuses, thyroid size was unaffected by a decrement in maternal drug dosage. Both had neonatal thyrotoxicosis at birth.ConclusionsSerial in utero ultrasonography measuring fetal thyroid size in mothers with Graves' disease can serve as an effective noninvasive tool for the early detection of enlarged fetal thyroid. These findings can be used to monitor the maternal antithyroid drug dosage, thereby preventing intrauterine hypothyroidism in some cases. When a dosage reduction does not cause a decrease in fetal thyroid size, transplacental passage of thyroid‐stimulating antibodies causing fetal thyrotoxicosis should be suspected. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distribution of Sympathetic and Afferent Neurones Innervating the Submandibular Gland in the Sheep
Authors: Arciszewski M. B. , Zacharko A. 
Published: September 2003

SummaryThe distribution of sympathetic and sensory neurones innervating the submandibular gland (SMG) in sheep was studied using retrograde tracing technique. The retrograde tracer Fast Blue (FB) was unilaterally injected into the SMG in five juvenile male sheep under general anaesthesia. After a 4‐week survival period, all the animals were reanaesthetized, perfused transcardially with 4% buffered paraformaldehyde and ganglia, which could be considered as a potential sources of sympathetic, and afferent innervation of the gland were bilaterally collected. The FB‐labelled sympathetic neurones were found in the ipsilateral superior and middle cervical ganglion. Many labelled neurones were distributed in the ipsilateral jugular and nodose ganglia of the vagus nerve and smaller numbers of the nerve cells were also found in ipsilateral C1–C3 dorsal root ganglia (DRG). No labelled neurones were observed in the ipsilateral stellate ganglion, trigeminal ganglion, C4–C8 DRG and in all contralateral ganglia. The present study revealed that the majority of sympathetic neurones projecting to the sheep SMG are found in the superior cervical ganglion but some of them are also distributed in the middle cervical ganglion. Most of the afferent neurones are located in the jugular and nodose ganglia of vagus nerve but C1–C3 DRG also comprise some of these nerve cells.
Simultaneous choroidal melanoma and rhegmatogenous retinal detachment
Authors: Wilson Graham A , Clemett Richard S 
Published: September 2003

ABSTRACTA case is reported of a 30‐year‐old man who presented with the unusual combination of a unilateral inferonasal choroidal melanoma and an unassociated rhegmatogenous retinal detachment attributable to a large horseshoe tear in the superotemporal quadrant. Over 20 cases of simultaneous occurrence of these two phenomena have now been reported but this patient appears to be the youngest. The reports of this uncommon association are reviewed.