bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evolution, Substance Abuse, and Addiction
Authors: Smith E O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Magnitude of the Problem Darwinian evolutionary theory made little impact on the study of human behavior for almost a century. The application of Darwinian theory to the behavior of modern humans was attempted in the 1920s-30s, but with little success. The primary weakness of this attempt, loosely referred to as “social Darwinism” was the failure to differentiate between what is and what ought to be. Darwinian theory, for all its strengths and analytical power, does not dictate a preferred course of action, one that is consistent with the general assumptions of progress, improvement, and competition. Darwinian theory simply provides an explanation for what exists at present and does not offer a master plan. As Beckstrom (1993:2) noted, evolutionary science “can act like travel agents. They cannot tell you where to go, but they can give you information about the costs and benefits of various destinations and help you get there once you finalize your decision.”
Menopause In Evolutionary Perspective
Authors: Leidy Lynnitte E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Menopause, the cessation of menses, is an event experienced by all human females who live beyond 60 years of age (Diczfalusy 1986). From a life-history perspective, emphasizing life span stages, it is the universal aspect of menopause that draws the attention of evolutionary biologists, physical anthropologists, and physicians. Although other mammals experience reproductive senescence (Comfort 1979; Packer et al. 1998), and individual primates have demonstrated endocrinologic and histologic changes similar to the human menopause (Gould et al. 1981; Graham et al. 1979; Hodgen et al. 1977; Lapin et al. 1979; Walker 1995), no other species of primates has yet demonstrated a universally experienced, permanent cessation of reproductive cyclicity followed by such a prolonged period of postreproductive life (Lancaster and Lancaster 1983; Pavelka and Fedigan 1991).
The Relative Contributions of GABAA and GABAB Receptors to Presynaptic Inhibition of Group Ia EPSPs
Authors: Redman Stephen J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the mammalian spinal cord, presynaptic inhibition of transmitter release from primary afferent fibers is mediated by the release of y-aminobutyric acid (GABA) at axoaxonic synapses (Eccles et al., 1963; Curtis and Lodge, 1982; Maxwell et al., 1990). Much progress has been made by Rudornin and his colleagues in determining the central pathways that control presynaptic inhibition. However, the mechanism by which GABA reduces transmitter release remains unclear.
Some Unanswered Questions About the Mechanisms and Function of Presynaptic Inhibition
Authors: Wall Patrick D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For me, the work on this topic has proceeded in four stages. First was the work of Barron and Matthews (1938), who observed the prolonged negative dorsal root potential, DRP, following the arrival of an afferent volley and recorded its associated dorsal root reflex. This discovery had a considerable impact on thinking for two reasons. It moved the time course of the impact of single action potentials from the millisecond range into the tens and hundreds of milliseconds range. This was a crucial step because, up to that time, the only accepted mechanism by which the nervous system could prolong its action was by the repetitive generation of action potentials.
Presynaptic Inhibition of Synaptic Transmission from Sensory, lnterneuronal, and Supraspinal Neurons to Spinal Target Cells in Lamprey
Authors: Manira Ahdeljabbar El , Parker David , Krieger Patrik , Wikström Martin , Grillner Sten 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The lamprey nervous system may be considered a simple vertebrate prototype nervous system for which a significant amount of information on the neural networks controlling locomotion and body orientation is available (see Grillner et al., 1995). In this chapter we will review the evidence for presynaptic inhibition (modulation) at three levels in the spinal cord:trans mission from primary afferents, from excitatory and inhibitory premotor interneurons, and from reticulospinal cells.
Presynaptic Mechanisms During Locomotion
Authors: Rossignol Serge , Beloozerova Irina , Gossard Jean-Pierre , Dubuc Rejean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Neuronal networks that generate basic rhythmic motor patterns such as locomotion must have intrinsic properties and connectivity that primarily ensure robust repetition of the basic locomotor cycle. In a realistic environment, however, such centrally generated patterns must also be modified through descending commands for changes in speed and direction and must be adapted to the terrain by afferent feedback signals reaching the networks through segmental or suprasegmental pathways (Rossignol et al., 1988). There must then be a balance between the autonomy needed by such net works to repeat the cycle regularly and the modifiability that is essential to adjust the step cycle to the constantly changing environment and demands.
The Natural Numbers
Authors: Courant Richard , Robbins Herbert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Created by the human mind to count the objects in various assemblages, numbers have no reference to the individual characteristics of the objects counted. The number six is an abstraction from all actual collections containing six things; it does not depend on any specific qualities of these things or on the symbols used. Only at a rather advanced stage of intellectual development does the abstract character of the idea of number become clear. To children, numbers always remain connected with tangible objects such as fingers or beads, and primitive languages display a concrete number sense by providing different sets of number words for different types of objects.
Space and Objects
Authors: Tomasello Michael , Call Josep 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nothing is as critical to the survival and procreation of primates, or indeed to animals in general, as the ability to deal effectively with space and the objects that occupy it. Food and mates must be located, and predators must be avoided. Consequently, many animal species, including numerous species of birds, fish, and insects, have evolved highly specialized devices for finding particular locations on the planet, sometimes at great distances, so that they can mate, lay eggs, avoid cold weather, seek safety, and perform other such vital functions (see Alcock, 1984, for a review). These specialized devices seem to involve little learning of any sort, however, and do not seem to be organized flexibly so that the individual may modify them to meet novel exigencies. Seemingly more flexible spatial skills are displayed by many animal species as they navigate in complex local environments; for example, lions pursue a fleeing prey by adjusting their direction of travel to match that of the prey, and mountain goats navigate effectively on extremely uneven terrain in totally novel contexts. However, spatial skills such as these are primarily perceptual, since they rely almost totally on an organism’s “direct perception” of a spatial layout or event without any need to go beyond the information given (Gibson, 1979).
Nonhuman Primate Cognition
Authors: Tomasello Michael , Call Josep 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Given all of the studies and observations we have reviewed in the preceding chapters, it is clear that primates as an order have evolved a number of cognitive adaptations of central importance to their survival and procreation. In the physical domain, virtually all species studied have demonstrated a basic knowledge of permanent objects and some of the ways they may be related to one another spatially, quantitatively, and in terms of their perceptual similarities. In the social domain, virtually all species studied have demonstrated a recognition of individual groupmates and a knowledge of some of the important ways they may be related to one another socially and behaviorally. In both domains individuals have demonstrated the ability to use this knowledge to formulate various types of strategies, ranging from efficient foraging and tool use to coalition strategies and social learning, that help them attain their goals with respect to such basic adaptive functions as feeding and mating.
Human Cognition
Authors: Tomasello Michael , Call Josep 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Approximately 6 to 8 million years ago, a population of African apes began evolving into the species known today as Homo sapiens. The process of speciation resulted in the emergence of a number of unique characteristics along the way, including bipedal locomotion, the loss of much body hair, and the making of stone tools. The most dramatic developments, however, occurred during the latter stages of this period as human beings began to create a bewildering array of cognitive products not seen in other primate species: such things as natural languages, symbolic art, multifunctional technologies, higher mathematics, and cultural institutions such as governments and religions. One of the deepest mysteries in the evolution of primate cognition is how it happened that this particular species came to specialize so dramatically in the complex cognitive processes that are embodied in these products. The basic puzzle is that, although 6-8 million years is a very long time historically, it is a very short time evolutionarily. Thus, H. sapiens is as genetically similar to its nearest primate relatives, Pan troglodytes and P. paniscus, as horses are to zebras, lions are to tigers, and rats are to mice, sharing something on the order of 98% of their genetic profiles (King & Wilson, 1975). Given this evolutionary proximity, any cognitive differences that we observe must be based on a very delimited set of biological adaptations. In attempting to characterize human cognition as a special case of primate cognition, therefore, the challenge is to find a small difference that made a big difference-a small change, or set of changes, that transformed the process in fundamental ways.
Some Kinds of Stories
Authors: Sternberg Robert J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All our lives we have heard stories of various kinds, many with love as a leitmotif. We thus have an array of stories we can draw on when composing our own. The ones we choose to carry through life reflect what interests us; they can be classified loosely according to their content, rather like the way books are grouped into various interest sections in a bookstore. These stories form the heart of this book; the second part of the text will elaborate upon them.
The Plinian Eruption of Vesuvius in A.O. 79
Authors: Sigurdsson Haraidur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the Greeks colonized Italy, they named the volcanic region west of Naples the Phlegraean Fields (burning fields), which must have been in direct reference to the volcanic activity in the area. And in 16 B.c. the architect and military engineer Vitruvius remarked: “Let it be recorded, that heats in antiquity grew and abounded under Mount Vesuvius, and thence belched forth flame round the country.” The larger region that includes both the Phlegraean Fields and Mount Vesuvius is known as Campania, famed among the Greeks and Romans for its fertility and benign climate.
Entering the Education Pipeline
Authors: Malcom Shirley , Anderson Bernice 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1993, Ph.D.s in the natural sciences were awarded by U.S. universities to 149 African Americans, 251 Hispanics, and 19 American Indians, representing in creases of 66 percent, 170 percent, and 36 percent, respectively, over 1983 figures. In the same year, doctorates in engineering were awarded to 50 African Americans, 65 Hispanics, and 2 American Indians, increases of 72 percent, 124 percent, and 100 percent, respective] y, over 1983 figures (National Science Foundation 1993). These numbers reflect changes at the end of the education pipeline for American m inorities. Understanding these results requires that we look much earlier in the lives of these scientists and engineers, at the education climate they faced as they moved through the system.
University Faculty: Prin1ing the Pun1p or Lying in An1bush?
Authors: Velez William Yslas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There appears to be great misconception about the role of university faculty. It is not to communicate to students the technical aspects of our subject; our role is to communicate a point of view. I’dy comments are not meant to be universal but rather are directed to the mathematics community. I have spent most of my academic life in that insular cocoon called research. For me, the most wonderful aspect of being a researcher is that feeling of being totally lost, without a clue as to where the next idea is coming from. At times like these, a researcher goes through an agony. Should the problem be abandoned or pursued for yet another day And then the fog lifts and we are flooded with those sought-after insights. Along the path we find obstacles, but persistence or inner strength allows us to continue. What joy! That is my point of view.
The Next Stage
Authors: Marrett Cora 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As a practitioner, it is clear to me that for our work in the future, parsimony is the watchword and boundary-crossing the approach. We need to target our efforts narrowly, using research to help us clear away the brush and identify the most significant pathways to a given end. Vl/e must learn the critical elements and then identify policies that are really going to address them. The same parsimonious approach applies to practice: given limits to human and financial resources, we can’t possibly afford to try everything. Parsimony in this case becomes the art of reducing complexity to the core elements we are able to handle.
Models for Studying Early Careers Minority Scientists and Engineers in Industry
Authors: Russell Terrence R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Four Models for the Study of Science and Engineering Careers This chapter will explore our knowledge of the early career stages of scientists and engineers who are members of minority groups and how those careers are likely to develop. To do this ade4uately from a policy perspective, it is necessary to look back at formative developments, situations, and relationships and forward in terms of future goals, making predictions about the probability of connecting the present to the future.
Why Are Minority and Won1en Scientists Still Treated So Badly?
Authors: Etzkowitz Henry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite the growing literature on the problems of minorities and women in science, important issues remain to be addressed (Pearson and Fechter 1993). There is an emerging consensus that the experiences of minorities and women must be examined in the organizational and cultural context of academic and industrial environments as well as through the prism of individual experience (Russell, this volume). The intersection of the individual and the organization is best captured qualitatively through in-depth interviews and focus groups; only then can precise indicators be constructed to measure incidence quantitatively th rough surveys and secondary analysis of available data sets. Such a research program is difficult to mount under the constraints of the project grant system; even when multiple methods are used, time pressures virtually mandate simultaneity.
Policy
Authors: Pearson Willie jr. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
History has shown that even when African Americans receive their scientific education from the most prestigious doctoral programs in the country, structural and institutional barriers can serve to limit their careers. The careers of Charles H. Turner (1967-1923), Ernest E. Just (1883-1941), William Hinton (1883-1959), and Percy L. Julian (1899-1975) a re classic exam piles of African Americans of exceptional scientific talent whose careers were limited in some manner because of their race The biographies of these early scholars reveal that despite their many scientific accomplishments, their careers largely developed outside major research universities or laboratories.
Am I Crazy, or is it My Shrink?
Authors: Beutler Larry E , Bongar Bruce , Shurkin Joel N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With over 400 types of psychotherapy available, ranging from the highly effective to the highly questionable to the downright fraudulent, the task of choosing a therapist can be daunting. Now, Am I Crazy Or Is My Shrink? gives you all the information you need to get the most effective help and to know when your therapy is working--or when it's time for a change. Drawing on years of practical experience and the most up-to-date research, the authors give you expert guidance on all the issues you should consider, whether you're seeking therapy or uncertain about the therapy you're receiving: What questions should I ask my therapist about a recommended treatment? What personal qualities and professional qualifications should I look for in a therapist? What do research studies say about the effectiveness of a particular therapy? How do I recognize when a therapist is not right for me? How can I tell when my therapist's behavior is unethical or unprofessional? What strategies can I use to evaluate my progress? The authors also provide an overview of the main branches of psychotherapy and suggest which approaches are best suited to the most commonly occurring problems, such as depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorders, eating disorders, relationship and sexual difficulties, and many others. Finally, the authors stress that because therapies don't come with warning labels, and because a therapist will typically apply his or her theory to whoever walks through the door, regardless of their unique symptoms and circumstances, it is essential to choose your therapist wisely, with as much forethought as possible. Am I Crazy Or Is My Shrink? empowers you to make that choice with confidence and to be a knowledgeable participant in your own treatment.
What You Should Know about Therapy
Authors: Beutler Larry E , Bongar Bruce , Shurkin Joel N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Few would question the observation that psychiatric diagnosis and treatment are imprecise arts. Few know just how imprecise, however. One of us [BB] remembers the case of Solomon Rubin, a sixtyyear-old Holocaust survivor. One day, Rubin’s car was rammed by a supermarket delivery truck and was crushed against a wall. Luckily, he survived without major injuries, but from that moment he refused to get into a car, much less drive one. He knew he needed help, but instead of talking to his son, a clinical psychologist, he went to a Los Angeles psychoanalyst, who assumed, because of Rubin’s past, that he suffered from survivor’s guilt, a common phenomenon among those who lived through the Nazi horror. The analyst’s solution: many months of “deep” psychoanalysis and a therapy that focused on exploring the memories of his youth and survival at BergenBelsen. Then his son found out.
Am I Crazy, or is it My Shrink?
Authors: Beutler Larry E , Bongar Bruce , Shurkin Joel N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In real life, frightening tragedies can result from psychotherapy. Ask George Franklin, a former firefighter from San Mateo, California. In 1989, his daughter, Eileen Franklin-Lipsker, called the district attorney’s office with a horrible story. Looking at her young daughter triggered a memory long repressed: Her father had murdered her girlfriend, Susan Nason, twenty years earlier, when Nason was eight years old. She also said she remembered his involvement with two other murders as well-all repressed memories now bubbling into her consciousness.
Constructing A Person
Authors: Orme Nigel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is a visage that imprints itself on the memory: the face of a human embryo, smooth, pale, almost featureless yet clearly of the human kind. The lidless eyes stare blankly. The tiny hands and arms float in front, motionless, like the stiffly bent arms of a space-suited astronaut drifting weightless against a black sky, tethered by an umbilical cord.
Basis of the 40Ar/39Ar Dating Method
Authors: McDougall Ian , Harrison T Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The 40Ar/39 Ar method of dating rocks has its foundations in the potassium-argon (K/Ar) isotopic dating method, a widely used technique for measuring numerical ages on minerals and rocks. Since the K/Ar method was developed more than 40 years ago, it has been applied to a diverse range of geological samples to help elucidate many important geological problems of local, regional, or global significance. Particularly notable successes, dependent largely upon dating by the K/Ar method, include the development of the geomagnetic polarity time scale and the numerical calibration of the Phanerozoic geological or relative time scale.
Applications and Case Histories
Authors: McDougall Ian , Harrison T Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the preceding chatters we have considered many aspects of the 40Ar/ 9 Ar dating method, including the theoretical basis for interpretation of age spectra. By way of illustration, a number of age spectra have been discussed, usually quite briefly. In this concluding chapter we wish to present, in greater detail, examples of applications of the 40Ar/39 Ar method to terrestrial and extraterrestrial rocks in order to provide a better appreciation of the power of the technique as well as its limitations.
Atomic Processes in Hot Plasmas
Authors: Salzmann David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The plasma constituents, namely the electrons, ions and photons, interact through their electromagnetic fields, thereby transferring energy from one particle to the other. The interactions of the greatest interest for plasma physics are those in which an ion interacts with an electron or a photon, and which result in changes either in the state of the ionization or in the excitation of the interacting ion. The most abundant processes are listed in table 4.1. This chapter is devoted to a study of these processes, the various methods for their classification, their behaviour as a function of the plasma temperature and density, and working formulas to compute their rates.
The Emission Spectrum
Authors: Salzmann David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The radiation emitted from hot plasmas is, perhaps, the most important diagnostics tool for these plasmas. Recently, more effort is being invested into the investigation of this radiation, mainly in the UV and x-ray regions, because some industrial applications have emerged that may use such high intensity, localized short wavelength radiation. For plasma diagnostics purposes, the important point is that the emitted spectrum carries information abut the local instantaneous plasma temperature and density conditions. For short lifetime plasmas such as particle beam and nanosecond or femtosecond laserproduced plasmas, this is the only reliable diagnostic tool that is capable of giving information about the evolution of the plasma. In this chapter we shall consider the components of the emission spectrum.
Experimental Considerations: Plasma Diagnostics
Authors: Salzmann David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most important diagnostic tool of hot plasmas is perhaps the emission spectrum, which carries information about the local instantaneous plasma temperature and density conditions. For short lifetime plasmas such as plasmas generated by nanosecond or femtosecond lasers or by particle beams, this is the only reliable means of studying the plasma evolution. This chapter is devoted to the description of some of the methods that use the emission spectrum for purposes of plasma diagnostics. We will not give a full account of the instrumental part, but instead emphasize the principles underlying these methods. From this point of view, this chapter would perhaps best be called the theory of experimental plasma spectroscopy.