bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Xenophon And His Hero
Authors: Gera Deborah Levine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Throughout most of the Cyropaedia there is little doubt that Cyrus is meant to be an ideal figure, a successful ruler whose model conduct is well worth emulating. So Xenophon introduces him at the very opening of the Cyropaedia and so the Persian leader appears for most of the work: Cyrus is wise, virtuous, and ever successful in achieving his ambitions. We have seen that Xenophon believes in teaching by example, with an outstanding hero to serve as paradigm—eg. Agesilaus of the Agesilaus, Socrates of the Memorabilia, Xenophon himself in the Anabasis —and it is no surprise to find that the Cyrus of the Cyropaedia is, on the whole, another such paragon of virtue. None the less, at times Xenophon has Cyrus behave in surprising or inconsistent fashion and it is this question—the relationship between Xenophon and his hero in the Cyropaedia—which is the subject of this chapter.
One outstanding fact about Cyrus is that he is virtually omnipresent in the Cyropaedia—he is nearly always ‘on stage’ and closely involved with every aspect of the work. There are very few occasions when we are allowed to ignore his existence, and if others are allowed to share the limelight it is only for a brief period and because Xenophon has a specific purpose in mind, a purpose which someone other than his hero is better qualified to serve. Thus Cambyses, Cyrus’ father, is shown teaching his son because Cambyses is meant to be a model father and teacher, while the hero of the Cyropaedia (who was not, it seems, an ideal parent) is—just this once—an eager and enthusiastic pupil. Abradatas is a focus of attention at Thymbrara because he is the only important character in the Cyropaedia who is going to die bravely on the battlefield. Panthea, of course, introduces romance into the work; Cyrus himself is perhaps too intent upon his conquests to be swept away by passion. So too Pheraulas muses at length on the value of wealth because he, unlike Cyrus, can relinquish control over his property.
Book 1
Authors: Paschalis Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Juno spots the Trojans as they are hardly out of sight of Sicily and sailing joyfully ( ‘laeti ‘) towards Italy, their ancestral home. The joy of the Trojans revives Juno ‘s undying wound ( ‘aeternum ... uul nus ‘) and memories of her impotence to overcome her mortal enemies, which are vented in a monologue. The reader knows from the proem that Juno ‘s ‘dolor ‘ (9) and her memory (4) interrelate; and in 7. 286 ff. the goddess ‘s ‘dolor ‘ is specifically linked with the joy of Aeneas ( ‘laetum ‘), her ,vound ( ‘fixa ‘), and again with memories of her past impotence vis-a-vis the Trojans. Finally, both the proem and lines 25-6 associate Juno ‘s ‘dolores ‘ with her Vrath ( ‘ira ‘). Thus, in the opening of the storm episode the reader is induced to associate Vound and ‘dolor ‘, the latter functioning as a physical symptom of the former, and Juno ‘s ‘dolor ‘ ,with the ‘laetitia ‘ of the Trojans.
Barbarian Spinach and Roman Bacon: The Comedies of Plautus
Authors: Gowers Emily 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Latin literature begins in bulk with Plautus, and many later writers look back to his world as a Land of Cockaigne, where cooks, parasites, and slaves wallowed among mounds of tripes, hams, and delectable sweets and shellfish. Food, above all else, seems to preserve the savour of Plautus for later generations. Franta, for example, conjures up a menu out of Plautus’ ‘ancient crammings’ (veterum saginarum), capons, seafood, cakes, and wine, to tempt the puritan Marcus Aurelius. Apuleius’ own opulent style is made flesh in cloying lists of sausages and calamitously sticky sweetmeats straight out of comic recipes. And Gellius thinks some verses on a parasite’s appetite are genuine because they have the authentic ‘smack’ of Plautus (propterea resipiant Plautinum stilum).
Truth Preserved in a Minority
Authors: Diggle James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I offer first a list (i) of 61 readings which I believe to be both right and inherited and whose preservation hangs by a slender thread–because they are attested by a single manuscript or by a handful of manuscripts or only as a variant.1 Only a very few of these have any likelihood of being conjectural, or lucky slips, rather than inherited, or false rather than true. I then offer a list (ii) of 41 further readings which are also weakly preserved. I have included in this list readings which are either certainly or possibly true and which may be, but are not certainly, inherited rather than conjec¬ tural. For HMBOV I quote readings not only by the first hand but also by any correcting hands. For the later manuscripts I generally quote readings only by the first hand (including corrections and variants written by the first hand or the rubricator), but if there is doubt whether or not a correction or variant is by the first hand (the doubt arises particularly in the case of manuscripts which I have not inspected personally)
Introduction: Contexts and Sources
Authors: Jones Lesley Dean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Until the last decade very little research had been done on ancient views of female physiology. That it is now a focus of considérable scholarly activity1 is due to a new intellectual perspective on ancient science and a growth of interest in the study of women in antiquity. Seemingly bizarre théories based on erroneous observations are no longer scoffed at as bad science or distilled in the hope of discovering a kernel of truth to be identified as the theory’s true contribution to Western science. Instead, they are recognized as intellectual products capable of providing insight into how the ancients interacted with their world. The récognition that women were an important part of this world has latterly blossomed into an acknowledgement that half of the ancients were women. That this acknowledgement appeared late in Classical scholarship is not sur- prising because few works by women survived late antiquity. Théories of female physiology, however, presumably received some input from women, so scientific texts concerned with women’s bodies could be doubly useful in revealing both how men in antiquity regarded women and how women regarded themselves.
Conclusion
Authors: Jones Lesley Dean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Inconsistencies are évident in each of the two major sources for scientific théories of women’s bodies in the Classical era. In the Hippocratic Corpus these are due largely to its being compiled from the writings of many authors over an extended period of time, and in the Aristotelian to the fact that although Aristotle was a single author, the composition of the biological treatises spanned a large portion of his career during which he was continually adding to his knowledge and modifying his théories. The basic model of the female body differs so much between the two corpora, however, that the internai inconsistencies appear relatively minor. For the Hippocratics, woman is a radically different animal from man in structure and processes. For Aristotle she is a substandard man whose body only approximates to the idéal in human structure and processes.
The Range of Procedures
Authors: Todd S C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Central to this book is the problem of shaping the law of Athens, and thus of ordering and classifying (for to fail to classify is simply to list) the various elements that go to make up that system. That is why procedure has been given priority over substantive law in our discussion of the subject, a priority which it appears to have held in the minds of the Athenians themselves. Within the context of procedural law, however, further questions of classification need to be asked, for there are various ways in which the Athenians either did or could conceivably have organized their legal procedures. We hear of a distinction between dikai kata tinos (roughly, ‘penal prosecutions’) and dikai pros tina (those in which there is no threat of punishment): this is discussed in detail by Ruschen-busch, but he notes that at least by the fourth century the Athenians do not seem to have made much of it (1969: 392). Distinctions according to the nature of the penalty (did it go to the state or to the prosecutor?) are explored by Harrison (1968-71: ii. 78), who finds however that this is so much a matter of indifference to our sources that we often do not know its destination in a particular case, let alone the system (if any) on which this was decided.1 More promising at first sight is the classification adopted by Lipsius (1908-12), who arranges his material according to the magistrate presiding over the court which heard the case.
Relations with People Outside the Polis
Authors: Todd S C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Only one of Lysias’ preserved speeches (Lys. 22) directly concerns international commerce, or indeed any form of commercial activity: this is a prosecution speech in a dispute involving the grain trade. The procedure employed here is uncertain. Apagoge is possible, but more likely is an eisangelia (Hansen 1975: 117–18, cf. Hansen 1976: –34), originally submitted to the boule (§ 14), but now being referred to a regular digastric court(§ 1, 6-7, etc.). Certainly it entails serious consequences: on several occasions (§ 2, 5, 13) it is implied that conviction will carry the death penalty.
Army And Civilians In The East
Authors: Isaac Benjamin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Roman army in the East, unlike that in the West and North, was frequently based in cities. The evidence of permanent garrisons in towns has been listed above, but the function of the troops in towns and the effect of their presence there was not discussed. That would not have been out of place in chapters which attempt to describe the army as a force of occupation instead of frontier-defence. However, in the present chapter an attempt is made to describe what we know about the relationship between army and civilians in cities in the East. It is not an attempt to replace any part of R. MacMullen’s Soldier and Civilian. It aims to clarify various aspects of this relationship that result from the peculiarities of army organization in the eastern frontier-provinces. Three subjects are discussed: the army in cities, the army and taxation, and propaganda.
The Treasures of the Opisthodomos
Authors: Harris Diane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The location of the so-called Opisthodomos has been the subject of controversy and speculation for well over a century. The term itself is usually used to mean the rear chamber of a temple. The most obvious assumption would be to identify the Opisthodomos as the western portico of the temple of Athena Parthenos; but it has been conjectured that the name belongs to the back (western) room of the Old Temple to Athena which was rebuilt as a temporary shelter to house the cult statue and serve as the repository for treasures after the Persian sack of the Akropolis. This room in the western half of the so-called Dorpfeld foundations has been variously identified as the Opisthodomos, the Hekatompedon, and the Archaios Neos. For the purposes of the following catalogue of objects, it is not essential to decide where exactly the collection of treasures resided, whether in the west porch of the Parthenon or in the temporary shelter of the Dorpfeld foundations. I prefer to place these objects in the latter location because of the literary references, which agree in referring to the Opisthodomos as a separate building behind the temple of Athena Polias (the Erechtheion).
The Treasures of the Proneos
Authors: Harris Diane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Parthenon has some architectural peculiarities which suggest that the interior was designed with its function as a treasury in mind. The Proneos is deeper than the Opisthodomos, and has a sculpted Lesbian cyma plus an Ionic frieze over the cross-wall and door between the Proneos and Hekatompedon. All of the walls had wall-crowns, but most were painted, rather than sculpted, with Lesbian leaf. The door into the Opisthodomos was larger than that leading into the Proneos, with the height of the former cutting into the level of the entablature.
The Treasures of the Hekatompedon
Authors: Harris Diane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Hekatompedon became the principal repository for the treasures after the fall of Athens to Sparta at the end of he fifth century. The name ‘Hekatompedon’ (one-hundred-foot cella) was used to mean the main (eastern) cella with its double Doric interior peristyle and cult statue, or alternatively referred to the temple as a whole. It was also the name of the temple’s sixth-century predecessor, and was perhaps used for that part of the south side of the Akropolis in the period between the Persian sack and the beginning of construction in the time of Perikles.
The Art of Aristophanes’ Lyric
Authors: Parker L P E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first passage quoted gives an idea of what success (beyond the instant lionization described in Peace 769-74) meant to Aristophanes and his fellow comic poets. It also gives a glimpse of the social milieu that produced both Attic tragedy and comedy. Secondly, this and the other passages form part of the evidence that the performances at symposia covered a much wider rang than the little verses preserved by Athenaeus (694c-9sf) which make up much of the section of carmina convivialia in Page, PMG (884-917).
The Metres of Aristophanes
Authors: Parker L P E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since Boeckh observed the significance of verse-end in lyric (Pindari carmina quae supersunt (Leipzig, 1811-21), texts of Pindar have been laid out in verses. In texts of dramatic lyric, however, editors, while often (and necessarily) correcting and rearranging the colometries inherited from medieval MSS, still, for the most part, divide into cola of dimeter- or trimeter-length. A major reason for this is the comparative difficulty of finding verse-end in dramatic lyric, where the metrical pattern is generally repeated only once, instead of eight or ten times, as often in Pindar. It is also arguable that presentation in short cola makes it easier for the metrically-conscious reader to distinguish the rhythm. Not infrequently, however, division into short cola makes metrical nonsense.
Thesmophoriazusae
Authors: Parker L P E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Birds and points forward to Frogs. Parts of the play are marked by the predominance, or significant presence, of particular metres. Again, however, Tkesm. differs from Lys. in that changes of metre seem to have little structural function. Choice of metre reflects subject-mattter: trochaic for comment, dochmiacs for emotion, etc.
Wealth
Authors: Parker L P E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Wealth, the use of lyric to provide a running commentary on the action has been altogether abandoned. The role of the chorus in reacting to events with the emotional heightening of lyric is reduced to a single short burst of joy in dochmiacs (637-40). Otherwise, the lyric element has dwindled to a single, self-contained comic set-piece (290--321), only tenuously connected with the plot. Both here and in the dochmiacs, however, lyric continues to allude to and to burlesque poetic forms outside comedy.
Everything to Do with Dionysos? Ritualism, the Dionysiac, and the Tragic
Authors: Friedrich Rainer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dionysos is said to be the ‘elusive god’ who ‘defies definition’. Thus, when we ask the ancient question ‘what does tragedy have to do with Dionysos?’, we have first to ascertain who this Dionysos might be. Scholarship and Grand Theory since the Romantic era have produced a bewildering plethora of interpretations of this deity. In his important study of the formation of the modern Dionysos (or rather Dionysoi) from Romanticism to post-structuralism, Albert Henrichs observes that ‘no other god has created more confusion in the modern mind, nor produced a wider spectrum of different and often contradictory interpretations’.
Fortifications
Authors: Elton Hugh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Permanent army bases and many urban areas in the late Empire were defended by fortifications. In addition, some fortified refuge sites existed. Though each site was important in its own right (especially military ones), it also had a place in a defensive network, dependent on its size and location. This chapter discusses the principles determining how individual sites were defended but does not analyse particular sites or how regional defensive systems operated.
Operations
Authors: Elton Hugh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Boundaries between strategic and operational, and between operational and tactical decisions are very flexible and the selection of material that belongs here, rather than in Chapter 8, is difficult. Some of the topics discussed, such as strategic intelligence, belong equally well there. Since most field operations were conducted by the comitatenses this section refers mostly to them, not to limitanei. However, the two parts of the army appear to have been similar in capability.
The Naqada Period (c.4000—3200 BC)
Authors: Midant-Reynes Béatrix 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The second major phase of the Predynastic Period—the Naqada culture— derives its name from the site of Naqada, in Upper Egypt, where in 1892 Flinders Petrie uncovered a vast cemetery of more than 3000 graves. Petrie, struck at once by the unusual nature of these burials, compared with those previously known in Egypt, mistakenly ascribed them to a group of foreign invaders. This group was supposed to have continued in existence until the end of the Old Kingdom, and it was even suggested that they might have been responsible for its decline.
The Roman Period (30 BC–AD 311)
Authors: Peacock David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There can be few historical events better known than the love affair between Mark Antony, triumvir of Rome, and the beautiful and talented Queen Cleopatra VII of Egypt. His association with Cleopatra may not have been without political motives, for there was much to be gained by Rome fostering good relations with Egypt, the wealth of which was proverbial. Ultimately, however, his relationship brought him into conflict with his astute, single-minded, brother-in-law, Octavian. The issue was finally settled in the battle of Actium, fought in September 31 BC, and a year later Octavian, who in 27 BC changed his name to Augustus, entered Egypt for the first and last time. Egypt, the land of the pharaohs and their Hellenistic successors, the Ptolemies, was now part of the Roman empire.
Theseus and Heracles
Authors: Mills Sophie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Myths evolve and develop out of the needs of the society that tells them: a myth that has no interest for its audience will die, and thus narrators of myths will always ‘customize’ their material, according to what is required of it at a particular moment. Euripides’ Heracles is an especially instructive example of how historical place and time can influence the retelling of an established myth. What we know of the myth of Heracles’ madness before, and after, Euripides’ play, strongly suggests that his version of the story differs from the more common one in three major respects: he invents the character of the tyrant Lycus; he inverts the traditional order of the labours and the madness, so that the labours are no longer directly connected with the madness; and–most importantly–he introduces Theseus into the myth to offer Heracles honour and a home at Athens, and (by implication) a place to die. Euripides’ account seems to have cotained too many novelties for it to have influenced later Greek versions, and the introduction of Theseus into a story which originally has no place for him must be a product of a specifically Athenian perspective. Like the Theseus of Euripides’ Suppliants, the Theseus of the Heracles exhibits many of the qualities deemed essentially Athenian by Athenian encomia of Athens.
The Elegiac Woman at Rome: Propertius Book 4
Authors: Wyke Maria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How do women enter the discourse of Augustan love poetry and become elegiac? Studies of the representation of women in antiquity generally suggest that women enter its literatures doubly determined. Broadly speaking, literary representations of the female are determined both at the level of culture and at the level of genre: that is to say, by the range of cultural codes and institutions that order the female in a particular society and by the conventions that surround a particular practice of writing.1 Having largely focused in the previous chapter on consideration of generic determinants (the configuration of Cynthia in the Propertian corpus as a distinctive poetics of Roman Callimacheanism), I propose in this chapter to explore further the place of the elegiac woman in the literary landscape of Augustan Rome through an examination of the interplay of her generic and cultural determinants.
Suburban Feminist: Messalina 1930s–1970s
Authors: Wyke Maria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A search on the internet for information about Valeria Messalina leads to a webpage in which her biography is briefly summarized: full name, parentage, connection to Augustus, marriage to Claudius, motherhood, supplementary marriage to Silius, suicide (sic). The bulleted list on the left receives visual authentication from its juxtaposition with a Roman cameo on the right which bears the profile of a Claudian woman flanked by two tiny, child-like figures. Underneath, however, in a chiastic arrangement is a colour photograph of a woman’s face on the left juxtaposed with a caption on the right: ‘REALITY CHECK: She looks innocent enough. Girl next door? She’s nothing but a tramp’ (Fig. 10.1).
Recuperations: Better, Stronger, Faster
Authors: Hershkowitz Debra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The heroic status of Apollonius Rhodius’ Jason has been the subject of — and has come in for — much criticism. Remarkable more for his depressive episodes and his beauty than for his skills in battle or in other traditional epic pursuits, Jason has been labelled everything from a love-hero to an anti-hero to a ‘realistic’ human being. Not only is Apollonius’ Jason no Achilles or Odysseus, but the implicit rejection of Homeric heroic values, exemplified by his character, is further emphasized by the jettisoning of Hcrades. Cast in an archaic mould and a figure with whom Jason can scarcely compete in conventional terms, Heracles is removed from the epic before the end of its first book.
Dissimulation: Unlearnèd in the World’s False Subtleties
Authors: Hershkowitz Debra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the previous chapters, the importance of certain literary or meta-literary themes, such as the conflict between East and West or the effect of Romanization on conventionally Hellenic characters, has become apparent. This chapter will look at another of the Argonautica’s central thematic concerns, dissimulation, which functions on both a literary and a meta-literary level, and which also helps to position the work within its historical context. By examining various instances of dissimulation, I will chart the emerging pattern of its uses and abuses within the epic, and at the conclusion of the chapter I will suggest that this pattern can also be applied more broadly to the epic itself. But before turning to the Argonautica itself, I want to focus on two trend-setting epic deceptions, and the important questions which they provoke.