bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Self‐pollen on a stigma interferes with outcrossed seed production in a self‐incompatible monoecious plant, Akebia quinata (Lardizabalaceae)
Authors: KAWAGOE T. , SUZUKI N. 
Published: March 2005

Summary

Akebia quinata Decaisne is a monoecious woody vine. As the plants are self‐incompatible, separation of sex functions between flowers may function to avoid sexual interference rather than to avoid inbreeding depression. To investigate whether self‐pollen on stigmas affects outcrossed seed production in A. quinata, we carried out an artificial pollination experiment in which self‐pollination was conducted either simultaneously with, or 24 h before, cross‐pollination.
Compared with cross‐pollination, fruit set was significantly reduced by prior self‐pollination. Simultaneous self‐ and cross‐pollination also reduced fruit production. Overall, self‐pollen on a stigma reduced seed production by 85% compared with cross‐pollination.
Growth rate of self‐pollen tubes in carpels did not differ from that of cross‐pollen tubes, and self‐pollen tubes could reach ovules. This indicates that A. quinata has late‐acting self‐incompatibility, which may cause sexual interference if self‐pollination occurs.
These results support the idea that monoecy in A. quinata functions to avoid sexual interference, which imposes a fitness cost, at least on female function.
Views on the ground: teaching and clinical assessors’ views on vocational training for healthcare assistants in Ireland
Authors: McKenna Hugh P , Keeney Sinead , Hasson Felicity 
Published: March 2005

Aim and objectives.  This paper reports the views of teaching staff and clinical assessors on their experience of programme delivery and assessment.Background.  In 2001, the Irish Department of Health and Children developed a vocational training programme for healthcare assistants. This programme was piloted nationally across 14 hospital and community sites. Teaching staff and clinical assessors at each site delivered the programme.Method.  One‐to‐one semi‐structured interviews were undertaken with 16 clinical staff and 26 teaching staff. With consent, all interviews were tape‐recorded, from which the transcripts were subject to content analysis.Results.  A lack of experience and preparation among teaching staff and clinical assessors was evident. The staff's commitment to their role on the programme while maintaining their normal duties caused frustration and uncertainty. Not withstanding, the value of the programme in terms of increased motivation, satisfaction and knowledge of healthcare assistants and the impact on care delivery, was recognized by respondents.Conclusions.  This programme represents the provision of a national standard training programme for healthcare assistants. It provides an insight into the delivery of such a programme and the educational and training needs of healthcare assistants through the views of staff that taught and assessed on it.Relevance to clinical practice.  Findings suggest that the development and implementation of a national training programme for healthcare assistants is achievable.
Towards multidisciplinary assessment of older people: exploring the change process
Authors: Ross Fiona , O'Tuathail Claire , Stubberfield Debbie 
Published: March 2005

Aims and objectives.  This paper discusses the process of change that took place in an intervention study of standardized multidisciplinary assessment guidelines implemented in a female ward for older people in a District General Hospital in South London. This study was one of nine implementation projects in the South Thames Evidence‐Based Practice Project.Background.  The relationship between the worlds of research and healthcare practice is uneasy and contested and, as such, is a breeding ground for challenging questions about how evidence can be used to foment change in clinical practice. Recent literature on change highlights the importance of understanding complexity, which informed our approach and analysis.Methods.  A multifaceted approach to change that comprised evidence‐based guidelines, leadership (project leader) and change management was evaluated before and after the implementation by telephone interviews with patients, a postal survey of community staff and interviews with ward staff. A diagnostic analysis of current assessment practice informed the change process. The project leader collected data on adherence.Results.  This paper draws on descriptive and qualitative data and addresses the links between contextual issues and the processes and pathways of change, informed by theoretical ideas from the change literature. Key themes emerged: working through others and across boundaries, managing uncertainty and unanticipated challenges. Adherence of ward staff to using the multidisciplinary assessment guidelines was high, with evidence of some dissemination to community staff at follow‐up. Three years after the project finished the multidisciplinary assessment is still part of routine clinical practice.Conclusions.  The analysis contributes to understanding about the nursing leadership of change within an interprofessional arena of practice. It highlights the importance of understanding the context in relation to the impact and sustainability of change and thus the utility of conducting a diagnostic analysis in the early stages of implementation. This has implications for developing approaches to change in nursing and interprofessional practice in other settings.Relevance to clinical practice.  Using research to change practice needs clinical leaders who are supported by the organization and have the skills to implement research evidence, manage uncertainty and build trust with a range of other professionals.
Unity from diversity: the evidential use of anecdotal reports of adverse drug reactions and interactions
Authors: Aronson Jeffrey K. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractAnecdotal case reports contribute about one‐third of the published literature on adverse drug reactions and interactions, but are regarded as providing poor‐quality evidence. However, they can occasionally provide proof of cause and effect, and there are many other reasons for publishing them. Because an anecdote is a narrative, narratological paradigms from literature, art, and music can show how we can make evidential use of anecdotes. Useful paradigms are the dramatic unities (of time, place, and action), comprehensive catalogues, and pattern formations. Here I give examples of each of these types of paradigm and show how they can be used to interpret anecdotes about adverse drug reactions and interactions. The dramatic unities show how a proper classification of adverse drug reactions can be achieved, according to dose‐relation, time‐course, and susceptibility factors; use of this classification should improve the evidential use of anecdotal reports. A high background incidence of the effect (the medical equivalent of subplots, which violate the unity of action) makes it more difficult to detect adverse drug effects using anecdotal reports. To make best evidential use of the corpus of anecdotal reports of adverse drug reactions, comprehensiveness is important: each suspected adverse reaction should be reported in detail and reactions should be reported in sufficient numbers for proper classification and for patterns to be recognized. One form of pattern recognition, teleoanalysis of data, should, when possible, include not only randomized controlled trials and observational studies, but also case series and anecdotal reports.
In planta measurements of oxidative bursts elicited by avirulent and virulent bacterial pathogens suggests that H2O2 is insufficient to elicit cell death in tobacco
Authors: MUR LUIS A. J. , KENTON PAUL , DRAPER JOHN 
Published: March 2005

ABSTRACTA rapid and localized programmed cell death – the hypersensitive response (HR) – is a widely utilized plant resistance mechanism against pathogens. Studies have implicated H2O2 generation as a key elicitory mechanism in the HR. The causal relationship between the kinetics of the in planta oxidative burst, the HR and certain defence gene expression was examined. H2O2 generation following challenge with avirulent strains of Pseudomonas syringae pv. (P. s. pv.) syringae occurred in two phases. The effects of ROS generation were investigated using the H2O2‐responsive transgene AoPR10‐GUS, the dually responsive (H2O2 and salicylic acid) PR1a‐GUS as well as measures of cell death. Co‐application of catalase with P. s. pv. syringae into tobacco leaf panels suppressed AoPR10‐ and PR1a‐GUS expression and cell death. Conversely, varying H2O2 generation with glucose: glucose oxidase influenced both defence gene expression and cell death. AoPR10‐GUS proved to be primarily responsive to apoplastic not intracellular oxidative stress, suggesting that the apoplasm was a distinctive source of oxidative signals. A biphasic oxidative burst was also observed with virulent P. s. pv. tabaci, which, although delayed compared to that observed during HR, persisted at equivalent levels for a longer period. Taking all these data together we suggest that either (1) additional factors to the apoplastic oxidative burst are required to explain the rapid kinetics of defence signalling and cell death associated with the HR or (2) P. s. pv. tabaci successfully suppresses the effects of H2O2 generation by an unknown mechanism.
Energy evaluation of extruded compound foods for dogs by near‐infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Castrillo C. , Baucells M. , Vicente F. , Muñoz F. , Andueza D. 
Published: March 2005

SummaryNear‐infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) was used to predict the chemical composition, apparent digestibility and digestible nutrients and energy content of commercial extruded compound foods for dogs. Fifty‐six foods of known chemical composition and in vivo apparent digestibility were analysed overall and 51 foods were used to predict gross energy digestibility and digestible energy content. Modified partial least square calibration models were developed for organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), crude fibre (CF), nitrogen free extracts (NFE) and gross energy (GE) content, the apparent digestibility (OMD, CPD, EED, NFED and GED) and the digestible nutrient and energy content (DOM, DCP, DEE, DNFE and DE) of foods. The calibration equations obtained were evaluated by the standard error and the determination coefficient of cross‐validation. The cross‐validation coefficients of determination (R) were 0.61, 0.99, 0.91, 0.96, 0.94 and 0.92 for OM, CP, EE, CF, NFE and GE, the corresponding standard error of cross‐validation (SECV) being 5.80, 3.51, 13.35, 3.64 and 16.95 g/kg dry matter (DM) and 0.29 MJ/kg DM respectively. The prediction of apparent digestibility was slightly less accurate, but NIRS prediction of digestible nutrient (g/kg DM) and DE (MJ/kg DM) gave satisfactory results, with high R (0.93, 0.97, 0.93, 0.83 and 0.93 for DOM, DCP, DEE, DNFE and DE respectively) and relatively low SECV (11.55, 6.85, 12.14 and 22.98 g/kg DM and 0.47 MJ/kg DM). It is concluded that the precision of NIRS in predicting the energy value of compound extruded foods for dogs is similar or better than by proximate analysis, as well as being faster and more accurate.
Investigations in pet birds (Agapornis spp.) fed different vitamin K3 contents in the diet
Authors: Wolf P. , Hupfeld C. , Dorrestein G. , Kamphues J. 
Published: March 2005

SummaryIn the past many discussions about possible toxic effects of vitamin K3 fed to pet birds arose frequently, and were published also in magazines for pet bird fanciers, in the internet as well as in veterinary journals. Therefore, the aim of this study was an evaluation of effects of different dosages of vitamin K3 on birds’ health when given orally for a longer period. These investigations were carried out with adult lovebirds (Agapornis spp.) fed a pelleted diet with different levels of vitamin K3 (menadione–sodium–bisulphite): control group 0 mg, group V1 20 mg and group V2 200 mg/kg diet dry matter. General condition and well being of the lovebirds were checked daily. Body weight gains as well as feed and water intakes were examined once a week. Every 2‐month blood samples of each lovebird were collected and analysed. After a period of 6 and 10 months, respectively, four birds of each group were necropsied in order to carry out a pathological and histological examination. In general, the behaviour, feed and water intakes as well as quality of excreta were not influenced by ingestion of diets with different levels of vitamin K3. All variations were in physiological ranges. Individuals of all groups showed positive body weight gains and an active reproduction status. However, the best body mass (BM) development and egg laying activity could be observed in lovebirds of group V2 with the highest vitamin K3 supplementation. In the haemotogram some time‐depending variations could be observed; however, a systematic influence of vitamin K3 could not be determined in any group or at any time. All analysed biochemical values in plasma and the activities of enzymes were within normal ranges. Only few birds of every group showed aberrant histological findings, but none of these could be related to the vitamin K3 intake. Moreover, no forced accumulation of vitamin K3 in the liver depending on vitamin K3 intake was found. This result suggests a rapid metabolism of the absorbed vitamin K3. All in all, the application of pelleted diets with addition of 20 or 200 mg vitamin K3/kg diet over a period of several months did not affect pet birds’ health. Given these results, any doubts about the compatibility of usual doses of vitamin K3 in diets for lovebirds must be considered as absolutely groundless.
First Report of Bacterial Leaf Spot (Pseudomonas syringae pv. coriandricola) of Coriander in Spain
Authors: Cazorla F. M. , Vázquez M. A. , Rosales J. , Arrebola E. , Navarro J. , Pérez‐García A. , De Vicente A. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractBacterial leaf spot symptoms of coriander were first observed in January 2003 in three coriander fields in the valley region of the Axarquía (Málaga, Spain), showing a very high incidence. Pseudomonas syringae pv. coriandricola was consistently isolated from diseased plants, identified and its pathogenicity on coriander could be proved. The effective inoculum dose (ED50) of the isolated strains was estimated and it was very similar to those displayed by the P. syringae pv. coriandricola reference strains used as control. This is the first report of bacterial leaf spot on coriander in Spain.
Chitin‐supplemented Foliar Application of Serratia marcescens GPS 5 Improves Control of Late Leaf Spot Disease of Groundnut by Activating Defence‐related Enzymes
Authors: Kishore G. K. , Pande S. , Podile A. R. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractChitinolytic Serratia marcescens GPS 5 and non‐chitinolytic Pseudomonas aeruginosa GSE 18, with and without supplementation of chitin, were tested for their ability to activate defence‐related enzymes in groundnut leaves. Thirty‐day‐old groundnut (cv. TMV 2) plants pretreated with GPS 5 and GSE 18 (with and without supplementation of 1% colloidal chitin) were challenge inoculated after 24 h with Phaeoisariopsis personata, the causal agent of late leaf spot (LLS) disease of groundnut. GPS 5 and GSE 18, applied as a prophylactic spray, reduced the lesion frequency by 23% and 67%, respectively, compared with control. Chitin supplementation had no effect on the control of LLS by GSE 18, unlike GPS 5, which upon chitin supplementation reduced the lesion frequency by 64%, compared with chitin alone. In a time course study the activities of chitinase, β‐1,3‐glucanase, peroxidase and phenylalanine ammonia lyase were determined for the different treatments. There was an enhanced activity of the four defence‐related enzymes with all the bacterial treatments when compared with phosphate buffer and colloidal chitin‐treated controls. In correlation to disease severity in bacterial treatments, chitin‐supplemented GSE 18 was similar to GSE 18, whereas chitin‐supplemented GPS 5 was much more effective than GPS 5, in activation of the defence‐related enzymes. The high levels of enzyme activities following chitin‐supplemented GPS 5 application continued up to the measured 13 days after pathogen inoculation.
Oil and Water: The Contrasting Anatomies of Resource Conflicts
Authors: Selby Jan 
Published: March 2005

AbstractIt is often said that while many of the twentieth century's wars were fought over oil, those of the twenty-first will be fought over water. This paper seeks to counter this argument, as well as the assumption implicit in it that the two resources engender, or will engender, broadly similar types of conflict. Specifically it argues 1) that within the context of the contemporary global capitalism, oil and water are marked by starkly divergent political economies; 2) that the two resources thus have starkly contrasting impacts upon patterns of state formation; 3) that these factors together militate against the development of violent international water conflicts; and 4) that notwithstanding the above, water is already a significant cause of local violence in many parts of the global South.
EU–Russian Energy Links: A Marriage of Convenience?
Authors: Johnson Debra 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis article explores issues of energy supply security from the perspective of the EU–Russian energy relationship and of competing foreign energy policy paradigms. Using approaches developed by Peter Rutland within the context of Russia's energy policy towards the CIS and the three pillars of EU energy policy as a starting point, the article concludes that the overall EU–Russian energy relationship can be best explained through a framework of mutual interest and dependency: that is, the EU is becoming increasingly, but not totally, dependent on Russian energy, particularly gas; and Russia is becoming increasingly, but not totally, dependent on European markets. Nevertheless, other paradigms continue to yield useful insights in relation to individual components of the EU–Russian energy relationship.
Divergent Host Responses during Primary Simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIVsm Infection of Natural Sooty Mangabey and Nonnatural Rhesus Macaque Hosts
Authors: Silvestri Guido , Fedanov Andrew , Germon Stephanie , Kozyr Natalia , Kaiser William J. , Garber David A. , McClure Harold , Feinberg Mark B. , Staprans Silvija I. 
Published: March 2005

ABSTRACTTo understand how natural sooty mangabey hosts avoid AIDS despite high levels of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) SIVsm replication, we inoculated mangabeys and nonnatural rhesus macaque hosts with an identical inoculum of uncloned SIVsm. The unpassaged virus established infection with high-level viral replication in both macaques and mangabeys. A species-specific, divergent immune response to SIV was evident from the first days of infection and maintained in the chronic phase, with macaques showing immediate and persistent T-cell proliferation, whereas mangabeys displayed little T-cell proliferation, suggesting subdued cellular immune responses to SIV. Importantly, only macaques developed CD4+-T-cell depletion and AIDS, thus indicating that in mangabeys limited immune activation is a key mechanism to avoid immunodeficiency despite high levels of SIVsm replication. These studies demonstrate that it is the host response to infection, rather than properties inherent to the virus itself, that causes immunodeficiency in SIV-infected nonhuman primates.
Dynamic Fluorescent Imaging of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Gag in Live Cells by Biarsenical Labeling
Authors: Rudner Lynnie , Nydegger Sascha , Coren Lori V. , Nagashima Kunio , Thali Markus , Ott David E. 
Published: March 2005

ABSTRACT

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Gag is the primary structural protein of the virus and is sufficient for particle formation. We utilized the recently developed biarsenical-labeling method to dynamically observe HIV-1 Gag within live cells by adding a tetracysteine tag (C-C-P-G-C-C) to the C terminus of Gag in both Pr55
Gag
expression and full-length proviral constructs. Membrane-permeable biarsenical compounds FlAsH and ReAsH covalently bond to this tetracysteine sequence and specifically fluoresce, effectively labeling Gag in the cell. Biarsenical labeling readily and specifically detected a tetracysteine-tagged HIV-1 Gag protein (Gag-TC) in HeLa, Mel JuSo, and Jurkat T cells by deconvolution fluorescence microscopy. Gag-TC was localized primarily at or near the plasma membrane in all cell types examined. Fluorescent two-color analysis of Gag-TC in HeLa cells revealed that nascent Gag was present mostly at the plasma membrane in distinct regions. Intracellular imaging of a Gag-TC myristylation mutant observed a diffuse signal throughout the cell, consistent with the role of myristylation in Gag localization to the plasma membrane. In contrast, mutation of the L-domain core sequence did not appreciably alter the localization of Gag, suggesting that the PTAP L domain functions at the site of budding rather than as a targeting signal. Taken together, our results show that Gag concentrates in specific plasma membrane areas rapidly after translation and demonstrate the utility of biarsenical labeling for visualizing the dynamic localization of Gag.
Vesicular Stomatitis Viruses Expressing Wild-Type or Mutant M Proteins Activate Apoptosis through Distinct Pathways
Authors: Gaddy Daniel F. , Lyles Douglas S. 
Published: March 2005

ABSTRACT
Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) induces apoptosis by at least two mechanisms. The viral matrix (M) protein induces apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway due to the inhibition of host gene expression. However, in some cell types, the inhibition of host gene expression by VSV expressing wild-type (wt) M protein delays VSV-induced apoptosis, indicating that another mechanism is involved. In support of this, the recombinant M51R-M (rM51R-M) virus, expressing a mutant M protein that is defective in its ability to inhibit host gene expression, induces apoptosis much more rapidly in L929 cells than do viruses expressing wt M protein. Here, we determine the caspase pathways by which the rM51R-M virus induces apoptosis. An analysis of caspase activity, using fluorometric caspase assays and Western blots, indicated that each of the main initiator caspases, caspase-8, caspase-9, and caspase-12, were activated during infection with the rM51R-M virus. The overexpression of Bcl-2, an inhibitor of the mitochondrial pathway, or MAGE-3, an inhibitor of caspase-12 activation, did not delay apoptosis induction in rM51R-M virus-infected L929 cells. However, an inhibitor of caspase-8 activity significantly delayed apoptosis induction. Furthermore, the inhibition of caspase-8 activity prevented the activation of caspase-9, suggesting that caspase-9 is activated by cross talk with caspase-8. These data indicate that VSV expressing the mutant M protein induces apoptosis via the death receptor apoptotic pathway, a mechanism distinct from that induced by VSV expressing the wt M protein.
Epstein-Barr Virus with the Latent Infection Nuclear Antigen 3B Completely Deleted Is Still Competent for B-Cell Growth Transformation In Vitro
Authors: Chen Adrienne , DiVisconte Matthew , Jiang Xiaoqun , Quink Carol , Wang Fred 
Published: March 2005

ABSTRACT
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) nuclear antigen 3B (EBNA-3B) is considered nonessential for EBV-mediated B-cell growth transformation in vitro based on three virus isolates with EBNA-3B mutations. Two of these isolates could potentially express truncated EBNA-3B products, and, similarly, we now show that the third isolate, IB4, has a point mutation and in-frame deletion of 263 amino acids. In order to test whether a virus with EBNA-3B completely deleted can immortalize B-cell growth, we first cloned the EBV genome as a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) and showed that the BAC-derived virus was B-cell immortalization competent. Deletion of the entire EBNA-3B open reading frame from the EBV BAC had no adverse impact on growth of EBV-immortalized B cells, providing formal proof that EBNA-3B is not essential for EBV-mediated B-cell growth transformation in vitro.