bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Animal Models of Mood Disorders
Authors: Parise Lyonna F. , Cardona-Acosta Astrid M. , Parise Eric M. , Bolaños-Guzmán Carlos A. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Animal models have a crucial practical value for aiding the mechanistic understanding underlying mood disorders. Studying the central and peripheral mechanisms that mediate both normal and abnormal behavior has greatly advanced the development of pharmacological therapies to treat major depressive disorder. Ideally, a behavioral model should recapitulate the symptoms of the disorder that is observed in humans and should be sensitive to pharmacological interventions. Whether to evaluate stress-induced changes during a particular stage of development or to determine sex differences, there is an ideal animal model that can parallel the alterations seen in the human condition and therefore be ideal for evaluating therapeutic interventions or monitoring long-term outcomes. As knowledge advances, there will be increased utility for traditional testing protocols while also taking advantage of more sophisticated techniques to enhance old paradigms and ensure that the complexity with which animal models are employed is relevant and beneficial to real-world applications.
Novel Approaches for Treating Depression
Authors: Nestler Eric J. , Charney Dennis S. , Krystal John H. , Murrough James W. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Despite an improved understanding of mood regulation and the pathophysiology of depression, it has been extraordinarily difficult to generate antidepressant medications with truly novel mechanisms of action. A major milestone in the field was the approval of the first two non-monoamine-based antidepressants in the United States in 2019. Ketamine (which is an NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist among other actions) was approved for treatment-resistant symptoms of depression and depression in the context of increased suicide risk. Brexanolone (a positive allosteric modulator of the GABAA receptor) was approved for the treatment of postpartum depression. The expectation is that these approvals are a harbinger of many additional advances in antidepressant treatments that will be seen in the years ahead. This chapter summarizes the obstacles that have hindered the development of non-monoamine-based antidepressants, and it provides a progress report on some of the most promising current strategies.
Novel Approaches for Treating Anxiety and Trauma-Related Disorders
Authors: Kaye Alfred P. , Jefferson Sarah , Krystal John H. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Anxiety spectrum disorders are characterized by a pathological perception or response to threat. Treatments for anxiety frequently rely on utilizing neural plasticity to reduce threat response via extinction learning. Current treatments for anxiety involve sustained reduction in anxiety via antidepressants, anxiolytics, and psychotherapy. Although these treatments are effective, there is a large treatment-resistant population and a larger population that does not receive these treatments. Opportunities to reduce the burden of anxiety may target novel neural circuit or receptor targets that are not directly approached with current treatments. Both ketamine and psychedelic drugs may act in part by enhancing neural plasticity related to fear extinction. Direct modulation of neural circuits, using implanted devices of noninvasive means, may offer innovative and precise treatments. Finally, the utilization of computational approaches to behavior including virtual reality may enable scalable means of improving anxiety.
Current Treatments for Substance Use Disorders
Authors: D’Sa Adam , Gaddis Andrew L. , Strain Eric C. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter reviews current pharmacological treatments of substance use disorders. The focus is on pharmacotherapies that are currently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), categorized by the appropriate substance use disorder. The evidence for approved pharmacotherapies for opioid use (methadone, buprenorphine, and naltrexone) and withdrawal (lofexidine) is discussed first. Then, the three first-line therapies for nicotine use disorder are evaluated: nicotine replacement, buproprion hydrochloride, and varenicline tartate. Next, the chapter discusses the three pharmacological treatments for alcohol use disorder: disulfiram, naltrexone, and acamprosate. No FDA-approved pharmacotherapies currently exist for cocaine, amphetamine, benzodiazepine, or cannabis use disorder. The chapter concludes with a discussion of future directions of drug development for substance use disorders.
Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Howell Gareth R. , Carter Gregory W. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (LOAD) is a heterogeneous disorder with a complex genetic and environmental etiology. Animal models are the primary means to understand the mechanisms that drive the origin and progression of disease. Limitations of prior models have motivated new approaches to animal and cell modeling. The proliferation of molecular characterizations of Alzheimer’s disease through imaging, biomarkers, genetic, and multi-omic studies of clinical cohorts is enabling precision modeling in vivo and in vitro. This chapter describes how genetic editing is being used to create mouse models based on contemporary human genetics and how these new models are characterized using multiple modalities to optimally align with human studies. This approach to decipher the complexity of human LOAD using iterative modeling in mouse and other systems promises to facilitate the development and preclinical testing of precision molecular therapeutics for Alzheimer’s disease.
Neurobiology of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Levy Tess , Buxbaum Joseph D. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent, early onset, and persistent disorder of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. ADHD has been associated with a range of adverse functional outcomes during childhood (e.g., school and social problems), adolescence (e.g., early onset and elevated substance use), and adulthood (e.g., reduced income and life span). Dysregulation of the catecholaminergic neurotransmission in cerebellar–corticostriatal circuits has been implicated in ADHD through successful pharmacological treatment, neuroimaging studies, and animal models. Medications have been largely successful in treating the core symptoms of ADHD. Hypotheses about the etiology of ADHD encompass genetic and environmental risk factors. Both common and rare genetic variants have been implicated in ADHD. Environmental factors, especially those that impact early neurodevelopment, have also been linked to ADHD risk.
Neurobiology of Eating Disorders
Authors: Hildebrandt Thomas , Susanin Annabel 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter provides a summary of the primary neurobiological understanding of eating disorders using experiments from animal models and the growing literature in humans. It discusses how dysregulation in appetite hormones and peptides, adrenal hormones, and ovarian hormones all show strong correlation to the development and maintenance of eating disorders. The chapter also addresses the role of the serotonergic and dopaminergic systems and several central nervous system neurocircuits in these chronic and frequently relapsing disorders. It highlights the developmental models, neural substrates, temperament and eating behaviors, and animal models used to understand anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder. It also identifies future directions of neurobiological research in this field.
The Present and Future of Psychiatric Diagnosis
Authors: Hyman Steven E. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The 5th edition, text revision, of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) and the similar International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 11th edition, are the most widely used diagnostic systems for mental disorders. The DSM system makes diagnoses based on explicitly specified (operationalized) diagnostic criteria ascertained from the history of illness and clinical observation. The DSM system conceptualizes disorders as discrete categories discontinuous from health and completely distinct from each other. However, information from clinical research, genetics, molecular analyses of postmortem brains, epidemiology, and data sciences indicates that the categorical approach of the DSM is fundamentally in error and that mental disorders are better understood as quantitative deviations from health that overlap each other. Across disorders, there is significant sharing of genetic risk (shared risk alleles) and clinical overlap that the DSM interprets as comorbidity involving multiple distinct disorders.
Digital Assessments of Psychiatric Disorders
Authors: Quist Rachel E. , Bhattacharya Sukanya , Chacko Sarah M. , Jacobson Nicholas C. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
There is a well-documented gap between the need for mental health treatment and the availability of these resources. Ecologically valid data collection is becoming increasingly more feasible through the increased everyday use of smartphones, wearable devices, and social media. These modes of data collection allow access to data collected outside of a clinical site. These data can give clinicians new insight into a patient’s everyday life. Digital phenotyping—the quantification of an individual’s phenotype through the use of data taken in situ—relies on machine learning models to potentially detect, diagnose, and treat a variety of different mental health disorders. Digital phenotyping thus has the potential to increase both the scalability and ecological validity of mental health treatment. Although digital phenotyping research is still in early stages, preliminary research shows promise for these data to help address the gap between mental health need and mental health care.
Introduction
Authors: Harter Thomas D. , Merlo Gia 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The concept of medical professionalism is often talked about and treated as interchangeable with healthcare professionalism. However, it is noted here that medical professionalism is and should be considered distinct from healthcare professionalism, as healthcare professionalism is broadly inclusive of all the health professions, whereas medical professionalism is taken as applicable only to medical doctors. Reasons for this distinction include both the level of training necessary to be a medical doctor and the fiduciary bond between patients and physicians. This chapter then outlines the overall structure of the textbook, highlighting the importance of the narrative prologue and epilogues of each section and the uniqueness of the concluding chapter. In describing the structure, a brief description of each section and chapter is provided.
Faculty Development for Professionalism
Authors: Gillis Marin , Bolstad Judy 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The faculty of medical trainees may feel it is an assault on their character to suggest that they may need formal training in medical professionalism prior to teaching it to students. However, training for medical professionalism requires developing skills just as much medical professionalism itself is a skill set. Yet, if medical professionalism education is to remain a self-regulated function of the profession, medical professionalism programs must develop curriculum for training not only the trainees but also the trainers. This chapter discusses a pathway forward for developing professionalism education among faculty as a means toward ensuring high-quality professionalism education for medical students.
Managing Spiritual Issues in Catholic-Affiliated Health Systems
Authors: Bedford Elliott Louis , Eberl Jason T. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter highlights ways in which religiously affiliated health systems, specifically those of the Roman Catholic tradition, support and manage issues of spirituality in the provision of care, especially as they intersect issues of professionalism. Spirituality plays an explicit and distinguishing role in the mission, vision, and values of Catholic healthcare delivery. The chapter begins by drawing attention to the philosophy of medicine, founded in the Hippocratic tradition and revitalized by scholars such as Edmund Pellegrino, which animates the identity and mission of Catholic healthcare. Practical implications of this philosophy of medicine are illustrated in the context of end-of-life care. The final two sections elucidate the professional commitment to the spiritual dimension of healthcare and how healthcare professionals are formed within a Catholic healthcare institution. The chapter concludes by focusing on the specific practice of spiritual care, provided by both Catholic and non-Catholic professional chaplains, as a practical manifestation of the care of the whole person characteristic of the Catholic healthcare mission.
Well-Being
Authors: Carrese Joseph , Merlo Gia 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Physician well-being is inextricably linked to medical professionalism . Historically, the stressful nature and circumstances of clinical work and operationalizing professionalism to require extreme levels of self-sacrifice, have together undermined physician well-being. This chapter explores the relationship between physician well-being and medical professionalism and argues that a modern and robust version of professionalism requires well-being to be a key element of professionalism as opposed to the historical experience that well-being is often a casualty of professionalism.
How Physicians Demonstrate and Maintain Professionalism Through Communication
Authors: Houchens Nathan 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
When patients and physicians engage in effective relationship-centered care, they each experience myriad important positive benefits. Patients note improved adherence with treatment plans, functional status, symptoms, quality of life, and rates of readmission and death. Physicians enjoy improved diagnostic accuracy and confidence and lower rates of burnout. Physicians personify professionalism with their patients through verbal (clear, concise, and inviting language; empathic statements) and nonverbal (bodily posture and positioning, gestures, eye contact) communication strategies. Scholarly literature on patient preferences for physician attire, a modifiable aspect of nonverbal communication that impacts the patient-physician relationship, is reviewed. Both physicians and patients may harbor biases and stereotype threat toward the other, which may lead to challenging situations involving harassment, discrimination, and microaggresions. In these moments, physicians can employ relationship-centered communication skills to proactively mitigate their own biases, repair relationship ruptures, and demonstrate support for themselves and other members of the healthcare team.
Special Considerations for Clinical Research
Authors: Nicolini Marie , Grady Christine , Inui Thomas S. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Clinical care and research serve a common societal goal of promoting health. Yet the ethical standards that govern the two endeavors are very different. How, then, should clinician-scientists reconcile combining their therapeutic roles and obligations as clinicians with their goals and associated duties as researchers? The first part discusses the relationship between professionalism and ethics: To define professionalism for clinician-scientists, we need to characterize the ethical norms governing clinical research and ground professionalism standards for clinician-scientists. The second part outlines these ethical standards, with attention to how they apply in complex situations that blur the line between care and research. The third part discusses further professionalism standards for clinician-scientists in the context of research. The chapter closes with two current examples of evolving concepts within the ethics of clinical research: clinician-scientists’ dual role in practice and the notion of structural competence.
Organizational Professionalism
Authors: Michelson Kelly N. , Faber Joshua M. M. , Teven Chad M. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Healthcare organizations have numerous responsibilities to multiple stakeholders. These responsibilities are based on fundamental aspects of medical professionalism and ethics. To provide effective and equitable patient care, healthcare organizations must recognize, understand, and embody these responsibilities on a continual basis. This chapter describes the relationship between professional and organizational ethics, the unique responsibilities of the medical profession and organizations that deliver care to patients, such as hospitals, and the relationship between professional ethics and bioethics. Then highlighted are the professional and ethical relationships between healthcare organizations and five key stakeholders: patients, employees, communities, partner organizations, and innovators. As novel technology, staffing and patient care models, and healthcare discovery and delivery evolve, healthcare organizations must consider the foundational underpinnings of organizational ethics and professionalism in their operations and identify and plan for emerging issues. By doing so, healthcare organizations will create and sustain a culture of medical professionalism.
Resilience and Medical Professionalism
Authors: Michtalik Henry J. , Wu Albert W. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Clinician resilience is related to professionalism and can be supported or challenged by properties of their organization. Job satisfaction and employee motivation strengthen professionalism. External factors may lead to dissatisfaction while intrinsic factors enhance job satisfaction. Job enrichment can also bolster motivation. There are many stresses in healthcare that can threaten clinician well-being. Burnout from chronic unmanaged workplace stress can further contribute to a lack of professionalism. Interventions directed at the organizational level to reduce burnout, such as changes in scheduling and workflows, may have stronger effects than those directed at individual clinicians. Unusually stressful incidents can traumatize clinicians and lead to second-victim syndrome. Psychological first aid and emotional support can help restore individual resilience, such as Johns Hopkins RISE (Resilience in Stressful Events) peer support program. Many factors influence clinician well-being, including the practice environment. Solutions to support clinicians and promote resilience include early identification of negative individual and work-related factors that can receive intervention. Strategies aimed at both individuals and leaders are needed. Fixing the workplace rather than the worker may be more successful.
The Unbearable Whiteness of Professionalism
Authors: Razack Saleem 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter explores the process of professional identity formation and the social construction of professionalism through the lens of persons who are underrepresented and/or structurally marginalized within medicine. To join medicine entails several implicit agreements. These agreements include (1) joining a knowledge system; (2) submitting to review by peers; and (3) reformulating one’s identity through professional socialization. Through case-based discussions it is sought to link theory to practice in the teaching and socialization process of professionalism. Professionalism as a social construct intersected by broader societal discourses such as whiteness, maleness, and hegemony are analyzed. In Next, the attention turns to professional identity formation and the diverse learner and how inclusive professionalism might be built through greater attention to promoting authenticity and co-creation of standards and norms with learners and ideally patients. Finally, the last sections and the conclusion explore what inclusive professionalisms of solidarity might look like for greater flourishing for learners and better outcomes for diverse patients.
Cancer Survivorship and Identity
Authors: Deimling Gary T. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Over the past two decades, the concept of “survivorship” has become a focal orientation for those individuals who have had cancer and their family members. Recent research notes that survivorship reflections continue to be a prominent theme. With earlier diagnosis and better treatment that have resulted in improved survival rates for most cancers, a focus on survivorship has become a more realistic orientation. However, because social norms, attitudes, and beliefs often lag scientific and medical advances, the shift toward a survivorship orientation that is now prominent took decades to emerge. This chapter examines the range of health identities that those who have been treated for cancer may adopt, including victim, patient/ex-patient, and survivor. Following the presentation of a conceptual model for examining cancer-linked identities, foundational and recent research on this topic are reviewed along with findings from the authors’ Cancer Survivors Research Program (CSRP), including narratives from older cancer survivors.
Dexamethasone in Addition to Metoclopramide for Chronic Nausea in Patients With Advanced Cancer
Authors: Baldeo Ryan , Derrick Jennifer L. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This study investigates the benefit of adding dexamethasone to a scheduled regimen of metoclopramide for patients with advanced cancer and experiencing chronic nausea. Through a double-blind, parallel study, with 51 patients enrolled, subjects were randomized to dexamethasone or placebo treatment groups for a duration of 7 days. During the study, assessment of symptom intensity was completed daily. At the conclusion of the study, a review of the impact on patient well-being was completed. This study found that the addition of dexamethasone was not superior to metoclopramide alone in the management of chronic nausea.
Duloxetine for Cancer-Related Neuropathic Pain
Authors: Barlow Ashley , Bruera Eduardo 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Cancer-associated peripheral neuropathy is a poorly defined syndrome that can manifest as a consequence from multiple different tumor types. There are no guidelines that provide evidence-based options to mitigate the consequences of this painful syndrome, with opioids and gabapentinoids often being trialed as front-line options. However, many patients remain refractory to these agents or are unable to tolerate the multitude of side effects. A randomized controlled trial conducted by Matsuoka et al. assessed the addition of duloxetine, a serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, in the management of cancer-associated peripheral neuropathy for patients with continued pain despite a trial of opioids and/or gabapentinoids. Duloxetine demonstrated a statistically significant benefit in the reduction of pain scores compared to placebo, making this agent a plausible option for patients suffering from cancer-associated peripheral neuropathy.
Improving Metastatic Bone Pain With Opioid Adjuvants
Authors: Buckholz Gary T. , Pope J. Keais 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Patients with refractory metastatic bone pain have both nociceptive and neuropathic components of their pain, for which it was proposed that a combination of low-dose antidepressant/antiepileptic medications would be effective as an adjunctive treatment of this pain. Thirty-seven patients from a pain clinic in Japan were enrolled in a randomized controlled trial with 3 intervention arms: pregabalin 50 mg, pregabalin 25 mg, and imipramine 5 mg, or pregabalin 25 mg and mirtazapine 7.5 mg. Pain was assessed on days 0–7, 10, and 14. The imipramine and mirtazapine groups were noted to have a significantly greater decrease in their pain levels compared to pregabalin alone. This study suggests that refractory metastatic bone pain can be adjunctively and effectively treated with low-dose pregabalin and antidepressant combinations.