bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
7. Cervical facet pain: Degenerative alterations and whiplash‐associated disorder
Authors: Hellinga M. D. , van Eerd M. , Stojanovic M. P. , Cohen S. P. , de Andrès Ares J. , Kallewaard J. W. , Van Boxem K. , Van Zundert J. , Niesters M. 
Published: January 2025

AbstractIntroductionPain from the cervical facet joints, either due to degenerative conditions or due to whiplash‐related trauma, is very common in the general population. Here, we provide an overview of the literature on the diagnosis and treatment of cervical facet‐related pain with special emphasis on interventional treatment techniques.MethodsA literature search on the diagnosis and treatment of cervical facet joint pain and whiplash‐associated disorders (WAD) was performed using PubMed, Cochrane, and Embase databases. All relevant literature was retrieved and summarized.ResultsFacet‐related pain is typically diagnosed based on history and physical examination of the patients, combined with a diagnostic block (eg, with local anesthetic) of the medial branches innervating the joints. There is no additive value for imaging techniques to diagnose cervical facet pain, but imaging may be used for procedure planning. First‐line therapy for pain treatment includes focused exercise, graded activity, and range‐of‐motion training. Pharmacological treatment may be considered for acute facet joint pain; however, for chronic facet joint pain, evidence for pharmacological treatment is lacking. Considering the lack of evidence for treatment with botulinum toxin, intra‐articular steroid injections, or surgery, these interventions are not recommended. Diagnostic blocks are not considered a viable treatment option, though some patients may experience a prolonged analgesic effect. Long‐term analgesia (>6 months) has been observed for radiofrequency treatment of the medial branches.ConclusionsCervical facet pain is diagnosed based on history, physical examination, and a diagnostic block of the medial branches innervating the painful joints. Conservative management, including exercise therapy, is the first line of treatment. When conservative management does not result in adequate improvement of pain, radiofrequency treatment of the medial branches should be considered, which often results in adequate pain relief.
Jan and mini‐Jan, a model system for potato functional genomics
Authors: Xin Haoyang , Strickland Luke W. , Hamilton John P. , Trusky Jacob K. , Fang Chao , Butler Nathaniel M. , Douches David S. , Buell C. Robin , Jiang Jiming 
Published: January 2025

SummaryPotato (Solanum tuberosum) is the third‐most important food crop in the world. Although the potato genome has been fully sequenced, functional genomics research of potato lags behind that of other major food crops, largely due to the lack of a model experimental potato line. Here, we present a diploid potato line, ‘Jan,’ which possesses all essential characteristics for facile functional genomics studies. Jan exhibits a high level of homozygosity after seven generations of self‐pollination. Jan is vigorous, highly fertile and produces tubers with outstanding traits. Additionally, it demonstrates high regeneration rates and excellent transformation efficiencies. We generated a chromosome‐scale genome assembly for Jan, annotated its genes and identified syntelogs relative to the potato reference genome assembly DMv6.1 to facilitate functional genomics. To miniaturize plant architecture, we developed two ‘mini‐Jan’ lines with compact and dwarf plant stature through CRISPR/Cas9‐mediated mutagenesis targeting the Dwarf and Erecta genes involved in growth. One mini‐Jan mutant, mini‐JanE, is fully fertile and will permit higher‐throughput studies in limited growth chamber and greenhouse space. Thus, Jan and mini‐Jan offer a robust model system that can be leveraged for gene editing and functional genomics research in potato.
Dynamic in vivo monitoring of granum structural changes of Ctenanthe setosa (Roscoe) Eichler during drought stress and subsequent recovery
Authors: Hembrom Richard , Ünnep Renáta , Sárvári Éva , Nagy Gergely , Solymosi Katalin 
Published: January 2025

AbstractInvestigating the effects of drought stress and subsequent recovery on the structure and function of chloroplasts is essential to understanding how plants adapt to environmental stressors. We investigated Ctenanthe setosa (Roscoe) Eichler, an ornamental plant that can tolerate prolonged drought periods (40 and 49 days of water withdrawal). Conventional biochemical, biophysical, physiological and (ultra)structural methods combined for the first time in a higher plant with in vivo small‐angle neutron scattering (SANS) were used to characterize the alterations induced by drought stress and subsequent recovery. Upon drought stress, no significant changes occurred in the chloroplast ultrastructure, chlorophyll content, 77K fluorescence emission spectra and maximal quantum efficiency of PSII (Qy dark), but the actual quantum efficiency of PSII (Qy light) decreased, the amounts of PSI‐LHCII complexes and PSII monomers declined, and that of PSII supercomplexes increased. Thickness of the leaf and of the adaxial hypodermis, chloroplast length and granum repeat distance (RD) values decreased upon drought stress, as shown by light microscopy and SANS, respectively. Because of the very slight (nm‐range) changes in RD values, the large biological variability (significant differences in RD values among the leaves and studied leaf regions) and the invasive sampling required for this method, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) hardly showed significant differences. On the other side, in situ SANS analyses provided a unique insight in vivo into the fast structural recovery of the granum structure of drought‐stressed leaves, which happened already 18 h after re‐watering, while functional and biochemical recovery took place on a longer time scale.
What is pre‐reflective self‐consciousness an awareness of? An argument for the egological view
Authors: Barbieri Alberto 
Published: January 2025

AbstractThe nature of pre‐reflective self‐consciousness—namely, the putative non‐inferential self‐consciousness involved in unreflective experiences—has become the topic of considerable debate in recent analytic philosophy of consciousness, as it is commonly taken to be what makes conscious mental states first‐personally given to their subject. A major issue of controversy in this debate concerns what pre‐reflective self‐consciousness is an awareness of. Some scholars have suggested that pre‐reflective self‐consciousness involves an awareness of the experiencing subject. This “egological view” is opposed to the “non‐egological view,” according to which the subject is just aware of their own occurrent mental state in being pre‐reflectively self‐conscious. In this article, I argue in favor of the egological view. The argument I develop is a qualified version of a line of reasoning originally provided by Rosenthal and builds on a proper clarification of the ontological status of token mental states. More precisely, I argue that token mental states are structured “fact‐like” entities having their subject among their constituents. Accordingly, one cannot be aware of one's own occurrent mental state without thereby being aware of oneself. I conclude by dismissing a potential objection to my argument.
New Frontiers in the New Sociology of Morality: From AI and Inequality to Backgrounds and Material Enablers
Authors: Abend Gabriel , Posselt Lukas , Schenk Patrick 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTWhere is the new sociology of morality headed? We identify and examine some of its new frontiers, both empirical and conceptual. First, we consider moral practices, discourses, and institutions surrounding AI technologies. A second empirical frontier concerns the relationships between inequality and moral evaluation, along with concomitant practices of classification and attribution of causation, responsibility, and deservingness. Next, we turn to the sociology of morality's conceptual frontiers. Recent work has looked at the enablers of moral phenomena, including organizational arrangements, historically variable moral background elements, and material devices and artifacts. These enabling relationships take the sociology of morality beyond research on moral practices, beliefs, and values. Finally, in the conclusion we raise three questions that suggest future steps for the subfield.
Strain Investigations Around Circular Boundaries Based on Digital Image Correlation Data Using Parametrisation and Optimised Smoothing
Authors: Lehmann Thomas , Peretzki Edgar , Ihlemann Jörn 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTThis paper deals with a method for strain determination around boreholes in plastic specimens in the context of residual stress analyses. In contrast to the frequently used hole drilling method with strain gauges, the strains are determined using digital image correlation (DIC). In the investigations presented, load stresses occur instead of residual stresses, which is caused by defined loading conditions. Furthermore, an adaption of the hole drilling method is developed, called staggered machining, which includes the successive drilling of a larger and a smaller borehole to obtain deformation data in larger depths compared to the conventional approach. For strain evaluation, a special method is used with parametrisation of an annulus around the borehole. In this region, B‐spline approximation of the DIC displacements is carried out using an optimisation procedure of the smoothing parameter. The tests of the entire method show very plausible and precise results. Furthermore, a comparison with simulation demonstrates good correlation of the strain distributions.
Harnessing artificial intelligence for enhanced veterinary diagnostics: A look to quality assurance, Part II External validation
Authors: Pacholec Christina , Flatland Bente , Xie Hehuang , Zimmerman Kurt 
Published: January 2025

AbstractArtificial intelligence (AI) is emerging as a valuable diagnostic tool in veterinary medicine, offering affordable and accessible tests that can match or even exceed the performance of medical professionals in similar tasks. Despite the promising outcomes of using AI systems (AIS) as highly accurate diagnostic tools, the field of quality assurance in AIS is still in its early stages. Our Part I manuscript focused on the development and technical validation of an AIS. In Part II, we explore the next step in development: external validation (i.e., in silico testing). This phase is a critical quality assurance component for any AIS intended for medical use, ensuring that high‐quality diagnostics remain the standard in veterinary medicine. The quality assurance process for evaluating an AIS involves rigorous: (1) investigation of sources of bias, (2) application of calibration methods and prediction of uncertainty, (3) implementation of safety monitoring systems, and (4) assessment of repeatability and robustness. Testing with unseen data is an essential part of in silico testing, as it ensures the accuracy and precision of the AIS output.
A Systematic Procedure of Transfer Matrix Method to Analyze Compliant Mechanisms With Irregularly Connected Building Blocks
Authors: Wu Shilei , Ling Mingxiang , Jiang Zhujin 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Kinetostatic and dynamic analyses are of significance in designing compliant mechanisms. The design challenge of complex configurations with irregular building blocks, however, not only leads to difficult modeling but would also results in large errors and even wrong results. In this article, a systematic procedure of the transfer matrix method is developed for kinetostatic and dynamic analyses of compliant mechanisms with irregular serial-parallel building blocks. To this end, a generalized transfer matrix is established by shifting end nodes of all adjacent flexure members to being coincided. Uniform transfer matrix formulations of purely parallel and parallel-clamped subchains are derived as well. The systematic procedure enables a concise analysis process without the requirement of cumbersome mathematical derivations to deal with irregular connection of flexure building blocks, thus facilitating a parametric modeling that is not only robust but also computationally efficient. A practical design is implemented to show the considerable reduction of modeling complexity and enhancement of prediction accuracy with the presented approach.
Enhancing Thermal Transport in Polymeric Composites Via Engineered Noncovalent Filler–Polymer Interactions
Authors: Zhou Yijie , Hertog-Raz Dina , Raza Saqlain , Transtamar Josh , Abarca Benjamin , Wang Yangyang , Liu Jun , Xu Yanfei 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Understanding thermal transport mechanisms in polymeric composites allows us to expand the boundaries of thermal conductivity in them, either increasing it for more efficient heat dissipation or decreasing it for better thermal insulation. But, these mechanisms are not fully understood. Systematic experimental investigations remain limited. Practical strategies to tune the interfacial thermal resistance (ITR) between fillers and polymers and the thermal conductivity of composites remain elusive. Here, we studied the thermal transport in representative polymer composites, using polyethylene (PE) or polyaniline (PANI) as matrices and graphite as fillers. PANI, with aromatic rings in its backbone, interacts with graphite through strong noncovalent π–π stacking interactions, whereas PE lacks such interactions. We can then quantify how π–π stacking interactions between graphite and polymers enhance thermal transport in composites. PE/graphite and PANI/graphite composites with the same 1.5% filler volume fractions show a ∼22.82% and ∼34.85% enhancement in thermal conductivity compared to pure polymers, respectively. Calculated ITRs in PE/graphite and PANI/graphite are ∼6×10−8 m2 K W−1 and ∼1×10−8 m2 K W−1, respectively, highlighting how π–π stacking interactions reduce ITR. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations suggest that π–π stacking interactions between PANI chains and graphite surfaces enhance alignment of PANI's aromatic rings with graphite surfaces. This allows more carbon atoms from PANI chains to interact with graphite surfaces at a shorter distance compared to PE chains. Our work indicates that tuning the π–π stacking interactions between polymers and fillers is an effective approach to reduce the ITR and enhance the thermal conductivity of composites.
Functional Prototyping Using 3-D Printing
Authors: Xue Amy L. , Okamoto Ruth J. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
3D printing is the most popular activity in the Makerspace at our mid-sized university, with 340 users submitting over 3400 3D print jobs during the 2022–23 academic year. Fifty percent of these print jobs are for users in courses or research labs, who are frequently printing parts for design prototypes. The goal of this research was to identify common issues in the 3D printing process and develop a training module and workshop that educates users how to successfully incorporate 3D printed parts into functional prototypes. We performed mechanical testing to provide recommendations specific to the 3D printers and slicing software available in our Makerspace. We compiled the research and experimental results into an online self-paced training module available to Makerspace users and developed a hands-on workshop that allows the participants to apply the information provided in the online training module. We selected a wave generator assembly based on an online design (thingiverse.com/thing:2495345) for the workshop. Participants modify an initial design while encountering challenges including material interactions, assembling 3D printed parts with other materials, and fastening 3D printed parts. After completing the training and workshop, the Makerspace users should better understand aspects to consider when functionally prototyping with 3D printing, including material interactions, tolerancing, and adhesives.
A Robotic Dog Payload for the Elderly
Authors: Cavazos Omar , Venkatesan Gurushayraam , Wang Shuopu , Imam Syed Abdullah , Shuman-Thomas Shahed , Sunkara Akshay , Green Kendra , Vaidyanathan Vijay 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
In the United States, approximately one-fourth of elderly individuals are at risk of social isolation. Additionally, an average of 32,000 deaths occurs every year due to accidental falls for people over the age of sixty-five. Companion robots can address loneliness and safety concerns among the elderly. Modifying a robot dog with canine attributes fosters connection, warmth, and trust, enhancing relational dynamics. These assistive robots can improve the quality of life for the elderly by supporting mobility, communication, and daily activities. This paper proposes an improved scheme for the Boston Dynamics robot dog, Spot Explorer, designed for the elderly. Spot is controlled using a Raspberry Pi 4 Model B with a customized PyAutoGUI algorithm in Python, enabling wireless interaction and featuring a user-friendly fail-safe component via a keyboard. To test the potential use of obstacle avoidance and human-robot interaction, the preliminary results, analysis of variance, and linear regression of the ultrasound sensor showcased the experimental data on par with the prescribed range. This paper also proposes a user-friendly payload for Spot that was simulated through COMSOL Multiphysics and validated with software innovation and hardware integration for the elderly population. Future work will involve the integration and validation of all sensors with Spot to create a friendly robot dog that could improve the quality of life for senior citizens.
Multi-Objective Optimization of Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) Considering Filament Length, Print Time, and Mechanical Properties
Authors: EisaZadeh Hamid , Torabi Mona 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), also known as Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF), is the most common type of additive manufacturing technology. Parameters like infill pattern, printing velocity, nozzle diameter, and thermoplastic materials influence the mechanical properties and manufacturing costs of the FDM parts. This study, conducted via Analysis of variance (ANOVA), explores the relations between infill density, infill pattern, material type, and various FDM process parameters, including print time, filament usage, and mechanical properties like elongation, strength, and toughness. One main research result is that grid and gyroid infill patterns offer better tensile strength than cross and triangle patterns. Expectedly, printing time increases with infill density; however, for complex patterns, such as gyroid and cross, at least 15% more time is required when compared to simpler patterns, such as grid and triangle. The research findings from this study can provide further understanding of optimizing FDM processes, offering valuable insights for industries seeking to enhance efficiency, reduce production costs, and manufacture lightweight structures with improved mechanical properties.
Drag Force and Road Traction of a Box-Shaped Car at Various Driving Speeds
Authors: Molki Majid , Andrew Miracle Emaikwu , Muniganti Madhu Kumar 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This study investigates the aerodynamic qualities of a sub-compact car with a boxy shape using a two-dimensional (2D) model. The research examines the flow over the vehicle and the lift and drag forces that can affect fuel economy and driving stability. The 2D approach takes into account the geometry in the xy plane. However, the 2D method retains many features and characteristics of the actual 3D vehicle. The calculations require a small time step to maintain computational stability and prevent divergence. The model predicts multiple flow separation, recirculation, reattachment, and frequent vortex shedding, resembling the flow over a real car. The results demonstrate that the drag force increases with increasing driving speed, the road traction force increases with increasing driving speed, and the coefficients of drag and downward (negative) lift also increase with increasing driving speed. The study found linear trends within a certain margin for the lift and drag coefficients. The coefficients show a slight influence from the vehicle speed. Specifically, the drag coefficient increases with speed, whereas the lift coefficient is negative and demonstrates an opposite trend, meaning better tire road traction. These findings aid in boosting the aerodynamic capabilities of automobiles, thereby enhancing fuel efficiency and improving on-road safety.
Resilient Behavior of Additive Manufactured CF/Nylon Origami Hybrid Composites for Aerospace Damping
Authors: Hussain Khaja Fayaz , Cantwell Wesley , Khan Kamran A. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The main aim of this investigation is to evaluate and compare the energy dissipation characteristics of origami-inspired structures (OIS) constructed from two different materials: discontinuous carbon fiber-reinforced Nylon (CFRN), commercially known as Onyx, and neat Nylon. Circular (COS) and square cross-section (SOS) OIS will be analyzed and hybridized with a plate lattice, resulting in circular origami (COPH) and square origami plate hybrids (SOPH), maintaining a consistent relative density of 20% across all structures. The initial step involves subjecting the structures to quasi-static compression at a strain rate of 2.5 mm/min to determine their maximum effective force within the linear elastic limit. Subsequently, these pre-determined loads will be applied as the OIS undergo cyclic loading at various strain rates (0.25,2.5, 25 mm/min) for up to five cycles within the linear elastic limit. This aims to observe the viscoelastic phenomenon and energy dissipation (ED) behavior. The study will analyze the effect of strain rate on the cyclic response and ED of monolithic and CFRN OIS by recording load-displacement hysteresis loops. Wider loops indicate more viscoelastic behavior and greater energy dissipation, suggesting suitability for damping applications. The investigation will particularly explore the impact of discontinuous carbon fibers on the viscoelastic behavior and energy dissipation of both curved crease OIS and their plate hybrid counterparts. The neat Nylon OIS may exhibit higher energy dissipation (ED) but also demonstrate greater viscoelasticity, which is not ideal for prolonged or repeated cycles. Conversely, the composite origami-inspired structures (OIS), despite displaying lower ED and less viscoelastic behavior, are thought to consistently dissipate energy over an extended number of cycles. The incorporation of CFRN enables the design of OIS with adjustable stiffness and dissipation characteristics.