bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Davie Grace 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book should not be considered in isolation; it is conceived as one item in a whole cluster of new writing in the field.1 Together these publications represent an important undertaking: namely the reconsideration of European religion as the twentieth century gives way to the twenty-first. Such rethinking reflects a variety of factors. It is a response, first of all, to a rapidly changing European context, whether economic, social, or political; a context which remains as unpredictable as it is forceful, and in which the religious factor can operate in a bewildering variety of ways. Secondly, this series of publications forms part of a continuing reappraisal of the place of religion in the modern world, a discussion developed in some detail in Chapter 2. More specifically it calls into question at least some aspects of the process known as secularization, notably the assumption that secularization is a necessary part of modernization and that as the world modernized it would-all other things being equal-be likely to secularize.
Vicarious Memory 1: The Churches
Authors: Davie Grace 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THERE can be no doubt that the institutional churches of Europe play a considerably reduced role at the turn of the third millennium if this is compared with their counterparts at almost any point in European history. The churches are no longer able to command the active allegiance of anything but a small minority of European people (though passive allegiance remains high); nor are they able to direct the decision-making of European populations.
Alternative Memories 1: Pluralism and the Law
Authors: Davie Grace 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE idea of increasing religious diversity in modern Europe has already been introduced in previous chapters—in the initial overview of the religious situation in Europe in Chapter 1 and in the brief discussion of demographic change at the beginning of Chapter 4. These were paragraphs which stressed that the presence of religious minorities in post-war Europe is largely, though not wholly, explicable in terms of economic change, and more particularly by the demand for additional supplies of labour in the expanding economies of the 1950s and 1960s. Outline facts and figures were presented; so, too, some information about the provenance and social composition of the other-faith groups present in different European societies.
Alternative Memories 2: Religious Innovations
Authors: Davie Grace 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THIS chapter, like the last, deals with alternative memories, but begins from a different position. It is concerned with the nature and forms of religious innovation that have emerged within the mainstream tradition, rather than documenting the existence of alternatives outside this. The process of innovation forms an important part of the discussion. New forms of religious life seldom present themselves spontaneously; they emerge out of older ones and in dialogue with them. Nor do they occur in a vacuum, but are related to wider processes of economic and social change. Indeed an obvious inspiration for innovation lies in shifting perceptions about the modern world and the place of religion within this, a point that will be discussed in some detail. The forms of innovation which occur are, moreover, infinitely varied.
Conclusion: The Memory Mutates
Authors: Davie Grace 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Terms chapter reintroduces the framework of the book as a whole. In order to do this, the concept of memory itself becomes the central theme, with the sub-headings taken in the main from the titles of the previous chapters. In addition to these, however, a number of new ideas are also introduced; the concept of memory is pushed to its logical conclusions to reveal the full potential of this way of working. In so doing it becomes quite clear that there could have been significantly more substantive chapters in the book as a whole—what has been written so far is by no means an exhaustive analysis.
Big Business and Corporate Power
Authors: Scott John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Few people appreciate the extent to which large multinational business enterprises are able to shape our lives. The products and services that we use in the course of our routine daily activities-the food that we eat, the newspapers that we read, the cars that we drive, the houses that we live in, and so on-are all today the products of mass-market business enterprises. These commodities can be produced for us only if other enterprises produce the boilers, printing presses, machine tools, and bricks that are required in their production. The majority of people in paid employment are paid by these same businesses to work in the factories, shops, and offices that produce these goods, and the production and consumption of goods requires the use of cash, credit cards, and bank accounts that are operated by large banking enterprises.
Corporate Constellations in the Anglo-American System
Authors: Scott John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The managerialist contention that there has been a separation of ownership from control in the capitalist business enterprise has been hotly debated in the United States. Berle and Means (1932) were motivated to undertake their classic study by the reflections of their contemporaries on the development of American capitalism during the first thirty years of the twentieth century. If the theory has any application, it should, surely, apply to corporate life in America. Managerialist theory posits the demise of family capitalism and the disappearance of the classic entrepreneur.
Researching the Issues
Authors: Gorell Barnes Gill , Thompson Paul , Daniel Gwyn , Burchardt Natasha 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In setting out on this research we had three fundamental objectives in mind. First, in sharp contrast to the great majority of existing studies, we wanted to focus, not on the immediate experiences of difficulties in stepfamily life, but on its long term impact: and in particular, on what was distinctive about the experience of those members of families who in the long run fared best. It was precisely these relatively more successful experiences of stepchildhood which were and are least studied, although understanding them must be crucial to helping step family members in the future.
Introduction
Authors: Parker R H , Yamey B S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Authors of books on bookkeeping and accounts in earlier centuries some- times included short passages on the historical development of their subject. The earliest British example is James Peele. In his Pathe Waye to Pefectnes (London, 1569) he observed that the double entry bookkeeping System, then known as the Italian System, was ‘both auncient and famous’, and ‘hath bene and is frequented, by divers nacions, and chiefely by suche as hâve bene and be the most auncient and famous Merchauntes . . .’. In 1801, Dr Patrick Kelly, a well-known mathematician and astronomer, wrote in his Eléments of Book-keeping that ‘the origin of Book-keeping, like that of most useful arts, is involved in great obscurity’: he nevertheless offered his thoughts on the subject at some length. It is fair to say that most published observations on the history of accounting, in ail languages, up to (say) about 1875, were based on abstract spéculation on the origins and subséquent development of bookkeeping rather than on the study of surviving records. This was true not only of the contributions of authors who wrote treatises on bookkeeping and accounts but also of those of historians of commerce such as Anderson (1764) and Macpherson (1805).
The Evolution Of Financial Reporting In Japan: A Shame Culture Perspective
Authors: Cooke TE 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Great care must be taken in interpreting the context of developments in Japan, including accounting developments, because there is a substantial Japanese literature both at the popular and the academic levels that tries to emphasize that Japan is unique. This literature is referred to as the nihonjinron (literally, discussions of the Japanese). The core of the nihonjinron is not that Japan has characteristics different from other nations-since no two countries are identical-but rather that the ‘Japanese are incomparably different [and that] the Japanese state of being is preferable [and] superior to what the rest of the world has to offer ‘ (van W olferen 1989: 264). The danger is that non-Japanese can becorne convinced that the nihonjinron is correct and can, as a consequence, make misinterpretations.
Understanding the Process of Public Service Management Change
Authors: Walsh Kieron , Deakin Nicholas , Smith Paula , Spurgeon Peter , Thomas Neil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to develop a framework of concepts that can be used to analyse the nature of the change in public service organizations. In doing so, we will draw upon a range of thinking and analysis in social and organizational theory, but particularly on institutional theory. This theoretical approach takes a number of forms. The emphasis in the economic theories of institutions is on the way that they operate to create efficient forms of organization in different disciplines (Williamson 1975; 1985). In sociological theories of institutions there is more concern for the way that norms and incentives operate to structure action, and the role of language (Di Maggio and Powell 1983). In political science the focus tends to be upon the way that political ‘institutions’ influence social systems (March and Olsen 1989).
The Research Investigation
Authors: Walsh Kieron , Deakin Nicholas , Smith Paula , Spurgeon Peter , Thomas Neil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Previous chapters have examined changes in the public sector, in particular the introduction and use of contracts, from a conceptual and theoretical perspective. The discussion has purposely been multisectoral and has sought to explore the origins and influences upon policy development. It is clear that different sectors of the public services have been directed to these policy issues at different times and that the rate of introduction has varied considerably. Therefore, although this project involves a comparative study, it is concerned primarily with the implications of implementation rather than an explicit evaluation of service outcome.
The Context of Change
Authors: Walsh Kieron , Deakin Nicholas , Smith Paula , Spurgeon Peter , Thomas Neil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is now time to begin to draw the threads together. In order to do so, we shall review the evidence that we have assembled in all the earlier chapters of this study about the processes of change that have been driven by the introduction of contracts into the three service areas we have selected for examination. In doing so, we will consider how the evidence (especially the material from our case studies) helps us to answer the questions with which we started our study. From the beginning, as we indicated in our introduction, we have been concerned to identify and analyse the strategies adopted by organizations to cope with change; the new patterns of relationship and cultural shifts that have developed; and the nature of the processes that have been introduced.
The Contract Revolution: The International Experience
Authors: Walsh Kieron , Deakin Nicholas , Smith Paula , Spurgeon Peter , Thomas Neil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A ‘competition prescription’ (Kettl 1993: 1) has been applied across the British public sector. In Chapter 1, the changes to the National Health Service (NHS), social care, and other local government services were outlined in some detail and set in a broader context of public sector reform, with reference, for example, to changes in central government. Metcalfe (1993) sets the UK changes in the context of global trends of reform in public services, which, though prompted by particular national concerns, also have in common three factors: First, the deterioration of economic performance from the 1970s onwards made it difficult to allow increasing governmental demands on national resources.
Venture Capitalists, Buy-Outs, And Corporate Governance
Authors: Wright Mike , Thompson, Steve , Robbie Ken 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to examine and evaluate the contribution of the mechanisms involved in venture capital investments and leveraged management buy-outs to dealing with corporate governance problems in a wide variety of enterprise types. In the current debate on governance issues there is a widely articulated view (e.g. Charkham 1994) that the Anglo-American-style capital market, with its emphasis on liquidity and the separation of institutional shareholders from the firms they invest in, too often results in poor managerial accountability and substantial departures from shareholder value maximization.1 It is further suggested that neither of the principal market restraints on managerial behaviour-namely, the managerial labour market and the corporate acquisitions market--is particularly effective. The former, which might be expected to reward success and penalize failure (Fama 1980) shows, at best, a very weak average relationship between top executive remuneration and performance (see e.g. Canyon et al. 1995; Chapters 4 and 5 in this volume); whilst the market for corporate control hypothesis is flawed if managers can deploy effective costly defences, including size, or if errant managers use their discretion to pursue takeover targets.2 Concerns such as these were among those leading to the Cadbury Report (1992), whose Code of Practice has received widespread adoption in the UK, and have encouraged others to call for more far-reaching institu-tional changes.
Contracting For Health
Authors: Flynn Rob , Williams Gareth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book presents analysis of, and evidence about, contracting in the British National Health Service (NHS) internal market. It comprises chapters by authors working in different social science disciplines who have all carried out recent empirical research funded by the Economic and Social Research Council on different aspects of contracting theory, policy, and practice. This introduction describes the context within which NHS contracting developed, and reviews briefly some of the important themes which have emerged from recent debates about contracting as a particular type of economic and social action.
Contracting In The National Health Service: Legal And Economic Issues
Authors: Barker Kit , Chalkley Martin , Malcomson James M , Montgomery Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The National Health Service (NHS) quasi-market established a conceptual and operational separation between purchasers of health services (district health authorities, health commissions, general practice (GP) fundholders in their role as purchasers of services) and the providers of those services (NHS Trust and private sector hospitals, community health service providers, GPs in their role as providers of services). It requires provision of health services to be governed by contracts between purchasers and providers. The research reported in this chapter considers what forms of contract between health authorities and providers are appropriate within the context of this quasi-market.
The Experience of Contracting in Health Care
Authors: Spurgeon Peter , Smith Paula , Straker Mary , Deakin Nicholas , Thomas Neil , Walsh Kieron 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is based on work undertaken by staff from three departments in the University of Birmingham—the Department of Social Policy and Social Work, the Institute of Local Government Studies, and the Health Services Management Centre. The project was a comparative study focusing on the impact of contracting on the management of services in three sectors: local government, health, and social care. This chapter will concentrate on the experiences of the health sector.
Education and Business
Authors: Pring Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE relation between the worlds of education and of business is complex and needs to be examined very carefully. The relationship is particularly problematic when there is the attempt to make education more relevant to business, or to see how those who work in industry and commerce might help to improve our schools. Furthermore, the problem is partly ethical. That is, the problem of relating the one world to the other lies in deeper, and often unacknowledged, questions about what makes life worth living, about the values which ought to guide people, about the kinds of relationship which bind people together for different purposes-indeed, about the very language through which business and educational activities might be described and evaluated.
Introduction
Authors: Kiernan Kathleen , Land Hilary , Lewis Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the 1990s the polemical literature on lone mothers, which is often fiercely party political, has been vast. Right-wing ‘think tanks’ have produced a stream of material deploring the ‘end of the family’, some of it written by Left-leaning writers, who are equally upset about what they perceive as the end of stable working-class communities. The titles of the pieces that have dominated the debate in the media have stressed above all the cost of lone mother families to the state. Thus the Sunday Times ran a piece in mid-1993 entitled: ‘A Man-or the State?’ (11 July 1993). A BBC TV Panorama programme broadcast in September 1993 went out under the title: ‘Babies on Benefit’. The iconography accompanying newspaper discussion of the issue has also been striking. The Sunday Times piece showed a mother leading a man with ‘state benefits’ stamped across his face to the altar, with a number of children following on behind.
Co-operation and Trust in Inter-Firm Relations: Beyond Competition Policy?
Authors: Deakin Simon , Goodwin Tom , Hughes Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Competition law is an important source of regulation of inter-firm relations of both a vertical and horizontal kind. This chapter considers the implications for competition policy of a growing body of evidence to the effect that co-operation between firms is a necessary feature of productive innovation and competitive success. The focus is on vertical relationships, that is to say, linkages between firms at different points in the supply chain. These include relations between suppliers of component parts and manufacturers and assemblers of final products, on the one hand, and relations between producers and the distributors and retailers of their products, on the other. We also consider the role of horizontal links between competitor firms in the context of the activities of trade associations and the setting of industry-wide standards.
The Transition from School to Work in Australia
Authors: Jones Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In their analysis of Australian patterns of status attainment up to the early 1970s, Broom et al. (1980: 41-51) were struck by the problematic nature of the linkage between educational credentials and career beginnings. The extent to which basic education affected the socio-economic status of first job seemed to vary more than any other link in the chain of inheritance of social inequality between the generations and over the life cycle.
FASA Renault: Innovation in Productive Flexibility and Job Security
Authors: Charron Elsie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
FASA Renault, the oldest foreign automobile firm in Spain today, plays a central role in Renault’s European strategy, as its largest subsidiary outside France. From its inception, FASA Renault was an unusual establishment for what was considered to be a Fordist company. Its production was diversified with low volumes for each model, produced on relatively flexible assembly lines, using skilled labour which enjoyed significant job security. Experiments in worker involvement in production began in the early 1970s and facilitated great increases in productivity in the 1980s. At the same time, job security was maintained by means of a system of internal mobility. This pattern did not reflect the structures of the parent firm: nor did it reflect the Spanish context, since its main characteristics were generally not present in other local firms. This chapter describes the historical evolution of this pattern of productive flexibility and employment security. It examines how, and under what circumstances, Renault’s attempts to implement a relatively conventional form of organization,
Saturn: A Different Kind of Company?
Authors: Pil Frits k. , Rubinstein Saul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the 1970s and 1980s, General Motors suffered from tremendous import competition. Voluntary Restraint Agreements (VRAs) on Japanese vehicles provided some relief, but it did not take long before Japanese automobile makers established production facilities in the USA. One of the areas where GM faced the most serious pressure from imports was in the small vehicle arena. GM’s response was to create a new car company-Saturn. Saturn was to provide GM with a high quality small vehicle to counter import pressure. At the same time, it was to provide opportunities for testing new design, manufacturing, and distribution ideas which would diffuse to other GM nameplates, and provide an impetus for improvement throughout General Motors.
Women with Discontinuous Employment Histories
Authors: Hakim Catherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An innovation in the 1991 Census was to obtain information on the last job held in the previous ten years (if any) for everyone not currently in work. The 1971 and 1981 Censuses had moved in this direction by collecting information on the last job of the unemployed and retired, but the 1991 Census went a lot further in collecting systematic information for a very much larger group of people who had recent work experience but no current job, either as employee or self-employed. In effect, the 1991 Census collected employment data for a ten years’ reference period as well as the usual ‘last week’ reference period (Hakim, 1995a). The change had the greatest impact on data for women, who move in and out of jobs, and in and out of the labour market over the life cycle far more frequently than men, in the USA as well as in most European countries (Hakim, 1996c).
Homework and Travel to Work Patterns
Authors: Hakim Catherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the results of the 1981’National Survey of Homeworking were published (Hakim, 1984, 1985, 1987b, 1988a), they aroused controversy because they revealed a picture of homeworking very different from the one being offered at the time by local and national pressure groups (Rubery, 1989: 52; Phizacklea and Wolkowitz, 1995: 31-2). There was feminist and left-wing political resistance to the conclusions that many homeworkers were men; that most women homeworkers did not have young children at home; that white-collar jobs greatly outnumbered low-paid manufacturing homework jobs; that rates of pay and earnings varied a great deal rather than homework being universally poorly paid work; that the majority of homeworkers seemed to be self-employed and often worked for a variety of employers rather than being clear-cut cases of dependent labour working for a single employer on a continuous basis; that most homeworkers were satisfied with their jobs; and that homeworkers had negative views of trade unions, seeing them as organizations that served the interests of well-paid male workers, with little or no interest in the problems of low-paid female workers, especially if they worked part-time and on an intermittent basis at home.