bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epstein–barr virus (EBV) infection and expression of the interleukin‐12 family member EBV‐induced gene 3 (EBI3) in chronic inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Gehlert Thomas , Devergne Odile , Niedobitek Gerald 
Published: May 2004

AbstractHerpesviruses have been suggested as possible etiological agents of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Recently, increased numbers of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)‐infected cells have been detected in ulcerative colitis as compared to Crohn's disease. Interestingly, expression levels of the EBV‐induced gene 3 (EBI3), a molecule belonging to the interleukin (IL)‐12 family, have also been reported to be elevated in ulcerative colitis as compared to Crohn's disease. To test the hypothesis that these observations might be interrelated, ileocolic resection specimens were examined from 16 patients with ulcerative colitis and from 20 patients with Crohn's disease. The presence of EBV‐infected cells and of EBI3‐expressing cells was determined quantitatively by in situ hybridisation and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Larger number of EBV‐infected cells were seen in areas of active inflammation of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease as compared to areas of inactive inflammation. However, there was no statistically significant difference between ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Numbers of EBI3‐expressing cells were increased in areas of active inflammation of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease but again there was no statistically significant difference between the two diseases. Double labelling experiments showed that EBI3 expression occurred only in a small minority of EBV‐infected cells in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. These results suggest that increased numbers of EBV‐infected cells in areas of active inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are secondary to influx or local proliferation of inflammatory cells and do not contribute significantly to local production of EBI3. Assessment of the possible role of EBI3 of the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease requires information regarding the expression of other IL‐12 family members. J. Med. Virol. 73:432–438, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Diversity of enteric viruses detected in patients with gastroenteritis in a tertiary referral paediatric hospital
Authors: Gallimore Chris I. , Cubitt David W. , Richards Alison F. , Gray Jim J. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe genetic diversity of enteric viruses co‐circulating in a cohort of patients with viral gastroenteritis in a large tertiary paediatric hospital in London, UK, was determined. Multiple strains of noroviruses (NV), sapoviruses (SV) and astroviruses (HAsV) were detected in these patients, indicating the likelihood of multiple introductions from different sources, possible sub‐clinical infections and simultaneous infection with different viruses in immunocompromised and other patients. Routine screening of immunocompromised patients and infection control procedures are important to prevent nosocomial infection. J. Med. Virol. 73:443–449, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An outbreak of gastroenteritis during school trip caused by serotype G2 group A rotavirus
Authors: Mikami Toshiyuki , Nakagomi Toyoko , Tsutsui Rika , Ishikawa Kazuko , Onodera Yohko , Arisawa Kokichi , Nakagomi Osamu 
Published: May 2004

AbstractBetween May14 and 18, 2001, there was an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis involving 45 school children out of a total of 107 (aged 11–12 years) attending a 3‐day school trip. The epidemic curve characterized by a rapid onset and decline with a single peak incidence over a 5‐day period resembled the pattern typical of a food‐borne gastroenteritis outbreak. Epidemiological and virological investigations concluded, however, that this outbreak was caused by a single strain of serotype G2 group A rotavirus spreading to schoolmates from the primary case‐pupil who had already been ill at the start of the trip. Efficient person‐to‐person transmission was likely to have occurred due to prolonged and close contacts under the conditions typical of such school trips. This study emphasizes the importance of including group A rotavirus infection as a possible cause of gastroenteritis outbreaks even in older children and adults. J. Med. Virol. 73:460–464, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV‐6) is transmitted from parent to child in an integrated form and characterization of cases with chromosomally integrated HHV‐6 DNA
Authors: Tanaka‐Taya Keiko , Sashihara Junji , Kurahashi Hiroki , Amo Kiyoko , Miyagawa Hiromi , Kondo Kazuhiro , Okada Shintaro , Yamanishi Koichi 
Published: May 2004

AbstractWe obtained 7,566 peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) samples from 2,332 individuals and screened them for human herpesvirus infection. We identified five individuals who persistently harbored high copy numbers of human herpesvirus 6 (HHV‐6) DNA in their PBMCs. HHV‐6 DNA was also detected in other somatic tissues of these individuals. Five additional cases were identified among their family members. For two of these families, chromosomally integrated HHV‐6 DNA (CIHHV‐6) was detected in the PBMCs by fluorescence in situ hybridization. The prevalence of CIHHV‐6 among all the subjects was 0.21%. The HHV‐6 DNA was variant B in four families and variant A in one family. Antibodies to immediate early antigen and glycoprotein B were detected in 57 and 14% of individuals with CIHHV‐6 and in 0 and 60% of healthy volunteers without CIHHV‐6, respectively. HHV‐6 could not be isolated from PBMCs with CIHHV‐6. These cases shared no clinical features, and included three healthy individuals. Our data suggest that CIHHV‐6 is rare but detectable in the general population and that hereditary transmission is one of the routes of HHV‐6 transmission. J. Med. Virol. 73:465–473, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Human papillomavirus in a rural community in Zimbabwe: The impact of HIV co‐infection on HPV genotype distribution
Authors: Baay Marc F.D. , Kjetland Eyrun F. , Ndhlovu Patricia D. , Deschoolmeester Vanessa , Mduluza Takafira , Gomo Exenevia , Friis Henrik , Midzi Nicholas , Gwanzura Lovemore , Mason Peter R. , Vermorken Jan B. , Gundersen Svein G. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractCervical cancer is a leading cause of cancer‐related deaths in developing countries, and the human papillomavirus (HPV) is linked etiologically to cervical cancer. Hence, a vaccine which prevents HPV‐associated cervical cancer would have the most impact in developing countries, including the African continent. The type‐specific immune response towards HPV virus‐like particles, in combination with geographical variation in the prevalence of HPV, necessitates the presence of multiple HPV type antigens in a single vaccine cocktail in order to provide relevant protection. We aimed to investigate whether co‐infection with HIV, which is highly prevalent in Africa, plays a role in HPV genotype distribution. After informed consent, HPV detection by GP5+/6+ PCR and HIV detection by serology was carried out on 236 women from the rural north‐western part of Zimbabwe. The prevalence of HPV was higher in HIV positive women (54%) than in HIV negative women (27%). Certain HPV types (HPV types 11, 39, 43, 51, and 59, P‐values ranging from 0.017 to 0.067) occurred more frequently in HIV positive women. Only high‐risk HPV, and not HIV, was associated significantly with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in multiple regression analysis. In conclusion, a high prevalence of HPV was found in a rural community, where regular Papanicolaou (Pap) smears would be a logistic and economic impossibility, but where free vaccination programmes against other infections are already established. The results suggest that HIV co‐infection may have an impact on HPV genotype distribution. J. Med. Virol. 73:481–485, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Human metapneumovirus infection in hospital referred South African children
Authors: IJpma Frank F.A. , Beekhuis Dennis , Cotton Mark F. , Pieper Clarissa H. , Kimpen Jan L.L. , van den Hoogen Bernadette G. , van Doornum Gerard J.J. , Osterhaus D.M.E. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractHuman metapneumovirus (hMPV) was first described in Dutch children with acute respiratory symptoms. A prospective analysis of the epidemiology, clinical manifestation, and seroprevalence of hMPV and other respiratory viruses in South African children referred to hospital for upper or lower respiratory tract infection were carried out during a single winter season, by using RT‐PCR, viral culture, and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays. In nasopharyngeal aspirates from 137 children, hMPV was detected by RT‐PCR in 8 (5.8%) children (2–43 months of age) as a sole viral pathogen, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in 21 (15%), influenza A virus in 18 (13%) and influenza B virus in 20 (15%). Pneumonia was diagnosed in seven children and upper respiratory tract infection in one of the hMPV‐infected children. One hMPV‐infected child was admitted to the intensive care unit in need of mechanical ventilation and one child was infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). No statistically significant differences were found between hMPV, RSV, and influenza virus infected groups with regard to clinical signs and symptoms and chest radiograph findings. The seropositive rate of hMPV specific IgG antibodies was 92% in children aged 24–36 months, the oldest seronegative child in our study was 7 years and 6 months of age. In conclusion, hMPV contributes to upper and lower respiratory tract morbidity in South African children. J. Med. Virol. 73:486–493, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The stationarity of global mean climate
Authors: Hunt B. G. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe observed climate exhibits noticeable fluctuations on a range of temporal and spatial scales. Major fluctuations are often attributed to ‘external’ influences, such as volcanic eruptions or solar perturbations, which obscure climatic fluctuations associated with natural climatic variability generated by internal processes within the climatic system. Although it is difficult to isolate the role of natural climatic variability within the observed climatic system, coupled global climatic models permit such a discrimination to be made in appropriately designed simulations. Thus, the CSIRO coupled global climatic model has been used to determined some basic characteristics of annually averaged global mean climate within a multi‐millennial climatic simulation. Some examination of observed climate is also presented. A stationary climatic state was simulated for periods of up to 10 000 years using the CSIRO model, with equilibrium usually being maintained to within 1–2% for all climatic variables investigated.The means by which such stationarity is maintained is analysed and the necessity for rapid negative feedback mechanisms is emphasized. The role of topographically induced climatic features is also discussed. Finally, the implications of the present, presumably greenhouse‐related, global warming are considered in the context of the present results. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society
Trend analysis of precipitation and drought in Basilicata from 1923 to 2000 within a southern Italy context
Authors: Piccarreta Marco , Capolongo Domenico , Boenzi Federico 
Published: May 2004

AbstractSeries of annual, monthly and seasonal precipitation from 50 stations, distributed all over the Basilicata territory (southern Italy), were studied for the period 1923–2000. All the series were checked for homogeneity using MASH v. 1.0.1 software and the time series analysis was performed with the Mann–Kendall nonparametric test in order to detect possible trends. The results show that the annual total rainfall decreased by about 156 mm during the period investigated; the decrease becomes stronger in the last 30 years. There are considerably different trends for the different seasons. In particular, only the winter trend, which is downward, is statistically significant. In this season the total rainfall has decreased by about 133 mm. For this same period the standardized precipitation index (SPI) for multiple time scales of 12, 24 and 48 months has been computed. It appears that periods of drought have been quite frequent starting from 1975, with SPI ranging from about −1 to about −3. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society
Self‐Initiated Photopolymerization and Photografting of Acrylic Monomers
Authors: Wang Huiliang , Brown Hugh R. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractSummary: This work demonstrates that acrylic acid (AA), glycidyl acrylate (GA) and several other acrylic monomers can be photopolymerized and photografted onto high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) by self‐initiation. The self‐initiation mechanism of these acrylic monomers is possibly by an excitation of the monomer to a triplet state (T3) with enough energy to abstract hydrogen from the polymer substrate and initiate the grafting.Grafting conversion of acrylic acid (AA), methacrylic acid (MAA), 2‐hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA), glycidyl acrylate (GA), 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate (PEGMA) as a function of irradiation time.imageGrafting conversion of acrylic acid (AA), methacrylic acid (MAA), 2‐hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA), glycidyl acrylate (GA), 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate (PEGMA) as a function of irradiation time.
Effect of Shear Flow on the Polymeric Gels Formed by Macroscopic Phase Separation
Authors: Park Moon Jeong , Char Kookheon 
Published: May 2004

AbstractSummary: Shear‐induced phase behavior of poly(ethylene oxide‐b‐(DL‐lactic acid‐co‐glycolic acid)‐b‐ethylene oxide) (PEO‐PLGA‐PEO) triblock copolymers in water is investigated using rheology and small‐angle neutron scattering equipped with an in situ Couette shear cell. For gels formed by the macroscopic phase separation, the steady shear experiment reveals that the flow‐induced anisotropy on a nanometer length scale at a critical shear rate and the phase separation on a larger length scale are successively induced with a further increase in the shear rate. In particular, the hard gels show a memory effect inscribed by a pre‐high shear in contrast to the soft gels.2D SANS patterns clearly show the memory effect of the hard gels at a pre‐high shear.image2D SANS patterns clearly show the memory effect of the hard gels at a pre‐high shear.
Elevated expression of TGF‐β1 in head and neck cancer–associated fibroblasts
Authors: Rosenthal Eben , McCrory Allison , Talbert Melissa , Young Geoff , Murphy‐Ullrich Joanne , Gladson Candece 
Published: May 2004

AbstractHead and neck cancers are characterized by a vigorous desmoplastic response, but the contribution of stromal‐derived growth factors to the tumor microenvironment is poorly understood. We evaluated the expression of stromal growth factor expression in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) in normal and tumor‐associated stromal cells. Stromal tissue was isolated from epithelial cells with laser capture microdissection (LCMD) and analyzed by cDNA array for the expression of TGFα, TGF‐β1, HGF, PDGF‐α, IGFII, bFGF, aFGF, VEGFC, and VEGF. Primary fibroblasts were isolated in vitro from HNSCC tumors, adjacent histologically normal mucosa, and skin in vitro. Fibroblast populations were assessed for TGF‐β1 expression by ELISA and luciferase reporter assay to assess protein expression. We identified TGF‐β1 and IGFII overexpression in normal and tumor‐associated stromal cells; however, only TGF‐β1 was significantly overexpressed (3.4‐fold) in tumor‐associated stroma. Assessment of carcinoma‐associated fibroblasts (CAFs), normal dermal fibroblasts (NDFs), and normal mucosal fibroblasts (NMFs) in propagated fibroblasts demonstrated persistently elevated levels of TGF‐β1 in CAFs compared to NMF and NDF populations. Elevated levels of TGF‐β1 were identified in the stromal compartment of HNSCC tumors compared to normal mucosa by immunohistochemical analysis. These results suggest that TGF‐β1 mRNA and protein is specifically upregulated in CAFs in vitro and in vivo. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mutation frequencies in murine keratinocytes as a function of carcinogenic status
Authors: Christensen Laura A. , Conti Claudio J. , Fischer Susan M. , Vasquez Karen M. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractA link between genetic abnormalities and carcinogenesis is well established. It follows that a correlation exists between mutation frequency and malignant progression. We have determined the spontaneous and DNA damage–induced mutation frequencies for a series of cell lines derived from SENCAR mouse keratinocytes at various stages of malignant progression. Nontumorigenic mouse keratinocytes (3PC), papillomas (MT1/2), squamous‐cell carcinomas (CH72), and spindle‐cell carcinomas (CH72T4) were transfected with damaged or undamaged shuttle vectors containing a supF mutation reporter gene. The plasmid mutation frequencies were determined by blue/white screening. The spontaneous plasmid mutation frequency of the squamous‐cell carcinoma line was slightly higher than the mutation frequencies of the other cell lines tested. The DNA damage induced by triplex‐directed psoralen crosslinks increased the mutation frequencies sixfold to eighteenfold in all cell lines tested, with no significant differences among the cell lines. Sequence analyses revealed that the spindle‐cell carcinoma line had a different spontaneous mutation spectrum from the other cell lines. DNA damage–induced mutations were predominantly point mutations at the triplex‐duplex junction in all of the cell lines tested, as expected. These data suggested that a strong mutator phenotype was not required for progression to an advanced malignant phenotype in our model system. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dihydroagarofurans: the fourth isomer isolated from Cedrelopsis grevei bark oil
Authors: Cavalli Jean‐François , Tomi Félix , Bernardini Antoine‐François , Casanova Joseph 
Published: May 2004

Abstract4‐Epi‐cis‐dihydroagarofuran was isolated from the bark oil of Cedrelopsis grevei and its structure was elucidated by 1D and 2D‐NMR spectroscopy. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Non‐empirical calculations of NMR indirect carbon–carbon coupling constants. Part 8—Monocycloalkanes
Authors: Sauer Stephan P. A. , Krivdin Leonid B. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractCarbon–carbon and carbon–hydrogen spin–spin coupling constants were calculated in the series of the first six monocycloalkanes using SOPPA and SOPPA(CCSD) methods, and very good agreement with the available experimental data was achieved, with the latter method showing slightly better results in most cases, at least in those involving calculations of J(C,C). Benchmark calculations of all possible 21 coupling constants J(C,C), J(C,H) and J(H,H) in chair cyclohexane revealed the importance of using the appropriate level of theory and adequate quality of the basis sets. Many unknown couplings in this series were predicted with high confidence and several interesting structural trends (hybridization effects, multipath coupling transmission mechanisms, hyperconjugative interactions) were elucidated and are discussed based on the present calculations of spin–spin couplings. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In vivo 1H MRS of brain injury and repair during acute SIV infection in the macaque model of neuroAIDS
Authors: Greco Jane B. , Westmoreland Susan V. , Ratai Eva M. , Lentz Margaret R. , Sakaie Ken , He Julian , Sehgal Prabhat K. , Masliah Eliezer , Lackner Andrew A. , González R. Gilberto 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe metabolic response of the rhesus macaque brain during acute simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection was investigated with in vivo 1H MR spectroscopy. Fifteen rhesus macaques were studied before inoculation, and once or twice after infection. In all, 13/15 macaques had elevations of Cho/NAA at 11–13 days postinoculation (dpi); all 10 macaques measured after 13 dpi had subsequent reduction of this ratio (ANOVA, P < 10‐6). There were significant increases in Cho/Cr (20%, P = 0.04) and MI/Cr (14%, P = 0.003) at 11 dpi. At 13 dpi a 7.7% decrease (P = 0.02) in NAA/Cr was observed, while Cho/Cr was no longer significantly different from baseline. At 27 dpi Cho/Cr was decreased to 18% (P = 0.004) below preinoculation values, while NAA/Cr and MI/Cr were at baseline values. Absolute concentrations of Cho, MI, and NAA showed a similar time course, with no observed changes in Cr. There was a strong correlation between Cho/Cr change and plasma viral load (rs = 0.79, P < 0.01). Acute SIV produces extensive metabolic abnormalities in the brain, which may reflect inflammation and neuronal injury, which are reversed with immunological control of the virus. Similar events are likely to occur in acutely HIV‐infected people, and may explain the neurobehavioral symptoms associated with acute HIV infection. Magn Reson Med 51:1108–1114, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In vivo monitoring of tissue pharmacokinetics of liposome/drug using MRI: Illustration of targeted delivery
Authors: Viglianti Benjamin L. , Abraham Sheela A. , Michelich Charles R. , Yarmolenko Pavel S. , MacFall James R. , Bally Marcel B. , Dewhirst Mark W. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to determine if MnSO4/doxorubicin (DOX) loaded liposomes could be used for in vivo monitoring of liposome concentration distribution and drug release using MRI. In vitro results show that T1 shortening correlates with MnSO4 concentration. Using a temperature‐sensitive liposome formulation, it was found that MnSO4 release significantly shortened T1. This feature, therefore, suggests that content release can also be measured with these MnSO4‐loaded liposomes. The feasibility of monitoring this drug delivery and release‐imaging agent was shown in a murine tumor model. Upon tumor heating, nonthermally sensitive liposomes selectively but heterogeneously accumulated in the tumor region. The thermally sensitive liposomes showed a clear pattern of accumulation at the periphery of the tumor, concordant with the release temperature of this formulation (39–40°C). This liposome contrast agent has potential for use with hyperthermia by providing individualized monitoring of tissue drug concentration distribution during or after treatment. This would allow for: 1) modification of treatment variables to improve the uniformity of drug delivery, and 2) provide a means to select patients most likely to benefit from this liposomal drug treatment. Additionally, the drug‐loading method used for this liposome is applicable to a wide range of drugs, thereby broadening its applicability. The method is also applicable to other liposomal formulations with triggered release mechanisms. Magn Reson Med 51:1153–1162, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Carbon blacks as EPR sensors for localized measurements of tissue oxygenation
Authors: Lan Minbo , Beghein Nelson , Charlier Nicolas , Gallez Bernard 
Published: May 2004

AbstractNew electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) oximetry probes were identified in the class of carbon black materials. These compounds exhibit very high oxygen sensitivity and favorable EPR characteristics for biological applications. At low pO2, the linewidth is particularly sensitive to changes in oxygen tension (sensitivity of 750 mG/mmHg). The application of the probes for oximetry was demonstrated in vivo: the pO2 was measured in muscle in which the blood flow was temporarily restricted as well as in tumor‐bearing mice during a carbogen breathing challenge. The responsiveness to pO2 was stable in muscle for at least 3 months. No toxicity was observed using these materials in cellular experiments and in histological studies performed 2, 7, and 28 days after implantation. In view of their EPR characteristics (high sensitivity) as well as the well‐characterized production procedure that make them available on a large scale, these probes can be considered as very promising tools for future developments in EPR oximetry. Magn Reson Med 51:1272–1278, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.