bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An iron–organic polymeric smoke suppressant for poly(vinyl chloride)
Authors: Neuse Eberhard W , Woodhouse Jeremy R , Montaudo Giorgio , Puglisi Concetto 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe incorporation of a poly[ferrocene‐1, 2 (1, 3: 1, 1′)diylmethylene] fraction with M̄n=2100 as a smoke suppressant additive into both unplasticized and di(2‐ethylhexyl)phthalate‐plasticized, calcium carbonate‐filled poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) compositions entails appreciable reductions in smoke evolution during combustion tests relative to unmodified formulations. Best results, with smoke density reductions in the range 25‐80%, are obtained at the 3% loading level, with higher additive concentrations causing no further improvements. The findings of this study may have implications on the design of other polymeric engineering materials exposed to potential fire hazards.
A simplified procedure for the determination of butyltin species in water
Authors: Chapman A H , Samuel A 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA method is described for the analysis of solutions containing inorganic tin and butyltin compounds. It can be used to determine total tin at a concentration of 20 ng dm−3 using a 5 dm3 sample. The method is based on solvent extraction with dichloromethane containing tropolone and determination of the tin as inorganic tin by atomic absorption spectroscopy using electrothermal atomization. The extracted butyltin compounds can be separated by paper chromatography and the tin content of the individual spot determined as above. Observations on the stability of butyltin compounds in water at the ∼2 mg dm−3 (Sn) are included.
Methylation of inorganic lead by Tamar Estuary (UK) sediments
Authors: Walton A P , Ebdon L , Millward G E 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTetramethyllead (TML) has been produced from inorganic lead salts using biologically active sediments and waters from the Tamar Estuary, S. W. England. The TML production was a two‐stage process involving an initial lag phase of about 100 hours followed by the exponential appearance of TML, which amounted to about 0.03% of total added lead. The methylation process is discussed in the context of lead transport in estuaries.
Hydrophilic tetrachloroferrate(III) salts of ferricenyl‐substituted carboxylic acids
Authors: W Neuse Eberhard , B D Khan Fathima , Meirim Maria G. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAs part of a project to provide hydrophilic ferricenium compounds for biomedical investigations, several ferrocenyl‐alkanoic and ‐alkanedioic acids, including ferrocenylacetic, β‐ferrocenylpropionic and γ‐ferrocenylbutyric acids, ferrocylmalonic acid, and the two thioether derivatives, S‐ferrocyl‐ β‐mercaptopropionic acid and S‐ferrocylthiomalic acid, are chemically oxidized to the respective ferricenium salts. While oxidation with the nitromethane/tetrafluoroboroboric acid system affords poorly crystallizing tetrafluoroborate salts, for the most part possessing unsatisfactory solubility characteristics, more hydrophilic salts containing the tetrachloroferrate(III) (FeCl) counterion, albeit contaminated with FeCl2, are obtained by treatment of the substrate acids with excess iron(III) chloride. The most promising method of ferricenium generation investigated in this study involves oxidation by means of the p‐benzoquinone‐HCL‐FeCl3 system, which directly provides the respective ferricenium tetrachloroferrate salts. The IR and Mössbauer spectra confirm the expected ferricenium structures. The method appears attractive enough to be utilized in future investigations involving more complex notably polymeric, derivatives of the ferrocene parent compound.
Effects of trialkyllead compounds on mitochondrial energy conservation
Authors: Griffiths D E , Connerton I 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe effects of triethyllead acetate and tri‐n‐butyllead acetate on rat liver mitochondrial ATPase, succinate‐driven ATP synthase and mitochondrial membrane potential have been compared with those of the equivalent organotin compounds. ATP synthase I50 values were approximately four times the ATPase I50 values for organotin compounds but the reverse pattern of activity is observed with trialkyllead compounds, which are 5‐10 times more effective inhibitors of ATP synthase than of ATPase activity. The primary effects of trialkyltins are as inhibitors of the ATPase complex with relatively minor effects on mitochondrial membrane potential ($PS). In contrast, trialkylleads are potent uncoupling agents, which accounts for their potent inhibition of ATP synthesis. The uncoupling action of trialkylleads and trialkyltins is independent of chloride concentration and is unlikely to be due to Cl−/OH− exchange.
Uptake of mercury by caged crayfish
Authors: Parkst J W , Sutton J A , Hollinger J D , Russell D D 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAn in situ caged crayfish experiment was conducted in the Wabigoon River System, Ontario, Canada to determine the relative importance of food and water pathways for mercury accumulation in crayfish. Two groups of 160 crayfish were suspended in the water column; one at an ucontaminated site, the other at a location with highly elevated total mercury and methylmercury levels in water. Crayfish at each site were divided into two groups. Crayfish were fed either sucker flesh obtained from an uncontaminated lake (low mercury diet) or walleye flesh from contaminated Clay Lake, Ontario, Canada (high mercury diet). After 10 weeks crayfish at both sites fed the high mercury diet had over 20 times mercury accumulation compared to crayfish on the low mercury diet. There was no statistical effects due to sharply elevated water concentrations of total and methylmercury on mercury bodyburdens. This indicated that food was the dominant pathway for mercury accumulation in crayfish.
An investigation of the efficacy of organotin compounds for the control of the cotton stainer, Dysdercus cingulatus, the mosquito,Anophelese stephensi, and the common house fly, Musca domestica
Authors: Saxena Prabhu N , Crowe Alan J 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA series of commercial organotin compounds was screened for efficacy against the three insect species Dysdercus cingulatus (cotton stainer), Anophelese stephensi (mosquito) and Musca domestica (house fly). Tributyltin species in the general order Bu3SnCl>(Bu3Sn)2O>Bu3Sn(linoleate) were more effective than two triphenyltin compounds. Tricyclohexyltin hydroxide, dimethyltin chloride, phenyltin trichloride and a diethyltin dichloridephenanthroline adduct were less effective.
Polymer‐supported ferrocene derivatives. Some 13C CP MAS NMR studies and use as hydrogenation catalysts
Authors: Butler Ian R , Cullen William R , Han Nam Fong , Herring F Geoffrey , Jagannathan N R , Ni Jijin 
Published: January 2005

AbstractPolystyrene derivatives react with the lithioferrocenes Fe(η5‐C5H4Li)(η5C5H5),Fe(η5‐C5H5),Fe(η5‐C5H4Li)2,Fe[η5‐C5H3(CHMeNMe2)Li‐1,2] [η5‐C5H5], and with lithium ferrocenylphosphines, to yield ironcontaining materials. The Mössbauer spectra confirm the loading of unstrained ferrocene fragments, some oxidized, in all cases. The 13C CP MAS NMR spectra also show the loading but the resolution (structural information) is not as good as can be obtained on model solid samples. Palladium(II) derivatives of the amine‐ and phosphine‐containg materials are active hydrogenation catalysts for olefins. Double‐bond migration also occurs in the case of 1‐hexene.
Methylation of arsenic trioxide in hamsters with liver damage induced by long‐term administration of carbon tetrachloride
Authors: Takahashi Keiko , Yamauchi Hiroshi , Yamato Naohisa , Yamamura Yukio 
Published: January 2005

AbstractOne‐time oral administration of arsenic trioxide to hamsters with toxic liver cirrhosis induced by longterm exposure to carbon tetrachloride resulted in significant elevations of the concentrations of dimethylarsenic species in the liver and in blood, and in high urinary excretions of dimethylarsenic species. These concentration changes in the liver, blood and urine indicated that the methylation of inorganic arsenic was not inhibited but promoted in hamsters suffering from experimentally induced toxic liver cirrhosis. Cirrhotic hamsters also had increased urinary excretion of inorganic arsenic. Results of the determinations of S‐adenosylmethionine in the livers suggested that this compound may accelerate the methylation of inorganic arsenic in the cirrhotic liver.
Determination of inorganic arsenic and organic arsenic compounds in marine organisms by hydride generation/cold trap/gas chromatography— mass spectrometry
Authors: Kaise Toshikazu , Yamauchi Hiroshi , Hirayama Teruhisa , Fukui Shozo 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe behavior of arsenite, methylarsonic acid, dimethylarsinic acid, trimethylarsine oxide, dimethyl‐R‐arsine oxides, and trimethyl‐R‐arsonium compounds (R = carboxymethyl, 2‐carboxyethyl, 2‐hydroxyethyl) toward sodium borohydride and hot aqueous sodium hydroxide was investigated. The arsines obtained by sodium borohydride reduction of the undigested and digested solutions were collected in a liquid‐nitrogen cooled trap, separated with a gas chromatograph, and detected with a mass spectrometer in the selected‐ion‐monitoring mode. The investigated arsenic compounds were stable in hot 2 mol dm−3 sodium hydroxide except arsenobetaine [trimethyl(carboxymethyl)arsonium zwitterion] that was converted to trimethylarsine oxide, and dimethyl(ribosyl)arsine oxides that were decomposed to dimethylarsinic acid. Hydride generation before and after digestion of extracts from marine organisms allowed inorganic arsenic, methylated arsenic, arsenobetaine, and ribosyl arsenic compounds to be identified and quantified. This method was applied to extracts from shellfish, fish, crustaceans, and seaweeds.
Environmental factors relating to arsenic accumulation by Dunaliella sp
Authors: Yamaoka Yukiho , Takimura Osamu , Fuse Hiroyuki 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe accumulation of arsenic by Dunaliella sp. was examined by using a solution containing arsenic only as a first approach to the study of arsenic recovery by aqueous systems. The accumulation of arsenic by Dunaliella sp. was rapid, with equilibrium established in 8 h with respect to arsenic partioning between dissolved and particulate phase. The optimum accumulation was at pH 8.2, NaCl 20 g dm−3, illumination 5000–10000 lux and temperature 22°C. Increased phosphate concentration significantly decreased the uptake of arsenic in the culture. These results suggested that accumulation of arsenic by Dunaliella sp. depended upon biological activity.
Lipophilic arsenic compound(s) in the liver of a tiger shark (Galeocerdo cuvier)
Authors: Miyajima Mariko , Hamada Noriaki , Yoshimura Etsuro , Okubo Akira , Yamazaki Sunao , Toda Shozo 
Published: January 2005

AbstractHomogenized aliquots (100 g) of the liver (8.4 kg, 5 m̈g As g−1) of a tiger shark (Galeocerdo cuvier) were extracted with chloroform/methanol, and the extracts purified by countercurrent extraction (hexane/87% ethanol), silica gel column chromatography (chloroform/methanol mixtures as mobile phases), and silica gel thin‐layer chromatography (chloroform/methanol/acetic acid). The purified samples (24 mg arsenic g−1) gave no 31P NMR signal, but gave 1H and 13C NMR signals with similarities to those of dipalmitoylphosphatidic acid and salad on and also signals indicative of the presence of methylated arsenic compounds. The sample could contain a diacyl glyceride with a methylated arsenic group.
Application of arsenic to electrophotoreceptors
Authors: Kina Hideki , Iijima Toshiyuki , Nakaura Yasuo 
Published: January 2005

AbstractArsenic has been applied to many electronic devices such as electrophotoreceptors, gallium arsenide (GaAs) semiconductors and solid‐state image pickup devices. For electrophotoreceptors selenium–arsenic (SeAs) alloys are coated onto the conductive substrate of the receptors. Arsenic is mostly used in electophotoreceptors in electronic devices.During the coating process, a part of the gaseous arsenic is released through an exhaust system. In order to avoid arsenic being discharged to the atmosphere, bag filters and high‐efficiency particulate air filters are set before the exhaust port. Any arsenic which still exists in the waste water after washing tools and jigs from the coating process is collected by sedimentation before discharging.The Ames salmonella/microsome plate test for As2Se3 indicated no mutagenic activity under the test system used. For the safety of workers engaged in arsenic‐related jobs, they received a medical examination once every six months. No negative trends from the examination was found in 428 men who received the examination from Autumn 1980 to Spring 1987.
The influence of extended conjugation on electroactive properties of copper phthalocyanine macromolecules
Authors: Nalwa Hari S 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA monomer and polymer of a copper(II) phthalocyanine have been synthesized in order to develop structure‐property relationships. Various electroactive properties such as dielectric constant, resistivity and thermally stimulated depolarization effects were investigated in order to examine the influence of extended conjugation.
Thermal properties of some di(4‐substituted phenyl)tin dichloride complexes with nitrogen donor ligands
Authors: Biddle B N , Gray J S , Ormiston G P 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe thermal properties of some organotin complexes of general structure (4‐ZC6H4)2SnCl2.L2 (Z=Me, CF3, F, Cl, OMe and H; L2 = 2,2′ ‐bipyridyl and 4,4′ ‐dimethyl‐2,2′ ‐bipyridyl) are reported. The thermal data obtained by Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) for these complexes is reported. Thermal decomposition experiments for some of the complexes are described and indicate a disproportionation of the complexes into the aryltin trichloride complex and the triaryltin chloride. The controlled decomposition provides a possible alternative preparative route to some aryltin trichloride complexes.
Cluster chemistry. 61. Addition of HX (XCl, Br,I) or AuCl(PPh3) to an open Ru5 cluster. X‐ray structures of Ru5(μ‐H)(μ5‐C2PPh2)(μ‐PPh2)(μ‐Br)(CO)13 and Ru5(μ‐H)(μ5‐C2PPh2)(μ3‐I)(μ‐PPh2)(CO)12
Authors: Bruce Michael I , Liddell Michael J , Nicholson Brian K 
Published: January 2005

AbstractReactions of aqueous HX (XCl, Br) or of AuCl(PPh3) with Ru5(μ5‐C2PPh2)(μ‐PPh2)(CO)13 result in addition of the 4e‐donor set (H + X) or (Au(PPh3) + Cl) with concomitant opening of two RuRu bonds to give complexes containing dimetallated triangular of ‘scorpion’ cores. Aqueous HI reacts similarly, but in this case the iodide ligand spans three Ru atoms, the (H + I) set acting as 6e‐donor. The structures of the two title compounds were confirmed by X‐ray crystallographic studies. Ru5(μ‐H)(μ5‐C2PPh2)(μ‐PPh2)‐(μ‐Br)(CO)13 is triclinic, space group P1, a = 9.689(2), b = 11.874(2), c = 20.005(4) Å, α = 84.66(2), β = 82.90(6), λ = 67.51(6)°, Z = 2; 6478 data with I > 2σ(I) were refined to R = 0.0368, Rw = 0.0362. Ru5(μ‐H)(μ5‐C2PPh2)(μ3‐I)(μ‐PPh2)‐(CO)12.CH2Cl2 is monoclinic, space group P21/n, a = 14.809(4), b = 20.721(4), c = 17.698(5) Å, β = 111.42(2)°, Z = 4; 7815 data with I > 2σ(I) were refined to R = 0.0440, Rw = 0.0416.
Thermal stability and the formation of conducting materials from tricobalt–carbyne clusters
Authors: Worth Gillian H , Robinson Brian H , Simpson Jim 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe conductivity of microcrystalline mono‐ or biscarbyne capped tricobalt clusters and a preliminary study of the physical properties of the thermally decomposed materials are presented. Solid materials with high conductivites are produced by the controlled decomposition of the non‐ conducting carbonyl clusters in which there are two cluster units or an alkyne/cluster system. Processes leading to conducting solids were studied by thermogravimetric, mass spectral, DRIFT and SEM techniques. Bi‐capped clusters are thermally stable insulators but it is suggested that doped materials will show increased conductivity.
CH and NH bond activation in reactions of vinyl acetate, allyl cyanide, allylamine and other amines with (η‐C5H5)2Rh2(CO)(CF3C2CF3)
Authors: Dickson Ron S , Jenkins Susan M 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThere is activation of olefinic CH bonds when (η‐C5H5)2Rh2(CO)(CF3C2CF3) is treated with vinyl acetate or allyl cyanide. These reactions are initiated by exposure to sunlight. In the vinyl acetate reaction, each of the three vinylic CH bonds can be broken, but there is strong preference for cleavage at the substituted carbon. The products formed in these reactions are bisalkenyl complexes of the type (η‐C5H5)2Rh2{μ‐C(CF3)C(CF3)H}(μ‐CRCR′R″), and all isomers have been thoroughly characterized by NMR analysis. Similar reactions with allylamine and other amines (NH2R, NHMe2) occur in the dark and proceed by NH bond cleavage. Near‐quantitative amounts of the products, (η‐C5H5)Rh2{C(CF3)C(CF3)H}(C(O)NRR′) are isolated. Spectroscopic data indicate a bridging carboxamide ligand attached to the RhRh bond from oxygen and nitrogen donor sites. It is proposed that coordination of O or N to rhodium has a strong influence on all of the reactions studied.
Orthomanganated arenes in synthesis VII. Transition‐metal mediated formation of a PP bond; the X‐ray crystal structure of Mn2(μ‐η1, η1‐Ph2PPPh2)(μ‐Cl)2(CO)6
Authors: Arnold Leslie J , Main Lyndsay , Nicholson Brian K. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe reaction of PPh2Cl with orthomanganated acetophenone, 2′‐CH3C(O)C6H4Mn(CO)4, gives Mn2(μ‐η1,η1‐Ph2PPPh2)(μ‐Cl)2(CO)6. An X‐ray structure determination [triclinic, space group P1, a = 10.908(4) Å, b = 11.756(3) Å, c = 12.186(3) Å, α = 96.20(2)°, β = 99.51(2)°, γ = 96.52(2)°] shows two Mn(CO)3 groups held together by two bridging Cl ligands, and further bridged by a Ph2PPPh2 group prepared in situ.
The X‐ray structure of Os(CS)(PhCCPh)(PPh3)2, a complex containing a four‐electron donor acetylene ligand
Authors: Burrell A K , Elliott G P , Rickard C E F , Roper W R 
Published: January 2005

AbstractOs(CS)(PhCCPh)(PPh3)2 is formed by the treatment of Os(CS)(CO)(PPh3)3 with diphenylacetylene and is an example of a complex containing a four‐electron donor acetylene ligand. Os(CS)(PhCCPh)(PPh3)2 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n with the cell dimensions a = 9.028(5), b = 25.256(2) and c = 19.22(2) Å with β = 103.8(7)°, V = 4260 Å3, Z = 4 and d(calcd) = 1.461 g cm−3 for mol.wt 937.09 g mol−1. Diffraction data were collected with a Nonius CAD‐4 diffractometer and refined to R = 4.05% and Rw = 4.19% for 1172 independent reflections. The structure can be described as a distorted trigonal bipyramid with the CS ligand occupying an axial position. The two cis‐PPh3 ligands are in equatorial sites with the acetylene occupying a position between the remaining axial and equatorial sites. The diphenylacetylene is symmetrically bound to the metal with an average OsC distance of 2.04(3) Å. The OsCS distance is unusually short at 1.79(2) Å.
Infrared and Raman spectra of (η6‐mesitylene)M(CO)3 complexes (MCr, Mo or W): An insight into metal–arene bonding
Authors: Armstrong R S , Aroney M J , Barnes C M , Nugent K W 
Published: January 2005

AbstractInfrared and Raman spectra of mesitylene complexes of chromium, molybdenum and tungsten tricarbonyls have been studied. Bands have been assigned and intesities calculated for a number of important modes. The intensities are related to the polarities and polarizabilities of individual bonds within the molecules. Variations of bond properties with change of metal M in the (η6‐mesitylene)M(CO)3 complexes have been examined. The results are interpreted in terms of the relative importance of π‐donation from the arene to the metal and of δ‐backbonding. A molecular orbital scheme is proposed which accounts for the changes observed in the degree of π‐and δ‐bonding within the group of complexes studied.
The chemical form and acute toxicity of arsenic compounds in marine organisms
Authors: Kaise Toshikazu , Fukui Shozo 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA method for the separation and identification of inorganic and methylated arsenic compounds in marine organisms was constructed by using a hydride generation/cold trap/gas chromatography mass spectrometry (HG/CT/GC MS) measurement system.The chemical form of arsenic compounds in marine organisms was examined by the HG/CT/GC MS system after alkaline digestion. It was observed that trimethylarsenic compounds were distributed mainly in the water‐soluble fraction of muscle of carnivorous gastropods, crustaceans and fish. Also, dimethylated arsenic compounds were distributed in the water‐soluble fraction of Phaeophyceae. It is thought that most of the trimethylated arsenic is likely to be arsenobetaine since this compound released trimethylarsine by alkaline digestion and subsequent reduction with sodium borohydride.The major arsenic compound isolated from the water‐soluble fraction in the muscle and liver of sharks was identified as arsenobetaine from IR, FAB Ms data, NMR spectra and TLC behaviour.The acute toxicity of arsenobetaine was studied in male mice. The LD50 value was higher than 10 g kg−1. This compound was found in urine in the non‐metabolized form. No particular toxic symptoms were observed following administration. These results suggest that arsenobetaine has low toxicity and is not metabolized in mice. The LD50 values of other minor arsenicals in marine organisms, trimethylarsine oxide, arsenocholine and tetramethylarsonium salt, were also examined in mice.
Preparation and biocidal properties of mixed butyl/cyclohexyl trialkyltin carboxylates
Authors: Qing‐Lan Xie , Zhi‐Qiang Yang , Zu‐Xin Zhang , Dian‐Kun Zhang 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTwo series of trialkyltin carboxylates containing butyl and cyclohexyl groups on tin, BunCy3‐nSnO2CR (n = 1, 2; R = n‐Pr, Ph, 4‐CIC6H4, 4‐NO2C6H4) have been synthesized and their structures characterized by IR, and 119Sn and 13C NMR spectroscopies. The compounds are five‐coordinate, carboxylate‐bridged polymers when R = n‐Pr, while the other aromatic carboxylates are four coordinate. The compounds were also tested for their fungicidal, insecticidal and acaricidal activities.
Methylated antimony(V) compounds: Synthesis, hydride generation properties and implications for aquatic speciation
Authors: Dodd Matthew , Grundy Stephen L , Reimer Kenneth J , Cullen William R 
Published: January 2005

AbstractReports in the literature that the compounds MeSb(O)(OH)2 and Me2Sb(O)(OH) are present in marine and fresh‐waters need to be re‐examined. The results of several synthetic strategies suggest that these methylantimony(V) compounds are either environmentally inaccessible or polymeric in nature. Pure samples of various di‐ and tri‐ methylated antimony(V) species were prepared and found to undergo molecular rearrangement reactions when subjected to hydride generation procedures typically used for aquatic speciation.
Occurrence of methylated tin and dimethyl mercury compounds in a mangrove core from Sepetiba Bay, Brazil
Authors: Quevauviller P , Donard O F X , Wasserman J C , Martin F M , Schneider J 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAnalyses of organotin and organic mercury compounds have been performed in a sediment core from Sepetiba Bay, Brazil, in order to investigate possible methylation pathways in a mangrove environment. The results have revealed that the physico‐chemical conditions existing in this type of environment (high organic inputs, anaerobic conditions, microbial activity, etc.) account for high methyltin concentrations (mono‐, di‐ and trimethyltin) in the sediments, which are dependent upon the total load of metal released (e.g. from anthropogenic sources). Furthermore, the presence of dimethylmercury and not monomethylmercury in the samples demonstrated a new pathway of transformation of mercury in the environment: this compound, thought to be unstable in sediment, is assumed to be stabilized by a conjunction of factors, such as high sulphide levels, anoxic conditions and constant inputs of methane into the medium.