bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In vitro and in vivo 2′,5′-oligoadenylate synthetase activity induced by recombinant DNA-derived bovine interferon αI1 in bovine alveolar macrophages and blood mononuclear cells
Authors: Holland Sheryl P. , Fulton Robert W. , Short Everett C. , Wyckoff John H. , Fox J. C. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Biological responses to recombinant dna-derived bovine interferon α (rBoifn-αI1) by bovine alveolar macrophages were examined by measuring viral yield reduction and 2′,5′-oligoadenylate synthetase (2′,5′-oas) production by ifn-treated cells. In vitro ifn pretreatment of alveolar macrophages reduced viral yield in cultures challenged exposed with parainfluenza-3 virus, compared with control cultures. In vitro treatment of alveolar macrophages with ifn also resulted in increased 2′,5′-oas activity. The 2′,5′-oas activity was measured in alveolar macrophages and blood mononuclear leukocytes of calves injected im with 3.6 × 106 U of rBoifn-αI1/kg of body weight. The ifn action was monitored by measuring 2′,5′-oas activity of blood mononuclear leukocytes beginning 6 days before and ending 24 hours after ifn treatment. The 2′,5′-oas activity in the blood mononuclear leukocytes sharply increased 24 hours after ifn treatment, indicating response to ifn. The alveolar macrophages collected from the same calves 24 hours after ifn administration also had increased 2′,5′-oas activity, compared with alveolar macrophages from the same calves collected 6 days before treatment. Increased 2′,5′-oas activity indicates: a possible mechanism of ifn action in cattle that may be responsible for viral yield reduction; potential use of high enzyme activity as a marker for ifn induction; and potential use of 2′,5′-oas activity as a marker for determining effects of ifn on bovine macrophages and other cells of the bovine immune system.
Resistance to fecal shedding of salmonellae in pigs and chickens vaccinated with an aromatic-dependent mutant of Salmonella typhimurium
Authors: Lumsden J. S. , Wilkie B. N. , Clarke R. C. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an aromatic-dependent mutant of Salmonella typhimurium as a parenteral vaccine for prevention of fecal shedding of Salmonella spp. Pigs and chickens were vaccinated im, with 1 × 109 and 1 × 108 organisms, respectively, followed by a second identical vaccination 2 weeks later. Salmonella organisms were not detected by analysis of fecal or cloacal swab specimens from any animal after vaccination. Deleterious side effects were not noticed after vaccination. Pigs were challenge-inoculated po with 1 × 1012 virulent S typhimurium 1 week after the second vaccination. Chickens were challenge-inoculated po with 3 × 108 organisms of either S enteritidis or the virulent parent strain of S typhimurium 3 weeks after the second vaccination. Vaccinated pigs shed Salmonella spp significantly less frequently than did nonvaccinated pigs. Vaccinated chickens challenge-inoculated with either S enteritidis or S typhimurium also shed Salmonella less frequently than the corresponding nonvaccinated control birds; however, the difference was not significant.
Pharmacokinetic properties of enrofloxacin in rabbits
Authors: Broome R. L. , Brooks D. L. , Babish J. G. , Copeland D. D. , Conzelman G. M. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The pharmacokinetic properties of the fluoroquinolone antimicrobial enrofloxacina were studied in New Zealand White rabbits. Four rabbits were each given enrofloxacin as a single 5 mg/kg of body weight dosage by iv, sc, and oral routes over 4 weeks. Serum antimicrobial concentrations were determined for 24 hours after dosing. Compartmental modeling of the iv administration indicated that a 2-compartment open model best described the disposition of enrofloxacin in rabbits. Serum enrofloxacin concentrations after sc and oral dosing were best described by a 1- and 2-compartment model, respectively. Overall elimination half-lives for iv, sc, and oral routes of administration were 2.5, 1.71, and 2.41 hours, respectively. The half-life of absorption for oral dosing was 26 times the half-life of absorption after sc dosing (7.73 hours vs 0.3 hour). The observed time to maximal serum concentration was 0.9 hour after sc dosing and 2.3 hours after oral administration. The observed serum concentrations at these times were 2.07 and 0.452 μg/ml, respectively. Mean residence times were 1.55 hours for iv injections, 1.46 hours for sc dosing, and 8.46 hours for oral administration. Enrofloxacin was widely distributed in the rabbit as suggested by the volume of distribution value of 2.12 L/kg calculated from the iv study. The volume of distribution at steady-state was estimated at 0.93 L/kg. Compared with iv administration, bioavailability was 77% after sc dosing and 61% for gastrointestinal absorption. Estimates of predicted average steady-state serum concentrations were 0.359, 0.254, and 0.226 μg/ml for iv, sc, and oral administration, respectively. On the basis of maintaining enrofloxacin serum concentrations at 4 times the minimal inhibitory concentration90 for Pasteurella multocida, oral dosing resulted in the longest maximal time interval between doses of 15.4 hours vs 9.9 hours and 7.4 hours for iv and sc injections, respectively. Because enrofloxacin is widely dispersed in the rabbit's body, it is estimated from the data in this study that in vivo inhibitory concentrations of enrofloxacin for Pasteurella multocida may be maintained at oral dosage regimens equivalent to 5 mg/kg (q 12 h).
Detection of anti-equine neutrophil antibody by use of flow cytometry
Authors: Jain Nemi C. , Stott J. L. , Vegad J. L. , Dhawedkar R. G. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Flow cytometric and conventional fluorescence microscopic methods were compared to detect heterologous (rabbit) neutrophil antibody bound to equine neutrophils. Unfixed and paraformaldehyde-fixed neutrophils were treated with normal rabbit serum or various dilutions of an antineutrophil serum. The cells were then reacted with fluorescein conjugates of goat anti-rabbit IgG, staphylococcal protein A, and streptococcal protein G. Antibody binding was evaluated by use of fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. Unfixed neutrophils treated with normal rabbit serum did not fluoresce, whereas many of the fixed neutrophils had distinct cytoplasmic and some membranous (nonspecific) fluorescence. Unfixed cells treated with the antiserum had localized areas (capping) of intense membrane fluorescence, whereas fixed cells had bright uniform membranous fluorescence. The intensity of specific fluorescence varied with the antiserum dilution and the conjugate. On flow cytometry, over 80% of unfixed cells treated with antiserum dilutions up to 1:1,024, 1:2,048, and 1:256 fluoresced, respectively, with anti-IgG, protein-G, and protein-A conjugates. Fixed cells generally had similar percentages of fluorescent cells, but at a higher (1-step) antiserum dilution. It was concluded that flow cytometry is more sensitive than conventional fluorescence microscopy to detect antibodies associated with equine neutrophils.
Efficacy of ivermectin chewable tablets and two new ivermectin tablet formulations against Dirofilaria immitis larvae in dogs
Authors: Paul Allan J. , Todd Kenneth S. , Acre Kenneth E. , Plue Raymond E. , Wallace Dennis H. , French Richard A. , Wallig Matthew A. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
One hundred four heartworm-free Beagles < 1 year old were studied to determine the efficacy of ivermectin chewable tablets and of 2 other ivermectin tablet formulations against heartworm larvae. At 30 days after sc inoculation of dogs with infective Dirofilaria immitis larvae, all ivermectin formulations were given orally at dosage of 6 μg/kg of body weight. The ivermectin chewable tablets also were given orally at dosage of 2 and 6 μg/kg at 30 and 45 days, respectively, after injection of larvae. Replicates of 6 or 8 dogs in each study were formed on the basis of gender and body weight and, within replicates, were randomly allocated to treatment groups. At 30 days after injection of larvae, the additional dogs (in replicates of 8) were assigned to the control group and to the group given ivermectin chewable tablets at dosage of 6 μg/kg. All dogs were housed individually. Necropsy was performed approximately 5 or 6 months after larvae were administered.
In both trials, all control dogs had heartworms at necropsy (Univerity of Illinois—geometric mean, 35.0; Florida—geometric mean, 26.1). In both trials, the ivermectin chewable tablet (6 μg/kg) and both tablet formulations (6 μg/kg) given at 30 days after larval injection, and the chewable formulation (6 μg/kg) given at 45 days after larval injection were 100% effective (P < 0.01) in preventing development of induced infection with D immitis. Of 8 dogs at the University of Illinois that were given ivermectin chewable tablets (2 μg/kg) at 30 days after larval injection, 6 had heartworms (geometric mean, 2.25; efficacy, 93.6%; P < 0.01) and 5 of 7 dogs treated similarly in Florida had heartworms (geometric mean, 4.4; efficacy, 83.3%; P < 0.05).
Drug-related adverse reactions were not observed in either trial.
An ultrasonographic off-set system for examination of equine tendons and ligaments
Authors: Wood A. K. W. , Newell W. H. , Borg R. P. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
In a dorsal plane, an improved ultrasonographic off-set system was used to obtain serial ultrasonographic images with enhanced anatomic and pathologic detail of the tendons, ligaments, and associated structures of the limbs of 100 horses. The off-set provided good acoustic coupling between a linear array ultrasonographic transducer and the horse's skin. A water-soluble gel contained within the off-set had acoustic properties similar to those of mammalian soft tissues.
Cutaneous laser-Doppler velocimetry in nine animal species
Authors: Manning Thomas O. , Monteiro-Riviere Nancy A. , Bristol David G. , Riviere J. Edmond 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The assessment of cutaneous microcirculation by laser-Doppler velocimetry (ldv) has been primarily limited to human studies. The purpose of this investigation was to establish normal values in various species and anatomic sites for blood flow, velocity, and volume as determined by ldv. Microcirculation was measured with a laser-Doppler velocimeter in 54 animals, 6 healthy animals from each of 9 species. The standard sites used were the buttocks, convex surface of the ear, metacarpal pad, humeroscapular junction, thoracolumbar junction, ventral portion of the abdomen, dorsal metacarpus (hooved animals), and ventral surface of the tail (horse). Significant differences in blood flow, velocity, and volume were measured between species and sites within species. The ventral portion of the abdomen consistently had the highest relative blood flow across all species except the monkey. Measurements in the canine metacarpal pad had a high sd, possibly indicating the stratum corneum and epidermis to be too thick for ldv. Our findings provide baseline data in several species, with application of ldv in comparative dermatologic research.
Effects of dietary fiber supplementation on glycemic control in dogs with alloxan-induced diabetes mellitus
Authors: Nelson R. W. , Ihle S. L. , Lewis L. D. , Salisbury S. K. , Miller T. , Bergdall V. , Bottoms G. D. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The effect of a high insoluble-fiber (if) diet containing 15% cellulose in dry matter, high soluble-fiber (sf) diet containing 15% pectin in dry matter, and low-fiber (lf) diet on glycemic control in 6 dogs with alloxan-induced insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus was evaluated. Each diet contained > 50% digestible carbohydrate in dry matter. A crossover study was used with each dog randomly assigned to a predetermined diet sequence. Each dog was fed each diet for 56 days. Caloric intake was adjusted weekly as needed to maintain each dog within 1.5 kg of its body weight measured prior to induction of diabetes mellitus. All dogs were given pork lente insulin and half of their daily caloric intake at 12-hour intervals.
Mean (± sem) daily caloric intake was significantly (P < 0.05) less when dogs consumed the if diet vs the sf and lf diets (66 ± 3 kcal/kg, 81 ± 5 kcal/kg, and 79 ± 4 kcal/kg, respectively). Serum alkaline phosphatase activity was significantly (P < 0.05) higher when dogs consumed the lf diet vs the if and sf diets (182 ± 37 IU/L, 131 ± 24 IU/L, and 143 ± 24 IU/L, respectively). Mean postprandial plasma glucose concentration measured every 2 hours for 24 hours, beginning at the time of the morning insulin injection, was significantly (P < 0.05) lower at most blood sampling times in dogs fed if and sf diets, compared with dogs fed the lf diet. As a result, 24-hour mean plasma concentration of glucose (if, 165 ± 17 mg/dl; sf, 169 ± 19 mg/dl; lf, 218 ± 29 mg/dl), 24-hour mean plasma-glucose fluctuation (if, 49 ± 2 mg/dl; sf, 47 ± 4 mg/dl; lf, 63 ± 7 mg/dl), and 24-hour urine-glucose excretion (if, 31 ± 10 g/d; sf, 42 ± 16 g/d; lf, 67 ± 13 g/d) were significantly (P < 0.05) lower in dogs fed if and sf diets, compared with dogs fed the lf diet. These variables were not significantly different between dogs fed if and sf diets. Mean glycosylated hemoglobin concentration also was significantly (P < 0.05) lower when dogs consumed the if diet, compared with the lf diet (4.3 ± 0.4% vs 5.2 ± 0.4%, respectively).
In dogs with alloxan-induced insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, consumption of diets containing 15% cellulose or 15% pectin and > 50% digestible carbohydrate on a dry-matter basis resulted in improvement in glycemic control, compared with consumption of a diet containing > 50% digestible complex carbohydrate without added fiber.
Prevalence of autoantibodies to thyroglobulin, thyroxine, or triiodothyronine and relationship of autoantibodies and serum concentrations of iodothyronines in dogs
Authors: Thacker Eileen L. , Refsal Kent R. , Bull Robert W. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Assays were developed to detect and measure autoantibodies (aa) to thyroglobulin (Tg) and to the thyroid hormones, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). An elisa to detect aa to Tg was developed, using purified canine Tg as the antigen and goat anti-canine IgG conjugated with alkaline phosphatase as the second antibody. A highly charged agarose electrophoresis assay was used for determination of aa to T4 and T3. Sera from dogs (n = 119) with clinical signs consistent with hypothyroidism were tested for aa to Tg, T4, and T3. Autoantibodies to at least 1 of the 3 thyroid antigens were detected in 58 of the 119 (48.7%) sera tested. Autoantibodies to Tg were detected more frequently in samples with low serum concentrations of thyroid hormones than in samples with normal concentrations. The presence of aa to T4, T3, or both was not significantly associated with low thyroid hormone concentrations, but this lack of association may have been attributable to binding of aa in the measurement of thyroid hormones by radioimmunoassay.
Characterization of a feline T-cell-specific monoclonal antibody reactive with a CD5-like molecule
Authors: Ackley Christopher D. , Cooper Max D. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The 43 monoclonal antibody raised against feline T cells was found to react with a single-chain glycoprotein of Mr 72,000 that is present on most thymocytes, 60% of lymph node cells, 20% of splenocytes, and 45% of blood mononuclear cells. All CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were found to express the 43-reactive determinant, as did a small subpopulation of CD4-/CD8-/AgM- lymphocytes in the periphery. The 43-reactive determinant was not detected on B cells, macrophages, or other types of blood cells. The 43 antigen was phosphorylated in resting and activated T cells. Its expression was upregulated by stimulation with phorbol myristate acetate and with phytohemagglutinin. When added to concanavalin A-stimulated T-cell cultures in low concentrations, the 43 antibody was found to augment mitogenesis. The data indicate that this antibody may identify a CD5 homologue on feline T cells.
Prophylactic effect of monensin sodium against experimentally induced paratuberculosis in mice
Authors: Brumbaugh Gordon W. , Frelier Paul F. , Roussel Allen J. , Thomson T. D. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Monensin sodium (0, 15, or 30 mg/kg of complete feed) was fed ad libitum for 1 week to female mice (strain C57BL6/J) that were genetically susceptible to infection with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. Ten mice in each of the 3 groups were inoculated intraperitoneally with M paratuberculosis (109 organisms). Sterile saline solution was injected intraperitoneally into 10 other mice in each group. Rations were continued for 50 days, then mice were euthanatized, and body weight, splenic weight, and hepatic weight for each mouse were recorded. Ratios of body weight to splenic weight and of body weight to hepatic weight were calculated for each mouse. Hepatic granulomas in 50 light microscopic fields were counted, and presence of acid-fast organisms in those granulomas was recorded. Infected mice given monensin had higher body weight and fewer hepatic granulomas than did mice not given monensin. Although hepatic granulomas were fewer in these mice, they contained acid-fast organisms. Effects of 15 mg of monensin and those of 30 mg of monensin/kg of complete feed were not different.
Susceptibility to onion-induced hemolysis in dogs with hereditary high erythrocyte reduced glutathione and potassium concentrations
Authors: Yamoto Osamu , Maede Yoshimitsu 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The hemolytic effect of onion consumption in dogs with hereditary high erythrocyte reduced glutathione and potassium concentrations (designated HK dogs) was compared with that in clinically normal dogs. Twelve hours after oral administration of boiled onions (200 g/dog), hemoglobin concentration decreased to 84.4% of the initial value in hk dogs; it decreased only to 90.5% in clinically normal dogs. At 24 hours, methemoglobin concentration was significantly (P< 0.05) higher in HK dogs than in clinically normal dogs. The concentration of erythrocyte oxidized glutathione increased about fivefold at 10 hours in HK dogs, whereas it did not change during the experimental period in clinically normal dogs. In addition, at 12 hours, the proportion of erythrocytes containing Heinz bodies increased to 24.4% in hk dogs, but increased only to 1.2% in clinically normal dogs. Thus, results indicated that HK dogs were more susceptible to the oxidant action of onions than were clinically normal dogs.
Effects of an extract of Gingko biloba on bromethalin-induced cerebral lipid peroxidation and edema in rats
Authors: Dorman David C. , Côté Louise Marie , Buck William B. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The effects of administration of a commercially available extract of Gingko biloba (egb) on bromethalin-induced brain lipid peroxidation and cerebral edema in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats was determined. Gingko biloba extract was given (100 mg/kg) by gavage immediately after bromethalin (1.0 mg/kg) administration. Rats were euthanatized at 24 hours after dosing. Brain lipid peroxidation was determined by measurement of brain malonaldehyde-thiobarbituric acid chromophore (mda-tba) concentration, brain sodium concentration, and brain water content.
Treatment of bromethalin-dosed rats (10/group) with egb was associated with a statistically significant (P < 0.05) decrease in clinical sign severity, compared with bromethalin-dosed saline solution-treated rats. All rats given bromethalin and saline solution developed clinical signs of toxicosis including CNS depression, hind limb weakness, ataxia, paralysis, and coma. Some rats given bromethalin and egb developed clinical signs, however, none developed hind limb paralysis. The brain mda-tba concentration (2.4 ± 0.5 Δ mda-tba concentration/mg of protein), percentage of water in brain tissue (80.3 ± 0.30%), and brain sodium concentration (6.68 ± 0.21 mg/g of dry weight) were significantly increased in rats given bromethalin and saline solution, compared with control rats given saline solution (1.0 ± 0.1 Δ mda-tba concentration/mg of protein; 78.1 ± 0.33% water in brain tissue; 4.83 ± 0.30 mg of brain Na+/g of dry weight) and rats given bromethalin and egb (1.6 ± 0.2 Δ mda-tba concentration/mg of protein; 79.3 ± 0.31% water in brain tissue; 5.37 ± 0.34 mg of brain Na+/g of dry weight). The mda-tba concentration (1.2 ± 0.2 Δ mda-tba concentration/mg of protein), percentage of water in brain tissue (78.7 ± 0.40%), and brain sodium concentration (4.93 ± 0.26 mg/g of dry weight) increased slightly in control rats given egb.
Effects of chronic gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist treatment on serum luteinizing hormone and testosterone concentrations in boars
Authors: Almond Glen W. , Esbenshade Ken L. , Smith Craig A. , Richards R. Gregg 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Mature boars were subjected to chronic treatment with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist, goserelin (D-Ser[But]6, Azgly-NH210), and serum luteinizing hormone (lh) and testosterone concentrations were measured. Ten sexually mature boars were randomly assigned to treatment (n = 5) or control (n = 5) groups. On day 0, boars were implanted sc (day 0) with 2 GnRH agonist implants (1 mg of GnRH/implant) or sham implants. Blood samples were collected at 12-hour intervals on days – 2 and –1, at 6-hour intervals on days 0 through 4, and at 12-hour intervals on days 5 through 8. In addition, blood samples were collected at 15-minute intervals for 6 hours on days –1, 0, 4, and 8. Serum testosterone and (lh concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay. Maximal (lh (7 ± 1 ng/ml) and testosterone (26 ± 3 ng/ml) concentrations were observed at 5 and 18 hours, respectively, after GnRH agonist treatment. Subsequently, (lh and testosterone concentrations decreased to pretreatment values (0.3 ± 0.1 ng/ml and 1.8 ± 0.4 ng/ml, respectively) by 24 and 48 hours, respectively, after GnRH agonist implantation. Few differences in the characteristics of pulsatile (lh release were observed between the groups. Testosterone and lh concentrations in samples collected at 6- and 12-hour intervals and pulsatile (lh release did not change after sham treatment of control boars. Whereas previous reports indicated that chronic GnRH administration suppressed serum lh and testosterone concentrations in rams, rats, and dogs, our results indicate that chronic GnRH agonist treatment induced transitory increases, without subsequent suppression, in lh and testosterone concentrations in mature boars.
Development of monoclonal antibody ELISA for simultaneous detection of bovine coronavirus, rotavirus serogroup A, and Escherichia coli K99 antigen in feces of calves
Authors: Thorns Christopher J. , Bell Michael M. , Chasey David , Chesham John , Roeder Peter L. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
A rapid elisa was developed for simultaneous detection of bovine coronavirus (bcv), rotavirus (rv) serogroup A, and Escherichia coli K99 antigen in feces of calves. A mixture of 3 monoclonal antibodies specific for bcv, rv, or K99 was used successfully to capture the antigens; the same antibodies labeled with peroxidase were used to detect bcv, rv, or K99. The triple elisa was compared with standard reference diagnostic methods by examining feces from experimentally and naturally infected and healthy calves. All the components of the test were highly specific (> 90%) and sensitive (bcv, 77%; K99, 93%; rv, 100%) when used in a format requiring short incubation steps at 20 C and visual recording of results.