bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EXPERIMENTAL PRODUCTION OF PYLOROSPASM AND GASTRIC RETENTION IN RATS
Authors: Hoelzel Frederick , Da Costa Esther 
Published: June 2004

1. A method was found whereby the development of gastric retention could be studied in intact animals without the necessity of recourse to the use of x-rays.
2. Gastric retention was found to develop as a result of protein restriction in 7 out of 10 rats studied. Such retention could again be cleared up with protein realimentation or by allowing the animals free choice of protein, fat and carbohydrate.
3. A diet high in protein following periods of undernutrition or prolonged protein restriction usually gave rise to a transient gastric retention.
4. Diets with a solution of 25 per cent or more of alcohol added promptly gave rise to gastric retention in rats even when the protein content of the diet was adequate.
5. Evidence is given indicating that the gastric retention which occurred in this study involved more or less pylorospasm and the possible influence of mechanical and chemical irritation and of changes in gastric mucin and bile flow upon the development of pylorospasm are discussed.
6. Spira's theory that fat in the diet gives rise to pylorospasm and ulceration is not supported by the results of our experiments.
THE VALUE OF THE SKIN TEST WITH TYPE-SPECIFIC CAPSULAR POLYSACCHARIDE IN THE SERUM TREATMENT OF TYPE I PNEUMOCOCCUS PNEUMONIA
Authors: Francis Thomas 
Published: June 2004

Skin tests were made with Type I S.S.S. in 53 cases of Type I pneumococcus lobar pneumonia, 48 of which were treated with antipneumococcus Type I serum. In all but 1 of the 46 recovered cases a positive, immediate skin reaction was obtained at about the time of recovery. In 7 fatal cases reactions were consistently negative, even in the presence of circulating type-specific antibodies.
The skin test has proved to be an extremely valuable guide to serum therapy, and a definite prognostic aid. The test has distinct advantages over the agglutination reaction in that it is not merely an index of circulating antibodies. When positive, it invariably denotes that recovery has begun; when negative, it indicates further serum therapy. The mechanism of the positive skin test is closely related to that operative in recovery from pneumonia, and is apparently the resultant of antibody and tissue activity.
HEMOGLOBIN PRODUCTION FACTORS IN THE HUMAN LIVER
Authors: Whipple G. H. , Robscheit-Robbins F. S. 
Published: June 2004

Human liver tissue has been assayed to determine the concentration of hemoglobin production factors in normal and abnormal states. Standardized dogs made anemic by bleeding have been used in this biological assay and the human liver tissue compared with control animal tissue.
Normal human liver tissue (external trauma) contains much more of these hemoglobin production factors than the normal control animal liver—the ratio being 162 to 100.
In this form of biological assay 42 gm. of animal liver or 26 gm. of human liver represent 1 gm. of potential hemoglobin.
A second group (Table 2) in which the viscera were practically normal except for atrophy, the cases presenting a good deal of arteriosclerosis and senile changes, shows a lower content of these hemoglobin production factors. The ratio of human to control here is 117 to 100. This is certainly the low limit of normal.
Acute fulminant infections reduce somewhat the store of these potent hemoglobin production factors in the human liver (Table 3). The average value is 117 as compared with 100 control but the more acute cases show the lower values.
Chronic intoxications show values which are close to the human normal—151 per cent. The liver content of hemoglobin producing factors shows very wide fluctuations in cases of thyrotoxicosis. Diabetes may be associated with rather low values.
There may be complete dissociation of the organic iron content and the concentration of hemoglobin production factors in the liver.
HEMOGLOBIN PRODUCTION FACTORS IN THE HUMAN LIVER
Authors: Robscheit-Robbins F. S. , Whipple G. H. 
Published: June 2004

Biological assay of human liver material shows various concentrations of hemoglobin producing material in various diseased states.
Cardiac congestion with red atrophy of the liver shows values (Table 21) somewhat below the human normal—94 per cent compared to 162 per cent. It is probable that this is due to atrophy and destruction of the liver cells in the centers of the liver lobules. We believe the remaining liver cells have a normal content of hemoglobin producing factors.
Amyloid (tuberculosis) and fatty (alcoholic) degeneration show (Table 22) subnormal values—111 per cent compared to 162 per cent. If we allow for the "dilution" of liver cell weight by the amyloid and fat we observe normal values for the concentration of hemoglobin producing factors.
Carcinoma growth in the liver whether primary or secondary shows net figures (Table 23) which are low—75 per cent compared to normal 162 per cent. It appears that cancer tissue, even tumor cells originating from hepatic epithelium, contains no hemoglobin producing factors. If we allow for the "dilution" of the remaining liver cells by the cancer tissue the figures are within normal limits.
Cirrhosis and hepatitis (Table 24) with no signs of true hepatic insufficiency or severe hepatic injury but death supervening from secondary infection or hemorrhage will give average normal values –164 per cent compared to normal human of 162 per cent. Icterus is not a factor.
Cirrhosis or hepatitis with severe parenchyma injury and signs of hepatic insufficiency give low values (Table 25) in biological assay –48 per cent compared to normal human 162 per cent. It may be surprising that the liver cells hold so tenaciously to these unknown factors influencing hemoglobin production but obviously only in severe liver injury is this concentration seriously reduced.
HEMOGLOBIN PRODUCTION FACTORS IN THE HUMAN LIVER
Authors: Whipple G. H. , Robscheit-Robbins F. S. 
Published: June 2004

Biological assay of the human liver in various types of anemia shows conspicuous differences in the concentration of hemoglobin producing factors.
Pernicious anemia shows very high values and the liver in untreated cases may show maximal storage of the hemoglobin producing factors. Liver therapy reduces this store as the missing factor is supplied and new hemoglobin and red cells can be turned out by the marrow.
Aplastic anemia likewise shows high concentration of hemoglobin producing factors as there is no outlet for this material through the red marrow.
Secondary anemia due to loss of blood will show low normal values but even long standing severe anemia will not seriously deplete this store of hemoglobin producing factors in the liver.
Secondary anemia due to blood destruction within the body shows higher values and some excess store of hemoglobin producing factors and iron.
Leukemia gives a biological assay like secondary anemia due to blood loss and always presents definite anemia.
Iron analyses show conspicuous differences and iron concentration within the liver parenchyma does not in any way parallel the concentration of hemoglobin producing factors. The highest values for iron concentration are found in aplastic anemia (70 mg. per cent)— high values in pernicious anemia (51 mg. per cent)—normal values in leukemia (13 mg. per cent)—and low values in anemia due to loss of blood (5.3 mg. per cent).
These findings should aid in a more complete understanding of the pathogenesis and internal metabolism of various anemias.
THE EFFECT OF PROTEOLYTIC DIGESTION PRODUCTS ON MULTIPLICATION AND MORPHOLOGICAL APPEARANCE OF MONOCYTES
Authors: Baker Lillian E. 
Published: June 2004

It has been found that the enzymatic digestion products of proteins cause a rapid proliferation of blood monocytes in vitro. Digestion mixtures having anywhere from 12 to 68 per cent of their nitrogen in the amino form possess this property.
For continued proliferation, heparin plasma or serum must be repeatedly supplied with the digests. Without them, multiplication continues for only a few days, the coagulum in which the cells are embedded liquefies around the central fragment, and the cells disintegrate.
The enzymatic digests exert a marked effect on the morphological appearance of the cells and finally cause them to agglutinate. The extent of this effect is determined by the degree of hydrolysis of the digest, its concentration, and the length of time the cells are cultivated in it. The morphological appearance of the cells is also somewhat influenced by the nature of the plasma or serum used with the digest.
Digests having very little free amino nitrogen produce short, round, granular cells. Those more highly hydrolyzed produce large, long, slender forms.
An increase in the concentration of the digest in the medium causes a shortening and broadening of the cell and an increase in its granulations. Therefore, even a highly hydrolyzed digest may, if concentrated, give cells resembling those in a lower concentration of a less hydrolyzed one.
The digests have a cumulative effect on the cells, as the time of cultivation is extended. Therefore, cultivation for a long period in a dilute solution may give the same effect as a shorter time in a higher concentration.
A different effect is obtained if plasma is used with the digest than if serum is used, even when the plasma and serum are taken from the same animal. The monocytes cultivated in serum and digest are generally shorter, broader, and more granular than those cultivated in heparin plasma and digest. They also contain more fat and have a greater tendency to digest the clot.
Agglutination of the cells takes place more readily in highly hydrolyzed products than in those slightly hydrolyzed. It is hastened by increase in concentration of the digest in the medium. It occurs more readily at the periphery of the culture and sooner in serum and digest than in heparin plasma and digest.
Completely hydrolyzed proteins and mixtures of pure amino acids do not produce effects at all comparable to those of the enzymatic digests either in their effect on the rate of cell proliferation or their action on the morphology of the cell.
Arsenic pentoxide in dilutions from 1:20,000 to 1:80,000 is the only other agent known to bring about agglutinations of the monocytes when cultivated in vitro.
The early changes in the morphological appearance of the cell that are produced by these digests are reversible. When the digests are removed from the medium and the cells cultivated in plasma and Tyrode solution, they very gradually revert to their original form.
THE LYMPHATIC PARTICIPATION IN HUMAN CUTANEOUS PHENOMENA
Authors: Hudack Stephen S. , McMaster Philip D. 
Published: June 2004

A technic is described for the demonstration of lymphatic capillaries in living skin and for their study. By means of vital dyes injected intradermally these vessels can be rendered plainly visible. They form an extraordinarily abundant anastomotic web. The least scratch, one which does not penetrate through the epidermis, gives rise to such conditions that lymphatic absorption readily takes place from the abraded surface; and so close-meshed is the lymphatic web that an intradermal injection with even the finest hypodermic needle tears some of the constituent vessels open with result that they undergo direct injection. In many individuals much of the fluid introduced at an ordinary intradermal injection, like that made in the clinic, spreads through the superficial lymphatic network, whereas in others it tends to enter the deeper lymphatics at once, the difference being due to merely physical factors determined by skin texture. Normal flow along the skin lymphatics is rapid even when the body is at rest, dye introduced into the skin of the resting forearm reaching the axilla within a few minutes. The observations make plain the fact that every intradermal injection is an intralymphatic one, often preponderantly such, while furthermore every local injection into the skin becomes within a few minutes a general one, so rapidly is the introduced material transported to the blood.
The normal permeability of the skin lymphatics of man is approximately the same as that of the mouse. Tests indicate that in both instances the lymphatic wall behaves like a semipermeable membrane. The permeability of the human lymphatic wall like that of the mouse is subject to rapid and great changes. A stroke on the skin with a blunt instrument to produce a wheal, causes the lymphatic capillaries to become so permeable temporarily that dyes pass through their walls as if practically no barrier existed, instead of being held back for a greater or less period. Slight inflammation due to heat, ultraviolet light or bacterial products has a similar effect. So, too, has histamine. When fluid pours rapidly into the tissue from the blood, as when a wheal is formed, the lymphatics are compressed and their efficiency as drainage channels is interfered with.
These facts are briefly discussed in their bearing upon skin phenomena in general. The lymphatics cannot be disregarded in considering such phenomena, in which it is plain that they have a large share.
ELECTROLYTE BALANCE STUDIES IN ADRENALECTOMIZED DOGS WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE EXCRETION OF SODIUM
Authors: Loeb Robert F. , Atchley Dana W. , Benedict Ethel M. , Leland Jessica 
Published: June 2004

1. Balance studies have been made on three dogs before and after adrenalectomy, performed in two stages.
2. It has been shown that the sodium concentration of the blood decreases in adrenalectomized dogs, as is true in patients suffering from Addison's disease and in cats experimentally adrenalectomized.
3. There are also decreases in the chloride and bicarbonate concentrations which together are approximately equivalent to the decrease in sodium.
4. An increase in the potassium concentration of the blood occurs after adrenalectomy, as reported in other studies. There is no obvious correlation of this change with changes in potassium balances.
5. The balance studies show a striking loss of sodium from the body during the development of adrenal insufficiency. This loss of Na results from an increased excretion of sodium in the urine and is not complicated by loss of base as a result of vomiting or diarrhea.
6. Following adrenalectomy, both the total amount of sodium and its concentration in the urine are markedly increased. This increase in concentration of sodium occurs in spite of an augmented urine volume.
7. The behavior of the chloride ion following adrenalectomy parallels that of the sodium ion, but the loss is not equivalent.
8. During the period of accumulation of non-protein nitrogen in the blood, the rate of water excretion by the kidney is even greater than before removal of the adrenal glands.
9. The possibility of a regulatory effect of the adrenal glands upon sodium metabolism and renal function has been discussed.
INHERITED AND ACQUIRED FACTORS IN RESISTANCE TO INFECTION
Authors: Webster Leslie T. 
Published: June 2004

1. A colony of inbred mice has been established free from inter-current infections and from the influence of extraneous variables detrimental to a study of their resistance to natural infection. A technique of measuring the resistance of mice to natural B. enteritidis mouse typhoid infection has been developed.
2. The Rockefeller Institute albino strain showed an average 37.4 per cent mortality to B. enteritidis mouse typhoid infection.
3. By breeding from progeny of mice dying early after exposure, lines approximately 85 per cent susceptible were obtained; by breeding from unexposed progeny of mice surviving infection, lines 15 per cent susceptible were obtained. Further selection within the most susceptible and most resistant lines did not alter their reaction; selection within the less susceptible and less resistant lines increased the sought factor. These rates remained approximately the same when the susceptibles received 1/100th and the resistants ten times the standard dose. The selected mice reacted consistently when exposed to spontaneous herd infection.
4. Several strains of mice, brother to sister inbred for special factors, did not differ materially in susceptibility. White-face and selected black-and-tan strains, however, proved 89.0 and 97 per cent susceptible.
5. White-face susceptibles mated with resistant Rockefeller Institute mice gave F1 progeny, 17.7 per cent susceptible. F1 mice back-crossed to susceptibles gave progeny 61.2 per cent susceptible and back-crossed with resistants gave progeny 26.3 per cent susceptible. F2 mice mated inter se gave progeny 34.2 per cent susceptible. The results indicate that resistance factors are dominant and not sex-linked.
THE HYPOPHYSEAL SUBSTANCE GIVING INCREASED GONADOTROPIC EFFECTS WHEN COMBINED WITH PROLAN
Authors: Evans Herbert M. , Simpson Miriam E. , Austin Paul R. 
Published: June 2004

The increased gonadotropic effect obtained by combining prolan with hypophyseal extracts can be secured equally well by the use of preparations which contain high amounts of the growth or of the gonad-stimulating hormone.
In hypophyseal extracts containing the growth hormone, the synergistic effects do not parallel the content of growth-promoting substance.
Similarly, in hypophyseal extracts containing the gonad-stimulating hormone, the synergistic effects do not parallel the content in the gonadotropic factor.
The hypophyseal substance involved has been prepared sufficiently free of the growth and gonad-stimulating hormones to make it inadmissible to consider either of these substances as responsible for the reaction.
THE REACTION OF STANDARD BREEDS OF RABBITS TO EXPERIMENTAL SYPHILIS
Authors: Rosahn Paul D. 
Published: June 2004

A comparative study was made of the character and severity of the infection produced by Tr. pallidum in groups of standard bred Havana, Dutch, English, Himalayan, and Rex rabbits. All known variables that might influence the course of the disease were common to the different breed groups.
On the basis of certain clinical data selected as criteria for the determination of variations in the response to syphilitic infection, it was found that the Havana and Dutch animals were resistant while the English, Himalayan, and Rex rabbits were susceptible.
From these results, it appears that breed, race, or family is a factor which significantly influences the response to infection with Tr. pallidum.
STUDIES ON INFLAMMATION
Authors: Menkin Valy 
Published: June 2004

Trypan blue injected into an area of cutaneous inflammation induced by Staphylococcus aureus failed to drain readily to the tributary lymphatics when the dye was injected as early as 1 hour after the inoculation of the microorganisms.
Trypan blue introduced into an area of cutaneous inflammation induced by Pneumococcus Type I was retained in situ when the dye was injected about 6 or more hours after the inoculation of the bacteria.
When an area of cutaneous inflammation was induced by the inoculation of a culture of Streptococcus hemolyticus, trypan blue injected into it drained readily to the tributary lymphatics for the first 30 hours following the onset of the inflammatory reaction. When the inflammation had lasted for 45 hours or longer, the dye was fixed in situ and failed in most instances to reach readily the tributary lymphatics.
The rapidity of fixation of the dye in the instances given would appear to depend on mechanical obstruction in the form of both a fibrinous network and thrombosed lymphatics or thrombosed lymphatics alone at the site of inflammation.
Inasmuch as staphylococci, pneumococci, and streptococci spread from the site of cutaneous inoculation primarily through lymphatic channels, the difference in the rapidity with which mechanical obstruction is set up in the areas inflamed by them will help to explain the differing invasive abilities of these pyogenic organisms.
STUDIES ON THE PREVENTION OF CHOLESTEROL ATHEROSCLEROSIS IN RABBITS
Authors: Turner Kenneth B. 
Published: June 2004

1. Whole thyroid gland when administered simultaneously with cholesterol prevented the atheromatous changes produced by the latter in the aorta of rabbits in 17 of 19 animals.
2. In this series thyroxin was less effective, as atherosclerosis occurred in 8 of 11 rabbits.
3. Potassium iodide also exerted a strong protective action as aortic lesions were present in only 1 of a series of 12 rabbits fed cholesterol and potassium iodide concurrently.
4. The effectiveness of potassium iodide was not shared by potassium bromide or potassium chloride.
5. A relationship was noted between the level of the cholesterol in the blood and the development of atherosclerosis. In general, the aortic lesions accompanied a hypercholesterolemia.
STUDIES ON THE SUPRARENAL CORTEX
Authors: Harrop George A. , Soffer Louis J. , Ellsworth Read , Trescher John H. 
Published: June 2004

A characteristic alteration in the electrolyte structure of the blood plasma of the suprarenalectomized dog occurs when injections of cortical extract are stopped. This alteration progresses during the course of the suprarenal insufficiency, parallel with the hemoconcentration and the loss in weight. When injections of cortical extract are resumed, the electrolyte structure returns to its original form, the alterations paralleling the dilution of the blood and the return of the body weight to its original level.
The hemoconcentration, with the resulting physiological changes which take place in the suprarenalectomized dog after the cessation of cortical extract injections, is associated with a loss of sodium and chloride, accompanied by their proper complement of body water, by way of the kidney. Since this effect is produced in the suprarenalectomized animal, well nourished and in excellent condition, solely by cessation of injections of the cortical hormone, and since the reverse process of repair of the electrolyte and water losses can be effected solely by resumption of extract injections, it follows that all of the observed phenomena are due to this cause, and to this alone. It can be concluded that one function of the cortical extract in the suprarenalectomized dog is that of participation in the regulation of the sodium and chloride metabolism, and consequently, of the balance and distribution of water. The loss of water, in the absence of the cortical hormone, is sustained partly by the blood plasma, but to a far greater extent by the interstitial body fluid. The available evidence points to the kidney as the locus of this regulatory function of the cortical hormone.
OBSERVATIONS ON ATTEMPTS TO PRODUCE ACUTE DISSEMINATED ENCEPHALOMYELITIS IN MONKEYS
Authors: Rivers Thomas M. , Sprunt D. H. , Berry G. P. 
Published: June 2004

No evidence was found to support the idea that vaccine virus placed in the cisterna magna is capable of producing an acute disseminated encephalomyelitis with perivascular demyelination either in normal or in partially immune monkeys.
A testicular extract (Reynals' factor) did not induce vaccine virus to cause an acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in monkeys.
Repeated intramuscular injections of brain extracts and brain emulsions into eight monkeys were followed in two instances by an inflammatory reaction, accompanied by demyelination, in the central nervous system. The exact relation of the injections to the disease of the nervous system is not clear.
The combined action of vaccine virus and an emulsion of fresh rabbit brain did not lead to the production of an acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in monkeys that had received repeated intramuscular injections of emulsions and alcohol-ether extracts of normal rabbit brains.