bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of Electrochemical Paper-Based Devices for Field Assays
Authors: Economou Anastasios , Kokkinos Christos , Soulis Dionysios , Pagkali Varvara , Prodromidis Mamas 
Published: February 2024

The birth of the modern field of paper-based analytical devices (PADs) was marked by the pioneering work by the Whitesides’ group which demonstrated that it was possible to perform complex manipulation of liquids within hydrophilic paper channels delimited by hydrophobic barriers [1]. The key features of paper as a platform are: a) flexibility; b) low thickness and lightness; c) absorbency; d) high surface-to-volume ratio; e) hydrophilicity and capillary action; f) chemical and biological inertness; g) disposability and biodegradability, and; h) low cost and wide availability. Among the various detection modes that are compatible with PADs, electrochemical detection is very attractive since electrochemical transducers can be readily and rapidly patterned on paper using various approaches. Combined with low-cost and portable instrumentation, electrochemical PADs (ePADs) are well suited to on-site assays and point-of-care testing and relevant applications have been developed in various fields such as clinical diagnostics, environmental monitoring and food quality control [2-4].
The methods of patterning of the hydrophobic barriers and of depositing the electrodes are critical in the fabrication of ePADs and several approaches have been proposed in the literature [2-4]. Τhe aim of this work was the development of different approaches for the fabrication of ePADs. For this purpose, hydrophobic barriers were delimited using: x-y plotting with commercial hydrophobic marker pens, wax printing and thermal printing. Electrodes were deposited on the PADs using x-y plotting with commercial writing pencils and conductive inks formulated in-house and screen-printing. Different fabrication parameters were optimized including the selection of the paper substrate, the conditions for the formation of the hydrophobic barriers and the electrode deposition parameters. Applicability of the ePADs was demonstrated for different applications for on-site assays including the enzymatic amperometric detection of glucose, the determination of trace metals by stripping analysis and the voltammetric detection of organic compounds.
References
[1] A.W. Martinez, S.T. Phillips, M.J. Butte, G.M. Whitesides, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 1318.
[2] E. Noviana, C.P. McCord, K.M. Clark, I. Jang, C.S. Henry, Lab Chip 2020, 20, 9.
[3] V.N. Ataide, L.F. Mendes, L.I.L.M. Gama, W.R. de Araujo, T.R.L.C Paixao, Anal. Methods 2020, 12, 1030.
[4] W. Mazurkiewicz, M. Podrażka, E. Jarosińska, K. Kappalakandy Valapil, M. Wiloch, M. Jönsson-Niedziółka, E. Witkowska Nery, ChemElectroChem 2020, 7, 2939.
Acknowledgements
This work was funded by the Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation under the “3rd Call for Scholarships for PhD Candidates”.
Characterization of a Waveguide with 45 Degrees Reflectors for the Detection of Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Lee Junyeop , Hwang Seongpil , Bang Narae , Jung Dong Geon , Jung Daewoong 
Published: February 2024

This paper investigates the characteristics of the angle of incidence of a waveguide with 45 degrees reflectors. Non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) gas sensors consist of an infrared source, a waveguide, and an infrared detector. The waveguide especially plays a part in an infrared path and gas cell. According to the Beer-Lambert law, the NDIR sensor with longer ray traveling path shows a higher response to the target gas. Also of particular interest is that the normal incidence ratio toward an infrared detector enhances the NDIR sensor selectivity for the target gases as well as the sensitivity. While there has been significant research on the effect on sensitivity by designing waveguide structures or ray traveling distance, this paper focuses on understanding the incidence of light toward the infrared detector by the waveguide with 45 degrees reflector and how this affects the selectivity of the sensor. A Ray tracing simulation is adopted to analyze the effect of the number of 45 degrees reflectors on the distribution of the incidence. Furthermore, a non-dispersive infrared gas sensor is applied to measure how the number of the reflectors affect to the selectivity for the target gas. The results reveal the enhancement of the selectivity by the reflectors.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Korea Innovation Foundation(INNOPOLIS) grant funded by the Korea government(MSIT) (2020-DD-UP-0348). This study has been conducted with the support of the Korea Institute of Industrial Technology as "Development and commercialization for clean hydrogen production/storage and CO2 monitoring system in the field of industrial complex" (Kitech EH-23-0012) This work was supported by the Technology Innovation Program (155736, Development of Miniaturized Sensor Module Technology for Non-invasive Arterial Blood Carbon Dioxide Real-time Monitoring) funded By the Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy(MOTIE, Korea).

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Gradient Porous Graphene-Based Ion-Selective Electrode for Real-Time Monitoring of Sweat Electrolyte
Authors: Gao Zhaoli , Yeung Kan Kan 
Published: February 2024

Human sweat, a biomarker-rich physiological fluid, is an ideal candidate for non-invasive and real-time health monitoring. State-of-the-art electrochemical sweat sensors, that detect concentrations of analytes, such as electrolytes, through ion-selective membranes (ISM) in ion-selective electrodes (ISEs), show great potential for monitoring bodily conditions with high selectivity and affordability. Ion detection can be accomplished by utilizing the electrochemical potential gradient across an ISM within the solid-contact ISE. The solid-contact interface, located between the sensing membrane and electron-conducting substrate, plays a crucial role in ion-to-electron transduction. This critical layer serves to minimize the formation of the water layer, enabling stable potential responses and maintaining long-term stability.
This work focuses on the use of chemical vapor deposition-grown, hydrophobic, gradient porous graphene (3D-G) material as the solid-contact layer in the ISE, offering a wider detection range, enhanced sensitivity, and improved long-term stability. The highly porous structure promotes ion recognition, diffusion, and adsorption onto the enhanced electrode surface, resulting in long-term stability, rapid analyte diffusion, and enhanced ion-to-electron transduction for sweat electrolyte sensing. A three-dimensionally interconnected porous electrode design can significantly enlarge the sensing areas in comparison to a 2D planar electrode, thereby improving the overall sensing performance of the sweat sensor. Owing to their large interface area, coupled with large double-layer capacitance in all-solid-state ISEs, hydrophobic nanostructured materials have been demonstrated to facilitate the ion-to-electron transduction process. Employing the 3D-G ISEs for health assessment has been exemplified through an on-body sweat sensing experiment, wherein the obtained results exhibit notable similarity with those generated by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS).

Figure 1
Solid Reservoir Reference Electrode
Authors: Tran Minh Ngoc Anh , Capilli Gabriele , Szkopek Thomas 
Published: February 2024

Potentiometric sensing requires a stable sensing electrode that is selectively responsive to an analyte, and a reference electrode (RE) that provides a stable and well-defined reference potential in a liquid electrolytic environment. In sensor applications where compactness and ease of integration are essential characteristics, pseudo-REs in the form of doped polymer semiconductors, bare metal films, or a bare chlorinated silver film are typically used. Bulk glass electrodes, such as the Ag/AgCl electrode, are incompatible with sensor integration.
We report here a solid reservoir reference electrode (SRRE) that achieves the performance of traditional immersed wire Ag/AgCl REs in a compact, layered structure. The SRRE is a solid, layered analogue of the Ag/AgCl RE, with a chlorinated silver film as metallic electrode, a solid KCl layer serving as a saturated reservoir of chloride, and a porous polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) layer acting as membrane for exchange of water and ions. We demonstrate two different method to fabricate the porous PDMS in figure A and B. The characteristics of the SRRE, including impedance, noise, and long-term drift, can be tuned by adjustment of the PDMS membrane permeance and KCl solid reservoir size.
We have demonstrated temporal stability of the RE open circuit potential (OCP), with drift less than 0.37 mV over 17 hours in deionized water. When compared against bare chlorinated silver, the SRRE exhibits superior stability of OCP versus changes in electrolyte ion-concentration, including solutions of potassium chloride, sodium chloride and pH buffers. The ease of fabrication enables SRRE integration with graphene ion-sensitive field effect transistors (ISFETs) to achieve entirely solid-contact micro ion sensors. The solid-contact micro ion sensor can simultaneously measure pH and Na+, in volumes as low as 20 μL. Using the same layered structure, we further demonstrated fabricated electrocardiogram (ECG) and electroencephalogram (EEG) electrodes with significantly lower impedance and noise when compared to disposable gel electrodes. Finally, we have shown that the SRRE can function in non-aqueous solventssuch as acetonitrile, demonstrating the wide range of SRRE applications.

Figure 1
Quantifying the Thermochemistry of Kinetic Transitions in a Li/Llzo/Layered Metal Oxide Cathode Solid-State Battery with Varying Cathode States of Charge
Authors: Bhargava Bhuvsmita , Johnson Nathan B , Zaman Samaa , Albertus Paul 
Published: February 2024

The safety of solid-state battery is multifaceted and requires analysis of the thermal runaway onset temperature, total heat released, maximum heat release rate, the amount and toxicity of any gases released, and other factors1. The onset temperature of strong self-heating is particularly important, and hence quantitative analysis of exothermic reactions as a function of temperature is required. We use differential scanning calorimetry to measure heat flow for solid-state cells with a Li metal anode, an LLZO separator, and both LiCoO2 and NMC cathode sheets (which also contain a conductive additive and a binder), and quantitatively analyze the data to develop a thermochemical reaction map consisting of all major reactions that take place upon heating. This quantitative thermochemistry map can serve as a basis to assess cell safety, and in particular the rate and extent of temperature rise. We find that primary reaction that determines the total heat released is lithium reaction with oxygen from delithiated cathode decomposition (i.e., 4Li+O2→2Li2O), but other components in the cell such as conductive carbon, PVDF binder and current collectors also have significant participation in the reaction pathway. As previous studies for graphite/liquid electrolyte/metal oxide cathode cells have shown, reducing the state of charge also reduces the amount of heat released upon heating2, with implications for safe storage and operation of future cells.
References:
(1) Johnson, N.; Albertus, P. Modeling Thermal Behavior and Safety of Large Format All-Solid-State Lithium Metal Batteries under Thermal Ramp and Short Circuit Conditions. J. Electrochem. Soc.
2022, 169 (6), 060546. https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac79cf.
(2) Barkholtz, H. M.; Preger, Y.; Ivanov, S.; Langendorf, J.; Torres-Castro, L.; Lamb, J.; Chalamala, B.; Ferreira, S. R. Multi-Scale Thermal Stability Study of Commercial Lithium-Ion Batteries as a Function of Cathode Chemistry and State-of-Charge. Journal of Power Sources
2019, 435, 226777. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2019.226777.
Troubleshooting CNT Bundling with Electrospray Method in LiFePO4 Cathode Material
Authors: Kim Ilgyu , Jung Ji-Won 
Published: February 2024

CNT, a nanomaterial with a 1D structure providing efficient electron transport, is well known as an excellent electron-conducting material and a key element for realizing thick electrodes. However, due to its high aspect ratio, there is significant Van der Waals force present; therefore, when used at a certain level or higher, it aggregates, which causes performance degradation, limiting its use.
In this work, we solve the bundling problem by applying a feasible electrospray method. This approach achieves a LiFePO4/CNT composite with uniform morphology, even with high CNT content, and is confirmed with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) analysis. In addition, we found out that it shows enhanced capacity retention and longer battery life compared to the conventional mixing-only method.
Multivariate Analysis of Synchrotron X-Ray Data for Battery Research
Authors: North Erlend Tiberg , Koposov Alexey , Wragg David Stephen 
Published: February 2024

By utilizing multivariate analysis of x-ray operando data from working batteries one can separate and enhance scattering signals from specific components of the battery, identifying the critical responses that are connected to its performance and failure. This can enable faster and easier analysis of operando data, especially from complex materials that are difficult to analyze manually.
In this poster I will present the preliminary results that we have obtained so far, focusing mainly on comparing analysis methods on simulated data sets, along with the current plan of the research project in my PhD.
Pair Distribution Function Analysis of Local Structural Rearrangement in Spinel Vanadium Oxide Cathodes
Authors: Samanta Anwesa , Cabana Jordi 
Published: February 2024

Being a divalent cation with the lowest mass, Mg2+ has garnered quite attention in recent times due to the high volumetric capacity of it’s batteries. Theoretical studies reveal that the combination of a Mg anode and a spinel oxide cathode would be able to surpass the current limits found in widely used Li-ion batteries Therefore, to design materials with high diffusion and reversible insertion capacity, a conclusive demonstration of the intercalation mechanism of Mg2+ into metal oxides, is required.
Among the numerous options for cathodes, vanadium oxides show evidence of the largest capability toward reversible intercalation of Mg ions. In particular, spinel-type MgV2O4 shows a capacity of 200 mAh/g, corresponding to the cycling of ~0.7 mol Mg2+ per mol of oxide, and layered α-V2O5 reaches 300 mAhg-1, intercalating 1 mol Mg2+ per mol of oxide. The extent and reversibility of these reactions were confirmed by elemental, redox and structural characterization in recent work [1,2]. This high capacity is only observed at 110°C and it is accompanied by a large hysteresis in potential during the electrochemical cycling. The push to overcome these bottlenecks demands a more comprehensive definition of the underlying mechanisms of reaction than is currently available.
Previous X-ray Diffraction (XRD) measurements conducted on the oxide indicated a loss of reflection intensity due to a loss in their crystallinity which makes structural characterization using typical diffraction techniques difficult. Through this work, we mainly make use of pair distribution function techniques to study the changes in the local structures of these oxides in both their pristine and charged state, and the effect of annealing for longer hours with the goal of further pushing the efficiency of multivalent battery materials.
Reference:

Hu, L., Jokisaari, J.R., Kwon, B.J., Yin, L., Kim, S., Park, H., Lapidus, S.H., Klie, R.F., Key, B., Zapol, P. and Ingram, B.J., 2020. High capacity for Mg2+ deintercalation in spinel vanadium oxide nanocrystals. ACS Energy Letters, 5(8), pp.2721-2727.

Yoo, H.D., Jokisaari, J.R., Yu, Y.S., Kwon, B.J., Hu, L., Kim, S., Han, S.D., Lopez, M., Lapidus, S.H., Nolis, G.M. and Ingram, B.J., 2019. Intercalation of magnesium into a layered vanadium oxide with high capacity. ACS Energy Letters, 4(7), pp.1528-1534.
Incorporation of PEDOT:PSS to Reduce Iridium Loading at Anode Catalyst Layer for Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis
Authors: Sun Yujiao , Xu Shaoyi , Li Hui 
Published: February 2024

Proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE) is one of the most promising technologies to produce green hydrogen with high efficiency. However, its commercialization is hindered by the large usage of expensive iridium as anode electrocatalyst [1-3] . Incorporation of cheap conductive materials into the catalyst ink, e.g., titanium powder [4], is a straightforward and efficient method to reduce noble metal loading of membrane electrode assembly (MEA). In this study, we aimed to use a conductive polymer PEDOT:PSS to build the low Ir loading catalyst layer for PEMWE.
The MEAs at 0.3 mgIr cm-2 loading were fabricated with different PEDOT:PSS contents. In practice, the dispersion of IrO2 particles is difficult in catalyst ink, leading to the formation of big IrO2 agglomerates. We found that the zeta potential of the anode catalyst ink gained obvious enhancement after the addition of PEDOT:PSS. This indicated that PEDOT:PSS as dispersant could increase the stability of the catalyst ink. The morphology of anode catalyst layers was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The surface and cross-sectional images of morphology exhibited small IrO2 particles and porous structure in the catalyst layer with the addition of PEDOT:PSS, which would contribute to the water/gas movement in triple-phase boundaries. Electrochemical measurements such as polarization curves, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic voltammogram (CV) and durability tests were conducted in a PEMWE single cell. The MEA using PEDOT:PSS as binder displayed better electrochemical performance (3.4 A cm-2@2.0 V) than other references with Nafion only (2.4 A cm-2@2.0 V). Moreover, the addition of PEDOT:PSS improved the high-frequency resistance due to its excellent electronic conductivity. In consideration of the conductive binder and dispersant effect of PEDOT:PSS, future research will focus on reducing Ir loading below 0.1 mg cm-2 through designing novel structure of anode catalyst layer with PEDOT:PSS.

Keywords:
PEM water electrolysis, low iridium loading, PEDOT:PSS

References:

[1] Carmo, M., et al., A comprehensive review on PEM water electrolysis. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2013. 38(12): p. 4901-4934.
[2] Chen, Y., et al., Key Components and Design Strategy for a Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyzer. Small Structures, 2022.
[3] Shiva Kumar, S. and V. Himabindu, Hydrogen production by PEM water electrolysis – A review. Materials Science for Energy Technologies, 2019. 2(3): p. 442-454.
[4] Rozain, C., et al., Influence of iridium oxide loadings on the performance of PEM water electrolysis cells: Part II – Advanced oxygen electrodes. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2016. 182: p. 123-131.

Fig 1. Polarization curves for MEAs. Anode and cathode catalyst loading were 0.3 mgIr cm-2 and 0.3 mgPt cm-2, respectively; Nafion 115 membrane and 80℃.

Figure 1
Three-Dimensional Microstructure-Based Deformation Predictions in Battery Electrodes
Authors: Teel Hunter , Lopata Joseph Steven , Garrick Taylor R. , Wang Fengkun , Zhang Han , Zeng Yangbing , Shimpalee Sirivatch 
Published: February 2024

To give insight on the deformation behavior of the porous electrodes for a lithium-ion battery induced by mechanical stresses, a three-dimensional microstructure-based modeling method (3DMS) is developed [1,2]. The 3DMS simulation applies a Finite Element Analysis (FEA) based solid-stress model to track the composite (active material (AM) and binder) porous electrodes response to compression (external forces), reversible expansion (intercalation dependent), and irreversible expansion (aging dependent).
The microstructures used for the electrodes were generated using a modified version of the opensource program MATBOX, developed by NREL, in conjunction with in-house code to create a cutout section of a representative lithium-ion cell. Both anode and cathode structures are stochastically generated and applied with an advanced volume element generation technique to resolve small interface and boundary domains created by binder generation. The applied solid-stress model couples different stresses from local mechanical behavior for the different materials present in the system, considering the individual materials respective mechanical properties. The coupled stresses are used to predict deformation in the microstructure domain. Further analysis on the behavior of the deformation is enacted to gain insights on the design of the porous electrodes.
Predictions of the electrodes’ deformation will be validated using experimental work at various length scales and compared to continuum porous electrode models from previous works. Furthermore, development of techniques using the FEA solid stress-model platform will be implemented to predict full cell-level deformation for various macro cell designs including jell-roll, pouch cells, and full module assemblies [3-8]. Ultimately, insights gained from the simulations will be used to understand irreversible deformation in electrodes after cycling and inform microstructure design- particularly for automotive-relevant applications [9].

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