bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of influenza A and influenza B virus infection in hospitalized children
Authors: Daley Aj , Nallusamy R , Isaacs D 
Published: March 2003

Background: Influenza A and B viruses were cocirculating in Australia in the winter of 1997. Objective: To compare the clinical and demographic features of children with influenza A or influenza B virus infection admitted to a paediatric tertiary referral centre. Methodology: Retrospective chart review of 91 hospitalized children with culture‐proven influenza A or B virus infection during 1997. Results: Thirty‐six (56%) of 64 children with influenza A were under 12 months of age compared with seven (26%) of 27 children with influenza B virus infection (P = 0.02). Influenza B virus infection was more common in children with underlying medical problems (P = 0.01). Neurological manifestations were present in eight (12.5%) of 64 children with influenza A and none with influenza B virus infection (P = 0.09). There were no significant differences in signs and symptoms of children with influenza A and B virus infection, in severity of illness or in duration of hospital stay. Conclusions: A greater proportion of children admitted with influenza A virus infection were under 12 months of age. Influenza B virus infection is associated more commonly with underlying medical disorders. It is not possible to differentiate between influenza A or B virus infection from presenting clinical signs and symptoms.
Gastroschisis: Early enteral feeds may improve outcome
Authors: Sharp M , Bulsara M , Gollow I , Pemberton P 
Published: March 2003

Objective: Population‐based retrospective review of gastroschisis from 1986 to 1996. Methods: This was a retrospective review of gastroschisis. Seventy cases were identified from the Birth Defects Registry of Western Australia (WA). Hospital medical records of live‐born cases were reviewed. Results: The live‐born incidence of gastroschisis in WA was 2.1 per 10 000 live births for the period 1986–96. The incidence in mothers aged less than 20 years was 8.3‐fold that of women aged over 30 years (P < 0.0001). The incidence rate for the period 1995–96 was over twice the rate for 1986–88. Age at first enteral feed was significantly related with length of hospital stay and duration of total parental nutrition (TPN). Each day delay in commencing enteral feed was associated with an increase in hospital stay of 1.05 days and an increase in TPN duration of 1.06 days. The method of delivery of the infant, age at repair, length of anaesthetic time, duration of postoperative paralysis and gestational age was not associated with length of stay or TPN duration. The data were divided into two cohorts: (i) 1986–90; and (ii) 1991–96. There was a statistically significant reduction in hospital stay from a geometric mean of 45.7 (1986–90) to 22.9 days (1991–96). Conclusions: Gastroschisis has a favourable outlook, with 89.7% survival of live births. Over the 10 year period studied, there has been a reduction in length of hospital stay and duration of TPN. The age at which the infant is first fed enteral feeds appears to be important in affecting the length of hospital stay and the duration of TPN, with delays associated with a longer hospital stay and longer TPN duration.
Neonatal resuscitation training program in Malaysia: Results of the first 2 years
Authors: Boo NY , Pong KM 
Published: March 2003

Objectives: To determine the number of providers and instructors trained by the initial 37 core instructors during the first 2 years following the launch of the Malaysian Neonatal Resuscitation Program (NRP). To identify remediable problems which interfered with the propagation of the NRP in Malaysia. Methodology: A prospective observational study carried out over a 2‐year period between 2 September 1996 to 2 September 1998. For every training course conducted, the instructors completed a NRP course report form (Form A) that documented the instructors involved in the course. For every participant who attended the course and successfully completed it, the instructors submitted a record form (Form B) that contained the name, hospital address, department, profession, place of work, language used for training and the marks obtained by the individual participant. After each course, completed forms A and B were returned to the NRP secretariat for compilation. Results: Of the 37 core instructors, 35 (94.6%) carried out training courses in their respective home states. A further 513 new instructors and 2256 providers were trained subsequently. A total of 2806 health personnel from all 13 states of Malaysia were NRP‐certified during the first 2 years. However, 61.2% (n = 335) of the 550 instructors were inactive trainers, having trained less than four personnel per instructor a year. Most of the NRP‐certified personnel were either doctors (32.0%) or nursing staff (64.4%). More than 60% of these worked either in the labour rooms, neonatal intensive care units or special care nurseries. At least one person from all three university hospitals and all general hospitals, 89.3% (92/103) of the district hospitals, 3.5% (73/2090) of the maternal and child health services, and 21% (46/219) of the private hospitals and maternity homes, were trained in the NRP. Conclusion: Dissemination of the NRP in Malaysia during the first 2 years was very encouraging. Further efforts should be made to spread the program to private hospitals and the maternal and child health services. In view of the large number of inactive instructors, the criteria for future selection of instructors should be more stringent.
Outcome following surgical closure of secundum atrial septal defect
Authors: Jones DA , Radford DJ , Pohlner PG 
Published: March 2003

Objective: To assess the current outcome of surgical closure of secundum atrial septal defects (ASD) in an Australian paediatric population. Methodology: A retrospective chart review of 87 children, aged 2 months to 15 years, was performed for surgery between August 1995 and March 1999. Results: There were no deaths in the patients studied. Approximately one in four patients (24.1%) experienced complications requiring further management. Complication rates were similar to those published previously. However, one in nine patients (11.5%) required surgical drainage of a pericardial effusion. A total of five of 87 (5.7%) patients developed post‐pericardiotomy syndrome (PPS), of whom four required pericardiocentesis. The risk for developing a pericardial effusion requiring drainage or PPS was more than twice in children older than 5 years of age at the time of surgery compared to those aged under 5 years, although there was an insufficient number of subjects in the study to prove this statistically (Odds ratio 2.31). Conclusions: Most patients have an uncomplicated postoperative course following surgical closure of secundum ASD. However, a significant minority (24.1%) do develop complications requiring further management and have a correspondingly longer period of hospitalization. Patients older than 5 years of age were identified as being potentially at greater risk for the development of PPS or a pericardial effusion requiring drainage. Further research needs to be performed to clarify this.
Laboratory enhanced surveillance for meningococcal disease in Victoria
Authors: Robinson Priscilla , Griffith Julia , Taylor Kath , Carnie John , Jolley Damien , Hogg Geoff , Nolan Terry 
Published: March 2003

Objective: To describe the epidemiological and microbiological characteristics and notification patterns of invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) in Victoria between 1990 and 1999. Methods: Cases of IMD occurring between 1990 and 1995 identified in any of three databases were combined, matching where possible. Statistical modelling provided estimates of cases missing from all datasets. Notification sources for 1999 and 2000 cases were identified. Cases identified from notification and laboratory results provided the data to describe IMD epidemiology between 1990 and 1999. Results: Between 1990 and 1995, 479 cases of IMD were identified. Three individual datasets each identified between 62 and 82% of cases and 47% of cases were identified in all three datasets. Statistical modelling estimated that between 37 and 83 additional cases were not identified by any dataset. Serogroup B and C strains caused 63 and 33% of culture‐positive cases, respectively, with a substantial rise in serogroup C cases in 1999. Epidemiological characteristics remained relatively constant between 1990 and 1998, but an increase in patient age was seen in cases with serogroup C disease in 1999. In addition to three clonal strains seen elsewhere, an additional strain was identified that was unique to Victoria. Since January 1999, only 72% of notifications have come from treating doctors. Conclusions: Meningococcal disease is of increasing public health significance in Victoria. Laboratory enhanced notification has improved case identification and detailed microbiological information has improved our understanding of the changing epidemiology of this disease. Collaboration with laboratories and other agencies, active investigation of putative cases and microbiological monitoring are important elements in supporting public health decisions about the control of IMD.
Variations in bronchiolitis management between five New Zealand hospitals: Can we do better?
Authors: Vogel AM , Lennon DR , Harding JE , Pinnock RE , Graham DA , Grimwood K , Pattemore PK 
Published: March 2003

Objectives:  To determine the current management of bronchiolitis by five major New Zealand hospitals and to identify areas for improvement.Methods:  Lists of infants under 1 year of age admitted with bronchiolitis during 1998 were obtained from the casemix offices of the five largest New Zealand hospitals with paediatric services. Hospital records from a random sample of these admissions were reviewed.Results:  Out of the 409 infants admitted overnight, 8% had been born ≤32 weeks gestation and 53% were aged younger than 6 months. Overall, 59% received oxygen, 21% had nasogastric fluids, 22% had intravenous fluids, 34% were prescribed antibiotics, 42% received bronchodilators and 60% had a chest radiograph. Respiratory secretions were collected for viral studies from 58% of infants and, in 59%, respiratory syncytial virus was detected. Significant variations in management were detected between hospitals. The overall proportion of infants requiring oxygen, intravenous or nasogastric fluids (65%) was significantly higher than that found in a 1986−1988 Christchurch study where only 25% received one or more of these interventions (P < 0.001).Conclusions:  Opportunities exist to rationalize bronchiolitis management in New Zealand with potential cost savings, particularly by reducing the number of chest radiographs and prescribing of unnecessary antibiotics and bronchodilators.
Management issues in the Lake Titicaca and Lake Poopo system: Importance of developing a water budget
Authors: Revollo Mario M. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractLake Titicaca is the largest freshwater lake in South America and the highest of the world’s large lakes. The Desaguadero River links Lake Titicaca to lakes Urur Uru and Poopo and, in wet years to the Coipasa Salt Marsh. Lake Titicaca is bordered by both Bolivia and Peru. The main international lake management problem for the Lake Titicaca/Desaguadero River/Lake Poopo system involves the use of water resources. The maximum usable flow in the Titicaca basin (only 20–25 m3 s–1), is dramatically less than the estimated demand. Water transfer and irrigation projects will have to be strictly prioritized on the basis of environmental, social, economic and hydrological criteria. Establishing the overall volume and demand for water in the Titicaca system has been critical to making good management decisions. Agreements for the study and management of Lake Titicaca between Peru and Bolivia date back to 1955 when both countries signed a document declaring ‘the indivisible and exclusive joint ownership of both countries of the waters of the lake’. Over time, the two countries agreed to create a Binational Autonomous Authority that would have full autonomy for Titicaca–Desaguadero/Poopo system decisions related to implementing the master plan that they had developed. Although it is hard to quantify conservation success in large lake regions, water use projects are being prioritized, city wastewater pollution in the Bay of Puno is being reduced and ameliorated and a large biodiversity project through the Global Environment Facility is underway.
Expression of complement regulatory proteins on erythrocytes from patients with idiopathic focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
Authors: Arora Meenakshi , Arora Reetakshi , Tiwari S C , DAS1 Nibhriti , SRIVASTAVA1 L M 
Published: March 2003

SUMMARY:Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is a heterogeneous group of disorders with respect to aetiology, morphology, clinical course and response to treatment. The present study assessed the expression of complement receptor 1 (CR1), decay accelerating factor (DAF) and membrane inhibitor of reactive lysis (CD59) on the erythrocytes of FSGS patients using flow cytometry compared with their expression on the erythrocytes of minimal change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS) patients. Significantly reduced expression of CR1, DAF and CD59 was observed on the erythrocytes of FSGS patients compared with the reduced expression of CR1 and enhanced expression of DAF on the erythrocytes of MCNS patients. A significant inverse relationship was demonstrated between CR1 expression and proteinuria levels in FSGS patients (r = 0.55, P < 0.01). A follow‐up study of 12 patients with FSGS after immunosuppressive therapy showed that the levels of complement regulatory proteins are significantly increased when the disease goes into remission. However, in patients not responding to immunosuppressive therapy, levels of these proteins remained low. MCNS patients showed significant increases in CR1 and decreases in DAF expression during remission of the disease.
Renal haemodynamic characteristics and their correlation with renal pathology in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Nakano Masaaki , Ueno Mitsuhiro , Hasegawa Hisashi , Kuroda Takeshi , Ito Satoshi , Arakawa Masaaki , Gejyo Fumitake 
Published: March 2003

SUMMARY:To clarify the characteristics of renal haemodynamics and their correlation with renal pathology in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), renal function and renal biopsy findings from 101 SLE patients were analysed retrospectively. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and renal plasma flow (RPF) were examined simultaneously. Filtration fraction (FF) was calculated from the values obtained for GFR and RPF (GFR/RPF). The GFR was low in one‐third and within normal limits in two‐thirds of class IV patients with lupus nephritis (LN). In contrast, high RPF was observed in half of class IV patients. As a result, over 70% of class IV patients possessed a very low FF (less than 15%). The sensitivity of very low FF for class IV LN was significantly higher than that of low GFR. In conclusion, low FF was frequently recognized, especially in patients with diffuse proliferative LN. Decreased FF was a highly sensitive indicator of diffuse proliferative LN. Thus, determination of renal haemodynamics, including FF, may be a useful clinical parameter for evaluating renal involvement in patients with SLE.
Midwifery work and the making of narrative
Authors: Maher Jane‐Maree , Torney Souter Kay 
Published: March 2003

Midwifery work and the making of narrativeThis paper draws on a study of birth support conducted across three Melbourne maternity units. Midwife informants were asked to participate in semistructured interviews with two researchers and describe the activity and role of lay birth support people. In the course of the study, the activity of the midwives themselves became a research focus. The study found that one of the key tasks midwives described was assisting birthing women to develop and negotiate satisfactory birth narratives that could encompass the intense and sometimes difficult experience of birth. Midwife informants offered strategies for the development of such narratives as part of their professional and personal labour in the birth room.
The signal detection ability of patients with auditory hallucination: Analysis using the continuous performance test
Authors: Ishigaki Takuma , Tanno Yoshihiko 
Published: March 2003

AbstractSignal detection theory is appropriate for analyzing the problem of whether auditory hallucination arises from a sensory or judgmental disorder. In the present study the sensory discrimination ability and decision bias of psychiatric patients with auditory hallucination was investigated by using the visual continuous performance test. Based on signal detection theory the d′ (d prime) and the lnβ value (the natural logarithm of the β value) were calculated. The d′ is indicator of discriminating ability, whereas the lnβ value is an indicator of decision bias. The psychiatric inpatients with the diagnosis of schizophrenia mainly were divided into 11 patients with auditory hallucinations (AH(+)) and 11 patients without hallucinations (AH(−)). As compared with the AH(−) group, the AH(+) group showed the same d′ value and a significantly lower ln β value. As compared with the normal control group, the AH(+) group showed a significantly lower d′ value and a nearly normal lnβ value. These results suggest that auditory hallucination is characterized by a cognitive deficit of unreasonably maintaining a relatively risk‐taking decision bias in spite of decreased discriminating ability, which opposes the interpretation of Bentall and Slade (1985). The AH(+) group was divided into subgroups with bizarre delusions (BD(+)) and without bizarre delusions (BD(−)). The BD(+) group showed a stronger tendency toward a lower d′ value and normal ln β value, which the AH(+) group had.
Estimation of generator sources of human sleep spindles by dipole tracing method
Authors: Ueda Kazutaka , Nittono Hiroshi , Hayashi Mitsuo , Hori Tadao 
Published: March 2003

AbstractEquivalent dipole sources of two types of human sleep spindles (14 and 12 Hz) were investigated on five normal subjects. The present study showed that a sleep spindle can be represented by a single equivalent dipole. For both 14 and 12 Hz sleep spindles, the equivalent dipole sources were estimated near the thalamus. The orientation of the equivalent dipole of a 14 Hz sleep spindle was in the centro‐parietal direction, while that of a 12 Hz sleep spindle was in the frontal direction. These results suggest that both types of sleep spindle activities are generated in the thalamus, and cortical de‐arousal plays a modificatory role on their different topographical distributions.
The effects of flumazenil on sleepiness, task performance and nocturnal sleep after anesthesia with midazolam
Authors: Ozone Motohiro , Itoh Hiroshi , Ohbuchi Keita , Ohyama Eisaku , Hayashida Kenichi , Sato Miki , Sasaki Mitsuo , Ushijima Sadanobu , Tanifuji Yasumasa 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe purpose of the present study was to clarify the changes in psychophysiological functions after anesthesia with midazolam (intravenous (i.v.) benzodiazepine anesthetic) and to examine the ability of flumazenil (benzodiazepine antagonist) to prevent the adverse effects of anesthesia with midazolam. Clinical dose of midazolam (0.1 mg/kg i.v.) was administered to seven healthy volunteers and either flumazenil (0.3 mg i.v.) or saline was injected at the end of the anesthesia. After anesthesia with midazolam, subjective sleepiness and euphoria increased significantly, but these changes were not observed when flumazenil was administered. In addition, sleep latency was prolonged and sleep efficiency decreased significantly after midazolam anesthesia with and without flumazenil. Slow wave sleep decreased significantly only by co‐administration of flumazenil.
Effects of isoflurane and ketamine on sleep in rabbits
Authors: Takahashi Satoshi , Matsuki Akitomo , Matsuki Akitomo 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe postoperative sleep disturbance (POSD) is characterized by reduction of sleep after surgical operation. However, its mechanism is not well known. Therefore, we hypothesized that anesthetics could contribute to the POSD, and studied the effects of isoflurane and ketamine on sleep in rabbits. Rabbit sleep was measured for 21 h after isoflurane exposure or intravenous injection of ketamine. Non‐rapid eye movement sleep (NREMS) was decreased after isoflurane anesthesia. In contrast, ketamine anesthesia significantly enhanced NREMS. Both anesthetics did not affect rapid eye movement sleep. These results suggest that isoflurane may contribute to the POSD, but ketamine may decrease the POSD.
Long‐term follow‐up study on patients with sleep apnea syndrome
Authors: Inoue Yuichi , Nanba Kazuyoshi , Hazama Genni , Takata Kokichi , Arai Heii 
Published: March 2003

AbstractWe did a 5‐year follow‐up study on sleep apnea syndrome (SAS)‐related symptoms and respiratory disorder variables on 109 patients. At follow up, SAS‐related symptoms were improved in a significantly higher percentage of the treatment success group than the treatment failure group. A significant deterioration of the respiratory disorder variables was recognized only in the patients 40–60 years of age. These results indicate that treatment effect for SAS might be maintained in the long term and that the natural evolution of the disorder might be prominent in middle‐aged patients.
Characteristics and utility of nuclear‐encoded large‐subunit ribosomal gene sequences in phylogenetic studies of red algae
Authors: Freshwater D. Wilson , Fredericq Suzanne , Bailey J. Craig 
Published: March 2003

SUMMARYPrimer sequences are described for amplifying and sequencing a large fragment (approximately 2500 b.p.) of the nuclear‐encoded large‐subunit ribosomal RNA gene (LSU) from red algae. In comparison to RuBisCo large‐subunit gene (rbcL) and nuclear‐encoded small‐subunit ribosomal RNA gene (SSU) sequence data, LSU sequence data was intermediate in the number of phylogenetically informative positions and sequence divergence. Parsimony analysis of LSU sequences for 16 Gelidiales species resolved some nodes unresolved in rbcL and SSU parsimony trees. An analysis of LSU sequences from 13 species of red algae classified in 11 orders suggests that this gene may be useful in studies of higher‐level relationships of red algae.