bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The relationship between the abundances of bumblebees and honeybees in a native habitat
Authors: Forup Mikael Lytzau , Memmott Jane 
Published: January 2005

Abstract.  1. The western honeybee, Apis mellifera, has been introduced to many parts of the world and is sometimes purported to be detrimental to native bees because it reduces their food base. It is seldom viewed in this light in Europe; however, when beekeepers maintain very high bee densities, the species could also be displacing insects in its native European range by reducing the resource base.2. In England, populations of bumblebees (Bombus Latr. Hym.) have been decreasing both in terms of diversity and abundance, mainly because of a loss of habitat resulting from agricultural intensification. The impact of competition from other flower feeders is largely unknown.3. Nineteen dry lowland heaths in southern England were sampled once for honeybees and bumblebees. Honeybee abundance varied from 4 to 81 bees per 100 m2 (mean = 30.89, median = 23), whereas bumblebees varied from 2 to 17 individuals per 100 m2 (mean = 8.26, median = 7), belonging to between one and five species. There was a negative association between honeybee and bumblebee abundance but there was no apparent relationship between honeybee abundance and bumblebee diversity.4. The Bray–Curtis coefficient was used to compare the similarity in honeybee and bumblebee floral host breadth at these 19 sites. The coefficient was negatively associated with honeybee abundance: thus where honeybees were most abundant, bumblebees were fewer and/or foraged on different flower species.5. Foraging host breadth was also examined at four heathlands over a field season (April to September). No association between honeybee abundance and foraging host breadth was found for short‐tongued bees, although there was some evidence for a change in floral host breadth for long‐tongued bees.6. It is concluded that the impact of honeybees on bumblebees is complex. Although competition between the two species cannot be ruled out, it is perhaps equally likely that bumblebees decline in response to other factors, and that honeybees move independently of this decline.
Asynchronous temporal variation among sites in condition of two carabid species
Authors: Östman Örjan 
Published: January 2005

Abstract.  1. It is generally assumed that generalist predatory carabids are food limited, and the degree of food limitation can vary in space and time, but there are only a few studies that investigate whether or not temporal variation in insect condition is synchronised among sites.2. In this paper temporal and spatial variation in four fitness‐related traits – body mass corrected for size, body size, fat content, and fecundity – of two carabid species, Pterostichus cupreus (L.) and Pterostichus melanarius (Ill.), differing in overwintering strategy, lifespan, diet, and habitat breadth were studied.3. Interactions between temporal and spatial variation for the fitness‐related traits were found for both species. Temporal changes in food limitation were not synchronised among sites, and fitness‐related traits were not generally higher on some sites than on others.4. There was an effect of study year on body mass, fat content, and fecundity for both species, suggesting that temporal environmental variation over large areas is more important than the spatial environmental variation within a year.5. Within a time period, most different fitness‐related traits, except body size, were positively correlated to each other among individuals of the same species. The fitness‐related traits of females and males of the same species were generally positively correlated. However, despite the fact that the food resources of the two species overlap, there was no correlation in fitness‐related traits between the two species.
Is the matrix a sea? Habitat specificity in a naturally fragmented landscape
Authors: Driscoll Don A. 
Published: January 2005

Abstract.  1. Metapopulation and island biogeography theory assume that landscapes consist of habitat patches set in a matrix of non‐habitat. If only a small proportion of species conform to the patch–matrix assumptions then metapopulation theory may only describe special cases rather than being of more general ecological importance.2. As an initial step towards understanding the prevalence of metapopulation dynamics in a naturally fragmented landscape, the distribution of beetle species in three replicates of three habitat types was examined, including rainforest and eucalypt forest (the habitat patches), and buttongrass sedgeland (the matrix), in south‐west Tasmania, Australia.3. Ordination methods indicated that the buttongrass fauna was extremely divergent from the fauna of forested habitats. Permutation tests showed that the abundance of 13 of 17 commonly captured species varied significantly among habitats, with eight species confined to eucalypts or rainforest, and three species found only in buttongrass. Approximately 60% of species were confined to forested habitat implying that metapopulation theory has the potential to be very important in the forest–buttongrass landscape.4. Although floristically the rainforest and eucalypts were extremely distinct, the beetle faunas from eucalypts and rainforests overlapped substantially. Therefore rainforest patches connected by eucalypt forest represent continuous habitat for most species.5. Other studies report a wide range of values for the proportion of patch‐specific species in fragmented landscapes. Understanding the environmental or historical conditions under which a high proportion of species become patch specialists would help to identify where spatial dynamic theory may be especially applicable, and where habitat loss and fragmentation poses the greatest threat to biodiversity.
Bottom‐up cascade in a tri‐trophic system: different impacts of host‐plant regeneration on performance of a willow leaf beetle and its natural enemy
Authors: Kagata Hideki , Nakamura Masahiro , Ohgushi Takayuki 
Published: January 2005

Abstract.  1. Plant quality can directly and indirectly affect the third trophic level. However, little attention has been paid to how changes in plant quality affect the performance of predators through trophic levels, and which herbivores or predators are affected more strongly by host‐plant quality. The present study examined the effects of artificial cutting of willows on the performance of a willow leaf beetle (Plagiodera versicolora Laicharting) and its predatory ladybird beetle (Aiolocaria hexaspilota Hope).2. Laboratory experiments showed that performance (survival rate, developmental time, and adult mass) of the willow leaf beetle was higher when fed with leaves of cut willows than when fed with leaves of uncut willows. Performance (developmental time and adult mass) of the predatory ladybird was also improved when it was fed on the leaf beetle larvae that had been fed on leaves of cut willows, compared with those that had been fed on leaves of uncut willows. This indicates that a bottom‐up cascade occurs in the tri‐trophic system.3. In a comparison of improved performance parameters between the leaf beetle and the ladybird, regenerated willows shortened the developmental time of the willow leaf beetle more than that of the ladybird. This indicates that the impacts of willow cutting on insect performance differ between the second and third trophic levels.
Recombinant G‐CSF Induces Downregulation of IL‐12 Transcription After Partial Hepatectomy
Authors: Okiyama J , Oishi K , Hayamizu K , Aihaiti X , Ohmori I , Yoshimitsu M , Itamoto T , Asahara T 
Published: January 2005

Aims:  Recent studies have demonstrated that administration of recombinant IL‐12 induces cytotoxicity against regenerating hepatocytes. We measured transcription levels of IL‐12 in the remnant liver in a model of partial hepatectomy (PHx) to elucidate the mechanism of already reported facilitation of liver regeneration by recombinant human G‐CSF (rhG‐CSF).Methods:  After PHx of F344 rats, total RNA of the remnant liver was extracted and mRNA levels of IL‐12p35 and G‐CSF were quantified by RT‐real time PCR.Results:  G‐CSF mRNA levels increased and IL12p35 mRNA levels decreased at 6 and 20 hours after PHx (P < 0.01). Pre‐PHx rhG‐CSF treatment significantly further down‐regulated IL12p35 mRNA levels at 20 hours (P < 0.01).Conclusions:  This result suggests that rhG‐CSF pretreatment accelerates tissue repair of the liver at least partially through regulation of cellular immunity.
Dispersion of Pressure to the Head in Brain/NeuroSurgery
Authors: Anzai Chika , Kosidawa Kaoru , Sanpei Rumi , Kouda Masayuki 
Published: January 2005

Introduction:  In this field, there are limitations to the positioning of the head in accordance to the postsurgery drain control and respective disorders. Dispersion of pressure to the head is attempted.Methodology:  Items used: air mat, pressure reducing mat, water‐filled pillow, bath towel folded into quarters, pressure gauge

Experiment subject: 14 patients with no self bodily movements, stable in bed, 14 points or more on the Braden scale at 30 degrees
Procedure: After application of each pressure reducing device on the experiment subject (laying horizontally in the supine position), measure the pressure to the head three times and compute the average value

Results:  Pressure to the head averaged 53.9 mmHg for the towel, mat(s) only. The water‐filled pillow was lower than the others, at 48 mmHg.Examination:  According to Sanada “in the attempt to lower the pressure to the body, either the weight is lightened, or the area subject to pressure is expanded.” The back of the head, which is an area highly susceptible to pressure sores for the head, the area subject to pressure is confined. It could be said that the conditions for the subjects in this experiment were highly susceptible to pressure sores. Therefore, the frequent transferring of pressure, the use of air mats and water‐filled pillows had been considered as prevention measures; however, with this experiment, the effectiveness of water‐filled pillows was confirmed.It is viewed that since pressure to the head depends on individual body weight and overall body conditions, at the prevention stage, it is critical to select the pressure reducing device in accordance to the evaluation and assessment.
Interaction Between Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor or Other Cell Types
Authors: Akino K , Mineta T , Nakagawa H , Akita S 
Published: January 2005

The basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) is known to proliferate and maintain the adult stem cells. The human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are very homogenous and constitute of euchromatin nuclei in 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and induce the heterochomatin nuclei by bone morphogenetic protein.In order to further investigate other growth factor, other cell types like bFGF, keratinocytes, dermal fibroblasts and endothelial cells, the cellular and molecular analyses are performed in vitro assay systems.The various doses of bFGF (0.25–25 μg/ml) significantly proliferate the hMSCs in time‐dependent manner in s serum‐free medium. The ultra‐structure by electron microscopy revealed the very small, round and immature both cytoplasmic and nuclear structure resembling the 10% FBS‐cultured cells. The hMSCs and bFGF and other cells are co‐cultured in 8 μm‐pore chamber systems for 16‐hour incubation. The hMSCs successfully migrate through the pore when keratinocytes, dermal fibroblasts, endothelial cells or bFGF (345.0 ± 68.86, 63.8 ± 16.50, 36.2 ± 9.60, 12.0 ± 4.89, p < 0.01) are placed lower chamber. The clear cellular attachment between hMSCs and keratinocytes is observed in the monolayer co‐culture by electron microscopy.The hMSCs are stimulated by bFGF and interact with other cell types such as keratinocytes, dermal fibroblasts and endothelial cells in vitro.
Accerelation of Wound Healing with PDWHF and Cultured Cells
Authors: Soejima Kazutaka , Fujisawa Daisuke , Honda Takashi , Isago Tsukasa , Nozaki Motohiro 
Published: January 2005

Objective:  Effects of platelet derived wound healing factor (PDWHF)1) with or without cultured cells on angiogenesis in treatment of defected wounds using artificial dermis (AD) were investigated in rat experimental model.Methods:  Wistar strain rats were used for this study. The PDWHF was prepared from platelets. The endothelial cells and fibroblasts were prepared from thoracic aorta and back skin respectively. Two sites of 2.5 × 2.5 cm full‐thickness wounds were created on back of the animals. Artificial dermis (TERUDERMIS®, TERUMO Co, Japan) were grafted to the wounds. Prior to the AD grafts, following 4 groups were established, control group: AD alone (n = 6), PDWHF group: AD treated with PDWHF (0.1 ml/cm2)(n = 6), cultured cells group: disperse of 1 × 105 cultured endothelial cells and fibroblasts between AD and wound (n = 6) and combination group: combination of PDWHF and cultured cells (n = 6). Five days after surgery, degree of angiogenesis was evaluated by gross inspection and histological study. Evans blue perfusions test was performed to evaluate the degree of new capillary formation in the generated dermis quantitatively.Results:  The combination group showed vascular invasion into AD 5 days after surgery. In this group, the absorbance of the Evans blue extracted from the grafted dermis was highest among the group.Conclusion:  The result of the present study revealed that treatment with PDWHF combined with cultured endothelial cells and fibroblasts accelerate the wound angiogenesis. This method may be beneficial to shorten the period between the AD grafts and the secondary skin grafting.
Gene Expression of Liver Regeneration After Partial Hepatectomy in Mice Lacking Type Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor
Authors: Shimizu Tetsuya , Togo Shinji , Makino Hirochika , Tanaka Kuniya , Nagasima Yoji , Shimada Hiroshi 
Published: January 2005

Aim:  To investigate whether TNF‐ is necessary for hepatocyte proliferation, we study liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy in mice lacking TNF receptor‐1.Methods:  TNF receptor type‐1 knockout mice and wild‐type mice were subjected to two‐thirds partial hepatectomy (PHx). Liver regeneration was evaluated by assessing liver weights and Ki67 immunohistochemistry. Riken cDNA microarray analysis was performed on liver samples from mice undergoing PHx to compare clearly differentiated mouse PHx models (TNFR‐1 knockout mice‐K group, and wild type mice‐W group).Results:  The cumulative survival after PHx in K group was lower than in W group. The mortality rate in K group during the first 3 days after PHx was higher (33%) than in W group. The time to regain the liver weight in K group was 14 days and 7 days in W group. The plasma IL‐6 levels in K type at 3 hr was significantly higher than in W group. The Ki67 expression in K group at 4 days was lower than in W group. LPS, Toll like receptor 4 precursor and MAPK 8 interacting protein in K group was higher than in W group. For cell cycle‐regulated genes, cyclin D1, NFB light chain and TNF receptor super family membrane 1a in K group was lower than in W group.Conclusions:  Lack of TNF‐ signaling through TNF receptor type 1 suppresses liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy in spite of enhancement of LPS–JNK pathway, no TNF‐a and IL‐6 pathway.
General session II Moderated by Yashihiro Takami: Down‐Regulation of TFF Expression by TNF‐α in Gastric Epithelial Cells
Authors: Fujii Y , T Shimada , Koitabashi A , Hashimoto T , Hosaka K , Tabei K , Namatame T , Yoneda M , Hiraishi H , Terano A 
Published: January 2005

Aim:  Trefoil factor family (TFF) peptides are known to facilitate wound healing in gastric mucosa. However, the regulatory mechanisms of gastric TFF expression are not fully understood yet. In this study, we examined the effect of TNF‐α on TFF1 and TFF2 expression in gastric epithelial cells.Methods:  MKN45 cells were used. TFF mRNA expression was analyzed by real‐time quantitative RT‐PCR. Promoter sequences of TFF1 gene (−956 to +36) and TFF2 gene (−912 to +24) were inserted into pGL3 vector and reporter gene assays were performed. NF‐κB activity was monitored by using a NF‐κB responsive element‐driven reporter vector.Results:  (1) TNF‐α(0.1–30 ng/ml) down‐regulated TFF1 and TFF2 mRNA expression in a dose‐dependent manner. (2) Reporter gene assays also confirmed the down‐regulation of TFF1 and TFF2 gene transcription by TNF‐α. (3) TNF‐α activated NF‐κB. (4) Overexpression of dominant negative IκBα prevented both TNF‐α‐induced NF‐κB activation and TNF‐α‐induced down‐regulation of TFF expression.Conclusions:  TNF‐α down‐regulates gastric TFF expression through NF‐κB pathway, suggesting that TFF expression is sensitive to inflammatory stimuli.
The Expression of Human HtrA1 in Keloid Tissue
Authors: Ikeda Mika , Naito Motoko , Suzuki Shigehiko 
Published: January 2005

Aim:  To investigate the expression of human HtrA1 in keloid lesions, and to clarify a possible role of human HtrA1 in keloid pathogenesis.Methods:  Total RNA was isolated from six keloids and two normal skins by single‐step method. The expression level of human HtrA1 was examined by using Northern blot analysis. Keloid and normal skin tissue samples were fixed in paraformaldehyde, and paraffin sections were obtained. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed with anti‐human HtrA1 polyclonal antibody.Results:  The mRNA level of human HtrA1 was markedly elevated in keloid samples, compared with normal skin. Using immunohistochemical analysis, fibroblast‐like cells abundantly found in the margin of keloid lesions, were stained with anti‐human HtrA1 antibody. No human HtrA1 staining of fibroblasts in normal skin was observed. Interestingly, no significant staining was detected in hypertrophyic scar lesions, which is a similar dermal disease to keloid.Conclusion:  Human HtrA1 expression was found to be up‐regulated in keloid lesions, especially in their margin, compared to normal skins and hypertrophic scars. Our data suggest that human HtrA1 could play a critical role in an expression of keloid specific phenotype and in the development of keloid lesions.
Problems of Lower Extremity Amputation Levels
Authors: Tamai Satoru , Inoue Yoshinori , Sugano Norihide , Hirokawa Masayuki , Jibiki Masatoshi , Nakamura Hiroshi , Nakashima Reiko , Iwai Takehisa 
Published: January 2005

Objective:  There is no consensus of objective information to determine the indication for lower extremity amputation and the lowest amputation level that will heal. In this report, we studied amputation for the lower extremity ischemia.Objects and Methods:  We measured transcutaneous oxygen tension (tcPO2) in seven patients who had have ischemic disease of the lower extremity, two patients were in Buerger's disease and five patients were in arteriosclerosis obliterans (ASO). Of these patients, in regard to complications, four patients had diabetes mellitus (DM) and two patients underwent hemodialysis because of chronic renal failure. Six patients of them were men and only one patient was woman, mean age was 59 years old (25∼76 years old).Results:  Two patients who had Buerger's disease underwent primary amputation. All another five patients who had ASO underwent secondary amputation. Selections of lower extremity amputation levels were above‐knee amputations in three patients, below‐knee amputations in two patients and toe amputation in two patients. There were incurable infections in two patients.Conclusions:  It is generally said that if patients have had critical limb ischemia without providing hemodynamic improvement, it is necessary for them to be performed lower extremity amputations within 12 months, In concrete terms, segmental Doppler systolic blood pressures are below 50 mmHg and tcPO2 are below 30 mmHg. However in this our study, primary healing rate was 75% when the tcPO2 was above 20 mmHg.
Fetal Dermal Mesenchymal Cells Posses an Ability to Regenerate Dermis in the Reconstitution Model of Scid Mouse
Authors: Kishi Kazuo , Nakajima Hideo , Nakajima Tatsuo 
Published: January 2005

Aim:  We have shown that the dermal mesenchymal cells play key roles in the mouse fetal regenerative wound healing. However, the evaluation whether fetal dermal mesenchymal cells posses regenerative capacity in the adult circumstances has not been clarified yet. In the present study, we evaluated the dermal regenerative capacity of fetal dermal mesenchymal cells using reconstitution models on the back of scid mice.Method:  Fetal dermal and fascial tissues were obtained from C57bl fetal mice at 17 days gestation. Tissues were dissected under microscope. Epidermis and dermis were separated with dispase. The dermis and fascia were digested with trypsin and cells from each tissue were suspended. Either dermal cells or fascial cells were mixed with epidermal cells, and transplanted in the skin defect 7 mm in diameter made on the back of scid mice. The number of cells transplanted was 1 × 107 for each type of cells. Four weeks later, the transplants were histologically examined.Results:  All of the transplants constituted with dermal cells and epidermal cells regenerate almost normal dermal structures, while transplants mixed with fascial cells and epidermal cells did not regenerate dermis, and left scar like tissues.Conclusion:  The regenerative capacity of fetal dermal mesenchymal cells was shown even in the adult circumstances.
General session V Moderated by Yashihiko Maehara: Reduction of Ischemia‐Reperfusion Injury to Skin Flaps by Monoclonal Antibody to Leukocyte Endothelial Adhesion Molecule‐1
Authors: Tosa Yasuyoshi , Muramatsu H. , Hukushiyama H. , Otsuka T. , Satoh K. , Hosaka Y. 
Published: January 2005

Aim:  Ischemia‐reperfusion (I‐R) injury continues to be a problem for successful free tissue transfer and replantation after prolonged periods of ischemia. It has been shown that leukocytes and vascular endothelial cells release a variety of inflammatory mediators during reperfusion after ischemia. The leukocyte endothelial adhesion molecule‐1 (LECAM‐1) is a ligand on the endothelium for some of the adhesion receptors on leukocytes. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the blockage of leukocyte‐endothelial adhesion by a monoclonal antibody (MAb) to LECAM‐1 in skin flaps to prevent I‐R injury in rats.Methods:  Male SD rats (225–250 g) were used. A skin flap (45 × 30 mm) supplied by the superficial epigastric A&V including the femoral vessels was isolated unilaterally. The femoral vessels were cross‐clamped the epigastric vessels for 9 hours of ischemia. Animals in treated group received MAb to LECAM −1 i.v. 15 minutes prior to reperfusion; those in the control group received normal saline. Skin flap viability was assessed by tracing the outline of viable and nonviable areas. Data were collected for the following 7 days. These data were corroborated with histological evidence on comparable areas of the flap.Results:  Tracing analysis revealed average flap survival area of about 90% in treated group and about 20% in control group (p < 0.05). Histopathologically, few inflammatory changes could be observed in treated group, while marked damage was observed in control group.Conclusions:  From this study, we concluded that treating skin flaps with Mab to LECAM ‐1 was effective for I‐R injury after 9 hours of warm ischemia.