bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Medical Antitrust Reform: Arrow, Coase, and the Changing Structure of the Firm
Authors: Hammer Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The collapse of national health care reform has refocused attention on private markets as the primary force shaping the medical industry. The past two decades have witnessed a blizzard of entrepreneurial activity, marking fundamental changes in the way health care is financed and delivered. Physicians are forming new and larger groups. Hospitals are buying physician practices. Insurance companies are creating managed care networks that provide medical services. At the same time, an increasing number of health care providers are marketing their services on a prepaid basis in direct competition with traditional insurance companies. While it is sometimes difficult to move beyond the flood of various organizational acronyms, it is useful to make an economic distinction between integration and consolidation in medical markets. The dominant theme is integration: the creation of health plans that combine in a single entity (bound either by common ownership or contractual relations) the components of physician services, hospital services, and medical insurance. But also increasingly important is horizontal consolidation: collaborative arrangements within component parts, such as a merger between two hospitals, the formation of a new or larger physician group, or the combination of managed care plans and insurance companies.
Rural Commodity Regimes: A Primer
Authors: Henderson George L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has become something of a truism that after the 1840s, California’ s development was radically foreshortened-“telescopic,” as Carey McWilliams has said (1976). From mining to livestock and grain ranches, to irrigated specialty cropping-in a matter of decades it seems that rural California reinvented itself several times over without ever looking back. In reality, these production regimes, the very stuff of California’ s rise to national prominence, were monetarily and otherwise connected. The crisis of the mining economy in the Sierra foothills in the 1870s, for example, was in part resolved as a massive shift to wheat in the Central Valley, just as profits from the grain economy were pumped into Southern California’ s struggling ranch lands and then surfaced as fabulously productive orange orchards. Around each of these transitions, each resolution of crisis, arose a new labor system, a new built environment, a new production apparatus, and widening division of labor (including California’ s highest-grossing industries in the early twentieth century-sugar refining, flour milling, meatpacking, canning, and packing).1 California was a virtual laboratory for successive rounds of investment, disinvestment, and reinvestment of capital, far surpassing any place west of Chicago and its hinterland (cf. Cronon 1991).2 Boosted by the periodic migration of new money, California’ s surplus values not only circulated in place, allowing single commodity sectors to prosper, but were switched from one sector to another in an intensifying brew of rural commodity production and innovation.
Nature and Fictitious Capital: The Circulation of Money Capital
Authors: Henderson George L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Capitalism and Nature: The Agrarian Nexus
There is seemingly no lack of evidence for the agrarian turn of post-Gold Rush capitalism. It is writ in the state’s changing occupational structure-hence, the precipitous decline in the number of miners and preponderant increase in the number of farmers in the 1870s. It is woven in the fabric of industrial growththus, four of the top five industries by the turn of the twentieth century were processors of farm products like sugar beets, beef, grains, fruits, and vegetables (Cleland and Hardy 1929). And it is embedded in the social and spatial division of labor-as discussed in the previous chapter, a widening production matrix joined together an assortment of commodities validated through complex chains of inputs and outputs: the production of boilers that fueled machine shops and metal works, which in turn furnished product for plows and threshers, which in turn allowed more labor-efficient grain production, which stoked the growth of mills that filled the hulls of ships, and so on.
Realty Redux: Landscapes of Boom and Bust in Southern California
Authors: Henderson George L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Southern California” did not always exist. It was defined in the acts of regional capital accumulation and intensified real estate sales. Charles Nordhoff, for example, did not know about “Southern California” when he published one of California’s most popular guidebooks of the post-Civil War era, California: For Health, Pleasure, and Residence (1874). To this New York newspaper editor lured west by the Southern Pacific Railroad (see Starr 1985), Southern California was simply whatever lay south of San Francisco. Not that this was negligible. “In fact,” Nordhoff reported, it was “the Italy of this continent; its equal climate, its protection from cold by mountain ranges, its rich soil and healthfulness, give it a place alone among its sister States” (Nordhoff 1874: 172). Nordhoff extolled the “shrewd” citrus growers around Los Angeles, but his definition of the region also included the Salinas Valley, well to the north, and the San Joaquin Valley, isolated from Los Angeles by a rugged stretch of mountains.
Berenson
Authors: Prausnitz Frederik 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nestled comfortably into the wooded hills above Florence, the village of Settignano served as the municipal hub for a number of large private estates with their villas and mansion houses, some newly built and fashionably ornate, others ancient but crumbling with style. The most notable of these was the Villa I Tatti, home of Bernard Berenson, eminent art critic, collector, connoisseur, and writer on Italian Renaissance painting and sculpture. Here, during the first quarter of the century, he housed his celebrated art collection, assembled a great library, and improved the imposing grounds. Upon his death in 1959 he would leave the villa and its fifty thousand books to his alma mater, Harvard University, as the nucleus of an institute of humanistic studies.
Home
Authors: Prausnitz Frederik 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
They were a remarkable lot, musicians and artists, whose number almost disappeared in the flood of refugees from Europe seeking shelter and a new start in America. Unlike most earlier immigrants, many of those who arrived in New York had lived prosperous and secure lives in their own country and were driven by a powerful determination to remake their new surroundings in the image of the ones they had left behind. Roger Sessions, returning to the land of his forefathers, was ready to do his bit.
Family, Friends, and Montezuma
Authors: Prausnitz Frederik 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The old order was passing, and the health and fitness of the aging matriarch in Hadley became a matter of concern for a family once accustomed to deferring to her authority. The letter from Sessions’ sister, Hannah (Nan), addresses intimate concerns: their mother’s uncertain health, her future financial maintenance, the eventual disposition of family property.
(Un)Doing Fieldwork: Sharing Songs, Sharing Lives
Authors: Kisliuk Michelle 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the ethnography of musical performance we are particularly challenged, as writers, to present or re-present the experiential since performance is experience. The project of aligning form and content-writing and experience-is one way in which a focus on field research is reshaping ethnography. One might argue that all ethnography be considered ethnography of performance, since culture itself is at some level inevitably enacted. But the relative specificity of music, while always embedded in and enabled by other performance modes, can provide a heightened example of performance processes. A focus on the ethnography of musical performance-overdue in the ethnographic arena—can suggest incisive ways of researching, writing about, and understanding cultural processes.
Black Hunger Food and the Politics of US Identity
Authors: Witt Doris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The creation of the Aunt Jemima trademark from an 1889 vaudeville performance of a play called “The Emigrant” helped codify a pervasive connection between African American women and food. In Black Hunger, Doris Witt demonstrates how this connection has operated as a central structuring dynamic of twentieth-century US psychic, cultural, sociopolitical, and economic life. Taking as her focus the tumultuous era of the late 1960s and early 1970s, when soul food emerged as a pivotal emblem of white radical chic and black bourgeois authenticity, Witt explores how this interracial celebration of previously stigmatized foods such as chitterlings and watermelon was linked to the contemporaneous vilification of black women as slave mothers. By positioning African American women at the nexus of debates over domestic servants, black culinary history, and white female body politics, Black Hunger demonstrates why the ongoing narrative of white fascination with blackness demands increased attention to the internal dynamics of sexuality, gender, class, and religion in African American culture. Witt draws on recent work in social history and cultural studies to argue for food as an interpretive paradigm which can challenge the privileging of music in scholarship on African American culture, destabilize constrictive disciplinary boundaries in the academy, and enhance our understanding of how individual and collective identities are established.
Introduction: Musical Children
Authors: Campbell Patricia Shehan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I hadn’t expected Nathan’s comment, and it stopped me cold. It was freely volunteered as I walked through the gate to the schoolyard at Vista Elementary School, and I found myself in conversation with him. What songs? Where had they come from? How did they sound, and what were the words? What did they mean to him? Was music so integrated within the life of this child that he could be asleep with, and awakening to, these songs? I was from that moment on intrigued with the notion of children like Nathan in every schoolyard with songs in their heads, in possession of music and ideas about music that I had naively assumed could only happen through formal training-in school, in private lessons, under the direction of experts. Were these the songs of the musically gifted? Or do all children carry within them musical gifts-songs, musical "urges," and thoughts about music-at the edge of their consciousness?
In Defense of Sentimentality
Authors: Solomon Robert C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“What is Wrong with Sentimentality?” That question already indicates a great deal about a century-old prejudice that has been devastating to ethics and literature alike. According to that prejudice, it goes without saying that there is something wrong with sentimentality, even if it is difficult to “put one ‘s finger on it.” To be called “sentimental” is to be ridiculed, or simply to be dismissed. Sentimentality is a weakness, a personality flaw. It suggests hypocrisy, or, at any rate, an exaggerated, distorted sensibility. Or, perhaps it is the fact that sentimental people are so ... so embarrassing. (How awkward it is talking or sitting next to someone weeping or gushing, when one is oneself dry-eyed and somber.) Or perhaps it is the well-confirmed fact that sentimentalists have such poor taste. Sentimental literature is, above all, literature that is tasteless, cheap, superficial and manipulative-in other words, verbal kitsch. Such mawkish literature jerks tears from otherwise sensible readers, and sentimentalists are those who actually enjoy that humiliating experience. Perhaps that is why Oscar Wilde thought that sentimentalists were really cynics. (“Sentimentality is merely the bank holiday of cynicism.”) Or, perhaps what bothers us is what once bothered Michael Tanner, that sentimental people indulge themselves in their feelings instead of doing what should be done (1976, 1). It is often said that the problem is that sentimentality and sentimental literature alike give us a false view of the world, distort our thinking, and substitute a “saccharine” portrait of the world in place of what we all know to be the horrible realities.
Trans-Acting Factors
Authors: Semenza Gregg L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Transcription factors are trans-acting proteins that affect the rate of transcription by specific interactions with DNA and/or other proteins (see Chapter 1). Transcriptional activators and repressors have positive and negative effects, respectively, on the rate of transcription. Transcriptional regulators may affect the rate of transcription initiation and/or mRNA elongation. In addition to DNA-binding activators and repressors, a variety of coactivators, corepressors, and other cofactors have been identified that do not bind to DNA directly but instead interact with the DNA-binding proteins and mediate their effects on transcription. Some of these co-factors have enzymatic activities that allow them to modify other cofactors, Pol II, or histones. Each of the transcription factor classes listed in Table 3.1 will be described in this chapter, followed by a discussion of pathways that transduce signals (e.g., cytokines, growth fac tors, and small molecules) at the cell surface to transcription factors that alter gene expression in the nucleus.
HMG Domain Proteins
Authors: Semenza Gregg L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As described in Chapter 3, transcriptional regulators containing an HMG-type DNA-binding domain appear to function as architectural factors whose primary function is to bend DNA. The HMG domain is an 80-amino-acid motif that was first identified in the High Mobility group nuclear proteins HMGl and HMG2 and the RNA Pol I transcription factor UBF (Jantzen et al., 1990), which bind to DNA in a non-sequence specific manner. The HMG domain has subsequently been shown to de fine a large superfamily of DNA-binding proteins containing over 100 members from eukaryotic species that include yeast, plants, and animals spanning one billion years of evolutionary time (Grosschedl et al., 1994; Laudet et al., 1993). Phylogenetic analysis identified two large subfami lies consisting of sequence-specific DNA binding proteins containing a single HMG domain and non-sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins containing multiple HMG domains (Laudet et al., 1993). All of the se quence-specific HMG-domain proteins that have been analyzed bind to DNA in the minor groove and recognize the consensus sequence 5’-(A/ T)(A/T)CAA(A/T)G-3’ (reviewed by Pevny and Lovell-Badge, 1997). In this chapter, SRY and SOX9, two HMG domain-containing proteins that bind to DNA in a sequence-specific manner and are essential for normal testicular determination and differentiation, will be described.
Other Transcription Factor Families
Authors: Semenza Gregg L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In addition to the zinc finger, PAX, bHLH, homeodomain, HMG, and POU proteins described in the preceding seven chapters, other transcription factor families have been identified that utilize unique DNA-binding domains. Members of such families that have been implicated in genetic disorders, including the TBX and RFX family members, are described in this chapter. Finally, HNF-lcx and HNF-4 are the homeodomain and nu clear receptor proteins, respectively. Because these two transcription factors interact genetically, both in normal development and in the pathogenesis of diabetes, they will be described together in this chapter.
Introduction To The First Edition
Authors: Darwin Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many works have been written on expression, but a greater number on physiognomy – that is, on the recognition of a character through the study of the permanent form of the features. With this latter subject I am not here concerned. The older treatises, which I have consulted, have been of little or no service to me. The famous Conferences of the painter Le Brun, published in 1667, is the best known ancient work, and contains some good remarks. Another somewhat old essay, namely, the Discours, delivered 1774–82, by the well-known Dutch anatomist Camper, can hardly be considered as having made any marked advance in the subject. The following works, on the contrary, deserve the fullest consideration.
Research Model and Methodology
Authors: Fredriksen-Goldsen Karen I , Scharlach Andrew E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As we have seen, work and family have been viewed from a variety of perspectives that highlight differing aspects of the interaction of employment and family caregiving. The various conceptual frameworks discussed in the last chapter highlight the interplay between such factors as the structural characteristics of people’s lives, stressors and demands, and mediators and resources, and their impact on the interrelationship of family care and work. To date, the vast majority of research on these conceptual models has been descriptive rather than evaluative. Existing research, moreover, has been limited by a number of methodological constraints, including the application of the models to only one type of care, the use of multiple definitions of family care, and the use of unrepresentative samples. Of the few existing studies that have examined the entire range of family caregiving experiences, most have attained relatively low response rates.
Employees with Adultcare Responsibilities
Authors: Fredriksen-Goldsen Karen I , Scharlach Andrew E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 3 described the problems experienced by individuals who, in addition to their work responsibilities, provide assistance to a disabled adult family member or friend. We indicated that adult care is a growing phenomenon, fueled by dramatic increases in the number of older persons in the population coupled with renewed reliance on families as primary providers of care for chronically ill family members. Currently, as many as one in four workers are providing some kind of assistance to a disabled family member, and it is estimated that this number will grow to one in three by the middle of the next century.
A Family-Care Model
Authors: Fredriksen-Goldsen Karen I , Scharlach Andrew E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the preceding chapters we examined the characteristics and experiences of employees providing child care (Chapter 6) and adult care (Chapter 7). In this chapter, we will explore the relationship between family care and work across all types of care, utilizing the integrative family care model described in Chapter 5. We will examine the impact of demands, resources, and personal characteristics on those providing family care, whether for children or adults. Such an analysis will allow us to identify those factors that are predictive of role strain and family and work accommodations for working caregivers in general, regardless of the specific type of care they provide. In this chapter we also will examine variations among caregivers that reflect the type of care they provide: care only for children, care for ill and disabled adults, and multi-generational caregiving responsibilities (care for both children and adults). We will compare these three groups of caregivers with regard to strain, family and work accommodations, resources, demands, and social and demographic characteristics. In addition, we will explore the utilization rates and perceived helpfulness of a variety of work-place programs and benefits among employees with these differing types of care responsibilities.
Research Directions
Authors: Fredriksen-Goldsen Karen I , Scharlach Andrew E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Existing research models, including the resource and demand model utilized in this book, have provided useful information on how work and family responsibilities affect individuals and their work places. However, as noted in Chapter 8, these models typically do not explain the majority of variance in outcomes, such as role strain and work and family accommodations. Our findings suggest that there may well be other relevant factors or perspectives that have not received sufficient attention in existing theoretical and empirical models. Of particular interest are personal, interpersonal, and community resources that may help employees to manage more effectively the demands of their work and family situations.
Race and the Writing of History
Authors: Keita Maghan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This study examines the role of race in the construction of history and the validation of knowledge. Using Martin Bernal’s Black Athena and its critiques as an entrée into the historical inquiries of African American intellectuals and many of their African counterparts, Keita engages the contested legacy of writing history in America. Ranging from 1700 BCE to the late twentieth century, he offers a new perspective on the challenge of building new historiographies and epistemologies.
Frank M. Snowden, Jr.
Authors: Keita Maghan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For many of us, the works of Frank M. Snowden, Jr., are like a Trojan Horse. This is particularly true for those who do not take his work seriously, those who wish to discount his efforts, and those who view his work superficially as a gloss for their own arguments. Yet even a careful, diligent, and nuanced reading of Snowden may be at odds with Snowden. Critical reading is done at peril and in light of the various interpretations that Snowden as text might elicit.
Reprise: Conclusion by Way of Continuity
Authors: Keita Maghan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter opens with a particular indebtedness to the work of Valentine Y. Mudimbe. Valentine Y. Mudimbe is a very learned man. He is a philosopher. His arguments, in part, mirror Daudi’s notions on discourse and power. He knows Philostratus and Hecataeus as well as he knows Sartre and Foucault. Mudimbe received the 1989 Herskowits Award for his scholarship. Yet remarkably, or maybe not so, he is seemingly unknown among the critics of Afrocentrism. Is Mudimbe an Afrocentric? Is Mudimbe Afrocentric? The far more important question, however, may be, does Afrocentrism become more “know able”-more intelligible-through Mudimbe.
Muscles and the Peripheral Nervous System
Authors: Chase Ronald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The renowned slow behavior of gastropods can be attributed to the lack of a hard skeleton, which limits the amount of amplification and antagonism that can be achieved from muscular actions. One of the few examples of direct muscular antagonism in gastropods occurs in the buccal mass where retractors and protractors operate to move the structure back and forth during feeding movements. However, to some extent hydrostatic pressure created by a partially open blood circulatory system compensates for the absence of a bony skeleton by creating what can be called a hydrostatic skeleton.