bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Congenital malformations in Victoria, Australia, 1983–95: An overview of infant characteristics
Authors: RILEY MM , HALLIDAY JL , LUMLEY JM 
Published: November 2003

Objective:To provide an overview of the characteristics of Victorian infants born between 1983 and 1995 who are affected by one or more of 27 sentinel birth defects.Methodology:Using data on congenital malformations supplied to the Victorian Perinatal Data Collection Unit from multiple sources between 1983 and 1995, information was summarised for 25 231 infants (born at 20 weeks or more) and 1566 terminations of pregnancy before 20 weeks’ gestation.Results:During the 13‐year study period in Victoria, 3.2% of babies had at least one malformation. Congenital dislocation of the hip was the most common defect with a prevalence of 28.9 per 10 000 pregnancies or 1/346. Increase in birth prevalence between 1983 and 1995 is greatest in obstructive defects of the renal pelvis, hypospadias and the trisomies 21,13 and 18. Nearly 50% of pregnancies affected by anencephaly were terminated before 20 weeks compared to 26% affected by spina bifida. The perinatal mortality of infants born at 20 weeks or more with congenital malformations is more than 10 times greater than that of infants without any malformations. Males are more at risk of being born with a malformation than females. Congenital malformations are more common in infants of multiple pregnancies and those of low birthweight.Conclusion:This large data collection is a valuable source of information for perinatal epidemiologists, for providers of prenatal diagnostic services and for the care of the disabled. In addition, the continued reporting and monitoring of birth defects will allow for targeted research that may lead to a better understanding of their aetiology.
Paediatric assessment in a residential child and adolescent psychiatry unit
Authors: McDONALD CA , PATERSON* R , BAUER P , McDERMOTT B 
Published: November 2003

Objective:To document the health status, comorbidity and functional impairments experienced by a group of psychiatrically disturbed children and adolescents.Methodology:A detailed study of consecutive admissions to a residential unit over a two‐year period was undertaken. All admissions had a comprehensive paediatric, speech pathology and psychiatric assessment.Results:Compared to the general population, there was a significant history of developmental delay and low birthweight, but only a slightly greater prevalence of antenatal problems. Clumsiness (37%), severe speech and language disorder (32%), and hearing loss (15%) were prominent. Only 25% had no history of comorbid medical or neurological disorders.Conclusion:Children and adolescents presenting with moderate to severe mental health morbidity may have pre‐existing comorbid medical problems, as well as unrecognised difficulties and impairments in other skills areas. Multidisciplinary assessment and intervention should be an integral part of the residential programme.
Glutaric aciduria type 1: An underdiagnosed cause of encephalopathy and dystonia–dyskinesia syndrome in children
Authors: HAUSER SEP , PETERS H 
Published: November 2003

Two cases of glutaric aciduria type 1 (GA 1) are presented. GA 1 is probably underdiagnosed and misdiagnosed, and may explain a proportion of cases of extrapyramidal and ‘postencephalitic’ cerebral palsy. Most cases of GA 1 present with a severe dystonic–dyskinetic syndrome following an acute encephalopathy. Asymptomatic cases have also been described, complicating genetic counselling and prenatal diagnosis.We raise awareness of GA 1 and stress that if clinically suspected, immediate institution of therapy may reduce late morbidity. Moreover, if recognised in the presymptomatic stage, early institution of treatment may prevent the onset of neurological symptoms. GA 1 is an inborn error of lysine and tryptophan catabolism, caused by deficiency of the enzyme, glutaryl coenzyme‐A dehydrogenase. Urine organic acid analyses may be negative. Blood acylcarnitine profile has recently been employed as a more sensitive test but was negative in both our patients. Enzyme assay remains the definitive diagnostic test.
Child rearing and cultural beliefs and practices amongst Thai mothers in Victoria, Australia: Implications for the sudden infant death syndrome
Authors: RICE PL , NAKSOOK C 
Published: November 2003

Objective:To examine the perceptions of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and to describe the role of cultural beliefs and practices on child rearing amongst Thai mothers in Victoria, Australia.Methodology:In‐depth interviews and participant observation conducted with 30 Thai mothers during 1995–96.Results:SIDS was not known amongst these Thai mothers prior to migration to Australia. However, they were aware of SIDS when they gave birth here and all of them expressed fear about their baby’s death. Due to this fear, most mothers tended to follow Thai beliefs and practices strictly to prevent death. These included breast‐feeding, not leaving the infant alone at night‐time, placing the infant on the side or back to sleep, and bedsharing. It is considered that there are numerous evil spirits who may harm the infant, but some are benevolent and protect the newborn, such as ancestral spirits and the guardian angel of a child. Several Thai rituals are carried out to protect the newborn from ill health and death, including inviting the soul of the infant to reside in his or her body, and ritual clipping and shaving the hair of the newborn within the first month of life.Conclusions:Cultural beliefs, rituals and child‐rearing practices help Thai parents to overcome their fear of SIDS. Hypotheses derived from Asian parents’ child rearing practices may be useful in further SIDS research.
A population‐based survey of immunisation coverage in children aged 2 years and younger in New South Wales
Authors: SULLIVAN EA , CHEY T , NOSSAR V 
Published: November 2003

Objective:To provide a population‐based baseline of immunisation rates in children aged 2 years and younger in New South Wales (NSW) in 1992, permitting more accurate evaluation of the efficacy of current programmes.Methods:A cross‐sectional population‐based survey of 622 households from areas resident to over 73% of all children aged 4 years and younger in NSW.Results:Of the 322 households with children aged 3–24 months, 212 (66%; confidence interval (CI): 57–75%) were up‐to‐date with the recommended immunisation schedule, 68 (21%; CI: 15–27%) had not commenced any immunisation, and 42 (13%; CI: 9–17%) were partially immunised. Ability to read English (odds ratio (OR): 5.43; CI: 2.37–12.44) and receipt of hepatitis B immunisation (OR: 2.54; CI: 1.27–5.07%) were highly associated with up‐to‐date immunisation; whilst a history of any illnesses, frequent doctor visits in the past 12 months (OR: 0.47; CI: 0.27–0.85%) and older age (16–24 months) (OR: 0.26; CI: 0.12–0.50%) were less likely to be associated with up‐to‐date immunisation.Conclusions:In 1992 NSW had low levels of up‐to‐date immunisation. Significantly, one‐fifth of NSW families with children aged 3–24 months did not have a record of any immunisations. This could not be explained by delay in commencing immunisation. Poor competency in reading English was strongly associated with failure to immunise, suggesting that there had been inadequate targeting of immunisation campaigns in non‐English‐speaking communities.
The use of human glutathione S‐transferase A1 in the detection of cystic fibrosis liver disease
Authors: HUNG JCC , HOWIE AF , BECKETT GJ , SOOD M , HAMBLETON G , SUPER M 
Published: November 2003

Objective:To determine the value of serum human glutathione S‐transferase A1 (hGST A1) in the detection of cystic fibrosis liver disease (CFLD).Methods:Sixty‐three children (aged 0.5–16 years) with cystic fibrosis (CF) were screened prospectively for evidence of hepatobiliary abnormalities between February 1993 and February 1995. Comparison was made between clinical examination, abdominal ultrasonic scan, measurement of conventional liver enzymes (LFTs) and serum hGST A1 concentration in the detection of hepatobiliary abnormalities in children with CF.Results:The 5–95% concentration of serum hGST A1 was 1.7–4.27 μg L−1 for the control group. The hGST A1 levels in the CF patients were significantly higher than in the non‐CF group. Thirty‐eight (60%) children had detectable hepatobiliary abnormalities. Ultrasound scanning detected the highest number of abnormalities (41%), followed by hGST A1 (30%). The presence of clinical liver disease was found in 19% of the children. The estimated sensitivities of detecting CFLD by clinical method, ultrasound scan, serum hGST A1, and LFTs would be 32%, 68%, 50% and 16%, respectively.Conclusions:Serum hGST A1 measurement increases the sensitivity of detecting hepatic abnormalities when included with clinical and ultrasound evaluation although, in some cases with advanced liver disease, serum hGST A1 may be normal. Conventional liver enzyme tests add little information in the detection of CF liver disease.
Antenatal steroids, condition at birth and respiratory morbidity and mortality in very preterm infants
Authors: EE L , HAGAN R , EVANS S , FRENCH N 
Published: November 2003

Aims:To investigate (1) perinatal factors affecting condition at birth in very preterm infants (23–32 weeks) and (2) the relationship between poor condition at birth and neonatal respiratory morbidity and mortality.Methodology:Convenience sample (n=479) drawn from a geographic population inception cohort.Results:Antenatal steroid use reduced the risk of pH ≤7.20 [Adjusted Odds Ratio 0.29 (95% CI 0.17,0.50)], one minute Apgar <4 [0.54 (0.33,0.88)], and 5 min Apgar <7 [0.44 (0.23,0.84)]. Gestational age was significantly related to Apgar score but not cord arterial acid‐base status. No other perinatal factor was significant. Poor condition at birth was associated with an increase in the incidence and severity of hyaline membrane disease and death. These effects were lessened in those exposed to steroids.Conclusion:Antenatal steroid use is associated with improved condition at birth and reduces the deleterious effects of poor condition at birth on early respiratory morbidity and mortality.
The relationship of age to pathology in pelviureteric junction obstruction
Authors: DEWAN PA , NG KP , ASHWOOD PJ 
Published: November 2003

Objective:To ascertain the age distribution of the different pathological mechanisms which lead to the development of pelviureteric junction obstruction.Methods:A series of 165 kidneys in 158 children who underwent pyeloplasty for pelviureteric junction obstruction were reviewed. Those 132 renal units (127 children) with uncomplicated pathology were selected for further study. The operative records were reviewed for the underlying cause of obstruction and the age at operation.Results:Obstruction due to extrinsic compression by an aberrant lower pole vessel occurred in an older group (median age 67.3 mo) than those with a narrowing or angulation of the pelviureteric junction (median age 3.1 mo).Conclusions:Pelviureteric junction obstruction, secondary to a lower pole vessel presents at an older age. Doppler ultrasonography to detect a lower pole vessel may be of benefit in the management of equivocal cases of pelviureteric junction obstruction, particularly in prenatally diagnosed hydronephrosis.
Clonidine poisoning—an emerging problem: Epidemiology, clinical features, management and preventative strategies
Authors: ERICKSON SJ , DUNCAN A 
Published: November 2003

Objective:To ascertain whether the incidence of clonidine poisoning in children has increased given the probable increase in clonidine use for treatment of childhood behavioural disorders.Methods:Cases of clonidine poisoning requiring hospital admission between 1985–95 inclusive were reviewed and demographic data pertinent to each admission were recorded. A literature review was also performed, with particular emphasis on incidence, clinical presentation and management of clonidine poisoning.Results:There were 14 cases of clonidine poisoning during the specified period eight cases presenting in the last 2 years. These eight children or their siblings had been prescribed clonidine for behavioural disorders. The most common signs at presentation were alteration of concious state (71%) and bradycardia (50%). Nine children were given activated charcoal while seven cases underwent gastric lavage or induced emesis. Although six children were admitted to intensive care, length of hospital stay was less than 24 h in all cases and all had a favourable outcome.Conclusion:We concluded that the incidence of clonidine poisoning had increased over the specified period and that, based on our results, this was likely to be due to an increase in clonidine use in childhood behavioural disorders. Based on our data and that from literature review it was evident that there are inconsistencies in the management of clonidine poisoning and that safety measures, namely packaging and education, are inadequate given the increasing profile of clonidine use.
The medical emergency team: does it really make a difference?
Authors: Cretikos M. , Hillman K. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract Hospital systems are failing the critically ill. This has been well documented in many countries around the world, with detailed reports of suboptimal care prior to intensive care and high rates of serious adverse events, including death. These events are potentially preventable, but insufficient attention has been directed towards developing solutions to these important problems to date.The medical emergency team (MET) is a system approach that promotes early and appropriate inter­vention in the care of critically ill hospital patients. The benefits of the MET in terms of absolute in‐patient ­mortality and cardiac arrest rates are not yet well‐defined, although preliminary studies are promising.The MET does provide a potentially beneficial impact on many other aspects of patient care. These benefits include: (i) facilitating an integrated and coordinated approach to patient care across the hospital, (ii) increasing awareness of at‐risk patients, (iii) encouraging early referral of seriously ill patients to clinicians with expertise in critical care and (iv) providing a foundation for quality initiatives for hospital‐wide care of the seriously ill.The MET also empowers nursing staff and junior medical staff to call for immediate assistance in cases where they are seriously concerned about a patient, but may not have the experience, knowledge, confidence or skills necessary to manage them appropriately. (Intern Med J 2003; 33: 511−514)
A new research framework for family resource management applied to financial preparedness of mid‐life working couplesa
Authors: McGregor Sue , Ellison Margaret Bateman 
Published: November 2003

AbstractIn order to continue to move forward, the field of family resource management needs rich research programmes based on holistic, synergetic approaches. To this end, this paper presents a multi‐perspective research framework for designing family resource management research programmes using insights from five existing perspectives to understand families: life cycle stages, life spiral across generations, unplanned life transitions, the historical context of the course of one's life, and the different levels of influence on daily life ranging from the cosmos to the unknown (spheres of influence perspective). A modernization of the life cycle perspective is proposed as well to accommodate the gap between the full nest and the empty nest. We then use this new research framework to shape the development of a programme targeting retirement preparedness of mid‐life working couples with dependents (children and aged or infirm adults). We anticipate that deeper, more holistic insights into family resource management strategies can be gained from using this new research framework.
Effect of cooking method and variety on the sensory quality of rice
Authors: Crowhurst Daniel G. , Creed Philip G. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThis study aimed to determine the effects of different cooking methods on white, milled rice. Two methods were evaluated (the Excess, or American method, and the Pilaf method, also known as the Oriental, or calculated‐water method), which are commonly used, both domestically and in the catering industry. The effects of the two cooking methods were assessed on four varieties of rice, American Long Grain, American Long Grain Easy Cook, Basmati, and Thai Jasmine rice. The study used sensory evaluation techniques and terminology previously used in the field of rice research. The aim of the study was to assess potential differences in sensory attributes and overall acceptability. Affective testing techniques (hedonic and relative‐to‐ideal scales) were used to measure consumer preference. A consumer questionnaire also investigated the effects of rice eating, buying and cooking behaviour on the preferred cooking method. The subjects taking part in the study were taken from a typical student population at Bournemouth University. In general, the Pilaf method resulted in rice products that were stickier, firmer and drier in texture, with a more acceptable flavour. Overall acceptability and preference for the Pilaf method was higher, except in the case of Basmati rice. Models of acceptability accounted for up to half the variation so sensory attributes could not be used to predict the acceptability of rice products reliably.
Rapid, inexpensive, actionable concept generation and optimization: the use and promise of self‐authoring conjoint analysis for the food service industry
Authors: Moskowitz Howard R. , Gofman Alex , Itty Barbara , Katz Rachel , Manchaiah Mahdu , Ma Zhenyu 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThis paper presents the background thinking, needs identification, technology, and user issues that have led to the creation of a self‐authoring system for conjoint measurement appropriate to the food service industry. Self‐authoring systems allow the user to create the study, deploy it on the Internet, and collect the data, without the help of a professional researcher or programming expert. The technology uses conjoint measurement, and is embodied in an Internet ASP system (application service provider) called IdeaMap®.Net. The technology empowers the user to do conjoint analysis studies rapidly and cost‐effectively, and to solicit new ideas from the same respondents who participate. This paper demonstrates IdeaMap®.Net for food service issues, but the applications transcend particular issues and problems, finding applicability in a broad range of topics.
Inactivation of refrigerator biofilm bacteria for application in the food service environment
Authors: Michaels Barry , Ayers Troy , Celis Marlene , Gangar Vidhya 
Published: November 2003

AbstractRefrigerator biofilm formation in food environments can result in spoilage and food safety problems. Biofouling of food contact surfaces are difficult to combat, and while there are significant risks involved with tolerating their presence, methods for their removal are not commonly available. In this study, biofilms were grown on plastic refrigerator trays. Cultures of mixed wild strains were started using kitchen scraps suspended in nutrient broth. Biofilms were allowed to mature with approximately 109 CFU per tray test area. Spoilage species identified included Pseudomonas putida, Sphingobacterium multivorum, Citrobacter freundii and Proteus vulgaris. A series of 39 different treatment interventions were trialed during three different biofilm test runs. Results obtained from treatments ranged from a less than 1 log10 reduction for light duty cleaning operations to over a 5 log10 reduction involving more complex treatment methods. The latter included combinations of hot soapy water (75 °C), scrubbing, treatment with high pH (12.0) cleaners followed by acetic acid (vinegar) exposure and included pre‐ and post‐treatment wiping with paper towels.
The potential for baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) in the production of wine from banana, cooking banana and plantain
Authors: Onwuka U. N. , Awam F. N. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract Musa species (banana, cooking banana and plantain) were bought from a market in Umuahia Abia State, Nigeria. Samples were chemically analysed and subsequently used in wine production by conventional methods of must preparation, filtration, primary and secondary fermentation (with baker’s yeast as inoculum), pasteurization and bottling. Physical–chemical properties and microbial content were monitored during the process. Sensory characteristics of the Musa wines were evaluated. The Musa species were found to have a fermentable sugar level of 18.81–23.57%. The wines produced showed an alcohol content of 9.96–11.25, brix (scale of densities used in the sugar industry) level 8.00–8.15, ash 0.32–0.45, and titratable acidity 1.00–1.108. Sensory evaluation indicated a significant difference in taste, colour and general acceptability at P < 0.05 among the wines. Potential opportunities exist to develop and produce local fruit wines for consumption by both the domestic market and tourists.
Progressive metamorphism of pelitic rocks from protolith to granulite facies, Dutchess County, New York, USA: constraints on the timing of fluid infiltration during regional metamorphism
Authors: WHITNEY D. L. , MECHUM T. A. , KUEHNER S. M. , DILEK Y. R. 
Published: November 2003

A complete Barrovian sequence ranging from unmetamorphosed shales to sillimanite–K‐feldspar zone metapelitic gneisses crops out in a region extending from the Hudson River in south‐eastern New York state, USA, to the high‐grade core of the Taconic range in western Connecticut. NNE‐trending subparallel biotite, garnet, staurolite, kyanite, sillimanite and sillimanite–K‐feldspar isograds have been identified, although the assignment of Barrovian zones in the high‐grade rocks is complicated by the appearance of fibrolitic sillimanite at the kyanite isograd.Thermobarometric results and reaction textures are used to characterize the metamorphic history of the sequence. Pressure–temperature estimates indicate maximum metamorphic conditions of 475 °C, c. 3–4 kbar in the garnet zone to >720 °C, c. 5–6 kbar in the highest grade rocks exposed. Some samples in the kyanite zone record anomalous (low) peak conditions because garnet composition has been modified by fluid‐assisted reactions.There is abundant petrographic and mineral chemical information indicating that the sequence (with the possible exception of the granulite facies zone) was infiltrated by a water‐rich fluid after garnet growth was nearly completed. The truncation of fluid inclusion trails in garnet by rim growth or recrystallization, however, indicates that metamorphic reactions involving garnet continued subsequent to initial infiltration.The presence of these textures in some zones of a well‐constrained Barrovian sequence allows determination of the timing of fluid infiltration relative to the P–T  paths. Thermobarometric results obtained using garnet compositions at the boundary between fluid–inclusion‐rich and inclusion‐free regions of the garnet are interpreted to represent peak metamorphic conditions, whereas rim compositions record slightly lower pressures and temperatures. Assuming that garnet grew during a single metamorphic event, infiltration must have occurred at or slightly after the peak of metamorphism, i.e. 4–5 kbar and a temperature of c. 525–550 °C for staurolite and kyanite zone rocks.