bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Coherent Dynamics among Lakes
Authors: Magnuson John J , Kratz Timothy K , Benson Barbara J , Webster Katherine E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Historically, limnologists have analyzed and been concerned with lake status or condition; for example, classification by trophic status into eutrophic, oligotrophic, and dystrophic has allowed us to group lakes with similar properties and to study the causes and ramifications of those differences and similarities. However, in this era of awareness about global change, we have come to focus more on regional dynamics, particularly those that act at interannual or longer time scales. By combining spatial concepts that underlie differences between lakes with the time dimension, we can gain a better understanding of the determinants of lake dynamics that allow us to make more powerful predictions of trajectories into the future. Here we focus on the interannual time scale and explore how comparing similarities and differences in dynamics among years across lakes can enrich our understanding of lake dynamics and the processes that cause lakes to change. Many questions confront us in the quest to first describe and then understand long-term dynamics of suites of lakes. How should we characterize the coherent or shared dynamics of lakes? To what degree are interannual dynamics or long-term changes consistent among lakes? What determines how similarly or dissimilarly different lakes behave among years? Do adjacent lakes behave more similarly than more distant lakes? Do lakes of the same type or status, such as oligotrophic lakes, behave more similarly through time than different kinds of lakes, such as oligotrophic versus eutrophic? Are there common drivers of consistent dynamics among lakes such as dynamics in climate, land use, landform, or water flows? Are some types of lake parameters inherently more coherent than others?
The Last Law
Authors: Nernst Walther 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to a story current in Berlin in the early 1900s, God decided one day to create a superman. He worked first on the brain, fashioning a “most perfect and subtle mind.” But he had other business, and the job had to be put aside. The Archangel Gabriel saw this marvelous brain and could not resist the temptation to try to create the complete man. He overestimated his abilities, however, and succeeded only in creating a “rather unimpressive looking little man.” Discouraged by his failure, he left his creation inanimate. The devil came along, looked with satisfaction upon this unique, but lifeless, being and breathed life into it. “That was Walther Nernst.”
The Scientist as Critic
Authors: Pauli Wolfgang 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The modern version of quantum theory—now known as “quantum mechanics”— was born and grew to maturity in just five years, between 1925 and 1930. More was accomplished during those five years than in the preceding twenty-five years, or, for that matter, in the seventy years that have followed. Progress before 1925 was constantly hampered by conceptual doubts. Paradoxes such as the wave-particle duality—the contradiction between the Einstein particle theory of light and the classical wave theory—were disturbing and limiting. But by 1925 these difficulties had, perhaps from familiarity, become less inhibiting. Theorists stopped worrying about the conceptual strangeness of the quantum realm, and began to make a new physics with the strangeness incorporated in it. Once the conceptual barriers were passed, progress was astonishingly rapid. For those who had the vision, it was as if a great fog had lifted. Suddenly it was possible to see in many directions with a clarity no one could have anticipated.
Opening Doors
Authors: Curie Marie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Her life was, in a word, heroic. Marie Curie was absolutely unstoppable in any task she undertook, no matter what the obstacles. “First principle: never let one’s self be beaten down by persons or by events,” she wrote in a letter to a friend when she was twenty-one. At the time, she was enduring life as a governess in a small town in Poland and dreaming of a university education in Paris. Student life at the Sorbonne eventually became a reality, and despite an erratic secondary education in Warsaw, she overcame the deficiencies, placed first in her licence e`s sciences examination (among 1,825 students, 23 of them women), and second in the licence e`s mathematiques examination. She chose as a topic for a doctoral thesis an immensely difficult study of the recently discovered phenomena of radioactivity.
On the Crest of a Wave
Authors: Rutherford Ernest 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
He was large and somewhat clumsy; he had a thundering voice, and piercing eyes that are startling even in old photographs. The conventional role of the intellectual did not appeal to him, so he played it his own way. Once, a distinguished stranger, amazed by his unscholarly accent and appearance, mistook him for an Australian farmer. (His New Zealand origins partly explain the impression.) A nonscientific academic colleague told him he was a “savage—a noble savage I admit—but still a savage!” (This response was not unprovoked. Rutherford had opened the conversation with: “Alexander, all that you have said and all that you have written during the last thirty years—what does it all amount to? Hot air! Hot air!”) He was not inclined toward modesty, if undeserved. After moving from McGill University in Montreal, where he did some of his earliest research, to the University of Manchester, which saw the middle period of his career, he reported to his friend and colleague Bertram Boltwood at Yale: “I find the students here regard a full professor as little short of Lord God Almighty. It is quite refreshing after the critical attitude of the Canadian students. It is always a good thing to feel that you are appreciated.”
Complete Physicist
Authors: Fermi Enrico 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As a rule, scientists display their talents either as theorists or as experimentalists, but not both. Einstein, Maxwell, and Gibbs, for example, were great as theorists but not creative as experimentalists, while Faraday and Rutherford, great as experimentalists, were limited as theorists. Only Newton, in our company of physicists seen so far, displayed great talent as both an experimentalist and a theorist (and also as a mathematician). The subject of this chapter, Enrico Fermi, is another exception to the rule that physics is a bipartisan community. Fermi was, as his biographer and colleague, Emilio Segre, remarks, “from the first a complete physicist for whom theory and experiment possessed equal weight.”
Affliction, Fame, and Fortune
Authors: Hawking Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Stephen Hawking, described accurately as “the most remarkable scientist of our time,” and inaccurately as a second Einstein (“perhaps an equal of Einstein,” according to Timemagazine in 1978), was born in Oxford on January 8, 1942. On January 8, 1642, three hundred years earlier, Galileo Galilei died, and in December of the year 1642 Isaac Newton was born.
Attitudes Toward Language, National Identity, and Cultural Pluralism
Authors: Schmid Carol L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Currently there is a political confrontation between “language rights” and “English Only;’ which is connected to a deeper debate over the meaning of American identity and the means of preserving it. Is speaking English a condition for full membership in the American community? How do most Americans judge the need for a common language? To what degree are there differences in opinion among Americans and immigrants about the need for an official language, bilingual education, and the desirability of maintaining one’s culture? How do different language and cultural groups see one another? To what degree are there major differences in the understanding of the American creed between Latinos, blacks, and whites? Do Latino citizens and those who have been naturalized share fundamentally similar orientations toward language and immigration issues with more recent immigrants? Are we on the way to a “Quebecification” in attitudes and behavior, as some English-Only proponents have suggested? These are important questions, which have received little analytical discussion in the academic and popular literature.
Conclusion
Authors: Schmid Carol L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A sense of shared experience is an important dimension of national identity (Anderson, 1991). This leads to an imagined construction of a shared past and a vision of the future to represent the nation. Shared identity in the United States has been imagined around a monolingual past. Multilingualism and bilingual education do not figure in the immigrant myth. The melting pot did not immediately turn non English speakers into accentless speakers of English. Myths, however, die hard. The melting pot mythology obscures the hardship that often lasted several generations and the diversity of cultures that have flourished in the United States despite aggressive efforts to eliminate them. Several events, policies, politics, and wars in the second half of the nineteenth and early twentieth century forged an ideological link between political loyalty to the American “nation” and speaking accentless English to the detriment of other languages.
Romancing the Real
Authors: Walls Laura Dassow 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thoreau in our day would never be recognized as a “scientist”—indeed, use of the term would be anachronistic. Troulack of a word that might unify all the various workin the physical and natural sciences, William Whewell, the British polymath of science, coined it in 1834 by analogy with “artist.” The novel term caught on only slowly, however, and would not come into popular usage until much later in the century. So Thoreau wrote instead of “the man of science,” and in his early journal entries he envisions the “true man of science” as brave and vital, with “a deeper and finer experience” and possessed of “a more perfect Indian wisdom” (“Natural History,” 29)—someone who could unite earth and heaven under one higher law.
Bell labs takes the early lead
Authors: Hecht Jeff 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE SMART MONEY would have bet on Bell Telephone Laboratories as the laser race started. Townes and Schawlow’s work gave Bell a solid head start over everyone but Gould, who was still struggling for support. Bell was in its glory days, considered to be the world’s premier industrial research laboratory, and the driving force behind the steady advances of communications technology. In 1956 Bell bagged the Nobel Prize in Physics for the transistor, although by then only one of the three recipients—Walter Brattain—remained on the Bell payroll. Other companies tried to model their own research after Bell’s, even borrowing from the architecture of the sprawling suburban campus in Murray Hill, New Jersey.
A pause to compare notes
Authors: Hecht Jeff 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
EXCEPT FOR BELL LABS, all laser research through early 1959 was widely dispersed, performed by small groups or individuals in much larger organizations. The TRG contract was changing that, but in the spring the company’s newly funded laser project was still getting on its feet, shifting people from other projects, hiring new people, setting up experiments, and waiting for Gould’s clearance to come through. The little group at Columbia had some money, but others had no direct support for working on lasers, and some, like Maiman and Wieder, were being paid to work on microwave masers.
A crash program at “pipsqueak inc.”
Authors: Hecht Jeff 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE ONLY SERIOUS COMPETITION BELL SAW on its horizon was TRG. The two had some obvious similarities. Both had plenty of money to spend on laser research, Bell from the parent AT&T, and TRG from the Pentagon. Their staffs of bright young physicists were heavily laden with men who had gone through Columbia’s physics department. The two groups knew each other. TRG had hired Ben Senitzky and Ron Martin away from Bell, and Bennett had consulted for TRG. Yet there were also strong contrasts.
Runners-up cross the finish line
Authors: Hecht Jeff 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
RUBY PROVED A REMARKABLY USEFUL and versatile laser, and ruby lasers are still used today. However, no one thought ruby would be the ultimate laser. Maiman’s success broke conceptual logjams and spurred the quest for the original goal of a laser capable of continuous operation. The runners-up were still pressing for the finish line.
Analysis of Intracellular Ions in Embryos: pH and Calcium
Authors: Lane Michelle , Baltz Jay M , Gardner David K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To understand cell physiology and the regulation of development, it is essential to under- stand the role and control of intracellular ions. Ions such as calcium and protons (pH) are universal regulators of cell function. Temporal and spatial changes in the levels of these ions regulate and signal many cellular functions such as division, differentiation, metabolism, and secretion in response to stimuli such as growth factors. In reproduction, changes in intracellular calcium and pH are key factors in fertilization and in initiation of development of sea urchin and Xenopus eggs. Much of the work on these species was performed in the 1960s and 1970s using electron probes that could be inserted into the oocytes or cells of the embryo to take measurements. This was possible due to the large volume of the oocytes and embryos and further facilitated by the ability of the oocytes and embryos from these species to develop external to the body. Similar studies on mammalian oocytes and embryos had not been possible due to the small size of the cells and also due to an inability to maintain developmental competence external to the body for long periods of time.
Assessment of Ploidy, Telomere Length, and Telomerase Activity in Oocytes and Embryos
Authors: King W A , Betts D H , Bureau W , Basrur P K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Early cytogenetic investigation on plants and animals based on sections and squash preparations of proliferating tissues such as root tips, bone marrow, and the testis indicated that chromosomal imbalance was often the cause of semisterility and/or embryo loss. The advent of hypotonic pretreatment (1), postfixation air drying (2), and lymphocyte culture procedures (3, 4) provided the technical means for confirmation of these observations. With the use of these techniques, the number and morphology of chromosomes could be precisely delineated, which, in turn, led to the linking of chromosome abnormalities with specific postnatal malformations in humans (5) and with reproductive failure in cattle (6). These techniques were successfully applied to testicular material, yielding details on the process of meiosis in the male. However, the impact of abnormal chromosome contributions of the oocyte on subsequent embryo development could not be assessed until the 1960s and 1970s. Techniques for the preparation of chromosomes from oocytes and embryos, based on procedures for visualizing chromosomes of somatic cells, were described for the mouse (7), pig (8), human (9), and cattle (10). The groundbreaking study on human spontaneous abortions by Carr (11) confirmed that chromosome abnormalities are a significant cause of first trimester pregnancy failures.
Two-Dimensional Protein Gel Database Analysis of Embryos, Oocytes, and Oocyte-associated Granulosa Cells
Authors: Latham K E , Nourjanova G , Wigglesworth K , Eppig J J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A common objective of investigations of the mechanisms regulating early development is to characterize the effects of specific experimental or genetic manipulations on embryonic phenotype at the molecular level. In many circumstances, where molecular, cellular, or physiological mechanisms governing a process are well known, a marker gene approach can be adopted, in which the response of one or more specific genes to experimental manipulations is examined. In other circumstances, however, such marker gene approaches are of limited use, either because the nature of the biological response cannot be readily predicted or because the underlying biology of a given response is poorly understood, making the selection of the appropriate marker genes difficult.
Spermatogonial Transplantation
Authors: Nagano Makoto C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Spermatogenesis is a highly active and complex process that continuously produces male gametes, the spermatozoa. A technique has been developed in which germ cells derived from the testis of a fertile male are transferred to the testis of an infertile male and do- nor-derived spermatogenesis is reconstituted in recipient testes (1, 2). This technique, called “spermatogonial transplantation,” provides unique opportunities not only to understand the process of spermatogenesis but also to manipulate male germ cells for medical and agricultural applications. In this chapter I describe the general concept and applications of the transplantation technique and standard procedures using the mouse as a model species. An excellent technical review has been published that complements this chapter (3).
Cryobiology: Slow Freezing and Vitrification of Embryos
Authors: Mukaida Tetsunori , Kasai Magosaburo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To cryopreserve cells alive without decreasing survival with the duration of storage, they must be preserved at temperatures below the glass transition temperature, which is around –130°C. In practice, liquid nitrogen (–196°C) is used for maintaining such a temperature. To date, various methods for embryo cryopreservation have been developed, and embryos of more than 20 mammalian species have been successfully cryopreserved (1). Cryopreservation, coupled with embryo transfer, is used to preserve genetic variants in laboratory animals (mainly mice), for breeding and reproduction in farm animals (mainly cattle), and for treatment of infertility in humans. Furthermore, embryo cryopreservation is expected to be used for the conservation of wild species. Here we give a brief outline of embryo cryobiology and describe some reliable protocols for embryo cryopreservation.
Principles of Developmental Change in Infants’ Category Formation
Authors: Oakes Lisa M , Madole Kelly L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Categorization is one of the most fundamental of cognitive processes. The ability to categorize may be especially important in infancy, when an enormous amount of new information is encountered every day. By forming groups of similar objects, infants can effectively reduce the amount of information they must process, learn, and remember (for example, they can treat a new dog as a member of a familiar category), as well as make inferences from past experience to encounters with new objects (for example, categorizing an object as a dog allows infants to form expectations for what it will eat and whether it will bite if its tail is pulled).
Over the past 25 years, a great deal of research has focused on understanding the development of categorization abilities in infancy (see Hayne, 1996; Madole & Oakes, 1999; Quinn & Eimas, 1996, 1997, for recent reviews). Despite the growing body of literature in infants’ categorization (or perhaps because of it), there is considerable controversy over basic issues in the study of categorization. For example, there has been much debate over the relative importance of conceptual features (features that cannot be seen) and perceptual features (what objects look like) in infants’ formation of categories (e.g., Eimas, 1994; Jones & Smith, 1993; Madole & Oakes, 1999; Mandler, 1988, 1992; Rakison, chap. 7), an issue that has also has been discussed in the context of adult cognitive processes (e.g., Goldstone & Barsalou, 1998).
Intonational Meaning
Authors: Wennerstrom Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Intonation is the pitch or “melody” of the voice during speech. In English, a language that makes extensive use of intonation, speakers can manipulate their pitch on particular words, phrases, or even topicsized constituents to convey meaning about relationships in discourse. Intonation is not derived automatically from the stress patterns or syntax of an utterance; instead, a speaker decides to associate particular intonation patterns with particular constituents, depending on the discourse context.
One immediate difficulty in consolidating the literature on intonation is the lack of aggreement on terminology. If I wish to talk about syntax, I can feel confident that most audiences will understand words such as “noun” and “verb.” However, with intonation, terms such as “stress,” “accent,” “tone,” and “emphasis” may mean different things to different people. Not only are the lay terms different from the linguists’ terms, but linguists themselves disagree on terminology. To make matters worse, there are even different schools of thought on what counts as a unit in an intonation analysis.
Prosody As A Discourse Marker
Authors: Wennerstrom Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The questions addressed in this chapter, as in the last, pertain to discourse coherence. However, this time, instead of looking at how prosody associates with information structure, I tum to questions of how prosody contributes to the organization of a text as a whole. In addition to the pitch accent, this chapter is concerned with the role of prosodic boundaries at higher levels—shifts in initial and final pitch range and pauses—in the segmentation of the discourse. Prosodic boundaries of this kind, or paratones, can be said to perform a function similar to that oflexical discourse markers, such as you know, anyway, so, and oh, for they bracket constituents of the text into organizational units.
Schiffrin (1987), who analyzed discourse markers in a large corpus of conversation, defines them as “sequentially dependent elements which bracket units of talk” (p. 31). According to Schiffrin, “sequentially dependent” means that the occurrence of a marker depends on the sequence of events at the level of the discourse, rather than at the local level of the clause.
Conclusion
Authors: Wennerstrom Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Lecture 6 of the collection How to Do Things with Words, Austin refers to “tone of voice, cadence, emphasis” as among the “more primitive devices in speech” (1962, pp. 73–74) for which syntax and the lexicon provide more explicit alternatives. This view has unfortunately tended to dominate language-related fields throughout their history. Prosody has been considered the extra flourish, the nuance, not what is said but the way it is said, a side issue beyond the scope of mainstream analyses. In this volume I have tried to make the case that prosody deserves more central attention. Without variation in prosody, speech would not only be very flat and uninteresting but would lack large components of meaning.
In defending this position, my method has been to investigate many examples of natural discourse in which an aspect of prosody performs a function that would not be accomplished by virtue of the lexicogrammatical structure alone. In addition, I have brought together the writings of others whose experimental research shows the many contributions of prosody to discourse meaning and organization.