bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cognitive Significance and New Theories of Reference
Authors: Perry John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lessons learned from the works of Donnellan, Kaplan, Kripke, Putnam, Wettstein, and other New Theorists of Reference have convinced me to accept two theses with respect to (1)-( 4).1 First, the references of the singular terms do not depend on Fregean senses, or identifying descriptions in the mind of the speaker. The expressions used do not have such senses attached to them by the conventions of language. The beliefs of the speaker need not supply conditions that single out a unique individual. Even if the speaker has such beliefs, the reference is not determined by those beliefs.
Fodor and Psychological Explanations (with David Israel)
Authors: Perry John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is crucial to the whole program of explaining behavior by reference to mental states that the propositional attitudes belonging to these [causal] chains are typically nonarbitrarily related in respect to their content (taking “content” of a propositional attitude, informally, to be whatever it is that the complement of the corresponding PA-ascribing sentence expresses). One can imagine the occurrence of causal chains of mental states which are not otherwise related (as, e.g., a thought that two is a prime number, causing a desire for tea ... ).... Still if all our mental life were like this, it’s hard to see what point ascriptions of contents to mental states would have Theparadigm situation-the grist for the cognitivist’s mill-is theone where the propositional attitudes interact causally and do so in virtue of their content.
“Is Ethnicity Obsolete?”
Authors: Reed Ishmael , Wong Shawn , Callahan Bob , Hope Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So what is ethnicity, and who is ethnic? I teach a course at the University of California at Berkeley, and I have encouraged students to write from the experience of their ethnic background. I have mostly American-European students who, when given this assignment, often write stories about a “black” person. So I guess in the United States, ethnicity is interchangeable with being black. In other words, “blacks” are the only ethnic group in the United States.
Introduction
Authors: Risse Guenter B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For a century, hospitals have been among society’s most valued institutions. Yet dramatic changes in today’s medical practice are forcing a shift from hospitals to ambulatory settings and home care. Mergers and closings are now commonplace. Most of us were born in hospitals and return on the average about seven times before dying there. Hospitals are extolled for providing the means of lifesaving procedures and miraculous recoveries while simultaneously being criticized for their high costs, impersonality, and in-house infections. A current consumer guide even warns prospective patients that “the words hospital and hospitality come from the same root. And with that their relationship ends. Hospital patients don’t find much hospitality nowadays. Tolerance is more like it.
White Chicago Jazz, 1923-1926
Authors: Sudhalter Richard M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Not much of 1923 had gone by when the city of Chicago awoke one morning to the news that Mayor William Hale “Big Bill” Thompson-Republican, entrenched—had decided not to run for reelection. Big Bill had come to power in 1915 as a reformer—”cannot be bought, bossed or bluffed,” said his campaign posters. In truth he could be—and was. Over two four-year terms he’d cozied up nicely to the city’s top racketeers. It seemed anything was okay in Thompson’s Chicago, as long as the right people got rich off it.
Chicago Jazz in the 1930s
Authors: Sudhalter Richard M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There’s a certain easy melancholy in the notion that by the end of 1929 hot music was finished in Chicago. That the good players had moved on, mostly to New York, leaving behind a host of lesser lights who simply winked out one by one. As Charles Edward Smith put it, “the musical spirit of the Chicagoans was swallowed up in the maw of something bigger and considerably less great than itself, the popular music business.”
Bud Freeman and the Tenor Saxophone
Authors: Sudhalter Richard M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Every Sunday, Bud Freeman remembered, there were special matinees at the Senate Theatre, a rather grand picture palace on Madison Street, on Chicago’s heavily residential West Side. And every Sunday the audience included Bud, age fourteen, his brother Arny, twelve, and various cousins. “In those days, the better cinemas carried a pit orchestra that played a kind of overture made up of the current popular songs,” he told John Bainbridge in a 19 79 New Yorker profile. “The orchestra at the Senate Theatre was led by Paul Biese.”
The Jean Goldkette and Ben Pollack Orchestras
Authors: Sudhalter Richard M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On Tuesday, February 1, 1927, the Jean Goldkette Orchestra recorded “The Stampede,’’ an instrumental stomp composed by Fletcher Henderson and recorded by his orchestra the previous May. From all reports, it was an outstanding performance, with fine solos by Bix Beiderbecke on cornet and Frank Trumbauer on C—melody saxophone. The Victor Company chose not to release it, and the masters were destroyed.
Bunny Berigan
Authors: Sudhalter Richard M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the half-century since his death, Bunny Berigan still inspires ecstasy in those who knew him, worked with him, and admired him from afar. It’s in the Joe Bushkin utterance that begins this chapter, rapt acknowledgment of a reality quite beyond the events of an ill-starred trumpeter’s life. “Bunny hit a note—and it had pulse,” said clarinetist Joe Dixon, a member of Berigan’s band in 1937-38. “You can talk about one thing and another—beautiful, clear, big tone, range, power-and sure, that’s part of it. But only part of it.”
Guitars, Solo and in Combination
Authors: Sudhalter Richard M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It wasn’t exactly a shot in the dark. His father, Fred Van Eps, was a revered music figure, whose technique and imagination had lifted the banjo out of its folk and salon tradition into a new virtuosity. He’d begun recording on Edison wax cylinders in the 1890s, and since 1914 his Van Eps Trio had never stopped making successful records. Songwriters and fellow-musicians wrote specialty pieces for him, trying to push his skill to its limits. (One such vehicle, “Banjo Ballet,” by the trio’s pianist, Felix Arndt, took on a new name when Arndt found a surefire way of impressing a new girlfriend. As “Nola,” it became a lasting popular favorite.)
The Dilemma of Autonomy
Authors: Wolf Susan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To be accorded the status of a responsible being is to be regarded as an appropriate object of a certain range of attitudes and judgments and as a legitimate participant in a certain range of practices. The range of attitudes I have in mind includes pride and shame, gratitude and resentment, respect and contempt. The range of judgments includes the judgment that one is worthy of respect or contempt, that one ought to be proud or ashamed, and so on. And the range of practices includes praising and blaming, forgiving, excusing, rewarding, and punishing according to rules designed to make these practices expressions of the above sorts of attitudes and judgments.
The True and the Good
Authors: Wolf Susan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to the Reason View, a person’s status as a responsible agent rests not only on her ability to make her behavior conform to her deepest values but also on her ability to form, assess, and revise those values on the basis of a recognition and appreciation of what I have called the True and the Good. In other words, in addition to the requirement that the agent be able to govern her behavior by her reasons, the Reason View holds that an agent must be in a position that allows her reasons to be governed by what reasons there are.
The Costs of Lifesaving: What If Smoking Saves Money?
Authors: Menzel Paul T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When we wonder whether the cost of lifesaving measures is worth paying, we typically think of their nominal, direct cost. We also work readily with net cost, discounting direct cost by what we save in the often sizable medical expenditures we avoid. There are, in fact, many other monetary costs of saving life. Some of them are the ordinary costs of living in the years of life we add-the sorts of things we figure in monthly budgets, for example. These hardly cross our mind when we wonder whether a particular segment of health care costs too much.
Been Down So Long
Authors: Greenberg Cheryl Lynn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If the Depression had caused government spending to skyrocket, fears of Axis aggression spurred further increases by the end of the 1930s. The United States joined the Allied powers as a major armaments supplier and poured funds into war related industries. Training programs expanded. Millions of the unemployed and the never-before-employed found jobs; living standards and prices began an upward climb. The process accelerated once the United States entered World War II at the end of 1941.
Howells: Literary History and the Realist Vocation
Authors: Brodhead Richard H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IF WE WERE LOOKING for a figure to stand for the opposite of Hawthorne’s kind of author, William Dean Howells would make an obvious choice. Hawthorne was nineteenth-century American culture’s embodiment of the private literary person: its figure of the artist as one who dwells apart in a private imaginative region, a region he gives the public access to in his work, without himself becoming available through that process. By contrast, Howells was the nineteenth century’s great figure of the artist as public man. A prolific writer, greatly more so than Hawthorne ever was, How ells was also almost constantly engaged, throughout his long career, in performing the public offices that establish literature’s public life.
James In The Beginning
Authors: Brodhead Richard H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If I were to recommend method in any part of the study of a Painter, it would be in regard to invention; that young Students should not presume to think themselves qualified to invent, till they were acquainted with those stores of invention the world already possesses, and had by that means accumulated sufficient materials for the mind to work with. It would certainly be no improper method of forming the mind of a young Artist, to begin with such exercises as the Italians call a Pasticcio composition of the different excellencies which are dispersed in all other works of the same kind. It is not supposed that he is to stop here, but that he is to acquire by this means the art of selecting, first what is truly excellent in Art, and then what is still more excellent in Nature; a task, which, without this previous study, he will be but ill qualified to perform.
Peripheral Visions from Rhetoric’s Past
Authors: Hill Carolyn Ericksen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Creating paths to what so many of us thought of as more responsive and truthful lives was a preoccupation of the 1970s, and Macrorie, Elbow, Coles, and to a certain extent, Schultz became spokesmen for all the composition teachers who hoped they might help people write along those paths. Alienated from many of our national institutions, we heard those voices promise us that writing could come alive in more authentic selves if we could just resist-and help students resist-the pressures of deadening conventions.
Writers’ Minds: Which System
Authors: Hill Carolyn Ericksen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most of my students who have thought at all about their own minds and the way they think, I have found, have a fairly bland, academically influenced idea about how those minds operate. Upper-class people may have taken a psychology course or two and are often ready, when I ask them what they think those minds of theirs are, anyway, with a tale about something that processes information and represents it (a few years ago I would hear more often about stimuli and responses), or now and then, about something that lets the student exist because it-the mind-thinks.
Think Tanks and Oracles
Authors: Cooke Roger M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To the Greek philosopher Plato, the title “Experts in Uncertainty” would have been a contradiction. With his famous “divided line” he partitioned knowledge into four categories. The lowest category was “eikasia” which is best translated as “conjecture.” After this comes “pistis” (belief), followed by “dianoia” (correct reasoning from hypotheses, as in mathematics), and “episteme” (knowledge). A line divides the lower two categories, belonging to the realm of appearances and deception, from the upper two, for which rigorous intellectual training is required.
Elder
Authors: Barnouw Erik 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Early in 1964 President Johnson decided–as was later revealed in The Pentagon Papers–on a massive escalation of the Vietnam war. It would include large air attacks on North Vietnam and would begin in 1 965. An arms buildup was begun and at once contributed to business prosperity. But the war decisions remained secret until after the 1964 presidential election. Those around Johnson felt the escalation Was essential. Truman was said to have “lost” China. If “we” lost Vietnam, 1t was assumed “we” Would “lose” Indonesia. Oil, tin. rubber, and other resources were at stake. Halfway measures must be avoided.
Meta-Compatibilism
Authors: Double Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Abstract In the first part of this book, I argue for a compatibilistic theory of freedom and responsibility that I think looks fairly plausible. But in the last chapter I argue that the plausibility of views like my autonomy variable account depends on selective attention to certain free will exemplars, and that conflicting intuitions can be generated by looking at different exemplars. In this chapter and the next, I advance a thesis That is consistent with the theme of Chapter 5 but goes well beyond it. I argue that not only is free will an inconsistent exemplar concept, but that it is a subjective, ultimately attitudinal concept as well. The debate between the compatibilists and incompatibilists can have no resolution because there can be no objective properties of free will or moral responsibility for their accounts to hit or miss. Hence, compatibilism and incompatibilism, contrary to appearances, cannot logically conflict, since both positions simply express subjective attitudes. I call this higher level ‘compatibility’ of compatibilism and incompatibilism meta-compatibilism.
An Argument for Moral Non-Realism
Authors: Double Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Abstract In the last chapter, I argue that free will and moral responsibility are moral terms that presuppose the existence of the moral proper¬ ties of freedom and responsibility. In this chapter, I try to show that there are no moral properties, thus completing the meta-compatibilist _argument begun in Chapter 6. My argument proceeds in two stages. In the first, I reject Objective Moral Realism (the view that moral properties exist in agents and their actions independently of anyone’s judgment that they exist). In doing so, I consider five varieties of moral realism. In the second stage, I reject a subjective variety of moral realism (Universal Subjectivism) that takes moral judgments to be the products of our widely shared disposition to agree about moral matters. I call the remaining view Anarchistic Subjectivism because it holds that moral judgments are subjective, but not universally shared, inasmuch as they depend on a disorganized mixture of factors. This theory holds that there are no ‘natural kinds’ among our subjective opinions about actions that could provide moral truth.
On the Origin And Variety Of Moral Entities
Authors: Carr Craig L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The task of first philosophy, insofar as it has lived up to its own true nature, has been to define things in the broadest possible manner and to arrange them consistently into certain categories, and also to provide a general description of the nature and condition of each kind of thing. But those who have heretofore undertaken to cultivate this discipline, and who seem to have accomplished its task so well in the class of natural entities, have-the matter speaks for itself-not given moral entities the attention they deserve. Many people have not even thought about these things; others have dealt with them, but only lightly, as if they were worthless or unimportant fictions. This despite the fact that it greatly behooves man to know the nature of such entities, which he has received the faculty to produce, and whose power deeply suffuses itself throughout his life.
On the Human Understanding’s Contribution to Moral
Authors: Carr Craig L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the chief task of this discipline which we have undertaken to set forth is to demonstrate the right and wrong, good and bad, and justice and injustice of human actions, we will first have to consider the principles and characteristics of these actions, and then how they are understood to be morally connected with man through imputation. So, to begin, mans excellence far outshines the brutes in that he is endowed with a most noble soul capable of knowing and judging things by means of a special light, and of seeking or rejecting them with an exquisite rapidity. And human actions are consequently assigned to a much more distinguished class than the movements of brutes, which are elicited by sensory stimuli without any preceding reflection.
On The Natural State Of Men
Authors: Carr Craig L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We understand here by man’s natural state not that most perfect condition ultimately intended by nature as most suited for him, but one into which we conceive him placed by the mere fact of his birth, and from which all human or divinely inspired inventions and institutions that now give the life of mortals a rather different aspect, as it were, have been removed. These include not only the various arts and the general culture of human life, but also and especially the civil societies at whose origin humankind was arranged into a well-defined order.
On The Consent Required In Promises And Pacts
Authors: Carr Craig L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since promises and pacts as a rule restrict our freedom and impose on us a burden of necessarily doing something we were formerly free to do or not do, there is no more appropriate reason that someone cannot rightly complain about having to carry such a burden than the fact that he himself has previously consented to it and willingly taken upon himself what he was formerly able to refuse.
On The Transfer Of Dominion In General
Authors: Carr Craig L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Next we must see about derivative ways of acquisition, by which an already established dominion passes from one person to another. Before we give a particular account of these, it will be appropriate to preface some things about the transfer of dominion in general. Accordingly, someone’s ability to alienate a thing of his, or transfer it to another, results as such from the nature of full dominion. For since this gives an owner the faculty to dispose over a thing as he decides, the chief part of this faculty seems surely to be the ability to transfer the thing to another if it so pleases him, so that in this manner he may either acquire a thing more suited to himself, or at least have the opportunity to obligate another toward himself by means of a benefit.
On Marriage
Authors: Carr Craig L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Next, we must investigate the origin and nature of human sovereignty, as well as those precepts of the natural law and the law of nations that presuppose it. But since sovereignty can be understood only among many persons, and indeed, since it is well established by the authority of the Sacred Scriptures that at the beginning God produced only one human pair to which all mortals refer their origin, we must, before treating civil sovereignty, examine matrimony, which gives rise to families and furnishes the material, as it were, out of which sovereignties and states are constituted. For just as the human body is composed of different members which, considered in themselves, also appear to be bodies, so are civil states made up of lesser societies. Some of these are called simple and primary while others, being slightly more composite, usually come with the name of associations.
On Paternal Authority
Authors: Carr Craig L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Marriage gives rise to offspring over whom paternal authority is established. This is at once the most ancient and most holy sort of sovereignty, and children are bound by it to honor the commands of their parents and to acknowledge them as their superiors. Grotius and most others refer its origin to the act of generation whereby parents, by bringing into being someone not yet in existence, some-how resemble God.1 Since both parents contribute equally to generation, they say, each of them originally acquires an equal right over the offspring. Yet if they contend among themselves over sovereignty and cannot both be satisfied at the same time, the sovereignty of the father is to be preferred, not only because of the excellence of his sex but also because he has sovereignty over the mother.
On The Duty Of Supreme Sovereigns
Authors: Carr Craig L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It remains for us to look at the duty of supreme sovereigns, which we must do all the more diligently insofar as more evils arise for mortals if it is not properly observed, and because it is the proper function of this discipline to give an account of that duty, which goes beyond the limit of civil laws. But because such things are frequently inculcated by others, we can accomplish our task by repeating only the main headings. The precepts by means of which that duty may be fulfilled can be easily gathered if we ponder carefully the end and nature of states, as well as the parts of supreme sovereignty.
On The Right To Direct The Actions Of Citizens
Authors: Carr Craig L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Now that we have set forth the things that concern the nature of supreme sovereignty in general, we must also explore the chief questions raised about its individual parts. And since we have put the authority to direct the actions of citizens (from which civil laws flow) in first place, we must now add to the things about laws in general, which we set forth above, those that pertain to civil laws and the commands of supreme sovereigns in a special way.
On The Change And Perishing Of States
Authors: Carr Craig L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Changes in a state take place in a threefold manner, so that the state either remains the same, is no longer the same, or ceases entirely to be a state. The first kind of change occurs when the form of a state is changed, if a kingdom turns into an aristocracy, for instance, or if a democracy or an aristocracy is made into a kingdom. For here the essential form of a state remains; only the form resulting from the proper subject of supreme sovereignty is changed. Hence a people is also the same, whether it is ruled by a king, by nobles, or in a democratic manner. Indeed, even if it should happen that a formerly free people comes under the power of some king by war, so that it is thereafter in his patrimony, it does not on that account cease to be the same people, provided that the victorious king is willing to rule the subject people as a distinct kingdom in the future and not annex it to another people as a province.