bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In the Beginning: Traditions of the Naval World
Authors: O’Connell Robert L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On a lonely ship in the middle of the Pacific Ocean on November 17, 1901, an obscure commander in the American Navy was taking the chance of his life. He was writing a letter to the president of the United States, reporting what he considered to be the gross inefficiency of the country’s warships and crews. A friend wrote later, “It amount[ed] in effect to reporting everyone in Washington for neglect of duty.”1 Yet the outspoken commander felt that “things were in such a state that . . . I was persuaded that no military reform would be made without outside pressure.” So he sent the letter to the newly installed occupant of the White House, Theodore Roosevelt. The president’s background and his well-known ambition to greatly·increase the size and efficiency of the American Navy ensured that the letter would receive the chief executive’s close attention. What he read was hardly reassuring: “I have ... been forced to the very serious conclusion that the protection and armament of even our most recent battleships are so glaringly inferior ... that our marksmanship is so crushingly inferior ... that one or more of our ships would, in their present condition, inevitably suffer humiliating defeat at the hands of equal numbers of an enemy’g;vessels.
The Evil Below and Above
Authors: O’Connell Robert L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Heresy lurked beneath the waves. Traditional naval belief was founded on a profound misperception of water, upon which all else rested. Unlike land-based cathedrals, it was the battleship’s misfortune to float in a physical medium even less substantial than the body of belief that had brought it into existence. Despite all assertions to the contrary, there was simply no such thing as an unsinkable ship. But the ocean’s eternal willingness to swallow leaky ships was strangely contradicted by its remarkable noncompressibility when subjected to sudden stress. This quirk of physics was the fatal flaw in the logical structure that supported the surface vessel. Because of the immense inertial resistance exerted by water, the entire force of a submerged explosion next to a ship will be drawn inward through the hull (which after all is filled with very compressible air), along the line of least resistance. Seen in this light, a battleship was, not the impregnable floating fortress perceived by Mahan’s followers, but basically a bubble clad in a thin layer of steel. To compound matters, water was capable of being used as a medium of transport to great depths, making it possible to approach and attack a surface vessel from below.
Fractal Growth
Authors: Bassingthwaighte James B , Liebovitch Larry S , West Bruce J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Humans have but 100,000 genes made up from about 109 pairs of bases (purines or pyrimidines) in DNA. There are about 250 different cell types in the body and each has a multitude of enzymes and structural proteins. The numbers of cells in the body is beyond counting. The numbers of structural elements in a small organ exceeds the numbers of genes; the heart has about 10 million capillary tissue units, each composed of endothelial cells, myocytes, fibroblasts, and neurons. The lung has even more. Consequently, the genes, the instruction set, must command the growth of cells and structures most parsimoniously, and end up with functioning structures that last for decades.
The Promissive Future and the Conjunctive in Coptic
Authors: Depuydt Leo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The n=f-sotm pattern is not the only Coptic verb form called “conjunctive.”84 In Ludwig Stern’s monumental Coptic grammar, the conjugation basis tare bears the name conjunctivus futuri “conjunctive of the future” or “future conjunctive.”85 Stern even refers to tare as the “second conjunctive.”
The Dangers of Incentives to Increase Services and the Ineffectiveness of Current Responses
Authors: Rodwin Marc A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
proponents of the six activities discussed in Chapter 3 say that these serve some useful and legitimate functions. They also think that any negative side effects are negligible and can be dealt with by existing peer review and regulation. These claims are mistaken. Each of the financial arrangements discussed creates conflicts of interest that divide the physician’s loyalty between patients and other parties. Each is also expendable or can be severely curtailed, with a net gain for patients, as well as for the practice of medicine.
Incentives To Decrease Services In Hmos And Hospitals
Authors: Rodwin Marc A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many policies that give physicians incentives to withhold services originate from private institutions and government agencies as responses to the distortions of fee-for-service medical practice. A simple syllogism has governed policy: giving physicians incentives to perform services produces undesirable effects. Ergo, eliminate these problems by giving physicians incentives to refrain from performing services. Only one thing was overlooked: rewarding physicians for using resources frugally does not eliminate financial conflicts of interest. It creates new conflicts with different effects.
What Needs To Be Done?
Authors: Rodwin Marc A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The medical profession and the country must rethink the ways they deal with physicians’ conflicts of interest. The problem is long standing and systematically impairs medicine. Chapter 7 examined the diverse measures developed to address conflicts of other professionals. This chapter considers what should be done. It starts by considering two misguided remedies: relying on disclosure of conflicts and using state employment of doctors. Then it reviews recommendations for addressing the seven kinds of conflict of interest this book examined. It also proposes various institutional means to bring about needed changes and concludes with reflections on the relations between incentives, ethics, law, and social policy.
Languages of Europe
Authors: Lyovin Anatole V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before I launch into an enumeration of the various language families found in Europe, a few prefatory words are in order about the scope of the cover age, the sources on which the following presentations are based, and even the author’s handling of some genetic classifications which have caused a great deal of controversy in recent years.
First, the coverage is not intended to be encyclopedic and exhaustive be cause there exist many excellent reference sources which may be consulted by students wishing to know more details about classification of particular languages, geographical distribution of languages, and the number of speak ers of individual languages.
Learning Strategies and Learning Factories
Authors: Fruin W Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Making many different things with economy, speed, and integrity is Toshiba’s manufacturing strategy. To enact this strategy in an increasingly competitive world, Toshiba has advanced fundamentally new forms of manufacturing organization during the past quarter century, an especially turbulent era for high-technology industries. Knowledge Works, the most outstanding of these forms, fuses best practices from shop floor operations, production engineering, orga-nizational campaigning, and technology management with industrial R&D.
Prologue:‘You’ll Never Find a Better Constitution’
Authors: Nagel Robert F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The course of civil rights litigation in the 1940s and 1950s was not smooth. It was a version of the duality that W.E.B. Du Bois said described the lives of all African-Americans: “an American, a Negro; two souls, two thoughts, two unreconciled strivings; two warring ideals in one dark body.’ For civil rights lawyers like Thurgood Marshall, this duality went to the heart of their work. They were committed to enforcing a Constitution whose promises had been repeatedly be-trayed. In speeches and anecdotes, Marshall often expressed the ambiguities of civil rights litigation and the Constitution that ran through civil rights lawyers’ work.
’A Carefully Planned Program’Attacking Restrictive Covenants
Authors: Nagel Robert F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The NAACP’S litigation during the 1940s centered on restructuring the law so that courts could rely on the social and economic consequences of discrimination as a basis for invalidating state laws. This approach reached its first peak in the attack on racially restrictive covenants, and then was pursued even more fully in the education litigation that ended with Brown v. Board of Education. At the deepest intellectual level, the NAACP’s lawyers were convinced that social and economic consequences were relevant to the law; they accepted the arguments of the Ameri-can Legal Realists, expressed in the transformation of the Howard Law School, that constitutional law was a form of policy making and that understanding the consequences of legal rules was essential to developing sound constitutional law. This conviction led them to inject sociological evidence into the school segregation cases. The immediate source of attention to those consequences, however, was a problem of litigation strategy that the Supreme Court’s rulings on racial discrimi-nation in housing forced on the NAACP.1 The state-action doctrine shaped the overall outlines of the attack on discrimina-tion. States initially used government power to support racial discrimination. For example, Oklahoma adopted a ’grandfather clause’ restricting voting to those who passed a literacy test or who were descendants of people entitled to vote on January I, 1866, and Louisville adopted an ordinance barring whites from occupying a house in a block where the majority of houses were occupied by African-Americans, and vice versa. In two of the earliest cases handled by the NAACP, the Supreme Court had little difficulty finding these government actions unconstitu-tional.2 Advocates of racial discrimination then turned to other techniques of exclu-sion. Essentially the same residential patterns that the Louisville ordinance im-posed could be achieved by agreements among white home owners not to sell their houses to African-Americans. These agreements were embedded in provisions, called covenants, in the deeds and contracts made when a house was sold. Restric
’Interference with the Effective Choice of the Voters’Challenging the White Primary
Authors: Nagel Robert F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
African-Americans challenged segregation in court because they knew that legisla-tures would not take Jim Crow laws off the books. After all, African-Americans were excluded from voting. Challenging disfranchisement in the courts directly attacked one part of the Jim Crow system, and if it succeeded it might provide African-Americans with enough political power to change the rest. Jim Crow’s defenders, though, found it easy to accomplish or sustain disfranchisement in ways protected by the state-action doctrine. The NAACP’s lawyers had to develop innovative theories to challenge these ’private’ systems of disfranchisement. In the end they succeeded, but the challenge took so long that the last case reached the Supreme Court at the same time as the direct challenge to segregated educa-tion.’ Even more, whites maintained political power in the South by means that the legal challenge could not reach, such as physical terror. In voting cases, then, successes were inevitably limited. During and after the 1890s, Southern legislators adopted two strategies to exclude African-Americans from voting. The first, embodied in Mississippi’s 1890 consti-tution, used poll taxes, literacy tests, and similar devices to define qualifications for voting. These devices did not, in terms, treat African-Americans differently from whites, but they were intended to exclude more African-Americans than whites from voting, and did. Because the Mississippi approach did bar some whites from voting, however, it could be politically controversial, particularly when the approach was aimed at disfranchising whites who supported the Populist and similar parties.1 The alternative strategy focused specifically on African-Americans. In some states like Maryland at the turn of the century, vigorous party competition made it politically impossible to propose programs that would disfranchise some whites * As later chapters show, the Court’s deliberations in Brown v. Board of Education were affected by the concerns the justices expressed in the voting cases.
Introduction
Authors: Oster Sharon M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nonprofit organizations earn more than $100 billion in revenue in the United States each year, in more than 1 million different organizations.1 In some sectors-like religion and the arts-nonprofits are the dominant organizational form. In other areas, nonprofits share the market with for profit corporations and public agencies. In almost all markets, however, nonprofits face increasing competition, competition that has intensified the pressure these organizations face to find effective management methods) In this book, we explore strategic management in the nonprofit. In the last several decades, the management of nonprofit organizations has become an increasingly rich terrain for academic work in the social sciences.
The Mission of the Nonprofit Organization
Authors: Oster Sharon M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is difficult even to begin to discuss nonprofit organizations without almost immediately ending up in a discussion of the mission of that organization. Consider the following description of the process of reorganization at the Girl Scouts of America from Frances Hesselbein, former executive director: We kept asking ourselves very simple questions. What is our business? Who is the customer: And what does the customer consider value? If you’re the Girl Scouts, IBM, or AT&T, you have to manage for a mission. While Hesselbein is doubtless correct that for-profit companies must ultimately manage with some mission in mind, for a nonprofit, the role of the mission and its articulation is typically larger than it is for the for-profit corporation. This augmented role comes from the particular nature of nonprofit operations. In this chapter, we examine the function of nonprofits in the economy and the way in which nonprofit structure and function enlarge the role of the mission statement. We then turn to a more detailed discussion of how nonprofits develop and change their missions.
Structural Analysis of a Nonprofit Industry
Authors: Oster Sharon M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nonprofit organizations often begin with a vision. To survive, however, organizations must also understand the economic and political markets in which they operate. The importance of hard-headed. market analysis and good management in running a nonprofit is made well by Franklin Thomas, president of the Ford Foundation, the largest philanthropic foundation in the world: “People think of (nonprofits) as soft, imprecise, and touchy-feely. That’s just malarkey. Invariably when businessmen come over to this side, they say they never imagined it to be so hard.”
Product Mix and Pricing
Authors: Oster Sharon M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The typical large museum has a number of products and services that it provides. It maintains a core collection, often runs film and lecture series, hosts special exhibits and school projects, runs a museum store and restaurant, and rents out its facilities for private functions. Small social service agencies often run counseling services, recreational programs, employment related activities, and general community services. Universities provide education for undergraduates as well as specialized professional students and continuing education for adults. In addition, they run food concessions, athletic programs, dramatic and musical shows, and a wide range of other activities. In each of these cases, some of these activities are financed through fees, while others are supported through fundraising efforts. In this chapter, we look at two related questions in the marketing of nonprofits: how do nonprofits decide what range of products and services to provide, and how do they decide whether and how to charge fees for these products and services. In this context, we will discuss a number of important topics in the nonprofit area: the relationship between core businesses and the organization as a whole, the role of for-profit activities in a nonprofit organization, and the importance of cross-subsidization of programs in nonprofits.
Clinical And Research Implications For Developmental Interventions In The Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Sostek Anita Miller , Goldson Edward 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the purposes of this volume was to bring together, under one cover, the major developmental interventions that have been proposed for the very sick infant. These interventions include the individualized care of the preterm infant, kangaroo care, massage, water beds, and autonomic entrainment. Because many of these interventions remain controversial, the authors have provided theoretical rationales and experimental data to support the efficacy of each such intervention. As presented, it would seem that each intervention should stand on its own. However, this may not necessarily be the case. For example, once the infant is physiologically stable, combinations of interventions could be employed to facilitate optimal state organization and physiological stability.
The Emerging Concept of an Enterprise
Authors: Ackoff Russell L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I consider how and why the concept of an enterprise has evolved since the Renaissance-from the enterprise conceptualized as a machine, then as an organism, and now as a social system. Then I consider the implications of looking at an enterprise as a system, what doing so should mean to management and the way work is organized. In this chapter and in Chapter 2 I will consider the implication of looking at enterprises as social systems.
The Enterprise and Its Stakeholders
Authors: Ackoff Russell L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since an enterprise conceptualized as a social system involves three major sets of purposes-those of its containing system, its own, and those of its parts-it can be viewed from each of these perspectives. These views are different but compatible. First, I consider the role of the corporation in the larger system of which it is a part, society. What societal purposes do corporations have the function of furthering? Then I consider the nature of the overriding purpose of corporations conceptualized as social systems, development, and what is required of an organization for continuous development.
The Circular Organization
Authors: Ackoff Russell L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is devoted to two very important and fundamental issues raised in earlier chapters. The first concerns improvement of the quality of work life of an increasingly educated work force and by so doing to serve better both their purposes and those of the organization as a whole. The second concerns the types of organizational changes required to facilitate the management of the way the parts of an organization interact, and the way the organization as a whole interacts with parts of its environment. In this chapter I present an organizational design that addresses these two issues. First, however, I review and amplify the issues.
Adding Value
Authors: Kay John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is corporate success, and how is it measured? In this chapter I explore the strengths and weaknesses of common performance measures by comparing the performance of America’s leading retailers—Wal-Mart, Kmart, and Sears-Roebuck. Some people judge success by size. They look at a firm’s sales, its market share, and its stock exchange value. Sometimes performance is assessed by referring to the rate of return, which can be measured as the return on equity, on investment, or on sales. And sometimes success is measured by growth, reflected in an increase in output, movements in earnings per share, or, prospectively, the firm’s price-earnings ratio.
Relationships and Contracts
Authors: Kay John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As it was in Chapter 3, my purpose here is to develop concepts that are applied in later chapters. Firms establish many different kinds of commercial relationships, the most common of which is the spot contract, an agreement for an immediate exchange. But many important relationships are made as classical contracts—long-term legal agreements containing provisions specifying how dealings between the parties will evolve as events unfold. A relational contract also is a long-term relationship. But its provisions are often only partly specified, and it is enforced not by legal process but by the parties’ need to continue doing business with each other.
Sustainability
Authors: Kay John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Distinctive capabilities will continue to add value only if both the capability and the distinctiveness can be sustained. In this chapter, I use case studies and statistical evidence to show that many companies are indeed successful in building sustainable competitive advantages from their distinctive capabilities. Of the principal distinctive capabilities, reputation is generally the easiest to sustain, and innovation is the most difficult, but each poses its own problems. Strategic assets can often be defended over very lengthy periods but may be suddenly at risk when regulations or market conditions change. For a firm with strategic assets, skills in handling public policy may be as important as those of business management.
The Value of Competitive Advantage
Authors: Kay John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I explain how competitive advantage is quantified, how it is turned into added value, and how added value is reflected in conventional measures of financial performance, such as cash flow, profits, and returns to shareholders.
Competitive advantage is, necessarily, relative-a competitive advantage is something that one firm has over another. When I talk of competitive advantage without making a specific comparison, the implicit comparison is with a normal or representative firm-perhaps the weakest competitor or a hypothetical entrant to the market in which the firm concerned holds its competitive advantage.
Double Case Marking in Kanyara and Mantharta Languages, Western Australia
Authors: Austin Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has been known for some time that Australian Aboriginal languages have what has been termed “Suffixaufnahme” (Finck 1910, Plank 1990)-i.e., agreement of case-marked attributive nominals with their head by a second layer of case affixation-but it was not until the important work of Dench and Evans (1988) that a solid descriptive foundation was established for discussing the phenomenon. Dench and Evans catalogue the full extent of Suffixaufnahme in Australia, and the ways it is formally expressed. A recent survey covering the whole of the Australian continent is Schweiger’s chapter in this volume.
Introduction
Authors: Briggs Charles L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Conflict is a common feature of social life, and representations of conflict frequently form central foci of expressive economies. A number of researchers have suggested that verbal disputing constitutes a crucial means by which children and adolescents learn to construct their identities and to position themselves vis-a-vis their peers. Gossip narratives similarly play a prominent role in everyday talk among adults in shaping everyday understandings of social conflict.