bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
VOLUME CHANGES IN HEMOLYTIC SYSTEMS CONTAINING RESORCINOL, TAUROCHOLATE, AND SAPONIN
Authors: Ponder Eric 
Published: May 2004

Simultaneous measurement of hemolysis, the volume of the intact cells, and the K lost from the intact cells of systems containing resorcinol, sodium taurocholate, and saponin shows that the volume increases may be conspicuously small while the K losses are large, and that the volume increases are un-equal for equal K losses produced by different lysins. In higher concentrations of the same lysins, the critical volume for hemolysis is a function of the nature of the lysin and of its concentration.
It is impossible to say whether these observations are compatible with the current "dual mechanism" and "colloid osmotic" hypotheses of hemolysis, in which the swelling of the cell is supposed to result from the lysin having made it cation-permeable. The difficulty to be overcome is that the theory cannot be developed to describe volume changes in finite time unless we know what assumptions to make about the mobilities of K and Na, the forces driving them into and out of the cell, etc. The experimental results do not suggest, however, that any simple set of assumptions would be satisfactory.
The conditions which regulate the upper limit of the swelling, i.e. the point at which a swelling phenomenon becomes a hemolytic phenomenon, are functions of the nature of the lysin and sometimes of its concentration. They require to be specified by an independent statement, over and above any statement which may be made about the rate at which swelling occurs in the system. The simplest view of the situation is that the conditions which regulate the critical volume and those which regulate the rate of swelling are both functions, as yet undefined, of the reaction which takes place between the lysin and the structural components of the red cell.
STUDIES IN BIOCHEMICAL GENETICS IN DROSOPHILA
Authors: Villee Claude A. 
Published: May 2004

The metabolism of the imaginal discs of wild type, miniature, vestigial, and four-jointed varieties of Drosophila was investigated using the Cartesian diver ultramicrorespirometer. Wild type and vestigial wing disc respiration is inhibited by cyanide and azide and thus is mediated by an iron or copper porphyrin system, presumable cytochrome-cytochrome oxidase. Respiration is also inhibited by certain hydroxynaphthoquinones, believed to inactivate some enzyme between cytochromes b and c. The respiration of the vestigial and miniature wing discs is increased to normal by the addition of ascorbic acid and to a lesser extent by p-phenylenediamine and hydroquinone, hence the cytochrome oxidase and cytochrome c systems of vestigial and miniature wing discs are normal and the effects of these genes are on enzymes below cytochrome c in the respiratory chain.
The respiratory enzymes of the developing imaginal discs of insects are similar to those of a wide variety of cells from bacteria to mammals. The correlation of these biochemical findings with embryological studies of the discs is discussed.
STUDIES ON THE INTERMEDIARY CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM OF AQUATIC ANIMALS
Authors: DuBois Kenneth P. , Geiling E. M. K. , McBride Arthur F. , Thomson John F. 
Published: May 2004

1. Liver, kidney, brain, skeletal muscle, and cardiac muscle from one newborn and three adult long-snouted dolphins (Stenella plagiodon) were obtained for enzyme studies.
2. All of the dolphin tissues exhibited cytochrome oxidase, succinic dehydrogenase, and malic dehydrogenase activity. Considerable differences in the enzyme activities of the various tissues were noted, with cardiac muscle exhibiting the highest respiratory enzyme activity. The enzyme activities of dolphin tissues were lower than those of the corresponding rat tissues.
3. All of the dolphin tissues exhibited adenosine triphosphatase activity which was accelerated by magnesium and manganese but, in contrast to rat tissues, was only slightly activated by calcium.
4. Measurements of the distribution of acid-soluble phosphorus in dolphin tissues indicated that glycolysis in all of the tissues examined proceeded through the Emden-Meyerhof phosphorylation scheme.
5. The average glycogen content of dolphin skeletal muscle was 0.98 per cent as compared with 0.16 to 0.20 per cent for rat skeletal muscle. The high glycogen content of dolphin skeletal muscle indicates a ready source of substrate for glycolysis even during submergence when the blood supply may be differentially shunted to other organs.
6. Measurements of the organ weights of dolphins showed that the lungs occupy over three times and the liver one-half as much of the total body weight as do these organs in the rat. The heart and the thyroid gland of the dolphin are also larger in proportion to the total body weight than in the rat while the relative weights of the other tissues in the two species are about the same.
GALLOXANTHIN, A CAROTENOID FROM THE CHICKEN RETINA
Authors: Wald George 
Published: May 2004

A new carotenoid has been isolated from the chicken retina for which the name galloxanthin is proposed. This substance has the properties of a hydroxy carotenoid or xanthophyll. It has not yet been crystallized. On a chromatogram of calcium carbonate it is adsorbed just below astaxanthin and above lutein.
The absorption spectrum of galloxanthin lies in a region where natural carotenoids have not ordinarily been found. Its main, central absorption band falls at about 400 mµ. The position of its spectrum suggests a conjugated system of eight double bonds. This relatively short polyene structure must be reconciled with very strong adsorption affinities.
With antimony trichloride, galloxanthin yields a deep blue product, possessing a main absorption band at 785 to 795 mµ, and a secondary maximum at about 710 mµ which may not be due to galloxanthin itself.
Galloxanthin appears to be one of the carotenoid filter pigments associated with cone vision in the chicken. It may act as an auxiliary to the other filter pigments in differentiating colors; or its primary function may be to exclude violet and near ultraviolet radiations for which the eye has a large chromatic aberration.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE EFFECT OF PENICILLIN ON THE REACTION BETWEEN PHAGE AND STAPHYLOCOCCI
Authors: Krueger A. P. , Cohn T. , Smith P. N. , McGuire C. D. 
Published: May 2004

The essential facts relating to the reaction between phage, sodium penicillin G, and the K race of Staphylococcus aureus are:
1. Except when [P] is very high, massive lysis of the cellular substrate occurs considerably sooner in the P-PN-B mixture than in preparations containing P alone or PN alone.
2. The accelerative effect is present in concentrations of PN varying from 0.1 to 1 x 104 units/ml.
3. Acceleration of lysis can be secured by exposing staphylococci to PN prior to treatment with P.
4. In certain concentrations of P and B in tryptose-phosphate broth, P formation apparently takes place without bacterial reproduction. The extent to which P is produced is influenced very little by [PN]0 but is markedly dependent upon [P]0. With low P/B ratios the [P] curve shows a lag followed by a rapid rise to a peak of 25 to 30 times [P]0. When the P/B ratio approaches unity there is a considerable primary drop in [P] and later an increase which, however, fails to bring the total P produced above [P]0. When P/B is still higher, the [P] curve drops profoundly as the bacteria lyse and never enters into a productive phase.
5. In Locke's solution mixtures of P-PN-B, containing 5 to 10 per cent broth, P formation occurs in the absence of detectable cellular reproduction to the extent of a four- to sixfold increase over [P]0.
6. Direct microscopic examination of wet preparations removed during the P-PN-B reaction has disclosed swelling of the staphylococci. The swollen cells are three times the diameter of normal S. aureus secured from an 18 hour culture. Cellular swelling apparently accounts for the experimental observation that the curve for lysis plotted from [B]K lags considerably behind the [B]D curve. Increase in the size of individual cells would tend to keep the photoelectric colorimeter measurements high even while the direct count was diminishing.
7. When the P-PN-B reaction is carried out in broth, attainment of the peak in P production is followed by a moderate loss of P. This does not occur when P, PN, and B react in Locke's solution.
The reaction dealt with here between P, PN, and S. aureus is similar in a good many respects to that investigated by Price for P, PN, and S. muscae. For example, in both cases P is produced without bacterial reproduction. There are, however, certain noteworthy differences: (a) PN increases the time of half-lysis for S. muscae and lessens it for S. aureus. (b) The yields of P in ranges of [P] and [PN] permitting P formation without bacterial reproduction are higher for S. muscae than for S. aureus. (c) An increase in [PN] from 33 units/ml, to 833 units/ml, greatly reduces the final plaque count secured with S. muscae as a substrate but has no discernible influence on the reaction when S. aureus is used.
Currently studies are in progress on the P-PN-B reaction in a synthetic medium in order to obtain information on the mechanism involved.
PROTEOLYTIC CONTAMINANTS OF CRYSTALLINE RIBONUCLEASE
Authors: McDonald Margaret R. 
Published: May 2004

1. The ability of crystalline ribonuclease to hydrolyze proteins is due to impurities present in the preparations and not to an intrinsic property of the ribonuclease molecule. The amounts of these impurities vary enormously with different preparations.
2. The dangers inherent in the use of crystalline enzymes as specific tools, without assaying them for all possible interfering impurities, are emphasized.
THE PERMEABILITY OF HUMAN RED CELLS TO CATIONS AFTER TREATMENT WITH RESORCINOL, n-BUTYL ALCOHOL, AND SIMILAR LYSINS
Authors: Ponder Eric 
Published: May 2004

The form of families of curves relating K loss to time in systems containing hypolytic concentrations of resorcinol and of n-butyl alcohol points to the human red cell's being slightly permeable to K and Na even when it is in isotonic NaCl (or plasma), and to the effect of the hypolytic concentrations of lysin being such as to increase this permeability.
The rate of reentry of K into red cells which have lost it is more rapid than the rate of the previous loss. This may be due to the reimmersion of the lysin-treated cells in isotonic KCl producing further modifications of the ion-restricting mechanisms associated with the red cell structure.
The volume changes observed in systems which show the large K-Na exchanges produced by resorcinol and by n-butyl alcohol are not the same as those which would be expected on the basis of the dual mechanism of hemolysis hypothesis or of the colloid-osmotic hemolysis hypothesis. Extensive swelling of the red cells occurs only when the concentrations of lysin are large enough to produce considerable hemolysis.
THE STIMULATING EFFECT OF GLYCOLS AND THEIR POLYMERS ON THE TARSAL RECEPTORS OF BLOWFLIES
Authors: Dethier V. G. , Chadwick L. E. 
Published: May 2004

The rejection thresholds of Phormia regina Meigen for twenty-four glycols have been determined. A definite relationship between the concentration of the test material and the distribution of thresholds has been noted regularly in samples of flies selected at random from a population of known age which had been reared under standard conditions. The scattering of thresholds is normal with respect to the logarithm of concentration. Recalculation of the data of other workers reveals the same sort of relationship with other species of insects and the minnow Phoxinus. The underlying reason for the phenomenon is not known.
The glycols in common with other series of homologous alipbatic compounds are rejected at logarithmically decreasing concentrations as the chain length is increased. In general the straight chain diols are more stimulating than the corresponding polyethylene and polypropylene glycols. This difference is related in some manner to the presence of ether linkages in the latter. Polypropylene glycols, with chains of three carbon atoms between the ether linkages are more stimulating than polyethylene glycols, where the spacing is —O—C—C—O—. Unipolymers are more stimulating than mixtures of homologues with the same average molecular weights. Polyethylene glycol 1540 is the largest molecule of measured molecular weight known to stimulate chemoreceptors. The introduction of a second terminal hydroxyl group into the straight hydrocarbon chain reduces the stimulating effect. Alcohols corresponding to the first three diols average about four times as stimulating as the latter while those corresponding to the higher diols average more than one hundred times as stimulating.
PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF SHELL MEMBRANES
Authors: Wolken J. J. , Schwertz F. A. 
Published: May 2004

The results obtained in the present work bring out clearly that the dried shell membrane is an open lattice-like network containing micropores of the order of 1 micron in mean equivalent diameter and whose surface density is roughly 20 millions per sq. cm. The gas transfer through this network is largely by viscous flow and accordingly does not obey Graham's law of diffusion.
The data make clear that dried shell membranes are extremely permeable to all the gases examined and that wet membranes are completely impermeable. This fact leads one to suspect that during embryonic development, the rate of influx of gases is controlled in some measure by the moisture content of the shell membrane.
The permeability technique developed here should be of value in the study of other membranes and especially natural membranes of biological importance.
REGULATORY MECHANISMS OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Authors: Barron E. S. Guzman , Muntz John A. , Gasvoda Betty 
Published: May 2004

Uranium as UO2(NO3)2 combines reversibly with proteins. The degree of dissociation of this combination depends, among other factors, on the H+ concentration. At pH 7.3 the U-albumin complex was easily dissociated on addition of citrate, while at pH 3.8 it was not. Uranium inhibited reversibly a number of enzyme systems.
Uranium enzyme inhibitions could be reversed on addition of certain hydroxypolycarboxylic acids (citric acid, α-hydroxyaspartic acid, malic acid); in no case, however, did phosphate have any effect.
In cell-free yeast juice, the fermentation of glucose-hexosediphosphate was inhibited by UO2(NO3)2. Slight reactivation occurred on addition of phosphate.
In living yeast cells, the fermentation and oxidation of glucose was inhibited by small amounts of UO2(NO3)2 (7,7 micrograms per mg. dry weight), while the oxidation of acetic acid, ethyl alcohol, malic and citric acids, was not affected at all. U inhibition in living yeast cells at pH 7.3 was completely released on addition of small amounts of phosphate, adenosinetriphosphate, and citrate, while at pH 3.8 U inhibition was not released by phosphate and citrate. At saturation, one yeast cell contained 7.06 x 106 molecules of uranium. Lactic dehydrogenase was not inhibited by U while the oxidation of lactic acid by gonococci was inhibited. Addition of phosphate released this inhibition. The U inhibition of liver succinoxidase was unaffected by phosphate, while the U inhibition of the oxidation of succinate by E. coli was released by phosphate.
It has been concluded from these experiments that U inhibition of cell metabolism is due to combination of the metal with the protein portion of the cell membrane. Uranium is presented as an example of surface inhibition.
PHAGE FORMATION IN STAPHYLOCOCCUS MUSCAE CULTURES
Authors: Price Winston H. 
Published: May 2004

1. The release of S. muscae phage in veal infusion medium is correlated with lysis of the host.
2. The release of the bacterial virus in Fildes' synthetic medium occurs in a step-wise manner before observable lysis of the cells occurs. This result has been confirmed by both turbidimetric readings and direct microscopic examination of the infected cells.
TEMPERATURE ACTIVATION OF CERTAIN RESPIRATORY ENZYMES OF STENOTHERMOPHILIC BACTERIA
Authors: Gaughran Eugene R. L. 
Published: May 2004

The results of this study of the effect of temperature on the respiratory mechanism of five stenothermophilic bacteria may be summarized as follows:—
1. The respiratory mechanism and its various components of the stenothermophilic bacteria were found to function at temperatures below the minimum temperature for growth of these organisms. In every case the rates of the individual reactions involved in the respiratory chain increased exponentially with temperature until the temperature at which inactivation became apparent was reached.
2. The mean activation energies, calculated from the "best" value for the slope of the straight lines resulting from a plot of log rate against the reciprocal of the absolute temperature were:
Dehydrogenases: 28,000 to 28,500 calories per gram molecule. Glucose, fructose, galactose, mannose, xylose, arabinose, maltose, lactose, sucrose, glycine, ß-alanine, monosodium glutamate, (asparagine).
19,500 to 20,500 calories per gram molecule. Ethyl alcohol, succinate, pyruvate, lactate, acetate.
19,500 to 20,500 calories per gram molecule. Ethyl alcohol, succinate, pyruvate, lactate, acetate.
15,000 calories per gram molecule. Formate.
Cytochrome oxidase and cytochrome b and c (substrate: p-phenylenediamine): 16,800 calories per gram molecule.
Cytochrome oxidase and cytochrome c (substrate: hydroquinone): 20,200 calories per gram molecule.
Catalase: 4,100 calories per gram molecule.
Complete aerobic respiratory system (plus added glucose): 29,500 calories per gram molecule.
3. The identity of the energies of activation of the respiratory system and its enzymic components at temperatures above and below the minimum temperature for growth of the stenothermophilic bacteria was demonstrated.
4. An attempt has been made to indicate a relationship between the nature of the substrate and the activation energy by grouping substrates on the basis of common µ values obtained for their dehydrogenation by resting cell preparations of stenothermophilic bacteria. The dehydrogenation reactions have been found to be the rate-controlling reactions in the aerobic respiratory system of these bacteria.
AQUEOUS HUMOR/PLASMA CHLORIDE RATIOS IN RABBITS, DOGS, AND HUMAN BEINGS
Authors: Kinsey V. Everett 
Published: May 2004

The ratio of concentration of chloride in the aqueous humor compared with that in the plasma of rabbits, dogs, and human beings, was determined by the Schales and Sendroy methods. Consistent results were obtained in all the experiments by the Schales method with or without protein, and by the Sendroy method without protein. In the presence of protein, however, lower chloride concentrations were found in the plasma of dogs and human beings by the Sendroy method. The ratios in this instance were higher than values predicted on the basis of Gibbs-Donnan equilibrium and similar to those obtained by several previous investigators using the same method. With rabbits both methods gave essentially the same results under all conditions.
The ratios (Schales and Sendroy) for the rabbits based on arterial plasma averaged 0.98, on venous plasma 1.00; the ratio (Schales) for the dog for venous plasma was 1.00; the ratio (Schales, protein present or removed; Sendroy, protein removed) for human beings, based on venous plasma, was approximately 1.03. Ratios of 1.08 for the dog and 1.07 for human beings were obtained by the Sendroy method in the presence of protein. Possible explanations for these apparent discrepancies are discussed. In dogs and in human beings, the major evidence supports the contention that the aqueous humor/plasma chloride ratio is not in excess of that predicted by the Gibbs-Donnan equilibrium and therefore requires no special explanation. In the rabbit all the evidence indicates that the chloride ratios are actually less than the value predicted by the Gibbs-Donnan equilibrium.
STIMULATION OF TARSAL RECEPTORS OF THE BLOWFLY BY ALIPHATIC ALDEHYDES AND KETONES
Authors: Chadwick L. E. , Dethier V. G. 
Published: May 2004

Rejection of eight aldehydes, eight ketones, five secondary alcohols, and 3-pentanol has been studied in the blowfly Phormia regina Meigen. The data agree with results previously reported for normal alcohols and several series of glycols in showing a logarithmic increase in stimulating effect with increasing chain length. The order of increasing effectiveness among the different species of compounds thus far investigated is the following: polyglycols, diols, secondary alcohols, iso-alcohols, normal alcohols, ketones, iso-aldehydes, normal aldehydes.
Curves relating the logarithms of threshold concentration to the logarithms of chain length for diols, alcohols, aldehydes, and ketones show inflections in the 3 to 6 carbon range. Above and below the region of inflection the curves are nearly rectilinear. The slopes for the upper limbs (smaller molecules) are of the order of –2; for the lower limbs, about –10.
Comparisons of the threshold data with numerical values for molecular weights, molecular areas and volumes, oil-water distribution coefficients, activity coefficients, standard free energies, vapor pressures, boiling points, melting points, dipole moments, dielectric constants, and degree of association are discussed briefly, and it is concluded that none of the comparisons serves to bring the data from the several series and from the two portions of each series into a single homogeneous system. A qualitative comparison with water solubilities shows fewer discrepancies.
It is suggested that the existence of a combination of aqueous and lipoid phases at the receptor surface would fit best with what is presently known about the relationship between chemical structure and stimulating effect in contact chemoreception. In this hypothesis the smaller and more highly water-soluble compounds are envisaged as gaining access to the receptors partly through the aqueous phase, the larger molecules predominantly through the lipoid phase.