bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adaptive control for shape memory alloy actuated systems with applications to human–robot interaction
Authors: Shi Enming , Zhong Xu , Wang Tian , Li Xiaoguang , Bu Chunguang , Zhao Xingang 
Published: January 2024

IntroductionShape memory alloy (SMA) actuators are attractive options for robotic applications due to their salient features. So far, achieving precise control of SMA actuators and applying them to human-robot interaction scenarios remains a challenge.MethodsThis paper proposes a novel approach to deal with the control problem of a SMA actuator. Departing from conventional mechanism models, we attempt to describe this nonlinear plant using a gray-box model, in which only the input current and the output displacement are measured. The control scheme consists of the model parameters updating and the control law calculation. The adaptation algorithm is founded on the multi-innovation concept and incorporates a dead-zone weighted factor, aiming to concurrently reduce computational complexities and enhance robustness properties. The control law is based on a PI controller, the gains of which are designed by the pole assignment technique. Theoretical analysis proves that the closed-loop performance can be ensured under mild conditions.ResultsThe experiments are first conducted through the Beckhoff controller. The comparative results suggest that the proposed adaptive PI control strategy exhibits broad applicability, particularly under load variations. Subsequently, the SMA actuator is designed and incorporated into the hand rehabilitation robot. System position tracking experiments and passive rehabilitation training experiments for various gestures are then conducted. The experimental outcomes demonstrate that the hand rehabilitation robot, utilizing the SMA actuator, achieves higher position tracking accuracy and a more stable system under the adaptive control strategy proposed in this paper. Simultaneously, it successfully accommodates hand rehabilitation movements for multiple gestures.DiscussionThe adaptive controller proposed in this paper takes into account both the computational complexity of the model and the accuracy of the control results, Experimental results not only demonstrate the practicality and reliability of the controller but also attest to its potential application in human-machine interaction within the field of neural rehabilitation.
Radiomic model based on magnetic resonance imaging for predicting pathological complete response after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer patients
Authors: Yu Yimiao , Wang Zhibo , Wang Qi , Su Xiaohui , Li Zhenghao , Wang Ruifeng , Guo Tianhui , Gao Wen , Wang Haiji , Zhang Biyuan 
Published: January 2024

PurposeTo establish a model combining radiomic and clinicopathological factors based on magnetic resonance imaging to predict pathological complete response (pCR) after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer patients.MethodMRI images and clinicopathologic data of 329 eligible breast cancer patients from the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University from August 2018 to August 2022 were included in this study. All patients received neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC), and imaging examinations were performed before and after NAC. A total of 329 patients were randomly allocated to a training set and a test set at a ratio of 7:3. We mainly studied the following three types of prediction models: radiomic models, clinical models, and clinical-radiomic models. All models were evaluated using subject operating characteristic curve analysis and area under the curve (AUC), decision curve analysis (DCA) and calibration curves.ResultsThe AUCs of the clinical prediction model, independent imaging model and clinical combined imaging model in the training set were 0.864 0.968 and 0.984, and those in the test set were 0.724, 0.754 and 0.877, respectively. According to DCA and calibration curves, the clinical-radiomic model showed good predictive performance in both the training set and the test set, and we found that we had developed a more concise clinical-radiomic nomogram.ConclusionWe have developed a clinical-radiomic model by integrating radiomic features and clinical factors to predict pCR after NAC in breast cancer patients, thereby contributing to the personalized treatment of patients.
Unexpected reaction of “wild-type” gastrointestinal stromal tumor to imatinib: case report and literature review
Authors: He Yang , Da Mingxu , Fan Chuanlei , Tao Pengxian 
Published: January 2024

BackgroundMost of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are driven by mutations in the KIT/PDGFRA genes and can benefit from TKIs treatment. However, a small subset of GIST (10%-15%) are called “wild-type” GISTs due to the lack of these mutations. Theoretically, they would not benefit from TKIs treatment and may even develop resistance. Therefore, this unexpected response may challenge inherent perceptions. Herein, we present a case of giant wild-type GIST exhibiting an unexpected response to imatinib(IM), followed by laparoscopic surgical resection. Subsequently, potential underlying mechanisms are discussed.Case descriptionThis case describes a 57-year-old man who presented with abdominal pain for two weeks. CT revealed a massive lesion near the splenic hilum along the greater curvature of the stomach, concurrently involving the splenic hilar vessels and surrounding lymph nodes. Ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration biopsy confirmed it is a mesenchymal spindle cell tumor,GIST. Due to the enormous volume and local invasion, neoadjuvant chemotherapy was initially considered. After 6 months of IM 400 mg/d, CT imaging revealed marked changes in tumor heterogeneity and a significant reduction in volume. Subsequently, laparoscopic surgical resection was performed. Postoperative pathological examination, immunohistochemistry, and genetic testing collectively confirmed it is a wild-type GIST.The patient recovered well and was discharged on the 6th day after surgery, with continued oral IM(400 mg/d) after discharge. No recurrence was observed during follow-up until the publication of this report.ConclusionThis unexpected response suggests that wild-type GISTs may benefit from TKIs treatment, and the potential mechanisms warrant further investigation. Additionally, true wild-type GIST may not be discerned due to current limitations of Next-Generation Sequencing(NGS). Therefore, for advanced/high-risk GIST, additional genetic analysis can be performed after negative NGS results.
Redetermination of PD-L1 expression after chemio-radiation in locally advanced PDL1 negative NSCLC patients: retrospective multicentric analysis
Authors: Ciammella Patrizia , Cozzi Salvatore , Borghetti Paolo , Galaverni Marco , Nardone Valerio , Ruggieri Maria Paola , Sepulcri Matteo , Scotti Vieri , Bruni Alessio , Zanelli Francesca , Piro Roberto , Tagliavini Elena , Botti Andrea , Iori Federico , Alì Emanuele , Bennati Chiara , Tiseo Marcello 
Published: January 2024

BackgroundChemoradiation therapy (CRT) is the treatment of choice for locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer (LA-NSCLC). Several clinical trials that combine programmed cell death 1 (PD1) axis inhibitors with radiotherapy are in development for patients with LA-NSCLC. However, the effect of CRT on tumor cells programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) expression is unknown.MethodsIn this multicentric retrospective study, we analyzed paired NSCLC specimens that had been obtained pre- and post-CRT. PD-L1 expression on tumor cells was studied by immunohistochemistry. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility, risk of complications, and clinical relevance of performing re-biopsy after CRT in patients with PD-L1 negative LA-NSCLC.ResultsOverall, 31 patients from 6 centers with PD-L1 negative LA-NSCLC were analyzed. The percentage of tumor cells with PD-L1 expression significantly increased between pre- and post-CRT specimens in 14 patients (45%). Nine patients had unchanged PD-L1 expression after CRT, in five patients the rebiopsy material was insufficient for PD-L1 analysis and in two patients no tumor cells at rebiopsy were found. The post-rebiopsy complication rate was very low (6%). All patients with positive PD-L1 re-biopsy received Durvalumab maintenance after CRT, except one patient who had a long hospitalization for tuberculosis reactivation. Median PFS of patients with unchanged or increased PD-L1 expression was 10 and 16.9 months, respectively.ConclusionCRT administration can induce PD-L1 expression in a considerable fraction of PD-L1 negative patients at baseline, allowing them receiving the maintenance Durvalumab in Europe. Hence, after a definitive CRT, PD-L1 redetermination should be considered in patients with LA-NSCLC PD-L1 negative, to have a better selection of maintenance Durvalumab candidates.
Impact of systemic hypoxia and blood flow restriction on mechanical, cardiorespiratory, and neuromuscular responses to a multiple-set repeated sprint exercise
Authors: Solsona Robert , Dériaz Roméo , Albert Simon , Chamoux Maxime , Lloria-Varella Jaume , Borrani Fabio , Sanchez Anthony M. J. 
Published: January 2024

Introduction: Repeated sprint cycling exercises (RSE) performed under systemic normobaric hypoxia (HYP) or with blood flow restriction (BFR) are of growing interest. To the best of our knowledge, there is no stringent consensus on the cardiorespiratory and neuromuscular responses between systemic HYP and BFR during RSE. Thus, this study assessed cardiorespiratory and neuromuscular responses to multiple sets of RSE under HYP or with BFR.Methods: According to a crossover design, fifteen men completed RSE (three sets of five 10-s sprints with 20 s of recovery) in normoxia (NOR), HYP, and with bilaterally-cuffed BFR at 45% of resting arterial occlusive pressure during sets in NOR. Power output, cardiorespiratory and neuromuscular responses were assessed.Results: Average peak and mean powers were lower in BFR (dz = 0.87 and dz = 1.23, respectively) and HYP (dz = 0.65 and dz = 1.21, respectively) compared to NOR (p &lt; 0.001). The percentage decrement of power output was greater in BFR (dz = 0.94) and HYP (dz = 0.64) compared to NOR (p &lt; 0.001), as well as in BFR compared to NOR (p = 0.037, dz = 0.30). The percentage decrease of maximal voluntary contraction of the knee extensors after the session was greater in BFR compared to NOR and HYP (p = 0.011, dz = 0.78 and p = 0.027, dz = 0.75, respectively). Accumulated ventilation during exercise was higher in HYP and lower in BFR (p = 0.002, dz = 0.51, and p &lt; 0.001, dz = 0.71, respectively). Peak oxygen consumption was reduced in HYP (p &lt; 0.001, dz = 1.47). Heart rate was lower in BFR during exercise and recovery (p &lt; 0.001, dz = 0.82 and p = 0.012, dz = 0.43, respectively). Finally, aerobic contribution was reduced in HYP compared to NOR (p = 0.002, dz = 0.46) and BFR (p = 0.005, dz = 0.33).Discussion: Thus, this study indicates that power output during RSE is impaired in HYP and BFR and that BFR amplifies neuromuscular fatigue. In contrast, HYP did not impair neuromuscular function but enhanced the ventilatory response along with reduced oxygen consumption.
Attitudes in music practice: a survey exploring the self-regulated learning processes of advanced Brazilian and Portuguese musicians
Authors: dos Santos Silva Camilla , Araújo Marcos Vinícius , Marinho Helena 
Published: January 2024

IntroductionThis study aimed to investigate the Self-Regulated Learning behaviors of advanced Brazilian and Portuguese musicians and how these processes vary in terms of gender, nationality, musical instrument, quantity of practice, expertise, and professional experience.Methods300 participants fully completed the 22-item questionnaire “Attitudes in music practice”. The sample comprised of 54.3% males, 44.0% females, and 1% non-binary; 0.7% did not respond. 68.0% (n = 204) were Brazilian, and 32.0% (n = 96) were Portuguese. The mean age was 32.70 years old (SD = 11.261), the mode was 22 years old, with a range of 18 to 66 years. Data analysis procedure included exploratory factor analysis, internal consistency, independent sample t test, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and chi-square tests.ResultsExploratory Factor Analysis generated three factors: Practice Organization, Personal Resources, and External Resources. The results report there are no differences in SRL scores in terms of gender, nationality, and musical instrument. However, One-way ANOVA test results convey differences in SRL scores and the quantity of practice and expertise with those musicians who reported practicing for longer periods scoring more highly than participants who declared spending less time on daily practice.DiscussionThe results for the expertise variables suggest that more experienced and older musicians scored higher in Personal Resources and lower in External Resources indicating that, as musicians gain in experience, their metacognitive processes become more evident than the social factors of their performance.
Risk factors for recurrent disease after resection of solitary fibrous tumor: a systematic review
Authors: Tolstrup Johan , Loya Anand , Aggerholm-Pedersen Ninna , Preisler Louise , Penninga Luit 
Published: January 2024

IntroductionSolitary fibrous tumor (SFT) is a rare soft tissue tumor found at any site of the body. The treatment of choice is surgical resection, though 10%–30% of patients experience recurrent disease. Multiple risk factors and risk stratification systems have been investigated to predict which patients are at risk of recurrence. The main goal of this systematic review is to create an up-to-date systematic overview of risk factors and risk stratification systems predicting recurrence for patients with surgically resected SFT within torso and extremities.MethodWe prepared the review following the updated Prisma guidelines for systematic reviews (PRISMA-P). Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane Library, WHO international trial registry platform and ClinicalTrials.gov were systematically searched up to December 2022. All English studies describing risk factors for recurrence after resected SFT were included. We excluded SFT in the central nervous system and the oto-rhino-laryngology region.ResultsEighty-one retrospective studies were identified. Different risk factors including age, symptoms, sex, resection margins, anatomic location, mitotic index, pleomorphism, hypercellularity, necrosis, size, dedifferentiation, CD-34 expression, Ki67 index and TP53-expression, APAF1-inactivation, TERT promoter mutation and NAB2::STAT6 fusion variants were investigated in a narrative manner. We found that high mitotic index, Ki67 index and presence of necrosis increased the risk of recurrence after surgically resected SFT, whereas other factors had more varying prognostic value. We also summarized the currently available different risk stratification systems, and found eight different systems with a varying degree of ability to stratify patients into low, intermediate or high recurrence risk.ConclusionMitotic index, necrosis and Ki67 index are the most solid risk factors for recurrence. TERT promoter mutation seems a promising component in future risk stratification models. The Demicco risk stratification system is the most validated and widely used, however the G-score model may appear to be superior due to longer follow-up time.Systematic Review RegistrationCRD42023421358.
Anthelmintic Effect of Cannabidiol against Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto
Authors: Albani Clara María , Fuentes Giselle , Ramírez Cristina Lujan , Pensel Patricia Eugenia , Gatti Florencia , Albanese Adriana , Nutter Diego , Aguirre Matías Ezequiel , Di Iorio Yésica Dolores , Elissondo María Celina 
Published: January 2024

Cystic echinococcosis is a global parasitic zoonosis caused by infection with the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato. Cystic echinococcosis affects more than 1 million people worldwide, causing important economic costs in terms of management and livestock associated losses. Albendazole is the main drug used in treating human cystic echinococcosis. In spite of this, its low aqueous solubility, poor absorption, and consequently erratic bioavailability are the cause of its chemotherapeutic failures. Based on the described problem, new treatment alternatives urgently need to be developed. The aim of the present research was to study the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of cannabidiol (CBD), the second most abundant component of the Cannabis sativa plant, was demonstrated against E. granulosus sensu stricto. CBD (50 µg/mL) caused a decrease in protoscoleces viability of 80 % after 24 h of treatment which was consistent with the observed tegumental alterations. Detachment of the germinal layer was observed in 50 ± 10% of cysts treated with 50 µg/mL of CBD during 24 h. In the clinical efficacy study, all treatments reduced the weight of cysts recovered from mice compared with the control group. However, this reduction was only significant with ABZ suspension and the CBD + ABZ combination. As we could observe by the SEM study, the co-administration of CBD with ABZ suspension caused greater ultrastructural alteration of the germinal layer in comparison with that provoked with the monotherapy. Further in vivo research will be conducted by changing the dose and frequency of CBD and CBD + ABZ treatments and new available CBD delivery systems will also be assayed to improve bioavailability in vivo.
Ways of Development of Venereology in Russia (X–XVIII Centuries)
Authors: Заславский Д.В. , Белова Л.В. 
Published: January 2024

Цель исследования. Проанализировать малоизученные вопросы путей развития венерологии в России (Х–XVIII вв.). Материалы и методы. Изучение лечебников, травников, сборников, трактатов и трудов ценителей русской народной медицины, научных трудов и докладов, изданий периодической печати, воспоминаний современников. Представлены редкие фотографии. Результаты. Восполнен пробел в историко-медицинской литературе. Дано целостное представление о развитии отечественной венерологии в России (Х–XVIII вв.). Рассмотрены обширные представления о венерических болезнях в русской народной медицине, полемика ученых, их точки зрения, мнения, предложения, доводы. Становление венерологии в России связано с открытием на базе Калинкинской больницы Императорского Калинкинского медико-хирургического училища. Было положено начало созданию кадров среднего медицинского персонала по венерологии и смежным специальностям. Организованная борьба с сифилисом в тот период не проводилась, за исключением первых местных попыток в самом конце XVIII в. Учет больных был несовершенным, а попытки борьбы с проституцией оказались неудачными. Заключение. Зарождение и становление венерологии в России происходило своими, самобытными путями.
Purpose of the study. To analyze little-studied issues of the development of venereology in Russia (X–XVIII centuries). Materials and methods. Study of medical books, herbalists, collections, treatises and works of connoisseurs of Russian folk medicine, scientific works and reports, periodicals, memoirs of contemporaries. Rare photographs are presented. Results. The gap in historical and medical literature has been filled. A holistic view of the development of domestic venereology in Russia (X–XVIII centuries) is given. The extensive ideas about venereal diseases in Russian folk medicine, the polemics of scientists, their points of view, opinions, proposals, arguments are considered. The formation of venereology in Russia is associated with the opening of the Imperial Kalinkin Medical-Surgical School on the basis of the Kalinkinsky hospital. A start was made on the creation of paramedical personnel in venereology and related specialties. There was no organized fight against syphilis during that period, with the exception of the first local attempts at the very end of the 18th century. The registration of patients was imperfect, and attempts to combat prostitution were unsuccessful. Conclusion. The origin and development of venereology in Russia took place in its own, original ways.
ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺗﺩﺭﻳﺏ ﻟﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺷﺭﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺑﻭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﺩﺭﻳﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻁﻭﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺑﻭﻱ ﻣﻥ ﻭﺟﻬﺔ ﻧﻅﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺩﺭﺑﻳﻥ
Authors: م. د. ﻋﻼء ﺤﺎﻛم ﻤﺤﺴن اﻟﻨﺎﺼر  , م. د. رﺠﺎء ﻗﺎﺴم ﻻزم اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻛﻲ  
Published: January 2024

ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟرﻏم ﻤن اﻟﺠﻬود اﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺒذﻟﻬﺎ و ازرة اﻟﺘرﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ إﻋداد وﺘﻬﻴﺌﺔ اﻟﻛوادر اﻹدارﻴﺔ واﻟﺘرﺒوﻴﺔ

وﻤن ﺨﻼﻝ اﻟدو ارت واﻟﺒ ارﻤﺞ اﻟﺘدرﻴﺒﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻘﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻤدﻴرﻴﺎت اﻹﻋداد واﻟﺘدرﻴب وﻋﻠﻰ أرﺴﻬﺎ ﻤﻌﻬد

اﻟﺘدرﻴب واﻟﺘطوﻴر اﻟﺘرﺒوي ٬ اﻻ أن ﻫذا ﻻ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ اﻟوﺼوﻝ واﻻرﺘﻘﺎء إﻟﻰ ﻤﺴﺘوى اﻟطﻤوح اﻟذي ﻨﺒﻐﻴﻪ ٬

وأﻨﻨﺎ ﺒﺤﺎﺠﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺘﺤدﻴث وﺘﺠدﻴد اﻷﺴﺎﻟﻴب اﻟﻤﺘﺒﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒ ارﻤﺞ اﻟﺘدرﻴﺒﻴﺔ وﺴﺒﻝ اﻻرﺘﻘﺎء ﺒﺎﻟدو ارت

اﻟﻤﻘدﻤﺔ وﻛﻔﺎءة إدارﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﺤٍو أﻓﻀﻝ. وﺘﻌد ﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ إﻋداد وﺘﻬﻴﺌﺔ وﺘﺄﻫﻴﻝ اﻟﻛوادر اﻟﺘدرﻴﺒﻴﺔ ﻤن

ﻤد ارء وﻤﻌﻠﻤﻴن وﻤﺸرﻓﻴن ٕوادارﻴﻴن وﻏﻴرﻫم ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﺎﻫد اﻟﺘدرﻴب واﻹﻋداد ﻤن اﻷﻤور اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ
واﻟﻀرورﻴﺔ ﻤن ﺤﻴث اﻟﺒﺤث واﻟﺘﺠدﻴد واﻟﺘﻨوع ﻓﻲ اﻷﺴﺎﻟﻴب ﻓﻀﻼً ﻋن ﺘﻘدﻴم اﻷداء اﻷﻓﻀﻝ ﻟﻬذﻩ

اﻟﺒ ارﻤﺞ اﻟﺘدرﻴﺒﻴﺔ.

وﻟﻤﺎ ﻛﺎن أي ﻗﺼور ﻓﻲ أي ﻤﻨظﻤﺔ ﺘرﺒوﻴﺔ ﻴرﺠﻊ ﺒﺎﻷﺴﺎس إﻟﻰ اﻹدارة اﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻘودﻫﺎ ٬ ﻓﻬﻲ

ﺒذﻟك اﻟﻤﺴؤوﻟﺔ ﻋن اﻟﻨﺠﺎح واﻻﺨﻔﺎق اﻟذي ﺘﺼﺎدﻓﻪ اﻟﻤﻨظﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ أي ﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ.

(إﺒ ارﻫﻴم (٦٧ ٬١٩٨٢ ٬

ان اﻹدارة اﻟﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ إدارة اﻟﺒ ارﻤﺞ اﻟﺘرﺒوﻴﺔ أو اﻟدو ارت اﻟﺘدرﻴﺒﻴﺔ واﻟﺘﻲ ﻟم ﺘرﺘق إﻟﻰ ﻤﺴﺘوى

اﻟطﻤوح ﻻ ﺘﺴﺎﻋد ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻘدﻴم اﻷﻓﻀﻝ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼ ٬ً وﺘﻛﺒﻝ أي ﺨطوة ﻤن ﺨطوات اﻟﺘﺠدﻴد واﻟﺘﺤدﻴث

ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻝ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻲ.

وﺒﻤﺎ أن اﻟﻤﺘدرﺒﻴن ﻓﻲ ﻫذﻩ اﻟدو ارت واﻟﺒ ارﻤﺞ اﻟﺘدرﻴﺒﻴﺔ وﻤن ﻤﺨﺘﻠف أﺼﻨﺎﻓﻬم ﻫم اﻷﻛﺜر ﺘﻤﺎﺴﺎً

ﻤﻊ اﻟواﻗﻊ اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ واﻟﻔﻌﻠﻲ ﻷداء ﻫذﻩ اﻟﺒ ارﻤﺞ ٬ ﻓﻬم اﻷﻗرب إﻟﻰ ﺘﺸﺨﻴص ﻨﻘﺎط اﻟﻘوة واﻟﻀﻌف وﻫم

ﻤن ﻴﺴﺘطﻴﻊ ان ﻴﻀﻊ اﻟﻤﻘﺘرﺤﺎت واﻟﺘوﺼﻴﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﺎﻋد ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺸﺨﻴص اﻟﺨﻠﻝ واﻻﻨﺤ ارف ﻓﻲ ﺴﻴر

اﻷداء اﻹداري واﻟﺘﻨظﻴﻤﻲ ﻟﻬذﻩ اﻟدو ارت اﻟﺘدرﻴﺒﻴﺔ.
اتجاهات طلبة التربية الفنية نحو استعمال الحاسوب التعليمي في تنفيذ متطلبات الدروس العملية
Authors: حيدر ارحيم طاهر  
Published: January 2024

يعد الحاسوب الة الكترونية يمكن برمجتها لكي تقوم بمعالجة البيانات وتخزينها واسترجاعها واجراء العمليات الحسابية والمنطقية عليها بسرعة فائقة، وجهاز الحاسوب يقوم بتحليل وعرض ونقل المعلومات (Information) باشكالها المختلفة، والمعلومات لها اشكال متنوعة قد تتمثل على هيئة ارقام او احرف للنصوص المكتوبة او المرسومة وصور واصوات او حركة كما في الافلام والكتابات المتحركة، وقد اطلق عليه مسميات عدة بالعربية منها (الحاسب الالي، والحاسب الالكتروني، والعقل الالكتروني).
اذ يعد الحاسوب التعليمي اهم نواتج التقدم العلمي والتقني المعاصر، كما يعد في الوقت نفسه احدى الدعائم التي تقود هذا التقدم مما جعله في الاونة الاخيرة محور اهتمام المربين والمهتمين بالعملية التعليمية، اذ اهتمت النظم التربوية بالحاسب التعليمي، ودعت الى استخدامه خاصة في التعليم بشكل عام والفنون بشكل خاص.
Developing Teaching Materials for Teaching Slovene in FVG: A Case Study and Development Opportunities
Authors: Brezigar Sara , Zver Sofija 
Published: January 2024

AbstractThe authors present a case study on the development and evaluation of teaching materials for teaching Slovene in schools with Slovene as language of instruction and in the sloveneitalian bilingual school in Italy, as developed in the INTERREG project EDUKA2. The authors discuss possible developmental perspectives in the field of minority language teaching and preparation of teaching materials. The authors note that modern technology offers some answers to the challenges of distributing and sharing teaching materials among school and kindergarten teachers, and that the Slovenian community in Italy could take advantage of it, and conclude that the role of teachers and educators is still essential in upgrading and adapting teaching materials.