bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ecological Links between African Savanna Environments, Climate Change, and Early Hominid Evolution
Authors: Owen-Smith Norman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I consider the ecological factors that potentially influenced the temporal association between periods of major climatic change during the Late Miocene and Plio-PleistocLene, turnover pulses among large mammalian herbivores, and evolutionary trends in hominid clades. I propose that certain features peculiar to the African continent promoted the adaptations leading to early hominids and ultimately the first humans, including the following: The critical episodes of global climatic cooling oc¬curred during the Miocene between 15.6 and 12.5 m.y. and around the Pliocene-Pleistocene transition between 3.0 and 2.5 m.y. (deMenocal, 1995; Denton, this volume). Significant turnover pulses among large mammalian herbivores took place between 10 and 5 my. and around 2.5 my. (Vrba, this volume). The ear¬lier period saw the origination of most of the modern bovid genera, as well as the appearance of the first autralopithecines. The later period was associated with speciations, extinctions, and dispersal events among bovids and equids (Vrba, this volume; Bernor, this volume), and the divergence of the hominid lineage from that leading to the robust autralopithecines (Collard & Wood, this volume). Lesser turnover pulses occurred among bovids around 1.8 my. and 0.9 m.y. (Vrba, this volume).
Suid Paleoecology and Habitat Preferences at African Pliocene and Pleistocene Hominid Localities
Authors: Bishop Laura C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I investigate the ways in which analysis of the ecological preferences of nonhominid fauna can contribute to reconstructions of the paleobiology of Pliocene and Pleistocene hominids. Hypotheses that link habitat with patterns of hominid behavior and evolution involve assumptions about the environments occupied by hominids. In many scenarios, environmental change, whether driven by global or local climate causes, leads to shifts in habitat availability, particularly toward a predominance of open grasslands. A growing body of literature documents global climate change during the Neogene (e.g., Shackleton et al., 1984; deMenocal, 1995; Denton, this volume). Hypotheses connect climate change with numerous important milestones in the evolution of Hominidae, including the development of habitual bipedal locomotion, the expansion of relative brain size, the beginnings of stone tool use and the inclusion of animal protein in the hominid diet. Although such a causal relationship between climate change and evolutionary patterns has been criticized (Hill, 1987, 1995; Foley, 1994), it still remains a prevalent model in evolutionary theory. To evaluate these hypotheses, which can be traced back to Dart if not to Darwin, we must have d rect evidence of the types of habitats available to and exploited by hominids during the Pliocene and Pleistocene and how these habitats changed through time. Numerous methods, from geological to biological, have been used to investigate PlioPleistocene environments (see, e.g., Sikes, this volume).
Relationships between Eastern and Southern African Mammal Faunas
Authors: Grubb Peter , Sandrock Oliver , Kullmer Ottmar , Kaiser Thomas M , Schrenk Friedemann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Malawi lies between the early-hominid sites of eastern and southern Africa. Remains of the PlioPleistocene fauna recovered from the Malawi Rift (Bromage et al., 1995a; Schrenk et al., 1995) include both existing and extinct taxa otherwise known from only eastern or southern Africa, or from both. This chapter provides a background to these implications of endemism or cosmopolitanism by summarizing the geography of the extant mammal fauna of High Africa-eastern and southern Africa, encompassing the Great Rift Valley and most of the African mountains (fig. 17-1)-with emphasis on larger mammals (Grubb, this volume). Faunas have been reviewed in regional works (sources of The spectrum of mammalian dispersion from the Hom to the Cape is one ofrelatively discrete but overlapping regional faunas occupying centers of endemism (figs. 17-1, 17-2), accompanied by more widespread species. This pattern is related to latitudinal variation in climate, substrate and vegetation, to nutritional requirements, habitat preferences, and predation (Owen-Smith, this volume) and to constraints on dispersal and other historical contingencies. Ranges of major faunas correspond with biome-sectors or biotic zones, defined (Davis, 1962) by simplifying a vegetation map of Africa (Keay, 1959). In the light of the new map (F. White, 1983) their limits are here redrawn. Subzones are identified, and names of constituent phytogeographic units are given in figures 17-1 and 17-2, and by Denys (this volume).
Basin Evolution, Sedimentary Dynamics, and Hominid Habitats in East Africa An Ecosystem Approach
Authors: Feibel Craig S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much has been made of the interaction between global-scale climatic phenomena and patterns of environmental change, habitat shift, and biotic evolution in Africa. What has been missing from the discussion is an understanding of how large-scale phenomena such as global climate change interact with specific habitats and organisms. The later Cenozoic presents an often detailed record of climatic history and biotic events, but linking these records is less than straightforward. Geographic separation, differing scales of analysis, and problems with numerical age control and correlation all tend to confuse the correspondence. Although a strong theoretical basis exists for a close action-response relationship between global-scale phenomena and local biotic events, the hard evidence has not yet demonstrated such a link.
African Miocene Environments and the Transition to Early Hominines
Authors: Andrews Peter , Humphrey Louise 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We are proposing a new paradigm for the study of paleoecology based on ecological first principles. It is our contention that the factors underlying modem ecosystems must first be understood, as far as possible, and then the same factors must be applied to evolutionary change in the fossil record. It is not enough to demonstrate taxonomic similarity between recent and fossil faunas, for there is no guarantee that ancient ecosystems were the same as present-day ones. Similarly, ecological equivalence in morphological structures of limited biota (ecomorphology) provides only a microcosm of the total ecosystem. The interplay between evolution and ecology therefore forms the basis for the new paradigm.
Evolutionary Geography of Pliocene African Hominids
Authors: Foley Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Palaeoanthropology, like other scientific disciplines, has seen marked change over the course of this century. New perspectives and interpretations can be ascribed to both classical empirical progress and to changes in the broader social and intellectual environment. There can be little doubt that the expansion of the fossil record from a few Neanderthal fragments to the thousands of specimens now known has been a significant driving force in the way human evolution is described and explained. Equally, though, the decline of notions of racial typology and the rejection of evolution as a progression up a sea/a naturae have played their part (Reader, 1988; Lewin, 1990).
Habitat Specificity and Early Hominid Craniodental Ecomorphology
Authors: Bromage Timothy G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Habitat theory (as promulgated in recent years by Vrba, e.g., 1992) derives from a set of hypotheses relating ecological conditions to fauna! evolution and biogeography (see Vrba, this volume). Necessary features of this theory are that terrestrial vegetational habitat specificities are heritable and thus characteristic for clades, that terrestrial mammalian biomes may be distinguished by their gross vegetational physiognomy, and that distribution movements (drift) occur in the context of physical environmental change. One of our interests is whether an examination of hominoid ecomorphological characters may reveal the extent to which early hominids complied with conditions of habitat theory.
Human Rights and Public Health in the AIDS Pandemic
Authors: Lawrence O Gostin , Lazzarini Zita 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Historically, the fields of public health and human rights have remained largely separate. The AIDS pandemic, however, made it clear that a complex relationship exists between the two fields. Women and children have proven to be extremely vulnerable to infection with HIV due to their inability to protect themselves in intimate relationships, their sexual exploitation, and their lack of economic and educational alternatives. On the other hand, coercive government policies aimed at controlling the AIDS pandemic often infringe on the rights of individuals known or suspected of having AIDS, and decrease the effectiveness of public health measures. Protecting and promoting human rights is becoming one of the key means of preserving the health of individuals and populations. A penetrating analysis of the close relationship between public health and human rights, this book makes a compelling case for synergy between the two fields. Using the AIDS pandemic as a lens, the authors demonstrate that human health cannot be maintained without respect for the dignity and rights of persons, and that human rights cannot be deemed adequate and comprehensive without ensuring the health of individuals and populations. In the course of their analysis, Gostin and Lazzarini tackle some of the most vexing issues of our time, including the universality of human rights and the counter-claims of cultural relativity. Taking a cue from environmental impact assessments, they propose a human rights impact assessment for examining health policies. Such a tool will be invaluable for evaluating real-world public health problems and is bound to become essential for teaching human rights in schools of public health, medicine, government, and law. The volume critically examines such issues as HIV testing, screening, partner notification, isolation, quarantine, and criminalization of persons with HIV/AIDS, all within the framework of international human rights law. The authors evaluate the public health effects of a wide range of AIDS policies in developed as well as developing countries. The role of women in society receives special emphasis. Finally, the book presents three case histories that are important in the HIV/AIDS pandemic: discrimination and the transmission of HIV and tuberculosis in an occupational health care setting; breast feeding in the least developed countries; and confidentiality and the right of sexual partners to know of potential exposure to HIV. The cases challenge readers with some of the complex questions facing policy-makers, scientists, and public health professionals, and exemplify a method for analysing these problems from a human rights perspective. Gostin and Lazzarini have written a book that will be a valuable addition to the libraries of public health teachers and practitioners, legal scholars, bioethicists, policy makers, and public rights activists.
Early Shame Experiences and Infant Brain Development
Authors: Schore Allan N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The scientific study of emotion, begun by Charles Darwin, Sigmund Freud, and William James in the last century, has been neglected for much of this one. Overshadowed by behavior and cognition, the formal study of internal emotional states, events that are central to the understanding of the human condition, is only recently receiving the attention of a growing number of experimental researchers and clinical authors. Within the entire spectrum of emotional states, perhaps the last to become a focus of observation of scientific scrutiny has been the “hidden” emotion of shame. A rapid expansion of knowledge about this emotion has occurred only within the last ten years, as contributions from a variety of disciplines are now actively attempting to understand more deeply the unique psychological and biological properties of shame.
The Forms and Functions of the Nonverbal Signal of Shame
Authors: Harker Dacher Keltner LeeAnne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Shame is perhaps the most negative and disturbing emotional experience. Shame follows events in which the individual violates rules of a moral nature that apply to core aspects of the self (Darwin, 1872; Keltner & Buswell, 1996; Miller & Tangney, 1994; Tangney, 1992). Shame is characterized by devastating and paralyzing feelings of self-condemnation, disgust, anger, and inferiority and the pronounced desire to withdraw and disappear (Tangney, Miller, Flicker, & Barlow, 1996). The frequent and prolonged experience of shame relates to several psycho logical disorders, including chronic depression (Andrews, 1995; Kaufman, 1989) and antisocial behavior and hostility (Tangney, Wagner, Fletcher, & Gramzow, 1992). It is hard to argue against the claim that life would be better without shame. Does shame benefit humans in any way? In this chapter, we will argue that shame serves the important function of appeasing observers of social transgressions, a function which reestablishes social harmony following the rule violations that inevitably disrupt social interaction. In characterizing the appeasement func tions of shame, we will review studies that have examined the nonverbal display of shame, which should play a critical role in appeasement-related processes. Our review of the evidence will focus on whether shame is marked by (1) distinct nonverbal behavior that (2) is accurately identified by observers, (3) resembles the appeasement behaviors of other species, and (4) evokes responses in observers that lead to forgiveness and reconciliation.
Shame, Status, and Social Roles: Psychobiology and Evolution
Authors: McGuire Paul Gilbert & Michael T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Shame is well understood to be an aversive experience, related to feeling demeaned, reduced, disgraced, or diminished, which people are highly motivated to avoid. One of the intriguing questions about shame is whether its underpinning psychobiological mechanisms are of recent origin, related to human self consciousness and self-awareness, or whether shame is an elaboration of phylogenetically older mechanisms. In this chapter we suggest the latter, stressing in particular the following points. The psychobiological mediators of human shame evolved from phylogenetically older mechanisms that originally evolved to regulate social rank and status behavior, in particular submissive behavior. (2) The elicitors of both submissive behavior and human shame are associated with hostile and/or rejecting social signals. (3) Such social signals, indicating disruption to social relationships, not only affect emotions but are psychobiological dysregulating; thus shame is an experience of psychobiological dysregulation. (4) Human social status and acceptance in groups and relationships have evolved to be highly reliant on signals of being attractive, valued, wanted and approved of by others, such that losses of these signals can be dysregulating. (5) The self-consciousness dimension of human shame may be observable in nonhuman primates.
Shame and Stigma
Authors: Lewis Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, I should like first to focus on the general problem of shame and stigma. Before doing this, I need to define both shame and stigma. In the second half of the chapter, I will apply my theory to work with children known to have been sexually or physically abused. Studying children soon after a known abuse allows us to see developmentally the effect of the abuse better than does studying adults who are recalling their earlier abuse.
Shame and ChiIdhood Abuse
Authors: Andrews Bernice 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is now an abundance of evidence that early experiences of sexual and physical abuse increase the risk of later mental health problems (e.g., Andrews, Valentine, & Valentine, 1995; Holmes & Robins, 1987; Mullen et al., 1993). Chronic, recurrent, and more severe psychiatric disorders have also been shown to be as sociated with a history of abuse in clinical samples (Bryer et al., 1987; Carmen, Reiker, & Mills, 1984). Not everyone who experiences abuse is affected to the same degree, and the individual meaning attached to events plays an important role in explaining variations in response (Andrews, 1997a; Brown, 1989). Within this per spective, meaning is a function of the interplay between the individual’s external world (the actual features and context of events) and his or her internal world (personal attitudes and schema concerning self and others). External factors, such as the severity of the experience and social factors surrounding it, are likely to affect the way abusive experiences are construed and thus affect outcome (see Beitchman et al., 1992 for a review).
Domains of Shame: Evolutionary, Cultural, and Psychotherapeutic Aspects
Authors: Harder Deborah F Greenwald & David W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The single imperative that best explains physical characteristics of organisms and enduring patterns of behavior is the advantage conferred upon an individual in the successful transmission of genes to the next generation (e.g., Cosmides, Tooby, &Barkow, 1992). Such transmission occurs through direct reproductive success (linear descendants) and also through inclusive fitness (all individuals who share com mon genes, including kin such as siblings, cousins, and their offspring; Wenegrat, 1990). These evolutionary principles have resulted, via natural selection acting over many millennia, in characteristics that promote fitness, such as size, intelligence, physical configuration, coordination, and so on. In addition, characteristic patterns of behavior with regard to mating and preferences for situations that offer favorable reproductive conditions, such as specific habitats, relative absence of predators, and nutritional foods, are also seen as evolutionarily determined. Recently, this perspective on fitness has been extended (e.g., de Waal, 1996; Gilbert, 1997; Wright, 1994) to consider the value of emotions.
Two Cycles Of British Growth
Authors: Egnal Marc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The growth of the Thirteen Colonies was closely tied to the rhythms of British development, with two long swings shaping business activity on both sides of the Atlantic. The first, slower paced cycle lasted from 1713 to 1745, while the second, more vigorous wave of expansion stretched from 1745 to 1783. The intertwined colonial and metropolitan economies influenced each other’s worldly progress. But Britain remained the team of horses, while the colonies were the high-wheeled wagon pulled down the path of development. A study of American growth necessarily begins with an investigation of the economy of the parent country. This chapter looks at several aspects of the British economy-population, agriculture, industry, and foreign trade-and shows that in each area the pace of growth quickened after 1745.
Thirteen Colonies Portrait of an Aggregate
Authors: Egnal Marc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“What then is the American, this new man?” Hector St. John de Crevecoeur asked in 1782. French-born Crevecoeur had lived in the colony (later state) of New York since the 1760s. He answered his own question: “Americans are the western pilgrims, who are carrying along with them that great mass of arts, sciences vigour, and industry which began long since in the east; they will finish the great circle. The Americans were once scattered all over Europe; here they are incorporated into one of the finest systems of population which has ever appeared, and which will hereafter become distinct by the power of the different climates they inhabit.”
Northern Colonies
Authors: Egnal Marc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Solid long-term growth marked the northern colonies in the eighteenth century. But the pace of development was uneven, and not all individuals viewed the future with optimism. When Benjamin Franklin opened his printing shop in Philadelphia in the late 1720s, some in the city felt the local economy would not support such an enterprise. One dour individual, Samuel Mickle, told the young printer (as Franklin reported) that “he was sorry for me because it was an expensive undertaking and the expense would be lost, for Philadelphia was a sinking place.
What Women Want What Men Want
Authors: Townsend John Marshall 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Following the work of E. O. Wilson, Desmond Morris, and David Buss, What Women Want--What Men Want offers compelling new evidence about the real reasons behind men's and women's differing sexual psychologies and sheds new light on what men and women look for in a mate, the predicament of marriage in the modern world, the relation between sex and emotion, and many other hotly debated questions. Drawing upon 2000 questionnaires and 200 intimate interviews that show how our sexual psychologies affect everyday decisions, John Townsend argues against the prevailing ideologically correct belief that differences in sexual behaviour are "culturally constructed." Townsend shows there are deep-seated desires inherited from our evolutionary past that guide our actions. In a fascinating series of experiments, men and women were asked to indicate preferences for potential mates based on their attractiveness and apparent economic status. Women overwhelmingly preferred expensively dressed men to more attractive but apparently less successful men, and men were clearly inclined to choose more attractive women regardless of their professional status. Townsend's studies also indicate that men are predisposed to value casual sex, whereas women cannot easily separate sexual relations from the need for emotional attachment and economic security. Indeed, wherever men possess sexual alternatives to marriage, and women possess economic alternatives, divorce rates will be high. In the concluding chapter, Townsend draws upon the advice of couples who have maintained their marriages over the years to suggest ways to survive our evolutionary predicament. Lucidly and accessibly written, What Women Want--What Men Want shows us why we are the way we are and brings new clarity to one of the most intractable debates of our time.
Il Buono E Il Bello 1850-1852
Authors: Kowsky Francis R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Within two weeks of Downing and Vaux’s departure from Liverpool on the Canada, the two men were at work in the office Downing had created in his home. On the 50-mile steamer journey northward from NewYork City, Vaux would have seen for the first time the magnificent panorama of Hudson River scenery that had made this ride famous. The celebrated landscape of cliffs and highlands was destined to become the backdrop of Vaux’s long life in America. The valley’s Romantic beautywhichVaux would come to know intimately as a resident, as a walker frequenting its picturesque byways, as an artist sketching its forest and natural wonders, and as an architect designing buildings attentive to its compelling lovelinesswould deeply impress itself on his imagination. And he could have had no better companion to introduce him to its charms than Downing, a man whom many identified as the region’s preeminent citizen.