bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Coevolution of Technical and Institutional Events in the Development of an Innovation
Authors: Ven Andrew H Van De , Garud Raghu 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How and why are technological innovations developed and commercialized? Answers to these how and why questions have significant practical implications for public policymakers, entrepreneurs, investors, and managers engaged in the highly uncertain and novel development of innovations. The how question requires a process description of the temporal sequence of events that occur to create and transform basic scientific knowledge into commercially viable products or services. Based on an intensive longitudinal field study, this chapter provides such a process description by narrating the events that were observed to occur over a 35-year period to develop and commercialize the cochlear implant, a new-to-the-world biomedical technology that provides hearing to profoundly deaf people. The why question calls for a theory of change that explains this observed process. This chapter examines the utility of a social evolutionary theory of change for explaining the development and commercialization of cochlear implants. A growing interest in biological analogies of evolution throughout the social sciences (Hannan and Freeman, 1989) led a growing number of scholars in the 1980s and 1990s to explain the dynamics that govern technical and institutional change as a social evolutionary process of variation, selection, and retention. Variation is the creation of a novel technical or institutional form within a population under investigation. Selection occurs principally through competition among the alternative novel forms that exist, and actors in the environment select those forms which optimize or are best suited to the resource base of an environmental niche (Hannan and Freeman, 1977:939). Retention involves the forces (including inertia and persistence) that perpetuate and maintain certain technical and institutional forms that were selected in the past (Aldrich, 1979).
United States Trade Laws as Barriers to Globalization
Authors: Rugman Alan M , Gestrin Michael V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An axiom of international business states that in order to survive glob ally, a firm needs to develop a sustainable competitive advantage, usually a proprietary firm-specific advantage (FSA) in technology, management, or marketing skills. The source of the FSA can often be found within a nation’s “diamond” of international competitiveness, to use Michael Porter’s terminology. Porter also explains that FSAs can be rein forced by the use of competition-based entry barriers, which can be classified according to whether they are cost reducing or differentiation enhancing. These strategies are ultimately efficiency based and capable of increasing national economic welfare.
Vindicating the Race
Authors: Campbell James T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The history of African American Christianity is bound up with the history of American slavery. African Americans encountered Christianity in the context of enslavement, and it was as captives that they began the long process of making the gospel their own. The process varied across time and space and defies generalization or easy description. Sometimes conversion came quickly, in explosive moments of “awakening”; more often, it unfolded over generations, as Christian beliefs and practices insinuated themselves into slaves’ daily rounds. In some settings, the new creed seems almost completely to have displaced older religions, which survived only in a handful of disembodied beliefs and rituals. In other places, Christian usages were grafted onto still vital African religious traditions, producing dynamic, richly syncretic creeds. Yet whatever the pace or pathway, slaves across the Americas were drawn into the dialectic of conversion, transforming the religion of their captors even as it transformed them.
Through the Looking Glass
Authors: Campbell James T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After reading the first two chapters of this book, one might be forgiven for asking what was “African” about African Methodism. Notwithstanding its name, the AME Church was clearly the most respectable and “orthodox” of black American independent churches. While some recognizably African elements surfaced in services, AME leaders tended to disdain if not actively to suppress those beliefs and practices that scholars today celebrate as signs of Africa’s persistence in the New World. The whole point of “racial vindication” was to demonstrate blacks’ capacity to uphold “recognized standards” in their personal and collective lives and thereby to hasten abolition and full inclusion in American society. Surely people interested in connections between black America and Africa should look elsewhere than the AME Church.
Better yet, they should rephrase the question. With a few notable exceptions, historians of black America have been so preoccupied with finding evidence of Africa in the realm of culture that they have overlooked the continent’s pervasiveness in black intellectual and imaginative life. In a nation ruled by the descendants of Europe, Africa is and has always been the touch stone of black distinctiveness, the literal and figurative point of departure for the construction of African American identity, whatever one conceives it to be. And nowhere was the question of African Americans’ relationship with Africa more explicitly confronted than in the AME Church.
Stretch Forth Thy Hands
Authors: Campbell James T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1892, one hundred years after Richard Allen and his comrades walked out of Philadelphia’s St. George’s Methodist Church, a group of black Methodists in Pretoria, South Africa, withdrew from the Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society and established an independent African Methodist church. They called their movement the Ethiopian Church, or Tiyopia, after the prophecy of African redemption in Psalms 68. Through a seemingly providential series of contingencies and chance encounters, the leaders of the South African Ethiopian Church came into contact with Bishop Henry Turner and the leaders of the African Methodist Episcopal Church in the United States. In 1896 the Ethiopians were formally accepted into the AME connection.
The chapter which follows examines the history of the Ethiopian Church from its origins in nineteenth-century European missions through its amalgamation with the AME Church. In effect, the chapter charts the other side of the looking glass, exploring the origins and politics of African independent churches, as well as African Christians’ complex reflections on the subject of black America. At the same time, it represents an attempt to repopulate “Ethiopianism,” to give historical specificity and human faces to a movement that is too often treated as a kind of generic African phenomenon.
African Methodism as a Social Movement, I
Authors: Campbell James T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The amalgamation of the Ethiopian and AME churches culminated a remarkable historical convergence between black Christians at opposite corners of the Atlantic. For African American Christians, the opening of the African mission field helped salve the pain of the past: slavery, for all its horror and brutality, had been progressive, a part of God’s unfolding plan for the redemption of Africa. For Mangena Mokone and his comrades, the prospect was equally invigorating. Seen through the prism of black America, their humble rebellions in places like Marabastad and the Waterberg resolved themselves into the stuff of prophecy. As Jacobus Xaba put it, “The prophecy predicted by the Psalmist, 68, approaches its perfection.”
Ultimately, however, the handful of leaders gathered around Mokone neither encompassed African Methodism nor exhausted its meanings. If the South African church had remained the province of a handful of dissident clerics, it would scarcely have generated the enthusiasm it did or struck such fear into the hearts of colonial officials. In the decade and a half after its founding—a period that encompassed the South African War, imperial reconstruction, and the creation of the Union of South Africa—African Methodism exploded across the southern African subcontinent.
“The Seed You Sow in Africa”
Authors: Campbell James T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the height of the Ethiopian panic in the early twentieth century, white South Africans leveled every variety of charge against the AME Church. The church was blamed for the Bambatha rebellion in Natal, for impertinent farm laborers in the Free State, and for restive domestic servants on the Rand. Nothing so exercised white observers, however, as the spectacle of guileless young Africans being dispatched to the United States for education. A European missionary, writing in 1904, admirably summarized the case, packing a universe of racist assumptions into two short paragraphs:
Each year an increasing number of young men and women are sent from Africa, at the expense of the American Methodist Episcopal body, to study in the Negro universities of the United States. There they obtain a superficial veneer of knowledge, while breathing the atmosphere of race hatred which pervades these so-called seats of learning.
After the attainment of a more or less worthless degree, these students return to their own country to preach, with all the enthusiasm of youth and the obstinate conviction of the half-taught mind, a gospel usually far more political than religious.
Prologue: The Defeat of the Past
Authors: Howe Daniel Walker 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
January 1, 1815, dawned faintly through the dense fog over southern Louisiana. Six miles downstream from New Orleans, two hostile armies hid from each other in the enveloping mists. The invaders consisted of eight thousand British soldiers, some still in ships offshore, commanded by Major General Edward Pakenham. To defend the city, the United States had so far gathered no more than four thousand men under Major General Andrew Jackson. Though small by the standards of Napoleonic Europe, these were large armies for North America. A severe winter all over the Atlantic world slowed communication and made transportation difficult. Neither army knew that across the ocean, representatives of their respective countries had signed a treaty of peace eight days earlier. They did know that heavy rains had fallen on them almost every day since the British landing two weeks before and that the nights were frosty and chill. The British had to operate at the end of a tenuous supply line, without tents and on short rations. Suffering especially were the eleven hundred black colonial troops from the British West Indies. Not acclimated to winter weather and still wearing thin tropical uniforms, some of these men died of hypothermia.
The Continental Setting
Authors: Howe Daniel Walker 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the thirty-three years following the Battle of New Orleans, the United States would extend its imperial reach across a continent vast, diverse, and already inhabited. The history of the United States can be understood only in relation to the continental setting within which it unfolded. The human geography of North America in 1815 included peoples of several races, many languages, and sometimes incompatible aspirations. Innumerable tribes of Native Americans maintained de facto independence of three great mainland empires: the United States, Mexico, and British North America. The imposition of U.S. authority all the way to the Pacific, so clear by 1848, represented an astounding transformation when one considers the state of North America in 1815.
From the Jaws of Defeat
Authors: Howe Daniel Walker 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mail coming from New Orleans to Washington, traveling across the Natchez Trace route, usually took about three weeks, but the harsh winter of 1814–15 made it slower. While Washington waited “in awful suspense,” news of the great victory at New Orleans took a full four weeks by the fastest horsemen, arriving on Saturday, February 4. It provoked delirious rejoicing; all that night the District of Columbia blazed with candles and torches, as if to mimic in celebration the horror of the burning of the White House and Capitol by enemy invaders only five months earlier. Never has good news been more badly needed or more anxiously awaited. By act of Congress and presidential proclamation, January 12 had been a day of national prayer and fasting; though they did not know it, the people’s prayers had already been answered.2 On Monday, February 6, President James Madison issued another proclamation: This time, coming after a weekend of festivities, it was a full pardon for the pirates of Louisiana who had rallied to Jackson’s call. (Alas, the pirates proved incorrigible, and within the year the president needed to order out the navy against them again.)
Awakenings of Religion
Authors: Howe Daniel Walker 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the state of Connecticut disestablished religion in 1818, the prominent revival preacher Lyman Beecher fell into depression and apprehension. He had fought hard to protect his faith from political defeat, and he had lost. “It was as dark a day as ever I saw,” he recalled. “The injury done to the cause of Christ, as we then supposed, was irreparable. For several days I suffered what no tongue can tell for the best thing that ever happened to the State of Connecticut. It cut the churches loose from dependence on state support. It threw them wholly on their own resources and on God.”1 As Beecher came to realize, the change in status proved an advantageous trade-off for organized religion.
Overthrowing the Tyranny of Distance
Authors: Howe Daniel Walker 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No sooner was President Monroe reelected in 1820 than campaigning began for the election of 1824. By the spring of 1822, a journalist could already comment that the “electioneering begins to wax hot.”1 All the rival presidential candidates called themselves Republicans, and each claimed to be the logical successor to the Jeffersonian heritage. Ironically, what the campaign produced was the breakup of the party and the traditions everyone honored. One-party government proved an evanescent phase in American history.
Pursuing the Millennium
Authors: Howe Daniel Walker 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many people shared John Quincy Adams’s view of America as the country where God would bring His plans for humanity to fulfillment. But the blueprints for realizing this providential destiny could be far bolder and more presumptuous than Henry Clay’s American System. Some Americans actually hoped to cooperate in hastening the Second Coming of Christ, which would usher in the end of history. Almost all Americans regarded their country as an example and a harbinger of popular government to the rest of the world, and even non-church-members found millennial expectations an appropriate metaphor for this destiny. To appreciate the seriousness with which Americans of the early nineteenth century took the millennium, one must enter a world many readers will find alien and full of arcane lore. Millions of twenty-first-century Americans, however, still live in that world.
Andrew Jackson and His Age
Authors: Howe Daniel Walker 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dressed in deepest mourning black, Andrew Jackson presented a somber figure at his presidential inauguration on March 4, 1829. His beloved wife, Rachel, had suffered a heart attack on December 17 and died five days later at the age of sixty-one. She had been much upset when the propriety of her relationship with Andrew had been made an issue in the campaign. Her husband blamed her death on his political enemies, who had “maligned that blessed one who is now safe from suffering and sorrow, whom they tried to put to shame for my sake!” His resentment may well have been exacerbated by guilt, since Rachel had begged him to retire to private life. Unfashionably stout and self-conscious about her provincial manners, she had been dreading the role of White House first lady. Now she would not have to perform it. A depressed and bitter president-elect managed to avoid the celebration that had been planned to welcome him to Washington at the end of his three-week trip from Nashville. He refused to pay the customary courtesy call on the outgoing president, who reciprocated by not attending the inaugural. Public speaking had always been an ordeal for Jackson even in the best of times. Under the circumstances, the incoming president kept his inaugural address brief and almost entirely ambiguous. Few could hear his words, but thousands watched with pleasure when he bowed to the crowd in a sign of respect for popular sovereignty.
Introduction:A Fatal Vision
Authors: O’Connell Robert L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One day in the spring of 1921 a battleship recently surrendered to the American Navy by the vanquished German High Seas Fleet swung placidly at anchor in the middle of Chesap ake Bay. Several smaller craft soon arrived on the scene · and took stations ·around the great warship. Aboard those latecomers were a number of important observers, including the civilian head of the Navy Depart¬ ment, a former secretary of war, several influential senators and representatives, a large body of admirals and other high-ranking officers, and numerous members of the press. All attention was focused on the German dreadnought, stolid and defiant, bristling with guns, aesthetically the very epitome of belligerence. Squatting there in the water, it must have seemed to most of the gathered dignitaries virtually invulnerable.
Upon This Rock: The Technological Revolution and the Prophet Mahan
Authors: O’Connell Robert L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The advent of the reciprocating steam engine as a practical means of propulsion for vessels upon the water initiated a chain reaction that revolutionized naval warfare.1 This fundamental sequence of innovation provided the components from which the modern battleship would grow and be perfected. Like so many strings of technology, each step in the progression logically followed its predecessor; the whole process had a superficial air of inevitability that obscured alternatives.
Crusaders in Blue and the Grail of Seapower
Authors: O’Connell Robert L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Newport, Rhode Island, amid the summer palaces of the moneyed elite, stood the Naval War College. A haven for intellectuals, the college was merely tolerated by the majority of officers.1 Nevertheless, it was there that Mahan’s theories were reduced to specifics and that a detailed vision of naval policy emerged to guide Annapolites through the troubled waters of technological change.
Guiding Visions
Authors: Bowen H Kent , Clark Kim B , Holloway Charles A , Wheelwright Steven C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The forward momentum of innovative companies is driven by the creative power of thousands of employees. A company’s future success depends in particular on the contributions of individuals working on development teams, the focus of this book. Each day team members in the laboratory, at the workbench, and in meeting rooms face dozens of seemingly small decisions that collectively determine whether a product or process will succeed or fail. Every time a person makes a decision about a material, a color, the location of a switch, the functionality of a component, or the importance of a software subroutine, the project as a whole moves closer or farther away from the targeted product and the expected contribution to corporate capabilities.
Pushing the Performance Envelope
Authors: Bowen H Kent , Clark Kim B , Holloway Charles A , Wheelwright Steven C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the decades following World War II, stable markets and wellestablished patterns of competition allowed leading companies to maintain competitive positions with a relatively relaxed approach to product and process development. Substantial innovations in products or technology were the exception not the rule. Product life cycles were measured in years if not decades. For the most part companies turned out familiar products using well-known technologies. But in the early 1980s all this changed. No longer was it possible for companies to approach product and process development in this manner. The cliche about the explosion of knowledge and technology is in fact evident on numerous fronts including the proliferation of new and innovative products, the availability of highly educated and experienced scientists, engineers, and managers to enterprises located almost anywhere on the globe, and the rapid dissemination of newly generated and codified knowledge to any company interested in using it to create new products, services, or processes. The contemporary business environment, characterized by competitive stresses and rapid change, demands that a company work constantly to improve its products, manufacturing processes, and internal capabilities.
Project Leadership and Organization
Authors: Bowen H Kent , Clark Kim B , Holloway Charles A , Wheelwright Steven C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Developing a new product or process is much like setting off on a journey into territory only partially mapped. For example, the product under development will be introduced into the market sometime in the future, and that future, at least for most businesses today, is fraught with uncertainty. Where technologies are changing and evolving, customer demands are dynamic, and competition is intense, it is difficult to predict with certainty which design concepts will dominate the market, which product features and attributes customers will find most attractive, and what competitors are likely to do. But there may be another challenge as well. Not only is the future customer and technical environment uncertain, but the product itself may be quite complex. Development will thus involve many different people, bringing different kinds of expertise, working together over an extended period of time.
Prototyping: Rapid Learning and Early Testing
Authors: Bowen H Kent , Clark Kim B , Holloway Charles A , Wheelwright Steven C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The competitive pressures of recent years have imposed severe demands on the marketplace. World-class products and processes must be completed in minimum time and provide the greatest possible value to customers through their features, quality, and lifetime costs.1 Development projects are no longer endurance races; they are sprints. Companies who want to lead the way to the finish line must get up to full speed quickly and cannot afford any missteps.
Integration Within Projects
Authors: Bowen H Kent , Clark Kim B , Holloway Charles A , Wheelwright Steven C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1988. management at Digital Equipment Corp. gave a small team in its Networks and Communications Group the opportunity to design the company’s second-generation local area network bridge, a communications network that would link several computer networks. The first product had been a great success, commanding a. dominant market share. On the team were people from manufacturing engineering, marketing, customer service engineering, and the lead group--design engineering.
Chaparral Steel Company
Authors: Bowen H Kent , Clark Kim B , Holloway Charles A , Wheelwright Steven C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chaparral Steel is a steel minimill in Midlothian, Texas (near Dallas). Begun in 1975, it is a relative newcomer to an old and battled industry, but Chaparral has rapidly grown to become the tenth largest steel producer in the United States. In 1991 it had sales exceeding $400 million and employed 930.