bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How Much Is Enough?
Authors: Bowie Robert R , Immerman Richard H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The formulation of any national security strategy premised on the long haul approach required an informed and systematic review of the threat assessment, defense plans, forces, and budget inherited from Truman. For this purpose, Eisenhower had distributed to the statutory members of the NSC and others whom Eisenhower intended to include in strategic planning summaries of each existing statement of basic national security policy. The summaries, explained NSC Executive Secretary James Lay in his covering memorandum, had “no official standing.” Rather, they were solely “for the personal use of the recipients in preparing for and engaging in discussions at Council meetings.” Accompanying the summaries, moreover, was a memorandum with an array of “major questions” the president’s advisors would be asked to examine over the course of these discussions. They did not, Lay’s memorandum read, “indicate any proposed policies.” They did indicate, however, the basis on which policies should-and would-be proposed.
Higher-Order Cognitive Impairments and Frontal Lobe Lesions in Man
Authors: Shallice Tim , Burgess Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has long been well known that some patients with lesions to the prefrontal cortex can perform well on some types of demanding cognitive tasks such as WAIS IQ tests, but can have difficulties on some specific problem-solving tasks or in dealing with the types of practical problems that occur in everyday life (Eslinger and Damasio, 1985; Milner, 1964; Stuss and Benson, 1986). The theories that have been put forward to account for this dissociation have tended to be couched in descriptive language and in one case in gestalt terminology.
Guidelines for the Study of Brain-Behavior Relationships During Development
Authors: Diamond Adele 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One way to study the relationship of brain maturation to the elaboration of cognitive abilities during development is to use a two-pronged approach: (1) Study the developmental progression of children’s performance on behavioral tasks, and (2) link successful performance on those tasks uniquely to specific neural systems. I would like to suggest a set of guidelines for the conduct and evaluation of such research. I will use the work of myself and others on the development of cognitive abilities linked to dorsolateral prefrontal cortex to illustrate these guiding principles.
Condensed Matter Physics
Authors: Isihara A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This outstanding book serves as both an introductory research work and a graduate text on condensed matter physics. It is also accessible to plasma physicists and their students. The emphasis is on applications to a variety of systems and phenomena rather than theoretical derivations and techniques. Experimentalists who wish to obtain a feel for the theories involved in these systems will find careful explanations for many of the most active areas of work in physics today. The chapters are self-contained and can be read independently. In total, this text gives the beginning researcher a solid foundation on which to build his or her knowledge of this tremendously rich and growing field.
A causal analysis of stages in allopatric speciation
Authors: Allmon Warren D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Every instance of allopatric speciation must involve at least three stages. First, a daughter population must form, that is, it must become separated, at least in some degree, from the parent population. Second, the daughter population must persist in this separated state long enough to become a discrete new species. Third, the daughter population must become differentiated from the parent population during this period of separation. Breaking the speciation process down into these three stages may allow for more explicit identification and analysis of causal factors involved. Examination of previous studies of speciation indicates that each of these stages has been considered before, but they have never been united into a comprehensive view.
Out Of Afghanistan
Authors: Cordovez Diego , Harrison Selig S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Soviet withdrawal from Afganistan has been largely attributed to the bravery of the Afghan resistance reinforced by American weaponry and support. This book shows how it was in fact years of persistent United Nations initiatives that proved crucial to the conclusion of the Geneva accords, and that the ideological hard line of the Reagan administration prolonged the conflict. Diego Cordovez, the United Nations mediator for the Afghanistan conflict, and prominent foreign policy analyst Selig Harrison have written the definitive account of the negotiations that helped end the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan, the last great clash of the cold war.
Herbivory and Its Impact on Plant Reproduction
Authors: Hendrix Stephen D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The currency of fitness for plants as well as animals is the number of descendants that an individual produces. In plants, adaptations leading to maximization of lifetime reproductive output are diverse (Cousens,23DeWreede and Klinger,35 and Mishler,105 this volume). This diversity is due in part to differences in life histories and the nature and intensity of selection pressures on plants of different taxonomic affinities, morphologies (Waller,141 this volume), and habitats.
Genetic and Evolutionary Consequences of Small Population Size in Plants: Implications for Conservation
Authors: Barrett Spencer C H , Kohn Joshua R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Plant population sizes vary in space and time both within and among species. This variability is the result of complex interactions among the life-history features of populations, local environmental conditions, and the historical ecology of particular species. Populations range in size from many thousands, as in some forest trees and savannah grasses, to small colonies of a few plants in rare orchids and certain parasitic plants. Considering the sessile habit of plants and the ease with which they can be counted, data on population sizes are surprisingly sparse in the botanical literature.
The Application of Minimum Viable Population Theory to Plants
Authors: Menges Eric S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Conservation biology is a crisis-oriented science, yet faced with the difficult challenge of understanding and predicting the long-term dynamics of complex systems (Soule 1985). At the population level, conservation biologists are largely concerned with population viability. The analysis of population viability holds the same challenge as conservation biology as a whole; that is, we need to understand the long-term viability (or survivability) of populations, but we must make immediate decisions on their protection and management. Therefore, as conservation biologists we must tolerate uncertainty and be prepared to make best guesses based on available data.
Conservation of Rare Trees in Tropical Rain Forests: A Genetic Perspective
Authors: Bawa K S , Ashton P S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Conservation of tropical biota is one of the most pressing environmental issues of our time. Whereas many species of organisms are endangered with extinction in the temperate zone, species are becoming extinct every day in the tropics. For example, Myers (1988) has identified ten hotspot areas around the world that have unusually large proportions of endemic plant species and where the rates of deforestation are also very high. Myers estimates that forested areas in these hotspot regions, which contain 34,000 endemic species, will be reduced to 10% of the original area during the next 20 years.
Conservation of Rare and Endangered Plants: Principles and Prospects
Authors: Holsinger Kent E , Gottlieb L D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Plant conservationists concerned with rare and endangered species are faced with a daunting task. A 1988 report from the Center for Plant Conservation, based on a survey of 130 botanical experts, identified 253 plants in the United States that may go extinct within five years and an additional 427 that may go extinct in ten years-a total of 680 species that may go extinct before the year 2000. Three-quarters of these species occur in only five states or territories: California, Florida, Hawaii, Texas, and Puerto Rico. The numbers are even more startling when considered on a global scale. Although fewer than 1000 of the nearly 250,000 species of vascular plants have gone extinct in the past 100 years, nearly 60,000, mostly in the tropics, are thought to be at risk in the next 50 years (Raven 1987).
Treating Nicotine Addiction in Patients with Psychiatric Co-morbidity
Authors: Resnick Michael P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Psychiatric patients deserve to be at the fore-front of efforts to treat nicotine addiction. While historically there has been little interest in this population, as well as considerable denial and avoidance, these patients are as likely as others to benefit from quitting. Psychiatry is belatedly awakening to the seriousness of nicotine addiction (Gralnick 1988; Cohen 1988). This chapter will explore the unique circumstances of psychiatric patients, the relationship between psychiatric disorder and nicotine addiction, and special problems in psychiatric institutions. Recent research on the interaction between smoking cessation, relapse, and mood dis-order is reviewed. In addition, this chapter discusses interactions between psychotropic medications and smoking. A special challenge arises from the traditional, permissive attitude much of psychiatry has had toward tobacco use by psychiatric patients.
Youth Tobacco Use: Risks, Patterns, and Control
Authors: Flay Brian R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most reliable data on youth tobacco use come from the Monitoring the Future annual survey of high school youth conducted by the University of Michigan’s Institute for Social Research (ISR) (Johnston, O’Malley, Bachman 1989; in press).1 These data indicate that 19% of 1992 high school seniors in the United States smoked daily (more than half of them smoking 10 or more cigarettes/ day) and that almost 28% smoked at least monthly. The 30-day rate of smoking among 12th graders has fallen by only 1.6 percentage points since 1981. Data from the most recent 1991 Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS), another national survey of 9th-12th graders, showed a similar 17% rate of frequent cigarette use (cigarette smoking on 20 or more of the 30 days preceding the survey) for 12th-graders (CDC, 1992). Among the entire sample of 9th-12th graders, the frequent smoking rate increased from 8.4% in Grade 9 to 17% in grade 12. While smoking prevalence and rates have become increasingly similar for males and females, males tend to be heavier smokers and are far more likely than girls to use smokeless tobacco (CDC, 1992).
Of Mystery and Magnets
Authors: Verschuur Gerrit L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of my earliest memories is of vivid flashes of lightning followed by claps of thunder that filled me with terror. To deal with the awesome light and noise I turned to my parents for reassurance. I wanted an explanation. But how could my parents deal with my tearful questions? Even if they had known about convection, charge separation, electrical discharge, tem porary vacuums, and shock waves, how could they relate such facts to a child? I needed an immediate guarantee that thunder and lightning were nothing to worry about.
Fields and Faraday
Authors: Verschuur Gerrit L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Progress in the study of magnetism and electricity was always able to move forward unswayed by the caution of clerics or theology. Nowhere in any of the world’s fundamental reli gious tracts were there statements about the nature of magne tism. This meant that physicists did not have to struggle against church doctrine, as was Galileo’s lot when he tried to show that the sun was at the center of the solar system. No segment of the population was offended by discoveries about the nature of magnetism in the way that religious fundamentalists continue to rankle at the discovery of biological evolution. This freedom to explore beyond any possible restraints placed on pursuing certain other questions may account for the rapid progress in physics that took place in the nineteenth century. This is not to imply that the physicists involved did not hold religious beliefs. We have seen that many of them did; only that these beliefs did not hamper progress. In the case of Faraday, they helped.
Maxwell Sees the Light
Authors: Verschuur Gerrit L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At about the time Faraday was conjuring up notions about the existence of fields, James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) was born in Scotland of a comparatively well-off and highly culti vated family (Fig. 8-1). Before he died at the age of forty-eight he had made marvelous use of Faraday’s insights and trans formed physics in the process. Maxwell set the study of mag netism and electricity on a solid foundation from which it would never be toppled.
Defining and Controlling the Circuits of Emotion
Authors: Finger Stanley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 19 reviewed a number of early, speculative theories about the emotions, beginning with Ancient Greek ideas and culminating with the highly controversial James-Lange theory of the nineteenth century. It also presented certain contributions that proved to be more lasting. Foremost among these was the notion that the circuitry of emotion could best be understood from an evolutionary perspective. This idea stemmed from Charles Darwin’s and Herbert Spencer’s theories of evolution and natural selection and was applied to neurological thinking by John Hughlings Jackson. He postulated that phylogenetically newer parts of the brain keep tight reins on more primitive parts and that damage to the former can result in a “release” of control and subsequent expression of more animal-like propensities. Jackson suggested that the cerebral cortex, and the frontal lobes in particular, had the job of controlling the beast within. But precisely where that beast resided and how its actions were mediated proved to be much less clear.
The Primary Solar-Type Atmosphere Surrounding The Accreting Earth: H2o-Induced High Surface Temperature
Authors: Sasaki S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the solar nebula, a growing planet attracts ambient gas to form a solar-type atmosphere. The structure of this Hi-He atmosphere is calculated assuming the Earth was formed in the nebula The blanketing effect of the atmosphere renders the planetary surface molten when the planetary mass exceeds 0.2 ME (ME being the present Earth’s mass). Reduction of the surface melt by atmospheric H2 should add a large amount of H2O to the atmosphere: Under the quartz-iron-fayalite oxygen buffer, partial pressure ratio Ptt20/Ptt2 becomes higher than 0.1. Enhancing opacity and gas mean molecular weight, the excess H2O mises the temperature and renders the atmosphere in convective equilibrium, while the dissociation of H2 suppresses the adiabatic temperature gradient. The surface temperature of the proto-Earth can be as high as 4700 K when its mass is 1 ME, Such a high temperature may accelerate the evaporation of surface materials. A deep totally-molten magma ocean should exist in the accreting Earth.
Characteristics of Prebroadcast Debates in America
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall , Birdsell David S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The American political system grew up with debate. Colonial assemblies debated revolution, the Constitutional Convention debated the Constitution, and Congress debated the law. These contests produced memorable speeches and launched political careers. But debate was more than a political tool in early America; it was also a means of educating the young, honing professional skills, demonstrating personal worth, and enlightening the citizenry. These different purposes, overlapping in some respects and conflicting in others, combined to form the debate traditions of the early national period and some of the expectations that remain today.
The Impact of Broadcasting on Debates
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall , Birdsell David S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As Calvin Coolidge’s Secretary of Commerce, Herbert Hoover led the fight for passage of the Federal Radio Act of 1927. Hoover believed that radio would revolutionize “the political debates that underlie political action [by making] us literally one people upon all occasions of general public interest.’’ He was partially correct. Throughout most of the nineteenth century, surrogates carried the case for a presidential nominee in speeches that made party and issue more central than the candidate’s image. Nonetheless, because it was a person, not an aggregate of issues or a party that became president, image played an inevitable role in the broadsides and torches of the campaigns.
German to English
Authors: Olea Ricardo A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This volume provides a comprehensive collection of definitions of geostatistical terms. There are more than 600 entries at varying levels of complexity to assist readers with different backgrounds. Cross-references make the book easily accessible to students, engineers, and others concerned with the meaning of terms found in geostatistical research and practice. Lists of equivalent terms in Chinese, French, German, Greek, Portuguese, Russian, and Spanish are included.
Computer Alignment of Sequences
Authors: Waterman Michaels. , Joyce Jana , Eggert Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sequencing of DNA has precipitated a revolution in biology. Rapid sequencing techniques were introduced a little more than a decade ago, and the rate of sequencing continues to accelerate. As of spring 1991 the international databanks (EMBL, Gen Bank, and DDBJ) contained approximately 50 x 106 base pairs (bp) of DNA sequences with an average sequence length of about 1,000 bp.
Aligning DNA Sequences: Homology and Phylogenetic Weighting
Authors: Mindell David P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ever since the term homology was defined as “the same organ in different animals under every variety of form and function” by Owen (1848), it has frequently been both used and debated. Homology is a concept representing an hypothesis of correspondence between features, and is used at different levels of biological organization (e.g., phenotypic, genotypic).
Vygotsky in Classroom Practice: Moving from Individual Transmission to Social Transaction
Authors: Moll Luis C , Whitmore Kathryn F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we present a case study of a third-grade bilingual classroom.1 The students in the class are primarily working-class Mexican children, and the school is located within their neighborhood in a southwestern city of the United States. We have selected this classroom for discussion not only because it presents a striking contrast to the rote-like, intellectually limiting instruction that characterizes working-class schooling (e.g., Anyon, 1980; Goodlad, 1984; Oakes, 1986) but because its activities do not fit well or easily into current discussions of “guided practice” or “assisted performance” derived from Vygotskian theory, especially from dyadic interpretations of his concept of the zone of proximal development. Hence this chapter demonstrates how practice can exceed, as well as inform and elaborate, our the oretical notions.
Vygotskian Perspective on Children’s Collaborative Problem-Solving Activities
Authors: Forman Ellice A , Mcphail Jean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The everyday lives of adults are full of complex and ill-defined problems that require high-level reasoning and organizational skills. These problems are often solved in collaboration with other people. For example, a husband, wife, and babysitter may need to coordinate their weekly occupational and domestic work schedules in order to supervise one or more young children. When psychologists study problem-solving activity, however, they typically observe people while they work on well-defined problems by themselves in a laboratory environment. Only a few psychologists, educators, and anthropologists have paid much attention to the thinking activities of adults while they are engaged in naturalistic group problem-solving tasks (Gladwin, 1970; Hutchins, 1991; Lave & Wenger, 1991; Schoenfeld, 1989; Scribner, 1984). Their research shows that collaborative problem-solving activities provide a context in which supports for, constraints on, and challenges to an individual’s thinking occur. In many of these situations, achieving the solution to a problem becomes secondary to negotiating a shared problem definition and a common means of communication (Schoenfeld, 1989).
Activity Settings of Early Literacy: Home and School Factors in Children’s Ernergent Literacy
Authors: Gallimore Ronald , Goldenberg Claude 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Vygotsky argued that a cognitive function appears “twice, or in two planes. first it appears on the social plane, and then on the psychological plane. First it appears between people as an inter-psychological category, and then within the child as an intrapsychological category” (Vygotsky, 1978, p. 163).
A Sociocultural Approach to Agency
Authors: Wertsch James V , Tulviste Peeter , Hagstrom Fran 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his review of the history of ‘psychological science and ideologies,’ Joravsky (1989) argued that a great deal of contemporary research in psychology rests on implicit assumptions that were once the topic of overt reflection and controversy. He pointed out that we now gloss over many issues, such as volition and the role of aesthetics in human thought, that were once at the center of inquiries into human nature. It is not because these issues have been adequately defined, let alone resolved, but because historical trends such as disciplinary fragmentation function to keep them out of view. The result is that psychology rarely addresses such matters. Instead, ‘Sophisticated people have learned to evade questions that seemed urgent a century ago,’ and ‘articulate prisoners’ of the current Zeitgeist ‘shrug indifferently’ when asked about troubling assumptions that underlie their research (Joravsky, 1989, pp. 3 and 4).
The Ambassadors and America’s Soviet Policy
Authors: Mayers David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
George Kennan, Charles Bohlen, W. Averell Harriman, William Bullitt, Joseph E. Davies, Llewlleyn Thompson, Jack Matlock: these are important names in the history of American foreign policy. Together with a number of lesser-known officials, these diplomats played a vital role in shaping U.S. strategy and popular attitudes toward the Soviet Union throughout its 75-year history. In The Ambassadors and America’s Soviet Policy, David Mayers presents the most comprehensive critical examination yet of U.S. diplomats in the Soviet Union. Mayers’ vivid portrayal evokes the social and intellectual atmosphere of the American embassy in the midst of crucial episodes: the Bolshevik Revolution, the Great Purges, the Grand Alliance in World War II, the early Cold War, the Cuban Missile Crisis, the rise and decline of detente, and the heady days of perestroika and glasnost. He also offers rare portraits of the professional lives of the diplomats themselves: their adjustment to Soviet life, the quality of their analytical reporting, their contact with other diplomats in Moscow, and their influence on Washington. Assessing the strengths and weaknesses of American diplomacy in its most challenging area, this compelling book fills an important gap in the history of U.S. foreign policy and U.S.-Soviet relations. Readers interested in U.S. foreign policy, the cold war, and the policies and history of the former Soviet Union will find The Ambassadors and America’s Soviet Policy an intriguing and informative work.