bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Militant N.A.A.C.P
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Johnson, in this essay, discusses the NAACP’s role in abolishing lynching. He also points out that while lynching is the most sensational work of the Association, there are numerous other accomplishments. He makes the spe cific point that there is undoubtedly no phase of race relations that the NAACP has not profoundly affected. This essay was written in 1929. It seems hard to believe that the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People has been in existence nearly twenty years. This spring it is to have its Nineteenth Annual Conference. When it was begun, as a small committee, in New York, following the terrible race riots in Springfield, Illinois, where Abraham Lincoln had lived, it faced a very different condition in this country from what now prevails. Discrimination, dis franchisement, lawless attacks upon the Negro were at their height, and few if The work of the N.A.A.C.P. is conducted on a ludicrously small budget, eighty per cent of which is made up of small contributions and membership fees from one to five dollars paid in by Negroes. The white people who are taking part in its work do so, not merely to benefit and advance the Negro, but because they realize it is a work essential to the principles and the life itself of American democracy.
Leadership and the Times
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As a speaker at the NAACP Annual Conference in Detroit, Michigan, in January 1937, Johnson offers a speech on leadership in which he argues that business leadership, political leadership, educational leadership, social leadership, and spiritual leadership are being called into question. The complexities and characteristics of leadership are numerous, he asserts, especially since with each generation the demands for changing leadership are imperative. He pays tribute to the effective leadership of NAACP Secretary Walter White, who is the recipient of the Twenty-third Annual NAACP Spingarn Medal. I am going to talk to you for a few moments about leadership. But in these turbulent times, in this age when fundamental ideas of civilization, of society, and of life are shifting so rapidly, a discussion of leadership in traditional terms is archaic. Who in this day rises on a platform or stands on a street corner to talk about leadership, except to criticize, discredit, and deride it? Indeed, the discrediting.
Report of the Secretary for the Board Meeting of May 1954
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Philip Murray Award On May 12 the Philip Murray Memorial Foundation presented the Association a grant for $75,000 in a ceremony held at the Carnegie Foundation for International Peace. Formal presentation of the award was made by Walter Reuther, president of the C.I.O.. The check was accepted by Arthur B. Spingarn.
The Negro on the American Stage
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Influenced greatly by James Weldon Johnson, Walter White developed a strong literary interest and ultimately became a successful writer of both fiction and nonfiction. An active participant in the Harlem Renaissance, he published two novels during the height of the literary movement. Like John son, he believed that African Americans have been abundantly endowed “with the stuff of which drama is made “In this essay, written in 1932, he offers an assessment of African Americans’ influence and status on the American stage.
Reds vs. the Freedom Train
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The NAACP, White argued, was one of the most concrete roadblocks in the Communist Party’s path. It was typical of certain Communist forces to vilify the NAACP leadership through campaigns of falsehoods. The Association stood up to the Communists by empowering its board of directors and staff to revoke the charter of any NAACP branch that fell under the influence of the Communist Party. In the following New York Herald Tribune article, published in 1946, White discusses the Communists’ order to its followers to discredit the Freedom Train. The Communist Attack on the Freedom Train seemed so unbelievably silly when I first read it, I was certain that some enemy of Communism or some very smart Freedom Train publicist had concocted the diatribe. Even after authenticity of the secret directive to Communist units signed by the chairman of the “National Educational Agitation and Publication Department” had been admitted by the Communist Party; I found it difficult to believe any person or group could make himself or itself so ridiculous.
White Hails Film on Anti-Semitism
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the following article, Walter White praises producer Darryl Zanuck and his film company for its courage in presenting a sincere depiction of anti Semitism on the screen. He expresses his desire to see African-American life portrayed in a more honest and positive light on the big screen. This article was written in 1947. Wendell Willkie would be proud of the film company of whose board he was chairman for the courage it has shown in making “Gentleman’s Agreement” the most forthright expose of anti-Semitism yet to appear on the screen.
Moral Advance Seen in Report by Committee on Civil Rights
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Walter White called President Harry S. Truman’s report by the Commission on Civil Rights the most uncompromising and forthright declaration by a government agency on racial bigotries to date. This committee was formed in response to the “bloody summer” of 1946, when lynchings and mob violence against African Americans escalated. In this article, White praises Truman for establishing the Committee on Civil Rights to address these atrocities. He wrote this article in 1947. Today Americans who look to the future, Lloyd Morris asserts in his just published “Postscripts to Yesterday,” display no serenity, are opposed with an increasing dis enchantment with the social order and are plagued with a growing conviction of deterioration of the “moral atmosphere.” There is, unhappily, a tremendous volume of evidence to support Mr. Morris’s pessimism. But there is also evidence that the moral conscience of America not only is not entirely moribund, but in some respects is more percipient and courageous than it was in 1896, the year to which Mr. Morris looks back with nostalgic reverence. The most striking proof of this is the report of President Truman’s Committee on Civil Rights. That document is notable in two respects. It is the most uncompromising and specific pronouncement by a governmental agency on the explosive issue of racial and religious bigotry which had ever been issued. It is equally remarkable in that, for the first time, distinguished representatives of industry have spoken out on the subject.
Fate of Democrats in 1950 Seen Hinging on Stand on Civil Rights
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this article Walter White reminds Senate Democrats running for reelec tion in 1950 in states where the election will likely be close that labor, minority groups, and other voters will hold the balance of power. The can didates will be judged by their actions on civil rights. White expresses no confidence in the reactionary Republicans that they will bring about needed change. The political complexion of the Senate in 1950 may possibly have been determined by a small meeting in New York on February 5. Representatives of twenty-two national organizations played a decisive role in giving Democrats control of both Senate and House of the Eighty-first Congress. These organizations bluntly served notice that “no other recourse will be given us except to give control of the Senate in 1950 to the Republicans” if the Democratic Senate leadership allows that party’s civil rights pledges to be nullified by blustering Dixiecrats. That such a threat can be fulfilled and is no idle boast is evident on examination of the politically powerful groups which spoke. Organized labor was represented by both the American Federation and the Congress of Industrial Organizations. Protestant, Catholic, Jewish, women’s and Negro organizations were there. With the exception of the Americans for Democratic Action, none of the powerful bodies could be classified as “professional” political ones. They spoke for millions of in dependent voters who, during the last sixteen years, have taken away from political machines the deciding of national and local elections.
Fifty Years of Fighting
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Perhaps one of the most valuable signs of progress in the NAACP struggle for civil rights was that little time was spent on the issue of lynching during 1950. This progress represented a true change in the pattern of race realations in America. In the following essay, White discusses the five major campaigns in the struggle for freedom in the first half of this century. It is a fascinating, heartening, discouraging experience to celebrate the Pittsburgh Courier’s fortieth birthday by looking back to compare the status of civil animalism and racism, the breaking forever of illusions of white moral or military superiority, and embarrassment to the United States in its new position of world leadership. No longer can the United States get away with telling other peoples what they must do as long as denial of civil rights to its own citizens confront Americans in every international conference. Thus a new and immensely potent drive has been added to the battle for human justice to all Americans irrespective of race, creed, color, or national origin.
N.A.A.C.P. Forty-fifth Annual Meeting Speech
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1954 the Supreme Court charted a new course for American school children-moving the nation away from the “separate but equal” pattern, toward the democratic goal of integration and equal opportunity. The historic unanimous decision handed down on May 17 concluded “that in the field of public education the doctrine of ‘separate but equal’ has no place.” The Court declared that “separate educational facilities are inherently un equal.” It held that “the plaintiffs and others similarly situated for whom the actions have been brought are, by reason of the segregation complained of, deprived of the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment.” In the following remarks, Walter White praises the attorneys, both living and dead, who brought about this legal victory. He discusses other accomplishments of the Association as well as the struggle ahead. White gave this address in January 1955. The year 1954 marked one of the eight great epochs of the history of the Negro in America, in the unanimous decision of the United States Supreme Court out lawing segregation in tax-supported education. The eight epochs-some high, some low-began with the landing of the first Negro slaves in Jamestown, Va., in 1619; the signing of the Emancipation Proclamation by Lincoln in 1863; the Supreme Court decision in Plessy vs. Ferguson in 1896; the founding of the N.A.A.C.P. in 1909; the coming of age politically of the Negro in 1931 when organized Negro.
Roy Wilkins (August 30, 1901-September 6, 1981)
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
1901 Born to William and Mayfield Edmundson Wilkins on August 30 in St. Louis, Missouri. 1906 Upon his mother’s death, moves to St. Paul, Minnesota, to live with his uncle and aunt, Samuel and Elizabeth Edmundson Williams. Enters Whittier Grammar School. 1915 Graduates from the eighth grade. Enters the Mechanical Arts High School. 1918 Becomes the editor of the Logwheel, the high school newspaper. 1919 Graduates high school as salutatorian. Enters the University of Minnesota in the Department of Journalism. 1920 During college sophomore year, joins the staff of the Minnesota Daily, becoming the newspaper’s first black reporter.
Report of the Secretary for the Board Meeting of April 1963
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In protest against the arrest of the Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr., and others who have been fighting discrimination in the State of Alabama, the Secretary, on April 15, wired Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, urging Federal intercession and citing a specific law-in U.S. Code 242-which “makes it a crime under Federal law to deprive any U.S. citizen of constitutional rights under color of state law.” The Association also joined other organizations in protesting racial policies of several chain stores in Birmingham with demonstrations in major cities through out the country. Picket lines were set up on Saturday, April 20, in front of Wool worth, Kress, Green and Newberry stores in New York, Philadelphia, San Fran cisco, Los Angeles, Flint, Detroit, and thirty-five other cities. Other organizations joined the picket lines in some few cities including the Transport Workers Union, UAW, Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, CORE, ACWA, Negro American Labor Council, ILGWU, and the Retail Warehouse Department Store Union.
Report of the Secretary for the Board Meeting of September 1963
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Following the brutal beating of Rev. Harry Blake, president of the Shreveport, La., Branch on September 22, by police, the Secretary on September 24, wired the Attorney General urging “immediate and adequate Federal presence in Shreveport and full support of legislative authority of the Attorney General of the United States to protect American citizens “Law enforcement officials, including the Commissioner of Public Safety, invaded the Thirteenth District Auditorium where a memorial meeting for the victim of the Birmingham September IS bombing had been held. Police harassed several persons in the neighborhood and effectively prevented them from attending the meeting. One teacher was struck on the porch of his own home. To avert further violence, the Association temporarily suspended night meetings and demonstrations.
Report of the Secretary for the Board Meeting of December 1963
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On Friday, November 22, the Executive Secretary sent a wire to Mrs. Jacqueline Kennedy on behalf of the Association, expressing deepest sorrow on the tragic death of President John F. Kennedy. The Secretary also wired President Johnson following his oath of office ceremony. Following the assassination, radio, television, and newspaper reporters began calling for comment by the Secretary on the impact of the tragedy on the anti bias drive. He [the Secretary] issued the following statement at the time: The assassination of President Kennedy is a grim tragedy reminding us anew of the depth of hatred that some Americans are capable of harboring. The President’s consistent commitment to and espousal of basic human rights for all earned the undying enmity of fanatic and loathe some bigots ...
Report of the Secretary for the Board Meeting of April 1964
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Letter To Senators” Campaign-As a result of the Association’s campaign for letters to Senators in support of the civil rights bill, New York Senators Keating and Javits have reported a reversal in the trend of mail they have received. Last month these two Senators reported receiving mail 10-7 against the bill. On April 1, they reported that during the last week in March they received a total of 3,450 letters in favor of the bill, but 1,398 opposing it, better than two to one in favor of the bill. The Executive Secretary had sent letters to all branches of the Association urging them to write their Senators and get their friends to do so urging passage of the civil rights bill.
Report of the Secretary for the Board Meeting July and August 1964
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the months of July and August the Secretary continued to fill speaking engagements, make appearances on television and radio, and prepared articles for various publications; in addition to his administrative duties. On July 2, he attended the White House ceremony at which the President signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964; spoke in Detroit July 4 at the Japanese. On June II the Secretary wrote to the seventy-one senators-twenty-seven Re publican and forty-four Democratic-who voted June IO to invoke cloture, thereby ending the seventy-four day Senate debate on the civil rights bill. Death of Senator Clair Engle On July 31 the Secretary wired Mrs. Claire Engle on behalf of the officers and members of the Association, extending deep sympathy in the death of her hus band. The Secretary stated: He will be remembered for countless service and evidences of personal integrity, but for none more so than his personal appearances in June 1964 to vote for cloture on the civil rights bill and then to vote for the bill itself.
Report of the Executive Director for the Board Meeting of October 1964
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Immediately following a tour of West Coast branches (see September report), on October 2, the Executive Director* left the same day for a two-week vacation, returning to the office on October 16. Speaking Engagements On returning to the office he filled engagements as follows: October 16, Camden, N.J., for the Camden Branch in connection with its membership drive; October 18 in Orangeburg, S.C., at the South Carolina State Conference closing mass meeting; October 20 in Purchase, N.Y., for Manhattanville College of the Sacred Heart where he was cited as a “Leader, patriot, and man of faith,” and where he received an honorary degree of Doctor of Laws; Detroit, Mich., October 21, to confer with the branch officers on financial problems; October 24, Washington, Pa.,
Report of the Executive Director for the Board Meeting of the First Quarter 1973
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Speaking Engagements On January 7, the Executive Director attended [a] meeting of the Special Contributions Fund Trustees, and later that evening attended the Association’s Fellow ship Dinner in New York City; on January 8, attended annual meeting of the Association, and the Board of Directors meeting in New York City; attended staff meeting on January rn; testified at hearing of the Senate Committee on Labor and Public Welfare against [the] President’s nomination of Peter J. Brennan as Secretary of Labor in Washington, D.C., on January 18; was honorary pallbearer at funeral services for Elmer Carter on January 19 in New York City; attended memorial services for President Lyndon Baines Johnson at City Hall in New York City on January 24; and on January 25, attended funeral service for President Johnson in Washington, D.C.; on January 29, attended annual meeting and annual dinner of the Leadership Conference on Civil Rights.
The War against the United States
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One year after the Brown decision, the U.S. Supreme Court handed down its decree reaffirming the constitutional principle that racially segregated schools are unconstitutional. and it turned over to the lower federal courts the responsibility of seeing that local school boards moved with “all deliberate speed” to abide by the ruling. The reaction to this decree varied across the nation. School districts in Mississippi declared that they would defy the Supreme Court. Other school districts-in Poteau, Oklahoma; Fayette County, Kentucky, and Oak Ridge, Tennessee-desegregated without friction. In the following article, published in the Crisis in December 1955, Roy Wilkins discusses the aftermath of the Supreme Court’s 1955 decree. On May 31, 1955, the United States Supreme Court handed down its decree in the school segregation cases, reaffirming the constitutional principle in its 1954 opinion that racially segregated schools were unconstitutional. and turning over to the lower Federal Courts the task of seeing to it that local school boards made plans and took action with all deliberate speed to abide by the ruling.
The Meaning of the Sit-ins
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On February 1, 1960, in Greensboro, North Carolina, four African-American students at North Carolina A&T State College took a bold step by staging sit-ins. The sit-in action spread to other colleges: Michigan State University, University of Washington, Howard University, and others. A majority of the protests were organized and led by NAACP youth members. Most of those arrested were defended by attorneys provided by local NAACP branches. In addition, branches, NAACP officers, and members provided an appreciable portion of bail monies. In the following address, Roy Wilkins speaks before the City Club Forum of Cleveland about the meaning and results of sit-ins on April 16, 1960. Since February 1, 1960, the so-called race problem has taken a fresh and dramatic turn. Beginning on that date in Greensboro, N.C., a wave of sit-ins by Negro college students at lunch counters of variety stores has swept across the South, from Florida to West Texas.
In Back of the Busing Issue
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Roy Wilkins proclaimed that the busing issue was never the real issue. The real issue, he argued, was desegregated quality education. In the following article, written in August 1972, he discusses what he believes to be the real issues behind the highly charged question of busing. Not much more can be said on the highly emotional topic of busing children to school for the purpose of aiding the desegregation of the public school system. Except that busing is not the real question, but only the excuse behind which forces, for a variety of reasons, move against the real issue: Desegregated quality education. This. said the Supreme Court in 1954, belongs to every child, irrespective of race, color, or place of residence. In this election year, many politicians in Washington are busy passing legislation to curb busing. They are getting their votes on record against busing so that the folks back home will vote for them next November.
Integration the Only Way
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Roy Wilkins wrote this article in 1975, he believed that many African Americans had wandered off the path of integration in search of a quick panacea. In this essay he counters the “go-it-alone” theory. Nearly every day some evidence appears that more and more black Americans who have wandered off the path of creeping progress in search of a more speedy resolution of the race’s destiny are returning to the fold. They have found out their men, no matter how dedicated, need help and cooperation. The “go it alone” theory has been tried and it won’t work, at least for now. At one time it was thought the magic of black alone would be sufficient. Black was added to every enterprise and although some blacks, here and there, made some extra money by taking advantage of a fad, and although some egos were twisted unrecognizably, it was found, after a brief time, that in few instances was the race advanced. Truth to tell, integration is the only philosophy that goes anywhere under the present circumstances where there is a minority of ten to ninety. Until black people build up their retail field. reduce their number of household domestics, improve their land-holding class (farmers and non-farmers) find a way to employment in all brackets, fight their way to good solid education and are housed freely in all kinds of neighborhoods, they might as well forget going it by themselves.