bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The schizoaffective phenomenon: the state of the art
Authors: Marneros A. 
Published: September 2003

Objective:  Schizoaffective disorders are well established. Nevertheless, the definition in the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)‐10 and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM)‐IV are insufficient.Method:  Critical review of the literature from Kahlbaum (1863) to the 21st century.Results:  Many authors have described people suddenly developing a disorder with both ‘schizophrenic’ and ‘affective’ symptoms. In DSM‐IV and ICD‐10, the schizoaffective disorder is defined as the concurrent occurrence of schizophrenic symptoms with a major affective disorder. However, there is no reason for a chronological distinction regarding the co‐existence of schizophrenic and affective symptomatology. Moreover, longitudinal aspects are not included in the definitions.Conclusion:  Two types of schizoaffective disorder must be distinguished: the ‘concurrent’ and the ‘sequential’ type. The first includes people having only a coincidence of schizophrenic and affective symptoms. The ‘sequential’ type is defined as the schizoaffective disorder under a longitudinal aspect subsuming disorders with a symptom change between different episodes. Consequences for further research are discussed in detail.
Affective disorders, personality and personality disorders
Authors: Sass H. , Jünemann K. 
Published: September 2003

Objective:  The article deals with the complex conceptual history and current concepts on the relationship between personality, personality disorders and affective disorders. It is discussed whether these concepts represent distinct clinical entities or whether they lie on a continuum.Method:  We reviewed the classical literature from the 19th and the first half of the 20th centuries as well as analysed recent empirical data in order to summarize the current knowledge on this topic with respect to its historical origin. As a particular example, the position of the depressive personality disorder is evaluated.Results:  Considerable heterogeneity can be seen, both theoretically and empirically. The two major concepts are based either on a continuum model or favour distinct clinical entities, corresponding to a more dimensional or category‐orientated recording method.Conclusion:  The relationship between personality disorders and affective disorders is still unclear and is a highly debated issue. There is as yet no consensus, but a certain shift to dimensional models can be recognized.
Concepts in the treatment of bipolar disorder
Authors: Greil W. , Kleindienst N. 
Published: September 2003

Objective:  Concepts in the treatment of bipolar disorder are discussed considering clinical practice.Method:  Results of the Multicenter Study of Long‐term Treatment of Affective and Schizoaffective Psychoses (MAP) study, a controlled maintenance trial, are interpreted with respect to treatment concepts.Results:  The spectrum of patients diagnosed as bipolar has become more heterogeneous. It now comprises subtypes requiring differentiated treatment. The MAP study confirms that prophylactic efficacy of lithium seems to be specific to classic manic‐depressive illness, whereas carbamazepine might be more efficacious in non‐classic bipolar patients. With respect to clinical practice, treatment evaluation should also consider antisuicidal effects, inter‐episodic morbidity and compliance. In these respects, results are in favour of lithium. Furthermore, data indicate that adherence to lithium clearly depends on illness concepts. This encourages efforts to supplement pharmacotherapy by psychoeducation and psychotherapy.Conclusion:  With the broadening of diagnostic criteria, the treatment of bipolar disorder has become more complex. Patients need an integrated approach, including differentiated mood‐stabilizing pharmacotherapy and psychotherapeutic measures.
The spectrum of subjective effects of antipsychotic medication
Authors: Wolters Hugo A , Knegtering Rikus , Wiersma Durk , van den Bosch Robert J 
Published: September 2003

Background:This study examined the spectrum of subjective experiences which patients attribute to the use of antipsychotic medication.Methods:We collected interview data and answers to structured questions based on a comprehensive checklist in 77 patients using various types of classical or atypical antipsychotic drugs.Results:The responses of the patients could be categorized into psychological and somatic domains. The psychological domain could be subdivided into emotional, cognitive and sociability domains. The somatic set could be subdivided into activation and physiological domains.Conclusions:Our data reveal that the same effects may be experienced in either a positive or a negative way by different patients. We conclude that existing scales for measuring subjective effects of antipsychotic medication are incomplete.
The prevalence of Capgras syndrome in a university hospital setting
Authors: Tamam Lut , Karatas Gonca , Zeren Tayfun , Ozpoyraz Nurgul 
Published: September 2003

Background:Capgras syndrome (CS), the most common type of delusional misidentification syndrome, is the delusional belief that significant people in the patient's life have been replaced by identical doubles. Capgras syndrome is thought to be a rare syndrome which commonly occurs in a psychotic context.Objective:The objective of this study was to estimate the 5-year prevalence rate of CS in a university hospital in-patient setting and determine associated etiological and sociodemographic factors.Methods:All patient files and medical records were reviewed in detail for the presence of Capgras syndrome. The sociodemographic variables, clinical manifestations, and psychiatric and medical diagnoses of patients who fulfilled clinical criteria for Capgras syndrome were recorded for statistical evaluation.Results:The retrospective evaluation of patient files in 920 cases admitted to our psychiatric in-patient unit over 5 years revealed that 12 patients fulfilled the criteria for Capgras syndrome. The crude prevalence of Capgras syndrome in this population during 5-year period was 1.3% (1.8% for females, 0.9% for males). Schizophrenia (50%) was the most common psychiatric diagnosis in these patients. Only two patients presented with an organic etiology underlying Capgras syndrome.Conclusions:The results of this study indicate that Capgras syndrome is not a rare syndrome, and commonly occurs during the course of either functional or organic psychotic illness. Age seems to be an important predicting factor for the etiology of psychosis underlying Capgras syndrome.
Association between -174 G/C polymorphism of interleukin-6 gene and alcoholism
Authors: Šerý Omar , Hladilová Renáta , Novotný Miroslav , Hríbková Hana , Znojil Vladimír , Zvolský Petr 
Published: September 2003

Objectives:IL-6 plays the role as a physiological neuromodulator involved in dopaminergic, serotonergic and other neurotransmissions. The aim of the present association study was to examine the effect of the G/C -174 polymorphism of the IL-6 gene on disposition to alcoholism.Methods:We investigated the relationship between the G/C -174 polymorphism of the IL-6 gene and alcohol dependence in 281 alcoholics and 242 control subjects.Results:The significant difference in G allele frequency between alcoholic group (0.52) and control group (0.59) was found (P< 0.03).Conclusion:To our knowledge, this is the first finding providing evidence for an association between alcoholism and the polymorphism of the IL-6 gene. The background of the relationship between the IL-6 gene and alcoholism is discussed.
An investigation of criteria used to indicate cranial CT in males with schizophrenia
Authors: Rock Daniel J , Wynn Owen Peter 
Published: September 2003

Background:With the increased accessibility of the CT scanner, psychiatrists managing schizophrenia and first-episode psychosis have incorporated this imaging technique into their diagnostic work-up. This practice has been reinforced by published criteria for CT scanning in psychiatric patients suggesting that cranial CT should be used as a screening tool to exclude intracranial pathology in all patients with a first presentation of schizophrenia or first psychotic episode.Objectives:This study reviews the performance of these criteria.Method:This consisted of a 3-year retrospective case-note audit, using published criteria, of all male in-patients with an established diagnosis of schizophrenia who had a cranial CT during the review period.Results:The efficacy of the published criteria is not supported. In addition, non-specific abnormalities on cranial CT are related to duration of illness and not age in this sample.Conclusions:There is a need to establish new and clinically meaningful approaches for the use of cranial CT and similar technologies in clinical psychiatry. Cranial CT performs poorly as a universal screening tool in this population. The decision to use such imaging techniques should be made on a case-by-case basis using all available clinical evidence.
Disturbed cognitive functioning and clinical symptoms: two independent problem areas in schizophrenia
Authors: Pijnenborg G. H. M. , van Beilen M. , Arends J. , Holthausen E. A. E. , Withaar F. K. 
Published: September 2003

Background:Research findings on the relationship between cognitive functioning and psychiatric symptoms in schizophrenia have yielded inconsistent results. Although several models were postulated linking cognition and symptoms, the most recent studies point in the direction of cognition and symptoms being relatively independent disease processes.Objective:The hypothesis that cognitive decline and psychiatric symptoms are independent disease processes was tested.Methods:The relationship between cognitive functioning and clinical symptoms was examined in a large sample of 100 schizophrenia patients.Results:The hypothesis was largely confirmed.Conclusion:No convincing evidence was found that symptoms and cognition were related.
Borna disease virus and deficit schizophrenia
Authors: Kim Yong-Ku , Kim Sang-Hyun , Han Chang-Su , Lee Heon-Jeong , Kim Hyung-Seob , Yoon Sung-Chul , Kim Dai-Jin , Song Ki-Joon , Maes Michael , Song Jin-Won 
Published: September 2003

Background:It is controversial whether Borna disease virus (BDV) infects humans and causes psychiatric disorders.Objectives:The relationship between BDV infection and schizophrenia with deficit syndrome was investigated.Study design:Using the Schedule for the Deficit Syndrome, 62 schizophrenic in-patients were selected from three psychiatric hospitals. RNA was extracted from peripheral blood mononuclear cells and analyzed using nested reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction with primers to detect BDV p24 and p40.Results and conclusions:BDV transcripts were not detected in samples from any of the 62 schizophrenic patients. These data do not support an etiologic association between BDV infection and the deficit form of schizophrenia.
Recognition memory abnormalities in asymptomatic biological parents of a patient with schizophrenia
Authors: Edelstyn N. M. J. , Drakeford J. , Oyebode F. , Findlay C. D. 
Published: September 2003

Background:Recognition memory dysfunction has been frequently reported in schizophrenic populations, and has been linked with the development of delusions and thought disorder. A range of neuropsychological abnormalities have also been documented in the biological asymptomatic relatives of patients with schizophrenia; however, recognition memory has not been one of them.Aim:This study was carried out in order to investigate: (i) verbal and facial recognition memory in terms of accuracy and false alarm rates; and (ii) contributions from the episodic and semantic memory systems to recognition memory, in the biological asymptomatic parents of a reported schizophrenic patient and a set of male and female psychotic controls.Results:Gender differences failed to emerge between the psychotic controls on any of the recognition measures (discrimination accuracy, response bias, hit and false alarm rates, ‘remember’ and ‘know’ recognition memory decisions). However, there was evidence of recognition dysfunction in the female relative, and to a lesser extent, in the male. Both parent's recognition memory performance profiles were marked by a pathologically elevated false alarm rate, and an increased dependence ‘remember’ judgements, i.e. input from the episodic memory system, to drive recognition memory decisions.Conclusions:These findings are discussed in the context of models of episodic and semantic memory impairment in schizophrenia.
Isoprenoid pathway dysfunction in chronic fatigue syndrome
Authors: Kurup Ravi Kumar , Kurup Parameswara Achutha 
Published: September 2003

Background and aims:The isoprenoid pathway was assessed in 15 patients with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). The pathway was also assessed in individuals with differing hemispheric dominance to assess whether hemispheric dominance has any correlation with these disease states.Methods:The isoprenoid metabolites – digoxin, dolichol and ubiquinone – RBC membrane Na+-K+ATPase activity, serum magnesium and tyrosine/tryptophan catabolic patterns were assessed. The free radical metabolism, glycoconjugate metabolism and RBC membrane composition were also assessed.Results:Membrane Na+-K+ATPase activity and serum magnesium levels were decreased while HMG-CoA reductase activity and serum digoxin levels were increased in CFS. There were increased levels of tryptophan catabolites – nicotine, strychnine, quinolinic acid and serotonin – and decreased levels of tyrosine catabolites –dopamine, norepinephrine and morphine – in CFS. There was an increase in dolichol levels, carbohydrate residues of glycoproteins, glycolipids, total/individual glycosaminoglycans (GAG) fractions and lysosomal enzymes in CFS. Reduced levels of ubiquinone, reduced glutathione and free radical scavenging enzymes as well as increased lipid peroxidation products and nitric oxide were noticed in CFS. The biochemical patterns in CFS correlated with those obtained in right hemispheric dominance.Conclusions:The role of hypothalamic digoxin and neurotransmitter-induced immune activation, altered glycoconjugate metabolism and resultant defective viral antigen presentation, NMDA excitotoxicity and cognitive and mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of CFS is stressed. CFS occurs in individuals with right hemispheric dominance.
Polymyxa graminis and the cereal viruses it transmits: a research challenge
Authors: Kanyuka Konstantin , Ward Elaine , Adams Michael J. 
Published: September 2003

SUMMARY Polymyxa graminis is a eukaryotic obligate biotrophic parasite of plant roots that belongs to a poorly studied discrete taxonomic unit informally called the ‘plasmodiophorids’. P. graminis is non‐pathogenic, but has the ability to acquire and transmit a range of plant viruses which cause serious diseases in cereal crop species and result in significant yield reductions. The viruses are protected from the environment within P. graminis resting spores (‘cysts’) that may remain dormant but viable for decades (probably until a suitable host plant is encountered). The persistent, soil‐borne nature of these diseases makes the use of virus‐resistant crop varieties currently the only practical and environmentally friendly means of control. Useful websites:  http://www.rothamsted.bbsrc.ac.uk/ppi/links/pplinks/plasmod/index.html, http://www.dpvweb.net/, http://www.rothamsted.bbsrc.ac.uk/ppi/Iwgpvfv/index.html, http://www.rothamsted.bbsrc.ac.uk/ppi/links/pplinks/bymoviruses/index.html, http://oak.cats.ohiou.edu/~braselto/plasmos/
Pantoea agglomerans pvs. gypsophilae and betae, recently evolved pathogens?
Authors: Manulis Shulamit , Barash Isaac 
Published: September 2003

SUMMARY Pantoea agglomerans pvs. gypsophilae and betaeTaxonomy: Bacteria; Proteobacteria; gamma subdivision; order Enterobacteriales; family Enterobacteriaceae; species Pantoea agglomerans. Microbiological properties: Gram‐negative, non‐capsulated, non‐spore‐forming, predominately motile rode. Disease symptoms: Gall formation at wound sites, mainly in the crown region of the stem. The host range of P. agglomerans pv. gypsophilae is restricted to Gypsophila paniculata, whereas P. agglomerans pv. betae is pathogenic on Beta vulgaris and gypsophila. Disease control: Pathogenic‐free transplants and sanitation. No resistant cultivars are available. Major virulence determinants: Pathogenicity plasmid (pPATH), hrp cluster, type III virulence effectors, phytohormones.
The role of lipopolysaccharides in induction of plant defence responses
Authors: Erbs Gitte , Newman Mari‐Anne 
Published: September 2003

SUMMARYLipopolysaccharides (LPS) are ubiquitous, indispensable components of the cell surface of Gram‐negative bacteria that apparently have diverse roles in bacterial pathogenesis of plants. As an outer membrane component, LPS may contribute to the exclusion of plant‐derived antimicrobial compounds promoting the ability of a bacterial plant pathogen to infect plants. In contrast, LPS can be recognized by plants to directly trigger some plant defence‐related responses. LPS also sensitize plant tissue to respond more rapidly or to a greater extent to subsequently inoculated phytopathogenic bacteria. Sensitization is manifested by an accelerated synthesis of antimicrobial hydroxycinnamoyl‐tyramine conjugates, in the expression patterns of genes coding for some pathogenesis‐related (PR) proteins, and prevention of the hypersensitive reaction caused by avirulent bacteria. The description at the molecular level of the various effects of LPS on plants is a necessary step towards an understanding of the signal transduction mechanisms through which LPS triggers these responses. A definition of these signal transduction pathways should allow an assessment of the contribution that LPS signalling makes to plant disease resistance in both natural infections and biocontrol.
Fusarium oxysporum: exploring the molecular arsenal of a vascular wilt fungus
Authors: Pietro Antonio Di , Madrid Marta P. , Caracuel Zaira , Delgado‐Jarana Jesús , Roncero M. Isabel G. 
Published: September 2003

SUMMARYTaxonomy: Vascular wilt fungus; Ascomycete although sexual stage is yet to be found. The most closely related teleomorphic group, Gibberella, is classified within the Pyrenomycetes. Host range: Very broad at the species level. More than 120 different formae speciales have been identified based on specificity to host species belonging to a wide range of plant families. Disease symptoms: Initial symptoms of vascular wilt include vein clearing and leaf epinasty, followed by stunting, yellowing of the lower leafs, progressive wilting of leaves and stem, defoliation and finally death of the plant. In cross‐sections of the stem, a brown ring is evident in the area of the vascular bundles. Some formae speciales are not primarily vascular pathogens but cause foot‐ and rootrot or bulbrot. Economic importance: Causes severe losses on most vegetables and flowers, several field crops such as cotton and tobacco, plantation crops such as banana, plantain, coffee and sugarcane, and a few shade trees. Control: Use of resistant varieties is the only practical measure for controlling the disease in the field. Under greenhouse conditions, soil sterilization can be performed. Alternative control methods with potential for the future include soil solarization and biological control with antagonistic bacteria or fungi. Useful websites: http://www.fgsc.net/fus.htm, http://www‐genome.wi.mit.edu/annotation/fungi/fusarium/, http://www.cbs.knaw.nl/fusarium/database.html
Genotypic analysis of Xylella fastidiosa isolates from different hosts using sequences homologous to the Xanthomonas rpf genes
Authors: Meinhardt Lyndel W. , Ribeiro Milena P. M. A. , Coletta‐Filho Helvécio D. , Dumenyo C. Korsi , Tsai Sui M. , De M. Bellato Cláudia 
Published: September 2003

SUMMARYThis is the first report of a genotypic analysis of the phytopathogenic bacteria Xylella fastidiosa (Xf) using differences within intra‐ and intergenic regions of pathogenic genes. Orthologous sequences from the genome of Xf were identified for genes involved in the regulation of pathogenicity factors (rpf) from Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc). While the rpf genes were conserved, the chromosomal region revealed differences in gene sizes and intergenic spacings and a major translocational event when compared to Xcc. Primers were designed to amplify three regions: the intragenic region of rpfA (2354 bp), the intergenic region between rpfA and rpfB (5772 bp), and the intergenic region between rpfC and rpfF (2314 bp). Amplicons were obtained for all three regions from 32 of the 33 Xf isolates tested from citrus, grape, coffee, plum, hibiscus and periwinkle. Three Xcc isolates from cruciferous plants only generated PCR products for the rpfC‐F region. Cleaved amplified polymorphic sequences (CAPS) (TaqαI) revealed differential banding profiles for the rpfA‐B and rpfC‐F regions. Xylella isolates were separated into seven groups via rpfA‐B, of which five contained only citrus, while the other two had citrus, grape and coffee, and citrus, coffee, plum and hibiscus isolates. rpfC‐F separated the isolates into three host‐related groups. Citrus, coffee and hibiscus isolates formed one group, while the other two groups were comprised solely of grape and plum isolates. Xcc isolates formed an out‐group. In silico analysis supports these results, which reveal the potential of the rpf genes for genotypic analysis of Xylella fastidiosa.
Large scale parallel analysis of gene expression during infection‐related morphogenesis ofMagnaporthe grisea
Authors: Takano Yoshitaka , Choi Woobong , Mitchell Thomas K. , Okuno Tetsuro , Dean Ralph A. 
Published: September 2003

SUMMARYThe rice blast fungusMagnaporthe griseacauses one of the most destructive diseases of rice. To initiate the infection of host tissues, conidia elaborate germ tubes that differentiate specialized infection structures called appressoria. Microarrays composed of 3500 cDNAs ofM. griseawere prepared for the identification of genes that are specifically up‐ or down‐regulated during appressorium formation. Gene expression in ungerminated conidia, during appressorium formation, and during mycelial growth was investigated with a novel highly sensitive dendrimer based detection system. Transcripts of 85 different genes were found to be more abundant in ungerminated conidia and/or in conidia with developing appressoria than in vegetative mycelia. Nineteen of these showed higher expression in both ungerminated conidia and developing appressoria than in mycelia, suggesting that their expression remains elevated during the early stage of fungal infection. The expression of 18 genes was higher in ungerminated conidia than in developing appressoria, indicating their possible role in the germination process or maintaining dormancy. Transcripts of 47 genes were found to be more abundant in developing appressoria than in ungerminated conidia, suggesting that their expression is induced during appressorium formation. Several of these genes, including a chitin binding protein and infection structure specific protein MIF23, were previously shown to be preferentially expressed during appressorium formation. However, the expression of many of these genes has not been reported prior to this analysis. In contrast, transcripts of 38 different genes were found to be more abundant in mycelia than in developing appressoria. A Northern blot analysis of selected genes was consistent with the microarray results. Results from this study provide a powerful resource for furthering our understanding of gene expression during infection‐related morphogenesis and for the functional analysis ofM. griseagenes involved in fungal infection.