bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Right of Privacy in Sandel's Procedural Republic
Authors: Fleming James E. , McClain Linda C. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
To the extent Sandel hints at substance, his republican virtues suitable for multiple-situated selves sound suspiciously liberal or at least compatible with liberalism, raising the question whether there is a significant distance between his pluralistic republicanism and the most attractive form of liberalism. If republicanism’s concern is simply that citizens engage in morally worthy social practices, then a regime that places no value on choice could simply assign citizens to engage in those practices; if Sandel objects that forcing persons into particular relationships and practices compromises the moral worth of those practices, he must implicitly assume that there is some value attached to the element of choice, autonomy, or personal self-government. Sandel does not comment on perhaps the most republican aspect of the joint opinion in Planned Parenthood v. Casey: the latitude that it gives to the state to shape women’s decision-making process in favor of childbirth over abortion to encourage “wise” or responsible decisions, in part because of the “consequences” of the abortion decision for the women, the community, and prenatal life. Toleration need not be grudging and fragile if its proponents persuasively make a moral argument for it and its possible tempering of the formative project: autonomy is a human good, as are diversity, equal citizenship, and toleration itself, and a commitment to protecting those goods should often (but not always) constrain government from coercively acting to make citizens lead good lives by compelling “moral” and prohibiting “immoral” choices. It remains an open question whether we should wish to revitalize the republican tradition and to search for a substantive republic, but even if we should, most of the work of developing a moral reading of the Constitution of the substantive republic remains to be done.
Engineering the Environment: The Politics of ‘Nature Development’
Authors: Keulartz Jozef 
Published: October 2003

AbstractEnvironmental policy in the Netherlands has reached a remarkable evolutionary stage, in which policy‐makers have moved beyond merely defensive considerations of preserving and protecting the environment to encompass proactive measures for ‘nature development’ by recovering wasteland and ‘returning’ it to nature. However, this new phase of environmental engineering is not without its own risks, notably with respect to its cultural assumptions. The principles of Dutch nature development involve a dubious form of cultural politics, in which the science is used to impose a particular cultural view of nature upon local communities, thereby excluding other views. Upon analysis, it becomes clear that science provides no adequate basis for this, and that a more consultative and democratic process is needed to clarify the range of solutions and scenarios that is available. Environmental politics should aim to address the question of what sort of relationship to nature people really want.
Ideas, Pioneers, and Precursors
Authors: Velupillai Kumaraswamy 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
In this chapter, a first, tentative attempt is made to define the nature and scope of what is meant by computable economics. From a study of the way economics was mathematized in the modern era, – i.e., since about the late 1920s – I try to extract those studies and examples that attempted recursion theoretic characterizations of economic theoretic problems. These are then distilled and codified as early examples of computable economics. The chapter also discusses, more specifically but concisely, the contributions of Herbert Simon from a recursion theoretic point of view.
Developing States and the End of the Cold War
Authors: Sen Gautam 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The first section of this chapter examines the political and economic context of change in developing countries: the two themes are the evolution of the international economy, especially since the 1970s, and the political impact of the ending of the cold war. The next section addresses the key issues of liberalization and globalization, which preceded the end of the cold war but are now influenced by that event. The next section identifies the deepening of liberalization and globalization, and the phenomenon of regional integration and asymmetric competition between developed and developing countries. A more detailed discussion of two important expressions of liberalization and globalization follows, in the context of the political implications for developing countries: these are the importance of structural adjustment programmes for the advance of the new market forms and their associated ideology, and the GATT Uruguay Round of trade negotiations. The two final sections of the chapter evaluate the use of political power by developed countries to achieve economic ends, and a concluding section assesses the possible future pattern of interaction between developed and developing countries.
The Asia Pacific Region in the Post‐Cold War Era
Authors: Acharya Amitav , Stubbs Richard 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The main argument of this chapter is that the position and posture of the developing countries of the Asia‐Pacific region towards the emerging world order are marked by a great deal of complexity and ambivalence. This ambivalence or state of apparent schizophrenia can be discerned from an analysis of some of the principal economic, security, and political developments in the region in recent years, especially in the wake of changes brought about by the end of the cold war. The different sections of the chapter provide a closer analysis of these developments in four key areas: economic regionalization, problems of security and stability, human rights and democratic governance, and regional institution building.
Squaring Off: Executives and Legislatures in Ecuador
Authors: Barczak Monica 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Divided government has been virtually the norm in Ecuador since the demise of the last military regime in 1979, as a result of both historical experience and political institutions, particularly electoral rules. It appears in several forms thanks to these rules, which allow a mixed‐party presidential ticket, the survival of many small parties, and a small assembly. Relations between executive and legislature are best described as ‘muddling through’, with some presidential powers balanced by the legislature's powers of scrutiny and possible impeachment.
Divided Government in Mexico's Presidentialist Regime: the 1997–2000 Experience
Authors: Klesner Joseph L. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter analyses the historical background, which led to the emergence of divided government in the 1990s, and the way in which this new political environment was managed during the 1997–2000 Congress. The analysis describes changes in the internal organization of the Chamber of Deputies, and the formation of coalitions to support presidential initiatives. To provide better insight into the coalition formation process, it reviews the experiences of the 1997–2000 Congress in passing the three budgets sent to it by President Zedillo.
Gender Inequality and International Human Rights Law
Authors: Chinkin Christine 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Begins with a survey of the realities of women's global inequality, asserting that attempts at legal regulation (notably the Women's Convention prepared for the UN's Second Conference on Women, held in Copenhagen in 1980) have fallen far short of the tasks of achieving gender equality. Explanations for this enormous disparity between promise and performance involve flaws in the legal framework, defects in the concept of equality used to promote the advancement of women, and the general inadequacy of law as an instrument for changing behaviours deeply rooted in tradition and culture, and supported moreover by global economic structures. For all these reasons, the chapter concludes by doubting whether legal regulation, particularly at the international level, can ever generate fundamental societal change.
Social Policy in a Global Context
Authors: Deacon Bob 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
In this chapter, it is argued that the concerns of social policy, traditionally the prerogative of sovereign states, have become supranational and global in scope. The management of economic activity, such that it also serves the purpose of social justice both within and among states, is now high on the agenda of global forums such as the G7 and of international organizations such as the World Bank and the World Trade Organization. Begins by elaborating on this proposition, offering a more precise analysis of the new terrain of global social policy. It then reviews the social policies, both explicit and implicit, of major international organizations, particularly in the sphere of income maintenance and the management of inequality. Finally, it reviews the global governance reform agenda in terms of its relevance to the task of securing greater global justice.
Impartial Justice, Motivation, and Punishment
Authors: Matravers Matt 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
It is argued that a premiss of the fundamental moral equality of persons is built into the foundations of impartialist theories of justice. The inclusion of this premise means that the demands of justice are disconnected from the personal perspective adopted by the agent and appear to him as alien restrictions on the pursuit of his good. Thus, coercion is needed to fill the gap between morality and self‐interest.
Self‐Interest and the Commitment to Morality
Authors: Matravers Matt 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Argues that the better realization of the agent's non‐social interests is only one condition for moral cooperation; it does not provide decisive reason to enter such cooperation. Instead, what is needed is an existential commitment to the moral; a commitment that is ungrounded but not irrational. It is argued that such a choice is plausible if constructivist theory drops its commitment to the assumption of non‐tuism, and that there are independent grounds for this assumption to be dropped.
Global Location Behavior and Organizational Dynamics of Japanese Electronics Firms and Their Impact on Regional Economies
Authors: Fujita Masahisa , Ishii Ryoichi 
Published: October 2003

AbstractBuilding on the experience of nine Japanese electronics firms after World War II, the authors look at the explanatory contribution of selective factor disadvantages operating at the country level (hard countries) and of local rivalry (the stimulus of pressures) to the survival and growth of these firms. Their argument, which stresses the spatial influence on firm strategy, is close to that of Enright in the previous chapter. Since Fujita and Ishii look at the global operations of their nine selected firms, they are also able bring to the fore the geographical dispersal and local spatially determined dynamics as they impact firm strategy. Their detailed analysis shows that globalization of the chosen firms is a function of the desire to remain competitive. However, it also notes that fundamental problems have arisen for the Japanese electronics industry as well as for the Japanese economy, and these are identified as primarily institutional and competitive in type.
Canada
Authors: Rugman Alan M. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Three themes are pursued in this case study on the impact of globalization on Canada. The first is that from a Canadian perspective, globalization means regionalization; by virtue of the FTA (Canada–US Free Trade Agreement) and NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement), Canadian‐based firms have secure and reasonably predictable access to the world's largest market, with the rules‐based regime of the FTA and NAFTA being preferable to the former US‐dominated power‐based system, although many subtle political and managerial challenges remain, since market access is not perfectly secure. The second characteristic of Canadian strategic management is related to the first and is the need to develop skills in ‘national responsiveness’, due to the asymmetries in size of the US and Canadian economies. The third theme affecting Canadian competitiveness and analysis of globalization is the large amount of foreign ownership; this somewhat complicates the nature of
business–government relations in Canada, since more than one‐third of the manufacturing sector is foreign‐owned, with over two‐thirds of this being US FDI (foreign direct investment) in Canada. The four main sections of the chapter are as follows: Foreign ownership and strategic management; Regional strategic management for Canadian firms; The flagship business network model; and Strategy in the Canadian chemical industry.
France
Authors: Michalet Charles‐Albert 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This case study on the impact of globalization on France starts by tracing the nationalistic and mercantilistic philosophy of France back to the time of Colbert [1619–1683]. It argues that although the policies of French administrations of the 1980s towards inward and outward investment underwent a complete volte‐face, these were only embraced reluctantly in the light of the imperatives of globalization and regional integration. It then comes as no surprise that some of the most vociferous critics of globalization are French politicians or bureaucrats – as documented by Michalet in the conclusion to the chapter. The chapter has two main sections, the first discussing the national aspiration with reference to the French ‘hierarchical‐capitalism’ model from the mid‐1960s to mid‐1980s. The second looks at the change from a partially opened economy to a fully open economy, which was marked by the beginning of the abandonment of the French model in favour of neoliberal economic orthodoxy from mid‐1982, and the later trend towards global integration from the mid‐1980s, which was marked by an upsurge of French business investment abroad, and the strengthened presence of foreign enterprises in France.
East Asia
Authors: Lall Sanjaya 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This case study looks at the consequences of technological change and globalization for the organization of economic activity in East Asia, focusing on Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan. The author points out in his chapter that most of East Asia—partly for cultural and sociological reasons—has followed the Japanese style of market‐based capitalism. Strong governments, with the close cooperation of private enterprise, have patterned the course of economic development, although, as the development has proceeded, the operational intervention of the state has been greatly reduced. However, while acknowledging the similarities in intent and philosophy, Sanjaya Lall also emphasizes the differences in the interface between the public and private sector, explaining, for example, that whereas in the Chinese tradition the role of the small entrepreneurial firm has been of critical importance, in South Korea, as in Japan, industrial development has been more concentrated within the hands of the large trading companies—the Chaebol. Lall also evaluates the success and failures of the two systems and the lessons to be drawn from them.
EMU, the Mitterrand Presidency, and French Political Tradition
Authors: Dyson Kenneth , Featherstone Kevin 
Published: October 2003

AbstractMitterrand's leadership role is situated within the context of French political tradition. Particular attention is paid to the tradition of the republican state and its relationship to the idea of ‘economic government’. Other important influences are from the idea of French leadership in Europe and primacy to construction européenne. This idea has, in turn, been closely linked to the franc stable policy and the power of the Trésor. Perhaps most central of all has been the search for economic independence from the USA and the linkage between EMU and a rebalancing of economic power in the international monetary system.
EMU, the Kohl Chancellorship, and German Political Tradition: The Legacy of Adenauer and Erhard
Authors: Dyson Kenneth , Featherstone Kevin 
Published: October 2003

AbstractParticular attention is paid to the legacies of Adenauer (on primacy to European unification) and Erhard (on the social market economy) and the problems of reconciling these two aspects of post‐war German tradition. The Ordo‐liberal concept of stability culture is identified as centrally important. The German negotiating style is characterized as rule‐based. Kohl is set in the context of German tradition.
Italian Policy Beliefs About EMU: External Discipline Versus Internal Protection
Authors: Dyson Kenneth , Featherstone Kevin 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe parameters of the Italian perspective on EMU were derived from the legacies of the domestic weakness of the state (the diffuseness of power leading to immobilismo), the clientelism, and multiple veto points of the partitocrazia, and the process of policy learning concerning the political manipulation of economic and monetary policy. The competing pressures of securing external discipline and satisfying demands for internal protection were redefined by the experiences of financial crises in the 1970s and the implications of ERM entry. Policy shifts (to price and exchange rate stability, the ‘gradual divorce’ of the Banca d’Italia, and financial liberalization) restructured the power of the Banca and of the Tesoro, changed perceptions of the advantages of EU commitments as a vincolo esterno (external constraint), and heightened the policy leadership of technocratic experts.
The European Commission: A Balancing Act Between Autonomy and Dependence
Authors: Lequesne Christian 
Published: October 2003

AbstractPolitical science studies of European policy usually stress two characteristics: First, they are monographic and empirical, and second, they go beyond a state‐centric approach to European integration. Among the new research tracks, there has been a revisiting of the European Commission, which is no longer viewed as an institutional monolith, but rather as a complex multi‐organization. This chapter adopts an institutional approach and looks at the Commission from the inside without developing any particular case study. It first shows how EU Commission agents can mobilize specific resources to behave as ‘policy entrepreneurs’ in the EU polity with a certain degree of autonomy from the national governments. Second, it defends the autonomy argument by arguing that this policy entrepreneurship is also constrained by endogenous and exogenous factors that make the Commission dependent on the national governments in the EU polity. This balancing act between autonomy and dependence is considered to be the main characteristic of the European Commission. It is also an invitation to look at supranational institutions by linking two analytical perspectives. On the one hand, supranational institutions are the creation of national governments in order to facilitate their interests and bargaining. On the other hand, supranational institutions are also the products of their organizational dynamics.
Botswana
Authors: Baumhögger Goswin 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter on elections and electoral systems in Botswana follows the same format as all the other country chapters in the book. The first section is introductory and contains a historical overview, discussion of the evolution of electoral provisions, an account of the current electoral provisions, and a comment on the electoral statistics. The second section consists of ten tables. These are: 2.1 Dates of National Elections, Referendums, and Coups d’Etat (there have been no coups d’états); 2.2 Electoral Body 1965–1994 (data on population size, registered voters, and votes cast); 2.3 Abbreviations (abbreviations and full names of political parties and alliances used in tables 2.6, 2.7 and 2.9); 2.4 Electoral Participation of Parties and Alliances 1965–1994 (participation of political parties and alliances in chronological order and including the years and number of contested elections); 2.5 Referendums 1987–1997 (details of registered voters and votes cast); 2.6 Elections for Constitutional Assembly (details of registered voters and votes cast); 2.7 Parliamentary Elections 1965–1994 (details of registered voters and votes cast); 2.8 Composition of Parliament 1965–1994; 2.9 Presidential Elections (election is only indirect: the candidate who commands the support of more than one half of the newly elected members of the National Assembly is declared President); and 2.10 List of Power Holders 1966–1998.
Central African Republic
Authors: Mehler Andreas 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter on elections and electoral systems in the Central African Republic follows the same format as all the other country chapters in the book. The first section is introductory and contains a historical overview, discussion of the evolution of electoral provisions, an account of the current electoral provisions, and a comment on the electoral statistics. The second section consists of ten tables. These are: 2.1 Dates of National Elections, Referendums, and Coups d’Etat; 2.2 Electoral Body 1959–1998 (data on population size, registered voters, and votes cast); 2.3 Abbreviations (abbreviations and full names of political parties and alliances used in tables 2.6, 2.7, and 2.9); 2.4 Electoral Participation of Parties and Alliances 1959–1998 (participation of political parties and alliances in chronological order and including the years and number of contested elections); 2.5 Referendums 1981–1994 (details of registered voters and votes cast); 2.6 Elections for Constitutional Assembly (none held); 2.7 Parliamentary Elections 1959–1998 (details of registered voters and votes cast); 2.8 Composition of Parliament 1959–1998; 2.9 Presidential Elections 1964–1993 (details of registered voters and votes cast); and 2.10 List of Power Holders 1959–1999.
Equatorial Guinea
Authors: Fleischhacker Helga 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter on elections and electoral systems in Equatorial Guinea follows the same format as all the other country chapters in the book. The first section is introductory and contains a historical overview, discussion of the evolution of electoral provisions, an account of the current electoral provisions, and a comment on the electoral statistics. The second section consists of ten tables. These are: 2.1 Dates of National Elections, Referendums, and Coups d’Etat; 2.2 Electoral Body 1963–1996 (data on population size, registered voters, and votes cast); 2.3 Abbreviations (abbreviations and full names of political parties and alliances used in tables 2.6, 2.7, and 2.9); 2.4 Electoral Participation of Parties and Alliances 1968–1996 (participation of political parties and alliances in chronological order and including the years and number of contested elections); 2.5 Referendums 1963–1982 (details of registered voters and votes cast nationally and regionally); 2.6 Elections for Constitutional Assembly (none held); 2.7 Parliamentary Elections 1993 (details of registered voters and votes cast nationally and at constituency level); 2.8 Composition of Parliament 1968–1993; 2.9 Presidential Elections 1968–1996 (details of registered voters and votes cast); and 2.10 List of Power Holders 1968–1998.