bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The What and the That: Theories of Singular Thought in Bradley, Russell, and the Early Wittgenstein
Authors: Levine James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As has become widely recognized in recent years, one of the fundamental differences between Frege and Russell concerns their views of the constituents of singular sentential ‘contents’. Frege and Russell agree that at least one purpose of a proper name is to stand for an object, and both agree that sentences containing proper names, as well as the contents such sentences express, are about the objects designated by the names in those sentences (if those names succeed in designating at all).
Bradley’s Doctrine of the Absolute
Authors: Sprigge T L S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is a strong temptation, when attempting to interest philosophers of today in a historical thinker with currently unfashion able metaphysical commitments, to concentrate on aspects of his thought which seem independent of these. The result is often to relegate what was central from the thinker’s own point of view to the sidelines. One could point to several treatments of historical philosophers of this character.
Introduction
Authors: Vaux Bert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Armenian is one of the most widespread languages of the world, with distinct dialects located as far west as Transylvania and as far east as India. It has a rich literary history dating from the fourth century AD, when the Bible was translated into Classical Armenian. It is one of the most linguistically divergent of the Indo-European languages, having undergone a host of complicated phonological, morphological, and syntactic changes that continue to resist satisfactory analysis by historical linguists. The historical interest of the language derives in part from the significant lexical and grammatical influence of neighboring languages (primarily Iranian, Turkic, Anatolian, and Caucasian); none the less, a significant portion of the Armenian lexicon cannot be related to any known source.
Theoretical Background
Authors: Vaux Bert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The theory of phonology underlying this thesis is Rules and Representations Theory (RRT),1 as developed in Vaux (1993a), Halle and Vaux (1994), Calabrese (1995), and Halle (1995). RRT is concerned with the hierarchical organization of phonological features (Representations), and the ways in which these features interact within and between segments (Rules).
Syllabification
Authors: Vaux Bert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the first problems confronted by students of Armenian is the discrepancy between the orthography, which contains consonant clusters of as many as ten members, and the pronunciation, which displays relatively manageable clusters and any number of schwas, almost none of which are reflected in the orthography. A typical example is the word for ‘brilliant’, which is spelled &lt;plsthrplsthr&gt; but pronounced [pa.las.thar.pa.las.thJr]. One immediately wonders whether the orthography directly represents underlying lexical representations which are subsequently altered by rules of epenthesis, or alternately that the schwas present in surface pronunciations are already present in underlying representations, and the orthography is underdetermined. If schwas are present in underlying representations we expect them to show the same distribution as other vowels in the Armenian inventory, and to defy attempts to predict their occurrence from principles of epenthesis. Conversely, if schwas are not present in underlying representations we expect their occurrences to be predictable from underlying representations by simple and universal principles. I argue in this chapter that the latter hypothesis is correct, and demonstrate that a modified version of the syllabification algorithm postulated as a component of Universal Grammar by Dell and Elmedlaoui (1985) accounts for the occurrence of Armenian schwas in a principled and elegant manner.
Prosodic Phenomena
Authors: Vaux Bert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to provide a basic survey of some of the more interesting prosodic phenomena that appear in Armenian dialects. In each of the cases considered here, I present only a modicum of analysis in the hopes that others will be inspired to address these issues in greater detail. Section 8.1 deals with two types of reduplication found in both Armenian and Turkish. Section 8.2 presents the most common method of forming hypocoristics in SWA, which turns out to be almost identical to one of the preferred formations in English. Finally, section 8.3 sets out the extremely complicated facts of long-distance compensatory lengthening in the Syrian dialect of Svedia, and touches on diphthongization processes.
Two Concepts of Consciousness
Authors: Rosenthal David M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No mental phenomenon is more central than consciousness to an adequate understanding of the mind. Nor does any mental phenomenon seem more stubbornly to resist theoretical treatment. Consciousness is so basic to the way we think about the mind that it can be tempting to suppose that no mental states exist that are not conscious states. Indeed, it may even seem mysterious what sort of thing a mental state might be if it is not a conscious state. On this way oflooking at things, if any mental states do lack consciousness, they are exceptional cases that call for special explanation or qualification. Perhaps dispositional or cognitive states exist that are not conscious, but nonetheless count as mental states.
Pronouns and Complernentizers
Authors: Willis Dayid W E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The focus of discussion now returns to the status of the preverbal subject pronouns. During the eighteenth century, a series of changes in the syntax of these pronouns takes place. In this chapter I show that these changes represent a shift away from SVO orders in Welsh, and help to ensure the dominance of the VSO pattern in Contemporary Welsh. In order to do this, I look at a substantial body of texts from the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. For the first time in this study, it will be possible to distinguish sharply the separate development of the literary language and the vernacular, and also the emergence of regional syntactic variation within the vernacular. In presenting the divergent evidence of the different stylistic levels, I concentrate on the developments in the dialects rather than the literary language, in the belief that these allow an investigation into the mechanisms of natural linguistic change in a way that changes in the essentia1ly artificial literary language do not. Before looking at the syntactic changes in detail, I shall begin by discussing the sources of evidence in general, and the texts used in this chapter in particular.
Metaphysics A 7
Authors: Laks André 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A 7 does not constitute a self-contained unit, but is the continuation of a discussion begun in A 6 whose official function it is to justify the thesis which Aristotle puts forth at the outset of the chapter: The lack of proportion between the treatment of the first series of predicates, which only takes up a few lines, if we set ‘necessity’ aside (supposing that ‘necessity’ should count as one of the specifications in the original list set out in (T) ), and the treatment of the supplementary characterizations thus is all the more striking. In view of the discussion to which the second series of predicates gives rise, the text of the thesis (T) might look like an introductory formulation.
Metaphysics A Io
Authors: Sedley David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I take Metaphysics A r o to function in relation to Metaphysics A as a whole roughly as follows. The key to the book’s search for a single ultimate principle lies in the thesis (A 4-5) that the principles of various substances, although differing according to the specific substance in question, are by analogy one and the same. In the case of the moving cause-the only non-immanent principle, and the one on which Aristotle’s attention increasingly focuses-this analogical unity amounts to the fact that each moving cause is in prior actuality what its respective matter is potentially. And since this prior actuality is the common factor unifying all moving causes, the ultimate mover must be supremely actual (A 6). In fact, it must function as a final cause: its pure actuality, being the best, must be an intellectual one (A 7 and 9). Aro now consolidates these findings by concentrating, no longer on the specifically intellectual activity of the prime mover, but on its characterization as unifying final cause. This mover is the ultimate cause which, directly or indirectly, inspires all beings to achieve the maximum actuality within their power.
Stress Assignment In Simplex Words
Authors: Kristoffersen Gjert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like all other Germanic languages, Norwegian has culminative word stress. The topic of this chapter is the constraints governing placement of stress in simplex words, that is, in cases where morphology has no influence. Section 6.1 wil1 serve as a general introduction to the problems that will be discussed in the sections to follow. In Section 6.2 earlier accounts of Norwegian stress will be surveyed, and in Section 6.3 the theoretical underpinnings of the analysis to follow will be presented. Section 6.4, which contains the analysis of UEN main stress assignment, can be seen as the central section of the chapter. In the following Section 6.5, noncyclic secondary stress will be discussed.
Orthographic Conventions
Authors: Kristoffersen Gjert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter the relationship between letters and sound will be discussed. I assume that most speakers of Norwegian will have a set of correspondence rules that relate each letter to an unmarked sound value. In many cases we will be dealing with universal or near-universal relationships, as for example m, n,f= [m, n, f]. In other cases we have a language specific correspondence overruling the universal one, as in u= [u]. The emphasis will be on aspects of the orthography where the correspondence is not straightforward in this sense. Since Bokmål is the norm used by the great majority of UEN speakers, the relationship between UEN and Nynorsk wiU not be considered. The chapter is organized as foilows. Section 12. l is a short recapitulation of the ideology underlying Norwegian spelling, see also Chapter 1.2. In Section 12.2 the alphabet wilJ be presented. Section 12.3 will deal with the extent to which prosodic features are signalled in writing, while Sections 12.4 and 12.5 will be concerned with vowels and consonants respectively. The chapter will be closed by a brief section on diacritics.
Types of Information in a Dictionary of Synonyms
Authors: Apresjan Juri 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The heading is made up of the synonym series itself ,that is of a group of lexemes with a substantial common part.In addition to synonyms of the usual kind—lexemes of the same part of speech derived from different roots-this dictionary treats the following as synonyms: (a) different parts of speech, as long as these can fulfil identical syntactic functions; particles and adverbs (Pushkin vladychestvovBelow we present the types of lexicographical information contained in the New Explanatory Dictionary of Russian Synonyms [Novyi ob”iasnitel’ nyi slovar’ russkogo iazyka], in the form of a brief survey of the zonal structure of its entries.
The Problem of Factivity: znat’ [to know] and its Synonyms
Authors: Apresjan Juri 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is based on the material of the synonym series znat’ and vedat’ [ to know], written by the author for the New Explanatory Dictionary of Russian Synonyms. The general concept of this dictionary was set forth in J. Apresjan 1992b and J. Apresjan 1995b; see also Chapter 2 in this volume. Sample synonym series have also been published; see, for example, J. Apresjan et al. 1992, J. Apresjan et al. 1995 and Chapter 4 in this volume. The present chapter follows on directly from Chapter 4, on the verb schitat’ and its synonyms, and is in a sense a continuation of it. We shall begin with two preliminary remarks. The first concerns the lexemes selected for analysis and the second—systematic lexicography and the concept of the lexicographic type, which is fundamental to it.
Lexicographic Portraits (A Case Study of the Verb byt’ [to be])
Authors: Apresjan Juri 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term ‘portrait’, applied to the description of words, was introduced by Zholkovsky (1964b). There, however, portrayal was understood only as the full semantic account of a lexeme, achieved by placing it in the broadest possible range of contexts and testing its applicability for the description of the broadest possible range of situations.Views of the lexicographically relevant properties of lexemes have subsequently expanded considerably. In particular, a much fuller account of not only the semantic but also the co-occurrence properties of lexemes was undertaken in The Explanatory and Combinatorial Dictionary of Modern Russian (ECD) (Mel’cuk and Zholkovsky 1984). Another dictionary (Benson, Benson, Ilson 1986), based to a large extent on the ideas of ECD (but unfortunately not stating this explicitly), is also of interest.
Specifiers in Generative Grammar
Authors: Adger David , Plunkett Bernadette , Tsoulas George , Pintzuk Susan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chomsky (1970), in developing X-bar theory, introduces the term specifier to refer to an element (or a number of elements) that combines with a bar-level projection of a particular category in the base component of the grammar: [Spec, N’] is then the determiner, [Spec, V’] is the auxiliary, and [Spec, A’] is the set of degree modifiers. Jackendoff (1977) made Chomsky’s proposal more explicit and paved the way for what became the standard view of specifier as an abbreviation over structural positions. This extended Chomsky’s insight that possessives in nominals and subjects in clauses had similar structural positions to specifiers, with the precise nature of the element in the specifier position determined by the lexical properties of the head element.
EPP without Spec, IP
Authors: Alexiadou Artemis , Anagnostopoulou Elena 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chomsky (1995), it is assumed that checking of strong nominal features of a non-substantive category takes place in a Spec-head configuration. In this system it is actually the presence of such a strong feature that forces the structural realization of the specifier of a given head. A case in point is the checking of the Extended Projection Principle (EPP) feature. The EPP is defined in Chomsky (1995) as a D-feature on I which, when strong, forces the licensing of [Spec, IP] by either movement or merging of an XP. In this chapter, we show that the uniqueness and obligatoriness of [Spec, IP] as an overt subject position that characterizes languages like English does not hold cross-linguistically, We further demonstrate that the presence of a specifier for the checking of the EPP is not necessary and can be dispensed with.
Spec-Head Agreement and Overt Case in Arabic
Authors: Benmamoun Elabbas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In pre-Minimalist analyses of nominative and accusative Case in languages such as English, the standard assumption was that nominative Case is assigned in a Spec-head relation with I and accusative Case in a government configuration. Chomsky (1995), on the other hand, proposes a Minimalist theory of Structural Case that requires that it be checked exclusively in a Spec-head configuration. However, while the Spec-head requirement dispenses with government and the disjunction it introduces into the configurational requirements on structural Case, this theory introduces another disjunction with respect to the point in the derivation where the Case features are checked (by or after Spellout, essentially overtly or covertly). 1 Moreover, this theory departs from the original insight of Vergnaud (1982) that Case interfaces primarily with PF. In this chapter, I shall argue for (1), which maintains both Chomsky’s Minimalist proposal that Case is checked exclusively in a Spec-head configuration and Vergnaud’s insight that the Case module interfaces with PF. To do that I shall reanalyse Arabic data that on the surface seems to support the theory that Case can be checked after Spellout. I shall attempt to show that at an overt point in the derivation the two elements involved in Case checking are in a Spec-head configuration suitable for Case checking.
The Acquisition of Verb Movement and Spec-Head Relationships in Child Swedish
Authors: Lynn Santelmann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter investigates the relationship between verb movement and XP movement in the verb-second (V2) languages by examining the acquisition of these two movements in child Swedish. The underlying question this chapter seeks to address is whether main clause verb movement and XP movement in the V2 languages are linked, or whether they are two independently motivated, but co-occurring movements. I will argue for the former analysis of V2.
Introduction
Authors: Siptdr Peter , Torkenczy Miklos 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book presents a rule-based account of the phonology of Hungarian. At a time when current phonological research is undergoing a radical shift of emphasis towards non-derivational models (Declarative Phonology, Government Phonology, Optimality Theory), this choice of framework calls for a brief comment. Our decision to use a derivational framework follows from our primary aims rather than our theoretical preferences. As (with the notable exception of vowel harmony) Hungarian phonology is relatively little discussed in the international literature, we wanted to cover as much ground as possible descriptively, and discuss the data in a manner which is coherent and yet transparent in the sense that it is readily accessible for phonologists of a wide range of theoretical affiliations and backgrounds. As the various non-derivational frameworks have very little in common and (some of) their (basic) assumptions are still in a state of flux, this has practically determined our decision. It is perhaps not surprising that while several (sometimes very complex) phenomena from various languages have been given non-derivational treatments, no comprehensive analysis of the sound pattern of a single language has been published in any of these non-derivational theories.
On Being and Essence: I
Authors: Kenny Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE short treatise On Being and Essence (De Ente et Essentia) was written when St Thomas was a young man-while still a bachelor, according to his biographer. The exact date is not known, but it certainly was written during the early years of his first period in Paris before he proceeded to the mastership in r 2 56 at the age of 30. It quickly became popular as an introductory manual of metaphysics, and so provides us with a useful starting point for the study of Aquinas’ theory of Being. The treatise is heavily influenced by the eleventh-century Arabic philosopher Ibn Sina or Avicenna, whose Metaphysics is referred to in the very first lines of Aquinas’ prologue. ‘Being and Essence’, Avicenna is quoted as saying ‘are the first things grasped by the intellect’, and this is taken to show the importance of conceiving them correctly. The statement is puzzling: both concepts seem abstruse and sophisticated, and the words that express them are far from being the first words learnt by children in any language. Something else must clearly be meant.
Commentary on the Sentences
Authors: Kenny Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Sentences of Peter Lombard, a twelfth-century Bishop of Paris, was a collection and discussion of texts from authoritative church documents and revered Christian writers. St Thomas’ principal task during his four years as a bachelor at the University of Paris (1252-6) was to lecture on this work. His commentary on the Sentences was written during the same period of his life as On Being and Essence. Unlike that work, it does not contain a systematic treatment of the philosophy of being. However, in the course of treating theological questions Aquinas addresses a number of relevant philosophical issues which illuminate and expand his early thought on these topics. Several texts clarify the relationship between universal and particular essences, and firmly reject any Platonic idea of extra-mental universals. One of the fullest is the following from a discussion of the nature of truth.
Commentaries on Aristotle’S Metaphysics
Authors: Kenny Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After returning to Paris in 1268, Aquinas was engaged in writing (in addition to the later parts of the Summa) a series of line-by-line commentaries on the works of Aristotle in Latin translations. The series began with a commentary on the De Anima shortly before he left Rome, and reached its climax with a commentary on the twelve books of the Metaphysics. This was begun shortly before Aquinas left Paris for his final academic posting in Naples, and it is this commentary that has most to teach us on the theory of being. Confrontation with the text of Aristotle, and reflection on the numerous and lively examples that illustrate his thinking, forced Aquinas to sharpen and define a number of the concepts of esse with which he had been working. There is a discipline called ‘first philosophy’, Aristotle tells us in the fourth book of the Metaphysics (1003a, 21 ff.), ‘which theorizes about Being qua being, and the things which belong to Being taken in itself’. The scope of this discipline is universal, since being is whatever is anything whatever. ‘Being’ is used in many senses; but the senses are related to each other by analogy, as the senses of ‘healthy’ are. The core sense of the word is that which applies to substances, and other things are beings because of their relationship to this prime analogate.