bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Edge Effects and Isolation: Red‐Backed Voles Revisited
Authors: TALLMON DAVID A. , MILLS L. SCOTT 
Published: December 2004

Abstract:
We examined demographic responses of California red‐backed voles (Clethrionomys californicus) to forest fragmentation in southwestern Oregon at sites where this species has previously shown negative responses to fragmentation. Voles were captured in live traps and released. Voles were rarely caught in clearcuts surrounding 11 forest fragments, but relative vole density did not decrease from the forest‐fragment interiors to edges. The first result agrees with previous findings at these sites 6 years earlier, but the latter result does not. There was no evidence that vole response to edge changes with fragment age. Two years of intensive mark‐recapture efforts at two forest‐fragment sites and two unfragmented (control) sites did not show negative effects of fragmentation on vole survival, an important demographic rate. Vole capture probabilities varied greatly across space and time on these four sites, which may explain the differences in vole responses to edge seen between this and the previous study. These results suggest that reliable appraisal of edge effects may be difficult for many species on small fragments because the data necessary to apply population estimators require great efforts to obtain and the use of indices leads to a confounding of detection probabilities with demographic change.
Relative Contributions of Sampling Error in Initial Population Size and Vital Rates to Outcomes of Population Viability Analysis
Authors: McLOUGHLIN PHILIP D. , MESSIER FRANÇOIS 
Published: December 2004

Abstract:
We evaluated the relative contributions of sampling error (randomly chosen standard errors applied as 0–30% of parameter estimates) in initial population size and vital rates (survival and reproduction) to the outcome of a simulated population viability analysis for grizzly bears ( Ursus arctos). Error in initial population size accounted for the largest source of variation (model II analysis of variance, F
25,5= 10.8, p =0.00001) in simulation outcomes, explaining 60.5% of the variance. In contrast, error in vital rates contributed little to simulation outcomes (F
25,5= 0.61, p =0.70), accounting for only 2.4% of model variation. Reduced global variation in vital rates, as a result of independent random sampling of annual deviates for each parameter, likely contributed to the results. Errors in estimates of initial population size, if ignored in PVA, have the potential to leave managers with estimates of population persistence that are of little value for making management decisions.
A Concentric Analysis of the Impact of Urbanization on the Threatened European Tree Frog in an Agricultural Landscape
Authors: PELLET JÉRÔME , GUISAN ANTOINE , PERRIN NICOLAS 
Published: December 2004

Abstract:
Pond‐breeding amphibians are affected by site‐specific factors and regional and landscape‐scale patterns of land use. Recent anthropogenic landscape modifications (drainage, agriculture intensification, larger road networks, and increased traffic) affect species by reducing the suitable habitat area and fragmenting remaining populations. Using a robust concentric approach based on permutation tests, we evaluated the impact of recent landscape changes on the presence of the endangered European tree frog (Hyla arborea) in wetlands. We analyzed the frequency of 1 traffic and 14 land‐use indices at 20 circular ranges (from 100‐m up to 2‐km radii) around 76 ponds identified in western Switzerland. Urban areas and road surfaces had a strong adverse effect on tree frog presence even at relatively great distances (from 100 m up to 1 km). When traffic measurements were considered instead of road surfaces, the effect increased, suggesting a negative impact due to a vehicle‐induced effect. Altogether, our results indicate that urbanization and traffic must be taken into account when pond creation is an option in conservation management plans, as is the case for the European tree frog in western Switzerland. We conclude that our easy‐to‐use and robust concentric method of analysis can successfully assist managers in identifying potential sites for pond creation, where probability of the presence of tree frogs is maximized.
Women and Property Rights in Al-Andalus and the Maghrib: Social Patterns and Legal Discourse
Authors: Shatzmiller Maya 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThis essay focuses on the implementation of women's property rights in al-Andalus and the Maghrib in the period between the tenth and fifteenth centuries, as reflected in legal sources. An examination of Islamic property and family law, judicial practice, and the attitude of jurists toward women indicates that the majority of Muslim women owned property independently at some point in their lives, that women acquired property at every stage of the life-cycle, and that women played an important role in the intergenerational transmission of property and in keeping familial property intact. At the same time, the legal institutions of guardianship (wilāya) and interdiction (ḥajr) placed constrains on the ability of women to exercise effective control of their property during adulthood. The implementation of women's sharʿī property rights by qādīs and muftīs had important consequences for women's relationships with their families, especially their husbands. That male domination was never complete in propertied families calls into question the characterization of the Muslim family as “patriarchal” and points to the need for a new social, cultural, and economic explanation of the nature of the Muslim family.
Compelling Defendant's Appearance at Court in Islamic Law
Authors: Ziadeh Farhat 
Published: December 2004

AbstractDifferent legal systems have employed a variety of measures to insure the appearance of the defendant in court. The earliest conception of an action in Rome and in pre-Islamic Arabia was the voluntary appearance of both parties before a recognized or prestigious authority. Thus, early Roman law could not pass judgment against a defendant who failed to appear, either voluntarily or involuntarily. The idea that the court could give a judgment in the plaintiff's absence—the so-called judgment by default—took a long time to materialize in the West. Classical Islamic law requires that the defendant or his legal representative (wakīl) be present for a judgment to be given. This requirement is predicated on the assumption that the primary function of the judge is conciliation of the parties and not necessarily the vindication of rights. The law describes various measures that may be employed to force the defendant to appear in court. Failing that, it provides for the appointment of a legal representative for the defendant. Judgment by default was introduced into Muslim countries only in modern times under the influence of Western codes of procedure.
Orthodox Christians in the Kadı Courts: The Practice of the Sofia Sheriat Court, Seventeenth Century
Authors: Gradeva Rossitsa 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe attitude of Balkan Christians to Ottoman rule has been subject to various, often contradictory, assessments. In this essay I examine one aspect of this subject, namely, the Christian attitude toward the sheriat court as a judicial institution, as reflected in kadı sicils from Sofia and other Balkan cities and in documents issued by Orthodox Christian ecclesiastical authorities from the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries. Examination of these sources reveals that Christians frequently chose the sheriat judge over that of the church courts. In most cases this behaviour can be explained by the desire of the Christian litigants to seek out the court that would provide the most favourable solution to the dispute. The participation of Christians in sheriat court proceedings strengthens the impression that they did not avoid the sheriat court in practice, despite the hostility manifested by Christian religious authorities toward such behaviour. Indeed, the sources point to relatively smooth relations between the two communities in the Ottoman Balkan provinces in the period immediately preceding the national awakening of Balkan peoples.
Imperial Authority, Benefactions and Endowments (Awqāf) in Mughal India
Authors: Kozlowski Gregory 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIslamic theology grants temporal rulers no divine right to command. Muslim kings have often tried to win a kind of legitimacy by offering various kinds of patronage to religious notables. In the Mamluk, Ottoman and Safavi states, endowments (Awqāf) were the most common form of benefaction. The Timurids of India, however, favored other forms of grants. They did so, in part, to adjust to religious centers and networks of learned/holy men established by the Muslim rulers who had preceded them.
La Fabrication des Lames Damassées en Orient
Authors: Rāġib Yūsuf 
Published: December 2004

AbstractAlthough steel ornamented with designs has stirred interest in Europe for several centuries, the numerous formulas (for its manufacture) transmitted by medieval sources in Arabic and Persian have not yet been the object of an investigative study. Moreover, the many formulas for the tempering (of this material) have never been seriously examined. However, they reveal some of the secrets of the damasked plates which metallurgists have attempted to discover since the last century. These secrets have only been analysed through the study of recent specimens which are a long way off from the quality of ornamented steel of the High Middle Ages (such as that made by Yemenites, Indians, and Malaysians), whose splendour, resistance, and litheness are described by oriental sources.
Horizontally Oriented Plates in Clouds
Authors: Bréon François-Marie , Dubrulle Bérengère 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Horizontally oriented plates in clouds generate a sharp specular reflectance signal in the glint direction, often referred to as “subsun.” This signal (amplitude and width) may be used to analyze the relative area fraction of oriented plates in the cloud-top layer and their characteristic tilt angle to the horizontal. Use is made of spaceborne measurements from the Polarization and Directionality of the Earth Reflectances (POLDER) instrument to provide a statistical analysis of these parameters. More than half of the clouds show a detectable maximum reflectance in the glint direction, although this maximum may be rather faint. The typical effective fraction (area weighted) of oriented plates in clouds lies between 10−3 and 10−2. For those oriented plates, the characteristic tilt angle is less than 1° in most cases. These low fractions imply that the impact of oriented plates on the cloud albedo is insignificant. The largest proportion of clouds with horizontally oriented plates is found in the range 500– 700 hPa, in agreement with typical in situ observation of plates in clouds.
A simple aerodynamic model is proposed that accounts for the orienting torque of the flow as the plate falls under its own gravity and the disorienting effects of Brownian motion and atmospheric turbulence. The model indicates that the horizontal plate diameters are in the range 0.1 to a few millimeters. For such sizes, Brownian forces have a negligible impact on the plate orientation. On the other hand, typical levels of atmospheric turbulence lead to tilt angles that are similar to those estimated from the glint observation.
Wind Profile and Drag Coefficient over Mature Ocean Surface Wave Spectra
Authors: Hara Tetsu , Belcher Stephen E. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
The mean wind profile and the Charnock coefficient, or drag coefficient, over mature seas are investigated. A model of the wave boundary layer, which consists of the lowest part of the atmospheric boundary layer that is influenced by surface waves, is developed based on the conservation of momentum and energy. Energy conservation is cast as a bulk constraint, integrated across the depth of the wave boundary layer, and the turbulence closure is achieved by parameterizing the dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy. Momentum conservation is accounted for by using the analytical model of the equilibrium surface wave spectra developed by Hara and Belcher. This approach allows analytical expressions of the Charnock coefficient to be obtained and the results to be examined in terms of key nondimensional parameters. In particular, simple expressions are obtained in the asymptotic limit at which effects of viscosity and surface tension are small and the majority of the stress is supported by wave drag. This analytical model allows us to identify the conditions necessary for the Charnock coefficient to be a true constant, an assumption routinely made in existing bulk parameterizations.
The Purchasing Power Parity Debate
Authors: Taylor Alan M , Taylor Mark P 
Published: December 2004

Originally propounded by the sixteenth-century scholars of the University of Salamanca, the concept of purchasing power parity (PPP) was revived in the interwar period in the context of the debate concerning the appropriate level at which to re-establish international exchange rate parities. Broadly accepted as a long-run equilibrium condition in the post-war period, it was first advocated as a short-run equilibrium by many international economists in the first few years following the breakdown of the Bretton Woods system in the early 1970s and then increasingly came under attack on both theoretical and empirical grounds from the late 1970s to the mid 1990s. Accordingly, over the last three decades, a large literature has built up that examines how much the data deviated from theory, and the fruits of this research have provided a deeper understanding of how well PPP applies in both the short run and the long run. Since the mid 1990s, larger datasets and nonlinear econometric methods, in particular, have improved estimation. As deviations narrowed between real exchange rates and PPP, so did the gap narrow between theory and data, and some degree of confidence in long-run PPP began to emerge again. In this respect, the idea of long-run PPP now enjoys perhaps its strongest support in more than thirty years, a distinct reversion in economic thought. Our willingness to pay a certain price for foreign money must ultimately and essentially be due to the fact that this money possesses a purchasing power as against commodities and services in that country. On the other hand, when we offer so and so much of our own money, we are actually offering a purchasing power as against commodities and services in our own country. Our valuation of a foreign currency in terms of our own, therefore, mainly depends on the relative purchasing power of the two currencies in their respective countries.
Simultaneous chiral analyses of multiple analytes: case studies, implications and method development considerations
Authors: Srinivas Nuggehally R. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe ﬁeld of chiral separations had a modest beginning some two decades ago. However, due to rapid technological advancement coupled with simultaneous availability of innovative chiral stationary phases and novel chiral derivatization agents, the ﬁeld of chiral separations has now totally outpaced many other separation ﬁelds. Keeping pace with rapid changes in the ﬁeld of chiral separations, investigators continue to add stereoselective pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, pharmacologic and toxicological data of new and/or marketed racemic compounds to the literature. Examination of the evolution of chiral separations suggests that in the beginning many investigators attempted to separate and quantify a single pair of enantiomers, adopting either direct (separation made on a chiral stationary phase) or indirect (separation made following precolumn conversion of enantiomers to corresponding diastereomers) approaches. However, more recent trends in chiral separations suggest that investigators are attempting to separate and quantify multiple pairs of enantiomers with available technologies. Added to this, some interesting trends have been observed in many of the recently reported chiral applications, including preferences regarding internal standard selection, mobile phase contents and composition, sorting out issues with mass spectrometric detection, determination of elution order, analytical manipulations of metabolite(s) without reference standards and addressing some speciﬁcity‐related issues. This review mainly focuses on chiral separations involving multiple chiral analytes and attempts to justify the need for such chiral separations involving multiple analytes. In this context, several cases studies are described on the utility and applicability of such chiral separations under discrete headings to provide an account to the readership on the implications of such tasks. The topics of case studies covered in this review include: (a) therapy markers—differentiation from drug abuse and/or applicability in forensics; (b) role in pharmacogenetic/polymorphic evaluation; (c) monitoring and understaning the role of parent and active metabolite(s) in clinical and preclinical investigations; (d) exploration on the pharmacokinetic utility of an active chiral metabolite vis‐à‐vis the racemic parent moiety; (e) understanding the chirality play in delineating peculiar toxic effects; (f) exploration of chiral inversion phenomenon, and understanding the role of stereoselective metabolism. For the further beneﬁt of readership, some select examples (n = 19) of the separation of multiple chiral analytes with appropriate information on chromatography, detection system, validation parameters and applicable conclusion are also provided. Finally, the review covers some useful considerations for method development involving multiple chiral analytes. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Therapeutic monitoring of imipramine and desipramine by micellar liquid chromatography with direct injection and electrochemical detection
Authors: Bose Devasish , Martinavarro‐Domínguez Adrià , Gil‐Agustí Mayte , Carda‐Broch Samuel , Durgbanshi Abhilasha , Capella‐Peiró Maria‐Elisa , Esteve‐Romero Josep 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA micellar liquid chromatographic (MLC) procedure was developed for the clinical monitoring of imipramine and its active metabolite, desipramine. The determination of these highly hydrophobic substances was carried out after direct injection of the serum samples using a mobile phase composed of 0.15 m SDS–6% (v/v) pentanol buffered at pH 7, pumped at 1.5 mL/min into a C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm), and electrochemical detection at 650 mV. Using this MLC method, calibration was linear (r > 0.995) and the limits of detection (ng/mL) were 0.34 and 0.24 for imipramine and desipramine, respectively. Repeatabilities and intermediate precision were tested at three different concentrations in the calibration range and a CV (%) below 2.2 was obtained. In this MLC procedure, the serum is determined without treatment, thus allowing repeated serial injections without changes in retention factors, and reducing the time and consumables required to carry out the pretreatment process. The assay method can be applied to the routine determination of serum imipramine and its metabolite in therapeutic drug monitoring. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A validated HPLC method with electrochemical detection for simultaneous assay of 5‐aminosalicylic acid and its metabolite in human plasma
Authors: Palumbo Giancarlo , Bacchi Simona , Primavera Luisa , Palumbo Paola , Carlucci Giuseppe 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA high‐performance liquid chromatographic method was developed, validated and applied to the simultaneous determination of 5‐aminosalicylic acid (5‐ASA) and its acetylated metabolite (acetyl‐5‐ASA) in human plasma. The method involves liquid–liquid extraction with methanol followed by isocratic reversed‐phase chromatography on a Kromasil KR100 C18 column with electrochemical detection. The recovery, selectivity, linearity, precision and accuracy of the method were evaluated from spiked human plasma samples. The effects of mobile phase composition, buffer concentration, mobile phase pH and concentration of organic modiﬁers on retention of 5‐ASA, acetyl 5‐ASA and internal standard were investigated. Limits' of detection were 5 ng/mL for 5‐ASA and 10 ng/mL for acetyl‐5‐ASA, respectively. The method can be used for supporting therapeutical drug monitoring and pharmacokinetic studies. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Regulation of 11β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 and glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion in pancreatic islets of Langerhans
Authors: Ortsäter Henrik , Alberts Peteris , Warpman Ulrika , Engblom Lars O. M. , Abrahmsén Lars , Bergsten Peter 
Published: December 2004

AbstractBackgroundIn rodents, the enzyme 11β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β‐HSD1) converts inactive 11‐dehydrocorticosterone (DHC) into active corticosterone. The mRNA and activity of 11β‐HSD1 have been shown to be present in batch‐incubated pancreatic islets from the ob/ob mouse. In other tissues, 11β‐HSD1 expression has been demonstrated to be regulated by glucocorticoids. In the present study, the influence of DHC on 11β‐HSD1 levels and glucose‐induced changes in insulin secretion were studied in pancreatic islets isolated from the ob/ob mouse.MethodsWestern blotting with antiserum for 11β‐HSD1 verified the presence of 11β‐HSD1 in islets from obese ob/ob and normal C57BL/6J mice. Insulin secretion was determined by perifusing islets and assaying the perifusate with ELISA.ResultsIslets from the ob/ob mouse contained almost twofold more 11β‐HSD1 protein than islets from the C57BL/6J mouse. When islets from ob/ob mice were cultured with 50 nM DHC, the 11β‐HSD1 levels doubled compared with islets cultured in the absence of DHC. Selective inhibition of 11β‐HSD1 attenuated DHC‐induced increase in 11β‐HSD1 levels, as did an antagonist of the glucocorticoid receptor. In individually perifused ob/ob mouse islets, early and late phases of glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) were dose‐dependently inhibited by 5, 50 and 500 nM DHC. Whereas inclusion of 11β‐HSD1 inhibitors restored, addition of the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist attenuated the DHC‐mediated inhibition of GSIS.ConclusionsLevels of 11β‐HSD1 in islets from ob/ob mice are positively regulated by DHC and could be lowered by a selective 11β‐HSD1 inhibitor and a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist. Increased levels of 11β‐HSD1 were associated with impaired GSIS. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.