bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conclusion: Proteus as Organization Citizen
Authors: Nielsen Richard P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Homer’s Proteus lived and changed shapes in the constantly changing and floating world of the sea. He made choices and changed shapes: The shapes reflected the choices. This metaphor is related to Aristo-tle’s concepts of poiesis (action that effectively changes the external world) and praxis (action that interdependently changes the external world and the actor). What praxis, what politics of ethics in organizational life should we choose? Our choices depend interdependently upon ourselves, the amount and type of civic space within our organizational communities, and our environments. Our choices shape ourselves and our organizations.
Introduction: The Challenges of Russian Business History
Authors: Owen Thomas C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The evolution of the new institutions of Russian capitalism since the breakup of the Soviet Union in December 1991-corporations, commodity and stock exchanges, and trade associations-has proceeded too rapidly to be analyzed in a historical survey. However, the outlines of the new economic system had become clear by 1990. Mikhail S. Gorbachev’s experiment in political and economic restructuring (perestroika), although introduced simultaneously with the exhilarating expansion of freedom in the media and political arena (glasnost), failed to halt the disintegration of Soviet industry, trade, and finance. The political crisis of August 1991 opened the way to the victory of Gorbachev’s rival, Boris N. Yeltsin, in the Russian Federation and the dissolution of the Soviet Union at the end of that year.
Corporations in the Russian Empire, 1700-1914
Authors: Owen Thomas C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the notion of the imperial Russian state as the leading sponsor of corporate capitalism has lost much of its explanatory power in recent years, the sheer size of the tsarist bureaucracy and the lack of legislative and judicial restrictions on its arbitrary exercise of power make plausible what might be called the negative variant of the model advanced by Gerschenkron and Von Laue. The tsarist state exerted direct and significant influence on the pace and direction of corporate capitalism but erected impediments to corporate entrepreneurship instead of promoting it. Indeed, a close reading of criticisms leveled at the tsarist policymakers during the Russian Revolution, but since neglected by historians, lends support to this hypothesis.
Understanding What Personal Competence Means: The Alignment Model of Empowerment
Authors: Culbert Samuel A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Until you understand the mind-set of the person you are advising, you have no accurate way to comprehend the implications your advice holds for that person or how to position your advice for maximum consideration. Identifying the variables in the personal equations that direct someone, the background factors, self-interests, and organizational agendas that give rise to the mind-sets that determine how individuals specifically perceive events and reason in them, is the subject of this and the next chapter.
Perspectives to Keep in Mind When Participating in Breakthrough-Learning Interactions
Authors: Culbert Samuel A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We realize that probably you’ve been taking with a grain of salt our statements about the low likelihood of your feedback-and advice­giving culminating in breakthrough results. We understand, on this matter we’re as split-minded as you. The problem is that we’re in too many situations where we feel the importance of the situation creates an imperative to break through.
When someone’s personal competence matters to us-perhaps because we care so much for that individual, or because the fallout from that person’s problems deeply affects us, or because we have some value-driven, heroic self-image of being able to help people, or because we are so confident that we’ve got an essential understanding and the data to demonstrate its validity cleanly in hand-then despite the odds we feel compelled to wholeheartedly engage in Category IV interactions. We proceed as if we can actually help that person break through, steaming ahead with full-force commitment, oftentimes on a collision course with disappointment.
Making Men in Her Own Image
Authors: Arnold Denise 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Anumber of recent ethnographies, though distinct in time and space, have compared and contrasted the weaving of cloth, as women’s work, with men’s writing of texts, as two hierarchically related orders of gendered activity.1 Moreover, this gendered distinction is often implicit in the wider debate about orality and literacy, in the supposed superiority of “literate” societies as opposed to those with more “oral” cultures. This chapter will challenge such a hierarchical viewing of these gendered activities in the Andean case, where even a distinction between weaving and the writing of texts is problematic. In Andean studies, the existence and status of “written texts”, both before the Spanish conquest and immediately afterward, is a subject of continuing debate (Murra 1975a and b, 1989; Adorno 1986; Platt 1992 and this volume; Arnold 1993; Ferrell, 1994). Moreover, the increasing interest in the pre-Columbian mnemonic technique of recording information as diverse as bureaucratic records, genealogies of the noble Inkas, and tales of their exploits on the knotted threads called kipu in Quechua, or chinu in Aymara, has shown that this characteristically Andean art of memory bridges any supposed divide between weaving and the writing of texts (Cereceda 1987; Zuidema 1989; Arnold and Yapita 1992; Parssinen 1992).
The Sound of Light
Authors: Platt Tristan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is becoming increasingly difficult to interpret Andean oral testimonies in isolation from the wide range of visual memory techniques (including forms of “writing”) which they invoke and presuppose (Arnold et al. 1992; Condori and Ticona 1992). In a previous article (Platt 1992), I argued that even the oral performances of modern North Potosi shamans are grounded in a deep historical belief in the authority of graphic inscriptions (qillqa) which can, in principle, be “made to speak” (parlachiy). The experience of the Spanish invasion led much of this graphic authority to be resituated in the alphabetic code and representational aesthetic of the invaders-as, classically, in the work of Waman Puma (Adorno 1986). The authority of the alphabetic code developed particularly in the context of the catechetical and notarial discourses reproduced through the administrative and archival practices of the colonial church and state (Mannheim 1991), while the new representational aesthetic emerged above all in the wealth of sacred art aimed to skew native perceptions of the divine in the direction of a Christian body of iconographic conventions (Gisbert 1980; Fraser 1982; Maccormack 1991).
On the Organizational Ecology of Chester I. Barnard
Authors: Carroll Glenn R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On first thought, little current work in organizational theory seems further afield of Barnard’s Functions of the Executive than that of organizational ecology. After all, Barnard’s efforts highlight the role of the chief executive officer (CEO) and the dynamics of internal organizational cooperation. By contrast, organizational ecology emphasizes environmental selection, a process that assumes limits on CEO capabilities. The ecological line of theory also emanates from a different and distinct tradition. Early human ecologists drew on biological theory and applied it to the human condition. The focus was on macrosociological adjustments to the environment.
Incentives in Organizations: The Importance of Social Relations
Authors: Pfeffer Jeffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When I was invited to participate in the Barnard Series Lectures, I suspect many thought I would consider resource dependence and its connection to the work of Barnard. Resource dependence (Pfeffer & Salancik 1978) certainly has many points of connection with Barnard’s (1938) work, and, its concepts have much to say about incentives and wage structures in organizations (Pfeffer & Davis-Blake 1987; Pfeffer 1989). However, this chapter is not about resource dependence.
Status Offenders in Three Contrasting Settings
Authors: Maxson Cheryl L , Klein Malcolm W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Data presented in the previous two chapters offered little encouragement in our quest for evidence of the legislatively derived rationales in patterns of service delivery among youth agencies. The philosophical thrusts regarding the management of status offending youth as articulated in state legislation seem to have little bearing on the types of agency services provided to adolescents engaged in these behaviors. A brief review of the findings provides a context for the data to follow-the depiction of local responses derived from interviews with nearly 400 status offenders in three cities.
Language, Thought, and Reality
Authors: Danziger Eve 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What does it mean to inquire about linguistic relativity in the era of rampant polysemy? Prototype effects of the kind central to linguistic polysemy certainly exist. They have been observed in a number of domains (although in relatively few languages) both in analysts’ introspections and in consultants’ demonstrated reflective agreement on best-example members of language categories. Such effects are also evident in the data of semantic change in language, and they are both necessary to and vindicated by the pursuit of cross-linguistic typology (Croft in press, 1998). But these effects were first presented against, and are still today quite logically antithetical to, the notion that cultural variation in habitual conceptualization might itself be based upon the classifications imposed by language.
Young Substitutes far First Ladies(1829-1869)
Authors: Caroli Betty Boyd 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Andrew Jackson's inauguration in 1829 signaled a new mood in the country--one that would affect presidents' wives for decades to come. Crowds converged on the capital from all over the eastern seaboard, arriving in carriages and carts, wearing silk and homespun. Never one to disappoint crowds, the tall, white-haired war hero gave his speech, took the prescribed oath, kissed the Bible, and then in an immensely popular gesture bent in a low bow to the people. Word immediately went out that the President's House was now the People's House and open to all without distinction. Thousands headed towards it. No precautions had been taken to protect the mansion's furnishings, but the unexpectedly large crowd would have rendered such measures ineffective anyway. Glasses shattered and furniture broke as the hungry and curious surged towards tables where food, prepared for hundreds, proved insufficient. People filled their pockets as well as their stomachs. When the president was nearly crushed, one Jackson admirer and staunch defender of”people's rule" decided this was going too far:”Ladies and gentlemen only had been expected at this Levee," Margaret Bayard Smith, a newspaper editor's wife wrote,”not the people en masse.
“The Women They Married...”:Some Conclusions
Authors: Caroli Betty Boyd 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
"Washington is full," it has been said,”of powerful men and the women they married when they were young." Of uncertain origin, the remark is generally understood as a judgment on wives, whose lack of achievement contrasts so sharply with their successful spouses. But the increased prominence of one group of Washington wives-First La dies--suggests switching the focus and concentrating on the distaff side. A look in this book at more than two hundred years of American history should have yielded some conclusions about how women viewed marriage to politically ambitious men. Why did some women walk knowingly into such unions and others decide to stay, once the effects on their own lives had become clear? A history of First Ladies should also reveal something about politicians’ marriages and whether or not Americans regard them in any special way. Most chief executives have had wives at their sides-that is perhaps the most striking fact about the presidents’ personal lives. Only two bachelors have been elected president (James Buchanan in 1856 and Grover Cleveland in 1884), and the latter married mid-way into his first term. Two others were widowed well before their elevation to the presidency; several lost their wives after winning the office; and three had wives who died in the White House. But in more than two centuries of the presidential system, wives were absent from the White House for only about thirty-two years, mainly before 1860.
Suspending the Press Clause
Authors: Smith Jeffery A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Centuries of libertarian thought have produced a roll call of basic rationales for freedom of expression. The fundamental values or objectives said to be advanced by the right include attaining self-fulfillment, carrying out self-government, advancing knowledge, resolving conflict, and checking the misuse of power. Such concepts reside at the core of democratic theory and can make powerful arguments in court cases, but ideas-however much they are revered-may be no match for instincts. Legal conflicts that pit survival, the most basic human instinct, against the ability to communicate, the most basic feature of a free society, are often resolved in favor of those asserting that military, civilian, or even governmental safety should outweigh the need for free speech and a free press.
The Rise of Presidential Prerogatives
Authors: Smith Jeffery A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When pressured by paranoia or partisanship in a crisis, government leaders may simply weaken at some point and give in to their forebodings or frustrations about expression, even if their repressive actions are self-destructive and antidemocratic. Legislation comparable to the Sedition Act of 1798, however, was not passed again by Congress until 1917. In the meantime, wartime presidents and military officers with extravagant notions of their power managed to begin abridging freedom of the press on their own. In the Mexican War and the Civil War, haphazard and often arbitrary steps were taken to deny access, arrest journalists, censor dispatches, and suspend publications. Official obstructions for reporters were common by the time American soldiers were fighting in Cuba and the Philippines at the end of the nineteenth century. Although such denials of First Amendment freedoms were never without controversy or complications, presidential-military repression became a standard practice during wars. Presidents and their subordinates have contended that restrictions on journalism are necessary for security, but the constraints typically have had little to do with self-preservation and much to do with politics and public relations.
The Clinical Course of HIV Infection in Women
Authors: Eldred Lois , Chaisson Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Women account for a growing proportion of HIV infection in the United States as injection drug use and heterosexual contact become the predominant modes of HIV transmission. In seroprevalence studies of inner-city populations, the female-to-male ratio of HIV seropositivity approaches 1:1. In 1991, 74% of reported AIDS cases in women were among African-American and Hispanic women.AIDS is the fourth leading cause of death among women of childbear ing age nationallyand the leading cause of death among women of childbearing age in several urban areas.
Recognition of early manifestations of HIV disease in women is essential for the initiation of antiretroviral and chemoprophylactic therapy since the effective ness and tolerance of many therapeutic regimens diminishes with advanced HIV disease.Until recently, however, manifestations of HIV that may be unique to, or more prevalent in, women have not been studied. The primary focus of research in HIV-infected women has been vertical transmission, examining rates of transmission of HIV from mother to child during pregnancy. Frequently, HIV infection in women is identified through routine prenatal screening in areas of high HIV infection, where a majority of women are unaware of exposure to HIV.7 Despite the high prevalence of gynecological manifestations in women, HIV infection often remains undiagnosed until advanced immunodeficiency is present since clinicians may not suspect HIV when women present with gynecological complications.
Psychosocial Issues for Children Born to HIV-Infected Mothers
Authors: Wissow Lawrence , Hutton Nancy , Mcgraw Deven C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is one of two chapters describing children born to HIV-infected mothers. Chapter 4 described the diagnostic and treatment process from a medical perspective. This chapter focuses on psychological well-being and care, including issues of stigma, parental loss, living with chronic illness, and the need for services. The information in this chapter comes from a variety of sources. While some of it comes from investigations of HIV-infected children themselves, much is extrapolated from studies of childhood illness and development in general. Much of the chapter derives from experience caring for children and parents at one particular medical institution. We believe that this experience is representative of what happens at other institutions but recognize the need for more systematic investigations.
Moral Multiculturalism, Childbearing, and AIDS
Authors: Allen Anita 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1995, the World Health Organization estimated that 16 million people around the world were infected with AIDS. Of these, 7–8 million were women of childbearing age and 1 million were infants who contracted AIDS from their mothers. In the United States, it is reported that most of the 6,000 HIV-infected infants born each year are born to urban African-American and Hispanic women. Many mothers of infected infants acknowledge that they or their sexual partners have injected illegal drugs.
Public health education aimed at injection drug users (IDUs) and women of childbearing age has not reduced the incidence of pediatric AIDS attributable to perinatal transmission. Despite the volume of government and private research, no cure or vaccine for AIDS is on the immediate horizon. A study sponsored by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (ACTG-076) links the drug zidovudine (AZT) to a dramatic two-thirds reduction in the risk of perinatal HIV transmission among the women enrolled, when administered during preg nancy.
In Women’s Words: The Values and Lived Experiences of HIV-Infected Women
Authors: Kass Nancy , Faden Ruth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We were guided in our work by the view that, to the extent possible, public policies should be informed by the values and experiences of those most directly affected by them. Therefore, over the course of 2 years, we interviewed HIV infected women living in four cities in the United States. Women talked to us about their intentions concerning childbearing, whether they thought it was ac ceptable generally for HIV-infected women to have children, how health-care providers have discussed reproduction and childbearing with them, and what they think health-care providers should be saying to HIV-infected women. As might be expected, a rich set of data emerged. A summary of the findings as they relate most closely to the subject of our policy recommendations is presented in this chapter.
Between February 1992 and November 1993, 159 women from Baltimore, Miami, New York, and Los Angeles were interviewed. These four cities were chosen because each has a high prevalence of HIV infection among women and children and together these cities represent a geographic and ethnic mix among the women who are infected. Interviews were qualitative, open-ended, and con versational. They were audiotaped and typically lasted 30–45 minutes. Inter viewers used a semistructured outline guide to ensure that certain topics always were covered, but topics were not necessarily covered in a regular order; more over, if a woman raised issues that were not in the guide, these usually were explored with her as well.
Sun Tzu and the Art of Business
Authors: McNeilly Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To hand down the wisdom he had gained from years of battles, more than two millenia ago the famous Chinese general Sun Tzu wrote the classic work on military strategy, The Art of War. Because business, like warfare, is dynamic, fast-paced, and requires an effective and efficient use of scarce resources, modern executives have found value in Sun Tzu’s teachings. But The Art of War is arranged for the military leader and not the CEO, so making connections between ancient warfare and today’s corporate world is not always easy. Now, in Sun Tzu and the Art of Business, Mark R. McNeilly shows how Sun Tzu’s (or ‘the revered general’s’) tactics and strategies can be successfully applied to modern business situations. Here are really two books in one: Mark McNeilly’s synthesis of Sun Tzu’s ideas into six strategic principles for the business executive plus the entire text of Samuel B. Griffith’s original translation of The Art of War. McNeilly explains how to gain market share without inciting competitive retaliation (`Win All Without Fighting’), how to attack a competitor’s weak points (‘Avoid Strength and Strike Weakness’), and how to maximize the power of market information for competitive advantage (‘Deception and Foreknowledge’). He also demonstrates the value of speed, preparation, and secrecy in throwing the competition off-balance, employing strategy to beat the competition (‘Shape Your Opponent’), and the need for character in successful leaders. In his final chapter, McNeilly presents a practical method to put Sun Tzu and The Art of Business into practice. By using modern examples throughout the book from GE, Microsoft, Kmart, MTV, Otis Elevator, FedEx, and many others, he illustrates how, by following the wisdom of history’s most respected strategist, executives can avoid the pitfalls of management fads and achieve lasting competitive advantage. Even though down-sizing continues to increase corporate competition, and new technology constantly changes the playing field, the basics of business and strategy remain essentially unchanged. Sun Tzu and the Art of Business illuminates the fundamental strategic principles, providing lessons every manager must know to succeed today.
Win All Without Fighting
Authors: McNeilly Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Sun Tzu’s time, warfare and statecraft, not commerce, were the means by which states grew rich and powerful. Battles and campaigns were fought, cities were captured, and booty was taken. Alliances were created and thrown away as circumstances dictated. Warfare and diplomacy were constant as states struggled to survive and vied with each other for territory, growth, and prosperity. War was most definitely “a matter of vital importance to the State.”
However, as we learned and relearned during the twentieth century, warfare can bring with it not booty but burden, not riches but waste.
Deception and Foreknowledge
Authors: McNeilly Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As Sun Tzu states, to defeat the competition and achieve your goals, you must have “foreknowledge” Sun Tzu then explains exactly what foreknowledge is.
Foreknowledge is not projecting the future based on the past; it is not simple trend analysis. Foreknowledge is firsthand insight and a deep understanding of what your competitor is about: its strengths, its weaknesses, its plans, its people.
Obviously, no matter how much you would like to defeat your competitors, you are not going to assassinate their executives! However, Sun Tzu’s point is still well taken. To understand and defeat your competition, you must do a very deep level of research and analysis.