bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Violent behavior in schizophrenic patients: relationship with clinical symptoms
Authors: Fresán Ana , Apiquian Rogelio , de la Fuente‐Sandoval Camilo , Löyzaga Cristina , García‐Anaya María , Meyenberg Naxhielli , Nicolini Humberto 
Published: June 2005

AbstractConsiderable evidence suggests that violent behavior observed in schizophrenic patients is motivated by psychotic symptomatology. The understanding of violence in schizophrenic patients requires consideration of psychiatric symptomatology. Objective: This study investigated the relationship between violent behavior and psychiatric symptomatology in schizophrenic patients. Method: One hundred and thirteen patients were recruited. Thirteen patients were excluded due to concomitant substance abuse six months prior to the assessment. Diagnoses were based on the SCID‐I. Psychotic symptom severity was assessed with the PANSS. Violent behaviors were assessed with the OAS. Results: Violent behaviors were associated with more severe psychotic symptomatology including hallucinations, delusions, excitement, poor impulse control, and thinking disturbances. Conclusions: Patients with exacerbation of psychotic symptomatology have an increased risk of violent behavior. It is necessary to determine which subtypes of hallucinations and delusions are implicated in the association of schizophrenia and violent behavior. Violent behavior in schizophrenic patients is a heterogeneous phenomenon best explained in the context of specific symptoms associated with violence and course of illness. The retrospective assessment of the variables raises methodological questions concerning the reliability of measurement of the impact of psychotic symptoms on violence. Aggr. Behav. 00:1–10, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Why are there sex differences in risky driving? the relationship between sex and gender‐role on aggressive driving, traffic offences, and accident involvement among young turkish drivers
Authors: Özkan Türker , Lajunen Timo 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate how sex (male and female) and gender‐role (masculinity and femininity) and their interaction were associated with risky driving behaviors, traffic offences, and accident involvement among young Turkish drivers. Three‐hundred and fifty‐four young drivers (221 males and 133 females) filled in a form including the short form of Bem Sex‐Role Inventory (BSRI), the Driver Behaviour Questionnaire (DBQ), questions about a driver's accident history, and background information. The effects were tested on outcome variables by using hierarchical regression analysis. It was found that sex (being male) predicted only the ordinary violations. While masculinity score predicted positively the number of offences, and aggressive and ordinary (highway code) violations, femininity score predicted negatively the number of accidents and offences, aggressive and ordinary violations, and errors. The effect of interaction between masculinity and femininity was only found on the number of accidents and aggressive violations among young drivers. There was no significant interaction effect between sex and gender roles on criterion variables. Aggr. Behav. 00:1–12, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Predictors of women's aggressive driving behavior
Authors: Krahé Barbara 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPredictors of women's aggressive driving behavior were explored in a study involving 256 female motorists. Sex role orientation, dispositional aggressiveness, age, and annual mileage were measured as independent variables, and aggressive driving behavior was included as the dependent variable. Stepwise hierarchical regression analysis showed that age was negatively related to driving aggression, whereas annual mileage had a positive relationship with driving aggression. Dispositional aggressiveness was a significant predictor of driving aggression. Of the two components of sex role orientation, only femininity was associated with driving aggression, with higher femininity scores predicting lower aggressive driving scores. Masculinity failed to predict aggressive driving, as did the interaction of masculinity and femininity. In combination, the predictors explained 29% of the variance in women's aggressive driving. The results are discussed with respect to the role of dispositional variables as predictors of driving aggression in women. Aggress. Behav. 00:1–10, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The touch dome in human skin is supplied by different types of nerve fibers
Authors: Reinisch Christina M. , Tschachler Erwin 
Published: June 2005

AbstractReceptor end organs and free‐nerve endings in the skin are the peripheral sentinels of the sensorial nervous system encoding for touch, temperature, and pain. Using a novel approach to analyze the outermost nerves of the skin, we visualized for the first time the distinct microanatomical structure of the touch dome of human hairy skin. The dermal nerve fibers of this slowly adapting type 1 mechanoreceptor were embedded in dermal protrusions that could be readily discerned by Laminin‐5 staining. Concerning the nerves supplying the touch domes, we found, unexpectedly, that besides Aβ‐fibers, Aδ‐ and C‐fibers also were regularly present. The epidermis overlying the nerve convolutes showed a distinctive architecture of the rete ridges clearly demarcated from the surroundings and extending over 0.193 ± 0.138mm2 (mean ± standard deviation). Within this area, 756 ± 386 Merkel cells/mm2 (mean ± standard deviation) were present compared with less than 50/mm2 outside the touch dome, demonstrating for the first time a highly discontinuous distribution of these cells in nonglabrous skin. Our findings strongly suggest that the receptive qualities of human touch domes exceed mechanosensation, and that they may serve as multifunctional nerve end organs in human skin. Ann Neurol 2005;58:88–95
Depth of delayed cooling alters neuroprotection pattern after hypoxia‐ischemia
Authors: Iwata Osuke , Thornton John S. , Sellwood Mark W. , Iwata Sachiko , Sakata Yasuko , Noone Martina A. , O'Brien Frances E. , Bainbridge Alan , De Vita Enrico , Raivich Gennadij , Peebles Donald , Scaravilli Francesco , Cady Ernest B. , Ordidge Roger , Wyatt John S. , Robertson Nicola J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractHypothermia after perinatal hypoxia‐ischemia (HI) is neuroprotective; the precise brain temperature that provides optimal protection is unknown. To assess the pattern of brain injury with 3 different rectal temperatures, we randomized 42 newborn piglets: (Group i) sham‐normothermia (38.5–39°C); (Group ii) sham‐33°C; (Group iii) HI‐normothermia; (Group iv) HI‐35°C; and (Group v) HI‐33°C. Groups iii through v were subjected to transient HI insult. Groups ii, iv, and v were cooled to their target rectal temperatures between 2 and 26 hours after resuscitation. Experiments were terminated at 48 hours. Compared with normothermia, hypothermia at 35°C led to 25 and 39% increases in neuronal viability in cortical gray matter (GM) and deep GM, respectively (both p < 0.05); hypothermia at 33°C resulted in a 55% increase in neuronal viability in cortical GM (p < 0.01) but no significant increase in neuronal viability in deep GM. Comparing hypothermia at 35 and 33°C, 35°C resulted in more viable neurons in deep GM, whereas 33°C resulted in more viable neurons in cortical GM (both p < 0.05). These results suggest that optimal neuroprotection by delayed hypothermia may occur at different temperatures in the cortical and deep GM. To obtain maximum benefit, you may need to design patient‐specific hypothermia protocols by combining systemic and selective cooling. Ann Neurol 2005;58:75–87
A 10‐item smell identification scale related to risk for Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Tabert Matthias H. , Liu Xinhua , Doty Richard L. , Serby Michael , Zamora Diana , Pelton Gregory H. , Marder Karen , Albers Mark W. , Stern Yaakov , Devanand D. P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractUniversity of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test data from control subjects (n = 63), patients with mild cognitive impairment (n = 147), and patients with Alzheimer's disease (n = 100) were analyzed to derive an optimal subset of items related to risk for Alzheimer's disease (ie, healthy through mild cognitive impairment to early and moderate disease stages). The derived 10‐item scale performed comparably with the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test in classifying subjects, and it strongly predicted conversion to Alzheimer's disease on follow‐up evaluation in patients with mild cognitive impairment. Independent replication is needed to validate these findings. Ann Neurol 2005;58:155–160
Differences in colorectal carcinoma stage and survival by race and ethnicity
Authors: Chien Chloe , Morimoto Libby M. , Tom Jamie , Li Christopher I. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractBACKGROUNDIn the United States, blacks with colorectal carcinoma (CRC) presented with more advanced‐stage disease and had higher mortality rates compared with non‐Hispanic whites. Data regarding other races/ethnicities were limited, especially for Asian/Pacific Islander and Hispanic white subgroups.METHODSUsing data from 11 population‐based cancer registries that participate in the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results program, the authors evaluated the relation among 18 different races/ethnicities and disease stage and mortality rates among 154,103 subjects diagnosed with CRC from 1988 to 2000.RESULTSCompared with non‐Hispanic whites, blacks, American Indians, Chinese, Filipinos, Koreans, Hawaiians, Mexicans, South/Central Americans, and Puerto Ricans were 10–60% more likely to be diagnosed with Stage III or IV CRC. Alternatively, Japanese had a 20% lower risk of advanced‐stage CRC. With respect to mortality rates, blacks, American Indians, Hawaiians, and Mexicans had a 20–30% greater risk of mortality, whereas Chinese, Japanese, and Indians/Pakistanis had a 10–40 % lower risk.CONCLUSIONSThe authors observed numerous racial/ethnic disparities in the risks of advanced‐stage cancer and mortality among patients with CRC, and there was considerable variation in these risks across Asian/Pacific Islander and Hispanic white subgroups. Although the etiology of these disparities was multifactorial, developing screening and treatment programs that target racial/ethnic populations with elevated risks of poor CRC outcomes may be an important means of reducing these disparities. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Isolation, cloning, and expression of three prepro‐GnRH mRNAs in Atlantic croaker brain and pituitary
Authors: Mohamed J. Shaik , Thomas Peter , Khan Izhar A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThree prepro‐gonadotropin‐releasing hormones, seabream GnRH (sbGnRH), chicken GnRH‐II (cGnRH‐II), and salmon GnRH (sGnRH) were isolated by cDNA cloning from the brain of the Atlantic croaker, Micropogonias undulatus. The amino acid sequences of croaker GnRH precursors show greatest similarities to those of the gilthead and red sea breams and European sea bass. In situ hybridization of croaker brain sections revealed more abundant sbGnRH mRNA expression in the preoptic area (POA) than in other brain regions. sbGnRH mRNA expression was also observed in the olfactory bulb (OB; but not in the terminal nerve ganglion cells [TNgc]), ventral telencephalon (vTEL), and anterior hypothalamus. In addition, specific sbGnRH mRNA signals were detected in the pituitary. cGnRH‐II mRNA expression was limited to the midbrain tegmentum. Neuronal elements expressing sGnRH mRNA were detected in the OB including the TNgc, vTEL, and POA, indicating an overlap of the sbGnRH and sGnRH systems in certain ventral forebrain areas. The results of quantitative reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction of the three GnRH mRNAs in different brain areas and the pituitary are consistent with their localization by in situ hybridization. Interestingly, a few sbGnRH mRNA‐expressing neuronal elements were observed arranged in a row in the anteroventral hypothalamus projecting toward the pituitary. The results provide a morphological basis for a putative role of sbGnRH as the gonadotropin‐releasing hormone. Moreover, localization of sbGnRH mRNA in a teleost pituitary points to sbGnRH synthesis, and its potential role as a local regulator, within the pituitary, similar to the role of GnRH‐I in mammals. J. Comp. Neurol. 488:384–395, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mononuclear phagocytes migrate into the murine cochlea after acoustic trauma
Authors: Hirose Keiko , Discolo Christopher M. , Keasler Jodi R. , Ransohoff Richard 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAcoustic injury results in destruction of hair cells and numerous nonsensory cells of the cochlea. How these injured structures undergo repair is not well understood. This study was designed to examine the cochlea for the presence of mononuclear phagocytes after tissue injury caused by noise damage. We used octave band noise (8–16 kHz) at three levels (106, 112, and 120 dB) for 2 hours and studied the mice at 1, 3, 7, and 14 days after noise exposure to determine how noise affected hearing thresholds, hair cell number, and tissue injury in the cochlea. Furthermore, we assessed the cochlea for presence of inflammation by performing immunohistochemistry for CD45, common leukocyte antigen. We counted the number of CD45+ cells that were present in the cochlea at the above‐mentioned time points after noise. CD45 is present on all bone marrow‐derived white blood cells and is not otherwise expressed in the inner ear. We found that, after noise exposure, there is a large increase in CD45+ cells. These marrow‐derived cells are concentrated in the spiral ligament and spiral limbus, areas that are known to be susceptible to acoustic injury. It is possible that this inflammatory response plays a role in propagating cellular damage in these areas. Immunohistochemistry demonstrates that these cochlear cells are derived from the monocyte/macrophage lineage and serve a phagocytic function in the inner ear. J. Comp. Neurol. 489:180–194, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Changes in the density and distribution of sympathetic nerves in spleens from Lewis rats with adjuvant‐induced arthritis suggest that an injury and sprouting response occurs
Authors: Lorton Dianne , Lubahn Cheri , Lindquist Carl A. , Schaller Jill , Washington Cathy , Bellinger Denise L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPreviously we demonstrated reduced norepinephrine concentrations in spleens from Lewis rats with adjuvant‐induced arthritis (AA), an animal model of rheumatoid arthritis. This study extends these findings, examining the anatomical localization and density of sympathetic nerves in the spleen with disease development. Noradrenergic (NA) innervation in spleens of Lewis rats was examined 28 days following adjuvant treatment to induce arthritis or vehicle for the adjuvant by using fluorescence histochemistry for catecholamines, with morphometric analysis and immunocytochemistry for tyrosine hydroxylase. In AA rats, sympathetic nerve density in the hilar regions, where NA nerves enter the spleen, was increased twofold over that observed in vehicle‐treated rats. In contrast, there was a striking twofold decline in the density of NA nerves in splenic regions distal to the hilus in arthritic rats compared with nonarthritic rats. In both treatment groups, NA nerves distributed to central arterioles, white pulp regions, trabeculae, and capsule. However, NA nerve density was reduced in the white pulp but was increased in the red pulp in AA rats compared with non‐AA rats. These findings indicate an injury/sprouting response with disease development whereby NA nerves die back in distal regions and undergo a compensatory sprouting response in the hilus. The redistribution of NA nerves from white pulp to red pulp suggests that these nerves signal activated immune cells localized in the red pulp in AA. Although the mechanisms of this redistribution of NA nerves into the red pulp are not known, it may be due to migration from white pulp to red pulp of target immune cells that provide trophic support for these nerves. The redistribution of NA nerves into the red pulp may be critical in modulating immune functions that contribute to the chronic inflammatory stages of arthritis. J. Comp. Neurol. 489:260–273, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Statistical models for monitoring and regulating ground‐level ozone
Authors: Gilleland Eric , Nychka Douglas 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)'s National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for ground‐level ozone is now based on the fourth‐highest daily maximum 8‐h average ozone level (FHDA). Standard geostatistical models may not be appropriate for interpolating such a statistic from a network of monitoring sites. In this article we compare the performance of different statistical models in predicting this standard at locations where monitors are not located. We give special attention to two models: a daily model that uses an autoregression to account for spatial and temporal dependence, and a seasonal model that assumes the FHDA field is Gaussian and employs spatial statistical techniques. Based on five seasons of ozone data collected in and around North Carolina, we find that the daily model is superior enough to the seasonal model to warrant its added complexity. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bayesian hierarchical distributed lag models for summer ozone exposure and cardio‐respiratory mortality
Authors: Huang Yi , Dominici Francesca , Bell Michelle L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn this article we develop Bayesian hierarchical distributed lag models for estimating associations between daily variations in summer ozone levels and daily variations in cardiovascular and respiratory (CVDRESP) mortality counts for 19 large U.S. cities included in the National Morbidity, Mortality and Air Pollution Study (NMMAPS) for the summers of 1987–1994.In the first stage, we define a semi‐parametric distributed lag Poisson regression model to estimate city‐specific relative rates of CVDRESP mortality associated with short‐term exposure to summer ozone. In the second stage, we specify a class of distributions for the true city‐specific relative rates to estimate an overall effect by taking into account the variability within and across cities. We perform the calculations with respect to several random effects distributions (normal, t‐student, and mixture of normal), thus relaxing the common assumption of a two‐stage normal–normal hierarchical model. We assess the sensitivity of the results to: (i) lag structure for ozone exposure; (ii) degree of adjustment for long‐term trends; (iii) inclusion of other pollutants in the model; (iv) heat waves; (v) random effects distributions; and (vi) prior hyperparameters.On average across cities, we found that a 10ppb increase in summer ozone level over the previous week is associated with a 1.25 per cent increase in CVDRESP mortality (95 per cent posterior regions: 0.47, 2.03). The relative rate estimates are also positive and statistically significant at lags 0, 1 and 2. We found that associations between summer ozone and CVDRESP mortality are sensitive to the confounding adjustment for PM10, but are robust to: (i) the adjustment for long‐term trends, other gaseous pollutants (NO2, SO2 and CO); (ii) the distributional assumptions at the second stage of the hierarchical model; and (iii) the prior distributions on all unknown parameters.Bayesian hierarchical distributed lag models and their application to the NMMAPS data allow us to estimate of an acute health effect associated with exposure to ambient air pollution in the last few days on average across several locations. The application of these methods and the systematic assessment of the sensitivity of findings to model assumptions provide important epidemiological evidence for future air quality regulations. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nanomechanical properties of self‐reinforced composite poly(methyl methacrylate) as a function of processing temperature
Authors: Wright‐Charlesworth Debra D. , Peers William J. , Miskioglu Ibrahim , Loo Laura L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractUnderstanding the wear characteristics of bone cement and its alternatives is critical to improving the quality and longevity of hip replacements. A novel composite material, self‐reinforced composite poly(methyl methacrylate), has been previously developed for potential use as a pre‐coat material for hip implants. The goal of this work was to examine the properties of self‐reinforced composite poly(methyl methacrylate) as a function of processing temperature. Nanoindentation tests were performed to measure hardness and modulus of self‐reinforced composite poly(methyl methacrylate) at the nanoscale. Nanoscratch tests were performed parallel, orthogonal, and longitudinal to composite fibers to measure residual scratch depths. Significant differences were found in the hardness, modulus, and residual scratch depth as a function of processing temperature when compared to poly(methyl methacrylate). As processing temperature is increased, hardness decreased and residual scratch depths increased. Data also showed that fiber orientation plays a critical role in scratch resistance. Scratching orthogonal to fiber orientation produced the least residual scratch depth ranging from 524 nm at 105°C to 838 nm at 150°C, compared to a residual scratch depth for poly(methyl methacrylate) of 842 nm. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2005
Improving delivery of hydrophobic drugs from hydrogels through cyclodextrins
Authors: Kanjickal Deenu , Lopina Stephanie , Evancho‐Chapman M. Michelle , Schmidt Steven , Donovan Duane 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA simple and effective technique of improving delivery of hydrophobic drugs from swellable systems is presented. Conventional methods of drug loading in hydrogel systems are limited by the characteristics of the pharmacological agent. The approach we present uses complexants to modulate drug release. Crosslinked poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels were synthesized, characterized, and used for vascular applications. The release of cyclosporine (CyA) from PEG hydrogels is significantly altered by the sterilization techniques. It was hypothesized that the release of CyA from PEG hydrogels can be modulated by using complexants. A cyclodextrin–CyA complex solution was prepared and used for drug loading. The sterilized PEG hydrogels that were loaded using the cyclodextrin–CyA complex solution had favorable release characteristics compared with the release from PEG hydrogels that were loaded using the conventional technique. Hence, drug release from swellable systems can be tailored by the application of this strategy. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2005