bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of manual and automated leukocyte counts for determination of the absolute neutrophil count: Application to a pediatric oncology clinic***
Authors: Parham David M. , Ready Ruth , Stine Kimo , Quiggins Carolyn , Becton David , North Paula 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackgroundDetermination of the absolute neutrophil count (ANC) is a critical test prior to initiation of chemotherapy and is a standard component of cancer therapy protocols. Automated determination of this parameter potentially shortens the turnaround time necessary between specimen phlebotomy and chemotherapy infusion in an outpatient setting. However, there are certain factors that can lead to spuriously elevated or lowered ANCs, possibly leading to inappropriate dosage. We therefore compared ANC results in a series of samples in which both automated and manual results were available.ProcedureSets of 111 specimens, tested over a 1‐month period, had matched automated and manual ANC results available for initial retrospective analysis. An additional set of 35 specimens with ANCs of < 1.5 × 109/L were subsequently analyzed in a similar fashion. Automated ANC results were obtained with a Cell‐Dyn 3500® (Abbott Diagnostics, Santa Clara, CA, USA) automated hematology analyzer, and manual ANC results were obtained using 100 cell differentials performed by 1 of 13 medical technologists. Results were tabulated and analyzed using standard linear regression and scatter plot analyses.ResultsOf the initial 111 specimens, automated ANC values ranged from 0.16–14.2 × 109/L (median = 2.6 × 109/L), as compared with 0.24–13.9 × 109/L (median 3.0 × 109/L) for manual ANC values (R2 = 0.99; SE = 0.49). Differences between the ANC values ranged from −55 to + 33% (SD = 14%) of the manual value. Of the second set of 35 specimens, regression analysis yielded an R2 value of 0.92, with a SE of 0.11. Both data sets yielded acceptable degrees of variation on scatter plot analyses.ConclusionsAutomated ANC values appear adequate for determining suitability for chemotherapy and lessen the turnaround time between specimen phlebotomy and result verification. Med Pediatr Oncol 2002;38:183–186. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Electron paramagnetic resonance study of nitroxides generated from nitric oxide by reaction with transient radicals
Authors: Jin Jing , Wu Longmin , Zhang Ziyi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPhotochemical or thermal decomposition of azo‐compounds (such as 2,2′‐azobisisobutyronitrile, 2,2′‐azobis(2‐methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride, dialkyl peroxides (such as tert‐butyl peroxide and diacyl peroxides (such as benzoyl peroxide) in anaerobic nitric oxide (NO)‐saturated dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) or aqueous solutions yielded nitroxides. Well‐characterized electron paramagnetic resonance spectra of nitroxides revealed that NO was favorable for reacting with carbon‐centered and less stereo‐inhibited transient alkyl radicals, giving kinds of nitrosoalkane, typically nitrosomethane, which act sequentially as C‐nitroso compounds to trap transient radicals present in solution, yielding spin‐trapping adducts, i.e. nitroxides. Radicals, including sulfinyl radicals from UV‐irradiated DMSO, were trapped by the in situ formed CH3NO. O‐centered radicals could not add to the freshly formed C‐nitroso compounds. Possible mechanisms are suggested. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
1H, 13C and 15N NMR chemical shifts of substituted pyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidines
Authors: Kolehmainen Erkki , Laihia Katri , Firsov Alexander V. , Zayzev Vyacheslav I. , Emelina Elena E. , Petrov Alexander A. 
Published: August 2002

Abstract1H, 13C and 15N NMR chemical shifts of 10 substituted pyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidines were assigned based on DQF 1H, 1H COSY, PFG 1H, 13C HMQC and PFG 1H,X (X = 13C and 15N) HMBC experiments and on literature data. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
NMR study on 9‐S and 9‐R oxirane derivatives of ascomycin
Authors: Baumann K. , Högenauer K. , Schulz G. , Steck A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractStructure elucidation of 9‐S and 9‐R oxirane derivatives of ascomycin, a 23‐membered immunomodulating macrolactam, was performed using NMR spectroscopy. The total 1H and 13C signal assignments required the gradient‐selected versions of COSY (gs‐COSY), heteronuclear multiple quantum‐correlation spectroscopy (gs‐HSQC), heteronuclear multiple‐bond correlation spectroscopy (gs‐HMBC), and nuclear Overhauser methods. The data sets then were used to examine the dependence of ketone–hemiketal and cis–trans amide equilibria on the substitution pattern and the absolute configuration of the chiral oxirane. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diels–Alder reaction of 2,7‐dichloroquinoline‐5,8‐dione with a thiazole o‐quinodimethane. Assignment of the regiochemistry by 1H–13C HMBC correlations
Authors: Tapia Ricardo A. , Prieto Yolanda , Pautet Félix , Fenet Bernard , Fillion Houda 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe Diels–Alder reaction between a thiazole o‐quinodimethane and 4,6‐dichloroquinoline‐5,8‐dione gave 6‐chloro‐9‐azaanthra[2,3‐b]thiazole‐5,10‐dione as a single regioisomer. Its structure was assigned by 2D 1H–13C HMBC short‐ and long‐range correlations. Measuring the spectra in CF3CO2D indicated that both nitrogen atoms of pyridine and thiazole rings are deuterated. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study of the temperature‐dependent conformational averaging of 1H NMR resonances in vinylcyclopropane through the use of ab initio methodology and Boltzmann statistics
Authors: Swalina Chet W. , O'Brien Edward P. , Moyna Guillermo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe temperature dependence of the 1 H NMR resonance of the C‐4 olefinic proton in vinylcyclopropane was investigated through a combination of ab initio calculations and Boltzmann statistics. A torsional energy profile as a function of the 〈ϕ〉 dihedral angle was obtained using HF methodology with a 6–311G** basis set, while the corresponding 1 H chemical shift profiles for the C‐4 proton were computed using the GIAO approach and either HF, DFT (B3LYP) or MP2 methods at the 6–311G** level of theory. Chemical shifts at different temperatures calculated as canonical ensemble averages in which the different ab initio 1 H chemical shift profiles and a Boltzmann factor defined by the HF/ 6–311G** energy function are employed reproduce remarkably well the temperature dependence observed experimentally. Attempts to perform a similar study using only the GIAO‐MP2 1 H chemical shift profile and 〈ϕ〉 dihedral angle trajectories obtained from molecular dynamics simulations at different temperatures failed to reproduce the experimental trends. This shortcoming was attributed to the inability of the force fields employed, Tripos 6.0 and MMFF94, to reproduce properly the three‐well torsional potential of vinylcyclopropane. The application of both methodologies to the calculation of population‐dependent chemical shifts in other systems is discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Involving AP‐2 transcription factor in connexin 26 up‐regulation during pregnancy and lactation
Authors: Tu Zheng Jin , Pan Weihong , Gong Zhuo , Kiang David T. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractGap junction connexin 26 &lpar;Cx26&rpar; is up&hyphen;regulated in mammary epithelial cells during pregnancy and lactation. To understand the transcriptional regulation of Cx26, we identified a protected DNase I footprint region &lpar;&minus;140 to &minus;113&rpar; in the rat Cx26 promoter. This rCx26 Promoter Footprinting Region, or CPFR, contains an Sp binding site &lpar;CCGCCC&rpar; overlapping with an AP&hyphen;2 binding site &lpar;GCCCGCGGC&rpar;, and is evolutionarily conserved. Nuclear extracts from rat mammary glands and human MCF&hyphen;10 mammary epithelial cells formed protein&hyphen;DNA complexes with the labeled CPFR probe in the electrophoretic mobility shift assay &lpar;EMSA&rpar;, and these complexes were markedly enhanced during pregnancy and lactation. Antibody supershift analysis further identified the presence of Sp1, Sp3, and AP&hyphen;2 in these binding complexes. Human mammary epithelial MCF&hyphen;10A and MCF&hyphen;12A cells were transiently transfected with chimeric mutant rCx26 promoter&sol;luciferase reporter constructs, and luciferase activities measured. Mutations along the CPFR fragment drastically reduced the promoter activity, specially at the Sp&sol;AP&hyphen;2 overlapping site. Cotransfection of AP&hyphen;2 with rCx26 promoter&sol;reporter constructs into MCF&hyphen;10 cells markedly induced the reporter activity. These data infer that AP&hyphen;2, along with previously reported Sp transcription factors, is involved in the up&hyphen;regulation of Cx26 gene during pregnancy and lactation. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 59:17&ndash;24, 2001. &copy; 2001 Wiley&hyphen;Liss, Inc.
Nitric oxide‐mediated inhibition of follicular apoptosis is associated with HSP70 Induction and Bax suppression
Authors: Yoon Se‐Jin , Choi Kyung‐Hee , Lee Kyung‐Ah 
Published: August 2002

AbstractNitric oxide (NO) has recently emerged as a potential regulator of follicular development because of its involvement in the regulation of several physiological functions of the ovary. NO influences apoptotic cell death of follicular cells as a follicle survival factor. The present study was conducted (1) to investigate the mechanism involved in the protective effect of NO on spontaneously induced follicular apoptosis in serum‐free condition and (2) to determine the role of NO on the expression of mRNAs and proteins for HSP70 and Bax. Preovulatory follicles obtained from PMSG‐primed rats were cultured for 24 hr in serum‐free medium with or without sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a NO generator. Granulosa cells within follicles incubated in medium alone for 24 hr exhibited extensive apoptosis. Treatment of SNP in the culture medium blocked this onset of apoptosis. Both mRNA and protein levels of HSP70 were highly increased with SNP than those of control group. On the contrary, those of Bax were suppressed with SNP treatment. Results of the present study suggest that NO prevents rat preovulatory follicular apoptosis in vitro by stimulating HSP70 and suppressing Bax expression. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 61:504–510, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular cloning and characterization of fox testis kinectin
Authors: Xu Jianwei , Bird Peter H. , Bradley Mark P. , Janssens Peter A. , Hardy Christopher M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractKinectin was isolated and characterized from a fox testis cDNA library using a monoclonal antibody (FTA‐1) raised against testis surface proteins. The cDNA sequence of 4,479 nucleotides encodes an ORF of 1,330 amino acids (aa) with high homology to mouse, human, and chicken kinectins (GenBank Accession Number AF095786). Southern analysis was used to show that genes homologous to kinectin are present in several mammal species and in at least one marsupial, but not in bacteria. Alternatively spliced forms of fox kinectin were identified, and one of these is uniquely expressed in brain and spleen tissues. Kinectin expression was highest in testis relative to other tissues examined. Sequence analysis and comparisons between species revealed that kinectin encodes multiple α‐helical coiled coils predicted to form dimers, and is, therefore, likely to exist as a dimer. The results presented in this article suggest that kinectin is required for spermatogenesis, but is not a likely candidate for use in immunocontraceptive vaccines. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 62: 37‐46, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transgenic production from in vivo‐derived embryos: Effect on calf birth weight and sex ratio
Authors: Behboodi E. , Groen W. , Destrempes M.M. , Williams J.L. , Ohlrichs C. , Gavin W.G. , Broek D.M. , Ziomek C.A. , Faber D.C. , Meade H.M. , Echelard Y. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe examined transgenic‐cattle production by DNA microinjection into 1‐, 2‐, and 4‐cell embryos, analyzing the impact on calf size and subsequent viability. Embryos were either collected at an abattoir by flushing oviducts from superovulated and artificially inseminated cows (in vivo‐derived) or obtained by in vitro maturation and in vitro fertilization of oocytes aspirated from excised ovaries (in vitro‐derived). A human serum albumin (hSA) milk‐expression DNA construct was microinjected, either in one of the visible pronuclei of in vitro‐ and in vivo‐derived 1‐cell embryos or in the nuclei of two blastomeres of 2‐ and 4‐cell in vivo‐derived embryos. Microinjection‐induced mortality (lysis and developmental block) was equivalent (∼40%) for all microinjected embryos. Embryos were co‐cultured with BRL cells in B‐2 medium containing 10% fetal calf serum (FSC). Overall, embryo development to morulae/blastocysts was significantly greater for in vivo‐derived ova (15.5%) than for in vitro‐derived oocytes (9.3%). All morulae and blastocysts were transferred to synchronized recipient females on Days 6–8 post‐fertilization. A total of 189 calves were delivered. Birth weights were significantly greater for calves generated from in vitro‐derived oocytes compared with those generated from in vivo‐derived oocytes. One transgenic bull calf was obtained from the microinjection of a 2‐cell embryo. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis of lymphocytes detected one transgenic integration site in all cells. Transmission frequency of the hSA transgene in embryos obtained through IVM/IVF/IVC utilizing the semen of the transgenic calf confirmed that it was not mosaic. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 60: 27–37, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Acute cyclophosphamide exposure has germ cell specific effects on the expression of stress response genes during rat spermatogenesis
Authors: Aguilar‐Mahecha Adriana , Hales Barbara F. , Robaire Bernard 
Published: August 2002

AbstractExposure of male rats to cyclophosphamide, a commonly used anticancer and immunosuppressive drug, has been shown to alter fertility and progeny outcome in a male germ cell phase‐specific manner. The effect of toxicant exposure on male germ cells depends in part on the stress response mechanisms present during the different stages of spermatogenesis. To assess how acute cyclophosphamide exposure affects the expression of stress response genes, we examined the expression of 216 genes, using gene expression arrays, in isolated rat spermatogenic cell types (pachytene spermatocytes, round spermatids, and elongating spermatids). Cyclophosphamide exposure affected gene expression in all cell types but most dramatically in round spermatids. Increased transcript levels were observed for 30 genes in round spermatids compared to seven genes in pachytene spermatocytes and two in elongating spermatids. The expression of genes involved in apoptosis, DNA‐damage recognition and repair, transcriptional activation, and in the heat shock protein‐chaperone response was most affected by cyclophosphamide in round spermatids. Our results demonstrate that cyclophosphamide alters the expression of stress response genes during spermatogenesis in a germ cell‐specific manner. The greater response of round spermatids to cyclophosphamide suggests that this cell type may be more susceptible to the damaging effects induced by this drug, possibly due to the chromatin remodeling that is taking place at this stage of spermatogenesis. This observation is consistent with the reported higher level of abnormal progeny outcome seen when the germ cells were first exposed to cyclophosphamide as round spermatids. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 60: 302–311, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular cloning and partial characterization of medaka fish stromelysin‐3 and its restricted expression in the oocytes of small growing follicles of the ovary
Authors: Ogiwara Katsueki , Matsui Hitoshi , Kimura Atsushi , Takahashi Takayuki 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA cDNA clone (2755‐bp) for stromelysin‐3 was isolated by screening the cDNA library and by 3′‐ and 5′‐rapid amplification of cDNA ends using ovary RNA of the medaka fish Oryzias latipes. The clone encodes a protein of 492 amino acids. Stromelysin‐3 mRNA was detected only in the ovary. In situ hybridization analysis revealed that stromelysin‐3 mRNA was localized in the oocyte cytoplasm of small growing follicles. RT‐PCR analysis of total RNAs isolated from various‐sized follicles and ovulated oocytes was conducted in order to determine the mRNA levels during oocyte growth. The stromelysin‐3 mRNA level was the highest in the small follicles, and the mRNA levels decreased as the follicles grew. No significant stromelysin‐3 mRNA was detected in the ovulated oocytes or immature ovaries. The fish stromelysin‐3 cDNA was expressed in COS‐1 cells in order to characterize the intracellular localization of the protein. A 56 kDa protein was synthesized and secreted into the culture medium. The secreted stromelysin‐3 exhibited gelatin‐degrading activity. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 61: 21–31, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reproducibility of 3D proton spectroscopy in the human brain
Authors: Li Belinda S.Y. , Babb James S. , Soher Brian J. , Maudsley Andrew A. , Gonen Oded 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe inter‐ and intrasubject reproducibility of the metabolite levels of N‐acetylaspartate (NAA), creatine (Cr), and choline (Cho), obtained with three‐dimensional (3D) multivoxel proton spectroscopy (1H‐MRS), was analyzed in eight healthy volunteers. Serial, back‐to‐back measurements on a phantom showed the methodology and instrumentation to be highly reproducible, with a median coefficient of variation (CV) of 3.8%. In the human brain, the metabolite levels' variability was larger, with intrasubject median CVs for a total of 1876 signal voxels of 13.8%, 18.5%, and 20.1% for NAA, Cr, and Cho, respectively. These variations possibly arise from small, unavoidable, ±1–2 mm volume‐of‐interest (VOI) repositioning uncertainties, which vary each 0.75‐cm3 voxel's partial fluid/gray/white‐matter fractions. Comparing the CVs between eight subjects in a total of 324 selected voxels gave total interindividual CVs of 15.6%, 23.3%, and 24.4%, compared with intraindividual CVs in the same voxels of 14.4%, 14.8%, and 15.3%, for NAA, Cr, and Cho, respectively. Replacing the signal(s) from each voxel by the average of itself with its six canonical neighbors reduces the intrasubject median CVs to 8.3%, 9.5%, and 9.7%. The measurement uncertainties can be reduced at a cost of either spatial resolution (by using larger voxels) or time (by performing serial follow‐ups). Magn Reson Med 47:439–446, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Four‐angle saturation transfer (FAST) method for measuring creatine kinase reaction rates in vivo
Authors: Bottomley Paul A. , Ouwerkerk Ronald , Lee Ray F. , Weiss Robert G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA new fast method of measuring kinetic reaction rates for two‐site chemical exchange is described. The method employs saturation transfer magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and acquisition of only four spectra under partially saturated, high signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) conditions. In two acquisitions one of the exchanging species is saturated; the other two employ a control saturation. Each pair of acquisitions is applied with two different flip angles, and the equilibrium magnetization, relaxation times, and reaction rates are calculated therefrom. This four‐angle saturation transfer (FAST) method is validated theoretically using the Bloch equations modified for two‐state chemical exchange. Potential errors in the rate measurements due to the effects of exchange are evaluated for creatine kinase (CK) metabolism modeled for skeletal and heart muscle, and are found to be <5% for forward CK flux rates of 0.05 ≤ kf ≤ 1.0 s–1, and up to a 90% depletion of phosphocreatine (PCr). The effect of too much or too little saturating irradiation on FAST appears to be comparable to that of the conventional saturation transfer method, although the relative performance deteriorates when spillover irradiation cuts the PCr signal by 50% or more. “FASTer” and “ FASTest” protocols are introduced for dynamic CK studies wherein [PCr] and/or kf changes. These protocols permit the omission of one or two of the four acquisitions in repeat experiments, and the missing information is recreated from initial data via a new iterative algorithm. The FAST method is validated empirically in phosphorus (31P) MRS studies of human calf muscle at 1.5 T. FAST measurements of 10 normal volunteers yielded the same CK reaction rates measured by the conventional method (0.29 ± 0.06 s–1) in the same subjects, but an average of seven times faster. Application of the FASTer algorithm to these data correctly restored missing information within seven iterations. Finally, the FAST method was combined with 1D spatially localized 31P MRS in a study of six volunteers, yielding the same kf values independent of depth, in total acquisition times of 17–39 min. These timesaving FAST methods are enabling because they permit localized measurements of metabolic flux, which were previously impractical due to intolerably long scan times. Magn Reson Med 47:850– 863, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rapid cine MRI of the human heart using reconstruction by estimation of lines and inhibition of fold‐in
Authors: Rehwald Wolfgang G. , Kim Raymond J. , Judd Robert M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA fast imaging method is described that yields an approximately six‐fold acquisition time reduction relative to conventional techniques. The method involves: 1) acquisition of every sixth k‐space line; 2) shifting of acquired k‐space lines between odd and even frames; and 3) a single‐frame correction image. Reconstruction is achieved by temporal interpolation for k‐space lines not acquired combined with subtraction of stationary fold‐in artifacts. Seven patients with heart disease and one volunteer were evaluated. SNR was measured in myocardium and the ventricular cavity for both the conventional and new technique. The method is best suited for fast imaging of moving objects confined to a small region within a larger stationary object, such as the heart within the thoracic cavity. It can be implemented in cine and functional imaging sequences and, in principle, in perfusion sequences. Magn Reson Med 47:844–849, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dynamic imaging with multiple resolutions along phase‐encode and slice‐select dimensions
Authors: Panych Lawrence P. , Zhao Lei , Jolesz Ferenc A. , Mulkern Robert V. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAn implementation is reported of an imaging method to obtain MUltiple Resolutions along Phase‐encode and Slice‐select dimensions (MURPS), which enables dynamic imaging of focal changes using a graded, multiresolution approach. MURPS allows one to trade spatial resolution in part of the volume for improved temporal resolution in dynamic imaging applications. A unique method of Hadamard slice encoding is used, enabling the varying of the phase encode and slice resolution while maintaining a constant effective TR throughout the entire 3‐D volume. MURPS was implemented using a gradient‐recalled echo sequence, and its utility was demonstrated for MR temperature monitoring. In this preliminary work, it has been shown that changes throughout a large volume can be effectively monitored in times that would normally only permit dynamic imaging in one or a very few slices. Magn Reson Med 45:940–947, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hyperechoes
Authors: Hennig Juergen , Scheffler Klaus 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA novel spin‐echo‐based refocusing strategy called a hyperecho mechanism is introduced by which the full coherence of magnetization submitted to a sequence of arbitrary RF pulses can be reinstalled. First implementations illustrate the potential of hyperecho formation—especially for Rapid Acquisition with Relaxation Enhancement (RARE) imaging, in which the full image intensity can be retrieved using a fraction of the RF power of a fully refocused sequence. The contribution of stimulated echo pathways to the hyperecho signal leads to an increased signal intensity at a given refocusing time for tissues with T1 > T2. For identical T2 contrast, longer echo times have to be used. Further possibilities for using hyperechoes in gradient‐echo sequences and for spin selection are discussed. Magn Reson Med 46:6–12, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.