bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Groups and Permutations
Authors: Reilly Norman R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Groups first appeared in the early part of the 19th century in the study of solutions to polynomial equations by Abel and Galois. Indeed, it appears that Galois was the first to use the term group . The examples that appeared in the work of Abel and Gauss are what we would now recognize as groups of permutations (of roots of polynomials). The abstract definition of a group emerged later in the century in the work of Cayley.
Elliptic Curves
Authors: Reilly Norman R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although elliptic curves have been studied for many decades and a wealth of information was gained about them, it is only relatively recently that they have gained a certain level of “notoriety”. This has been the result of the application of the theory of elliptic curves to such things as Fermat’s Last Theorem, cryptography, and integer factorization. In this chapter we develop somebasic properties of elliptic curves, particularly thegroup structureon an elliptic curve. There are other situations, and also simpler situations, when it is possibleto definean algebraic structureon a set of solutions to an equation. One simpler example where one is dealing exclusively with integer solutions occurs in the study of Pell’s Equation. This is treated in section 7.7, but you are welcome to digress to that section at this stage, if you wish to do so. To understand the critical intersection properties of elliptic curves, it is necessary to consider them in projective space. For this reason, we devote some time to introducing and working with projective spaces and, in particular, the projective plane.
Miscellaneous Monty
Authors: Rosenhouse Jason 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have trodden a long and winding road to reach this point. We have navigated the rapids of the classical problem and some of its most natural variations. We confronted the full horror of the progressive version and emerged stronger for the experience. Along the way we have illuminated much of the world of probability theory and its offshoots. Yet for all of that, there remain certain variations on and aspects of the Monty Hall problem that have not fit comfortably into the preceding chapters. Our purpose now is to tie up some of those loose ends.
Fallacy 1: All Unintended Consequences Are Bad
Authors: Revesz Richard l. , Livermore Michael A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first fallacy of current cost-benefit analysis is that all unintended consequences are bad. In the past few decades, cost-benefit analysis has become more sophisticated, taking the collateral consequences of regulatory decisions into account. Theoretically, this is a good thing—if a particular regulation would save an endangered species but would have the collateral effect of wiping out another, that collateral cost should be included in the initial analysis. But proponents of current cost-benefit analysis tend to look only at negative collateral consequences. In order to be balanced, cost-benefit analysis must acknowledge the ancillary benefits of regulations as well.
Fallacy 5: People Always Want to Put Off Bad Things
Authors: Revesz Richard l. , Livermore Michael A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The next two chapters should be considered a pair, in that they both address the issue of discounting in cost-benefit analysis. Discounting is a technique that marks down future dollars to translate them into present dollars. It assumes that because people prefer immediate gratification, a dollar today is worth more than a dollar next year (even correcting for inflation). This assumption under-girds the sentiment, “I’d gladly pay you Tuesday for a hamburger today.”
A Brief History of Psychopathology
Authors: Millon Theodore 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Prior to a systematic analysis of the diverse subjects comprising mental disorders in this text, it will be useful to probe briefl y into aspects of their historical origins and evolution. Efforts to understand and resolve problems of psychopathology can be traced through many centuries in which solutions have taken unanticipated turns and have become enmeshed in obscure beliefs and entangled alliances, all of which have unfolded without the care and watchful eye of scientifi c methods (Millon, 2004).
Studying Psychopathology
Authors: Raulin Michael L , Lilienfeld Scott O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Few things in life are more frightening, puzzling, or intriguing than psychopathology. The human mind is a phenomenal evolutionary achievement, but its prop er functioning requires a delicate balance. When that balance is upset—whether by external stressors that push the organism beyond its limits, by biological aberrations that predispose the organism to respond inappropriately, or by cognitive styles that distort everyday experiences—psychopathology may result.
Mood Disorders Biological Bases
Authors: Johnson Sheri L , Joormann Jutta , Lemoult Joelle , Miller Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The highly recurrent nature of mood disorders suggests the need to study vulnerability factors that can increase risk over the life course. Mood disorders appear to be related to defi cits in many different neurobiological systems that could help explain vulnerability. Understanding these neurobiological processes provides insights into the psychological processes involved in the mood disorders.
Substance Abuse Diagnosis, Comorbidity, and Psychopathology
Authors: Tate Susan R , Drapkin Michelle L , Brown Sandra A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Substance use disorders (SUDs) are among the most common psychiatric conditions in the United States, with over 9% of individuals aged 12 or older meeting the DSM–IV criteria for substance abuse or dependence in the past year (National Survey on Drug Use and Health of 2006, in Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration Office of Applied Studies, 2007).
Introduction
Authors: Irvine William B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What do you want out of life? You might answer this question by saying that you want a caring spouse, a good job, and a nice house, but these are really just some of the things you want in life. In asking what you want out of life, I am asking the question in its broadest sense. I am asking not for the goals you form as you go about your daily activities but for your grand goal in living. In other words, of the things in life you might pursue, which is the thing you believe to be most valuable? Many people will have trouble naming this goal. They know what they want minute by minute or even decade by decade during their life, but they have never paused to consider their grand goal in living. It is perhaps understandable that they haven’t. Our culture doesn’t encourage people to think about such things; indeed, it provides them with an endless stream of distractions so they won’t ever have to. But a grand goal in living is the first component of a philosophy of life. This means that if you lack a grand goal in living, you lack a coherent philosophy of life.
Self-Denial
Authors: Irvine William B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To engage in negative visualization is to contemplate the bad things that can happen to us. Seneca recommends an extension of this technique: Besides contemplating bad things happening, we should sometimes live as if they had happened. In particular, instead of merely thinking about what it would be like to lose our wealth, we should periodically “practice poverty”: We should, that is, content ourselves with “the scantiest and cheapest fare” and with “coarse and rough dress.”
Exile
Authors: Irvine William B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In ancient Rome, people were sentenced to exile for a variety of crimes, both real and imagined, and it would appear that being a philosopher increased one’s chances of being punished in this manner. Indeed, philosophers were expelled from Rome at least three times: in 161 bc, again during the reign of Emperor Vespasian, and yet again during the reign of Domitian.
Surviving Two Billion Cars
Authors: Sperling Daniel , Gordon Deborah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
More than one billion vehicles populate the earth today. The globe is accelerating toward a second billion, with South and East Asia leading the way and Russia, Eastern Europe, and South America following along. More vehicles mean more vehicle use. And unless vehicle technology and fuels change, more vehicle use means more oil burned and more pollution.
Can the planet sustain two billion cars? Not as we now know them. Today’s one billion vehicles are already pumping extraordinary quantities of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, draining the world’s conventional petroleum supplies, inciting political skirmishes over oil, and overwhelming the roads of today’s cities. Billions of hours are wasted stuck in traffic, and billions of people are sickened by pollution from cars. From Paris to Fresno, and Delhi to Shanghai, conventional motorization, conventional vehicles, and conventional fuels are choking cities, literally and figuratively. Cars are arguably one of the greatest man-made threats to human society.
Rekindling Hope: Honoring The Fire Within
Authors: Scioli Anthony , Biller Henry B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before starting my school I had three significant dreams—you see I still believe in dreams.
I was standing on the bank of a river and had to cross but seemingly there was no way for me to get over. I looked back of me and there was a great army of young people, all coming towards me someone came up to me and said, “You are planning to cross this river, but before you cross it you must take this book and register the names of all those young people that you see [behind] in the distance.”
I was again on the bank of the same river and was making another attempt to cross Dr. Satterfield was on one side and my mother and father were on the other side. They started out with me, wading out into the deep currents. They held on and went as far as they could go and mother turned and said to me—“My child, we have brought you as far as we can go, but now we must leave you and you must make it for yourself.”
The Far-Flashing Beam: Perspectives On Hope
Authors: Scioli Anthony , Biller Henry B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The great pragmatist philosopher and psychologist William James once noted that our passion for life is apt to be wasted unless it is joined with the “far-flashing beam” of a philosophical perspective. The same holds true for hope: our desire to secure it, in bad times and in good, should not outstrip our intellectual need to understand its complexities. A broader perspective is called for—a “hope perspective” that is both scientifically grounded and practically useful in enhancing both your knowledge about this complex emotion and your own personal well-being. Ultimately, as the myth of Prometheus suggests, we need both light and heat to make our way in the world. Having both with respect to hope will, simply put, help you chart your way to a better quality of life.
Cultures of Hope: Absorbing The Virtues of a Community
Authors: Scioli Anthony , Biller Henry B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter and the next, we focus on the profound ways that culture and religion can affect an individual’s “private” experience of hope. Although it may seem strange, the feeling of hope shared by most Americans is not exactly the same experience as that felt by Israelis living in a Kibbutz. Muslim hope is somewhat different from that of Native Americans. Buddhist hopes can be distinguished from those of the Hindus. Within each culture, there are certain motives that tend to be pushed to the foreground while others are relegated to the background. Cultural influences also affect the manner in which members of a group express their attachment, mastery, and survival impulses. By permeating the marrow of hope in these fundamental ways, cultural norms profoundly alter hope’s perceived origins and potential beneficiaries as well as its foreseeable destinations.
Demystifying Psychiatry
Authors: Zorumski Charles F , Rubin Eugene H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Psychiatry is arguably the most misunderstood specialty in modern medicine and psychiatrists are often thought of as part physician, part confessor, part police officer, and part shaman. In Demystifying Psychiatry, two eminent psychiatrists offer an illuminating look at the entire field, offering a clear and informative portrait of a medical specialty often clouded in myth. Zorumski and Rubin range from a basic discussion of what psychiatry is, to the types of illnesses psychiatrists treat, the training of psychiatrists, the treatment of psychiatric disorders (covering medications, psychotherapy, lifestyle interventions, electroconvulsive therapy, and much more), and how families can help with treatment. They caution the consumer about practices that should raise red flags. The book also covers new trends in psychiatry and explores the future of the field, predicting that major advances in genetics and neuroscience will lead to rapid and amazing changes in psychiatry. The book concludes with extensive reference materials that will be valuable both to general readers and medical practitioners.
Book V
Authors: Bosworth B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Book V begins with a deliberate and contrived interruption of the campaign narrative. Arrian does not return to the events in hand until 3. 5–6, when he briefly records Alexander’ s arrival at the Indus. That in turn gives rise to a lengthier interruption, a digression on the rivers of India, set in the geographical framework of Eratosthenes, with an appendix on contemporary Roman methods of bridge building. The narrative proper resumes only at 8. 2. Arrian’ s second digression has a more obvious structural justification. It provides background information on the river system of India, which will dominate the historical record of the next two books. At the same time it introduces the companion monograph, the lndi/r.e, and explains its relationship to the larger history of Alexander (4. 3–5. 1 ). The earlier digression on Nysa has no such thematic relationship with its sequel. Arrian moves abruptly to the Indus and never resumes the subject of the digression. Nor is there a direct relationship with the preceding narrative, as there is in other cases where Arrian takes material from its chronological setting (e.g. 4. 8. I ff., 20. 1-3; 5. 19. 6; 7. 1. 5–2. 4). The connection is more tenuous and subtle.
Resistance, Representation, and Community
Authors: Blickle Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By focusing on three key aspects of life and change as the European state developed, Peter Blickle brings together a wealth of scholarly experience from all over the continent to discuss the subject's role in State formation. Europe has undergone a remarkable process of democratization since the end of the Second World War, shifting the thrust of government policy away from foreign affairs and towards internal matters, and rendering social interest and conflict the driving forces in the historical process. This widespread acceptance of democracy has led to a renewed study of the history of the estates, and a corresponding increase in debate over the concept of representation. Here the debate is taken further with an examination of the role of the city constitution, and developments in rural settlements. Inextricably linked with the advent of wide-scale representation was an increase in resistance: this book examines the geographical spread of such uprisings, and offers explanations of why revolts were so few in Northern Europe but so prevalent in the Central states. The questions of who gained from the uprisings, and what they contributed to the development of the different forms of representation and community are addressed from a pan-European angle. The cities and villages of the late Middle Ages and early modern period were instrumental in building the political structure of the time. These settlements were determinative of the spirit of community, and a close inspection of these communities throws interesting light on the differences between peasant and burgher morality, and how these norms and values were integrated into the legitimizing of the state. This fascinating work examines the citizen's role in European development with a theoretical and conceptual, but also practical and pragmatic approach. The discussion crosses all national boundaries, and in a Europe which is constantly evolving is a relevant and timely addition to the series.
Contrary Heroes: Catholicism, Carlyle, and Ireland
Authors: Harvie Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1921 Viscount Bryce got a begging letter from Arnold Haultain. Haultain had been for years the amanuensis of Goldwin Smith, Professor of History at Oxford and Cornell, unflinching free trader, liberal publicist on both sides of the Atlantic, and towards the end of his long life a successful speculator in Toronto real estate. When he died he got eight pages in the DNB. Haultain had been left not the property in downtown Toronto, but Smith’s copyrights. These were now worthless.No one read Smith, any more than they read Frank Newman, the rationalist brother of the cardinal, or the Positivists, the last of whom, Frederic Harrison, would die in 1923.
Prelate as Pastor
Authors: Fincham Kenneth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is a study of the sixty-six bishops who held office during the reign of James I. Kenneth Fincham surveys their range of activities and functions, including their part in central politics, their role in local society, their work as diocesan governors enforcing moral and spiritual discipline, and their supervision of the parish clergy. Dr Fincham argues that the accession of James I marked the restoration of episcopal fortunes at court and in the localities, seen most clearly in the revival of the court prelate. This detailed analysis of the early seventeenth-century episcopate, intensively grounded in contemporary sources, reveals much about the church of James I, the doctrinal divisions of the period, and the origins of Laudian government in the 1630s. Prelate as Pastor offers a new perspective on the controversies of early Stuart religious history.
Coastal Dynamics and Landforms
Authors: Trenhaile A S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is a comprehensive reference text for senior undergraduates, graduate students, and instructors and working professionals in the coastal field. It provides a thorough survey of a present state of geomorphological knowledge across a very broad spectrum of coastal types, including topics, such as the form and processes operating on cold coasts, deltas, cohesive cold coasts, and coral reefs, that have rarely been included in general coastal texts. There is also a detailed discussion on the nature, origin, and transport of beach sediment, and the possible effects of future sea-level changes on coastal environments. Anthropological influences and managerial implications are discussed in several of the chapters. All the material draws upon up-to-date research and scientific findings.
Introduction
Authors: Trenhaile A S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From about half to two-thirds of the world’s population lives near the coast, and their industrial, recreational, agricultural, and transportational activities are placing enormous pressure on coastal resources. To manage these activities in the least detrimental ways, we need to understand how terrestrial and marine processes operate and interact in the coastal zone, and to recognize and accommodate the dynamic nature of its landforms.
Coral Reefs
Authors: Trenhaile A S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Coral reefs extend over about 2 x 106 km2 of the tropical oceans, making them the largest biologically constructed formations on Earth. Of the areas covered by coral reefs and associated communities living down to depths of 30 m, about 30 percent are between northern Australia, Indonesia, the Philippines, and continental Asia; 25 percent in the Pacific Ocean; 24 percent in the Indian Ocean; 6 percent in the Red Sea and Persian (Arabian) Gulf; 14 percent in the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic; and 1 percent in the South Atlantic. More than half the world’s coral reefs are therefore in south-eastern Asia and the Indian Ocean (Smith 1978).
Rock and Cohesive Clay Coasts
Authors: Trenhaile A S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rocks and cohesive clays form a high proportion of the world’s coasts, and even many sand and coarse elastic beaches are underlain by shore platforms and backed by marine cliffs. These coasts have been neglected in the contemporary processoriented coastal literature, where the emphasis has been on beaches and other coastal features that quickly respond to changing environmental conditions.
Studying Culture and the Built Environment
Authors: Ho Kong Chong , Kim Won Bae 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the 1980s, culture has enjoyed a renewed interest in urban studies (Leitner 1992; Jacobs 1993). However, within the anthropological tradition, this interest has a long history linked to the theories of cultural evolution in the nineteenth century. By examining all forms of human adaptation to the natural environment under the rubric ‘built environment’, early anthropological works viewed the built environment as an outcome of a group’s culture.
Hanoi: Balancing Market and Ideology
Authors: Luan Trinh Duy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Among contemporary Asian cities, Hanoi stands out as having one of the longest histories. Any understanding of Hanoi’s distinctive built environment requires the exploration of its dynamic evolution across periods marked by diverse external influences. Logan (1994) pointed out that: the Hanoi townscape was not the product of chance forces, nor even merely the result of architectural and town planning fashions changing over time; rather each of the successive political regimes set out deliberately to impose on Hanoi its own set of beliefs about the way that urban centres should function. Each regime proceeded to design buildings, streetscapes and whole districts to demonstrate those beliefs, and, by so doing, also to demonstrate its mastery of the city and its people.
Introduction: Globalizing Networks, GlobalizingCities
Authors: Olds Kris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Now, I want to make one simple point here, and that is about what one might call the power-geometry of it all; the power-geometry of time-space compression. For different social groups and different individuals are placed in very distinct ways in relation to these flows and interconnections. This point concerns not merely the issue of who moves and who doesn’t, although that is an important element of it; it is also about power in relation to the flows and the movement. Different social groups have distinct relationships to this anyway differentiated mobility: some are more in charge of it than others; some initiate flows and movement, others don’t; some are more on the receiving end of it than others; some are effectively imprisoned by it. (Massey, 1994: 149)
Explaining Community Opposition
Authors: Takahashi Lois M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The print media is replete with examples of residents and municipalities acting to prevent the potential siting of homeless shelters, group homes, and other facilities which might serve homeless persons or people living with HIV/AIDS, or to close facilities which currently exist. A recent national study conducted by the National Law Center on Homelessness and Poverty found for example that among 61 cases of community opposition towards facilities associated with homelessness, 21 resulted in halting projects being designed or implemented, 6 resulted in existing facilities being forced to close, and 2 resulted in coerced moves (cited in Anonymous 1996).