bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“Give Them the Horrors”
Authors: Ferling John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The election of 1800 had ended in a tie between the Republican nominees, a further sign that the Constitutional procedure for electing presidents was archaic. The problem arose because the framers, having failed to foresee the emergence of political parties, vested each presidential elector with two votes. Shortsighted in that respect, the Framers nonetheless had expected that it would be commonplace for no one to win in the electoral college. Thinking that two candidates would sometimes tie with more than a majority of the electoral votes, or more likely that no candidate would secure a majority, the Framers had anticipated that the electoral college would in fact often serve as a nominating panel that selected candidates from among whom the House of Representatives would choose the president.
Temperature-Induced Developmental Plasticity in Ectotherms
Authors: Johnston Lan A , Wilson Robbie S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Temperature-induced developmental plasticity is known to influence thermal tolerance, the rate and timing of development, and body size at maturity, and to produce persistent effects on the adult phenotype. Molecular signaling controls all aspects of cell function including mitosis, protein synthesis, differentiation, and the commitment of stem cells to particular lineages. Signals include proteins (transcription factors, growth factors, and hormones), metabolites (second messengers), and microRNAs (21- to 24-nucleotide noncoding RNAs) involved in RNA:RNA, RNA:DNA, and RNA:protein interactions (Lau et al. 2001). The spatial and temporal milieu of signaling molecules is known to change during ontogeny with each successive developmental event. It is the subtle variations in the chemical milieu of signaling molecules that give rise to developmental plasticity. For example, light and sound are transduced via complex signaling pathways to produce the changes in brain chemistry, which direct the development of the mammalian visual and auditory systems (Nedivi et al. 1996). In this example, plasticity is actually a requirement for normal development.
Regulations for the Protection of Humans in Research in the United States The Common Rule
Authors: Porter Joan P , Koski Greg 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ethics and regulation of research with humans have coexisted in a somewhat uneasy relationship in the United States for the past 60 years. Wartime atrocities committed by Nazi doctors and scientists under the guise of “medical experimentation” set the stage for increasing awareness in the United States of ethical issues raised by experimentation on humans, even though few U.S. scientists at the time viewed their own work as “unethical” During the 1950s and 1960s, concerns about ethics and human research continued to spread within the U.S. scientific community and among the public as reports of abuses of human subjects in research, including children, became increasingly frequent. The monumental work by Jay Katz provides a scholarly account and analysis of several troubling cases of human experimentation in the United States prior to revelation of the so-called Tuskegee Syphilis Study conducted by the U.S. Public Health Service from 1932 to 1972 (see Chapter 8). Similarly, the 1996 final report of the Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments provides a detailed and sometimes chilling account of studies conducted by U.S. physicians and scientists with the support of the U.S. government during the years of the Cold War.
Four Paradigms of Clinical Research and Research Oversight
Authors: Emanuel Ezekiel J , Grady Christine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The understanding of appropriate ethical protections for participants of biomedical research has not been static. It has developed over time, with the evolution of biomedical research as well as social values. Since World War II, four major paradigms of research and research oversight have been operative in the United States. These paradigms incorporate different values and provide different approaches to research oversight and the protection of research participants.
Behavioral and Social Science Research
Authors: Levine Felice J , Skedsvold Paula R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ethical issues in the conduct of behavioral and social science research with human participants involve considerations that are as diverse as the range of disciplines and fields that constitute these sciences. The methods, study populations, and issues being examined in studying behavioral and social processes all come into play in designing and implementing ethically sound research. This chapter provides an overview of the history of ethical considerations in the conduct of behavioral and social science research; addresses underlying ethical considerations that animate these fields of inquiry; unpacks the complexity of making ethical determinations, especially in the context of challenging circumstances, study populations, or methods; and raises issues—some unresolved—that merit consideration in planning for and reviewing research.
Research Involving Economically Disadvantaged Participants
Authors: Levine Carol 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A hypothetical institutional review board (IRB) meets to discuss three hypothetical protocols. In the first, investigators propose to study the effectiveness of a new antianxiety drug that has been shown to be safe in Phase I trials. Participants will be eligible if they demonstrate high levels of stress on a validated screening instrument, are not currently taking another antianxiety drug, and have no significant medical problems. The procedures include several blood draws, physical exams, and hour-long interviews over the course of six months. The participants will be paid $500 on completion of the study. The IRB approves the study with only a few minor changes to the consent form.
Research With Fetuses, Embryos, and Stem Cells
Authors: Green Ronald M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Biomedical research involving the human embryo or fetus raises a host of ethical questions. Because the embryo or fetus cannot consent to be a research subject, who is morally entitled to authorize research involving it? The fetus has a unique relationship to the mother, and their interests can sometimes conflict. How should these different claims be balanced? Intensifying all these questions are sharp disagreements over the moral status of the embryo and the fetus, raising the question of whether either really has any claims on us. All these questions make embryo and fetal research one of the most controversial topics in biomedicine today.
The Origins and Policies That Govern Institutional Review Boards
Authors: McCarthy Charles R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Major turning points in history are often recognized only in hindsight. One example of a significant historical change that went almost unnoticed at the time is the statement made by James A. Shannon, director of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), before the National Advisory Health Council (NAHC) on September 28, 1965.
Data and Safety Monitoring Boards
Authors: Friedman Lawrence M , Schron Eleanor B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All research studies involving people need ongoing oversight. For many, probably most, clinical research studies, this oversight is provided by the investigators, under the aegis of the local institution in which the research is being conducted, and with the oversight of the institutional review board (IRB) or its equivalent. Certain kinds of clinical research studies, though, might require different kinds of oversight. This oversight is not necessarily more intensive, but the features specific to the study might call for modifications in the oversight.
Conflict of Interest in Medical Research Historical Developments
Authors: Lemmens Trudo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The topic of conflict of interest in medical research has become one of the standard issues in any textbook on research ethics and, particularly in the past decade, has also become a core component of the medical and bioethics literature. More than half of the articles on this subject published in the medical literature since 1966 were published since 1999. The significant increase in the number of such publications is undoubtedly related to the growing role of financial interests in the biomedical research enterprise. Particularly, since the 1980s, following the passage of the Bayh-Dole Act in the United States, which explicitly allowed the commercialization of federally funded research and promoted the patenting of biomedical inventions,1 the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries have taken on a more important role in biomedical research. Their influence has expanded through increased industry sponsorship of academic research and as a result of the growth in industry-organized research. The increase in the volume of conflict of interest commentaries, analyses, and policies is the most striking development, but there has also been noticeable shift in focus. Although the conflict of interest debate has historically focused on the conflicts faced by individual investigators, increasing attention is being paid to larger institutional and professional pressures that result from the commercialization of research and of academia. But the issue of conflict of interest is not new and is not exclusively associated with the context of commercialized research.
Emotions: The Legacy of James and Freud
Authors: Deigh John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The theoretical study of emotions in both philosophy and psychology has undergone revolutionary changes over the last one hundred years. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, emotions were commonly conceived of as discrete, episodic, and purely affective states of consciousness, states whose connection to cognition, physiological activity, and conduct was that of either cause to effect or the converse. By now they are generally under-stood as complex states of mind whose existence is not separable from that of other mental states, restricted to episodes, purely affective, or connected to cognition, physiological activity, and conduct strictly as a cause or an effect.
Cognitivism in the Theory of Emotions
Authors: Deigh John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cognitivism now dominates the philosophical study of emotions. Its ascen-dancy in this area parallels the ascendancy of cognitivism in the philoso-phy of mind generally. Yet the two trends have independent sources. In the philosophy of mind, cognitivism arose from unhappiness with the various behaviorist programs that prevailed at midcentury in psychology and philoso-phy. In the philosophical study of emotions, it arose from unhappiness with affective conceptions of the phenomenon that had been a staple of British empiricism for more than two centuries.
Localized Scleroderma Limited, Localized, Diffuse, Generalized, Systemic, and Not-So-Systemic: What’s In a Name?
Authors: Mayes Maureen D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
scleroderma is divided into several different types, and the terminology can be confusing even to medical professionals. It is easy to confuse localized and limited scleroderma— and sometimes even doctors get confused by these terms, since they certainly sound similar. But they refer to very different forms of the disease. I would much prefer that the entire terminology be changed for greater clarification, but I don’t make the rules. This chapter will deal with localized scleroderma, and chapters 3 and 4 will discuss the systemic form. The word localized is used to indicate that this form of scleroderma is confined to a specific area of skin and does not affect internal organ systems. Localized scleroderma is more common in children than in adults but can occur in both. In my practice (which is mostly adults) the youngest child I have seen with morphea (a type of localized scleroderma) was three years old, although it can start in the first few months of life. My oldest morphea patient was 86 when it started and is now over 90.
Scleroderma And The Kidneys
Authors: Mayes Maureen D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Kidney involvement occurs in about 20 percent of scleroderma patients. While the good news is that 80 percent of patients will never get this complication, the bad news is that it is difficult to predict which 20 percent will be affected. Kidney problems occur most frequently in the first five years after the diagnosis and tend to happen in those individuals with diffuse skin involvement, that is, with skin thickness that extends to the upper arms or the trunk. Although this is generally true, scleroderma kidney disease can affect others as well. As I said before, throughout this book it will become clear that there are many exceptions to the rule when it comes to scleroderma patients. Kidneys are damaged in scleroderma due to a sudden and severe increase in blood pressure, referred to as malignant phase hypertension, which is also called scleroderma.
Overlap Syndromes And Sclerodermalike Conditions
Authors: Mayes Maureen D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In most cases, the autoimmune connective tissue diseases— rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, scleroderma, polymyositis, and dermatomyositis—occur as separate entities. Occasionally, more than one of these diseases will coexist in the same patient, and these people are said to have overlap syndromes, with features of two or more diseases. Sjogren’s syndrome (dry eyes and dry mouth) is the exception in that it usually coexists with the above diseases, although there are cases when it occurs alone. Sometimes one connective tissue disease will exist by itself for several years before the features of another condition develop. This tends to cause confusion in people who, having been told that they have one disease, are then told that they have another. Since many symptoms are similar among these diseases, making the diagnosis of one versus another can be difficult, particularly in the early stages.
Introduction
Authors: Gordon Bonnie , Feldman Martha 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This volume is an attempt to understand the courtesan and her arts by creating a dialogue about different courtesan cultures. Though hardly a universal phenomenon, courtesanship has recurred in specific times and places, from precolonial India and ancient Greece to imperial China, Renaissance Italy, and Edo Japan. Invariably courtesans have been accompanied by a repertory of rhetorical, gestural, sonic, and visual idioms that complement their sensual power. The essays that follow explore the conditions that have allowed courtesan cultures to evolve and thrive, or caused them to perish. Intimately tied to these conditions are the courtesan’s arts. In each case, the factors that motivate, sustain, and destroy courtesan cultures prove to be intimately bound up with the status of courtesans as bearers of artistic traditions and the ways the arts are pressed into service as shapers of culture. Whether drawn in Lucian’s mock salacious tones or instructed by the inventories of the Kamasutra, courtesans have been obscure objects of desire who have fascinated their observers, past and present. Indeed, throughout the world they have tended to go by a common cache of epithets: ambiguous and furtive, veiled but showy, performative, and meretricious. They are gracious and deferential, yet mobile in status and sometimes even in class.
Royalty’s Courtesans and God’s Mortal Wives: Keepers of Culture in Precolonial India
Authors: Srinivasan Doris M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Indian courtesan pervades precolonial art, literature, mythology, texts on rituals, polity, pleasure, and law books in the three major religions founded on Indian soil. Yet as much as she captivates, she also eludes. Why? Because her actions, her character, her mystique, are relayed to us by outsiders to her world, or to traditional India. Her own voice has remained faint until fairly modern times. This essay introduces different voices that describe the Indian courtesan over a vast stretch of history. What becomes clear is that two options for power were open to the precolonial Indian woman: that of the sexually liberated and educated courtesan or the pure, sexually controlled, uneducated wife.
The Magic Flute
Authors: Blakeman Edward 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The success of the first season of the Société des instruments à vent seems to have provoked in Taffanel’s mind thoughts about the direction his career should be taking. Should he continue as an orchestral player when he had long ago achieved all that he could? What about his activities as a soloist, his new Society, composition, even conducting? He had a realistic and pragmatic view of the world, however, as he showed in a letter to one of his relations in Bordeaux, Joseph Celly: You must understand, Joseph, we live in a fundamentally confident, materialistic age. If the arts find a place in it, it is a more and more limited one, and it is becoming increasingly diﬃcult to make a career.
Toward a New Career
Authors: Blakeman Edward 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The award of the Légion d’honneur at the end of 1889 put an official seal of approval on Taffanel’s career as a flute player, but also heralded its end. Taffanel himself must have felt he had arrived at a watershed. He was at the peak of his abilities as a flutist; he had established a whole new profile for the instrument; he had led a great revival in chamber music for wind instruments; and he was only forty-five. As already noted (see chapter 6), Taffanel’s role in organizing and directing the Société des instruments à vent had also pointed him in another direction: Therefore, when, on 25 January [1890], at the Opéra, he mounted the podium as third conductor to direct Faust, it was, it is true, the first time that he had found himself in charge of an orchestra; but he had been gradually familiarizing himself with the skills required and, helped by his innate ability, he was ready to be an excellent conductor.
Wielding the Baton
Authors: Blakeman Edward 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While Taffanel’s career as a flute player received ever increasing acclaim, his career as a conductor proved more controversial. It rapidly became apparent that since he had emerged into a wider public arena he was subject to much closer scrutiny than before, by people with all sorts of vested interests and partisan aﬃliations. The veteran violinist Charles Dancla, for example, took the opportunity in his memoirs of 1893 to fire a broadside against any conductor who had not previously been a violinist. “As the strings are the heart of the orchestra,” he argued, this was only logical.
Teaching the Flute
Authors: Blakeman Edward 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While Taffanel was discussing the details of his biography with Hugues Imbert on 3 June 1893, his career was about to take yet another new turn. That same day Henri Altès tendered his formal resignation as professor of flute at the Conservatoire. He was sixty-seven and in rapidly failing health. “I have no strength even to come to the Conservatoire to carry out the examination of my students,” he wrote in a personal letter soon after to the director, Ambroise Thomas, and he enclosed a written report and suggested that the concours piece for that summer should be Tulou’s Fourth Solo.1 No doubt as a compliment to Altès, the set piece was changed to his own Eighth Solo. Altès died just over two years later on 24 July 1895 in a Paris nursing home, leaving as next of kin only his younger brother, the conductor Ernest Altès. October came, and with a new academic year approaching, a replacement flute professor had to be found at the Conservatoire. A sheet of paper preserved in the archives lists the candidates: “Cantié, Hennebains, de Vroye, Donjon, Bertram,” with their dates of birth and the year when each one had gained a premier prix.
Predaceous Herbivores and Herbivorous Predators The Biology of Omnivores and the Ecology of Omnivore-Prey Interactions
Authors: Eubanks Micky D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Until recently, omnivory (i.e., feeding at multiple trophic levels) was thought to be rare in nature. It is now realized that omnivory is a widespread feeding habit and that there are thousands of invertebrate and vertebrate omnivores. We are, however, just beginning to understand the ecological consequences of feeding at multiple trophic levels for omnivore-prey interactions. This chapter focuses on the large number of animal species that consume both prey and plant food. The goal of the chapter is to highlight the life history traits of omnivores that affect their interactions with prey and to examine what we know about the effect of these traits on the ecology of omnivore-prey interactions.
Iron, Steam, And National Union The Battle of Hampton Roads March 8-9, 1862
Authors: Symonds Craig L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If The Mastery Of The Frontier Was The Nation’S First Great challenge, the second, and arguably its most traumatic, was the need to resolve the question of its own character as a democratic republic. Westward expansion eventually forced the nation’s leaders to confront the question of whether slavery, too, should be allowed to expand. The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 had banned slavery from the territory that was later secured by Perry’s victory in 1813, and consequently both Indiana (1816) and Illinois (1818) came into the Union as free states. But both Mississippi (1817) and Alabama (1819) entered as slave states. In 1819, the year Perry died of yellow fever, the territory of Missouri applied for admission. Since there were already several thousand black slaves working the rich bottomlands of the Missouri River, it naturally sought admission as a slave state. During the congressional debate, however, Representative James Talmadge of New York rose to offer an amendment that would make slavery illegal in Missouri as a condition of its admission. Southerners were first horrified, then outraged. Despite the small number of slaves in Missouri, the stakes were enormous because the passage of Talmadge’s amendment would establish the precedent that Congress could restrict the growth of slavery in the American West.
Naval Aviation And World War The Battle of Midway June 4, 1942
Authors: Symonds Craig L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If Dewey’S Victory In Manila Bay Signaled America’S debut as a world power, U.S. participation in the Great War of 1914-18 confirmed it. Shocked by the German policy of unrestricted submarine warfare, the United States entered the war in 1917 just as the original combatants were exhausting themselves. As a result, not only did the United States avoid the massive casualties endured by the other combatants in the bloody fighting on the Western Front from 1914 to 1917, it also tipped the balance of forces at just the right moment to help determine the outcome. American industrial capacity played a significant role by producing the cargo ships, transports, and escorts, in both record time and record numbers, to overcome the German U-boat menace. This might have marked the moment when the United States emerged as a preeminent even dominant-world power. But it proved to be a false dawn. Americans in 1918 were not yet ready to don the mantle (and the responsibility) of world power, a fact signaled by the Senate’s rejection of both the Versailles Treaty and membership in die League of Nations.