bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acetylcholinesterase treatment—modelling potential demand and auditing practice
Authors: Lovestone Simon , Murray David 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackgroundAcetylcholinesterase inhibitors represent an entirely novel treatment option for patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). As such they represent a significant change in practice and a significant cost pressure on funding bodies.ObjectivesTo assess the impact of cholinesterase inhibitors on routine clinical practice.MethodsWe estimated potential demand for the compounds taking into account eligibility criteria and prescribing practice agreed between clinicians and funders. We then audited actual prescribing practice assessing whether the estimated demand matched actual demand and whether practice and prescribing criteria were adhered to.ResultsOver a two‐year period we estimated the demand for treatment at a total of 89 patient years for the population of the audit unit. In practice only 24.5 patient years of therapy were received, the short fall apparently being due to low referral rates for treatment. Prescribing by clinicians matched practice guidelines and a high proportion of three monthly assessments using scales for cognition, function and global state were performed. Using these assessment procedures treatment successes could be differentiated from primary and secondary treatment failures and, where apparently appropriate, treatment could be stopped.ConclusionIn the real world of clinical practice demand for treatment in AD is modest but likely to grow and assessment with an aim to identifying those receiving benefit from treatment can be achieved. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Implementation and application of a brain template for multiple volumes of interest
Authors: Hammers Alexander , Koepp Matthias J. , Free Samantha L. , Brett Matthew , Richardson Mark P. , Labbé Claire , Cunningham Vincent J. , Brooks David J. , Duncan John 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe present a region template and a protocol for transforming that template to define anatomical volumes of interest (VOIs) in the human brain without operator intervention, based on software contained in the SPM99 package (Statistical Parametric Mapping, Wellcome Department of Cognitive Neurology, London, UK). We used an MRI of a reference brain to create an anatomical template of 41 VOIs, covering the entire brain, that can be spatially transformed to fit individual brain scans. Modified software allows for the reslicing and adaptation of the tranformed template to any type of coregistered functional data. Individually defined VOIs can be added. We present an assessment of the necessary spatial transformations and compare results obtained for scans acquired in two different orientations. To evaluate the spatial transformations, 11 landmarks distributed throughout the brain were chosen. Euclidean distances between repeat samples at each landmark were averaged across all landmarks to give a mean difference of 1.3 ± 1.0 mm. Average Euclidean distances between landmarks (MRI:transformed template) were 8.1 ± 3.7 mm in anterior‐posterior commissure (ACPC) and 7.6 ± 3.7 mm in temporal lobe (TL) orientation. In this study, we use [11C]‐flumazenil‐(FMZ‐)PET as an example for the application of the region template. Thirty‐four healthy volunteers were scanned, 21 in standard ACPC orientation, 13 in TL orientation. All had high resolution MRI and FMZ‐PET. The average coefficient of variation (CV) of FMZ binding for cortical regions was 0.15, comparable with CVs from manually defined VOIs. FMZ binding was significantly different in 6/19 anatomical areas in the control groups obtained in the different orientations, probably due to anisotropic voxel dimensions. This new template allows for the reliable and fast definition of multiple VOIs. It can be used for different imaging modalities and in different orientations. It is necessary that imaging data for groups compared are acquired in the same orientation. Hum. Brain Mapping 15:165–174, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Non‐stationary distributed source approximation: An alternative to improve localization procedures
Authors: Gonzalez Andino S.L. , Grave de Peralta Menendez R. , Lantz C.M. , Blank O. , Michel C. M. , Landis T. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractLocalization of the generators of the scalp measured electrical activity is particularly difficult when a large number of brain regions are simultaneously active. In this study, we describe an approach to automatically isolate scalp potential maps, which are simple enough to expect reasonable results after applying a distributed source localization procedure. The isolation technique is based on the time‐frequency decomposition of the scalp‐measured data by means of a time‐frequency representation. The basic rationale behind the approach is that neural generators synchronize during short time periods over given frequency bands for the codification of information and its transmission. Consequently potential patterns specific for certain time‐frequency pairs should be simpler than those appearing at single times but for all frequencies. The method generalizes the FFT approximation to the case of distributed source models with non‐stationary time behavior. In summary, the non‐stationary distributed source approximation aims to facilitate the localization of distributed source patterns acting at specific time and frequencies for non‐stationary data such as epileptic seizures and single trial event related potentials. The merits of this approach are illustrated here in the analysis of synthetic data as well as in the localization of the epileptogenic area at seizure onset in patients. It is shown that time and frequency at seizure onset can be precisely detected in the time‐frequency domain and those localization results are stable over seizures. The results suggest that the method could also be applied to localize generators in single trial evoked responses or spontaneous activity. Hum. Brain Mapping 14:81–95, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The synthesis of six‐membered P‐heterocycles with sterically demanding substituent on the phosphorus atom
Authors: Keglevich György , Forintos Henrietta , Sipos Melinda , Dobó András , Ludányi Krisztina , Vékey Károly , Tungler Antal , Tőke László 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe ring enlargement of 1‐(2,4,6‐trialkylphenyl)2,5‐dihydro‐1H‐phosphole oxides (1) via 6,6‐dichloro‐3‐Phosphabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes (2) afforded the double‐bond isomers of 1,2‐dihydrophosphinine oxides (3). Catalytic hydrogenation of the isomeric 1‐(di‐tert‐butyltolyl)‐1,2‐dihydrophosphinine oxides (3a) gave the diastereomers of phosphinane oxide (4), while that of the 1‐(tri‐isopropylphenyl) isomers (5) led predominantly to phospholane oxides (6) formed by ring contraction. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 12:528–533, 2001
Reactions of phosphite esters and trisdialkylaminophosphines with 5‐substituted 1,3,4‐thiadiazol derivatives
Authors: Arsanious Mona H. N. , Issac Yevette A. , Boulos Leila S. 
Published: August 2002

Abstract5‐{[(1E)‐(4‐methoxyphenyl)methylene]amino}‐1,3,4‐thiadiazole‐2‐thiol (1a) reacts with trialkyl phosphites (2a–c) to give the respective dialkyl phosphonate adducts (4a–c). On the other hand, the reactions of trisdialkylaminophosphines (3a,b) with 1a, 5‐{[(1E)‐(4‐phenyl)methylene]amino}‐1,3,4‐thiadiazole‐2‐thiol (1b) yield the corresponding open dipolar structures 6a–c. In the case of the reaction of triethyl phosphite (2a) with 1b, both the dialkyl phosphonate adduct (7) and the dipolar product (8a) are obtained. Moreover, triisopropyl phosphite (2c) reacts with 1b to give both the S‐alkyl and the N‐alkyl phosphonate adducts (9a,b), respectively. Mechanisms are proposed to explain the formation of the new products, and their structures were confirmed on the basis of elemental analysis and spectral studies. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 12:594–601, 2001
Heterocondensed 1,2,3‐diazaphosphorines
Authors: Ivonin Sergey P. , Tolmachev Andrew A. , Chaikovskaya Alexandra A. , Kudraya Tamara N. , Anischenko Andrew A. , Rusanov Eduard B. , Chernega Alexander N. , Pinchuk Alexandr, M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe reaction of phosphorus tribromide with phenylhydrazones of heterocyclic aldehydes leads to formation of a new phosphorus‐containing heterocyclic system—heterocondensed 1,2,3‐diazaphosphorines. Properties of the phosphorus‐containing heterocyclic compounds that have been synthesized are described. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 12:658–664, 2001
Antimicrobial activity studies of the metal complexes derived from cyclobutane‐substituted thiazole carbamate ligands
Authors: Çukurovalı Alaaddin , Yılmaz İbrahim , Ahmedzade Misir , Kırbağ Sevda 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTwo novel monodentate carbamate ligands derived mainly from 4‐(1‐methyl‐1‐phenylcyclobutyl‐3‐yl)‐2‐aminothiazole and 4‐(1‐phenyl‐1‐methylcyclobutane‐3‐yl)‐2‐(N‐methyl)aminothiazole, have been prepared. The ligands and their metal complexes have been characterized by elemental analyses, IR, 13C, and 1H NMR spectra, as well as UV–Vis, and magnetic susceptibility measurements. Both ligands contain 1 mole of water of crystallization and all complexes are mononuclear. Antimicrobial activities of the ligands and their complexes have been screened against the Bacillus subtitis IMG 22 (bacteria), Micrococcus luteus LA 2971 (bacteria), Escherichia coli DM (bacteria), Staphylococcus aureus COWAN I (bacteria), Saccharamyces cerevisiae UGA 102 (yeast), and Candida albicans CCM 314 (yeast). Thermal properties of the ligands and their complexes have been studied by thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 12:665–670, 2001
Targeted health insurance in a low income country and its impact on access and equity in access: Egypt's school health insurance
Authors: Yip Winnie , Berman Peter 
Published: August 2002

AbstractGovernments are constantly faced with competing demands for public funds, thereby necessitating careful use of scarce resources. In Egypt, the School Health Insurance Programme (SHIP) is a government subsidized health insurance system that targets school children. The primary goals of the SHIP include improving access and equity in access to health care for children while, at the same time, ensuring programme sustainability. Using the Egyptian Household Health Utilization and Expenditure Survey (1995), this paper empirically assesses the extent to which the SHIP achieves its stated goals. Our findings show that the SHIP significantly improved access by increasing visit rates and reducing financial burden of use (out‐of‐pocket expenditures). With regard to the success of targeting the poor, conditional upon being covered, the SHIP reduced the differentials in visit rates between the highest and lowest income children. However, only the middle‐income children benefitted from reduced financial burden (within group equity). Moreover, by targeting the children through school enrollment, the SHIP increased the differentials in the average level of access between school‐going children and those not attending school (overall equity). Children not attending school tend to be poor and living in rural areas. Our results also indicate that original calculations may underestimate the SHIP financial outlays, thereby threatening the long run financial sustainability of the programme. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reflections on and alternatives to WHO's fairness of financial contribution index
Authors: Wagstaff Adam 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn its 2000 World Health Report (WHR), the World Health Organization argues that a key dimension of a health system's performance is the fairness of its financing system. This paper provides a critical assessment of the index of fairness of financial contribution (FFC) proposed in the WHR. It shows that the index cannot discriminate between health financing systems that are regressive and those that are progressive, and cannot discriminate between horizontal inequity on the one hand, and progressivity and regressivity on the other. The paper compares the WHO index to an alternative and more illuminating approach developed in the income redistribution literature in the early 1990s and used in the late 1990s to study the fairness of various OECD countries' health financing systems. It ends with an illustrative empirical comparison of the two approaches using data on out‐of‐pocket payments for health services in Vietnam for two years – 1993 and 1998. This analysis is of some interest in its own right, given the large share of health spending from out‐of‐pocket payments in Vietnam, and the changes in fees and drug prices over the 1990s. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Glomus jugulare tumor: Tumor control and complications after stereotactic radiosurgery
Authors: Foote Robert L. , Pollock Bruce E. , Gorman Deborah A. , Schomberg Paula J. , Stafford Scott L. , Link Michael J. , Kline Robert W. , Strome Scott E. , Kasperbauer Jan L. , Olsen Kerry D. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackgroundWe evaluated toxicity and long‐term efficacy of stereotactic radiosurgery in patients with symptomatic or progressive glomus jugulare tumors.MethodsTwenty‐five consecutive patients (age, 30–88 years; 17 women, 8 men) who underwent stereotactic radiosurgery with the Leksell Gamma Knife (dose, 12–18 Gy) were prospectively followed. MRI and clinical examinations were performed at 6 months and 1, 2, and 3 years, and then every 2 years.ResultsNone of the tumors increased in size, 17 were stable, and 8 decreased (median imaging follow‐up, 35 months; range, 10–113 months). Symptoms subsided in 15 patients (60%); vertigo occurred in 1, but balance improved with vestibular training (median clinical follow‐up, 37 months; range, 11–118 months). No other new or progressive neuropathy of cranial nerves V–XII developed.ConclusionsStereotactic radiosurgery can achieve excellent tumor control with low risk of morbidity in the treatment of glomus jugulare tumors. The lower cranial nerves can safely tolerate a radiosurgical dose of 12 to 18 Gy. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 24: 332–339, 2002; DOI 10.1002/hed.10005
Temporospatial expression of HSP72 and c‐JUN, and DNA fragmentation in goat hippocampus after global cerebral ischemia
Authors: Torregrosa Germán , Barberá María D. , Ortí Marta , Centeno José M. , Salom Juan B. , Justicia Carles , Planas Anna M. , Alborch Enrique 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe role of gene induction (expression of HSP72 and c‐JUN proteins) and delayed ischemic cell death (in situ labeling of DNA fragmentation) have been investigated in the goat hippocampus after transient global cerebral ischemia. The animals were subjected to 20‐min ischemia (bilateral occlusion of the external carotid arteries plus bilateral jugular vein compression) and allowed to reperfuse for 2 h, and then 1, 3, and 7 days. Histological signs of cell loss were not found in the hippocampus at 2 h, 1 day, or 3 days of reperfusion. However, such an ischemic insult produced extensive, selective, and delayed degeneration in the hippocampus, as 68% of the neurons in CA1 had died at 7 days, but cell loss was not detected in CA3 and dentate gyrus fields. Concomitantly, a high percentage of TUNEL‐positive CA1 neurons (60 ± 9%, mean ± SEM) was seen at 7 days, but not at the earlier time points. Mild induction of HSP72 was detected in the goat hippocampus after ischemia. The maximum percentage of HSP72‐positive neurons (10–15%) was shown at 3 days of reperfusion and was concentrated mainly in the CA3 field, subiculum, and hilus, rather than in the CA1 field, whereas HSP72 expression was hardly detected at 7 days. At this later time point, scattered induction of nuclear c‐JUN was found in a few neurons. The results show that: 1) postischemic delayed neuronal death selectively affects the CA1 field in the goat hippocampus, a phenomenon which seems to take longer to develop than in previously reported rodent models; and 2) postischemic expression of c‐JUN does not appear to be related to cell death or survival, while the inability of most CA1 neurons to express HSP72 could contribute to neuronal death. Hippocampus 2001;11:146–156. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Computational model of carbachol‐induced delta, theta, and gamma oscillations in the hippocampus
Authors: Tiesinga Paul H.E. , Fellous Jean‐Marc , José Jorge V. , Sejnowski Terrence J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractField potential recordings from the rat hippocampus in vivo contain distinct frequency bands of activity, including δ (0.5–2 Hz), θ (4–12 Hz), and γ (30–80 Hz), that are correlated with the behavioral state of the animal. The cholinergic agonist carbachol (CCH) induces oscillations in the δ (CCH‐δ), θ (CCH‐θ), and γ (CCH‐γ) frequency ranges in the hippocampal slice preparation, eliciting asynchronous CCH‐θ, synchronous CCH‐δ, and synchronous CCH‐θ with increasing CCH concentration (Fellous and Sejnowski, Hippocampus 2000;10:187–197).In a network model of area CA3, the time scale for CCH‐δ corresponded to the decay constant of the gating variable of the calcium‐dependent potassium (K‐AHP) current, that of CCH‐θ to an intrinsic subthreshold membrane potential oscillation of the pyramidal cells, and that of CCH‐γ to the decay constant of GABAergic inhibitory synaptic potentials onto the pyramidal cells. In model simulations, the known physiological effects of carbachol on the muscarinic and K‐AHP currents, and on the strengths of excitatory postsynaptic potentials, reproduced transitions from asynchronous CCH‐θ to CCH‐δ and from CCH‐δ to synchronous CCH‐θ. The simulations also exhibited the interspersed CCH‐γ/CCH‐δ and CCH‐γ/CCH‐θ that were observed in experiments. The model, in addition, predicted an oscillatory state with all three frequency bands present, which has not yet been observed experimentally. Hippocampus 2001;11:251–274. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Learning deficits in aged rats related to decrease in extracellular volume and loss of diffusion anisotropy in hippocampus
Authors: Syková E. , Mazel T. , Hasenöhrl R.U. , Harvey A.R. , Šimonová Z. , Mulders W.H.A.M. , Huston J.P. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe extracellular space (ECS) is the microenvironment of the nerve cells and an important communication channel, allowing for long‐distance extrasynaptic communication between cells. Changes in ECS size, geometry, and composition have been reported in diverse (patho)physiological states, including aging. In the present study, real‐time tetramethylammonium (TMA+) iontophoresis was used to quantify ECS diffusion parameters in different brain regions of adult and behaviorally characterized aged rats. Prior to ECS diffusion measurement, superior and inferior learners were selected from a large group of aged rats, according to their performance in the open‐field water maze. The main finding was that the degree of impaired maze performance of old rats correlates, firstly, with decrease in ECS volume, loss of diffusion anisotropy in hippocampus, and degree of astrogliosis, and secondly, with disorganization of the astrocytic processes and reduction of hippocampal ECS matrix molecules. Importantly, no significant differences were found in the density of neurons in any region of the hippocampus or dentate gyrus. The alterations in hippocampal diffusion parameters evident in aged animals with severe learning deficits could account for the learning impairment, due to their effects on extrasynaptic volume transmission and/or on the “cross‐talk” between synapses, which has been suggested to be involved in neural processes associated with learning and memory formation. Hippocampus 2002;12:269–279. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role of Bcl‐2 family of proteins in malignancy
Authors: Baliga Belinda C. , Kumar Sharad 
Published: August 2002

AbstractB cell lymphoma gene‐2 (Bcl‐2) is the prototypic member of a growing family of proteins that play evolutionarily conserved, key regulatory roles in apoptosis. The Bcl‐2 family members are characterized by the presence of one or more Bcl‐2 homology domains and are comprised of both the prosurvival and proapoptotic proteins. Bcl‐2 itself is a prosurvival member of the family and its aberrant expression has been linked to a variety of different cancers, including several hematological malignancies. Although the exact mechanism of action of Bcl‐2 family of proteins in regulating apoptosis is still a matter of some debate, these proteins appear to act upstream of caspase activation. Many recent studies have shown the therapeutic potential of targeting Bcl‐2 family members for the treatment of cancer. This article summarizes what is currently known about Bcl‐2‐like proteins and how the evolving understanding of the biology of these proteins is paving way for the development of novel cancer therapeutics. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Private medical services in acute‐care hospitals in Israel
Authors: Shirom Arie 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe objective of this study was to assess the proposed introduction of out‐of‐pocket funded inpatient and outpatient services (abbreviated as PMS) into government acute‐care hospitals in Israel. This issue of public–private mix in not‐for‐profit hospitals is discussed in terms of the experience with PMS gained in selected advanced market economies. Then, the major contours of the Israeli system of health care, and the gradual evolving of patient‐financed medical services within government acute‐care hospitals in Israel, is described. The experience gained in the few public hospitals in Jerusalem that have been operating PMS is assessed critically. The concluding part reviews the advantages and disadvantages of these developments in public and government acute‐care hospitals in Israel. It is concluded that PMS in public hospitals in Israel represents a policy aimed primarily at benefiting a select group of senior physicians in those hospitals. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermal design of a closed cabinet with a heat exchanger for inner air cooling
Authors: Kobayashi Takashi , Nakamura Mitsunori , Ogushi Tetsuro , Iwamaru Akifumi , Fujii Masao 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper describes a thermal design and simulation method of a closed cabinet with a heat exchanger for inner air cooling. In the controller system that we used for this research, the cabinet is equipped to be outdoors, and the cabinet is sealed to prevent the introduction of dust. Because this system dissipated 630 W in total, it suffered from a problem that the inner air temperature of the cabinet was raised over 30 K. Thus, we installed a heat pipe and heat exchanger in the cabinet, and we also changed the air flow path to realize the best performance of heat exchange according to the results from thermal and fluid simulations using a macroscopic model of heat exchanger to reduce the computational load. We found that the inner air temperature rise was reduced below 15 K, and the measured results were in good agreement with the simulation. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Heat Trans Asian Res, 30(4): 267–279, 2001