bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PhysioEx: a new Python library for explainable sleep staging through deep learning
Authors: Gagliardi Guido , Luca Alfeo Antonio , Cimino Mario G C A , Valenza Gaetano , De Vos Maarten 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Objective. Sleep staging is a crucial task in clinical and research contexts for diagnosing and understanding sleep disorders. This work introduces PhysioEx (Physiological Signal Explainer), a Python library designed to support the analysis of sleep stages using deep learning (DL) and Explainable AI (XAI). Approach. PhysioEx provides an extensible and modular API for standardizing and automating the sleep staging pipeline, covering data preprocessing, model training, testing, fine-tuning, and explainability. It supports both low-resource devices and high-performance computing clusters and includes pretrained models based on the Sleep Heart Health Study dataset. These models support single-channel EEG and multichannel EEG-EOG-EMG configurations and are easily adaptable to custom datasets. PhysioEx also features a command-line interface toolbox allowing users to streamline the model development and deployment. The library offers a range of XAI post-hoc methods to explain model decisions and align them with expert knowledge. Main results. PhysioEx benchmark state-of-the-art sleep staging models in a standard pipeline. Enabling a fair comparison between them both on the training source and out-of-domain sources. Its XAI techniques provide insights into DL-based sleep staging by linking model decisions to human-understandable concepts, such as American Academy of Sleep Medicine-defined rules. Significance. PhysioEx addresses the need for a standardized and accessible platform for sleep staging analysis, combining DL and XAI. By supporting modular workflows and explainable insights, it bridges the gap between machine learning models and clinical expertise. PhysioEx is publicly available and installable via pip6

6

https://pypi.org/project/physioex/.
, making it a valuable tool for researchers and practitioners in sleep medicine.
Plasma constraints on the millicharged dark matter
Authors: Medvedev Mikhail V. , Loeb Abraham 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Dark matter particles were suggested to have an electric charge smaller than the
elementary charge unit e. The behavior of such a medium is similar to a collisionless plasma. In
this paper, we set new stringent constraints on the charge and mass of the millicharged dark
matter particle based on observational data on the Bullet X-ray Cluster.
Large field polynomial inflation in Palatini f(R,ϕ) gravity
Authors: Bostan Nilay , Karahan Canan , Sargın Ozan 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
In this paper, we employ the Palatini formalism to investigate the dynamics of large-field inflation using a renormalizable polynomial inflaton potential in the context of f(R,ϕ) gravity. Assuming instant reheating, we make a comparative analysis of large-field polynomial inflation (PI). We first consider the minimal and non-minimal coupling of inflaton in R gravity, and then we continue with the minimally and non-minimally coupled inflaton in f(R,ϕ) gravity. We scan the parameter space for the inflationary predictions (n

s
and r) consistent with the Planck and BICEP/Keck 2018 results as well as the sensitivity forecast of the future CMB-S4 and depict the compliant regions in the ϕ
0-β plane where ϕ
0 and β are two parameters of polynomial inflation model which control the saddle point of the potential and the flatness in the vicinity of this point respectively. We find that a substantial portion of the parameter space aligns with the observational data.
Constraining the history of reheating with the NANOGrav 15-year data
Authors: Maity Suvashis , Bhaumik Nilanjandev , Haque Md Riajul , Maity Debaprasad , Sriramkumar L. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Over the last few years, primordial black holes (PBHs) have emerged
as a strong candidate for cold dark matter.
A significant number of PBHs are produced when the strength of the primordial
scalar power spectrum is enhanced on small scales (compared to the COBE
normalized values on large scales).
Such primordial spectra also inevitably lead to strong amplification of the
scalar-induced, secondary gravitational waves (GWs) at higher frequencies.
The recent detection of the stochastic GW background (SGWB)
by the pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) has opened up the possibility of directly
probing the very early universe.
Different studies have shown that, when PBHs are assumed to have been formed
during the epoch of radiation domination, the mechanism for the amplification
of the scalar-induced GWs that is required to explain the PTA data can
overproduce the PBHs over some ranges of masses.
In this work, we assume a specific functional form for the primordial scalar
power spectrum and examine the production of PBHs and the scalar-induced secondary
GWs during the phase of reheating, which precedes the standard epoch of radiation
domination.
Specifically, we account for the uncertainties in the conditions for the
formation of PBHs and ensure that the extent of PBHs produced remains within
the observational bounds.
We find that the scalar-induced SGWB generated during a phase of reheating with
a steeper equation of state (than that of radiation) fit the NANOGrav 15-year
data with a stronger Bayesian evidence than the astrophysical scenario involving
GWs produced by merging supermassive binary black holes.
Study of the muon component in the core-corona model using CONEX 3D
Authors: Botti Ana Martina , Goos Isabel Astrid , Perlin Matias , Pierog Tanguy 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The discrepancy between models and data regarding the muon content in air showers generated by ultra-high energy cosmic rays still needs to be solved. The CONEX simulation framework provides a flexible tool to assess the impact of different interaction properties and thus address the muon puzzle. In this work, we present the multidimensional extension of CONEX and show its performance compared to CORSIKA by discussing muon-related air-shower features for three experiments: KASCADE, IceTop, and the Pierre Auger Observatory. We also implement an effective version of the core-corona model to demonstrate the impact of the core effect, as observed at the LHC, on the muon content in air showers produced by ultra-high energy cosmic rays. At a primary energy of E
0 = 1019 eV, we obtain an increase of 15% to 20% in the muon content.
Transition behavior between Q-switched mode-locked pulses and noise-like pulses in a thulium doped fiber laser
Authors: Liu Yang , Zhang Peng , Fan Yunlong , Wu Tong , Yu Hao , Tong Shoufeng 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Noise-like pulses (NLPs) are one of the important phenomena in mode-locked fiber lasers. The formation and evolution of NLPs are important components of nonlinear dynamics. A transition behavior between Q-switched mode-locked (QSML) pulses and NLPs in a figure-9 fiber laser by a nonlinear amplifying loop mirror is firstly reported. At a pump power of 1.817 W, the transition behavior was observed. The shape of the envelope of this transition behavior is similar to that of the shape of the envelope of Q-switched, and the variation of pulse duration with power conforms to the features of QSML. Meanwhile, the autocorrelation curve of the transition behavior partially conforms to the features of NLPs. By increasing the pump power or adjusting the polarization state of the cavity, the transition behavior remains stable. Pure was obtained by additionally adding 50 m single-mode fiber in the cavity. The evolution of transition behavior may facilitate potential contributions to enrich the understanding of the nonlinear dynamics in passively mode-locked lasers.
Analysis of output characteristics of LD end-pumped 2.94 μm continuous-wave Er:YAG laser
Authors: Zhong Yuantian , Zhao Baoyin , Tan Jiahai , Li Dongfang , Dang Bo , Ma Haining , Gao Ming , Lü Hong , Tan Nan 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Considering self-saturation effect and thermal effect, a detailed theoretical analysis of the output characteristics of the 2.94 μm continuous-wave (CW) Er:YAG laser with a 10 mm long 50 at.% Er:YAG crystal end-pumped by a 976 nm LD is carried out by solving transient rate equations and heat conduction equations. It is shown that there is a minimum pump power threshold of 0.27 W for the 2.94 μm CW Er:YAG laser. The main factor which limits the significant increase of pump power is the thermal damage risk of the crystal’s pump end-face coating. To minimize the risk, the CW operating temperature of the pump end-face coating is set to be no higher than 200 °C, and therefore the value of the pump beam waist radius is limited to 40 μm ⩽ w
0 ⩽ 490 μm. Within the range, a maximum 2.94 μm CW laser output power of 4.03 W is achieved with a pump beam waist radius of 100 μm. By bonding a 2.5 mm long YAG crystal at the pump-end of the Er:YAG crystal, the CW operating temperature of the pump end-face coating is reduced to the room temperature of 20 °C. Under this condition, the limiting factor for a substantial increase of pump power is the thermal damage risk induced by large interior thermal stress of the Er:YAG crystal. Assuming the interior thermal stress of the CW operating Er:YAG crystal is less than 341 MPa according to the material characteristics, the pump power can be increased by increasing the pump beam waist radius. When the beam waist radius is 430 μm, a maximum 2.94 μm CW laser output power of 38.7 W is obtained. Compared with the unbonded condition, the output power level of the 2.94 μm CW Er:YAG laser is promoted.
Access and sustainment of ELMy H-mode operation for ITER pre-fusion power operation plasmas using JINTRAC
Authors: Tholerus E. , Garzotti L. , Parail V. , Baranov Y. , Bonnin X. , Corrigan G. , Eriksson F. , Farina D. , Figini L. , Harting D.M. , Kim S.H. , Koechl F. , Loarte A. , Militello Asp E. , Nordman H. , Pinches S.D. , Polevoi A.R. , Strand P. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
In the initial stages of ITER operation, ELM mitigation systems need to be commissioned. This requires controlled flat-top operation in type-I ELMy H-mode regimes. Hydrogen or helium plasma discharges are used exclusively in these stages to ensure negligible production of neutrons from fusion reactions. With the expected higher L–H power threshold of hydrogen and helium plasmas compared to corresponding D and D/T plasmas, it is uncertain whether available auxiliary power systems are sufficient to operate in stable type-I ELMy H-mode. This has been investigated using integrated core and edge/SOL/divertor modelling with JINTRAC. Assuming that the L–H power threshold is well captured by the Martin08 scaling law, the presented simulations have found that 30 MW of ECRH power is likely required for the investigated hydrogen plasma scenarios, rather than the originally planned 20 MW in the 2016 Staged Approach ITER Baseline. However, past experiments have shown that a small helium fraction (∼10%) can considerably reduce the hydrogen plasma L–H power threshold. Assuming that these results extrapolate to ITER operation regimes, the 7.5 MA/2.65 T hydrogen plasma scenario is likely to access stable type-I ELMy H-mode operation also at 20 MW of ECRH.
Influence of thermal buoyancy on heat transfer in spacer-filled channels for Membrane Distillation
Authors: Ciofalo M , Cancilla N , Cipollina A , Tamburini A , Micale G 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Numerical results are discussed for the flow in a horizontal plane channel filled with a novel sphere-rod spacer and exchanging heat from both the top and the bottom sides. Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS) are compared with RANS ones based on different turbulence models in the Reynolds number range 100∼2000. Preliminary comparisons for non-buoyant flow show that models using wall functions perform poorly, grossly overpredicting Nusselt numbers, while ω-based models resolving the viscous-conductive sublayer all yield satisfactory results. In the presence of buoyancy, simulations using either DNS or the k-ω model yield a thermal asymmetry between top and bottom wall, confirmed by experiments and related to the stable or unstable thermal stratification occurring in the lower and upper layers of the channel. The asymmetry, large at low Re, becomes negligible for Re≥1000. The Spalart-Allmaras model yields satisfactory results in the absence of buoyancy but grossly overpredicts Nu in buoyant flows.
Thermal conductivity enhancement in carbon black composite PCM for thermal energy storage
Authors: Mishra Amit Kumar , Ribezzo Alessandro , Morciano Matteo , Bergamasco Luca , Campagnoli Elena , Giaretto Valter , Fasano Matteo , Chiavazzo Eliodoro 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Phase Change Materials (PCMs) hold significant potential for developing next-generation energy storage technologies due to their cability to reversibly store and release thermal energy with energy density through isothermal phase transition. This work explores improving the heat conduction and thermophysical properties of PCMs, tackling issues such as low thermal conductivity, which can result in longer charge and discharge times. We demonstrated that the thermal conductivity of lauric acid-based PCM (LA-PCM) loaded with carbon black nanoparticles (CBNP) can be significantly enhanced. The PCM loading with 5 wt.% CBNP nanoparticles had an approximately 50% enhancement in thermal conductivity. Additionally, 25 wt.% of turmeric powder (Curcuma) significantly improved shape stability and stopped material leakage across the solid-liquid phase transition of composite PCM. The enhanced thermal conductivity of the composite PCM can be attributed to the development of interconnected percolation networks of CBNP particles with low thermal resistance during the freezing (solidification) of the PCM that provides a more effective phonon transport path. Sustainable energy materials (composite PCMs) with better thermal properties, shape stability, and low cast would be beneficial for practical application suitability and effective energy storage applications.
Investigating the Impact of Water-Glycol Mixture Ratios as Heat Transfer Fluid on the Performance of a Rotary Magnetic Refrigerator
Authors: Bocanegra J A , Scarpa F , Tagliafico L 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Magnetic refrigeration offers an eco-friendly and sustainable alternative for cooling applications. The selection of an appropriate working fluid is critical for heat removal and regeneration efficiency in Active Magnetic Regenerators (AMRs). This study evaluates various working fluids, focusing on water mixed with an antifreeze agent, glycol, to extend the temperature range and prevent corrosion. The thermophysical properties of such mixtures differ from pure water, influencing the refrigerator’s performance. A parametric investigation using a numerical model of a rotative magnetic refrigerator was conducted to analyze the effects of varying the water-glycol mixture ratios. The study systematically varied operational parameters, such as rotation frequency and mass flowrate, to determine optimal performance conditions. Results indicate that the performance, measured by the Coefficient of Performance (COP), cooling load, and efficiency, declines with increasing glycol content, particularly at lower temperature spans. Increased viscosity in the mixture necessitates higher pumping power and torque for optimal operation, affecting the optimal rotational frequency. This study underscores the importance of balancing the mixture composition to enhance temperature range while minimizing negative impacts on performance, advocating for mixtures with lower glycol content.
Urban Building Energy Modeling for Self-Sufficiency Scenarios with solar technologies in Turin, Italy
Authors: Usta Yasemin , Montazeri Ahad , Mutani Guglielmina 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Understanding the complexities of building energy dynamics is crucial as it offers a pathway to reducing energy consumption and associated emissions. By using Urban Building Energy Modeling (UBEM), this work aims to drive sustainable urban development, by integrating renewable energy sources in district heating networks. This study focuses on UBEM as an effective scale for analyzing buildings within their specific characteristics that influence their consumptions and limit their production from renewables. The analysis focuses on utilizing solar thermal collectors (STC) for space heating consumption in residential buildings connected to the district heating network. The aim is to allow the integration of renewables into district heating network by testing lower supply temperatures. The validated model is used to analyze the potential self-sufficiency achieved through STC production for all residential buildings in three analyzed zones. The results indicate the potential of achieving self-sufficiency using STCs with different inlet and outlet temperatures; a self-sufficiency of 24% with 90°C and 21% with 105°C supply temperatures in March while for October it could only reach 9% and 7% respectively. The results of this work are crucial for optimizing solar energy production and to explore a distributed production system for individual and collective self-consumption strategies, offering insights into sustainable energy scenarios and policies.
Multiphase boiling models of propane in a horizontal pipe: application of CFD techniques
Authors: Giunti Lorenzo , Gigliotti Federico , Giacomelli Francesco , Talluri Lorenzo , Milazzo Adriano 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This paper investigates the capabilities of CFD models, available in the commercial software Ansys, used in the study of the propane evaporation heat transfer coefficient trend. In particular, the flow in a horizontal pipe, at various average vapor qualities, has been considered. The scheme adopted in the definition of the problem is based on the Eulerian multiphase approach and RPI-CHF wall heat partitioning. A preliminary benchmark assessment, essential for validating the mathematical model, has been conducted with reference to boiling water in vertical pipes. The prediction is in consistent agreement with experimental results if a modification in some of the fundamental parameters is made. The validation has to be regarded as a propaedeutic study for future research related to more complex geometries, such as channels between corrugated plates of compact heat exchangers.
Unitary branching rules for the general linear Lie superalgebra
Authors: Gould Mark D , Zhang Yang 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
In terms of highest weights, we establish branching rules for finite dimensional unitary simple modules of the general linear Lie superalgebra

gl

m

|

n

. Our proof uses the Howe duality for

gl

m

|

n

, as well as branching rules for Kac modules. Moreover, we derive the branching rules of type 2 unitary simple

gl

m

|

n

-modules, which are dual to the aforementioned unitary modules.
Dunkl symplectic algebra in generalized Calogero models
Authors: Hakobyan Tigran 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
We study the properties of the symplectic

s
p
(
2
N
)

algebra deformed using Dunkl operators, which describe the dynamical symmetry of the generalized N-particle quantum Calogero model. It contains a symmetry subalgebra formed by the deformed unitary generators as well as the (nondeformed)

s
l
(
2
,
R
)

conformal subalgebra. An explicit relation among the deformed symplectic generators is derived. Based on the matching between the Casimir elements of the conformal spin and Dunkl angular momentum algebras, the independent wavefunctions of the both the standard and generalized Calogero models, expressed in terms of the deformed spherical harmonics, are classified according to infinite-dimensional lowest-state

s
l
(
2
,
R
)

multiplets. Meanwhile, any polynomial integral of motion of the (generalized) Calogero-Moser model generates a finite-dimensional highest-state conformal multiplet with descendants expressed via the Weyl-ordered product in quantum field theory.
Water Surge Risk Mapping Using GIS-Based Spatial Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis Approach
Authors: Misbari S , Razak S S A , Jaafar M F F , Ghani N A A A , Jamlos M F 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Water surge is a frequent natural disaster in Malaysia, with about 186 areas nationwide identified as being at risk. The absence of an updated water surge risk map for recreational areas has led to numerous deaths, property damage, and environmental destruction. Lack of assessment of the physical environment using geospatial technology towards water surge occurrence has led to less effective disaster management and mitigation strategies related to water surge in recreational areas. The aim of this study is to develop a recent water surge risk map using geospatial technology, with a focus on a recreational area in Pahang, Malaysia. The process entails gathering geographical data and evaluating data using GIS-based Spatial Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (SMCDA), which is generally based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) model in ArcGIS Pro. A water surge risk map is developed by not only visualizing water surge factors but also weighting each relevant contributing factor, such as terrain elevation, land use type, and rainfall. The finding of the study suggests that Sg. Pandan Waterfall area falls into medium-risk water surge zones due to combination of three main factors including terrain elevation, land use or rainfall pattern. The map is crucial to enhancing resource allocation, disaster planning, and community resilience where water surges have not previously been mapped. This study not only helps in raising awareness about water surge risks but also supports SDG 14 and SDG 15 initiatives as well as building safe communities.
Fragility Curves Assessment on Multi-Span Reinforced Concrete Bridge by Using Incremental Dynamic Analysis
Authors: Htay Khin Thuzar , Masrilayanti  , Tanjung Jafril , Olivia Monita 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This paper presents a comprehensive seismic assessment of reinforced concrete bridge hollow piers, with ductility as the primary evaluation parameter. The study employs Incremental Dynamic Analysis (IDA) using ground motion records from four significant earthquakes: Aceh, Loma Prieta, Imperial Valley, and Kobe. Yield displacement and maximum displacement values derived from IDA curves are used to quantify the seismic response of the bridge piers. Fragility curves, developed through regression analysis, provide a probabilistic framework for predicting structural damage across four performance levels: slight, moderate, extensive, and collapse. The results indicate a 50% probability of exceeding these damage states at 0.035 g, 0.075 g, 0.14 g, and 0.56 g, respectively. In comparison, the corresponding ground motion intensities for a 100% probability are 0.1 g, 0.2 g, 0.6 g, and 0.85 g. Special attention is given to bridges in near-fault regions, where intense ground shaking and pulse-like effects amplify the seismic demands on structures. These fragility curves offer critical insights into the vulnerability of hollow pier bridges, particularly in fault-adjacent zones, where heightened seismic risks necessitate enhanced design and retrofitting measures. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of structural resilience in seismic-prone areas and support the development of more effective seismic design strategies for critical infrastructure.