bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Complex geohistory of continental islands advanced allopatric evolution even for the highly dispersive generalist red fox (Vulpes vulpes): multiple phylogenetic groups in the Japanese Archipelago
Authors: Watanabe Takumi , Yamazaki Yuji 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The red fox (Vulpes vulpes) plays a key role as an apex-generalist predator in terrestrial ecosystems. We estimated the phylogeographic structure, time to most recent common ancestor (tMRCA), and demographic dynamics based on the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b gene and partial D-loop region sequences of 182 red foxes in the Japanese Archipelago, and discussed the geohistory and biotic interactions that influenced them. The Hondo red fox (Vulpes vulpes japonica), distributed on Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu islands, was supported as a monophyletic group. The tMRCA of the Hondo clade was ~0.148 (95% highest posterior density: 0.236–0.080) Ma. The Hondo clade diverged into two subclades, and each was roughly distributed on the eastern or western area of the Japanese Archipelago. The effective population size of the Hondo red fox remained nearly constant until ~0.03–0.02 Ma; thereafter, it grew ~10-fold. The Kita red fox (Vulpes vulpes schrencki) distributed on Hokkaido Island formed a polyphyletic group, not including the Hondo clade. The completely different phylogenetic structures of the Hondo and Kita red fox indicate that they have independent evolutionary backgrounds. These findings provide crucial insights into the formation mechanisms of diversity and endemism of mammals on continental islands.
Improving clinician communication to increase adolescent HPV vaccination rates
Authors: Meachum Chelsey 
Published: February 2024

ABSTRACT
Despite the proven effectiveness of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination, this vaccine is underused in the United States and is associated with many disparities and barriers to acceptance. Adolescent HPV vaccination rates failed to meet the Healthy People 2020 goal of 80% vaccine coverage when nearly all other routine adolescent vaccines met or were near this goal. When introducing the HPV vaccine series, many clinicians use a conversational approach, although years of research show that an announcement approach is more effective at increasing HPV vaccination rates. This article reviews current HPV vaccine communication practices used by clinicians and recommends evidence-based best practices to improve adolescent HPV vaccination rates in the United States.
Cheilectomy and the Shortening PelCO for the Treatment of Low-grade Hallux Rigidus
Authors: Del Vecchio Jorge J. , Dealbera Eric D. , Ferraz Ferreira Gabriel , Dalmau-Pastor Miki 
Published: February 2024

Hallux rigidus is a degenerative condition of the first metatarsophalangeal joint resulting in stiffness and pain. Surgical treatments can be divided into joint-sparing and joint-sacrificing procedures. Cheilectomy has been recommended as an isolated procedure for the treatment of low-grade hallux rigidus (I and II, even III in some articles). First metatarsal shortening osteotomies are indicated in low-grade hallux rigidus. The Shortening Percutaneous, Intra-articular, Chevron Osteotomy resembles the Green-Watermann procedures regarding shortening and decompression. Shortening Percutaneous, Intra-articular, Chevron Osteotomy provides excellent clinical and functional results and represents a viable treatment option to decrease pain, improve function, and maintain motion for hallux rigidus grade I and II.
Level of Evidence: Diagnostic level IV.
Serum Bicarbonate Levels Among Patients on Venovenous Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome With and Without Kidney Replacement Therapy
Authors: Adkisson Wren S. , Gannon Whitney D. , Qian Edward T. , Bacchetta Matthew , Siew Edward D. , Ford Daniel J. , Landsperger Janna S. , Rice Todd W. , Casey Jonathan D. , Semler Matthew W. ,   for the Pragmatic Critical Care Research Group
Published: February 2024

OBJECTIVES:
For patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) receiving venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) who develop acute kidney injury (AKI) requiring kidney replacement therapy (KRT), the inability to renally compensate for respiratory acidosis could result in increased sweep gas flow to normalize arterial pH. Our objective was to examine the relationship of serum bicarbonate levels, arterial pH, sweep gas flow, and Paco
2.

DESIGN:
This is a retrospective cohort study. We compared patients who received KRT while undergoing venovenous ECMO to patients who did not.

SETTING:
Vanderbilt University Medical Center, February 2019 to February 2022.

PATIENTS:
We examined data from adult patients receiving venovenous ECMO for ARDS.

INTERVENTIONS:
Values for serum bicarbonate, arterial pH, Paco
2, and sweep gas flow were collected daily from time of cannulation until the earlier of decannulation, 30 days, or death.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:
Of the 126 patients included, 53 (42.1%) received KRT and 73 (57.9%) did not. In patients who received KRT, mean serum bicarbonate levels remained between 22 and 28 mmol/L throughout the study period. Patients who did not receive KRT experienced an increase in mean serum bicarbonate levels over time up to 40 mmol/L (mean difference = –4.4 mmol/L [95% CI, –6.3 to –2.5 mmol/L]; p < 0.0001). Mean values for Paco
2 (–5.2 [95% CI, –8.8 to –1.7]; p = 0.004) and pH (–0.03 [95% CI, –0.03 to –0.02]; p < 0.0001) were lower in patients who received KRT than in patients who did not, despite higher sweep gas flow rates in patients who received KRT than in patients who did not (mean difference = 1.5 [95% CI, 0.8–2.3]; p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS:
ARDS patients on venovenous ECMO with preserved kidney function experience an increase in bicarbonate concentration over time, compared to patients with AKI on KRT. Whether this increase in bicarbonate concentration increases pH, decreases sweep gas flow requirements, and facilitate weaning from venovenous ECMO requires examination in future research.
Association of Neighborhood Opportunity with Infant Brain Activity and Cognitive Development
Authors: Elansary Mei , Wei Wendy S. , Pierce Lara J. , McCoy Dana C. , Nelson Charles A. 
Published: February 2024

Background and objectives:
Neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage is associated with lower neurocognitive scores and differences in brain structure among school-age children. Associations between positive neighborhood characteristics, infant brain activity, and cognitive development are underexplored. We examined direct and indirect associations between neighborhood opportunity, brain activity, and cognitive development.

Methods:
This longitudinal cohort study included infants from 2 primary care clinics in Boston and Los Angeles. Using a sample of 65 infants, we estimated path models to examine associations between neighborhood opportunity (measured by the Child Opportunity Index), infant electroencephalography (EEG) at 6 months, and infant cognitive development (measured using the Mullen Scales of Early Learning) at 12 months. A mediation model tested whether EEG power explained associations between neighborhood opportunity and infant cognition.

Results:
Neighborhood opportunity positively predicted infant absolute EEG power across multiple frequency bands: low

(b = 0.12, 95% CI 0.01–0.24, p = 0.04,

= 0.21); high

(b = 0.11, 95% CI 0.01–0.21, p = 0.03,

= 0.23);

(b = 0.10, 95% CI 0.00–0.19, p = 0.04,

= 0.20); and

(b = 0.12, 95% CI 0.02–0.22, p = 0.02,

= 0.24). The results remained statistically significant after applying a Benjamini-Hochberg false discovery rate of 0.10 to adjust for multiple comparisons. No significant associations emerged between neighborhood opportunity, relative EEG power, and infant cognition. Mediation was not significant.

Conclusion:
Neighborhood opportunity is positively associated with some forms of infant brain activity, suggesting that positive neighborhood characteristics may play a salient role in early development.
A Review of Aesthetic Considerations for Treating the Transgender Patient
Authors: Cattelan Leila , Dayan Steven , Aguilera Shino Bay , Viscomi Bianca , Fabi Sabrina G. 
Published: February 2024

BACKGROUND
As gender diversity becomes increasingly embraced by society, and despite growing recognition of the unique needs of transgender patients, the literature remains devoid of guidelines for gender affirming facial feminization or masculinization techniques.

OBJECTIVE
The authors seek to identify and discuss target feminine and masculine facial features, as well as an armamentarium of surgical and nonsurgical strategies to effectively address and achieve them in the transgender population.

METHODS
A search of the National Library of Medicine database (PubMed) was undertaken to identify the existing literature on gender-affirming facial feminization and masculinization techniques.

RESULTS
The importance of assessing proportional relationships between the bitemporal, bizygomatic, and bigonial distances is discussed; ideal masculine faces possess a rectangular face shape, with ratios for these 3 areas tending toward 1:1:1. Conversely, the ideal female face is heart shaped with projection at the zygoma and a tapered jawline. Strategic positioning of the cheek apex serves as an anchor in sculpting a distinctly masculine or feminine face. Other considerations include the enhancement of skin quality and implications of hormonal therapy.

CONCLUSION
The aesthetic considerations provided in this study can serve as a valuable guidance for aesthetic physicians seeking to deliver optimal care for their transitioning patients.
Lacrimal Sac Characteristics in Patients With Punctal and Canalicular Agenesis: Punctum Update (PUP) Study—Paper 3
Authors: Bothra Nandini , Mishra Dilip , Ali Mohammad Javed 
Published: February 2024

Purpose:
To explore the endoscopic and histopathologic characteristics of the lacrimal sac (LS) and the nasolacrimal duct in cases with punctal agenesis presenting with LS swellings.

Methods:
This is a prospective, interventional study of 13 LSs of 8 patients presenting with punctal agenesis and LS swellings over a 5-year study period (June 2018–July 2023). Complete ophthalmic examination was performed along with CT scans of the orbits. The LS was exposed with an anterior lacrimal crest incision and explored. The exterior and interior of the sac swelling were examined and LS flaps were sent for histopathological analysis.

Results:
The mean age of the patients was 23 years with a male:female ratio of 5:3. All patients presented with swelling in the LS region. Occasional epiphora was the presenting feature in 6 patients. All patients had both upper and lower punctal agenesis on the affected side with associated LS swelling. CT scans showed a hypodense cystic swelling with expansion of the LS fossa and bony nasolacrimal duct ending abruptly short of the inferior meatus. Intraoperatively, the LS had thin, translucent walls with mucoid secretion and an absence of common canalicular opening. Histopathological analysis showed epithelium consistent with LS with less robust development of the sac walls and poorly structured lacrimal drainage-associated lymphoid tissue with scanty stromal inflammation.

Conclusions:
The development of LS and the nasolacrimal duct is structurally affected in patients with punctal agenesis. Retrograde approaches for epiphora resolution are not logical in such cases but conjunctivodacryocystorhinostomy with Jones tube can be a feasible option.
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, Obstetric Data, and Simple Congenital Ptosis
Authors: Gushansky Konstantin , Nemet Achia , Tuuminen Raimo 
Published: February 2024

Purpose:
This retrospective cohort study aimed to identify obstetric risk factors for simple congenital ptosis and propose an underlying pathophysiological mechanism.

Methods:
Newborns diagnosed with simple congenital ptosis (n = 51) were compared with existing population data in terms of obstetric parameters.

Results:
Positive associations were found between simple congenital ptosis and gestational diabetes mellitus (11.8% vs. 5%, p = 0.026), preterm delivery (15.7% vs. 0.05%, p < 0.001), and lower birth weight (2,998 ± 506 vs. 3,255 ± 484, p < 0.001).

Conclusions:
This study pioneers an association between simple congenital ptosis and gestational diabetes mellitus, potentially linked to insulin-like growth factor 1 levels. We advocate for early ophthalmology checkups for specific newborn subsets.
ChatGPT’s innovative application in blood morphology recognition
Authors: Yang Wan-Hua , Yang Yi-Ju , Chen Tzeng-Ji 
Published: February 2024

Background:
Recently, the rapid advancement in generative artificial intelligence (AI) technology, such as ChatGPT-4, has sparked discussions, particularly in image recognition. Accurate results are critical for hematological diagnosis, particularly for blood morphology identification. Despite advanced hematology analyzers, reliance on professional hematopathologists for manual identification remains in cases of abnormal or rare conditions, a process prone to human subjectivity and potential errors. Consequently, this study aimed to investigate the potential of ChatGPT-4 to assist with blood morphology identification.

Methods:
We conducted a retrospective study using blood images obtained from the American Society of Hematology (ASH). These images comprised a range of normal and abnormal morphologies. Each sample was analyzed by expert technicians (control group) and classified using ChatGPT-4 (test group).

Results:
Preliminary results showed that ChatGPT-4 could identify normal blood cells with an accuracy of 88%, exceeding the accuracy of identifying abnormal blood cells at a rate of 54%. Regarding identifying abnormal cells, the accuracy of ChatGPT-4 was slightly higher than that of the manual method, which was 49.5%.

Conclusion:
This study shows that although generative AI shows the potential for blood type identification, it has not yet reached the point where it can replace the professional judgment of medical staff. The results showed that ChatGPT-4 is excellent for identifying red blood cell morphology, particularly inclusion bodies. It can be used as an auxiliary tool for clinical diagnosis. However, the overall recognition accuracy must be further improved. Our study produced innovative results in this field, establishing a foundation for future studies and highlighting the potential of generative AI in aiding blood morphology recognition. Future research should focus on enhancing the effectiveness of AI to improve overall standards of medical care.
The Impact of Adjustment on Workplace Attitudes and Behaviors Among Health Care Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Griffin Brandon J. , Coyle Patrick T. , Weber Marcela C. , Benight Charles C. , Morison Margaret , Maguen Shira , Pyne Jeffrey , Duncan Matthew S. , Brady Robert E. , Wright Hannah , Love Tiffany , Langenecker Scott A. , Smith Andrew J. 
Published: February 2024

Objective
We examined the impact of health care workers’ (HCWs) adjustment to the COVID-19 pandemic on their work-related attitudes and behaviors.

Methods
HCWs (n = 1468) participated in an observational longitudinal study in which they completed surveys of anxiety and occupational health between 2020 and 2021.

Results
Most HCWs reported anxiety that was consistently below the diagnostic threshold (68%) or fell below the threshold within a year (16%). Others reported consistently high (14%) or increasing (2%) anxiety, especially women, younger HCWs, those with a weakened immune system, and allied health professionals. Consistently high or increasing anxiety was associated with poorer job satisfaction, work engagement, perceived supervisor support, burnout, and turnover intentions.

Conclusions
Resources to support HCWs may be focused on those who report consistently high or increasing anxiety to minimize the effects of crises and disasters on the workforce.
2023 Prentice Medal Award lecture: Ocular surface–related symptoms of discomfort and other stories
Authors: Papas Eric B. 
Published: February 2024

ABSTRACT
I have been fortunate to spend portions of my career in each of private practice, industry, and academia. At some times, these occupations have dictated the research direction, whereas, at others, curiosity has been allowed to dominate. This has resulted in multiple avenues of inquiry (some might say, too many), along which I have traveled with a rich and varied cast of collaborators, who have all taught me a great deal. The privilege of being awarded the Charles F. Prentice medal provides me an opportunity to summarize some of these activities. Beginning with an attempt to use contact lenses to solve a problem for those affected by albinism, the story shifts to addressing some of the wider deficiencies of contact lenses, in particular the consequences of their oxygen permeability and tendency to induce discomfort toward the end of the day. After briefly considering some aspects of meibomian gland function, the narrative concludes with the latest investigations of neurological links between the cornea and migraine.
HIV-1 drug resistance and genetic diversity in people with HIV-1 in Cape Verde
Authors: Gonçalves Paloma , Barreto Jorge , Santos Menilita , Leal Silvania , Marcelino José , Abecasis Ana , Palladino Claudia , Taveira Nuno 
Published: February 2024

Objectives:
To characterize the genetic diversity and drug resistance profiles of people with HIV-1 failing ART in Cape Verde (CV).

Design:
Cross-sectional study conducted between January 2019 and December 2021 in 24 health centres on the islands of Santiago and São Vicente.

Methods:
The HIV-1 pol gene was sequenced in individuals with a detectable viral load. HIV-1 genetic diversity was determined by phylogenetic analysis. Drug resistance mutation patterns and resistance phenotypes were estimated using the Stanford algorithm.

Results:
Viral load was detected in 73 of 252 (29%) enrolled participants and sequencing data were produced for 58 (79%) participants. CRF02 AG strains predominated (46.5%), followed by subtype G (22.4%). Most patients (80%) had mutations conferring resistance to nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) (67%), nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (55%), integrase inhibitors (10%) and/or protease inhibitors (7%) used in Cape Verde, a significant increase compared with a study conducted in 2010–2011. The most common mutations were M184V/I (43%), K103N/S (36%) and G190A/S (19%). NNRTI resistance was associated with younger age and exposure to two or more drug regimens.

Conclusion:
The HIV-1 epidemic in Cape Verde is mainly driven by CRF02_AG and subtype G. Resistance to NNRTIs and/or NRTIs is highly prevalent and resistance to LPV/r and DTG is emerging. Our results support the use of DTG-based first-line ART and protease inhibitor-based regimens for patients with virological failure, but emerging resistance to LPV/r and DTG is a concern. Continued monitoring of drug resistance is essential to ensure adequate healthcare for PWH in Cape Verde.
Feasibility of Implementing a Low-Barrier Long-Acting Injectable Antiretroviral Program for HIV Treatment and Prevention for People Experiencing Homelessness
Authors: Mehtani Nicky J. , Strough Alix , Strieff Sarah , Zevin Barry , Eveland Joanna , Riley Elise D. , Gandhi Monica 
Published: February 2024

Background:
Long-acting (LA) antiretrovirals may provide meaningful benefit to people who use drugs and people experiencing homelessness (PEH) who face disproportionate structural and psychosocial barriers in adhering to daily oral HIV antiretroviral therapy or pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), but their use in these populations has not been studied.

Setting:
The Maria X. Martinez Health Resource Center is a low-barrier (eg, no appointment) community-based clinic serving San Francisco PEH.

Methods:
A multidisciplinary care model with robust monitoring and outreach support was developed to provide LA antiretroviral therapy (ART) and LA-PrEP to eligible patients experiencing difficulties adhering to oral antiretrovirals. Feasibility was assessed by evaluating the rates of HIV viremia and on-time injections among patients receiving LA antiretrovirals over the first 24 months of program implementation.

Results:
Between November 2021 and November 2023, 33 patients initiated LA-ART or LA-PrEP (median age, 37 years; 27% transgender/nonbinary; 73% non-White; 27% street homeless; 52% sheltered homeless; 30% with opioid use disorder; 82% with methamphetamine use disorder). Among 18 patients with HIV, 14 initiated LA-ART injections with detectable viremia (median CD4 count, 340 cells/mm3; mean log10 viral load, 3.53; SD, 1.62), 8 had never previously been virally suppressed, and all but 1 achieved or maintained virologic suppression (mean, 9.67 months; SD, 8.30). Among 15 LA-PrEP patients, all remained HIV negative (mean, 4.73 months; SD, 2.89). Of 224 total injections administered, 8% were delayed >7 days.

Discussion:
The implementation of LA antiretrovirals is feasible in low-barrier, highly supportive clinical settings serving vulnerable PEH. Expansion of such programs will be critical in ending the HIV epidemic.
Comparative Study of Different Imaging Modalities for Diagnosis of Bone Metastases of Prostate Cancer
Authors: Kim Keunyoung , Ha Mihyang , Kim Seong-Jang 
Published: February 2024

PurposeThis study aimed to compare the diagnostic performances of 8 different imaging modalities for preoperative detection of bone metastases in prostate cancer patients by performing a network meta-analysis using direct comparison studies with 2 or more imaging techniques.Patients and MethodsWe searched PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library for studies evaluating the performances of 8 different imaging modalities for the preoperative detection of bone metastases in prostate cancer patients. The network meta-analysis was performed in patient-based analysis. The consistency was evaluated by examining the agreement between direct and indirect treatment effects, and the surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) values were obtained to calculate the probability of each imaging modality being the most effective diagnostic method.ResultsA total of 999 patients from 13 direct comparison studies using 8 different imaging modalities for preoperative detection or follow-up of bone metastases in prostate cancer patients were included. For the detection of bone metastases of prostate cancer,68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT showed the highest SUCRA values of sensitivity, positive predictive value, accuracy, and diagnostic odds ratio. In addition,18F-NaF PET/CT and SPECT/CT showed high SUCRA values.Conclusions68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT showed the highest SUCRA values. Other imaging modalities showed complementary diagnostic roles for preoperative detection of bone metastases in patients with prostate cancer, except bone scintigraphy and MRI.
Exploring Theranostic Avenues in Adrenocortical Carcinoma Using Chemokine Receptor and Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen–Directed PET/CT
Authors: Hahner Stefanie , Higuchi Takahiro , Serfling Sebastian E. , Samnick Samuel , Fuss Carmina Teresa , Heinze Britta , Buck Andreas K. , Schirbel Andreas , Fassnacht Martin , Werner Rudolf A. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
We report on an adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) patient, which has exhausted previous treatment options and was scheduled for prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)- and C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4)-targeted PET/CT. We identified PSMA-avid pulmonary metastases exhibiting modest radiotracer accumulation, while chemokine receptor PET/CT provided intense uptake. This dual-tracer molecular imaging approach revealed that chemokine receptor PET appears to be more suitable in patients with advanced ACC, indicating that CXCR4-directed radioligand therapy may be considered in such patients suffering from end-stage disease. Given its dismal prognosis, chemokine receptor-directed theranostics may therefore extend the therapeutic armamentarium as last-line option in advanced ACC.