bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Union Citizenship
Authors: Nic Shuibhne Niamh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 2 provides an overview of the defining legal features of Union citizenship, principally in relation to Articles 20 and 21 TFEU. EU citizenship law has deep foundations in EU law on the free movement of persons more generally. This chapter first shows how approaches, interests, and objectives that predated the creation of Union citizenship have strongly shaped—and continue to inform—Union citizenship’s legal framework. Discussion of the rights conferred by Articles 20 and 21 TFEU introduces the critical balancing task that the Treaty prescribes: between the rights conferred by Union citizenship, on the one hand, and the conditions and limits that may legitimately restrict them, on the other. In legislative terms, that task is progressed through Directive 2004/38, which regulates the right to move and reside in other Member States. Some of the main themes that emerge from the interpretation of EU citizenship law by the Court of Justice are then considered, including how a connecting factor to EU citizenship law is established, ensuring the effectiveness of Union citizenship rights, the significance of the Charter of Fundamental Rights, the role of integration requirements in EU citizenship law, and the intersection of Union citizenship and matters that remain within Member State competence. Finally, the territory of the European Union as the ‘place’ within which Union citizenship is determined and experienced is considered, reflecting on the nature of both the internal and external borders of the Union’s territory through the example of case law on the extradition of Union citizens to third states. That discussion and the chapter more generally also encourage reflection on the connection between the territory of the Union and the values that construct and sustain it.
Union Citizenship and the Host State
Authors: Nic Shuibhne Niamh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 8 addresses the right of permanent residence in a host State. Recital 17 of Directive 2004/38 expresses the purpose and objectives of permanent residence: ‘[e]njoyment of permanent residence by Union citizens who have chosen to settle long term in the host Member State would strengthen the feeling of Union citizenship and is a key element in promoting social cohesion’. Articles 16 and 17 of the Directive outline the main features of permanent residence . It is achieved, according to recital 17, by ‘all Union citizens and their family members who have resided in the host Member State in compliance with the conditions laid down in this Directive during a continuous period of five years without becoming subject to an expulsion measure’. Recital 18 confirms that ‘the right of permanent residence, once obtained, should not be subject to any conditions’ so that the status might constitute ‘a genuine vehicle for integration into the society of the host Member State in which the Union citizen resides’. Acquiring permanent residence rights therefore renders the right to reside unconditional into the future, preservable over extended absences and entailing only limited administrative formalities. Additionally, permanent residence rights generate enhanced protection against expulsion from the host State. Nevertheless, while permanent residence was conceived to progress the rights attached to Union citizenship, related case law has also contributed to the seeding of limits, especially through the significance of integration in the host State that the permanent residence narrative progresses.
Historical development of Scots lexis
Authors: Millar Robert McColl 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When non-linguists think of language, they tend to think of lexis. This makes sense at a number of levels. Learning lexis is a central experience in learning another language; we will also almost immediately pick up on unusual word choice by someone else (occasionally by ourselves) in our native languages. This chapter provides a sense of the development of lexis in Scots across time, largely employing the second edition of the Concise Scots Dictionary. As well as the native vocabulary derived from the various Northumbrian sources which formed the Scots koine of the High Middle Ages, borrowing from a range of languages—French, Latin, Norse, Low German, Dutch, and Gaelic—is considered. Which semantic fields are well served with specifically Scots vocabulary is also considered. Lexical attrition in the modern dialects is given particular focus.
Detention in the Criminal Justice System
Authors: McGregor Lorna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the adequacy and effectiveness of international law on detention within the criminal justice system at both the pre-trial and sentencing stages. Notwithstanding international law’s emphasis on the exceptionality of pre-trial detention, the chapter identifies protection gaps in how far supranational bodies scrutinise national practice and how risk is determined, including through algorithmic risk assessments. The second part of the chapter argues that the high-level principles within international law that establish the principle of imprisonment as a measure of last resort remain under-articulated as some supranational bodies have not squarely examined the proportionality of custodial sentences. The chapter submits that while at the pre-trial, sentencing, and release stages alternatives to detention are often presented as a means to reduce imprisonment, the risk arises that they constitute net-widening measures. The chapter submits that this risk requires further attention in international law alongside the human rights compatibility of particular forms of alternatives.
Democracy, Elections, and Electoral Geography in Malawi
Authors: Wahman Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The chapter introduces the history of electoral politics in Malawi, as well as the country’s institutions and electoral geography. It uses constituency-level election data from presidential elections since to the 1990s. The chapter shows that Malawian political competition has been strongly characterized by regionalism and that this regionalism may not be reduced simply to ethnic voting. Malawian national electoral majorities have generally been won based on a strong presence in one of the country’s three regions. In particular, this chapter will show the strong dominance of Southern Region in Malawian multiparty politics. However, with high levels of electoral volatility, parties have competed intensely to mobilize regional cleavages. This competition has been the foundation of territorial electoral strategies.
Campaign Violence in Malawi
Authors: Wahman Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the subnational variations in election violence in the 2014 Malawian election, using a combination of qualitative and constituency-level quantitative data. As with Zambia, patterns of election violence can be understood from the theoretical perspective of territoriality. While high-scale violence has not been frequent in Malawian elections, low-scale violence to control space is systemic and has featured almost constantly in Malawian electoral contests. This type of territorial violence may explain the relatively high levels of fear reported by Malawian citizens in national-level surveys. Electoral success in Malawi has been highly contingent on mobilizing party strongholds in great numbers. While bloc voting is significant, parties actively mobilize regional cleavages. The statistical analysis shows that campaign violence in 2014 was particularly concentrated in constituencies with low levels of electoral competition.
The Power of Mentalizing
Authors: Hutsebaut Joost , Nijssens Liesbet , van Vessem Miriam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book provides the most accessible reading on mentalizing on the market. It is written for a wide range of professionals, including psychologists, social workers, and nurses. Given its accessible language and wide range of examples, it may also be read by non-clinicians, like teachers or parents. Mentalizing refers to the capacity to understand one’s own and other persons’ behaviour based upon underlying feelings, thoughts, and intentions, and is crucial to successfully navigate in the social world. If we mentalize more and better, that is, give more attention to our own feelings, thoughts, desires, and intentions as well as to those of others, our interactions will be more pleasant and feel safer. This applies to every relationship—those with our children and pupils, and those with our partners and colleagues. The authors of this book draw on the rich developmental psychology literature on attachment, mentalizing, and epistemic trust. They use several examples to explain what it takes to really connect. In addition, they challenge the reader to self-reflect and to become a slightly better version of themselves.
What is mentalizing?
Authors: Hutsebaut Joost , Nijssens Liesbet , Vessem Miriam van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mentalizing is the process by which we give meaning to our own behaviour and that of others from the mental states that lie behind it, such as feelings, needs, and expectations. It allows us to do what we physically cannot do: look inside our own head and the heads of others. As a result, we can better understand ourselves and others and behaviour also become more predictable. Without this capacity, human relationships would go horribly wrong. In this chapter, we discuss the various features of this mentalizing process. Probably the most important characteristic of a mentalizing stance is the authentic curiosity to understand the other person’s behaviour, combined with the uncertainty and modesty that we can never do this with absolute certainty. We describe how fragile the mentalizing process can be in each of us, and how quickly we can switch between effective and ineffective mentalizing.
Insecure attachment
Authors: Hutsebaut Joost , Nijssens Liesbet , Vessem Miriam van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we discuss the three main forms of insecure attachment: anxious-ambivalent, avoidant, and disorganized attachment. We outline the characteristic experiences these children have, the strategies they use in scary or stressful situations, and their effects on the confidence these children develop in themselves and in others. In our discussion we make reality a little more orderly and simpler than it is. In reality, these three categories are not so clearly distinguishable from each other. Nor is the distinction with secure attachment always so clear. In addition, children can be more securely attached to one attachment figure than to another. Also, we must not forget that an attachment style can change in the course of a lifetime.
Collaboration towards a mentalizing environment
Authors: Hutsebaut Joost , Nijssens Liesbet , Vessem Miriam van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter some tips are given to improve the functioning of a team. Everywhere where people work together, you have to deal with differences. Differences can have a positive impact on performance if there is room for them and justice is done to the different points of view. If the differences become too big and the positions polarized, they can have a negative effect: Team members will find themselves on opposite sides of the table, which can easily lead to inconsistent and therefore confusing task performance. Our basic assumption is that substantive functioning improves as the underlying process becomes more mentalized. This requires safety in the team and a basic mentalizing attitude from all team members, in which they are open to and curious about their own feelings, needs, and meanings as well as those of others.
Mapping the Interactions: Status Quo
Authors: Majcher Klaudia 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThis chapter illustrates that the multitude of ways in which data protection and competition law cohere on a broader normative level, and on the level of specific empirical challenges posed by digital markets, is barely mirrored in the regulatory, enforcement, policy, and institutional approaches in the EU and beyond. It first sheds light on competition law by scrutinizing the extensive policy discourse related to digital competition: it explores how competition law’s substantive boundaries are tested through enforcement and investigates the contribution of new policy and regulatory initiatives, such as the EU Digital Markets Act, in fostering a synergetic approach towards data protection and competition. Turning subsequently to data protection law’s repercussions for competition, the chapter posits that it is an effectively enforced rather than a weakened data protection regime that can best complement competition law. Under-enforcement of data protection and a fragmented data protection legal landscape in Europe therefore also present concerns for market competitiveness. The chapter additionally explores how agnostic or supportive data protection law actually is in terms of market competitiveness. Reflecting on an institutional dimension, it shows that enormous progress still needs to be made before dialogue and enforcement collaboration between data protection and competition authorities take the desired shape.
A Competition Law Perspective on Sectional Coherence
Authors: Majcher Klaudia 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThis chapter’s analysis is devoted to one of the book’s central inquiries, namely how competition law should adapt to better integrate the value of data protection into its analysis. Starting with the notion of ‘data power’, it first explores how the economic strength of technology companies should be better reflected in competition law assessments of market power. It then turns to the area of abuse of a dominant position to discuss a set of exploitative and exclusionary theories of harm that could better capture new data protection harms in digital markets. This is complemented with an overview of the role of data protection in antitrust justifications and remedies. Next to the area of abuse of dominance, merger control constitutes another major focal point of this chapter. It explores how merger theories of harm, potential justifications, and remedies should be rethought to better respond to the demands of sectional coherence.
Late Coloniality and Post-coloniality in Mozambique
Authors: Stennett Tom 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter traces how the role of authors in Mozambique changed from the late colonial to the post-colonial periods, identifying continuities and ruptures. It locates the central paradox of authorship in Mozambique—that to be an author is to be politically essential and politically useless—in the curious overlap of discourses on authorship promulgated by the Portuguese dictatorship and by Mozambican nationalist party Frelimo. It discusses the role of authors in the contexts of formal colonial censorship and authoritarian Frelimo rule. It also explores issues related to readership in Mozambique, given the country’s historically low literacy rates and the peculiar place of Portuguese as a national language inherited from Mozambique’s colonizers.
The Shifting Identity of João Pedro Grabato Dias
Authors: Stennett Tom 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 2 analyses the identity of António Quadros’s main penname João Pedro Grabato Dias to discuss the paradoxes of moçambicanidade (Mozambican identity). It contrasts the configuration of Grabato Dias’s identity in the late colonial period with its framing in the post-Carnation Revolution context, arguing that the shift in Grabato Dias’s identity maps onto the sudden change in political paradigm. The trajectory of Grabato Dias’s identity reveals the disjunction between the utopian universalism of moçambicanidade as a loose cultural identity accepting of settler writers like Quadros and the relatively rigid nationalist definition underlying Frelimo’s conception of Mozambican civic identity. In the late colonial period, Grabato Dias’s Luso-Mozambican identity functions as a form of resistance to Portuguese colonial rule; in the post-independence period, he fears that his identity will exclude him from the new nation of Mozambique.
Duplicitous Writers and Totalitarian Readers in As Quybyrycas (1972)
Authors: Stennett Tom 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 3 analyses António Quadros’s engagement with Os Lusíadas, a major work of the Portuguese canon by Luís de Camões that was appropriated by Portugal’s dictatorship, the Estado Novo (New State), as a foundational imperial text. As Quybyrycas and its preface, authored by dissident critic Jorge de Sena, provide subversive rereadings of Camões’s epic. Quadros’s and Sena’s reframings of Camões draw out the tensions and ambiguities in Os Lusíadas as a counter to the authoritative interpretations of conservative literary critics. In As Quybyrycas, opacity is highlighted as a textual strategy that forestalls attempts, by political authorities, to appropriate literary texts. The author deploys Quadros’s nuanced discussions of the pitfalls of such a strategy to challenge deconstructionist post-colonial criticism, which posits ambiguity as an historically effective anti-colonial tool.
I, the People
Authors: Stennett Tom 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 5 examines the phenomenon of collective poetry published by Frelimo through the case of Eu, o Povo: a collection of poems written by a Portuguese, António Quadros, but attributed to the author construct Mutimati Barnabé João, a ficitonal guerrila soldier of Mozambique's ruling party, Frelimo. It analyses Quadros’s attempt in Eu, o Povo to reconcile the anti-colonial and post-independence functions of poetry in Mozambique: resistance to authoritarian rule and the celebration of Frelimo’s nationalist project, respectively. Mutimati’s text is concerned with challenging Frelimo’s populist discourses and with emphasizing the role that individuals can play in the project of national reconstruction.
António Quadros and the Future
Authors: Stennett Tom 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the knotty relationship between António Quadros and posterity as he frames it in the literary works that he published under three pennames. Quadros’s anxieties over how posterity will respond to his works reflect the reality that many authors writing in Mozambique rely on international or, in Quadros’s case, speculative future audiences for recognition. The author situates Quadros’s framing of the uncertain place of his literary works in the Mozambican canon within the broader context of Mozambican letters. He relates Quadros’s relationship to posterity to his analysis in previous chapters of Quadros’s elusive authorial strategies, focusing, in particular, on Quadros’s continuing to publish cryptic poetry even after the end of colonial censorship.
Forbidden Desire in Early Modern Europe
Authors: Malcolm Noel 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThis book describes and analyses the nature of male-male sexual relations in Europe, the Ottoman Empire and the European colonies in the Americas and Asia during the period 1400-1750. It discusses the sexual behaviour itself, its social and institutional contexts, the treatment of it in religious doctrine and law (both Christian and Muslim) and the representation of it in literature (both Western and Ottoman). While synthesising, and adding to, a mass of evidence accumulated by historians since the 1980s, it also challenges the fundamental assumptions that have dominated the modern historiography. Previous writers have taken evidence from Southern European countries such as Italy and Spain, where a distinctive pattern of age-differentiated sex predominated, and treated it as universal in Europe before 1700. They have then struggled to explain the existence, well documented soon after that date, of a very different pattern in Northern Europe, concluding that the early 18th century saw the sudden and inexplicable emergence of something resembling modern homosexuality. This book presents an original solution to the problem, both by distinguishing between typical and untypical sexual behaviour in Southern Europe, and by demonstrating that the standard pattern in the South was not replicated in the North. This makes it possible, for the first time, to give a coherent account of the long-term development in Europe of what we now call homosexuality.
Diplomats, renegades and catamites
Authors: Malcolm Noel 
Published: November 2023

AbstractDiplomatic contacts between Western European powers and the Ottomans could expose cultural differences in sensitive ways—including differences between sexual cultures. Western powers sometimes had to deal with sodomitical behaviour by men who came in the entourages of Ottoman envoys; and Western diplomats in Ottoman territories took note of such behaviour there. The Venetian bailo (see Ch. 1) feared a diplomatic incident in which the embassy baker would convert to Islam to avoid punishment. There was a standard view of ‘renegades’ (converts to Islam) which associated them particularly with sodomy. Some examples of sodomitical renegades are certainly found in the records, though the idea that there was an intrinsic link between such sexual behaviour and conversion to Islam was baseless. The more general perception that sodomitical behaviour was a feature of Ottoman life was held by many Western writers, some of whom had spent long periods in Ottoman territory.
Prejudices
Authors: Malcolm Noel 
Published: November 2023

AbstractHistorians reading early modern West European accounts of Ottoman sodomy are right to suspect that strong prejudices were at work—the most basic being the belief, generated by medieval anti-Muslim texts and widely held in Christendom, that sodomy was permitted by Islam. For this reason much modern scholarship, influenced by Edward Said’s theory of Orientalism, has tended to treat Western depictions of Ottoman sodomy as examples of ideologically motivated ‘demonization’. But attempts to dismiss accounts by witnesses such as former captives on such generic grounds are unconvincing; the evidence is too extensive and too consistent. Above all, it is necessary to consider not just Western descriptions (which may often have been essentially true even if reinforced by prejudice), but the evidence from Ottoman sources.
The Western Mediterranean lands
Authors: Malcolm Noel 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThe evidence does not permit a proper survey of the distribution of sodomy in these Christian Western Mediterranean territories. Many Europeans believed that Italy was the most sodomitical society. Prima facie support for this may be found in the Florentine evidence; but that was generated by an unusually lenient legal regime. Lucca provides similar evidence; Venice and Rome convicted significant numbers of sodomites; evidence from Naples suggests a thriving male–male sexual culture there; and the same is true of Sicily, which may have ranked with Tuscany as one of the most sodomitical areas. Spanish and Portuguese evidence, mainly from Inquisition trials, is substantial. Much less is known about the French Mediterranean region.
Ottoman religion, law and culture
Authors: Malcolm Noel 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThe Koran condemned sodomy, and the ḥadīths were strongly hostile to it. While condemning such sexual acts, however, Islamic culture accepted that male desire for a good-looking boy was natural. In the Sufi tradition, the contemplation of young male beauty was regarded by some as a way of drawing closer to God, the creator of it; anti-Sufi writers denounced this as a mere pretext for actual sodomy. Islamic law decreed severe penalties, but also set high requirements for witnesses, so convictions were rare. Ottoman sultanic law (the kanun) made conviction easier, but imposed lesser penalties (mostly fines). Ottoman literary culture was saturated with homoeroticism. The general effect of these factors was to make male–male desire more avowable, and perhaps more easily acted upon. Sodomitical ‘renegades’ were thus able to enact more openly, in this context, a form of sexual behaviour learned originally in their own societies.