bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lipid Raft-Mediated Entry Is Not Required for
Chlamydia trachomatis
Infection of Cultured Epithelial Cells
Authors: Gabel B. R. , Elwell C. , van Ijzendoorn S. C. D. , Engel J. N. 
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACT

Using pharmacologic and biochemical criteria, we evaluated whether uptake of four different
Chlamydia trachomatis
serovars, D, E, K, and L2, was dependent upon lipid rafts. Our data suggest that lipid raft-mediated entry is not required for
C. trachomatis
infection of cultured epithelial cells.
Listeria monocytogenesσBContributes to Invasion of Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells
Authors: Kim Heesun , Boor Kathryn J. , Marquis Hélène 
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACTThe role of σBinListeria monocytogenesinfection of human intestinal epithelial cells was investigated. Invasion defects associated with loss of σBparalleled those of a ΔinlAstrain independently of the σB-dependent P2prfApromoter. Concomitantly, amounts ofinlAtranscript and InlA protein were significantly decreased in the ΔsigBstrain.
A NEW EQUIAFFINE THEORY FOR SURFACES IN ℝ4
Authors: NOMIZU KATSUMI , VRANCKEN LUC 
Published: November 2004

In this paper, we investigate the geometry of nondegenerate affine surfaces in ℝ4. The main idea is to introduce an equiaffine structure on the surface by constructing a canonical transversal plane field with the aid of the affine metric. As an application, we then investigate surfaces with vanishing cubic forms. If the affine metric is positive-definite, such a surface can be locally described as a complex curve in [Formula: see text]. On the other hand, if the affine metric is indefinite, such a surface can be seen as the product of two planar curves.
PRAGMATIC TESTING METHODS FOR EXPERT SYSTEMS
Authors: TSAI W.T. , ZUALKERNAN I.A. , KIRANI SHEKHAR 
Published: November 2004

Effective testing of expert systems is an important but difficult task. In this paper we discuss why testing of expert systems is hard. For testing expert systems, testing techniques from conventional software engineering are adapted as a solution to these problems. We discuss the feasibility and application of black-box, white-box, and life-cycle testing techniques to expert systems. Black-box techniques include random, input partition and output partition testing. White-box techniques include path based partition, cause-effect graph, dynamic-flow, data-flow, and ablation testing. The use of these methods is demonstrated by applying the techniques to an industrial expert system. The results obtained are 1) random testing is feasible for expert systems with a small input space, 2) effectiveness of partition testing depends on the partition criteria, however, partition testing points out failure-prone partitions, 3) cause-effect testing is suitable for large expert systems if it is well decomposed, 4) dynamic-flow testing depends on the number of paths in solution and design specifications, 5) data-flow testing is feasible only if define-use pairs are obtained automatically, 6) ablation testing helps in pointing out discrepancies between specification and implementation. The overall result is that the expert systems can be treated as any other software and all the conventional software engineering testing techniques can be used to test expert systems.
ON AUTOMATIC REASONING FOR SCHEMA INTEGRATION
Authors: SHETH AMIT P. , GALA SUNIT K. , NAVATHE SHAMKANT B. 
Published: November 2004

Success in database schema integration depends on the ability to capture real world semantics of the schema objects, and to reason about the semantics. Earlier schema integration approaches mainly rely on heuristics and human reasoning. In this paper, we discuss an approach to automate a significant part of the schema integration process. Our approach consists of three phases. An attribute hierarchy is generated in the first phase. This involves identifying relationships (equality, disjointness and inclusion) among attributes. We discuss a strategy based on user-specified semantic clustering. In the second phase, a classification algorithm based on the semantics of class subsumption is applied to the class definitions and the attribute hierarchy to automatically generate a class taxonomy. This class taxonomy represents a partially integrated schema. In the third phase, the user may employ a set of well-defined comparison operators in conjunction with a set of restructuring operators, to further modify the schema. These operators as well as the automatic reasoning during the second phase are based on subsumption. The formal semantics and automatic reasoning utilized in the second phase is based on a terminological logic as adapted in the CANDIDE data model. Classes are completely defined in terms of attributes and constraints. Our observation is that the inability to completely define attributes and thus completely capture their real world semantics imposes a fundamental limitation on the possibility of automatically reasoning about attribute definitions. This necessitates human reasoning during the first phase of the integration approach.
THE INFLUENCE OF THE INERTIAL DRAGGING EFFECT ON GRAVITATIONAL RADIATION EMITTED FROM A PARTICLE MOVING IN EQUATORIAL GEODESIC CIRCULAR ORBIT ABOUT A KERR’S BLACK HOLE
Authors: GONG BIPING 
Published: November 2004

Using Chranowski and Misner’s equations,1 gravitational radiation emitted from a particle moving in an equatorial geodesic circular orbit about a Kerr’s black hole is calculated. Outside the classical turning point, the radiation energy can be represented as a continuous function of orbital radius of the particle, and thus a corresponding curve is obtained. Using Wilkins’ approach,2 two inertial dragging related functions are obtained by restricting the orbit of the particle to the equatorial plane of a Kerr’s black hole. By comparing the curve of the gravitational radiation and the curves of the simulating functions (consisting of the angular frequency and the drag related function), we come to the conclusion that inertial dragging effect on a particle is one of the main factors that influences the gravitational radiation.
A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF MULTIPLE SCALES IN INSECT POPULATIONS.: A CASE STUDY: THE CHESTNUT WEEVIL CURCULIO ELEPHAS
Authors: DEBOUZIE D. , HEIZMANN A. , HUMBLOT L. 
Published: November 2004

Populations of the chestnut weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) living in 14 patches (13 with chestnut trees, 1 with oak) were studied over a period of twelve years. Four spatial scales were considered: the patch (one or several trees), the chestnut tree (for patches with several trees), the chestnut-husk and the chestnut. Heterogeneity was the highest between trees and among chestnuts; it was larger in multiple-tree patches than in single-tree patches. The infestation rate per tree varied from 0 to 0.41 immature weevils per fruit. The distribution of immature weevils per chestnut was highly contagious. Different mechanisms are implied at the two main scales, trees and chestnuts, and must be incorporated in a hierarchical model of population dynamics. Difficulties due to the application of metapopulation concept to natural populations of insects are underlined.
AN INTERNATIONAL SURVEY OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP EDUCATION
Authors: Dana Leo-Paul 
Published: November 2004

Entrepreneurship skills are very different from managerial skills. Physiologically, entrepreneurial skills are the function of a developed right hemisphere of the brain, while managerial skills are processed in the left side of the brain. The development of entrepreneurs, therefore, is quite different from managerial development. According to Distinguished Professor Raymond W.Y. Kao, many people lose their entrepreneurial spirit because of the educational system. The problem appears to stem from the fact that traditional education teaches to formalize before doing, while entrepreneurs prefer action rather than pen and paper. This paper begins with a literature review. It then describes and analyzes entrepreneurship education in Canada, the US, Australia and Europe. It explains what is being taught and how. Based on the curriculum of almost fifty schools of business, the author develops a learning agenda, ranging from business basics and techniques, to character development skills and integration. Recommendations are then made, based on outstanding examples of entrepreneurship education in different countries.
PROBLEMS FACED BY SINGAPORE ENTREPRENEURS IN THE FIELD OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
Authors: Goh Erin , Tan Wee-Liang 
Published: November 2004

Biotechnology is one of the fields highlighted by the Economic Committee as an area of high value-added technology which could be developed in Singapore. The recommendation of the Economic Committee was that the venture capital industry be developed to aid in attracting young foreign technological firms to Singapore. Biotechnology includes the areas of pharmaceuticals, chemicals, food processing and agro-technology. A number of local biotechnology businesses have sprung up. This is an interesting phenomenon since biotechnology is difficult ground for small firms to be engaged in. It is usually associated with a long lag time between the development and the actual introduction of the product into the market-place, a need for large sums to be invested in research, and a short product life span, amongst other disadvantages. In an environment where enterprise is only currently being encouraged and entrepreneurship being nurtured, one would not have expected local entrepreneurs to venture into biotechnology. It would therefore be of interest to examine these businesses to see if there are any unique problems that they face by operating in Singapore. This paper proposes to examine the problems encountered by these local firms. Some of the problems ascertained through interviews with local firms concern financing and government funding, and availability of trained staff.
ITPRENEURSHIP AND TOTAL LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM AT YCH IN SINGAPORE
Authors: PALVIA SHAILENDRA C. , NEO BOON-SIONG 
Published: November 2004

How can small businesses succeed in this age of large corporations, global competition, and the need for large investments in Information Technology? According to conventional wisdom, it should be pretty hard, if not impossible. Companies with visionary and ENTREPRENEURIAL leaders can do it by committing to provide the best possible services to the customers consistently. And do you do that without investing in IT in this information age? This case illustrates the success story of YCH since its inception in 1955 as a relatively unknown transport company to one of the most prominent companies in the ASEAN region today. YCH has accomplished this feat by innovatively using its resources and talents. One of these is the use of an innovative IT architecture for its various business operations. The case of YCH Logistics company demonstrates that small businesses can not only invest in IT, but they can use IT for competitive advantage. Furthermore, they can achieve this by not buying a single mainframe or a mini computer. YCH company was one of the three proud winners of the prestigious IT awards by the National Computer Board of Singapore in 1992. This case provides a brief history of the company including the major turning points; and describes its business segments and the evolving role of IT to support and augment the business operations. It also describes the innovative and modular IT architecture adopted by its small, young and ambitious IT team.
LEARNING: KEY TO LEVERAGING THE VALUE OF A FRANCHISE
Authors: PHAN PHILLIP H , BUTLER JOHN E , LEE SOO HOON 
Published: November 2004

The organizational learning dynamics inherent in the franchise relationship provide the primary focus for this research. By encoding knowledge of the skills needed to suceed within the contractual arrangement, the franchisor can short cut the learning process for the franchisee. Once the franchising arrangement is established, both franchisees and franchisors have vested interest in maintaining high levels of organizational learning. In this research a model is presented that incorporates these learning dynamics, and relates them to entrepreneurial returns. Using a sample of heavy-duty truck franchisees, the relationship between different types of organizational learning and performance are explored. The results indicate that the franchising contract may actually act to limit the returns to the franchise relationship. Instead, it may encourage the franchisee to direct their learning efforts to skew returns in their favor. Successful franchisees were found to systematically value the franchise contractual and non-contractual information content more than less successful franchisees.
MEASUREMENT OF SUCCESS AND FAILURE IN SMALL BUSINESS: A TWO-FACTOR APPROACH
Authors: KELMAR JOHN H 
Published: November 2004

This paper proposes that the measurement of success and failure in small business does not present itself as a continuum, as implied by many of the papers published in the area of small business research. In addressing the criteria which has been expressed as indicative of small business failure it has often been assumed that the elimination of these aspects will henceforth create a successful small business. Similarly, if a small business fails to address those issues which are indicative of success, then it is often purported to be heading toward failure. This implied success-failure continuum often does not appear to exist, and the preferred approach is that a “Two-Factor Theory of Small Business Performance” tends to be more indicative of the true nature of the research findings. This concept presupposes that the opposite of success is non-success, and the opposite of failure is non-failure, as shown by comparing the results of published material in the field of small business.
The System of International Legal Cooperation in Criminal Matters in Russia: Council of Europe Conventions in the Field of Penal Law and Their Implementation in Russia
Authors: Norros Merja 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe two most important Council of Europe conventions in the penal field—the Convention on Extradition and the Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters—entered into force with respect to the Russian Federation in March 2000. The present article examines whether these conventions are fully implemented in Russia. Four research problems are identifi ed: (1) What kind of obligations have the European Conventions established for the contracting parties? (2) How is the fulfi llment of these obligations monitored by the Council of Europe and the member states? (3) How are the criteria for adequate international legal cooperation fulfi lled by Russia? and 4) Is cooperation with Russia different from cooperation with other countries and how could this cooperation be improved? The present article includes an empirical part, which provides statistics on requests for judicial assistance. The method is comparative. Altogether forty-one criteria have been formulated in order to evaluate systems for judicial cooperation. These criteria are organized into three groups, dealing respectively with: (i) legislative; (ii) institutional; and (iii) human resources aspects. The article stresses the signifi cance of the Committee of Experts on the Operation of European Conventions in the Penal field (PC-OC) in ensuring unanimous interpretation of the conventions. For the first time, the new Russian Criminal Procedure Code (2001) includes provisions on international cooperation, which are therefore carefully analyzed. The writer concludes that most of the main provisions of the European conventions have been implemented in Russian legislation. There are, however, some legislative gaps, i.e., concerning provisions on the searching, freezing, and confi scation of proceeds derived from criminal activity on the basis of a foreign request. In addition, some problems remain in administrative structures, such as five central authorities instead of one. Finally, the information and training concerning conventions is not (yet) suffi cient thereby resulting in certain practical difficulties.
Practical Management of Patients With Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer Treated With Gefitinib
Authors: Shah Neelam T. , Kris Mark G. , Pao William , Tyson Leslie B. , Pizzo Barbara M. , Heinemann Murk-Hein , Ben-Porat Leah , Sachs Dana L. , Heelan Robert T. , Miller Vincent A. 
Published: November 2004

Purpose The use of gefitinib, the first drug approved to inhibit the epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase, is indicated in patients with non–small-cell lung cancer with tumors progressive after chemotherapy. The unique mechanism of action of this agent leads to distinctive patterns of response and toxicity in persons with lung cancer. Many of the principles of management relevant to gefitinib are distinct from those with conventional cytotoxic drugs. To meet this need, we present practical guidelines on the use of gefitinib in patients with non–small-cell lung cancer. Methods This article reviews gefitinib’s indications, dosing, response phenomena, and patterns of relapse in individuals with radiographic response. Results We present our recommendations for the management of rash and diarrhea caused by this agent. Conclusion This information can guide practitioners and help them inform their patients about what to expect when they receive gefitinib.
A Multitargeted, Metronomic, and Maximum-Tolerated Dose “Chemo-Switch” Regimen is Antiangiogenic, Producing Objective Responses and Survival Benefit in a Mouse Model of Cancer
Authors: Pietras Kristian , Hanahan Douglas 
Published: November 2004

Purpose A transgenic mouse model has revealed parameters of the angiogenic switch during multistep tumorigenesis of pancreatic islets, and demonstrated efficacy of antiangiogenic therapies. Pericytes have been revealed as functionally important for tumor neovasculature, using kinase inhibitors targeting their platelet-derived growth factor receptors (PDGFRs). Additionally, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) inhibitors and metronomic chemotherapy show modest benefit against early- but not late-stage disease. Materials and Methods Seeking to improve efficacy against otherwise intractable end-stage pancreatic islet tumors, two receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors, imatinib and SU11248, were used to disrupt PDGFR-mediated pericyte support of tumor endothelial cells in concert with maximum-tolerated dose (MTD) or metronomic chemotherapy and/or VEGFR inhibition. Results Imatinib, despite equivocal efficacy as monotherapy, reduced pericyte coverage of tumor vessels and enhanced efficacy in combination with metronomic chemotherapy or VEGFR inhibition. A regimen involving all three was even better. MTD using cyclophosphamide caused transitory regression, but then rapid regrowth, in contrast to metronomic cyclophosphamide plus imatinib, which produced stable disease. The MTD regimen elicited apoptosis of tumor cells but not endothelial cells, whereas the other regimens increased endothelial cell apoptosis concordant with efficacy. A “chemo-switch” protocol, involving sequential MTD and then metronomic chemotherapy, overlaid with multitargeted inhibition of PDGFR and VEGFR, gave complete responses and unprecedented survival advantage in this model. Conclusion This study demonstrates a potentially tractable clinical strategy in a stringent preclinical model, wherein standard-of-care chemotherapy is followed by a novel maintenance regimen: PDFGR is targeted to disrupt pericyte support, while metronomic chemotherapy and/or VEGFR inhibitors target consequently sensitized endothelial cells, collectively destabilizing pre-existing tumor vasculature and inhibiting ongoing angiogenesis.
Book Reviews
Authors: Thompson J. Eric S. 
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:MIDDLE AMERICA: Historia tolteca‐chichimeca. Liber in lingua nahuall manuscriptus pictorisque ornatus.… (Corpus codicum americanorum medii aevi, Vol. 1. Edited by Ernst Mengin. Published by Einar Munksgaard. Folio, 41 pp., 104 pls. Dan. Kr. 400 bound; Dan Kr. 370 with paper wrappers. Copenhagen, 1942.)MIDDLE AMERICA: Unos annales históricos de la nación mexicana. Manuscrit mexicain No. 22. Manuscrit mexicain No. 22 bis. … (Corpus codicum americanorum medii aevi, Vol. 2. Edited by Ernst Mengin. Published by Einar Munksgaard. Folio, 16 pp., 102 pls. Dan. Kr. 400 bound; Dan. Kr. 370 with paper wrappers. Copenhagen, 1945.)
RECENT TRENDS IN SOVIET ANTHROPOLOGY
Authors: SHIMKIN D. B. 
Published: November 2004

Trudy Instituta Etnografiyi im. N. N. Miklukho‐Maklaya (Memoirs of the Institute of Ethnography named for N. N. Miklukho‐Maklay) t. I (1947), pp. 284; t. II (1947), pp. 316 Akademiya Nauk Soyuza SSR.Sovietskaya Etnografiya (Soviet Ethnography) 1948, Nos. 1 pp. 260; 2, pp. 256; 3, pp. 216; 4, pp. 228. Akademiya Nauk SSR.Sovietskaya Arkheologiya (Soviet Archeology) t. VIII (1946), pp. 320; t. IX (1947), pp. 330. Akademiya Nauk SSR. Institut Istoriyi Material'noi Kul'tury im. N. Ya. Marra (Institute for the History of Material Culture named for N. Ya. Marr).
Book Reviews
Authors: Bruner Edward M. 
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:ETHNOLOGY: Being a Palauan. H. G. BarnettETHNOLOGY: Bunyaro: An African Kingdom. John BeattieETHNOLOGY: The Tiwi of North Australia. C. W. M. Hart and Arnold R. PillingETHNOLOGY: The Cheyennes: Indians of the Great Plains. E. Adamson HoebelETHNOLOGY: Tepoztlán: Village in Mexico. Oscar Lewis
Book Reviews
Authors: Ikawa Fumiko 
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:Umi o Watatta Nippon no Mura. Masao Gamo (Ed.) Tokyo: Chuokoron Sha.Steveston Monogatari: Sekai no Naka no Nipponjin. Kazuko Tsurumi. Tokyo: Chuo‐koron Sha.
Franz Boas and the Culture Concept in Historical Perspective1
Authors: STOCKING GEORGE W. 
Published: November 2004

It has been argued that Franz Boas contributed little to the emergence of the culture concept in anthropology and in fact hindered its growth. In the context of an earlier re‐evaluation of the role of E. B. Tylor, it is argued here that in the work of Boas the concept was in fact provided with much of the basis of its modern anthropological meaning. In developing his argument against racial mental differences, Boas proceeded by showing that the behavior of all men, regardless of race or cultural stage, was determined by a traditional body of habitual behavior patterns passed on through what we would now call enculturative processes and buttressed by ethically tainted secondary rationalizations. The behavioral significance of the older humanist‐evolutionist idea of culture was thus inverted, and the basis laid for the notion of culture as a primary determinant of behavior.The fundamental concepts … in any of the disciplines of science are always left indeterminate at first and are only explained to begin with by reference to the realm of phenomena from which they were derived; it is only by means of a progressive analysis of the material of observation that they can be made clear and can find a significant and consistent meaning.Sigmund Freud (as quoted by Kroeber and Kluckhohn 1952:42)… this attachment to inherited names appears much stronger as soon as we consider realities of a less material order. That is because the transformations in such cases almost always take place too slowly to be perceptible to the very men affected by them. They feel no need to change the label, because the change of content escapes them.Marc Bloch (1961:159)
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Meighan Clement W. 
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article: Virgin‐Kayenta Cultural Relationships. C. Melvin Aikens. Corn, Cucurbits and Cotton from Glen Canyon. Hugh C. Cutler. Glen Canyon: A Summary. Jesse D. Jennings. Archaeological Excavations in Lower Glen Canyon, Utah, 1959–1960. Paul V. Long, Jr.