bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nicaea and its Legacy
Authors: Ayres Lewis 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
The first part of the book offers a new narrative of the fourth-century Trinitarian controversies. It takes forward modern revisionary scholarship, showing the slow emergence of the theologies that came to constitute pro-Nicene orthodoxy. Ancient heresiological categories, such as ‘Arian’ and ‘Neo-Arian’, are avoided while the unity of ‘Nicene’ theologies is not assumed. The second part offers a new account of the unity in diversity of late fourth-century pro-Nicene theologies. In particular it is argued that the Nicene-Constantinopolitan creed and the statements of unity and plurality in the Trinity, to be found in all pro-Nicene theologians and in Theodosius’ anti-heretical legislation, were intended to be understood in the context of a broad set of theological practices and assumptions. An account of the basic strategies that ground pro-Nicene theology is offered, focusing on common epistemological concerns, a common notion of purification and sanctification, and a common aesthetics of faith. Instructions are provided detailing the Trinitarian theology of Basil of Caesarea, Gregory of Nyssa, and Augustine of Hippo. Throughout the first two parts of the book, a constant concern is to show that the common acceptance of a basic division between Eastern and Western Trinitarian theologies is unsustainable. Finally, the failure of modern Trinitarian theology to engage pro-Nicene theology in a substantial manner is considered.
DEDUCTIVE CONSTRAINTS: PROBLEM CASES, POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS
Authors: Christensen David 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Develops an extended version of the Preface Paradox to show how the counter-intuitive binary beliefs mandated by deductive consistency and deductive closure can cascade into massive irrationality. This highlights the Preface Paradox's severity and illuminates what is absurd about the beliefs required by deductive cogency Then shows that situations with Preface Paradox structure occur commonly in ordinary life. Finally, examines and rejects attempts to defend deductive constraints by explaining away our troublesome intuitions in Preface cases and in related cases involving the Lottery Paradox.
MULTI-PERIOD ASSET PRICING
Authors: Poon Ser-Huang , Stapleton Richard 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
‘Multi-period Asset Pricing’ expands the analysis of asset prices to a multi-period economy, where an investor has to make consumption decisions in each period which may lead to consumption and wealth being different in the interim periods. The authors consider two distinct approaches to multi-period valuation; the time-state preference approach, where consumptions at different times and in different states were treated as separate assets, and the rational expectations approach that derives a period-by-period equilibrium in which investors form expectations of the price of securities. Here, they value assets relative to the value of bonds. While risk-free interest rate is given exogenously, the prices of these bonds at future points in time can be stochastic.
Principles
Authors: Sapir André , Aghion Philippe , Bertola Giuseppe , Hellwig Martin , Pisani-Ferry Jean , Rosati Dariusz , Viñals José , Wallace Helen , Buti Marco , Nava Mario , Smith Peter M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe slow growth of the European Union has been attributed to a series of long-lasting shocks: the information technology revolution, German reunification, opening up to the new market economics of central and Eastern Europe, and globalisation. The EU economic system must be reformed to ensure higher growth. This process should be based on three basic principles: giving priority to growth, reshaping of policy instruments and governance methods to fit the objectives, and adapting to a changing environment. New policy designs are described.
Modes of delivery: Governance methods and the budget
Authors: Sapir André , Aghion Philippe , Bertola Giuseppe , Hellwig Martin , Pisani-Ferry Jean , Rosati Dariusz , Viñals José , Wallace Helen , Buti Marco , Nava Mario , Smith Peter M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractEconomic governance in the European Union is hampered by a mix of methods and approaches that combine both strengths and weaknesses. This chapter discusses the need to clarify and reform economic governance in the European Union. It focuses on seven major issues and proposes ways to make governance more effective.
Value, Reality, and Desire
Authors: Oddie Graham 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis book presents an extended argument for a robust realism about value. The robust realist affirms the following distinctive theses. There are genuine claims about value which are true or false — there are facts about value. These value-facts are mind-independent — they are not reducible to desires or other mental states, or indeed to any non-mental facts of a non-evaluative kind. And these genuine, mind-independent, irreducible value-facts are causally efficacious. Values, quite literally, affect us. These are not particularly fashionable theses, and taken as a whole they go somewhat against the grain of quite a lot of recent work in the metaphysics of value. Further, against the received view, this book argues that we can have knowledge of values by experiential acquaintance, that there are experiences of value which can be both veridical and appropriately responsive to the values themselves. Finally, these value-experiences are not the products of some exotic and implausible faculty of ‘intuition’. Rather, they are perfectly mundane and familiar mental states — namely, desires. This view explains how values can be ‘intrinsically motivating’, without falling foul of the widely accepted ‘queerness’ objection. There are, of course, other objections to each of the realist's claims. In showing how and why these objections fail, the book introduces a wealth of interesting and original insights about issues of wider interest — including the nature of properties, reduction, supervenience, and causation.
Four Seminal Thinkers in International Theory
Authors: Wight Martin 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Wight saw the philosophy of International Politics—his ‘International Theory’—as the interaction and interweaving of three traditions—Realism, Rationalism, and Revolutionism. Here, he takes the archetypal thinkers of these traditions—Machiavelli, Grotius, and Kant—to whom he adds Mazzini, the father of all revolutionary nationalism, and subjects their writings and careers to a masterly analysis and commentary. Wight thus not only throws further light upon his magisterial earlier study, International Theory: The Three Traditions, but explores the thought of four key figures in the history of Western philosophy. In useful appendices he places these figures in a ‘philosophical genealogy’ of political theorists and practitioners, shows Christian thought in terms of these traditions, and indicates where to find in De Jure Belli ac Pacis what Grotius had to say on a variety of issues. Throughout, Wight is sensitive to the moral subtleties and dilemmas to be found in International Relations, a dimension he considered of supreme importance. Both the Foreword by Sir Michael Howard, and the Introduction by Professor David Yost, stress the value and uniqueness of Wight’s approach. The work concludes with a lecture in which the author, in considering the nature of international society, summarized his leading ideas.
Conflict: Mixed Emotions and the Indivisible Heart
Authors: Pugmire David 
Published: August 2005

AbstractEmotional ambivalence is necessarily rather common, but it is actually hard to sustain whilst experiencing any of the emotions involved to the fullest extent. There are at least nine ways in which emotions can strain against one another. Where the concerns of the motions have weight, it is hard to avoid either withdrawing from one of them with defensive violence or attenuating one’s engagement with the concerns animating them. Because ambivalent emotion is unstable in these ways, it cannot easily sustain depth (though it could inspire deep consternation at second order).
The Philosophical Partnership
Authors: Small Robin 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
A crucial period of five months spent together in Sorrento in the winter of 1876–77, in a shared household organized by Nietzsche’s friend Malwida von Meysenbug, gave rise to two important works, Rée’s Origin of the Moral Sensations and Nietzsche’s Human, All-Too-Human. Daily discussions and readings enabled the philosophical program to be elaborated, despite the idealistic Malwida’s objections to its naturalistic tendency. Reactions by those about Nietzsche were mixed. Some friends approved, but those who had defended him in the controversy over The Birth of Tragedy were taken aback by his change of direction and, in Wagner’s case, angry and openly hostile.
Darwinism Rejected
Authors: Small Robin 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Detailed discussion of Nietzsche’s later thought continues in a further chapter. His often-expressed hostility towards Darwinism is consistent with a preoccupation with themes that are central to the Darwinian tradition, such as the struggle for existence, adaptation, selection and ‘fitness’. Nietzsche’s idea of the ‘will to power’ signals a dramatic shift away from the hedonistic psychology he had championed throughout his partnership with Rée, and is also intended to provide the basis for a kind of natural selection, but one which is for individual exceptionality rather than for survival or reproduction.
Introduction
Authors: Olsson Erik J. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Two main questions are raised: Does coherence imply truth? Does more coherence imply higher likelihood of truth? Probability theory is chosen as the framework within which these issues will be addressed. The works of C. I. Lewis, Laurence BonJour, C. A. J. Coady are described as pivotal to the study. The book’s content is outlined.
Coherence, Truth, and Testimony
Authors: Olsson Erik J. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
The notion of a testimonial system is defined. It is argued that coherence pertains to testimonial systems. Various definitions of coherence in the literature are criticized for being either too vague or plainly inadequate. Reasons are given for thinking of full agreement among testimonies as a paradigm case of coherence. L. Jonathan Cohen’s convergence conditions are discussed. This Shows that agreement can guarantee a high likelihood of truth only if the circumstances are favourable as regards independence, prior probability, and individual credibility. This is seen to be problematic for the coherence theorist.
Laurence BonJour's Radical Justification of Belief
Authors: Olsson Erik J. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
According to Laurence BonJour, agreement between independently acquired cognitively spontaneous beliefs raises the likelihood of truth even if those beliefs have no credibility in themselves. A general proof is given showing this thesis to be false. The effect on likelihood of truth of admitting lying as a serious possibility is investigated. A distinction is made between independent and coordinated lying. Negative consequences are drawn for BonJour’s anti-skeptical theory.
C. A. J. Coady's Radical Justification of Natural Testimony
Authors: Olsson Erik J. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
C. A. J. Coady’s justification of natural testimony is examined. It is seen to consist in a Davidsonian argument for individual credibility combined with a Lewis-style coherence argument. It is argued that Coady misconstrues the role of what he calls cohesion (dependence) between information sources and that his invocation of coherence fares no better than Lewis’s own. Finally, an ambiguity is pointed out that is no less fatal than the equivocation that which Coady finds in David Hume.
Making the Question Precise
Authors: Olsson Erik J. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
The comparative question is raised as to whether more coherence implies a higher likelihood of truth. The chapter is devoted to making the question precise. Coherence measures are defined and compared. The relation between coherence and logical closure is scrutinized. A notion of testimonial truth conduciveness is proposed, and it is argued that it corresponds to our intuitive notion. Peter Klein and Ted A. Warfield’s counter example to the truth conduciveness of coherence is refuted. The chapter ends with a brief comparison of testimonial and explanatory coherence.
How not to Regain the Truth Connection: A Reply to Bovens and Hartmann
Authors: Olsson Erik J. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Competing ways of modelling Lewis-style witness scenarios are investigated. Luc Bovens and Stephan Hartmann’s proposal to use the principle of indifference to represent our initial ignorance as to the reliability of individual witnesses is found to be severely problematic. The chapter ends with a brief discussion of Bovens and Hartmann’s more recent work. The question as to the exact relation between their impossibility theorem and mine is left open. Their treatment of Tversky and Kahnemann’s Linda problem is found unconvincing.
Implementation: Complete and Incomplete Information
Authors: Bergin James 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Considers complete and incomplete information implementation in both strategic and extensive form games. A variety of solution concepts are used—Nash, undominated Nash, virtual implementation, and subgame perfection. The key ideas on monotonicity and Bayesian monotonicity are explained and highlight the essential role of preference reversals in designing implementing mechanisms. Also frames the discussion for mechanisms based on other solution concepts or games forms.
Repeated Games
Authors: Bergin James 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Repeated games are considered. The discussion explains issues surrounding randomization, observability, feasibility, and convexity. Games with pay-off averaging and discounting are examined, along with finitely repeated games. The ‘no-gain-from-one-shot-deviation’ property of games with continuous pay-offs is discussed and the proof sketched. Finally, games of incomplete information are introduced.
The Credibility of Agricultural Land Tenure, or Why Intentional Institutional Ambiguity Might Work
Authors: Ho Peter 
Published: August 2005

AbstractSeeks to explore the institutional arrangements that have enabled the establishment of a credible and socially accepted cropland tenure system in China. For this purpose, the chapter starts with a broad review of the national policy and law-making process that dictates property rights for agricultural land. In addition, the chapter analyses China’s land property rights structure. It is argued that the restraint which the central government exercised in leaving land ownership ambiguous—the creation of ‘intentional institutional ambiguity’—offers the greater part of the explanation of why the cropland tenure system functions
Between Nationalization and Privatization: Common Property as the Third Way?
Authors: Ho Peter 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe current trend of property rights reform in China is towards nationalization or privatization through the lease system. Exactly for this reason, experimentation with alternative tenure arrangements is essential. Such experimentation is particularly important when considering the high costs of supervising vast, nationalized nature reserves. Drawing on detailed case studies, Discusses the possibilities and limitations of community-based or common property arrangements for natural resource management with particular reference to grassland. It is shown that common property regimes are not a panacea for natural resource management. At times, regional conflicts over natural resources exceed the power of the village community to manage the resource in a sustainable manner. This becomes painfully clear through the eruption of fierce battles over medicinal herbs.
Potential for drug interactions involving cytochrome P450 in patients attending palliative day care centres: a multicentre audit
Authors: Wilcock A. , Thomas J. , Frisby J. , Webster M. , Keeley V. , Finn G. , Fossey K. , Wee B. , Beale J. , Lennard M. S. 
Published: August 2005

AimTo determine the potential for drug interactions involving cytochrome P450 (CYP) in patients receiving palliative day care.MethodsDrugs used by patients attending four specialist palliative day care centres were reviewed to identify combinations that could result in a pharmacokinetic interaction via any of the five main human forms of CYP.ResultsOf 160 patients, 145 (91%) were prescribed at least one drug that was a substrate, inhibitor or inducer of one of the five main CYP isoforms. Twenty‐four drug combinations, involving 34 patients, could have given rise to a clinically important interaction.ConclusionsPrescribers should be aware that in this group of patients, one in five are at risk of a clinically important CYP‐mediated drug interaction.
Pollination of two species of Ferocactus: interactions between cactus‐specialist bees and their host plants
Authors: MCINTOSH M. E. 
Published: August 2005

Summary

Resolving the controversy over the prevalence of generalization in plant–pollinator interactions requires field studies characterizing the pollination effectiveness of all a plant's floral visitors. Herein, the pollination effectiveness of all visitors to two species of barrel cactus (Ferocactus) was quantified.
Flowers of both species were pollinated almost exclusively by cactus‐specialist bees: 99% (F. cylindraceus (Engelm.) Orcutt) and 94% (F. wislizeni (Engelm.) Britt. and Rose) of all seeds produced in this study resulted from cactus bee visits.
For F. cylindraceus, the cactus‐specialist Diadasia rinconis was the most abundant visitor. For F. wislizeni, three cactus‐specialists (including D. rinconis) plus generalists in the family Halictidae (which did not act as pollinators) each accounted for a quarter of all visits.
Diadasia rinconis visits to F. wislizeni flowers were more effective (per‐visit) than visits by the other two cactus‐specialists.
Pollen‐collecting and nectar‐collecting visits were equally effective. Nectar‐collecting visits were the most abundant.
Apart from the non‐pollinating halictids, floral visitors surprisingly did not include commonly co‐occurring generalist bees.
These data suggest that, just as apparently specialized flowers may be visited by a diverse assemblage of generalists, so apparently generalized flowers may be visited predominantly by specialists, and that these specialists may perform virtually all of the pollination.
Importance of changing CO2, temperature, precipitation, and ozone on carbon and water cycles of an upland‐oak forest: incorporating experimental results into model simulations
Authors: Hanson Paul J. , Wullschleger Stan D. , Norby Richard J. , Tschaplinski Timothy J. , Gunderson Carla A. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractObserved responses of upland‐oak vegetation of the eastern deciduous hardwood forest to changing CO2, temperature, precipitation and tropospheric ozone (O3) were derived from field studies and interpreted with a stand‐level model for an 11‐year range of environmental variation upon which scenarios of future environmental change were imposed. Scenarios for the year 2100 included elevated [CO2] and [O3] (+385 ppm and +20 ppb, respectively), warming (+4°C), and increased winter precipitation (+20% November–March). Simulations were run with and without adjustments for experimentally observed physiological and biomass adjustments.Initial simplistic model runs for single‐factor changes in CO2 and temperature predicted substantial increases (+191% or 508 g C m−2 yr−1) or decreases (−206% or −549 g C m−2 yr−1), respectively, in mean annual net ecosystem carbon exchange (NEEa≈266±23 g C m−2 yr−1 from 1993 to 2003). Conversely, single‐factor changes in precipitation or O3 had comparatively small effects on NEEa (0% and −35%, respectively). The combined influence of all four environmental changes yielded a 29% reduction in mean annual NEEa. These results suggested that future CO2‐induced enhancements of gross photosynthesis would be largely offset by temperature‐induced increases in respiration, exacerbation of water deficits, and O3‐induced reductions in photosynthesis. However, when experimentally observed physiological adjustments were included in the simulations (e.g. acclimation of leaf respiration to warming), the combined influence of the year 2100 scenario resulted in a 20% increase in NEEa not a decrease. Consistent with the annual model's predictions, simulations with a forest succession model run for gradually changing conditions from 2000 to 2100 indicated an 11% increase in stand wood biomass in the future compared with current conditions.These model‐based analyses identify critical areas of uncertainty for multivariate predictions of future ecosystem response, and underscore the importance of long term field experiments for the evaluation of acclimation and growth under complex environmental scenarios.
Potential decoupling of trends in distribution area and population size of species with climate change
Authors: Shoo Luke P. , Williams Stephen E. , Hero Jean‐Marc 
Published: August 2005

AbstractGlobal climates are changing rapidly and biological responses are becoming increasingly apparent. Here, we use empirical abundance patterns across an altitudinal gradient and predicted altitudinal range shifts to estimate change in total population size relative to distribution area in response to climate warming. Adopting this approach we predict that, for nine out of 12 species of regionally endemic birds, total population size will decline more rapidly than distribution area with increasing temperature. Two species showed comparable loss and one species exhibited a slower decline in population size with change in distribution area. Population size change relative to distribution area was greatest for those species that occurred at highest density in the middle of the gradient. The disproportional loss in population size reported here suggests that extinction risk associated with climate change can be more severe than that expected from decline in distribution area alone. Therefore, if we are to make accurate predictions of the impacts of climate change on the conservation status of individual species, it is crucial that we consider the spatial patterns of abundance within the distribution and not just the overall range of the species.