bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metal Valence Structures and Magnetic Interactions in Halogen-Bridged 1-D Ni–Pd Mixed-Metal Complexes Studied by 13C and 1H Solid State NMR
Authors: Kimura Noriyoshi , Josako Aki , Kano Masataka , Kisoda Kenji , Manabe Toshio , Yamashita Masahiro , Ikeda Ryuichi 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
13C NMR spectra at room temperature and the temperature dependences of 1H T1 in the solid state were measured in [Ni1−xPdxX(chxn)2]X2 (X: Cl, Br; chxn: 1R,2R-cyclohexanediamine; 0.0 ≤ x ≤ 1.0), where antiferromagnetically coupled paramagnetic –X–Ni3+–X–Ni3+–X– chains were formed at x = 0.00, while the mixed-valence –X–Pd2+–X–Pd4+–X– state was made at x = 1.00. 13C signals at α-carbons in chxn coordinating to Pd atoms showed a doublet assignable to Pd2+ and Pd4+ in x = 1.00, while, with a slight decrease of x from 1.00, a clear broadening and a shift to low-field of signals, indicating conversion into the averaged Pd3+ state, were observed. This can be explained by the fluctuation of the Pd valency caused by neighboring paramagnetic Ni3+ sites introduced in small amounts in the 1-D chain. The x dependences of the chemical shifts of β- and γ-carbons are also attributable to the effect from a partial mixing of the paramagnetic Pd3+ sites. The values of 1H T1 and its temperature dependence observed in the ranges of 100–300 K and x ≤ 0.13 for [Ni1−xPdxBr(chxn)2]Br2 could be explained by a model of strong exchange interactions between Ni3+ and Pd3+ as well as Ni3+ sites. Gradual changes in the T1 value and slope with increasing x from 0.00 to 0.93 are attributable to the variation of the exchange interaction value, which depends upon the number of Ni–Ni pairs.
Analysis of Vibrational–Rotational Spectra with Optimal Fitting Parameters for Born–Oppenheimer Corrections to Dunham’s Yij: An Application to Spectral Data of HCl
Authors: Uehara Hiromichi , Horiai Koui , Akiyama Kazufumi 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
Analytic expressions for Born–Oppenheimer corrections to Dunham’s Yij with optimal fitting parameters, i.e., determinable clusters of expansion coefficients, are applied in analysis of data of reported vibrational–rotational and rotational transitions of HCl. In this method of analysis the choices of a set of fitting parameters and also a corresponding set of Yij that connects the fitting parameters with the term values are unique. A layered structure for empirical parameters Δij is revealed. All spectral lines of four isotopomers of HCl are simultaneously fitted to a single set of molecular constants well within the experimental errors. The approach thus provides a better fit of smaller standard deviations with fewer number of adjustable parameters than from other methods of analysis. The determined values for the coefficients of adiabatic effects s1H and s1Cl reveal the wobble-stretch term to be unimportant in the adiabatic correction for HCl.
Ion-Exchange Reaction of Cs+ Selective Layered γ-Titanium and γ-Zirconium Phosphates
Authors: Suzuki Noriko , Igarashi Megumi , Suzuki Hiromi , Itoh Mami , Komatsu Yu , Kanzaki Yasushi 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
The H+/MA+ ion-exchange reaction of layered γ-titanium and γ-zirconium phosphates, MT(HPO4)2·nH2O, was examined, where MA is an alkali metal and MT is Ti or Zr. They showed remarkably high ion-exchange selectivity for Cs+ and Rb+ in acidic media. The selectivity for Na+ was rather low, and Li+ exchange hardly occurred. The H+ ion exchange of both γ-phosphates with Cs+ and Rb+ apparently occurred in two steps. These ion-exchange reactions occurred first at a pH value of around 2.0 to form a monobasic structure, MTMAH(PO4)2·nH2O, accompanied by dehydration of the water of crystallization. The second step occurred at a pH around 8.0 to form a dibasic structure, MT(MAPO4)2·nH2O, the interlayer space of both γ-phosphates swelled again. The lattice of crystals gradually collapsed corresponding to further progress of the ion-exchange reaction with Cs+ and Rb+, and the amorphous phase finally appeared. According to 133Cs NMR study, Cs+ was found to be rather restricted. The results were compared with those of layered synthetic mica. The high Cs+ and Rb+ selectivity was ascribed to the dehydration property and strong interactions of these ions with the host lamella layers. The high selectivity of two γ-phosphates for Cs+ in acidic media suggested a potentiality as promising materials for the recovery from radioactive waste. The interfering effect of coexisting Fe2+ was scarcely observed upon Cs+ exchange, and was even positive due to the prevention of lattice coagulation.
Gadolinium Anomaly in the Distributions of Rare Earth Elements Observed for Coastal Seawater and River Waters around Nagoya City
Authors: Zhu Yanbei , Hoshino Masuki , Yamada Hiroshi , Itoh Akihide , Haraguchi Hiroki 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
Coastal seawater and river water samples were collected near Nagoya port, located in the coastal area of the Ise Bay, and in six rivers around Nagoya City. The rare earth elements (REEs) in these samples were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) with chelating resin preconcentration. The concentrations of all REEs except for Pm in coastal seawater and river water samples could be determined at the concentration level from sub-ng L−1 to 10 ng L−1. In order to examine the relative concentration variations, the REE patterns were estimated by normalizing the concentrations of REEs in the water samples to those in Post Archean Average Australian Shale (PAAS). Significantly positive Gd anomalies in the REE patterns were observed for river waters down from the urban areas as well as for coastal seawater. Such Gd anomalies were especially remarkable for river water collected near sewage treatment facilities in the Tenpaku river. It was, thus, concluded that the Gd anomalies in the REE patterns were artificially caused by anthropogenic sources mainly due to recent use of a gadolinium compound as a contrast reagent for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in medical diagnosis.
Electro- and Spectroscopic Studies of 2(3H)-Thiazolone Azine as Precursors to Air-Stable Radical Cations
Authors: Cavalié-Kosheiry Hicham , Hammami Amer , Garcia Béatrice , Abu-Lebdeh Yaser , Alarco Pierre-Jean , Abouimrane Ali , Armand Michel 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
The electrochemical and spectroscopic properties of a new family of stable radical cations based on 2(3H)-thiazolone azine were investigated. All of the studied compounds display two redox processes, leading to a radical cation, and then to a dication, the radical mono-cation being intensely blue-colored. These properties suggest that this new family of dyes provides excellent candidates for electrochromic devices, such as electrochromic windows, or as redox indicators or mediators.
Synthesis and Electrochemical Properties of Oxovanadium Complexes with a Pentadentate Schiff Base Ligand
Authors: Tsuchimoto Masanobu , Ishii Toshio , Imaoka Takane , Yamamoto Kimihisa 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
Oxovanadium(IV) and (V) complexes with a pentadentate Schiff base ligand, [VIVO(HL)]·H2O {H3L: N,N′-bis(3-ethoxysalicylidene)-2-hydroxy-1,3-propanediamine} and [VVO(L)]·CH3CN, were prepared by the reaction of the Schiff base ligand with [VIVO(acac)2] (H2acac: acetylacetone) in CH3CN under an argon atmosphere and in air, respectively. IR data of the complexes indicate that [VIVO(HL)] and [VVO(L)] have polymeric (···V=O···V=O···) and monomeric structures, respectively, in the solid state. An X-ray crystal structure analysis of [VVO(L)]·CH3CN was carried out. The complex has a distorted octahedral structure with one of the imine nitrogen atoms trans to the oxo atom. The cyclic voltammogram of [VVO(L)] in CH2Cl2 shows a quasi-reversible V(V)/V(IV) redox couple with E1/2 = −0.74 V vs Ag/Ag+. On the other hand, the cyclic voltammogram of [VIVO(HL)] in CH2Cl2 shows two irreversible oxidation waves at +0.23 and +0.33 V with a scan rate 100 mV/s. The cyclic voltammogram of [VIVO(HL)] in DMSO shows a quasi-reversible V(V)/V(IV) redox couple with E1/2 = −0.05 V. Electrochemcal data indicate that [VIVO(HL)] form dimeric species in a weakly Lewis basic solvent by coodination of the alcohol group to the vanadium atom of the adjacent molecule.
Effect of Catalytic and Electrochemical Acetone Hydrogenation on the I–V Characteristics of an Acetone/Hydrogen-Based Thermally Regenerative Fuel Cell
Authors: Ando Yuji , Aoyama Yukihiro , Sasaki Tomokazu , Saito Yasukazu , Hatori Hiroaki , Tanaka Tadayoshi 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
A thermally regenerative fuel cell, converting low-quality heat at around 100 °C directly into electric power, is composed of a redox reaction pair of acetone hydrogenation and 2-propanol dehydrogenation. The magnitude of its open-circuit voltage (VOC) was determined by the Gibbs energy change of acetone hydrogenation, without exhibiting activation polarization. Its short-circuit current (ISC) was insensitive to the extents of catalyst loading at the anode, in contrast to the cathode, because acetone hydrogenation proceeded more slowly than hydrogen dissociation. The ISC characteristics were improved with increasing sulfuric acid concentrations at the cathode, which would have resulted from the rate enhancement of acetone reduction due to more abundant protons usable at the catalyst sites. Both VOC and ISC of the fuel cell were increased along with increasing the acetone/2-propanol ratio in the catholyte, suggesting favorable effects of the thermodynamical acetone activity and the coverage increment of acetone at the same cathode catalyst sites.
Comparison of the Dissolution Behavior in Ethanol with the Dissolution Behavior in Water for Tris(amino acidato)cobalt(III)
Authors: Yoshimura Yasuki 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
The free energy (ΔdisG°), enthalpy (ΔdisH°), and entropy of dissolution (ΔdisS°) for tris(amino acidato)cobalt(III) were estimated from the temperature dependence of the solubilities in water, aqueous Bu4NBr solutions, and ethanol. For mer-tris(β-alaninato)cobalt(III) (mer-[Co(β-ala)3]), mer-(+)-tris(l-threoninato)cobalt(III) (mer-(+)-[Co(l-thr)3]), and fac-(−)-tris(l-prolinato)cobalt(III) (fac-(−)-[Co(l-pro)3]), ΔtrH° and ΔtrS° of the transfer process from water to Bu4NBr solutions indicate that these chelates have rather a hydrophilic character. In addition to these chelates, for mer-(−)-tris(l-alaninato)cobalt(III) (mer-(−)-[Co(l-ala)3]), mer-(−)- and fac-(−)-tris(l-valinato)cobalt(III) (mer-(−)- and fac-(−)-[Co(l-val)3]), mer-(+)-tris(l-leucinato)cobalt(III) (mer-(+)-[Co(l-leu)3]), and so on, the dissolution behavior in ethanol was compared with that in water by using ΔdisG°, ΔdisH°, and ΔdisS° in both solvents. The dissolution behavior of these chelates may be divided into two groups, that is, a group composed of hydrophilic chelates and another group composed of hydrophobic chelates. In the former, the solubilities in water are larger than those in ethanol owing to both smaller ΔdisH° and larger ΔdisS° in water. In the latter, the solubilities in ethanol are larger than those in water owing to larger ΔdisS° in ethanol.
Crystal and Molecular Structures of Bis[8-(diphenylphosphino)quinoline]palladium(II) Complexes: Pd(Ph2Pqn)2XY (XY = Cl2, Br2 or ClBF4)
Authors: Suzuki Takayoshi 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
The complex chloride, Pd(Ph2Pqn)2Cl2 (Ph2Pqn = 8-(diphenylphosphino)quinoline), crystallized either in yellow plates (1a: from CH2Cl2/Et2O) or in orange needles (1b: from MeOH/Et2O). The corresponding bromide, Pd(Ph2Pqn)2Br2, initially deposited as yellow block crystals (2a) from MeOH/Et2O, turned to orange prisms (2b) on standing in the mother liquor. The X-ray crystallographic analyses of 1a and 2a revealed that two Cl− and Br− anions, respectively, were located above and below the square-planar PdII coordination plane of cis(P)-[Pd(Ph2Pqn)2]2+. Although the distances of Pd···Cl (3.262(3) and 3.386(3) Å) and Pd···Br (3.432(2) and 3.505(2) Å) in 1a and 2a, respectively, were too long for a bonding interaction between PdII and X−, weak PdII···X− charge-transfer interactions seem to be responsible for the yellow colors of these crystals. In contrast, in 2b, the PdII formed an elongated square-pyramidal five-coordinate complex, [Pd(Ph2Pqn)2Br]+, with a somewhat long Pd–Br bond (3.0136(8) Å) at the apical position. The crystal structure of Pd(Ph2Pqn)2ClBF4 (4) revealed that the PdII center in 4 took an extremely distorted square-planar coordination geometry with the Pd–Cl bond of 2.375(2) Å, while one of the Ph2Pqn ligands coordinated through only P; cis(P)-[PdCl(Ph2Pqn-κP,N)(Ph2Pqn-κP)]BF4.
Preparation and Oxidation of Pt(II) Complexes Containing Both C-Deprotonated 2-Phenylpyridine (ppy−) and a Sulfur-Rich Dithiolate Ligand and X-ray Crystal Structure of [NBun4][Pt(ppy)(C8H4S8)]
Authors: Suga Yusuke , Nakano Motohiro , Tamura Hatsue , Matsubayashi Gen-etsu 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
[NEt4][Pt(ppy)(C3S5)] (ppy− = C-deprotonated 2-phenylpyridine(−); C3S52− = 4,5-disulfanyl-1,3-dithiole-2-thionate(2−)), [NEt4]-, [NBun4][Pt(ppy)(C8H4S8)] (C8H4S82− = 2-{(4,5-ethylenedithio)-1,3-dithiole-2-ylidene}-1,3-dithiole-4,5-dithiolate(2−)) and [NEt4][Pt(ppy)(C10–C6S8)] (C10–C6S82− = 2-{bis(decylthio)-1,3-dithiole-2-ylidene}-1,3-dithiole-4,5-dithiolate(2−)) were prepared. They showed an intense electronic absorption band due to an intramolecular mixed metal/dithiolate ligand-to-ppy ligand charge transfer transition, which is somewhat sensitive to the solvent. The complexes exhibited first oxidation potentials of −0.27 to +0.02 V (vs Ag/Ag+) due to the dithiolate ligand-centered oxidation. They were oxidized by TCNQ and iodine to afford [Pt(ppy)(L)] and [Pt(ppy)(L)](I1.0–4.2) (L = C3S52−, C8H4S82−, and C10–C6S82−). Electrical conductivities of the oxidized C8H4S8- and C10–C6S8-species measured for compacted pellets at room temperature were 6.2 × 10−6–7.8 × 10−3 S cm−1, while those of the oxidized C3S5-species were very low [(3.8–6.2) × 10−9 S cm−1]. The X-ray crystal structure of [NBun4][Pt(ppy)(C8H4S8)] was clarified.
Selective Conversion of Epoxides to vic-Halo Alcohols and Symmetrical or Unsymmetrical Dihalides by Triphenylphosphine/2,3-Dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ) in the Presence of Quaternary Ammonium Halides
Authors: Iranpoor Nasser , Firouzabadi Habib , Aghapour Ghasem , Nahid Azarmidokht 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
A new method is described for the efficient and selective conversion of epoxides to vic-halo alcohols or symmetrical and unsymmetrical dihalides using PPh3/DDQ/R4NX (X = Cl, Br, I) as a mixed-reagent system.
Friedel–Crafts Benzoylation of Alkylbenzenes with Benzoic Anhydride Catalyzed by Solid Superacids
Authors: Nakamura Hideo , Arata Kazushi 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
The liquid–solid phase benzoylation of mono-alkylbenzenes with methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl groups and xylenes was carried out with benzoic anhydride at 100–110 °C over solid superacids: SO4/ZrO2, WO3/ZrO2, and SO4/HfO2. The reactivity ratio obtained by the competitive method of reaction over WO3/ZrO2 was 1 to 4.6 for toluene to p-xylene and 1.1:10:1 among o-, m-, and p-xylenes, respectively. Although the SO4/ZrO2 catalyst gave high yields of 92 and 97% for toluene and ethylbenzene in a 3:7 distribution of o- and p-isomers, respectively, low yields were observed with propyl and butylbenzenes over the catalyst: that is, 5 and 2% for propylbenzene and isopropylbenzene, 14% for isobutylbenzene, and trace yields for butylbenzene, s-butylbenzene, and t-butylbenzene, respectively. The usual Friedel–Crafts benzoylation using AlCl3 was examined in the present alkylbenzenes in order to confirm the low reactivity of both propyl and butylbenzenes. The results were similar to those with the SO4/ZrO2 catalyst; that is, the yields at 0 °C for 1 h were 37, 21, 6, 1, 0, 3, and 2% for toluene, ethylbenzene, propylbenzene, isopropylbenzene, butylbenzene, s-butylbenzene, and t-butylbenzene, respectively, showing an unexpected result where there was no distinction between homogeneous and heterogeneous conditions.
Novel Synthesis of α-Amino Carboxamides and Their Related Compounds via α-Oxo Sulfones Starting from 2,2-Disulfonyloxiranes
Authors: Matsumoto Shoji , Ishii Michiko , Kimura Kazuto , Ogura Katsuyuki 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
2-(Methylsulfonyl)-2-(p-tolylsulfonyl)oxiranes 1 are easily prepared by the condensation of methylthiomethyl p-tolyl sulfone (MT-sulfone) with aldehydes and the subsequent oxidation with MCPBA. They smoothly reacted with 2 molar amounts of primary or secondary amines to give α-amino carboxamides in high yield. This reaction can be suitably extended to the reaction with one molar amount of 1,n-diaminoalkanes (n = 2, 3, or 4) to form the corresponding 2,5-diazacyclohexanone, 2,6-diazacycloheptanone, or 2,7-diazacyclooctanone, respectively. The reaction of 1 with some related compounds having two nucleophilic sites are also described.
Nitrous Oxide Oxidation Catalyzed by Ruthenium Porphyrin Complex
Authors: Tanaka Hirotaka , Hashimoto Kentaro , Suzuki Kyosuke , Kitaichi Yasunori , Sato Mitsuo , Ikeno Taketo , Yamada Tohru 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
Dinitrogen oxide was employed as a clean oxidant for various oxidations in the presence of a catalytic amount of dioxoruthenium tetramesitylporphyrin complex (Ru(tmp)(O)2). A variety of olefins, secondary alcohols, and benzyl alcohols were smoothly oxidized to the corresponding epoxides, ketones, and aldehydes in high yields. In the oxidation of 9,10-dihydroanthracene derivatives, the competitive reactions affording anthraquinones and anthracenes could be regulated by the reaction conditions. At a high temperature (200 °C), anthraquinones were selectively produced, while the anthracenes were selectively produced by the addition of sulfuric acid.
The Contribution of the N-Terminal Structure of Polymyxin B Peptides to Antimicrobial and Lipopolysaccharide Binding Activity
Authors: Sakura Naoki , Itoh Tatsuya , Uchida Yoshiki , Ohki Kazuhiro , Okimura Keiko , Chiba Kenzo , Sato Yuki , Sawanishi Hiroyuki 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
To elucidate the N-terminal structure–activity relationships of polymyxin B peptides, seven polymyxin B component peptides, the structures of which having been elucidated, and seven N-terminal fatty acid and/or amino acid deletion analogs were synthesized, and their antimicrobial activities determined. The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) binding activities of synthetic peptides were evaluated using [Dab(Dansyl-Gly)1]-polymyxin B3 (Dab; l-α,γ-diaminobutyric acid) as a fluorescent probe. The results indicated that the fatty acyl moiety was not indispensable for LPS binding, but the C9 fatty acyl groups of polymyxin B peptides contributed to the binding affinity to a slightly greater extent than C8 or C7. The fatty acyl moieties of polymyxin B contributed greatly to the antimicrobial activity, while the distinct N-terminal structures of polymyxin B1–B6, bearing normal-, iso-, or anteiso-fatty acids, or 3-hydroxy-fatty acid with chain lengths between C7 and C9, did not affect bactericidal potency.
The Synthesis and Biological Activity of Pyranonaphthoquione Derivatives from Streptomyces sp. and Their Related Substances
Authors: Shimbashi Akiko , Tsuchiya Ayako , Imoto Masaya , Nishiyama Shigeru 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
The total synthesis of a novel pyranonaphthoquinone (2) having Cdc25A phosphatase inhibitory activity is achieved. The key step in this synthetic pathway is the intramolecular Michael addition for construction of the pyran ring system. The inhibitory activity of several derivatives, readily obtained from synthetic intermediates of 2, is assessed. The resulting data indicates that the pyran ring moiety is not a crucial factor for the activity.
A Novel Mild Deprotection Method for Phosphine–Boranes
Authors: Schröder Marc , Nozaki Kyoko , Hiyama Tamejiro 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
Treatment of phosphine–boranes with molecular sieves 4Å in a mixture of an ethereal solvent and an alcohol provided deprotected free phosphines in quantitative yields. The phosphines can be obtained by a simple filtration/crystallization procedure in most cases. It should be noted that the current method is successfully applied to the deprotection of a phosphite–borane for the first time.
Reaction of Sterically Crowded Selenoketones with Propiolic Acid
Authors: Okuma Kentaro , Maekawa Shinobu , Nito Yoshinori , Shioji Kosei 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
The reaction of di-t-butyl selenoketone with propiolic acid gave 2H,6H-1,3-oxaselenin-6-one in 78% yield, whereas the reaction of di-t-butyl thioketone with propiolic acid recovered the starting thioketone almost quantitatively.
Preparation of a Binuclear Oxo(tropolonato)molybdenum(V) Complex and Its Spectroscopic Properties and Crystal Structure
Authors: Takekuma Shin-ichi , Tomoda Kengo , Sasaki Masato , Minematsu Toshie , Takekuma Hideko 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
To a solution of tropolone (1) in ethanol was added a solution of Mo2O42+ in 2 M HCl. The mixture was stirred at 25 °C for 15 min yielding the title new complex, [Mo2O4(trop)2] (2), with two molecules of ethanol as ligands.
The Reaction of Butatrienolates with Aldehydes for the Syntheses of α-Vinylidene Acylsilanes
Authors: Shibata Takanori , Takami Kyoko , Arai Yoshikazu , Tsuchikama Kyoji , Maekawa Shunsuke 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
Lithium butatrienolates were prepared in situ by the 1,4-elimination from 2-butynyl trimethylsilyl ethers along with a retro-Brook rearrangement. The addition reaction of the enolates with the aldehydes afforded β-hydroxy-α-vinylidene acylsilanes.
The Pertraction of Hydrophobic Organic Solutes across a Hydrophobic Membrane
Authors: Igawa Manabu , Nemoto Shuji 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
The pertraction of hydrophobic organic solutes across a hydrophobic membrane is a continuous separation process, which can be used as a substitute to active carbon. The permeabilities of hydrophobic organic solutes were examined in a two compartment cell partitioned by a hydrophobic membrane. The permeability was dominated by the hydrophobicity of the solute and the dissociation in the receiving phase. The permeability of the hydrophobic solutes increased with increasing pH of the receiving phase solution for the Teflon membrane filter Fluoropore. The preferential permeability of a hydrophobic solute was obtained, and the pertraction of a hydrophobic solute against its concentration gradient was also possible under a concentration gradient of hydroxide ion. Solute permeability changes were observed by coating the surface of Fluoropore to cover its pores with tetrafluoroethene–hexafluoropropene copolymer, FEP, and a highly selective permeability was obtained between phenol and 2-isopropyl-5-methylphenol (thymol) by suppressing the phenol permeability by coating the FEP membrane.
Large-Scale Production of Ba2+–Alginate-Coated Vesicles of Carbon Nanofibers for DNA-Interactive Pollutant Elimination
Authors: Fugetsu Bunshi , Satoh Shuya , Shiba Toshikazu , Mizutani Taeko , Nodasaka Yoshinobu , Yamazaki Keiji , Shimizu Kiyoko , Shindoh Masanobu , Shibata Ken-ichiro , Nishi Norio , Sato Yoshinori , Tohji Kazuyuki , Watari Fumio 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
Ba2+–alginate coated vesicles (Ba2+–ALG) containing highly dispersed carbon nanofibers (CNFs) were successfully produced for the first time using an encapsulation technique. These Ba2+–ALG/CNFs composite vesicles showed high capabilities in trapping DNA-interactive types of chemicals. For example, 10.0 mL of the vesicles took 0.43 μmol of ethidium ions up from contaminated water within 8 min. Biocompatibility experiments performed in vitro and in vivo provided promising results, suggesting potential applications in in-situ environmental remediation. Kilogram quantities of the Ba2+–ALG/CNFs composite vesicles can be produced within a few hours.