bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Creating the G.I. Bill
Authors: Mettler Suzanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The end of World War II seemed to signal to Americans at least a moment of relief from a decade and a half of struggle. After the stock market crashed in 1929, unemployment and impoverishment ravaged the nation. The despair they produced hung like a dust cloud that would not abate until, on December 7, 1941, a different crisis emerged. With the attack on Pearl Harbor, a nation long reluctant to enter the growing world war found itself undeniably catapulted into the conflict. Jobs at last became plentiful, but goods grew scarce, and all citizens were asked to do their part to sacrifice and help support the war effort. Most costly of all, nearly every family had to bid farewell to at least one of their own who answered the call to serve the nation in the military, some never to return. When troops stormed the coast of France on D-Day, June 6, 1944, over fourteen hundred Americans were counted among the dead, and casualties mounted as they made their way across Europe. Between mid-December 1944 and early January 1945, the Battle of Ardennes—also known as the Battle of the Bulge—eclipsed the Battle of Gettysburg as the bloodiest event in American history: fifty-five thousand were killed or wounded and eighteen thousand taken prisoner. In the Pacific theater, young Americans engaged in combat on a string of islands with names most had never heard of before; the intensity of warfare culminated in battles on Iwo Jima and Okinawa, where American fatalities totaled nearly twenty thousand. By the time Germany finally surrendered in May, followed by Japan in August, the United States had suffered over one million dead or wounded—more than in any other war in which Americans have participated before or since.
Mobilizing for Equal Rights
Authors: Mettler Suzanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hosea Williams, son of blind African American parents, grew up in poverty in the segregated South, working as a cleaner, caretaker, and farm worker before the war began and he joined the Army. When his platoon of thirteen men was hit by a shell in France, Williams alone survived. He spent over a year in the hospital and endured permanent disabilities, walking with a limp the rest of his life. Upon returning home, he dared to drink from a whites-only water fountain at a segregated bus station and was beaten nearly to death by a mob of whites. The incident proved a turning point in the making of a civil rights activist. After he recovered from his injuries, Williams both joined the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and resumed his education, using the G.I. Bill to complete high school and then bachelor’s and master’s degrees in chemistry from Morris Brown College and Atlanta University. He was hired by the U.S. Department of Agriculture as a research chemist, becoming one of the first blacks to hold such a position in the South. Meanwhile, Williams grew increasingly involved in the struggle for equal rights, emerging as a leader in demonstrations throughout the later 1950s; over the years he was arrested at least 124 times. Martin Luther King Jr. recruited him, first to join the Southern Christian Leadership Council and later to join his staff. On March 7, 1956, Williams led a march from Selma to Montgomery for voting rights. A national audience of television viewers watched as the participants knelt in prayer and state troopers attacked them with whips, tear gas, and nightsticks; Williams himself was beaten unconscious and left with a severe concussion and fractured skull.
John Demjanjuk: is He “Ivan the Terrible”?
Authors: Ewing Charles Patrick , McCann Joseph T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many highly celebrated criminal trials throughout American history, such as the Lindbergh baby kidnapping and O. J. Simpson cases, have remained controversial. Debate continues over the guilt or innocence of the defendants in these cases long after the trials have finished. One of the reasons that some cases remain unresolved, at least in the minds of some, is the absence of eyewitnesses to the crimes. Therefore, many controversial cases— such as Scott Peterson who is the California man convicted and sentenced to death for the murder of his pregnant wife—must be tried on the basis of circumstantial evidence.
Constructing Capital Crimes and Defendants Death Penalty Case-Specific Biases and Their Effects
Authors: Haney Craig 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The media’s intense focus on crime-related issues and the tendency to concentrate on unrepresentative, sensational crimes help to heighten the public’s fear of crime and to elevate the importance that citizens attach to crime control as a pressing social and political issue. As suggested in the last chapter, in addition to this agenda-setting function, the media’s coverage of crime-related issues shapes the broad climate of opinion in which beliefs about crime control policy are formed. Beyond exaggerating the nature and amount of violence in our society and increasing fears of victimization, the media often portray violent crime as the exclusive product of evil, depraved, even monstrous individual criminals. This framework of understanding, in turn, helps to convince many citizens that only the harshest, most punitive sanctions—including the death penalty—are likely to be effective in the war against crime.
Misguided Discretion
Authors: Haney Craig 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter and the one that follows focus on some of the forces that more immediately influence the capital jury’s crucial choice between life and death. To finally deliberate and render penalty-phase verdicts, jurors are required to perform a number of complex and emotionally charged tasks. To do so, they must bring to bear their diverse ideas about blameworthiness, culpability, and punishment. They also experience a range of natural human emotions in response to the tragic stories that often are told by both the prosecution and defense. In addition, as I have noted throughout this book, jurors must grapple with their own deep-seated inhibitions against violence. How the law purports to manage the complicated matrix of forces that are at work here is critically important to any fair and just resolution of a capital case. In a sense, what transpires at this stage of the process is the culmination of everything that has gone before.
Real Enemies
Authors: Olmsted Kathryn S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many Americans believe that their own government is guilty of shocking crimes. Government agents shot the president. They faked the moon landing. They stood by and allowed the murders of 2,400 servicemen in Hawaii--or 3,000 civilians in New York. In their zeal to cover up their crimes, they killed witnesses, faked evidence, and stole into secure offices to snatch incriminating documents from the files. Although the paranoid style has been a feature of the American scene since the birth of the Republic, in Real Enemies, Kathryn Olmsted shows that it is only in the twentieth century that strange and unlikely conspiracy theories have become central to American politics. While Americans had worried about bankers, Jews, and Catholics for decades, Olmsted sees World War I as a critical turning point for conspiracy theories. As the federal government expanded, Americans grew more fearful of the government itself--the military, the intelligence community, and even the President. Perhaps more important, Olmsted examines why so many Americans believe that their government conspires against them, why more people believe these theories over time, and how real conspiracies by government officials--such as the infamous Northwoods plan--have fueled our paranoia about the government. She analyzes Pearl Harbor, Cold War and anticommunist plots, the JFK assassination, Watergate, and 9/11. Along the way, she introduces readers to a lively cast of characters, from the Nobel prize-winning scientist who became a leading conspiracist to a housewife who believed she could unlock the secrets of the JFK assassination. Polls show that thirty-six percent of Americans think that George W. Bush knew in advance of the 9/11 terrorist attacks. Real Enemies, an engaging work on a timely, important topic, sheds light on such theories, revealing how the rampant fear of conspiracy at once invigorates and undermines American democracy.
Mastering Depression Through Interpersonal Psychotherapy
Authors: Weissman Myrna M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is a user-friendly guide to Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT), an empirically-tested and effective approach to treating depression. It is intended for persons affected by depression who are seeking or currently undergoing IPT. This book begins with a description of depression disorders and addresses common patient concerns. It then introduces the patient to Interpersonal Psychotherapy and also answers frequently-asked questions about the psychotherapeutic relationship. The next chapters, which are organized around common causes of depression, describe the process of treating depression with IPT and offer typical case examples at the end of each problem area. Throughout the book, worksheet guides help the patient think about problems and solutions to depression in constructive ways. This book helps readers learn about depression, its symptoms, and how they relate to events in the patient’s life. When used as a part of therapy with IPT and in conjunction with the accompanying monitoring forms, this book can help patients manage the effects of depression.
Conclusion
Authors: Menon Rajan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the end, we return to the beginning—to impermanence, which evokes excitement because it brings newness, but also anxiety because it displaces familiar routines. Impermanence is a double-edged sword. We like it—and don’t. Paradigm shifts, dramatic manifestations of impermanence, appear in various walks of life, including, as we observed in the introductory chapter, the history and grand strategies of nations. The changes in established grand strategies created by paradigm shifts can be sharp, though not necessarily sudden, and the accompanying reorientations are often unforeseen, so implausible did they seem before signs of their arrival became undeniable. Not infrequently, these shifts are resisted, for they steer states into unfamiliar waters, making existing maps obsolete.
Gender Stereotyping and Prejudice in Young Children A Developmental Intergroup Perspective
Authors: Arthur Andrea E , Bigler Rebecca S , Liben Lynn S , Gelman Susan A , Ruble Diane N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From a remarkably early age, young children exhibit stereotyping and prejudice on the basis of gender. Between the ages of two and three, they become knowledgeable about some cultural gender stereotypes and develop preferences for peers of their own gender (Ruble & Martin, 1998). The very early emergence of these phenomena has raised important questions about the origins of gender stereotyping and prejudice. How do such young children come to endorse stereotypic views? Why do they develop preferences for children of their own sex and biases against children of the other? What factors shape the development of gender attitudes among infants, toddlers, and preschoolers? was based on a reading of the broad literatures on stereotyping and prejudice within social and developmental psychology. The theory also draws upon recent empirical advances in our knowledge of intergroup attitude formation that stem from the burgeoning number of developmental researchers who conduct intergroup research (see Abrams, Rutland, & Cameron, 2003; Bennett & Sani, 2006; Killen, Lee-Kim, McGlothlin, & Stangor, 2002; Levy, Taylor, & Gelman, 1995; Rutland, Cameron, Milne, & McGeorge, 2005; Verkuyten, this volume). Developmental intergroup theory is described in broad terms in Bigler and Liben’s (2006) article, which includes brief examples of applications of the model to a variety of domains of stereotyping and prejudice (e.g., race, gender, physical attractiveness). Here we use the lens of DIT to examine the development of gender stereotyping and prejudice.
A Field Guide to the Birds of Brazil
Authors: Perlo Ber van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is the first comprehensive field guide to the birds of Brazil, featuring 187 beautifully drawn full-color plates with 1796 species accounts, including a distribution map for each species. The volume contains information on bird features, habitat, calls, and species distribution, and pays special attention to the species endemic to Brazil. Species names are given in both English and Portuguese, and frequently used terms are translated in an appendix.
The Prefrontal Cortex Stores Structured Event Complexes That Are the Representational Basis for Cognitively Derived Actions
Authors: Grafman Jordan , Krueger Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on actions at the level of cognitive event execution—whether the person is engaged in the action or making a judgment about a perceived action. It presents studies of events that make up so-called structured event complexes (SECs). SECs contain parsed and recognizable events that fall into a structured sequence. Evidence is presented that the human prefrontral cortex (PFC) stores SECs. It is argued that SECs are the key to understanding the human ability to build and execute daily life activities. Such knowledge, when stored as memories, provides a link between past, current, and future activities.
Decision Utility, Incentive Salience, and Cue-Triggered “Wanting”
Authors: Berridge Kent C , Aldridge J Wayne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines brain mechanisms of reward utility operating at particular decision moments in life—moments such as when one encounters an image, sound, scent, or other cue associated in the past with a particular reward or perhaps just when one vividly imagines that cue. Such a cue can often trigger a sudden motivational urge to pursue its reward and sometimes a decision to do so. Drawing on a utility taxonomy that distinguishes among subtypes of reward utility—predicted utility, decision utility, experienced utility, and remembered utility—it is shown how cue-triggered cravings, such as an addict’s surrender to relapse, can hang on special transformations by brain mesolimbic systems of one utility subtype, namely, decision utility. The chapter focuses on a particular form of decision utility called incentive salience, a type of “wanting” for rewards that is amplified by brain mesolimbic systems. Sudden peaks of intensity of incentive salience, caused by neurobiological mechanisms, can elevate the decision utility of a particular reward at the moment its cue occurs. An understanding of what happens at such moments leads to a better understanding of the mechanisms at work in decision making in general.
Hussein
Authors: Gregg Gary S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Soon after I began my research, I asked a neighbor in Ouarzazate if he had acquaintances I might interview in Agdez, his small hometown to the south. He immediately thought of Hussein, who had failed his second-year exams at the university in Agadir and come home two years ago to live with his family. He often rode the bus to Ouarzazate to run errands, apply for jobs, and see his friends, so he might have time free to talk with me. Two weeks later, we met over tea at my neighbor’s house. Hussein appeared as a thin, slightly frail young man with finely chiseled features, fastidious in his Western-style dress, and deferential and almost fidgety in his demeanor.
Phenomena of Consciousness
Authors: Bachmann Talis , Breitmeyer Bruno , men Haluk Ög˘ 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although it was treated respectfully by early researchers such as Wilhelm Wundt, William James, and Edward Titchener, the concept of consciousness virtually disappeared from academic psychology until the 1980s, when it made a triumphant return to the behavioural sciences and reappeared as a legitimate subject of empirical study. There is, however, no succinct handbook or dictionary covering the most important experimental phenomena and research paradigms that have become the psychophysical basis for the modern empirical study of consciousness. This volume provides the first systematic listing and description of the typical experimental phenomena and effects where consciousness appears as a variable of interest. The authors describe the names and labels of these phenomena, the principal authors behind the respective research, the basic experimental designs needed to produce research, and provide a list of useful references that will help readers to expand and deepen their own knowledge of the consciousness.
Computing Brains
Authors: Edelman Shimon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How can brains support computation — not just overt calculations that minds schooled in arithmetics carry out when balancing a checkbook, but the pervasive processing of representations that all minds are made of? As it became clear by the end of Chapter 2, a given computation can be realized in many different ways, depending on the means available for embodying the representations in question and for manipulating them to achieve the desired result. You also saw that banishing the homunculus from our theory of the mind requires that the representations that inhabit the brain be capable of actively manipulating themselves. On the conceptual level, you are thus ready to see the brain metaphorically as an arena in which many active representations interact with each other, with the rest of the body, and with the external world.
Thinking
Authors: Edelman Shimon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What gets you through life is, in a nutshell, this: an ability to figure out what to do next, by thinking. The constant need to plan ahead and choose a course of action arises on all the levels of information processing in which embodied minds are engaged. This makes THINKING an eclectic category that includes both the niceties of millisecond-timescale motor control and the strategic planning of behavior. There is, however, a good reason to regard thinking as a natural kind: all the problems that necessitate it are computationally quite similar to each other. Consider the task that I am presently facing: writing a 15, 000-word chapter that would help myself and perhaps others make computational sense of thinking. Because of the discrete nature of the writing system I use, this overarching task must eventually be re-expressed in terms of about 108, 000 distinct actions, each culminating in the pressing of a key on the keyboard of my notebook.
Memories: To Forget is to Remember
Authors: Kringelbach Morten L . 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the beginning of the twentieth century, a young woman was hospitalized with such pervasive memory loss as a result of serious brain damage that the staff and her doctor had to reintroduce themselves every time. Slightly annoyed by this, Dr. Edouard Claparède set out to find out whether the young woman really had completely forgotten. Rather mischievously, he hid a pin in his hand the next time he reintroduced himself by offering a handshake. Claparède then le & the room and came back a while later. The young woman was still unable to recognize him, but she refused to shake hands from then on. She was unable to explain why, but she was apparently able to remember without being conscious of being able to remember. ‘is case demonstrates how the brain’s hedonic evaluations may proceed nonconsciously and come to shape our behavior without us knowing why.
Central Gustatory System Lesions and Conditioned Taste Aversion
Authors: Reilly Steve 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To eat, or not to eat: that is the question. Faced with a novel food, an animal is confronted with a decision that cannot be taken lightly. While consumption may lead to a nutritious meal, it may, if the food is poisonous, cause death. Unsurprisingly, then, powerful learning effects have evolved to guide ingestive behavior. The present review is concerned with the most important of these phenomena: conditioned taste aversion (CTA; Garcia, Kimeldorf, & Koelling, 1955; Lemere & Voegtlin, 1950; Rzóska, 1954). CTAs not only prevent the repeated ingestion of toxic food but they are also implicated in many other situations relevant to our well-being. Thus, in addition to the intrinsic value of determining the normal functioning of the brain, research into the physiological mechanisms of CTA will surely lead to a better understanding of a wide range of health-related issues, perhaps the most clinically salient of which are the adverse dietary side effects of chemotherapy and the associated anticipatory nausea.
Ethical Decision Making In Clinical Neuropsychology
Authors: Bush Shane S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is an up-to-date guide to ethical decision-making in the daily practice of clinical neuropsychology. Emphasising positive ethics, the book provides a model of a decision-making process by which practitioners can successfully resolve common ethical challenges. It is organised around the Ethical Standards of the American Psychological Association, each of which is systematically applied to neuropsychology and brought to life through extensive case studies that show the ethical decision-making model in action. The book reflects the most recent published ethical, professional and legal requirements and guidelines and synthesises the latest research. The book includes a Continuing Education (CE) component administered by the American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology. Those who wish to earn CE credit after reading the book are directed to a test on the AACN website.
Education, Training, Research, and Publication
Authors: Bush Shane S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The two academically focused sections of the Ethics Code (Ethical Standard 7, Education and Training, and Ethical Standard 8, Research and Publication) are discussed in this chapter. These sections are presented together because, although it is critically important to neuropsychological ethics, neuropsychologists spend relatively little professional time engaged in these activities compared with clinical activities. Sweet and colleagues (2002) found that about 9 percent of neuropsychologists’ professional time per week is spent in teaching or training, and about 7 percent is spent conducting research, compared to about 70 percent spent in clinical activities. In addition, academically oriented activities result in relatively few ethics complaints and (in my experience) generate much less ethics discussion among clinical neuropsychologists than other professional activities. Thus, the briefer focus on ethical issues in academic activities occurs not because ethical dilemmas are less common, less changing, or less important in such activities but simply because clinical neuropsychologists as a group spend less time engaged in these activities than in applied activities.