bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Engineering a Cost-Effective Solution for Measuring Sea Turtles’ Responses to Hypoxia
Authors: Essassi Fatima Elzahra , Liu Yucheng 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This study aimed to design a case for an accelerometer, a pressure transducer, and a battery to be attached to sea turtles in order to determine their reactions in hypoxic environments. Hypoxia, caused by fertilizer runoff from the Mississippi River into the Gulf of Mexico, represents a significant challenge to the marine ecosystem in the waters. The case design was expected to be waterproof, buoyant, 3D printable, secure for all components, able to withstand pressures at a depth of 500 feet, and resistant to the corrosiveness of salt water, all while being cost-effective. The study resulted in the creation of a dome-shaped case manufactured using ABS plus. This case could be attached to a turtle’s shell using an epoxy adhesive and implemented a nitrile rubber O-ring to ensure waterproofness. In addition, stainless steel fasteners were used to protect it against saltwater corrosion. Despite meeting all the design requirements, the study made recommendations for a more failsafe design. This work provides a valuable contribution to the field of marine biology by offering a cost-effective and reliable solution for monitoring sea turtle responses to hypoxia in oxygen-deficient environments. The developed case meets all the requirements and can be a useful tool for ocean ecology research.
Introducing OpenPRA: A Web-Based Framework for Collaborative Probabilistic Risk Assessment
Authors: Earthperson Arjun , Aras Egemen M. , Farag Asmaa S. , Diaconeasa Mihai A. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Probabilistic Risk Assessment (PRA) tools are crucial in the nuclear, aerospace, maritime, and chemical industries. This paper presents OpenPRA, an innovative, open-source, web-based platform designed to address the limitations of current Probabilistic Risk Assessment (PRA) tools. OpenPRA offers a collaborative and flexible environment that supports a wide array of risk models and quantification engines, thereby enhancing the adaptability and efficiency of risk assessment processes. The platform offers unique features including support for various risk models such as event trees, fault trees, Markov chains, Bayesian networks, and error propagation models. It also allows users to choose from a variety of existing quantification engines, enabling them to tailor their risk assessment process to their specific needs. The paper discusses the design, development, and potential of OpenPRA to transform the field of PRA. It also delves into the platform’s technical architecture, technology stack, and the OpenPRA Model Exchange Format. The paper concludes by outlining the current development status of OpenPRA and laying out the foundation for future work.
Fluid-Structure Interaction Model of a Wind Turbine Blade
Authors: Raihan Gazi Abu , Chakravarty Uttam K. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The continuous development of the wind turbine blades in expanding size and flexibility introduces significant aeroelastic effects, which are brought on by the fluid-structure interaction (FSI). These effects can lead to aeroelastic instability issues including edgewise instability and flutter, which may be fatal to the wind turbine’s blades. Therefore, designing large wind turbine blades, especially offshore wind turbine blades requires accurate FSI modeling of the wind turbine. In this study, a full-scale NREL 5MW wind turbine blade is used for modeling the coupling FSI behavior for wind turbine blades for different operating conditions. An FEA (finite element analysis) model implemented in the ANSYS Static Structural module is used to calculate the structural response under the dynamic load applied by the wind, and a CFD (computational fluid dynamics) model developed in ANSYS FLUENT is used to compute the flow behaviors of the wind on the variable cross-section of the wind turbine blade. In this simulation, the aerodynamic loads estimated from CFD modeling are translated to FEA modeling for different angles of attacks (AOA) and the wind speed as load boundary conditions at the interface between CFD and FEA. Five different operating conditions are considered where the maximum deflection of the blade is found to be in the rated operating condition. According to pertinent design requirements, maximum tensile/compressive stresses and tip deflections in each situation are found to be within the material and structural limits.
A Finite Element Modeling Approach to Dwell Time Optimized Maraging 250 Parts for Wire Arc Directed Energy Deposition
Authors: Register Matthew A. , Betts J. Logan , Priddy Matthew W. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Wire arc directed energy deposition (WA-DED) is a metal based additive manufacturing (AM) process which utilizes an electric arc welding source to melt wire in a layer-by-layer manner Continuous thermal expansion and contraction, associated with uneven cyclic heating and cooling, leads to mechanical property heterogeneity as well as the formation of residual stresses and distortion in wire fed DED built parts. To control the interpass temperature during deposition, process parameters such as print strategy, heat input, and dwell time are often tested through an extensive experimental process parameter examination; however, finite element (FE) modeling provides the ability to simulate a variety of process parameters quickly, saving time and money. FE modeling has been shown to improve final part quality by predicting the thermal and structural response in as-built parts based on a variety of wire fed DED process parameters. This work will present a method for determining reasonable part quality metrics based on the variance in simulated cooling rates, max temperatures, and interpass temperatures as a function of heat input, print strategy, and dwell time. A design of experiments will be performed in Abaqus 2019 for a 10-layer thin wall build with differing heat inputs, print strategies, and fixed dwell times. The FE simulated cooling rates, interpass temperatures, and max temperatures will be compared with known martensite and austenite phase transition temperatures of maraging grade 250 (M250) to determine the optimum welding parameters needed to improve the part quality. Using this approach, a resultant part can be made with optimum process parameters with tailored control of the max temperature, cooling rate, and interpass temperature. This framework utilizes an array of FE simulations to provide a process-structure relationship necessary for determining the performance success of wire fed DED builds.
Design and Development of a Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing Course
Authors: Kocharian Tikran , Burns Jeremy , Manoharan Sanjivan 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Many institutes of higher education overlook a very important tool namely, Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing (GD&T). GD&T is the symbolic language used in manufacturing to communicate the design, production, and quality control requirements. Over the years, several employers have voiced concerns about the students’ lack of knowledge in identifying and applying GD&T concepts in engineering drawings. This has resulted in the employers spending time and money to bring the students up to company standards. Lack of GD&T knowledge adversely affects the design and engineering department, production line, and quality control and assurance department, three critical areas in every manufacturing company. In addition, senior level students typically encounter issues during their design/capstone project where they are unable properly define tolerances subsequently affecting manufacturing and jeopardizing deadlines. As part of continuous improvement, the mechanical engineering program decided to create and offer the GD&T course as an elective for the first time in Fall 2022. The three-credit elective consisted of a total of 14 sessions, and the culminating experience of the course was an extensive project which they completed over time. The project had students working in teams of four, and the requirement was making a gib and slide assembly which consisted of no more than 5 pieces. The course evaluations were highly positive, and the students described it as intellectually stimulating where they were able to finally learn techniques that they could implement at their workplace. A major recommendation was to improve organization such that students can break the final product into two or three subassemblies that are due during the midterms. Given the global importance of GD&T, it is recommended that such a course be made a prerequisite for students engaged in senior design projects.
Inflow Conditions and the Mass Transfer Behavior of a Non-Newtonian Biofluid in Separated Flows
Authors: Hammad Khaled J. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Influence of inflow conditions and the rheological model selection on the flow and mass transfer behavior of human blood in a separated and reattached flow region is investigated. Newtonian and non-Newtonian hemorheological models that account for the yield stress and shear-thinning characteristics of blood are used. The conservation of mass, momentum, and species equations as well as the Herschel-Bulkley constitutive equation are solved numerically using a finite-difference scheme. A parametric study is performed to reveal the impact of flow restriction and rheological modelling on blood-borne oxygen exchange with the confining walls for uniform and fully-developed inflow conditions. The wall mass transfer rates within the separated and reattached regions display a strong dependency on the inflow conditions and the used hemorheological model. Newtonian and non-Newtonian models result in a peak wall mass transfer rate within the recirculation region. However, non-Newtonian models that account for the yield stress and shear-thinning effects predict a substantial, highly localized, drop in the wall mass transfer rates of oxygen, at the reattachment point. A substantial impact of the inflow conditions on the wall heat transfer rates is observed. Uniform inflow conditions, in general, result in higher peak wall mass transfer rates, that appear closer to the expansion plane, within the recirculation region, in comparison with fully-developed inflow conditions.
Effect of Surfactants on Surface Wettability via Measurement of Droplet Contact Angle and Interfacial Tension
Authors: Saxena Kritik , Chen Yun 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Liquid appears to behave differently when in contact with a solid surface under certain conditions. Shape of a liquid droplet over a solid surface, for instance, can be influenced by various parameters, such as wetting properties, surface roughness, viscosity, surface tension, and external forces. The wetting properties, in particular, termed as wettability, is one of the key parameters that affects the shape of droplets on a surface. Furthermore, the wetting properties of a surface can influence other parameters that affect the droplet shape and flow, such as surface roughness, viscosity, and surface tension. Wettability itself can be influenced by several parameters that affect the droplet shape. Surfactants, for instance, are molecules that can change the wettability of the solid surface when added in the liquid. Studies have found that surfactants addition to liquids can change the contact angle of surface droplets, which leads to changes in droplet shape. Furthermore, studies have shown a relation of surfactant concentration and temperature on the spreading kinetics and the final shape of droplet. Most studies have focused on the static interfacial tension and contact angle measurement but very few have focused on dynamic measurements. The goal of this paper is to experimentally investigate the temporal impact of surfactants on the surface wettability and how it affects the shape of the droplet.
The reduction in interfacial tension due to the addition of surfactants can lead to an increase in wettability, leading to the droplet spreading out more on the surface. The effect of surfactants on interfacial tension and wettability is not straightforward and depends on various factors, including surfactant type and concentration, solid surface chemistry, and liquid properties. In this paper, droplet contact angle and interfacial tension will be measured via Droplet Shape Analyzer given different types of surfactant and concentration. Furthermore, the temporal evolution of the contact angle and interfacial tension will be investigated to understand the transport behavior of the surfactant molecules. The expected results here will advance the fundamental understanding of the droplet flow behavior on a surface with various surfactant type and concentrations.
Modeling and Investigation of Spatial Operation Stiffness in Robotic Milling Process Considering Bidirectional Weak-Stiffness of Robot-Workpiece System
Authors: Gu Qunfei , Liu Shun , Jin Sun 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Complex cylindrical light alloy structural castings are widely used in the aerospace industry due to the simple forming process and complex internal cavity structure. Robots can make up for the shortcomings of traditional thin-walled cylindrical parts machining because of the low cost, high flexibility and good space accessibility. This will lead to difficulties in controlling the deformation caused by milling processing. A bidirectional weak stiffness machining system is proposed in this paper. The multi-body small deformation theory and the deformation superposition principle are used to provide the operational stiffness model. Compared with the conventional robot stiffness model, the proposed bidirectional weak stiffness operating stiffness model takes into account the stiffness characteristics of both the machining end and the workpiece end, which is more practical and comprehensive. At the same time, a milling vector stiffness performance index for thin-walled cylindrical parts robot machining is proposed, which can reflect the influence of the system stiffness characteristics on the machining wall thickness accuracy more intuitively. The stiffness characteristics of the machining system are studied by finite element analysis, and the applicability of the proposed stiffness model and stiffness index is verified. This study can guide the subsequent robot machining trajectory planning and process parameter optimization.
Additive Manufacturing for Investment Casting: Economic Comparison Between Digital Light Processing and Wax Moulding
Authors: Mandolini Marco , Sartini Mikhailo , Favi Claudio , Germani Michele 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) is rapidly gaining popularity and is used to create finished goods or moulds (rapid tooling). AM is also frequently employed for generating patterns and moulds, often in conjunction with casting to produce massive metal components to overcome the drawbacks of casting techniques. Compared to wax injection, Rapid Investment Casting (RIC), which is the application of AM in Investment Casting, may guarantee a significant reduction in lead time. Given the innovative nature of this technology, the scientific literature lacks in providing techno-economic evaluations concerning adopting Digital Light Processing (DLP) technologies for RIC. This study examines the techno-economic implications of using additive manufacturing (i.e., DLP) to create wax or resin models. The article provides a decision-making tool to help stakeholders assess AM’s benefits for manufacturing wax patterns instead of wax injection. Analytical cost models are provided for estimating the manufacturing time and cost of the compared technologies. The study considered two production scenarios distinguished by the machine load factor for DLP (10% and 50%). Mainly, the technology comparisons are based on production costs and times. The study takes into account parts from the fashion and mechanical sectors. Results indicate that AM is faster and cheaper than injection moulding for production batches up to 10E2 (as an order of magnitude) for small-size components and 10E1 for large parts. This outcome derives from the avoided cost for the moulds required for the injection process. Regarding cost and time, the batch cross-over points decrease when the dimensions of components are increased.
Opportunities and Challenges in Biomimetic Robotic Simulation for In Vitro Testing of Chewable Drugs
Authors: Chen Bangxiang , Dhupia Jaspreet S. , Morgenstern Marco P. , Zhang Feng , Xu Weiliang 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Robotic biomimicking devices are a novel approach to simulate in vivo processes such that the investigation of bioprocesses is more convenient, and the knowledge gained can be used to promote technologies to improve the quality of life. Chewing is one of the most complex bioprocesses, where the chewed object is comminuted, mixed with saliva, digested by enzymes, and eventually forms into a swallowable bolus. Researchers have been working for years toward in vitro chewing simulators to analyze oral processing and food properties, but little effort has been devoted to the analysis of drugs. Chewable drugs refer to an oral dosage form intended to be chewed by the users rather than swallowed as a whole. Chewing releases the pharmaceutical ingredients directly into the oral cavity and achieves the comminution of the dosage form to ease the swallow and digestion, resulting in a faster onset of the pharmaceutical ingredients. This paper discusses the demands and requirements of a chewing simulator to perform in vitro tests on chewable drugs. The state of the art of chewing simulators is reviewed, followed by the demands and requirements of biomimetic chewing on testing drugs, and the potential and conceptual improvements of an existing chewing simulator for drug testing is also covered.
Advancements in Assistive Devices for Para-Kayaking Sports
Authors: Walck Christine , Huayamave Victor , Garcia Monica , Diaz-Portela Paola , Hernandez Betsabe , Ray Erin , Le Din , Palmer James , Randall Weston 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
While mobility impairments resulting from spinal cord injuries are oftentimes permanent, the quality of life for these patients can be improved through para-sports, which use adaptive and assistive equipment. This study uses a novel assistive device design where the paddle’s stroke is controlled by a slotted arc which allows the user to mimic the motion path of a healthy forward stroke. The paddle stroke motion path was tested in SolidWorks using rigid body dynamics by overlaying the paddle’s motion path onto known paths from a healthy elite kayaker or what is thought to be a standard paddle path. The results showed that the motion path was similar in the vertical and frontal planes. These results were further investigated using two trials observed in a motion capture system with a 21-year-old male subject. The trials consisted of six forward strokes in a 1) controlled (without the device), and 2) experimental (with the device) setting. Shoulder, elbow, and wrist mechanics were analyzed using inverse kinematics statistical comparisons. Results from this study could help provide guidance for the future development of assistive technology for para-kayaking sports.
Oxide Growth Predictions During an Advanced Test Reactor (ATR) Powered Axial Locator Mechanism (PALM) Cycle
Authors: Barney Jason W. , Choe Dong O. , Kilby Seth M. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The Mini-Plate for Advanced Test Reactor (MP-ATR) experiment, designed for testing plate-type fuel, will be irradiated in the Advanced Test Reactor (ATR) at Idaho National Laboratory. This paper discusses the thermal analysis that was performed on the MP-ATR experiment, with the Pawel oxide growth correlation being applied to accurately predict oxide growth under powered axial locator mechanism (PALM) cycle conditions. These oxide growth predictions were attained through a slow-growth transient analysis with 24-hour time steps. The MP-ATR experiment will be irradiated for a total of 10 days during a high-power PALM cycle.
To date, oxide growth predictions for ATR drop-in experiments have mainly focused on normal ATR power cycles. Oxide growth predictions can carry a high level of uncertainty when high heat flux and surface temperatures with some correlations are involved. This study takes a quantitative approach to verifying and validating the existing correlations, identifying gaps, and providing recommendations to improve the correlations so as to enable better oxide growth predictions under ATR PALM cycle conditions.
Facilitating Water Droplet Removal From Wind Turbine Blades Using Surface Wettability Gradients
Authors: Bertelsen Jacob M. , Sommers Andrew D. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
A new method is proposed to mitigate ice accretions on wind turbine blades via the creation of a microstructural gradient surface geometry that facilitates spontaneous water droplet motion along the surface. The wettability gradients are formed by laser etching 35μm wide by 35μm deep channels into aluminum to form a surface with a gradually increasing solid area fraction which results in one end of the gradient surface being superhydrophobic and the other end being hydrophilic. Different design permutations are proposed and systematically assessed on the merits of their performance with respect to a baseline flat homogeneous surface and with respect to each other. An analytical model is also derived based on a balance of hysteresis and drag forces to predict the critical airspeed necessary for droplet movement as a function of the droplet size and the intrinsic contact angle of the surface. To date, experimentation has validated the model for the baseline surface and has also demonstrated that, in certain cases, up to 70% lower critical airspeeds are required to initiate droplet motion on these microstructured surfaces as opposed to the homogeneous baseline samples.
Combustor Wall Heat Transfer and Emission Characteristics of Premixed Ammonia/Methane/Air Blends in a Swirl Stabilized Gas Turbine Combustor
Authors: Das Chaudhury Meghna , Sahoo Abinash , Ekkad Srinath V. , Narayanaswamy Venkateswaran 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Energy demand and carbon emission levels are increasing globally at an alarming rate leading to growing interest worldwide towards renewable and clean energy resources. In this context, the present research work investigated the combustor wall heat transfer and emission characteristics of Ammonia/Methane blends as a low carbon, clean energy resource with application to gas turbine power generation. Different volume % of Ammonia/Methane (0–50 % Ammonia) blends were considered at an equivalence ratio = 0.6 and at Reynolds number ∼50000 with a 10% Methane pilot which was used to ignite and stabilize the main flame. A quartz, atmospheric pressure, swirl stabilized, can combustor (swirl number∼0.8) rig equipped with an industrial burner was used for the experimental work. The same set-up had been previously used for studying hydrocarbon based fuels and the aim here was to study the possibility of using a cleaner gas turbine fuel by keeping the essential system hardware the same. Infrared Thermography technique was employed for estimating the wall temperatures and heat flux along the optical combustor wall and, this wall temperature was then used in the simulation work using CONVERGE CFD software incorporating the RANS RNG k-ϵ and SAGE techniques for predicting NOX and carbon emission levels and for studying the overall flame. Additionally, a highspeed camera was also used to qualitatively study the flame characteristics and flame stability. Upon comparing the results with a pure Methane-Air case, reduction in heat flux ranging between 30 to 40 % was observed for various Ammonia/Methane cases. Differences in NOX emission values between adiabatic and non-adiabatic cases were also observed along with significant reduction in carbon emissions by a maximum of 62%.