bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Induction of Cytolytic Anti-Gal Antibodies in α-1,3-Galactosyltransferase Gene Knockout Mice by Oral Inoculation withEscherichia coliO86:B7 Bacteria
Authors: Posekany Karla J. , Pittman H. Keith , Bradfield John F. , Haisch Carl E. , Verbanac Kathryn M. 
Published: October 2002

ABSTRACTNaturally occurring antibodies against [Gal α-1,3-Gal] structures (anti-Gal antibodies) are the primary effectors of human hyperacute rejection (HAR) of nonhuman tissue. Unlike most mammals, humans lack a functional α-1,3-galactosyltransferase (GalT) gene and produce abundant anti-Gal antibodies, putatively in response to GalT+enteric bacteria. GalT knockout (KO) mice have been generated as a small animal model of HAR but inconsistently express anti-Gal antibodies. We hypothesized that enteric exposure of GalT KO mice to live GalT+bacteria would produce cytolytic anti-Gal antibodies. Naive mice lacking anti-Gal antibodies were orally immunized with 1010live GalT+Escherichia coliO86:B7 bacteria and assayed for anti-Gal antibody titer, isotype, and cytolytic activity. Fecal samples were tested forE. coliO86:B7 prior to and after inoculation. In two separate experiments, 77 to 100% (n= 31) of mice developed serum anti-Gal immunoglobulin G (IgG; titer, 1:5 to 1:80) and/or anti-Gal IgM antibodies (titer, 1:5 to 1:1,280) 14 days postinoculation. Induced anti-Gal antibodies caused complement-mediated cytolysis of GalT+target cells, with extensive cytolysis observed consistently at serum IgM titers of ≥1:320. Absorption with synthetic [Gal α-1,3-Gal] inhibited both antibody binding and cytolysis.E. coliO86:B7 was recovered from stool samples from 83 to 94% of inoculated mice but not from naive mice, thus confirming enteric exposure. These findings demonstrate that oral inoculation withE. coliO86:B7 is a novel and effective method to induce cytolytic anti-Gal antibodies in GalT KO mice and support the premise that enteric exposure to GalT+bacteria induces anti-Gal antibodies in humans. These studies also suggest a role for GalT KO mice in elucidating anti-Gal responses in microbial immunity.
Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha-Induced Interleukin-8 Production via NF-κB and Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Akt Pathways Inhibits Cell Apoptosis in Human Hepatocytes
Authors: Osawa Yosuke , Nagaki Masahito , Banno Yoshiko , Brenner David A. , Asano Takahiko , Nozawa Yoshinori , Moriwaki Hisataka , Nakashima Shigeru 
Published: October 2002

ABSTRACTTumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) not only induces apoptotic signals but also causes antiapoptotic and regenerative responses in the liver. However, the molecular mechanism(s) of the latter events remains unclear. In the present study, we examined TNF-α-induced genes in Hc human normal (unsensitized) hepatocytes by cDNA microarray analysis. Interleukin-8 (IL-8) induction was the most pronounced of the upregulated genes. The IL-8 protein level was also increased. IL-8 belongs to the ELR-CXC chemokine family and appears to exert mitogenic and antiapoptotic functions in other cell systems. IL-8 expression by TNF-α was inhibited when two survival signals, nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt, were inhibited by a mutant form of inhibitor of NF-κB (IκB); by dominant negative (kinase-dead) Akt; or by treatment with LY 294002, an inhibitor of PI3K. TNF-α induced apoptosis in Hc cells that were sensitized by inhibition of NF-κB and PI3K activation. IL-8 administration protected mice against concanavalin A-induced hepatitis in vivo. IL-8 also rescued the sensitized Hc cells, at least in part, from TNF-α-induced apoptosis in vitro. TNF-α inhibited DNA synthesis in unsensitized Hc cells in the absence of serum. Exogenous IL-8 reversed, though anti-IL-8 neutralization antibody enhanced, growth inhibition by TNF-α. These results indicate that IL-8, the production of which is stimulated by TNF-α, inhibits apoptosis of sensitized hepatocytes and releases normal (unsensitized) hepatocytes from growth inhibition induced by TNF-α.
Activation of NKT Cells Protects Mice from Tuberculosis
Authors: Chackerian Alissa , Alt Jen , Perera Vaji , Behar Samuel M. 
Published: October 2002

ABSTRACTThe T-cell immune response toMycobacterium tuberculosisis critical in preventing clinical disease. While it is generally accepted that both major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I)-restricted CD8+and MHC-II-restricted CD4+T cells are important for the immune response toM. tuberculosis, the role of non-MHC-restricted T cells is still not clearly delineated. We have previously reported that CD1d−/−mice do not differ from CD1d+/+mice in their survival following infection withM. tuberculosis. We now show that, although CD1d-restricted NKT cells are not required for optimum immunity toM. tuberculosis, specific activation of NKT cells by the CD1d ligand α-galactosylceramide protects susceptible mice from tuberculosis. Treatment with α-galactosylceramide reduced the bacterial burden in the lungs, diminished tissue injury, and prolonged survival of mice following inoculation with virulentM. tuberculosis. The capacity of activated NKT cells to stimulate innate immunity and modulate the adaptive immune response to promote a potent antimicrobial immune response suggests that α-galactosylceramide administration could have a role in new strategies for the therapy of infectious diseases.
Genetic Structure and Distribution of Four Pathogenicity Islands (PAI I
536
to PAI IV
536
) of Uropathogenic
Escherichia coli
Strain 536
Authors: Dobrindt Ulrich , Blum-Oehler Gabriele , Nagy Gabor , Schneider György , Johann André , Gottschalk Gerhard , Hacker Jörg 
Published: October 2002

ABSTRACT

For the uropathogenic
Escherichia coli
strain 536 (O6:K15:H31), the DNA sequences of three pathogenicity islands (PAIs) (PAI I
536
to PAI III
536
) and their flanking regions (about 270 kb) were determined to further characterize the virulence potential of this strain. PAI I
536
to PAI III
536
exhibit features typical of PAIs, such as (i) association with tRNA-encoding genes; (ii) G+C content differing from that of the host genome; (iii) flanking repeat structures; (iv) a mosaic-like structure comprising a multitude of functional, truncated, and nonfunctional putative open reading frames (ORFs) with known or unknown functions; and (v) the presence of many fragments of mobile genetic elements. PAI I
536
to PAI III
536
range between 68 and 102 kb in size. Although these islands contain several ORFs and known virulence determinants described for PAIs of other extraintestinal pathogenic
E. coli
(ExPEC) isolates, they also consist of as-yet-unidentified ORFs encoding putative virulence factors. The genetic structure of PAI IV
536
, which represents the core element of the so-called high-pathogenicity island encoding a siderophore system initially identified in pathogenic yersiniae, was further characterized by sample sequencing. For the first time, multiple PAI sequences (PAI I
536
to PAI IV
536
) in uropathogenic
E. coli
were studied and their presence in several wild-type
E. coli
isolates was extensively investigated. The results obtained suggest that these PAIs or at least large fragments thereof are detectable in other pathogenic
E. coli
isolates. These results support our view that the acquisition of large DNA regions, such as PAIs, by horizontal gene transfer is an important factor for the evolution of bacterial pathogens.
Association ofPasteurella multocidaToxin with Vimentin
Authors: Shime Hiroaki , Ohnishi Takahiro , Nagao Kaori , Oka Kiyomasa , Takao Toshifumi , Horiguchi Yasuhiko 
Published: October 2002

ABSTRACTTo help understand the molecular mechanisms ofPasteurella multocidatoxin (PMT) action, we searched for a cellular protein interacting with PMT. The ligand overlay assay revealed a 60-kDa cellular protein that binds to a region from the 840th to 985th amino acids of the toxin. This protein was identified as vimentin by peptide mass fingerprinting. The N-terminal head domain of vimentin was further found to be responsible for the binding to the toxin.
Parenteral Administration of Medium- but Not Long-Chain Lipid Emulsions May Increase the Risk for Infections byCandida albicans
Authors: Wanten Geert J. , Netea Mihai G. , Naber Ton H. , Curfs Jo H. , Jacobs Liesbeth E. , Verver-Jansen Trees J. , Kullberg Bart-Jan 
Published: October 2002

ABSTRACTIntravenous administration to volunteers of an emulsion of medium-chain lipids, but not of an emulsion of pure long-chain lipids or a placebo, increased the growth ofCandida albicansin serum and modulatedCandida-induced cytokine production by mononuclear cells in a way suggesting that medium-chain, but not long-chain, triglycerides increase the risk for infections byCandida.
PAUL'S APPROPRIATION OF THE ROLE OF THE FOOL IN 1 CORINTHIANS 1–4
Authors: Welborn Laurence 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis essay suggests that Paul's acceptance of the role of the "fool," and, arising out of this, his evaluation of the message of the cross as "folly," are best understood against the background of the popular theater and the fool's role in mime. The interpretation is, therefore, a corrective to the traditional view that the proclamation of the crucified Christ was an absurdity to the people of the ancient world. The essay also offers an alternative to the attempt, in some recent monographs and commentaries, to subsume Paul's "foolishness" under the category of the anti-rhetorical. The essay argues that the term "folly" was generally understood as a designation of the attitude and behavior of a particular social type, the lower class buffoon. As a source of amusement, these lower class types were widely represented on the stage in the vulgar and realistic comedy known as the mime. The essay suggests that Paul's Corinthian detractors labeled him as a "fool," in contrast to the eloquent and sophisticated Apollos. Paul's acceptance of the role of the fool mirrors the strategy of a number of intellectuals in the early Empire, who exploited the paradoxical freedom which the role permitted for the utterance of a dangerous truth.
Application of X‐ray microscopy in analysis of living hydrated cells
Authors: Yamamoto Yoshimasa , Shinohara Kunio 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBecause there is a limit for analysis of fine hydrophilic cell structures of living cells in medium by ordinary techniques, including electron microscopy, the development of a new technology to overcome such limitation is highly desirable. In this regard, soft X‐ray microscopy (high‐resolution X‐ray imaging of structures), which does not require any special procedures for sample preparation, has been developed and applied to analyze structures of biological specimens. In this article, application of two types of X‐ray microscopes, which use laser‐produced plasma X‐rays or synchrotron radiation to image the structure of macrophage cells, is introduced as an example of a novel approach to analysis of biological specimens. Both types of X‐ray microscopy show the network of fine fibrillar surface structures on macrophages in medium. Ordinary transmission and scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy also show the presence of such structures, but electron microscopy showed alterations due to sample processing and light microscopy did not show a clear image due to low resolution. Thus, X‐ray microscopy has the potential capability to analyze structures of live cells in a hydrated condition and may reveal a function‐related structural alignment of cells in their natural form. Anat Rec (New Anat) 269:217–223, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The use of brainstorming for teaching human anatomy
Authors: Geuna S. , Giacobini‐Robecchi M.G. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractInteractive teaching techniques have been used mainly in clinical teaching, with little attention given to their use in basic science teaching. With the aim of partially filling this gap, this study outlines an interactive approach to teaching anatomy based on the use of “brainstorming.” The results of the students' critique of the teaching techniques are also included. Seventy‐five students from the first‐year nursing curriculum were tested by a structured questionnaire after three brainstorming sessions. The overall response to these sessions was very positive, indicating that students perceived this interactive technique as both interesting and useful. Furthermore, this approach may provide a useful strategy when learning the clinical courses of the upcoming academic years. Anat Rec (New Anat) 269:214–216, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intracellular signaling in M‐CSF‐induced microglia activation: Role of Iba1
Authors: Imai Yoshinori , Kohsaka Shinichi 
Published: October 2002

AbstractMicroglia are reactively activated by various environmental stimulations caused by brain injury or disease. Activated microglia exhibit morphological transformation, proliferation, migration, phagocytosis, and the production of bioactive molecules. Various molecules are reported and suggested to activate microglia. Among them, macrophage‐colony‐stimulating factor (M‐CSF) is considered one of the most convincing candidates responsible for maintaining activation properties of microglia. Therefore, the focus of the present study is on intracellular molecular events that arise downstream of M‐CSF stimulation. M‐CSF activates its receptor, Fms tyrosine kinase, and Fms sequentially activates a number of signaling molecules, including PI3K or phospholipase Cγ (PLCγ). Stimulation of continuing signaling cascades results in the activation of a small GTPase, Rac, the key molecule in microglia activation. Rac is known to be activated downstream of receptor tyrosine kinases and to regulate reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton, which profoundly underlies the above‐mentioned properties of activated microglia. Iba1, a macrophage/microglia‐specific calcium‐binding protein, was identified by our group and was shown to be involved in the Rac signaling pathway. Further, we introduce a novel signaling pathway in which Rac is activated, dependent on PLCγ and Iba1. However, to understand the molecular details of microglia activation, future work is required. GLIA 40:164–174, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Calcium signaling in microglial cells
Authors: Möller Thomas 
Published: October 2002

AbstractReceptor‐mediated Ca2+ signals are a common signal transduction mechanism in all living cells, including microglia. Recent years have brought major advances in our understanding of microglial Ca2+ signaling. More than 20 receptor/ligand interactions leading to Ca2+ signals in microglia have been described so far, and it seems that this is just the beginning. The literature has grown rapidly during the past few years, especially in regard to chemokine and ATP/UTP receptor signaling. This article presents a brief overview of the basics of Ca2+ signaling, reviews the current literature on microglial Ca2+ signaling, and discusses the current challenges and possible future directions of this emerging field. GLIA 40:184–194, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Microglia and inflammatory mechanisms in the clearance of amyloid β peptide
Authors: Rogers Joseph , Strohmeyer Ron , Kovelowski C.J. , Li Rena 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThere is now abundant evidence that brain microglia, when activated, have the lineage, receptors, and synthetic capacity to participate in both potentially neurotoxic inflammatory responses and potentially beneficial phagocytic responses. Amyloid β peptide (Aβ) forms highly insoluble, β‐pleated aggregates that are widely deposited in the Alzheimer's disease (AD) cortex and limbic system. Aggregated Aβ also activates the classical and alternative complement cascades. These properties make Aβ an excellent target for microglial phagocytosis, a view supported by multiple reports, through well established mechanisms of phagocyte clearance. GLIA 40:260–269, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A model of broker's trading, with applications to order flow internalization
Authors: Chakravarty Sugato , Sarkar Asani 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAlthough brokers' trading is endemic in securities markets, the form of this trading differs between markets. Whereas in some securities markets, brokers may trade with their customers in the same transaction (simultaneous dual trading or SDT), in other markets, brokers are only allowed to tradeaftertheir customers in a separate transaction (consecutive dual trading or CDT). We show theoretically that informed and noise traders are worse off and brokers are better off while market depth is lower in the SDT market. Thus, given a choice, traders prefer fewer brokers in the SDT market compared to the CDT market. With free entry, however, market depth may be higher in the SDT market provided its entry cost is sufficiently low relative to the CDT market. We study order flow internalization by broker‐dealers, and show that, in the free entry equilibrium, internalization hurts retail customers and market quality.
Membership growth, multiple membership groups and agency control at credit unions
Authors: Leggett Keith J , Strand Robert W 
Published: October 2002

AbstractStarting in 1982, the federal credit union regulator allowed credit unions to add multiple membership groups. The policy was disallowed by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1998, but revalidated by the U.S. Congress later that year. Allowing credit unions to attach multiple membership groups has contributed significantly to rapid growth in the industry. As credit unions add unrelated groups and expand, the prospects for separation between ownership and control increases, creating potential agency control problems. This potential is compounded by the one member, one vote governance structure of credit unions. This research finds empirical evidence that agency problems grow as credit unions add membership groups and members. If a credit union takes on more than one membership group, and as membership increases, management is apparently able to channel residual earnings away from members (in the form of higher net interest margins) toward itself (higher salaries and operating expenses).
Using surfactants to control the formation and
size of wakes behind moving bubbles at
order-one Reynolds numbers
Authors: WANG YANPING , PAPAGEORGIOU DEMETRIOS T. , MALDARELLI CHARLES 
Published: October 2002

A bubble translating through a continuous liquid (i.e. Newtonian) phase moves
as a sphere when inertial and viscous forces are small relative to capillary forces.
Spherical bubbles with stress-free interfaces do not retain wakes at their trailing
ends as inertial forces become important (increasing Reynolds number). This is in
contrast to translating spheres with immobile interfaces in which flow separation
and wake formation occurs at order-one Reynolds number. Surfactants present
in the continuous phase adsorb onto a bubble surface as it translates, and affect
the interfacial mobility by creating tension gradient forces. Adsorbed surfactant is
convected to the trailing end of the bubble, lowers the tension there relative to
the front, and creates a tension gradient which reduces the surface flow. For low
bulk concentrations of surfactant (or if kinetic exchange between bulk and surface
is slow relative to convection), diffusion towards the surface is much slower than
convection, and surfactant is swept into an immobile cap at the trailing end. As with
solid spheres, these caps entrain wakes at order-one Reynolds number. In adsorptive
bubble technologies where solutes transfer between the bubble and the continuous
phase, usually through thin boundary layers around the bubble surface (high Péclet
number), these wakes generally form owing to the presence of surfactant impurities.
The wake presence retards the interphase transfer displacing the thin boundary layer
towards the front end of the bubble; as mass transfer through the wake is much
slower than through the boundary layer, the mass transfer is reduced.Our recent theoretical research has demonstrated that at low Reynolds numbers, the
mobility of a surfactant-retarded bubble interface can be increased by raising the bulk
concentration of a surfactant which kinetically rapidly exchanges between the surface
and the bulk. At high bulk concentrations the interface saturates with surfactant,
effectively removing the tension gradient. In this paper, we demonstrate theoretically
that this interfacial control is still realized at order-one Reynolds numbers, and, more
importantly, we show that the control can be used to manipulate the formation,
size and ultimately the disappearance of a wake. This wake removal mechanism has
the potential to dramatically increase the interphase transfer in adsorptive bubble
technologies.
Ferromagnetic rotating Couette flow: the role of
magnetic viscosity
Authors: HART J. E. 
Published: October 2002

A theory is constructed for rotating plane Couette flow of ferrofluid that is subject
to the field generated by a periodic array of magnets. The system that is analysed
contains a substantial lateral magnetic buoyancy, or magnetic gravity, allowing the
configuration to be used in experimental studies of stratified shear flows in a connected
geometry.However, the spatial variation of the magnetic vector field of the magnet stack leads
to magnetically generated wavy flows via the action of flow vorticity on the particle
orientation in the suspension. The basic rotating Couette flow instabilities may also
be affected by the same mechanism, which is sometimes referred to as rotational
or ‘magnetic viscosity’. Theoretical calculations show that the directly excited wavy
flows are generally small, for anticipated experimental conditions, except when they
resonate with the natural linear instabilities of the Couette flow. A weakly nonlinear
analysis is carried out in order to predict the behaviour in these cases. Magnetic
effects stabilize the fundamental roll instability of rotating Couette flow by about
10% for a typical laboratory realization.
Language against the odds: the learning of British Sign Language by a polyglot savant
Authors: MORGAN GARY , SMITH NEIL , TSIMPLI IANTHI , WOLL BENCIE 
Published: October 2002

In this paper we report on our attempt to teach the polyglot savant Christopher (‘C’ hereinafter) British Sign Language (BSL). BSL presents C with a novel challenge in the use of hand-eye coordination, while at the same time offering him the linguistic ingredients he is obsessed with. Despite his deficits in key areas of intellectual ability, communication skills and visuo-spatial cognition, C has developed a working knowledge of BSL through processes of circumvention, adaptation and invention. As a form of control, we taught BSL to a comparator group of talented second-language learners. We do not discuss this comparison in depth here (see Morgan et al. in preparation) but refer to some of the test scores as a guide to how normal a sign learner C is.Results from formal tests of C's linguistic knowledge, and observational study of his developing communicative ability in BSL, are analysed and described. These results illuminate the structure and use of BSL, highlighting the important role of visuo-spatial cognition in its acquisition and manipulation.Our findings support the assumption that the organisation of knowledge of language is largely modality independent, whereas the exploitation of specific grammatical devices is language and modality dependent. C has attained a certain level of linguistic competence in BSL, and his performance in the language is largely in conformity with his previously established mixed profile of abilities and disabilities.