bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mechanistic Study of Partial Oxidation of Methane to Syngas Using In Situ Time‐Resolved FTIR and Microprobe Raman Spectroscopies
Authors: Zheng Weng Wei , Shu Chen Ming , Lin Wan Hui 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn situ time‐resolved Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and microprobe Raman spectroscopies were used to characterize the reaction mechanisms of the partial oxidation of methane to syngas over SiO2‐ and γ‐Al2O3‐supported rhodium and ruthenium catalysts. The interaction of both pure methane and a methane/oxygen mixture at a stoichiometric feed ratio with an oxygen‐rich catalyst surface led to the formation of CO2 and H2O as the primary products. For the H2‐pretreated samples, the reaction mechanisms with the catalysts differ. Only Rh/SiO2 is capable of catalyzing the direct oxidation of methane to syngas, while syngas formation over Rh/g‐Al2O3, Ru/SiO2, and Ru/g‐Al2O3 can be achieved mainly via a combustion‐reforming scheme. The significant difference in the mechanisms for partial oxidation of methane to syngas over the catalysts can be correlated to the differences in the concentration of oxygen species (O2−) on the catalyst surface during the reaction, mainly due to the difference in the nature of the metals and supports. © 2002 The Japan Chemical Journal Forum and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Chem Rec 2:102–112, 2002: Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI 10.1002/tcr.10016
Reversing the “standard” direction: Science emerging from the lives of African American students
Authors: Seiler Gale 
Published: August 2002

AbstractRecognizing the persistent science achievement gap between inner‐city African American students and students from mainstream, White society, this article suggests that the imposition of external standards on inner‐city schools will do little to ameliorate this gap because such an approach fails to address the significance of the social and cultural lives of the students. Instead, it is suggested that the use of critical ethnographic research would enable educators to learn from the students how science education can change to meet their aims and interests. The article includes a report on how a science lunch group in an inner‐city high school forged a community based on respect and caring and how this community afforded African American male teens the opportunity to participate in science in new ways. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 38: 1000–1014, 2001
Gender‐based perceptions of equity in China's state‐owned enterprises
Authors: Nie Winter , Hopkins Willie E. , Hopkins Shirley A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractDespite the emphasis on equality in China's state‐owned enterprises, analysis of data collected
from 900 Chinese in 10 state‐owned enterprises indicated that statistically significant pay differences
exist between male and female employees. However, differences between male and female employees'
perceptions of equity in these enterprises were found to be statistically significant only among those
employees with fewer years of work experience and those with lower levels of technical skills. Perceptions of
equity were also found to be related to the job satisfaction of both male and female employees. These results
are discussed within the context of the Maoist ideology of egalitarianism and the post‐Tiananmen
movement toward the forging of links between employee compensation and performance. © 2002 Wiley
Periodicals, Inc.
NTT DoCoMo and m‐commerce: A case study in market expansion and global strategy
Authors: Anwar Syed Tariq 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis case discusses and evaluates NTT DoCoMo's overseas expansion and global strategies in the wireless
and mobile phone industry. The primary objective of this work is to examine NTT DoCoMo's recent acquisitions
within the concept of internationalization and global expansion issues. Analysts believe that in the next five
years, NTT DoCoMo will become one of the leading players in the global wireless industry because of increasing
consumer demand and growth potential. On the other hand, NTT DoCoMo may also face a heightened competition and
will be challenged by other competitors in Japan and other markets. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Preliminary evidence for in vivo tumour initiation by oral administration of extracts of the blue‐green alga Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii containing the toxin cylindrospermopsin
Authors: Falconer I. R. , Humpage A. R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractNew reports indicate that the toxic alkaloid cylindrospermopsin occurs in cyanobacteria in Israel, Florida, South America, and Australia in drinking water sources. This toxin is now recognised as a potential threat to human health. Furthermore, we have recently demonstrated the mutagenicity of cylindrospermopsin in vitro in a human lymphoblastoid cell‐line. Therefore it is essential to determine whether cylindrospermopsin is also carcinogenic in vivo. In this preliminary study, 53 mice were treated up to three times orally with Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii extract containing cylindrospermopsin, while 27 control mice were treated with saline. A proportion of each group were then given O‐tetradecanoylphorbol 13‐acetate (10 μg/mouse, twice weekly in liquid food) for the duration of the experiment; the remainder were given a control diet. After 30 weeks, the mice were euthanased and the major organs were examined histologically. Five tumours were found in 53 cylindrospermopsin‐treated mice while none were found in the 27 controls. Although the number of animals used was too low to provide statistical significance (p=0.16), the calculated relative risk (RR=6.2; 95% CI: 0.33–117) indicates a potential biological and public health significance requiring further investigation. Estimates are given of the size of experiment required to provide statistical proof of cylindrospermopsin carcinogenicity. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Environ Toxicol 16: 192–195, 2001
A Method for Determination of Damping for Edgewise Blade Vibrations
Authors: Thomsen K. , Petersen J. T. , Nim E. , Øye S. , Petersen B. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractViolent edgewise blade vibrations have in recent years been a large problem for some stall‐regulated wind turbines. Owing to the complexity of the phenomenon, it has been difficult to predict the risk of these vibrations with aeroelastic load prediction tools. One problem is the choice of parameters in the aeroelastic model, e.g. structural damping and aerodynamic aerofoil characteristics. In many cases a high degree of uncertainty in the predicted response exists and the need for experimental verification methods is obvious. In this work a new method to identify the effective damping for the edgewise blade mode shape for wind turbines has been developed. The method consists of an exciter mechanism which makes it possible to excite the edgewise blade mode shapes from the wind turbine nacelle. Furthermore, the method consists of an analysis method which enables a straightforward determination of the damping. The analysis method is based on a local blade whirl description of the edgewise blade vibrations. The method is verified on a Bonus wind turbine, and for this specific turbine the effective damping for edgewise blade vibrations has been determined. The results support the further development of aeroelastic models and show potential for fine‐tuning of parameters of importance for the edgewise blade vibration problem. Furthermore, the method can be used for experimental investigation of the risk of edgewise blade vibrations for a specific turbine. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Construction of a focusing high‐resolution crystal analyser for x‐rays
Authors: Tirao G. , Cusatis C. , Stutz G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe present the construction of a focusing x‐ray analyser designed to operate in back‐diffraction geometry. A spherical crystal surface was achieved by positioning about 2000 small Si crystals on a concave glass substrate. The analyser was mounted at the XRD beamline of the LNLS (Laboratório Nacional de Luz Síncrotron) for testing the energy resolution of a spectrometer consisting of both a sagitally focusing monochromator and the analyser. Controlling the vertical angular divergence of the primary beam, resolving powers of ΔE&#38;sol;E≈2 × 10−4 could be achieved with good intensity. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Isolation of a gene encoding a putative polyamine transporter from Candida albicans, GPT1
Authors: McNemar Mark D. , Gorman Jessica A. , Buckley Helen R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA gene encoding a transport protein from the pathogenic yeast, Candida albicans, has been isolated during a complementation experiment utilizing an ornithine decarboxylase‐negative (spe1Δ) strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This gene restores γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) transport to a GABA transport‐negative mutant of S. cerevisiae and encodes a protein which putatively allows transport of one or more of the polyamines. We have assigned the name GPT1 (GABA/polyamine transporter) to this gene. The GenBank Accession No. for this gene is AF080132. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mutations in Fks1p affect the cell wall content of β‐1,3‐ and β‐1,6‐glucan in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Dijkgraaf Gerrit J. P. , Abe Mitsuhiro , Ohya Yoshikazu , Bussey Howard 
Published: August 2002

AbstractFks1p and Fks2p are related proteins thought to be catalytic subunits of the β‐1,3‐glucan synthase. Analysis of fks1Δ mutants showed a partial K1 killer toxin‐resistant phenotype and a 30% reduction in alkali‐soluble β‐1,3‐glucan that was accompanied by a modest reduction in β‐1,6‐glucan. The gas1Δ mutant lacking a 1,3‐β‐glucanosyltransferase displayed a similar reduction in alkali‐soluble β‐1,3‐glucan but did not share the β‐1,6‐glucan defect, indicating that β‐1,6‐glucan reduction is not a general phenotype among β‐1,3‐glucan biosynthetic mutants. Overexpression of FKS2 suppressed the killer toxin phenotype of fks1Δ mutants, implicating Fks2p in the biosynthesis of the residual β‐1,6‐glucan present in fks1Δ cells. In addition, eight out of 12 fks1ts fks2Δ mutants had altered β‐glucan levels at the permissive temperature: the partial killer resistant FKS1F1258Y N1520D allele was severely affected in both polymers and displayed a 55% reduction in β‐1,6‐glucan, while the in vitro hyperactive allele FKS1T605I M761T increased both β‐glucan levels. These β‐1,6‐glucan phenotypes may be due to altered availability of, and structural changes in, the β‐1,3‐glucan polymer, which might serve as a β‐1,6‐glucan acceptor at the cell surface. Alternatively, Fks1p and Fks2p could actively participate in the biosynthesis of both polymers as β‐glucan transporters. We analysed Fks1p and Fks2p in β‐1,6‐glucan deficient mutants and found that they were mislocalized and that the mutants had reduced in vitro glucan synthase activity, possibly contributing to the observed β‐1,6‐glucan defects. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimal conditions for breeding of captive humboldt penguins (Spheniscus humboldti): A survey of British zoos
Authors: Blay Nicola , Côté Isabelle M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe surveyed 16 British zoos and bird gardens to assess the optimal conditions for breeding of captive Humboldt penguins (Spheniscus humboldti). We obtained information on population, enclosure, and husbandry characteristics and related these variables to three measures of per capita breeding success, namely, per capita egg productivity, chick productivity, and hatching success (measured as the proportion of eggs laid that hatched). All three fitness measures increased with an increasing number of breeding pairs and total population size but were not related to population density. Once the effect of number of breeding pairs was removed statistically, chick productivity was found to be highest when nesting boxes were lined with sand and gravel instead of alternative substrata such as twigs or vegetation. Hatching success increased with increasing pool size and was highest in enclosures with concrete floors. Adult mortality in zoos was generally low and appeared related to the use of chlorine in freshwater pools and to the presence of other penguin species in Humboldt penguin displays. Several enclosure and husbandry parameters were not variable enough to assess their impact on reproduction of captive Humboldt penguins. Recommendations for optimising conditions for captive breeding of Humboldt penguins include keeping as large a population as possible in a concrete enclosure with a large pool area, while providing sand and gravel as nesting material. Bird density may be important but we did not detect detrimental effects on breeding for densities up to 0.25 birds m–2. Adult mortality can be minimised by exhibiting Humboldt penguins in single‐species display and avoiding chlorination of pool water. An experimental approach is recommended to confirm the results of this correlational study. Zoo Biol 20:545–555, 2001. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Birth of a chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) after artificial insemination with cryopreserved epididymal spermatozoa collected postmortem
Authors: Kusunoki Hiroshi , Daimaru Hideshi , Minami Shinji , Nishimoto Shosaku , Yamane Ken‐Ichi , Fukumoto Yukio 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA male chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) suddenly died of acute hemorrhagic enteritis at the age of 18 years. Within 24 hours after its death, a large quantity of spermatozoa of excellent quality was recovered from the distal cauda epididymides and was subsequently cryopreserved. After storage for 67 days, the frozen spermatozoa were thawed and inseminated in an adult, normal cycling, nulliparous female. The optimal day for insemination was estimated by monitoring the swelling of the female’s sex skin and urinary luteinizing hormone concentrations. Pregnancy was confirmed by a urinary chorionic gonadotropin test, and a normal female infant was born after 214 days of gestation. This birth demonstrates that distal cauda epididymal spermatozoa recovered from a dead male can be cryopreserved and successfully inseminated in a female chimpanzee. Zoo Biol 20:135–143, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Partial-order Reduction Techniques for Real-time Model Checking
Authors: Dams Dennis , Gerth Rob , Knaack Bart , Kuiper Ruurd 
Published: August 2002

Abstract.
A new notion, covering, generalising independence is introduced. It enables improved effects of partial-order reduction techniques when applied to real-time systems. Furthermore, we formulate a number of locally checkable conditions for covering that can be used as the basis for a practical algorithm. Correctness is proven with respect to a chosen discretisation method.
Achilles tendon rupture: experimental results on spontaneous repair in a sheep‐model
Authors: Bruns J. , Kampen J. , Kahrs J. , Plitz W. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe studied the course of spontaneous healing of Achilles tendons in a sheep model after transection and partial resection of the tendon by means of histological and biomechanical analyses. In 18 sheep used for another animal study the operated knee had to be excluded from weight‐bearing; therefore the Achilles tendons were transected and for 1.5 cm partially resected in the middle substance of the tendon. For evaluation these spontaneously healed tendons (n=18) were compared with the contralateral noninvolved tendons (n=18). Specimens were analyzed 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively by means of histology, polarized light, angiography, and mechanically analyzing the specific tensile strength and absolute tensile strength. We found that in all animals the resected tendon healed spontaneously. All animals exhibited a normal gait pattern at least 6 weeks postoperatively. Histologically, the tendinous area of healing demonstrated after 3 months a fibrous collagenous tissue with a loose fiber orientation. The cross‐sectional area had at 3 months increased to maximum but decreased later. Concomitantly the fiber orientation improved with time and 12 months after transection the specimens showed a nearly normal histological structure of the healed tendon. Biomechanically the specimens exhibited a rather low specific rupture force after 3 months (28.8% of normal tendons) and 6 months (30.2%) but increased after 12 months (56.7%). In regard to the resulting total rupture force the decrease in the spontaneously healed tendons was less (75.6% after 3 months, 56.1% after 6 months, 81.18% after 12 months), because the cross‐sectional area of the healing tendon had significantly (P<0.05) increased to maximum after 3 and 6 months. Sheep Achilles tendons thus healed spontaneously without any immobilization. The initial healing mechanism is thickening of the scar tissue with improvement of the fiber orientation towards a tendonlike structure within 1 year. Parallel to this, the specific rupture force increased and the thickness of the newly tendonlike area decreased.
Influence of Postoperative Epidural Analgesia with Bupivacaine onIntestinal Motility, Transit Time, and Anastomotic Healing
Authors: Jansen Marc , Fass Jürgen , Tittel Andreas , Mumme Thorsten , Anurov Michael , Titkova Svetlana , Polivoda Michael , Öttinger Alexander , Schumpelick Volker 
Published: August 2002

Epidural application of bupivacaine hasbeen suggested to have a sympatholytic effect on spinal reflexmechanisms that shortens postoperative paralysis and leads to animproved transit time. The influence on anastomitic healing remainscontroversial. Laparotomy was performed in eight dogs. A short segmentof the distal colon was resected and five electrodes were fixed on theserosa to measure the myoelectric activity (e.g., Migrating MyoelectricComplex—MMC). After operation a peridural catheter was placed betweenL7 and the sacral crest. One milliliter of bupivacaine 0.25% for each3 kg of body weight was injected every 4 hours. Barium pellets coatedin wax were placed into the stomach to allow radiographicrepresentation of transit time. After 5 days the colon anastomosis wasresected to measure the bursting pressure. In the peridural analgesiagroup (PDA) we found one small bowel intussusception and one coveredanastomotic leakage. Postoperative PDA led to early and severemyoelectric activity but did not influence the time until the first MMCoccurred (44 ± 0.8 h, PDA; 44.6 ± 1.5 h,control). Neither the transit time to the colon (50.2 ± 1.9h, PDA; 51.7 ± 5.5 h, control) nor the anastomotic healingwas influenced (bursting pressure: 176 ± 21.1 mmHg, PDA; 152± 27.7 mmHg, control). Postoperative epidural analgesia withbupivacaine shortens intestinal paralysis. Early myoelectric activitywith a lack of propulsive activity can cause complications like smallbowel intussusception. Hence early postoperative enteral nutritionafter epidural analgesia is risky. Because the influence of epiduralanalgesia on propulsive motility remains unclear, it seems reasonableto recommend its limited use in colon surgery.
Small Nonpolypoid Colorectal Carcinoma
Authors: Weil Ruben , Ohana Gil , Halpern Marisa , Estlein Dov , Avni Arieh , Wolloch Yaakov 
Published: August 2002

The objective of this study was to characterize and assess the presence and frequency of small nonpolypoid colorectal adenocarcinomas among patients with colorectal cancer referred for surgery. The medical, endoscopic, and surgical reports and the histopathologic slides of all patients operated on for colorectal cancer were retrospectively reviewed. Small nonpolypoid colorectal cancer (SNPCC) was defined as a malignant, nonpolypoid lesion smaller than 15 mm. SNPCC was classified according to the Japanese macroscopic classification of colorectal carcinoma. The frequency of SNPCC among patients referred for operation was 1.8%. Most of these patients were asymptomatic and were diagnosed by the same endoscopist using a high‐resolution video‐endoscope without the assistance of enhancement techniques. These lesions had a mean size of 10.8 mm, were mainly of the flat or flat elevated type, and were located in the distal colon.
Among patients with colorectal cancer referred for surgery, 1.8% had SNPCC. These lesions can be detected using high‐resolution video‐endoscopy equipment without the need for enhancement techniques,
as reported in Japanese series. Increased awareness of the existence of such SNPCC lesions may help the average endoscopist detect such lesions. As SNPCC represents colorectal cancer, all the cases in our series were treated by typical oncologic surgical resection.
Prope Tolerance: A Step in the Search for Tolerance in the Clinic
Authors: Calne Roy Y. 
Published: August 2002

Abstract.Following the demonstration by Knechtle and colleagues that profound T cell depletion in rhesus monkeys treated with a CD3 diphtheria immunotoxin resulted in tolerance to renal allografting, we have used a similarly depleting protocol that, in addition, depletes B cells in recipients of a cadaveric renal transplant. The humanized antiCD52 monoclonal antibody had a rapid depleting effect when given intravenously, 20 mg on days 0 and 1 after‐renal transplantation, to 31 patients. At 48 hours after the second dose of low dose monotherapy cyclosporine (Neoral) was given to maintain blood levels averaging 100 ng/ml. Initially no other immunosuppression was given. With an average follow‐up of 24 months all but one of the patients are alive, 29 with intact functioning grafts. There have been five rejection episodes, which responded to pulsed steroid treatment. One patient had a recurrence of her original disease. Two patients developed opportunistic infections, which responded to therapy; and one patient with severe heart failure at the time of surgery died from this condition after 11 months. Currently 29 patients are still on the original low dose cyclosporine monotherapy. The outcome in this cohort of patients has been encouraging, with efficacy that compares favorably to our conventional triple therapy but in most cases allows the patients to be steroid‐free on low dose immunosuppressive monotherapy. The maintenance treatment is inexpensive and should be beneficial in the context of tight budgetary constraints worldwide. The patients who avoided steroids are pleased with this aspect of the protocol. A randomized trial comparing this treatment with standard therapy is planned.
Metabolic Assessment
Authors: Jacobs Danny O. , Wong Michael 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAlthough no techniques are currently available that meet the needs of nutrition‐support professionals, the future is promising. This article reviews various methods and techniques used to assess the metabolic and nutritional status of surgical patients. Technologic advances in bioengineering, molecular biology, and physiology are providing exciting new tools that may eventually replace or supplement traditional static indices of metabolic assessment. At the very least, an increased understanding of the cellular abnormalities associated with various diseases will likely change our view of illness and our approaches to nutritional and metabolic intervention.
Perioperative Nutrition and Metabolism in Pediatric Patients
Authors: Imura Kenji , Okada Akira 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA developing child, with a high metabolic rate and low body stores of nutrients, is susceptible to metabolic disturbances due to surgical stress. For perioperative nutritional care of infants, the distinct physiologic features of their body fluids must be carefully considered. The postoperative metabolic response is the same as that in adults, but in children this response is more rapid. Based on the urinary excretion of 3‐methylhistidine in infants, the postoperative degradation of muscle protein is thought to be twice the preoperative level. This transient increase during the early postoperative period was not suppressed by increased amino acid intake, and energy intake was sufficient. To prevent postoperative metabolic complications, the energy intake of glucose or fat should correspond to the patient—s requirements, and excess carbohydrate should be avoided. The quantity and quality of the amino acid formula used must be carefully evaluated.