bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparing cortical activations for silent and overt speech using event‐related fMRI
Authors: Huang Jie , Carr Thomas H. , Cao Yue 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAt present, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of cortical language functions favors “silent” task paradigms with no overt speaking, due to severe motion artifacts in MR images induced by vocalization. To the extent that the neural substrate of silent speaking might differ from that of overt speaking, this is a problem for understanding spoken language. The present study combined event related fMRI methodology with a set of techniques for motion reduction, detection, and correction to further investigate overt speech and compare it to silent speech. The purpose of the study was two‐fold. We aimed to test a multiple‐step image processing protocol involving discrimination and separation of motion‐induced signals from activation‐induced signals and we aimed to use this multi‐step image processing protocol to compare the similarity of activation of cortical pathways potentially relevant to language production during silent and overt speech, focusing on Broca area and primary motor cortex as test cases. If the problem of motion artifact can be handled effectively, fMRI can add greatly to the tools available to investigate human language. Hum. Brain Mapping 15:39–53, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stereospecific synthesis of 2‐phthalimido‐2a,3,4,5‐tetrahydro‐1H‐azeto[2,1‐d][1,5]benzothiazepin‐1‐ones
Authors: Xu Jiaxi , Zuo Gang , Zhang Qihan , Chan Wing Lai 
Published: August 2002

Abstract2a,4‐Disubstituted 2‐phthalimido‐2a,3,4,5‐tetrahydro‐1H‐azeto[2,1‐d][1,5]benzothiazepin‐1‐ones were synthesized by cycloaddition reactions of 2,4‐disubstituted 2,3‐dihydro‐1,5‐benzothiazepines and phthalimidoketene, generated from phthalimidoacetyl chloride, in the presence of triethylamine in anhydrous benzene. The stereochemistry was discussed for the cycloaddition reaction. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 13:276–279, 2002; Published online in Wiley Interscience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10029
Synthesis and biological activity of some triarylantimony dipyrazolecarboxylates
Authors: Ma Yong‐Qiang , Yu Lin , Li Jin‐Shan 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA series of triarylantimony dipyrazolecarboxylates was synthesized by the reaction of pyrazolecarboxylic acid with triarylantimony dibromides in the presence of potassium hydroxide. The structures of the title compounds were confirmed by elemental analysis, 1H NMR, IR, and mass spectra. Some of these compounds were found to possess antibacterial activity. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 13:299–301, 2002; Published online in Wiley Interscience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10033
Catalytic allylation of hydrates of α‐keto aldehydes and glyoxylates with allyltrimethylsilane using non‐fluorine‐containing sulfonic acids as catalysts
Authors: Wang Ming Wen , Chen Yong Jun , Wang Dong 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMethanesulfonic acid, aromatic sulfonic acids, and 10‐camphorsulfonic acid have been used as catalysts in allylation of hydrates of α‐keto aldehydes 1a–d and glyoxylates 1e–f with allyltrimethylsilane 2 to afford the corresponding homoallylic alcohols 4a–e in good yields. Two plausible mechanisms of sulfonic acid–catalyzed allylation reactions with an allysilane are discussed. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 12:534–538, 2001
Strategic interaction among hospitals and nursing facilities: the efficiency effects of payment systems and vertical integration
Authors: Banks Dwayne , Parker Elliott , Wendel Jeanne 
Published: August 2002

AbstractRising post‐acute care expenditures for Medicare transfer patients and increasing vertical integration between hospitals and nursing facilities raise questions about the links between payment system structure, the incentive for vertical integration and the impact on efficiency. In the United States, policy‐makers are responding to these concerns by initiating prospective payments to nursing facilities, and are exploring the bundling of payments to hospitals. This paper develops a static profit‐maximization model of the strategic interaction between the transferring hospital and a receiving nursing facility. This model suggests that the post‐1984 system of prospective payment for hospital care, coupled with nursing facility payments that reimburse for services performed, induces inefficient under‐provision of hospital services and encourages vertical integration. It further indicates that the extension of prospective payment to nursing facilities will not eliminate the incentive to vertically integrate, and will not result in efficient production unless such integration takes place. Bundling prospective payments for hospitals and nursing facilities will neither remove the incentive for vertical integration nor induce production efficiency without such vertical integration. However, bundled payment will induce efficient production, with or without vertical integration, if nursing facilities are reimbursed for services performed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Discounting for health effects in cost–benefit and cost‐effectiveness analysis
Authors: Gravelle Hugh , Smith Dave 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWhen health effects can be valued in monetary terms, as in cost–benefit analysis, they should be discounted at the same rate as costs. If health effects are measured in quantities (e.g. quality adjusted life years) as in cost‐effectiveness analysis (CEA) and the value of health effects is increasing over time, discounting the volume of health effects at a lower rate than costs is a valid method of taking account of the increase in the future value of health effects. We show that the Keeler–Cretin paradox, often used as an argument against discounting health effects at a lower rate than costs, has no relevance for the choice of discount rate in CEA. We present individualistic and welfare models to argue that the rate of growth of the value of health effects is positive. The welfare model suggests that the value of health grows at a rate dependent on the rate of growth of the value of the direct effect of health on utility, the growth rate of income, the elasticity of the marginal utility of income and the extent to which individuals are insured against the income risks of ill health. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genomic instability measurement in the diagnosis of thyroid neoplasms
Authors: Stoler Daniel L. , Datta Rajiv V. , Charles Melita A. , Block AnneMarie W. , Brenner Bruce M. , Sieczka Elizabeth M. , Hicks Wesley L. , Loree Thom R. , Anderson Garth R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackgroundClinically palpable thyroid nodules are present in approximately 10% of the population, although only 5% to 7% of these nodules harbor malignancy. Fine‐needle aspiration has become one of the central tools in the diagnostic armamentarium of the surgeon/endocrinologist. There is, however, up to a 30% indeterminate diagnostic rate associated with this technique, resulting in unnecessary surgical interventions for patients harboring benign disease. A second issue of clinical importance is the unreliability of predicting outcomes based either on histologic findings alone or in combination with clinical staging. To address these diagnostic and clinical shortcomings, we have used measurement of genomic instability as a diagnostic and prognostic indicator for thyroid neoplasms.MethodsGenomic instability of thyroid tissue samples was determined by inter‐(simple sequence repeat) PCR, microsatellite instability analysis, and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) on thyroid neoplasms from 22 patients.ResultsInter‐(simple sequence repeat) PCR detected genomic instability with an index range 0% to 1.9% (mean, 0.56%) in patients with benign disease, whereas in patients with malignant histologic findings the values ranged from 0% to 6.6% (mean, 2.9%). This difference between benign and malignant values was statistically significant (p = .004). There was no demonstrable microsatellite instability or loss of heterozygosity for six markers examined in this group. Losses of chromosomes 17 and X in benign disease and gains of chromosomes 7, 12, 17, and X in Hurthle cell carcinoma were observed, although not at a significant rate.ConclusionsGenomic instability as measured by inter‐(simple sequence repeat) PCR was significantly higher for malignant diseases compared with benign thyroid tissues, but no such association was seen with aneuploidy or microsatellite instability. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 24: 290–295, 2002; DOI 10.1002/hed.10050
Organ preservation with radiotherapy for T1‐T2 carcinoma of the pyriform sinus
Authors: Amdur Robert J. , Mendenhall William M. , Stringer Scott P. , Villaret Douglas B. , Cassisi Nicholas J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPurposeTo report long‐term results using radiotherapy with or without a planned neck dissection for T1‐T2 carcinoma of the pyriform sinus.MethodsAn analysis of 101 patients treated at the University of Florida with RT with or without a planned neck dissection for organ preservation.ResultsThe 5‐year local control rates after RT were 90% for T1 cancers and 80% for T2 lesions. The only parameter that significantly influenced local control in univariate analyses was apex involvement for T1 tumors. Multivariate analysis revealed no parameter that significantly affected local control. Cause‐specific survival rates at 5 years were as follows: stage I‐II, 96%; stage III, 62%; stage IVA, 49%; and stage IVB, 33%. The absolute survival rates were as follows: stage I, 57%; stage II, 61%; stage III, 41%; stage IVA, 29%; and stage IVB, 25%. Moderate to severe long‐term complications developed in 12% of patients.ConclusionsRT alone or combined with a planned neck dissection resulted in local control with larynx preservation in a high proportion of patients. The chance of cure is comparable to that observed after conservation surgery, and the risk of major complications is lower. The addition of adjuvant chemotherapy is unlikely to improve the probability of organ preservation, but might improve locoregional control for patients with advanced nodal disease. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck 23: 353–362, 2001.
5‐HT4 receptors in the hippocampus modulate rat locomotor activity
Authors: Takahashi Hiroshi , Takada Yumiko , Urano Tetsumei , Takada Akikazu 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn the present study, the ability of 5‐hydroxytryptamine‐4 (5‐HT4) receptors in the hippocampus to enhance locomotor activity in rats was investigated by local infusion via microdialysis probes. The local infusion of 5‐HT bilaterally into the striatum did not alter rat motor activity. The local infusion of 1.0 mM 5‐HT into the bilateral hippocampus, but not lower doses, significantly increased motor activity as compared with the baseline values or the control rats. During the day hours (0700–1900, light on), the local infusion of either 5‐HT4 agonist, 5‐MeOT (100 μM) or mosapride (10 μM), but not in their lower concentrations, into the bilateral hippocampus significantly increased motor activity as compared with the baseline values or the control rats. Almost all increased motor activity was normal forward locomotion. This 5‐MeOT‐induced hyperlocomotion was completely reversed by the combined infusion of a 5‐HT4 antagonist, either GR125487D (100 μM), SB204070 (100 μM) or RS23597‐190 (100 μM). During the night hours (1900–0700, light off), the local infusion of either SB204070 (100 μM) or RS23597‐190 (100 μM), but not in their lower concentrations, into the bilateral hippocampus significantly decreased rat motor activity and inhibited rat nocturnal hyperactivity. These hypoactivities during the night hours induced by 5‐HT4 antagonist were reversed by the combined infusion of a 5‐HT4 agonist, 5‐MeOT (100 μM). The present study demonstrates that the serotonergic neurons projecting to the hippocampus, but not to the striatum, modulate rat locomotor activity by stimulating 5‐HT4 receptors in the hippocampus. Hippocampus 2002;12:304–310. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Long‐lasting increased excitability differs in dentate gyrus vs. CA1 in freely moving chronic epileptic rats after electrically induced status epilepticus
Authors: Gorter Jan A. , van Vliet Erwin A. , Aronica Eleonora , Lopes da Silva Fernando H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA paired‐pulse (PP) stimulation protocol was used to examine changes in field potentials (fEPSPs), locally evoked in CA1 via Schaffer/commissural fiber stimulation and in the dentate gyrus (DG) through angular bundle stimulation, in freely moving epileptic rats. This epilepsy model is characterized by recurrent spontaneous seizures that occur after a latent period of 1–2 weeks following an electrically induced status epilepticus (SE). In the control period, i.e., before induction of SE, the PP stimulation protocol given at the appropriate intensity evoked fEPSPs with a pronounced paired‐pulse depression (PPD). In the acute period, immediately after SE, the fEPSPs in the CA1 and DG areas were generally depressed. During the latent period in the CA1 stratum radiatum, the negative fEPSP was followed by a large positive potential that remained for the rest of the recording period. CA1 PPD, observed during the control period, was changed to paired‐pulse facilitation (PPF) that remained for the rest of the recording period. Also during the latent period, a broad late component appeared in DG fEPSPs. The initial decrease in PPD was partly restored in the following weeks. Timm staining at different time points after SE showed an increase of mossy‐fiber sprouting in the inner molecular layer within 6 days, which was robust within 6 weeks. We noted Timm granules positioned on parvalbumin immunoreactive neurons in the granule‐cell layer of rats that had survived SE, suggesting that restoration of PPD could be partly due to reinnervation of a population of GABAergic neurons. The broad late component of DG fEPSPs, which was sensitive to the NMDA receptor antagonist ketamine, was still present for at least 6 weeks into the chronic epileptic phase, indicating lasting increased excitability. These observed changes indicate a lasting increased excitability in CA1 and DG networks that could play a role in the recurrence of spontaneous seizures. Hippocampus 2002;12:311–324. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A study of suppression of vapor explosions by adding inversely soluble polymers
Authors: Takashima Takeo , Iida Yoshihiro , Higashiyama Taku 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe mechanism of the suppression of vapor explosions by adding inversely soluble polymers in water is studied. Vapor explosion experiments and quench experiment are conducted using a silver test piece. Polymetric solution (polyethylene oxide), of concentrations from 0 to 500 wppm, whose normalized viscosity (by water) varies from 1.00 to 2.00, is used. No vapor explosion is observed in the aqueous polymer solution at a concentration higher than 200 wppm. Quench experiments using the silver test piece submerged in the polymer solution and water are performed in order to examine the stability of film boiling. The suppression of the vapor film collapse is attributed to the precipitation of polyethylene as a gel around the vapor film. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 31(4): 297–306, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.10037
Numerical analysis on the cooling of a laser diode package with a thermoelectric cooler
Authors: Lee Hee Jin , Yoon Joon Shik , Kim Charn‐Jung 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAn LD (laser diode), an essential unit of an LD package, has higher output power and faster working speed than an LED (light‐emitting diode) but it is more expensive. The thermal characteristic of an LD should be estimated as the working performance as it is closely related to its temperature. The thermal expansion causes changes in its shape and position, which lead to a crucial problem regarding light transmission. An LD is located on the submount for insulation and cooling and all of them work in a closed package filled with an inert gas. A TEC (thermoelectric cooler) is used in order to control the temperature of the package, especially the LD. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Heat Trans Asian Res, 30(5): 357‐370, 2001
Human psychopharmacology of Ecstasy (MDMA): a review of 15 years of empirical research
Authors: Parrott A. C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMDMA (3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine) or ‘Ecstasy’ was scheduled as an illegal drug in 1986, but since then its recreational use has increased dramatically. This review covers 15 years of research into patterns of use, its acute psychological and physiological effects, and the long‐term consequences of repeated use. MDMA is an indirect monoaminergic agonist, stimulating the release and inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin (5‐HT) and, to a lesser extent, other neurotransmitters. Single doses of MDMA have been administered to human volunteers in double‐blind placebo‐controlled trials, although most findings are based upon recreational MDMA users. The ‘massive’ boost in neurotransmitter activity can generate intense feelings of elation and pleasure, also hyperactivity and hyperthermia. This psychophysiological arousal may be exacerbated by high ambient temperatures, overcrowding, prolonged dancing and other stimulant drugs. Occasionally the ‘serotonin syndrome’ reactions may prove fatal. In the days after Ecstasy use, around 80% of users report rebound depression and lethargy, due probably to monoaminergic depletion. Dosage escalation and chronic pharmacodynamic tolerance typically occur in regular users. Repeated doses of MDMA cause serotonergic neurotoxicity in laboratory animals, and there is extensive evidence for long‐term neuropsychopharmacological damage in humans. Abstinent regular Ecstasy users often display reduced levels of 5‐HT, 5‐HIAA, tryptophan hydroxylase and serotonin transporter density; functional deficits in learning/memory, higher cognitive processing, sleep, appetite and psychiatric well‐being, and, most paradoxically, ‘loss of sexual interest/pleasure’. These psychobiological deficits are greatest in heavy Ecstasy users and may reflect serotonergic axonal loss in the higher brain regions, especially the frontal lobes, temporal lobes and hippocampus. These problems seem to remain long after the recreational use of Ecstasy has ceased, suggesting that the neuropharmacological damage may be permament. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigations on the influence of pore‐space geometry on concentration patterns and transportation properties of dissolved oxygen in a bioactive sandy sediment by a lattice Boltzmann automaton model
Authors: Haußels R. , Klenke Th. , Kropp J. , Ebenhöh W. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA lattice Boltzmann automaton (LBA) is used as a modelling approach to investigate the influence of pore‐space geometry on intrinsic processes and component distributions in recent tidal sediments. The simulations are performed on real pore‐space structures obtained from scanning electron photomicrographs, which document the mesoscopic geometry of bioactive sandy surface sediments. The discrete transport–reaction model for dissolved oxygen shows that in advective controlled systems oxygen concentration properties can be clearly related to the pore‐space geometry. Variability of measured high‐resolution concentration gradients can therefore can be attributed to the structural heterogeneity of pore‐space geometry. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Monitoring of drawdown pattern during pumping in an unconfined physical aquifer model
Authors: Lee Seoung‐Sup , Kim Joung‐Souk , Kim Dong‐Ju 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this study, we attempted to analyse a drawdown pattern around a pumping well in an unconfined sandy gravelly aquifer constructed in a laboratory tank by means of both experimental and numerical modelling of groundwater flow. The physical model consisted of recharge, aquifer and discharge zones. Permeability and specific yield of the aquifer material were determined by Dupuit approximation under steady‐state flow and stepwise gravitational drainage of groundwater, respectively. The drawdown of water table in pumping and neighbouring observation wells was monitored to investigate the effect of no‐flow boundary on the drawdown pattern during pumping for three different boundary conditions: (i) no recharge and no discharge with four no‐flow boundaries (Case 1); (ii) no recharge and reservoir with three no‐flow boundaries (Case 2); (iii) recharge and discharge with two no‐flow boundaries (Case 3). Based on the aquifer parameters, numerical modelling was also performed to compare the simulated drawdown with that observed. Results showed that a large difference existed between the simulated drawdown and that observed in wells for all cases. The reason for the difference could be explained by the formation of a curvilinear type water table between wells rather than a linear one due to a delayed response of water table in the capillary fringe. This phenomenon was also investigated from a mass balance study on the pumping volume. The curvilinear type of water table was further evidenced by measurement of water contents at several positions in the aquifer between wells using time domain reflectometry (TDR). This indicates that the existing groundwater flow model applicable to an unconfined aquifer lacks the capacity to describe a slow response of water table in the aquifer and care should be taken in the interpretation of water table formation in the aquifer during pumping. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of the Liu model for predicting rainfall interception in forests world‐wide
Authors: Liu Shuguang 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSimple but effective models are needed for the prediction of rainfall interception under a full range of environmental and management conditions. The Liu model was validated using data published in the literature and was compared with two leading models in the literature: the Rutter and the Gash models. The Liu model was tested against the Rutter model on a single‐storm basis with interception measurements observed from an old‐growth Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) forest in Oregon, USA. Simulated results by the Liu model were close to the measurements and comparable to those predicted by the Rutter model. The Liu model was further tested against the Gash model on a multistorm basis. The Gash and Liu models successfully predicted long‐term interception losses from a broad range of 20 forests around the world. Results also indicated that both the Gash and the Liu models could be used to predict rainfall interception using daily rainfall data, although it was assumed in both models that there is only one storm per rain day. The sensitivity of the Liu model to stand storage capacity, canopy gap fraction and evaporation rate from wet canopy surface during rainfall was investigated. Results indicate that the Liu model has the simplest form, least data requirements and comparable accuracy for predicting rainfall interception as compared with the Rutter and the Gash models. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.