bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Legitimacy and Meaning: The Significance of Public Debate to the Adoption of the Constitution
Authors: Edling Max. M 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Argues that the role of debate in the struggle over ratification was significant to the adoption of the US Constitution because public debate was a necessary step in the decision‐making process leading to its ratification. It was a necessary step because adoption would not have been legitimate without the possibility of public debate, but the debate was also significant in another way: it provided the first widely shared and detailed interpretation of important clauses of the Constitution. This original elucidation of the meaning of the Constitution later served as the point of origin for constitutional interpretation in the political life of the early republic – an authoritative source for establishing the meaning of the Constitution.
The Federalists and the Uses of Military Powers
Authors: Edling Max. M 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Chapter 9 and the corresponding Ch. 14 in Part Three of the book offer brief sketches of the institutionalization of the military and fiscal powers granted by the US Constitution, and of the uses made of them by the Federalists in the 1790s. Gives a historical account of the uses made by the national government during that period of the military powers that it was granted by the Constitution. Aims to make a judgment on the political achievement of the Federalists that hinges on the extent to which they managed to translate their principles into action when they transformed the articles of the Constitution into the policies and institutions of the new national government. Part of the discussion also addresses the fact that during the quarter century following the First US Congress, the USA had to respond repeatedly to events originating in Europe far beyond the federal government's control, and overall, drew advantage from the warfare that engulfed Britain, France, and Spain. It is noted that is not easy to answer the question of whether the federal government had any part in making this possible, but a cautious answer based on works of diplomatic history is that the reform of the federal government did make a difference to the actions of European governments.
The Mycorrhizal Fungus Gigaspora margarita Possesses a CuZn Superoxide Dismutase That Is Up-Regulated during Symbiosis with Legume Hosts
Authors: Lanfranco Luisa , Novero Mara , Bonfante Paola 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
A full-length cDNA showing high similarity to previously described CuZn superoxide dismutases (SODs) was identified in an expressed sequence tag collection from germinated spores of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Gigaspora margarita (BEG 34). The corresponding gene sequence, named GmarCuZnSOD, is composed of four exons. As revealed by heterologous complementation assays in a yeast mutant, GmarCuZnSOD encodes a functional polypeptide able to confer increased tolerance to oxidative stress. The GmarCuZnSOD RNA was differentially expressed during the fungal life cycle; highest transcript levels were found in fungal structures inside the roots as observed on two host plants, Lotus japonicus and Medicago truncatula. These structures also reacted positively to 3,3′-diaminobenzidine, used to localize H2O2 accumulation. This H2O2 is likely to be produced by CuZnSOD activity since treatment with a chelator of copper ions, generally used to inhibit CuZnSODs, strongly reduced the 3,3′-diaminobenzidine deposits. A slight induction of GmarCuZnSOD gene expression was also observed in germinated spores exposed to L. japonicus root exudates, although the response showed variation in independent samples. These results provide evidence of the occurrence, in an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, of a functional SOD gene that is modulated during the life cycle and may offer protection as a reactive oxygen species-inactivating system against localized host defense responses raised in arbuscule-containing cells.
Lotus japonicus Metabolic Profiling. Development of Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Resources for the Study of Plant-Microbe Interactions
Authors: Desbrosses Guilhem G. , Kopka Joachim , Udvardi Michael K. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) in legume root nodules requires differentiation and integration of both plant and bacterial metabolism. Classical approaches of biochemistry, molecular biology, and genetics have revealed many aspects of primary metabolism in legume nodules that underpin SNF. Functional genomics approaches, especially transcriptomics and proteomics, are beginning to provide a more holistic picture of the metabolic potential of nodules in model legumes like Medicago truncatula and Lotus japonicus. To extend these approaches, we have established protocols for nonbiased measurement and analysis of hundreds of metabolites from L. japonicus, using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Following creation of mass spectral tag libraries, which represent both known and unknown metabolites, we measured and compared relative metabolite levels in nodules, roots, leaves, and flowers of symbiotic plants. Principal component analysis of the data revealed distinct metabolic phenotypes for the different organs and led to the identification of marker metabolites for each. Metabolites that were enriched in nodules included: octadecanoic acid, asparagine, glutamate, homoserine, cysteine, putrescine, mannitol, threonic acid, gluconic acid, glyceric acid-3-P, and glycerol-3-P. Hierarchical cluster analysis enabled discrimination of 10 groups of metabolites, based on distribution patterns in diverse Lotus organs. The resources and tools described here, together with ongoing efforts in the areas of genome sequencing, and transcriptome and proteome analysis of L. japonicus and Mesorhizobium loti, should lead to a better understanding of nodule metabolism that underpins SNF.
Molecular Basis of Evolutionary Events That Shaped theHardnessLocus in Diploid and Polyploid Wheat Species (Triticum and Aegilops)
Authors: Chantret Nathalie , Salse Jérôme , Sabot François , Rahman Sadequr , Bellec Arnaud , Laubin Bastien , Dubois Ivan , Dossat Carole , Sourdille Pierre , Joudrier Philippe , Gautier Marie-Françoise , Cattolico Laurence , Beckert Michel , Aubourg Sébastien , Weissenbach Jean , Caboche Michel , Bernard Michel , Leroy Philippe , Chalhoub Boulos 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe Hardness (Ha) locus controls grain hardness in hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum) and its relatives (Triticum and Aegilops species) and represents a classical example of a trait whose variation arose from gene loss after polyploidization. In this study, we investigated the molecular basis of the evolutionary events observed at this locus by comparing corresponding sequences of diploid, tertraploid, and hexaploid wheat species (Triticum and Aegilops). Genomic rearrangements, such as transposable element insertions, genomic deletions, duplications, and inversions, were shown to constitute the major differences when the same genomes (i.e., the A, B, or D genomes) were compared between species of different ploidy levels. The comparative analysis allowed us to determine the extent and sequences of the rearranged regions as well as rearrangement breakpoints and sequence motifs at their boundaries, which suggest rearrangement by illegitimate recombination. Among these genomic rearrangements, the previously reported Pina and Pinb genes loss from the Ha locus of polyploid wheat species was caused by a large genomic deletion that probably occurred independently in the A and B genomes. Moreover, the Ha locus in the D genome of hexaploid wheat (T. aestivum) is 29 kb smaller than in the D genome of its diploid progenitor Ae. tauschii, principally because of transposable element insertions and two large deletions caused by illegitimate recombination. Our data suggest that illegitimate DNA recombination, leading to various genomic rearrangements, constitutes one of the major evolutionary mechanisms in wheat species.
The MutantcrispaReveals Multiple Roles forPHANTASTICAin Pea Compound Leaf Development
Authors: Tattersall Alexander D. , Turner Lynda , Knox Margaret R. , Ambrose Michael J. , Ellis T.H. Noel , Hofer Julie M.I. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractPinnate compound leaves have laminae called leaflets distributed at intervals along an axis, the rachis, whereas simple leaves have a single lamina. In simple- and compound-leaved species, the PHANTASTICA (PHAN) gene is required for lamina formation. Antirrhinum majus mutants lacking a functional gene develop abaxialized, bladeless adult leaves. Transgenic downregulation of PHAN in the compound tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) leaf results in an abaxialized rachis without leaflets. The extent of PHAN gene expression was found to be correlated with leaf morphology in diverse compound-leaved species; pinnate leaves had a complete adaxial domain of PHAN gene expression, and peltate leaves had a diminished domain. These previous studies predict the form of a compound-leaved phan mutant to be either peltate or an abaxialized rachis. Here, we characterize crispa, a phan mutant in pea (Pisum sativum), and find that the compound leaf remains pinnate, with individual leaflets abaxialized, rather than the whole leaf. The mutant develops ectopic stipules on the petiole-rachis axis, which are associated with ectopic class 1 KNOTTED1-like homeobox (KNOX) gene expression, showing that the interaction between CRISPA and the KNOX gene PISUM SATIVUM KNOTTED2 specifies stipule boundaries. KNOX and CRISPA gene expression patterns indicate that the mechanism of pea leaf initiation is more like Arabidopsis thaliana than tomato.
Phototropins Promote Plant Growth in Response to Blue Light in Low Light Environments
Authors: Takemiya Atsushi , Inoue Shin-ichiro , Doi Michio , Kinoshita Toshinori , Shimazaki Ken-ichiro 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Phototropins (phot1 and phot2) are plant-specific blue light receptors for phototropism, chloroplast movement, leaf expansion, and stomatal opening. All these responses are thought to optimize photosynthesis by helping to capture light energy efficiently, reduce photodamage, and acquire CO2. However, experimental evidence for the promotion of plant growth through phototropins is lacking. Here, we report dramatic phototropin-dependent effects on plant growth. When plants of Arabidopsis thaliana wild type, the phot1 and phot2 mutants, and the phot1 phot2 double mutant were grown under red light, no significant growth differences were observed. However, if a very low intensity of blue light (0.1 μmol m−2 s−1) was superimposed on red light, large increases in fresh weight up to threefold were found in those plants that carried functional PHOT1 genes. When the intensity of blue light was increased to 1 μmol m−2 s−1, the growth enhancement was also found in the phot1 single mutant, but not in the double mutant, indicating that phot2 mediated similar responses as phot1 with a lower sensitivity. The effects occurred under low photosynthetically active radiation in particular. The well-known physiological phototropin-mediated responses, including chloroplast movement, stomatal opening, and leaf expansion, in the different lines tested indicated an involvement of these responses in the blue light–induced growth enhancement. We conclude that phototropins promote plant growth by controlling and integrating a variety of responses that optimize photosynthetic performance under low photosynthetically active radiation in the natural environment.
Linear stability analysis of long journal bearings: couple stress fluid model
Authors: Liao Won‐Hsion , Lu Rong‐Fang , Chien Rean‐Der , Lin Jaw‐Ren 
Published: March 2005

PurposeThe purpose of the present study is to provide the dynamic characteristics of long journal bearings lubricated with couple stress fluids.Design/methodology/approachBased upon the micro‐continuum theory generated by Stokes, the dynamic Reynolds‐type equation governing the film pressure is derived to account for the couple stress effects resulting from the non‐Newtonian behavior of complex fluids. By applying the linear stability theory to the non‐linear equations of motion the journal rotor, the equilibrium positions and dynamic characteristics of the system are evaluated.FindingsAs compared to the classical Newtonian model, the effects of couple stresses signify enhanced stiffness and damping coefficients (including KXX, KXY , BXX and BXY) at moderate values of the steady eccentricity ratio. Totally, as the rotor center operates at an eccentricity ratio about εs≤0.71, long bearings lubricated with couple stress fluids under small disturbance results in a higher stability threshold speed than that of the Newtonian‐lubricant case.Originality/valueThese findings provide engineers useful information in designing journal‐bearing systems.
Influences of recess depth on the stability of the Jeffcott rotor supported by hybrid bearings with orifice restrictors
Authors: Chen Cheng‐Hsien , Kang Yuan , Chang Yeon‐Pun , Lee Hsing‐Han , Shen Ping‐Chen 
Published: March 2005

PurposeThe present paper proposes a theoretical analysis of the stability characteristics of a Jeffcott rotor‐hybrid bearing system. It is intended that on the basis of the numerical results drawn from this study, appropriate recess depth, land size, orifice location and speed parameter for stable operation can be determined for use in the bearing design process.Design/methodology/approachA Jeffcott rotor supported by hybrid oil film bearings with dual‐row recesses and orifice‐ compensated restrictors is studied. In order to facilitate the calculation of film dynamics, using the perturbation method, the Reynolds equation was linearized and subsequently solved using finite difference techniques, whilst the stability maps were determined by the Routh‐Hurwitz method.FindingsThe data reported here suggest that the stability characteristics of the Jeffcott rotor‐bearing system could be improved by the use of shallow, dual‐recessed hybrid bearings with orifice compensation. In addition to greater eccentricity ratios, smaller land‐width ratios and greater shaft stiffness may also provide shallow‐recessed bearings with better stability. In all cases, the stability provided by upstream orifice‐sited bearings is better than that provided by center orifice‐sited bearings, whilst high‐speed parameters may also provide a greater stability threshold.Originality/valueThis study proposes an extensive database as a critical requirement in the design of hybrid bearings, in order to ensure that a rotor bearing system is operating stably.
An examination of the general decision making style questionnaire in two UK samples
Authors: Spicer David P. , Sadler‐Smith Eugene 
Published: March 2005

PurposeTo examine the psychometric properties and construct validity of the general decision making style (GDMS) questionnaire in two UK samples.Design/methodology/approach – The GDMS takes the form of a self‐report questionnaire which identifies five decision making styles: rational, intuitive, dependent, avoidant, and spontaneous. It was administered to samples of business studies undergraduates in two UK business schools. Analyses included scale reliabilities, test‐re‐test reliability, and both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses.Findings – The instrument's internal and temporal consistencies were generally sound. Consistent with earlier studies, analyses undertaken on the two samples independently were generally supportive of a five factor model of decision making style. No relationships with gender or year of study were observed.Research limitations/implications – Whilst generally supportive of the GDMS, results suggest that further validation work is required. This could include consideration of the relationships between the GDMS and other measures of cognitive/personality style.Practical implications – The managerial implications of the strengths of and relationships between the different decision making styles observed are discussed.Originality/value – The paper fulfils a stated requirement for further validation study of the GDMS instrument.
Engaging customers in service creation: a theater perspective
Authors: Williams Jacqueline A. , Anderson Helen H. 
Published: March 2005

PurposeA theater/drama perspective is used to gain insights into the participatory nature of service creation and to assess the relative importance of service elements across service scenarios.Design/methodology/approachDrama production principles are applied to situations where customers co‐create the service offering. Using a theater arts model, elements in service settings can be delineated into director, lead actor, set designer, scriptwriter, supporting cast member, and/or traditional audience roles. To understand the relative importance of the service provider, the customer, and other service encounter elements, three variations of a service setting (educational services) in which the consumer's participatory role moves from passive to proactive are compared.FindingsAs the service context became more participatory‐based, service provider roles significantly decreased in importance rankings while customer roles significantly increased, supporting the paper's hypotheses. The ranking of other service setting elements followed a similar pattern with greater importance being placed on elements as they became more central to the participatory experience.Research limitations/implicationsThe model is tested in only one service setting and the procedure for assigning theater roles to a service setting needs further refinement.Originality/valueBy merging theories from theater and services literature, a means of assessing the relative importance of service components across service scenarios is illustrated. Principles in theater arts provide the tactical detail needed to fit service creation elements into analogous roles in a drama setting. The model provides insights on the importance of service creation elements when transitioning from a spectator‐based to a participatory‐based service environment.
Design and implementation of a service guarantee
Authors: Fabien Louis 
Published: March 2005

PurposeTo propose a decision support model that can be used to design, implement and communicate effective and efficient service guarantees.Design/methodology/approachBased on in‐depth interviews by the author and on a recent literature review, the author has looked at different issues regarding service guarantees developed by services companies over the last five years.FindingsThe decision support model looks first at 12 key issues to examine before designing a service guarantee. If the preliminary analysis is conclusive, discussion about design and implementation is presented.Originality/valueThe main and original contribution of this model is to present to services marketing managers a step‐by‐step process, including preliminary analysis, marketing communication and performance analysis.
The impact of mode of operation on sales performance in international services
Authors: Kirca Ahmet H. 
Published: March 2005

PurposeTo investigate the impact of current mode of operation on service firms’ sales performance in international markets, and to examine the role of managerial control as a mediator of the mode of operation‐sales performance relationship.Design/methodology/approachA conceptual framework and a set of hypotheses were developed to posit that managerial control on marketing activities act as a process variable between the level of vertical integration of the mode of operation and firm success in international markets. The proposed hypotheses were tested using regression analysis with data from a sample of tour operators from Turkey.FindingsThe choice of mode of operation is a critical decision that impacts the performance of service firms in international markets, such that firms which use more vertically integrated modes of operation obtain higher sales performance as a result of their high levels of control on marketing activities.Research limitations/implicationsAlthough the present findings can be generalized to other soft service industries such as consulting, accommodation services, and health care, they provide limited insights for hard service industries (i.e. construction, insurance, banking and financial services).Practical implicationsThis article offers guidance in the internationalization process of service firms by highlighting the importance of managerial control on marketing activities as a factor that should be considered in reviewing and evaluating alternative modes of operation in foreign markets.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the extant research by testing one of the basic assumptions of the mode of entry literature: the relationship between vertical integration and managerial control. Also, the findings reveal that the level of vertical integration of the mode of operation is positively related to performance because vertical integration provides service firms with managerial control.
The collaboration index: a measure for supply chain collaboration
Authors: Simatupang Togar M. , Sridharan Ramaswami 
Published: March 2005

PurposeThis paper proposes an instrument to measure the extent of collaboration in a supply chain consisting of two members, suppliers and retailers.Design/methodology/approachThe proposed model for collaboration incorporates collaborative practices in information sharing, decision synchronisation and incentive alignment. A collaboration index is introduced to measure the level of collaborative practices. A survey of companies in New Zealand was conducted to obtain data to test and evaluate the collaboration index.FindingsThe survey results confirmed the reliability and validity of the proposed collaboration index measure for measuring collaboration. The findings also showed that the collaboration index was positively associated with operational performance.Research limitations/implicationsFuture research could consider larger sample sizes and cover other industry types.Practical implicationsSupply chain participants will be able to measure the extent of their collaboration and seek improvement in their performance.Originality/valueThis paper contributes to the literature by introducing a new index for measuring the extent of supply chain collaboration. This measure can be used by any participant (member) in a supply chain to identify the level of collaboration and seek improvement.