bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In situ imaging of specific binding of [3H]isatin in rat brain
Authors: Crumeyrolle‐Arias Michèle , Medvedev Alexei , Cardona Ana , Barritault Denis , Glover Vivette 
Published: March 2003

AbstractIsatin is an endogenous indole that influences a range of processes both in vivo and in vitro. It has a distinct and discontinuous distribution in the brain, as well as in other mammalian tissues and body fluids. However, the distribution of isatin binding sites in the brain is not known. Using a real‐time β‐imager we have investigated the distribution of [3H]isatin‐specific binding in rat brain sections. The highest labeling was found in hypothalamic nuclei and in the cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum. Administration of the mechanism based monoamine oxidase inhibitor, pargyline, reduced but did not abolish the specific binding of [3H]isatin in the rat brain. The distribution became cortex, cerebellum, hypothalamus > hippocampus > brain stem > thalamus ≈ striatum.
Microsatellite DNA markers for the ground beetle Carabus insulicola
Authors: Takami Y. , Katada S. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractTwelve microsatellite DNA loci were newly isolated from the ground beetle Carabus insulicola, endemic to Japan, for studying mating systems. Phage vector was used for establishing genomic DNA library, and positive clones were screened with 32P‐labelled probes. Primer sequences and annealing temperature for PCR amplification were determined for each locus. Allelic polymorphism of each locus, number of alleles and observed and expected heterozygosities, were investigated based on 24 individuals. Similarity between observed and expected heterozygosities suggests random mating, and relatively low observed heterozygosity found in two loci may be due to the presence of null alleles.
Characterization of microsatellite loci from the Japanese eel Anguilla japonica
Authors: Ishikawa Satoshi , Tsukamoto Katsumi , Nishida Mutsumi 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe Japenese eel, Anguilla japonica, is generally assumed to be composed of a single population with wide distribution range, and some genetic studies using allozyme or mitochondrial DNA methods supported this population model. However, one genetic study suggested the existence of multiple populations in this species, and thus, more detailed studies on the population structure is needed. Here we characterized a total of 11 microsatellite markers of the Japanese eel. These will serve as powerful tools for detailed population study for the Japanese eel, though two of them showed the significant departure from the Hardy–Weinberg expectations.
Characterization of microsatellite loci in the dusky‐footed woodrat, Neotoma fuscipes
Authors: Matocq Marjorie D. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractSix moderately to highly polymorphic microsatellite loci were developed for dusky‐footed woodrats (Neotoma fuscipes) using a modified enrichment protocol. Of the 149 clones sequenced, 33 (22%) contained inserts with greater than 10 repeat units. These loci are currently being used to study various aspects of the ecology and evolution of N. fuscipes ranging from their mating and social system to individual population histories and geographical differentiation.
Microsatellites in the genus Xiphophorus, developed in Xiphophorus montezumae
Authors: Seckinger J. , Brinkmann H. , Meyer A. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractSpecies of the genus Xiphophorus (swordtails and platies) are of great interest for the study of evolution of sexually selected traits like the sword, which is an elongation of ventral fin rays of the male caudal fin, that has evolved in several species within this genus. The detection of 10 microsatellites within the genus Xiphophorus will enable studies about the correlation of this trait with sexual reproductive success of males possessing swords of different lengths. These microsatellites will also be useful in determining population structure and enable paternity analysis in these species, where sperm storage is widespread.
Cross‐species amplification among peromyscines of new microsatellite DNA loci from the oldfield mouse (Peromyscus polionotus subgriseus)
Authors: Prince Kelly L. , Glenn Travis C. , Dewey Michael J. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractWe describe polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers and conditions to amplify 11 microsatellite DNA loci isolated from the oldfield mouse (Peromyscus polionotus subgriseus). These were tested for amplification using nine species and subspecies maintained at the Peromyscus Genetic Stock Center, with an average success rate of 65% and two loci amplifying in all species. Polymorphism was tested within the P. polionotus subgriseus and the recently obtained P. maniculatus sonorensis colonies. P. p. subgriseus had modest numbers of alleles per locus (1–4), whereas P. m. sonorensis had many alleles per locus (5–10) and high expected heterozygosities (0.625–0.878).
Microsatellite loci for the mayfly Baetis rhodani (Baetidae, Ephemeroptera)
Authors: Williams H. C. , Wilcock H. R. , Bruford M. W. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe first microsatellite primers are described for the mayfly family Baetidae (order Ephemeroptera). Seven polymorphic loci were isolated and characterized for the species Baetis rhodani from two enriched genomic libraries. A total of 183 individuals were genotyped using these loci. Allelic diversity was high for all loci, and observed heterozygosities ranged between 0.382 and 0.772. A heterozygote deficiency was detected in some loci, suggesting the presence of ‘null’ alleles.
Microsatellite loci for paternity assessment in the black swan (Cygnus atratus: Aves)
Authors: Carew P. J. , Adcock G. J. , Mulder R. A. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractSeven polymorphic tetranucleotide microsatellite loci were isolated and characterized from the black swan Cygnus atratus Latham, using nonradioactive PCR‐based techniques to screen an enriched genomic library. These loci were highly variable (mean HE = 0.75, mean number of alleles = 9.1), and showed no evidence of linkage disequilibrium or null alleles. This locus set is suitable for detecting extra‐pair copulations (combined exclusion probability = 0.999) and for other population genetic applications.
Novel Jefferson salamander, Ambystoma jeffersonianum, microsatellite DNA markers detect population structure and hybrid complexes
Authors: Julian S. E. , King T. L. , Savage W. K. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractTwenty polymorphic microsatellite DNA markers were isolated and characterized in Ambystoma jeffersonianum collected from three vernal pools in the mid‐Atlantic region of the U.S. These markers revealed a high degree of genetic diversity (7–23 alleles per locus), heterozygosity (46.7% to 100%), and allelic heterogeneity (96% of comparisons were statistically significant). Genetic distances were greatest in comparisons between collections, intermediate within collections, and least among sibling pairs. Six markers were trisomic in A. jeffersonianum‐A. laterale hybrids. These microsatellite DNA loci should allow delineation of genetic structure within and among populations of the diploid A. jeffersonianum and provide an effective method for identification of triploid hybrid individuals.
Doing good or doing well? A counter‐story of continuing professional education
Authors: Jeris Laurel H. , Armacost Linda K. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThis exploratory study begins the examination of one of four research propositions composed to stimulate new questions and research in continuing professional education (CPE), focusing on the relationship between CPE and social justice. Through a critical literature review and comparison of CPE curricula offered by medical and legal professional associations, this study examines ways in which political, cultural and institutional practices within the professions and their associations support or injure various groups.
Body mass variation in Marbled Murrelets in British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Hull Cindy L. , Vanderkist Brett , Lougheed Lynn , Kaiser Gary , Cooke Fred 
Published: March 2003

Body mass was measured in Marbled Murrelets Brachyramphus marmoratus from May to August, 1994–1998 at Desolation Sound, and during June and July 1997 at Mussel Inlet, British Columbia, Canada, to assess seasonal, sexual, site and intra‐annual variation. Birds were captured by mist‐net, and by night‐lighting, and were sexed using molecular techniques. The breeding status of females (gravid or not) in 1997 was determined from plasma levels of egg‐yolk precursors. Adult males weighed 203.7 ± 14.8 g, n = 495 (juveniles 166.6 ± 28.8 g, n = 31) and females weighed 201.2 ± 20.5 g, n = 344 (juveniles 148.3 ± 23.5 g, n = 20). Murrelets caught in mist‐nets were significantly lighter than those caught by night‐lighting. Female mass was constant across years of the study, but males caught by night‐lighting were heavier in 1998 than in 1997. Females declined in mass during the egg‐laying period, but when gravid females were removed from the analysis, or when the post‐laying data were analysed, no declines were found. Marbled Murrelets appear to maintain mass at a constant level all season, and are probably more income than capital breeders. Variation in body mass in this species may be constrained by the need to fly with speed and agility to avoid aerial predators.
Differences in the nearpoint of convergence with target type
Authors: Siderov John , Chiu Sam C. , Waugh Sarah J. 
Published: March 2003

Summary Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect on measurements of the nearpoint of convergence (NPC) of different target types. In order to assess the influence of accommodation, the NPC was also measured under conditions of varying accommodative demand. Methods: The NPC was measured to the nearest 0.5 cm using three targets: the RAF rule, the sharpened tip of a pencil and the tip of the examiner's index finger. All measurements were performed under the same conditions on two groups of asymptomatic subjects, a group of 14 presbyopic subjects and a group of 14, younger, non‐presbyopic subjects. The influence of accommodative demand was assessed in the non‐presbyopic group by measuring the NPC while subjects viewed the RAF rule target through +2.00 and −2.00 lenses held in front of their eyes. Results: For the presbyopic group, the NPC (break) and NPC (recovery) were independent of target type. However, the NPC (break) was significantly less remote than the NPC (recovery). Comparative data for the non‐presbyopic group showed that NPC (break) for the RAF target was less remote than for either the pencil tip or finger tip targets. In agreement with the results from the presbyopic group, the NPC (recovery) was independent of target type. Conclusion: For subjects with little or no accommodation, the NPC does not depend on the target used and is the same measured with the RAF rule, a pencil tip or finger tip. In non‐presbyopic subjects there appears to be a small accommodative influence on the NPC, which is target dependent. However, the difference is probably not clinically important.
Relationship between vision impairment and ability to perform activities of daily living
Authors: Haymes Sharon A. , Johnston Alan W. , Heyes Anthony D. 
Published: March 2003

Purpose: To determine the relationship between clinical measures of vision impairment and the ability to perform activities of daily living (ADLs). Methods: One hundred and twenty subjects with low vision from a variety of causes participated in the study. Vision impairment was assessed under binocular conditions by measuring distance visual acuity, near word acuity, Melbourne Edge Test contrast sensitivity, Pelli–Robson Chart contrast sensitivity and visual fields. The ADL performance was assessed using the Melbourne Low Vision ADL Index (MLVAI), which is in part an observed performance assessment of instrumental ADLs and in part a self‐report assessment of basic self‐care ADLs. Results: All vision measures had a high, statistically significant correlation with MLVAI total score. Near word acuity, had the strongest correlation (rs=−0.86, p < 0.001), followed by Melbourne Edge Test contrast sensitivity (rs=0.80, p < 0.001). Visual field had the weakest correlation (rs=0.56, p < 0.001). Together, age, near word acuity, Melbourne Edge Test contrast sensitivity and visual field accounted for 82.2% (adjusted R2, p < 0.001) of the variance in MLVAI total score. All correlations obtained were higher for the observed performance assessment of instrumental ADLs than for the self‐report assessment of basic self‐care ADLs. Conclusions: Clinical vision impairment measures are highly correlated with capacity to perform ADLs, as measured by the MLVAI.
In vitro and in vivo effects of a lubricant in a contact lens solution
Authors: Thai Lee C. , Tomlinson Alan , Simmons Peter A. 
Published: March 2003

Purpose: Physical properties and tear film function were investigated for a multipurpose contact lens solution containing the ocular lubricant hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC). Methods: In the laboratory, wetting properties of multipurpose solutions with and without HPMC, and binding of HPMC to hydrogel lenses in vitro following an overnight soak, were measured. Tear physiology was evaluated in 35 hydrogel contact lens wearers using multipurpose solutions with and without HPMC. Pre‐lens tear evaporation rate (TER), tear thinning time (TTT) and tear film structure (TFS) were recorded, and subjective responses were obtained. Results: Laboratory measurements indicated improved wetting with the HPMC‐containing solution, and continued release of HPMC from lenses after an overnight soak in the solution. Pre‐lens TTT was longer (p < 0.001) and pre‐lens TFS was improved (p=0.034) with use of the HPMC‐containing solution. Pre‐lens TER and subjective comparisons did not demonstrate significant differences. Conclusions: In vitro and in vivo results are consistent with HPMC producing a thicker, longer‐lasting layer of fluid on the hydrogel lens, leading to improvements in tear function in contact lens wearers.
Dietary Docosahexaenoic Acid and Visual Acuity Development in Infants
Authors: SanGiovanni John Paul , Dwyer Johanna T. 
Published: March 2003

Supplementation of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; C22:6n‐3) has recently been considered for infant formulas in the United States. DHA is a long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acid that is derived from the essential fatty acid α‐linolenic acid and concentrated in retinal and brain membranes of high biological activity. Inadequate DHA intake alters both neuronal structure and the functional development of visual‐sensory, visual‐perceptual, and visual‐cognitive systems. Visual development may be related to dietary composition and balance of essential fatty acids and/or DHA during the first year of life, especially in infants born prematurely. This review concludes that in premature infants there are transient effects of DHA on visual resolution acuity development. In infants born at term, the benefits of a DHA‐supplemented diet during the first year of life on visual development are still unclear. Although existing studies suggest that differences in performance on visual resolution acuity tasks do not persist, there may be sustained or emerging differences in other visually‐based processes. Other putative effects of DHA on nonvisually‐based processes require more study before supplementation is implemented. ▪
Key Words:
docosahexaenoic acids, omega‐3, visual acuity, infant nutrition, central nervous system
The Role of Lycopene in Health and Disease
Authors: Johnson Elizabeth J. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractLycopene is a major carotenoid in human serum and tissues, and in the average diet. It is unique among the carotenoids in that it has one major food source: tomatoes. Compared with other carotenoids, plasma levels of lycopene appear to be less influenced by dietary intake. However, this may be due to limitations in the dietary assessment tools for lycopene and/or variability in the bioavailability of lycopene among different preparations of foods. Epidemiologic studies suggest that a diet rich in lycopene is related to a decreased risk of certain cancers, particularly cancers of the digestive tract, prostate cancer, and pancreatic cancer. The chemoprotective effect of lycopene is thought to be due to its protective effect against oxidative damage. It has been suggested that lycopene may be protective in other diseases that are affected by oxidative processes, eg, cardiovascular disease and HIV infection, although more research needs to be conducted in this regard. Human clinical studies examining the effect of supplementation of lycopene on disease prevention have not been conducted and may be difficult given the negative outcomes from intervention trials examining β‐carotene supplementation and lung cancer risk.
Beneficial Effects of a Diet High in Monounsaturated Fatty Acids on Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Kris‐Etherton Penny M. , Zhao Guixiang , Pelkman Christine L. , Fishell Valerie K. , Coval Stacie M. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractCurrent dietary recommendations for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease (CVD) focus on limiting intake of total fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol. Implementation of these guidelines is achieved by the substitution of calories from saturated fat with carbohydrate calories and the reduction of foods rich in dietary cholesterol. Adherence to these low‐fat, high‐carbohydrate diets reduces total serum cholesterol and LDL‐cholesterol, thereby reducing risk for CVD. Recent evidence, however, shows that consumption of low‐fat, high‐carbohydrate diets in weight‐maintaining individuals increases triglycerides and reduces HDL‐cholesterol. These potentially deleterious changes have led many to question the appropriateness of low‐fat, high‐carbohydrate diets for CVD risk reduction. An alternative approach is the substitution of calories from saturated fatty acids with calories from monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), which have a neutral effect on plasma cholesterol levels. In this review, results from 18 studies examining effects of low‐fat, high‐carbohydrate vs. high‐MUFA diets on serum lipoproteins are presented. Based on these studies, we conclude that high‐MUFA diets are effective for reducing total and LDL‐cholesterol and may be expected to elicit more beneficial changes in CVD risk than currently prescribed low‐fat, high‐carbohydrate diets, especially in patients who do not require weight loss. A listing of high‐MUFA foods and practical guidelines for diet planning are presented as an aid to clinicians in the implementation of high‐MUFA diets.
Garlic and Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Loy Michelle H. , Rivlin Richard S. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe goal of this review is to evaluate the current status of knowledge concerning cardiovascular effects of allium derivatives from garlic and to identify potential areas of future research. To date, the cardiovascular actions most studied include lipoprotein metabolism, hypertension, thrombosis, and antioxidant capacity. There are also some preliminary findings suggesting that garlic may lower elevated serum levels of homocysteine. Epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory studies have reported that garlic contains many biologically and pharmacologically active compounds. The majority of studies show that garlic lowers total serum cholesterol and LDL‐cholesterol; inhibition of HMG‐CoA reductase or squalene epoxidase appears to be the major mechanism. Lowering of blood pressure likely results from inhibition of angiotensin‐converting enzyme activity. Antithrombosis effects may be related to inhibition of adenosine deaminase. Antioxidant effects may be related to the inhibition of lipoxygenase. The published studies in their aggregate suggest that appropriate usage of allium derivatives from garlic may potentially play a role in the maintenance of optimal cardiac function. Further research is needed to examine the structure‐function relationships of the various allium derivatives of garlic, the amounts in foods and supplements required for efficacy, and the possible effects of combining garlic with other nutrients and medications. The mechanisms of action of allium derivatives on various aspects of cardiac function require further clarification.
Talking to Patients About Aerobic Exercise for Disease Prevention: An Educational Exercise for Medical Students
Authors: Ritchie Christine S. , Stetson Barbara A. , Bass Pat F. , Adams Kent J. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractNumerous data demonstrate the importance of physical activity in reducing obesity and cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. Research demonstrates the beneficial impact of physician counseling on health promoting behaviors. Unfortunately, few physicians or medical students receive formal training in exercise counseling. We describe an educational activity used to provide medical students with the tools needed to begin to engage patients in activity counseling.
Diagnosis and Management of Lipoprotein Abnormalities
Authors: Batiste Marcelo C. , Schaefer Ernst J. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAbnormal lipid and lipoprotein cholesterol values have been defined as a low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (C) value of 160 mg/dL (4.1 mmol/L) or greater, a high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) C value less than 40 mg/dL (1.0 mmol/L), triglycerides (TG) 150 mg/dL (1.7 mmol/L) or greater, and a lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] of 30 mg/dl or greater. Such values all increase coronary heart disease (CHD) risk. The National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines continue to focus on optimizing LDL‐C values (established as < 100 mg/dL or 2.6 mmol/L), especially in those with established CHD, diabetes, or a 10‐year CHD risk over 20%. Dietary saturated fat (< 7% of calories) and cholesterol (< 200 mg/day) restriction, and the use of 3‐hydroxy‐3methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG‐CoA) reductase inhibitors are the mainstays of treatment in this regard. Such treatment substantially reduces CHD risk. Severe hypertriglyceridemia (> 1000 mg/dL or 11.0 mmol/L) is associated with pancreatitis, and fat restriction, control of glucose, and fibrate therapy are indicated in such patients. Niacin is currently the most effective agent for lowering Lp(a) and raising HDL‐C. Current recommendations for treatment by diet and drugs are outlined.
Folate, Homocysteine, and Neurological Function
Authors: Morris Martha Savaria 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe study of different neurological problems, including stroke, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and depression, has propelled a greater interest in interrelationships among folate, homocysteine, and neurological function. Specifically, low folate status is a suspected risk factor for depression that also results in an increase in circulating levels of the sulfur amino acid homocysteine. Homocysteine has emerged as an independent risk factor for stroke, and recent studies suggest that vascular disease affecting the brain and Alzheimer's disease may result together in senile dementia. The relationship between stroke and AD was at first interpreted as coincidence, given the pathologic distinctions between the two diseases. However, the connection is now hypothesized to reflect some common pathogenic factors involving folate, homocysteine, or both. It remains unclear whether there is a causal relationship between neurological dysfunction in either condition with folate or homocysteine. Nevertheless, since improvement of folate status lowers homocysteine levels, the hypothesis that folate supplementation may lower the risk of several important health consequences of aging, including various forms of neuropsychiatric dysfunction, is worthy of current intensive exploration.