bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Symptoms of unstable angina in patients with and without diabetes
Authors: DeVon Holli A. , Penckofer Sue M. , Zerwic Julie Johnson 
Published: March 2005

AbstractPatients with diabetes experience cardiac autonomic neuropathy that may affect the way they perceive the symptoms of unstable angina (UA). The purpose of this study was to examine symptom differences in patients with and without diabetes during an episode of UA. A convenience sample of 50 women and 50 men were recruited. Patients with diabetes were more likely to have a history of hypercholesterolemia (83% vs. 60%), prior history of heart disease (85% vs. 65%), and prior angiogram (85% vs. 67%). Patients with diabetes reported having less nausea (20% vs. 40%), less squeezing (25% vs. 48%) and less aching (25% vs. 45%) type pain, and more hyperventilation (27.5% vs. 11.7%). Other cardiac symptoms were similar between the groups. Further study of symptom presentation in patients with diabetes is warranted given their high levels of morbidity and mortality from cardiac disease. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Res Nurs Health 28:136–143, 2005
Classification of patients with whiplash associated disorders (WAD): Reliable and valid subgroups based on the Multidimensional Pain Inventory (MPI‐S)
Authors: Söderlund Anne , Denison Eva 
Published: March 2005

AbstractBackground Classification of patients with chronic whiplash associated disorders (WAD) into homogenous subgroups is an important objective in order to tailor interventions and to control for subgroup differences when evaluating treatment outcome.Aims The aims of this study were to investigate if it was possible to replicate and describe the three cluster solution and profiles found in other pain groups and describe cluster profiles based on self‐reported Multidimensional Pain Inventory‐scores for patients with WAD three months after the injury, describe characteristics of the clusters in relation to disability, self‐efficacy and coping at the same point in time and to validate the cluster solution by comparing clusters in disability, self‐efficacy and coping over time.Methods Ninety‐one WAD‐patients three months after the accident took part in the study. The measures used were the Multidimensional Pain Inventory‐Swedish version (MPI‐S), The Self‐Efficacy Scale, The Coping Strategies Questionnaire and The Pain Disability Index. Cluster analysis was conducted for the total sample MPI‐S subscale scores.Results The adaptive copers cluster represented 42% of the sample, dysfunctional 34% of the sample, and interpersonally distressed 24% of the sample. The external validation of cluster solution showed that there were several significant differences between clusters in self‐efficacy, disability and coping measures. There was also a significant interaction effect (cluster × time) in disability (PDI). Patients in dysfunctional cluster reported a decreased disability over time.Conclusions These results support the presence of different subgroups among patients with whiplash associated disorders. This classification can be seen as a complement to a classification based on medical condition.
The Lion and the Lamb
Authors: Shea William M. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
This book explores the relationship between evangelical Protestants and Roman Catholics. It looks at the historical underpinnings of the enmity between the two groups, and finds some signs of warming since the founding of the National Association of Evangelicals and the decisions of the Vatican II. It suggests that, as a healing balm, the eschatological promise to lions and lambs is worth prayerful meditation in the present.
The Illusory Nature of Leibniz's System
Authors: Wilson Catherine 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Leibniz has often been described as holding to a kind of phenomenalism. Yet Leibniz did not have a single account of perception, or of the embodied mind, or of the monad, but a set of conflicting and mutually inconsistent accounts that preclude the possibility that there is any such thing as “Leibniz's System.” This difficulty raises problems of interpretation, since it is sometimes maintained that the principle of charity precludes the assignment of frankly inconsistent views to a philosopher. The essay argues that we should not be misled by the intentionalist fallacy into looking for order within a text as opposed to order commentators can impose by making a philosopher's inconsistencies intelligible.
Reforming Mary
Authors: Kreitzer Beth 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
This book explores how Mary is presented in the sermons of Lutheran pastors in the 16th century. It focuses on the treatment of Mary, the continuities and changes in theologies about her, and her presentation beginning with Martin Luther and continuing with clergy in the Lutheran tradition. It is shown that Lutheran preachers have transformed the traditional image of Mary — she no longer serves as the powerful Queen of Heaven, but is seen as a meek, pious, chaste and obedient girl. Because of the theological changes introduced by Luther and the Lutheran clergy, Mary could no longer be portrayed as an active figure, but must serve as a passive representative of the faithful Christian.
conclusion
Authors: Slone D. Jason 
Published: March 2005

AbstractPeople believe what they shouldn’t because they have active minds that are continuously engaged in the construction of novel thoughts, and in the transformation of culturally transmitted ideas. The key to understanding religion is to identify the aspects of cognition that constrain religious behavior. Given the fact that religion is a natural by-product of cognition, studies of religion should include cognitive psychology in addition to theology and ethnography.
Norms with Feeling
Authors: Nichols Shaun 
Published: March 2005

AbstractA large tradition of work in moral psychology explores the capacity for moral judgment by focusing on the basic capacity to distinguish moral violations (e.g., hitting another person) from conventional violations (e.g., playing with your food). This method plausibly reveals a capacity for a kind of coremoral judgment. Recent evidence indicates that affect plays a crucial role in mediating the capacity to draw the moral/conventional distinguish. However, the prevailing account of the role of affect in moral judgment is problematic. This chapter argues that the capacity to draw the moral/conventional distinction depends on both a body of information about which actions are prohibited (“a normative theory”) and an affective mechanism that confers a special status on the norms.
Measures of Inequality
Authors: Sen Amartya 
Published: March 2005

AbstractVarious measures of inequality that have been proposed in the literature are discussed. These fall into two categories: those that measure in some objective sense—positive measures that make no explicit use of any concept of social welfare and those that measure in terms of a normative notion of social welfare and the loss incurred from unequal distribution. The characteristics of positive measures are described in respect of range, relative mean deviation, variance and the coefficient of variation, the standard deviation of logarithms, the Gini coefficient, and Theil's entropy measure. Normative measures are described in terms of Dalton's measure, Atkinson's measure, axioms for additive separability, and a more general measure.
Party Support in Britain, 1964–2001
Authors: Clarke Harold D. , Sanders David , Stewart Marianne C. , Whiteley Paul 
Published: March 2005

AbstractAssesses the extent to which the sociological, Downsian, and valence perspectives explain patterns of party support in the UK between 1964 and 2001. Analyses of BES data show that leader images and partisanship consistently have the largest effects on voting while issue proximities and social location are significant but less important. With the exception of the declining role of social class, the relative importance of the various signature variables associated with the sociological and individual rationality frameworks has remained quite constant from the mid-1960s onwards. This conclusion is reinforced by individual-level analyses of monthly Gallup Poll data gathered between 1992 and 2001.
The Decision (Not) to Vote
Authors: Clarke Harold D. , Sanders David , Stewart Marianne C. , Whiteley Paul 
Published: March 2005

AbstractFirst tests rival models of voting turnout using data drawn from the 2001 BES pre- and post-election surveys. Analyses reveal that the general incentives model performs best. Crucial individual-level influences on electoral turnout are calculations of efficacy-discounted benefits and costs of participation, sense of civic duty, and age. A model of the aggregate-level dynamics of turnout between 1945 and 2001 indicate a substantial portion of the sharp decline in turnout that occurred in the 1997 and 2001 general elections was caused by the one-sided nature of the contests, coupled with the perception that the two major parties did not offer a distinctive menu of policy choices. Analyses suggest that the strong relationship between age and civic duty has a sizeable generational component.
The French Administration in Brussels
Authors: Menon Anand 
Published: March 2005

AbstractFrance has traditionally aspired to play a leading role in shaping the development of European integration, and implicit in this approach has been a vision of integration as a process within which the member states predominate. Debates within the EU are carried out, as far as the traditional French conception has it, on the basis of competing and conflicting national interests, and the effectiveness with which individual member states can shape outputs at the EU level is intrinsically related to their success in presenting coherent positions within such debates; this emphasis on coherence has led to the creation in Paris of a centralized and institutionalized system of interministerial co-ordination. Although often overlooked, 1 the French administration in Brussels also plays a key role in ensuring the coherence of national positions and in defending French interests within the EU; this is most true of the French permanent representation, whose staff represent France in most meetings of the Council of Ministers, and which is responsible for keeping Paris appraised of developments in Brussels. Paris has increasingly, however, also come to recognize the need to exert influence over the supranational institutions of the EU, and over the Commission in particular, so the French have developed strategies both for ensuring the presence of French officials within these institutions and for maintaining close contact with them. This chapter is divided into three sections: the first examines the composition, organization, internal workings, and role of the French permanent representation to the European Union; the second investigates French strategies designed to ensure both a sufficient and an effective French presence within the supranational institutions—notably the Commission and, to a lesser extent, the European Parliament; and the final section critically evaluates the performance of the French administration in Brussels, considering first its capacity to carry out its allotted tasks, and second its effectiveness, particularly in terms of its ability to further France’s EU policy objectives.
What Constitutes a Financial System in General and the German Financial System in Particular?
Authors: Schmidt Reinhard H. , Tyrell Marcel 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis is one of the two introductory chapters of the book. It first discusses what the term ‘financial system’ means and why the financial system of a country is important and for what it might be important and how a given financial system can be analysed, and provides a general overview of the German financial system. As in the entire book, the term financial system is used in this chapter in a broad sense, which sets it apart from the narrower concept of the financial sector and which includes, among other things, the demand for financial services, corporate governance, and financial accounting.Presents four approaches to analyse a financial system and applies them to the case of the German financial system. In addition, it provides a first indication of how the various elements of a financial system are related to each other and thus supports the claim that there is some merit in emphasising the systemic features of financial systems in general and that of Germany in particular.
Prudence and the Temporal Structure of Practical Reasons
Authors: MacIntosh Duncan 
Published: March 2005

AbstractAccording to a Humean present‐aim theory of rationality, there is no rational requirement of prudence: it is not rationally obligatory to act in light of one's foreseen future desires as well as one's current desires. It might therefore seem that on this view the acts of a rational agent could be absurdly incoherent over time. The author rebuts this worry by showing how the present‐aim approach to rationality itself generates rational constraints on the evolution of desires and hence of reasons. More generally, the author argues that reasons, whatever they are, are time‐relative rather than timeless.
Trends in Intergenerational Class Mobility in Britain in the Late Twentieth Century
Authors: Goldthorpe John H. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractAnalyses trends in intergenerational class mobility in Britain between the early 1970s and the early 1990s on the basis of data from the General Household Survey. Over this period there was little change in total mobility rates. Rates of upward mobility, if anything, fell while rates of downward mobility rose–in contrast to the situation in the middle decades of the twentieth century when rising rates of upward mobility were the salient feature. However, there is continuity in that relative rates of mobility, indicating the level of social fluidity, remain little altered. Education plays a major part in mediating class mobility but its influence is now tending to decrease rather than increase, and individuals’ class origins still have a significant independent effect on their class destinations.
The Suffering of the Impassible God
Authors: Gavrilyuk Paul L. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Major reconsideration of the notion of divine impassibility in patristic thought. It is commonly claimed that patristic theology fell prey to the assumption of Hellenistic philosophy about the impassibility of God and departed from the allegedly biblical view, according to which God is passible. The author argues that this standard view misrepresents the tradition. For the fathers, the attribute of divine impassibility functioned in a restricted sense as an apophatic qualifier of divine emotions. Gavrilyuk construes the development of patristic thought as a series of dialectical turning points taken to safeguard the paradox of God’s voluntary and salvific suffering in the incarnation.
On Crises, Myths, and Measurement
Authors: Castles Francis G. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractExplores the themes of what follows. It argues that the welfare state literature of the past quarter century has been big on crisis theories of the welfare state and much weaker on facts. The chapter suggests that, in order to say something meaningful about the future of the welfare state, we need to test crisis accounts, such as those built around globalization and population ageing, with facts drawn from comparative analysis to establish which are myths and which are realities.
Reflecting the Mind
Authors: Corazza Eros 
Published: March 2005

AbstractIndexicals (e.g.: ‘I’, ‘she’, ‘this’, ‘today’, ‘here’, etc.) designate something relative to the context in which they are used. This study shows how these expressions play a central role when dealing with such puzzling concepts as the nature of the self, the nature of perception, social interaction, psychological pathologies and psychological development.By highlighting how indexical thoughts are irreducible and intrinsically perspectival, this inquiry shows how we can depict someone else’s indexical thought from a third person perspective. To do so, the phenomenon of quasi-indexicality plays a central role: to represent Jane saying, ‘I am prosperous’, we use what Castañeda termed a quasi-indicatorin a report of the form ‘Jane said that she (herself)is prosperous’. It is argued that quasi-indicators play such an important role in our linguistic, social, and psychological life that they have a cognitive primacy over other mechanisms of reference. It emerges that quasi-indexicality is also a key notion when we cope to understand our mindreading capacity.Ultimately, this interdisciplinary approach recommends the view that indexicality and quasi-indexicality are two sides of the same coin. It is argued that indexicality and quasi-indexicality are best understood within the framework of direct reference, conceived from a Wittgenstein-inspired perspective.
Risking the Church
Authors: Lennan Richard 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
The present‐day situation of the Roman Catholic Church has been described as a state of ‘peril’. That fact alone, to say nothing of the challenges inseparable from faith in God, implies that the embrace of ecclesial faith is less likely today. Seeks both to account for the emergence of such a situation and to identify sources of possibility for the church. In order to do so, begins by examining both the internal life of the Catholic Church, especially what has occurred in the wake of the Second Vatican Council (1962–65), and the relationship between the church and the wider society, with a particular emphasis on the Western world. As the necessary foundation for expressing how the church might respond to its present situation and what might enable or support the embrace of ecclesial faith, the book focusses on a broad understanding of ‘the church’, one that highlights its multiple implications for human communion and for the communion between God and humanity. In particular, develops a contemporary theology of the foundational elements of Christian faith in regard to the church, especially its relationship to Jesus Christ and its existence as symbol of the Holy Spirit. In the light of that theology, analyses also how controversial elements of ecclesial faith – such as tradition and authority – might be appropriated positively. The final chapters identify possibilities for both a constructive relationship between the church and the surrounding culture and for a more reconciled diversity within the church. The emphasis of the final chapters is on the need to understand the church as ‘unfinished’, as not simply able to develop, but as defined by the dynamism that expresses the presence of God. Concludes that a willingness to embrace the need for movement, for being a pilgrim, is inseparable from the risk of ecclesial faith.
Behavioral Portfolios: Hope for Riches and Protection from Poverty
Authors: Statman Meir 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis chapter argues that the behavioural portfolio theory offers a good description of investor behaviour and a basis for good policy prescriptions. The theory states that investors view with portfolios not as a whole, but as distinct layers in a pyramid of assets where layers are associated with specific goals, and where attitudes towards risk vary across layers. Unlike the mean-variance theory which offers portfolio descriptions that investors do not follow, the behavioural portfolio theory offers prescription of pyramid portfolios that are closer to reality.
Remittances by Emigrants: Issues and Evidence
Authors: Solimano Andrés 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Remittances from migrants are a growing force, and this chapter considers the role that they can play in financing development. To an important extent, they finance consumption, and are an international mechanism of social protection based on private transfers; they can also contribute to financing investment, providing community infrastructure and funds for the financing of new enterprises. The motives for making such remittances, and the problems of measuring their extent are considered, as are the variety of financial entities through which they are channelled, and policies for reducing the cost of remittances and enhancing their development potential. The chapter is organised in five main sections which: discuss global and regional trends in remittance flows and their growing importance as a source of external transfers to developing countries; examine measurement issues and discuss the main micro‐motives for remittances and the implications of their cyclical behaviour for stability; analyse the development impact of remittances (effects on savings, investment, growth, poverty, income distribution); overview the international market for remittances, and provide evidence on the costs of sending remittances to various country groups; and highlights policies for reducing the costs of sending remittances and thus enhancing their developmental impact.
Enhancing Resistance to Sclerotinia minor in Peanut by Expressing a Barley Oxalate Oxidase Gene
Authors: Livingstone D. Malcolm , Hampton Jaime L. , Phipps Patrick M. , Grabau Elizabeth A. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Sclerotinia minor Jagger is the causal agent of Sclerotinia blight, a highly destructive disease of peanut (Arachis hypogaea). Based on evidence that oxalic acid is involved in the pathogenicity of many Sclerotinia species, our objectives were to recover transgenic peanut plants expressing an oxalic acid-degrading oxalate oxidase and to evaluate them for increased resistance to S. minor. Transformed plants were regenerated from embryogenic cultures of three Virginia peanut cultivars (Wilson, Perry, and NC-7). A colorimetric enzyme assay was used to screen for oxalate oxidase activity in leaf tissue. Candidate plants with a range of expression levels were chosen for further analysis. Integration of the transgene was confirmed by Southern-blot analysis, and gene expression was demonstrated in transformants by northern-blot analysis. A sensitive fluorescent enzyme assay was used to quantify expression levels for comparison to the colorimetric protocol. A detached leaflet assay tested whether transgene expression could limit lesion size resulting from direct application of oxalic acid. Lesion size was significantly reduced in transgenic plants compared to nontransformed controls (65%–89% reduction at high oxalic acid concentrations). A second bioassay examined lesion size after inoculation of leaflets with S. minor mycelia. Lesion size was reduced by 75% to 97% in transformed plants, providing evidence that oxalate oxidase can confer enhanced resistance to Sclerotinia blight in peanut.