bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Some aroma compounds produced by vinous fermentation
Authors: Webb A. Dinsmoor 
Published: December 2004

AbstractVarious biochemical transformations involved in vinous fermentations are reviewed from the point of view of their formal ion of volatile aroma or flavor compounds in fermented beverages. In addition to the recently elucidated processes for the formation of aliphatic primary alcohols of molecular weight greater than that of ethanol, Nordström's mechanism for the formation of esters during fermentation is discussed. Experimental evidence supporting this mechanism in vinous fermentation is presented; the White Riesling grape is found to contain insignificant, quantities of esters while the wine prepared from these grapes, analyzed immediately after fermentation, shows relatively large amounts of several volatile esters. In addition, in an investigation of an older California sherry, ethyl acid malate is found to be nearly all the single isomer with the hydroxyl group on the carbon adjacent, to the free carboxyl group. This finding suggests an enzymatic (presumably vinous fermentative) production rather than simple chemical esterification in the wine after fermentation. An extension of Nordström's mechanism for ester production is proposed to explain the formation of certain secondary amides found in wines.
Industrial production of disodium 5′‐guanylate
Authors: Kinoshita Kazumoto , Shiro Teruo , Yamazaki Akihiro , Kumashiro Izumi , Takenishi Tadao , Tsunoda Toshinao 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA process for manufacturing disodium 5′‐guanylate was devised. 5′‐Amino 4‐imidazole carboxamide riboside (AICA‐R) was accumulated with an amount over 100 times those reported in the literature by fermentation of D‐glucose with a non‐exacting purineless mutant derived from Bacillus megaterium JAM 1245) by x‐ray irradiation. The influence of RNA, amino acids, and salts on AICA‐R accumulation was clarified. Appropriate aeration and agitation was found necessary. The (60‐hr, cultivation of the medium containing 8% of D‐glucose gave AICA‐R in the concentration above, 11 g/l. AICA‐R thus accumulated was separated from the fermentation broth by ion‐exchange technique and subjected to synthetic processes to yield disodium 5′‐guanylatc with the yield over 40%, based on AICA‐R.
Large‐scale isolation of prolyl‐tRNA synthetase from Phaseolus aureus
Authors: Dunnill P. , Dunnill P. M. , Houldsworth M. , Boddy A. , Lilly M. D. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractSome of the problems involved in the scale‐up of enzyme isolation procedures have been examined. In particular the isolation of prolyl‐tRNA synthetase has been investigated. Using a modified procedure (500 × laboratory scale) the enzyme has been separated from 25 kg. of Phaseolus aureus (mung bean) and Partially purified by acid precipitation followed by fractional precipitation with ammonium sulfate. The yield of enzyme was 42 g. (10.5% recovery).
Aflatoxin production by a potent Aspergillus flavus link isolate
Authors: Wildman J. D. , Stoloff L. , Jacobs R. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractAn aflatoxin‐producing isolate of Aspergillus flavus was found to be a consistent producer of aflatoxin on all substrates which supported the growth of the mold. In competition with six other selected molds, this isolate was dominant except with one species of Penicillium. Aflatoxin production was parallel to the extent of A. flavus growth whether effected by substrate or competition.
Concentration of 137Cs, 65Zn, and 85Sr by fresh‐water algae
Authors: Harvey R. S. , Patrick Ruth 
Published: December 2004

AbstractDifferences in the concentration and retention of 137Cs by unicellular diatoms, filamentous green algae, and filamentous blue‐green algae were demonstrated under both batch and continuous‐flow culture conditions. 137Cs concentration factors were generally higher by a factor of 2 in batch tests than in continuous flow tests. In retention studies, 137Cs was desorbed more rapidly from algae under continuous‐flow conditions. Studies with blue‐green algae indicate that 137Cs concentrations in the various species were more closely related to the surface‐to‐volume ratios of algal cells than to the systematic relationships of the three species. Continuous‐flow studies indicated no differences among three species of filamentous green algae in the concentration of 137Cs, 65Zn, and 85Sr. However, the average concentration factors of the radionuclides were considerably different: 3800 for 65Zn, 460 for 137Cs, and 230 for 85Sr. These radionuclides were rapidly desorbed following the transfer of algae to nonradioactive media. The desorption rate was inversely related to the concentration rate.
Metabolic removal of phosphate from sewage effluent
Authors: Levin Gilbert V. , Shaheen Donald G. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractEutrophication, or fertilization, has become a major water pollution problem associated with the discharge of mineral‐rich sewage eflluent. A metabolic process to remove dissolved phosphate from sewage through the action of sewage microorganisms is under development. The process, unlike other proposed solutions to the problem, would not require tertiary treatment of the sewage. Laboratory studies have produced promising data. Early reports from municipal sewage treatment plants confirm the expectation that the process may be feasible for widespread use.
Environmental effects on bacterial copper extraction from low‐grade copper sulfide ores
Authors: Ehrlich H. L. , Fox Sally I. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIn bacterial extraction of copper from low‐grade copper sulfide ores, at least three contributions are made by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans. They are: (1) enzymatic oxidation and consequent solubilization of insoluble sulfides; (2) regeneration of ferric lixiviant for chemical oxidation and solubilization of insoluble sulfides; and (3) partial fixation of externally introduced iron in the ore. Although it is not possible at the present time to measure each of these contributions separately, it is possible to measure the combined contributions. Such measurements reveal a strong dependence of extraction efficiency on various physical, chemical, and biological factors. The following physical factors may affect the rate of bacterial copper extraction: particle‐size of ore, oxygen and carbondioxide supply, oxidation‐reduction potential, pH, temperature, adsorption and ion exchange capacity of ore, and surface tension effects. The following chemical factors may influence the rate of copper extraction: the mineralogy of the ore, the nature of the gangue, the distribution of the sulfide minerals in the host rock, the external supply of ferrous or ferric iron, and the availability of inorganic and organic nutrients. Finally, the following biological agents in addition to T. ferrooxidans may influence the rate of copper extraction: fungi, protozoa, Thiobacillus thiooxidans, and heterotrophic bacteria. Proper control of these various factors is essential for efficient bacterial extraction of copper from low‐grade ore. It is recognized that the foregoing environmental factors also influence chemical copper extraction.
Interfacial phenomena governing adhesion of chlorella to glass surfaces
Authors: Nordin John S. , Tsuchiya H. M. , Fredrickson A. G. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractInterfacial phenomena are directly involved in the adhesion of a strain of Chlorella, a unicellular alga, to glass surfaces in simple ionic solutions. The principal mechanisms governing the adhesion appear to be electrostatic interaction between electrical double layers and various specific surface interactions resulting from surface heterogeneity and ion adsorption. Under most conditions the algal cells and glass surfaces have negative zeta potentials, and adhesion to glass will not occur; but if, for example, FeCl3 is added to an algal–glass system immersed in 0.05M NaCl, the algal and glass surfaces will possess very different zeta potentials, and adhesion will be strongest under those conditions which produce the greatest, difference in zeta poentials. Prior pretreatment and usage of glass apparatus greatly affect the glass zeta potentials and the adhesion of algal cells to glass. An apparatus for measuring a relative set of numbers representing the force of adhesion of algal cells is described.
Automatic equipment for media sterilization
Authors: Sikyta B. , Mastner J. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA device is described based on the principle of a simple analog computer which gives an exact determination of the moment at which the heat energy supply should be interrupted to attain a chosen sterilization effect. The temperature of the medium to be sterilized is measured and at temperatures above 100°C. the dependence of the thermal destruction coefficient of microbial spores on temperature is simulated. This variable is integrated with respect to time and the value of this integral at any given moment corresponds to the sterilization effect, at that moment. The device is also fitted with an extrapolator which evaluates, depending on the instantaneous temperature of the medium, the value of sterilization effect which will be produced during the cooling of the medium after the interruption of the heat, energy supply. The total sterilization effect, in the course of the cycle, is continuously and automatically evaluated as a sum of the integrated sterilization effect and of data supplied by the extrapolator. At the moment when this total sterilization effect attains the prescribed value, the device gives a signal for the interruption of the heat energy supply. The value of the sterilization effect is adjustable within broad limits and its evaluation is performed without substantial simplifying assumptions. By the use of this device an exact scale‐up method for sterilizing media is achieved, yielding at the same time accurate reproducibility of media sterilization. An automatic control of the sterilization cycle is also possible by means of the device.
Working design for a 5‐liter controlled continuous culture apparatus
Authors: Moss F. J. , Bush F. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA continuous culture apparatus of 5‐liter capacity is described which is capable of control of dissolved oxygen. Combined turbidostat and constant feed operation permit control of cell population density and one or more nutrients. A system for the measurement of oxygen uptake and CO2 output is described. Sufficient detail is supplied to enable construction and operation of the apparatus.
Studies on continuous enzyme reactions. IV. Preparation of a DEAE‐sephadex–aminoacylase column and continuous optical resolution of acyl‐DL‐amino acids
Authors: Tosa Tetsuya , Mori Takao , Fuse Noriko , Chibata Ichiro 
Published: December 2004

AbstractConditions for the preparation of an aminoacylase column using DEAE‐Sephadex as a carrier were investigated. The aminoacylase column having the highest activity was obtained when 7500 μmoles/hr. of partially purified aminoacylase was charged into a column packed with 9 ml. of DEAE‐Sephadex A‐25 (bead type, hydroxy form). By employing a DEAE‐Sephadex–aminoacylase column, conditions for continuous optical resolution of acyl‐DL‐amino acids were investigated. When a solution of 0.2M acetyl‐DL‐methionine (pH 7.0, containing 5 × 10−4M Co2+) or 0.2M acetyl‐DL‐phenylalanine (pH 6.0, containing 5 × 10−4M Co2+) was passed through the aminoacylase column at the flow rate of SV = 2.5 or 2.0, respectively, at 50°C., the highest rate of hydrolysis of both substrates was attained. From the column effluents, enzymatically hydrolyzed L‐methionine and L‐phenylalanine were isolated in a good yield.
Oscillatory growth rate responses of S. Cerevisiae in continuous culture
Authors: Gilley J. W. , Bungay H. R. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe yeast S. cerevisiae was grown on dilute, chemically defined media in continuous culture with either glucose or ammonium sulfate as the growth‐limiting ingredient. Changes in dilution rate or glucose concentration induced decaying oscillations in the numbers of yeast growing on ammonium sulfate‐limited media. Spot checks indicated that Cell dry weight and Kjeldahl nitrogen followed the cell numbers during these oscillations. With glucose‐limited media, there was no response to step changes in ammonium sulfate concentration, and dilution rate step changes gave non‐oscillatory transient responses.
Liquid‐metering device for continuous culture
Authors: Johnson Marvin J. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA device is described for aseptically metering liquids at rates as low as 10 ml./hr. The metering rate is constant, but can be readily changed. The device delivers a measured increment of liquid every 10 sec. The volume added is controlled by electrical contants in an electrolyte tube. The medium does not enter this tube.
Cultivation of the yeast candida lipolytica on hydrocarbons. I. Degradation of n‐alkanes in batch fermentation of gas oil
Authors: Dostálek M. , Munk V. , Volfová Olga , Pecka K. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe growth of batch‐cultivated yeast Candida lipolytica on three kinds of gas oil using mineral medium was studied. A linear dependence was found between the production of yeast biomass and the consumption of n‐alkanes, while the decrease of freezing point of gas oil during cultivation had a distinct course. This disproportion was explained by different degradation of individual n‐alkanes contained in gas oil. The rate of degradation of pentadecane, hexadecane, and heptadecane was the same during the entire cultivation. On the contrary, in the first phase the utilization of shorter chain n‐alkanes, nonane to tetradecane, was more rapid while that of longer chain homologs, octadecane to pentacosane, lagged. Rapid utilization of longer chain n‐alkanes did not occur before the concentration of the other n‐alkanes decreased. Only then the rapid decrease of freezing point appeared.
Growth of mouse fibroblast‐like cells in an autoclavable medium
Authors: Orlando M. D. , Bowersox O. C. , Riley J. M. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA relatively simple, autoclavable medium was developed that would support the growth of the mouse fibroblast (MFL) cell line in suspension culture. This medium was prepared in three stages with decreasing quantities of serum. As the serum was reduced from 5% to none, the amount of Bacto‐Peptone was increased from none to 0.5%. The reduction and finally elimination of serum did not affect proliferation adversely, but actually seemed to produce more rapid growth and higher levels of cell population.
A method for determining constants of first‐order reactions from experimental data
Authors: Isaacs W. P. , Gaudy A. F. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe authors have utilized a previously proposed mathematical equation (introduced originally for development of empirical equations) as a useful tool for evaluation of first‐order reaction rate constants. By assigning physical significance to the parameter α, the equation can be utilized in obtaining excellent estimates for limiting boundary values and velocity constants.
Microflotation: Coagulation and foam separation of aerobacter aerogenes
Authors: Rubin Alan J. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe foam separation technique of microflotation was studied using A. aerogenes as the test organisms. Gas flow rate, collector and alum (when used) concentrations, and frother dose were held constant. In contrast to E. coli, previously reported, A. aerogenes are removed using both lauric acid and laurylamine as the collectors without prior coagulation with alum. The removals are improved after coagulation, with laurylamine being the more efficient collector. In all cases the removals decrease upon increasing the pH above about 8.
Kinetics of microbial cell growth
Authors: Kono Takehiko 
Published: December 2004

AbstractAs a rate equation of microbial cell growth, the Monod equation is widely used. However, this equation cannot fully correspond to real courses of microbial cell growth in many batch cultivations. Especially, predicted values based on this equation do not agree with observed values in many continuous cultivations. In this paper, which introduces new concepts of critical concentration and coefficient of consumption activity, the growth rate equation which corresponds to the whole period including lag period is newly derived and characteristics of microbial cell growth in batch cultivation are clarified. Further, applying the new rate equation to continuous cultivation, a general equation with which to calculate cell concentration is derived and characteristics of microbial cell growth in continuous cultivation are clarified. The calculated values of cell concentration based on the new theory showed quite good agreement with the observed values in both batch and continuous cultivation.
Studies on ventilation of culture broths. I. Behavior of CO2 in model systems
Authors: Nyiri L. , Lengyel Z. L. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe rate of dissolution and dehydration of CO2 in a liquid model system was investigated. Components in the model system established the main conditions which may exist, in the extracellular space of a microbiological culture liquid. The charge in voltage of a glass electrode was measured which indicated the formation of H+ ions in the H2CO3 ⇌ HCO H+ reaction. The rate of CO2 hydration increased with the increase of temperature from 0 to 40°C. Likewise the equilibrium of the reaction was shifted towards the forward reaction. Similar results were observed when the tip velocity of the impeller was increased. Data suggest that agitation promotes the dissolution of CO2 in the culture liquid through the reduction of gas‐liquid film resistance in the diffusion of this gas. The rate of hydration of CO2 into the bulk of the liquid was independent of pCO2 above the surface of the liquid but depended on pCO2 in the gas bubble within the liquid. The concentration of HCO was, furthermore, influenced by the buffer components, buffer capacity, and the viscosity of the system. Since pCO2 and the HCO concentration in the extracellular space depend on both physical and chemical factors, the ventilation of a culture liquid necessitates both exhaust of CO2 from the gas bubbles of the culture broth and shift of the H2CO3 ⇌ HCO + H+ reaction towards the backward direction.
Studies with dried airborne vaccinia virus in a small environmental chamber
Authors: Orlando M. D. , Riley J. M. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractDried vaccinia virus was found to be very stable in aerosol form in our chamber at a temperature of 75°F and a relative humidity (RH) of 85% when the virus was protected with 1.5% lysine, 1.5% sodium glutamate, 0.5% isoniazid, 0.5% thiourea, and either 2.5% heart infusion broth (HIB) or a combination of 3.75% lactose plus 1.25% raffinose prior to freeze‐drying. Utilization of the Environmental chamber technique resulted in (a) selection of two diluents which protected vaccinia virus against the effects of high relative humidity, (b) measurement of the effect of various chemical additives in the diluents, and (c) quantitative measurement of the moisture absorbed by the various dried products.
Dynamic determination of the thermal characteristics of fermentation tanks
Authors: Falch Edvard A. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA method for the determination of total heat generation in a fermentation tank and overall heat‐transfer coefficient at the cooling surface is outlined. These data, which are essential for the design of cooling systems, are measured during the actual fermentation by dynamic analysis of controlled temperature variations. Each experiment consists of two stages: one in which cooling is cut off, and one in which cooling is constant. The necessary temperature variation is so limited that, the course of the fermentation is not affected.
Phosphohydrolases and the production of 5′‐nucleotides by direct fermentation
Authors: Demain Arnold L. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA major problem involved in the direct fermentation of nucleotides is their breakdown by phosphohydrolases. Thus, adenine auxotrophs of most microorganisms produce hypoxanthine and/or inosine rather than inosine 5′‐monophosphate (IMP) while guanine auxotrophs excrete xanthosine rather than xanthosine 5′‐monophosphate (XMP). Examination of a Bacillus subtilis mutant producing hypoxanthine plus inosine revealed at least four phosphohydrolases, three of which could attack nucleotides. Even when the extracellular nucleotide phosphohydrolase was inhibited by Cu+2 and its surface‐bound alkaline phosphohydrolase was repressed and inhibited by inorganic phosphate, or removed by mutation, the breakdown products were still the only products of fermentation. Under these conditions, the third enzyme, a surface‐bound non‐repressible nucleotide phosphohydrolase was still active. It appears, at least in B. subtilis, that excretion is dependent upon breakdown by this enzyme and if hydrolysis does not occur, excretion of purine nucleotides is feedback inhibited by the resultant high intracellular IMP concentration. Corynebacterium glutamicum mutants, on the other hand, can excrete intact nucleotides, and direct fermentations for IMP, XMP, and GMP have been described. An examination of phosphohydrolases in a GMP‐producing culture revealed no extracellular or surface enzymes. Disruption of the cells resulted in liberation of cellular phosphohydrolase activity with a substrate specificity remarkably similar to the flavorenhancing properties of the 5′‐nucleotides. The order of decreasing susceptibility was GMP, IMP, XMP; AMP was not attacked.
Oxygen diffusion through zoogloeal flocs
Authors: Mueller James A. , Boyle William C. , Lightfoot Edwin N. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe mechanism of oxygen transfer through a pure culture floc of Zoogloea ramigera I‐16M has been described quantitatively. Oxygen uptake rates for both blended and nonblended floc particles indicated that, at a certain dissolved oxygen concentration, diffusion of oxygen through the floc matrix was the mechanism controlling the rate of oxygen utilization by the floc. This mechanism was quantitatively described by determining the oxygen diffusivity values for the floc. The diffusional distances of the floc particles along with the oxygen utilization rates of the floc were measured on floc grown under various conditions. Anoxic core equations were then used to calculate the oxygen diffusivity values for each experiment. These diffusivity values were then used to estimate the oxygen concentrations necessary in activated sludge plants.