bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relation between physical exertion and heart rate variability characteristics in professional cyclists during the Tour of Spain
Authors: Earnest C P , Jurca R , Church T S , Chicharro J L , Hoyos J , Lucia A 
Published: September 2004

Background:Continued exposure to prolonged periods of intense exercise may unfavourably alter neuroendocrine, neuromuscular, and cardiovascular function.Objective:To examine the relation between quantifiable levels of exertion (TRIMPS) and resting heart rate (HR) and resting supine heart rate variability (HRV) in professional cyclists during a three week stage race.Method:Eight professional male cyclists (mean (SEM) age 27 (1) years, body mass 65.5 (2.3) kg, and maximum rate of oxygen consumption (V˙o2max) 75.6 (2.2) ml/kg/min) riding in the 2001 Vuelta a España were examined for resting HR and HRV on the mornings of day 0 (baseline), day 10 (first rest day), and day 17 (second rest day). The rest days followed stages 1–9 and 10–15 respectively. HR was recorded during each race stage, and total HR time was categorised into a modified, three phase TRIMPS schema. These phases were based on standardised physiological laboratory values obtained during previous V˙o2maxtesting, where HR time in each phase (phase I  =  light intensity and less than ventilatory threshold (VT; ∼70% V˙o2max); phase II  =  moderate intensity between VT and respiratory compensation point (RCP; ∼90% V˙o2max); phase III  =  high intensity (>RCP)) was multiplied by exertional factors of 1, 2, and 3 respectively.Results:Multivariate analysis of variance showed that total TRIMPS for race stages 1–9 (2466 (90)) were greater than for stages 10–15 (2055 (65)) (p<0.0002). However, TRIMPS/day were less for stages 1–9 (274 (10)) than for stages 10–15 (343 (11)) (p<0.01). Despite a trend to decline, no difference in supine resting HR was found between day 0 (53.2 (1.8) beats/min), day 10 (49.0 (2.8) beats/min), and day 17 (48.0 (2.6) beats/min) (p  =  0.21). Whereas no significant group mean changes in HR or HRV indices were noted during the course of the race, significant inverse Pearson product-moment correlations were observed between all HRV indices relative to total TRIMPS and TRIMPS/day accumulated in race stages 10–15. Total TRIMPS correlated with square root of mean squared differences of successive RR intervals (r =  −0.93; p<0.001), standard deviation of the RR intervals (r =  −0.94; p<0.001), log normalised total power (r =  −0.97; p<0.001), log normalised low frequency power (r =  −0.79; p<0.02), and log normalised high frequency power (r =  −0.94; p<0.001).Conclusion:HRV may be strongly affected by chronic exposure to heavy exertion. Training volume and intensity are necessary to delineate the degree of these alterations.
Relation between running injury and static lower limb alignment in recreational runners
Authors: Lun V , Meeuwisse W H , Stergiou P , Stefanyshyn D 
Published: September 2004

Objectives:To determine if measurements of static lower limb alignment are related to lower limb injury in recreational runners.Methods:Static lower limb alignment was prospectively measured in 87 recreational runners. They were observed for the following six months for any running related musculoskeletal injuries of the lower limb. Injuries were defined according to six types: R1, R2, and R3 injuries caused a reduction in running mileage for one day, two to seven days, or more than seven days respectively; S1, S2, and S3 injuries caused stoppage of running for one day, two to seven days, or more than seven days respectively.Results:At least one lower limb injury was suffered by 79% of the runners during the observation period. When the data for all runners were pooled, 95% confidence intervals calculated for the differences in the measurements of lower limb alignment between the injured and non-injured runners suggested that there were no differences. However, when only runners diagnosed with patellofemoral pain syndrome (n = 6) were compared with non-injured runners, differences were found in right ankle dorsiflexion (0.3 to 6.1), right knee genu varum (−0.9 to −0.3), and left forefoot varus (−0.5 to −0.4).Conclusions:In recreational runners, there is no evidence that static biomechanical alignment measurements of the lower limbs are related to lower limb injury except patellofemoral pain syndrome. However, the effect of static lower limb alignment may be injury specific.
Is lactic acidosis a cause of exercise induced hyperventilation at the respiratory compensation point?: Figure 1
Authors: Meyer T , Faude O , Scharhag J , Urhausen A , Kindermann W 
Published: September 2004

Objectives:The respiratory compensation point (RCP) marks the onset of hyperventilation (“respiratory compensation”) during incremental exercise. Its physiological meaning has not yet been definitely determined, but the most common explanation is a failure of the body’s buffering mechanisms which leads to metabolic (lactic) acidosis. It was intended to test this experimentally.Methods:During a first ramp-like exercise test on a cycle ergometer, RCP (range: 2.51–3.73 l*min–1oxygen uptake) was determined from gas exchange measurements in five healthy subjects (age 26–42; body mass index (BMI) 20.7–23.9 kg*m–2; Vo2peak51.3–62.1 ml*min–1*kg–1). On the basis of simultaneous determinations of blood pH and base excess, the necessary amount of bicarbonate to completely buffer the metabolic acidosis was calculated. This quantity was administered intravenously in small doses during a second, otherwise identical, exercise test.Results:In each subject sufficient compensation for the acidosis, that is, a pH value constantly above 7.37, was attained during the second test. A delay but no disappearance of the hyperventilation was present in all participants when compared with the first test. RCP occurred on average at a significantly (p = 0.043) higher oxygen uptake (+0.15 l*min–1) compared with the first test.Conclusions:For the first time it was directly demonstrated that exercise induced lactic acidosis is causally involved in the hyperventilation which starts at RCP. However, it does not represent the only additional stimulus of ventilation during intense exercise. Muscle afferents and other sensory inputs from exercising muscles are alternative triggering mechanisms.
Differentiation of Hepatic Tumors by Color Doppler Imaging: Role of the Maximum Velocity and the Pulsatility Index of the Intratumoral Blood Flow Signal
Authors: Kudo Masatoshi , Tochio Hitoshi , Zhou Pei 
Published: September 2004

Doppler spectral analysis using color Doppler ultrasonography (US) was performed in a total of 133 patients with 135 hepatic tumors, including 88 hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs), 30 metastatic hepatic cancers, 15 hemangiomas and 2 focal nodular hyperplasias (FNHs). Mean ± SD of maximum velocity (Vmax) in hemangiomas (15.0 ± 16.0 cm/s) was significantly lower than in HCCs (34.9 ± 26.7 cm/s) and in metastases (37.9 ± 17.4 cm/s). Mean ± SD of the pulsatility index (PI) in hemangiomas (0.45 ± 0.41) was significantly lower than in HCCs (1.52 ± 0.71) and metastases (1.44 ± 0.43). Mean ± SD of Vmax and PI in FNH was 20.0 ± 11.3 cm/s and 0.90 ± 0.35, respectively. HCC showed a wide spectrum in terms of Vmax and PI; however, 18% of the HCC nodules had relatively high PI (>2.0). Specificity of Vmax more than >60 cm/s and PI more than 2.0 for the diagnosis of HCC were 92 and 94%, respectively. On the other hand, 87% of hemangiomas showed relatively lower Vmax (<30 cm/s) and 87% of hemangiomas showed relatively low PI (<1.0 cm/s). Specificity of Vmax less than 30 cm/s and PI less than 1.0 for the diagnosis of hemangioma were 47 and 78%, respectively. When taking account of both parameters, Vmax and PI, diagnostic efficacy for hemangioma and HCC was greatly improved (sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of 80, 86, 85, 41 and 97%, respectively, in hemangioma, and 38, 85, 54, 83 and 58%, respectively, in HCC) as compared with the results with Vmax or PI alone. In conclusion, in addition to the information obtained by Vmax, simultaneous measurement of PI adds valuable information useful in the noninvasive differentiation among hepatic tumors by Doppler spectral analysis at color Doppler US.
The Indian Maritime Merchant, 1500-1800
Authors: Prakash Om 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThe paper analyses the composition, social organization and wide range of activities of the Indian maritime merchant of the early modern period. Regional contrasts between Gujarat, the Coromandel coast and Bengal are discussed. The last section of the paper discusses the interaction between the Indian maritime merchants and the Europeans, both the corporate enterprises as well as private traders. It is argued that the Indian merchants displayed a remarkable degree of adaptiveness and resilience and refused to be overwhelmed by the competition provided by the Europeans. Cet article analyse la composition, l'organisation sociale, et les activités diverses qu'exploitent les marchands maritimes indiens du début de la période moderne. Les contrastes régionaux entre le Gujarat, la côte du Coromandel et le Bengal passeront la revue. La dernière section de l'article est consacrée à l'interaction entre les marchands maritimes indiens et les Européens, tant les grandes sociétés de négoce que la marine de commerce privée. Il est avancé que les marchands indiens se montrèrent très adaptifs et dynamiques et qu'ils refusèrent d'être subjugués par la concurrence survenue par l'arrivée des Européens.
A new species of Cnemidophorus (Squamata: Teiidae) from western Argentina
Authors: Cabrera Mario 
Published: September 2004

AbstractA new species of whiptail lizard of the genus Cnemidophorus (Teiidae) is described from La Rioja province, western Argentina. The species is characterized by a broad light brown-grayish middorsal pattern, the lack of vertebral and paravertebral stripes, alternating white and brown stripes from dorsolateral to flanks, pointed snout, postnasal scale usually longer than loreal scale, and 10 longitudinal rows of ventral scales. The previous and current states of knowledge on southern South American Cnemidophorus species are discussed.
Dentitional specialisations for durophagy in the Common Wolf snake, Lycodon aulicus capucinus
Authors: Jackson Kate , Fritts Thomas 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThe Common Wolf snake, Lycodon aulicus capucinus, is a species known to feed on durophagous prey such as skinks. Here we examine in detail the dentitional morphology of L. aulicus capucinus to see whether it possesses morphological specialisations for durophagy comparable to those found in other squamates. We find that L. aulicus capucinus has greatly enlarged anterior maxillary teeth, followed by a large diastema. At the diastema, the maxilla is significantly arched. The diastema is followed by a row of small, closely-packed teeth. Finally, after a short second diastema are enlarged, but ungrooved posterior maxillary fangs, with the posterior surfaces modified into blades. We propose that this dentition helps L. aulicus capucinus to ingest hard-bodied skinks in several ways: The enlarged anterior teeth and arched maxilla encircle the prey during biting, preventing it from being squeezed out of the mouth anteriorly, the short, spatulate teeth may catch under the scales of the prey, preventing escape during swallowing, and the bladelike posterior fang may slice through the hard, cycloid scales of the prey.
Functional gene expression analysis of clonal plasma cells identifies a unique molecular profile for light chain amyloidosis
Authors: Abraham Roshini S. , Ballman Karla V. , Dispenzieri Angela , Grill Diane E. , Manske Michelle K. , Price-Troska Tammy L. , Paz Natalia Gonzalez , Gertz Morie A. , Fonseca Rafael 
Published: September 2004

AbstractImmunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis (AL) is characterized by a clonal expansion of plasma cells within the bone marrow. Gene expression analysis was used to identify a unique molecular profile for AL using enriched plasma cells (CD138+) from the bone marrow of 24 patients with AL and 28 patients with multiple myeloma (MM) and 6 healthy controls. Class prediction analysis (PAM) revealed a subset of 12 genes, which included TNFRSF7 (CD27), SDF-1, and PSMA2, that distinguished between these 2 groups with an estimated and observed accuracy of classification of 92%. This model was validated with an independent dataset of 11 patients with AL and 12 patients with MM with 87% accuracy. Differential expression for the most discriminant genes in the 12-gene subset was validated using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and protein expression analysis, which upheld the observations from the micro-array expression data. Functional analyses using a novel network mapping software revealed a number of potentially significant pathways that were dysregulated in patients with AL, with those regulating proliferation, apoptosis, cell signaling, chemotaxis, and migration being substantially represented. This study provides new insight into the molecular profile of clonal plasma cells and its functional relevance in the pathogenesis of light chain amyloidosis.
Durable remissions with autologous stem cell transplantation for high-risk HIV-associated lymphomas
Authors: Krishnan Amrita , Molina Arturo , Zaia John , Smith David , Vasquez Debbie , Kogut Neil , Falk Peter M. , Rosenthal Joseph , Alvarnas Joseph , Forman Stephen J. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThe treatment of HIV-associated lymphoma has changed since the widespread use of highly active antiretroviral therapy. HIV-infected individuals can tolerate more intensive chemotherapy, as they have better hematologic reserves and fewer infections. This has led to higher response rates in patients with HIV-associated Hodgkin disease (HD) or non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) treated with chemotherapy in conjunction with antiretroviral therapy. However, for patients with refractory or relapsed disease, salvage chemotherapy still offers little chance of long-term survival. In the non-HIV setting, patients with relapsed Hodgkin disease (HD) or non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) have a better chance of long-term remission with high-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell rescue (ASCT) compared with conventional salvage chemotherapy. In a prior report we demonstrated that this approach is well tolerated in patients with underlying immunodeficiency from HIV infection. Furthermore, similar engraftment to the non-HIV setting and low infectious risks have been observed. Herein, we expand upon this early experience with the largest single institution series of 20 patients. With long-term follow-up we demonstrate that ASCT can lead to an 85% progression-free survival, which suggests that this approach may be potentially curative in select patients with relapsed HIV-associated HD or NHL.
Effect of fondaparinux on platelet activation in the presence of heparin-dependent antibodies: a blinded comparative multicenter study with unfractionated heparin
Authors: Savi Pierre , Chong Beng H. , Greinacher Andreas , Gruel Yves , Kelton John G. , Warkentin Theodore E. , Eichler Petra , Meuleman Dick , Petitou Maurice , Herault Jean-Pascal , Cariou Roger , Herbert Jean-Marc 
Published: September 2004

AbstractHeparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a complication of heparin therapy caused by antibodies against a complex of platelet factor 4 and heparin. Fondaparinux (Arixtra) is a new synthetic selective factor Xa inhibitor. We performed a serologic study to determine the cross-reactivity of HIT sera with fondaparinux. Using a prospective, blinded study design, 39 clinically and serologically confirmed sera from patients with HIT and 15 control sera were sent to 3 different laboratories, each of which specialized in a particular HIT assay. These include the serotonin release assay, heparin-induced platelet agglutination assay, and platelet aggregation assay. Two of 82 assays (2.4%) performed in the presence of control sera were positive, both with unfractionated heparin. In the presence of HIT sera, 75 of 94 (79.8%) evaluable assays were positive with unfractionated heparin; fondaparinux was significantly (P &lt; .001) less reactive than unfractionated heparin, only 3 of 91 evaluable assays (3.3%) being positive. Using flow cytometry, unlike unfractionated heparin, fondaparinux did not induce the binding of PAC1 and anti-CD62 monoclonal antibodies or of annexin V to platelets with HIT sera. Together, these results suggest that fondaparinux is nonreactive to HIT sera and raise the possibility that the drug may be used for prophylaxis and treatment of thrombosis in patients with a history of HIT.
PATTERNFINDER: combined analysis of DNA regulatory sequences and double-helix stability
Authors: Huang Yanlin , Kowalski David 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
Background
Regulatory regions that function in DNA replication and gene transcription contain specific sequences that bind proteins as well as less-specific sequences in which the double helix is often easy to unwind. Progress towards predicting and characterizing regulatory regions could be accelerated by computer programs that perform a combined analysis of specific sequences and DNA unwinding properties.

Results
Here we present PATTERNFINDER, a web server that searches DNA sequences for matches to specific or flexible patterns, and analyzes DNA helical stability. A batch mode of the program generates a tabular map of matches to multiple, different patterns. Regions flanking pattern matches can be targeted for helical stability analysis to identify sequences with a minimum free energy for DNA unwinding. As an example application, we analyzed a regulatory region of the human c-myc proto-oncogene consisting of a single-strand-specific protein binding site within a DNA region that unwindsin vivo. The predicted region of minimal helical stability overlapped both the protein binding site and the unwound DNA region identified experimentally.

Conclusions
The PATTERNFINDER web server permits localization of known functional elements or landmarks in DNA sequences as well as prediction of potential new elements. Batch analysis of multiple patterns facilitates the annotation of DNA regulatory regions. Identifying specific pattern matches linked to DNA with low helical stability is useful in characterizing regulatory regions for transcription, replication and other processes and may predict functional DNA unwinding elements.
PATTERNFINDER can be accessed freely at: http://wings.buffalo.edu/gsa/dna/dk/PFP/
HIV-1 Vif and APOBEC3G: Multiple roads to one goal
Authors: Goncalves Joao , Santa-Marta Mariana 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThe viral infectivity factor, Vif, of human immunodeficiency virus type 1, HIV-1, has long been shown to promote viral replication in vivo and to serve a critical function for productive infection of non-permissive cells, like peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Vif functions to counteract an anti-retroviral cellular factor in non-permissive cells named APOBEC3G. The current mechanism proposed for protection of the virus by HIV-1 Vif is to induce APOBEC3G degradation through a ubiquitination-dependent proteasomal pathway. However, a new study published in Retrovirology by Strebel and colleagues suggests that Vif-induced APOBEC3G destruction may not be required for Vif's virus-protective effect. Strebel and co-workers show that Vif and APOBEC3G can stably co-exist, and yet viruses produced under such conditions are fully infectious. This new result highlights the notion that depletion of APOBEC3G is not the sole protective mechanism of Vif and that additional mechanisms exerted by this protein can be envisioned which counteract APOBEC3G and enhance HIV infectivity.
Use of HLA-B27 tetramers to identify low-frequency antigen-specific T cells in Chlamydia-triggered reactive arthritis
Authors: Appel Heiner , Kuon Wolfgang , Kuhne Maren , Wu Peihua , Kuhlmann Stefanie , Kollnberger Simon , Thiel Andreas , Bowness Paul , Sieper Joachim 
Published: September 2004

AbstractReports of the use of HLA-B27/peptide tetrameric complexes to study peptide-specific CD8+ T cells in HLA-B27+-related diseases are rare. To establish HLA-B27 tetramers we first compared the function of HLA-B27 tetramers with HLA-A2 tetramers by using viral epitopes. HLA-B27 and HLA-A2 tetramers loaded with immunodominant peptides from Epstein–Barr virus were generated with comparable yields and both molecules detected antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. The application of HLA-B27 tetramers in HLA-B27-related diseases was performed with nine recently described Chlamydia-derived peptides in synovial fluid and peripheral blood, to examine the CD8+ T cell response against Chlamydia trachomatis antigens in nine patients with Chlamydia-triggered reactive arthritis (Ct-ReA). Four of six HLA-B27+ Ct-ReA patients had specific synovial T cell binding to at least one HLA-B27/Chlamydia peptide tetramer. The HLA-B27/Chlamydia peptide 195 tetramer bound to synovial T cells from three of six patients and HLA-B27/Chlamydia peptide 133 tetramer to synovial T cells from two patients. However, the frequency of these cells was low (0.02–0.09%). Moreover, we demonstrate two methods to generate HLA-B27-restricted T cell lines. First, HLA-B27 tetramers and magnetic beads were used to sort antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. Second, Chlamydia-infected dendritic cells were used to stimulate CD8+ T cells ex vivo. Highly pure CD8 T cell lines could be generated ex vivo by magnetic sorting by using HLA-B27 tetramers loaded with an EBV peptide. The frequency of Chlamydia-specific, HLA-B27 tetramer-binding CD8+ T cells could be increased by stimulating CD8+ T cells ex vivo with Chlamydia-infected dendritic cells. We conclude that HLA-B27 tetramers are a useful tool for the detection and expansion of HLA-B27-restricted CD8+ T cells. T cells specific for one or more of three Chlamydia-derived peptides were found at low frequency in synovial fluid from HLA-B27+ patients with Ct-ReA. These cells can be expanded ex vivo, suggesting that they are immunologically functional.
Infliximab therapy in rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis-induced specific antinuclear and antiphospholipid autoantibodies without autoimmune clinical manifestations: a two-year prospective study
Authors: Ferraro-Peyret Carole , Coury Fabienne , Tebib Jacques G , Bienvenu Jacques , Fabien Nicole 
Published: September 2004

AbstractTreatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with infliximab (Remicade®) has been associated with the induction of antinuclear autoantibodies (ANA) and anti-double-stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA) autoantibodies. In the present study we investigated the humoral immune response induced by infliximab against organ-specific or non-organ-specific antigens not only in RA patients but also in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) during a two-year followup. The association between the presence of autoantibodies and clinical manifestations was then examined. The occurrence of the various autoantibodies was analyzed in 24 RA and 15 AS patients all treated with infliximab and in 30 RA patients receiving methotrexate but not infliximab, using the appropriate methods of detection. Infliximab led to a significant induction of ANA and anti-dsDNA autoantibodies in 86.7% and 57% of RA patients and in 85% and 31% of AS patients, respectively. The incidence of antiphospholipid (aPL) autoantibodies was significantly higher in both RA patients (21%) and AS patients (27%) than in the control group. Most anti-dsDNA and aPL autoantibodies were of IgM isotype and were not associated with infusion side effects, lupus-like manifestations or infectious disease. No other autoantibodies were shown to be induced by the treatment. Our results confirmed the occurrence of ANA and anti-dsDNA autoantibodies and demonstrated that the induction of ANA, anti-dsDNA and aPL autoantibodies is related to infliximab treatment in both RA and AS, with no significant relationship to clinical manifestations.