bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Attenuating Mutations in Coxsackievirus B3 Map to a Conformational Epitope That Comprises the Puff Region of VP2 and the Knob of VP3
Authors: Stadnick E. , Dan M. , Sadeghi A. , Chantler J. K. 
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACT
Ten antibody escape mutants of coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) were used to identify nucleotide substitutions that determine viral virulence for the heart and pancreas. The P1 region, encoding the structural genes of each mutant, was sequenced to identify mutations associated with the lack of neutralization. Eight mutants were found to have a lysine-to arginine mutation in the puff region of VP2, while two had a glutamate-to-glycine substitution in the knob of VP3. Two mutants, EM1 and EM10, representing each of these mutations, were further analyzed, initially by determining their entire sequence. In addition to the mutations in P1, EM1 was found to have two mutations in the 3D polymerase, while EM10 had a mutation in stem-loop II of the 5′ nontranslated region (5′NTR). The pathogenesis of the mutants relative to that of CVB3 strain RK [CVB3(RK)] then was examined in A/J mice. Both mutants were found to be less cardiotropic than the parental strain, with a 40-fold (EM1) or a 100- to 1,000-fold (EM10) reduction in viral titers in the heart relative to the titers of CVB3(RK). The mutations in VP2, VP3, and the 5′NTR were introduced independently into the RK infectious clone, and the phenotypes of the progeny viruses were determined. The results substantiated that the VP2 and VP3 mutations reduced cardiovirulence, while the 5′NTR mutation in EM10 was associated with a more virulent phenotype when expressed on its own. Stereographic imaging of the two mutations in the capsomer showed that they lie in close proximity on either side of a narrow cleft between the puff and the knob, forming a conformational epitope that is part of the putative binding site for coreceptor DAF.
Neutralization Profiles of Newly Transmitted Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 by Monoclonal Antibodies 2G12, 2F5, and 4E10
Authors: Mehandru Saurabh , Wrin Terri , Galovich Justin , Stiegler Gabriela , Vcelar Brigitta , Hurley Arlene , Hogan Christine , Vasan Sandhya , Katinger Hermann , Petropoulos Christos J. , Markowitz Martin 
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACT
As the AIDS epidemic continues unabated, the development of a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine is critical. Ideally, an effective vaccine should elicit cell-mediated and neutralizing humoral immune responses. We have determined the in vitro susceptibility profile of sexually transmitted viruses from 91 patients with acute and early HIV-1 infection to three monoclonal antibodies, 2G12, 2F5, and 4E10. Using a recombinant virus assay to measure neutralization, we found all transmitted viruses were neutralized by 4E10, 80% were neutralized by 2F5, and only 37% were neutralized by 2G12. We propose that the induction of 4E10-like antibodies should be a priority in designing immunogens to prevent HIV-1 infection.
Association of DC-SIGN Promoter Polymorphism with Increased Risk for Parenteral, but Not Mucosal, Acquisition of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection
Authors: Martin Maureen P. , Lederman Michael M. , Hutcheson Holli B. , Goedert James J. , Nelson George W. , van Kooyk Yvette , Detels Roger , Buchbinder Susan , Hoots Keith , Vlahov David , O'Brien Stephen J. , Carrington Mary 
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACT

There is considerable debate about the fundamental mechanisms that underlie and restrict acquisition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. In light of recent studies demonstrating the ability of C type lectins to facilitate infection with HIV-1, we explored the potential relationship between polymorphisms in the
DC-SIGN
promoter and risk for acquisition of HIV-1 according to route of infection. Using samples obtained from 1,611 European-American participants at risk for parenteral (
n
= 713) or mucosal (
n
= 898) infection, we identified single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the
DC-SIGN
promoter using single-strand conformation polymorphism. Individuals at risk for parenterally acquired infection who had −336C were more susceptible to infection than were persons with −336T (odds ratio = 1.87,
P
= 0.001). This association was not observed in those at risk for mucosally acquired infection. A potential role for
DC-SIGN
specific to systemic acquisition and dissemination of infection is suggested.
Sensory level electrical muscle stimulation: effect on markers of muscle injury
Authors: McLoughlin T J , Snyder A R , Brolinson P G , Pizza F X 
Published: November 2004

Background:Monophasic high voltage stimulation (MHVS) is widely prescribed for the treatment of inflammation associated with muscle injury. However, limited scientific evidence exists to support its purported benefits in humans.Objective:To examine the efficacy of early initiation of MHVS treatment after muscle injury.Methods:In a randomised, cross over design, 14 men performed repetitive eccentric contractions of the elbow flexor muscles followed by either MHVS or control treatment. MHVS treatments were applied five minutes and 3, 6, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours after eccentric contractions.Results:MHVS resulted in a significant reduction (p<0.05) in delayed onset muscle soreness 24 hours after eccentric exercise compared with controls. Elbow extension was significantly increased immediately after administration of MHVS compared with controls. No significant differences were observed between MHVS treatment and controls for maximal isometric strength, flexed arm angle, or arm volume.Conclusions:Early and frequent application of MHVS may provide transient relief from delayed onset muscle soreness and short term improvements in range of motion after injurious exercise. However, MHVS treatment may not enhance recovery after muscle injury because of lack of improvements in strength and active range of motion.
Endurance exercise and the production of growth hormone and haematopoietic factors in patients with anaemia
Authors: Dimeo F , Knauf W , Geilhaupt D , Böning D 
Published: November 2004

Background:Physical activity has been shown to stimulate haematopoiesis in patients with anaemia due to chronic renal failure or haematological malignancies.Objective:To evaluate the effect of moderate exercise on the production of haematopoietically active factors.Methods:Ten patients (four men and six women, mean (SD) age 51 (10) years) with a haemoglobin concentration under 130 g/l (men) or 120 g/l (women) carried out five three minute exercise bouts at an intensity of 80% of the maximal heart rate, corresponding to a lactate concentration of 3 (0.5) mmol/l. Patients rested for three minutes between bouts. The concentrations of interleukin 6, stem cell factor, granulocyte-monocyte colony stimulating factor, granulocyte colony stimulating factor, erythropoietin, and growth hormone (GH) were evaluated before and in the eight hours after exercise.Results:GH had risen significantly 15 minutes after exercise (1.1 (1.3)v2.7 (2.8) ng/ml; p<0.05). No change in the concentration of the other cytokines and growth factors was observed in the eight hours after exercise.Conclusions:In patients with anaemia, submaximal exercise does not affect the concentration of haematopoietically active cytokines. However, it leads to an increased concentration of GH. This may be responsible for the improved haematopoiesis observed after an exercise programme in patients with chronic diseases.
A simple multistage field test for the prediction of anaerobic capacity in female games players
Authors: Cooper S-M , Baker J S , Eaton Z E , Matthews N 
Published: November 2004

Objective:To establish the validity of a 15 m multistage shuttle run test (MSRT) as a predictor of anaerobic capacity (expressed as mean power output (MPO) from the 30 second Wingate anaerobic test (WAnT)) in female university standard games players.Methods:Data came from three phases using a total of 72 players (mean (SD) age 20.3 (1.5) years, body mass 64.9 (8.8) kg, and stature 1.67 (0.04) m). The repeatability of the MSRT was assessed in phase 1 by applying 95% limits of agreement (LoA) to the test and retest results from a random sample of 20 players. In phase 2, linear relations between MPO and performance on the MSRT were investigated in a random sample of 36 players. As a result, a calibration model (Y  =  a + bX) was developed and cross validated in phase 3, in which the remaining 36 players performed both the WAnT and the MSRT. Time (seconds) to volitional exhaustion/disqualification from the MSRT was substituted into the calibration model from which MPO was predicted. The agreement between MPO predicted and MPO measured from the WAnT was quantified using LoA.Results:Insignificant bias between repeat applications of the MSRT (meandiff(SDdiff)  =  1.0 (3.5) seconds (4 (14) m),t =  1.23, p  =  0.230) was found from phase 1. Data were homoscedastic (r =  0.061, p  =  0.799) with LoA ± 6.9 seconds (± 27 m). In phase 2 the strongest correlation was between MPO (W/kg0.67) and time to volitional exhaustion/disqualification on the MSRT;r =  0.715 (r2 =  51.1%, p  =  0.0005). As a result, the calibration model developed was: MPO (W/kg0.67)  =  12.5 + (0.2 × time (seconds)) with a standard error of prediction of 2.1 W/kg0.67. The cross validation in phase 3 showed insignificant bias between measured and predicted MPO (meandiff(SDdiff)  =  0.3 (2.8) W/kg0.67,t =  0.75, p  =  0.460). Data were homoscedastic (r =  0.05, p  =  0.774) with LoA ± 5.5 W/kg0.67.Conclusions:The MSRT requires minimal equipment and training of assessors, and it is easy to perform. In the population studied, it provides scores that are repeatable, and anaerobic capacity (MPO) can be successfully predicted from its performance. It would seem therefore to be a useful field based test for use by female games players, their coaches, and support scientists.
nm23-H1 expression and loss of heterozygosity in colon adenocarcinoma
Authors: Kapitanović S , Čačev T , Berković M , Popović-Hadžija M , Radošević S , Seiwerth S , Spaventi Š , Pavelić K , Spaventi R 
Published: November 2004

Background:The discovery that genetic alterations in oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes accompany tumour formation in many human tumours has encouraged the search for genes that promote or suppress tumour spread and metastasis; nm23 is a promising candidate for a metastasis suppressing gene.Aims:To evaluate whether expression of nm23-H1 protein or loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of the nm23-H1 gene is associated with colon cancer progression.Materials/Methods:Paraffin wax embedded tissue sections were analysed immunohistochemically. DNA isolated from normal and tumour tissue was used for LOH analysis using a variable nucleotide tandem repeat (VNTR) marker located in the untranslated 5′ region of the nm23-H1 gene. RNA isolated from tumour and normal tissue was used for “real time” RT-PCR.Results:Of 102 adenocarcinomas examined, 58.8% stained weakly for nm23-H1 protein. There was a negative correlation between nm23-H1 positivity and tumour histological grade. In VNTR analysis, 70.2% of patients were informative and 27.4% of tumours had nm23-H1 LOH. There was a positive correlation between nm23-H1 LOH and both tumour histological grade and Dukes’s stage. Expression of nm23-H1 mRNA was increased in 22 of 30 colon tumours compared with normal tissue. No significant correlation was found between nm23-H1 mRNA expression and histological grade or Dukes’s stage of tumours.Conclusions:These findings suggest that nm23-H1 protein expression in early stages may have a role in suppressing metastasis in sporadic colon cancer, whereas at a later stage both reduced nm23-H1 protein expression and LOH of the nm23-H1 gene may play role in colon cancer progression and metastasis.
Identification of helicobacter species in human liver samples from patients with primary hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Huang Y , Fan X-G , Wang Z-M , Zhou J-H , Tian X-F , Li N 
Published: November 2004

Aims:Several studies have shown the presence of helicobacter species in the human biliary tract and in the intestinal tract of animals. Experimental infection byHelicobacter hepaticusin mice causes chronic hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study investigated whether helicobacter species could be detected in the liver of patients with HCC.Methods:Liver samples from 20 patients with primary liver carcinoma diagnosed by histopathology and 16 controls without primary liver carcinoma were studied. Histology with standard and immunohistochemical stains, culture, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification using helicobacter genus specific 16S rRNA primers were used to detect the presence of bacteria. Amplified products were identified by Southern hybridisation and sequencing. A search for other genes specific forHelicobacter pyloriwas also performed.Results:Helicobacter species 16S rDNA was found in eight of 20 samples of primary liver carcinoma, whereas none of the controls harboured this rDNA. Six helicobacter specific PCR amplicons were sequenced and were found to have 98.5–99.0% similarity to the 16S rDNA ofH pylori.Of the eight positive samples, seven were positive in PCR using 26 kDa protein primers and six showed morphological and immunohistochemical evidence ofH pylori. The cagA and glmM genes were detected in only two samples. The vacA and rps4 genes were not detected.Conclusions:Helicobacter can be present in the liver of patients with primary liver carcinoma and is probably linked to the carcinogenic process in the liver.
Surviving acute myocardial infarction: survivin expression in viable cardiomyocytes after infarction: Figure 1
Authors: Santini D , Abbate A , Scarpa S , Vasaturo F , Biondi-Zoccai G G , Bussani R , De Giorgio F , Bassan F , Camilot D , Di Marino M P , Feroce F , Baldi F , Silvestri F , Crea F , Baldi A 
Published: November 2004

Background:Apoptosis is a key feature in postinfarction remodelling leading to progressive myocyte loss. Both proapoptotic and antiapoptotic factors contribute to the delicate balance between death and survival. The survivin pathway has emerged as essential in the control of apoptosis, although its role in heart disease is unknown.Aim:To evaluate survivin expression after acute myocardial infarction (AMI).Methods:Survivin expression was assessed immunohistochemically in the peri-infarct and remote viable myocardium in 17 consecutive patients who died 1–30 weeks after AMI and in four control hearts.Results:Survivin was expressed by myocytes in the peri-infarct area in eight patients and in the remote region in 13 patients. The rate of survivin expression after AMI was significantly higher in the remote versus peri-infarct regions and compared with control hearts. Its expression was inversely associated with the presence of dilated cardiopathy and of apoptosis, independently from the gross pathology infarct size.Conclusions:Survivin myocardial expression after AMI may be associated with the survival of at risk myocardium and may be indicative of more favourable remodelling after AMI. These findings identify a potential new target for the treatment of postinfarction remodelling.
ON THE POWER OF ONE-WAY SYNCHRONIZED ALTERNATING MACHINES WITH SMALL SPACE
Authors: HROMKOVIČ JURAJ , INOUE KATSUSHI , ROVAN BRANISLAV , SLOBODOVÁ ANNA , TAKANAMI ITSUO , WAGNER KLAUS W. 
Published: November 2004

This paper continues the investigation of the concept of synchronized alternation. The open problems from Ref. 4 are solved by showing that one-way synchronized alternating (multihead) automata are as powerful as two-way ones. More precisely it is shown that: (i) one-way synchronized alternating finite automata recognize exactly context-sensitive languages, and (ii) NSPACE(nk) is exactly the family of languages recognized by one-way (two-way) synchronized alternating k-head finite automata, for k≥1. Finaly, the synchronization complexity of one-way synchronized Turing machines (1satm's) is investigated and an infinite hierarchy among classes of sets accepted by 1satm's with space and synchronization bounds between log log n and log n is established. Some closure properties of the classes in this hierarchy are also proved.
ALUMINUM NEUROTOXICITY IN THE RAT BRAIN
Authors: YUMOTO S. , OHASHI H. , NAGAI H. , KAKIMI S. , OGAWA Y. , IWATA Y. , ISHII K. 
Published: November 2004

To investigate the etiology of Alzheimer’s disease, we administered aluminum to healthy rats and examined the aluminum uptake in the brain and isolated brain cell nuclei by particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) analysis. Ten days after the last injection, Al was detected in the rat brain and in isolated brain cell nuclei by PIXE analysis. Al was also demonstrated in the brain after 15 months of oral aluminum administration. Moreover, Al was detected in the brain and isolated brain cell nuclei from the patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Silver impregnation studies revealed that spines attached to the dendritic processes of cortical nerve cells decreased remarkably after aluminum administration. Electron microscopy revealed characteristic inclusion bodies in the hippocampal nerve cells 75 days after the injection. These morphological changes in the rat brain after the aluminum administration were similar to those reportedly observed in the brain of Alzheimer’s disease patients. Our results indicate that Alzheimer’s disease is caused by irreversible accumulation of aluminum in the brain, as well as in the nuclei of brain cells.
ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION OF ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOLS COLLECTED DURING EPISODIC AIR POLLUTION EVENTS IN JAPAN
Authors: Kasahara M. , Choi K-.C. , Takahashi K. 
Published: November 2004

More than 3,000 aerosol samples have been collected since 1986 in Kyoto under various meteorological and environmental conditions, including episodic air pollution events such as heavy air pollution, Kosa dust, very clean air, etc. The elemental concentrations of these aerosol samples were determined by PIXE techniques, and elemental concetration data were used to estimate a source contribution of aerosols by applying a receptor model. The concentrations of Si, K, Ca, Ti and Fe in both coarse and fine fractions increased tremendously at Kosa event. The maximum source contribution of soil dust amounted to 140 μg/m3 for a six hour average during a Kosa event. On the other hand, the concentrations of S, Zn, Pb and Cu in the fine fraction increased remarkably during heavy air pollution and photochemical smog events.
KOBAYASHI CONFORMAL METRIC ON MANIFOLDS, CHERN-SIMONS AND η-INVARIANTS
Authors: APANASOV BORIS N. 
Published: November 2004

The main aim of this paper is to present a canonical Riemannian smooth metric on a given uniformized conformal manifold (conformally flat manifold) which is compatible with the conformal structure. This metric is related to the Kobayashi construction for complex-analytic manifolds and gives a new conformal invariant. As an application, the paper studies the Chern-Simons functional and the η-invariant associated with the conformal class of conformally-Euclidean metrics on a closed hyperbolic 3-manifold.
The Impact of Modern Graphics Tools on Science, and their Limitations
Authors: ETIENNE F. 
Published: November 2004

Within the last few years the range of scientific applications for which computer graphics is used has become extremely large. However, not all scientists require the same level of computing power. Until recently the software interface to graphics display systems has been provided by the manufacturers of the hardware. This generated interest in the possibility of using graphics standards. Another important issue is related to the deluge of data generated by super-computers and high-volume data sources which make it impossible for users to have an overall knowledge of either the data structures or the application programs. Partial solutions can be found in emerging products providing an interactive computational environment for scientific visualization. Some of the characteristics required for graphics hardware are presented. From a hardware perspective, graphics computing involves the use of a graphical computer system with sufficient power and functionality that the user can manipulate and interact with displayed objects. To achieve such a level of performance computers are usually designed as networked workstations with access to local graphics capabilities. Finally, it is made clear that the main computer graphics applications are scientific activities. From high energy physics experiments with wireframe event displays up to medical imaging with interactive volume rendering, scientific visualization is not simply displaying data from data intensive sources. Fields of computer graphics like image processing, computer aided design, signal processing and user interfaces provide tools helping researchers to understand and steer scientific computation.
Multiphoton Ionization
Authors: KARULE ERNA 
Published: November 2004

Multiphoton ionization happens in an intense light beam when atoms absorb more than one photon. In strong fields an atom may absorb not only the minimum energetically necessary number of photons for ionization, but also excess photons. The last process is the so called “above threshold ionization” (ATI) which as well as “normal” multiphoton ionization (MPI) takes place in the strong laser fields. Both processes are between those responsible for the energy transfer from the laser to the plasma. The paper deals with the quantum mechanical calculation of MPI and ATI of atomic hydrogen. At the moderate intensities of light these processes may be treated by methods of perturbation theory.
INVERSION OF HOROSPHERICAL INTEGRAL TRANSFORM ON REAL SEMISIMPLE LIE GROUPS
Authors: ZORICH Anton 
Published: November 2004

There exists the wonderful integral transform on complex semisimple Lie groups, which assigns to a function on the group the set of its integrals over "generalized horospheres" — some specific submanifolds of the Lie group. The local inversion formula for this integral transform, discovered in 50's for [Formula: see text] by Gel'fand and Graev, made it possible to decompose the regular representation on [Formula: see text] into irreducible ones. In case of real semisimple Lie group the situation becomes more complicated, and usually there is no reasonable analogous integral transform at all. Nevertheless, in the present paper we succeed to define the integral transforms on the Lorentz group and some other real semisimple Lie groups, which are in a sense analogous to the integration over "horospheres". We obtain the inversion formulas for these integral transforms.
NEURAL NETWORKS FOR COLLECTIVE TRANSLATIONAL INVARIANT OBJECT RECOGNITION
Authors: CHAN LAI-WAN 
Published: November 2004

A novel method using neural networks for translational invariant object recognition is described in this paper. The objective is to enable the recognition of objects in any shifted position when the objects are presented to the network in only one standard location during the training procedure. With the presence of multiple or overlapped objects in the scene, translational invariant object recognition is a very difficult task. Noise corruption of the image creates another difficulty. In this paper, a novel approach is proposed to tackle this problem, using neural networks with the consideration of multiple objects and the presence of noise. This method utilizes the secondary responses activated by the backpropagation network. A confirmative network is used to obtain the object identification and location, based on these secondary responses. Experimental results were used to demonstrate the ability of this approach.