bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Low dose gonadotropin‐releasing hormone agonist treatments with early discontinuation for controlled ovarian hyperstimulation in an in vitro fertilization program
Authors: Lee Su‐Long , Su Jinu‐Hwang , Ikuta Katsuo , Suzumori Kaoru 
Published: December 2004

Aim:  The purpose of the present study was to investigate the applicability of a protocol for controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH) featuring early discontinuation of low dose gonadotropin‐releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) for ovulation induction for in vitro fertilization (IVF).Methods:  Four hundred and eighty‐seven women undergoing 555 IVF cycles were recruited into the study. Controlled ovarian hyperstimulation was achieved by using either a short protocol of low dose GnRHa (for 5 days only; groups 1 and 2) or a modified long protocol with early discontinuation of GnRHa (groups 3 and 4). Groups 1 and 3 received urinary follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH) and groups 2 and 4 received recombinant FSH. Oocyte retrieval was performed 34 to 36 h after human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) injection, followed by embryo transfer 3 days later.Results:  Luteinizing hormone (LH) levels on the hCG injection day were lower with the modified long protocol (groups 3 and 4) than with the short 5‐day treatment (groups 1 and 2). There were higher LH levels in group 1 than in groups 2, 3 and 4, resulting in a worse fertilization rate and clinical pregnancy rate. There were no statistically significant differences between groups 2, 3 and 4 in the rates of fertilization, clinical pregnancy and delivery. A higher estradiol (E2) level in group 3 than in groups 1, 2 and 4 resulted in a worse implantation rate.Conclusion:  Early cessation of GnRHa may not induce a premature LH surge in controlled ovarian hyperstimulation, while a low dose also offers a useful alternative to a long protocol of IVF. Ovarian stimulation with recombinant follicle‐stimulating hormone (rFSH) is considered to be favorable in this low dose GnRHa treatment. (Reprod Med Biol 2003; 2: 25–30)
Studies on the effects of initial injection doses of follicle stimulating hormone on the pregnancy and the ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome incidence in polycystic ovarian syndrome patients
Authors: Nakamura Yasuhiko , Takasaki Akihisa , Sugino Norihiro , Tamura Hiroshi , Takiguchi Shuji , Takayama Hisako , Harada Ayako , Kato Hiroshi 
Published: December 2004

Background:  Patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) are often resistant to clomiphene citrate, which causes the need for subsequent gonadotropin treatment. However, careful administration is required because of the potential side‐effects, that is, ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) and multiple pregnancy.Methods:  Forty‐three cycles in 22 patients with PCOS were enrolled in this study. Ovarian stimulation was initiated on day 7 of the menstrual cycle with 150 IU/day of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH; 150 IU course), 100 IU/day (100 IU course), and 75 IU/day (75 IU course), successively. If follicles over 12 mm in diameter did not develop after 1 week, the dose was increased. In each treatment course, the number of developed follicles, the serum estradiol level before ovulation, total FSH dosage and duration of administration, the incidence of OHSS, and pregnancy rate were examined.Results and Conclusion:  The largest number of developed follicles and the highest serum estradiol level were found in the 150 IU course. In contrast, the total FSH dosage and duration of administration were highest and longest in the 75 IU course. The incidence of OHSS and pregnancy rate were highest in the 150 IU course and in the 75 IU course, respectively. The present study indicates that 100 IU or 75 IU of FSH is recommended as an initial injection dose for PCOS patients. (Reprod Med Biol 2003; 2: 63–67)
Case report of a 13‐year‐old struck by lightning
Authors: Courtman S.P. , Wilson P.M. , Mok Q. 
Published: December 2004

SummaryLightning strikes kill 1000 people per year worldwide. Cardiac arrests resulting from lightning strikes have good survival rates but there is a significant degree of morbidity amongst the survivors. This is the case report of a 13‐year‐old boy who had a cardiac arrest following a direct lightning strike, and his subsequent management.
Propofol anaesthesia and metabolic acidosis in children
Authors: Özlü Onur , Özkara H. Asuman , Eris Senay , Öcal Turgay 
Published: December 2004

Summary Background: We aimed to investigate the effect of propofol infusion anaesthesia on acid–base status and liver and myocardial enzyme levels of children during short‐term anaesthesia. Methods: Thirty‐six children, aged 3–12 years, were randomized into two groups. In group P (n = 18), induction and maintenance were performed with propofol, 3 mg·kg−1 and 20, 15 and 10 mg·kg−1·h−1, respectively. In group H (n = 18) following induction with 5 mg·kg−1 thiopenthal, anaesthesia was maintained with 2–3% halothane. Blood samples were obtained following anaesthesia induction and 30, 60 and 120 min after discontinuation of anaesthesia. Results: There was no difference in lactate dehydrogenase, myocardial creatininephosphokinase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and cholesterol levels between and within the groups. All postoperative triglyceride levels were higher and pH levels were lower in group P than group H (P < 0.05) and there was no difference within the groups. Conclusions: In these healthy patients, short‐term use of propofol did not result in significant acidaemia, nor alterations in hepatic or myocardial enzyme levels.
Cerebrovascular carbon dioxide reactivity in children anaesthetized with propofol
Authors: Karsli Cengiz , Luginbuehl Igor , Farrar Marc , Bissonnette Bruno 
Published: December 2004

SummaryBackground: Propofol, by virtue of its favourable pharmacokinetic profile, is suitable for maintenance of anaesthesia by continuous infusion during neurosurgical procedures in adults. It is gaining popularity for use in paediatric patients. To determine the effects of propofol on carbon dioxide cerebrovascular reactivity in children, middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity was measured at different levels of endtidal (PECO2) by transcranial Doppler sonography.Methods: Ten ASA I or II children, aged 1–6 years undergoing elective urological surgery were enrolled. Anaesthesia comprized propofol aimed at producing an estimated steady‐state serum concentration of 3 μg·ml−1and a caudal epidural block. PECO2was adjusted randomly in an increasing or decreasing fashion between 3.3, 5.2 and 7.2 kPa (25, 40 and 55 mmHg) with an exogenous source of CO2while maintaining ventilation parameters constant.Results: Cerebral blood flow velocity increased as PECO2increased from 3.3 to 5.2 kPa (25–40 mmHg) (P < 0.001) and from 5.2 to 7.2 kPa (40–55 mmHg) (P < 0.001). Mean heart rate and blood pressure did not change significantly.Conclusions: This study demonstrates that cerebrovascular CO2reactivity is maintained over PECO2values of 3.3, 5.2 and 7.2 kPa (25, 40 and 55 mmHg) in healthy children anaesthetized with propofol.
Effective reduction of anxiety and pain during venous cannulation in children: a comparison of analgesic efficacy conferred by nitrous oxide, EMLA and combination
Authors: Hee Hwan‐Ing , Goy Raymond W. L , Ng Agnes Suah‐Bwee 
Published: December 2004

Summary Background: EMLA cream is the current technique of choice to reduce pain during venous cannulation in most paediatric practice. Its use is limited by logistic arrangements and failure to improve cooperation and allay anxiety. Nitrous oxide (N2O) would appear to be an effective alternative. A combination technique may be useful in selected patients. Methods: One hundred and twenty unpremedicated ASA 1 and 2 day surgery patients, aged 8–15 years were randomized into group 1 (EMLA + air/O2), group 2 (50% N2O/50% O2) and group 3 (EMLA + 50% N2O/50% O2). All patients underwent cannulation on the dorsum of the hand with a 22‐G intravenous catheter. Pain behaviour before cannulation was assessed by an observer with Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale (CHEOPS). Pain during cannulation was evaluated with CHEOPS by an observer and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) (0–100 mm) by the patient. Satisfaction score (0–100%) for the experience were reported by the patient. Degree of ease of cannulation, time for cannulation were assessed. Heart rate, oxygen saturation were compared before, during and after cannulation. Results: The self‐reported VAS for group 3 (10.10 ± 14.99) was significantly lower than group 1 (26.13 ± 27.59) and group 2 (18.35 ± 18.11) (P = 0.003). No significant difference existed between VAS for group 1 and 2. There were also significantly more patients with VAS = 0 in group 3 (23/40) versus group 2 (11/40) versus group 1 (10/40), P = 0.004. The satisfactory score in group 3 (93 ± 9.96) was significantly higher (P = 0.039) than group 1 (81.13 ± 24.61) and group 2 (84 ± 22.02). The increase in CHEOPS from before to during cannulation was significant only in group 1 (P = 0.002). There was no significant difference between frequency of patients with side‐effects, ease of cannulation and time taken for cannulation in the three groups. Conclusions: EMLA and 50% N2O are equally effective for pain reduction while a combination technique provides superior analgesia and satisfaction. N2O has an advantage over EMLA in reduction of pain related behaviour in older children.
Anaesthetic management for Edward's syndrome
Authors: Courrèges P. , Nieuviarts R. , Lecoutre D. 
Published: December 2004

SummaryWe report the anaesthetic management for a Cohen procedure in a girl with Edward's syndrome (trisomy 18). Information in the literature about anaesthetic management in trisomy 18 patients is poor. The patients are dysmorphic, have severe mental retardation and multiple organ malformations of which congenital heart disease is the most important. Our patient was a 7 year‐old girl, such a survival being exceptional with trisomy 18. Anaesthesia is high risk and pain assessment is difficult. Establishing good relations with the family and appraising the need for surgical procedures are the main other difficulties.
A survey of obstetric complications and pregnancy outcomes in paediatric and nonpaediatric anaesthesiologists
Authors: Gauger Virginia T. , Voepel‐Lewis Terri , Rubin Philip , Kostrzewa Amy , Tait Alan R. 
Published: December 2004

SummaryBackground: Obstetric complications such as spontaneous abortion, preterm labour, preterm delivery, low birth weight and congenital anomalies may be associated with exposure to anaesthetic gases. We hypothesized that female anaesthesiologists practicing primarily paediatric anaesthesia, with increased exposure to trace anaesthetic agents, experience a greater prevalence of obstetric complications than female anaesthesiologists performing primarily adult anaesthesia.Methods: Questionnaires were sent to all female Society for Pediatric Anesthesia (SPA) members and to an equal number of randomly selected female American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) members. Subjects were asked to answer questions regarding their pregnancy outcomes, work history and personal habits. Parametric data were analysed by unpaired t‐tests. Nonparametric data were analysed by chi‐square, Fisher's exact test and Mann–Whitney U‐test as appropriate.Results: Paediatric anaesthesiologists were defined as those having >75% paediatric practice. Paediatric anaesthesiologists were older and had greater operating room exposure during their pregnancies than nonpaediatric anaesthesiologists. There was a significantly higher prevalence of spontaneous abortion among paediatric anaesthesiologists than nonpaediatric anaesthesiologists. In an exploratory analysis, the following factors were found to be significantly associated with the development of spontaneous abortion: age >35 years, gravida >1, exercise during pregnancy, percentage of inhalational anaesthetics >75% and paediatric anaesthesia practice >75%. Independent risk factors for spontaneous abortion among anaesthesiologists included exercise (>1 time/week) and age.Conclusion: Our results suggest a higher prevalence of spontaneous abortion in anaesthesiologists whose practice is >75% paediatrics.
The management of a postdural puncture headache in a child
Authors: Liley Andrew , Manoharan M. , Upadhyay V. 
Published: December 2004

SummaryWe present a case of an 11‐year old girl who underwent an elective pyeloplasty and had an epidural catheter placed for per‐ and postoperative analgesia. Postoperatively she developed a postural headache and severe nausea, and a diagnosis of postdural puncture headache (PDPH) was made. Her symptoms failed to respond to conservative management. An epidural blood patch was performed with immediate and complete resolution of her symptoms. We present this case to highlight the occurrence of PDPH in children and to outline the considerations for management.
The correlation between bispectral index and airway reflexes with sevoflurane and halothane anaesthesia
Authors: Davidson Andrew 
Published: December 2004

SummaryBackground:  Unwanted airway reflexes such as laryngospasm are a frequent cause for concern in paediatric anaesthesia. They are more active during light anaesthesia. Bispectral index (BIS) is a recognized measure of anaesthetic effect. Ensuring adequate depth with the BIS may prevent these reflexes. This study investigates the relationship between BIS and a defined measure of airway reactivity.Methods:  Sixty‐two children scheduled for direct laryngoscopy and bronchoscopy were enrolled in this prospective nonrandomized blinded study. They were induced and maintained with either sevoflurane or halothane. When depth of anaesthesia was judged deep enough on clinical grounds, the cords were sprayed with 2% lidocaine. Using an A2000 monitor, the BIS was recorded at the moment of spraying the cords. The anaesthetist was blinded to the BIS and noted whether or not spraying resulted in complete closure of the cords. Breath holding, desaturation and coughing were also recorded as secondary endpoints.Results:  Using logistic regression there was a significant correlation between BIS and cord closure for halothane but not for sevoflurane (halothane Pseudo r2 = 0.5, P = 0.003; sevoflurane Pseudo r2 = 0.0004, P = 0.9). Although the study was not specifically designed to test for it, no difference was detected between agents in the incidence of cord closure (halothane 38%, sevoflurane 36%), or secondary endpoints (halothane 29%, sevoflurane 29%).Conclusions:  The BIS may be useful to help prevent unwanted airway reflexes when using halothane but not with sevoflurane. The differing sites of anaesthetic action for sevoflurane and halothane may explain this result.
Impossible laryngeal intubation in an infant with Fraser syndrome
Authors: Crowe Suzanne , Westbrook Andrew , Bourke Margaret , Lyons Barry , Russell John 
Published: December 2004

SummaryCongenital webbing of the vocal cords is rare, and is usually incompatible with life. We report a case of an infant with Fraser syndrome who required a surgical airway because of a severe stenosis of her airway secondary to a glottic web. The decision process leading to tracheostomy in this neonate is described. The pertinent features of Fraser syndrome in relation to airway management are discussed.
Bioengineered ‘golden’ indica rice cultivars with β‐carotene metabolism in the endosperm with hygromycin and mannose selection systems
Authors: Datta Karabi , Baisakh Niranjan , Oliva Norman , Torrizo Lina , Abrigo Editha , Tan Jing , Rai Mayank , Rehana Sayda , Al‐Babili Salim , Beyer Peter , Potrykus Ingo , Datta Swapan K. 
Published: December 2004

SummaryVitamin‐A deficiency (VAD) is a major malnutrition problem in South Asia, where indica rice is the staple food. Indica‐type rice varieties feed more than 2 billion people. Hence, we introduced a combination of transgenes using the biolistic system of transformation enabling biosynthesis of provitamin A in the endosperm of several indica rice cultivars adapted to diverse ecosystems of different countries. The rice seed‐specific glutelin promoter (Gt‐1 P) was used to drive the expression of phytoene synthase (psy), while lycopene β‐cyclase (lcy) and phytoene desaturase (crtI), fused to the transit peptide sequence of the pea‐Rubisco small subunit, were driven by the constitutive cauliflower mosaic virus promoter (CaMV35S P). Transgenic plants were recovered through selection with either CaMV35S P driven hph (hygromycin phosphotransferase) gene or cestrum yellow leaf curling virus promoter (CMP) driven pmi (phophomannose isomerase) gene. Molecular and biochemical analyses demonstrated stable integration and expression of the transgenes. The yellow colour of the polished rice grain evidenced the carotenoid accumulation in the endosperm. The colour intensity correlated with the estimated carotenoid content by spectrophotometric and HPLC analysis. Carotenoid level in cooked polished seeds was comparable (with minor loss of xanthophylls) to that in non‐cooked seeds of the same transgenic line. The variable segregation pattern in T1 selfing generation indicated single to multiple loci insertion of the transgenes in the genome. This is the first report of using nonantibiotic pmi driven by a novel promoter in generating transgenic indica rice for possible future use in human nutrition.
Enrichment of cereal protein lysine content by altered tRNAlys coding during protein synthesis
Authors: Wu Xing Rong , Chen Zhi Hong , Folk William R. 
Published: December 2004

SummaryThe world's major crops are deficient in lysine and several other amino acids essential for human and animal nutrition. Increasing the content of these amino acids in cereals, our major source of dietary energy, can help feed a global population whose reliance upon dietary protein is growing faster than crop yields. Here we document the heritable expression in rice, the world's major cereal crop, of tRNAlys species that introduce lysine at alternative codons during protein synthesis, resulting in a significant enrichment of the lysine content of proteins in rice seeds without changing the types or quantities of the seed storage proteins.
There is more to tomato fruit colour than candidate carotenoid genes
Authors: Liu Yong‐Sheng , Gur Amit , Ronen Gil , Causse Mathilde , Damidaux René , Buret Michel , Hirschberg Joseph , Zamir Dani 
Published: December 2004

SummaryDetermining gene sequences responsible for complex phenotypes has remained a major objective in modern biology. The candidate gene approach is attempting to link, through mapping analysis, sequences that have a known functional role in the measured phenotype with quantitative trait loci (QTL) that are responsible for the studied variation. To explore the potential of the candidate approach for complex traits we conducted a mapping analysis of QTL for the intensity of the red colour of the tomato fruit (mainly lycopene) and for probes associated with the well‐characterized carotenoid biosynthesis pathway. Seventy‐five tomato introgression lines (ILs), each containing a single homozygous RFLP‐defined chromosome segment from the green‐fruited species Lycopersicon pennellii delimited 107 marker‐defined mapping bins. Three of the bins resolved known qualitative colour mutations for yellow (r) and orange (B and Del) fruits resulting from variation in specific carotenoid biosynthesis genes. Based on trials in different environments, 16 QTL that modified the intensity of the red colour of ripe fruit were assigned to bins. Candidate sequences associated with the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway were mapped to 23 loci. Only five of the QTL co‐segregated with the same bins that contained candidate genes – a number that is expected by chance alone. Furthermore, similar map location of a QTL and a candidate is far from a direct causative relationship between a gene and a phenotype. This study highlights the wealth and complexity of the variation present in the genus Lycopersicon that could be employed for basic research and genetic improvement of fruit colour in tomato.
A short synthetic MAR positively affects transgene expression in rice and Arabidopsis
Authors: Van der Geest Apolonia H. M. , Welter Mary E. , Woosley Aaron T. , Pareddy Dayakar R. , Pavelko Sarah E. , Skokut Michiyo , Ainley William M. 
Published: December 2004

SummaryMatrix Attachment Regions (MARs) are DNA elements that are thought to influence gene expression by anchoring active chromatin domains to the nuclear matrix. When flanking a construct in transgenic plants, MARs could be useful for enhancing transgene expression. Naturally occurring MARs have a number of sequence features and DNA elements in common, and using different subsets of these sequence elements, three independent synthetic MARs were created. Although short, these MARs were able to bind nuclear scaffold preparations with an affinity equal to or greater than naturally occurring plant MARs. One synthetic MAR was extensively tested for its effect on transgene expression, using different MAR orientations, plant promoters, transformation methods and plant species. This MAR was able to increase average transgene expression and produced integration patterns of lower complexity. These data show the potential of making well defined synthetic MARs and using them to improve transgene expression.
NMR profiling of transgenic peas
Authors: Charlton Adrian , Allnutt Theo , Holmes Stephen , Chisholm James , Bean Samantha , Ellis Noel , Mullineaux Phil , Oehlschlager Sarah 
Published: December 2004

SummaryA high throughput proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy method for the metabolite fingerprinting of plants was applied to genetically modified peas (Pisum sativum) to determine whether biochemical changes, so called ‘unintended effects’, beyond those intended by incorporation of a transgene, were detectable. Multivariate analysis of 1H NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) spectra obtained from uniformly grown glasshouse plants revealed differences between the transgenic and control group that exceeded the natural variation of the plants. When a larger data set of six related transgenic lines was analysed, including a null segregant in addition to the wild‐type control, multivariate analysis showed that the distribution of metabolites in the transgenics was different from that of the null segregant. However, the profile obtained from the wild‐type material was diverse in comparison with both the transgenics and the null segregant, suggesting that the primary cause of the observed differences was that the transformation process selects for a subset of individuals able to undergo the transformation and selection procedures, and that their descendants have a restricted variation in metabolite profile, rather than that the presence of the transgene itself generates these differences.