bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Natural products of the medicinal fungus Ganoderma lucidum: Occurrence, biological activities, and pharmacological functions
Authors: Shiao Ming‐Shi 
Published: July 2003

AbstractGanoderma lucidum, a fungus used in traditional Chinese medicine, produces polysaccharides and oxygenated triterpenoids with a very broad spectrum of biological activities and pharmacological functions. Among the Ganoderma triterpenoids, many pairs of C‐3 α/β stereoisomers and C‐3/C‐15 positional isomers have been identified. Biosynthetic study has indicated that the C‐3α series of oxygenated triterpenoids is derived from the C‐3β series via an oxidation‐reduction pathway. The interaction of Ganoderma triterpenoids with human platelets in the induction of aggregation and inhibition of agonist‐induced aggregation and signal transduction has been elucidated. Reduction of cellular mevalonate content to a stage in which cholesterol synthesis is strongly inhibited and cell growth is marginally arrested sensitizes hepatoma cells to the oxygenated triterpenoids. A combination treatment of lovastatin and Ganoderma triterpenoids in animal studies has exhibited a potential anticancer effect. © 2003 The Japan Chemical Journal Forum and Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Chem Rec 3: 172–180; 2003: Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI 10.1002/tcr.10058
Effects of 17α‐ethinylestradiol on immune parameters in the lizard Sceloporus occidentalis
Authors: Burnham D. Kim , Lackey Amanda , Manering Michelle , Jaensson Elin , Pearson Jamie , Tyler Daniel O. , Melson David , Talent Larry G. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractWe examined the effect of 17α‐ethinylestradiol on immunity of the Western fence lizard, Sceloporus occidentalis. Injection of 17α‐ethinylestradiol resulted in dose‐dependent suppression of peripheral blood leukocyte levels as determined by cell counts, whereas total spleen cell levels were decreased only at higher doses of 17α‐ethinylestradiol. In contrast, spleen cell proliferation was enhanced by 17α‐ethinylestradiol as measured by reduction of MTT to formazan following a two‐way mixed lymphocyte reaction. Antibody responses were unaffected. Effects on peripheral blood leukocyte levels and spleen cell proliferation similar to those observed in response to injection of 17α‐ethinylestradiol were observed following injection of a single dose of hydrocortisone. However, injection of lizards with 17α‐ethinylestradiol did not result in a significant increase in serum cortisol. Results of this study suggest that exposure of Western fence lizards to 17α‐ethinylestradiol leads to decreased numbers of circulating leukocytes and total spleen cell numbers and the enhancement of spleen cell proliferation in a two‐way mixed lymphocyte reaction. These effects probably involve mechanisms other than or in addition to the induction of cortisol release. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 18: 211–218, 2003.
RETRACTED: Feasibility and safety of moderate hypothermia after acute ischemic stroke
Authors: Jian Su , Yongming Qiou , Zhihua Chen , Yan Chen 
Published: July 2003

AbstractThis article has been retracted at the request of the chief editor(s) and author(s). Reason: this article has been retracted as it plagiarises an earlier article published by Dr Schwab in Stroke 32, 2033–2035 (2001).
A novel tag-recovery model with two size classes for estimating fishing and natural mortality, with implications for the southern rock lobster (Jasus edwardsii) in Tasmania, Australia
Authors: Latour Robert J. , Hoenig John M. , Hepworth Daniel A. , Frusher Stewart D. 
Published: July 2003

Abstract
Multi-year tag-recovery models can be used to derive estimates of age- and year-specific annual survival rates and year-specific instantaneous fishing and natural mortality rates. The latter, which are often of interest to fisheries managers, usually can only be estimated when the tag-reporting rate (λ) and the short-term tag-induced mortality and tag-shedding rate (φ) are known a priori. We present a new multi-year tagging model that permits estimation of instantaneous mortality rates independently of φλ, provided tagged animals from two adjacent size groups are released simultaneously. If the two size groups comprise animals just above and below the minimum harvestable size limit, then it is possible to estimate year-specific instantaneous fishing and natural mortality rates after 2 yr of tagging and tag-recovery. In addition to the standard assumptions of multi-year tag-recovery models, it is necessary to assume that recruited animals have equal selectivity, pre-recruited animals become fully recruited in 1 or 2 yr, and the size groups experience the same natural mortality rate. Applicability of the model to the Tasmania southern rock lobster (Jasus edwardsii) fishery is evaluated using a simulation model and parameters based on data from the lobster fishery; assumptions are likely to be met and precision should be adequate if at least 1000 animals are tagged per year in each size group.
Estimated pup production of harp seals Pagophilus groenlandicus in the White Sea, Russia, in 2000
Authors: Potelov V.A , Golikov A.P , Bondarev V.A 
Published: July 2003

Abstract
Since the 1960s pup production of harp seals Pagophilus groenlandicus in the White Sea was estimated from aerial photographic surveys of visible adult females on the ice. Adult abundance estimations were underestimated because an unknown number of females were in the water during the survey. The absence of a reliable estimation of pup production constrained management initiatives. Aerial photographic surveys of whelping harp seals were conducted in the White Sea 10–12 March 2000. Using a systematic strip transect survey design approach, the number of pups present was estimated as 294 914 with a standard error (s.e.) of 36 168. When pups caught by Russian sealers in the White Sea before the aerial surveys (30 729 pups) were included the total estimated number of pups was 325 643 (s.e. 36 168), whereas the number of adult harp seals was 215 943 (s.e. 22 630). The pup estimate was not corrected for pups born after the survey, but this was not considered to be significant. The new estimation of pup production is higher than thought earlier.
A comparison of fish bycatch communities between areas open and closed to prawn trawling in an Australian tropical fishery
Authors: Stobutzki Ilona , Jones Peter , Miller Margaret 
Published: July 2003

Abstract
The bycatch fish community was compared between areas open and closed to prawn trawling in Australia's Northern Prawn Fishery to investigate the impacts of the fishery. Two regions of a large (∼6648 km2) closure were compared, with three areas in each region, one closed to trawling (Closed) and two open to trawling, one near the closure (Near) and one farther from the closure (Far). Sampling was undertaken both day and night. The two regions and two times were analysed separately using both multivariate and univariate analyses to examine changes in overall community structure and differences in individual species. Overall the results were equivocal with respect to the impact of trawling. The multivariate and univariate analyses showed that in both regions, during both day and night, the bycatch fish community of the Far open area differed from the Near and Closed areas, while the latter were similar. This at least partly reflected differences in depth and sediment. For individual species, most showed no significant difference between the areas open and closed to trawling. Of the significant results there was no consistent tendency for species to be more likely to occur inside the closure or be at a higher density or larger size within the closure. Benthic and demersal species, those more susceptible to capture by prawn trawls, were not consistently less likely to occur or at a lower biomass in the open areas. The lack of a strong contrast in the fish community between the open and closed areas is probably due to the comparatively low effort in the fishery, the highly aggregated nature of the trawling and the fact the fishery does not target the bycatch species. These factors may reduce the potential impact of trawling on the fish bycatch.
The influence of pre-recruitment growth on subsequent growth and age at first spawning in Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus L.)
Authors: Brophy Deirdre , Danilowicz Bret S 
Published: July 2003

AbstractCalculation of the spawning stock biomass for fisheries management requires information on the numbers or proportions of fish in each age- or length-group that are mature each year. This study was conducted to determine the relationship between growth and age of first reproduction in herring stocks around Ireland. Measurements of otolith size at the onset of the first annulus (O1) were used to compare growth during the first year of life between 1-, 2-, and 3-group spawning herring collected from spawning grounds in the Celtic Sea over a period of 3 years. The 1-group spawning fish had significantly greater mean O1 measurements, and hence showed faster growth on average during the first year of life than 2- or 3-group spawning fish. Fish that exhibited slow growth during the first year were absent from the adult spawning population at age 1, but occurred at similar levels in the samples of 2- and 3-group spawning fish. Regression of O1 radius on fish length at capture showed that growth during the first year of life had a small but significant effect on subsequent growth up to age 3. The relationship between pre-recruitment growth and subsequent growth and age at first spawning has implications for recruitment patterns of juveniles from different nursery areas and for the lifetime fecundity of population components with differential growth.
Vacuolar accumulation and extracellular extrusion of electrophilic compounds by wild‐type and glutathione‐deficient mutants of the methylotrophic yeast Hansenula polymorpha
Authors: Ubiyvovk Vira M. , Maszewski Janusz , Bartosz Grzegorz , Sibirny Andrei A. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractThe methylotrophic yeast Hansenula polymorpha CBS4732 leu2 detoxifies electrophilic xenobiotics by glutathione (GSH)‐dependent accumulation in vacuoles, as shown by fluorescence microscopy. GSH‐dependent and GSH‐independent export of xenobiotic derivatives were also demonstrated by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Conjugates of GSH and N‐acetylcysteine with monobromobimane and N‐[1‐pyrene]maleimide were observed among the HPLC fractions, along with unidentified derivatives.
Current and potential uses for DNA microarrays in transplantation medicine: lessons from other disciplines
Authors: Boussioutas A. , Haviv I. 
Published: July 2003

Abstract:  DNA microarrays are used to study simultaneous gene expression in thousands of genes. This tool has moved beyond proof‐of‐principle and its integration into medical practice is slowly becoming a reality. This technology has enabled unparalleled progress into the study of complex polygenic diseases. Although cancer research introduced DNA microarrays into the medical arena other disciplines are beginning to exploit the power of this technology to advance medical research.In this review we outline aspects of the design of a microarray experiment from the choice of platform, through the experimental procedure to the analysis of the results. We review the current applications and speculate on potential applications of this technology with particular reference to transplantation medicine.
Approximate entropy of symptoms of mood: an effective technique to quantify regularity of mood
Authors: Yeragani Vikram K , Pohl Robert , Mallavarapu Mallika , Balon Richard 
Published: July 2003

Objectives:  Several psychiatric conditions are associated with lability of affect. In this study, we investigated regularity of mood using APEN (Approximate Entropy) on daily subjective ratings using a Visual Analog Scale with 11 items pertaining to mood.Methods:  APEN was applied to the data in a double‐blind placebo controlled investigation on the effects of fluoxetine (n=19), pemoline (n=18) and placebo (n=20) in normal controls. These subjects rated their subjective feelings daily at the end of each day. We analysed 56 data point time series (each value was obtained on each day) after the three experimental conditions.Results:  While the mean or the SD of all the 56 points was not significantly different among the three conditions, APEN was highly and significantly lower for pemoline compared with fluoxetine and placebo. There was no significant correlation between average APEN and mean or SD (standard deviation). The one symptom that explained most of this difference among the groups after drug administration was the feeling of ‘happiness’.Conclusions:  This result indicates that there was a more consistent subjective sense of happiness during the 8‐week period of pemoline administration compared with the other two drugs. Though this study was not designed to address the efficacy of mood stabilizing drugs, such daily subjective ratings may be useful in future studies that evaluate the stability of mood. APEN has been used in several different fields of research with small data sets and this study extends its possible use to evaluate changes in mood in certain populations such as patients with bipolar disorders.
Allelic association study between phospholipase A2 genes and bipolar affective disorder
Authors: Meira‐Lima Ivanor , Jardim Daniela , Junqueira Ricardo , Ikenaga Elisa , Vallada Homero 
Published: July 2003

Objectives:  In vivo studies demonstrating that lithium is a powerful phospholipase A2 (PLA2) inhibitor suggest that PLA2 activation, and subsequent cell signaling overactivation by increased fatty acid release may be the primary abnormality in bipolar affective disorder (BPAD), thus making PLA2 genes attractive candidates for the susceptibility to BPAD. The present study investigates polymorphisms in cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2), calcium‐independent phospholipase A2 (iPLA2), and secretory phospholipase (sPLA2) genes in a Brazilian sample.Methods:  A cross‐sectional study was performed with 181 unrelated DSM‐IIIR BPAD subjects and 312 controls. A polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism assay for BanI cPLA2 and AvrII iPLA2 polymorphisms was performed, and an ATT repeat in sPLA2 was assessed using a semiautomated genetic analyzer (ALFexpress).Results:  There was no significant difference observed in the allelic and genotypic distribution between the BPAD and control groups for cPLA2 (genotype: χ2 = 0.8, 2df, p = 0.6; allele χ2 = 0, 1df, p = 0.9), iPLA2 (genotype: χ2 = 1.7, 2df, p = 0.4; allele: χ2 = 0.3, 1df, p = 0.6), and sPLA2 (allele: χ2 = 3.6, 6df, p = 0.8).Conclusion:  Our results failed to demonstrate that the studied PLA2 polymorphisms were associated with an increased risk for BPAD in our sample.
GAMIAN‐Europe*/BEAM survey I – global analysis of a patient questionnaire circulated to 3450 members of 12 European advocacy groups operating in the field of mood disorders
Authors: Morselli Paolo Lucio , Elgie Rodney 
Published: July 2003

Objectives: GAMIAN‐Europe is a pan‐European federation of national patient organizations from 30 European countries covering the whole spectrum of psychiatry. To gain a better understanding of what it is like to live with bipolar disorder (BD), GAMIAN‐Europe undertook a detailed patient‐based questionnaire, known as ‘GAMIAN‐Europe/BEAM Survey’, examining a variety of aspects.Methods: The questionnaire was mailed to 3450 patients from 12 member organizations in 11 countries. A total of 1760 completed questionnaires were received but 28 were ruled out as inappropriate. Of the remainder, 1041 respondents stated that they had been, or were, suffering from BD. The remainder stated that they were suffering from depression, dysthymia or atypical depression.Results: The findings indicate that, on average, a bipolar patient is expected to wait for 5.7 years for a correct diagnosis from the first onset of symptoms. Many patients have a family history of mood and anxiety disorders. They experience a high degree of stigmatization from all quarters. This is reflected in the difficulties they experience in obtaining employment despite high academic achievement.Most patients receive combination therapy. Compliance problems resulting from adverse side‐effects are less significant than in the past. Overall, the level of satisfaction with pharmacotherapy was high yet, paradoxically, patients had reservations about dependency issues and possible long‐term side‐effects.Conclusions: There was a clear need for more patient education about pharmacological and psychosocial interventions, despite material progress having been made over the past decade. There is an urgent need for more information and education for both relatives and the public in most European countries to improve awareness and understanding of BDs and other mood disorders and the doctor–patient dialogue.
Risk factors in relation to an emergence of bipolar disorder: a systematic review
Authors: Tsuchiya Kenji J , Byrne Majella , Mortensen Preben B 
Published: July 2003

Objective: There is a consensus that genetic factors are important in the causation of bipolar disorder (BPD); however, little is known about other risk factors in the aetiology of BPD. Our aim was to review the literature on such risk factors – risk factors other than family history of affective disorders – as predictors for the initial onset of BPD.Methods: We conducted a literature search using the MEDLINE, PsycINFO and EMBASE databases. We selected factors of interest including demographic factors, factors related to birth, personal, social and family backgrounds, and history of medical conditions. The relevant studies were extracted systematically according to a search protocol.Results: We identified approximately 100 studies that addressed the associations between antecedent environmental factors and a later risk for BPD. Suggestive findings have been provided regarding pregnancy and obstetric complications, winter–spring birth, stressful life events, traumatic brain injuries and multiple sclerosis. However, evidence is still inconclusive. Childbirth is likely to be a risk factor. The inconsistency across studies and methodological issues inherent in the study designs are also discussed.Conclusion: Owing to a paucity of studies and methodological issues, risk factors of BPD other than family history of affective disorders have generally been neither confirmed nor excluded. We call for further research.
Oral choline decreases brain purine levels in lithium‐treated subjects with rapid‐cycling bipolar disorder: a double‐blind trial using proton and lithium magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Authors: Lyoo In Kyoon , Demopulos Christina M , Hirashima Fuyuki , Ahn Kyung Heup , Renshaw Perry F 
Published: July 2003

Objectives: Oral choline administration has been reported to increase brain phosphatidylcholine levels. As phospholipid synthesis for maintaining membrane integrity in mammalian brain cells consumes approximately 10–15% of the total adenosine triphosphate (ATP) pool, an increased availability of brain choline may lead to an increase in ATP consumption. Given reports of genetic studies, which suggest mitochondrial dysfunction, and phosphorus (31P) magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) studies, which report dysfunction in high‐energy phosphate metabolism in patients with bipolar disorder, the current study is designed to evaluate the role of oral choline supplementation in modifying high‐energy phosphate metabolism in subjects with bipolar disorder.Methods: Eight lithium‐treated patients with DSM‐IV bipolar disorder, rapid cycling type were randomly assigned to 50 mg/kg/day of choline bitartrate or placebo for 12 weeks. Brain purine, choline and lithium levels were assessed using 1H‐ and 7Li‐MRS. Patients received four to six MRS scans, at baseline and weeks 2, 3, 5, 8, 10 and 12 of treatment (n = 40 scans). Patients were assessed using the Clinical Global Impression Scale (CGIS), the Young Mania Rating Scale (YRMS) and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) at each MRS scan.Results: There were no significant differences in change‐from‐baseline measures of CGIS, YMRS, and HDRS, brain choline/creatine ratios, and brain lithium levels over a 12‐week assessment period between the choline and placebo groups or within each group. However, the choline treatment group showed a significant decrease in purine metabolite ratios from baseline (purine/n‐acetyl aspartate: coef = −0.08, z = −2.17, df = 22, p = 0.030; purine/choline: coef = −0.12, z = −1.97, df = 22, p = 0.049) compared to the placebo group, controlling for brain lithium level changes. Brain lithium level change was not a significant predictor of purine ratios.Conclusions: The current study reports that oral choline supplementation resulted in a significant decrease in brain purine levels over a 12‐week treatment period in lithium‐treated patients with DSM‐IV bipolar disorder, rapid‐cycling type, which may be related to the anti‐manic effects of adjuvant choline. This result is consistent with mitochondrial dysfunction in bipolar disorder inadequately meeting the demand for increased ATP production as exogenous oral choline administration increases membrane phospholipid synthesis.
Thyroid indices and treatment outcome in bulimia nervosa
Authors: Gendall K. A. , Joyce P. R. , Carter F. A. , McIntosh V. V. , Bulik C. M. 
Published: July 2003

Objective: This study examined the thyroxine (T4) and free T4 (FT4) status of women with bulimia nervosa and its value as a predictor of outcome.Method: A total of 135 women with bulimia nervosa underwent 12‐weeks cognitive behavioral therapy treatment. Prior to and at 3‐year follow‐up patients completed psychiatric assessments and serumT4 and FT4 were measured.Results: At 3‐year follow‐up, 71% had no eating disorder and 29% met criteria for any eating disorder diagnosis. Mean T4 and FT4 concentrations were within normal ranges. Pre‐treatment T4 and FT4 concentrations were inversely associated with food restriction and purging frequency, respectively. Compared with women with no eating disorder, those with any eating disorder at follow‐up had lower pretreatment T4 concentrations. When pre‐treatment food restriction, oral contraceptive use and binge frequency where controlled for, low T4 concentration was the only predictor of eating disorder diagnosis at follow‐up.Conclusion: Low T4 concentrations at pretreatment may be a predictor of poor outcome in bulimia nervosa.
Psychological effects of the November 1999 earthquake in Turkey: an epidemiological study
Authors: Kılıç C. , Ulusoy M. 
Published: July 2003

Objective: This study assessed the traumatic stress symptoms and related factors in two towns affected by two earthquakes, which killed 20 000 people in 1999 in Turkey.Method: A total of 430 people in selected households were seen 18 months after the earthquake. They were given a self‐report questionnaire assessing post‐traumatic stress (PTSD) and depressive symptoms, demographics and trauma exposure.Results: The rates of PTSD and depression were higher in the site closer to the epicenter. The traumatic stress symptom checklist scores were predicted by fear during earthquake, loss of friends and neighbours, female gender, lower education and living in rented accomodation. Depression was predicted by study site, death of relatives and past psychiatric illness.Conclusion: These results show that severe earthquakes can cause long‐lasting morbidity. Our previous findings that showed a differential prediction for depressive and traumatic stress symptoms after earthquakes are also supported.