bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Allergic Colitis in Infancy
Authors: Machida Helen M. , Catto Smith Anthony G. , Gall D. Grant , Trevenen Cynthia , Scott R. Brent 
Published: January 2024

SummaryThis study prospectively evaluated 35 consecutive infants who presented with fresh blood mixed with stools. The mean age at onset of bleeding was approximately 4 weeks. All infants were otherwise asymptomatic and exhibited normal growth and physical examinations. None had evidence of a bleeding diathesis, viral or bacterial enteritis, or necrotizing enterocolitis. Con sent for limited colonoscopy and biopsy was obtained for 34 infants. Twenty‐five had macroscopic colitis and 10 infants had marked nodular lymphoid hyperplasia. Thirty‐one infants had histopathological evidence of colitis characterized by a marked eosinophilic infiltrate. Compared with 19 controls (age, 4.1 ± 3.6 months) the mean number of eosinophils per high‐power field was greater in the patients with colitis. Patients with colitis also had an elevated mean absolute peripheral eosinophil count and a low mean serum albumin compared to control values.The 31 infants with colitis were receiving solely breast milk (10), cow's milk formula (9), soya formula (9), breast milk with cow's milk formula (2), or nutramigen (1) at the time of presentation. Nineteen infants had rapid resolution of frank bleeding and gradual correction of serum albumin with dietary change. While limited colonoscopy and biopsy were useful in establishing a definitive diagnosis, a low serum albumin and high peripheral eosinophil count suggested the diagnosis. Colitis characterized his‐tologically by >20 eosinophils per high‐power field is a common cause of rectal bleeding in otherwise healthy young infants. Resolution of bleeding and increase in serum albumin after dietary change suggest that this is an allergic colitis: however, the pathogenesis of this disorder needs further clarification.
Optimization of Gene Transfer into Intestinal Epithelial Cells Using a Retro viral Vector
Authors: Noel R. Adam , Shukla Pramila , Henning Susan J. 
Published: January 2024

SummarySomatic gene therapy has been proposed as a method of treating various metabolic diseases and conditions associated with a deficiency in secretory proteins. The intestine, because of its accessibility, large size, rapid rate of cell turnover, and known location of stem cells, is an attractive site for retro viral gene therapy. Stem cells in the intestine are known to reside in the crypts of Lieberkühn. In this study the IEC‐6 cell line, derived from rat intestinal crypt cells, was used as an in vitro model to study the feasibility and dynamics of retroviral gene transfer in intestinal cells. Using a replication‐deficient retrovirus, we delivered a reporter gene, bacterial β‐galactosidase (β‐gal) into NIH‐3T3 fibroblasts and IEC‐6 cells. Successful transduction was measured by X‐gal histochemistry. Viral titers on IEC‐6 cells were lower than on NIH‐3T3 cells but were within the same order of magnitude. Gene transfer increased linearly with retroviral concentration up to a 1:5 dilution of retroviral supernatant. With undiluted viral medium, gene transfer was inhibited and this effect was more pronounced with the IEC‐6 cells. The negative effect of the undiluted retroviral supernatant was minimized by decreasing the harvest time from the packaging cell line. An optimal plating density 12 h prior to infection was found to be approximately 105 cells/6‐cm dish in both cell lines. The infection rate was proportionally enhanced by the use of multiple infections. In conclusion, under ideal conditions, the IEC‐6 cells were infected at similar levels of efficiency as NIH‐3T3 cells. The conditions established should be helpful in devising strategies for gene transfer into intestinal epithelium using retroviral vectors.
Use of Whole‐Gut Lavage to Measure Intestinal Immunity in Healthy Sierra Leonean Children
Authors: Hodges Mary , Kingstone Kathleen , Brydon W. Gordon , Sallam J. , Ferguson Anne 
Published: January 2024

SummaryIn view of the potential roles of intestinal immunodeficiency and hypersensitivity in the infection/diarrhea/malnutrition cycle, we need a safe and ethical method to study intestinal immunity of children in the developing world. Work in adults has shown that the fluid obtained by whole‐gut lavage (WGLF), essentially a gut perfusate, can be used to assess intestinal immunity, inflammation, and gut losses of protein and blood. Gut lavage was successfully performed in 24 of 25 “normal” children aged 6–9 years, from Freetown, Sierra Leone, with parental informed consent. WGLF was treated with protease inhibitors, stored at −20°C, and transferred to Edinburgh for laboratory studies. These showed that no child had occult blood loss but four had evidence of protein‐losing enteropathy. Compared with values for Scottish adults, WGLF from the Sierra Leonean children had significantly higher concentrations of IgA and IgM and of IgA and IgM antibodies to dietary antigens and to Salmonella typhi lipopolysaccharide. In three children, very low levels of IgA and IgA antibody were present: Two of these were the only cases with detectable sIL2R in lavage fluid, indirect evidence of intestinal T cell activation; tumor necrosis factor was not detectable. Substantial information on childrens' intestinal immunity can be obtained by the method described.
Manometrical Evaluation in Visceral Neuropathies in Children
Authors: Boige N. , Faure C. , Cargill G. , Mashako L. M. N. , Cordeiro‐Ferreira G. , Viarme F. , Cezard J. ‐P. , Navarro J. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryManometrical recordings were made at three levels of the digestive tract in 20 children with chronic intestinal pseudoobstruction (CIPO) defined clinically and histopathologically by deep biopsies showing a neuropathic process. Duodenal manometry showed severe abnormalities with hypomotility in all cases and absence of migrating motor complex in 13 of 20 cases. There was no relation between the histopathologic type and the motility pattern, but the most severe abnormalities were seen in the patients with extensive involvement of the digestive tract and the most severe clinical course. Esophageal manometry was abnormal in 18 of 19 patients, with altered peristalsis consisting of simultaneous, short‐lasting, or low‐amplitude waves. Rectoanal manometry showed the presence of the rectosphincteric inhibitory reflex in all patients. In conclusion, there is a high frequency of small bowel manometrical abnormalities in CIPO which seem to correlate with the extent of the pathological process and the prognosis of the disease. Esophageal manometry is useful for defining the extent of dysmotility and confirming the diagnosis of CIPO in some cases.
Evolution of Helicobacter pylori Positivity in Infants Born From Positive Mothers
Authors: Blecker Uwe , Landers Sophie , Keppens Eddy , Vandenplas Yvan 
Published: January 2024

SummaryTo evaluate the mother‐child transmission of anti‐Helicobacter pylori antibodies, we investigated 562 pregnant women by means of a commercially available second‐generation enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of anti‐H. pylori IgG (Malakit Helicobacter pylori). One hundred twenty‐eight of the 562 women had a positive serology for H. pylori. 13C‐Urea breath tests were performed in 85 seropositive and in 65 randomly selected seronegative subjects. These breath tests were positive in 82 of the 85 (96.5%) seropositive and in none of the seronegative subjects, reflecting the actual presence of H. pylori in the gastric mucosa of the seropositive women. Cord blood levels for the Malakit Helicobacter pylori were positive in all infants born to seropositive mothers and negative in those born to seronegative mothers. In all infants the previously positive titers had turned negative by the age of 3 months. At the age of 12 to 15 months 13C‐urea breath tests were performed in 67 infants born to seropositive mothers. These breath tests were positive in only one infant. By the time the 13C‐urea breath tests were performed, the serology had turned negative in all infants with the exception of the one with the positive breath test. We conclude that the IgG antibodies against H. pylori cross the placental barrier and that, despite the present H. pylori infection in the mothers, infants born to these H. pylori‐positive women do not appear to have an increased risk of developing a H. pylori‐associated gastritis during the first year of life.
The Effects of Omeprazole on the Ultrastructure of Gastric Parietal Cells
Authors: Kato Seiichi , Fujii Toshiyuki , Nakano Kazuo , Naganuma Hiroshi , Nakagawa Hiroshi 
Published: January 2024

SummaryThis study was designed to investigate ultra‐structural changes in parietal cells during treatment with omeprazole. Endoscopic biopsies were performed in patients treated with omeprazole (n = 2) and cimetidine (n = 4) and in normal controls (n = 3). In the patients who received omeprazole, many parietal cells (90.9 and 66.6%) were in the “stimulated” or “partially stimulated” stage. As reported previously, our results suggest that omeprazole fails to prevent the morphological transition of parietal cells to an actively secreting phase, although it strongly inhibits acid secretion. The altered cells frequently demonstrated more marked dilation of the secretory canaliculi, compared with those of normal controls and cimetidine‐treated patients. Vacuolation was found in one patient given omeprazole and one given cimetidine. In the former patient, initial famotidine treatment also led to the vacuolation of parietal cells. However, this change does not seem to imply serious parietal cell degeneration. There were no adverse morphological changes in mitochondria and nuclei in any of the groups. In conclusion, vacuolation is not specific to omeprazole. Moreover, if omeprazole is administered at a pharmacologically effective dosage for a short period of time, it may not have serious effects on the ultrastructure of human parietal cells.
The Nutritional Management of Acute Diarrhea in Young Infants
Authors: Wall C. R. , Webster J. , Quirk P. , Robb T. A. , Cleghorn G. J. , Davidson G. P. , Shepherd R. W. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryTo compare the efficacy of a low‐lactose hydrolyzed milk formula, a lactose‐free corn syrup‐based milk formula, and a standard lactose‐containing formula during refeeding after rehydration in infants with gastroenteritis, 135 patients older than 2 years were studied by randomized trial. Clearly demonstrated disadvantages in terms of early weight loss and longer duration of diarrhea were observed with the lactose‐based formula compared with early weight gains on both the low‐lactose formulae, and thus the lactose‐containing formula was discontinued after 91 patients. The early weight loss with the lactose‐containing formula was statistically significantly related to the degree of relative (rehydrated) underweight. The two low‐lactose formulae were further compared in the remaining 44 patients. Early weight gain (48 h) was significantly greater with the lactose‐hydrolyzed formula compared with the corn syrup‐based formula, but no statistically significant differences were observed in duration of diarrhea, energy intake, treatment failures, or late weight gain. We conclude that the routine use of a low‐lactose formula during refeeding after rehydration in infants with gastroenteritis may have some advantages in underweight infants and toddlers in whom it is important to prevent further weight loss.
Selenium and Glutathione Peroxidase Status in Paediatric Health and Gastrointestinal Disease
Authors: Thomas A. G. , Miller V. , Shenkin A. , Fell G. S. , Taylor F. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryTo examine the effect of paediatric GI disease on selenium concentration in plasma and glutathione peroxidase activity in plasma and red cells, results in children with Crohn's disease (n = 39), cystic fibrosis (n = 14), intractable diarrhoea (n = 13), and biliary atresia (n = 10) were compared with those from 86 healthy children undergoing routine operations. In Crohn's disease, plasma selenium concentrations were rarely low, but glutathione peroxidase activity was increased in the plasma and reduced in the red cells. Selenium concentration and glutathione peroxidase activity increased with steroid treatment but decreased with a selenium‐deficient elemental diet. Plasma selenium concentration was normal in children with cystic fibrosis but very low in severely malnourished children with biliary atresia and intractable diarrhoea. Selenium concentration and glutathione peroxidase activity should be monitored in children with severe malnutrition or requiring prolonged nutritional support. Supplementation is recommended in cases of severe selenium depletion.
Reduction in Virus‐Neutralizing Activity of a Bovine Colostrum Immunoglobulin Concentrate by Gastric Acid and Digestive Enzymes
Authors: Petschow Bryon W. , Talbott Robert D. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryBovine milk immunoglobulin concentrates have been proposed for inducing passive immunity against various enteric pathogens. In vitro digestion studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of gastrointestinal secretions on the virus‐neutralizing activity of a concentrate prepared from the colostrum of cows that were immunized with rotavirus. The proteolytic activity of human gastric and duodenal fluid specimens was used to design a two‐stage in vitro digestion model with commercial enzymes for estimating the individual impact of pepsin, gastric acid, and select pancreatic enzymes on antirotavirus activity in bovine milk immunoglobulin concentrates. The rotavirus‐neutralizing titer of concentrate was decreased by incubation with pepsin at pH 2, a pool of pancreatic enzymes at pH 7.5, or sequential digestion with pepsin (pH 2) and pancreatic enzymes (from initial titer of 55,210 to 2,030, 19,500, and 320, respectively). Reduction in rotavirus‐neutralizing titer after gastric‐phase digestion was primarily due to acidic conditions and not to proteolytic cleavage by pepsin. Although both trypsin and carboxypeptidase caused significant proteolysis of concentrate during duodenal‐phase digestion, only trypsin caused a significant reduction in rotavirus‐neutralizing titer. The extent of digestion was the same for concentrate suspended in water or skim milk. The results demonstrate that the biological activity of bovine milk antibodies is reduced by exposure to acid and trypsin in vitro and suggest that neutralization of both gastric acid and pancreatic trypsin may enhance the effectiveness and economic feasibility of passive oral immunoprophylaxis with bovine milk immunoglobulins.
Effect of Orally Administered Epidermal Growth Factor on Intestinal Recovery of Neonatal Pigs Infected with Rotavirus
Authors: Zijlstra Ruurd T. , Odle Jack , Hall William F. , Petschow Bryon W. , Gelberg Howard B. , Litov Richard E. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryThe effect of oral epidermal growth factor (EGF) on histological and biochemical changes in epithelium in the small intestine was studied in colostrum‐deprived neonatal pigs. Forty‐eight pigs were infected at 4 days of age with 2 ± 107 plaque‐forming units of porcine group A rotavirus and orally fed a simulated sow‐milk diet supplemented with 0.0, 0.5, or 1.0 mg/L recombinant human EGF. Sixteen noninfected pigs were fed a diet without EGF supplementation. Infected pigs developed severe diarrhea; they also consumed 25% less food and gained 60% less weight than noninfected pigs. Pigs were killed 8 days postinfection to collect samples at seven equidistant points in the small intestine. Rotavirus infection decreased villus height by 37% and reduced specific activity of lactase by 54%, of leucine aminopeptidase by 43%, and of alkaline phosphatase by 54% in the small intestine, compared with noninfected pigs. Only the supraphysiological dose of EGF (1.0 mg/L) consistently increased villus height in the proximal and mid‐small intestine and lactase‐specific activity in the mid‐small intestine of rotavirus‐infected pigs. However, this dose was only partially effective in restoring intestinal mucosal dimensions and enzyme activities. Supplemental EGF did not hasten the resolution of diarrhea. These data indicate that high physiological levels of EGF are beneficial in stimulating recovery of epithelium in the small intestine following rotavirus infection.
Diagnostic Accuracy of a New Stick Micromethod with Which to Measure Antigliadin Antibodies
Authors: Cavataio F. , Iacono G. , Carroccio A. , Montalto G. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryA new, simplified micromethod for semiquantitative determination of the antigliadin antibody (AGA) has been proposed. When the new stick method was used in a population of infants hospitalized for gastrointestinal problems, the results were virtually identical to those of the traditional method
Gastric Emptying in Children with Gastric Transposition
Authors: Ravelli Alberto M. , Spitz Lewis , Milla Peter J. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryUsing the noninvasive technique of electrical impedance tomography (EIT), gastric emptying was studied in 12 children, aged 9 months to 17 years, who had undergone gastric transposition (six with pyloroplasty) for oesophageal replacement (seven oesophageal atresia, five severe caustic or peptic damage). In two patients, gastric antral electrical control activity was also studied using surface electrogastrography. Nine patients had problems on oral feeds (respiratory symptoms, feeding difficulties, vomiting, abdominal pain, symptoms suggesting dumping), whilst three were asymptomatic. All 12 patients were tested with a milk meal; in addition four (two with and two without dumping symptoms) were tested with a hypertonic glucose drink; gastric emptying of the milk meal was expressed as the percentage of the meal remaining in the stomach at 60 min (R60). Mean (±2 SD) R60 was 54.6% (±17.4%) in 12 healthy controls and 59.8% (±83.2%) in the 12 patients. Gastric emptying was normal in one patient (R60, 42.6%), delayed in seven (mean R60, 91.2%; range, 74.4–100%), and accelerated in four (R60, 0%). The emptying rate was unrelated to the presence or absence of pyloroplasty. Furthermore, the emptying pattern was extremely irregular, suggesting that gastroesophageal as well as duodenogastric reflux episodes occurred in all patients. The hypertonic glucose drink induced dumping (50% of the meal emptied at 1–3 min) in all four patients, two of whom had delayed emptying of the milk meal, but the gastric antral electrical control activity occurred at the normal frequency of 0.05 Hz. The transposed stomach does not behave as a simple conduit; in most cases it retains its reservoir function. Irrespective of the patient's symptoms, the transposed stomach empties in an abnormal fashion, and the composition of the meal may considerably affect the emptying pattern.
Circulating Levels of Interleukin‐6, Interleukin‐8, and Tumor Necrosis Factor‐α in Children with Autoimmune Hepatitis
Authors: Maggiore Giuseppe , De Benedetti Fabrizio , Massa Margherita , Pignatti Patrizia , Martini Alberto 
Published: January 2024

SummaryCirculating levels of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), IL‐8, and tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) were measured in 13 children with autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) (seven with type 1 and six with type 2). In untreated children with type 1 AIH, TNF‐α, IL‐6, and IL‐8 levels were elevated when compared to those of healthy controls (p < 0.005, p < 0.02, p = 0.06, respectively), whereas in children with type 2 AIH, cytokine levels were normal in all except one sample. A significant decrease in circulating IL‐6, IL‐8, and TNF‐α was observed when patients were evaluated during a subsequent remission. We found no significant correlation of cytokine levels with alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity, total serum γ‐globulins, or prothrombin activity. In patients with cirrhosis, serum IL‐8 and IL‐6 levels were higher (significantly in the case of IL‐8) than those of patients without cirrhosis. In conclusion, activation of the in vivo production of the proinflammatory cytokines IL‐6, IL‐8, and TNF‐α appears to be associated with type 1 but not with type 2 AIH.
Reversal of Indian Childhood Cirrhosis by D‐Penicillamine Therapy
Authors: Pradhan A. M. , Bhave S. A. , Joshi V. V. , Bavdekar A. R. , Pandit A. N. , Tanner M. S. 
Published: January 2024

SummarySerial liver biopsy changes have been reviewed in 30 patients with Indian childhood cirrhosis (ICC) who were randomly allocated to receive treatment with penicillamine in a dose of 20 mg/kg/day, 10 of whom also received prednisolone, and five receiving placebo. The latter died within 185 (mean, 149) days of starting treatment. Nine receiving penicillamine died within 540 (mean, 338) days, but the remainder are well 5.1–9.3 years after commencing treatment. Initial biopsies showed severe hepatocellular injury, pericellular fibrosis, inflammatory infiltration, and orcein‐staining granules. Second biopsies taken within 6 months of starting penicillamine usually showed persistence of inflammation and an increase in nodularity with thick and thin active sep‐tae. Subsequently the appearances were of an inactive micronodular cirrhosis, with reduction in septal inflammatory infiltrate, hepatocellular injury, and intensity of orcein staining. This further improved to a stage of incomplete fibrous septae. The last liver biopsies at 6–60 months (in 21 survivors) showed almost normal histology in four, incomplete fibrous septae in five, and inactive micronodular cirrhosis with thin septae in 12. Mean liver copper concentrations decreased from 1,407 (SEM, 121) (xg/g at presentation to 925 (183), 317 (100), and 127 (35) at 6, 6–18, and >18 months after starting treatment. By contrast, a second biopsy taken in the 6 months after diagnosis in placebo‐treated children showed persistence of ICC with increase in inflammation, fibrosis, and orcein staining.