bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Input‐output relations in the entorhinal‐hippocampal‐entorhinal loop: Entorhinal cortex and dentate gyrus
Authors: Bartesaghi Renata , Gessi Tiziana , Migliore Michele 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe pattern of impulse transfer along the entorhinal‐hippocampal‐entorhinal loop has been analyzed in the guinea pig by field potential analysis. The loop was driven by impulse volleys conducted by presubicular commissural fibers, directly stimulated in the dorsal psalterium, which monosynaptically activated perforant path neurons in the medial entorhinal cortex. Perforant path volleys activated in sequence the dentate gyrus, field CA3, field CA1, subiculum, and entorhinal cortex. Input‐output curves were reconstructed from responses simultaneously recorded from different stations along the loop.The entorhinal response to the presubicular volley was found to increase gradually with respect to its input. The population excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) of the dentate gyrus granule cells had a similar behavior. By contrast, the input‐output relation between the granule cell population spike and population EPSP was described by a very steep sigmoid curve. The population spike of CA3 and CA1 pyramidal neurons as well as the response evoked in the entorhinal cortex by the hippocampal output had slightly higher threshold than the granule cell population spike and, like the latter, abruptly reached maximum amplitude.These findings show that the entorhinal‐hippocampal‐entorhinal loop transforms a linear input in a non‐linear, almost all‐or‐none output and that the dentate gyrus is the critical site where the transformation occurs. Beyond the dentate gyrus, the loop appears very permeant to impulse traffic. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Two hundred years of dependence on antianxiety drugs
Authors: Olivieri Stefano , Cantopher Timothy , Edwards J. Guy 
Published: May 2005

AbstractDependence has developed in the case of each antianxiety drugs introduced into clinical practice during the last two hundred years. Throughout this time there has been a reluctance to accept that anxiolytics are drugs of dependence and this has led to prolonged delays in the recognition of the problem. New compounds have been used to treat addiction to older drugs, even after the new drugs themselves have been shown to be addictive. The limitations of existing methods of assessing addictive potential should be more widely recognised and patients treated with new antianxiety drugs should be monitored more intensely and for a sufficiently long period to decide definitely that the drug does not cause dependence. It is hoped that drugs free from addictive potential will one day be produced, but it is possible that dependence is an unavoidable price that has to be paid for having antianxiety drug in our pharmacological armamentarium.
Long‐term benzodiazepine treatment: Is it ever justified?
Authors: Chen Y. , Lader M. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractLong‐term benzodiazepine treatment is still used for various indications. It is now accepted that benzodiazepines can cause dependence even in normal therapeutic doses in long‐term use. Is long‐term use therefore ever justified? This review marshals the evidence for and against the effectiveness of benzodiazepines in long‐term use and their side‐effects, especially psychological deficits. The topic of dependence is then addressed. It is concluded that although short‐term use is justified in view of the effectiveness and safety of the benzodiazepines, long‐term benzodiazepine use is much more problematic. In the absence of comprehensive long‐term efficacy and safety data, constant vigilance is necessary to prevent unplanned long‐term use.
Effects of repeated caffeine administration on cognition and mood
Authors: Loke Wing Hong 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe effects of repeated caffeine administration on cognitive and mood tasks were investigated in a double‐blind study of 32 young healthy adults who were randomly assigned to one of the four treatment conditions: 0, 200, 400, or 600 mg of caffeine. Subjects were tested over six alternate days; on each test day they completed various tasks after drug administration. In general, caffeine produced no significant effects on cognitive performance; the exception is that the highest dose (600 mg) reduced the speed of completion of additions relative to the other doses. Also, post‐hoc analysis showed that the highest dose impaired performance of the lower caffeine users more than higher users. Mood assessment showed individuals were sensitive to the effects of caffeine but the effect did not interact with cognitive performance. The present data suggest that tolerance to the cognitive effects of caffeine does not develop with continued caffeine administration, given the limitations that the individuals tested were young healthy adults and the testing took place only over 2 weeks.
Tetrahydroaminoacridine in Alzheimer's dementia: Clinical and biochemical results of a double‐blind crossover trial
Authors: Åhlin A. , Nybäck H. , Junthe T. , Öhman G. , Nordgren I. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease has been shown to correlate with deficits in central cholinergic neurotransmission. Among various treatment attempts using cholinergic drugs a trial of the cholinesterase inhibitor tetrahydroaminoacridine (THA) (Summers et al., 1986) attracted considerable interest due to the positive effects reported on dementia symptoms. We have studied the effects of THA and placebo in a double‐blind crossover trial over 9 weeks in 15 patients with dementia of Alzheimer type. Doses of the drug (75–150mg/day) were titrated for each patient before entering the study. Clinical and biochemical effects were monitored using a battery of psychological tests, clinical rating scales and laboratory tests, including measurements of monoamine metabolites in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The clinical results were mostly negative. Almost half of the patients had elevated liver enzymes (ALT and AST) in the THA period and these subjects showed more improvements of clinical ratings and psychological tests than did the patients without elevated liver enzymes. Levels of acetylcholine and the monoamine metabolites HVA and 5‐HIAA in CSF were elevated on THA. The results indicate that THA has a therapeutic potential, although its pharmacokinetic profile and its liability to induce liver damage may limit the clinical use of the drug in the future.
Interactions of smoking and lunch with the effects of caffeine on cardiovascular functions and information processing
Authors: Hasenfratz M. , Jaquet F. , Aeschbach D. , Bättig K. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractTwo experiments were done in order to verify earlier findings of caffeinic improvements of rapid information processing and to investigate possible interactive effects with smoking and eating. The first of these experiments investigated the interactive effects of caffeine and smoking a cigarette on rapid information processing (RIP), heart rate and blood pressure. Both treatments improved performance, but the effects were not additive. Heart rate increased as a consequence of smoking but not of caffeine. Both substances increased systolic blood pressure (SBP), and the effects were additive, while only caffeine increased diastolic blood pressure (DBP). The second experiment investigated in a similar paradigm the interactive effects of caffeine and a lunch. The lunch alone increased heart rate and decreased DBP, while it increased performance only slightly. Caffeine alone increased SBP, DBP and performance, but in combination with a lunch all three effects were dampened. Thus, these results confirm earlier findings of a facilitative effect of caffeine on information processing, and extend these observations to the behavioural states after a lunch and in combination with cigarette smoking.
Influence of nifedipine on human performance following a single dose—differential psychopharmacological aspects
Authors: Meyer F. P. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractA motivation Q‐sort procedure was adopted in two screening steps to select from 92 medical students of a one‐year register 10 volunteers of whom five were motivated for success (S.M.) and five were motivated for failure (F.M.). The subjects were administered nifedipine (20 mg/subject, orally) or placebo in a double‐blind approach. Test inventory: Flicker fusion frequency, subjective self‐rating, d 2 cancellation test, tracking test. Classic evaluation of nifedipine vs placebo did not reveal any differences between the two treatments. In the next screening step, the subjects were stratified in respect of motivation and personality structure. This showed that, compared to placebo, extraverted, emotionally stable and S.M. subjects under nifedipine exhibited a more vigilant behaviour (CFF). Nifedipine was found to increase the inner tension of introverted, emotionally stable and F. M. subjects who had a poorer performance in the d 2 cancellation test. The problems ensuing from the small number of subjects available for the study are discussed. Still, it is felt that the differential approach is necessary.
Growth hormone responses to GABAB receptor stimulation throughout the menstrual cycle of healthy females
Authors: O'Keane Veronica , Dinan Timothy G. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractGrowth hormone (GH) responses to the GABAB agonist baclofen (10 mg) were assessed in six normally cycling, healthy women at three different sex steroid phases of the menstrual cycle: early follicular, pre‐ovulatory and luteal. The design was placebo‐controlled, balanced and single‐blind with a total of six tests being carried out on each subject in two consecutive menstrual cycles. GH responses to baclofen increased incrementally from early‐through mid‐ to late‐cycle: 10.95 ± 0.95 μg/l, 24.53 ± 4.73 μg/l, 31.36 ± 3.37 μg/l respectively (p < 0.04). Responses between early‐ and mid‐cycle and early‐ and late‐cycle were significantly different (p < 0.05). There was a direct relationship between baclofen/GH responses and both plasma oestradiol (E2) concentrations (p = 0.05) and plasma progesterone concentrations (p = 0.02). Responses to placebo did not vary. E2 has been demonstrated to exert a priming influence on GH responses to many pharmacological and physiological stimuli. An E2‐induced priming effect on GH secretion may underlie these results. Progesterone may augment this effect. Other possible influences are a sex steroid effect on somatostatin or GABA neurotransmission.
Self‐ratings by phobic patients during dental treatment: Greater improvement with nitrous oxide than midazolam
Authors: Goodall Elizabeth , File Sandra E. , Sanders Fiona L. , Skelly Ann M. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe efficacy of intravenous midazolam and nitrous oxide inhalation at reducing self‐rated mood and bodily symptoms was compared in patients referred to a dental sedation unit because their dental fears precluded treatment undrugged. Fifty‐eight per cent of our patients could be randomly allocated to drug treatment, the others were assigned on clinical grounds. When they arrived for their first treatment, the clinically allocated patients (n = 40) were significantly more anxious, tense and restless than those randomly allocated (n = 61). Both drugs reduced ratings of anxious, tense, discontented and restlessness, but the improvements were greater with nitrous oxide. Nitrous oxide reduced ratings of irritable and depressed, but patients treated with midazolam only showed reductions when dental treatment was finished. The scores for 70 patients were analysed over two treatment days; their pre‐sedation scores of tense, depressed and discontented were lower on day 2 than on day 1, with the randomly allocated group showing greater reduction. Nitrous oxide remained superior on day 2. Thirty‐eight patients completed 3 days of treatment; there were no further reductions in baseline ratings and the superiority of nitrous oxide was maintained.
The role of quality of life measures in psychopharmacology
Authors: Selai C. E. , Trimble M. R. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractDespite the recent surge in interest in quality of life (QOL) measurement, surprisingly little attention has been paid to QOL in the field of psychopharmacology. Since psychopharmacology is a rapidly developing subject appraising the effect on overall QOL of new drugs is becoming increasingly important. The measurement of QOL in this area raises complex methodological issues; it is argued that there is a need for more QOL research in the field of psychopharmacology.
Autoradiographic distribution of cholinergic muscarinic receptors and serotonin2 receptors in olfactory bulbectomized (OB) rats after chronic treatment with mianserin and desipramine
Authors: Earley B. , Glennon M. , Lally M. , Leonard B. E. , Junien J‐L. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractBilateral removal of the olfactory bulbs in rats produces a behavioural abnormality that is defined by hyperactivity in the open‐field test. This abnormality may be related to depression since these behavioural effects can be attenuated by antidepressant drugs. Moreover, changes in the cholinergic and serotonergic system may be involved in the pathogenesis of depression. Thus, muscarinic cholinergic and serotonin2 receptors were measured by quantitative autoradiography after the bilateral removal of the olfactory bulbs from the rat. In OB rats, muscarinic receptor density was decreased in several brain regions including the amygdaloid cortex, the basal ganglia, hippocampus, hypothalamus, cortex and olfactory regions. Serotonin2 receptors were increased in all cortical regions, in the hippocampus and the thalamus. When OB rats were treated chronically for 35 days with mianserin (5 mg/kg i. p.) or desipramine (7·5 mg/kg i. p.) the behavioural hyperactivity was reversed and muscarinic receptor density was increased in the hippocampus and cortical regions while serotonin2 receptors were normalized. The results are consistent with a cholinergic and serotonin involvement in depressive illness and suggest that the cholinergic and serotonergic modulatory properties of antidepressant drugs may contribute to their therapeutic effectiveness.
The efficacy of cholinergic drugs in patients with Alzheimer's disease—focus on the aminoacridines
Authors: Siegfried K. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe article reviews evidence for the efficacy of the aminoacridines (tacrine, velnacrine) in patients with probable Alzheimer's disease (AD). The discussion revolves around the question of the clinical relevance of the treatment effects observed. Other questions discussed deal with the heterogeneity of the patient population having AD, the size of the potential reponder group and the limitations caused by safety problems of these compounds. The conclusion is that the effects of the aminoacridines appear to have clinical relevance in a subgroup of patients with AD. These compounds therefore truly deserve the label of ‘first‐generation AD agents’. But further basic and clinical research is needed to identify the responder group and predict response.
Evaluation of the development of acute tolerance to the psychomotor effects of midazolam following intravenous infusions in healthy volunteers
Authors: Fleishaker Joseph C. , Chambers James H. , Peters Gary R. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe effect on digit‐symbol substitution (DSST) of duration and extent of exposure to midazolam was studied in seven healthy male volunteers. Individual pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters were estimated after a 7·5 mg intravenous bolus dose of midazolam. Subjects then received, in a double‐blind crossover design, loading doses of midazolam and steady‐dose infusions to provide (A) 25 per cent of maximal effect (Emax) for 6h, (B) 50 per cent of Emax for 3 h, (C) 75 per cent of Emax for 2 h, and (D) 0 per cent of Emax (placebo). Infusions A‐C were designed to yield a similar area under the effect curve (AUEC) during the infusion. DSST was assessed during the infusion and after a 3·75 mg IV midazolam challenge dose given at 6 h after infusion start. Actual decrements in DSST scores during infusions were 40·2 per cent, 60·7 per cent, and 86·8 per cent at 1 h for infusions A‐C, respectively. The degree of tolerance was assessed by calculating an effect ratio: ER = peak challenge dose DSST decrement/challenge dose Cmax. ER's for treatments A‐C and were 69·9 per cent, 79·3 per cent, and 68·4 per cent, respectively, of the control value; treatment A and CER's were significantly different from control. There were no significant differences among infusions A‐C in ER or AUEC. These results show that, in subjects who are relatively sensitive to the effects of midazolam, tolerance develops acutely to the effects of midazolam and suggest that tolerance is dependent on both the time and extent of exposure.
Platelet [3H]‐paroxetine binding in obsessive‐compulsive disorder
Authors: Maguire Kay P. , Norman Trevor R. , Apostolopoulos Maria , Judd Fiona K. , Burrows Graham D. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractPlatelet [3H]‐paroxetine binding was analysed in 26 patients (13F, 13M) with obsessive compulsive disorder and 26 normal controls (13F, 13M). For patients with obsessive compulsive disorder, Bmax was 2127 ± 480 fmol/mg protein (mean±SD) compared to control Bmax values of 1926 ± 696 fmol/mg protein. The mean Kd value for the patients was 0.075 ± 0.025 nM and for the controls was 0.076 ± 0.032 nM. Analysis of covariance indicated a significant effect of sex on both Kd and Bmax but no effect of diagnosis (obsessive compulsive disorder versus normal controls) or season of sampling. The data provide no evidence for an abnormality of the platelet uptake mechanism as assessed by the measurement of [3H]‐paroxetine binding to the platelet transporter in obsessive compulsive disorder.
Delirium during heroin withdrawal with doxepin: A short report
Authors: Barak Yoram , Levine Joseph , Lampl Yair , Elizur Avner 
Published: May 2005

AbstractDoxepin was evaluated in a group of 10 patients for its efficacy in decreasing withdrawal symptoms during ambulatory heroin withdrawal. Although no subjective relief was reported by the subjects, during the 10 days trial, four of the patients developed full blown delirium during the trial's first three days. Since delirium is rarely one of the complications of heroin withdrawal the question whether doxepin enhanced or induced its appearance in these patients, remains unanswered.Until this issue is resolved we suggest cessation of doxepin usage in the initial withdrawal phase from heroin.
Severe bradycardia following fluoxetine administration: A case report in a young HIV‐1 infected woman
Authors: Grassi Barbara , Gambini Orsola , Scarone Silvio 
Published: May 2005

AbstractSome reports in the literature suggest that fluoxetine can produce bradycardia in elderly people or in subjects with cardiovascular diseases, thus indicating that the drug should be used with caution in this kind of patient. The aim of this case report is to notify that the same adverse effect could be found in HIV‐1 infected patients. The HIV‐1 infected patient we describe is a young woman not affected by cardiovascular pathologies who nevertheless developed severe bradycardia following fluoxetine administration. Therefore, we recommend caution not only when administering this drug to elderly people or subjects with cardiovascular diseases, but also to HIV‐1 infected patients.
The platelet intracellular calcium response to serotonin is augmented in bipolar manic and depressed patients
Authors: Berk Michael , Bodemer Wilhelm , Van Oudenhove Tania , Butkow Neil 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe serotinergic system is widely implicated in the pathophysiology of affective disorder. In this study, basal levels of intracellular calcium as well as the effects of serotonin on intracellular calcium were studied in bipolar manic (N = 21), bipolar depressed (N = 19), bipolar euthymic (N = 20) and normal control (N = 20) subjects. At a serotonin concentration of 100 nm, there was an elevation in intracellular calcium readings, with the highest mean levels in the manic group (158·6, SD = 105·1) followed by the depressed (140·6, SD = 76·4), controls (122·8, SD = 61·6) and the euthymics (96·2, SD = 31·0). The difference between manics and euthymics reached statistcal significance (P = 0·0181) using pooled variance, as did the difference between depressives and euthymics (P = 0·0238). Similar results were found at the 500 nm and 1 μm levels of serotonin. This suggests that an enhanced serotonin mediated mobilization of intracellular calcium occurs in patients in both the manic and depressive phases of bipolar disorder, and may be an index of second messenger dysregulation secondary to hypersensitivity of the platelet 5HT2 receptor. In addition, the results suggest that this is a state marker of bipolar disorder.
Relapse after successful electroconvulsive therapy: The use and impact of continuation antidepressant drug treatment
Authors: Riddle William J. R. , Scott Allan I. F. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThirty eight (76 per cent) of a series of 50 depressed patients routinely referred for bilateral electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) improved markedly by two weeks after the last ECT. Patients remained under the care of their responsible clinicians after ECT. Only one‐third of the patients who improved markedly were prescribed continuation antiddepressant drug treatment for at least four months after ECT. Seventeen (46 per cent) of the patients who improved relapsed within six months of the last ECT. Patients who did not receive continuation antidepressant drug treatment were four times more likely to relapse (the 95 per cent confidence interval of the excess relapse rate was 24 to 78 percent).
The impact of sertraline, desipramine, and placebo on psychomotor functioning in depression
Authors: Ravindran A. V. , Teehan M. D. , Bakish D. , Yatham L. , O'Reilly R. , Fernando M. L. , Manchanda R. , Charbonneau Y. , Buttars J. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractImpairment of psychomotor performance is a common adverse effect of many antidepressants, particularly tricyclics. Desipramine is thought to be an exception, with possible performance enhancing effects on psychomotor function. This multicentre study examined the relative effects on psychomotor function of sertraline versus desipramine versus placebo in mild to moderate depression.Fifty‐eight patients who satisfied DSM‐III‐R criteria for major depression and had a minimum HAM‐D score of 15 (17 items) completed eight weeks of treatment. They underwent a standardized assessment which included depression and anxiety rating scales (HAM‐D, HAM‐A, MADRS) and a battery of psychomotor performance tests (The Simple and Choice Reaction Time, The Digit Symbol Substitution and The Trail Making Test), before, during, and after eight weeks of treatment with sertraline, desipramine, or placebo.At baseline, there was a trend for both the sertraline and placebo groups to exhibit better psychomotor performance than desipramine. No significant differences were found between groups after treatment nor between groups for the change from baseline to week 8. However, at week 3, the sertraline group performed significantly better in the trail making test than the placebo patients (p<0.05). Within each treatment group, there was a trend towards improvement in performance for all four parameters from baseline to the end of the study, with these improvements being most obvious in the desipramine group. Sertraline, however, was found to be associated with significantly fewer other adverse effects than the desipramine group, i.e. sweating, dry mouth, anorexia.These results suggest that desipramine and sertraline do not adversely affect psychomotor performance and may even enhance it in mild to moderately depressed patients.