bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A STUDY OF PASSIVE IMMUNITY TO MENINGOCOCCUS INFECTION IN THE CHICK EMBRYO
Authors: Buddingh G. John , Polk Alice D. 
Published: June 2004

1. 14 day old chick embryos are protected against subsequent meningococcus infection through the amniotic route by the intravenous administration of an homologous antiserum produced in hens, by a commercial concentrated polyvalent meningococcus antiserum and by a commercial meningococcus antitoxin.
2. Titrations of the different antisera indicate that the homologous and commercial polyvalent sera have approximately the same protective value and are much more effective than the commercial antitoxin. The titrations also show that the chick embryo is a sensitive indicator of the amount of antibodies present in a given amount of serum.
3. The mechanism of the protective action of the antisera is not apparent from these experiments except that in the treated embryos there is a relative inhibition of the growth and presumably a neutralization of the injurious products of the meningococci.
THE MASKING EFFECT OF EXTRAVASATED ANTIBODY ON THE RABBIT PAPILLOMA VIRUS (SHOPE)
Authors: Kidd John G. 
Published: June 2004

The foregoing experiments have shown that the causative virus is usually "masked" in the large, disorderly, fissured and inflamed papillomas of cottontails when antiviral antibody is present in quantity in their blood, though virus can be recovered as a rule from the smaller, discrete, well ordered papillomas of these rabbits, almost irrespective of the amount of antibody in the blood of the individuals bearing them. Other findings are described which indicate that the masking of the virus in the large fissured growths is due to serum antibody present in them as result of exudation or hemorrhage, which neutralizes the virus when the growths are extracted or preserved in vitro. The local conditions that favor extravasation of serum (and the accumulation of antibody) prevail as a rule in the large, confluent growths arising after virus has been sown broadcast on scarified skin, but to lesser extent or not at all in the discrete papillomas that occur naturally or as result of tattoo inoculation.
The state of affairs is notably different in the papillomas of domestic rabbits. The virus is regularly masked in these, and usually masked completely, even when there is little antibody in the blood and the local conditions do not favor its extravasation into the growths. The findings indicate that something other than antibody is primarily responsible for the masking in this species.
THE EFFECT OF DIETARY PROTEIN ON THE COURSE OF NEPHROTOXIC NEPHRITIS IN RATS
Authors: Farr Lee E. , Smadel Joseph E. 
Published: June 2004

Acute nephritis of medium severity, affecting both glomeruli and tubules, was produced in rats by injections of anti-rat-kidney serum, given on 3 consecutive days.
The course of the nephritis was markedly influenced by the type of diet which was fed. Rats tended to recover promptly from the induced nephritis when a low protein-high carbohydrate diet was given. On the other hand, in nephritic rats maintained on a medium protein diet the nephritis almost invariably became chronic and half the animals died of renal insufficiency during the 10½ months of observation. Finally none of the rats which received a high protein-low carbohydrate diet recovered from the acute renal injury; all developed chronic progressive nephritis and the majority died of renal failure after some months.
CHEMICAL STUDIES ON BACTERIAL AGGLUTINATION
Authors: Alexander Hattie E. , Heidelberger Michael 
Published: June 2004

1. The quantitative, absolute methods of agglutinin and precipitin analysis previously developed for antipneumococcus sera have been shown to be applicable to horse and rabbit anti-influenza type B sera and plasmas.
2. With the aid of these methods and improved immunization schedules the antibody content of the rabbit sera has been increased five to ten times.
3. The method recommended for the purification of rabbit antipneumococcus antibody has also been found applicable to rabbit anti-influenza type B sera.
A CRYSTALLINE PRESSOR SUBSTANCE (ANGIOTONIN) RESULTING FROM THE REACTION BETWEEN RENIN AND RENIN-ACTIVATOR
Authors: Page Irvine H. , Helmer O. M. 
Published: June 2004

1. Renin reacts with renin-activator to form a strong pressor substance which is heat-stable, water- and alcohol-soluble, fluorescent, acid-stable, and alkali-labile. It is a reducing substance and is destroyed by strong oxidizing substances. It forms crystalline salts with oxalic and picric acids. The color reaction for arginine is the only one found to be strongly positive. It is suggested that this substance be called angiotonin.
2. Angiotonin produces a sharp, immediate rise in arterial pressure when injected intravenously. Pithing and dissipation of the anesthetic appear to increase the response. Tachyphylaxis occurs, in contrast to renin, only after many single doses.
3. The responses to adrenaline and angiotonin do not parallel one another. Cocaine, atropine, and stilbestrol do not affect the pressor action of angiotonin. Suprarenalectomy in brief experiments is also without effect.
4. Maximal amounts of angiotonin result when the proportion between renin and activator is roughly 3 to 100. This is not a stoichiometric relationship in the chemical sense. The temperature suitable for good yields is about 38°C., and the time of reaction from 10 to 20 minutes.
5. Renin destroys angiotonin when incubated with it.
6. Angiotonin causes marked contraction of intestinal segments of rabbits without reducing their rhythmic motion. It sensitizes the intestine to further doses of angiotonin and alters the intestine such that renin-activator contracts it. Angiotonin also constricts the vessels of a rabbit's ear perfused with blood or Ringer's solution.
APPARATUS FOR FREEZING AND DRYING VIRUS IN LARGE QUANTITIES UNDER UNIFORM CONDITIONS
Authors: Bauer Johannes H. , Pickels Edward G. 
Published: June 2004

1. The apparatus described was designed for the desiccation under uniform conditions of large quantities of yellow fever virus in the frozen state.
2. Several hundred cubic centimeters of virus material, distributed in small containers, have been desiccated simultaneously to almost complete dryness and with no appreciable loss of infectivity.
3. Good keeping qualities of the virus activity are insured by sealing the containers either while evacuated or after filling with dry nitrogen.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE SYNOVIAL VILLUS AND THE CILIARY PROCESS AS FACTORS IN THE LOCALIZATION OF BACTERIA IN THE JOINTS AND EYES OF RABBITS
Authors: Angevine D. Murray , Rothbard Sidney 
Published: June 2004

1. Histological examination of sections of the eyes and joints of large numbers of rabbits injected with hemolytic streptococci has clearly demonstrated that when arthritis or cyclitis occurs, the synovial villi and ciliary processes are the most frequent and usually the primary sites of inflammation.
2. By special methods for demonstration of bacteria, it has been shown that bacteria which found lodgement in either an eye or a joint were demonstrable first in the vessels of ciliary processes or synovial villi.
3. A localized synovitis or iridocyclitis is brought about by the localization of bacteria in the synovial villus and ciliary process.
4. These experiments, which give a clearer insight into the pathogenesis of infectious arthritis and iritis, explain why both may occur in association with certain infectious diseases.
STUDIES ON THE MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF DIPHTHERIA TOXIN, ANTITOXIN, AND THEIR REACTION PRODUCTS
Authors: Pappenheimer A. M. , Lundgren H. P. , Williams J. W. 
Published: June 2004

Purified diphtheria antitoxic horse pseudoglobulin has been prepared which is homogeneous by sedimentation, diffusion, and electrophoresis. Immunologically, however, the preparation contains only 43.5 per cent antitoxin specifically precipitable by toxin. The inactive pseudoglobulin remaining after specific precipitation was found to have the same physical and chemical properties as the original antitoxic pseudoglobulin. Although the molecular weight of antitoxin is the same as that of the normal horse serum globulins, the electrophoretic mobility does differ from those normally present.
The molecular weight of diphtheria toxin is 70,000 and of antitoxin is 150,000.
From ultracentrifuge studies on the two reactants and on mixtures of toxin and antitoxin in the soluble inhibition zones, the average molecular composition of the specific floccules at certain reference points throughout the equivalence zone and the maximum "valence" of toxin and antitoxin with respect to each other have been calculated.
The significance of the results has been discussed in relation to antigen-antibody reactions in general and a possible explanation for the exceptional behavior of the toxin-antitoxin reaction in the region of excess antitoxin has been suggested.
BLOOD PLASMA PROTEIN PRODUCTION AND UTILIZATION
Authors: Madden S. C. , Finch C. A. , Swalbach W. G. , Whipple G. H. 
Published: June 2004

When blood plasma proteins are depleted by bleeding with return of the washed red blood cells (plasmapheresis) it is possible to bring dogs to a steady state of hypoproteinemia and a uniform plasma protein production on a basal low protein diet. These dogs are clinically normal. Introduction of variables into their standardized life gives insight into the production of plasma protein.
Casein retested as the basal protein in the ration may show high yield of plasma protein, equal to 33 per cent of the protein fed. This equals the potency of liver protein (17 to 33 per cent) and approaches the utilization of plasma protein by mouth (40 per cent).
Zein has no effect upon plasma protein regeneration but when it is supplemented with cystine, tryptophane, lysine, and glycine, there is a doubling of the liver basal plasma protein production and a retention of the fed protein nitrogen. Threonine does not modify the above reaction.
Liver protein supplemented with cystine, leucine, glutamic acid, and glycine in the basal diet yields double the amount of new formed plasma protein compared with liver alone. This combination is then as potent as plasma protein itself when given by mouth—40 per cent utilization. Tyrosine or lysine, arginine, and isoleucine do not modify the above responses.
Methionine is not as effective as cystine in supplementing gelatin and tyrosine to produce plasma protein.
Cystine, leucine, and glutamic acid appear to be of primary importance in the building of new plasma protein in these experiments.
Plasma protein formation is dependent upon materials coming from the body reserve and from the diet. Given an exhaustion of the reserve store there is very little plasma protein produced during a protein fast (3 to 6 gm. per week). A turpentine abscess does not modify this fasting plasma protein reaction.
Homologous plasma given by vein will promptly correct experimental hypoproteinemia due to bleeding. It will maintain nitrogen equilibrium and replenish protein stores. Even during hypoproteinemia plasma protein may promptly pass out of the circulation to supply body needs for protein. Perhaps the most significant concept which derives from all these experiments is the fluidity of the body protein (including plasma protein)—a ready give and take between the protein depots—a "dynamic equilibrium" of body protein.
THE RESTORATION OF LOST ORGAN TISSUE
Authors: Addis T. , Lew W. 
Published: June 2004

1. When half of the total kidney, suprarenal, ovarian, or testicular mass is removed the rate of growth of the remaining half is independent of the rate of growth of the organ at the time of removal.
2. The removal of half of the prostate, or seminal vesicular tissue, or of one uterine horn is not followed by any appreciable growth of the part that remains.
3. The rate of restoration of renal, ovarian, testicular, and suprarenal tissue after removal of half of these organs is at first very rapid, but quickly decelerates and at about 40 days after the removal there is a complete cessation of growth.
4. In none of these organs is all the lost tissue restored. In the testicle the 50 per cent left increases to 56 per cent and in the kidney, suprarenal, and ovary to 70 per cent of the original amount before operation.
A DISTINCTIVE SUBSTANCE ASSOCIATED WITH THE BROWN-PEARCE RABBIT CARCINOMA
Authors: Kidd John G. 
Published: June 2004

The serologically active substance of the Brown-Pearce tumor, a complement-fixing antigen, differs notably from certain other tissue antigens (the Wassermann, Forssman, and organ- and species-specific tissue haptens, for example) in the fact that it is not effective after alcoholic extraction of the tissue containing it. Like many of the proteins and viruses it is in-activated upon heating to 65°C. for 30 minutes; and, like them as well, its activity is lost upon treatment with acid (to pH 4.5 or lower) or alkali (to pH 11.5 or higher).
Filtration and centrifugation experiments disclosed the fact that the antigen of the Brown-Pearce tumor passed readily through collodion membranes with average pore diameters of 383 mµ and more, but was retained completely by those with average pore diameters of 348 mµ and less. It was thrown down completely or almost completely upon centrifugation at 20,000 R.P.M. for one hour. The findings indicate that the Brown-Pearce tumor antigen has a large and nearly uniform particle size and weight,—as large as that of many of the viruses. They differentiate it sharply from the generality of "soluble antigens.rdquo;
Upon direct comparison, the complement-fixing antigen of the Brown-Pearce tumor was found to be similar in a number of its general traits to the serologically active substance of the virus-induced papillomas of rabbits, which in turn is intimately associated or identical with the virus responsible for the papillomas. Extracts of the Brown-Pearce tumor containing the serologically active substance in quantity have given rise to no lesions, however, upon injection into normal or tarred rabbits.
The significance of the findings is discussed.
A LATENT VIRUS IN NORMAL MICE CAPABLE OF PRODUCING PNEUMONIA IN ITS NATURAL HOST
Authors: Horsfall Frank L. , Hahn Richard G. 
Published: June 2004

1. A virus capable of producing fatal pneumonia in mice has been isolated repeatedly from the lungs of certain apparently healthy mice. Not all mice carry the virus. It was obtained only from mice supplied by three breeders although mice from eight different sources were studied.
2. The virus was avirulent as it occurred in normal mouse lungs and became virulent only after serial mouse lung passage. It was strictly pneumotropic for mice and produced pneumonia when given intranasally but showed no evidence of infection when given by other routes. The virus was non-infectious for ferrets and did not become pathogenic for this species after numerous serial passages. It was also non-pathogenic for rabbits, guinea pigs, rhesus monkeys, voles, deer mice, skunks, wood-chucks, opossums, and Syrian hamsters.
3. All strains of the virus which have been tested have been immunologically identical, as indicated both by cross immunity and cross neutralization tests in mice.
4. The virus was antigenic both in mice and in rabbits and was readily differentiated from viruses of human influenza and of swine influenza by means of either cross immunity or cross neutralization tests.
5. The virus was also neutralized by about 30 per cent of normal human sera tested.
6. The virus was extremely labile, and suspensions prepared in saline or broth became inactivated within a few hours at room temperature. The addition of normal horse serum to the virus suspensions, however, exerted a definite stabilizing effect.
7. Ultrafiltration results indicated that the virus particles have a diameter of about 100 to 150 millimicrons.
8. Evidence is presented which indicates that this virus is different from other viruses which various investigators have found in normal mouse lungs.
GROWTH INHIBITION BY SUBSTANCES IN LIVER
Authors: Brues Austin M. , Subbarow Y. , Jackson Elizabeth B. , Aub Joseph C. 
Published: June 2004

Certain tissue constituents inhibitory to cell growth, extracted from liver, are described. The findings indicate that inhibitory material is adsorbed to colloids in the native state and is freed from them by alcohol extraction. One inhibitor, ethanolamine, has been isolated. This substance differs in its biological properties from the bulk of the inhibitory material present in liver. Progress in purification of other inhibitors is described, and it is shown that inhibition by these extracts is not correlated with surface activity or with the presence of pigmented constituents.
The inhibitors have common properties which suggest that they are of physiological significance in the regulation of growth: action over a wide range of concentrations at which other cell functions are undamaged; reversibility of action; presence in adult liver in concentrations near those which inhibit growth in vitro, while in embryo liver they are found only in much lower concentrations.
ANGIOTONIN-ACTIVATOR, RENIN- AND ANGIOTONIN-INHIBITOR, AND THE MECHANISM OF ANGIOTONIN TACHYPHYLAXIS IN NORMAL, HYPERTENSIVE, AND NEPHRECTOMIZED ANIMALS
Authors: Page Irvine H. , Helmer O. M. 
Published: June 2004

1. Angiotonin does not exert its vasoconstrictor effect in the absence of a substance contained in red blood cells and serum which we have called "angiotonin-activator." A fraction has been separated from blood in which angiotonin-activator is concentrated. It contains little or no reninactivator.
2. Repeated intravenous injections of angiotonin into animals causes the pressor response gradually to lessen and finally to disappear (the phenomenon of tachyphylaxis), but much more slowly than when renin is injected. When the response to angiotonin is abolished, renin also fails to act. Large doses of renin reduce and finally abolish the responsiveness to angiotonin. Exhaustion of renin-activator in the blood abolishes the response to renin without abolishing the response to angiotonin.
3. Blood from animals made tachyphylactic by infusion of angiotonin contains greatly reduced amounts of angiotonin-activator. An inhibitor also appears in the blood.
4. Bilateral nephrectomy prolongs and greatly enhances the rise of arterial pressure following injection of angiotonin and renin. The enhancement reaches a maximum in from 24 to 30 hours after operation. Blood from these animals exhibits greatly increased ability to activate angiotonin and renin when tested in isolated perfused organs. Large amounts of angiotonin are required to reduce the amount of activator in their blood. Renin-activator is simultaneously but little affected.
5. Tranfusion of blood from an animal made tachyphylactic to angiotonin into a nephrectomized dog reduces the response of the latter to angiotonin. Angiotonin when added to the blood of the recipient of the transfusion and perfused through a rabbit's ear also exhibits greatly reduced vasoconstrictor action.
6. Transfusion of normal blood in large amounts into nephrectomized or hypertensive dogs reduces the recipient's response to renin. If renintachyphylaxis is established in the donor, transfusion abolishes the response to renin in the recipient. The blood from such animals exhibits greatly reduced vasoconstrictor properties when perfused through an isolated organ with renin or angiotonin.
7. Renin-tachyphylactic or normals dog's blood does not reduce arterial pressure elevated by a single injection of renin into nephrectomized dogs.
8. Nephrectomized dogs exhibit the greatest pressor response to infusion of angiotonin and renin, normal animals the least, and hypertensive animals about midway between.
AMINO ACIDS AND HEMOGLOBIN PRODUCTION IN ANEMIA
Authors: Whipple G. H. , Robscheit-Robbins F. S. 
Published: June 2004

Certain individual amino acids when given to standard anemic dogs cause an increase in new hemoglobin production. Occasional negative experiments are recorded.
Glycine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, cystine, histidine, phenylalanine, and proline when given in 1 gm. doses daily for 2 weeks, increase hemoglobin output on the average 23 to 25 gm. above the control level. This reaction amounts to 25 to 30 per cent of the new hemoglobin produced by the feeding of 300 gm. liver daily for 2 weeks—a standard liver test.
Alanine, valine, isoleucine, and arginine in the same dosage increase the hemoglobin output on the average 13 to 17 gm. per 2 weeks over the control level.
Leucine, methionine, lysine, tryptophane, and tyrosine fall in a middle group with hemoglobin output of about 20 gm.
Isovaleric acid, ß-hydroxybutyric acid, glutaric acid, and asparagine have shown positive effects and the butyrate is unusually potent for hemoglobin production (Table 2).
The isomeric and dl-synthetic forms of the amino acids are as effectively utilized in this reaction as are the natural forms.
PROPERTIES OF THE CAUSATIVE AGENT OF A CHICKEN TUMOR
Authors: Claude Albert , Rothen Alexandre 
Published: June 2004

1. The tumor-producing fraction, isolated from Chicken Tumor I by means of differential centrifugation at high speed, has been investigated as regards its power to absorb ultraviolet light. A characteristic absorption spectrum was found, with a maximum at λ2575. The absorbing power of the material in that region was largely due to the presence of nucleic acid, or of a closely related compound.
2. Inactivation of the purified tumor fraction with ultraviolet light depressed the absorbing power of the material, especially in the region of 2600–2500Å. These changes were those which nucleic acid would present under the same conditions.
3. Inactivation of the tumor agent with acid or alkali was accompanied by decomposition of the tumor nucleoprotein and passage of free nucleic acid into solution.
4. Partial or complete inactivation of the tumor agent by heat, at 50° or 65deg;C., was attended by liberation of nucleic acid of low molecular weight.
5. The parallelism between tumor-producing activity and the integrity of the tumor ribonucleoprotein suggests that the nucleoprotein may be an essential part of the active principle.
THE INACTIVATION OF THE VIRUS OF EPIDEMIC INFLUENZA BY SOAPS
Authors: Stock C. Chester , Francis Thomas 
Published: June 2004

The capacity of certain fatty acids at pH 7.5 to inactivate the virus of epidemic influenza has been demonstrated. Most effective of these are oleic, linolic, and linolenic acids.
Studies were made of such variables as pH, rate of inactivation, and ratios of reactant concentrations, using oleic acid as a prototype of the effective acids. Attempts to recover active virus from inactive mixtures by decrease in pH, dialysis, dilution, or addition of calcium chloride solution to inactivated virus have been unsuccessful.
The stability of virus at different hydrogen ion concentrations has been determined.
Quantitative comparisons have been made of the immunizing capacity of fully active virus and virus rendered non-infectious by treatment with oleic acid. It was found that while the infectious property of the virus is removed the immunogenic capacity is essentially unaltered.
The possible mechanism by which the soaps act upon influenza virus has been discussed.
A DOG TEST FOR MEASURING THE IMMUNIZING POTENCY OF ANTIRABIES VACCINES
Authors: Webster Leslie T. , Casals J. 
Published: June 2004

1. A quantitative method is described for testing the immunizing potency of antirabies vaccines in dogs.
2. Phenolized, single-injection, canine vaccines from seven manufacturers, when administered to dogs according to directions, failed to protect them against the least measurable amount of test virus fatal to 50 per cent or more of controls. Chloroformized vaccines from two of three manufacturers, under the same conditions, gave equivocal or suggestive results.
3. Commercial chloroformized vaccines in 10 cc. doses, injected intraperitoneally rather than subcutaneously into dogs, conferred a significant degree of immunity but proved temporarily irritative to the peritoneum.
4. These results of canine vaccines in dogs parallel closely those already reported in mice.