bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phase II Clinical Experience With the Novel Proteasome Inhibitor Bortezomib in Patients With Indolent Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma and Mantle Cell Lymphoma
Authors: O'Connor Owen A. , Wright John , Moskowitz Craig , Muzzy Jamie , MacGregor-Cortelli Barbara , Stubblefield Michael , Straus David , Portlock Carol , Hamlin Paul , Choi Elizabeth , Dumetrescu Otila , Esseltine Dixie , Trehu Elizabeth , Adams Julian , Schenkein David , Zelenetz Andrew D. 
Published: December 2004

Purpose To determine the antitumor activity of the novel proteasome inhibitor bortezomib in patients with indolent and mantle-cell lymphoma (MCL). Patients and Methods Patients with indolent and MCL were eligible. Bortezomib was given at a dose of 1.5 mg/m2 on days 1, 4, 8, and 11. Patients were required to have received no more than three prior chemotherapy regimens, with at least 1 month since the prior treatment, 3 months from prior rituximab, and 7 days from prior corticosteroids; absolute neutrophil count more than 1,500/μL (500/μL if documented bone marrow involvement); and platelet count more than 50,000/μL. Results Twenty-six patients were registered, of whom 24 were assessable. Ten patients had follicular lymphoma, 11 had MCL, three had small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL) or chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and two had marginal zone lymphoma. The overall response rate was 58%, with one complete remission (CR), one unconfirmed CR (CRu), and four partial remissions (PR) among patients with follicular non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). All responses were durable, lasting from 3 to 24+ months. One patient with MCL achieved a CRu, four achieved a PR, and four had stable disease. One patient with MCL maintained his remission for 19 months. Both patients with marginal zone lymphoma achieved PR lasting 8+ and 11+ months, respectively. Patients with SLL or CLL have yet to respond. Overall, the drug was well tolerated, with only one grade 4 toxicity (hyponatremia). The most common grade 3 toxicities were lymphopenia (n = 14) and thrombocytopenia (n = 7). Conclusion These data suggest that bortezomib was well tolerated and has significant single-agent activity in patients with certain subtypes of NHL.
Single Crystal Trigonal Selenium Nanoplates Converted from Selenium Nanoparticles
Authors: Yin Haoyong , Xu Zhude , Bao Huahui , Bai Jingyi , Zheng Yifan 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
The single crystal trigonal selenium nanoplates have been prepared directly from the trigonal selenium nanoparticles in a simple way with ethylenediamine in existence. The as-prepared nanoplates were characterized by XRD, TEM, HRTEM, SEM, and SAED measurements. It is shown that the selenium nanoplates have a single crystalline structure with the length and width reaching up to several microns while their thickness being only about 50 nm. This preparation method may be extended to the fabrication of other 2D elemental crystals with the similar crystal structures of trigonal selenium.
Analysis of Aspirin-Associated Risks in Healthy Individuals
Authors: Hur Chin , Simon Lee S , Gazelle G Scott 
Published: December 2004

BACKGROUND: Aspirin therapy is widely accepted for patients with documented cardiovascular disease, but there is a growing trend among healthy individuals to use aspirin as primary prevention for both cardiovascular disease and cancer. OBJECTIVE: To determine the impact of the complications of aspirin therapy on quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) in healthy individuals. METHODS: A computer-based decision-analytic model was constructed. In this model, healthy individuals taking aspirin were assumed to receive no advantages from the aspirin, but were at risk of developing its associated complications. Individuals took 325 mg of enteric-coated aspirin every day until death, discontinuing therapy only if an aspirin-induced complication occurred. The analysis was performed from a societal perspective, starting at age 50 years. Extensive sensitivity analyses were performed. RESULTS: In the absence of any beneficial effect, aspirin reduced QALYs by 0.03 per individual. Unadjusted life expectancy was decreased by 0.04 years (2 wk). Lifetime aspirin use cost an average of $460/healthy person. The total complication rate over a lifetime of aspirin therapy was 6.79%, with a mortality rate of 0.18%. Alternatively stated, there was one complication for every 15 individuals treated and one death for every 556 individuals treated. Extensive sensitivity analysis showed the range of results possible when varying age, gender, length of follow-up, and other key parameters. CONCLUSIONS: Assuming no benefits, aspirin therapy in healthy individuals leads to a small reduction in QALYs at an overall low cost per person. However, approximately 1 in 15 individuals will experience an aspirin-induced complication and 1 in 556 individuals will die.
Impact of Pharmacist-Led Community Bone Mineral Density Screenings
Authors: Summers Kelly M , Brock Tina Penick 
Published: December 2004

BACKGROUND: Osteoporosis-associated fractures burden both individuals and the overall healthcare system. Bone mineral density (BMD) screening remains the gold standard measure for identifying patients at risk. OBJECTIVE: To determine the impact of convenient, pharmacist-led BMD screening and counseling sessions on identification and education of patients at risk for or with osteoporosis. METHODS: Nonpregnant persons >18 years of age were eligible for enrollment in this descriptive study. At an urban retail pharmacy, participants underwent risk factor assessment, peripheral BMD scanning, and personalized counseling. At 3 and 6 months after screening, subjects were questioned by telephone regarding any subsequent primary care provider (PCP) interactions, as well as any behaviors initiated and/or medications modified. RESULTS: Of the 102 subjects screened, 22.6% and 11.7% were identified as being at medium risk (T score −1.0 to −2.5) and high risk (T score −2.5 or less) for osteoporosis, respectively. By 6 months, 42.5% of the participants reported increasing their dietary intake of calcium, 29.3% began or increased calcium supplements, and 54.9% positively modified smoking status, exercise level, alcohol consumption, or caffeine intake. Additionally, 24 of 52 subjects who had discussed their results with a PCP by 6 months also received a treatment recommendation. Eighty-nine participants reported the community location increased their likelihood of receiving a BMD scan. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, pharmacist-led BMD screenings that include individualized counseling sessions appear convenient, accessible, and beneficial for patients. With the establishment of clinical benefit of and positive reception to such screenings, pharmacists can now look toward securing consistent reimbursement for this vital pharmaceutical care service.
Internal stresses in glulam due to moisture gradients in the grain direction
Authors: Jönsson Johan Hans 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
An experimental study on the internal stress state perpendicular to grain in glued laminated timber induced by moisture variations along the grain is presented. The stress is evaluated by using measured modulus of elasticity and strain. Different types of tests are performed, in which specimens are exposed to artificial climate change when the specimens are in either a wetting or a drying state, and specimens are exposed to a cyclic climate change. Test results from the specimens that were in a drying state show that the tensile stresses near the end of the specimens at some point exceeds the strength of the wood and cracks. In the opposite test, when the specimens are in a moistening phase, the maximum tensile stresses are lower and in the order of 0.2 MPa during the tested period. The cyclic test, which continued during 20 weeks, showed that there were no accumulated effects regarding strain and stress values. In this test, the average maximum tensile and compression stresses were of the order 0.20 and 0.10 MPa, respectively.
Cellulose microfibrils: A novel method of preparation using high shear refining and cryocrushing
Authors: Chakraborty Ayan , Sain Mohini , Kortschot Mark 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
This paper describes a novel technique to produce cellulose microfibrils through mechanical methods. The technique involved a combination of severe shearing in a refiner, followed by high-impact crushing under liquid nitrogen. Fibers treated in this way were subsequently either freeze-dried or suspended in water. The fibers were characterized using SEM, TEM, AFM, and high-resolution optical microscopy. In the freeze-dried batch, 75% of the fibrils had diameters of 1 μm and below, whereas in the water dispersed batch, 89% of the fibrils had diameters in this range. The aspect ratio of the microfibrils ranged between 15 and 55 for the freeze-dried fibrils, and from 20 to 85 for the fibrils dispersed in water. These measurements suggest that the microfibrils have the potential to produce composites with high strength and stiffness for high-performance applications. The microfibrils in water were compounded with polylactic acid polymer to form a biocomposite. Laser confocal microscopy showed that the microfibrils were well dispersed in the polymer matrix.
The Mode and Tempo of the Initial Human Colonisation of Empty Landmasses: Sahul and the Americas Compared
Authors: Webb R. Esmée , Rindos David J. 
Published: December 2004

The tempo and mode of the initial human colonisation of terra incognita has long been a controversial topic in archaeology. Two opposing models have been used to explain the earliest evidence for human occupation of 'Sahul' (a eustatically enlarged Pleistocene landmass that incorporated Tasmania and New Guinea): that people adapted quickly to new environments and hence spread rapidly over the region, or that they found adaptation to new conditions difficult and hence spread slowly, initially around the coast. The assumption that the rate of adaptation to new conditions determines the rate of spread underlies both hypotheses.We present here an alternative model of colonisation that reconsiders these issues. We suggest that initial human movement through Sahul would have been inherently fast. However, this rate of spread would not have been a consequence of rapid adaptation, but of maladapted subsistence strategies that resulted in inefficient extractive methods and hence low carrying capacities. Thus, we reverse the normal argument and posit that minimising adaptiveness, as long as human survival is possible, will maximise the rate of human spread over an empty landmass.
Topotecan in the First-Line Treatment of Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Stewart David J. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract

Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader will be able to:
Discuss the role of topotecan combinations as first-line therapy for SCLC. Discuss the role of single-agent topotecan as first-line therapy or consolidation therapy for SCLC. Discuss the toxicity profile of topotecan alone and in combinations.
Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 hour of AMA PRA category 1 credit at CME.TheOncologist.com
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is generally sensitive to first-line chemotherapy, but limited disease often recurs and extensive disease is rarely curable. The most common first-line therapy regimen is cisplatin (Platinol®; Bristol-Myers Squibb; Princeton, NJ) plus etoposide (Etopophos®; Bristol-Myers Squibb)—PE, which is associated with overall response rates &gt;80% in patients with limited SCLC. Although it is associated with median survival times of approximately 18–20 months for limited disease, PE yields median survival times of only approximately 8–12 months in patients with extensive disease, and symptom palliation becomes the primary therapeutic goal. The toxicities of PE may undermine quality of life and leave patients more susceptible to adverse events during subsequent therapies. Topotecan (HYCAMTIN®; GlaxoSmithKline; Philadelphia, PA), an established treatment for recurrent SCLC, is being investigated in the first-line setting because of its novel mechanism of action; predictable, noncumulative, and manageable toxicities; and potential synergy with other active agents. Several recent phase II trials have generated promising results for topotecan-based combination regimens, including topotecan/paclitaxel (TAXOL®; Bristol-Myers Squibb) (overall response rates 45%–100%), topotecan/etoposide (overall response, 95%), and topotecan, paclitaxel, and platinum agent triplets (overall response rates 51%–93%). The most frequent serious toxicity associated with these regimens was reversible and noncumulative neutropenia, which was generally manageable with supportive care. Additional clinical trials to investigate topotecan-based combination regimens and confirm their role in the first-line treatment of SCLC are under way.
Setting site-specific water-quality standards by using tissue residue thresholds and bioaccumulation data. Part 2. Calculating site-specific selenium water-quality standards for protecting fish and birds
Authors: Brix Kevin V. , Toll John E. , Tear Lucinda M. , Deforest David K. , Adams William J. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
In a companion paper, a method for deriving tissue residue-based site-specific water-quality standards (SSWQSs) was described. In this paper, the methodology is applied to selenium (Se) as an example. Models were developed to describe Se bioaccumulation in aquatic-dependent bird eggs and whole fish. A simple log-linear model best described Se accumulation in bird eggs (r2 = 0.50). For fish, separate hockey stick regressions were developed for lentic (r2 = 0.65) and lotic environments (r2 = 0.37). The low r2 value for the lotic fish model precludes its reliable use at this time. Corresponding tissue residue criteria (i.e., tissue thresholds) for bird eggs and whole fish also were identified and example model predictions were made. The models were able to predict SSWQSs over a wide range of water-tissue combinations that might be encountered in the environment. The models also were shown to be sensitive to variability in measured tissue residues with relatively small changes in variability (as characterized by the standard error) resulting in relatively large differences in SSWQSs.
Setting site-specific water-quality standards by using tissue residue criteria and bioaccumulation data. Part 1. Methodology
Authors: Toll John E. , Tear Lucinda M. , DeForest David K. , Brix Kevin V. , Adams William J. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
We have developed a method for determining site-specific water-quality standards (SSWQs) for substances regulated based on tissue residues. The method uses a multisite regression model to solve for the conditional prior probability density function (PDF) on water concentration, given that tissue concentration equals a tissue residue threshold. The method then uses site-specific water and tissue concentration data to update the probabilities on a Monte Carlo sample of the prior PDF by using Bayesian Monte Carlo analysis. The resultant posterior PDF identifies the water concentration that, if met at the site, would provide a desired level of confidence of meeting the tissue residue threshold contingent on model assumptions. This allows for derivation of a SSWQS. The method is fully reproducible, statistically rigorous, and easily implemented. A useful property of the method is that the model is sensitive to the amount of site-specific data available, that is, a more conservative or protective number (water concentration) is derived when the data set is small or the variance is large. Likewise, as the site water concentration increases above the water-quality standard, more site-specific information is needed to demonstrate a safe concentration at the site. A companion paper demonstrates the method by using selenium as an example.
Quantitative bio-imaging analysis for evaluation of sexual differentiation in germ cells of olvas-GFP/ST-II YI medaka (Oryzias latipes) nanoinjected in ovo with ethinylestradiol
Authors: Hano Takeshi , Oshima Yuji , Oe Toshiaki , Kinoshita Masato , Tanaka Minoru , Wakamatsu Yuko , Ozato Kenjiro , Honjo Tsuneo 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
We examined the effects on sexual differentiation of nanoinjecting ethinylestradiol (EE2) into embryos of olvas-GFP/ST-II YI medaka (Oryzias latipes). This strain contains the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene fused to the regulatory region of the medaka vasa gene, and germ-cell-specific expression of GFP can be visualized in living (transparent) individuals. The number of germ cells in untreated genotypic females (XX) was approximately 10-fold that in untreated genotypic males (XY) at 10 d posthatch (dph). Germ cell proliferation was prevented in XX females that developed from embryos nanoinjected with 0.5, 2.5, or 5.0 ng of EE2. Some 10-dph XY males from embryos injected with 0.5 ng or more of EE2 showed a larger fluorescent area and more germ cells than those of pooled control groups. Males and females from embryos injected with 5.0 ng of EE2 had no significant difference in germ cell number or fluorescent area. Thus, EE2 injection into embryos caused abnormal gonadal development in both sexes. Observations of external secondary sex characteristics and histological examination of adult gonads showed complete sex reversal in some males after 0.5-, 2.5-, and 5.0-ng treatments but no changes in XX females after any treatment. Thus, quantitative bio-imaging can aid in evaluating the effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals on fish within 10 dph.
Acute and chronic toxicity of imidazolium-based ionic liquids on Daphnia magna
Authors: Bernot Randall J. , Brueseke Michael A. , Evans-White Michelle A. , Lamberti Gary A. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Room-temperature ionic liquids (ILs) are considered to be green chemicals that may replace volatile organic solvents currently used by industry. However, IL effects on aquatic organisms and ecosystems are currently unknown. We studied the acute effects of imidazolium-based ILs on survival of the crustacean Daphnia magna and their chronic effects on number of first-brood neonates, total number of neonates, and average brood size. Lethal concentrations of imidazolium ILs with various anions (X−) ranged from a median lethal concentration (LC50) of 8.03 to 19.91 mg L−1, whereas salts with a sodium cation (Na+ X−) were more than an order of magnitude higher (NaPF6 LC50, 9,344.81 mg L−1; NaBF4 LC50, 4765.75 mg L−1). Thus, toxicity appeared to be related to the imidazolium cation and not to the various anions (e.g., CI−, Br−, PF−6, and BF−4). The toxicity of imidazolium-based ILs is comparable to that of chemicals currently used in manufacturing and disinfection processes (e.g., ammonia and phenol), indicating that these green chemicals may be more harmful to aquatic organisms than current volatile organic solvents. We conducted 21-d chronic bioassays of individual D. magna exposed to nonlethal IL concentrations at constant food-resource levels. Daphnia magna produced significantly fewer total neonates, first-brood neonates, and average neonates when exposed to lower concentrations (0.3 mg L−1) of imidazolium-based ILs than in the presence of Na-based salts at higher concentrations (400 mg L−1). Such reductions in the reproductive output of Daphnia populations could cascade through natural freshwater ecosystems. The present study provides baseline information needed to assess the potential hazard that some ILs may pose should they be released into freshwater ecosystems.
Fate of oxytetracycline in streams receiving aquaculture discharges: Model simulations
Authors: Rose Peter E. , Pedersen Joel A. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
The potential aquatic fate of oxytetracycline (OTC) in streams receiving discharge from fish hatcheries was examined using the Water-Quality Analysis Simulation Program (WASP, Ver 6.1) model. The modeled 4.4-km stream network included a settling pond, a receiving segment, and two downstream segments. Attainment of quasi-steady state concentrations (concentration variation, &lt;7.5 mg kg−1) in the sediment layers of the receiving segment and first downstream segment required several years. Median water-column concentrations (truly dissolved and colloid- and particle-associated) were 0, 0.57, 0.80, and 0.83 ng L−1 in the settling pond, receiving segment, first downstream segment, and second downstream segment. Truly dissolved fractions in the water column during dosing were 16% in the settling pond, 64% in the receiving segment, and approximately 78% in the river segments. Concentrations declined 20- to 400-fold, depending on the segment considered, within 1 d of dosing. Truly dissolved fractions in the water column after cessation of dosing were 96% in the settling pond and approximately 78% in the river segments. Expected sediment-bound concentrations were approximately 4 mg kg−1 in the receiving segment during dosing, with a median annual concentration of approximately 1.5 mg kg−1. Expected concentrations in downstream sediments were 0.2 mg kg−1 or less. Sensitivity analyses indicated the most important factors influencing fate under the hydrodynamic conditions simulated were settling-pond biosolids load, biosolids settling velocity, OTC depuration kinetics from biosolids, and OTC river particle-water distribution coefficient(s).
Exposure and effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) nesting along the Woonasquatucket River, Rhode Island, USA
Authors: Custer Christine M. , Custer Thomas W. , Rosiu Cornell J. , Melancon Mark J. , Bickham John W. , Matson Cole W. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Concentrations of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) nesting along the Woonasquatucket River northwest of Providence (RI, USA) in 2000 and 2001 were some of the highest ever reported in avian tissues. Mean concentrations in eggs ranged from 300 to &gt; 1,000 pg/g wet weight at the two most contaminated ponds, Allendale and Lyman. Mean egg concentrations at Greystone, the upstream reference pond, were 12 and 29 pg/g. Positive accumulation rates and concentrations in diet samples from 12-day-old nestlings indicated that the contamination was accumulated locally. Concentrations in diet of between 71 and 219 pg/g wet weight were more than 6 and 18 times higher than concentrations considered safe for birds (10–12 pg/g). Hatching success was negatively associated with concentration of TCDD in eggs. Only about half the eggs hatched at Allendale compared with &gt;77% at Greystone. The national average for hatching success in successful nests is 85%. No other contaminants, such as polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury, were present in any sample at concentrations known to affect avian reproduction. Three bioindicators, half-peak coefficient of geometric variation, ethoxyresorufin-O-dealkylase activity, and brain asymmetry were assessed relative to TCDD contamination.