bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The determinants of child stunting and shifts in the growth pattern of children: A long‐run, global review
Authors: Schneider Eric B. 
Published: October 2023

AbstractThis article explores how child growth has changed over the past 150 years and links changes in child growth to the recent decline in child stunting in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs). The article begins by defining the four characteristics of the growth pattern in height: size at birth, size at adulthood, the timing of the pubertal growth spurt, and the speed of maturation. It then shows how these characteristics have changed over time and links these characteristics to child stunting. Stunted children are too short for their age relative to healthy standards, and their share in the population is used as an indicator of malnutrition in LMICs today. The article then surveys the literature on the causes of changes in the growth pattern and reductions in child stunting, comparing research on current LMICs with historical research on current high‐income countries (HICs) in the past. To limit the scope of the contemporary literature, I focus on explanations of the so‐called “Indian enigma:” why Indian children are shorter than sub‐Saharan African children despite India's lead in many indicators of economic development. The article closes with ideas for what historical and contemporary researchers can learn from one another.
Sleep in a 1‐year diary from the mid‐18th century
Authors: Schulz Hartmut , Dirlich Gerhard 
Published: October 2023

SummaryA 1‐year systematic diary was kept by an anonymous diarist in Hamburg in the year 1755–1756. Sleep, activities, food intake, urine volume, and meteorological data were documented daily. The systematic recording of sleep and naps, with an accuracy of a quarter of an hour allowed analysis of the placement, duration, and consistency of sleep. The mean (range) night sleep duration was 6 (3–9) h. The distribution of sleep interruptions showed two peaks, short (≤30 min) and long (≥45 min) interruptions. The latter indicted nights with segmented sleep. Time in bed was subject to strong seasonal variations. Bedtime and rise time were earlier in summer than in winter and sleep latency was shorter in summer than in winter. However, sleep duration displayed a large spread in all seasons and did not differ substantially between summer and winter. Seasonal variations of sleep timing were related to the varying daylight hours during the year. Finally, the results of this individual case may prompt a more detailed investigation of the variability of sleep behaviour in the pre‐industrial period.
Flexure wood formation via growth reprogramming in hybrid aspen involves jasmonates and polyamines and transcriptional changes resembling tension wood development
Authors: Urbancsok János , Donev Evgeniy N. , Sivan Pramod , van Zalen Elena , Barbut Félix R. , Derba‐Maceluch Marta , Šimura Jan , Yassin Zakiya , Gandla Madhavi L. , Karady Michal , Ljung Karin , Winestrand Sandra , Jönsson Leif J. , Scheepers Gerhard , Delhomme Nicolas , Street Nathaniel R. , Mellerowicz Ewa J. 
Published: October 2023

Summary
Stem bending in trees induces flexure wood but its properties and development are poorly understood. Here, we investigated the effects of low‐intensity multidirectional stem flexing on growth and wood properties of hybrid aspen, and on its transcriptomic and hormonal responses.
Glasshouse‐grown trees were either kept stationary or subjected to several daily shakes for 5 wk, after which the transcriptomes and hormones were analyzed in the cambial region and developing wood tissues, and the wood properties were analyzed by physical, chemical and microscopy techniques.
Shaking increased primary and secondary growth and altered wood differentiation by stimulating gelatinous‐fiber formation, reducing secondary wall thickness, changing matrix polysaccharides and increasing cellulose, G‐ and H‐lignin contents, cell wall porosity and saccharification yields. Wood‐forming tissues exhibited elevated jasmonate, polyamine, ethylene and brassinosteroids and reduced abscisic acid and gibberellin signaling. Transcriptional responses resembled those during tension wood formation but not opposite wood formation and revealed several thigmomorphogenesis‐related genes as well as novel gene networks including FLA and XTH genes encoding plasma membrane‐bound proteins.
Low‐intensity stem flexing stimulates growth and induces wood having improved biorefinery properties through molecular and hormonal pathways similar to thigmomorphogenesis in herbaceous plants and largely overlapping with the tension wood program of hardwoods.
Polymorphisms associated with oral clefts as potential markers for oral pre and malignant disorders
Authors: da Silva Adriana Mendonça , Freitas Valéria Souza , Vieira Alexandre Rezende 
Published: October 2023

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate whether genes in the Wnt pathway, which have been previously associated with both oral clefts and oral squamous cell carcinoma, are also associated with oral potentially malignant disorders (leukoplakia, erythroplakia and lichen planus).Materials and MethodsCase–control study: Dataset consisted of clinical information linked to DNA samples from affected subjects diagnosed with oral potential malignant disorders and oral cancer and their matched controls. Individual samples, clinical history, and potential risk factors were obtained through the Dental Registry and DNA Repository project of the School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh. The rs1533767 (WNT11), rs9879992 (GSK3B), and rs3923087 (AXIN2) were tested. After genomic DNA had been extracted, genotyping was performed blindly to clinical diagnosis status. Representation of genotypes and alleles in affected subjects in comparison to the unaffected individuals was determined using PLINK. Additional analysis was performed to investigate associations between environmental (socioeconomic/lifestyle) risk factors and the oral pathologies studied using STATA.ResultsTwo of the SNPs tested (rs9879992 in GSK3B and rs3923087 in AXIN2) were statistically, significantly associated with the pathologies studied (p = 0.039 and 0.038, respectively).ConclusionSingle‐nucleotide polymorphisms in genes in the Wnt pathway were associated with oral potentially malignant disorders.
Intra‐operative Neurophysiological Monitoring in Patients Undergoing Posterior Spinal Correction Surgery with Pre‐operative Neurological Deficit: Its Feasibility and High‐risk Factors for Failed Monitoring
Authors: Liu Wanyou , Li Yinkun , Qiu Junyin , Shi Benlong , Liu Zhen , Sun Xu , Qiu Yong , Zhu Zezhang 
Published: October 2023

ObjectiveConsidering spinal deformity patients with pre‐operative neurological deficit were associated with more intra‐operative iatrogenic neurological complications than those without, intra‐operative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM) has been used for detecting possible iatrogenic injury timely. However, the IONM waveforms are often unreliable. To analyze the performance of intra‐operative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM) including somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP) and motor evoked potentials (MEP) in patients with pre‐operative neurological deficit undergoing posterior spinal correction surgery, and to identify the high‐risk factors for failed IONM.MethodsPatients with pre‐operative neurological deficit undergoing posterior spinal correction surgery between October 2017 and January 2022 were retrospectively reviewed. The presence or absence of SEP and MEP of target muscles were separately recorded. The P37/N50 latency and amplitude of SEP, and the MEP amplitude were measured. Any IONM alerts were also recorded. The IONM performance was compared among patients with different etiologies, levels responsible for neurological deficit, and strength of IONM‐target muscles. Patients' demographics were analyzed using the descriptive statistics and were presented with mean ± standard deviation. Comparison analysis was performed using χ2‐test and statistically significant difference was defined as p < 0.05.ResultsA total of 270 patients (147 males, 123 females) with an average age of 48.4 ± 36.7 years were involved. The SEP records were available in 371 (68.7%) lower extremities while MEP records were available in 418 (77.4%). SEP alerts were reported in 31 lower extremities and MEP alerts in 22, and new neurological deficit at post‐operation was observed in 11. The etiologies of neuromuscular and syndromic indicated relatively lower success rates of IONM, which were 44.1% and 40.5% for SEP, and 58.8% and 59.5% for MEP (p < 0.001). In addition, patients with pre‐operative neurological deficit caused by cervical spine and muscle strength lower than grade 4 suffered from higher risk of failed IONM waveforms (p < 0.001).ConclusionPatients with pre‐operative neurological deficit suffered from a higher incidence of failed IONM results. The high‐risk for failed IONM waveforms included the neuromuscular and syndromic etiologies, neurological deficit caused by cervical spine, muscle strength lower than grade 4 in patients with pre‐operative neurological deficit undergoing posterior spinal correction surgery.
Consecutive Case Series of Uniportal Full‐endoscopic Unilateral Laminotomy for Bilateral Decompression in Lumbar Spinal Stenosis: Relationship between Decompression Range and Functional Outcomes
Authors: Tan Haining , Yu Lingjia , Xie Xuehu , Liu Ning , Zhang Guoqiang , Li Xiang , Yang Yong , Zhu Bin 
Published: October 2023

ObjectiveUniportal full‐endoscopic unilateral laminotomy for bilateral decompression (UFE‐ULBD) has been used to treat lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) with satisfactory outcomes. However, a limited number of studies have investigated the relationship between decompression range and clinical outcomes. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of UFE‐ULBD for single‐segment LSS and to explore the relationship between the decompression range and functional outcomes.MethodsSingle‐segment LSS patients who had undergone UFE‐ULBD using an interlaminar approach between November 2021 and February 2023 were retrospectively analyzed. Patient demographics, visual analogue scale (VAS) scores for leg and back pain, Oswestry disability index (ODI) scores, modified MacNab grades, and radiological outcomes, including the decompression ratio of the disc‐flava ligament space and osseous lateral recess, the enlargement ratio of superior articular process interval, lamina interval dural sac cross‐sectional area (DSCA), were collected. The independent sample t‐tests, paired sample t‐tests, chi‐square tests, Fisher's exact tests, and Pearson's and Spearman's correlation analyses were used.ResultsForty patients (23 males, and 17 females) were retrospectively enrolled in this study. The mean follow‐up period was 12 months. At the last follow‐up, VAS scores for leg pain and back pain decreased from 6.0 ± 0.8 to 1.0 ± 1.9 (p < 0.001), and from 6.0 ± 0.8 to 1.2 ± 1.8 (p < 0.001) respectively; ODI score decreased from 71.7 ± 6.2 to 24.3 ± 21.3 (p < 0.001). According to the modified MacNab criteria, the results were excellent in 28 (70%), good in 5 (12.5%), fair in 6 (15%), and poor in 1 (2.5%), with an excellent‐good rate of 82.5%. The postoperative DSCA enlarged from 57.69 ± 21.86 to 150.75 ± 39.33 mm2 (p < 0.001), with an enlargement ratio of 189.43 ± 107.83%. No difference in clinical or radiological parameters was detected between patients with excellent, good, fair, or poor outcomes based on the modified MacNab criteria.ConclusionUFE‐ULBD can provide satisfactory clinical and radiological outcomes in single‐segment LSS patients. With sufficient exposure to the dural sac boundary, the functional outcome was not related to the radiological decompression range in LSS patients who had undergone UFE‐ULBD.
Losing control is not an option. Resource allocation to police oversight agencies in Western states
Authors: Roché Sebastian , Varaine Simon 
Published: October 2023

AbstractIndependent police oversight is a specific government delegated function that has been neglected by scholars of regulation. The main goal of this article is to understand the allocation of state resources to independent police oversight agencies (POAs) in the post delegation stage. We test whether the aim of delegation is better governance in complex areas to increase police agents' accountability (“policy complexity”) or to avoid political costs of agencification (“agency losses”). A survey of 27 POAs in Europe and Canada shows that POAs tend to receive significantly fewer state resources when they have a high level of formal independence or strong legal empowerment. Resource allocation seems more congruent with an “agency losses” logic than with the goal of making regulation more efficient. Our findings have notable implications for international norm‐setting bodies (the UN, the Council of Europe), who have not sufficiently codified the allocation of resources.
WHIRLY1‐deficient chloroplasts display enhanced formation of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers during exposure to UV‐B radiation
Authors: Saeid Nia Monireh , Desel Christine , Pescheck Frauke , Krupinska Karin , Bilger Wolfgang 
Published: October 2023

AbstractThe single‐stranded DNA/RNA binding protein WHIRLY1 is a major chloroplast nucleoid‐associated protein required for the compactness of nucleoids. Most nucleoids in chloroplasts of WHIRLY1‐knockdown barley plants are less compact compared to nucleoids in wild‐type plants. The reduced compaction leads to an enhanced optical cross‐section, which may cause the plastid DNA to be a better target for damaging UV‐B radiation. To investigate this hypothesis, primary foliage leaves, chloroplasts, and nuclei from wild‐type and WHIRLY1‐knockdown plants were exposed to experimental UV‐B radiation. Thereafter, total, genomic and plastid DNA were isolated, respectively, and analyzed for the occurrence of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs), which is a parameter for genome stability. The results of this study revealed that WHIRLY1‐deficient chloroplasts had strongly enhanced DNA damages, whereas isolated nuclei from the same plant line were not more sensitive than nuclei from the wild‐type, indicating that WHIRLY1 has different functions in chloroplasts and nucleus. This supports the hypothesis that the compaction of nucleoids may provide protection against UV‐B radiation.
Auxin biosynthesis, transport, and response directly attenuate hydrotropism in the latter stages to fine‐tune root growth direction in Arabidopsis
Authors: Akita Kotaro , Miyazawa Yutaka 
Published: October 2023

AbstractRoots detect water potential gradients in the soil and orient toward moister areas, a response known as hydrotropism that aids drought avoidance. Although auxin is crucial in tropism, its polar transport is not essential for hydrotropism in Arabidopsis. Moreover, antiauxin treatments in Arabidopsis produced inconsistent outcomes: some studies indicated auxin action was necessary while others did not. In this study, we examined auxin's physiological role in hydrotropism. We found that inhibiting auxin biosynthesis or transport intensified hydrotropic bending not only in wild‐type, but also in hydrotropism defective mutants, namely miz1‐1 and miz2 plants. Given that miz1‐1 and miz2 exhibited compromised hydrotropism even under clinorotated conditions, we infer that auxin biosynthesis and transport directly suppress hydrotropism. Additionally, tir1‐10, afb1‐3, and afb2‐3 displayed augmented hydrotropism. We observed a significant delay in hydrotropic bending in arf7‐1arf19‐1, suggesting that ARF7 and ARF19 amplify hydrotropism in its early stages. To discern the functional ties of ARF7/19 with MIZ1 and MIZ2, we studied the hydrotropic phenotypes of arf7‐1arf19‐1miz1‐1 and arf7‐1arf19‐1miz2. Both triple mutants had diminished early‐stage hydrotropism yet showed partial but significant recovery in the later stages. Given MIZ1's role in reducing auxin levels and MIZ2's essentiality for MIZ1 functionality, we conclude that auxin inhibits hydrotropism downstream of MIZ1 in later stages to refine root bending. Furthermore, it is posited that gene expression driven by ARF7 and ARF19 is pivotal for early‐stage root hydrotropism.
Membrane barriers for guided bone regeneration: An overview of available biomaterials
Authors: Mizraji Gabriel , Davidzohn Alon , Gursoy Mervi , Gursoy Ulvi K. , Shapira Lior , Wilensky Asaf 
Published: October 2023

AbstractDental implants revolutionized the treatment options for restoring form, function, and esthetics when one or more teeth are missing. At sites of insufficient bone, guided bone regeneration (GBR) is performed either prior to or in conjunction with implant placement to achieve a three‐dimensional prosthetic‐driven implant position. To date, GBR is well documented, widely used, and constitutes a predictable and successful approach for lateral and vertical bone augmentation of atrophic ridges. Evidence suggests that the use of barrier membranes maintains the major biological principles of GBR. Since the material used to construct barrier membranes ultimately dictates its characteristics and its ability to maintain the biological principles of GBR, several materials have been used over time. This review, summarizes the evolution of barrier membranes, focusing on the characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of available occlusive barrier membranes and presents results of updated meta‐analyses focusing on the effects of these membranes on the overall outcome.
Muscle dysmorphia symptomatology is prospectively associated with suicidal thoughts, suicidal behaviors, and non‐suicidal self‐injury among a sample of Canadian adolescents and young adults
Authors: Ganson Kyle T. , Pang Nelson , Testa Alexander , Nagata Jason M. 
Published: October 2023

AbstractIntroductionLimited, primarily cross‐sectional research has identified associations between muscle dysmorphia and suicidal thoughts suicidal behaviors, and non‐suicidal self‐injury (NSSI). This study aimed to investigate the associations between muscle dysmorphia and suicidal thoughts, suicidal behaviors, and NSSI prospectively over a 1‐year period among a large, diverse sample of Canadian adolescents and young adults.MethodsData from wave one (2021) and wave two (2022) of the Canadian Study of Adolescent Health Behaviors were analyzed (N = 912). Multiple modified Poisson regression analyses were used to determine the associations between muscle dysmorphia symptomatology at wave one and three items of suicidal thoughts and behaviors and one item of NSSI at wave two. Unadjusted models and adjusted models were estimated.ResultsTotal muscle dysmorphia symptomatology and symptoms of Appearance Intolerance were prospectively associated with suicidal ideation and suicide planning at 12‐month follow‐up. These findings were significant across unadjusted and adjusted models.ConclusionsFindings from this study expand prior research and underscore the clinical complexity of muscle dysmorphia. Future research should investigate mechanisms explaining the association between muscle dysmorphia and suicide and develop interventions to prevent suicide among people with muscle dysmorphia.
Sports‐related factors predicting maintained participation and dropout in organized sports in emerging adulthood: A four‐year follow‐up study
Authors: Rinta‐Antila Katja , Koski Pasi , Aira Tuula , Heinonen Olli J. , Korpelainen Raija , Parkkari Jari , Savonen Kai , Toivo Kerttu , Uusitalo Arja , Valtonen Maarit , Vasankari Tommi , Villberg Jari J. , Kokko Sami 
Published: October 2023

AbstractThis study explored sports‐related factors predicting organized sports participation in emerging adulthood. In the Finnish Health Promoting Sports Club (FHPSC) study, 354 sports club participants aged 15 at baseline reported their main sport, onset age, training volume, current competitive level, and future competitive orientation and participated in the follow‐up study at age 19. There were differences in the proportions of maintainers and dropouts in a few sports: football (maintainers 58.6%), and among females, skating (maintainers 60.7%), and swimming (dropouts 80.0%). A binary logistic regression analysis showed that those who had started their main sport by school age (females OR 3.05/95% CI 1.34, 6.98; males OR 3.97/95% CI 1.48, 10.64) and had competed at national top level plus had aimed at success at the adult level competitions in future (females OR 3.42/95% CI 1.16, 10.09; males OR 3.58/95% CI 1.12, 11.41; among females, also had competed at national top level plus had aimed at success at junior level competitions [OR 3.42/95% CI 1.20, 9.78]) were more likely maintainers than dropouts. Early onset in the main sport and competitiveness were related to maintained sports participation while the opposites were related to dropouts in the current organized sports system.
Is cardiorespiratory fitness associated with cognitive outcomes in mid‐adulthood? Findings from the 1958 British birth cohort
Authors: Pinto Pereira S. M. , Mitchell J. J. , Blodgett J. M. , Hamer M. , Norris T. 
Published: October 2023

AbstractIdentifying causal factors to intervene on to delay age‐related declines in cognitive function is urgently needed. We examined associations between non‐exercise testing cardiorespiratory fitness (NETCRF; estimated using sex, age, body mass index, resting heart rate, and physical activity) at 45 years and cognitive function outcomes (immediate and delayed verbal memory; verbal fluency; visual processing speed) at 50 years in 8130 participants from the 1958 British birth cohort. In unadjusted models, higher NETCRF was associated with better cognitive function across all outcomes. When adjusted for confounding factors, associations disappeared. In this cohort, associations between 45 years NETCRF and 50 years cognitive function likely result from confounding factors.
Detection of trait donors and QTL boundaries for early blight resistance using local ancestry inference in a library of genomic sequences for tomato
Authors: Anderson Taylor A. , Sudermann Martha A. , DeJong Darlene M. , Francis David M. , Smart Christine D. , Mutschler Martha A. 
Published: October 2023

SUMMARYBy conducting hierarchical clustering along a sliding window, we generated haplotypes across hundreds of re‐sequenced genomes in a few hours. We leveraged our method to define cryptic introgressions underlying disease resistance in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) and to discover resistant germplasm in the tomato seed bank. The genomes of 9 accessions with early blight (Alternaria linariae) disease resistance were newly sequenced and analyzed together with published sequences for 770 tomato and wild species accessions, most of which are available in germplasm collections. Identification of common ancestral haplotypes among resistant germplasm enabled rapid fine mapping of recently discovered quantitative trait loci (QTL) conferring resistance and the identification of possible causal variants. The source of the early blight QTL EB‐9 was traced to a vintage tomato named ‘Devon Surprise’. Another QTL, EB‐5, as well as resistance to bacterial spot disease (Xanthomonas spp.), was traced to Hawaii 7998. A genomic survey of all accessions forecasted EB‐9‐derived resistance in several heirloom tomatoes, accessions of S. lycopersicum var. cerasiforme, and S. pimpinellifolium PI 37009. Our haplotype‐based predictions were validated by screening the accessions against the causal pathogen. There was little evidence of EB‐5 prevalence in surveyed contemporary germplasm, presenting an opportunity to bolster tomato disease resistance by adding this rare locus. Our work demonstrates practical insights that can be derived from the efficient processing of large genome‐scale datasets, including rapid functional prediction of disease resistance QTL in diverse genetic backgrounds. Finally, our work finds more efficient ways to leverage public genetic resources for crop improvement.