bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pythagorean triangles of equal areas
Authors: Baica Malvina 
Published: September 2002

The main intent in this paper is to find triples of Rational Pythagorean Triangles (abbr. RPT) having equal areas. A new method of solving a2 + ab + b2 = c2 is to set a = y − 1, b = y + 1, y ∈ N − {0, 1} and get Pell′s equation c2 − 3y2 = 1. To solve a2 − ab − b2 = c2, we set , b = y − 1, y ≥ 2, y ∈ N and get a corresponding Pell′s equation. The infinite number of solutions in Pell′s equation gives rise to an infinity of solutions to a2 ± ab + b2 = c2. From this fact the following theorems are proved.Theorem 1 Let c2 = a2 + ab + b2, a + b > c > b > a > 0, then the three RPT‐s formed by (c, a), (c, b), (a + b, c) have the same area S = abc(b + a) and there are infinitely many such triples of RPT.Theorem 2 Let c2 = a2 − ab + b2, b > c > a > 0, then the three RPT‐s formed by (b, c), (c, a), (c, b − a) have the same area S = abc(b − a) and there are infinitely many such triples of RPT.
A result of commutativity of rings
Authors: Gupta Vishnu 
Published: September 2002

In this paper we prove the following:THEOREM. Let n > 1 and m be fixed relatively prime positive integers and k is any non‐negative integer. If R is a ring with unity 1 satisfying xk[xn, y] = [x, ym] for all x, y ∈ R then R is commutative.
Fractional derivatives of holomorphic functions on bounded symmetric domains of Cn
Authors: Lou Zengjian 
Published: September 2002

Let f ∈ H(Bn). f|β| denotes the βth fractional derivative of f. If f|β| ∈ Ap,q,α(Bn), we show that(I) , then f ∈ As,t,α(Bn), and , , (II) If , then f ∈ B(Bn) and (III) If , then especially If β = 1 then where Bn is the unit ball of Cn.
Marcinkiewicz‐type strong law of large numbers for double arrays of pairwise independent random variables
Authors: Hong Dug Hun , Hwang Seok Yoon 
Published: September 2002

Let {Xij} be a double sequence of pairwise independent random variables. If P{|Xmn| ≥ t} ≤ P{|X| ≥ t} for all nonnegative real numbers t and , for 1 < p < 2, then we prove that

urn:x-wiley:01611712:media:ijmm690634:ijmm690634-math-0002

Under the weak condition of E|X|plog+|X| < ∞, it converges to 0 in L1. And the results can be generalized to an r‐dimensional array of random variables under the conditions , respectively, thus, extending Choi and Sung′s result [1] of the one‐dimensional case.
Six‐dimensional considerations of Einstein′s connection for the first two classes. I. The recurrence relations in 6‐g‐UFT
Authors: Chung Kyung Tae , Yang Gye Tak , Hwang In Ho 
Published: September 2002

Lower dimensional cases of Einstein′s connection were already investigated by many authors for n = 2, 3, 4, 5. This paper is the first part of the following series of two papers, in which we obtain a surveyable tensorial representation of 6‐dimensional Einstein′s connection in terms of the unified field tensor, with main emphasis on the derivation of powerful and useful recurrence relations which hold in 6‐dimensional Einstein′s unified field theory (i.e., 6‐g‐UFT):I. The recurrence relations in 6‐g‐UFT.II. The Einstein′s connection in 6‐g‐UFT.All considerations in these papers are restricted to the first and
second classes only, since the case of the third class, the simplest case, was already studied by many authors.
Smoothness conditions on measures using Wallman spaces
Authors: Traina Charles 
Published: September 2002

In this paper, X denotes an arbitrary nonempty set, ℒ a lattice of subsets of X with ∅, X ∈ ℒ, A(ℒ) is the algebra generated by ℒ and M(ℒ) is the set of nontrivial, finite, and finitely additive measures on A(ℒ), and MR(ℒ) is the set of elements of M(ℒ) which are ℒ‐regular. It is well known that any μ ∈ M(ℒ) induces a finitely additive measure on an associated Wallman space. Whenever is countably additive.We consider the general problem of given μ ∈ MR(ℒ), how do properties of imply smoothness properties of μ? For instance, what conditions on are necessary and sufficient for μ to be σ‐smooth on ℒ, or strongly σ‐smooth on ℒ, or countably additive? We consider in discussing these questions either of two associated Wallman spaces.
Modelling of the Czochralski flow
Authors: Franc Jan 
Published: September 2002

The Czochralski method of the industrial production of a silicon single crystal consists of pulling up the single crystal from the silicon melt. The flow of the melt during the production is called the Czochralski flow. The mathematical description of the flow consists of a coupled system of six P.D.E. in cylindrical coordinates containing Navier‐Stokes equations (with the stream function), heat convection‐conduction equations, convection‐diffusion equation for oxygen impurity and an equation describing magnetic field effect.This paper deals with the analysis of the system in the form used
for numerical simulation. The weak formulation is derived and the existence of the weak solution to the stationary and the evolution problem is proved.
Brecht in Hollywood: Hangmen Also Die and the Anti-Nazi Film
Authors: Gemünden Gerd 
Published: September 2002

Working as a freelancer, Brecht thought he could work Hollywood so that itwould provide him with both a living and a platform for his ideas. But only oneof his more than screenplays made it into production—the ill-fated collaborationwith Fritz Lang, Hangmen Also Die. Die beste Schule für Dialektik ist die Emigration. Die schrfsten Dialektiker sind die Flchtlinge. —Bertolt Brecht, Flüchtlingsgespräche (1967, 14:1462)
AN ACCOUNT OF THE REDISTRIBUTION OF LAND TO SOLDIERS IN LATE OLD BABYLONIAN SIPPAR-AMNĀNUM
Authors: De Graef Katrien 
Published: September 2002

AbstractMHET II 6 894 is a large administrative document dating from the Late Old Babylonian period. The text lists fields situated in the territory of Sippar-Amnānum, which were assigned to the soldiers of Sippar. At first sight, the text only enumerates surfaces, irrigation districts and persons. However, a thorough analysis of this list reveals a well organised mechanism, which sheds more light on the redistribution of land to soldiers in Late Old Babylonian Sippar-Amnānum. MHET II 6 894 est un long document administratif datant de la période paléobabylonienne tardive. Il fournit une liste des terrains situés dans le territoire de Sippar-Amnānum, qui ont été attribués aux militaires sippariotes. Au premier examen, le texte n'est qu'une énumération de surfaces, de secteurs d'irrigation et de noms de personnes. Cependant, une analyse approfondie de cette liste révèle l'existence d'un mécanisme bien organisé qui éclaire le système de la redistribution des terres aux militaires dans la période paléobabylonienne tardive à Sippar-Amnānum.
IN SEARCH FOR THE IDEAL SPOUSE
Authors: El Cheikh Nadia Maria 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThis paper discusses the material related to marriage in two adab anthologies, namely the 'Uyūn al-akhbār of Ibn Qutayba and al- 'Iqd al-farīd of Ibn Abd Rabbih. The first part discusses the particular caveats and concerns when dealing with such compilations. The second part details the findings relating to marriage and the attributes of the "ideal spouse." Cet article examine les données relatives au mariage contenues dans deux anthologies d'adab du monde musulman médiéval: le 'Uyūn al-akhbār d'Ibn Qutayba et le al- 'Iqd al-farīd d'Ibn 'Abd Rabbih. La première partie traite des normes qui régissent ce type de sources mais également des limites de leur exploitation. La seconde partie présente en détail les descriptions de mariages et les attributs du conjoint idéal.
THE ROLE OF THE OTTOMANS AND DUTCH IN THE COMMERCIAL INTEGRATION BETWEEN THE LEVANT AND ATLANTIC IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY
Authors: Bulut Mehmet 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe present paper focuses on the role of the Ottomans and Dutch in the early commercial integration between the Levant and Atlantic in the seventeenth century. As an expanding trading nation in the world economy, the Dutch Republic played an important role in the commercial integration between the provinces of the Ottoman Empire and Western Europe. The growth of Ottoman-Dutch economic relations in the seventeenth century followed the growth of economic relations between the provinces of the Empire and Western Europe.Therefore, the two world economic systems, the Ottoman and Western European economy increasingly opened to each other. Le présent article examine les rôles respectifs des Ottomans et des Néerlandais dans le début de l'intégration commerciale entre le Levant et l'Océan Atlantique au XVIIème siècle. Nation commerciale en expansion dans l'économie mondiale, la République hollandaise a joué un rôle important dans l'intégration commerciale des provinces de l'Empire Ottoman à l'Europe Occidentale dans la même période. La croissance des relations économiques entre le monde ottoman et la Hollande au XVIIème siècle a suivi la progression des échanges entre l'Empire et l'Europe occidentale. En conséquence, les deux systèmes économiques du monde se sont de plus en plus ouverts l'un à l'autre.
MADANNA, AKKANNA AND THE BRAHMIN REVOLUTION: A STUDY OF MENTALITY, GROUP BEHAVIOUR AND PERSONALITY IN SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY INDIA
Authors: Kruijtzer Gijs 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe article joins in the early modernity debate by investigating identity formation and the sense of public and private domains at the court of Golkonda. The rise of a class of Brahmin 'men of the pen' through the dynamics of the revenue farming system led to tensions among the Golkonda elite, resulting in a heightened sense of identity and the use and reuse of stereotypes of 'the other.' The article also shows how the Europeans, and especially the Dutch, were integral to Golkonda society and its group processes and that 'othering' by Dutch sources was context dependent to the same extent as othering by early modern South Asians. Cet article contribue au débat sur les early modernities en examinant la formation des identités et la prise de conscience de l'existence de domaines public et privé à la cour de Golconde. L'ascension d'une classe de scribes brahmanes, engendrée par le système des fermes foncières, entraîna des tensions au sein de l'élite de Golconde, résultant en un accroissement de la conscience identitaire et de l'utilisation et réutilisation de stéréotypes qualifiant l'Autre. Cet article montre également comment les Européens, et plus particulièrement les Hollandais, étaient partie prenante de la société golcondienne et de ses processus de groupe, et comment la création de l'image de l'Autre, tant dans les sources hollandaises que chez les Indiens, a été dépendante du contexte.
AN INTERWOVEN WORLD: GARY SNYER'S CULTURAL ECOSYSTEM
Authors: Barnhill David Landis 
Published: September 2002

AbstractIn his poetry and essays, Gary Snyder has developed a syncretic blending of two cultures: Buddhist and Native American. He has written about their similarities and historical links, and has noted how their differences complement one other. Such an intercultural project has been criticized by those who have claimed that one cannot simply take ideas and values from foreign cultures: they are culturally embedded and we are bound to the character and limits of our culture. In addition, some Native Americans have called his cultural borrowing from their culture an inauthentic "white shamanism." Snyder, however, would argue that shamanism and animism are world-wide human phenomena and have been kept alive in what he calls the Great Subculture. Modern people can have access to them through serious and humble spiritual learning. Two concepts can help us understand Snyder's intercultural project. The first is Bahktin's notion of "anotherness," in which difference is affirmed but dialogue and exchange are possible. The second is an ecological theory of culture, which argues against cultural essentialism by recognizing that cultures are both distinct and interwoven and ever changing. Thus authentic intercultural borrowing is a possibility. For Snyder, it is also a necessity if we are to develop a healthy relationship to each other and the natural world.
HOLISM AND SUSTAINABILITY: LESSONS FROM JAPAN
Authors: Kalland Arne 
Published: September 2002

AbstractIt is often claimed that environmental problems facing the world today can be attributed to dualism and anthropocentrism rooted in Christianity. Hence, it is argued that a solution to these problems can be sought in holism and ecocentrism inherent in non-western thought. Native American and Asian religions have in particular been heralded as potential sources of inspiration. Using Japan as a case, this paper challenges this view, arguing that religions are not coherent constructions and that their claimed benevolence to nature are based on selective reading of these non-western religions. As to Japan, both Buddhism (not least Zen) and Shinto have been regarded as ecocentric religions with a holistic approach to the world. This has not prevented serious degradation of the environment taking place, however. On the contrary, it will be argued that there are features in these holistic religions that might facilitate such degradation. It is therefore far too simplistic to attribute environmental problems to modernization and westernization.
TECHNOLOGICAL CULTURE AND CONTEMPLATIVE ECOLOGY IN THOMAS MERTON'S CONJECTURES OF A GUILTY BYSTANDER
Authors: St John Donald 
Published: September 2002

AbstractHaving introduced the writing of Thomas Merton, this paper pulls together strains of thought scattered throughout Thomas Merton's Conjectures of a Guilty Bystander (1965) that shed light on Merton's increasing concern with the destructive effects of modern technology on humans and the earth. The paper explores Merton's understanding of relationships between a myth of progress, technological advance, the idea of 'worldliness' and the 'technological mind'. It moves on to examine the importance of experiences of nature in inspiring Merton's writing, and in underpinning his meditations on alternatives to current understandings of technological progress, before concluding by considering Merton's ideas about hope for humanity.
POLICY, POSSIBILITY AND PURPOSE
Authors: Daly Herman 
Published: September 2002

AbstractWhat are the presuppositions for policy-making to be a sensible endeavor? At a minimum the policy-maker must believe that there is more than one alternative future (non-determinism), and that some possible futures are truly better than others (non-nihilism). The combinations of acceptance and denial of these two pre-suppositions are considered, along with a deeper look at what ultimately limits possible alternatives. The focus then shifts to the difficulty many thinkers have in accommodating the fact of purpose implicit in the assumption that some alternative futures really are better than others. Neodarwinists seem to have the most difficulty accepting these two presuppositions of policy, and yet feel called upon to engage in public policy dialogue. They are invited to reflect deeply on the fact that their premises rule out policy as a meaningful activity.
Gems and Baubles in Empire
Authors: Panitch Leo , Gindin Sam 
Published: September 2002

AbstractFor an often indecipherable book with openly revolutionary aspirations, Hardt and Negri's Empire has received an astonishing degree of mainstream, as well as radical, attention. This in itself suggests the need for a serious investigation of Empire's content, but our interest does not lie in identifying this book as a curious cultural artefact. Empire is ultimately an important book because serious engagement with the contradictory richness of its ideas on the nature of empire, capitalism and resistance in our time, can help advance the 'liberatory' project that we share with Hardt and Negri. Only the most ungenerous of reviewers could fail to admire the ambitious scope of their attempt to integrate history, philosophy, sociology, culture, and economics with a politics from below. And, yet, the end result is a most frustrating book: full of promise but also of inconsistencies, self-contradictions, flights of exaggeration, and gaps in logic.
« DU VENTRE DE LA ROYAUTÉ AUX JARDINS DE LA PAPAUTÉ » : ENTRE ISLAM ET CHRÉTIENTÉ, LE LEXIQUE ET LA MÉTAPHORE DU CORPS
Authors: Gubert Serge 
Published: September 2002

AbstractÀ partir d'un exemple historique, celui de la dynastie mérinide (13ème-15ème siècle), cet article envisage la convergence entre lexique religieux et métaphores du corps tirées de la médecine humorale, au profit d'une énonciation discursive et visuelle de la souveraineté. Après l'examen de la métaphore du « ventre de pestilence » (Ibn Haldūn, Muqaddima), la deuxième partie opère une relecture du corps de la royauté mérinide (lexique emblématique, récit de fondation, cérémonial). Cette étude est enrichie grâce aux travaux réalisés sur le corps des rois, de l'empereur et du pape dans la sphère chrétienne. Il existerait une trajectoire historique commune aux deux rives, une matrice de la culture politique du corps étayée auprès des sciences arabes. Paradoxe, cette trajectoire est aujourd'hui mieux connue pour l'Occident chrétien, et appelle de nouvelles recherches dans le domaine arabo-islamique pour mieux cerner, dans le temps, une convergence du théologique et du corporel qui pourrait être celle du spirituel (imāma) et du temporel (mulk).
L'ONAGRE DANS LE DIWĀN D'AL-AHTAL
Authors: Bakhouch Mohammed 
Published: September 2002

AbstractL'un des procédes par lesquels le poète caractérise sa chamelle consiste à la comparer à l'onagre (himār al-wahš). Dans leur grande majorité, les critiques considèrent la présence de cet animal dans la séquence rahīl comme une pause descriptive ou une digression. L'objet de cet article, dans lequel nous étudions l'ensemble des évocations de l'onagre dans le dīwān d'al-Ahtal, est de montrer que son histoire est porteuse de sens et a une fonction dans l'économie de la qasīda.
MODERN GENDERED ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE LIFE OF THE PROPHET OF ALLAH—ÉTIENNE DINET AND SLIMAN BEN IBRAHIM (1918)
Authors: Roded Ruth 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe gendered messages in the paintings and text of Dinet and Sliman's Life of Mohammad are the products of a fascinating social and cultural interchange that developed over three decades between the Frenchman and Algerian life. In this social and cultural context, Dinet produced his Orientalist paintings and collaborated with Ben Ibrahim on a series of illustrated books. At the same time, Dinet undertook a spiritual journey from Orientalist painter to Islamophile, formally converting in 1913. La Vie de Mohammed was composed and published in French during World War I and immediately after appeared in English. Dinet's visual gendered perception of the life of the Prophet projects an image of dignified women believers participating in communal religious life, separated to varying degrees from men. The text of the book sends a more diffuse, stock message about Muslim women. Originally produced in a limited edition, Dinet and Sliman's work was to bring the life story of the Prophet to far-reaching parts of the world.
THE ROMAN CHARACTER OF FUNERALS IN THE WRITINGS OF JOSEPHUS
Authors: Levison John 
Published: September 2002

AbstractBecause Josephus consistently casts Jewish funerary customs in Roman hues, his contribution to our knowledge of Roman funerary practices is extensive. Three dimensions of his writings in particular evince taut alliances between Roman and Jewish funerals. The first is a précis of Jewish burial custom in Contra Apionem 2.205, in which Josephus portrays the Jewish constitution as one that eschews funerary excess—a characterization that mirrors Cicero's depiction of modest Roman burial custom in De legibus 2.59-64. The second is Josephus's transformation of the biblical portrait of David's mourning through the addition of numerous elements that are familiar principally from literary sources which depict Roman funerary custom. The third dimension is comprised of Josephus's descriptions of funerary opulence, which reach their pinnacle in Herodian funerals, whose customs and cortèges mirror the lavish obsequies of the Roman aristocracy.
THE STORY OF R. ELAZAR B. ARACH: THE "OVERFLOWING SPRING", THE EMMAUS HOT SPRING, AND INTERTEXTUAL IRONY
Authors: Levine Nachman 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe paper examines the several sources of the enigmaticly tragic story of the Mishnaic sage R. Elazar b. Arach, the "overflowing spring," who forgets his Torah when he leaves the company of his colleages, the sages, for the hot springs of Emmaus, as the story emerges from a synoptic reading of the various Mishnaic, Talmudic, and Midrashic sources. The interest here is in a literary reading of the story's motifs, structures, patterns, wordplay, intertextuality, etc. It is perhaps more understood in reading all its parts as we discern more clarifying details of the story. But there is an effect of ironic result when the sources about R. Elazar's praises and potential are read together with the narrative sources.
GENDER IN YORUBA RELIGIOUS CHANGE
Authors:   Peel
Published: September 2002

AbstractThis paper explores the relevance of gender to the reception of Christianity and to early church life in nineteenth-century Yorubaland. These were profoundly shaped by the gender conceptions prevalent in indigenous society and religion. Though the indigenous gods (orisa) lacked gender as a fixed or intrinsic attribute, gender conceptions were projected on to them. Witchcraft was mostly attributed to women both as its victims and as its perpetrators, and with men and ancestral cults chiefly responsible for its control. There was an overlap between the social placement of witches and Christian converts, both being relatively marginal. Religious practice was also strongly gendered, with women preponderant in the cult of most orisa, but men in the main oracular cult, Ifa. Women found something of an equivalent in the cult of Ori, or personal destiny. The missions initially met their readiest response among young men, who were less tied to the orisa cults than women were. By the second generation the balance shifted, as male prestige values were incompatible with full church membership and women came more to the fore in congregational life. As an aspect of this, the church took on many of the concerns that the orisa cults had offered women—a token of this being the honorific use of the term 'mother'. In the end it is less gender per se than the gender/age conjunction that is critical.
CHRISTIANITY AND THE EWE NATION: GERMAN PIETIST MISSIONARIES, EWE CONVERTS AND THE POLITICS OF CULTURE
Authors: Meyer Birgit 
Published: September 2002

AbstractFocusing on the mid-nineteenth-century encounters between missionaries from the Norddeutsche Missionsgesellschaft (NMG) and the Ewe, this essay shows that the NMG employed a romanticist, Herderian notion of culture and nationhood to establish order and impose power, and sought to prevent Ewe converts from adopting Western influences in their own way. Through an analysis of the NMG's attitude to language and the nation, its linguistic and ethnographic studies, which were devoted to turning 'scattered Ewe tribes' into one 'people', and the education of Ewe mission workers in Westheim (Germany), it is argued that, rather than denying African converts their 'own culture', attempts were made to lock them up in it. Missionary cultural politics, the essay argues, thrived on a paradoxical coexistence of appeals made to both the new notion of the nation as a marker of 'civilisation' and an 'authentic' state of being. Thus, the NMG used the notion of the nation as a means to exert power, to assert the superiority of the West and to control converts' exposure to foreign ideas.