bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Body mass change strategies in blackbirds Turdus merula: the starvation–predation risk trade‐off
Authors: MACLEOD R. , BARNETT P. , CLARK J. A. , CRESSWELL W. 
Published: March 2005

Summary

It is theoretically well established that body mass in birds is the consequence of a trade‐off between starvation risk and predation risk. There are, however, no studies of mass variation from sufficiently large wild populations to model in detail the range of diurnal and seasonal mass change patterns in natural populations and how these are linked to the complex environmental and biological variables that may affect the trade‐off.
This study used data on 17 000 individual blackbirds Turdus merula to model how mass changes diurnally and seasonally over the whole year and over a wide geographical area. Mass change was modelled in respect of temperature, rainfall, day length, geographical location, time of day and time of year and the results show how these mass changes vary with individual size, age and sex.
The hypothesis that seasonal mass is optimized over the year and changes in line with predictors of foraging uncertainty was tested. As theory predicts, reduced day length and reduced temperature result in increased mass and the expected seasonal peak of mass in midwinter.
The hypothesis that diurnal mass gain is optimized in terms of starvation–predation risk trade‐off theory was also tested. The results provide the first empirical evidence for intraspecies seasonal changes in diurnal mass gain patterns. These changes are consistent with shifts in the relative importance of starvation risk and predation risk and with the theory of mass‐dependent predation risk.
In winter most mass was gained in the morning, consistent with reducing starvation risk. In contrast, during the August–November non‐breeding period a bimodal pattern of mass gain, with increases just after dawn and before dusk, was adopted and the majority of mass gain occurred at the end of the day consistent with reducing mass‐dependent predation risk. The bimodal diurnal mass gain pattern described here is the first evidence that bird species in the wild gain mass in this theoretically predicted pattern.
Phenotypic plasticity in a maternal trait in red deer
Authors: NUSSEY DANIEL H. , CLUTTON‐BROCK TIM H. , ELSTON DAVID A. , ALBON STEVE D. , KRUUK LOESKE E. B. 
Published: March 2005

Summary

Phenotypic plasticity and microevolution represent the two processes by which phenotypic traits in a population can track environmental change. While there is a growing literature documenting microevolution in reproductive traits in naturally occurring animal populations, few studies to date have examined either between‐individual variation in levels of plasticity or how selection acts on plasticity.
We present here mixed‐effect linear models analysing changes in calving date in relation to autumn rainfall observed over a 30‐year study of 2147 red deer on the Isle of Rum, Scotland. The study period is characterized by a phase of low and rising population density (up to and including 1980), followed by a phase of high and fluctuating population density (1981 to present).
Variation within individual females explained a population‐level trend of delayed calving dates following years of high autumn rainfall. There was significant variation between females both in their average calving dates and in their individual plastic responses of calving date to autumn rainfall.
Females born in the low population density phase were, on average, phenotypically plastic for the calving date–autumn rainfall relationship, and showed significant variation in plasticity. Selection favoured individuals with early average calving dates among these females.
Among females born at high population density, there was on average no significant plasticity for calving date, but variation in plastic responses was still present. Selection favoured females with increasingly positive plastic responses of calving date to autumn rainfall.
We argue that early experience of high population density affects the physiological condition of females, making an environmental response (calving early following dry autumns) in later life physiologically untenable for all but a few high quality individuals. These same few individuals also tend to be fitter and have higher reproductive success.
Assessment tools for screening and monitoring bipolar disorder
Authors: Baldassano Claudia F 
Published: March 2005

Objective:  To review the availability and suitability of tools for screening, diagnosing, and monitoring people with bipolar disorder in both psychiatric and general practice.Methods:  Currently available assessment tools suitable for use with patients with bipolar disorder were identified through a MEDLINE search using the following key terms: bipolar, screening, diagnosis, monitoring. Only peer‐reviewed papers published in English were considered for further review.Results:  A review of the current literature revealed a small number of published and appropriately validated clinical tools suitable for the assessment of bipolar disorder in terms of screening, diagnosis, and long‐term monitoring.Conclusions:  While there are a large number of formal rating scales for the assessment of various clinical aspects of bipolar spectrum disorders, there are currently only a limited number of assessment tools well suited for use in routine clinical practice. Widespread use of brief, clinically validated, and easy to use screening tools could facilitate the early identification of patients with bipolar spectrum disorders. A less structured diagnostic approach should facilitate diagnosis of the more subtle forms of the disease, particularly bipolar II disorder. Long‐term monitoring tools should strengthen the therapeutic alliance between the patient and clinician and improve long‐term quality of care and assessment of outcomes.
Patient perspectives on the diagnosis, treatment, and management of bipolar disorder
Authors: Lewis Lydia 
Published: March 2005

Objective:  To compare the needs of patients and with those cited by psychiatrists in the current physician study to provide a more balanced view of the scope of unmet needs.Methods:  A US‐based consensus panel categorized unmet needs according to their relevance to patients, providers, or health systems.Results:  Patients need medications that are quicker acting, have less troublesome side‐effects, are more effective, and are significantly less expensive, and they need access to medications most likely to help them by not being at the mercy of restricted formularies. To improve communication with patients, physicians must not only listen more effectively but must also ask patients more direct and targeted questions, particularly regarding all symptoms the patient might be experiencing. Patients gave a high priority to making treatment decisions jointly with their physicians and being partners in their wellness plan. Peer support can also be extremely helpful to people who have bipolar disorder.Conclusions:  By making efficacious, affordable medications available, improving communications, jointly creating wellness strategies and goals, and equally participating as active partners, patients and physicians can work together to achieve optimal wellness not just remission of symptoms.
PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE: Couples Coping in Response to Kidney Disease: A Developmental Perspective
Authors: Gee Christina B. , Howe George W. , Kimmel Paul L. 
Published: March 2005

ABSTRACTIn this article we suggest that the treatment of patients with end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) should be informed by three developmental perspectives. In addition to the changes in the progression of the illness and its treatment demands over time, clinicians should consider psychosocial changes and challenges related to the developmental life stage of the patient (e.g., retirement) and the evolution of the patient's romantic relationship along a variety of dimensions that may affect his or her ability to cope with the disease (e.g., emotional support, conflict, sexual functioning). We briefly review the existing literature in each area and argue that integrating all three perspectives will facilitate the long‐term treatment success and patient's adjustment to the illness. Finally, we discuss the implications for the development of prevention and treatment interventions with patients and their spouses or partners and the importance of considering ethnic and cultural variations in treatment.
PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE: Quality of Life and Psychological Issues in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients
Authors: Lew Susie Q. , Piraino Beth 
Published: March 2005

ABSTRACTBoth peritoneal dialysis (PD) and hemodialysis (HD) patients have diminished quality of life (QOL) scores compared to healthy patients. QOL tends to decline over time, with the perception of the quality of physical health deteriorating more than mental health. However, many patients continue to feel hopeless, anxious, and worry about finances, loss of sexual function, family burden, and loss of independence. Depression is the most widely acknowledged psychosocial factor seen in patients with chronic kidney disease. Major depression occurs in 25% of patients facing impending dialysis. Once on PD, the proportion with major depression sharply declines to approximately 6%. This may be due to adjustment to dialysis, but may also be because depressive symptoms are associated with an increased risk of death. A low QOL score and depression are associated with higher comorbidity, poorer nutritional status, anemia, lower residual renal function, and increased hospitalization rates. Increased depressive scores are independently predictive of an elevated peritonitis risk, perhaps due to inattentiveness, or alternatively from a decrease in immune defenses. Small molecule clearances appear to have little to do with depressive symptoms. Depression is a significant problem in PD and other dialysis patients. There is an interrelationship between psychosocial factors, perception of illness, and clinical outcome that requires further study. Serial and simple measures of both depression and QOL should be obtained routinely in all PD patients. This permits rapid recognition of problems and may enhance patients’ education on the importance of depression. Further research on interventions is urgently needed.
Analysis of phosphorylation of human heat shock factor 1 in cells experiencing a stress
Authors: Guettouche Toumy , Boellmann Frank , Lane William S , Voellmy Richard 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Background
Heat shock factor (HSF/HSF1) not only is the transcription factor primarily responsible for the transcriptional response of cells to physical and chemical stress but also coregulates other important signaling pathways. The factor mediates the stress-induced expression of heat shock or stress proteins (HSPs). HSF/HSF1 is inactive in unstressed cells and is activated during stress. Activation is accompanied by hyperphosphorylation of the factor. The regulatory importance of this phosphorylation has remained incompletely understood. Several previous studies on human HSF1 were concerned with phosphorylation on Ser303, Ser307 and Ser363, which phosphorylation appears to be related to factor deactivation subsequent to stress, and one study reported stress-induced phosphorylation of Ser230 contributing to factor activation. However, no previous study attempted to fully describe the phosphorylation status of an HSF/HSF1 in stressed cells and to systematically identify phosphoresidues involved in factor activation. The present study reports such an analysis for human HSF1 in heat-stressed cells.

Results
An alanine scan of all Ser, Thr and Tyr residues of human HSF1 was carried out using a validated transactivation assay, and residues phosphorylated in HSF1 were identified by mass spectrometry and sequencing. HSF1 activated by heat treatment was phosphorylated on Ser121, Ser230, Ser292, Ser303, Ser307, Ser314, Ser319, Ser326, Ser344, Ser363, Ser419, and Ser444. Phosphorylation of Ser326 but none of the other Ser residues was found to contribute significantly to activation of the factor by heat stress. Phosphorylation on Ser326 increased rapidly during heat stress as shown by experiments using a pSer326 phosphopeptide antibody. Heat stress-induced DNA binding and nuclear translocation of a S326A substitution mutant was not impaired in HSF1-negative cells, but the mutant stimulated HSP70 expression several times less well than wild type factor.

Conclusion
Twelve Ser residues but no Thr or Tyr residues were identified that were phosphorylated in heat-activated HSF1. Mutagenesis experiments and functional studies suggested that phosphorylation of HSF1 residue Ser326 plays a critical role in the induction of the factor's transcriptional competence by heat stress. PhosphoSer326 also contributes to activation of HSF1 by chemical stress. To date, no functional role could be ascribed to any of the other newly identified phosphoSer residues.
Searching QTL by gene expression: analysis of diabesity
Authors: Brown Aaron C , Olver William I , Donnelly Charles J , May Marjorie E , Naggert Jürgen K , Shaffer Daniel J , Roopenian Derry C 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Background
Recent developments in sequence databases provide the opportunity to relate the expression pattern of genes to their genomic position, thus creating a transcriptome map. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) are phenotypically-defined chromosomal regions that contribute to allelically variant biological traits, and by overlaying QTL on the transcriptome, the search for candidate genes becomes extremely focused.

Results
We used our novel data mining tool, ExQuest, to select genes within known diabesity QTL showing enriched expression in primary diabesity affected tissues. We then quantified transcripts in adipose, pancreas, and liver tissue from Tally Ho mice, a multigenic model for Type II diabetes (T2D), and from diabesity-resistant C57BL/6J controls. Analysis of the resulting quantitative PCR data using the Global Pattern Recognition analytical algorithm identified a number of genes whose expression is altered, and thus are novel candidates for diabesity QTL and/or pathways associated with diabesity.

Conclusion
Transcription-based data mining of genes in QTL-limited intervals followed by efficient quantitative PCR methods is an effective strategy for identifying genes that may contribute to complex pathophysiological processes.
Ethmoidal osteoid osteoma with orbital and intracranial extension – a case report
Authors: Pai S Balaji , Harish K , Venkatesh MS , Udayshankar  , Jermely Deepthi 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Background
Osteoid osteoma is a benign bone neoplasm which is seen in the long bones of appendicular skeleton. It is rarely seen in the cranium. Skull base osteoid osteoma is extremely rare and has been anecdotally reported.

Case presentation
The authors report a case of a large osteoid osteoma of the ethmoid with intraorbital and intracranial extension in a 33 year old male patient. He presented with loss of vision in the left eye. The intra-cranial extension was excised through a single burr-hole fronto-orbitotomy. The ethmoid and orbital portions were approached and excised through a Weber-Ferguson incision and inferior orbitotomy. Radical excision of the tumor could thus be achieved through a craniofacial approach.

Conclusion
Although benign and rare, skull base osteoid osteoma can present with neurological deficit due to its mass effect and involvement of vital structures. A multispeciality team approach is advisable in such cases if radical excision is to be achieved. A craniofacial approach made radical single stage excision of this multicompartmental osteoid osteoma possible with an uneventful postoperative period.
Human Mineralocorticoid Receptor Expression Renders Cells Responsive for Nongenotropic Aldosterone Actions
Authors: Grossmann Claudia , Benesic Andreas , Krug Alexander W. , Freudinger Ruth , Mildenberger Sigrid , Gassner Birgit , Gekle Michael 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe steroid hormone aldosterone is important for salt and water homeostasis as well as for pathological tissue modifications in the cardiovascular system and the kidney. The mechanisms of action include a classical genomic pathway, but physiological relevant nongenotropic effects have also been described. Unlike for estrogens or progesterone, the mechanisms for these nongenotropic effects are not well understood, although pharmacological studies suggest a role for the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR). Here we investigated whether the MR contributes to nongenotropic effects. After transfection with human MR, aldosterone induced a rapid and dose-dependent phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) 1/2 kinases in Chinese hamster ovary or human embryonic kidney cells, which was reduced by the MR-antagonist spironolactone and involved cSrc kinase as well as the epidermal growth factor receptor. In primary human aortic endothelial cells, similar results were obtained for ERK1/2 and JNK1/2. Inhibition of MAPK kinase (MEK) kinase but not of protein kinase C prevented the rapid action of aldosterone and also reduced aldosterone-induced transactivation, most probably due to impaired nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling of MR. Cytosolic Ca2+ was increased by aldosterone in mock- and in human MR-transfected cells to the same extend due to Ca2+ influx, whereas dexamethasone had virtually no effect. Spironolactone did not prevent the Ca2+ response. We conclude that some nongenotropic effects of aldosterone are MR dependent and others are MR independent (e.g. Ca2+), indicating a higher degree of complexity of rapid aldosterone signaling. According to this model, we have to distinguish three aldosterone signaling pathways: 1) genomic via MR, 2) nongenotropic via MR, and 3) nongenotropic MR independent.
αvβ3 Integrins and Pyk2 Mediate Insulin-Like Growth Factor I Activation of Src and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase in 3T3-L1 Cells
Authors: Sekimoto Hiroko , Eipper-Mains Jodi , Pond-Tor Sunthorn , Boney Charlotte M. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractIGF-I stimulates cell growth through interaction of the IGF receptor with multiprotein signaling complexes. However, the mechanisms of IGF-I receptor-mediated signaling are not completely understood. We have previously shown that IGF-I-stimulated 3T3-L1 cell proliferation is dependent on Src activation of the ERK-1/2 MAPK pathway. We hypothesized that IGF-I activation of the MAPK pathway is mediated through integrin activation of Src-containing signaling complexes. The disintegrin echistatin decreased IGF-I phosphorylation of Src and MAPK, and blocking antibodies to αv and β3 integrin subunits inhibited IGF-I activation of MAPK, suggesting that αvβ3 integrins mediate IGF-I mitogenic signaling. IGF-I increased ligand binding to αvβ3 as detected by immunofluorescent staining of ligand-induced binding site antibody and stimulated phosphorylation of the β3 subunit, consistent with inside-out activation of αvβ3 integrins. IGF-I increased tyrosine phosphorylation of the focal adhesion kinase (FAK) Pyk2 (calcium-dependent proline-rich tyrosine kinase-2) to a much greater extent than FAK, and increased association of Src with Pyk2 but not FAK. The intracellular calcium chelator BAPTA prevented IGF-I phosphorylation of Pyk2, Src, and MAPK, suggesting that IGF-I activation of Pyk2 is calcium dependent. Transient transfection with a dominant-negative Pyk2, which lacks the autophosphorylation and Src binding site, decreased IGF-I activation of MAPK, but no inhibition was seen with transfected wild-type Pyk2. These results indicate that IGF-I signaling to MAPK is dependent on inside-out activation of αvβ3 integrins and integrin-facilitated multiprotein complex formation involving Pyk2 activation and association with Src.
Novel Stable Silicon-Based π-Electron Systems: Synthesis, Unique Structure, and Properties of Cyclic, Spiroconjugated, and Cumulative Silicon–Silicon Doubly-Bonded Compounds
Authors: Iwamoto Takeaki 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
In this account, the synthesis, structure, and reactions of cyclic, spiro-conjugated, and cumulative silicon–silicon doubly-bonded compounds are described. Photochemical and thermal interconversion among Si4R6 isomers including cyclotetrasilene 1, cyclotrisilene 2, and bicyclo[1.1.0]tetrasilane 7 occur without apparent participation of the corresponding tetrasila-1,3-diene, in contrast to the related interconversion among C4H6 isomers. Whereas parent spiropentadiene, the simplest spiroconjugation system, is known to survive only below −100 °C, spiropentasiladiene 3 is thermally very stable and shows remarkable spiroconjugation between the two ring π systems. The skeleton of isolable trisilaallene 4, the first stable silicon compound with tetracoordinate divalent (formally sp-hybridized) silicon atom, is not linear but remarkably bent. The considerable conjugation between two cumulative Si=Si double bonds was observed. The structural feature of 4 is quite different from that of carbon-based allenes having linear structure without conjugation between two π-bonds.
Hydration Structure around a Formyl-Hydrogen Atom Studied by Neutron Diffraction with H/D Isotopic Substitution Method
Authors: Kameda Yasuo , Sayama Atsunari , Sasaki Motoya , Amo Yuko , Usuki Takeshi 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Time-of-Flight (TOF) neutron diffraction measurements were carried out for 12 mol% *HCOO7Li solutions in D2O. The H/D isotopic substitution technique was applied to the formyl-hydrogen atom of the formate ion in order to determine both the hydration structure around the formyl-hydrogen atom and the intramolecular structure of HCOO− in the aqueous solution. The hydration structure around the formyl-hydrogen atom was analyzed by applying a least-squares refinement procedure to the observed intermolecular difference function. The intramolecular distances within the formate ion were determined to be r(Hf–C) = 1.072(2) Å and r(Hf···Of) = 2.015(8) Å.
Orientation Behavior of Polyelectrolyte in Solution under an External Electric Field. A Coarse Grain Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study
Authors: Ueda Kazuyoshi , Iizumi Nobu , Sakomura Masaru 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
A coarse grain molecular dynamics simulation method was applied to polystyrenesulfonate in aqueous solution to investigate the conformational and orientational behavior of flexible polyion under an external electric field. When the electric field was applied, the deviation of the counter-ion distribution and the rotational orientation of the polyion toward the direction of the electric field were observed. The orientation behavior of flexible polyelectrolytes depended on the field strength, and two typical orientational motions were detected. That is, at low electric field strength, elongation of the whole polyion chain conformation occurs at first stage and subsequently rotationally orients toward the field direction. On the other hand, segment orientation occurs at the high field because of the fast displacement of the counter ions on each polymer segment. The ionic polarization of the flexible polyion was evaluated by the component analysis of the counter-ion deviation. Results showed that the loosely-bound counter ions contribute largely to the ionic polarization.
Application of Chiral Pyrromethene–BF2 Complex Dye as a Fluorescent Labeling Reagent
Authors: Matsui Masaki , Funabiki Kazumasa , Nakaya Ken-ichi 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
A chiral pyrromethene–BF2 complex dye, showing absorption (λmax) and emission maxima (λem) at 499 and 518 nm in acetonitrile, respectively, was synthesized. Racemic mexiletine smoothly reacted with this reagent in the presence of EDC to preferentially produce the corresponding diastereomeric amides, which were nicely separated by a non-chiral reverse phase column. The detection limit (S/N &gt; 3) of mexiletine was ca. 0.3 pmol.