bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of fenbendazole for treatment of giardiasis in calves
Authors: O'Handley R. M. , Olson M. E. , McAllister T. A. , Morck D.W. , Jelinski M. , Royan G. , Cheng K.-J. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine efficacy of fenbendazole for treatment of giardiasis in calves.

Animals
Twenty male and 15 female Holstein calves (100 to 180 kg), naturally infected with Giardia sp.

Procedure
In vitro fenbendazole susceptibility and resistance development was determined for a ruminant Giardia isolate by use of an adherence assay. Calves were treated as follows: group 1, a single administration of 5 mg of fenbendazole/kg of body weight; group 2, a single administration of 10 mg of fenbendazole/kg; group 3, 5 mg of fenbendazole/kg, every 24 hours for 3 days; group 4, 10 mg of fenbendazole/kg, every 24 hours for 3 days; group 5, 20 mg of fenbendazole/kg, every 24 hours for 3 days; group 6, 0.833 mg of fenbendazole/kg, every 24 hours for 6 days; and group 7, saline solution, Fecal Giardia cysts were counted on days −3 through −1 and 1 through 7, 9, 11, 13, 21, and 28 by use of sucrose gradient concentration and staining with a fluorescent monoclonal antibody.

Results
The 50% adherence inhibition concentration was 0.024 ± 0.002 μg/ml, and resistance could not be detected after 5 weeks of continuous culture at sublethal concentration of fenbendazole (0.01 μg/kg). Fenbendazole was 100% effective in eliminating cysts from the feces within 6 days for calves in treatment groups 2–6. Reinfection was observed in some calves within the 28-day study period.

Conclusions
Fenbendazole is effective in the elimination of Giardia infections in calves, but repeat treatments may be required in reinfected animals.

Clinical Relevance
Fenbendazole is an effective and economical treatment for Giardia-associated diarrhea and growth rate reduction in calves. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:384–388)
Effect of arsenical drugs on in vitro vascular responses of pulmonary artery from heartworm-infected dogs
Authors: Maksimowich Daria S. , Bell Thomas G. , Williams Jeffrey F. , Kaiser Lana 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To test the effect of thiacetarsamide and melarsomine on vascular responses in isolated rings of pulmonary artery from heartworm-infected dogs.

Animals
18 heartworm-infected dogs.

Procedure
Isolated rings of pulmonary artery from heartworm-infected dogs were randomly treated with thiacetarsamide (30 μg/ml) or melarsomine dihydrochloride (30 μg/ml) for 30 minutes; untreated rings from the same dog served as control. Cumulative dose-response relations to norepinephrine, nitroglycerin, and methacholine were determined.

Results
Norepinephrine-induced constriction was not altered by treatment with either thiacetarsamide or melarsomine. Treatment with thiacetarsamide depressed nitroglycerin-induced relaxation, compared with values for untreated control rings and rings treated with melarsomine. Treatment of rings with thiacetarsamide or melarsomine depressed methacholine-induced relaxation, compared with values for untreated rings. Histologic examination of rings indicated that treatment with thiacetarsamide or melarsomine resulted in loss of endothelial cells.

Conclusion
Endothelial cell loss as a direct drug effect may be responsible for impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation in pulmonary artery from heart-worm-infected dogs. Thiacetarsamide appears to have additional effects on vascular smooth muscle, which may explain why fewer complications are observed in dogs treated with melarsomine.

Clinical Relevance
Melarsomine may be a safer drug than thiacetarsamide and could be a better treatment for dogs with heartworm infection. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:389–393)
Pharmacokinetics of propranolol in healthy cats during euthyroid and hyperthyroid states
Authors: Jacobs Gilbert , Whittem Ted , Sams Richard , Calvert Clay , Ferguson Duncan 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To examine the pharmacokinetic profile of propranolol in cats before and during experimentally induced hyperthyroidism.

Animals
8 conditioned, random-source, young adult, female cats.

Procedure
Propranolol was administered IV as a single bolus and 72 hours later by mouth. Thereafter, the cats were dosed for 5 weeks with L-thyroxine (50 μg/kg of body weight, SC, once daily) to induce hyperthyroidism (serum thyroxine concentration, 217 ± 17 nmol/L). Blood samples were obtained at appropriate intervals before and during hyperthyroidism and were analyzed for plasma propranolol concentration by use of high-performance liquid chromatography.

Results
In all cats, a two-compartment model best described the control and hyperthyroid intravenous data. The change in thyroid status from euthyroid to hyperthyroid caused a significant (P < 0.05), but small reduction in propranolol area under the curve (19,932 ± 7,900 min·μg/L vs 15,911 ± 1,400 min · μg/L) after IV administration. In contrast, after oral administration during the hyperthyroid state, a twofold increase (P < 0.05) in propranolol area under the curve (105,430 ± 57,600 min·μg/L vs 226,811 ± 112,000 min·μg/L) and peak serum propranolol concentration (651 ± 247 μg/L vs 1191 ± 590 μg/L) were attributed to significant (P < 0.05) increase in propranolol bioavailability caused by increased fractional absorption (57 ± 28% vs 137 ± 73%) and decreased total body clearance (58 ± 27 ml/min/kg vs 30 ± 19 ml/min/kg). Mean arrival time after oral dosing was significantly lengthened by hyperthyroidism (100 ± 38 minutes vs 157 ± 71 minutes).

Clinical Relevance
Hyperthyroidism-induced changes in propranolol pharmacokinetics may signal the need to reduce doses of propranolol when they are orally administered to hyperthyroid cats. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:398–403)
Diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus ribotypes recovered from New York dairy herds
Authors: Rivas Ariel L. , González Rubén N. , Wiedmann Martin , Bruce James L. , Cole Eileen M. , Bennett Gary J. , Schulte Hal F. , Wilson David J. , Mohammed Hussni O. , Batt Carl A. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objectives
To develop a reference database for characterization of bovine Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae strains by automated ribotyping and to use it to assess the discriminatory power of this typing procedure and the geographic distribution of Sta aureus and Str agalactiae strains in New York state dairy herds.

Sample Population
22 commercial dairy herds.

Procedure
Isolates of Sta aureus and Str agalactiae from bovine milk were identified by standard bacteriologic procedures, then typed by automated ribotyping. Antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates was tested in vitro. Two indicators made from the data were percentage of farms with multiple ribotypes and percentage of single ribotypes found in several geographic regions. Standard bacteriologic diagnosis, automated ribotyping, and determination of antibiograms (Kirby-Bauer method) also were done.

Results
Of 50 Sta aureus and 44 Str agalactiae isolates from composite milk samples of 12 and 10 herds, respectively, 18 and 14 ribotypes, respectively, were identified. The discriminatory power of automated ribotyping was approximately 0.96 (Hunter-Gaston's formula). A higher percentage of herds with Sta aureus had multiple ribotypes. The most common Sta aureus ribotypes tended to have broader geographic distribution. Some Sta aureus ribotypes were significantly associated with antibiotic resistance profiles.

Conclusions
Automated ribotyping appears to characterize bovine strains of bacteria associated with intramammary infections with a high discriminatory index. Potential applications include identification of strains that appear to have broad geographic distribution suggesting interfarm transfer, discrimination between recurrent versus new intramammary infections (ie, for control of Str agalactiae and Sta aureus), and evaluation of antibiotic therapy. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:482–487)
Identification of β-adrenergic receptor subtypes mediating relaxation in isolated equine ileum
Authors: Re Giovanni , Belloli Chiara , Badino Paola , Arioli Francesco , Novelli Antonella , Girardi Carlo , Beretta Carlo 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To identify β-adrenergic receptor subtypes in ileum smooth muscle of the horse.

Sample Population
Isolated strips of equine longitudinal ileum smooth muscle and membrane preparations from smooth muscle of the intestinal wall.

Procedure
Functional assays and radioligand binding assays.

Results
Relaxation of ileum longitudinal smooth muscle proved to be mainly caused by stimulation of β-atypical and β2-adrenergic receptors. Binding studies on cell membranes indicated that the total β-adrenergic receptors population consists of 54% β-atypical, 34% β2-, and 12% β1-subtypes.

Conclusions
The data suggest that sympathetic relaxation of equine ileum smooth muscle depends mainly on β-atypical receptor subtypes activation, with a minor contribution by β2-subtypes.

Clinical Relevance
The important role of β-atypical adrenergic receptor subtypes in the relaxation of equine ileum suggests possible clinical use of selective β-atypical receptor agonists to control intestinal disturbances. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:621–625)
Pharmacokinetics of phenylbutazone in camels
Authors: Wasfi Ibrahim Abdel Rahman , Hadi Abdel Hadi Ahmed Abdel , Zorob Omer , Osman Mohamed AlGhazali , Boni Nader Santo 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To document disposition variables of phenylbutazone and its metabolite, oxyphenbutazone, in camels (Camelus dromedarius) after single IV bolus administration of phenylbutazone, with a view to making recommendation on avoiding violative residues in racing camels.

Animals
6 healthy camels (4 males, 2 females), 5 to 7 years old, and weighing from 350 to 450 kg.

Procedure
Blood samples were collected at 0, 5, 10, 15, 45, and 60 minutes and at 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 5, 6, 8, 12, 24, 26, 28, 30, 40, 48, 50, 53, and 60 hours after IV administration of 4.5 mg of phenylbutazone per kg of body weight. Urine was obtained in fractions during the entire blood sample collection period. Serum and urine phenylbutazone concentrations were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography; assay sensitivity was 100 ng/ml. Serum oxyphenbutazone concentration was measured by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry; assay sensitivity was 10 ng/ml.

Results
Disposition of phenylbutazone was best described by a two-compartment open model. Mean ± SEM elimination half-life was 13.44 ± 0.44 hours. Total body clearance was 12.63 ± 1.64 mg/kg/h. Renal clearance was between 0.3 and 0.4% of total body clearance. The elimination half-life of oxyphenbutazone was 23.9 ± 2.09 hours.

Conclusions
The elimination half-life and total body clearance of phenylbutazone in camels are intermediate between reported values in horses and cattle. Extrapolation of a dosage regimen from either species to camels is, therefore, not appropriate. Elimination of phenylbutazone in camels is mainly via metabolism. Owing to the long half-life of phenylbutazone and of oxyphenbutazone, and to the zero drug concentration regulation adopted by the racing commissioner in the United Arab Emirates, practicing veterinarians would be advised not to use phenylbutazone in camels for at least 7 days prior to racing. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:636–640)
Effects of sedation, anesthesia, and endotracheal intubation on respiratory mechanics in adult horses
Authors: Tomasic Michael , Mann Lori S. , Soma Lawrence R. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine the effects of endotracheal intubation on respiratory mechanics during xylazine sedation and xylazine-diazepam-ketamine anesthesia in adult horses.

Animals
5 healthy adult horses.

Procedure
Measurements were derived from recordings of respiratory gas flow, and transpulmonary and transtracheal pressures. Total pulmonary resistance (RT) was partitioned into upper airway resistance (extrathoracic portion of trachea, larynx, pharynx, nasal cavity, nares; RUA) and lower airway resistance (intrathoracic portion of trachea, bronchi, bronchioles). Baseline measurements were obtained in unsedated horses, after xylazine administration, and following nasotracheal intubation (ID, 18 mm). Measurements were obtained following induction of xylazine-diazepam-ketamine anesthesia and subsequent to endotracheal intubations (ID, 22, 20, and 16 mm). During recovery, horses were nasotracheally intubated (ID, 18 mm). Measurements were obtained upon standing, and repeated after extubation. Data were examined by use of ANOVA with repeated measures.

Results
Significant increases in mean work of breathing (W), RT, and RUA observed with xylazine sedation were variably attenuated by nasotracheal intubation. During xylazine-diazepam-ketamine anesthesia, the highest mean values for W, RT, RUA, transpulmonary and transtracheal pressures developed during nonintubation periods. The magnitudes of resistance and pressure values were inversely proportional to the internal diameter of the endotracheal tube. At recovery, values of the W and all measurements of resistances and pressures were significantly increased, compared with presedation values. Extubation resulted in further increases in these measurements.

Conclusions
Work of breathing in horses is substantially increased when RUA is increased during xylazine sedation and xylazine-diazepam-ketamine anesthesia. Endotracheal intubation reduces W by reducing RUA. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:641–646)
Effects of halothane and sevoflurane on the electroretinogram of dogs
Authors: Yanase Jun , Ogawa Hiroyuki 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To study the effects of halothane and sevoflurane on the electroretinogram of dogs.

Animals
6 clinically normal Beagles.

Procedure
Beagles were paralyzed by continuous IV administration of muscle relaxant and were artificially ventilated with a gas mixture of nitrous oxide and oxygen during experiments. Corneal electroretinograms were recorded, using full-field stimuli under several recording conditions before and during 1 % halothane or 2% sevoflurane inhalation.

Results
The amplitude of the scotopic threshold response (STR) and b-wave was significantly decreased by halothane or sevoflurane inhalation, but the degree of decrease in the STR was much greater. In contrast, the amplitudes of oscillatory potentials were increased. The peak latencies of the 3 components tended to be prolonged by inhalation of the anesthetic. There seemed to be no difference between the effects of halothane and sevoflurane.

Conclusions
Halothane and sevoflurane strongly depressed the STR in Beagles while moderately depressing the b-wave and increasing oscillatory potential amplitudes. Thus, neither is an appropriate anesthetic for use in recording of the STR in dogs. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:904–909)
Evaluation of the catabolic activity of cartilage by measurement of serum keratan sulfate concentration in foals
Authors: Okumura Masahiro , Fujinaga Toru , Urakawa Etsuko , Tagami Masaaki , Tsukiyama Katsuji 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objectives
To determine keratan sulfate (KS) concentration in the serum of foals at the early stage of growing, and to evaluate the role of serum KS as a cartilage catabolic marker, comparing its values with the fluctuation of serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity as a measurement of osteoblastic activity.

Animals
12 foals with normal growth and 3 foals with joint abnormalities within 18 months after birth.

Procedure
Measurement of KS concentration and ALP activity in serum and radiographic and physical examinations were done.

Results
In all foals, serum KS concentration was high from 1 week after birth to 3 months of age, while serum ALP decreased with aging. The value started to decrease rapidly from 3 to 5 months of age, then gradually reached adult values. During the first 3 months, KS concentration in male foals was significantly higher than that in female foals. In 3 foals which had joint problems, KS concentration was higher than that in normally growing foals at 1 week, and at 1, 2, and 3 months of age.

Conclusions
Cartilage catabolic activity is higher in developing foals up to 3 months of age, suggesting that the immature joint at this time could be easily affected by any factor of loading. Moreover, though only 3 diseased foals were examined, higher serum KS concentration in these foals suggest that this variable might be a useful measure of joint diseases, even at an early stage of life in foals. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:925–929)
Evaluation of noninvasive monitoring techniques in domestic ferrets (Mustela putorius furo)
Authors: Olin Jane M. , Smith Tracy J. , Talcott Michael R. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate instrument placement and accuracy of indirect physiologic monitoring techniques in anesthetized domestic ferrets.

Animals
10 healthy adult female ferrets (Mustela putorius furo).

Procedure
Direct arterial blood pressure measurement and arterial blood sample collection were performed in ferrets. A pulse oximeter probe was clipped to a forefoot or hind foot; an airway adaptor for capnography was attached to the endotracheal tube; and a sphygmomanometer cuff and Doppler flow probe were positioned on the tail. Isoflurane and nitrous oxide concentrations were varied to induce episodes of hypotension or hypoxia, respectively. Aforementioned noninvasive techniques were compared with direct methods of arterial blood gas analysis, hemoximetry, and arterial blood pressure measurement. Simultaneously obtained direct and indirect measurements were statistically evaluated for mean and SD of the differences, and SEM, and subjectively, for ease of use and relevance to the clinical situation.

Results
Values obtained from pulse oximetry were closely related to oxygen saturation measured by blood gas analysis (O2sat). The mean (± SD) difference for all results was −0.49 (± −4.09)%. The most precise measurements were obtained when O2sat was between 90 and 100%. Capnography measurements varied between ranges. The most accurate measurements were obtained when Paco2 was < 25 mm of Hg, when the mean difference was 1.6 (± −3.01) mm of Hg. Indirect blood pressure measurement consistently underestimated the direct blood pressure value.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
Pulse oximetry is a convenient and accurate method for monitoring oxygen saturation in domestic ferrets. Capnography is useful for monitoring respiratory rate and pattern, but may present difficulties in interpretation of actual Paco2. Indirect blood pressure monitoring is not accurate by use of current methods in ferrets. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:1065–1069)
Reliability of using random urine samples for “spot” determination of fractional excretion of electrolytes in cats
Authors: Finco Delmar R. , Brown Scott Alan , Barsanti Jeanne A. , Bartges Joseph W. , Cooper Tanya A. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY

Objective
To determine whether the “spot” method of determining fractional excretion (FE) of electrolytes in cats is accurate.

Animals
5 clinically normal young adult female cats.

Procedure
Cats were acclimated to metabolism cages, and 2 consecutive 72-hour collections of urine were made to determine FE of total calcium, potassium, total magnesium, sodium, and phosphorus by conventional methods, using endogenous creatinine clearance as an estimate of glomerular filtration rate. During collections, small samples of urine were obtained by cystocentesis at 8 am, 3 pm, and 9 pm for determination of FE of the electrolytes by use of the “spot” method.

Results
Values from “spot” determinations were highly variable, compared with 72-hour values, with a high percentage falling outside the range of mean ± 2 SD for 72-hour FE values.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
The “spot” method for determining FE is not precise, and if used, caution and judgement should be exercised in interpretation of the results. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:1184–1187)
Urine N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase activity in healthy cattle
Authors: Sato Reeko , Nakajima Naoko , Soeta Satoshi , Sato Jun , Naito Yoshihisa 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY

Objective
To measure urine N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) activity of healthy cattle, using 3 substrates (4-methylumbelliferyl-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminide, sodio-m-cresolsulfonphthaleinyl-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminide, and p-nitrophenyl-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminide), and to determine the relations between the obtained values and age and sex of cattle.

Animals
50 healthy lactating Holstein-Friesian cows and 10 healthy Holstein-Friesian steers.

Procedure
Untimed urine samples were collected, and urine NAG activity was measured, using the 3 aforementioned methods. Urine creatinine concentration also was measured, and NAG activity was expressed as units per gram of creatinine (NAG index). Correlations between urine NAG activity and age and sex of cattle were investigated. Furthermore, correlations among data obtained by each of the 3 methods were determined.

Results
Urine NAG activity in cows measured by each of the 3 methods was < 3.0 U/L. Urine NAG activity in steers was significantly higher than that in cows. However, there was no significant difference between the sexes in NAG index. There were no significant differences in mean values of NAG activity and index among cows of various age groups. Individual values of urine NAG activity determined by each method correlated significantly with each other.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
Urine NAG activity and NAG index of healthy cattle will be useful for determining diagnostic criteria of renal disease in cattle. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:1197–1200)
Diagnosis of trichinellosis in swine by enzyme immunoassay, using a synthetic glycan antigen
Authors: Gamble H. R. , Wisnewski N. , Wasson D. L. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY

Objective
To assess performance of a synthetic carbohydrate antigen for use in an enzyme immunoassay for diagnosis of trichinellosis in swine.

Animals and Sample Population
47 York X Duroc pigs and field sera from 265 farm pigs raised under various management systems.

Procedures
Each of 47 pigs was inoculated with 25 to 500 Trichinella spiralis larvae, and blood samples were obtained weekly. At postinoculation week 12, pigs were euthanatized, and tissues recovered from the tongue and diaphragm were digested to determine worm burden. Serum samples from experimentally infected pigs and sera obtained from pigs on a farm were tested by enzyme immunoassay, using standard excretory-secretory and synthetic glycan antigens.

Results
Of the 47 pigs, 46 (97.8%), with worm burden ranging from 0.02 to 248.8 larvae/g of tissue in the tongue and diaphragm, tested seropositive using both antigens. Time of seroconversion varied among pigs and was negatively correlated with intensity of infection. Minor differences were observed in time of seroconversion between the 2 antigens in 11 of 46 pigs, suggesting some differences in the antibody response. One pig with a worm burden of 0.01 larva/g was not detected by enzyme immunoassay using either antigen. Background values obtained using the 2 antigens did not differ among confinement-raised pigs, but background values for pigs raised outdoors on dirt lots were significantly lower using the glycan antigen. Low-level, naturally acquired T spiralis infections in pigs were detected in most instances by use of both antigens, although there were some differences in antibody responses of infected pigs.

Conclusion
The synthetic glycan antigen has potential for replacing excretory-secretory antigens as a standardized reagent for diagnosis of trichinellosis in pigs. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:1417–1421)