bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The International Journal of Astrobiology
Authors: Wynn-Williams David D. 
Published: October 2003

The launch of a new journal is appropriately like a space mission. It is the result of a
scientific need, the inspiration of a group of committed scientists and technologists, a
series of draft proposals, an approved mission protocol, and a launch. Today is the
launch day for a journal whose remit has only recently consolidated from diverse
disciplines. Cambridge University Press has an international reputation for
astronomy. To this we add extreme biology and its associated environmental research
to integrate astrobiology as: ‘the study of the origin, evolution, adaptation and
distribution of past and present life in the Universe’.Astrobiology has three main themes: (1) Origin, evolution and limits of life on Earth;
(2) Future of life, both on Earth and elsewhere; (3) Search for habitats, biomolecules
and life in the Solar System and elsewhere. These fundamental concepts require the
integration of various disciplines, including biology (especially microbiology),
chemistry, geology, palaeontology, and the physics of atmospheres, planets and stars.
We must also keep our minds wide open about the nature and limits of life. We can
safely assume a carbon-based system within Solar Systems as we know them, but our
concept of habitable zones expands yearly. We were taught that only the spores of
certain bacilli could survive temperatures above the boiling point of water, and yet we
now know that the deep-sea vent microbe Pyrolobus can survive an hour at 121 °C,
which is the temperature used for sterilising medical instruments. We know of
cyanobacteria which can not only live inside deep-frozen Antarctic rocks but also
survive on roof-tops in Jerusalem at 80 °C. The bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans
tolerates lethal doses of nuclear radiation, and cyanobacteria inside Antarctic desert
sandstone receive so little moisture that their carbon turnover time (from its fixation by
photosynthesis to its release as carbon dioxide during respiration) is 10,000 years. Life
is tolerant, adaptable and tenacious.
Pig kidney transplantation in baboons treated intravenously with a bovine serum albumin‐Galα1‐3Gal conjugate
Authors: Gollackner Bernd , Knosalla Christoph , Houser Stuart , Mauiyyedi Shamila , Buhler Leo , Kawai Tatsuo , Duggan Mike , Sachs David H. , Awwad Michel , Cooper David K.C. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract:The maintenance of depletion of antibody (Ab) reactive with Galα1‐3Gal (Gal) on pig vascular endothelial cells by the intravenous (i.v.) infusion of a synthetic Gal conjugate has been proposed as a means of delaying Ab‐mediated rejection of transplanted pig organs in primates. We have therefore studied the effect of the continuous i.v. infusion of bovine serum albumin conjugated to multiple synthetic Gal type 6 oligosaccharides (BSA‐Gal) on anti‐Gal Ab levels and on graft survival in baboons undergoing pig kidney transplantation.Group 1 baboons (n = 3) underwent extracorporeal immunoadsorption of anti‐Gal Ab, a cyclophosphamide (CPP)‐based immunosuppressive regimen, and a non‐transgenic pig kidney transplant. Group 2 (n = 2) were treated identically to Group 1 but, in addition, received a continuous i.v. infusion of BSA‐Gal. Group 3 (n = 2) were treated identically to Group 2, but without CPP. A single baboon (Group 4) underwent extracorporeal immunoadsorption, a CPP‐based regimen, and continuous i.v. BSA‐Gal therapy for 28 days, but did not receive a pig kidney transplant.Two of the transplanted pig kidneys in Group 1 were excised on post‐transplant days 7 and 13 for a rejected ureter, and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), respectively. The third baboon died of sepsis on day 6. All transplanted ureters and kidneys showed some histopathologic features of acute humoral xenograft rejection. Group 2 baboons were euthanized on days 8 and 11, respectively, for liver failure. At autopsy, there were histopathological features of widespread liver necrosis, but the pig kidneys and ureters showed no features of rejection. The pig kidneys in Group 3 baboons were excised for renal vein thrombosis (day 9) and DIC (day 12); there were no histological signs of rejection in the pig kidneys or ureters, although there were focal areas of modest liver injury in one baboon on biopsy. The single Group 4 baboon showed no biochemical or histological features of liver injury. Anti‐Gal Ab levels returned in Group 1, but were maintained at negligible levels in the baboons in Groups 2 to 4 that received BSA‐Gal therapy.Continuous i.v. therapy with BSA‐Gal is largely successful in maintaining depletion of circulating anti‐Gal antibodies and in preventing or delaying Ab deposition and acute humoral xenograft rejection in porcine grafts, but may be associated with liver injury when administered in the presence of a pig kidney transplant and CPP therapy. The mechanism of the hepatic injury remains uncertain.
Subsyndromal symptoms assessed in longitudinal, prospective follow‐up of a cohort of patients with bipolar disorder
Authors: MacQueen Glenda M , Marriott Michael , Begin Helen , Robb Janine , Joffe Russell T , Young L Trevor 
Published: October 2003

Background: Many patients with bipolar disorder (BD) do not regain full function following an acute illness episode, but the extent to which this impairment is the result of persistent symptoms has not been well established. This study examined factors associated with persistent subsyndromal symptoms in a well characterized group of BD patients who were prospectively followed for an average of 3 years.Methods: Detailed life charting data from 138 patients with BD were reviewed. Patients were categorized into euthymic, subsyndromal or syndromal groups according to the clinical state during their most recent year of follow‐up. The three groups were then examined with respect to comorbidity, function and treatment received.Results: Patients with subsyndromal symptoms had high rates of comorbid anxiety disorders, and were more likely to have increased rates of eating disorders as well. Patients with subsyndromal symptoms had lower global assessment of function (GAF) scores than euthymic patients, and had as many clinic contacts and medication trials as patients with full episodes of illness.Conclusions: Persistent subsyndromal symptoms in BD patients are associated with high rates of comorbidity that is important to recognize and treat in order to optimize mood and functioning.
Thyrotoxicosis after complete or partial lithium withdrawal in two patients with bipolar affective disorder
Authors: Carmaciu CD , Anderson CS , Lawton CA 
Published: October 2003

Objectives: To highlight and discuss thyrotoxicosis after lithium withdrawal as a potential complication of lithium therapy for bipolar disorder.Case Reports: Both patients presented developed thyrotoxicosis, the first patient after stopping the lithium completely, and the second patient after a reduction in the lithium dose.Conclusions: Clinicians should be alert to the possibility of thyrotoxicosis emerging when lithium is being completely or partially withdrawn. Such withdrawal could unmask a latent hyperthyroidism.
Intracerebroventricular administration of ouabain as a model of mania in rats
Authors: El‐Mallakh Rif S , Adnan El‐Masri M , Huff Mary O'Malley , Li Xiao‐Ping , Decker Sarah , Levy Robert S 
Published: October 2003

Background: Human bipolar illness is characterized by mood state‐ and diagnosis‐associated abnormalities of cellular cation distribution and transport. These include reduced sodium pump activity and expression and increased intracellular sodium. If these alterations are related to the pathophysiology of the disease, rather than secondary or ancillary abnormalities, then one would expect that modeling of these changes in vivo would produce lithium‐preventable behavioral abnormalities.Methods: Ouabain, a potent inhibitor of the sodium pump, was administered intracerebroventricularly to male rats previously fed lithium‐containing food or plain rat chow. Locomotion was then quantified in an open field.Results: Ouabain increased locomotion 300% over baseline. Lithium pretreatment prevented the ouabain‐induced hyperlocomotion response.Conclusion: Inhibition of central nervous system sodium pump with ouabain produces a plausible animal model of mania. This model may be useful for preclinical screening of potential mood stabilizers.
An Australian validation study of the temperament and character inventory
Authors: Parker G. , Hadzi‐Pavlovic D. , Parker K. , Malhi G. , Mitchell P. , Wilhelm K. , Austin M‐P. 
Published: October 2003

Objective: To assess the validity of the temperament and character inventory (TCI) measure in an Australian sample.Method: A sample of depressed subjects completed the TCI and a measure assessing personality disorder constructs (PDCs), while family members and psychiatrists also returned PDC ratings.Results: Factor analyses generally supported the TCI constructs, when the temperament and character scales were analysed separately. Self‐reported PDC scores were validated against corroborative witness ratings and used to assess the TCIs concurrent validity. Validation analyses supported all TCI temperament scales, but the Self‐transcendence Character scale was unassociated with PDC scores. The remaining two character scales (i.e. cooperativeness and self‐directedness) were non‐specifically associated with all PDC scores.Conclusion: Study results support the validity of the TCI scales, but question the best model for conceptualizing the TCI. It is suggested that two character scales quantify disordered functioning, while temperament scales quantify style, constructs that may be inter‐related or independent in individual subjects.
Properties of the temperament and character inventory in a Chinese sample
Authors: Parker G. , Cheah Y‐C , Parker K. 
Published: October 2003

Objective: To determine the influence of language and culture on the temperament and character (TCI) measure in a Chinese sample.Method: We translated the TCI into Mandarin and had a non‐psychiatric sample of Malaysian Chinese subjects complete the TCI at baseline and at a 1‐month retest, with subsets completing English or Mandarin versions alternatively or on both occasions. Analyses examine the TCI factor structure and any impact of language and culture on TCI scoring.Results: We identified age, gender, occupation and language effects on TCI scale scores. Test–retest reliability was high and not compromised by language. Scale internal consistency was also high. Factor analyses of separate sets of TCI scales corresponded strongly to the structure identified in the TCI development studies.Conclusion: The results indicate that TCI is likely to have applicability to Chinese subjects, and argue against properties being constrained by the English language or by western culture.
Gray matter features of schizotypal disorder patients exhibiting the schizophrenia‐related code types of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
Authors: Yoneyama E. , Matsui M. , Kawasaki Y. , Nohara S. , Takahashi T. , Hagino H. , Suzuki M. , Seto H. , Kurachi M. 
Published: October 2003

Objective: Previous studies have suggested that several code types of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) are useful markers for identifying schizophrenia. We hypothesized that schizotypal disorder (STD) patients with such schizophrenia‐related code types have the morphological brain abnormalities associated with schizophrenia.Method: Voxel‐based morphometric analysis with statistical parametric mapping (SPM) 99 software was used to investigate the differences in brain morphology between 14 STD patients with the schizophrenia‐related code types of the MMPI and 28 normal individuals.Results: The STD patients showed significantly decreased gray matter volume in the insular regions bilaterally and in the left entorhinal cortex, compared with the controls.Conclusion: Our findings suggest that STD patients with the schizophrenia‐related code types have volume reductions in these regions as an endophenotype that overlaps with schizophrenia.
Schizophrenia and weight management: a systematic review of interventions to control weight
Authors: Faulkner G. , Soundy A. A. , Lloyd K. 
Published: October 2003

Objective: Weight gain is a frequent side effect of antipsychotic medication which has serious implications for a patient's health and well being. This study systematically reviews the literature on the effectiveness of interventions designed to control weight gain in schizophrenia.Method: A systematic search strategy was conducted of major databases in addition to citation searches. Study quality was rated.Results: Sixteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Five of eight pharmacological intervention studies reported small reductions in weight (<5% baseline body weight). All behavioural (including diet and/or exercise) interventions reported small reductions in, or maintenance of, weight.Conclusion: Weight loss may be difficult but it is not impossible. Given the inconsistent results, the widespread use of pharmacological interventions cannot be recommended. Both dietary and exercise counselling set within a behavioural modification programme is necessary for sustained weight control.
MAP2 and neurogranin as markers for dendritic lesions in CNS injury. An immunohistochemical study in the rat
Authors: Li Gui Lin , Farooque Mohammad , Lewen Anders , Lennmyr Fredrik , Holtz Anders , Olsson Yngve 
Published: October 2003

We compared two staining methods for the demonstration of dendrites under normal and pathological conditions of the rat central nervous system. MAP2‐ and neurogranin immunohistochemistry was applied to samples from normal tissue, spinal cord subjected to graded compression trauma, cerebral cortex following contusion trauma, and brains with focal ischemic lesions induced by occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCAO). Normal rats showed MAP2 immunoreactivity in nerve cell bodies and dendrites of brain and spinal cord. However, neurogranin staining was present only in nerve cell bodies and dendrites of the normal brain, and not in the spinal cord.Reduction of MAP2 immunoreactivity was seen in lesions of spinal cords subjected to compression trauma. Neurogranin staining was of no value in this experimental condition since it was not present under normal conditions. The brain contusions showed loss of both MAP2‐ and neurogranin immunoreactivity at the site of the lesion. MCAO resulted in an extensive loss of MAP2‐ and neurogranin staining in the ipsilateral hemisphere.In conclusion, our study shows that MAP2 immunostaining is a sensitive method for identifying dendritic lesions of various CNS injuries in the rat. Neurogranin immunostaining is an alternative method for investigations of dendritic pathology in the brain but not in the spinal cord.
Enhancement of In Vitro hsp72 Expression by Placental IL‐6
Authors: MIRANDA S. , GENTILE T. , MARGNI R. 
Published: October 2003

PROBLEM: To give an approach in order to elucidate the mechanism by which placental IL‐6 induce modifications in the glycosylation status of immunoglobulins, in the present work, we investigate a putative relationship between a stimulus by placental IL‐6 and expression of cytoplasmic “hsp70 family proteins” in an in vitro model.
METHODS OF STUDY: Supernatants of cultures of placentae obtained from primiparous and multiparous AKR/J×AKR/J and AKR/J×BALB/c mouse crossbreedings were added to mouse IgG1 hybridoma cultures which produced symmetric and asymmetric anti‐dinitrophenol (anti‐DNP) antibodies. Analyses of the expression of inducible hsp72/constitutive hsp73 in cellular lysates obtained from hybridomas cultured, in the presence of rmIL‐6 or crude murine placental culture supernatants, followed by neutralization assays with anti IL‐6, were performed. In addition, the level of IL‐6 present in the employed placental culture supernatants was determined and compared with the placental hsp70‐inducing effect.
RESULTS: These experiments showed that mouse placentae were able to release IL‐6 in vitro. In addition, mouse placental supernatants (PS) containing over 1,000 pg/mL of IL‐6 enhanced the expression of the inducible isoform hsp72 in the employed hybridomas. This effect was abolished when the hsp70‐inducing PS were previously incubated with anti‐mIL6 antibody.
CONCLUSIONS: These observations indicate that mouse placentae produce different titers of IL‐6 and suggest that IL‐6 appears to be the unique mouse placental factor able to induce in vitro hsp72 synthesis. A relationship with the increased synthesis of anti‐paternal antigen asymmetric antibodies, previously observed during pregnancy, is discussed.
Study of knowledge of genital herpes infection and attitudes to testing for genital herpes among antenatal clinic attendees
Authors: Edmiston Natalie , O'Sullivan Maree , Charters Deryck , Chuah John , Pallis Lucinda 
Published: October 2003

AbstractA descriptive survey of knowledge of genital herpes and attitudes to testing was conducted among antenatal clinic attendees at the Gold Coast Hospital, Australia. The study subjects showed a good knowledge of genital herpes, to a level that appears sufficient for an informed choice regarding herpes serology testing to be made. A preference for testing for genital herpes was suggested. Although serological testing is not routinely required, the results of the study indicate that discussion of genital herpes should be considered in the antenatal clinic setting.
Implanon implant detection with ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Campbell Westerway Susan , Picker Richard , Christie James 
Published: October 2003

AbstractObjective: The objective of the present study was to determine the degree of difficulty in locating Implanon (Organon, Sydney, Australia) contraceptive rods which had been inserted suboptimally, using both ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).Methods: Volunteers with correctly placed Implanon rods were recruited for normal scanning protocols. A phantom was used to display abnormal rod placements. Ultrasound imaging was carried out using a variety of transducers to demonstrate their suitability. An MRI scanning protocol was formulated to achieve required views in the shortest time.Results: All Implanon rods were successfully imaged with both ultrasound and MRI.Conclusion: High resolution linear array transducers combined with the correct scanning protocol should enable visualisation of Implanon rods in almost all cases. The MRI imaging requires caution when differentiating blood vessels and fibrous septae from the Implanon rods.
Betamethasone associated changes in umbilical artery flow velocity waveforms in multiple pregnancies with umbilical artery absent end diastolic flow
Authors: Barkehall‐Thomas Andrea , Thompson Melanie , Baker Lesleigh S. , Edwards Andrew , Wallace Euan M. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractObjectives: It has been previously shown that glucocorticoids alter umbilical artery flow velocity waveforms in singleton pregnancies complicated by umbilical artery absent end diastolic flow. Whether similar effects are evident in multiple pregnancies where one fetus has umbilical artery absent end diastolic flow is not known.Methods: Women with a twin or triplet pregnancy complicated by umbilical artery absent end diastolic flow in one fetus were admitted to hospital for intensive fetal surveillance including daily umbilical artery flow velocity waveform studies, as per hospital protocol. All women received prophylactic betamethasone (11.4 mg × 2, 24 h apart) in anticipation of preterm delivery.Results: Between October 1996 and February 2002, 24 women with a multiple pregnancy complicated by umbilical artery absent end diastolic flow were cared for. Of these, six had a pregnancy with feto‐fetal transfusion and excluded from further analysis. Of the remaining 18 women, eight had monochorionic diamniotic twins, eight had dichorionic twins, and two had trichorionic, triamniotic triplets. The median (range) gestation at diagnosis of umbilical artery absent end diastolic flow was 210.5 days (173–241). In nine (50%) of the 18 pregnancies the administration of betamethasone was associated with return of umbilical artery end diastolic flow for a median of 5 days. There was no association between this effect and chorionicity. The median (range) interval from diagnosis of umbilical artery absent end diastolic flow to delivery was 11 days (1–46).Conclusions: As previously reported in singleton pregnancies, the maternal administration of betamethasone in multiple pregnancies with umbilical artery absent end diastolic flow is associated with a transient return of end diastolic flow.
At 3 am who the Hell do you Call? Case Management Issues in Sole Practice as a Rural Community Mental Health Nurse
Authors: Gibb Heather , Livesey Lynnda , Zyla Walter 
Published: October 2003

Objective: This paper presents a section of data from a larger study into the sole practice of rural community mental health nurses, highlighting the uniqueness of the therapeutic model and the stresses associated with sole practice. Method: A grounded theory method was used that involved interviews with senior community mental health nurses from five rural and remote sites in New South Wales. Results: Rural mental health nurses engage community structures in a unique way, strategically as therapeutic tools supporting recovery or maintenance of an independent lifestyle. Findings also highlight the current strain that sole practice places on nurses, such as the insecurity of bearing responsibility beyond which nurses are formally authorised, in the absence of formal mentoring or professional development. Conclusions: Suggestions for resolving these tensions include virtual teams and Nurse Practitioner roles.
Rural Workforce Development and Staff Support: Remodelling Service Provision for Early Intervention in Child and Adolescent Mental Health
Authors: Kowalenko Nick , Bartik Warren , Whitefield Kathy , Wignall Ann 
Published: October 2003

Objective: Through professional workforce development, focused clinical placements and local consultation this innovative project aimed to develop and evaluate a best practice staff-support model by strengthening a rural—urban partnership. To sustain the impact of the program, the project incorporated multilevel interventions (developing strategic partnerships and providing support to all levels of staff from management to front-line) and included multiple components (engaging media partnerships to boost community awareness, management briefings, staff education and training, consultative support and clinical placements) to reorient services, and the broader community, towards early intervention. Methods: Structured key informant interviews were conducted with rural mental health staff to evaluate outcomes of the clinical placements and consultation sessions. Evaluations of the education and training courses were also conducted. Results: At project commencement, 43% of the rural child and adolescent mental health staff reported good skills in the identification and treatment of depression and anxiety. Following the project, 86% of staff reported good to very good skills in these areas. Rural professionals reported greater work satisfaction and an increase in their skills and confidence. They also reported that their involvement had further enhanced their work practices in child and adolescent mental health. Conclusions: This collaborative project is an example of a best practice model for staff-support. It has developed workforce capacity to provide a range of early intervention initiatives and provided the consultative skills to initiate their implementation. Above all, the approach taken by the project is feasible. It is a replicable model that supports the orientation of rural mental health services towards early intervention.