bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Managing anticoagulation and fibrinolytic agents
Authors: Giangrande P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Anticoagulants and thrombolytic agents are widely used in many branches of medicine. These agents can be truly life-saving, but there is a narrow therapeutic margin and they can cause serious haemorrhagic complications. Some knowledge of their basic pharmacology is therefore essential for their optimal and safe use in interventional neuroradiology.
Human disease for dentistry
Authors: Fortune Farida 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Human disease for dentistry will help the dental student to understand the manifestations of human diseases and disorders and the diagnostic services used in their investigations and treatment. Many medical conditions of other systems manifest themselves in the mouth, and dental students are expected to recognize these symptoms as well as to understand the causes and the underlying condition. This book covers these areas specifically for dental students, highlighting the conditions which are most important to the practising dentist. The book will assist the student in recognizing problems in the medical history of patients about to undergo dental treatment and will encourage them to take appropriate action. Written in an innovative style with numerous key points and clinical cases throughout, the book provides the necessary information to provide first rate dental treatment and advice to patients.
Introduction: society, health, and illness
Authors: Taylor Ross J , Smith Blair H , Teijlingen Edwin R van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
part of the overall health service provision and represent one of several facilities in the community that a person might use in order to manage life with a chronic medical condition (see Fig. 1.2). In this view, hospitals and health centres are seen as closely related and interacting parts of an over-all community.
What do we mean by illness?
Authors: Taylor Ross J , Smith Blair H , Teijlingen Edwin R van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Simply, acute illness is short-term or the short-term stages of an illness; chronic illness is long-term. Many illnesses, such as most infections, are always acute and some, such as Parkinson’s disease, are always chronic. Other conditions can have acute and chronic stages. Many chronic diseases, such as chronic bronchitis, are complicated by periodic acute exacerbations. There is no temporal dividing line between acute and chronic illness, although sometimes, as in the case of pain, an arbitrary one is imposed (3 months). It is probably an attitudinal, rather than a temporal change, in that management of acute illness tends to focus on cause and cure, while management of chronic disease tends to focus on limitation of effects, dealing with these, and maximizing patients’ potential quality of life.
Bleeding and clotting
Authors: Jones Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The suppleness of the healthy body provides its basic protection against abnormal blood loss. In movement, tissues slide over each other. Strong tendons and ligaments protect joints. Their lubricated surfaces glide over each other. Healthy muscle and bone respond to the stresses and strains of normal exercise. Muscle tone and bulk protect deep structures, including major blood vessels. The vessels themselves, usually lying loose in these protective tissues, are pushed aside easily on all but the most sudden and severe impacts. When a vessel does break a series of events, known collectively as ‘haemostasis’ (literally static or still blood), begins.
How to treat: home therapy, prophylaxis, venepuncture
Authors: Jones Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
True emergencies are very rare in the bleeding disorders. Because bleeding is persistent rather than profuse, there is usually a delay of two or three hours from the onset of a bleed to its full development. This gives time either to get the person with haemophilia to hospital or to give home therapy. First aid measures apply in exactly the same way as in anyone without haemophilia.
In general all the doctor with haemophilia experience. Home therapy is suitable for joint and muscle bleeds, small injuries and cuts not needing stitches, and nose-bleeds. Open bleeds in people wirh haemophilia A should usually be treated with an anti-fibrinolytic as well. Haemophilia B patients are cautioned about the use of these drugs in conjunction with factor IX concentrates (see p.106).
Coping without treatment: the developing world
Authors: Jones Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whenever I visit haemophilic families in the developing world I am both heartened by their spirit, and dismayed by the way many of them are subjected to misleading information about treatment. It cannot be over-emphasized that clotting factor concentrates are not the primary requirement for effective haemophilia management. Concentrates are always expensive, and often difficult to obtain. They divert both finance and attention from the basic care of many families to the interests of the few who are able to arrange access to them. So whilst it is true that home therapy and major surgical programmes in wealthier countries are now reliant on supplies of potent factor VIII and IX freeze-dried concentrates, it is also true that a good quality of life was enjoyed by many haemophilic families before their widespread introduction in the 1970s. Even today less than 25 per cent of the world’s need for factor VIII is met despite the advent of recombinant products. So what can the majority of people with haemophilia do to help themselves? This chapter is concerned with some ideas for haemophilia health in the developing world.
Keeping healthy
Authors: Jones Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter contains background information on a variety of topics important to all those with haemophilia and their families.
Having haemophilia confers no protection against infectious disease. Rather, it raises the possibility of contact with infection, especially hepatitis. Whilst recombinant products have removed this particular worry they remain in short supply, and there is always the possibility of someone with haemophilia having to rely on plasma-derived products if there is a failure in the market, however temporary. So, despite the extremely good recent record of clotting factor concentrate safety, this safety can never be absolutely guaranteed and everyone with haemophilia, and those who help with their treatment, should be vaccinated against hepatitis A and B. Immunization against these and other diseases provides the growing child with an insurance policy.
Surgery
Authors: Jones Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The decision to operate on someone with haemophilia is not an easy one for either the patient or the surgeon. Older patients, who have grown up through the years of inadequate treatment, will be afraid of uncontrollable bleeding. Parents of the younger affected boy may have heard stories of long or difficult spells in hospital following the simplest dental extraction. The surgeon will want to be sure that bleeding can be controlled until the wound has healed properly after the operation.
Interprofessional and multiprofessional education and training in primary care
Authors: Burton Jonathan , Prentice Helen , Weight Tony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For many years, interprofessional education for primary care has been an area for pioneers. Suddenly, it has become an activity that is highly desirable and about to become mainstream. In the stampede to ‘go interprofessional’, some careful consideration will be needed. We will all need to understand what has worked in the past, how effective learning activities can be stimulated, and what the limitations of interprofessional education are.
Clinical effectiveness and evidence-based pri1nary care
Authors: Carter Yvonne , Falshaw Maggie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years research and development (R&D) have had a high profile in the provision of health care. As a result, clinical effectiveness has become a key topic for primary care practitioners. This chapter examines the development of evidence-based practice and its relationship to primary care and considers the links between health services, research and development, and education and training (Figure 9.1 ).
Fungal and parasitic infections in the renal transplant patient
Authors: Fishman Jay A , Tan Ban-Hock 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The success of clinical transplantation has been mirrored in the prolonged survival of recipients of organ transplants. Further, the return of allograft recipients to normal activities in the community has enlarged the spectrum of organisms to which these individuals are exposed. Such exposures have contributed to changing patterns of opportunistic infection with a growing variety of uncommon pathogens including fungi, parasites, and viruses that manifest increasing resistance to common antimicrobial therapies.
Control of infection in the renal unit
Authors: Stratton Jon , Macdonald Alan , Farrington Ken 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we review the current guidelines for infection control and relate this to the renal population. Patients in a renal unit are a unique population because of the combination of their susceptibility to infection, the range of organisms to which they may be exposed (Table 17.1), and the duration of exposure to hospital environments and other renal patients. Infections may be endogenous (arising from the patient’s own flora) or exogenous (acquired from the hospital environment or from other patients by crossinfection, often from the hands of healthcare workers).
Introduction
Authors: Bamforth Nicholas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The subject matter of this volume of essays—based on the 2002series of Oxford Amnesty Lectures—is gender, sexuality and human rights. That issues of gender and sexuality fall squarely within the concern of international and national human rights law cannot be doubted. Discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation is, like sex discrimination, now recognized as being prohibited under the prevailing human rights instruments in Western Europe and Canada, as well as under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights1 In the USA, measures which discriminate on the basis of sex are open to judicial review under the Fourteenth Amendment’s ‘heightened scrutiny’ standard.2 US law has lagged behind somewhat in relation to sexual orientation, but a major breakthrough has been achieved in the Supreme Court’s rulings that it is contrary to the Fourteenth Amendment to criminalize consensual sex acts between two persons of the same sex, and that laws which are motivated by ‘animus’ towards members of sexual minority groups cannot withstand scrutiny.3 At a deeper level, however, it is less readily apparent how we should understand and categorize human rights violations based on sex and sexual orientation. Are they, for example, two separate types of discriminatory social practice, or should we see them as examples of a common phenomenon? Does their inclusion within the remit of human rights abuses require us to refine what we mean by human rights?
The Precept of Inferiority
Authors: Higginbotham A Leon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chief Justice Roger Brooke Taney’s opinion in the Dred Scott case did not reflect a unique perception about African Americans in that era. In 1857 it probably represented the views of the vast majority of whites in American society. Even in 1996, it might be argued that the belief that African Americans are of an “inferior order” is an idea some find difficult to abandon. Admittedly, this is a terrible accusation to make, and one that many people will challenge and find downright insulting.
When the majority of white Americans consider the history of this nation, they are apt to conclude that the blood of the Civil War washed clean the sins of slavery and that the marches of the civil rights movement erased the remaining vestiges of segregation and racial oppression. Others not given to excessive historical introspection believe—almost equally sincerely—that they personally have nothing whatever to do with slavery, segregation, or racial oppression because neither they nor—as far as they know—their ancestors ever enslaved anyone, ever burned a cross in the night in front of any one’s house, or ever denied anyone a seat at the front of a bus.
Limiting The Seeds of Race Hatred
Authors: Higginbotham A Leon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In The race sensitive milieu of the United States, it is difficult to present a well-balanced view that fairly notes both the deficits and the strengths of the American judicial process. As Justice John Harlan said in his dissent in Plessy v. Ferguson, at times the United States Supreme Court has permitted “the seeds of race hate to. be planted under the sanction of law.” But as a counterbalance, it must also be recognized that at times the Supreme Court has, extracted or destroyed some of the seeds of racial hatred previously planted by those in power.
To discuss only those cases that involved the perpetuation of racism in the American courts would significantly distort one’s over-all view of the American judicial process. There were thousands of cases involving African Americans that were decided fairly. Furthermore, at various times, the federal courts did impose restraints on the state courts regarding issues involving state-imposed racism.
“Free Soil, Free Labor and Free Men”
Authors: Niven John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chase’s social life and to some extent his legal business had become secondary to a passion for politics. After the Wilmot debates, antislavery gained in acceptance. The division in the Democratic party and the end of the Mexican American War fueled the movement. Chase now bent every effort to head off any Liberty party nomination for the Presidency in 1848. Most of the eastern leadership except Bailey and Lewis Tappan were insisting on a nomination. Their favorite candidate, if not Birney, was John P. Hale, recently elected to the United States Senate from New Hampshire and one of the few distinct antislavery members of that body. Chase tried to dampen the Hale enthusiasm indirectly. He pointed out to his eastern colleagues that the new senator’s ability to further antislavery goals should not be jeopardized by formal identification with the Liberty party.
Among the Great
Authors: Niven John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chase had thought that the Free Soil ticket would make a better showing in Ohio, yet he saw hope both for the cause and for his own future in the close vote between the two major parties.1 If the eleven Free Soilers elected to the legislature voted as a bloc, they would hold the balance of power between the Whigs and the Democrats. But that “if,” as Chase well knew, was a tenuous one. Almost all of the Free Soil vote came from the northeastern counties, the core of Whig strength in the state. The election of Zachary Taylor, a slave-holder and a southerner, had hurt the Whig party in that region. But Lewis Cass and his popular sovereignty theme had not endeared the Democratic party to conscience Whigs either.
No Other Recourse
Authors: Niven John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thirteen-year-old Nettie Chase woke earlier than usual on July 22, 1861. It had been raining steadily for some hours and the air was hot and humid. But it was not the sound of the pelting rain that disturbed her sleep, it was the steady rumbling of heavy wagons moving along on Sixth Street, the cries of the drivers, the staccato sound of hundreds of nervous voices. Nettie moved to the window and saw what seemed to her an endless procession of “gloomy-looking vehicles” moving along the muddy, unpaved street. She remembered seeing these same “black curtained, curiously shaped carriages” along with supply wagons and gun batteries passing over the Long Bridge several days earlier. She had been told that they were ambulances. Everyone knew that a great battle was being fought in Virginia, but everyone was confident of victory. Could they be wrong? Nettie wondered. Were the ambulances “not empty now? I felt within a thrill of horror, as I remembered the big army hospital somewhat further down the street.”
Impeachment
Authors: Niven John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On February 26, 1868, the Supreme Court adjourned. After Richard Parsons, the new marshall, proclaimed this fact the Justices made their stately way along the east wall of the chamber to the robing room, where they doffed their judicial attire. Here, Daniel Middleton, the clerk of the court, whispered to Chase that Senators Jacob Howard of Michigan and George F. Edmunds of Vermont wished to see him. They were waiting in the Court’s reception room.1 Chase knew both of them well and since they were members of the Senate Select Committee to consider the House Resolution to impeach Andrew Johnson for high crimes and misdemeanors, he assumed that their mission was to consult him on procedures for the trial before the Senate. Two days earlier the House had impeached Johnson. The Constitution provided that the Chief Justice would preside at the trial.2 As they explained to Chase, their committee had been charged to provide rules for the trial. Did the Chief Justice have any suggestions? Chase said that he had “nothing but impressions on the subject for [he] had not considered it, but supposed that he would be a member of the court and as such have a right to vote. . . .” He added that he thought his role would be like that of the Vice President and might be limited to a vote in case of a tie. The operative words here were “right to vote” and “member of the court.” They were not lost on Edmunds, who everybody conceded was a sharp lawyer.
Introduction
Authors: Steinbock Bonnie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our thinking about embryos and fetuses has changed dramatically in recent years. Hardly a day passes without newspaper coverage of some new development regarding prenatal life. Most obvious, perhaps, is the de bate over abortion, but we have also been confronted with a host of other issues. Consider just a few. An estranged couple in Tennessee had a legal battle over control of the frozen embryos they had created while married in hopes of having a child. A Florida appeals court upheld the first conviction in the nation of a woman charged with delivering cocaine to her newborn baby through the umbilical cord. In Washington, D.C., a young woman dying of cancer was compelled by a court to undergo a cesarean section in an attempt to save her 26-week old fetus. Both the woman and her fetus died. A federal court of appeals upheld the ‘ ‘ fetal protection policy” of Johnson Controls, Inc., prohibiting women with childbearing capacity from working in high-lead-· exposure positions in its battery division. The Supreme Court reversed, declaring that fetal protection policies discriminate against women and are prohibited by the Civil Rights Act. Doctors in Colorado implanted a small amount of fetal brain tissue obtained from an abortion into the brain of a man suffering from Parkinson’s disease.
The Interest View
Authors: Steinbock Bonnie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Moral problems typically involve conflicts between par ties. These conflicts often arise because the interests of the individuals clash or cannot be mutually satisfied. For example, smokers’ interest in smoking where they please conflicts with nonsmokers’ interest in not being subjected to smoke. One factor relevant to a moral resolution of such conflicts is the relative importance of interests. Which is a more pressing claim, health or liberty? Equally important is the moral status of the claimants. That is, we need to know which beings count morally.
Beyond Abortion: The Legal Status of the Fetus
Authors: Steinbock Bonnie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Apart from criminal abortion, the law has been reluctant to accord legal rights to the unborn “except in narrowly defined situations and except when the rights are contin gent upon live birth.” For centuries, the common law has held that a fetus, viable or otherwise, could not be the subject of homicide. Most states continue to follow this common law rule. In 1989, the Supreme Court of North Carolina held that the unlawful, willful, and felonious killing of a viable fetus is not murder under North Carolina law. A Connecticut Superior Court judge reached the same conclusion in 1986. He rejected the first formal request for a murder warrant in the shooting death of a six-month-old fetus, finding that under state law a fetus--even a viable one--is not considered a hu man being. In other areas of the law, however, the fetus appears to have a different status. The majority of jurisdictions allow recovery for the stillbirth of a viable fetus, even though the wrongful-death acts of most states allow recovery only in the death of a “person.” For example, the Supreme Court of Missouri ruled in 1983 that a stillborn fetus is a person within the meaning of the state’s wrongful death statute.
Embryo Research and the New Reproductive Technologies
Authors: Steinbock Bonnie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In vitro fertilization (IVF), in which fertilization takes place outside the body, is the core of the new reproductive technologies. The concept of IVF is simple. A ripe human egg is extracted from the ovary shortly before ovulation. Next, the egg is mixed with sperm in a petri dish (hence the term in vitro, meaning “in glass”) so that fertilization can occur. After the fertilized egg has begun to divide, it is transferred to a uterus, normally to the uterus of the egg donor, otherwise to the uterus of a surrogate. In vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF/ET) may be indicated for women who can produce healthy eggs but who have damaged or diseased fallopian tubes, which prevent the eggs’ passing from the ovary into the uterus. IVF can also help men who have a low sperm count (oligospermia) or low motility, since sperm will not have to travel as far, nor through cervical mucus, if brought together with the egg in a dish. When used in conjunction with a surrogate, IVF/ET can enable a woman who has no uterus to have a child who is genetically related to her.
Technology and Global Strategies and Organizations
Authors: Galbraith Jay R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Technology, acting directly and indirectly, is the most powerful shaper of global strategies and organizations today. Gerald Hage identifies 1975 as the year of the beginning of the new competitive era (Hage, 1988). In that year R & D spending increased 6 percent in real dollars over previous years. Every year since then U.S. firms have increased real spending from 4.5 percent to 8 percent per year. Through the compounding effects of percentage increases, the United States in 1988 will spend twice as much in real dollars on R & D than it did in 1975.
Beyond the Clash: Managing High Technology Professionals
Authors: Resnick-West Susan , Von Glinow Mary Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On January 28, 1986, millions watched as the spaceship Challenger blew up only seconds after take off. Some say the incident was avoidable. Hours before the tragedy, Thiokol project engineers pleaded with authorities to delay the launch. They feared the inevitable, that the cold temperatures would cause the O-rings and joints to malfunction. Much to the nation’ s regret, the engineers were overruled by their management.