bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Lactate and Glucose Metabolism in Cultured Neocortical Neurons and Astrocytes Using <sup>13</sup>C-NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Waagepetersen H.S. , Bakken I.J. , Larsson O.M. , Sonnewald U. , Schousboe A. 
Published: April 2003

In cerebral cortical neurons, synthesis of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle-derived amino acids, glutamate and aspartate as well as the neurotransmitter of these neurons, γ-aminobutyrate (GABA), was studied incubating the cells in media containing 0.5 m<i>M</i> [U-<sup>13</sup>C]glucose in the absence or presence of glutamine (0.5 m<i>M</i>). Lyophilized cell extracts were analyzed by <sup>13</sup>C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and HPLC. The present findings were compared to results previously obtained using 1.0 m<i>M</i> [U-<sup>13</sup>C]lactate as the labeled substrate for the neurons. Regardless of the amino acids studied, incubation periods of 1 and 4 h resulted in identical amounts of <sup>13</sup>C incorporated. Furthermore, the metabolism of lactate was studied under analogous conditions in cultured cerebral cortical astrocytes. The incorporation of <sup>13</sup>C from lactate into glutamate was much lower in the astrocytes than in the neurons. In cerebral cortical neurons the total amount of <sup>13</sup>C in GABA, glutamate and aspartate was independent of the labeled substrate. The enrichment in glutamate and aspartate was, however, higher in neurons incubated with lactate. Thus, lactate appears to be equivalent to glucose with regard to its access to the TCA cycle and subsequent labeling of glutamate, aspartate and GABA. It should be noted, however, that incubation with lactate in place of glucose led to lower cellular contents of glutamate and aspartate. The presence of glutamine affected the metabolism of glucose and lactate differently, suggesting that the metabolism of these substrates may be compartmentalized.
Glucose and Lactate Metabolism in C6 Glioma Cells: Evidence for the Preferential Utilization of Lactate for Cell Oxidative Metabolism
Authors: Bouzier A.-K. , Voisin P. , Goodwin R. , Canioni P. , Merle M. 
Published: April 2003

<sup>13</sup>C and <sup>1</sup>H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) was used to investigate the metabolism of <i>L</i>-lactate and <i>D</i>-glucose in C6 glioma cells. The <sup>13</sup>C enrichment of cell metabolites was examined after a 4-h incubation in media containing 5.5 m<i>M</i> glucose and 11 m<i>M</i> lactate, each metabolite being alternatively labelled with either [1-<sup>13</sup>C]<i>D</i>-glucose or [3-<sup>13</sup>C]<i>L</i>-lactate. The results indicated that exogenous lactate was the major substrate for oxidative metabolism. They were consistent with the concept of the existence of 2 pools of both lactate and pyruvate, of which 1 pool was closely connected with exogenous lactate and oxidative metabolism, and the other pool was closely related to glycolysis and disconnected from oxidative metabolism. The molecular basis of this behaviour could be related to different locations for the lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes, as suggested by their immunohistochemical labelling.
In vivo Investigation of Glutamate–Glutamine Metabolism in Hyperammonemic Monkey Brain Using <sup>13</sup>C-Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Authors: Tsukada Y. , Kanamatsu T. , Watanabe H. , Okamoto K. 
Published: April 2003

To investigate the metabolism of glutamate and glutamine in living monkey brain, a system of in vivo <sup>13</sup>C magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) using <sup>1</sup>H-decoupled <sup>13</sup>C spectroscopy combined with monitoring temperature changes in the brain by MR phase mapping was developed. Serial <sup>13</sup>C-NMR spectra of the amino acids glutamate and glutamine were acquired non-invasively over 4 h from anesthetized monkey brain after the intravenous administration of [1-<sup>13</sup>C]glucose (0.5–1.0 g/kg). In the acute hyperammonemic state induced by the administration of ammonium acetate (77 mg/kg bolus), it was observed that <sup>13</sup>C incorporation into glutamine-4 was clearly accelerated, without changes of <sup>13</sup>C incorporation into glutamate-4. During hyperammonemia, it was shown directly by [2-<sup>13</sup>C]glucose administration that the anaplerotic pathway for the TCA cycle was also augmented, contributing to the formation of glutamine in the astroglia.
Intraoperative Laser Doppler Flowmetry: A Predictor of Ischemic Injury in Acute Mesenteric Infarction
Authors: Redaelli Claudio A. , Schilling Martin K. , Büchler Markus W. 
Published: April 2003

Mesenteric ischemia following intestinal infarction caused by occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery is a rare and devastating disease. The overall mortality is a high as 80%. The purpose of this prospective study was to investigate erythrocyte flux to defined areas of the intestine immediately after laparotomy by using laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) assessment. We tried to predict the intestinal viability and recovery of the small bowel, and further tried to define the level of critical perfusion below which intestinal resection is indicated. 13 patients undergoing surgery for acute mesenteric ischemia were prospectively studied. Multiple LDF assessment of bowel blood flow (4 records/segment) were performed on 48 ischemically injured bowel segments intraoperatively. All patients underwent a second-look procedure within 48 h to define the viability of the previously suspicious segments. All 18 resected bowel segments were histologically evaluated for the extent of ischemia. In addition clinical judgement as well as histological findings were compared with the laser Doppler records. There was a 19% (9 of 48) incidence of histologically proven nonviable bowel segments with a significant decrease in intestinal erythrocyte flux below 50 perfusion units intraoperatively in all those patients. But there was a 50% (9 of 18) incidence of nonviable segments among the clinically proven viable and subsequently resected segments, only. Therefore, clinical judgement alone had a overall accuracy of 87% and a predictive value of only 69%, compared to the 100% overall accuracy, sensitivity and predictive values of LDF assessment. The results of this study demonstrate that LDF is a sensitive guide and feasible method to evaluate and define the viability of ischemically injured intestine.
Update: What Is Left for Laparoscopic Hernia Repair?
Authors: Bittner R. , Leibl B. , Kraft K. , Schwarz J. , Schmedt C.-G. 
Published: April 2003

The risks, benefits and costs of laparoscopic hernia repair are still being debated. According to a current survey on the situation of hernia surgery in Germany in 1996, laparoscopic hernioplasty was done in about 60% of the answering hospitals; about a quarter of all hernia repairs are done laparoscopically. Since April 1993, about 2,700 laparoscopic hernia repairs were done at Marienhospital Stuttgart. The operating time was on the average 50 min. The rate of complications was about 3%. The postoperative period of disablement was a median of 20 days; included in this time was the postoperative hospital stay. The recurrence rate was about 1%. It is remarkable that laparoscopic hernia repair was equally efficient in repairing unilateral primary hernias, recurrent hernias or bilateral hernias. The cost analysis showed that the application of multipath articles will make the operation costs of laparoscopic hernia repair only about DM 100 higher than for a conventional operation.
The Impact of Laparoscopy with Carbon Dioxide versus Helium on Immunologic Function and Tumor Growth in a Rat Model
Authors: Jacobi C.A. , Wenger F. , Sabat R. , Volk T. , Ordemann J. , Müller J.M. 
Published: April 2003

<b>Background:</b> The pathogenesis of port site recurrences after laparoscopic surgery for malignant disease is still unknown. Whether different gases used to establish pneumoperitoneum have an influence on immunologic function and therefore on promotion of tumor growth has not yet been investigated. <b>Methods:</b> Tumor growth of colon adenocarcinoma DHD/K12/TRb was evaluated in a rat model after insufflation either with CO<sub>2</sub> (n = 25) or helium (n = 25) and in a control group (n = 25). Tumor growth was measured subcutaneously and intraperitoneally 5 weeks after insufflation. Beside tumor growth, immunologic changes (peripheral leukocyte subpopulations, plasma levels of TNFα and IL-10) were evaluated during the perioperative course in all animals. <b>Results:</b> Subcutaneous tumor growth was promoted by the CO<sub>2</sub> (99 ± 55 mg; p < 0.01) compared to the helium (40 ± 41 mg) and control groups (36 ± 33 mg). Total intraperitoneal tumor weight was 718 ± 690 mg in the CO<sub>2</sub> group compared to the helium (549 ± 233 mg) and control groups (521 ± 221 mg). While peripheral leukocyte subpopulations only differed between the laparoscopic groups and the control group during the perioperative course, TNFα plasma levels were significantly decreased and IL-10 plasma levels significantly increased in the CO<sub>2</sub> group compared to the helium and control groups in the postoperative course. <b>Conclusion:</b> The insufflation of CO<sub>2</sub> promotes tumor growth compared to the helium and control groups in a rat model. In addition, increased tumor growth was associated with a significant increase in IL-10 and a decrease in TNFα plasma levels.
Effect of Moderate Exercise on Blood Flow in the Gastrointestinal Tract in Trained Conscious Miniature Swine
Authors: Mortensen Frank Viborg , Bayat Mohsen , Friis-Andersen Hans , Jespersen Stig Mindedal , Høy Kristian , Christensen Kirsten Østergård , Lindblad Bent Erling , Hansen Ebbe Stender 
Published: April 2003

<b>Aim: </b>To examine how moderate exercise affects the blood flow in the gastrointestinal tract. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> Twelve miniature swine weighing 38–43 kg were used. All animals were trained on a cardiac exercise treadmill. Blood flow measurements were done on conscious animals using labeled microspheres with a diameter of 16.5 ± 0.1 (SD) µm. The first flow was measured while the animal was awake and resting, the second flow after 15 min of exercise, the third flow after 30 min of rest. <b>Results:</b> Flow in the oesophagus at rest was 19.5 ± 1.3 (SEM) ml/min/100 g. During exercise the flow decreased to 13.3 ± 1.2 (SEM) ml/min/100 g (ns). After 30 min of rest the flow was 9.9 ± 1.2 (SEM) ml/min/100 g (p < 0.05 when comparing the flow before and after exercise). Flow in the cardia at rest was 23.1 ± 1.3 (SEM) ml/min/100 g. During exercise the flow decreased to 14.0 ± 1.2 (SEM) ml/min/100 g (p < 0.05). After 30 min of rest the flow was 15.0 ± 1.2 (SEM) ml/min/100 g. Flow in the pylorus at rest was 38.9 ± 1.1 (SEM) ml/min/100 g. During exercise the flow decreased to 24.6 ± 1.1 (SEM) ml/min/100 g (p < 0.01). After 30 min of rest the flow was 26.9 ± 1.2 (SEM) ml/min/100 g. Blood flow in the small and large intestine was mainly unaffected by moderate exercise. <b>Conclusion:</b> Under moderate exercise, blood flow in the upper part of the gastrointestinal tract declines while it is mainly unaffected in the duodenum, small and large intestine.
Glucagon Ameliorates Pancreatic Subcellular Redistribution of Lysosomal Enzyme in Rats with Acute Pancreatitis of Closed Duodenal Loop
Authors: Hirano Tetsuya , Hirano Kimiko 
Published: April 2003

The protective effects of glucagon on the exocrine pancreas were investigated in rats with a closed duodenal loop (CDL). A CDL in rats caused marked hyperamylasemia, pancreatic edema and pancreatic histological damage such as acinar cell vacuolization and interstitial edema. A CDL also caused redistribution of the lysosomal enzyme, cathepsin B, from the lysosomal fraction to the zymogen fraction as well as the activation of trypsinogen in pancreatic tissue. Moreover, a CDL caused a marked motality rate (40% at 48 h). However, treatment with glucagon at a dose of 1.0 mg/kg (subcutaneous injection) every 8 h (3 times) significantly inhibited these pancreatic injuries, improving the survival rate (95% at 48 h). These results indicate the important role of lysosomal enzymes in the pathogenesis of severe acute pancreatitis, and also suggest the possible usefulness of glucagon in the treatment of clinical pancreatitis.
Protein C Activation during the Initial Phase of Experimental Acute Pancreatitis in the Rabbit
Authors: Ottesen L.H. , Bladbjerg E.M. , Osman M. , Lausten S.B. , Jacobsen N.O. , Gram J. , Jensen S.L. 
Published: April 2003

<i>Background:</i> Disturbances of coagulation and fibrinolysis are well-known systemic effects of acute necrotising pancreatitis (ANP). The purpose of this experimental study was to evaluate the initial events in the haemostatic activation during ANP in an animal model with relevance to the human situation. <i>Methods:</i> ANP was introduced in 7 rabbits by infusion of chenodeoxycholic acid in the pancreatic duct. Seven rabbits served as sham-operated controls. Serial measurements of coagulation variables (prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, FVII activity, fibrinogen, tissue factor activity), anticoagulant proteins (protein C, antithrombin) and fibrinolytic factors (tissue plasminogen activator, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1) were performed for 5 h. <i>Results:</i> ANP was confirmed by elevated serum amylase, development of ascites, and histological changes of the pancreas. A moderate activation of the coagulation system was found in both study groups. A significant decrease in protein C concentration from 1 h after the induction of ANP was found, whereas the response of antithrombin and the inhibition of the fibrinolytic system were similar in the 2 study groups. Microthrombosis of the lungs or kidneys was found in 2 rabbits with ANP. <i>Conclusion:</i> An immediate activation of protein C is a specific characteristic of the haemostatic activation in ANP in rabbits. This activation has not been described previously and the possible therapeutic implications ought to be studied.
Beta-Cell Function of the Pancreas after Necrotizing Pancreatitis
Authors: Buscher H.C.J.L. , Jacobs M.L. , Ong G.L. , van Goor H. , Weber R.F.A. , Bruining H.A. 
Published: April 2003

<i>Aim:</i> To investigate the late sequellae of necrotizing pancreatitis on the endocrine function of the pancreas. <i>Patients and Methods:</i> Twenty patients, 15 men (mean ± SEM age 52.2 ± 2.6 years and BMI 26.8 ± 0.8 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) and 5 women (age 51.0 ± 7.6 years and BMI 26.7 ± 0.8 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) were submitted to a glucagon stimulation test 63 (range 8–136) months after an attack of pancreatitis. All nondiabetic patients (n = 15) were also submitted to an oral glucose tolerance test. For comparison, 16 healthy volunteers, 8 men (age 56.0 ± 0.9 years and BMI 26.3 ± 0.4 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) and 8 women (age 50.5 ± 1.0 years and BMI 28.2 ± 0.6 kg/m<sup>2</sup>), were also studied. <i>Results:</i> Five patients (25%) had diabetes mellitus and needed insulin treatment, 6 patients (30%) had an impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). Nondiabetic patients (IGT included) had a significantly higher basal insulin level (15.8 ±1.9 vs. 10.9 ± 2.2 mU/l, p < 0.05) and a lower glucose/insulin ratio (p < 0.05) compared with controls. The serum concentrations of insulin and C peptide, after stimulation with glucagon, calculated as peak value, maximal increment and as area under the curve were not significantly different in the nondiabetic patients compared to controls. The subgroup of IGT patients had a significantly higher basal C peptide (p < 0.05) and a reduced maximal increment (p < 0.05). <i>Conclusions:</i> After nonresectional therapy for necrotizing pancreatitis, there is a high prevalence of disturbances in glucose metabolism. Patients with IGT have signs of both loss of β-cell function and insulin resistance.
Randomized Trial of Oral Sodium Phosphate Compared with Oral Sodium Picosulphate (Picolax) for Elective Colorectal Surgery and Colonoscopy
Authors: Yoshioka K. , Connolly A.B. , Ogunbiyi O.A. , Hasegawa H. , Morton D.G. , Keighley M.R.B. 
Published: April 2003

<i>Background: </i>Sodium picosulphate (Picolax) is considered by most British surgeons as standard preparation for colonoscopy and elective surgery. Oral sodium phosphate may be better tolerated and more efficient as bowel preparation. <i>Methods:</i> A randomized trial was performed to compare oral sodium phosphate (n = 76) with Picolax (n = 77) as bowel preparation for elective colorectal surgery. A parallel study randomized colonoscopy patients to sodium phosphate (n = 51) or Picolax (n = 52). Patient acceptability was measured for seven symptoms with a linear analogue score. Quality of preparation was graded by the surgeon and faecal residue was measured in resection specimens. During colonoscopy, bowel preparation has graded 0–24 using an endoscopic score. <i>Results:</i> Abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, embarrassment, fear and fatigue did not differ significantly between the groups. Surgeons grade of quality was judged poor or awful in 5 of 76 in the sodium phosphate group (9%) compared with 13 of 73 in the Picolax group (18%, p = 0.084). Mean faecal residue in the resection specimen was 0.1 g/cm after sodium phosphate compared with 0.45 g/cm after Picolax (p < 0.01). The endoscopic score was significantly lower using sodium phosphate (2.0 ± 2.2) than picolax (3.1 ± 2.9; p < 0.05). <i>Conclusions: </i>These results suggest that oral sodium phosphate is well tolerated and superior to Picolax in elective colorectal surgery and colonoscopy.
‘Free Omental Plug’: A Nostalgic Look at an Old and Dependable Technique for Giant Peptic Perforations
Authors: Sharma Dhananjaya , Saxena A. , Rahman H. , Raina V.K. , Kapoor J.P. 
Published: April 2003

Peptic perforation is a serious complication of peptic ulcer disease. The defect in the intestinal wall usually does not present a difficult technical problem of surgical management, in most cases perforation can be closed primarily. On rare occasions an extremely large defect (giant peptic perforation – defined as any perforation greater than 2.5 cm in size) cannot be closed by these simple techniques. Modalities of treatment advocated for such an ulcer over the years are: free omental plug in the form of a mushroom; serosal patch technique; jejunal pedicle graft, partial gastrectomy, and finally the possible addition of proximal gastrojejunostomy. The omental plug is a simple procedure which does not require expertise and can even be performed in a very short time by a trainee general surgeon in a seriously ill patient in emergency. We review 7 cases of giant peptic perforations closed by a free omental plug.
Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy to Treat Patients with Asymptomatic Gallstones
Authors: Coelho Júlio C.U. , Vizzoto Jr. Alvo  O. , Salvalaggio Paolo R.O. , Tolazzi André R.D. 
Published: April 2003

<i>Background/Aims:</i> The management of patients with silent or asymptomatic gallstones remains controversial. The objective of this study is to determine the complications of laparoscopic cholecystectomy performed to treat patients under 50 years of age with asymptomatic gallstones. <i>Method:</i> 207 patients, 13–49 years of age with asymptomatic gallstones, were subjected to laparoscopic cholecystectomy. There were 161 (78%) women and 46 (22%) men. <i>Results:</i> Operative time varied from 25 to 95 min, with an average of 42 min. The length of hospitalization varied from 12 h to 2 days. In no patient was the operation converted to laparotomy. There was neither mortality nor major complications. The following minor complications were observed: vomiting in 43 patients (20.7%), fever in 16 (7.7%), minor skin infection in 7 (3.3%), and keloid in 2 (0.9%). <i>Conclusion:</i> It is concluded from this study that laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a safe procedure in the treatment of patients under 50 years of age with asymptomatic gallstones.
Can Light or Moderate Drinking Benefit Mental Health?
Authors: Chick Jonathan 
Published: April 2003

Observational studies in several cultures show light and moderate drinking to be associated with better emotional and social adjustment than abstinence. However, adjustments for pre-existing personality characteristics and socialisation need to be made, and abstainers who are ex-drinkers must be excluded. There is still insufficient evidence to suggest that emotional health can be improved by light or moderate drinking. For cognition, consumption of up to 65 g/day is not associated with chronic inefficiencies. With regard to cognitive decline in older people, emerging evidence suggests the possibility that such decline may be reduced by light drinking. The elderly in institutions probably benefit from a ‘social hour’ when alcoholic beverage is available. Doctors considering giving advice to drink to improve health should be very cautious and note a number of caveats.
Reference Typing Reportfor Complement Component C3
Authors: Rittner C. , Bellavia D. , Geserick G. , Frank A. , Stradmann- B. , Bellinghausen B. 
Published: April 2003

A comparison of five C3 variant samples has been performed by conventional high-voltage gel electrophoresis in three laboratories (Palermo, Berlin and Mainz). Local designation was shown within SD = ±0.75 mm migration distance in the Mainz laboratory. Methodological modifications by laboratories were not accounted for (cooling temperature, relative mobilities between runs). In parallel, all reference samples were also sequenced after exon-specific amplification. As a result, two variants with identical final designations and two variants with different mobilities were shown to conform at the molecular basis exhibiting an amino acid exchange that causes the corresponding change in relative mobility as compared to normal C3F and C3S.
Interleukin-15 Enhances HIV-1-Driven Polyclonal B-Cell Response in vitro
Authors: Kacani L. , Sprinzl G.M. , Erdei A. , Dierich M.P. 
Published: April 2003

Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is a recently described cytokine, produced by monocytes/macrophages, with biological activities similar to IL-2. Since IL-15 was shown to stimulate human B-cell proliferation and immunoglobulin secretion, we investigated its effect on human B-cells stimulated with heat-inactivated human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (iHIV-1) in vitro. We observed a dose-dependent elevation of [<sup>3</sup>H]-thymidine incorporation and immunoglobulin production by B-cells incubated in the presence of iHIV-1. Moreover, IL-15 stimulated HIV-1-driven B-cell proliferation similarly to IL-2. As to immunoglobulin secretion, IL-15 was able to potentiate the stimulatory effect of IL-10. The highest amounts of iHIV caused a decrease in B-cell proliferation and immunoglobulin secretion to baseline levels, even in the presence of cytokines. These findings indicate that during the late stages of AIDS, when monocytes/macrophages become the major site of viral production, IL-15, in concert with other monocyte-derived cytokines, may promote polyclonal B-cell activation and hypergammaglobulinaemia, which are frequently associated with HIV infection.
Analysis of Immunoglobulin VH and TCR Cβ Polymorphisms in a Large Family with Thyroid Autoimmune Disorder
Authors: Fakhfakh F. , Maalej A. , Makni H. , Abid M. , Jouida J. , Zouali M. , Ayadi H. 
Published: April 2003

In order to investigate the association of TCR Cβ and immunoglobulin (Ig) VH polymorphisms with thyroid autoimmune diseases (TAD), we analyzed restriction-endonuclease-generated polymorphisms using T-cell receptor (TCR) Cβ and VH gene-family-specific probes. We tested genomic DNAs of patients isolated from a large family affected with Graves’ disease and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis as well as the genomic DNA of unrelated Tunisian controls. Hybridization of <i>Bgl</i>II-digested DNA with a TCR Cβ probe revealed two alleles of 9.2 and 10 kb. These Cβ polymorphisms have already been found in the Caucasian population. However, there was no abnormal distribution of this polymorphism in patients with TAD, compared to related healthy individuals and to unrelated Tunisian controls. Besides, there was a low VH polymorphism in members of the family affected with TAD. Analysis of the Ig gene families revealed no restriction site polymorphism pattern specific for TAD.