bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“Africa For The Africans”: Pan-Africanism And Black Populism, 1918-1930
Authors: Fredrickson George M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
World War I altered the course of world history in ways that strongly affected black protesters in the United States and South Africa. It halted the imperial expansion of the West (although it would take another world war to reverse it), shook the faith of Western nations in the inevitability of peaceful progress under the auspices of liberal capitalism, spawned in Soviet Communism a competing program for modernizing the world, and encouraged a new upsurge of ethnic nationalism under the banner of “self-determination.” For colonized and oppressed groups whose domination had taken the form of racial oppression, it inspired dreams of liberation from the tyranny of the West or the white race but did not provide the means to realize those dreams or settle the question of whether the struggle should be based on the Marxist vision of an uprising of the working classes throughout the world or on the Zionist model of national self realization in a territory of one’s own.
Antebellum Minstrelsy and the Camivalesque
Authors: Pinson Jon W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nothing amidst the array of American culture so appalls and fascinates as nineteenth-century blackface, that improbable entertainment featuring performers who darkened their faces with burnt cork. Minstrel songs have elicited an astonishing range of contradictory interpretations from modem authors,1 and Bayard Taylor’s contemporary description of a sojourn in the saloons of California provides a key to understanding the wide range of later reaction:
Postbellum Blackface Song Authenticity and the Minstrel Demon
Authors: Pinson Jon W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The passing of slavery did not spell the doom of minstrelsy by any means, for the main authors of the entertainment tended to be northerners in search of an exoticism blackface still provided. Troupes, mostly based in large urban centers, expanded yet further to casts numbering as many as sixty or eighty. “Towards the end of the last century,” according to James Weldon Johnson, “[minstrelsy] provided the most gorgeous stage spectacle to be seen in the United States.”1 Even when vaudeville largely replaced minstrel troupes on theater stages in the last decade of nineteenth century, individual blackface acts remained highly successful well into the twentieth.
Relations Of Rescue
Authors: Pascoe Peggy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the 1870s, a group of Protestant mission women, appalled by the heavily masculine atmosphere of the cities of the American West, came together to construct a dominion of female authority. Creating a network of mission-sponsored homes, the Protestant women maintained what they called ‘women’s work for women’, in virtual freedom from male authority. The author presents a sophisticated treatment of the interaction of the Protestant women with women from different ethnic backgrounds, raising some interesting questions about culture and assimilation.
On the Use and Misuse of Darwinism in the Study of Human Behavior
Authors: Symons Donald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Daiwin ’s theory of evolution by natural selection answered one of the great existential questions: “Why are people?” (Dawkins, 1976). But once we know why people are, a second question immediately suggests itself: “What of it?”(Medawar, 1982). Had such tough-minded thinkers of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries as Thomas Hobbes and Samuel Johnson been apprised of Daiwin ’s discovery, says Medawar, they might well “have demanded to know what great and illuminating new truth about mankind followed from our realisation of his having evolved” (p. 191 ). This essay is a meditation on the question, “What of it?” One of the major aims of this essay is to critically analyze the following hypothesis, which many scholars believe to be entailed by the proposition that human beings are the products of natural selection: Human behavior per se can be expected to be adaptive (i.e., reproduction-maximizing), and hence a science of human behavior can be based on analyses of the reproductive consequences of human action. My critique of this hypothesis perhaps can be introduced most easily by way of an example.
Why This Book?
Authors: Ewald Paul W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Few ideas have been so ingrained in the literature of medicine and parasitology as the idea that parasites should evolve toward benign coexistence with their hosts. Few ideas in science have been so widely accepted with so little evidence. And few ideas are so at odds with the fundamental principles on which they are supposedly based, with such a great potential for missed opportunity. The proponents of this idea rarely trace it to fundamental evolutionary principles; when they do they reveal a misunderstanding of the most basic evolutionary process: natural selection. One can pardon the early proponents. Theobald Smith (1934), Hans Zinsser (1935), and N. H. Swellengrebel (1940) were writing at a time when evolutionary biologists were just beginning to integrate natural selection with their newly found understanding of genetics (Fisher 1930, Haldane 1932). Even those writing on the subject through midcentury can be excused. Until William D. Hamilton (1964) and George C. Williams (1966) clarified the process of natural selection, even prominent biologists focusing on evolutionary processes were more than a bit confused (e.g., Wynne-Edwards 1962, Lorenz 1964). As the time since Hamilton and Williams’s landmark writings has passed from years to decades, however, the perpetuation of this idea that parasites inexorably evolve to benignness has become distressing; it serves as an indicator of just how disconnected modem evolutionary biology is from modem health sciences. In recent years both theoretical and empirical studies have led to a rejection of obligate evolution to benignness (Levin & Pimentel 1981, Anderson & May 1982, Ewald 1983, 1988, 1991a, Levin 1983, May & Anderson 1983), yet it is still presented in well-respected journals and medical texts as the foundation upon which evolutionary arguments are built (e.g., Palmieri 1982, Doyle & Lee 1986, Hoeprich 1989, Snewin et al 1991, Waters et al 1991).
Symptomatic Treatment (Or How to Bind The Origin of Species to The Physician Desk Reference)
Authors: Ewald Paul W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“You’re just treating the symptoms.” This admonition derives from the idea that problems are the effects of underlying causes, and to resolve a problem fully one must nullify the underlying cause. Applying the idea to infectious diseases, a twentieth-century physician might say that treating the symptoms of a disease may provide some comfort to the patient, but it is generally of little consequence to the future course of the problem at hand.
How to Be Severe Without Vectors
Authors: Ewald Paul W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Vectorbome transmission is a special case of a broader phenomenon. If we replace the word “vector” with “consumer” and “host” with “consumee,” we can apply the same principles to “carnivorous transmission” (Ewald 1987a). When parasites are transmitted from prey to predator through the act of predation, increased use of the prey’s tissues should result in exceptionally low fitness costs to the parasite because parasites inside of weakened, less mobile prey can still be transmitted effectively to the predator. The selection for virulence in the consumee should be even more extreme when parasites are transmitted to scavengers by scavenging; in this case, death of the consumee can benefit the parasite by facilitating transmission.
AIDS: Where Did It Come from and Where Is It Going?
Authors: Ewald Paul W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over ten million people are now infected with the human immunodeficiency virus; over one million have AIDS or have died from AIDS. These numbers are still small relative to the tolls imposed by other disease organisms: Over 20 million were carried away by the influenza virus in little more than a year during the pandemic that began at the end of World War I. Although the lives claimed by AIDS are few compared with the lives claimed by influenza, the plague, malaria, or the diarrheal diseases, there is no end to the AIDS pandemic in sight, nor is there any recognized therapy that can cure AIDS or even postpone death for more than a year or so. If the evolutionary approach can help resolve vexing epidemiological problems, its application to HIV would be especially timely. Why is HIV so lethal, and what can be done to change its future evolutionary course? Current molecular evidence suggests that HIV has been infecting humans for decades to centuries. Most of the evidence derives from differences in the sequences of building blocks along the length of the viral RNA.
A Look Backward ...
Authors: Ewald Paul W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
He who has only once through his own efforts tried to trace back the long path trod by his predecessors, who has felt how clear and luminous his own knowledge becomes as he grows aware of the historical circumstances out of which it has arisen, and who discovers the basis of the errors by which even genuine investigators have been misled, he who has learned that a kernel of truth sticks in every error, will not place himself with those who despise historical studies It’s pompous, I admit, but I think Virchow’s point is well taken. Placing current knowledge in historical perspective does give us a better idea of its value. Let us look back to understand the insights that provided the basis for the union of evolution and the health sciences that I offer in this book. The first major insight was the recognition that other organisms, particularly those organisms invisible to the naked eye, can cause disease by living inside our bodies. The second involves the understanding of disease over spatial and temporal scales that are larger than the scales associated with individual people. This insight involves the spread of diseases among populations and the changes in diseases over time. The third insight is that our activities can alter the effects of parasites across the entire spectrum of temporal and spatial scales from the microscopic and chemical levels through the level of the individual to the spread of disease across populations and the change in disease characteristics over time.
Observations on Unalashka
Authors: Merck Carl Heinrich 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The German naturalist Dr. Carl Heinrich Merck (1761-1799) was born into a family prominent for its pharma cists and physicians and, following his father’s foot steps, Merck studied medicine in Germany and in Russia, passing medical examinations at St. Petersburg in 1785. After a long trek through Siberia, Merck finally reached Unalashka in the Aleutians aboard the Slava Rossii on June 1, 1790. Some 162 folio pages of his 1788-1792 journal survive, written primarily in Latin as was the custom.
The Pribilof Islands
Authors: Litke Frederic 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The 1835 Voyage Autour du Monde (“Voyage Around the World”) chronicles the world travels of Captain Lieutenant Frederic Litke (1797-18B2) in Alaska and elsewhere aboard the sixty-two manned Russian corvette Seniavin. The official mission of the Seniavin was, according to imperial order, primarily geographic and scientific-Litke and his naturalist Dr. Mer tens assiduously collected diverse specimens, including 100 amphibians, 300 fish, 150 crustaceans, 700 insects, 300 birds, as well as human skulls, an unspecified number of sea shells, 2,500 plants, 350 rocks and minerals, and numerous ethnographic artifacts. Litke’s most important scientific achievements were the identification of several new species of seal, the collection of some rare species of bat, and the gathering of measurements on the Earth’s magnetic field that were significant for the age.
The Pribilof Islands
Authors: Beaman Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Elizabeth Dubois Beaman (1844-1932) was the first non-native American woman to live on the remote Pribilof Islands of Alaska’s Bering Sea. She arrived on the islands in 1879 with her husband, John Warren Beaman, a U. S. government official. At that time the Alaska Commercial Company operated the profitable fur seal industry in the region. Her writings were published posthumously in 1987 as Libby: The Sketches, Letters, and Journal of Libby Beaman, Recorded in the Pribilof Islands 1879-1880 (Council Oak Books).
The Grand Canon of the Yukon
Authors: Schwatka Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Frederick Schwatka (1849-1892) was one of the most remarkable figures of his century: army officer, attorney, medical doctor, best-selling author, and arctic explorer. Born in Galena, Illinois, Schwatka graduated from West Point in 1871, was admitted to the Nebraska Bar in 1875, and received a medical degree from Bellevue Hospital Medical College in New York in 1876. Obsessed with the lost 1845 Franklin expedition, he undertook an expedition into the Arctic in 1879-1880 and actually located some graves. This was hailed in his time as one of the great triumphs of arctic exploration. Schwatka later resigned his military commission and spent the rest of his short life traveling and writing. He died of a drug overdose at the age of forty-three in Portland, Oregon, after a long illness.
Gold Prospectors of the Susitna Valley
Authors: Dunn Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No collection of Arctic-American literature would be truly representative without a selection derived from the rich mining history of the region. Here Robert Dunn
(1877-1955), in a passage from his climbing classic The Shameless Diary of an Explorer (Outing, 1907), describes a group of prospectors camped near his expedition’s bivouac on the Susitna River. No one has ever captured better, or in a briefer space, the tragedy and the comedy of the common prospector. Dunn, by the way, failed to reach the summit of Mount McKinley on this trip.
Other Days
Authors: Haines John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
John Haines (1924-), a resident of Alaska’s interior for over thirty years, is the author of six books of poetry and five works of prose. His awards include two Guggenheim Fellowships in poetry, a grant award from the National Endowment for the Arts, and a Governor’s Award for his contributions to the humanities in Alaska. He currently is a visiting professor at Ohio University in Athens, Ohio. He returns each summer to his homestead near Delta Junction, Alaska.
In this selection, a preface to his Jong essay on wilderness Jiving Of Traps and Snares (Graywolf Press, 1977), John Haines describes his homestead on the Tanana River. During this period (late 1950s), the struggling writer made his Jiving partly from fur-trapping, and the book describes the rigors of self-sufficiency in the wilderness in a manner similar to Richard Proenneke’s One Man’s Wilderness (Alaska North west Publishing, 1973). “Little by little,” the author writes, “I am learning the ways of the north.
Glacier Bay Joumal
Authors: Bohn Dave 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dave Bohn (no birthdate available) is a distinguished wilderness photographer and author whose works in clude Glacier Bay (Sierra Club, 1967), Backcountry Journal (Capra Press, 1974), and Rambles Through an Alaskan Wild (Capra Press, 1979). In this selection from Glacier Bay, Bohn describes a wilderness trip to Glacier Bay National Park in 1965 where, like so many others before and since, he had to struggle to keep himself, his camera equipment, and his sense of humor dry in the midst of a torrential deluge. The same rainfall that produces the lovely rain forests of southeastern Alaska has ruined many a hiking and photo expedition, but not so here as Dave Bohn regroups after the May storm and continues his explorations of Glacier Bay.
Two Great Polar Bear Hunters
Authors: Pikonganna Aloysius 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
King Island, located in the Bering Straits midway be tween Alaska and Siberia, is inhabited by a small permanent population of Inupiat Eskimos. These residents rely on marine resources, including bowhead and beluga whales, walrus, migratory birds, and seals, to sustain themselves. In this story Aloysius Pikonganna (1909-1986) evokes the mysterious spirit of the arctic wilderness in the form of an immense polar bear hunted by two King Islanders on the ice pack.
Fines
Authors: Morris Norval , Tonry Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Why fines first? Why not probation and its more recent intensive and restrictive forms allied to electronic developments? Why not community service orders and their promise of more effective punishment to the advantage of victim, offender, and community alike? They would certainly be more usual choices; but in our view the choice of the fine as the lead intermediate punishment, within our definition of that phrase, takes us swiftly to the heart of the problem of such punishments in the sentencing systems of this country.
Community Service Orders
Authors: Morris Norval , Tonry Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The prison is a punishment exacted against freedom of movement and association; the fine is a punishment exacted against money and what money can buy; the community service order is a punishment exacted against time and energy. Some see the community service order as a fine on time.
The Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution provides, in Section 1:‘Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States’. Not until 1966 was the invitation embedded in the exception clause of this amendment given any force.
Scientists of Society
Authors: Fitzpatrick Ellen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
President Harper’s broadly stated goal of serving society by advancing intellectual inquiry quickly found full expression in the University of Chicago’s departments of political economy, sociology, and political science. There the preoccupations of the new university—graduate study, coeducation, and social concern—converged with the emerging interests of academic disciplines on the threshold of professionalization. The result was a lively environment where the women social scientists, and their male classmates, learned absorbing lessons about social reality and social reform.
“The Thing for Which You Are Well Fitted”
Authors: Fitzpatrick Ellen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The freedom to pursue advanced training in the university’s lively, supportive, and challenging atmosphere provided the women social scientists at Chicago with an opportunity of inestimable personal and intellectual worth. But the professional advantage gained from graduate study turned out to be far more difficult to measure. At Chicago, academic social science drew life from the idea that power within American society should be derived from knowledge. This notion held both enormous appeal and limited practical significance for the women who joined the university in quest of advanced degrees.
Patriots and the Redefinition of Poverty, 1712-1785
Authors: Lindemann Mary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The redefinition of poverty in the eighteenth century makes sense only when considered within the context of the two great historical events that spawned it. The first was the Enlightenment and the second was the massive economic and demographic changes that, while affecting most of Europe gradually and selectively, were rapidly transforming Hamburg into a modern commercial giant. Older historiography has tended to lump poor relief reform into a neat package of enlightened reform projects that touched all parts of society.1 One would be foolish to suggest that the current of enlightened thought that washed over almost all European states somehow ebbed before reaching Hamburg.
Joseph Haydn
Authors: Steinberg Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The little we know about Haydn ‘s early life comes, for the most part, from three biographies that appeared soon after his death: Biographische Notizen uber Joseph Haydn by Georg August Griesinger, a Saxon diplomat; Biographische Nachrichten uber Joseph Haydn by Albert Christoph Dies, a landscape painter from Hanover; and Le Haydine, ovvere Lettere sulla vita e sulle opere del celebre Maestro Giuseppe Haydn by Giuseppe Antonio Carpani, a Lombard man of letters. Griesinger, Dies, and Carpani all knew Haydn in his last years in Vienna, and in general their books agree. There is reason, however, to question the accuracy of some of the old gentleman ‘s reminiscences, and one cannot be sure that the writers, all dilettantes in music, always understood him correctly. Carpani, moreover, has been suspected of embroidery.
Atthur Honegger
Authors: Steinberg Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mention Honegger and, after “hmm, “ you will probably get “Didn ‘t he write that piece about a locomotive? “ or perhaps some headscratching about Les Six. Yes, he did write that piece about alocomotive. Called Pacific 231, it is really an abstract study in the relationship of rhythm and tempo, the colorful title being an afterthought; so at least Honegger maintained years later. As Movement symphonique No. 1, which is the other, abstract half of its title, this engaging work would not have had one-thousandth the number of performances. (It is a good locomotive piece too.)1 And yes, Honegger was a member of Les Six-with Auric, Durey, Milhaud, Poulenc, and Tailleferre-but that doesn’t mean a thing. Although they were all friends, Les Six were not bound in any aesthetic or musico-political alliance, even though Jean Cocteau, as self-appointed coach, guru, and flak, made a move toward inventing a coherent artistic stance for them. It is ironic that Honegger is remembered for two things so off to one side from his essential artistic personality. Very few orchestral musicians I have asked could remember playing one of Honegger ‘s symphonies recently, if ever.
Roger Sessions
Authors: Steinberg Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sessions is a figure of gigantic stature on the landscape of American music. He was one of the most effective and influential teachers of his time (of Milton Babbitt, David Del Tredici, John Harbison, Leon Kirchner, Fred Lerdahl, Peter Maxwell Davies, Conlon Nancarrow, Hugo Weisgall, Ellen Taaffe Zwilich, among others―a list that attests to how non-doctrinaire he was) and his essays and lectures constitute a significant and increasingly appreciated body of writings about music. Most important, he was a great composer.
Piotr llyich Tchaikovsky
Authors: Steinberg Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Begun in the winter of 1876-77, the Symphony No. 4 was substantially complete by the end of May 1877, although work on its orchestration was delayed until the autumn. The entire work was completed in San Remo on 7 January 1878. Tchaikovsky entrusted the score to Nikolai Rubinstein, who conducted the premiere on 22 February 1878 in Moscow.
Occupational Injury
Authors: Baker Susan P , O’Neill Brian , Ginsburg Marvin J , Li Guohua 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Among people aged 20 to 64, one-third of all injuries (NCHS 1985) and one sixth of all injury deaths occur on the job. Occupational hazards and their resulting injuries have changed markedly in recent decades as job characteristics have altered and increased protection has been provided. In some industries, injury rates have been reduced as more hazardous tasks have been mechanized and the number of clerical staff has increased, so that a smaller proportion of the work force is at risk of severe trauma. In other industries, risks may have increased, for example, because a larger proportion of jobs entail driving trucks, cars, and other highway vehicles. Estimates of occupational deaths related to motor vehicles range as high as 37 percent of all occupational injury deaths (NSC 1989).