bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and spectral and thermal properties of copolymers of (2‐cyclopentylidene‐1,3‐dioxolane‐4‐yl)methyl methacrylate with styrene and acrylonitrile and the determination of the monomer reactivity ratios
Authors: İlter Zülfiye , Soykan Cengiz , Koca Murat 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe monomer (2‐cyclopentylidene‐1,3‐dioxolane‐4‐yl)methyl methacrylate (CPDMMA) was synthesized by the reaction of (2‐cyclopentylidene‐5‐hydroxymethyl‐1,3‐dioxolane) with methacryloyl chloride in the presence of pyridine at 0 °C. The radical‐initiated copolymerization of CPDMMA with styrene and acrylonitrile was carried out in a 1,4‐dioxane solution at 60 °C with 2,2′‐azobisisobutyronitrile as an initiator with different monomer‐to‐monomer ratios in the feed. The copolymers were characterized by Fourier transform infrared and 1H and 13C NMR spectral studies. The copolymer composition was evaluated by the nitrogen content, and the peak integrations of 1H NMR signals in the polymers led to the determination of the reactivity ratios. The reactivity ratios of the monomers were determined by the application of the Fineman–Ross and Kelen–Tüdös linear methods and the Tidwell–Mortimer nonlinear method. The glass‐transition temperatures of the two copolymer systems decreased with an increase in the molar fraction of CPDMMA in the copolymers. The thermogravimetric analysis of the copolymers revealed that the thermal stability of the two copolymer systems decreased with an increase in the molar fraction of CPDMMA in the copolymers. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 41: 2996–3005, 2003
Synthesis and polymerization of fluorinated monomers bearing a reactive lateral group. XIV. Radical copolymerization of vinylidene fluoride with methyl 1,1‐dihydro‐4,7‐dioxaperfluoro‐5,8‐dimethyl non‐1‐enoate
Authors: Ameduri Bruno , Bauduin Gérard 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe radical copolymerization in solution of vinylidene fluoride (VDF; or 1,1‐difluoroethylene) with methyl 1,1‐dihydro‐4,7‐dioxaperfluoro‐5,8‐dimethyl non‐1‐enoate (MDP) initiated by di‐tert‐butyl peroxide is presented. Six copolymerization reactions were investigated with initial [VDF]0/[MDP]0 molar ratios of 35/65 to 80/20. Both of these comonomers copolymerized in this range of copolymerization. Moreover, these comonomers homopolymerized separately under these conditions. The copolymer compositions of these random copolymers were calculated by means of 19F NMR spectroscopy, which allowed the quantification of the respective amounts of each monomeric unit in the copolymers. The Tidwell–Mortimer method was used for the assessment of the reactivity ratios (ri) of both comonomers, which showed a higher incorporation of MDP in the copolymers (rMDP = 2.41 ± 2.28 and rVDF = 0.38 ± 0.21 at 120 °C). The Alfrey–Price Q and e values of the trifluoroallyl monomer MDP were calculated to be 0.024 (from QVDF = 0.008) or 0.046 (from QVDF = 0.015) and 0.70 (vs eVDF = 0.40) or 0.80 (vs eVDF = 0.50), respectively, indicating that MDP was an electron‐accepting monomer. The thermal properties of these fluorinated copolymers were also determined. Except for those containing a high amount of VDF, the copolymers were amorphous. Each showed one glass‐transition temperature (Tg) only, and with known laws of Tg's, Tg of the MDP homopolymer was assessed. It was compared to that obtained from the direct radical homopolymerization of MDP and discussed. Indeed, these two values were close (Tg = −3 °C). Thermogravimetric analyses were performed, and they showed that the copolymers were rather thermostable because the thermal degradation occurred at 280 °C. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 41: 3109–3121, 2003
Statistical models for the analysis of controlled trials on acute migraine
Authors: Vandenhende François , Lambert Philippe , Ramadan Nabih 
Published: September 2003

AbstractSpecific efficacy criteria were defined by the International Headache Society for controlled clinical trials on acute migraine. They are derived from the pain profile and the timing of rescue medication intake. We present a methodology to improve the analysis of such trials. Instead of analysing each endpoint separately, we model the joint distribution and derive success rates in any criteria as predictions. We use cumulative regression models for each response at a time and a multivariate normal copula to model the dependence between responses. Parameters are estimated using maximum likelihood. Benefits of the method include a reduction in the number of tests performed and an increase in their power. The method is well suited to dose–response trials from which predictions can be used to select doses and optimize the design of subsequent trials. More generally, our method permits a very flexible modelling of longitudinal series of ordinal data. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recent innovations in barrier technologies for plastic packaging—a review
Authors: Lange J. , Wyser Yves 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe barrier solutions presently available on the market all have their drawbacks, e.g. cost, water‐sensitivity, opacity or perceived environmental bad‐will. At the same time there is a trend to use more plastic‐based packaging materials for different applications, e.g. as replacements for metal and glass containers. This situation has stimulated the industry to provide new, more efficient barrier solutions. The innovations go along five major lines: (a) thin, transparent vacuum‐deposited coatings; (b) new barrier polymers as discrete layers; (c) blends of barrier polymers and standard polymers; (d) organic barrier coatings; and (e) nanocomposite materials. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the different approaches, outlining the principle behind each barrier technology, its performance, its potential and the companies developing and producing the materials. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Combined effects of hot water treatment (HWT) and modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) on quality of tomatoes
Authors: Suparlan  , ITOH Kazuhiko 
Published: September 2003

AbstractEffects of hot water treatment (HWT) and modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) on quality of tomatoes were studied. Prior to packaging with low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) film (0.02 mm in thickness), tomatoes were immersed in hot water (42.5°C) for 30 min. Control tomatoes were not treated and were stored for 2 weeks at 10°C and then for 3 days at 20°C without packaging. Steady states of O2 and CO2 concentrations inside the package were about 5 and 8%, respectively, and were reached after 6 and 4 days of storage, respectively. MAP reduced weight loss of tomatoes to about 41% of that of unpackaged fruit during a 2‐week storage period. The use of a combination of HWT and MAP reduced weight loss and decay, inhibited color development and maintained firmness of tomatoes but had no effect on soluble solids content or titratable acidity. HWT slightly reduced mold growth of tomatoes stored in MAP. Packaging of control fruit in MAP resulted in stimulation of mold growth around the stem end of the fruit after about 1 week of storage and also resulted in cracking and decay. HWT could be used as disinfectant for tomatoes prior to storage in MAP in order to reduce microbial growth, cracking and decay that may be caused by excessive water vapor inside the package. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Combining formal verification and conformance testing for validating reactive systems
Authors: Rusu Vlad 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThis paper presents a combination of verification and conformance testing techniques to support the formal validation of reactive systems. The idea is to use symbolic test selection techniques to extract subgraphs (components) from a specification, and to perform the verification on the components rather than on the whole specification. Under reasonable sufficient conditions, this constitutes a sound compositional verification technique, in the sense that a property verified on the components also holds on the whole specification. This may considerably reduce the global verification effort. Moreover, once verified, a component forms the basis of an adequate test case, i.e. when executed on an implementation, it will not issue false positive or negative verdicts with respect to the verified properties. The approach has been implemented using the STG test selection tool and the PVS theorem prover. It is demonstrated here on a smart‐card application: the Common Electronic Purse System. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Test suite minimization for testing in context
Authors: Anido Ricardo , Cavalli Ana R. , Lima Luiz Paula , Yevtushenko Nina 
Published: September 2003

AbstractTesting a component embedded into a complex system, in which all other components are assumed fault‐free, is known as embedded testing. This paper proposes a method for minimizing a test suite to perform embedded testing. The minimized test suite maintains the fault coverage of the original test suite with respect to faults within the embedded component. The minimization uses the fact that the system is composed of a fault‐free context and a component under test, specified as communicating, possibly non‐deterministic finite state machines (FSMs). The method is illustrated using an example of telephone services on an intelligent network architecture. Other applications of the proposed approach for testing a system of communicating FSMs are also discussed. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mass spectrometric detection and quantification of nodularin‐R in flounder livers
Authors: Karlsson Krister , Sipiä Vesa , Krause Eberhard , Meriluoto Jussi , Pflugmacher Stephan 
Published: September 2003

AbstractLivers of flounders caught during August 1995 from the western Gulf of Finland and the Archipelago Sea were analyzed for nodularin‐R (NODLN) by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography‐electrospray ionization‐mass spectrometry (LC‐MS). Results showed that NODLN was detected in samples by both MS techniques. NODLN content in samples varied between 0.082 and 0.637 μg g−1 wet weight by LC‐MS. Biotransformation products such as glutathione adduct were not found in the samples. The results showed that intact NODLN can be found in tissues after storage at −70°C for several years. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 18: 284–288, 2003.
Acute toxicity of fatty acids to the freshwater green alga Selenastrum capricornutum
Authors: Kamaya Yasushi , Kurogi Yasunori , Suzuki Kyoji 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe acute toxicity of fatty acids (C14 to C18) commonly found in wood was determined by the standard algal growth inhibition test using the freshwater green alga Selenastrum capricornutum. Toxicity, quantified as IC50 values, varied depending on the number of total carbons and double bonds. Of the tested acids, oleic (cis‐9‐octadecenoic) acid showed the highest toxicity (72‐h IC50 = 0.47 mg/L) to the alga, and triolein, a triglyceride of oleic acid, showed no apparent toxicity. Further examination of a series of C18:1 acids with a double bond at the 6, 11, or 12 position revealed that both double‐bond position and cis or trans configuration affected toxicity. The 72‐h IC50 data for these fatty acids and related compounds seemed to correlate well with the melting point (mp), showing two separate linear relationships: at mp < 35°C toxicity increased with increasing melting point, and at mp > 40°C toxicity decreased with melting point. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 18: 289–294, 2003.
Estimating service level impacts from changes in cycle count, buffer stock, or corrective action
Authors: Morey Richard C. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractInventory managers, tasked with providing adequate levels of material support, need to be able to gain insights, in a computationally easy manner, to the magnitude of improvements in protection levels against stockouts that can be gleaned from the three mechanisms available to them—more buffer stock, more physical inventories, or more corrective action to eliminate or reduce the causes for the errors arising in the first place. Armed with quantitative conservative estimates of the types of improvements available from any of these three mechanisms or combinations of the mechanisms, and the relative cost of each, the manager is is a better position to select a cost‐effective, remedial course of action.
Measurement of changes in trabecular bone at fracture sites using X‐ray CT and automated image registration and processing
Authors: Lynch John A. , Grigoryan Mikayel , Fierlinger Anke , Guermazi Ali , Zaim Souhil , MacLean David B. , Genant Harry K. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractCurrently, there are no in vivo techniques for quantifying healing within fractures involving mainly trabecular bone. Methods for quantitatively assessing healing would aid the investigation of new treatment regimes, and might also be useful for predicting whether a patient may be undergoing delayed union. Using CT and automated image registration, we have developed an image processing technique for measuring changes in CT image intensity at fracture sites. The technique focuses on quantifying the formation of new mineralised tissue within fracture gaps, while ignoring loss of bone mineral due to disuse osteoporosis. Seven patients with fractures of the distal radius were examined for 12 weeks following fracture. To assess reproducibility of measurements of change in CT intensity at the fracture line, measurements were performed on two separate occasions, by each of two independent readers. Reproducibility was compared to rates of change over time, to determine detectable differences in individual progression. Scans were scored qualitatively for features of healing and scores compared to the quantitative measurements. The mean (SD) change in CT intensity was + 128 (65) Hounsfield Units (HU) over the 12 week follow‐up. Inter‐ and intra‐observer reproducibilities were both similar (±17 HU), 1/7 of the change seen during the study. In this small patient cohort, a significant increase in CT intensity was seen 2 weeks post‐fracture. Large early increases in CT intensity were associated with early visual appearance of sclerosis and blurring of the fracture line. In this preliminary, prospective study, we have developed a reproducible quantitative technique for measuring changes in CT intensity of trabecular bone at the fracture line in the distal radius. Further work is required to determine whether it can be used to identify, or monitor patients who are undergoing delayed fracture repair. The technique appears sensitive for measuring changes immediately post‐fracture, and could have a role in examining potential effects of new therapies in patient cohorts. © 2003 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Integrating spatial management measures into traditional fishery management systems: the case of the Georges Bank multispecies groundfish fishery
Authors: Holland Daniel S 
Published: September 2003

Abstract
Primary determinants of the productivity of most fisheries are the level of fishing mortality and the age structure of the catch. Constraints on nominal effort or catch and technical measures such as mesh sizes are typically the most effective methods of ensuring productivity and sustainability. Stock assessment models are generally well adapted to assess the biological implications (though less often the economic implications) of these measures. However, the increasing use of spatial management measures such as marine protected areas (MPAs) or seasonal area closures presents new challenges for fishery managers. Assessment models and data collection programs are rarely designed or adaptable for analysis of these measures. Using spatial management measures effectively requires new models and data. Models of Georges Bank groundfish fisheries are presented and used to explore the impacts of area closures in the context of the overall management system. Although the spatial dynamics of the models are highly stylized, they illustrate mechanisms through which area closures can increase productivity and profitability of a spatially heterogeneous multispecies fishery. The utility of taxes to control the distribution of effort is also explored.
Haemoglobin biosynthesis site in rabbit embryo erythroid cells
Authors: Cianciarullo Aurora M. , Bertho Álvaro L. , Soares Maurilio J. , Hosoda Tânia M. , Nogueira‐Silva Simone , Beçak Willy 
Published: September 2003

AbstractProperly metabolized globin synthesis and iron uptake are indispensable for erythroid cell differentiation and maturation. Mitochondrial participation is crucial in the process of haeme synthesis for cytochromes and haemoglobin. We studied the final biosynthesis site of haemoglobin using an ultrastructural approach, with erythroid cells obtained from rabbit embryos, in order to compare these results with those of animals treated with saponine or phenylhydrazine. Our results are similar to those obtained in assays with adult mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles and fish, after induction of haemolytic anaemia. Therefore, the treatment did not interfere with the process studied, confirming our previous findings. Immunoelectron microscopy showed no labelling of mitochondria or other cellular organelles supposedly involved in the final biosynthesis of haemoglobin molecules, suggesting instead that it occurs free in the cytoplasm immediately after the liberation of haeme from the mitochondria, by electrostatic attraction between haeme and globin chains.
Captopril and enalaprilat decrease antioxidant defences in human endothelial cells and are unable to protect against apoptosis
Authors: Mailloux Agnès , Deslandes Benjamin , Vaubourdolle Michel , Baudin Bruno 
Published: September 2003

AbstractAngiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors were shown to improve endothelial dysfunction in various human diseases and some of these inhibitors have been proposed as enhancers of antioxidant defences. We measured glutathione peroxidase (GPX), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in human endothelial cells treated with captopril or enalaprilat, two ACE inhibitors, and we showed that both inhibitors decreased GPX and SOD activities but not MDA, the end‐product of lipoperoxidation. Captopril and enalaprilat were also unable to protect against etoposide‐induced apoptosis in endothelial cells, indicating that they cannot be considered as protective drugs for the endothelium, in particular in clinical situations involving oxidative stress or apoptosis. Moreover, when used at high concentration captopril, but not enalaprilat, was toxic for endothelial cells with both necrotic and apoptotic effects.
Production of hydrogen peroxide by peripheral blood monocytes and specific macrophages during experimental infection with Trypanosoma cruzi in vivo
Authors: Melo Rossana C.N , Fabrino Daniela L , D'Ávila Heloisa , Teixeira Henrique C , Ferreira Ana Paula 
Published: September 2003

AbstractAcute Chagas' disease triggers potent inflammatory reaction characterized by great increase of peripheral blood monocyte (PBM) and macrophage numbers. We studied the respiratory burst responses of PBM and peritoneal and splenic macrophages to in vivo infection (rats). The ultrastructure of heart inflammatory macrophages was also investigated. The infection increased the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production by PBM and splenic macrophages but not by peritoneal macrophages. Accordingly, the PBM and spleen cell numbers increased but the total number of peritoneal cells was similar to controls. Heart macrophages of infected rats exhibited increase (number and size) and activated morphology in parallel to high cardiomyocyte parasitism. Our data highlight the importance of innate immunity and H2O2production to host resistance during acute phase of T. cruzi infection. A novel finding is that H2O2production seems related to specific types of monocytes/macrophages that are able to release this agent when in presence of high parasite load.
Immunohistochemical detection of apoptosis, proliferation and inducible nitric oxide synthase in rat urothelium damaged by cyclophosphamide treatment
Authors: Jezernik Kristijan , Romih Rok , Mannherz Hans Georg , Koprivec Daša 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe present study was conducted to investigate cell death, proliferation and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) immunoreactivity in rat urothelium within 24 h after a single intraperitoneal dose of cyclophosphamide (CP). Necrotic cells were identified predominantly in the superficial cell layer from 1 h until 6 h after CP injection, most of them desquamating from the urothelium into the lumen of the urinary bladder. Active caspase‐3 immunohistochemistry revealed apoptotic cells from 12 h until 24 h after CP injection. The apoptotic index reached a peak at 18 h and then rapidly dropped. Simultaneously with the decrease of apoptosis, the proliferation index increased from 18 h until 24 h after CP treatment. Immunoreaction to iNOS was first detected at 6 h in basal and intermediate cells. Later, iNOS immunoreactivity became stronger and was present in all cell layers. Our results suggest that the destruction of rat urothelium during 24 h after CP administration is due not only to necrosis, but also to apoptosis. The first 6 h are characterised by necrotic changes and no iNOS immunoreactivity. Thereafter, apoptosis and iNOS immunoreactivity are observed within the damaged urothelium. At 24 h after CP injection, iNOS immunoreactivity is still present, but proliferation prevails over cell death, enabling the urothelium to start regeneration.
Diffusion‐weighted imaging in the assessment of neurological damage in patients with methylmalonic aciduria
Authors: Burlina A. P. , Manara R. , Calderone M. , Catuogno S. , Burlina A. B. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractDiffusion‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW‐MRI) of the brain was performed in two patients with methylmalonic aciduria who presented signs and symptoms of neurological involvement without metabolic decompensation. Patient 1 presented acute metabolic stroke and patient 2 presented subacute encephalopathy. Brain DW‐MRI confirmed very recent damage in patient 1, while the absence of brain lesions on brain DW‐MRI indicates the development of more chronic damage in patient 2. Brain DW‐MRI represents an additional and complementary tool in the assessment of brain damage in methylmalonic aciduria patients who develop neurological syndrome.
Newborn urine screening programme in the province of Quebec: An update of 30 years' experience
Authors: Auray‐Blais C. , Giguére R. , Lemieux B. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe introduction of our voluntary mass screening programme in 1971, in the province of Quebec, has permitted us to detect different inborn errors of metabolism in the newborn population using a thin‐layer chromatographic (TLC) technique with sequential use of different sprays on the same plate. Abnormalities in amino acids and organic acids are detected in urine filter paper specimens of 21‐day‐old babies. Initial parental compliance is 90% and climbs to 99.25% for repeat sample requests. Screening is centralized in one laboratory, while diagnosis, counselling, management and follow‐up are done in four regional centres. Over 25 inherited Mendelian disorders can be identified. There have been certain modifications in our programme throughout the years in order to increase efficiency, screen for a larger number of disorders, improve the quality of the collection of the urine filter paper samples, increase parental compliance and better manage the data bank. However, one goal has remained a priority: early prevention of genetic diseases. We present an overall view of our screening programme with an add‐on technique to detect different organic acidurias, our recent statistics and the modifications implemented over the years.