bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘Play’
Authors: Dodgson Mark , Gann David , Salter Ammon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Introduction The architect Frank Gehry is known for his highly sculpted designs, epitomized by the Bilbao Guggenheim Museum. Gehry plays with ideas when selecting the optimum shape for his buildings. He does this by iterating between sketches and physical and computer-generated models in order to make choices about shape and form. Gehry trained using drawings and physical models. He is a craftsman who loves to work with his hands, sculpting shapes in a range of materials such as cardboard, clay, and plasticine. For him, computers were initially alien, representing a medium that constrained creativity and expression.
The Role of Leader-Member Exchange in the Dynamic Relationship Between Employer and Employee: Implications for Employee Socialization, Leaders, and Organizations
Authors: Liden Robert C , Bauer Talya N , Erdogan Berrin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We define the employer-employee relationship as a reciprocal exchange in which employees engage in work-related behaviors that benefit the organization in return for resources and support provided by the organization. The employee “side” of the relationship has been treated both theoretically and empirically as employees’ perceptions of what they receive from the organization and corresponding attitudes and behaviors directed toward the organization that are thought to be appropriate, given the perceived level of support obtained from the organization.
The Claims of Creditors
Authors: Miller Gareth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is important to distinguish between debts which are secured and those which are not. A secured creditor will be able to resort to the property over which he or she has a charge to recover the amount due to him or her and will thus also gain priority over unsecured creditors in bankruptcy. If the proceeds of sale of the mortgaged property are insufficient to discharge the debt, then the mortgagee may prove for the shortfall as a general creditor. If there is a surplus then this must be paid to the debtor’s trustee in bankruptcy for the benefit of his or her general creditors. The problems which may arise in relation to the validity of mortgages are considered in Chapter 3 and the remedies available to a mortgagee whose mortgage is valid are considered in Chapter 4. The remedies available to unsecured creditors are considered later in this chapter and an unsecured creditor may become a secured creditor by obtaining a charging order in respect of specific property of the debtor.
An Integrative Theory of Intergroup Conflict
Authors: Tajfel Henri , Turner John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The initial stimulus for the theorizing presented here was provided by certain experimental investigations of intergroup behavior. The laboratory analog of real-world ethnocentrism is in-group bias—that is, the tendency to favor the in-group over the out-group in evaluations and behavior. Not only are incompatible group interests not always sufficient to generate conflicts but there is a good deal of experimental evidence that these conditions are not always necessary for the development of competition and discrimination between groups (for example, Ferguson & Kelley, 1964; Rabbie & Wilkens, 1971; Doise & Sinclair, 1973; Doise & Weinberger, 1973).
Continuity of Employment: The Common Law
Authors: Brodie Douglas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Economic necessity dictates that for most workers continuity of employment is vital. Moreover, access to statutory employment protection rights may well be conditional on the existence of sufficient continuity of service. It is provided, by statute, that any week where the employee’s relations are governed by a contract of employment counts in computing the employee’s period of continuous service.1 However, subject to exception, a week which does not count in computing the length of a period of continuous employment breaks continuity of employment.2
Analytic stakeholder theorizing
Authors: Friedman Andrew L , Miles Samantha 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Analytic stakeholder theory is the label we use to cover all stakeholder theory that is not strictly normative. This includes theories Donaldson and Preston (1995) call descriptive and instrumental, and Reed (2002) calls positive1 and strategic (see Section 2.6). First, contributions are ordered by whether they are primarily organization-centric, stakeholder-centric, or focus on the organization–stakeholder relation per se. Second, within these categories we order contributions according to whether they are primarily strategic/instrumental or descriptive/positive (Figure 4.1).
Introduction
Authors: Peterson David A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Applicative constructions are a means some languages have for structuring clauses which allow the coding of a thematically peripheral argument or adjunct as a core-object argument. Such constructions are signalled by overt verbal morphology. For instance, in Ainu there is the alternation between non-applicative and applicative instantiations of locative arguments seen in (1) (from Shibatani 1996b: 159).
Adjectives in Semelai
Authors: Kruspe Nicole 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Semelai is a Southern Aslian language (Benjamin 1976).Aslian languages belong to the Mon-Khmer division of Autroasiatic. Semelai is spoken in Peninsular Malaysia around Tasek Bera in Pahang and in settlements along the Bera, Triang,Serting, and Muar Rivers, straddling an area of south-west Pahang, north-east Negeri Sembilan, and northern Johore. In 1999, the population figure given in the government census was 4,055. This figure would be representative of the number of Semelai speakers. Semelai of all ages exhibit a preference for speaking their own language, and the use of Malay is limited to dealings with non-Semelai. The language is not written. Malay, the national language and language used in education, is the lingua franca used with all other peoples, including those from other aboriginal minorities in the Peninsula.
Economic, Social, and Cultural Human Rights and the International Monetary Fund
Authors: Gianviti* François 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This Chapter explores the relationship between economic, social, and cultural human rights and the activities of the International Monetary Fund (the Fund). More specifically, it examines: to what extent the provisions of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (the Covenant) have legal effect on the Fund; to what extent the Fund is obliged to contribute to the achievement of the objectives of the Covenant; and to what extent it may do so under its Articles of Agreement. The Covenant was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1966 and came into force among the countries that had become party to it in 1976.
Corporate Responsibility and the International Law of Human Rights: The New Lex Mercatoria
Authors: Steinhardt Ralph G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Corporate law and international human rights law have historically evolved in isolation from one another. In practice, the transnational corporation has remained relatively immune from effective international regulation of any variety, let alone the obligation to protect human rights, and human rights lawyers have traditionally considered governments—not private companies—to be the principal targets for concern. With a handful of exceptions, international human rights instruments have traditionally addressed the conduct of governments, and instruments treating the transnational corporation, when they exist at all, have addressed restrictive or corrupt business practices and neglected any obligation a corporation might have to protect the civil and political rights of individuals in the society at large.
Structure for Truth
Authors: Hinzen Wolfram 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Neither reference nor truth-theoretic properties of a sentence or statement, I have suggested, add anything to its ‘substantive’ conceptual content. They rather affect the ‘formal’ properties of an expression. Take the lexical item water, which as such has a substantive content: that of the concept of water. If we and out what externally existing substance a use of the word water by a speaker at a time t and space s happens to pick out—a specimen of H2O, say, or of XYZ, or of ‘heavy’ or ‘light’ water, depending on where in the universe we are—no substantive content is added to that of the word water as it was and must have been understood by us prior to undertaking the relevant chemical investigation. It was the actual reference of the English word water—which has a particular meaning, or which is linked to a concept in our understanding—that was determined in the investigation, not its meaning, or conceptual content.1
Bureaucracy and Liberty: State, Authority, and Freedom
Authors: Gay Paul du 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Opposition to the idea of ‘the state’, and to ‘bureaucracy’, has long been a feature of a wide variety of political discourses. Over the last thirty years or so, however, it has enjoyed a remarkable resurgence in popularity. One of the most prominent of the many recent criticisms directed at the ‘cold monsters’ of state and bureaucracy concerns their presumed negative consequences for personal liberty.1 Whether couched in predominantly economistic terms­states and their bureaucracies hinder the unique virtue and efficacy of a capitalistic organization of production­or in relation to populist criteria of political right­only governments that are responsive to, and thus accurately and sensitively express, the opinions and judgements of their own citizens can be fully entitled to their obedience­states and bureaucracies are seen as undermining freedom.
Gender Equity­A Bureaucratic Enterprise?
Authors: Billing Yvonne Due 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When people talk about lack of gender equity their considerations often have to do with the horizontal and vertical gender division of labour. A gender division of labour is not in itself a problem} but as women’s positions often equal lower wages and often mean less access to influential positions, this state of affairs has caused many discussions about selection principles, socialization, stereotypical expectations on behalf of the employers, theories, and ideas about discrimination, biases in evaluation etc. all which has been thoroughly discussed in the gender literature. Besides the labour market division of labour there is also a pronounced gender division of labour in the private sphere, where women’s average workload is higher than men’s (Frankenhaeuser 1993; Lundberg, Mardberg, and Frankenhaeuser 1994).
Managing Investors: How Financial Markets Reshaped the American Firm
Authors: Zorn Dirk , Dobbin Frank , Dierkes Julian , Kwok Man-Shan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What causes large numbers of firms to change strategy and structure in tandem? Organizational institutionalists find that managerial and professional groups that span organizations develop new models of organizational efficiency-models that are typically in the interest of the group pushing them (DiMaggio and Powell 1983; Baron, Jennings, and Dobbin 1988). These new models are often framed as responses to wider economic or political changes, and they serve to enhance the prestige and power of the groups behind them.
Personal Injury Law: Liability, Compensation, Procedure
Authors: Barrie MA Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Now in its second edition, Personal Injury Law: Liability, Compensation and Procedure (previously known as Compensation for Personal Injuries in the 1st edition) is a uniquely convenient and reliable reference work, providing clear summaries of the law, and easy access to the key relevant claims, practice rules, statutes and materials across the whole range of modern personal injury practice. This edition has been fully updated and covers a number of new cases along with more practical advice. Each of the 64 chapters begins with a concise account of the main points of law followed by the relevant source material, annotated with case references and finer details The book also includes: · All relevant statutory texts · Relevant parts of the key Health and Safety Regulations · Full text of the 2004 JSB Guidelines · Extracts from the Ogden Tables · The CICA scheme and MIB agreements · Legal and medical glossaries · Anatomical illustrations Whether concerned mainly with claimants or defendants, users of this book can rely on it as a sure guide in the complex area of personal injury law and practice. A companion website dedicated to developments in this area of the law, will keep the book up-to-date.
Barriers To Entry And Potential Competition
Authors: Varona Edurne Navarro , Galarza Andres Font , Crespo Jaime Folguera , Alonso Juan Briones 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The importance of the market share depends on difficulties of access to the market and whether new competitors could enter the market if the merged entity raised its prices to a supra-competitive level. In order to determine whether the entry of new operators onto the market is likely, the Commission has taken into account two factors: first, the existence and, where applicable, intensity of barriers to entry onto the market, and secondly the existence of potential competition capable of overcoming such barriers. Barriers to entry are obstacles or difficulties that new entrants onto the market have to face, and that because of their intensity or characteristics can prevent the entry of new competitors onto the market in a period of time that is sufficiently short to dissuade those operators already present on the market from exploiting their dominant position.
How Job Characteristics Theory Happened
Authors: Oldham Greg R , Hackman J Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One afternoon in 1971, Greg Oldham, then a doctoral student at Yale, walked into Richard Hackman’s faculty once and announced that we had a relationship problem. Richard was taken aback because he thought the relationship was excellent. In his view, Greg was well-launched on his own research trajectory, having recently completed a Wne pre-dissertation project on leadership and goal setting. It was just the kind of mentoring relationship Richard most valued: Greg autonomously had developed a research question about a phenomenon that interested him and, with only modest coaching, had designed, executed, and written up an excellent empirical study. Richard thought that Greg was now well positioned to develop a dissertation proposal that would significantly advance understanding of his phenomenon.
The Structure And Context Of Merger Control In The United Kingdom
Authors: Scott Andrew , Hviid Morten , Lyons Bruce , Bright Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The competition aspects of mergers have been regulated formally in the United Kingdom since 1965, when the Monopolies and Mergers Act extended the jurisdiction of what was then the Monopolies Commission. The United Kingdom became only the second jurisdiction to possess a fully fledged merger control regime after the United States. The basic principles laid down in 1965 were subsequently confirmed in the Fair Trading Act 1973, which also provided more adequate administrative machinery with the Office of Fair Trading advising the Secretary of State on reference decisions after undertaking a preliminary screen of unproblematic cases. This system proceeded to operate for almost three decades.
Horizontal Effects: Non-Coordinated
Authors: Scott Andrew , Hviid Morten , Lyons Bruce , Bright Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first and most obvious competitive implication of a merger of two firms is that it reduces the number of competitors by one. Intuitively, one might expect that the greater the number of firms, the more intense the competition and hence the lower the prices. While this need not always be the case, it is a good starting point and helps explain why competition authorities analyse the effect of mergers at all. In analysing the effects of mergers, two distinct effects are considered. The direct effect on consumers from the reduction in the number of firms on the market, referred to as a non-coordinated effect, is the subject of this chapter and arises from a reduction in competitive pressure.
The Agreement Of Merger Remedies
Authors: Scott Andrew , Hviid Morten , Lyons Bruce , Bright Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The negotiation of merger remedies becomes an important issue when the competition authorities perceive that a substantial lessening of competition either has ensued, or will probably ensue from a given merger situation. The purpose of such remedies is to mitigate or prevent competition problems, usu- ally by enhancing the strength of existing competitors or creating opportunities for new competition.
Intervention By The Secretary Of State: Mergers In The Media Industry
Authors: Scott Andrew , Hviid Morten , Lyons Bruce , Bright Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A special regime for the review of mergers in the newspaper industry was first introduced in the United Kingdom by the Monopolies and Mergers Act 1965. This legislation responded to the findings of the Royal Commission on the Press 1961–1962,1 and was reiterated in sections 57–62 of the Fair Trading Act 1973.
New Trends in the Promotion of Companies and Brands to Stakeholders: A Holistic Approach
Authors: Leévy Maurice , O’Donoghue Dan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A consideration of what medical science is telling us reveals some startling possibilities. We are experiencing a world where the advances being made in genetics and in biotechnology are changing our perceptions of what is possible in life itself. The normal idea that most of us have lived with is that we are born, we grow up, we go to work, we have children, we retire, and then at some point, sadly we pass away. But now immortality is being dangled in front of us. Cloning of animals, even if it seems a bit unlikely, is mak102ing us think about new possibilities. The repairing of our bodies from diseases we previously could not cope with seems nearly attainable.
Marketing Communications in a World of Consumption and Brand Communities
Authors: Munñiz Albert M , O’Guinn Jr. ,Thomas C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Marketing communication has been seriously undertheorized for decades, but the on going telecommunications revolution has finally made it inescapably obvious that the field needs a much better model of marketing communications. The reasons for this state of affairs are many, but prominent among them are the intellectual insularity of the marketing field and the lack of any meaningful sociological tradition (or even awareness) that could be brought to bear on the study of a metaphenomenon that is inherently social. In addition, there is the small matter of reality: mediated communication itself has changed. Strategies and tactics considered marginal and radical just ten years ago have become the standard practice of many traditional marketers. Marketing theory has not kept up, and now the gap between theory and real world practice is more of a chasm. Because medium is inseparable from message (McLuhan 1965; Ong 1982), a major recasting of marketing communication models is essential.
Electronic Marketing and Marketing Communications: The Role of Technology
Authors: O’Connor John , Galvin Eamonn , Evans Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Commerce and marketing are changing, as distribution channels, services, and even payments are becoming more technology oriented and ‘virtualized.’ This growth of new technologies is part of a wider ‘electronification’ of marketing, which is called electronic marketing. This migration has occurred in the context of wider societal changes such as increasing customer sophistication and individualism, and the increasing globalization of markets.
Restoring the Bottom-up Process of Resource Allocation
Authors: Gilbert Clark G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As we look at the research presented in Part II, several important conclusions can be drawn. First, there are powerful forces shaping the bottom-up processes of definition and impetus. These forces include the structural and strategic context internal to the firm. But we also observed external forces, such as powerful customers and capital markets, which play a similar role in shaping the bottom-up process. These external forces were not incorporated in the original models of Bower (1970) and Burgelman (1983).In Part III, we extend the discussion in several areas. First, we introduce the concept of cognitive framing, defined here as the ‘underlying structures of belief, perception, and appreciation’, through which information is collected, interpreted, and retained (Scho¨n and Rein 1994: 23).
Euro Entry as Defining and Negotiating Fit: Conditionality, Contagion, and Domestic Politics
Authors: Dyson Kenneth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) and the post–Cold War waves of eastern enlargement are two of the boldest policy projects in European integration since the Treaty of Rome established the European Economic Community (EEC) (now European Union (EU)) in 1957. Both are legitimated as historic. EMU is justified as making European integration irreversible and as securing the unification of a formerly war-stricken continent in peace and prosperity (Dyson and Featherstone 1999).
EMU and the New Member States: Strategic Choices in the Context of Global Norms
Authors: Rollo Jim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The emergence of the countries of Central Europe and the Baltic from communism between 1989 and 1991 coincided with the beginnings of a wave of global economic integration and with shifts in the global eco- nomic governance paradigm. The shift in paradigm was towards rules- bound, open trade in goods and services and free capital movements. There was a parallel move towards the objective of a stability culture in domestic macroeconomic policy. This move represented an attempt to replace the apparent but lost certainties of the multilateral system of economic governance among capitalist countries that had prevailed between 1946 and 1973.
EMU and Welfare State Adjustment in Central and Eastern Europe
Authors: Rhodes Martin , Keune Maarten 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter seeks to put in place a comparative basis for understanding the implications of eventual Eurozone membership for CEE welfare states. Based on the present nature of the welfare and public spending ‘problem load’ facing different CEE countries, and what we understand about their respective ‘institutional adjustment capacities’, we assess first the extent to which EMU creates a crisis of public spending and social protection, second the scope for welfare expansion or the necessity of welfare retrenchment and third the extent to which the fiscal constraints created by social spending commitments present political obstacles to EMU convergence.
Domestic Transformation, Strategic Options and ‘Soft’ Power in Euro Area Accession
Authors: Dyson Kenneth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This volume has presented EMU accession as a process of defining and negotiating fit across the EU and the domestic levels. This perspective on Europeanization has a number of advantages: it highlights the closely intertwined cognitive and strategic dimensions of EMU accession as domestic elites seek to navigate by reference to the European ‘map’ of EMU; it recognizes that EMU accession connects elite actors across two levels; it looks beyond the boundaries of institutional explanation to examine indirect Europeanization effects through contagion processes in markets and policies; it ties together structural characteristics with attention to the dynamics of EMU accession; it breaks free from the simplifying dichotomy of ‘top-down’ and ‘bottom-up’ accounts of Europeanization; it avoids the simplifying sets of expectations in the literature on ‘Europeanization East’, in which one account emphasises ‘external incentives’ (Schimmelfenning and Sedelmeier 2005) and another domestic factors (Goetz 2005);