bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diversity management in organizational change: towards a systemic framework
Authors: Cao Guangming , Clarke Steve , Lehaney Brian 
Published: April 2003

AbstractChange is now a key concern of most business organizations, but the management of change (MOC) appears weak, with research suggesting that, at least in part, the methodologies used are responsible for this weakness. By outlining an alternative systemic MOC framework for action, and pointing to how this might be applied, this paper recommends an approach to MOC which seeks to address some of these current methodological shortcomings. A critical examination and classification of organizational change are conducted, leading to a categorization of approaches to change, and allowing critical assessment of the benefits and limitations of current approaches. Systems perspectives and their relevance to MOC are discussed, and by combining MOC and systems perspectives a systemic MOC framework is developed. This study suggests that MOC is characterized by diversity and interaction, for which systemic perspectives are more appropriate than the approaches currently applied. The systemic framework developed is thus seen to be a useful way of helping understand and manage organizational change more effectively. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
EUV‐Lithographie für zukünftige IC‐Chips. EUV‐Lithography for Future IC‐Technology
Authors: Holtmannspötter Dirk , Bachmann Gerd 
Published: April 2003

AbstractDer überwältigende Erfolg der Halbleiterindustrie basierte in der Vergangenheit auf der Realisierung immer kleinerer Strukturen auf IC‐Chips in immer kürzeren Zeiträumen. Damit konnte die Rechengeschwindigkeit der Prozessoren und das Speichervolumen der Speicherbauelemente stetig gesteigert werden. Diese Reduktion der minimalen Strukturgröße hat die optische Lithographie vor allem durch den Übergang auf kürzere Belichtungswellenlängen gemeistert. Die zur Zeit in der Entwicklungs‐ und Erprobungsphase befindlichen Lithographietechnologien, basierend auf 193 nm‐ oder auch 157 nm‐Laserquellen, werden jedoch Strukturgrößen um 50 nm nicht mehr erreichen. Ein grundsätzlicher Technologiewechsel zeichnet sich somit ab.Die zur Zeit favorisierte Produktionsgrundlage für Strukturgrößen von 50 nm und darunter bildet die EUV Lithographie, basierend auf einer optischen Technologie mit 13,4 nm Belichtungswellenlänge. Diese erhebliche Reduzierung der Wellenlänge bedingt aber auch eine radikale Änderung der bisher benutzten Methodik.
Freeze Condensing Vacuum Systems Offer Advantages. Vakuum‐Tiefkühlkondensation bietet Vorteile
Authors: Lines J.R. 
Published: April 2003

A freeze condenser ahead of a ejector system can improve performance of a process in a number of ways. The condenser will trap unwanted vapors so they don't entire an ejector system. That eliminates the need for alterate motive fluids, such as ethylene glycol or monochlorobenzene. The process is able to stay onstream longer because ejector plugging due to product buildup is avoided. Additionally, by removing the vapors in a freeze condenser the ejector system becomes less expensive and requires less utility consumption. Furthermore, the production of waste water and vent streams is less, so the environmental impact from a particular process is improved.Freeze condensation technology is not well known and may be often overlooked. It should be considered when evaluating vacuum system design criteria. Successful freeze condenser installations are in bisphenol‐A, phenol, fatty alcohols, polyester resin, 1,3‐propanediol, 1,4‐butanediol and edible oil applications.Be certain to specify the freeze condenser and ejector system as single unit. Proper freeze condenser performance comes from matching the ejector system to the condenser. An ejector should be designed to ensure it does not control freeze condenser operating pressure, the ejector system simply supports the condenser. The best vacuum is obtained when a freeze condenser is unrestrained by the ejector system. By specifying the freeze condenser and ejector system as a single unit, the likelihood of discontinunity between the two is eliminated.Conversion factors for converting between U.S. engineering and S.I. units of measure
Prüfung von Vakuumpumpen zur Verwendung in explosionsgefährdeten Bereichen nach der Richtlinie 94/9/EG (ATEX 95).
Authors: Härtel Hartmut , Redecker Tammo 
Published: April 2003

AbstractIm folgenden Beitrag werden Grundlagen der EG‐Baumusterprüfung an Vakuumpumpen beschrieben. Es werden die wesentlichen Bestandteile der Prüfung genannt und erläutert. Ausgehend von den bisherigen Erfahrungen bei der Prüfung von Vakuumpumpen werden dem Hersteller von explosionsgeschützten Vakuumpumpen Hinweise zur Vorbereitung der EG‐Baumusterprüfung und zur Gestaltung des Prüfmusters geben. Es werden Hinweise zur zweckmäßigen Gestaltung von Vakuumanlagen genannt.
Grenzflächen‐optimierte Mo/Si Multischichten als Reflektoren für den EUV Spektralbereich. Interface‐optimized Mo/Si multilayers as reflectors for the EUV spectral range
Authors: Braun Stefan , Foltyn Thomas , Mai Hermann , Moss Matthew , Leson Andreas 
Published: April 2003

AbstractFür die EUV‐Lithographie, die als aussichtsreichstes Verfahren für die Herstellung von Halbleiterstrukturen unterhalb von 50 nm gilt, kommen reflektierende Multischichten als optische Elemente zum Einsatz. Diese müssen eine möglichst hohe Reflektivität aufweisen, da diese die Effizienz des Verfahrens und damit den Durchsatz einer zukünftigen Chip‐Fabrik maßgeblich bestimmt.In dieser Arbeit werden Untersuchungen zur Grenzflächenbeschaffenheit von Mo/Si Multischichten, die mittels Magnetron Sputter Deposition hergestellt wurden, vorgestellt. Ausgehend vom zweikomponentigen Mo/Si‐System, bei dem vorrangig der Einfluss der Abscheidebedingungen auf die Grenzflächenrauhigkeit betrachtet wird, gelang es, durch den Einbau von dünnsten Barriereschichten auch die Grenzflächeninterdiffusion zu reduzieren.Im reinen Mo/Si System ist vor allem ein niedriger Ar‐Sputtergasdruck wichtig, um glatte Grenzflächen zu erzeugen. Die Verringerung der Interdiffusion der Mo‐ und Si‐Atome kann durch den Einbau von C‐ und B4C‐Barriereschichten geeigneter Dicke erreicht werden.Als Ergebnis der Untersuchungen wurden Mo/Si Multischichten mit momentan den weltweit höchsten EUV‐Reflektivitäten präpariert: REUV= 70.1 % (λ = 13.3 nm, α = 1.5°), REUV= 71.4 % (λ = 12.5 nm, α = 22.5°).
Influence of Relevant Gas Pressure on the Properties of Ionplated Ta2O5 Films. Einfluss relevanter Gasdrücke auf die Eigenschaften ionenplattierter Ta2O5 Schichten
Authors: Schlichtherle S. , Huber D. , Pulker H.K. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractModerne optische Vielschichtsysteme fordern hohe Schichtstabilität, geringe mechanische Schichtspannungen und kleinste optische Verluste der sich aufbauenden Einzelschichten. Die gängige industriell genutzte Methode zur Verminderung von mechanischen Schichtspannungen und optischer Rest‐Absorption ist eine Wärmebehandlung nach dem Beschichtungsvorgang. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist eine deutliche Reduktion der genannten Kenngrößen durch die Variation des Arbeits‐ als auch Reaktivgas Partialdruckes ohne Wärmebehandlung der Substrate nach der Beschichtung.Dafür wurden Tantalpentoxid–Schichten mittels Reaktiven Niedervolt–Hochstrom‐Ionenplattieren (RLVIP) auf ungeheizte Kieselglas–Substrate (Suprasil®) aufgebracht. Diese 200 nm dicken Metalloxid–Schichten wurden auf deren optische Eigenschaften (Brechungsindex n und optischer Absorption Koeffizient k) und auch auf deren mechanische Eigenschaften (Dichte ρ und Schichtspannung σ) in Abhängigkeit vom Arbeitsgas‐Partialdruck (Ar) und Reaktivgas‐Partialdruck (O2) untersucht.Die Experimente zeigten eine deutliche Korrelation zwischen Schichtspannung, Brechungsindex bzw. Dichte der Schicht. Für niedere Gesamtdrücke wurden hohe Brechungsindizes und hohe intrinsische Schichtspannungen ermittelt. Die Dichte der Schicht, der Brechungsindex und auch die Schichtspannung wurden bei erhöhtem Gesamtgasdruck verringert. Die optische Restabsorption zeigte einen direkten Zusammenhang mit dem Sauerstoffpartialdruck. Durch das Zusetzen von mehr Sauerstoff zum Ar/O2 – Gasgemisch konnte die optische Restabsorption drastisch gesenkt werden.
Involvement of glutamate and γ‐amino‐butyric acid receptor systems on gastric acid secretion induced by activation of κ‐opioid receptors in the central nervous system in rats
Authors: Minowa Sachie , Ishihara Satomi , Tsuchiya Shizuko , Horie Syunji , Watanabe Kazuo , Murayama Toshihiko 
Published: April 2003

Various neurotransmitters in the brain regulate gastric acid secretion. Previously, we reported that the central injection of κ‐opioid receptor agonists stimulated this secretion in rats. Although the existence of κ1–κ3‐opioid receptor subtypes has been proposed, the character is not defined. We investigated the interactions between κ‐opioid receptor subtypes and glutamate, γ‐amino‐butyric acid (GABA) or 5‐hydroxy tryptamine (5‐HT) receptors in the rat brain.
Gastric acid secretion induced by the injection of U69593 (8.41 nmol, a putative κ1‐opioid receptor agonist) into the lateral cerebroventricle was completely inhibited by the central injection of 6‐cyano‐7‐nitroquinoxaline‐2,3‐dione (CNQX, 10.9 nmol, an antagonist for non‐N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (non‐NMDA) receptors) and by bicuculline infusion (222 μg kg−1 per 10 min, i.v., GABAA receptor antagonist). The secretion induced by bremazocine (8.52 nmol, a putative κ2‐opioid receptor agonist) was inhibited by bicuculline infusion, but not by CNQX. The secretion induced by naloxone benzoylhydrazone (224 nmol, a putative κ3‐opioid receptor agonist) was slightly and partially inhibited by CNQX and bicuculline.
Treatment with CNQX and bicuculline inhibited gastric acid secretion induced by the injection of dynorphin A‐(1‐17) into the lateral, but not the fourth, cerebroventricle. Antagonists for NMDA, GABAB and 5‐HT2/1C receptors did not inhibit the secretions by κ‐opioid receptor agonists.
In rat brain regions close to the lateral cerebroventricle, κ‐opioid receptor systems (κ1>κ3≫κ2) are regulated by the non‐NMDA type of glutamate receptor system, and κ1‐ and κ2‐opioid receptor systems are regulated by the GABAA receptor system. The present findings show pharmacological evidence for κ‐opioid receptor subtypes that regulate gastric acid secretion in the rat brain.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2003) 138, 1049–1058. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0705082
Interactions between adenosine and metabotropic glutamate receptors in the rat hippocampal slice
Authors: Shahraki Ali , Stone Trevor W 
Published: April 2003

We have examined excitatory postsynaptic potentials and paired‐pulse interactions in rat hippocampal slices to obtain more information about the site and mechanism of interactions between metabotropic glutamate receptors and adenosine receptors.
The results show that the suppression of adenosine sensitivity is explained by a selectively reduced responsiveness to A1 receptor stimulation, and does not involve any facilitation of A2A adenosine receptors, since it can be obtained in the absence of endogenous adenosine and is not prevented by the A2A receptor blocker ZM241385.
The glutamate receptors involved are of the group I class since the suppression of adenosine sensitivity is produced by ACPD and the group I selective compound DHPG. Furthermore, the effects of DHPG could be prevented by LY367385, a selective antagonist at the mGlu1a subtype of group I receptors. The selective antagonist at mGlu5 receptors, SIB1893, did not prevent the suppression of adenosine sensitivity by DHPG. Blockade of the DHPG/adenosine interaction was also obtained by superfusion with the protein kinasae C inhibitor chelerythrine.
Since the suppression of adenosine responses by metabotropic receptor agonists was seen in the paired‐pulse paradigm, we conclude that the observed interactions occur at the level of the presynaptic terminals.
The interaction with adenosine receptors is not specific, but applies also to a suppression of responses mediated by the GABAB receptor agonist baclofen.
We conclude that activation of the mGlu1a subtype of receptor can suppress responses mediated via adenosine A1 receptors, probably by activating protein kinase C. Since the changes induced by metabotropic glutamate receptor agonists last for at least 60 min, the data also imply that these interactions could play an important role in changes of synaptic function long after even transient increases of glutamate release in the CNS.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2003) 138, 1059–1068. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0705083
Analysis of molecular determinants of affinity and relative efficacy of a series of R‐ and S‐2‐(dipropylamino)tetralins at the 5‐HT1A serotonin receptor
Authors: Alder J Tracy , Hacksell Uli , Strange Philip G 
Published: April 2003

Factors influencing agonist affinity and relative efficacy have been studied for the 5‐HT1A serotonin receptor using membranes of CHO cells expressing the human form of the receptor and a series of R‐and S‐2‐(dipropylamino)tetralins (nonhydroxylated and monohydroxylated (5‐OH, 6‐OH, 7‐OH, 8‐OH) species).
Ligand binding studies were used to determine dissociation constants for agonist binding to the 5‐HT1A receptor:

Ki values for agonists were determined in competition versus the binding of the agonist [3H]‐8‐OH DPAT. Competition data were all fitted best by a one‐binding site model.
Ki values for agonists were also determined in competition versus the binding of the antagonist [3H]‐NAD‐199. Competition data were all fitted best by a two‐binding site model, and agonist affinities for the higher (Kh) and lower affinity (Kl) sites were determined.

The ability of the agonists to activate the 5‐HT1A receptor was determined using stimulation of [35S]‐GTPγS binding. Maximal effects of agonists (Emax) and their potencies (EC50) were determined from concentration/response curves for stimulation of [35S]‐GTPγS binding.
Kl/Kh determined from ligand binding assays correlated with the relative efficacy (relative Emax) of agonists determined in [35S]‐GTPγS binding assays. There was also a correlation between Kl/Kh and Kl/EC50 for agonists determined from ligand binding and [35S]‐GTPγS binding assays.
Simulations of agonist binding and effect data were performed using the Ternary Complex Model in order to assess the use of Kl/Kh for predicting the relative efficacy of agonists.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2003) 138, 1129–1139. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0705085
Effect of theophylline and specific phosphodiesterase IV inhibition on proliferation and apoptosis of progenitor cells in bronchial asthma
Authors: Wang Chun‐Hua , Lin Horng‐Chyuan , Lin Chien‐Huang , Yu Chih‐Teng , Liu Su‐Ling , Huang Kuo‐Hsiung , Chung Kian Fan , Kuo Han‐Pin 
Published: April 2003

Theophylline possesses anti‐inflammatory activities in asthma. We examined whether theophylline and agents that modulate cyclic AMP can determine the survival and proliferation of progenitor cells.
Progenitor cells from the blood of normal and asthmatic subjects were cultured for 14 days in methylcellulose with GM‐CSF, stem cell factor, IL‐3 and IL‐5. Apoptosis was measured by flow cytometry of propidium‐iodide‐stained cells.
A greater number of colonies with a higher proportion of cells of eosinophil lineage from asthmatics compared to normal subjects were grown. Theophylline (at 5 and 20 μg ml−1) significantly inhibited colony formation and increased apoptotic cells in asthmatics compared to control. Salbutamol (0.1, 1, 10 μM), dibutyryl‐cAMP (0.1, 1 mM) and rolipram (0.1, 1 mM), a phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor, also dose‐dependently decreased colony numbers and increased apoptosis of progenitor cells from asthmatics.
There was no significant effect of theophylline, db‐cAMP, salbutamol or rolipram on colony formation or the survival of progenitor cells from normal subjects. AMP did not affect the colony formation and apoptosis. Expression of Bcl‐2 protein on progenitor cells of asthma was downregulated by theophylline, salbutamol, db‐cAMP and rolipram.
Theophylline and rolipram decreased colony formation committed to the eosinophil lineage, together with an increase in apoptosis through an inhibition of Bcl‐2 expression effects that may occur through cAMP. The anti‐inflammatory properties of theophylline include an inhibition of circulating progenitor cells.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2003) 138, 1147–1155. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0705131
Interactions of taurine and structurally related analogues with the GABAergic system and taurine binding sites of rabbit brain
Authors: Frosini Maria , Sesti Casilde , Dragoni Stefania , Valoti Massimo , Palmi Mitri , Dixon Henry B F , Machetti Fabrizio , Sgaragli Giampietro 
Published: April 2003

The aim of this study was to find taurinergic compounds that do not interact with brain GABA ergic systems.
Washed synaptic membranes (SM) from whole rabbit brain were able to bind [3H]muscimol. Saturation experiments of the binding of [3H]GABA to GABAB receptors showed that SM possess two binding components; twice Triton X‐100‐treated SM contained 0.048 mmol endogenous taurine/kg protein and bound [3H]taurine in a saturable manner (Kd=249.0±6.3 nM and Bmax=3.4±1.0 pmol mg−1 prot).
Among the 19 structural analogues of taurine, 6‐aminomethyl‐3‐methyl‐4H‐1,2,4‐benzothiadiazine 1,1‐dioxide (TAG), 2‐aminoethylarsonic (AEA), 2‐hydroxyethanesulfonic (ISE) and (±)cis‐2‐aminocyclohexane sulfonic acids (CAHS) displaced [3H]taurine binding (Ki=0.13, 0.13, 13.5 and 4.0 μM, respectively). These analogues did not interact with GABAA and GABAB receptors and did not affect taurine‐ and GABA‐uptake systems and GABA‐transaminase activity.
3‐Aminopropanesulfonic acid (OMO), β‐alanine, pyridine‐3‐sulfonic acid, N,N,N‐trimethyltaurine (TMT), 2‐(guanidino)ethanesulfonic acid (GES), ethanolamine‐O‐sulphate, N,N‐dimethyltaurine (DMT), taurine and (±)piperidine‐3‐sulfonic acid (PSA) inhibited [3H]muscimol binding to GABAA receptors with different affinities (Ki=0.013, 7.9, 24.6, 47.5, 52.0, 91.0, 47.5, 118.1 and 166.3 μM, respectively). Taurine, 2‐aminoethylphosphonic acid, DMT, TMT and OMO inhibited the binding of [3H]GABA to GABAB receptors with Ki's in the μM range (0.8, 3.5, 4.4, 11.3 and 5.0, respectively). GES inhibited taurine uptake (IC50=3.72 μM) and PSA GABA transaminase activity (IC50=103.0 μM).
In conclusion, AEA, TAG, ISE and CAHS fulfill the criteria for taurinergic agents.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2003) 138, 1163–1171. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0705134
Investigation of postjunctional α1‐ and α2‐adrenoceptor subtypes in vas deferens from wild‐type and α2A/D‐adrenoceptor knockout mice
Authors: Cleary Linda , Vandeputte Catherine , Docherty James R 
Published: April 2003

The subtypes of α1‐ and α2‐adrenoceptor mediating contractions of vas deferens have been examined in wild‐type and α2A/D‐adrenoceptor knockout mice.
Maximum contractions to noradrenaline but not phenylephrine were significantly greater in vas from wild‐type. The α1A‐adrenoceptor antagonist RS100329 (5‐methyl‐3‐[3‐[4‐[2‐(2,2,2,‐trifluoroethoxy)phenyl]‐1‐piperazinyl]propyl]‐2,4‐(1H)‐pyrimidinedione) (10 nM) significantly shifted the potency of noradrenaline. The α2D‐adrenoceptor antagonist BRL 44408 (2‐[(4,5‐dihydro‐1H‐imidazol‐2‐yl)methyl]‐2,3‐dihydro‐1‐methyl‐1H‐isoindole) significantly reduced the maximum contraction to noradrenaline in wild‐type but not in knockout.
Following prazosin (0.1 μM), a component of the contraction to noradrenaline in wild‐type but not in knockout was sensitive to the α2‐adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine.
Nifedipine (10 μM) or suramin (100 μM) reduced the contraction to 10 Hz stimulation for 4 s to an early peak and small maintained response. The peak was abolished by the α1‐adrenoceptor antagonist prazosin.
RS100329 or prazosin inhibited 10 Hz stimulation evoked contractions with a U‐shaped concentration‐response curve: inhibiting responses up to 0.1 μM, with a reversal of inhibition above this concentration. In the presence of suramin or nifedipine, the reversal of inhibition by high concentrations of prazosin was reduced.
The α1D‐adrenoceptor selective antagonist BMY7378 (8‐[2‐(4‐(2‐ methoxyphenyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethyl]‐8‐azaspiro[4,5]decane‐7,9‐dione) produced inhibition of 10 Hz evoked contractions only in high concentrations.
In conclusion, contractions to nerve stimulation in mouse vas deferens involve largely α1A‐adrenoceptors and purinoceptors. α1‐Adrenoceptor antagonists in high concentrations increase the purinergic response presumably by blocking prejunctional α2‐adrenoceptor‐mediated inhibition. In the presence of nifedipine, responses are predominantly α1‐adrenoceptor mediated. Contractions to exogenous noradrenaline involved both α1A‐ and α2A/D‐adrenoceptors in wild‐type mice.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2003) 138, 1069–1076. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.138-0705137
In vivo antioxidant treatment protects against bleomycin‐induced lung damage in rats
Authors: Serrano‐Mollar A , Closa D , Prats N , Blesa S , Martinez‐Losa M , Cortijo J , Estrela J M , Morcillo E J , Bulbena O 
Published: April 2003

This study examines the activity of the antioxidant N‐acetylcysteine on bleomycin‐induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats with emphasis on the early inflammatory phase.
Rats receiving N‐acetylcysteine (300 mg kg−1 day−1, intraperitoneal) had less augmented lung wet weight, and lower levels of proteins, lactate dehydrogenase, neutrophil and macrophage counts in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and lung myeloperoxidase activity with a betterment of histological score at 3 days postbleomycin.
A diminished lung GSH/GSSG ratio and augmented lipid hydroperoxides were observed 3 days postbleomycin. These changes were attenuated by N‐acetylcysteine. Alveolar macrophages from bleomycin‐exposed rats released augmented amounts of superoxide anion and nitric oxide. N‐Acetylcysteine did not modify superoxide anion generation but reduced the increased production of nitric oxide.
N‐Acetylcysteine suppressed the bleomycin‐induced increased activation of lung NF‐κB (shift assay and immunohistochemistry), and decreased the augmented levels of the early inflammatory cytokines, tumour necrosis factor‐α, interleukin‐β, interleukin‐6 and macrophage inflammatory protein‐2 observed in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid at 1 and 3 days postbleomycin exposure.
At 15 days postbleomycin, N‐acetylcysteine decreased collagen deposition in bleomycin‐exposed rats (hydroxyproline content: 6351±669 and 4626±288 μg per lung in drug vehicle‐ and N‐acetylcysteine‐treated rats, respectively; P<0.05). Semiquantitative histological assessment at this stage showed less collagen deposition in N‐acetylcysteine‐treated rats compared to those receiving bleomycin alone.
These results indicate that N‐acetylcysteine reduces the primary inflammatory events, thus preventing cellular damage and the subsequent development of pulmonary fibrosis in the bleomycin rat model.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2003) 138, 1037–1048. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.138-0705138