bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dimensions of Local Authority: Mapping Local Political Institutions in Canada's Cities
Authors: Horak Martin , Kurs Charlotte , Taylor Zack 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Our knowledge of the institutional features of local government in Canadian cities is surprisingly fragmentary. The academic literature has long identified dominant tendencies in Canadian local institutions, but systematic empirical data has been missing. In this article, we address this gap in knowledge in two ways. We introduce the Canadian Municipal Attributes Portal (CMAP), a new open-access database that contains information on dozens of institutional features of local government for nearly 100 of the most populous municipalities in Canada. We then propose a new multidimensional index of authority concentration, which is designed to capture variation in the local structure of decision-making authority in a systematic and nuanced manner. We apply this index to a systematic pan-Canadian subsample of 65 CMAP municipalities. The result is a rich portrait of institutional variety, one that both corroborates and substantially extends our current understanding of the shape of municipal institutions in Canadian cities.
Alice or Bob?: Process polymorphism in choreographies
Authors: GRAVERSEN EVA , HIRSCH ANDREW K. , MONTESI FABRIZIO 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
We present PolyChor

$\lambda$

, a language for higher-order functional choreographic programming—an emerging paradigm for concurrent programming. In choreographic programming, programmers write the desired cooperative behaviour of a system of processes and then compile it into an implementation for each process, a translation called endpoint projection. Unlike its predecessor, Chor

$\lambda$

, PolyChor

$\lambda$

has both type and process polymorphism inspired by System F

$_\omega$

. That is, PolyChor

$\lambda$

is the first (higher-order) functional choreographic language which gives programmers the ability to write generic choreographies and determine the participants at runtime. This novel combination of features also allows PolyChor

$\lambda$

processes to communicate distributed values, leading to a new and intuitive way to write delegation. While some of the functional features of PolyChor

$\lambda$

give it a weaker correspondence between the semantics of choreographies and their endpoint-projected concurrent systems than some other choreographic languages, we still get the hallmark end result of choreographic programming: projected programmes are deadlock-free by design.
Modulation of Quasi‐Biennial Oscillation on Wintertime Variability of Intraseasonal 2‐m Temperature Over Northern Eurasia and Its Potential Impact on Subseasonal Prediction in China
Authors: Xie Xinrui , Wu Jiye , Luo Jing‐Jia , Xu Jianxiang , Yan Huiping 
Published: January 2024

AbstractThe mid‐high latitude intraseasonal oscillation (ISO) has remarkable impacts on the Northern Hemisphere. However, the interannual variance of the mid‐high latitude ISO and its underlying mechanism are rarely explored. Here, we find that the tropical stratospheric Quasi‐Biennial Oscillation (QBO) has notable impacts. A statistically significant contrast in the interannual variability of intraseasonal 2‐m temperature (T2m) over northern Eurasia is detected between the easterly (EQBO) and westerly (WQBO) QBO phase. The influence of the QBO could be attributed to the interactions of ISO perturbation and QBO‐related winter‐mean flow. Specifically, the ISO perturbation is more efficient in extracting kinetic and potential energy from the winter‐mean flow in EQBO. Additionally, the northern Eurasia ISO propagates southeastward and exert effects on China. Due to this, the subseasonal forecast system of NUIST (NUIST CFS1.1) displays higher skill in predicting the T2m in China during EQBO phase at 3, 4, and 5 pentads in advance.
Delayed Recovery of the Irminger Interior From Cooling in 2015 Due To Widespread Buoyancy Loss and Suppressed Restratification
Authors: Nelson Monica , Straneo Fiamma , Purkey Sarah G. , de Jong Marieke Femke 
Published: January 2024

AbstractWatermass transformation in the Irminger Sea, a key region for the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation, is influenced by atmospheric and oceanic variability. Strong wintertime atmospheric forcing in 2015 resulted in enhanced convection and the densification of the Irminger Sea. Deep convection persisted until 2018, even though winters following 2015 were mild. We show that this behavior can be attributed to an initially slow convergence of buoyancy, followed by more rapid convergence of buoyancy. This two‐stage recovery, in turn, is consistent with restratification driven by baroclinic instability of the Irminger Current (IC), that flows around the basin. The initial, slow restratification resulted from the weak horizontal density gradients created by the widespread 2015 atmospheric heat loss. Faster restratification occurred once the IC recovered. This mechanism explains the delayed recovery of the Irminger Sea following a single extreme winter and has implications for the ventilation and overturning that occurs in the basin.
Identification of Rainfall Events and Heavy Rainfall Events From Radar Measurements in Southeastern Australia
Authors: Bowden Annabel J. , Jakob Christian , Soderholm Joshua 
Published: January 2024

AbstractRadar data can be of significant utility in investigating characteristics of rainfall events that cannot be studied with rain gauges alone. The recent establishment of a long‐term, quality‐controlled data set covering most of the radars on the Australian continent enables a deeper characterization of rainfall, including heavy rainfall events. This study develops a methodology to identify and characterize rainfall events from radar data and tests its utility by applying it to the regions surrounding the major cities of Brisbane, Sydney, and Melbourne. The event characteristics studied include rainfall accumulation and intensity, event duration and spatial extent, and the contribution convective areas make to the overall event rainfall. Rainfall events in Brisbane and Sydney are found to be more intense, more convective, and smaller in extent whilst producing larger rainfall accumulations than Melbourne rainfall events. Rainfall event duration and total accumulated rainfall are strongly positively correlated, as are the overall event intensity and the intensity of convective rainfall. The events that produce the largest rainfall accumulations exhibit significant differences from the events that produce the highest rainfall intensities. Overall, the study demonstrates that long‐term radar data sets in Australia provide an invaluable and rich source to study rainfall characteristics in a variety of regions at a high spatial and temporal resolution.
Permafrost Degradation Risk Evaluation in the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau Under Climate Change Based on Machine Learning Models
Authors: Zhang Mingyi , Li Renwei , Pei Wansheng , Zhou Yanqiao , Li Guanji , Yang Sheng 
Published: January 2024

AbstractPermafrost in the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau (QTP) is sensitive to climate warming, but the associated degradation risk still lacks accurate evaluation. To address this issue, machine learning (ML) models are established to simulate the mean annual ground temperature (MAGT) and active layer thickness (ALT), and climate data from shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs) are prepared for evaluation in the future period. Based on the projections, permafrost is expected to remain relatively stable under the SSP1‐2.6 scenario, and large‐scale permafrost degradation will occur after the 2050s, resulting in area losses of 30.15% (SSP2‐4.5), 58.96% (SSP3‐7.0), and 65.97% (SSP5‐8.5) in the 2090s relative to the modeling period (2006–2018). The average permafrost MAGT (ALT) is predicted to increase by 0.50°C (59 cm), 0.67°C (89 cm), and 0.79°C (97 cm) in the 2090s with respect to the modeling period under the SSP2‐4.5, SSP3‐7.0, and SSP5‐8.5 scenarios, respectively. Permafrost in the Qilian Mountains and Three Rivers Source region are fragile and vulnerable to degradation. In the future period, permafrost on the sunny slopes is more prone to degradation and the sunny‐shade slope effect of permafrost distribution will be further enhanced under climate warming. The lower limit of permafrost distribution is expected to rise by about 100 m in the 2050s under the SSP2‐4.5 scenario. These findings can provide valuable insights about future permafrost changes in the QTP.
Modal Petrology and Mineral Chemistry of the <1 mm Size Fraction of Lunar Regolith in Apollo 17 Drive Tube Section 73002
Authors: Simon S. B. , Cato M. J. , Shearer C. K. ,   the ANGSA Science Team
Published: January 2024

AbstractThe Apollo 17 mission returned samples from the Taurus‐Littrow Valley of the Moon. Key features of the site are a basaltic valley floor partially enclosed by South Massif and North Massif mountains and the Sculptured Hills, which consist of feldspar‐rich highland lithologies. A recently opened soil core sampled an inferred landslide deposit at the base of South Massif. Study of a suite of polished grain mounts of six size fractions of <1 mm material from 14 depth intervals of the ∼18 cm soil column shows that all size fractions from the upper 5–6 cm are richer in agglutinates, an indicator of surface exposure, than the deeper material, which is among the most agglutinate‐poor Apollo 17 regolith reported. Regolith breccia, crystalline melt breccia, and noritic igneous rocks are the most abundant fragment types. Nonmare rock types found range from anorthosites to ultramafic rocks and include rare types such as dunites, pyroxenites, and granitic fragments rich in potassium feldspar and silica. Mare basalt, glasses, and agglutinates are minor components throughout. The observations are consistent with the deposition of the highland‐dominated material in a landslide, which did not preserve any previous stratigraphy, followed by in situ maturation, with only minor additions of mare lithologies from nearby basaltic regolith, due to the inefficiency of lateral transport on the Moon.
Breathing Phenomenon of Soil Desiccation Cracking: Insights From Novel Geophysical Observations
Authors: Xu Jin‐Jian , Tang Chao‐Sheng , Yang Yaowen , Li Lin , Zhang Hao , Cheng Qing , Zhang Xi‐Ying , Liu Bo , Shi Bin 
Published: January 2024

AbstractDrought‐induced soil desiccation cracking is a common natural phenomenon on the earth surface, which plays a significant role in influencing the hydro‐mechanical behavior of soils across various earthen engineering applications. However, there is still a scarcity of related studies investigating how field soil desiccation cracking responds to climate action. This study develops an innovative geophysical monitoring framework for investigating field desiccation cracking behaviors by utilizing the distributed fiber optical sensing (DFOS) technique based on optical frequency domain reflectometry (OFDR). The feasibility and significant potential of the DFOS‐OFDR framework in advancing soil desiccation cracking research is demonstrated through the implementation of field monitoring tests. The results not only indicate that the strain distribution curves of fiber optic cables at different depths provide insights into the soil shrinkage characteristics and the crack localization capability but also demonstrate the early detection capability of the DFOS‐OFDR framework for soil desiccation cracking from a visual perspective. Importantly, the field monitoring tests reveal that under the influence of climate change, desiccation cracking exhibits a distinctive pattern of periodic propagation and narrowing. This intriguing phenomenon is referred to as “soil crack breathing.” Additionally, the DFOS‐OFDR framework exhibits enhanced sensitivity in sensing the soil crack breathing phenomenon than visual observation methods. This innovative geophysical monitoring framework not only enables real‐time observation, continuous measurement, and high‐resolution characterization of soil desiccation cracking behavior but also serves as a valuable high‐precision observational method for investigating the complex soil‐atmosphere interactions under the influence of climate change.
Efficacy of MRI data harmonization in the age of machine learning: a multicenter study across 36 datasets
Authors: Marzi Chiara , Giannelli Marco , Barucci Andrea , Tessa Carlo , Mascalchi Mario , Diciotti Stefano 
Published: January 2024

AbstractPooling publicly-available MRI data from multiple sites allows to assemble extensive groups of subjects, increase statistical power, and promote data reuse with machine learning techniques. The harmonization of multicenter data is necessary to reduce the confounding effect associated with non-biological sources of variability in the data. However, when applied to the entire dataset before machine learning, the harmonization leads to data leakage, because information outside the training set may affect model building, and potentially falsely overestimate performance. We propose a 1) measurement of the efficacy of data harmonization; 2) harmonizer transformer, i.e., an implementation of the ComBat harmonization allowing its encapsulation among the preprocessing steps of a machine learning pipeline, avoiding data leakage by design. We tested these tools using brain T1-weighted MRI data from 1740 healthy subjects acquired at 36 sites. After harmonization, the site effect was removed or reduced, and we showed the data leakage effect in predicting individual age from MRI data, highlighting that introducing the harmonizer transformer into a machine learning pipeline allows for avoiding data leakage by design.
Urban water and electricity demand data for understanding climate change impacts on the water-energy nexus
Authors: Obringer Renee , Nateghi Roshanak , Knee Jessica , Madani Kaveh , Kumar Rohini 
Published: January 2024

AbstractAs the climate crisis intensifies, it is becoming increasingly important to conduct research aimed at fully understanding the climate change impacts on various infrastructure systems. In particular, the water-electricity demand nexus is a growing area of focus. However, research on the water-electricity demand nexus requires the use of demand data, which can be difficult to obtain, especially across large spatial extents. Here, we present a dataset containing over a decade (2007–2018) of monthly water and electricity consumption data for 46 major US cities (2018 population >250,000). Additionally, we include pre-processed climate data from the North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR) to supplement studies on the relationship between the water-electricity demand nexus and the local climate. This data can be used for a number of studies that require water and/or electricity demand data across long time frames and large spatial extents. The data can also be used to evaluate the possible impacts of climate change on the water-electricity demand nexus by leveraging the relationship between the observed values.
Cognitive effects on experienced duration and speed of time, prospectively, retrospectively, in and out of lockdown
Authors: Nicolaï Cyril , Chaumon Maximilien , van Wassenhove Virginie 
Published: January 2024

AbstractPsychological time is influenced by multiple factors such as arousal, emotion, attention and memory. While laboratory observations are well documented, it remains unclear whether cognitive effects on time perception replicate in real-life settings. This study exploits a set of data collected online during the Covid-19 pandemic, where participants completed a verbal working memory (WM) task in which their cognitive load was manipulated using a parametric n-back (1-back, 3-back). At the end of every WM trial, participants estimated the duration of that trial and rated the speed at which they perceived time was passing. In this within-participant design, we initially tested whether the amount of information stored in WM affected time perception in opposite directions depending on whether duration was estimated prospectively (i.e., when participants attend to time) or retrospectively (i.e., when participants do not attend to time). Second, we tested the same working hypothesis for the felt passage of time, which may capture a distinct phenomenology. Third, we examined the link between duration and speed of time, and found that short durations tended to be perceived as fast. Last, we contrasted two groups of individuals tested in and out of lockdown to evaluate the impact of social isolation. We show that duration and speed estimations were differentially affected by social isolation. We discuss and conclude on the influence of cognitive load on various experiences of time.
Genomic analysis of vB_PaS-HSN4 bacteriophage and its antibacterial activity (in vivo and in vitro) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from burn
Authors: Rafiei Solmaz , Bouzari Majid 
Published: January 2024

AbstractThe most frequent infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa are local infections in soft tissues, including burns. Today, phage use is considered a suitable alternative to cure infections caused by multi-drug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) bacteria. We investigated the potential of a novel phage (vB_PaS-HSN4) belonging to Caudoviricetes class, against XDR and MDR P. aeruginosa strains in vivo and in vitro. Its biological and genetic characteristics were investigated. The phage burst size and latent were 119 and 20 min, respectively. It could tolerate a broad range of salt concentrations, pH values, and temperatures. The combination with ciprofloxacin significantly enhanced biofilm removal after 24 h. The genome was dsDNA with a size of 44,534 bp and encoded 61 ORFs with 3 tRNA and 5 promoters. No virulence factor was observed in the phage genome. In the in vivo infection model, treatment with vB_PaS-HSN4 increased Galleria mellonella larvae survival (80%, 66%, and 60%) (MOI 100) and (60%, 40%, and 26%) (MOI 1) in the pre-treatment, co-treatment, and post-treatment experiments, respectively. Based on these characteristics, it can be considered for the cure of infections of burns caused by P. aeruginosa.
Multiple wave scattering by submerged obstacles in an infinite channel of finite depth with surface pressure excess
Authors: Abou-Dina M. S. , Ghaleb A. F. , Abdelrahman N. S. 
Published: January 2024

AbstractThe objective is to study the combined effect of an incident wave, a surface pressure excess and a finite number of submerged obstacles, in the phenomenon of power transfer to an infinite fluid layer of finite depth. The incident wave and the surface pressure excess have the same harmonic time dependence, a fact that allows to eliminate time altogether and consider only steady-state solutions. The surface pressure excess simulates the effect of winds blowing above the water surface in oceans. The technique used in a first part of the paper relying upon the use of finite Fourier transform and separation of variables is extended here to this end. The method allows to separate local perturbations from progressive or standing wave. Our formulae yield the exact solution in closed form in the absence of obstacles, and provide a clearer insight into the flow properties, as compared to previous investigations. Applications are given for discontinuous surface pressure functions. We put in evidence solutions with no outgoing waves, for which the energy transmitted by the surface pressure is exhausted in generating a standing wave, together with local perturbations. Two numerical applications without/with obstacles, for a parabolic surface pressure profile, allow to assess the energy transfer from the pressure-obstacles system to the fluid. The results may be of interest in the field of oscillating water columns and, generally, water power converting technology.
Expression of semaphorin 3A (SEMA3A) in breast cancer subtypes
Authors: Andryszak Natalia , Kurzawa Paweł , Krzyżaniak Monika , Ruchała Marek , Nowicki Michał , Iżycki Dariusz , Czepczyński Rafał 
Published: January 2024

AbstractBreast cancer is a major health concern, and its accurate diagnosis and management depend on identifying its histological type and biological subtype. Semaphorin-3A (SEMA3A) is a membrane protein with diverse roles in cellular processes, including cancer progression and angiogenesis regulation. However, its role in breast cancer remains poorly understood. This study aimed to evaluate SEMA3A expression in breast cancer and investigate its distribution across breast cancer subtypes: luminal A, luminal B, HER2-positive, and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Immunohistochemical evaluation was performed on 98 breast cancer patients' tumor specimens, and SEMA3A expression was assessed in tumor cells and vessels. The study included the analysis of the Ki67 proliferation index, estrogen receptor (ER) expression, progesterone receptor (PR) expression, and HER2 status in conjunction with SEMA3A expression. Analysis indicated positive expression of SEMA3A in breast cancer cells in 60 out of 98 cases. SEMA3A expression correlated positively with Ki67 levels in tumor cells (p = 0.0005, R Spearman 0.338). Notably, a negative correlation was found between SEMA3A expression and ER and PR levels in tumor cells (p = 0.04, Spearman's R = − 0.21 and p = 0.016, Spearman's R = − 0.25 respectively). HER2 status did not significantly influence SEMA3A expression. The study demonstrated positive SEMA3A expression in tumor vessels across all subtypes in 91 out of 98 cases, suggesting its involvement in endothelial cell function. However, no significant differences in SEMA3A expression were observed between breast cancer subtypes either in vessels or tumor cells. These findings suggest that elevated SEMA3A expression may be associated with worse prognosis in breast cancer, especially in ER- and PR-negative tumors. Further investigations are warranted to fully comprehend the role of SEMA3A in breast cancer biology, which may lead to the identification of novel therapeutic targets and personalized treatment strategies for breast cancer patients.
Biomarkers of coagulation, endothelial, platelet function, and fibrinolysis in patients with COVID-19: a prospective study
Authors: S.B. Manoj Job , Chacko Binila , Selvarajan Sushil , Peter John Victor , Geevar Tulasi , Dave Rutvi Gautam , Georgy Josh Thomas , Zachariah Anand , George Tina , Sathyendra Sowmya , Hansdak Samuel George , Krishnaswami Rajiv Karthik , Thangakunam Balamugesh , Gupta Richa , Karuppusami Reka , Nair Sukesh Chandran , Srivastava Alok 
Published: January 2024

AbstractProspective and sequential evaluation of homeostatic changes leading to thrombosis across COVID 19 disease severity spectrum are limited. In this prospective observational study, haemostasis was evaluated in patients with mild, moderate-severe, and critical COVID-19 infection. Markers of endothelial activation [Soluble thrombomodulin (sTM), von Willebrand Factor (VWF)], platelet activation [Soluble P-selectin, beta-thromboglobulin (BTG)] and global haemostasis [Rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM)] were evaluated on days 1 and 5 after admission. The study cohort comprised of 100 adult patients (mild = 20, moderate-severe = 22, critical = 58). Sixty-five patients received anticoagulation for 10 (7–14) days. Thrombotic events were seen in 9 patients. In-hospital mortality was 21%. Endothelial activation markers were elevated at baseline in all subgroups, with levels in moderate-severe (sTM = 4.92 ng/ml, VWF = 295 U/dl) [reference-ranges: sTM = 2.26–4.55 ng/ml; Soluble P-selectin = 13.5–31.5 ng/ml; BTG = 0.034–1.99 ng/ml] and critical patients (sTM = 6.07 ng/ml, VWF = 294 U/dl) being significantly higher than in the mild group (sTM = 4.18 ng/ml, VWF = 206 U/dl). In contrast, platelet activation markers were elevated only in critically ill patients at baseline (Soluble P-selectin = 37.3 ng/ml, BTG = 2.51 ng/ml). The critical group had significantly lower fibrinolysis on days 1 and 5 when compared with the moderate-severe arm. COVID-19 infection was associated with graded endothelial activation and lower fibrinolysis that correlated with illness severity.