bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘Chaucerian’ Poems
Authors: Gray Douglas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The title of ‘“Chaucerian” poems’ is often given to a rather miscellaneous collection of works (some of which are very difficult to date), all in one way or another related to Chaucer, some which were attributed to him in manuscripts or early prints, some which are ‘imitations’ of him or directly inspired by his poetry, such as The Kingis Quair in Scotland or The Temple of Glass in England (see pp. 474, 320). These two are outstanding, but the whole group forms a most attractive anthology of late medieval ‘courtly’ verse.
Mystery Cycles I: Old Testament
Authors: Gray Douglas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The (admittedly fragmentary) records suggest that the English cycle plays began to emerge c.1375. About their genesis and development there is little agreement, and the plain truth is that conclusive evidence is lacking for any of the various theories that have been put forward. Among these are the suggestions that the mystery cycles represent a new kind of drama, distinct from liturgical drama and other kinds, which came into existence in the fourteenth century because of the stimulus given by the institution of the feast of Corpus Christi; that they did not spring parentless into existence, but developed from earlier liturgical plays; that the doctrinal Eucharistic connection with the feast of Corpus Christi is incidental, but that they develop from fourteenth-century festival processions.
Morality Plays and Interludes
Authors: Gray Douglas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
They were long relegated to a particularly dusty corner of early literature, dismissed as didactic and dull—and for using the despised mode of allegory. It is only fairly recently that they have been given sympathetic attention: it is probably significant that, like the mystery plays, the best examples of the type have proved themselves to be extremely successful in performance. They share with the mystery plays a liking for strongly ‘typed’ characters and large expressive scenes. They have similar stage conventions, and techniques of language, and share the same religious concerns and preconceptions
Verse, Didactic and Homiletic
Authors: Bennett J A W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Shakespeare too will picture Wat on his hill. But as often as not Shakespeare (like Chaucer) saw Nature (pace Dryden) through the spectacles of books. The book they looked through was the Bestiary and its companion piece the Lapidary, which taught how to read sermons in stones. This is not to say that the Bestiary was always at hand; but its lore was so long and widely disseminated as to become indistinguishable from folk-belief, whilst at the same time it was absorbed into highly reputable encyclopaedias like Bartholomew the Englishman’s De Proprietatibus Rerum.
Layamon
Authors: Bennett J A W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Outside the literary histories Layamon (or, more properly, La3amon (Laghamon), that is ‘Lawman’) is almost unknown; not because he is a poor poet but because his magnum opus is lengthy, inaccessible, and for most readers today difficult or uncouth in appearance. His Brut (entitled ‘Hystoria Brutonum’ in the Cotton Caligula MS*) is the longest poem in English apart from The Faerie Queene, which in one sense it foreshadows, not only in giving Arthur an English context and. an English value, but also in its archaic, not to say archaistic, language and spelling, which may have been intended to serve much the same purpose as do those features in Spenser and Doughty. His unique interest lies in the fact that though a literate poet, he continually shows signs and vestiges of an oral tradition that must have still operated in twelfth-century England in ways not distinctly different from those that Milman Parry has taught us to recognize in Homer: which is why Milman Parry’s The Making of Homeric Verse, with its lucid and objective introduction by his son † is a good starting point for any study of the Brut.
Gower
Authors: Bennett J A W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
About the life of John Gower, Chaucer’s friend, little can be said with certainty. His family evidently had Yorkshire origins, but certain features of his language suggest a connection with Kent, where he purchased lands in 1378. In that year Chaucer, when setting out for Italy, gave power of attorney to Gower and a lawyer called Richard Forester. In his French poem, the Mirour de l’omme (21772—4), Gower says that he is not a ‘clerk’ but that he wears ‘la raye mance’, the distinctive dress of serjeants at law and certain court officials; and other documents and allusions confirm the suggestion that he was a Londoner versed in the law, who was in touch with Kentish gentry, and had some knowledge of life at court. In the Mirour de l’omme, he confesses (27337 ff.) that in his youth he aban¬ doned himself to ‘foldelit et veine joye’, and wrote ‘fol ditz d’amours’, songs and ditties such as those he was to attribute to Chaucer and to Amans in the Confessio Amantis (i. 2727), whom he represents as composing ‘rondeal, balade and virelai’. Some of the fifty-one French balades that survive in the Trentham manuscript (now MS Egerton 2862 in the British Library) may represent these youthful poems: Machaut, Deschamps, and Froissart had made the ba/ade a fashionable medium for love-poetry well before the death of Edward III (1377). In his Latin poem, the Vox C/amantis, he gives a mordant description of society in the following reign, including accounts of the Peasants’ Revolt (1381) and of Richard II’s reconciliation with the House of Commons (1392). The original (undated) Prologue and Conclusion to Confessio Amantis dedicate the poem to Richard, but about 1393 they were changed in favour of Henry of Lancaster, who in that year gave ‘an esquire John Gower’ the collar that is presumably the collar of SS shown on his tomb. Five weeks after his coronation Henry, as king, rewarded Gower with a grant of two pipes of Gascon wine for life. The untitled poem called by his editor, G. C. Macaulay, ‘In Praise of Peace’, belongs to this period.
John Taylor and the Poems of Clare
Authors: Leader Zachary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Now Here in the writing of the English Romantic period do questions of imposition figure more prominently than in the revision of the poems of John Clare, the work mostly of Clare’s publisher, John Taylor. The current consensus on these revisions, shared both by Clare’s modern editors and a number of his most influential critics, is that they importantly alter the poems, domesticate, smooth, diminish them. Hence, for example, the decision of Eric Robinson and David Powell, the editors of The Early Poems of John Clare, an Oxford English Texts edition of 1989, not only to print manuscript over published versions, relegating subsequent alterations, including those of first printed editions, to the apparatus, but to arrange the entirety of Clare’s output of 1804-22, ‘a huge mass of material that was excluded from the original books’,1 under the headings of his published volumes. This arrangement obscures the distinction between published and unpublished works (including obviously unworked scraps and fragments), presumably on the grounds that selection, like revision, was mostly Taylor’s province not Clare’s. Hence also the decision of Robinson and Geoffrey Summerfield in 1964 to reprint for ‘the general reader’ a manuscript edition, wholly unpunctuated and with only ‘minimal alterations’, of The Shepherd’s Calendar (.1827), the most radically revised of his works, an edition corrected and updated by Robinson and Powell in 1993.2 A comparable rationale underlies Kelsey Thornton and Anne Tibbie’s 1979 edition of The Midsummer Cushion, a volume Clare planned in 1832, advertised, and hoped to publish himself through private subscription.3 For a variety of reasons, The Midsummer Cushion never appeared in print (until 1979, that is), though a number of its poems were included in The Rural Muse (1835), a volume edited and arranged for the press by Clare’s benefactress, Mrs Emmerson, with the assistance of Taylor. This volume, too, has been re-edited from the original manuscript, again by Thornton (1982).
Introduction
Authors: Mccalman Iain 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This London political underworld began its formal existence on 18 March 1801 when Thomas Spence, pamphlet-seller and ex-state prisoner, established a society to disseminate his land-reforming ideals by means of tavern free-and-easies. Its roots. however, need to be traced back to the 1790s amongst the tavern debating clubs depicted in W.H. Reid’s pamphlet of 1800, The Rise and Dissolution of the Infidel Societies in this Metropolis.
Tavern debating clubs: Spencean strategy and culture, 1815-17
Authors: Mccalman Iain 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Spenccans’ preference for the tavern debating club as a radical organisation and strategy linked them with long-established popular traditions. The English alehouse had been a pivotal institution in plebeian life since the sixteenth century. By the eighteenth it served as labour exchange, house-of-call, trades’ headquarters, benefit club, strike centre, pick-up joint, unlicensed theatre and drinking place.
Blasphemous chapels: the preacher as insurrectionary, 1818-20
Authors: Mccalman Iain 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of Thomas Evans’s first actions after leaving prison in January 1818 was to announce his intention of reorganising the Spenceans ‘on a better system’. He had decided to reconstitute the society along the lines of an independent dissenting sect. Some time in spring or early summer he and Wedderburn took out a joint licence to operate a dissenting chapel in a large basement backroom at 6 Archer Street - a small Haymarket lane way.
Celibacy and Psychoanalysis
Authors: Raitt Suzanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In early 1907, just after the serialization of The Helpmate began, May Sinclair watched a suffragist march attended by her friends Beatrice Harraden, Alice Meynell, Aphra Wilson, and probably Evelyn Sharp. She told Otto Kyllmann that she was ‘willing to stand up & be shot dead opposite the Carlton Club —if that wd. really benefit all future generations of my sex —but I haven’t the courage to march in that procession!’ Sinclair did indeed make an unlikely suffragist. The two novels she published in 1908, Kitty Tailleur and The judgment of Eve, are outspoken enough about men’s oppressive treatment of women to show that she was at least partly in sympathy with the movement for women’s rights, but her reluctance to appear in public or to draw attention to herself meant that she was ill-suited to the activist life. Her natural inclination was to communicate her support by writing from the unbroken peace of her little studio in Kensington, looking down over the green grass of the square. She wanted to find a way to support the suffrage movement without becoming too involved in the life of the streets and of the prisons.
The New York Edition
Authors: Horne Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 13 October 1908 Henry James wrote to his agent James Brand Pinker that he had called on Macmillans to obtain copies of two of the works in their English issue of the New York Edition of his Novels and Tales, and had been made to pay for them. Frederick Macmillan was buying sheets from Charles Scribner and felt he must charge the author cost price. James ruefully commented that ‘It all adds to my sense of literature being for me, somehow, ever only an expensive job.’ Seven days later this mild ironic surprise was followed by a severe shock: the first really clear statement from Scribners of how little money he was to make from his ‘long & devoted labour’. The news, he told Pinker, was ‘a bitter grief’.
Confidence in Revision
Authors: Horne Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 9 August 1900 The Sense of the Past was running into serious difficulties and James resorted to his notebook so that the close working-out of detail, as in his dramatic period, could see him on his way to a subject. I must proceed now with a more rigorous economy, and I turn about, I finger other things over, asking, praying, feel something that will do instead. I take up, in other words, this little blessed, this sacred small, ‘ciphering’ pen that has stood me in such stead often already, and I call down on it the benediction of the old days, I invoke the aid of the old patience and passion and piety. They are always there—by which I mean here—if I give myself the chance to appeal to them (Nks., p. 190).
Hammersmith, 1632–1635
Authors: Parker William Riley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
sometime between September 1631 and the following September, Milton’s father retired from business, gave up the home and shop in Bread Street, and went to live in Hammersmith, a suburb of London in the Middlesex parish of Fulham. He was approaching seventy. It is reasonable to suppose that the move took place soon after John’s graduation from Cambridge on 3 July 1632. Young Christopher withdrew from the University at that time, having spent only five terms there, and on 22 September, at the age of seventeen, he was admitted to the Inner Temple as a law student. John was not attracted by the law, nor was he yet ready to enter the ministry. With his parents’ consent, he joined them in their new suburban home, and settled down to study and write.
Horton, 1635–1638
Authors: Parker William Riley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
MILTON’s Horton period was one of relentless study. So far as we know, during 1635, 1636, and the first ten months of 1637 he wrote no verse. Doubtless he continued to dream of immortality as a Latin and English poet, but, as the opening lines of Lycidas more than hint, he realized that increased knowledge and maturity were necessary to give his writing the richness and significance his youthful performances had lacked. Both the opening and closing passages of Ad Patrem indicate that he regarded his previous work as iuvenilia carmina. His was a ‘slowendeavouring art’ compared with that of the ‘more timely-happy’; it was his destiny to be slow in development. And the remedy was obvious: to his aged parent he conceded the prosaic nature of preparation. There would be no more writing of masques. There would be only reading and note-taking-and more reading. What he needed to know could be found in books, and books can be read anywhere.
London, 1639–1642
Authors: Parker William Riley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
MILTON returned to an England precariously at peace. The Episcopal war with the Scots, formally declared late in January, had ended ingloriously on 18 June 1639 with the pacification of Berwick. No battles had been fought. Facing the Scottish army on the banks of the Tweed, King Charles had realized that he lacked sufficient force to punish his rebellious subjects. He returned to London in early August with intentions not difficult to guess.
Christian Doctrine, 1656–1660
Authors: Parker William Riley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
WEDNESDAY, 22 October 1656, was a market day, and some of the good housewives of London heard news which must have caused gossip. Mr. Milton, the blind secretary of Oliver’s Council, was marrying a woman he had never seen. The agreement and intention of marriage was published, as the law now required, during three successive weeks, first on 22 October, then on the 27th, then on 3 November. Milton was a widower, with three small daughters; his first wife had been dead for more than four years. His bride-to-be was Miss Katherine Woodcock of the parish of St. Mary the Virgin, Aldermanbury. They were married on Wednesday, 12 November, by Sir John Dethicke, alderman and one of the justices of the peace for the city of London.
Sources And Themes
Authors: McGrail Seán 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The principal subject of this study is water transport, that is, rafts, boats, and ships. Research into water transport, a subject sometimes known as ‘boat archae ology’, is just one aspect of the maritime subdiscipline of archaeology which may be defined as ‘the study of the nature and past behaviour of Man in his use of those special environments associated with lakes, rivers, and seas’ (McGrail, 1989a: ro ). In addition to water transport, this research area includes the study of landing places and harbours, as well as the study of the building, use, and performance of rafts, boats, and ships (Fig. I.I). It also includes: anchors and fishing gear; overseas coloruzations and trade routes; trade and cargo handling; changes in past climates, sea levels, and coastlines; and early seafaring and navigational techniques (McGrail, 1995c: 329).
Arabia
Authors: McGrail Seán 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter deals with that part of Asia which lies east of the Red Sea, west of the Indian subcontinent and south of the Caspian Sea. It does not include the Black Sea region, Anatolia, or the Levant (except indirectly) which, for historical rather than geographic reasons, are dealt with in Chapter 4 on the Mediterranean. Nor does it include Egypt and the western shores of the Red Sea or the southern shores of the Gulf of Aden which are considered in Chapter 2. The core of this region, in the earliest phases of this chapter, is Mesopotamia (modern Iraq)-the land of the two rivers, Tigris and Euphrates (Fig. 3.r).
India
Authors: McGrail Seán 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Generally the climate is tropical with seasonal monsoon winds having a profound effect on the sailing season (Deloche, 1994: 209-16). On the west coast the stormy wet winds of the south-west monsoon virtually prevent sailing from May to August and later. From the end of this monsoon until November the wind strength abates, and sailing becomes increasingly practicable. The winter months from December to March are the main sailing season using regular land and sea breezes. From March to the onset of the south-west monsoon, as the land and sea breeze effect slackens, it becomes increasingly more difficult to make coastal passages.
The Americas
Authors: McGrail Seán 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The earliest evidence of Man in the north-west region of the American continent is thought to come from the Old Crow Flats site in north-west Yukon where bones said to be associated with stone artefacts have been dated to c.29,000 BC (Klein, 1980: 95): this claim has frequently been challenged, as has the date of another early site in North America, the Meadow-croft Rock shelter (Adovasio, Donahue, and Stukenrath, 1990). The traditional view is that it was not until the Canadian ice sheets began to melt, some time after 18,000 BP (a time of lowest sea levels) that Man could spread from this north-western region eastwards and southwards (Fig. n.2). Dates from excavations in other parts of the Americas appear to support this late date: mid-tenth millennium BC for Chile; the southern tip of South America in the mid-ninth millennium BC; the Arctic regions from c.9000 BC (G. Clark, 1977: 353; Street, 1980: 56); and Greenland from c.2000 BC (McGhee, 1993).
Early Water Transport
Authors: McGrail Seán 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The direct evidence for early water transport is both sparse and late in date: worldwide, there are only a few hundred logboats and, perhaps, a hundred well-documented plank boat and ship remains from before AD 1500. The earliest logboat is dated to the eighth millennium Bc; the earliest plank boat to the third millennium. There are no excavated examples of the other five basic types of boat (hide, bark, bundle, basket, and pottery); no bundle or buoyed rafts; and only five documented log rafts-the earliest from Roman times.
The Laconian System
Authors: Winter Nancy A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The second major roofing system in Archaic Greece is known as Laconian, an attribution known from later inscriptions’ but confirmed by the wealth of material of this type found in Sparta and the neighbouring territory (Map 2). Like the Corinthian system proper, the Laconian may have evolved from the Protocorinthian system (see Chapter 3, Fig. 1a-b),2 but taking its appearance from the curved elements of the slope rather than from the angular articulation along the eaves: both Protocorinthian and Laconian roofs have wide, concave pan tiles and narrower, convex cover tiles. In contrast to the Protocorinthian tiles, however, the Laconian ones are always separate elements, never combination tiles. As on the earliest Proto corinthian roof, that at Corinth, the tiles of the Laconian system are coloured, though black or red rather than yellow and black. The Laconian system appears to have been restricted during the Archaic period to use on temples or other buildings in a sanctuary, with pediments at both ends of the building; no hip tiles exist within the Laconian system which would indicate the use of a hip roof, and building models with Laconian system roofs show pediments at both ends.
Stylistic Groups and Chronology
Authors: Plantzos Dimitris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The study of the correlation between style and subject-matter in the previous chapters has suggested that certain subjects were thought to call for a particular stylistic treatment. Portraits in particular were always executed in a varying mixture of realistic and idealistic features until the verism of the late Republic. The latter, satisfying the tastes of Roman patrons, was introduced, or at least successfully adopted, by Greek engravers to answer the new demands of their market. ‘Baroque’ and post-’baroque’ features were invariably used to represent the gods and there was an increasing influence from sculpture. The more the latter became decorative and light-hearted, the easier it became for gem-engravers to adopt its iconography, and therefore its style as well.
Introduction: Decadence and the Crisis of Ornament
Authors: Siècle Fin de , Anderson Mark M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The idea for the present book arose nearly a decade ago when I first read Kafka’s Letters to Milena and discovered that the author of perhaps the most horrific literary presentations of the modern world, the author of The Trial and ‘In the Penal Colony’, was also an avid observer of women’s fashion. At the time of their correspondence Milena Jesenska was living in Vienna and wrote fashion articles for Czech newspapers in her native Prague. Kafka would read her descriptions of hats and summer dresses with great pleasure and expertise, overlooking no detail in what he understood to be secret letters written for him alone and then weaving these sartorial references back into the text of their correspondence. ‘No, you’re wrong to underrate your fashion articles,’ he admonished her in a letter of 7 August. ‘I’m really grateful to you that I can read them in the open (since like a scoundrel I’ve been reading them in secret often).’ I realized then, with that odd sense of elation provoked by seeing a canonical figure dislodged from the grip of stereotype, that Kafka’s own writings, with their repeated references to fashion, elegant clothing, uniforms, and fur, revealed a surprisingly acute sense for the ‘superficial’ spectacle of urban life; and that in his writings he invariably presented the world as a shining and deceptive surface, presented it as clothing.