bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Theoretical Perspectives on Couples’ Careers
Authors: Blossfeld Hans-Peter , Drobnič Sonja 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN this chapter, we present a series of rival arguments concerning the dynamics of couples’ careers, which vary widely in both the nature and extent of their theoretical grounding and often come to contradictory conclusions. Among the arguments we consider, some are older-developed in a historical period in which fathers were typically viewed as breadwinners and mothers as full-time homemakers-and pertain to the most highly developed and influential theory in this field so far available: the economic theory of the family. Others are relatively new and draw directly on the conceptual distinctions and refinements necessitated by the growing diversity in family structures and employment roles that has arisen during the last two decades. We also review previous research findings regarding the interdependence of husbands’ and wives’ employment and family patterns, and develop hypotheses about social class and cross-national differences that provide the frame of reference for the country-specific chapters of the book.
Couples’ Labour-Market Participation in the Netherlands
Authors: Hendrickx John , Bernasco wim , graaf paul M De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Netherlands, a progressive country in many respects, has a surprisingly traditional division of labour between spouses. The husband’s traditional role of breadwinner is still largely unchallenged and until recently women’s participation in the labour market lagged behind neighbouring countries. In this chapter, we examine how couples organize the division of paid labour in the Netherlands and attempt to explain the variation between couples. Since there is little variation in labour-market participation of the husband—husbands overwhelmingly have full-time jobs—we will focus on the wife’s participation (Kempkens 1993; Eijkhout 1995).
Work Careers of Married Women in Denmark
Authors: Leth-Sørensen Søren , Rohwer Götz 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this analysis is to evaluate some of the factors which might influence changes in married women’s labour-market status. In particular, the focus is on the effects of husbands’ characteristics and the social position of the fathers of the spouses. It is interesting to consider the effects of the husband in Denmark, a country where women have a very high participation rate. Denmark is also considered one of the leading countries with respect to gender equality.
Careers of Couples and Trends in Inequality
Authors: Drobnič Sonja , Blossfeld Hans-Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN this final chapter, we attempt to give a short summary of the most important empirical findings from countries included in the study, as well as to confront the theories that we reviewed in Chapter 2 with the range of evidence that emerged in the country-specific analyses. A further aim is to examine the impact of employment patterns of couples on inequalities between households, and—within the specifics of welfare state regimes—consider the implications of our findings for the system of income and social inequalities in contemporary societies.
Shakespeare’s life and career
Authors: Potter Lois 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ordinariness of Shakespeare’s background-even the fact that his parents’ names were John and Mary-is part of its fascination. He was one of eight children and the oldest son. He was born some time between 21 and 24 April 1564; people like to think that it was the 23rd, the day devoted to celebrating St George, England’s patron saint. His birthplace, the borough of Stratford-upon-Avon, lies in what is now called the Heart of England.
Conventions of playwriting
Authors: Thomson Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Above all with the monumental figure of Shakespeare in mind, we tend to view play writing as an art. Shakespeare, whether or not he had himself in mind, viewed it as a craft. Just as an Elizabethan shipwright undertook to shape his raw material (wood) into an artefact (a ship), an Elizabethan playwright undertook to shape his raw material (a story or stories) into an artefact (a play).
Introduction
Authors: Orlin Lena Cowen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What do we know about William Shakespeare? We might begin by saying that he wrote thirty-eight plays, a sequence of 154 sonnets, two long narrative poems, and various short poems. This is to think about his literary career in terms of both numbers of things and names for things. But nearly every subject connected with Shakespeare allows room for interpretation, even numbers and names.
Romances
Authors: Foakes Reginald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term ‘romance’ provides a convenient label for a group of Shakespeare’s late plays, Pericles, Cymbeline, The Winter’s Tale, and The Tempest. Although Shakespeare never used the word in his plays, it usefully suggests the idea of fictions that are unrealistic, works that create a world dominated by chance rather than character or cause and effect, and plays in which we are attuned to delight in and wonder at the unexpected. Such fictions may involve sudden tempests or disasters, separations between parents and children or between friends or lovers, wanderings and shipwrecks, wives and children lost and found, strange accidents and coincidences, encounters with the marvelous, and eventual reconciliations and reunions.
Close reading
Authors: Ewbank lnga-Stina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When, seven years after his death, Shakespeare’s colleagues John Heminges and Henry Condell put together the first collected edition of his plays, the 1623 Folio, they prefaced it with an address ‘To the great Variety of Readers’. As good businessmen, they begin with sales talk-’whatever you do, buy!’-but as literary advisers they have but one thing to say to Shakespeare’s readers: ‘Read him, therefore; and again, and again’.
Forms of Astonishment
Authors: Buxton Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Forms of Astonishment sets out to interpret a number of Greek myths about the transformations of humans and gods. Such tales have become familiar in their Ovidian dress, as in the best-selling translation by Ted Hughes; Richard Buxton explores their Greek antecedents. One pressing question which often occurs to the reader of these tales is: Did the Greeks take them seriously? Buxton repeatedly engages with this topic, and attempts to answer it context by context and author by author. His book raises issues relevant to an understanding of broad aspects of Greek culture (e.g. how ‘strange ‘ were Greek beliefs? ‘); in so doing, it also illuminates issues explored by anthropologists and students of religion.
Athenian Drama
Authors: Buxton Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With its masked actors and its location in the theatre of Dionysos, god of reversals, Attic drama may be said to have at its very core a set of ‘metamorphic’ features, at least in an applied sense of the term. More specifically, however, the plots of some plays turn upon a change of shape by one or more of the characters. By analysing how this motif is contrastingly handled in tragedy and comedy, we can illuminate fundamental differences between the genres. At the same time we can begin to confront a difficult question: how far was metamorphosis ‘taken seriously’?
Athenian tragedy dramatized extreme situations within which human lives were ‘tested to destruction’.
Challenges to the Metamorphic Tradition
Authors: Buxton Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As this book has sought to demonstrate, for well over a millennium there existed in Greek antiquity a strong and rich tradition of the telling of metamorphosis stories. Yet this tradition did not pass unchallenged. It sometimes provoked scepticism, or scorn, or outright hostility, among advocates of a variety of philosophical-religious positions. Even when such thinkers did not engage with the metamorphic tradition explicitly, they often expressed views about change, identity, and form which may be seen as standing in implicit dialogue with that tradition. The two major types of metamorphosis tale, relating to transformations of gods and transformations of mortals, provoked varying and sometimes vigorous reactions from these thinkers. I shall discuss each type in turn.
Reading Sulpicia
Authors: Skoie Mathilde 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Focusing on the representation of the Augustan poet Sulpicia in commentaries, this book investigates the interpretative strategies involved in the reading of an ancient text. Mathilde Skoie discusses a selection of commentaries from the Renaissance to the present day, combining the history of classical scholarhip, philology, feminist literary theory, and reception theory. The six short love poems of Sulpicia (Corpus Tibullianum 3. 13–18) have, throughout history, been the subject of numerous different interpretations and judgements. The poems’ ambivalent status as poetry, the uncertainties surrounding authorship, the female intrusion in a male-dominated world, and questions about canon and ‘feminine Latin’ are some of the many issues that make them interesting for an investigation of classical scholarship. The poems can thus be used as a showcase for how commentaries are an interpretative and historically situated genre. Reading Sulpicia is the first monograph on Sulpicia and her reception, and thereby fills a gap in the literature concerning both reception studies and the study of Sulpicia herself.
Metatext and its Functions in Greek Lyric Poetry
Authors: Danielewicz Jerzy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This discussion is mainly intended to draw attention to a meta textually oriented approach by showing its advantages and practical applicability to the interpretation of literature. It is hoped that this point of view will interest the students of Greek lyric poetry; I am deeply convinced that already an awareness of the existence of the metatextual level in texts can stimulate the reader to go deeper into their linguistic structure. Since the notion of metatext is not yet popular among classicists, I attach some preliminary remarks on its usage in literary studies, exploiting the results of earlier reflection on the nature of language.
The Snares of the Odyssey: A Feminist Narratological Reading*
Authors: Doherty Lillian E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As I began to write the first version of this paper for the Oxford conference on which the present volume is based, I found myself, quite by coincidence, reading a detective nove] in which the heroine, a young feminist scholar of American background, is like wise scheduled to speak at Oxford. I should not have expected a detective novel to let the heroine go about her business and give the paper, especially since she is also portrayed as a protegee of Sherlock Holmes (the dramatic date is 192 I). But I was a bit taken aback when she was kidnapped by a drug lord and forcibly injected with heroin for a week (to make her a de facto addict and discredit her as a witness). This not only prevented her from giving the paper but required her to be rescued by Holmes, whom she improbably agreed to marry by the end of the book.
Seneca’s Epistles Reclassified
Authors: Wilson Marcus 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Seneca’s Epistles have been particularly subject to theoretical re definition. This opening statement raises a problem of its own, for it suggests that there is a particular category or genre to which the Epistles incontrovertibly belong. Few, I think, would want to argue with the proposition that the Epistles are, at least ostensibly, epistles. Not only are they collected under that title, but each text opens with a greeting framed in accordance with the standard epistolary protocol (Seneca Lucilia suo salutem) and ends with the conventional formula of leave-taking employed in Roman correspondence (vale). Those who have sought to reclassify the epistles have not attempted to deny their epistolary form, for to do so is impossible. Rather, they have treated it as a purely artificial device which does not so much alert us to the true character of the texts as disguise it. Given, then, that the Epistles are at least formally epistles, it seems legitimate to enquire whether the reclassifications stand up to scrutiny. and whether they enhance or impede a better understanding of Seneca’s literary technique and philosophical position.
Imperial Classroom
Authors: Fortna Benjamin C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the Ottoman Empire, as in many countries around the world in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, education was critical to the state's efforts to redefine its relationship with its subjects. This book presents a many-sided view of education under the Ottoman Empire in this period. Drawing on a wide array of primary material, ranging from archival reports to textbooks and classroom maps, Benjamin C. Fortna provides a detailed scholarly analysis of the Ottoman educational endeavour, revealing its fascinating mix of Western and indigenous influences. Focusing on such key areas as curricular change, daily life, geography, and Islamic morality, Fortna presents new evidence about schooling in the late Ottoman Empire and offers a new interpretation of its place in the history of the modern Middle East.
Cicero, Rhetoric, and Empire
Authors: Steel C E W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cicero manipulated issues relevant to Rome's possession of an empire (provincial extortion, access to citizenship, and the distribution of military commands) in an important group of speeches: the Verrines, de imperio Cn. Pompei, pro Archia, pro Flacco, de provinciis consularibus, and pro Balbo. C.E.W. Steel examines the speeches' rhetorical techniques and aims in detail. Cicero's presentation of empire concentrates on the power wielded by individuals at the expense of wider questions of administrative structures. Thus the problems which arise in the running of an empire can be presented as the result of personal failings rather than endemic to the structures of government - as questions of morality rather than of administration. Steel argues that this concept is fundamentally flawed. The weakness cannot be explained simply as Cicero's lack of insight, but as an inevitable consequence of the uses to which he puts oratory in his political career: comparison with his contemporaries shows other leading figures producing much more radical approaches to the problems of empire.
The Liar Paradox and the Stoics
Authors: Mignucci Mario 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The external history of the ancient versions of the Liar paradox is easily traced. We know that it was probably invented by Eubulides, and a version of it may have been known by Aristotle. A development of Aristotle’s view can be found in the anonymous commentary on the Sophistical Refutations traditionally ascribed to Alexander of Aphrodisias. But it is surely Chrysippus the philosopher who dedicated more efforts in ancient times to solve the paradox. He devoted an astonishing number of works to the Liar, as the catalogue of his books preserved by Diogenes Laertius shows. At least seven titles mention the Liar paradox, and we may think that some of the others were dealing with the same problem. Besides, Chrysippus’ Logical Investigations contain a few lines dedicated to the Liar paradox.
The Stoic Sage in the Cosmic City
Authors: Obbink Dirk 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much attention has been given to the Stoic concept of the universe as a city, its development as a political model, and its influence on subsequent thought, especially theories of natural law. The notion develops over time through a succession of thinkers, from Zeno’s exclusive city of the wise, and Chrysippus’ conception of the cosmos as a polity of gods and wise men, to Cicero and the later view that all men live (or ought to live) under the same canons of natural law. While this development is clear in outline, answers to other questions are less dear. Posing solutions to them offers some general inroads into Stoic political theory.
Chrysippus’ Theory of Causes
Authors: Bobzien Susanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We know very little about Chrysippus’ theory of causation. Our textual evidence which names Chrysippus directly and can be straightforwardly considered as belonging to a theory of causes is this: a passage in Stobaeus (Eel. 1.138.23–139.4) that presents Chrysippus’ basic account of causation; a distinction of causes in Cicero’s On Fate (Fat. 41–5); and an indirect reference to a distinction of causes in Plutarch’s On Stoic Self-Contradictions (Stoic rep., ch. 47).
Shakespeare and Marx
Authors: Egan Gabriel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Marxist cultural theory underlies much teaching and research in university departments of literature and has played a crucial role in the development of recent theoretical work. Feminism, New Historicism, cultural materialism, postcolonial theory, and queer theory all draw upon ideas about cultural production which can be traced to Marx, and significantly each also has a special relation with Renaissance literary studies. This book explores the past and continuing influence of Marx’s ideas in work on Shakespeare. Marx’s ideas about cultural production and its relation to economic production are clearly explained, together with the standard terminology and concepts such as base/superstructure, ideology, commodity fetishism, alienation, and reification. The influence of Marx’s ideas on the theory and practice of Shakespeare criticism and performance is traced from the Victorian age to the present day. The continuing importance of these ideas is illustrated via new Marxist readings of King Lear, hamlet, The Merchant of Venice, Timon of Athens, The Comedy of Errors, All’s Well that Ends Well, and The Winter’s Tale.
France and the Hundred Years War, 1337–1453
Authors: Curry Anne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
La Guerre de Cent Ans (Hundred Years War) is a French invention of the early nineteenth century. As far as can be discerned, the expression was first used by Desmichels in 1823 in his Tableau chronologique de l’histoire du Mayen Âge. Not surprisingly, the coining of a term to cover the Anglo-French wars of the later Middle Ages proved alluring, initially in textbooks aimed at the lycée and college (as in Boreau’s Histoire de France à Tusage des classes, published in 1839), and subsequently in works aimed at the popular market. The first book to bear the title La Guerre de Cent Ans was published by Bachelet in Rouen in 1852. By the end of the 1360s the notion had crossed the Channel, as revealed by Edward Freeman’s comment in the Fortnightly Review of May 1869: ‘The French are perfectly right in speaking of the whole time from Edward the Third to Henry the Sixth as the Hundred Years War.’
Society and the economy: the crisis and its aftermath
Authors: Charbonnier Pierre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Corn famine was a harsh evil during the two centuries of the late Middle Ages. At that time there was no substitute for corn such as buckwheat and potatoes later provided, and speculation, as was pointed out in Chapter 2, made starvation harsher. The famine of 1316 can be thought of as the beginning of the crisis, and that of 1482 marked a setback in the recovery of the country. These two were general throughout France because their origin was climatic, the first caused by excessive rainfall, the second by damaging storms. Widespread starvation also took place in 1375 and 1438. In fact the climate of this period was midway between the fine weather of the eleventh and twelfth centuries and the little ice age beginning around 1580. As for the high corn prices in 1419–21, they seem to be explained by the extremely debased coinage of those years.
Archives of Old Assyrian Traders
Authors: Veenhof Klaas R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thus far about 20,000 Old Assyrian cuneiform tablets have been unearthed at the site of the ancient city of Kanish, the modern ruin Kultepe in central Anatolia, most of which date to the nineteenth century bc. While a few dozen tablets were discovered on the city mound, both in houses and in the ruins of the palace of the local rulers, the bulk of the texts originate from the lower city, inhabited by local businessmen, craftsmen, and foreign, mainly Assyrian, traders. Since the tablets from the city mound, the scattered and largely unpublished remains of various small archives, defy archival analysis, I shall focus on those from the lower city. They were found in what the Assyrians called the kā rum, originally meaning ‘quay, harbour’ (in Mesopotamia, where bulk transport was waterborne), then also ‘commercial district’. Kā rum was used both as a topographical term—the name of the quarter where the traders lived—and as a designation of the organization of Assyrian traders settled there.
Aramaic Documents of the Assyrian and Achaemenid Periods
Authors: Millard Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Archives of Aramaic documents from the ninth to the fourth centuries bc are few and some of them very meagre; in effect, the topic deals with what does not exist as much as with what does. The geographical span is large, from Iran to Egypt, and so much of the material comes from bilingual or polyglot societies. In fact, there are no indigenous Aramaic archives.
Record-Keeping Practices as Revealed by the Neo-Babylonian Private Archival Documents
Authors: Baker Heather d. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper examines Neo-Babylonian record-keeping practices in the private sphere with a view to improving our understanding of how family archives were accumulated. Recent studies of Neo-Babylonian archival material demonstrate how the study of an archive‘s composition can contribute to its historical interpretation. However, there has been no attempt specifically to describe the ‘rules‘ governing the writing and transmission of documents at this period. This involves addressing questions of why tablets were written, and for whose benefit; what form they took; why they were kept by one party or transferred to another; and how they were invalidated or superseded. To this end I first focus briefly on tablet format. The main part of the paper is concerned with the native terminology relating to record-keeping practices, i.e. with those formulae found in the legal contracts which refer to documents, and with the specific terms and phrases used to describe documents according to their format or subject matter.
In the Grip of Disease
Authors: Lloyd G E R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This original and lively book explores Greek ideas about health and disease and their influence on Greek thought. Fundamental issues such as causation and responsibility, purification and pollution, mind-body relations and gender differences, authority and the expert and who can challenge them, reality and appearances, good government, happiness, and good and evil themselves are deeply implicated. Using the evidence not just from Greek medical theory and practice but also from epic, lyric, tragedy, historiography, philosophy, and religion, G. E. R. Lloyd offers the first comprehensive account of the influence of Greek thought about health and disease on the Greek imagination.