bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Does legal education have undermining effects on law students? Evaluating changes in motivation, values, and well‐being
Authors: Sheldon Kennon M. , Krieger Lawrence S. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractWe evaluated changes in subjective well‐being (SWB), motivation, and values occurring over the law‐student career. In study 1, law students began with levels of SWB higher than a comparison sample of undergraduates, but by the end of the first year their SWB had plummeted. These changes were correlated with the sample‐wide decreases in intrinsic motivation over the first year, and were also correlated with increases in appearance values and decreases in community service values. Those with the most intrinsic motivations attained the highest grades, but, ironically, high grades in turn predicted shifts in career preferences towards “lucrative” and higher‐stress law careers, and away from “service”‐oriented and potentially more satisfying law careers. The declines persisted over the second and third years of law school. In study 2, the basic effects were replicated for a different sample of first‐year students at a different law school. Implications for legal education and the legal profession are discussed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development and effects of client trust in criminal defense attorneys: preliminary examination of the congruence model of trust development
Authors: Boccaccini Marcus T. , Boothby Jennifer L. , Brodsky Stanley L. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe present study examines the relation between client participation in attorney–client relationships, the development of client trust in criminal defense attorneys, and client satisfaction with attorneys and case outcomes. The congruence model of trust development (CMTD) is proposed to explain the relation between desired participation by clients, allowed participation by attorneys, and the development of client trust in attorneys. The CMTD predicts that clients who trust their attorneys will subsequently be satisfied with their attorneys and case outcomes. A sample of 96 experienced criminal defendants currently in prison completed the Attorney–Client Trust Scale (ACTS: Boccaccini & Brodsky, 2002) and provided information about their experiences with their most recent criminal defense attorneys. Findings were generally consistent with the CMTD in suggesting that (i) allowed participation is associated with trust in attorneys, and (ii) trust is associated with satisfaction with attorneys and case outcomes. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Road Maps for Nitrogen‐Transfer Catalysis: The Challenge of the Osmium(VIII)‐Catalyzed Diamination
Authors: Deubel Dirk V. , Muñiz Kilian 
Published: March 2004

AbstractAlthough the Sharpless dihydroxylation has been used on laboratory and industrial scales for several decades, an analogous osmium‐catalyzed diamination is unknown. To explore the reaction of osmium(VIII) oxo–imido complexes with CC bonds, density functional calculations have been performed. The calculations predict a chemoselective and perispecific [3+2] addition of the NHOsNH moiety of diimidodioxoosmium(VIII) to ethylene, yielding dioxoosma‐2,5‐diazolidine. At first sight, this metallacycle seems extremely stable; it is more stable than diimidoosma‐2,5‐dioxolane by 40 kcal mol−1. However, a comparison of the thermodynamic reaction profiles for catalytic model cycles of dihydroxylation, aminohydroxylation, and diamination reveals that, contrary to common belief, the instability of the metalN bond in the osmium(VIII) imido complex rather than the stability of the metalN bond in the osmium(VI) intermediate causes most of the energy difference between the metallacycles. Substituents on the substrate have a small effect on the thermodynamic reaction profiles, whereas substituents on the imido ligands allow steric and electronic control of the reaction free enthalpies in the range of up to 25 kcal mol−1. The results of this study help identify potential challenges in the development of the as‐yet hypothetical title reaction and provide a modular concept for exploring novel catalytic routes.
Combinatorial Chemistry Approach to Chiral Catalyst Engineering and Screening: Rational Design and Serendipity
Authors: Ding Kuiling , Du Haifeng , Yuan Yu , Long Jiang 
Published: March 2004

AbstractAn efficient asymmetric catalyst relies on the successful combination of a large number of interrelated variables, including rational design, intuition, persistence, and good fortune—not all of which are necessarily well‐understood; this renders such practice largely empirical. As a result, the possibility of using combinatorial chemistry methods in asymmetric catalysis research has been widely recognized to be highly desirable. In this account, we attempt to show the principle and application of combinatorial approach in the discovery of chiral catalysts for enantioselective reactions. The concept focuses on the strategy for the creation of a modular chiral catalyst library by two‐component ligand modification of metal ions on the basis of molecular recognition and assembly. The self‐assembled chiral catalyst with two different ligands indeed exhibited synergistic effects in terms of both enantioselectivity and activity in comparison with its corresponding homocombinations in many reactions. The examples described in this paper demonstrated the powerfulness of combinatorial approach for the discovery of novel chiral catalyst systems, particularly for the development of highly efficient, enantioselective, and practical catalysts for enantioselective reactions. We hope this concept will stimulate further work on the discovery of more highly efficient and enantioselective catalysts, as well as unexpected classes of catalysts or catalytic enantioselective reactions in the future with the help of a combinatorial chemistry approach.
Chemical Adaptor Systems
Authors: Shabat Doron , Amir Roey J. , Gopin Anna , Pessah Neta , Shamis Marina 
Published: March 2004

Abstract“Chemical adaptor systems” are molecules used to link different functionalities, based on unique reactivity that allows controlled fragmentation. Two different mechanistic reactivities were used to prepare chemical adaptor systems. The first is based on a spontaneous intra‐cyclization reaction to form a stable ring molecule. Cleavage of the trigger generates a free nucleophile, for example, an amine group, which undergoes intra‐cyclization to release the target molecule from the handle part (e.g., a targeting antibody or a solid support for synthesis). The second applied reactivity is an elimination reaction, which is usually based on a quinone‐methide‐type rearrangement. Similarly, cleavage of the trigger generates a free phenol functionality, which can undergo a self‐elimination reaction through a quinone‐methide rearrangement to release the target molecule. The adaptor molecules have been applied in the field of drug delivery to release a drug from a targeting device and in the field of solid‐phase synthesis to release a synthetic molecule from the solid support. A chemical adaptor molecule has also been used as a building unit to construct dendrimers with a triggered fragmentation.
Molecular Shuttles Based on Tetrathiafulvalene Units and 1,5‐Dioxynaphthalene Ring Systems
Authors: Kang Seogshin , Vignon Scott A. , Tseng Hsian‐Rong , Stoddart J. Fraser 
Published: March 2004

AbstractSix different degenerate [2]rotaxanes were synthesized and characterized. The rotaxanes contained either two tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) units or two 1,5‐dioxynaphthalene (DNP) ring systems, both of which serve as recognition sites for a cyclobis(paraquat‐p‐phenylene) (CBPQT4+) ring. Three different spacer units were incorporated into the dumbbell components of the [2]rotaxanes between the recognition sites. They include a polyether chain, a terphenyl unit, and a diphenyl ether linker, all of which were investigated in order to probe the effect of the spacers on the rate of the shuttling process. Data from dynamic 1H NMR spectroscopy revealed a relatively small difference in the ΔG≠ values for the shuttling process in the [2]rotaxanes containing the three different spacers, in contrast to a large difference between the TTF‐containing rotaxanes (18 kcal mol−1) and the DNP‐containing rotaxanes (15 kcal mol−1). This 3 kcal mol−1 difference is predominantly a result of a ground‐state effect, reflecting the much stronger binding of TTF units to the CBPQT4+ ring in comparison with DNP ring systems. An examination of the enthalpic (ΔH≠) and entropic (ΔS≠) components for the shuttling process in the DNP‐containing rotaxanes revealed significant differences between the three spacers, a property which could be important in designing new molecules for incorporation into molecular electronic and nanoelectromechanical (NEMs) devices.
Actin and myosin in Gregarina polymorpha
Authors: Heintzelman Matthew B. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractActin and two class XIV unconventional myosins have been cloned from Gregarina polymorpha, a large protozoan parasite inhabiting the gut of the mealworm Tenebrio molitor. These proteins were most similar to their homologues expressed in the coccidian and haemosporidian Apicomplexa such as Toxoplasma and Plasmodium despite the significant morphological differences among these parasites. Both actin and G. polymorpha myosin A (GpMyoA), a 92.6‐kDa protein characterized by a canonical myosin head domain and short, highly basic tail, localized to both the longitudinally‐disposed surface membrane folds (epicytic folds) of the parasite as well as to the subjacent rib‐like myonemes that gird the parasite cortex. G. polymorpha myosin B (GpMyoB), a 96.3‐kDa myosin, localized exclusively to the epicytic folds of the parasite. Both myosins were tightly associated with the cortical cytoskeleton and were solubilized only with a combination of high salt and detergent. Both GpMyoA and GpMyoB could bind to actin in an ATP‐sensitive fashion. The distribution of actin and the unconventional myosins in G. polymorpha was consistent with their proposed participation in both the rapid (1–10 μm/sec) gliding motility exhibited by the gregarines as well as the myoneme‐mediated bending motions that have been observed in these parasites. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 58:83–95, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Taste bud cell dynamics during normal and sodium‐restricted development
Authors: Hendricks Susan J. , Brunjes Peter C. , Hill David L. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractTaste bud volume increases over the postnatal period to match the number of neurons providing innervation. To clarify age‐related changes in fungiform taste bud volume, the current study investigated developmental changes in taste bud cell number, proliferation rate, and life span. Taste bud growth can largely be accounted for by addition of cytokeratin‐19‐positive taste bud cells. Examination of taste bud cell kinetics with 3H‐thymidine autoradiography revealed that cell life span and turnover periods were not altered during normal development but that cells were produced more rapidly in young rats, a prominent modification that could lead to increased taste bud size. By comparison, dietary sodium restriction instituted during pre‐ and postnatal development results in small taste buds at adulthood as a result of fewer cytokeratin‐19‐positive cells. The dietary manipulation also had profound influences on taste bud growth kinetics, including an increased latency for cells to enter the taste bud and longer life span and turnover periods. These studies provide fundamental, new information about taste bud development under normal conditions and after environmental manipulations that impact nerve/target matching. J. Comp. Neurol. 472:173–182, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
GABAergic basal forebrain neurons that express receptor for neurokinin B and send axons to the cerebral cortex
Authors: Furuta Takahiro , Koyano Konomi , Tomioka Ryohei , Yanagawa Yuchio , Kaneko Takeshi 
Published: March 2004

AbstractNeurons expressing neurokinin B (NK3) receptor in the basal forebrain region of rats were characterized histochemically by combining immunocytochemistry, in situ hybridization and retrograde labeling, and electrophysiologically by whole‐cell clamp recording. NK3 receptor‐immunoreactive neurons were found in the basal forebrain region including the substantia innominata, where axon terminals immunoreactive for preprotachykinin B, the precursor peptide of neurokinin B (NKB), were densely distributed. More than 90% of NK3 receptor‐expressing neurons in the basal forebrain region showed signals for glutamate decarboxylase mRNA, indicating that almost all NK3 receptor‐expressing neurons were γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurons. On the other hand, only a few NK3 receptor‐immunoreactive neurons showed immunoreactivity for choline acetyltransferase or parvalbumin in the substantia innominata, ventral pallidum, and globus pallidus, although the distribution of NK3 receptor‐expressing neurons overlapped with those of cholinergic neurons and parvalbumin‐positive neurons. After injection of wheat germ agglutinin into the cerebral cortex, NK3 receptor immunoreactivity was detected in about 25% of retrogradely labeled basal forebrain neurons, indicating that NK3 receptor‐expressing neurons send projection fibers to the cerebral cortex. In the whole‐cell clamp recording study, a selective NK3 receptor agonist evoked membrane depolarization or inward currents with decrease of input impedance in 10 of 100 cortically projecting neurons recorded in the basal forebrain region. Because NKB‐producing striatal neurons send axons selectively to the basal forebrain region (Furuta et al., 2000), the present results suggest that the release of NKB by those striatal neurons induces an inhibitory effect on cortical neurons via facilitation of GABAergic basal forebrain neurons expressing NK3 receptor. J. Comp. Neurol. 473:43–58, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
ASC:SIL ratio following implementation of the 2001 Bethesda system
Authors: Quddus M. Ruhul , Sung C. James , Eklund Claire M. , Reilly Mary E. , Steinhoff Margaret M. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe 2001 Bethesda system (TBS 2001) eliminated the “satisfactory but limited by” category, benign cellular changes (BCC), and the designations “favor benign” (ASC‐B) and “favor low grade” (ASC‐L) for atypical squamous cells. We compared the unsatisfactory rate and atypical squamous cells:squamous intraepithelial lesions (ASC:SIL) ratio pre‐ and postimplementation of TBS 2001 to see if there was an increase in unsatisfactory specimens, ASC rate, and altered ASC:SIL ratio. Pap Tests (569,726) reviewed at the Cytopathology Laboratory of Women and Infants Hospital from 1998–2002 were included. TBS 1991 terminology was used through December 31, 2001. Conversion to TBS 2001 took place on January 1, 2002. The average ASC:SIL ratios pre‐ and postimplementation of TBS 2001 were 1.52:1 and 1.42:1, respectively. The rates of unsatisfactory specimens and ASC remained unchanged. Conversion to TBS 2001 did not adversely affect the ASC:SIL ratio or the detection rates of abnormalities of Pap tests. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2004;30:240–242. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role of Pap Test terminology and age in the detection of carcinoma invasive and carcinoma in situ in medically underserved California women
Authors: Howell Lydia P. , Tabnak Farzaneh , Tudury A.J. , Stoodt Georjean 
Published: March 2004

AbstractOur goals were to evaluate Pap Test findings classified by the Bethesda system, and follow up biopsies from participants in the California Breast and Cervical Cancer Control Program (Ca‐BCCCP) for: 1) correlation in the detection of carcinoma in situ (CIS) and carcinoma invasive (CI), and 2) age‐related trends, with discussion in the context of the 2001 ASCCP Management Guidelines. Women (n = 52,339) who had their initial screening Pap Tests with Ca‐BCCCP between January 1995–December 1999 were followed for diagnostic services through December 2000. Descriptive and analytical methods were used in the analysis. Of the Pap results, 81.9% were negative, 10.6% showed infection, 4.7% showed an epithelial abnormality as defined by the Bethesda system (atypical squamous cells of undertermined significance (ASCUS), low‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL), or high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL)), 0.1% showed squamous‐cell cancer (SCC), and 2.7% showed other or unsatisfactory. Subsequent to the initial Pap Test, follow‐up results of carcinoma in situ (CIS) and carcinoma invasive (CI) accounted for 0.36% and 0.05% of the population, respectively. Among HSIL Pap Tests (n = 285), 40.7% had follow‐up showing CIS. Among SCC Pap Tests, 17.9% had follow‐up results of CIS and 28.6% CI. Of the 191 patients with CIS as a follow‐up finding, the initial Pap smear showed: HSIL 60.7%, SCC 2.6%, LSIL 10.5%, ASCUS 13.6%, and negative or infection 9.9%. Of the 27 patients with CI, the initial Pap Test showed: HSIL 40.7%, SCC 29.6%, LSIL 7.4%, ASCUS 7.4%, and negative or infection 11.1%. Pap diagnoses of other or unsatisfactory accounted for 2.6% of the Pap results from patients with CIS and 3.7% of Pap results from patients with CI. Except for LSIL, there was an increasing age trend in the number of cases in each of Pap results, with the exception of age 65+ yr. However, the ratio of LSIL and ASCUS to negative cases decreased with age. (P < 0.0001 and 0.0293, respectively). HSIL Pap results indicate a reasonably high probability of CIS and CI. However, approximately 1/3 of patients with CIS and 1/4 of patients with CI presented with Pap diagnoses of less severity than HSIL. When a negative Pap Test result is chosen as reference group, there is a negative age trend for LSIL and ASCUS, and no age trend for other results. These findings all have important implications in the design of follow‐up strategies, and support the 2001 ASCCP Consensus Guidelines for the Management of Women with Cervical Abnormalities. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2004;30:227–234. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hormone receptor status and HER2/neu overexpression determined by automated immunostainer on routinely fixed cytologic specimens from breast carcinoma: Correlation with histologic sections determinations and diagnostic pitfalls
Authors: Moriki Toshiaki , Takahashi Tamotsu , Ueta Shousuke , Mitani Miko , Ichien Miho 
Published: March 2004

AbstractAlthough fine‐needle aspiration cytology is a routine procedure for the diagnosis of breast carcinoma, cytologic specimens have rarely been used for evaluation of hormone receptor status and HER2/neu overexpression. In order to compare the biological markers on cytology and on histology, routinely fixed smears of 110 primary breast carcinomas were immunostained for estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PgR), and HER2/neu by automated immunostainer and the results were compared with the corresponding histologic sections. ER was expressed in 76 of 110 (69%) cases and PgR was expressed in 51 of 110 (46%). Overexpression of HER2/neu was observed in 30 of 110 (27%) cases. Concordance between cytology and histology was 98% for ER, 95% for PgR, and 100% for HER2/neu. There was no false positive result on smears. Diagnostic pitfalls in determination of hormone receptor status on smears included intratumoral heterogeneity and presence of mucin. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2004;30:251–256. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fine‐needle aspiration cytology of blastic natural killer‐cell lymphoma (CD4+ CD56+ hematodermic neoplasm)
Authors: Wu Howard Her‐Juing , Ren Rulong , Roepke Janet E. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractWe describe fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) cytology findings of a case of blastic natural killer (NK)‐cell lymphoma. The patient was a 68‐year‐old man who was diagnosed with cutaneous blastic NK‐cell lymphoma involving his forehead. He developed a 1.5 cm, right pre‐auricular lymph node five months later. FNA cytology revealed a monomorphic population of medium‐sized lymphoid cells with a dispersed single cell arrangement. The tumor cells contained eccentrically located nuclei with a plasmacytoloid appearance and moderate amount of grayish cytoplasm without azurophilic granules. The nuclei were round to oval with fine chromatin, small indistinct nucleoli, and frequent nuclear indentation. Many cells also showed elongated cytoplasm with a unique hand‐mirror or ping‐pong paddle‐like appearance. The flow cytometry study obtained during the FNA revealed co‐expression of CD4 and CD56 in the tumor cells that confirm the recurrence of a blastic NK‐cell lymphoma to the pre‐auricular lymph node. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2004;30:268–270. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the breast diagnosed by fine‐needle aspiration
Authors: Saqi Anjali , Mercado Cecilia L. , Hamele‐Bena Diane 
Published: March 2004

AbstractFine‐needle aspiration cytology remains a useful tool for preoperative diagnosis of breast lesions. We describe a case of adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) of the breast detected by ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration (FNA). Subsequent histopathology corroborated the diagnosis. ACC is a rare but distinctive neoplasm of the breast that can be accurately diagnosed by FNA. Its infrequent presentation, favorable prognosis, and relatively conservative management in the breast prompt us to reinforce its features. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2004;30:271–274. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fine‐needle aspiration of apocrine hidrocystoma—A potential mimic of papillary neoplasms metastasizing to the skin
Authors: Pérez‐Guillermo Miguel , Solano José García 
Published: March 2004

AbstractWe report the cytologic features of a histologically confirmed apocrine hidrocystoma as seen in fine‐needle aspirates. The main cytologic features were the presence of sparse pseudopapillae with mild to moderate atypia in a background of an amorphous navy blue material reminiscent of that seen in aspirates of colloid nodules of the thyroid gland. The pseudopapillae were mistaken for malignant metastatic deposits. It is suggested that the presence of pseudopapillae in aspirates obtained from cutaneous nodules might be a clue for a tentative diagnosis of benign tumors of epidermal adnexae, with the proviso that a primary malignant tumor be ruled out first. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2004;30:275–279. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytopathological features of an epithelial‐myoepithelial carcinoma with predominant clear myoepithelial cells in the parotid gland
Authors: Kawahara Akihiko , Harada Hiroshi , Yokoyama Toshiro , Kage Masayoshi 
Published: March 2004

AbstractEpithelial‐myoepithelial carcinoma (EMC) is a rare low‐grade carcinoma occurring most frequently in the parotid gland. Most EMCs consist of two cell types that typically form double‐layered ductal structures. However, occasionally EMC presents predominantly clear myoepithelial cells. A 34‐year‐old man visited in August 1993 and was diagnosed as having clear‐cell carcinoma. The tumor was curatively resected. However, in the following 5 years, recurrence developed a total of five times. The imprint cytological feature of the recurrence at the third time showed monophasic clear cells in sheet clusters with overlapping. Most of the clear tumor cells presented an expression to α‐smooth muscle actin (SMA). The imprint cytological feature of the recurrence at the fifth time showed increase of nuclear atypia with coarse chromatin patterns and large nucleoli. In addition to cytological findings, the cytological diagnosis of EMC with predominant clear myoepithelial cells requires a definite expression to SMA. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2004;30:280–283. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.