bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nursing students’ beliefs about poverty and health
Authors: Reutter Linda I. , Sword Wendy , Meagher‐Stewart Donna , Rideout Elizabeth 
Published: October 2004

Purpose.  This paper examines baccalaureate nursing students’ beliefs about the relationship between poverty and health, and the factors that influence these beliefs.Background.  The relationship between poverty and health is well established, and poverty remains a persistent problem in many industrialized nations. Nurses’ understanding of how poverty influences health will affect how they interact with individual clients as well as the strategies they employ to address poverty‐related issues. No studies have examined nursing students’ understandings of how poverty influences health and the factors that influence that understanding.Methods.  A cross‐sectional survey of a random sample (n = 740) of basic baccalaureate nursing students was conducted in three Canadian universities in 2000. Students completed a 59‐item questionnaire eliciting data on demographic variables, personal and educational exposure to poverty, beliefs about the relationship between poverty and health (myth, drift, behavioural, structural), and attitudes to poverty.Results.  Students were most likely to adhere to a structural explanation of the relationship between poverty and health. Very little of the variance in myth and drift explanations was accounted for by course or personal exposure, programme level, age, and attitudes toward poverty. Greater course exposure and more positive attitudes toward the poor predicted support for the structural explanation. Support for the behavioural explanation was influenced by attitudes toward the poor and, to a lesser extent, by course exposure, age, and programme level.Conclusion.  Students would benefit from greater exposure to poverty through coursework that emphasizes the structural factors contributing to poverty and its negative health consequences. Classroom experience should be complemented with clinical placements that provide students with opportunities to interact with families living in poverty and to work collaboratively with others to address the causes and consequences of poverty at community and policy levels.
Manipulation of DET1 expression in tomato results in photomorphogenic phenotypes caused by post‐transcriptional gene silencing
Authors: Davuluri Ganga Rao , van Tuinen Ageeth , Mustilli Anna Chiara , Manfredonia Alessandro , Newman Robert , Burgess Diane , Brummell David A. , King Stephen R. , Palys Joe , Uhlig John , Pennings Henk M. J. , Bowler Chris 
Published: October 2004

SummaryThe tomato HIGH PIGMENT‐2 gene encodes an orthologue of the Arabidopsis nuclear protein DE‐ETIOLATED 1 (DET1). From genetic analyses it has been proposed that DET1 is a negative regulator of light signal transduction, and recent results indicate that it may control light‐regulated gene expression at the level of chromatin remodelling. To gain further understanding about the function of DET1 during plant development, we generated a range of overexpression constructs and introduced them into tomato. Unexpectedly, we only observed phenotypes characteristic of DET1 inactivation, i.e. hyper‐responsiveness to light. Molecular analysis indicated in all cases that these phenotypes were a result of suppression of endogenous DET1 expression, due to post‐transcriptional gene silencing. DET1 silencing was often lethal when it occurred at relatively early stages of plant development, whereas light hyper‐responsive phenotypes were obtained when silencing occurred later on. The appearance of phenotypes correlated with the generation of siRNAs but not DNA hypermethylation, and was most efficient when using constructs with mutations in the DET1 coding sequence or with constructs containing only the 3′‐terminal portion of the gene. These results indicate an important function for DET1 throughout plant development and demonstrate that silencing of DET1 in fruits results in increased carotenoids, which may have biotechnological potential.
Visualization of protein interactions in living plant cells using bimolecular fluorescence complementation
Authors: Walter Michael , Chaban Christina , Schütze Katia , Batistic Oliver , Weckermann Katrin , Näke Christian , Blazevic Dragica , Grefen Christopher , Schumacher Karin , Oecking Claudia , Harter Klaus , Kudla Jörg 
Published: October 2004

SummaryDynamic networks of protein–protein interactions regulate numerous cellular processes and determine the ability to respond appropriately to environmental stimuli. However, the investigation of protein complex formation in living plant cells by methods such as fluorescence resonance energy transfer has remained experimentally difficult, time consuming and requires sophisticated technical equipment. Here, we report the implementation of a bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) technique for visualization of protein–protein interactions in plant cells. This approach relies on the formation of a fluorescent complex by two non‐fluorescent fragments of the yellow fluorescent protein brought together by association of interacting proteins fused to these fragments (Hu et al., 2002). To enable BiFC analyses in plant cells, we generated different complementary sets of expression vectors, which enable protein interaction studies in transiently or stably transformed cells. These vectors were used to investigate and visualize homodimerization of the basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factor bZIP63 and the zinc finger protein lesion simulating disease 1 (LSD1) from Arabidopsis as well as the dimer formation of the tobacco 14‐3‐3 protein T14‐3c. The interaction analyses of these model proteins established the feasibility of BiFC analyses for efficient visualization of structurally distinct proteins in different cellular compartments. Our investigations revealed a remarkable signal fluorescence intensity of interacting protein complexes as well as a high reproducibility and technical simplicity of the method in different plant systems. Consequently, the BiFC approach should significantly facilitate the visualization of the subcellular sites of protein interactions under conditions that closely reflect the normal physiological environment.
Molecular dissection of plant cytokinesis and phragmoplast structure: a survey of GFP‐tagged proteins
Authors: Damme Daniël Van , Bouget François‐Yves , Poucke Kris Van , Inzé Dirk , Geelen Danny 
Published: October 2004

SummaryTo identify molecular players implicated in cytokinesis and division plane determination, the Arabidopsis thaliana genome was explored for potential cytokinesis genes. More than 100 open reading frames were selected based on similarity to yeast and animal cytokinesis genes, cytoskeleton and polarity genes, and Nicotiana tabacum genes showing cell cycle‐controlled expression. The subcellular localization of these proteins was determined by means of GFP tagging in tobacco Bright Yellow‐2 cells and Arabidopsis plants. Detailed confocal microscopy identified 15 proteins targeted to distinct regions of the phragmoplast and the cell plate. EB1‐ and MAP65‐like proteins were associated with the plus‐end, the minus‐end, or along the entire length of microtubules. The actin‐binding protein myosin, the kinase Aurora, and a novel cell cycle protein designated T22, accumulated preferentially at the midline. EB1 and Aurora, in addition to other regulatory proteins (homologs of Mob1, Sid1, and Sid2), were targeted to the nucleus, suggesting that this organelle operates as a coordinating hub for cytokinesis.
Granulocyte adsorptive apheresis for leg ulcers complicated by rheumatoid arthritis: a report on three successfully treated cases
Authors: Mori Shinya , Nagashima Masakazu , Yoshida Kazuhiro , Yoshino Kouji , Aoki Mikako , Kawana Seiji , Hirata Ichiro , Saniabadi Abby , Yoshino Shinichi 
Published: October 2004

AbstractBackground  The treatment of inflammatory leg ulcers complicated by rheumatoid arthritis (RA), which are unresponsive to conventional care, can be frustrating. Furthermore, as granulocytes and monocytes (GM) are major sources of inflammatory cytokines, they have the potential to initiate and perpetuate inflammatory skin lesions. Accordingly, a recent study reported the remission of pyoderma gangrenosum following the reduction of activated peripheral blood GM by adsorptive apheresis (GMA).Methods  In this clinical study, we applied GMA to three cases, each with one leg ulcer below the knee and RA. The ulcers had not responded to conventional therapy, including disinfection, dressing, and antimicrobials, and therefore were thought to represent inflammatory vasculitic lesions. GMA was performed using a column with a capacity of 335 mL, filled with cellulose acetate beads that selectively adsorb granulocytes and monocytes/macrophages (Adacolumn). Each patient received one GMA session/week for five consecutive weeks. The duration of one session was 60 min, with a flow rate of 30 mL/min.Results  The ulcers began to recede after two GMA sessions and, by the end of the fifth session, the ulcers in all three patients had healed. No recurrence has been observed up to the time of this report. The treatment was well tolerated and no severe side‐effects were observed.Conclusions  GMA, which depletes activated neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages, appears to be effective for inflammatory skin ulcers which do not respond to conventional medications.
Insect bite‐like reaction associated with mantle cell lymphoma: a report of two cases and review of the literature
Authors: Dodiuk‐Gad Roni P. , Dann Eldad J. , Bergman Reuven 
Published: October 2004

AbstractBackground  An insect bite‐like reaction and exaggerated reactions to insect bites are nonspecific phenomena described primarily in association with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), but also with other hematological malignancies. Two cases of mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), one associated with an insect bite‐like reaction and the other with a true hypersensitivity to mosquito bites, have previously been reported in the English language literature. The pathogenesis of the skin eruption may be related to the release of different cytokines that also trigger an IgE elevation and dermal eosinophils.Case report  We describe two additional cases of MCL associated with an insect bite‐like reaction. One patient had been diagnosed with MCL 4.5 years prior to the appearance of the skin eruption, and in the other patient the skin symptoms preceded the diagnosis of the MCL by 2 years and led to its diagnosis.Conclusions  Insect bite‐like reaction may appear in patients with MCL. It is important to recognize this entity because it may be the presenting sign of MCL.
Immunohistochemical study of serotonin in lesions of chronic eczema
Authors: Huang Jianguo , Li Guiming , Xiang Jihu , Yin Daochun , Chi Ridong 
Published: October 2004

AbstractBackground  Inflammatory mediators participate in the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of skin disease (e.g. eczema). Although some investigators have suggested that serotonin may participate in the eczematous process, there has been little substantial evidence. Our objective was to study further the participation of serotonin in the pathogenesis of chronic eczema.Methods  Immunohistochemical techniques were used to study the expression of serotonin in the lesions of patients with chronic eczema.Results  There was a significantly stronger expression of serotonin in the prickle cells, sweat gland cells, sebaceous gland cells, and hair roots of the lesions in patients with chronic eczema. There was no positive expression of serotonin in normal skin.Conclusions  Serotonin is probably important in the pathogenesis of chronic eczema. We demonstrated alterations in the expression of serotonin in chronic eczema lesions, which may in turn provide new insight into the pathogenesis of chronic eczema. Serotonin, along with cytokines, T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and macrophages, participates in the immune response and influences the inflammatory process by means of keratinocytes.
Primary malignant melanoma of the oral cavity: a case report
Authors: López Ortega Karem , Soares de Araújo Ney , Bitu de Souza Fabricio , Magalhães Marina H. C. G. 
Published: October 2004

A 43‐year‐old white man was referred to the Special Care Dentistry Center of the School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Brazil, for the diagnosis of an extensive nodular lesion of the maxillary gingiva.The patient complained that his left maxilla had swollen over the last 4 months, with some exudation from the gingival crevice, sporadic bleeding, and slight tooth mobility, but no pain.An extra‐oral examination confirmed expressive swelling of the left side of the face (Fig. 1A). Palpation disclosed bilateral enlargement of the submandibular lymph nodes.Clinical and radiographic characteristics of the oral malignant melanoma. (A) Swelling of the left side of the face. (B) Extensive nodular mass on the maxillary gingiva. (C) Palatal view of the tumor with a focal pigmented area. (D) Computed tomography scan showing extensive involvement of the anterior maxilla and pterygoid muscleimageAn intra‐oral examination showed an extensive, reddish, nodular mass (around 11 cm in diameter) that extended from the last left maxillary molar to the right maxillary incisor, covered by a mucosa that was ulcerated in some areas (Fig. 1B,C). Palpation revealed a painless, soft, bleeding tissue that seemed to arise in the periodontal ligaments, extending to the palate and vestibular area. A small pigmented spot was found in the palatal mass.Histopathologically, the biopsy revealed a proliferation of neoplastic cells that exhibited a wide variety of shapes, including spindle, plasmacytoid, and epithelioid forms. The atypical cells showed enlarged and pleomorphic nuclei. Mitotic activity and pigmented areas were observed (Fig. 2A,B). Immunohistochemistry was used to establish the final diagnosis. The tumor cells strongly expressed S100 protein, gp100 (HMB‐45), melan A, and tyrosine antibodies (Fig. 2C,D).Microscopic biopsy findings of the oral malignant melanoma. (A) Low‐power photomicrograph of the mucosa reveals the proliferation of abnormal melanocytes in the connective tissue (hematoxylin and eosin, ×20). (B) Cells of fairly uniform size and shape, arranged in an alveolar pattern (hematoxylin and eosin, ×40). (C) S‐100 protein is expressed by all tumor cells (×40). (D) Melan A protein is expressed more frequently in the pigmented areas (×40)imageWith the diagnosis of malignant melanoma, the patient was referred to an oncologist for treatment. As computed tomography revealed that the lesion was deeply inserted into the skull surface (Fig. 1D), surgical intervention was not possible. The patient underwent radiotherapy, but died 14 months later.
Formable acrylic treatment for ingrowing nail with gutter splint and sculptured nail
Authors: Arai Hiroko , Arai Takeo , Nakajima Hiroshi , Haneke Eckart 
Published: October 2004

AbstractBackground  The treatment of choice for an ingrowing nail has been surgical rather than nonsurgical. Yet, surgical treatments are far from successful, cause pain and patient apprehension, and leave disfigurement. Further, there is misunderstanding about the disease pathophysiology.Objective  To demonstrate the benefits of a noninvasive method of treatment for an ingrowing nail using gutter splint and formable acrylics and to present a current understanding of the disease pathophysiology.Methods  From a total of 541 cases of ingrowing nails treated, full follow‐up data were obtained between January 1979 and March 2002. Formable acrylic treatments were carried out in 106 cases treated with acrylic‐affixed gutter splint, 17 cases with sculptured nails, and 28 cases in which the two treatments were combined. These were then compared with 233 cases treated with adhesive tape‐attached gutter splint and the remainder with other conservative modalities.Results  Acrylic treatment with gutter splint and sculptured nail was found to be vastly superior to the other methods described, especially in the ability to firmly affix the gutter splint and sculptured nail for the extended period required for treatment. The treatment leads to a complete remission with almost instant alleviation of pain, with no disfigurement, while allowing for the resumption of daily activities.Conclusion  Conservative methods utilizing formable acrylics are highly beneficial in the treatment of an ingrowing nail and should be viewed as the first treatment option.
Productivity gradients cause positive diversity–invasibility relationships in microbial communities
Authors: Jiang Lin , Morin Peter J. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractModels predict that community invasibility generally declines with species diversity, a prediction confirmed by small‐scale experiments. Large‐scale observations and experiments, however, find that diverse communities tend to be more heavily invaded than simple communities. One hypothesis states that large‐scale environmental heterogeneity, which similarly influences native and invasive species, can cause a positive correlation between diversity and invasibility, overriding the local negative effects of diversity on invasibility. We tested this hypothesis using aquatic microbial communities consisting of protists and rotifers consuming bacteria and nanoflagellates. We constructed a productivity gradient to simulate large‐scale environmental heterogeneity, started communities with the same number of species along this gradient, and subjected equilibrial communities to invasion by non‐resident consumer species. Both invaders and most resident species increased their abundances with resource enrichment, resulting in a positive correlation between diversity and invasibility. Intraspecific interference competition within resident species and the positive effect of enrichment on the number of available resources probably accounted for the higher invasibility with enrichment. Our results provide direct experimental evidence that environmental heterogeneity in productivity can cause a positive diversity–invasibility relationship.
The area requirements of an ecosystem service: crop pollination by native bee communities in California
Authors: Kremen Claire , Williams Neal M. , Bugg Robert L. , Fay John P. , Thorp Robin W. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractManaging ecosystem services is critical to human survival, yet we do not know how large natural areas must be to support these services. We investigated how crop pollination services provided by native, unmanaged, bee communities varied on organic and conventional farms situated along a gradient of isolation from natural habitat. Pollination services from native bees were significantly, positively related to the proportion of upland natural habitat in the vicinity of farm sites, but not to any other factor studied, including farm type, insecticide usage, field size and honeybee abundance. The scale of this relationship matched bee foraging ranges. Stability and predictability of pollination services also increased with increasing natural habitat area. This strong relationship between natural habitat area and pollination services was robust over space and time, allowing prediction of the area needed to produce a given level of pollination services by wild bees within this landscape.
Protocols for listing threatened species can forecast extinction
Authors: Keith David A. , McCarthy Michael A. , Regan Helen , Regan Tracey , Bowles Christy , Drill Claire , Craig Corey , Pellow Belinda , Burgman Mark A. , Master Larry L. , Ruckelshaus Mary , Mackenzie Berin , Andelman Sandy J. , Wade Paul R. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractRisk‐ranking protocols are used widely to classify the conservation status of the world's species. Here we report on the first empirical assessment of their reliability by using a retrospective study of 18 pairs of bird and mammal species (one species extinct and the other extant) with eight different assessors. The performance of individual assessors varied substantially, but performance was improved by incorporating uncertainty in parameter estimates and consensus among the assessors. When this was done, the ranks from the protocols were consistent with the extinction outcome in 70–80% of pairs and there were mismatches in only 10–20% of cases. This performance was similar to the subjective judgements of the assessors after they had estimated the range and population parameters required by the protocols, and better than any single parameter. When used to inform subjective judgement, the protocols therefore offer a means of reducing unpredictable biases that may be associated with expert input and have the advantage of making the logic behind assessments explicit. We conclude that the protocols are useful for forecasting extinctions, although they are prone to some errors that have implications for conservation. Some level of error is to be expected, however, given the influence of chance on extinction. The performance of risk assessment protocols may be improved by providing training in the application of the protocols, incorporating uncertainty in parameter estimates and using consensus among multiple assessors, including some who are experts in the application of the protocols. Continued testing and refinement of the protocols may help to provide better absolute estimates of risk, particularly by re‐evaluating how the protocols accommodate missing data.
No tree an island: the plant–caterpillar food web of a secondary rain forest in New Guinea
Authors: Novotny Vojtech , Miller Scott E. , Leps Jan , Basset Yves , Bito Darren , Janda Milan , Hulcr Jiri , Damas Kipiro , Weiblen George D. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractWe characterized a plant–caterpillar food web from secondary vegetation in a New Guinean rain forest that included 63 plant species (87.5% of the total basal area), 546 Lepidoptera species and 1679 trophic links between them. The strongest 14 associations involved 50% of all individual caterpillars while some links were extremely rare. A caterpillar randomly picked from the vegetation will, with ≥ 50% probability, (1) feed on one to three host plants (of the 63 studied), (2) feed on < 20% of local plant biomass and (3) have ≥ 90% of population concentrated on a single host plant species. Generalist species were quantitatively unimportant. Caterpillar assemblages on locally monotypic plant genera were distinct, while sympatric congeneric hosts shared many caterpillar species. The partitioning of the plant–caterpillar food web thus depends on the composition of the vegetation. In secondary forest the predominant plant genera were locally monotypic and supported locally isolated caterpillar assemblages.
Aggregated seed dispersal by spider monkeys limits recruitment to clumped patterns in Virola calophylla
Authors: Russo Sabrina E. , Augspurger Carol K. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe initial spatial pattern of seed deposition influences plant population and community structure, particularly when that pattern persists through recruitment. In a vertebrate‐dispersed rain forest tree, Virola calophylla, we found that spatially aggregated seed deposition strongly influenced the spatial structure of later stages. Seed dispersion was clumped, and seed densities were highest underneath V. calophylla females and the sleeping sites of spider monkeys (Ateles paniscus), the key dispersal agent. Although these site types had the lowest per capita seed‐to‐seedling survival, they had the highest seedling/sapling densities. Conversely, seed and seedling/sapling densities were lowest, and seed survival was highest, at sites of diurnal seed dispersal by spider monkeys. Negative density‐dependent and positive distance‐dependent seed survival thinned seed clumps. Nonetheless, the clumped dispersion at sleeping and parental sites persisted to the seedling/sapling stage because differences in seed deposition were large enough to offset differences in seed survival among these site types.