bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ethylene-propylene-diene monomer elastomers
Authors: Morris Barry , Pennias John , Walsh David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, a range of values for each material property is given, which may be quite large, but is known to vary in a generally predictable way with the structure of the ionomer. The major variables in the ionomers are acid content, degree of neutralization, and choice of metal. Higher acid content leads to lower melting point, increased hardness, more oil and grease resistance, better optical properties, higher tensile strength, lower extension, and higher impact resistance. Higher percent neutralization leads to lower melt index, increased hardness, more oil resistance, better optical properties, higher tensile strength, improved abrasion resistance, and more moisture uptake. Sodium ionomers have more oil resistance, lower haze, and higher stress crack resistance than zinc ionomers. Zinc ionomers have less water sensitivity and higher impact strength.
Hydridopolysilazane
Authors: Narsavage-Heald Donna M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Major Application Composites Properties of Special Interest Preceramic polymer; melt-spinnable polymer; produces a ceramic fiber upon pyrolysis. Preparative Technique Condensation (step) polymerization: Exothermic reaction; temperature rises to 75°C. Mixture is heated to 150°C and eventually to 200–230°C. Reaction of trichlorosilane with hexamethyldisilazane (1 : ≥3 mol ratio) in Ar purged flask at room temperature.
Kevlar
Authors: Viers Brent D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Major Applications Cut, heat, and bullet-fragment resistant apparel, brake and transmission friction parts, gaskets, ropes and cables, composites, fiber-optic cables, circuit-board reinforcement, sporting goods, tires, automotive belts and hoses. Major Forms Continuous filament yarn, staple, wet and dry pulp floc, cord. Properties of Special Interest High tensile strength at low weight, low elongation to break, high modulus (structural rigidity), low electrical conductivity, high chemical resistance, low thermal shrinkage, high toughness (work-to-break), excellent dimensional stability, high cut resistance, flame resistant, self-extinguishing.
Methacrylate Polymers Containing Adamantane
Authors: Zhang Ruzhi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Properties of Special Interest and Major Applications Methacrylate polymers containing adamantane are of special interest due to the fact that pendant adamantanes improve physical properties such as stiffness, glass transition temperature and solubility, and reduce or eliminate crystallinity. It also has high carbon to hydrogen ratio required to resist the RIE process. It is transparent at DUV (∼193 nm) wavelength and copolymers containing adamantane are employed in a number of positive resists used for ArF lithography.
Nylon 3
Authors: Masamoto Junzo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Major Application Thermal stabilizer for polyoxymethylene, and stabilizer for polyacetal resin. Because of high amide concentration, nylon 3 shows properties of an excellent formaldehyde scavenger.(1) Properties of Special Interest Nylon 3 shows properties of an excellent stabilizer for polyoxymethylene. Features of nylon 3 as a stabilizer for polyoxymethylene are as follows: High thermal stability, negligible decoloration when the polymer remains for a long time in injection mold machine at its molten state, and low deposit on the mold. Nylon 3 is an interesting material as an odd-numbered nylon with shortest methylene group, thus forming high glass transition temperature and high absorption of water.
Perfluorinated Ionomers
Authors: Fernandez Richard E , Lloyd Ralph B , Lousenberg R Daniel , Mazur Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Manufacturers (Trade Names) DuPont (Nafion®), Asahi Glass (Flemion®), Asahi Kasei (Aciplex®), 3M, Solvay-Solexis (Hyflon®) Class Chemical copolymers Preparative Techniques Free radical copolymerization of highly fluorinated vinyl ether monomers, usually with tetrafluoroethylene, in fluorocarbon solvents or by aqueous emulsion.
Poly(benzobisoxazole)
Authors: Kholodovych Vladyslav , Welsh William J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Major Applications High-performance films, fibers, and coatings. Synthesis Polycondensation of a terephthalic acid with 4,6-diamino-1,3-benzenediol dihydrochloride in poly(phosphoric acid). Processing is primarily limited to variations of wet extrusion. [1,2] Properties of Special Interest High-temperature resistance, unusual resistance to organic solvents, excellent mechanical properties, interesting electrical and nonlinear optical properties.
Poly(1,3-bis-p-carboxyphenoxypropane anhydride)
Authors: Domb Abraham J , Langer Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Major Applications Biodegradable polymer for controlled drug delivery in a form of implant or injectable microspheres (e.g., Gliadel™-BCNU-loaded wafer for the treatment of brain tumors). Properties of Special Interest Anhydride copolymers of 1,3-bis-p-carboxyphenoxypropane (CPP) with aliphatic diacids such as sebacic acid (SA) degrade in a physiological medium to CPP and SA. Matrices of the copolymers loaded with dissolved or dispersed drugs degrade in vitro and in vivo to constantly release the drugs for periods from 1–10 weeks.
Poly(butene-1)
Authors: Patki R P , Panse D R , Phillips P J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Major Applications Hot water and high pressure piping, films, adhesives, comonomer for ethylene polymer, atactic polymer used in sealant, cosmetic (lip) sticks, used in skin cleanser formulations. Properties of Special Interest The polymer exhibits excellent creep properties. It is tough, retains strength at elevated temperatures, and is resistant to environmental stress cracking and abrasion.
Polychloroprene
Authors: Galiatsatos Vassilios 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Major Applications Aerospace industry (gaskets, seals, deicers); automotive industry (timing belts, window gaskets, fuel-hose covers, cable jacketing, sparkplug boots, hoses, and joint seals); industrial applications (pipeline pigs, gaskets, hoses, power transmission belts, conveyor belts, escalator handrails); and electronics (wire and cable jacketing). Also for sponge shoe soles and foam cushions. Specialty items made by dipping or electrophoresis from latex. Adhesive tape to replace metal fasteners for automotive accessories such as seat cushions, sealants, and carpet backing.
Poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene)
Authors: Andrady Anthony L , Sen Taner Z , Ahunbay M Göktuğ 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Major Applications Used to mold equipment parts, seals, and gaskets, particularly in chemical process equipment and in cryogenic systems. Also used as barrier packaging in pharmaceutical industry. Elastomeric homo- and copolymers used in o-rings, gaskets, and diaphragms.
Polyethylene, Low-density
Authors: Prasad A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Introduction LDPE is produced under high pressure (82–276 MPa) and high temperature (405–605 K) with a free radical initiator (such as peroxides and oxygen) and contains some long chain branches (LCB), which could be as long as chain backbones, and short chain branches (SCB).(3) It is produced by either a tubular or a stirred autoclave reactor.(4) The autoclave process can produce LDPE resins having a wide range of molecular weight distribution (MWD) and less LCB in comparison with a tubular reactor. Long chain branching has a strong influence on MWD, and hence on resin properties, such as processibility, melt strength, and film optical properties. SCBs disrupt chain packing and are principally responsible for lowering the melting temperature and the crystal density for hydrocarbon polymers. LDPE is commercially available in a wide variety of molecular weight, MWD, SCB, and LCB contents, and density ranges.
Polyglycine
Authors: Gold Douglas G , Miller Wilmer G , Sen Taner Z , Kloczkowski Andrzej 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Properties of Special Interest Two crystalline forms of polyglycine, I and II, have been observed. Form I is thought to have a β structure where the individual chains exist in a helical conformation and form sheets stabilized by hydrogen bonds. The individual chains in form II also have a helical conformation but are packed in a hexagonal lattice with a three-dimensional array of hydrogen bonds.
Bad Dreams, Evil Demons, And The Experience Machine: Philosophy And The Matrix
Authors: Grau Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Neo has woken up from a hell of a dream-the dream that was his life. How was he to know? The cliché is that if you are dreaming and you pinch yourself, you will wake up. Unfortunately, things aren’t quite that simple. It is the nature of most dreams that we take them for reality while dreaming, we are unaware that we are in a dream world. Of course, we eventually wake up, and when we do, we realize that our experience was all in our mind. Neo’s predicament makes us wonder, though: how can any of us be sure that we have ever genuinely woken up? Perhaps, like Neo prior to his downing the red pill, our dreams thus far have in fact been dreams within a dream.
Existential Phenomenology and the Brave New World of The Matrix
Authors: Dreyfus Hubert L , Dreyfus Stephen D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Matrix series makes us rethink what we mean by contact with the real world, illusion, freedom, and what is required for human flourishing. Only then will we be in a position to take up the question, raised and answered in the three films, why, if at all, it is better to live in the real world, no matter how impoverished and unstable, than to live in a virtual world that is ordered so as to take care of our needs and let us get on with our everyday lives.
Understanding the Disorder: What it is and What to Expect
Authors: Gur Raque E , Johnson Ann Braden 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Schizophrenia is a chronic and severe mental disorder that is characterized by a disintegration of the process of thinking, of emotional responsiveness, and of contact with reality. Early in the twentieth century, schizophrenia was known as dementia praecox (premature dementia), because of the disintegration or fragmenting of mental functions typically observed in people with the disorder. The term schizophrenia itself means “fragmented mind,” referring to the schisms between thought, emotion, and behavior that characterize the disease. It is not the same as “split personality,” which is an altogether different illness now known as dissociative identity disorder. People with schizophrenia do not alternate between “good” and “bad” personalities.
Clinical Judgment and the Interpretation of the Case
Authors: Montgomery Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a hand-written chart my daughter, her husband, and the oncologist laid out her treatment options and what was known about the side effects of each. But about her particular experience or her fate the chart had nothing to say. Clinical medicine could diagnose her breast cancer and provide information about its treatment, even offer a choice among several possibilities, but it could not tell what had caused her tumor or say whether she would be among those who survive. Indeed, she had her choice of treatments precisely because so much was uncertain and because, in the judgment of her physicians, none of them had a better clinical outcome than another.
A Medicine of Neighbors
Authors: Montgomery Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What would happen if medicine disavowed the claim to be a science and emphasized instead its character as a practice? Recognizing how physicians actually think and work would not reduce the importance and power of biomedical science and technological advance. The physician’s moral duty to the patient would not change, nor would the intellectual obligation to determine the diagnosis, choose the best treatment, and provide a reliable prognosis. But the professional’s social role—at least in the United States— might be altered. I caught a glimpse of this possibility when I discovered the appeal that the image of a “medicine of friends” has for physicians beset by the current (dis)organization of health care.
Categorizing the World Prototypes, Theories, and Linguistic Relativity
Authors: Koller Bálint , Endrődi Noémi , Komlósi Sarolta , Tóth Rita , Kövecses Zoltán 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Together with many other higher-level organisms, humans are categorizing beings. We categorize all objects and events we encounter in the environment. Categorization is necessary for action, and it is essential for survival. Imagine that you want to read a book and in order to do that you want to sit down in a comfortable chair. You will see many things in the room, including, say, a dresser, a table, a couch, a chair, a stove, and the like. In order to be able to carry out your plan to sit down in a comfortable chair and read, you will have to categorize the objects that surround you. Of all the objects you see, you need to be able to pick out the object that is a comfortable chair. If you mistake the stove for the chair, you might be in trouble. For another hypothetical example, imagine that you encounter a tiger, but you mistake it for a big domestic cat. The consequence may be disastrous. Thus, in a very real sense, our ability to categorize the world has survival value.
Mappings across Frames Metaphor
Authors: Koller Bálint , Endrődi Noémi , Komlósi Sarolta , Tóth Rita , Kövecses Zoltán 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As we saw in the previous chapter, metonymy is a mapping that applies between two elements of a single frame, or domain. Often, however, there are two frames, or domains, that we bring into conceptual interaction on the basis of some kind of perceived similarity. Initially at least, we can call such cases of interaction metaphor. This chapter is primarily devoted to spelling out the most important aspects, or components, of the cognitive linguistic view of metaphor, and I will also offer a possible classification of metaphor within the same view. But the topic of metaphor will be pursued further in several subsequent chapters. The general argument of these chapters will be that metaphor plays a crucial role in the study of mind and culture. More specifically, in chapter 9 we will look at some of the cultural and social applications of metaphors; chapter IO will take up the issue of cross-cultural and within-culture variation in metaphor; in chapter 11 we will ask whether it is reasonable to think of human thought as essentially literal; and chapter 12 will deal with the image-schematic basis of many metaphors.
Metaphor Variation across and within Cultures
Authors: Koller Bálint , Endrődi Noémi , Komlósi Sarolta , Tóth Rita , Kövecses Zoltán 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The major goal of this chapter is to outline the basic components of a theory of variation and universality in metaphor. It is suggested that such components must minimally include the following: dimensions of variation, aspects of metaphor involved in variation, and causes of variation. (A book-length treatment of these and additional issues can be found in Kovecses, 200 5 a.) Since cognitive linguists claim that metaphor is of the mind, the brain, and the body-aspects of people that are more universal than either language or social reality-many people who are familiar with the view of metaphor that originates from Lakoff and Johnson’s (1980) Metaphors We Live By often expect that what we call conceptual metaphors are largely or mostly universal. They also often criticize this view for ignoring the apparent diversity of metaphors across and within cultures.
Constructing Meaning in Discourse Mental Spaces
Authors: Koller Bálint , Endrődi Noémi , Komlósi Sarolta , Tóth Rita , Kövecses Zoltán 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mappings operate not only within a single domain (metonymy) and be¬ tween two domains (metaphor) but also between what are called mental spaces-partial conceptual structures (frames or models) in the mind. With the help of mappings between mental spaces we can account for another crucially important aspect of meaning, namely, the way meaning is constructed in discourse.
Cognition and Grammar the Cognitive Structure of Language
Authors: Koller Bálint , Endrődi Noémi , Komlósi Sarolta , Tóth Rita , Kövecses Zoltán 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The discussion of the relationship between language, mind, and culture would not be complete without dealing with the issue of grammar. For those who have a primary interest in language, this chapter comes too late, but for those who study fields other than linguistics, this chapter comes at the right place. It is only now that I can present grammar in its complexity to students in anthropology, sociology, English, art, rhetoric, communication, public affairs, and so on, that is, to people whose primary interest is not in language and the structure of language.
Summing it Up an Account of Meaningful Experience
Authors: Koller Bálint , Endrődi Noémi , Komlósi Sarolta , Tóth Rita , Kövecses Zoltán 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this book, three general issues were examined. First, what cognitive processes play a role in making sense of the world around us? Second, how do these cognitive processes contribute to our understanding of issues in language? Third, how do the same cognitive processes provide an account of meaning in a wide range of social and cultural phenomena? To begin, we have found that we make use of a relatively small number of cognitive processes in making sense of our experience. We categorize the world, organize our knowledge into frames, make use of within-frame map¬ pings (metonymy) and cross-frame mappings (metaphor), build image¬ schemas from bodily experience and apply these to what we experience, divide our experience into figures and grounds, set up mental spaces and further mappings between them in the on-line process of understanding, and have the ability to skillfully and creatively integrate conceptual materials from the mental spaces that we set up. We do not do most of this in a conscious way; our cognitive system operates unconsciously most of the time. It is these and some additional cognitive processes that participate in our unconscious meaning-making activity.
Pain Management and the So-Called ‘‘Risk’’ of Addiction A Neurobiological Perspective
Authors: Gardner Eliot L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some of the most widely used and most broadly effective medications for the management of pain (e.g., opioids) are also compounds that support self-administration at both the human and animal level, have addictive and abuse liability, and produce physical dependence. Other medications commonly used in pain management (e.g., monoamine reuptake inhibitors, GABA mimetics) do not possess these attributes. But as these other medications are most commonly used in an adjunctive manner in combination with ‘‘primary’’ ‘‘strong’’ analgesics (most often opioids), the question of the so-called ‘‘risk of addiction’’ has permeated pain management for decades—often to the severe detriment of proper compassionate medical care and good patient management. The purpose of the present mini-review is to examine at the neurobiological level the ‘‘risk of addiction’’ posed by such primary analgesics as opioids and to draw conclusions therefrom that may help pain management physicians optimize their patient care.
Mathematical Modeling and Optimization Methods for De Novo Protein Design
Authors: Floudas C A , Fung H K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The de novo peptide and protein design, first suggested almost two decades ago, begins with a postulated or known flexible protein threedimensional structure and aims at identifying amino acid sequence(s) compatible with this structure. Initially, the problem was denoted as the “inverse folding problem” [1,2] since protein design has intimate links to the well-known protein folding problem [3]. In contrast to the characteristic of protein folding to associate a given protein sequence with its own unique shape, the inverse folding problem exhibits high levels of degeneracy, that is, a large number of sequences will be compatible with a given protein structure, although the sequences will vary with respect to properties such as activity and stability.
Modern Masculinities on the Magic Mountain
Authors: Kontje Todd 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thomas Mann’s diaries of 1918–1921 reveal that while he was writing The Magic Mountain he was preoccupied by questions of sexuality in mod-ern society and the status of his own masculinity. During this period the sixth and last of Mann’s children was born, and on more than one occasion the successful author and respectable pater familias professes his love for his wife, Katia, and his gratitude for her support and understanding. At the same time, however, Mann regularly notes young men who catch his eye on the streets, in trains, and at his own public readings, and when Katia fails to arouse him in bed, he speculates about “going over to the other side”:
Introduction
Authors: Cohen Cynthia B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells burst from the obscurity of the research lab into public view almost a decade ago. We had known for some before then that these cells exist and that they are extremely versatile, for they can be converted into almost any type of cell found in the human body—heart, liver, blood, pancreas, and muscle among them. These stem cells can also reproduce themselves, sustaining the organs and tissues of the human body throughout an individual’s lifetime. We were also familiar with adult stem cells that are found in various parts of the human body, including bone marrow, blood, and body fat cells. Although we had started down the path of developing adult stem cells, we had not been able to culture and grow human embryonic stem cells, even though the lure of these sorts of stem cells, in particular, was immense.
Excessive Sleepiness
Authors: Lee-Chiong Teofilo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Persons are considered excessively sleepy if they are unable to consistently achieve and sustain wakefulness and alertness to accomplish the tasks of daily living. Sleep occurs unintentionally or at inappropriate times or places. In children, sleepiness may manifest as hyperactivity.
Excessive sleepiness can be defined using either clinical or Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT) criteria, namely hypersomnolence occurring almost daily for at least 3 months, and mean sleep latency of less than 8 minutes, respectively. Although the likelihood of falling asleep is greater during inactive monotonous situations, severe sleepiness can manifest precipitously as sleep attacks, recurrent episodes of microsleep, or automatic behavior during which there is no memory of semiconscious activities. It is important to distinguish excessive sleepiness from fatigue, exhaustion, tiredness, weariness, listlessness or weakness, which may closely mimic it.
Excessive sleepiness is estimated to affect 5% of the general population. Occasional excessive daytime sleepiness may be present in up to a third of the general adult population. Prevalence is greater among adolescents and older adults. Both genders appear to be affected equally.
Among young adults, hours of weekday sleep predict daytime sleepiness, as do snoring, depression, marital status (those who are single are more likely to develop daytime sleepiness than married individuals), and employment status (sleepiness is more prevalent among persons employed full-time compared with those who are employed part-time or unemployed).