bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A New Assessment of Socratic Philosophy of Religion
Authors: Gocer Asli 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As the recent literature shows, there continue to be non-complementary lines of thinking on the nature of Socrates’ religious views and the extent to which they brought about the fatal charges of” corrupting the young” and impiety. On the one hand, there is the view that Socrates’ heteredox religious views are central to evaluating the charges against him; on the other, there is the view that Socrates’ religious convictions are ultimately peripheral to his indictment, conviction and execution.
Comparative Psychopharmacology of Methylphenidate and Related Drugs in Human Volunteers, Patients with ADHD, and Experimental Animals
Authors: Mehta Mitul A , Sahakian Barbara J , Robbins Trevor W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is associated with deficits in functions commonly seen following frontal lobe damage (Pennington & Ozonoff, 1996; Kempton et al., 1999). Many of these impairments are improved after administration of stimulant medication (see Chapter 11 by Denney & Rapport,). Psycho motor stimulants boost catecholaminergic function by indirectly increasing synaptic levels of dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine(NE). The precise mechanisms and substrates of action of psychomotor stimulants, such as methylphenidate, on cognitive functions are, however, little understood.
Beauty and Ideal Citizenship Inventing Asian America in Rodgers and Hammerstein’s Flower Drurn Song (1961)
Authors: Cheng Anne Anlin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No genre is more familiar with, or more sympathetic to, the expression of pathological euphoria than the musical, and no musical more attached to the pathological euphoria of being “Asian American”1 than Rodgers and Hammerstein’s musical film extravaganza Flower Drum Song (1961). Directed by the Hollywood veteran Henry Koster and produced by the master of visual spectacles Ross Hunter, Flower Drum Song is a work that everyone who has seen it remembers. It is astounding how many people of various backgrounds and both genders can and do immediately launch into their renditions of “I Enjoy Being a Girl” whenever Flower Drum Song is mentioned. The very mention of this movie elicits response—song even—which is then usually followed by a gentle shake of the head or a roll of the eyes. What is this pleasure of identification and its immediate renunciation? Why is embarrassed irony used to counter the seduction of that tune? One might say that Flower Drum Song itself, as a public memory, symptomatically exhibits a form of excessive euphoria—an involuntary delight that finds itself slightly unseemly.
The School of Names: Linguistic Analysis in China
Authors: Hansen Chad 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Theory of language was a key focus in all the early Chinese schools. Their theory of philosophical dispute focused on names. So, unsurprisingly, adherents of different views began to defend their positions by claiming to have more analytically adequate theories of naming. I will argue that the school of names had Confucian, Daoist, and Mohist versions. The Mohist theories of naming moved the study of language from a pragmatic to a more semantic focus. They embed their semantics in the larger project of Chinese philosophy—getting constant guidance from a dao. They tried to describe a realistic base of naming. They sought a reality-based answer to the question, “What is the right way to project distinctions in new settings?” The right way, they thought, responded to real similarities and differences in the world.
The Nature of Inalienable Rights
Authors: McConnell Terrance 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The task of this chapter is principally conceptual; the goal is to explain the notion of an inalienable right. In carrying out this task, it will help to explain other notions, including the idea of an absolute right and the idea of a forfeitable right. Various distinctions will be drawn along the way and alternative accounts will be critically examined. But in the end the hope is to arrive at a reasonably clear account of the nature of inalienable rights.
The Moral Foundations of Inalienable Rights
Authors: McConnell Terrance 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An inalienable right may neither be waived nor transferred by its possessor. Waiver is a unilateral activity in which the possessor of the right suspends for others the obligation not to infringe the right in question. Transfer is a bilateral activity in which the possessor transfers the right (or the object protected by the right) and the accompanying normative advantages to another. If a right is alienable, valid waiver or transfer changes the normative landscape; infringing a person’s right is rendered permissible because of his consent. If a right is inalienable, the consent of the possessor alone does not justify infringing that right.
The Inalienable Right of Conscience: A Madisonian/Jeffersonian Argument
Authors: McConnell Terrance 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some might construe this as endorsing the subjective claim that a person’s only real obligation is to do what he believes is right. Such a position is paradoxical because it implies that wrongdoing occurs only when agents act against their considered moral judgments. Perhaps this is Thoreau’s view; but another thesis may be at work here— that the right of conscience is inalienable. Indeed, some of Thoreau’s predecessors, in particular, writers of the late eighteenth century, held that the right of conscience is inalienable. Here I shall explore this thesis, ignoring whether or not Thoreau endorsed it.
Human Organs and Inalienability
Authors: McConnell Terrance 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are some things that the law allows one to give away but does not permit one to sell. I know, you’re thinking of sex. And, indeed, that is an apt example given the law in many states in the United States. But in this chapter the focus will be on a different case, that of human organs for transplatation—organs that are procured from one human and transplanted into another. Section 274c of the U.S. Public Health Code makes it illegal for anyone to acquire, receive, or otherwise transfer human organs for valuable consideration. Anyone who violates this statute may be fined up to $50,000 and incarcerated for as long as five years. And the National Organ Transplant Act of 1984 makes it a federal crime “for any person to knowingly acquire, receive, or otherwise transfer any human organ for valuable consideration for use in human transplantation if the transfer affects interstate commerce.”
Women Writers, Gothic Novels, Romantic Poets
Authors: Mudg Bradford K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Will you permit the Ladies to exhibit themselves in a Magazine allotted to the Gentlemen, during the cessation of the important political debates? Surely the Antiquaries will not disdain us as a relief to old tombstones and inscriptions; besides, some of our works have the genuine rust of age. Mrs. Macaulay will entertain the Politician; Madame Dacier and Mrs. Carter, the Critick; and for the Poet there is abundance.
Virgins, Whores, and Devils,
Authors: Mudg Bradford K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nothing offers these Days but Squabblings between Mrs. Jewkes and me. She grows worse and worse to me. I vexed her yesterday, because she talked nastily, and told her she talk’d more like a vile London Prostitute, than a Gentleman’s Housekeeper; and she cannot use me bad enough for it. Bless me! She curses and storms at me like a Trooper, and can hardly keep her Hands off me.. , . she is a Disgrace to her Sex.
Molecular Logic
Authors: Harold Franklin M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When biochemists set out to tackle a problem, our first step is commonly to grind the intricate fabric of cells and tissues into a pulp (a homogenate, as we say in the trade). This is a significant act, representing a drastic reduction in the level of organization. It allows us to treat living matter as a mixture of chemicals, and encourages one to isolate and purify individual constituents; every graduate student is warned not to squander clean thinking on dirty enzymes! To be sure, something is sacrificed by this violent procedure—not only life itself, but all the spatial order that impresses anyone who inspects a photomicrograph.
So What Is Life?
Authors: Harold Franklin M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fifty years after Schrödinger wrote his little book, his challenge still hangs in the air. What is life? Having learned so much about molecules and mechanisms, structures and functions, physiology and ecology and ontogeny and phylogeny, why are we still at a loss for a satisfying answer? Schrödinger himself posed the riddle with a flourish, but wisely refrained from offering a solution; today we are quick to deflect the mystery with a wry smile, a parable, or a joke (2). The reason has much to do with the difference between explanation and understanding. We are quickly learning to explain the workings of the biological machinery and even how organisms came to be as we find them, but we have no persuasive answer to the question why life exists in the first place.
Realism Regained
Authors: Koons Robert C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this wide-ranging philosophical work, Koons takes on two powerful dogmas: anti-realism and materialism. In doing so, Koons develops an efficient metaphysical system that accounts for such phenomena as information, mental representation, our knowledge of logic, mathematics and science, the structure of spacetime, the identity of physical objects, and the objectivity of values and moral norms.
Higher-Order Causation: Modal Facts as Causes
Authors: Koons Robert C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I have two reasons for being interested in a theory of higher-order causation, that is, a theory of how modal and causal facts can themselves cause concrete situations. First, my account of teleological or functional causation and explanation will be explicitly higher order. Second, I want to build a causal theory of modal and mathematical knowledge, which obviously depends on the possibility that modal facts can be part of the cause of mental states and processes.
Teleosemantics of Mental Representations
Authors: Koons Robert C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are a variety of mental states in humans and animals that clearly have representational content: perceptions, actions and attempted actions, memories, thoughts, opinions, doubts, wishes, etc. In this chapter, I will sketch, in a very programmatic way, how my accounts of tele of unctionality and information can be used to account for mental representation.
A Teleological Theory of the Mind
Authors: Koons Robert C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, I want to look at a number of problems in the philosophy of mind, and discuss briefly the relevance of a teleological theory of mental representation to these problems, including downward causation, qualia, and free will.
It’s inevitable that a discussion of the mind/body problem begin with Descartes. It was Descartes who crystallized the mind/body problem as it exists for the modern mind. Descartes’s view, of course, is radically dualistic: the mind and body are two separate substances, with radically different essences (the one, thought, and the other, extension).
The Ancient Quarrel Between Ph1losophy And Poetry Revisited
Authors: Levin Susan B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this study, Levin explores Plato's engagement with the Greek literary tradition in his treatment of key linguistic issues. This investigation, conjoined with a new interpretation of the Republic's familiar critique of poets, supports the view that Plato's work represents a valuable precedent for contemporary reflections on ways in which philosophy might benefit from appeals to literature.
The Structure And Outcome Of The Cratylus ‘ Inquiry
Authors: Levin Susan B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As we have seen, the literary tradition makes extensive use of etymology to articulate the semantic constitution of onomata, largely proper names, with the goal of shedding light on bearers’ natures—the existence of which is assumed. Moreover, authors make numerous judgments of the appropriateness of onomata to their referents. At the outset of the Cratylus, Plato “invests” naming qua etymolo gizing with techne status, providing a laudatory description of the sort one would expect based on those criteria put forth in the Gorgias to distinguish genuine technai from empeiriai. As the dialogue unfolds, however, Plato rejects the lofty claims he had Socrates make for this activity and its practitioners. As in the Gorgias, where Plato’s focus is on rhetoric, here too what is identified at the outset as a techne later has that distinctive status challenged decisively. In the Cratylus, the literary tradition provides Plato with key material used in formulating this challenge; in the course of his investigation, however, Plato rejects that tradition’s procedure, along with the chief assumption on which its use rests. Far from being limited in its pertinence to the dialogue’s early analogy between shuttle construction and naming, the techne issue, construed in the manner indicated above, governs much of the discussion and is crucial to its unity.
Rationality and the Justification of Democracy
Authors: Coleman Jules 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is an essay about the justification of democracy in which democracy is understood as a way of making coercively enforceable collective decisions. The problem of justifying democracy arises once a group perceives a need for collective action, that is, a need to construct principles specifying the terms of cooperation. One’s theory of democracy, then, is likely to depend on one’s views about the reasons for collective action. Let us distinguish two such views. In one, collective action is thought necessary to resolve coordination, externality, and Prisoner’s Dilemma problems. We might loosely refer to this view as the “market failure theory of collective action.” In this account, cooperation is necessary only because markets are imperfectly competitive. Market failure creates a need for individuals to abandon rational self-interested strategies over specifiable domains in favor of compliance with jointly maximizing ones. Over some domains individuals must abandon competition in favor of cooperation; and the question they must ask is, By what rules or principles are the terms of cooperation to be determined?
Philosophy and Democracy
Authors: Walzer Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The prestige of political philosophy is very high these days. It commands the attention of economists and lawyers, the two groups of academics most closely connected to the shaping of public policy, as it has not done in a long time. And it claims the attention of political leaders, bureaucrats, and judges, most especially judges, with a new and radical forcefulness. The command and the claim follow not so much from the fact that philosophers are doing creative work, but from the fact that they are doing creative work of a special sort—which raises again, after a long hiatus, the possibility of finding objective truths, “true meaning” “right answers,” “the philosopher’s stone,” and so on. I want to accept this possibility (without saying very much about it) and then ask what it means for democratic politics. What is the standing of the philosopher in a democratic society? This is an old question; there are old tensions at work here: between truth and opinion, reason and will, value and preference, the one and the many. These antipodal pairs differ from one another, and none of them quite matches the pair “philosophy and democracy.” But they do hang together; they point to a central problem. Philosophers claim a certain sort of authority for their conclusions; the people claim a different sort of authority for their decisions. What is the relation between the two?
The Velvet Corporation
Authors: Fort Timothy L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The point is that capitalism, albeit on another level and not in such trivial forms, is struggling with the same problems [as communism].... [I]t is well-known, for instance, that enormous private multinational corporations are curiously like socialist states; with industrialization, centralization, specialization, monopolization, and finally with automation and computerization, the elements of depersonalization and the loss of meaning in work become more and more profound everywhere. . . . IBM certainly works better than the Skoda plant, but that doesn’t alter the fact that both companies have long since lost their human dimension and have turned man into a little cog in their machinery, utterly separated from what, and for whom, that machinery is working, and what the impact of its product is on the world.
Business as Community
Authors: Fort Timothy L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter argues that one of the more promising fields of ethical inquiry in business, virtue theory, requires an understanding of human nature derived from the natural world, so that community-based virtues are neither too weak nor too strong, but just right. By focusing their attention on the common good of large megastructures, communitarians can undermine individual autonomy. Such a “strong” version of communitarianism is, as Goldilocks would say, “too hot.” Those advocating an autonomy-based moral theory of business, however, threaten to leave the individual disconnected from the relationships that fulfill life and that form moral identity. Although there is some commitment to community, this “weak” form of communitarianism is, as Goldilocks would say, “too cold.”
Theological Naturalism
Authors: Fort Timothy L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Let me begin by proposing an integration of William Frederick’s naturalism with theology. I would like to take Frederick up on an invitation he first implied in his book Values, Nature and Culture in the American Corporation and then explicitly extended in his address to the Social Issues of Management Section of the Academy of Management (SIM), revised and published in the journal Business and Society. In his book, Frederick notes convergence among world religions around central moral principles. The implication is that dialogue with and among world religions may produce insights for moral principles in business.
Blood Gas Transport and Tissue Gas Exchange
Authors: Hlastala Michael P , Berger Albert J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Storage and transport of 02 and CO2 in blood are accomplished by special mechanisms. Hemoglobin is instrumental to the storage of both O2 and CO2 in a way that is interactive, a feature that enhances the exchange of each gas and provides a reserve when 02 demand increases. Like inert gases, 02 dissolves in blood in direct proportion to its partial pressure. This relationship is described by Henry’s law: The proportionality constant relating 02 content (C0,) to 02 partial pressure (P02) isb02, the blood solubility coefficient, commonly expressed as ml gas (STPD) dissolved in 100 ml (1 dl) blood for every mm Hg of partial pressure. The value of bb differs for each gas (02 and CO2) and varies with temperature. More gas dissolves in liquid as temperature decreases. For blood at 37°C,b02 is approximately equal to 0.003 ml · dl-1 • mm Hg-1• This low solubility allows only a small portion of 02 to be dissolved in blood at physiological partial pressures (80 to 100 mm Hg). At a normal arterial P02 of 100 mm Hg, only 0.3 ml 02 can be stored as dissolved gas in each dl of blood. This does not, however, meet normal metabolic demands. This requirement is met by hemoglobin with its high O2 storage capability.
On the basic one-agent achievement-stit theory
Authors: Belnap Nuel , Perloff Michael , Xu Ming 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It turns out that this equivalence is valid for every BT+ AC structure for dstit, and it is valid for every BT+ I+ AC structure for astit iff the structure contains no busy choice sequences, and is therefore a BT+ I+ AC+ nbc structure; see chapter 15 and chapter 18 for details. (BT+ AC, BT+ I+ AC, and BT+ I+ AC+ nbc structures are defined in §2.) We showed in chapter 15 that the astit theory with a single agent and the refref equivalence (i.e., the set of all sentences, with a single agent term, valid for all BT+ I+ AC+ nbc structures) is decidable. The purpose of this chapter is to remove the no-busy-choice-sequence restriction and give an axiomatization for the resulting basic logic of astit.
The Aesthetic Life
Authors: Eaton Marcia Muelder 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aesthetic experience, as I have defined it, involves attending to—perceiving and reflecting upon—an object or event’s intrinsic properties considered worthy of that attention within a community into which one has been socialized. These experiences, I have argued, are not necessarily—indeed, are rarely—“pure” in the sense that one’s attention is aimed only at aesthetic properties. One can look at a painting or landscape, listen to a song or poem and, while paying due attention to shapes or rhythms or repetitions, also think about grandma, sex, oppression, or anything else. As long as one continues to perceive or reflect on aesthetic properties, one is having a genuine aesthetic experience. Aesthetic values are different than, but they are not necessarily separate from, other values. Still, some people’s lives include more occasions of aesthetic attention than do the lives of some other people. Stated simply, “the aesthetic life” is one in which at tending to intrinsic properties valued in one’s culture because they repay that attention plays a significant role in one’s life, both quantitatively and qualitatively. In this chapter, I shall look at a literary depiction of someone who leads such a life. I shall show in detail what it entails and suggest how even those whose lives are what we might call “very aesthetic” still lead lives in which the aesthetic is integrated with other values, in particular, with ethical values1.