bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measuring dimensions of manufacturing flexibility
Authors: Koste Lori L , Malhotra Manoj K , Sharma Subhash 
Published: February 2004

AbstractEven though many managers and academics have cited flexibility as a key competitive capability, efforts to measure and understand this complex construct continue. Consequently in this paper, we address the issue of manufacturing flexibility measurement, and then use these measures to better understand flexibility. Churchill’s [J. Market. Res. 16 (1979) 64] paradigm is used to develop psychometrically sound measures for six oft‐used dimensions of manufacturing flexibility: machine, labor, material handling, mix, new product, and modification. Previous research shows that each of these dimensions, in turn, is comprised of four elements. The resulting 24 scales (6 dimensions×4 elements) demonstrate the desired properties of unidimensionality, reliability, and validity. We show further that the four elements of any given manufacturing flexibility dimension can be grouped into two conceptually separate factors representing “Scope” and “Achievability” of flexible responses. Scope and achievability factor scores can be used to compare a subset of firms with respect to their flexibility choices, and observe the trade‐offs firms make both within and across flexibility dimensions. Along with scale development, establishing scope versus achievability relationships between flexibility elements provides a better basis for measuring and creating a holistic understanding of this complex concept.
Early callus of fractured rib of rat contracts and relaxes ex vivo
Authors: Dooley Philip C. , Howgate Melissa L. , Schuijers Johannes A. , Grills Brian L. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractPurpose. Wound contraction is an essential process in early soft‐tissue repair, yet contraction of callus in fracture repair has not been investigated previously. Fracture callus consists of several cell types, many of which may have the capacity to contract. Accordingly, the purpose of the present study was to (i) determine whether early soft fracture calluses contract and relax ex vivo and (ii) identify and locate the contractile protein, alpha smooth muscle actin (αSMA) in callus.Methods. One non‐weight‐bearing rib was fractured in adult male rats under anaesthesia and 10 calluses were removed 5, 7 and 9 days later for examination. Force production by calluses was measured using a sensitive force transducer when callus preparations were immersed sequentially in solutions known to either contract or relax smooth muscle preparations. Calluses and unfractured rib were analysed for the presence of αSMA using Western Blot and immunohistochemical techniques.Results. When immersed in normal Krebs‐Henseleit solution (K–H; pH 7.4, 22°C) 7 callus preparations contracted and 3 relaxed. The force response was phasic (3 calluses) or tonic (7 calluses). Subsequent immersion in Ca2+‐free K–H resulted in no change in force in 4 calluses, a decrease in force (relaxation) in 3 calluses, and an increase in force (contraction) in 2 calluses when compared to the force in the preceding solution (K–H). The final incubation in a solution having a high [K+] (64 mM) partially relaxed 6 calluses, contracted 3 and produced no change in force in 1 callus compared to the final force of the callus in the Ca2+‐free solution. Collagen (in the form of rat Achilles tendon), the major structural protein in soft fracture callus, relaxed in K–H and continued to relax during exposure to Ca2+‐free K–H and to solutions having a high [K+].Western Blot and immunohistochemical studies detected the presence of αSMA in calluses and (in particular) in osteoprogenitor cells of fibrous callus respectively, as well as its absence from unfractured rib.Conclusions. (i) Early, soft fracture callus is capable of contracting and relaxing, (ii) the responses of callus to K–H, Ca2+‐free and high [K+] solutions are distinctly different from the responses of smooth muscle preparations reported in the literature, (iii) the cell types in callus, particularly osteoprogenitor cells in uncalcified, collagenous matrix, have an essential contractile protein, αSMA, to support the observed contraction and relaxation and (iv) the contraction of soft fracture callus may facilitate fracture repair by creating tension within the callus and drawing the fracture ends together. Crown Copyright © 2004 Published by Elsevier Ltd. on behalf of Orthopaedic Research Society. All rights reserved.
SHARON MACDONALD, Behind the Scenes at the Science Museum. Materializing Culture. Oxford and New York: Berg, 2002. Pp. xiii+293. ISBN 1-85973-571-1. £14.00 (paperback).
Authors: BENNETT JIM 
Published: March 2004

Sharon Macdonald, Behind the Scenes at the Science Museum. By Jim Bennett 99Charles Mollan, William Davis and Brendan Finucane (eds.), Irish Innovators in Science and Technology. By Enda Leaney 100Pamela O. Long, Openness, Secrecy, Authorship: Technical Arts and the Culture of Knowledge from Antiquity to the Renaissance. By Catherine Eagleton, Karin Tybjerg and Koen Vermeir 101Antonio Clericuzio, Elements, Principles and Corpuscles: A Study of Atomism and Chemistry in the Seventeenth Century. By Christoph Lüthy 103Lisa Silverman, Tortured Subjects: Pain, Truth, and the Body in Early Modern France. By Sean M. Quinlan 105Trevor H. Levere and Gerard L'E. Turner, Discussing Chemistry and Steam: The Minutes of a Coffee House Philosophical Society 1780–1787. By William H Brock 106Claudine Cohen, The Fate of the Mammoth: Fossils, Myth, and History. By Bowdoin Van Riper 107David Elliston Allen, Naturalists and Society: The Culture of Natural History in Britain, 1700–1900. By Jim Endersby 108Roger Luckhurst, The Invention of Telepathy, 1870–1901. By Richard Noakes 110Benjamin H. Yandell, The Honors Class: Hilbert's Problems and Their Solvers. By I. Grattan-Guinness 112Emily Thompson, The Soundscape of Modernity: Architectural Acoustics and the Culture of Listening in America, 1900–1933. By Neil Pemberton 113
Why education needs linguistics (and vice versa)
Authors: HUDSON RICHARD 
Published: March 2004

One of the fundamental questions on which we linguists disagree is whether or not our subject is useful for education. On one side is a long tradition, stretching back to the classical world, in which the practical benefits were clear and agreed – for example, the early Stoic grammarians aimed to improve literary style (Robins 1967: 16), and the Latin grammarians wrote pedagogical texts for use in school (ibid.: 54). In modern times this tradition is represented by leading linguists such as Tesnière (1959) and Halliday (1964), whose work has been motivated at least in part by the desire to improve language teaching at school. On the other hand is an equally long philosophical tradition of ‘pure’ scholarship for its own sake, in which the only motivation was a desire to understand language better. Recently this tradition is most clearly represented by two linguists who otherwise have little in common, Sampson (1980) and Chomsky (Olson, Faigley & Chomsky 1991), both of whom have denied that linguistics has, can have or indeed should have any relevance to language teaching.The aim of this paper is to defend the traditional idea that linguistics has an important contribution to make in language teaching, though I shall not of course suggest that every piece of academic research should have a clear pay-off in terms of practical benefits. ‘Blue-skies’ research is just as important in linguistics as in other disciplines. All I shall argue is that our discipline, seen as a whole, has an important interface with education, and that research whose results cross this interface is just as important as that which feeds into, say, neuroscience or child development. Indeed, I shall go further by arguing that academic linguistics is weakened if we ignore the impact of education on language, so information must cross this interface in both directions. If the interface is important even for ‘pure’ research, it follows that we cannot simply name it ‘applied linguistics’ and leave it to those who call themselves applied linguists. My point is that the debate is relevant to all linguists, however ‘pure’, because if education has a profound impact on language, we should know rather better than we do at present exactly what that impact is.
From the Solar Corona to Clusters of Galaxies: The Radio Astronomy of Bruce Slee
Authors: Orchiston Wayne 
Published: March 2004

AbstractOwen Bruce Slee is one of the pioneers of Australian radio astronomy. During World War II he independently discovered solar radio emission, and, after joining the CSIRO Division of Radiophysics, used a succession of increasingly more sophisticated radio telescopes to examine an amazing variety of celestial objects and phenomena. These ranged from the solar corona and other targets in our solar system, to different types of stars and the ISM in our Galaxy, and beyond to distant galaxies and clusters of galaxies. Although long retired, Slee continues to carry out research, with emphasis on active stars and clusters of galaxies. A quiet and unassuming man, Slee has spent more than half a century making an important, wide-ranging contribution to astronomy, and his work deserves to be more widely known.
Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays
Authors: Protheroe R. J. , Clay R. W. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractCosmic rays with energies above 1018 eV are currently of considerable interest in astrophysics and are to be further studied in a number of projects which are either currently under construction or the subject of well-developed proposals. This paper aims to discuss some of the physics of such particles in terms of current knowledge and information from particle astrophysics at other energies.
Interspecific competition between the nematode-trapping fungus, Duddingtonia flagrans, and selected microorganisms and the effect of spore concentration on the efficacy of nematode trapping
Authors: Grønvold J. , Wolstrup J. , Larsen M. , Gillespie A. , Giacomazzi F. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe fungus, Duddingtonia flagrans, is able to trap and kill free-living nematode larvae of the cattle parasite Cooperia oncophora when chlamydospores are mixed in cattle faeces. Isolates of Bacillus subtilis (two isolates), Pseudomonas spp. (three isolates) and single isolates of the fungal genera Alternaria, Cladosporium, Fusarium, Trichoderma and Verticillium were isolated from cattle faeces and shown to reduce D. flagrans growth on agar plates. When these isolates were added to cattle faeces containing D. flagrans and nematode larvae of C. oncophora, developing from eggs, none of the isolates reduced nematode mortality attributed to D. flagrans. Similarly, the coprophilic fungus Pilobolus kleinii, which cannot be cultivated on agar, also failed to suppress the ability of D. flagrans to trap and kill developing larvae of C. oncophora. Increasing chlamydospore doses of D. flagrans in faecal cultures resulted in higher nematode mortality. Thus, no evidence of interspecific or intraspecific competition was observed. The consequences of these findings are discussed.
Pallisentis rexus from the Chiang Mai Basin, Thailand: ultrastructural studies on egg envelope development and the mechanism of egg expansion
Authors: Wongkham W. , Whitfield P.J. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractPallisentis rexus Wongkham & Whitfield, 1999 (Eoacanthocephala: Quadrigyridae) infects the freshwater snakehead fish, Channa striata, in the Chiang Mai Basin, Thailand. All stages of egg development within the body cavity of the female parasite were observed, using transmission electron microscopy. Changes in mature eggs after contact with water were also investigated. The mature egg has five egg envelopes separated from each other by four gaps. The fertilization membrane, which is formed first, is pushed centrifugally by other, subsequently formed, envelopes and gaps, which produces a final total shell thickness of 8–36 μm around the acanthor. The disappearance of the outermost layer and the unpleating of an adjacent inner layer causes the expansion of eggs on contact with water. The volume of an expanded egg is approximately 27 times that of an unexpanded one, but the density of eggs is reduced from a value greater than water to one almost equal to water. This is believed to aid the dispersion of eggs.
Metacercarial utilization of a naturally infected single species (Lymnaea peregra) snail community by Echinoparyphium recurvatum
Authors: Morley N.J. , Lewis J.W. , Adam M.E. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractUtilization of a single-species molluscan community of Lymnaea peregra by metacercariae of Echinoparyphium recurvatum over a summer (July–September) period in south-east England showed an increase in the mean number of cysts per host with host size and time of exposure. Aggregation resulting from host and habitat-related factors increased with host size and time of exposure. Encystment within the host was restricted to the peripheral organs in smaller juvenile snails but as snails increased in size, metacercariae were distributed throughout the tissues.
Detection of inducible nitric oxide synthase in Schistosoma japonicum and S. mansoni
Authors: Long X.-C. , Bahgat M. , Chlichlia K. , Ruppel A. , Li Y.-L. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractSchistosoma japonicum and S. mansoni were tested for reactivity with an anti-inducible nitric oxide (iNOS) antibody and the distribution of iNOS was studied by immunofluorescent tests in different stages of the parasites. Reactivity was associated with the tegument in both larval schistosomes (sporocysts and cercariae) and eggs. With adult worms, the majority of the immunofluorescence was predominantly subtegumental in S. japonicum and parenchymal in S. mansoni. Fluorescence was also observed in host tissues (snails and mouse liver). In Western blots, the enzyme of S. japonicum had an apparent molecular weight of about 210 kDa. The possible role of worm and host iNOS in the parasite–host interrelation remains to be clarified.
Differences and similarities of nurse cells in cysts of Trichinella spiralis and T. pseudospiralis
Authors: Boonmars T. , Wu Z. , Nagano I. , Nakada T. , Takahashi Y. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe nurse cell in the cyst of Trichinella spiralis comprises at least two kinds of cytoplasm, derived from muscle or satellite cells, as indicated by the pattern of staining using regular dye (haematoxylin and eosin, or toluidine blue), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) expression, acid phosphatase (ACP) expression and immunostaining with an anti-intermediate filament protein (desmin or keratin). Muscle cells undergo basophilic changes following a T. spiralis infection and transform to the nurse cells, accompanied by an increase in ACP activity and the disappearance of desmin. Satellite cells are activated, transformed and joined to the nurse cells but remain eosinophilic. The eosinophilic cytoplasm is accompanied by an increase in desmin and ALP expression but not an increase in ACP activity. Differences in the staining results for ALP or ACP suggest that the two kinds of cytoplasm have different functions. Trichinella pseudospiralis infection results in an increase of ACP activity at a later stage than T. spiralis. There is also a difference in the location pattern of ACP in the cyst of T. spiralis compared with T. pseudospiralis. In T. spiralis, ACP is diffused within the cell, but in T. pseudospiralis, ACP distribution is spotty corresponding to the location of the nucleus. Trichinella pseudospiralis infection is accompanied by a slight increase in ALP activity. Activated satellite cells following a T. pseudospiralis infection exhibit an increase in desmin expression. The present study therefore reveals that nurse cell cytoplasm differs between the two Trichinella species and between the two origins of cytoplasm in the cyst of T. spiralis.
Effects of glycine–metal compounds on Ascaridia galli-infected chickens expressed by a kinetic model
Authors: Gabrashanska M. , Teodorova S.E. , Galvez-Morros M. , Mitov M. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe biogenic elements zinc, manganese and cobalt are essential for metabolic processes in animals. Compounds of nGly.Me2+A. mH2O (Me2+=Zn2+, Mn2+, Co2+; A=Cl−, SO42−, n=1, 2; m=2, 5), as supplements in the diet, were used separately on different experimental groups of male Hisex chickens to correct the mineral deficiency caused by Ascaridia galli infections. An amelioration of body weight gain, reduction of mortality and restoration of trace element levels were estimated in infected chickens. A mathematical model has been proposed for A. galli population kinetics in chickens, taking into account the stimulating effect of these elements on the nematodes. The model parameters are considered as phenomenological constants of the host–parasite system. An agreement with experimental data is observed using, for the parameters ψ, α, μ and μs, values equal to those calculated in previously investigated A. galli–chicken systems. For parameter ν (immunological constant) the same value was obtained as in a previous experiment with high infection. This model is likely to be suitable for a range of host–nematode systems, including varying degrees of infection and treatment with different trace elements.
Granulomatous inflammation during Heligmosomoides polygyrus primary infections in FVB mice
Authors: Cywińska A. , Czumińska K. , Schollenberger A. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractHost responses to primary infections with Heligmosomoides polygyrus were studied in fast responding FVB mice (H-2q). Pathological changes in the intestinal mucosa, mesenteric lymph nodes and spleen were examined. Features of the fast response were typical: low effectiveness of infection and limiting of parasite survival and egg production, with worm expulsion occurring about 60 days post-infection. The intestinal inflammatory response involved infiltration by different cells into the intestinal mucosa and granulomata formation. As is typical for intestinal nematode infection enteropathy, decreased villus:crypt ratio and hyperplasia of goblet and Paneth cells were also present. Reactions of the intestinal mucosa, mesenteric lymph nodes and spleen increased over time post-infection and after worm expulsion. Enteropathy may help worm expulsion by creating an unfavourable environment for H. polygyrus. The implications of these findings and the potential role of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes in the pathogenesis of generated lesions are discussed.
Dexamethasone treatment affects skin mucous cell density in Gyrodactylus derjavini infected Salmo salar
Authors: Olafsdottir S.H. , Buchmann K. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractAtlantic salmon, Salmo salar, is normally rather refractive to infection with the ectoparasitic monogenean Gyrodactylus derjavini but dexamethasone treatment of the host increases the susceptibility. The causative mechanisms were elucidated in this work. Groups of Atlantic salmon were treated by intra-peritoneal dexamethasone injections and subsequently infected with G. derjavini. It was shown that both the infection level and the mucous cell density of caudal and pelvic fins were affected by the treatment. Significantly higher mucous cell densities were found on infected and treated fish whereas non-infected and treated fish showed no significant elevation of cell density. This suggests that mucous cell discharge elicited by infection is inhibited by the drug. The association with elevated parasite counts in these fish can be explained either by decreased anti-parasitic mucus action or by parasite predilection for intact mucous cells.
Hymenolepis microstoma: direct life cycle in immunodeficient mice
Authors: Andreassen J. , Ito A. , Ito M. , Nakao M. , Nakaya K. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe mouse bile duct tapeworm Hymenolepis microstoma requires beetles as the obligatory intermediate host. However, when congenitally athymic NMRI-nu mice were infected with the mature tapeworm and allowed to eat their own faeces with tapeworm eggs, the oncospheres penetrated the intestinal tissue and developed to cysticercoids. After excysting, growth to adult worms occurs in the lumen of the small intestine and bile duct. Furthermore, the same happened when NMRI-nu mice, non-obese diabetic severe combined immunodeficiency (NOD/Shi-scid) mice and NOD/Shi-scid, IL-2 Rγnull (NOG) mice were orally inoculated with shell-free eggs of this parasite. Differences between the cysticercoids of H. microstoma and H. nana developed in the mouse intestinal tissues were: (i) the time course for the development of fully matured cysticercoids of H. microstoma in mice was about 11 days but only 4 days for H. nana; and (ii) cysticercoids of H. microstoma developed in mice had a tail while those of H. nana had none.
Paraspiralatus sakeri n. g., n. sp. (Nematoda: Spiruroidea, Spirocercidae) from saker falcons, Falco cherrug in Saudi Arabia and the first report of larvae from the subcutaneous tissues of houbara bustards, Chlamydotis undulata macqueeni in Pakistan
Authors: Gibbons L.M. , Nicholls P.K. , Bailey T. , Samour J. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractA new nematode genus and species, Paraspiralatus sakeri , is described from the stomach of a wild-caught, female saker falcon in Saudi Arabia. This spirurid differs from the nearest genus and species Spiralatus baeri Chabaud, Brygoo & Durette, 1963 in the shape of the pseudolabia, shape of the buccal capsule and absence of a large cephalic vesicle. In addition, third stage spirurid larvae were recovered for the first time from subcutaneous tissues of two houbara bustards. These had died in the Rahim Yar Khan Rehabilitation Center (Houbara Foundation International, Lahore, Pakistan) in Pakistan and were examined at the National Avian Research Center in the United Arab Emirates. The morphology of the larvae and host pathology are described. Comparative studies with the adult spirurids from the saker falcon showed each to have similar cephalic and pharyngeal morphological features to the adults described indicating they are probably the same species. Spirurid nematodes of the suborder Spirurina normally have an arthropod intermediate host. In view of the host, the site from which the larvae were recovered and the fact that this is a rare occurrence, the houbara bustard is considered to be a paratenic host.
Surface carbohydrates of Eudiplozoon nipponicum pre- and post-fusion
Authors: Schabussova I. , Koubková B. , Gelnar M. , Schabuss M. , Horák P. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe development of the monogenean Diplozoon (Nordmann, 1832) (Diplozoidae) necessitates fusion of two larval stages (diporpae) into one double organism. How diporpae find, distinguish and contact each other is unclear, nor is the nature of the stimuli responsible for the dedifferentiation of cells and the formation of new tissues at the site of somatic fusion. Previous studies have implied a role for carbohydrates and glycoproteins in the interactions between helminth parasites and their hosts. Hypothetically, glycoconjugates may also be involved in the establishment of parasite–parasite associations. Changes in the surface saccharide residues during the development of Eudiplozoon nipponicum, a gill ectoparasite of carp (Cyprinus carpio) are described. Flat-fixed specimens and sections of diporpae, juveniles (just-fused) and adult worms were examined following exposure to a panel of 12 FITC-conjugated lectins. All developmental stages exhibited a specific surface binding pattern with ten lectins, indicating that Man/Glc, GlcNAc, Gal and GalNAc are probably present on their surfaces. No reaction was observed with Fuc-specific lectins (UEA-I and LTA). There is evidence that parasite development is accompanied by both qualitative and quantitative changes in the saccharide pattern distribution. The diporpa sucker reacted with nine lectins, excluding BS-II. A very strong binding of PNA, LCA and ConA (Gal and Man/Glc-specific lectins) was observed with the papilla glands of juvenile worms. The role of glandular secretions in this unique fusion process is discussed.