bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Does Zircon Shape Retain Petrogenetic Information?
Authors: Scharf T. , Kirkland C. L. , Barham M. , Yakymchuk C. , Puzyrev V. 
Published: October 2023

AbstractZircon shape is commonly reported during geochronology and geochemistry analyses of igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks, but the relationship of zircon shape to primary growth environmental conditions remains poorly constrained. Current models for the control on igneous zircon shape focus on the relative growth of crystal prisms and pyramids, which are not discernible in the imaging techniques used for rapid quantification of zircon shape in geochronology sample mounts. We model the relationship between whole‐rock composition and zircon 2D shape in mineral separates from 45 mafic to felsic igneous samples, representative of Archean and Proterozoic crust in Western Australia. Shape parameters are derived from semi‐automated measurement of photomicrographs of polished zircon crystals in epoxy resin mounts. Whole‐rock composition shows a statistically significant relationship to median magmatic zircon crystal area and mathematically defined “roundness.” Zircon populations show reduced median area and increased median roundness as whole‐rock silica decreases. Phase equilibrium modeling based on whole‐rock composition, and automated electron microscopy mineral maps, indicates that the compositional predisposition of zircon shape is influenced by fundamentally different physical growth environments in mafic versus felsic melts. Specifically, influential factors that differ between mafic and felsic liquids include crystallization sequence and duration—which influence unconstrained growth space—and the potential for absorption/exsolution of zirconium from the accompanying mineral assemblage. We present quantitative, explanatory models for the relationship between zircon 2D shape and whole‐rock silica and demonstrate that the relationships are adhered to across a broad spectrum of whole‐rock compositions.
Can Artificial Intelligence‐Based Weather Prediction Models Simulate the Butterfly Effect?
Authors: Selz T. , Craig G. C. 
Published: October 2023

AbstractWe investigate error growth from small‐amplitude initial condition perturbations, simulated with a recent artificial intelligence‐based weather prediction model. From past simulations with standard physically‐based numerical models as well as from theoretical considerations it is expected that such small‐amplitude initial condition perturbations would grow very fast initially. This fast growth then sets a fixed and fundamental limit to the predictability of weather, a phenomenon known as the butterfly effect. We find however, that the AI‐based model completely fails to reproduce the rapid initial growth rates and hence would incorrectly suggest an unlimited predictability of the atmosphere. In contrast, if the initial perturbations are large and comparable to current uncertainties in the estimation of the initial state, the AI‐based model basically agrees with physically‐based simulations, although some deficits are still present.
Loading Loss‐Cone Distributions in Particle Simulations
Authors: Zenitani Seiji , Nakano Shin'ya 
Published: October 2023

AbstractNumerical procedures to generate random variates that follow loss‐cone velocity distributions in particle simulations are presented. We propose a simple summation algorithm for the Ashour‐Abdalla–Kennel‐type loss‐cone distribution, also known as the subtracted Maxwellian. For the Dory‐type loss‐cone distribution, we use a random variate for the gamma distribution. Extending earlier algorithms for the kappa and Dory‐type distributions, we construct a novel algorithm to generate a popular form of a kappa loss‐cone (KLC) distribution. To better express the loss cone, we discuss another family of loss‐cone distributions based on the pitch angle. In addition to the acceptance‐rejection method, we propose two transformation algorithms that convert an isotropic distribution into a loss‐cone distribution. This allows us to generate loss‐cone and KLC distributions from the Maxwell and kappa distributions.
A Single‐Station Method for Seismic Detection of Slow Earthquakes: Applications to Japan and the Mexican Subduction Zone
Authors: Masuda Koki , Ide Satoshi 
Published: October 2023

AbstractSlow‐earthquake signals are generally smaller than or comparable to noise levels at almost all seismological frequencies. Comprehensive detection of these events requires continuous waveforms from many stations, but such data are not always available, even in regions with high slow‐earthquake activity. We therefore need a simple and stable detection method that is also applicable to regions with sparse seismic observation networks to truly advance our understanding of slow earthquakes. Here, we utilize the proportionality between the seismic energy rate and seismic moment rate of slow earthquakes to develop a slow‐earthquake detection method using broadband waveforms from a single station. We introduce the method and estimate its performance using continuous waveform data in Japan. The new method only detects events when the tectonic tremors occur near the station, for example, 89.1% of the detections have corresponding tectonic tremor activities within 60 km, which suggests that the false‐positive rate is low. We then apply it to waveform data from the Guerrero, Oaxaca, and Jalisco regions along the Mexican subduction zone. The results for the Guerrero and Oaxaca regions are largely consistent with the geodetic and seismological results from a previous study. We also detect many events in the Jalisco region using a permanent station and provide the first seismological report of long‐term slow‐earthquake activity in this region. Some of the large‐scale slow‐earthquake activity that is detected in this study is consistent with the timings of known slow‐slip events, which implies that other unknown slow‐slip events may have occurred when we detected many events.
Global P‐Wave and Joint S‐Wave Tomography in the North Pacific: Implications for Slab Geometry and Evolution
Authors: Fu Yi , Wang Zhi , Obayashi Masayuki 
Published: October 2023

AbstractWe presented two high‐resolution, three‐dimensional (3D) global P‐ and joint S‐wave velocity models of the whole mantle with a particular focus on the North Pacific realm using our new global tomographic inversion method. The 3D ray tracing based on data‐adaptive block parameterization was implemented to calculate ∼17 million body‐wave absolute travel times and ray paths of multiple classes (e.g., P, S, PP, SSS, PcP, ScSScS, Pdiff, and PKP) recorded by local networks in China, Alaska, and global stations. Rayleigh wave data at 40–250 s was also incorporated for resolution improvement. Compared to previous models, especially at long spatial wavelengths, our new models better exhibited rich variations in the properties of slabs and cratons subducting/subducted into the mantle. The Kurile‐Kamchatka‐Aleutian arc exhibits a distinct and well‐defined pattern of long linear bands characterized by high velocity (high‐Vp, high‐Vs) anomalies. These anomalies descend continuously from the subduction zone and then extend horizontally at the mantle transition zone (MTZ) beneath the Bering Sea, Japan Sea, or alternatively penetrate into the lower mantle below the Okhotsk Sea. We observed there was no slab‐related gap trapped on top of the MTZ beneath the Alaska Peninsula, which was possibly relevant for the subduction of the extinct Kula and Pacific Plates described in previous studies. A further unexpected discovery, deduced from the slab's location and tectonic history, was the identification of a high‐Vp anomaly running parallel to the plate boundary in the Aleutian forearc region, which was considered as an integral part of the Kula slab.
Molecular mechanisms in colitis-associated colorectal cancer
Authors: Zhou Royce W. , Harpaz Noam , Itzkowitz Steven H. , Parsons Ramon E. 
Published: October 2023

AbstractSustained chronic inflammation of the large intestine leads to tissue damage and repair, which is associated with an increased incidence of colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC). The genetic makeup of CAC is somewhat similar to sporadic colorectal carcinoma (sCRC), but there are differences in the sequence and timing of alterations in the carcinogenesis process. Several models have been developed to explain the development of CAC, particularly the “field cancerization” model, which proposes that chronic inflammation accelerates mutagenesis and selects for the clonal expansion of phenotypically normal, pro-tumorigenic cells. In contrast, the “Big Bang” model posits that tumorigenic clones with multiple driver gene mutations emerge spontaneously. The details of CAC tumorigenesis—and how they differ from sCRC—are not yet fully understood. In this Review, we discuss recent genetic, epigenetic, and environmental findings related to CAC pathogenesis in the past five years, with a focus on unbiased, high-resolution genetic profiling of non-dysplastic field cancerization in the context of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
Safety and tolerability of long-term treatment with darolutamide in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer
Authors: Jones Robert Hugh , Fizazi Karim , James Nicholas D. , Tammela Teuvo L. , Matsubara Nobuaki , Priou Frank , Beuzeboc Philippe , Lesimple Thierry , Bono Petri , Kataja Vesa , Garcia Jorge A. , Protheroe Andrew , Shore Neal , Aspegren John , Joensuu Heikki , Kuss Iris , Fiala-Buskies Sabine , Vjaters Egils 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Background
In patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer, darolutamide was well tolerated for 25 months, but minimal long-term safety data are available.

Methods
Treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) for patients receiving darolutamide for a median of 38 months (n = 13) are described in this pooled analysis of individual patient data from phase 1/2 studies.

Results
All patients reported TEAEs (mostly grade 1/2). The most common TEAEs were diarrhea, abdominal pain, and nausea. Serious TEAEs were reported in six patients (none related to darolutamide). All treatment-related TEAEs (n = 5) were grade 1.

Conclusions
Long-term darolutamide treatment was well tolerated; no new safety signals observed.

Tweetable abstract
In patients with mCRPC, long-term darolutamide treatment was well tolerated and no new safety signals were observed. These findings are consistent with previous reports, demonstrating a favorable safety and tolerability profile of darolutamide.
Neural correlates of aggression in personality disorders from the perspective of DSM-5 maladaptive traits: a systematic review
Authors: Kolla Nathan J. , Tully John , Bertsch Katja 
Published: October 2023

AbstractThe fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), published in 2013, includes an alternative model of personality disorders (AMPD) focusing on a maladaptive trait model utilized to diagnose several personality disorders. Borderline personality disorder (BPD) and antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) are two conditions categorized by AMPD that exhibit high rates of violence and aggression. Several of the traits outlined in the AMPD, including hostility, impulsivity, risk-taking, and callousness, have been previously linked to aggression in BPD and ASPD. However, to the best of our knowledge, there has never been a synthesis of neuroimaging studies that have investigated links between these traits and aggression in BPD and ASPD. To overcome this gap, we conducted a systematic review under the PRISMA framework to locate neuroimaging articles published since the release of AMPD linking trait anger/hostility, impulsivity, risk-taking, and callousness to aggression in BPD and ASPD. Key findings included the following: i) anger/hostility, associated with alterations in the interplay between prefrontal and subcortical regions (primarily the amygdala), may be a common factor explaining aggressive reactions to response to interpersonal threat or provocation; ii) alterations of fronto-temporal-limbic regions and serotonergic and endocannabinoid signaling systems may link impulsivity to aggression in BPD and ASPD; iii) weaker cortico-striatal connectivity could relate to greater risk taking and greater proclivity for violence. Insufficient evidence from neuroimaging articles was discerned to describe a relationship between callousness and aggression. Overall, results of this review reveal a relative paucity of neuroimaging studies examining AMPD traits relevant to aggression in BPD and ASPD. In addition to encouraging further investigation of neuroimaging markers of AMPD traits linked to aggression, we recommend multi-methodological designs, including the incorporation of other biomarkers, such as hormones and indices of physiological arousal, to fully expand our understanding of aggression in BPD and ASPD.
Programming actuation onset of a liquid crystalline elastomer via isomerization of network topology
Authors: Chen Guancong , Feng Haijun , Zhou Xiaorui , Gao Feng , Zhou Kai , Huang Youju , Jin Binjie , Xie Tao , Zhao Qian 
Published: October 2023

AbstractTuning actuation temperatures of liquid crystalline elastomers (LCEs) achieves control of their actuation onsets, which is generally accomplished in the synthesis step and cannot be altered afterward. Multiple actuation onsets in one LCE can be encoded if the post-synthesis regulation of actuation temperature can be spatiotemporally achieved. This would allow realizing a logical time-evolution of actuation, desired for future soft robots. Nevertheless, this task is challenging given the additional need to ensure mesogen alignment required for actuation. We achieved this goal with a topology isomerizable network (TIN) of LCE containing aromatic and aliphatic esters in the mesogenic and amorphous phases, respectively. These two ester bonds can be distinctly activated for transesterification. The homolytic bond exchange between aliphatic esters allows mechanically induced mesogen alignment without affecting the mesogenic phase. Most importantly, the heterolytic exchange between aromatic and aliphatic esters changes the actuation temperature under different conditions. Spatial control of the two mechanisms via a photo-latent catalyst unleashes the freedom in regulating actuation temperature distribution, yielding unusual controllability in actuation geometries and logical sequence. Our principle is generally applicable to common LCEs containing both aromatic and aliphatic esters.
Active oxygen species mediate the iron-promoting electrocatalysis of oxygen evolution reaction on metal oxyhydroxides
Authors: Jiang Qu , Wang Sihong , Zhang Chaoran , Sheng Ziyang , Zhang Haoyue , Feng Ruohan , Ni Yuanman , Tang Xiaoan , Gu Yichuan , Zhou Xinhong , Lee Seunghwa , Zhang Di , Song Fang 
Published: October 2023

AbstractIron is an extraordinary promoter to impose nickel/cobalt (hydr)oxides as the most active oxygen evolution reaction catalysts, whereas the synergistic effect is actively debated. Here, we unveil that active oxygen species mediate a strong electrochemical interaction between iron oxides (FeOxHy) and the supporting metal oxyhydroxides. Our survey on the electrochemical behavior of nine supporting metal oxyhydroxides (M(O)OH) uncovers that FeOxHy synergistically promotes substrates that can produce active oxygen species exclusively. Tafel slopes correlate with the presence and kind of oxygen species. Moreover, the oxygen evolution reaction onset potentials of FeOxHy@M(O)OH coincide with the emerging potentials of active oxygen species, whereas large potential gaps are present for intact M(O)OH. Chemical probe experiments suggest that active oxygen species could act as proton acceptors and/or mediators for proton transfer and/or diffusion in cooperative catalysis. This discovery offers a new insight to understand the synergistic catalysis of Fe-based oxygen evolution reaction electrocatalysts.
Human in vitro modeling of adjuvant formulations demonstrates enhancement of immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 antigen
Authors: Doss-Gollin Simon , Thomas Sanya , Brook Byron , Abedi Kimia , Lebas Célia , Auderset Floriane , Lugo-Rodriguez Yamile , Sanchez-Schmitz Guzman , Dowling David J. , Levy Ofer , van Haren Simon D. 
Published: October 2023

AbstractAdjuvants can enhance vaccine immunogenicity, but their mechanism of action is often incompletely understood, hampering rapid applicability for pandemic vaccines. Herein, we characterized the cellular and molecular activity of adjuvant formulations available for pre-clinical evaluation, including several developed for global open access. We applied four complementary human in vitro platforms to assess individual and combined adjuvants in unformulated, oil-in-water, and liposomal delivery platforms. Liposomal co-formulation of MPLA and QS-21 was most potent in promoting dendritic cell maturation, selective production of Th1-polarizing cytokines, and activation of SARS-CoV-2 Spike-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in a co-culture assay. Select formulations also significantly enhanced Spike antigen-specific humoral immunity in vivo. This study confirms the utility of the cumulative use of human in vitro tools to predict adjuvanticity potential. Thus, human in vitro modeling may advance public health by accelerating the development of affordable and scalable adjuvants for vaccines tailored to vulnerable populations.
The advances of adjuvants in mRNA vaccines
Authors: Xie Chunyuan , Yao Ruhui , Xia Xiaojun 
Published: October 2023

AbstractThe remarkable success of messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has propelled the rapid development of this vaccination technology in recent years. Over the last three decades, numerous studies have shown the considerable potential of mRNA vaccines that elicit protective immune responses against pathogens or cancers in preclinical studies or clinical trials. These effective mRNA vaccines usually contain specific adjuvants to obtain the desired immune effect. Vaccine adjuvants traditionally are immunopotentiators that bind to pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) of innate immune cells to increase the magnitude or achieve qualitative alteration of immune responses, finally enhancing the efficacy of vaccines. Generally, adjuvants are necessary parts of competent vaccines. According to the existing literature, adjuvants in mRNA vaccines can be broadly classified into three categories: 1) RNA with self-adjuvant characteristics, 2) components of the delivery system, and 3) exogenous immunostimulants. This review summarizes the three types of adjuvants used in mRNA vaccines and provides a comprehensive understanding of molecular mechanisms by which adjuvants exert their functions in mRNA vaccines.
A citizen-science-enabled catalogue of the vaginal microbiome and associated factors
Authors: Lebeer Sarah , Ahannach Sarah , Gehrmann Thies , Wittouck Stijn , Eilers Tom , Oerlemans Eline , Condori Sandra , Dillen Jelle , Spacova Irina , Vander Donck Leonore , Masquillier Caroline , Allonsius Camille Nina , Bron Peter A. , Van Beeck Wannes , De Backer Charlotte , Donders Gilbert , Verhoeven Veronique 
Published: October 2023

AbstractUnderstanding the composition and function of the vaginal microbiome is crucial for reproductive and overall health. Here we established the Isala citizen-science project to analyse the vaginal microbiomes of 3,345 women in Belgium (18–98 years) through self-sampling, 16S amplicon sequencing and extensive questionnaires. The overall vaginal microbiome composition was strongly tied to age, childbirth and menstrual cycle phase.Lactobacillusspecies dominated 78% of the vaginal samples. Specific bacterial taxa also showed to co-occur in modules based on network correlation analysis. Notably, the module containingLactobacillus crispatus,Lactobacillus jenseniiandLimosilactobacillustaxa was positively linked to oestrogen levels and contraceptive use and negatively linked to childbirth and breastfeeding. Other modules, named after abundant taxa (Gardnerella,PrevotellaandBacteroides), correlated with multiple partners, menopause, menstrual hygiene and contraceptive use. With this resource-rich vaginal microbiome map and associated health, life-course, lifestyle and dietary factors, we provide unique data and insights for follow-up clinical and mechanistic research.
Rare variants with large effects provide functional insights into the pathology of migraine subtypes, with and without aura
Authors: Bjornsdottir Gyda , Chalmer Mona A. , Stefansdottir Lilja , Skuladottir Astros Th. , Einarsson Gudmundur , Andresdottir Margret , Beyter Doruk , Ferkingstad Egil , Gretarsdottir Solveig , Halldorsson Bjarni V. , Halldorsson Gisli H. , Helgadottir Anna , Helgason Hannes , Hjorleifsson Eldjarn Grimur , Jonasdottir Adalbjorg , Jonasdottir Aslaug , Jonsdottir Ingileif , Knowlton Kirk U. , Nadauld Lincoln D. , Lund Sigrun H. , Magnusson Olafur Th. , Melsted Pall , Moore Kristjan H. S. , Oddsson Asmundur , Olason Pall I. , Sigurdsson Asgeir , Stefansson Olafur A. , Saemundsdottir Jona , Sveinbjornsson Gardar , Tragante Vinicius , Unnsteinsdottir Unnur , Walters G. Bragi , Zink Florian , Rødevand Linn , Andreassen Ole A. , Igland Jannicke , Lie Rolv T. , Haavik Jan , Banasik Karina , Brunak Søren , Didriksen Maria , T. Bruun Mie , Erikstrup Christian , Kogelman Lisette J. A. , Nielsen Kaspar R. , Sørensen Erik , Pedersen Ole B. , Ullum Henrik ,   DBDS Genetic Consortium, Bay Jakob , Boldsen Jens K. , Brodersen Thorsten , Burgdorf Kristoffer , Dinh Khoa M. , Dowsett Joseph , Feenstra Bjarke , Geller Frank , Hindhede Lotte , Hjalgrim Henrik , Jacobsen Rikke L. , Jemec Gregor , Kaspersen Katrine , Kjerulf Bertram D. , Larsen Margit A. H. , Louloudis Ioannis , Lundgaard Agnete , Mikkelsen Susan , Mikkelsen Christina , Nissen Ioanna , Nyegaard Mette , Henriksen Alexander P. , Rohde Palle D. , Rostgaard Klaus , Swinn Michael , Thørner Lise W. , Bruun Mie T. , Werge Thomas , Westergaard David , Masson Gisli , Thorsteinsdottir Unnur , Olesen Jes , Ludvigsson Petur , Thorarensen Olafur , Bjornsdottir Anna , Sigurdardottir Gudrun R. , Sveinsson Olafur A. , Ostrowski Sisse R. , Holm Hilma , Gudbjartsson Daniel F. , Thorleifsson Gudmar , Sulem Patrick , Stefansson Hreinn , Thorgeirsson Thorgeir E. , Hansen Thomas F. , Stefansson Kari 
Published: October 2023

AbstractMigraine is a complex neurovascular disease with a range of severity and symptoms, yet mostly studied as one phenotype in genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Here we combine large GWAS datasets from six European populations to study the main migraine subtypes, migraine with aura (MA) and migraine without aura (MO). We identified four new MA-associated variants (in PRRT2, PALMD, ABO and LRRK2) and classified 13 MO-associated variants. Rare variants with large effects highlight three genes. A rare frameshift variant in brain-expressed PRRT2 confers large risk of MA and epilepsy, but not MO. A burden test of rare loss-of-function variants in SCN11A, encoding a neuron-expressed sodium channel with a key role in pain sensation, shows strong protection against migraine. Finally, a rare variant with cis-regulatory effects on KCNK5 confers large protection against migraine and brain aneurysms. Our findings offer new insights with therapeutic potential into the complex biology of migraine and its subtypes.