bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Objects
Authors: Bull Malcolm 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
European palaces are now full of mythological imagery – statues, frescoes, tapestries, procelain, and paintings – but if you look closely most of these objects are of seventeenth or eighteenthcentury origin. In fifteenth century Italy it was different. There, it was probably easier to kick a mythology than to see one, for the most likely place to find representations of scenes from classical myth was not at or above eyelevel, but just above the floor, on the front of a cassone. Pairs of these large chests were presented on the occasion of a wedding, and may have played some part in the actual ceremony before being taken in procession to the matrimonial home, where they remained a prominent feature of the furniture. Vasari noted that the stories shown on them usually came from Ovid or other poets, and although early examples often have medieval themes like the Garden of Love, from about 1450 classical subjects predominate. By the end of the century, the subjectmatter of cassoni was sufficiently notorious for Savonarola to complain that newlyweds would be more familiar with ‘the deceit of Mars and the tricks of Vulcan’ than with pious stories.
Jupiter
Authors: Bull Malcolm 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Jupiter is the father of the gods; although, unlike the Christian God, he too had a father, as did his father before him. So let’s begin at the beginning, if we can find it. Boccaccio was obsessed with this sort of thing (his Genealogia deorumlives up to its title) but artists and patrons do not seem to have shared the interest. Save in mid-sixteenth-century Florence, mythological art rarely follows any sort of genealogical progression. The great wedding pageant of 1565, La Mascherata della genealogia degl’iddei dei Gentili, traced the gods back as far as they would go, all the way back to the first of all the gods, Demogorgon (a spelling mistake). In a speech in Statius’s Thebaid, Tiresias mysteriously refers to the ‘high lord of the triple world’, an otherwise unknown entity identified by ancient commentators with Plato’s creator, the demiurge. This demiourgossomehow became the rather more sonorous Demogorgon, and so at the very end of the parade came an old man in a cave, pulled along by dragons. Few could have recognized him, but it was Boccaccio’s Demogorgon, accompanied by Chaos and Eternity, with Darkness and Night lurking in the shadows.
Bacchus
Authors: Bull Malcolm 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
He has always been drinking, and he arrives when you least expect him, often with a posse in tow – a fat old man stupefied with wine, several women trancedancing, a bearded fellow blowing relentlessly on some pipes, and a band of helpers who are halfman and halfgoat. In antiquity, no one wants him in their house because given the opportunity he will drive them mad. His crowd are not people who went out for a good time and got carried away, they are people who have lost themselves entirely, crazies, snake handlers, the sort who mutilate animals with their bare hands.
Annotated Print and Nonprint Resources
Authors: Hansen William 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Many excellent translations are available of Homer’s epic about an incident in the Trojan War, such as those by Lattimore, Fitzgerald, and Fagles. The most extensive scholarly commentary on the poem in English is that edited by G. S. Kirk, The Iliad: A Commentary, 6 vols. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985–1993). Again, there are many fine translations of Homer’s epic about the return of the hero Odysseus from the Trojan War. The most extensive scholarly commentary on the poem in English is that edited by Alfred Heubeck et al., A Commentary on Homer’s Odyssey, 3 vols. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988–1992). Hesiod. Hesiod’s Theogony [and Works and Days]. Translated, with Introduction, Commentary, and Interpretive Essay, by Richard S. Caldwell. Cambridge, MA: Focus, 1987.
Imperial Bureaucrats and Nation Builders
Authors: Yekelchyk Serhy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Between the late eighteenth century and the early twentieth, the present day Ukrainian territories were divided between two empires. Ukrainians living west of the Russian-Austrian border pledged allegiance to the Habsburgs; their eastern conational were subjects of the Romanovs. Both empires were large multinational entities united not by any modern ideology but by traditional allegiance to the ruling dynasty. But there was a crucial difference between the two: Throughout the nineteenth century, Russia remained an oppressive absolute monarchy, but the Habsburgs' subjects were able to participate politically and develop a civic society in the second half of the nineteenth century. Ukrainians in the two neighbouring states, therefore, had markedly different political and cultural experiences, resulting by the turn of the twentieth century in their successful national mobilization in the west and a more ambiguous outcome in the east.
From Chernobyl to the Soviet Collapse
Authors: Yekelchyk Serhy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Just like the revolutionary storm of 1917 through 1920, the events in Ukraine from 1985 to 1991 cannot be explained solely by the inner dynamics of Ukrainian history. By the time Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in Moscow in March 1985, the dissident movement in Ukraine was suppressed, local elites subservient, and the overwhelming majority of the population compliant with the Soviet political system. The Kremlin initiated radical reforms as a “revolution from above,” and for most of this tumultuous period, Ukrainian activists followed in the steps of Russian democrats and Baltic nationalists. An independent Ukrainian state emerged in 1991 not as a result of mass nationalist mobilization or popular rebellion against Communist rule-although there were signs of these two processes as well-but as a byproduct of the Soviet collapse. The path to Ukrainian independence, therefore, must be placed in a larger context. The story of how Ukraine became a sovereign state necessarily begins with Gorbachev's reforms in Moscow, continues with the creation of popular fronts in the Baltic republics, touches on the collapse of Communism in eastern Europe in 1989, and concludes with the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.
Independent Ukraine
Authors: Yekelchyk Serhy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As seen from Ukraine, the Soviet collapse in 1991 was no revolution with clear-cut victors and obvious regime change. The republic obtained independence peacefully when the Soviet Union disintegrated, and the same politicians and industrial managers who for decades had built socialism became founding fathers (and very few mothers) of an independent Ukrainian state. As happened elsewhere in the former USSR, the Communist Party was banned, but by then it was only a shadow of its former self, more dynamic functionaries having moved to the parliament and government. Lacking electoral strength to govern on its own, the Ukrainian opposition did not topple the old regime in the republic but made an implicit deal with its more flexible representatives, led by Leonid Kravchuk. Both sides wanted an independent Ukraine, the opposition for ideological reasons and the renegade elites for a fiefdom for them to rule without taking orders from the Kremlin. This pact left in power old political elites-purged of the most odious party hacks, who did not change colors well-to govern as custodians of a new state. Moreover, with the nationalist right supportive and the Communist Party banned, Kravchuk faced almost no political opposition during his first years in office.
Bounds of Custom
Authors: Hahn Steven 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When yeoman farmers came to the Georgia Upcountry, they brought more than their families, furnishings, farm implements, livestock, and land titles. They also brought distinct notions and understandings about the dynamics of production, exchange, and social interaction-about social relations and community. Patterns of migration and settlement, of working the land, of defining property rights, and of facing one another in the marketplace sprouted from a soil nourished by rich historical traditions. In short, farmers brought cultural as well as material resources. These were not entirely specific to the region; in many respects they were shared by small farmers throughout pre- industrial America, giving early popular appeal to a republican ideology that associated freedom and independence with landownership. In the South, slavery itself strengthened claims to this cultural baggage, not only by serving as a stark reminder of the consequences of dependency, but also by limiting the development of directly exploitative, market relations between whites.
The “K-Team” Working with Dialysis Professionals
Authors: Offer Daniel , Offer Marjorie Kaiz , Szafir Susan Offer 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Once dialysis is introduced into your life, so are numerous individuals whom you had probably never wished to meet! They are the men and women who, with your active participation, will take a comprehensive, team approach to providing medical care for you while you are on dialysis. While your access may be considered your lifeline, the doctors, nurses, dieticians, social workers, and technicians with whom you will interact could be coined your A-team, or perhaps more appropriately, your K (as in kidney) team. Each K-team member will play a vital role in your ongoing care. In this chapter, we will discuss how best to navigate, understand, thank, question, influence, co-exist, and in general, work with these individuals to achieve the best possible outcome. We define the best possible outcome as a very self-serving one: it is not to be the most popular, most loved, or most passive patient, but rather it is to be the patient who receives the best possible care at any given time. Understanding the strengths, weaknesses, roles, and perspectives of each member on your K-team will give you a leg up on achieving this goal.
The Economics of Financial Markets
Authors: Bradfield James 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The economic function of a financial market is to increase the efficiency with which individuals can engage in mutually beneficial intertemporal exchanges with other individuals. This book is an introductory exposition of the economics of financial markets. We address three questions. First, we explain how financial markets enable individuals to make intertemporal exchanges. Second, we explain how economists assess how well a system of financial markets performs this function. Third, we develop the implications for public policy of our answers to the first two questions.
The Fisher Diagram for Optimal Intertemporal Allocation
Authors: Bradfield James 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
We will develop a graphical tool to explain how a consumer determines the levels of borrowing or lending to maximize lifetime utility. We begin with a simple model in which a person has only two periods in which to consume. The problem is to determine the optimal allocation of resources between consumption this year and consumption next year. We will emphasize the informational function of financial markets that enables consumers to identify and create mutually beneficial intertemporal exchanges. In figure 4.1, we measure levels of income and spending this year on the horizontal axis, and levels of income and spending next year on the vertical axis. Let time 0 be the present moment; let time 1 be the moment that is exactly one year from now; and let time 2 be the moment that is exactly two years from now. The current year begins at time 0 and ends at time 1; the following year begins at time 1 and ends at time 2. The consumer will die at time 2.
Probabilistic Models
Authors: Bradfield James 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Financial markets promote mutually beneficial intertemporal exchanges by reducing the costs for individuals to buy and sell financial securities. The securities are rights to receive sequences of future payments. The economics of financial markets is a systematic study of how, and how well, these markets promote mutually beneficial exchanges. To answer these questions, economists must first explain the principles that govern how financial markets set the prices of securities. In the preceding chapters, we analyzed a simple version of this question by assuming that there is no uncertainty about either the timing or the size of any future payment. Using this assumption, we could easily develop the concepts of present value and opportunity cost. These concepts underlie the central principle that governs the prices of financial securities. This principle is that competition among investors and firms causes the relative prices of securities to adjust so that investors have no incentive to reallocate their funds among securities, and firms have no incentive to change their decisions on which securities to issue and which projects to undertake. If the relative prices of securities have adjusted so as to produce these effects, the market has produced an equilibrium configuration of prices. In this equilibrium, the price of each security is the present value of its associated sequence of future payments, and this present value is equal to all the costs, including the opportunity costs, that an investor must incur to purchase the right to receive that sequence of payments.
The Efficient Markets Hypothesis
Authors: Bradfield James 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The efficient markets hypothesis is ”the simple statement that security prices fully reflect all available information”1. Empirical tests of this hypothesis require a precise definition of the term fully reflect. A security is a saleable right to receive a sequence of payments. Both the amounts and the timing of these payments can be uncertain. The price of a security fully reflects all available information about the sequence of payments associated with that security if the marginal profit that an investor could earn by collecting additional information is zero. The preceding definition of the term fully reflects has two implications that are important in discussions of the efficient markets hypothesis. The first implication is that so long as the costs of collecting information are positive, there will be some information about sequences of future payments that is not reflected in the prices of securities. The second implication is that to obtain a profit by collecting and trading on information, an investor must have a marginal cost for collecting information that is low relative to the marginal cost for a typical investor.
Daughters and Identities
Authors: Hanawalt Barbara A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A London girl’s economic prospects in life depended on many factors. Simply being born female rather than male influenced the options open to her. She would, at birth, begin to experience the limits that patriarchy would put on her and other European daughters, and her early training would direct her to the route most appropriate to her sex and her social class. Daughters of London citizens, however, enjoyed the borough law of partible inheritance, that is, a daughter inherited equally with her brothers. Daughters and Identities Londoners gained citizenship (known as “freedom of the city”) by inheriting it from their fathers, by finishing apprenticeship in London, and by buying the right to citizenship. Women mostly became citizens through marriage to a citizen. Citizens ranged from poor to very wealthy, so that it was not simply merchant-class children who enjoyed legal protection. If the girl was an orphan, she could be assured that the mayor and aldermen would protect her inheritance. But laws can be broken and twisted, and this chapter investigates the degree to which female children had equal access to family wealth. Children of noncitizens did not enjoy these protections. Inheritance, however, was not the only matter that influenced childhood opportunities. The early life of London children can be reconstructed from the court of orphans and other city records about young children. They reveal information about their welfare, their families, their ages, and their survival. A disturbing set of statistics derived from these records indicates that female children were either undercounted or simply did not survive early childhood.
The Confederacy: A House Divided?
Authors: Mcpherson James M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Field of Civil War History has produced more interpretive disputes than most other historical subjects. Next to debates about the causes of the war, arguments about how or why the North won, or the Confederacy lost (the difference in phraseology is significant), have generated some of the most heated but also most enlightening scholarship since the centennial commemorations of the war. And the debates continue today as we approach the sesquicentennial anniversary of the war from 2011 to 2015.
Land Promoter and Dreamer
Authors: Barney William L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Just as Walter was deciding to go into debt and embark on a new career as a land promoter, the Radical Republicans in Congress seized control of postwar policy. Provoked when the former Confederate states rejected the Fourteenth Amendment (only Tennessee ratified it), Congress in March 1867 required that black suffrage be included in new state constitutions. The vote of the freedmen, coupled with the temporary disfranchisement of those Confederates barred from holding office (by the Fourteenth Amendment), allowed Republican parties to spring up throughout the former Confederacy. Swept into office by the vote of the freedmen and poor whites, especially in mountainous areas that had turned against Confederate policies, these new parties accepted the terms set down by Congress and were in power when their states were readmitted to the Union.
Lithic Production: 3. The Retouched Artifacts
Authors: Hovers Erella 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The only unambiguous statement about retouched tools that you will hear from prehistorians is that they reflect investment beyond the stage of blank production. Few would doubt that retouch on a lithic blank originated from conscious decisions by prehistoric people, followed by intentional action in order to shape blanks into specific forms; but this is where consensus ends. Once considered cultural and chronological markers of prehistoric people and periods respectively, and hence the backbone of prehistoric analysis, retouched artifacts and their role(s) in the life of Paleolithic groups are now understood in varied (and sometimes conflicting) ways. Tools recovered from archaeological contexts reflect processes of production, possibly transport, probably use, maintenance, and potential reuse, and clearly discard (in the sense of Schiffer 1987:47) or accidental abandonment. But the links between tool manufacture and subsequent use patterns are complex and by no means rigid or constant. There are no compelling a priori reasons to believe that the uses to which tools were put were always the ones that had motivated the knappers to engage in their production in the Erst place.
Bill Clinton: The “New Democrat”
Authors: Gillon Steven M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
According to his Biographer, Clinton’s 1978 inauguration as governor of Arkansas “had the aura of a generational rite.” His friends from around the country traveled to Little Rock to watch one of their own, “the first in their class,” reach political prominence, and at such a young age. The shaggy-haired governor brought with him the idealism and the expectations of his generation. “Bill started his two-year term with the energy of a racehorse exploding from the gate,” recalled Hillary. “He had made dozens of campaign promises, and he started fulfilling them in his first days in office.”
When he took office, Arkansas ranked last in the nation in state per capita spending on education. Believing that the state could no longer depend on agriculture for its survival, Clinton proposed a massive overhaul of the education system, including large increases in teacher pay and a mandatory testing program. He expanded the role of the Department of Economic Development in an effort to recruit new business to the state and keep those that were already there. He tackled a host of other problems as well. In an effort to improve Arkansas roads and highways, he increased taxes on registration fees on cars and pickups. He attacked fraud in the welfare system, reformed the food stamp program, and developed aggressive energy conservation measures.
The Critical Year: 1992
Authors: Gillon Steven M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The 2,210 party faithful who gathered for the Republican Convention in the air-conditioned Houston Astrodome in August 1992 were looking for inspiration. The mood was sour. Just a year earlier, President George H.W. Bush had waged a brilliant military offensive that expelled Saddam Hussein from Kuwait and pushed his popularity to unprecedented heights. But with the Cold War over, and with no clear foreign threat to distract them, Americans were beginning to focus more attention on problems at home, where a soaring deficit and rising unemployment eroded support for the administration. “The United States has never been less threatened by foreign forces than it is today,” observed the New York Times, “but the unfortunate corollary is that never since the Great Depression has the threat to domestic well-being been greater.”
Conservatives had always been suspicious of the aristocratic Bush, believing that he lacked Ronald Reagan’s deeply embedded faith in conservative principles, his gift for political theater, and his ability to articulate grand visions that touched a resonant chord with Americans. The president confirmed those suspicions in 1990 when, over strong conservative objections, Gingrich’s included, he signed a bill that attempted to address the budget deficit by combining modest cuts with moderate tax increases. The move led to a revolt in the party and produced a spirited primary challenge from conservative commentator and speechwriter Patrick Buchanan. Bush managed to crush the revolt, but his party was deeply divided, looking for a message that would unite it.
Fighting Back
Authors: Gillon Steven M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The 1994 election made Bill Clinton and Newt Gingrich the two most powerful men in America. Time referred to them as “the famous fraternal twins of American power, yin and yang of the Baby Boom, polar extremes of Pennsylvania Avenue.” Most contemporary observers viewed the two men as a study in contrasts: the hard-driving, conservative revolutionary versus the embattled liberal president. What was most striking to people who knew them and worked closely with them, however, were their similarities. “Even though they had very different politics both were very similar in personality and temperament,” reflected White House Chief-of-Staff Leon Panetta. “They loved talking about books they had read. They were constantly coming up with new ideas about how to solve problems. They shared an upbeat, optimistic view that problems could be solved.” “There were more similarities than differences in the way that they operate,” reflected Gingrich media advisor Jim Farwell. “Both of them are intellectuals. Both are very interested in ideas. Both are future oriented. Both are remarkably open to new ideas—and that is a very rare quality. For most people in politics being open to new ideas is a posture, not a philosophy. Both of them have endless intellectual curiosity. Both are by nature coalition builders.”