bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Low‐Glycemic Index/Load Diets on Body Weight: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Braunstein Catherine Rose , Mejia Sonia Blanco , Stoiko Elena , Noronha Jarvis C , Choo Vivian , Ha Vanessa , Augustin Livia , Jenkins David JA , Kendall Cyril WC , Sievenpiper John L 
Published: November 2023

ObjectiveIt is unclear whether low glycemic index and load diets contribute to weight loss. To synthesize the evidence of the effect of low glycemic index/load (GI/GL) diets on body weight in order to inform clinical practice guidelines, we conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials.MethodsWe searched Medline, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library (through June 2 2015). We included randomized controlled trials ≥12 weeks investigating the effect of a low‐GI or low‐GL intervention compared with an isocaloric control diet on body weight in participants that are overweight or obese (BMI >25 kg/m2). Two independent reviewers extracted all relevant data, assessed risk of bias of individual trials using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool. Data were pooled using the generic inverse variance method and expressed as mean differences (MD) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Heterogeneity was assessed by the Cochran Q statistic and quantified by the I2 statistic.ResultsEligibility criteria were met by 19 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) (22 comparisons) involving 1,577 overweight or obese participants. Low GI/GL diets resulted in a non‐significant decrease in body weight compared with higher GI/GL control diets (MD= −0.32 kg (95% CIs −0.86 kg, 0.23 kg) with evidence of substantial inter‐study heterogeneity (I2=57%, p<0.001).LimitationsMost of the trials were of moderate duration (<6 months) and there was substantial unexplained inter‐study heterogeneity.ConclusionLow GI/GL diets do not lead to significantly more weight loss than higher GI/GL diets over the moderate term in overweight or obese people. To address the sources of uncertainty, there is a need for larger, longer, higher quality trials.Support or Funding InformationFinancial support for this work given by The Canadian Institutes of Health Research (funding reference number, 129920) through the Canada‐wide Human Nutrition Trialists’ Network (NTN), the PSI foundation, and the Canadian Diabetes Association.
A dietary intervention of Fish oil can restore metabolic dysfunction and improve estrous cycle irregularity in obese C57BL/6 female mice
Authors: Godwin Simone Marie , Beech LeeAnna , Buddington Randy , van der Merwe Marie 
Published: November 2023

Reproduction, an energetically costly process, is subject to nutritional and metabolic control. There is a high occurrence of female infertility in obese women, and Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS), a condition characterized by androgen excess and oligo‐ and amenorrhea, is highly associated with obesity and diabetes mellitus. Obesity is characterized by chronic, low‐grade inflammation, and increased circulating pro‐inflammatory cytokines. These pro‐inflammatory molecules can alter insulin signaling, thereby contributing to glucose intolerance and insulin resistance, both hallmarks of type 2 diabetes. This study seeks to elucidate the relationship between obesity, inflammation, and reproductive dysfunction through diet intervention. Diets rich in n‐3 poly‐unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), such as is found in fish oil, are considered to have anti‐inflammatory effects. We induced obesity and reproductive dysfunction in C57BL/6 female mice by feeding a “Western‐type” high fat diet (45% energy from fat) with lard as the source of fat. At 16 weeks of age, the experimental group was switched to a diet of identical composition but with fish oil as a source of fat for an additional 8 weeks. Changes in estrous cycle regularity were assessed by vaginal cytology. Metabolic outcomes were evaluated by measuring body weight, food consumption, glucose tolerance, fasting insulin levels, and adipose and liver histology. Inflammatory status was determined by circulating cytokine and adipokine levels and changes in regulatory immune cell populations. Reproductive irregularity was successfully established by 16 weeks of age at which time the mice also had increased glucose intolerance and higher circulating Leptin levels. At 24 weeks, mice that had remained on the lard based diet weighed more, had a dramatic increase in fat deposition in the liver, showed worse glucose tolerance response, had higher fasting insulin levels than their fish‐oil counterparts, but did not have increased systemic pro‐inflammatory cytokine levels. Consumption of the fish oil diet for 8 weeks did not restore estrous cycle regularity for all C57BL/6 female mice, however, metabolic parameters dramatically improved during the course of intervention. These findings suggest including fish oil in the diet of obese females will improve metabolic status, but a longer period of consumption may be needed to restore normal reproductive functions.Support or Funding InformationFunded by Start Up funds from the University of Memphis
Groundsel Bush (Baccharis halimifolia) Enhances Adipocyte Development and Attenuates Inflammation in Adipocytes in vitro
Authors: Fuller Scott Eric , Boudreau Anik L , Stephens Jacqueline M 
Published: November 2023

IntroductionAdipocytes serve a critical function not only as a reservoir of excess caloric energy but also as an endocrine organ regulating metabolic homeostasis. Therefore, interventions aimed at enhancing adipocyte development and function have the potential to ameliorate conditions associated with metabolic syndrome, such as ectopic fat accumulation and insulin resistance. Here we report evidence that a novel botanical, Baccharis halimifolia (groundsel bush), enhances adipocyte development and function in vitro.MethodsFor in vitro assessment of adipocyte development, differentiating adipocytes were treated with groundsel bush (GB) extract at three doses (5, 20, and 50 μg/mL) and the effects of GB were assessed by performing qPCR and immunoblotting to determine expression of adipogenic gene and protein expression, respectively. Neutral lipid accumulation in differentiating adipocytes was measured by Bodipy or Oil Red O staining. In mature murine adipocytes, adiponectin protein expression was assessed by western blot. The effectiveness of GB in attenuating inflammatory responses in mature adipocytes and RAW macrophages was evaluated by western blot analysis of adiponectin protein expression in TNFα‐treated adipocytes and by analysis of inflammatory gene expression in LPS‐treated RAW macrophages.ResultsIn differentiating adipocytes, GB treatment enhanced the expression of adipogenic marker genes and protein expression of adiponectin and aP2, and also increased lipid accumulation. In mature adipocytes, GB increased gene and protein expression of adiponectin while decreasing resistin gene expression. GB attenuated TNFα‐induced repression of adiponectin protein expression in mature adipocytes while also reducing gene expression of MCP‐1 in LPS‐treated RAW macrophages.ConclusionsThe present study provides evidence that GB enhances adipocyte differentiation and neutral lipid accumulation, while also increasing adiponectin expression in mature adipocytes. GB also attenuates inflammatory responses in adipocytes and RAW macrophages. Collectively, these results indicate that GB has the potential to favorably modulate adipocyte function and therefore merits further study.Support or Funding InformationThis work was supported by NIH P50 AT002776. SEF was supported by institutional training grant NIH T32 AT004094 awarded to PBRC.
Dietary raspberries ameliorate metabolic syndromes in diet‐induced obese mice
Authors: Zhu Mei‐Jun , Kang Yifei , García Melisa Paola González , Liang Xingwei , Xue Yansong , Pan Hong , Du Min 
Published: November 2023

IntroductionObesity affects more than one third of the US population, which predisposes to a number of serious diseases. The typical “Western diet” is mainly blamed for the current obesity epidemics. Thus, optimizing the diet composition will be one of the primary approaches to prevent obesity. Raspberry contains very high amounts of dietary fibers and polyphenolic compounds, which are known for their anti‐oxidative and anti‐inflammatory effects, and also their likely effects to prevent obesity.ObjectiveThis study was to evaluate beneficial effects of raspberry supplementation on adiposity, glucose and lipid homeostasis impaired due to diet‐induced obesity.MethodsWild‐type male Mice (six weeks old) were randomized into 4 groups receiving a control or typical western diet (HFD) supplemented with or without 5% freeze dried raspberry for 12 weeks, when mice were sacrificed for tissue collection.ResultsFeed intake was not different among dietary groups. HFD feeding dramatically increased body weight, which can be alleviated by raspberry supplementation towards to the end of feeding trail. In addition, baseline blood glucose is significantly elevated in HFD group, which were reduced by raspberry supplementation. Addition of raspberry improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity impaired by westernized HFD, and has a tendency to reduce adiposity elicited by HFD. In addition, Dietary Raspberry reduced abundance of lipid droplets in the liver of HFD mice as indicated by Oil‐Red‐O staining and has a tendency to decrease serum triglyceride level in HFD mice.ConclusionDietary raspberry supplementation reduced adiposity and improved glucose and lipid homeostasis impaired by diet‐induced obesity.Support or Funding InformationNATL PROC RASPBERRY CNCL
Novel mechanism responsible for regulation of branched‐chain alpha‐ketoacid dehydrogenase kinase
Authors: Shimomura Yoshiharu , Kondo Yusuke , Ito Rina , Tsuji Ai , Shibata Katsumi , Kitaura Yasuyuki 
Published: November 2023

Branched‐chain amino acids (BCAAs: leucine, isoleucine, and valine) are indispensable amino acids. The BCAA catabolism is regulated by branched‐chain alpha‐ketoacid dehydrogenase (BCKDH), which is located at the second step of the mitochondrial catabolic pathway. The BCKDH is regulated by a phosphorylation‐dephosphorylation cycle, and BCKDH kinase (BDK) is responsible for inactivation of the BCKDH by phosphorylation of the E1‐alpha component. It has been demonstrated that two forms of BDK exist in rat liver mitochondria: a form bound to BCKDH and a free form. Only the bound form is suggested to be active. In the present study, we found a BDK‐inactivating factor in mitochondrial extracts from rat liver. The BDK‐inactivating factor was separated from the BCKDH‐BDK complex by high‐speed centrifugation and both are reconstitutable. We here report the characteristics of the BDK‐inactivating factor, which released the BDK from the BCKDH in a Ca ion‐dependent manner. From these findings, we propose the novel mechanism responsible for the regulation of BCAA catabolism.Support or Funding InformationFunding for this research was in part received from the AJINOMOTO AMINO ACID RESEARCH PROGRAM.
Genes and sequence variants in weight loss in response to diet and exercise: Meta‐analysis
Authors: Jung Yanghoon Peter , Sanchez Brittany , Kreider Richard 
Published: November 2023

BACKGROUNDCausative factors to obesity are related to diet and sedentary lifestyle; as well as biology, genomic variation and epigenetic events. A plethora of suggested modified behaviors to control and reduce body weight include nutritional intervention, exercise programming, behavioral or psychological approaches, pharmacological prescriptions, and even surgical procedures. Although a standardized intervention may be shown to be effective, high variability still exists in regards to individual response for controlled behavioral change. Many additional causative factors for this fluctuation remain unknown. A clear understanding of key gene‐diet interactions, in particular single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), will aid in implementing behavioral modifications more effectively, based on individual genetic predisposition in humans.PURPOSETo define SNPs that impact weight loss, weight‐maintenance through diet, exercise, or lifestyle intervention.METHODSA critical review of 43 randomized controlled trials regarding SNPs and their regulatory role in weight loss was conducted. Databases searched were NCBI PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science. Only controlled intervention trials were selected for review. A total of 9 independent studies with 2140 subjects (1103 with genotype FTO rs9939609, 269 with ADRB3 rs4994, 495 with AdipoQ rs2241766, and 273 with FABP2 rs1799883) were included. The criterions for the examined studies were weight loss induced by diet and exercise, or lifestyle modifications. Meta‐analysis was performed by Review Manager (RevMan) 5.2 (Cochrane, UK).RESULTSThe meta‐analysis revealed that the carrier of FTO rs9939609 A‐allele had significantly higher weight loss than the non‐carriers (mean difference = 0.70, 95% CI (0.16, 1.24), p = 0.01, pheterogeneity = 0.89). There were no significant findings of ADRB3 rs4994 (mean difference = −0.42, 95% CI (−4.03, 3.19), p = 0.23, pheterogeneity = 0.76), FABP2 rs1799883 (mean difference = 0.13, 95% CI (−0.23, 0.49), p = 0.47, pheterogeneity = 0.95), and FABP2 rs1799883 (mean difference = −0.89, 95% CI (−4.69, 2.90), p = 0.67, pheterogeneity = 0.81)CONCLUSIONFTO rs9939609 A‐allele carriers are more favorable to weight loss in response to diet and exercise intervention.
A Comparison of Effects of Lard and Hydrogenated Vegetable Shortening on the Development of High‐Fat Diet‐Induced Obesity in Rats
Authors: Kubant Ruslan , Poon Abraham N , Sanchez‐Hernandez Diana , Domenichiello Anthony F , Huot Pedro SP , Pannia Emanuela , Cho Clara E , Hunschede Sascha , Bazinet Richard P , Anderson G. Harvey 
Published: November 2023

BackgroundObesity is associated with increased consumption and preference for dietary fat. Experimental models of fat‐induced obesity use either lard or vegetable shortening. Yet, there are no direct comparisons of these commonly used fat sources, or the influence of their fatty acid composition on the development of diet‐induced obesity.ObjectiveTo compare the effects of lard and hydrogenated vegetable shortening diets, which differ in their fatty acid composition, on weight gain and the development of obesity and insulin resistance in rats.Methods and DesignMale Wistar rats were fed ad libitum for 14 weeks high‐fat diets containing either: 1) high vegetable fat (HVF, 60 kcal% from vegetable shortening), 2) high lard fat (HLF, 60 kcal% from lard) or regular fat (control, 16 kcal% from vegetable shortening). Body weight, food intake, adipose tissue mass, serum glucose, insulin and fatty acid composition of diets were measured.ResultsRats fed either of the two high fat diets had higher energy intake, weight gain and fat accretion than rats fed the regular fat diet. However, rats fed the HLF diet consumed more calories and gained more weight and body fat with greater increases of 32% in total (158.5±8.2 vs 120.2±6.6 g, P<0.05), 30% in visceral (104.4±5.2 vs 80.3±4.2 g, P<0.05) and 36% in subcutaneous fat mass (54.1±3.6 vs 39.9±3.1 g, P<0.05), compared to rats fed the HVF diet. Higher visceral adiposity was positively correlated with serum insulin (r2=0.376, P<0.05) and HOMA‐IR (r2=0.391, P<0.05).ConclusionWe conclude that lard based high‐fat diets accentuate the increase in weight gain and the development of obesity and insulin resistance more than vegetable shortening diets. These results further point to the importance of describing fatty acid composition and type of fat used in determining outcomes of consuming high‐fat diets.Support or Funding InformationCanadian Institute of Health Research, Institute of Nutrition, Metabolism and Diabetes (CIHR‐INMD), Reference MOP‐130286.
The Effect of Feeding Soy Protein Isolate and/or Omega‐3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on the Spleen of Female PCK Rats
Authors: Gibson Lauren B. , Maditz Kaitlin , Benedito Vagner A , Tou Janet C 
Published: November 2023

Few studies have investigated the effect of diet on the spleen. Studies have suggested that spleen lipid metabolism may play a role in non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Upregulated de novo lipogenesis (DNL) in the liver can cause NAFLD that can progress to cirrhosis and liver failure. This has important implications with NAFLD being the leading cause of chronic liver disease in adults and children consuming Westernized diets. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of diet on splenic DNL and inflammatory response. Female PCK rats aged 28 days were randomly assigned to one of four purified diets (n=12/group) and fed for 12 weeks. Diet groups consisted of 1) Casein + Corn Oil (Casein + CO), 2) Casein + Soybean Oil (Casein + SO), 3) Soy protein Isolate + Soybean Oil (SPI + SO), or 4) Soy protein Isolate + a 1:1 soybean: salmon oil blend (SPI + SB). Previously, we found NAFLD to be highest (P=0.003) in the SPI+SB group. In this study, the SPI+SB group showed a trend of high splenic weight (P=0.10). Spleen length was longer (P=0.02) in the SPI+SB fed group compared to the Casein + CO and Casein + SO groups. Splenic fatty acid profiles were determined by gas chromatography. Splenic content of saturated fatty acids (palmitic acid (C16:0) and stearic acid (C18:0)) and monounsaturated fatty acids (palmitoleic acid (C16:1n‐7) and oleic acid (C18:1n‐9)) were not significantly different between diet groups. Gene expression by real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‐qPCR) determined no significant difference in expression of transcription factors regulating DNL in the spleen including carbohydrate‐responsive element binding protein (ChREBP) and sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP‐1c). The expression of transcription factor peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor alpha (PPAR‐a) gene was used as a marker of splenic lipolysis, but showed no significant differences among diet groups. Rats fed the SPI+SB diet containing the highest (P<0.001) dietary eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and arachidonic acid (AA) exhibited the highest (P<0.001) splenic EPA and DHA, and the lowest (P=0.03) splenic content of AA. However, no significant differences in the expression of genes involved in regulating inflammation (tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐a), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), and interleukin 10 (IL‐10)) existed between diet groups. Based on these results, the diet treatments had no significant effect on splenic lipid metabolism or inflammatory function in PCK rats with NAFLD.Support or Funding InformationThis project was supported by the United Soybean Board Soybean Health Incentive Grant, West Virginia University PSCoR 10008736.6‐11‐NT10055R, West Virginia University Agriculture and Forestry Experimental Station Hatch Grant WVAA00665, and West Virginia University summer undergraduate education program.
High Maternal Vitamin D Status in utero through Weaning Beneficially Affects the Gut Microbiota‐Bone Axis in Obese Male Mice
Authors: Villa Christopher Ross , Comelli Elena M. , Taibi Amel , Chen Jianmin , Sacco Sandra , Ward Wendy E. 
Published: November 2023

The gut microbiota may impact bone health via its released lipopolysaccharides (LPS), peptidoglycans or other metabolites, which we named the gut microbiota‐bone axis. A high‐fat high‐sugar diet increases serum LPS, decreases gut Bacteroides counts and weakens bones. In contrast, vitamin D has been recently shown to positively influence the composition of the gut microbiota, in addition to its important role in bone health. Interestingly, epidemiological studies show that prenatal vitamin D status is a critical contributor to offspring bone status. The purpose of this study was to investigate if exposure to high dietary vitamin D in utero and through weaning positively impacts gut microbiota and protects against chronic inflammation and compromised bone health in adult male mice fed a high‐fat high‐sugar diet.C57BL/6J dams were fed modified AIN93G containing high (H, 5000 IU/kg diet) or low (L, 25 IU/kg diet) vitamin D during pregnancy and lactation. At weaning, male pups remained on their respective vitamin D levels (HH or LL) or were switched (HL or LH) and fed a high‐fat high‐sugar diet to induce chronic inflammation. At seven months of age, colonic Bacteroides and serum LPS were quantified by quantitative PCR and ELISA and bone microarchitecture at the distal femur and lumbar vertebra 2 was assessed via micro computed tomography.Higher maternal but not offspring vitamin D status resulted in higher colonic Bacteroides counts (p=0.0004) and lower serum LPS (p=0.011) such that Bacteroides counts were negatively correlated with serum LPS (Spearman r=−0.49; p=0.018). Femur microarchitecture of offspring was also improved through higher maternal vitamin D status. Specifically, higher maternal vitamin D status resulted in offspring with higher bone volume/tissue volume (p=0.052), higher trabecular number (p=0.022) and lower trabecular separation (p=0.015) at distal femur and higher bone volume/tissue volume (p=0.049) at lumbar vertebra 2 compared to mothers with low vitamin D status. This suggests that the gut microbiota‐bone axis is programmed in utero and through weaning and is susceptible to nutritional modulation; the effects of low vitamin D status during these early life stages cannot completely be rescued by postnatal supplementation. Moreover, vitamin D may impact bone health via gut microbiota‐derived LPS.Support or Funding InformationFunded by Centrum Foundation Research Innovation Fund, Department of Nutritional Sciences U of T, NSERC, Lawson Family Chair in Microbiome Nutrition Research, Banting and Best Diabetes Centre Novo Nordisk Studentship and Tamarack Graduate Award.