bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
250 B.C.–1700 A.D.
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our experience hitherto justifies us in believing that nature is the realization of the simplest conceivable mathematical ideas. I am convinced that we can discover by purely mathematical constructions the concepts and the laws connecting [mathematics and physical reality] with each other, which furnish the key to the understanding of natural phenomena. … In a certain sense, therefore, I hold it true that pure thought can grasp reality, as the ancients dreamed.
The Great Contenders
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This section of the book contains a large panoply of eponymous scientific laws. Some of these laws are slightly more obscure than the laws in the main section of the book, and I also include a few favorite biological laws in this section. Some of the “great contenders,” although quite fundamental, do not have simple formulas for their expression or are not referred to as “laws” in many literature references.
Introduction: Making Class Visible in Film and Cultural Studies
Authors: Nystrom Derek 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The hard hats, rednecks, and macho men that became the objects of fascination for middle-class filmmakers, critics, and audiences in the 1970s appeared on the cinematic landscape during a pivotal period for Hollywood. Whether one focuses on industrial issues, such as capital investment, corporate ownership, and the organization of production, or textual questions on the development of postclassical film style and the shifting relationship between spectacle and narrative form, the 1970s mark a turning point in the history of American cinema. It was in the 1970s, for example, that Hollywood, after roughly a quarter century of corporate dis- and reorganization following the breakup of the old studio system, made the nowreigning regime of “flexible specialization” the standard model for film production.
Class and the Youth-Cult Cycle
Authors: Nystrom Derek 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The late 1960s and early 1970s were marked by two seemingly unrelated developments: what Barbara Ehrenreich has called the “discovery of the working class” —a discovery violently induced by, among other things, the May 1970 “hard hat riots” against antiwar protesters—and the establishment of a “New Hollywood” of film school-trained, European art cinema-inspired “movie brats.” The quasi-sociological fascination of the middle class with what appeared to be a conservative backlash of blue-collar Americans would seem, at first glance, to have nothing to do with a youngish group of nascent auteurs intent on creating a personal cinema that spoke to their generational experiences. Yet some of the signal films of the New Hollywood turn out to be surprisingly dependent on this new understanding of the working class. Consider, for example, 1969’s Easy Rider, a film that, following upon the unexpected success (especially among young audiences) of Bonnie and Clyde and The Graduate (both 1967), appeared to announce a new kind of American film. In a prescient foreshadowing of the hard hats’ violence against peace activists, Easy Rider ends when its two countercultural protagonists, Billy (Dennis Hopper) and Wyatt (Peter Fonda), are senselessly murdered by a pair of men whose status as “rednecks” is signified by not only their Deep South accents but also their working-class appearance. Co-screenwriter Terry Southern described the significance of this ending as “an indictment of blue-collar America, the people I thought were responsible for the Vietnam War.” An earlier campfire scene spells out the film’s sense of the psychology of “blue-collar America.” George (Jack Nicholson), the civil libertarian lawyer who Billy and Wyatt have befriended, describes the hostile rednecks the trio had come across earlier as men who were “bought and sold in the marketplace.” Yet he also cautions that these men refuse to acknowledge their lack of freedom, that they will “get real busy killin’ and maimin’
Saturday Night Fever and the Queering of the White, Working-Class Male Body
Authors: Nystrom Derek 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Saturday Night Fever now seems so representative of its cultural moment —an entire late 1970s structure of feeling is evoked by the iconic, oft-parodied image of John Travolta in that white suit—that it is worth remembering that the film was initially viewed as something of a throwback. Director John Badham explicitly cited Busby Berkeley musicals and West Side Story (1961) as influences on the film, and many critics echoed Richard Corliss’s observation that its love story corresponds faithfully to “the tradition of the Fred Astaire-Ginger Rogers musicals of the thirties.” Furthermore, the film’s social world of outer-borough white ethnics was often taken to represent a bygone era, a milieu rooted more in the 1950s than the 1970s. Yet Fever also positioned itself as a film very much about the contemporary world of disco nightlife, and in some ways about the future as well—the nightclub, after all, is called 2001 Odyssey. We can see the film’s restless traversal of signifiers of the past, present, and future as a symptom of the difficulty it faces in attempting to offer a viable, contemporary heterosexual romance. By situating its traditional love story in the apparently anachronistic space of the Brooklyn neighborhood of Bay Ridge, and by utilizing the older generic structure of the musical, Fever clearly hopes to avoid the difficulty of depicting contemporary gender relations even as it broadcasts its up-to-dateness by focusing on disco music and nightclubs. Yet the film’s deployment of various class and sexual identities to signify this conflicted temporality, as we will see, often threatens to work against its avowedly heterosexual orientation.
The Swedish Arbitration Act in General
Authors: Madsen Finn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the adoption of the United Nations Convention on the recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards, which was ratified by Sweden in 1972, a significant internationalisation of arbitration law has taken place. During the 1970s and 1980s, arbitration issues were addressed by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law, UNCITRAL. Following extensive preparation, this work resulted in arbitration regulations, namely the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules, and in the UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration, commonly referred to as the Model Law. The intention with the Model Law was that it should form the basis for uniform domestic legislation. In certain cases the authors’ ambitions have been achieved; subject only to minor modifications, the Model Law has been implemented in a number of countries.1 However, the greatest role played by the Model Law has been as a source of inspiration for the enactment of many of the new national arbitration laws that have been adopted around the world in recent years.
International Aspects
Authors: Madsen Finn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The question whether a dispute is international in nature is determined in different ways in different arbitration systems.1 Thus, no general uniform or precise definition can be given to the term “international arbitration.” Section 46 of the Act states when the Act is applicable to a dispute with an international connection. An international connection may exist as a consequence of any of the parties being foreign. A dispute between two Swedish parties may also have an international connection, e.g., where the dispute relates to operations and/or transactions outside Sweden. In international arbitrations, the same consideration need rarely be given to Swedish interests as in domestic arbitrations. For example, it is rare that international arbitrations relate to consumer issues or other disputes which concern important matters of principle but, perhaps, involve only small amounts.
The Arbitration Agreement
Authors: Madsen Finn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Disputes concerning matters in respect of which the parties may reach a settlement may, by agreement, be referred to one or several arbitrators for resolution. Such an agreement may relate to future disputes pertaining to a legal relationship specified in the agreement. The dispute may concern the existence of a particular fact. The parties may authorise the arbitrators to fill gaps in agreements, in addition to interpreting agreements. Arbitrators may rule on the civil law effects of competition law as between the parties. An arbitration agreement generally serves as the basis for a conventional arbitration.1 In the preparatory works,2 the arbitration agreement is described as a mixed agreement containing both procedural law and civil law features. The procedural effects of the arbitration agreement consist, inter alia, in the agreement constituting a non-mandatory bar to judicial proceedings and in the fact that the agreement may, with the assistance of public authorities, be implemented against an unwilling party.
The Proceedings
Authors: Madsen Finn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This section addresses the manner in which the arbitral proceedings are to be initiated, unless the parties have agreed that this shall take place in some other manner. Corresponding rules have been incorporated into Article 21 of the Model Law, which prescribes that unless otherwise agreed by the parties, the arbitral proceedings in respect of a particular dispute commence on the date on which a request for that dispute to be referred to arbitration is received by the respondent. Either of the parties has the possibility to commence arbitral proceedings regarding a question covered by the arbitration agreement. A request for arbitration fulfils the same functions as a writ of summons in a civil case, Where the arbitration takes place at the SCC, the procedure is commenced through a request for arbitration being submitted to the SCC (see the SCC Arbitration Rules, Articles 4).
Fora and Time Periods
Authors: Madsen Finn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An action against an arbitral award pursuant to sections 33, 34, and 36 shall be considered by the Court of Appeal within whose district the arbitral proceedings were held. Where the place of arbitration is not stated in the arbitral award, the action may be brought before the Svea Court of Appeal. The decision of the Court of Appeal may not be appealed. The Court of Appeal may, however, grant leave to appeal the decision where it is of importance, as a matter of precedent, that the appeal be considered by the Supreme Court. An action regarding compensation to an arbitrator shall be considered by the District Court at the place of arbitration. Where the place of arbitration is not stated in the arbitral award, the action may be brought before the Stockholm District Court.
Chapter 4
Authors: Bridge* Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to chart the relationship between private international law and uniform sales law as exemplified by the United Nations Sale Convention 1980 (the CISG). As part of this exercise, attention will be paid in particular to the autonomy of contracting parties in opting into and out of the CISG, which is the main theme of the various papers in this collection. This autonomy theme is one with which private international lawyers are thoroughly familiar, though here it emerges in the particular context of international uniform law. Since private international law plays a major role in defining the operation of the CISG itself, its impact upon the CISG needs to be considered in order to fill out the main theme in this collection of papers.
25 Years of the CISG: An International lingua franca for Drafting Unifornt Laws, Legal Principles, Dontestic Legislation and Transnational Contracts
Authors: Schlechtriem* Peter H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 2006, a group of little islands in the South Pacific, the Tokelau Islands, rich in fishing grounds, attempted to gain independence under the United Nations decolonization program. To become an independent state under this program, the Tokelau Islands had to meet three basic requirements: They had to have a medical system, a school system and a legal system. The government of New Zealand, which has administered the islands as trustee since the 1980s, helped the islanders meet these requirements by sending experts and counselors to guide them in the development of the necessary structures, in particular a legal system.
Addressing Parol Evidence Issues in Contracts Governed by the CISG
Authors: Flechtner* Harry M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The question of the impact of the CISG on the “parol evidence rule” emerged quickly in U.S. decisions applying the CISG. After a false start in an early case, which suggested in dicta that the domestic U.S. parol evidence rule applied in disputes governed by the Convention, 1 U.S. decisions appear to have settled on the conclusion that “contracts governed by the CISG are freed from the limits of the parol evidence rule and there is a wider spectrum of admissible evidence to consider in construing the terms of the parties’ agreement:’
Dealing with Non-Conformity℃ A Transaction Test Analysis of CISG Regulations on Examination and Notice Under Articles 38 Through 44
Authors: Behr* Volker 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite the worldwide acceptance the CISG has received within such a short period of time by an overwhelming number of Contracting States, there is a steady complaint that such broad acceptance by States is not matched by similar acceptance by parties negotiating international sales contracts. Scholarly writing more than occasionally reports that parties to international sales contracts opt out of the convention based on CISG article 6.
Dealing with Avoidance and its Consequences: Articles 49(2), 64(2), and 81 Through 88
Authors: Osuna* Alejandro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter will discuss the Digest’s usefulness as a tool for drafting clauses concerning the avoidance of an international sales contract and its consequences. These matters are addressed in Articles 49(2), 64(2), and Articles 81 to 88 of the United Nations’ Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (“Sales Convention” or “CISG”). Admittedly, when the author was :first asked to write this paper and propose clauses that would deal with the issue of avoidance and its consequences, he looked for some guidance and reviewed some of the standard forms that passed by his desk that are somewhat common in the U.S.-Mexico border region, but did not :find much to serve as a starting point. He had also never considered including clauses to deal with such specific issues, and have some reservations whether he would actually use them.
Introduction
Authors: Cornell Saul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whipping the crowd into a frenzy at the National Rifle Association annual convention, Charlton Heston, the group’s charismatic president, raised an antique rifle above his head and challenged gun control proponents to pry his weapon from his “cold, dead hands.” This defiant gesture, repeated on numerous occasions by the chisel-jawed actor known for his portrayals of key figures in history, has become a powerful symbol in America’s bitter debate over the right to bear arms. To dramatize his rebellious stance, Heston did not wave a modern assault rifle, but a Revolutionary-era rifle, an iconic symbol that adorns progun Web sites, tee shirts, and bumper stickers.
A Well-Regulated Militia: The Origins of the Second Amendment
Authors: Cornell Saul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The delegates who traveled to the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia had good reasons to be apprehensive about the future of the new United States. America’s fledgling experiment in republican government faced a host of dangers from within and without. Shays’s rebellion had frightened many of the nation’s leaders who feared that the young republic was drifting toward anarchy. Moreover, debt-ridden farmers were hardly the only group in America whose grievances might lead them to rebellion. Southern delegates to the Constitutional Convention, most of whom were planters, feared a different threat to civil order, enslaved Africans. External threats to the new nation also weighed heavily on the delegates’ minds. The nation’s borders needed to be rendered secure from potential Indian attack. British troops continued to be garrisoned along the frontier, and Spain was tightening its control of the Mississippi River and the port of New Orleans. Many Americans, particularly those who traveled to Philadelphia, had become convinced that the nation needed a strong national government that could deal with these multiple threats to its security.
The Rise of International Investment, Investment Agreements and Investment Disputes
Authors: Sauvant Karl P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To set the scene and provide the context for this volume, I would like to make three points: (1) foreign direct investment (FDI) has become the most important vehicle to bring goods and services to foreign markets and to integrate national production systems; (2) this process has been accompanied by the rapid rise of international investment agreements (IIAs); and (3), most recently, we can also observe a substantial rise of international investment disputes. Over the past 20 years, FDI1 flows have expanded substantially, from around US$50 billion during the early 1980s, to US$1.3 trillion by the end of 2006; they are expected to stay roughly at this level during the next few years (Figure 1.1).
A Coming Crisis: Expansionary Trends in Investment Treaty Arbitration
Authors: Sornarajah M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Investment treaties are entered into on the assumption that providing security for investment through the recognition of standards of treatment, compensation for expropriation and the repatriation of profits will result in larger flows of foreign investment (FDI) into developing countries. That assumption is now doubted in several studies by economists and others. Moreover, since the award in AAPL v. Sri Lanka, in which the tribunal found jurisdiction on the basis of the provisions of an investment treaty, the number of investment disputes subjected to arbitration on the basis of treaty provisions has reached explosive proportions. Th e question thus raised for developing countries, in light of those studies and a recent bevy of adverse awards against developing countries, is whether the advantages of entering into investment treaties outweigh their potential disadvantages.
Transparency in International Dispute Settlement Proceedings on Trade and Investment
Authors: Diaz Hugo Perezcano 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although international dispute settlement proceedings involving trade and investment agreements are not new, concerns about transparency are somewhat recent. The first GATT dispute settlement case was filed in 1950. During the life of the GATT, a total of 53 cases were submitted to dispute settlement— a small number by today’s standards, but a large one considering the origins and evolution of the system. Investor-State dispute settlement proceedings date back to the early 1960s, when they were first incorporated into bilateral investment treaties (BITs) and subsequently developed in the Washington Convention of 1965 that established the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID). Prior to 1997, when the first NAFTA Chapter 11 case was filed, 38 cases had been initiated under the ICSID Convention rules.
Preliminary Rulings in Investment Arbitration
Authors: Schreuer Christoph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Coherence and consistency of the case law in international investment arbitration has become a matter of concern. Apart from the odd instances of conflicting decisions concerning the same sets of facts,1 there are now several areas in international investment law that have developed diverse lines of authority. This is despite the fact that most tribunals carefully examine previous decisions and follow precedents most of the time. Two examples may suffice to illustrate the danger of conflicting case law and the disorientation that follows in its wake. One concerns so-called “umbrella clauses.” An umbrella clause is a provision in a treaty under which the States parties undertake to observe obligations they may have entered into with respect to investments. In other words, contractual obligations and other undertakings are put under the treaty’s protective umbrella.
Transparency and Consistency in International Investment Law: Can the Problems be Fixed by Tinkering?
Authors: Mann Howard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The issues of transparency and consistency in international investment law today raise fundamental questions of regime building. The international investment law regime has essentially grown as an ad hoc, institutionally deprived regime. To be sure, some institutions are involved, but they are fragmented in their roles, have no mandate over the overall regime’s development process and lack any processes for ongoing review of the evolution of this area of law. The International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) provides an institutional home to much arbitration, but it has no mandate to review and develop the substantive laws upon which its tribunals rule. UNCITRAL provides rules for investor-State disputes, but does not even catalog the cases that take place under them.
Avoiding Unintended Consequences
Authors: Paulsson Jan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What issues of coherence? There is no reason to be alarmed about inconsistent obiter dicta. Irreconcilable differences in rationes decidendi have been far rarer than supposed. From a practitioner’s viewpoint, there is no crisis of unpredictability. The structural cures imagined were conceived in haste and would have engendered vast disruption, out of all proportion to the familiar task of establishing jurisprudence in new areas of law. Normative hesitations are likely to be resolved in usual and legitimate ways. The demands for greater transparency, on the other hand, should be viewed with sympathy. They hold a realistic promise of leading to better law. The debate was stimulating and worthwhile. It enabled us to determine that on balance there was no balance. One big idea was bad, the other good.
Roark Bradford’s novel and Play
Authors: Henry John , Tracy Steven C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Roark Bradford's 1931 novel and 1939 play dealing with the legendary folk-hero John Henry (both titled John Henry) were extremely influential in their own time but have long been unavailable or extremely hard to find. In this unique collection, Steven C.Tracy has joined Bradford's seminal works in a new critical edition to help contextualize both the novel and play, making these vital texts widely available again for scholars of folklore and African American literature. This new volume includes an expansive introduction that explores Bradford's life and work, critical responses to the novel and play, and a survey of John Henry's pervasive influence in folk, literary, and popular culture. It also features a wide array of supplementary materials, including a selected bibliography and discography related to Bradford and John Henry; transcriptions of a number of folksong texts and recordings available during the 1930s; and a chronology of the lives of both Bradford and Henry. As Tracy's introduction makes clear, such a consideration of Bradford--set in the context of writers, both black and white, drawing upon African American folklore and using dialects along with stereotypical and non-stereotypical portrayals--is long overdue. In pairing Bradford's two treatments of the quintessentially American story of John Henry, Tracy has provided the definitive edition of two classic American texts, and in so doing, he provides a welcome opportunity to reflect on the various paths by which African American traditions have infiltrated the cultural mainstream.