bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fusion of Multimodal Medical Images based on Fine-grained Saliency and
Anisotropic Diffusion Filter
Authors: Kaur Harmanpreet , Vig Renu , Kumar Naresh , Sharma Apoorav , Dogra Ayush , Goyal Bhawna 
Published: January 2024

Background:
A clinical medical image provides vital information about a person's health and bodily condition. Typically, doctors monitor and examine several
types of medical images individually to gather supplementary information for illness diagnosis and treatment. As it is arduous to analyze and
diagnose from a single image, multi-modality images have been shown to enhance the precision of diagnosis and evaluation of medical conditions

Objective:
Several conventional image fusion techniques strengthen the consistency of the information by combining varied image observations; nevertheless,
the drawback of these techniques in retaining all crucial elements of the original images can have a negative impact on the accuracy of clinical
diagnoses. This research develops an improved image fusion technique based on fine-grained saliency and an anisotropic diffusion filter to
preserve structural and detailed information of the individual image.

Methods:
In contrast to prior efforts, the saliency method is not executed using a pyramidal decomposition, but rather an integral image on the original scale
is used to obtain features of superior quality. Furthermore, an anisotropic diffusion filter is utilized for the decomposition of the original source
images into a base layer and a detail layer. The proposed algorithm's performance is then contrasted to those of cutting-edge image fusion
algorithms.

Results:
The proposed approach cannot only cope with the fusion of medical images well, both subjectively and objectively, according to the results
obtained, but also has high computational efficiency.

Conclusion:
Furthermore, it provides a roadmap for the direction of future research.
Designing Drug Delivery Vehicles based on N-(2-Hydroxypropyl) Methacrylamide
Authors: Prasad Are Ramakrishna , Babu Anju R. 
Published: January 2024

Background:
The development of polymeric-based drug delivery has seen faster
growth in the past two decades. In polymers, copolymers as drug carriers are increasing to
decrease the drug compounds' side effects and dosage-related toxicity.

Objectives:
The study's primary objective is to utilize computational resources to design drug
molecules and perform in silco physicochemical property analysis. In our study, we designed
new copolymers based on N-(2-Hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide (HPMA) as backbone along
with polyethylene glycol (PEG) and lauryl methacrylate (LMA).

objective:
The primary objective of the study is to design new copolymer drug carriers based on N-(2-Hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide (HPMA) as backbone along with polyethylene glycol (PEG) and lauryl methacrylate (LMA).

Methods:
Different functional groups were selected for attaching to the side chain of the
copolymers through a random trial and error approach. In order to predict the pharmacokinetic
properties (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity), the designed
copolymer molecules were evaluated utilizing ADME and PkCSM pharmacokinetics servers.
Molecular interaction between the designed copolymer molecules and human serum albumin
(HSA) was performed using AutoDock Vina and PatchDock server.

Results:
The designed molecules are shown to be soluble in water and have high
gastrointestinal absorption. Only one molecule is predicted to pass through the blood-brain
barrier. Two designed molecules have been shown to have carcinogenic properties. Lethal dose
50 (LD50), cytochrome P450, and permeability glycoprotein Enzyme's substrate formation
were also analyzed for toxicity and metabolism.

Conclusion:
Our study will provide insight for designing new drug compounds or carriers and
analyzing their physicochemical properties to help further optimize compounds for clinical
studies.
Study on the Chemical Composition of the Mainstream Cherry-red Tobacco
Smoke
Authors: Li Yong , Pang Tao , Zhang Yihan , Shi Junli , Song Zhongbang , Xu Zhaoli 
Published: January 2024

Introduction:
Cherry-red tobacco is a flue-cured variant that possesses a distinctive
“sticky rice” flavor, which is highly valued by the tobacco industry. However, the value of cherryred
tobacco is dubious due to the possible health risks associated with tobacco-specific nitrosamines
(TSNAs).

Objective:
This study aimed to investigate the chemical origin of the “sticky rice” flavor and to assess
the potential health hazards of TSNAs.

Method:
An optimized untargeted analysis with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and a targeted
analysis with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry were conducted.

Result:
Over one hundred compounds were identified and quantified. Cherry-red tobacco and the
normal control showed significant differences in forty-three of these compounds. Pyridine alkaloids
and their derivatives constituted the main difference. Nornicotine, a demethylated product of nicotine
in cherry-red tobacco, was confirmed to be pyrolyzed to 3-ethylpyridine, 3-methylpyridine, and other
homologues, and transferred to the smoke during smoking. The smoke of cherry-red tobacco was
found to contain much higher levels of N’-nitrosonornicotine, a TSNA derived from nornicotine,
than that of normal flue-cured tobacco, while the levels of the other detected TSNAs were lower. The
two types of tobacco had similar total amounts of the four TSNAs.

Conclusion:
The pyrolysis of nornicotine into 3-ethylpyridine and its homologues during smoking
may be the main cause of the “sticky rice” flavor of cherry-red tobacco. The level of TSNAs does
not reflect the difference in health risk between cherry-red tobacco and the control.
Effect of Geraniol against the Toxicity Induced by Paracetamol in the Third
Instar Larvae of Transgenic Drosophila Melanogaster (hsp70-lac Z)Bg9
Authors: Subhan Iqra , Khan Sumbul , Varshney Himanshi , Gaur Kajal , Siddique Yasir Hasan 
Published: January 2024

Background:
Geraniol is a terpene alcohol occurring in the essential oils of several aromatic
plants. It is commercially used as a fragrance compound in cosmetics and several products of
a household. It possesses a number of biological properties.

Objective:
To study the effect of geraniol on the toxicity induced by paracetamol.

Methods:
In the present study, geraniol at the final concentration of 0.0005, 0.0025, 0.0050 and
0.0075 M was mixed in the diet along with the 0.0075 M of paracetamol and the third instar larvae
of transgenic Drosophila melanogaster (hsp70-lac Z)Bg9 were allowed to feed on it for 24 hrs.

Results:
Larvae exposed to paracetamol along with the various doses of geraniol showed a dosedependent
decrease in the activity of β-galactosidase, tissue damage, oxidative stress markers, DNA
damage and apoptosis. The results suggest that geraniol is potent in reducing the toxicity induced by
paracetamol in the third instar larvae of transgenic Drosophila.

Conclusion:
Hence, it is concluded that paracetamol showed toxic effects in the third instar larvae of
transgenic Drosophila, and geraniol is potent in reducing the toxic effects induced by paracetamol.
Genetic Underpinnings of Pulmonary Fibrosis: An Overview
Authors: Mahalanobish Sushweta , Ghosh Sumit , Sil Parames C. 
Published: January 2024

Introduction:
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, progressive disorder,
in which genetic and environmental factors are involved in disease onset. Although, by definition,
the disease is considered idiopathic in nature, evidence-based studies have indicated familial
cases of pulmonary fibrosis, in which genetic factors contribute to IPF pathogenesis

Methods:
Both common as well as rare genetic variants are associated with sporadic as well as
familial forms of IPF. Although clinical inferences of the genetic association have still not been
explored properly, observation-based studies have found a genotypic influence on disease development
and outcome.

Results:
Based on genetic studies, individuals with a risk of IPF can be easily identified and can
be classified more precisely. Identification of genetic variants also helps to develop more effective
therapeutic approaches.

Conclusion:
Further comprehensive research is needed to get a blueprint of IPF pathogenesis.
The rapidly evolving field of genetic engineering and molecular biology, along with the bioinformatics
approach, will possibly explore a new horizon very soon to achieve this goal.
The Antidiabetic Drug Metformin Attenuated Depressive and Anxiety-like Behaviors and Oxidative Stress in the Brain in a Rodent Model of Inflammation Induced by Lipopolysaccharide in Male Rats
Authors: Kakhki Faezeh Sadat Hosseini , Asghari Amir , Bardaghi Zahra , Anaeigoudari Akbar , Beheshti Farimah , Salmani Hossein , Hosseini Mahmoud 
Published: January 2024

Background:
Inflammation is considered to be a link between diabetes and central
nervous system (CNS) disorders, including depression and anxiety. Metformin is suggested to
have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and mood-improving effects. The aim of the current research
was to investigate the effects of the antidiabetic drug metformin on depressive- and anxiety-
like behaviors and oxidative stress in the brain in a rodent model of inflammation induced
by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in male rats.

Materials and Methods:
The rats were treated as follows: (1) Vehicle instead of metformin and
lipopolysaccharide, (2) Lipopolysaccharide (1 mg/ kg) + vehicle instead of metformin, (3–5)
Lipopolysaccharide + 50, 100, or 150 mg/ kg of metformin. After the behavioral tests, including
open field (OF), elevated pulse maze (EPM), and force swimming (FS) tests, the brains were
removed, and malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO) metabolites, total thiol, catalase
(CAT) activity, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were determined.

Results:
In the EPM, metformin increased the open arm time and entry and decreased closed
arm time and entry. In the FS test, metformin lowered the immobility and increased active time
compared to lipopolysaccharide. In the OF test, metformin increased total crossing and total
distance, time spent, traveled distance, and crossing number in the central zone. As a result of
metformin administration, IL-6, MDA, and NO metabolites were decreased while thiol content,
SOD, and CAT activity were increased.

Conclusion:
The results indicated that the well-known antidiabetic drug metformin attenuated
depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors induced by inflammation in rats. These beneficial effects
are suggested to be due to their attenuating effects on neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and
NO in the brain.
Hepatopulmonary Shunt Ratio Verification Model for Transarterial
Radioembolization
Authors: Yeyin Nami , Kesmezacar Fahrettin Fatih , Tunçman Duygu , Demir Özge , Uslu-Beşli Lebriz , Günay Osman , Demir Mustafa 
Published: January 2024

Introduction:
The most important toxicity of transarterial radioembolization therapy
applied in liver malignancies is radiation pneumonitis and fibrosis due to hepatopulmonary
shunt of Yttrium-90 (90Y) microspheres. Currently, Technetium-99m macroaggregated albumin
(99mTc-MAA) scintigraphic images are used to estimate lung shunt fraction (LSF) before treatment.
The aim of this study was to create a phantom to calculate exact LFS rates according to
99mTc activities in the phantom and to compare these rates with LSF values calculated from
scintigraphic images.

Materials and Methods:
A 3D-printed lung and liver phantom containing two liver tumors was
developed from Polylactic Acid (PLA) material, which is similar to the normal-sized human
body in terms of texture and density. Actual %LSFs were calculated by filling phantoms and
tumors with 99mTc radionuclide. After the phantoms were placed in the water tank made of plexiglass
material, planar, SPECT, and SPECT/CT images were obtained. The actual LSF ratio
calculated from the activity amounts filled into the phantom was used for the verification of the
quantification of scintigraphic images and the results obtained by the Simplicity90YTM method.

Results:
In our experimental model, LSFs calculated from 99mTc activities filled into the lungs,
normal liver, small tumor, and large tumor were found to be 0%, 6.2%, 10.8%, and 16.9%. According
to these actual LSF values, LSF values were calculated from planar, SPECT/CT (without
attenuation correction), and SPECT/CT (with both attenuation and scatter correction) scintigraphic
images of the phantom. In each scintigraphy, doses were calculated for lung, small tumor,
large tumor, normal liver, and Simplicity90YTM. The doses calculated from planar and
SPECT/CT (NoAC+NoSC) images were found to be higher than the actual doses. The doses
calculated from SPECT/CT (with AC+with SC) images and Simplicity90YTM were found to be
closer to the real dose values.

Conclusion:
LSF is critical in dosimetry calculations of 90Y microsphere therapy. The newly
introduced hepatopulmonary shunt phantom in this study is suitable for LSF verification for all
models/brands of SPECT and SPECT/CT devices.
Curcumin and Berberine Arrest Maturation and Activation of Dendritic Cells
Derived from Lupus Erythematosus Patients
Authors: Nikpoor Amin Reza , Mahmoudi Mahmoud , Shapouri-Moghaddam Abbas , Rezaieyazdi Zahra , Mollazadeh Samaneh , Tabasi Nafiseh , Mansouri Atena , Modarres Moghadam Reyhane , Momtazi Amir Abbas , Najmaldin Soran Kay Fi , Kamal Kheder Ramiar , Esmaeili Seyed-Alireza 
Published: January 2024

Background::
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disease recognized by elevated activity of autoimmune cells, loss of tolerance, and
decreased regulatory T cells producing inhibitory cytokines. Despite many efforts, the definitive treatment for lupus has not been fully understood.
Curcumin (CUR) and berberine (BBR) have significant immunomodulatory roles and anti-inflammatory properties that have been demonstrated in
various studies. This study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory properties of CUR and BBR on human monocyte-derived dendritic cells
(DCs) with an special focus on the maturation and activation of DCs.

Methods::
Human monocytes were isolated from the heparinized blood of SLE patients and healthy individuals, which were then exposed to cytokines (IL-4
and GM-CSF) for five days to produce immature DCs. Then, the obtained DCs were characterized by FITC-uptake assay and then cultured in the
presence of CUR, BBR, or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 48 h. Finally, the maturation of DCs was analyzed by the level of maturation using flow
cytometry or real-time PCR methods.

Results::
The results showed promising anti-inflammatory effects of CUR and BBR in comparison with LPS, supported by a significant reduction of not
only co-stimulatory and antigen-presenting factors such as CD80, CD86, CD83, CD1a, CD14, and HLA-DR but also inflammatory cytokines such
as IL-12.

Conclusion::
CUR and BBR could arrest DC maturation and develop a tolerogenic DC phenotype that subsequently promoted the expression of inhibitory
cytokines and reduced the secretion of proinflammatory markers.
Alnustone: A Review of its Sources, Pharmacology, and Pharmacokinetics
Authors: Salari Zahra , Alavi Maryam , Rezaii-zadeh Hojjat , Bouyahya Abdelhakim , Alfergah Ammar , Afsari Sardari Sahar , Amiri Ardekani Ehsan 
Published: January 2024

:
Alnustone (4(E)-,6(E)-1,7-Diphenyl-hepta-4,6-dien-3-one) is a non-phenolic natural diarylheptanoid, which was first isolated and identified from
the male flower of Alnus pendula (Betulaceae). It can also be isolated from Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb (Zingiberaceae) rhizomes and Alpinia
katsumadai Hayata (Zingiberaceae) seeds. It was first synthesized through a five-step process from β-phenyl propionyl chloride. In later years, new
methods for synthesizing Alnustone were designed and performed with different yields. Due to the various therapeutic effects exhibited by
alnustone like other diarylheptanoids, its biological activities such as antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties have been the
subject of many studies.

:
This article has reviewed different aspects of this valuable natural compound, including its natural and synthetic sources, therapeutic effects, and
pharmacokinetics as a potential future therapeutic agent.
A Review of the Dual Role of MicroRNA-21 in Cardiovascular Diseases: Risk
Factor or a Potential Therapeutic Target
Authors: Jafari-Nozad Amir Masoud , Rostami Negin , Esmaeili Melika , Vahdati Haniye , Hosseini Serajoddin , Farkhondeh Tahereh , Samarghandian Saeed 
Published: January 2024

Abstract:
Cardiovascular diseases [CVD] are the number one reason for morbidity and mortality in the modern world, and their incidence is increasing at an
incredible pace. Increasing evidence has shown the significant functions of microRNAs in the cardiovascular system and has highlighted their
potential application as a new era of diagnostic and therapeutic targets for CVD that can improve the prognosis and life expectancy of patients.
Among more than 2,000 microRNAs, microRNA-21 [miR-21] is highly expressed in human hearts and has earned the interest of researchers as a
potential biomarker in a wide range of common heart conditions. Here, we summarized recent research progress regarding the significant role of
miR-21 in CVD, focusing on cardiotoxicity, heart arrhythmias, cardiomyopathies, and hypertension. Several signaling pathways [TGF-β1/Smad2
signaling, FGFR1/FGF21/PPARγ, NF-κB/miR-21/SMAD7, miR-21/SPRY1/ERK/mTOR …] and molecular targets [BTG2, PDCD4, PTEN,
STAT3…] were reported to be controlled, at least partially, by miR-21 and are linked to CVD pathogenesis. Most investigations highlighted
miR-21 cardioprotective functions in heart injury, while some other studies showed that this miR is elevated in the serum/tissue of patients,
promoting fibrosis and cardiac dysfunction. This dual role can be explained by the fact that miR-21 has multiple regulatory functions depending on
the microenvironment, downstream signaling, and target genes, which indicates that cell-type-specific investigations should receive more attention.
With further investigations, miR-21 can be considered a novel tailored therapy with favorable outcomes.
Kinetic and Mechanistic Pathway of Electron Transfer Reactions:
Pyridine Oxidation by Peroxomonophosphoric Acid in Acidic
Aqueous Medium
Authors: Agarwal A. , Meena A. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract:
The kinetic and mechanistic pathways of pyridine oxidation by peroxomonophosphate
has been studied in an acidic aqueous medium. Reactions of peroxomonophosphoric
acid are the least exploited kinetically. This reaction has been attempted to understand
the role of oxidation of pyridine and the reactivity pattern of peroxomonophosphate.
The reaction has been second order and First-order concerning the oxidant and substrate,
respectively. The reaction rate showed a decreasing effect with increasing hydrogen ion
concentration. Considering peroxomonophosphate reactions as non-chain reactions and all
the results, a feasible mechanism for the reaction has been suggested. The calculated energy
of activation and entropy of activation has been observed conventionally to be 80 ± 5 kJ
mol-1 and – 45 ± 6 JK-1 mol-1. The oxidation product was pyridine-N-oxide in this reaction.
Recent Advancements in Applications of Alginates in Drug Delivery,
Tissue Engineering, and Biomedical Field
Authors: Morparia Saurabh , Suvarna Vasanti 
Published: January 2024

Abstract:
Alginates, originating from the cell walls of brown algae, constitute a class of biopolymers
known for their linear, unbranched architecture. Comprising both homopolymeric and heteropolymeric
blocks, these polymers are constructed through glycosidic bonds linking β-D mannuronic acid
and α-L-guluronic acid units in a 1-4 configuration. The specific arrangement of these monomers,
whether in alternate, sequential, or random configurations, imparts distinct physical and chemical
properties to the polysaccharide. The composition and organization of alginates play a pivotal role in
dictating their performance and potential applications, particularly within the realm of biomedicine.
A comprehensive understanding of their intricate chemistry and characterization is imperative for
effective utilization. This knowledge serves as the cornerstone for designing tailored delivery systems
and strategies to leverage the unique attributes of alginates for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes.
Commercially, alginates are offered in diverse forms and hues, encompassing sodium, potassium,
or ammonium salts. Alginates show commendable biocompatibility and biodegradability and
exhibit a marked absence of antigenicity and toxicity. In addition, their ability to form chelates with
divalent cations and to facilitate the creation of pH-responsive gels through crosslinking with calcium
and magnesium significantly enhances their versatility. Alginates possess a molecular weight
range of from 60,000 to 700,000 Da, a parameter capable of adjusting to align with specific applications.
This inherent versatility positions them as valuable assets across a spectrum of fields, including
pharmaceuticals, tissue regeneration scaffolds, drug delivery systems, and imaging agents. The review
article provides a comprehensive exploration of the diverse applications of alginates in tissue
engineering, drug delivery, and various domains within biomedicine. By delving into the nuanced
characteristics and behaviors of alginates, we aspire to unlock their full potential in advancing therapeutic
and diagnostic interventions.
Carbon Dots an Integrative Nanostructure for Fluorescent Bio-imaging,
Targeted Delivery of Medication and Phototherapy in Malignancy: A
Review
Authors: Salve Pallavi L. , Bhinge Somnath D. , Bhutkar Mangesh A. 
Published: January 2024

Background:
Silent onset and metastasis in tissues make cancer the most devastating
illness globally. Monitoring the growth of the tumour and delivering drugs to specific tissues are
some of the major issues associated with treatment. However, with an improved understanding of
tumour microenvironments and advancements in nanocarriers of drugs, novel nano-targeting pathways
that can be utilised by nanocarriers have been developed. Carbon Dots, with their tiny size and
outstanding physicochemical features, are an emerging category of carbon nanostructures that have
attracted a lot of curiosity.

Objective:
Multitudinous attempts and extensive studies have been undertaken by many researchers
regarding the synthesis of Carbon Dots and their applications in various fields. These studies have
explained that the synthesised Carbon Dots have versatile surface functionalities, high luminescence,
and excellent biocompatibility. This article focuses on recent developments in synthesis approaches,
carbon precursors used, and applications of Carbon Dots, specifically within the biomedical field,
with a particular focus on cancer.

Results:
Carbon dots synthesised from a variety of precursors can act as prominent candidates for
bioimaging and drug carriers and are used in cancer phototherapy. In this article, Carbon Dots are
summarised based on their bright luminescent properties, distinct structure, drug loading capacity,
and near-infrared (NIR) emission.

Conclusion:
Carbon dots, employed as tumour theranostics, can serve as an alternative to synthetic
fluorescent dyes. They fulfil the role of bioimaging agents and facilitate the precise delivery of drugs
to cancer cells. Additionally, they exhibit excellence as phototherapeutic agents, featuring high nearinfrared
(NIR) emission and minimal side effects.