bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Growth and yield of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and corn (Zea mays L.) near a high voltage transmission line
Authors: Soja G. , Kunsch B. , Gerzabek M. , Reichenauer T. , Soja A.‐M. , Rippar G. , Bolhàr‐Nordenkampf H.R. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThe objective of this study was to determine the effects of an electromagnetic field from a high voltage transmission line on the yield of agricultural crops cultivated underneath and near the transmission line. For 5 years, experiments with winter wheat and corn were carried out near the 380 kV transmission line Dürnrohr (Austria)–Slavetice (Czech Republic). Different field strengths were tested by planting the crops at different distances from the transmission line. The plants were grown in experimental plots (1.77 m2), aligned to equal electric field strengths, and were cultivated according to standard agricultural practice. The soil for all plots was homogenized layer‐specifically to a depth of 0.5 m to guarantee uniform soil conditions in the plant root environment. The soil was sampled annually for determinations of carbon content and the behavior of microbial biomass. During development of the vegetation, samples were collected at regular intervals for growth rate analyses. At physiological maturity, the plots (n = 8) were harvested for grain and straw yield determinations. The average electric and magnetic field strengths at four distances from the transmission line (nominal distances: 40, 14, 8, and 2 m) were between 0.2 and 4.0 kV/m and between 0.4 and 4.5 µT, respectively. No effect of the field exposures on soil microbial biomass could be detected. The wheat grain yields were 7% higher (average of 5 years) in the plots with the lowest field exposure than in the plots nearer to the transmission line (P < .10). The responses of the plants were more pronounced in years with drought episodes during grain filling than in humid years. No significant yield differences were found for corn yields. The extent of the yield variations attributed to the distance from the transmission line was small compared to the observed annual variations in climatic or soil specific site characteristics. Bioelectromagnetics 24:91–102, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A four coil exposure system (tetracoil) producing a highly uniform magnetic field
Authors: Gottardi G. , Mesirca P. , Agostini C. , Remondini D. , Bersani F. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractWe propose a magnetic field exposure system (tetracoil) for in vitro and in vivo experiments, composed of two couples of circular coils satisfying a spherical constraint, whose characteristics are chosen in order to maximize the uniformity region of the magnetic field. Analytical calculations and computer simulations show that our system, as compared to the other most largely used magnetic field exposure systems, represents an optimal compromise in terms of field uniformity, accessibility for biological experiments, and ratio between overall dimension and uniformity region. Bioelectromagnetics 24:125–133, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Exposure of human peripheral blood lymphocytes to electromagnetic fields associated with cellular phones leads to chromosomal instability
Authors: Mashevich Maya , Folkman Dan , Kesar Amit , Barbul Alexander , Korenstein Rafi , Jerby Eli , Avivi Lydia 
Published: January 2003

AbstractWhether exposure to radiation emitted from cellular phones poses a health hazard is at the focus of current debate. We have examined whether in vitro exposure of human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) to continuous 830 MHz electromagnetic fields causes losses and gains of chromosomes (aneuploidy), a major “somatic mutation” leading to genomic instability and thereby to cancer. PBL were irradiated at different average absorption rates (SAR) in the range of 1.6–8.8 W/kg for 72 hr in an exposure system based on a parallel plate resonator at temperatures ranging from 34.5–37.5 °C. The averaged SAR and its distribution in the exposed tissue culture flask were determined by combining measurements and numerical analysis based on a finite element simulation code. A linear increase in chromosome 17 aneuploidy was observed as a function of the SAR value, demonstrating that this radiation has a genotoxic effect. The SAR dependent aneuploidy was accompanied by an abnormal mode of replication of the chromosome 17 region engaged in segregation (repetitive DNA arrays associated with the centromere), suggesting that epigenetic alterations are involved in the SAR dependent genetic toxicity. Control experiments (i.e., without any RF radiation) carried out in the temperature range of 34.5–38.5 °C showed that elevated temperature is not associated with either the genetic or epigenetic alterations observed following RF radiation—the increased levels of aneuploidy and the modification in replication of the centromeric DNA arrays. These findings indicate that the genotoxic effect of the electromagnetic radiation is elicited via a non‐thermal pathway. Moreover, the fact that aneuploidy is a phenomenon known to increase the risk for cancer, should be taken into consideration in future evaluation of exposure guidelines. Bioelectromagnetics 24:82–90, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anti‐pressor effects of whole body exposure to static magnetic field on pharmacologically induced hypertension in conscious rabbits
Authors: Okano Hideyuki , Ohkubo Chiyoji 
Published: January 2003

AbstractAcute effects of whole body exposure to static magnetic field (SMF) on pharmacologically induced hypertension in a conscious rabbit were evaluated. Hypertensive and vasoconstrictive actions were induced by norepinephrine (NE) or a nonselective nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor, Nω‐nitro‐l‐arginine methyl ester (l‐NAME). The hemodynamics in a central artery of the ear lobe was measured continuously and analyzed by penetrating microphotoelectric plethysmography (MPPG). Concurrently, blood pressure (BP) changes in a central artery, contralateral to that of the MPPG measured ear lobe, were monitored. Magnetic flux densities were 5.5 mT (Bmax), the magnetic gradient peaked in the throat at the level of ∼0.09 mT/mm, and the duration of exposure was 30 min. The results demonstrated that under normal physiological conditions without treatment of pharmacological agents, there were no statistically significant differences in the hemodynamics and BP changes between the sham and the SMF exposure alone. Under pharmacologically induced hypertensive conditions, the whole body exposure to nonuniform SMF with peak magnetic gradient in the carotid sinus baroreceptor significantly attenuated the vasoconstriction and suppressed the elevation of BPs. These findings suggest that antipressor effects of the SMF on the hemodynamics under NE or l‐NAME induced high vascular tone might be, in part, dependent on modulation of NE mediated response in conjunction with alteration in NOS activity, thereby modulating BPs. Bioelectromagnetics 24:139–147, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Infant–mother and infant–father synchrony: The coregulation of positive arousal
Authors: Feldman Ruth 
Published: January 2003

AbstractTo examine the coregulation of positive affect during mother–infant and father–infant interactions, 100 couples and their first‐born child were videotaped in face‐to‐face interactions. Parents' and infant's affective states were coded in one‐second frames, and synchrony was measured with time‐series analysis. The orientation, intensity, and temporal pattern of infant positive arousal were assessed. Synchrony between same‐gender parent–infant dyads was more optimal in terms of stronger lagged associations between parent and infant affect, more frequent mutual synchrony, and shorter lags to responsiveness. Infants' arousal during mother–infant interaction cycled between medium and low levels, and high positive affect appeared gradually and was embedded within a social episode. During father–child play, positive arousal was high, sudden, and organized in multiple peaks that appeared more frequently as play progressed. Mother–infant synchrony was linked to the partners' social orientation and was inversely related to maternal depression and infant negative emotionality. Father–child synchrony was related to the intensity of positive arousal and to father attachment security. Results contribute to research on the regulation of positive emotions and describe the unique modes of affective sharing that infants coconstruct with mother and father. ©2003 Michigan Association for Infant Mental Health.
Interannual variability in the Uruguay river basin
Authors: Krepper C. M. , García N. O. , Jones P. D. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractBoth (El Niño–southern oscillation ENSO)‐scale and near‐decadal variations in precipitation and river flow have been noted in southeastern South America. Here we focus on the Uruguay river basin and its subcatchments. Both river flow and precipitation are analysed with singular spectrum analysis in an examination of how the signals of the subcatchments are related to the overall basin signal. The approximate 6 year signal and the 3.5 year ENSO signal are the two statistically significant peaks for the river flow. Both signals are present in all the available river flows, but only in the precipitation of the upper two‐thirds of the basin. Precipitation in the lower part of the basin shows positive trends. The ENSO signal is strongly modulated at the secular time scale; we construct a simple sinusoidal model for this modulation. Copyright © 2003 Royal Meteorological Society.
Two decades of urban climate research: a review of turbulence, exchanges of energy and water, and the urban heat island
Authors: Arnfield A. John 
Published: January 2003

AbstractProgress in urban climatology over the two decades since the first publication of the International Journal of Climatology is reviewed. It is emphasized that urban climatology during this period has benefited from conceptual advances made in microclimatology and boundary‐layer climatology in general. The role of scale, heterogeneity, dynamic source areas for turbulent fluxes and the complexity introduced by the roughness sublayer over the tall, rigid roughness elements of cities is described. The diversity of urban heat islands, depending on the medium sensed and the sensing technique, is explained. The review focuses on two areas within urban climatology. First, it assesses advances in the study of selected urban climatic processes relating to urban atmospheric turbulence (including surface roughness) and exchange processes for energy and water, at scales of consideration ranging from individual facets of the urban environment, through streets and city blocks to neighbourhoods. Second, it explores the literature on the urban temperature field. The state of knowledge about urban heat islands around 1980 is described and work since then is assessed in terms of similarities to and contrasts with that situation. Finally, the main advances are summarized and recommendations for urban climate work in the future are made. Copyright © 2003 Royal Meteorological Society.
A sudden change in summer rainfall characteristics in Korea during the late 1970s
Authors: Ho Chang‐Hoi , Lee June‐Yi , Ahn Myoung‐Hwan , Lee Hee‐Sang 
Published: January 2003

AbstractWe have examined long‐term climate change in Korea by studying daily rainfall data over a period of 48 years (1954–2001). The results show that there is a more frequent heavy rainfall anomaly larger than 100 mm per 3 months in recent years. For further investigation, we divide the whole period into two 24 year intervals, 1954–77 and 1978–2001. Two well‐defined rainfall peaks occur during summertime in both intervals. During the earlier interval, primary and secondary rainfall peaks are found in early July and early September, respectively. In the later interval, on the other hand, the secondary peak is found in mid–late August, mainly attributed to enhanced heavy rainfall (≥30 mm day−1) events. Although a similar shift occurs in the primary peak, it is much smaller. Thus, the relatively dry spell between the two peaks becomes shorter in the later interval compared with the earlier one.The domain‐mean geopotential height at 700 hPa (Φ700) over mid‐latitude Asia (30–50° N, 60–120° E) for the summer also experienced a sudden increase in the mid 1970s. A comparison of the spatial distribution of Φ700 between the two intervals shows large positive differences over the central‐eastern Asian continent in the later interval. In contrast to the positive anomaly of Φ700 in the later interval, there is a decreasing trend in surface temperature. The increased Φ700 introduces a stronger northerly wind over East Asia and possibly produces a moisture convergence, enhanced convective activity, and heavy rainfall over the region, in particular over Korea and central China. Copyright © 2003 Royal Meteorological Society.
Preparation and characterization of microcellular polystyrene/polystyrene ionomer blends with supercritical carbon dioxide
Authors: Wang Jin , Cheng Xingguo , Zheng Xuejing , Yuan Mingjun , He Jiasong 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThe preparation of microcellular polystyrene (PS), lightly sulfonated polystyrene (SPS), zinc‐neutralized lightly sulfonated polystyrene (ZnSPS), and blends of PS/SPS and PS/ZnSPS via supercritical CO2 was carried out with the pressure‐quench process. Both higher foaming temperature and lower pressure result in larger cell sizes, lower cell densities, and lower relative density for microcellular ionomers and blends as for microcellular PS. The difference among various microcellular samples is the change of cell size with the sample composition. The cell size decreases in the sequence from SPS, through PS/SPS blends, PS and PS/ZnSPS blends, to ZnSPS. The diffusivity of CO2 in samples also decreases in the sequence from SPS, through PS/SPS blends, PS and PS/ZnSPS blends, to ZnSPS. For this series of samples with similar structure and identical solubility of CO2, the varying diffusivity is responsible for the difference of cell sizes. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 41: 368–377, 2003
Deconvolution of scanning transmission electron microscopy images of ionomers
Authors: Kirkmeyer Brian P. , Puetter Richard C. , Yahil Amos , Winey Karen I. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractPreviously, we studied a variety of ionomer morphologies with scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). Other groups have found that deconvoluting STEM images dramatically improve the overall image quality and the detection of sub‐nanometer‐scale features. In this study, STEM images of nanometer‐scale ion‐rich aggregates were deconvolved via the Pixon method with a simulated electron probe. The image models are considerably sharper with significantly decreased noise levels, thus making the size and shape of the ionic aggregates easier to distinguish relative to those in the raw STEM images. Raw and deconvoluted images of Zn‐neutralized poly(styrene‐ran‐methacrylic acid) ionomers containing spherical ionic aggregates indicate that the electron density varies smoothly from the edge to the center of the aggregates. Deconvolution also clarifies the issue of aggregate overlap in the STEM images. Furthermore, line scans across deconvoluted STEM images suggest that the three‐dimensional density distribution of these nanoaggregates compares favorably with a radially symmetric Gaussian distribution as opposed to a uniformly dense sphere. The overall result of this work is that deconvolution of STEM images provide ways in which to better investigate the morphologies of ionomers. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 41: 319–326, 2003
Book Reviews
Authors: Batchelor Matthew , Moody Jane , Batchelor Matthew 
Published: January 2003

Print‐on Demand: A New Option for Journal Publishers? On‐Demand Production of Books (A Strategic Futures Report for Full Members of PIRA International) by John Birkenshaw and David Butler PIRA International, www.piranet.com. ISBN 1‐85802‐433‐1A Guide to Medical Publishing and Writing edited by Peter Richardson Mark Allen Publishing, 2002. ix + 145 pp. £10.99The Book History Reader edited by David Finkelstein and Alistair McCleery Routledge, 2001. ISBN 0‐415‐22657‐0 (hbk), £60.00; 0‐415‐22658‐9 (pbk), £17.99
Human Papillomavirus and Cervical Cancer
Authors: Burd Eileen M. 
Published: January 2003

SUMMARY
Of the many types of human papillomavirus (HPV), more than 30 infect the genital tract. The association between certain oncogenic (high-risk) strains of HPV and cervical cancer is well established. Although HPV is essential to the transformation of cervical epithelial cells, it is not sufficient, and a variety of cofactors and molecular events influence whether cervical cancer will develop. Early detection and treatment of precancerous lesions can prevent progression to cervical cancer. Identification of precancerous lesions has been primarily by cytologic screening of cervical cells. Cellular abnormalities, however, may be missed or may not be sufficiently distinct, and a portion of patients with borderline or mildly dyskaryotic cytomorphology will have higher-grade disease identified by subsequent colposcopy and biopsy. Sensitive and specific molecular techniques that detect HPV DNA and distinguish high-risk HPV types from low-risk HPV types have been introduced as an adjunct to cytology. Earlier detection of high-risk HPV types may improve triage, treatment, and follow-up in infected patients. Currently, the clearest role for HPV DNA testing is to improve diagnostic accuracy and limit unnecessary colposcopy in patients with borderline or mildly abnormal cytologic test results.
Concepts in Immunology and Diagnosis of Hydatid Disease
Authors: Zhang Wenbao , Li Jun , McManus Donald P. 
Published: January 2003

SUMMARYEchinococcosis is a cosmopolitan zoonosis caused by adult or larval stages of cestodes belonging to the genus Echinococcus (family Taeniidae). The two major species of medical and public health importance are Echinococcus granulosus and E. multilocularis, which cause cystic echinococcosis (CE) and alveolar echinococcosis (AE), respectively. Both CE and AE are both serious diseases, the latter especially so, with a high fatality rate and poor prognosis if managed inappropriately. This review discusses new concepts and approaches in the immunology and diagnosis of CE, but comparative reference has also been made to AE infection and to earlier pivotal studies of both diseases. The review considers immunity to infection in the intermediate and definitive hosts, innate resistance, evasion of the immune system, and vaccination of intermediate and definitive hosts, and it particularly emphasizes procedures for diagnosis of CE and AE, including the value of immunodiagnostic approaches. There is also discussion of the new advances in recombinant and related DNA technologies, especially application of PCR, that are providing powerful tools in the fields of vaccinology and molecular diagnosis of echinococcosis.
Ehrlichia chaffeensis:a Prototypical Emerging Pathogen
Authors: Paddock Christopher D. , Childs James E. 
Published: January 2003

SUMMARYEhrlichia chaffeensis is an obligately intracellular, tick-transmitted bacterium that is maintained in nature in a cycle involving at least one and perhaps several vertebrate reservoir hosts. The moderate to severe disease caused by E. chaffeensis in humans, first identified in 1986 and reported for more than 1,000 patients through 2000, represents a prototypical “emerging infection.” Knowledge of the biology and natural history of E. chaffeensis, and of the epidemiology, clinical features, and laboratory diagnosis of the zoonotic disease it causes (commonly referred to as human monocytic ehrlichiosis [HME]) has expanded considerably in the period since its discovery. In this review, we summarize briefly the current understanding of the microbiology, pathogenesis, and clinical manifestations associated with this pathogen but focus primarily on discussing various ecological factors responsible for the recent recognition of this important and potentially life-threatening tick-borne disease. Perhaps the most pivotal element in the emergence of HME has been the staggering increases in white-tailed deer populations in the eastern United States during the 20th century. This animal serves as a keystone host for all life stages of the principal tick vector (Amblyomma americanum) and is perhaps the most important vertebrate reservoir host for E. chaffeensis. The contributions of other components, including expansion of susceptible human populations, growth and broadening geographical distributions of other potential reservoir species and A. americanum, and improvements in confirmatory diagnostic methods, are also explored.
Recent Progress in Herpes Simplex Virus Immunobiology and Vaccine Research
Authors: Koelle David M. , Corey Lawrence 
Published: January 2003

SUMMARYHerpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) cause prevalent, chronic infections that have serious outcomes in some individuals. Neonatal herpes may occur when the infant traverses the cervix during maternal genital herpes. Genital herpes is a major risk factor for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transmission. Considerable efforts have been made to design and test vaccines for HSV, focusing on genital infection with HSV-2. Several protein subunit vaccines based on HSV-2 envelope glycoproteins have reached advanced-phase clinical trials. These antigens were chosen because they are the targets of neutralizing-antibody responses and because they elicit cellular immunity. Encouraging results have been reported in studies of treatment of HSV-seronegative women with a vaccine consisting of truncated glycoprotein D of HSV-2 and a novel adjuvant. Because most sexual HSV transmission occurs during asymptomatic shedding, it is important to evaluate the impact of vaccination on HSV-2 infection, clinically apparent genital herpes, and HSV shedding among vaccine recipients who acquire infection. There are several other attractive formats, including subunit vaccines that target cellular immune responses, live attenuated virus strains, and mutant strains that undergo incomplete lytic replication. HSV vaccines have also been evaluated for the immunotherapy of established HSV infection.
Vigorous Innate and Virus-Specific Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Responses to Murine Cytomegalovirus in the Submaxillary Salivary Gland
Authors: Cavanaugh Victoria J. , Deng Yuping , Birkenbach Mark P. , Slater Jacquelyn S. , Campbell Ann E. 
Published: January 2003

ABSTRACTTo better understand the immunological mechanisms that permit prolonged shedding of murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) from the salivary gland, the phenotypic and functional characteristics of leukocytes infiltrating the submaxillary gland (SMG) were analyzed in infected BALB/c mice. A robust innate immune response, comprised of CD11c+major histocompatibility complex class II+CD11b−CD8α+dendritic cells and γ/δ T-cell receptor-bearing CD3+T cells was prominent through at least 28 days postinfection. Concurrently, a dramatic increase in pan-NK (DX5+) CD3+and CD8+T cells was observed, while CD4+T cells, known to be essential for viral clearance from this tissue, increased slightly. The expression particularly of gamma interferon but also of interleukin-10 and CC chemokines was extraordinarily high in the SMG in response to MCMV infection. The gamma interferon was produced primarily by CD4+and CD8+T lymphocytes and DX5+CD3+T cells. The SMG CD8+T cells were highly cytolytic ex vivo, and a significant proportion of these cells were specific to an immunodominant MCMV peptide. These peptide-specific clones were not exhausted by the presence of high virus titers, which persisted in the SMG despite the strength of the cell-mediated responses. In contrast, MCMV replication was efficiently cleared from the draining cervical and periglandular lymph nodes, a tissue displaying a substantially weaker antiviral response. Our data indicated that vigorous innate and acquired immune responses are elicited, activated, and retained in response to mucosal inflammation from persistent MCMV infection of the submaxillary gland.