bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tissue engineering in plastic reconstructive surgery
Authors: Walgenbach Klaus‐J. , Voigt Mathias , Riabikhin Artiom W. , Andree Christoph , Schaefer Dirk J. , Galla Thomas J. , Stark G. Björn 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTissue engineering (TE) is a new interdisciplinary field of applied research combining engineering and biosciences together with clinical application, mainly in surgical specialities, to develop living substitutes for tissues and organs. Tissue engineering approaches can be categorized into substitutive approaches, where the aim is the ex vivo construction of a living tissue or organ similar to a transplant, vs. histioconductive or histioinductive concepts in vivo. The main successful approaches in developing tissue substitutes to date have been progresses in the understanding of cell–cell interactions, the selection of appropriate matrices (cell–matrix interaction) and chemical signalling (cytokines, growth factors) for stimulation of cell proliferation and migration within a tissue‐engineered construct. So far virtually all mammalian cells can be cultured under specific culture conditions and in tissue specific matrices. Future progress in cell biology may permit the use of pluripotent stem cells for TE. The blueprint for tissue differentiation is the genome: for this it is reasonable to combine tissue engineering with gene therapy. The key to the progress of tissue engineering is an understanding between basic scientists, biochemical engineers, clinicians, and industry. Anat Rec 263:372–378, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Erratum
Authors: Yamamoto Daisuke 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe reproduction quality of figure 1 from the article, “Pathology of the adult central nervous system induced by genetic inhibition of programmed cell death in Drosophila pupae” by Kazue Usui‐Aoki, Yoshiro Nakano and Daisuke Yamamoto (DOI: 10.1002/arch.10011) which appeared in Volume 49, Number 2, 2002 on pages 94–101 was subpar. The reproduction did not accurately capture the fine detail of the author’s original prints. The figure from page 96 and legend is reprinted herein.
Renal flares are common in patients with severe proliferative lupus nephritis treated with pulse immunosuppressive therapy: Long‐term followup of a cohort of 145 patients participating in randomized controlled studies
Authors: Illei G. G. , Takada K. , Parkin D. , Austin H. A. , Crane M. , Yarboro C. H. , Vaughan E. M. , Kuroiwa T. , Danning C. L. , Pando J. , Steinberg A. D. , Gourley M. F. , Klippel J. H. , Balow J. E. , Boumpas D. T. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractObjectiveImmunosuppressive agents have become the standard of therapy for proliferative lupus nephritis, but some patients may relapse after discontinuing treatment. We reviewed the cases of renal flares in a cohort of patients who participated in 2 randomized controlled clinical trials at the National Institutes of Health and explored the prevalence, outcome, and predictive factors of renal flares.MethodsData were obtained on 145 patients treated with pulse cyclophosphamide, pulse methylprednisolone, or the combination of both. Patients had not received immunosuppressive therapy for at least 6 months and had experienced complete or partial response according to defined criteria. Renal flares were classified as either proteinuric or nephritic based on changes in urinary protein and sediment. Most patients who experienced a flare received additional immunosuppressive therapy.ResultsSeventy‐three patients had a complete response, and 19 had partial response/stabilization. Forty‐one of these patients (45%) experienced renal flares (nephritic in 33, proteinuric in 8) after a mean followup of 117 months; 31 of them received additional immunosuppressive therapy. The median time to renal flare was 36 months in the complete responders and 18 months in the partial responders. Eleven of the 41 patients (27%) progressed to end‐stage renal disease (ESRD); 9 had nephritic flares (all severe except for 1) and 2 had proteinuric flares (1 in each responder group). Compared with patients who had a complete response, those with a partial response were more likely to experience a flare, to have a severe nephritic flare, or to progress to ESRD. Low C4 at the time of response and African American ethnicity were significant independent risk factors for renal flare, by multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis.ConclusionNephritic flares are common in patients with proliferative lupus nephritis, even in those with a complete response to therapy, but they do not necessarily result in loss of renal function if treated with additional immunosuppressive agents. Renal flares are an important feature of the natural history of lupus nephritis and provide an opportunity for additional preventive strategies, as well as measures of efficacy in future therapeutic trials.
Step‐down approach using either cyclosporin A or methotrexate as maintenance therapy in early rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Marchesoni Antonio , Battafarano Norma , Arreghini Marco , Pellerito Raffaele , Cagnoli Maria , Prudente Porziana , Cerase Alfonso , Priolo Francesco , Tosi Sergio 
Published: August 2002

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the feasibility and outcome of the step‐down approach using either cyclosporin A (CSA) or methotrexate (MTX) as maintenance therapy following 6 months treatment with these 2 agents in combination in early, nonerosive rheumatoid arthritis (RA).MethodsFifty‐seven patients younger than 65 years with early, nonerosive RA were first treated with CSA and MTX in combination for 6 months. They were then randomly stepped down to single‐agent maintenance treatment for another 18 months. Safety, clinical efficacy, survival on treatment, and radiographic progression were evaluated.ResultsWhen being treated with combination therapy, 7 of the 57 patients (12.3%) withdrew because of adverse events. Of the remaining 50 patients, 42 (84.0%) were American College of Rheumatology (ACR) 20% responders, 30 (60.0%) were ACR 50% responders, and 23 (46.0%) were ACR 70% responders. At month 6, 22 patients were randomized to CSA and 27 to MTX. During this trial period, the treatment was discontinued by 16 patients taking CSA (mainly because of loss of efficacy) and by 4 taking MTX. At month 24, the probability (± SEM) of survival on treatment was 0.273 ± 0.09 for CSA and 0.852 ± 0.07 for MTX. Of the 6 CSA patients who completed the trial, 4 (66.7%) were ACR 20% responders, and 3 (50%) were both ACR 50% and ACR 70% responders. Of the 23 completers in the MTX arm, 21 (91.3%) were ACR 20% responders, 18 (78.3%) were ACR 50%, and 10 (43.5%) were ACR 70% responders. The treatment was not responsible for severe adverse events. Radiography showed a slow progression in the damage score and number of eroded joints in both treatment groups.ConclusionStepping down to single agent maintenance therapy following 6 months of combination treatment with CSA and MTX in early RA was only successful with MTX. Because this treatment did not prevent some radiographic progression, other approaches (e.g., step‐up approach) may be more appropriate in early RA.
A personal agent for Chinese financial news on the Web
Authors: Yang Christopher C. , Chung Alan 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAs the Web has become a major channel of information dissemination, many newspapers expand their services by providing electronic versions of news information on the Web. However, most investors find it difficult to search for the financial information of interest from the huge Web information space–information overloading problem. In this article, we present a personal agent that utilizes user profiles and user relevance feedback to search for the Chinese Web financial news articles on behalf of users. A Chinese indexing component is developed to index the continuously fetched Chinese financial news articles. User profiles capture the basic knowledge of user preferences based on the sources of news articles, the regions of the news reported, categories of industries related, the listed companies, and user‐specified keywords. User feedback captures the semantics of the user rated news articles. The search engine ranks the top 20 news articles that users are most interested in and report to the user daily or on demand. Experiments are conducted to measure the performance of the agents based on the inputs from user profiles and user feedback. It shows that simply using the user profiles does not increase the precision of the retrieval. However, user relevance feedback helps to increase the performance of the retrieval as the user interact with the system until it reaches the optimal performance. Combining both user profiles and user relevance feedback produces the best performance.
MetaSpider: Meta‐searching and categorization on the Web
Authors: Chen Hsinchun , Fan Haiyan , Chau Michael , Zeng Daniel 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIt has become increasingly difficult to locate relevant information on the Web, even with the help of Web search engines. Two approaches to addressing the low precision and poor presentation of search results of current search tools are studied: meta‐search and document categorization. Meta‐search engines improve precision by selecting and integrating search results from generic or domain‐specific Web search engines or other resources. Document categorization promises better organization and presentation of retrieved results. This article introduces MetaSpider, a meta‐search engine that has real‐time indexing and categorizing functions. We report in this paper the major components of MetaSpider and discuss related technical approaches. Initial results of a user evaluation study comparing MetaSpider, NorthernLight, and MetaCrawler in terms of clustering performance and of time and effort expended show that MetaSpider performed best in precision rate, but disclose no statistically significant differences in recall rate and time requirements. Our experimental study also reveals that MetaSpider exhibited a higher level of automation than the other two systems and facilitated efficient searching by providing the user with an organized, comprehensive view of the retrieved documents.
Forecasting stock index volatility
Authors: Bramante Riccardo , Luigi Santamaria 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAccurate volatility forecasting is the key to successful risk analysis. In fact, volatility forecasts lie at the centre of many financial systems, such as value at risk modelling and pricing of derivative securities. This paper is concerned with how to construct stock index volatility predictors using the returns histories of the stocks that define the Index. Specifically, our approach presupposes that the total volatility of the index returns can be explained by the volatility of the related components. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparative pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability after subcutaneous administration of recombinant human erythropoietin formulated with different stabilizers
Authors: Cheung Wing K. , Natarajan Jaya , Sanders Marilyn , Vercammen Els 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis report summarizes the results of two double‐blind, single‐center, randomized studies that used a two‐period crossover design. The objective of these two studies was to compare the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pain score at the subcutaneous (sc) injection site of a phosphate‐buffered recombinant human erythropoietin (EPREX®, epoetin alfa, r‐HuEPO) formulated with a new stabilizer (glycine and Polysorbate 80) with the commercially available EPREX® formulations, which uses human serum albumin (HSA) as the stabilizer. Twenty‐four healthy male volunteers were enrolled in each of the two studies. In the first study, subjects received a single 150 IU/kg sc dose of r‐HuEPO using the 2000 IU/mL (2K) phosphate‐buffered formulation with or without the new stabilizer (12 subjects/group). In the second study, subjects received a single 750 IU/kg sc dose of r‐HuEPO using the 40 000 IU/mL (40K) phosphate‐buffered formulation with or without the new stabilizer (12 subjects/group). In each study, r‐HuEPO was administered over two separate dosing periods, each separated with a 28‐day washout period. There were no significant differences in AUC and Cmax for either strength of r‐HuEPO formulated with or without the new stabilizer, indicating that the absorption and disposition characteristics of the two formulations were similar after sc administration. Both r‐HuEPO strengths with and without the new stabilizer were safe and well tolerated; the safety and tolerability profiles of both formulations for each r‐HuEPO concentration were comparable. There were no statistically significant differences in pain score for either strength of r‐HuEPO with and without the new stabilizer. It was concluded that the two phosphate‐buffered r‐HuEPO concentrations formulated with and without the new stabilizer are pharmacokinetically equivalent. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Do cocarcinogenic effects of ELF electromagnetic fields require repeated long‐term interaction with carcinogens? Characteristics of positive studies using the DMBA breast cancer model in rats
Authors: Löscher W. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe carcinogenic or cocarcinogenic potential of extremely low frequency (ELF; 50 or 60 Hz) magnetic fields (MFs) has been evaluated worldwide in diverse animal model systems. Though most results have been negative, weakly positive or equivocal results have been reported in several cancer models, including the rat DMBA (7,12‐dimethylbenz[a]anthracene) model of mammary cancer. Based on the experimental conditions used in studies in which cocarcinogenic effects of ELF MF were found, it was recently proposed that MF exposure may potentiate the effects of known carcinogens only when the animals are exposed to both MF and carcinogen during an extended period of tumor development, i.e., when the carcinogen is given repeatedly during MF exposure. This review summarizes a series of experiments from our group, showing cocarcinogenic MF effects in the DMBA breast cancer model in rats, to test whether the above proposal is confirmed by existing data. Flux densities of 50 or 100 μT significantly increased the growth of mammary tumors, independent of whether DMBA was given in a single administration or repeatedly over a prolonged period. Thus, these data do not substantiate the hypothesis requiring repeated doses of DMBA during MF exposure. Instead, several other aspects of study design and experimental factors are identified that seem to be critical for the detection of cocarcinogenic effects of MF exposure in the rat DMBA mammary cancer model. These include the rat subline used, the dose of DMBA, the duration of MF exposure, the flux density, the background (sham control) tumor incidence, and the location of mammary tumors in the mammary gland complex. These and other experimental aspects may explain why some laboratories did not detect cocarcinogenic MF effects in the DMBA model. We hope that direct comparison of MF bioeffects in different rat sublines and further evaluation of other experimental differences between studies on MF exposure in the DMBA model will eventually determine which genetic and environmental factors are critical for potential carcinogenic or cocarcinogenic effects of ELF MF exposure. Bioelectromagnetics 22:603–614, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Estimating the magnitude of the sum of two magnetic fields with uncertain spatial orientations, polarizations, and/or relative phase
Authors: Kaune W.T. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA problem frequently encountered when modeling the power frequency magnetic fields, B and A, produced by two sources is the necessity of estimating the root mean square (rms) magnitude of their sum, i.e., T = |B + A|, when the rms magnitudes, B and A, of the fields are specified by the model, but not necessarily their spatial directions, polarizations, and/or relative phase. The estimator $Q=\sqrt {B^2+A^2}$ was proposed many years ago for this purpose. The accuracy of this estimator is characterized in this paper. If it is known that B and A are approximately linearly polarized and in phase, the maximum bias (i.e., systematic) and random errors for Q used to estimate T are 6.1 and 35%, respectively, when B = A. These errors decrease as the difference between B and A increases. The bias and random errors are, respectively, 3.2 and 26% when B = 2A or A/2 and 0.2 and 5.8% when B = 10A or A/10. If the directions, relative phase, and polarizations of the two fields are unknown, Q has maximum bias and random errors of ≈ 2.6 and ≈ 23%, respectively, when B = A. These errors decrease to ≈ 1.5 and ≈ 18% when B =2 A or A/2 and ≈ 0.08 and ≈ 4.0% when B = 10A or A/10. If B and A are known to be linearly polarized and collinear, but with unknown phase between them, the maximum bias and random errors are 11 and 48%, respectively, when B = A. The errors are 5.1 and 32% when B = 2A or A/2 and 0.2 and 7.0% when B = 10A or A/10. Estimators for T with zero bias can be derived, but they are more complicated and increase overall accuracy very little. Bioelectromagnetics 23:59–67, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Selective activity of butyrylcholinesterase in serum by a chemiluminescent assay
Authors: Yavo Boni , Brunetti Iguatemy L. , da Fonseca Luiz M. , Catalani Luiz H. , Campa Ana 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn a previous study, we showed that purified commercial esterase activity can be detected in a chemiluminescent assay based on the hydrolysis of 2‐methyl‐1‐propenylbenzoate (MPB) to 2‐methyl‐1‐propenol, which is subsequently oxidized by the horseradish peroxidase (HRP)–H2O2 system. The purpose of this study was to verify the applicability of this assay to human serum. The existence of an esterase activity capable of hydrolysing MPB is indicated by the fact that the MPB–serum–HRP–H2O2 system consumes oxygen and emits light. Both signals were abolished by prior serum heat inactivation and were preserved when serum was stored at ≤4°C. Addition of aliesterase inhibitors, such as fluoride ion and trichlorfon or the cholinesterase inhibitor eserine, totally prevents light emission. The butyrylcholinesterase‐specific substrate benzoylcholine causes a delay in both O2 uptake and light emission, while the specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, acetyl‐β‐methylcholine, had practically no effect. Purified butyrylcholinesterase, but not acetylcholinesterase, triggered light emission. The finding that butyrylcholinesterase is responsible for the hydrolysis of MPB in serum should serve as the basis for the development of a specific chemiluminescent assay for this enzyme. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Direct chemical extraction of a recombinant viral coat protein from Escherichia coli at high cell density
Authors: Choe Woo‐seok , Middelberg Anton P.J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe release of protein and DNA from nonrecombinant E. coli JM101 and recombinant E. coli HMS174(DE3) expressing L1 (the major viral coat protein of human papillomavirus type 16) as an inclusion body was demonstrated at high cell density (OD600 = 160). For the nonrecombinant strain, extraction efficiency decreased significantly as cell mass increased, with a high viscosity increase in the postextraction broth. A different dependence on cell concentration was observed for the recombinant strain, with total protein extraction efficiency exceeding 85% for both uninduced and induced cells. Almost complete release of the recombinant L1 protein was achieved at high cell concentration (OD600 = 80 ∼ 160) without the use of reducing agent. This greatly extends the concentration range for chemical extraction. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 75: 451–455, 2001.
Effect of operating variables on the yield of recombinant trypsinogen for a pulse‐fed dilution‐refolding reactor
Authors: Mark Buswell A. , Ebtinger Mark , Vertés Alain A. , Middelberg Anton P.J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe inclusion body process route for manufacturing proteins offers distinct process advantages in terms of expression levels and the ease of initial inclusion body recovery. The efficiency of the refolding unit operation, however, does determine the overall economic feasibility of a process. Dilution refolding is the simplest and most extensively used refolding operation, although significant yield losses often occur due mainly to aggregation. Operating variables may have a significant effect on the degree of aggregation, but a systematic study has not been reported. This study investigates the effect of operating variables on the dilution refolding of solubilized r‐trypsinogen inclusion bodies in a pulse‐fed stirred reactor. Variables investigated were inclusion body washing, stirring speed, feed rate, concentration of solubilized r‐trypsinogen, and concentration of urea during solubilization of the inclusion bodies. Additionally, the effect of baffles in the reactor was investigated. The yield of renatured r‐trypsinogen varied between 12 ± 0.2% and 21 ± 1.0% depending on the specific combination of operating variables employed. It is clear that a suboptimal operating strategy can significantly reduce protein yield. In particular, we note that an increased intensity of mixing adversely affected yield in contrast to previous reports indicating that enhanced dispersion increases yield. We conclude that yield is determined not only by the efficiency of dispersion, but also by the local chemical environment of the protein as it folds, and the rate of change of this environment. This will be controlled by micromixing effects, and hence the intensity of agitation, in a complex manner requiring further characterization. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 77: 435–444, 2002; DOI 10.1002/bit.10148
Strain selection of Metarrhizium anisopliae by image analysis of colony morphology for consistency of steroid biotransformation
Authors: Yang Kui , Wang Jifen , Li Xiaojing , Feng Xia , Duan Shiduo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractQuantitative description of colony morphological images of the fungus Metarrhizium anisopliae was done by means of computer image analysis based on fractal analysis. Compared with simple fractal analysis, the differences in the morphological features of colonies were expressed more accurately by multifractal analysis. The use of multifractal analysis markedly improved the reliability of colony image analysis, which could be extended to morphological characterization for colony recognition and classification. First, the multifractal spectrum was calculated from each morphological image and 14 features were defined on the spectrum to describe the spectral line profile. Second, three features, α‐right, α‐width, and f‐start, were selected from the 14 features in two‐dimensional feature vector spaces and a feature augmented vector (α‐right, α‐width, and f‐start, 1)T was generated and used for classifier design. Third, a statistical least mean square error (LMSE) algorithm was applied to design a piecewise‐linear classifier, which consists of two linear classifiers, d1(x) and d2(x). Representative colony samples were used as training and test sample sets, which were previously classified into a high‐activity class and another class by a training person. After passing the training phase, the piecewise‐linear classifier could be used for automated classification of unknown colony samples. A correct recognition rate of 96% was achieved in this manner. Compared with conventional strain selection methods, this new method has the advantage of less subjectivity, reduced labor and time, and improved ability to deal with a large number of colonies. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 75: 53–62, 2001.