bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Digging Still Deeper for Firm Ground
Authors: Abraham William J. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractA fresh outburst of Liberal Protestantism represented by the work of Schubert Ogden in the middle of the twentieth century exposed afresh the captivity of Protestantism to epistemology. Reworking the New Testament canon to be a canon before the canon that operated as a criterion of identity, Ogden embraced a version of secularization that looked to secular science and history for the truth about the world. The Christian faith was, for him, a representation of truths that are given universally in experience. He embraced a vision of neoclassical theism that effectively aided in the creation of new post‐Christian religious tradition that systematically displaced the varied components of the canonical heritage of the Church.
Feminism and the Transgressing of Canonical Boundaries
Authors: Abraham William J. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractFeminist theology began in part by making soteriology rather than epistemology central in its vision of canon. Unhappily scripture was, it was believed, deeply compromised as a means of liberation; hence other canonical materials were needed to secure salvation. The result was the creation of virtually a full‐scale competing canonical heritage to that developed in the Church. This was correlated with fresh epistemological proposals that reflected the continued captivity of the Church to changes in epistemology. More recently, feminist theologians have sought to retrieve scripture and the canonical doctrines of the Church as salutary and liberating.
The Canonical Heritage and the Epistemology of Theology
Authors: Abraham William J. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe early Church was correct to develop a rich canonical heritage that works effectively in the arena of Christian initiation and ongoing ministry. The Church was also right in keeping epistemology secondary and diverse. The shift from canon to criterion was a tragic mistake that must now be overcome by sustained retrieval of the full canonical heritage of the Church. This does not mean the end of epistemology. On the contrary, it creates space for the exploration of neglected epistemic suggestions that are buried in the scriptures and elsewhere and for the development of rigorous proposals for the epistemology of theology.
The European Administration: Between Europeanization and Domestication
Authors: Kassim Hussein 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAn examination is made of the structure of the administrative system of the European Union (EU). Three general arguments are put forward: that the development of the EU’s administration has been conditioned by the nature of the EU as a political system, but that EU administration has similarly had an impact on the EU as a political system; that the entrenchment of national administrations in the EU bureaucratic system has had important consequences for its functioning and operation; and that national administrations have been affected, but not transformed, by the development of the EU. After outlining the features that characterize the EU’s political system, the chapter examines how national administrations have penetrated EU decision–making structures and institutions, and looks at the impact of this process at the European level. It then considers how national administrations have been affected by the development of the EU (European integration and Europeanization). Finally, the chapter provides an assessment of the EU’s administrative capacity.
Comparing Economic Interest Organizations
Authors: Crouch Colin 
Published: October 2003

AbstractOrganizations representing economic interests within individual nation states peaked in both social importance and academic interest during the 1970s and 1980s. It is often argued that since then they have declined in significance. There are four reasons for this: increasing economic globalization, the dominance of neo–liberal economic ideology, the rise of the individual enterprise, and the challenge of various non–functional (non–producer) interests. This chapter assesses the significance of each of these, paying attention to both general or convergent trends and to those that suggest differences of national experience among European countries. The range of organizations included in the discussion are first established, and the four types of interest relationships (contestation, pluralism, bargained corporatism and authoritarian corporatism) between the organizations and their members and those with whom they deal are identified.
Interest Groups and the Brussels Bureaucracy
Authors: Mazey Sonia , Richardson Jeremy 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe chapter first discusses the logic of lobbying of the European Commission by interest groups. The rest of the discussion is divided into three parts. The first section highlights the organizational and cultural characteristics of the Commission bureaucracy and the implications of these characteristics for groups seeking to develop effective lobbying strategies. The second section examines in detail recent attempts by the Commission to structure and institutionalize interest group consultation; this analysis highlights the increasing importance of both ‘thin’ and ‘thick’ consultative structures. The concluding section briefly considers the utility and limitations of group pluralism within the Commission and asks whether the neo–functionalist predictions have, in the event, turned out to be surprisingly accurate.
From Popular Dissatisfaction to Populism: Democracy, Constitutionalism, and Corruption
Authors: Mény Yves 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe lack of confidence of citizens in their democratic institutions is not new, although the current context differs in various ways: first, the unchallenged supremacy of the two victorious paradigms of market and democracy; second, the weaker capacity of new or old democracies to deal with the new challenges they have to face; and third, the relative position of market and democracy, which has changed in favour of the market and to the detriment of democracy. The chapter first considers the nature of the democratic malaise and its manifestations; has it to do with the democratic principle itself or is it only a temporary dissatisfaction with elites, parties and political organizations? Two complementary explanations are then offered to interpret the birth and expansion of this phenomenon: the structural explanation emphasizes the tension between the constitutionalist and the popular dimension of contemporary democracies; the conjunctural explanation relates to political corruption, which became so pervasive in the 1990s and contributed to the delegitimation of representatives and of the principle of representation in many European countries, populism and populist dichotomy.
From Industrial Policy to a Regulatory State: Contrasting Institutional Change in Britain and France
Authors: Thatcher Mark 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter compares industrial policy and economic regulation in Britain and France in order to consider national capacities to alter institutions and policy norms. Analyses of the period between 1945 and 1980 have claimed that French policy-makers enjoyed much greater innovatory capacities than their British counterparts, using industrial policy as an example to support their views. Yet the reverse held true in the 1980s and 1990s: Britain was able to introduce more comprehensive reforms, and did so with less difficulty and earlier than did France. It moved decisively towards a ‘regulatory state’, whereas France followed the same direction of change but at a slower, more hesitant pace, without adopting a new rationale for state action. The chapter analyses how and why this was so from a historical institutionalist perspective, before drawing some more general conclusions about institutional change.
Monetary Policy and the Euro
Authors: Tsoukalis Loukas 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter first briefly traces the history of European monetary integration. It then examines: the politics and economics of the Maastricht Treaty and Economic and Monetary Union/European Monetary Union (EMU); the convergence criteria and the transition to the final stage; and the institutional structure provided for in the treaty. It concludes with the main outstanding issues, drawing on the experience of the first two years of life with the euro, and the prospects for the future.
The Changing European State
Authors: Müller Wolfgang C. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe modern state is a historic phenomenon that has been under constant transformation since its birth in the period of absolutism. In this chapter, a framework is presented for analysing changes of the state and changes are mapped out that have occurred in Western Europe since the 1980s. Since the completion of the state’s democratization, the most interesting question has traditionally been what it is doing. Answers to this question have led to a number of labels such as ‘welfare state’ or ‘night–watchman state’ (i.e. the liberal non–interventionist state). The chapter first suggests six dimensions (levels of state activities; state responsibilities; production modes; resources employed (laws, personnel, money); finance (generation of resources); steering of state activities) that together capture the essence of the state, and then provides an overview of changes in Western Europe since the 1980s along these six dimensions.
The Changing European State: Pressures from Within
Authors: Le Galés Patrick 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter deals with bottom up pressures on the state. It focuses on the challenges that cities and regions are posing to the nation state in Western Europe, rather than on the rise of ‘meso–government’ in Europe. It analyses three sets of pressures (the fragmentation of the public policy process; the competition for resources (finance) and the threat of impoverishment; and the legitimacy of the nation state – the deregulation of identity structuring), and the role that they play in the transformation of the state.
Conclusion
Authors: Menon Anand 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe aim of this conclusion is to tease out the major themes that have reappeared throughout the book. In doing so it addresses six questions: what are the most striking features of the picture of contemporary West European politics (governance); to what extent has there been convergence between West European states; how can one go about accounting for continued divergences between political systems confronted by similar pressures; how has the European Union affected the political landscape in Western Europe; how serious are the problems of legitimacy confronting West European political systems; and how do different methodological approaches impact upon the understanding of West European politics? The answers to these questions are neither clear nor straightforward. The various chapters not only address different issues, often from different perspectives, but also on occasion come to different conclusions regarding the same phenomena. In doing so they demonstrate the richness, diversity and vibrancy of the subject.
What Is the Basis of Moral Obligation?
Authors: Prichard H. A. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
To the question ‘What is the basis of moral obligation?’, argues that there is no general answer. It is improper to imply that all right acts are right for the same reason. Before defending this view, considers two possible grounds for moral obligation: 1) the goodness of the effects of an action, and 2) the goodness of the act itself. Whereas the former, which is broadly utilitarian, fails to comply with our real moral convictions, the latter does not capture well the role that motive plays in determining the rightness of an action. Moral principles are not deducible either from one single principle or from anything that is not a principle. Each is independent and possesses its own reason as the basis for a given moral obligation.
Does Moral Philosophy Rest on a Mistake?
Authors: Prichard H. A. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Maintaining that the existence of Moral Philosophy, as it is usually understood, rests on a mistake, Prichard undertakes to formulate our true attitude towards moral obligations. The right action does not depend upon either our own good or what is good. Obligations are underivative, immediate, and self‐evident, and therefore, we do not come to appreciate them through argument or a process of non‐moral thinking. The mistake on which Moral Philosophy rests, which links obligation to virtue or desire, parallels the mistake underpinning the Theory of Knowledge. Like moral obligation, knowledge is immediate; it need not be vindicated or improved by additional knowledge.
Duty and Interest
Authors: Prichard H. A. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
To the many moral theorists who have sought to establish a necessary connection between duty and interest, Prichard replies that their project ought not to be undertaken as it commits us to the view that our only duty is to do what is to our advantage. In discussing the attempts of Plato, Butler, and Green to link duty and interest, Prichard, like Kant, maintains that the rightness of action does not depend either upon our own good or upon our belief that it depends upon our own good. Similarly, Prichard dismisses the view that our desire for our own good is our only motive.
Kant's Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of Morals
Authors: Prichard H. A. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Discusses central aspects of Kant's work on the nature of morality and the basis of moral obligation. In examining the categorical imperative and the hypothetical imperative, emphasizes the real nature of the distinction between these principles: whereas the former is binding upon every one, the latter is binding only upon some individuals, namely those individuals who want the end for which a prescribed action is a means. Also considers the nature of the will, Kant's criterion of the rightness of a right action, and two criticisms of Kant's view of morality that arise from his attempt to offer a general answer to the question ‘Why ought an action be performed?’ Then turns to Kant's proof of freedom, which it is claimed just barely misses making the right point that action is only possible under the idea of freedom. Concludes by examining Kant's proof of immortality and the existence of God.
A Conflict of Duties
Authors: Prichard H. A. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
In his general account of moral thought, Prichard holds that to regard a given action as right, we must imagine ourselves to be in a certain set of circumstances. In doing so, we conceive of ourselves as bound by those circumstances to perform that action. Since we have various general convictions about moral obligation, no single characteristic leads us to regard right acts as right. When two general convictions conflict, we are not in a position to know what our duty is. Being ignorant of some relevant circumstances, we cannot answer the question ‘What ought we to do?’ This follows from the fact that no common characteristic renders actions into duties.
Duty and Ignorance of Fact
Authors: Prichard H. A. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Prichard's concern here is whether a person's obligation depends either on features of his or her situation (and therefore on the effect of his or her action) or on features of his or her thoughts about that situation. Related to this contrast between the objective view and the subjective view is the issue of whether an obligation is an obligation to do some action. To the latter issue, Prichard responds that an obligation is not an obligation to do something, but an obligation to set ourselves to do something; as a consequence, it is necessary to modify the terms of Prichard's primary concern. This modification diminishes the force of the objective view and does nothing to eliminate the central difficulty in the subjective view, namely, that the obligation to do some action is said to depend not on the character that the action would have, but on our belief that it would have that character. The belief that some general character picks out obligations derives from the mistaken habit of regarding the terms ‘right’ and ‘wrong’ as equivalent to ‘ought’ and ‘ought not’. Having highlighted this mistake, Prichard holds that in instances where we have considered the circumstances fully, our thoughts about the situation decide whether we ought to perform a given activity.
The Meaning of ἀγαθόν In the Ethics of Aristotle
Authors: Prichard H. A. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Endeavours to specify what Aristotle means by αγαθον. In some contexts, this term seems to mean simply ‘that being desired’ or a person's ultimate or non‐ultimate end or aim. In other contexts, αγαθον takes on a normative quality. For his statements to have content, argues Prichard, Aristotle must hold that when we pursue something of a certain kind, such as an honour, we pursue it as a good. Prichard argues that by αγαθον Aristotle actually means (except in the Nicomachean Ethics) ‘conducive to happiness’, and holds that when a man acts deliberately, he does it from a desire to be happy. Prichard attributes this position to Plato as well, despite the fact that both thinkers make statements inconsistent with this view of our ultimate aim.
Manuscript on Morals
Authors: Prichard H. A. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
To ascertain the truth about the main problems of moral philosophy, Prichard begins by dismissing as unreal the question ‘What is moral obligation?’ Being sui generis, ‘moral obligation’ cannot be defined in terms of other things. We are left with the question ‘What makes right acts right?’, to which Prichard replies there is no general answer. We are also left with the question ‘What, if anything, ought we to do in life?’ After contrasting the moral and the non‐moral senses of ought, Prichard replies to Sidgwick's utilitarian treatment of this question, which involves dividing the question into two: ‘What ought I to do?’ and ‘What ought I to aim at?’ Dismissing the latter formulation, Prichard defends an intuitionist account of how we come to know what we ought to do. He concludes by distinguishing between the right and the good.
The Object of a Desire
Authors: Prichard H. A. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Concerning the nature of desires that pertain to actions, considers the view that we cannot desire something unless we know or think, first, that it does not exist, and second, that it does not exist now. Finds a core of truth in this, but modifies the formula to claim that ‘we can only desire the existence of that of the existence of which in the past, present, or future, as the case may be, we are uncertain.’ Put more simply, a desire is not a desire for the existence of something, but rather a desire for something to be (or to have been, or to be going to be). It follows from this view that we cannot desire something to be the case when we think that, without a doubt, it will be the case.
Acting, Willing, Desiring
Authors: Prichard H. A. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
To the question ‘What does it mean to act or to do something?’, replies that it is not easy to identify a common character in actions. Begins by examining the position of Cook Wilson, who maintains that ‘to do something’ means to originate, cause, or bring into existence, either directly or indirectly, some not yet existing state either in oneself or some other body. Although Prichard agrees that usually action involves causing something, he observes that causing a change is not itself an activity (even though causing a change may require an activity). In moving one's hand, one performs that indefinable mental activity of willing some change. The movement of the hand is the effect of the action, not the action itself, a fact overlooked by thinkers like Locke. Turning to the nature of the desire behind one's willing, Prichard rejects the view that this desire is actually a desire for the change willed. Despite forceful objections, Prichard maintains that this desire is the desire for the willing of that change.
‘Ought’
Authors: Prichard H. A. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Prichard's topic here is the nature of ‘ought’. If we were to take ‘I ought to will x’ to be equivalent to ‘my willing x ought to exist’, then it is true that ‘If I were to will a certain change x, my willing x would be something that ought to exist.’ For this to hold, either my willing x would itself be something good or my willing x would cause something good (and so be something that ought to exist). Prichard, however, rejects this view on the grounds that one cannot know, in willing x to exist, whether one's willing x is something that ought to exist. One can only know that if one were to will x, one would be willing something that one thought ought to exist.
Why Refugees Matter
Authors: Helton Arthur C. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
While frequently neglected as an important aspect of globalization, refugees matter in a variety of ways to states, host communities, and individuals. The end of the cold war changed responses to forced migration emergencies in fundamental ways. The ideological value of refugees was reduced, and, at the same time, impediments to international intervention were lifted.
But there is no single answer, no single tool or even formula or combination of tools to deal with particular displacement situations. Sustainable policy requires the institutionalization of preventive approaches and effective forms of international cooperation.
Surmounting Indifference: Refugees and the New Statecraft
Authors: Helton Arthur C. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractSeveral broad trends provide the context for current refugee policy responses. The debate over national sovereignty and humanitarian intervention, while not new, reached a crescendo over the past decade as refugees and population movements more generally necessarily diminished the exclusive prerogative of state sovereignty relating to border control in the modern world. Europe is a fertile setting for the development of regional capacities that can blend military and civilian responses to humanitarian crises, both within and outside Europe, including at the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). Yet, the difficulty of protecting and assisting internally displaced persons, continues to raise basic questions about the competence of the international system and the implementation mechanisms for human rights and humanitarian law. International migration provides the broad context for the evolution of refugee policy.
Varieties of Refugee Concerns: The Beginnings of a Policy Toolbox
Authors: Helton Arthur C. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The refugee policy toolbox includes such remedies as territorial asylum, local integration in countries of asylum, and resettlement abroad, as well as new variations on these themes. Efforts at internal protection before individuals have fled their home countries, have had mixed results. While the quality of asylum for refugees is hardly uniform given the wide discretion permitted to states, under international law, providing access to the territory of an asylum state will continue to be the primary form of protection. The experience in Germany is reflective of a recent trend by states, particularly in Europe, away from asylum as a refugee protection response.
Policy planning relating to forced migration is embryonic. The absence of resources, staff, and time devoted to developing strategies to mitigate crises is a glaring deficit in humanitarian action. At the international and national levels, new strategic planning capacities outside of the UN system are necessary.