bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hyaluronate and large molecular weight proteoglycans in synovial fluid from horses with various arthritides
Authors: Tulamo Riitta-Mari , Houttu Jukka , Tupamäki Antero , Salonen Matti 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To investigate the presence of large molecular weight (MW) proteoglycans (PG) and hyaluronate (HA) in synovial fluid (SF) from horses with various arthritides and from control joints.

Design
Horses with acute (< 2 weeks) or chronic (> 4 weeks) lameness were examined by clinical examination, intrasynovial anesthesia, radiography, arthroscopy, and SF analysis. Joints were grouped on the basis of diagnosis: acute traumatic arthritis, chronic traumatic arthritis (with a subgroup of degenerative joint disease), intra-articular fracture, and infectious arthritis.

Animals
31 horses with arthritis and 9 control horses; altogether 43 SF samples were analyzed.

Procedure
High-performance liquid chromatography was used to assess HA and large MW PG in SF samples.

Results.
A PG peak was identified in 8 of 23 SF samples of joints with chronic traumatic arthritis, 4 of which had no or minimal abnormal radiographic findings but mild articular cartilage fibrillation detected by arthroscopy, and in 3 joints with intra-articular fracture and 1 with resolving infectious arthritis, but not in joints with acute traumatic arthritis or in control joints. There was significant difference (P < 0.01) in mean (± SEM) HA concentration between control joints and joints with chronic traumatic arthritis (0.32 ± 0.04 g/L; n = 9 vs 0.18 ± 0.01 g/L; n = 23).

Conclusions
Large MW PG fragments are released into equine SF in the course of articular disease and can be detected simultaneously with HA by high-performance liquid chromatography.

Clinical Relevance
The SF HA concentration can be used as diagnostic marker for chronic traumatic arthritis. However, SF PG or other marker cannot be used for diagnosing or monitoring degenerative joint disease. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:932–937)
In vitro evaluation of four methods of attaching transfixation pins into a fiberglass cast for use in horses
Authors: McClure Scott R. , Watkins Jeffrey P. , Hogan Harry A. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To compare the axial stability provided by 4 methods of attaching transfixation pins into a fiberglass cast.

Design
Axial stability of 4 methods of transfixation pin attachment to a fiberglass cast cylinder was determined in vitro. Methods of attachment included simple incorporation of the pins into the cast, placement of a washer and nut on the pin and incorporation into the cast, extension of pins beyond the cast and attachment to a steel halo, and washers within the cast and attachment to a steel halo.

Population
A model was designed to simulate a transfixation cast applied to the equine metacarpus. 8 identical constructs were present in each of the 4 groups. 6 fiberglass cylinders were also tested to identify the contribution of the cast cylinder to the overall stability of the transfixation cast.

Procedure
Load-displacement curves were recorded, and a stiffness modulus was calculated for each treatment group and for a simple fiberglass cylinder without transfixation pins.

Result and Conclusion
There was no significant difference among the 4 methods of attachment. The fiberglass cast material appears to be the major determinant of axial stability. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1098–1101)
Serum thyroxine and triiodothyronine responses of hyperthyroid cats to thyrotropin
Authors: Mooney Carmel T. , Thoday K. L. , Doxey D. L. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To document circulating total thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) responses after administration of thyrotropin (thyroid-stimulating hormone [TSH]) to hyperthyroid and healthy cats and assess the value of these responses as an additional diagnostic test for hyperthyroidism.

Design
Prospective case series.

Animals
21 healthy and 40 hyperthyroid cats.

Procedure
Serum total T4 and T3 concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay before and 6 hours after administration of 0.5 IU of bovine TSH/kg of body weight.

Results
In healthy cats, serum total T4 concentration increased after administration of TSH (mean ± SD, 114.0 ± 36.4 nmol/L) representing a mean increment 3 times baseline concentration (mean ± SD, 33.7 ± 7.6 nmol/L). In hyperthyroid cats, the relative increase in serum total T4 concentration was significantly (P < 0.001) different; baseline values (mean ± SD, 236.2 ± 146.0 nmol/L) increased minimally after TSH administration (mean ± SD, 308.1 ± 178.9 nmol/L). There was a significant negative correlation (rs = −0.366) between relative increase in serum total T4 concentration after TSH administration and baseline concentration in hyperthyroid cats. In 3 cats with equivocal baseline serum total T4 concentration the T4 response to TSH administration was indistinguishable from that in healthy cats. Serum total T3 response to TSH administration was significantly (P < 0.001) lower in hyperthyroid, compared with healthy, cats but the T3 response in healthy cats was more variable than that for T4.

Conclusions
Thyrotoxic cats with high baseline serum total T4 concentration have a limited T4 response to TSH stimulation. Hyperthyroid cats with equivocal baseline serum total T4 concentrations have T4 responses after TSH stimulation similar to those of healthy cats. Measurement of serum total T3 concentration provides no additional information.

Clinical Relevance
The TSH response test is of limited value in diagnosing hyperthyroidism in cats. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:987–991)
Simultaneous diuresis cysto-urethrometry and multichannel urethral pressure profilometry in continent female dogs
Authors: Nickel Rafael F. , van den Brom Walter E. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To study a combined urodynamic technique for assessment of urethral closure and bladder storage function in female dogs.

Animals
20 healthy, adult, sexually intact female dogs of various breeds.

Procedure
Urethral pressure profilometry and continuous urethral pressure registration during high-diuresis cystometry (cysto-urethrometry) were studied in dogs sedated with xylazine. Pressures were measured, using a flexible polyvinylchloride multichannel catheter connected to a perfusion system. Urine production and volume were determined by radionucleotide dilution analysis of urine samples. Urethral pressure profilometry was performed first, followed by cystourethrometry. Maximal urethral pressure and maximal urethral closure pressure of consecutive profiles and their mean values were determined. Closure pressure at its highest and lowest level and at micturition threshold and absolute and relative magnitude of urethral pressure variation were determined in the high-pressure zone of the urethra while the bladder filled, enforced by diuresis. Bladder pressure and volume at the micturition threshold and static compliance also were determined.

Results
Differences in mean and variance between variables listed were not significant. Urethral closure pressure varied from 5 to 67 cm of H2O during bladder storage. So-called unstable detrusor contractions were observed in 6 dogs.

Conclusions
Several variables for the assessment of the dynamics of urethral closure and bladder storage function obtained by the technique reported here are reproducible. Values from this study are considered reference values for further studies.

Clinical Relevance
The reported technique can be helpful in the investigation of complicated urinary incontinence in female dogs. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1131-1136)
Polymerase chain reaction evidence of Ehrlichia chaffeensis, an etiologic agent of human ehrlichiosis, in dogs from southeast Virginia
Authors: Dawson Jacqueline E. , Biggie Kristine L. , Warner Cynthia K. , Cookson Kalen , Jenkins Suzanne , Levine Jay F. , Olson James G. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To ascertain whether dogs are naturally infected with Ehrlichia chaffeensis.

Animals
74 dogs from 5 animal shelters and 1 kennel in 3 cities and 3 counties in southeastern Virginia were tested during June 1991.

Procedure
Blood was drawn from 74 dogs; 73 were tested serologically for antibodies reactive to E chaffeensis and E canis, and 38 were tested for the presence of E chaffeensis, E canis, and E ewingii by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Serologic testing by indirect fluorescent antibody assay. Nested PCR used Ehrlichia-wide outside primers to detect initial products, followed by use of species-specific primers for identification.

Results
28 (38.4%) dogs had a positive test result (minimum titer, ≥ 1:64) for antibodies reactive to E chaffeensis, and 28 (38.4%) had a positive reaction to E canis. PCR analysis indicated that 8 (42.1 %) dogs were positive for E chaffeensis and 6 dogs (31.6%) were positive for E ewingii. All dogs had negative results of the PCR test for E canis.

Conclusion
Dogs are potential reservoirs of E chaffeensis.

Clinical Relevance
Canine E chaffeensis infection may be more prevalent than E canis or E ewingii infection in this region of the United States. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1175-1179)
Identification of lactoferrin in bovine tears
Authors: Brown Michael H. , Brightman Alan H. , Fenwick Bradley W. , Rider Maureen A. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine whether bovine tear film contains the iron-binding glycoprotein, lactoferrin.

Animals
40 Adult Hereford, Angus, and Simmental cattle.

Procedure
Protein analysis: pooled bovine tears were used for protein analysis (size exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography [HPLC] fractionation). HPLC was used for tear analysis. A diode array detector was used (215 and 280 μm) for chromatogram analysis and comparisons.
Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE): protein electrophoresis was performed, using 7.5% running gels with 4% stacking gels. Molecular weight of proteins in the unknown samples was determined as recommended by the manufacturer of the standards.
Protein sequencing: amino acid sequencing, using automated Edman degradation of HPLC purified protein, was performed. The sequence obtained was compared with the known protein sequence of bovine lactoferrin.

Results
HPLC analysis of whole bovine tears resulted in a consistent chromatogram. Peak collection was performed to recover a protein from the bovine tear film with chromatogram characteristics nearly identical to purified bovine lactoferrin. Silver-stained SDS-PAGE of this peak revealed a band with molecular mass consistent with bovine lactoferrin (estimated mass of 78 kd). The first 13 amino acid residues of this protein were identical to the amino acid sequence of bovine lactoferrin.

Conclusion
Analysis of whole bovine tears, using size exclusion HPLC, SDS-PAGE, and amino acid sequencing, provided evidence that bovine tears contain lactoferrin.

Clinical Relevance
Lactoferrin probably exerts a bacteriostatic effect in bovine tear film. Locally produced lactoferrin may bathe the ocular surface and sequester iron from potential pathogens. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1369-1372)
Characteristics of fetal heart rate changes during the expulsive stage of bovine parturition in relation to fetal outcome
Authors: Jonker F. H. , Geijn H. P. Van , Chan W. W. , Rausch W.-D. , Van der Weijden G. C. , Taverne M. A. M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To characterize fetal heart rate (FHR) patterns of nonacidotic (N-AC) and acidotic (AC) calves during the expulsive stage of parturition.

Animals
32 calves born to heifers, either unassisted or by moderate traction.

Procedure
Cardiotocograms (CTG) evaluated qualitatively (visual) and quantitatively by a moving window technique (width 10, shift 5 minutes) for baseline FHR, variability, and periodic alterations (accelerations and decelerations).

Results
Significant differences were apparent between increase in baseline FHR of N-AC and AC calves; change in FHR (Δ-FHR), taking into account individual FHR, is a more discriminating parameter. The predominant reaction to uterine contraction is a decrease in FHR; variable decelerations were the most common type in both groups, and late decelerations were seen only in AC calves. Additional characteristics of variable decelerations were more frequently seen in AC calves.

Conclusions
CTG parameters during expulsion can discriminate between AC and N-AC calves, but specific characteristics are not exclusively restricted to AC or N-AC calves.

Clinical Relevance
CTG recordings during bovine parturition in cattle provide information on the fetal condition and can be used in the future to study the effects of medication and manipulations to the fetus. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1373-1381)
Evaluation of ploidy of mature canine megakaryocytes, using Feulgen staining and microspectrophotometry
Authors: Boudreaux Mary K. , Ebbe Shirley 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate megakaryocyte size and ploidy, using Feulgen staining and microspectrophotometry, in adult dogs with normal platelet count.

Animals
Group A contained 8 and group B contained 11 adult dogs.

Procedure
Megakaryocytes were evaluated by light microscopy and staged according to maturation status. Stage-III megakaryocytes were measured and mapped for future relocation. Bone marrow aspirates were destained and restained, using the Feulgen method. Previously identified stage-III megakaryocytes were measured for DNA content, using microspectrophotometry.

Results
Megakaryocyte size correlated with ploidy values, and mean sizes within ploidy groups were significantly (P < 0.05) different from each other for both groups. The modal ploidy value of stage-III megakaryocytes, which represented 18% of the total megakaryocyte population of the combined groups, was 32N. This is in contrast to results of flow cytometric studies, which indicated that the modal ploidy value for all canine megakaryocytes was 16N.

Conclusions
Reasons for the disparate results between microspectrophotometric techniques and flow cytometry include maturation stage of the megakaryocyte population evaluated and percentage of megakaryocytes within that maturation stage. Flow cytometric methods, which evaluate all megakaryocytes detectable by antibody, may include cells still capable of DNA synthesis, resulting in a shift in the observed modal ploidy value.
Recognition of the difference between canine and human megakaryocyte ploidy distribution is important, particularly in studies in which the dog is used as an animal model for human megakaryocytopoiesis. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1434–1437)
Field evaluation of doramectin for treatment of gastrointestinal nematode infections and louse infestations of cattle
Authors: Phillips F. E. , Logan N. B. , Jones R. M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate the safety and efficacy of doramectin given by injection at a dosage of 200 μg/kg of body weight for treatment of gastrointestinal nematodiasis or louse infestations of cattle.

Animals
1,031 mixed-breed cattle were treated in the nematode study and 418 were treated in the louse study.

Procedure
Naturally parasitized cattle were given 200μg of doramectin/kg or an equivalent volume of saline solution, SC. In nematode experiments, fecal samples were collected from each animal 1 week before treatment, at time of treatment, and at weekly intervals thereafter for 3 weeks. In louse experiments, louse counts were carried out for each animal on the day of treatment and 14 and 28 days later. All cattle were weighed at the time of treatment and at the end of the experiment.

Results
By 21 days after doramectin treatment, fecal egg counts had decreased to zero in 9 of 10 experiments and to 1 egg/g in the remaining experiment. Differences between treatment groups were significant (P < 0.0001) in all instances. Pretreatment coproculture identified Haemonchus, Ostertagia, Cooperia, Trichostrongvlus, and Nematodirus as the represented genera. Doramectin was 100% effective in eliminating infestation with Linognathus vituli, Haematopinus eurysternus, and Solenopotes capillatus. Infestation with the chewing louse Damalinia bovis was reduced overall by 86%. For all species, post-treatment louse counts were significantly (P < 0.02) less for doramectin-treated cattle than for controls. Adverse reactions to doramectin were not apparent in either study.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance
Injectable doramectin at a dosage of 200 μg/kg is safe and effective for treatment of gastrointestinal nematodiasis and louse infestations of cattle under field conditions. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1468-1471)
Immunolocalization of stromelysin, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α, and TNF receptors in atrophied canine articular cartilage treated with hyaluronic acid and transforming growth factor β
Authors: Comer Joan S. , Kincaid Steven A. , Baird Aubrey N. , Kammermann John R. , Hanson Reid R. , Ogawa Yasushi 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate the ability of hyaluronic acid (HA), with and without transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), to stabilize the catabolic processes associated with atrophy of articular cartilage.

Animals
20 adult, skeletally normal, hound-type dogs.

Procedure
Dogs (20 to 30 kg) were randomly assigned to 1 of 5 groups. One group served as untreated controls. Bivalve casts were placed on the left hind limbs of the remaining 16 dogs to limit weightbearing and motion of the limb for 92 days. One group served as the cast control. Beginning on day 56, 3 groups received aseptic intra-articular injections in the left stifles of either 5 mg of HA or 5 mg of HA containing either 20 or 50 μg of TGF-β. Intra-articular injections were repeated at 4-day intervals until the end of the study. On day 92, stifles were harvested at necropsy. Medial femoral condyles were histologically processed, and the articular cartilage was stained for the presence of proteoglycans, stromelysin, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α, and TNF receptors (p55 and p75).

Results
Decreased metachromasia was evident in the cartilage matrix of all cast groups, with the smallest decrease in the HA-treated group. Stromelysin was immunolocalized in articular cartilage of the cast (left) limbs of cast control and both HA/TGF-β-treated groups. TNF-α was localized in articular cartilage of all cast (left) and right limbs, except those of the HA-treated group. Receptors for TNF were observed in both limbs of untreated control and cast control groups and cast limbs of HA/TGF-β-treated groups. The receptors were not localized in the right limbs of the HA with or without TGF-β-treated groups. TGF-β did not decrease stromelysin or TNF-α or receptors at the doses used.

Conclusions
HA may mediate a chondrostabilizing influence on articular cartilage by down-regulating TNF-α. Importantly, HA appeared to exert its inhibitory influence on TNF-α, as well as stromelysin and TNF receptors, on a systemic basis.

Clinical Relevance
Results provide insight into the mode of action of HA as a therapeutic agent for arthritis and its stabilizing influence on cartilage metabolism. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1488-1496)
Apical root canal anatomy of canine teeth in cats
Authors: Hennet Philippe R. , Harvey Colin E. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine the apical anatomy of canine teeth in cats.

Sample Population
70 permanent canine teeth of cats.

Procedure
The teeth were extracted, cleaned, and radiographed, and the root canals were stained with India ink, then cleared in methyl salicylate. The apical root canal anatomy was studied by examining dental radiographs and microscopic measurements performed on the cleared specimens.

Results
Apical root canal anatomy in cats has the same "sprinkler-rose" appearance as seen in dogs. The mean length of the radiodense apex on radiographs was 2.8 ± 1.2 mm. The mean lengths of the apical ramifications were 1.9 ± 0.4 and 1.6 ± 0.4 mm for upper and lower canine teeth, respectively; mean numbers of apical ramifications were 13 ± 6 and 12 + 5, respectively; and mean ratios (length of ramifications/length of root) were 0.16 ± 0.03 and 0.15 ± 0.04, respectively. There was significant (P < 0.05) difference in the length of apical ramifications between upper and lower canine teeth and significant (P < 0.05) positive correlation between the length of the root and the length of apical ramifications for all canine teeth.

Conclusion
Primary apical foramen is not present in mature canine teeth of cats.

Clinical Relevance
There is little risk of apical penetration by files during endodontic therapy of canine teeth of cats; however, the multiple foramina require that apical instrumentation is thorough to prevent soft tissue remnants causing failure of the procedure. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1545–1548)
Modulation of matrix metalloprotease 13 (collagenase 3) gene expression in equine chondrocytes by interleukin 1 and corticosteroids
Authors: Caron John P. , Tardif Ginette , Martel-Pelletier Johanne , DiBattista John A. , Geng Changshan , Pelletier Jean-Pierre 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine whether matrix metalloprotease 13 (MMP-13; collagenase 3) is produced by equine chondrocytes and to investigate modulation of its expression by recombinant human interleukin β (rhIL-1β) and corticosteroids.

Procedure
Equine chondrocytes in monolayer culture were stimulated with rhIL-1β. Total RNA was extracted, purified, and reverse transcribed into DNA. Using appropriate primers, a putative MMP-13 fragment was amplified by polymerase chain reaction, and cloned into a bacterial vector. The resultant fragment was purified and sequenced, then was used to prepare a digoxigenin-labeled cRNA probe. Monolayer cultures of first-passage chondrocytes were treated with rhIL-1β in the presence or absence of dexamethasone (10-6M) or methylprednisolone acetate (10-9M to 10-5M), in addition to positive and negative controls. Cellular RNA was extracted and resolved on agarose gels and subjected to northern blot analysis, using the equine MMP-13 probe.

Results
Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction enabled isolation of a 0.6-kb fragment of equine MMP-13 cDNA that had 93% homology with the human MMP-13 cDNA sequence. rhIL-1 significantly stimulated MMP-13 expression in the chondrocytes. Methylprednisolone acetate inhibited the stimulatory effects of rhIL-1 in dose-dependent manner that was statistically significant at 10-5M.

Conclusions
Novel information was gained on the existence of MMP-13 and its expression in equine chondrocytes, which suggests a possible role for this enzyme in matrix degradation in horses with arthritis. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1631–1634)