bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nonlinear Dynamics and Developmental Instability
Authors: Graham John H , Emlen John M , Freeman D Carl 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The classical theory of developmental instability is a theory of linear dynamics. According to this view, developmental instability results from the additive accumulation of small developmental errors. Because these errors were thought to be additive and linear, fluctuating asymmetry, which is the most common measure of developmental instability, came to be defined as the variance of normally distributed errors of development. But developmental processes are complex, dynamical, and profoundly nonlinear. Consequently, one should not expect a developmental system to respond to stress in a simple linear fashion, nor should one expect strictly normal asymmetry distributions. Here, we discuss a theory of developmental instability rooted in nonlinear dynamics. This theory is consistent with a variety of data and observations.
The Adaptive Basis of Developmental InstabiIity: A Hypothesis and Its Implications
Authors: Emlen John M , Freeman D Carl , Graham John H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite a burgeoning of interest and a corresponding deluge of literature, both the meaning and utility of developmental instability measures remain clouded and controversial. The primary reason is simple: scientists understandably are reluctant to apply developmental instability as an indicator of stress, or of anything at all for that matter, without a proper understanding of what causes it (or resists it). This chapter deals with its causes. Developmental instability (DI) is “the result of processes that disturb development along a developmental trajectory” (Nijhout and Davidowitz, chapter 1, this volume). It is, in other words, the disruptions in development caused by environmental (external and internal) disturbances. The prevailing view is that these disruptions are random in nature, that is, can be thought of as “noise.” Thus, we should be able to view development as a deterministic pathway around which there exists a random walk generated by environmental disturbances. In such manner, otherwise perfectly symmetric structures are thrown out of symmetry, providing us a marker of DI. What constitute the “steps” in this random walk? We begin at the cellular level. Here, because of the small size scales involved, we find an easily countable number of molecules of any one chemical species, making biochemical process rates subject to simple sampling probability (see also Klingenberg, chapter 2, this volume). But variation due to differential sampling is independent of environmental perturbations; for DI to reflect environmental disturbances, there must be something more.
Does an Individual Asymmetry Parameter Exist? A Meta-analysis
Authors: Polak Michal , Moller Anders Pape , Gangestad Steven W , Kroeger David E , Manning John T , Thornhill Randy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Developmental stability is the result of processes that resist small, random, disturbances inherent to development. C. H. Waddington (1957), a pioneer in the development of this concept, referred to developmental stability as an “equilibrium-property” of an organism, controlled by mechanisms that promote “lack of noisiness in development.” The degree of developmental stability of bilaterally paired, symmetrical traits, may be inferred from the measurement of the subtle, random, differences in trait size between the two sides of the body, socalled fluctuating asymmetry (FA) (Ludwig 1932; Van Valen 1962; Palmer and Strobeck 1986). Fluctuating asymmetry reflects the integrity of the developmental process because both components of these paired, otherwise symmetrical structures are the product of the same genotype.
The Evolution of Philopatry and Dispersal Homing Versus Straying in Salmonids
Authors: Hendry Andrew P , Castric Vincent , Kinnison Michael T , Quinn Thomas P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many animals reproduce at the same site as their parents, a phenomenon called philopatry. In some cases, philopatry can be the simple result of geographic isolation or limited movement ability. In other cases, philopatry can be strong even when migratory movements take individuals far from their natal site. We must therefore seek explanations for philopatry through selective factors that favor return to natal sites rather than non-natal sites. The tendency for philopatry in any population or species is balanced to varying degrees by some dispersal to non-natal sites, with some groups showing high philopatry and low dispersal and others low philopatry and high dispersal. Again, some of this variation may be the result of varying isolation or movement ability, whereas some can only be explained through natural selection. Our goal in the present chapter is to use data from salmonids to evaluate theories for how selection might influence the evolution of philopatry and dispersal. Philopatry can be evaluated at a variety of spatial scales, ranging from precise nest locations to broad geographic areas. We focus on philopatry to spatially discrete locations that are predictably occupied by breeding aggregations. These aggregations often correspond to “populations”: groups of individuals that breed together and are at least partially reproductively isolated from other such groups. By “reproductive isolation,” we here mean that the different groups are not freely interbreeding within or between generations (i.e., not panmictic). Many factors can contribute to reproductive isolation (Dobzhansky 1937; Mayr 1963; Schluter 2000). “Extrinsic” isolation is caused by geographic barriers that severely limit movement between populations. This category does not apply to populations in separate physical locations as long as movement among them remains possible. Extrinsic isolation is of limited interest here because philopatry has been imposed on the organisms rather than evolving in response to selection. “Intrinsic” isolation is caused by features of organisms that limit gene flow between aggregations, even in the absence of strict geo graphic barriers.
Salmonid Breeding Systems
Authors: Fleming Ian A , Reynolds John D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sexual reproduction often involves substantial amounts of time and resources devoted to competition for mates, courtship, and mate choice. These behaviors may be underpinned by elaborate physical traits, such as acute sensory systems, bright color patterns, gawdy ornaments, and formidable weapons. The evolution of these characteristics has attracted a great deal of attention from behavioral ecologists over the past two decades, with a particular interest in tradeoffs with other aspects of life histories, as well as benefits to either sex. This research has enhanced our understanding of many aspects of the evolution of breeding systems. In this chapter, we will explore the diversity of sexual selection and breeding systems exhibited by various species and populations of salmonids. The word “diversity” appears often in this book, thanks to the tendency of salmonids to be divided into small, genetically isolated populations, thereby evolving rapidly in response to local selection pressures. As reproductive behavior is intimately linked to life histories, we should not be surprised to find that the diversity of salmonid life histories is matched by a diversity of breeding systems. By “breed ing system’’, we are referring to parental care and sexual selection, including the numbers of mates obtained by both sexes and the manner in which they are obtained through competition for mates and resources, courtship, and mate choice (Emlen and Oring 1977, Reynolds 1996, Reynolds and Gage 2002).
Evolution of Chinook Salmon Life History under Size-Selective Harvest
Authors: Hard Jeffrey J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The consequences of selection for phenotypic diversity have important implications for conserving life history variation, especially in exploited species like Pacific salmon. Life histories reflect evolutionary processes that affect variation in fitness within populations and subsequently result in local adaptations that can lead to divergence among populations (Roff 1992, 2002; Stearns 1992). Williams’ (1966a) description of fitness as “effective design for reproductive survival” may be construed as a reference to the consequences of variation in life history. The evolutionary processes that mold life history involve many traits, some of which are likely to interact in their expression. A comprehensive analysis of life history evolution therefore requires recognition that evolution involves multiple traits and that multiple traits contribute to adaptation. Genetic correlations among life history traits, due to pleiotropic gene effects or to linkage, may constrain the genetic repertoire available to populations for adaptive evolution, at least in the short term. If so, these correlations would restrict the ability of selection to simultaneously optimize all traits with respect to fitness. Dickerson (1955) referred to such constraints as “genetic slippage,” a phenomenon Dingle (1984) called the “cost of correlation.” On the other hand, genetic correlations that reinforce selection on a particular trait may accelerate evolutionary responses. Any evolutionary constraints imposed by correlations among traits may be short-lived and thereby not preclude the independent evolution of correlated traits (Via and Lande 1985; Zeng 1988; Hard et al. 1993). However, to what extent evolutionary constraints imposed by genetic correlations among traits limit the evolutionary pathways that populations have available to them has received little attention empirically (but see Etterson and Shaw 2001). In this chapter, I evaluate some potential effects of size-selective harvest of chinook salmon on life history evolution in this species to determine how correlations among traits might affect evolutionary responses to harvest. I apply available genetic data to models that predict short-term responses of correlated traits to selection, and show how directional and disruptive selection on a single trait affect life history patterns when stabilizing selection on size is sufficiently strong. These analyses rely on a quantitative genetic approach to emphasize the importance of considering relationships among traits in evaluating response to selection on life history.
Conservation Units and Preserving Diversity
Authors: Ford Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A major theme in conservation biology is the preservation of diversity. An aspect of this problem that has received considerable attention is how to prioritize conservation of biological diversity below the species level. Many species are subdivided into populations that vary with respect to their genetic or phenotypic characteristics or the habitats they occupy. The taxonomy of some species groups may also be uncertain or out of date, which means that named subspecies and even species may be poor indicators of biological diversity. This diversity and uncertainty poses a challenge for conservation biologists, because a logical first step toward in conservation is describing what is available to be conserved. To address the problem of categorizing intraspecific diversity, Ryder (1986) first developed the concept of an “Evolutionarily Significant Unit” (ESU), which he defined as a taxonomic unit below the species level that captures a major component of the diversity within the species. Since then, there have been numerous attempts to define ESUs, or other conservation units, more precisely. A representative selection of these concepts is summarized below.
The Empire Strikes Out Imperial Russia, “National’, Identit;y, and Iheories of Empire
Authors: Suny Ronald Grigor 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At The Time When Russia,Politicians re-employed the term derzhava (Great Power) to provide a vision of a future Russia, Western writers resurrected the metaphor of “empire” to describe the former Soviet Union, and even post-Soviet Russia.Earlier uses of “empire” either referred to the external relationship between the USSR and its East European dependencies or, if used for the internal relations between Moscow and the non-Russian peoples, usually had a highly partisan valence and signaled to the reader a conservative, anti-Soviet interpretation of nationality policy.Consistent with Ronald Reagan’s references to the USSR as the “Evil Empire,” “empire” applied to states that were considered internally repressive and externally expansionist. But, in the late 1980s, with the rise of nationalist and separatist movements within the Soviet Union, the term was used more widely as a seemingly transparent empirical description of a particular form of multinational state.As political scientist Mark R. Beissinger noted, “What once was routinely referred to as a state suddenly came to be universally condemned as an empire.”Though free of any theorization at first, the concept of a “Soviet empire” implied a state that had lost its legitimacy and was destined to collapse. Rather than expansion, implosion was heightened. Beissinger pointed to the circular nature of this label: “The general consensus now appears to be that the Soviet Union was an empire and therefore it broke up. However, it is also routinely referred to as an empire precisely because it did break up.”5 This sense of the lack of legitimacy and disposition to disintegration continues to be part of the imperial metaphor, but those examining the policies ofYeltsin’s Russia toward the so-called Near Abroad in recent years have once again employed “empire” in its original expansionist meaning.
An Affirmative Action Empire The Soviet Union as the Highest Form ef Imperialism
Authors: Martin Terry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Russia’S New Revolutionary Government was the first of the old European multiethnic states to confront the rising tide of nationalism and respond by systematically promoting the national consciousness of its ethnic minorities and by establishing for them many of the characteristic institutional forms of the nation-state.The Bolshevik strategy was to assume leadership over what now appeared to be the inevitable process of decolonization and to carry it out in a manner that would preserve the territorial integrity of the old Russian empire and enable the construction of a new centralized, socialist state. To that end, the Soviet state created not just a dozen large national republics but tens of thousands of national territories scattered across the entire expanse of the Soviet Union. New national elites were trained and promoted to leadership positions in the government, schools, and industrial enterprises of these newly formed territories. In each territory, the national language was declared the official language of government. In dozens of cases, this necessitated the creation of a written language where one did not yet exist. The Soviet state financed the mass production of books, journals, newspapers, movies, operas, museums, folk music ensembles, and other cultural output in the non-Russian languages. Nothing comparable to it had been attempted before, and, with the possible exception of India, no multiethnic state has subsequently matched the scope of Soviet affirmative action.
Nationalizing Backwardness Gender, Empire, and Uzbek Identity
Authors: Northrop Douglas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In The Modern Sense “Nations” are a very recent creation in the ethnic, cultural, and linguistic mosaic of Central Asia. How did they form? Perhaps oddly, Bolshevik leaders of the early Soviet period may have been the most directly responsible parties. Recent work by Yuri Slezkine, Ronald Suny, and others has argued that Bolshevik power, despite its “internationalist” pretensions, helped not only to prevent the fading away of nations but even to create them where none had existed before. A study of the struggle over family life in early Soviet Uzbekistan shows one way in which such nation-building took place on Stalin’s watch.
The Simple Flute
Authors: Debost Michel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Drawing from his highly praised French work, Une simple flute, distinguished flutist and teacher Michel Debost has compiled a useful and imaginative introduction to playing the flute. This alphabetically arranged compendium of advice and insight covers essential topics such as breathing, articulation, and tone, but also explores “jawboning,” “finger phrasing,” “the little devils,” and other quirky and vexing aspects of flute playing. Full of practical advice on technique and axioms that lend moral support during tough practice sessions, The Simple Flute will be a welcome addition to any serious or novice flutist’s library. In addition, the book includes original exercises such as “Debost’s Scale Game,” making it an excellent resource for flute teachers. Debost concludes each essay with “In a nutshell” and “Please refer to” boxes that make the book easy to browse, dog-ear, and return to again and again. Offering concise, common-sense solutions for flutists of all levels, this book is an ideal reference guide on flute performance.
Accompaniment
Authors: Debost Michel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The phrase “collaborative playing” has a politically correct ring that gives accompaniment the stigma of menial labor. Likewise, the plumbing at your school is no longer in the care of the traditional janitor; it is kept in condition by a maintenance technician. But let us call a cat a cat. Accompaniment is not a dirty word. If I accompany you to the movies or to a concert, it is not to carry your books or your popcorn, it is to share a moment and an experience. Our best reward, as musicians, is sharing great works with others— in the orchestra, in the band, in a small group or with a keyboard. When we look forward to a performance, we have to be ready.
Acoustics
Authors: Debost Michel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most obstinate complaints I heard from musicians during my orchestral life (besides moaning about the conductors) was that the acoustics of the hall were too much this, too little that, and in general not flattering enough. Flutists, like other players, are so preoccupied by their sound that often they are unable or unwilling to have an objective ear. They “look” at themselves play without listening. My opinion is that we must play, regardless. Few people play the rehearsal like the concert. The hall itself resonates differently with and without an audience. The only option is to adapt on the spot to the concert venue. In other words, musicians should have their ears twenty feet away, as it were, and they should “play the hall.” The return is what they must assess. A dead-sounding studio will do justice to the cascades of notes in an allegro that would be totally drowned out at the same tempo in a church. The same studio flattens the delicious inflections of an adagio played in a church, whose reverberation will increase further the sensual pleasure of the flutist and perhaps of the audience. We must therefore adapt tempi to venues.
Tonguing
Authors: Debost Michel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is almost a holy war over showing the tip of the tongue. Some say never, never. Others say ever, ever. According to learned opinions, French tonguing is faster (better?) because the language is dryer and more glib than English. There might be some truth to that. The best tonguing comes to those who practice. There is no gimmick. If your work is productive and satisfactory, who cares if you put your tongue between your lips or in your backpack? Tonguing covers many distinct actions: the onset of the tone (attack), and single, composite single, double, triple, and composite triple tonguing. Confusion often exists between the onset of the sound (attack) and the action of the tongue in repeated staccato. First, a simple principle: air hitting the breaking edge of the embouchure hole creates turbulence, which is the physical source of the flute sound. Second, air has a natural tendency to scatter as soon as it is not channeled. And third, focus is the best angle of attack, neither too tight nor too open.
Warm-Ups
Authors: Debost Michel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I take issue, with all due respect, with the term “warm-up.” I do agree that if this activity makes one feel good, then, by all means, do it. Yet warm-ups are more an affair of nerves than of muscles. If flute playing were a muscular activity like running or weight lifting, I would be the first to recommend stretching and aerobics. But it is my opinion that long-term practice and short-term mental concentration are a better tool to dominate our nerves. You should be able to play at short notice without warm-ups. Practice is a long-term investment. The hours preceding the performance are for thinking about the meaning of the music, its character, and its content. It is too late to correct instrumental flaws. It works just as well to read the score without playing it, or go over the memorizing mentally, and to save one’s energy and concentration. Better still, read a book, look at pictures for an hour in a museum, or even go to a movie. In a word, reflect. Another practical reason for not being dependent on warm-ups: at school, the time slot for band or orchestra rehearsal might be between classes. Your private lesson may be right after you get home. When you enter professional life, you have to drive from one gig to the next and play. The day you have to play is often the one you have the least time to warm-up. When I hear that you should do warm-ups for thirty or forty-five minutes before playing, I find that totally unrealistic. We have to develop our playing in order to function at the drop of a cleaning rod regardless of the size of our shoes or what we have eaten. The public (and the conductor) are not interested in the fact that you barely made it on time and did not go through your rituals.
Conclusion
Authors: Yoshihara Mari 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The story of Madame Butterfly has had tremendous cultural power far beyond the period covered in this book. Innumerable Euro-American cultural texts—ranging from literature, art, theater, opera, and film, to political documents, journalism, and scholarly research— have drawn upon Madame Butterfly to construct and reconstruct a gendered and sexualized vision of East-West relations.
Reactions Of Monocyclic And Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds With N03 Radicals
Authors: Calvert Jack G , Atkinson Roger , Becker Karl H , Kamens Richard M , Seinfeld John H , Wallington Timothy J , Yarwood Greg 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The gas-phase reactions of aromatic compounds with the N0 3 radical are only significant as a tropospheric loss process for compounds containing unsaturated &gt; C=C &lt; bonds in the substituent groups (e.g., styrene and acenaphthylene and related compounds) and for phenolic compounds (e.g., phenol and cresols). Analogous to the OH-radical reactions (see chapter II), the gas-phase reactions of the N03 radical with organic compounds appear to proceed by three pathways: (1) initial addition of the N03 radical to the carbon atoms of the aromatic ring to form an “NOraromatic adduct”; (2) H-atom abstraction from the C-H or 0-H bonds in the substituent group(s); or (3) N03-radical addition to the carbon atoms of &gt; C=C &lt; bonds in the substituent groups (Atkinson, 1991b). The data presently available indicate that the N03-radical addition pathway to the aromatic ring is reversible, with back-decomposition of the NO aromatic adduct dominating the atmospheric fate of the adduct (Atkinson, 1991b).