bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE IMMUNOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS OF STREPTOCOCCUS VIRIDANS AND CERTAIN OF ITS CHEMICAL FRACTIONS
Authors: Lancefield Rebecca C. 
Published: June 2004

1. The immunological behavior of two cell constituents of nonhemolytic streptococci has been studied, (a) One, the so called nucleoprotein, is relatively non-specific and gives rise to an antibody which shows group reactions with nucleoproteins of related species. (b) The other is non-protein by qualitative chemical tests. Preliminary chemical examination has indicated that it may be a carbohydrate. Although this substance is highly reactive with the specific antibodies produced by the intact bacterial cell, yet in its chemically purified condition it is probably non-antigenic. Specific serological reactions with this substance are dosely related to specific agglutination of the microorganism.
2. The study of sera prepared by immunization with the chemically extracted protein has shown the presence of antibodies for nudeoproteins alone. No antibodies against the specific soluble substance have been found in these sera. The protein antibodies are little, if at all, concerned in causing agglutination. Precipitin tests, complement fixation reactions, and absorption experiments have been used to analyze the group relationships with the nucleoproteins of other species. The proteins of each species of Gram-positive cocci studied were immunologically similar within the species and showed definite relationships to the proteins from related species. Proteins from bacteria of unrelated species did not react with antisera against streptococcus protein.
3. Two distinct antibodies have been demonstrated in antisera prepared against living bacteria. By prolonged immunization it was found possible to produce sera with a high content of protein as well as specific antibodies. With ordinary methods, however, the immune sera had a low content of relatively non-specific protein antibodies but a high titer for specific antibodies. The specific antibodies were not reactive with proteins but were active with high dilutions of the soluble specific substance and were responsible for the parallel specific agglutination. Absorption experiments showed that the two antibodies in antibacterial sera were immunologically distinct.
STUDIES ON THE BACTERIOPHAGE OF D'HÉRELLE
Authors: Bronfenbrenner Jacques J. , Korb Charles 
Published: June 2004

When bacteriophage is precipitated by alcohol at room temperature its activity rapidly and progressively decreases until it is totally destroyed, between 6 and 24 hours after exposure.
If the percipitation is carried out at 7°C. the destruction of lytic activity is considerably slower; measurable traces may be detected even after 4 weeks exposure to alcohol. Although the major portion of the lytic activity is found in the precipitate, the supernatant alcohol carries a measurable amount of lytic principle which remains active for several days.
In all cases the residual lytic activity was found to be transmissible in series. In no instance were we able to observe the non-transmissible action ascribed by d'sHérelle to the enzyme.
The persistence of traces of active principle after many weeks of exposure to alcohol at low temperature is not found to be due to the existence in the original filtrate of a fraction relatively resistant to the effect of alcohol.
The inactivation of bacteriophage by alcohol seems, therefore, analogous to the alcoholic inactivation of certain enzymes and toxins.
THE EFFECT OF OPERATIVE INTERFERENCE WITH THE CERVICAL SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM UPON THE GROWTH AND MALIGNANCY OF A TRANSPLANTABLE NEOPLASM OF THE RABBIT
Authors: Pearce Louise , Van Allen Chester M. 
Published: June 2004

The effect of the removal of the complete cervical sympathetic nervous system, of both superior and of both inferior cervical ganglia, and of a small portion of the cervical sympathetic nerve in the rabbit was studied in relation to the character of a malignant disease induced by a transplantable neoplasm.
It was found that the general character of the disease which developed in the operated groups of animals was more severe than that of a similar sized control group. Comparisons of the mortality rate in the several groups, of the animal inddence of metastases, the number of metastatic foci, and the distribution of these secondary growths all showed this to be the case. There appeared, furthermore, to be differences in malignancy among the operated groups themselves. The most severe disease occurred in the group in which a portion of the sympathetic nerve only was removed (sympathotomy); that in the complete sympathectomy and superior sympathectomy groups was slightly less malignant; and that in the inferior group was much less so.
These results have been interpreted as due to a less effective animal resistance, the mechanism of which has been interfered with in some way by the interference with the sympathetic nerves. The reasons for the difference in malignancy exhibited by the several operated groups are undetermined. A tentative explanation is suggested upon the basis of coordinating, favorable or deleterious functions subserved by the cervical sympathetic nervous system.
LOCAL IMMUNIZATION OF RABBITS TO CUTANEOUS INFECTION WITH STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
Authors: Mallory Tracy B. , Marble Alexander 
Published: June 2004

1. Bacterial filtrates were prepared by the methods described by Besredka, but these never developed any specific growth-inhibiting factors.
2. Such filtrates produced a strictly local immunity of the areas of the skin infiltrated but such protection was never greater than that produced with the broth from which they were prepared. This immunity was manifest within 8 hours and persisted at least 15 days.
3. Transcutaneous treatment by moist dressings soaked in either filtrate or broth were entirely ineffective.
4. Sites of healed cutaneous lesions show a strictly local and nonspecific immunity for a period of 5 to 6 weeks.
5. Repeated intracutaneous infection with virulent staphylococci failed to produce a general cutaneous immunity.
STUDIES ON THE BACTERIOPHAGE OF D'HERELLE
Authors: Bronfenbrenner Jacques J. , Korb Charles 
Published: June 2004

The experiments reported above confirm the fact that lytic principle is distributed in active solution in a state of indivisible units. This permits its quantitative evaluation by serial dilution, as well as by plating on agar. The latter method, however, often gives readings considerably lower than those obtained by the broth dilution method of titration. By varying the concentration of agar it has been possible to show that the discrepancy is due to adsorption of the lytic agent on agar. When the concentration of the latter is increased from 0.3 per cent to 2.5 per cent the number of plaques of lysis is reduced more than 100 times. At the same time the average size of the plaques also decreases approximately to one-tenth of the original.
The size, as well as the number of plaques, has been found to depend also on the condition of the culture employed in titration. Thus, when the culture exposed to the action of lytic agent is composed of young susceptible bacteria, the greater the concentration of bacteria, the smaller the plaques.
When the culture is composed partly of young and partly of old susceptible bacteria, both the size and the number of the plaques are diminished with the increase in the relative concentration of old bacteria. On the other hand, presence in the culture of resistant bacteria does not affect either the size or the number of the plaques so long as the relative concentration of susceptible bacteria in the culture is sufficient to allow formation of them. The plaques appearing in the presence of a high concentration of resistant variants in the culture are relatively indistinct owing to overgrowth.
Under carefully controlled conditions the size of plaques is found to be determined by the character of the lytic filtrate. Thus in the case of lytic agents which act upon more than one bacterial species the size of the plaques remains constant, irrespective of the bacterial substratum used for the production of the active filtrate.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES WITH A SPIRAL ORGANISM FOUND IN A WILD RAT AND IDENTICAL WITH THE ORGANISM CAUSING RAT-BITE FEVER
Authors: Mooser H. 
Published: June 2004

1. The spiral organism isolated from a wild rat has proved identical with that from a human case of rat-bite fever in Mexico City.
2. Rabbits can easily be infected with these organisms.
3. The subcutaneous inoculation of them is followed after 3 to 5 days by a local edema, induration, and inflammation: primary lesion.
4. About 8 days after the appearance of the primary lesion, edematous swellings and inflammation appear on the head and genitals: secondary lesions.
5. The organism can be transmitted from rabbit to rabbit by coitus.
6. Protective antibodies are to be found in the blood of infected rabbits at a time when the local lesions are still active. The peculiar character of certain of the lesions is probably due to the escape of the antibodies from the blood stream.
7. The organism belongs to the genus Treponema.
THE EFFECT OF ETHYL URETHANE ANESTHESIA ON THE ACID-BASE EQUILIBRIUM AND CELL CONTENTS OF THE BLOOD
Authors: Hawkins James A. , Murphy James B. 
Published: June 2004

When anesthesia is produced in rabbits or rats by injections of ethyl urethane, the C02 content and pH of the whole blood of the animal are more or less rapidly increased to a point where there is a marked uncompensated alkalosis which reaches its maximum at 24 hours and persists for 48 hours.
The increase in the C02 content and pH of the whole blood is accompanied by a decrease in the circulating lymphocytes and an increase in the polymorphonuclear leucocytes.
UROBILIN PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY
Authors: Elman Robert , McMaster Philip D. 
Published: June 2004

Further evidence is presented, in addition to that of our previous papers, that the intestinal tract is, under ordinary circumstances, the sole place of origin of urobilin. So long as the biliary tract remains sterile the presence of the pigment in bile and urine is entirely dependent upon the passage of bile to the intestine.
Animals rendered urobilin-free by the collection of all the bile from the intubated, uninfected common duct, remain urobilin-free during and after extensive blood destruction caused by intravenous injections of distilled water, as also after reinjections of the animal's own blood, hemolyzed in vitro. No urobilin appears in the bile, urine, or feces of animals so intubated when blood destruction has been caused by sodium oleate, or by an agent, toluylenediamine, which damages the liver as well as the blood.
On the other hand, when bile flow into the intestine is uninterrupted, urobilinuria occurs during blood destruction caused in any of the ways mentioned and it parallels, both in severity and duration, the destructive process.
Merely increasing the amount of bilirubin within the intestines of healthy dogs by feeding urobilin-free bile, will lead to marked urobilinuria. The extravasation of blood into the tissues, resulting from the trauma of an operation for intubation of a bile duct, does not lead to urobilinuria in animals losing all of the bile after this operation, but may do so when only a small fraction of the bile is drained, while the remainder reaches the intestine as usual. The production of artificial hematomas, without operation, is not followed by urobilinuria, under the circumstances last mentioned, but merely by an increase in the bilirubin of the bile. The effect on the liver of the anesthetic employed during the intubation may be responsible for the difference in the two cases.
During the course of certain intercurrent infections affecting some of the intubated animals, notably distemper, there was a drop in the hemoglobin percentage of the circulating blood, accompanied by an increased output of bile pigment or further by urobilinuria, when the conditions were such that bile still reached the intestine. The findings pointed to increased blood destruction as a factor in the urobilinuria.
The evidence presented, taken with that of our previous papers, suffices to demonstrate, that urobilinuria, occurring during blood destruction, is primarily the result of an increased excretion of bilirubin from which, in turn, an unusually large quantity of urobilin is formed within the intestine. The liver fails to remove from the portal blood all of the latter pigment which is resorbed and consequently some of it reaches the kidneys and urine.
Our work has been carried out on animals with uninfected biliary tracts and livers, save for one case which has special mention. The influence of infection of the biliary tract on the place of formation of urobilin and the development of urobilinuria will be discussed in a succeeding communication.
THE PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM TO EXPERIMENTAL ALTERATIONS
Authors: Holman Emile , Beck Claude S. 
Published: June 2004

An abnormal communication, experimentally produced between the right and left ventricles, causes a deflection of part of the blood stream into the shorter pulmonary circuit. Proceeding pari passu with the increase in volume flow of blood through this shorter circuit, there occurs a gradual enlargement of the heart limited to that part of the circulatory system through which the deflected blood passes; namely, the left ventricle, the right ventricle, the pulmonary artery, and the left auricle. There is also a demonstrable hypertrophy of the right and left ventricles, which presumably is the result of the increased effort necessary to propel forward an increased volume flow of blood, since it cannot be attributed to an increased peripheral resistance.
Immediately after the production of the defect, the right auricle and aorta become smaller than usual, conforming in size to the decreased volume flow of blood through them. As full compensation for the deflected flow occurs by an increase in total blood volume, they return to their normal size. If full compensation has not occurred they remain smaller than normal (Dog X 11).
The changes incident to the establishment of an opening in the septum are entirely dependent upon the size of the defect, and hence, upon the extent of the volume of blood deflected into the shorter circuit. Commensurate with the volume of blood deflected, there is a fall in general blood pressure. If the animal survives the immediate fall in blood pressure, certain compensatory adjustments occur which reestablish a more normal blood pressure: (a) an immediate increase in pulse rate; (b) a gradual increase in total blood mass. The increase in blood volume is directly commensurate with the size of the defect. The pulse returns to a normal rate when complete compensation through an increase in blood volume has been attained.
It is suggested that the enlargement of the heart seen clinically in so called "idiopathic hypertrophy," "essential hypertension," and also in certain cases of cardiorenal disease, may be due to an increase in total blood mass following some interference with the mechanism for its control. The seat of this impairment in blood volume control may be: (a) in a chemical alteration in the blood; (b) in a diseased function of the kidneys which may be responsible for a decreased elimination, or for a change in the chemical composition of the blood; or (c) in an abnormal stimulation of the organs producing the cellular elements of the blood.
PRIMARY LUNG TUMORS IN MICE FOLLOWING THE CUTANEOUS APPLICATION OF COAL TAR
Authors: Murphy James B. , Sturm Ernest 
Published: June 2004

The external application of tar to a number of separated areas on the surface of mice, in such fashion that no single area is irritated sufficiently long to cause lesions of the skin, has resulted in a very high incidence of lung tumors. This incidence ranged from 60.0 per cent in one experiment to 78.3 per cent in another. Control mice from the same stock but from 3 to 6 months older, and for that reason the more liable to spontaneous lung tumors, failed to show a single instance of such growths. Even in a stock in which spontaneous lung tumors had been frequent, the incidence for corresponding age periods has never been above 5.5 per cent while the average has been between 1 and 2 per cent over a period of years. The tumors in the tar-painted animals occur as small white nodules, either single or multiple. They are typical epithelial neoplasms, identical histologically with those described by previous authors as occurring spontaneously in mice.
Some possible factors in the causation of the tumors are briefly discussed.
THE SOLUBLE SPECIFIC SUBSTANCE OF A STRAIN OF FRIEDLÄNDER'S BACILLUS
Authors: Heidelberger Michael , Goebel Walther F. , Avery Oswald T. 
Published: June 2004

1. A method is given for the isolation of a specifically reacting nitrogen-free polysaccharide from the so called E strain of Friedländer's bacillus.
2. The properties of this polysaccharide are described.
SKIN REACTIONS TO ALTERNATE HEAT AND X-RAY EXPOSURES
Authors: Hawkins James A. , Clark Harry 
Published: June 2004

Different areas on the abdomen of the same guinea pigs have been exposed to suberythema doses of soft x-rays, to heat of an intensity below the critical dose for the production of burns, and to both radiations in sequence.
The only effect of exposure to x-ray or heat alone was a slight scaling of the skin. The areas exposed to heat and x-radiation developed well marked and persistent burns. The results were the same no matter in which sequence the agents were applied.
STUDIES ON THE BACTERIOPHAGE OF D'HERELLE
Authors: Bronfenbrenner Jacques J. , Korb Charles 
Published: June 2004

Lytic filtrates, active against Bacillus dysenteriœ Shiga, Bacillus coli, Bacillus pestis caviœ, and staphylococcus respectively, proved to be differently affected by changes in hydrogen ion concentration.
Anti-staphylococcus lysin was the least resistant of the four, showing deterioration in 3 hours at 7°C. beyond the zone of hydrogen ion concentration limited by CH = 6.3 x 10–5 and CH = 1.6 x 10–9. Under the same conditions, the zone of resistance of anti-coli filtrate lay between CH = 2.7 x 10–3 and CH = 2.5 x 10–11, and that of anti-Shiga between CH = 1-7 x 10–4 and CH = 1-3 x 10–11. Anti-pestis caviœ filtrate was most resistant of the four, retaining its full activity in the zone from CH = 1 x 10–3 to CH = 3.5 x 10–12.
The fact that these differences in individual resistance persisted, notwithstanding the repeated passage of lytic filtrates through cultures of bacteria other than those against which they were primarily active, seems to offer evidence in favor of a multiplicity of bacteriophages.
SEROLOGICAL STUDIES ON THE BLOOD OF THE PRIMATES
Authors: Landsteiner K. , Miller C. Philip 
Published: June 2004

While the precipitin tests do not differentiate, according to the results of previous workers, between the serum proteins of man and chimpanzee, a clear-cut differentiation between the blood cells of man and the anthropoids was obtained by means of hemagglutinins.
According to our tests on bloods of whites and negroes, constant racial serological differences among human bloods, if they exist at all, are certainly smaller than the differences between the bloods of man and the anthropoid apes.
The serological differences between man and the lower monkeys appear to be no greater than those between the anthropoid apes and the lower monkeys. These findings confirm the opinion that the anthropoid apes do not rank in the genealogical tree between lower monkeys and man.
STUDIES OF LEPTOSPIRA HEBDOMADIS
Authors: Koshina M. , Shiozawa S. , Kitayama K. 
Published: June 2004

From the results of etiological study of the disease known as akiyami which prevails in the Shida district of Shizuoka province, we conclude that:
1. Akiyami is an infectious disease caused by a leptospira.
2. The leptospira causing akiyami is very difficult to differentiate morphologically from Leptospira icterohœmorrhagiœ and Leptospira hebdomadis.
3. The strains of leptospira isolated from cases of akiyami are of two types. One type, isolated from three of the sixteen cases, is highly virulent for guinea pigs and is serologically distinct from Leptospira icterohœmorrhagiœ and Leptospira hebdomadis; we have called this the A type. The type obtained from the other cases is less virulent for guinea pigs and is serologically identical with Leptospira hebdomadis; we have called this the B type.
4. The field mouse (Microtus montebelli), which harbors Leptospira hebdomadis, has also been found to harbor the A type of akiyami.
SERUM-GLOBULIN AND DIPHTHERIC ANTITOXIN.—A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE AMOUNT OE GLOBULIN IN NORMAL AND ANTITOXIC SERA, AND THE RELATION OF THE GLOBULINS TO THE ANTITOXIC BODIES
Authors: Hiss Philip Hanson , Atkinson James P. 
Published: June 2004

The results of the foregoing experiments may be briefly summarized as follows:
The amount of antitoxic substance obtained by precipitation with magnesium sulphate from the blood-serum of the horse corresponds, as nearly as can be determined by the use of test guinea-pigs, in full to the protective power of the serum from which it is obtained, i. e. the precipitate from 1 cc. of serum will protect against the same amount of toxin as 1 cc. of the serum itself.
Equal amounts of the precipitates by magnesium sulphate from immunized and non-immunized horses act differently toward toxin; i. e. the proportion of protective substance to the precipitate from non-immunized serum is exceedingly small as compared with the proportion of antitoxin to the precipitate from sera of immunized horses.
The average precipitate from the sera of immunized horses, as obtained by magnesium sulphate, is more abundant than the average precipitate from sera of non-immunized horses.
In the case of the same animal before and after immunization, the serum before immunization gives a less abundant precipitate with magnesium sulphate than the serum tested after immunization.
The proportion of increase per unit of antitoxic strength for the same or different horses is not constant. This may be due to an increase of inactive substances (in their relation to diphtheric toxin) or to imperfect methods of determination.
The precipitates obtained by magnesium sulphate give all the reactions recognized as characteristic of globulins, and as distinguishing them from other albuminous bodies. We are not warranted, then, in the present state of our knowledge, in considering any part of these precipitates as other than globulin. But it does seem warrantable to conclude, from the fact that the globulins of normal serum do not protect, or only in comparatively large amounts, against diphtheric toxin, that new globulins are formed, or rather greatly increased in the serum of immunized horses, and that these globulins protect against the toxin. These increased globulins and the inert globulins (which from obvious causes are a very variable factor) are both precipitated by magnesium sulphate.
Every animal has a physiological and pathological history more or less widely diverging from the normal, hence absolute conformity in the results obtained is not to be expected, at least with our present methods of differentiation.