bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Formal Exchange Reaction between Ketones and Vinyl Ethers with Solid Catalysts
Authors: Oliver-Meseguer Judit , Leyva-Pérez Antonio , Mingueza-Verdejo Paloma , Cerón-Carrasco Jose Pedro 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThe formal exchange of functional groups in internal positions of two different molecules is of interest in synthetic chemistry, as a simple retrosynthetic strategy. Here the formal exchange reaction between internal α-methylene ketones and vinyl ethers, retaining the original C–O bonds is presented. This process offers a new route for the synthesis of vinyl ethers in one step from ketones, including 1,3-diketones, under mild reaction conditions. Besides, the reaction is catalyzed by reusable cheap solids and can be carried out in flow for 20 days without signs of catalyst depletion. Combined experimental and computational mechanistic studies unveil the key role of carbonyl–enol equilibria.
Unawareness of Primary Aldosteronism as a Common Cause of Hypokalemia
– Insights from the IPAHK+ Trial (Incidence of
Primary Aldosteronism in Patients with Hypokalemia)
Authors: Gruber Sven , Stasi Evangelia , Pion Antonio Boan , Steiner Regula , Erlic Zoran , Bornstein Stefan R. , Sudano Isabella , Reincke Martin , Beuschlein Felix 
Published: November 2023

AbstractHypokalemia plays an important role in the diagnosis and management of primary
aldosteronism (PA). While the hypokalemic variant of the disease accounts for
about one third of all cases, little is known about the incidence of PA in
hypokalemic populations. The IPAHK+ study is an epidemiological,
cross-sectional trial to provide evidence on the incidence of PA in hypokalemic
patients from a university hospital outpatient population. Recruitment of
outpatients with hypokalemia≤3 mmol/l is carried out on
a continuous referral-basis through an automated data delivery system. Up to an
interim data closure, 66 patients underwent the study protocol. The mean age of
the participants was 52.9±1.5 years with an equal sex ratio of 1:1 women
to men, a mean potassium value of 2.78±0.31 mmol/l
[1.8;3.0] and a prevalence of arterial hypertension of 72.7%. PA was
diagnosed in 46.6% of all participants, all of whom had a history of
hypertension. Incidence of PA increased continuously with decreasing potassium
levels with proportions of 26.7%, 50% and 57.1% in the
subgroups of 3.0 mmol/l (n=15),
2.8–2.9 mmol/l (n=22)
and≤2.7 mmol/l (n=21), respectively. Prior to
testing, 59.1% of all patients presented at least with one plausible
other cause of hypokalemia. The incidence of PA in the investigated outpatient
population was more than 4 out of 10 and inversely correlated with baseline
potassium levels. Moderate or severe hypokalemia, regardless of its cause,
should therefore prompt evaluation for PA in hypertensive individuals.
Normotensive hypokalemic PA was not observed in this cohort.
Low-Cost, Durable Sheepskin Uterine Model for Obstetric Hemorrhage Emergency Simulation
Authors: Lunardhi Alicia , Stohl Hindi Elaine , Betson Lance , Saad Christina 
Published: November 2023

Objective Postpartum hemorrhage is a common obstetrical emergency. Because the majority of cases respond to conservative medical therapies, trainees have limited clinical experience with hemostatic sutures or placement of a Bakri intrauterine balloon for refractory postpartum hemorrhage. Simulations provide an invaluable adjunct to resident education to learn and practice these hemostatic techniques. We aimed to create a low-cost, reproducible simulation model to prepare residents for uterine atony interventions such as B-Lynch, Bakri balloon placement, and uterine artery ligation.
Study Design Using low-cost supplies, a reusable, life-sized recent postpartum uterus was constructed from pieces of sheepskin and sewn together with various expired suture. The sheepskin material allowed for repeated, secure placement of B-Lynch and O'Leary sutures and Bakri balloons, as well as offering the required compressibility to simulate a boggy uterus. Finally, sections of a red robin catheter were incorporated along the lateral lower borders of the model to simulate blood vessels for practicing uterine artery ligations.
Results The model was used about 50 times over the span of 3 years to practice uterine hemostatic suturing. Residents found this model lifelike, accurate in size, and multifunctional for practicing these various techniques. The sheepskin material proved to be very resistant to repeated suturing, and also provided strong suture pull through strength. The durability of the sheepskin material demonstrates that this model can be used for repeated simulations or individual practice.
Conclusion The sheepskin uterus model provides trainees a realistic, low-cost, reproducible, simulation of a hypotonic uterus and allows for multiple modalities for managing postpartum hemorrhage.
Key Points
Ownership of ESG characteristics
Authors: Bateman Mark E. , Goldberg Lisa R. 
Published: November 2023

AbstractA portfolio can be viewed as the collection of the businesses, policies and practices of constituent companies. We measure investors’ Ownership of this collection. Ownership metrics aggregate an assortment of company specific Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) characteristics to the portfolio level, and they can inform investment and engagement decisions. Relative to a benchmark, investor Ownership is active and satisfies a zero-sum property, which underscores the distinction between Ownership and impact. Ownership of ESG characteristics may be interpreted as ascribing ethical responsibility, but that conclusion and any decisions that result from it belong to the investor.
Does culture matter? Corporate reputation and sustainable satisfaction in the Chinese and German banking sector
Authors: Damberg Svenja , Liu Yide , Ringle Christian M. 
Published: November 2023

AbstractCorporate reputation is important for all types of banks across the world, despite these countries differing culturally. Building on an extended corporate reputation model, we identify the key drivers of customer-based reputation and sustainable customer satisfaction in two culturally different countries, namely China and Germany. We also consider two reputation dimensions—perceived competence and likeability—and their effects on the target construct. Empirical data from 625 German and 734 Chinese commercial bank customers allow us to estimate the corporate reputation model with the partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) method, and by substantiating the relationships by means of a necessary condition analysis (NCA) and a predictive power analysis. By comparing the two countries’ results, we identify their cultural differences. Overall, we confirm the model’s relevance for the two cultures, finding that banks’ perceived attractiveness is the most important driver of both cultures’ customer-perceived bank reputation. By means of an importance-performance map analysis, we identify a large overlap between the two cultures’ set of important constructs, likeability’s much greater importance in Germany, and the perceived quality construct’s relevance in both countries. We contribute to research and scientific knowledge about corporate reputation models by identifying the similarities in and differences between two countries’ markets with respect to the banking sector, all of which have implications for international banks’ management.
The Covid-19 pandemic in Ghana: exploring the discourse strategies in president Nana Addo’s speeches
Authors: Kwame Abukari , Makarova Veronika , Hudu Fusheini , Petrucka Pammla M. 
Published: November 2023

AbstractCommunication during a crisis can affect crisis management and health outcomes. Only a few studies in Africa have examined political leaders’ speeches on Covid-19 pandemic preventive and restrictive lockdown measures. The purpose of this study is to examine the discourse strategies employed in President Nana Addo’s speeches delivered to Ghanaians on the measures taken to combat the coronavirus. The first ten speeches of Nana Addo since the inception of Covid-19 were selected, coded, and examined using content thematic analysis. The analysis of these speeches identified five main themes to capture the discourse strategies which President Nana Addo used. The strategies captured in the thematic analysis included framing Covid-19 as a war, encouraging nationalism and patriotism, showing appreciation and gratitude, threatening sanctions, and using religious values. These strategies were reinforced by using religious, moralizing, and national identity legitimation discourses to justify measures the government had put in place to minimize the impact of Covid-19 and improve healthcare response. Also, the historical, social, and political contexts of Ghana and elsewhere were invoked in Nana Addo’s speeches to legitimize the government’s response to Covid-19. In conclusion, we highlight the implications of these strategies on crisis communication and management.
Emergence of OXA-48-producing Enterobacter hormaechei in a Swiss companion animal clinic and their genetic relationship to clinical human isolates
Authors: Donà Valentina , Nordmann Patrice , Kittl Sonja , Schuller Simone , Bouvier Maxime , Poirel Laurent , Endimiani Andrea , Perreten Vincent 
Published: November 2023

Abstract

Background
Enterobacter hormaechei producing the carbapenemase OXA-48 was identified repeatedly in infections in companion animals hospitalized at a Swiss veterinary clinic where OXA-48-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae was previously reported.

Objectives
To determine the genetic relatedness of animal and human E. hormaechei strains collected in Switzerland during 2017–22 and their mobile genetic elements.

Methods
Hybrid assemblies for phylogenetic and comparative analysis of animal (n = 9) and human (n = 25) isolates were obtained by sequencing with Illumina, PacBio and Oxford Nanopore Technologies. Antimicrobial susceptibility was tested by broth microdilution.

Results
The animal strains were identified as E. hormaechei subsp. xiangfangensis ST114 (n = 6) and ST418 (n = 2), and E. hormaechei subsp. hoffmannii ST78 (n = 1). Human E. hormaechei belonged to subspecies steigerwaltii (n = 10), xiangfangensis (n = 13), hoffmannii (n = 1) and hormaechei (n = 1), with a heterogeneous ST distribution differing from the animal strains, except for two ST114. Core-gene SNP analysis confirmed the clonality of the animal ST114 and ST418 isolates (0 to 10 SNPs), and close relatedness of animal and human ST114 strains (80–120 SNPs). The strains harboured the blaOXA-48 gene on ca. 63 kb IncL-type plasmids (n = 27); on ca. 72 kb IncL plasmids co-harbouring blaCTX-M-14 (n = 2); and on ca. 150–180 kb IncFIB (n = 4) or hybrid IncFIB/IncL (n = 1) plasmids. The blaOXA-48-harbouring plasmids and the blaDHA-1-carrying ISCR1 element in one animal ST114 and both ST418 clones were likely acquired from previously spreading K. pneumoniae strains.

Conclusions
Common ecological niches favour the spread of plasmid-borne carbapenemases among Enterobacterales and the emergence of MDR E. hormaechei clones.
Minimally invasive management of sleeve gastrectomy collection with a nasobiliary drainage tube
Authors: Sidhu Tejminder S , Jhamb Shaurya , Welch Christine , Whiting Scott 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A staple line leak is a feared complication of sleeve gastrectomy. Endoscopic methods have superseded surgical management of small leaks, however large collections often require surgical intervention. Here, we describe endoscopic management of large collection adjacent to the staple line with an 8Fr nasobiliary tube.
The impact of malaria control on the economic development of Nepal
Authors: Mills Anne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Throughout the hours of daylight the Terai is safe enough. It is the evening that man may not spend in this beautiful park. Sundown in the Terai has brought to an end more attempted raids into Nepal and has buried more political hopes than will ever be known. The English learnt their lesson early, for within forty years of Plassey a column − moving to the help of hard-beset Nepal − withered and retreated before the miasma of this paradise. The English had been told of its dangers, but they had to learn from experience what all India had known and feared for centuries ... The tribe of the Tharus alone − an indigenous race of the Terai, fit only to act as carters − are immune ... Perhaps after all this zone is only affected by an unusually virulent form of the fever, but of its mortal effect there is no question. The records of Nepal and of the Indian army are crowded with the names of its victims. This local pestilence is known far and wide as awal, a name which hums an undertone of death throughout the chronicles of Nepal. Between October and March its teeth are drawn.
Introduction
Authors: Cumper George E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this sceptical world, few things are universally accepted as good. Salvation is judged irrelevant by a secular society; motherhood is an indulgence to be controlled through family planning; even apple pie may contain harmful additives. Only health commands universal respect, as an aim for ourselves and a benefit to be conferred on others. Socialist governments routinely allot health services a generous share of the state budget; revolutionary regimes give a high priority to health campaigns; conservative countries complain about the increasing costs of health care, without questioning the need for its expansion by conventional or ‘alternative’ means.
Micro-evaluation: who needs it?
Authors: Cumper George E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
People responsible for the allocation of resources to and within the health sector obviously need criteria to guide them in their work. Their professional backgrounds may be various: doctors, professional administrators, accountants, bankers. The extent of their responsibility, too, may vary from management of a single institution to oversight of national and international programmes. In the last two decades a range of techniques has become available to help them evaluate single projects and programmes, referred to broadly as cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) and cost-benefit analysis (CBA) (see, for example Drummond 1980; Drummond et al. 1987; but see also Elzinga 1981). It is argued here that these techniques are not sufficient for evaluation of health care systems at the national level. But to keep the argument in perspective, it is necessary to emphasize that these techniques do meet real needs, even though these are not the needs of the health system evaluator.
Epidemiology and Control of Neural Tube Defects
Authors: Elwood J Mark , Little Julian , Elwood J Harold 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Neural tube defects, spina bifida, anencephalus, and encephalocoele, are among the commonest severe congenital abnormalities in most countries. The last decade has seen many advances, including the use of antenatal diagnosis by chemical and ultrasound methods, population screening, and many new findings in epidemiology, culminating in the demonstration of the protective effect of folic acid on recurrences. The progress in both antenatal diagnosis and in aetiological research on neural tube defects has been particularly dramatic, and may well anticipate developments in regard to other congenital abnormalities. Primary prevention now appears as an attainable goal. This book presents a critical review of the extensive findings of epidemiological studies, discusses several methodological issues of wider relevance such as ascertainment, seasonal variation, ethical and legal issues. As well as providing a unique resource in regard to neural tube defects, much of the material is relevant to those with wider interests in the prevention, antenatal diagnosis, and control of major diseases.
Ethnic origin and migration
Authors: Little Julian , Elwood Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The striking variations in the prevalence at birth of anencephalus and spina bifida in different places throughout the world have been discussed in Chapter 4. We now attempt to separate the effect of the geographical factor from the effects of person related characteristics, particularly the ethnic origin of the parents. To some extent the geographical factor represents environmental and ethnic origin genetic influences, but this is an over-simplification. An ethnic subgroup may have a characteristic disease pattern either because of genetic homogeneity or because of specific environmental influences such as dietary habits. Differences in disease frequency between migrants and the population from which they come (sedentes) may be due to the influence of the new environment, but also may arise from both social and genetic differences between those who migrate and those who do not (selective migration). Selective outbreeding and intermarriage between different ethnic groups will change the gene pool but this process takes several generations. Thus, comparisons between migrants and their descendants, their source populations (sedentes), and the populations of the areas into which they have moved, are of interest in view of genetic effects, effects of selective migration, and the influences of the changed environment, mediated by the lifestyle of the migrant group.
Cigarette smoking and the incidence of endometrial cancer
Authors: Weiss Noel S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A lower risk of endometrial cancer among cigarette smokers than among non-smokers has been noted in 10 of 11 studies. The negative association has been particularly strong in recent smokers, which would be predicted if smoking were to exert an effect by interfering in some way with the action of oestrogens in endometrial carcinogenesis. The observed difference between smokers and non-smokers has generally been somewhat greater in post-menopausal than in pre-menopausal women, and greater in users than in non-users of post-menopausal oestrogens. Thus, if cigarette smoking does prevent some women from developing endometrial cancer, it is likely to do so in ways other than by reducing ovarian production of oestrogens.
Influence of nicotine and other components of tobacco smoke on oestradiol metabolism
Authors: Michnovicz Jon J , Bradlow H Leon , Fishman Jack 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The oxidative metabolism of oestradiol, particularly C-2 hydroxylation, is significantly enhanced by cigarette smoking in humans. The biochemical mechanism for this metabolic induction may help to explain the anti-oestrogenic effect of smoking on various hormone-dependent diseases in humans. Therefore, it is of considerable interest to know which chemicals in tobacco smoke have the capacity to alter oestrogen metabolism. This paper reviews the various mammalian P450 drug metabolizing isozymes capable of catalysing 2-hydroxylation and the factors influencing their activity. Current research strongly indicates that the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in cigarette smoke are primarily responsible for induction of the cytochrome P450 isozymes (P45OI) that perform oestradiol 2-hydroxylation, although other constitutive isozymes may be active in the non-induced individual. While nicotine has the capacity in some experimental systems to induce P450 metabolism, isozymes other than those in the P450I family are more likely to be affected. Further research into the effects of cigarette smoking on oestradiol metabolism should help to develop strategies that reduce the risk of hormone-dependent diseases without the adverse consequences of smoking.
Consumers, producers, and government
Authors: Cohen David R , Henderson John B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Among other things, micro-economic theory attempts to explain consumers’ demand, producers’ supply, and whether or not there is any justification for the government intervening in the freely made choices of consumers or suppliers. This chapter concentrates on the last of these issues. Consider the following example: Joe Brown has just bought a new motorcycle and is now considering the pros and cons of buying (and wearing) a crash helmet. Wanting to be a rational informed consumer, he gathers all the evidence on motorcycle safety, determines the statistical risk of injury or death with and without a helmet, and, after also determining the types of injuries possible and their consequences, decides not to wear a helmet. In many countries such a decision is considered unacceptable. If an individual will not voluntarily demand a helmet, the law can, and in most places does, compel him or her to wear one.
Tackling appraisal
Authors: Cohen David R , Henderson John B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The previous two chapters looked at the results of economic appraisals in the areas of primary prevention and screening. Here the issues that have to be tackled to get to the results and the problems that can arise along the way are described in greater depth. The main aim of this chapter is to help the reader understand how questions of efficiency should be appraised so that the better studies can be distinguished and good practice recognized and followed.
Community Health Workers in Tanzania
Authors: Heggenhougen H K , Magari F M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tanzania has a well-earned and long-standing reputation for having developed a comprehensive health care policy, and for attempting to make basic, primary health care (PHC) services available to its total population in both rural as well as urban areas. Already in 1978, 92 per cent of the population were within 10 km, and 70 percent were within 5 km of a health facility. In 1988, the slightly higher proportion of 72 per cent of the population were within 5 km of such a facility. Despite this extraordinary effort to construct anequitably distributed health facilities infrastructure it is, however, still the case that of the country's approximately 8500 villages there are some 5000 without a formal health facility. More than 20 years ago, as now, it was felt that community health workers (CHWs) or wahudumu wa afya vijijini could be trained and deployed in village health posts (VHPs), to provide curative and preventive care at village level, and to assist and complement services provided at the formal government facilities. Both the government, through the Ministry of Health, and voluntary agencies, and a number of donor' agencies (for example, UNICEF, DANIDA, NORAD, SIDA) in different regions of the country, are involved in training and supporting CHW programmes.
The State and democratization in PHC: community participation and the village health worker programme in Zimbabwe
Authors: David Sanders 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Political independence came to Zimbabwe in 1980, after many years of bitter struggle by the black majority under the leadership of the nationalist parties against white settler colonial rule. The political situation which had developed during 1979, and which persisted throughout the early post-Independence period, as well as the subsequent ebb in the popular mobilization, sets the context for this case study of village health workers (VHWs). The chapter is divided into four main sections. The first examines briefly the health situation before Independence, reviewing both the health (or disease) situation and its social context, as well as colonial health services.