bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic Reconstruction of the Past
Authors: Erlich Henry A. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This book discusses the recently developed capacity to use DNA sequence information to make inferences about historical events. Part One focuses on how DNA analysis can reconstruct the recent past, in particular, the events that transpired at the scene of a crime. Part Two is a discussion of how the same DNA technology and genetic data can be used to reconstruct the ancient past, using DNA sequences from human samples as well as from fossil remains to study the evolution of the human species and the historical relationships among contemporary and extinct human populations. The author discusses how he and his colleagues at Cetus Corp in the mid-1980s developed the PCR (polymerase chain reaction) technology of specific DNA amplification, a method of synthesizing millions of copies of a specific targeted DNA sequence, and applied it to address forensic and evolutionary questions. His lab applied these now widely used techniques in the first DNA criminal case, the first exoneration case, and the first identification of a missing person. The same DNA technology that allows the analysis of a hair or tiny blood spot at a crime scene also enables sequencing the DNA of a bone fragment from a Neanderthal skeleton. Both forensic and evolutionary investigations compare the frequency of specific genetic variants in different populations and share a common goal: solving historical mysteries. The author discusses ongoing controversies in both fields as well as the intrinsic human curiosity about our origins and the desire to solve crimes and seek justice.
Closure and Justice
Authors: Erlich Henry A. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes how DNA analysis has been used to identify the missing, starting with the case of an individual child in 1991, and discusses its use by the International Commission on Missing Persons to identify the remains of thousands of people murdered during the Balkan wars. It discusses how DNA testing in Argentina helped identify the children of those murdered by the military junta between 1976 and 1983 and reunite them with their biological families. The chapter discusses the ongoing project using DNA analysis to identify people missing due to armed conflicts in El Salvador as well as projects in other countries. The author explains how mitochondrial DNA analysis was used to identify the remains of historical figures, such as King Richard III and the Romanov family. It also describes the massive project to identify the remains of those lost in the 9/11 World Trade Center attacks.
Controversies and Contention in Interpreting the Past
Authors: Erlich Henry A. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes some of the controversies associated with population genetic studies, particularly those involving indigenous groups. It discusses the potential conflict between genetics-based inferences about the peopling of the Americas and Native American cultural myths and narratives. It explains the concept of informed consent and discusses the Human Genome Diversity Project proposed in the 1990s that hoped to document the genetic diversity of human populations but ran into resistance by some indigenous groups. It discusses La Gran Expedicion Humana, and the polemic film, The Gene Hunter, that misrepresented the author’s work as well as that of many other scientists. The chapter discusses how more recent research on the diversity of human genome sequences seeks to engage indigenous groups.
Thinking of Us and Them, Enemies and Heroes
Authors: Orford Jim 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Chapter 4 examines the mental processes that it is thought are necessary in order to construct the idea of an enemy and which might justify the use of armed conflict against it. Areas of psychological theory and research covered include enemy images, processes of dehumanizing and demonizing members of potential enemy groups, and mental mechanisms that over-simplify, bias, or distort reality in ways that support the justification of war. Social identity theory and interpersonal contact theory are examined in some detail. The importance of perceived threat is discussed. The chapter concludes by considering the spiral conflict model and its implications for how cognitions and feelings about the enemy escalate as conflict develops.
Engineering Consent
Authors: Orford Jim 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Chapter 6 begins with a brief summary of the modern history of propaganda, during, between, and since the two world wars. A key role in war support is played by the media and its control and censorship as a means of silencing opposing voices and presenting a biased view of the enemy’s intentions and the reality of war. The important role of social media in recent conflicts is discussed. Among war discourses and other psychological strategies for successful propaganda, encouraging fear and the perception of threat are agreed to be important. The role of persuasive war leadership is also discussed: the newer psychology of leadership emphasizes how an effective leader acts as the group’s champion, supporting in-group identity.
An Answer
Authors: Orford Jim 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Chapter 8 brings together the conclusions of earlier chapters in the form of an integrated war support model. Three factors are central: readiness for war in the form of embedded militarism and moral justifications for war; war-justifying threat perception narratives, encouraged by leaders and the media; and a cognitive over-simplification of the enemy or potential enemy, and of one’s in-group and its position in the world, contrasted with more considered, complex thinking favoring cooperation and understanding. Each of the three factors is relevant at all three phases in the spiraling buildup to a war—preparing, contemplating, engaging—although readiness for war is of special importance in the early phase. Implications of the model are drawn for understanding the war in Ukraine and the possibility of war between China and the United States and its allies.
Dark Politics
Authors: Nai Alessandro , Maier Jürgen 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Political leaders across the globe are seemingly getting “darker”—uncivil, controversial, showcasing an aggressive personality and “bad manners” and taking pleasure in breaking political norms. Who are these politicians, and who likes them? Is a dark personality in politicians an electoral asset, or does it create a backlash? And what are the systemic consequences of dark politics—in terms of, for example, the rise of affective polarization and disaffection for democracy? This book investigates the “darker” sides of human personality in politicians and political leaders. It presents novel evidence from an original large-scale survey covering more than 100 elections worldwide, a collection of postelection mass surveys from the Comparative Study of Electoral Systems, and a novel experiment with American respondents that simulated the personality of a fictive candidate. The analyses reveal that “dark” politicians are more likely among populists and tend to use a harsher rhetoric consisting of political attacks, incivility, and fearmongering. If they tend to be disliked by the public at large, they are nonetheless particularly appreciated by voters who themselves score high on dark traits and those high on populist attitudes. Dark candidates are more likely to be electorally successful when running as incumbent and tend to be associated with a better economic performance in their country if elected. However, dark leaders can lead to increased cynicism and affective polarization in voters, are associated with a worse record when it comes to their handling of the Covid-19 pandemic, and seem associated with democratic deconsolidation, for example, shrinking political rights.
Dark Politicians, Populism, and Dark Campaigns
Authors: Nai Alessandro , Maier Jürgen 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter looks at two elements that are widely considered symptomatic of the increasing aggressiveness of contemporary democracy: populism and campaign negativity. Arguably, no element is more central in the contemporary narrative about the crisis of democratic institutions than populism, acting as a disrupting force in traditional electoral mechanisms by reshaping the dynamics of the “politics as usual.” The chapter expands recent research and shows that populists have a distinct personality profile from mainstream candidates—for instance, they score higher on the dark traits. The chapter also investigates to what extent candidates with a “dark” personality are more likely to use “dark” campaigns (negativity, incivility, and the use of fear appeals). There are several reasons for us to expect that psychopathy, narcissism, and Machiavellianism are linked with political style. Results discussed in this chapter provide strong confirmation to the intuition that populism and negativity are significantly more likely for candidates high on dark personality traits.
Medical Drug Use versus Recreational Abuse
Authors: Fisher George 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Moral aversion to mind-numbing pleasure and the excuse of necessity also shaped the nation’s opium laws. Eaten opium served recognized medical needs—suppressing pain, dysentery, and coughing—and won moral sanction for those purposes. Smoked opium and opium dens, introduced by Chinese laborers who immigrated to the West in the mid-nineteenth century, claimed no recognized medical need. Because observers portrayed opium smoking as inducing mindless pleasure, the practice drew moral condemnation. In 1875, acting on reports that respectable white youths patronized the dens, San Francisco’s supervisors criminalized keeping or visiting opium dens, the nation’s first ban of a nonalcoholic intoxicant. Other Western cities and towns enacted similar bans, often after reports of white youths visiting the dens, and statewide prohibitions followed. The old tradition of self-medication with eaten opium slowed full-scale opium bans, but they eventually followed. State lawmakers distinguished acceptable medical use from disfavored recreational abuse by banning unprescribed sales.
Women Moralists in Early Modern France
Authors: Hayes Julie Candler 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This book examines the contributions of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century French women philosophers and intellectuals to moralist writing. Moralist writing, a distinctively French genre, draws on philosophical and literary traditions extending back to classical antiquity. Closely connected to salon culture and influenced by Augustinianism, it engages social and political questions, epistemology, moral psychology, and virtue ethics. The first half of the book analyzes women’s use of moralist forms such as the essay, maxim, and “character” or portrait to explore classical topics: self-knowledge and knowledge of the self, the ethics and obligations of friendship, the relation of the passions to happiness. The second half focuses on topics that relate directly to women’s lifeworld: the critique of the institution of marriage, the status of older women, and the question of women’s nature and capabilities. Each chapter traces the evolution of women’s moralist thought from the late seventeenth century to the Enlightenment and the decades immediately following the French Revolution, a period of tremendous change in the horizon of possibilities for women as public figures and intellectuals.
On Self-Knowledge and Knowledge of the Self
Authors: Hayes Julie Candler 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines women moralists’ approaches to the related questions of the nature of the self and whether we can truly know ourselves and other people. Works by Madeleine de Scudéry, Louise Dupin, Marie de Verzure, Suzanne Necker, and Pauline Guizot propose different techniques for apprehending the self, which may be known through interactions with others or via introspection. These texts are shaped by a philosophical landscape that leads from humanist skepticism and Augustinian “suspicion” to the foundational role of introspection in Cartesian thought and the Enlightenment’s focus on materiality and sense perception. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the role of personal writing as a means of introspection and self-understanding.
On Friendship
Authors: Hayes Julie Candler 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses French women moralists’ analyses of friendship. Taking accounts of friendship in Aristotle, Cicero, and Montaigne as their reference points, these women reframe the issues in terms of the evolving social world of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century France. They focus, first, on the foundations of friendship, which include esteem for another’s virtue, gratitude for services rendered, and instinctive feelings; second, on the practices and obligations of friendship; and last, on the question of gender. Whereas classical depictions of friendship exclude women, women moralists emphasize mixed-gender relations. The chapter includes close readings of texts by Madeleine de Sablé, Madeleine de Scudéry, Anne-Thérèse de Lambert, Marie-Geneviève-Charlotte Thiroux d’Arconville, and many understudied writers and thinkers.
On Women’s Nature and Capabilities
Authors: Hayes Julie Candler 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This concluding chapter examines the topic of “women’s nature” that has been at the heart of all the previous chapters. The chapter looks first at the role played by theories of politeness and honnêteté in defining women’s nature, then to the evolution of biologically centered accounts and their relationship to theories of equality and inequality. The chapter gives extended close readings of Jeanne-Michelle de Pringy’s Les Différents caractères des femmes du siècle (1694), which traces women’s faults to social causes and proposes a method for enabling women to improve themselves. Anne-Thérèse de Lambert and Marie-Geneviève-Charlotte Thiroux d’Arconville similarly find social norms at the heart of women’s presumed failings. The chapter concludes with the emergence of the “woman author” as a distinct conceptual category and the intense debates it occasioned during the post-Revolutionary decade, including a close look at texts by Germaine de Staël, Félicité de Genlis, and Pauline Guizot.
Coming to America
Authors: Holt Frank L. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Ankh-Hap arrived in America at a time when Egyptomania was sweeping the nation. With the arrival in Boston of a mummy named Padihershef in 1832, the prospects of making money by exhibiting ancient corpses spurred a robust mummy trade. World’s fairs, colleges, seminaries, and circuses vied for imported mummies to meet the demands of this mummymania. Businesses used mummies as advertising props. Mummy exhibitions often relied upon mummy parts when whole bodies were not available. The creation of Frankenmummies, cobbled together from real and fake parts, became common. Whenever enthusiasm waned for these showpieces, the disposal of mummies and mummy parts became a practical and ethical problem.
Introduction to the Development of Social Policy
Authors: Pharris Angela B. , Natale Anthony P. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, the authors examine the policymaking process, types of policies, and their functions. This discussion provides the context to discuss the roles for social workers in policy practice. Social work professionals must know how laws are imagined and drafted and the stages of policy development in order to consider the pressure points that make policy change occur or draw attention to social problems. Social workers who enter forensic practice are uniquely positioned to know essential policy issues that impact individuals and families in the community. Therefore, we consider policy practice as an important intervention in social work practice.
Ethics in Forensic Social Work
Authors: McLeod David Axlyn , Ozturk Burcu , Dunnells Zackery D.O. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Forensic social workers have been involved in forensic practice for decades, and forensic social workers have different roles and responsibilities in the criminal and civil justice systems. Also, forensic social workers collaborate with various parts and professionals of the legal system throughout the legal process. While collaborating with different facets of the legal system, there could be ethical dilemmas and conflicts between social workers and other professionals. The purpose of ethics is to provide general principles of professional behavior that social workers should follow. The authors of this chapter will explain the differences between ethics and law and the differences between values and ethics. They will discuss social workers’ roles and ethical considerations and their relationship with legal professionals in the criminal justice system and forensic environments. Additionally, they provide information on how forensic social workers can develop a practice of ethical decision-making.
Transgender and Gender Nonconforming People in Forensic Social Work Practice
Authors: Schonauer Paula S. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The author of the chapter provides an overview of critical issues for transgender, nonbinary, or gender nonconforming people starting with defining transgender/nonbinary/gender nonconforming people for shared understanding. Next, the chapter’s author explores histories of oppressive forensic systems designed to target transgender or gender nonconforming people through their interactions with the police, the courts, and correctional institutions. Several key issues are overviewed that transgender people face in forensic systems include access to identity documents, criminal justice system mistrust, continuous cycles of system engagement, forensic systems failures, and double hard time. Subsequently, the author closes the chapter with observations and commentary about the current state of affairs governing transgender and gender nonconforming people’s interactions with forensic institutions as well as recommendations for forensic social work practice with transgender, nonbinary, or gender nonconforming people.
Major Policies Impacting Child Welfare
Authors: Pharris Angela B. , Day Angelique 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Many policies and laws form the public child welfare system. This chapter will examine five of the central policies that have a significant impact on the child welfare system and emphasize the intersection of the policy with the roles of the courts. Additionally, it will examine the policy’s benefits and discuss some of the unintended consequences of the policy. The selected policies (the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act, Adoption and Safe Families Act, Indian Child Welfare Act, Multiethnic Placement Act, and Family First Prevention Services Act) each represent the continuum of child welfare policy that directs the practice of both the child welfare agency and the courts by the federal government. Finally, the chapter turns attention to the future of child welfare policy and the need to address issues of racial disparity, protection of tribal sovereignty, and strategies to eliminate child maltreatment and foster healthy environments for children and families to thrive.
Decarceration and Advocacy
Authors: Pettus Carrie , Kennedy Stephanie 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
In an effort to address mass incarceration in the United States as well as the complexities of inequity in carceral systems, a movement has developed over the past decade to actively and strategically decarcerate the population of the United States. This chapter will detail the concepts and history of decarceration and help forensic social workers learn how to practice in the area as well as how to support active decarceration movements from across the profession.
Love and Sex
Authors: Arnett Jeffrey Jensen 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines many aspects of love and sex in the lives of emerging adults. It begins with some historical background on the 1960s to the 1970s, when dating became much less formal as distinctions in gender roles came under fire by the Women’s Movement, and a new Sexual Revolution took place, including widespread use of the birth control pill. Next, there is a look at the ways emerging adults meet potential love partners. This includes a discussion of what it feels like to be “ghosted” and the role that ethnic background plays in love choices. Then the chapter turns to sexuality, including emerging adults’ reflections on the age at which sexual activity becomes acceptable, their use (or not) of contraception, the threat of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and their uses of pornography. Finally, there is an exploration of the experiences of emerging adults who are gay or lesbian.
Sources of Meaning
Authors: Arnett Jeffrey Jensen 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines some of the religious beliefs and values that are part of the worldviews of emerging adults. The section on religious beliefs examines both the diversity of emerging adults’ beliefs and their common determination to think for themselves with regard to religious issues. There is also an examination of the ways that emerging adults think about the possibility of an afterlife. Here too their views are diverse, and often expressed with mordant humor. In the section on values the focus is on emerging adults’ responses to two questions concerning their values for their own lives and the values they wish to pass on to the next generation. Together, these two questions provide an outline of the extent to which emerging adults’ values reflect individualism and collectivism. It is concluded that most emerging adults balance an Ethic of Autonomy, reflecting individualism, with an Ethic of Community, reflecting collectivism.
Sometimes Goodbye Is a Second Chance
Authors: Arnett Jeffrey Jensen 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
In some ways, reaching emerging adulthood offers even more opportunity for persons from a difficult background than for those from a privileged background. Specifically, they become capable of leaving a troublesome family environment and living on their own, potentially transforming their lives and setting them on a different path from their parents. Consequently, emerging adulthood is arguably the period of the life course when the possibility for dramatic change is greatest. This chapter illustrates this aspect of emerging adulthood theory by examining the lives of four emerging adults whose lives defy the assumption that one’s early years permanently decide the path one will follow in the future. All of them experienced terrible events or circumstances in childhood, all of them had lives that were in disarray by adolescence, and all of them transformed themselves in emerging adulthood and turned their lives in a dramatically different direction, toward health and happiness.