bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rise in intracellular calcium concentration by propylene glycol‐induced hypertonicity in PC12 cells
Authors: Hattori Toshimi , Miyazawa Toshiko 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThere are some reports that clinical application of propylene glycol (PG) induces hypertonicity and results in various toxicities. In our experiments, a hypertonic solution made by adding PG to a normal saline raised the intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i). The present study was conducted with the object of determining whether hypertonicity is related to the rise in [Ca2+]i induced by PG. Hypertonic salines made by adding PG, NaCl, sucrose, mannitol or glucose to a normal saline raised the [Ca2+]i. The isotonic PG saline concentration‐dependently decreased the [Ca2+]i. Isotonic salines containing sucrose, glucose or mannitol raised the [Ca2+]i. The findings obtained lead us to the conclusion that PG raises the [Ca2+]i by elevating the tonicity of the saline.
The effects of methylphenidate and diazepam on the acoustic startle reflex in stand alone and prepulse trials in healthy volunteers
Authors: van Luijtelaar Gilles , Vrijmoed‐de Vries Maria 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe effects of catecholamine reuptake blocker methylphenidate (Ritalin®, 20 mg) and the benzodiazepine diazepam (Valium®, 10 mg) on the acoustic eye blink reflex were investigated in healthy volunteers. Stand alone as well as prepulse trials were presented and three intensities of stand‐alone stimuli and three intensities of prepulses were used in an double blind cross‐over study (n=12). Measured were the amplitude, area under the curve, onset and peak latencies of the blink reflex.It was found that the amplitude, area under the curve, and the onset latency were dependent on the intensity of the stand‐alone and prepulse trials. The amplitude of the startle reflex was not changed by methylphenidate, diazepam showed a large reduction in the amplitude. The amplitude of prepulse trials was not reduced by methylphenidate, but strongly by diazepam. The onset latencies were prolonged in loud prepulse trials and after diazepam. The diazepam data not only suggest that firm reductions in stand‐alone trials might have major consequences for the amplitude in prepulse inhibition trials, they equally show that sedation may affect the reflex amplitude in prepulse inhibition trials and that large reduction of the amplitude in prepulse inhibition trials are not exclusive for DA agents.
Alcohol and nicotine enhance expression of nitric oxide synthase in rat hypothalamus
Authors: Kim Hong , Jang Mi‐Hyeon , Shin Min‐Chul , Lee Taeck‐Hyun , Kim Young‐Pyo , Cho Seong‐Yeon , Kim Ee‐Hwa , Kim Chang‐Ju 
Published: September 2002

AbstractIn this study, the effects of alcohol and nicotine on the expression of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMH) of the hypothalamus were investigated. Sprague‐Dawley rats of the alcohol‐treated group were injected intraperitoneally with 2 g/kg alcohol twice per day for 3 days, and animals of the nicotine‐treated group were given 1 mg/kg nicotine intraperitoneally twice per day for 3 consecutive days, while those of the control group received equivalent amounts of saline for the same duration of time. The results show that NOS expression in the PVN of the hypothalamus is enhanced by alcohol administration and that NOS expression in the VMH increased by nicotine treatment. Based on the results, it can be suggested that alcohol and nicotine enhance the expression of NOS in the hypothalamus and that the inductive effect of alcohol and nicotine on NOS expression are region‐specific.
SWAMP: A two‐dimensional hydrodynamic and quality modeling platform for shallow waters
Authors: Covelli P. , Marsili‐Libelli S. , Pacini G. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractWater quality two‐dimensional models are often partitioned into separate modules with separate hydraulic and biological units. In most cases this approach results in poor flexibility whenever the biological dynamics has to be adapted to a specific situation. Conversely, an integrated approach is pursued in this article, producing a two‐dimensional hydraulic‐water quality model, named Shallow Water Analysis and Modeling Program (SWAMP) designed for shallow water bodies. The major objective of the work is to create a comprehensive two‐dimensional water quality assessment tool, based on an open framework and combining easy programming of additional procedures with a user‐friendly interface. The model is based on the numerical solution of the partial differential equations describing advection‐diffusion and biological processes on a two‐dimensional rectangular finite elements mesh. The hydraulics and advection‐diffusion modules model were validated both with experimental tracer data collected at a constructed wetland site and a comparison with a commercial hydrodynamic software, showing good agreement in both cases. Moreover, the model was tested in critical conditions for mass conservation, such as time‐varying wet boundary, showing a considerable numerical robustness. In the last part of the article water quality simulations are presented, though validation data are not yet available. Nevertheless, the observed model response demonstrates general consistency with expected results and the advantages of integrating the hydraulic and quality modules. The interactive graphical user interface (GUI) is also shown to represent a simple and effective connective tool to the integrated package. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 18: 663–687, 2002; DOI 10.1002/num.10014
Finite element analysis and application for a nonlinear diffusion model in image denoising
Authors: Li Jichun 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe stability analysis and error estimates are presented for a nonlinear diffusion model, which appears in image denoising and solved by a fully discrete time Galerkin method with kth (k ≥ 1) order conforming finite element spaces. Numerical experiments are provided with denoising several grayscale noisy images by our Galerkin method on bilinear finite elements. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 18: 649–662, 2002; DOI 10.1002/num.10017
Symmetric mixed covolume methods for parabolic problems
Authors: Rui Hongxing 
Published: September 2002

AbstractWe present a mixed covolume method for a system of first order partial differential equations resulting from the mixed formulation of the general self‐adjoint parabolic problem with a variable nondiagonal diffusion tensor. The lowest order Raviart‐Thomas mixed element space on rectangles is used. We prove the first order optimal rate of convergence for approximate pressure as well as for approximate velocity. We also prove the second order superconvergence both for approximate velocity and pressure in certain discrete norms. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 18: 561–583, 2002
Solution of two‐dimensional Riemann problems for gas dynamics without Riemann problem solvers
Authors: Kurganov Alexander , Tadmor Eitan 
Published: September 2002

AbstractWe report here on our numerical study of the two‐dimensional Riemann problem for the compressible Euler equations. Compared with the relatively simple 1‐D configurations, the 2‐D case consists of a plethora of geometric wave patterns that pose a computational challenge for high‐resolution methods. The main feature in the present computations of these 2‐D waves is the use of the Riemann‐solvers‐free central schemes presented by Kurganov et al. This family of central schemes avoids the intricate and time‐consuming computation of the eigensystem of the problem and hence offers a considerably simpler alternative to upwind methods. The numerical results illustrate that despite their simplicity, the central schemes are able to recover with comparable high resolution, the various features observed in the earlier, more expensive computations. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 18: 584–608, 2002
Does government funding alter nonprofit governance? Evidence from New York City nonprofit contractors
Authors: O'Regan Katherine , Oster Sharon 
Published: September 2002

AbstractGovernment contracting has raised a collection of issues with respect to adequate oversight and accountability. This paper explores one avenue through which contracting agencies may achieve these tasks: through the governance practices of the contractor's board. Oversight and monitoring are a board's key responsibilities, and influencing a board's practices is one way a governmental agency can help to insure quality performance. Agencies could thus use both their selection process and their post‐contracting power to influence board practice. Using a new, rich data set on the nonprofit contractors of New York City, a series of hypotheses were tested on the relationship between government funding and board practices. Significant differences were found to exist in board practices as a function of government funding levels, differences that mark a shift of energy away from some activities (i.e., traditional board functions, such as fund‐raising) towards others (financial monitoring and advocacy). This suggests that government agencies may indeed use their contracting choices with an eye to particular governance practices. This increased emphasis on such activities appears to crowd out other activities, and is not unambiguously to the benefit of nonprofit board governance. © 2002 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
Precautionary principles: general definitions and specific applications to genetically modified organisms
Authors: Löfstedt Ragnar E. , Fischhoff Baruch , Fischhoff Ilya R. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractPrecautionary principles have been proposed as a fundamental element of sound risk management. Their advocates

see them as guiding action in the face of uncertainty, encouraging the adoption of measures that reduce serious

risks to health, safety, and the environment. Their opponents may reject the very idea of precautionary

principles, find specific principles unacceptably vague or see them as clearly doing economic damage—either

to society as a whole or to their own interests. This article traces the development of alternative precautionary

principles, primarily in Europe. Their adequacy is considered in one context where such principles have often been

invoked, using genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in agriculture. Although some precautionary

principles can be given analytical rigor, the concerns that they express strain the intellectual and institutional

structure of conventional policy analysis. © 2002 by the Association for Policy Analysis and Management.
Volunteer labor sorting across industries
Authors: Segal Lewis M. , Weisbrod Burton A. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractVolunteer labor is generally analyzed as a homogeneous activity, implying that the marginal effects of tax

changes and demographic shifts are equal across industries and forms of volunteering. Here the homogeneity

assumption is tested by estimating and comparing volunteer labor supply functions in three sectors that rely on

volunteer labor—health, education, and religious organizations. Differences in the marginal volunteer labor

supply effects are associated with personal demographics, household composition, and tax status. These differences

are significant statistically as well as for their policy implications. The effects on volunteering to each sector

are predicted for changes in the age, education, and marital status distributions of the population, as well as for

changes in income tax rates, itemization status, and income. © 2002 by the Association for Public Policy

Analysis and Management.
Responsive bureaus, equity, and regulatory negotiation: an empirical view
Authors: Langbein Laura I. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractRulemaking agencies commonly delegate the implementation and enforcement of rules to affected parties, but they rarely delegate rulemaking authority. Regulatory negotiation is an example of this uncommon behavior. Compared to conventional rulemaking, regulatory negotiation is thought to be an attempt to make bureaucracy more responsive to affected stakeholders, especially when the rulemaking concerns politically complicated and technical issues. However, negotiation, while it may make bureaucrats more responsive, may also be less fair in that it is likely to result in relatively more responsiveness to interests supported by those with greater resources. This study presents empirical evidence that compares negotiated to conventional rulemaking processes at the Environmental Protection Agency in respect to both responsiveness and equality. The results uphold the expectation that negotiating rules appears more responsive than the conventional rule‐writing process. Furthermore, the results show inequality in both processes; outcomes of negotiated rules may be more unequal than outcomes of conventionally written rules. © 2002 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
“Carve‐outs” from the workers' compensation system
Authors: Levine David I. , Neuhauser Frank , Petersen Jeffrey S. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractDecentralized regulation has become increasingly important in many areas; examples range from school

vouchers to workplace safety committees to alternative dispute resolution procedures replacing courts.

Consistent with this trend, in 1993 California permitted construction unions and employers to “carve

out” their own workers' compensation system. This study examines California's early experience

with carve‐outs by analyzing two case studies, a survey of all carve‐outs in existence during the

study period, and preliminary data on costs and dispute frequency at one carve‐out. Overall,

carve‐outs do not appear to harm employees, and sometimes they help. At the same time, data analysis of

one carve‐out showed it had no effect on costs and dispute rates. Moreover, the low involvement of union

officials and the many issues that overlap other parts of workplace regulation raise concerns about

decentralizing workers' compensation. Lessons can be learned for other spheres of regulation. © 2002

by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
Study on porous silk fibroin materials: 3. Influence of repeated freeze–thawing on the structure and properties of porous silk fibroin materials
Authors: Li Mingzhong , Zhang Changsheng , Lu Shenzhou , Wu Zhengyu , Yan Haojing 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe influence of repeated freeze–thawing on pore structural characteristics and physical properties of porous silk fibroin materials prepared by freeze drying were studied. It showed that when quick‐frozen silk fibroin solution was repeatedly thawed and frozen before being vacuum dried, thus pore size of prepared porous silk fibroin materials increased from 67 µm to about 120 µm, and pore density decreased from 80 per square millimeter to about 28 per square millimeter; at the same time compression ratio and moisture permeability increased from 22.7% and 230 g/m2 hr to about 33.7% and 308 g/m2 hr, respectively, tensile strength and dissolvability in hot water decreased from 20.2 N/cm2 and 42.7% to about 12.5 N/cm2 and 26.1%, respectively. Both the times of repeated thawing and the thawing temperature had a certain influence on the above‐mentioned pore characteristic parameters and physical properties. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Photoacid‐induced fluorescent imaging by copolymer containing naphthalimide
Authors: Gan Jiaan , Tian He , Chen Kongchang 
Published: September 2002

AbstractA novel copolymer with naphthalimide pendant group was prepared, in which a tertiary amine acts as an electron donor and quenches the fluorescence of the 4‐amino‐1,8‐naphthalimide fluorophore via the photo‐induced electron transfer process. When a photoacid generator was added, fluorescence enhancement of the copolymer in the net film was induced, this would be applied to generate patterned fluorescent images. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐efficiency organic electroluminescent devices using iridium complex emitter and arylamine‐containing polymer buffer layer
Authors: Fukase Akio , Dao Kinh Luan Thanh , Kido Junji 
Published: September 2002

AbstractWe have developed efficient organic electroluminescent (EL) devices using a phosphorescent material, tris(2‐phenylpyridine) iridium, Ir(ppy)3, as an emitter material and a polymer buffer layer, tetraphenyldiamine‐containing poly(arylene ether sulfone) (PTPDES) doped with tris(4‐bromophenyl) aminium hexachloroantimonate (TBPAH) as an electron acceptor. In this device, a high external quantum efficiency of 21.6% and a luminous efficiency of 82 lm/W (77 cd/A) at 3.0 V were obtained. These high efficiencies can be explained by high quantum efficiency due to phosphorescent Ir(ppy)3 and high luminous efficiency realized by the use of the polymer buffer layer. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novel polymer electrolytes prepared by copolymerization of ionic liquid monomers
Authors: Yoshizawa Masahiro , Ogihara Wataru , Ohno Hiroyuki 
Published: September 2002

AbstractIonic liquid monomer couples were prepared by the neutralization of 1‐vinylimidazole with vinylsulfonic acid or 3‐sulfopropyl acrylate. These ionic liquid monomer couples were viscous liquid at room temperature and showed low glass transition temperature (Tg) at −83 °C and −73 °C, respectively. These monomer couples were copolymerized to prepare ion conductive polymer matrix. Thus prepared ionic liquid copolymers had no carrier ions, and they showed very low ionic conductivity of below 10−9 S cm−1. Equimolar amount of lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) to imidazolium salt unit was then added to generate carrier ions in the ionic liquid copolymers. Poly(vinylimidazolium‐co‐vinylsulfonate) containing equimolar LiTFSI showed the ionic conductivity of 4 × 10−8 S cm−1 at 30 °C. Advanced copolymer, poly(vinylimidazolium‐co‐3‐sulfopropyl acrylate) which has flexible spacer between the anionic charge and polymer main chain, showed the ionic conductivity of about 10−6 S cm−1 at 30 °C, which is 100 times higher than that of copolymer without spacer. Even an excess amount of LiTFSI was added, the ionic conductivity of the copolymer kept this conductivity. This tendency is completely different from the typical polyether systems. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Diabetic Foot Ulcer Scale (DFS): a quality of life instrument for use in clinical trials
Authors: Abetz Linda , Sutton Monica , Brady Lesley , McNulty Pauline , Gagnon Dennis D. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe diabetic foot ulcer scale (DFS) questionnaire is a specific instrument designed to assess the impact of foot ulcers and their treatment on quality of life in people with diabetes. Based on the results of semi‐structured interviews and focus‐group discussions with foot ulcer patients and caregivers, the DFS consists of 58 items grouped into 11 domains: leisure, physical health, daily activities, emotions, noncompliance, family, friends, positive attitude, treatment, satisfaction, and financial.Two studies have been conducted to develop and validate the DFS. The first of these included 173 patients with diabetes and current foot ulcers (n = 48), healed foot ulcers (n = 54), or no history of foot ulcers (n = 71). A generic measure of health status, the SF‐36, was used to test construct validity.The DFS had good internal consistency. Significant differences between patients with current ulcers and those with healed ulcers were observed in the mean scores for the leisure, emotions, and financial domains (p < 0.05). Marked differences were also observed in physical health, daily activities, and friends domains, indicating that the DFS is able to discriminate patients with healed ulcers from those with current ulcers.The DFS was further evaluated in a relevant clinical setting (n = 288); confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the hypothesised factor structure of the DFS, but with slight suggestions for improved scaling. The DFS scales also demonstrated adequate test–retest reliability and sensitivity to change in wound status over time, indicating its appropriateness for use in clinical trials. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An Eastern art form for a Western disease: randomised controlled trial of yoga in patients with poorly controlled insulin‐treated diabetes
Authors: Kerr David , Gillam Elvira , Ryder Jackie , Trowbridge Stephen , Cavan David , Thomas Peter 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThere is increasing interest in the use of complimentary therapies. At present, there is a paucity of data examining the effectiveness of such therapies in patients with diabetes. We have examined the influence of providing yoga for patients with diabetes that is poorly controlled despite the best efforts of the multidisciplinary team.After obtaining ethical approval, 37 patients with poorly controlled diabetes were randomised to a traditional intensive education programme and simple exercises or a 16 week (32 session) Hatha yoga plan.Participation in regular yoga sessions did not improve glycaemic control but insulin requirements remained stable in the yoga group and increased in the controls. Although quality of life was not altered, all but one subject in the yoga group opted to continue with yoga long term after completion of the study. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diabetes dietitian or diabetes educator?
Authors: Worth JM , Vyas A 
Published: September 2002

AbstractDiabetes services are under increasing pressure to provide concerted treatment, better education and preventative care for people with diabetes, although resources are often constrained. This article proposes the value of advanced practitioners, particularly that of the specialist dietitian, within the multi‐disciplinary team (MDT), to help achieve an optimal form of diabetes care within the demands of our current climate. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Life is sweet in Fiji: the availability of diabetes healthcare and health education, and diabetes awareness amongst diabetic patients in Fiji
Authors: Kuruvatti Jay , Price Hermione 
Published: September 2002

AbstractDuring an elective visit to Fiji we assessed the knowledge of diabetes possessed by patients who attended the hospital Diabetic Clinic in Lautoka. All the patients interviewed had type 2 diabetes and 15.4% were treated with insulin, 80.8% with oral therapy and 3.8% with diet alone. Blindness was the commonest complication known to patients but almost a quarter could not describe any diabetic complication. All patients had seen a hospital doctor regarding their diabetes; 17.9% also saw a private general practitioner, 80.8% had seen the diabetes nurse, 60.8% a dietician, and 57.7% a chiropodist. When asked about causative factors 12.8% thought diabetes was caused by overeating, 12.8% thought it was due to too much sugar in the diet, and the remaining 60.3% did not know.The methods by which the ever‐increasing financial burden of diabetes in Fiji can be reduced are discussed. We feel that the prevention of diabetes and the early detection of complications would be the most cost‐effective methods to improve overall diabetes care in Fiji. However, the whole diabetes care service in Fiji is constrained by the poor economic state of the country and the low profile of diabetes in the healthcare plans of the country. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.