bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Basis for Anomalous Band Patterns Encountered During DNA STR Profiling
Authors: Clayton TM , Guest JL , Urquhart AJ , Gill PD 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Since 1995 the Forensic Science Service (FSS) has carried out DNA profiling of reference samples for the UK National DNA Database (1) and in forensic casework using two multiplex STR profiling systems (2,3). During this period, profiles with anomalous banding patterns, although comparatively rare, have been encountered regularly. The FSS has collected instances of triallelic patterns and aberrant diallelic patterns. A systematic examination of these patterns has provided insight into their underlying genetic cause. The triallelic patterns could be classified into two types based on the relative intensities of their component alleles. In the Type 1 pattern the alleles were of uneven intensity, whereas in the Type 2 pattern, all three alleles were of even intensity. Evidence is presented that the more frequent Type 1 pattern is the result of somatic mutation at a heterozygous locus, and the Type 2 pattern is the result of a localized chromosomal rearrangement at a heterozygous locus. Directly from the Type 1 pattern, it was possible to deduce the size difference between the progenitor and mutated allele. All mutational changes were found to be multiples of four nucleotides, suggesting the loss or addition of one or more tetrameric repeat units. Aberrant diallelic patterns were identified by analysts due to an unexpectedly large difference in intensity between alleles at a heterozygous locus. While some of these diallelic patterns are likely caused by the same genetic phenomena described above occurring at a homozygous locus, others are demonstrated to be caused by a mutation in the primer binding sequence, leading to a reduction in amplification efficiency of one allele. It is concluded that based on a visual inspection of a profile, it is possible to infer a likely genetic basis directly from the triallelic pattern. By contrast, the aberrant diallelic patterns can be due to any one of a number of possible genetic effects.
A Novel Method for Extraction and Analysis of Gunpowder Residues on Double-Side Adhesive Coated Stubs
Authors: Zeichner A , Eldar B 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
A study was conducted to develop an efficient method for extraction and analysis of gunpowder (propellant) residues from double-side adhesive coated stubs, which are used for sampling suspects or their clothing for gunshot (primer) residues (GSR). Conductive and non-conductive double-side adhesives were examined, and the analysis was carried out by gas chromatography/thermal energy analyzer (GC/TEA) and ion mobility spectrometry (IMS). The optimal procedure for the extraction, as was developed in the present study, employs two stages: (1) extraction of the stubs with a mixture of 80% v/v aqueous solution of 0.1% w/v of sodium azide and 20% v/v of ethanol employing sonication at 80?C for 15 min. and (2) residues from the obtained extract were further extracted with methylene chloride. The methylene chloride phase was concentrated by evaporation prior to analysis. Extraction efficiencies of 30–90% for nitroglycerine (NG) and for 2,4-dinitro toluene (2,4-DNT) were found. No significant interferences in the analysis were observed from the adhesives or skin. Interferences were observed in the analysis by the GC/TEA of the samples collected from hair. The method enables analysis of propellant residues on a double-side adhesive coated stub after it was examined for primer residues by scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X–ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX). Thus, the probative value of the evidence may be increased.
Study on the Revitalization Potential of Thermal-treated Soils
Authors: Vermes László , Biró B. 
Published: August 2004

A
pot experiment was set up at the Experimental Farm of the Faculty of Horticultural
Sciences of the Szent István University in 2001 investigating the revitalization
effect of selected treatments on thermal-treated soils and other production
substances. In the experiment 6 factors and 7 treatments were used, each in 4
replicates, using rape (
Brassica napus DC
) as test plant. During the
time period of the experiment (29 May-17 August) continuous observations and
measurements were conducted, plant and soil analyses - chemical and microbiological
- were made to establish the main effects and results of the different
treatments. These are discussed in the paper in detail. Although the soil-vitalization
procedures were of great success, no treatment in the experiment had an
extremely positive effect. Various additives, however could enhance the re-colonization
processes significantly. According to
the basic factors (the soils or substrates) the best treatments were: the A1 (clay-pearl)
additive and the C2, C3 factors (the medium and low temperature soil treatments). Among the treatment combinations, treatments IV
and VII were the best (
compost
and
compost + inocula addition).
This
fact shows that
the compost in a good quality, and the compost enriched,
compost extracted microbial inocula can play the most important role in the
revitalization of thermal-treated soils.
Manure addition and the manure +
inocula treatment can also be used as a prominent treatment in the restoration,
to increase the organic matter content and the microbial activity in soils. The
single alga- and microbial inocula treatment was not successful permanently,
therefore their use - without adding any parallel organic matter - cannot be
recommended. Investigations of the soil microbial activity showed that the
lowest temperature of thermal treatments had resulted a more effective
revitalization. The clay-pearl additive increased the persistency and activity
of the microbes in the soil. It was also obviously found that the
organic
additives with or without the microbial inoculations
could be used potentially
as the best soil revitalization treatments.
Measuring and Estimating Pressure-Saturation Curves on Undisturbed Soil Samples by Using Water and NAPL
Authors: Makó Csaba 
Published: August 2004

In order to expand the
experimental data set of models describing the movement of organic liquids
polluting the soils, a series of experiments was set up in which the fluid
retention (pressure-
s
aturation curves of the soils) were measured using
water and NAPL (DUNASOL 180/220, a non aromatic petroleum product).
Measurements were carried out on undisturbed soil samples originating from 35
different horizons of 12 characteristic Hungarian soils. The P-S curves with
NAPL were determined in series, by a modified pressure cell apparatus -
designed and constructed in the laboratory of our department - containing
oil-resistant (silicon rubber, Teflon) components. The applied methodology and the statistical
analysis of the measured data are presented. The results show that the commonly
used Leverett-type scaling of the water retention data provides inadequate
estimation of the NAPL retention in some cases. This deviation may be a direct
result of changes in clay volume and soil aggregation when saturation with
different fluids was performed.
According to the analysis, however, with the easily measurable soil
parameters (bulk density, particle size distribution and humus content) a
better estimation of NAPL retention can be given. This estimation method (after
extending the database) can be useful for modelling the fate and migration of
NAPL or mapping the organic contaminant sensitivity of the soils.
A meszezés hatása a homoktalaj oldható szerves-szén- és szerves-nitrogén-tartalmára tenyészedény-kísérletben
Authors: Filep Tibor , Nagy Péter Tamás , Kincses Sándorné 
Published: August 2004

Egy homok textúrájú barna erdőtalajjal beállított tenyészedény-kísérletben kétféle meszező anyag (mészkő és dolomit) hatását vizsgáltuk a talaj vízoldható szerves-C-(dissolved organic carbon, DOC) és szerves-N-(dissolved organic nitrogen, DON) tartalmára, zab (Avena sativa L.) jelzőnövény alkalmazásával. A tenyészidő alatt három alkalommal (a 6., 10. és a 15. héten) vettünk talajmintát. A kísérlet eredményei alapján az alábbi megállapításokat tehetjük:
A DOC mennyisége statisztikailag igazolható módon növekedett a mészadagok növekedésével mindhárom mintavételi időpontban. Ennek oka a pH emelkedése, ill. a mikrobiális aktivitás fokozódása. A talaj pH-ja és a DOC közötti összefüggés legjobban az y = 0,3733e0,7893x, r = 0,903*** egyenlettel írható le.A DON esetében csak az 1. mintavételnél találtunk szignifikáns mészhatást, a tenyészidő további részében statisztikailag igazolhatóan nem növekedtek a DON-koncentrációk a mészadagokkal.Vizsgálataink arra utalnak, hogy a DOC és a DON biodegradációja eltérő sebességű az adott kísérlet körülményei között.A talaj vízoldható szerves-C-tartalma a 15 hetes tenyészidő alatt szignifikánsan nem változott, míg a DON-koncentráció szignifikáns csökkenést mutatott.A mészkőpor alkalmazásakor magasabb DOC-, ill. DON-koncentrációkat mértünk, mint a dolomitkezeléseknél, de ez statisztikailag nem volt igazolható.
Book reviews
Authors: Rafai P. , Székely A. , Mészáros J. 
Published: August 2004

Karl-Heinz Waldmann and Michael Wendt (editors), Klaus Bickhardt, Karl Heinritzi, Karl Heinz Lahrmann, Hans Plonait†, Karl-Heinz Waldman, Michael Wendt and Werner Zimmermann (co-authors):Lehrbuch der Schweinekrankheiten (Textbook of Swine Diseases). Parey Buchverlag, Berlin, 2001. 3rd revised edition. 626 pages with 318 figures and 63 tables. Format 17 × 24 cm. ISBN 3-8263-3373-X. Price: € 89.95. Roy Mack, Bettina Mikhail and Michel Mikhail:Dictionary of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences / Wörterbuch der Veterinärmedizin und Biowissenschaften / Dictionnaire de médecine vétérinaire et des sciences biologiques (English-German-French). 3rd, revised and expanded edition, 2002. Parey Buchverlag, Berlin. 1692 pages. 17 × 24 cm. ISBN 3-8263-3405-1. Price: € 94.95. Környezet- és Természetvédelmi Lexikon (Encyclopaedia of Environmental Protection and Nature Conservation) (in Hungarian language). 2nd, revised and expanded edition. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, 2002. Hardcover, two volumes (664 and 588 pages).
Az intelligencia természete
Authors: Vajda Zsuzsanna 
Published: August 2004

A cikk legfontosabb állítása, hogy az intézményes oktatás elválaszthatatlan a mérhető intelligenciától. Az iskolai képzés alakítja ki az értelmesség uniformizált standardjait, amelyek mérhetővé teszik az értelmi teljesítményt, eközben közvetít is az egyéni tulajdonságok és a társadalmi elvárások között.
Az iskolarendszer létrehozása és működtetése a társadalompolitika része, és a társadalmi változásoknak megfelelően változik. Az intelligencia természetének és környezeti meghatározóinak megértése akkor válik lehetségessé, ha e történeti változásokat is tekintetbe vesszük.
Mindez nem jelenti azt, hogy ne volna az intelligenciának organikus és öröklött bázisa. Az értelmesség minden eddigi antropológia szerint ugyanakkor szubsztanciális emberi tulajdonság, létrejöttében szerepet játszik az ember különleges alkalmazkodása a különleges emberi környezethez.
Darwin, Skinner, Turing és az elme
Authors: Hernád (Harnad) István (Steven) 
Published: August 2004

A székfoglaló eloadás a darwini eszmerendszer provokatív jellegét elemzi a pszichológiában s tágabban a társadalomtudományban. Az ellenállás Darwinnal szemben jórészt vallási volt. A dolgozat megvizsgálja, hogyan próbált a darwinista gondolkodás, valamint az algoritmikus magyarázatok Skinner és Turing munkáiban egyre világosabb magyarázatot adni a viselkedésre. A dolgozatban elemzett Darwin/ Skinner/Turing-típusú magyarázat azonban mindig vak, viselkedési magyarázat. Megmagyarázza an­nak a mögöttes oksági mechanizmusát, hogy mit teszünk. Nem magyarázza meg azonban érzéseinket. Ebben az értelemben a vallásos gondolkodók felvetette kérdéskör még mindig velünk van.
Small-Molecule-Directed Mpl Signaling Can Complement Growth Factors to Selectively Expand Genetically Modified Cord Blood Cells
Authors: Richard Robert E. , Blau C. Anthony 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Efforts toward achieving gene therapy for blood disorders are plagued by low rates of gene transfer into hemopoietic stem cells. Recent studies suggest that this obstacle can be circumvented using selection. One way to achieve selection employs genes that encode receptor-bearing fusion proteins capable of inducing cell growth in response to drugs called chemical inducers of dimerization (CIDs). We have previously shown that genetically modified marrow cells from mice can proliferate for up to a year in culture in response to CID-initiated signals arising from the thrombopoietin receptor (mpl). The sustained growth observed in mouse hemopoietic cells results from an mpl-induced self-renewal of multipotential hemopoietic progenitor cells. In contrast, human hemopoietic cells proliferate only transiently in response to the mpl signal (from differentiation of transduced erythroid and megakaryocytic progenitors), while human myeloid progenitors fail to respond. Here, we show that myeloid progenitors from human cord blood can be induced to proliferate and/or differentiate in response to the mpl signal by providing additional signals via a combination of growth factors. These findings are relevant for the eventual clinical application of CID-regulated cell therapy.
Management of Advanced Prostate Cancer
Authors: Auclerc Gerard , Antoine Eric C. , Cajfinger Francis , Brunet-Pommeyrol Arlette , Agazia Chahrok , Khayat David 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Most cases of advanced carcinoma of the prostate are hormonosensitive. The use of combined androgen blockade (CAB) seems to improve survival and quality of life, but only when combined with chemical castration by luteinizing-hormone-releasing hormone analog and without the use of steroidal antiandrogens. After CAB, further hormonal treatments remain efficacious, such as antiandrogen withdrawal followed by estrogens, aromatase inhibitors, and hormone-refractory prostate cancer multiple cytotoxic agents. For painful bone lesions, external beam radiotherapy, biphosphonates, and strontium 89 or samarium 153 provide pain relief. The use of new methods for the evaluation of response and quality of life will allow the rapid identification of effective treatments and permit powered phase III trials.
Melanoma
Authors: Gershenwald Jeffrey E. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
The presentations at the American Society of Clinical Oncology 2001 meeting reported or updated the results of phase I, II, and III randomized trials and also reported important meta-analyses and retrospective studies impacting on the management of patients with melanoma. In the treatment of early stage melanoma, the prognostic significance of pathologic status of sentinel lymph nodes was affirmed. With respect to regional nodal involvement (American Joint Committee on Cancer [AJCC] stage III), investigators presented the interim results of the United Kingdom randomized low-dose interferon (IFN) trial, and up-to-date meta-analyses of several IFN trials including a pooled analysis of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group trials evaluating interferon in the adjuvant setting. In the advanced disease setting (AJCC stage IV), several studies elucidated the pros and cons of biochemotherapy in patients with metastatic melanoma, with an emphasis on seeking to improve response in the central nervous system and durability of response in general. Thought provoking was new data regarding the potential for lovastatin to act as a chemopreventive agent for melanoma. Translational studies were presented, one supporting the importance of HLA-typing in developing targeted vaccine therapy. Finally, the results of a novel experimental melanoma vaccine were presented using autologous tumor-derived heat-shock protein peptide complex-96 (HSPPC-96).
Preoperative Therapy in Breast Cancer: Lessons from the Treatment of Locally Advanced Disease
Authors: Wolff Antonio C. , Davidson Nancy E. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract

Learning Objectives

After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Better understand the current state of the art of managing patients with locally advanced breast cancer.Understand how primary, preoperative systemic treatment might be incorporated into the management of patients with early stage breast cancer.Understand the status of ongoing and recently completed clinical trials in this important area of multi-modality patient care.
Access and take the CME test online and receive one hour of AMA PRA category 1 credit at CME.TheOncologist.com
The greater use of screening has changed the stage distribution of breast cancer, and an increasing number of patients are diagnosed with earlier stages of the disease. Still, locally advanced breast cancer (LABC) remains a major clinical problem in the United States and a common presentation in many parts of the world. There is no standard definition of LABC. One commonly used includes patients with large primary tumors greater than 5 cm (T3) or with skin/chest wall involvement (T4), and/or fixed axillary (N2) or ipsilateral internal mammary (N3) lymph node involvement. According to the tumor node metastasis staging, these usually include stage IIIa (T0-2N2 or T3N1-2) and stage IIIb (T4Nx or TxN3) disease. Inflammatory breast cancer (T4d) is included in most classifications despite its distinct clinical behavior and worse prognosis overall, but it serves as an example of combined modality intervention. Historically, the term LABC has been applied to those clinical presentations where the disease is considered inoperable. However, these therapeutic principles (including preoperative or primary systemic therapy [PST]) are increasingly being applied to patients presenting with tumors greater than 5 cm and negative lymph nodes (stage IIb—T3N0) or even smaller tumors, who are considered to have operable disease and a better outcome than those traditionally classified as having LABC. PST is increasingly being used in otherwise operable stage I and II patients aiming at greater rates of breast conservation and earlier efficacy assessment. This article reviews many of these issues and ongoing research questions.
Adjuvant Therapy for Breast Cancer: Recommendations for Management Based on Consensus Review and Recent Clinical Trials
Authors: Mincey Betty A. , Palmieri Frances M. , Perez Edith A. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract

Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader will be able to:

Understand how evaluation of risk of relapse, results of clincial trials, risk/benefit ratio, and patient preference each contribute to the selection of appropriate adjuvant therapy of breast cancer. Understand the important prognostic and predictive factors in the adjuvant therapy of breast cancer. Understand the roles of local therapy, hormonal treatment, and chemotherapy in the adjuvant therapy of breast cancer. Understand the recommendations of the 2000 NIH Consensus Development Conference: Advances in Breast Cancer.
Access and take the CME test online and receive one hour of AMA PRA category 1 credit at CME.TheOncologist.com
Determining the optimal individual adjuvant systemic therapy for breast cancer patients is a challenging undertaking because it requires translating data from clinical trials that have involved thousands of patients into a highly individualized, risk-adjusted approach for the patient at hand. Choosing adjuvant therapy for women with breast cancer includes consideration of four issues: A) evaluation of risk of relapse; B) extrapolation of results from clinical trials; C) therapeutic ratio, and D) the patient's preferences following a thorough discussion with her physician. Data from recently completed phase III adjuvant trials and worldwide consensus conferences document the benefits of adjuvant therapy in improving disease-free survival and overall survival for patients diagnosed with invasive breast cancer &gt;1.0 cm in size. The benefits of hormonal therapy are clear, but limited to patients with estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. Anthracyclines lead to improved outcomes compared with nonanthracycline regimens. Taxanes appear to improve disease-free survival in patients with node-positive disease, although longer follow-up is required to assess their impact on overall survival. Some countries have reported a reduction in the mortality rate from breast cancer over the past several years. The improved survival rate is due, at least in part, to the use of adjuvant systemic therapy. Ongoing studies are evaluating targeted therapies, with the potential of remarkably improving patient outcome.
Recent Advances in Melanoma Biology
Authors: Perlis Cliff , Herlyn Meenhard 
Published: August 2004

Abstract

Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader will be able to:
Identify the epidemiological evidence supporting the association of intermittent sun exposure with melanoma. Discuss the role of cell adhesion molecules in melanoma progression. List several steps in apoptotic pathways that may prove useful targets for future therapeutic interventions.
Access and take the CME test online and receive one hour of AMA PRA category 1 credit at http://CME.TheOncologist.com
The incidence and mortality rates of melanoma have increased at annual rates of 2%–3% for the last 30 years. Disseminated disease is largely refractory to cytotoxic chemotherapy and is almost universally fatal. Several recent advances in melanoma biology offer new strategies for potentially treating this aggressive malignancy. This review focuses on three significant advances involving tumor initiation, etiology, and progression. New experimental models reveal a direct role for UV-B light in initiating melanomas in human skin. Studies on E- and N-cadherin elucidate the importance of local homeostatic mechanisms in regulating tumor progression. Finally, several discoveries concerning apoptotic mechanisms in melanoma suggest strategies for future treatments.
Oculo‐palato‐cerebral syndrome: A third case supporting autosomal recessive inheritance
Authors: Alanay Yasemin , Boduroǧlu Koray , Sönmez Barış , Orhan Mehmet 
Published: August 2004

AbstractIn 1985, Frydman et al. [1985: Clin Genet 27:414–419] described a syndrome characterized by growth failure, microcephaly, persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous (PHPV) with microphthalmia, cleft palate, connective tissue abnormality, mental retardation, and spastic quadriplegia. The syndrome was termed as oculo‐palato‐cerebral dwarfism. The first patients described were offsprings of a consanguineous couple of Moroccan Jewish descent, suggesting autosomal recessive inheritance. An additional case was reported by Pellegrino et al. [2001: Am J Med Genet 99:200–203] in 2001. The clinical features were milder than the original cases, and there was no consanguinity. We report a third patient with oculo‐palato‐cerebral syndrome, supporting autosomal recessive inheritance, and a detailed comparison with the previous cases. This article contains supplementary material, which may be viewed at the American Journal of Medical Genetics website at http://www.interscience.wiley.com/jpages/0148‐7299/suppmat/index.html. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.