bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Demand for Capital Market Returns: A New Equilibrium Theory
Authors: Ibbotson Roger G , Diermeier Jeffrey J , Siegel Laurence B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) and the Arbitrage Pricing Theory (APT) model price risk premia that are part of the expected return of an asset. Since they are equilibrium models and assume fair pricing, they are used as the discount rate applied to the expected cash flows from an asset, in determining the asset’s present value. But these models price only systematic risk, assuming investors could diversify away from nonmarket risks. If the natural holders of an asset would find it costly or difficult to diversify, nonsystematic risk could also be priced. Furthermore, many non-risk characteristics of an asset are likely to be priced. Those include taxation, lack of marketability, information costs, and so on. Frequently the non-risk characteristics are even more important than the risk characteristics of an asset. This article presents a demand and supply framework for examining a wide range of assets, including stocks and bonds, but also real estate, venture capital, private equity, and so on. There is no “formula” presented, but instead the framework presents how an investor would be relatively averse to various asset characteristics and how summing demand across all investors gives us the equilibrium price of each asset. The article labels this
Long-Run Stock Returns: Participating in the Real Economy
Authors: Ibbotson Roger G , Chen Peng 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The previous Diermeier, Ibbotson, and Siegel paper serves as the inspiration for the supply approach presented here. But, unlike the Diermeier, Ibbotson, and Siegel article, the Ibbotson and Chen paper estimates the equity risk premium directly. The estimate is based upon the actual earnings per share that firms produced over the period 1926 to 2000, as well as the dividends that they paid out. Since all work is done on a “per share” basis, it was not necessary to net out aggregate inflows and outflows from the stock market. It is still important to keep track of the flows on a per share basis though, since any money paid out in dividends becomes part of the total return investors earned over the period. The earnings growth actually achieved plus the dividends paid out represent the returns investors achieved over the period, except for the change in the P/E ratio. The increase in the P/E ratio over the period (from about 10 times to about 26 times) is considered a one time windfall. Since it is not expected to repeat, the equity growth (1.25 percent per year) is removed from the forecast.
Re-Emerging Markets
Authors: Goetzmann William N , Jorion Philippe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thanks in large measure to the International Financial Corporation’s efforts to identify and gather data on the markets of developing countries, investors over the past 20 years have grown increasingly interested in emerging markets. Suppose we simply defined an emerging market as one that has been continuously “investable” for only a short period of time—that is, it recently emerged. Can we infer anything about its risk and return characteristics? In this article we use a simulation model to argue that recent emergence can potentially reveal a great deal about the statistical properties of a market. In particular, if a market popped up recently, we would expect it to have a low future return, high volatility, and low correlation to the world markets. The importance of this article is that we identify emerging markets as “marginal markets” in the world economy—valuable for diversification, but not obviously attractive for expected return.
The Rehnquist Court: A Review at the End of the Millennium
Authors: Belsky Martin H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An unexpected consequence of the impeachment trial of President Clinton has been the public recognition of William H. Rehnquist. Sitting as the presiding judge for more than a month at the trial of the President, he gave the desired appearance of solemnity and seriousness. News stories in all the media gave background stories on the Chief Justice. Informed citizens and even law students suddenly had an interest in this dignified personage.
Stacked Adjectival Modification and the Structure of Nominal Phrases
Authors: Scott Gary-John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This article is a preliminary attempt to look at adjectival ordering restrictions (henceforth AOR) and aspects of the syntax of stacked adjectives across several languageswithin a broad Principles and Parameters (P&P) framework. I will be examining the notion of “fixed order” and proposing that it be considered part of Universal Grammar (UG). As a working strategy, I will attempt to explore the hypothesis that adjectival distribution follows the pattern of adverbial distribution along the lines of Cinque’ s Universal Hierarchy of Clausal Functional Projections(Cinque 1999, 106). I will argue for a framework that treats adjectives not as adjuncts, but as specifiers of distinct functional projections that are intrinsically related to aspects of their seman¬tic interpretation. At present, attributive adjectives are usually analyzed as recursively stacked adjunct specifiers of extended A’ IN’or even recursive NP projections. Yet if all adjectives had the same categorial status, the syntax, being unable to distinguish the ungrammatical from the grammatical strings, would inevitably generate fragments like *a red heavy good table.Following Zwarts (1992), this article will attempt to demonstrate how the standard lexical/functional dichotomy may be approached through a rich semantic ontology, and how the semantic universe may be studied via an independently motivated system of syntactic categories.
Identification and Management of Obese Children and Adolescents
Authors: Tershakovec Andrew M , Berkowitz Robert I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The prevalence of obesity in children is increasing dramatically (Troiano et al., 1995; Ogden et al., 2002). The most recent national data collected in 1999 and 2000 show that 15% of 6- tol9-year old children were overweight (body mass index [BMI] at or above the 95th percentile), while 10% of2- to 5-year-olds were overweight. This represents a 35% to 48% increase from the data that were collected between 1988 and 1994. Even greater increases occurred among Mexican American and non-Hispanic black children (Ogden et al., 2002). Given the dramatic increase in the prevalence of obesity, the pediatric care community needs to attain effective skills and experience in addressing this growing public health problem. This chapter focuses on the approach to identifying the obese child and subsequent interventions to prevent or treat obesity.
Ions in the Brain
Authors: Somjen George G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ions, their transport across membranes, and their flow through specialized ion channels are central to the understanding of brain function, normal and pathological. The first part of this book deals with the regulation of ions in brain extra-and intracellular fluids. Regulation is effected by the blood-brain barrier, and by membrane ion pumps and other transport mechanisms of neurons and glial cells. Normally adjusted for optimal neural function, ion levels can change and alter the excitability of neurons and influence synaptic transmission in healthy and diseased brains. After an introduction to the electrophysiology of epilepsy, and a description of experimental seizure models, the second part discusses the roles of the faulty regulation of ions and of the diseases of ion channels in generating epileptic seizures. The mechanisms of action of various anticonvulsant drugs are also considered. The third part is devoted to the phenomenon of spreading depression and its likely role in human diseases. The final chapters of the book deal with the role of ions in the devastation caused by lack of oxygen and by insufficient blood flow to brain tissue, and the reasons for the exceptional vulnerability of certain classes of central neurons in hypoxia and stroke. The book will be of interest to neuroscientists, neurobiologists, neurophysiologists, neurologists, neurosurgeons, and to their students and trainees.
Summit Failures and Cabinet Obstacles, August 1944–July 1945
Authors: Wolpert Stanley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
AS THE UNITED STATES took upon itself the lion’s share of the Allied war against Japan, Roosevelt’s frustration at Churchill’s intransigence over India grew stronger. FDR’s personal envoy, Ambassador Phillips, reported, after returning to Washington, that when he talked to Churchill about India, “Churchill banged the table and said ‘I have always been right about Hitler and everyone else in Europe. I am also right about Indian policy, any change in Indian policy now will mean a blood bath.’”1 Whenever Roosevelt himself tried to discuss India with Churchill he received “a blunt cold shoulder.” By late summer of 1944 he entirely agreed with Phillips’s forthright report of what needed to be done about British policy in India.
Bridging the Gap: How Improved Information Can Help Companies Integrate Shareholder Value and Environmental Quality
Authors: Reinhardt Forest 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Environmental problems do not look the same from the perspective of a corporate executive as they do from the point of view of government officials. The most important differences arise because the corporate executive is ordinarily answerable to shareholders who expect him or her to deliver financial returns on the money they have invested in the enterprise. Hence any environmental investments that the firm undertakes must normally be justified in terms of shareholder value creation or reduction of financial risk to the firm.1
Toward a Science of Ratings
Authors: Raynes Sylvain , Rutledge Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bond ratings have been a measure of relative value in the fixed income market since their invention by John Moody in 1909. From the first corporate ratings to today’s structured ratings, the meaning of the rating has evolved as the claims for the measurement power of ratings have expanded: from relative quality (quality or safety ratings) to payment certainty (default frequency) to risk-adjusted yield as we discuss in chapter 2. However, as part 1 shows, many different applications of the corporate framework have been applied to structured securities, which has opened the door to inconsistent rating results. One is compelled to ask whether the expanded claims of ratings precision and power in structured finance are justifiable. In this chapter, we put forth a critique of the corporate rating model itself, on fundamental grounds. Our critique takes a closer look at basis for treating ratings as numerical measures, by examining the statistical research (rating agency bond default studies) by which they are validated.
Trigger Theory
Authors: Raynes Sylvain , Rutledge Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 8 provided an extensive review of standard items in liabilities modeling, beginning with a description of the cash cycle and proceeding with the mechanics of allocation and distribution of cash to the liability accounts. The discussion delved fairly deeply into the mechanics of apportioning principal to competing claimholders. What was missing from our earlier review was a systematic discussion of triggers. The reasons for saving triggers until last are twofold. The first is practical: the lack of granularity and precision in cash flow modeling today means that triggers are not quantitatively evaluated. The second is a philosophical point. The analogy between triggers in financial structures and control structures in physics has not penetrated market awareness. Hence we have chosen to delay the discussion of triggers to the end of the book, to intimate the range of what may be accomplished through advanced liability structuring, without giving the false impression that it exists today.
Introduction
Authors: Renteln Alison Dundes 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In pluralistic societies ethnic minorities and indigenous groups sometimes ask the legal system to take their cultural background into account in criminal and civil cases. More often than not, courts refuse to do so. The purpose of this book is to examine the nature of the debate surrounding the admissibility of cultural evidence in the courtroom. This study analyzes the cultural defense, which, were it to be established, would require judges to consider the cultural background of litigants in the disposition of cases before them.
Drugs
Authors: Renteln Alison Dundes 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Drugs are used in different cultures for various purposes, and often the substances are ‘integral to the constitution of culture.’ When immigrants continue to use drugs from the old country in their new homeland, they may be subject to criminal penalties because the drugs whose use was taken for granted in the country of origin are now considered illegal ‘controlled substances.’ People using the drugs may have no idea that their use is illegal, as in the case of khat and kava discussed in this chapter. In fact, they may view the legal intervention as a form of harassment based on their cultural background.
Fibromyalgia and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most important thing to remember in evaluating a child with fibromyalgia or chronic fatigue syndrome is to be sure the diagnosis is correct. Although these are complex syndromes that may be difficult to treat, many of the children who come to me who were originally diagnosed with these diseases had not gotten better because fibromyalgia or chronic fatigue were not the correct diagnosis. Every child with chronic pain and fatigue deserves a complete and thorough diagnostic evaluation. There should not be any significant laboratory abnormalities in children with either fibromyalgia or chronic fatigue.
Alternative Medicine
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whenever I finish explaining a new medication and a parent asks me, “Is there another choice?” I know that something is worrying him or her. One of the biggest problems in medicine is fear of side effects. It’s a lot like flying. When you get on the airplane and the flight attendant talks about the life jacket under the seat in front of you, you cannot help but think, “If there’s a real chance we’re going to land in the water, I’m getting off this plane.” Surely, the flight attendant feels the same way. However, the government requires that passengers be informed about the life jacket and other safety precautions. Similarly, physicians are required to tell you about possible side effects of medications. If they thought there would be any serious ones, they would not give you the medicine. However, the physicians and the flight attendant are required to give you this information because no one knows for sure when something might go wrong.
Reconstructive Surgery
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rebecca’s parents were very nervous. Rebecca had severe arthritis that had affected her hips. Despite multiple medications from a variety of physicians, things had slowly gotten worse over the last year. Now Rebecca was in my office. Rebecca and her family had hoped that I would have a medication to reverse all of her problems and allow her to walk normally again. Unfortunately, it wasn’t so. Rebecca’s hip pain was so bad that she rarely ventured out of the house except to go to school. She had begun to use a wheelchair to get from class to class in school. Careful review of her X rays made it clear that medications were not going to make Rebecca’s hips better. She needed hip replacements.
What Else Can I Do?
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is a question every parent wants to be able to answer. I hope you are already doing everything you can for your child. What else can you do? You can help others! There are many volunteer organizations around the world that work with children and families with rheumatic diseases. Many of them are listed in the section on resources that follows. If you have time, energy, or resources left over after dealing with your child’s problems, you can help. Every volunteer organization needs more help in whatever way is possible.
Ancestors
Authors: Berger Iris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On August 2, 1978, while searching for bones and tools at Laetoli, thirty miles south of Olduvai Gorge in northern Tanzania, paleontologists Mary Leakey and Paul Abell discovered a seriesnof footprints about 3.6 million years old traceable to human ancestors. Studying the pattern of the prints, Leakey concluded that three people, a woman, a man, and a child, had crossed the plain. In the midst of their walk, possibly sensing danger, the female appeared to pause and turn to the left; she then resumed her stride. Writing in National Geographic, Leakey reflected, “This motion, so intensely human, transcends time. A remote ancestor—just as you or I—experienced a moment of doubt.”1 Equally intriguing in attracting popular attention to the origins of human life is the idea that all people are descended from a single ancestor whom researchers have dubbed “Lucy.”
Democracy and Its Discontents
Authors: Berger Iris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mile-long lines stretched outside South Africa’s polling stations in April 1994 as black and white voters waited patiently, often for more than six or seven hours, to cast ballots in the country’s first democratic election. Eager with anticipation, Albertina Sisulu, voting at Orlando West in Soweto, told her daughter-in-law, “The excitement was unbelievable—going to jail, being forced to leave my children—it was all worth it to live to see this day.”1 One unemployed black man explained to a reporter, “Now I am a human being.”
Organizational Ethics
Authors: Pearson Steven D , E.Sabin James , Emanuel Ezekiel J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The newly designated fifty-first state-the island of Utopia-set out to reform its health-care system. The Secretary of Health and Happiness identified Utopia’s most brilliant thinkers and convened a working group to determine the ethical characteristics of an ideal system. The island’s luminaries produced an ethical code of dazzling clarity, admired by all who read it. It was published in Utopia’s leading periodicals and featured on Utopian Public Radio. Unfortunately, a follow-up study of the code several years later showed that, while still referred to with respect, it had achieved no practical results. At about the same time, in the newly designated fifty-second statethe adjoining island of Pragmatica-an idealistic employee ofHardnosed Health Plan proposed creation of an organizational ethics program. He presented the idea to his boss. Her response was unambiguous. “Come on, get real! ‘Ethics’ is just a word. The French said it all years ago--’Chacun a son gout.’ Ethics is personal. We do have to follow the dumb laws our legislature is always passing, but we should let the market sort out all the rest. Didn’t you learn that at business school? Where do you think you are-Utopia? “ Organizational ethics is a new frontier for health-care ethics. Even if the United States moved from a system based on competing insurance companies to a single payer model or an individual voucher system, organizations-albeit different ones than in the market-driven managed care approach-would still be central determinants of the ethical quality of medical care. Managed care has dramatized the need for ethical standards for organizations, but it has not created this need.
The Perennial Ethical Challenges Of Health Care In Competitive Systems
Authors: Pearson Steven D , E.Sabin James , Emanuel Ezekiel J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we return to the central reality guiding this book: as important as health is, it is not the only socially valued goal, nor are technical health-care services the only means of improving health. Thus, every advanced health-care system must cope with the ethical tensions generated by considering costs as well as the quality of health care. Priorities must be set. Difficult choices have to be made, often producing tense compromise or open disappointment. Into this atmosphere may enter a toxic combination of suspicion and resentment when individual and organizational profits are made part of the delicate balancing act. The result is a powerful ethical and political challenge: how can patients, providers, and the public trust the legitimacy and fairness of the organizations that provide health care in competitive systems? This has been the focus of our work.
What is the Evidence?
Authors: Walter Ingo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The previous five chapters of this book have considered, in sequence (1) reconfiguration of the financial services sector and its impact on strategic positioning and execution in financial intermediaries, (2) the importance of M&A transactions in that reconfiguration process, in terms of the structure of the global transaction flow, (3) where the gains and losses from M&A transactions in the financial services sector are likely to come from, and (4) the all-important issues centering on post-merger integration.
Knowledge in Organizational Settings How Organizations Generate, Disseminate, and Use Knowledge for Their Competitive Advantage
Authors: Prusak Laurence , Weiss Leigh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The early years of the knowledge management field spanned the period of approximately 1992 through 1998. During this time, an increasing number of organizations began to recognize knowledge (as opposed to information and data) as a crucial source of competitive advantage and as a factor that somehow could be managed. As knowledge became more the locus of employees’ work, questions were raised about how it could be managed more effectively for organizational gain, and knowledge became more and more the actual output of the organization. We will look first at those factors which led knowledge management to gain legitimization, and then turn to the early trends and lessons from this first phase. The timing was ripe for knowledge management to gain attention in the early 1990s. Knowledge-oriented technologies such as Lotus Notes, the World Wide Web, and a variety of vendor-introduced collaboration tools were catching on. These technologies had capabilities beyond earlier ones, which were better suited to managing data in structured formats. In addition, the forces of economic globalization, which spread employees and products around the world, required a means to spread knowledge globally.