bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lessons from health technology assessment
Authors: Culyer Anthony J , Sculpher Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Economic evaluation is widely used to assist decision making in health care. The forms most commonly met are cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) and cost–utility analysis (CUA). These methods are well-suited to one of the objectives common to many health care systems in developed countries, which is to maximize health subject to a budget constraint. One of the reasons why many societies do not rely completely on private markets for health care and health insurance is that markets are imperfect and do not always generate efficient outcomes. Another reason is that societies may have strong views on distribution of health and health care, issues that are not easily addressed through private markets alone.
The evolutionary ecology of the immune response
Authors: Sorci Gabriele , Boulinier Thierry , Gauthier-Clerc Michel , Faivre Bruno 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The immune system is without doubt one of the most important physiological functions, crucial for individual survival. Our bodies witness a daily fight between invading micro-organisms and immune defences. Given the importance of the immune system for human and animal health, immunology has a central place within the life sciences, as witnessed by the number of Nobel prizes won by eminent immunologists.
Immunology aims to study the effectors of immunity and to understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the complex cascades and interactions between effectors. However, even though study of the mechanisms is necessary, understanding the outcome of the interaction between hosts and pathogens cannot be achieved unless we acknowledge the evolutionary forces that have shaped host defences as we see them now.
Parasitism and regulation of the host population
Authors: Morand Serge , Deter Julie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Parasites are found in all living organisms. Parasite diversity is reflected in the number of parasite species (probably half of all living species), but also in terms of their life cycles (direct vs. indirect) or their size (from a few micrometres to metres). As a result of their impact on host reproduction, growth, and survival, parasites can be important agents regulating populations, communities, and ecosystems. The aim of this chapter is to illustrate, using several simple theoretical approaches, the role of parasites in the regulation of host populations.
It is first necessary to introduce some basic facts. First, we describe the heterogeneity in parasite distribution among host populations or communities. Secondly, we consider parasite virulence as a measure of the impact of parasites on hosts.
Christ Church Oxford, the Ancients-Moderns Controversy, and the Promotion of Newton in Post-Revolutionary England
Authors: Friesen John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After the Glorious Revolution, Christ Church Oxford was known as a centre for Toryism, High Anglicanism, and classical studies. The college was the home of Francis Atterbury: Dean of Christ Church (1710–1713), leader of the Christ Church wits in the ancients-moderns dispute (or Battle of the Books), and opponent of the Whig Hanoverian regime. Given large claims made for the superiority of modern knowledge in the late seventeenth century, the following statement by Atterbury is significant. Writing to his French correspondent Nicholas-Claude Thierot on Fontenelle’s eulogy of Newton after his death, Atterbury commented: M. Fontenelle’s praise of Sir Isaac’s modesty (and of modesty in general) is to me the most pleasing part of that description he has given us of him.
The Harvest of a Century
Authors: Brandt Siegmund 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Physics was the leading science of the twentieth century and the book retraces important discoveries, made between 1895 and 2001, in 100 self-contained episodes. Each is a short story of the scientists involved, their time, and their work. Together they form a mosaic of modern physics: formulating relativity and quantum mechanics, finding the constituents of matter and unravelling the forces between them, understanding the working of conductors and semiconductors, discovering and explaining macroscopic quantum effects (superconductivity, superfluidity, quantum Hall effect), developing novel experimental techniques like the Geiger counter and particle accelerators, building revolutionary applications like the transistor and the laser, and observing astonishing features of our cosmos (expanding universe, cosmic background radiation). The text is intended for easy reading. Occasionally, a more thorough discussion of experimental set-ups and theoretical concepts is presented in special boxes for readers interested in more detail. Episodes contain extensive references to biographies and original scientific literature. The book is richly illustrated by about 600 portraits, photographs and figures.
Music and the Irish Literary Imagination
Authors: White Harry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Harry White examines the influence of music in the development of the Irish literary imagination from 1800 to the present day. He identifies music as a preoccupation which originated in the poetry of Thomas Moore early in the nineteenth century. He argues that this preoccupation decisively influenced Moore's attempt to translate the 'meaning' of Irish music into verse, and that it also informed Moore's considerable impact on the development of European musical romanticism, as in the music of Berlioz and Schumann. White then examines how this preoccupation was later recovered by W.B. Yeats, whose poetry is imbued with music as a rival presence to language. In its readings of Yeats, Synge, Shaw and Joyce, the book argues that this striking musical awareness had a profound influence on the Irish literary imagination, to the extent that poetry, fiction and drama could function as correlatives of musical genres. Although Yeats insisted on the synonymous condition of speech and song in his poetry, Synge, Shaw and Joyce explicitly identified opera in particular as a generic prototype for their own work. Synge's formal musical training and early inclinations as a composer, Shaw's perception of himself as the natural successor to Wagner, and Joyce's no less striking absorption of a host of musical techniques in his fiction are advanced in this study as formative (rather than incidental) elements in the development of modern Irish writing. Music and the Irish Literary Imagination also considers Beckett's emancipation from the oppressive condition of words in general (and Joyce in particular) through the agency of music, and argues that the strong presence of Mendelssohn, Chopin and Janácek in the works of Brian Friel is correspondingly essential to Friel's dramatisation of Irish experience in the aftermath of Beckett. The book closes with a reading of Seamus Heaney, in which the poet's own preoccupation with the currency of established literary forms is enlisted to illuminate Heaney's abiding sense of poetry as music.
The Physiology and Phenomenology of Action
Authors: Berthoz Alain , Petit Jean-Luc , Macann Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Though many philosophers of mind have taken an interest in the great developments in the brain sciences, the interest is seldom reciprocated by scientists, who frequently ignore the contributions philosophers have made to our understanding of the mind and brain. In a rare collaboration, a world famous brain scientist and an eminent philosopher have joined forces in an effort to understand how our brain interacts with the world. Does the brain behave as a calculator, combining sensory data before deciding how to act? Or does it behave as an emulator endowed with innate models of the world, which it corrects according to the results of experiences obtained by the senses? The two authors come from very different backgrounds-the philosopher Jean-Luc Petit belongs to the philosophical tradition of Husserlian phenomenology. Alain Berthoz has long been interested in the physiology of action (movement, posture, decision-making, perception, etc.). Drawing on cutting-edge research from the cognitive sciences, the authors have produced a highly original volume showing how phenomenology and physiology can interact to further our understanding of the brain and the mind.
Apothecaries as experts and brokers in the sixteenth-century network of the naturalist Carolus Clusius
Authors: Egmond Florike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like physicians, apothecaries were often involved in sixteenth-century natural history. Yet it is not so easy to find information about what they actually contributed to this field of expertise and how they did this, except in a very fragmented way, at the individual, local, or at most regional level. The literature concerning European apothecaries in the sixteenth century is largely concerned with the study of materia medica, the production and translation of pharmacopoeia and with various aspects of professionalization, such as the creation of guilds, the development of professional standards, and the conflicts between physicians and apothecaries connected with attempts to demarcate their respective professional territories.
‘The spoils of Roman grandeur’: Correspondence collecting and the market in Rome
Authors: Coltman Viccy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 1 opened with Adolf Michaelis’ letter to the Right Honourable W. Cowper Temple at Broadlands in Hampshire, so Chapter 2 begins with another letter—from Cowper Temple’s grandfather, Viscount Palmerston, who acquired the sculptures whose ancient specimens were catalogued by Michaelis in 1877 and published in Ancient Marbles in Great Britain in 1882.
‘Casting a lustful eye’: Charles Townley as collector and cataloguer
Authors: Coltman Viccy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As previously discussed in the Introduction, when Lord Lansdowne wanted to dispose of his duplicate sculpture of a Wounded Amazon (figure 1), his dealer Gavin Hamilton initially hoped that she might be a desirable acquisition for one of his other British clients. George Grenville, Thomas Mansel Talbot, and James Hugh Smith Barry were variously offered and rejected the opportunity to acquire the unwanted Amazon, with Charles Townley canvassing Mansel Talbot at Hamilton’s explicit request. These potential purchasers for Lansdowne’s Amazon are testimony to the social networks of communication and exchange between collectors of marbles in Britain, networks often orchestrated by the dealers Gavin Hamilton and Thomas Jenkins in their correspondence from Rome. Using material in the Townley Archive, this chapter surveys similar negotiations in Townley’s acquisition of a bust of Antinous from the Duke of Dorset. This leads, via the London workshop of the sculptor Joseph Nollekens, into a discussion of the multiple but hitherto underwritten role of British sculptors in imported collections of ancient marbles in the second half of the 18th century, as producers of original works, as restorers of excavated specimens, dealers and draughtsmen. The drawings Townley commissioned of marbles in Italian collections and those in his own collection at Park Street introduce a cohort of artists in the urban centres of Rome and London who were responsible for reproducing sculpture on paper. Townley’s museo cartaceo is identified as a descendant of that of the early 17th-century Italian scholar and diplomat Cassiano dal Pozzo, which was acquired by King George III in 1762. A number of sheets from Townley’s paper museum have recently been re-identified as deriving from that of dal Pozzo—providing a tangible connection between the two collections.
Conclusion: Joseph Nollekens’ The Judgement of Paris
Authors: Coltman Viccy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Four sculptures (figures 82–5) now in the collections of the J. Paul Getty Museum and Villa at Malibu may be seen to embody the problematic inherent in the historiography of ancient marbles in Great Britain as codified in the later 19th century by the German Professor of Archaeology, Adolf Michaelis. Michaelis’ pioneering research—critiqued here in Chapter 1 for the first time—exposed over 2,000 individual ancient marble specimens in 66 private collections in Britain to the latest ‘scientific’ scrutiny. They were systematically studied, numbered, measured, deciphered, and classified in a corpus of ancient Greek and Roman sculpture. Michaelis’ classic work, continued by his grateful successors, including A. H. Smith, Cornelius Vermeule, and Frederik Poulsen, put ancient marbles in Britain on the academic agenda, when they had hitherto been neglected in favour of the study of painting, in an estrangement of the sister arts that has still to be properly realigned.
Geography, Politics, and Imperialism in the Asian Customs Law
Authors: Mitchell S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All discussions of the lex portorii Asiae should be introduced with a stern warning to readers. Since its first publication in 1989, numerous studies have been devoted to the text and its interpretation, but it has been hard to find a consensus of opinion among scholars on many of the major problems and issues which it has raised. The reasons for this are simple. The inscription, despite its size and length, is only partially preserved. The text evidently continued for longer than the 154 surviving lines. More seriously, the entire left- hand side of the inscription was cut away when the stone was reshaped to serve as part of the socle of the ambo in the Basilica of St John at Ephesus, and this process has removed the beginnings of all the lines.
Bumblebees
Authors: Goulson Dave 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bumblebees are familiar and charismatic insects, occurring throughout much of the world. They are increasingly being used as a model organism for studying a wide range of ecological and behavioural concepts, such as social organization, optimal foraging theories, host-parasite interactions, and pollination. Recently they have become a focus for conservationists due to mounting evidence of range coBIOL15ANIB and catastrophic extinctions with some species disappearing from entire continents (e.g. in North America). Only by improving our understanding of their ecology can we devise sensible plans to conserve them. The role of bumblebees as invasive species (e.g. Bombus terrestris in Japan) has also become topical with the growing trade in commercial bumblebee nests for tomato pollination leading to establishment of non-native bumblebees in a number of countries. Since the publication of the first edition of the book, there have been hundreds of research papers published on bumblebees. There is clearly a continuing need for an affordable, well-illustrated, and appealing text that makes accessible all of the major advances in understanding of the behaviour and ecology of bumblebees that have been made in the last 30 years.
Introduction
Authors: Goulson Dave 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bees (Superfamily Apoidea) belong to the large and exceedingly successful insect order Hymenoptera, which also includes wasps, sawflies and ants. There are currently approximately 25,000 known species of bee, belonging to over 4,000 genera, and undoubtedly many more remain to be discovered. All bees are phytophagous, feeding primarily on nectar and pollen throughout their lives. While many other insects feed on nectar or pollen as adults, very few do so throughout their development. This is simply because pollen and nectar, although nutritious, are sparsely distributed in the environment, and immature insects cannot fly from flower to flower to collect them (they do not have wings). In bees, the adult females gather the food for their offspring, so that the offspring themselves do not need to be mobile.
Thermoregulation
Authors: Goulson Dave 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As recently as the 1960s, it was widely believed that insects were all essentially ectothermic, so that their body temperature remained close to ambient temperature unless they used external heat sources (generally solar radiation) to heat themselves. Thanks largely to studies of North American moths and bumblebees carried out by Bernd Heinrich in the 1970s, this is now known to be very far from the truth (see particularly Heinrich 1979b). Although many insects, particularly the small species, are unavoidably ectothermic due to their large surface area to volume ratio, larger flying insects such as sphingid moths, dragonflies and bumblebees can generate considerable quantities of metabolic heat, and use this to maintain stable body temperatures many degrees above the ambient temperature. Indeed, they would be entirely unable to fly without this ability. Much of what follows is based on the work of Heinrich. Readers wishing to know more are directed to his excellent book ‘Bumblebee Economics ’ (Heinrich 1979b), and to two more recent general texts on insect thermoregulation, ‘The Hot-Blooded Insects ’ (Heinrich 1993) and ‘The Thermal Warriors ’ (Heinrich 1996).
Finding a Mate
Authors: Goulson Dave 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Males of some Bombus species station themselves by a prominent landmark (either perched or hovering) and await a female. It appears that they search visually for queens, and they have unusually large compound eyes to facilitate this. Despite their large eyes, the males are clearly not able to distinguish queens from other organisms at a distance, since they will readily chase after any small flying organism, including birds. At least eight species of bumblebee are known to use this system of mate location; two from Europe (B. confusus and B. mendax ) (Saunders 1909; Krüger 1951; Schremmer 1972), three from North America (B. nevadensis , B. griseocollis and B. rufocinctus ) (Frison 1917; Hobbs 1965a; Alcock and Alcock 1983; O’Neill et al. 1991) and three from Asia (Williams 1991). O’Neill et al. (1991) describe the behaviour of the North American species in detail. Males stake out territories, usually centred on a prominent perch such as a fence post or tree. They dart out from their perch at passing insects, and if they encounter a queen they attempt to grasp her in mid-air with their legs; if successful the couple often continue in flight (and are then lost from view), but sometimes they fall to the ground.
Natural Enemies
Authors: Goulson Dave , Brown Mark J F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bumblebees are attacked in various stages of their life cycle by a diverse range of predators, parasites and parasitoids. The importance of these organisms is perhaps best illustrated by the vigour of bumblebees when they are freed from their natural enemies. In New Zealand, four bumblebee species were introduced in 1885 from the United Kingdom, and only three of their many parasites were accidentally introduced with them (Donovan and Wier 1978). Two of these bumblebee species (B. subterraneus and B. ruderatus) are now extinct or nearly so in the United Kingdom. In contrast, all four species are fl ourishing in New Zealand, and they often occur at extraordinary densities, far greater than those observed in their natural range, suggesting that elsewhere their numbers are held in check by natural enemies. Similarly, successful colonization of Tasmania by B. terrestris, which is both inbred (Schmid-Hempel et al. 2007) and lacks most parasites (Allen et al. 2007), provides further support for this parasite-release hypothesis.
Intraspecific Floral Choices
Authors: Goulson Dave 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Within plant species, individual flowers exhibit considerable variation in the rate at which they produce rewards. There can also be substantial variation between flowers on the same plant. This variation may be due to micro-environmental influences, genetic variation, age of the plant or age of the flower. If foragers can distinguish between more and less rewarding flowers of their preferred species, then they can enhance their foraging success. The time it takes for a bumblebee forager to handle a flower varies greatly according to floral morphology, from less than 1 s for simple flowers to up to 10 s for complex flowers (e.g. Heinrich 1979b; Pyke 1979; Hodges 1981; Best and Bierzychudek 1982; Osborne 1994; Cresswell 1999). If the flower contains little or no reward then this time is wasted, so there is strong selection pressure on bees to evolve means of choosing the more rewarding flowers.
Foraging Cues Gained from Other Bees
Authors: Goulson Dave 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The waggle dance of the honey bee has been frequently described and much studied, and is one of the most complex systems known in insect communication; indeed, far more information is conveyed than can be managed by most vertebrates. In contrast, it has long been assumed that foraging in bumblebees is essentially a solitary endeavour— that workers do not communicate with each other about good sources of forage, so that each individual has to learn for itself which flowers provide reward. Indeed, it has been known for many years that bumblebees (of a range of species) are unable to recruit nestmates to specific places (Jacobs-Jessen 1959; Esch 1967; von Frisch 1967; Kerr 1969). Nevertheless, it has become apparent that bumblebee foragers do communicate, and that recruitment does occur, but not to specific locations. In an elegantly simple experiment, Dornhaus and Chittka (1999, 2001) demonstrated that, on their return to the nest, successful foragers of B. terrestris stimulate other workers to forage, and communicate to them the scent of the food source that they have located (Fig. 10.1). The returning forager runs around on the surface of the nest in an excited manner, frequently bumping into nest mates and buzzing her wings (very similar behaviour occurs in some stingless bees). She also releases a pheromone from tergites 5–7 (Dornhaus et al. 2003). The combination of pheromone and behavioural signalling stimulates workers to leave the nest and search for the source of the floral scent. Workers in the nest also respond differentially according to the quality (sugar content) of the incoming nectar, and are more likely to go foraging themselves when the incoming nectar is sugar-rich (Dornhaus and Chittka 2005).
Competition and Niche Differentiation in Bumblebee Communities
Authors: Goulson Dave 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are about 250 species of bumblebee worldwide, mostly distributed through the temperate, alpine and arctic regions of the northern hemisphere (Williams 1989a).In most communities, several different species of bumblebee occur sympatrically (Ranta and Vepsäläinen 1981; Williams 1989b). All Bombus species occupy a broadly similar niche. They are all large (relative to other bees), hairy and facultatively endothermic; they exhibit remarkably little morphological variation; they all nearly have an annual cycle and are active at similar, overlapping, times of the year; and they all feed almost exclusively on nectar and pollen throughout their lives. One might expect fierce interspecific competition to shape bumblebee communities (Brian 1954; Heinrich 1976a).How then do many species manage to coexist?