bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unscientific Postscripts
Authors: Bryan Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A recurring feature of religious history is the way in which groups of persons who hold widely differing, or even opposed, emphases and beliefs, will yet see themselves as the legitimate heirs of a single figure. Those who claim to be heirs of St. Paul, Mahomet, and Martin Luther could all be offered as examples. Even with a figure so close to us in time and so well documented as C. S. Lewis, we find already the development of a “Catholic” Lewis, endorsed by Walter Hooper and the C. S. Lewis Society in Oxford, and an “Evangelical” Lewis endorsed by the Marion E. Wade Center at Wheaton College, Illinois. It is not here our concern to discuss the reason for such a phenomenon (which, incidentally, in the case of Lewis has been well discussed by A. N. Wilson in a recent biography), but simply to note that we need hardly be surprised to find exactly the same thing happening in the case of Jesus of Nazareth. I refer, not to the comparatively recent division of Christendom into its major groupings, but to variations of emphasis and understanding that seem to have been present almost from the beginning.
Reconstructing Federal Indian Policy: From Termination to Self-determination
Authors: Nagel Joane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Throughout American history, federal Indian policy has shifted between two essentially contradictory goals: sovereignty and assimilation. During those policy periods when the United States emphasized the national or tribal sovereignty of Indian peoples, treaties were signed (eighteenth and nineteenth centuries), reservations were established (nineteenth and twenieth centuries), and tribal governments were encouraged and supported (mid- and late-twentieth century). Those periods embracing assimilation were dominated by policies intended to restrict non-Indian trade with Indian nations, reduce or eliminate tribal land bases (both of these in the late nineteenth century), abrogate treaty rights, and relocate the Indian population from reservations to cities (both of these in the two decades after World War 11). It is important to note that of these two themes in federal Indian law, tribal sovereignty was the weaker and often more grudgingly acknowledged, whereas assimilation represented a more consistently and enthusiastically pursued policy course.
Ascent to Heaven in Jewish and Christian Apocalypses
Authors: Himmelfarb Martha 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is a study of the ancient Jewish and Christian apocalypses involving ascent into heaven, which have received little scholarly attention relative to apocalypses concerned primarily with the end of the world. Recent developments like the publication of the Aramaic Enoch fragments from Qumran and interest in questions of genre in the study of the apocalypses make this a particularly appropriate time to undertake this study. The book emphasizes the emergence of the understanding of heaven as temple in the Book of the Watchers, the earliest of these apocalypses, and the way in which this understanding affects the depiction of the culmination of ascent, the hero’s achievement of a place among the angels, in the ascent apocalypses generally. It also considers the place of secrets of nature and the story of creation in these works. Finally, it offers an interpretation of the pseudepigraphy of the apocalypses and their function. It places the apocalypses in relation to both their biblical antecedents and their context in the Greco-Roman world.
What is systematic theology?
Authors: Wentz Richard E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hatch reminds us that Americans “relished the right to shape their own faith and submit to the leaders of their own choosing.”2 The culture assaulted all mediating elites and institutions, and ignored tradition, structure, and history. The common people generated their own ideas and leadership. They were not especially enamored of education or hierarchical orders. Yet, of course, their democracy was a leveling sort of democracy in which an aristocratic impulse asserted itself among those who leveled in order to acquire power for themselves.
Introduction
Authors: Hawley John S , Proudfoot Wayne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fundamentalism, the dictionaries tell us, is something that has to do with texts. In the most basic use of the term, fundamentalists are American Protestants with a militant desire to defend religion against the onslaughts of modem, secular culture; their principal weapon is their insistence on the inerrancy of scripture. As for the enemy—the world view propagated by secular naturalism or “scientific humanism,” as fundamentalists often call it—its most invidious manifestations are the theory of evolution and the methods of “higher” textual criticism, as applied to sacred texts. Both raise questions about the inherent correctness of the Bible.
Aeschines And Athenian Politics
Authors: Harris Edward M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Filling a major gap in scholarship, this is the first full-length study of the Athenian politician Aeschines. Along with Isocrates, Aeschines was one of the most prominent Athenian politicians who advocated friendly ties with the Macedonian king Philip II. Though overshadowed by his famous rival Demosthenes, Aeschines played a key role in the decisive events that marked the rise of Macedonian power in Greece and formed the transition from the Classical to the Hellenistic period. Three long speeches by Aeschines, all delivered in court battles with his opponent Demosthenes, have been preserved and provide us with valuable information about Athenian politics during a major turning point in Greek history. This study of Aeschines’ political career examines the reliability of court speeches as historical evidence and shows how they help reveal how democratic institutions actually functioned in Athens when faced with the rise of Macedonian power.
Introduction
Authors: Harris Edward M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The decade that began in 348 B.c. with the fall of Olynthus and climaxed in 338 B.c. in the Battle of Chaeronea marked a decisive turning point in Greek history. Before 348, the Macedonians played only a marginal role in the world of the Greek poleis of central and southern Greece. The kings of Macedon, when not fighting off dangerous pretenders, were forced to devote most of their efforts to securing the kingdoms vulnerable borders against neighboring tribes. Their few attempts at territorial expansion were checked first by the Athenian Empire in the fifth-century, then by the Spartans and the Thebans in the fourth century. But the stalemate of the major Greek powers after the Battle of Mantinea in 362 removed the barriers to Macedonian ambitions. When Philip ascended the throne in 359, he quickly put the affairs of the kingdom in order, developed his military resources, and took advantage of the new opportunity. By 348 he had already made remarkable progress. The neighboring tribes of Paeonia and Illyria had been defeated, the Chalcidian League destroyed, and its leading city Olynthus sacked. Philip had also extended his power southward, leading the Macedonians and his Thessalian allies to victory over the Phocians. Yet these achievements were only a prelude. In the next decade his military victories and diplomatic triumphs established Philip as the undisputed leader of the Greeks. Al though Philip did not live to see his army win its greatest victories in Asia, his legacy proved to be long-lasting: Macedon remained the leading power in Greece until the Roman conquest.
The End of the Third Sacred War
Authors: Harris Edward M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After ratifying the treaty with Philip, the Athenians could put to rest their fears about the Chersonese. The only task remaining was for the Athenian ambassadors to travel to Macedon and receive the oaths from Philip and his allies. At this point the Peace of Philocrates, as the treaty would come to be known, appeared to be a success: Philip gained his victory over Cersebleptes, and the Athenians gained security for their interests in the Chersonese. In the meantime, however, a new issue had arisen. In central Greece, the Third Sacred War had dragged on for a decade. All the major powers of Greece-Phocis, Thebes, Thessaly, Sparta, and Athens-were caught up in the conflict. Philip, too, had entered the fighting on the side of Thessaly and had won a major victory over the Phocians in 352, but had chosen to remain aloof since then. By the spring of 346, all of the contestants had grown weary of the conflict and wanted to see it resolved.
Asimov as Acrophobe
Authors: Elms Alan C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So John W. CAMPBELL’S science fiction was at least expressive, and Robert E. Howard’s was definitely defensive. Cordwainer Smith’s science fiction was mainly restitutive, and Jack Williamson’s gave a good try at being restitutive, even though it didn’t go all the way. After I’d lived with that way of looking at fiction­ writing for a while, one other possibility seemed worth pursuing: that for some writers, writing serves no distinctive psychological function at all; it’s just another way to make a buck or to offer an argument. In science fiction, ideas rather than strong emotions or violent acts often provide the focus for a story.
The Impact of Job Loss and Retirement on Health
Authors: Kasl Stanislav V , Jones Beth A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The evidence about the impact of work on health can be divided, artificially and arbitrarily, into the impact of the chronic (steady-state) work environment and the impact of changes in the work environment or in aspects of the work role. This is a distinction of convenience only. Consider some of the following possible scenarios: (1) Individuals cope with and adapt to enduring conditions so that the impact over time changes rather than remaining constant.
Social Integration, Social Networks, Social Support, and Health
Authors: Berkman Lisa F , Glass Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is difficult now to reconstruct the logic that led us to believe that the nature of human relationships—the degree to which an individual is interconnected and embedded in a community—is vital to an individual’s health and well-being as well as to the health and vitality of entire populations. In retrospect, a combination of observations and reading the rich theoretical literature on social integration, attachment, and social networks led us to test these ideas empirically.
Introduction
Authors: Milner Murray 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“The study of the caste system is both useful for our knowledge of India, and is an important task of general sociology.” This is the opening sentence of Homo Hierarchicus, Louis Dumont’s classic study of caste (1980:xiv). Karl Marx and Max Weber also thought the analysis of India was important—both in its own right and as a contribution to general sociological understanding (Marx 1968, 1983; Madan 1979; Weber 1958b, 1968). I share this conviction.
The Articulation of Status and Material Resources: Political and Economic Legitimacy
Authors: Milner Murray 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since this is a book about the nature of status and sacral relationships, an extensive analysis of India’s enormously complex political and economic structures is beyond the scope of this endeavor. Rather, the task at hand is to indicate some of the key links between the status order and the organization of political and economic power. The essence of political and economic power in an agrarian society is the control of land and labor. This chapter considers the ways such control is dependent on the status order, and more specifically, how a theory of status relations can help us understand the mechanisms used to produce political legitimacy.
A Theory of Status Relationships: Additional Elements
Authors: Milner Murray 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Maps tend to point out the primary features of a region: the highest mountains, the biggest rivers, the busiest roads, the most famous or important buildings. This is also the tendency of sociological theories; they typically focus on the most prominent structural features of a social situation. One of the basic assumptions of this study, and of structural sociology in general, is that it is possible to meaningfully identify the primary patterns that help us to understand why people behave the way they do—at least much of the time. This has been the main thrust of the preceding chapters.
Cultural Codes and Rituals: I
Authors: Milner Murray 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 3 introduced the concept of secondary elaboration and ritualization. Status groups tend to elaborate and ritualize their norms in order to make it more difficult for outsiders to conform. This process is especially characteristic of upper status groups that wish to exclude those of lower status, but excluded groups also elaborate and ritualize to create counter norms and values. Elaboration is a means not only of excluding outsiders, but also of social control for group members. If ritualistic conformity to a multitude of petty rules is obtained, more crucial rules and orders are likely to be followed. Perhaps even more importantly, such obedience and the very existence of elaborate sets of cultural categories increase the taken-forgrantedness of the system as a whole. That is, they contribute to the institutionalization of the core norms of the group.
On the Nature of Sacredness
Authors: Milner Murray 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before the empirical analysis can be extended, additional theoretical concepts are required; more specifically, the nature of the sacred and its relationship to status must be considered. I have tried to keep this abstract level of discussion to a minimum; the enormous literature on the nature of the sacred is only touched upon. The purpose of the discussion is to connect this part of the analysis with the theoretical arguments that have guided the whole endeavor.
The Worship of Gods
Authors: Milner Murray 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some of sociology’s most insightful theory is built on Durkheim’s (1965) analysis of worship of the sacred in The Elementary Forms of Religious Life. Goffman (1967, 1971) drew on Durkheim’s notions to brilliantly analyze face-to-face interaction in contemporary society. Collins has formalized and extended Goffman’s work to help us explain variations in the class subcultures and ritual styles of different types of societies (1975, 1982, 1988).1 Goffman’s seminal insight was that Durkheim’s analysis of worship could serve as a paradigm for understanding the rituals of everyday life, and that many of these rituals were directed toward something analogous to the sacred. Yet despite the enormous fruitfulness of drawing on Durkheim’s understanding of the worship of the sacred, virtually no attempt has been made to extend our understanding of these paradigmatic notions.2 Both Goffman and Collins treat ritual and sacredness as largely undefined terms.
Salvation and Soteriology
Authors: Milner Murray 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The word “soteriology” refers to religious doctrines about salvation, especially the means of salvation.1 The word “salvation” implies deliverance or release from an undesirable state of being to one that is qualitatively better—usually from the historical empirical world to another world beyond history. Many religions are not particularly concerned about notions of salvation, but it is central to all of the great world religions, including Hinduism.2 Typically, salvation religions see the present world as at best flawed and imperfect and at worst inherently sinful and evil. In the Hindu view, the essence of human existence is suffering (duhkha).
Vowels and Diphthongs
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The normal correspondences of the vowels and short diphthongs may be surveyed in the accompanying table. The long diphthongs (63-4), and the syllabic liquids (93-8), nasals (99-100), and laryngeals (101-2) are treated separately. r.PIE LONG VOWELS and sequences of SHORT VOWELS PLUS IARYNGEAL with few exceptions (mostly in G, 49-50) have identical reflexes in the IE languages. As a consequence it is not always possible to determine whether a given long vowel, for example the ii of L miis ‘mouse’, continues PIE “ii or “uH 2. GREEK. The Greek vowels and diphthongs reflect most nearly those of the parent speech, though the system is not as conservative as used to be taught. The most obvious innovations are Attic-Ionic rather than generally Greek, namely the change of” a to T/ (54-6), and the (purely phonetic) change of “u and “ii to front rounded vowels /ii ii/ (38a). There are in addition a number of pan-Greek metatheses, syncopes, and assimilations, and a variety of conditioned lengthening and shortening.
Shortening of Vowels in Latin
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Long vowels were shortened in prehistoric times before a resonant plus consonant. Apart from one evident case of ..-oys &gt; ..-iJys (below, and 260.4), the shortening is practically limited to position before nt or nd; for example, from stems aImii-‘love’ and vide-‘see’: pres. pple. stem amant-, vident- (the long vowels of amiins, videns nom.sg. are lengthenings, per 81.2); and gerundive amandus, videndus. The zero grade of the PIE opt. of ..H1es­ ‘be’, namely ..H1s-iHr, underlies Pltal. “si’mos rpl., *si’tes 2pl., ..si’nt 3PL (&lt; sient, 68), whence L si’mus, si’tis, but sfnt. This development looks like Osthoff’s Law (63-2), but the G and L shortenings are independent rather than shared innovations. Evidence pointing to a relatively late date for the L shortening is as follows. The rule applies to sequences that arose within the history of L, as ..lawdiiyonti ‘they praise’ &gt; “laudiint (88.3) &gt; L laudant, and “‘moneyonti ‘they cause to think’&gt; “monent(88.3) &gt;
Prothetic Vowels in Greek
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In G, a vowel, usually e-but sometimes ex-or o-, appears before resonant consonants in word-initial position. Such a vowel invariably develops before an original initial ..r-; less commonly before ..!-, ..m-, ..n-, and ..w-; and never before “y-. (For the special behavior of “y-, see 191.) The term prothetic vowel is reserved for vowels that have no self-evident PIE source, either in ablaut alternations or as a morphological prefix. Some of them are now generally agreed to reflect word-initial laryngeals (90). LARYNGALS AND PROTHETIC VOWELS. A number of G prothetic vowels are the presumably regular outcomes of word-initial laryngeals rather than spontaneously generated within G. For example, G &(f}r,&lt;n ‘blows’ was traditionally traced to PIE “we- (that is, “weH,) ‘blow’ with prothetic a-. But now Hitt.vhu-u-wa-an-te-ef’winds’ &lt; “H2uHront- (556) re­ quires instead “H2weH,, such that Gar- is seen to come from “H2w-. G a.Eiow ‘speak’ and Ved. viivad1ti ‘declares’ together point to a reduplicated pres. (451A) “H2we-H2wed- (Indic), “H2we-H2ud- (G), from a root “H2wed- (Indic ii&lt; “-eH-; G fEi &lt; “wew, 61.rn).1 Similarly, PIE “nogwh-/ “ongwh- ‘nail, hoof’ (100b); this, the traditional reconstruction, supposes implausibly elaborate ablaut for an underived form, and can be replaced to advantage by *H1nogwh-, whence PG “onoks &gt; G ovu (44), L unguis (100b). Such an etymon also accounts elegantly for µwvu ‘single-hooved’ (107).
Reduced Grades
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As alluded to in 112, in addition to the full and zero grades discussed here, many scholars posit two or more reduced grades, that is, vowels somehow intermediate between full and zero grades. To such grades were traced all sorts of things: the first vowels of G -yvv ‘woman’, KVKAoc; ‘circle’, 0&varoc; ‘death’, ‘iu0L ‘be’ (imperat.), L frangii ‘break’, maneii ‘remain’, in- ‘un-’, cams ‘dog’, simul ‘at once’, and many others. Theories requiring reduced grades were once the norm, but are less in vogue now; and in fact there have been objections to such constructs from their first appearance. One serious reproach, which has never been squarely faced by proponents of reduced grades, is that once one starts subdividing the distinction be­ tween PRESENCE and ABSENCE (in other words, full vs. zero grade), it is in principle possible to insert as many intermediate degrees as one wishes. That is, the number and kind of such intermediate vowels is open-ended and unconstrained, which is a serious demerit from the standpoint of methodology and theory.
Lengthened Grades
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The lengthened grades, although a feature of the parent language, are clearly secondary. They are particularly associated with three morphological categories: the nom.sg. of consonant stems; the root vowel of s-aorist verbs; and semantically derivative forms. Nominative singulars. A long vowel in the nom.sg. of consonant stems is seen in lnlr., L, and G (though in L particularly the original distribution was obscured by the tendency of such long vowels to be leveled through whole paradigms). These long vowels arose by compensatory lengthening in the nom.sg. of various stem types. These included isolated forms like “ker ‘heart’ &lt; ““kerd nom./aceneut. More important were the non-neuter r- and n-stems (““plf2 ters ‘father’ &gt; PIE “plf2 ter, ““dhglnt;tmons ‘earthling’ &gt; PIE “dhghtt;tmo), and the trait was transplanted from there to other forms like PIE “pots ‘foot’ for ““pots, and “dyews ‘sky’ for ““dyews. (The last was additionally influenced by acc.sg. “dyem &lt; ““dyewm, 325.)
PIE *s
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
PIE * s has diverse conditioned outcomes in most IE languages. For G and L the changes will be given in detail below, but the most striking innovations can be previewed here. (1) In G, “s &gt; *h before a vowel, except when preceded by certain consonants. In most dialects this “h survives as such in initial position, where it is known as the 1rvEvµ,a owJu (spiritus asper)-the term identifies an ordinary consonant phoneme, /h/, about which there is nothing unusual apart from the awkward fact that in the Athenian (Ionic) alphabet it was not represented by an actual letter. lntervocalically, PG “h disappears in all varieties of G except (apparently-172c) Myc. (2) In L, “s between vowels merges with r, a change known as rhotacism (173). Between a vowel and most voiced consonants “s drops, with compensatory lengthening of the preceding vowel (225.i).
Stop+ Nasal
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Labial Stopi + NASAL. Before either -m- or -n- a labial stop becomes -m- in L; in G, a parallel assimilation occurs when any labial (or labiovelar) stop is followed by -µ-, but does not affect -cf&gt;- and -1r- before-11-. That these developments in G and L are independent innovations is 1 Evidence for a present-stem formative in *-d-, though it is sometimes proposed (458.3), is doubtful. In the case of L -fendo, the isolated form znfinsus is equally inconvenient for a theoretical present-stem marker in •d and for the idea that the present-stem in *fend- continues •gwhen-y-. r. Since assimilation of the stop to the nasal is straightforwardly parallel to the behavior of ‘-pn- and •-kn-, -nn- qualifies as the expected outcome. It is attested in: PIE ‘atnos (or ‘H2etnos) &gt; L annus ‘year’: Go. a/ma-. PIE ‘pet-neH,- &gt; L penna ‘feather’ : G 7fETOµm ‘fly’, Ved. root pat- (Olr. En /en/ ‘bird’ reflects ‘pet-no-).