bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acute Granulocytic Leukemia
Authors: Strauchen James A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Acute granulocytic leukemia is a neoplastic proliferation of granulocytic and related progenitor cells. Acute granulocytic leukemia, also referred to as acute myeloid leukemia (AML) or acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL), constitutes one of the two major forms of acute leukemia and the most prevalent acute leukemia of adults. Acute granulocytic leukemia may develop de novo, following disorders known to predispose to its development (aplastic anemia, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria), following exposure to alkylating agent chemotherapy or radiotherapy, or following a recognized myelodysplastic syndrome. Acute granulocytic leukemia frequently presents with bleeding, infection, or symptoms related to anemia. The white blood cell count may be low, normal, or greatly increased. Myeloblasts account for from 5% to greater than 90% of the circulating white blood cells. Auer rods, cytoplasmic rodlike inclusions consisting of coalescent primary granulocytic granules, may be present in the leukemic cells. A “leukemic hiatus” is typical with circulating immature blasts and residual mature cells with few cells in between. The platelet count is usually decreased, and anemia is present. The diagnosis of acute granulocytic leukemia is established by examination of the bone marrow.
Hodgkin’s Disease
Authors: Strauchen James A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Hodgkin’s disease is a lymphoproliferative disorder of uncertain lineage characterized by proliferation of Reed-Sternberg and related cells in a reactive cellular background. The cell of origin of Hodgkin’s disease remains unknown (Haluska et al, 1994). Despite this limitation, Hodgkin’s disease is one of the most frequently successfully managed hematologic neoplasms (Urba and Longo, 1992). Hodgkin’s disease has been linked epidemiologically to Epstein-Barr virus; Epstein-Barr virus genomes are detected in the Reed-Sternberg cells of some, but not all, patients (Weiss et al, 1989). Hodgkin’s disease occurs commonly in young adults, with a second peak in late middle age, and can also be seen in childhood. The earlier peak is predominantly of favorable histologic types (nodular sclerosis and lymphocyte predominance) with cervical lymph node and/or mediastinal presentations with good prognosis. The later peak is more often of unfavorable histologic types (mixed cellularity and lymphocyte depletion), with more advanced abdominal presentations and poorer prognosis. Patients with Hodgkin’s disease most frequently present with painless lymphadenopathy. The involved lymph nodes tend to be central (i.e., cervical, axillary, mediastinal, and retroperitoneal) and, in contrast to non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, involvement of peripheral lymph nodes (epitrochlear, mesenteric) is rare. Patients with Hodgkin’s disease may also present with systemic symptoms (sometimes referred to as “B” symptoms from the Ann Arbor staging classification). These include fever, weight loss, and night sweats. The fever may be of a characteristic intermittent type referred to as Pel-Ebstein fever.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Authors: Strauchen James A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) are associated with hematologic manifestations due to direct effects of HIV on the bone marrow as well as involvement of the bone marrow by AIDS-associated opportunistic infections and neoplasms. The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is a complex disorder resulting from infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) with progressive depletion of CD4 T cells and resultant immunodeficiency. HIV is a human retrovirus that infects cells of the immune system, including CD4 (helper) T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells, through binding to the CD4 molecule (Pantaleo et al, 1993). Evidence suggests HIV also infects bone marrow progenitor cells (Folks et al, 1988).
Metabolic Bone Disease
Authors: Strauchen James A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Detailed evaluation of metabolic bone disease requires special techniques, including undecalcified trephine bone biopsy, in vivo tetracycline labeling, and histomorphometry (Teitelbaum and Bullough, 1979). Considerable information, however, can be gleaned from the routine bone marrow biopsy, particularly with the use of plastic-embedded sections. A variety of metabolic bone disorders may be recognized in the bone marrow biopsy, including osteoporosis, osteomalacia, hyperparathyroidism, renal osteodystrophy, and Paget’s disease of bone. Osteopetrosis, a rare congenital disorder of bone associated with bony and hematologic abnormalities, may also be recognized. The osseous structures appreciable in the bone marrow biopsy include the cortical and cancellous bone. The cortical bone is the dense outer portion of the bone that is penetrated by the bone marrow biopsy needle; a portion is frequently included in the bone marrow biopsy. The cancellous bone contains the bone marrow and is composed of a meshwork of bony trabeculae separated by marrow spaces. The bony trabeculae are composed of mineralized bone matrix (osteoid); a seam of unmineralized osteoid may be present on the trabecular surface. In undecalcified sections, unmineralized osteoid is distinctly eosinophilic and readily distinguished from the more basophilic mineralized osteoid. In decalcified sections, the distinction may not be possible.
“The Temple of Justice and Faith”: The Capitol’s East and West Porticoes, Dome and Rotunda
Authors: Scott Pamela 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Revisions to William Thornton’s winning design for the Capitol, agreed to at the July 15, 1793, conference convened by Washington and Jefferson, ought to have determined the Capitol’s final exterior form. Solutions to architectural problems, however, are often fluid in the minds of creative designers. The size, shape, and details of Thornton’s wings were built essentially as he designed them because the north wing was begun immediately after the conference and the south wing was built to correspond to it a decade later. The “center building,” as it was called-containing at various times the conference room, crypt, domed Rotunda, and Library of Congress-was the last section to be built. This phased construction provided several successive architects with the opportunity to redesign the Capitol’s most visible elements: the east and west entrance porticoes and the dome. When Charles Bulfinch’s wood and brick double dome was finished in 1826, the Capitol’s exteriors represented a composite of ideas suggested by at least five of its seven architects: Thomas Jefferson, William Thornton, George Hadfield, Benjamin Henry Latrobe, and Bulfinch.
Successive Primacies
Authors: Kindleberger Charles P 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Postulate that there is a national life cycle-though it ends in quiescence, not death-with youth, vigorous adulthood, maturity, and eventually aging, somewhat like the process in individuals but with much variance, chaos, path dependency, and unanticipated outcomes of both unplanned events and policy choices. The question raised in this chapter is why one dominant, primary, or leading country is followed by another. I remind the reader that there are some who say this does not happen, and that the various countries of Europe, after 1400 when China stopped growing and before growth spread abroad from Europe to North America and across the Pacific, were more cohesive than disparate in their growth (Elliot, 1961 [1970],p. 172; E. L. Jones, 1981 [1987], p. 236). This is one of those questions the answer to which depends on the choice of the counterfactual: what is being pointed to as the basis of comparison. I choose, however, to follow the model of a Dutch historian who propounded “the law of interrupted progress,” holding that “any country pioneering in a new, more highly developed phase of civilization reaches a threshold or barrier beyond which it is extremely difficult to proceed, with the result that the next step for­ ward in the progress of mankind has to be made in another part of the world” (Jan Romein, quoted in Swart, 1975, pp. 47-48). This leaves, to be sure, the question why progress resumes at all instead of countries remaining static, as in the Middle East a century ago, the Far East (except Japan) before World War I, and Africa today. Casual observation attests, however, to the successive economic primacy of the Italian city-states, the Spanish­ Portuguese empire, the Low Countries, Great Britain, and the United States, with failed challenges and impressive growth in France and Germany.
Introduction: The Masculine Stereotype
Authors: Mosse George L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Distinct images of masculinity—the way men assert what they believe to be their manhood—have been all pervasive in Western culture. The ideal of masculinity was invoked on all sides as a symbol of personal and national regeneration, but also as basic to the self-definition of modern society. Manliness was supposed to safeguard the existing order against the perils of modernity, but it was also regarded as an indispensable attribute of those who wanted change. Indeed, the exhortation “to be a man” became commonplace, whether during the nineteenth century or the first half of the twentieth. The word man as constantly used in this book denotes gender and never refers to people in general.
Getting There
Authors: Mosse George L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The standard of male beauty had now been set, but how was that standard to be reached? Winckelmann himself had written about the Greek gymnasium where gymnastic exercises demonstrate the manly contours and sublime beauty of the naked male body. The rise of gymnastics as a means of steeling the human body was a vital step in the perfection of the male stereotype and came to play a leading role. The fit body, well sculpted, was to balance the intellect, and such a balance was thought to be a prerequisite for the proper moral as well as physical comportment. Upstanding youth should be “the straightest of limb, the keenest of brain,” as an oft-repeated English saying has it. Gymnastics did not come into its own solely through Winckelmann’s inspiration or even through Greek examples. Throughout much of the eighteenth century, it was seen as a component of personal hygiene, as Andre David Tissot put it in 1780: “Gymnastics is that part of medicine which teaches maintenance or restoration of health by means of exercise.”
The New Fascist Man
Authors: Mosse George L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The history of modem masculinity now reaches a climax. Never before or since the appearance of fascism was masculinity elevated to such heights: the hopes placed upon it, the importance of manliness as a national symbol and as a living example played a vital role in all fascist regimes. Manliness was a principle that transcended daily life. To be sure, fascism merely expanded and embellished aspects of masculinity that had always been present, and that we have discussed in the previous chapters. The fascist ideal of manliness was in immediate terms built upon the Great War, for the movement considered itself the true inheritor of the war experience, but it also included other images of masculinity, such as those put forward, for example, by the German Youth Movement or by the Italian Futurists. Wherever the manly ideal rose above ordinary life, it was co-opted by the fascist movements. Fascism used manliness both as an ideal and in a practical manner in order to strengthen its political structure, but devotion to a higher cause was at the center of its concept of masculinity.
Ralph Farguhar’s South Central and Pearl’s Place to Play: Why They Failed Before Moesha Hit
Authors: Zook Kristal Brent 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, I use the work of television writer-producer Ralph Farquhar to further illustrate caste and class dynamics in black television. Like The Fresh Prince and Sinbad, shows produced by Farquhar engaged in head-on ideological battles around economic mobility and color. It should be noted that this chapter is somewhat unique in its discussion of black authorship, given that Farquhar’s most controversial show, South Central, was actually created by a white man, Michael Weithorn. Although Farquhar shared co-producer and co-creator credits with Weithorn, it was the latter who initially pitched the idea for the show. “I met with Michael at the suggestion of Rose Catherine Pinkney [a television executive who worked on both In Living Color and New York Undercover],” recalled Farquhar. “He created the show, so I knew he had the sensibility to do it. Also, he was committed to learning. We did a lot of focus groups with [black] single mothers so we would have accurate and current information. We didn’t want the show to look like it came out of a white Hollywood imagination.”
The News Revolution in England
Authors: Sommerville C John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This is the first book to analyse the essential feature of periodical media, which is their periodicity. Having to sell the next issue as well as the present one changes the relation between authors and readers--or customers—and subtly shapes the way that everything is reported, whether politics, the arts and science, or social issues. So there are certain biases that are implicit in the dynamics of news production or commodified information, quite apart from the intentions of journalists. The story of the first century of periodical media in England shows how soon publishers mastered this entirely new treatment of knowledge. And it shows how soon the public despite certain misgivings, adopted a news consciousness that was at odds with the “print consciousness” which Marshall McLuhan described. The colorful pioneers of journalism history seem different when seen first as entrepreneurs, creating a market for the most ordinary sort of information, rather than as heroes of enlightenment and liberty. Looking closely at the publications themselves rather than recounting the struggles of journalists reveals more of what readers were actually faced with. It also suggests how periodicity would begin to shape their minds. Further, it indicates how the very immaturity of the early media allowed them to perform their function of initiating discussion, and how soon a commercial maturity undermined that function, leading to deficiencies which are now widely lamented but little understood.
The Strangeness of Periodical News
Authors: Sommerville C John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There is a common saying that, whoever discovered water, it wasn’t a fish. That is how we are with periodical news. Daily news is the element in which we swim, so we think of it as a part of nature. For many of us, having news daily seems necessary to being socially conscious, much less “informed.” We can hardly imagine a time, a little more than three centuries ago, when there was not a daily budget of published news from all over. And we can hardly imagine how differently people’s minds worked when that was the case.
Participation and Protest
Authors: Gordon Andrew 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In Japan of the Tokugawa era, the idea that common people could play a legitimate political role hardly existed. Commoners were to be the object of political action, not actors in their own right. A good ruler kept the common people alive, but barely so. In one stern Edo era injunction, attributed to Tokugawa Ieyasu, “peasants should be neither dead nor alive.” Alternatively, peasants were likened to oil-producing sesame seeds: “The harder you squeeze them, the more you extract.” Political debate among educated samurai often centered on what one might call the “stupid commoner” problem.
Economy and Society
Authors: Gordon Andrew 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Diversity and tension mark the economic and social history of the 1910s and 1920s in Japan. The economy experienced a great wartime boom followed by a prolonged postwar bust. Economic performance differed between industrial and agricultural sectors as well as between the technologically advanced zaibatsu firms and the mass of smaller, less productive enterprises. In social life the worlds of men and women differed greatly, as did those of city-dwellers and rural folk.
Japan in Wartime
Authors: Gordon Andrew 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
On the night of July 7, 1937, Japanese troops engaged in a minor skirmish with Chinese soldiers in the vicinity of the Marco Polo Bridge just south of Beijing. On July 11 a local cease-fire took effect. Even so, the Japanese government sent additional troops from Korea and Manchuria. The Chinese challenged the Japanese positions, and further skirmishes took place. In late July Japanese forces attacked and occupied Beijing and Tianjin. Within a month of the Marco Polo Bridge incident a full-scale war was underway.
Beyond the Postwar Era
Authors: Gordon Andrew 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The logic for dividing Japanese as well as global time around 1990 is compelling. The Berlin Wall came down in 1989 and the two Germanies were united in 1990. The Soviet empire disintegrated in 1989, and the Soviet Union itself collapsed in 1991. In Japan, the Shoōwa emperor died on the eve of this season of European revolution, in January 1989. In July, the LDP suffered a crushing defeat in the upper house Diet election. The party lost its majority in that chamber for the first time since it was founded. In 1990, the speculative bubble of the 1980s burst in spectacular fashion, inaugurating over a decade of economic stagnation. Both the global context and the domestic spirit of the 1990s differed markedly from the 1980s.
Blue Cross and the American Way in Health Care
Authors: Rothman David J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In health care as in so many other spheres, the boundary lines between private enterprise and government programs have been continually negotiated and altered. In a country that remains more complacently pragmatic than rigidly ideological, the division between what belongs to the marketplace and is assumed to be individual citizens’ own responsibility (like purchasing an automobile) and what is the state’s obligation to its citizens (like providing fire and police protection or, after 1935, Social Security benefits) is not so much anchored and fixed as contested and fluctuating. The outcomes reflect the values that citizens hold (for example, the elderly should not be left to fend for themselves) as well as the financial and ideological preferences of organizations, both corporate and voluntary. But there is an artificiality about such a distinction-because popularly held values affect organizational decisions, and organizations energetically attempt to shape social values.
Economic Evaluation
Authors: Petitti Diana B 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Economic evaluation of health care has become an increasingly important tool to guide decision-making in applied settings. Employers are demanding greater accountability for expenditures for health care on behalf of their employees. The federal government is struggling to contain health care expenditures to balance the federal budget and maintain the solvency of the Medicare trust fund. Local and state policy-makers, both in public health and health care settings, are operating within fixed budgets that make it impossible to offer everything that modern health care can deliver.
Measuring the Quality of Health Care
Authors: Petitti Diana B , Amster Andy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The measurement and improvement of quality of care have been a part of health care for decades. Recently, attempts to measure and monitor quality have become more intense as a response to demands for accountability in the delivery of services (Relman 1988) and as an outgrowth of the quality and outcomes “movement.” The development of systems to measure the performance of organizations that deliver health care is a part of the attempt to assure accountability. It is also a response to consumer concern-about how new ways of organizing and financing medical care effect quality.
National Initiatives
Authors: Milner Clyde A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Who owned the Louisiana Territory? Meriwether Lewis and Carlos Dehault Delassus could not agree on an answer. Delassus, a Spanish official, thought that he still administered lands controlled by the French. Rumors of the sale of Louisiana had reached St. Louis in August 1803, but no formal instructions had been sent to Delassus, lieutenant governor of the territory. On 8 December 1803, Captain Lewis had crossed the Mississippi River to meet with Delassus. Lewis knew that the United States had purchased Louisiana from Napoleon’s government, but he carried no official documents concerning the sale. So after presenting his credentials, Lewis informed Delassus that he planned to lead an expedition funded by the government of the United States. Perhaps the captain paraphrased the instructions that President Thomas Jefferson had sent to Lewis, his twenty-nine-year-old former secretary, in June. “The object of your mission is to explore the Missouri river, & such principal stream of it, as, by it’s [sic] course and communication with the waters of the Pacific ocean, whether the Columbia, Oregan [sic], Colorado or any other river may offer the most direct & practicable water communication across this continent for the purposes of commerce.” Delassus insisted that the American party not proceed up the Missouri until he received notification of Louisiana’s sale. Lewis willingly complied. He crossed back to the east side of the Mississippi and established his winter camp on easily recognized American soil. In January 1804, the residents of St. Louis officially learned that all of the Louisiana country had been purchased by the United States. In March, a formal transfer ceremony occurred in the town. In May, William Clark, who shared command of the expedition with Lewis, led the parry across the Mississippi. As many as forty-six men may have begun the ascent of the Missouri. Aside from the two commanding officers, twenty-seven young, unmarried recruits served as permanent members of the “Corps of Discovery.” Two nonmilitary personnel also accompanied the corps-York, an African-American slave whom Clark had inherited from his father, and George Drouillard, half French-Canadian and half Shawnee, who worked as a hunter and interpreter for twenty-five dollars a month. Over the journey of twenty-eight months and eight thousand miles, only one member of the corps lost his life.
Violence
Authors: Brown Richard Maxwell 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The focus of this essay is the West from the middle of the nineteenth century to 1920-a period in which the violence of the region was not only heavy but destined to become an enduring aspect of the national mythology. First is a discussion of the values that impelled westerners of the time to be violent. Next is an extended treatment of what I have termed the Western Civil War of Incorporation, the key to so much violence from 1850 to 1920. The essay concludes with brief comments on western violence in recent decades, treats the images of western violence so deeply graven in the national consciousness, and closes by addressing two vital questions: Just how violent was the West? Is the West mainly responsible for the American heritage of pervasive violence? A cluster of beliefs mentally programmed westerners to commit violence: the doctrine of no duty to retreat; the imperative of personal self-redress; the homestead ethic; the ethic of individual enterprise; the Code of the West; and the ideology of vigilantism.