bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modal polarization current model method and its application to scattering by dielectric bodies
Authors: Inoue Takashi , Inagaki Naoki , Kikuma Nobuyoshi 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe polarization current model method (PCMM), one of the volume integral equation methods, is used for the analysis of antennas involving dielectric materials and of electromagnetic scattering by dielectric bodies. In the conventional PCMM, the subdomain method of moments is often used. Since the number of unknowns needed is proportional to the number of segmentations of the dielectric body, the computation time is long. In this paper, the M‐PCMM method is proposed in which the polarization current density is mode‐expanded in common spherical wave functions in the dielectric body, and its coefficients are used as the unknowns. The number of unknowns is unrelated to the number of segmentations of the dielectric body and is of the same order as that in the modal expansion method. Hence, the computation time can be reduced. In order to study the validity of this method, scattering by a cubic dielectric body is carried out. The analysis results of the M‐PCMM are compared with those of the conventional PCMM. The results of the scattering directivity and the internal electromagnetic fields obtained by the two methods are in agreement, while the M‐PCMM is found to reduce the computation time substantially. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 86(9): 25–34, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience. wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.10088
Dual‐mode horn antennas suppressing higher‐order modes
Authors: Deguchi Hiroyuki , Tsuji Mikio , Shigesawa Hiroshi 
Published: April 2003

AbstractIn the dual‐mode conical horn antennas proposed to date, the wave front on the aperture plane becomes spherical, so that the efficiency is degraded due to phase error in the aperture plane. In the present paper, a configuration method is proposed for a new dual‐mode conical horn antenna with an aperture distribution which improves efficiency and at the same time reduces the cross‐polarization components. In the present method, the entire antenna is segmented into many sections by recognizing the cutoff characteristics of a circular waveguide. The shape of each section is successively designed in such a way that only the higher‐order mode newly generated in such a section is controlled. In this way, only the cylindrical mode needed to obtain a low cross‐polarization characteristic is excited, and the higher‐order modes generating spherical wave fronts can be suppressed. The effectiveness of this method is verified by numerical results as well as measurement of the radiation pattern of a test antenna in the X band. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 86(9): 17–24, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.10089
Observations and suppression of sea ice clutter by means of millimeter wave radar
Authors: Sayama Shuji , Sekine Matsuo 
Published: April 2003

AbstractSea ice clutter was measured using a millimeter wave radar. To determine the sea ice clutter amplitude, we introduce the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC). It is found that the sea ice clutter amplitude obeys the log‐Weibull distribution which was newly proposed by us for both all data and data within the beam width of an antenna. To suppress such clutter, we have applied the log‐Weibull/CFAR procedure to the observed data. It is shown that radar target embedded in sea ice clutter is detected. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 86(9): 9–16, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.10101
A method of processing inbound IP packets with a routing table
Authors: Jinmei Tatuya , Onoe Atsushi , Yamamoto Kazuhiko , Hagino Jun‐ichiro itojun , Esaki Hiroshi , Murai Jun 
Published: April 2003

AbstractAs the Internet continues to spread and equipment performance improves, the typical operation has been to assign multiple Internet Protocol (IP) addresses to one node. At this type of node, whether the node is the destination of the received packet must be efficiently determined. Conventionally, a Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) system used an algorithm that performs a linear search for the address of the node. As described in this paper, the Widely Integrated Distributed Environment (WIDE) Project conducted R&D on an improved method using a routing table algorithm. Later an original improvement using a hash table was introduced into Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4) implementation in NetBSD and BSD/OS. In this paper, we explain these three methods and evaluate their performances using actual equipment. From the evaluation results, a decision method based on the routing table or the hash table is clearly an improvement over the conventional technique based on a linear search. In addition, the performance of the decision method using the routing table algorithm does not degrade even if the number of addresses increases similar to a conventional routing lookup. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 86(9): 1–8, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.10110
A scalable packet switch with congestion‐reactive priority control
Authors: Shimojo Yoshimitsu , Nakakita Hideaki 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThis paper proposes a packet switch architecture with scalability suitable for handling Internet traffic. The basis of the architecture is a multistage switch consisting of a combination of bufferless unit switches. In the conventional multistage switches, one problem is resistance to hot spots. A hot spot is generated by the best‐effort traffic characteristic of the Internet. In this paper, a method of control of the multistage switch with resistance to hot spots is proposed. Further, mechanisms for facilitating the installation of multistage switches are also proposed, including prevention of out‐of‐sequence transmission of the packets and reduction of the speed‐up factor. The proposed switch architecture is evaluated by simulation and its effectiveness is confirmed. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 86(9): 78–89, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.1175
Realization and performance evaluation of a failure‐resistant ATM transport (FRAT) method for high‐quality video transmission services
Authors: Fujihara Kazuhiro , Kanayama Yukihara , Tsuboi Toshinori 
Published: April 2003

AbstractAs video compression technology advances and hardware prices drop, real‐time applications using digital video such as video conferencing systems have been put to practical use. Some of these kinds of applications require extremely high transmission quality such as program distribution for digital TV broadcasting. Various compression methods with a variety of compression rates are used for digital video. Although ATM is suitable for efficiently transmitting these kinds of real‐time signals with a variety of speeds, the implementation of a transmission method that does not allow the video or audio to be interrupted or distorted even when a chance transmission channel failure or bit error occurs is becoming a key issue. Therefore, this paper proposes a method of implementing a “failure‐resistant ATM transport (FRAT) method” for the transmission of high‐quality real‐time applications, which can compensate for random errors without causing information loss even when a transmission channel failure occurs and can prevent buffer underflow at the receiving terminal by minimizing delay variation even if a failure occurs. In addition, this paper shows the effectiveness and characteristics of the proposed method. Specifically, this paper presents an overview of the proposed method and describes the method of implementing it in detail. Also, a trial transmission device based on this implementation method is used to verify the operation of the proposed method, and the characteristics of this device are shown by comparing theoretical values with experimental values for the amount of delay variation, which is considered the most important factor in the transmission of real‐time signals. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 86(9): 90–101, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience. wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.1176
European chemicals regulation and its effect on innovation: an assessment of the Eu's White Paper on the strategy for a future chemicals policy
Authors: Nordbeck Ralf , Faust Michael 
Published: April 2003

AbstractIn February 2001, the European Commission published its White Paper on a Strategy for a Future Chemicals Policy. The publication launched a heated debate on principles, aims, instruments, implementation and management of future chemicals control in the European Communities. The White Paper came in the wake of massive criticism of current chemicals legislation. Various parties involved repeatedly expressed their concern about a tremendous lack of effectiveness. Furthermore, comparisons with other industrialized countries outside the EU indicated that the current regulatory framework actually discourages innovation in the European chemicals industry. This paper examines current European chemicals policy and main elements of the White Paper strategy with a special focus on the impact of chemicals regulation on innovation towards sustainability. The claim that chemicals regulation tends to block innovation is rejected for lack of conclusive proofs. In contrast, the paper reinforces the view that the White Paper strategy is an important step forward towards sustainability in the chemicals sector. However, with the aim to make it pay for companies to pursue environmentally orientated innovation strategies, supporting measures and instruments need to be developed further. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment
The value of Scotland's ecosystem services and natural capital
Authors: Williams Evan , Firn John R. , Kind Vanessa , Roberts Mark , McGlashan Derek 
Published: April 2003

AbstractLife on earth depends on the ability of the environment to provide essential services. During the 1990s, attempts were made to quantify in monetary terms the benefits that the earth's ecosystem services provide. Costanza et al. (1997a) devised a methodology to assimilate the work of over 100 valuation studies to generate estimates of the monetary value of 17 ecosystem functions for 16 habitat (or biome) types. This work estimated the annual flow of global ecosystem services to be $33 × 1012. In this paper we apply the same methodology to Scotland to derive a current annual ecosystem service value of approximately £17 thousand million ($24 × 109). This is an initial estimate based on the available values. Some modifications to the model are suggested that could produce a more reliable value of Scotland's ecosystem services. Copyright © Crown Copyright 2003. Recorded with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The politics of recycling—a liberal democratic dilemma?
Authors: Lundmark Carina 
Published: April 2003

AbstractImplementation of environmental sustainability, such as waste recycling policies, commonly requires people's active involvement. These ideas substantially challenge both established theoretical conceptions and people's daily habits. In this study, political recycling objectives are explored from two branches of political philosophy with different ideas about the proper relationships between individuals and the state—liberalism and communitarianism. Both perspectives are portrayed in traditional and ‘green’ versions, while Sweden provides empirical illustrations, as a liberal democracy with significant communitarian features. Analyses show that increased freedom in other areas (e.g. in the economic field) is used to justify the restrictions in individual freedom that recycling entails. However, the conflict between environmental responsibilities and individual freedom of action crucial to the theoretical debate has little correspondence as Swedish recycling policy is presently being implemented. One set of environmental norms prevails in official documents at national and local levels, and people are anticipated to behave accordingly. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment
Water pricing and irrigation water demand: economic efficiency versus environmental sustainability
Authors: Massarutto Antonio 
Published: April 2003

AbstractIrrigation is by far the largest water user in Europe and this is a cause of increasing concern for European environmental policy makers. Insufficient water pricing as well as a subsidy policy that encouraged the development of irrigated crops have been blamed for having favoured an excessive development of water consumption. The policy background is now changing: the reform of the Common Agricultural Policy is gradually reducing the price bonus paid to agricultural commodities, while the Water Framework Directive requires full‐cost recovery to be adopted as the guiding rule for water price setting, thereby reducing or eliminating artificial incentives to develop irrigation. Will this reform achieve the desired effect of fostering sustainable irrigation water use? This paper, based on an original study developed in eight different test areas, suggests that this will not necessarily be the case: irrigation water use will become more efficient (in the sense that water use will be more concentrated on more valuable uses), but this does not necessarily have positive implications in terms of sustainability. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment
Effect of earthquake energy input characteristics on hysteretic damper efficiency
Authors: Yamaguchi Hiroki , El‐Abd Ashraf 
Published: April 2003

AbstractRobust performance of hysteretic dampers, used in controlling mid‐rise buildings, against change of earthquake characteristics is investigated in this paper. A shear type ten‐storey building incorporating hysteretic dampers is studied as a model under the assumption of elastic perfectly plastic behavior for inelastic frame and damper deformations. An energy‐based damper performance index is used to evaluate damper overall efficiency. Thirty‐five earthquake records are applied and the damper strength is optimized for each earthquake record to obtain the maximum performance index or the damper efficiency. Based on the obtained numerical results it is found that, besides the effect of maximum energy input on damper efficiency, other time‐dependant properties such as energy‐based effective duration and earthquake dominant period have great influence on the damper efficiency. A factor (α), which represents the combined effect of maximum energy input, effective duration and dominant earthquake period, is also derived for the prediction of damper efficiency. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of soil degradation during earthquake excitations by Bayesian inference
Authors: Ching Jianye , Glaser Steven D. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractA Bayesian inference approach is introduced to identify soil degradation behaviours at four downhole array sites. The approach of inference is based on a parametric time‐varying infinite impulse response filter model. The approach is shown to be adaptive to the changes of filter parameters and noise amplitudes. Four sites, including the Lotung (Taiwan), Chiba (Japan), Garner Valley (California), and Treasure Island (California) sites with downhole seismic arrays are analysed. Our results show two major types of soil degradation behaviour: the well‐known strain‐dependent softening, and reduction in stiffness that is not instantaneously recoverable. It is also found that both types of soil degradation are more pronounced in sandy soils than in clayey soils. The mechanism for the second type of soil degradation is not yet clear to the authors and suggested to be further studied. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A unified formulation of the piecewise exact method for inelastic seismic demand analysis including the P‐delta effect
Authors: Aydınoğlu M. N. , Fahjan Y. M. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe non‐linear analysis of single‐degree‐of‐freedom (SDOF) systems provides the essential background information for both strength‐based design and displacement‐based evaluation/design methodologies through the development of the inelastic response spectra. The recursive solution procedure called the piecewise exact method, which is efficiently used for the response analysis of linear SDOF systems, is re‐formulated in this paper in a unified format to analyse the non‐linear SDOF systems with multi‐linear hysteresis models. The unified formulation is also capable of handling the P‐delta effect, which generally involves the negative post‐yield stiffness of the hysteresis loops. The attractiveness of the method lies in the fact that it provides the exact solution when the loading time history is composed of piecewise linear segments, a condition that is perfectly satisfied for the earthquake excitation. Based on simple recursive relationships given for positive, negative and zero effective stiffnesses, the unified form of the piecewise exact method proves to be an extremely powerful and probably the best tool for the SDOF inelastic time‐history and response spectrum analysis including the P‐delta effect. A number of examples are presented to demonstrate the implementation of the method. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An experimental study of nominally symmetric and asymmetric structures isolated with the FPS
Authors: de la Llera Juan C. , Almazán José L. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThis experimental investigation deals with the earthquake behaviour of a nominally symmetric and a mass‐asymmetric three‐storey structural model isolated with the frictional pendulum system (FPS). Both accidental and natural torsion are evaluated in the structure by using recorded accelerations in all building floors and measured deformations at the isolation level. A 3D‐shaking table was used to subject the model to five different ground motions, including impulsive as well as far‐field subduction‐zone type earthquakes. Results show that the analytical predictions of the earthquake behaviour of the isolated structure, as obtained from a physical model of the FPS, are in close agreement with the true complex inelastic measured behaviour of the FPS. Besides, experimental results also validate previous observations about the importance of accounting for the variability of the normal loads in modelling the earthquake behaviour of FPS isolators. Measured torsional deformation amplifications at the base of the building vary, in the mean, from 2.5% to 6% for the symmetric and asymmetric structural configurations, respectively. In relation to the fixed base structure, the reduction factors for the base shear of the isolated structure are, in the mean, about 3.9 for both configurations. Finally, it is concluded that the FPS is capable of controlling the lateral–torsional motions of mass‐asymmetric structures quite effectively by aligning the centre of mass of the superstructure with the centre of pendular and frictional resistance of the isolation system. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Accidental torsion due to overturning in nominally symmetric structures isolated with the FPS
Authors: Almazán José L. , de la Llera Juan C. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractOverturning of a structure causes variations in the normal loads of the isolators supporting that structure. For frictional isolators, such variation leads to changes in the frictional forces developed and, hence, in the strength distribution in plan. For frictional pendulum system (FPS) isolators, it also causes changes in the pendular action, i.e. in the stiffness distribution of the isolation interface. Therefore, although the structure is nominally symmetric it develops lateral–torsional coupling when it is subjected to two horizontal components of ground motion. This coupling is denoted herein as accidental torsion due to overturning, and its effect in the earthquake response of nominally symmetric structures is evaluated. Several parameters are identified to control this coupling, but the most important are the slenderness of the structure and the aspect ratio of the building plan. Results are presented in terms of the torsional amplification of the deformations of the isolation base and the interstorey deformations of the superstructure. The FPS system is modelled accurately by including true large deformations and the potential uplift and impact of the isolators. Impulsive as well as subduction‐type ground motions are considered in the analysis, but results show small differences between them. An upper bound for the mean‐plus‐one standard deviation values of the torsional amplifications for the base due to this accidental torsion is 5%. This implies that for design purposes of the isolation system such increase in deformations could probably be neglected. However, the same amplification for the interstorey deformations may be as large as 50%, depending on the torsional stiffness and slenderness of the superstructure, and should be considered in design. In general, such amplification of deformations decreases for torsionally stiffer structures and smaller height‐to‐base aspect ratios. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multiple active–passive tuned mass dampers for structures under the ground acceleration
Authors: Li Chunxiang 
Published: April 2003

AbstractAn Erratum has been published for this article in Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics 2003; 32(15):2451.Multiple active–passive tuned mass dampers (MAPTMD) consisting of many active–passive tuned mass dampers (APTMDs) with a uniform distribution of natural frequencies have been, for the first time here, proposed for attenuating undesirable oscillations of structures under the ground acceleration. The MAPTMD is manufactured by keeping the stiffness and damping coefficient constant and varying the mass. The control forces in the MAPTMD are generated through keeping the identical displacement and velocity feedback gain and varying the acceleration feedback gain. The structure is represented by the mode‐generalized system corresponding to the specific vibration mode that needs to be controlled. Through minimization of the minimum values of the maximum dynamic magnification factors (DMF) of the structure with the MAPTMD (i.e. through implementation of Min.Min.Max.DMF), the optimum parameters of the MAPTMD are investigated to delineate the influence of the important parameters such as mass ratio, total number, normalized acceleration feedback gain coefficient and system parameter ratio on the effectiveness (i.e. Min.Min.Max.DMF) and robustness of the MAPTMD. The optimum parameters of the MAPTMD include the optimum frequency spacing, average damping ratio and tuning frequency ratio. Additionally, for the sake of comparison, the results for a single APTMD are also taken into account in the present paper. It is demonstrated that the proposed MAPTMD can be employed to significantly reduce the oscillations of structures under the ground acceleration. Also, it is shown that the MAPTMD can render high robustness and has better effectiveness than a single APTMD. In particularly, if and when requiring a large active control force, MAPTMD is more promising for practical implementations on seismically excited structures with respect to a single APTMD. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.