bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MARPs
Authors: Seebeck Thomas , Hemphill Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The cytoskeleton of the parasitic protozoon Trypanosoma brucei consists of a membrane skeleton formed by a closely spaced array of membrane-associated microtubules. This membrane skeleton encloses the entire cell body.1 The closely spaced microtubules are extensively cross-linked among each other, and they are tightly connected to the overlying cell membrane. 2,3 They are highly resistant to the action of microtubule-disrupting drugs, and they are very stable upon extraction of the cell.
Syncolin
Authors: Propst Friedrich , Wiche Gerhard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Syncolin is related to but distinct from the brain microtubule-associated protein MAP2. This is revealed by cross-reaction of polyclonal but not monoclonal MAP2 antibodies with syncoiin. In addition, syncolin is slightly larger than chicken brain MAP2 when analysed by SDS-PAGE. Moreover, differences in several biochemical characteristics suggest that syncolin and MAP2 are distinct proteins.
What good is an explanation?
Authors: Lipton Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We are addicted to explanation, constantly asking and answering ‘why’ questions. But what does an explanation give us? I will consider some of the possible goods, intrinsic and instrumental, that explanations provide.
The name for the intrinsic good of explanation is ‘understanding’, but what is this? In the first part of this paper I will canvass various conceptions of understanding, according to which explanations provide reasons for belief, make familiar, unify, show to be necessary, or give causes. Three general features of explanation will serve as tests of these varied conceptions.
Ponderable matter: explanation in chemistry
Authors: Atkins Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most extraordinary event in the evolution of chemical explanation occurred in the eighteenth century. Until then matter, though tangible, had been inexplicable. Although matter was everywhere, both inside us and outside us, and though matter could be transformed in a variety of natural and contrived ways, it was unrationalized; in the physical sense it was ponderous but in a mental sense imponderable. Though copper might occur with zinc, and though the manipulation of blends of the two metals provided the launching pad for civilization when bronze displaced stone for utensil, decoration, and weapon, there was no inkling of why they were truly cousins. Though grapes could be fermented and the fermented product turn to vinegar, there was observation without comprehension. Despite their almost infinite meddlings, the alchemists never understood their failure, except by self-deception and simple deception, to transmute base metal into gold.
Ontology and scientific explanation
Authors: Cao Tian Yu 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over millennia, we humans have invented and developed a multiplicity of ways to understand whatever in the world intrigues us. These many modes of understanding include mythical projections, religious teachings, metaphysical speculations, magical association, hermeneutic readings, mathematical and logical reasoning, and scientific explanation. What differentiates scientific explanation from other modes of understanding is a question standing at the very centre of the philosophy of science, a question to which philosophers of various persuasions have different answers. In this short piece I am not, however, going to examine these diverse opinions beyond offering a few brief comments. Rather, my major concern is to give an outline of my own view of scientific explanation, which I will then illustrate by several examples taken mainly from physics.
Environmental Systems
Authors: Camara Anrfonio S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is about initiatives to bring environmental management, engineering, and science to the multimedia age. Those initiatives integrate old with new methods for collecting, storing, modelling, representing, and making available environmental information on the Internet. On the World Wide Web environmental information is increasingly multidimensional. It includes text, audio, graphics, photographs, and video data types. As a result, environmental monitoring, information systems design and modelling activities are changing dramatically. Monitoring experts are becoming familiar with image and sound acquisition and processing tools. Environmental multidimensional data are part of the Internet-based information infrastructures, which are being developed at regional, national, and international levels. The wealth of multimedia information is facilitating the creation of a new generation of environmental models, using techniques originally developed for other areas such as the entertainment industry. This is a compact presentation of methods to handle multidimensional environmental information. The book combines the introduction of fundamental concepts with guidance to related and expanded views; these views are detailed in a comprehensive list of Web links - periodically updated at the book's web site - and a bibliography.
Mathematical study of elliptic problems
Authors: Allaire Gregoire 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we shall finish the mathematical analysis of elliptic partial differential equations (PDEs) which was started in chapter 3. To show that boundary value problems are well-posed for these elliptic PDEs, that is, they have a solution, which is unique, and depends continuously on the data, we follow the variational approach presented in Chapter 3 and we use the Sobolev spaces introduced in Chapter 4.
Sundry examples
Authors: Scarani Valerio , Thew Rachael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mathematics is sometimes thought of as a great entity, like a tree, branching off into several large chunks of mathematics, which themselves branch off into specialized fields, until you reach the very ends of the tree, where you find the blossoms and the fruit. But it is not easy to classify all of mathematics into such neat compartments: there are always fuzzy regions in between branches and also extra bits outside all the classical branches.
Algebraic Models in Geometry
Authors: Félix Yves , Oprea John , Tanré Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rational homotopy is a very powerful tool for differential topology and geometry. This text aims to provide graduates and researchers with the tools necessary for the use of rational homotopy in geometry. Algebraic Models in Geometry has been written for topologists who are drawn to geometrical problems amenable to topological methods and also for geometers who are faced with problems requiring topological approaches and thus need a simple and concrete introduction to rational homotopy. This is essentially a book of applications. Geodesics, curvature, embeddings of manifolds, blow-ups, complex and Kähler manifolds, symplectic geometry, torus actions, configurations and arrangements are all covered. The chapters related to these subjects act as an introduction to the topic, a survey, and a guide to the literature. But no matter what the particular subject is, the central theme of the book persists; namely, there is a beautiful connection between geometry and rational homotopy which both serves to solve geometric problems and spur the development of topological methods.
The European Commission
Authors: Bouwen Pieter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, I investigate a number of elements that are crucial to understand the lobbying activity of private interests in the European Commission. First, the Commission’s powers and responsibilities are analysed in order to study how they engender specific forms of lobbying at the European level. Secondly, the close interaction between the Commission and the lobbyists is analysed. Rather than viewing lobbying in the European Union (EU) institutions as a unidirectional activity of private interests vis-a`-vis this institution, it can better be conceived as an exchange relation between interdependent public and private actors (Bouwen 2002:368). In order to fully understand the interaction between the lobbyists and the European Commission, the latter should not be regarded as a single, unitary organization. It is an internally much fragmented organization (Nugent 2001:135; Christiansen 2006:108). The functional and hierarchical fragmentation within this supranational institution is studied because it influences to a great extent the lobbying strategies of private interests. Thirdly, the various instruments the Commission employs to actively shape the system of EU interest representation are investigated: money, rule-making power, and governance style. Finally, this chapter studies how the role of the Commission has changed in the EU policy-making process and the impact this evolution has had on EU lobbying.
The European Parliament*
Authors: Lehmann Wilhelm 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Until quite recently, it seemed natural that a much-quoted description of the lobbying arena emerging in Brussels did not contain a separate chapter on the role of the European Parliament in EC decision making and the many ways and means to influence it (Mazey and Richardson 1993). One contribution to this book focused on the creative work of Commission desk officers and contended that final Commission proposals usually reproduced around 80 per cent of the first draft (Hull 1993). An increased role of the Parliament was acknowledged as a result of the recent entry into force of the Single Act, on issues related to the single market. Lobbyists were given the advice to stick to the Commission draftsman because he or she often exerted great influence over the Commission’s attitude towards amendments proposed by the Parliament or the Council at the later stages of a legislative proposal.
Nonlinear Ordinary Differential Equations
Authors: Jordan D W , Smith P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is a thoroughly updated and expanded 4th edition of the classic text Nonlinear Ordinary Differential Equations by Dominic Jordan and Peter Smith. Including numerous worked examples and diagrams, further exercises have been incorporated into the text and answers are provided at the back of the book. Topics include phase plane analysis, nonlinear damping, small parameter expansions and singular perturbations, stability, Liapunov methods, Poincare sequences, homoclinic bifurcation and Liapunov exponents. Over 500 end-of-chapter problems are also included and as an additional resource fully-worked solutions to these are provided in the accompanying text Nonlinear Ordinary Differential Equations: Problems and Solutions, (OUP, 2007). Both texts cover a wide variety of applications whilst keeping mathematical prequisites to a minimum making these an ideal resource for students and lecturers in engineering, mathematics and the sciences.
Greece: A Suitable Accommodation?
Authors: Featherstone Kevin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The participation of Greece in the evolving Euro Area has entailed a series of significant and varied domestic political effects. Indeed, it has been more potent than any other EU policy in this period or any since the immediate post-accession transition. Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) involved a contrasting mix of domestic effects. It has been variously determinant, facilitating, and ineffective; permanent and temporary; and both penetrating and shallow. Accordingly, the effects need to be differentiated—they eschew simple generalizations. This chapter seeks to establish a number of themes by examining, first, the context and conditions for monetary policy prior to euro entry; then examining the impact of EMU on the polity, politics, and policies of Greece. The extent of these impacts will be gauged in terms of the ‘Europeanization’ literature on transformation, inertia, and retrenchment. Overwhelmingly, the experience of EMU in Greece has had a ‘top-down’ character, with the downloading rather than uploading of policies.
Nonlinear Ordinary Differential Equations: Problems and Solutions
Authors: Jordan D W , Smith P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An ideal companion to the new 4th Edition of Nonlinear Ordinary Differential Equations by Jordan and Smith (OUP, 2007), this text contains over 500 problems and fully-worked solutions in nonlinear differential equations. With 272 figures and diagrams, subjects covered include phase diagrams in the plane, classification of equilibrium points, geometry of the phase plane, perturbation methods, forced oscillations, stability, Mathieu’s equation, Liapunov methods, bifurcations and manifolds, homoclinic bifurcation, and Melnikov’s method. The problems are of variable difficulty; some are routine questions, others are longer and expand on concepts discussed in Nonlinear Ordinary Differential Equations 4th Edition, and in most cases can be adapted for coursework or self-study. Both texts cover a wide variety of applications whilst keeping mathematical prequisites to a minimum making these an ideal resource for students and lecturers in engineering, mathematics and the sciences.
Group actions, symmetries and reduction
Authors: Holm Darryl D , Schmah Tanya , Stoica Cristina , Ellis David C P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An action of a group on a set is a map that associates to each element of the group an invertible transformation of the given set, in such a way that the group operation corresponds to composition of transformations. Thus, the group may be thought of as a group of transformations. For instance, every matrix group is naturally thought of as a group of invertible linear transformations of a Euclidean space.
Introduction
Authors: Robson Eleanor , Stedall Jacqueline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We hope that this book will not be what you expect. It is not a textbook, an encyclopedia, or a manual. If you are looking for a comprehensive account of the history of mathematics, divided in the usual way into periods and cultures, you will not find it here. Even a book of this size is too small for that, and in any case it is not what we want to offer. Instead, this book explores the history of mathematics under a series of themes which raise new questions about what mathematics has been and what it has meant to practise it.
Siyaq: numerical notation and numeracy in the Persianate world
Authors: Spooner Brian , Hanaway William L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Siyaq is a system of numerical notation that was introduced during the early Islamic Caliphate, probably under one of the Umayyad caliphs in Damascus between 656 and 751 ad, and was preferred throughout the Persianate regions down to recent times. Th e basic system is shown in Figs. 5.2.1–5.2.3. It is derived from writing out the words for each of the Arabic decimal numerals. The earliest extant records of siyaq are found in financial accounts written for the Abbasid Caliph al-Moqtader in Baghdad in 918–19 ad (Kremer 1887).
Antiquity, nobility, and utility: picturing the Early Modern mathematical sciences
Authors: Remmert Volker R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Early Modern Europe the term ‘mathematical sciences’ was used to describe those fields of knowledge that depended on measure, number, and weight, redecting the much quoted passage from the ‘Wisdom of Solomon’: ‘thou hast ordered all things in measure and number and weight’. The scientiae mathematicae ‘mathematical sciences’ were generally subdivided into those that were purae ‘pure’, dealing with quantity, continuous and discrete, as in geometry and arithmetic, and those that were mixtae or mediae ‘mixed’ or ‘intermediate’, which dealt also with quality, for example, astronomy, geography, optics, music, cosmography, and architecture.
Mathematics in fourteenth-century theology
Authors: Thakkar Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All would-be historians of medieval mathematics must ask themselves where to look for their subject matter. One obvious place to start would be in works with promising titles; approaching the Latin fourteenth century in this way, one might investigate Bradwardine’s Arithmetica speculativa , Geometria speculativa , and De proportionibus velocitatum in motibus , Swineshead’s Liber calculationum , Oresme’s De proportionibus proportionum , and so on.
The transmission of the Elements to the Latin West: three case studies
Authors: Rommevaux Sabine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The history of the text of Euclid’s Elements during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance is now well known and documented. The twelfth-century translation with the largest number of surviving manuscripts is that attributed to Robert of Chester (Busard and Folkerts 1992). In fact it exists in several different versions. Initially it consisted of nothing more than itemizations of the definitions, principles, and propositions, compiled from one or more Arabic translations.
Abstraction and application: new contexts, new interpretations in twentieth-century mathematics
Authors: Kjeldsen Tinne Hoff 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the twentieth century mathematics grew on all fronts. Many universities were built, universal education became a widespread political goal, technology advanced with a speed never seen before. Worldwide, mathematics was the most frequently taught school subject, at all levels. The number of PhDs in mathematics rose, as did the number of research mathematicians. Mathematics expanded into fields such as economics, biology, physiology, and psychology.
Sequential Monte Carlo for Bayesian Computation
Authors: Moral Pierre Del , Doucet Arnaud , Jasra Ajay 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sequential Monte Carlo (SMC) methods are a class of importance sampling and resampling techniques designed to simulate from a sequence of probability distributions. These approaches have become very popular over the last few years to solve sequential Bayesian inference problems (e.g., Doucet et al., 2001). However, in comparison to Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC), the application of SMC remains limited when, in fact, such methods are also appropriate in such contexts (e.g. Chopin, 2002); Del Moral et al. 2006). In this paper, we present a simple unifying framework which allows us to extend both the SMC methodology and its range of applications. Additionally, reinterpreting SMC algorithms as an approximation of nonlinear MCMC kernels, we present alternative SMC and iterative self-interacting approximation (Del Moral and Miclo 2004, 2006) schemes. We demonstrate the performance of the SMC methodology on static and sequential Bayesian inference problems.
Dynamic Gaussian Process Priors, with Applications to the Analysis of Space-time Data
Authors: Gamerman Dani , Salazar Esther , Reis Edna A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper describes the class of dynamic Gaussian processes. These are obtained as straightforward extensions of Gaussian processes when the time dimension is also considered or of dynamic models when the space dimension is also considered. Properties of dynamic Gaussian processes are derived and illustrative examples are provided. They provide useful components to a number of different models designed to analyze space-time data. Their adequacy and limitations are also discussed. Illustrations to simulated data examples show the potential usefulness of these structures.
Fast Bayesian Shape Matching Using Geometric Algorithms
Authors: Schmidler Scott C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We present a Bayesian approach to comparison of geometric shapes with applications to classification of the molecular structures of proteins. Our approach involves the use of distributions defined on transformation invariant shape spaces and the specification of prior distributions on bipartite matchings. Here we emphasize the computational aspects of posterior inference arising from such models, and explore computationally efficient approximation algorithms based on a geometric hashing algorithm which is suitable for fully Bayesian shape matching against large databases. We demonstrate this approach on the problems of protein structure alignment, structural database searching, and structure classification. We discuss extensions to flexible shape spaces developed in previous work.
The Preparation of the Fifth Enlargement
Authors: Christoffersen Poul Skytte 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The fifth enlargement process of the Union involving the Central and Eastern European countries as well as Malta and Cyprus started officially in March 1998, and ten states joined the existing fifteen member states five years later on 1 May 2004. Bulgaria and Romania, which were also part of the fifth enlargement, are expected to enter the Union in 2007 or 2008 at the latest.
Risk assessment of invasive species
Authors: Stohlgren Thomas J , Jarnevich Catherine S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Risk assessments have long been used for the analysis of human health risks associated with chemical contaminants and other hazards (National Academy of Sciences 1983). For chemical hazards, risk assessment has been defined as ‘A set of formal scientific methods for establishing the probabilities and magnitudes of undesired effects resulting from the release of chemicals. Risk assessment includes quantitative determination of both exposure and effects’ (Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 1987). Humans often were the target species of concern.
Principles of containment and control of invasive species
Authors: Grice Tony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Biological invasion can be described as a process involving several stages (Fig. 5.1) though delineation of transitions between stages can be quite arbitrary (Cousens and Mortimer 1995; Groves 1999, 2006; Colautti and MacIsaac 2004). Five stages of invasion can be identified: pre-introduction, introduction, naturalization, expansion, and ‘saturation’. The time of initial introduction is followed by naturalization, defined as the stage when a species is able to ‘reproduce consistently and sustain populations over many life cycles without direct intervention by humans’ (Richardson et al. 2000).
Trade and Transatlantic Relations: Old Dogs and New Tricks
Authors: Peterson John , Young Alasdair R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Transatlantic relations, it is widely alleged, have fallen on hard times. For every analysis that concludes that the relationship between Europe and America is ‘broadly healthy and, in some areas, thriving’ (European Commission 2005d: 3), there are more that portray the transatlantic allies as being ‘at war’ (Gordon and Shapiro 2004), ‘at odds’ (Mowle 2004), or ‘under stress’ (Andrews 2005). In the circumstances, it is easy to forget how much western Europe and the USA invested in institutionalizing their relationship after 1945, to the point where it became common to refer to a ‘transatlantic security community’ (see Risse 2003b). This community was built largely on mutual security guarantees and the NATO, but one of its primary foundations was an economic relationship that became a source of enormous prosperity.
From EU Model to External Policy? Promoting Regional Integration in the Rest of the World
Authors: Farrell Mary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To what extent is the EU seeking to replicate the European model of regional integration elsewhere in the world? Statements by senior European officials suggest the policy is being developed with serious intent. Romano Prodi, the former president of the European Commission was vocal in his claim: Our European model of integration is the most developed in the world. Imperfect though it is, it nevertheless works on a continental scale. Given the necessary institutional reforms, it should continue to work well after enlargement, and I believe we can make a convincing case that it would also work globally (Romano Prodi, president of the European Commission, 2000—cited in Rosamond 2002: 473).