bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Note on Non-Negative Continuous Time Processes
Authors: Tsai Henghsiu , Chan K. S. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryRecently there has been much work on developing models that are suitable for analysing the volatility of a continuous time process. One general approach is to define a volatility process as the convolution of a kernel with a non-decreasing Lévy process, which is non-negative if the kernel is non-negative. Within the framework of time continuous autoregressive moving average (CARMA) processes, we derive a necessary and sufficient condition for the kernel to be non-negative. This condition is in terms of the Laplace transform of the CARMA kernel, which has a simple form. We discuss some useful consequences of this result and delineate the parametric region of stationarity and non-negative kernel for some lower order CARMA models.
Disadvantaged but different: variation among deprived communities in relation to child and family well‐being
Authors: Barnes Jacqueline , Belsky Jay , Broomfield Kate A. , Dave Sapna , Frost Martin , Melhuish Edward ,   The National Evaluation of Sure Start Research Team
Published: August 2005

Background:  Disadvantaged communities are increasingly the target for interventions. Sure Start was launched in England in 1999 to tackle child poverty and improve child and family services, with Sure Start Local Programmes (SSLPs) targeted at relatively small areas of marked deprivation. However, they are located in a range of different types of communities where they may provide services to very different resident populations. They are all disadvantaged but underlying that label there are specific patterns of variability, relevant for service provision. To evaluate the implementation, impact, and cost‐effectiveness of SSLPs, or other area‐based initiatives, it is important to consider ways in which they can be grouped meaningfully according to these patterns.Method:  Data were collected from administrative databases to describe SSLPs in terms of demography, deprivation, and aspects of child and family functioning and grouped using cluster analysis.Results:  Five different ‘types’ of SSLP community were identified, based on their socio‐demographic and economic characteristics; typified by more, less or average deprivation in relation to all SSLPs, and in terms of the proportion of ethnic minority families resident in the areas. The groups differ in terms of community measures of child health, educational attainment, school disorder and child welfare and their prediction from demographic community characteristics.Conclusions:  The groupings have implications for service delivery and the evaluation of area‐based initiatives.
Influence of general self‐efficacy on the effects of a school‐based universal primary prevention program of depressive symptoms in adolescents: a randomized and controlled follow‐up study
Authors: Pössel Patrick , Baldus Christiane , Horn Andrea B. , Groen Gunter , Hautzinger Martin 
Published: August 2005

Background:  Depressive disorders in adolescents are a widespread and increasing problem. Prevention seems a promising and feasible approach.Methods:  We designed a cognitive‐behavioral school‐based universal primary prevention program and followed 347 eighth‐grade students participating in a randomized controlled trial for three months.Results:  In line with our hypothesis, participants in the prevention program remained on a low level of depressive symptoms, having strong social networks. The control group showed increasing depressive symptoms and a reduced social network. Contrary to our expectations, students low in self‐efficacy benefited more from the program than high self‐efficient students. Social network did not mediate the relationship between participation in the prevention program and changes in depressive symptoms.Conclusions:  Our results show that the prevention program had favorable effects. Further research is needed to explore the impact of self‐efficacy on the effects of prevention programs.
Lifetime prognosis of schizophrenia: extended observation (more than 40 years) of 129 patients with typical schizophrenia
Authors: ICHIMIYA Yosuke , ICHIMIYA Yuko , SAKURAI Nobuyuki , TAKAGI Ichiro 
Published: August 2005

AbstractBackground:  The excess mortality among patients with schizophrenia has been documented by epidemiological studies. These studies have shown that suicide accounts for most of this mortality. In contrast, the natural deaths of patients with schizophrenia have been commonly related to cardiovascular disease in these studies.Methods:  In this study, the clinical features of 129 patients with typical schizophrenia were examined in order to study the lifetime prognosis of patients with schizophrenia in Japan. These patients had their first visit to Kawagoe Dojinkai Hospital in 1963 and had been continuously observed for over 40 years.Results:  As at January 2003, the status of these 129 patients was categorized as follows: 27 patients were inpatients (mean age was 72.9 years), 20 patients were outpatients (mean age was 68.8 years), 2 patients were outpatients of another hospital, 20 patients had been admitted into nursing homes, 53 patients had passed away and 7 patients were missing. Clinical features were recorded for 44 (23 male patients with a mean age of 68.6 years and 21 female patients with a mean age of 64.2 years) out of the 53 patients who had passed away. The causes of death consisted of malignancy (13 cases), pneumonia (eight cases), heart failure (five cases), cerebral infarction (three cases), diabetes mellitus (three cases), cardiac infarction (two cases), ileus (two cases), asphyxia (one case), liver cirrhosis (one case), gastric ulcer (one case), heat stroke (one case), homicide (one case) and suicide (three cases). Two patients were discovered to have passed away alone at home.Conclusion:  The mean age of death was found to be lower than the life expectancy. However, only three patients committed suicide. These findings suggest that patients with schizophrenia may possess some biological vulnerability. Further study is needed to evaluate the effects of long‐term antipsychotic medication. Clinically, medical checks for malignancy and care services for elderly patients are needed. Furthermore, in order to prevent future occurrences of patients dying alone in their own home, a social support system should be established.
Correlation between tau phosphorylation sites and tangle morphology in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: SHIMAZAKI Masao , NAKANO Hiroyuki , Kobayashi Katsuji 
Published: August 2005

AbstractBackground:  To study the relationship between phosphorylation sites of the tau protein and changes in the configuration of neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) in brains with Alzheimer's disease (AD).Methods:  Seven brains from patients with non‐familial AD and three control brains were examined. NFT were immunolabeled with five monoclonal antibodies against phosphorylated serine (pSer) and threonine (pThr): AT180 targets pThr231; AT8 targets pSer202 and pThr205; HT7 targets pSer159–163; Tau2 targets pSer101; and Tau5 targets the central region of the tau sequence. Tau‐labeled NFT (tNFT) were grouped into pretangles (p‐NFT), intracellular tangles (i‐NFT) and extracellular ghost tangles (e‐NFT) according to their cytological features. Gallyas‐stained NFT (gNFT) were regarded as the NFT population of AD. The cerebral regions examined included the cornu ammonis (CA), entorhinal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, inferior parietal lobe, temporal neocortex, occipital cortex and lateral prefrontal lobe. The first three regions were grouped into the limbic cortex and the others into the association cortex.Results:  p‐NFT were observed with all tau labeling, with the p‐NFT/tNFT percentage ranging from 14% to 19%, and densities of p‐NFT and i‐NFT were higher in the limbic cortex than in the association cortex. The p‐NFT/tNFT ratio in Tau2 labeling was the lowest compared with the other tau labeling. e‐NFT showed an irregular density distribution across both cerebral regions and different tau labeling, and the densities of p‐NFT and e‐NFT were correlated with that of tNFT. In contrast, e‐NFT were correlated with p‐NFT in AT180 and Tau5 labeling.Conclusion:  The higher densities of p‐NFT and i‐NFT in the limbic cortex compared to the association cortex are compatible with the regional extension of NFT. pSer101 is closely associated with the late process of p‐NFT generation, and pSer202 and pThr205 are presumed to be triggers for the generation of p‐NFT. Phosphorylation of pSer101 detected by Tau2 plays an important role in the formation of e‐NFT and p‐NFT.
Enhanced protoplast division by encapsulation in droplets: An advance towards somatic hybridisation in recalcitrant white lupin
Authors: SINHA ANUPAM , CALIGARI PETER D S 
Published: August 2005

SummaryLupins are highly nutritious fodder and pulse crops but the greatest challenge in their genetic enhancement is the difficulty in obtaining hybrids through conventional sexual approaches. To bypass this, a procedure for the culture of hitherto recalcitrant lupin protoplasts is now being developed so that the somatic hybrids can be regenerated. This study provides a basis for a regime to culture lupin protoplasts. Cotyledonary protoplasts of white lupin (Lupinus albus) were plated in two diverse media for the evaluation of various plating regimes. The protoplasts divided in agarose as well as in Gelrite™ but embedding in agarose at 6 g L−1 concentration resulted in a higher rate of mitosis. Sodium alginate embedding inhibited protoplast division. Protoplast plating in the form of liquid suspension was significantly inferior to embedding. A filter paper substratum was clearly noxious to protoplast division. Vis‐à‐vis other designs of plating, a 400% improvement in protoplast elongation and division was achieved by plating in the form of 25 μL droplets at the base of 60 mm × 15 mm Nunclon™ dish and overlaying with liquid medium. Better results in terms of protoplast elongation and division were obtained with K8p medium as compared to the AS medium. This report on lupin protoplast culture represents a significant breakthrough in the genus in which morphogenesis has not been described to date.
Disease assessment methods and their use in simulating growth and yield of peanut crops affected by leafspot disease
Authors: ADOMOU M , PRASAD P V V , BOOTE K J , DETONGNON J 
Published: August 2005

SummaryPeanut (Arachis hypogaea) crops in Benin often experience late leafspot (Cercosporidium personatum), which causes severe yield losses associated with leaf defoliation and necrosis. The objective of this research was to determine the best method of disease assessment and to test its utility in the CROPGRO‐peanut model to simulate growth and yield as affected by late leafspot in early and late maturing peanut cultivars grown at different sowing dates under rain‐fed conditions (without irrigation) in northern Benin. Two peanut cultivars TS 32‐1 and 69–101 were sown on three dates between May and August during 1998 and 1999. In both years there was severe occurrence of late leafspot and the progression of disease was earlier and faster with later sowing dates. Overall, the long duration cultivar 69–101 produced greater yield than the short duration cultivar TS 32‐1. The CROPGRO‐peanut model was able to predict and simulate the observed crop and pod dry matter over time when input on percent diseased leaf area and percent defoliation were provided. Of several disease assessments, the best approach was to input measured percent main‐stem defoliation above the fourth node and percent diseased leaf area estimated from visual leafspot score.
Inheritance of hypersensitive resistance to Bean yellow mosaic virus in narrow‐leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius)
Authors: JONES R A C , SMITH L J 
Published: August 2005

SummaryIn narrow‐leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius), segregation for the necrotic (systemic hypersensitive) response to infection with a necrotic strain of Bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV‐N) was studied in progeny plants from six crosses. The parents were two cultivars that always developed necrosis when infected (Danja and Merrit) and two genotypes that always responded without necrosis (90L423‐07‐13 and P26697). In the four possible combinations of crosses between the different necrotic and non‐necrotically reacting genotypes, segregation for the necrotic response in F2 progeny plants always fitted a 3:1 ratio (necrotic: non‐necrotic). All F2 progeny plants from the cross between the two non‐cultivar genotypes became infected without necrosis while 99% of the F2 from the cross between the two cultivars developed necrosis. These results indicate that the systemic necrotic response to infection with BYMV‐N is probably controlled by a single dominant hypersensitivity gene for which we propose the name Nbm‐1. However, its expression seemed influenced by independently segregating modifier genes in the genetic background since necrosis developed at widely different rates within affected F2 progeny plants resulting in staggered killing.
Genetic variability of Tomato spotted wilt virus in Australia and validation of real time RT‐PCR for its detection in single and bulked leaf samples
Authors: DIETZGEN R G , TWIN J , TALTY J , SELLADURAI S , CARROLL M L , COUTTS B A , BERRYMAN D I , JONES R A C 
Published: August 2005

SummaryThe potential for large‐scale use of a sensitive real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) assay was evaluated for the detection of Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) in single and bulked leaf samples by comparing its sensitivity with that of DAS‐ELISA. Using total RNA extracted with RNeasy® or leaf soak methods, real time RT‐PCR detected TSWV in all infected samples collected from 16 horticultural crop species (including flowers, herbs and vegetables), two arable crop species, and four weed species by both assays. In samples in which DAS‐ELISA had previously detected TSWV, real time RT‐PCR was effective at detecting it in leaf tissues of all 22 plant species tested at a wide range of concentrations. Bulk samples required more robust and extensive extraction methods with real time RT‐PCR, but it generally detected one infected sample in 1000 uninfected ones. By contrast, ELISA was less sensitive when used to test bulked samples, once detecting up to 1 infected in 800 samples with pepper but never detecting more than 1 infected in 200 samples in tomato and lettuce. It was also less reliable than real time RT‐PCR when used to test samples from parts of the leaf where the virus concentration was low. The genetic variability among Australian isolates of TSWV was small. Direct sequencing of a 587 bp region of the nucleoprotein gene (S RNA) of 29 isolates from diverse crops and geographical locations yielded a maximum of only 4.3% nucleotide sequence difference. Phylogenetic analysis revealed no obvious groupings of isolates according to geographic origin or host species. TSWV isolates, that break TSWV resistance genes in tomato or pepper did not differ significantly in the N gene region studied, indicating that a different region of the virus genome is responsible for this trait.
The first near-infrared detection of XTE J1118 + 480 in quiescence
Authors: Mikołajewska Joanna , Rutkowski Artur , Gonçalves Denise R. , Szostek Anna 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
We report the first quiescent detection of KV UMa, the optical counterpart of XTE J1118 + 480, in the near-infrared. The observed magnitudes and colours are consistent with a K7–M0 V star, at the distance of 1.4 ± 0.2 kpc. The light curve shows strong orbital modulation with possible contamination from a superhump detected in the quiescent optical light curves.
Multipole invariants and non-Gaussianity
Authors: Land Kate , Magueijo João 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
We propose a framework for separating the information contained in the cosmic microwave background multipoles, aℓm, into algebraically independent components that cleanly separate information pertaining to the power spectrum, non-Gaussianity and preferred axis effects. The formalism builds upon the recently proposed multipole vectors and we elucidate a few features regarding these vectors, namely their lack of statistical independence for a Gaussian random process. In a few cases we explicitly relate our proposed invariants to components of the n-point correlation function (power spectrum, bispectrum). We find the distributions of the invariants using a mixture of analytical and numerical methods. We also evaluate them for the co-added WMAP first-year map.
Identification of extragalactic sources of the highest energy EGRET photons by correlation analysis
Authors: Gorbunov D. S. , Tinyakov P. G. , Tkachev I. I. , Troitsky S. V. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
We have found significant correlations between the arrival directions of the highest energy photons (Eγ &gt; 10 GeV) observed by EGRET and the positions of the BL Lac type objects (BL Lacs). The observed correlations imply that not less than 3 per cent of extragalactic photons at these energies originate from BL Lacs. Some of the BL Lacs that are correlated with the highest energy photons have no counterparts in the EGRET source catalogue, i.e. do not coincide with strong emitters of gamma-rays at lower energy. A study of correlating BL Lacs suggests that they may form a subset which is statistically different from the total BL Lac catalogue; we argue that they are prominent candidates for TeV gamma-ray sources. Our results demonstrate that the analysis of positional correlations is a powerful approach, indispensable in cases when low-number statistics limit or even prohibit the standard case-by-case identification.
Modeling of Ground‐Water Contamination Caused by Organic Solvent Vapors
Authors: Mendoza Carl A. , McAlary Todd A. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractMathematical models are used to evaluate the potential for ground‐water contamination resulting from vapor transport of volatile organic solvents in the unsaturated zone. A two‐dimensional numerical model for density‐driven flow and transport of vapors shows that trichloroethylene (TCE) vapors can be expected to spread rapidly from a residual source above an unconfined aquifer in an unsaturated, sandy deposit. Sensitivity analyses show that the shape of the vapor plume is particularly sensitive to the ground surface boundary condition and the material permeability. The shape of the vapor plume is insensitive to the mass flux by diffusion through the capillary fringe, although the flux may be significant in terms of ground‐water quality because the drinking‐water standard is very low. The vapor plume simulations and a plug‐flow infiltration model are used to calculate a source function for a ground‐water transport model in order to estimate the potential for ground‐water contamination. Ground‐water simulations show that an impermeable surface cover could reduce the flux of contaminants to the aquifer by preventing infiltration through the vapor plume. However, for the conditions modeled, significant ground‐water contamination can be expected to occur regardless of whether the ground surface is covered or not. Contaminants can reach the saturated zone from a residual source either by liquid‐phase diffusion through the capillary fringe or by migrating as a vapor beyond the lateral limits of a cover and subsequently dissolving and being flushed to the saturated zone by infiltration.
A General Statistical Procedure for Ground‐Water Detection Monitoring at Waste Disposal Facilities
Authors: Gibbons Robert D. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractNonparametric upper prediction limits for ground‐water detection monitoring are developed. The limit is defined as the maximum of a previous background sample of size n (i.e., X(max, n)). The probability that at least one out of the next m measurements (i.e., Y(min, m)) will be less than X(max, n) at each of k monitoring wells is computed. In the context of ground‐water monitoring, m is equal to the initial new measurement in a particular monitoring well plus m –1 resamplings of that well. In this way, values of n and m can be selected to assure a desired confidence level (e.g., γ≥ .95). A series of typical examples are described, and a set of Tables that give these probabilities for values of n = 4 to 100, k = 1 to 100, and m = 1 to 3 are provided. Generalization to multiple variables (i.e., indicator parameters) is also discussed.
The Protein Phosphatases of
Synechocystis
sp. Strain PCC 6803: Open Reading Frames sll1033 and sll1387 Encode Enzymes That Exhibit both Protein-Serine and Protein-Tyrosine Phosphatase Activity In Vitro
Authors: Li Renhui , Potters M. Ben , Shi Liang , Kennelly Peter J. 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACT

The open reading frames (ORFs) encoding two potential protein-serine/threonine phosphatases from the cyanobacterium
Synechocystis
sp. strain PCC 6803 were cloned and their protein products expressed in
Escherichia coli
cells. The product of ORF sll1033, SynPPM3, is a homologue of the PPM family of protein-serine/threonine phosphatases found in all eukaryotes as well as many members of the
Bacteria
. Surprisingly, the recombinant protein phosphatase dephosphorylated phosphotyrosine- as well as phosphoserine-containing proteins in vitro. While kinetic analyses indicate that the enzyme was more efficient at dephosphorylating the latter, replacement of Asp
608
by asparagine enhanced activity toward a phosphotyrosine-containing protein fourfold. The product of ORF sll1387, SynPPP1, is the sole homolog of the PPP family of protein phosphatases encoded by the genome of
Synechocystis
sp. strain PCC 6803. Like many other bacterial PPPs, the enzyme dephosphorylated phosphoserine- and phosphotyrosine-containing proteins with comparable efficiencies. However, while previously described PPPs from prokaryotic organisms required the addition of exogenous metal ion cofactors, such as Mg
2+
or Mn
2+
, for activity, recombinantly produced SynPPP1 displayed near-maximal activity in the absence of added metals. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry indicated that recombinant SynPPP1 contained significant quantities, 0.32 to 0.44 mol/mole total, of Mg and Mn. In this respect, the cyanobacterial enzyme resembled eukaryotic members of the PPP family, which are metalloproteins. mRNA encoding SynPPP1 or SynPPM3 could be detected in cells grown under many, but not all, environmental conditions.
A Phylogeny of Bacterial RNA Nucleotidyltransferases:
Bacillus halodurans
Contains Two tRNA Nucleotidyltransferases
Authors: Bralley Patricia , Chang Samantha A. , Jones George H. 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACT

We have analyzed the distribution of RNA nucleotidyltransferases from the family that includes poly(A) polymerases (PAP) and tRNA nucleotidyltransferases (TNT) in 43 bacterial species. Genes of several bacterial species encode only one member of the nucleotidyltransferase superfamily (NTSF), and if that protein functions as a TNT, those organisms may not contain a poly(A) polymerase I like that of
Escherichia coli
. The genomes of several of the species examined encode more than one member of the nucleotidyltransferase superfamily. The function of some of those proteins is known, but in most cases no biochemical activity has been assigned to the NTSF. The NTSF protein sequences were used to construct an unrooted phylogenetic tree. To learn more about the function of the NTSFs in species whose genomes encode more than one, we have examined
Bacillus halodurans
. We have demonstrated that
B. halodurans
adds poly(A) tails to the 3′ ends of RNAs in vivo. We have shown that the genes for both of the NTSFs encoded by the
B. halodurans
genome are transcribed in vivo. We have cloned, overexpressed, and purified the two NTSFs and have shown that neither functions as poly(A) polymerase in vitro. Rather, the two proteins function as tRNA nucleotidyltransferases, and our data suggest that, like some of the deep branching bacterial species previously studied by others,
B. halodurans
possesses separate CC- and A-adding tRNA nucleotidyltransferases. These observations raise the interesting question of the identity of the enzyme responsible for RNA polyadenylation in
Bacillus
.