bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Denotational Semantics
Authors: Tennent R D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Designers, implementers, and serious users of a programming language need a complete and accurate understanding of the semantics (the intended meaning) of every construct of that language. The semantic descriptions in reference manuals and language standards are almost always inadequate because they are based primarily on implementation techniques and intuition. A rigorous mathematical theory of the semantics of programming languages is needed to support correct description and implementation of their meanings, systematic development and verification of programs, analysis of existing programming languages, and design of new languages that are simpler and more regular.
Decidability in temporal logic
Authors: Gabbay Dov M , Hodkinson Ian , Reynolds Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is not intended as a survey of the huge field of decidability. There are many fine surveys, such as [Rabin, 1977] and [Gurevich, 1985], in the literature already. Rather, it is a discussion of the decidability of the temporal systems used in the rest of the book. In section 15.7 we will list these systems, and consider the decidability of each one. Most will turn out to be decidable, the main exceptions being the predicate systems of chapter 4 and the second-order systems of chapter 8. Some indications of the complexity of decision procedures will be given, but for a fuller treatment the reader is referred to the extensive literature on complexity, and to the second volume of this work.In the early part of this chapter we will amass some techniques for determining decidability.
Classical Logic
Authors: Chagrov Alexander , Zakharyaschev Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Classical propositional logic was created by Boole about 150 years ago (see Boole, 1947). It holds the central position among propositional logics not only due to its venerable age. In fact, it represents the simplest model of reasoning based upon the assumption that every proposition is either true or false. Many other logics are either contained in the classical one or built on its basis by enriching the language with new connectives.
Models for concurrency
Authors: Winskel Glynn , Nielsen Mogens 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to provide a survey of the fundamental models for distributed computations used and studied within theoretical computer science. Such models have the nature of mathematical formalisms in which to describe and reason about the behaviour of distributed computational systems. Their purpose is to provide an understanding of systems and their behaviour in theory, and to contribute to methods of design and analysis in practice.
Strong Covering Lemma And Ch In V[R] [Sh g7]
Authors: Shelah Saharon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We prove a strengthening of the covering lemma, not using the fine structure theory (only some well known consequences, see Theorem 0.2). We prove it essentially in all cases in which the covering lemma holds. This, essentially, is Chapter XIII, sections 1 4 of “Proper Forcing” [Sh-b] (the other sections, 5, 6, are superseded by the other material in this book).
Underlying semantics for IDS worlds
Authors: Sandewall Erik 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The definition of IDS worlds given in Chapter 1 was quite broad. More specific classes of worlds can be obtained in two ways: first by imposing various constraints according to the ontological characteristics, and then by specifying exactly the effects of actions using action laws. Conversely, from the point of view of logic, IDS’s provide a restriction on the classical set of models. Therefore, they can be used as an underlying semantics which defines the intended models or, equivalently, the intended conclusions from a given scenario description. In other words, there is a two-way relationship between the IDS ‘model’ and a logic of actions and change. Chapters 1 and 2 addressed this common topic from the IDS point of view; the preSCDt chapter will do it from the point of view of the logic.
Future directions
Authors: Sandewall Erik 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 3, subsection 3.1.5, proposed a long range strategy for the use of the systematic methodology. The idea was to proceed stepwise in the taxonomy of scenario descriptions which is defined by the ontological and epistemological characteristics. One should address successively larger and more difficult families in that taxonomy; at each step one defines the set of intended models for a given scenario description as the current variant of the function Σ, and uses it as the basis for assessment of entailment methods. The present volume has applied the proposed methodology to the chronicle family 𝒦-IA using the function 𝒦IA. Continuations of this work may address additional topics in the framework of SIA, or proceed to other families in the taxonomy.
Radial Basis Functions
Authors: Bishop Christopher M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The network models discussed in Chapters 3 and 4 are based on units which compute a non-linear function of the scalar product of the input vector and a weight vector. Here we consider the other major class of neural network model, in which the activation of a hidden unit is determined by the distance between the input vector and a prototype vector. An interesting and important property of these radial basis function networks is that they form a unifying link between a number of disparate concepts as we shall demonstrate in this chapter. In particular, we shall motivate the use of radial basis functions from the point of view of function approximation, regularization, noisy interpolation, density estimation, optimal classification theory, and potential functions.
Logic + Control Revisited: an Abstract Interpreter for GÖDEL Programs
Authors: Börger Egon , Riccobene Elvinia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We develop a simple interpreter for programs of the new logic programming language GODEL. The definition provides a clean interface between logical and control components for execution of GODEL programs. The construction is given in abstract terms which cover the general logic programming paradigm and allow for concurrency.
Schematic Consequence*
Authors: Aczel Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nowadays we are well aware that there are many different logics. There are computer systems which are meant to be used to implement many logics. But there is no generally accepted account of what a logic is. Perhaps this is as it should be. We need imprecision in our vocabulary to mirror the flexible imprecision of our thinking. There are a number of related phrases that seem to have a similar imprecision e.g. formal system, language, axiom system, theory, deductive system, logical system, etc. … These are sometimes given technical meanings, often without adequate consideration of the informal notions.
On the Revision Of Conditional Belief Sets
Authors: Boutilier Craig , Goldszmidt Mois és 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Both the dynamics of belief change and the process of reasoning by default can be captured with a conditional belief set, a set of ‘if-then’ rules held by a reasoning agent. In this paper we address the open problem of formalizing the revision of such a conditional belief set to incorporate new if-then rules, which may be interpreted as new default rules or new revision policies. We start by providing a purely semantic characterization, based on the semantics of conditional rules, which induces logical constraints on any such revision process. We then introduce logical (syntax-independent) and syntax-dependent techniques, and provide a precise characterization of the set of conditionals that hold after the revision. In addition to formalizing the dynamics of revising a default knowledge base, this work also provides some of the necessary formal tools for establishing the truth of nested conditionals and attacking the problem of learning new defaults.
Conditional Objects, Possibility Theory and Default Rules
Authors: Dubois Didier , Prade Henri 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Conditioning is very often considered in connection with probability; both look strongly entwined in the usual notion of conditional probability. This connection has created a gap between probability theory and logic: while the former seems to ignore material implication when representing conditional knowledge, the latter has no genuine tool to account for conditioning. This chapter is an investigation of the relationship between conditional objects of the form q\p, obtained as a qualitative counterpart to conditional probabilities P(g|p), and non-monotonic reasoning. Viewed as an inference rule, the conditional object possesses properties of a well-behaved non-monotonic consequence relation. The basic tool is the 3-valued semantics of conditional objects that differs from the preferential semantics of Lehmann and colleagues and does not require probabilistic semantics. Semantic entailment of a conditional object q\p from a knowledge base made of conditional objects is equivalent to the inference of the conditional assertion p |˜ q in Lehmann’s system P.
Raman studies in heavily doped semiconductors
Authors: Castillo-Alvarado F L , Contreras-Puente, G S , Barrio R A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Heavily doped semiconductors have acquired enormous importance in recent years, mainly because of their use in technological applications, such as in tunnel diodes, strain gauges, or in magnetoresistance stable probes under nuclear radiation (Fistul 1969). These materials exhibit important physical properties due to their high impurity concentration leading to crystalline disorder. Therefore, these systems are considered to be semiconducting disorder alloys. These alloys have been studied experimentally by Raman spectroscopy. Contreras et al. (1985) have reported a softening of the Raman optical phonon in the Ge band of ultraheavily doped Ge with impurities like P and As. In previous papers (Castillo-Alvarado et al. 1988, 1989) we calculated the vibrational density of states of a Ge1 -xix alloy using a Bethe lattice in order to simulate the environment around the possible local surroundings of the various atoms in the alloy which are treated exactly. We have also presented a calculation of the Raman spectrum of Ge with P impurities (Castillo-Alvarado et al. 1989). In this work the observed softening of the Raman mode of ultraheavily doped Ge with P and As impurities is discussed in terms of the combined effects of the impurities and the disorder introduced by vacancies. In this chapter we continue to examine this problem and to apply the theory to other alloys.
The ageing of glass-forming liquids
Authors: Edwards S F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A key to the power of theoretical physics lies in the creation of models. One can set up a hierarchy:Complete description -&gt;Simplified picture: the model -&gt;Translation of the model into simple(r) mathematics -&gt; Solution. This approach is not always followed or required; for example in quantum electrodynamics one can go, at least in a valid perturbation theory, directly to the solution. Also modern computing power allows one, in principle, to get the computer to circumvent the intermediate stage. However, the former exception is rare and the latter often difficult to interpret and to be acceptable in accuracy. So complicated problems require models, and modelling can often be simple. A good example was given in 1961 when Elliott and Chudley published a theory of the neutron scattering from liquids, in which they offered the model that molecules had two principal modes of motion-first, exploring a cage formed by their neighbours, and, second, hopping from one cage to another.
Magnetic impurity in an anisotropic ferromagnet
Authors: Djordjevii: B R , Djordjevic R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There has been much interest in the effect of impurities on the continuous energy spectrum of elementary excitations in solids. The perturbation produced by the impurity is characterized by its spatial extent and, for sufficiently small perturbations, the energy levels of the impurity-host system may be solved for exactly. The impurity and perturbed regions of the host form a complex with discrete energy levels that may lie within or outside the energy band of the host, virtual and localized states, respectively. The virtual levels decay into the band with a finite lifetime and may have a significant effect on the thermodynamic properties of the system. Localized levels have a long lifetime and, in general, are of less importance to the thermodynamic properties, but may have an important role in magneto-optical transitions. The literature on the effects of impurities in simple metals, crystals, and ferromagnetics is very extensive.
Spin glasses
Authors: Young Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The topic that I am going to discuss, spin glasses, combines two of Roger Elliott’s many interests: phase transitions and disordered systems. When I started research as Roger’s student, he suggested that I work on the theory of excitations in systems undergoing co-operative Jahn-Teller phase transitions. I immediately found phase transitions to be fascinating, and this fascination has stayed with me to this day. Although I did not work directly with Roger on disordered systems he had a big influence in convincing me that this too was a rich and challenging area. His lectures, given with the clarity for which he is noted, on topics such as percolation, random magnets, and localization played a big role in this. When interest in spin glasses exploded following the work of Edwards and Anderson (1975) I felt that this was an area in which I wanted to work in and, indeed, an area for which my background had prepared me well.
The Ising model in correlated random fields
Authors: Gonc;alves L L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The effect of an uncorrelated quenched random field on the critical behaviour of the ferromagnetic Ising model has been investigated by many authors since the work by Imry and Ma (1975). The controversies over the lower critical dimension below which long-range order cannot exist (Imry 1984; Imbrie 1986) and physical realizations of the system (Birgeneau et al. 1984; Cowley et al. 1986) have been the main reasons for the great interest in the model. Although there are some questions as far as the physical realizations of the model are concerned (Oliveira et al. 1988), the problem of the lower critical dimension has been settled by Bricmont and Kupiainen (1987), who have proved that d1c = 2 as predicted by Imry and Ma (1975).
Thermodynamic behaviour of two-dimensional vesicles*
Authors: Leib/er Stanislas , Singh, Rajiv R P , Fisher Michael E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Polymer physics is a field in which many results from the theory of random walks have been applied with marked success (see, for example, de Gennes 1979). Similarly, recent theoretical studies of random surfaces (reviewed by Frohlich 1985), largely motivated by high energy physics, may well find their most fruitful applications in describing the behaviour of flexible films or membranes (Meunier et al. 1987). Indeed, it is believed that fluid-like random-surface models may apply to amphiphilic films and bilayers (Helfrich 1973; Huse and Leibler 1988 and references therein), while solid-like models, such as the tethered-surface model (Kantor et al. 1986, 1987), should describe cross-linked membranes or polymer sheets.
Descartes’s Geometrie and revolutions in mathematics
Authors: Mancosu Paolo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the aftermath of Kuhn’s book The structure of scientific revolutions (1962), there has been a lively debate on whether Kuhn’s picture of the growth of natural sciences can be applied to the growth of mathematics. Paradigm examples of such contributions are Crowe (1975), Mehrtens (1976), Dauben (1984), Dunmore (1989), and, of course, many of the chapters in this book. At the same time, Kuhn’s work spurred interest in the historical development and uses of the notion of revolution in science and mathematics, a topic which was pursued by Cohen (see e.g. Cohen 1985). Any position which takes seriously talk of revolutions in mathematics (either to assert or to deny their existence) must of course address the issue of whether Descartes’s Géométrie constitutes a revolution in mathematics.
Application of dynamic light scattering to polyelectrolytes in solution
Authors: Mandel Michel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Polyelectrolytes are macromolecules which, when dissolved in !l suitable polar solvent, spontaneously acquire a large number of electric charges or can be made to bear such charges by the addition of strong acids or bases. The behaviour and in particular the physical properties of solutions containing electrically charged chains can differ considerably from what is observed for the more conventional solutions of uncharged macromolecules. Specific aspects of polyelectrolyte solutions have recently been discussed. Even after as much as half a century of more or less intensive investigation, many aspects are still not well understood. It is thus important to study the behaviour of polyelectrolyte solutions by as many experimental techniques as possible, in particular those that have become available in more recent years. In fact it is only by confronting conclusions drawn from a variety of different methods of investigation that one can hope to gain a better quantitative understanding of polyelectrolytes.
Möbius’s modern legacy
Authors: Stewart Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
M öbius is a household name—at least, it is in mathematical honse¬ holds—thanks to a topological toy. But August Mobius influenced mathematics on many levels. Specific ideas—his famous one-sided surface, his inversion formula, his number-theoretic function, his transformations of the complex plane, his geometrical nets—bear his name. But, in addition, and perhaps more importantly, Mobius was aware of the big ideas, the general principles, the major areas of research. What is M öbius’s modern legacy? It is a large part of today’s mathematical mainstream. The concepts that attracted his attention, and the methods that he helped to develop, play a central role in modern mathematics.
Climate And Habitat
Authors: Howell G , Steve N , Webb Sophie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Climate, both global and local, plays a major role in determining the distribution of vegetation types. The two main climatic factors in this respect are temperature and rainfall. Temperature in Mexico and northern Central America is determined largely by latitude and altitude, while precipitation depends on air currents, topography, ocean currents, and ocean temperature. However, while the climatic regimes of Middle America are easily described, their mechanics are far from understood.
Clubtail Dragonflies of Panama (Odonata: Anisoptera: Gomphidae)
Authors: Belle Jean , Arias Diomedes Quintero 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Clubtail dragonflies (Gomphidae) are small to large (body length 25-85 mm) anisopterans, generally brightly patterned with black, green, and yellow stripes and spots. Most species have clear-hyaline wings; the occurrence of colours in the wings is restricted to some South American species (Belle 1984a). Adult gomphids are characterized by the following: Compound eyes widely set apart on top of the head (Fig. 6.1). Median lobe of labium without a median cleft on anterior margin (Fig. 6.2). Female lacks an ovipositor. Instead, the posterior margin of the sternum of abdominal segment 8 is prolonged to a bifid subgenital plate (vulvar lamina) (Fig. 6.3). Abdominal segments 8 and 9 (or 8-10) of male (and of the female in many species) markedly expanded, thus their common name of clubtails. Biologists may miss observing adult gomphids if they do not search at ‘the right time’ of the year. In Panama most adult gomphids fly during the early part of the rainy season (May to August), at which time they become locally common. At any other time of the year gomphid adults are difficult to find. We infer that this flight periodicity might be related predominantly to mating activities near bodies of water, after which adults take refuge in the forest. Adults generally prefer to perch in sunshine on objects near the ground or even on the ground, and do not ‘patrol’ (soar or hover in the open) as the more common libellulid dragonflies do. May (19 79) found that most of the gomphid species present on Barro Colorado Island (BCI), Panama, with the exception of Epigomphus Selys, were attracted to the lights of buildings during the evenings.
Behavioural ecology of the Giant Damselflies of Barro Colorado Island, Panama (Odonata: Zygoptera: Pseudostigmatidae)
Authors: Fincke Ola M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Pseudostigmatidae is a small family of giant damselflies whose distribution is limited to New World lowland or montane forests (below 1200m) from Mexico to Bolivia (Table 7.1, see also Calvert 1908). The family is so named because the pterostigma (a thickened opaque spot along the costal margin of the wing) is either absent or is replaced by a pseudostigma, which is traversed by cross-veins and differs between fore-and hindwings (Davies and Tobin 1984). Their large size and graceful flight make these damselflies a notable attraction to both visitors (e.g. Calvert 1908, 1911, 1923) and natives (e.g. Geijskes 1975) of neotropical forests. The unusual biology of this family illustrates the potential of odonates to adapt to life in neotropical forests, where the standing water required by their aquatic larvae is often scarce (Note 1). Unlike their temperate counterparts, which are typically found in great numbers at breeding sites along streams or lakes, sexually mature pseudo stigmatids range widely and lay their eggs in water-filled plant containers such as treeholes and bromeliads randomly scattered throughout the forest. Adult pseudostigmatids feed on web-building spiders. Because one rarely encounters more than a dozen of them during a day’s search, studying these elusive insects presents a challenge to the field ecologist.
Stoneflies of Panama (Plecoptera)
Authors: Harper Pierre Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is undoubtedly premature even to attempt to draw a preliminary list of the stoneflies of Panama. No paper has dealt directly with the local fauna, although scattered descriptions and records appear in the literature. Probably only the genus Anacroneuria Klapalek (Perlidae) occurs in the country, as is the case in most of Central America (Baumann 1982). The southernmost elements of the Nearctic fauna (Amphinemura Ris) reach just beyond Mexico City, and the northernmost Notogean species, Claudioperla tigrina Klapalek, does not extend beyond Ecuador, or perhaps Venezuela. Unfortunately the genus Anacroneuria is one of the least known in the order; a great number of specific names are available, but the descriptions are generally superficial and species recognition is on the whole impossible or at the most unreliable. Only recently have reliable characters been recognized for identification purposes (Zwick 19 71, 19 73) and synonymies established; the task has, however, just begun. The present paper is based on the examination of two small series of specimens: material collected mostly from light trap studies in recent years, now in the Museo de Invertebrados de la Universidad de Panama (MIUP), and sundry specimens, including some Jewett (1958) paratypes, in the United States National Museum of Natural History (NMNH) (Smithsonian Institution) in Washington DC.