bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Learning Dynamic Prototypes for Visual Pattern Debiasing
Authors: Liang Kongming , Yin Zijin , Min Min , Liu Yan , Ma Zhanyu , Guo Jun 
Published: December 2023

AbstractDeep learning has achieved great success in academic benchmarks but fails to work effectively in the real world due to the potential dataset bias. The current learning methods are prone to inheriting or even amplifying the bias present in a training dataset and under-represent specific demographic groups. More recently, some dataset debiasing methods have been developed to address the above challenges based on the awareness of protected or sensitive attribute labels. However, the number of protected or sensitive attributes may be considerably large, making it laborious and costly to acquire sufficient manual annotation. To this end, we propose a prototype-based network to dynamically balance the learning of different subgroups for a given dataset. First, an object pattern embedding mechanism is presented to make the network focus on the foreground region. Then we design a prototype learning method to discover and extract the visual patterns from the training data in an unsupervised way. The number of prototypes is dynamic depending on the pattern structure of the feature space. We evaluate the proposed prototype-based network on three widely used polyp segmentation datasets with abundant qualitative and quantitative experiments. Experimental results show that our proposed method outperforms the CNN-based and transformer-based state-of-the-art methods in terms of both effectiveness and fairness metrics. Moreover, extensive ablation studies are conducted to show the effectiveness of each proposed component and various parameter values. Lastly, we analyze how the number of prototypes grows during the training process and visualize the associated subgroups for each learned prototype. The code and data will be released at https://github.com/zijinY/dynamic-prototype-debiasing.
Musical Emotions and Timbre: from Expressiveness to Atmospheres
Authors: Di Stefano Nicola 
Published: December 2023

AbstractIn this paper, I address the question of how emotional qualities can be attributed to musical timbre, an acoustic feature that has proven challenging to explain using traditional accounts of musical emotions. I begin presenting the notion of musical expressiveness, as it has been conceived by cognitivists to account for the emotional quality of various musical elements like melody and rhythm. However, I also point out some limitations in these accounts, which hinder their ability to fully elucidate the emotional expressiveness of timbre, especially when considering it as a result of non-cognitively mediated processes. Consequently, I explore the link between timbre and atmosphere by reviewing anecdotal sources that have characterized timbre in terms of atmosphere. The goal here is to determine if these characterizations should be seen as merely allusive and metaphoric expressions or if they genuinely reveal essential properties of timbre. To achieve this goal, I delve deeper into the notion of atmosphere, and I show that it shares several key traits with the notion of musical emotions as conceived in the cognitivist’s account. Both musical emotions and atmospheres are affectively charged externalities that are apprehended by the subject without cognitive mediation. Drawing from this insight, I conclude that the notion of atmosphere can serve as a valuable tool in explaining the emotional expressivity of timbre without invoking the resemblance-based mechanisms often found in cognitive accounts of expressiveness.
Befragungen von Trägern von Kindertageseinrichtungen: Eine Methodenstudie zu Verzerrungen
Authors: Schacht Diana D. , Ulrich Lisa 
Published: December 2023

ZusammenfassungTräger von Kindertageseinrichtungen nehmen eine zentrale Rolle in der Steuerung des Systems der frühkindlichen Bildung, Betreuung und Erziehung ein. Entsprechend wurden in den letzten Jahren eine Reihe von Trägerstudien durchgeführt, die Steuerungspotentiale von Trägern untersuchen. Im Kontext von Trägerbefragungen besteht jedoch ein zentrales Problem, das in der Forschung wenig Aufmerksamkeit erfahren hat: Da in Deutschland weder Registerdaten noch Stichprobenrahmen für Träger verfügbar sind, existiert bisher kein Verfahren, mit dem die Datenqualität von Trägerstudien validiert werden kann.Aus diesem Grund soll mit dieser Studie die Qualität von Trägerdaten am Beispiel der Trägerbefragung der ERiK-Surveys 2020 erstmals methodisch evaluiert werden. Hierfür wird ein Verfahren vorgestellt, das einen Vergleich von Trägerbefragungen mit der amtlichen Kinder- und Jugendhilfestatistik ermöglicht. Dazu werden die ERiK-Trägerdaten auf die Ebene der Einrichtungen transformiert, um anschließend ein Verteilungsmaß der Kinder- und Jugendhilfestatistik mit ungewichteten und gewichteten ERiK-Trägerdaten zu vergleichen. Konkret wird der Anteil der Kindertageseinrichtungen nach Trägerschaft untersucht.Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Verteilungen auf Basis ungewichteter Trägerbefragungsdaten nur begrenzt anwendbar sind. Darüber hinaus können mögliche Verzerrungen durch statistische Anpassungen im Rahmen einer Gewichtung deutlich minimiert werden. Dieser Beitrag stellt somit ein Verfahren vor, mit dem zukünftige Trägerstudien die Qualität ihrer Erhebung und die Generalisierbarkeit ihrer Analysen evaluieren können.
Seeking help for nightmares in adolescents
Authors: Schredl Michael 
Published: December 2023

AbstractResearch indicates that adults suffering from nightmares rarely seek professional help for their condition. However, nothing is known about the help-seeking behavior in adolescents with frequent nightmares. In a sample of 100 adolescents (50 female, 50 male) with a mean age of 15.30 ± 0.80 years, it was found that none of them ever sought professional help for nightmares, even though 21 participants (15 females, 6 males) reported frequent nightmares (once a week or more often) and/or quite or very distressing nightmares. As nightmares are associated with a variety of mental problems in adolescents and can persist into adulthood, it seems very important to find ways to reduce the number of untreated nightmare sufferers in this age group.
Posttreatment with PaPE-1 Protects from Aβ-Induced Neurodegeneration Through Inhibiting the Expression of Alzheimer’s Disease-Related Genes and Apoptosis Process That Involves Enhanced DNA Methylation of Specific Genes
Authors: Pietrzak-Wawrzyńska Bernadeta A. , Wnuk Agnieszka , Przepiórska-Drońska Karolina , Łach Andrzej , Kajta Małgorzata 
Published: December 2023

AbstractTargeting the non-nuclear estrogen receptor (ER) signaling has been postulated as novel therapeutic strategy for central nervous system pathologies. Recently, we showed that newly designed PaPE-1 (Pathway Preferential Estrogen-1), which selectively activates ER non-nuclear signaling pathways, elicited neuroprotection in a cellular model of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) when it was applied at the same time as amyloid-β (Aβ). Since delayed treatment reflects clinical settings better than cotreatment does, current basic study proposes a novel therapeutic approach for AD that relies on a posttreatment with PaPE-1. In this study, mouse neuronal cell cultures treated with preaggregated Aβ1-42 (10 µM) showed the presence of extracellular Aβ1-42, confirming the adequacy of the AD model used. We are the first to demonstrate that a 24-h delayed posttreatment with PaPE-1 decreased the degree of Aβ-induced neurodegeneration, restored neurite outgrowth, and inhibited the expression of AD-related genes, i.e., Rbfox, Apoe, Bace2, App, and Ngrn, except for Chat, which was stimulated. In addition, PaPE-1 elicited anti-apoptotic effects by inhibiting Aβ-induced caspase activities as well as attenuating apoptotic chromatin condensation, and in these ways, PaPE-1 prevented neuronal cell death. Posttreatment with PaPE-1 also downregulated the Aβ-affected mRNA expression of apoptosis-specific factors, such as Bax, Gsk3b, Fas, and Fasl, except for Bcl2, which was upregulated by PaPE-1. In parallel, PaPE-1 decreased the protein levels of BAX, FAS, and FASL, which were elevated in response to Aβ. PaPE-1 elicited a decrease in the BAX/BCL2 ratio that corresponds to increased methylation of the Bax gene. However, the PaPE-1-evoked Bcl2 gene hypermethylation suggests other PaPE-1-dependent mechanisms to control Aβ-induced apoptosis.
Inhibiting Caveolin-1-Related Akt/mTOR Signaling Pathway Protects Against N-methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Activation-Mediated Dysfunction of Blood–Brain Barrier in vitro
Authors: Huang Fang , Mao Fengping , Nong Weidong , Gong Zhuowei , Lao Dayuan , Huang Wen 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Background
The aim of this study was to further explore the role of caveolin-1 (Cav-1) related Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in blood brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction caused by NMDAR activation.

Methods
The cell localization of NMDAR GluN1 subunit and Cav-1 was observed on human brain microvascular HBEC-5i cells after immunofluorescence double staining. The transendothelial resistance (TEER) of BBB in vitro was measured by Millicell-ERS cell resistance meter. Sodium fluorescein (SF) was used to measure the permeability of BBB in vitro. A stable Cav-1-silenced HBEC-5i cell line was established by infecting the cells with a lentivirus encoding Cav-1 shRNA. The changes of the protein and mRNA of MMP9 and Occludin induced by NMDA were detected by Western blot (WB) and real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), respectively. The phosphorylated proteins of Cav-1, Akt, and mTOR were detected by WB.

Results
NMDAR GluN1 was expressed in the cytoplasm and part of the cell membrane of the HBEC-5i cell line. NMDAR activation decreased TEER and increased the SF of BBB in vitro. HBEC-5i cells incubated with NMDA enhanced the phosphorylation of Cav-1, Akt, and mTOR, also promoting the expression of MMP9 along with the degradation of Occludin. These effects could be reversed by pretreatment with NMDAR antagonist (MK801) or Cav-1 antagonist (Daidzein), or Akt antagonist (LY294002), respectively. Further silencing Cav-1 with LV-Cav-1-RNAi also played a similar protective effect.

Conclusion
Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) related Akt/mTOR signaling probably contributes to BBB dysfunction by activating NMDAR on human brain microvascular cells.
Gaming Expertise Metrics: A Sociological Examination of Online Knowledge Creation Platforms
Authors: Osborne Tanya , Nivala Markus , Seredko Alena , Hillman Thomas 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Online environments have the potential to disrupt traditional orderings of expertise and allow a wider audience to engage as experts in the process of knowledge creation. Many online environments use crowdsourced metric-based systems, such as upvotes and reputation scores, to help identify experts. While these online systems provide opportunities to recognize expertise in new ways, they continue to reproduce and reconfigure existing issues around what is considered expertise and who is considered an expert. To explore these issues, we conduct an ethnographic engagement with Stack Overflow, a community knowledge sharing platform for programmers and coders. Our empirical material comprises 14 interviews with Stack Overflow users and documentary material collected from the platform.
We find that while platform owners often present their systems as arbiters of expertise, crowdsourced metric-based systems like Stack Overflow may not locate subject matter experts, but rather may measure community trust and engagement. Reward mechanics may also tempt users to play the game of increasing their metrics rather than developing expertise. Furthermore, our findings suggest that certain conditions in online environments may actively prevent those from under-represented groups from being recognized as experts. This presents an ethical challenge to the premise that online platforms may democratize the sharing of knowledge and recognition of expertise. Our findings suggest that while users may be aware of such issues, metrics are so intertwined with the functioning of the platforms they use that they may accept the premise that those metrics are relevant measures of expertise regardless.
Multi-effect analysis of nanofluid flow in stenosed arteries with variable pressure gradient: analytical study
Authors: Dawood A. S. , Kroush Faisal A. , Abumandour Ramzy M. , Eldesoky Islam M. 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThis study advances the understanding of nanofluid behaviour within stenosed arteries, highlighting the importance of considering multifaceted effects in the modelling process. It investigates the combined impact of pressure gradient variation, heat transfer, chemical reactions, and magnetic field effects on nano-blood flow in stenosed arteries. Unlike previous studies that made the assumption that the pulsatile pressure gradient remains constant during channel narrowing, this novel investigation introduces a variable pressure gradient. This, in turn, significantly impacts several associated parameters. The mathematical model describing nano-blood flow in a horizontally stenosed artery is solved using perturbation techniques. Analytical solutions for key variables, including velocity, temperature, concentration, wall shear stress, flow rate, and pressure gradient, are visually presented for various physical parameter values.
Mineralogy, Chemistry, and Thermal and Surface Properties of Various Technological Types of K-Bentonite from the Dolná Ves Deposit (Kremnické vrchy Mts., Western Carpathians, Slovakia)
Authors: Osacký M. , Bai Y. , Uhlík P. , Pálková H. , Čaplovičová M. 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThe Dolná Ves K-bentonite deposit is one of a few known economic accumulations of illite-smectite in the world. Several studies have been done on the illite-smectitic component isolated from the Dolná Ves K-bentonite, but there is a shortage of analytical data on the K-bentonite itself. The main goal of the present study was to perform mineralogical and physico-chemical characterizations of various technological types of K-bentonites from the Dolná Ves deposit to better understand the relationships between the various qualitative types and their properties. The type I (high-grade) K-bentonite contains 88–91 wt.% of illite-smectite. The type II (low-grade) K-bentonite contained substantially less illite-smectite, ranging from 37 to 63 wt.%. The illite-smectites isolated from the type I K-bentonites displayed greater expandability, contained more octahedral Mg and less octahedral Fe, had greater cation exchange capacity (CEC), smaller thickness of fundamental particles, and thinner illite-smectite crystals in comparison with illite-smectites from the type II K-bentonites. The LOI (loss-on-ignition) and Al2O3 content increased with increasing amount of illite-smectite. The increase in the expandability by 10% corresponded to an increase in CEC by ~10 meq/100 g. The type I K-bentonites had much greater mass loss at <250°C due to greater expandability. The best tilemaking performance was expected for the type I K-bentonite. This raw material could also be potentially valuable for the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries. Overall, the results showed that the studied technological types of K-bentonites from the Dolná Ves deposit differ not only in terms of illite-smectite contents but also in terms of the nature of the illite-smectites.
Illustrative Multi‐Centennial Projections of Global Mean Sea‐Level Rise and Their Application
Authors: Turner Fiona E. , Malagon Santos Victor , Edwards Tamsin L. , Slangen Aimée B.A. , Nicholls Robert J. , Le Cozannet Gonéri , O’Neill James , Adhikari Mira 
Published: December 2023

AbstractWe produce projections of global mean sea‐level rise to 2500 for low and medium emissions scenarios (Shared Socioeconomic Pathways SSP1‐2.6 and SSP2‐4.5) relative to 2020, based on extending and combining model ensemble data from current literature. We find that emissions have a large effect on sea‐level rise on these long timescales, with [5, 95]% intervals of [0.3, 4.3]m and [1.0, 7.6]m under SSP1‐2.6 and SSP2‐4.5 respectively, and a difference in the 95% quantile of 1.6 m at 2300 and 3.3 m at 2500 for the two scenarios. The largest and most uncertain component is the Antarctic ice sheet, projected to contribute 5%–95% intervals of [−0.1, 2.3]m by 2500 under SSP1‐2.6 and [0.0, 3.8]m under SSP2‐4.5. We discuss how the simple statistical extensions used here could be replaced with more physically based methods for more robust predictions. We show that, despite their uncertainties, current multi‐centennial projections combined into multi‐study projections as presented here can be used to avoid future “lock‐ins” in terms of risk and adaptation needs to sea‐level rise.
Snowmelt‐Radiation Feedback Impact on Western U.S. Streamflow
Authors: Ban Zhaoxin , Xin Chen , Fang Yiwen , Ma Xiaoyu , Li Dongyue , Lettenmaier Dennis P. 
Published: December 2023

AbstractOngoing runoff declines in the Colorado River Basin have been shown to be predominately driven by decreasing albedo from warming‐driven snow‐cover loss, especially in late‐spring (hereafter snowmelt‐radiation feedback). Here, we explore the feedback's impact on annual runoff sensitivity to warming across the western U.S. (WUS) using hydrologic model simulations. For 1°C uniform warming, we show that runoff is most sensitive to warming in modestly snow‐covered, interior mountain headwaters, especially the Rocky Mountains. Runoff sensitivities are most associated with the snowmelt‐radiation feedback in basins with runoff coefficients between 0.2 and 0.6, where runoff sensitivity increases with more snow and lower winter temperature. In aggregate, ∼48% of WUS runoff sensitivity is attributable to the snowmelt‐radiation feedback and is especially pronounced in the warming‐sensitive river basins (annual runoff decreases >5%/°C). We also show that the feedback's impact decreases with increasing temperature, which has unresolved implications for streamflow declines in a less‐snow future.
Space‐Time Inconsistencies in the Dynamics of Water Coverage: Tracking Walking Floods
Authors: Torre Zaffaroni Paula , Houspanossian Javier , Di Bella Carlos M. , Jobbágy Esteban G. 
Published: December 2023

AbstractFloods in ideal landscapes follow a coherent pattern where single water‐covered areas expand and afterward recede following the inverse sequence, but deviate in real landscapes due to natural or human factors resulting in water coverage shifts. Using remote sensing, we introduced two indices to describe the discrepancies between spatially integrated versus pixel‐level frequency distributions under maximum inundated conditions (dext) and throughout all flooding conditions (dtot), expressed as the relative weight of shifts on each landscape's maximum registered coverage, theoretically ranging between no displacement (<20%) to maximum displacement (≪inf). Globally, over 36 years inundations exhibited redistributions representing, on average, 25% and 45% of their peak extents revealing previously unnoticed extra engaged areas and rotational movements within events, rising up to 500% in meandering rivers (South America) and irrigated croplands (Central Asia). We also assessed the influence of natural and human variables and discussed the indices' potential for advancing flood research.
Solar Irradiance Modulates the Asian Summer Monsoon—ENSO Relationship Over the Last Millennium
Authors: Du Xiaojing , Dee Sylvia , Hu Jun , Thirumalai Kaustubh 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThe Asian summer monsoon (ASM) is teleconnected to the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), but this relationship is nonstationary and has shifted significantly in recent decades. Characterizing the drivers of such shifts is crucial for improving ASM prediction and extreme event preparedness. Paleoclimate records indicate a link between ASM strength and solar activity on multidecadal‐to‐centennial timescales, but 20th‐century data are too short to test mechanisms. Here we evaluate how solar irradiance influences the ASM‐ENSO relationship using last‐millennium paleoclimate data assimilation reconstructions and model simulations. We find that high solar irradiance weakens the ENSO‐East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) correlation, but strengthens the ENSO‐South Asian summer monsoon (SASM) correlation. Solar irradiance likely influences the strength of the ENSO‐EASM and ENSO‐SASM teleconnections via changes in the Western Pacific Subtropical High and the amplitude of ENSO events, respectively. We suggest a need for considering solar activity in decadal ASM rainfall predictions under global warming scenarios.
Author's Reply to Comment by Greaves et al. on “Phosphine in the Venusian Atmosphere: A Strict Upper Limit From SOFIA GREAT Observations”
Authors: Cordiner M. A. , Wiesemeyer H. , Villanueva G. L. , de Pater I. , Stutzki J. , Liuzzi G. , Aladro R. , Charnley S. B. , Cosentino R. , Faggi S. , Kofman V. , McGuire B. A. , Milam S. N. , Moullet A. , Nixon C. A. , Thelen A. E. 
Published: December 2023

AbstractIn an attempt to understand the findings presented in the Comment by Greaves et al. (2023, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GL103539), we followed their data analysis methodology, omitting the hot and cold‐load calibrations that are an important part of the standard SOFIA GREAT instrument calibration procedure. This process requires scaling of the Venus off‐source spectra by an arbitrary factor, which in turn introduces residuals of the intrinsic receiver bandpass shape as spurious components in the resulting line/continuum spectra. Although these additional artifacts can be reduced via Fourier‐domain spectral filtering, their removal depends on an ill‐constrained interpolation of the Venus continuum across the PH3 spectral line positions, resulting in an unreliable final spectrum. We therefore conclude that the PH3 lines claimed to be detected in the Comment by Greaves et al. (2023, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GL103539) originate from data/analysis artifacts, and confirm our original result that there is no evidence for phosphine in the SOFIA Venus data.
Energetic Particle Injection During Short Isolated Bubble as Seen in RCM Simulation and Spacecraft Observations in the Flow Braking Region
Authors: Sergeev V. , Yang Jian , Sun Weiqin , Runov A. , Angelopoulos V. , Artemyev A. 
Published: December 2023

AbstractAlthough energetic particle (EP) injections are commonly thought to be formed by the flow burst intrusion from the magnetotail, important details and quantitative aspects of their transport, acceleration and flow braking need further investigation and understanding. Motivated by frequent observations of short transient EP injections being not associated with substorms, we analyze high‐resolution Rice Convection Model simulations of a short (5‐min long) localized (∼3RE width) density depletion (evacuating 90% of flux tube content) initiated at the tailward simulation boundary (∼18RE) and allowed to evolve within an otherwise typical plasma sheet environment. We note that, driven by betatron‐like acceleration, the peak EP flux at fixed energy dramatically increases in a couple of minutes when the bubble head enters the inner magnetosphere at r < 8–10 RE giving rise to a localized injection of subsequently drifting EP clouds. Here the 50–200 keV electron flux reaches values as high as #105 (cm2 s sr keV)−1, and even higher energies (up to 1 MeV) may briefly appear. Surprisingly, at a later stage of bubble penetration, after termination of bubble jet from the tail, the injection boundary of high energy (HE) particles detaches from the bubble earthward boundary while the latter continues moving inward. Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms multi‐spacecraft mission observations of a short bubble‐like flow burst at the spacecraft cluster located near the flow stopping point, show much similarity with simulation results but also reveal important differences between responses of HE protons and electrons attributed to the finite gyroradius effect.