bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSX-10 Pilot Study Estimating Energy Expenditure in Dogs Using a Quantified Health Approach Indicates Potential to Improve Estimation of Energy Requirements
Authors: Carnagey K M , Thompson R J , Wernimont S M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over 50% of dogs in the USA are overweight or obese indicating that owners find it difficult to know how much food their dog needs. Feeding guidelines are based on the average energy requirements of dogs and do not take into account measured activity levels, which may lead to overfeeding by well-intentioned owners. The most common published energy prediction equation is (RER*AF) where RER is Resting Energy Requirement [70*(BW kg)0.75)] and AF is the Activity Factor, which generally ranges between 1 (body weight loss) and 8 (heavy work). This equation requires the user to estimate activity levels when selecting an AF, which may result in under- or overfeeding. The objective of this pilot study was to determine the ability of collar-worn activity monitors to more accurately predict the energy expenditure of dogs. Ten weight-stable beagles were group-housed at the Hill’s Pet Nutrition Center in Topeka, KS. Dogs were provided daily access to open, outdoor play space and human interaction; water was freely available. Dogs were weighed before feeding on days 1 and 5 of each of the 2 test periods. Accelerometer-based activity monitors were attached to the collars of the dogs on day 1 of each test period and activity was continually measured throughout the study using the activity monitor. Daily food consumption in grams was recorded and was converted to energy intake using the caloric density of the food. Daily energy requirements were calculated for each dog using the standard RER equation and either a standard AF of 1.6 or the estimated energy required for activity, in which newly established algorithms for quantification of walking, trotting, and running behaviors were paired with estimated caloric expenditure based on level of exertion (quantified health approach). The mean absolute error (MAE) of each method was calculated as the absolute value of the difference between the daily energy requirement vs. the daily caloric intake for each dog. The MAE was averaged across all dogs and all days for each of the two methods. The MAE ± SD of the standard RER and AF was 103 ± 126 kcal/day (Range -21.5 to 216 kcal/day). The MAE ± SD of the quantified health approach was 86 ± 90 kcal/day (Range -37.6 to 164.4 kcal/day). Both approaches resulted in normal MAE distributions. In this pilot study, quantifying energy expenditure using a wearable activity monitor reduced over-feeding by 16.5% compared with standard equations. In the future, energy predictions based on measured activity could result in more accurate feeding recommendations than traditional approaches. Future research aimed at optimizing energy predictions may help address the problem of pet obesity. This study was approved by the Hill’s Internal Animal Care and Use Committee. Funding: This study was funded by Hill’s Pet Nutrition, Inc.
PSXIII-29 Nutraceutical Effects of Fertilized and Unfertilized Sericea Lespedeza Hay on Gastrointestinal Parasitism and Whole-Plasma Metabolome of Naturally Infected Goats
Authors: Smith Yuri , Taiwo Godstime A , Ogunade Ibukun M , Pech-Cervantes Andres A , Idowu Modoluwamu , Estrada-Reyes Zaira M , Terrill Thomas H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The objective of this study was assessing the effect of the dietary inclusion of unfertilized (AS) and fertilized (AR) Sericea lespedeza hay on the parasitic burden, packed cellular volume (PCV), and whole-plasma metabolome of naturally infected goats. Thirty-six naturally parasite-infected (&gt;5,000 eggs/gram) Spanish goats (23.9 ± 0.15 kg) were randomly allocated (12 goats per treatment) into three dietary treatments: a) Control (Bermudagrass hay), AS (Unfertilized lespedeza), and AR (fertilized lespedeza) for 60 days. All treatments were supplemented with a commercial concentrate following a 70:30 forage: concentrate ratio. Feed samples, blood samples, and fecal samples were collected and recorded weekly to estimate chemical composition, fecal egg counts, and PCV. Additionally, whole-plasma metabolomic analysis was performed using chemical isotope labelling/liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based technique. Pathway enrichment analysis and analysis of the differentially abundant metabolites were performed using MetaboAnalyst 5.0 software. Data were analyzed with the GLIMMIX procedure (repeated measures) of SAS with the fixed effect of treatment, week, and the random effect of animals. Total condensed tannins and precipitable phenolics were greater (P &lt; 0.05) in AS compared with AR (13.9 vs. 6.5% DM; 95.3 vs.9.5 mg/g). However, both AS and AR reduced (P &lt; 0.01) fecal egg counts compared with the control (1,100, 1,450 vs. 3,500 eggs/gram). Conversely, PCV was greater in AR compared with the control (23.6 vs. 20.6%), but no differences between AR and AS (23.6 vs. 22.5%) were observed. Compared with the control, relative distribution of glutamine and beta-leucine were increased in AS and AR. The pathway enrichment analysis revealed that dietary AS and AR increased glycine, serine, and purine metabolism compared with the control. Collectively, results from this study suggest that dietary AS and AR reduced fecal egg counts by improving anti-oxidative metabolism, muscle regeneration capacity, and immune response in naturally infected goats.
PSXIV-23 In Vitro Evaluation of Protein Kinetics of Soy-Based Ingredients
Authors: Bible Megan R , Rasmussen Pernille , Rasmussen Simone H , Blanch Alfred , van Leeuwen Jessika , Lærke Helle N , Hedemann Mette S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Protein kinetics is the evaluation of how quickly a protein can be digested, absorbed, and entered into the portal system. It is more indicative of growth, feed efficiency, and protein deposition than the extent of digestibility per se. Feed ingredients may have the same digestibility (SID), but will differ in the speed of protein digestion. It was therefore decided to evaluate differences in speed of in vitro protein hydrolysis between 9 different soy-based protein ingredients: soybean meal (SBM), enzyme-treated soy protein (ESP), 3 types of soy protein concentrate (SPC), 2 types of extruded soy (ExS), and 2 types of fermented soybean meal (FSBM). Protein hydrolyzation rate was determined in vitro for the soy-based samples (SBM, ESP, SPC1, SPC2, SPC3, ExS1, ExS2, FSBM1, and FSBM2) using a pH-stat method that quantifies progress of protein hydrolysis by indirect measurement of released acid during hydrolysis. For each sample a 10 mL aqueous suspension containing 1 mg N/mL was prepared and adjusted to pH 8.0 at 39 oC using 0.1 M NaOH. One mL of a proteolytic enzyme-solution (trypsin, chymotrypsin and intestinal peptidase) was added to each sample to start protein hydrolysis followed by auto-titration (Mettler Toledo Titrator T9) with 0.1 M NaOH for 120 minutes. The volume of 0.1 M NaOH added to maintain pH at 8 throughout the incubation was recorded and used to calculate degree of hydrolysis (DH). The curve representing DH followed a second-order reaction kinetics and regression was used to estimate the rate constant (k) for each sample. The control sample (SBM) and ESP were analyzed in quadruplicates, the rest of the samples were in duplicates. A pairwise t-test was conducted in the statistical software R (version 4.0.0) to separate means. Significant difference was declared at P &lt; 0.05. Degree of protein hydrolysis increased exponentially for all tested protein ingredients. The speed of protein hydrolysis (k-value) varied with soy-based protein ingredient (Table 1). The greater the k-value is representative of faster protein hydrolysis. There was a numerical 40% increase (P &gt; 0.05) of ESP k-value when compared with the control, which was SBM. The SPC and FSBM samples were significantly less (P &lt; 0.05) when compared with ESP, SBM and ExS2, with ExS1 sample being intermediate. In conclusion, soy processing technique (enzymatic, fermented, extrusion, or alcohol extraction) affects speed of in vitro protein hydrolysis. Therefore, more research is needed to see if these results coincide with protein utilization in vivo.
PSXIV-2 Inclusion of a Slow-Release Nitrogen Ingredient Associated Or Not with Monensin on Performance, Metabolism, and Carcass Parameters of Finishing Beef Cattle Fed High Starch Diets
Authors: Damasio Gabriel , Nascimento Karolina B , Costa Thais Correia , Santos Luana , Pinto Lusiane , Miranda Andrey , Ramirez-Zamudio German , Duarte Marcio S , Gionbelli Mateus P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This study aimed to assess the effects of a slow-released nitrogen (N) ingredient in association or not with monensin on the performance, metabolism, and carcass parameters of finishing young bulls. To investigate these outcomes, 112 Nellore young bulls (380 kg ± 16.2) were used in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. The young bulls were allocated to 28 feedlot pens (four animals per pen) and fed a finishing high starch (51% starch) corn grain and corn silage-based diet. The following treatments were randomly assigned to the experimental units: 1) Control (CON, n = 7), finishing diet without additives; 2) Monensin-enriched diet (MON, n = 7), monensin (Rumensin, Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, IN) provided at a level of 30 mg per kg of dry matter (DM); 3) Gradual-N-release enriched diet (SRN, n = 7), slow-N-release supplement (Timafeed Boost, Roullier Group, Saint-Malo, France) provided at a dose of 250 g per animal per day; or 4) Monensin + SRN diet (MON + SRN, n = 7), monensin (30 mg per kg of DM) associated with the SRN (250 g per animal per day). The experimental period comprised 102 days, with the first 15 days designated for diet adaptation. The average daily gain (ADG) over the experimental period was reduced for young bulls fed SRN + MON (P = 0.02) compared with those fed only SRN. Young bulls fed MON had greater DMI during the finishing phase than MON × SRN (P = 0.03). Overall, young bulls fed CON diet had greater day-by-day dry matter intake (DMI) variation than other treatments (P ≤ 0.05). The SRN inclusion in the diet improved feed efficiency by 5.7% (P = 0.04). Young bulls fed diets without SRN inclusion tended to have higher blood urea concentration (P = 0.06). Blood D-lactate and glucose levels were similar between treatments (P ≥ 0.21). The SRN use tended to increase (P = 0.09) DM digestibility (5.6% increase). The microbial crude protein was reduced by MON + SRN association (P = 0.02) compared with other treatments. The hot carcass weight was greater for the SRN group compared with MON × SRN (P = 0.02). The use of SRN in the diet increased (P ≤ 0.04) total and daily carcass gain, carcass yield, and biological efficiency. In summary, although additional studies are suggested, these data indicate that the association between SRN and monensin might require careful consideration when used in finishing diets. The SRN inclusion in finishing diets without monensin shows important potential for increasing animal performance and efficiency.
PSXIII-2 Effects of Probiotic Lactobacillus Rhamnosus on Growth Performance, Diarrhea Frequency, and Blood Biochemical Parameters of Weaned Pigs
Authors: Kim Kimoon , Kyoung Hyunjin , Park Kyeong Il , Kim Yonghee , Ahn Jinmu , Lee Jae In , Ha Sewon , Nam Jinwook , Kang Yonggu , Park Youngmin , Shin Ikcheol , Song Minho 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Probiotics are microorganisms which have positive effects on human and animal gut health, and generally recognized as safe ingredients. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus (LR) on growth performance, diarrhea frequency, and blood biochemical parameters of weaned pigs. A total of 100 weaned pigs [(Landrace × Yorkshire) × Duroc; 7.99 ± 0.85 kg of initial body weight (BW); 28 days old] were used in a 28-day trial. All pigs were randomly assigned to 2 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design (block: initial BW) and there were 10 replication pens in each treatment with 5 pigs/pen. Dietary treatments were as follows: 1) a commercial weaner diet based on corn-soybean meal (CON), and 2) CON + 0.02% probiotic LR IDCC 3201 (PRO). All pigs were housed in an environmental controlled room and had free access to feed and water throughout the experimental period. Probiotic LR was obtained from commercial company (ILDONG Bioscience Co., Ltd., Pyeongtaek, Republic of Korea). Pigs BW was individually measured on day 1, 7, 14, and 28, and feed consumption was recorded on a pen basis on the same day to calculate average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and gain to feed ratio (G:F). Diarrhea frequency was recorded by visual observation for 2 weeks after weaning and calculated as a percentage. Blood samples for biochemical parameters were collected from randomly selected one pig per pen on day 28 and analyzed by specific kit and clinical auto analyzer. Analysis items were total protein, aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, blood urea nitrogen, calcium (Ca), inorganic phosphorus, magnesium, total cholesterol, triglyceride, glucose, albumin, and creatinine. Data were analyzed using PROC GLM of SAS. Experimental unit was a pen. Statistical model for every measurement included dietary treatment as a main effect and initial BW as a covariate. The Chi-square test was used for diarrhea frequency. During day 1 to 7, 8 to 14, 1 to 14 and overall experiment date, ADG of pigs that fed PRO was greater (P &lt; 0.05) than those fed CON. Pigs fed PRO had increased (P &lt; 0.05) G:F during day 1 to 7 and 1 to 14 compared with those fed CON. Pigs fed PRO tended to have less (P &lt; 0.10) diarrhea frequency during the first week of experiment than those fed CON. On blood biochemical parameters, pigs that fed PRO had greater (P &lt; 0.05) concentrations of Ca (mg/dL) on day 28 than those fed CON. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of probiotic LR in weaner diet improved growth performance, reduced diarrhea frequency, and modulated blood biochemical parameters.
PSII-11 Effects of Cannabidiol on Viability and Inflammatory Response in Bovine Primary Ruminal Epithelial Cells
Authors: Kent-Dennis Coral , Klotz James L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Phytochemicals derived from hemp (Cannabis sativa) have been noted for their possible beneficial effects, including immunomodulation. Cannabidiol (CBD) may be a promising target as a therapy for gastrointestinal inflammation; however, the effects have not been explored in ruminants. The objective of this study was to investigate immunomodulatory properties of CBD in primary ruminal epithelial cells (REC). REC were isolated from ruminal papillae of yearling Holstein steers (n = 7). A preliminary experiment was performed to determine cytotoxicity of CBD using alamarBlue. Cells were exposed to either 10 or 50 µM CBD for 6 or 24 h. CBD at 10 µM did not affect viability. Growth was inhibited by over 60% at 50 µM for 24 h (P &lt; 0.05), and therefore, 10 µM was selected for use. Two experiments, each 24h in duration, were conducted to explore various responses to CBD when inflammation was induced in REC with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In Experiment 1, LPS was added prior to CBD exposure, simulating a therapy for established inflammation. In Experiment 2, LPS was added after CBD exposure, simulating a preventative strategy. Treatment groups for both experiments are described in Table 1. Total RNA was extracted from REC and relative gene expression of cytokines TNF, IL1B, IL6, CXCL8 and CXCL10 was evaluated using real time qPCR. Expression was normalized to the geometric mean of two stable housekeeping genes, GAPDH and STX5. All statistical analyses were performed using the lme4 and emmeans packages of R with exposure treatment as the fixed effect. In Experiment 1, expression of TNF, IL1B and CXCL8 was greater for LPS8 compared with CON by 5-, 29- and 14-fold, respectively, but less than LPS24 (P &lt; 0.05). The LPS24+CBD16 group resulted in an upregulation of IL1B compared with CON, but not to the same magnitude as LPS24 (27- vs 93-fold; P = 0.002). A 3-fold down-regulation of IL6 was observed with the addition of CBD alone compared with CON (P &lt; 0.001). Experiment 1 results suggest that CBD may reduce cytokine transcription during LPS-induced inflammation. For Experiment 2, compared with LPS8, there was less expression of IL6 and CXCL10 in CBD24+LPS8 (P &lt; 0.05). There was a 9-fold upregulation of IL6 for CBD16-LPS8 (P &lt; 0.001), but no difference between CON and CBD16-LPS8 for CXCL10 expression. Compared with CON, CBD24 resulted in a 2- and 6-fold down-regulation of IL6 (P = 0.003) and CXCL10 (P = 0.002). Experiment 2 results suggest that IL6 expression was influenced by CBD, but only while present in the media, while CXCL10 expression was suppressed by CBD, even after its removal. Overall, this study provides evidence of immunomodulation by CBD during a pro-inflammatory response in primary REC in culture.
PSIV-19 The Identification of Possible Microrna Biomarkers of Successful Pregnancy in Timed Embryo Transfer Recipients
Authors: Long Nathan , Pratt Scott , McCarty Keelee J , Pringle Dean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The objective of the current study was to look for potential microRNA (miRNA) biomarkers indicative of a successful pregnancy in timed embryo transfer (ET) recipients. Commercial beef cows were synchronized using a 7-day CIDR co-synch protocol and GnRH injection given 66 hours following CIDR removal. At 6.5 days post GnRH administration, cows (n = 78) had a frozen thawed embryo delivered into the uterine horn ipsilateral to the corpus luteum detected by rectal palpation. A blood sample was collected by coccygeal venipuncture and serum isolated and frozen at -80°C 24 days post embryo transfer. At 38 days post embryo transfer pregnancy was determined by rectal ultrasound by a trained individual and confirmed by Biopryn assay. A total of 42 recipients were determined to be pregnant and 36 were determined to be non-pregnant. Of the 42 pregnant recipients, 10 did not calve and 32 delivered a calf at full term. Day 24 post ET serum samples from pregnant cows that calved normally (n = 4), pregnant cows that did not calve (n = 4), and pregnant cows that had an abnormal pregnancy at time of ultrasound and did not calve (n = 4) were selected for further analysis. These samples had RNA extracted with the microRNA fraction enriched and were then subjected to RNA sequencing (LC Sciences). Differential miRNA abundance was determined using ANOVA adjusted for false discovery rate using the Benjamini-Hochberg method with significance set at P &lt; 0.05. A total of 747 miRNAs were detected and annotated to the bovine genome. A total of 36 miRNA showed differential abundance (P &lt; 0.05) between groups of recipients. Of them, bta-mir-185-p3_1ss21CT, bta-miR-224_R-1, bta-mir-125b-1-p3, bta-miR-363_L+1, and bta-miR-494_R+1 had increased (P &lt; 0.01) abundance in animals that calved to ET compared with cattle that did not calve to ET. MicroRNA PC-5p-120366_31 and PC-5p-89234_47 had increased abundance (P &lt; 0.01) in recipients that had an abnormal appearing pregnancy compared with the other two recipient groups. MicroRNA bta-mir-1306-p3 had increased abundance (P &lt; 0.01) in the two groups of recipients that had normal appearing pregnancies compared with the groups whose pregnancies were abnormal at time of ultrasound. These microRNAs could be used as biomarkers for an insufficient pregnancy that will not go to full term and therefore could be used to increase the efficiency of large scale ET.
PSXI-2 Preliminary Investigations into Developmental Origins of Pulmonary Arterial Pressure in Beef Cattle
Authors: Speidel Scott E , Enns R Mark , Cadaret Caitlin N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
High pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) is a predisposing factor in the development of high mountain disease in cattle. Since PAP testing is often used to prevent disease, a better understanding of the genotype X environmental interactions that drive PAP may lead to the development of additional management and selection strategies. Hypoxia during gestation promotes adaptive fetal programming, a hallmark of which is altered cardiovascular development and disease. However, to our knowledge, no studies have investigated the link between maternal gestational environment and offspring cardiovascular performance as indicated by PAP score. Thus, the objective of this preliminary study was to evaluate the impact of temperature during gestation on yearling PAP in offspring from cattle residing at high altitudes. Yearling PAP data from Colorado State University’s Beef Improvement Center located near Saratoga, Wyoming (7,200 m elevation) was used in the analysis. Data were collected on individual Angus animals born from 1993 to 2021. There were 8,080 individuals with PAP phenotypes averaging 42.23 ± 9.59 mmHg. PAP testing was performed in individuals at an average age of 338.1 ± 46.4 d. Local historical temperature data from September to March, representing the time frame of middle to late gestation, were collected from the [National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) database] and averaged. This historical average was compared with the yearly mid- to late gestational average temperatures to classify whether an individual animal went through gestation in an above or below-average temperature year. To determine the influence of temperature during gestation on PAP, a single trait linear regression model was used to regress PAP on age at PAP, sex, and temperature classification. The effects of age (P &lt; 0.005), sex (P &lt; 0.0005), and temperature classification (P &lt; 0.05) all accounted for a significant amount of variation in PAP. The least-square means for temperature classification were 42.8 ± 0.51 and 42.3 ± 0.17 for above and below-average temperatures, respectively, which suggests that cows experiencing colder temperatures during gestation produce calves with lower yearling PAPs versus those from cows experiencing warmer temperatures. The internalization of maternal blood during cold temperatures may protect fetal oxygen and nutrient delivery, promoting normal heart development in a high-altitude environment.