bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determination of Spatial Distributions of Zinc and Active Biomass in Microbial Biofilms by Two-Photon Laser Scanning Microscopy
Authors: Hu Zhiqiang , Hidalgo Gabriela , Houston Paul L. , Hay Anthony G. , Shuler Michael L. , Abruña Héctor D. , Ghiorse William C. , Lion Leonard W. 
Published: July 2005

ABSTRACT

The spatial distributions of zinc, a representative transition metal, and active biomass in bacterial biofilms were determined using two-photon laser scanning microscopy (2P-LSM). Application of 2P-LSM permits analysis of thicker biofilms than are amenable to observation with confocal laser scanning microscopy and also provides selective excitation of a smaller focal volume with greater depth localization. Thin
Escherichia coli
PHL628 biofilms were grown in a minimal mineral salts medium using pyruvate as the carbon and energy source under batch conditions, and thick biofilms were grown in Luria-Bertani medium using a continuous-flow drip system. The biofilms were visualized by 2P-LSM and shown to have heterogeneous structures with dispersed dense cell clusters, rough surfaces, and void spaces. Contrary to homogeneous biofilm model predictions that active biomass would be located predominantly in the outer regions of the biofilm and inactive or dead biomass (biomass debris) in the inner regions, significant active biomass fractions were observed at all depths in biofilms (up to 350 μm) using live/dead fluorescent stains. The active fractions were dependent on biofilm thickness and are attributed to the heterogeneous characteristics of biofilm structures. A zinc-binding fluorochrome (8-hydroxy-5-dimethylsulfoamidoquinoline) was synthesized and used to visualize the spatial location of added Zn within biofilms. Zn was distributed evenly in a thin (12 μm) biofilm but was located only at the surface of thick biofilms, penetrating less than 20 μm after 1 h of exposure. The relatively slow movement of Zn into deeper biofilm layers provides direct evidence in support of the concept that thick biofilms may confer resistance to toxic metal species by binding metals at the biofilm-bulk liquid interface, thereby retarding metal diffusion into the biofilm (G. M. Teitzel and M. R. Park, Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
69:
2313-2320, 2003).
Genomic Organization and Molecular Analysis of Virulent Bacteriophage 2972 Infecting an Exopolysaccharide-Producing
Streptococcus thermophilus
Strain
Authors: Lévesque Céline , Duplessis Martin , Labonté Jessica , Labrie Steve , Fremaux Christophe , Tremblay Denise , Moineau Sylvain 
Published: July 2005

ABSTRACT

The
Streptococcus thermophilus
virulent
pac
-type phage 2972 was isolated from a yogurt made in France in 1999. It is a representative of several phages that have emerged with the industrial use of the exopolysaccharide-producing
S. thermophilus
strain RD534. The genome of phage 2972 has 34,704 bp with an overall G+C content of 40.15%, making it the shortest
S. thermophilus
phage genome analyzed so far. Forty-four open reading frames (ORFs) encoding putative proteins of 40 or more amino acids were identified, and bioinformatic analyses led to the assignment of putative functions to 23 ORFs. Comparative genomic analysis of phage 2972 with the six other sequenced
S. thermophilus
phage genomes confirmed that the replication module is conserved and that
cos
- and
pac
-type phages have distinct structural and packaging genes. Two group I introns were identified in the genome of 2972. They interrupted the genes coding for the putative endolysin and the terminase large subunit. Phage mRNA splicing was demonstrated for both introns, and the secondary structures were predicted. Eight structural proteins were also identified by N-terminal sequencing and/or matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization—time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Detailed analysis of the putative minor tail proteins ORF19 and ORF21 as well as the putative receptor-binding protein ORF20 showed the following interesting features: (i) ORF19 is a hybrid protein, because it displays significant identity with both
pac
- and
cos
-type phages; (ii) ORF20 is unique; and (iii) a protein similar to ORF21 of 2972 was also found in the structure of the
cos
-type phage DT1, indicating that this structural protein is present in both
S. thermophilus
phage groups. The implications of these findings for phage classification are discussed.
Multiplexed Particle-Based Anti-Granulocyte Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor Assay Used as Pulmonary Diagnostic Test
Authors: Bonfield Tracey L. , John Nejimol , Barna Barbara P. , Kavuru Mani S. , Thomassen Mary Jane , Yen-Lieberman Belinda 
Published: July 2005

ABSTRACT

Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is characterized by the accumulation of lipoproteinaceous material within the lung alveoli. Recent studies indicate that PAP is an autoimmune disease characterized by a neutralizing anti-granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) antibody. At present the only definitive diagnostic test for PAP is open lung biopsy. We have previously published that anti-GM-CSF is diagnostic for PAP and correlates with disease pathogenesis using a traditional serial anti-GM-CSF antibody titer format (T. L. Bonfield, M. S. Kavuru, and M. J. Thomassen, Clin. Immunol.
105:
342-350, 2002). Titer analysis is a semiquantitative method, and often subtle changes in antibody titer are not detectable. In this report we present data to support anti-GM-CSF detection by a quantitative highly sensitive multiplexed particle-based assay which has the potential to be a clinical diagnostic test.
Role of the Nfa1 Protein in Pathogenic
Naegleria fowleri
Cocultured with CHO Target Cells
Authors: Kang Su-Yeon , Song Kyoung-Ju , Jeong Seok-Ryoul , Kim Jong-Hyun , Park Sun , Kim Kyongmin , Kwon Myung-Hee , Shin Ho-Joon 
Published: July 2005

ABSTRACT

Naegleria fowleri
, a free-living amoeba, exists as a virulent pathogen which causes fatal primary amoebic meningoencephalitis in experimental animals and humans. Using infected and immune mouse sera, we previously cloned an
nfa1
gene from a cDNA library of
N. fowleri
by immunoscreening. The
nfa1
gene (360 bp) produced a recombinant 13.1-kDa protein, and the Nfa1 protein showed pseudopodium-specific immunolocalization on a trophozoite of
N. fowleri
. In this study, the role of the Nfa1 protein as a cell contact mechanism of
N. fowleri
cocultured with target cells was observed by an immunofluorescence assay with an anti-Nfa1 polyclonal antibody. Using confocal microscopic findings, the Nfa1 protein was located on the pseudopodia of
N. fowleri
trophozoites. The Nfa1 protein in
N. fowleri
trophozoites cocultured with CHO target cells was also located on pseudopodia, as well as in a food cup formed as a phagocytic structure in close contact with target cells. The amount of
nfa1
mRNA of
N. fowleri
was strongly increased 6 h after coculture.
Aspergillus nidulans uvsB
ATR
and
scaA
NBS1
Genes Show Genetic Interactions during Recovery from Replication Stress and DNA Damage
Authors: Fagundes Marcia Regina von Zeska Kress , Semighini Camile P. , Malavazi Iran , Savoldi Marcela , de Lima Joel Fernandes , de Souza Goldman Maria Helena , Harris Steven D. , Goldman Gustavo Henrique 
Published: July 2005

ABSTRACT

The ATM/ATR kinases and the Mre11 (Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1) protein complex are central players in the cellular DNA damage response. Here we characterize possible interactions between
Aspergillus nidulans uvsB
ATR
and the Mre11 complex (
scaA
NBS1
). We demonstrate that there is an epistatic relationship between
uvsB
ATR
, the homolog of the ATR/MEC1 gene, and
scaA
NBS1
, the homolog of the NBS1/XRS2 gene, for both repair and checkpoint functions and that correct ScaA
NBS1
expression during recovery from replication stress depends on
uvsB
ATR
. In addition, we also show that the formation of UvsC foci during recovery from replication stress is dependent on both
uvsB
ATR
and
scaA
NBS1
function. Furthermore, ScaA
NBS1
is also dependent on
uvsB
ATR
for nuclear focus formation upon the induction of DNA double-strand breaks by phleomycin. Our results highlight the extensive genetic interactions between UvsB and the Mre11 complex that are required for S-phase progression and recovery from DNA damage.
CHAOS IN A THREE-DIMENSIONAL VOLTERRA–GAUSE MODEL OF PREDATOR–PREY TYPE
Authors: GINOUX JEAN-MARC , ROSSETTO BRUNO , JAMET JEAN-LOUIS 
Published: July 2005

The aim of this paper is to present results concerning a three-dimensional model including a prey, a predator and top-predator, which we have named the Volterra–Gause model because it combines the original model of V. Volterra incorporating a logisitic limitation of the P. F. Verhulst type on growth of the prey and a limitation of the G. F. Gause type on the intensity of predation of the predator on the prey and of the top-predator on the predator. This study highlights that this model has several Hopf bifurcations and a period-doubling cascade generating a snail shell-shaped chaotic attractor.With the aim of facilitating the choice of the simplest and most consistent model a comparison is established between this model and the so-called Rosenzweig–MacArthur and Hastings–Powell models. Many resemblances and differences are highlighted and could be used by the modellers.The exact values of the parameters of the Hopf bifurcation are provided for each model as well as the values of the parameters making it possible to carry out the transition from a typical phase portrait characterizing one model to another (Rosenzweig–MacArthur to Hastings–Powell and vice versa).The equations of the Volterra–Gause model cannot be derived from those of the other models, but this study shows similarities between the three models. In cases in which the top-predator has no effect on the predator and consequently on the prey, the models can be reduced to two dimensions. Under certain conditions, these models present slow–fast dynamics and their attractors are lying on a slow manifold surface, the equation of which is given.
Perceptions of Compatibility Between Christianity and Judaism in Pauline Interpretation
Authors: Campbell William 
Published: July 2005

AbstractContemporary interpretation of Paul is heir to a tradition of Paulinism in which Paul's gospel is almost universally viewed as being in opposition to Judaism. Even the advent of the New Perspective on Paul has not yet succeeded in convincing the majority of scholars that there is no basic incompatibility between Paul and Judaism. One reason for a negative response to the New Perspective is that the acceptance of this viewpoint seems (necessarily) to imply that the great Reformers were somewhat deficient in their understanding of Paul. Their own basic principle of 'reformed and always being reformed' demands, however, a critique of all traditions, including this one. Moreover, inasmuch as modern Pauline scholarship is dependent upon the 19th century invention of the theory of legalism as a pejorative description of Jewish religion, there is a resultant failure to view the Judaism that nurtured Paul, and in which he was continuously in dialogue, other than apologetically or polemically. This is because Christian Pauline interpretation tends to involve a concern for self-understanding and identity that necessarily differentiates the modern agenda from that of Paul, since this concern springs from Enlightenment categories and is therefore foreign to the Apostle. It is the contention of this essay that Paul's letters demonstrate that he was no sectarian, vilifying Judaism for the promotion of a new religion. Since Paul's identity, even after his vision of Christ, remained distinctly Jewish, scholars cannot justifiably use Judaism as a negative foil for Christian self-understanding. Christian faith as such demands neither the denigration of Judaism nor the subversion of Pauline theology into a subjective search for identity.
Apostle to the Gentiles: Constructions of Paul's Identity
Authors: Johnson Hodge Caroline 
Published: July 2005

AbstractIn Galatians 2:7–9, Paul lays out the parameters for the spread of the gospel for himself and his Judiean colleagues: all agreed that ?We should go to the gentiles and they to the circumcised? (Gal 2:9). This division of labor is crucial for understanding Paul: his task involves an intentional crossing of ethnic boundaries. Ethnicity determined the organization of the mission and Paul was responsible for the ethnic and religious "other."Here I explore Paul's construction of his identity as a Judean teacher of gentiles. Drawing on recent work in anthropology and critical race theory, I propose an approach which understands identity as flexible and multiplicative. Two principles operate within this dynamic model: 1) people shift identities according to specific circumstances and 2) people prioritize their various identities, ranking some higher than others.This model helps us understand Paul, who describes himself in a variety of ways: Judean by birth, born of the tribe of Benjamin, seed of Abraham, apostle to the gentiles, in Christ. These multiple identities as Paul shifts among them and sometimes ranks one over others serve his argument in strategic ways. He is willing, for example, to forego certain practices of the law (an important part of his Judean identity) in order to interact with gentiles (and he rebukes his colleagues for refusing to do so [Gal 2:11–14]). Yet other aspects of his identity are more important and also less flexible: his "in-Christness" (which he shares with gentiles) and his birth as a Judean (which he does not share with gentiles). In closing, I consider the implications this reading has for the identities of the members of his audience, who are simultaneously gentiles, in Christ, and adopted sons of God.
The proteasome inhibitor MG-132 sensitizes PC-3 prostate cancer cells to ionizing radiation by a DNA-PK-independent mechanism
Authors: Pajonk Frank , van Ophoven Arndt , Weissenberger Christian , McBride William H 
Published: July 2005

Abstract

Background
By modulating the expression levels of specific signal transduction molecules, the 26S proteasome plays a central role in determining cell cycle progression or arrest and cell survival or death in response to stress stimuli, including ionizing radiation. Inhibition of proteasome function by specific drugs results in cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and radiosensitization of many cancer cell lines. This study investigates whether there is also a concomitant increase in cellular radiosensitivity if proteasome inhibition occurs only transiently before radiation. Further, since proteasome inhibition has been shown to activate caspase-3, which is involved in apoptosis, and caspase-3 can cleave DNA-PKcs, which is involved in DNA-double strand repair, the hypothesis was tested that caspase-3 activation was essential for both apoptosis and radiosensitization following proteasome inhibition.

Methods
Prostate carcinoma PC-3 cells were treated with the reversible proteasome inhibitor MG-132. Cell cycle distribution, apoptosis, caspase-3 activity, DNA-PKcs protein levels and DNA-PK activity were monitored. Radiosensitivity was assessed using a clonogenic assay.

Results
Inhibition of proteasome function caused cell cycle arrest and apoptosis but this did not involve early activation of caspase-3. Short-time inhibition of proteasome function also caused radiosensitization but this did not involve a decrease in DNA-PKcs protein levels or DNA-PK activity.

Conclusion
We conclude that caspase-dependent cleavage of DNA-PKcs during apoptosis does not contribute to the radiosensitizing effects of MG-132.
The necessary future of chiropractic education: a North American perspective
Authors: Wyatt Lawrence H , Perle Stephen M , Murphy Donald R , Hyde Thomas E 
Published: July 2005

Abstract

The chiropractic educational system in North America is currently in a state of flux. The attempted conversion of some chiropractic schools into "universities" and the want of university affiliation for chiropractic schools suggests that we are searching for a better alternative to the present system. In the early 20th century, the Flexner Report helped transform modern medical education into a discipline that relies on scientific and clinical knowledge. Some have wondered if it is time for a Flexner-type report regarding the education of doctors of chiropractic. This article outlines the current challenges within the chiropractic educational system and proposes positive changes for that system.
Human peripheral blood monocytes express protease receptor-2 and respond to receptor activation by production of IL-6, IL-8, and IL-1β
Authors: Johansson Ulrika , Lawson Charlotte , Dabare Michael , Syndercombe-Court Denise , Newland Adrian C , Howells Gareth L , Macey Marion G 
Published: July 2005

AbstractProtease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) belongs to a family of G-coupled receptors activated by proteolytic cleavage to reveal a tethered ligand. PAR-2 is activated by trypsin and trypsin-like serine proteases and experimentally, by receptor-activating peptides (APs), which mimic the tethered ligand. PAR-2 has recently been implicated in proinflammatory immune responses. For example, PAR-2−/− mice exhibit markedly diminished contact hypersensitivity reactions and are completely resistant to adjuvant-induced arthritis. The present study shows that human blood monocytes express low-level cell-surface PAR-2 ex vivo, which is up-regulated upon cell purification by the mobilization of intracellular stores of PAR-2 protein. PAR-2 expression is also present on monocyte-derived macrophages, but only a small proportion of monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DC) is PAR-2+, and blood DC are PAR–. Freshly isolated monocytes responded to the PAR-2 AP ASKH 95 (2-furoyl-LIGKV-OH) with the generation of a calcium flux and production of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and IL-8. The results presented thus suggest that PAR-2 contributes to inflammatory responses by inducing the production of proinflammatory cytokines in peripheral blood monocytes.
Autosomal Dominant Neurohypophyseal Diabetes Insipidus with Linkage to Chromosome 20p13 but without Mutations in the AVP-NPII Gene
Authors: Ye Lei , Li Xiaoying , Chen Ying , Sun Hongtao , Wang Weiqing , Su Tingwei , Jiang Lei , Cui Bin , Ning Guang 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Context: Autosomal dominant neurohypophyseal diabetes insipidus (ADNDI) has been known as a rare disorder transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait, characterized by polyuria and polydipsia, and caused by deficient neurosecretion of arginine vasopressin precursor (AVP-NPII). We reported an ADNDI family with linkage to chromosome 20p13 but without mutations in the AVP-NPII gene.
Objective: The objective of this study was to identify the corresponding locus responsible for ADNDI in a family without AVP-NP II gene mutations.
Subjects and Methods: Two families with ADNDI were diagnosed by water deprivation test. The AVP-NPII gene was amplified by PCR and sequenced. A genomewide scan was performed in one family using 400 microsatellite markers covering 22 autosomes.
Results: A 3-bp deletion (1827–1829delAGG) of AVP-NPII gene was identified in the affected individuals in one family. Although no mutations could be detected in the coding, the promoter, and intronic regions of AVP-NPII gene in the other family, a maximum LOD score of 1.202999 (θ = 0.00) was obtained at marker D20S889 by genomewide scan, and a 7-cM interval on chromosome 20p13 was defined by fine mapping with markers D20S199–D20S849. Furthermore, the intragenic region that regulates AVP-NPII and oxytocin expression as an enhancer element and the UBCE7IP5 gene that participates in prohormone degradation were sequenced. No alterations could be detected either.
Conclusion: The corresponding locus responsible for ADNDI is possibly heterogeneous regarding the slightly different clinical features in these two families.
Effects of Calcium Supplementation on Body Weight and Blood Pressure in Normal Older Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Reid Ian R. , Horne Anne , Mason Barbara , Ames Ruth , Bava Usha , Gamble Gregory D. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractContext: Epidemiological data suggest that high calcium intakes are associated with decreased body weight and blood pressure. However, there is little evidence from randomized trials that addresses these important issues.Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the long-term effects of calcium on body weight and blood pressure.Design: This is a substudy of an ongoing, double-blind, randomized, controlled trial of calcium supplementation. End points were assessed at 30 months.Setting: This study was performed at a university medical center.Participants: Normal postmenopausal women (mean age, 74 yr; mean weight, 67 kg; mean blood pressure, 134/70 mm Hg at baseline) participated in this study.Intervention: Study subjects were treated with calcium (1 g/d; n = 732) and placebo (n = 739).Main Outcome Measures: Body weight and blood pressure were the main outcome measures.Results: Weight decreased by 368 ± 132 g (mean ± se) with calcium treatment and by 369 ± 134 g with placebo (P = 0.93). Fat and lean masses did not show an effect of calcium. Blood pressure showed transient reductions of 1–2 mm Hg at 6 months in the calcium group, resulting in a significant between-group difference only for systolic pressure (P = 0.048). At 30 months, the change from baseline in systolic pressure was 0.0 ± 0.9 mm Hg in the calcium group and 2.4 ± 0.9 mm Hg in the placebo group (P = 0.14). For diastolic pressures, the changes were −0.2 ± 0.4 and 0.8 ± 0.4 mm Hg, respectively (P = 0.13). In those with baseline calcium intakes less than 600 mg/d, the treatment effect was greater and did persist.Conclusions: Calcium supplementation of 1 g/d does not produce biologically significant effects on body weight, and its hypotensive effect is small and transient in most women.
Acute Hyperglycemia Does Not Affect the Reactivity of Coronary Microcirculation in Humans
Authors: Capaldo Brunella , Galderisi Maurizio , Turco Anna Amelia , D’Errico Arcangelo , Turco Salvatore , Rivellese Angela Albarosa , de Simone Giovanni , de Divitiis Oreste , Riccardi Gabriele 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Objective: There is some evidence that acute hyperglycemia (H) may cause vascular dysfunction in normal subjects. This study investigates whether acute, short-term H affects coronary vasodilatory function in healthy subjects.
Design: Diastolic peak flow velocity in the left anterior descending coronary artery was measured at rest and after dipyridamole (0.56 mg/kg over 4 min) using transthoracic color Doppler echocardiography in 13 healthy men. Coronary flow reserve (CFR) was defined as the ratio of dipyridamole-induced coronary peak diastolic to resting peak diastolic flow velocity. CFR was measured both in euglycemia (E) and after 3 h H (∼14 mmol/liter) by a variable infusion of glucose and octreotide (0.4 mg/h) to prevent increase in insulin concentration.
Results: Fasting plasma glucose increased to 14.3 ± 0.33 mmol/liter during the study and maintained variability within less than 10%. Plasma insulin remained nearly stable during H. Resting diastolic flow velocity was 18.5 ± 0.6 cm/sec in E and increased to 20.0 ± 0.7 cm/sec during H (P &lt; 0.005). Dipyridamole infusion produced a marked increase in coronary flow velocity, which reached values of 50.8 ± 2.9 cm/sec in E and 51.8 ± 2.1 cm/sec in H (P = not significant). CFR was 2.78 ± 0.16 in E and 2.59 ± 0.12 in H (P = not significant).
Conclusion: Our study indicates that short-term hyperglycemia does not affect the vasodilatory response of coronary microcirculation in healthy subjects.