bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differential effects of orthographic transparency on dyslexia: word reading difficulty for common English words
Authors: Spencer Ken 
Published: August 2002

AbstractOrthographic transparency is increasingly being recognised as an important factor in determining the manifestation of dyslexic tendencies in individuals. Recent evidence has shown that normal English‐speaking children have reading deficits in the range associated with same age dyslexic German‐speaking children for less frequently used words, and English orthography has been identified as a contributing factor. Spencer (Reading (1999) 33(2), 72–77; Journal of Research in Reading (1999) 22(3), 283–292) has proposed a predictive model for English children's reading and spelling deficits, based on orthographic features. Two main factors have been identified: consistency of sound representation and inclusion of redundant letters in English words. Using new data for reading, a unified model will be discussed which incorporates measures of depth of orthographic transparency and relates these to recent positron emission tomography (PET) research. Implications for the relative frequency and severity of dyslexia in both deep and shallow orthographies is considered in the light of such studies. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anorexia nervosa following sexual harassment on the internet: A case report
Authors: Gáti Ágnes , Tényi Tamás , Túry Ferenc , Wildmann Márta 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackgroundSexual abuse may be a risk factor for the development of anorexia nervosa. No information is available on sexual abuse through the Internet and its connection to the development of eating disorders.MethodWe report on a case of an adolescent female with the diagnosis of anorexia nervosa, whose symptomatology correlated significantly with an incident of sexual harassment experienced via the Internet.ResultsA case of on‐line harassment suffered without off‐line follow‐up is reported to have led to a restrictive type of anorexia nervosa, where the symptomatology was connected to a “computer scatology” like persecution of our patient.DiscussionA causal connection of the on‐line sexual harassment suffered and development of eating disorder is reported. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 31: 474–477, 2002.
Forbidden fruit: Does thinking about a prohibited food lead to its consumption?
Authors: Mann Traci , Ward Andrew 
Published: August 2002

AbstractObjectiveThe phenomenon of overeating the very foods that one is trying to resist is potentially consistent with both an ironic process account of overeating and a reactance account of the desire for “forbidden fruit.” These two models are tested.MethodParticipants in two studies were prohibited or not prohibited from eating a food, or they were encouraged to “choose” to avoid it. Food consumption, thoughts, and desire were assessed before and after the food was forbidden.ResultsConsistent with an ironic process account, participants' thoughts about the food increased, regardless of whether they were required to or chose to avoid it. Consistent with a reactance account, participants' desire for the food increased if they were required to avoid it, but not if they chose to avoid it. Participants did not, however, ultimately overeat the forbidden food.DiscussionNeither increased thoughts nor enhanced desire for a food necessarily leads to overindulgence. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 29: 319–327, 2001.
Child sexual abuse and later disordered eating: A New Zealand epidemiological study
Authors: Romans Sarah E. , Gendall Kelly A. , Martin Judy L. , Mullen Paul E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractObjectiveThis community‐based study examined how some women who have experienced childhood sexual abuse (CSA) develop an eating disorder (ED), whereas others develop depression and anxiety, and others show no adverse psychological sequelae.MethodsA two‐stage random community sampling strategy was used to select two groups of women: (1) women with CSA prior to age 16 years and (2) a comparison group of women reporting no abuse. Both groups completed the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI), the Present State Examination, and additional ICD−10 eating disorders questions. Information on the nature and frequency of the CSA was obtained at interview. CSA women with ED (CSA+ED) were compared with CSA women without ED (CSA−noED) and with CSA women with anxiety and/or depression (psychiatric comparison group).ResultsHigher rates of EDs in women who have experienced CSA were confirmed in this study. Belonging to a younger age cohort, experiencing menarche at an early age, and high paternal overcontrol on the PBI independently increased the risk of developing an ED in women who had experienced CSA. Low maternal care was specifically associated with the development of anorexia nervosa, whereas early age of menarche differentiated women with bulimia nervosa. Younger age and early age of menarche also differentiated the CSA+ED women from the psychiatric comparison group.DiscussionEarly maturation and paternal overcontrol emerged as risk factors for ED development in women with CSA. Although these variables are also risk factors in the general population, women with CSA may be vulnerable to ED development because these risk factors are particular domains of concern that emanate from experiences of CSA. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 29: 380–392, 2001.
On a realization problem from non‐terminal capacity matrices on undirected flow networks
Authors: Tamura Hiroshi , Sengoku Masakazu , Shinoda Shoji , Abe Takeo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe problem of realizing a given matrix on an undirected flow network has been studied and various results have been obtained. Most of these results consist of necessary and sufficient conditions for methods of realization in which the maximum good flow between the two points and the matrix components coincide. However, there are cases in which coincidence is not required as long as they are close to each other. In this paper, we consider the realization under certain conditions when values not necessarily realizable as maximum good flows of the flow network are given between two points. First, the upper and lower bounds of the maximum good flow are given. The problem of realization between these two extremes is studied and the necessary and sufficient condition is given. Next, by means of this result, we consider the problem of minimizing the difference between the given value and the maximum good flow in the undirected flow network. A realization method is studied. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 84(12): 28–39, 2001
An infinite server queuing model for assessment of the software reliability
Authors: Dohi Tadashi , Matsuoka Toshiaki , Osaki Shunji 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn the testing phase, which is the final phase in the software development process, stochastic models known as software reliability growth models are often used to quantitatively assess the reliability of software products. In this paper, we propose an infinite server queuing model as a new framework to unify the software reliability growth models proposed previously. We present a new interpretation of conventional software reliability growth models by regarding the software failure occurrence process as an infinite server queue. In a numerical example, we compare the proposed model to the general order statistics model, which is another modeling framework, and demonstrate its effectiveness. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 85(3): 43–51, 2002
Image Segmentation via Fractal Transformation: Improving Ida's Image Segmentation Scheme
Authors: You Hyunbea , Shiraki Noriyoshi , Tokunaga Ryuji 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIda and colleagues have proposed an image segmentation scheme in which a new application of fractal coding is used to iterate pixel transformations on the image plane. However, in Ida's segmentation scheme some problems remain because domains with multiple labels or indefinite boundaries are generated. In this paper, a solution to these problems is proposed, in which labeling is performed by periodic points and labels are corrected by fractal transformation. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 85(4): 66–72, 2002
A design method of 2D FIR fan filters for wideband beam forming by means of 2D Fourier series approximation
Authors: Nishikawa Kiyoshi , Ohno Hiroaki , Tang Xinhua , Kanamori Takeo , Naono Hiroyuki 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn order to realize beam forming with an identical radiation characteristic over a wide bandwidth, this paper describes a method of design for two‐dimensional FIR fan filters with wedge‐shaped transition regions. In order to provide excellent amplitude approximations in a wide range from low to high frequencies with different transition range widths, a method based on the two‐dimensional Fourier series approximation is used. The approximate amplitude characteristic of the target fan filter for which the widths of the passband and the transition band are specified in proportion to the frequency from the origin is greatly degraded at low frequencies near the origin. To reduce this degradation, the target amplitude characteristic at low frequencies of the fan filter is replaced with a rectangular cross‐sectional shape. The width of the rectangular amplitude characteristic is set such that the amplitude of the designed result takes the specified value on the center line. Design examples are given for an axially symmetric fan filter and a diagonally symmetric fan filter. Further, the characteristics of the beam formers using these filters are derived and the effectiveness of the method is demonstrated. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 85(7): 38–49, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.1106
Electrical power generation from a knitted wire panel using the thermoelectric effect
Authors: Yamamoto Naokatsu , Takai Hiroshi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThermoelectric devices have been investigated widely in order to transform a low temperature heat source to the electrical power. In this report, we proposed a knitted wire panel as a thermoelectric power generator. A thermocouple on the knitted wire panel was formed by knitting an alumel wire and a chromel wire (ϕ 0.3 mm). The knitted wire panel was set at a measurement system using a peltier cooling device, and electrical characteristics were measured. Additionally, we discuss here the characteristics of electrical power generation from the panel using an equivalent circuit model. As a result, electrical power from the panel increased linearly with increasing a number of thermocouple formed by wire knitting process on the panel. It ia considered that thermocouples can be formed easily by wires knitting process. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 140(1): 16–21, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10028
Quantitative evaluation of generator power control effect of FACTS controllers for power system stabilization
Authors: Hojo Masahide , Mitani Yasunori , Ise Toshifumi , Tsuji Kiichiro 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe advancement of power electronics technologies has significantly developed the power system stabilizing controllers. Quantitative as well as qualitative evaluation of their effectiveness in power systems is a matter of great importance for the feasibility investigation of these apparatus. In this paper, the possible control region of FACTS controllers with series and/or shunt configuration in a single machine to infinite bus system is formulated in the powerangle curve with a set of algebraic equations. The effectiveness of TCPST (Thyristor‐Controlled Phase Shifting Transformer), SSSC (Static Synchronous Series Compensator), and TCSC (Thyristor‐Controlled Series Compensator) for the improvement of the transient stability is evaluated quantitatively as a numerical example. The correctness of the proposed method has been confirmed by analysis based on the electromagnetic transients simulation with a detailed system model. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 138(3): 43–51, 2002
Sensorless control of SRM using magnetizing curves
Authors: Kosaka Takashi , Ochiai Kiyoe , Matsui Nobuyuki 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAmong various variable speed drives, switched reluctance motors (SRMs) have been found to be competitive with traditional ac and dc motors because of their simple construction and drive electronics. However, the necessity of using a shaft‐mounted position sensor is one of the drawbacks of the SRM from the standpoint of cost, size, and reliability. Position sensorless SRM drives are expected to solve these problems. This paper presents a method of position sensorless control based on a simple fuzzy model of nonlinear position‐dependent magnetizing curves. The sensors needed for the drive are one voltage sensor and one current sensor. Experimental studies using a 1.5‐kW, 5400‐rpm SRM with a 6/4 tooth configuration show that the maximum error of rotor position estimation is less than three mechanical degrees in the 1:20 speed range under any load conditions. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 135(2): 60–68, 2001
Evidence for the presence of mutagenic arylamines in human breast milk and DNA adducts in exfoliated breast ductal epithelial cells
Authors: Thompson Patricia A. , DeMarini David M. , Kadlubar Fred F. , McClure Gail Y. , Brooks Lance R. , Green Bridgett L. , Fares Manal Y. , Stone Angie , Josephy P. David , Ambrosone Christine B. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAromatic and heterocyclic amines are ubiquitous environmental mutagens present in combustion emissions, fried meats, and tobacco smoke, and are suspect human mammary carcinogens. To determine the presence of arylamines in breast tissue and fluid, we examined exfoliated breast ductal epithelial cells for DNA adducts and matched human milk samples for mutagenicity. Breast milk was obtained from 50 women who were 4–6 weeks postpartum, and exfoliated epithelial‐cell DNA was evaluated for bulky, nonpolar DNA adducts by 32P‐postlabeling and thin‐layer chromatography. Milk was processed by acid hydrolysis, and the extracted organics were examined in the standard plate‐incorporation Ames Salmonella assay using primarily strain YG1024, which detects frameshift mutations and overexpresses aryl amine N‐acetyltransferase. DNA adducts were identified in 66% of the specimens, and bulky adducts migrated in a pattern similar to that of 4‐aminobiphenyl standards. The distribution of adducts did not vary by NAT2 genotype status. Of whole milk samples, 88% (22/25) had mutagenic activity. Among the samples for which we had both DNA adduct and mutagenicity data, 58% (14/19) of the samples with adducts were also mutagenic, and 85% (11/13) of the mutagenic samples had adducts. Quantitatively, no correlation was observed between the levels of adducts and the levels of mutagenicity. Separation of the milk showed that mutagenic activity was found in 69% of skimmed milk samples but in only 29% of the corresponding milk fat samples, suggesting that the breast milk mutagens were moderately polar molecules. Chemical fractionation showed that mutagenic activity was found in 67% (4/6) of the basic fractions but in only 33% (2/6) of acidic samples, indicating that the mutagens were primarily basic compounds, such as arylamines. Although pilot in nature, this study corroborates previous findings of significant levels of DNA adducts in breast tissue and mutagenicity in human breast milk and indicates that breast milk mutagens may be moderately polar basic compounds, such as arylamines. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 39:134–142, 2002. Published 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Human exposure to heterocyclic amine food mutagens/carcinogens: Relevance to breast cancer
Authors: Felton James S. , Knize Mark G. , Salmon Cynthia P. , Malfatti Michael A. , Kulp Kristen S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractHeterocyclic amines produced from overcooked foods are extremely mutagenic in numerous in vitro and in vivo test systems. One of these mutagens, 2‐amino‐1‐methyl‐6‐phenylimidazo[4,5‐b]pyridine (PhIP), induces breast tumors in rats and has been implicated in dietary epidemiology studies as raising the risk of breast cancer in humans. Efforts in our laboratory and others have centered on defining the exposure to PhIP and other dietary mutagens derived from cooked food. We accomplish this by analyzing the foods with a series of solid‐phase extractions and HPLC. We have developed an LC/MS/MS method to analyze the four major human PhIP metabolites (sulfates and glucuronides) following a single meal containing 27 μg of cooking‐produced PhIP in 200 g of grilled meat. Although the intake of PhIP was similar for each of eight women, the total amount excreted in the urine and the metabolite profiles differed among the subjects. It appears that adsorption (digestion) from the meat matrix, other foods in the diet, and genetic differences in metabolism may contribute to the variation. The four major metabolites that can be routinely assayed in the urine are N2‐OH‐PhIP‐N2‐glucuronide, PhIP‐N2‐glucuronide, 4′‐PhIP‐glucuronide, and N2‐OH‐PhIP‐N3‐glucuronide. This work is suited to investigate individual exposure and risk, especially for breast cancer, from these potent dietary mutagens. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 39:112–118, 2002. Published 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of wave passage on the relevant dynamic properties of structures with flexible foundation
Authors: Avilés Javier , Suárez Martha , Sánchez‐Sesma Francisco J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAn evaluation of the wave passage effects on the relevant dynamic properties of structures with flexible foundation is presented. A simple soil–structure system similar to that used in practice to take into account the inertial interaction effects by the soil flexibility is studied. The kinematic interaction effects due to non‐vertically incident P, SV and Rayleigh waves are accounted for in this model. The effective period and damping of the system are obtained by establishing an equivalence between the interacting system excited by the foundation input motion and a replacement oscillator excited by the free‐field ground motion. In this way, the maximum structural response could be estimated from standard free‐field response spectra using the period and damping of the building modified by both the soil flexibility and the travelling wave effects. Also, an approximate solution for the travelling wave problem is examined over wide ranges of the main parameters involved. Numerical results are computed for a number of soil–structure systems to identify under which conditions the effects of wave passage are important. It comes out that these effects are generally negligible for the system period, but they may significantly change the system damping since the energy dissipation within the soil depends on both the wave radiation and the diffraction and scattering of the incident waves by the foundation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Earthquake‐induced floor horizontal accelerations in buildings
Authors: Rodriguez M. E. , Restrepo J. I. , Carr A. J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractFloor horizontal accelerations are needed for obtaining forces for the design of diaphragms, for the design of their connections and for the design of non‐structural components and equipment supported by structures. Large floor horizontal accelerations have been recorded in buildings during earthquakes. Such accelerations have been responsible for inertia forces causing damage to services and are a major reason for structural damage and even building collapse.This paper describes an analytical investigation into earthquake‐induced floor horizontal accelerations that arise in regular buildings built with rigid diaphragms. The paper also describes several methods prescribed by design standards and proposes a new method. The method is based on modal superposition modified to account for the inelastic response of the building's lateral force resisting system. Results obtained from time‐history inelastic analysis are compared with the proposed method. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of seismic energy demand
Authors: Manfredi Gaetano 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this paper, a method is proposed in order to obtain a simplified representation of hysteretic and input energy spectra. The method is based on the evaluation of the equivalent number of cycles correlated to the earthquake characteristics by the proposed seismic index ID. This procedure allows us to obtain peak values of the hysteretic and input energy that depend on the demanded ductility, on the seismic index ID and on the peak pseudo‐velocity. The assessment of the input energy represents a first step towards the definition of a damage potential index capable of taking into account the effect of the duration of the ground motions. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Real‐time model predictive control of structures under earthquakes
Authors: Mei Gang , Kareem Ahsan , Kantor Jeffrey C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper presents a general formulation of the model predictive control (MPC) scheme for controlling in real time the response of structures under earthquakes. The MPC scheme is based on an explicit use of a prediction model of the system response to obtain the control actions by minimizing an objective function. Optimization objectives in MPC include minimization of the difference between the predicted and desired response trajectories, and the control effort subjected to certain constraints. In this study, the prediction model is formulated using both feedforward (FF) and feedback (FB) components to increase the effectiveness of the MPC scheme. The FF loop in the prediction model is formulated using two types of input. First, it is designed using the established Kanai–Tajimi‐type model to represent the earthquake input. Second, a real‐time FF loop is introduced using an auto‐regressive (AR) model for earthquake ground motion which is constantly updated using real‐time on‐line observations. The real‐time FF loop certainly promises to add predictive and adaptive features to the control actions to account for any unusual features in the ground motion. The structural response with and without the FF and FB loops are compared. Examples are used to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed methodology. These examples show that the MPC‐based controller is effective in reducing the structural response under different earthquakes which contain distinct features in their spectral and non‐stationary descriptions. The performance of the MPC scheme is then compared to H2 control strategies for different time horizons. The effectiveness of MPC is shown to be equivalent to the optimal control. This paper lays a foundation for capturing the main strengths of MPC, i.e. computational expediency, real‐time application, intrinsic compensation for time delays, treatment of constraints and potential for future extensions in structural control. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.