bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of vitamin D3 infusion and dietary calcium on secretion of interleukin 1, interleukin 6, and tumor necrosis factor in mice infected with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis
Authors: Stabel J. R. , Goff J. P. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To study the effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 and calcium (Ca) on splenocyte cytokine secretion during Mycobacterium paratuberculosis infection.

Design
Mice were assigned to the following treatments: 1—noninfected, 2—infected, 3—noninfected/1,25-(OH)2D3, 4—infected/1,25(OH)2D3, and 5—infected/low-Ca diet (0.15%).

Animals
Male beige mice averaging 6 weeks of age and 20 g in body weight.

Procedure
After acclimation to their diets, mice in treatments 2, 4, and 5 were inoculated IV with 108 colony-forming units of M paratuberculosis. At 1, 6, and 12 months after infection, mice in treatment groups 3 and 4 had miniosmotic pumps implanted subcutaneously that delivered 13 ng of 1,25(OH)2D3/day for 14 days. Treatment 5 was included as a control for comparison with treatment 4 because low dietary Ca should increase endogenous 1,25(OH)2D3 values. Splenocytes were isolated from mice at 1, 6, and 12 months and stimulated in vitro with medium alone (nonstimulated), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), concanavalin A, and M paratuberculosis whole-cell sonicate (MpS).

Results
Production of interleukin 6 after stimulation with LPS, concanavalin A, or MpS was higher (P < 0.05) for splenocytes isolated from mice fed the low-Ca diet, compared with control infected mice 1 and 6 months after infection. Interleukin 1 and tumor necrosis factor activities were increased (P < 0.05) in splenocytes cultured with LPS and MpS after isolation from mice of the low-Ca group. Mice infused with 1,25(OH)2D3 had higher (P < 0.05) interleukin 1 secretion after stimulation of splenocytes with LPS and higher (P< 0.05) tumor necrosis factor production after incubation with MpS.

Conclusion
1,25(OH)2D3 and low dietary Ca increase cytokine secretion in mice infected with M paratuberculosis. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:825–829)
Use of adverse conditions to stimulate a cellular stress response by equine articular chondrocytes
Authors: Benton Hilary P. , Cheng Te-Chih , MacDonald Melinda H. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine the response of equine articular cartilage cells to heat and calcium stresses.

Design
Analysis of newly synthesized, [35S]methionine-labeled proteins after treatment of isolated primary equine chondrocytes.

Procedure
Primary cultures of equine articular chondrocytes were incubated at temperatures ranging from 37 to 42 C for heat stress experiments or incubated in the presence or absence of the intracellular calcium pump inhibitor, thapsigargin, for calcium stress experiments. Patterns of new protein synthesis were determined by incubating with [35S]methionine followed by separation of proteins by use of one- or two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and visualization of labeled proteins by use of fluorography.

Results
Equine chondrocytes cultured at temperature of 42 C had increased synthesis of specific proteins, compared with the profile of protein synthesis in control chondrocytes cultured at 37 C. These changes were characteristic of the heat shock stress response described in a number of other mammalian cell-types. Equine chondrocytes cultured in the presence of thapsigargin also had increased synthesis of specific proteins. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of these newly synthesized proteins revealed the changes to be consistent with the induction of the glucose-regulated protein family of stress proteins.

Conclusions
Changes in the pattern of new protein synthesis can be induced in differentiated equine articular chondrocytes by heat shock or calcium stress. These responses are characteristic of a widely described mammalian stress response that has been postulated to be involved in cellular protective mechanisms. The ability of equine chondrocytes to mount a robust stress response may be important in the processes of tissue damage and recovery in articular joints of horses. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:860–865)
Parasympathetic component of 5-hydroxytryptamine-induced pulmonary dysfunctions in healthy calves
Authors: Linden Annick S. , Desmecht Daniel J.-M. , Amory Hélène , Lekeux Pierre M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine whether a cholinergic mechanism interferes with the pulmonary response to 5-hydroxytryptamme (5-HT) in the bovine species.

Design
The protocols differed with regard to the type of pretreatment calves were given 10 minutes before administration of 5-HT (0.05 mg/kg of body weight/min, over 2 minutes). Pretreatment consisted of saline, atropine, or hexamethonium solution given IV.

Animals
6 healthy unsedated Friesian calves.

Procedure
Pulmonary function values were obtained before, during, and after 5-HT infusions.

Results
After saline pretreatment, response to 5-HT consisted of immediate and brief apnea, bradycardia, and hypotension, followed by sustained tachypnea, tachycardia, pulmonary hypertension, and hypocapnic hypoxemia. Lung dynamic compliance (CLdyn) decreased to 19% of its baseline value, and total pulmonary resistance (Rl) increased to 235%. Hexamethonium pretreatment resulted in a similar pattern of response except for the immediate and brief 5-HT-induced triad of apnea, bradycardia, and hypotension, which was suppressed. After atropine pretreatment, immediate and brief 5-HT-induced apnea-bradycardia-hypotension triad and sustained hypoxemia were abolished. In contrast, sustained tachypnea, tachycardia, pulmonary hypertension, and hypocapnia were maintained. Changes of CLdyn (59%) and Rl (138%) were significantly attenuated.

Conclusions
The initial and short-lasting response to 5-HT (ie, the apnea-bradycardia-hypotension triad) is mediated through a reflex central cholinergic pathway. The 5-HT-induced changes in Cldyn and Rl are consistent with development of diffuse bronchoconstriction. Attenuation of these changes by atropine suggests that this bronchoconstrictor response to 5-HT is partly mediated through a cholinergic postganglionic pathway. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:896–901)
Effect of milking frequency on milk somatic cell count characteristics and mammary secretory cell damage in cows
Authors: Stelwagen Kerst , Lacy-Hulbert S. Jane 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objectives
To examine whether once daily milking (ODM) increases somatic cell count (SCC) and causes changes in the proportion of macrophages, lymphocytes, or neutrophils in milk, and to examine whether ODM causes mammary secretory cell damage.

Design
During 3 successive periods, cows were milked twice daily (days 1 through 4), once daily (days 5 through 10), and twice daily (days 11 through 14); thus, each cow served as its own control. Milk samples were collected during each milking for SCC, bovine serum albumin (BSA; except days 1 and 14), and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAGase) activity analyses. Differential cell counts were determined on days 2 (period 1), 5 and 8 (period 2), and 11 (period 3) in morning milk samples.

Animals
8 multiparous Jersey cows.

Procedures
Cell counter (SCC), staining and counting (differential SCC), ELISA (BSA), and enzyme activity (NAGase).

Results
Once daily milking increased SCC (total and concentration), percentage of neutrophils, and BSA (content and total mass); during subsequent twice daily milking, SCC decreased, but BSA content and percentage of neutophils remained increased. Activity of NAGase was not affected by ODM.

Conclusions
ODM increases SCC, but this is not associated with damage to mammary secretory cells. The ODM-related sustained increase in BSA content coincided with an increase in neutrophil numbers, suggesting a causal relation. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:902–905)
Laparoscopic anatomy of the abdomen in dorsally recumbent horses
Authors: Galuppo Larry D. , Snyder Jack R. , Pascoe John R. , Stover Susan M. , Morgan Richard 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objectives
To provide an accurate and detailed description of the laparoscopic anatomy of the abdomen of horses positioned in dorsal recumbency and to compare those observations with laparoscopic anatomy of standing horses. The effects of laparoscopy and positional changes on arterial blood pressure and blood gas values also were investigated.

Design
Descriptive anatomic study.

Sample Population
Laparoscopy was performed on 6 horses (2 mares, 2 geldings, and 2 stallions) to record the normal laparoscopic anatomy of the abdomen in dorsal recumbency.

Procedure
Feed was withheld from all horses for 36 hours. Horses, under general anesthesia, were examined in horizontal and inclined positions (head-up and head-down). Intermittent positive-pressure ventilation was used, arterial blood pressure was continuously monitored, and samples for arterial blood gas measurements were taken at intervals.

Results
The main structures of diagnostic relevance observed in the caudal region of the abdomen were the urinary bladder, mesorchium and ductus deferens (left and right), left and right vaginal rings, insertion of the pre-pubic tendon, random segments of jejunum and descending colon, pelvic flexure of the ascending colon, body of the cecum, and cecocolic fold. The main structures observed in the cranial region of the abdomen were ventral surface of the diaphragm, falciform ligament and round ligaments of the liver, ventral portion of the left lateral, left medial, quadrate, and right lateral lobes of the liver, spleen, right and left ventral colons, sternal flexure of the ascending colon, apex of the cecum, and stomach.

Conclusions
Alterations in cardiovascular and respiratory function in response to pneumoperitoneum and various positional changes indicated the need for continuous and throrough anesthetic monitoring and support. Comparison of anatomic observations made in dorsally recumbent, inclined horses with those reported for standing horses should enable practitioners to make patient positioning decisions that best suit access to specific visceral structures. Development of special instrumentation for manipulation of the viscera in horses, particularly the intestinal tract, would increase the diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities of laparoscopy during dorsal recumbency. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:923–931)
Reproducibility of the blood lactate-running speed curve in horses under field conditions
Authors: Guhl A. , Lindner A. , von Wittke P. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To examine the reproducibility of blood lactate-running speed curve parameters derived by a curve-fit equation and by linear interpolation from the results of 4-speed tests of sport horses under field conditions.

Design
Thoroughbreds completed 10 test pairs with 3 to 11 days between test and retest.

Animals
7 Thoroughbreds.

Procedure
The 4-speed test consisted of 4 runs over a distance of 2,110 m. Exercise intensity was increased by 1 m/s for each run. Blood lactate concentration measured after each run was plotted against running speed to determine the blood lactate-running speed relation. By means of the blood lactate-running speed relation, velocity inducing 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, or 4 mM blood lactate concentration was calculated by a curve-fit equation and by linear interpolation.

Results
The test-retest correlation coefficient of velocity inducing 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, and 4 mM blood lactate concentration determined by curve-fit equation was 0.67, 0.78, 0.84, 0.86, and 0.86, respectively, and by linear interpolation was 0.42, 0.58, 0.77, 0.87, and 0.78, respectively. But the test-retest regression was equal to the line of identity only for velocity inducing 3.5 and 4 mM blood lactate concentration.

Conclusions
The reproducibility of velocity inducing 3.5 and 4 mM blood lactate concentration was sufficient to be used to compare horses and evaluate conditioning effects. This holds for both methods of calculation of the parameters derived from the blood lactate-running speed relation. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1059–1062)
Geometric variables and bone mineral density as potential predictors for mechanical properties of the radius of Greyhounds
Authors: Muir Peter , Markel Mark D. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine cross-sectional geometry and bone mineral density of the Greyhound radius and correlate these values with torsional failure load and torsional stiffness in an ex vivo model.

Design
3 regions, proximal, middle, and distal portions of the diaphysis, were studied. 5 levels of cross section were evaluated geometrically within each region.

Specimens
10 paired radiuses from skeletally mature Greyhounds.

Procedure
Cortical area and area moment of inertia were measured from plain radiographic views and from digitized computed tomographic images. Bone mineral density was measured, using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Torsional stiffness and torsional failure load were then determined mechanically.

Results
Minimum area moment of inertia and area moment of inertia estimated from plain radiographic views were significantly different in different regions of interest (P < 0.05). Significant bivariate correlations (P < 0.05) between torsional mechanical parameters and bone properties of the radius were identified for the distal portion of the diaphysis in particular. When independent variables for the distal portion were analyzed, estimate of area moment of inertia was entered into the model for torsional failure load as a predictor and minimum area moment of inertia was entered into the model for torsional stiffness as a predictor. Bone mineral density of the distal portion of the diaphysis was not a significant predictor.

Conclusion
If accurate noninvasive predictors of bone failure load can be identified, further study of fracture risk should be possible. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1094–1097)
Histomorphometric and angiographic analysis of the humerus in pigeons
Authors: West P. G. , Rowland G. R. , Budsberg S. C. , Aron D. N. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To identify the vascular supply and resorption/formation activity of the humerus of pigeons.

Design
Pigeons were injected with the fluorochrome label oxytetracycline and, 5 days later, with the label calcein. 5 days after administration of the second fluorochrome, a wing from each bird was infused with a microparticle barium solution immediately after euthanasia and the chosen humerus was prepared for angiography while the opposite was prepared for histomorphometry.

Animals
17 nine-month-old pigeons, consisting of 9 male and 8 female birds.

Procedure
At euthanasia, 1 wing was chosen for infusion and the barium solution was injected through a catheter in the brachiocephalic artery. Both humeruses were harvested. The infused humerus was decalcified, radiographed, and sectioned for H&E staining. The opposite humerus was sectioned and measured by use of a morphometric analyzing system to determine cross-sectional area, endosteal and periosteal perimeter, and percentage of perimeter containing a single and/or double label.

Results
All pigeons had an intramedullary arterial supply. The bones had a quiescent appearance histologically, consisting principally of lamellar bone with few osteospecialized cells, resorption surfaces, or osteons. Less than 10% of either the periosteal or endosteal surface acquired a fluorochrome label.

Conclusions
The intramedullary vascular supply of the humerus is similar in structure to the vascular supply to mammalian bones. The humerus is, however, a quiescent bone in the sexually mature pigeon, with little remodeling activity present.

Clinical Relevance
The intramedullary blood supply may have an important role in the healing of humeral fractures in avian species. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:982–986)
Maternal immunoglobulin G antibody transfer and development of immunoglobulin G antibody responses in Blue and Gold Macaw (Ara ararauna) chicks
Authors: Lung Nancy P. , Thompson James P. , Kollias George V. , Olsen John H. , Zdziarski Jacqueline M. , Klein Paul A. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To document the maternal transfer of IgG antibodies from Blue and Gold Macaw hens to chicks via the egg; to measure serum IgG half-life in macaw chicks; and to measure the ability of 2- to 10-week-old macaw chicks to generate primary and secondary IgG responses.

Procedure
4 adult Blue and Gold Macaw hens were inoculated with 200 μg of bovine serum albumin (BSA) every 21 days throughout the breeding season. Eggs laid by these hens were incubator hatched to eliminate the possibility of antibody transfer through crop secretions during feeding. Anti-BSA titer was measured just prior to each inoculation in hens and in chicks from 14 to 42 days of age. 1 chick from each of 5 macaw clutches hatched to nonimmunized hens was assigned to 1 of 2 experimental groups. Group-1 chicks were inoculated with 200 μg of BSA at 2 and 6 weeks of age. Group-2 chicks were inoculated with 200 μg of BSA at 6 and 10 weeks of age. Anti-BSA titer was measured weekly for 8 weeks after primary inoculation.
Blood samples were centrifuged, and serum was harvested and frozen at −85 C until analyzed. Anti-BSA IgG titers were measured by ELISA. In the maternal transfer experiment, an exponential decay model was used to calculate the half-life of BSA antibodies in chicks. In the BSA antibody response experiment, comparison of primary and secondary anti-BSA responses of 2- and 6- week-old chicks was performed, using a two-way repeated measures ANOVA, with significance set at P < 0.05.

Results
Hens maintained high anti-BSA titer throughout the breeding season. Maternal transfer of anti-BSA IgG antibodies was documented in all 7 chicks. Anti-BSA titer in chicks decreased in exponential fashion with an average serum IgG half-life of 3.85 days. By 42 days of age, antibodies to BSA were virtually undetectable in all chicks. The primary antibody response of 6-week-old chicks was significantly higher than that of 2-week-old chicks (P = 0.016). No significant difference was observed in the magnitude of the secondary antibody responses between these age groups. Peak anti-BSA IgG antibody responses were reached by 14 days after primary and secondary immunization. Chicks of both age groups generated lower anti-BSA IgG titer than did adult Blue and Gold Macaws.

Conclusions
Blue and Gold Macaw hens transfer IgG antibodies to their chicks through the egg. The half-life of IgG in newly hatched chicks is approximately 3.85 days. 6-week-old chicks develop higher anti-BSA titers than do 2-week-old chicks, but significantly lower titers than do adult macaws.

Clinical Relevance
Information on the nondomestic avian immune system will be useful in the development of vaccination and other preventive health programs for psittacine birds. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1162-1167)
Ultrastructure of selected struvite-containing urinary calculi from dogs
Authors: Domingo-Neumann Rebecca A. , Ruby Annette L. , Ling Gerald V. , Schiffman Peter S. , Johnson Deedra L. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To elucidate the ultrastructural details of struvite-containing urinary calculi from dogs.

Sample Population
38 specimens were selected from a collection of approximately 13,000 canine urinary calculi: 18 of these were composed entirely of struvite, and 20 consisted of struvite and calcium phosphate (apatite).

Procedure
Qualitative and quantitative analyses of specimens included use of plain and polarized light microscopy, x-ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy with backscattered electron imagery, x-ray fluorescence scans, and electron microprobe analysis.

Results
4 textural types were recognized among struvite calculi, and 4 textural types of struvite-apatite calculi were described. Evidences of calculus dissolution were described from 4 calculi studied.

Conclusions
The presence of small, well interconnected primary pores in struvite-containing urinary calculi from dogs appears to be a significant factor in determining the possible interaction of calculi with changes in the urine composition. The progress of dissolution from the calculus surface to the calculus interior appears to be largely affected by the primary porosity originally present between crystals forming the calculus framework. Apatite was observed to be more resistant to dissolution than struvite.

Clinical Relevance
The prevalence of fine concentric laminations having low porosity, and the common occur-rence of apatite among struvite-containing urinary calculi from dogs may be 2 reasons why the efficacy of dietary and medicinal manipulations in dissolving urinary calculi is greater among cats than it is among dogs. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1274-1287)
Inter- and intraindividual variability of the response to intravenous glucose tolerance testing in cats
Authors: Sparkes A. H. , Adams D. T. , Cripps P. J. , Gruffydd-Jones T. J. , Burnett M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate inter- and intraindividual variation in results of the intravenous glucose tolerance test in cats.

Animals
19 healthy specific-pathogen-free-derived cats were allotted to group A (n = 13), which was accustomed, and group B (n = 6), which was unaccustomed to having blood drawn.

Procedure
Blood samples were collected for glucose and insulin assays before and 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes after IV administration of 500 mg of dextrose/kg of body weight. Glucose half-life (t1/2) and disappearance coefficient (K), and the acute-phase insulin response (Ins0-10) were calculated. Inter- and intraindividual variability was as-sessed by calculating the coefficient of variation for test variables.

Results
Comparing the 2 tests, there were no significant differences in glucose and insulin concentrations prior to dextrose administration or in t1/2, K, or Ins0-10. However, compared with group-A cats, cats in group B had significantly (P < 0.05) longer t1/2 and lower K and Ins0-10 values, which was attributed to increased stress in these cats. Overall, the interindividual variability was 62.8% for K, 54.6% for t1/2, and 76.0% for Ins0-10. Mean intraindividual variability was 32.0 (range, 0.1 to 72.0)% for K and t1/2, and 45.8 (range, 4.0 to 179.5)% for Ins0-10. There was only a moderate correlation in results between the 2 tests (rs = 0.59 for t1/2 and K, rs = 0.58 for Ins0-10).

Conclusion
The variability in results of intravenous glucose tolerance tests in cats suggests caution is necessary in interpreting results of a single test in individuals. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1294-1298)