bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relationships among phenological growing season, time‐integrated normalized difference vegetation index and climate forcing in the temperate region of eastern China
Authors: Chen Xiaoqiu , Pan Weifeng 
Published: November 2002

AbstractPhenological, meteorological, and time‐integrated normalized difference vegetation index (TI NDVI) data from 1982 to 1993, at three sample stations, were used to investigate the response of the growing season of local plant communities to climate change and the linkage of satellite sensor‐derived greenness to the surface growing season. Results suggest that mean air temperature and growing degree days (GDDs) above 5 °C during late winter and spring, and precipitation in autumn, are the most important controls on the beginning and end dates of the growing season (BGS and EGS). In contrast, annual mean air temperature, annual GDD totals, mean air temperature during late winter and spring, and growing season TI NDVI are the most important controls on length of the growing season (LGS).Using correlation and regression analysis, simple and multiple linear regression models were developed for individual and all stations. Since the standard error of the estimates (SE) of the BGS models for all stations are smaller than those of the EGS models, estimates of the beginning date of the growing season are probably more reliable than estimates of the end date. On average, if the mean air temperature in late winter and spring increases by 1° C, then the beginning date of the growing season will advance 5–6 days, and the end date will be 5 days later. Moreover, if autumn precipitation increases 100 mm, then the end date will advance 6–8 days. In terms of the LGS models, mean air temperature in late winter and spring, annual mean air temperature, and annual GDD totals have significant positive correlations with growing season duration, whereas growing season TI NDVI has a negative relationship. Comparing the SE of different LGS models, those developed with each of the three temperature variables fit the observed growing season duration data much better than those using growing season TI NDVI. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society.
A drought climatology for Europe
Authors: Lloyd‐Hughes Benjamin , Saunders Mark A. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractWe present a high spatial resolution, multi‐temporal climatology for the incidence of 20th century European drought. The climatology provides, for a given location or region, the time series of drought strength, the number, the mean duration, and the maximum duration of droughts of a given intensity, and the trend in drought incidence. The drought climatology is based on monthly standardized precipitation indices (SPIs) calculated on a 0.5° grid over the European region 35–70 °N and 35 °E–10 °W at time scales of 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, and 24 months for the period 1901–99. The standardized property facilitates the quantitative comparison of drought incidence at different locations and over different time scales. The standardization procedure (probability transformation) has been tested rigorously assuming normal, log–normal, and gamma statistics for precipitation. Near equivalence is demonstrated between the Palmer drought severity index (PDSI) and SPIs on time scales of 9 to 12 months. The mean number and duration by grid cell of extreme European drought events (SPI ≤ −2) on a time scale of 12 months is 6 ± 2 months and 27 ± 8 months respectively. The mean maximum drought duration is 48 ± 17 months. Trends in SPI and PDSI values indicate that the proportion of Europe experiencing extreme and/or moderate drought conditions has changed insignificantly during the 20th century. We hope the climatology will provide a useful resource for assessing both the regional vulnerability to drought and the seasonal predictability of the phenomenon. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society.
Consumer knowledge structures: Background issues and introduction
Authors: Lawson Robert 
Published: November 2002

AbstractConsumer researchers have long assumed that consumers' knowledge about product concepts is organized in an associative network structure. Recent advances in conceptual cognition have raised issues beyond the classical versus prototype or exemplar controversy by identifying theory‐based concepts. This article reviews the current issues in conceptual cognition of frame theory, conceptual functions other than categorization, domain‐specific kinds of concepts, feature centrality, and perceptual representation of concepts. In addition, the role of spatial diagrams is implicated in the problem of describing consumer knowledge structures. The articles in this special issue are introduced in this context. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Categorization bases and their influence on product category knowledge structures
Authors: Rosa José Antonio , Porac Joseph F. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThis study examines the relationship between categorization bases and the persistent use of specific categories in the motorcycle industry. Categorization bases are distinguished from one another and classified based on their distance from embodied experience. The relationship between the different classes that emerge and the number of years that specific category labels remain part of the market conversation is subsequently explored. The fundamental proposition is that categorization bases that are close to embodied experience, such as perceptible properties and affordances, will give rise to shorter‐lived categories relative to categorization bases that are further removed from embodied experience, such as historical criteria and scientific authority. Market stories from published sources are content analyzed and coded, and used as sources of industry categories. Analysis reveals that four categorization bases—usage scripts, scientific authority, experiential wholes, and affordances—are associated with greater category persistence in the motorcycle market when used as the primary basis for categorization, whereas perceptible properties, metaphorical creations, and historical criteria were associated with lower‐persistence categories. The results were not perfectly aligned with a strict distance‐from‐embodied‐experience argument, and their implications for future research and theory are discussed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
“So that's what that is”: Examining the impact of analogy on consumers' knowledge development for really new products
Authors: Gregan‐Paxton Jennifer , Hibbard Jonathan D. , Brunel Frédéric F. , Azar Pablo 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThe ever‐accelerating pace of technological change has heralded an increasing number of new product introductions involving products that defy classification within existing categories. With the advent of these so‐called “really new products,” new questions about the influence of prior knowledge on consumer learning emerge. Chief among these is whether and to what extent prior knowledge plays a role in the comprehension of such products. Applying analogical learning theory to address this question, this investigation presents evidence indicating that analogy provides an effective link to the structural knowledge needed for consumers to learn about truly novel innovations. Reflecting this, subjects who engaged in analogical processing of new product information were more focused in their processing than subjects who processed the same information in the absence of analogy. Moreover, there was evidence to suggest that analogical processing itself results in the generation of positive affect. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The influence of music tempo and musical preference on restaurant patrons' behavior
Authors: Caldwell Clare , Hibbert Sally A. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThe article reports research into the effect of music tempo and musical preference on consumer behavior in a restaurant. The research investigates the extent to which these two variables influence actual and perceived time spent dining, the amount of money spent, and outcomes in terms of enjoyment of the experience and future behavioral intentions. The results show that music preference provided a better explanation of actual time spent dining than tempo, although neither variable had a significant effect on perceived time. Time spent in the restaurant was the most powerful predictor of money spent in the restaurant. Finally, the outcomes of the restaurant encounter were found to be significantly related to musical preference, but the effects of music tempo were nonsignificant. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
How to give and receive: An exploratory study of charitable hybrids
Authors: Brady Michael K. , Noble Charles H. , Utter Deborah J. , Smith Gerald E. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractMost charitable organizations can only rely on appeals to purely philanthropic motivations in attempting to solicit donor contributions. The decision processes exhibited by the targets of charitable solicitations are very different from those the same individuals use in making daily purchase decisions. Although both charitable giving and purchase contexts have been studied extensively, there are numerous organizations that require targeted customers to use a decision process that merges elements of both domains. Charitable hybrids, such as museums and universities, are such organizations, supplementing traditional revenue streams by soliciting charitable contributions, thus evoking a complex consumer decision process. For these firms, giving good service may yield an added benefit of maximizing charitable contributions received. Drawing on both the services and charitable giving literatures, a model of the consumer decision process is developed in this hybrid situation. In an exploratory test of the model, initial evidence is found that both classes of effects have significant influence on donors' intentions to give. However, in charitable giving contexts, organizational identification appears to fill a central role in influencing decision outcomes, which diminishes the role of satisfaction. The findings provide provocative evidence that further research in this setting is warranted. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
New product decision making: How chance and size of loss influence what marketing managers see and do
Authors: Forlani David , Mullins John W. , Walker Orville C. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThis article empirically examines, in a new‐product decision context, the relationships among risk propensity, perceived risk, and risky choice decisions, when risk is operationalized as the chance of loss and the size of loss. The results indicate that perceptions of chance of loss directly influence choice among alternatives possessing different chances of loss and gain, whereas risk propensity directly influences choice among alternatives that differ in their size of loss and gain. The findings extend previous research by identifying dimension‐specific effects (a) between who the decision maker is and the size of an investment's potential loss, and (b) between what the decision maker sees and the chance that an investment will experience a loss. These results not only contribute to theory, but also provide marketing managers with guidance for their risky choice decisions. The composition of a new product's risk has implications for the decisions marketing managers make, for the placement of managers in risk‐sensitive positions, and for the presentation of information to individuals with oversight responsibility for the firm's product strategy decisions. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Trusting souls: A segmentation of the voting public
Authors: Schiffman Leon G. , Sherman Elaine , Kirpalani Nicole 
Published: November 2002

AbstractWhen a 30‐year decline in the American voters' trust of political office holders and the election process is contrasted to their enduring trust of the democratic form of government, there is strong confirmation of the need to take a multidimensional approach in measuring political trust. To this end, a segmentation scheme based on two well‐established political trust measures (i.e., incumbent‐based trust and regime‐based trust) is proposed. In particular how two specific trust segments differ in terms of the time they spend on various political and election‐related activities is examined. Among other things, the findings reveal that the dual‐trusting segment (i.e., those who were both regime and incumbent trusting) were substantially more likely than the regime‐only trusting segment (i.e., those who were regime trusting and incumbent untrusting) to watch television debates or speeches and have informal discussions with friends and co‐workers on topics related to the election. There were no meaningful differences between the two segments when it came to giving or raising funds, or campaigning for a candidate or political party. However, when it came to voting‐related decision making, the results suggest that dual‐trusting individuals were significantly more likely to spend more than a little time considering how they were going to vote for President, U.S. Senate, and on particular political issues. The article ends with suggestions for future research, as well as some thoughts on how politicians and their advisers might more fully embrace the relational marketing paradigm, especially as it pertains to the connection between elected officials and the voting public. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Elections and public polling: Will the media get online polling right?
Authors: Johnson Dennis W. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractPublic survey research came in for much criticism during the 2000 elections. The greatest controversy centered on the flawed data coming from the Voter News Service exit polls in Florida. For the long run, however, a more important issue concerned the validity and media reporting of surveys conducted online. Most online surveys are pseudo‐polls, whose findings have no merit and should not be reported by the media. Their value is entertainment only. The fundamental problems with online surveys are that the samples drawn are unrepresentative of the population as a whole and the participants are self‐selected. Two survey firms are trying to resolve the issue of sampling errors, using fundamentally different strategies, and spending enormous sums of money to create truly representative panels. The 2000 election results showed that online polling, done right, can be even more accurate than traditional telephone surveys. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A micromodel of voter choice: Understanding the dynamics of Australian voter characteristics in a federal election
Authors: O'Cass Aron 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThis study focuses on applying consumer‐behavior theory to understand voter characteristics and electoral behavior. The focus is on developing a micromodel that incorporates demographics, voter involvement, political opinion leadership, political knowledge, confidence, and satisfaction. The study was undertaken in an election in Australia for a Federal Lower House of Representatives Seat. Data were gathered from a sample of registered voters, with the results showing strong support for the theory developed. The results indicated strong influences for demographics on voter involvement, resulting in a significant influence of involvement on political opinion leadership. Political opinion leadership was also shown to influence subjective voter knowledge and knowledge impacting on voter decision confidence. The findings also confirmed a strong difference in voter satisfaction depending on voter involvement. The findings have significant implications for political marketing and voter‐behavior research. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Motives, perceptions and voting intention of voters in the 2000 U.S. presidential election
Authors: Ben‐Ur Joseph , Newman Bruce I. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThe 2000 United States presidential election generated many speculations and predictions for its outcome. However, no one could have predicted the actual results and the events that followed the election. Nevertheless, it is critical to investigate and understand voter behavior in such a complex situation. This study analyzes voter motives, perceptions, and intention as reported 2 weeks before the election. With the use of principal‐components analysis and regression analysis, several components to explain voter intention in this election were found. The primary components were candidate and political party social imagery, the secondary component was political issues, and the tertiary components, candidate personality/morality and party traits/morality, significantly contributed to voter intention, though to a lesser degree. The final section of this article draws conclusions that may be useful to candidates and political party leadership. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Public symbols: Analysis of the Florida recount case
Authors: Murray Michael 
Published: November 2002

AbstractSymbols are reductionist in nature. When used to influence thought and behavior, symbols cause the receiver to hold critical faculties in abeyance. In politics symbols cause the viewer or listener (the receiver) to acquiesce and to submit to the overpowering and diminishing nature of the symbol. In the field of public‐sector marketing, the manipulation of uniquely political symbols (words, ceremonies, objects, rituals) is emerging as an important subject for study. The manipulation of public symbols in the highly dramatized Florida recount case provides an important context for analyzing how public symbols were marketed to produce desired results. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Toward an ethical framework for political marketing
Authors: O'Shaughnessy Nicholas 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThis article seeks to focus and organize the public and academic debate on the ethics of political marketing by soliciting answers in the application of ethical theory. Principal ethical theories of interest to marketing and the particular illumination they lend to political marketing are discussed. Often the answer they yield is ambivalent (not least because ethical propositions can only be argued, never resolved). It is concluded that, although utilitarians and others tip the balance in favor of political marketing practice, the strength of the contractarian critique means there is no closure in this debate. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The existence of gender‐specific promotion standards in the U.S.
Authors: Gjerde Kathy A. Paulson 
Published: December 2002

AbstractThis paper is motivated by the claim that promotion probabilities are lower for women than men. Using data from the 1984 and 1989 National Longitudinal Youth Surveys, this paper tests this claim and two related hypotheses concerning training and ability. It is found that females are less likely to be promoted than males, and females receive less training than males. The relationship between promotion and gender varies across occupations, however, suggesting that the alleged glass ceiling faced by women and other minorities in the workplace is not uniform across all labor markets. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Leadership development partnerships at Dow Corning Corporation
Authors: Houston‐Philpot Kimberly 
Published: November 2002

AbstractWith the support of its CEO, Dow Corning Corporation designed and implemented a year‐long program
matching individual senior managers with high‐potential leaders. The goal was to formally encourage the
leadership development of a diversity of employees, including women and employees from a range of geographical
locations worldwide in which Dow Corning operates. The program continued despite several severe workforce
reductions during its year of life, and it ultimately met its goals. In the course of the program, much was
learned not only by its participants but also by the organization for designing future, similar efforts.
© 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
How Microsoft optimized its investment in people after the dot‐com era
Authors: Slade L. Allen , Davenport Thomas O. , Roberts Darryl R. , Shah Samir 
Published: November 2002

AbstractEven after the dot‐com bubble burst and layoffs became the order of the day, Microsoft faced the
traditional challenge of attracting and retaining key talent. So the company embarked on a rigorous analysis of
what rewards most attracted and kept loyal the kind of people they need. And then they weighed the costs of
enhancing those rewards against the economic and other benefits of reduced turnover. © 2002 Wiley
Periodicals, Inc.
Nine approaches to organizational excellence
Authors: Hui Khoo Hsien , Chuan Tan Kay 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThis article describes various approaches used to promote organizational excellence and long‐term
business success. Nine national quality awards are presented to highlight the different emphases found in various
countries for instilling employee participation, motivation, management ethics and values, learning, innovation,
job commitment, and good working relations. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Eddie Bauer uses time as an employee benefit
Authors: Weiss Karl 
Published: November 2002

AbstractRetailer Eddie Bauer sees the need to retain good people as a challenge even in difficult economic times. One way
to do that, they have found, is to save employees time—often seen as their most precious possession. And so
Eddie Bauer offers its employees a whole range of benefits tailored to specific individual and lifestyle needs.
© 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Creative ways to empower action to change the organization: Cases in point
Authors: Kotter John P. , Cohen Dan S. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractChange can take many forms—and so can obstacles to change. And just as effective change is a creative
force, so can be the ways to remove such obstacles. Obstacles to change range from bosses who disempower their
employees to lack of information from the wrong performance measurement and reward systems to lack of
self‐confidence. But creative solutions to the problem of such obstacles are being found every day. This
article presents case studies of organizations that have found some that work. © 2002 Wiley
Periodicals, Inc.
Revcor's Journey to Aligning Performance
Authors: Reichwein John 
Published: November 2002

AbstractTo improve performance, the Revcor manufacturing company began to experiment with peer reviews. They quickly
found that defining relevant peers was a more fundamental challenge—ultimately, of strategic organizational
alignment. It developed a process that puts the employee (associate) in the middle of two critical sets
of interdependencies: hierarchical (boss‐associate‐staff) and supply chain
(providers‐associate‐customers). And then they set business goals aligned with that
structure. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Measuring the People Side of FedEx Express
Authors: Smith Scott M. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractAt FedEx Express—the Federal Express subsidiary of the FedEx Corporation—the guiding principle is
People‐Service‐Profit, whereby the company takes care of its people, who provide service to
customers, who return profit. That principle works as both management and employee actions are guided by a variety
of measured processes designed to ensure the performance that generates more than $15 billion in revenue by
delivering an average of 3.3 million packages a day. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons,
Inc.