bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Potential Impacts Of Climate Change On Human Settlement Patterns In The West And Central African (WACAF) Region: Response Strategies
Authors: Ogbuagu Stella C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Climatic conditions tend to dictate the pattern of human settlements, such that extremes of climate generally inhibit huge concentrations of human populations. For example, the polar and desert regions of the world attract the sparcest of human settlements. Furthermore, when people settle communities and initiate other social, economic and political activities, some kind of equilibrium is established between them and the environment/climate. It follows that, when such a balance is altered as a consequence of, say, climate change, serious readjustment problems can be anticipated. It is in this regard that the issue of the impacts of climate change on human settlements in the West and Central African (WACAF) region is examined.
Methodology For Assessing Regional Economic Impacts Of And Responses To Climate Change: The Mink Study
Authors: Rosenberg Norman J , Crosson Pierre R , Easterling ID, William E , McKenney Mary S , Frederick Kenneth D , Bowes Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Scientists believe that a serious change in the climate of the earth could occur in the course of the next two to five decades as a result of warming caused by the rapid accumulation of radiatively active trace gases in the atmosphere (Bolin et al., 1986; IPCC, 1990; Schneider and Rosenberg, 1989). There is concern that not only the amount of warming but the rate at which it occurs could be unprecedented, at least since the current interglacial period began.
The Impact Of Climate Change On Rice Variety Selection In Thailand
Authors: Panturat Suwanna , Eddy Amos 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with the impact of global warming on rice production in Thailand. Rice is Thailand’s principal staple and the major agricultural export crop, ac counting for approximately 18 percent of the agricultural export income for the year 1988 (Chuprakob, 1989). Approximately 70 per cent of the population depends on agriculture. Forty percent of Thailand’s total land area is devoted to growing crops, of which 62 per cent is rice. About 70 percent of the planted area is rainfed and single cropped during the wet season. 12
Understanding And Responding To Global Climate Change In Fragile Resource Zones
Authors: Jodha N S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Judging by the amount of scientific discourse, the number of political resolutions, and the interest generated in the mass media, the projected global climate change, resulting from increased emissions of CO2 and other trace gases, is one of the major concerns in the world today. This is not without cause because, if these changes continue unabated, they will have the potential to erode all of the gains made by our current civilization. The phenomenon has elicited widespread concern, considerable resource allocation, serious scientific work and numerous exercises in policy advocacy. Despite these efforts, the progress, in terms of sufficient understanding of the phenomena and concrete steps to abate and adapt to the changes they produce, is extremely slow and insignificant.
The Bright Lights
Authors: Allen Irving Lewis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The lights of the city are the ancient symbol of the contrast of city life to the dullness of rural areas and small towns. In the modern, industrial city, the brilliant artificial lights were, further, a symbol of transcendence—and deliverance—from tradition. The bright lights stood for gaiety, pleasure, and new style in contrast to the boredom and strictures of traditional social roles and ways of life. The righteous may have seen the bright lights as just a new form of darkness. But many city people saw them as illuminating the path to the good life.
Tall Buildings
Authors: Allen Irving Lewis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
City people regarded tall buildings for living and working with wonder and pride but had mixed feelings about what the new vertical City meant and how they should relate to it. The tall buildings necessitated a perceptual reorientation and required new words and extended meanings of old words. Word images of tall buildings and of the new ways of living in and around them reveal some of the popular meaning of social change in the private world of domestic life and in the public world of the streets.
The Sporting Life
Authors: Allen Irving Lewis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Other attractions of the bright lights of city life, these catering chiefly to men, were the companion activities of public drinking, gambling, and prostitution. Around 1850, the expressions the sporting life, sporting for short, or just sport came to denote, from the male point of view, the comradery of drinking establishments, the action of betting in gambling houses, and the cynical use of prostitutes. These incongruous labels emerged because competitive athletic and other sporting events became an occasion for gambling; drinking in saloons was associated with betting on sporting events and other gambling; and loose women inevitably came into the picture. A sporting gentleman had meant a gambler since the 1830s. A sporting house by the late 1850s was an establishment catering to gamblers and drinkers and by the 1870s the phrase patently denoted a brothel. A sporting lady, of course, was a prostitute, especially one in a brothel. A sportsman, or just a sport, was an avid gambler, drinker, and brothel patron.
The Emergence of New Social Arrangements
Authors: Tec Nechama 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“When you are in the forest you see individual trees. Only when you leave it, outside from far you see the entire forest in all its glory. The same happened to me. I saw much more as a tourist than the people that were there. I was amazed at what Tuvia did. I saw the workshops, the children (cries) ... I saw an orthodox Jew pray. People worked, they fixed watches, made shoes, they made leather from cowhide. People from all the surrounding areas came there to have things fixed.
The End of the Otriad
Authors: Tec Nechama 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the end of 1943 close to three million Polish Jews had perished, about ninety percent of the prewar Jewish population. In Western Belorussia this Jewish destruction was evident in the German liquidation of surrounding ghettos and camps. In contrast, within the Russian partisan movement, informal anti-Semitism seemed to be losing its effectiveness while official acceptance of Jews appeared to be increasing. The Bielski otriad continued to grow as more Jewish fugitives reached the camp. Some new arrivals had come after one or more stopovers at hiding places that for a variety of reasons became exposed. Some covered vast distances. For example, one family had traveled from as far away as Vilna. Still others were guerillas who had left Russian detachments because as Jews they felt discriminated against.
The Birth and Infancy of the NFL
Authors: Peterson Robert W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
George S. Halas, founder and long-time coach of the Chicago Bears, is often referred to as the “father of the NFL.” Halas was there at its beginning, and there is no doubt that he exercised great influence in pro football circles for well over sixty years, but he does not deserve this title. The men who conceived of and developed the first viable organization for pro football teams (they called it first a “conference” and then an “association”) were several businessmen in northeastern Ohio.
The Pro Style Is Born
Authors: Peterson Robert W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During its first forty-odd years, professional football was the raggedy step child of the glamorous college game. The pros took their cues about the rules and how to play the game from the college authorities. The major collegiate football powers were far better known and more popular than the top pro teams well into the 1930s, outdrawing the pros in their own localities by five to one.
The Television Era Bging
Authors: Peterson Robert W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are three reasons that 1950 was a watershed year for the NFL. First, professional football was finally at peace after four years of interleague warfare with the AAFC. Second, the league made permanent the experimental rule permitting unlimited substitution. The NFL had tinkered with variations of the substitution rule during World War II and in 1949 had set a one-year trial for unlimited substitution. Making that rule permanent in 1950 led to the now universal practice of having separate teams for offense and defense and the development of such specialists as place kickers and punters. Finally, 1950 marked the beginning of pro football as the television sport.
The World of the Law
Authors: Bell David A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lawyers are easily stereotyped, and the stereotypes are rarely favorable. In this respect, early modern France differed not at all from contemporary Europe or America.1 A particularly nasty 1782 critic went so far as to call lawyers “gnawing vultures who do not let their prey escape until they have fully gorged themselves.”2 Of course, a few images, generally produced by the legal profession itself, have always gone to the other extreme. In them, lawyers are depicted as a secular priesthood, the con science of a nation, and generally the thin wedge protecting civilization from barbarian hordes. Early modern France produced its share of such writings as well (Chapter 2 will examine how they in fact contributed to the formation of an organized legal profession in Paris).
Building an Independent Profession
Authors: Bell David A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The law is an old profession in Paris. Its origins go back to the high Middle Ages, and by the Renaissance, barristers possessed most of the criteria generally associated with modern professions, such as a distinct vocational identity, an established body of theory taught in universities, and uniform standards for training and performance.1 An independent bar association, however, dates only from the time of Louis XIV. Over the long span of the king’s “personal rule” and the Regency that followed (1661-1723), Parisian barristers gradually constructed a powerful, cohesive organization for themselves. It had a governing committee, a mandatory training program, and a library that also served as a meeting place. Most importantly, it controlled who could become, and remain, a barrister.
The Profession Transformed
Authors: Bell David A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two dramatic and well-known judgments, close together in time, mark an end of one era in the history of the French legal profession and the start of another. On August 6, 1761, the parlement of Paris, following a long campaign masterminded by Louis-Adrien Le Paige, voted to close all colleges, associations, and seminaries of the Jesuit Order in France. Within three years, Louis XV himself reluctantly agreed to the parlement’s decision, and the Jansenists’ greatest enemies were summarily expelled from French soil. Jansenists continued to suffer some vestiges of persecution, and Le Paige continued to detect Jesuit conspiracies in every shadow. Still, the turmoil caused by the Bull Unigenitus had effectively come to an end. By the 1780’s, Le Paige was actively cooperating with the lieutenant general de police to squelch conflicts over Jansenism, and even drafting arrets de conseil to suppress hostile proclamations by anti Jansenist bishops.
Introduction
Authors: Bartov Omer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is a study in perceptions. Its central focus is the Holocaust, but rather than providing a narrative of the event, its goal is to examine the manner in which a variety of perspectives on violence have molded European views and redefined individual and collective identities in a process of emulation, mutual reflection, and distortion. Hence the book is conceived somewhat as a hall of mirrors wherein repeated images, seen from different angles, provide a prism through which we can distill a clearer understanding of the origins, nature, and impact of the atrocity that occurred in the heart of our civilization and has become the defining event of the twentieth century.
Elusive Enemies
Authors: Bartov Omer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The discourse on enemies and victims, its effects on our conduct in and perceptions of war and genocide, and the extent to which such perceptions have in turn redefined our views of victimhood and identity can be viewed as among the most crucial issues of this century. This is an important key to understanding German self perceptions and attitudes toward Jews; French conduct in the “somber years” and subsequent conceptualizations of the nation; and Jewish self-definitions and views of real and perceived enemies. But in the larger context, the relationship between enemies and victims has broad implications for grasping the phenomenon of modern genocide, for while it molds national and individual identities, it also retains a persistently pernicious potential that has often led to obfuscation, repression, and violence, rather than understanding and reconciliation. At the end of the twentiety century, we need to ask whether we have succeeded in breaking out of the vicious circle of defining enemies and making victims, which has characterized a great deal of the last hundred years and has been at the root of so much violence and bloodshed. Since historians have been implicated in much of this discourse in the past, they would do well to think about its ramifications for their own time as well.
Apocalyptic Visions
Authors: Bartov Omer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Carl Schmitt, the legal theorist and political philosopher, whose critique of liberalism in the last days of the Weimar Republic continues to draw the attention of neoconservatives and postmodernists alike, has been called “an apocalyptic of the Counter-revolution.” Schmitt’s controversial essay The Concept of the Political (1932) presents the “political” as predicated on a friend-and-enemy relationship between and within states, the ultimate manifestation of which is the willingness to die and kill in a war against a recognized collective enemy. Without this relationship, argues Schmitt, politics, and therefore the state, will lose its meaning and wither away, thereby depriving human existence of the seriousness and commitment that ultimately makes it human.
The Earth Is Still Hot and Mobile
Authors: Officer Charles , Page Jake 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
People in Maryland knew something was up when the snows of late spring were brown, blue, even red. It was 1816, an unusually cold year. Brown snow fell in Hungary that year, and for the citizens of Taranto in southern Italy, where any snow is unusual, the red and yellow snows that season caused consternation and alarm. The world had gone awry. “During the entire season,” wrote one observer, “the sun arose each morning as though in a cloud of smoke, red and rayless, shedding little light or warmth and setting at night behind a thin cloud of vapor, leaving hardly a trace of its having passed over the face of the Earth.” In New England, 1816 was called “the Year Without a Summer” and also, with Yankee wryness, “Eighteen Hundred and Froze to Death.” As the spring wore on into summer, there were successive cold waves and frosts every month. We know just how cold because the presidents of Yale University during this period-a succession of clergymen and scholars-were willing to rise each morning at 4:30 to read and record the temperature.
... And from Time to Time Its Surface Moves Around
Authors: Officer Charles , Page Jake 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Well water grew turbid and hibernating snakes took up their warm-weather rounds. Groundwater levels rose and fell. Radon levels changed radically and sensors showed that the ground was tilting. Domestic animals behaved strangely. A report notes that “pigs bit each other and tried to run up walls, cows fought each other and pawed the ground, deer ran away, turtles were seen to jump out of the water and to make noise, and a hen was seen to fly to a tree top.” This took place in Liaoning Province in northeastern China in early February 1975. Earlier, in January, the Earthquake Research Branch of the provincial government had predicted that a major earthquake would occur in the region that month or the following month. A massive quake had occurred in nearby Bo Hai in 1969, and Liaoning Province had been laced with monitoring devices in the intervening years.
... And on Rare Occasions There Are Changes in Its Community of Living Things
Authors: Officer Charles , Page Jake 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When European settlers arrived on the east coast of North America, they were confronted by vast stretches of virgin forest made up largely of enormous old trees-the stuff of picture postcards. Today we rhapsodize over such places and seek to protect them, but to the early settlers fresh from the domesticated landscapes of Europe, this forest was a dark place, a savage wilderness that needed taming. And, practically speaking, none of it is left. Attitudes about “nature” change. Indeed, one scholar found that the very word “nature” has more than 100 separate meanings. To a geologist, nature is every thing and every process, and life is merely one phenomenon that has come about in nature. And life is dangerous. The existence of (1) the immune system and (2) the fossil record attests to this obvious but often overlooked fact of life. Immune systems, which all higher animals and most plants possess in one form or another, are in a nearly constant battle against other forms of life. The fossil record makes it clear that far more species have vanished than now live on the planet.
Bill Evans A Need to Know
Authors: Williams Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pianist Bill Evans was much aware of the freedom involved in jazz improvisation ( “the idea of doing something in music that somebody hadn’t ‘t thought of opened a whole new world to me “). He was equally aware of the sizable disciplines involved. And of the need for any artist to arrive at his own best style, a style that would allow him continued artistic development and growth.
Introduction
Authors: Smith Justin R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Parallel processing algorithms is a very broad field -in this introduction we will try to give some kind of overview. Certain applications of computers require much more processing power than can be provided by today ‘s machines. These applications include solving differential equations and some areas of artificial intelligence like image processing. Efforts to increase the power of sequential computers by making circuit elements smaller and faster have approached basic physical limits. Consequently, it appears that substantial increases in processing power can only come about by somehow breaking up a task and having processors work on the parts independently. The parallel approach to problem solving is sometimes very different from the sequential one-we will occasionally give examples of parallel algorithms that convey the flavor of this approach.
Relations between PRAM models
Authors: Smith Justin R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this section we will use the sorting algorithm developed in the last section to com pare several variations on the PRAM models of computation. We begin by describing two models that appear to be substantially stronger than the EREW model: CREW - Concurrent Read, Exclusive Write. In this case any number of processors can read from a memory location in one program step, but at most one processor can write to a location at a time. In some sense this model is the one that is most commonly used in the development of algorithms.
Generic Parallel Algorithms.
Authors: Smith Justin R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We will consider how several different networks handle many common algorithms. In order to do this, we follow Preparata and Vuillemin in [125] in defining a pair of generic parallel algorithms that can be easily implemented on the common network-Naturally, some networks are better than others for developing parallel algorithms. Essentially, they have structural properties that make it easier to describe the data movement operations necessary for parallel computations. We will consider several such architectures in this chapter. In every case, physical computers have been con structed that implement the given architecture.
Cube-Connected Cycles
Authors: Smith Justin R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the limiting factors in designing a computer like the butterfly computer is the number of connections between processors. Clearly, if processors are only allowed to have two communication lines coming out of them the whole network will form a tree or ring. Since both of these networks only allow a limited amount of data to flow through them, it is clear that networks with high data flow must have at least three communication lines coming out of most of the processors. The butterfly network is close to this optimum since it has four lines through most processors. It is possible to design a network that has the same asymptotic performance as the butterfly with precisely three communications lines coming out of each processor. This is called the cube-connected cycles (or CCC) network.
Asynchronous Parallel Programming
Authors: Smith Justin R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this section we will consider software for asynchronous parallel programs. These are usually run on MIMD computers with relatively few processors, although it is possible to develop such programs for networks of sequential computers. Many of the important concepts were first discussed in§ 7.3.1 in chapter II. Portable programming packages. In this section we will discuss a general programming system that hasbeen implemented on many different parallel computers. Our main emphasis will be on the LINDA package. It is widely available striking in its simplicity and elegance. The original system, called LINDA, was developed by Scientific Computing Associates and they have ported it to many platforms. There are also sever free versions of LINDA: a package called POSYBL that can be obtained via anonymous ftp from and a package called Prolog-D-Linda (available by ftp from ftp.cs.uwa.edu.au,with a full research report). This package is particularly interesting because it is designed to be used in conjunction with a version of Prolog (SICSTUS prolog).
The Discrete Fourier Transform
Authors: Smith Justin R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We will consider how several different networks handle many common algorithms. In order to do this, we follow Preparata and Vuillemin in [125] in defining a pair of generic parallel algorithms that can be easily implemented on the common network-Naturally, some networks are better than others for developing parallel algorithms. Essentially, they have structural properties that make it easier to describe the data movement operations necessary for parallel computations. We will consider several such architectures in this chapter. In every case, physical computers have been constructed that implement the given architecture.