bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Politics of Enlightenment
Authors: DeCaroli Robert 
Published: March 2005

AbstractMost people who have studied Buddhism to any degree are familiar with the tale of the Buddha's enlightenment at Bodh Gaya. However, Bodh Gaya was also the foremost location at which to perform funerary rites and was therefore one of the most haunted places in India. I demonstrate in this chapter that the Buddha's famous encounter with Mara (the deity who presides over desire and fear) serves as the template for all successive confrontations between supernatural beings and members of the monastic community. In this manner the Buddha himself established the precedents by which a monk or nun may subdue troublesome local spirits and, in so doing, helps to establish a social role for the ostensibly insular monastic community.
Policing the Monastery
Authors: DeCaroli Robert 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis chapter examines the relationship between monks and nuns and the supernatural beings with whom they shared their monastic residences. The Buddhist monastic codes (Vinaya) contain descriptions of legal cases that demonstrate the importance spirit‐deities held for the members of the monastic community. More specifically, they inform us about the ways in which the Buddhist community performed rites in honor of the popular deities whose images are found decorating the monasteries. The chapter goes on to examine the literary accounts of the popular deities providing services to the community in return for this devotion. In particular, these deities were believed to be skilled at monitoring the monastic community for any infractions against their strict codes of behavior and, as such, functioned to police the inappropriate behavior of wayward monks and nuns.
Confronting Their Demons
Authors: DeCaroli Robert 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe relationship between Buddhism and popular deities unquestionably changed over time. With the emergence of new forms of Buddhism, the spirit deities take on new roles and, in some cases, even have connections to specific bodhisattvas. By converting and incorporating local deities into Buddhism, the Buddhists managed to garner public acceptance and ensure continued public support and these deities remain a consistent and important part of Buddhism, no matter its form. What emerges from this study is a methodology for Buddhist expansion that depended upon interaction with pre‐existent, indigenous systems of belief.
Happiness Quantified
Authors: Praag Bernard van , Ferrer-i-Carbonell Ada 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis book deals with satisfaction analysis, the way humans evaluate many aspects of their situation. It focuses on that which precedes decision taking, i.e., judgements and evaluations, likes and dislikes, and from which preference orderings originate. Although written by two economists, the book is intended for social scientists with the aim of promoting discussion between the two disciplines. It presents methodology by which satisfaction can be analysed along the lines similar to those used by econometricians to analyse ‘objective’ variables.
5 Political Satisfaction
Authors: Van Praag Bernard 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis chapter applies the three-layer model of job satisfaction discussed in Chapter 4 to political satisfactions. A survey of political satisfaction in the Netherlands is studied, wherein an individual’s satisfaction with government policy is considered analogous to life as a whole, and satisfaction with policies on health, employment, migration, income, etc. is analogous to the breakdown with respect to life domains. It is shown that political satisfaction may be broken down into a number of satisfactions with political aspects, i.e., political-sub-domains. Political satisfaction is a significant component of general satisfaction with life as a whole.
The Impact Of Past And Future On Present Satisfaction
Authors: Van Praag Bernard 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis chapter examines the theory that the individual’s current satisfaction will depend on his or her own past experience and expected future. The study assumes that both the past and the future have an effect, and that the impact distribution is described by a mass-density function on the time axis. Estimations of the function showed that it varies its position and shape depending on age and other individual variables. The young and elderly place more weight on the past, while those in mid-life give more weight to the future.
The Effects Of Climate On Welfare And Well‐Being—External Effects
Authors: Van Praag Bernard 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis chapter examines the effects of climate on welfare and well-being. Climate is shown to be a multidimensional phenomenon with complex effects on financial satisfaction and general satisfaction. This case is considered a particular instance of a more general problem: how to estimate the effect of an externality in terms of satisfaction and monetary compensation to neutralize externality differences. Most external effects are neither completely internalised nor completely non-compensated through market income and prices. This method makes it possible to assess how far the externality is compensated, and the size of residual effects.
How To Find Compensations For Aircraft Noise Nuisance
Authors: Van Praag Bernard 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis chapter examines the monetary compensation needed to neutralize aircraft noise for households living around the Amsterdam airport. Two cases are considered. In the first case, houses with a noisy environment are cheaper than houses in a quiet environment, while there is no price adaptation in the second case. It is shown that Amsterdam housing costs do not depend on the noise, meaning the housing prices and rents do not appear to internalise the external effect completely.
12 Taxation and Well‐being
Authors: Van Praag Bernard 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis chapter examines the feasibility of a lump-sum tax based ‘ability’, defined as a function of IQ and education. Empirical research on a Dutch database shows that shifting from income-based to an ability-based taxation would not have devastating effects on short-term net income positions. Although individuals with low IQs will have to pay extra taxes while those with the highest IQs mostly gain, this effect is restricted to a gain or loss of roughly just 10% of net monthly income. These small effects are attributed to the equitable tax rates in the Netherlands, and the limitation of the study to full-time employees.
A Generalized Approach to Subjective Inequalities
Authors: Van Praag Bernard 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis chapter applies the subjective income inequality concept developed in Chapter 13 to analyse inequality in domains of life other than finance such as health, job, marriage, etc. It is shown that if satisfaction vector inequality is defined as a variance-covariance matrix of a vector of individual satisfactions, those satisfaction dimensions are highly correlated. The inequality of satisfaction with life as a whole can be defined as an aggregate of several domain satisfactions, which is a more important index to evaluating the distribution of well-being in a population than inequality with respect to one domain.
Poverty
Authors: Van Praag Bernard 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis chapter explores the poverty phenomenon, distinguishing between the status of objective poverty and the subjective feeling of poverty. It is argued that defining objective poverty in terms of a minimum income or ‘basic needs’ runs the risk that some people who are officially declared to be ‘poor’ feel ‘non-poor’ and vice versa. A multidimensional poverty concept is presented, conforming to the approach to multidimensional inequality.
Halting Degradation of Natural Resources
Authors: Baland Jean-Marie , Platteau Jean-Philippe 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis book focuses on the efficient and equitable management of local or village-level natural resources. It is divided into two parts. Part 1 provides an in-depth analysis on the optimal use of natural resources. It dwells on the “tragedy of the commons”, which attributes inefficient resource use to the absence of well-defined property rights. Non-cooperative game theory is used to examine the impact of human interactions on resource management, and discusses the implications of the privatisation of common property resources. In Part 2, the main lessons drawn from Part 1 are compared against evidence obtained from field settings, particularly traditional village societies in developing countries.
The Tragedy of the Commons
Authors: Baland Jean‐Marie , Platteau Jean‐Philippe 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis chapter analyses the ‘tragedy of the commons’, which attributes the inefficiency in managing natural resources to the absence of well-defined property rights and the regime of open access that characterizes them. It discusses the problem of open access and problem of common property, the Pareto-inefficiency of the Nash equilibrium under common property, and the Lindahl equilibrium.
Some Concluding Reflections on the Privatization of Common Property Resources
Authors: Baland Jean‐Marie , Platteau Jean‐Philippe 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis chapter presents some conclusions on the privatisation of common property resources. It argues that the property rights school confuses property regimes in which a resource is free for the taking, with other regimes where access to, and the use of resources are subject to strong internal regulations. More scientific thinking is needed to refine the different arguments on the impact of a particular property regime on the nature and forms of innovative activities, and on the role of the State.
Conditions for Successful Collective Action: Insights from Field Experiences
Authors: Baland Jean‐Marie , Platteau Jean‐Philippe 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis chapter analyses the conditions for successful collective action in the local level management of common property resources (CPRs). It discusses the problem of economic incentives, the twin issues of group size and homogeneity, the rationale and characteristics of the sanction system, and the role of tradition.
Co‐Management as a New Approach to Regulation of Common Property Resources
Authors: Baland Jean‐Marie , Platteau Jean‐Philippe 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis paper focuses on the co-management approach to regulating common property resources. The nature of co-management arrangements or contracts, and applications of co-management in various countries, particularly coastal fishery management in Japan are discussed. The success of co-management lies in its operation within a framework where the state integrates the populations concerned during the early design stages of the resource-preserving strategy. Given the ‘culture of distrust’ in relationships between the State and local resource users, development projects initiated by local or foreign donor agencies play a key role within a co-management framework of action.
Political and Social Citizenship: An Examination Of the Case Of Poland
Authors: Heinen Jacqueline , Portet Stéphane 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis chapter examines the difference in the status of men and women in Poland, based on the legal changes affecting employment, reproduction, and political representation. It covers the different types of rights, the continuity/restructuring of the public-private relationship, new citizenship opportunities and increased marginalization of women, inequalities in the right to work, unemployment and limitations on social rights, prohibition of abortion, and the impact of European integration on equal rights between men and women.
National Law and Indigenous Customary Law: The Struggle For Justice Of Indigenous Women In Chiapas, Mexico
Authors: Castillo R. Aída Hernández 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis chapter examines the ways national law and indigenous customary law respond to the struggle of indigenous women in Chiapas, Mexico for rights within the new macro-political context of multiculturalism. It is argued that certain academic paradigms used to analyse indigenous normative systems have contributed to creating an image of customary law as a harmonious space free of contradiction, and in isolation from national law. This is an image that can impede the development of proposals for reform aimed at increasing access to justice for indigenous women.
The Exaltation of Faith: The State of Current Research
Authors: Laird Martin 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
A synthesis of mid to late twentieth-century scholarship on Gregory’s understanding of faith (Dani” lou, von Balthasar, Völker, Can”vet, Harrison, Dünzl, Pottier, Desalvo). Indicates how the present study will advance our understanding of faith in Gregory, adjust our understanding of a characteristic feature of Gregory’s apophaticism, redress how we understand Gregory’s mysticism of darkness.
4 The Grasp of Faith and Supranoetic Union
Authors: Laird Martin 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
In designating a non-discursive faculty of apophatic union, Gregory is doing nothing new. This chapter explores parallels in Middle and Neoplatonism: Celsus, The Chaldaean Oracles, Plotinus. Gregory ascribes to faith many of the same qualities as others did to faculties of union, yet Gregory differs markedly in the dynamic, exegetical, and sacramental character he accords faith as an apophatic faculty.
7 The Luminous Dark Revisited
Authors: Laird Martin 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Redresses Gregory’s over-identification with a ‘mysticism of darkness’ and shows that he is no less concerned with a ‘mysticism of light’. The mysticism-of-darkness theme is grounded in exegesis; outside of commenting certain scriptural texts, Gregory does not concern himself with the divine dark but prefers instead to speak of the soul’s transformation in the language of light. Gregory does not subordinate light to dark or darkto light. This parity reflects his understanding of the relationship of knowledge to virtue.
Civil Society and Democracy Promotion
Authors: Youngs Richard 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis chapter argues that civil society’s perceptions of the relationship between democracy on one hand, and development, security, conflict and globalisation on the other, were less than straightforward. For some NGOs democracy was a legitimate political crusade; for others it was anathema to cultural heterogeneity and practical development needs; for most it was a welcome yet somewhat fuzzy dimension of international policy that was influential in orienting many elements of civil society but absent in name from their stated priorities.
Introduction
Authors: Hills John 
Published: March 2005

AbstractArgues that the evidence and research presented in this book bear on questions that are at the centre of politics, not just in Britain, but in other industrialized countries. How society’s resources are ultimately distributed and how collective decisions through the State affect that distribution are very big issues. Explains the structure of the book and its focus on how the State affects distribution through its spending programmes and through taxation, and what the public thinks of all three.
Poverty, Deprivation, and Exclusion
Authors: Hills John 
Published: March 2005

AbstractExamines trends in poverty and in wider indicators of deprivation and social exclusion in the UK. Discusses different ways of measuring the extent of poverty. Presents trends in the numbers with low incomes, progress towards the abolition of child poverty in a generation as promised by Tony Blair in 1999, and evidence on the depth of poverty. Discusses the concepts of ‘social inclusion’ and ‘social exclusion’ and shows quite how poor Britain’s record on deprivation and exclusion had become in international terms by the mid-1990s. Presents attitudes survey evidence on what the public as a whole thinks about poverty, shedding light on which measures resonate with the public and how great they think the problems are.
Income Dynamics and Social Mobility
Authors: Hills John 
Published: March 2005

AbstractPresents evidence on income dynamics, using data from longitudinal surveys that track what has happened to the same people over time. Discusses what such information can tell us, and why it might be useful in formulating policy. Looks at the extent of income mobility in the UK during the 1990s and presents evidence on movements in and out of poverty. It looks across the distribution at the overall patterns that these data reveal for the trajectories that people’s incomes follow over time. Presents evidence on whether income mobility has been changing over time, and at how income and earnings mobility in the UK compare with other countries. The final section looks at longer-term links between generations.
Distribution and Redistribution
Authors: Hills John 
Published: March 2005

AbstractSuggests that discussion of either tax or spending in isolation can easily be misleading. Discusses the combined impact of tax and public spending on income distribution in the UK, analysing differences between groups defined in different ways. Presents the distribution by income group of both social security benefits and other government services in kind – what is sometimes known as the ‘social wage’, and compares the distribution of these benefits from social spending with that of the taxes that pay for them, to see which income groups gain or lose from the combination. Examines what changes if a longer time horizon is used, and the focus is on redistribution over the life cycle or on intergenerational distribution. Finally, discusses public attitudes in the UK towards the redistributive role of government, and how these have changed over the last 20 years.
New Labour, Welfare, and Distribution
Authors: Hills John 
Published: March 2005

AbstractAnalyses the impact of changes in tax and social security policy since the New Labour government came into office in the UK in May 1997. Looks at the challenges the Blair government faced in 1997 and at what has been new about ‘New’ Labour policies since then. Outlines the key features of these policies, looking in turn at those connected with labour markets, incomes, social exclusion, and public spending. Examines what we know so far about the outcomes of these policies in terms of recent trends in poverty, inequality, and social exclusion, and at what modelling evidence suggests their impact will be, particularly on rates of poverty.
Conclusions: The Spending Pit or the Tax Pendulum?
Authors: Hills John 
Published: March 2005

AbstractLooks at the policy dilemmas created by these pressures and constraints explored in Ch. 10 in the light of the evidence in the rest of the book. Highlights some parts of the evidence reviewed in earlier parts of the book that may come as a surprise to readers and summarizes its central themes. One of these is whether it is possible for policy-makers to resolve the conflicting pressures of public desires for reduced poverty and inequality, growing demands on social programmes as the population ages, and the constraints imposed by objectives of keeping down taxation. There are few easy ways out, but better public understanding of precisely that may be one of the crucial ingredients of any resolution.
Consumption Smoothing Across Space: Testing Theories of Risk-Sharing in the ICRISAT Study Region of South India
Authors: Morduch Jonathan 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe risk-sharing and insurance strategies used by rural households to smooth consumption are investigated, using data from the ICRISAT (International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics) Village Level Studies. Self-insurance is the most important risk coping mechanism. Limits in self-insurance and high costs of risk-coping strategies suggest opportunities for institutions that can help households save, work, and accumulate buffer stock to cope with risk.
Inequality and Risk
Authors: Fafchamps Marcel 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
The impact of risk, wealth accumulation and insurance on inequality are investigated. Trade-offs exist between insurance and mobility, and asset markets and social polarization. In the presence of imperfect commitment, mutual insurance may be easier to sustain in the form of patronage in unequal societies. When wealth is made up of assets in fixed supply, trade in these assets leads to an unequal distribution of welfare and income.
The Macroeconomic Repercussions of Agricultural Shocks and their Implications for Insurance
Authors: Collier Paul 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
The macroeconomic effects of agricultural shocks are investigated. A decline in the price of agricultural exports can cause an income shock to the household, locality, and the nation. Positive price shocks may cause a temporary increase in the demand for financial assets. Output shocks, represented as variations in national agricultural value-added, did not affect output in other sectors of the economy.
Risk-Sharing and Endogenous Network Formation
Authors: De Weerdt Joachim 
Published: March 2005

AbstractA method is developed for analysing the determinants of network formation. The unit of analysis will be the dyad, a pair of households. Application of the method to data on a small Haya village in rural Tanzania showed that the formation of risk-sharing networks was influenced by kinship, geographical proximity, the number of common friends, clan membership, religious affiliation, and wealth.
The Gradual Erosion of the Social Security Function of Customary Land Tenure Arrangements in Lineage-based Societies
Authors: Platteau Jean-Philippe 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis chapter argues that economic development has eroded the effectiveness of land tenure arrangements in African village societies. It discusses the growing incidence of exclusionary practices, the diminishing role of the commons, and increasing individualization of land tenure rights. It argues that the intervention of central agencies becomes more essential as market development advances.
Do Public Transfers Crowd Out Private Transfers?: Evidence from a Randomized Experiment in Mexico
Authors: Albarran Pedro , Attanasio Orazio P. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
This chapter examines the interaction between public programmes and private transfers. It analyses the PROGRESA — a large welfare programme in rural Mexico aimed at fostering the accumulation of human capital by increasing school enrolment, improving nutrition, and health practices. The programme crowded out private transfers. It negatively affected the likelihood of receiving a transfer and the amount received.
Learning from Visa®? Incorporating Insurance Provisions in Microfinance Contracts
Authors: Sadoulet Loïc 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
This chapter argues that the repeated interaction between banks and clients allows borrowers to establish a credit record, which they can use to insure themselves from temporary liquidity shocks. It discusses microcredit contracts, and the importance of insurance for borrowers based on a survey in Guatemala. It presents a model that captures the features of microcredit contracts, i.e., the joint liability of members for individual loans and group loans. The model shows the incentive mechanisms behind microfinance contracts, and how insurance is an important by-product of liability loans.