bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Can Societies Be Choosers?
Authors: Copp David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Society-centered theory commits me to the thesis that societies can be choosers, that societies are capable in principle of making choices that can be assessed for rationality. Many will see this idea as the height of philosophical folly. They will charge it with various sins, including holism, anthropomorphism, and the fallacy of composition. Yet, as I will argue, the idea that a society can make a choice does not have any worrisome metaphysical commitments.
I divide the issue in two. First, is it possible in principle for a society to make a choice? Second, can societal choices be assessed for rationality? I begin with a preliminary discussion of societal preferences and choices. I propose a theory about the conditions under which a society would actually make a choice or have a preference. I argue that the metaphysical implications of these notions are very modest. I then discuss certain typical objections and argue that the notion of societal choice can escape them. I also claim that it can escape any skepticism that might be engendered by Kenneth Arrow’s famous impossibility argument. Near the end of the chapter, I discuss the rational assessment of societal choices.
Relativism, Realism, and Reasons
Authors: Copp David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I deal with a number of technical points that arise from the combination of the society-centered theory with the standard-based theory of moral judgment. These include points in the philosophical theory of normative language and judgment, metaphysical issues, issues in moral epistemology, issues in moral psychology, and questions about reasons to be moral. I will also address objections to the overall shape of the theory.
The Collective Principle of Benefice
Authors: Murphy Liam B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I have said that the collective principle of beneficence is a plausible principle of beneficence. at least relative to the alternatives of the optimizing and limited principles of beneficence and no principle of beneficence at all (charity). This claim is important uot just because one of our aims is precisely to find a plausible principle of beneficence. but also because its truth would lend significant support to our other main claim-that the apparent absurdity of the optimizing principle is due to its violation of the compliance condition. Having presented all I have to say about the plausibility of the compliance condition as a more or less abstract idea. I try in this chapter to make good the claim that the collective principle is a plausible concrete moral principle that could guide people’s behavior.
Political Changes and Educational Reforms in Baden, 1815-1848
Authors: Tuchman Arleen Marcia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the 1830s the Baden parliament instituted reforms that increased government control over the educational system, thereby redefining the relationship between state, schools, and society. These measures were part of a larger attempt to alter the social and economic structure of tµe state. The elected representatives sitting in Baden’s Vormarz; parliament were only too well aware of the changes in manufacture, trade, and transportation that had been transforming European society since the turn of the century. Whether they turned their gaze to England, looked across their borders to Switzerland and the Alsace region, or focused on other more industrialized German regions, such as Saxony or the western parts of Prussia, they noticed the comparative backwardness of their own economy. All around them they saw signs of change: improvements in waterways and the canal system, the beginning of railroad construction, and the spread and modernization of the iron and spinning industries. Their dream was for Baden to be able to keep pace with these developments, and they believed that by following others in lifting restrictions on the economy they would best be able to achieve this goal.1
“Matters not fit to be mentioned”: fielding’s The female husband
Authors: Castle Terry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Befitting the festive, dangerous nature of its subject-sexual impersonation-Henry Fielding’s The Female Husband has assumed a paradoxical place in English literary history. This small pamphlet, published anonymously in 1746, is the fictionalized report of the “Surprising History” of Mary Hamilton, alias “George,” a female transvestite arrested and tried in that year at Wells for marrying another woman while in disguise. Fielding knew of the case through newspaper stories and-biographers suggest-wrote his own half-pious, half-prurient account for quick cash. As one might expect, given such scandalous content, the work sold out immediately and had to be reprinted. But again as one might expect, though Fielding’s authorship has been acknowledged since the turn of this century, the pamphlet itself has been decorously ignored. Early on, Cross mentioned it as one of Fielding’s “trifles,” but did not describe its subject. F. Homes Dudden in turn called it a “mere piece of hackwork” and implied it was unworthy of its author. Pat Rogers is more charitable, but still treats The Female Husband only briefly, as a “sensational potboiler.” Until very recently a guarded 1959 article by Sheridan Baker-concerned mainly with the stylistic attribution of the piece to Fielding-remained the longest critical discussion in print.1 Like its phantasmagoric, impudent heroine, The Female Husband has existed, it seems,
Spectral Politics: Apparition Belief and the Romantic Imagination
Authors: Castle Terry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Why do we no longer believe in ghosts? In his nostalgic celebration The Book of Dreams and Ghosts (1897), Andrew Lang blamed the skeptical eighteenth century: “the cock-sure common-sense of the years from 1650 to 1850, or so, regarded everyone who had an experience of a hallucination as a dupe, a lunatic, or a liar.” Enlightenment thinking-to put it bluntly-made spirits obsolete. Keith Thomas takes up a similar theme in Religion and the Decline of Magic (1971), but develops it rather more ingeniously. Men and women of the eighteenth century “stopped seeing ghosts,” he asserts, not so much because ghosts came to seem “intellectually impossible” (though this was certainly the case) but because ghosts gradually lost their “social relevance.”3 In traditional English society, he suggests, the belief in apparitions performed a powerful community function. The idea that spirits of the dead might come back to haunt murderers, locate stolen objects, enforce the terms of legacies, expose adulterers, and so on, functioned as a kind of implicit social control-a restraint on aggression and a “useful sanction for social norms.”
Living the Jazz Life
Authors: Stokes W Royal 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
W. Royal Stokes' The Jazz Scene (OUP-USA 1991) was highly praised as an oral history of jazz, which, said famous jazz writer Stanley Dance, "put together a kind of mosaic that effectively illustrated the whole subject in a novel and informative way." His new collection, Jazz Profiles, follows the same successful model, but deals with jazz oral history in some significantly different ways. Stokes' interviews strongly focus on how the different musicians got involved with jazz when young and how their careers developed from an early age. This presents a wonderful range of perspectives on what makes jazz musicians. In the book, too, a number of prominent women musicians discuss their jazz careers and describe the obstacles they had to overcome and the problems of being a woman in the jazz world. They include three prominent jazz singers: DeeDee Bridgwater, Shirley Howe, and Diane Kral. Women instrumentalists - especially those performing on such "suspect" jazz instruments as harp (Dorothy Ashley) and violin (Regina Carter) - have had an even more difficult career path. The interviews in the book break down into a series of jazz-related subjects - jazz families, early jazz pioneers, saxophonists and pianists and string players, singers, jazz composers, jazz musicians beyond the US, blues players, and comics - the last being discussions with Steve Adler and Bill Cosby about their intense involvement with jazz. In their accounts of their careers, these musicians provide great insight not only into their own careers but into the nature of jazz itself and how it has attracted and sustained its players. The subjects cover the entire history of jazz - from its early days, in the 1920s and before, to the present, for Stokes is particularly good at eliciting stories from promising young musicians who are just building their careers now. But the book presents a broad perspective of jazz in all its aspects and of the talented people who have made it successful.
The Untranslatability of A-Sentences by Tenseless Token-Reflexive Sentences
Authors: Smith Quentin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this section I first explain the old and new token-reflexive theories of A-sentences and then show that the new theory reduces, on pain of self-contradiction, to the old theory. This reduction will simplify my argument in the remaining sections of this chapter, which will need be directed only against the old token-reflexive theory. The old token-reflexive theory of A-sentences is usually regarded as originating in 1947 with Hans Reichenbach’s Elements of Symbolic Logic.
Absolute Presentness and the Special Theory of Relativity
Authors: Smith Quentin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
7.1 The Special Theory of Relativity
Presentism implies that every state of affairs is of a form such as Presentness-inheresin-such-and-such or Presentness-inheres-and-always-will-inhere-in-such-and-such. This implies that states of affairs are not of such form as Presentness-inheres-insuch-and-such-relativity-to-a-reference-frame-R or Presentness-inheres-and-alwayswill-inhere-in-such-and-such-relativity-to-a-reference-frame-R. In other words, presentism entails that presentness inheres in events absolutely, not relatively to a reference frame. The presentness of events is an absolute presentness. Using the metaphor of a “tide of becoming,” we may say that presentism is the theory that there is a single, universewide “absolute tide of becoming,” instead of many criss-crossing tides of becoming, one for each reference frame.
Introduction to the Amazon
Authors: Henderson Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are various ways to define and delimit the Amazon in order to convey it as a natural, biogeographic region. Within Brazil it is sometimes defined as Amazonia Legal (Legal Amazon; see Mahar, 1989), but this is a political and economic entity that not only excludes the Amazon regions of adjacent countries, but also includes large areas of non-Amazon vegetation in the south. The watershed of the Amazon river and its tributaries is a better definition, but this excludes large areas of Amazon rain forest in the Guianas and Venezuela that are drained by other rivers, and again includes non-Amazon vegetation in the south. I have therefore followed the floristic criteria of Daly and Prance (1989) and defined the area, henceforth referred to as the Amazon region, as the extent of the lowland rain forest, roughly corresponding to Humboldt’s hylaea(a term that has come to mean the lowland rain forest, adapted by Humboldt from the Greek word hyle,meaning “forest”). This is a phytogeographic definition, and in the distribution maps used here the area is delimited by the dotted line. The western margin is the 500 m contour of the Andes, and the eastern margin is the Atlantic Ocean. As pointed out by Daly and Prance, however, the northern and southern limits of the lowland rain forest are difficult to define, for several reasons. All along the periphery of the region there are transitions to other vegetation types, and the boundaries between these are not always clear. In Colombia, I use the Rio Meta as northern boundary rather than the Rio Guaviare, in order to include the gallery forests of Vichada. Ducke and Black (1953) noted: “The only natural limits of Amazonia are the Atlantic and the Andes; on the north and south extremes the rain forest is gradually replaced by the flora of the neighboring countries.” The Amazon region thus includes, from the northeast, all of French Guiana, Surinam, and Guyana; southern Venezuela; southeastern Colombia; eastern Ecuador; eastern Peru; northeastern Bolivia; and all of northern Brazil (Figure 1.1). This is an enormous area of over 6.5 million km
The ldeality of Matter
Authors: Van Cleve James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The First and Second Antinomies, together known as the Mathematical Antinomies, are advanced by Kant as a reductio ad absurdum of transcendental realism and thereby a proof of his own transcendental idealism. The First Antinomy is concerned with the extent of the world in space and time; the Second, with the composition of matter. In this chapter I focus on the Second Antinomy, though much of what I say applies to the First Antinomy as well. In chapter 13 I say something explicitly about the First Antinomy and the structure of the Antinomies generally.
Noumena and Things in Themselves
Authors: Van Cleve James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For Kant, things in themselves are things that exist independent of human cognition; they do not depend on human beings either for their existence or for their being the way they are. Appearances, on the other hand, are things that exist only in being apprehended, and they do owe at least some of their features to the character of our cognitive apparatus.
Is There Such a Thing As Certainty?
Authors: Stroll Avrum 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Under the heading “Shaking Us Up” there appeared in the Los Angeles Times of June 18, 1988 the following editorial: Among the many surprises that the 20th century has produced is the discovery that there is no certainty-not even in mathematics. From the time of the ancient Greeks until 1931 it had been assumed that mathematics, a purely logical system based on self-evident axioms, was as solid as anything could be. Mathematics was taken as the epitome of thought and as a model for what thinking should be. At the turn of this century the great number theorist David Hilbert declared, “In mathematics there is no ignorabimus We must know, we will know.”
Ownership and the Structure of the Economy
Authors: Christman John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I have established that to own something is a complex phenomenon, but not so complex as to be meaningless. I now tum to the economic ramifications of ownership, in particular, the relation between liberal ownership and free economic markets. I will specify more precisely the conditions of liberal ownership, though the general idea was spelled out in the last chapter. Given what was said there, one might think it obvious, as many assume implicitly, that there is a simple and close relation between liberal ownership and competitive markets for goods. But as one begins to consider the analytical conditions of markets—perfectly competitive and otherwise—it becomes clear that this relation is actually quite complex. Indeed, it turns out that liberal ownership is neither necessary nor sufficient for competitive markets, and that they give rise to one another only when fairly robust (and contentious) assumptions are made about both the environment and individual motivations.
Toward an Egalitarian Theory of Ownership
Authors: Christman John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I hope to have accomplished, to some extent, the dual tasks of rejecting the liberal conception of ownership and of suggesting an alternative picture. I now show the usefulness of this alternative model of ownership more directly, specifically, how it makes a contribution to the development of egalitarian principles of social and economic justice. The entire task of working out an acceptable egalitarian theory would include, of course, providing a blueprint for the legal and economic institutions of a society. This cannot be done here, and certainly not by me. All I can contribute to this project is a discussion of ways that the control ownership/income ownership distinction should be utilized in the development of such a picture of society.
Reflections on mr. Cowleys words
Authors: Wilson Carol Shiner 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For diffrent tongs our Babell folly tell, And Cloaths shew forth the cause for which we fell. But to return; I march’d up to the gate, Which opens to the virgins Room of state, Before this gate, were two large banners spread On which heavn’s conquest were imbrodered, For which those maids their due thanksgiving paid.
Faith Seeking Understanding
Authors: Westphal Merold 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During my senior year m high school my English teacher decided, I know not why, that I should read Plato’s Republic. She set it up as a special project for me, which I attacked with vigor but without much success. Lacking someone to help me see what was going on in the text, I easily worked my way through its minefields without triggering any explosions of insight. My seduction by philosophy did not begin with love at first sight.
The Ethics of Biomedical Research
Authors: Brody Baruch A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book analyses the major issues of research ethics through a careful review of the treatment in official policies on research ethics developed throughout the world (especially North America, Western Europe, and the Pacific Rim). Among the issues covered are animal research, research on human subjects, epidemiological research, genetic research, reproductive research, research on vulnerable subjects, clinical trials, drug approval and the reserch process, and research on women and minorities. Brody also evaluates the content and the methods of developing these policies in light of his philosophical position of pluralistic casuistry. This is the only book that analyses all the major issues in research ethics. It is the only book which deals with these issues from an international perspective rather than just a US perspective. Major official policies from important research-intensive countries are reprinted in the appendix (close to 200 plates of otherwise difficult material).
Williams: One Thought Too Many
Authors: Nagel Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the past decade Bernard Williams has attacked the objectivity of ethics with mounting intensity. He denies that ethics can tell us the truth about what to do and how to live by discovering principles that are revealed when we regard our lives and our societies not from a subjective or individual standpoint but from a detached, impartial one. Such a standpoint would be the analogue in the domain of choice and action of the objectivity pursued in science by detachment from each individual’s perception of the world. Scientific detachment enables us to form a conception of how the world is in itself, rather than how it looks from here—or even how it generally appears to creatures like us.
MacIntyre versus the Enlightenment
Authors: Nagel Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Every human endeavor has a history, and those engaged in it are faced with the question of how to relate their present engagement to that history, including its eventual comprehension of the present. Excessive historical self-consciousness can be crippling, but some measure of it is unavoidable, and its problems are especially acute in the field of ethics. In thinking about questions of right and wrong, any reflective person knows perfectly well that his conception of the issues, of the relevant arguments, of the place of the burden of proof, is strongly influenced by the moral climate that surrounds him. Yet he cannot simply accept this without qualm, in the way he can accept the influence of a linguistic culture on the sense of grammar, usage, and style that guides the choice of his words. We want to write and speak well within the language of our place and time, but there is no right language. By contrast, merely to act well by the standards of some morality is not enough: one would have to be very morally lazy to be unconcerned with the possibility that the prevailing morality of one’s culture had something fundamentally wrong with it.
Monte Carlo and Molecular Dynamics Simulations in Polymer Science
Authors: Binder Kurt 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Written by leading experts from around the world, Monte Carlo and Molecular Dynamics Simulations in Polymer Science comprehensively reviews the latest simulation techniques for macromolecular materials. Focusing in particular on numerous new techniques, the book offers authoritative introductions to solutions of neutral polymers and polyelectrolytes; dynamics of polymer melts, rubbers and gels, and glassy materials; thermodynamics of polymer mixing and mesophase formation, and polymers confined at interfaces and grafted to walls. Throughout, contributors offer practical advice on how to overcome the unique challenges posed by the large size and slow relaxation of polymer coils. Students and researchers in polymer chemistry, polymer physics, chemical engineering, and materials and computational science will all benefit from the cogent, step-by-step introductions contained in this important new book.
Responsibilities and Principles: Reflections on the Sources of Moral Dilemmas
Authors: Mason H E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Moral conflict has long been prominent in the attempts of philosophers to understand morality. It was recognized by Plato, celebrated by Hegel, and, more recently, taken as a commonplace by a variety of non-cognitivist moral theorists. Moral dilemmas are no more than a special case of moral conflict, but they are of particular interest because they exhibit the possibility of conflict within the moral consciousness of a single individual. It is one thing for a person to recognize that others might fundamentally disagree with his moral stands, quite another to experience apparently irresolvable conflicts in his own mind. In recent years, philosophers have given a good bit of attention to moral dilemmas. Taking dilemmas as standing in the way of a well-conceived and practically useful moral philosophy, they have wondered how a genuine dilemma could be possible. In this paper I will take another tack. Taking dilemmas as a fundamental fact of moral life, I will ask what their possibility can teach us about that form of life. I will give special attention to some of the varying circumstances in which they arise, and the form they take in those circumstances. I will in light of those reflections offer several general speculations about the concept of morality assumed in much of the controversy over the possibility of moral dilemmas.
On Being an Editor and Becoming a Critic
Authors: Kammen Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Early in 1919 a friend found Seldes a job writing editorials for Collier’s shortly before the Crowell publishing firm took over that weekly magazine from the Whitney family. At Collier’s hemet Finley Peter Dunne, who came to the office once a week to drop off the latest folk wisdom of Mr. Dooley. Writing his memoirs in the mid-1960s, Seldes believed that “the Crowell people kept me on, reluctantly, as a symbol of continuity, perhaps, with the old regime; I am sure they would have fired me shortly—but the offer from The Dial intervened and I was saved.” He referred to the pre-eminent journal of literature and art published in the United States during the 1920s.