bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Working Distances at a 1:1 Reproduction Ratio for Seven Popular 35‐mm Dental Camera Systems
Authors: Chuman Ted A. , Hummel Susan K. , Bokmeyer Tim J. 
Published: March 2005

Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of seven camera systems in producing accurate intraoral images.Materials and Methods Seven camera systems marketed for use in clinical dentistry were compared in terms of their working distances at a 1:1 reproduction ratio.Results Each of the systems provided slides of acceptable quality for both direct view and indirect buccal mirror view when used with the customary 90‐mm to 105‐mm focal‐length lenses and the electronic flash units appropriate for each model. Using the manufacturers' recommended settings for each exposure, some differences in the quality of the resulting slides were noted. The color slides produced by three of the camera systems were slightly underexposed, but still clinically acceptable.Conclusion The camera systems with longer working distances, especially for the indirect buccal mirror view and when using the lateral flash, permit the photographer to position the camera with greater ease so that the slide image is an acceptable reproduction of the actual clinical view.
Evaluation of the Accuracy of Solid Implant Casts
Authors: Wee Alvin G. , Schneider Robert L. , Aquilino Steven A. , Huff Thomas L. , Lindquist Terry J. , Williamson Derrick L. 
Published: March 2005

Purpose Materials used to fabricate the most dimensionally accurate implant casts have not been identified experimentally. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the dimensional accuracy of implant casts fabricated with different materials. Measurements of linear horizontal dimensional change and strain produced on a master framework were evaluated and correlated.Materials and Methods A master framework was fabricated to fit an aluminum five‐implant model. Forty polyether implant impressions of the aluminum model were randomly grouped and poured in either Vel‐mix, Die Keen, Resin Rock, or Low Fusing Alloy. A digital veneer caliper was used to measure linear distance between the most distal abutments on each of the experimental implant casts and the master model. In addition, strain values were recorded from strain gauges bonded in the mesiodistal axis of the framework, which was secured by prosthetic retaining screws torqued to 10 Ncm.Results A one‐way ANOVA showed a significant difference among the four die materials in dimensional change of the experimental casts (p= .0001). A post‐hoc Duncan's multiple‐range test (p < .05) showed that casts fabricated with Low Fusing Alloy had the least linear dimensional change from the master cast, but the material exhibited the greatest dimensional variability. A MANOVA (Wilks' Lambda) showed significant differences in strain on the framework based upon die material (p= .015). A post‐hoc Duncan's multiple‐range test (p < .05) showed that Resin Rock casts induced significantly less strain on the framework than the other materials. Negligible correlation was found between the linear horizontal dimensional change and the total absolute strain on the framework.Conclusion Experimental implant casts made of Resin Rock minimized strain on the master framework and decreased the amount of framework distortion on casts of this material. Low Fusing Alloy yielded accurate casts, but highly variable linear dimensional changes in the horizontal dimension may preclude its clinical benefit.
Effect of Polymerization Mode on Bond Strengths of Resin Adhesive/Cement Systems
Authors: Swift Edward J. , May Kenneth N. , Wilder Aldridge D. 
Published: March 2005

Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of resin adhesive/cement system primer and cement polymerization mode (auto‐ vs dual‐polymerized) on the shear bond strength to dentin.Materials and Methods Dentin surfaces of 90 bovine teeth were polished to 600 grit. The dentin was etched for 15 seconds with phosphoric acid, rinsed, and blotted. Three adhesive systems, All‐Bond 2, Prime & Bond 2.1 Dual‐Cure, or Scotchbond Multi‐Purpose Plus, were applied. Three primer polymerization methods were used with each system: dual‐polymerized, autopolymerized, or strictly following manufacturers' recommendations. Resin cements, which were also either auto‐ or dual‐polymerized, were applied to dentin using gelatin capsules. Shear bond strengths were determined using an Instron universal testing machine.Results The greatest bond strength, 15.4 MPa, was found with the Scotchbond system when the primer was dual‐polymerized and the cement was autopolymerized. The lowest bond strength, 7.5 MPa, was found with All‐Bond 2/Duo‐Link, when the primer and cement were dual‐polymerized. The autopolymerization mode produced the highest mean bond strength for All‐Bond 2, while dual‐polymerization of primer and cement resulted in the highest mean bond strength for Prime & Bond 2.1. Scotchbond Multi‐Purpose Plus was least affected by the polymerization method. Two‐way ANOVA showed that the interaction between the type of adhesive system and the method of polymerization significantly influenced bond strength (p= .0001).Conclusions The effect of the primer polymerization method on ultimate bond strength was different for each adhesive system evaluated. More research is needed to elucidate the interaction between adhesive system and method of polymerization on bonding of resin cements to dentin.
Dental Cutting with Diamond Burs: Heavy‐Handed or Light‐Touch?
Authors: Siegel Sharon Crane , Fraunhofer Joseph Anthony 
Published: March 2005

PurposeThe cutting efficiency of diamond dental burs using different handpiece loads was evaluated against simulated enamel, a machinable glass ceramic (Macor).Materials and MethodsAn ultra‐high‐speed dental handpiece was mounted in a frictionless bearing so that the pressure applied at the contact interface between the dental bur and the cutting substrate was controlled. One type of coarse‐ and two types of medium‐grit diamond burs were studied. Handpiece loads of 44,91.5, and 183 g were applied at the bur/Macor interface, and cutting efficiency was determined as the amount of Macor removed in ten 30‐second‐duration cuts that were 4 mm in length. The data were analyzed by one‐way ANOVA and a post‐hoc Scheffé test at an a priori α= 0.05.ResultsCutting efficiency depended on both the diamond grit of the bur and the load applied to the handpiece.ConclusionThe pressure used by most dentists, about 100 g at the bur tip, appears to be optimal for medium‐grit burs. If the pressure applied to the handpiece is markedly increased, there was no increase in cutting efficiency for medium‐grit burs. In contrast, an increased handpiece pressure raises the cutting efficiency of coarse‐grit burs but the effect of this enhanced rate of cutting on the pulpal tissues is uncertain. Cutting efficiency also appeared to be dependent on debris accumulation between the diamond chips.
Long‐Term Reliability of Semiadjustable Articulator Interchangeability
Authors: Price Richard B. T. , Mansfield W. Michael 
Published: March 2005

PurposeInterchangeability between articulators allows mounted casts to be accurately transferred from one articulator to another. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the interchangeability of Whip‐Mix model #2240 articulators (Whip‐Mix Corporation, Louisville, KY) that had been in clinical use for between 1 and 6 years.Materials and MethodsForty‐six Whip‐Mix model #2240 articulators that had been in clinical use by students, practitioners, or laboratory technicians for between 1 and 6 years were evaluated for interchangeability using the Whip‐Mix #2245 check system. The horizontal tolerance of the check system was 94 μm. The articulators were also evaluated in the vertical dimension at four locations around the check system cylinders using 26‐μm shimstock. Vertical discrepancies between the cylinders were recorded as the thickness of 0, 1, 2, or more than 2 pieces of shimstock.ResultsThirty‐eight of the articulators (83%) passed the test for interchangeability. These articulators were interchangeable with other Whip‐Mix model #2240 articulators fabricated over a 5½‐year period (December 1990 to August 1996). In the vertical dimension, most articulators had discrepancies 26 μm. Three articulators (6.5%) had vertical discrepancies greater than 52 μm.Conclusions(1) Eighty‐three percent of Whip‐Mix model #2240 articulators that had been in clinical use for between 1 and 6 years remained interchangeable within a tolerance of 94 μm in the horizontal dimension. (2) Only three articulators in this study (6.5%) had a vertical discrepancy at any location between the cylinders greater than 52 μm. (3) The model #2240 articulator has the potential to remain interchangeable during clinical use.
Effect of Toothbrushing on Elemental Release from Dental Casting Alloys
Authors: Wataha John C. , Lockwood Petra E. , Frazier Kevin B. , Khajotia Sharukh S. 
Published: March 2005

PurposeThis study assessed the effect of toothbrushing on the elemental release from common dental casting alloys.Materials and MethodsA Au‐Pt high‐noble alloy, a Au‐Pd high‐noble alloy, a Pd‐Cu‐Ga noble alloy, and a Ni‐Cr base‐metal alloy were placed into a biological medium for 1 week to allow equilibration of elemental release, then brushed for 30 minutes at 90 strokes/min under 200 g of force with a soft toothbrush. The brushing was performed in neutral saline or lactic acid at pH 4 with or without toothpaste. The alloys were then transferred back into a biological medium for 1 week. Atomic absorption spectroscopy was used to measure the mass lost from each alloy during and in the week after brushing. Mass loss was expressed as micrograms per square centimeter of alloy surface, and the various brushing conditions were compared by analysis of variance and Tukey multiple comparison intervals (α= 0.05).ResultsDuring brushing, element release increased significantly over nonbrushed controls for all alloys except the Ni‐Cr. Toothpastes, acidic solutions, or combinations of these conditions with toothbrushing further enhanced elemental release, but Ni release from the Ni‐Cr alloy increased the most (30‐fold). In the week after brushing, brushing alone increased elemental release only from the Ni‐Cr alloy. However, toothpastes and acidic solutions increased elemental release for all alloys significantly, except for the Au‐Pd alloy. In general, elemental release during brushing was far greater than in the week after brushing.ConclusionsUnder the conditions of this study, toothbrushing increased the elemental release from dental casting alloys.
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN PRIMARY PLANT CELL WALL ARCHITECTURE AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES FOR ONION BULB SCALE EPIDERMAL CELLS
Authors: HEPWORTH DAVID G. , BRUCE DAVID M. 
Published: March 2005

ABSTRACT This article investigates onion epidermal tissue (Allium cepa) using a combination of mechanical testing, microscopy and modeling and relates tissue mechanical properties to the known structure of the cell walls. Onion epidermal tissue has a simple, regular structure of elongated cells, which have been used to enable the contributions to mechanical properties of cell walls and of higher order structures to be separated and analyzed. Two models of wall behavior were used to explore how Poisson's ratio of cell walls parallel to the plane of the epidermal surface may vary with applied strain. In the first model, cellulose microfibrils can be reorientated in an unrestricted way with the result that the cell wall volume decreases. In the second model the volume of the cell wall remains constant, which controls the reorientation of microfibrils, hence the Poisson's ratio. Measurements made from uniaxially stretched cells show that the data most closely fits model I, therefore, it is concluded that the bulk of the matrix has little influence on the observed mechanical properties (at a test rate of 1 mm/min), allowing cellulose microfibrils to reorient through the matrix in an unrestricted way during uniaxial tests. In its mechanical attributes the primary cell wall resembles more a knitted cloth than a semisolid composite material. When biaxial stretching is applied to tissue, so that there is no re‐orientation of microfibrils, the cell wall material is still able to reach surprisingly large elastic strains of up to 12.5% and no plastic deformation was recorded. Current theory suggests that cellulose microfibrils can stretch elastically by a maximum of 7%, therefore further work is required to identify mechanisms that could account for the extra elastic strain.
RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF COHESION AND ADHESION FOR SENSORY STICKINESS OF SEMISOLID FOODS
Authors: DUNNEWIND B. , JANSSEN A.M. , VAN VLIET T. , WEENEN H. 
Published: March 2005

ABSTRACT Sensory stickiness (sticky mouthfeel) was hypothesized to result from the viscoelastic and adhesive properties of a foodstuff. The objective of the present study was to investigate the relative importance of these two properties. Measurements consisted of compression – decompression cycles on a texture analyzer, with product, type of surface, the presence or absence of saliva and compression regime as variables. Products included commercial mayonnaises, custard desserts and warm sauces, varying in apparent viscosity (at shear rate of 10 s

−1

) between 0.3 and 18.3 Pa.s. Fairly good models were obtained, predicting sensory stickiness with R2 = 0.85–0.92. The predictive value of the mathematical models did not increase when the surface characteristics approached those of the human tongue (use of porcine lingual mucosa). Different surfaces or the use of saliva resulted in differences in the absolute values of the parameters, but their relative values when comparing different products did not change. The parameters appearing in the predictive models represented product characteristics only. The type of surface was not an important factor in determining differences in sensory stickiness between these samples. For the products used in this study, adhesion was large enough to prevent detachment of the sample from the surfaces, i.e., adhesion was not limiting. Variations in perceived stickiness could be explained with R2 = 0.86, based on only two product characteristics: consistency and ‘long behavior’ (the extent to which necking occurs during decompression). This was better than the correlation between sensory stickiness and apparent viscosity (R2 = 0.77),  confirming  the relevance of ‘long behavior’ for sensory stickiness.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WATER ACTIVITY AND CRISPNESS OF EXTRUDED RICE CRISPS
Authors: HEIDENREICH STEPHAN , JAROS DORIS , ROHM HARALD , ZIEMS ANNETTE 
Published: March 2005

ABSTRACT Extruded rice crisps were adjusted to water activities in the range of 0.05–0.65, and texture measurements were carried out by single compression or compression of a layer of 10 specimens. Sensory crispness ranking was performed by a panel familiar with texture evaluation. Several parameters were derived from the force/displacement curves, and a crispness indicator was calculated on the basis of the relationship between the texture parameters and water activity. This crispness indicator showed best correspondence sensory results, especially when layer compression was performed.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Sps1p Regulates Trafficking of Enzymes Required for Spore Wall Synthesis
Authors: Iwamoto Michelle A. , Fairclough Stephen R. , Rudge Simon A. , Engebrecht JoAnne 
Published: March 2005

ABSTRACT

SPS1
encodes a sporulation-specific protein with homology to the Ste20/p21-activated kinase family. Deletion of
SPS1
impinges on the formation of the spore wall, which surrounds each of the haploid nuclei generated by the meiotic divisions. Here, we demonstrate that the new internal membranes that surround the meiotic nuclei appear normal in the absence of Sps1p. Analyses of spore wall layers by immunohistochemistry suggest that the inner layers are not efficiently deposited. The defect in spore wall morphogenesis is most likely a consequence of mislocalization of enzymes required for the synthesis of the spore wall layers as both Chs3p, the major chitin synthase in yeast, and Gsc2/Fks2p, a glucan synthase transcriptionally upregulated during sporulation, fail to reach the prospore membrane in the
sps1
mutant. Furthermore, localization of Chs3p to the prospore membrane is not dependent on Shc1p, a sporulation-specific homolog of Chs4p, which is required for recruitment of Chs3p to the bud neck in vegetative cells. Sps1p colocalized with Chs3p to peripheral and internal punctate structures and prospore membranes. We propose that Sps1p promotes sporulation, in part, by regulating the intracellular movement of proteins required for spore wall formation.
Diversifying Carotenoid Biosynthetic Pathways by Directed Evolution
Authors: Umeno Daisuke , Tobias Alexander V. , Arnold Frances H. 
Published: March 2005

SUMMARY

Microorganisms and plants synthesize a diverse array of natural products, many of which have proven indispensable to human health and well-being. Although many thousands of these have been characterized, the space of possible natural products—those that could be made biosynthetically—remains largely unexplored. For decades, this space has largely been the domain of chemists, who have synthesized scores of natural product analogs and have found many with improved or novel functions. New natural products have also been made in recombinant organisms,
via
engineered biosynthetic pathways. Recently, methods inspired by natural evolution have begun to be applied to the search for new natural products. These methods force pathways to evolve in convenient laboratory organisms, where the products of new pathways can be identified and characterized in high-throughput screening programs. Carotenoid biosynthetic pathways have served as a convenient experimental system with which to demonstrate these ideas. Researchers have mixed, matched, and mutated carotenoid biosynthetic enzymes and screened libraries of these “evolved” pathways for the emergence of new carotenoid products. This has led to dozens of new pathway products not previously known to be made by the assembled enzymes. These new products include whole families of carotenoids built from backbones not found in nature. This review details the strategies and specific methods that have been employed to generate new carotenoid biosynthetic pathways in the laboratory. The potential application of laboratory evolution to other biosynthetic pathways is also discussed.
A HEV-restricted sulfotransferase is expressed in rheumatoid arthritis synovium and is induced by lymphotoxin-α/β and TNF-α in cultured endothelial cells
Authors: Pablos José L , Santiago Begoña , Tsay Durwin , Singer Mark S , Palao Guillermo , Galindo María , Rosen Steven D 
Published: March 2005

Abstract

Background
The recruitment of lymphocytes to secondary lymphoid organs relies on interactions of circulating cells with high endothelial venules (HEV). HEV are exclusive to these organs under physiological conditions, but they can develop in chronically-inflamed tissues. The interaction of L-selectin on lymphocytes with sulfated glycoprotein ligands on HEV results in lymphocyte rolling, which represents the initial step in lymphocyte homing. HEV expression of GlcNAc6ST-2 (also known as HEC-GlcNAc6ST, GST-3, LSST or CHST4), an HEV-restricted sulfotransferase, is essential for the elaboration of L-selectin functional ligands as well as a critical epitope recognized by MECA-79 mAb.

Results
We examined the expression of GlcNAc6ST-2 in relationship to the MECA-79 epitope in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovial vessels. Expression of GlcNAc6ST-2 was specific to RA synovial tissues as compared to osteoarthritis synovial tissues and localized to endothelial cells of HEV-like vessels and small flat-walled vessels. Double MECA-79 and GlcNAc6ST-2 staining showed colocalization of the MECA-79 epitope and GlcNAc6ST-2. We further found that both TNF-α and lymphotoxin-αβ induced GlcNAc6ST-2 mRNA and protein in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells.

Conclusion
These observations demonstrate that GlcNAc6ST-2 is induced in RA vessels and provide potential cytokine pathways for its induction. GlcNAc6ST-2 is a novel marker of activated vessels within RA ectopic lymphoid aggregates. This enzyme represents a potential therapeutic target for RA.
Activity of three muscles associated with the uncinate processes of the giant Canada goose Branta canadensis maximus
Authors: Codd J. R. , Boggs D. F. , Perry S. F. , Carrier D. R. 
Published: March 2005

SUMMARY
The activity of three muscles associated with the uncinate processes, (i)external intercostal, (ii) appendicocostalis and (iii) external oblique, were examined using patch and sew-through electrodes during sitting, standing and moderate speed treadmill running in the giant Canada goose. The external intercostal muscles demonstrated no respiratory activity, being active only during running, suggesting they play some role in trunk stabilisation. The appendicocostalis and external oblique muscles are respiratory muscles, being active during inspiration and expiration, respectively. The activity of the appendicocostalis muscles increased during sitting, suggesting that the uncinate processes in birds play an important role in facilitating lateral flaring of the rib cage when sternal rocking is prevented. We suggest that the uncinate processes in birds facilitate movements of the ribs and sternum during breathing and therefore are integral to the breathing mechanics of birds.
Changes in serum inhibin B during normal male puberty
Authors: Radicioni A F , Anzuini A , De Marco E , Nofroni I , Castracane V D , Lenzi A 
Published: March 2005

Objective: In adult men, inhibin B (InhB) regulates FSH secretion by a negative feedback. The aims of this study were to evaluate the changes of InhB during puberty in the male and the relationship between InhB and FSH, LH, testosterone and testicular volume.Design: Cross-sectional study.Methods: InhB was measured using a two-site ELISA in 100 healthy boys subdivided by their pubertal development according to Tanner into five groups of 20.Results: During puberty we observed an increase of InhB level (G1 = 84.3 pg/ml, G3 = 132.2 pg/ml, G5 = 206.1 pg/ml). In G1, InhB correlated positively with FSH (P= 0.0001), LH (P= 0.005), testosterone (P= 0.001) and testicular volume (P= 0.007); in G5, InhB correlated inversely with FSH (P= 0.001) and LH (P= 0.045) and directly with testicular volume (P= 0.013). The multivariate analysis demonstrated that: in G1, FSH is the most important, and testosterone the second most significant, stimulus for InhB increase; in G2 only FSH has a positive effect on InhB variation; in G3 only mean testicular volume fits the model (G1–G3: InhB dependent variable); considering the FSH dependent variable, in G4, InhB is the most important stimulus for FSH decrease and mean testicular volume is a secondary directly proportional variable; in G5, only InhB shows a significant inverse relationship with FSH.Conclusions: During puberty there is a regular increase of InhB. In the first phases of gonadal maturation, InhB and FSH correlate positively, while in mid–late stages the relationship is inverse. We found that in mid-puberty (G3–G4), the serum concentration of InhB increases, as its inverse relationship with FSH is being established and hence spermatogenesis.