bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Leveraging machine learning to uncover multi-pathogen infection dynamics across co-distributed frog families
Authors: Wiley Daniele L. F. , Omlor Kadie N. , Torres López Ariadna S. , Eberle Celina M. , Savage Anna E. , Atkinson Matthew S. , Barrow Lisa N. 
Published: January 2025

Background
Amphibians are experiencing substantial declines attributed to emerging pathogens. Efforts to understand what drives patterns of pathogen prevalence and differential responses among species are challenging because numerous factors related to the host, pathogen, and their shared environment can influence infection dynamics. Furthermore, sampling across broad taxonomic and geographic scales to evaluate these factors poses logistical challenges, and interpreting the roles of multiple potentially correlated variables is difficult with traditional statistical approaches. In this study, we leverage frozen tissues stored in natural history collections and machine learning techniques to characterize infection dynamics of three generalist pathogens known to cause mortality in frogs.

Methods
We selected 12 widespread and abundant focal taxa within three ecologically distinct, co-distributed host families (Bufonidae, Hylidae, and Ranidae) and sampled them across the eastern two-thirds of the United States of America. We screened and quantified infection loads via quantitative PCR for three major pathogens: the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), double-stranded viruses in the lineage Ranavirus (Rv), and the alveolate parasite currently referred to as Amphibian Perkinsea (Pr). We then built balanced random forests (RF) models to predict infection status and intensity based on host taxonomy, age, sex, geography, and environmental variables and to assess relative variable importance across pathogens. Lastly, we used one-way analyses to determine directional relationships and significance of identified predictors.

Results
We found approximately 20% of individuals were infected with at least one pathogen (231 single infections and 25 coinfections). The most prevalent pathogen across all taxonomic groups was Bd (16.9%; 95% CI [14.9–19%]), followed by Rv (4.38%; 95% CI [3.35–5.7%]) and Pr (1.06%; 95% CI [0.618–1.82%]). The highest prevalence and intensity were found in the family Ranidae, which represented 74.3% of all infections, including the majority of Rv infection points, and had significantly higher Bd intensities compared to Bufonidae and Hylidae. Host species and environmental variables related to temperature were key predictors identified in RF models, with differences in importance among pathogens and host families. For Bd and Rv, infected individuals were associated with higher latitudes and cooler, more stable temperatures, while Pr showed trends in the opposite direction. We found no significant differences between sexes, but juvenile frogs had higher Rv prevalence and Bd infection intensity compared to adults. Overall, our study highlights the use of machine learning techniques and a broad sampling strategy for identifying important factors related to infection in multi-host, multi-pathogen systems.
A Comparative Study of Career Preferences & Career Conflicts among the Secondary and Senior Secondary School Students
Authors: Gure Gobind Singh , Kumar Munish 
Published: January 2025

Education has a significant effect on the behaviour and profession of the individual. It prepares students for a career so that they can earn their livelihood. Thus, selecting an appropriate career is the most important decision that human beings have to make in their lives. This decision will affect them throughout their lives, so nothing is more important than choosing a career. When selecting a career, individuals have to struggle between two or more situations that need to be resolved, known as career conflicts. In today's world, where there are several career options available, there is pressure on individuals to select the best career for themselves. In the same way, most students in the secondary and senior secondary stage face a lot of career-related problems. Understanding the students' career plans and preferences can facilitate them to determine their future prestige, wealth, and status. Thus, it becomes important to help them in their career selection and to avoid conflicts. In this regard, the presented study was conducted to analyse the career preferences and career conflicts among secondary and senior secondary school students. The study was descriptive; therefore, a survey method was used to conduct this study. This study selected a representative sample of 240 students from class 10th and class 12th from eight schools in two blocks of Sirsa districts of Haryana using a stratified random sampling technique. Appropriate data was collected through two standardized scales: the Career Preference Record (2009) by Bhargava & Bhargava and the Career Conflict Scale (2005) by Kumar and Rekha. The study's main findings were that overall, most of the secondary and senior secondary school students had given the first preference to law and order, second to education, and the least priority to agriculture as a career. It was also noticed that 'law and order' first, 'education' was the second preference of secondary students, whereas senior secondary students had given the first preference to 'education,' second to 'law & order,' and both secondary and senior secondary students, had given the least preference to agriculture as a career option. However, it was observed that there existed no significant differences between the career preferences of secondary and senior secondary school students. Further, it was found that there existed a significant difference between the career conflict among secondary and senior secondary school students. Moreover, it is also important to mention here, that the senior secondary school students had higher career conflicts rather than the secondary school students. It is suggested to the school administration, teachers, and counsellors that they need to develop a mechanism at the school level that will help the students select the best career options in their lives to avoid career conflicts.
A Superlong‐Acting Growth Hormone‐Polypeptide Fusion for Growth Hormone Deficiency Treatment
Authors: Yang Zhaoying , Yao Qiongqiong , Gong Like , Zhang Fan , Sun Jiawei , Sun Yuanzi , Gao Weiping 
Published: November 2023

AbstractRecombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) is clinically used to treat growth hormone deficiency (GHD). However, daily administration of rhGH is required due to its poor stability and short blood circulation, which causes pains and burdens as well as inconvenience to patients. In this study, a method for genetically fusing rhGH to a thermosensitive polymer of elastin‐like polypeptide (ELP) is reported, using which the rhGH‐ELP thermosensitive fusion protein can be purified by the thermosensitivity of ELP instead of chromatography. The ELP fusion not only drastically improves the stability of rhGH, but also enables the in situ formation of a sustained‐release depot of rhGH‐ELP upon subcutaneous (SC) injection, which exhibits gentle release with a platform‐to‐trough fluctuation in blood and a very long circulatory half‐life of 594.6 h. In contrast, rhGH exhibits a peak‐to‐trough fluctuation in blood with a very short circulatory half‐life of 0.7 h. As a result, a single subcutaneous injection of rhGH‐ELP can consecutively promote the linear growth of rats and the development of major tissues and organs over 3 weeks without obvious side effects, whereas rhGH is required to be injected daily to achieve similar therapeutic results.
TBHP‐Mediated Intermolecular Radical Coupling and Intramolecular Cyclization Cascade: Access to Furo[2,3‐b]quinoxalines and Their Photophysical Study
Authors: Ray Subhasish , Kumar Vipin , Singh Saurabh , Bandyopadhyay Krishanu , Saha Satyen , Shankar Singh Maya 
Published: November 2023

AbstractA cascade one‐pot strategy to construct 31 examples of furo‐fused quinoxalines in up to 88% yields has been devised from readily accessible β‐ketothioamides and quinoxalin‐2‐ones in open flask at room temperature under TBHP mediated conditions. Mechanistic studies revealed that the overall reactivity relies on the seamless integration of intermolecular radical coupling and intramolecular cyclization via desulfhydration of C=S bond cleavage. Generation of H2S as the only by‐product makes this process highly attractive. Furthermore, the photophysical behavior of the furo‐fused quinoxalines has also been studied.
Self‐Folding Macromolecular Drug Carrier for Cancer Imaging and Therapy
Authors: Gao Shan , Miura Yutaka , Sumiyoshi Akira , Ohno Satoshi , Ogata Keisuke , Nomoto Takahiro , Matsui Makoto , Honda Yuto , Suzuki Minoru , Iiyama Megumi , Osada Kensuke , Aoki Ichio , Nishiyama Nobuhiro 
Published: November 2023

AbstractNano‐sized contrast agents (NCAs) hold potential for highly specific tumor contrast enhancement during magnetic resonance imaging. Given the quantity of contrast agents loaded into a single nano‐carrier and the anticipated relaxation effects, the current molecular design approaches its limits. In this study, a novel molecular mechanism to augment the relaxation of NCAs is introduced and demonstrated. NCA formation is driven by the intramolecular self‐folding of a single polymer chain that possesses systematically arranged hydrophilic and hydrophobic segments in water. Utilizing this self‐folding molecular design, the relaxivity value can be elevated with minimal loading of gadolinium complexes, enabling sharp tumor imaging. Furthermore, the study reveals that this NCA can selectively accumulate into tumor tissues, offering effective anti‐tumor results through gadolinium neutron capture therapy. The efficacy and versatility of this self‐folding molecular design underscore its promise for cancer diagnosis and treatment.
High‐Throughput Manufacturing of Multimodal Epidermal Mechanosensors with Superior Detectability Enabled by a Continuous Microcracking Strategy
Authors: An Jianing , Tran Van Thai , Xu Hai , Ma Wenshuai , Chen Xingkuan , Le Truong‐Son Dinh , Du Hejun , Sun Gengzhi , Kim Young‐Jin 
Published: November 2023

AbstractNon‐invasive human‐machine interactions (HMIs) are expected to be promoted by epidermal tactile receptive devices that can accurately perceive human activities. In reality, however, the HMI efficiency is limited by the unsatisfactory perception capability of mechanosensors and the complicated techniques for device fabrication and integration. Herein, a paradigm is presented for high‐throughput fabrication of multimodal epidermal mechanosensors based on a sequential “femtosecond laser patterning‐elastomer infiltration‐physical transfer” process. The resilient mechanosensor features a unique hybrid sensing layer of rigid cellular graphitic flakes (CGF)‐soft elastomer. The continuous microcracking of CGF under strain enables a sharp reduction in conductive pathways, while the soft elastomer within the framework sustains mechanical robustness of the structure. As a result, the mechanosensor achieves an ultrahigh sensitivity in a broad strain range (GF of 371.4 in the first linear range of 0–50%, and maximum GF of 8922.6 in the range of 61–70%), a low detection limit (0.01%), and a fast response/recovery behavior (2.6/2.1 ms). The device also exhibits excellent sensing performances to multimodal mechanical stimuli, enabling high‐fidelity monitoring of full‐range human motions. As proof‐of‐concept demonstrations, multi‐pixel mechanosensor arrays are constructed and implemented in a robot hand controlling system and a security system, providing a platform toward efficient HMIs.
In Situ Synthesis of Ru/TiO2−x@TiCN Ternary Heterojunctions for Enhanced Sonodynamic and Nanocatalytic Cancer Therapy
Authors: Zhao Yin , Yuan Bo , Yan Lang , Wang Zhiwei , Xu Zheng , Geng Bijiang , Guo Xiang , Chen Xiongsheng 
Published: November 2023

AbstractAlbeit nanozymes‐based tumor catalytic therapy (NCT) relies on endogenous chemical reactions that could achieve tumor microenvironment (TME)‐specialized reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, the unsatisfactory catalytic activity of nanozymes accompanied by complex TME poses a barrier to the therapeutic effect of NCT. Herein, a one‐step in situ synthesis strategy is reported to construct ternary Ru/TiO2−x@TiCN heterojunctions through oxidative conversion of TiCN nanosheets (NSs) to TiO2−x NSs and reductive deposition of Ru3+ to Ru nanoparticles. The narrow bandgap and existence of heterojunctions enhance the ultrasound‐activated ROS generation of Ru/TiO2−x@TiCN because of the accelerated electron transfer and inhibits electron–hole pair recombination. The augmented ROS production efficiency is achieved by Ru/TiO2−x@TiCN with triple enzyme‐like activities, which amplifies the ROS levels in a cascade manner through the catalytic decomposition of endogenous H2O2 to relieve hypoxia and heterojunction‐mediated NCT, as well as depletion of overexpressed glutathione. The satisfactory therapeutic effects of Ru/TiO2−x@TiCN heterojunctions are achieved through synergetic sonodynamic therapy and NCT, which achieve the complete elimination of tumors without recurrence. This strategy highlights the potential of in situ synthesis of semiconductor heterojunctions as enhanced sonosensitizers and nanozymes for efficient tumor therapy.
TfOH‐Catalyzed Regioselective Alkylation of Hydroxybenzotriazole with Diazo Compounds and Further Base‐Facilitated Elimination under Batch and Flow Conditions
Authors: Luo Mengxiang , Wang Rui , Li Yang , Gong Jiahao , Gu Shuangxi , Yan QiongJiao , Lv Jian , Zeng Jie , Wang Wei , Wang Haifeng , Chen Fener 
Published: November 2023

AbstractAn efficient and fascinating strategy has been devised for the construction of N‐hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBt) derivatives and α‐ketoesters through TfOH‐catalyzed regioselective alkylation of N‐hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBt) and one‐pot base‐facilitated elimination of alkylation products process under batch and flow conditions. It thus provides an expedient approach to access a range of HOBt derivatives and α‐ketoesters in good yields with high regioselectivity under mild conditions. Using flow process, less reacting time, being more environment‐friendly, and process continuity ensuring higher operation safety are achieved, highlighting the practicality of the developed system.
Membranes based on Covalent Organic Frameworks through Green and Scalable Interfacial Polymerization using Ionic Liquids for Antibiotic Desalination
Authors: Pan Yan , Liu HaoHao , Huang ZiQi , Zhang WenHai , Gao HaiQi , Liang LiJun , Dong LiangLiang , Meng Hong 
Published: November 2023

AbstractCovalent organic framework (COF) membranes featuring uniform topological structures and devisable functions, show huge potential in water purification and molecular separation. Nevertheless, the inability of uniform COF membranes to be produced on an industrial scale and their nonenvironmentally friendly fabrication method are the bottleneck preventing their industrial applications. Herein, we report a new green and industrially adaptable scraping‐assisted interfacial polymerization (SAIP) technique to fabricate scalable and uniform TpPa COF membranes. The process used non‐toxic and low‐volatility ionic liquids (ILs) as organic phase instead of conventional organic solvents for interfacial synthesis of TpPa COF layer on a support membrane, which can simultaneously achieve the purposes of (i) improving the greenness of membrane‐forming process and (ii) fabricating a robust membrane that can function beyond the conventional membranes. This approach yields a large‐area, continuous COF membrane (19×25 cm2) with a thickness of 78 nm within a brief period of 2 minutes. The resulting membrane exhibited an unprecedented combination of high permeance (48.09 L m−2 h−1 bar−1) and antibiotic desalination efficiency (e.g., NaCl/adriamycin separation factor of 41.8), which is superior to the commercial benchmarking membranes.
Selective Electrocatalytic Degradation of Ether‐Containing Polymers
Authors: Hsu Jesse H. , Ball Tyler E. , Oh Sewon , Stache Erin E. , Fors Brett P. 
Published: November 2023

AbstractLeveraging electrochemistry to degrade robust polymeric materials has the potential to impact society's growing issue of plastic waste. Herein, we develop an electrocatalytic oxidative degradation of polyethers and poly(vinyl ethers) via electrochemically mediated hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) followed by oxidative polymer degradation promoted by molecular oxygen. We investigated the selectivity and efficiency of this method, finding our conditions to be highly selective for polymers with hydridic, electron‐rich C−H bonds. We leveraged this reactivity to degrade polyethers and poly(vinyl ethers) in the presence of polymethacrylates and polyacrylates with complete selectivity. Furthermore, this method made polyacrylates degradable by incorporation of ether units into the polymer backbone. We quantified degradation products, identifying up to 36 mol % of defined oxidation products, including acetic acid, formic acid, and acetaldehyde, and we extended this method to degrade a polyether‐based polyurethane in a green solvent. This work demonstrates a facile, electrochemically‐driven route to degrade polymers containing ether functionalities.
Preparation of PAN@PU coaxial electrostatic spun nanofibers for oil/water separation
Authors: Fang Shaokang , Li Huirong , Feng Shida , Wang Pengxiang , Yu Yue , Zhang Hong , Guo Jing 
Published: November 2023

AbstractCoaxial electrostatic spinning (co‐electrostatic spinning) technology has greatly expanded the versatility of the preparation of core–shell polymer nanofibers and has found a wide range of applications in the environmental and biological fields. Here we present a method for the preparation of coaxial nanofibers using polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and polyurethane (PU) as raw materials. It was found that the tensile strength ranges from 2.14 to 4.07 MPa with the increasing spinning speed of the nucleated PU layer, and the elongation at break was up to 95.09% for M6:4, which was three times higher than that of the original MPAN (30.54%), and the toughness of the nanofiber film was also significantly improved. Finally, the oil/water separation capacity of the coaxial nanofiber membrane was investigated, and the results showed that the separation fluxes for various oil compounds ranged from 2380.18 to 3130.17 L·m−2·h−1, with separation efficiencies above 99%. This study not only investigates the effect of different flow rates of core (PU)/shell (PAN) on the performance of coaxial electrostatic spun nanofiber membranes, but also provides a new insight into the coaxial electrostatic spinning process.
Verification studies of tryptophan and kynurenine determination using HPLC and evaluation of the kynurenine pathway and neopterin levels in human colostrum samples
Authors: Girgin Gozde , Sanajou Sonia , Meric‐Deliveli Sinem , Baydar Terken 
Published: November 2023

AbstractColostrum, the first breast fluid produced by mammals after giving birth, is followed by breast milk, which serves as the sole source of nutrients for breastfed newborns and infants. Tryptophan, an essential amino acid, plays a crucial role in the development and maturation of the central nervous system in infants. Tryptophan is primarily degraded through the kynurenine pathway. Owing to its sensitivity to dietary intake, immune‐mediated tryptophan degradation is assessed by the kynurenine‐to‐tryptophan ratio, with a focus on one of the rate‐limiting enzymes in the pathway. This study involved the validation of the simultaneous determination of tryptophan and kynurenine using HPLC. The validated method was then used to detect levels of tryptophan and kynurenine, as well as to calculate the kynurenine‐to‐tryptophan ratio in colostrum samples. Simultaneously, these results were compared with colostrum neopterin levels measured using commercial enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay kits. The mean levels for tryptophan, kynurenine, and neopterin were 17.3 ± 62.4 μM, 0.45 ± 0.03 μM, and 28.9 ± 2.6 nM, respectively. This study is among the few that have evaluated these parameters in colostrum samples. Neopterin levels secreted by the mammary gland were found not to be correlated with tryptophan degradation, a process influenced by the mother’s nutritional status.
Biochemical, Toxicological, and in Silico Aspects of Trillium govanianum Wall. ex D.Don (Trilliaceae): A Rich Source of Natural Bioactive Compounds
Authors: Khan Kashif Maqbool , Nadeem Muhammad Faisal , Mannan Abdul , Chohan Tahir Ali , Islam Muhammad , Ansari Siddique Akber , Alkahtani Hamad M. , Ansari Irfan Aamer , Khurshid Umair , Abidin Syafiq Asnawi Zainal , Shah Syed Adnan Ali , Saleem Hammad 
Published: November 2023

AbstractTrillium govanianum is a high‐value medicinal herb, having multifunctional traditional and culinary uses. The present investigation was carried out to evaluate the phytochemical, biological and toxicological parameters of the T. govanianum Wall. ex D. Don (Family: Trilliaceae) roots collected from Azad Kashmir, Pakistan. Phytochemical profiling was achieved by determining total bioactive contents (total phenolic and flavonoid contents) and UHPLC‐MS analysis. For biological evaluation, antioxidant activities (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, CUPRAC, phosphomolybdenum, and metal chelation assays) and enzyme inhibition activities (against AChE, BChE, glucosidase, amylase, and tyrosinase) were performed. Moreover, cytotoxicity was assessed against three human carcinoma cell lines (MDA‐MB‐231, CaSki, and DU‐145). The tested extract was found to contain higher total phenolics (7.56 mg GAE/g dry extract) as compared to flavonoid contents (0.45 mg RE/g dry extract). Likewise, for the antioxidant activity, higher CUPRAC activity was noted with 39.84 mg TE/g dry extract values. In the case of enzyme assays, higher activity was pointed out against the cholinesterase, glucosidase and tyrosinase enzymes. The plant extract displayed significant cytotoxicity against the cell lines examined. Moreover, the in‐silico studies highlighted the interaction between the important phytochemicals and tested enzymes. To conclude, the assessed biological activity and the existence of bioactive phytochemicals in the studied plant extract may pave the way for the development of novel pharmaceuticals.