bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Liposomal amphotericin B in the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in immunocompetent patients
Authors: Minodier Philippe , Retornaz Karine , Horelt Alexia , Garnier Jean‐Marc 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe leishmaniases are protozoan diseases caused by Leishmania parasites. The first‐line treatment of its visceral forms is pentavalent antimony (meglumine antimoniate or sodium stibogluconate), but toxicity is frequent with this drug. Moreover antimony unresponsiveness is increasing in Leishmania infantum and L. donovani foci, both in immunocompetent and in immunosuppressed patients. Amphotericin B is a polyene macrolide antibiotic that binds to sterols in cell membranes. It is the most active antileishmanial agent in use. Its infusion‐related and renal toxicity may be reduced by lipid‐based delivery. Liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome®; Gilead Science, Paris, France) seems to be less toxic than other amphotericin B lipid formulations (Amphocil®; Liposome Technology Inc., Menlo Park, CA, USA, Amphotec®; Ben Venue Laboratories Inc., Bedford, OH, USA). Optimal drug regimens of AmBisome® vary from one geographical area to another. In the Mediterranean Basin, a total dose of 18 mg/kg (3 mg/kg on days 1–5 and 3 mg/kg on day 10) could be used as first‐line treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in immunocompetent patients. In immunocompromised patients, especially those co‐infected with HIV, relapses are frequent with AmBisome®, as with other drugs.
Parasitic diarrhea in normal and malnourished children
Authors: Gendrel D. , Treluyer J.M. , Richard‐Lenoble D. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractDiarrhea is only one of the many manifestations of intestinal parasites. Environmental influences are inescapable, regardless of an individual's state of health: in a highly endemic region, intestinal parasitic colonization is almost the rule. The clinical expression of the parasitoses, however, is largely determined by host defenses; and when they are weakened, parasitic diarrhea is frequent and severe. Protein‐energy malnutrition is by far the most important cause of immune deficiency in developing countries. Diarrhea caused by Strongyloides or Giardia is common and severe in malnourished children, while well‐nourished children remain healthy carriers. These parasites require specific treatment in the malnourished; and the well‐nourished should have preventive treatment when they are to receive corticosteroids or immunosuppressive agents. Diarrhea caused by Cryptosporidium spp. may be severe in malnourished or immunodeficient children, and recovery is achieved only after renutrition or treatment of the immunodeficiency.
Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between metoprolol and dronedarone in extensive and poor CYP2D6 metabolizers healthy subjects
Authors: Damy Thibaud , Pousset Françoise , Caplain Henri , Hulot Jean‐Sébastien , Lechat Philippe 
Published: December 2004

AbstractAs dronedarone a new noniodinated antiarrhythmic agent structurally related to amiodarone could inhibit CYP2D6 and is planned to be associated with β‐blockers, interactions with CYP2D6 metabolized β‐blockers such as metoprolol, have to be studied. Forty‐nine healthy male subjects genotyped for CYP2D6 were included in a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study. Metoprolol was administrated during 13 days (200 mg/day). After the initial 5 days, subjects received placebo (n = 12), 800 mg (n = 6), 1200 mg (n = 9), or 1600 mg (n = 17) of dronedarone daily during eight additional days. Pharmacokinetic parameters of metoprolol were investigated at day 5 and at day 13 in 44 subjects, 39 extensive metabolizers and five poor metabolizers for CYP2D6. Cardiac contractility function was evaluated by the rate‐corrected electromechanical systole duration (QS2i) and the mean velocity of endocardial circumferential fiber shortening (Vcfmean). Cmax and AUC0‐‐24 h of metoprolol increased from days 5 to 13 in proportion to dronedarone dose only in CYP2D6 extensive metabolizers genotyped subjects (P < 0.001). In all subjects, from days 5 to 13, Vcfmean decreased and QS2i significantly increased in dronedarone groups. The Vcfmean changes were however significant only with the 1600 mg dronedarone dose compared with placebo while QS2i changes induced by addition of dronedarone were significant compared with placebo at all dose levels. Between days 5 and 13, QS2i and Vcfmean changes were significantly correlated with both dronedarone concentrations at day 13 and with metoprolol concentration changes between days 5 and 13. Plasma metoprolol concentrations were highest in poor metabolizer subjects and dronedarone did not further increase their level but increased QS2i in the two subjects receiving the 1600 mg dose. Addition of dronedarone (800–1600 mg daily) to metoprolol (200 mg daily) increases bioavailability of metoprolol in CYP2D6 extensive metabolizers and induces an additive dronedarone dose‐dependent negative inotropic effect. Nevertheless at 800 mg daily (anticipated therapeutic dose) these effects were modest.
Vasopressin‐induced vasoconstriction is dependent on MAPKerk1/2 phosphorylation
Authors: Streefkerk Jörn O. , Hoogaars Willem M.H. , Christoffels Vincent M. , Sand Carsten , Pfaffendorf Martin , Peters Stephan L.M. , van Zwieten Pieter A. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractTo investigate the involvement of the mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) family of extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) 1 and 2 (MAPKerk1/2) in the vasopressin‐mediated vasoconstriction in the rat aorta. Vasopressin‐induced vasoconstriction was measured in isolated rat thoracic aortae in the presence or absence of MAPKerk1/2 kinase (MKKmek1/2) inhibitors. Thereafter the MAPKerk1/2 phosphorylation in the rat aorta was quantified using Western blot analysis. Vasopressin (1–300 nm) induced a concentration‐dependent vasoconstriction, which could be inhibited concentration dependently by the selective MKKmek1/2 inhibitors, PD 98059 (10 and 100 μm) and U 0126 (10 and 100 μm). Western blot analysis revealed a 2.7 ± 0.6‐fold increase in the MAPKerk1/2 phosphorylation induced by vasopressin (300 nm). This phosphorylation could be dose dependently prevented by both PD 98059 (100 μm) and U 0126 (10 and 100 μm). These results indicate that vasoconstriction induced by vasopressin is partly regulated by the MAPKerk1/2 pathway.
Revisiting Autonomic Dysfunction in End‐Stage Renal Disease Patients
Authors: Jocemir R. Lugon  , Elias A. Warrak  , Adriano S. Lugon  , Bruno A. Salvador  , Antonio C. L. Nobrega  
Published: December 2004

Background: Autonomic dysfunction is frequent in end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) patients, but both the relative involvement of the parasympathetic and sympathetic branches and the role of antihypertensive drugs in this setting are still controversial. The present study addressed these issues employing a battery of standard noninvasive cardiovascular autonomic tests. Methods: Sympathetic (S) function was evaluated by responses of both systolic blood pressure (BP) to passive tilting and diastolic BP to handgrip; parasympathetic (P) function, through the respiratory sinus arrhythmia test and the heart rate response to the 4‐s unloaded exercise test. Additional tests influenced by both branches of the autonomic system (P + S) were accomplished by the assessment of heart rate response to the Valsalva maneuver, handgrip, and tilting. Results: Studied subjects belonged to one of the three groups: ESRD patients not requiring BP medications (n = 11; 8 men, 3 women); ESRD patients receiving antihypertensive therapy (n = 36; 21 men, 15 women); and apparently healthy controls (n = 15; 10 men, 5 women). When the variables grouped according to the branch of the autonomic nervous system predominantly probed were analyzed, only the frequency of impaired sympathetic autonomic responses was higher in ESRD patients not receiving BP drugs compared to controls (55 vs. 23%, P = 0.040). In contrast, when ESRD patients receiving BP drugs were compared to controls, the differences became significant in S, P, and P + S tests (46 vs. 23%, P = 0.045; 22 vs. 3%, P = 0.020; and 34 vs. 13%, P = 0.010, respectively). With the criterion of more than one positive finding in any of the variables examined for diagnosing autonomic dysfunction, the prevalence of autonomic dysfunction was 20% in controls, 64% in ESRD patients not receiving BP drugs (P = 0.005 vs. controls), and 67% in ESRD patients receiving BP drugs (P = 0.043 vs. controls). Conclusions: ESRD continues to be associated with a high prevalence of autonomic dysfunction. ESRD patients receiving BP drugs were found to have detectable impairment in the entire autonomic system in contrast to those not receiving BP drugs in whom inadequate responses were restricted to the sympathetic branch.
Molecular Cloning of p53 cDNA of Mongolian Gerbil and Establishment of Yeast p53 Functional Assay System
Authors: Ishizuka Jun , Sugiyama Toshiro , Aoyama Tetsuya , Hirayama Fumihiro , Tada Mitsuhiro , Kato Mototsugu , Moriuchi Tetsuya , Asaka Masahiro 
Published: December 2004

abstractBackground. Epidemiological studies have shown a correlation between Helicobacter pylori infection and human gastric carcinogenesis. A Mongolian gerbil model has demonstrated that H. pylori infection induced gastric carcinoma. However, the disadvantage of this animal model is a lack of information regarding the cellular genes involved in oncogenesis. Mutation of the p53 gene is one of the most common steps in gastric carcinogenesis. In this study, we aimed to clone the p53 gene of the Mongolian gerbil and detect the functional mutations in H. pylori‐infected animals.Materials and Methods. The p53 complementary DNA (cDNA) of Mongolian gerbil was cloned by the methods of reverse‐transcribed polymerase chain reaction and rapid amplification of cDNA ends.Results. The p53 cDNA of Mongolian gerbil has a 78.8% homology to that of humans. A novel yeast p53 assay system was established and enabled to detect the functional mutations of the p53 gene in the stomach of the Mongolian gerbil.Conclusions. This is the first report of the complete sequence of wild‐type p53 cDNA of the Mongolian gerbil. This genetic information and an assay system designed to detect the functional mutations of the p53 gene are useful for further investigations of gastric oncogenesis in this animal model.
Profiling and Identification of Eubacteria in the Stomach of Mongolian Gerbils With and Without Helicobacter pylori Infection
Authors: Sun Yi‐Qian , Monstein Hans‐Jürg , Nilsson Lennart E. , Petersson Fredrik , Borch Kurt 
Published: December 2004

abstractBackground. Mongolian gerbils are frequently used to study Helicobacter pylori‐induced gastritis and its consequences. The presence of an indigenous bacterial flora with suppressive effect on H. pylori may cause difficulties with establishing this experimental model.Aim. The aim of the present study was to determine bacterial profiles in the stomach of Mongolian gerbils with and without (controls) H. pylori infection.Methods. Gastric tissue from H. pylori ATCC 43504 and CCUG 17874 infected and control animals were subjected to microbial culturing and histology. In addition, gastric mucosal samples from H. pylori ATCC 43504 infected and control animals were analyzed for bacterial profiling by temporal temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TTGE), cloning and pyrosequencing of 16S rDNA variable V3 region derived PCR amplicons.Results. Oral administration of H. pylori ATCC 43504, but not CCUG 17874, induced colonization and gastric inflammation in the stomach of Mongolian gerbils. Temporal temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TTGE) and partial 16S rDNA pyrosequencing revealed the presence of DNA representing a mixed bacterial flora in the stomach of both H. pylori ATCC 43504 infected and control animals. In both cases, lactobacilli appeared to be dominant.Conclusion. These findings suggest that indigenous bacteria, particularly lactobacilli, may have an impact on the colonization and growth of H. pylori strains in the stomach of Mongolian gerbils.
Familial Cluster Headache: A Series of 186 Index Patients
Authors: El Amrani Mohammed , Ducros Anne , Boulan Pauline , Aidi Saadia , Crassard Isabelle , Visy Jean Marc , Tournier‐Lasserve Elisabeth , Bousser Marie Germaine 
Published: December 2004

Objective.—To investigate the familial occurrence of cluster headache in a series of French patients fulfilling the International Headache Society diagnosis criteria.Methods.—One hundred eighty‐six index patients and 624 first‐degree relatives were surveyed.Results.—A positive family history of cluster headache was found in 20 index patients (10.75%) with 22 affected first‐degree relatives (3.4%). In multiplex families 6 of the 68 second‐degree relatives that were contacted had cluster headache.Conclusion.—No precise mode of inheritance could be drawn from the observed repartition of cases within multiplex families.
Application of the 1988 International Headache Society Diagnostic Criteria in Nine Italian Headache Centers using a Computerized Structured Record
Authors: Gallai Virgilio , Sarchielli Paola , Alberti Andrea , Pedini Mauro , Gallai Beatrice , Rossi Cristiana , Cittadini Elisabetta , The Collaborative Group for the Application of IHS Criteria  
Published: December 2004

Background.—The actual application of the current International Headache Society (IHS) diagnostic criteria in clinical practice has not been investigated thoroughly.Objectives.—To develop a computerized, structured, medical record based exclusively on the IHS classification system.Design and Method.—We tested the computerized structured record by entering and analyzing data reported on the case sheets of 500 consecutive patients attending nine headache centers in Italy. All clinical diagnoses in the study were made according to current IHS criteria. The rate of concordance between the diagnosis provided by the computerized structured record and that reported by clinicians on the case sheets was calculated, and reasons for any discrepancies between the two diagnoses were analyzed.Results.—Concordance between the two diagnoses was found in 345 of 500 cases examined (69%). In the remaining 155 cases, diagnoses reached with the computerized structured record and case sheets were impossible or discordant with respect to the diagnoses made by the clinician. In 144 of these cases (28.8%), this was due to missing information or errors in the diagnosis recorded by the clinicians on the patient case sheet. In particular, the diagnosis could not be reached using the computerized structured record in 105 cases (20.6%) because of a lack of one or more data needed in formulating a correct diagnosis according to the IHS operational criteria for one of the primary headache disorders. In the remaining 41 cases some data were missing, but the data available were sufficient to reach a diagnosis according to the IHS criteria. Moreover, the diagnoses reached using the computerized structured record were not in agreement with those made by the clinicians in another 39 cases (7.9%) due to an incorrect interpretation by the clinicians of the data reported on the patients' case sheets. In only 2.2% of the cases (n  =  11) misdiagnoses were due to errors of the program that were promptly corrected.Conclusions.—The present study suggests that incorrect application of IHS criteria for the diagnosis of primary headache may occur in as many as one third of patients attending headache centers and that use of a computerized structured record based exclusively on current IHS criteria may overcome this deficiency.
Familial Occurrence of Migraine With Aura in a Population‐Based Study
Authors: Cologno D. , De Pascale A. , Manzoni G.C. 
Published: December 2004

Objective.—To better define a possible genetic basis for migraine with aura (MWA).Methods.—We investigated the familial occurrence of migraine with aura in a sample of (MWA) subjects recruited from an epidemiologic study of migraine with aura involving the general population. The sample with migraine with aura (n  =  26) was selected out of a total of 1392 subjects (842 women and 550 men) representative of the general population aged 18 to 65 years in the southern Italian town of San Severo. A family history of migraine with aura was determined via direct interviews with all living first‐degree relatives of the 26 subjects who could be reached by investigators, 119 people: 71 women and 48 men. The diagnosis of migraine with aura was made according to the 1988 International Headache Society (IHS) criteria.Results.—Of the 26 subjects with migraine with aura, 7 (6 women and 1 man) had a positive family history, with a total of 7 first‐degree relatives affected by the disease (1 mother, 2 fathers, 1 brother, 1 sister, and 2 children). Based on the lifetime prevalence rate of migraine with aura (1.6%) in the San Severo general population, the relative risk of migraine with aura in the first‐degree relatives of the subjects was 3.68 (4.16 for women and 2.77 for men).Conclusion.—Our subjects' relative risk rate for familial occurrence of migraine with aura was similar to that reported by one investigator, but markedly lower than that reported by another group.
Platelet Aggregation Profiles in Cluster Headache
Authors: D'Andrea Giovanni , Granella Franco , Cadaldini Morena 
Published: December 2004

Background.—Platelets are activated in patients with cluster headache, during both the remission period and the active cycles.Objective.—To delineate more clearly the origin of platelet activation in cluster headache.Methods.—Platelet aggregation induced by collagen (0.5 μg/mL and 2 μg/mL), adenosine diphosphate (10−5 M and 10−6 M), and platelet‐activating factor (10−6 M and 10−7 M) was determined by the Born's method in 26 patients with cluster headache and 24 sex‐ and age‐matched controls.Results.—The platelets of patients with cluster headache aggregated significantly less to collagen at a concentration of 0.5 μg/mL compared to those of controls (P  =  .04). The extent of platelet aggregation obtained with a higher dose of collagen (2 μg/mL) was in the same range in both groups. Platelet aggregation obtained via adenosine diphosphate at a concentration of 10−6 M was significantly reduced in patients with cluster headache in comparison to controls (P  =  .002), but no differences were found at a concentration of 10−5 M. In contrast, the platelets of patients with cluster headache aggregated significantly more to platelet‐activating factor at both the concentrations of 10−6 M (P  =  .001) and 10−7 M (P  =  .00001) compared to those of controls.Conclusions.—This study suggests that platelet aggregation is impaired in patients with cluster headache during the active phase of the disease. We found hypoaggregation in response to low doses of collagen and adenosine diphosphate, and hyperaggregation when platelets were stimulated with platelet‐activating factor. Any interpretation of these results can only be speculative. It may be that impairment of platelet aggregation with collagen and adenosine diphosphate may indicate a derangement of nitric oxide function, while the hypersensitivity to platelet‐activating factor may be due to fluctuations in its plasma levels.
Clinical, Anatomical, and Physiologic Relationship Between Sleep and Headache
Authors: Dodick David W. , Eross Eric J. , Parish James M. 
Published: December 2004

The intimate relationship between sleep and headache has been recognized for centuries, yet the relationship remains clinically and nosologically complex. Headaches associated with nocturnal sleep have often been perceived as either the cause or result of disrupted sleep. An understanding of the anatomy and physiology of both conditions allows for a clearer understanding of this complex relationship and a more rational clinical and therapeutic approach. Recent biochemical and functional imaging studies in patients with primary headache disorders has lead to the identification of potential central generators which are also important for the regulation of normal sleep architecture.Medical conditions (e.g. obstructive sleep apnea, depression) that may disrupt sleep and lead to nocturnal or morning headache can often be identified on clinical evaluation or by polysomnography. In contrast, primary headache disorders which often occur during nocturnal sleep or upon awakening, such as migraine, cluster headache, chronic paroxysmal hemicrania, and hypnic headache, can readily be diagnosed through clinical evaluation and managed with appropriate medication. These disorders, when not associated with co‐morbid mood disorders or medications/analgesics overuse, seldom lead to significant sleep disruption.Identifying and classifying the specific headache disorder in patients with both headache and sleep disturbances can facilitate an appropriate diagnostic evaluation. Patients with poorly defined nocturnal or awakening headaches should undergo polysomnography to exclude a treatable sleep disturbance, especially in the absence of an underlying psychological disorder or analgesic overuse syndrome. In patients with a well defined primary headache disorder, unless there are compelling historical or examination findings suggestive of a primary sleep disturbance, a formal sleep evaluation is seldom necessary.
SUNCT Syndrome: diagnosis and treatment.
Authors: Pareja JA , Caminero AB , Sjaastad O 
Published: December 2004

8: CNS Drugs. 2002;16(6):373‐383Short‐lasting Unilateral Neuralgiform headache attacks with Conjunctival injection and Tearing (SUNCT) is a syndrome predominant in males, with a mean age of onset around 50 years. The attacks are strictly unilateral, generally with the pain persistently confined to the ocular/periocular area. Most attacks are moderate to severe in intensity and burning, stabbing or electrical in character. The mean duration of paroxysms is 1 minute, with a usual range of 10 to 120 seconds (total range 5 to 250 seconds). Prominent, ipsilateral conjunctival injection and lacrimation regularly accompany the attacks. Nasal stuffiness/rhinorrhoea are frequently noted. In addition, there is subclinical forehead sweating. During attacks, there is increased intraocular pressure on the symptomatic side and swelling of the eyelids. No changes in pupil diameter have been observed. Attacks can be triggered mostly from trigeminally innervated areas, but also from the extratrigeminal territory. There are also spontaneous attacks. An irregular temporal pattern is the rule, with symptomatic periods alternating with remissions in an unpredictable fashion. During active periods, the frequency of attacks may vary from <1 attack/day to>30 attacks/hour. The attacks predominate during the daytime, nocturnal attacks being seldom reported. A SUNCT‐like picture has been described in some patients with either intra‐axial or extra‐axial posterior fossa lesions, mostly vascular disturbances/ malformations. In the vast majority of patients, however, aetiology and pathogenesis are unknown. In SUNCT syndrome, there is a lack of persistent, convincingly beneficial effect of drugs or anaesthetic blockades that are generally effective in cluster headache, chronic paroxysmal hemicrania, trigeminal neuralgia, idiopathic stabbing headache (Äjabs and jolts syndrome'), and other headaches more faintly resembling SUNCT syndrome. Single reports have claimed that carbamazepine, lamotrigine, gabapentin, corticosteroids or surgical procedures may be of help. However, caution is recommended when assessing any therapy in a disorder such as SUNCT syndrome, in which the rather chaotic and unpredictable temporal pattern makes the assessment of any drug/therapeutic effect per se a particularly difficult matter.Comment: Another excellent review article. If you want to learn about the rare, short trigeminal autonomic cephalgia (TAC), this is a thorough and thoughtful place to start. SJT