bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Resolution of enantiomers of ketoprofen by HPLC: a review
Authors: Mullangi Ramesh , Yao Ming , Srinivas Nuggehally R. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractToday, a heightened awareness of the applicability of enantiomers in medicine and clinical practice has been gene‐rated due to the continuous evolvement of the ﬁeld of chirality. In this context, this article provides a review of separation of ketoprofen, an important drug, in a popular class of non‐steroidal anti‐inﬂammatory drugs (i.e. profens). This review highlights various methodologies, logistical considerations for separation and provides an exhaustive list of applications mainly focusing on the pharmacokinetic aspects. Clearly, the application of enantioselective methods for drug racemates paves the way to understand the in vivo behavior of individual enantiomer and hence an opportunity for an alternate and/or better option for treating the disease. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Frameworks for incorporating semantic relationships into object‐oriented database systems
Authors: Halper Michael , Liu Li‐min , Geller James , Perl Yehoshua 
Published: October 2003

AbstractA semantic relationship is a data modeling construct that connects a pair of classes or categories and has inherent constraints and other functionalities that precisely reflect the characteristics of the specific relationship in an application domain. Examples of semantic relationships include part–whole, ownership, materialization and role‐of. Such relationships are important in the construction of information models for advanced applications, whether one is employing traditional data‐modeling techniques, knowledge‐representation languages or object‐oriented modeling methodologies. This paper focuses on the issue of providing built‐in support for such constructs in the context of object‐oriented database (OODB) systems. Most of the popular object‐oriented modeling approaches include some semantic relationships in their repertoire of data‐modeling primitives. However, commercial OODB systems, which are frequently used as implementation vehicles, tend not to do the same. We will present two frameworks by which a semantic relationship can be incorporated into an existing OODB system. The first only requires that the OODB system support manifest type with respect to its instances. The second assumes that the OODB system has a special kind of metaclass facility. The two frameworks are compared and contrasted. In order to ground our work in existing systems, we show the addition of a part–whole semantic relationship both to the ONTOS DB/Explorer OODB system and the VODAK Model Language. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performance comparison of checkpoint and recovery protocols
Authors: Paul Himadri Sekhar , Gupta Arobinda , Badrinath R. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractCheckpoint and rollback recovery is a well‐known technique for providing fault tolerance to long‐running distributed applications. Performance of a checkpoint and recovery protocol depends on the characteristics of the application and the system on which it runs. However, given an application and system environment, there is no easy way to identify which checkpoint and recovery protocol will be most suitable for it. Conventional approaches require implementing the application with all the protocols under consideration, running them on the desired system, and comparing their performances. This process can be very tedious and time consuming. This paper first presents the design and implementation of a simulation environment, distributed process simulation or dPSIM, which enables easy implementation and evaluation of checkpoint and recovery protocols. The tool enables the protocols to be simulated under a wide variety of application, system, and network characteristics. The paper then presents performance evaluation of five checkpoint and recovery protocols. These protocols are implemented and executed in dPSIM under different simulated application, system, and network characteristics. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modelling three‐dimensional rotating flows in cylindrical‐shaped vessels
Authors: Sujatha K. S. , Webster M. F. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis paper reports on a study concerned with the numerical simulation of dough kneading that arises in the food processing industry. The flows considered are in a complex domain setting. Two dough mixers running at various rotation speeds are studied; one with a single stirrer and the other with two stirrers. Stirrers are fixed on the lid of the vessel and the motion is driven by the rotation of the outer vessel. Two different mixer orientations are considered, generating horizontal or vertical‐rotating flow fields. Three‐dimensional numerical simulations are performed on the full flow equations in a cylindrical polar co‐ordinates system, through a finite‐element, semi‐implicit time stepping, Taylor–Galerkin pressure‐correction scheme. The results reflect excellent agreement against the equivalent experimental findings. The motivation for this work is to develop advanced technology to model the kneading of dough. The ultimate target is to predict and adjust the design of dough mixers, so that optimal dough processing may be achieved notably, with reference to local rate‐of‐work input. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
URANS computations for an oscillatory non‐isothermal triple‐jet using the k–ε and second moment closure turbulence models
Authors: Nishimura M. , Kimura N. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractLow Reynolds number turbulence stress and heat flux equation models (LRSFM) have been developed to enhance predictive capabilities. A new method is proposed for providing the wall boundary condition for dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy, ε, to improve the model capability upon application of coarse meshes for practical use. The proposed method shows good agreement with accepted correlations and experimental data for flows with various Reynolds and Prandtl numbers including transitional regimes. Also, a mesh width about 5 times or larger than that used in existing models is applicable by using the present boundary condition. The present method thus enhanced computational efficiency in applying the complex turbulence model, LRSFM, to predictions of complicated flows. Unsteady Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes (URANS) computations are conducted for an oscillatory non‐isothermal quasi‐planar triple‐jet. Comparisons are made between an experiment and predictions with the LRSFM and the standard k–ε model. A water test facility with three vertical jets, the cold in between two hot jets, simulates temperature fluctuations anticipated at the outlet of a liquid metal fast reactor core. The LRSFM shows good agreement with the experiment, with respect to mean profiles and the oscillatory motion of the flow, while the k–ε model under‐predicts the mixing due to the oscillation, such that a transverse mean temperature difference remains far downstream. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical solutions of incompressible Navier–Stokes equations using modified Bernoulli's law
Authors: Shatalov A. , Hafez M. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractSimulations of incompressible flows are important for many practical applications in aeronautics and beyond, particularly in the high Reynolds number regime. The present formulation is based on Helmholtz velocity decomposition where the velocity is presented as the gradient of a potential plus a rotational component. Substituting in the continuity equation yields a Poisson equation for the potential which is solved with a zero normal derivative at solid surfaces. The momentum equation is used to update the rotational component with no slip/no penetration surface boundary conditions. The pressure is related to the potential function through a special relation which is a generalization of Bernoulli's law, with a viscous term included. Results of calculations for two‐ and three‐dimensional problems prove that the present formulation is a valid approach, with some possible benefits compared to existing methods. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A spatially adaptive linear space‐time finite element solution procedure for incompressible flows with moving domains
Authors: Feng Y. T. , Perić D. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractA linear solution strategy for the finite element simulation of incompressible fluid flows with moving domains is outlined in the context of a fully Lagrangian space‐time GLS formulation using low‐order elements. This linear solution strategy is achieved by assuming that the incompressibility condition is enforced although it is relaxed in the GLS formulation. The approach has a distinct advantage over the non‐linear Newton–Raphson solution approach in a sense that it can not only significantly reduce the computing costs in terms of computer CPU time and memory requirements but also preserve the solution accuracy if a sufficiently small time‐step size is applied. Its applicability is further demonstrated through a wave propagation and breaking problem. For this type of problems, adaptive re‐meshing techniques are essential to achieve a successful simulation. A mesh adaptive procedure developed earlier for simulation of large deformation solid mechanics problems is appropriately modified and employed in simulation of flows of incompressible fluids with moving domains. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Implicit kinetic schemes for the Euler equations
Authors: Reksoprodjo H. S. R. , Agarwal R. K. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractRecently, the kinetic schemes, namely the kinetic flux‐vector split (KFVS) scheme and kinetic wave/ particle split (KWPS) scheme, for Euler flows have gained wide recognition for their efficiency and robustness. However, to date, all computations performed with these schemes have employed a time‐explicit formulation. The explicit kinetic schemes severely restrict the time‐step allowed for stability. In this paper, an implicit formulation is derived for both the KFVS and KWPS schemes, and is applied to compute the shock tube and shock structure problems in one‐dimension, and oblique shock reflection from a flat plate and supersonic flow past a blunt‐body in two dimensions. Results are compared with analytical results where available and solutions from explicit formulations. It is shown that implicit formulations retain the efficiency and robustness of their explicit counterparts without the restrictive time step constraints. This results in an increase in computational speed for steady state computations. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first time that the implicit kinetic schemes have been formulated. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A non‐iterative method for boundary‐layer equations—Part II: Two‐dimensional laminar and turbulent flows
Authors: Cebeci Tuncer , Shao Jian Ping 
Published: October 2003

AbstractA non‐iterative method for non‐linear parabolic partial‐differential equations is described and applied to boundary‐layer equations for two‐dimensional laminar and turbulent flows. Comparison of calculated results indicates that the accuracy of this method is comparable to those obtained with an iterative method. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Eulerian–Lagrangian DNS/LES of particle–turbulence interactions in wall‐bounded flows
Authors: Portela Luís M. , Oliemans René V. A. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractWe developed a code for the direct numerical simulation of particle‐laden turbulent flows, using the Eulerian–Lagrangian point‐particle approach. The code uses a semi‐implicit coupling scheme between the particles and the fluid, and a standard finite‐volume single‐phase solver, which can run either in DNS or LES mode; it can consider either one‐ or two‐way coupling between the particles and the fluid. The code was used to study the dynamics of the particle–turbulence interactions in channel and pipe flows loaded with small, heavy particles. We present some results, from both an instantaneous‐structure perspective (fluid turbulence structures and particle‐concentration patterns), and a statistical perspective (probability distribution functions and correlations). Our results suggest that the near‐wall particle–fluid interaction can be understood in terms of the interaction of the particles with the streamwise vortices. The strong streamwise vortices above the wall are responsible for the elongated streaky patterns that occur both in the deposition and resuspension of the particles. When two‐way coupling is considered, the particles produce a large damping in the intensity of the streamwise vortices, without any significant change in their shape and their size. This damping leads to a weakening of the near‐wall streaky‐pattern, and to a reduction in the accumulation of particles at the wall. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An investigation of liquid film thickness during solutal Marangoni condensation using a laser absorption method: Absorption property and examination of measuring method
Authors: Utaka Yoshio , Nishikawa Tetsuji 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe objective of the study is to establish a method for measuring the thickness of thin condensates of liquid mixtures using a laser light absorption method during the process of water–ethanol Marangoni dropwise condensation. First, the extinction property of the test material, with unknown properties related to infrared laser light having a wavelength of 3.39µm, was measured. Next, measurements were made of the variations in condensate film thickness after the sweeping of the heat transfer surface by departing drops in the Marangoni dropwise condensation cycle. The precision of this method was investigated on the basis of the extinction coefficient of the test material and the thickness of the liquid film. Results showed that this method provides good precision and is applicable to the measurement of other similar materials. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 32(8): 700–711, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.10124
Evaluation of the fatigue behavior of the resin–dentin bond with the use of different methods
Authors: Frankenberger Roland , Strobel Wolfgang O. , Krämer Norbert , Lohbauer Ulrich , Winterscheidt Jens , Winterscheidt Britta , Petschelt Anselm 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe clinical performance of directly bonded resin composites is fundamentally dependent on durable adhesion to prevent gap formation over time. The goal of this investigation was to evaluate the effectiveness of various dentin adhesives by means of quasistatic and dynamic dentin bond strengths, and also to determine marginal and internal gap formation after loading in an artificial oral environment. Three hundred thirty human third molars were used within four weeks of extraction. Adhesives used were A.R.T. Bond, OptiBond FL, Scotchbond Multi‐Purpose Plus, Single Bond, Prime & Bond NT, and One Up Bond F for bonding of one resin composite (Z 250). Buccal and lingual aspects of 90 teeth were ground flat to expose dentin, then resin composite cylinders were bonded. Initial bond strengths (n = 10) and adhesive fatigue limits (n = 20) were determined with the use of a shear test apparatus. One hundred eighty conical cavities were prepared into dentin discs and filled with the same materials. After 21 days of storage, initial push‐out bond strengths (n = 10) and adhesive fatigue limits (n = 20) were measured. Sixty molars with MO cavities (n = 10) with margins below the cement–enamel junction were filled. Before and after thermomechanical loading (100,000 × 50 N and 2500 × thermocycling between + 5 and + 55 °C), marginal gap formation and internal adaptation (only after loading) were analyzed under a SEM (× 200). The one‐bottle systems showed higher shear bond strengths when evaluated statically and dynamically. However, cyclic fatigue push‐out bond strengths resulted in higher values for older multistep systems. Marginal and internal gap analysis confirmed the results, in favor of older adhesive systems (p < .05; Mann‐Whitney U test). © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 67B: 712–721, 2003
Facial nerve regeneration through progesterone‐loaded chitosan prosthesis. A preliminary report
Authors: Chávez‐Delgado M. E. , Mora‐Galindo J. , Gómez‐Pinedo U. , Feria‐Velasco A. , Castro‐Castañeda S. , López‐Dellamary Toral F. A. , Luquin‐De Anda S. , García‐Segura L. M. , García‐Estrada J. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractBiodegradable nerve guides have represented new treatment alternatives for nerve repairing. They are gradually biodegradable, exert biological effects directly to the injured nerve, and act as drug‐ or cell‐delivery devices. Furthermore, progesterone (PROG) has been demonstrated to promote injured peripheral nerve regeneration. In this study, it was hypothesized that PROG delivered from chitosan prostheses provides better facial nerve regenerative response than chitosan prostheses with no PROG. As there are no reports on the use of the former as nerve‐guide material in the regeneration of injured nerves, this is the main objective of the present work. Chitosan prostheses containing PROG were used to bridge 10‐mm gaps in rabbit facial nerves. The regenerated nerves were evaluated 45 days after implantation in animals with the use of light microscopy and morphometric analysis. Gas chromatography was used in order to quantify PROG content in prosthesis prior to and after implantation in subcutaneous tissue at different periods of up to 60 days. In addition, the prosthesis walls were evaluated with histological techniques in order to assess their integrity and the surrounding tissue reaction. Chitosan prostheses allowed PROG release during the time needed for nerve regeneration. At 45 days myelinated nerve fibers were observed in both the proximal and distal stumps. This parameter and the N ratio were higher in the progesterone‐treated group when compared to that of the vehicle control. Findings indicate that chitosan prostheses were useful in nerve regeneration, acting as a long‐lasting PROG delivery device a faster nerve regeneration. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 67B: 702–711, 2003
Osteoconductive and hemostatic properties of apatite formed on/in agarose gel as a bone‐grafting material
Authors: Tabata Masashi , Shimoda Toru , Sugihara Kazumasa , Ogomi Daisuke , Serizawa Takeshi , Akashi Mitsuru 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe biologic behavior of hydroxyapatite formed on/in agarose (HA/agarose) gels with the use of a novel alternate soaking process was compared with commercially available Bone Ject (True‐Bone ceramic–collagen combined bone‐graft material, Koken, Japan) as a filler for the tooth‐extraction sockets of six adult monkeys (Macasa fascicularis). After the monkeys' first premolars were extracted, the defects created were replaced with one of the following materials: (a) HA/agarose created by 12 soaking cycles, (b) HA/agarose created by 9 soaking cycles, (c) Bone Ject, and (d) no material implantation (control). The time of hemostasis in each extraction site was estimated, and the samples were then studied histologically. In the controls, the time of hemostasis was about 5 min. The Bone Ject particles were easily washed out by bleeding, and the time of hemostasis was about 15 min. The HA/agarose gel was densely packed into the bony defect. The hemorrhage from the defects stopped within a few seconds after graft placement. This hemostasis was most likely related to the compactibility and adhesiveness of the material. After 12 weeks of implantation, free Bone Ject particles surrounded by inflammatory cells were observed. The bony defect filled with the HA/agarose gels was completely absorbed and replaced by newly formed bone possessing bone marrow. There was no difference in the biologic behavior of HA/agarose gels created by 9 versus 12 soaking cycles. The present study suggests that HA/agarose gels may play an important role as an alternative biodegradable bone‐graft material for autogenous bone in humans. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 67B: 680–688, 2003
Effects of machined/turned, TiO2‐blasted and sandblasted/acid‐etched titanium oral implant surfaces on nerve conduction: A study on isolated rat sciatic nerves
Authors: Onur Mehmet A. , Çehreli Murat Cavit , Taş Zeynep , Şahin Saime 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to explore the clinical relevance of the effects of machined/turned, TiO2‐blasted and sandblasted/acid‐etched titanium oral implant surfaces on nerve conduction. Isolated rat sciatic nerves were placed between two suction electrodes in a pyrex bath containing a tyrode solution. Evoked compound action potentials (cAPs) of the nerves were recorded before and after contact with the implants. The mandibular incisors of randomly selected animals were extracted and changes in cAP amplitudes were used as controls. The differences in final cAP values of Astra Tech® implants and rat natural teeth were insignificant (P < 0.05), whereas the differences between other groups were significant (P < 0.05). Machined/turned‐surface implants did not cause any change in cAPs. A slight decrease in cAPs was observed for TiO2‐blasted and sandblasted/acid‐etched implants, and the natural teeth. The reductions of cAPs in latter groups were not 50% after an application time of 300 min. The cAP changes of nerves contacting TiO2‐blasted and sandblasted/acid‐etched oral implants fall within physiologic limits in vitro. Machined/turned, TiO2‐blasted, and sandblasted/acid‐etched titanium implant surfaces do not lead to irreversible neurotoxic effects. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 67B: 772–778, 2003
Premixed calcium–phosphate cement pastes
Authors: Takagi Shozo , Chow Laurence C. , Hirayama Satoshi , Sugawara Akiyoshi 
Published: October 2003

AbstractA self‐hardening calcium–phosphate cement (CPC) containing Ca4(PO4)2O and CaHPO4 has been shown in clinical studies to be efficacious for repairing bone defects. This and several other similar CPCs harden in 10 min with the use of a phosphate solution as the liquid and form hydroxyapatite (HA) as the product. The present study investigated the properties of water‐free, glycerol‐containing CPC pastes that are stable in the package and would harden only after being delivered to a defect site where glycerol–tissue fluids exchange occurs. Premixed CPC pastes were prepared by combining cement liquids containing glycerol and various amounts of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose/Na2HPO4, with CPC powders that contained (1) Ca4(PO4)2O and CaHPO4, (2) α‐Ca3(PO4)2 and CaCO3, or (3) CaHPO4 and Ca(OH)2. The hardening times and 1‐d and 7‐d diametral tensile strengths were measured on samples that hardened in an in vitro model that allowed exchange of glycerol and physiologic‐like solution (PLS) through fritted glass slides at 37 °C. All pastes had excellent washout resistance; they remained intact and hardened while immersed in PLS and formed HA as products. Newman–Keuls multiple comparison tests indicated that the Na2HPO4 amount, not the hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HMC) amount, significantly (p < 0.05) affected the strength and hardening time. Although the premixed CPCs generally have longer hardening times and lower strengths, these pastes have excellent washout resistance before hardening and can be prepared in advance under well‐controlled conditions. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 67B: 689–696, 2003