bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prediction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon biodegradation in contaminated soils using an aqueous hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin extraction technique
Authors: Stokes Joanna D. , Wilkinson Anne , Reid Brian J. , Jones Kevin C. , Semple Kirk T. 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
This study investigated the use of an aqueous hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPCD) shake extraction to predict the degree of microbial degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils. Three different aged PAH-contaminated soils were studied: A soil from a former coke works (CW) and two artificially contaminated soils (AC1 and AC2). First, the catabolic activity of the indigenous soil microflora was assessed with 14C-respirometry, using a range of 14C-labeled aromatic compounds. Extensive mineralization of several compounds occurred in the CW and the AC2 soils, suggesting that both soils contained catabolically active microorganisms. No significant mineralization occurred in the AC1 soil, implying that either it did not contain an indigenous PAH-degrading microbial population or that degradation, but not mineralization, occurred. The soils then were subjected to three sets of analyses: dichloromethane (DCM) soxhlet extraction, six-week biodegradation assay followed by DCM extraction, and extraction with HPCD followed by DCM extraction. A general decrease in PAHs present in the soils occurred after the biodegradation assay. In the CW and the AC1 soils, strong correlations were observed between the amount of PAHs biodegraded and the fraction of PAHs removed from the soils using the HPCD extraction. However, the AC2 soil showed a more modest correlation between the biodegradable fraction and the HPCD extractable fraction, with the HPCD extraction slightly underestimating the extent of PAH biodegradation. The results of this study indicated that an aqueous HPCD extraction may be a useful tool in assessing the microbial availability of aged contaminant mixtures in soils, although further validation is required.
Effects of selected polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retard ants on lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) thymocyte viability, apoptosis, and necrosis
Authors: Birchmeier Kelly L. , Smith Kimberly A. , Passino-Reader Dora R. , Sweet Leonard I. , Chernyak Sergei M. , Adams Jean V. , Omann Geneva M. 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame-retardants have been identified as an emergent contaminants issue in many parts of the world. In vitro analyses were conducted to test the hypothesis that selected PBDEs congeners affect viability, apoptosis, and necrosis of thymocytes from laboratory-reared lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush). At current environmental levels (&lt;1 mg/L), effects of the tested PBDEs on thymocytes were negligible. However, at 100 mg/L, major effects were seen for congener brominated diphenyl ether 47 (BDE-47) and minor effects were seen for congener BDE-99.
Effects of salinity on copper accumulation in the common killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus)
Authors: Blanchard Jonathan , Grosell Martin 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
Results of laboratory and field studies have demonstrated that salinity influences the accumulation of copper. The present study is, to our knowledge, the first to examine the effect of salinity on copper accumulation in a teleost fish across a comprehensive range of salinity from freshwater to seawater. This was done in an effort to identify potential target tissues and differences in chemical interactions across salinities that will aid in the development of a seawater biotic ligand model (BLM) for copper. Killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus) were acclimated to five salinities (0, 5, 11, 22, and 28 ppt) and exposed to three copper concentrations (0 [nominal], 30, and 150 μg L−1), yielding 15 treatment groups. Fish from each group were sampled for tissue copper analysis at 0, 4, 12, and 30 d postexposure. Whole-body and liver accumulations were highest at lower salinities. The liver accounted for 57 to 86% of the whole-body copper even though it accounted for less than 4% of the body mass. Similarly, the gill accumulated more copper at lower salinities, whereas the intestine generally accumulated more copper at higher salinities. Speciation calculations indicate that CuCO3 likely accounts for much of the accumulation, possibly with some contributions from CuOH+ and Cu(OH)2. The free ion, Cu2+, does not appear to be associated with copper accumulation. However, the differences in physiology and in the concentrations of competing cations across salinities suggest that speciation alone cannot explain accumulation. The present findings may have implications for future development of a BLM for saline environments by identifying potential target tissues.
Ontogenic delays in effects of nitrite exposure on tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum tigrinum) and wood frogs (Rana sylvatica)
Authors: Griffis-Kyle Kerry L. 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
Under certain conditions, nitrite can be present in freshwater systems in quantities that are toxic to the fauna. I exposed wood frog (Rana sylvatica) and eastern tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum tigrinum) embryos and young tadpoles and larvae to elevated concentrations of nitrite in chronic toxicity tests: 0, 0.3, 0.6, 1.2, 2.1, 4.6, and 6.1 mg/L NO2-N, exposing individuals as both embryos and larvae. Nitrite caused significant declines in wood frog hatching success (3.4 mg/L NO2-N, wood frog), and lower concentrations caused significant mortality during the early larval stages (4.6 mg/L NO2-N, salamander; 0.5 mg/L NO2-N, wood frog). Later tests exposing individuals to nitrite only after hatching showed that both wood frog and tiger salamander vulnerability to nitrite declined shortly after hatching. Hence, examining a single life-history stage, especially later in development, may miss critical toxic effects on organisms, causing the researcher potentially to underestimate seriously the ecological consequences of nitrite exposure.
Environmental monitoring and ecological risk assessment for pesticide contamination and effects in Lake Pamvotis, northwestern Greece
Authors: Hela Dimitra G. , Lambropoulou Dimitra A. , Konstantinou Ioannis K. , Albanis Triantafyllos A. 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
Monitoring of pesticide residues in water and sediments was conducted as a basis for subsequent ecotoxicological risk assessment for the shallow eutrophic Lake Pamvotis, northwestern Greece. During a one-year study period, atrazine, desethylatrazine (DEA), simazine, diazinon, malathion, oxamyl, carbofuran, and ethion were detected in water and atrazine, desethylatrazine, diazinon, and s-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate (EPTC) in sediments, all at ppb concentration level. Temporal variation in pesticide concentrations was observed. Highest residue levels for most pesticides in both water and sediment matrices occurred in the May to July period with the exception of atrazine and DEA, which show highest levels in water during the September to November period. The ecological risk associated with pesticide contamination was assessed using two different methods: The toxic unit method, which provides a first indication of the relative contribution of detected pesticides to the total toxicity and a probabilistic approach, and the inverse method of Van Straalen and Denneman, which is used to quantify the ecological risk. The maximum percentage of the ecological risk was 10.3 and 51.8% for water and 17.2 and 70.6% for sediment, based on acute and chronic level, respectively. These results show that pesticides exert a significant pressure on the aquatic system of Lake Pamvotis, especially for the chronic-effect level. Simple quotient methods should be coupled with higher-tier risk assessment, especially if restoration activities on lake ecosystems are to be undertaken for sustainable development.
Interactions between metabolism of trace metals and xenobiotic agonists of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor in the antarctic fish Trematomus bernacchii: Environmental perspectives
Authors: Regoli Francesco , Nigro Marco , Benedetti Maura , Gorbi Stefania , Pretti Carlo , Gervasi Pier Giovanni , Fattorini Daniele 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
Although Antarctica is a pristine environment, organisms are challenged with contaminants either released locally or transported from industrialized regions through atmospheric circulation and marine food webs. Organisms from Terra Nova Bay also are exposed to a natural enrichment of cadmium, but to our knowledge, whether such environmental conditions influence biological responses to anthropogenic pollutants has never been considered. In the present study, the Antarctic rock cod (Trematomus bernacchii) was exposed to model chemicals, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (benzo[a]pyrene), persistent organic pollutants (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin [TCDD]), cadmium, and a combination of cadmium and TCDD. Analyzed parameters included chemical bioaccumulation, activity, and levels of biotransformation enzymes (cytochrome P4501A); metallothioneins and the efficiency of the antioxidant system measured as individual defenses (catalase, glutathione, glutathione reductase, glutathione S-transferases, and glutathione peroxidases); and total scavenging capacity toward peroxyl and hydroxyl radicals. Reciprocal interactions between metabolism of inorganic and organic pollutants were demonstrated. Dioxin enhanced the accumulation of cadmium, probably stored within proliferating endoplasmic reticulum, and cadmium suppressed the inducibility of cytochrome P4501A, allowing us to hypothesize a posttranscriptional mechanism as the depletion of heme group availability. Clear evidence of oxidative perturbation was provided by the inhibition of antioxidants and enhanced sensitivity to oxyradical toxicity in fish exposed to organic chemicals. Exposure to cadmium revealed counteracting responses of glutathione metabolism; however, these responses did not prevent a certain loss of antioxidant capacity toward peroxyl radicals. The pattern of antioxidant responses exhibited by fish coexposed to cadmium and TCDD was more similar to that observed for cadmium than to that observed for TCDD. The overall results suggest that elevated natural levels of cadmium in Antarctic organisms from Terra Nova Bay can limit biotransformation capability of polycyclic (halogenated) hydrocarbons, thus influencing the bioaccumulation and biological effects of these chemicals in key sentinel species.
Smoking and the New Health Education in Britain 1950s–1970s
Authors: Berridge Virginia , Loughlin Kelly 
Published: May 2005

Advertising has a dual function for British public health. Control or prohibition of mass advertising detrimental to health is a central objective for public health in Britain. Use of mass advertising has also been a more general public health strategy, such as during the initial government responses to HIV/AIDS in the 1980s. We trace the initial significance of mass advertising in public health in Britain in the postwar decades up to the 1970s, identifying smoking as the key issue that helped to define this new approach. This approach drew from road safety and drink driving models, US advertising theory, relocation of health education within the central government, the arrival of mass consumption, and the rise of the “new public health” agenda.
Patient Smoking Cessation Advice by Health Care Providers: The Role of Ethnicity, Socioeconomic Status, and Health
Authors: Houston Thomas K. , Scarinci Isabel C. , Person Sharina D. , Greene Paul G. 
Published: May 2005

Objectives. We assessed differences by ethnicity in ever receiving advice from providers to quit smoking. We evaluated whether socioeconomic status and health status were moderators of the association. Methods. We used 2000 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey data, a population-based cross-sectional survey. Results. After adjusting for complex survey design, 69% of the 14089 current smokers reported ever being advised to quit by a provider. Hispanics (50%) and African Americans (61%) reported receiving smoking counseling less frequently compared with Whites (72%, P<.01 for each). Ethnic minority status, lower education, and poorer health status remained significantly associated with lower rates of advice to quit after adjustment for number of cigarettes, time from last provider visit, income, comorbidities, health insurance, gender, and age. Smoking counseling differences between African Americans and Whites were greater among those with lower income and those without health insurance. Compared with Whites, differences for both Hispanics and African Americans were also greater among those with lower education. Conclusion. We found lower rates of smoking cessation advice among ethnic minorities. However, we also found complex interactions of ethnicity with socioeconomic factors.
Social Disparities in Tobacco Use in Mumbai, India: The Roles of Occupation, Education, and Gender
Authors: Sorensen Glorian , Gupta Prakash C. , Pednekar Mangesh S. 
Published: May 2005

Objectives. We assessed social disparities in the prevalence of overall tobacco use, smoking, and smokeless tobacco use in Mumbai, India, by examining occupation-, education-, and gender-specific patterns. Methods. Data were derived from a cross-sectional survey conducted between 1992 and 1994 as the baseline for the Mumbai Cohort Study (n=81837). Results. Odds ratios (ORs) for overall tobacco use according to education level (after adjustment for age and occupation) showed a strong gradient; risks were higher among illiterate participants (male OR = 7.38, female OR = 20.95) than among college educated participants. After age and education had been controlled, odds of tobacco use were also significant according to occupation; unskilled male workers (OR = 1.66), male service workers (OR = 1.32), and unemployed individuals (male OR = 1.84, female OR = 1.95) were more at risk than professionals. The steepest education- and occupation-specific gradients were observed among male bidi smokers and female smokeless tobacco users. Conclusions. The results of this study indicate that education and occupation have important simultaneous and independent relationships with tobacco use that require attention from policymakers and researchers alike.
The Role of Research in International Tobacco Control
Authors: Warner Kenneth E. 
Published: May 2005

The future of the tobacco-produced disease epidemic rests in low- and middle-income countries, where cigarette sales are growing—the result of rising incomes, trade liberalization, liberalization of the treatment of women, and the introduction of Western-style advertising. Research on disease causation, epidemiology, and educational and policy interventions has contributed significantly to reducing smoking rates in developed countries. A similar contribution is needed in less affluent nations, but severe challenges are involved in implementing a robust research program in such countries. In an attempt to understand these challenges and begin to conceptualize an approach to overcoming them, I examine the need for and methods to achieve a program of meaningful research on tobacco and health, as well as health policy, in the developing world.
Building Capacity for International Tobacco Control Research: The Global Tobacco Research Network
Authors: Stillman Frances A. , Wipfli Heather L. , Lando Harry A. , Leischow Scott , Samet Jonathan M. 
Published: May 2005

The Global Tobacco Research Network (GTRN) was developed to enhance global tobacco control research through information sharing and collaboration among researchers. The formation of the GTRN is timely because of the need to ratify, implement, and track the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. While the spectrum of international tobacco control research continues to expand, resources to support these efforts are still quite limited. As an issue-specific network focused on information sharing and capacity building associated with tobacco control research, the GTRN will provide an opportunity for enhancing the effectiveness of tobacco control initiatives.
Use of Pharmacy Data to Evaluate Smoking Regulations’ Impact on Sales of Nicotine Replacement Therapies in New York City
Authors: Metzger Kristina B. , Mostashari Farzad , Kerker Bonnie D. 
Published: May 2005

Objectives. Recently, New York City and New York State increased cigarette excise taxes and New York City implemented a smoke-free workplace law. To assess the impact of these policies on smoking cessation in New York City, we examined over-the-counter sales of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) products. Methods. Pharmacy sales data were collected in real time as part of nontraditional surveillance activities. We used Poisson generalized estimating equations to analyze the effect of smoking-related policies on pharmacy-specific weekly sales of nicotine patches and gum. We assessed effect modification by pharmacy location. Results. We observed increases in NRT product sales during the weeks of the cigarette tax increases and the smoke-free workplace law. Pharmacies in low-income areas generally had larger and more persistent increases in response to tax increases than those in higher-income areas. Conclusions. Real-time monitoring of existing nontraditional surveillance data, such as pharmacy sales of NRT products, can help assess the effects of public policies on cessation attempts. Cigarette tax increases and smoke-free workplace regulations were associated with increased smoking cessation attempts in New York City, particularly in low-income areas.
Effects of Antismoking Advertising–Based Beliefs on Adult Smokers’ Consideration of Quitting
Authors: Netemeyer Richard G. , Andrews J. Craig , Burton Scot 
Published: May 2005

Objectives. We examined whether specific antismoking advertising–based beliefs regarding the addictiveness of smoking, the dangers of environmental tobacco smoke, and the tobacco industry’s use of deceptive advertising practices are associated with adult smokers’ consideration of quitting. We also assessed whether interactions between such beliefs and having children living in the home were associated with consideration of quitting. Methods. We used analyses of smokers’ responses to a telephone survey conducted after completion of the Wisconsin Anti-Tobacco Media Campaign to test hypotheses associated with our study objectives. Results. Results indicated that advertising-based beliefs regarding smoking addictiveness and the dangers of environmental tobacco smoke were associated with consideration of quitting. The findings also showed that consideration of quitting was positively affected by the interaction between number of children living at home and advertising-based beliefs about deceptive tobacco industry advertising practices designed to induce people to smoke. Conclusions. Creating advertisements that target specific antismoking beliefs may be the most effective approach to enhancing consideration of quitting among adult smokers, particularly those with children living at home.
Political Coalitions for Mutual Advantage: The Case of the Tobacco Institute’s Labor Management Committee
Authors: Balbach Edith D. , Barbeau Elizabeth M. , Manteufel Viola , Pan Jocelyn 
Published: May 2005

In 1984, the tobacco workers’ union and the Tobacco Institute, which represents US tobacco companies, formed a labor management committee (LMC). The institute relied on LMC unions to resist smoke-free worksite rules. In a review of the internal tobacco industry documents now publicly available, we found that the LMC succeeded for 2 primary reasons. First, the LMC furthered members’ interests, allowing them to overcome institutional barriers to policy success. Second, the LMC used an “institutions, ideas, and interests” strategy to encourage non-LMC unions to oppose smoke-free worksite rules. While public health advocates missed an opportunity to partner with unions on the issue of smoke-free worksites during the era studied, they can use a similar strategy to form coalitions with unions.
Planned versus Actual Outcomes As a Result of Animal Feeding Operation Decisions for Managing Phosphorus
Authors: Cabot Perry E. , Nowak Pete 
Published: May 2005

ABSTRACTThe paper explores how decisions made on animal feeding operations (AFOs) influence the management of manure and phosphorus. Variability among these decisions from operation to operation and from field to field can influence the validity of nutrient loss risk assessments. These assessments are based on assumptions that the decision outcomes regarding manure distribution will occur as they are planned. The discrepancy between planned versus actual outcomes in phosphorus management was explored on nine AFOs managing a contiguous set of 210 fields in south‐central Wisconsin. A total of 2611 soil samples were collected and multiple interviews conducted to assign phosphorus index (PI) ratings to the fields. Spearman's rank correlation coefficients (rS) indicated that PI ratings were less sensitive to soil test phosphorus (STP) levels (rS = 0.378), universal soil loss equation (USLE) (rS = 0.261), ratings for chemical fertilizer application (rS = 0.185), and runoff class (rS = −0.089), and more sensitive to ratings for manure application (rS = 0.854). One‐way ANOVA indicated that mean field STP levels were more homogenous than field PI ratings between AFOs. Kolmogorov–Smirnov (K–S) tests displayed several nonsignificant comparisons for cumulative distribution functions, S(x), of mean STP levels on AFO fields. On the other hand, the K–S tests of S(x) for PI ratings indicated that the majority of these S(x) functions were significantly different between AFOs at or greater than the 0.05 significance level. Interviews suggested multiple reasons for divergence between planned and actual outcomes in managing phosphorus, and that this divergence arises at the strategic, tactical, and operational levels of decision‐making.
The Acetochlor Registration Partnership State Ground Water Monitoring Program
Authors: de Guzman Noel P. , Hendley Paul , Gustafson David I. , van Wesenbeeck Ian , Klein Andrew J. , Fuhrman John D. , Travis Kim , Simmons Nick D. , Teskey Wendy E. , Durham Roger B. 
Published: May 2005

ABSTRACTThe Acetochlor Registration Partnership (ARP) conducted a 7‐yr ground water monitoring program at a total of 175 sites in seven states: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Nebraska, and Wisconsin. While acetochlor [2‐chloro‐N‐(ethoxymethyl)‐N‐(2‐ethyl‐6‐methylphenyl)‐acetamide] was the primary focus, the analytical methods also quantified alachlor [2‐chloro‐N‐(2,6‐diethylphenyl)‐N‐(methoxymethyl)‐acetamide], atrazine [6‐chloro‐N‐ethyl‐N′‐(1‐methylethyl)‐1,3,5‐triazine‐2,4‐diamine], metolachlor [2‐chloro‐N‐(2‐ethyl‐6‐methylphenyl)‐N‐(2‐methoxy‐1‐methylethyl)‐acetamide], and two classes of soil degradates for acetochlor, alachlor, and metolachlor. Ground water samples were collected monthly for five years and quarterly for two additional years. All samples were analyzed for the presence of parent herbicides, and degradates were monitored during the last three years. Parent acetochlor was detected above 0.1 μg L−1 in three or more samples at just seven sites. Alachlor and metolachlor were also rarely detected, but atrazine was detected in 36% of all samples analyzed. Even more widespread were the tertiary amide sulfonic acid (ethanesulfonic acid, ESA) degradates of acetochlor, alachlor, and metolachlor, which were detected at 81, 76, and 106 sites, respectively. The other class of monitored soil degradates (oxanilic acid, OXA) was detected less frequently, at 26, 16, and 63 sites for acetochlor OXA, alachlor OXA, and metolachlor OXA, respectively. The geographic distribution of detections did not follow the pattern originally expected when the study began. Rather than being a function primarily of soil texture, the detection of these herbicides in shallow ground water was related to site‐specific factors associated with local topography, the occurrence of surface water drainage features, irrigation practices, and the vertical positioning of the well screen.