bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Molecular Identification of Cytosolic, Patatin-Related Phospholipases A from Arabidopsis with Potential Functions in Plant Signal Transduction
Authors: Holk André , Rietz Steffen , Zahn Marc , Quader Hartmut , Scherer Günther F.E. 
Published: September 2002

Abstract
Rapid activation of phospholipase A (PLA) by auxin or plant-pathogen interaction suggests a function in signal transduction for this enzyme, but the molecular identification of a cytosolic PLA carrying out this function remains open. We isolated four cDNA sequences from Arabidopsis (ecotype Columbia), AtPLA I,AtPLA IIA, AtPLA IVA, andAtPLA IVC, which are members of the patatin-related PLA gene family in plants and which are homologous to the animal Ca2+-independent PLA2 gene family. Expression was measured by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, andAtPLA I transcripts were found preferentially in shoots,AtPLA IIA and AtPLA IVA in roots, andAtPLA IVC in flowers. Transient expression of the four PLA-green fluorescent protein fusion proteins in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) leaves showed they were located in the cytosol and not in the vacuoles. Surprisingly,AtPLA::green fluorescent protein was also localized to chloroplasts. The enzymatic activity of the purified recombinant AtPLA IVA toward phosphatidylcholine was dependent on Ca2+, saturated at 0.5 mm, and had a pH optimum of about 7.0. It had both PLA1 and PLA2 specificity. The enzyme showed in vitro highest sensitivity toward the PLA2 inhibitors palmitoyltrifluoromethyl ketone (PACOCF3,K i approximately 30 nm), arachidonyltrifluoromethyl ketone (AACOCF3,K i approximately 25 μm), and tetrahydro-3-(1-naphtalenyl)-2H-pyran-2-one (K i approximately 200 nm) and was also sensitive to other previously used inhibitors 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid (K iapproximately 3 μm) and nordihydroguajaretic acid (K i approximately 15 μm). The influence of these PLA2 inhibitors on elongation in etiolated Arabidopsis seedlings was tested, and tetrahydro-3-(1-naphtalenyl)-2H-pyran-2-one and 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid inhibited hypocotyl elongation maximally at concentrations close to theirK i in vitro.
Movement of Potato Spindle Tuber Viroid Reveals Regulatory Points of Phloem-Mediated RNA Traffic
Authors: Zhu Yali , Qi Yijun , Xun Yan , Owens Robert , Ding Biao 
Published: September 2002

Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that the phloem mediates traffic of selective RNAs within a plant. How an RNA enters, moves in, and exits the phloem is poorly understood. Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) is a pathogenic RNA that does not encode proteins and is not encapsidated, and yet it replicates autonomously and traffics systemically within an infected plant. The viroid RNA genome must interact directly with cellular factors to accomplish these functions and is, therefore, an excellent probe to study mechanisms that regulate RNA traffic. Our analyses of PSTVd traffic in Nicotiana benthamianayielded evidence that PSTVd movement within sieve tubes does not simply follow mass flow from source to sink organs. Rather, this RNA is transported into selective sink organs. Furthermore, two PSTVd mutants can enter the phloem to spread systemically but cannot exit the phloem in systemic leaves of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). A viroid most likely has evolved structural motifs that mimic endogenous plant RNA motifs so that they are recognized by cellular factors for traffic. Thus, analysis of PSTVd traffic functions may provide insights about endogenous mechanisms that control phloem entry, transport, and exit of RNAs.
F-Actin-Dependent Endocytosis of Cell Wall Pectins in Meristematic Root Cells. Insights from Brefeldin A-Induced Compartments
Authors: Baluška František , Hlavacka Andrej , Šamaj Jozef , Palme Klaus , Robinson David G. , Matoh Toru , McCurdy David W. , Menzel Diedrik , Volkmann Dieter 
Published: September 2002

Abstract
Brefeldin A (BFA) inhibits exocytosis but allows endocytosis, making it a valuable agent to identify molecules that recycle at cell peripheries. In plants, formation of large intracellular compartments in response to BFA treatment is a unique feature of some, but not all, cells. Here, we have analyzed assembly and distribution of BFA compartments in development- and tissue-specific contexts of growing maize (Zea mays) root apices. Surprisingly, these unique compartments formed only in meristematic cells of the root body. On the other hand, BFA compartments were absent from secretory cells of root cap periphery, metaxylem cells, and most elongating cells, all of which are active in exocytosis. We report that cell wall pectin epitopes counting rhamnogalacturonan II dimers cross-linked by borate diol diester, partially esterified (up to 40%) homogalacturonan pectins, and (1→4)-β-d-galactan side chains of rhamnogalacturonan I were internalized into BFA compartments. In contrast, Golgi-derived secretory (esterified up to 80%) homogalacturonan pectins localized to the cytoplasm in control cells and did not accumulate within characteristic BFA compartments. Latrunculin B-mediated depolymerization of F-actin inhibited internalization and accumulation of cell wall pectins within intracellular BFA compartments. Importantly, cold treatment and protoplasting prevented internalization of wall pectins into root cells upon BFA treatment. These observations suggest that cell wall pectins of meristematic maize root cells undergo rapid endocytosis in an F-actin-dependent manner.
Regulated Expression of Arabidopsis Phosphate Transporters
Authors: Karthikeyan Athikkattuvalasu S. , Varadarajan Deepa K. , Mukatira Uthappa T. , D'Urzo Matilde Paino , Damsz Barbara , Raghothama Kashchandra G. 
Published: September 2002

Abstract
Phosphorus deficiency is one of the major abiotic stresses affecting plant growth. Plants respond to the persistent deficiency of phosphate (Pi) by coordinating the expression of genes involved in alleviation of the stress. The high-affinity Pi transporters are among the major molecular determinants that are activated during Pi stress. In this study, using three reporter genes (green fluorescent protein, luciferase, and β-glucuronidase) regulated by two Pi transporter promoters, we have carried out an extensive analysis of transcriptional and spatial regulation of gene expression. Activation of the genes was rapid, repressible, and specific in response to changes in Pi availability. The phytohormones auxin and cytokinin suppressed the expression of the reporter gene driven by the AtPT1promoter, and that of the native gene, suggesting that hormones may be involved in regulation of some component(s) of Pi starvation response pathway. These studies also provide molecular evidence for a potential role of high-affinity Pi transporters in mobilizing Pi into reproductive organs. The results suggest that members of the Pi transporter family may have similar but nonredundant functions in plants.
What distinguishes unintentional injuries from injuries due to intimate partner violence: a study in Greek ambulatory care settings
Authors: Petridou E , Browne A , Lichter E , Dedoukou X , Alexe D , Dessypris N 
Published: September 2002

Objectives:Intimate partner violence (IPV) is an important sociocultural and public health problem. This study aims to assess sociodemographic and injury characteristics of IPV victims among adults in a traditional southern European population.Setting:Accident and emergency departments of three sentinel hospitals in Greece participating in the Emergency Department Injury Surveillance System (EDISS).Methods:Data on sociodemographic variables, as well as event and injury characteristics were retrieved from the EDISS database during the three year period 1996–98. Out of a total of 27 319 injured women aged 19 years or more, 312 (1.1%) were reported as IPV related and were compared with 26 466 women with unintentional injuries. Among the 35 174 men with injuries 39 (0.1%) were reported as IPV related and were compared with 34 049 men with unintentional injuries. The data were analyzed through simple cross tabulations and multiple logistic regression. Positive predicted values for selected injury characteristics were also calculated.Results:IPV is more common in rural than in urban areas of Greece. Women are 10 times more frequently IPV victims but men are also IPV victims; younger women and older men are disproportionately affected by IPV. The relative frequency of the phenomenon increases during the late evening and night hours. Certain types of injuries, notably multiple facial injuries, and presentation of the injured person on his/her own at the emergency department or combinations of predictive characteristics are strongly indicative of IPV.Conclusions:Injuries due to IPV are not uncommon in Greece, not withstanding the traditional structure of the society and the tendency of under-reporting. Certain injury characteristics have high positive predictive values and could be used in screening protocols aiming at the correct identification of the underlying external cause in injuries that may be caused by IPV.
Hip protector compliance among older people living in residential care homes
Authors: Cryer C , Knox A , Martin D , Barlow J 
Published: September 2002

Objectives:To estimate the compliance rates for the use of hip protectors among people living in residential care homes.Population/setting:People aged 65 years and over living in residential care homes with 20 or more beds in East Kent, south east England.Methods:Seventeen homes with the highest historical frequency of hip fractures were selected. All residents were offered SAFEHIP hip protectors. Care staff recorded daily hip protector compliance on diary cards over six months. Compliance rates were estimated from the number of sessions (morning, afternoon, evening, night) that a person wore hip protectors.Results:A total of 153 (51%) out of 299 residents agreed to wear hip protectors The 24 hour compliance rate for those who were issued with hip protectors and wore them at least once was 29%: 37% in the daytime and 3% at night. Daytime compliance rates reduced from 47% for the first month, to around 30% for months 5 and 6.Conclusion:This study highlights the problems of persuading older people living in residential care homes to wear hip protectors. They have been shown to prevent hip fracture in nursing home (high risk) populations, and a recent trial showed their effectiveness in a mixed geriatric population. People living in residential care homes are also at greater risk of falling and fracturing than their counterparts living in the community. Initiatives to prevent hip fracture within residential care homes are also justified.
Trends in road injury hospitalisation rates for Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal people in Western Australia, 1971–97
Authors: Cercarelli L R , Knuiman M W 
Published: September 2002

Objective:To examine trends in road injury hospitalisation rates for Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal people in Western Australia.Methods:Data from the Western Australian Hospital Morbidity Data System for the years between 1971 and 1997 were analysed. Poisson regression models were fitted to determine whether the trends were significant.Results:The rate of hospitalisation due to road injury for Aboriginal people (719.1 per 100 000 population per year) over the time period examined was almost twice as high as that for non-Aboriginal people (363.4 per 100 000 population per year). Overall, the results showed that while hospitalisations from road injury involving non-Aboriginal people have been decreasing by 6.7% per three year period since 1971, the rates of hospitalisation for Aboriginal people have been increasing by 2.6% per three year period. Both of these trends were statistically significant. The alarming increasing trend observed for Aboriginal people was more pronounced in males, those aged 0–14 years and over 45 years, and for those living in rural areas.Conclusions:As the rates of road injury for Aboriginal people are higher than for non-Aboriginal people, and are also following an increasing trend, road safety issues involving Aboriginal people need to be addressed urgently by health and transport authorities.
Drinking histories of fatally injured drivers
Authors: Baker S P , Braver E R , Chen L-H , Li G , Williams A F 
Published: September 2002

Context:About 30% of drivers killed in crashes have high blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) of 0.10+ g/dl. There is a question about whether these drivers primarily are problem drinkers who chronically drink and drive—the so-called hard core drinking drivers.Objective:To investigate drinking histories of fatally injured drivers in relation to their BACs.Design and participants:Retrospective cohort study of 818 fatally injured drivers who were included in the 1993 National Mortality Followback Survey (a national sample of US deaths in which next of kin were interviewed) and whose BACs were recorded by the Fatality Analysis Reporting System, a census of US traffic deaths.Main outcome measure:Problem drinking indicators.Results:At least one indicator of potential problem drinking, primarily heavy drinking, was reported for 68% of drivers with very high BACs (0.15+ g/dl), 41% with BACs of 0.10–0.14 g/dl, 32% with BACs of 0.01–0.09 g/dl, and 7% with zero BACs. Spouses provided more credible responses than other relatives: they were more likely to report at least occasional drinking and driving among deceased drivers with high BACs. For the most direct signs of problem drinking (described as a problem drinker during the last month of life or frequently driving after having five or more drinks), spousal reports suggested the prevalence of problem drinking among drivers with very high BACs was 22% (having both indicators), 32% (frequently driving after having five or more drinks), 44% (described as problem drinker), or 57% (having either indicator).Conclusions:Drivers with BACs of 0.10+ g/dl were far more likely than sober drivers to be described as having markers of problem drinking. However, many did not have indicators suggestive of problem drinking. In addition to programs focused on repeat offenders or problem drinkers, countermeasures such as sobriety checkpoints that target a broader spectrum of drinking drivers are appropriate.
Recording of community violence by medical and police services: Figure 1
Authors: Sutherland I , Sivarajasingam V , Shepherd J P 
Published: September 2002

Objectives:To determine the extent to which community violence that results in injury treated in emergency departments appears in official police records and to identify age/gender groups at particular risk of under-recording by the police.Methods:Non-confidential data for patients with assault related injury treated in the emergency departments of two hospitals in one South Wales city (Swansea) during a six month period were compared with data relating to all recorded crimes in the category “Violence against the person” in the police area where the hospitals were located.Results:Over the six month period a total of 1513 assaults were recorded by Swansea emergency departments and the police (1019, 67.3% injured males and 494, 32.7% injured females). The majority of these assaults (993, 65.6%) were recorded exclusively by emergency departments; 357 (23.6%) were recorded only by the police and 163 (10.8%) were recorded by both emergency departments and the police.Equal proportions of males (67.3%) and females (67.5%) injured in assaults were recorded by both emergency departments and the police, but men were more likely to have their assault recorded exclusively in emergency departments (odds ratio (OR) 2.1, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.7 to 2.7) while women were more likely to have their assault recorded exclusively by the police (OR 2.5, 95% CI 2.0 to 3.2).There were no significant relationships between exclusive emergency department recording and increasing age (OR 1.0, 95% CI 0.9 to 1.2), exclusive police recording and increasing age (OR 1.1, 95% CI 1.0 to 1.2), or between age and dual recording (OR 0.9, 95% CI 0.8 to 1.0).Conclusions:Most assaults leading to emergency department treatment, particularly in which males were injured, were not recorded by the police. Assaults on the youngest group (0–10, particularly boys) were those least likely to be recorded by police and females over age 45, the most likely.Emergency department derived assault data provide unique perspectives of community violence and police detection.
Underestimates of unintentional firearm fatalities: comparing Supplementary Homicide Report data with the National Vital Statistics System
Authors: Barber C , Hemenway D , Hochstadt J , Azrael D 
Published: September 2002

Objective:A growing body of evidence suggests that the nation’s vital statistics system undercounts unintentional firearm deaths that are not self inflicted. This issue was examined by comparing how unintentional firearm injuries identified in police Supplementary Homicide Report (SHR) data were coded in the National Vital Statistics System.Methods:National Vital Statistics System data are based on death certificates and divide firearm fatalities into six subcategories: homicide, suicide, accident, legal intervention, war operations, and undetermined. SHRs are completed by local police departments as part of the FBI’s Uniform Crime Reports program. The SHR divides homicides into two categories: “murder and non-negligent manslaughter” (type A) and “negligent manslaughter” (type B). Type B shooting deaths are those that are inflicted by another person and that a police investigation determined were inflicted unintentionally, as in a child killing a playmate after mistaking a gun for a toy. In 1997, the SHR classified 168 shooting victims this way. Using probabilistic matching, 140 of these victims were linked to their death certificate records.Results:Among the 140 linked cases, 75% were recorded on the death certificate as homicides and only 23% as accidents.Conclusion:Official data from the National Vital Statistics System almost certainly undercount firearm accidents when the victim is shot by another person.
IN SEARCH OF THE UNICORN: THE ONAGER AND THE ORYX IN THE ARABIC ODE
Authors: Stetkevych Jaroslav 
Published: September 2002

AbstractIn its rahīl section the classical (pre-Islamic and Mukhadram) qasīdah may have images, or "stories" of quite specific animals, the wild ass/onager and the wild bull or cow/oryx, conforming always to very formalized appearance and behavior. Structurally, they are integrated into the qasīdah as similes of the journeying poet's she-camel/nāqah. The purpose of the present article is first of all to define the two animals, the onager and the oryx, as acting agents in the rahīl structure and "story" and, once defined, to reach deeper, beyond their separateness, in order to uncover their implicit coalescence into a composite, syncretic imaginary, and ultimately symbolic, figura of the unicorn. The essential characteristic of this "revealed" Arabic unicorn is that it has no other existence than its existence in the poem/qasīdah, within which, however, it simultaneously continues to be a simile, a metaphor, an allegory, and a symbol—all this aside from being one of the fields of glory of Arabic descriptive poetic art.
OF SECRETS AND MIRAGES IN IBN QUZMĀN
Authors: Corriente  
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe text of Ibn Quzmān's Dīwān, mainly preserved in a unique Eastern MS, still contains passages that defy interpretation, in spite of several consecutive editions by Nykl, García Gómez and Corriente, either because of the copyist's inability to handle Andalusi items that were subsequently distorted, or on account of our own ignorance of the Andalusi lexicon and semantics, or of certain allusions made by the poet to minor social and historical events. In Dr. Jareer Abu-Haidar's recent book, Hispano-Arabic Literature and the Early Provençal Lyrics (Curzon, 2001), he has included a former paper of his with proposals to improve the edition and the understanding of some of those passages in ways that have met our approval in some cases, but not in most of them. When these cases of rejection of his proposals are analyzed, the reasons beyond their presumed weaknesses seem to lie either in his failure to accept that Ibn Quzmān intended to write in the local dialect, and not in any kind of debased or simplified Classical Arabic, or to acknowledge that he used a slightly modified Arabic metrical system, into which any reading proposal must fit. Nevertheless, Abu-Haidar's remarks have been a positive contribution towards a better understanding of Ibn Quzmān's text, which is of paramount importance to the whole subject of medieval Arabic stanzaic poetry.
Low Temperature Synthesis of Porous Nanocrystalline TiO2 Thick Film for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells by Hydrothermal Crystallization
Authors: Zhang Dongshe , Yoshida Tsukasa , Minoura Hideki 
Published: September 2002

Abstract
A crack-free porous thick film of TiO2 has been fabricated by coating aqueous mixed paste of nanocrystalline TiO2 powder and TiCl4 and treating it by steam in an autoclave at a temperature as low as 100 °C. The added TiCl4 was hydrolyzed and crystallized into rutile TiO2 to “glue” the TiO2 particles. Dye-sensitized solar cell based on this material achieved a high conversion efficiency of 6.23% under illumination by a filtered Xe lamp equivalent to 1 sun intensity.
Production of Hydrogen Peroxide from Carbon Monoxide, Water, and Oxygen over Alumina Supported Amorphous Ni Catalysts
Authors: Ma Zhonglong , Jia Rongli , Liu Changjun , Mi Zhentao 
Published: September 2002

Abstract
A novel amorphous Ni catalyst supported on alumina has been developed for the production of hydrogen peroxide from carbon monoxide, water, and oxygen. The experimental investigation confirmed that the promoter/Ni loading ratio and the preparation conditions show a significant effect on the activity and catalytic lifetime. Among all the catalysts tested, the Ni–La–B/Al2O3 catalyst with 1:15 molar ratio of La/Ni, dried at 120 °C, shows the best activity and lifetime for the production of hydrogen peroxide.
Preparation of Cr-Doped TiO2 Thin Film of P-type Conduction for Gas Sensor Application
Authors: Ruiz A , Cornet A , Sakai G , Shimanoe K , Morante J R , Yamazoe N 
Published: September 2002

Abstract
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) could be doped with as much as 8.7 atom% Cr by means of a sol-gel method. XRD analysis revealed that the powder of Cr (8.7 atom%)-doped TiO2 calcined at 500 °C consisted of small crystallites ascribale to anatase structure. The thin film of doped TiO2 (70 μm) at this composition was found to behave as a p-type semiconductor on exposure to CO and NO2 in air: it responded to dilute NO2 with a sharp decrease in electrical resistance.
Micropatterned HeLa Cell Culture on PEG Monolayer-Coated Glass Substrates
Authors: Nishizawa Matsuhiko , Takahashi Atsushi , Kaji Hirokazu , Matsue Tomokazu 
Published: September 2002

Abstract
The micropatterns (∼5 μm) of HeLa cells were maintained for more than 4 days on a glass surface modified by the corresponding pattern of a covalently attached polyethylene glycol (PEG) monolayer, even in the presence of serum proteins.
Tributylphosphine-catalyzed Acylation of Alcohol by Active Ester Directed toward Effective End-capping of Pseudorotaxane Consisting of Ammonium Group and Crown Ether
Authors: Kihara Nobuhiro , Nakakoji Naohisa , Takata Toshikazu 
Published: September 2002

Abstract
According to the results of a model study using benzyl alcohol, pseudorotaxane with terminal hydroxy group on the axle was acylated with S-2-pyridyl 3,5-dimethylthiobenzoate in the presence of tributylphosphine to produce rotaxane in 85% yield. Optically active [2]rotaxane and [3]rotaxane were readily synthesized by this method.