bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Virtues and Vices of Virtue Jurisprudence
Authors: Duff R A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The revival of interest in virtue theory (in particular Aristotelian virtue theory) among moral philosophers towards the end of the last century had an impact on legal theory, in a revival of ‘virtue jurisprudence’. Virtue jurisprudents argue that ideas of virtue and vice ought to play a central role in our understanding of the proper aims and principles of systems of law. At their most ambitious, they might claim that ‘the aim of the law is to make citizens virtuous’ (Solum 2003: 181), or ‘to promote the greater good of humanity .. . by promoting virtue’ (Huigens 1995: 1425). Such claims cause tremors in contemporary liberal hearts, redolent as they are of nineteenth-century ‘legal moralism’ and of the more ambitious (and more frightening) species of communitarianism; they also reflect what I see as one of the vices of some virtue jurisprudence— a familiar philosophical pleonexia that leads one to portray as the key to understanding a particular matter a concept or idea which, in fact, has only a more modest, but still useful, role to play.
Three Dogmas of Desire
Authors: Brewer Talbot 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is a truism that our desires figure essentially in the explanation of most or all of what we do: in general, we would not act as we do if we did not have the desires we have. If this truism is correct, as truisms tend to be, then having a virtue must involve having certain characteristic desires, since otherwise having a virtue would not suffice to impart a distinctive and laudable shape to characteristic actions. Desires, then, are essential components of virtues; hence, we shall be able to understand what a virtue is only if we understand what a desire is. So it would be a serious obstacle to the formulation of an adequate virtue theory if the reigning philosophical conception of desire were badly amiss. I think that it is, and that we must retrieve a more adequate conception of desire if we are to understand the virtues of character. Until we do this, we shall lack an adequate conception of how the virtuous person can be motivated to act by the intrinsic goodness of other human beings and of certain ways of interacting with them.
Losing Touch with the Everyday: Love and Language in The Wild Duck
Authors: Moi Toril 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A Doll’s House shows how Nora finds a way out of her idealist and melodramatic scenarios towards the everyday, dramatized onstage by having her change into her everyday dress and launch into the deliberately nonspectacular conversation that ends the play. In A Doll’s House, then, the everyday stands for the realm in which words in a conversation begin to make sense, where we can manage to see that language—or, more precisely, our use of language—expresses us. In this chapter I shall show that The Wild Duck explores the connection between language and the everyday further than any other Ibsen play.
Losing Touch with the Everyday: Love and Language in The Wild Duck
Authors: Moi Toril 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The play is also packed with references to voice and expression, suffiocation and silence, to hearing and not hearing, to understanding and not understanding others. This tells us that the major concerns of Rosmersholm are human expression and its failures, how we can come to doubt the power of words in general, and within a relationship between a man and a woman in particular. In short, Rosmersholm is about linguistic skepticism, and its consequences for love.
The Origins of the Festivals, especially Delphi and the Pythia
Authors: Davies John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some years ago, in the paper which became Davies 1994, I reviewed the controversy which had been aroused by Robertson’s paper of 1978 on the First Sacred War. He had argued that the story about it, placed in the 590s and 580s by a literary tradition which made its appearance only in the fourth century, was a complete and baseless invention of the 340s. While the processes of engaging with his and others’ arguments, of attempting to disentangle the layers of the source material, and of assessing its veracity, took the discourse some way towards a defensible Third Way between old-style credulity and fashionable deconstruction, they left a loose end and an unfinished agenda.
The Entire House is Full of Crowns: Hellenistic Agōnes and the Commemoration of Victory
Authors: Bremen Riet Van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
But these apparent continuities should be set against the wider changes that were taking place in the course of the third century BC. The equestrian victories of Attalos and Diotimos were gained in a world in which the new kingdoms carved out of Alexander’s vast but short-lived empire were rapidly becoming the main centres of power and wealth, and the courts of the Ptolemaic, Antigonid, Attalid, and Seleukid kings developed as cultural and political alternatives to the polis on a scale not seen before.11 The main innovation of the Hellenistic period in terms of elite- and patronage-culture was precisely the formation of networks based on these courts, in effect the creation of a Graeco-Macedonian elite of philoi who were first and foremost attached to the kings they served.
Conclusion: The Prestige of the Games
Authors: Douglas Mary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The editors of this book have made a grand interdisciplinary gesture. It was a happy thought to put poetry and sport (in its widest sense) into the same frame, and in itself a bold idea to bring together classical scholars from all branches of the discipline to talk about the Panhellenic crown games and Pindar’s Odes celebrating the games’ victors. Academically speaking, it was also a postmodern gesture. The earlier (modern) idea used to be that sport is sport, a branch of play, a genre of its own, one which has much to say for the education and mental and bodily well-being of the individual performers, and something to do with school and national morale, but nothing else.
Black Africa
Authors: Patke Rajeev S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Contemporary African poetry remains implicated in the life of politics and the fate of nations with a fixity of concern not found in Asia or the Caribbean. The end of colonialism was followed in most African countries by decades of native misrule. For three generations, African poets have given voice to a wide range of experiences, always conscious that their use of English links them across regional boundaries, while they present the language with the challenge of dealing with the local in all its uniqueness, in circumstances ravaged by civil war, natural disasters, human greed, and political misrule.
The institutional and regulatory settings for occupational health and safety: an international survey
Authors: Hotopp Ulrike , Mendeloff John , Sinclair Sandra , Tompa Emile , Eltard, Dorte , Koeper Birgit , Clayton Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents a survey of the institutional and regulatory context of occupational health and safety (OHS) systems in several jurisdictions. The intent of the survey is to provide readers with a sense of how the OHS context can vary from one jurisdiction to another and, hence, offer an appreciation of how different systems can affect workplace parties and other stakeholders in different ways. Key factors to keep in mind are the behavioural incentives created by a system, as well as its impact on outcomes, and the distribution of costs and consequences. These factors must be borne in mind when designing a study (some effects may be of more consequence in some jurisdictions than others), when comparing the results of evaluations done in different jurisdictions, or when assessing the implications of a study done in one jurisdiction for another. There is a significant diversity of policy environments even amongst jurisdictions having close geographical and cultural proximity. Given the importance of system incentives, it is good practice in the reporting of study results to clearly outline the OHS context in which the intervention was undertaken, and to highlight those aspects most relevant to behaviour, outcomes, and the distribution of costs and consequences in the jurisdiction(s) in question.
Kind of analysis and decision rule
Authors: Hoch Jeffrey S , Dewa Carolyn S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To advance and help to standardize the methods of economic evaluation in the occupational health and safety (OHS) field we describe the key principles of economic evaluation. We focus on two key considerations related to the evaluation of OHS interventions: the kind of analysis that should be done and the ways in which the results should be used to make decisions.
Adjusting for time preference and addressing uncertainty
Authors: Gnam William , Grignon, Michel , Dolinschi Roman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter covers two topics: adjustment for inflation and time preference, and uncertainty and sensitivity analysis. The two topics are sometimes perceived as related because the discount rate used to adjust for time preference is a parameter commonly subjected to uncertainty and, hence, subjected to sensitivity analysis. However, the issues of time preference and uncertainty are actually distinct. Hence, each is given separate treatment here. We begin the chapter with a discussion of adjustment for inflation and time preference, and follow with uncertainty and sensitivity analysis.
Equity
Authors: Culyer Anthony J , Tompa Emile 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A basic tenet of economics is that resources are scarce, so it is in the interest of individuals and societies to put them to their best uses. This is the notion underlying allocative efficiency—to get the most for the least. Economic evaluation is a tool to assist with achieving it. Invariably, it requires placing values on both the resources consumed and the consequences their use has produced in order to compare inputs and outputs within and across alternatives. Also inherent in the process is the need to compare and, where appropriate, aggregate costs and consequences across individuals and groups.
Parasites and sexual selection
Authors: David Patrice , Heeb Philipp 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In numerous species, such as the peacock and the red deer, males differ morphologically and behaviourally from females. They are often bigger, more brightly coloured, and have more complex songs. Charles Darwin was the first to address the paradox of sexual dimorphism: why do males acquire traits that render them more detectable and appear to reduce their survival? These observations seemed to contradict his theory of evolution by natural selection (Darwin 1859). To address this contradiction he invented the concept of sexual selection, defined as ‘the advantage which certain individuals have over other individuals of the same sex and species, in exclusive relation to reproduction’ (Darwin 1871, ch. VIII). Briefly, the extravagant traits of males would increase their reproductive success, thus compensating for their reduced survival. Research in this field has increased considerably in recent decades.
Health ecology: a new tool, the macroscope
Authors: Magny Guillaume Constantin de , Renaud François , Durand Patrick , Guégan Jean-François 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Epidemiologists and parasitologists studying transmissible diseases tend to take an interest in direct causes, the visible modes of spread, and disease prevention. Usually, these disciplines show little interest in the physical, ecological, or evolutionary processes which occur on larger time and space scales. Epidemiologists and parasitologists have for a long time also considered the individual host as the only frame of reference for understanding the causes and consequences of infections. However, recent studies on the impact of global environmental changes and the dynamics of pathogens and their geographical distributions perfectly illustrate the relevance of large-scale studies for a better understanding of the persistence and dynamics of micro-organisms in host populations of humans, animals, or plants.
The Pursuit of Unhappiness
Authors: Haybron Daniel M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The pursuit of happiness is a defining theme of the modern era. But what if people aren't very good at it? This and related questions are explored in this book, the first comprehensive philosophical treatment of happiness in the contemporary psychological sense. In these pages, Dan Haybron argues that people are probably less effective at judging, and promoting, their own welfare than common belief has it. For the psychological dimensions of well-being, particularly our emotional lives, are far richer and more complex than we tend to realize. Knowing one's own interests is no trivial matter. As well, we tend to make a variety of systematic errors in the pursuit of happiness. We may need, then, to rethink traditional assumptions about human nature, the good life, and the good society. Thoroughly engaged with both philosophical and scientific work on happiness and well-being, this book will be a definitive resource for philosophers, social scientists, policy makers, and other students of human well-being.
What Do We Want from a Theory of Happiness?
Authors: Haybron Daniel M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Settling questions about the nature of happiness probably strikes more than a few philosophers as an exercise in futility. Indeed, there may be no question philosophers enjoy hearing less than “What do you mean by ‘happiness’?” Even once we get past the linguistic hurdles discussed in Chapter 2, we still lack any plausible way of telling a good theory of happiness from a bad one. As someone helpfully put it to me: how are we supposed to play this game?
Life Satisfaction
Authors: Haybron Daniel M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For as long as anyone can remember, the message from on high was generally some form of “You’ll eat it and you’ll like it.” Or, like Job, you won’t. As far as the authorities were concerned, it didn’t much matter whether you liked it. The sages who advised us in the betterment of life accordingly tended to focus their efforts on how to bring ourselves to like, or at least stomach, the fetid stew that so often got heaped on our plates. Not so in the age of consumer sovereignty, where the grim creed of yore has slowly given way to a perkier theology of “How may I help you?” The authorities whom we once served now serve us—or so we are told—and our rapidly proliferating needs. Not even college professors can claim immunity to the imperatives of customer satisfaction, many of us having learned from forward-thinking administrators that our job is not to produce an enlightened citizenry but to satisfy our choosy young customers.
Happiness as Psychic Affirmation
Authors: Haybron Daniel M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The last chapter sketched a default version of the emotional state theory on which happiness consists in a person’s overall emotional condition. This in turn was understood as the sum of the individual’s moods and emotions. To be happy, on this view, is to have predominantly positive, versus negative, moods and emotions. We then filled out this view in certain ways, yielding a “three aspect” version of the emotional state theory on which happiness specifically involves states of attunement, engagement, and endorsement. This was seen as an articulation of a broader ideal of happiness as “psychic affirmation.” Here I want to fill out the view in further detail, clarifying both its “psychic” and “affirmation” aspects. We will accordingly focus on two issues: first, the fundamental distinctions in affect driving the inclusion of moods and emotions—and other states, we will see—versus other affects; and second, the “threshold problem”: how happy one has to be actually to count as happy, versus not. After addressing these and a few other matters, I will summarize the resulting account of happiness, contending that it is both intuitively plausible and answers well to our practical interests in happiness. Happiness is best understood along the lines of
Well-Being and Virtue
Authors: Haybron Daniel M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Part II centered on questions of psychology, specifically the character of happiness, in the long-term psychological sense distinguished in Chapter 2. The emotional state theory of happiness defended there raises doubts about liberal optimism’s Transparency assumption, since our emotional lives are surprisingly rich, and much harder to grasp than “smiley-face” stereotypes would suggest. But how important, really, is happiness? Answering this question requires that we turn to the theory of well-being.
Happiness, the Self, and Human Flourishing
Authors: Haybron Daniel M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our excursion into Aristotelian approaches to well-being served several purposes, one being to counter a major source of doubts about the importance of happiness. At the same time, recognizing the considerable force of the Aristotelian position may soften support for the main alternative, the various forms of subjectivism. This is useful, since popular notions of the transparency of well-being, and hence personal authority in such matters, draw much strength from subjectivism. Finally, the approach to well-being that I want to develop here centers on an old idea most commonly associated with the Aristotelian paradigm, welfare eudaimonism: grounding well-being in some ideal of nature-fulfillment. Because contemporaries tend not to think of psychological states like happiness in such terms, our investigation of Aristotelian eudaimonism should help the reader to see the deep historical roots of the basic approach I will be defending. There is nothing exotic about it.
The Pursuit of Unhappiness
Authors: Haybron Daniel M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For most of the living world, the good life is mainly a matter of context. Given the right setting and a good dose of luck, most organisms tend to do well, or at least to succeed in their terms: that’s basically how they’re wired. Conversely, put a typical creature in the wrong setting and—good luck or no—it is lost, pretty much guaranteed a quick death. For perhaps the majority of life forms, almost every place on earth is “the wrong setting” (a fact that gives zookeepers no end of headaches). Not so, it seems, for Homo sapiens, a species so adaptable that its members can flourish just about anywhere, probably including space. This is not because they are hard to kill, like cockroaches and rats, but because they are smart. Though rather needy in purely physical terms, these tropical primates have a remarkable talent for engineering whatever environment they find themselves in to suit their purposes. They are “ecological engineers,” to use Kim Sterelny’s apt expression. Impressed by their seemingly boundless ingenuity, many of them, at least in the brief era leading up to the twenty-first century, have thought that their species largely transcends context. For its members really need
Happiness in Context
Authors: Haybron Daniel M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My father once watched a fisherman, a resident of a traditional island community often mocked by outsiders as backwards and primitive, construct a skiff approximately eighteen feet in length—cutting, shaping, and fitting the numerous pieces together to form a handsome, seaworthy craft. All by eye and memory, using hand tools only. This is an astonishing, but for such fishermen perfectly ordinary, feat requiring a degree of intelligence, discernment, and judgment far surpassing anything we see in other animals. There is nothing backwards about someone who can do that, and on that island there were not many stupid people (stupid people tended quickly to become dead people). Yet the fisherman’s knowledge was largely inexplicit and inarticulate; he could have said something of what he was doing, but much of what he knew about building that boat he “just knew.” So too was most of the other knowledge traditionally required to survive in the often harsh environment of that island: among many other things, how to build and maintain a home that won’t wash away in a hurricane or winter storm, how to repair your tools and machines, how to handle a boat in rough seas, how to read the sea and
Initial thoughts and potential advantages of regional anaesthesia under ultrasonographic guidance
Authors: Marhofer Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since 1884, when Carl Koller described the first successful blockade of a peripheral nerve in Vienna, regional anaesthesia has become an important specialty for providing adequate perioperative pain control. Nevertheless, a close evaluation of significant advantages during the past decades is disappointing. The introduction of the most recent new local anaesthetic drug was roughly a decade ago, and the same situation could be presumed for additive substances.
Pearls and pitfalls
Authors: Marhofer Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The position of the anaesthesiologist relative to the patient should be ‘face-to-face’ with the ultrasound machine positioned lateral to the head of the patient (Figure 7.1). For approaches at the neck, the anaesthesiologist might wish to position themselves behind the head of the patient (Figure 7.2). The orientation of the probe should adhere to a ‘true image’ (i.e., left side of the probe = left side of the screen).
Neck blocks
Authors: Marhofer Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The cervical plexus is formed by the ventral rami of the spinal nerves C1–4. In this context, only the rami of nerves C2–4 are of interest for regional anaesthetic purposes. Each nerve (except the first) divides into an ascending and descending branch to form three communicating loops. The cervical plexus is located at the level of the first four cervical vertebrae, deep beneath the internal jugular vein and anterior to the levator scapulae and middle scalene muscles. The cervical plexus is covered by the sternocleidomastoideus muscle. The branches of the cervical plexus can be classified as either deep or superficial.
Upper extremity blocks
Authors: Marhofer Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The brachial plexus is formed by the ventral rami of the spinal nerves C5–Th1. In general, supraclavicular and infraclavicular parts are described. The ventral rami leave the intervertebral foramina posterior to the vertebral artery and, after a short distance in the scalenovertebral triangle (bordered by the longus colli muscle medially, the anterior scalenus muscle laterally, and the dome of the pleura inferiorly), are situated between the anterior and middle scalene muscles – the interscalene space. The first branches are the dorsal scapular and thoracic longus nerves, both of which pierce the middle scalenus muscle to take a dorsolateral course. Subsequently, the roots form a superior (C5/C6), intermediate (C7), and inferior (C8/T1) trunk.
Truncal blocks
Authors: Marhofer Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Truncal blocks are well established regional anaesthetic techniques in the abdominal region, providing pain relief by blocking the sensory end branches of the ventral rami Th7–12 and L1–2. Historically, blind techniques relying on tactile sensation (‘scratching sensations’ or ‘palpable gives’) to identify the correct needle position have been the standard method for these nerve blocks. These simple but often forgotten blocks can be divided into three techniques: