bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Species, Space, and Time
Authors: James Wendy , Lambek Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Anthropologists often talk of basic categories of conceptual organization or understanding. In doing this, they sometimes seek to follow the philosophers in looking for the foundational aspects of categorical thinking in such domains as space, or time, or ideas of the material and non-material, species of the human and non-human, self and other. While philosophers focus on the formal specification of such primary conditions of thought, and the way they facilitate access to the world as it is, anthropologists tend to focus on their content and their historical variation, with a focus on the coherence of a cultural tradition and its arbitrary relation to reality. The term ‘category’ is commonly used in both contexts, highlighting form and con tent respectively, and these uses can often slide into one another and help to make this a confusing area to understand.
Women over 35 Old Maids, Merry Widows, and Cosy Wives
Authors: Mccreery Cindy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This study has mainly examined the representation of relatively young women within satirical prints. While not necessarily restricted to young women, the female roles discussed so far favored young women. Then as now, young women were seen as more appealing than old women, and images of them were more likely to attract viewers. Thus, most satirical as well as non-satirical prints of prostitutes, courtesans, actresses, female writers, artists, and politicians, as well as wives and mothers, depict young women. Yet this does not tell the whole story. ‘ Old’ women were also represented within satirical prints, but were treated largely separately from young women.
Theory and Values in Public Law
Authors: Cane* Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
At the heart of Carol Harlow’s scholarship is a strong belief that our understanding of legal rules and principles, the law in the books, can be greatly enriched by normative argument on the one hand, and by empirical investigation of social practices on the other. So far as social practice is concerned, she was one of the very first English public lawyers to ask searching questions about the impact of administrative law on the behaviour of administrators.
The King’s Artists
Authors: Hoock Holger 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This is the story of the forging of a national cultural institution in late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century Britain. The Royal Academy of Arts was the dominant art school and exhibition society in London and a model for art societies across the British Isles and North America. This is the first study of its early years, re-evaluating the Academy's significance in national cultural life and its profile in an international context. Holger Hoock reassesses royal and state patronage of the arts and explores the concepts and practices of cultural patriotism and the politicization of art during the American and French Revolutions. By demonstrating how the Academy shaped the notions of an English and British school of art and influenced the emergence of the British cultural state, he illuminates the politics of national culture and the character of British public life in an age of war, revolution, and reform.
Institutional History
Authors: Hoock Holger 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Royal Academy of Arts of England is, with regard to the Arts of Design, the first, and consequently the most subordinate, step in the career of national refinement, but it is the proper link which unites the progress of the arts with the greatness of the nation. (Prince Hoare, An Inquiry into the Requisite Cultivation and Present State of the Arts of Design, in England [London, 1806], 135.) Throughout the 1760s, London’s artistic community was in a state of permanent strife. The first exhibition of contemporary art in England, held at the rooms of the Society of Arts from 21 April to 8 May 1760, had been a success, selling 6,582 catalogues and receiving an estimated 1,000 daily visitors. Subsequently, however, the artists and their patron society fell out over the management of exhibitions, especially over admission fees which were directly relevant to the envisaged target audience. In 1761, a group of (mostly leading) artists split off and exhibited in a room in Spring Gardens, Charing Cross.
The Cosmopolitan Outlook of a National Academy
Authors: Hoock Holger 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Beyond the metropolitan and national spheres the Academy also operated within a European framework: its cultural patriotism needs to be understood in relation to its cosmopolitan outlook. Cosmopolitanism ‘encapsulates an attitude of detachment towards national prejudice ... and an intellectual investment in the idea of a common European civilisation’. Eighteenth century art societies such as the Royal Academy strove to embody a cosmopolitan patriotism which promoted the glory of a country in terms of its conformity to universal values. In enlightened thinking it was possible to reconcile the recognition of differences between nations, and individual communities’ pride in their national characters and achievements on the one hand, with notions of a common humanity on the other. In the eighteenth-century art world, the increasing international availability of prints and art reports facilitated the creation of a cosmopolitan European visual imagination. This fostered awareness both of common artistic standards and of the distinct characteristics of national schools. As in England and Scotland so too elsewhere in Europe, the constitution of ‘national character’ was seen to be bound up with the development of a nation’s visual culture.
Professional Representations
Authors: Hoock Holger 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
London, Jamaica, and Madras provided the first opportunities for the Royal Academy to engage in public artistic projects. In 1773, under the auspices of the Academy, six history painters offered to decorate St Paul’s Cathedral in London with scripture paintings, free of charge. By the mid-eighteenth century, St Paul’s-a city church, not a royal peculiar like Westminster Abbey-was a public space in that it was included in London tours, and charged for the view of specific sights such as the geometrical staircase or the great model. Previously, the only decoration of the Cathedral had been Sir James Thornhill’s scenes in grisaille from the life of St Paul (barely visible high up in the dome, and now suffering from the effects of damp and heat), and some enemy standards captured in previous wars. Foreigners habitually commented on their disgust with the ‘void, barren’ space (Archenholtz) and the ‘disagreeable effect of the nudity’ in the Cathedral (San Constante) (8.1).
A Gay Manifesto
Authors: Wittman Carl 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
San Francisco is a refugee camp for homosexuals. We have fled here from every part of the nation, and like refugees elsewhere, we came not because it is so great here, but because it was so bad there. By the tens of thousands, we fled small towns where to be ourselves would endanger our jobs and any hope of a decent life; we have fled from blackmailing cops, from families who disowned or ‘tolerated’ us; we have been drummed out of the armed services, thrown out of schools, fired from jobs, beaten by punks and policemen.
The Satirical Gaze
Authors: Mccreery Cindy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This is the first scholarly study to focus on satirical prints of women in the late eighteenth century. The period c.1760-1800 was the golden age of graphic satire: thousands of copper-plate engravings, humorous and/or critical in tone, were published. They were sold in London and the provinces and exported overseas, and were viewed by nearly all sections of the population. These prints both reflected and sought to shape contemporary debate about the role of women in society. While attitudes varied considerably, the general consensus was that women were more visible in society than ever before - on the streets, on the stage, on the walls of the Royal Academy, on the hustings, and in the pleasure gardens. The satirical prints of the period reveal perceptions of women and their behavior as prostitutes and courtesans, wives and mothers, old maids and widows. Cindy Mccreery’ s detailed exploration of this relatively neglected genre extends our knowledge of contemporary attitudes towards women and offers an important new dimension to our understanding of Georgian culture.
Women on the Stage: Courtesans and Scandalous Actresses
Authors: Mccreery Cindy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
I was maintained in the utmost splendor by my keeper, his vanity making him shew me off (as he called it) in all the extravagance of the mode. I was followed at every public place, addressed by love-letters, songs were made upon me, and meztotinto pictures of me sold at all the print-shops: in short, I grew into such fame, that I was the general toast among men of fortune, while the ladies borrowed their fashions from what I wore. During the last four decades of the eighteenth century, another category of loose woman, the courtesan, rose to public prominence.
Venture Capital and Innovation: Clues to a Puzzle
Authors: Kortum Samuel , Lerner Josh 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Over the past decade, there has been a dramatic expansion of public programs around the globe to encourage the formation of venture capital funds. These programs share a common rationale: that venture capital has spurred innovation in the USA, and can do so elsewhere (see, for instance, the European Commission’s Green Paper on Innovation 1995).
The Extent of Venture Capital Exits: Evidence from Canada and the USA
Authors: Cumming Douglas J , MacIntosh Jeffrey G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Venture capitalists are a highly specialized group of investors with expertise in the financing of small- and medium-sized enterprises. Both because of a lack of positive cash flow, and because the agency costs associated with entrepreneurial finance are pronounced, high-growth (and usually technology-based) firms rarely have access to bank borrowing, particularly in the early stages.
The Doctrine Of Utmost Good Faith
Authors: Bennett Professor Howard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
English law adopts an adversarial model of contractual negotiations, requiring each party to accept responsibility for its own interests. The law will assist a party that has been induced into a contract by an inaccurate or misleading statement, termed a ‘misrepresentation’. A contract so induced is voidable, meaning that it is liable to be set aside retrospectively through the remedy of rescission. However, there is no general duty to volunteer information, even though it may be evident that such information would be regarded as highly relevant by the other party in deciding whether to contract and, if so, upon what terms. ‘Tacit acquiescence in another’s self-deception does not itself amount to a misrepresentation, provided that it has not previously been caused by a positive misrepresentation. For example, specific performance of a compromise will be granted despite the failure by the plaintiff to disclose the result, favourable to the defendant, of certain proceedings in the litigation. Insurance contracts, however, constitute an exception to the rule: they are contracts uberrimae fidei (of the utmost good faith), and the doctrine of utmost good faith not only reaffirms a passive duty to refrain from misrepresentation3 but also imposes a pro-active duty to volunteer certain information. Breach of such duties affords the innocent party the option of retrospective avoidance of the contract. The fact that the remedy is absolute and uncompromising has led to detailed scrutiny of all aspects of the doctrine.
Premiums
Authors: Bennett Professor Howard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The undertaking to pay premium is the consideration provided by the assured in return for which the insurer undertakes to indemnify the assured in the circumstances and manner specified in the insurance contract. Premium is earned for assumption of risk. Moreover, upon inception of risk, the insurer is immediately exposed to full liability. Subject to contrary intention, it follows that premium is earned at inception of risk and that both the insured risk represented by that liability and the premium attaching to the insurance of that liability are indivisible.
Banking in an international and European framework: the case of Liechtenstein
Authors: Baur Georges S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As indicated by the title of this volume and as clear from the dominant context after 11 September 2001, security in the world of banking and finance is defined as relating essentially to terrorism and financial crime. This chapter therefore makes only brief reference to other important issues, such as Internet security, arms deals and war crimes, and does not attempt to establish a definition of terrorism. What changes has the current security agenda brought for banking and more generally the financial industry? In recent years, particularly after the terrorist attacks of September 2001, financial intermediaries such as banks, professional trustees and to some extent asset managers have been exposed to an important change in the attitude to their work. This is also, of course, the case for the banks and other financial intermediaries in Liechtenstein.
The resources and tactics of terrorism: a view from Russia
Authors: Volkov Vadim 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the two years since the tragic events of 11 September 2001, several states have made huge efforts and allocated significant resources to eliminating international terrorism. Pursuing the goal of destroying terrorist bases, the US-led coalition of states has achieved important military victories in Afghanistan and Iraq. Russia has made military and political progress towards settlement of the Chechen conflict. Israel has overwhelming military superiority in the Middle East region and can boast an impressive list of counterterrorist operations which eliminated their targets. However, these successes have not resulted in the decline of terrorist activities in the regions concerned, still less worldwide.
International Investment Rules and Water: Learning from the NAFT A Experience
Authors: Bernasconi-Osterwalder Nathalie , Weiss Edith Brown 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the ten years since its entry into force in 1994, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)1 between the Governments of Canada, the United Mexican States, and the United States of America has drawn much attention from environmentalists, academics, politicians, and media. To the surprise of many, it has not been the trade rules that have raised concern, but rather the rules on investment contained in NAFTA ‘s Chapter 11. Over half of the disputes between investors and host States initiated under Chapter 11 to date have involved challenges by investors of measures relating to environmental and health protection, including the protection of water resources. Decisions in many of the disputes are still pending, but both those decided as well as those initiated have reinforced fears that Chapter 11 ‘s set of investor guarantees (and corresponding host State obligations) may inhibit host governments from adopting environmental and health measures. On the issue of water, investors can sue host States to pay monetary damages for setting standards to ensure safe drinking water, to support aquatic life, or to sustain the recreational use of water. This calls for an analysis of how Chapter 11 can put limits on a government ‘s ability to manage its water resources and control water pollution from industrial, agricultural, and municipal sources.
Ethical Issues in the Use of Cost Effectiveness Analysis for the Prioritisation of Health Care Resources
Authors: Brock Dan W 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Resources to improve health are and always have been scarce, in the sense that health must compete with other desirable social goals like education and personal security for resources. It is not possible to provide all the resources to health, including health care and health care research, that might provide some positive health benefits without great and unacceptable sacrifices in other important social goods. This should go without saying, and in other areas of social expenditures resource scarcity is not denied, but in health care many people mistakenly persist in denying this fact. It follows from resource scarcity that some form of health care rationing is unavoidable, where by rationing I mean some means of allocating health care resources that denies to some persons some potentially beneficial health care. That rationing may take many forms.
After the Collapse
Authors: Gerwarth Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
On 18 January 1919 the Allied Peace Conference convened in Versailles to decide the fate of the defeated German Empire. Both the date of the conference’s opening and its location were highly symbolic. Exactly forty-eight years earlier, on 18 January 1871, the German princes had attended the Imperial Proclamation by Otto von Bismarck in Versailles’ Hall of Mirrors. It was the same room in which the German delegation led by Hermann Muller (MSPD) and Johannes Bell (Centre) would sign the peace accords in late June 1919.
Fragmented Society-Divided Memory: Perceptions of Bismarck in Early Weimar Germany
Authors: Gerwarth Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The constitutional controversies in Weimar’s National Theatre and the accompanying public debates left no room for doubt that the Bismarck myth had survived both the transformation of the political system after 1918 and the renaissance of the gro.fdeutsch idea. The immediate post-war controversies also indicated how fundamentally the narrative had changed its character. Whereas the Bismarck myth had served to stabilize the political system between 1898 and 1918, it fulfilled quite the opposite task after the collapse of the Kaiserreich, when it became a weapon to be employed against the Republic of Weimar by its right-wing opponents.
Introduction
Authors: Gerwarth Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When the German photographer Albert Renger-Patzsch published his critically acclaimed book The World is Beautiful in 1928, many of the most prominent reviewers raised the question if it was possible to appreciate the beauty of the world in an age overshadowed by the legacies of the Great War, economic uncertainty, and widespread anxiety over the future of European civilization. Seventeen years later, after the experience of the unprecedented atrocities committed during the Second World War, the answer to this question seemed obvious. For many contemporary observers who had lived through the turmoil of the period, the entire era since 1914 resembled (in the words of Charles de Gaulle) a ‘second’, but more devastating, ‘Thirty Years War’, a time in which any fleeting moments of hope or optimism had at best been an expression of naivety.
Scandinavia
Authors: Hilson Mary 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
For a sparsely populated and relatively peripheral area of Northern Europe, the three Scandinavian countries— Denmark, Norway, and Sweden— generated a considerable amount of international interest during the inter-war period. By 1939, Sweden in particular had gained an international reputation as a model state, which had responded successfully to the economic and political crisis of the 1930s. Particularly influential was a book by the American journalist Marquis Childs, Sweden: The Middle Way (1936), which helped to establish the idea of the Swedish and Scandinavian ‘middle way’ as a compromise between free-market capitalist democracy and fascist or communist totalitarianism.
France
Authors: Tumblety Joan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The French historians who in the middle third of the twentieth century formed what has become known as the Annales school articulated the notion that time for human societies moves at different speeds. First there is the glacial slowness of the longue durée , in which human interaction with the physical landscape changes so slowly as to be almost imperceptible; then the structural time in which patterns of human organization and agency can be better perceived; and finally the time of events, or l’histoire événementielle , the latter described somewhat dismissively by historian Fernand Braudel as ‘surface disturbances’. A survey of the early years of the French twentieth century informed by a longer term perspective may thus not be quite so overwhelmed by the material and human destruction wrought by war.
Italy
Authors: Bosworth R J B 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It so happened that I saw a market day in Bolzano [a natively German-speaking city in the Süd Tirol or Alto Adige, annexed to Italy after 1918], to which hundreds of peasants had come from one of the remote fastnesses, the Val Sarentino. The men looked like people visiting this world for the first time. They were tall, awkward, but deliberate in movement, silent among themselves, and painfully shy in the town streets. They had matted flaxen hair which bunched out in straggles, like a wig, round the lean weather-creased napes of their necks. Pale blue eyes. Tiny cone-shaped felt hats rested on rather than fitted their heads; trousers made of a fustian-looking felt, which only reached down as far as their shins; small Tyrolese jackets with very short sleeves; and, instead of a waistcoat, a most extraordinary leather contraption consisting of, not a breastplate, but a bellyplate of thick leather, on which is lettered their name, village and their birthday! More leather gear— enough for a horse— over their chests and shoulders. Grey stockings and mountain boots.
Europe and the Wider World
Authors: Doumanis Nicholas 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It could be argued that Eurocentrism, the notion that anything of historical significance has been obtained from Europe (or the West), has been one of the most insidious and distorting influences on modern historiography. Historians of Asia and Africa have long bewailed its effects, which marginalize the great bulk of humanity by privileging the stories and achievements of Britain, Western Europe, and, by extension, North America. And no phase of modern European history is more tainted by Eurocentrism than the period 1914– 45.
Pre-Existing Agreements
Authors: Squire Nicholas , Healy Kathleen , Broadbent Joanna 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The possibility of relying on existing arrangements derives from the Information and Consultation Directive. Recital 23 of the Information and Consultation Directive states that in achieving the objective of the Directive, Member States are to ensure: ‘where appropriate, that management and labour have a leading role by allowing them to define freely, by agreement, the arrangements for informing and consulting employees which they consider to be best suited to their needs and wishes’.
Confidential Information
Authors: Squire Nicholas , Healy Kathleen , Broadbent Joanna 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The appropriate treatment of confidential information will be key to the effective operation of information and consultation bodies. It goes with- out saying that there is a delicate balance to be drawn. On the one hand, there needs to be a sufficient flow of relevant information to allow a meaningful information and consultation process, otherwise the whole purpose of the ICE Regulations would be undermined with potentially
Introduction
Authors: Juselius Katarina 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Economists frequently formulate an economically well-specified model as the empirical model and apply statistical methods to estimate its parameters. In contrast, statisticians formulate a statistically well-specified model for the data and analyse the statistical model to answer the economic questions of interest. In the first case, statistics are used passively as a tool to get some desired estimates, and in the second case, the statistical model is taken seriously and used actively as a means of analysing the underlying generating process of the phenomenon in question.