bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Authorial Rhetoric in Virgil’s Georgics
Authors: Rutherford Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As an undergraduate I learned from Donald Russell’s wide-ranging lectures on ancient criticism; in my years as a graduate student his profound knowledge of Greek philosophy and rhetoric proved a constant aid while I puzzled over the writings of Marcus Aurelius. His expertise in these fields is familiar to all classical scholars; those outside Oxford may not know that for years he lectured on Virgil, and his renderings of passages from that poet’s most perfect work, the Georgics, are well remembered. He has been known to say that too much is written about Virgil: but his well-known magnanimity will, I hope, forgive this writer’s insanabile scribendi cacoethes, and his pupils all know that they can rely on him as a candidus index.
Reflections on Ekphrasis in Ausonius and Prudentius
Authors: Wilson Anna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thybris ea fluvium, quam longa est, nocte tumentem leniit, et tacita refluens ita substitit unda, mitis ut in morem stagni placidaeque paludis sterneret aequor aquis, remo ut luctamen abesset. ergo iter inceptum celerant. rumore secundo labitur uncta vadis abies, mirantur et undae, miratur nemus insuetum fulgentia longe scuta virum fluvio pictasque innare carinas. olli remigio noctemque diemque fatigant et longos superant flexus, variisque teguntur arboribus, viridisque secant placido aequore silvas. Virgil, Aeneid 8. 86–96
Dio Chrysostom, Greece, and Rome
Authors: Moles John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Donald Russell’s commentary on Dio happily unites the best Greek orator and the greatest connoisseur of Greek prose of their respective ages. No scholar has argued more persuasively for the literary, philosophical, and indeed moral excellence of Euboicus, Olympicus, and Borystheniticus. I here offer a sketch of their attitudes to Rome. While my interpretations differ from Donald’s, they owe his scholarship an incalculable debt.
‘Subject to the Erotic’: Male Sexual Behaviour in Plutarch
Authors: Stadter Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Early in the Life of Pompey, Plutarch reports that the great general, when a young man, was madly in love with the courtesan Flora, so much so, in fact, that in later years she boasted that he never left her without a bite. Soon Pompey’s friend Geminus also became infatuated with Flora, but she rebuffed him, reminding him of her tie to Pompey. However, after Geminus spoke to Pompey, Pompey surrendered Flora to him and never tried to see her again, much to Flora’s dismay.
Names and a Gem: Aspects of Allusion in Heliodorus’ Aethiopica
Authors: Bowie Ewen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Names can evoke a vast range of associations. Dropped into the calm flow of a narrative they set up ripples which persist long after they have first splashed into the reader’s awareness. Any classicists reading a novel with a character named Donald Russell would expect him to be learned, helpful, and companionable, with a nice sense of humour. A novelist who then constructed a quite different character would challenge readers by a constant play between his construction and their expectation. Inventing (or borrowing) names for characters is one trick open to novelists (and to Athenian comic poets, as Antiphanes reminded his audience) that is largely denied to genres that work with traditional myths. Thus whereas writers (who are most often poets) drawing on a mythological tradition can exploit the ethical qualities which that tradition associates with certain characters (e.g. sit Medea ferox), others with freely invented plots and dramatis personae can create expectations of character and behaviour by telling choice of names; though here too a tradition can establish expectations, as for the servile name Davus in New Comedy. The first part of this discussion explores the way in which Heliodorus, a novelist who draws on a wide range of sophisticated literary tricks, exploits the potential of names to create expectations, partly simply to entertain the reader by offering a character or actions that defeat these expectations, partly to force the reader’s attention on the all-important ethical qualities of his principal characters. The second part of my discussion considers a different rhetorical technique for using subordinate elements of a narrative to throw its main features into greater relief.
Phantasia and Analogia in Proclus
Authors: Sheppard Anne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Any Platonist is bound to have an ambivalent attitude towards images. On the one hand, images fall short of the reality they represent and are liable to mislead and deceive. On the other, an image can make the beholder think of what lies beyond the image and help him or her to grasp the higher reality reflected in the image. Both views can be found in Plato himself! and both recur in the Neoplatonists. Both views have implications for literary criticism and for art in general. Literary and artistic images may be frowned upon, as they often are by Plato, precisely because they distract from the contemplation of philosophical truth. Yet such images may also be valued, not for themselves, but for their power to stimulate the mind towards that contemplation. It is well known that the Neoplatonists valued art more highly than Plato did precisely because they saw artistic images as having a positive value of this kind. I have argued elsewhere that Proclus’ theory of literary interpretation combines both views of images. He terms ‘good’ images eikones. They stand in a relationship of analogia to the paradeigma or model they represent; they resemble the model and can help us to grasp it. ‘Bad’ images are eidola; they are associated with artistic mimesis which Proclus condemns just as Plato did in Republic IO. There is a further, important aspect to Proclus’ theory: higher realities may be revealed not only through eikones but also, in a different way, through symbola.
Arcadia
Authors: Rhodes P J , Lewis David M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Errington, Philopoemen, 273–4, comments: ‘no grounds for believing that this list of Arcadians ⃛ represents a secessionist movement from the Achaean League. As they are involved in a purely religious function, the natural interpretation is that they retained their “national consciousness” for this religious purpose. ’
Megarid
Authors: Rhodes P J , Lewis David M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the series of proxeny decrees from Megara the offices of basileus and secretary are annual; the boards of five strategoi are annual, but the same board of six strategoi serves throughout years E-H. Strategoi are always listed in the same order in the same year, the board of six in one order in years E, F and G and a different order in year H.
Delphi
Authors: Rhodes P J , Lewis David M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In view of the large number of decrees from Delphi, I present the catalogue in a compact form, without transcribing the formulae of each decree separately, and I normally give only one reference to each text, using the system indicated above. Editions of Delphic texts in SIG 3 differ considerably from those in the French series, and I do not normally cite SIG3.
Ozolian Locris
Authors: Rhodes P J , Lewis David M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 748 (Myania and Hypnia) it is envisaged that diorthomata may be required: if they are disputed, the matter will be decided by six named men from other Locrian cities, three constituting a quorum. Monthly accounts are to be exchanged between Myania and Hypnia. Myania has one boularchos and Hypnia a plurality (which should imply that each city has a boule ), and there is also a joint boularchos (implying a joint boule ).
Islands Of The Ionian Sea
Authors: Rhodes P J , Lewis David M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
694, labelled ‘for salvation’, contains (i) a donation by Aristomenes and his wife Psylla to Corcyra for the payment of Dionysiac artists, and (ii) a lengthy decree of the council (to which they had entrusted the details) for the administration of the money. I note the following points in particular. The administrators are to be elected by the council, as stipulated by the donors (with a minimum age of thirty-five and, unique to my knowledge, a maximum age of seventy), and accounts are to be submitted to the council, but major decisions (e.g. that circumstances make compliance with the regulations impossible) are to be taken by the council and the assembly.
Epirus And Illyria
Authors: Rhodes P J , Lewis David M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Decrees are anonymous, but 16, 32, 33, and 34 are based on an approach made by an individual. Apart from references to the ekklesia in 5 and 32, and to a secretary of the synedroi in 33, they tell us nothing about the decisionmaking bodies. Larsen suggested that membership of the assembly was probably restricted, at any rate de facto . From Nicopolis we have a voting figure, probably indicating unanimous approval.
THRACE from the Nestus to the Bosporus
Authors: Rhodes P J , Lewis David M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our third-century decree from Abdera, SEG xxiv 382, is restored with provision for theoroi to be elected from all the citizens by the assembly, as often in Greek states; on the present occasion, once the decree has been passed; on subsequent occasions, when the Aetolians ask. The second-century texts are more striking.
Moesia And Pontic Thrace
Authors: Rhodes P J , Lewis David M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Tomi was under pressure from the barbarians, two men were elected from all the citizens to enlist and command a small garrison; they were to have full powers of coercion and were themselves to be unaccountable; once the crisis was over, the commanders and their garrison were praised (2). Another decree of Tomi refers to an annual electoral assembly (6).
Troas
Authors: Rhodes P J , Lewis David M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Merkelbach in IK p. 25 suggests that the earliest of our decrees of Assus, 11a, had to go twice through the council and assembly, but I think it more likely that here we have a cumbersome formulation of the ordinary procedure than a cumbersome procedure. 26 shows the new atmosphere of the Roman empire not only in the addition of the Roman residents to the council and assembly but also in the decision that the envoys should be chosen not from all citizens but from the first and best of the Romans and Greeks; and it is not surprising that those who were appointed were men who volunteered to serve at their own expense.
Phrygia
Authors: Rhodes P J , Lewis David M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Three of the texts from Phrygia are of particular interest.In 661, from Acmonia, the will of T. Praxias is accepted by the city in a decree which is ‘made law to be preserved as long as the Roman Empire endures’. An entrenchment clause allows changes to be made by Praxias but not by any one else.
Media
Authors: Rhodes P J , Lewis David M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From Laodicea in Media we have a clear example of the authoritarian form which the government of a city could take in a place remote from the Greek heartland: a provincial governor sends a letter to the king’s epistates , the archontes , and the city, attaching a copy of the edict embodied in the king’s letter to him and calling for obedience.
Persis
Authors: Rhodes P J , Lewis David M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since Magnesia is said to have shown good will to Antiochus as well as to Antioch in Persis, the restoration of OGIS , in which the theoroi are to sacrifice ‘for the salvation of the king and of both cities’, is plausible. If further restorations of OGIS are correct, the prytaneis who propose the decree leave the assembly free to fix the expense allowance for the theoroi , and to elect the theoroi and a theorodokos .
Athenian Religion
Authors: Parker Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tantalizingly inadequately documented, ancient Greek religion can all too easily be reduced to the dry analysis of archaeological remains and so-called "ritual objects", or the isolated interpretation of other scattered fragments of evidence. This authoritative new work is an innovative attempt to bridge the gap that usually divides Greek religion from Greek history, setting it firmly in the thick of contemporary events and politics. The book discusses the actual dates and circumstances of the foundation of temples at Athens, its festivals and cults, the historical development of the social structures within which religious activities took place, and the effects on the religious sphere of the radical shift in Athens' political life from tyranny to democracy and the acquisition of an empire. Dr Parker brings to life the details of what actually went on in worship, considers the introduction of new gods and looks in detail at such key personalities and events in the religious history of Athens as Lycurgus the Eteoboutad and his religious policies and the trial of Socrates. Rich in detail and providing a wealth of information, this is a book that promises to be the definitive work on the subject for some time to come. It covers the whole of the archaic, classical, and hellenestic period up to the middle of the third century BC.
Solon’s Calendar
Authors: Parker Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In contrast to its predecessor, the sixth century seems like the great age of transformation. By the end of it, Athens was equipped, at last, with temples of truly monumental scale; and near the beginning had occurred, perhaps, one of the great landmarks in the history of Greek religion-the drafting by Solon of a written calendar of sacrifices, possibly the first such that existed and the only one from archaic or even classical Greece that is known in any detail. Whether or not it was in fact Solon who drew up a systematic programme for the religion of the state, a corpus of written prescriptions on religious matters evidently built up during the course of the century. A traditional, pre-literary religion therefore made its first, limited contact with the art of writing.
The Sixth Century: New Splendours
Authors: Parker Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Architecturally, the sixth century was an age of transformation for Athens. Indeed, in a certain sense, it was then that she became a polis. ‘From Chaeronea it is 20 stades to Panopeus, a polis of the Phocians, if one can give the name of polis to people who lack magistrates’ offices and gymnasia, who have no theatre, no agora, no water brought to a fountain,’ grumbles Pausanias. In Athens, every one of these amenities (if we neglect the ‘old agora’) is first attested in the sixth century. Fine temples too began to arise, of which we can still see substantial remains. This new architectural magnificence is accompanied by a proliferation of festivals of a new type, urban and spectacular.
Introduction
Authors: Lada-Richards Ismene 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first word belongs to Dionysus, the formidable, multifaceted god, who fired the imagination of poets and artists throughout antiquity and beyond, the ambiguous god, who, despite having sparked ‘a wider spectrum of different and often contradictory interpretations’ (Henrichs 1984a: 240) than any other Greek divinity, still remains as ‘elusive’ and defying definition (cf. Henrichs 1984a: 209), as mysterious and surprising as ever.
‘Separation’, ‘Limen’, ‘Aggregation’: The Frogs as a ‘Rite of Passage’
Authors: Lada-Richards Ismene 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a highly influential article published in 1961, C. P. Segal (1961: 213) argued that the Frogs is to be seen as the representation of ‘a carefully worked out development’ within the dramatic figure of Dionysus: the journey into the Unknown becomes on a symbolic level the expression of the god’s advancement towards a unified conception of himself and the reintegration of his own personality. Segal, however, was not primarily concerned with exploring the wider pattern into which Dionysus’ transition falls. It was only in 1986 that David Konstan (1986: 291) suggested-in an important development of Segal’s position-that there are three levels in this play which follow ‘a logical arrangement imitating a ritual of initiation’.
Private Rescripts
Authors: Corcoran Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Private rescripts are the subject of this and the next two chapters. This chapter gives an account of the rescript system and rescripts in general, their legal force, their format, the nature of the petitions that prompted them, and the citation of precedent and uses of the past as found both in the rescripts and other pronouncements. Chapter 4 discusses the Honore method of dividing rescripts according to marks of style attesting to their authorship by different magistri libellorum and summarizes evidence for those officials known or supposed to have been connected with the composition of imperial rescripts or pronouncements in general. Chapter 5 details all the information that can be gathered on the recipients of the rescripts, both as to their status and occupation and as to their geographical origin. The role of the governor as revealed by the rescripts is examined in the first part of Chapter 9.
The Recipients of Private Rescripts
Authors: Corcoran Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Gregorian and Hermogenian Codes were officially sponsored pro ductions. But if the impetus for their compilation was imperial, the rescripts included in them were prompted by private petitions, originating often far from the court. Thus, whatever selection procedure chose rescripts for the codes, the population of texts, from which the selection was made, came into being as a function of private initiative. Indeed, with around I ,200 surviving rescripts, the number of private individuals known by name to have petitioned Diocletian exceeds that for any other emperor.1 Whatever effect upon the accessibility of the ruler was caused by the gorgeous ceremonial of the late antique court (as reputedly intro duced by Diocletian),2 there was no adverse effect upon the flow of petitions, at least in the early years of the tetrarchy
Imperial Letters
Authors: Corcoran Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The main purpose of this and the next chapter is to provide a survey of imperial letters and edicts in the form of chronological catalogues, with appropriate brief comments on notable features of the texts listed. In view of the relatively small number of surviving edicts, Chapter 7 gives a complete catalogue of them for the entire period under discus sion (284– 324). In this current chapter, letters for the period 284– 313 are listed, with a more summary catalogue for 314– 24 in Appendix D. The catalogue style of presentation not only assembles in one place information gathered from diverse sources, but in so doing tackles the inherent difficulty of identifying whether documents are indeed letters (especially for texts in the Justinian Code). For Constantine’s letters, the need is less pressing. A good (if now slightly outdated) chronologi cal account already exists in Seeck’s Regesten,1 and a recent palingenesia of Constantinian documents from literary sources is already available.2 Further, the mass of texts from the Theodosian Code are readily identifiable as epistulae. The catalogue in this chapter, therefore, only goes up to the end of 313, which gives a good idea of the range of material for Constantine. The considerable number of letters for the period 314– 24 is listed in summary form in Appendix D, although this also includes comments on selected matters of dating and recipient.
Tragic Filters for History: Euripides ‘ Supplices and Sophocles ‘ Philoctetes
Authors: Bowie A M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Scholarship has something to make good here. It should do justice to the products of genius. But here, as so often, false ingenuity has presumed to illuminate its dimmed object by flashes of impertinent inspiration; picking out, for example, isolated words or phrases and relating them to facts (often imaginary) outside the poet ‘s creation. Suggestions of such references are now made almost apologetically, even for plays which have especially figured in discussions of the problem in the past.
The Theatre Audience, the Demos, and the Suppliants of Aeschylus
Authors: Sommerstein Alan H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The tragedies and comedies composed for production at the Athenian dramatic festivals in the fifth and early fourth centuries sc are priceless historical documents. For much of the period they are, apart from inscriptions, the only contemporary documents we possess emanating from Athens itself. Their historical interpretation is problematic, of course, in many ways, some of which are discussed elsewhere in this volume. The particular issue that I am going to take up may be approached by considering the question which, it has been said, historians should. always put to themselves in respect of every document they use: who wrote it, for whom, and why? In the case of Greek tragedy and comedy, we usually know the answer to the first question, and we also know the answer to the third: the plays were composed with a view to being successful in a competition, before a small panel of judges whose identity was not known at the time of composition but was known at the time of performance, and who thus, even if their actual voting was secret, in practice (as many remarks in comedy make clear2) were very liable to be influenced by the attitude of the mass of the audience. And as to the remaining question- ‘for whom ‘-we know the answer to that too. Essentially the plays were written to be seen, to be heard, to be judged, to be appreciated by those who sat in the Theatre of Dionysus when they were first staged. There might be other audiences later. Plays seem often to have been reperformed at deme theatres in various parts of Attica. They had begun to be performed abroad, too, as early as Aeschylus ‘ time, and convincing arguments have recently been advanced3 that in the second half of the fifth century there were frequent productions of Athenian tragedy at least in southern Italy.
Gods Cruel and Kind: Tragic and Civic Theology
Authors: Parker Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The gods protect us: that proposition, so far from self-evident to most modern readers of Greek tragedy, was none the less in some contexts of public speech in Athens a truism. It is said that under the ancien regime in France it was an article of popular faith that the king himself was good and a friend to the people; his ministers, that was where the problem lay. An identical faith is characteristic of the Athenian democracy, if one substitutes ‘the gods ‘ for ‘the king ‘, and ‘politicians ‘ or (when a politician is speaking) ‘my political opponents ‘ for the king ‘s ministers. The theme echoes out with remarkable consistency over 250 years, starting with Solon: ‘Our city will never perish by the destiny of Zeus or the other blessed immortal gods: such a protectress, ... daughter of a mighty father, Pallas Athena, is holding her hands out over it. But the citizens themselves want to ruin the great city in their folly. ‘ It is taken up in Clouds-comedy, we note, sides with oratory against tragedy-where the chorus claim to have tried to protect Athens from Cleon by thundering during an election meeting, but the Athenians in their folly chose him general all the same: ‘for they say that foolish decisions are typical of this city, but the gods turn for the best whatever mistakes you make. ‘ They then suggest drastic action against Cleon as a way of ‘turning the mistake for the best ‘. ‘For they say ‘: the idea of the gods ‘ active benevolence to Athens, mentioned again in Ecclesiazusae as a piece of proverbial wisdom, was evidently a cliche. It comes up again repeatedly in Demosthenes.