bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Essay on Names and Truth
Authors: Hinzen Wolfram 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This pioneering book lays new foundations for the study of reference and truth. It seeks to explain the origins and characteristics of human ways of relating to the world by means of an understanding of the inherent structures of the mind. Wolfram Hinzen explores truth in the light of Noam Chomsky’s Minimalist Program. Truth, he argues, is a function of the human mind and, in particular, likely presupposes the structure of the human clause. Professor Hinzen begins by setting out the essentials of the Minimalist Program and by considering the explanatory role played by the interfaces of the linguistic system with other cognitive systems. He then sets out an internalist reconstruction of meaning. He argues that meaning stems from concepts, originating not from reference but from intentional relations built up in human acts of language in which such concepts figure. How we refer, he suggests, is a function of the concepts we possess, rather than the reverse in which reference to the world gives us the concepts to realize it. He concludes with extended accounts of declarative sentences and names, the two aspects of language which seem most inimical to his approach. The book makes important and radical contributions to theory and debate in linguistics, philosophy, and cognitive science. The author frames his argument in a way that will be readily comprehensible to scholars and advanced students in all three disciplines.
Roots of the Intentional
Authors: Hinzen Wolfram 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘True’ is a word of English that has a sound and a meaning. Its meaning is what I shall call a ‘concept’: a concept is the meaning of a word, whatever that meaning is. Other, probably all, languages have words with different sounds expressing, closely enough, the same concept, which I presume every human being has. Pilate famously asked, jestingly, ‘What is truth?’, and I will not answer that question in this book any more than he did. What matters here is that even to understand this very question, we must have the concept of truth. Even if we do not know how to tell what truth is, we know what we are talking about when asking what it is: we are talking about truth. Surely enough, the philosophical tradition has provided us with a staggering number of tomes on the nature of truth. But this should not distract from the fact that in another sense, truth is something rather mundane and known to everybody. To know what truth is, in this mundane sense, is to have the concept of truth, and to use the relevant word in a particular way.
Where Meaning Begins: The Atoms of Thought
Authors: Hinzen Wolfram 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter begins our internalist exploration where the process of meaning construction in language itself begins: with the pristine building blocks of complex meanings, ‘atomic’ concepts. Meaning has to begin somewhere; the structural complexity of meaning bottoms out at a point, in a set of simple or atomic meanings. While empiricists have hoped these would be sense data or ‘impressions’, there is no reason to have such hopes now. The conceptual basis of thought is not confined to sensory concepts, and our basic conceptual repertoire is more abstract. These abstract atoms of thought are what this chapter is about. It is important to see that it is not thereby about (proper) names. ‘Name’ as the term will here be used is a category of language use: it indicates how a concept attached to a phonetic label functions in a given structural and pragmatic context; and using a noun as a name is only one way of using it.
Structures for Concepts
Authors: Hinzen Wolfram 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An interesting implication of the previous chapter is that the notion of an ‘analytic inference’ appears to be an essentially unproblematic notion when appropriately restricted in its application. It has been rated as a highly problematic one in the entire twentieth century—indeed, it has been rated as obsolete—on the grounds that no principled distinction between analytic and synthetic knowledge can be drawn. The foregoing account of language as a particulate system however makes this distinction virtually trivial: analytic knowledge is knowledge that follows from the laws and combinatorial principles of language, which are, if I am right, equally laws of meaning. So, as noted in Section 2.3, brown is an analytic implication of brown cow.
Authorization And Licensing
Authors: Flanagan Anne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Licensing is a key aspect of telecommunications regulation. At a basic level, a licence permits a telecommunications provider to provide specified equipment, net- works, and/or services, and often conditions that permission on certain requirements. Licensing, however, can control market entry and, therefore, can be used to shape the market by limiting or not the number of players or the types of services that they are able to provide. It can create legal certainty for new entrants in markets where the telecommunications regulatory or general legal framework is not comprehensive or where there is not much history with telecommunications regulation.
Finite-state Approaches to Syntax
Authors: Roark Brian , Sproat Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Finite-state models are the most widely used syntactic models today. They include such common techniques as n-gram models, part-of speech (POS) taggers, noun-phrase chunkers and shallow parsers. The previous chapters on morphology described in detail finite-state approaches in that domain. Syntax is different, however, because it has been known for nearly fifty years that natural languages have very common syntactic structures that cannot be described using finite-state techniques. Nevertheless, these approaches to syntax can provide efficient and useful syntactic information to a range of applications, from automatic speech recognition (ASR) to machine translation (MT).
Bureaucracy, Open Access, and Social Pluralism: Returning the Common to the Goose*
Authors: Palumbo Antonino , Scott Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The fundamental tendency of all bureaucratic thought is to turn all problems of politics into problems of administration ... Bureaucratic thought does not deny the possibility of a science of politics, but regards it as identical with the science of administration. Bureaucracy has long been the object of fierce intellectual critique and political polemic. Over the last quarter of a century or so we have witnessed systematic attempts­influenced by public choice theory, and fuelled by popular resentment against bureaucratic power­
Proof and Uncertainty
Authors: Barrie MA Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the functions of the statements of case is to identify the matters of fact that are agreed and the matters that are in dispute. If the defence admits a fact asserted by the claimant, the admission can be relied on for proof of the fact. The drafting of a statement of case imposes on the claimant the discipline of setting out, one by one and in a logical order, the facts that have to be proved in order to establish the claim. The drafting of a defence imposes on the defendant the discipline of deciding which matters of fact are agreed, and identifying the area where the true dispute lies.
Contributory Fault
Authors: Barrie MA Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Where any person suffers damage as the result partly of his own fault and partly of the fault of any other person or persons, a claim in respect of that damage shall not be defeated by reason of the fault of the person suffering the damage, but the damages recoverable in respect thereof shall be reduced to such extent as the court thinks just and equitable having regard to the claimant's share in the responsibility of the damage.
Defences
Authors: Barrie MA Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most claims which are defended involve dispute about the facts. They may be defended on the ground that the necessary facts are not proved, or by persuading the court to accept contradictory evidence adduced by the defendant. It is possible to speak of a 'defence' of accident or 'Act of God' but in substance this amounts to no more than the claimant failing to prove that the accident should be attributed to negligence or other breach of duty on the part of the defendant. Sometimes however the circumstances of the case give rise to specific legal issues on which a defendant can rely, not just to share the blame with the claimant as with an allegation of contributory negligence, but to escape liability to compensate even though the claimant has suffered damage.
reasonable
Authors: Barrie MA Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All motorists should be insured against liability to those they may injure by their driving. Such insurance is compulsory but sometimes people drive uninsured and those who do so are unfortunately quite likely to be among the most likely to drive dangerously. The risk has led the industry and government to co operate in devising a system by which the insurers, through the Motor Insurers' Bureau (MIB), agree to compensate the victims of uninsured or untraced drivers, victims who might otherwise not receive the compensation to which they are entitled. The cost, of course, falls on the insurance premiums of those who do pay. The current address of the MIB is:
Slipping and Tripping
Authors: Barrie MA Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many accidents happen when people fall over. Injuries caused this way are not connected by specific legal principles, but it is convenient to collect in one chapter the legal materials which relate to different types of tripping and slipping accidents. Three topics are considered: falls on pavements or roads, falls in supermarkets and shops, and falls at work, followed by a word on claims handling
Criminal Injuries Compensation
Authors: Barrie MA Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The idea that public funds should pay compensation to those who have the misfortune to be injured as a result of the acts of a criminal dates back to the first compensation scheme of 1964. Initially, a scheme under the royal prerogative made nominally ex gratia payments equivalent to common law damages on the same basis of assessment as in the courts. Although the scheme did not give rise to a formal entitlement, it operated in practice as a fair, formal and efficiently administered scheme. Damages were assessed by the members of the Board who were experienced specialist judges, retired judges and senior practitioners: initially by a single member and on appeal by a panel of three. Their decisions reflected authoritative opinion of the appropriate level of damages and many reports of their decisions are to be found in the volumes of Kemp & Kemp.
Loss of Earnings and Pension
Authors: Barrie MA Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim of an award of compensation for a financial loss is to restore the victim to the position as if the injury had not been sustained. In a simple case the computation of the loss of earnings is not unduly complex, but may require diligent investigation of the facts. With the case of a claimant who has a steady job but who has been so badly injured that there is no realistic prospect of him working again, the task is to assess the value of his earning capacity at the date of the assessment. The loss which can be claimed is the net loss after allowing for tax and National Insurance which would have been deducted from the earnings. It is necessary to make separate calculations for past and future loss, partly because the claimant is entitled to recover interest on an award for past loss, partly because he is entitled to the benefit of pay rises that he would have received between the date of the accident and the date of assessment, and partly because future loss must be discounted for early receipt by the use of an appropriate multiplier.
State and Other Benefits
Authors: Barrie MA Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter sets out the state benefits that may be available to an injured person, and explains how these and other benefits will be treated in the calculation of damages in a compensation claim. As a separate issue, the compensation recovery scheme governs the recoupment of benefits at the ultimate expense of the defendant, and this is the subject of the next chapter. The recoupment of benefits operates outside the scope of the calculation of damages. It is necessary to understand how the recoupment will operate, but it is not necessary to include details of the recoupment in the calculation of damages.
The Benefit Recoupment System
Authors: Barrie MA Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When an injured claimant receives welfare benefits and then makes a civil claim, to the claimant it will seem that the welfare benefits are what he has paid his taxes and national insurance for, so that they should be disregarded just like the proceeds of a private accident insurance policy; to the defendant it will seem that the claimant is seeking double recovery because if the claimant receives the claimed loss of earnings in full as well as keeping the benefits he will be better off than if he had not been injured; and to the government it will seem that there is an opportunity to save public money on the ground that the wrongdoer should pay.
Fatal Accidents Act Claims Assessment
Authors: Barrie MA Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Fatal Accidents Act 1976 (FAA) gives a statutory claim for loss of financial dependency to the surviving dependants of a person who has died. There is no equivalent to such a claim at common law. The statutory claim is brought in respect of financial loss: by s 3(3) 'such damages may be awarded as are proportioned to the injury resulting from the death to the dependants'. Lord Wright said in Davies v Powell Duffryn Collieries [1942] AC 601: 'There is no question of what may be called sentimental damage, bereavement or pain and suffering. It is a hard matter of pounds, shillings and pence'. However, this is not the whole story. A limited class of people can also claim the statutory award for bereavement, currently £10,000. An FAA claim may be joined with a claim for the estate of the deceased person whose pain and suffering before death can be part of that claim. The pounds and pence of an FAA claim extend to putting a financial value on the care that children may need after the death of a parent including the incalculable loss of the special loving care given by a parent.
Funding of Claims
Authors: Barrie MA Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lawyers do not act out of love, but in return for payment. Litigation will always involve expense and risk. Yet personal injury claims have reached the surprising position that a claimant with a sound case can expect to be able to pursue a compensation claim at minimal expense and risk. The keys to this are the development of the conditional fee agreement (CFA) and the exclusion of the claimant whose case is of uncertain merit.
Origin And Objectives Of The Community Merger Control System
Authors: Varona Edurne Navarro , Galarza Andres Font , Crespo Jaime Folguera , Alonso Juan Briones 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Traditionally, the competition policy of the European Communities has been based on the control of undertakings ‘ behavior. Articles 81 and 82 of the Treaty ( ‘the Treaty ‘) grant the Commission the power to apply sanctions to undertakings that cause appreciable restrictions of competition or commit abuses of a dominant position. The Treaty contains other complementary measures, such as the control by the Commission of State aids or the possibility of attacking monopolistic situations resulting from the grant of exclusive or special rights by Member States to certain undertakings.
Vertical Concentrations And Vertical Aspects Of Concentrations
Authors: Varona Edurne Navarro , Galarza Andres Font , Crespo Jaime Folguera , Alonso Juan Briones 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Perhaps the objective of Community competition policy that has been most clearly formulated is that of progressively integrating national markets into a single Community market. Given that no other competition authority in the world pursues this goal, it has been argued that the Commission ‘s policy is unique in this respect. In general, however, the reality is somewhat different. The main objective as regards ending cartels or abuses of a dominant position or prohibiting concentrations that lead to the creation or reinforcement of a dominant position is to avoid distortions to free competition on the common market; the objective of integrating national markets.
Analysis of efficiency and unviability. Decisions granting conditional authorization
Authors: Varona Edurne Navarro , Galarza Andres Font , Crespo Jaime Folguera , Alonso Juan Briones 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The question of assessing the possible economic efficiencies derived from a concentration is dealt with in cases where the Commission may adopt a prohibition decision. To date the Commission has not taken a clear and explicit position concerning the extent to which it would be prepared to examine possible economic efficiencies as a counterweight to the possible creation or reinforcement of a dominant position. The Commission ‘s approach in the limited number of decisions where it has examined possible economic efficiency, as well as the traditional method of approaching efficiencies under Article 81(3), suggest that the Commission would have great difficulty authorizing the creation or reinforcement of a dominant position because of possible efficiencies derived from a given concentration.
Institutional Issues
Authors: Varona E Edurne Navarro , Galarza Andres Font , Crespo Jaime Folguera , Alonso Juan Briones 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Close and constant liaison with the competent national authorities; referral of cases by the Commission to the national authorities and vice versa 14.01Cooperation Between the Competent National Authorities and the Commission Referral of a Proposed Concentration with a Community Dimension to the Competent Authorities of Member States: The German Clause Requests for Referrals of Concentrations made by Member States to the Commission Requests for Referrals of Concentrations made by the Notifying Parties 14.94 The Need for an Independent Institution as Regards Competition Matters 14.98 Close and constant liaison with the competent national authorities; referral of cases by the Commission to the national authorities and vice versa As was noted in Chapter 1, from a jurisdictional point of view the system.
A Persistent Fisnomical Consciousness c.400 BCR–c.1470 CE
Authors: Porter Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The theory of this way of looking and listening, frozen in the four English ‘books on physiognomy’ in Jeake’s library, was not unique to early modern England. The aim of this chapter is very briefly to give readers a sense of the antiquity of ‘physiognomy’ in its written form (physiognomony). Whilst the word ‘physiognomia’ is a medieval Latin term, the written traditions which it was coined to embrace are indications of the persistence of man’s fisnomical consciousness from antiquity onwards. They contain indications of the basic elements which constituted the theorized structure and process of a particular way of looking and listening that arose through that physiognomical consciousness.
The Bookish Face of Physiognomy in Early Modern Europe
Authors: Porter Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I want to expose the assumptions upon which the archive of early modern ‘books on physiognomy’ used as the foundation of this study was created. I shall then use it, initially, to produce a tangible, material sense of the presence of this corpus of physiognomical writings in early modern Europe. I shall try to show how much of this textual physiognomy was in circulation in early modern Europe, how much it cost, and who was reading it. In arguing for the social and geographical ubiquity of this small corpus of text, I shall also offer some suggestions about the evident dynamics of its production and consumption.
The Troubling Emergence of the ‘Egyptian’ in Early Modern Europe
Authors: Porter Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter will weave its argument around two classic Burckhardtian features of the Renaissance, the ‘re-discovery of antiquity’ and the ‘discovery of the individual’, that can be discerned in the dynamic contours of early modern attempts to capture fisnomy in books. A third feature, overlooked by Burckhardt and usually associated with the ‘discoveries’ of Victorian excavators, affects our understanding of the first two—that is, the troubling emergence of the ‘Egyptian’ in Western Christendom. From a purely philosophical perspective, most ‘books on physiognomy’ continued to be characterized by the development of the Aristotelian framework inherited from the Middle Ages.
Living Graffiti
Authors: Porter Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In one extant copy of the Kalendar of Shepherds, the passage referring to the special way in which shepherds and simple people know God has been underlined. In the ensuing analysis it will be argued that the graffiti in these ‘treatises on physiognomy’ reveal a number of different reading practices of ‘humble folk’ or even the ‘poorest members of society’, including those who could not quite read books. Indeed, many of them can be taken as an indication of the way in which the innate iconicity of the language of physiognomony inspired some form of visual representation. The first is a scholary examination referencing of the sources of the physiognomy in the text.
Introduction The Process Of Developing Management theory
Authors: Hitt Michael A , Smith Ken G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Theory provides the base for knowledge and understanding of important relationships in various disciplines. Theory development is highly important in the discipline of management and organizations as it is a relatively young Weld of study, in comparison to many other social science disciplines. As a young Weld of study, new theory provides important and unique insights that can advance the Weld’s understanding of management phenomena. In fact, much of the theory used in management and organizational research has been derived from the social science disciplines of economics, psychology, and sociology; although new distinctive management theory has been developed, these theories are still in a developmental stage. Many of the most prominent theories used in the Weld of management and organizations are examined in this handbook.
Developing resource Dependence theory How theory is affected by its environment
Authors: Pfeffer Jeffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Resource dependence theory was developed in the 1970s at a time when there was a proliferation of important theories dealing with the relationship of organizations to their environments. As Davis (2003: 5) noted, it is somewhat remarkable that a single four-year period saw the major foundational statements of transaction cost economics (Williamson, 1975), the agency theory of the firm (Jensen and Mackling, 1976), organizational ecology (Hannan and Freeman, 1977), the new institutional theory of organizations (Meyer and Rowan, 1977), and resource dependence theory (PfeVer and Salancik, 1978). In some sense, however, it was actually not surprising that there was a plethora of theory development at that time.