bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Processing of Human Cord Blood by Three Different Procedures for Red Blood Cell Depletion and Mononuclear Cell Recovery
Authors: Perutelli Paolo , Catellani Silvia , Scarso Lucia , Cornaglia‐Ferraris Paolo , Dini Giorgio 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Background and Objectives:
Human cord blood (CB) is an important source of stem cells which may be used for hematopoietic reconstitution as an alternative to bone marrow transplantation. Banking of CB would be accomplished by removing red blood cells (RBC) and plasma from CB collections. Our aim was to compare three different procedures for CB processing. Materials and Methods: Poligeline, hydroxyethyl starch gel (HES) and gelatin were used as separation media in processing 79 CB units for RBC depletion and mononuclear cell (MNC) recovery. Results: The best MNC recoveries were obtained performing the HES‐ and the gelatin‐based procedures (80.9 and 84.7%, respectively), but the gelatin procedure allowed us to obtain the highest RBC depletion (96.4%); CD34+ cell recovery was higher using HES or gelatin as separation media (85.6 and 85.9%, respectively). Conclusion: The best results, as far as RBC removal and MNC recovery are concerned, were obtained by using gelatin as RBC sedimentation medium. Gelatin is a low‐cost, animal‐derived reagent, which has been successfully used for CB transplantation; the procedure is simple to perform and appears to be suitable for large‐scale banking in view of CB transplantation.
Isoantibodies in Immunoglobulin for Intravenous Use May Cause Erythrocyte Sequestration
Authors: Shoham‐Kessary H. , Gershon H. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Background and Objectives:
IVIg, while generally a safe therapy for a variety of immunological disorders, can have detrimental effects on erythrocyte (RBC) homeostasis. We studied the mediation of erythrophagocytosis by isoantibodies in IVIg. Materials and Methods: RBC were exposed to IVIg and binding of IgG determined by flow cytometry. In vitro phagocytosis of these RBC was assayed. Results: Anti‐A and anti‐B in IVIg mediate Fc‐dependent erythrophagocytosis even in the presence of excess IVIg. Removal of these isoantibodies from IVIg prevents IgG binding and erythrophagocytosis. Complement enhances IVIg‐mediated RBC sequestration. Conclusion: It may be desirable to remove isoantibodies from IVIg especially for anemic patients or those who respond to the IVIg with a hemolytic episode.
Anti‐Granulocyte Antibody Screening with Extracted Granulocyte Antigens by a Micro‐Mixed Passive Hemagglutination Method
Authors: Araki Nobuo , Nose Yoshisuke , Kohsaki Masatoshi , Mito Hisashi , Ito Kazuhiko 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Background and Objectives:
Serologic tests for granulocyte antibodies, i.e., the granulocyte agglutination test and the granulocyte immunofluorescence test, require panels of typed granulocytes that cannot be preserved for more than a few hours. We have developed a new method in which granulocyte antigens, extrcated into saline containing 3% sucrose, are coated onto U‐type Terasaki plates. With this new method, we evaluated the micro‐mixed passive hemagglutination test (EG‐MPHA) for screening for granulocyte antibodies. Materials and Methods: We tested the ability of the EG‐MPHA to detect granulocyte antigens using 5 human antibodies specific for NA1, NA2, NB1, 5b, and Sara, and 8 different monoclonal antibodies for NA1, CD11a, CD11b, CD13, CD16, CD18 and HLA class I. Sera from 94 alloimmunized patients were screened by the chloroquine‐treated EG‐MPHA method. Results: Na1, NA2, NB1, 5b, Sara, CD11a, CD11b, CD13, CD16, CD18 and HLA class I antigens were present in the extracted granulocyte antigen preparation. CD11b and HLA class I antigens were removed when the extracted granulocyte antigens were treated with chloroquine. Granulocyte antibody screening of sera from alloimmunized patients showed that approximately 30% of the anti‐HLA‐positive for granulocyte antibody by the chloroquine‐treated EG‐MPHA. The extracted granulocyte antigen panels could be stored frozen for at least 1 year at −80°C. Conclusion: This new method is preferable for screening for granulocyte antibodies. In addition, it has the advantage of requiring only 5 μl of serum for each test.
Oversight and Monitoring of Blood Safety in the United States
Authors: Busch Michael , Chamberland Mary , Epstein Jay , Kleinman Steven , Khabbaz Rima , Nemo George 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe US blood safety vigilance system is composed of a network of interwoven programs, now organized under a formal structure, with the Assistant Secretary of Health and DHHS Blood Safety Committee bearing overall responsibility. It takes advantage of the breadth of expertise and close collaborative relationship of transfusion medicine and infectious disease scientists within and outside of the government. Core elements include an array of ongoing surveillance programs for monitoring established as well as new and emerging infectious agents that may pose a risk to blood safety, and the existence of historical and contemporary repositories of donor and recipient specimens that enable rapid investigation of putative new risks. This report summarizes the historical events that shaped the US blood safety oversight system, reviews the current organization and decision‐making processes related to blood safety issues, and highlights key surveillance systems and research programs which monitor the US and global blood supplies for known and potential emerging risks.
The French Haemovigilance System
Authors: Debeir Joëlle , Noel Luc , Aullen Jean‐Patrice , Frette Catherine , Sari Fatih , Vo Mai Mai Phuong , Cosson Alain 
Published: December 2004

AbstractHaemovigilance is a national system of surveillance and alarm, from blood collection to the follow‐up of the recipients, gathering and analysing all untoward effects of blood transfusion in order to correct their cause and prevent recurrence. In France haemovigilance was created by law and notification of transfusion incidents is a legal obligation. The haemovigilance network associates local correspondents in each hospital and blood centre with regional co‐ordinators and is centralised by the Agence Francaise du Sang. After 4 years the incident reporting rate is 2.3 per 1000 allogeneic blood components transfused, justifying for example increased efforts in the prevention of bacteria‐associated transfusion reactions, haemolytic transfusion reactions or vascular overload. However, haemovigilance still has to be strenghtened by improved information management or further progress in standardisation from one region to the other. The most important factor of success is collaboration between blood centres and hospitals. Haemovigilance clearly is the ultimate quality indicator of a transfusion service.
Differences in Residual White Blood Cell Subset Counts in Buffy Coat‐Depleted Red Cell Concentrates Prepared with Bottom and Top or Quadruple‐Bag Systems
Authors: de Wildt‐Eggen J. , Schrijver J.G. , Kuiper‐Kramer P.A. , Bins M. , van Prooijen H.C. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract Background: For preparation of buffy coat‐depleted red cell concentrates (RCCs) in additive solution whole blood is currently collected in The Netherlands both in quadruple‐bag and bottom and top bag systems. By using the quadruple‐bag system both plasma and buffy coat cells are transferred into integrated satellite bags while the red cells remain in the collection bag. When bottom and top bags are used, the buffy coat remains in the collection bag while both red cells and plasma are transferred into satellite bags. The difference in processing prompted us to perform quantitative analysis of residual WBC subsets in buffy coat‐depleted RCCs. Differences in removal of specific cells with the buffy coat could improve the outcome of additional filtration procedures aiming at complete removal of specific WBC subsets. Study Design and Methods: The buffy coat was removed in semiautomated procedures (Optipress I; Compomat G4) from units of whole blood collected in both bag systems. Paired samples were taken before and after removal of the buffy coat for counting and analyzing WBC subsets by flow cytometry using subset specific monoclonal antibodies. Results: All RCCs met the criteria from the guidelines of the Council of Europe. The percentage of residual total WBCs was lower (p < 0.001) in RCCs processed in bottom and top bag systems (26% Compomat and 18% Optipress) as compared to RCCs processed in quadruple‐bag systems (43% compomat). WBC subset analysis in RCCs processed in quadruple‐bag systems showed approximately 25% of residual T cells, B cells and monocytes and 60% of residual granulocytes. In contrast, WBC subset analysis in RCCs processed in bottom and top bag systems showed approximately 2% residual T cells, B cells, and monocytes and 35% residual granulocytes; in about 45% of units, lymphocytes and monocytes were even below the detection limit of flow cytometry analysis. Conclusion:Buffy coat‐depleted RCCs are currently processed in bottom and top bag or quadruple‐bag systems, the former being superior to the latter due to selective depletion of lymphocytes and monocytes by 98% (2 logs). The bottom and top procedure is an evident contribution to leukodepletion in blood transfusion, both with and without additional filtration.
An International Trial Demonstrates Suitability of a Newly Developed Whole‐Blood ELISA Kit for Multicentre Platelet HPA‐1 Phenotyping
Authors: Bessos Hagop , Hofner Maureen , Salamat Ahmed , Wilson David , Urbaniak Stan , Turner Marc L. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Background:
Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (NAIT) is in most cases due to pregnant women with HPA‐1b platelet phenotype producing antibodies to HPA‐1a platelets of the fetus, which may lead to intracranial haemorrhage with subsequent death or lifelong morbidity. The availability of sensitive, reliable, straightforward, and inexpensive assays would enable large‐scale screening in pregnancy and may help avoid NAIT. Methods: A recently developed enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was produced in kit form incorporating modified reagents and enabling distribution to 21 international Platelet Immunology and Blood Centres (see Acknowledgments). The kits were assessed using anticoagulated whole‐blood samples stored up to 10 weeks at 4°C. Each centre tested its own blood samples most of which had been previously typed by established assays. Results: Of the 152 samples that were tested, all 31 HPA‐1b phenotypes were correctly identified by the kit. The respective mean ± standard deviation of the specific absorbances of HPA‐1b and HPA‐1a samples were: 0.52±0.15 and 0.12±0.06 (p<0.0005). In addition, the modified ELISA showed 100% concordance with PCR‐SSP in the phenotyping of 93 donors. Finally, a comparison between freshly prepared and stored kits showed that the kit was stable for at least 2 years at 4°C. Conclusions: The international trial showed that the modified whole‐blood ELISA kit is very well suited for wide‐scale screening in pregnancy. Moreover, the ELISA kit could be used for large‐scale phenotyping of blood donors, with HPA‐1b‐typed individuals getting invited to become apheresis platelet donors for patients with NAIT.
Microsatellite Variation within the Human RHCE Gene
Authors: Kemp Tim J. , Poulter Mark , Carritt Ben 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Background and Objectives:
This study provides a unique method for identifying individuals carrying the Rh haplotype cDe, and supports a model for the evolution of Rh haplotypes in which cDe is the progenitor. Materials and Methods: DNA from 212 unrelated donors of known Rh serological phenotype was PCR amplified. The resulting products were analysed by denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and DNA sequencing. Results: Two adjacent microsatellite repeat elements of the form (AC)n (GCAC)n were found within the human Rh blood group genes. These display copy number variation which was non‐randomly distributed with respect to Rh serological phenotype, and was restricted to alleles of RHCE expressing the c antigen. Conclusion: The predominantly Black African allele cDe displayed a unique set of microsatellite alleles, providing a method of identifying individuals carrying this haplotype.
Evaluation of the Safety of Rh Immunoglobulin by Monitoring Viral Markers among Rh‐Negative Female Blood Donors
Authors: Watanabe Kevin K. , Busch Michael P. , Schreiber George B. , Zuck Thomas F. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Background and Objectives:
Although immunoglobulin (lg) preparations including Rhlg have been noted for their record of safety, recent reports of hepatitis C virus (HCV) transmission by some lg preparations have raised concern. This analysis examined the safety of Rhlg manufactured in the US by comparing the prevalence and incidence of viral markers in Rh‐negative and Rh‐positive female blood donors. Materials and Methods: Demographic and viral marker data were analyzed for allogeneic donations collected from female donors of childbearing age (17–49 years of age) from April 1992 to May 1996. Prevalence and incidence rates were calculated for HCV, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). Results: Of the 624,939 female donors included in the study, 96,355 (15.4%) were Rh‐negative and 528,584 (84.6%) Rh‐positive. There were no significant differences in the prevalence of HCV and HIV between Rh‐negative and Rh‐positive female donors. HBsAg prevalence was significantly higher among non‐white compared to white donors. Following implementation of the more sensitive EIA 2.0 screening test for HCV in April 1992, prevalence and incidence rates declined over time at similar rates for Rh‐negative and Rh‐positive female donors. Conclusions: Rh‐negative female donors had similar prevalence and incidence rates for most viral markers compared to Rh‐positive female donors. This analysis supports the historical safety of Rhlg.
Leukocyte Depletion of Red Cell Components Prevents Exposure of Transfusion Recipients to Neutrophil Elastase
Authors: Willy C. , Reithmeier W. , Kuhlmann W.D. , Gerngross H. , Flegel W.A. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Background:
Polymorphonuclear leukocytes contain a large number of enzymes and bactericidal proteins stored in granules. Neutrophil activation induces degranulation and immediate release of these bioactive substances, including human neutrophil elastase (HNE) also know as elastase‐2 (ELA2), which may contaminate whole blood units and blood components. Materials and Methods: The HNE concentration was determined in the supernatants of blood components with a commercial enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The effect of leukocyte deletion and storage was evaluated by testing whole blood, buffy‐coat‐reduced, and leukocyte‐depleted red cell units. Buffy‐coat‐derived platelets and plasma were also tested. Results: HNE concentrations at day 1 were about 50 μg/l in all types of red cell components with the exception of leukocyte‐depleted red cells (<0.26 μg/l). In leukocyte‐depleted red cells, platelets and plasma, no significant increase was observed during storage. In whole‐blood units and buffy‐coat‐reduced red cells, the HNE concentrations increased steadily and often exceeded 1,000 μg/l when the units expired. Conclusion: Leukocyte depletion may limit the inadvertent infusion of bioactive substances derived from polymorphonuclear leukocytes, of which HNE is but one example. The accumulation of HNE in buffy‐coat‐reduced red cells may be greater than that of whole blood units. HNE accumulates during storage and its quantity may have pathophysiologic significance. Platelets and plasma derived from buffy coats contain some HNE, but leukocyte‐depleted red cells virtually none. However, we consider the accumulation of HNE in these components not to be clinically important. The quantities, kinetics, and occurrence in various blood components of HNE contamination differ from those observed with cytokines.
Errors in Interpreting the Pretransfusion Bedside Compatibility Test
Authors: Dujardin P.‐P. , Salmi L.R. , Ingrand P. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Background and Objective:
Analysis of reports of incidents, involving ABO incompatibility suggests that the main problem is poor interpretation of the pretransfusion bedside compatibility test (PBCT). We studied sources of error as experienced by nurses as to the blood groups of donor blood and of the recipient. Materials and Methods: According to their seniority in the profession and on the ward, 48 nurses were randomly selected from four transfusion sectors of the University Hospital of Grenoble, France. Each nurse interpreted 24 photos of PBCTs, including some with procedural irregularities, and was asked to assess the compatibility of the blood types of the donor and the recipient. At random, half the nurses were provided with a diagram to facilitate interpretation. Results: The overall frequency of errors was 39.8%. Errors were fewer when the tests were interpreted as compatible (7.3%) or incompatible (6.3%), and when the nurse had been in the profession between 3 and 5 years and in the ward less than 3 years (25.5%), or worked in hematology (34.7%) or anesthesia (36.5%). Use of the diagram limited the number of errors, provided the test was interpretable (22.2%). Conclusion: PBCTs cannot be considered a valid safety procedure. We need other, more effective methods to reduce the risk of incompatibility accidents.
Assessment of Liver Disease and Biochemical and Immunological Markers in Swedish Blood Donors with Isolated GB Virus C/Hepatitis G Virus Viremia
Authors: Björkman Per , Sundström Gunnar , Veress Béla , Widell Anders 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Objective:
To investigate signs of liver disease, and biochemical and immunological markers in blood donors with isolated GBV‐C/HGV viremia. Methods: Eighteen donors with isolated GBV‐C/HGV viremia were followed up 3–5 years after initial identification. Testing for GBV‐C/HGV RNA, GBV‐C/HGV‐E2 antibodies and a range of biochemical and immunological tests was performed. Thirteen donors consented to liver biopsy. Results: Twelve donors remained GBV‐C/HGV viremic at follow‐up. Five donors had developed E2 antibodies. Liver biopsies revealed mild portal inflammatory lesions in 6/11 individuals with persistent viremia, and steatosis in 10/13 biopsied donors. Conclusion: Steatosis and mild portal inflammatory lesions were found in liver biopsies from several blood donors with isolated GBV‐C/HGV viremia.
Continuous Monitoring of Arterial Blood Gases and pH during Intraoperative Rapid Blood Administration Using a Paratrend Sensor
Authors: Vretzakis G. , Papaziogas B. , Matsaridou E. , Vasiliadou G. , Papadopoulos G. , Patsialas C. , Kostopoulou F. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Background and Objectives:
The aim of this study was to determine the effects of rapid transfusion of packed red cells on the arterial blood gases and acid‐base status of the recipient. Materials and Methods: We studied 16 patients (mean age 66.3±9.9 years) who received rapid transfusion of 632.8±287.2 g of packed red cells in CPDA‐1, stored before use for a period of 15.2±4.4 days. During transfusion, monitoring of pH, PCO2 and PO2 was continuous using an intra‐arterial multiparameter sensor (Paratrend 7, Biomedical Sensors, UK). Results: The rate of the transfusion was 73.1×9.6 g/min and the duration of observation was 35.8±12.8 min. Arterial pH decreased from 7.446±0.023 to 7.385±0.034 (p<0.001) and PCO2 increased from 32.31±1.35 to 36.41±1.86 mmHg (p<0.001). ΔpH and ΔPCO2 showed significant correlation to the weight and the age of the transfused blood (p<0.001 for both dependent variables). The rate of pH change was positively but insignificantly correlated to the rate of the transfusion. Base excess was significantly decreased and end‐tidal CO2 (PetCO2) was increased from 25.8±2.0 to 28.1±2.3 mmHg (p<0.05), significantly correlating to the amount and age of the administered component (p<0.05). PetCO2 was not elevated when PCO2 changes were minimal. Alterations in PO2 were not specific and our clinical impression was that they were related to unmeasured parameters.Conclusion: Our findings suggest that the fall in pH and the elevation in PCO2 which occur during rapid transfusion of packed red cells may go undetected or be misinterpreted if the acid‐base status of the recipient is not monitored continously. These alterations are mainly of metabolic character and depend on the amount and age of the transfused component. Our data suggest that arterial sampling is essential during massive transfusions.
Storage of Platelets in Additive Solutions: Effects of Phosphate
Authors: Gulliksson H. , Larsson S. , Kumlien G. , Shanwell A. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Background and Objectives:
In a previous study, low adenine nucleotide levels and a reduced rate of glycolysis were found in platelet concentrates (PCs) prepared by apheresis and stored in a platelet additive solution (PAS). Our objective was to investigate whether the use of PAS with or without phosphate can influence platelet metabolism in a similar way. Materials and Methods: The in vitro effects of storage in either plasma or a PAS (T‐Sol or PAS‐III, both containing citrate, acetate and sodium chloride, PAS‐III containing also phosphate) of buffy‐coat‐de rived pooled platelet concentrates (BC PCs) and apheresis platelets were investigated. The use of PAS implies inclusion of some plasma (20 or 35%). Paired studies over 7 days included investigation of cell counts, pH, PO2, PCO2, bicarbonate, glucose, lactate, adenine nucleotides, and extracellular adenylate kinase activity as a marker for disintegration of platelets. The expected concentration of phosphate in T‐Sol is 0.6–1.8 mmol/I (with CPD plasma) and 0.2–0.6 mmol/l (with ACD plasma), and in PAS‐III, 15–25 mmol/I (calculated values). Results: BC‐PCs were compared during storage in 35% CPD plasma and 65% PAS (T‐Sol or PAS‐III) (experiment 1), or alternatively 20% CPD plasma and 80% PAS (T‐Sol or PAS‐III) (experiment 3). In both studies, PAS‐III shows similar and significantly higher rates of glycolysis in terms of consumption of glucose (0.06 vs. 0.04 mmol/day/1011 platelets) and production of lactate (0.11 vs. 0.07 mmol/day/1011 platelets) compared with T Sol. Levels of pH and adenine nucleotides were similar when 35% plasma was used. With only 20% plasma, significantly higher levels of adenine nucleotides were found with PAS‐III compared to T‐Sol. The storage of apheresis platelets in 35% ACD plasma and 65% PAS (either, T‐Sol or PAS‐III (experiment 5) gave significantly higher values for PAS‐III compared to T‐Sol with regard to consumption of glucose (0.08 vs. 0.06 mmol/day/1011 platelets), production of lactate (0.14 vs. 0.11 mmol/day/1011 platelets) and adenine nucleotide levels. Conclusion: With respect to apheresis PCs stored in media containing ACD plasma, our results suggest that the differences found are related to the concentration of phosphate. The results for BC‐PCs stored in media containing CPD plasma suggest that PAS‐III is preferable to T‐Sol as the PAS at plasma concentrations below 35%. The mechanism behind the phenomena observed with BC‐PCs is not known.