bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distribution and gene expression of cytoskeletal proteins in two‐cell rat embryos and developmental arrest
Authors: Matsumoto Hiromichi , Jiang Jin‐yi , Mitani Disuke , Sato Eimei 
Published: October 2002

AbstractPrevious observations in rat two‐cell embryos suggested that distribution of microfilaments and microtubules are involved in developmental arrest. Therefore, we examined the distribution of cytoskeletal proteins, actin binding proteins, and microtubule‐associated proteins in rat two‐cell embryos. We also examined gene expression of β‐actin, α‐tubulin, and cytoskeletal proteins that showed changes in their distributions. Distribution of cytoskeletal proteins was examined by immunocytochemistry. Although distributions of α‐actinin, MAP1A, MAP1B/MAP5, and MAP2 were disturbed in arrested embryos, these abnormal distributions occurred following the initiations of developmental arrest and marked damage of microfilaments and microtubules. Gene expression of cytoskeletal proteins was examined by RT‐PCR. Beta‐actin and α‐actinin mRNA was detected in normal late two‐cell stage but not in arrested embryos. The difference occurred after zygotic gene activation. Expression of α‐tubulin was detected in neither normal late two‐cell stage nor arrested embryos. No MAP1A, MAP1B/MAP5, or MAP2 expression was detected in embryos during the two‐cell stage. In conclusion, both distributions of microfilaments and microtubules are closely involved in rat developmental arrest, but other distributions of cytoskeletal proteins, actin binding proteins, and microtubule‐associated proteins do not appear to have major roles in two‐cell arrest. Furthermore, mRNA expression patterns are different between microfilaments and microtubules. Both distribution and mRNA transcription of microfilaments are involved in rat developmental arrest, whereas only distribution of maternal microtubules is disturbed in arrested embryos. J. Exp. Zool. 293:641–648, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect on growth and reproduction of hormone immersed and masculinized fighting fish Betta splendens
Authors: Kirankumar Santhakumar , Pandian Thavamani Jegajothivel 
Published: October 2002

AbstractTo produce all‐male progenies in the fighting fish, Betta splendens, six groups of fry were subjected to discrete immersion treatment at different 17α‐methyltestosterone (MT) doses (viz. 100, 200, 500, 700, 900, and 1,000 µg/l) for a constant duration (3 hr/day) and frequency (second, fifth, and eighth day after hatching). The treatment at 900 µg/l led to 98% masculinization and 71% survival at sexual maturity. Treated groups, which showed significant deviation from the 1:1 sex ratio, were classified into two different series: S1 and S2. The groups that showed nearly cent‐percent masculinization were classified as S1, and the other groups were classified as S2. The S1 males showed remarkably slower growth and attained 3.5 cm total length compared to 6.0 cm attained by a normal male. The S2 males attained 5.4 cm total length. Apart from these morphological defects, both S1 and S2 males suffered functional (decreased sperm count and sperm motility) and behavioral defects (incomplete embracing during mating) in their reproductive ability, leading to approximately 50% and 30% reduction in fecundity per mating, respectively. The cumulative fecundity loss suffered by the S1 male during its active reproductive phase is discussed. When normal and sex‐reversed males were presented, a female preferred the former. Progeny testing of the sex‐reversed males showed the occurrence of 12.75% males, indicating the possible role of autosomal genes in the sex determination mechanism of this species. Discrete immersion treatment at optimal/super‐optimal doses ensured not only a higher percentage of masculinization, but also a higher frequency of homogametic males (XX). J. Exp. Zool. 293:606–616, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Experimentally induced anhydrobiosis in the tardigrade Richtersius coronifer: phenotypic factors affecting survival
Authors: Jönsson K. Ingemar , Rebecchi Lorena 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe ability of some animal taxa (e.g., nematodes, rotifers, and tardigrades) to enter an ametabolic (cryptobiotic) state is well known. Nevertheless, the phenotypic factors affecting successful anhydrobiosis have rarely been investigated. We report a laboratory study on the effects of body size, reproductive condition, and energetic condition on anhydrobiotic survival in a population of the eutardigrade Richtersius coronifer. Body size and energetic condition interacted in affecting the probability of survival, while reproductive condition had no effect. Large tardigrades had a lower probability of survival than medium‐sized tardigrades and showed a positive response in survival to energetic condition. This suggests that energy constrained the possibility for large tardigrades to enter and to leave anhydrobiosis. As a possible alternative explanation for low survival in the largest specimens we discuss the expression of senescence. In line with the view that processes related to anhydrobiosis are connected with energetic costs we documented a decrease in the size of storage cells over a period of anhydrobiosis, showing for the first time that energy is consumed in the process of anhydrobiosis in tardigrades. J. Exp. Zool. 293:578–584, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Computer simulation tools as applied to radioisotope production target design
Authors: Alvord C. W. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractComputer simulations have been applied to many isotope target design problems with mixed results. At best, computer simulations provide rapid evaluation of design alternatives with high accuracy and without the cost in time and material of ‘cut‐and‐try’ methods. However, models are only helpful when well posed, well validated, and theoretically sound. In this context, the growing availability of commercial simulation packages provides an opportunity for the development of more advanced target systems. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation of 18O‐labelled nicotinamide
Authors: Kołodziejska‐Huben Magdalena , Kamiński Zbigniew , Paneth Piotr 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA method of preparing 18O‐labelled nicotinamide, involving cyanopyridine, H2 18O, and 1,1′3,3′‐tetramethylguanidine as a catalyst is described. The desired product is produced in 91% chemical yield and 97.5% isotopic incorporation. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation, characterization and biodistribution of a new technetium‐99 m nitrido complex with 2‐methoxyisobutylisonitrile and comparison with 99mTc–MIBI
Authors: Zhang X. Zh. , Wang X. B. , Jia F. , Tang Z. G. , Zhang J. B. , Liu B. L. , Wang X. Y. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe preparation of complex 99mTcN–MIBI was carried out using two alternative procedures that led to the formation of the complex with high radiochemical purity (>90%). The partition coefficient, electrophoresis and cationic resin exchange experiments showed that the 99mTcN–MIBI is a lipophilic and neutral complex, the structure of this complex is six‐coordinate distorted octahedral, its composition may be [99mTcNCl2(MIBI)3], and the optimized geometry of this complex was calculated by using Gaussian 98 for Window (G98W) program. The biodistribution of 99mTcN–MIBI shows high myocardial uptake and good target/non‐target ratios in mice at early post‐injection time, for 5 min post‐injection the heart‐to‐blood, heart‐to‐lungs and heart‐to‐liver ratios are 3.18, 1.72 and 1.42, respectively. In respect of the relatively good rations after 5 min and the rapid clearance from non‐target, the complex 99mTcN–MIBI may be suitable for instant myocardial imaging. In addition, the lyophilized kit enables the convenient preparation of this complex for clinical use. Based on these promising properties, 99mTcN–MIBI should be a new potential myocardial perfusion‐imaging agent. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydroacylation of 4‐[18F]fluorobenzaldehyde: a novel method for the preparation of 4′‐[18F]phenylketones
Authors: Khan Noor‐Ul Hasan , Lee Byung Chul , Lee Sang‐Yoon , Choe Yearn Seong , Jun Chul‐Ho , Chi Dae Yoon 
Published: October 2002

AbstractTo assess the potential of intermolecular hydroacylation reactions as a new fluorine‐18 labeling method, model reactions of [18F]fluorobenzaldehyde with three different olefins (1‐hexene (2a), allylbenzene (2b), and 3‐phenoxypropene (2c)) in the presence of Wilkinson's catalyst were performed. The procedure gave high radiochemical yields (38–62%) of [18F]fluorophenylketones with short reaction times (15 min). The intermolecular hydroacylation reaction provides a new method for the preparation of fluorine‐18 labeled compounds. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Syntheses of stable‐isotope labeled [M+7] and [M+6] 2‐(methylamino)imidazole
Authors: Zhang Yinsheng 
Published: October 2002

AbstractStable isotope‐labeled 2‐methylaminoimidazole (M+7 and M+6) was required as an intermediate in the synthesis of mass labeled drug candidates. These two isotopomers were synthesized with total yields of 24 and 36%, respectively. Labeled 2‐aminoimidazole (M+4) was prepared from labeled isothiourea (M+3) and 2‐aminoacetaldehyde dimethyl acetal (M+1 and M+2). The (M+1) version of 2‐aminoacetaldehyde dimethyl acetal was obtained in two steps starting with potassium [15N]phthalimide, while the (M+2) version was prepared from the reduction of diethoxyacetamide with LiAlD4. Two different approaches for the preparation of 2‐methylaminoimidazole from aminoimidazole were explored. Attempts to prepare protected 2‐aminoimidazole to couple with CH3I (M+4) to form the desired labeled 2‐methyl‐aminoimidazole failed. However, methylation was achieved by applying N‐formamidation followed by deutero‐reduction. These successful syntheses allowed us to selectively label with nitrogen, carbon or hydrogen isotopes at most of the positions of 2‐methylaminoimidazole. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation of the iodine‐124 derivative of the Bolton–Hunter reagent ([124I]I‐SHPP) and its use for labelling a VEGF antibody as a PET tracer
Authors: Glaser Matthias , Carroll Veronica A. , Collingridge David R. , Aboagye Eric O. , Price Pat , Bicknell Roy , Harris Adrian L. , Luthra Sajinder K. , Brady Frank 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis study describes the radioiodination of an antibody specific to the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), VG76e, with [124I]iodine to obtain a novel PET tracer for measurement of angiogenesis. In vitro binding assays showed a significantly higher immunoreactive fraction with the protein labelling reagent N‐succinimidyl 3‐(4‐hydroxy‐5‐[125I]iodophenyl) propionate ([125I]Bolton–Hunter reagent, [125I]I‐SHPP) (34.0±4.0%) as compared with N‐succinimidyl 3‐[125I]iodobenzoate (10.9±6.4%) or direct radioiodination using [125I]iodide and IodoGen (3.1±3.0%). Consequently, the cyclotron–produced positron–emitting [124I]iodine (T1/2=4.2 days) was employed to prepare [124I]I‐SHPP. Using an improved radioiodination methodology, [124I]I‐SHPP was prepared from sodium [124I]iodide with IodoGen at pH 6.5. The [124I]Bolton–Hunter reagent was isolated with 25–58% (n=3) radiochemical yield and 88–95% (n=3) radiochemical purity by the conventional extraction procedure. The conjugate of VG76e with [124I]I‐SHPP was prepared with 17–18% (n=3) labelling efficiency and 98% radiochemical purity. The immunoreactive fraction was determined to be 33.5% (n=2). Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thymic model for examining BRCA2 expression and function
Authors: Flores Kristina G. , McAllister Kimberly A. , Greer Paula K. , Wiseman Roger W. , Hale Laura P. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractMutations in the human BRCA2 breast cancer susceptibility gene are associated with increased risks of breast, ovarian, and other cancers. BRCA2 has been hypothesized to function in processes of DNA damage/breakage repair, cell proliferation, and apoptosis. These processes continually occur in the thymus during thymocyte development, and BRCA2 mRNA is highly expressed in thymus relative to most other organs. We therefore used the thymus as a model system to study BRCA2 expression and function. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction experiments showed that highly activated immature CD4+ CD8+ double‐positive human thymocytes that exhibited high levels of proliferation and apoptosis had increased BRCA2 mRNA levels relative to other thymocyte subsets. BRCA2 mRNA levels were upregulated in thymocytes treated with the DNA‐damaging agent etoposide. Only modest increases were associated with proliferation in human peripheral lymphocytes in response to concanavalin A (ConA) mitogen. Mice homozygous for a targeted mutation in Brca2 exon 27 (Brca2Δ27/Δ27) showed normal thymic architecture but had 18% decreased thymocyte cellularity compared with wild‐type mice. Thymocytes from these Brca2Δ27/Δ27 mice displayed decreased apoptosis in response to etoposide‐induced DNA damage compared with wild‐type thymocytes. These studies suggest that BRCA2 mRNA levels are modulated during DNA damage and may be important during apoptosis. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Induction of marked apoptosis in mammalian cancer cell lines by antisense DNA treatment to abolish expression of DENN (differentially expressed in normal and neoplastic cells)
Authors: Lim K. M. , Chow Vincent T. K. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe previously reported the isolation of the novel human DENN gene, which is differentially expressed in normal and neoplastic cells. DENN is identical to MADD (mitogen‐activated protein kinase–activating death domain), which interacts with tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 through their death domains. DENN is also homologous to Rab3 GEP, a rat Rab3 GDP/GTP exchange protein. Real‐time reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that DENN expression in cancer cell lines was 26–50 times that in normal cells. The Jurkat human leukemia, PLC/PRF/5 human hepatoma, and NS‐1 mouse myeloma cell lines as well as the MRC‐5 human fetal lung and Vero monkey kidney cell lines were treated successfully with four separate DENN‐targeted antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) to abrogate DENN expression. Quantitative assessment of cell viability and apoptosis by flow cytometry via fluorescein diacetate and propidium iodide membrane‐integrity tests, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase–mediated deoxyuridine 5‐triphosphate–biotin nick end‐labeling, and annexin V assays showed that antisense silencing of DENN resulted in markedly more pronounced cell death in cancer cells compared with nonmalignant cells. Antisense‐treated cell lines exhibited extensive loss of DNA content, forming distinct sub‐G1 peaks, while cell proliferation diminished significantly. Ultrastructural features of programmed cell death in cells subjected to antisense ODNs were authenticated by electron microscopy. In contrast, transfection of cell lines with a plasmid construct to achieve DENN overexpression augmented cellular proliferation and could reverse the apoptotic effect of antisense and staurosporine treatment. Our findings suggest that DENN is intimately involved in anti‐apoptotic and cell‐survival processes. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Determinants of non‐compliance with lipid‐lowering therapy in hyperlipidemic patients
Authors: Sik Kim Young , Sunwoo Sung , Ree Lee Hye , Mi Lee Keun , Woo Park Yong , Cheol Shin Ho , Hwan Kim Cheol , Hyun Kim Dae , Sung Kim Byung , Soo Cha Hyeong , Yul Huh Bong 
Published: October 2002

AbstractPurposeIn order to assess the determinants of non‐compliance with a lipid‐lowering therapy, a prospective study of the hyperlipidemic Korean subjects was carried out.MethodsA total of 1019 patients was observed by 46 family physicians for the period of 1 year from January 1999 to January 2000. To ascertain the compliance associated with a lipid lowering drug (Simvastatin), we regularly followed up the hyperlipidemic patients at intervals of 4, 12 and 24 weeks. The criterion for evaluating compliance is to measure clinic attendance. Using a structured questionnaire, patients and physicians were asked about risk factors for the compliance.ResultsDuring the first 24 weeks of treatment, the lipid‐lowering medication was continued by 52.3% and discontinued by 19.7%. The remaining 28% dropped out. Patient‐related factors for non‐compliance were young age, current smoker, lack of low fat diet and exercise, new user, no concomitant medication, and occurrence of adverse reactions. Physician‐related factors for non‐compliance were low patients' satisfaction with the physician, small number of hyperlipidemic patients per month and working in a relatively small hospital.ConclusionsCompliance with the lipid‐lowering therapy was relatively low and several factors for non‐compliance were detected. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Amiodarone‐induced thyroid dysfunction associated with cumulative dose
Authors: Bouvy Marcel L. , Heerdink Eibert R. , Hoes Arno W. , Leufkens Hubert G. M. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractPurposeTo obtain risk estimates of thyroid disorder in patients starting amiodarone.MethodsWe followed a cohort of 5522 patients with a first prescription for an anti‐arrhythmic drug and no previous use of thyroid drugs. Within this cohort we conducted a nested case–control analysis. Cases were defined as all patients who started a thyreomimetic or thyreostatic drug no sooner than 3 months after the start of an anti‐arrhythmic drug. Controls were patients with a comparable follow‐up period not receiving any thyroid drugs during the observation period.ResultsWe identified 123 cases who had started thyreostatic drugs and 96 cases who had started a thyreomimetic drug. In users of amiodarone we found an adjusted odds ratio of 6.3 (3.9–10.2) for hyperthyroidism and 6.6 (3.9–11.1) for hypothyroid disease compared to users of other antiarrhythmics. Patients who were exposed to a cumulative dose exceeding 144 g of amiodarone had an adjusted odds ratio of 12.9 (6.1–27.3) for the development of hyperthyroid disease. The dose response for development of hypothyroidism was less pronounced.ConclusionsWe observed an increased risk for thyroid disorder at the high end of that reported in the literature. The risk of thyroid disorder increased with exposure to higher cumulative doses. Clinicians should keep in mind the possibility of development of thyroid disorders in patients on treatment with amiodarone even after several years of use. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The safety of drugs for OTC use: what evidence is required for an NSAID switch?
Authors: MacDonald Thomas M. , Beard Keith , Bruppacher Rudolf , Hasford Joerg , Lewis Michael , Logan Richard F. , McNaughton David , Tubert‐Bitter Pascale , Van Ganse Eric , Moore Nicholas 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn recent years there has been a growing demand for safe and effective over‐the‐counter (OTC) drugs. The demonstration of the safety of OTC products in actual conditions of use is crucial for their wide distribution, since the circumstances of their use may be different from the prescription‐only setting. A group of experts met in Geneva, Switzerland, with the aim of exploring the criteria required to show safety equivalence of OTC medications, with specific reference to low‐dose non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) used for analgesia. It was agreed that an acceptable surrogate marker for safety as the primary endpoint in a study designed to show that a new NSAID was not inferior to a current NSAID would be any adverse event leading the patient to consult a physician. A sample size of 10 000 patients in each arm of a two‐arm study would be sufficient to show non‐inferiority with acceptable relative risk equal to 1.2 with at least 90% power for an event rate of 5%. An example of a possible pharmacy‐based randomized study design to demonstrate safety equivalence of OTC analgesics is given. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A framework for describing the impact of antidepressant medications on population health status
Authors: Patten Scott B. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackgroundIn the absence of strategies for primary prevention, public health initiatives for major depression have generally focused on secondary and tertiary strategies such as case‐finding, public and professional education and disease management. Much emphasis has been placed on low reported rates of antidepressant utilization. In principle, increased rates of treatment utilization should lead to improved mental health status at the population level. However, methods for relating antidepressant utilization to population health status have not been described.MethodsAn incidence–prevalence model was developed using data from a Canadian national survey, supplemented by parameter estimates from literature reviews. The lifetime sick‐day proportion (LSP) was used to approximate point prevalence.ResultsMathematical simulations using this model produced reasonable approximations of point prevalence for major depression. The model suggests that an improved rate of treatment utilization may not, in itself, lead to substantially reduced prevalence. Reducing the rate of relapse in those with highly recurrent disorders, which can be accomplished by long‐term antidepressant treatment, is predicted to have a more substantial impact on population health status.ConclusionsThe model presented here offers a framework for describing the impact of antidepressant treatment on population health status. Mathematical models may assist with decision‐making and priority setting in the public health sphere, as illustrated by the model presented here, which challenges some commonly held assumptions. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diene/olefin/polar monomer copolymerisation: unprecedented functional polymers from a rare earth catalyst
Authors: Bonnet Fanny , Barbier‐Baudry Denise , Dormond Alain , Visseaux Marc 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAn ansasamarocene allyl system is an efficient initiator which polymerises 1,3‐dienes, copolymerises dienes and long‐chain α‐olefins or α,ω‐dienes to give functionalisable polymers. It also polymerises caprolactone and allows the controlled diblock copolymerisation of isoprene or isoprene/α‐olefin copolymer and caprolactone.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis and characterization of a polymer–metal complex from bisphenol A polyhydroxy ether with sulfur‐bearing side‐groups
Authors: Zhang Hongwen , Ma Hongyang , Li Hongtu , Wang Jingyuan 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA novel polymer–metal complex from bisphenol A polyhydroxy ether with dithiocarboxylic side‐groups was synthesized. The structure of the complex was characterized by elemental analysis and infrared and UV–vis spectroscopies. Because the dithiocarboxylic group possesses a strong chelating ability, it gives bisphenol A polyhydroxy ether some new properties such as coordination. At the same time, bisphenol A polyhydroxy ether increases the thermal stability of the complex, as verified by thermogravimetric analysis. The coordination ability of the functional bisphenol A polyhydroxy ether with various cations was investigated using the results of the gel fractions calculated by means of statistical theory. In addition, the electrochemical activity and surface chemical analysis of the complexes were investigated by cyclic voltammetry and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, respectively.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry