bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surface oxides, carbides, and impurities on RF superconducting Nb and Nb3Sn: a comprehensive analysis
Authors: Sun Zeming , Baraissov Zhaslan , Dukes Catherine A , Dare Darrah K , Oseroff Thomas , Thompson Michael O , Muller David A , Liepe Matthias U 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Surface structures on radio-frequency (RF) superconductors are crucially important in determining their interaction with the RF field. Here we investigate the surface compositions, structural profiles, and valence distributions of oxides, carbides, and impurities on niobium (Nb) and niobium–tin (Nb3Sn) in situ under different processing conditions. We establish the underlying mechanisms of vacuum baking and nitrogen processing in Nb and demonstrate that carbide formation induced during high-temperature baking, regardless of gas environment, determines subsequent oxide formation upon air exposure or low-temperature baking, leading to modifications of the electron population profile. Our findings support the combined contribution of surface oxides and second-phase formation to the outcome of ultra-high vacuum baking (oxygen processing) and nitrogen processing. Also, we observe that vapor-diffused Nb3Sn contains thick metastable oxides, while electrochemically synthesized Nb3Sn only has a thin oxide layer. Our findings reveal fundamental mechanisms of baking and processing Nb and Nb3Sn surface structures for high-performance superconducting RF and quantum applications.
Non-uniform current distribution in parallel-wound no-insulation high-temperature superconductor coil during ramping and fast discharging operations
Authors: Fu Yutong , Wang Yawei , Peng Weihang , Zhao Yue , Ma Guangtong , Jin Zhijian 
Published: October 2023

AbstractA parallel-wound no-insulation (PWNI) high-temperature superconductor (HTS) coil is a kind of pancake-shaped no-insulation (NI) coil wound with parallel-stacked HTS tapes, which combines the characteristics of a NI coil and non-twisted stacked-tape cable. It shows a significant advantage in accelerating the ramping response compared with traditional NI HTS coils wound by a single tape, and is a promising alternative for large-scale high-field magnets. The stacked cable approach can lead to current redistribution between parallel tapes during ramping operations. It couples with the turn-to-turn current redistribution and leads to a much more complicated current redistribution inside the PWNI coil, the mechanism of which remains unclear so far. The aim of this work is to investigate electromagnetic behavior of a PWNI HTS coil in ramping and fast discharging process. A simulation model was developed by integrating an equivalent circuit network model and an improvedT–Amodel. A three-tape PWNI coil and its insulated counterpart were wound and tested, and this model was validated by charging and discharging tests. Results show that there is a significant non-uniform current distribution on parallel tapes in the same turn during ramping operations and the maximum azimuthal current (transport current) can be 2.26 times the minimum one in the three-tape PWNI coil in this study. Meanwhile, the radial current shows a considerable accumulation in the tape near turn-to-turn contacts and the radial current through the turn-to-turn contacts can be 4.16 times of that the flow through tape-to-tape contacts (parallel tapes) in the same turn. During the fast discharging process, a significant coupling current is generated in the PWNI coil, leading to a large opposite transport current in local areas; the amplitude of variation of this can be 4.66 times the initial operating current. The radial current shows a similar distribution but opposite direction to that during ramping, and its amplitude is two orders of magnitude higher. These results provide practical guidelines for the design of large-scale high-field HTS magnets.
HTS conductor coil by in-situ winding technology for large-scale high-field magnet
Authors: Gao S Y , Shi S J , Yang X S , Shen B Y , Hu X B , Zhu Y P , Wu B H , Zhao Y 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
High temperature superconducting (HTS) conductors have become important candidates to be used in large-scale high-field magnets, owing to its high critical current density as well as good mechanical properties. At present, there are various forms of HTS conductors proposed. In this work, we reported the fabrication of the REBCO HTS coil using in-situ winding technology. The six-layer coil with a diameter of 410 mm achieved a total current of 2562 A, and generated a central magnetic field of 7.8 mT at 77 K. The stress, deformation, and defect caused during conventional winding procedure could be significantly decreased using in-situ winding technology, indicating it has great potential for the large-scale high-field magnets in next-generation fusion reactors.
The primordial black holes that disappeared: connections to dark matter and MHz-GHz gravitational Waves
Authors: Gehrman Thomas C. , Shams Es Haghi Barmak , Sinha Kuver , Xu Tao 
Published: October 2023

AbstractIn the post-LIGO era, there has been a lot of focus on primordial black holes (PBHs) heavier than ∼ 1015g as potential dark matter (DM) candidates. We point out that the branch of the PBH family that disappeared — PBHs lighter than ∼ 109g that ostensibly Hawking evaporated away in the early Universe — also constitute an interesting frontier for DM physics. Hawking evaporation itself serves as a portal through which such PBHs can illuminate new physics, for example by emitting dark sector particles. Taking a simple DM scalar singlet model as a template, we compute the abundance and mass of PBHs that could have provided, by Hawking evaporation, the correct DM relic density. We consider two classes of such PBHs: those originating from curvature perturbations generated by inflation, and those originating from false vacuum collapse during a first-order phase transition. For PBHs of both origins we compute the gravitational wave (GW) signals emanating from their formation stage: from second-order effects in the case of curvature perturbations, and from sound waves in the case of phase transitions. The GW signals have peak frequencies in the MHz-GHz range typical of such light PBHs. We compute the strength of such GWs compatible with the observed DM relic density, and find that the GW signal morphology can in principle allow one to distinguish between the two PBH formation histories.
A linear parameters study of ion cyclotron emission using drift ring beam distribution
Authors: Kong Haozhe , Xie Huasheng , Sun Jizhong 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Ion Cyclotron Emission (ICE) holds great potential as a diagnostic tool for fast ions in fusion devices. The theory of Magnetoacoustic Cyclotron Instability (MCI), as an emission mechanism for ICE, states that MCI is driven by a velocity distribution of fast ions that approximates to a drift ring beam. In this study, the influence of key parameters (velocity spread of the fast ions, number density ratio, and instability propagation angle) on the linear MCI is systematically investigated using the linear kinetic dispersion relation solver BO (Xie 2019 Comput. Phys. Commun.
244 343). The computational spectra region considered extends up to 40 times the ion cyclotron frequency. By examining the influence of these key parameters on MCI, several novel results have been obtained. In the case of MCI excited by super-Alfvénic fast ions (where the unique perpendicular speed of fast ion is greater than the perpendicular phase velocity of the fast Alfvén waves), the parallel velocity spread significantly affects the bandwidth of harmonics and the continuous spectrum, while the perpendicular velocity spread has a decisive effect on the MCI growth rate. As the velocity spread increases, the linear relationship between the MCI growth rate and the square root of the number density ratio transitions to a linear relationship between the MCI growth rate and the number density ratio. This finding provides a linear perspective explanation for the observed linear relation between fast ion number density and ICE intensity in JET. Furthermore, high harmonics are more sensitive to changes in propagation angle than low harmonics because a decrease in the propagation angle alters the dispersion relation of the fast Alfvén wave. In the case of MCI excited by sub-Alfvénic fast ions (where the unique perpendicular speed of fast ion is less than the perpendicular phase velocity of the fast Alfvén waves), a significant growth rate increase occurs at high harmonics due to the transition of sub-Alfvénic fast ions to super-Alfvénic fast ions. Similarly, for MCI excited by greatly sub-Alfvénic fast ions (where the unique perpendicular speed of fast ion is far less than the perpendicular phase velocity of the fast Alfvén waves), the growth rate at high harmonics also experiences a drastic increase compared to the low harmonic, thereby expanding the parameter range of the velocity spread.
Neglected U(1) phase in the Schrödinger representation of quantum mechanics and particle number conserving formalisms for superconductivity
Authors: Koizumi Hiroyasu 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Superconductivity is reformulated as a phenomenon in which a stable velocity field is created by a U(1) phase neglected by Dirac in the Schrödinger representation of quantum mechanics. The neglected phase gives rise to a U(1) gauge field expressed as the Berry connection from many-body wave functions. The inclusion of this gauge field transforms the standard particle-number non-conserving formalism of superconductivity to a particle-number conserving one with many results of the former unaltered. In other words, the new formalism indicates that the current standard one is an approximation that effectively takes into account this neglected U(1) gauge field by employing the particle-number non-conserving formalism. Since the standard and new formalisms are physically different, conflicting results are predicted in some cases. We reexamine the Josephson relation and show that a capacitance contribution of the Josephson junction to the U(1) phase is missing in the standard formalism, and inclusion of it indicates that the standard theory actually does not agree with the experiment while the new one does. It is also shown that the dissipative quantum phase transition in Josephson junctions predicted in the standard theory does not exist in the new one in accordance with a recent experiment (Murani et al 2020 Phys. Rev. X 10 021003).
Effect of laser power and heat treatment on microstructures and tensile properties of LPBF fabricated Hastelloy X superalloy
Authors: Bai Jie , Ma Rui , Zhang Yunlong , Cheng Liang , Wang Yajun , Zhou Weitian 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) technic is suitable for manufacturing metal parts with complex shapes and internal channels. The energy input and post heat treatment have great influence on the formability, microstructure and properties of the metallic materials. In this work, Hastelloy X superalloy is fabricated by LPBF with a variation of laser power, and then post-treated by hot isostatic pressing and solution treatment. Influences of laser power and heat treatment on microstructure features of as-built sample are evaluated. The correlation among laser power, microstructure features and tensile properties of heat-treated samples are revealed. The results reveal that average grain size, aspect ratio, texture intensity increases while the proportion of high-angle grain boundaries decreases with the increase of laser power. Precipitates of Cr-rich carbides along grain boundary are observed after post heat treatment. Post-treatment promotes the twinned recrystallization, grain coarsening and texture degradation. Yield strength increases while tensile strength decreases with the increase in laser power. The higher vertical yield strength of sample with laser power of 320 W could be attributed to its larger aspect ratio and more twin boundaries. 280 W is the preferred laser power to obtain the best overall tensile properties. This study is helpful for the exploration of optimal LPBF process and post heat treatment, by which Ni-based superalloys with a good balance between strength and ductility can be produced.
An analysis of renewable energy consumption in Visegrád countries
Authors: Atikur Rahaman Md , Bin Amin Mohammad , Taru Rupali Dilip , Ahammed Md Rasel , Rabbi Mohammad Fazle 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The ‘Visegrád Group’ countries are fundamentally distinct from one another. There is less public backing for green initiatives like climate protection and renewable energy in Western Europe. Since the change began, the region has made substantial efficiency gains. Descriptive statistics and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) were employed to quantify the various energy usage patterns across the V4 countries. Our analysis revealed that in Slovakia, Poland, and the Czech Republic, renewable energy development had accelerated by 149%, 116%, and 87% relative changes, respectively. Hungary has stalled or declined. These results suggest that the V4 countries have made considerable progress in transitioning to renewable energy sources. However, further steps are needed to ensure Hungary can make the same progress as its neighbours. According to the findings of our studies and forecasts, substantial levels of consumption of renewable energy will be observed in the following industries in the year 2022: Electricity usage will rise by 29.78% in Hungary and 22.45% in Slovakia; in the heating and cooling sector, it will rise by 24.60% in Czechia and 16.71% in Poland; and in the transportation sector, it will grow by 8.44% in Hungary and 7.71% in Slovakia. To keep up with expected increases in energy consumption, the V4 countries will need to expand the proportion of their economies that use sustainable and alternative resources. Furthermore, we propose six strategies to tackle increased energy demand and major obstacles to transitioning towards renewable energies. This will ensure energy independence and pave the way to carbon neutrality by 2050. While the EU has high targets for renewable energy, the papers show that the V4 nations each have their own set of ambitious goals.
Intrinsic capacity: an under-researched concept in geriatrics
Authors: Hoogendijk Emiel O , Dent Elsa , Koivunen Kaisa 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In 2015, the World Health Organisation (WHO) introduced the concept of intrinsic capacity (IC) as part of a new public health model for healthy ageing. IC refers to the overall combination of an individual’s physical and mental capacities, and is promoted as a new positive approach to the health and wellbeing of older adults. However, there is still insufficient evidence that implementing IC leads to better care for older adults. Moreover, the current operationalisations of IC lead to confusion and redundant research. In this commentary, we discuss whether the concept of IC has added value for geriatrics, and describe the main issues related to its conceptualisation, measurement, and application. We argue that there is a need to clarify and validate the concept of IC, including independent evidence regarding its feasibility and acceptance in clinical practice.
Cognitive Profile in Autism and ADHD: A Meta-Analysis of Performance on the WAIS-IV and WISC-V
Authors: Wilson Alexander C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract

Objective
Previous research has suggested that neurodevelopmental conditions may be associated with distinctive cognitive profiles on the Wechsler intelligence tests (of which the most recent editions are the WAIS-IV and WISC-V). However, the extent to which a cognitive profile can be reliably identified for individuals meeting criteria for autism or ADHD remains unclear. The present review investigated this issue.

Method
A search was conducted in PsycInfo, Embase, and Medline in October 2022 for papers reporting the performance of children or adults diagnosed with autism or ADHD on the WAIS-IV or the WISC-V. Test scores were aggregated using meta-analysis.

Results
Scores were analyzed from over 1,800 neurodivergent people reported across 18 data sources. Autistic children and adults performed in the typical range for verbal and nonverbal reasoning, but scored ~1 SD below the mean for processing speed and had slightly reduced scores on working memory. This provides evidence for a “spiky” cognitive profile in autism. Performance of children and adults with ADHD was mostly at age-expected levels, with slightly reduced scores for working memory.

Conclusion
Although the pattern of performance on the Wechsler tests is not sufficiently sensitive or specific to use for diagnostic purposes, autism appears to be associated with a cognitive profile of relative strengths in verbal and nonverbal reasoning and a weakness in processing speed. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder appears less associated with a particular cognitive profile. Autistic individuals may especially benefit from a cognitive assessment to identify and support with their strengths and difficulties.
Spatom: a graph neural network for structure-based protein–protein interaction site prediction
Authors: Wu Haonan , Han Jiyun , Zhang Shizhuo , Xin Gaojia , Mou Chaozhou , Liu Juntao 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Accurate identification of protein–protein interaction (PPI) sites remains a computational challenge. We propose Spatom, a novel framework for PPI site prediction. This framework first defines a weighted digraph for a protein structure to precisely characterize the spatial contacts of residues, then performs a weighted digraph convolution to aggregate both spatial local and global information and finally adds an improved graph attention layer to drive the predicted sites to form more continuous region(s). Spatom was tested on a diverse set of challenging protein–protein complexes and demonstrated the best performance among all the compared methods. Furthermore, when tested on multiple popular proteins in a case study, Spatom clearly identifies the interaction interfaces and captures the majority of hotspots. Spatom is expected to contribute to the understanding of protein interactions and drug designs targeting protein binding.
Construction and identification of lncRNA/circRNA-coregulated ceRNA networks in gemcitabine-resistant bladder carcinoma
Authors: Pan Jingjing , Xie Xiaojuan , Sheng Jinxiu , Ju Chenxi , Sun Shuaijie , Cui Fangfang , Zhai Wen , Ming Liang 
Published: October 2023

Abstract

Objectives
To explore the regulatory networks that underlie the development of chemoresistance in bladder cancer.

Methods
We analyzed profiles of differentially expressed long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs) and messenger RNA (mRNAs) in gemcitabine-resistant/sensitive bladder cancer cells using next-generation sequencing data.

Results
Hundreds of differentially expressed lncRNAs and miRNAs and thousands of circRNAs and mRNAs were identified. Bioinformatics analysis revealed the chromosomal localizations, classification and coexpression of mRNAs, as well as candidates for cis and trans regulation by lncRNAs. Furthermore, Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis of differentially expressed mRNAs and circRNAs indicated important functional roles of coregulated RNAs, thus establishing competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) and protein–protein interactions networks that may underlie chemoresistance in bladder cancer. We demonstrated that lncRNA LINP1 can act as a ceRNA by inhibiting miR-193a-5p to increase TP73 expression; and that lncRNA ESRG and hsa_circ_0075881 can simultaneously bind miR-324-3p to increase ST6GAL1 expression. Modulation of ceRNA network components using ablation and overexpression approaches contributed to gemcitabine resistance in bladder cancer cells.

Conclusions
These results elucidate mechanisms by which lncRNAs and circRNAs coregulate the development of bladder cancer cell resistance to gemcitabine, thus laying the foundation for future research to identify biomarkers and disease targets.
Neural basis of social attention: common and distinct mechanisms for social and nonsocial orienting stimuli
Authors: Narganes-Pineda Cristina , Paz-Alonso Pedro M , Marotta Andrea , Lupiáñez Juan , Chica Ana B 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Social and nonsocial directional stimuli (such as gaze and arrows, respectively) share their ability to trigger attentional processes, although the issue of whether social stimuli generate other additional (and unique) attentional effects is still under debate. In this study, we used the spatial interference paradigm to explore, using functional magnetic resonance imaging, shared and dissociable brain activations produced by gaze and arrows. Results showed a common set of regions (right parieto-temporo-occipital) similarly involved in conflict resolution for gaze and arrows stimuli, which showed stronger co-activation for incongruent than congruent trials. The frontal eye field showed stronger functional connectivity with occipital regions for congruent as compared with incongruent trials, and this effect was enhanced for gaze as compared with arrow stimuli in the right hemisphere. Moreover, spatial interference produced by incongruent (as compared with congruent) arrows was associated with increased functional coupling between the right frontal eye field and a set of regions in the left hemisphere. This result was not observed for incongruent (as compared with congruent) gaze stimuli. The right frontal eye field also showed greater coupling with left temporo-occipital regions for those conditions in which larger conflict was observed (arrow incongruent vs. gaze incongruent trials, and gaze congruent vs. arrow congruent trials). These findings support the view that social and nonsocial stimuli share some attentional mechanisms, while at the same time highlighting other differential effects.
Highlights Attentional orienting triggered by social (gaze) and nonsocial (arrow) cues is comparable. When social and nonsocial stimuli are used as targets, qualitatively different behavioral effects are observed. This study explores the neural bases of shared and dissociable neural mechanisms for social and nonsocial stimuli. Shared mechanisms were found in the functional coupling between right parieto-temporo-occipital regions. Dissociable mechanisms were found in the functional coupling between right frontal eye field and ipsilateral and contralateral occipito-temporal regions.