bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relationship between Serum Lipoprotein Ratios and Insulin Resistance in Obesity
Authors: Brehm Attila , Pfeiler Georg , Pacini Giovanni , Vierhapper Heinrich , Roden Michael 
Published: October 2004

AbstractBackground: The fasting serum lipid profile [triglycerides (TGs), total cholesterol (TC), and LDL- and HDL-cholesterol (LDL-C and HDL-C)] is used to calculate lipid ratios (TC/HDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C, TG/HDL-C) that allow identification of individuals at increased risk for cardiovascular disease. Because these individuals are also frequently insulin resistant, this study analyzed the relationships between lipid ratios and insulin sensitivity.Methods: In 132 obese [mean (SE) body mass index, 37.5 (0.6) kg/m2] outpatients without known diabetes mellitus, fasting serum lipid profiles and 75-g oral glucose tolerance tests were performed. Insulin sensitivity was assessed from surrogate estimates for fasting (QUICKI) and dynamic (OGIS) conditions.Results: After exclusion of other endocrine diseases (n = 35), the remaining patients were classified as glucose tolerant (n = 56), glucose intolerant (n = 22), or as having type 2 diabetes (n = 19). QUICKI and OGIS indicated severe insulin resistance in all individuals with type 2 diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance compared with glucose-tolerant individuals: QUICKI, glucose tolerant, 0.302 (0.002); glucose intolerant, 0.290 (0.002); type 2 diabetes, 0.281 (0.005); P &lt;0.001; OGIS (mL · m−2 · min−1), glucose tolerant, 343 (7), glucose intolerant, 293 (9); type 2 diabetes, 256 (12); P &lt;0.001. Serum TG (P &lt;0.005) and TG/HDL-C ratios (P &lt;0.05) were increased in individuals with impaired glucose tolerance. TG/HDL-C ratios negatively correlated with QUICKI (r = −0.370; P &lt; 0.001) and OGIS (r = −0.333; P &lt; 0.005) in nondiabetic individuals (glucose tolerant plus glucose intolerant), but not in patients with type 2 diabetes (not significant).Conclusions: This study demonstrates that the TG/HDL-C ratio positively correlates with insulin resistance in severely obese nondiabetic individuals.
Photonic Crystal Glucose-Sensing Material for Noninvasive Monitoring of Glucose in Tear Fluid
Authors: Alexeev Vladimir L , Das Sasmita , Finegold David N , Asher Sanford A 
Published: October 2004

AbstractBackground: We recently developed a photonic crystal glucose-sensing material (Alexeev et al., Anal Chem 2003;75:2316–23), which consists of a crystalline colloidal array embedded within a polymer network of a polyacrylamide-poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogel with pendent phenylboronic acid groups. The aim of the present work was to improve this approach for application to noninvasive or minimally invasive monitoring of glucose.Methods: We used new boronic acid derivatives such as 4-amino-3-fluorophenylboronic acid and 4-carboxy-3-fluorophenylboronic acid as the molecular recognition elements to achieve sensing at physiologic pH values.Results: The improved photonic glucose-sensing material sensed glucose in the range of the 100 μmol/L concentrations found in tear fluid. The detection limits were ∼1 μmol/L in synthetic tear fluid. The visually evident diffraction color shifted across the entire visible spectral region from red to blue over the physiologically relevant tear-fluid glucose concentrations. This sensing material is selective for glucose over galactose, mannose, and fructose.Conclusions: These new glucose sensors have properties appropriate for use in such glucose-sensing applications as ocular inserts or diagnostic contact lenses for patients with diabetes mellitus.
Selenium Metabolites in Urine: A Critical Overview of Past Work and Current Status
Authors: Francesconi Kevin A , Pannier Florence 
Published: October 2004

AbstractBackground: Selenium is an essential trace element that also elicits toxic effects at modest intakes. Investigations of selenium metabolites in urine can help our understanding of the transformations taking place in the body that produce these beneficial and detrimental effects. There is, however, considerable discord in the scientific literature regarding the selenium metabolites thought to play important roles in these biotransformation processes.Approach: We critically assessed the published reports on selenium urinary metabolites, from the first report in 1969 to the present, in terms of the rigor of the data on which structures have been proposed.Content: We present and discuss data from ∼60 publications reporting a total of 16 identified selenium metabolites in urine of humans or rats, a good model for human selenium metabolism. We assessed the analytical methods used and the validity of the ensuing structural assignments.Summary: Many of the studies of selenium metabolites in urine appear to have assigned incorrect structures to the compounds. The long-held view that trimethylselenonium ion is a major human urinary metabolite appears unjustified. On the other hand, recent work describing selenosugars as major urinary metabolites looks sound and provides a firm basis for future studies.
Freeze-Thaw Effects and Gas Permeability of Utility Line Backfill
Authors: Hooper FP , Allen Marr W , Drefus RB , Farrag K 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
Backfill materials used in utility trenches must maintain physical and mechanical integrity when subjected to the seasonal effects of freezing and thawing. Materials used over gas utility lines must also have adequate permeability to allow any leaking gas to flow upward and out. To help determine how soils and flowable fills might perform as backfill over utility lines, we conducted laboratory tests to measure the permeability of backfill materials before freezing, during freezing, and after thawing. The two materials investigated in this study were a silty sand, and a flowable fill made with Type F fly ash. Our work also examined the susceptibility of these materials to frost heave and thaw weakening. An apparatus and standard test method for performing permeability during freezing and after subsequent thawing did not exist. We developed a method by adapting the ASTM Standard Test Method for Frost Heave and Thaw Weakening Susceptibility of Soils (D 5918) and the ASTM Standard Test Method for Measurement of Pneumatic Permeability of Partially Saturated Porous Materials by Flowing Air (D 6539). Although more data are needed to confirm specific conclusions determined from this study, the test method developed here appears to be useful for evaluating the effects of freeze-thaw on backfill materials for utility trenches. Additional work is needed to demonstrate whether these laboratory results correspond to actual field conditions.
A Simple Methodology For Determining Electrical Conductivity of Soils
Authors: Shah PH , Singh DN 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
Electrical conductivity of soils has been demonstrated to be an important parameter for determining their basic properties. As measurement of soil conductivity using the DC field is limited by irreversible changes in the state of the soil and the errors due to electrode polarization, application of an AC field has been recommended. However, it has been noted that researchers have resorted to the ‘single frequency measurements’, considering that impedance is purely resistive, which may not always be true. Hence, it becomes essential to study electrical conductivity of soils in a broad frequency range. With this in view, using the concept of Impedance Spectroscopy (IS), conductivity measurements were carried out on different type of soils in the 20 Hz to 1 MHz frequency range, and details of the study are presented in this paper. Measured data has also been analyzed using Nyquist and Bode formats, and a good matching of the results has been noted. This demonstrates utility of the developed methodology and the ease with which electrical conductivity of soils can be determined in the laboratory.
Validated Microstructural Assessment of Femoral Heads
Authors: Fischman G 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
The method developed and outlined in this paper, Validated Microstructural Assessment, can be used to better ensure that components are more consistent than the current single micrograph methods. This paper shows that predictable microstructural variances occur even in components with materials and processes that have been optimized for production. Further, it is demonstrated that by using this technique these variances can be evaluated to create a typing of this optimized material-component system. Results show that one micrograph is not sufficient to describe this component using the protocol designed for this analysis, but an appropriate micrographic sampling of five components is sufficient for such a description.
Dos décadas de arqueología en México
Authors: Martínez Muriel Alejandro , Bader Renteria Cipactli 
Published: October 2004

Este trabajo da a conocer las funciones principales que ha desempeñado el Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia con respecto al patrimonio arqueológico de México: los aspectos relacionados con su protección, investigación, conservación y difusión. Se hace un análisis de los trabajos realizados en los últimos veinte años, las políticas aplicadas, los problemas enfrentados, y sus soluciones. Además se presenta una síntesis y de los principales proyectos arqueológicos llevados a cabo durante ese tiempo.
This essay considers the main functions performed by the Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia with regards to Mexico´s archaeological heritage, such as aspects related to its protection, research, conservation and diffusion. It analyzes the policies applied, the problems faced and the solutions set forth during the last twenty years. It examines a brief sampling of some of the main archaeological projects conducted during this time period and analyzes their development.
Lengua y cultura Nahuas
Authors: León-Portilla Miguel 
Published: October 2004

During the last twenty years, as never before, there has been increasing interest in the study and research of Nahuatl language and culture. In this respect, the Seminario de Cultura náhualt at UNAM has exercised considerable influence through its teaching and publications. Moreover, other Mexican institutions, such as the universities of Puebla, Morelos, Tlaxcala, Colima and the Veracruzana as well as the Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia, have centers where this research and teaching is conducted. The study of Nahuatl language and culture has also grown in the United States as well as in various European countries, such as France, Germany, Spain, Holland and Italy. The principal focus of this work has been linguistic as well as the publication and translation of Nahuatl texts. The “Nueva Palabra,”that is the expression in Nahualt by persons for whom it is its mother language, has also flourished during this period.
Como nunca antes, durante los últimos veinte años se ha incrementado el interés por los trabajos de investigación en torno a la lengua y cultura nahuas. Considerable influencia ha tenido el Seminario de Cultura náhuatl (UNAM) en sus aspectos de docencia y publicaciones. Hay además otros centros en México donde se labora en este campo, como las universidades de Puebla, Morelos, Tlaxcala, Colima y la Veracruzana, así como la Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia. En los Estados Unidos se han desarrollado mucho estos estudios y otro tanto puede decirse de varios países europeos, en particular, Francia, Alemania, España, Holanda e Italia. Los trabajos principales han sido, unos de carácter lingüístico o de publicación de textos en náhuatl con sus correspondientes versiones. En este lapso ha florecido la que se conoce como “Nueva Palabra”, es decir la expresión en náhuatl de personas que tienen esta lengua como materna.
Veinte años de Antropología Mexicana. La configuración de una Antropología del Sur.
Authors: Medina Hernández Andrés 
Published: October 2004

This essay examines the development of Mexican anthropology from a perspective that defines it as “Anthropology from the South.” It centers its analysis on a theoretical approach that emerged during the last twenty years, that of cosmovisión. That approach resulted in significant interpretations of the Mesoamerican cultural tradition. The essay also raises questions about the proceso civilizatorio that considers the entire Mexican nation and that goes beyond the “México profundo” characterized by Guillermo Bonfil.
En este ensayo se plantea el desarrollo de la antropología mexicana desde la perspectiva que la define como una “Antropología del Sur” y centra su descripción en un campo teórico que emerge en el lapso comprendido de los últimos veinte años, el de la cosmovisión, a partir de cuya discusión se hacen contribuciones significativas para la comprensión de la tradición cultural mesoamericana y se abren preguntas sobre el proceso civilizatorio que abarca al conjunto de la nación mexicana, más allá de lo que Guillermo Bonfil caracterizó como el “México profundo”.
Two Decades of Anglophone Historical Writing on Colonial Mexico: Continuity and Change since 1980
Authors: Van Young Eric 
Published: October 2004

Research on colonial Mexico continues to be one of the most important sub- fields in the history of Latin America in the United States, but also enjoys considerable attention in Canada and Britain. Over the last twenty-five years or so the approach of English-speaking scholars to colonial Mexican history has changed perceptibly. The rise of cultural history, ethnohistory, and subaltern history, for example, are all fairly obvious trends, even if they were already on the horizon by 1980 or so. On the other hand, more traditional styles of work such as economic history have continued strong. The article traces these changes, both in general terms and by looking at a number of monographs and clusters of works. One conclusion of the essay is that the rise of cultural history, ethnohistory, and the search for “subaltern agency”in more recent historical writings, by de-emphasizing the scalar measurement of Mexican underdevelopment so characteristic of older types of writing, have made for a less grim and monochromatic image of colonial Mexican society.La investigación sobre el México colonial sigue siendo uno de los sub-campos más importantes de los estudios de la historia de América Latina en Estados Unidos; también disfruta de una atención notable en Canadá e Inglaterra. No obstante, durante los últimos veinticinco años los métodos y planteamientos de los historiadores anglófonos frente a la historia del México colonial han cambiado notablemente. El ascenso de la historia cultural, la etnohistoria, y la historia de grupos subalternos, por ejemplo, son tendencias bastante obvias, a pesar de que ya se vieran en el horizonte historiográfico desde 1980. Por supuesto, los trabajos tradicionales, como los que versan sobre historia económica, han seguido fuertes también. Este articulo esboza estos cambios, en términos generales como también a través del examen de varias obras monográficas y grupos de obras. Una conclusión del ensayo es que el ascenso de la historia cultural, la etnohistoria, y la búsqueda de la “agencia subalterna”en las obras históricas más recientes, ha pintado una imagen menos sombría y monocromática de la sociedad mexicana de la época colonial, al desenfatizar la medición del desarrollo mexicano como si existiera en una escala lineal (una característica del estilo de los trabajos más tradicionales).
La historia en México (1984-2004)
Authors: Matute Álvaro 
Published: October 2004

This article was intentionally written as a sort of conversation with Luis González to whom it is dedicated. It is full of references to his writings and his ideas. Instead of providing a list of historical writings produced in Mexico since 1984, the essay examines the institutional framework in which Mexican historiography is produced and the relationship between institutions and the writing of history. Another goal is to consider the entry into the profession of new generations of historians and, with them, the enormous variety of historical subjects that constitute the new fields of historical research. Finally, the author considers the contrast between the new interpretations and the unwillingness of a public, molded by an official history, to accept them.
Más que hacer un recorrido a través de la vasta producción historiográfica mexicana de los últimos 20 años (1984-2004), el artículo pretende analizar las condiciones de desarrollo institucional a partir de las cuales se ha desenvuelto dicha producción historiográfica. Los sistemas de evaluación desarrollados a partir del Sistema Nacional de Investigadores cobran un papel relevante. Asimismo, se pone énfasis en el surgimiento de las nuevas generaciones de historiadores, en los nuevos temas que se han incorporado a los tradicionalmente tratados y en el contraste entre las nuevas propuestas de los historiadores provenientes de los resultados de las investigaciones y las interpretaciones a que han dado lugar y la resistencia del público, moldeado por la inercia de la historia oficial. El artículo está deliberadamente planteado con títulos y elementos de don Luis González, a cuya memoria está dedicado.
Morena/o, blanca/o y café con leche: Racial Constructions in Chicana/o Historiography
Authors: Ruiz Vicki L. 
Published: October 2004

This essay reviews someof the scholarship of the last twenty years that illuminates significant twentieth-century experiences and the multiple identities of Mexican-origin populations in the United States. The racial/gendered contours of Chicana/o history are explored through research that focuses on the Chicano movement, labor and civil rights organizations, identity and community, education, segregation, and sexuality and power. Throughout the history, complicating notions of mestizaje (morena/o), whiteness (blanca/o) and cultural coalescence (café con leche) influence and explain individual and institutional actions. Therefore, in this essay the situational nature of racial constructs in the historical (and the historians’) moment are discerned by both a focused overview of critical works in the field and specific cases, including a preview of a case study on school desegregation in the Southwest.
Este ensayo revisa parte de la investigación de los últimos veinte años que ilumina experiencias significativas en el siglo XX sobre las múltiples identidades de las poblaciones de origen mexicano en los Estados Unidos. Los contornos raciales/ genéricos de la historia chicana son explorados a través de la investigación que se centra en el movimiento chicano, las organizaciones de derechos civiles y laborales, identidad y comunidad, segregación educativa, sexualidad, y poder. A través de la historia, complejas nociones de mestizaje (morena/o), blancura (blanca/o) y fusiones culturales (café con leche) influyen y explican las acciones individuales e institucionales. Por esa razón, en este ensayo la situación de las construcciones raciales en el momento histórico (y en el de los historiadores) son discernidas a través de una revisión panorámica centrada en los trabajos críticos del campo y, a la vez, bajo casos específicos, incluyendo un estudio particular sobre la desegregación de una escuela en el Suroeste de los Estados Unidos.
Two Decades of Economics in Mexico
Authors: Glade William 
Published: October 2004

This essay reviews Mexican economic policy and scholarship over the last twenty years. Momentous changes in the Mexican economic environment and national policy have precipitated corresponding changes in the economic literature, to which the maturation of the scholarly profession on the basis of improvements in Mexican academic institutions, the large number of economists trained abroad, and the employment of economists as technocrats in business and government have also contributed. Technical proficiency and new interests, in turn, have altered the profile of the economics literature produced by Mexicans, at home and abroad. A few “old” themes like inter-regional differences in development have taken on new cogency with the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), but new topics of concern have been added as well, especially a literature on technical, quantitative economics.
Este ensayo revisa las políticas económicas de México y la investigación académica de los últimos veinte años. Los cambios profundos que México ha experimentado han tenido igual impacto en la producción académica sobre la economía—un cambio nutrido también por el crecimiento y mejoramiento de nuevos y modernos programas de especialización, un incremento de los economistas que han tenido su formación profesional en el extranjero, y el empleo creciente de economistas como tecnócratas en el gobierno y la industria. La habilidad técnica y los nuevos intereses han alterado, como consecuencia, los trabajos académicos producidos por los mexicanos tanto dentro como fuera del país. Algunos “viejos”temas como las desigualdades regionales, ahora en el contexto del Tratado de Libre Comercio (TLC), siguen siendo analizados, pero además se agregan nuevos tópicos de interés, especialmente trabajos sobre la economía técnica y cuantitativa.
The Scholarly Study of Mexican Politics
Authors: Domínguez Jorge I. 
Published: October 2004

This essay reviews the state of the scholarly study of Mexican politics. It focuses on research on political change since 1990. It discusses the political origins of economic problems and policies, including the enactment of NAFTA and the 1994-95 financial panic. It assesses the decline of the PRI, the presidency, and official organized labor; the role of urban protest and the Zapatista insurgency; and the revitalization of Congress, the Supreme Court, and state governments. It synthesizes the principal analytical findings on parties, public opinion, and elections.Este ensayo revisa la situación actual de los estudios académicos sobre la política mexicana. Se concentra en la investigación sobre los cambios políticos desde 1990. Pondera los orígenes políticos de los problemas económicos y políticas derivadas, inclusive la aprobación del TLC y el pánico financiero de 1994-95. Discute el declive del PRI, la presidencia, y el sindicalismo oficial; el papel de la protesta urbana y la insurgencia Zapatista; y la revitalización del Congreso, la Suprema Corte, y los gobiernos estatales. Sintetiza los principales resultados analíticos sobre los partidos, la opinión pública y las elecciones.
Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos 20 años de historia
Authors: Miño Grijalva Manuel , Rabadán Figueroa Macrina 
Published: October 2004

This article examines the structure and development of the journal of Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos throughout its twenty years of circulation. It shows the number of contributions from different disciplines, the profile of the authors and the institutions that have participated and given life to the journal.
Este artículo examina la estructura y trayectoria de la revista Mexican Studies/ Estudios Mexicanos a lo largo de sus veinte años de circulación. Muestra el número de contribuciones en sus diferentes disciplinas, el perfil de sus autores y las instituciones que han participado y dado vida a la revista.
Behavioral ecology of western gorillas: New insights from the field
Authors: Doran‐Sheehy Diane M. , Boesch Christophe 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe papers in this issue are from a conference held in May 2002 at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany. This conference brought together researchers from all current western gorilla sites for the first time with the aim of synthesizing the most current information available on western gorilla behavioral ecology. Our goal was to assess the degree of behavioral diversity in gorillas in light of our current understanding of social evolution. The articles include 1) synopses of the current information on western gorilla foraging strategy, social behavior, life history, and genetic variation; 2) more‐detailed descriptions of home‐range use and intergroup encounters across sites; and 3) the first description of the social behavior of western gorilla females. Am. J. Primatol. 64:139–143, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.