bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Children Who Refuse School to Avoid General Distress
Authors: Kearney Christopher A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Caleb is a 7-year-old boy who gets up in the morning and immediately starts to cry and say, ‘1 don’t want to go to school.” Although his parents can get Caleb ready for school, their son sulks during the car ride, complains of having a stomachache, and sobs when he sees the school playground. Caleb’s mother says she has a hard time getting her son to go into the school building and that she sometimes drives him home when he seems so distraught. Caleb seems fine once home but sulks as well during the evening before school. This chapter will be more helpful to you if your child matches Caleb’s situation or if one or both of the following is true: Your child is having trouble going to school in the morning because of distress about school or trouble riding the school bus. Your child seems quite distressed in the mornings or evenings before school. This chapter will be less helpful to you if one or both of the following is true: Your child is not distressed about school. Your child is refusing school only for attention (see chapter 5). Your child is refusing school only to do more fun activities outside of school (see chapter 6).
Using Care With Culture
Authors: Carpenter–Song Elizabeth , Schwallie Megan Nordquest , Longhofer Jeffrey L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Increasingly, mental health practice demands acknowledgment of the role of culture in the mediation of the interpretation and experience of mental disorder. In fact, the ‘‘main message’’ of the Surgeon General’s recent (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2001) report on culture, race, and ethnicity was that ‘‘culture counts.’’ A long tradition of research in medical anthropology and cross-cultural psychiatry has demonstrated the multiplicity of ways in which culture is both a site of production and a mediator of symptoms in mental disorders.
The Epidemiology of Mood Disorders Among U.S. Minority Populations
Authors: Loue Sana 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the epidemiology of mood disorders among U.S. minority populations. The literature relating to the incidence and prevalence of these disorders is reviewed, followed by a discussion of the risk and protective factors for these illnesses. Prior to embarking on any discussion of the epidemiology of mental illness among minority populations, however, it is important to highlight the challenges that are inherent in such an examination. These include, but are not limited to, the validity and reliability of the criteria used to assess the occurrence of a mood disorder and the sampling strategy utilized in conducting the study.
Loss in Translation:Considering the Critical Role of Interpreters and Language in the Psychiatric Evaluation of Non-English-Speaking Patients
Authors: Jackson Carey , Zatzick Doug , Harris Raymond , Gardiner Lorin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Language is recursive in character. It is simultaneously a tool or medium for producing human thought and culture, and a product of human thought and culture. Thus, paradigm shifts in culture and work are often attended by concomitant shifts in language. These changes reflect the new metaphors and forms of thought that allow concepts to be configured in new ways and then shared through language.
The Role of Family Diversity in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Mood Disorders
Authors: West Amy E , Donenberg Geri 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The definition of family has evolved substantially during the past three decades. Because the traditional definition—a biological mother and father and two children—failed to reflect the growing diversity and complexity of families today, the NIMH launched an initiative to redefine the meaning of family. Specifically, the NIMH brought together a consortium of scholars who developed a new and innovative definition of who and what constitutes a family. In this new characterization, family is viewed as a network of mutual commitments, recognizing the role of biological and nonbiological ties among individuals (Pequegnat & Szapocnik, 2000).
Strategies for Recruitment and Retention of Minorities in Research of Mood Disorders
Authors: Diaz Esperanza , Huebner Cristina I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Paradoxically, although minority groups have greater morbidity and mortality than the general population, they continue to be underrepresented in research studies. Without research data it becomes difficult to evaluate minority health status and treatments. Research on recruitment and retention methods of minorities in studies is growing (Keller, Gonzales, et al., 2005; Yancey, Ortega, et al., 2006); however, there is still a paucity of literature in mental health research investigating or reporting on these issues (Thompson, Neighbors, et al., 1996). The literature reveals that some researchers find recruitment and retention of minorities in research particularly challenging whereas others find that minorities are willing to participate but they are not invited as needed (Cabral, Napoles–Springer, et al., 2003; Keller et al., 2005; Markens, Fox, et al., 2002; Meinert, Blehar, et al., 2003; Norton & Manson, 1996; O’Brien, Kosoko–Lasaki, et al., 2006; Olin, Dagerman, et al., 2002; Staffileno & Coke, 2006; Thompson et al., 1996; Wendler, Kington, et al., 2006).
Why the United States Fought in World War I
Authors: Lind Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On April 9, 1865, General Robert E. Lee, commander of the Army of the Confederate States of America, surrendered to General Ulysses S. Grant of the United States Army at the courthouse in Appomattox, Virginia. The U.S. Civil War, which had cost more than six hundred thousand lives, was over. The defeat of the South’s attempt to secede had left the United States intact as a continental nation-state with enormous industrial and military potential.
The World Order Which We Seek
Authors: Lind Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Searching for Guidance in Thinking About U.S. Foreign Policy, many Americans ransack the histories of other countries and other times. Some hold up Periclean Athens as a model and assert that Americans should learn the lessons of the Peloponnesian War. Others prefer nineteenth-century Europe and ponder the statecraft of Bismarck or Metternich. Some, who think that the United States should dominate the peoples of the Middle East or Africa in the service of American hegemony or humanitarian benevolence, cite the colonial wars of the British Empire.
Statistics In The Law
Authors: Kadane Joseph B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The book will serve primarily as a user’s manual or desk reference for the expert witness-lawyer team and secondarily as a textbook or supplemental textbook for upper level undergraduate statistics students. It starts with two articles by masters of the trade, Paul Meier and Franklin Fisher. It then explains the distinction between the Frye and Daughbert standards for expert testimony, and how these standards play out in court. The bulk of the book is concerned with individual cases ranging over a wide variety of topics, such as electronic draw poker (does it require skill to play), employment discrimination (how to tell whether an employer discriminated against older workers in deciding whom to fire), driving while black (did the New Jersey State Police disproportionately stop blacks), jury representativeness (is a jury a representative cross section of the community), juries hearing death penalty cases (are such juries biased toward a guilty verdict, and does the Supreme Court care), the civil incarceration of violent sexual offenders after having served their jail sentences (can future dangerousness be predicted), do data from multiple choice examinations support an allegation of copying, whether rental agents in an apartment complex steered African-American prospects to one part of the complex, how much tax is owed after an audit that used a random sample, whether an inventor falsified his notebook in an effort to fool the Patent Office, and whether ballots had been tampered with in an election. The book concludes with two recent English cases, one in which a woman was accused of murdering her infant sons because both died of “cot death” or “sudden death syndrome”, (she was convicted, but later exonerated), and how Bayesian analyses can (or more precisely), cannot be presented in UK courts. In each study, the statistical analysis is shaped to address the relevant legal questions, and draws on whatever methods in statistics might shed light on those questions.
Ethical Issues in Being an Expert Witness
Authors: Kadane Joseph B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An expert witness is different from a fact witness. A fact witness testifies to what that person saw, heard or experienced. ‘I saw the green car turn left and hit the man on the bicycle’ is the kind of testimony such a witness might give. By contrast, an expert witness is allowed to give opinion testimony to a court. An expert’s qualifications are examined and accepted by the judge before he or she may give such opinions. However, the opinions an expert is permitted to express in court are limited to those in the area of one’s expertise, in the case of most of you, to statistics. In particular, it is unwise and unwelcome to express opinions about the law, as the court will not have accepted you as an expert in the law, and regards it as something for the lawyers and the judge to discuss.
Cheating on Examinations
Authors: Kadane Joseph B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are many forums outside of courts in which cases are heard. One of those is the procedures used in colleges and universities to hear cases of misconduct. These vary from institution to institution.
In the case reported here, I was given data on a series of multiple choice examina- tions, in some of which copying was alleged. The results of the alleged copier, S (for “student”), and the alleged copyees, C, were identi;ed. I did not have seating charts for the examinations. I thought about, but abandoned, the idea of a formal model of the data. Instead, I used ;ve indicators of whether S had copied from various copiees on a large scale. With respect to each indicator, the answer was “no.”
One of the frustrations of this analysis is that it does not, and cannot, answer the question of whether small-scale cheating occurred. I can examine the data for over-all patterns, which is what I did. However, whether S copied a single answer from one of the copyees, C, is not a question I can address from the data.
Criminal Convictions and Statistical Independence
Authors: Kadane Joseph B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This section considers a series of cases in England concerning cot death, otherwise known as Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). In families that had experienced more than one such death, the mothers were charged with murder on that basis alone. The heart of the reasoning was that the probability of such a death is low, and, using independence, the probability of multiple such deaths minuscule. Hence the conclusion of murder.
Later evidence shows a genetic component to SIDS, which means that there is positive correlation between the events of multiple such deaths, which invalidates the assumption of independence.
Cognition and Action
Authors: Prinz Wolfgang , Aschersleben Gisa , Koch Iring 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter addresses theoretical and experimental approaches to the cognitive underpinnings of action. It begins with a brief discussion of what the study of cognitive mechanisms can contribute to the study of action. It then focuses on the two levels by which cognitive mechanics of action can be studied: within and between task sets. The first kind of study addresses issues of action control. The representational resources and functional mechanisms involved in the cognitive mechanics of goal-directed action are considered. The second kind of study addresses issues of task control. The task-switching methodology is introduced to lay the ground for describing the currently pertinent theoretical frameworks of task-set control. Relevant empirical findings are presented to illustrate how action is modulated by task set.
Affect and Action Control
Authors: Reis Deidre L , Gray Jeremy R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the relation between emotion and action control. It tries to show that emotioncognition interactions exist at all levels of the action control hierarchy from attention to decision making and planning. The influences of emotion on memory, decision making, reasoning, attention, and emotion regulation are considered. These are related to action control within an established model of emotion in which the major end point is change in action readiness (Frijda, 1986). Our aim is to show that affect is integral to action control in a strong sense: pervasively so and at effectively all levels of the action control hierarchy.
The Role of Memory in the Control of Action
Authors: Logan Gordon D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The actions we perform depend not only on the stimuli available in the environment but also on what we know about the possibilities for action afforded by those stimuli. Thus, action is a joint function of perceptual information about the environment and memorial information available in various memory systems. This chapter focuses on three ways in which memorial information controls action: through habit, knowledge, and plans. Habits are common responses to familiar stimuli that can be executed with little thought and effort. In my view, habits are supported by memory retrieval. Attention to a stimulus retrieves records of past actions taken on that stimulus that serve as action plans that allow us to respond in the same way we usually respond to the stimulus. The role of memory in habits has been investigated extensively in studies of automaticity, particularly the ones that focus on the acquisition and expression of automaticity in skilled performance (Logan, 1988; Logan & Etherton, 1994). Knowledge is stored information about perceptual, semantic, conceptual, and affective properties of stimuli we encounter, acquired either directly or through instruction. Knowledge can also inform the choice of action. An attended stimulus can become part of a compound retrieval cue that pulls from memory the knowledge that we require to decide how to respond to it. The role of memory in knowledge-guided action has been investigated in studies of task switching, in which people must choose between different ways of responding to a potentially ambiguous stimulus, like the digit 7 (Logan & Bundesen, 2003; D. W. Schneider & Logan, 2005). Plans are sets of goals to be achieved or tasks to be performed.
Theory
Authors: Gregg Gary S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Brahim-n-Ait Ali ou Hamou, an illiterate farmer in the pre-Saharan foothills of Morocco’s High Atlas mountains, lectured us often about the traditional life he lived and the modern one he sought. One day we discussed these matters over tea and almonds in the guest room of his rambling and frayed rammed-earth home, as his fellow tribesmen gathered across the dry riverbed at the tomb of the village’s patron saint to celebrate the Prophet’s birthday. Each region was bringing its contribution: barley and olive oil from the plains, a ram from the mountains, shrubby firewood from what was left of the forest. All morning the men chanted in the mosque, and the women came in small groups to make personal offerings and pleas to the saint.
Khadija
Authors: Gregg Gary S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Khadija’s life hardly could differ more from Rachida’s. She wears her hair short and uncovered, dresses in European styles, smokes, drinks, swears, dances in discos at local tourist hotels, and has what she calls “love affairs.” She is attractive, independent, and sometimes flirtatious and has a “bad” reputation to show for it. She is just the sort of woman Rachida would have jailed and “really made to suffer.” I met her through my spouse, who sometimes worked with her father, a water-pump technician with the Agriculture Ministry. We visited her family several times at their home in Taznakht, a small town an hour east of Ouarzazate famous for its carpets.
Conclusions
Authors: Gregg Gary S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Scholars today reject the word primitive, but they have not given up the notion that non-Western peoples are submerged in their collectivist social relationships and lack the individuality of Westerners. So above all, these life narratives show “full-fledged individuality” flourishing in Morocco, as it undoubtedly does throughout the Middle East, even in its most traditional milieus. The young Moroccans I interviewed cannot be said to have relationally defined “mosaic” selves that contrast with Americans’ “bounded” selves, as Geertz and others have suggested.
The Central Role of Human Judgment
Authors: Hammond Kenneth R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whenever the need for wisdom appears, one finds it is not merely the uneducated or poorly informed who prefer to rely on myths rather than scientific knowledge about human judgment. The search for the university president, the chief operating officer of the corporation, or the pope will begin with the formation of a committee that was itself constructed following a search for people who demonstrated what others thought to be acts of wisdom. All of these searchers will be victims of the myth that wisdom can be found only in a nominating process that buries the actual processes by which wisdom is exercised, because there is no alternative.
How the Drive for Coherence Brings Down Utopias
Authors: Hammond Kenneth R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In chapter 5, I linked the appearance of centralized bureaucracy to the appearance of writing and to the emergence of our ancestors’ grasp of the value of— and, indeed, often the necessity for—the use of the coherence strategy in making judgments when no empirical criterion is available. That link between government and coherence indicates that coherence competence goes beyond narrative and mathematics and takes us into social arrangements and politics, and thus to coherence societies. Strong coherence societies are (or were) commonly known as totalitarian societies because totalitarian describes a society in which every aspect must fit together in what is intended to be a coherent whole.
Analysis: Seeking Rationality the Hard Way
Authors: Hammond Kenneth R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When those requesting your judgment want to know why your judgment is what it is, they will be demanding justification for your judgment. If you are using the correspondence strategy, where judgments are tested against an empirical criterion, you can reply, “Look at my record; it shows that I am right 85% of the time. That is better than any other judgment system you can find.” Thus, because you had empirical criteria for your judgments, you had the luxury of being able to measure the accuracy of your judgment directly.
Killers of Conviction Groups, Ideology, and Extraordinary Human Evil
Authors: Waller James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What about the men who perpetrated the slaughter at Sand Creek? Was it their membership in a collective, the Third Colorado Volunteer Cavalry Regiment, that best accounts for their active and willing participation in the atrocities? Or was it their membership in an even larger collective, the American culture, steeped in an extraordinary ideological hatred against Indians, which made them unusually fit to perpetrate extraordinary evil? This chapter will examine both of these possible explanations: the extraordinary nature of the collective and the influence of an extraordinary ideology.
The “Mad Nazi” Psychopathology, Personality, and Extraordinary Human Evil
Authors: Waller James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Following their ideology of pan-Turkism, Enver, Talaat, and Jemal set in motion the systematic destruction of the Armenian population. These genocidal plans of the Young Turks were implemented by thou sands of commanders, leaders, officers, and rank-and-file soldiers in Ottoman and Turkish military and paramilitary forces.
Psychological Construction of the “Other” Social Death of the Victims
Authors: Waller James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It. col. dave grossman, in his On Killing: The Psychological Cost of Learning to Kill in War and Society, examines the killing process at different points along the distance spectrum-from maximum range to hand-to hand combat. He argues that maximum-range killing-defined as a range at which the killer is unable to perceive his individual victims without using some form of mechanical assistance-carries with it a group absolution, mechanical distance, and physical distance that facilitates killing. In his re search, he has “not found one single instance of individuals who have refused to kill the enemy under these circumstances [maximum range], nor ... a single instance of psychiatric trauma associated with this type of killing.” As the range between perpetrator and victim decreases, however, killing be comes increasingly difficult—becoming most difficult in edged-weapons and hand-to-hand combat range.
The Noose Tightens
Authors: Keegan Kyle , Moss Howard B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When I think now about the early days of my heroin use (something I try not to do too often), it seems like it all happened only yesterday—the memories are that clear. At twenty I was already traveling regularly into Manhattan to buy the drug. I was sniffing two to three bags a day, and this had been going on for about a month and a half. But then something changed. On one particular trip to the city with three other users, I was feeling a little under the weather—a bit of a chill, a few stomach cramps, and a persistent feeling of sadness and aloneness. I figured I was coming down with a cold. The chills grew worse, and then came the cold sweats, not unbearable but quite uncomfortable. And then it happened. We bought the drugs and quickly sniffed. All of a sudden, it was as if someone had breathed life into me, replenished my spirit, my vitality. Immediately my symptoms were gone.
Probability And Related Concepts
Authors: Wilcox Rand R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As indicated in chapters 1 and 3, one of the main goals is to cover basic methods that are aimed at making inferences about a population of individuals or things based on a sample or subset of the population that is available. Basic probability plays a key role when addressing this issue. This chapter covers the fundamentals of probability and some related concepts that will be needed.
Multiple Comparisons
Authors: Wilcox Rand R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is, however, a technical issue that needs to be taken into account. Suppose there are no differences among the groups, in which case none of the six null hypotheses just listed should be rejected. To keep things simple for the moment, assume all four groups have normal distributions with equal variances, in which case Student’s t-test in chapter 9 provides exact control over the probability of a Type I error when testing any single hypothesis.