bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of dietary phosphoric acid supplementation on acid-base balance and mineral and bone metabolism in adult cats
Authors: Fettman Martin J. , Coble Jodi M. , Hamar Dwayne W. , Norrdin Robert W. , Seim Howard B. , Kealy Richard D. , Rogers Quinton R. , McCrea Karen , Moffat Kelly 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Experimental evidence indicates that maintenance of urinary pH ≤ 6.4 is the single most effective means of preventing feline struvite crystalluria or urolithiasis of noninfectious causes. This may be accomplished by dietary acidification, but must be moderated to avoid potential adverse effects of excessive acidification, including bone demineralization, negative calcium balance, potassium depletion, and renal disease. Effects of chronic dietary phosphoric acid supplementation on acid-base balance and on mineral and bone metabolism were investigated in adult, domestic cats. One group of 6 cats was fed a basal, naturally acidifying diet without added acidifiers, and another group of 6 cats was fed 1.7% dietary phosphoric acid. Changes observed during 12 months of study included development of noncompensated metabolic acidosis, increased urinary calcium excretion, and lower but positive calcium balance in cats of both groups. Urinary pH decreased in cats of both groups, but was significantly (P < 0.05) and consistently maintained ≤ 6.4 in cats given dietary phosphoric acid. Urinary phosphorus excretion increased in cats of both groups, but was significantly (P < 0.05) greater in phosphoric acid-supplemented cats, leading to lower overall phosphorus balance as well. Potassium balance decreased in cats of both groups, but was only transiently negative in the phosphoric acid-supplemented cats midway through the study, and normalized at positive values thereafter. Plasma taurine concentration was not affected by dietary acidification, and remained well within the acceptable reference range for taurine metabolism. Double labeling of bone in vivo with fluorescent markers was followed by bone biopsy and histomorphometric measurement of several static and dynamic variables of bone formation. Overall indices of bone formation decreased in cats of both groups with age and confinement, but were not affected by dietary phosphoric acid supplementation. Dietary supplementation with phosphoric acid used as the principal inorganic P source to achieve moderate and stable degree of urinary acidification, did not appear over the course of 1 year, to have induced adverse effects on mineral, bone, or taurine balance in these adult domestic cats.
Anatomy of the prepubic tendon in the horse, cow, sheep, goat, and dog
Authors: Habel Robert E. , Budras Klaus-Dieter 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Analyses of the fibers in the prepubic tendon of the horse and ruminants have shown that it is composed of the crossed and uncrossed tendons of origin of the pectineus muscles, the pelvic tendons of the rectus and obliquus abdominis muscles, and the tendons of origin of the cranial parts of the gracilis muscles. Pelvic attachments of the linea alba and the yellow abdominal tunic are incorporated in it. It is not a transverse ligament, and it is not homologous to the human superior (cramai) pubic ligament.
The dog differs in 4 respects: (1) the pectineus tendons do not cross, but each originates from the pubic bone of the same side; (2) an iliopubic cartilage is intercalated in the prepubic tendon on each side at the junction of the pectineus tendon and the abdominal and pelvic tendons of the external oblique at the caudal angle of the superficial inguinal ring; (3) in some dogs, the caudal border of the aponeurosis of the transversus abdominis joins the prepubic tendon; (4) the gracilis tendon does not extend to the prepubic tendon.
The clinical anatomy was described, illustrated, and compared between species. Conflicting descriptions in the literature were discussed and resolved by new approaches to the dissection. Studies of the inguinal region in the cat and pig were reviewed. A table of nomenclature is included.
Investigation of renal protein loss in dogs with acute experimentally induced Ehrlichia canis infection
Authors: Codner Ellen C. , Maslin William R. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Urinary protein-to-creatinine ratios and serum albumin concentrations were measured in 8 adult male dogs experimentally inoculated with Ehrlichia canis. Urinary protein concentration increased significantly, but transiently, during the acute phase of infection. Urinary protein-to-creatinine ratios were highest (mean, 8.6) during the third and fourth weeks after infection, and decreased to < 0.5 by 6 weeks after infection. Correspondingly, albumin concentration decreased significantly during the acute phase. Serum albumin concentrations were lowest (mean, 2.1 g/dl) the fourth week after infection and increased to > 3.0 g/dl by 11 weeks after infection.
There was an inverse linear correlation between urinary protein-to-creatinine ratio and serum albumin concentration. The magnitude of proteinuria and its inverse relationship with serum albumin concentration suggested that hypoalbuminemia associated with acute E canis infection may be attributable primarily to increased renal loss of protein, rather than decreased hepatic synthesis as previously suggested.
Another dog was subsequently inoculated with E canis from 1 of the experimentally infected dogs and a renal biopsy was performed during peak proteinuria (urinary protein-to-creatinine ratio = 22 and serum albumin = 1.1 g/dl). Immunofluorescent staining revealed mild to moderate deposits of anti-canine IgM, and to a lesser extent, anti-canine IgG and complement factor C3 in the glomerular tufts and mesangium. Ultrastructural evaluation revealed distortion and fusion of podocyte foot processes and increased microvilli on podocytes. These morphologic changes were consistent with transient glomerular leakage of protein of a magnitude that would significantly contribute to hypoalbuminemia during acute E canis infection. An underlying immunologic mechanism was suggested by positive glomerular immunofluorescence and previously described histologic findings.
Parasympathetic influence on the arrhythmogenicity of graded dobutamine infusions in halothane-anesthetized horses
Authors: Light Gwendolyn S. , Hellyer Peter W. , Swanson Clifford R. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
We investigated the influence of parasympathetic tone on the arrhythmogenicity of graded dobutamine infusions in horses anesthetized under clinical conditions. Six horses were used in 9 trials. Two consecutive series of graded dobutamine infusions were given iv; each continuous graded dobutamine infusion was administered for 20 minutes. The dobutamine infusion dosage (5, 10, 15, and 20 μg/kg of body weight/min) was increased at 5-minute intervals. Isovolumetric saline solution vehicle (v) or atropine (a; 0.04 mg/kg) was administered iv, or bilateral vagotomy (vg) was performed as a treatment before the second series of dobutamine infusions. Treatment was not administered prior to the first dobutamine infusion. Significant interaction between treatment and dosage of dobutamine infusion existed for differences from baseline for mean arterial pressure, systolic arterial pressure, diastolic arterial pressure, heart rate, and cardiac index at dosages of 5 and 10 μg of dobutamine/kg/min, given iv and for heart rate at dosage of 15 μg of dobutamine/kg/ min, given iv. Results for group-v horses were different from those for group-A and group-VG horses, but were not different between group-A and group-VG horses in all aforementioned cases, except for heart rate and cardiac index at dosage of 5 p.g of dobutamine/kg/min, given iv. Normal sinus rhythm, second-degree atrioventricular block, and bradyarrhythmias predominated during low dobutamine infusion rates during the first infusion series (nontreated horses) and in group-v horses during the second infusion series. Only tachyarrhythmias were observed during the second infusion series in the horses of the A and VG groups. The modulating influence of parasympathetic nervous system activity on hemodynamics and development of arrhythmia was conspicuous during low dobutamine infusion rates. Significant differences were not observed in hemodynamic responses to dobutamine, with respect to parasympathetic influence at high dobutamine infusion rates.
Serum lipoprotein concentrations and hepatic lesions in obese cats undergoing weight loss
Authors: Dimski Donna S. , Buffington C. A. , Johnson Susan E. , Sherding Robert G. , Rosol Thomas J. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Serum lipoprotein concentrations, routine serum biochemical values, and morphologic changes of the liver were evaluated in cats undergoing weight loss. Food was witheld from 6 obese and 6 control cats for 3 days (days 0 to 2), followed by feeding 50% of previous food intake for 26 days (days 3 to 28). Percutaneous liver biopsy specimens were obtained from all cats on days 0, 7, 14, and 28. Blood samples for serum biochemical analysis and lipoprotein profiles were obtained on days 0, 3, 7, 14, and 28. All cats lost weight throughout the study, and none developed signs of clinical illness, including those of idiopathic hepatic lipidosis syndrome. Serum total cholesterol concentrations decreased initially in all cats, but rapidly returned to normal after day 3 in obese cats, suggesting altered cholesterol metabolism during dietary restriction. Low-density lipoprotein concentrations decreased throughout the study in control cats, but were unchanged in obese cats. Examination of liver biopsy specimens from each cat revealed minimal lipid accumulation in all specimens, although some specimens contained hydropic degeneration.
Fibrinogen-degrading proteins from Haemonchus contortus used to vaccinate sheep
Authors: Boisvenue R. J. , Stiff M. I. , Tonkinson L. V. , Cox G. N. , Hageman R. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Sixteen nonsibling sheep, approximately 12 months old, that were raised in a helminth-free environment, were used for 2 protection studies 6 months apart. Sheep were vaccinated weekly for 5 weeks by im injection of fibrinogen-degrading proteins derived from the intestinal tract of adult Haemonchus contortus. Ten days after the last vaccination, sheep were given 2,500 infective H contortus larvae by intraruminal injection. Vaccinated sheep produced specific antibodies, and were protected from the worm challenge. Significant differences in mean fecal worm egg counts for 56 days after worm challenge, in mean numbers of H contortus worms, and female fecundity ratios at necropsy were detected in vaccinated sheep, compared with those in control sheep. These data suggest that the fibrinogen-degrading proteins have a protective role in vaccination of sheep against H contortus.
Determination of virulence and pathogenesis of a canine strain of Leishmania leishmania infantum in hamsters and dogs
Authors: Binhazim Awadh A. , Chapman Willie L. , Shin Sung S. , Hanson William L. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Visceral leishmaniasis was experimentally induced in hamsters by the intracardiac inoculation of 107 amastigotes of Leishmania leishmania infantum of canine origin. At postinoculation (pi) days 7, 21, 42, and 63, hamsters were euthanatized. Body weights and total parasite numbers of the liver and spleen were determined. Gross and histologic evaluations of tissues were done. Dogs also were inoculated IV with 108 amastigotes/kg of body weight. Samples were obtained from dogs prior to infection and at biweekly pi intervals for CBC and serum chemical analysis, for lymphocyte blastogenic assay by use of blood leukocytes, and for ELISA to determine antileishmanial antibody titers. At pi week 12, dogs were necropsied; organ weights, tissue imprints of the liver and spleen, and histologic interpretations of tissues were obtained.
Hamsters developed high parasite numbers within 7 days after inoculation, at which time the total parasite numbers in the liver (3.51 × 107 amastigotes) was observed to be approximately 11 times that in the spleen (2.93 × 106). The liver had the highest parasite numbers throughout the infection period. Some infected hamsters became either cachectic and emaciated or ascitic. Two of the 10 infected hamsters died at pi days 54 and 58. Moderate to severe hepatosplenomegaly with granulomatous inflammatory reactions characterized by the presence of varied numbers of parasitized macrophages, giant cells, and hepatic Schaumann bodies were observed in infected hamsters. Infected dogs developed significantly altered hematologic values consisting of mild anemia and moderate leukopenia at pi weeks 8 to 12. Hyperproteinemia characterized by hyperglobulinemia (4.5 g/dl) was noticed at pi week 4. Serum globulin values remained high and increased to > 5.0 g/dl at pi weeks 8, 10, and 12. At pi week 4, ELISA titers were > 16. By pi week 12, all infected dogs had titers > 1,024. The dog with the highest antibody titer had the lowest number of parasites and mild pathologic changes. Evidence of lymphoproliferative response was not noticed up to pi week 12. Similarities between infected hamsters and dogs included the presence of higher parasite numbers in the liver than in other organs. The highest total parasite numbers in the spleen and liver were 1.12 × 109 and 2.86 × 109, respectively. Mild to moderate granulomatous inflammatory reactions were observed in the liver, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes. Within 12 weeks after inoculation, parasitized macrophages were found in the dermis.
The overall results indicate that hamsters are highly susceptible to experimental infection, and that infected hamsters develop findings similar to those in natural human infections. Our findings also indicate that dogs are susceptible and develop high antileishmanial titers that correspond to low parasite numbers. This suggests the possible role of antibody in determining the seriousness of disease.
Infection rates, disease frequency, pilin gene rearrangement, and pilin expression in calves inoculated with Moraxella bovis pilin-specific isogenic variants
Authors: Ruehl W. W. , Marrs C. P. , George L. , Banks S. J. M. , Schoolnik G. K. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Pili have been implicated as virulence factors that result in increased infcctivity of Moraxella bovis, the causative agent of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (ibk). Healthy calves' eyes were inoculated with I- or Q-piliate or nonpiliate M bovis Epp63 to compare the pathogenicity of these isogenic variants. Pathogenicity was determined by the rate of persistent M bovis infection and the prevalence of clinical IBK. Inoculation with M bovis expressing the Q pili resulted in the highest frequency of infection and ibk, whereas I-piliate M bovis elicited a lower rate and nonpiliate M bovis did not result in infection.
In vivo pilin gene rearrangement and pilin-type switching were evaluated by DNA hybridization and immunoblot. Gene rearrangement and type switching varied dependently, and were observed only in eyes inoculated with Q-piliate M bovis. This study suggests that Q pili are specific for colonization of bovine corneal epithelium, whereas I pili enable maintenance of an established infection.
Differential study of electrocardiographic intervals in two neonatal crossbred swine
Authors: Rubio M. Dolores , Tovar Pura , Santisteban Rafael , de Oliveira Manoel , Castejón Francisco 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The influence of the QT, TQ, and ST intervals, and heart score on both cardiac cycle duration (RR) and diastole/systole (D/S) quotient were analyzed during the neonatal (1 day and 5 days) pigs belonging to 2 crossbreeds of different rusticity, Landrace × Belgian White (LBW) and Landrace × Duroc Jersey (LDJ). Our findings indicate that the shortening of the RR interval in 5-day-old pigs of both crossbreeds was determined by different variables in each breed. In LDJ pigs, this shortening was only associated with a shortening of ventricular activation, and in each age group, the systole and the diastole contributed equally to the RR value. The D/S quotient did not differ significantly in 1-day-old vs 5-day-old pigs, and at both ages, the quotient was only determined by the TQ value. In LBW pigs, the RR, QT, TQ, and ST were shortened, but only the shortening of QT was significant as a result of an acceleration of the ventricular recuperation process. Moreover, differences were found between 1-day-old vs 5-day-old pigs with regard to the contribution of the different intervals to the RR duration. In 1-day-old pigs, the RR depended closely on the TQ, whereas in 5-day-old pigs, all intervals contributed significantly to its duration. The D/S quotient was not significantly different in 1-day-old vs 5-day-old pigs, but a different contribution of the variables studied was observed at the 2 ages selected. In 1-day-old pigs, D/S quotient depended on the diastole duration, whereas in 5-day-old pigs, the diastole and systole contributed to its variation.
Intrastadial and interstadial transmission of Anaplasma marginale by Boophilus annulatus ticks in cattle
Authors: Samish M. , Pipano E. , Hadani A. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The 1-host tick Boophilus annulatus was found to transmit anaplasmosis in cattle transstadially. Anaplasma marginale was invariably transmitted when ticks that had been pulled off Anaplasma-infected calves either after 7 days (as fully engorged larvae) or after 14 to 15 days (as fully engorged nymphs) were transferred within 4 days to susceptible calves. Three morphologically different A marginale isolates, 1 round (tailless) and 2 with different types of appendages (tailed) were transmitted by the ticks. These findings might explain the overlap of the geographic distribution of the disease and that of Boophilus spp in some areas of the world.
Electrocardiographic findings in rats with cardiomyopathy
Authors: Pocchiari Ronald J. , Hamlin Robert L. , McCune Sylvia A. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The purpose of this study was to evaluate changes in the ecg in a strain of rats, SHHF/Mcc-cp that developed cardiomyopathy and congestive heart failure naturally. Lead-I, -aVF, and -V5 ecg were obtained from male rats at approximately 6, 10, and 19 months of age, corresponding to early, mild, and severe heart failure, respectively. Electrocardiograms also were obtained from male Wistar-Furth rats matched for age with SHHF/Mcc-cp rats. Heart rate, amplitude and duration of component deflections, degree of notching of P waves and QRS complexes, and orientation of means QRS vectors in the frontral plane were analyzed from the ecg. Durations of P waves, PQ intervals, QRS complexes, and QT intervals were prolonged and amplitude of R waves in lead aVF was decreased only in SHHF/Mcc-cp rats at the 19-month recording. Increased notching in QRS complexes, but not in P waves, was observed more frequently at all ages, in SHHF/Mcc-cp rats than in Wistar rats, and notching was greatest at 19 months. Arrhythmias were not observed in Wistar rats, but infrequent supraventricular premature depolarizations were observed in 2 of 10 SHHF/Mcc-cp rats at 19 months. In leads aVF and V5, T waves increased in amplitude as Wistar rats aged; however, in SHHF/Mcc-cp rats, T-wave amplitude peaked in all leads at 10 months, but returned to the 6-month value at month 19. We conclude that cardiomyopathy, heart failure, or both, resulted in changes in the ecg, but that these changes could be used to detect heart failure only when rats reached 19 months of age and were severely affected.
Preparation and transfusion of canine platelet concentrates
Authors: Abrams-Ogg Anthony C. G. , Kruth Stephen A. , Carter Ronald F. , Valli Victor E. , Kamel-Reid Suzanne , Dubé Ian D. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
A protocol was developed for preparation of platelet concentrates (pc) to support thrombocytopenic dogs. Four clinically normal dogs with platelet counts that ranged from 200 to 330 × 109 platelets/L were used as donors. One unit (450 ml) of blood was collected by venipuncture into a double blood bag. Whole blood (wb) was centrifuged for 4 minutes at 1,000 × g (braking time = 2 minutes, 30 seconds) to prepare platelet-rich plasma (prp). The prp was expressed into the satellite bag and was centrifuged for 10 minutes at 2,000 × g (braking time = 2 minutes, 36 seconds). The platelet-poor plasma was expressed, leaving 40 to 70 ml of plasma and the pelleted platelets in the satellite bag. The resulting pc was left undisturbed for 60 minutes to promote disaggregation, and the platelets were then resuspended by gentle manual agitation.
Forty-eight pc were prepared. Mean (± sd) platelet yield from wb to prp was 78 (±13)% (range, 35 to 97%); yield from prp to pc was 94 (± 6)% (range, 75 to 100%); and overall yield (pc from wb) was 74(± 13)% (range, 36 to 91%). Mean pc platelet count was 8.0 (± 3.0) × 1010 platelets/pc (range, 2.3 to 13.4 × 1010 platelets/pc). The wbc content was 0.1 to 2.3 × 109 platelets/pc, representing 3 to 74% of wbc in the wb. Hematocrit was 0.1 to 26.2%. Results of bacterial and fungal culturing were negative.
The pc were irradiated (18 Gy) and transfused to 5 cross-matched dogs undergoing bone marrow transplantation that developed profound thrombocytopenia of up to 8 weeks’ duration. Transfusions were given over 5 to 15 minutes, using a latex-free transfusion set. Platelet count in recipients was monitored to confirm reduction in the degree of thrombocytopenia. Mean actual 24-hour post-pc transfusion platelet count was significantly (P < 0.0001) higher than mean expected 24-hour platelet count without pc transfusion. Recipients were closely observed for hemorrhage, which did not occur. Prevalence of transfusion reactions was 17%; signs were fever (5/46), urticaria (1/46), vomiting (1/46), and anaphylaxis (1/46).
Role of an intramammary device in protection against experimentally induced staphylococcal mastitis in ewes
Authors: Penadés José R. , Albizu Iñaki , Baselga Rafael , Marco Juan , Barberán Montserrat , Amorena Beatriz 
Published: January 2024

Summary
An intramammary device (imd) was adapted for use in ewes; this device was made of abraded polyethylene material (1.7 mm in diameter, 47 mm long) and formed a 15-mm-diameter loop in the gland cistern. The imd was inserted in 1 gland in each of 43 ewes. A significant (P < 0.0001) increase in milk somatic cell count (scc) was observed in glands provided with an imd. This increase was attributable to an increase in neutrophil numbers and was observed during the first 12 weeks after insertion. The imd had a protective effect against experimentally induced staphylococcal mastitis (Staphylococcus aureus and S epidermidis), although different milk scc were required for protection from each bacterial species in most ewes (106 and 2 × 105 cells/ml, respectively). Histologic studies revealed that the imd induced local squamous metaplasia in the glandular part of the lactiferous sinus. Erythrocytes were found in milk from glands provided with an imd throughout the studied period (35 days of the 45-day lactation) and, in some cases, blood clots were observed during the first 2 weeks of lactation. Glands with imd also had lower milk production and quality at 30 and 32 days of lactation. Eight ewes with imd were studied throughout a subsequent lactation. Milk from the imd-containing glands had an increase in scc, as in the previous lactation period; did not contain blood clots or erythrocytes; and had normal composition (similar to that in glands without the imd).