bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adaptive radiation into ecological niches with eruptive dynamics: a comparison of tenthredinid and diprionid sawflies
Authors: PRICE PETER W. , ROININEN HEIKKI , OHGUSHI TAKAYUKI 
Published: June 2005

Summary

We tested the hypothesis that the bottom‐up influence of coniferous plant resources promotes the probability of outbreak or eruptive dynamics in sawflies. The literature was examined for three geographical regions − North America north of Mexico, Europe and Japan.
In each region tenthredinid sawflies (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) were significantly more likely to be eruptive on conifers than on angiosperms.
The diprionid sawflies (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae) that attack conifers exclusively showed a significantly higher probability of eruptive dynamics than the tenthredinid sawflies on angiosperms in two regions, North America and Europe, and in Japan the trend was in the same direction.
The probability of species showing eruptive dynamics on coniferous hosts was not significantly different among tenthredinids and diprionids on conifers in North America, Europe and Japan.
The weight of evidence supports the hypothesis of conifers supporting a higher percentage of eruptive species than angiosperms.
In the adaptive radiation of tenthredinid sawflies from flowering plants onto conifers, larches (Larix) appear to be particularly favourable for colonization, but pines (Pinus) have not been colonized in any region, a pattern likely to be explained by the growth characteristics of the host plants.
Among tenthredinid species in Europe, where sawfly/host relationships are best known, there is a significant trend for an increasing proportion of outbreaking species from herbs, to shrubs, to trees.
The results indicate for the first time the strong bottom‐up effects of plant resources on the population dynamics of sawflies, involving general features of host plant taxa and growth characteristics.
The lognormal distribution is not an appropriate null hypothesis for the species–abundance distribution
Authors: WILLIAMSON MARK , J. GASTON KEVIN 
Published: June 2005

SummaryOf the many models for species–abundance distributions (SADs), the lognormal has been the most popular and has been put forward as an appropriate null model for testing against theoretical SADs. In this paper we explore a number of reasons why the lognormal is not an appropriate null model, or indeed an appropriate model of any sort, for a SAD.We use three empirical examples, based on published data sets, to illustrate features of SADs in general and of the lognormal in particular: the abundance of British breeding birds, the number of trees > 1 cm diameter at breast height (d.b.h.) on a 50 ha Panamanian plot, and the abundance of certain butterflies trapped at Jatun Sacha, Ecuador. The first two are complete enumerations and show left skew under logarithmic transformation, the third is an incomplete enumeration and shows right skew.Fitting SADs by χ2test is less efficient and less informative than fitting probability plots. The left skewness of complete enumerations seems to arise from a lack of extremely abundant species rather than from a surplus of rare ones. One consequence is that the logit‐normal, which stretches the right‐hand end of the distribution, consistently gives a slightly better fit.The central limit theorem predicts lognormality of abundances within species but not between them, and so is not a basis for the lognormal SAD. Niche breakage and population dynamical models can predict a lognormal SAD but equally can predict many other SADs.The lognormal sits uncomfortably between distributions with infinite variance and the log‐binomial. The latter removes the absurdity of the invisible highly abundant half of the individuals abundance curve predicted by the lognormal SAD. The veil line is a misunderstanding of the sampling properties of the SAD and fitting the Poisson lognormal is not satisfactory. A satisfactory SAD should have a thinner right‐hand tail than the lognormal, as is observed empirically.The SAD for logarithmic abundance cannot be Gaussian.
Predatory activity and spatial pattern: the response of generalist carabids to their aphid prey
Authors: WINDER LINTON , ALEXANDER COLIN J. , HOLLAND JOHN M. , SYMONDSON WILLIAM O. C. , PERRY JOE N. , WOOLLEY CHRIS 
Published: June 2005

SummaryThe spatial distribution of cereal aphids infesting a field of winter wheat during the population establishment, development and decline phases were studied using a field‐scale grid of sampling locations.The distribution of two generalist predators,Pterostichus melanariusandP. madidus, were sampled contemporaneously.Using spatial analysis by distance indices (SADIE), spatial pattern in the aphid population, predator activity–density, predator hunger and aphid predation was detected and mapped.We tested the hypothesis that carabids and aphids were spatially associated with one another through predation. Aphid predation by individual beetles was detected using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and hunger was assessed by measurement of foregut weights.Initially, there was a strong spatial dissociation between aphids andP. melanariusactivity–density. While the aphid population was increasing there was a strong spatial association between aphids and bothP. melanariusandP. madidusactivity–density. During aphid population decline there was no measurable association between aphids and predatory activity–density.Predation of aphids was strongly locally associated with predator activity–density on all sample dates for both predator species, regardless of the association with aphid spatial pattern.Areas within the field most isolated fromP. melanariuspredation had the highest rates of aphid population increase.Although the proportion ofP. melanariusindividuals consuming aphids was much lower compared toP. madidus, it was concluded that it was a more effective biological control agent due to its comparative abundance.
Taxonomic diversity and biogeography of Chironomidae (Insecta: Diptera) in lakes of tropical West Africa using subfossil remains extracted from surface sediments
Authors: Eggermont Hilde , Verschuren Dirk , Dumont Henri 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAim This paper assesses whether chironomid (Insecta: Diptera) faunas of lakes in tropical West Africa and the central Sahara are biogeographically and ecologically sufficiently compatible with those of East African lakes to allow treating them as being derived from a single continent‐wide species pool, and to justify merging regional palaeoenvironmental data sets relating species distributions to abiotic environmental factors and microhabitats into a pan‐African data set.Location Tropical West Africa (Cameroon and Gabon), central Sahara (Chad) and East Africa (Uganda, Kenya, Ethiopia).Methods We employ three main approaches herein. First, we analyse the taxonomic diversity and distribution of larval Chironomidae in 12 regional study lakes using death assemblages of recently buried remains extracted from surface sediments. Secondly, we make taxonomic comparison with a similar analysis conducted in 73 East African lakes, and with checklists of Chironomidae species distribution in Africa. Thirdly, we present descriptions and illustrations of 21 West African morphotypes not previously encountered in surveys of East African Chironomidae based on subfossil larval remains.Results This study involves 84 morphospecies or higher taxa, comprising 17 Tanypodinae, 14 Orthocladiinae, and 53 Chironominae (43 Chironomini; 10 Tanytarsini). As represented in our subfossil collections, the West African chironomid fauna shares at least 59 taxa (or 70.2% of faunal diversity) with the East African fauna, and a literature study also indicates that the majority of West African chironomid species are shared by the drier regions of North, East and Southern Africa. Freshwater lakes in tropical West Africa display a greater average taxon richness and diversity than freshwater lakes in East Africa, partly because Plio‐Pleistocene climate variation in West Africa was more favourable to species survival and accumulation (promoting beta‐diversity), and partly because current climatic and hydrological conditions in the region permit narrow niche differentiation and hence a more complex community structure (promoting alpha‐diversity). Freshwater lakes in East Africa, especially those located in the semi‐arid eastern Rift valleys of Kenya and Ethiopia, experience fluctuating hydrological regimes, which select for species able to tolerate a wide range of environmental conditions.Conclusion Considerable species overlap between the larval chironomid faunas of the West and East African study lakes suggests that palaeoenvironmental calibration data sets from these two regions can be merged.
Characterization of polymer thin films by phase‐sensitive acoustic microscopy and atomic force microscopy: a comparative review
Authors: NGWA W. , LUO W. , KAMANYI A. , FOMBA K. W. , GRILL W. 
Published: June 2005

SummaryThe potential of phase‐sensitive acoustic microscopy (PSAM) for characterizing polymer thin films is reviewed in comparison to atomic force microscopy (AFM). This comparison is based on results from three‐dimensional vector contrast imaging and multimodal imaging using PSAM and AFM, respectively. The similarities and differences between the information that can be derived from the AFM topography and phase images, and the PSAM phase and amplitude micrographs are examined. In particular, the significance of the PSAM phase information for qualitative and quantitative characterization of the polymer films is examined for systems that generate surface waves, and those that do not. The relative merits, limitations and outlook of both techniques, individually, and as a complementary pair, are discussed.
Image analysis of X‐ray microtomograms of soft materials during convective drying: 3D measurements
Authors: LÉONARD A. , BLACHER S. , MARCHOT P. , PIRARD J.‐P. , CRINE M. 
Published: June 2005

SummaryDrying dewatered sludge leads to a complex three‐dimensional porous structure. Moreover, this operation is dependent on the way the material is processed. In this study, textural changes of sludge extrudates submitted to convective drying are followed by a 3D image analysis of reconstructed X‐ray microtomograms. To achieve this goal, two different wastewater sludges collected in wastewater treatment plant after the thickening step and dewatered in the laboratory are used. It is showed that the evolution of the 3D‐crack ratio vs. the residual water content evolves following a hyperbolic law. The 3D opening crack size distribution reveals two different types of pore development, i.e. a continuous pore size evolution for one sludge and the sudden appearance of cracks for the other sludge.
A simple enzymatic method for examining calcite ossicles of Echinodermata
Authors: TIAGO C. G. , BRITES A. D. , KAWAUCHI G. Y. 
Published: June 2005

SummaryThe various shapes, size and fine details of ossicles are of paramount importance as systematic characters in the Echinodermata. The ossicles in this group are endodermal and a method to free them from the dermis is essential for their study. To date, a small quantity of hypochlorite solution (usually household liquid bleach) has been used to dissolve a small piece of tissue and, consequently, free these ossicles. A new method, using a proteolytic enzyme instead of hypochlorite solution to dissolve holothurian tissues, is proposed. This method was tested on fragments of body tissues from three species in three different orders of holothurians:Holothuria griseaSelenka, 1867 (Aspidochirotida),Duasmodactyla seguroensis(Deichmann, 1930) (Dendrochirotida) andSynaptula secretaAncona Lopez (1957) (Apodida). Observations of material prepared using the hypochlorite and the enzyme methods were made using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The SEM images show the striking differences in the surface of the ossicles obtained by each method, and reveal the advantages of the enzyme method.
Archaeal transcription and its regulators
Authors: Geiduschek E. Peter , Ouhammouch Mohamed 
Published: June 2005

SummaryThe relatively complex archaeal RNA polymerases are constructed along eukaryotic lines, and require two initiation factors for promoter recognition and specific transcription that are homologues of the RNA polymerase II TATA‐binding protein and TFIIB. Many archaea also produce histones. In contrast, the transcriptional regulators encoded by archaeal genomes are primarily of bacterial rather than eukaryotic type. It is this combination of elements commonly regarded as separate and mutually exclusive that promises unifying insights into basic transcription mechanisms across all three domains of life.
Safe motherhood in Jamaica: from slavery to self‐determination
Authors: McCaw‐Binns Affette 
Published: June 2005

SummaryThe development of maternal health care in Jamaica is reviewed by examining government documents and publications to identify social and political factors associated with maternal mortality decline.Modern maternity services began with the 1887 establishment of the Victoria Jubilee Hospital and Midwifery School. Community midwives were deployed widely by the 1930s and community antenatal care expanded in the 1950s. Social policies in the 1970s increased women's access to primary health care, education and social support; improved transportation in the 1990s facilitated hospital delivery.Maternal mortality declined rapidly from ∼600/100 000 in the 1930s to 200/100 000 in 1960, led by a 69% decline in sepsis by 1950, and a 72% decline from all causes thereafter, settling at ∼100/100 000 in the 1980s. Skilled birth attendant deliveries moved from 39% in 1950 to 95% in 2001 and hospital births from 31% in 1960 to 91% in 2001.Maternal mortality plateaued at 70–80% prevalence of skilled delivery care. Deployment of midwives into rural communities and social development focused on women and children were associated with the observed improvements. Further reductions will require greater attention to the quality of emergency obstetric care.
Management of late leaf spot of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) with chlorothalonil‐tolerant isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Krishna Kishore G. , Pande S. , Podile A. R. 
Published: June 2005

Fifteen groundnut‐associated bacterial isolates that inhibited by > 90% the in vitro conidial germination of Phaeoisariopsis personata, causal agent of late leaf spot disease of groundnut, were applied as a prophylactic spray (108 cfu mL−1) and tested for control of the disease in the glasshouse. Two groundnut seed‐associated bacterial isolates, GSE 18 and GSE 19, identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, reduced the lesion frequency (LF) by up to 70%. A 90‐day‐old peat‐based formulation of P. aeruginosa GSE 18 reduced LF measured 15 days postinoculation by up to 60%. Both P. aeruginosa GSE 18 and GSE 19 were tolerant to chlorothalonil (Kavach®) up to 2000 µg mL−1 in LB broth. In glasshouse trials, GSE 18 and GSE 19 tested in combination with reduced concentrations of chlorothalonil were highly efficient in management of the disease. The disease was completely controlled by chlorothalonil (> 250 µg mL−1), and in the presence of GSE 18 or GSE 19, 100 µg mL−1 chlorothalonil was equally effective. Application of rifamycin‐resistant mutants of GSE 18 or GSE 19 together with chlorothalonil significantly increased the survival of these isolates in the groundnut phylloplane. In the field, a combination of GSE 18 and 500 µg mL−1 chlorothalonil reduced disease severity comparable to 2000 µg mL−1 chlorothalonil alone. Use of chlorothalonil‐tolerant pseudomonads together with a quarter concentration of the recommended field dose of chlorothalonil doubled pod yield compared with the untreated unsprayed control.
Binucleate Rhizoctonia sp. AG G causing root rot in yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) in Brazil
Authors: Fenille R. C. , Ciampi M. B. , Souza N. L. , Nakatani A. K. , Kuramae E. E. 
Published: June 2005

A new rot caused by a binucleate Rhizoctonia sp. affecting the tuberous root cortex of the domesticated yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) has been observed in Brazil. Isolates of a binucleate Rhizoctonia sp. were collected from roots with rot symptoms and characterized by the number of nuclei per cell, hyphal anastomosis, RAPD molecular markers, ITS‐5·8S rDNA sequence and pathogenicity tests. All isolates had a mean of 1·9–2·2 nuclei per cell and anastomosed with the binucleate Rhizoctonia sp. AG G‐tester strain. RAPD analysis was carried out between 11 isolates recovered from yacon and 11 AG (A, Ba, Bb, Bo, C, D, F, G, O, P, Q) standard testers of binucleate Rhizoctonia sp. Genetic similarities of 94·8–100% were observed among isolates of the binucleate Rhizoctonia sp. from yacon and all isolates were genetically more closely related to the AG G tester than other strains according to upgma analysis using RAPD markers. Homologies of complete ITS nucleotide sequences were 100% between binucleate isolates of Rhizoctonia sp. from yacon and the AG G tester. According to pathogenicity tests, the isolates caused typical rot symptoms of yacon tubers 90 days after inoculation
Modelling the effects of wetness duration and fruit maturity on infection of apple fruits of Cox's Orange Pippin and two clones of Gala by Venturia inaequalis
Authors: Xu X. M. , Robinson J. 
Published: June 2005

The effects were investigated of fruit maturity and duration of wetness on infection of apple fruits by Venturia inaequalis, and subsequent scab development. Incubation rate (inverse of median incubation period) increased linearly with increasing temperature (5–20°C) on detached 5‐week‐old fruits of cv. Royal Gala. Fruits were highly susceptible in the early stages of development, but became increasingly resistant as they matured. Inoculation of attached 12‐week‐old and detached near‐mature fruits did not result in any lesions, while inoculation of attached 4‐, 5‐, 7‐ and 9‐week‐old fruits resulted in various levels of infection. Fruits of cv. Mondial Gala were more susceptible than those of cv. Cox's Orange Pippin. On cv. Mondial Gala, a wet period of 9 h resulted in ≈ 90% infection of 4‐week‐old fruits, but only 9% infection of 9‐week‐old fruits. Numbers of scab lesions on an apple generally followed a Neyman type A rather than a Poisson distribution, indicating a certain degree of aggregation of lesions on a fruit. A two‐parameter generalization of the Poisson model described the observed incidence–density relationship well. A longer duration of wetness was required to result in a similar level of scab infection on old fruits to that on young fruits. On cv. Mondial Gala, wet periods of 9 and 32 h were required for ≈ 90% incidence of fruit scab on 4‐ and 7‐week‐old fruits, respectively. A mathematical model was developed to relate the incidence of fruit scab to duration of wetness and fruit maturity. The potential use of these results in practical disease management is discussed.
Resistance of potato genotypes to common and netted scab‐causing species ofStreptomyces
Authors: Pasco C. , Jouan B. , Andrivon D. 
Published: June 2005

Common and netted scabs are two disfiguring bacterial diseases of potato tubers, caused by various groups ofStreptomycesspecies. Common scab, caused primarily byStreptomyces scabiesandStreptomyces europaeiscabiei, is characterized by more or less deep pustules on the tuber surface, while symptoms of netted scab, caused mainly byStreptomyces reticuliscabiei, are superficial, corky alterations of the tuber periderm. Some isolates ofS. europaeiscabieiare able to induce both common and netted scab symptoms, and therefore constitute a third pathogenicity group. Like most bacterial diseases, potato scabs would be best controlled by using resistant cultivars. Repeated experiments with soil artificially infested with isolates of three species representative of the three pathogenicity groups showed the level and stability of cultivar resistance, as well as the existence of a range of aggressiveness among different isolates. The distribution of scab severity indexes recorded on a collection of 16 potato cultivars and 27 breeding clones grown in soil infested with common scab‐inducing isolates was continuous, suggesting isolate nonspecific quantitative resistance. Least susceptible cultivars were Nicola, BF15, Sirtéma, and Charlotte, while Urgenta, Désirée, Ondine and Bintje were very susceptible. The same genotypes proved either highly susceptible (e.g. cvs Bintje, Désirée or Carmine) or highly resistant (e.g. cvs Charlotte, Sirtéma, Monalisa, BF15 or Belle de Fontenay) to isolates forming netted scab symptoms, suggesting isolate‐specific qualitative resistance. The ability was confirmed of some isolates ofS. europaeiscabieito induce one or the other type of symptoms depending on cultivar and soil temperature.
The contribution of ground‐level inoculum of Fusarium culmorum to ear blight of winter wheat
Authors: Bateman G. L. 
Published: June 2005

In a series of field experiments in eastern England over 5 years, severe ear blight developed only in plots of winter wheat that were inoculated by spraying with conidial suspensions of Fusarium culmorum during anthesis, and in which infection was encouraged by rainfall or mist irrigation. In the absence of artificial inoculation of the ears, F. culmorum caused less extensive ear blight, and only where soil‐surface inoculum was available after its application on infested plant material (colonized oat grains) up to 3–4 weeks before anthesis; it then developed most where significant rainfall occurred close to the time of anthesis. A warm, dry period following application of inoculum to the ground in late March contributed to increased infection of grain by F. culmorum, although ear blight was not increased. Ear infection therefore depended on adequate viable inoculum on infested plant debris within the crop, and conditions tending to favour brown foot rot development as well as, subsequently, rainfall and moist conditions during anthesis. These conditions did not occur together naturally during this period. Seedling infection by F. culmorum or Microdochium nivale made no significant contribution to ear blight. Inoculation of ears at anthesis with M. nivale or a locally obtained isolate of F. langsethiae did not produce ear blight symptoms. Possibilities for minimizing the availability of inoculum of F. culmorum and the implications for various options for ear‐blight control are discussed.
Susceptibility of invasive taxa of European blackberry to rust disease caused by the uredinial stage of Phragmidium violaceum under field conditions in Australia
Authors: Evans K. J. , Jones M. K. , Roush R. T. 
Published: June 2005

European blackberry (Rubus fruticosus agg.) is an aggregate of closely related taxa, with at least 15 taxa naturalized in Australia. Biological control of this Weed of National Significance, using the nonindigenous rust fungus Phragmidium violaceum, is effective when the weather is conducive to multiple cycles of infection, but some blackberry taxa escape severe disease. Thirty‐one taxa of naturalized R. fruticosus agg. from southeastern Australia were isolated, their DNA phenotype determined and clones of each taxon inoculated with P. violaceum isolate SA1. Disease development was monitored for at least four generations of uredinia on large potted plants under field conditions. Although variation in mean disease severity appeared continuous over the range of Rubus clones tested, counts of uredinia and telia enabled identification of eight resistant taxa. Fine scale variation in susceptibility to rust disease was observed when different clones of R. leucostachys with the same DNA phenotype were found to express either resistance or susceptibility to P. violaceum (SA1). There were significant differences among 23 Rubus taxa rated as susceptible to rust disease in the mean number of leaves emerging per latent period of uredinia (LELPU). Mean LELPU appeared to account for some of the variation in two measures of mean disease severity observed among susceptible Rubus clones, although the correlation was insignificant (0·10 < P > 0·05).