bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Activation of calcineurin in human failing heart ventricle by endothelin‐1, angiotensin II and urotensin II
Authors: Li Joan , Wang Jianchun , Russell Fraser D , Molenaar Peter 
Published: April 2005

The calcineurin (CaN) enzyme–transcriptional pathway is critically involved in hypertrophy of heart muscle in some animal models. Currently there is no information concerning the regulation of CaN activation by endogenous agonists in human heart.
Human right ventricular trabeculae from explanted human (14 male/2 female) failing hearts were set up in a tissue bath and electrically paced at 1 Hz and incubated with or without 100 nM endothelin‐1 (ET‐1), 10 μM, angiotensin‐II (Ang II) or 20 nM human urotensin‐II (hUII) for 30 min. Tissues from four patients were incubated with 200 nM tacrolimus (FK506) for 30 min and then incubated in the presence or absence of ET‐1 for a further 30 min.
ET‐1 increased contractile force in all 13 patients (P<0.001). Ang II and hUII increased contractile force in three out of eight and four out of 10 patients but overall nonsignificantly (P>0.1). FK506 had no effect on contractile force (P=0.12).
ET‐1, Ang II and hUII increased calcineurin activity by 32, 71 and 15%, respectively, while FK506 reduced activity by 34%. ET‐1 in the presence of FK506 did not restore calcineurin activity (P=0.1).
There was no relationship between basal CaN activity and expression levels in the right ventricle. Increased levels of free phosphate were detected in ventricular homogenates that were incubated with PKCɛ compared to samples incubated without PKCɛ.
Endogenous cardiostimulants which activate Gαq‐coupled receptors increase the activity of calcineurin in human heart following acute (30 min) exposure. PKC may contribute to this effect by increasing levels of phosphorylated calcineurin substrate.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 145, 432–440. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706217
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci in the aphid species, Rhopalosiphum padi
Authors: Simon Jean‐Christophe , Leterme Nathalie , Delmotte François , Martin Olivier , Estoup Arnaud 
Published: April 2005

AbstractDue to their properties for resolving patterns of population genetic structure, microsatellites are increasingly used in studies of breeding systems. Here, eight polymorphic microsatellite loci were isolated and characterized in the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi, in which populations show a mixture of cyclically and obligatory parthenogenetic lines. These loci were then applied to distinguish between 55 parthenogenetic lines of R. padi collected across France. Interestingly, they allowed to detect several copies of the same genotypes among the sample, confirming the great sensitivity of microsatellites and their usefulness in population genetic studies of parthenogenetic organisms.
Characterization of microsatellite loci in the aphid species Macrosiphoniella tanacetaria (Homoptera, Aphididae)
Authors: Massonnet Blandine , Leterme Nathalie , Simon Jean‐Christophe , Weisser Wolfgang W. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractMeasuring dispersal in small insects can now be achieved through the development of highly polymorphic molecular markers. We isolated eight microsatellites in the aphid species Macrosiphoniella tanacetaria Kaltenbach, feeding on the common Tansy (Tanacetum vulgare L.). For each locus, we observed between three and seven alleles and expected heterozogosities ranged between 0.29 and 0.76 within 45 individuals (five aphids/population × nine populations = 45). First analyses revealed that all individuals had different genotypes, showing a great potential variability within and between populations, facilitating the further study of dispersal in aphids.
Indices of multilocus linkage disequilibrium
Authors: Agapow Paul‐Michael , Burt Austin 
Published: April 2005

AbstractLinkage disequilibrium is an ubiquitous biological phenomenon. However a common metric for disequilibrium – the index of association or IA– is dependent on sample size. In this paper we present a modification of IA that removes this dependency. This method has been implemented in a software package.
Isolation and characterization of 10 microsatellite loci in poor cod Trisopterus minutus (L)
Authors: Zhang De‐Xing , Smith Julie A. , Rico Ciro , Hewitt Godfrey M. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe taxonomic status of the Atlantic and Mediterranean poor cod is a controversial issue. Here we present 10 microsatellite loci from poor cod Trisopterus minutus (L), which have been tested across 10 populations of poor cod. Most loci are highly polymorphic with 7–65 alleles, with one exception, the Tmssr two loci. In poor cod it is a compound microsatellite exhibiting extensive allelic variation. These markers have utility for the two subspecies of poor cod and possible utility for the Trisopterus genus. They may also provide a strong tool for detailed population studies in all gadoids.
New microsatellite loci for suckers (Catostomidae): primer homology in Catostomus, Chasmistes, and Deltistes
Authors: Tranah Gregory J. , Agresti Jeremy J. , May Bernie 
Published: April 2005

AbstractHerein we describe the development of microsatellite markers for five Catostomid species: Catostomus snyderi, Catostomus rimiculus, Chasmistes brevirostris, Deltistes luxatus, and Catostomus occidentalis. A total of 89 primer pairs were developed from enriched (CA)n and (GATA)n libraries created from the D. luxatus genome. The successful amplification of 82 polymorphic loci across three Catostomid genera indicates that the microsatellite markers described in this study will be broadly applicable.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci from the endangered bagrid catfish,Pseudobagrus ichikawai
Authors: Watanabe K. , Watanabe T. , Nishida M. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractA total of 20 polymorphic microsatellite loci of the Japanese endangered bagrid catfish,Pseudobagrus ichikawai, are reported. The number of alleles per locus, observed heterozygosity and expected heterozygosity ranged from 2 to 10 (4.8 on average), from 0.03 to 0.82 (0.54), and from 0.05 to 0.81 (0.56), respectively. The microsatellite loci will be useful for studying population structure, genetic diversity and mating systems ofP. ichikawai, as well as related species.
Characterization of microsatellite loci in the endangered species of fern Marsilea strigosa Willd. (Marsileaceae, Pteridophyta)
Authors: Vitalis R. , Dubois M.‐P. , Olivieri I. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractAbsence of enzymatic polymorphism in the endangered species of fern Marsilea strigosa prompted us to develop microsatellite loci in this species. We used an enriched partial genomic library, from which six polymorphic microsatellite loci were obtained. From a previous attempt to develop microsatellite markers with standard techniques, a single long and polymorphic locus was obtained. This highlights the benefits from using enrichment techniques in those species where microsatellite loci may be rare in the genome.
A set of primers for amplification of noncoding regions of chloroplast DNA in the grasses
Authors: Saltonstall Kristin 
Published: April 2005

AbstractTwelve primer pairs, which amplify noncoding regions of chloroplast DNA, were designed for grass species. Their universality was tested on the six major grass subfamilies, and several were sequenced to examine their variability in Phragmites australis. The primers amplified well for most species tested and the majority showed intraspecific variation.
Isolation and characterization of tri‐ and tetranucleotide microsatellite loci in the Asian elephant, Elephas maximus
Authors: Fernando Prithiviraj , Vidya T. N. C. , Melnick Don J. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractAsian elephants (Elephas maximus) are an endangered species. Their future survival depends on intensive conservation and management, based on in‐depth knowledge of particular populations. Molecular genetic methods, especially microsatellite analysis through noninvasive sampling, provides an effective means of obtaining such information. The use of tri‐ and tetranucleotide microsatellite markers is advantageous in noninvasive sampling through dung analysis. Here we describe the isolation and characterization of five tri‐ and tetranucleotide markers in the Asian elephant. All five loci were found to be polymorphic in a sample of 20 Asian elephants from Sri Lanka.
Pitfalls in determining size homoplasy of microsatellite loci
Authors: Liepelt S. , Kuhlenkamp V. , Anzidei M. , Vendramin G. G. , Ziegenhagen B. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractSize homoplasy of microsatellite loci can be detected by single‐strand conformation polymorphism analysis (SSCP) or sequence analysis. The present note demonstrates pitfalls of sequencing microsatellite loci. A complex chloroplast microsatellite locus was polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplified from 33 Abies alba individuals, and the products cloned and sequenced. After 2–7 clones per individual had been sequenced and aligned, differences in repeat numbers occurred among clones of the same individual. It was concluded that the DNA polymerase slippage during PCR most probably caused this variation. A solution specific to the analysed complex locus was found by splitting it into two new loci.
Isolation and characterization of DNA microsatellite from cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera, Hübner)
Authors: Tan Shengjiang , Chen Xiaofeng , Zhang Aibing , Li Dianmo 
Published: April 2005

AbstractFive microsatellite loci of Helicoverpa armigera were isolated from a partial genomic library screened by oligonucleotide probes. Primers were designed to detect allelic variability and heterozygosity in 60 individuals collected from different host species. All loci were found to be polymorphic, have 8–11 alleles with expected heterozygosity ranging from 0.81 to 0.88. Our results indicate that the five microsatellite loci could provide valuable markers for population genetic and ecological studies of the cotton bollworm.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci in Piaractus mesopotamicus and their applicability in other Serrasalminae fish
Authors: Calcagnotto D. , Russello M. , DeSalle R. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe subfamily Serrasalminae (Characidae, Teleostei) is an endemic Neotropical group of fishes distributed along the Amazon, Paraná‐Paraguay and Orinoco Basins. The pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) is found in all major rivers that comprise the Pantanal of Mato Grosso. In order to investigate population genetic structure within the group, an enriched microsatellite library was constructed. Eight polymorphic were loci screened, with an average of 6.5 alleles per locus. Five loci exhibited greater than 60% heterozygosity. Additionally, a high level of cross‐species amplification was obtained.
Large mitochondrial repeats multiplied during the polymerase chain reaction
Authors: Campbell Nick J. H. , Sturm Richard A. , Barker Stephen C. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe number of repeats in repetitive DNA like micro‐ and minisatellites is often determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). When we counted repeats in an array of mitochondrial repeats in the cattle tick (Boophilus microplus) we found that the number of repeats increased during PCR. Multiplication of the repeats was independent of the primers used to amplify the region, the PCR annealing temperature and the length of the PCR product. The use of PCR to determine the number of repeats in arrays needs to be reassessed. For long repeats, a subset of samples should always be analysed by Southern blot hybridization to confirm the PCR results.
Characterization of nine polymorphic microsatellite loci from the alpine accentorPrunella collaris
Authors: Saito D. , Nishiumi I. , Nakamura M. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractNine polymorphic microsatellite loci were isolated and characterized from the alpine accentorPrunella collaris. In analyses of 50 unrelated individuals, allelic diversity ranged from 2 to 7, and observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.08 to 0.70. Except for one locus (Pco2), variability was relatively low even in long repeat loci. This result may be due to the high return rate to the natal population. Primer sets were also tested in Japanese accentorPrunella rubida, and seven out of nine loci were successfully amplified.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci from the orchid Serapias vomeracea (Orchidaceae) and cross‐priming to other Serapias species
Authors: Pellegrino G. , Cafasso D. , Widmer A. , Soliva M. , Musacchio A. , Cozzolino S. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractIn this paper we describe the isolation and characterization of six polymorphic microsatellite loci from the orchid Serapias vomeracea. This species is widely distributed in the Mediterranean region. Microsatellite loci were isolated from an enriched library and primer pairs were designed for 18 loci. Primer pairs for six loci amplified well and were tested on samples from southern Italy. Levels of genetic variability detected at these six loci are high, with numbers of alleles per locus ranging from 3 to 6, and observed heterozygosity (HO) ranging from 0.35 to 0.86. All primer pairs tested amplified DNA from four other Serapias species, indicating that the primers are useful for population genetic studies throughout the genus.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellites in the bryozoan Crisia denticulata
Authors: Craig S. F. , D’Amato M. E. , Harley M. , Bishop J. , Hughes R. , Carvalho G. R. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractCyclostomata bryozoa are thought to reproduce via polyembryony, a clonal replication of a fertilized egg. To test this hypothesis and to assess the impact of their reproductive strategy on the structure of populations, we isolated microsatellite markers in Crisia denticulata (Cyclostomata, Stenolemata), using an initial enrichment step with random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers. A total of nine microsatellites, one tetra‐ and eight dinucleotides repeats were isolated; seven were found to be polymorphic in a test sample of 30 individuals, with allele numbers/locus varying from 2 to 6. The tetranucleotide locus showed heterozygote deficiency. These primers did not amplify the DNA of Crisia eburnea.
Development of simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers for the assessment of gene flow and genetic diversity in pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan)
Authors: Burns M. J. , Edwards K. J. , Newbury H. J. , Ford‐Lloyd B. V. , Baggott C. D. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractPigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) is an important subsistence crop in India where traditional landraces and improved hybrids are grown alongside each other. Gene flow may result in genetic erosion of these landraces and their wild relatives, whilst transgene escape from future genetically engineered varieties is another potential hazard. To assess the impact of these factors gene flow needs to be measured. A set of 10 simple sequence repeat markers have been developed, which exhibit polymorphism across a range of pigeonpea varieties. Use of these markers also offers an efficient system for the assessment of genetic diversity within populations of pigeonpea.
Microsatellite primers for Sorbus torminalis and related species
Authors: Oddou‐Muratorio S. , Aligon C. , Decroocq S. , Plomion C. , Lamant T. , Mush‐Demesure B. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis study reports the cloning and characterization of nine microsatellite primer pairs in a scattered woody species (Sorbus torminalis), and shows their potential for further use in 36 species of the Maloideae, a Rosaceae subfamily containing important fruit crop and ornamental species. These primers were designed from a microsatellite library constructed from genomic DNA of S. torminalis and enriched for CA and GA repeats. Genotyping 48 S. torminalis of a natural population with the six best markers yielded a mean of 10.7 alleles per locus, and an expectation of exclusion probability for paternity analysis greater than 0.993.
Polymerase chain reaction primers for microsatellite loci in the Common Toad Bufo bufo
Authors: Brede Edward G. , Rowe Graham , Trojanowski Jan , Beebee Trevor J. C. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe Common Toad Bufo bufo is a wide‐ranging species, with a distribution encompassing much of Europe and Asia. Few molecular studies have been undertaken on this species, and only one polymorphic microsatellite locus has been identified. Therefore, little is known about the genetic variability within and between B. bufo populations. The value of such information is essential for monitoring the species and its environment. This paper reports the characterization of 15 B. bufo microsatellite loci using individuals from a Spanish and UK sample.
Floral Patterning in Lotus japonicus
Authors: Dong Zhi-cheng , Zhao Zhong , Liu Cheng-wu , Luo Jiang-hong , Yang Jun , Huang Wei-hua , Hu Xiao-he , Wang Trevor L. , Luo Da 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Floral patterning in Papilionoideae plants, such as pea (Pisum sativum) and Medicago truncatula, is unique in terms of floral organ number, arrangement, and initiation timing as compared to other well-studied eudicots. To investigate the molecular mechanisms involved in the floral patterning in legumes, we have analyzed two mutants, proliferating floral meristem and proliferating floral organ-2 (pfo-2), obtained by ethyl methanesulfonate mutagenesis of Lotus japonicus. These two mutants showed similar phenotypes, with indeterminate floral structures and altered floral organ identities. We have demonstrated that loss of function of LjLFY and LjUFO/Pfo is likely to be responsible for these mutant phenotypes, respectively. To dissect the regulatory network controlling the floral patterning, we cloned homologs of the ABC function genes, which control floral organ identity in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). We found that some of the B and C function genes were duplicated. RNA in situ hybridization showed that the C function genes were expressed transiently in the carpel, continuously in stamens, and showed complementarity with the A function genes in the heterogeneous whorl. In proliferating floral meristem and pfo-2 mutants, all B function genes were down-regulated and the expression patterns of the A and C function genes were drastically altered. We conclude that LjLFY and LjUFO/Pfo are required for the activation of B function genes and function together in the recruitment and determination of petals and stamens. Our findings suggest that gene duplication, change in expression pattern, gain or loss of functional domains, and alteration of key gene functions all contribute to the divergence of floral patterning in L. japonicus.
Sequencing and Analysis of Common Bean ESTs. Building a Foundation for Functional Genomics
Authors: Ramírez Mario , Graham Michelle A. , Blanco-López Lourdes , Silvente Sonia , Medrano-Soto Arturo , Blair Matthew W. , Hernández Georgina , Vance Carroll P. , Lara Miguel 
Published: April 2005

AbstractAlthough common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) is the most important grain legume in the developing world for human consumption, few genomic resources exist for this species. The objectives of this research were to develop expressed sequence tag (EST) resources for common bean and assess nodule gene expression through high-density macroarrays. We sequenced a total of 21,026 ESTs derived from 5 different cDNA libraries, including nitrogen-fixing root nodules, phosphorus-deficient roots, developing pods, and leaves of the Mesoamerican genotype, Negro Jamapa 81. The fifth source of ESTs was a leaf cDNA library derived from the Andean genotype, G19833. Of the total high-quality sequences, 5,703 ESTs were classified as singletons, while 10,078 were assembled into 2,226 contigs producing a nonredundant set of 7,969 different transcripts. Sequences were grouped according to 4 main categories, metabolism (34%), cell cycle and plant development (11%), interaction with the environment (19%), and unknown function (36%), and further subdivided into 15 subcategories. Comparisons to other legume EST projects suggest that an entirely different repertoire of genes is expressed in common bean nodules. Phaseolus-specific contigs, gene families, and single nucleotide polymorphisms were also identified from the EST collection. Functional aspects of individual bean organs were reflected by the 20 contigs from each library composed of the most redundant ESTs. The abundance of transcripts corresponding to selected contigs was evaluated by RNA blots to determine whether gene expression determined by laboratory methods correlated with in silico expression. Evaluation of root nodule gene expression by macroarrays and RNA blots showed that genes related to nitrogen and carbon metabolism are integrated for ureide production. Resources developed in this project provide genetic and genomic tools for an international consortium devoted to bean improvement.
The changing role of the auditors
Authors: Jayalakshmy R. , Seetharaman A. , Wei Khong Tan 
Published: April 2005

PurposeTo highlight the pressures that the auditors would face in the era of globalisation and the challenges they should be willing to accept in order to maintain trust and integrity.Design/methodology/approachA wide range of articles and journals published in international journals as well as local journals has been reviewed. The areas covered include audit fraud, true and fair view interpretation, auditor independence and role of internal auditors. Further, ideas have also been obtained from critical write‐ups in the business magazines on the fall of multinationals.FindingsA wide range of interpretation has been given by various groups of people on their understanding of the phrase “true and fair”. This has created great confusion as to the interpretation of the audit reports. This has been proven by the fall of many multinationals and the audit pioneers, Andersens. This is one of the causes of audit fraud and it is also seen that as the auditors face an enormous challenge as they enter the twenty‐first century, they should be willing to change their attitudes towards their clients. Professionalism should be in the forefront, and an overhaul in the concept of “true and fair” could probably be the solution to harmonisation of the economy.Research limitations/implicationsThis paper lacks statistical data on the views of the authors. It is based purely on secondary data.Practical implicationsProvides awareness to the auditors, corporations and general public on the necessity to revamp the existing auditing practices. This can help the auditors not only to be professionals, but also to be seen as professionals.Originality/valueThis paper provides scope for research in this area to identify whether the overhaul concept is acceptable. If yes, what should the new concept be? If no, what is the solution to the existing public outcry?