bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A
nimal
A
id
A
ssociation: A Case Study
Authors:   Monterey WMD‐Terrorism Database (Revised)
Published: April 2005

Abstract
In 1992, British Columbia received a letter from The Animal Aid Association that the group had injected Cold Buster Bars with HIV in protest of perceived animal cruelty on the part of the product's manufacturer. This incident has been classified as a hoax.
CDC
Category
C
Agents
Authors: Longmire Michelle 
Published: April 2005

Abstract

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) Category C consists of biological agents not presently considered public health threats in terms of bioterrorism but which could emerge in this capacity as the scientific understanding of them grows in the future. Category C agents include Nipah virus, the hantaviruses, and multiple drug‐resistant (MDR)
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
. Each is discussed, with special attention paid to weapons application.
Consequence Management
Authors: Dembek Zygmunt F. , Cieslak Theodore J. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractConsequence management of a bioterrorism event includes those sustained measures necessary to protect public health, maintain essential government and health care services, and provide emergency relief where needed. State public health and healthcare agencies and providers have vital roles in the consequence management of a bioterrorism event. State coordination of the consequences of any disaster occurs through the State Coordinating Officer (SCO) and the State Emergency Management Agency, acting on behalf of the state's governor. In the event that state consequence management resources become exhausted, the Federal Response Plan (FRP) may be activated throught the intervention of the Federal Coordinating Officer (FCO). It is expected that the coordination of federal resources for consequence management of a bioterrorism event will become streamlined through the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, established in March 2003.
D
efense
R
esearch and
D
evelopment
C
anada ‐
S
uffield
Authors: Harrison Lauren 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
The mission of Defense Research and Development Canada, Suffield, is to perform research and development in the Canadian defense sector, with specific emphasis on military engineering and chemical and biological weapons. It is one of six research centers. The Suffield range is in Alberta Canada, in an area of 3000 square kilometers and home to abundant wildlife, oil and gas reserves, and archeological sites.
This article defines the various sectors of this facility. The research program has three main categories: military engineering; Technology Demonstration Project, Blast Force Protection; and chemical and biological weapons defense.
Department of Health and Human Services
Authors: Runyon Jennifer 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
The mission of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) is to protect the health of all Americans and to provide essential human services, from disease and drug prevention to financial assistance and food and drug safety. The HHS has a range of responsibilities and programs related to threat of bioterrorism, largely focusing on basic scientific research for biodefense, assisting states with preparedness and response activities, and strengthening the public health infrastructure. The responsibilities of HHS agencies in supporting the HHS mission, and specifically its bioterrorism‐related activities, are discussed.
Department of Justice
Authors: Prosnitz Don 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
This document was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the U.S. government. Neither the U.S. government nor the University of California nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the U.S. government or the University of California. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the U.S. government or the University of California, and shall not be used for advertising or product endorsement purposes.
E
nvironmental
P
rotection
A
gency
Authors: Funke Odelia 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
EPA has clear authority and expertise in several areas important to bioterrorism defense, related primarily to its responsibilities for clean drinking water, emergency response to and cleanup of environmental hazards, and environmental monitoring. These responsibilities comprise three general categories: research and development, emergency response and cleanup, and water infrastructure. An overview of efforts in each category is provided.
Epidemiology in Bioterrorism
Authors: Zerwekh Tyler , Waring Stephen 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
The public health response to bioterrorism entails many distinct functions including surveillance and epidemiology, laboratory diagnosis, medical response, and interagency communications between stakeholders. This article focuses on surveillance and epidemiology, which together aim to decrease morbidity and mortality through the early detection and rapid diagnosis of disease in a community. This response plays a pivotal role in episodes both related and unrelated to bioterrorism.
Food and Beverage Sabotage
Authors: Sobel Jeremy 
Published: April 2005

AbstractSabotage of foods by terrorists and criminals has occurred in the United States, though rarely. A multiplicity of suitable biological and chemical agents exists, and the vast contemporary food supply system is vulnerable. Prevention, therefore, requires enhancement of food security. Since an outbreak caused by food sabotage would most likely be detected and handled by the existing public health system, minimization of casualties requires a robust standing public health infrastructure capable of detecting, investigating, and controlling all foodborne disease outbreaks, intentional and unintentional, and providing appropriate medical resources.
Homeland Defense
Authors: Smithson Amy E. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Homeland defense against bioterrorism involves a web of efforts on the local, state, and federal level to strengthen plans and capabilities to prevent, prepare for, mitigate, respond to, and recover from a major disease outbreak, whether among humans, animals, or plants. Key issues related to human populations include research and laboratory responsibilities, training and readiness, surveillance, treatment, and patient and hospital management. Key issues in the agricultural sphere essentially parallel these human issues. An overview of homeland defense discussing these and related issues is provided.
Al‐
Q
a‘ida
Authors: McCloud Kimberly 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Al‐Qa'ida (the Base) is a worldwide network of organizations and individuals dedicated to jihad or holy war, allegedly for the cause of Islam. There are anywhere from 5,000 to 15,000 individuals active in al‐Qa'ida cells in as many as 60 countries around the world. Many terrorist and insurgency groups are closely linked with al‐Qa'ida. Most of the individuals groups associated with al‐Qa'ida strive to establish Islamic governments that would enforce Islamic law in their countries of origin. In many cases they have carried out attacks on carefully selected targets in countries in order to achieve this end. Primary targets are the United States and its allies. Since the attacks of September 11, 2001, many new developments with al‐Qa'ida and 'Usama Bin Ladin have taken place. Attacks led by the United States against al‐Qa'ida forced out safe havens in Afghanistan and ousted the Taliban. This article gives the chronological events of al‐Qa'ida attacks and outcomes. As of 2003, it has not been confirmed that al‐Qa'ida possesses biological weapons or capabilities. Although they have been weakened by the U.S. military, and massive intelligence networks, they remain a formidable terrorist group with leaders and activist at large around the world.
Mathematical modeling of a galvanostatic soil electroremediation process
Authors: Teutli‐León M. M. , Oropeza M. T. , González I. , Soria A. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractA mathematical model for galvanostatic soil electroremediation of cadmium‐spiked kaolinite was built considering: chemical and electrical properties from both phases, assumption of local equilibrium conditions, electroneutrality from phase interactions, a dynamic surface charge, and surface adsorbed concentrations defined by Boltzmann's equation. Model prediction trends agree with the expected phenomena to occur during an electroremediation process, as far as they show: a right electroosmotic fluid velocity with a suction effect at the anode position, a pH drop at the cathode position, soluble cadmium transport from anode to cathode, as well as cadmium accumulation before reaching the cathode, and a drop in electric potential gradient. Also, model strength allows the prediction of chemical species transient concentration; and provides an insight on species distribution through the spatial domain, while electroremediation takes place. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2005
F‐actin aggregates may activate transformed cell surfaces
Authors: Carley William W. , Webb Watt W. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractObservations on the role of transformation‐specific F‐aggregates [Carley et al, 1981] in altering morphology, adhesion and intercellular interaction in transformed cells are reported here. The appearance and disappearance of membrane‐ and substrate‐associated F‐actin aggregates (MAG and SAG, respectively) are followed in a cell line temperature‐sensitive for transformation. Since MAG structures also appear near the membrane in suspension cultures of transformed cells and in transformed cells in coculture with untransformed cells, they appear to function at cell‐cell contacts. Unlike microfilament bundles in untransformed cells, MAG and SAG do not contain the F‐actin regulatory protein tropomyosin. The lack of tropomyosin in these structures near the membrane is reminiscent of areas of an exceptionally active actin cytoskeleton usually associated with motile processes of the normal cell membrane. Such areas of membrane‐cytoskeletal interaction may be involved in the aberrant cell‐cell communication as well as the aggressive behavior often seen in transformed cells.
Organization and function of structural elements in focal contacts of tissue culture cells
Authors: Jockusch Brigitte M. , Füchtbauer Annette 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe role of structural elements in the organization and maintenance of focal contacts was studied by microinjecting into tissue culture cells specific probes which interfere with filamentous actin or with vinculin: actin interaction. Injection of actin capping proteins from Physarum and brain resulted in breakdown of microfilament bundles starting at their distal ends and in loss of focal contacts. This process was fully reversible. Injection of a high affinity antibody against chicken gizzard vinculin led to partial breakdown of microfilament bundles concomitant with disruption of focal contacts with vinculin remaining at the plasma membrane. This process was irreversible.
Talin: A cytoskeletal component concentrated in adhesion plaques and other sites of actin‐membrane interaction
Authors: Burridge Keith , Connell Laurie 
Published: April 2005

AbstractTalin is a recently identified cytoskeletal protein with a polypeptide molecular weight of 215,000 daltons. In cultured fibroblasts talin has been localized by immunofluorescence in adhesion plaques (focal contacts), in the ruffling membranes and leading lamellae of the cell periphery, and in fibrillar patterns that align with microfilament bundles and/or with cell surface fibronectin. These cellular locations suggest that the protein could function either in the attachment of microfilaments to the plasma membane or in the organization of microfilaments close to membrane attachment sites. Cell transformation by viruses such as Rous sarcoma virus disrupts the normal organization of talin, and in most transformed cells talin appears distributed diffusely through the cytoplasm. In a few cells talin is detected in doughnut‐shaped aggregates, as a ring surrounding a central core of actin. The significance of these structures is uncertain, but in some cells the individual structures will condense to form much larger aggregates with a striking appearance when viewed by immunofluoresence microscopy.
Structural connections of the muscle‐tendon junction
Authors: Trotter John A. , Eberhard Susan , Samora Ann 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe muscle‐tendon junction of murine skeletal muscles has been analyzed by a variety of extraction techniques, by myosin subfragment‐1 binding experiments, and by ultrastructural immunocytochemistry. The results indicate that the muscle‐tendon junction is composed of four distinct domains: an intracellular domain, the internal lamina; a domain connecting the internal lamina with the lamina densa of the external lamina, the connecting domain; the lamina densa; and a domain which attaches the lamina densa to the collagen fibers, the matrix. Each of these domains is distinct with respect to position, three‐dimensional organization, and molecular composition, and is therefore considered to have a unique role in the transmission of contractile force.
A covalently cross‐linked matrix in skeletal muscle fibers
Authors: Loewy Ariel G. , Wilson Frank J. , Taggart Nina M. , Greene Elizabeth A. , Frasca Peter , Kaufman Howard S. , Sorrell Michael J. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractWhen skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle is exhaustively extracted with a protein‐unfolding reagent such as 6 M guanidine HCl and a disulfide‐reducing reagent such as 5% β‐mercaptoethanol, a tissue ghost remains intact and retains the characteristic shape and dimensions of the tissue before extraction. In the case of chicken pectoral muscle, the tissue ghost contains 1% of the original muscle proteins. Guanidine HCl extraction followed by collagenase treatment of glycerol‐extracted chicken pectoral muscle releases a clean preparation of elongated structures containing 0.2% of the original protein and representing the covalently cross‐linked remnants of the muscle fibers. The material of these muscle fiber ghosts extends throughout the interior of the cell. Antibodies raised against the tissue ghosts of smooth muscle cross‐react with glycerol extracted skeletal myofibrils, forming a banding pattern which coincides with the banding pattern observed when myofibrils are reacted with antibodies against titin. Titin, a large and soluble protein found in skeletal muscle, cross‐reacts with our antigizzard antibody. However, amino acid analysis of the muscle fiber ghosts indicates that titin cannot be the only subunit of the insoluble polymer, but that one or more proteins with a very high glycine and alanine content and a very low basic and acidic amino acid content must also form part of the covalently cross‐linked matrix. The possibility is presented that this matrix may be the basis of the superthin 2–3‐nm filaments which have been observed in a variety of cell types.
The cytoskeleton of murine leukemia virus (MuLV)‐infected mouse fibroblasts as observed under varying conditions of formaldehyde fixation
Authors: Satake Masanobu , Lupo Davis , Luftig Ronald B. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractMouse fibroblasts chronically infected with Moloney murine leukemia virus (MuLV) were fixed using variable amounts of formaldehyde, then examined by indirect immunofluorescence light microscopy. Several antisera were employed to detect both external and internal antigens associated with the cells, eg, MuLV gp70, tubulin, vimentin, and actin. Our results indicate that the cell membranes could be partially permeabilized to IgG molecules directed against the three cytoskeletal antigens only after 3.7%, but not 1%, formaldehyde treatment. Complete permeabilization was achieved by subsequent acetone treatment of cells after 3.7% formaldehyde fixation. In such cells, normal‐appearing cytoskeletal networks of microtubules and intermediate filaments were observed. Stress fibers were also seen; however, they appeared less numerous and thinner than those of uninfected mouse fibroblasts. Further, a significant amounts of F‐actin fluorescence was localized in granules in the cytoplasm of infected cells. Similar observations were made using JLS‐V9 mouse cells chronically infected with 334C virus, another MuLV. These results taken together suggest that subtle differences exist in the organization of actin within MuLV‐infected and uninfected mouse fibroblasts.
Three‐dimensional organization of the platelet cytoskeleton during adhesion in vitro: Observations on human and nonhuman primate cells
Authors: Lewis Jon C. , White Melanie S. , Prater Tilman , Porter Keith R. , Steele Robin J. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractAdhesion of platelets in vitro resulted in rapid polymerization of the amorphous cytoplasmic ground substance into an organized cytoskeletal superstructure. This cytoskeleton, characterized through the use of whole‐mount and stereo (3‐D), high‐voltage microscopy in conjunction with morphometrics and cytochemistry, comprised four major size classes of filaments organized in distinctive zones. The central matrix, or granulomere, at the center of the cell mass, was an ill‐defined meshwork of 80–100‐Å filaments which enshrouded granules, dense bodies, and elements of the dense tubular system as identified through peroxidase cytochemistry. Demarcasting this central matrix was a trabecular zone containing 30–50, 80–100, and 150–170 Å filaments in an open and rigid‐appearing lattice. Circumscribing the trabecular zone and extending to the margins of the hyalomere was the third region, the peripheral web, in which 70‐Å filaments were arranged in a tight honeycomb lattice. This organizational pattern was retained in cytoskeletons prepared by Triton x‐100 extraction of the adherent cells, and was observed in basally located cells of aggregates which formed subsequent to adhesion. Our observations are consistent with biochemical studies of cytoskeletons prepared from suspended platelets and suggest a contractile protein composition for the superstructure during adhesion.
Spectrin, fodrin, and TW260/240: A family of related proteins lining the plasma membrane
Authors: Glenney John R. , Glenney Phyllis 
Published: April 2005

AbstractRecently, molecules highly related to erythrocyte spectrin have been identified in nonerythroid cells. Here we summarize our current understanding of these molecules and suggest a model for their organization. Significant differences exist between this family of proteins isolated from mammalian cells and avian cells, and this may explain the variability in antibody preparations as well as differences in peptide maps of these subunits which have been reported. We have prepared antibodies specific for the variant subunits of the spectrinlike proteins fodrin, spectrin, and TW260/240 and analyzed the distribution of these variant subunits in different chicken cell types as well as their developmental distribution in the intestine. The results suggest that fodrin is the general member of this family of proteins and can even coexist with other spectrinlike proteins in the same cells.
Coelomocyte spectrin
Authors: Edds Kenneth T. , Venuti‐Henderson Judith 
Published: April 2005

AbstractWe have investigated the presence and localization of an α‐spectrinlike protein and its potential role in the morphological transformation of sea urchin coelomocytes. In immunofluorescence images there is a diffuse fluorescence throughout the petaloid cytoplasm, indicating a random distribution of the spectrinlike protein prior to the transformation. As these cells form filopodia, there is a coincident appearance of a spectrinlike protein, as seen in fluorescent images, at the site of filopodial initiation. As the filopodia continue to form and lengthen, the spectrin localization parallels their development. There is a single polypeptide observed on sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE) gels of whole coelomocyte lysates that cross‐reacts with the anti‐α‐spectrin immunogen and comigrates with it at 240 kilodaltons.
Colchicine‐sensitive and colchicine‐insensitive intermediate filament systems distinguished by a new intermediate filament‐associated protein, IFAP‐70/280kD
Authors: Yang Hsi‐Yuan , Lieska Norman , Goldman Anne E. , Goldman Robert D. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractA monoclonal antibody was produced, using as antigen a BHK‐21 cytoskeletal preparation enriched in intermediate filaments (IF) and their associated proteins. This antibody reacted exclusively with a reproducible set of 70‐280kD polypeptides present in minor quantities in this preparation, as detected by immunoblot analysis. Based upon several criteria, this immunologically related group of polypeptides was designated as IFAP‐70/280kD (IF‐Associated Protein): (1) it coisolated with IF in vitro, (2) it co‐localized (by both immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy) with IF in situ in all stages of cell spreading, and (3) it segregated in vitro with the 54/55kD (desmin/vimentin) structural IF subunit proteins of BHK cells through two cycles of in vitro disassembly/assembly. Immunogold labeling further localized IFAP‐70/280kD to regions of parallel or loosely bundled IF in situ, suggesting a role in regulating the supramolecular organization of IF. When this monoclonal antibody was used for double‐label immunofluorescence observations of colchicine‐treated BHK cells, it demonstrated the presence of colchicine‐sensitive and colchicine‐insensitive IF. Anti‐IFAP‐70/280kD localized entirely to the drug‐induced juxtanuclear IF cap, while a polyclonal antibody directed against the desmin/vimentin structural IF subunits and the previously characterized monoclonal anti‐IFAP‐300kD [Yang et al., 1985; J. Cell Biol. 100:620] localized to both the juxtanuclear IF cap and a colchicine‐insensitive IF network peripheral to the cap in the same cells. The colchicine‐insensitive IF pattern often exhibited similarities to that observed for the actin‐based stress fiber system, suggesting that stress fiber association may be an additional factor in IF organization. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.