bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phylogeny and Taxonomy
Authors: Pearson David L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tiger beetle biology, distribution, and natural history are connected by studies of evolutionary relationships (phylogeny). Phylogenies are also important for a practical reason. Instead of randomly arranging tiger beetles in groups, the large number of species conveniently can be organized and categorized on the basis of their relatedness, and these groups can be given names (taxonomy). With an evolutionary basis that can be constantly tested and updated, everyone can communicate efficiently about the organisms by using a reliable and relatively uniform system of names (nomenclature) to discuss a genus, species, or population.
Introduction
Authors: Ewing Charles Patrick , McCann Joseph T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the past fifty years American society has been blessed (or burdened, depending on your point of view) with a steady stream of high-profile legal cases that offer both intrigue and entertainment. Looking back over the last several years, for example, the O. J. Simpson, Scott Peterson, and D.C. sniper murder trials and the Michael Jackson child molestation case have dominated the media from television and radio talk shows to newspapers from the New York Times to the National Enquirer. Much of the coverage and commentary is pure entertainment, with the public viewing the investigations and trials as ongoing soap operas. Still, some of these high-profile trials have been not only informative but also educational. Whether viewers follow the proceedings gavel-to-gavel or simply tune in to learn the latest developments, they often come away with a deeper appreciation of how our legal system works and how justice or injustice is done.
The Uss Iowa: Equivocating on Death
Authors: Ewing Charles Patrick , McCann Joseph T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Autopsies are conducted in cases where a person has died under suspicious circumstances and legal considerations dictate that a detailed medical examination be performed on the body to determine the exact cause of death. It has also been suggested that surviving family members have autopsies performed on their loved ones who have died—even if health insurance does not pay—because results from the procedure may be of considerable benefit to biological relatives.1 More specifically, autopsies can provide evidence of illnesses and other medical conditions that went undetected while the person was alive. Autopsy results may point to the need for screening or other preventive measures that surviving family members might need to take against serious medical conditions that have a strong genetic component.
Colin Ferguson a Fool For a Client?
Authors: Ewing Charles Patrick , McCann Joseph T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to the old adage, “He who has himself for an attorney has a fool for a client.” While the folly of representing oneself legally, especially in court, has long been recognized, so too has the legal right to do so. The right to self-representation has a long history in Anglo-American jurisprudence. Prior to the establishment of colonial America, only one British tribunal had ever forced a defendant to be represented by anyone other than himself. That tribunal was the notorious sixteenthand seventeenth-century Star Chamber, which has since come to symbolize disregard for legal rights.
Daryl Atkins Mental Retardation, Decency, and the Death Penalty
Authors: Ewing Charles Patrick , McCann Joseph T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the time Daryl Atkins turned eighteen, his juvenile criminal record included over a dozen prior felonies, most of which involved larceny, burglary, and robbery without a firearm. His criminal career was all the more remarkable because it had not begun until he was fourteen years old and because by the age of nineteen, he was out of custody, living at home in Virginia with his parents, and still committing burglaries, robberies, and other serious crimes.
Michael Kantaras What Makes a Man a Man?
Authors: Ewing Charles Patrick , McCann Joseph T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As a very young child, Margot Kantaras felt more like a boy than a girl and came to consider herself a male despite her female body. Her parents even referred to her as their “son.”1 Growing up she engaged in typically male pursuits such as football, baseball, basketball, wrestling, and fishing. It was not until she was twenty-six years old, however, that Margot became aware of the possibility of physically becoming a male.
Blinded by the Death Penalty
Authors: Haney Craig 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Historian Douglas Hay has written that the death penalty was once “the climactic emotional point of the criminal law—the moment of terror around which the system revolved.”1 Although times have changed dramatically since 18th-century England, when some 200 crimes were punishable by death, this climactic emotional point still plays a central role in the administration of justice in our society. Moreover, our ambivalence about honestly and fully contemplating the “moment of terror” and everything that leads up to it often skews the way many of us talk and think about capital punishment, the way we study it, and the way our courts reason about it.
Frameworks of Misunderstanding
Authors: Haney Craig 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter develops a theme that serves as an important backdrop for the chapters that follow: namely, that the mass media in our society play a central role in the creation of erroneous beliefs and preconceptions about crime and punishment that have real consequences for death penalty policies and practices. Given the ubiquity and power of the mass media in American society, it has become difficult to intelligently analyze any important public policy issue without some reflection on the potential influence of the media.1 As members of the public formulate their views of the death penalty—in their roles as citizens, voters, and jurors—they are especially likely to be affected by media messages about violent crime and capital punishment. This chapter explores some of the dimensions of that influence and sets the stage for the more data-based chapters that follow. It is admittedly more impressionistic than my subsequent discussion of the system of death sentencing, but it is no less important.
Structural Aggravation
Authors: Haney Craig 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I examine some of the ways that the capital trial process itself helps to facilitate the death-sentencing process. Prospective jurors come to the courthouse already having been elaborately prepared to perform the lethal task that the state may ask them to undertake. Exposure to media misinformation, often frighteningly graphic images of stylized violence, and the narrow interpretive frames I discussed in chapters 2 and 3 have shaped many jurors’ expectations long before any evidence has been presented. And, as the last two chapters have made clear, death qualification ensures that capital jurors have been carefully selected on the basis of a stated willingness to impose the death penalty in whatever case they believe it is appropriate.
Condemning the Other
Authors: Haney Craig 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the start of this book I noted that the various social psychological influences and effects that facilitated the death-sentencing process were cumulative—that is, that together they represented a procedural whole that was larger and more powerful than the sum of its individual parts. In this chapter I want to examine some of the ways in which those forces come together to affect whether a capital defendant is condemned to death. Although the social psychological processes that I have discussed to this point apply to death penalty trials in general, here I want to discuss an important subset of capital cases—ones in which defendants are African American. These cases have special historical significance, as I note later, and they illustrate the way in which the capital trial process can be further compromised by the pernicious influence of race-based animus.
Preparing for Greenland
Authors: McCoy Roger M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Greenland first attracted Europeans in 982 A.D. when Eric the Red found it thirty years after settling Iceland. Only 185 miles from Iceland, in clear weather Greenland is visible on the horizon by sailing only a short distance west from Iceland.Vikings found a coastline similar to Norway’s with large inlets and fjords but without forests. Soon settlers began to establish permanent residences. A milder climate existed at that time, and they were able to grow some food to supplement a diet of fish.
Alliances and America’s Grand Strategy
Authors: Menon Rajan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We are so habituated to the ideas and institutions linked to containment that they persist even though the problem that produced them, the challenge of Soviet expansion, has ceased to exist. Given that the majority of Americans now living were born during the cold war, it is worth keeping in mind that an alliance-driven policy began to guide America’s foreign relations only at a late stage in the country’s history. For 169 years, from the Declaration of Independence until the end of World War II, the United States avoided long-term alliances. The founders of the Republic and the generations that followed them would have been surprised to see that the United States had changed course. For them, foreswearing permanent alliances and entanglement in faraway conflicts had been article of faith and part of the American identity.
Explicit Judgments and Implicit Bias A Developmental Perspective
Authors: Killen Melanie , McGlothlin Heidi , Henning Alexandra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent work that integrates social and developmental psychology in the area of intergroup relationships has enabled researchers to discover and reveal new aspects of children’s, adolescents’, and adults’ intergroup attitudes, judgments, and behaviors that had previously not been documented or well understood. Drawing on different disciplines to further knowledge in a particular field requires us to learn how various constructs are measured and evaluated and to clarify terminology (Killen & McKown, 2005; Rutland, 2004). In this chapter we discuss the way in which different aspects of intergroup attitudes have been defined from various research traditions within developmental and social psychology, as well as the intersections and discrepancies between these approaches that continue to exist. We then describe our work on children’s and adolescents’ explicit judgments and intergroup biases using indirect measures, and we point out a number of issues that require further investigation. In this chapter we focus our discussion primarily on attitudes and biases about race and ethnicity (and to a lesser extent, gender). Although we have worked on a range of group membership categories (gender, nationality, religion), we concentrate more on race and ethnicity to provide a focal point for our discussion of the relationship between explicit judgments and implicit attitudes, a connection that has received the most extensive scrutiny in the literature.
What Is School Refusal Behavior?
Authors: Kearney Christopher A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Jonathan has missed the last week of school! I can’t seem to get him out of bed in the morning. I feel so frustrated. What can I do?” “Ashlee has a lot of trouble going to school in the morning. She cries a lot and just seems so unhappy. This is so stressful for all of us. How can we help our daughter?” “I just found out that Reggie has been skipping some classes at school. I can’t believe it! Why is he doing this? What happens now?” “Will just seems to mope around, especially on Sunday nights. He’s always asking us to put him in home schooling. I’m so confused. Should I teach him at
Different Types of School Refusal Behavior
Authors: Kearney Christopher A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In chapter 1 we discussed different kinds of problems that kids may have when attending school. In chis chapter, we begin to solve these problems by first: Keeping track of, and recording, your child’s attendance, level of dis­ tress, and morning behavior problems Finding out exactly why your child is having trouble attending school so we know which chapters (3 through 6) apply most to you Tracking and Recording Your Child’s School Refusal Behavior One of the most important things I will ask you to do is keep track of your child’s attendance problems. In particular, I will ask you to keep track of your child’s actual time in school, level of distress, and morning behavior problems. For the methods in chis book to work, you must keep track of your child’s behavior every day. I ask you to do this for several reasons-knowing about your child’s attendance problems each day will help you, your spouse/partner, your child, and school officials to: Become more aware of your child’s actual time in school, level of dis­ tress, and morning behavior problems See how your child’s behavior changes during the week
Children Who Refuse School for Attention
Authors: Kearney Christopher A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sam is an 8-year-old boy who has problems attending school because he would much rather be with his mother at home. Sam often refuses to go to school in the morning, although his mom (Emily) can sometimes get him to go into the school building. Sam says he likes school but often misses his mother. Whenever he is at school, Sam tries to call Emily and has even run out of the school building twice to try to go home. Lately, Emily has been eating lunch with Sam in the school cafeteria to get him to go to school with lessfuss. This chapter will be more helpful to you if your child matches Sam’s situation or if one or more of the following is true: Your child is refusing school only to get attention from you or significant others. Your child wants you to attend school with him. Your family’s morning routine is chaotic.
Children Who Refuse School to Do Fun Things Outside School
Authors: Kearney Christopher A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Maya is a r6-year-old girl who has been skipping afternoon classes to hang out with her friends outside of school. Although Maya does go to school in the morning, she often meets up with her friends Callie and Nita in the middle of the day for lunch. Many times the teens eat lunch off the school campus and then “ditch” the rest of the day to go to a focal mall or spend time at Callie’s house. Maya is not distressed about school but complains sometimes that school is boring. She tried to hide her absences from her parents, but the principal recently informed Maya’s mother that her daughter has now missed at least seven afternoons of school.
Issues in the Diagnosis and Assessment of Mood Disorders in Minorities
Authors: Marin Humberto , Escobar Javier I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The diagnosis and assessment of mental disorders in minority groups in the United States is gaining relevance as issues such as ‘‘health disparities’’ come to the forefront. In this process, the traditional (‘‘colonial’’) view of minority is being gradually replaced by a new perspective that values cultural identities and advocates the implementation of culturally relevant interventions for groups outside mainstream American culture.
Treatment Modalities and Culture
Authors: Westermeyer Joseph J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Culture can affect treatment modalities in numerous ways. If people in a society understand a treatment modality and accept its application, they are more likely to accept and comply with the treatment. If the treatment is not familiar, or conflicts with cultural notions regarding treatment, acceptance and adherence will suffer (Moore& Boehnlein, 1991, p. 1029). Culturalfamiliarity and approvalserve as a critical first step toward family acceptance, societal access to and availability of the modality, and the support of other societal institutions for the modality. Society endorses treatment alternatives through such institutions as education, religion, health care, health law, industrial production, and courts.
The Scientific Status of Complementary and Alternative Medicines for Mood Disorders:A Review
Authors: Barry Declan T , Beitel Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years, mental health professionals, medical providers, patients, and the general public have demonstrated much interest in using complementary and alternative medicines (CAMs) to treat a variety of physical and psychiatric problems and disorders, including depression (Astin, 1998; Barnes, Powell– Griner, McFann, & Nahin, 2004; Eisenberg, Davis, Ettner, Appel, Wilkey, Van Rompay, et al., 1998; Kessler, Soukup, Davis, Foster, Wilkey, Van Rompay, et al., 2001b; McLennan, Wilson, & Taylor, 1996; Rhee, Garg, & Hershey, 2004; Unu¨ tzer, Klap, Sturm, Young, Marmon, Shatkin, et al., 2000). This chapter discusses issues related to CAM use and depression, including efficacy and safety. It reviews in detail specific CAMs that have been empirically examined for the treatment of depression (one example from each of the five classifications of CAMs designated by the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine [NCCAM]) and offers CAM practice recommendations for clinicians and providers who work with depressed patients.
Models for the Delivery of Care
Authors: Kilbourne Amy M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses effective treatment models for managing mood disorders across diverse populations and settings. In addition, the multilevel barriers in translating effective treatment models for mood disorders into real-world settings for vulnerable populations are discussed. A framework to implement treatment models for mood disorders across diverse populations is proposed based on chronic care management principles, as well as innovative strategies that target the multilevel barriers in translating treatment models across different health care settings based on community involvement.
Psychopharmacology and Culture
Authors: Sajatovic Martha , Fuller Matthew A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Modern psychopharmacology, the science of drug or medication treatment for mental disorders, was ushered in by such groundbreaking developments in the treatment of mood disorders as tricyclic and SSRI antidepressants for depression, and lithium, anticonvulsant compounds, and atypical antipsychotics for the treatment of bipolar disorder. However, although these developments in psychopharmacology have led to substantial improvements in health outcomes for many individuals suffering from mood disorders, in other cases biological or social factors may lead to differing or even suboptimal medication response in some populations. The relationship between psychopharmacology and culture is complex and still not entirely understood.
Legal and Ethical Issues in Research Relating to Mood Disorders
Authors: Loue Sana 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Significant legal and ethical issues exist in the context of research with participants who have been diagnosed with mood disorders. Many of these issues relate to the informed consent process, such as the capacity of the prospective research participant to provide or withhold his or her consent to participation, the ability of the individual to understand the information that is provided to him or her by the research team, the designation of a surrogate for consent to participate and the standard to be used by the surrogate in providing or withholding that consent, and the standard by which to assess and balance the risks and benefits that may result from participation. The resolution of these issues in a specific context may be rendered even more difficult as individuals with mood disorders age and develop additional conditions that may impact their ability to understand and process information, such as stroke, dementia, hearing loss, and vision loss, and/or encounter circumstances, such as placement in a nursing home or an assisted living situation, that reduce their actual or perceived ability to participate in research free of coercion or duress.
Conducting research with individuals suffering from mood disorders is critical if we are to improve our understanding of the epidemiology of mood disorders, our ability to assess individuals’ capabilities, and our ability to develop and implement more effective and supportive interventions.
Training the Next Generation of Health Care Professionals:Awareness and Appreciation of Cultural Issues in Mental Health
Authors: Kramer Elizabeth J , Resendez Cynthia I , Ahmed Iqbal 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Differential population growth throughout the world, and widespread migration, both voluntary and involuntary, make it essential that health care providers be keenly aware of cultural and ethnic issues relating to the patients they serve, regardless of where they practice. For example, according to the U.S. Census Bureau in 2006, ethnic minority individuals comprise about 33% of the U.S. population, and 12.5% of those people are immigrants (U.S. Census Bureau, 2006b). These individuals experience mental health problems at rates similar to those of whites and they need to be appropriately addressed in a culturally competent manner. By 2020, depression, which frequently is not recognized and not treated (Simon & Von Korff, 1995) is expected to be the second leading cause of death and disability, and is anticipated to impose the greatest burden of ill health worldwide (Murray & Lopez, 1997). Prior to the NESARC there was a paucity of data on the prevalence of mood and other mental health disorders in ethnic minority patients. The NESARC, which was large enough to include all the major ethnic groups, found an overall 12 month DSM-IV prevalence of major depressive disorder of 5.3% and a lifetime prevalence of 13.2% Those rates are summarized by race/ethnicity in Table 15.1.
A Concert of Power
Authors: Lind Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like proponents of other strategies, most American isolationists favor U.S. hegemony in North America. However, for isolationists U.S. hegemony in the North American quarter-sphere is the beginning and end of American strategy, not the basis of a policy of U.S. intervention in power politics beyond North America. An isolationist America would foreswear the use of force and diplomacy to influence geopolitical outcomes in other parts of the world.
American Strategy in the Asian Century
Authors: Lind Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Admiral and Eunuch are Unlikely Synonyms. But Cheng Ho was both. One of thousands of eunuchs trusted by the Ming Emperor Yung-Lo because he could have no ambitions for his children, Admiral Cheng Ho (1371–1435) led the Chinese Navy on seven expeditions to the “Western Oceans” between 1405 and 1433. His treasure ships, each five times the size of one of the Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama’s vessels, brought back tribute from lands along the Indian Ocean, the Red Sea, and the Persian Gulf.
The American Way of Military Strategy
Authors: Lind Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As one military analyst has observed, in all of these debates “the American style of warfare amounts to a way of battle more than a way of war.” Any attempt to define an enduring American way of war in terms of particular tactics is doomed, not only by the diversity of situations in which the U.S. military is deployed, but also by ever-changing technology, which replaced the cavalry with tanks in the twentieth century and may replace piloted aircraft with pilotless drones in the twenty-first.