bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neuroepithelial endocrine and nervous system in the respiratory tract of Cynops pyrrhogaster with special reference to the distribution of nitric oxide synthase and serotonin
Authors: Adriaensen Dirk , Scheuermann Dietrich W. , Timmermans Jean‐Pierre , Gomi Toshiaki , Mayer Bernd , De Groodt‐Lasseel Marie H. A. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe respiratory tract of urodeles harbours an intramural nerve network comprising an innervated system of neuroepithelial endocrine (NEE) cells. However, striking differences have been noted between phylogenetically closely related species. Zamboni‐ or formaldehyde‐fixed whole‐mount preparations and sections of the saclike lungs of a Japanese salamander, Cynops pyrrhogaster, have been investigated for the immunocytochemical detection of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), serotonin (5‐HT), VIP, somatostatin, calcitonin, and bombesin; for the enzyme‐cytochemical demonstration of NADPH diaphorase (NADPHd); and for formaldehyde‐induced fluorescence. In addition, the ultrastructural morphology has been examined by using glutaraldehyde/osmium tetroxide fixed lung tissues. Ovoid 5‐HT‐immunoreactive (IR) NEE cells occur singly or grouped in the ciliomucous epithelium of the trachea and lungs of Cynops, and a few somatostatin‐, calcitonin‐, and bombesin‐like IR NEE cells are also observed. These cells exhibit a characteristic neuroendocrine morphology as seen with the electron microscope. In addition, large numbers of 5‐HT‐IR interstitial cells, with round to oval cell bodies and two or three long, slender, sometimes branching processes, are located preferentially along large blood vessels in the connective tissue capsule of the lung and trachea. Immunoelectronmicroscopy shows that 5‐HT is localized over large dense granules in the cell bodies and processes of these interstitial cells. NOS‐like immunoreactivity occurs in a nerve plexus composed of thick nerve bundles and nerve cells, and in a fine varicose nerve network that originates at least partly from intrapulmonary NOS‐containing nerve cells. VIP‐like immunoreactivity appears to be colocalized with NOS in the latter network. All NOS‐positive nerve fibres in the lungs of Cynops pyrrhogaster and Ambystoma mexicanum stain for NADPHd. It is concluded that the pulmonary NEE cells observed in Cynops pyrrhogaster are similar to those described in other vertebrate species and that the 5‐HT‐IR interstitial cells resemble mast cells. In addition, nitric oxide is likely to be a bioactive substance involved in nonadrenergic, noncholinergic inhibitory neurotransmission in the pulmonary nervous system of urodeles, where it may be colocalized with VIP. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Adrenal medulla and Parkinson's disease
Authors: Stoddard Susan L. , Merkel Glenn J. , Cook Jennifer A. , Zinsmeister Alan R. , Carmichael Stephen W. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractParkinson's disease has been described as a multisystem disorder that includes alterations in the function of the autonomic nervous system. The activity of the adrenal medulla in this disease has not been thoroughly investigated. Previous reports are reviewed that demonstrate that the adrenal medullae of parkinsonian patients are compromised, having a decreased content of all catecholamines and several neuropeptides. An animal model was used to investigate whether the observations made in human patients were related to extended treatment with antiparkinsonian medications or were a natural concomitant of the disease. Administration of L‐dopa and/or carbidopa to C57BL mice for 4–16 weeks had no significant effect on the level of any of the adrenal medullary catecholamines. Treatment with MPTP 4–16 weeks prior to sacrifice did not deplete adrenal medullary catecholamines in these animals, thus not fully mimicking Parkinson's disease in this animal model. The only significant effect was an interaction between group (MPTP or control) and treatment with antiparkinsonian medications; L‐dopa, in the absence and presence of carbidopa, had opposite effects in the two groups. Based primarily on the lack of effect of antiparkinsonian medications on adrenal medullary catecholamines, it was concluded that the adrenal medullary depletion observed in human patients was a peripheral concomitant of Parkinson's disease. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Morphological observations of small granule‐containing (Chromaffin) cells in the celiac ganglion of the guinea pig, with emphasis on cell contacts
Authors: Mascorro Joe A. , Breaux Todd F. , Yates Robert D. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractUtilizing electron microscopic observation, several contacts between small, granule‐containing cells (SGC) and postganglionic neurons (PGN) in the celiac ganglion of the guinea pig have been observed. A SGC in very close association with a PGN was seen to receive a distinct synaptic contact that contained many vesicles with dense cores. This contact was morphologically unlike cholinergic synapses previously reported on chromaffin cells. Because the SGC and PGN were clearly separated by a thin rim of satellite cell cytoplasm mutual to both cells, it is not known how or if the SGC would possibly exert a synaptic or paracrine effect on the PGN. Also, intraganglion SGC existed as large well‐vascularized islands within the celiac ganglion. These intraganlion clusters sometimes contained more than 50 cells and perhaps could be considered to function as localized neuroendocrine components within the ganglion by secreting granule products into the nearby blood vessels for local or distant effects, although this certainly is not known. This work reports a unique synaptic ending upon a single‐occurring SGC, which, in turn, closely approximates a ganglion neuron in a soma‐somatic relationship. In addition, a very close association (but no actual contact) was observed between granule‐containing processes, presumably emanating from the intraganglion clusters, and PGN. Whatever the function of ganglionic SGC may be, the exact relationship between SGC and PGN presumably would be of great interest and potential importance. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Subcellular localization and quantitative analysis of Toxoplasma gondii target antigens of specific immunoglobulins G, M, A, and E
Authors: Kumolosasi E. , Bonhomme A. , Lepan H. , Marx C. , Foudrinier F. , Pinon J. M. , Beorchia A. , Pluot M. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe target antigens of specific immunoglobulins G, M, A, and E from patients with acquired acute toxoplasmosis were determined using immunocytochemistry. The relative repartition of these antigens in four cellular compartments of Toxoplasma (membrane complex, apical area, rhoptries, and dense granules) was quantitatively evaluated. Rhoptry antigens mainly react positively with IgA. Membrane, submenbrane area (membrane complex), and rhoptry antigens are immunodominant for IgA and IgM. Apical area antigens are recognized by IgM two times more than IgG and IgA. IgE recognized only rhoptry antigens.The localization of pathogenetically antigenic components and their identification by the immune system appeared to be of importance for selection of immunodominant or recombinant antigens. Such localization would improve laboratory diagnosis of serious congenital toxoplasmosis or in immunocompromised patients with toxoplasmic complications after cyst reactivation. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Localizing sites of intradendritic electrophysiological recordings by confocal light microscopy
Authors: Smith Karen L. , Turner James N. , Szarowski Donald H. , Swann John W. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractStudies were undertaken to develop microscopic methods and imaging procedures that would permit identification of sites of intradendritic microelectrode recordings from pyramidal cells in hippocampal slice preparations. Intradendritic recording were obtained with sharp microelectrodes filled with the dye lucifer yellow. Following a recording session a neuron was iontophoretically injected with the dye and imaged by fluorescence videomicroscopy. Images were stored on videotape for later analysis. They provided a record of the location of the microelectrode recording site. After withdrawal of the microelectrode, slices were processed histologically and imaged a second time with a Bio‐Rad 600 confocal attachment on an Olympus BH‐2 microscope. Confocal images provided detailed anatomical information in three dimensions. In most instances, a clear identification of the recording site was achieved by comparing video images containing the recording electrode and confocal images.Neurophysiological recordings obtained from proximal and distal apical dendrites were markedly different. Proximal dendritic recordings were similar to those obtained from pyramidal cell soma. However, distal dendrites were not electroresponsive when depolarized by intracellular current injection. The techniques described here, or variations that employ patch electrodes, could provide valuable information that should further an understanding of the properties of dendrites in the central nervous system. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Two Golgi integral membrane proteins (GIMPS) exhibit region‐ and cell type‐specific distribution in the epididymis of the adult rat
Authors: Suarez‐Quian Carlos A. , Jelesoff Nicole 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe epididymis participates in the post‐testicular maturation and storage of spermatozoa by secreting proteins into the tubule lumen in a region‐specific fashion. The underlying molecular mechanisms leading to biogenesis of these region‐specific differences, however, are not known, although components of the Golgi complex membrane container must undoubtedly be intimately involved. Two monoclonal antibodies raised against Golgi integral membrane proteins, recognizing either the cis (GIMPc) or trans Golgi (GIMPt) cisternae, were used as molecular probes of these regions to begin the characterization of the Golgi complex of in vivo and in vitro epididymal cells. Immunolocalization of GIMPs was performed on frozen sections and in cultured cells using biotin‐streptavidin‐peroxidase immunocytochmistry. In tissue sections, immunostaining of GIMPt was extremely robust in the supranuclear cytoplasm throughout the epididymis. In contrast, no GIMPc immunostaining was detected in the initial segment or in clear cells of the distal caput, corpus, and cauda. Immunodetection of GIMPc and GIMPt in epididymal cells in vitro revealed a reticular, perinuclear pattern, and NH4Cl treatment preferentially disrupted the GIMPt immunolocalization. These results characterizing the molecular components of the Golgi complex will form the basis of additional studies to gain further insight into mechanisms leading to generation of regional differences in epididymal function. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Freeze‐fracture study of cell junctions in the epididymis and vas deferens of a seasonal breeder: The mink (Mustela vison)
Authors: Pelletier R.‐Marc 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe present study used the freeze‐fracture technique and vascular infusion of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as a junction permeability tracer, visible in thin sections, to investigate potential seasonal variations in the mink epididymis and vas deferens cell junctions. The junctions were studied in kits during the neonatal period, during and after puberty, and during adulthood monthly throughout the annual reproductive cycle. Results showed the existence, at the time of birth, of a junctional complex joining ductal cells that reached the lumen of the epididymis and vas deferens. The lumenal impermeable segment of the junctional complex was characterized by the presence of an occluding zonule made up of continuous tight junctional ridges extending around the perimeter of the cell. The basal permeable segment of the junctional complex contained mainly discontinuous ridges with frequent forming gap and tight junctions next to adhering junctions. Receding annular junctions were present in the apical and lateral cytoplasm of principal and clear cells. The membrane domain apical to the occluding zonule bore 30–35 nm exo/endocytosis blebs and 40–60 crenations associated with deforming tight and gap junctions made up of randomly scattered particles. Patterns of junctional strands varied greatly from one principal and/or clear cell to another. However, cell junctions did not significantly vary from the neonatal period to adulthood nor from breeding to testicular regression. Anatomical subdivisions of the epididymis with fewer junctional strands per zonule and high diversity in their patterns exhibit no permeability differences to HRP when compared with subdivisions containing more numerous strands. The junctions were impermeable during the neonatal period and throughout the annual reproductive cycle. The following conclusions were reached: (1) a competent occluding zonule developed in the mink epididymis and vas deferens before it did in the testis; (2) the number of strands and the diversity of patterns did not correlate with permeability differences; (3) after the development of a lumen in the testicular excurrent duct, neither receding cellular changes caused by testicular regression nor seasonal passage of a bolus of sperm through the duct modified the occluding zonules; and (4) in the testicular excurrent duct, junction modulation (i.e., formation and deformation) paralleled that in the testis and followed the direction of the synthesis‐transport‐secretion process. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Epididymal epithelium: Its contribution to the formation of a luminal fluid microenvironment
Authors: Hinton Barry T. , Palladino Michael A. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractTo understand the process of sperm maturation, an understanding of interactions between the spermatozoa with the luminal fluid microenvironment and with the epididymal epithelium is necessary. The composition of epididymal luminal fluid of several species is well documented but the manner by which the epididymis contributes to the formation of this specialized milieu is not so well understood. A major role played by the epididymis is to finely regulate the movement of molecules into and out of the lumen. This ensures that as spermatozoa progress along the duct they are exposed to a continually changing, but optimal environment necessary for their maturation and survival. This review focusses on our current understanding of the contributions of the epididymal epithelium to the formation of a specialized luminal fluid microenvironment. The role of the blood‐epididymis barrier, the composition of the epididymal luminal fluid, the permeability properties of the epididymal epithelium, and recent studies on a number of luminal fluid proteins and expression of the genes which encode these proteins are discussed. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Androgen, estrogen, and progesterone receptors in normal and aging prostates
Authors: Srinivasan Ganesan , Campbell Edward , Bashirelahi Nasir 
Published: February 2005

AbstractTesticular hormones regulate the growth and development of the prostate. The presence of androgen receptors in prostatic tissue and their importance in the normal development of the prostate has been established. Age‐related changes in the hormonal milieu, and perhaps steroid hormone receptor profile, could set in motion pathological changes leading to the onset of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) or prostate cancer which primarily affect older men. The accumulation of dihydrotestosterone with age, the reawakening of the inductive potential of the prostatic stroma, the altered rate of apoptosis with age, and the age‐related changes in the ratio of testosterone: estrogen have all been implicated in the etiology of BPH. In addition to androgen receptors, several studies have documented the presence of estrogen and progesterone receptors in BPH and prostate cancer. So far, most studies have focussed on the correlation between the presence/absence of steroid hormone receptors and response to hormonal therapy. The molecular mechanisms by which these steroid hormone receptors regulate the onset or progression of BPH and prostate cancer are not yet clear. The chronological changes in the levels and distribution of steroid hormone receptors in normal prostatic tissue and the effect of such changes on the synthesis of growth factors, growth factor receptors, and oncogenes should be investigated. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of SEM processing methods for cultured human lens epithelial cells grown on flat and microcarrier bead substrates
Authors: Cantu‐Crouch David , Howe William E. , McCartney Mitchell D. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe increasing importance of in vitro models has presented new challenges in SEM processing techniques. The present study has evaluated the quality of preservation of cultured human lens epithelial cells processed by critical point, Peldri II, and tert‐butyl alcohol drying. Specimens processed by critical point drying produced specimens with severe cracking of cell processes and microcracks across cell membrane surfaces. Peldri II and tert‐butyl alcohol drying eliminated breakage of the filopodia and lamellipodia as well as eliminating the microcracks across the apical membrane surface. The morphology of lens epithelial cells grown on Cytodex 3 beads appeared rounded with convoluted membrane surfaces. These morphological features were present for cells processed by all three methods. Cytodex 3 beads were subsequently shown to shrink 52% in diameter during dehydration, which results in an 89% reduction in volume for the bead. Cells grown on Biosilon beads, which do not shrink, had a morphology similar to the cells grown on a flat substrate. These results indicate that Peldri II and tert‐butyl alcohol drying offer an attractive alternative to critical point drying when preparing cultured cells for SEM. Interpretation of cultured cell morphology must consider shrinkage of the substrate material as a possible contributor to artifact. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Developmental studies of dystrophin and other cytoskeletal proteins in cultured muscle cells
Authors: Kobayashi Takayoshi , Ohno Shinichi , Park‐Matsumoto Yong Choo , Kameda Noriyoshi , Baba Takeshi 
Published: February 2005

AbstractWe studied the developmental changes of localization of dystrophin and other cytoskeletal proteins, especially actin, spectrin and dystrophin related protein (DRP) using immunocytochemistry and quick‐freezing and deep‐etching (QF‐DE) method.In development studies of mouse and human muscle cultures, some myoblasts had positive reactions to spectrin, DRP, and F‐actin, but not dystrophin. In aneurally cultured myotubes, dystrophin, DRP, and spectrin were localized diffusely in the cytoplasm and later in discontinous patterns on the plasma membrane, when myotubes became mature. Spectrin and DRP had more positive reactions in immature myotubes, compared with those of dystrophin.In some areas of myotubes, dystrophin/spectrin and spectrin/actin were localized reciprocally. In innervated cultured human muscle cells, dystrophin and DRP were localized in neuro‐muscular junctions, which were co‐localized with clusters of acetylcholine receptors.By using the QF‐DE method, dystrophin was localized just underneath the plasma membrane, and closely linked to actin‐like filaments (8–10 nm in diameter), most of which were decorated with myosin subfragment 1. In actin‐poor regions, spectrin was detected as well‐organized filamentous structures in highly interconnected networks with various diameters. DRP was distributed irregularly with granular appearance inside the cytoplasm and also under the plasma membrane in immature mouse myotubes.Our present studies show that dystrophin, spectrin, and DRP are localized differently at the developmental stages of myotubes. These results suggest that dystrophin, spectrin, and DRP are organized independently in developing myotubes and these cytoskeletal proteins might play different functions in the preservation of plasma membrane stability in developing myotubes. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Myoblast transfer and gene therapy in muscular dystrophies
Authors: Pagel Charles Neil , Morgan Jennifer Elizabeth 
Published: February 2005

AbstractMyoblast transfer therapy and gene therapy have both been proposed as potential treatments for inherited myopathies, such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). The success of myoblast implantation in mouse models, where problems such as immune rejection are easily overcome, have led to similar experiments being attempted on Duchenne patients with limited, if any, success. Gene therapy, either by viral vectors or direct injection of the plasmid, has also had some success in animal models. Although both techniques, either separately or in combination, show some promise for the treatment of DMD, there are still many issues to be investigated in animal models, including the following: What is the best source of muscle precursor cells (mpc), and how may sufficient cells be obtained? What is the best vehicle for gene therapy? How far from the injection site can an implanted cell or gene have an effect? How can immune rejection of the injected cells or introduced protein be overcome? Does the introduced dystrophin lead to improved muscle function? Can cardiac muscle can be successfully treated by gene therapy? Can skeletal muscle which has undergone a great deal of damage be improved by either cell or gene therapy? © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nucleic acid compartmentalization within the cell nucleus by in situ transferase‐immunogold techniques
Authors: Thiry M. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIn the present review, we report on recent results obtained by in situ transferaseimmunogold techniques as to the ultrastructural distribution of DNA and RNA within the cell nucleus. Special emphasis is placed on the various nucleolar components and the various enigmatic structures of the extranucleolar region: interchromatin granules, coiled bodies, and simple nuclear bodies. These data are discussed in the light of our current understanding of the functional organization of the cell nucleus. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Subcellular distribution of peptides associated with gastric mucosal healing and neoplasia
Authors: Sarraf Catherine E. , Alison Malcolm R. , Ansari Tareq W. , Wright Nicholas A. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe trefoil peptides pS2 and human spasmolytic peptide are putative growth factors, particularly associated with mucus‐producing cells of the gastrointestinal tract including those of the stomach. The receptor for transforming growth factor alpha (TGF α) takes its name from one of its alternative ligands, epidermal growth factor and is called the epidermal growth factor receptor. Although there is immunoreactive epidermal growth factor in the stomach, it is TGF α and the epidermal growth factor receptor that are abundant. Immunolabelling at electron microscope level allows for subcellular localisation of antigens; pS2 and human spasmolytic peptide co‐localise to cytomembranes, including the Golgi apparatus, and thecae of surface/pit mucous cells. TGF α is abundant on the membranes of tubulovesicles of parietal cells and is also present in chief cells: in mucous producing cells it can be detected but not in association with mucous. The distribution of the epidermal growth factor receptor mimics that of TGF α but with preferential clustering on the basolateral membranes of gastric cells. The trefoil peptides are associated with healing and probably act, together with mucus, to protect the gastric mucosa and maintain a viable environment. TGF α, transduced via the epidermal growth factor receptor, inhibits gastric acid secretion, thus aids the trefoils in the maintenance of a gastric microenvironment conducive to healing after damage. TGF α, however, is also a potent mitogen; while this property plays a vital part in repairing mucosal defects, if this peptide or indeed its receptor are overexpressed, the result can be neoplasia. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.