bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Crisis assessment measures and tools
Authors: Roberts Albert R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Throughout society, individuals, couples, and families are confronted with acute and situational crises. Millions of individuals and families encounter stressful life events and traumatic events. A growing number of these people are unable to cope with the traumatic event or accumulation of stressors and perceive themselves as being in a crisis state. The most important first step in crisis intervention is a lethality and biopsychosocial assessment. Crisis intervention with persons in acute crisis must begin with a rapid and accurate assessment of lethality (i.e., level of suicide or homicide risk). This assessment should focus on affective reactions (i.e., anger, fear, sadness); cognitive perceptions (i.e., emotions and feelings, relationship losses); and behavioral actions (e.g., avoidance, immobility, drug abuse). Crisis assessment can provide necessary information to behavioral clinicians on the client’s immediate needs. Accurate assessment requires the ability to gather information for rapid assessment in a manner that assures the individual that he or she has made the right decision and is in exactly the right place. Skilled clinicians working to complete an initial assessment are also establishing and building rapport while trying to bolster hope and confidence in the individual caller.
Development Of The Fatherhood Scale
Authors: Dick Gary L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fatherhood is evolving, and how a man is expected to act as a father has changed dramatically over time (Cabrera, Tamis-Lemonda, Bradley, Hofferth,, Lamb, 2000; Frank, 1998; Griswold, 1993; Lamb, 2000). Historically, in the broadest and most generalized conceptualization of fatherhood, the role of the father has evolved from the moral and stern patriarch of colonial days to the playful, nurturing, and involved father of today (Pleck, Pleck, 1997). However, these broad conceptualizations of fatherhood fail to take into consideration the various types of father involvement, which are influenced by ethnicity, race, geographic region, economics, and culture. Fathers play out different roles in different social contexts, and what constitutes the good father varies greatly between cultures (Lamb, 1997). In addition to refining ideal conceptualizations of the father role, it is also important to examine negative paternal involvement. Not all fathers today are good providers; some are cold, distant, abusive, and emotionally detached from their children. The paternal bond a father has with his child and the child’s perception of the father’s emotional availability, especially with adults, has long been overlooked as an aspect of fatherhood. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the patterns of fatherhood, which has led to an increase in the development of programs and services for fathers (Fagan, 2002).
The Seven Secrets Of A Successful Veteran Evaluator
Authors: Mcneece C Aaron 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How do we know whether or not a program works, under certain conditions? Planning and implementing systematic program evaluations is the answer. According to one leading text (Royse, Thyer, Padgett,, Logan, 2001), program evaluation is “applied research used as a part of the managerial process” (p. 11). It is a formalized step-by-step strategy to assess an agency’s effort, measure a program’s effectiveness in reaching its goals, or compare the relative efficiency of two or more programs in the use of resources (Tripodi, 1983). Practitioners and administrators use program evaluations to assess client progress, to make decisions about agency operations and program changes, and to measure costs and outcomes of a program. That is the technical side of program evaluation.
Needs Assessments: A Step-By-Step Approach
Authors: Leigh Douglas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Public and private sector organizations alike are increasingly aware of the usefulness of collecting data regarding their effectiveness, not only after program implementation through evaluation but also as part of organizational planning initiatives. Needs assessment provides a means for providing clear direction in selecting the right solutions to the challenges and opportunities at hand, while building shared commitment to an organization’s future direction. It is a formal process that identifies needs as gaps in results between what is and what should be, prioritizes those needs on the basis of the costs and benefits of closing versus ignoring those gaps in results, and selects the needs to be reduced and eliminated (Kaufman, Oakley-Browne, Watkins,, Leigh, 2003). Needs assessment is not a technique that identifies only the current situation of an organization without also identifying what should be (Kaufman, Watkins, 1999). Doing so tends to justify preferred solutions and initiatives simply because they are popular or have been the methods of choice in the past. In addition, needs assessment is not a wishes, wants, demand, or market analysis (Watkins, Leigh, 2001).
Program Evaluation: This Is Rocket Science
Authors: Yeager Kenneth R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How could the space shuttle Challenger catastrophe and the deaths of all crew members have been prevented? How safe is health care? Can medical errors be prevented? Can process measurement and effective quality programming prevent unnecessary fatalities? This chapter examines processes associated with estimation of safety in arenas where minimal tolerance exists for error. Process measurement and evaluation is recommended as a tool to contribute to reduction of critical errors. The space shuttle program was begun in the early 1970s with the concept of creating reusable craft for transporting people and cargo into space. When the first shuttle, Columbia, was launched in 1981, it represented the realization of a new era of reusable spacecraft. One year following the introduction of Columbia, the space shuttle Challenger rolled off the assembly line as the second of the new U.S. fleet of reusable spacecraft. Two others were to follow: Discovery in 1983 and Atlantis in 1985.
Qualitative Evaluation Application Of Reflective Practice In Direct Care Settings
Authors: Shaw Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I am no longer sure that it is worth expending too much effort on trying to agree on what we mean by qualitative evaluation. The diversity and lack of realistic shared expectations about evaluation frustrated the late Lee Cronbach and his colleagues quite some time ago. They were only slightly exaggerating when they remarked that If any single intellectual sin is responsible for the present chaos, it is the readiness to make general assertions that supposedly apply to all evaluations. (Cronbach et al., 1980, p. 51) I suspect they were right when they argued that “a theory of evaluation must be as much a theory of political interaction as it is a theory of how knowledge is constructed.” Within this climate, evaluation’s “role is not to produce authoritative truths but to clarify, to document, to raise new questions, to create new perceptions” (pp. 52-53). In carrying this out, the boundaries between research and evaluation are none too clear. Cronbach had himself previously espoused a distinction between conclusion-oriented and decision-oriented research, with evaluation falling in the latter category, but came to reject that as overly simple in that evaluation rarely enables a direct decision.
Developing Treatment Programs For Drug Courts And Evaluating Effectiveness
Authors: McCarthy Sherri , Waters Thomas Franklin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Court-mandated treatment delivered through drug court models is a natural venue for practice-based research. The data already routinely collected by criminal justice agencies and the behavioral control exerted by court sanctions simplify the research process while creating special challenges for therapists. According to DeAngelis (2001), psychologists have vastly underestimated the impact we can have in the area of substance abuse treatment. As rehabilitative measures such as drug courts are implemented by court systems internationally, this statement appears well-founded. There is a need for trained substance abuse counselors who can work within court systems. This is an important area for forensic psychologists to familiarize themselves with, especially in rural areas. Drug courts are effective models for delivering treatment for substance abuse and are also appropriate venues for practice-based research. Psychologists should be involved not only in delivering treatment but also in planning and evaluation of drug court models. Each drug court will have unique needs based on location, agency, and clients that must be considered in planning. For evaluation of success, a phenomenological approach to research that combines quantitative and qualitative data is optimum. This chapter provides a historical overview of drug courts in the United States and offers suggestions and guidelines to psychologists involved in planning, delivering, and evaluating treatment in drug courts. Two examples of planning, one of a juvenile drug court and one of a DUI court, are provided for consideration.
Framework For Institutionalizing Quality Assurance
Authors: Silimperi Diana R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The quest for quality of health care services has become a focal point for many health care systems, fueled in part by growing costs of medical care, concerns about medical safety, issues of choice and access to services for different population groups, and patient satisfaction. No longer is there a need to convince policymakers and health professionals about the importance of quality health care. In fact, in some developing countries, health sector reforms are mandating measures to improve the quality of health care through performance contracts that include patient satisfaction and quality measurements, or regulatory mechanisms such as accreditation (Pan American Health Organization and Quality Assurance Project (draft 2003). Our experience in a wide range of health care organizations and countries has often shown that the critical question is not so much a technical one-how to do quality improvement activities-but rather how to establish and maintain quality assurance (QA) as an integral, sustainable part of a health care practice or system.
The Biology of Human Survival
Authors: Piantadosi Claude A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The range of environments in which people can survive is extensive, yet most of the natural world cannot support human life. The Biology of Human Survival identifies the key determinants of life or death in extreme environments from a physiologist’s perspective, integrating modern concepts of stress, tolerance, and adaptation into explanations of life under Nature’s most austere conditions. The book examines how individuals survive when faced with extremes of immersion, heat, cold or altitude, emphasising the body’s recognition of stress and the brain’s role in optimising physiological function in order to provide time to escape or to adapt. In illustrating how human biology adapts to extremes, the book also explains how we learn to cope by blending behaviour and biology, first by trial and error, then by rigorous scientific observation, and finally by technological innovation. The book describes life-support technology and how it enables humans to enter once unendurable realms from the depths of the ocean to the upper reaches of the atmosphere and beyond. Finally, it explores the role that advanced technology might play in special environments of the future, such as long journeys into space.
Life and Death on the Crystal Desert
Authors: Piantadosi Claude A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Earth’s most forbidding terrestrial climate, the southernmost continent of Antarctica, is so cold that its winter temperatures do not differ substantially from those on the surface of Mars. On the Antarctic plateau, the elevation averages 2300 meters (7500 feet), and gravitational katabatic winds whip strongly across the ice. The barometric pressure is lower than expected from the altitude on the plateau; effective altitude is 300 meters higher than true altitude and averages almost 2700 meters (9000 feet). Some regions receive less than two inches of snowfall per year, yet the ice sheet averages more than a mile (2 km) deep and pushes the land below sea level. Antarctica is the highest, coldest, driest, and windiest continent. It is also the world’s fifth-largest continent, larger than Europe and Australia and one-and-a-half times the area of the United States (see Fig. 8.1). Most of the continent is technically a desert, even though it contains 70% of the fresh water and 90% of the ice on Earth.
Air as Good as We Deserve
Authors: Piantadosi Claude A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The evolution of advanced forms of animal life on Earth would not have been possible without molecular oxygen (O2), but too much of it is toxic to virtually all cells and organisms. Oxygen is the third-most abundant element in the universe after hydrogen and helium. It is formed at the heart of stars by the fusion of helium with carbon. More than 90% of the known universe is made up of hydrogen, whereas the other four major molecular building blocks of life, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus, collectively account for less than a quarter of 1% of its composition. The abundance of hydrogen implies that the cooler spots in the universe are, in chemical terms, reducing environments. This means chemical energy is exchanged primarily by reactions that transfer electrons from hydrogen to suitable acceptors, such as carbon and nitrogen. These reductive processes are responsible for the production of many common, simple compounds in the universe, such as methane (CH4) and ammonia (NH3). This condition was certainly the case on Earth for billions of years, until photosynthesis appeared, which led to the generation of most of the O2 present in the atmosphere today (Gilbert, 1996).
Into the Wild Blue Yonder
Authors: Piantadosi Claude A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Earth’s gaseous atmosphere is an essential part of the biosphere of the planet. It provides the O2 required by most forms of life, a stable thermal environment, and protection from the harmful effects of cosmic radiation. Only the very closest atmospheric region to the surface of the Earth, which extends from sea level to an altitude of about 16 kilometers (10 miles), can support aerobic life. This is a mere 3% of the complete atmosphere of the planet. The thinness of the air above this life-sustaining envelope, however, has not prevented humans from testing their limits against it.
By convention the atmosphere is divided into a series of layers, or concentric shells, characterized primarily by their thermal properties. This structural arrangement, known as the International Standard Atmosphere, divides the atmosphere into five regions: the troposphere, the stratosphere, the mesosphere, the ionosphere (thermosphere), and the exosphere (Fig. 16.1). These regions are separated by theoretical boundaries known as pauses.
G Whiz
Authors: Piantadosi Claude A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The human body, like that of all terrestrial animals, evolved under the influence of Earth’s gravity. In an evolutionary sense, physiological adaptation to gravity in vertebrate animals has been best exploited by birds. For humans and other ground-dwelling vertebrates, relatively modest deviations above or below normal gravitational field strength disturb physiological homeostasis. Life scientists do not yet agree on the principles that govern physiological effects in greater or lesser gravitational fields than that on Earth. What they do agree on is the importance of the hypothesis that a continuous relationship exists between the effects of extremes of gravity on the body.
The concept that hypergravity and microgravity are two extremes of a spectrum is known as the continuity principle. The issue of whether this principle reflects the true nature of the adaptive responses to high and low gravitational force is being thoroughly scrutinized because it may be critical to the success of long-duration space flights. The operating assumption is that the adverse effects of microgravity can be counteracted by acceleration, or hypergravity.
Varieties of Synesthetic Experience
Authors: Tyler Christopher W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Synesthesia is often associated with a limited subset of sensory associations, particularly colors with music, colors with numbers, and sounds with shapes. But as a concept it embraces any cross-sensory association and even cross-modality association within senses, such as color with shape, for example. Indeed, the commonly reported association between color and number is itself an association between a sensory attribute and the conceptual attribute of number, which is not associated.
Binding of Graphemes and Synesthetic Colors in Color-Graphemic Synesthesia
Authors: Smilek Daniel , Dixon Mike J , Merikle Philip M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most people experience their visual environment as consisting of meaningful whole objects. How does the visual system combine, or in other words bind, various visual and semantic properties together to create the experience of perceiving meaningful whole objects? We address this question by describing the unusual conscious experiences that accompany color-graphemic synesthesia. Individuals with color-graphemic synesthesia report experiencing vivid colors whenever they view achromatic graphemes. For some of these individuals, the synesthetic colors are experienced as color overlays that appear to be atop, or in other words, bound to, the visually presented graphemes. We were interested in studying colorgraphemic synesthesia in the hope that the unusual binding that occurs in synesthesia might inform us about the processes involved in the general experience of perceiving objects as meaningful wholes.
The Emergence of the Human Mind: Some Clues from Synesthesia
Authors: Ramachandran V S , Hubbard Edward M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For a phenomenon to gain wide acceptance, three different criteria must be First, the phenomenon must be real, in the sense of being reliably repeatable. Second, there should be at least some potential candidate explanations, and third, the phenomenon must have broad implications beyond the narrow of one specialty. Without all three in place, a phenomenon will be regarded as an anomaly (see Kuhn, 1962) and will not succeed in attracting the attention of the community. For example, telepathy criterion three; it has vast implications if true. The problem is that it doesn’t satisfy criterion one and certainly not two.
Conclusion: Swinging Pendulums
Authors: Farley John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The International Health Division did not simply disappear in 1951. It left a legacy of ideas and methods that were carried over into the WHO, particularly into its Global Malaria Eradication Program. Both the closure of the Health Division and the beginning of the malaria eradication program coincided with a mood of optimism toward the world’s health problems. Publication of Paul Russell’s Mastery of Malaria in 1955, with the message that the world was about to be relieved of this disease, only reinforced that feeling. At the same time, the First World had come to believe in an “ideology of development,”-foreign aid could narrow the gap between what were optimistically labeled “developing” and “developed” countries. Attacks on disease plus development aid were assumed to be the means by which poorer countries could progress, become modernized and thus westernized. But by the end of the “United Nations Development Decade” of the 1960s, victory in both the disease and economic spheres seemed as far away as ever and optimism waned.
The Embouchure
Authors: Campos Frank Gabriel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are three components to the physical mechanism that produces a tone on a brass instrument: the embouchure, the oral cavity, and the airstream. Efficient performance lies in the balance and coordination of these three factors. When one or more of these elements is not doing its job correctly or sufficiently, the others will be called upon to pick up the load, resulting in poor form and bad performance habits. This imbalance is the primary reason for tone production problems.
“A Narrow Squeak”
Authors: Ferling John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Adams was just as careful not to reveal an interest in the presidency, and for a time he struck a posture of indecision even while writing to Abigail. His family had claims on him, but so did the nation, he anguished. He found the prospect of becoming “the Butt of Party Malevolence” to be “bitter nauseous and unwholesome.” Yet he must consider his character. His reputation would be destroyed if it was thought he had turned his back on the presidency at this critical juncture.
“We Beat You by Superior Management”
Authors: Ferling John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many of the actions taken by President Adams in the first months of 1800 bear the stamp of a man seeking to rehabilitate himself on the eve of an uphill election battle. Attuned to the apparent changes in popular sentiment, Adams asked Congress to reduce expenditures while he suspended further enlistments in the Provisional Army and stopped signing commissions for prospective officers. In the spring, in the wake of his actions, moderates of all shades combined to pass congressional legislation that discharged those in the service. The Provisional Army was history. Meanwhile, Adams took steps to shore up his base in the South. He tried, but failed, to dilute the authority of the Treasury Department, and made clear his displeasure with the Bank of the United States, at least as it had been constituted in 1791.
“The Intention of Our Fellow Citizens”
Authors: Ferling John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On Election Day—December 3—the presidential electors, according to the Constitution, were to “meet in their respective States, and vote by Ballot for two Persons, of whom one at least shall not be an Inhabitant of the same State with themselves.” While the electors traveled to their respective capitals at the beginning of December, politicians everywhere devoured rumors and crunched numbers. No one was better at this than Jefferson. Each day a combination of news and scuttlebutt reached the common table at Conrad and McMunn’s, where Jefferson lived in Washington, and he gleaned further information in the Senate cloakroom on Capitol Hill. Jefferson was savvy enough to separate the legitimate reports from the bogus, and by early December he knew that he had been disappointed in Rhode Island, which would give him nothing in the electoral college. However, by then he also knew that Pennsylvania would participate. A last-minute compromise had been reached between the state’s House and Senate that gave the Republicans eight electors and the Federalists seven. It was less than he had hoped for and less than he had won there in 1796, but more than he would have gotten had the deadlock persisted. As Election Day dawned, Jefferson was back where he had been a couple of months earlier: the outcome was too close to call, and South Carolina remained the key.