bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Classic Asian Philosophy
Authors: Kupperman Joel J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years, Asian philosophies have captured increasing attention in the West, setting off a profusion of new translations of classic Asian philosophical texts like the Analects and the Tao te Ching. Yet these texts are often inaccessible to Western readers because of subtleties of the concepts and other difficulties inherent in reading across cultures. Classic Asian Philosophy is designed to give someone new to Asian philosophy a clear sense of its most foundational and widely available texts, ranging from the Upanishads and the Bhagavad Gita through Confucius to Zen. It presents philosophies that are at the roots of the cultures of India, China, Korea, and Japan, as well as other countries of south and east Asia. Each chapter brings a classic text to life, conveying the vitality and appeal of the work, while at the same time explaining its philosophical roots and the reasons for the positions it takes. The only book of its kind, Classic Asian Philosophy is an highly accessible guide to philosophy and culture, as well as a guide to further reading.
The Upanishads
Authors: Kupperman Joel J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most of us at some point in our lives stop to ask who we are. Perhaps we have been playing a part or simply doing what other people expect of us. It does not feel right, and it occurs to us that things would be different if we were our real self. Our real self, we think: what is that? The Upanishads, written in India mainly in the eighth to sixth centuries BCE, keep asking such questions. The answers are radical. If we accepted them, they would change our lives, probably to the point at which our friends wouldn’t recognize us. Besides having this life-changing potential, the Upanishads also are highly serious philosophy. They develop a sophisticated and (on the whole) highly consistent world picture, a metaphysics that in some respects parallels that developed much later by Baruch Spinoza in the West. As in Spinoza’s case, the metaphysics generates an ethics. What the world really is like tells you what the best way is to live. These early texts also built on preexisting trends within Indian culture. Then their influence had a major role for more than two thousand years in shaping that culture. Thus they are metaphysics, ethics, and basic cultural documents.
Confucius
Authors: Kupperman Joel J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For most Western readers the name Confucius conjures up a genre of jokes and anecdotes containing the words “Confucius says.” The real Confucius is unknown, but the Confucius of pop culture is a pseudo-wise man (and part of the joke is that pop culture does not want to believe that anyone is really wise).This pseudo-wise man issues pithy sayings that sound like messages contained in demented fortune cookies. The grain of truth in this image is that what survives of Confucius’s thought consists entirely of pithy sayings, each of which could be squeezed into a fortune cookie. These fortune cookies, though, would produce puzzled looks rather than laughter. In most cases the saying, taken by itself, is pretty unintelligible, at least at first. You need to read a large number before many make much sense.
Mencius
Authors: Kupperman Joel J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mencius was a Confucian philosopher of the fourth century BCE, living nearly two centuries after Confucius and a near contemporary of Aristotle in Greece. He is one of those philosophers who is best known for a single, tenaciously argued claim. His philosophy, looked at closely, contains fascinating detail-straddling the border between philosophy and psychology-on what is involved in becoming a really good person. The central claim is sometimes rendered as “Human nature is good.” Some modern thinkers have maintained this position in an extreme form: society corrupts people and promotes selfish behavior, but in a simpler, natural state these people would be peaceful and cooperative. Ideas of this sort have been associated with romanticism and the legend of the “noble savage,” and also with anarchism (the political philosophy that rejects the authority of governments). The extreme opposite of this optimism is the view that there is something potentially nasty in human nature, which urgently needs to be kept under control. This pessimism about human nature is dramatized in a well known novel, William Golding’s Lord of the Flies, which chronicles the behavior of a group of schoolboys shipwrecked on a deserted island and thus removed from normal restraints.
Introduction
Authors: Fay Laurel E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The years since his death in 1975 have witnessed a surge of interest in the music and the person of Dmitriy Shostakovich. A broad legacy of inspired, arresting, often anguished musical scores—symphonic, dramatic, and chamber—has attracted legions of new listeners and piqued curiosity about the man who created it. To an extent unique among his artistic peers, Shostakovich managed to survive successive Stalinist cultural purges to rise again to unparalleled heights of national and international acclaim matched by genuine professional esteem and popularity. To many of his contemporaries his music extended a vital cultural lifeline, a latent “chronicle” in sounds of the harsh emotional realities of their times. To successive Soviet regimes, it supplied proof of the superior virtues of the socialist world-view, chronicling in sounds “the great struggle of the Soviet people to build communism.” Shostakovich spent most of his life in the public eye. He was larger than life, a cultural icon, a legend. His career offered a paradigm for the evils or—depending upon one’s perception—the benefits of totalitarian control over the arts.
Reprieve (1938-1941)
Authors: Fay Laurel E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For a whole year after submitting my Fifth Symphony I did almost nothing.” The success of his Fifth Symphony earned Shostakovich a creative reprieve, a respite from enormous pressure and stress. It restored his name to favor and removed him, for the time being, from the roster of ideologically suspect artists. The 1936 Pravda editorials, however, and the campaign they inflamed, left indelible scars on the composer. Although it is impossible to guess what creative directions he might have pursued and how his music might have developed without external interference, some of the unfortunate consequences are indisputable. A plan in the works for Shostakovich to collaborate with Sollertinsky on a ballet treatment of Don Quixote was scuttled. Shostakovich never again undertook an original score for the ballet. Even more unfortunately, at the age of twenty-nine, Shostakovich’s career as an operatic composer came to an abrupt and untimely halt. He abandoned his ambition to create a Soviet “Ring” cycle. Though there was rarely a time during the rest of his life when there was not at least one operatic project simmering on a back burner, in what was an incalculable loss for the musical stage, he never completed another opera.
Renewal (1961-1966)
Authors: Fay Laurel E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Three months after the premiere of the Twelfth Symphony, the long postponed premiere of Shostakovich’s Fourth Symphony finally took place in Moscow on 30 December 1961. Kirill Kondrashin had been appointed chief conductor of the Moscow Philharmonic Orchestra the previous year. The idea of resurrecting Shostakovich’s mysterious “missing” symphony originated with the Philharmonic’s artistic administrator; after Kondrashin studied the reduction for piano four-hands and agreed to conduct it, they broached the idea to Shostakovich and solicited his permission.
Jubilees (1966-1969)
Authors: Fay Laurel E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The new year 1966 got off to a productive start. While reports of his ostensible progress on the opera The Quiet Don continued to appear in the press, Shostakovich quietly finished a new quartet—his Eleventh—in F Minor, op. 122, on 30 January. It was dedicated to the memory of Vasiliy Shirinsky, founding second violinist of the Beethoven Quartet, who had died the previous summer. On 16 February, Shostakovich wrote Glikman that he had begun work on his Fourteenth Symphony; it gave him an excuse to skip the upcoming Composers’ Union Plenum in Moscow to go to the retreat at Repino to work on it. A month later, on 20 March, he told Glikman that he was currently writing his Second Cello Concerto and was in the process of finishing up its first movement. That this was one and the same work was clarified in a letter the composer wrote shortly before the concerto’s premiere: “It seems to me that the Second Concerto could have been called the Fourteenth Symphony with a solo cello part.” By 9 April, Shostakovich had written three movements but claimed that the third was “very bad” and he had decided therefore to rewrite it from scratch. Ten days later, he went to the Crimea for treatment at a sanatorium near Yalta, and it was there that he completed his new cello concerto on 27 April.
Environmental Threats to Child Health: Overview
Authors: Wigle Donald T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Control of childhood infections through sanitation, immunization, improved nutrition and housing, and antibiotics during the twentieth century greatly increased life expectancy at birth and dramatically changed patterns of childhood illnesses in developed countries. But there is growing evidence that global changes in atmosphere, terrestrial ecosystems, and climate, driven by population increase and consumption, pose threats to current and future human health. Children are especially vulnerable because they have no control over their prenatal and postnatal environments, including the quality of the air they breathe, the water they drink, the food they eat, and their place of residence. Exposure to environmental toxicants during prenatal and early childhood periods can disrupt developmental processes, causing structural and functional abnormalities that range from subtle to obvious, immediate to delayed, and transient to permanent. The leading health conditions that result in illness, disability, and death among children now include asthma, unintentional injuries, cancer, low birth weight, neurodevelopmental deficits, and birth defects. Apart from injuries, the proportions of these conditions attributable to environmental hazards are uncertain or unknown.
Environmental Epidemiology
Authors: Wigle Donald T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health conditions in human populations as a basis for preventive and other interventions. Unique to environmental epidemiology is its focus on environmental factors to which humans are unwittingly exposed. The scope of environmental epidemiology addressed in this book includes studies of adverse health outcomes in human populations and their relationship to prenatal and childhood exposures to environmental hazards. The purpose of this chapter is to describe the types of environmental epidemiologic studies, their strengths and weaknesses, their role in describing population distributions of exposures and health outcomes, and their use to generate and test hypotheses about environmental threats to child health. The discussion includes important issues underlying the limited ability of epidemiologic studies to identify hazards when population exposures are low and health outcomes are subtle or delayed.
Metals—Mercury, Arsenic, Cadmium, and Manganese
Authors: Wigle Donald T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The previous chapter documents the child health threats posed by lead, the most intensely studied heavy metal. This chapter describes the known and potential health hazards of other metals and metalloids including mercury, arsenic, cadmium, and manganese. Except for mercury, it is the inorganic and organic derivatives of these elements that are potential child health hazards. In common with PCBs and certain other stable organochlorine compounds, cadmium and methylmercury tend to persist in environmental media and to bioaccumulate in certain foods eaten by humans. While lead, mercury, arsenic, and cadmium have no known essential role in human biology, inorganic manganese is an essential trace element required for the normal function of several important enzymes. Inhaled inorganic manganese, however, can cause neurotoxicity among occupationally exposed adults. Although high-level exposures to mercury (especially methylmercury) cause severe neurotoxicity among children and adults, there has been little epidemiologic research on the potential roles of dental amalgam (a widespread source of elemental mercury exposure), arsenic, cadmium, and manganese in adverse child health outcomes. This chapter summarizes current knowledge about these elements and points to the need for increased epidemiologic research and biomonitoring.
Pesticides
Authors: Wigle Donald T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Conventional pesticides comprise a diverse group of substances intended to destroy, repel, or control organisms identified as pests. Some are broad spectrum biocides and others are relatively selective, targeting specific organisms such as insects, fungi, or plants. By 1999, the EPA had registered almost 900 active ingredients in pesticides, including 350 approved for use on food crops. The discovery during the 1960s of toxic effects in wildlife linked to bioaccumulation of organochlorines in food chains contributed to public concern and decisions of the U.S. government to form the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 1970 and to ban the use of DDT on food crops in 1972. Pesticides in the Diets of Infants and Children was a landmark report documenting the vulnerability of children to pesticides and the potential for disrupting growth and development processes (National Academy of Sciences, 1993). This report noted that tests conducted by manufacturers usually involved sexually mature animals and did not assess neurobehavioral, immunologic, and endocrine effects of prenatal and early-life pesticide exposures.
Radiation
Authors: Wigle Donald T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The electromagnetic spectrum ranges from ionizing radiation through ultraviolet light, visible light, infrared light, microwaves, and radio waves (Figure 9–1). Ionizing radiation comprises very short wavelength/high frequency electromagnetic waves and particles with sufficient energy to remove electrons from atoms or molecules, thereby creating ions. At the other extreme, transmission and use of electricity that cycles 50 or 60 times per second (i.e., 50 or 60 Hz) produces distinct electric and magnetic waves in the extremely long wavelength/low frequency range of the electromagnetic spectrum.
The known and potential health effects of electromagnetic radiation vary markedly by wavelength/frequency. Prenatal and early childhood high-level ionizing radiation exposure can cause severe neurotoxicity and delayed effects including cancer; such effects arise from the ability of ionizing radiation to damage DNA. Intense childhood sun exposure, especially among genetically susceptible subgroups (e.g., fair-skinned Caucasians), is a major cause of malignant melanoma of skin; although UV light is less energetic than ionizing radiation, it causes photochemical and oxidative DNA damage. There is some evidence (albeit inconsistent) of an association between childhood exposure to relatively high-level powerfrequency magnetic fields and childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
Conclusion
Authors: Wigle Donald T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This section describes the burden of child health conditions and summarizes their known and suspected environmental risk factors as discussed in previous chapters. The purpose is to provide an overview of progress to date in identifying environmental threats to the fetus and child and to highlight areas where research and monitoring on environmental exposures and child health outcomes are needed. The summary tables (Tables 13–1 to 13–5) have important limitations:
Behavioral (tobacco, alcohol), pharmaceutical, and microbial factors are important risk factors for some adverse developmental outcomes but the causes of these conditions remain poorly defined. Based on sheer numbers, fetal deaths, low birth weight, and birth defects are major child health burdens (Table 13–1). Although about 1 million recognized fetal deaths (excluding therapeutic abortions) occur annually in the United States, about the same number of fetal deaths occur very soon after conception but are not clinically recognized. There are few proven environmental causes of fetal death in humans, at least at widely prevalent exposure levels; there is limited evidence implicating prenatal parental (usually maternal) exposure to lead, PCBs/dioxin-like compounds, pesticides, ETS, ionizing radiation, and THMs and suggestive but inadequate evidence for ambient air pollutants. Suspected environmental causes of IUGR or preterm birth include prenatal maternal exposure to lead, ETS (independent of prenatal maternal smoking), ambient air pollution, and THMs.
The Years in Dusseldorf
Authors: Jensen Eric Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
He Arrival Of The Schumanns In Dusseldorf On The evening of 2 September 1850 could not have been more auspicious. They were greeted by Ferdinand Hiller and a committee from the city, and escorted to the Hotel Breidenbach-the city’s finest hotel-where they found rooms awaiting them decorated with flowers. Later in the evening they were serenaded by Dusseldorf ’s Choralverein. It was the start of festivities in their honor. On the 7th, as he attended a concert consisting solely of his own works, Schumann was greeted by a flourish of trumpets when he entered the hall. Every effort was made not just to make the Schumanns feel welcome, but to make clear to them they were honored and distinguished guests.
Introduction
Authors: Shapiro Alan , Burian Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aeschylus’ Oresteia, first performed in Athens in 458 b.c.e., is the sole surviving Greek tragic trilogy, and one of those peaks (like Dante’s Comedy, Michelangelo’s frescoes for the Sistine Chapel, or Bach’s St. Matthew Passion) that loom above the other mountains of Western culture as defining expressions of their age. The presentation by each tragic poet of three tragedies performed in a row was ordained by the rules of the competition at the Great Dionysia in Athens, but there was no requirement to offer three tragedies connected by subject. We know that Sophocles and Euripides did not usually do so. Indeed, Aeschylus may have been the only tragic playwright to use the trilogy on a regular basis as, in effect, a gigantic single drama in three parts. By a happy accident, the one Greek tragic trilogy that has survived the ravages of time nearly intact is exemplary in its structure: three plays, each a whole in its own right but each needing the others to complete the form and meaning of a far greater whole.
On The Translation
Authors: Shapiro Alan , Burian Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In The Journal of Cardan, a meditation on (among other things) the inescapable role of impersonal conventions in the expression of personal experience, J. V. Cunningham makes several comments that illuminate for me the experience of translating the Oresteia. In a long passage about the tension in any good work of art between convention, or norms of expectation, and subjective experience, he says, “To be successful in this [artistic] enterprise is to integrate the subjectively primary, the immediate, with the objectively communicable, the mediate, to the alteration of both by their conformation to each other.” There’s more than one way to apply these remarks to the act of translation. The translator could be thought of as the subjectively primary, the irreducibly unique, the immediate, and the text as the objectively communicable. By passing, so to speak, the original text through his or her very nervous system, the translator is “objectifying” his or her subjectivity even as the text itself, the objective, is colored and modified by the translator’s own irreducibly unique relation to it. In a way the text is translating the translator at the same time as the translator is translating the text.
Four
Authors: Cameron Oliver G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 3 ended with the topic of arousal. Arousal was described as the concept that one important aspect of the control of behavior is a nonspecific activating factor, a motivator to behave, to act, to move. The question of whether there is a prompt to behavior that is truly nonspecific is not fully resolved. Little doubt exists, however, that behavior includes an aspect of prompting. In other words, for example, concerning learned or conditioned behaviors, these behaviors are not performed continuously. They are performed only when some prompting circumstance or situation is present. The topic of motivation addresses the question of what those circumstances or situations are.
The Terror and the International Construction of the Enlightenment
Authors: McMahon Darrin M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With the storming of the Tuileries palace on August 10, 1792, what remained of the tattered French monarchy was destroyed. Shortly thereafter, in early September, as Prussian and Austrian troops marching in step with French émigrés bore down on the nation’s capital, Parisian sans-culottes invaded the city’s prisons, massacring upward of eleven hundred suspected opponents of the Revolution, including over two hundred priests. Pleased with this purging—for which they were publicly congratulated by the directing municipal authority, the Paris commune—many of these same men then rushed to the aid of the struggling French army, which made its famous stand at Valmy on September 20, halting the counterrevolutionary armies to the cry of Vive la Nation. Consecrated in blood, the newly elected National Convention voted on the very next day to establish a republic, the first in a series of genuinely revolutionary decrees that broke definitively with France’s past. In November, it vowed fraternal assistance to all peoples seeking to recover their liberty, and in the following months it gave alarming credence to these words by declaring war on Great Britain, the Dutch Republic, and Spain. Fighting for “freedom” without, the National Convention battled “tyranny” within, decreeing the guilt of Louis XVI in early January and sending him to the guillotine shortly thereafter.