bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Three‐Dimensional Computed Tomography Angiography of the Internal Carotid Artery for Preoperative Evaluation of Sinonasal Lesions and Intraoperative Surgical Navigation
Authors: Leong Jern‐Lin , Batra Pete S. , Citardi Martin J. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractIntroduction: Three‐dimensional computed tomographic angiography (3DCTA) demonstrates the spatial relationships of the internal carotid artery (ICA) and adjacent skull base. This imaging modality may be incorporated into intraoperative surgical navigation during endoscopic skull base surgery.Methods: The charts of patients who had undergone 3DCTA imaging between July 2002 and February 2005 were reviewed. For 3DCTA, 1 mm axial computed tomography (CT) scan images were obtained with simultaneous intravenous contrast bolus on a multidetector CT scanner (Somatom Sensation 16, Siemens, Munich, Germany). The CBYON Suite version 2.6 to 2.8 (Med‐Surgical Services, Mountain View, CA) was also used for creating CTA images through its volume‐rendering protocols.Results: A total of 22 3DCTA studies were performed for diagnostic evaluation or preoperative planning. In 18 instances, the 3DCTA images were used during intraoperative surgical navigation. The specific indications for obtaining the 3DCTA study included neoplasm (11 cases), cerebrospinal fluid leak (3 cases), fibro‐osseous lesion (2 cases), mucocele (2 cases), and other (4 cases). Images generated by 3DCTA facilitated the definition of the anatomic relationships between the ICA and skull base lesion. During intraoperative surgical navigation, the 3DCTA provided critical information about the ICA location and adjacent skull base anatomy in the operative field.Conclusions: 3DCTA is a useful means for assessing the ICA and its relationship to skull base lesions. Incorporation of 3DCTA into intraoperative surgical navigation facilitates the comprehension of operative field anatomy in the ICA region. As a result, this imaging technique, especially when combined with intraoperative surgical navigation, may extend the applications of minimally invasive endoscopic approaches to the skull base.
Radial Forearm Osteocutaneous Free Flap in Maxillofacial and Oromandibular Reconstructions
Authors: Kim J H. , Rosenthal E L. , Ellis T , Wax M K. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis: The radial forearm osteocutaneous free flap is an excellent reconstructive modality for oromandibular and maxillofacial reconstruction in certain well‐defined circumstances. The initial concern over donor site morbidity and the ability of the bone to reconstruct mandibular defects have led to only a few published series.Study Design: Retrospective study of the experience of two tertiary medical centers with radial forearm osteocutaneous free flap.Methods: Retrospectively, 52 patients were studied who underwent radial forearm osteocutaneous free flap reconstruction for cancer (49 cases) and trauma (3 cases). Bone length and skin paddle harvested, general morbidity (hematoma, wound infection, and dehiscence), recipient site morbidity (nonunion of neomandible, flap failure, and bone or plate exposure), and donor site morbidity (radius bone fracture, plate exposure, and skin graft failure) were reviewed.Results: The average skin paddle size was 55.1 cm2 (range, 15–112 cm2). The average radius bone harvest length was 6.3 cm (range, 2.5–11 cm). Donor site complications included tendon exposure (3 cases), radius bone fracture (1 case), and exposure of the plate (0). Recipient site complications included nonunion of the mandible (4), exposed mandible (1), exposed mandibular plates (2), exposed maxillary plates or bone (0), venous compromise (1), and flap failure (1). Two patients had perioperative deaths.Conclusion: Radial forearm osteocutaneous free flap is a valuable and viable option for oromandibular and maxillofacial reconstruction.
Level IIb Lymph Nodes Metastasis in Elective Supraomohyoid Neck Dissection for Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Molecular‐Based Study
Authors: Elsheikh Mohamed Nasser , Mahfouz Magdy Elsayed , Elsheikh Ehab 
Published: September 2005

AbstractObjectives: To identify the incidence of level IIb lymph nodes metastasis in elective supraomohyoid neck dissection (SOHND) as a treatment for patients with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the oral cavity.Study Design: Prospective analysis of a case series.Methods: Forty‐eight patients with SCC of the oral cavity and with no palpable lymph nodes at the neck who underwent an elective SOHND were prospectively studied. The incidence of micrometastasis to level IIb lymph nodes after performing elective SOHND was evaluated by pathologic examination and molecular analysis.Results: Of the 48 patients, 15 (31%) by pathologic analysis and 22 (46%) by molecular analysis had lymph nodes positive for metastatic SCC. By molecular analysis, 5 (10%) of the 48 patients had involvement of level IIb lymph nodes. All patients with metastasis to level IIb lymph nodes have their primary lesions in the tongue and constituted 22% of patients with tongue lesions. There was no instance of isolated metastasis to level IIb lymph nodes without involvement of other nodes in the SOHND specimens.Conclusions: In this study, level IIb lymph node metastasis was only found in association with tongue carcinoma. Although this region may be preserved in elective SOHND in patients with SCC of the oral cavity, it should be included whenever the tongue is the primary site.
Scale dependent effects of predatory fish on stream benthos
Authors: Englund Göran 
Published: September 2005

In open predation experiments the effects of predators on prey densities can be influenced by predator consumption and by prey movements in to and out of experimental arenas. A published model predicts that the predator effects observed in such experiments are scale dependent over the scale range where there is a transition from movement control (of prey densities) to consumption control. The scale dependence follows from the assumption that per capita rate of emigration out of an experimental arena decreases with increasing arena size.To test this model the effects of a small benthic fish (Cottus gobio) on densities of stream invertebrates was investigated in instream channels of different length (0.5, 2 and 8 m). The effect of fish predation was scale dependent for four prey taxa. For three of these taxa predator effects increased with experimental scale, which is in agreement with model predictions. However, this proved to be a case of “making the right prediction for the wrong reason” as the basic assumption of scale dependent emigration rate was not upheld. By analyzing the behaviour of the model, parameterized with emigration and consumption rates observed in the experimental channels, it was found that observed scale effects occurred because prey emigration in response to the predator treatment was modified by the experimental scale. Further analysis of the parameterized model suggested that the densities of most prey taxa were controlled by prey movements and not by consumption by the sculpins.
Assessment of different methods of inhalation from salbutamol metered dose inhalers by urinary drug excretion and methacholine challenge
Authors: Tomlinson Heather S. , Corlett Sarah A. , Allen Martin B. , Chrystyn Henry 
Published: September 2005

AimsMethods to determine the lung delivery of inhaled bronchodilators from metered dose inhalers include urinary drug excretion 30 min post inhalation and methacholine challenge (PD20). We have compared these two methods to differentiate lung delivery of salbutamol from metered dose inhalers using different inhalation methods.MethodsIn phase 1 of the study, on randomized study days, 12 mild asthmatics inhaled placebo, one and two 100 µg salbutamol doses from a breath actuated metered dose inhaler, in randomized fashion on different days. In phase 2, they inhaled one 100 µg salbutamol dose from a metered dose inhaler using a SLOW (20 l min−1) and a FAST (60 l min−1) inhalation technique and a slow inhalation delayed until after they had inhaled for 5 s (LATE). Urinary excretion of salbutamol (0–30 min) and PD20 were measured after each dose.ResultsFollowing placebo, one and two 100 µg salbutamol doses, the geometric mean for PD20 was 0.10, 0.41 and 0.86 mg respectively and the mean (SD) urinary drug excretion after one and two doses was 2.25 (0.65) and 5.37 (1.36) µg, respectively. After SLOW, FAST and LATE inhalations the geometric mean for PD20 was 0.50, 0.40 and 0.42 mg, respectively, and mean (SD) salbutamol excretion was 2.67 (0.84), 1.90 (0.70) and 2.72 (0.67) µg, respectively. Only the amount of drug excreted during the FAST compared with the SLOW and LATE inhalations showed a statistical difference (95% confidence interval on the difference 0.12, 1.54 and 0.06,1.59 µg, respectively).ConclusionsUrinary salbutamol excretion but not PD20 showed differences between the inhalation methods used. When using a metered dose inhaler slow inhalation is better and co‐ordination is not essential if the patient is inhaling when they actuate a dose of the drug.
Children with stable asthma have reduced airway matrix metalloproteinase‐9 and matrix metalloproteinase‐9/tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase‐1 ratio
Authors: Doherty G. M. , Kamath S. V. , De Courcey F. , Christie S. N. , Chisakuta A. , Lyons J. D. , Heaney L. G. , Ennis M. , Shields M. D. 
Published: September 2005

SummaryBackground
Childhood asthma is characterized by inflammation of the airways. Structural changes of the airway wall may also be seen in some children early in the course of the disease. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are key mediators in the metabolism of the extracellular matrix (ECM).Objective
To investigate the balance of MMP‐8, MMP‐9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP)‐1 in the airways of children with asthma.Methods
One hundred and twenty‐four children undergoing elective surgical procedures also underwent non‐bronchoscopic bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). MMP‐8, MMP‐9 and TIMP‐1 were measured by ELISA.Results
There was a significant reduction in MMP‐9 in atopic asthmatic children (n=31) compared with normal children (n=30) [median difference: 0.57 ng/mL (95% confidence interval: 0.18–1.1 ng/mL)]. The ratio of MMP‐9 to TIMP‐1 was also reduced in asthmatic children. Levels of all three proteins were significantly correlated to each other and to the relative proportions of particular inflammatory cells in BAL fluid (BALF). Both MMP‐8 and MMP‐9 were moderately strongly correlated to the percentage neutrophil count (r=0.40 and 0.47, respectively, P<0.001).Conclusions
An imbalance of MMPs and their inhibitors occurs in children with well‐controlled asthma, which may indicate early derangement of the metabolism of the ECM.
The predictive value of the skin prick test weal size for the outcome of oral food challenges
Authors: Verstege A. , Mehl A. , Rolinck‐Werninghaus C. , Staden U. , Nocon M. , Beyer K. , Niggemann B. 
Published: September 2005

SummaryBackground
The skin prick test (SPT) is regarded as an important diagnostic measure in the diagnostic work‐up of food allergy.Objective
To evaluate the diagnostic capacity of the SPT in predicting the outcome of oral food challenges, and to determine decision points for the weal size and the skin index (SI) that could render double‐blind, placebo‐controlled food challenges unnecessary.Methods
In 385 children (median age 22 months), 735 controlled oral challenges were performed with cow's milk (CM), hen's egg (HE), wheat and soy. Three hundred and thirty‐six of 385 (87%) children suffered from atopic dermatitis. SPT was performed in all children. Diagnostic capacity, receiver–operator characteristics (ROC) curves and predictive decision points were calculated for the mean weal size and the calculated SI.Results
Three hundred and twelve of 735 (43%) oral food challenges were assessed to be positive. Calculation of 95% and 99% predicted probabilities using logistic regression revealed predictive decision points of 13.0 and 17.8 mm for HE, and 12.5 and 17.3 mm for CM, respectively. However, using the SI, the corresponding cut‐off levels were 2.6 and 3.7, respectively, for HE, and 2.7 and 3.7 for CM. For wheat, 95% and 99% decision points of 2.2 and 3.0 were found in children below 1 year of age.Conclusion
Predictive decision points for a positive outcome of food challenges can be calculated for HE and CM using weal size and SI. They may help to avoid oral food challenges.
Anti-endomysial antibody of IgG1 isotype detection strongly increases the prevalence of coeliac disease in patients affected by type I diabetes mellitus
Authors: Picarelli A , Sabbatella L , Di Tola M , Vetrano S , Casale C , Anania M C , Porowska B , Vergari M , Schiaffini R , Gargiulo P 
Published: September 2005

Summary
A strong association between type 1 insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM1) and coeliac disease (CD) is well documented, but it is known that prevalence values are underestimated. Serum anti-endomysial antibodies (EMA), considered diagnostic for CD because of their high sensitivity and specificity, belong to the IgA class, but the existence of EMA of IgG1 isotype in the presence or absence of IgA deficiency was reported. In order to re-evaluate the occurrence of CD in IDDM1 patients we performed a screening in IDDM1 patients using EMA of both isotypes. Ninety-four adults affected by IDDM1 (unaffected by CD before enrolling) were enrolled and 83 blood donors as controls. All subjects were on a gluten-containing diet. Histology and biopsy culture were performed. EMA IgA and IgG1 in sera and culture supernatants were detected. Serum EMA were positive in 13 of 94 IDDM1 patients (13·8%). Six of 13 presented IgA-EMA, seven of 13 presented IgG1-EMA. No EMA were found in the control population. Total intestinal atrophy was found in all six patients with serum IgA-EMA and in five of seven with serum IgG1-EMA. Diagnosis of CD was confirmed by histology and organ culture in all 13 patients with serum EMA. The prevalence of CD in the patients affected by IDDM1 was 6·4% for IgA-EMA-positive and 7·4% for IgG1-EMA-positive patients. We confirmed the prevalence of CD in the IDDM1 population obtained with IgA-EMA screening only (6·4%). This prevalence value increases dramatically to 13·8% when IgG1-EMA are also used in the screening. We conclude that IgG1-EMA should also be sought whenever an IDDM1 patient undergoes screening for CD.
Defining the role of T cell-derived leptin in the modulation of hepatic or intestinal inflammation in mice
Authors: Fantuzzi G , Sennello J A , Batra A , Fedke I , Lehr H A , Zeitz M , Siegmund B 
Published: September 2005

SummaryThe role of leptin in the immune system has been well established. While adipocytes represent the major source, leptin production by lymphocytes, infiltrating at the site of inflammation, was recently demonstrated. However, the significance of this locally released leptin remains unresolved. In the present study, two models in which absence of leptin-signalling is associated with protection were employed: the model of ConA-induced hepatitis and the CD4+CD45Rbhigh transfer model of colitis. For the ConA model, scid mice were reconstituted with either WT or leptin-deficient (ob/ob) CD4+ T cells. Eight weeks post transfer, ConA was injected and serum ALT, TNFα, leptin as well as liver mononuclear cell activation and histological signs of inflammation were evaluated. No difference between recipients of WT or ob/ob cells was observed for any of the parameters evaluated. In the second model, either WT or ob/ob CD4+CD45Rbhigh cells were transferred into scid mice. No histological differences were detected, although recipients of ob/ob cells showed higher weight loss compared to recipients of WT cells. Spontaneous production of IL-6 from colon cultures obtained from recipients of ob/ob cells was reduced compared to recipients of WT cells, whereas stimulation of lamina propria lymphocytes with leptin resulted in a higher IFNγ release in recipients of ob/ob cells compared to recipients of WT cells. In conclusion, the present study provides evidence that T cell-derived leptin does not play a major role in the regulation of the inflammatory process, indicating that the adipose tissue is the critical player in the immune-modulating effects of leptin.
Increase of CCL20 expression by human gingival fibroblasts upon stimulation with cytokines and bacterial endotoxin
Authors: Hosokawa Y , Hosokawa I , Ozaki K , Nakae H , Matsuo T 
Published: September 2005

SummaryWe have demonstrated recently that CCL20 was expressed in periodontal diseased tissues and abundant CCR6 positive T cells infiltrated in periodontally diseased tissue. However, it is uncertain which cells can elicit CCL20 production. In the present study, we examined the properties of CCL20 production by human gingival fibroblasts (HGF) culture. Here, we report that interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) can significantly induce the production of CCL20 by HGF. We found that TNF-α and E. coli LPS enhanced the production of CCL20 by HGF treated with IL-1β. In contrast, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) dramatically diminished CCL20 production induced by IL-1β. Moreover, we demonstrated that nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) play an important role in mediating the production of CCL20 induced by IL-1β and TNF-α. On the other hand, we found that not only NF-κB, p38 MAPK and ERK but also c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) are involved in CCL20 production induced by E. coli LPS. Finally, we found that HGF express CCR6, CCL20 receptor, and CCL20 induced vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) by HGF. Taken together, these findings that HGF will be a source of CCL20 in periodontal tissue, and the CCL20 production will be controlled by proinflammatory cytokine and bacterial LPS in periodontally diseased tissue. Thus, CCL20 by HGF might be involved in inflammatory cells infiltration, and promote the progression of periodontal disease.
Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) by β-chemokine analogues in mononuclear cells from HIV-1-infected patients with active tuberculosis
Authors: Toossi Z , Mayanja-Kizza H , Baseke J , Peters P , Wu M , Abraha A , Aung H , Okwera A , Hirsch C , Arts E 
Published: September 2005

SummaryTuberculosis (TB) enhances human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) activity in patients with dual HIV-1/TB infection. Therapies that control augmentations of HIV-1 activity at sites of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection may be useful in inhibition of viral expansion. Regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) analogues (AOP and NNY) are potent in inhibiting the entry of primary HIV-1 isolates into host mononuclear cells. These analogues were used to inhibit MTB-induced HIV-1 entry in blood monunuclear cells (PBMC) from patients with pulmonary TB, and pleural fluid mononuclear cells (PFMC) from patients with pleural TB. PBMC or PFMC were cultured with and without MTB in presence and absence of RANTES analogues. HIV-1 strong stop DNA was assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as a measure of infection. CCR5 mRNA was assessed by real-time reverse transcription (RT)-PCR and by immunostaining and FACS analysis. HIV-1 infection was induced by MTB in vitro in PBMC from the majority (14 of 20) of HIV-1/TB subjects, and new infection was inhibited by AOP- or NNY-RANTES. HIV-1 infection was also inhibited by these reagents in MTB-induced PFMC from three of three patients with pleural TB. Expression of CCR5 mRNA was significantly induced by MTB in PBMC from patients with pulmonary TB. Further, expression of CCR5 was higher in PFMC compared to PBMC from patients with pleural TB. Also, CCR5 was fourfold higher on CD14+ pleural mononuclear cells than on CD4+ lymphocytes. Blocking new HIV-1 infection of mononuclear cells may be useful in control of HIV-1 during dual HIV-1/TB infection.
Optimumin vitroexpansion of human antigen-specific CD8+ T cells for adoptive transfer therapy
Authors: Montes M , Rufer N , Appay V , Reynard S , Pittet M J , Speiser D E , Guillaume P , Cerottini J-C , Romero P , Leyvraz S 
Published: September 2005

SummaryIncreasing evidence suggests that adoptive transfer of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells could represent an effective strategy in the fight against chronic viral infections and malignancies such as melanoma. None the less, a major limitation in the implementation of such therapy resides in the difficulties associated with achieving rapid and efficient expansion of functional T cells in culture necessary to obtain the large numbers required for intravenous infusion. Recently, the critical role of the cytokines interleukin (IL)-2, IL-7 and IL-15 in driving T cell proliferation has been emphasized, thus suggesting their use in the optimization of expansion protocols. We have used major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I/peptide multimers to monitor the expansion of antigen-specific CD8 T lymphocytes from whole blood, exploring the effect of antigenic peptide dose, IL-2, IL-7 and IL-15 concentrations on the magnitude and functional characteristics of the antigen-specific CD8+ T cells generated. We show here that significant expansions of antigen-specific T cells, up to 50% of the CD8+ T cell population, can be obtained after a single round of antigen/cytokine (IL-2 or IL-15) stimulation, and that these cells display good cytolytic and interferon (IFN)-γ secretion capabilities. Our results provide an important basis for the rapid in vitro expansion of autologous T cells from the circulating lymphocyte pool using a simple procedure, which is necessary for the development of adoptive transfer therapies.
The effects of atorvastatin on gluten-induced intestinal T cell responses in coeliac disease
Authors: Ráki M , Molberg Ø , Tollefsen S , Lundin K E A , Sollid L M 
Published: September 2005

Summary
Various experimental models suggest that the cholesterol-lowering drugs statins may also modulate immune responses. Cellular level studies on human disorders are needed, however, to provide a rational basis for clinical testing of statins as immune therapy. Coeliac disease, a chronic small intestinal inflammation driven by HLA-DQ2 restricted mucosal T cells that are specific for ingested wheat gluten peptides, is in many ways ideal for this purpose. In addition, there is a need for alternative treatment to the gluten-free diet in this disorder. Here we have assessed the effects of atorvastatin on gluten-reactive T cells, dendritic cells and the coeliac mucosa by in vitro culture of biopsies. Atorvastatin inhibited gluten-induced proliferation and specific cytokine production of human intestinal gluten-reactive T cell clones and lines. Dendritic cells exposed to atorvastatin displayed a reduced expression of the costimulatory molecule CD83 upon maturation with lipopolysaccharide. Incubation of intestinal biopsy specimens with atorvastatin in vitro, however, did not influence gluten-induced cytokine release. In conclusion, atorvastatin has specific effects on isolated gluten-reactive T cells and dendritic cells, but does not shut down the gluten-induced production of proinflammatory cytokines in intestinal biopsies.