bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diabetes, oxidative stress, and antioxidants: A review
Authors: Maritim A. C. , Sanders R. A. , Watkins J. B. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractIncreasing evidence in both experimental and clinical studies suggests that oxidative stress plays a major role in the pathogenesis of both types of diabetes mellitus. Free radicals are formed disproportionately in diabetes by glucose oxidation, nonenzymatic glycation of proteins, and the subsequent oxidative degradation of glycated proteins. Abnormally high levels of free radicals and the simultaneous decline of antioxidant defense mechanisms can lead to damage of cellular organelles and enzymes, increased lipid peroxidation, and development of insulin resistance. These consequences of oxidative stress can promote the development of complications of diabetes mellitus. Changes in oxidative stress biomarkers, including superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione levels, vitamins, lipid peroxidation, nitrite concentration, nonenzymatic glycosylated proteins, and hyperglycemia in diabetes, and their consequences, are discussed in this review. In vivo studies of the effects of various conventional and alternative drugs on these biomarkers are surveyed. There is a need to continue to explore the relationship between free radicals, diabetes, and its complications, and to elucidate the mechanisms by which increased oxidative stress accelerates the development of diabetic complications, in an effort to expand treatment options. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 17:24–38, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.10058
Why some organizations go “beyond budgeting”
Authors: Player Steve 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe vision of going “beyond budgeting” is to transform the performance potential of an
organization. This is done by freeing the organization from the performance trap of annual budgets and, at the
same time, releasing the full power of people in the front lines. It's a radical approach, but it's
been proven, and the potential benefits are both huge and enduring. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals,
Inc.
Identification of reciprocally regulated gene modules in regenerating dorsal root ganglion neurons and activated peripheral or central nervous system glia
Authors: Cameron Adrian A. , Vansant Gordon , Wu Wen , Carlo Dennis J. , ILL Charles R. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractDifferential gene expression in the rat after injury of dorsal root ganglion neurons in vivo, and simulation injury of Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes in vitro was analyzed using high‐density cDNA microarrays. The analyses were carried out to study the genetic basis of peripheral nerve regeneration, and to compare gene regulation in glia of the central (oligodendrocyte) and peripheral (Schwann cell) nervous systems. The genes showing significant differential regulation in the three study groups represented all aspects of cellular metabolism. However, two unexpected observations were made. Firstly, a number of identical genes were differentially regulated in activated Schwann cells, activated oligodendrocytes and regenerating DRG neurons. Specifically, a group of 113 out of 210 genes that were down‐regulated in Schwann cells upon lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment, were identical to genes up‐regulated in the injured, regenerating DRG. Furthermore, a group of 53 out of 71 genes that were down‐regulated in interferon gamma (IFN‐γ)/LPS‐activated oligodendrocytes, were identical to genes up‐regulated in the DRG neurons. Finally, 22 genes were common to these three groups, i.e., down‐regulated in activated oligodendrocytes, down‐regulated in activated Schwann cells, and up‐regulated in regenerating DRG neurons. Secondly, a group of 16 cell‐cycle and proliferation‐related genes were up‐regulated in the DRG following sciatic nerve crush, despite the absence of cells undergoing mitosis in the DRG, or any significant presence of apoptosis‐related gene expression. Therefore, it appears that in these three cell types, large sets of genes are reciprocally regulated upon injury and/or activation. This suggests that the activation of the injury‐related gene expression program in cell derivatives of the neuroectoderm involves, in part, highly conserved genetic elements. J. Cell. Biochem. 88: 970–985, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mouse PSP94 expression is prostate tissue‐specific as demonstrated by a comparison of multiple antibodies against recombinant proteins
Authors: Thota Anuradha , Karajgikar Meera , Duan Wenming , Gabril Manal Y. , Chan Franky L. , Wong Yong‐Chuan , Sakai Hideki , Chin Joseph L. , Moussa Madeleine , Xuan Jim W. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractProstate tissue‐specific gene expression is crucial for driving potentially therapeutic genes to target specifically to the prostate. Prostate secretory protein of 94 amino acids (PSP94), also known as β‐MSP (microseminoprotein), is one of the three most abundant secretory proteins of the prostate gland, and is generally considered to be prostate tissue‐specific. We have previously demonstrated that the expression of the rat PSP94 gene is strictly prostate tissue‐specific by an antibody against a recombinant rat PSP94. In order to study prostate targeting utilizing the PSP94 gene in a mouse pre‐clinical experimental model, we need to establish antibodies against mouse PSP94 to confirm if it is prostate tissue‐specific as well. In this study, firstly we raised a polyclonal antibody against a recombinant glutathione‐S‐transferase‐ (GST‐) mouse mature form of PSP94. However, it showed very poor immunoreactivity against prostate tissue PSP94 as tested in Western blotting experiments. Neither antibodies against rat PSP94 nor mouse PSP94 showed significant cross‐reactivity. Thus a second antibody was established against a recombinant mouse mature PSP94 containing N‐terminal polyhistidines, and stronger immunoreactivity against mouse prostate tissue PSP94 was identified in Western blotting experiments. Both of these antibodies showed immunohistochemical reactivity, while the latter showed stronger reactivity in IHC when tested with different fixatives. By studying tissue distribution, we demonstrated that, as with rat PSP94, mouse PSP94 is strictly prostate tissue‐specific in experiments of both Western blotting and immunohistochemistry (IHC). This conclusion was also derived from a comparison among antibodies against human, rat, and mouse PSP94, showing very different immunoreactivities in Western blotting and IHC. Finally, a competitive assay between different species was performed. We demonstrated that antibodies against PSP94 from different species (human, primate, rodents) have poor cross‐reactivities. These observations also indicate that the PSP94 gene is a rapidly evolving gene in all species. Results from this study have led to the possibility of utilizing PSP94 as a targeting agent specifically to the prostate in a mouse experimental model. J. Cell. Biochem. 88: 999–1011, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Modulation of TNF‐α expression in bone marrow macrophages: Involvement of vitamin D response element
Authors: Hakim Imad , Bar‐Shavit Zvi 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe calcium‐regulating hormone, 1,25(OH)2D3, induces tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) synthesis and release from bone marrow macrophages (BMMs). To investigate the mechanism of this regulation, we have examined the effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 on the cytokine message. 1,25(OH)2D3 increased TNF‐α mRNA abundance in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner. The combined treatment of BMMs with LPS and 1,25(OH)2D3 resulted in a synergistic increase of TNF‐α. The steroid also increased the expression of CD14 (LPS receptor). Vitamin D receptors (VDRs) mediate 1,25(OH)2D3 genomic effects by forming homodimers or heterodimers with retinoic acid receptors (RARs) or retinoic X receptors (RXRs). The RXR ligand, 9‐cis retinoic acid (9cRA), reduced TNF‐α mRNA abundance in BMMs, but increased CD14 mRNA levels. 1,25(OH)2D3 or LPS did not affect TNF‐α transcript stability. 9cRA, however, caused TNF‐α mRNA destabilization. Next, we searched for potential vitamin D response elements (VDREs) in the promoter region (1.2 kb) of the TNF‐α gene, and identified six such sequences. Using electrophoresis mobility shift assay (EMSA) we identified one of those sequences (−1008 to −994) as a likely candidate to be a VDRE (tnfVDRE). The binding of tnfVDRE to BMM‐derived nuclear extract was increased following cell treatment with 1,25(OH)2D3. No induction was observed with 9cRA treatment, but the retinoid enhanced the activity of 1,25(OH)2D3 when added together. Previously characterized VDREs (mouse osteopontin and rat osteocalcin) competed effectively with tnfVDRE, demonstrating the nature of the TNF‐α‐derived sequence as a VDRE. We observed super‐shift and block‐shift of the complex in the presence of either anti‐VDR or anti‐RXR antibodies. Our data suggest that 1,25(OH)2D3 increases TNF‐α transcript abundance in BMMs via a transcriptional mechanism; 9cRA decreases TNF‐α mRNA by destabilizing the transcript, and possibly also by forming transcriptionally inactive complex with 1,25(OH)2D3 on the tnfVDRE. The receptor complex interacting with tnfVDRE found in the promoter of the cytokine gene is probably composed of VDR‐RXR heterodimer. J. Cell. Biochem. 88: 986–998, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
α4 integrin increases anoikis of human osteosarcoma cells
Authors: Marco Rex A. W. , Díaz‐Montero C. Marcela , Wygant James N. , Kleinerman Eugenie S. , McIntyre Bradley W. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractCell motility, growth, and proliferation are regulated by adhesion to the extracellular matrix. Detachment of adherent cells from extracellular matrix results in induction of apoptosis (“anoikis”). Transformed cells often show an anchorage‐independent growth that enables them to acquire a motile, invasive phenotype. This phenotype has been associated with the altered expression and function of the integrin family of transmembrane proteins that mediate cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix. Although α4 integrin is normally expressed on leukocyte subpopulations, a number of metastatic melanomas and sarcomas express it as well. In this study, we demonstrated the expression of α4 integrins on the human osteosarcoma cell line SAOS and on metastatic osteosarcoma lesions from the lung and pericardium. We further demonstrated that α4 integrin is coupled to the β1 subunit by biochemical analysis and by using a mAb directed against a combinatorial epitope unique to the α4β1 molecule. SAOS cells undergo anoikis when adherence is denied. Anoikis involved the activation of caspase 3 and the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria. Treatment of non‐adherent SAOS with an anti‐α4 mAb increased anoikis while anti‐β1 integrin mAbs did not alter anoikis, thus indicating a novel function for the α4 subunit in the control of cell death. Since integrins can control cell migration, proliferation, and apoptosis these results demonstrate a potential role for α4 integrin during multiple aspects of osteosarcoma metastasis. J. Cell. Biochem. 88: 1038–1047, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Concerning the reaction between singlet nitrenium ions and water: A computational investigation on competitive reaction paths
Authors: Facchini Paola , Grandinetti Felice 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe reaction between singlet nitrenium ions XNH+ (X = F and Cl) and H2O has been investigated by high‐level of theory ab initio calculations. The geometries of the involved intermediates, transition structures, and dissociation products have been optimized at the MP2(full)/6‐31G(d) level of theory, and accurate total energies have been obtained using the Gaussian‐3 (G3) procedure. The reaction commences by the exothermic formation of the FNHOH and ClNHOH intermediates, which are in turn able to undergo two distinct low‐energy reaction paths, namely, the isomerization to the N‐protonated isomers of the hydroxylamines FNHOH or ClNHOH, and the eventual extrusion of HF or HCl. The competitive or alternative occurrence of these two processes strictly depends on the nature of the substituent X. In the reaction between FNH+ and H2O, the energy gained in the formation of the complex FNHOH from the association between FNH+ and H2O, 52.1 kcal mol−1, is by far larger than the activation barrier for the loss of HF from FNHOH, computed as 24.9 kcal mol−1. In addition, the FNHOH intermediate requires 33.0 kcal mol−1 to overcome the barrier for the isomerization to FNH2OH+. Therefore, the reaction between FNH+ and H2O is expected to occur practically exclusively by HF elimination with formation of the HNOH+ ionic product. On the other hand, for the reaction between ClNH+ and H2O, it is not possible to get a definitive conclusion on the competitive or alternative occurrence of the two reaction paths. In fact, the transition structure involved in the elimination of HCl from ClNHOH is only 3.4 kcal mol−1 lower in energy than the transition structure for the isomerization of ClNHOH to ClNH2OH+. In addition, the absolute values of the energy barriers of these two processes, 24.2 and 27.6 kcal mol−1, respectively, are comparable with the energy gained in the formation of the complex ClNHOH from the association between ClNH+ and H2O, 24.0 kcal mol−.1 Therefore, the ClNH+ cation is predicted to react with water significantly slower than FNH+. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 24: 547–564, 2003
Development of hardware accelerator for molecular dynamics simulations: A computation board that calculates nonbonded interactions in cooperation with fast multipole method
Authors: Amisaki Takashi , Toyoda Shinjiro , Miyagawa Hiroh , Kitamura Kunihiro 
Published: March 2003

AbstractEvaluation of long‐range Coulombic interactions still represents a bottleneck in the molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of biological macromolecules. Despite the advent of sophisticated fast algorithms, such as the fast multipole method (FMM), accurate simulations still demand a great amount of computation time due to the accuracy/speed trade‐off inherently involved in these algorithms. Unless higher order multipole expansions, which are extremely expensive to evaluate, are employed, a large amount of the execution time is still spent in directly calculating particle–particle interactions within the nearby region of each particle. To reduce this execution time for pair interactions, we developed a computation unit (board), called MD‐Engine II, that calculates nonbonded pairwise interactions using a specially designed hardware. Four custom arithmetic‐processors and a processor for memory manipulation (“particle processor”) are mounted on the computation board. The arithmetic processors are responsible for calculation of the pair interactions. The particle processor plays a central role in realizing efficient cooperation with the FMM. The results of a series of 50‐ps MD simulations of a protein–water system (50,764 atoms) indicated that a more stringent setting of accuracy in FMM computation, compared with those previously reported, was required for accurate simulations over long time periods. Such a level of accuracy was efficiently achieved using the cooperative calculations of the FMM and MD‐Engine II. On an Alpha 21264 PC, the FMM computation at a moderate but tolerable level of accuracy was accelerated by a factor of 16.0 using three boards. At a high level of accuracy, the cooperative calculation achieved a 22.7‐fold acceleration over the corresponding conventional FMM calculation. In the cooperative calculations of the FMM and MD‐Engine II, it was possible to achieve more accurate computation at a comparable execution time by incorporating larger nearby regions. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 24: 582–592, 2003
Sparse matrix multiplications for linear scaling electronic structure calculations in an atom‐centered basis set using multiatom blocks
Authors: Saravanan Chandra , Shao Yihan , Baer Roi , Ross Philip N. , Head–Gordon Martin 
Published: March 2003

AbstractA sparse matrix multiplication scheme with multiatom blocks is reported, a tool that can be very useful for developing linear‐scaling methods with atom‐centered basis functions. Compared to conventional element‐by‐element sparse matrix multiplication schemes, efficiency is gained by the use of the highly optimized basic linear algebra subroutines (BLAS). However, some sparsity is lost in the multiatom blocking scheme because these matrix blocks will in general contain negligible elements. As a result, an optimal block size that minimizes the CPU time by balancing these two effects is recovered. In calculations on linear alkanes, polyglycines, estane polymers, and water clusters the optimal block size is found to be between 40 and 100 basis functions, where about 55–75% of the machine peak performance was achieved on an IBM RS6000 workstation. In these calculations, the blocked sparse matrix multiplications can be 10 times faster than a standard element‐by‐element sparse matrix package. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 24: 618–622, 2003
New enzymatic assay for serum urea nitrogen using urea amidolyase
Authors: Kimura Shigeki , Iyama Shigeru , Yamaguchi Yoshihisa , Kanakura Yuzuru 
Published: March 2003

AbstractWe established an enzymatic assay for measurement of serum urea nitrogen using urea amidolyase (EC 3.5.1.45) from yeast species. The method is based on hydrolysis of urea by the enzyme. In this assay, we eliminated endogenous ammonium ion by use of glutamate dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.1.4). Then in the presence of urea amido‐lyase, ATP, bicarbonate, magnesium, and potassium ions, ammonium ion was produced proportionally to urea concentration in serum. The concentra‐tion of ammonium ion formed was determined by adding GLDH to produce NADP+ in the presence of 2‐oxoglutarate and NADPH. We then monitored the change of absorbance at 340 nm. The inhibitory effect of calcium ion on this assay was eliminated by adding glyco‐letherdiamine‐N, N, N′, N′‐tetraacetic acid to the reaction system. The with‐in‐assay coefficient of variations (CVs) of the present method were 1.80–3.76% (n = 10) at 2.8–19.0 mmol/L, respectively. The day‐to‐day CVs were 2.23–4.59%. Analytical recovery was 92–115%. The presence of ascorbic acid, bilirubin, hemoglobin, lipemic material, ammo‐nium ion, or calcium ion did not affect this assay system. The correlation be‐tween values obtained with the present method (y) and those by another enzy‐matic method (x) was 0.997 (y = 1.02x − 0.10 mmol/L, Sy/x = 0.841, n = 100), with a mean difference of –0.18 ± 0.86 mmol/L [(values by reference method – that of present method) ± SD] using the Bland‐Altman technique. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 17:52–56, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Depression—Arkansas scale: A validation study of a new brief depression scale in an HMO
Authors: Walter Lawrence J. , Meresman Joel F. , Kramer Teresa L. , Evans Richard B. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractRecent trends in mental‐health care have increased the need for practical depression instruments. The Depression—Arkansas (D‐ARK), a brief, economical, multipurpose instrument, has been validated for assessing major depressive disorder (MDD) and depressive‐symptom severity. Psychometric properties of the D‐ARK were compared with standard depression scales (Beck Depression Inventory and Geriatric Depression Scale) among 294 adult and 193 senior primary‐care patients, respectively, and 163 patients enrolled in cognitive–behavioral depression classes. The severity scale displayed adequate internal reliability (coefficient α = .81–.86), high correlation with the BDI‐2 (r = .78–.83) and GDS (r = .75), and similar factor structure to the BDI‐2. The D‐ARK was calibrated against the BDI‐2 and GDS, providing familiar severity category cutpoints with the new instrument. This study yields further data supporting the reliability, validity, and practical utility of the D‐ARK. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 59: 465–481, 2003.
Regulatory mechanisms of periodontal regeneration
Authors: Shimono Masaki , Ishikawa Tatsuya , Ishikawa Hiroki , Matsuzaki Hirokazu , Hashimoto Sadamitsu , Muramatsu Takashi , Shima Kaori , Matsuzaka Ken‐Ichi , Inoue Takashi 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe periodontal ligament, located between the cementum and the alveolar bone, has a width ranging from 0.15 to 0.38 mm. Regeneration and homeostasis of the periodontal ligament are highly significant functions in relation to periodontal therapy, tooth transplantation or replantation, and orthodontic tooth movement. The purpose of this review is to discuss the regulatory mechanisms of regenerative and homeostatic functions in the periodontal ligament based on currently published studies and also on our own experimental data. We consider the capability of the ligament tissue to promote or to suppress calcification in connection with bone and cementum formation and the maintenance of the periodontal ligament space. Also discussed are the involvement of the periodontal ligament tissue in the regenerative ability, cell proliferation, growth and differentiation factors, extracellular matrix proteins, homeostatic phenomena, function of Malassez epithelial rests, tooth movement, or occlusal loading. Regulatory mechanisms for regeneration and homeostasis of the periodontal ligament are hypothetically proposed. Microsc. Res. Tech. 60:491–502, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Help, risk and deceit: microentrepreneurs talk about microfinance
Authors: Eversole Robyn 
Published: March 2003

AbstractMicroenterprise lending has emerged as an important development strategy internationally. Its goal is to support micro and small businesses as motors for impoverished local economies and to build sustainable microfinance organizations to serve these businesses. This article explores the experiences of microentrepreneurs in Sucre, Bolivia to probe the relationships underlying the microenterprise lending process. This study illustrates how these ostensibly commercial transactions were grounded in complex assumptions about social development, external assistance and power. The article illustrates the divide between ‘developers’ and the ‘developed’ in their shared quest to ‘help businesses grow’, and concludes that building strong lending institutions does not automatically translate into broad‐based benefits for microentrepreneurs or their businesses. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.