bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Corrosion Properties of Quenching and Partitioning-Processed Martensitic Stainless Steels
Authors: Li Gaojie , Kwakernaak Kees , Muratori Marta , Smith Ali , Santofimia Maria , Gonzalez-Garcia Yaiza 
Published: February 2024

The increasing demand for lightweight and energy-efficient automobile materials has prompted consideration of the Quenching and Partitioning (Q&P) process for developing martensitic stainless steels with enhanced combinations of strength and ductility. The microstructures of Q&P-processed martensitic stainless steels primarily consist of a matrix of carbon-depleted martensite and films of retained austenite, although some high-carbon fresh martensite may be present.
This research aimed to elucidate the influence of chemical composition (manganese content), heat treatment, and phase fractions (martensite and retained austenite) on the corrosion properties of Q&P-processed martensitic stainless steels.
The microstructures were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Corrosion properties were evaluated through electrochemical measurements in a 3.5% NaCl solution, which included open-circuit potential (OCP), potentiodynamic polarization, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy (SKPFM) measurements were also conducted.
Q&P process ideally minimizes carbide formation, as all carbon atoms are partitioned into austenite. Nevertheless, our research demonstrates that this condition is not always met. Depending on the alloy's chemical composition and the partitioning temperature, carbides and inclusions may still form, favoring localized corrosion such as pitting and intergranular corrosion.
Effect of Selenium on Dissolution of Manganese Sulfide Inclusions in Stainless Steel
Authors: Nishimoto Masashi , Katsuyama Tomoki , Muto Izumi , Sugawara Yu 
Published: February 2024

The pit initiation sites for commercial stainless steels have been attributed to sulfide inclusions such as MnS. The chemical composition of the inclusions affects the pitting corrosion resistance of stainless steels.1,2 It is known that the inclusion solubility in aqueous solutions affects pitting corrosion resistance. The dissolution of sulfide inclusions produces S species and exposes the bare surface of the steel matrix, resulting in high pitting susceptibility near the inclusions. Selenium is known to improve the machinability of stainless steels. However, the effect of selenium on the dissolution and pit initiation of MnS inclusions in stainless steels remains unclear. In this study, a microelectrochemical technique was applied to analyze the effect of Se on the dissolution and pit initiation of MnS inclusions in stainless steels.
Two re-sulfurized stainless steels were prepared by vacuum induction melting: one was Se-free, and the other was Se-added. The specimens were heat-treated at 1373 K for 30 min and quenched in water. After heat treatment, the specimens were polished with 1 µm diamond paste. Polarization curves were measured in 0.1 M NaCl and 0.1 M Na2SO4. An optical microscope and a scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy system were used to capture images of the specimen surfaces.
References:

M. Nishimoto, I. Muto, Y. Sugawara, and N. Hara, Corros. Sci., 176, 109060 (2020).

M. Nishimoto, I. Muto, Y. Sugawara, and N. Hara, Corros. Sci., 180, 109222 (2021).
Corrosion Resistance of Stainless Steel Containing Mo-Rich Areas
Authors: Saito Haruka , Muto Izumi , Nishimoto Masashi , Sugawara Yu 
Published: February 2024

Stainless steels are widely used because of their high corrosion resistance. It is well known that Mo improves the pitting corrosion resistance of stainless steels1, 2), and the transpassive dissolution of pure Mo occurs in the passive region of stainless steels. In this study, a stainless steel that releases Mo-species in chloride solutions and exhibits self-healing properties was fabricated by spark plasma sintering (SPS) of type 304L gas atomized powder and 2.5 mass% of Mo powder. Sintering temperature was 1100℃ and it kept for 20 min. The specimen surface was polished down to 1 μm using a diamond paste.
The as-polished and etched surfaces of the samples were observed by an optical microscope. A field emission scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy system was also used to observe the surface of the specimens. From the observations, the formation of Mo-rich areas was confirmed, and the Mo-rich area was found to be consisted of three phases: inner, middle, and outer phases. Inner phase was rich in Mo, and middle and outer phases contains other elements such as Cr, Ni, and Fe.
To assess the corrosion resistance, potentiodynamic polarization curves were measured in 0.1 M NaCl (pH 6.0). The size of electrode area was 300 µm × 300 µm or 5 mm × 5 mm. The stainless steel with Mo-rich areas showed higher pitting corrosion resistance compared with sintered type 316L stainless steel fabricated by SPS. After polarization, inner phase of Mo-rich area dissolved, while middle and outer phase did not dissolve. Pitting corrosion resistance was concluded to be improved by dissolved Mo-species from Mo-rich areas.
References;

Saito, I. Muto, and Y. Sugawara, Mater. Trans., 61 (2020), 2248-2251.

Saito, I. Muto, M. Nishimoto, and Y. Sugawara, Mater. Today Commun., 33 (2022) 104211.
Effect of Fe Doped Electrolyte on Advanced Alkaline Water Electrolysis
Authors: Demnitz Maximilian , Lira Garcia Barros Rodrigo , de Groot Thijs Theodorus , van der Schaaf John 
Published: February 2024

Within alkaline water electrolysis, Fe is an omnipresent ion, that is frequently encountered. It may originate from steel pipes, electrolyser components, and KOH impurities. The impact of dissolved Fe in KOH electrolyte on the electrolyser performance is, however, not yet well researched and understood.
We performed studies at near industrial conditions, with varying concentrations of added Fe ([Fe] = 0 μM; 25 μM; 50 μM; 500 μM) in 30 wt.% KOH electrolyte and its effect on the cell performance in a single mixed flow cell at different temperatures (T = 20 °C; 50 °C; 85 °C) using perforated Ni plates as electrodes. The [Fe] in the electrolyte was monitored pre and post electrolysis using ICP-OES, while Fe deposition on cathode and anode was analyzed using SEM/EDX and XPS. For electrochemical characterization, chronopotentiometry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were conducted to obtain IV and Nyquist plots, respectively. From the obtained data we were then able to determine the internal resistance corrected IV plots and combined Tafel slopes for cathode and anode.
From the internal resistance corrected cell potential we are able to observe that an increasing [Fe] leads to a decrease in cell potential throughout all current densities (see Figure). This effect can be seen even at [Fe] = 500 μM, which is above the solubility limit of Fe in the electrolyte. The enhancement above the solubility limit could be due the formation of mobile Fe hydroxide colloids in the electrolyte. We have further conducted 3-electrode measurements in a steady state cell under the same conditions to show how Fe deposition on cathode and anode changes their respective overpotentials for OER and HER. Our studies results suggest that Fe doped electrolyte can significantly decrease the cell potential in close to industrial conditions by improving reaction kinetics.

Figure 1
Electrochemical Behavior of Mg and Zn-Substituted HA Composite Coating on Titanium Produced By Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation
Authors: Valizade Nima , Sabour Rouh Aghdam Alireza , Jarjoura George 
Published: February 2024

The aim of this study is to develop a long-term corrosion-resistant, antibacterial, and bioactive TiO2/hydroxyapatite (HA) coating using a one-step plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) method. Magnesium and zinc-substituted HA particles were synthesized and utilized to create a composite coating that is corrosion-resistant, bioactive, and antibacterial. Prior to their use in the coating, the synthesized particles were characterized by XRD and FESEM. The results of polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) tests showed a significant increase in corrosion resistance. Moreover, the EIS results indicated an improvement in corrosion behavior after 168h, which was attributed to the formation of apatite in simulated body fluid (SBF). Additionally, a significant improvement in the bioactivity and antibacterial activity of the composite coatings was observed. Hence, the use of Mg, Zn-doped HA/TiO2 composite coatings could be a promising approach for developing bio-corrosion-resistant coatings for titanium biomaterials.
Keywords: Plasma electrolytic oxidation, Hydroxyapatite, Corrosion, Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, Biomaterials
Corrosion and Mechanical Properties of Multi Principal Element Alloys Designed By Using Diffusion Couples
Authors: Yesilcicek Yasemin , Wetzel Anncia , Ozcan Ozlem , Witt Julia , Dimper Matthias 
Published: February 2024

The efficient exploration of novel alloy chemistries is crucial for advancing the development of new materials. Diffusion-controlled synthesis of gradient alloys is an intelligent approach for creating phase diagrams and to effectively identify potential material combinations with tailored properties.
This project focusses on the design of quaternary multi-principle-element alloys (MPEAs) using diffusion couples. Our diffusion system contains an equimolar ternary alloy (FeNiCr) and additional single diffusing elements e.g. Mn and Mo. We determined the optimal temperature ranges for the diffusion thermal treatment by means of ThermoCalc simulations with the aim to form single-phase MPEAs. Microstructure and chemical characterization of the diffusion couples were performed by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). For most alloy couples, the diffusion zone contained a single-phase alloy matrix with diffusion-induced compositional gradient as well as precipitation phases. This heterogeneity makes the diffusion couples interesting materials to investigate local mechanical and corrosion properties. Thus, local corrosion properties were examined using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (SECM). Nanoindentation was used for the analysis of local mechanical properties.
Based on the results of the local corrosion analysis, we have selected single-phase alloy chemistries along the diffusion zone and reproducibly synthesized these alloys in bulk for detailed corrosion studies by means of potentiodynamic polarization and SECM.
The presentation will briefly summarize our methodology and motivation for using diffusion couples as an efficient tool for exploring phase diagrams of MPEAs in the search for new alloy chemistries and the results of our correlative study on the mechanical and corrosion properties of these materials.
Insights into Corrosion of Current Collectors for Magnesium Batteries
Authors: Rademacher Laurin , Häcker Joachim , Wagner Norbert , Nojabaee Maryam , Friedrich K. Andreas 
Published: February 2024

To enable the shift towards renewable energy, the use of low-cost energy storage systems is necessary. Magnesium (Mg) is an abundant and safer raw material than lithium for electrochemical energy storage systems such as batteries, due to its reduced sensitivity to air. Promising intercalation materials for cathodes include Chevrel phase Mo6S8 and Prussian green FeFe(CN)6. Although magnesium perchlorate-based electrolytes are practical for early-stage cathode research, they are not compatible with Mg metal due to corrosion. The organo-metallic all phenyl complex (APC) based electrolyte is a potential candidate for magnesium full cells, but both systems contain reactive chloride species that cause severe corrosion of the current collector.
This study utilizes linear sweep voltammetry, chronoamperometry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy to identify suitable materials for current collectors, including carbon-coated Al and Ni. The selected materials must withstand a polarization potential of 2 V vs. Mg/Mg2+. A Graphite-based current collector is shown to be the most promising candidate due to its low areal density, which can increase the energy density of practical Mg batteries.
Electrochemistry of Al3+- Catechol System: Kinetics Vs. Thermodynamics (A1-Triple I)
Authors: Gueskine Viktor , Kumar Divyaratan , Vagin Mikhail Yu. , Crispin Xavier 
Published: February 2024

Carbonyls, and quinones among them in particular, occupy a place of choice among organic reversible redox systems for electrocatalysis [1] and energy storage [2]. Their electrochemical behavior is marked by coupled proton and electron transfer (CPET) [3-5]. We have studied this subject in the context of flow batteries [6] and hydrogen carriers [7]. On the other hand, metal ion – catecholate (o-dioxolene) binding [8] attracts attention in different and rather independent domains, including active materials for metal-ion and redox flow batteries [2]. Redox transformations of o-dioxolene-metal complexes are therefore coupled to competitive binding with metal ion and proton at the electrochemical timescale, raising the complexity in the system above that of CPET. These effects have not received proper attention e.g. in aqueous metal-ion battery research.
The subject of this communication is the electrochemistry of Al3+ - catechol system in aqueous solution. We discuss the conditions and measurable electrochemical signatures of complex formation, as well as the role of buffer. We explain why our observations are contrasting those on catechol containing polymers proposed for universal metal-ion batteries [9, 10] by considering which reactions attain equilibrium and which are obeying kinetics only.
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[7] M. Vagin et al. Adv. Funct. Mat. 2020,
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Water-in-Polymer Salt Electrolyte for Dendrite-Free Zn- Lignin Battery
Authors: Kumar Divyaratan , Crispin Xavier , Khan Ziyauddin 
Published: February 2024

Zn-ion batteries are considered to be a promising option for low-cost and sustainable secondary batteries. However, one of the current challenges facing this technology is hydrogen evolution and dendritic growth during Zn deposition. To address these issues, a new strategy is to use "water-in-salt" electrolyte (WISE), which refers to super concentrated aqueous electrolytes. This helps to broaden the electrochemical stability window (ESW), suppress the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), and impede dendritic growth. In this paper, we propose the idea of using "water-in-polymer salt" electrolyte (WIPSE) to address the challenges facing Zn-ion batteries and move this technology towards becoming one of the most affordable, environmentally friendly, and sustainable options. Specifically, we suggest using a lignin-carbon electrode, which is highly promising and has great potential for achieving these goals. The findings suggest reversible Zn deposition and dissolution, leading to dendrite free Zn deposition. The sustainable Zn-lignin battery exhibited remarkable performance, with a maximum energy of 23 Wh/Kg and a maximum power of 610 W/kg, low self-discharge and 82% retention in capacity after 8000 cycles. Given its improved environmental impact and cost-effectiveness, the Zn-lignin battery holds a promising position in the battery market.
References:

Kumar et al., Advanced Sustainable Systems, 7, 2023, 2200433.

Khan et al., Journal of Power Sources, 524, 2022, 231103.

Khan et al, Advanced Energy and Sustainability Research 3, 2022, 2100165.
Breaking the Passivity Wall of Metals: Exempli Gratia Non-Aqueous Ti–Air Battery
Authors: Durmus Yasin Emre , Kaltenberg Marcel , Kungl Hans , Tempel Hermann , Ein-Eli Yair , Eichel Rüdiger-A. 
Published: February 2024

In recent years, metal–air batteries have been gaining much attention as one crucial line of development as promising energy storage devices due to possessing high theoretical specific energies and energy densities while utilizing cost-effective, safe, and environmentally friendly electrode materials. Among various possible metal–air configurations, mostly Zn–, Fe–, and Al–air have been the research focus for many decades. Up to now, Ti has not been considered as an active anode material, although it is a light metal that can possibly transfer up to 4 electrons. The reason behind this is that the electrochemical behavior of Ti is known for its passivity in various media and, also, it is conceptually mistaken as an expensive metal.
Herein, we report a novel non-aqueous primary Ti–air battery utilizing 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium oligofluorohydrogenate (EMIm(HF)2.3F) room temperature ionic liquid as electrolyte. Initially, the electrochemical behavior of Ti was studied by potentiodynamic polarization, which revealed the first insights into its electrochemical activity. Subsequently, the galvanostatic discharge experiments were conducted to evaluate the performance of Ti–air batteries in full-cells. The battery could successfully be operated under moderate current densities (up to 0.75 mA/cm2) with an average cell voltage of 1–1.2 V, yielding up to a discharge capacity of 66 mAh/cm2. Post-mortem characterization of the electrode surfaces was performed by SEM in combination with EDS to analyze the potentially deposited discharge products. Furthermore, ICP-OES and FTIR techniques were employed for investigating the electrolytes to gain further insights into the possible mechanisms leading to cell discharge termination over time. Additionally, the possible reaction mechanisms governing within the cell were proposed for the Ti–air battery. Such a metal–air battery holds a unique potential to be the only metal with 4 electrons transfer during its discharge once its full potential is harvested.
Ni-Fe-S Supported on Mo-Based Mxene (Mo2CTx) As a High-Performance Bifunctional Electrocatalyst for Rechargeable Zinc–Air Batteries
Authors: Yu Wan-Ju , Chen Han-Yi , Doong Ruey-An 
Published: February 2024

Rechargeable Zn-air batteries are a promising alternative to lithium-ion batteries due to their high theoretical energy density (1350 Wh kg−1), low cost, and environmental benefits. To meet the growing demand on renewable power for electric vehicles and sustainable goals, inexpensive and efficient bifunctional catalysts with both oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) activities have recently garnered a great interest in energy conversion fields.
MXene, a rising family of two-dimensional (2D) materials, particularly Mo2CTx, has been identified as a promising electrocatalyst supporter. The tunable surface chemistry, atomic thickness, and high surface area of the MXene architecture reduce the reaction barrier by enhancing the conductivity, exposing active sites and increasing the reaction rate in charge transfer and gas/ion diffusion process. Therefore, with coexistence of MXene platform, favorable reaction conditions can be created to facilitate the catalyst's performance.
In this study, a novel bifunctional electrocatalyst of Ni-Fe sulfide uniformly embedded in a Mo-based MXene (Mo2CTx) sheet structure is designed for Zn-air battery applicaiton. Surface characterization shows that 2-D Mo2CTx nanosheets can be successfully fabricated by hydrothermal etching method. The deposition of Ni-Fe sulfide nanocatalysts onto Mo2CTx MXene nanosheets exhibits excellent electrochemical performance, which is attributed to the enhanced intrinsic activity due to rapid electron transfer from MXene, abundant functional groups on the surface to lower the reaction activity energy. In addition, the architecture of MXene support provides a large specific surface area, high porosity, good conductivity and highly exposed active sites. When using MXene supported Ni-Fe-S nanocatalysts as the electrode materials for Zn-air battery application, a high peak power density at 107.24 mW cm−2 with superior cycle stability within 200h is obtained. Moreover, the possible mechanisms on energy storage is also proposed. These results clearly indicates the successfully development of an exciting bifunctional electrocatalyst for electrochemical energy conversion applications.
Investigation of Polarization in Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries with a Fluctuating Supply of Electrolyte Solution
Authors: Sun Pengfei , Matsuo Kaito , Alizadeh Mehrzad , Charoen-amornkitt Patcharawat , Suzuki Takahiro , Tsushima Shohji 
Published: February 2024

The rapid development of renewable energy has led to increasing demand for energy storage equipment. The vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) has attracted more attention due to its advantages such as good safety, long service life, and flexible design [1].
In the VRFB, the electrolyte flow characteristics are important for the concentration overpotential as it significantly affects the supply of vanadium ions [2]. Therefore, many studies are focusing on the influence of flow rates and electrolyte distribution on VRFB performance [3-4]. However, few studies have focused on the effects of fluctuations in electrolyte flow rates on battery polarization and overpotential, which often occurs in practical situations and affects the mass transfer of ions. In this study, we focused on the effect of fluctuations in electrolyte supply induced by the peristaltic pump on the polarization behavior of the VRFB.
The electrodes of the experimental VRFB are Sigracet® GDL 38AA, the membrane is Nafion® 211, and the vanadium ion concentration of the electrolyte is 1.7 mol/L. Before the formal experiment, the cell was charged to 50% state of charge. To determine the fluctuation effect on battery polarization, a peristaltic pump was used on one electrode side and a smooth pump on the other.
Fig. 1 (a) and (b) show the charging and discharging voltage variation with a current of 200 mA/cm2 at different flow rates. The average voltages during charging decrease with increasing flow rates, while the average voltages during discharging increase with increasing flow rates, and all voltages fluctuate up and down.
It can be known that the voltage variation is attributed to the fluctuating supply of electrolyte affecting the mass transfer. At higher flow rates, the vanadium ion transport speed is faster, and the concentration gradient of the reaction surface is smaller, resulting in lower overpotential and polarization. Under fluctuating conditions, the changing electrolyte flow rates also lead to changes in vanadium ion supply speed, resulting in the voltage fluctuation periodically.
Acknowledgement
This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 21H04540. The first author was supported by the China Scholarship Council.
References
[1] KJ. Kim, MS. Park, YJ. Kim, JH. Kim, SX. Dou, and M. Skyllas-Kazacos, J. Mater. Chem. A, 3 (33), 16913-16933 (2015).
[2] WW. Yang, YL. He, and YS. Li, Electrochim. Acta, 155, 279-287 (2015).
[3] T. Wang, JH. Fu, ML. Zheng, and ZT. Yu, Appl. Energy, 227, 613-623 (2018).
[4] B. Khaki and P. Das, Electrochim. Acta, 405, 139842 (2022).

Figure 1