bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SPECIALIZATION OF NURSING HOME CARE AND OUTCOMES1
Authors: Silva Ajith , Porell Frank W. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractImplications of nursing home specialization for health outcomes were examined. The formal hypothesis tested in this study was that facilities specializing in the treatment of certain kinds of residents, as reflected in a critical mass of such residents, are more likely to experience better health outcomes over time compared to facilities that do not specialize in the treatment of such residents. Activities of Daily Living (ADLs), survival, and several diagnosis‐specific outcomes were analyzed for residents. Multivariate state‐dependence and logistic regression models were estimated for residents of six diagnostic sub‐groups. Specialization was empirically defined in terms of concentration of residents with certain diagnoses within nursing facilities. Empirical results indicate that specialization has some positive effects on some outcomes. For instance, facilities specializing in the care of Alzheimer's disease patients appear to produce comparatively better outcomes with respect to restraint use and accidents. Residents with diagnoses of hypertension or ischemic heart disease in specialized facilities also fare better in terms of survival. Residents with a diagnosis of cerebrovascular disease in specialized facilities were found to experience worse outcomes with respect to most of the outcomes modeled in this study, however. Overall, specialization only appears to make a difference in the outcomes of residents with certain medical conditions for some health outcomes. Regression results also indicate that basic measures of frailty such as functional deficiencies, incontinence, and behavioral problems largely contribute to detrimental effects irrespective of the diagnostic group or the outcome considered.
THE PERFORMANCE OF NATIONAL HEALTH CARE SYSTEMS: A “GOOD NEWS, BAD NEWS” FINDING FOR REFORM POSSIBILITIES
Authors: Clark Cal , McEldowney Rene' 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis paper seeks to contribute to an understanding of how macro health systems work by comparing three possible sets of influences on national health care outcomes: 1) health care facilities and their presumed link to national affluence, 2) social characteristics which are assumed to promote healthy behavior, and 3) political variables in the form of welfare state development. Our findings bear both optimistic and pessimistic connotations. On the one hand, the somewhat limited importance of the first set of factors shows that good health in a country is not simply the function of high spending levels. However, the surprisingly strong role of “social development” in determining health care outcomes that emerges implies that much more than the direct provision of health care must be manipulated to ensure optimal health for a nation's population.
POLICY FOR THE‘DESERVING,’BUT POLITICALLY WEAK: THE 1996 WELFARE REFORM ACT AND BATTERED WOMEN
Authors: Chanley Sharon A. , Alozie Nicholas O. 
Published: June 2005

ABSTRACTThe Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (Public Law #104–193) is perhaps the most visible national legislation since the sweeping Civil Rights laws of the 1960s. For social policy so well entrenched into the American social fabric, the rapidity with which reforms swept through the welfare system was unprecedented and confound conventional theoretical pronouncements on bureaucracy and policy change. The swiftness of reform, and the political rhetoric that surrounded the 1996 Welfare Reform Act, have prompted criticism that reformers responded more to the social construction of welfare recipients than they did to the dictates of sound public policy (Magusson and Dunham, 1996). This article discusses the ramifications of the 1996 Welfare Reform Act for battered women and concludes that battered women's social construction as deserving of public assistance, but politically weak, precipitated welfare reform policy, targeted to battered women, that has been largely rhetorical rather than substantive.
THE ROARING SILENCE: FEMINIST REVISIONS IN THE EDUCATIONAL POLICY LITERATURE
Authors: Parsons Michael , Ward Emily R. 
Published: June 2005

ABSTRACTAbsent from assessments of feminism's influence on the academy and the disciplines is an evaluation of the impact of feminist thought on policy research. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate feminist scholarship's presence in the core policy and higher education journals. The first section of the paper explains why it is important to consider the influence of feminism on the policy literature. This is followed by a discussion of what is meant by feminism in the context of this paper. The third section presents the methodology used in evaluating the literature. The paper concludes with a discussion of the findings and implications
PARADIGMS, POLICIES, AND PEOPLE: EXPLORING THE LINKAGES BETWEEN NORMATIVE BELIEFS, PUBLIC POLICIES AND UTILITY CONSUMER PAYMENT PROBLEMS
Authors: Hyman Drew , Bridger Jeffrey , Shingler John , Van Loon Mollie 
Published: June 2005

ABSTRACTThis article takes a step toward unifying normative and empirical policy analysis by examining the convergence of societal metatheories, public policy models, and empirical data on consumers. It begins with the premise that policies rest on a foundation of normative beliefs or metatheories that, in turn, put boundaries around the possible and give social meaning to the policies and programs that flow from them. The interaction of social metatheories about poverty and existing policies to deal with people with utility payment problems is examined. The article continues with the idea that good policy arguments are supported with empirical data and factual evidence. An empirical cluster analysis of a representative sample of consumers provides a basis for identifying the extent to which the empirical clusters conform to any or all of the metatheory‐policy linkages. The ultimate message is that theory and practice ought to demarcate where they are deductively metaphysical, based on beliefs about a subject, where they are inductively empirical, based on objective measurements relevant to the situation to which applied, and where a mixed approach is used. Linkage of the three types of information allows policy research to identify options in light of the values and metatheories on which they are based and the objective characteristics and effects on their objects of action. The implications are that when policies are based on beliefs that reflect only a part of empirical reality, implementation may fail or be inefficient and ineffective.
MEASURING THE WAR ON DRUGS: A CYBERNETIC MODEL FOR ANALYZING THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN DRUG SEVERITY, DRUG SALIENCE AND DRUG FUNDING
Authors: White Richard D. 
Published: June 2005

ABSTRACTThis study explores the rationality of drug policy. It proposes a cybernetic relationship between actual drug severity, public salience of the drug problem, and anti‐drug funding. The study hypothesizes that increases in the severity of the drug problem will cause an increase in the salience of the drug issue. Increased salience in turn leads to political pressure and increased drug funding. As funding increases, anti‐drug programs become more robust and effective and drug severity decreases. When severity decreases, salience should in turn decrease. And so on. To test the cybernetic model, the study correlates trends of drug data from 1970 through 1996. It finds significant correlation between drug severity, measured by hospital emergency room drug episodes, and drug salience, measured by media coverage of drug events. The study finds correlations of drug funding and severity to be ambiguous, and finds no correlation between drug funding and drug salience. The findings do not support the overall hypothesis of a rational, cybernetic process but offer insights on drug policy dynamics.
GLOBALIZATION'S IMPACT ON STATE‐LOCAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT POLICY
Authors: Clark Cal , Montjoy Robert S. 
Published: June 2005

ABSTRACTThe growing exposure of the U.S. economy to international competition, popularly termed globalization, over the past two decades has brought some momentous changes affecting the American economy, society, and life styles. Not surprisingly, these changes have been reflected in growing political turbulence and shifts in policy paradigms as well. This symposium explores the effects that globalization has had on economic development policy and practice by state and local governments in the United States. Part I charts and seeks to explain“The Expanding Global Linkages” of state and local governments over the last several decades. Part II on the” Potential for Transformation “then argues that the economic transformations set off by globalization are pushing state and local development policy toward strategies that should overcome some of the problems associated with the previous strategy dubbed “smokestack chasing.” Yet, caution is certainly necessary before accepting such optimistic interpretations. Part III, therefore, presents several analyses suggesting that smokestack chasing “struck back” and that blind reliance on free markets and entrepreneurs hip can be dangerous to a community's social and economic health, indicting the existence of “Pitfalls in a Changing Universe.”
THE GROWNING INTERNATIONAL ACTIVITIES OF THE AMERICAN STATES1
Authors: Conlan Timothy J. , Sager Michelle A. 
Published: June 2005

ABSTRACTThis article examines state responses to the changing global economy, by exploring the growth of state international economic activities, variations in these activities, factors promoting and limiting state involvement in international affairs, and implications of these trends for the implementation of state economic development policies. Global economic competition, a changing domestic political and economic landscape, the modernization of state government, and increasingly open international markets have inspired states to increase their international activities. Consequently, dramatic growth in state international activities has occurred in the fields of trade promotion and economic development. Yet, state and local involvement in international affairs has not been universally accepted nor consistently funded.
THE GROWING IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION UPON CITY POLICIES1
Authors: Chernotsky Harry I. 
Published: June 2005

ABSTRACTThe increasing pace of globalization is impacting numerous cities across the United States. The imperatives of complex interdependence and the progressive internationalization of production have been particularly important stimuli. Moreover, the increasing professionalization of local governments makes them better equipped to handle an active international role. As the forces of globalization penetrate deeper into communities, local leaders find themselves resorting to symbolic or “conscious‐raising” measures designed to heighten international sensitivities and awareness. Economic interests are also pivotal in forging bilateral foreign contacts and accords initiated at the local level. Of particular significance is the horizontal restructuring of private‐public sector relationships. Finally, a case study of Charlotte illustrates both the variety of forces pushing cities to respond to globalization and the considerable constraints that still exist upon such efforts.
LOCAL REGIMES: Does Globalization Challenge the “Growth Machine”?
Authors: Clark Cal , Green Johnny , Grenell Keenan 
Published: June 2005

ABSTRACTThis article explores the possible impacts that globalization might have upon the nature of local governments and the economic development policies that they adopt. We begin by outlining the theory of how “corporate regimes” dominate most urban centers, why they implement skewed economic development policies, and why globalization appears to be exacerbating these problems. Research on state‐and‐local economic development outside urban centers indicates that several types of business development exist and that they differ significantly in their implications for improving conditions in a community. This suggests that other types of corporate regimes are possible. The logic of globalization points toward the need to establish more progressive corporate regimes willing to implement some of the reforms advocated by critics of the “growth machine.”
GLOBALIZATION'S IMPACT ONSTATE AND LOCAL POLICY: The Rise of Regional Cluster‐Based Economic Development Strategies1
Authors: Felbinger Claire L. , Rohey James E. 
Published: June 2005

ABSTRACTWe propose proactive policies which allow state and local governments to participate in the global economy, offering opportunities and venues for effective development. We first develop the argument that the changing economic conditions associated with globalization call for a new approach to state‐local economic development policy. We then outline three assumptions which are critical to drive successful state and local economic development policy in a global environment. The major part of the analysis describes this new strategy of “regional cluster‐based economic development,” drawing extensively upon a case study of Cleveland's economic revitalization.
MOVING INTO GLOBAL COMPETITION: A Case Study of Alabama's Recruitment of Mercedes‐Benz
Authors: Gardner Edwin I. , Montjoy Robert S. , Watson Douglas J. 
Published: June 2005

ABSTRACTGlobalization is changing the game of economic development, but the emerging rules and optimal strategies remain somewhat unclear. The Mercedes case discussed in this article illustrates the rough and uncertain nature of this transition. From the perspective of the traditional strategy, the price of the jobs initially promised by Mercedes seemed high; and the ultimate cost was increased by the intense competition among the bidding states. Yet from another perspective, the incentives offered by Alabama can be viewed as “table stakes” for the new global game of economic development.
EXPORTING AMERICAN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT PRACTICE TO RUSSIA
Authors: Buss Terry F. 
Published: June 2005

ABSTRACTThe failure of US initiatives to build local/regional economic development capacity in Russia following the fall of Communism has been partly blamed on national factors, Russian culture, and American consultants. Much of the failure, however, probably resulted because American approaches to economic development—‐highly successful in other contexts—could not work during Russia's transition from a command economy to its current state. Such things as promoting entrepreneurship, developing public‐private partnerships, creating a market economy, accessing start‐up capital, attracting foreign investment, overcoming bureaucratic corruption and high taxation, working within the rule of law, and negating organized crime either should not have been done, or could not have been done, leaving many of our programs ineffective. We ask whether the Russian deviations from the U.S. model have any implications for the current situation facing state and local development policy in the U.S.
WORKERS’ COMPENSATION REFORM IN FLORIDA: Why Did Two Innovative Return to Work Programs Fail?
Authors: Jewett Aubrey 
Published: June 2005

ABSTRACTWhy do well‐intentioned public policies sometimes fail? This research examines the failure of two Florida workers’ compensation reforms intended to help previously injured employees return to work: the obligation to rehire program and the preferred worker program. Interviews conducted with Floridians involved in workers‘compensation reform are examined to find out why these two programs failed. The disappointing outcome of the obligation to rehire and preferred worker programs can be tied to the dominance of business groups in state policymaking, the failure to provide a proper incentive and enforcement system, and the inability to foresee the consequences of reform because of policy and environmental complexity.
REPRESENTATIVE IDEOLOGY AND THE VOTE FOR WELFARE REFORM
Authors: Adkisson Richard V. , Daniel David L. 
Published: June 2005

ABSTRACTThis article examines the congressional vote for HR3734, The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996. The primary concern is to identify the factors that had a significant influence over the voting decision, paying special attention to representative ideology measured by Americans for Democratic Action and American Conservative Union voting scores. An empirical model is developed and estimated using logistic regression. The model incorporates proxies for representative ideology, constituent ideology, constituent economic interests, and the potential for legislative shirking. The results indicate that representative ideology was an important factor in the vote, but that constituent ideology and interests were also influential. Knowledge of the pattern of voting on the original legislation should prove useful to policymakers as the need for further refinement of the welfare system becomes evident, as it almost surely will.
PROTECTION FOR WHOM?
Authors: Siplon Patricia , Hoag Brandt 
Published: June 2005

ABSTRACTFor several decades almost all the states have addressed the goal of ensuring an adequate supply of blood and blood products through the provision of “blood shield laws.” These laws shield the blood industry from strict liability in the case of viral or other contamination of blood or its components. These laws were passed with little regard for other considerations, such as safety incentives. This article traces the development of the blood industry, its influence on state and national blood policy, and the consequences of such policy for people infected with hepatitis and HIV through blood and blood products. The authors conclude that the closed nature of the policy process has had negative consequences for the creation of blood policy that should balance concerns of both supply and safety.
INSTITUTIONAL REFORM IN ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE SYSTEM OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA: Service Organizations as an Alternative for Administrative Enhancement
Authors: Lo Carlos Wing‐Hung , Lo Jack Man‐Keung , Cheung Kai‐Chee 
Published: June 2005

ABSTRACTThe economic reform in the PRC inaugurated by Deng Xiaoping in 1979 has changed the landscape of the regime's environmental governance by putting it in a more market‐oriented context. As a strategy to strengthen administrative capacity in a situation heavily circumscribed by the limited resource support from local governments, the environmental protection authorities at all levels have established a sizable number of service organizations to provide them administrative support. These service organizations have to sponsor their own operation by engaging in revenue‐generating or fund raising activities. This has led to the emergence and proliferation of service organizations in the environmental governance system in the last decade. This article will examine, from a state capacity perspective, institutional reform in the environmental governance system of the PRC1.
RESTRUCTURING CHINA'S WELFARE REGIME AT THE LOCAL LEVEL: A Case Study
Authors: Lee Peter Nan‐Shong 
Published: June 2005

ABSTRACTThis article focuses on the restructuring of the governing apparatus of occupational welfare in the industrial sector within a territorial hierarchy during the reform era. The paper focuses on the transformation to a program‐centered provision from a work‐unit‐centered provision in examining the restructuring of the programs of occupational benefits in three cases: retirement benefits, medical care and housing. The paper also analyzes the changing role of each type of public organization as well as the relationship among them in the wake of economic reform.
COMMODIFICATION OF HOUSING WITH CHINESE CHARACTERISTICS
Authors: Chiu Rebecca L.H. 
Published: June 2005

ABSTRACTIn its attempt to reform the housing system, China has rapidly marketized but not privatized the housing production process and system. In contrast, the consumption of housing is privatized quickly but marketized slowly. Yet, the housing allocation process still largely relies on the old system of heavy subsidization. Nonetheless, housing subsidy has been curtailed and the growth in home ownership and the future pegging of rent and price with household income would dwarf the housing provider role of the government. The commodification process necessitated new government roles since government support in infrastructure and superstructure is essential for the healthy functioning of the newly emerged housing market. Overall, retention of the public ownership of the development companies and the housing financiers differentiate the Chinese housing reform process from those of other market and post‐socialist economies.
FIZZ, FROTH, FLAT: The Challenge of Converting China's SOEs into Shareholding Corporations
Authors: Freund Elizabeth M. 
Published: June 2005

ABSTRACTChina's attempts to convert its state firms into shareholding corporations have failed to alter SOE management behavior. This article examines this failure by looking at the flotation of Tsingtao Brewery shares in Hong Kong. The article argues that for reforms to be meaningful, changes need to be made to economic, political and legal institutions by which SOEs operate. These changes, such as allowing SOE directors managerial autonomy and clarifying areas of the Company Law, create incentives for managers to run their firms as business entities responsive to market forces and responsible to their investors.
TECHNOLOGY AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN CHINA: Commercialization Reforms in the Science and Technology Sector
Authors: Baark Erik 
Published: June 2005

ABSTRACTA vital component of China's reforms in the area of science and technology (S&T) activities during the last two decades has been improving the commercial exploitation of technology generated in research institutes. This article analyses the various concepts and measures introduced to guide policies for the commercialization of technology as well as various approaches employed by the Chinese government in the light of theories of market‐pull innovation and public choice.
NEW INSTITUTIONAL ECONOMICS AND THE ANALYSIS OF THE PUBLIC SECTOR
Authors: Dollery Brian 
Published: June 2005

ABSTRACTThe development of New Institutional Economics (NIE), and especially its core components agency theory, property rights economics and transaction costs economics, appears to have provided policy analysts with powerful tools for the analysis of public sector organisational behaviour and design. In particular, the adoption by NIE of the concept of “bounded rationality” and its employment of a “comparative institutions” approach to the question of economic efficiency seems especially applicable to public bureaucracies. However, NIE is difficult to define with any degree of precision and may well possess an inherent bias towards normative policy prescription favouring market solutions to public sector problems.