bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bilateral corticospinal projections arise from each motor cortex in the macaque monkey: A quantitative study
Authors: Lacroix Steve , Havton Leif A. , McKay Heather , Yang Hong , Brant Adam , Roberts Jeffrey , Tuszynski Mark H. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe corticospinal projection is considered to influence fine motor function through nearly exclusively contralateral projections from the cortex in primates. However, unilateral lesions to this system in various species are frequently followed by significant functional improvement, raising the possibility that bilateral projections of this pathway may exist or emerge after injury. To examine the detailed anatomy and projections of the corticospinal motor neurons in rhesus monkeys (n = 4), we injected the high‐resolution anterograde tracer biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) into 126 sites centered about the right lower extremity (LE) primary motor cortex. Projection and termination patterns were quantified at lumbar levels L1, L4, and L7 and mapped by using serial‐section reconstructions. Notably, a mean of 10.1 ± 0.6% (± SEM) of corticospinal tract (CST) axons descended in the lateral CST ipsilateral to the cortical BDA injection, and 87.9 ± 1.0% of total CST axons projected in the contralateral lateral CST. The ipsilateral ventral CST contained only 1.0 ± 0% of all projecting CST axons, whereas the contralateral ventral CST contained 0.3 ± 0.2% of all axons. In addition, a minor dorsal column CST projection was identified. Measurement of BDA‐labeled terminals in the spinal cord gray matter revealed that 11.2 ± 2.2% of CST axons terminated ipsilateral to the side of cortical injection, and the remainder terminated contralaterally. As previously reported, most CST axons terminated in spinal cord laminae V–VIII, as well as the laterodorsal motoneuronal group of lamina IX (which innervates distal extremity muscles). Notably, many CST axons crossed the spinal cord midline (mean 19.9 ± 4.9 axons per 40‐μm‐thick section). Detailed single‐axon reconstructions revealed that most ipsilaterally projecting lateral CST axons terminated in ipsilateral gray matter. Notably, we found that the bouton‐like swellings of many ipsilateral CST axons descending in the dorsolateral tract were located within Rexed's lamina IX, in close proximity to motoneuronal somata. Thus, bilateral projections of corticospinal axons originating from a single motor cortex could contribute to bilateral control of spinal motor neurons and to the highly evolved degree of fine motor control in primates. Furthermore, bilateral CST projections from a single motor cortex could represent a potential source of plasticity after injury, as well as a target of therapeutic effort in neural regeneration strategies. J. Comp. Neurol. 473:147–161, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Immunocytochemical localization of aromatase in sensory and integrating nuclei of the hindbrain in Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)
Authors: Evrard Henry C. , Harada Nobuhiro , Balthazart Jacques 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe distribution of the estrogen synthesizing enzyme (aromatase) in the hindbrain (rhombencephalon and mesencephalon) of male adult quail was investigated by immunocytochemistry. Aromatase‐immunoreactive neuronal structures (perikarya and fibers bearing punctate structures) were observed in sensory (trigeminal, solitary tract, vestibular, optic tectum) and integrating (parabrachial, periaqueductal, cerulean, raphe) nuclei. Besides the expression of aromatase in these well‐delineated nuclei, dense to scattered networks of immunoreactive fibers were found dispersed throughout the hindbrain and, in particular, in its rostral and dorsal parts. To a lesser extent, they were also present throughout the premotor nuclei of the reticular formation and in various fiber tracts. In contrast, no immunoreactive signal was found in motor nuclei, and in most of the statoacoustic (cerebellum, cochlear, olive, pontine, part of vestibular) nuclei. The expression of aromatase in perikarya and fibers in areas of the adult hindbrain where estrogen receptors have been identified previously suggests a role for estrogens locally produced in the regulation of sensory and integrating functions, contrary to the widespread assumption that these functions are regulated exclusively by steroids produced in the gonads. J. Comp. Neurol. 473:194–212, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prion protein (PrPc) immunocytochemistry and expression of the green fluorescent protein reporter gene under control of the bovine PrP gene promoter in the mouse brain
Authors: Bailly Yannick , Haeberlé Anne‐Marie , Blanquet‐Grossard Françoise , Chasserot‐Golaz Sylvette , Grant Nancy , Schulze Tobias , Bombarde Guy , Grassi Jacques , Cesbron Jean‐Yves , Lemaire‐Vieille Catherine 
Published: April 2004

AbstractExpression of the cellular prion protein (PrPc) by host cells is required for prion replication and neuroinvasion in transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. As a consequence, identification of the cell types expressing PrPc is necessary to determine the target cells involved in the cerebral propagation of prion diseases. To identify the cells expressing PrPc in the mouse brain, the immunocytochemical localization of PrPc was investigated at the cellular and ultrastructural levels in several brain regions. In addition, we analyzed the expression pattern of a green fluorescent protein reporter gene under the control of regulatory sequences of the bovine prion protein gene in the brain of transgenic mice. By using a preembedding immunogold technique, neuronal PrPc was observed mainly bound to the cell surface and presynaptic sites. Dictyosomes and recycling organelles in most of the major neuron types also exhibited PrPc antigen. In the olfactory bulb, neocortex, putamen, hippocampus, thalamus, and cerebellum, the distribution pattern of both green fluorescent protein and PrPc immunoreactivity suggested that the transgenic regulatory sequences of the bovine PrP gene were sufficient to promote expression of the reporter gene in neurons that express immunodetectable endogenous PrPc. Transgenic mice expressing PrP‐GFP may thus provide attractive murine models for analyzing the transcriptional activity of the Prnp gene during prion infections as well as the anatomopathological kinetics of prion diseases. J. Comp. Neurol. 473:244–269, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prognostic markers in node‐negative breast cancer: A prospective study
Authors: Kute T. E. , Russell G. B. , Zbieranski N. , Long R. , Johnston S. , Williams H. , Stackhouse C. , Wilkins L. , Evans I. , Berry P. , Rimmer K. , Tucker E. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractBackgroundDespite years of research, it is still unclear which women with node‐negative (N–) breast cancer will need adjuvant chemotherapy and which women are being treated unnecessarily. Our goal was to determine which factors best predicted disease free survival (DFS) or cancer‐specific overall survival (OS) and, therefore, select the correct patients for treatment. A total of 11 parameters were measured: estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), age, race, ploidy status, %G0/G1 (% non‐DNA synthesis), %S (% S‐phase), cathepsin D status, size, stage, and histologic grade.ResultsIn this prospective study, we followed 556 N– patients diagnosed between 1991 and 1996. The tumors were 56% ER+, 51% PR+, 30% diploid, with a mean %S of 8.9%. The level of cathepsin D ranged from 0.50 to 155 pmol/mg of protein with a mean of 42.9 pmol/mg of protein. There were 87 recurrences (16%) and 72 cancer deaths (13%), with a median follow‐up of 7.8 years. Ploidy status (p = 0.01), S‐phase activity (p = 0.003), G1 phase activity (p = 0.02) and age (p = 0.01) were able to significantly predict DFS in a univariate manner. All of the measurable factors were significant or borderline significant in predicting OS in a univariate manner except for age, race, and ER status. In multivariate analysis with S‐phase included, it was the only remaining factor in DFS and OS; with S‐phase excluded, age and ploidy status remained as factors for DFS in stepwise regression, while PR, size, and cathepsin D were the remaining factors that predicted cancer‐specific OS. The effect of adjuvant treatment on prognosis was also analyzed.ConclusionsBoth biochemical and clinical parameters have the potential to predict prognosis for N– breast cancer. In this large prospective clinical trial, with a median follow‐up of 7.8 years, no individual marker adequately predicted the prognosis for an individual patient. %S activity was the best independent marker, but only 77% of the tumors provided this value. Subset analysis provided improved prognostication, but there were limits to its utility. These data represents a definitive study starting in 1991 and ending in 2002. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Experimental assessment of RED in wired/wireless networks
Authors: Zhang Chi , Khanna Manav , Tsaoussidis Vassilis 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe Internet is a heterogeneous environment comprising wired and wireless components, and transport protocols with different error recovery strategies. We use simulations to study the behaviour of random early detection (RED) gateways in such heterogeneous environments. We investigate two issues: (i) the performance trade‐offs of the dropping policy of RED over Drop‐Tail's, and (ii) the impact of RED's active queue management on more sophisticated protocols such as TCP‐SACK. Some of our results indicate that RED does not deal adequately with heterogeneity. In particular, it may happen that RED applies congestion avoidance techniques even when wireless errors force some senders to back off prior to actual congestion. Our scenarios involve a non‐monotonic transmission behaviour of transport protocols within one and the same congestion epoch; RED may escalate further bandwidth under‐utilization by applying false congestion avoidance tactics. Furthermore, our results indicate that RED's dropping policy of ‘proportional’ fairness, which is realized through a Send‐more/Drop‐more scheme, can also penalize sophisticated protocols like TCP‐SACK, which attempt to recover more aggressively from wireless losses. In summary, our results call for further investigation of RED's efficiency in heterogeneous networks and naturally raise the concern of RED's compliance with the end‐to‐end argument. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Providing and verifying advanced IP services in hierarchical DiffServ networks‐the case of GEANT
Authors: Liakopoulos Athanassios , Maglaris Basil , Bouras Christos , Sevasti Afrodite 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe differentiated services (DiffServ) framework is widely proposed as an efficient method for providing advanced IP services to large‐scale networks, with QoS requirements. However, the provisioning of such services in production networks has proved to be more difficult than initially expected, in defining, setting and verifying appropriate Service Level Agreements (SLAs). GEANT, the Gigabit core pan‐European research network, on a pilot basis introduced ‘Premium IP’ service, offering bounded delay and negligible packet loss to the European National Research & Education Networks (NRENs) that it interconnects. However, large scale provisioning of this new service requires the definition of efficient interaction procedures between administrative domains involved and methods for SLA monitoring. This paper focuses on these issues and presents the experience acquired from the early experiments in GEANT, as an example of hierarchical Gigabit multi‐domain environment, enabled with QoS provisioning to its constituent NRENs. This model scales more efficiently than the common peering Internet Service provider (ISP) commercial paradigm. Finally, we outline other options that promise QoS, such as Layer 2 VPNs in MPLS backbones, with non‐standard (yet) mechanisms. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tropospheric ducting phenomena over the Hellenic region
Authors: Isaakidis Stergios A. , Xenos Thomas D. , Dris Nicholas A. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe variation of the refractivity profiles of the troposphere and especially of the ducting effect, affects the radio wave propagation causing various phenomena such as refraction, fading and interference between radio‐stations. In this work, the tropospheric ducting phenomena over the Hellenic region are studied using data from Helleniko and Thessaloniki Airports for the time period from 1991 to 1999. The data are analysed, corrected and enhanced using interpolation techniques and after a final statistical process the ducting conditions over the Hellenic region are summarized. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thiamine and benfotiamine prevent increased apoptosis in endothelial cells and pericytes cultured in high glucose
Authors: Beltramo E. , Berrone E. , Buttiglieri S. , Porta M. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractBackgroundHigh glucose induces pathological alterations in small and large vessels, possibly through increased formation of AGE, activation of aldose reductase and protein kinase C, and increased flux through the hexosamine pathway. We showed previously that thiamine and benfotiamine correct delayed replication and increase lactate production in endothelial cells subjected to high glucose. We now aim at verifying the effects of thiamine and benfotiamine on cell cycle, apoptosis, and expression of adhesion molecules in endothelial cells and pericytes, under high ambient glucose.MethodsHuman umbilical vein endothelial cells and bovine retinal pericytes were cultured in normal (5.6 mmol/L) or high (28 mmol/L) glucose, with or without thiamine or benfotiamine, 50 or 100 µmol/L. Apoptosis was determined by two separate ELISA methods, measuring DNA fragmentation and caspase‐3 activity, respectively. Cell cycle and integrin subunits α3, α5, and β1 concentration were measured by flow cytometry.ResultsApoptosis was increased in high glucose after 3 days of culture, both in endothelium and pericytes. Thiamine and benfotiamine reversed such effects. Neither cell cycle traversal nor integrin concentrations were modified in these experimental conditions.ConclusionsThiamine and benfotiamine correct increased apoptosis due to high glucose in cultured vascular cells. Further elucidations of the mechanisms through which they work could help set the basis for clinical use of this vitamin in the prevention and/or treatment of diabetic microangiopathy. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Report of the National Institutes of Health workshop on overcoming barriers to treatment research in anorexia nervosa
Authors: Agras W. Stewart , Brandt Harry A. , Bulik Cynthia M. , Dolan‐Sewell Regina , Fairburn Christopher G. , Halmi Katherine A. , Herzog David B. , Jimerson David C. , Kaplan Allan S. , Kaye Walter H. , le Grange Daniel , Lock James , Mitchell James E. , Rudorfer Matthew V. , Street Linda L. , Striegel‐Moore Ruth , Vitousek Kelly M. , Walsh B. Timothy , Wilfley Denise E. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractObjectiveAnorexia nervosa (AN) is associated with serious medical morbidity and has the highest mortality rate of all psychiatric disorders. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) Workshop on Overcoming Barriers to Treatment Research in Anorexia Nervosa convened on September 26–27, 2002 to address the dearth of treatment research in this area. The goals of this workshop were to discuss the stages of illness and illness severity, pharmacologic interventions, psychological interventions, and methodologic considerations.MethodThe program consisted of a series of brief presentations by moderators, each followed by a discussion of the topic by workshop participants, facilitated by the session chair.ResultsThis report summarizes the major discussions of these sessions and concludes with a set of recommendations related to the development of treatment research in AN based on these findings.DiscussionIt is crucial that treatment research in this area be prioritized. © 2004 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 35: 509–521, 2004.
Sociocultural influences on attitudes to weight and eating: Results of a natural experiment
Authors: Wardle Jane , Watters Rachel 
Published: April 2004

AbstractObjectiveExposure to teenage culture is widely believed to contribute to concerns about weight in children and adolescents. The current study tested the hypothesis that greater exposure to older girls at school would be associated with thinner size ideals, increased concern about weight, and more dieting.MethodParticipants (n = 200) were 9 and 11‐year‐old girls. The age of the oldest pupils in the school defined the exposure variable. Nine‐year‐olds in junior schools (oldest pupils = 11) and 11‐year‐olds in middle schools (oldest pupils = 13) were defined as nonexposed. Nine‐year‐olds in middle schools (oldest pupils = 13) and 11‐year‐olds in secondary schools (oldest pupils = 18) were defined as exposed. Girls were weighed and measured and completed measures of ideal size, perceived weight, body esteem, eating attitudes, dieting, and self‐esteem.ResultsBeing at a school with older pupils was associated with having a thinner ideal, feeling more overweight, having more friends who had dieted, scoring higher on the Child Eating Attitudes Test, and having lower self‐esteem. Effects were strongest among the 9‐year‐olds.DiscussionExposure to older girls in school may accelerate the development of negative attitudes to weight and eating. © 2004 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 35: 589–596, 2004.
Reliability assessment of the somatomorphic matrix
Authors: Cafri Guy , Roehrig Megan , Thompson J. Kevin 
Published: April 2004

AbstractObjectiveThe appearance of muscularity is an emerging topic of research interest within the body image field. However, the most widely used measure to assess attitudes toward muscularity, the somatomorphic matrix, lacks pertinent reliability data.MethodIn response to this dearth of information, the current study assessed the test‐retest reliability of this measure in samples of men and women.ResultsSurprisingly, the somatomorphic matrix demonstrated inadequate reliability for the majority of assessed rating protocols.DiscussionThe implications of this finding on assessment of the muscularity construct are discussed. © 2004 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 35: 597–600, 2004.
Network‐scale dynamics of grain‐size sorting: implications for downstream fining, stream‐profile concavity, and drainage basin morphology
Authors: Gasparini Nicole M. , Tucker Gregory E. , Bras Rafael L. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractWe explore the link between channel‐bed texture and river basin concavity in equilibrium catchments using a numerical landscape evolution model. Theory from homogeneous sediment transport predicts that river basin concavity directly increases with bed sediment size. If the effective grain size on a river bed governs its concavity, then natural phenomena such as grain‐size sorting and channel armouring should be linked to concavity. We examine this hypothesis by allowing the bed sediment texture to evolve in a transport‐limited regime using a two grain‐size mixture of sand and gravel. Downstream ﬁning through selective particle erosion is produced in equilibrium. As the channel‐bed texture adjusts downstream so does the local slope. Our model predicts that it is not the texture of the original sediment mixture that governs basin concavity. Rather, concavity is linked to the texture of the sorted surface layer. Two different textural regimes are produced in the experiments: a transitional regime where the mobility of sand and gravel changes with channel‐bed texture, and a sand‐dominated region where the mobility of sand and gravel is constant. The concavity of these regions varies depending on the median gravel‐ or sand‐grain size, erosion rate, and precipitation rate. The results highlight the importance of adjustments in both surface texture and slope in natural rivers in response to changes in ﬂuvial and sediment inputs throughout a drainage network. This adjustment can only be captured numerically using multiple grain sizes or empirical downstream ﬁning rules. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Coastal dune fields at the São Francisco River strandplain, northeastern Brazil: morphology and environmental controls
Authors: Barbosa Liana Maria , Dominguez José Maria Landim 
Published: April 2004

AbstractExtensive coastal dune ﬁelds occur on the Quaternary strandplain associated with the São Francisco River mouth. Two different generations of dunes are identiﬁed. One is inactive, already ﬁxed by vegetation, comprising parabolic dunes. The other generation is active, bordering the present‐day shoreline and transgressing over the inactive dune ﬁeld. Three morphological provinces in the active coastal dune ﬁelds are recognized. On the updrift side of the São Francisco River mouth, they are: (a) sand‐sheet with shrub coppice and shadow dunes; (b) isolated dunes of the barchan‐transversal type up to 5 m high, and interdune areas; and (c) a 23 m high compound dune, with superimposed small dunes. The same provinces are recognized on the downdrift side of the river mouth, with two important exceptions: the barchan‐transversal and compound dunes are replaced, respectively, by (i) zibar‐type dunes up to 5 m high, and (ii) a 19 m high precipitation dune, which is associated with numerous blowouts. The prevailing eastern winds from August to January favour the development of the aeolian bedforms and the migration of dunes. The shoreline orientation almost transversal to the winds and the great supply of ﬁne‐grained sediments contribute to the formation of barchan‐transversal types and compound dunes in the updrift side. On the other hand, in the downdrift side the shoreline orientation is almost parallel to the prevailing winds. This fact, in association with a coarser grain size in the beachface, favours the formation of zibar‐type and precipitation dunes with numerous blowouts. The rate of migration of individual dunes is about 20 to 24 m per year. This study suggests that the aeolian sedimentation is a relatively recent phenomenon at the Quaternary strandplain of the São Francisco River. The ﬁrst generation of dune ﬁelds initiated some time after 3000 years BP and the second generation originated some centuries ago. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Geomorphological surfaces of different age and origin in granite landscapes: an evaluation of the Schmidt hammer test
Authors: Ericson Kerstin 
Published: April 2004

AbstractGranite landforms in Sierra Nevada, California, and the southern part of Sweden were used to test whether a Schmidt hammer can be used to distinguish surfaces of different age and origin. Based on 3260 readings, statistically signiﬁcant differences were obtained from surfaces formed and/or affected by different geomorphological processes. Aeolian, ﬂuvial or glacially polished surfaces yield higher values than surfaces exposed to surface weathering, which are distinguishable from surfaces at a weathering front caused by deep weathering. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.