bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Complexation of flutamide by native and modified cyclodextrins
Authors: Taraszewska Joanna , Migut Katarzyna , Koźbiał Małgorzata 
Published: January 2005

AbstractComplexation of flutamide (FM), the drug used in treatment of prostate cancer, with α‐, β‐ and γ‐ cyclodextrins (CDs), heptakis(2,6‐di‐O‐methyl)‐β‐CD (DM‐β‐CD), heptakis(2,3,6‐tri‐O‐methyl)‐β‐CD (TM‐β‐CD), 2‐hydroxypropyl‐β‐CD (2HP‐β‐CD) and carboxymethyl‐β‐CD (CM‐β‐CD) was studied. For all CDs the stability constants were determined by the solubility method. UV spectrophotometry and polarography were used in particular cases. The values of the stability constants increased in the order: α‐CD ≈ γ‐CD <β‐CD ≈ CM‐β‐CD <TM‐β‐CD ≈ 2HP‐β‐CD <DM‐β‐CD. For complexes of FM with β‐CD and TM‐β‐CD, the thermodynamic parameters of complexation were determined from the temperature dependence of the corresponding stability constants. For α‐, β‐, γ‐ and TM‐β‐CD, calculations using HyperChem6 software by the MM+ force field were carried out to gain some insight into the host–guest geometry. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Covalent stabilization of nanostructures: Robust block copolymer templates from novel thermoreactive systems
Authors: Drockenmuller Eric , Li Lucy Y. T. , Ryu Du Yeol , Harth Eva , Russell Thomas P. , Kim Ho‐Cheol , Hawker Craig J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractStructurally robust block copolymer templates with feature sizes of approximately 10 nm were prepared from functionalized poly(methyl methacrylate)‐b‐polystyrene block copolymers. By the inclusion of benzocyclobutene crosslinking groups in the polystyrene block, the covalent stabilization of thin films to both thermal treatment and solvent exposure became possible. In addition, the crosslinking of the poly(styrene‐benzocyclobutene) domains at 220 °C, followed by the removal of poly(methyl methacrylate), provided a robust, crosslinked nanostructure with greater processing and fabrication potential. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 1028–1037, 2005
Sizing of throttling device for gas/liquid two‐phase flow part 2: Control valves, orifices, and nozzles
Authors: Diener Ralf , Schmidt Jürgen 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe calculation of the mass flow rate through throttling devices is difficult when handling two‐phase flow, especially when boiling liquids flow into these fittings. Control valves and orifices are typically oversized in industry and the control range of those valves often does not fit the control requirements. In this paper the HNE‐DS method is proposed for the sizing of control valves, orifices, and nozzles in two‐phase flow. It extends the ω‐method, originally developed by Leung, by adding a boiling delay coefficient to include the degree of thermodynamic nonequilibrium at the start of the nucleation of small vapor mass fractions upstream of the fitting. The additional introduction of a slip correction factor, to take account of hydrodynamic nonequilibrium (slip), also makes it possible to calculate reliably the flow rate through control valves and orifices in both flashing and nonflashing flow.In Part 2 the HNE‐DS method for short nozzles, orifices, and control valves is considered. Part 1 describes the sizing of safety valves using the same method. Additionally, the derivation of the HNE‐DS model is given there in detail. The predictive accuracy of the HNE‐DS model has been checked with reference to more than 1300 sets of experimental data. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2005
Dissipation of acetochlor and its distribution in surface and sub‐surface soil fractions during laboratory incubations
Authors: Taylor Jason P , Mills Margaret S , Burns Richard G 
Published: January 2005

AbstractPesticides in soil are subject to a number of processes that result in transformation and biodegradation, sorption to and desorption from soil components, and diffusion and leaching. Pesticides leaching through a soil profile will be exposed to changing environmental conditions as different horizons with distinct physical, chemical and biological properties are encountered. The many ways in which soil properties influence pesticide retention and degradation need to be addressed to allow accurate predictions of environmental fate and the potential for groundwater pollution. Degradation and sorption processes were investigated in a long‐term (100 days) study of the chloroacetanilide herbicide, acetochlor. Soil cores were collected from a clay soil profile and samples taken from 0–30 cm (surface), 1.0–1.3 m (mid) and 2.7–3.0 m (deep) and treated with acetochlor (2.5, 1.25, 0.67 µg acetochlor g−1 dry wt soil, respectively). In sterile and non‐sterile conditions, acetochlor concentration in the aqueous phase declined rapidly from the surface and subsoil layers, predominantly through nonextractable residue (NER) formation on soil surfaces, but also through biodegradation and biotic transformation. Abiotic transformation was also evident in the sterile soils. Several metabolites were produced, including acetochlor‐ethane sulphonic acid and acetochlor‐oxanilic acid. Transformation was principally microbial in origin, as shown by the differences between non‐sterile and sterile soils. NER formation increased rapidly over the first 21 days in all soils and was mainly associated with the macroaggregate (>2000 µm diameter) size fractions. It is likely that acetochlor is incorporated into the macroaggregates through oxidative coupling, as humification of particulate organic matter progresses. The dissipation (ie total loss of acetochlor) half‐life values were 9.3 (surface), 12.3 (mid) and 12.6 days (deep) in the non‐sterile soils, compared with 20.9 [surface], 23.5 [mid], and 24 days [deep] in the sterile soils, demonstrating the importance of microbially driven processes in the rapid dissipation of acetochlor in soil. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
High‐energy vibrational modes in nitrogen‐doped ZnO
Authors: Haboeck U. , Hoffmann A. , Thomsen C. , Zeuner A. , Meyer B. K. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe present results of Raman‐scattering experiments on a series of nitrogen‐doped ZnO epilayers grown by chemical vapor deposition. Nitrogen, a potential acceptor in ZnO, was introduced by the thermal decomposition of ammonia (NH3). We found a structure consisting of at least four lines with frequencies of 2253, 2277, 2291, and 2304 cm–1. They increase in intensity simultaneously with additional modes in the energy range of the host phonons: both scale with the nitrogen concentration in the samples. The origin of the high‐energy structure is tentatively assigned to vibrations of lattice‐bound nitrogen or complexes, composed of the constituents of the dopant NH3. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Patterns of inter‐elemental effects in EDXRF and a new correction method
Authors: Ivanenko V. V. , Kustov V. N. , Metelev A. Yu. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA new method is suggested for improving the accuracy of energy‐dispersive x‐ray fluorescence analysis (EDXRF) and its implementation is described. This method is a result of studying changes in coefficients of the inter‐elemental effect, A = f(Z). We created a data bank for elements from K to Br, which accounts for the effect of three lighter and five heavier neighboring elements upon the sought element. This study offers a physical explanation of sharp bends in coefficient curves. We suggest principles for optimizing the analytical region parameters so as to reduce the effect of neighboring elements. Finally, we describe the principles of building a data bank A = f(Z, R) to account for the effect of energy resolution (R) change. Application of the suggested method to the exploration of oceanic nodules reduced the cobalt detection threshold by 50–75% (Clim−0.95 = 0.032%) and decreased the standard deviation of spectrum analysis, thus enhancing confidence in EDXRF as an effective tool for research on complex objects. The approach suggested in this study can be used with newer energy‐dispersive analyzers, including TXRF models. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Kβ/Kα x‐ray intensity ratios for bromine and iodine compounds
Authors: Küçükönder A. , Söğüt Ö. , Büyükkasap E. , Küçükönder E. , Çam H 
Published: January 2005

AbstractKβ/Kα x‐ray intensity ratios of some Br and I compounds were studied. The samples were excited by 59.5 keV γ‐rays emitted from an Am‐241 radioisotope source and characteristic K x‐rays emitted from the samples were counted by means of an Si(Li) detector which has a resolution 155 eV at 5.9 keV. The experimental values were compared with the calculated theoretical values for elemental Br and I. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A note on the relationship between real wages and employment
Authors: Christopoulos Dimitris K. 
Published: January 2005

PurposeTests for the existence of a long‐run relationship between real wages and employment, utilising annual data from 1961‐1996 for a panel of 12 European Union countries.Design/methodology/approachApplies modern time series techniques organised around panel unit root and panel cointegration tests to draw sharper conclusions from the short time series that are typically available.FindingsIndicates that a long‐run relationship between real wages and employment cannot be established. This being so, little success is expected in bringing down unemployment, the most pressing problem in the European Union, by reducing real wages.Originality/valueInvestigates the long‐run relationship between real wages and employment by conducting more reliable tests in the context of 12 European countries, namely Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Spain, France, Ireland, Italy, The Netherlands, Portugal, the UK, Norway and Finland over the period 1961‐1996.
Thomas Edison's “except one”
Authors: Hammes David , Wills Douglas 
Published: January 2005

PurposeThis paper examines the monetary thought of Arthur Kitson (1861‐1937) as expressed in his published works and in recently discovered answers he submitted in 1922 to a questionnaire from Thomas Edison, the US inventor.Design/methodology/approachBoth original source material from the Edison Archive and published sources are used to examine the subject.FindingsIt is found that Kitson's monetary thought is more orthodox than has previously been claimed by, among others, John Maynard Keynes, and more recently in the economics literature. It is also found that Kitson was the only person to support, without qualification, Edison's plan to reform the US monetary system.Originality/valueThis paper casts a new light on Kitson's monetary thought, showing the influence of Irving Fisher on Kitson. The paper also presents Edison's questionnaire and Kitson's contributory thoughts on a fiat monetary standard that the questionnaire stimulated.
Office building efficiency and capacity benchmarks
Authors: Stoy Christian , Kytzia Susanne 
Published: January 2005

PurposeAs corporate real estate is increasingly being recognised as an important cost and production factor, senior management now pays considerable attention to this asset group. These assets are managed, inter alia, by using benchmarks. In addition to monetary benchmarks, building efficiency (e.g. m2 of usable floor area per m2 of gross external floor area) and capacity benchmarks in particular (e.g. m2 of usable floor area per existing workplace) must be highlighted. Previously, specific values and their drivers for the assessment of buildings or portfolios were not available.Design/methodology/approachThis study is based on a survey carried out in Switzerland, involving the collection of floor data (in accordance with DIN 277) of 116 owner‐operated office buildings. In addition, their drivers were ascertained using regression analyses.FindingsThe building efficiency may be assessed on the basis of the share of usable floor area or the share of office space in the gross external floor area. The main drivers are the shares of vehicle parking space, areas for residential and recreational purposes and areas for storage, distribution and retail. These drivers must be taken into consideration when assessing the building efficiency. It became apparent that capacity benchmarks are determined primarily by factors such as the space use management strategies, and only to a lesser degree by the building itself.Originality/valueThe study provides space benchmarks and their drivers. The results therefore permit an objective evaluation of office buildings. However, further work transcending the influence of the building itself will be required with regard to the capacity benchmarks.
Key success factors of building management in large and dense residential estates
Authors: Hui Encon Y.Y. 
Published: January 2005

PurposeIdentifies major issues related to building management in the context of large and dense residential estates. Aims to understand the relationship between the owners and the building management company and determine the keys to success for building management in large and dense residential estates.Design/methodology/approachField interviews are conducted with the management committees of three residential estates. Semi‐structured questions are asked. A model of service quality is applied in the context of building management.FindingsA framework of the context of building management is constructed. The relationship among the management committee and the building management company is a partnership. Guidelines for narrowing possible service gaps in the process of building management are proposed. Key success factors of building management are identified.Research limitations/implicationsThe sample size is small. This study reflects the field practice of outsourced building management of a few large and dense residential estates in Hong Kong. Further validation is necessary elsewhere.Practical implicationsThis is a useful source of information for building owners and service providers to effectively implement building management.Originality/valueThe context of building management is graphically represented. The gap model of service quality is applied in the study of the process of service delivery of building management.
GAAP choice by European companies
Authors: Ortiz Esther 
Published: January 2005

PurposeThis paper examines the adoption of internationally accepted accounting standards by European companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange. The study focuses on the evolution of the use of different generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), and on the features of those companies that have adopted these non‐local GAAP.Design/methodology/approachThe sample was obtained from 336 Forms 20‐F for the period 1997‐2000. Using the information included in contingency tables and Pearson chi‐square statistic, proves whether there are any relationships between GAAP choice and other explanatory factors, i.e. country, size, industry, time listed and profitability.FindingsThe majority of the analysed companies keep using domestic‐GAAP. IAS firms are mainly non‐financial entities based in Switzerland and more profitable than US‐GAAP companies, which are mainly financial entities or companies engaged in SIC code 7 (services) based in Germany and less profitable than IAS firms.Research limitations/implicationsThe most important limitation of the paper is the period of the study. It is admitted that a deeper analysis would imply obtaining data from the most recent years.Originality/valueBearing in mind the next adoption in Europe of International Financial Reporting Standards issued by the IASB, the results of the paper give a clue about the type of European multinationals which tend to adopt non‐local GAAP, and which kind of internationally accepted accounting standards they preferentially adopt.
FDI, international business and regulation
Authors: Vindelyn Smith‐Hillman A. , Omar Maktoba 
Published: January 2005

PurposeMultinational corporations (MNCs) occupy a central role within the process of globalisation as evidenced through global foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows valued at US$3.1 trillion by the end of 2000. The importance of regulation is evident through the significant growth in global regulatory changes throughout the 1990s.The influence of regulation on UK firms' international investment decisions is assessed.Design/methodology/approachEconometric analysis measures the influence of regulation and political risk on 121 UK firms with international operations. Host countries are divided into developed and less developed regions based on the World Bank country classification. Data derive from questionnaires that cover the period 1994‐1996 and include information on host country features of two economically and culturally different countries in which firms have ongoing overseas operations.FindingsThe findings indicate that regulation is a statistically significant, and positive, factor influencing internationally mobile FDI. There are however, regional differences between less developed and developed economies. Proportionately smaller FDI inflows to less developed economies partially reflect MNCs' response to weak governance and the regional predisposition towards corrupt practices.Originality/valueHitherto international business has been able to avoid the regulatory reach as one of the perks of being an international player. The prospect for long‐term avoidance is of a more limited time‐frame as sovereign status does not exempt a country from international intervention. As countries adopt a united approach to regulation, avoidance becomes less of an issue and may be replaced by more critical evaluation of different types of regulation.
Folding and particle assembly are disrupted by single‐point mutations near the autocatalytic cleavage site of Nudaurelia capensis ω virus capsid protein
Authors: Taylor Derek J. , Johnson John E. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractProtein subunits of several RNA viruses are known to undergo post‐assembly, autocatalytic cleavage that is required for infectivity. Nudaurelia capensis ω virus (Nω V) is one of the simplest viruses to undergo an autocatalytic cleavage, making it an excellent model to understand both assembly and the mechanism of autoproteolysis. Heterologous expression of the coat protein gene of Nω V in a baculovirus system results in the spontaneous assembly of virus‐like particles (VLPs) that remain uncleaved when purified at neutral pH. After acidification to pH 5.0, the VLPs autocatalytically cleave at residue 570, providing an in vitro control of the cleavage. The crystal structure of Nω V displays three residues near the scissile bond that were candidates for participation in the reaction. These were changed by site‐directed mutagenesis to conservative and nonconservative residues and the products analyzed. Even conservative changes at the three residues dramatically reduced cleavage when the subunits assembled properly. Unexpectedly, we discovered that these residues are not only critical to the kinetics of Nω V autoproteolysis, but are also necessary for proper folding of subunits and, ultimately, assembly of Nω V VLPs.
Analysis of allosteric signal transduction mechanisms in an engineered fluorescent maltose biosensor
Authors: Dattelbaum Jonathan D. , Looger Loren L. , Benson David E. , Sali Kevin M. , Thompson Richard B. , Hellinga Homme W. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe previously reported the construction of a family of reagentless fluorescent biosensor proteins by the structure‐based design of conjugation sites for a single, environmentally sensitive small molecule dye, thus providing a mechanism for the transduction of ligand‐induced conformational changes into a macroscopic fluorescence observable. Here we investigate the microscopic mechanisms that may be responsible for the macroscopic fluorescent changes in such Fluorescent Allosteric Signal Transduction (FAST) proteins. As case studies, we selected three individual cysteine mutations (F92C, D95C, and S233C) of Escherichia coli maltose binding protein (MBP) covalently labeled with a single small molecule fluorescent probe, N‐((2‐iodoacetoxy)ethyl)‐N‐methyl)amino‐7‐nitrobenz‐2‐oxa‐1,3‐diazole (NBD), each giving rise to a robust FAST protein with a distinct maltose‐dependent fluorescence response. The fluorescence emission intensity, anisotropy, lifetime, and iodide‐dependent fluorescence quenching were determined for each conjugate in the presence and absence of maltose. Structure‐derived solvent accessible surface areas of the three FAST proteins are consistent with experimentally observed quenching data. The D95C protein exhibits the largest fluorescence change upon maltose binding. This mutant was selected for further characterization, and residues surrounding the fluorophore coupling site were mutagenized. Analysis of the resulting mutant FAST proteins suggests that specific hydrogen‐bonding interactions between the fluorophore molecule and two tyrosine side‐chains, Tyr171 and Tyr176, in the open state but not the closed, are responsible for the dramatic fluorescence response of this construct. Taken together these results provide insights that can be used in future design cycles to construct fluorescent biosensors that optimize signaling by engineering specific hydrogen bonds between a fluorophore and protein.
An avidin‐like domain that does not bind biotin is adopted for oligomerization by the extracellular mosaic protein fibropellin
Authors: Yanai Itai , Yu Yong , Zhu Xiahui , Cantor Charles R. , Weng Zhiping 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe protein avidin found in egg white seems optimized for binding the small vitamin biotin as a stable homotetramer. Indeed, along with its streptavidin ortholog in the bacterium Streptomyces avidinii, this protein shows the strongest known noncovalent bond of a protein with a small ligand. A third known member of the avidin family, as similar to avidin as is streptavidin, is found at the C‐terminal ends of the multidomain fibropellin proteins found in sea urchin. The fibropellins form a layer known as the apical lamina that surrounds the sea urchin embryo throughout development. Based upon the structure of avidin, we deduced a structural model for the avidin‐like domain of the fibropellins and found that computational modeling predicts a lack of biotin binding and the preservation of tetramerization. To test this prediction we expressed and purified the fibropellin avidin‐like domain and found it indeed to be a homotetramer incapable of binding biotin. Several lines of evidence suggest that the avidin‐like domain causes the entire fibropellin protein to tetramerize. We suggest that the presence of the avidin‐like domain serves a structural (tetrameric form) rather than functional (biotin‐binding) role and may therefore be a molecular instance of exaptation—the modification of an existing function toward a new function. Finally, based upon the oligomerization of the avidin‐like domain, we propose a model for the overall structure of the apical lamina.