bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Civil Condition
Authors: Oakeshott Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I. In this essay I shall attempt to identify and go some distance in theorizing what I shall call the civil condition or civil relation ship. This is an ideal character. The civil condition, as I shall use the expression, is not an association of ascertainable persons identifiable in respect of a place and a time, by the signs it uses to recognize itself, or specifiable in terms of common beliefs or of its own rules and arrangements. It is a certain mode of association, one among others. It necessarily excludes relationships contradictory of itself (as friendship excludes enmity); but while it is distinct from relationships contrary to itself, it does not exclude persons who enjoy those relationships. I shall call it the relation ship of civility.
Coal, Capitalism, and the State
Authors: Parnell Martin F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fundamental to an understanding of the evolution of the German coal industry, is an appreciation of the dichotomy between ownership and control-control is normally associated with ownership, but not necessarily so.1 Change, growth, and decline in the structure, organization, and output of the German coal industry are associated with many, sometimes dramatic, changes in control, with fewer, less pervasive, changes in ownership. Yet at no time has the full nationalization of the whole industry, through the vesting of ownership in a state corporation, been seriously contemplated by government.
The Rise Before the Fall, 1945-1957
Authors: Parnell Martin F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In April 1945 British and American troops entered the Ruhr, and on 8 May 1945 German troops unconditionally surrendered to the Allied Powers. In a joint declaration of 5 June the four Allies assumed ultimate state authority in Germany. In the Western zones two problems weighed heavier than the actual level of wartime destruction of industrial capacity: the totally disrupted and disorganized transport network and the need to feed, clothe, and shelter not only the indigenous population, but also the huge number of refugees and expellees from the Eastern zones. The mining industry’s housing stock had suffered particularly badly. Of 311,362 dwellings, 237,492 had either been destroyed or damaged. Underground workings had been largely spared, but above ground installations had been severely affected, especially cokeries, by-products works, and, above all, colliery companies’ power plant. Although the number of employees had remained substantially unaltered: 297,000 in 1936 (FRG area),1 and 276,192 (Ruhr), in 1945 their productivity had fallen substantially for two reasons.
Coal in Acute Crisis, 1958-1969
Authors: Parnell Martin F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The winter of 1957-8 brought a totally unforeseen slump in the coal market. The general slow-down in economic growth particularly affected the highly susceptible iron and steel industry, which sharply reduced its demand for coke while the exceptionally mild winter reduced general demand for coal. Many consumers were bound to take American coal because of the recently signed long-term contracts and the availability of cheap American coal within the wider ECSC market also substantially reduced demand, especially since West European consumers were not obliged to accept coal which German suppliers had hitherto been bound to deliver under delivery plans which came to an end on 31 March 1958.
Coal, Corporatism, and Labour
Authors: Parnell Martin F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The active participation of organized labour in managing the affairs of the West German hard-coal industry, of the whole Ruhr economy itself, and, indirectly, of the Federal Republic does not represent an isolated phenomenon, an unprecedented performance by a unique organization. It can be argued that the union’s activity merely demonstrates, in an advanced and compact manner, the propensities generally evident in the wider labour movement. Special factors influenced the precise form and nature of this union’s contribution, but the basic thrust of its response and its ability to lead positively is characteristic of a constructive, conciliatory labour stance which was very much in evidence before the Second World War and, indeed, before the First World War.
Debates and Questions
Authors: wick R L Borth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are broadly two views of debate in the House of Lords. The first tends to be disparaging: to see it as ‘rhetoric from yesterday’s men’, an opportunity for bores to pontificate. The alternative view holds that one of the chief claims to usefulness that the House of Lords can advance is its capacity to debate issues of the day in the light of the experience and expertise of its members. Compared to the Commons, the Lords has greater flexibility in its timetable, less pressure of business (at least for part of the year), a wider range of expertise and experience, and last, but probably not least, a less partisan atmosphere in which, potentially, speakers may have more impact on their audience.
A Person-Affecting Theory of Rights
Authors: Jacobs Lesley A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
§1. All rights-based justifications for redistribution face a serious and immediate problem. The problem is that there is no consensus on the answers to two closely related questions about moral rights: (1) What do we mean when we say that someone has a moral right? and (2) What moral rights do we have? The second question is addressed in the three chapters that follow this one. The principal concern in this chapter is with the first question. It is my intention to outline what I shall call the person-affecting theory of rights. The central tenet of that theory is that the ascription of moral rights should ultimately reflect a fundamental concern either for what happens to the right-holder or for the ability of the right-holder to determine what will happen.
Two Conceptions of Liberty Rights: Agency and Integrity
Authors: Jacobs Lesley A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
§1. The statement that individual A has the liberty right to x means that it is at the discretion of A whether to do x or not to do x. The fact that A has this discretion does not mean that there are not any reasons against A doing x nor that there are not any reasons against A not doing x. Furthermore, the fact that A has the liberty right to x does not provide him or her with a reason either to do or not to do x. Suppose that I have the right to look at pornography. It does not, I think, follow that therefore I have a reason to look at pornography nor does it follow that I have a reason not to look at pornography. What does follow, however, is that others have a reason, in the form of a moral requirement, not to interfere with my looking at pornography.
Rights and Deprivation: The Enabling Model
Authors: Jacobs Lesley A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
§1. In the previous chapter, I argued that we feel compelled to undertake redistributive transfers to help those suffering from handicaps with two distinct objectives in mind: (1) to compensate for the effects of those handicaps on income, and (2) to remedy those handicaps per se. While concern with distributional equality might underlie the first objective, it cannot underlie the second. That concern also cannot be captured by the effect of those handicaps on a person’s welfare or utility. We would not be inclined to say that because a person with a particular handicap is especially cheerful or happy, he or she therefore forgoes any claim to compensation he or she might otherwise have had. What then is our concern when we feel compelled to compensate in this case and others with in-kind benefits?
The Analysis of International Regimes, Towards a European-American Research Programme
Authors: Keohane Robert O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The concept of international regimes originated not from social scientists’ urge to invent new terms for their own sake, but as a way to understand international co-operation, defined as co-ordinated mutual adjustment of states’ policies yielding benefits to participants. Systematically organized co-operation is extensive in world politics; yet very few rules are hierarchically enforced. Rather, most co operation appears to be organized horizontally rather than vertically, through the practice of reciprocity. Specific agreements are embedded in a multi-layered system in which agreements are ‘nested’ within a more comprehensive set of agreed-upon rules. Understanding the formation and impact of these systems of rules is therefore essential for an appreciation of the conditions under which international co-operation could occur (Keohane 1983: 150).
Joining the Conservative Party
Authors: Whiteley Paul , Seyd Patrick , Richardson Jeremy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Having examined a profile of the social-background characteristics and attitudes of the Conservative party members in the survey, we are now in a position to examine the question of why people join the Conservative party. Though the principle focus of this chapter is explaining the recruitment of party members, we will also examine the mechanics of joining and the experiences which individuals had in becoming party members. This throws considerable light on the effectiveness of the party organization at the local level in recruiting new members.
Defending and Promoting a Sectoral Interest within the European Community: The Case of the Textile Polyolefins Industry
Authors: Peckstadt Jean-Pierre , Mazey Sonia , Richardson Jeremy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The origins of the European Association for Textile Polyolefins . (EATP) can be traced back to the jute industry. Originally, carpet backings, rope, bags and sacks, etc. were made from jute. When, some twenty years ago, the promotion of polypropylene began, it quickly became apparent that it was an innovation with great potential for the industry. Initially, a specific group, representing the manufacturers of the new product, was set up within the existing trade association. The rate of innovation with polypropylene was such that it soon proved necessary to set up a separate association-namely EATP. Thus, not only does technical innovation lead to the formation of whole new industries-it also leads to the creation of new interests which became politically motivated and with which supranational agencies and national governments have to deal.
The Internal Balance of Power and Relative Economic Decline
Authors: Ward Hugh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his editorial introduction to a volume on the economic decline of ancient empires, Carlo Cipolla stresses how the political rigidity of such societies blocked the necessary changes on the supply side: ‘Change hurts vested interests … Conservative people and vested interests cluster around obsolete institutions, and each element supports the other powerfully. Innovating minorities are bound to see their efforts frustrated by this combination.’1 This passage suggests social immobilism—where no group has the resources to force through change against combinations of other interests—an internal balance of power. The idea that blocking coalitions are inimical to growth is common to both the left and the right on standard cases of relative economic decline such as Britain, the US, and the former Soviet Union.2 In this chapter I will attempt to make this idea more precise.
The 1948 War, Armistice, and Peace Offers
Authors: Ma’oz Moshe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the mid-194os, then, the positions of both Syria and the Zionist movement had become crystallized and were highly antagonistic. The Jewish Zionist community in Palestine was determined to create its own state in part of Palestine and to secure American and British support for this policy. Zionist leaders also hoped to gain the backing of some Arab leaders, particularly King Abdallah of Transjordan, as well as prominent Egyptian personalities, like the prime minister, Ismail Sidqi.
Ba'athist Extremism and Israeli Activism: The Road to War
Authors: Ma’oz Moshe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The road to the 1967 war was indeed being paved, in many respects, from 1963, with the beginning of a new phase in Syrian-Israeli relations. In March 1963 a radical Ba’thist government was established in Damascus by means of a military coup. It was an ideological Arab nationalist and extremely anti-Zionist regime, its hostility to Israel highly motivated, also reinforced by Soviet support, intense rivalry with Nasser, and the need to channel domestic pressures towards an external enemy, Israel.
Asad vs. Rabin
Authors: Ma’oz Moshe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As might be expected, both Rabin and Asad lost no time in compensating for the heavy losses incurred by their armies in weapons and other equipment in the devastating October war. Thus, in addition to receiving massive arms airlifts during the war, Syria and Israel continued their efforts to obtain more weapons from the USSR and the United States, respectively.
Peace Negotiations
Authors: Ma’oz Moshe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Israeli Labour Party, as we know, has adopted a different interpretation of UN Resolutions 242 and 338: accepting the principle of’territorial compromise within the framework of full and viable peace’, but also insisting that Israeli settlement and military control in the Golan should continue even if there were peace with Syria. To be sure, several senior members of the party, particularly those who belonged to the Knesset Golan lobby, are categorically opposed to any compromise in that region. At one stage they were headed by Shlomo Hillel, former Speaker and one of Labour’s candidates for the presidency.
Social Capital and Exits from Unemployment
Authors: Paugam Paolo Barbieri with Serge , Russell Helen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The job matching process is one of the most important characteristics of Western European societies. In most of the countries of continental Europe, entering the labour market is a crucial step in an individuals’ life history: given strong labour market segmentation, the high level of unemployment and labour market exclusion, and slow economic growth, the moment when job supply meets job demand strongly influences an individual’s work his tory and consequently his or her overall life opportunities. For this reason, the manner in which job matching processes are institutionally regulated can be considered as a way of regulating and redistributing social inequality. This chapter will examine the role played by a person’s social capital in finding a job, and subsequently in determining the type and quality of employment obtained.
The Institutional Roots of Childcare Politics
Authors: Randall Vicky 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The origins of contemporary childcare policy in Britain lie in the ninetenth century. Social and political change, ensuing from the cumulative processes of industrialization and urbanization, combined with the imperatives of British policy as an imperial power to pose in stark and visible terms the issue of the care and education of young children. The institutional arrangements that emerged, certainly as they were crystallized in the aftermath of the First World War, though in some ways provisional, embodied central assumptions about responsibility for childcare, and particularly about the respective roles of mothers and the state, with significant and lasting consequences. At the same time a new educational doctrine, based on the child’s own developmental needs, was beginning to gain adherents and would play a growing though not yet decisive part in the future determination of childcare policy.
Post-war Policy and the ‘Rediscovery of Poverty’
Authors: Randall Vicky 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the 1950s the issue of child daycare appeared to have returned in good measure to the status quo ante, that is to its position before the war. The level and fragmentation of public provision were back to prewar rates, and such provision was justified in ways which often seemed to hark back to the earlier period, although they also took new forms. This chapter examines the challenge to this ‘traditional’ pattern that emerged in the 1960s and ‘70s. As in the previous chapter, while developments are analyzed in broadly chronological fashion, the material is organized around a succession of central questions, which are aimed both at trying to answer why childcare policy was as it was and how we can most fruitfully think about these matters. We must begin by establishing the status of child daycare as an issue in the early post-war years.
Childcare and Neo-liberal ‘Restructuring’
Authors: Randall Vicky 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is certain is that by the time of the Conservative victory in May 1979, childcare was established as a public policy ‘issue’, however low down the policy agenda, and in framing the issue the needs of working mothers, though accorded low priority, were increasingly invoked. What difference did the advent of a Conservative government make to childcare policy and policy-making?
Jenkins as Leader: 1982–1983
Authors: Crewe Ivor , King Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The period from the autumn of 1981 to the early spring of 1982 marked the high point of the SDP’s fortunes. During that period the new party won parliamentary and local by-elections, did well in the polls and was seldom out of the news; talk of an SOP—Liberal government, though far-fetched, was not absurd. But in the early months of 1982 the Alliance began to lose momentum. First, it failed to win new support and then, gradually, it started to lose its existing support. By-election victories became less frequent, press and television coverage less lavish. The Liberals and the SDP continued to claim in public that they hoped, indeed expected, to form the next government; but in private such optimistic talk gradually petered out.
Introduction
Authors: Wallace Helen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This volume started out as a mapping exercise, with the aim of identifying the range and variety of actors engaged in efforts to influence European regulatory policy. We were specifically not seeking to answer Robert Dahl’s (1961) question about ‘who governs’ in the European Union (EU), but rather to ascertain ‘who participates’. This aim grew out of several concerns. The first was a dissatisfaction with ‘either/or’ analyses of European policy-making: either the European level or the national level predominates; either member governments or some combination of the Commission and private economic interests determine the outcomes; either European policy is a projection of traditional forms of politics or it represents the end of state-based politics in Western Europe. None of these seems to capture the fluid reality of European governance, that is to say the institutions and processes through which collective European policies emerge.
The Interplay of Corporate, National, and European Interests
Authors: Cohen Elie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter addresses the way in which corporate strategies, national policies for industry, and European policies have evolved since 1985, with particular reference to the French experience. At first sight one might conclude that the French ‘normalized’ their economic policy, by creating an orthodox free market, under pressure from the European Community (EC). However, the shift in macroeconomic policy was in 1982-3 and the massive reorganization of French industry began in 1983-4, thus preceding the liberalization propelled by the 1985 Single European Market (SEM) programme and the 1986 Single European Act (SEA).
The Changing Dynamic of EU-Industry Relations: Lessons from the Liberalization of European Car and Airline Markets
Authors: Holmes Peter , Mcgowan Francis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper explores how the relationship between European firms and their associations, on the one hand, and European institutions (specifically the Commission), on the other, has been changed by market liberalization. It does so by examining the dynamic between policy proposals, the lobbying process, and industry structure in two industries: cars and airlines. Although very different in most respects (manufacturing vs. service, predominantly public vs.
Consumption without Representation? Consumers in the Single Market
Authors: Young Alasdair R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Single European Market (SEM) programme poses challenges and creates opportunities for the European Union’s (EU) nearly 370 million consumers. By reducing impediments to trade the creation of the single market should facilitate competition and thereby increase consumer choice and reduce prices. Creating a single market, however, also raises the related issues of how to handle the consequences of economic integration for consumers and what is the appropriate level of governance for consumer protection. Even if economic integration has increased consumer welfare overall, it has not necessarily translated into economic gains that consumers recognize as such. Nor do they feel engaged in the accompanying policy process.
The Dual Purpose of Elections
Authors: Dummett Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What does ‘electoral reform’ mean? The most common answer to this question would probably be ‘the introduction of proportional representation’. And what is the problem about an electoral system? The most common answer to this question would probably be ‘whether or not to have proportional representation’. These answers are due to conditioning-to endless repetition in newspaper articles and the speeches of politicians.
PR and the Alternative to it
Authors: Dummett Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The second of our two questions was this: Given the preferences of the electors in the nation at large between the political parties, (A) what should be the distribution of seats within Parliament among those parties, and (B) what electoral system will as often as possible bring about such a distribution? This chapter is devoted to a first look at the first half of this second double question, that is, to question (2A). We shall not be concerned with what electoral system will achieve whatever result we decide that we want; only with what the division of parliamentary seats between the parties ought to be, given the preferences of the electorate.
Who will Win? Who ought to Win?
Authors: Dummett Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Voting is used to resolve differences of opinion and differences of desire, usually a mixture of the two. Suppose that an appointments committee, having interviewed the applicants for a post of librarian and studied their testimonials, has drawn up a short list of six: the committee members now proceed to a vote. They are probably all agreed on the qualities needed in a librarian, but differ only on which of the applicants has them to the highest degree: this is therefore a pure case of voting to resolve differences of opinion.
Majority Preferences
Authors: Dummett Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the last chapter we first examined the case of a constituency election with three candidates in which, under the plurality system, B won, with some electors voting tactically, but in which, if all the electors had voted for the candidate of their first choice, C would have won. We asked which was the fairer outcome: which of these two candidates was the truest representative of the constituency? We answered by considering which of the two was preferred to the other by a majority of the electors: in other words, what the outcome would have been if the third candidate, A, had dropped out or been disqualified before the election. We then considered a second case, in which, had all voted sincerely, C would again have won, but in which, with some very judicious tactical voting, A might have won.