bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Controlled tests of activity of several antiparasitic compounds against natural infections of Haemonchus contortus and other helminths in lambs from a flock established in 1962
Authors: Lyons E. T. , Drudge J. H. , Tolliver S. C. , Stamper S. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Antiparasitic activity of several compounds was evaluated over a long period (about 25 years) in the same flock of sheep. Haemonchus contortus was of special interest, including its relation to drug resistance, especially to thiabendazole and other benzimidazoles, in addition to phenothiazine.
Eleven compounds were evaluated in 15 controlled tests, done between 1966 and 1989 in naturally infected lambs (n = 145) born and raised on the same pasture. Sheep were first placed on the pasture in 1962, and a few more were added thereafter. Internal parasites in these sheep were classified in 3 general categories: indeterminate exposure to parasiticides; H contortus, resistant to thiabendazole; and H contortus, resistant to phenothiazine. The parasitic infections probably became more homogeneous after several years because of few introductions of outside sheep after initial establishment of the flock.
Activity against naturally acquired internal helminths was evaluated for cambendazole (CBZ: dosage, 20 mg/kg of body weight), fenbendazole (FBZ: 5 or 7.5 mg/kg), mebendazole (MBZ: 10 mg/kg); oxfendazole (OFZ: 3.5 or 10 mg/kg), oxibendazole (OBZ: 10 mg/kg); parbendazole (PBZ: 15 mg/kg), phenothiazine (PTZ: 550 mg/kg); pyrantel pamoate (PRT: 25 mg base/kg), tetramizole (TET: 15 mg/kg); thiabendazole (TBZ: 30 or 44 mg/kg), and trichlorfon (TCF: 100 mg/kg). Thiabendazole was used more often (9 tests) than the other compounds.
Thiabendazole was more active against mature H contortus in later years than when first used in 1966, although it was never 100% effective. Efficacy against immature H contortus for TBZ did not exceed 86%. Activity against immature and mature stages of this parasite was good overall for the other benzimidazoles. Results indicated no definite side resistance of non-TBZ benzimidazoles for this species. Removal of both stages of H contortus was generally low for PTZ. For the other nonbenzimidazoles (PRT, TET, and TCF), efficacy against immature and mature H contortus was 93 to 100%, except for 1 test with PRT (79% on mature worms) and 1 with TCF (77% on immature worms).
With regard to other abomasal parasites, activity for the compounds tested against 2 species of Ostertagia was ≥ 97%, with 1 exception; numbers of these parasites in nontreated lambs were less than numbers of H contortus. All compounds, except PTZ and TCF, were effective against a third species, Trichostrongylus axei.
Activity against several species of intestinal parasites, most present in low numbers, was determined for 5 compounds (TCF, TBZ, CBZ, PTZ, and PRT) in 5 tests. Thiabendazole, CBZ, and PRT were highly effective against trichostrongyles, with a few exceptions. Trichlorfon and PTZ had overall less activity against trichostrongyles than did the other products. Against trichurids, PRT and TCF were highly efficacious.
Effects of short-term cast immobilization on equine articular cartilage
Authors: Richardson Dean W. , Clark Charles C. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Hexosamine concentration (an index of proteoglycan content), DNA content (an index of cellularity), and [35S]sulfate incorporation (an index of proteoglycan synthesis) of articular cartilage were measured in biopsy specimens from medial proximal sesamoid bone, medial condyle of the third metacarpal bone, and proximal dorsal rim of the proximal phalanx in both metacarpophalangeal joints of 6 adult horses. One limb was then placed in a fiberglass cast that extended down from the proximal portion of the metacarpus and enclosed the hoof; the other limb was not casted. After 30 days of stall confinement, additional specimens were taken from the medial proximal sesamoid bone, medial condyle of the third metacarpal bone, midproximal portion of the proximal phalanx, distal portion of the proximal phalanx, and proximal portion of the middle phalanx of both limbs for comparison.
Immobilization resulted in an apparent decrease in the hexosamine content of the cartilage when the 30-day immobilized vs 30-day mobilized specimens were analyzed. This decrease was accentuated by opposing trends in the 2 limbs. The immobilized cartilage tended to lose hexosamine, whereas the mobilized limb tended to gain hexosamine during the 30-day period; a similar trend also was seen with [35S] incorporation, but this trend was not statistically significant. The largest change was a significant increase in glycosaminoglycan synthesis in the mobilized limb, compared with little change in the immobilized joint cartilage.
We concluded that contralateral limbs are unsuitable for controls in immobilization studies because of their biological response to increased weight bearing. We also concluded that the changes in articular cartilage found following simple cast immoblization of 30 days' duration are minor and probably of little clinical consequence.
Protection against pseudorabies virus infection by intranasal vaccination of newborn pigs
Authors: McCaw Monte B. , Xu Jinsheng 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Intranasal vaccination of newborn pigs with pseudorabies virus (prv) strain Iowa S62/26 tk- gX- Bgal+ was evaluated to determine whether protective immunity could be stimulated in pigs given colostrum from immune sows. Three litters were vaccinated (2 litters from prv-immune sows and 1 born to a prv-free sow), and 2 were left as nonvaccinated controls (1 passively immune and 1 prv-nonimmune). Pigs were then challenge-exposed at 15 weeks of age with virulent prv strain 4892. Vaccinated pigs that suckled nonimmune sows developed serum prv-neutralizing antibody by 15 weeks of age and did not die or have reduction in weight gain or febrile response after challenge exposure. Vaccinated pigs that suckled prv-immune sows were seronegative for prv at the time of challenge exposure and had less weight loss and fever than did challenge-exposed control pigs. Intranasal vaccination at birth did not stimulate adequate immunity to reduce virus shedding after challenge exposure in any of the vaccinated pigs.
Virus reactivation in bitches with a medical history of herpesvirus infection
Authors: Okuda Yasuyuki , Ishida Katsuhiko , Hashimoto Akira , Yamaguchi Tsuyoshi , Fukushi Hideto , Hirai Katsuya , Carmichael L. E. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Virologic and pathologic investigations were done on prednisolone-treated bitches with a history of canine herpesvirus (chv) infection. Reactivation of chv was demonstrated in 5 Beagle bitches after daily administration of 600 mg of prednisolone for 5 days. The reactivation was confirmed in 4 of 5 bitches. Canine herpesvirus was recovered from nasal, oral, vaginal, and ocular secretions on the 5th to 21st days after initiation of treatment with prednisolone, and also from nasal mucosa and tonsil tissues. Results indicated that latent chv infections develop and that the virus may be reactivated, without clinical signs, in dogs with a history of chv infection.
Characterization of serum α1-acid glycoprotein in fetal and newborn calves during development
Authors: Itoh Hiroshi , Tamura Keiji , Izumi Minoru , Motoi Yoshiko , Funayama Yasuko 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Serum α1-acid glycoprotein (α1-ag) in bovine fetuses and newborn calves was characterized. Serum α1-ag concentration increased during fetal development and neonatal stages. Mean ± sd serum α1-ag concentration reached a peak of 1,368 ± 207 μg/ml immediately after birth, but thereafter gradually decreased to 249 ± 100 μg/ml, similar to the normal adult bovine range.
By use of isoelectric focusing of thin-layer gels, we detected 7 microheterogeneity bands ranging from pI 3.2 to 3.8 in adult bovine serum. Twelve bands ranging from pI 2.6 to 3.8 were found in 9-month fetuses and in neonates. The 5 most-acidic bands, which are absent in adult serum, ranged between pI 2.6 and 3.1 and decreased with maturation as band patterns assumed adult characteristics.
By crossed affinity electrophoresis, α1-ag of adult bovine serum was separated into 4 peaks according to its differential affinity to concanavalin A (conA). Seventy-five percent of the α1-ag concentration was represented by peak 3 (P-3) and peak 4 (P-4), which had moderate or strong binding to conA. In contrast, fetal sera contained only peak 1 (P-1), which did not have conA-binding affinity. In neonatal sera, 4 peaks were recognized, of which P-1 comprised 70% of the total α1-ag. Thereafter, with aging, percentage of P-3 and P-4 increased as band composition approached the normally expected adult pattern.
Variant of canine erythrocytes with high potassium content and lack of glutathione accumulation
Authors: Fujise Hiroshi , Mori Masayuki , Ogawa Eri , Maede Yoshimitsu 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Although the cation composition of mature erythrocytes in clinically normal dogs comprises low K concentration and high Na concentration because of lack of a Na/K pump, a dog was found that had erythrocytes with high K and reduced glutathione (gsh) concentrations attributable to the existence of a Na/K pump (hk/hg cells). However, 2 dogs were subsequently found that had erythrocytes with high K concentration and increased Na/K pump activity, but without high gsh accumulation (hk/lg cells). In those hk/lg cells, Na-dependent glutamate and aspartate influxes were about a sixth of the values in hk/hg cells, despite a steep Na gradient, and cellular glutamate concentration was not accumulated in hk/lg cells as it was in hk/hg cells. In the latter cells, glutamate and aspartate accumulated because of high activity of Na-dependent amino acid influxes. Therefore, low concentration of glutamate may be the reason for the low gsh concentration in hk/lg cells. In such cells, however, aspartate and glutamine were accumulated similarly as they were in hk/hg cells. The hk/lg cells also had a defect in amino acid metabolism. This defect was different from that in hk/hg cells. Thus, hk/lg cells might be a new model for study of defects in amino acid transport and amino acid metabolism.
Kinematic gait analysis of the trot in healthy Greyhounds
Authors: DeCamp Charles E. , Soutas-Little Robert W. , Hauptman Joe , Olivier Bari , Braden Terrance , Walton Aaron 
Published: January 2024

Summary
A noninvasive computer-assisted kinematic gait analysis was used to describe flexion and extension movements of 6 joints in Greyhounds at a trot. Distinct patterns of movements were described for each joint studied. The coxofemoral and carpal joints were characterized by a single peak of maximal extension. The femorotibial, tarsal, scapulohumeral, and cubital joints had 2 peaks of maximal extension, with 1 peak preceding stance phase and a second peak within stance phase. A two-factor repeated-measures anova was used to determine the variance in measurement of joint angles in degrees that was attributable to trial repetitions and to differences between dogs. The coxofemoral, femorotibial, tarsal, scapulohumeral, and cubital joints had a mean variance attributable to trial repetition of 6.6 (range, 1.7 to 12.9), and a mean variance attributable to differences between dogs of 5.1 (range, 0.9 to 9.2). The carpus had more variance, with a mean variance attributable to trial repetition of 16.3 (range, 13.3 to 20.5), and that attributable to differences between dogs of 31.8 (range, 20.5 to 46.7). Kinematic gait analysis provided a reliable description of flexion and extension movements in Greyhounds with minimal variance attributable to trial repetitions and to differences between dogs.
Purification of a Pasteurella haemolytica serotype 1-specific polysaccharide epitope by use of monoclonal antibody immunoaffinity
Authors: Austin Frank W. , Corstvet Richard E. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
A murine IgM monoclonal antibody causing bacterial agglutination was used in an immunoaffinity procedure to purify a serotype 1-specific polysaccharide epitope from Pasteurella haemolytica. The P haemolytica serotype 1-specific antibody was precipitated from peritoneal ascitic fluid, dialyzed, and covalently attached to cyanogen bromide-activated Sepharose 4B beads. Retention of purified antibody activity and coupling efficiency were > 99% when evaluated by elisa, agglutination testing, and protein determination. Potassium thiocyanate was selected as an eluant on the basis of reversible dissociation of bacterial agglutination and was titrated for the lowest effective concentration. Immunobead activity was observed microscopically by immobilization of encapsulated P haemolytica serotype 1 and its reversible dissociation after elution with 0.4M potassium thiocyanate. Specificity of immobilization was visualized, using P haemolytica serotypes 2 and 5, which were not bound, and by blocking serotype-1 binding with homologous capsular material. Saline-extractable capsular material from P haemolytica serotype 1 was used as an antigen source. After elution of the serotype 1-specific polysaccharide epitope, the product was dialyzed and analyzed, using chemical and immunologic methods. The immunoaffinity product contained no detectable protein and greater than half the original hexosamine content. Using defined monoclonal antibodies in elisa, titration of the original capsular material and the immunoaffinity product revealed specific retention of lipopolysaccharide, a 10- to 30-kd polysaccharide antigen common to all P haemolytica and P multocida serotypes, and serotype 1-specific capsular polysaccharide, indicating possible epitope sharing among polysaccharide antigens of P haemolytica serotype 1.
Apparent dietary protein requirement of dogs with portosystemic shunt
Authors: Laflamme D. P. , Allen S. W. , Huber T. L. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Current medical management of dogs with portosystemic shunt (pss) includes dietary protein restriction. After establishment of baseline values, 32 dogs underwent portosystemic anastomosis to induce pss. They were assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatments, and given 11 or 24% crude protein (cp); 20% of the protein was derived from branched chain or aromatic amino acids. The apparent digestibility of cp and of total digestible energy were not affected by pss. The apparent digestibility of fat decreased from 92% to 85% in dogs with pss (P < 0.01). Across all diets, the apparent dietary protein requirement (adpr) was 2.07 g of cp/kg of body weight/d in clinically normal dogs and 2.11 g of cp/kg/d after pss. Dietary amino acid composition had no effect on adpr. The adpr for dogs fed the 11% protein diets was 1.69 g of cp/kg/d in clinically normal dogs and 1.62 g of cp/kg/d after pss, whereas the adpr in dogs fed the 24% protein diets was 3.94 g of cp/kg/d before pss and 3.31 g of cp/kg/d after pss. Serum total protein, urea nitrogen, and albumin concentrations were lower in dogs with pss fed the 11% protein diets, compared with those fed the 24% protein diets. We conclude that there is no difference in adpr in dogs with pss; however, the low protein intake of 1.62 g of cp/kg/d appeared inadequate to maintain normal protein stores, Dietary protein that provides at least 2.1 g of cp/kg/d is recommended for dogs with pss.
Pharmacokinetics of propofol in mixed-breed dogs and Greyhounds
Authors: Zoran D. L. , Riedesel D. H. , Dyer D. C. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Pharmacokinetics and recovery characteristics of propofol in Greyhounds and mixed-breed dogs were compared. In all dogs, disposition of propofol was adequately described by a 2-compartment open model, with a rapid distribution phase followed by a slower elimination phase. When findings in Greyhounds were compared with those in mixed-breed dogs, significant differences were observed in mean concentrations of propofol in blood, recovery characteristics, and estimates for apparent volume of distribution, volume of distribution at steady state, and total body clearance. In addition, Greyhounds recovered from anesthesia at higher concentrations of propofol than did mixed-breed dogs. A secondary peak in blood propofol concentration was observed in 8 of 10 Greyhounds and in 5 of 8 mixed-breed dogs. This peak corresponded to the time of return of the righting reflex.
Maturational changes in F waves in growing chickens
Authors: Bagley Rodney S. , Wheeler Simon J. , James Robert L. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The F waves evoked by supramaximal stimulation of distal tibial nerve were evaluated in chickens aged 2 to 15 weeks. Latency of these potentials increased from mean ± sd 11.4 ± 0.12 ms at week 2 to mean 12.88 ± 0.65 ms at week 15. The F-wave latency increased linearly with age. When this latency was corrected for a standard distance to compensate for the increasing limb length with age, latency decreased with maturity.
Lactulose and mannitol as probe markers for in vivo assessment of passive intestinal permeability in healthy cats
Authors: Papasouliotis K. , Gruffydd-Jones T. J. , Sparkes A. H. , Cripps P. J. , Millard W. G. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Intestinal permeability was assessed in 12 healthy cats by use of a differential sugar absorption test. A 50-ml isotonic aqueous solution containing a combination of 1.8 g of the disaccharide lactulose and 1.7 g of the monosaccharide mannitol was administered to cats via nasogastric tube. Urine was collected after 6 hours, and all urine samples were analyzed the same day, using a gas-liquid chromatographic technique (glc) and an enzymatic assay (enz). Median urinary recovery of lactulose was 0.27 and 0.54% determined by glc and enz, respectively. Differences between these groups were statistically significant (P = 0.023), and correlation between assays was high (r = 0.94, P < 0.01). Median urinary recovery of mannitol was 1.93 and 2.09% for glc and enz, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences between these groups and the correlation between assays was high (r = 0.85, P < 0.01). The median lactulose-to-mannitol ratio was 0.29, using glc, and was 0.52, using enz. Correlation of these ratios was again high (r = 0.93, P < 0.01).
Serum antibody response to purified Pasteurella haemolytica capsular polysaccharide in cattle
Authors: Tigges Michael G. , Loan Raymond W. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Capsular polysaccharide (cp) of Pasteurella haemolytica, biotype A, serotype 1, was purified and combined with saline solution, aluminum hydroxide, and Freund's incomplete (oil) adjuvant. Three groups of calves were administered the various antigen preparations. The cp in saline preparation was also administered to 5 mature cows. Second injections were given 4 weeks after the first. Weekly obtained serum samples were analyzed for P haemolytica-specific antibody, using the indirect hemagglutination assay, and cp-specific antibodies were detected, using an isotype-specific elisa. Purified cp stimulated production of cp-specific IgM, IgG1, and IgG2 in calves and predominantly IgM and IgG1 in mature cows. Significant increases in cp antibody titers were not observed after the second injection of cp antigen in either calves or mature cows. The cp in oil adjuvant stimulated the highest mean cp-specific IgG1 and IgG2 responses, whereas the cp in aluminum hydroxide adjuvant stimulated the highest mean cp-specific IgM response.
Comparison of a visual analogue scale and a numerical rating scale for assessment of lameness, using sheep as a model
Authors: Welsh Elizabeth M. , Gettinby George , Nolan Andrea M. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
A study was designed to compare use of an numerical rating scale (nrs) and a visual analogue scale (vas) for subjective assessment of lameness, using sheep as a model. The nrs consisted of 5 divisions, 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4; 4 of these divisions (1–4) described lameness. The vas used a 100-mm horizontal line with vertical bars at either end; one end was labeled 'sound' and the other was labeled 'could not be more lame.' Two independent observers graded lameness in 62 sheep, and between- and within-observer differences were assessed for each scoring system to compare the nrs with the vas.
Results indicated no significant differences between the 2 observers scoring lameness, using either the vas or the nrs. The scores obtained, using the vas, were not normally distributed, although differences between scores for the 2 observers were. The nrs scores followed a normal distribution pattern. Investigation of repeated measurement for the same sheep, using both scales, revealed no significant difference between either. A comparison of the nrs and vas scores made by each observer indicated that although correlation was good (observer 1; r = 0.94; observer 2; r = 0.95), there was not perfect agreement. The maximal nrs score of 4 was associated with vas values > 68 mm, indicating that the nrs divisions did not reflect equal increases in lameness. The vas and nrs scores for each observer were highly reproducible, although they were more variable for sheep that were regarded as moderately lame.
Results indicate that although the nrs and vas compared favorably with respect to repeatability, reproducibility, and use by 2 observers, the vas is inherently more sensitive. In addition, the nrs and vas should not be used interchangeably.
Coxofemoral joint laxity from distraction radiography and its contemporaneous and prospective correlation with laxity, subjective score, and evidence of degenerative joint disease from conventional hip-extended radiography in dogs
Authors: Smith Gail K. , Gregor Thomas P. , Rhodes W. Harker , Biery Darryl N. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
A 3-year prospective study of large-breed dogs (4 months to 3 years of age) was conducted to evaluate the influence of radiographic positioning and age on coxofemoral joint (hip) laxity, subjective hip score, and development of degenerative joint disease (djd). The dogs (n = 142) were breeder- or client-owned and represented 14 breeds. With dogs under heavy sedation, hips were radiographed in the standard hip-extended position and in the new compression/distraction position at 4, 6, 12, 24, and 36 months of age. The standard hip-extended radiographic view was evaluated by 3 methods: subjective evaluation by a board-certified veterinary radiologist (WHR), according to the standard 7-point Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA) scoring scheme (OFA/WHR); joint laxity quantitation, using the Norberg angle (NA) method; and subjective scoring by a veterinary orthopedic surgeon for radiographic evidence of djd. The hips in the distraction radiographic view were evaluated for passive hip laxity, as measured by use of a unitless distraction index (di).
Results of the study indicated that at a specific age (4, 6, 12, 24, or 36 months), all methods of hip evaluation correlated with each other at a moderate level (P < 0.05). The strength of contemporaneous correlation tended to increase with age of evaluation. Longitudinally, the between-method correlations were usually significant (P < 0.05), but not at a sufficiently high level to permit reliable between-method prediction. Prospective intraclass (within-method) statistical analysis of the various hip-scoring methods indicated that di was superior to NA and OFA/WHR in comparability of score over time. The intraclass correlation coefficient ranged from 0.55 to 0.91 for di in contrast to 0.40 to 0.78 for NA, and 0.06 to 0.39 for OFA/WHR over the age intervals of the study. For reference, the highest Kappa of 0.39 for the subjective OFA/WHR scoring reflected a maximal level of agreement between time intervals, only slightly better than chance. The associated large error questions the predictive use of the 7-point, subjective hip-scoring scheme, particularly prior to the age of 2 years.