bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Case study 2: Folding of the collagen triple-helix and its naturally occurring mutants
Authors: Baum Jean , Brodsky Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Collagen comprises a family of extracellular matrix molecules responsible for the integrity and mechanical properties of connective tissue, including bone, tendon, skin, cartilage, and cornea (1-3). At least 19 distinct human collagens are known, the most abundant being found in fibrils with an axial 67 nm periodicity. In addition, collagen like domains are crucial to ligand binding and self-association in host-defence proteins such as Clq, mannose-binding protein, and the macrophage scavenger receptor (4, 5). Mutations in collagen are the cause of various connective tissue diseases, including osteogenesis imperfecta and hereditary aortic aneurysm (6-8). Altered folding of the collagen molecule and of fibril assembly have been implicated in the aetiology of these diseases, putting collagen in the context of protein folding and aggregation diseases (9-11).
Protein degradation and proteinases in yeast
Authors: Hilt Wolfgang , Wolf Dieter H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Degradation of intracellular proteins has been proven to be essential for cellular life. Adjustment of protein levels by degradation initiated by extracellular or intracellular signals is a central mechanism to allow cells to adapt to changing environmental conditions or intracellular programmes. In eukaryotic cells two major proteolytic systems exist to exert these functions: the proteasome and the lysosome. Proteasomes are multisubunit protein complexes localized in the cytoplasm and nucleus of all eukaryotic cells (1-4). The 26S proteasome is a complex structure consisting of two 19S regulatory complexes and the 20S proteasome (Figure 1). The proteolytic activity of the 20S proteasome depends on an amino terminal threonine residue located in the inner space of the cylinder in three of the seven β-subunits (5).
Carbohydrateis in medicine
Authors: Mcauliffe Joseph C , Hindsgaul Ole 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Renewed interest in the biology and chemistry of carbohydrates over the past two decades has dramatically accelerated the development of carbohydrate-based drugs (1--4). Specifically, the characterization and cloning of carbohydrate-processing enzymes, improved synthetic techniques and the ability to analyze cell-surface glycans have revealed the significant medical potential of this class of biomolecules (5-7). Currently, carbohydrate therapeutics are used to treat diabetes, epilepsy, thrombosis and arthritis, with further developments promising therapies for reperfusion injury, influenza and cancer. Carbohydrates are also being used to modify the pharmacological profile of other drugs, including recombinant proteins. Such hybrid molecules often display superior efficacy and reduced side-effects when compared with the parent drug. A variation on this theme involves the use of carbohydrates to specifically target drugs to certain cell types. The use of such carbohydrate-based agents for drug and gene delivery is being actively pursued, with several candidates already in clinical trials. This chapter will focus primarily on drug candidates that either are composed mainly of carbohydrates or are carbohydrate derived; however, the use of carbohydrates to modify and deliver other classes of drug will also be discussed.
Expansion of human cytotoxic T lymphocytes for immunotherapy
Authors: Tan Rusung 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The adoptive transfer of virus-specific, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) lines or clones to humans has proved effective in the prevention and treatment of diseases caused by cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in the first few months after bone-marrow transplantation (1-3). Apart from the benefit to patients, these studies have provided definitive evidence that CTLs are highly efficient at controlling some viral diseases in humans, and raise the possibility that similar therapy may be useful for other infections and tumours which elicit cellular immune responses. However, the generation of antigen specific CTLs in vitro does not necessarily imply anti-viral efficacy in vivo. Many viruses and some tumours have been shown to evade the cellular immune response by mechanisms as varied as the intricacies of the immune responses themselves. For instance, most members of the Herpesvirus family elaborate proteins that undermine the intracellular class I antigen-processing pathway (4), while other viruses manufacture molecular homologues that interfere with intra and intercellular signalling (5). In addition, some infected cells and tumours upregulate Fas-ligand thus arming themselves against Fas expressing lymphocytes (6-8). In patients with depressed CD4+ T-cell function due to therapeutic immunosuppression (for example after bone-marrow transplantation), the efficacy of the infused CTLs appears to correlate with the re-emergence of antigen-specific T-helper cells (2, 9). In diseases where there is no paradigm for protective host immunity, for example HIV infection, the use of CTL adoptive therapy has been less successful (10-13). One obstacle to their therapeutic effectiveness has been the short survival of infused HIV specific clones (13, 14): however, these studies have provided a clear demonstration that infused HIV-specific CTLs will home towards the sites of active HIV replication in lymphoid tissue (14).
Measurement of cells undergoing apoptosis
Authors: Furukawa Y , ham c. R M Bang 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Apoptosis is a distinct mode of cell death that is responsible for the deletion of cells during development, and the deletion of superfluous cells from normal tissue; sometimes it also occurs in pathological situations. Apoptosis was originally detected because of the distinctive morphology of apoptotic cells, which allows them to be easily distinguished from healthy cells and from those dying by necrosis. Although different cell types do not always display all the hallmarks of apoptosis, cell death by apoptosis does have characteristic features such as shrinkage of the cell, membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, and nuclear fragmentation (1).
Identification and genotypic characterization of filamentous fungi
Authors: Piercey-Normore Michele D , Egger Keith N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the past decade a wide array of techniques, and an often bewildering number of acronyms, have been developed for detecting genetic variation in a variety of organisms, including fungi. It is not within the scope of this chapter to describe all of these techniques. Rather we will attempt to provide the reader with an understanding of the main classes of techniques, strategies for determining which are appropriate to answer the biological question being posed, and point out sources of information to assist in implementing the protocols.
Immunological methods for fungi
Authors: Thornton Christopher R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Immunological approaches to the study of fungi are well documented, beginning with the studies of Flor, DeVay, and others (1, 2) in the 1960s and earlier of the common antigenic relationships between fungal plant pathogens and their hosts using rabbit polyclonal antisera (pAbs). However, it was not until the advent of hybridoma technology and the production of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) pioneered by Köhler and Milstein in the mid-1970s (3), that immunological methods began to provide the degree of specificity and reproducibility required by modern day fungal biologists. The complex structure of fungal cell walls and their extracellular glycoproteins, compared to organisms such as viruses, and the complexity of the soil and plant matrices in which they grow and reproduce, meant that traditional approaches employing pAbs found only limited applicability in studies of fungal biology. Hybridoma technology and the production of mAbs overcame many of these problems and revolutionized immunological studies of fungi, allowing detailed investigations of morphology, biochemistry, and physiology in pure culture through to the detection, quantification, and visualization of the components of fungal biomass in naturally infected plant and infested soil samples.
Cytogenetics in myeloid leukaemia
Authors: Potter A M , Watmore A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter covers Three hematological disorders of myeloid cells: AML MDS and MPD. Both MOS and MPD have a propensity to evolve to acute leukemia. Indeed. the diagnosis of AML in these cases may be simply based on the blast count. The poorly defined boundaries between disorders is reflected in the commonality of the chromosome findings in the three conditions. The majority of chromosome changes in myeloid leukaemia, although characteristic of the disease, can also be observed elsewhere. This chapter attempts to identify those zibnormalitics considered exclusive to rnyc&gt;loid kuk&lt;1cmia (usually having a limited distribution within AML subtypes) and those strongly associated with myeloid disorders but occasionally appearing in other diseases. A third type of chromosome abnormality is also included. These are findings which are recur rent in myeloid disease. but frequently observed outside the myeloid lineage. These should not be considered as reliable lineage markers when set: alone. A, with all malignancies, a proportion of myeloid leukaemias show only random changes. These confirm the neoplastic nature of the disease but provide no further informalion.
Partial unfolding as a precursor to amyloidosis: a discussion of the occurrence, role, and implications
Authors: Kad Neil M , Radford Sheena E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An astounding feature of proteins is their ability to acquire a unique three-dimensional structure despite the vast sequence space accessible to the polypeptide chain. However, on rare occasions a polypeptide chain finds an energy minimum that is not the native state. These are often in the form of alternately folded structures, or insoluble aggregates. Usually regarded as an experimental nuisance, protein aggregation is now emerging as an exciting area of research with both biological and biotechnological importance. For example, heterogeneous recombinant proteins expressed in bacterial cells can be deposited as inclusion bodies, or the aggregation of proteins in vivo may cause deposition disorders such as Alzheimer’s or Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease. This chapter will not consider the intricacies and implications of the former (this is dealt with in (1)). Instead, the discussion here will focus on the significance of ordered aggregation of proteins into fibrous structures, which lead to a complaint known as amyloid disease. This ordered aggregation involves the association of the protein or peptide subunits into long fibrils with an overall cross-13 structure involving a long array of hydrogen-bonded 13-strands (2). Such fibrils are seen in a number of different human diseases e.g. Alzheimer’s disease, senile systemic amyloidosis, and dialysis related amyloidosis but it is not yet known whether the fibrils or their precursors are the pathogenic agents (see (3)). In this chapter we review the structure of amyloid fibres and describe current views on the possible mechanisms underlying the conversion of soluble protein into these insoluble aggregates.
Vertebrate Neurogenesis
Authors: Storey Kate G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The adult nervous system contains the greatest diversity of cell types of any tissue in the vertebrate body, and it is this variety which largely underlies the complexity of the thinking, behaving tissue that is the brain. Many of the molecular mechanisms underlying the critical steps leading to the formation of the vertebrate nervous system have now been identified. This process begins in the early embryo when cells become competent to respond to neural inducing signals, and extends on from the formation of neural precursors and the regulated production of neurons and glia within the patterned neural tube to axon outgrowth and guidance, target recognition, and synapse formation (see Chapter 7). These activities take place within a dynamic structure that begins as a flat neural plate, which undergoes a series of morphogenetic movements and defined patterns of cell proliferation that transform it into a neural tube with distinct regional characteristics.
Patterning of the Neural Crest
Authors: Erickson C A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Neural crest cells are mesenchymal cells that emigrate from the dorsal portion of the neural tube, and are remarkable both for their extensive migration and the multiple derivatives to which they give rise. For these reasons, the neural crest has been a popular model system with which to investigate problems of patterning. At the trunk level, neural crest cells take two major pathways of migration. The first is ventral between the neural tube and somites, and the cells that follow this path differentiate primarily into the neurons and glial cells of the peripheral nervous system, the secretory cells of the adrenal medulla, and the enteric nervous system of the gut. About a day later, neural crest cells migrate dorsolaterally between the ectoderm and the somites where they differentiate into the pigment cells of the skin. At the head level, the situation is even more complicated, because many more derivatives arise from the cranial neural folds and the patterns of migration are much more complex.
Rapid screening of phage displayed protein binding afinities by phage ELISA
Authors: DeLano Warren L , Cunningham Brian C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Monovalent phage display enables a single protein (or peptide) molecule to be presented on the surface of a phage particle. This protein is translated from a phagemid vector as a fusion linked to the natural pIII coat protein in an Escherichia coli cell coinfected with helper phage. The display achieves monova- lency since the fusion protein rarely substitutes for the native pIII protein from the helper phage genome. While display can be highly variable, typically just 0.05-5% of these phages actually display the protein of interest (1).
In vivo and ex vivo selections using phage-displayed libraries
Authors: Hoffman Jason A , Laakkonen Pirjo , Porkka Kimmo , Bernasconi Michele , Ruoslahti Erkki 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Phage display has emerged as a useful method to discover peptide ligands, and to minimize and optimize the structure and function of proteins (1-3). Phage dis- play screens have two basic components: the target macromolecule and the phage. The phage is used as a scaffold to display recombinant libraries of pep- tides, and provides the means to rescue and amplify peptides that bind a target macromolecule. Target macromolecules are commonly proteins but can be nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and phospholipids, and can be broadly classified as simple or complex depending on their purity (4-6). A pure protein, such as an antibody, immobilized on a solid support is a simple target, while a complex target would be the surface of a cell.
Screening phage libraries with sera
Authors: Monaci Paolo , Cortese Riccardo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter comprises a description of methods and procedures for screening phage-displayed peptide libraries using complex mixtures containing the target receptor. This is the case for many interesting biological systems such as serum, cerebrospinal and other biological fluids, cell or tissue surfaces, etc. In such cases the goal is to identify peptides that bind to a particular receptor molecule or to a set of receptors with specific properties.
Phage antibody libraries
Authors: Bradbury Andrew R M , Marks James D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The use of phage display to generate antibodies recognizing specific antigens is one of the more successful uses of the technology. This application requires a number of crucial steps common to all molecular diversity technologies: the creation of diversity, coupling of phenotype (antibody protein) to genotype (anti- body gene), selection, amplification, and analysis. Antibodies with affinities com- parable to those obtained using traditional hybridoma technology can be selected from either large na 1ve antibody libraries or from immune phage anti- body libraries. The affinity of initial isolates can be further increased, to levels unobtainable in the immune system, by using the selected antibodies as the basis for construction and selection of libraries where the antibody gene is diversified (see Chapter 14). In this chapter, we will discuss the issues in mating phagemid based single chain Fv (scFv) libraries on phage coat protein pIII and selecting and characterizing antigen specific antibodies. Many of the protocols, however, can be modified for alternative formats.
Interests and Principles in Political Life
Authors: Ginsberg Benjamin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For more than 200 years, the tale of George Washington and the cherry tree has symbolized the virtue of America’s first president and, by his example, the importance of integrity as an attribute of political leadership. Unfortunately, the cherry-tree story is a myth, concocted in 1806 by an enterprising preacher, Mason L. Weems, who hoped to bolster the flagging sales of his rather shallow biography of Washington.1
Elections and the Limits of Popular Government
Authors: Ginsberg Benjamin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Voting is the only form of political activity in which substantial percentages of Americans routinely engage. More than 60 percent of those eligible—over 122 million people—cast ballots in the 2004 presidential election. The percentage who report participating in other forms of political action, even other electorally related activities, is relatively small. In 2004, only 13 percent gave money to a campaign, 7 percent attended a meeting, and barely 3 percent actually worked to help elect a particular political candidate.1
Private Interests and Public Policies
Authors: Ginsberg Benjamin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many policy analysts assert that government action is often required to correct what they call “market failure.” This concept refers to inequities, inefficiencies, or harmful externalities produced by the operations of private markets. The presumption underlying this idea is that government agencies and officials are motivated mainly by concern for the public’s welfare and will intervene in the private sector in ways that are likely to promote broad public interests.
Conclusion: Why Participate in Politics?
Authors: Ginsberg Benjamin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Americans are continually exhorted to participate; to make their views known; to vote for the best person; and, in a variety of other ways, to play an active role in political life. But for most people, most of the time, politics is not ennobling, particularly efficacious, or even interesting. Clausewitz was correct to equate politics with war. Each in its own way is an unrewarding, albeit sometimes necessary, activity for most participants. Common soldiers seldom find war an edifying experience, even when it can be said that the reasons to fight were valid and legitimate. In political combat, most participants are foot soldiers in battles fought for the benefit of others, for goals that are seldom fully revealed to the public at large.
Shoulders Of Giants
Authors: Hamilton W D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
UP to 1963 my only ‘published’ writings were a story written when a child and filling a half page in Sevenoaks Preparatory School Magazine and a review of a popular book on dolphins for a New Zealand literary journal. The review was done when I was already a graduate student in London. The reasons why the editor of Landfall requested a review from a biology student so far away are, probably, first, chat he did not know other biologists, second, I was his godson, and, third, that he knew from my rare letters that I was working on something to do with social behaviour. Even then the lives of dolphins had a reputation for being unusual and complex. My ideas about them, as about the book, were very lightweight and my review does not merit inclusion in this book. However, the topic of dolphins and my godfather’s ‘nepotism’ in sending me the task are relevant in an odd way to the paper that follows.
Sorority Avenue
Authors: Hamilton W D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN the late 1960s I was invited by Gerhard H. Schmidt of the University of Wiirzburg to write a chapter for a proposed multi-author volume on social insects to be published in German. He wanted me to explain my ideas about how relatedness affects the evolution of social insects. I was to write an English version that would be translated, The request was attractive because what I had written on social insects in 1964 (see Chapter 2) was overdue for revision and extension, besides which I was delighted at the idea of a translation specially reaching German readers.
Astringent Leaves
Authors: Hamilton W D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper was the first to be generated entirely from within my new job in America. Why had I moved? Partly it was the Brazilian experience of teaching attentive and interested graduate students that set me thinking that there might be better places to be a lecturer than at Imperial College. More, however, it was the return from the same Brazilian trip to find myself still in the same teaching rank that I had held 12 years before when I joined the college, and with various later comers promoted past me, which indeed had happened for some time.
Distal Clavicular Osteolysis Treated With Platelet-Rich Plasma: A Case Report
Authors: Kim Alexander R. , Covey Carlton J. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract:
Atraumatic distal clavicular osteolysis (DCO) is a cause of shoulder pain in younger athletes, often resulting from weightlifting and activities with repetitive pressing and overhead lifting. Athletes will present with shoulder pain localized to the acromioclavicular (AC) joint, with tenderness to palpation over the joint exacerbated by provocative testing on examination. Conservative management often includes activity modification, oral analgesics, physical therapy, and corticosteroid injection. Distal clavicular osteolysis can be refractory to conservative management and these athletes are often referred for surgical consultation. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injections have been used to treat a wide variety of musculoskeletal injuries, but there have been no published studies assessing the efficacy of PRP injections specifically for distal clavicle osteolysis. We present a case of refractory DCO successfully treated with an ultrasound-guided PRP injection of the AC joint.