bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A cautionary note on deviation scores for the WISC‐III and WAIS‐III
Authors: Charter Richard A. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThis article highlights some dangers inherent in interpreting individual examinee strengths and weaknesses in WAIS‐III and WISC‐III profiles. In both manuals, there are tables providing point estimates for determining if a significant difference exists when comparing one subtest to the average of several subtests. However, these point estimates may lead to interpretation errors. A confidence interval approach that provides a solution to the interpretation problem is described and illustrated. These intervals show that differences between a single subtest score and the average subtest score that just reach statistical significance carry the potential of having no clinical significance. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol.
The Pain Distress Inventory: Development and initial psychometric properties
Authors: Osman Augustine , Barrios Francisco X. , Gutierrez Peter M. , Kopper Beverly A. , Butler Adam , Bagge Courtney L. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractA new 26‐item self‐report measure, the Pain Distress Inventory (PDI), was designed to assess affective distress symptoms related to physical pain. Phases 1 to 3 were designed to construct the PDI using contemporary test development strategies. Studies 1 and 2 were conducted to define and confirm the four‐factor oblique structure of the PDI: PDI‐Depression, PDI‐Anger, PDI‐Pain Sensitivity, and PDI‐Somatic Anxiety. The internal consistency reliability estimates were high for both the PDI total and scale scores. Study 3 examined relationships of the PDI with demographic variables and pain‐ and psychological‐related responses. Scores on the PDI were useful in predicting scores on a pain‐interference index and a pain‐symptom index. Study 4 was designed to replicate previous findings of reliability and validity. The PDI total and scale scores were useful in differentiating between the responses of the clinic and nonclinic study participants. Limitations and potential uses of the PDI are discussed. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol.
The perceived effects of holiday‐taking upon the health and wellbeing of patients treated for cancer
Authors: Hunter‐Jones Philippa 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThe role that holidays play within health and wellbeing has been addressed infrequently within academic research. Much of the work that does exist has tended to focus upon illnesses or health complaints arising as a consequence of travel. Any beneficial health effects of travel largely have been neglected. This paper reports the empirical findings of a qualitative study conducted to determine the perceived effects of holiday‐taking upon the health and wellbeing of a group of cancer patients, a population ignored by the tourism community. Four perceived effects are identified relating to personal health, social effectiveness, personal identity and regaining independence, and the implications of these findings discussed. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Unionisation in the Dublin hotel industry
Authors: Piso Annemarie 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThe Dublin hotel industry experiences significantly higher levels of union density than is the case amongst hotel workers in the UK. This paper examines the context in which these different experiences of union density take place. It provides an examination of the historical roots of union organisation within Dublin hotels and explores the factors that have contributed to effective organisation within the industry today. It concludes by arguing that although the structural characteristics of employment in the UK can act as a barrier to union organisation, these can, in certain historical periods, be overcome where there is a shifting balance of power between workers and employers affecting both the hotel industry and society as a whole. Copyright
© 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mortars for encapsulating sacrificial zinc anodes in reinforced concrete
Authors: Jordan Lee C. , Page Christopher L. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractExpansion measurements, chemical analysis and petrography have been undertaken to assess a possible side‐effect of using strongly alkaline additives (lithium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide) in encapsulating mortars used to promote the activity of sacrificial zinc anodes employed for galvanic cathodic protection of steel in concrete. Very high concentrations of lithium hydroxide in the encapsulating mortars were found to cause no deleterious expansion associated with alkali‐silica reaction (ASR) in surrounding “model” concrete specimens even when the latter contained aggregate of known susceptibility to ASR and a near‐threshold level of intrinsic alkalinity. Encapsulating mortars formulated with an equivalent molarity of sodium hydroxide, however, were found to induce significant expansion due to ASR in similar specimens.
Gerissener Stahlbeton: Wie korrosionsgefährdet ist die Bewehrung?
Authors: Gehlen C. , Sodeikat C. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractZum Bemessungsprinzip von Stahlbetonbauteilen gehört es in der Regel, dass der Beton im Zugbereich aufreißt und die Zugkräfte von der Stahlbewehrung aufgenommen werden. Durch konstruktive Maßnahmen können die entstehenden Risse in ihrer Breite beschränkt werden. Bereits Ende der fünfziger Jahre wurden erste Untersuchungen durchgeführt, um den Einfluss von Rissen und Rissbreite auf das Korrosionsrisiko zu erfassen. Korrosionsfördernde Stoffe wie CO2 und Chloride können in Rissbereichen wesentlich rascher zum Bewehrungsstahl vordringen als in ungerissenen Bereichen; die Zeitphase der Depassivierung der Bewehrung ist in Rissbereichen deshalb wesentlich schneller abgeschlossen. Bevor Schießl seine grundlegenden Versuche und Literaturauswertungen zum Einfluss der Rissbreite auf die Korrosionsgeschwindigkeit der Bewehrung in Rissbereichen veröffentlichte, ging man davon aus, dass die Korrosionsgeschwindigkeit mit der Rissbreite zunimmt. Bis zur Fassung der DIN 1045 von 1988 wurden deshalb die einzuhaltenden Rissbreiten in Abhängigkeit von den Umwelteinwirkungen gestaffelt vorgegeben. Die Fassung der DIN 1045 von 1988 enthielt diese Staffelung erstmals nicht mehr, zur Sicherung der Dauerhaftigkeit von Stahlbetonbauwerken wurde ein Rechenwert von 0,25 mm festgelegt. In der Fassung der DIN 1045 von 2001 ist der Rechenwert der Rissbreite von 0,25 mm auf 0,30 mm heraufgesetzt worden. In letzter Konsequenz sind nunmehr die Erkenntnisse, welche Schießl in Heft 370 des Deutschen Ausschusses für Stahlbeton veröffentlicht hat, umgesetzt worden. Entscheidend für die Korrosionsgeschwindigkeit der Bewehrung in Rissbereichen ist die Dichte und die Dicke der Betondeckung und nicht die Rissbreite, wobei horizontale Bauteile mit Chloridbeaufschlagung generell durch zusätzliche Maßnahmen geschützt werden sollten.
Kritischer korrosionsauslösender Chloridgehalt – Untersuchungen an Mörtelelektroden in chloridhaltigen alkalischen Lösungen
Authors: Breit W. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractObwohl das Eindringen von Chloridionen in den Beton durch zahlreiche Schutzmechanismen behindert wird, der Beton also ein komplexes Mehrbarrierenschutzsystem darstellt, gelingt es den Chloridionen dennoch, wie die zahlreichen chloridinduzierten Korrosionsschäden aus der Baupraxis eindeutig belegen, die schützende Passivoxidschicht des Stahles zu durchbrechen. In einem ersten Teil wurde über die Ergebnisse berichtet, die am reduzierten Korrosionssystem Stahl/Betonporenlösung durchgeführt wurden [1]. Im vorliegenden Artikel werden die Untersuchungsergebnisse zum kritischen korrosionsauslösenden Chloridgehalt, die in elektrochemischen Untersuchungen an Mörtelelektroden in chloridhaltigen alkalischen Lösungen erzielt wurden, vorgestellt. Abschließend werden die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse im Hinblick auf die sich ergebende Bedeutung für die Baupraxis, im Speziellen für die Planung von Neubaumaßnahmen und für die Beurteilung von bestehenden Bauwerken, erläutert.
Termination in Dilute‐Solution Free‐Radical Polymerization: A Composite Model
Authors: Smith Gregory B. , Russell Gregory T. , Heuts Johan P.A. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractLiterature data are summarized for the chain‐length‐dependence of the termination rate coefficient in dilute solution free‐radical polymerizations. In essence such experiments have yielded two parameter values: the rate coefficient for termination between monomeric free radicals, k, and a power‐law exponent e quantifying how kt values decrease with increasing chain length. All indications are that the value e ≈ 0.16 in good solvent is accurate, however the values of k which have been deduced are considerably lower than well‐established values for small molecule radicals. This seeming impasse is resolved by putting forward a ‘composite’ model of termination: it is proposed that the value e ≈ 0.16 holds only for long chains, with e being higher for small chains – the value 0.5 is used in this paper, although it is not held to dogmatically. It is then investigated whether this model is consistent with experimental data. This is a non‐trivial task, because although the experiments themselves and the ways in which they are analyzed are elegant and not too complicated, the underlying theory is sophisticated, as is outlined. Simulations of steady‐state polymerization experiments are first of all carried out, and it is shown that the composite model of termination both recovers the e values which have been found and beautifully explains why these experiments considerably underestimate the true value of k. Simulations of pulsed‐laser polymerizations find the same, although not quite so strikingly. It is therefore concluded that our new termination model, which retains the virtue of simplicity and in which all parameter values are physically reasonable, is consistent with experimental data. Taking a wider view, it seems likely that the situation of the exponent e varying with chain length will not just be the case in dilute solution, but will be the norm for all conditions, which would give our model and our work a general relevance.Normalized chain length distributions from PLP simulations.imageNormalized chain length distributions from PLP simulations.
Effect of the Intramolecular Chain Transfer to Polymer on PLP/SEC Experiments of Alkyl Acrylates
Authors: Arzamendi Gurutze , Plessis Christophe , Leiza José R. , Asua José M. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractPulsed‐laser polymerization (PLP) has been adopted by IUPAC as the method of choice for the determination of propagation rate constants (kp). However, the method has failed in the polymerization of alkyl acrylates at temperatures above 30 °C. In this work, the PLP experiments were analyzed by simulation using a Monte Carlo algorithm. It was found that the experimental difficulties encountered to accurately determine kp at temperatures above 30 °C were caused by extensive intramolecular chain transfer. This mechanism is not operative at lower temperatures because of its high activation energy.Pulsed‐laser polymerization of BA in bulk at temperatures between −41 and +40 °C: Simulated MWD trace.imagePulsed‐laser polymerization of BA in bulk at temperatures between −41 and +40 °C: Simulated MWD trace.
Self‐Consistent Integral Equation Theory for Semiflexible Polyelectrolytes in Poor Solvent
Authors: Zherenkova Lubov , Khalatur Pavel , Yoshikawa Kenichi 
Published: June 2003

AbstractSelf‐consistent hybrid MC/PRISM method is presented for calculating properties of polyelectrolytes in semidilute and more concentrated regimes in a poor solvent. The static structure and conformational behavior of salt‐free polyelectrolyte solutions composed of semiflexible polyions and monovalent counterions are studied using the approach which combines the traditional Monte‐Carlo (MC) simulation with the numerical solution of the polymer integral PRISM equation. The MC technique is applied to generate the configurations of a single chain molecule and obtain the averaged intrapolymer correlation function. The PRISM equation is then numerically solved for a given monomer density to obtain the various correlation functions and the medium‐induced intrapolymer potential. This is used in a single chain MC simulation, where the polymer sites interact via the bare Coulomb potential together with the short range attractive potential and a self‐consistently determined medium‐induced potential. The monomer‐monomer pair correlation functions and static structure factors are calculated for a large variety of parameters. Conformational properties such as the radius of gyration and visual images are obtained as a function of attractive short‐range interaction, monomer density, Bjerrum length, and chain stiffness. The MC/PRISM study predicts that there is a range of hydrophobicity and monomer density for which polyion chains can form the toroidal structure in a poor solvent. Nonmonotonic dependence of the chain size on monomer density is predicted over the entire range of parameters. Polyion structure factor peak position as a function of density is described. Two concentration regimes in which the polyion structure factors exhibit physically different peaks were found. Over the entire concentration regime considered polyelectrolyte chains undergo strong compression with Rg ∝ l.Conformation of a polyion chain for lB = 2, ε = 0.18 at ρ* = 0.2 and α = 10°.imageConformation of a polyion chain for lB = 2, ε = 0.18 at ρ* = 0.2 and α = 10°.
Thermo‐Viscoelastic Response of Polycarbonate Reinforced with Short Glass Fibers
Authors: Drozdov Aleksey D. , Al‐Mulla Adam , Gupta Rakesh K. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractObservations are reported for oscillatory torsion tests at several temperatures ranging from room temperature to 100 °C on a polymer composite consisting of a polycarbonate matrix reinforced with short glass fibers. Constitutive equations are derived for the linear viscoelastic behavior of the polymer composite, which is treated as an equivalent heterogeneous network of chains bridged by junctions (entanglements and glass fibers). The network is thought of as an ensemble of meso‐regions with arbitrary shapes and sizes. With reference to the concept of cooperative relaxation, the time‐dependent response of an ensemble is associated with the rearrangement of meso‐domains. The rearrangement events occur at random times as meso‐regions are agitated by thermal fluctuations. Stress–strain relations for isothermal deformation of an ensemble of meso‐domains are derived by using the laws of thermodynamics. The governing equations are determined by five adjustable parameters that are found by fitting the experimental data. The effects of temperature and filler content on the material parameters are studied in detail.The shear modulus G GPa versus the content of short glass fibers ν wt.‐%. Symbols: treatment of observations in oscillatory torsion tests at T = 25 (unfilled circles) and T = 100 °C (filled circles). Solid lines: approximation of the experimental data by Equation (27). Curve 1: G0 = 1.05, G1 = 3.83 × 10−2. Curve 2: G0 = 0.91, G1 = 3.65 × 10−2.imageThe shear modulus G GPa versus the content of short glass fibers ν wt.‐%. Symbols: treatment of observations in oscillatory torsion tests at T = 25 (unfilled circles) and T = 100 °C (filled circles). Solid lines: approximation of the experimental data by Equation (27). Curve 1: G0 = 1.05, G1 = 3.83 × 10−2. Curve 2: G0 = 0.91, G1 = 3.65 × 10−2.
A Method of Improving the Theoretical Basis of kp Determination from PLP‐SEC Measurements
Authors: Kornherr Andreas , Olaj Oskar Friedrich , Schnöll‐Bitai Irene , Zifferer Gerhard 
Published: June 2003

AbstractMaking use of hitherto ignored features (such as the peak width) contained in the chain‐length distributions of polymers prepared by pulsed‐laser polymerization (PLP), corrections are calculated from simulated chain‐length distributions for improving the accuracy of the “characteristic chain length” L0 data on which the evaluation of the propagation rate constant kp is based. These corrections refer to a wide range of chain lengths and primary radical production, slightly chain‐length‐dependent termination by disproportionation or combination, and a reasonable extent of axial dispersion introduced by the chromatographic device used in the evaluation of the chain‐length distribution. They can be applied to the point of inflection on the low‐molecular‐weight side of the extra peaks as well as to the peak maximum. The remaining mean error which, of course, concerns the evaluation of L0 only, is shown to be of the order of 1.0–1.5%, if the mode of termination is unknown, and comes down to about half that value if information on the mode of termination is available. Although all the other errors inherent in the size exclusion chromatography (SEC) method are still present, this method constitutes substantial progress with respect to the accuracy of determining kp data from PLP experiments followed by chromatographic analysis.Hyper mass distributions calculated for L0 = 200, C = 5 and b = 0.16 for termination by disproportionation considering Poissonian and Gaussian broadening.imageHyper mass distributions calculated for L0 = 200, C = 5 and b = 0.16 for termination by disproportionation considering Poissonian and Gaussian broadening.
Numerical techniques for the analysis of crack propagation in cohesive materials
Authors: Marfia S. , Sacco E. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThe aim of the paper is the development, assessment and use of suitable numerical procedures for the analysis of the crack evolution in cohesive materials. In particular, homogeneous as well as heterogeneous materials, obtained by embedding short stiff fibres in a cohesive matrix, are considered. Two‐dimensional Mode I fracture problems are investigated. The cohesive constitutive law is adopted to model the process zone occurring at the crack tip. An elasto‐plastic constitutive relationship, able to take into account the processes of fibre debonding and pull‐out, is introduced to model the mechanical response of the short fibres.Two numerical procedures, based on the stress and on the energy approach, are developed to investigate the crack propagation in cohesive as well as fibre‐reinforced materials, characterized by a periodic crack distribution. The results obtained using the stress and energy approaches are compared in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the procedures. Investigations on the size effect for microcracked periodic cohesive materials, and on the beneficial effects of the fibres in improving the composite material response, are developed. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Trajectory‐planning through interpolation by overlapping cubic arcs and cubic splines
Authors: du Plessis L. J. , Snyman J. A. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractA new path‐planning interpolation methodology is presented with which the user may analytically specify the desired path to be followed by any planar industrial robot. The user prescribes a set of nodal points along a general curve to be followed by the chosen working point on the end‐effector of the mechanism. Given these specified points along the path and additional prescribed kinematical requirements, Overlapping Cubic Arcs are fitted in the Cartesian domain and a cubic Spline interpolation curve is fitted in the time‐domain. Further user‐specified information is used to determine how the end‐effector orientation angle should vary along the specified curve. The proposed trajectory‐planning methodology is embodied in a computer‐algorithm (OCAS), which outputs continuous graphs for positions, velocities and accelerations in the time‐domain. If a varying end‐effector orientation angle is specified, the OCAS‐algorithm also generates continuous orientation angle, orientation angular velocity and orientation angular acceleration curves in the time‐domain. The trajectory‐planning capabilities of the OCAS‐algorithm are tested for cases where the prescribed nodal points lie along curves defined by analytically known non‐linear functions, as well as for nodal points specified along a non‐analytical (free‐form) test‐curve. The proposed trajectory‐planner may be implemented as part of kinematic and kinetic simulation software, and it also has the potential application for controlling machine tools in cutting along free‐form curves. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Accuracy of trisomy 18 screening using the second‐trimester triple test
Authors: Meier Chris , Huang Tianhua , Wyatt Philip R. , Summers Anne M. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the accuracy of the calculated risk for trisomy 18 assigned to individual women screened with the second‐trimester triple test.MethodsThe study was based on 382 598 women screened in the Ontario Maternal Serum Screening Programme between October 1993 and September 2000. Of the women screened, 111 cases of trisomy 18 were identified. Originally, 92 874 women were screened using a risk cut‐off level method. Estimated risks of trisomy 18 were calculated by applying published population parameters for the remaining women screened using a fixed analyte cut‐off method.Women were ranked according to their individual risk for trisomy 18 syndrome in decreasing order and divided into 12 groups. The mean calculated risks of having an affected pregnancy at term for each group were compared with the birth prevalence of the corresponding group after allowing for spontaneous fetal losses.ResultsAgreement between the mean calculated risks and the observed prevalence was seen across the entire risk range, although women identified as having high‐risk pregnancies had an actual prevalence that was somewhat lower than that estimated by the screen.ConclusionThe calculated risk for trisomy 18 syndrome assigned to the individual woman on the basis of the risk cut‐off method accurately reflects their risk of having a term trisomy 18 syndrome pregnancy. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Discordant prenatal diagnosis of trisomy 21 due to mosaic structural rearrangements of chromosome 21
Authors: Brisset Sophie , Aboura Azzedine , Audibert François , Costa Jean‐Marc , L'Herminé Aurore Coulomb , Gautier Valérie , Frydman René , Tachdjian Gérard 
Published: June 2003

AbstractObjectivesTrisomy 21 mosaicism associated with a structural rearrangement of chromosome 21 is uncommon. We report on two prenatal diagnoses in which karyotypes showed mosaicism with an aberrant cell line, including a structural rearrangement of chromosome 21.MethodsBoth these cases were associated with increased nuchal translucency. Conventional and molecular cytogenetic analyses were performed on uncultured and cultured trophoblast and amniotic fluid cells.ResultsIn Case 1, analysis of trophoblast cells revealed an abnormal karyotype of 47,XX,+mar.ish der(13/21)(D13Z1/D21Z1+)/46,XX. The amniocentesis showed a free non‐mosaic trisomy 21. In Case 2, the trophoblast direct analysis showed a normal male karyotype whereas the long‐term culture revealed a mosaicism for a dicentric long‐arm isochromosome 21: 46,XY,idic(21)(p11)/45,XY,−21/46,XY. Amniocentesis showed an unbalanced non‐mosaic karyotype 46,XY,idic(21)(p11) resulting therefore in trisomy for the long arm of chromosome 21.ConclusionOur cases underline the importance of combining the direct analysis and long‐term culture of trophoblast and emphasise the need for confirmatory studies in other tissues when mosaicism of structural rearrangement is encountered in chorionic villi. The meiotic and mitotic mechanisms of formation of these structural rearrangements of chromosome 21 are discussed. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.