bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
361 The Effects of Feeding Sprouted Barley on Cow Calf Pairs Health and Performance
Authors: Crump Zachary C , Alberto Anthony F , Brown Bailee , Roholt Bryce W , Okamoto Lillian , Sego Mia , Ward Robert , Blackett Brady , Harding Rob , Ranathunga Sanjeewa , Thornton Kara J , Spurling Ryan A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Currently the world population is growing exponentially, which increases the demand to produce high-quality protein. Changes in weather patterns, such as drought, and decreased land resources due to urbanization, increase the strain on the agriculture sector to meet world demands. An alternative method to remedy these issues and still produce high quality livestock feed is through controlled environment vertical farming systems. Sprouted grains are one feed these systems can produce. However, there is little information on the effects of feeding sprouted grains to cattle. Angus cows with a steer calf were fed either feeder quality alfalfa (n =10 pairs) or the same alfalfa and sprouted barley (12.5% DM; n = 10 pairs) for 90 days. On days 0 and 90, body weight, milk, rumen fluid and BCS were collected from cows and hip height and weight were recorded for calves. On day 10, weight was recorded for cows and calves and rumen fluid and milk were obtained from cows. On day 45, rumen fluid and milk were collected from cows. On day 55, body weights were collected for both cows and calves and milk from cows. Intake was recorded throughout the trial via bunks with Vytelle technology. PROC MIXED procedure of SAS was used to analyze all data with day as a repeated measure to determine the main effect of treatment. Individual volatile fatty acids (VFA) were measured as a percent of total VFA present. No differences (P ≥ 0.16) were observed in calf weight, hip height, milk protein, fat, lactose, calf DM intake, or cow DM intake. Cows fed barley sprouts tended (P = 0.08) to have a decreased somatic cell count compared with alfalfa fed cows. There was a treatmentxday effect (P = 0.004) for isobutyrate, such that the treatment and control decreased over time, but the control remained consistent the last 45 days. A treatmentxday effect (P = 0.02) was also observed for butyrate indicating that both remained consistent over the first 45 days and then treatment increased over the last 45 days. Additionally, treatmentxday effect (P = 0.001) for rumen pH demonstrated that both groups stayed consistent until day 45 and then treatment pH decreased the last 45 days. There was a day affect for total VFA (P = 0.0009), acetate:propionate (P &lt; 0.0001), acetate (P &lt; 0.0001), and propionate (P &lt; 0.0001) demonstrating that total VFA and acetate increased throughout the duration of the trial and acetate:propionate and propionate decreased throughout the trial, while the acetate:propionate ratio increased (P &lt; 0.0001) the duration of the trial. Cows receiving sprouted barley produced more (P = 0.02) capronate than control. These results indicate that sprouted barley can be an alternative feed at this stage in production without having a negative impact on health or production but does change the rumen pH and proportion of some VFA.
362 The Influence of Supplemental Protein Level on the Intake, Digestion, and Metabolism of Beef Cattle Consuming Low-Quality, High-Fiber Roughages
Authors: Peterson Jeremiah , Kluth Janessa A , Hamilton Thomas , Sitz Taylre , Pondolfino Jackie , Wyffels Sam , Van Emon Megan L , Eberly Jed , DelCurto Timothy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two studies were conducted to evaluate the influence of graded levels of supplemental protein on the intake, digestion, ruminal fermentation, and metabolism of beef cows consuming low-quality forage base diets (6% CP and 74% NDF). For both studies, 15 ruminally cannulated cows (4/5 yrs age, 803 and 757 kg = avg BW for study 1 and 2, respectively) were stratified by BW and, within stratum, randomly assigned to three supplemental treatment groups (n = 5). In study 1, cows were assigned to the following treatments: 1) control, no supplement; 2) 0.25 % BW of a 20% CP supplement; and 3) 0.25 % BW of a 40% supplement. Both supplements were composed of soybean meal and ground corn with the composition adjusted to hit the target CP level. In study 2, cows were assigned to the following alfalfa pellet supplement treatments: 1) control, no supplement; 2) 0.20 % BW of alfalfa pellets, and 3) 0.40 % BW of alfalfa pellets. In study 1, forage intake, DM fill, liquid fill and total tract digestibility were not influenced by supplemental treatment (P ≥ 0.49). However, total DM intake increased linearly (P = 0.02) with increasing supplemental protein, with the 40% CP supplemented cows consuming 39% more DM than control cows. No treatment differences (P ≥ 0.97) were observed for heart rate or surface temperature just before feeding (hour 0) nor 5 hours post-feeding averaging 46.0 bpm, 15.3°C, and 35.2°C, respectively. In study 2, both forage intake and total intake increased linearly (P ≤ 0.02) with increasing amounts of supplemental alfalfa. Cattle supplemented alfalfa pellets at 0.4% of BW had 33 and 71% greater forage and total DM intake compared with non-supplemented control cows, respectively. In contrast, there were no treatment effects (P ≥ 0.11) on DM fill and total tract digestibility averaging 15.73 kg and 44.99%, respectively. In contrast, liquid fill tended to increase (P = 0.08) linearly with increasing levels of supplemental alfalfa. Heart rate nor surface temperature prior to feeding and 5-hours post feeding were influenced (P ≥ 0.83) by the addition of supplemental alfalfa averaging 51.91 bpm, 15.05°C and 31.75°C, respectively. In summary, overall total DM intake was enhanced with the addition of supplemental protein, however, only modest effects were observed in ruminal fill and total tract digestion. Additionally, heart rate and surface body temperatures were not influenced by supplemental treatments under the conditions of these studies.
357 The Influence of Supplemental Protein Levels on Beef Cattle Grazing Winter Foothill Rangelands: Cow and Subsequent Calf Performance
Authors: Hamilton Thomas , Wyffels Sam , Nack Makae , Kluth Janessa A , Peterson Jeremiah , DelCurto Timothy , Carlisle T J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Angus based bred cows [n = 150; initial shrunk body weight (BW) = 615 ± 6.61 kg; initial body condition score (BCS) = 5.2] were used in an 84-d winter grazing experiment that took place over two consecutive years. Cattle were stratified by age and body condition and, within stratum, randomly assigned to one of three protein supplementation treatments: 1) no supplement, 2) cows fed 0.20% BW· d-1 of a 30% protein supplement, and 3) cows fed 0.40% BW · d-1 of a 30% protein supplement. Protein supplement was a 30% CP canola-based pelleted supplement with 9 units protein from urea. Cows were gathered three-times weekly and provided supplement on a replicated pen basis. Performance data were analyzed as a completely randomized design with linear and quadratic contrasts used for mean separation (reps = 5; n = 7). Body weights and BCS were recorded every 28-d period throughout the study and calf BW were obtained at birth and weaning. A treatment × period interaction was detected for body weight change (P &lt; 0.01) where a linear response (P &lt; 0.01) where increasing protein status resulted in modest weight gains relative to the control treatment. BCS also exhibited a linear response for two of the three weight periods (P &lt; 0.01) where level of BCS lost was least in cows with the higher supplemental protein levels. A year × period interaction was detected where cows from year two exhibited less BW change on days 28, 56, and 84 of the study (P &lt; 0.01) and had greater BCS (P &lt; 0.01) than those from year one during these periods. In addition, we observed a treatment × year interaction where cows from year two experienced less BW change and had greater BCS than cows from year one (P &lt; 0.01). No treatment × year interactions were detected for birth weight, average daily gain (ADG), or adjusted 205-d weight in calves. A tendency was noted for cows offered 0.4% BW· d-1 supplement to have heavier calves at birth than their counterparts (P = 0.09) over both years. A year effect was detected where calves born in year two had increased ADG and adjusted 205-d weights compared with those from year one. A tendency (P = 0.09) for the calves in year two of the study to have heavier weights at birth compared with those from year one was also noted. In summary, increasing levels of supplemental protein resulted in linear improvements of BW and BCS of grazing beef cattle during the winter. While birth weights of calves tended to differ due to the gestational nutrition of the dam, calf growth and weaning weights were not affected.
363 Effect of Protein and Starch Supplementation Level on Intake and Digestibility By Steers Consuming Low-Quality Forage: I. Bos Taurus Taurus
Authors: Cox Jodi R , Wickersham Tryon A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A deficiency of ruminally available N (RAN) caused by a basal diet of low-quality forage depresses forage utilization. Supplemental protein improves forage utilization by increasing RAN, resulting in increased intake and potentially improving digestion. Addition of starch to a supplement can increase total digestible OM intake (TDOMI); however, too much starch decreases RAN creating competition between fiber and starch fermenting bacteria potentially decreasing forage utilization. Our objective was to determine the effect of starch supplementation on intake and digestion in Bos taurus taurus steers. Accordingly, five ruminally cannulated Angus steers (BW 375 ± 45 kg) were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square to evaluate the effect of decreasing supplemental starch when consuming King Ranch Bluestem hay (3.5% CP, 73% NDF). Steers received four isonitrogenous (130 mg N/ kg BW) supplements providing increasing levels of starch (2% starch = 100% soybean meal; 20% starch = 26.3% corn, 73% soybean meal, 0.7% urea; 38% starch = 51.6% corn, 47% soybean meal, 1.4% urea; 56% starch = 78.6% corn, 19% soybean meal, 2.4% urea). Five 14-d periods were conducted, consisting of 9 d adaptation and 4 d to measure intake and digestion, and 1 d for ruminal fermentation. As designed, supplement OM intake (SOMI) increased linearly (P &lt; 0.01) as starch level increased. Forage OM intake (FOMI) decreased linearly with increasing starch (P &lt; 0.01). Increases in SOMI and decreases in FOMI combined to result in no significant (P ≥ 0.14) differences in total OMI (TOMI) between starch levels. Total digestible OMI (TDOMI) responded quadratically (P = 0.05) to increasing starch and was 45.8, 49.4, 48.4 and 41.9 g TDOMI/kg BW0.75 for 2, 20, 38, and 56% starch, respectfully. Total DOMI was 18% greater when steers were provided 20% starch supplement compared with 56% starch. Similarly, total digestible NDF intake responded quadratically (P = 0.05) and was maximized with 20% starch. Total tract OM digestion and NDF digestion were not significantly affected (P ≥ 0.15) by starch level in the supplement. In conclusion, providing supplemental starch over 20% decrease forage utilization. Decreases in FOMI with starch inclusion may be attributed to competition for RAN between fiber fermenting and starch fermenting bacteria.
370 Evaluation of Nutrient Digestibility By Calves Born from Early and Late Shedding Angus Dams
Authors: Keele Jennifer , Rude Brian , Smith Trent , Karisch Brandi B , Masaitis Malori 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Researchers have investigated several factors that could alter fetal growth, including nutrient restriction (Valiente et al., 2021), hair shedding (Gray et al., 2011), and extreme hot and cold temperatures (Davidson et al., 2022). Hot temperatures and increased humidity percentages in the southeast United States caused researchers to investigate the hair coats of Angus cattle in the commercial production setting. An improvement in fiber digestibility and calf birth and weaning weights has been observed in Angus dams that shed 50% of the winter hair coat by May (Gray et al., 2011; Burnett et al., 2021). Our objective of this experiment was to investigate the nutrient digestibility of Angus calves born to cows that on average, shed early compared with calves from cows that shed later. Newly weaned, purebred Angus bull calves (early; n = 6, late; n = 6) were housed in metabolism crates for 10 d. Before the trial, calves had a 14-d adaption period to a 14% CP textured feed (CPC 14% Developer, CPC Commodities, Fountain Run, KY) and offered ad libitum Cynodon dactlyon hay and water. After 3 d crate acclimation period, urine, feces, orts, and hay samples were collected for 7 d. Concentrate was offered at 0.25% of average BW. Approximately 5% samples were taken of feces, and urine samples had 1 to 1.5% of 25% metaphosphoric acid added to prevent ammonia volatilization, and both collections were composited by animal. Orts were collected at 0600 h daily, dried, and composited by animal. Laboratory analysis included dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), ash, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), Kjeldahl N (CP), and fat. Data were analyzed using the GLM procedure of SAS 9.4 in a completely randomized design with calf as the experimental unit. Significant (P ≤ 0.05) means were separated using Fischer’s protected LSD. The model for intake included average daily DM and OM (kg) and adjusted by body weight (BW%). For digestibility analysis, the model included: DM, OM, ash, NDF, ADF, hemi-cellulose (HC), CP, and fat. The N retention model included: N retained (g/d), N retained/consumed (%), and N retained/DM intake (%). There were no differences between early or late calves for DM intake (5.502 ± 0.2774 kg/d; 2.251 ± 0.1247 %BW), or OM intake (5.199 ± 0.2591 kg/d; 2.128 ± 0.1166 %BW). There were no differences in digestibility for either group for DM, OM, Ash, NDF, ADF, HC, CP, or fat (Table 1.). There were also no differences in N retention in either group of calves (3.686 ± 2.0242 g/d; 4.366 ± 2.3964 %; 0.064 ± 0.0355 %). Further research is needed in this area to adequately understand factors influencing nutrient digestibility in calves born from early and late shedding dams.
439 Identifying Forage Efficient Cows
Authors: Lalman David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years, substantial progress has been made in understanding the sources of biological variation and genetic components of feed efficiency in growing animals consuming energy-dense mixed diets during the post-weaning phase. Much less is known about within-animal variation of feed efficiency for beef cows consuming moderate to low-quality forage diets common to most cow/calf production systems and where &gt; 74% of the total feed energy required to produce beef is consumed. Considerable evidence indicates the existence of a genetic by environment interaction for feed efficiency. Therefore, more rapid progress in forage utilization efficiency and reduction in greenhouse gas emissions in the cow herd could be made by studying feed efficiency when cattle consume moderate quality, unprocessed forage diets. Phenotype for feed intake and feed efficiency are most practically and cost effectively determined during the post-weaning growing stage. However, due to the additional nutrient sinks associated with gestation and lactation, little is known about the repeatability of forage utilization efficiency between growing heifers and beef cows. An update of recent advancements to identify forage-efficient cows will be provided during the presentation.
38 Application of Real-Time Location Systems for Automated Behavioral Monitoring in Sheep
Authors: Adcock Sarah J J , Woods Jocelyn M , Peckler Gretchen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Evaluating how, when, and where an animal moves in their environment can provide insights into their health and welfare states. Spatial tracking systems for monitoring sheep are less well developed than accelerometer-based systems, but have the potential to add important behavioral information to Precision Livestock Farming (PLF) applications. Global Positioning Systems (GPS) can be used to track pasture-based animals, but are not suitable to establish indoor locations. Real-Time Location Systems (RTLS) are a recent development that use radio-frequency signals emitted by tags to track the indoor location of an animal online and continuously. Raw RTLS data in the form of x, y coordinates can be used to calculate multiple spatial metrics, including velocity, acceleration, distance moved, the proportion of time an animal spends in different functional areas, social network attributes, and range size. RTLS can also be integrated with accelerometers to potentially improve predictive accuracy of behavioral algorithms. RTLS have been primarily tested and validated for indoor tracking of dairy cattle and have been used to assess behavioral time budgets and to detect space-use changes related to estrus or health status. For on-farm applications, these data must be transformed into threshold-based algorithms to generate notifications on changes in the health or welfare status of an animal. Algorithm development needs to account for confounding factors such as breed, sex, age, parity, and stage of lactation, as well as environmental variability that can influence the performance of decision-making tools under real-life conditions. In addition, independent validation studies of commercial systems are lacking, and many calculate positioning error with stationary objects rather than moving animals, potentially inflating accuracy estimates. In conclusion, there is growing empirical support for the use of RTLS as a PLF technology for on-farm animal health and welfare assessment. However, research is needed to validate these systems in sheep and identify spatial metrics that are accurate and robust predictors of health and welfare states for commercial applications.
380 The Sow Milk Microbiome and Resistome
Authors: Holman Devin B , Gzyl Katherine E , Kommadath Arun 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In addition to oligosaccharides, proteins (e.g., immunoglobulins), lipids, vitamins, and other nutrients vital for piglet health, sow’s milk contains bacteria believed to be important in gut health. Therefore, certain sow milk isolates with potentially beneficial properties may be of interest for use as probiotic strains. Furthermore, given the relatively large reservoir of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria carried by commercial pigs even in the absence of direct antimicrobial exposure, it is possible that sow’s milk may also transfer antimicrobial-resistant bacteria to their piglets. The objective of this study was to characterize the bacterial microbiome of sow’s milk using both culturing and shotgun metagenomics. To do this, colostrum (within 24 h of farrowing) and milk samples (n = 42) were collected from 14 sows at d 0, 7, and 21 during the suckling phase. We recovered 323 isolates on four different culture media, and 135 of these were chosen for whole-genome sequencing based on their 16S rRNA gene sequence identity to maximize isolate diversity. The majority (n = 90) of the sequenced isolates belonged to either the Staphylococcus or Streptococcus genera. Twelve isolates (Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus amylovorus, Ligilactobacillus salivarius, Limosilactobacillus reuteri, and Weissella paramesenteroides) were members of lactic acid-producing bacterial species noted for their beneficial properties in mammals. Several potentially pathogenic bacterial species were also isolated including Clostridium perfringens, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Staphylococcus hyicus, and Streptococcus suis. In addition, seven isolates could not be assigned to a specific species (&lt; 95% average nucleotide identity) and thus may represent potentially novel bacterial species. We also mapped the shotgun metagenomic reads back to the sequenced isolate genomes and found Rothia spp. and L. amylovorus to be relatively most abundant ( &gt; 0.25%). Nearly all of the isolates (n = 130) carried at least one antimicrobial resistance gene and many strains, including S. suis and S. dysgalactiae isolates, encoded genes conferring resistance to more than three antimicrobial classes. The tetracycline resistance genes tet(W), tet(Q), tet(W/N/W), tet(K), and tet(O) were the relatively most abundant antimicrobial resistance genes in the colostrum and milk metagenomes. These results show that sow’s milk may be a source of both beneficial and potentially pathogenic bacteria as well as a significant source of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria.
396 Implications of Repeated Subacute Lipopolysaccharide Exposure During Synchronized Estrous
Authors: Austin Molly , Castro Briza , Dominguez- Areallnes Jeffery , Luna Karime , Duran Kenneth , Gutierrez Michelle , Ochoa Luis , Gifford Craig A , Hernandez Gifford Jennifer A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Acute inflammation induced by chronic infection or a single intravenous administration of the bacterial endotoxin, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces immune responses capable of depressing female fertility. However, the effect of dose and repeated endotoxin exposure during the estrous cycle on immune response and reproductive performance has yet to be investigated. To investigate the effects of varying doses of LPS delivered at distinct stages of follicular maturation, thirty-six Ramboulliet ewes (68.2 ± 1.1 kg; age 3 to 7 yr) were stratified by weight and age and randomly assigned to vehicle (n = 12), low (n = 12) or high (n = 12) LPS-treated groups to evaluate febrile response, serum progesterone and cortisol concentrations, and reproductive performance. Ewes received subcutaneous injections of saline (CON), 1.5 µg/kg BW LPS (LOW), or 3.0 µg/kg BW LPS (HIGH) on d 5, 10, and 15 after onset of synchronized estrus. Estrous synchronization was determined by serum progesterone (P4) analysis. All ewes demonstrated similar P4 profiles, but HIGH-LPS ewes tended to have elevated values (P = 0.1). On treatment d 5 and 15, blood samples and rectal temperature were collected before and intermittently throughout the duration of the trial. Lipopolysaccharide increased rectal temperature of LOW and HIGH groups at 2, 3, and 6 h, respectively after initial LPS challenge (d 5) when compared with vehicle-treated controls (0.67, and 0.70 °C, P &lt; 0.05), but no significance was observed at d 10 or 15. Serum concentrations of cortisol were similar among treatment groups at 0 h (P &gt; 0.05). However, a rapid and sustained cortisol increase was demonstrated within 1 h of LPS exposure in both LPS-treatment groups compared with controls (P = 0.001). A similar pattern of cortisol release among treatment groups was demonstrated on d 15 (P &lt; 0.05). While there was no significant difference in services per cycle by treatment, there was a marked difference (16.67%) in remarks during the second cycle for HIGH and LOW groups (P = 0.23) as compared with controls. Control ewes had d 100 pregnancy rate of 90.91%, while low and high LPS-treated groups had pregnancy rates of 91.67% (P = 0.96) and 83.33% (P = 0.59) respectively. The administration of LPS resulted in significant increases in serum cortisol in treated ewes, and serum progesterone was significantly increased in LOW LPS-treated ewes compared with CON or HIGH LPS-treated ewes. Thus, alterations of temperature, steroid hormone concentration, and time to estrus in response to LPS may ultimately implicate female fertility and prevent economic losses for producers.