bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immunocytochemical study of GABAA receptors in the cat visual cortex
Authors: Gu Qiang , Perez‐Velazquez Jose L. , Angelides Kimon J. , Cynader Max S. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe laminar distribution and morphological structures associated with GABAA receptor immunoreactivity in the cat visual cortex were studied by using two different polyclonal antibodies directed either against the purified GABAA receptor protein (antibody “967”) or against a specific domain of the β1‐subunit of the GABAA receptor (antibody “Q”). Immunoblots of cat visual cortex tissue with these antibodies revealted that antibody “Q” recognizes only one subunit, namely the β1‐subunit of the GABAA receptor, and that antibody “967” recognizes three subunits. Both antibodies produced very similar staining patterns, indicating that the β1‐subunit may be an essential component of the GABAA receptor in the cat visual cortex. The typical staining pattern showed a clear membrane structure around neuronal somata. Using cell body shape criteria, immunopositive neurons included both pyramidal cells in cortical layers II, III, and V, and nonpyramidal cells in all cortical layers. Immunopositive neurons were uniformly distributed in layers II to VI, whereas the density of immunopositive cells in layer I was lower. Some immunopositive neurons were also found in the white matter underlying the visual cotex. In gray matter, immunopositive structures also included dendrites, especially the proximal dendrites, and axon initial segments of pyramidal neurons. The immunopositive processes usually ran vertically toward the pial surface. Some astrocytes were also immunostained. They were localized in layer I and in the white matter. The overall pattern of immunostaining was similar in areas 17, 18, and 19. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sequential differentiation of sensory innervation in the mystacial pad of the ferret
Authors: Mosconi T. M. , Rice F. L. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe mystacial pad of the ferret has an elaborate sensory innervation provided by three types of terminal nerves that arise from the infrorbital branch of the trigeminal nerve. Deep and superficial vibrissal nerves innervate nearly exclusive targets in the large follicle–sinus complexes (F‐SCs) at the base of each tactile vibrissa. Dermal plexus nerves innervate the fur between the vibrissae. Each type of nerve provides a similar variety of sensory endings, albeit to different targets. In this study, Winkelmann and Sevier‐Munger reduced silver techniques revealed that most of the endings differntiate postnatally in an overlapping sequence like that observed previously in the rat. Afferents from the deep vibrissal nerves begin to differentiate first, followed successively by those from superficial vibrissal nerves and the dermal plexus. Within each type of nerve, Merkel endings begin to differentiate first, followed successively by lanceolate endings and circumferential endings. In the ferret, the differentiation of the intervibrissal fur and its innervation is slightly delayed but substantially overlaps the development of the vibrissal innervation, whereas in the rat it occurs almost entirely later. There was no evidence of a transient exuberant or misplaced innervation or other secondary remodeling. Differentiating afferents and endings are located only in the sites normally seen in the adult, suggesting a high degree of afferent‐target specificity. In the ferret, innervation is virtually lacking in one target—the inner conical body of the F‐SCs, which is densely innervated in the rat. This lack was due to a failure of innervation to develop rather than to a secondary elimination of a transient innervation. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Developmental regulation of Fos and Fos‐related antigens in cerebral cortex, striatum, hippocampus, and cerebellum of the rat
Authors: Alcantara Adriana A. , Greenough William T. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractPrevious work has associated the proto‐oncogene c‐fos with such events as neuronal excitation and cell growth and differentiation. This study specifically examined the expression of the Fos protein as well as other Fos‐related antigens (Fras) during postnatal development of rat brain. Ages P1 through P15 as well as adult animals (P60) were examined. Particular focus was placed on developing cerebral cortex, striatum, hippocampus, and cerebellum. We used both the Alu antiserum, which recognizes the Fos protein specifically, and the M5 antiserum, which recognizes both Fos and a family of Fos‐related antigens.Fos and Fras were developmentally regulated in a region‐ and cell‐specific manner. Differential nuclear and cytoplasmic labeling appeared age dependent. Transient Fos expression was generally followed by a more protracted time course of Fra expression. Fos and a delayed or an extended expression of Fras were observed in subplate neurons between P1 and P15, in striatal striosome and matrix neurons between P1 and P9, and in hippocampal pyramidal neurons between P1 and P9. Fras alone were expressed in cerebral cortex pyramidal neurons and other cortical neurons between ages P1 and P15. Fos and Fras were concomitantly expressed in piriform and entorhinal cortical neurons between P1 and P9 and in cerebellar Purkinje cells between ages P5 and P10. Constitutive levels of Fos and Fras remained detectable in adult animals in a subset of cerebral cortical neurons and cerebellar Purkinje neurons. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cortical connections of inferior temporal area TEO in macaque monkeys
Authors: Distler C. , Boussaoud D. , Desimone R. , Ungerleider Leslie G. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn macaque monkeys, lesions involving the posterior portion of the inferior temporal cortex, cytoarchitectonic area TEO, produce a severe impairment in visual pattern discrimination. Recently, this area has been shown to contain a complete, though coarse, representation of the contralateral visual field (Boussaoud, Desimone, and Ungerleider: J. Comp. Neurol. 306:554–575, '91). Because the inputs and outputs of area TEO have not yet been fully described, we injected a variety of retrograde and anterograde tracers into 11 physiologically identified sites within TEO of seven rhesus monkeys and analyzed the areal and laminar distribution of its cortical connections.Our results show that TEO receives feedforward, topographically organized inputs from prestriate areas V2, V3, and V4. Additional sparser feedforward inputs arise from areas V3A, V4t, and MT. Each of these inputs is reciprocated by a feedback projection from TEO. TEO was also found to have reciprocal intermediate‐type connections with the fundus of the superior temporal area (area FST), cortex in the most posteromedial portion of the superior temporal sulcus (the posterior parietal sulcal zone [area PP]), cortex in the intraparietal sulcus (including the lateral intraparietal area [area LIP]), the frontal eye field, and area TF on the parahippocampal gyrus. The connections with V3A, V4t, and PP were found only after injections in the peripheral field representations of TEO. Finally, TEO was found to project in a feedforward pattern to area TE and to areas anterior to FST on the lateral bank and floor of the superior temporal sulcus (areas TEm, TEa, and IPa, Seltzer and Pandya: Brain Res. 149:1–24, '78), all of which send feedback projections to TEO. Feedback projections also arise from parahippocampal area TH, and areas TG, 36, and possibly 35. These are complemented by only sparse feedforward projections to TG from central field representations in TEO and to TH from peripheral field representations.The results thus indicate that TEO forms an important link in the occipitotemporal pathway for object recognition, sending visual information forward from V1 and prestriate relays in V2–V4 to anterior inferior temporal area TE. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.This article is a US Goveriiment work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
Evidence that transmitter‐containing dystrophic neurites precede paired helical filament and Alz‐50 formation within senile plaques in the amygdala of nondemented elderly and patients with Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Benzing William C. , Ikonomovic Milos D. , Brady Daniel R. , Mufson Elliott J. , Armstrong David M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractImmunocytochemical techniques were employed to examine the temporal ordering whereby amyloid β‐protein (AβP) and neuronal elements collectively come together to form senile plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Specifically, we addressed three questions: (1) whether AβP deposition precedes or follows neuritic changes; (2) whether paired helical filament (PHF) formation is an early or late event in the genesis of the dystrophic neurites which participate in plaque formation; and (3) whether the density of senile plaques displays any relationship with the prevalence of PHF or Alz‐50 containing neurons. To address these questions we studied the amygdala from a group of patients with AD, a group of nondemented age‐matched individuals exhibiting a sufficient number of senile plaques to be classified by neuropathological criteria as AD, and a group of age‐matched controls without AD pathology. Amyloid‐bearing plaques were demonstrated by AβP immunolabeling and thioflavine‐S staining. Neuritic changes in the form of dystrophic neurites were observed with the aid of antibodies against PHF, Alz‐50, as well as antibodies against several neuropeptides (i.e., substance P, somatostatin, and neurotensin) and the acetylcholine biosynthetic enzyme, choline acetyltransferase.By using a graded range of pathologic changes both within and across the patient population to provide us with a means of evaluating plaque deposition from its earliest to most advanced stages of development, we observed in patients and/or regions of the amygdala displaying a mild degree of pathologic change AβP deposition in the absence of any neuritic changes. With increasing density of AβP, however, we began to observe dystrophic neurites within plaques. In regions of relatively few plaques, the dystrophic neurites were immunolabeled only with antibodies against the various neurotransmitters and they lacked evidence of cytoskeletal pathology (i.e., Alz‐50 or PHF). Only as the density of AβP increased further within a region, were dystrophic neurites observed that exhibited Alz‐50 or PHF. In no instance did we observe a relationship between the density of AβP deposition and the density of Alz‐50 or PHF‐immunoreactive neurons. Collectively, our data suggest that the deposition of AβP is an early pathologic event in senile plaque formation. Thereafter, swollen neurites can be seen in the vicinity of AβP. This early neuritic response, which can first be visualized by immunolabeling for one or another transmitter substance, is followed by alterations in the cytoskeleton as recognized initially by antibodies to Alz‐50 and subsequently by the presence of PHF. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distribution of luteinizing hormone‐releasing hormones I and II (LHRH‐I and ‐II) in the quail and chicken brain as demonstrated with antibodies directed against synthetic peptides
Authors: van Gils Jelle , Absil Philippe , Grauwels Luc , Moons Lieve , Vandesande Frans , Balthazart Jacques 
Published: January 2005

AbstractPolyclonal antibodies were raised in rabbits against polypeptides corresponding to the N‐terminal part (heptapeptides) of the two avian gonadotropin‐releasing hormones, chicken (c) LHRH‐I and ‐II. These peptides, which were synthesized by the continuous‐flow technique, were selected because they contained the smallest number of common amino acid residues. The pGlu‐His‐Trp‐Ser sequence at the C‐terminal was suppressed to avoid possible cross‐reactions between the antisera. The antisera generated in this way were tested for specificity by solid and liquid phase absorption as well as by antigen spot tests. The antiserum raised against cLHRH‐I recognized this peptide preferentially though not exclusively. Some cross‐reaction with cLHRH‐II was observed in the absorption test, although spotting tests suggested a total specificity. The anti cLHRH‐II appeared to be completely specific in all tests. These two antibodies were then used to study the distribution of cLHRH‐I and ‐II immunoreactive structures in the quail and chicken brain. cLHRH‐I immunoreactive perikarya were observed in a fairly wide area covering the preoptic‐anterior hypothalamic and septal region. By contrast, cLHRH‐II cells were confined to a single group located in the dorsal aspects of the occulomotor nuclei, at the junction of the di‐ and mesencephalon. A sex difference in the number of cLHRH‐I cells was detected in the anterior lateral preoptic region of the quail. Fibers immunoreactive for either cLHRH‐I or cLHRH‐II were widely distributed in the telencephalon, diencephalon, and mesencephalon but showed a specific pattern of anatomical localization. In particular, a high density of cLHRH‐I fibers were seen in the external layer of the median eminence, while cLHRH‐II fibers were less prominent at this level. Contrary to previous reports, a significant amount of cLHRH‐II fibers were however seen throughout the median einence (mostly external layer). The extensive distribution of both cLHRH‐I and ‐II fibers in the quail and chicken brain is consistent with the potential role played by these peptides in the gonadotropin secretion and in the control of reproductive behavior. The specific role of cLHRH‐II remains however elusive at present. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of neuronal and glial polypeptides during histogenesis of the human cerebellar cortex including observations on the dentate nucleus
Authors: Yachnis Anthony T. , Rorke Lucy B. , Lee Virginia M.‐Y. , Trojanowski John Q. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn order to gain a more complete understanding of the sequential pattern of gene expression during neurogenesis and gliogenesis in humans, we followed the expression of well‐characterized, developmentally regulated polypeptides in the cerebellar cortex and dentate nucleus by immunohistochemistry using monoclonal antibodies of highly defined specificity. At 8–10 weeks gestational age (GA), progenitor cells and their immediate progeny in the rhombencephalic ventricular zone expressed vimentin and nestin and, to a lesser extent, microtubule‐associated protein 5 (MAP5) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), but not the low affinity nerve growth factor receptor (NGFR). In contrast, postmitotic, migrating immature neurons in the intermediate zone gave strong reactions for MAP2, tau, and a nonphosphorylated form of middle molecular weight neurofilament (NF) protein (NF‐M) and weak reactivity for NGFR. At 15 weeks GA, proliferating cells of the superficial part of the cerebellar external granular layer stained only for NGFR, while more deeply situated cells of the external granular layer stained positively for NGFR, MAP2, MAP5, tau, and chromogranin A, which correlates with the early outgrowth of parallel fibers. All phosphoisoforms of NF‐M as well as the low (NF‐L) and high (NF‐H) molecular weight NF proteins and alpha‐internexin were expressed in the somatodendritic domain of Purkinje cells and dentate nucleus neurons from about 20 weeks GA with a gradual compartmentalization of highly phosphorylated forms of NF‐M and NF‐H into axons by the end of gestation. Alpha‐internexin was also expressed strongly in axons of the deep white matter from 20 weeks GA to adulthood. MAP2, synaptophysin, and NGFR showed early, transient expression in the somatodendritic domain of Purkinje cells followed by the appearance of a 220 kDa nestin‐like peptide that continued to be expressed in adult Purkinje cells. Notably, developing dentate nucleus neurons expressed many of these proteins in a similar temporal sequence. Early in the developing cerebellar cortex, the expression of NF protein and synaptophysin occurred in discrete patches or columns similar to those described for other antigens (i.e., zebrins). Finally, radial glia were positive for vimentin, GFAP, and nestin from 8 weeks GA to 8 months postnatal. This study describes the distinct molecular programs of lineage commitment in cerebellar progenitor cells and in differentiating neurons and astrocytes of the human cerebellum. The acquisition of a mature molecular neuronal phenotype correlates with the establishment of structural polarity in cerebellar neurons. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A quantitative study of the lateral spread of Müller cell responses to retinal lesions in the rabbit
Authors: Humphrey M. F. , Constable I. J. , Chu Y. , Wiffen S. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA wide variety of retinal pathology is associated with an increase in Müller glial cell expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). In this study the time course and spatial spread of the Müller cell GFAP response following argon laser photocoagulation lesions was examined in wholemounted rabbit retina.At 24 hours single focal lesions were surrounded by GFAP positive Müller cell end feet which declined in density with distance but extended as far as 2–3 mm from the lesion. The Müller cell reaction reached a maximal spread of 4–5 mm at 14 to 21 days and had started to contract by 30 days, leaving a core of GFAP positive processes immediately around the lesion site at 60 days. This zone of spread was much larger than the area of disrupted pigment epithelium. Isodensity plots did not reveal any correlation with the trajectory of retinal ganglion cell axons. The spread of reaction was more confined for lesions within the visual streak than in the dorsal or ventral retinal periphery.Multiple lesions within a focal region of retina resulted in a greater density of GFAP reactive end feet with a corresponding greater spread. However, when five to ten lesions were made in a horizontal row, the Müller cells over the entire retina became GFAP immunoreactive. This pan‐retinal reaction took several days to spread, peaked at 7–14 days, and contracted back to the primary lesion sites by 2 months.This spread of Müller cell reactivity may be triggered by the diffusion of substances released by injury or it may be due to direct cellular communication. The extensive indirect effect on Müller cells of laser irradiation might be an important component of the clinical effect of laser photocoagulation and indicates a long distance communication mechanism between retinal glia which is poorly understood. This study also shows the importance of the time at which the Müller cell response is assessed. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Substance P‐ and tyrosine hydroxylase‐ containing neurom in the human dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve
Authors: Huang Xu‐Feng , Paxinos George , Halasz Paul , McRitchie Deborah , Törk Istvan 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe aim of this study was to provide a comprehensive account of the topography, morphology, and frequencies of the substance P‐ and tyrosine hydroxylase‐containing neurons in the human dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve. The morphology of immunoreactive neurons was studied and llie varialions of Lhe cell distrihulions were presented hy three‐dimensional Computer reconstructions. Three types of substance P‐like immunoreactive neurons were identified. They were predominantly located in the dorsointermediate, centrointermediate, caudointermediate, and caudal division of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve. The morphology of substance P‐like immunoreactive neurons varied according to the subnuclei in which they were found. Three types oftyrosine hydroxylase‐like immunoreactive neurons were identified, mainly in the periphery ofthe dorsal motor nucleus ofthe vagus nerve, including the medial fringe, ventrointermediate, and dorsointermediate subnuclei of the 10. Many cells throughout the ventrointermediate subnucleus of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve are seen ventrally to intermingle with the tyrosine hydroxylase neurons of the intermediate reticular zone.Computer reconstructions provided a three‐dimensional view ofthe positions of substance P‐ and tyrosine hydroxylase‐like immunoreactive neurons within the subdivisions ofthe dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve. The uneven distribution of substance P‐ and tyrosine hydroxylase‐like immunoreaetive neurons within the subdivisions suggests an involvement of these substances in some, but not all, autonornic functions of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparative brain ontogeny of the crayfish and clawed lobster: Implications of direct and larval development
Authors: Helluy Simone , Sandeman Renate , Beltz Barbara , Sandeman David 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe freshwater crayfish Cherax destructor and the lobster Homarus americanus have many similarities including life style, body form, and neural organization. However, the ontogenic history is very different in the two species. The development of Cherax is short and direct whereas the development of Homarus comprises three pelagic larval stages and takes more than twice as long from extrusion to benthic stages at constant temperature. In order to determine the progression of maturation of the nervous system in each species and the potential implications of pelagic forms on brain structure, the timing of appearance of 22 general and neural developmental events clearly identifiable in both species was compared. The onset of serotonin antigenicity in the different parts of the brain was chosen as one marker of neural development.During the first month of embryogenesis the timing of morphological, physiological, and neural events is similar in the two species. Morphological development is then accelerated in the crayfish near hatching time and over the two postembryonic stages before the advent of the independent benthic stage. Such heterochronic processes can at least partly account for the different developmental patterns in the two decapods.Among the characters showing similar timing in the two species is the formation of glomeruli (presumptive zones of synaptic contact) in the olfactory lobes of the deutocerebrum, although this event is embryonic in Homarus but postembryonic in Cherax. In contrast, glomerular formation in the accessory lobes is heterochronic: in both species, the glomeruli of the accessory lobes are acquired postembryonically, that is, 3 to 4 months earlier in Cherax than in Homarus. These data suggest that the development of the glomeruli in the olfactory lobes may depend primarily on internal developmental signals, whereas the triggering of glomerular formation in the accessory lobes may depend on external cues. The fact that, in Homarus, only the postlarval stages show mature accessory glomeruli may be a reflection of the functional requirements of benthic life. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.