bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relationships in six groups of rhesus monkeys II. Dyads
Authors: Hanby J. P. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractDyadic relationships are described for rhesus monkeys living in six groups. The kinds, frequencies, directionality, and overall patterning of interactions are examined over a twelve‐month period for adult males, adult females, and young monkeys. Kinship, sex, age, reproductive conditions, time, events, and other social relations all affected dyadic relationship. Certain patterns of interactions characterized different relationships, such as those termed “special,” “tense,” “affiliative,” “conflicting.” A component approach is recommended for the understanding of relationships based on an appraisal of attraction, familiarity, and deference between individuals. The importance of assessing relationships in the group context is stressed.
The endocast of the Omo L338y‐6 Juvenile Hominid: gracile or robust Australopithecus?
Authors: Holloway Ralph L. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis report is a description of a reconstructed endocast of the Omo L338y‐6 Juvenile Hominid, which has been attributed by Rak and Howell (1978) to the Australopithecus boisei taxon. The reconstructed volume obtained is 427 ml. For a variety of reasons, including the specimen's low endocranial volume, the author regards it more likely that this specimen should be attributed to a gracile line of Australopithecus. In addition to having a low endocranial volume, the cerebellar morphology is more reminiscent of the gracile form, the meningeal patterns (as per Saban, 1978) are more indicative of a gracile than robust pattern, and there is no occipital marginal sinus traversing either side of the foramen magnum.
Body fat in urban and rural male college students of Eastern India
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Bishanbindu , Chattopadhyay Haripada 
Published: August 2005

AbstractMale college students (N = 381) residing in several districts of Eastern India, classified into two groups, urban (N = 193) and rural (N = 188), were studied by anthropometric measurements of skinfold thicknesses in several sites of the body to determine their body fat content. The mean value of percentage of body fat was found to be significantly higher (P < 0.001) in the urban group of students (12.07 ± 3.04) than in the rurals (11.04 ± 2.63). The mean values of skinfold thicknesses of the biceps, triceps, and subscapular regions were also found to be higher in urbans (P < 0.01), but no such significant differences in mean values of supra‐iliac and abdominal skinfolds were found between the two groups of students. Most of the subjects of both the groups had a greater thickness of the abdominal skinfold compared to thickness of the biceps, triceps, and suprailiac skinfolds. It was found that the college students of Eastern India were leaner than the youths of North America, Europe, Japan, and Northern India.
Mortality changes in a polish rural community (1350–1972) and estimation of their evolutionary significance
Authors: Piontek Janusz , Henneberg Maciej 
Published: August 2005

AbstractChanges in the mortality profiles of the population of 13 villages in central Poland have been studied for the medieval and nineteenth‐century periods. Three measures, derived from the demographic data, were analyzed within an evolutionary context: (1) Im, the opportunity for selection through differential mortality, (2) Rpot, the potential gross reproductive rate, and (3) Ibs, the index of biological state. Changes in these indicators over time denote sharp differences in the opportunity for natural selection through differential mortality. The greatest changes are associated with technological and organizational transformations of the social system, especially during the first half of the nineteenth century.
Patterns of size variation and correlation in the dentition of the red colobus monkey (Colobus badius)
Authors: Cochard Larry R. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThere have been numerous studies on variability and correlation in dental crown size, but the significance of the resulting patterns remains unclear. Regions of low variation and high correlation have been hypothesized to represent the poles of Butler's morphological fields, to be related to absolute tooth size, or to be related to morphological complexity of the teeth and functional efficiency. Variation and correlation of tooth lengths and breadths were investigated in 138 red colobus monkeys to further assess the relations among size associations, crown morphology, and absolute tooth size. In the maxilla and mandible, the postcanine teeth are the most highly correlated and least variable, followed by the incisors, then the canines. There are also lower correlations between premolars and molars than within either group. While there appears to be a relation between degree of morphological differentiation and levels of correlation and variation, there are no notable differences in the correlation of opponents along the dental arcade, which is the most important functional consideration. This suggests that different levels of correlation and variation within upper or lower teeth are “artifacts” of tooth dimensions that contribute to different geometric designs in different tooth groups as the germs develop. This morphological effect is coupled with the influence of integration fields, indicated by higher variability and lower correlations of the third molar, the largest or most molarized tooth. It is concluded that there are wide functional tolerances in occlusion with respect to the gross dimensions of dental crowns and their interrelationships.
Ancient bone disease in a Peruvian mummy revealed by quantitative skeletal histomorphometry
Authors: Weinstein Robert S. , Simmons David J. , Lovejoy C. Owen 
Published: August 2005

AbstractHistomorphometry of an undecalcified, transileal bone core from a Peruvian mummy dating from the pre‐Columbian civilization at Chancay, Peru (A.D. 400–1600) showed low trabecular bone volume and trabecular atrophy suggesting skeletal pathology. Subtle metabolic disorders which might remain undetected by quantitative analyses limited to cortical bone architecture can be identified in extinct populations with this minimally invasive technique.
Allometric analysis of dental variation in a human population
Authors: Perzigian Anthony J. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThere exists an extensive literature that deals with interspecific allometry, eg, brain size‐body size relationships among species. Yet comparatively little attention has been paid to intraspecific or static adult allometry. An intraspecfic allometric analysis was conducted on the complete permanent dentition of a prehistoric American Indian population (N = 156). Mesiodistal and buccolingual measurements were logarithmically transformed and regressed on log transformations of femur length, an estimate of body size. When measurements of antimeric teeth were introduced together into common regressions on femur length, 20 of the 32 slopes were significantly different from zero. Thirty‐one of the slopes ranged between zero and one and clustered between 0.2 and 0.4. Hence, negative allometry describes the tooth size‐body size association, ie, taller individuals in general possess absolutely but not relatively larger teeth than shorter individuals. In addition, no significant sex differences for the regression slopes were observed. Though significantly correlated, tooth size and body size variables are too weakly associated to permit accurate predictons from regression equations. Evolutionary implications of intraspecfic dental allometry are discussed.
Pan paniscus and human evolution
Authors: McHenry Henry M. , Corruccini Robert S. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractDetailed comparisons of the postcranium, cranium, and dentition of Pan paniscus, Pan troglodytes, and Homo reveal that except for slight differences in fore‐ and hindlimb proportions and the morphology of the shoulder, the postcranium of the two species of Pan are allometrically scaled variants of the same animal and one does not resemble Homo more than the other. Nor does the postcranium of one species of Pan resemble Australopithecus more closely than the other when the effects of body size are controlled. The over all morphological pattern of the skull and teeth of the two chimpanzees is clearly different, however, but both are about equally distinct from the earliest known members of the family Hominidae.
A differential environmental effect on human anterior tooth size
Authors: Kolakowski Donald , Bailit Howard L. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractFactor‐analytic studies of human tooth size routinely exhibit separate factors for the mesiodistal and buccolingual dimensions of anterior teeth but a single factor each for premolar and molar size. This observed independence within the anterior field is shown to be attributable to a much larger effect of environmental factors on the buccolingual vs. the mesiodistal diameters, a significant cause of which may be calculus accumulation hitherto unrecognized in the relevant literature. The heritability of dental dimensions is also discussed.
Contour analysis of masticatory jaw movements and muscle activity in Macaca mulatta
Authors: Byrd Kenneth E. , Garthwaite Charles R. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractFrontal plane mandibular movements during mastication and the associated electromyographic (EMG) activity for left and right superficial masseter, posterior temporalis, anterior temporalis, and anterior belly of the digastric (ABD) were studied for two adult male Macaca mulatta by the new technique of “contour” analysis. Contour analysis allowed graphic and quantitative portrayal of multiple chew cycle patterns of mandibular movement and EMG activity during active mastication. A series of computer programs (ATS, ATSED, ATSXYZ) facilitated the collection, editing and definition, and finally processing of these masticatory data into contour plots. These preliminary data indicated the essential symmetry of mandibular movement patterns, high chew cycle variability inferior to occlusion, multiple centers of intense EMG activity for balancing‐side superficial masseter, and no difference between working‐side anterior and posterior temporalis EMG patterns. Maximum EMG amplitude was found in the area of buccal phase power stroke (BPS). Maximum EMG amplitude for ABD was located medial and inferior to occlusion; all other muscle maximum amplitudes were buccal and inferior to occlusion. The location of maximum EMG amplitudes for superficial masseter and ABD were closer to occlusion (more superior) during mastication of carrot than were maximum amplitudes during biscuit mastication. The absence of any detectable shift of EMG maximum amplitude location between biscuit and carrot for posterior and anterior temporalis suggested, along with the continuous EMG activity of working‐side posterior temporalis, a secondary role for the temporalis (compensation for superficial masseter activity) during active mastication.
Form and patterning of anterior tooth wear among aboriginal human groups
Authors: Hinton Robert J. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractForm and severity of dental attrition was assessed in aboriginal human groups including hunter‐gatherers (Eskimos, Australians) and those with dependence to a varying degree on food production (Southwest U.S. and Ohio American Indians). Wear on anterior teeth was both relatively and absolutely greater in the hunter‐gatherers, as indicated by comparisons of wear on anterior and posterior teeth which come into occlusion at roughly the same time. Distinct differences in form of anterior wear were also apparent: The hunter‐gatherers exhibited steadily increasing incidences of labially rounded wear with greater functional age, while the food‐producing groups showed little or no rounding but instead high frequencies of heavily cupped wear (especially in those with premature loss of posterior teeth). These differences were attributed to nonmasticatory utilization of the front teeth in hunter‐gatherers and to employment of the anterior teeth in masticatory (grinding) activities necessitated by large‐scale molar loss in food producers.
Geographical variation of digital dermatoglyphics in Africa
Authors: Vecchi Francesco 
Published: August 2005

AbstractData from 142 male and 43 female samples of African populations have been used to analyze the geographical variation of digital dermatoglyphics (arches, loops, whorls, and pattern intensity index) in Africa. The patterns of geographical variation have been summarized as contours of sixth‐degree polynomial surfaces by means of trend‐surface analysis.As pointed out by early studies, Africa exhibits geographical clines of digital dermatoglyphic patterns. However, only some of the frequency gradients previously described for the region find confirmation in the present study.
Electron‐optical microscopic study of incipient dental microdamage from experimental seed and bone crushing
Authors: Peters Charles R. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractNo living analogue exists for the hypothetical early hominid hard/tough‐seed, coarse‐root‐eating, and bone‐crushing masticatory adaptation. To investigate possible microdamage/microwear to dental enamel caused by such usage, puncture‐crushing experiments were carried out on single human teeth, using an Instron compression apparatus on the following six test materials: Makapansgat Limeworks chert (e.g., taphonomy), fresh steer longbone, mongongo nuts, Grewia berries, Carob beans, and wild‐onion bulbs. Pairs of extracted unworn third molars were utilized, with one tooth acting as the control. The teeth were mounted, ultrasonically cleaned, and two‐stage replicas made with a vinyl polysiloxane elastomer and araldite epoxy resin. After Instron loading and materials failure (1.2–395.0 kg) the test items and the crowns were prepared for comparison with scanning electron microscopy and dispersive x‐ray elemental analysis and mapping.The results revealed that although grit adhering to food item surfaces caused microscratches (0.1–1.0 μm wide) similar in appearance to those caused by opal phytoliths in grasses, the dicotyledonous seed coats per se were unable to score enamel. This suggests microscratch morphology alone may not provide a reliable indication of food type. In some cases puncture‐crushing of bone and hard legumes produced a localized microfracture pattern (crazing with cracks less than or equal to 0.1–1.0 μm wide) that was readily distinguishable from the simulated taphonomic damage caused by chert fragments, suggesting analysis of enamel microfracture patterns may provide clues as to early hominid dietary adaptations.
Intra‐ and interobserver error in craniometry: A cautionary tale
Authors: Utermohle Charles J. , Zegura Stephen L. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis study investigates intra‐ and interobserver measurement error in craniometry. Data consists of 72 craniometric measurements taken on a series of 28 Sadlermuit Eskimo crania. Utermohle measured the series twice; Zegura measured it once. Statistical procedures used to demonstrate measurement imprecision include the mean difference, the method error statistic, two‐way anova without replication, the t‐test for paired comparisons, Fisher's distribution‐free sign test, and the t‐test for independent samples. The results indicate less intraobserver repeatability than expected as well as an alarming lack of interobserver reproducibility for many of these craniometric measurements. We hope these results will serve as a caution against the widespread belief that craniometric measurements are always produced with a high degree of precision by experienced craniometrists. In addition, these results suggest that investigators employing craniometric measurements to study population affinities, functional morphology, forensics, fossil primates, and human microevolution might profit from conducting a measurement error analysis as an important baseline for the interpretation of the biological significance of their results.
Differences in molar wear gradient between juvenile macaques and langurs
Authors: Teaford Mark F. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractInterspecific differences in the amount and form of molar wear in nonhuman primates are only beginning to be documented and understood. The purpose of this study was to look at the wear gradient between M1 and dm2 in a sample of macaques and langurs to determine if differences in wear gradient could be related to differences in diet. A skeletal collection of wild shot Presbytis cristatus and Macaca fascicularis from the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University was examined using stereophotogrammetric techniques. X, Y, and Z coordinates were used to compute the areas of dentin exposure on the buccal cusps of M1 and the buccal cusps of dm2. The relationship between these variables was examined using Bartlett's three group method and least squares regression. Intergeneric comparisons of the resultant y‐intercepts indicate that the macaques have more dentin exposed on dm2 when there is none exposed on M1. Factors that might be responsible for this difference include differences in dentin/enamel structure, differences in molar eruption timing, and differences in behavior. At the present time, behavioral differences between the genera appear to be the most likely cause of the difference in wear gradient.
Levels of social organization and male–female bonding in the genus Papio
Authors: Anderson Connie M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractPair‐bonding in the genus Papio seems to be the result of fusion of troops as well as fission. When troop segments regularly split and join again, males who permanently maintain exclusive access to a few females may have an advantage over males who compete for all females who are in estrus. When two or more troops regularly fuse, this advantage may be greatly increased.
Playing 'possum: A microwear experiment
Authors: Gordon Kathleen D. , Walker Alan C. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA recent experiment to evaluate the reliability of dental microwear as an indicator of diet seems to show that differences in diets fed to laboratory animals are not reflected by their tooth wear. We feel that these results are misleading, and reflect not so much the limits of microwear analysis per se, but rather result from the problems of design and execution inherent in any experimental simulation of natural feeding behavior. The experiment in question was flawed in several respects, and we think that changes in the methods and assumptions of the study are necessary before the experimental approach can yield meaningful results with which to test hypotheses about microwear analyses.
The genetics of a wild population of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). I. Genetic variability within and between social groups
Authors: Melnick Don J. , Jolly Clifford J. , Kidd Kenneth K. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractOne hundred and eighty‐nine members (86%) of five social groups in a small population of rhesus monkeys in the Himalayan foothills of the Northwest Frontier Province of Pakistan were trapped and blood samples were drawn. Each individual's plasma and red‐cell hemolysate were screened for variation at 35 structural loci. Considerable genetic variation was found within the population (proportion of polymorphic loci = 0.143; average heterozygosity per individual = 0.053), and social groups were significantly heterogeneous in their gene frequencies. However, the distribution of genotypes in the population and the overall level of intergroup genetic differentiation (FST = 0.0346) indicates substantial gene flow (about 50% per generation) among social groups. Thus, we can find no genetic evidence that the social subdivision of rhesus populations impedes gene flow to any great extent. We suggest that the social structure of such primates will not itself produce the high levels of homozygosity necessary for rapid speciation, but it will make such levels more likely in the event of geographical or ecological isolation.
A hominine hip bone, KNM‐ER 3228, from East Lake Turkana, Kenya
Authors: Rose M. D. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA male hominine partial hip bone, KNM‐ER 3228, from East Lake Turkana, Kenya is described. In most of its features this specimen resembles modern human male hip bones. This is especially true for functional features related to weight transfer from the trunk to the pelvis and within the pelvis, and to the effective action of musculature arising from the pelvis during the performance of the modern human type of bipedalism. KNM‐ER 3228 is very similar to the Olduvai Hominid 28 and the Arago XLIV hip bones, both attributed to Homo erectus.
Additional fossil Theropithecus from Hopefield, South Africa: A comparison with other African sites and a reevaluation of its taxonomic status
Authors: Dechow Paul C. , Singer Ronald 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAdditional fossil Theropithecus remains, recovered from mid to late Pleistocene deposits near Hopefield, South Africa, include portions of the jaws of at least five individuals. Extensive comparisons with fossil Theropithecus from other African sites, including Makapan, Swartkrans, Kanjera, Olorgesailie, and Olduvai, reveal few morphological differences, especially when variation in modern gelada baboons (Theropithecus gelada) and savannah baboons (Papio) is considered. The most pronounced differences between fossil forms are overall size and relative P3 length. However, these traits do not separate the fossil forms either chronologically or geographically. Other traits, such as depth of the fossa of the mandibular corpus, slope of the upper symphyseal shelf, and variation in the depth of the mandibular corpus, do not distinguish alleged primitive forms (Makapan and lower beds at Olduvai) from remains found at Hopefield, Swartkrans, Kanjera, Olorgesailie, Olduvai Bed IV, or the lower Ndutu Beds. Other traits, such as canine crown height and incisor size, are poorly documented for fossil Theropithecus. Thus, the available evidence suggests that Theropithecus darti and its successional species, T. oswaldi, can best be considered as a single fossil species, T. oswaldi, of which the remains from Hopefield are a late representative. Furthermore, lack of morphological differences dictates that Hopefield Theropithecus not be considered a distinct subspecies. Variation within the Hopefield sample shows that only one taxa is found at this site. Hypothesized physical and climatic conditions at Hopefield during the Pleistocene suggest that T. oswaldi lived near vleis or fresh water lagoons. Comparisons with modern T. gelada suggest a graminivorous diet for the fossil form.