bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Culture and Consumer Behavior
Authors: Torelli Carlos J. , Shen Jie (Doreen) , Rodas Maria A. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Culture is a fundamental driver of consumer behavior. This chapter reviews the three most common approaches for incorporating culture into frameworks of consumer behavior and describes key findings about: (1) the effect of culture on consumers’ attention and information processing, (2) the persuasiveness of culturally matched advertising messages, (3) the contexts in which culture is more likely to impact consumer behavior, and (4) the behavior of bicultural consumers. The chapter concludes with a discussion of a future research agenda that focuses on the study of the tightness–looseness (T-L) distinction for refining cultural predictions, the further integration of the different approaches to cultural research for understanding a variety of consumer phenomena in a globalized world, the adoption of a polycultural approach for explaining the behavior of multicultural consumers with knowledge about two or more cultures, and the potential insights from new methodologies borrowed from neuroscience, machine learning, and big data analyses.
Shifts in Research on Global Mobility
Authors: Lazarova Mila B. , Reiche B. Sebastian , Clegg Callen C. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides a brief historical review and discusses seven major shifts that reflect contemporary expatriation research. The first shift concerns changing conceptualizations of the expatriation construct itself. Second, the portfolio of mobility options has been widening, with a matching shift in terminology from “managing expatriation” to “managing global mobility.” Third, there is a notable shift from research that centers on expatriates themselves to research that accounts for other stakeholders, notably expatriate family members and members of the local community. Fourth, the definition of “expatriate success” has evolved to encompass a much more diverse set of variables going beyond traditional indicators, such as expatriate turnover. Fifth, what repatriation is and how repatriation is managed are also changing. The last two changes reflect shifts in, respectively, theory and methodological approaches, suggesting a widening pool of theoretical lenses and increasing methodological sophistication. Our chapter concludes with a discussion of key theoretical principles and practical implications derived from our review.
Culture and Corporate Social Responsibility and Sustainability
Authors: Stahl Günter K. , Sully de Luque Mary , Miska Christof 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The cultural context in which organizations and their members are embedded is increasingly being seen as a major factor influencing corporate social responsibility and sustainability (CSR/CS) strategies and practices, as well as organizational members’ propensities to engage in responsible and sustainable behaviors. Despite the potentially critical role of culture in CSR/CS, we know surprisingly little about how cultural values and practices influence the adoption of CSR/CS practices at both individual and organizational levels. In this chapter, we review existing research that has explored the linkage between culture and CSR/CS and “map” this body of research by juxtaposing two perspectives: (1) the extent to which the emphasis is on “doing good” (i.e., the factors promoting the adoption of socially responsible and sustainable practices) or on “avoiding harm” (i.e., the drivers of irresponsible and unsustainable practices); and (2) the extent to which the culture–CSR/CS link is analyzed from a comparative perspective (looking at differences in CSR/CS across cultures) or an intercultural perspective (focusing on the CSR/CS-related challenges facing organizations operating in different cultural contexts). We discuss the implications for research and show how work at the intersection of culture and CSR/CS might advance further.
Culture and Learning, Training, and Development
Authors: Dinh Julie V. , Salas Eduardo 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Given an increasingly diverse and global workforce, successful organizations must understand and address the role of culture in employee learning, training, and development. To this end, we begin by reviewing the instructional systems design (ISD) model as a guiding framework. We then discuss cultural influences on learning and the challenges that they may pose at each stage in the development of educational interventions. We review considerations and solutions that training science may offer. Finally, we synthesize interdisciplinary bodies of literature to highlight relevant theoretical principles and best practices for the workplace. The chapter concludes by identifying and describing future areas for research.
Palmyra–Tadmor in the Syrian Desert
Authors: Raja Rubina 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter serves as an introduction to the thirty-six handbook chapters in the book and summarizes Palmyra’s archaeology and history and its development, as well as the city’s place in the history of research on the ancient world. It urges the reader to follow-up on bibliography in the footnotes and explore the literature about the broader history of the region, including the periods during which it was under Ottoman and later French rule, during the Mandate period. Those periods were also the time when archaeological interest in the site grew and when European touristic interests mixed with scholarly interests to produce publications on the site, its art, archaeology, history, and writing. Today scholars cannot ignore the impression that Palmyra’s colonial past has left on the way in which scholarship has been conducted at the site for far more than a century. The chapter opens with a discussion about how future scholarship should view this heritage in a critical light while acknowledging that Palmyra is also a world heritage site that stands at the centre of understanding a global cultural heritage that is important to the entirety of human kind.
Palmyra and the Parthians
Authors: Edwell Peter 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter analyses the relationship between Palmyra and the Parthians in the context of political and military developments in the Near East from the first century bc to the third century ad. It uses the plentiful evidence of inscriptions from Palmyra to explain how Palmyra and its citizens continued to engage with the Parthian world despite the increasing dominance of Rome over the city and its territory up to the second half of the second century ad. The chapter also investigates the possible causes of a decline in Palmyrene caravan trade with the cities of Parthian-controlled southern Mesopotamia after ad 160. The ongoing impact of Parthian culture on Palmyrene culture is also investigated.
Palmyra and Dura-Europos
Authors: Dirven Lucinda 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Taking its point of departure in finds testifying to the presence of people from Palmyra in Dura-Europos on the Euphrates, this chapter sets out to discuss the economic, political, and cultural relations between the thriving oasis and its much smaller neighbour. After a short introduction to Dura-Europos and its finds, the mercantile relationship between Dura and Palmyra is discussed. It is argued that Dura was not a station on the route of the Palmyrene caravans, but rather that its Palmyrene community was primarily involved in regional trade. Subsequently, the artistic and the religious interactions between the Palmyrenes and the other inhabitants of Dura are examined. In this context, scholars must distinguish between the period before and after the Roman occupation. It is concluded that, notwithstanding the close and enduring ties between Palmyra and Dura-Europos, Palmyrene influence on the culture and religion of Dura was minimal.
The Palmyrene Tax Tariff
Authors: Healey John F. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This contribution provides an overview of the longest and arguably most significant of all the Palmyrene inscriptions, the Palmyrene municipal Tax Tariff (CIS II, 3913; PAT 0259), a bilingual text in Greek and Aramaic, dated ad 137 and concerned with local taxes rather than the caravan trade. A brief account of the discovery of the text, its original location, and its early study are presented, followed by an outline description of the text’s content, including a discussion of the role of Roman authorities from early in the first century ad. After clarifying the distinction between the major divisions of the text (New Law, Old Law, and the edict of the Roman governor Mucianus), and thus reconstructing the history of taxation in the city, the chapter discusses important specific details and comments on Palmyrene tax policy.
The Palmyrene Funerary Sculpture
Authors: Raja Rubina 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Palmyrene funerary sculpture has long been acknowledged as constituting the largest group of funerary sculptural material stemming from one place in the classical world outside of Rome itself. Since the second half of the nineteenth century much of the funerary sculpture has been dispersed widely into collections and museums across the world. Only since 2012 has it begun to be studied as a corpus through the work done within the Palmyra Portrait Project. This focus on recontextualizing the funerary sculpture within its local framework in Palmyra, but also as part of a much broader cultural koine, with strong ties to both the western Roman world and the eastern Parthian world, but also beyond those realms, has given new insights into the portrait habit in the ancient world. Today the approximately four thousand surviving funerary portraits from Palmyra give us a unique opportunity to revise our views and approaches to the study of the classical world at a time when calls for diversity and equality and reframing of the Classics stand at the forefront of studies of the ancient world.
Representations of Men in Palmyra
Authors: Heyn Maura K. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses representations of men, with particular focus on the funerary sphere, in Palmyra. Frontal representations of men wearing the chiton and himation, with the right arm held in the sling created by the draping of the himation, proliferate in the tombs and appear in the civic and religious spaces in the city. The significance of this representational style is not straightforward, but its ubiquity in the city and its tombs suggests that it sent a potent message about identity. Alongside men featuring the arm-sling pose were others who opted for different attributes, poses, and garments. These latter men drew attention by these deviations from the norm to themselves, their families, and their activities in the community. Representations of men, both funerary and civic, were clearly a means by which the community, and everyone’s place within it, was strengthened.
Glimpses of Tadmūr Before Alexander
Authors: Healey John F. 
Published: January 2024

AbstractThis contribution draws together the archaeological and textual evidence for ancient Tadmūr (the later Palmyra) in the pre-Hellenistic period. The textual material is mainly in Akkadian of the second millennium bc (Old Assyrian trade archives, the Mari letters, Emar, and later Assyrian texts of Tiglath-Pileser I). All of these materials, and the small amount of archaeological evidence, suggest that Tadmūr was a minor though well-known waypoint on a major route between Mesopotamia and western Syria in the second millennium bc. In the first millennium bc it fell into obscurity, to emerge again in the Hellenistic age. Discussion is included of the confused Old Testament and later Jewish traditions about Tadmūr, which connect it with Solomon.
Palmyrene Women
Authors: Heyn Maura K. 
Published: January 2024

AbstractThis chapter presents the evidence concerning the life of women in Palmyra. Much of this evidence originates in the funerary sphere, where hundreds of surviving female portraits inform us about dress styles, gender-specific poses and gestures, attributes, and jewellery, among other aspects. Inscriptions and a scattering of reliefs from the Palmyrene civic and religious spheres corroborate and contradict the impressions given by the funerary evidence. The degree to which the elite women in Palmyra experienced greater independence and civic engagement in the third century, as clearly exemplified by Zenobia, is called into question, as the overall impression is still of status and activities that are largely tied to the family and the domestic sphere.
The Production Economy of Funerary Portraiture
Authors: Steding Julia 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the production of Palmyrene funerary portraiture. When studying the surfaces of the objects, all carved in local limestone, many tool traces can be detected. This makes it possible to reconstruct the steps of stone carving and to explain the process from the quarrying of stone to the finishing of a portrait. On the one hand, this leads to new insights into the carving of limestone in ancient Syria and the economic structures that were affecting or leading the production. On the other hand, the study of production processes will lead to insights into workshops and their organization. This includes the discussion of changes in style in relation to technical changes and changes in the production of portraits.
A Note on Quarries and Textiles in Palmyra
Authors: Schmidt-Colinet Andreas 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The limestone quarries situated about 15 km north-east of Palmyra supplied the material for almost all the sculptures and buildings in the ancient city. The quarries give information about the ancient infrastructure of working life there. Caves were reused as as living quarters. The water supply was delivered by a system of channels and cisterns laid out over the entire area. The so-called ‘dragon houses’ were used as shelters for guards, and for storing equipment. Various quarrying techniques may be reconstructed and dated by the various tool marks left on the quarry walls and by the different sizes of the columns. The main change in technique may be dated to the first half of the second century, that is, parallel to the building boom in Palmyra during this period. Thus, an interdependency and correlation between the mentality of constructing buildings at Palmyra and the development of new methods of quarrying may be confirmed.
Queen Zenobia
Authors: Andrade Nathanael 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Zenobia of Palmyra is one of the most famous women of the ancient world. Despite her fame, however, any attempt to situate Zenobia in her historical and social context confronts a paradox: there is little reliable source material about her. This chapter considers how ancient texts and Palmyra’s material culture may be used to create narratives for Zenobia’s life experiences. It also presents one such narrative by outlining her youth in third-century Palmyra, her marriage to Odainath, her guardianship of her son Wahballath, and her governance of the Roman Near East, all against the backdrop of the rise and fall of Palmyra as an imperial power.
Personality, Spirituality, and Religion
Authors: Wilt Joshua A. , Exline Julie J. , Rose Eric D. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The current review explores advances in research linking personality with religion and spirituality. The chapter is organized around five broad principles of personality research that may contribute to the understanding of individual lives: evolution, dispositional traits, characteristic adaptations, narrative identity, and culture. First, we examine evolutionary theories of religion and spirituality, and we review informative behavioral genetic studies. Second, we summarize the links between aspects of religion and spirituality with dispositional traits associated with the Big Five (extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, and openness to experience) and Big Six (the Big Five traits plus honesty-humility). Third, we describe evidence for the associations between various characteristic adaptations (attachment styles, motivational variables, values, and social attitudes) and religious/spiritual variables. Fourth, we briefly review nascent narrative identity work on religion/spirituality. We discuss cross-cultural research findings in the areas of dispositional traits, characteristic adaptations, and narrative identity when available. We conclude by offering directions for future research.
Translation of Eastern Meditative Disciplines into Western Psychotherapy
Authors: Semple Randye J. , Hatt Sean P. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter describes the history and influence of Buddhist meditative disciplines in Western psychotherapy. We begin with an overview of Buddhist traditions and a brief discussion of some of the foundational tenets of Buddhist psychology. The dialogue between Buddhism and psychotherapy from the early 1900s to the present is traced to gain insights into the transformation from meditation as a spiritual discipline to mindfulness as a secular psychotherapy. Four of the most widely studied and practiced mindfulness-oriented psychotherapies are described: mindfulness-based stress reduction, mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, dialectic behavioral therapy, and acceptance and commitment therapy. The chapter ends with an invitation to consider the role of compassion as a reciprocal influence connecting the spiritual practice of meditation to mindfulness as a clinical intervention. What benefits might be realized by reevaluating the therapeutic secularization of these ancient and profound spiritual practices? We consider the desirability, form, and likelihood of a possible reintegration.
Eastern Traditions, Consciousness, and Spirituality
Authors: Patel Kartikeya C. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the constructs of consciousness and spirituality in the Eastern tradition of early Buddhism. The descriptive explanations of the following basic and yet complex questions are offered: What are the contents of consciousness? Are there content-less states of consciousness? What is spiritual inquiry? If states of consciousness are multileveled and multifaceted, how one can understand the process of transformation and attainment of these states? Although a comprehensive presentation of various Eastern traditions is not possible in a brief book chapter, it is hoped that a detailed look at early Buddhism will give the reader a taste of the issues that Eastern theories and practices attempt to address.
Nonlocal Consciousness and the Anthropology of Religions and Spiritual Practices
Authors: Schwartz Stephan A. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents an anthropological assessment of religions and spiritual practices stripped of their sectarian dogmas. It discusses them not on the basis of faith but as systems of empirical observational science developed over generations for the purpose of allowing followers the opportunity to open to nonlocal consciousness. The chapter describes how religions begin as the result of a single individual having a nonlocal, or a series of nonlocal, consciousness experiences, laying out the steps by which that single personal experience becomes a religion, and then examines and explains why the spiritual rituals and practices common to religions across time, geography, and culture grow from the experiences of the founder. It describes all this using scientific experimental research from many different disciplines to show how the empirical sciences of religions, and the spiritual practices they engender are, in fact, supported by a myriad of studies, showing in the process why water and wine are so often a part of religious rituals; why healing is so common across religions; why sacred spaces are significant, and how they are created; and why scriptures, and even the manner in which they are written, matter in these empirical systems.
Parameters and Limitations of Current Conceptualizations
Authors: Watts Fraser N. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter reviews the current state of the psychology of religion and spirituality. The recent broadening of the psychology of religion to include the psychology of spirituality reflects the growing number of people who are “spiritual but not religious.” At present, the psychology of religion is too selective in the range of phenomena it covers, and it should be broader geographically and in terms of spiritual traditions. In view of the diversity of religion, better ways of classifying religious phenomena are needed if research is to work with homogeneous categories. Though questionnaire methods have played an important role, the psychology of religion would benefit from making more use of both experimental methods and qualitative, first-person accounts. The “outsider’s” perspective of the psychology of religion could usually be brought into a dialogue with the insider’s perspective of practitioners. In addition, it would be mutually beneficial if the psychology of religion and spirituality had closer links with general psychology. Finally, there is a case for developing an approach to the psychology of religion that tackles practical issues while remaining research-based.
Beyond Ancient and Modern Superstitions
Authors: Radin Dean 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Superstitions are persistent beliefs or practices thought to have no basis in fact. Two superstitions that have attracted high levels of interest from ancient times to the present day are magic and psychic phenomena. Neither of these exists according to the prevailing scientific worldview, so magic and psychic phenomena are regarded as superstitions. Most college-level psychology textbooks explain away widespread beliefs in these phenomena as being due to delusion, fantasy, or wishful thinking. When someone has a truly strange but objectively verifiable experience, it is rejected as mere coincidence. This chapter argues that such denials are modern-day superstitions. Rather than having no basis in fact, from a rigorous scientific perspective both magic and psychic phenomena have been demonstrated to exist with high levels of confidence. The reason these ancient beliefs have become a modern taboo, at least within the academic world, has very little to do with the empirical evidence, and very much to do with the sociopolitical and ontological challenge of ideas that were once thought to be superstitions but turn out to be true.
The Neuroscience of Savant Syndrome, Enlightenment, and Other Extraordinary States
Authors: Hennacy Diane Marie 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The profound memories of people with savant syndrome cannot be explained by neuroscience’s current model. Similarly, neuroimaging of severely hydrocephalic individuals with superior IQs suggests that neural circuitry might not be what stores memories. Instead, our brains might simply be navigational tools for informational fields. Since antiquity, individuals have reported seeing consciousness fields, or energy bodies, around us in the shape of a torus. Neuroscience has ignored these biofields in its model, but if information can be encoded holographically in them, this could explain the abilities of savants and psychics to access nonlocal information. The updated model proposed here suggests our brains could be performing an analogous function to what electronic devices do when we navigate the Cloud. Electromagnetism and light do play a central role in brain function, as revealed by the functional properties and locations of these lesser-known brain components: neuromelanin, magnetite, microtubules, biophotons, glial cells, ventricles and electrical synapses.