bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Up-and-Comers
Authors: Ollion Étienne 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter revisits a classic issue in democracies: the role of the experience of political leaders. Based mostly on an innovative statistical analysis, it demonstrates that the much-vaunted novices, whose transformative energy was endlessly evoked during the campaign, did not accomplish much by way of reforms. Rather, they were swiftly relegated to junior positions in the parliament while other newly elected but more experienced MPs had a very different fate. Along with former staffers and aides, who had learned their trade from senior politicians, the latter captured virtually all the key positions of power. Having identified this inertia, the chapter explores its causes. Experience, acquaintances in high places, and a sense of entitlement born in their accelerated and successful career, make them central actors.
Constructing Music
Authors: Nakra Teresa M. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Constructing Music presents a new method for teaching music fundamentals that foregrounds creative coding practices and builds upon the computing skills that today’s students already possess. Featuring a set of step-by-step tutorials and lessons, the book invites readers to engage directly with the components of musical structure. Readers interact with the properties of music using editable short code “patches” developed in Max, a visual coding environment for interactive music and media that has been widely used for more than thirty years. Dozens of patches accompany the book and allow readers to play with the building blocks of sound, creating for themselves the patterns of tonal music. Designed to support computer-based learning in tonal harmony, musicianship, and music theory, the book avoids the privileged lens of Western music notation and instead explains music content through analogies with Lego bricks, referencing ideas from creative technology, engineering, and design. The chapters explain core music theory concepts in detail and support the descriptions through code simulations and visualizations, progressing through the topics with increasing complexity. The final chapter explores the questions and theories that emerge from the lessons, considering the role of music as a proto-form of AI and its impacts on emotion, wellness, and creativity. Along the way, students explore the accompanying code examples and reinforce each topic by tinkering, modifying, and creating their own versions of the material.
Tutorials
Authors: Nakra Teresa M. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Chapter 1 presents a step-by-step introduction to coding in Max with six tutorials that cover critical startup information for beginners. The tutorials have been designed to help those who don’t have any prior experience with coding quickly ramp up to a level of comfort in the software environment. Readers will be introduced to basic programming concepts such as algorithms, loops, and variables. They will learn how to navigate their way around the Max interface and place simple objects in a patch. They will then implement simple arithmetic computations and explore electronic sound playback, followed by a technical overview of MIDI and digital audio. Finally, readers will learn how to incorporate hardware kits and MIDI controllers into their musical coding projects. The tutorials also introduce basic musical terms and concepts that will be explained further in the chapters that follow.
Time-based Structures
Authors: Nakra Teresa M. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Chapter 4 explores how basic musical building blocks and simple pitch-based structures can be grouped together to create intermediate forms that include the element of time. The topics in this chapter belong to the “time domain” of music. This chapter engages with aspects such as tempo, meter, melodies, arpeggios, and harmonic progressions. These compound structures require specific sequences of events; sometimes, several consecutive or overlapping steps are involved. The introduction of the time aspect represents a significant shift in emphasis at this point in the book. The vertical (pitch-based) and horizontal (time-based) components of music represent two fundamentally different processes. The vertical element is based on acoustic frequencies, whereas the horizontal is based on patterns that evolve over time.
Applying Climate Science to Climate Change and Extreme Weather Events
Authors: Vavrus Stephen J. , Puz Aimee , Kruse Samuel , Patz Jonathan A. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter introduces basic concepts and methods used by climate scientists to analyze climate change and its effects on weather patterns, including areas of scientific uncertainty. It explains how greenhouse gases cause climate change and how computational sciences enable improved attribution of extreme weather events to climate change. Globally, extreme weather events are becoming more intense and more frequent. The chapter also includes tools for predicting future climate, such as climate modeling and downscaling, and feedback processes. Positive and negative feedback processes, such as the ice-albedo feedback mechanism, which accelerates warming as bright reflective sea ice disappears, have profound influences on climate change. Climate modeling has advanced dramatically due to improved understanding of climatic processes and ever-increasing processing speed and data-memory capacity of computers.
Respiratory Disorders
Authors: Agache Ioana O. , Sampath Vanitha , Aguilera Juan , Nadeau Kari C. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Climate change increases ground-level ozone concentrations in ambient air, increasing the risk of new-onset and exacerbation of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It also increases the frequency and severity of wildfires, thereby raising ambient levels of particulate matter and other air pollutants and increasing respiratory tract irritation and new-onset and exacerbation of asthma and COPD. It increases the duration of the pollen season and the allergenicity of pollen, thereby worsening symptoms of allergic rhinitis and asthma. And it increases the frequency and severity of heavy downpours and floods, increasing the likelihood of indoor moisture and growth of and exposure to mold, as well as increased incidence of fungal respiratory disorders. Prevention of climate-induced respiratory disorders can be achieved by mitigation of greenhouse gases and by preventive measures taken by government agencies and individuals to reduce exposure to ozone, particulate matter, pollen, mold, and excessive heat.
Energy Policy
Authors: Tebbe Nova M. , Mailloux Nicholas A. , Nemet Gregory F. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter covers energy sources, current energy policies, renewable energy, and the vision to reach “net-zero emissions.” Various policy mechanisms are presented. A textbox summarizes research on how reducing greenhouse gas emissions provides substantial health co-benefits. The use of low-carbon energy sources, such as wind and solar power, for electricity generation has been growing rapidly, even as fossil fuels remain the major source of energy globally. The adoption of wind and solar power are growing quickly and the costs of these energy resources are decreasing dramatically. Maximizing the potential for wind and solar power depends on developing electricity systems with more storage, transmission, and demand-response measures, which respond to electricity demand to curb peak electricity loads. National policies, such as the Inflation Reduction Act, put the United States on track to meet the goals of the 2015 Paris Agreement, but much more stringent policies will be needed to get to net-zero emissions.
Developing and Implementing Interventions for Health Adaptation
Authors: Ebi Kristie L. , Berry Peter 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The increasing scale and pace of climate change impacts require rapid scaling up of actions to protect health and close the adaptation gap. Effective actions to protect health include assessing risks and vulnerabilities to current and future climate change, identifying populations that suffer disproportionately, and developing needed interventions while empowering civil society organizations and the general public. It is important to conduct a climate change and health vulnerability and adaptation assessment to understand current and projected health risks and the best adaptation options. The increasing complexity and severity of health risks requires that leaders in the health sector work closely with those in other sectors to develop climate-resilient, low-carbon health systems. Success in protecting health from climate change requires health officials to regularly monitor progress in adaptation and mitigation. Adequate investment in adaptation is critical to ensuring that individuals, communities, and health systems can effectively respond to challenges of climate change.
Introduction
Authors: Maher Shiraz , Cook Joana 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter introduces the book, key concepts, and chapter summaries within. Specifically, it defines Islamism and provides a background to the concept and application of Islamist governance. It discusses the imperatives for an Islamic State as understood by Islamists, alongside social and cultural considerations, as well as those of political realism. It then discusses the organizational structure of the book around constitutional actors and violent movements. Extending into a thorough literature review on rebel governance, it situates the study of Islamist governance within this field. Finally, it provides a brief summary of each chapter in the book.
Monetary Economics, Illicit Economies, and Legitimation
Authors: Lokmanoglu Ayse , Phelan Alexandra 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
In Chapter 7, Ayse Lokmanoglu and Alexandra Phelan consider the case of ISIS utilizing the concept of eudaemonic legitimation, which involves appeals to economic performance and effectiveness as a legitimation strategy. They investigate how ISIS consolidated stable economic practices by way of illicit activities, while simultaneously justifying traditional monetary economics in an attempt to appeal to the organization’s performance and effectiveness as means of legitimation. These economic appeals of legitimation were not solely attempts to mobilize popular support, but also to assert the portrayal of sovereignty to an international audience.
Local Governance as a (De-)Legitimizing Tool for Competing Violent Extremist Groups in Central Mali
Authors: Demuynck Méryl , Coleman Julie 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
In Chapter 8, Méryl Demuynck and Julie Coleman map out governance efforts by jihadist groups in the conflict-afflicted state of Mali. Highlighting the governance vacuum upon which the groups Katiba Macina and Islamic State in the Greater Sahara (ISGS) capitalized to assert themselves as a legitimate alternative power, this chapter also considers the role that local governance issues have played in the context of increased infighting among violent extremist organizations active in central Mali. It further outlines the key actors related to the conflict and explores how the al-Qaeda-affiliated Katiba Macina and ISGS have approached local governance in this competitive environment, and the extent to which local governance strategies serve as (de-)legitimising tools for competing Islamist armed groups.
Hezbollah’s Parallel Governance Structure in Lebanon
Authors: Levitt Matthew 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
In Chapter 10, Matthew Levitt considers Hezbollah’s social-welfare governance model, outlining its growth over the course of the group’s own development and across a broad array of service areas including social, public health, educational, financial, infrastructure, and environmental issues. The chapter also interrogates Hezbollah’s independent activities and its efforts in more recent years to co-opt the Lebanese government’s bureaucracy for its own ends, which have proven extremely effective. However, Levitt notes that as the corrupt sectarian political system in Lebanon continues to come under increased pressure to change, Hezbollah’s role as a key player in this system could undermine its position.
Seeking an Argument I
Authors: Leite Adam 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The Global Epistemic Priority Thesis is, roughly, the thesis that the evidence for the totality of our beliefs about the world is limited to what is given to us by our experiential states. This chapter continues the argument that this thesis does not arise out of the commitments of everyday epistemic life. Some contemporary foundationalists have attempted to motivate this thesis by appealing to considerations about justificatory regresses. This chapter focuses on the relation between concerns about justificatory regress and our ordinary epistemic commitments and practices to show that justificatory regresses do not successfully motivate the Global Epistemic Priority Thesis. The necessary regresses simply don’t get started.
Enough Is Enough
Authors: Leite Adam 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
A fully satisfactory refutation of external world skepticism need not involve or yield an epistemological theory. Finding no reason to think skepticism true and decisive reasons to think it false, we reject it. This chapter addresses objections arising from the fear that we might be unwittingly duped, the yearning for non-contingent and ahistorical reasons, the demand for a justification that makes use of no beliefs about the world, Stanley Cavell’s claim that skeptical reflection arises from a distinctive kind of experience available to us all, and the thought that no refutation of skepticism can be philosophically satisfactory without underwriting by an epistemological theory. As with the work undertaken elsewhere in this book, the responses to these objections provide a form of illumination that is reasonably termed philosophical even though it does not involve the development of a theory of knowledge, evidence, or empirical justification.
Introduction
Authors: von Bogdandy Armin , Piovesan Flávia , Mac-Gregor Eduardo Ferrer , Antoniazzi Mariela Morales 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This collection of essays focuses on the transformations led by the Inter-American System of Human Rights and the impact caused by Ius Constitutionale Commune en America Latina (ICCAL). ICCAL consists of a robust set of domestic and international norms, actors,and institutions that interact to advance human dignity in Latin America. Although compliance is usually seen as the only driver of transformation stemming from the Inter-American System of Human Rights, it is one of several factors to consider when assessing the legal, social, and political impact of ICCAL. The authors thereby expand the notion of impact along three dimensions. First, they include as the subject of the analyses all tools of the IAHRS that might serve its transformative mandate. Second, they consider the centrality of the community of practice, a diverse group encompassing a broad range of stakeholders working within the realm of Inter-American Human Rights standards. Third, the authors analyze the impact of ICCAL in the development and consolidation of human rights standards, to increase the capacity of civil society and States to respect, protect, and fulfill such standards, and to deepen transnational conversation and cooperation.
The Use of Transformative Provisional Measures by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights
Authors: Burbano-Herrera Clara , Haeck Yves 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACtHR) has asserted that the deprivation of liberty must not be accompanied by the dispossession of all human rights. The rights of detainees to life, personal integrity, and fair trial must be effectively respected and guaranteed just as they must be ensured to individuals who have not been deprived of liberty. This chapter examines the impact of transformative provisional measures granted by the IACtHR to protect persons deprived of liberty kept in terrible prison conditions. The chapter holds that transformative provisional measures arise out of structural problems, that is, situations in which State authorities have consistently failed to respect, protect, and fulfill the rights of historically marginalized groups. Therefore, transformative provisional measures aim to protect the rights of a multiplicity of persons who are collectively in danger, while also preventing human rights violations. Special attention is given to the transformative provisional measures adopted in the case of the Criminal Institute of Plácido de Sá Carvalho, where the Inter-American Court balances the right to dignified conditions of detention, on the one hand, and the State’s obligation to punish those who commit crimes, on the other.
Creating the Narrative of Human Rights Impact in Latin America
Authors: Urueña René , Cortes Stephania Yate 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter argues that the Inter-American Human Rights System’s “impact” is not a static fact but rather is a continuously evolving description of reality. It implies a narrative that results from interpreting certain national facts through a normative lens, thus providing the organizing logic to describe the “reality” in which the inter-American institutions operate. This constant process makes “impact” a moving goal—the ultimate movable signpost, which can be understood only through an overarching narrative that features both the descriptive and the normative, in constant interaction with each other. This chapter focuses on four specific processes through which such a narrative of compliance is created: framing, the development of cognitive categories, the deployment of emotions, and the generation of aesthetic illusions.
The Inter-American Human Rights System and Its Impact on the Human Rights of Women
Authors: Falcón Julissa Mantilla 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
What has been the impact of the Inter-American Human Rights System on the protection of the human rights of women? More specifically, how has the System addressed sexual violence? This chapter approaches these questions by analyzing how the System conceptualizes sexual violence as a human rights violation. It also explores the Inter-American System guidelines on the criminal investigation of sexual violence. The chapter focuses on the inter-American standards and their role in the recognition and condemnation of sexual violence as a human rights violation, emphasizing the responsibility of the State for sexual violence as torture. Based on a gender perspective and considering the intersectional approach, this chapter analyzes the impact of the Inter-American System in relation to sexual violence, highlighting challenges for safeguarding the dignity of the victims.
The Inter-American Human Rights System’s/ICCAL’s Impact on Transitions to Democracy from the Perspective of Transitional Justice
Authors: Binder Christina 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the Ius Constitutionale Commune en América Latina (ICCAL)’s impact on transitions to democracy in selected Latin American countries from the perspective of Transitional Justice. In Latin America, transitions to democracy often involve the engagement with major human rights violations of the former regime. A key parameter to measure the impact of the Inter-American Human Rights System (ICCAL) on transitions to democracy will thus relate to its ability to facilitate dealing with these violations at the domestic level and its according support for domestic institutions. More particularly, in the Latin American context, the question arose as of how to qualify the provision of amnesties for past human rights violations since many Latin American States passed amnesty laws in the course of transitions to democracy. As is shown, blanket amnesties run against the very idea of Transitional Justice. Amnesty laws were also subject to a rich case law of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights and found to violate key provisions in the American Convention on Human Rights. It is argued accordingly, that the Inter-American Court’s case law on amnesties is of crucial importance for transitions to democracy, and the respective impact of the ICCAL is therefore considerable. More particularly, the Inter-American Human Rights System and the Court have contributed to the realization of all aspects of Transitional Justice when dealing with amnesty laws that are in contravention of the American Convention on Human Rights: with retributive, restorative, and distributive justice.
Addressing Conceptual Challenges
Authors: Pérez-Liñán Aníbal , Morrison Kelly , Schenoni Luis L. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
To understand how States implement orders of the Inter-American Human Rights System, it is crucial to consider the question of time for two primary reasons. Firstly, the incentives for governments to comply with legal outcomes change over time, and secondly, States often intentionally delay their compliance with reparative measures. Thus, time is a relevant consideration when assessing legal outcomes and accounting for State behavior. This chapter proposes new criteria to evaluate compliance over time and illustrate those criteria with evidence from the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACtHR). To this end, the chapter introduces the distinction between “snapshot” metrics, which compare State implementation at a single point in time, and “discrete-time” metrics, which assess levels of compliance on an annual basis. After discussing two conventional snapshot metrics—the static rate of compliance and the average compliance time among closed measures—the chapter introduces two novel metrics: (1) the annual probability of compliance and (2) the expected time for compliance (ETC). The annual probability of compliance and the ETC are mathematically equivalent and thus exchangeable. An analysis of all cases decided by the IACtHR between 1989 and 2018 indicates that compliance with reparation measures follows a distinctive life cycle over time. The chapter concludes by emphasizing the conceptual distinction between compliance and impact and then provides some warnings about potential tensions between State compliance and political backlashes.
Activism Strategies Involving the Inter-American System
Authors: Kletzel Gabriela 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the work done by national human rights organizations that, understanding the potential of the Inter-American Human Rights System (IAHRS), have not limited their actions to bringing human rights cases and scenarios of violations to light, but have also deployed diverse strategies to catalyze structural transformations, as well as led substantive and institutional development by challenging and expanding the agenda of the IAHRS’s bodies, safeguarding its composition and generating and enhancing working tools. To shed light on these roles, concrete examples are provided involving actors and interventions that have enabled material transformations in the observance of rights within States or, from an institutional perspective, the System itself. The overview of strategic interventions by social actors within the Inter-American System shows that analyses of its impacts should not be focused on narrow or isolated actions, since its contributions have often been in continuous dialogue with processes of national struggle and transformation, in which the victims have brought incredible tenacity to their battle. The inputs of national stakeholders have demonstrated the value of having deep knowledge of the complex State networks operating in each context and re-signified the usefulness and specific role of international recourse. They have also borne evidence of the role of civil society in generating and renewing tools, safeguarding the integration of the mechanisms, and proposing new outlooks on issues to work on.