bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Low oxygen tension stimulates collagen synthesis and COL1A1 transcription through the action of TGF‐β1
Authors: Falanga Vincent , Zhou Linda , Yufit Tatyana 
Published: August 2002

AbstractRecent findings point to low oxygen tension (hypoxia) as an important mechanism for the expression of several eukaryotic genes. We have previously shown that hypoxia (2% O2), when compared to standard oxygen tension (20% O2), upregulates the mRNA levels of the human α1(I) (COL1A1) procollagen gene and transforming growth factor‐beta1 (TGF‐β1) in human dermal fibroblasts. In this report, we determined the effect of hypoxia on collagen synthesis and transcription. Exposure of human dermal fibroblasts to hypoxia for 24–72 h led to a threefold, dose‐dependent increase in collagenous protein (P < 0.0001; r = 0.9794) and to enhanced type I procollagen deposition, as shown by direct immunofluorescence. Transient transfections with a series of luciferase‐ and CAT‐promoter constructs of the human COL1A1 gene (spanning from − 2.5 kb to + 113 bp) showed that hypoxia increases the transcriptional activity of constructs having 5′ endpoints between − 804 bp and − 107 bp, with loss of stimulation at − 84 bp. Maximal increase in promoter activity in hypoxia was observed between − 190 and − 174 bp of the proximal promoter, once a cKrox repressor site (− 199 to − 224 bp) was deleted. Upregulation of COL1A1 mRNA levels in hypoxia was blocked by a TGF‐β1 anti‐sense oligonucleotide, and failed to occur in fibroblasts from TGF‐β1 knock‐out mice. Co‐transfection and overexpression with a Smad7 construct abrogated the increase in COL1A1 promoter activity observed in hypoxia. Upregulated transcriptional activity of the TGF‐β1 promoter in hypoxia was found to be maximal between − 453 and − 175 bp from the transcriptional start site. Since hypoxia is a critical feature of the early phases of wound repair, we conclude that it may act as a potent physiologic stimulus for collagen synthesis. TGF‐β1 appears to be a critical component of this response. J. Cell. Physiol. 191: 42–50, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A comprehensive study of the loss of enzyme activity in a continuous membrane reactor – application to starch hydrolysis
Authors: Paolucci‐Jeanjean Delphine , Belleville Marie‐Pierre , Rios Gilbert M 
Published: August 2002

AbstractLoss of enzyme activity is a problem associated with enzymatic reactions in continuous recycled membrane reactors (CRMR). It may result from catalyst leakage and also enzyme denaturation due to the effects of pH, temperature, shear effects or adsorption/deposit on membrane. In this study, the relative importance of these various factors has been assessed in order to reduce their adverse effects on starch hydrolysis in a CRMR. The effects of temperature and denaturation by adsorption/deposit on membrane were the most limiting phenomena. Reducing the temperature to overcome thermal denaturation was not a practical solution since this increases viscosity and thereby decreases permeate flux and reactor performance. Insofar that adsorption/deposit of enzymes on the membrane is directly linked to membrane fouling, back‐flushing or regularly purging retentate should reduce this phenomenon by lowering accumulation of high molecular weight products.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Inflamed urachal cyst containing calculi in an adult
Authors: Milotic Franko , Fuckar Zeljko , Gazdik Miljen , Cicvaric Tedi , Milotic Irena , Zauhar Gordana 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe urachus is an embryonic structure that persists after birth in some individuals and can cause various problems. We report a case of an inflamed urachal cyst filled with a thick yellow fluid and several calculi in a woman with a 1‐month history of dysuria. Physical examination revealed a fist‐sized tumor located infraumbically in the midline. The patient's erythrocyte sedimentation rate was elevated; the results of all other routine laboratory studies were normal. Sonography showed a regularly shaped, ovoid, hypoechoic cystic area in the abdominal wall measuring 8 × 4 × 3 cm and containing several hyperechoic masses associated with acoustic shadowing. The wall of the cyst was inhomogeneous, and a thin hypoechoic linear tract linked the superior aspect of the mass to the umbilicus. The results of excretory urography, voiding cystography, and cystoscopy excluded an abnormality of the urinary system. A urachal cyst was diagnosed, and the mass was surgically removed. The surgical specimen was sent for histopathologic analysis, which confirmed the diagnosis. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 30:253–255, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI: 10.1002/jcu.10056
Analysis of the three‐dimensional lymphatic architecture of the periodontal tissue using a new 3D reconstruction method
Authors: Fujimura Akira , Nozaka Yohichiro 
Published: August 2002

AbstractFew studies of lymphatic vessels have been reported because diacrisis of this vascular system is rare. A complete examination of diacrisis of venula is not yet possible even using recent enzyme‐histochemical or immunohistochemical techniques. In this study, we examined a lymphatic vessel by serial sectioning from the afferent lymphatic of the lymph node to the periphery by three‐dimensional observation using a three‐dimensional reconstitution method. This method was conventional and accurate, and the time required for processing was markedly reduced by using a computer. Reconstitution of the vasculature became possible utilizing the entire section instead of a portion of a parenchymatous organ. We examined the lymphatic vessel architecture of various oral regions, including gingiva, tongue, and the floor of the mouth, using this method. In the future, using this method, we plan to investigate the alteration of lymphatic vessel architecture in a pathological region, and correlate these changes with the dynamics of lymphatic vessel absorption. Microsc. Res. Tech. 56:60–65, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Adrenomedullin and proadrenomedullin N‐terminal 20 peptide in the normal prostate and in prostate carcinoma
Authors: Calvo Alfonso , Abasolo Ibane , Jiménez Nuria , Wang Zhou , Montuenga Luis 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThere is increasing evidence for the important role played by regulatory peptides in the physiology of the normal and neoplastic prostate. Adrenomedullin (AM) and pro‐adrenomedullin N‐terminal 20 peptide (PAMP) are recently discovered regulatory peptides widely expressed in the normal prostate and in prostate carcinoma. AM is produced in secretory, stroma, and endothelial cells and in neurons of the prostate ganglia. PAMP is only produced by neuroendocrine cells. The expression of AM mRNA is regulated by androgens in the rat prostate. The number of neuroendocrine cells expressing PAMP is increased in prostate carcinoma after androgen deprivation, which shows that this peptide could regulate androgen‐independent prostate tumor growth. However, the roles of AM and PAMP in the normal prostate and in prostate carcinoma are yet to be elucidated. Microsc. Res. Tech. 57:98–104, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Organization and functional roles of the cytoskeleton in oligodendrocytes
Authors: Richter‐Landsberg Christiane 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMature oligodendrocytes are characterized by their numerous cytoplasmic extensions and flat membranous sheets. These sheets contain an extensive cytoskeletal network of microtubules (MTs) that maintain the cellular morphology, are specifically important for cellular sorting, and provide the rails for organelle trafficking. Mitochondria are localized in the primary and secondary processes and follow the tracks of the MTs in the cytoplasmic extensions. Oligodendrocytes express microtubule associated proteins (MAPs), specifically MAP2 and tau, which might be involved in the regulation and stabilization of the dynamic MT network in the myelin‐containing cellular processes. Tau and MAP2 heterogeneity increases during oligodendroglia maturation, and in mature oligodendrocytes tau mRNA with four MT binding domains are more prominent than in progenitor cells. Filamentous cell inclusions are a unifying mechanism underlying a variety of late‐onset neurodegenerative disorders and have mainly been viewed as neuron‐specific. Recent evidence indicated that glial changes occur in CNS degenerative diseases and seem to be a more common feature than previously thought. Glial fibrillary tangles (GFTs) in oligodendrocytes were observed in familial multiple system tauopathy, and glial cytoplasmic inclusions (GCIs) and oligodendroglia degeneration are the histological hallmark of multiple system atrophy (MSA). GCIs are associated with MTs and contain stress proteins and MAPs. Thus, neurons and glial cells share common cytoskeletal pathologies. During health and disease, MAPs might be important regulators of the structural stability and plasticity of the oligodendroglia cytoskeleton. Microsc. Res. Tech. 52:628–636, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sex‐linked genes are not silenced in fetal bovine testes expressing X‐inactive specific transcript (XIST)
Authors: Farazmand Ali , Koykul Weerapong , Peippo Jaana , Baguma‐Nibasheka Mark , King W. Allan , Basrur Parvathi K. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractX‐inactive specific transcript (XIST), which is thought to be the central factor for the X‐inactivation process in female mammals, is known to be expressed in males during spermatogenesis. Our studies have shown that XIST is not only expressed in adult bovine testis but is also expressed in fetal, newborn, and prepubertal testes long before spermatogenesis is established. To determine whether the XIST expressed in fetal testes is involved in silencing the genes on the X chromosome, we investigated the status of X‐linked genes, including glucose‐6‐phosphate‐dehydrogenase (G6PD), hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT), and X‐linked zinc finger protein gene (ZFX), in fetal bovine gonads at the developmental stage, when meiosis is initiated in fetal ovaries in this species. Reverse transcription and a semiquantitative polymerase chain reaction based on the optical density of each gene‐specific band relative to that of the co‐amplified Quantum RNA 18S Internal Standard (Ambion, Austin, TX) showed that the XIST gene was expressed in the testes of approximately 90‐day‐old fetuses and was silent in all their nongonadal organs tested, although at a significantly lower level than that in fetal organs of female fetuses. Our observation that the expression of X‐linked genes in the fetal testis was comparable to that in male nongonadal organs, in which X inactivation does not occur, indicates that the low level of XIST, or XIST‐like RNA, expressed in the fetal bovine testis is not involved in silencing X‐linked genes. J. Exp. Zool. 290:327–340, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Jet nebulization of PEI/DNA polyplexes: physical stability and in vitro gene delivery efficiency
Authors: Rudolph C. , Müller R. H. , Rosenecker J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackgroundAerosol drug delivery currently represents the most acceptable and convenient delivery system for repeated drug application to the lungs. Although polyethyleneimine (PEI) has recently been demonstrated to mediate gene transfer successfully to mouse lungs via aerosol delivery, the effect of the jet nebulization process on the properties of PEI/DNA polyplexes has not yet been examined.MethodsPEI/DNA polyplexes were generated in several commonly used solvents, such as distilled water, HEPES buffered saline (HBS), and 5% glucose. The complex parameters, such as particle size, zeta potential, DNA integrity, and transfection efficiency, were examined before and after jet nebulization.ResultsThe complex parameters and the transfection efficiency were influenced by the solvent that was used for complex formulation and by the nebulization process itself. When polyplexes were formulated in HBS, the particle size, zeta potential, and DNA concentration were affected by the nebulization process and the transfection efficiency decreased dramatically. Polyplexes formulated in 5% glucose were less susceptible to the nebulization process, as indicated by only minor changes of the zeta potential and particle size when compared with HBS. The resulting transfecion efficiency was very low both before and after nebulization. Polyplexes formulated in distilled water had the most resistant behavior with the nebulization process. Zeta potential, particle size, and DNA integrity were influenced least of all by nebulization.ConclusionAs a result, the transfection efficiency of PEI/DNA complexes remained constant throughout the nebulization process only when formulated in distilled water. These data suggest that distilled water represents the most appropriate solvent for polyplex formulation when delivered by jet nebulization. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stars and triangles
Authors: Galvin Fred 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA graph is Sm‐full if each vertex belongs to an induced star of order m. The stellarity of a vertex ν in a graph is the maximum size of an induced star centered at ν. Answering a question of Füredi, Mubayi, and West, we show that an Sm‐full finite graph is triangle‐free if the deletion of any edge produces a graph that is not Sm‐full. More generally, a finite graph is triangle‐free if the deletion of any edge lowers the stellarity of at least one of its endpoints. Neither of these results extends to infinite graphs; nevertheless, even an infinite Sm‐full graph has a triangle‐free Sm‐full spanning subgraph. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Graph Theory 38: 170–176, 2001
Terms of trade shocks and the current account in a unified currency area
Authors: Sahely L. , Darius R. , Williams O. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe recent debate over the European Union's banana import regime that ensued following the World Trade Organization ruling that found it to be illegal, has implications for those developing countries that rely on preferential access to this market. This paper finds that for those territories of the Eastern Caribbean Central Bank monetary union, the terms of trade shocks are not very persistent and have a large temporary component. In addition, the terms of trade shocks had a small impact on the current account. These shocks however had a larger impact on the supply side suggesting price sensitivity of farmers. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of [phenyl‐2‐3H]‐travoprost: isopropyl ester prodrug of a selective prostaglandin FP receptor agonist
Authors: Selliah Robert , Dantanarayana Anura , Haggard Karen , Egan Judith , Do Ernest U. , May Jesse A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA method for the preparation of tritium labeled travoprost, a new ocular hypotensive prostaglandin, is described. A highly selective catalytic deiodination has been identified which provides [phenyl‐2‐3H]‐travoprost in a single synthetic step from 2′‐iodo‐travoprost. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A novel and efficient asymmetric synthesis of carbon‐14 labeled (S,S)‐2,7‐di‐boc‐diamino[1,8‐14C2]suberic acid
Authors: Villani A. J. , Saunders D. , Shu A. Y. L. , Heys J. R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractFive hundred mCi of Potassium [14C]cyanide at a specific activity of 51 mCi/mmol was used to diastereoselectively introduce the carbon‐14 label into 1,6‐hexanedial via a thermodynamically controlled asymmetric Strecker reaction using (R)‐(‐)‐2‐phenylglycinol as the chiral auxiliary. The expected and predominant (R,S/S,R) diastereomer (2) was separated by preparative normal phase HPLC. The chiral auxiliary was removed by oxidation with lead tetraacetate and the resulting benzylimino nitrile exhaustively hydrolyzed in hydrochloric acid to give (S,S)‐2,7‐diamino[1,8‐14C2]suberic acid (6). Subsequent acylation with di‐tert‐butyldicarbonate gave the title compound (1) with a radiochemical purity of 95.5%, a specific activity of 113 mCi/mmol, and an enantiomeric purity of 95.5% e.e. To our knowledge this is the first report of the asymmetric Strecker methodology being applied to the synthesis of a carbon‐14 labeled amino acid. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of 3H, 14C and 13C6 labelled Sch 58235
Authors: Hesk D. , Bignan G. , Lee J. , Yang J. , Voronin K. , Magatti C. , McNamara P. , Koharski D. , Hendershot S. , Saluja S. , Wang S. 
Published: August 2002

Abstract3H‐Sch 58235 was prepared at a specific activity of 29.1 Ci/mmol by Ir(COD)(Cy3P)PyPF6 catalysed exchange with tritium gas. 14C‐Sch 58235 was prepared in three steps from p‐hydroxy[ring‐U‐14C]benzaldehyde with an overall radiochemical yield of 21%. 13C6‐Sch 58235 was similarly prepared in three steps from p‐hydroxy[ring‐U‐13C6]benzaldehyde in an overall yield of 41%. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fine structural recognition specificities of IgE antibodies distinguishing amoxicilloyl and amoxicillanyl determinants in allergic subjects
Authors: Zhao Zhenjun , Baldo Brian A. , Baumgart Karl. W. , Mallon Dominic F. J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIgE antibodies in the sera of subjects allergic to β‐lactam antibiotics detect a spectrum of specificities ranging from side‐chain groups to an entire penicillin or cephalosporin molecule. In addition to such structural heterogeneity of allergenic determinants, IgE antibodies in the sera of different allergic subjects show heterogeneous recognition responses. Detailed immunochemical studies were carried out on the sera of penicillin‐allergic subjects that showed selective and unexpected reactions with the frequently prescribed penicillin, amoxicillin. Antibodies from one subject reacted only with the amoxicilloyl determinant while IgE from another subject showed multiple reactivity with penicilloyl and penicillanyl determinants of different penicillins but not with the amoxicilloyl determinant. Quantitative hapten inhibition studies revealed that the combining sites of the former antibodies were complementary to amoxicillin in a form that permits binding to the hydroxyaminobenzyl side‐chain and the thiazolidine ring carboxyl. These conditions are satisfied with the drug in the ‘‐oyl’ but not in the ‘‐anyl’ form which involves linkage through the 2‐carboxyl of the thiazolidine ring. With the second serum, adsorption studies showed that the wide‐ranging reactivity of IgE was due to a single population of antibodies that detected a common specificity on the different penicillins. Combining site studies revealed clear recognition of the benzyl portion of the side‐chain of benzylpenicilloyl, benzylpenicillanyl, ampicilloyl, ampicillanyl and amoxicillanyl determinants when free antibody access to the side‐chain was possible but little or no recognition of the ring hydroxyl of amoxicillin. Such uninhibited access may not occur, however, when amoxicillin is conjugated in the ‘‐oyl’ form since opening the β‐lactam ring allows increased flexibility and rotation of the molecule and the possibility of close association of the hydroxyaminobenzyl side‐chain of amoxicillin with the linked peptide carrier. In such close steric association, H‐bonding involving the ring hydroxyl and amino acids of the carrier may prevent antibody access to the side‐chain region of the amoxicilloyl determinant. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Magnetic resonance imaging‐guided focused ultrasound thermal therapy in experimental animal models: Correlation of ablation volumes with pathology in rabbit muscle and VX2 tumors
Authors: Hazle John D. , Stafford R. Jason , Price Roger E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPurposeTo further investigate the use of magnetic resonance‐guided focused ultrasound therapy (MRgFUS) as a noninvasive alternative to surgery in the local control of soft‐tissue tumors by ablating prescribed volumes of VX2 rabbit tumors and comparing with ablation of normal tissue volumes.Materials and MethodsSmall, ellipsoidal ablations at shallow depth were created using 5‐ to 15‐second sonication pulses at radio frequency (RF) powers of 50–125 W using a spherical, air‐backed transducer operating at 1.463 MHz under MR guidance in a 1.5‐T clinical scanner.ResultsExcellent correlation was observed between prescribed treatment volumes, MR thermal dosimetry, post‐treatment verification MRI, and histopathology. Multifocal ablations of VX2 tumors in rabbits at depths of up to 2.5 cm resulted in complete ablation of the prescribed treatment volume.ConclusionMRgFUS is an effective technique for treating tumors in vivo. Techniques developed for treatments in homogeneous tissue volumes are applicable in the more complicated tumor environment if MR temperature feedback is available to modify treatment delivery parameters. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2002;15:185–194. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of iron overload by single voxel MRS measurement of liver T2
Authors: Wang Zhiyue J. , Haselgrove John C. , Martin Marie B. , Hubbard Anne M. , Li Shuchun , Loomes Kathleen , Moore James R. , Zhao Huaqing , Cohen Alan R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPurposeTo overcome the difficulty of poor signal‐to‐noise ratio of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in evaluating heavy iron overload by using a single voxel magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) technique.Materials and MethodsA single voxel STEAM pulse sequence with a minimum TE of 1.5 msec and a sampling volume of 36.6 cm3 was developed and applied to 1/T2 measurement of the liver in 14 patients with thalassemia whose liver iron concentration was determined through biopsy.ResultsThe iron level ranged from 0.23 to 37.15 mg Fe/g dry tissue with a median value of 18.06. In all cases, strong MR signals were obtained. 1/T2 was strongly correlated with the liver iron concentration (r = 0.95, P < 0.00005).ConclusionThe single voxel MRS measurement of T2 in liver iron overload overcomes the difficulty of lack of detectable signals in conventional MRI when the iron level is high. There is an excellent correlation between the iron level and 1/T2. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2002;15:395–400. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Application of magnetization transfer at 3.0 T in three‐dimensional time‐of‐flight magnetic resonance angiography of the intracranial arteries
Authors: Thomas Steven D. , Al‐Kwifi Osama , Emery Derek J. , Wilman Alan H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPurposeTo apply magnetization transfer (MT) at 3.0 T in three‐dimensional time‐of‐flight magnetic resonance angiography of the intracranial arteries.Materials and MethodsThis study was performed on phantoms and seven volunteers to determine the effects of MT at 3.0 T. By using a modulated MT approach and an altered phase encode order, the specific absorption rate (SAR) was kept below 3 W/kg over any 8‐second time period.ResultsFor a 20‐degree flip angle and 36 msec repetition time, the background suppression at 3.0 T was improved with MT by 52 ± 5% for white matter and 40 ± 8% for grey matter, making the distal intracranial vasculature significantly more discernible.ConclusionsMT at 3.0 T can significantly improve background suppression in 3D time‐of‐flight magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) of the intracranial arteries without exceeding SAR guidelines. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2002;15:479–483. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.