bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Molecular characterization of the Hansenula polymorphaFLD1 gene encoding formaldehyde dehydrogenase
Authors: Baerends Richard J. S. , Sulter Grietje J. , Jeffries Thomas W. , Cregg James M. , Veenhuis Marten 
Published: August 2002

AbstractGlutathione‐dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase (FLD) is a key enzyme required forthe catabolism of methanol as a carbon source and certain primary amines, such as methylamine as nitrogen sources in methylotrophic yeasts. Here we describe the molecular characterization of the FLD1 gene from the yeast Hansenula polymorpha. Unlike the recently described Pichia pastoris homologue, the H. polymorpha gene does not contain an intron. The predicted FLD1 product (Fld1p) is a protein of 380 amino acids (ca. 41 kDa) with 82% identity to P. pastoris Fld1p, 76% identity to the FLD protein sequence from n‐alkane‐assimilating yeast Candida maltosa and 63–64% identity to dehydrogenase class III enzymes from humans and other higher eukaryotes. The expression of FLD1 is strictly regulated and can be controlled at two expression levels by manipulation of the growth conditions. The gene is strongly induced under methylotrophic growth conditions; moderate expression is obtained under conditions in which a primary amine, e.g. methylamine, is used as nitrogen source. These properties render the FLD1 promoter of high interest for heterologous gene expression. The availability of the H. polymorpha FLD1 promoter provides an attractive alternative for expression of foreign genes besides the commonly used alcohol oxidase promoter. The sequence has been deposited in the GenBank/NCBI data library under Accession No. AF364077. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Marker construction and cloning of a cut1‐like sequence with ARS activity in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces japonicus
Authors: Bozsik Aniko , Szilagyi Z. , Benko Z. , Sipiczki M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe dimorphic fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces japonicus has proved to be an excellent experimental model for the investigation of the eukaryotic cell. Here we show that it has a haplontic life cycle, in which the diploid phase is confined to the zygote. To make it amenable to genetic and molecular analysis, we generated genetic markers and cloned a genomic sequence which acts as ars when integrated into a plasmid. Diploids suitable for testing complementation and recombination between markers can be formed by protoplast fusion. The complementation tests and the recombination frequencies determined in octads of spores identified 28 non‐allelic groups (genes) of mutations of the auxotrophic and mycelium‐negative mutants. Two groups of linked markers were also identified. The cloned fragment, which expresses ars activity, encodes a putative amino acid sequence highly similar to a conserved domain of proteins Cut1 (Schizosaccharomyces pombe), BimB (Aspergillus nidulans) and Esp1 (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tightening elongated ACL grafts by application of bipolar electromagnetic energy (ligament shrinkage)
Authors: Spahn G. , Schindler S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn ACL transplants showing elongation with functional deficit but no interruption of structure (Marburg Arthroscopic Score type III) there is the possibility of reinsertion, augmentation, or revision ACL reconstruction to stabilize the joint. Bipolar electromagnetic energy can be used to induce the tightening of elongated ACL transplants. We examined 14 patients with a secondary instability after ACL transplantation (mean 23.6 months). During arthroscopy a type III transplant without signs of nonisometric position was found. The elongated transplants were treated by bipolar application probe. All knees where protected by an unlimited orthosis over a period of 12 weeks. Postoperative follow‐up took 9.4 months. There was a significant improvement in subjective discomforts (35.9 to 88.5 points on the Lysholm score), and the Rollimeter test showed a reduction of the ventral tibial translation (13.1 to 2.6 mm). There was a correlation between the degree of chondral damage and a Lysholm score but not between subjective discomforts and the degree of instability. Our findings confirm that elongated ACL transplants can be tightened by applying bipolar electromagnetic energy during rearthroscopy, thus avoiding revision ACL reconstruction in some cases.
Prevalence of Postcholecystectomy Symptoms: Long‐term Outcome after Open versus Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy
Authors: Peterli Ralph , Schuppisser Jean P. , Herzog Urs , Ackermann Christoph , Tondelli Peter E. 
Published: August 2002

Abstract.After cholecystectomy a certain number of patients continue to suffer from abdominal symptoms or develop such symptoms postoperatively. The aim of this study was to compare the prevalence of postcholecystectomy symptoms with open cholecystectomy during the prelaparoscopic era and those with laparoscopic cholecystectomy 4 years after introduction of the laparoscopic technique. Between July 1988 and June 1989 a total of 163 consecutive patients with elective open cholecystectomy and between September 1994 and August 1995 a total of 234 consecutive patients with elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy were prospectively evaluated using a standard questionnaire about preoperative symptoms, diagnostic modalities, and intraoperative findings. After a minimum of 12 months the patients were interviewed by telephone. Since the introduction of the minimal invasive technique the number of cholecystectomies performed at our institution increased. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of postcholecystectomy symptoms found after the open procedure compared with laparoscopic cholecystectomy: 90% of patients after open and 94% after laparoscopic cholecystectomy had no or only minor symptoms.
Potential Strategies for Inflammatory Mediator Manipulation: Retrospect and Prospect
Authors: Fisher Charles J. , Zheng Yunli 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSepsis syndrome and septic shock remain significant causes of morbidity and mortality. To date, clinical trials of novel agents to treat sepsis have failed to demonstrate clinical efficacy despite considerable animal data to suggest a positive therapeutic benefit. This article reviews the recent major clinical trials on sepsis and discusses the hypotheses on which these therapies are based and the critical issues associated with clinical sepsis. Recommendations for future clinical trials on sepsis are made.
The pivotal role of John S. Edkins in the discovery of gastrin
Authors: Modlin Irvin M. , Kidd Mark , Marks I. N. , Tang Laura H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractJohn Sydney Edkins was born in London in 1863. After gaining two open scholarships, he attended Caius College, Cambridge and studied physiology under the tutelage of J.N. Langley and M. Foster. During this period he published on the chemical nature of pepsinogen with Langley. After qualifying as a medical doctor, he worked in Manchester before returning to London, where he succeeded E. Klein as Head of Physiology at St. Bartholomew's. For financial reasons he also worked part time at Bedford College for Women. In 1902 Bayliss and Starling overturned Pavlov's doctrine of the nervous regulation of gastrointestinal function by discovering the pancreatic secretagogue secretin—the first identifiable chemical messenger. Edkins applied a similar rationale to the stomach and in a classic series of experiments noted that injection of a pyloric mucous membrane extract resulted in gastric acid and pepsin secretion in anesthetized cats. In 1905 he named this putative active agent “gastrin.” Although his ideas were initially accepted, the discovery of histamine in 1910 and the identification that extracts from other tissues had a similar physiologic effect raised serious questions regarding the validity of the existence of gastrin. Somewhat discouraged, Edkins pursued the teaching and training of women physiologists at Bedford College, where he later became Chairman of Physiology. Outside of science he successfully pursued other interests and became President of the British Croquet Association. The demonstration that gastrin was a unique antrat stimulant of acid secretion by Komarov in 1938 was followed by the purification and elucidation of its chemical structure by Gregory and Tracy in 1964. Their work allowed final validation of Edkins’ original hypothesis. Edkins died in London in 1940, not only fated to predecease the vindication of his hypothesis but unable to witness the evolution of his discovery into a paradigm for the hormonal regulation of secretory and proliferative cellular activity.
Hepatic Steatosis in Liver Transplant Donors: Common Feature of Donor Population?
Authors: García Ureña Miguel Angel , Ruiz‐Delgado Francisco Colina , González Enrique Moreno , Romero Carlos Jiménez , García Ignacio García , Segurola Carmelo Loinzaz , González‐Pinto Ignacio , Sanz Ramón Gómez 
Published: August 2002

AbstractFatty change in donor livers is a risk factor for poor function after orthotopic liver transplantation. Various prevalences of steatosis have been reported in time 0 biopsies. The aim of this research was to determine, in a longitudinal study, the degree (percent of hepatocytes involved) and type (size of vacuoles) of fatty change shown by various histologic techniques. Four staining methods were used on sections from three liver wedge biopsies—at liver procurement, at the back‐table, and after reperfusion—from 83 consecutive donor livers. Results in Sudan III‐stained (SS) sections showed the greatest sensitivity (87.1%), negative predictive value (91.8%), and agreement rate (κ= 0.77) when compared with results in thin (1 μm) plastic‐embedded toluidine blue‐stained (TBS) sections. High‐grade steatosis (>30% steatotic hepatocytes) was identified in 49.4% of SS sections, 46.9% of TBS sections, 38.5% of frozen hematoxylin‐eosin (H&E)‐stained sections, and 20.7% of deparaffinated H&E‐stained sections. Microscopic observations disclosed two types of steatotic pattern: (1) A predominantly small‐droplet lipid vacuolzation (high‐grade microsteatosis), similar to the steatosis associated with Reye syndrome, was seen in 29% of SS sections and 25% of TBS sections—approximately one‐fourth of grafts; and (2) a combined pattern of large and small fat drops (high‐grade macromicrosteatosis) was seen in 20% of SS sections and 22% of TBS sections. We concluded that moderate to severe steatosis is a frequent finding in donor livers. The difficulty in detecting lipidic microvacuoles in H&E‐stained sections may be the reason for underestimating the grade of fatty change or even for diagnosing as normal some biopsies with high‐grade microsteatosis.
Traumatic Rupture of the Aortic Isthmus: Program of Selective Management RID="" ID="" This International Association for the Surgery of Trauma and Surgical Intensive Care (IATSIC) article was presented at the 37th World Congress of Surgery International Surgical Week (ISW97), Acapulco, Mexico, August 24&ndash;30, 1997.
Authors: Pate James W. , Gavant Morris L. , Weiman Darryl S. , Fabian Timothy C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTwo hypotheses were investigated: (1)
helical computed tomography (CT) of the chest on victims of decelerating trauma can yield a diagnosis of, or “rule out,” a traumatic rupture of the aorta (TRA) without the need for an aortogram;
and (2) selective delay of aortic repair can be safely accomplished through a medical management protocol. Screening helical CT examinations were done on 6169 victims of blunt thoracic trauma; 47 were found to have TRA; in 8, indirect but nondiagnostic findings not clarified by an aortogram led to surgical exploration. The sensitivity of helical CT was higher than that of aortograms, and a “normal”
helical CT scan was never associated with a proved TRA. It is estimated that the use of helical CT has resulted in at least a 40% to 50%
decrease in the need for aortograms, in addition to yielding rapid, noninvasive valuable information about other injuries. Drugs
(β‐blockers ± vasodilators) to decrease the stress in the aortic wall were used in 93 patients when the diagnosis was suspected and were continued as necessary through the evaluation, stabilization, and until the aorta was cross‐clamped at operation. Elective, delayed operation was done between 2 days and 25 months in 15 patients who were deemed to be excessive risks for emergency aortic repair; there were 2 deaths (13.3%). Eleven patients never had aortic repair. No patient maintained on this protocol, whether repaired emergently, electively, or not at all, developed free rupture of the periaortic hematoma and death from TRA.
Ethical Problems in Surgery: Innovation Leading to Unforeseen Complications
Authors: McKneally Martin F. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA hypothetical case that involves a surgical innovation is used to illustrate three ethical issues in surgery: the profound trust that vulnerable patients feel toward their surgeons, even when they innovate; the disequilibrating effect of new procedures on traditional safeguards of surgical competence; and the need for a systematic approach to the evaluation of new surgical procedures.
Use of Pelvic Flexure Biopsies to Predict Survival After Large Colon Torsion in Horses
Authors: Van Hoogmoed Linda , Snyder Jack R. , Pascoe John R. , Olander Harvey 
Published: August 2002

Objective—To determine if morphologic evaluation of intraoperative biopsies of the large colon could be used to accurately predict outcome in horses with large colon torsion.Study Design—Clinical study.Animals—Fifty‐four horses with large colon torsion.Methods—A full‐thickness biopsy was collected from the pelvic flexure of the ascending colon after correction of naturally occurring colonic torsion. Morphologic changes were evaluated and graded for interstitial tissue to crypt ratio (I:C ratio), percentage loss of superficial and glandular epithelium, and the degree of hemorrhage and edema. These variables were then used to predict survival.Results—Morphologic variables could be used to correctly predict survival or death in 51 horses (P < .0001). This corresponded to a sensitivity of 95.1% (82.2%‐99.2%; 95% CI) and a specificity of 92.3% (62.0%‐99.6%; 95% CI). Of 6 horses that had colonic resection, 5 survived; an accurate prediction of outcome based on morphologic criteria was made for each horse.Conclusions—Interpretation of changes in colonic morphology can be used to accurately predict postoperative survival in horses with large colon torsion.Clinical Relevance—Use of frozen colonic tissue sections is a rapid, reliable, and relatively inexpensive method for assessing morphologic damage associated with large colon torsion during surgery. Intraoperative evaluation of pelvic flexure biopsies can aid in the prediction of survival and guide surgical judgment as to the need for colonic resection.
Comparison of Bone Healing by Demineralized Bone Matrix and Autogenous Cancellous Bone in Horses
Authors: Kawcak Christopher E. , Trotter Gayle W. , Powers Barbara E. , Park Richard D. , Turner A. Simon 
Published: August 2002

Objective—The purpose of this study was to compare bone healing induced by equine demineralized bone matrix (DBM) to autogenous cancellous bone graft (ACB) or no graft (control) in a rib‐defect model in horses.Study Design—The osteogenic properties of ACB and DBM were evaluated in bilateral 19‐mm circular defects created in the outer cortex of the 6thand 8thribs of each horse.Animals or Sample Population—Eight mature horses.Methods—Three rib defects in each horse were randomly treated with each of the 3 treatment groups, and the fourth rib defect received a random treatment. Rib sections, including the defects, were harvested 56 days after implantation and examined for bone mineral density, percent ash and calcium and graded for signs of radiographic and histological healing.Results—All ribs were fractured at the defect site and were classified as nonunion fractures 56 days after implantation. There were no significant differences among groups in bone mineral density and signs of radiographic or histological healing. There was an increased volume of bone in control and ACB‐treated sites compared with DBM‐treated sites. Rib defects treated with ACB were significantly higher in percent ash and calcium than those treated with DBM. DBM elicited no inflammatory reaction, and remodeling occurred around the periphery and within vascular channels of the decalcified particles.Conclusion—DBM particles remodel from the periphery, which may explain the significantly lower percent ash, calcium, and bone when compared with ACB, because 2‐ to 4‐μL pieces of DBM may act as space‐occupying masses until completely mineralized. There was no evidence of enhanced healing associated with the use of DBM in this model.Clinical Relevance—Particles of 2 to 4 mm DBM should not be used as an aid to fracture repair because particles of this size interfere with normal mineralization. However, our model of nonunion fracture healing may be useful in future studies.
In Vitro Evaluation of the Effect of Dimethyl Sulfoxide on Equine Articular Cartilage Matrix Metabolism
Authors: Smith Christine L. , Macdonald Melinda H. , Tesch Anthony M. , Willits Neil H. 
Published: August 2002

Objective—To evaluate the effects of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) on equine articular cartilage matrix metabolism.Study Design—Using a cartilage explant culture system, proteoglycan (PG) synthesis, PG release, lactate metabolism, chondrocyte viability, and metabolism recovery were determined after cartilage exposure to DMSO.Sample PopulationCartilage harvested from metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints of 12 horses (age range, 1 to 10 years).Methods—Explants were exposed to concentrations of DMSO (1% to 20%) for variable times (3 to 72 hours). PG synthesis and release were determined by a radiolabel incorporation assay and dimethylmethylene blue (DMMB) dye assay, respectively. Lactate released into culture media was measured, and chondrocyte viability was assessed using the Formizan Conversion Assay and a paravital staining protocol. Metabolism recovery was assessed in explants that were allowed to recover in maintenance media after exposure to DMSO.Results—PG synthesis and lactate metabolism were inhibited in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner after exposure to DMSO concentrations > 5%; there was no significant alteration in PG release. No change in chondrocyte viability was detected after incubation with DMSO. PG synthesis and lactate metabolism returned to baseline rates when allowed a recovery period after exposure to DMSO.Conclusions—DMSO concentrations > 5% suppress equine articular cartilage matrix metabolism. Suppression of PG synthesis and lactate metabolism is reversible and does not appear to be the result of chondrocyte death.Clinical Relevance—Equine clinicians adding DMSO to intraarticular lavage solutions should be aware that DMSO may have deleterious effects on equine articular cartilage matrix metabolism.
Transarterial Coil Embolization of the Internal and External Carotid and Maxillary Arteries for Prevention of Hemorrhage From Guttural Pouch Mycosis in Horses
Authors: Léveillé Renée , Hardy Joanne , Robertson James T. , Willis A. Michelle , Beard Warren L. , Weisbrode Steven E. , Lepage Olivier M. 
Published: August 2002

Objectives—To develop a transarterial coil embolization technique for occlusion of the internal carotid artery (ICA), external carotid artery (ECA), and maxillary arteries (MA) in normal horses and to evaluate this technique for prevention of hemorrhage in horses affected with guttural pouch mycosis.Animals—Ten adult, normal horses and 4 horses with guttural pouch mycosis.Methods—All horses had transarterial coil embolization of the rostral and caudal ICA, caudal MA, and rostral ECA. In 1 affected horse, an aberrant actively bleeding branch of the ECA was also occluded. Normal horses had a premortem angiogram, and were killed either at 1 or 2 weeks or 1, 2, or 3 months after the procedure. Specimens from the ICA, ECA and MA were evaluated by light microscopy.Results—No surgical complications were observed, except 1 horse that developed laryngeal hemiplegia and 1 pilot horse that had embolization of the cerebral arterial circle. In normal horses, premortem angiography confirmed complete occlusion of all vessels, and coils were positioned as intended. All normal horses had partially maturing to mature, continuous thrombi occluding at the coils. In affected horses, no further episodes of epistaxis were observed. By day 60, all mycotic plaques had resolved without further treatment. Ophthalmic complications were not observed.Conclusion—Transarterial embolization provided a safe, rapid, and effective method for ICA, ECA, and MA occlusion in normal and affected horses. In affected horses, the technique was possible despite active bleeding, allowing adequate identification and occlusion of all sources of hemorrhage.
Fibrous Tissue of Subchondral Cystic Lesions in Horses Produce Local Mediators and Neutral Metalloproteinases and Cause Bone Resorption in Vitro
Authors: Von Rechenberg Brigitte , Guenther Harald , McIlwraith C. Wayne , Leutenegger Christian , Frisbie Dave D. , Akens Margarete K. , Auer Jörg A. 
Published: August 2002

Objectives—To define the release of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and the neutral metalloproteinases (NMPs) in horses with subchondral cystic lesions (SCL) and to study bone resorption triggered by conditioned media of fibrous tissue of SCL in vitro.Study Design—Equine explant cultures of fibrous tissue of SCL, and synovial membrane and articular cartilage of normal horses and horses affected with moderate and severe osteoarthritis were performed. NO, PGE2, and NMP concentrations of media samples were measured, and osteoclast formation and activation was studied in vitro.Animals—Experiment 1: 32 horses with SCL (n = 8), normal joints (7), and joints with moderate (7) and severe (10) osteoarthritis (OA). Experiment 2: 22 horses with SCL (n = 3), normal joints (7), and chip fractures (12). Experiment 3: Conditioned media of fibrous tissue from 3 horses with SCL of the medial femoral condyle (n = 1), distal metacarpal bone (1), and tarsal bone (1).Methods—Determinations of local mediator concentrations were made with the Griess assay for NO and an enzyme immunoassay kit for PGE2 concentrations in biological fluids. Enzyme activities were assessed with radiolabeled substrates indicating collagenolytic, gelatinolytic, and caseinolytic activities. The resorption pit assay was used to assess osteoclast recruitment and activity.Results—Fibrous tissue of SCL produced NO, PGE2, and NMPs. Of all the variables measured, PGE2 concentrations were the highest in cystic tissue of SCL compared with synovial membrane and articular cartilage from normal joints and joints with chip fractures, indicating that this mediator may play an important role in pathological bone resorption associated with SCL. These findings were supported by the observation that conditioned media of SCL tissue were capable of recruiting osteoclasts and increasing their activity.Conclusion—Fibrous tissue of SCL released NO, PGE2, and NMPs into the culture media. It is suspected that intralesional fibrous tissue may play an active role in the pathological process of bone resorption occurring in SCL in horses and may be partly responsible for the maintenance, slow healing rate, and expansion of these lesions.Clinical relevance—Understanding the pathogenesis of SCL will help to establish successful therapy in horses affected with SCL.