bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of digestibility and forage species on the removal of digesta from the rumen and the voluntary intake of hay by sheep
Authors: Aitchison E. M. , Gill M. , Dhanoa M. S. , Osbourn D. F. 
Published: September 2005

1. The characteristics of digestion, passage and rumen fill of three hays: early- and late-cut perennial ryegrass (Loliurn perenne cv. Endura) and white clover hay (Trifolium repens cv. Blanca and Pronitro) were studied using six rumen-cannulated sheep fed at a restricted level of intake (18 g dry matter (DM)/kg live weight (LW) per d), in a two 3 x 3 Latin square design.2. Voluntary intake of the same diets was measured using a further six non-cannulated sheep in a similar design.3. Rate of digestion of the three hays was measured using dacron bags and the rates of digestion of DM and neutral-detergent fibre (NDF) for clover hay were significantly (P < 0.05 and P < 0.001 respectively) faster than those for the two grass hays whose rates did not differ. Rates of passage, determined using chromium-mordanted hay, did not differ between treatments.4. Rumen pool sizes of DM, organic matter and fibre were generally greatest for the late-cut grass hay and lowest for the clover hay, while voluntary intake was highest (P < 0.001) for the clover hay (36.6 g DM/kg LW per d) and lowest for the late-cut grass hay (24.7 g/kg LW per d).5. The net rate of removal of indigestible fibre from the rumen appeared to vary within the day, with maximal disappearance occurring during eating, followed by a lag phase between 5 and 10 h after feeding, with a second increase in rate between 10 and 24 h post-feeding.
The effect of supplementation with maize starch and level of intake of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne cv. Endura) hay on the removal of digesta from the rumen of sheep
Authors: Aitchison E. M. , Gill M. , Osbourb D. F. 
Published: September 2005

1. Eight wether sheep were offered a diet of perennial ryeigrass (Litum perenne cv. Endura) hay once daily at two levels of intake (11 and 16.5 g dry matter (DM)/kg live weight (LW)) with or without maize starch (175 g DM/kg hay DM). The experiment consisted of four periods. each lasting 32 d. Rates of digestion of the hay were measured by incubation in dacron bags and rates of passagc using chromium-mordanted hay. Rumen pool sizes of DM, organic matter and fibre were measured by emptying the rumen.2. The inclusion of starch in the diet appeared to increase significantly (P < 0.01) the lag phase before the start of fibre digestion, as observed both in the dacron bag studies and in the slower initial disappearance of digestible neutral-detergent fibre (NDF) from the rumen recorded by emptying of rumen contents. However, there was no significant effect of starch on apparent digestibility of fibre in the whole tract.3. The main effect of increasing the level of feeding wax, to increase the rate of passage with a consequent decrease in overall digestibility. The fractional rate of passage increased from 0.0318 to 0.0400 as the level of feeding increased, while apparent digestibility of NDF decreased from 0.755 to 0.724.4. On all treatments the weight of indigestible fibre in the rumen remained more or less constant between 5, 10 and 15 h after feeding, but was significantly lower at 24 h. These results suggest that a high proportion of the outflow of material from the rumen not associated with feeding appears to occur during the second half of the feeding cycle.
Effects of supplements on intake, rumen function and nutrient supply and growth in cattle eating alkali-treated oat straw
Authors: Spragg J. C. , Kellaway R. C. , Leibholz Jane 
Published: September 2005

1. Expt 1. Six 200 kg Hereford heifers fitted with rumen and abomasal cannulas were fed adlib. on alkali-treated oat straw sprayed with urea and minerals, with no supplement (O), or 700 g rolled barley (B) or cottonseed meal (C)/d, in a 3 x 3 Latin square with two replicates.2. Intakes of the basal diet were not significantly affected by the supplements. Intakes of digestible organic matter (OM) were 3135, 3325 and 3515 g/d on diets O, Bland C respectively. Abomasal OM flow on diet C was 13 and 12% higher than on diets O and B respectively (P < 0.05) which was associated with a decrease in the proportion of OM intake apparently digested in the rumen ( P < 0.05) and an increase in the proportion of abomasal OM digested in the lower gut ( P < 0.05).3. Total nitrogen and bacterial N flows at the abomasum were significantly higher (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05 respectively) on diet C than on diets O and B. Efficiency of bacterial N synthesis on diet C was 19 and 28% higher than on diets 0 and B respectively ( P < 0.05).4. Dry matter (DM) pool size in the rumen was greater on diet C than on diets O and B (P < 0.05).5. Expt 2. Thirty-three 210 kg Friesian heifers were allocated to the same treatments as in Expt I. Intakes of the basal straw diet were not significantly affected by the supplements. Intakes of digestible OM were 3.80, 4.16 and 4.34 kg/d on diets O, B and C respectively.6. Rumen ammonia and plasma urea levels were significantly higher on diet C than on diets O and B ( P < 0.05).7. Live-weight gains were 679, 838 and 1051 g/d on diets O, B and C respectively ( P < 0.01) and live-weight gain/MJ metabolizable energy intake was highest on diet C (P < 0.01).8. It was concluded that the growth response to barley was attributable to the increase in energy supply, and that the additional response to cottonseed meal was attributable to greater protein absorption arising from greater abomasal flows of bacterial and dietary proteins.
Kinetics of nitrogen transfer across the rumen wall of sheep given a low-protein roughage
Authors: Neutze S. A. , Kellaway R. C. , Faichney G. J. 
Published: September 2005

1. The significance of blood urea-nitrogen transfer to the rumen was examined in sheep given alkali-treated wheat straw supplemented with 3.5 (diet A), 5.9 (diet B) and 11.6 (diet C) g urea-N/kg dry matter (DM).2. Mean voluntary intakes of DM (g/d) were 897, 1149 and 1225 for diets A, B and C respectively, indicating significant (P < 0.05) intake responses to urea supplementation. Digestion studies were conducted at 90% of voluntary intake. Dietary N intakes (g/d) were 7.1, 11.5 and 18.6 for diets A, B and C respectively.3. Absorption of ammonia-N from the rumen (g/d) was 3.5, 6.7 and 8.9 for diets A, B and C respectively, with all dietary differences being significantly different (P < 0.05).4. Non-ammonia-N (NAN) leaving the abomasum (g/d) was 9.6, 12.7 and 14.8 for diets A, B and C respectively. Microbial N leaving the abomdsum (g/d) was 6.8, 9.6 and 10.7 for diets A, B and C respectively. Hence, significantly (P < 0.05) more N was provided to the intestines with increased urea supplementation. Net efficiencies of microbial protein synthesis (g N/kg organic matter apparently digested in the rumen), estimated from 16N incorporation, were 24.2, 23.7 and 25.3 for diets A, B and C respectively, and were not significantly different (P > 0.05).5. Calculated proportions of microbial N derived from rumen NH2-N were 1.05, 0.95 and 0.91 for diets A, B and C respectively, reflecting the high proportion of total N as urea-N in the diets. Proportions of microbial N derived from blood urea-N were 0.31, 0.21 and 0.12 for diets A, B and C respectively, indicating a decreasing significance of blood urea as a source of microbial N as dietary urea increased (P < 0.05).6. Transfer of blood urea-N to the rumen (g/d) was 3.8, 4.7 and 2.6 for diets A, B and C respectively, being significantly (P < 0.05) lower on diet C. Using an estimate, of the salivary contribution of urea-N to the rumen, it was concluded that there was a significant though not large transfer of blood urea-N across the rumen wall on all diets.7. Net transfer of blood urea-N to the rumen was estimated from a two-pool model and was +0.4 g/d for diet A, though this was not significantly different from zero. Net transfers for diets B and C were -2.0 and - 6.3 g N/d respectively.8. Significant intake responses to exogenous urea supplementation were observed because of a limited capacity to recycle N to the rumen under the conditions of low dietary N supply imposed.
Comparative studies on the hypercholesterolaemia induced by excess dietary tyrosine or polychlorinated biphenyls in rats
Authors: Nagaoka Sahoshi , Kato Mitsuhiro , Aoyama Yoritaka , Yoshida† Akira 
Published: September 2005

1. The effects of dietary polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and excess tyrosine on serum and liver lipids, urinary ascorbic acid and catecholamines were compared in male Wistar rats.2. Serum levels of cholesterol, urinary ascorbic acid, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine and histamine were significantly increased in rats given either PCB or excess tyrosine.3. The hypercholesterolaemia induced by PCB or excess tyrosine was blocked by the adrenergic α-blocker, phenoxybenzamine.4. The present results suggest causal interrelations between the hypercholesterolaemia induced by dietary PCB or excess tyrosine and the secretion of catecholamines.
The influence of guar-gum bread on the regulation of diabetes mellitus type II in elderly patients
Authors: Sels J. P. , Flendrig J. A , Postmes Th. J. 
Published: September 2005

1. The effect of a high-fibre bread mixed with guar-gum (75 g/kg flour) on serum glucose, connecting peptide (C-peptide), haemoglobin A1 (HbAI), high-density-lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-cholesterol) and triglycerides was examined in fourteen elderly patients with diabetes mellitus type II.2. The mean daily consumption of guar gum was 8.1 g. Gastrointestinal disorders were not observed.3. Consumption of guar-gum bread resulted in a significant decrease in C-peptide values on the 1st day and blood glucose values after 3 weeks (both measured 90 min after breakfast). C-peptide values remained low, while an unaccountable ‘rebound’ phenomenon was seen in the blood glucose values 90 min after breakfast at the end of the study.4. No significant change was seen in respect to HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides. However, a small significant increase in HbAl was noted.
Nutritional anaemia in pregnant Beninese women: consequences on the haematological profile of the newborn
Authors: Hercberg Serge , GalÁn Pilar , Chauliac Michel , Masse-Raimbault Anne-Marie , Devanlay Michel , Bileoma Semiou , Alihonou Eusebe , Zohoun Isidore , Christides Jean-Philippe , De Courcy Geneviève Potier 
Published: September 2005

1. An assessment of iron and folic acid status, blood thick film and haemoglobin (Hb) electrophoresis was performed on 126 pregnant women (and their newborn infants) and in ninety-five menstruating women in Cotonou (Benin).2. Anaemia (according to the World Health Organization (1972)) was observed in 55% of pregnant women and in 39% of menstruating women.3. Fe-deficiency was defined as a low serum ferritin concentration (12μg/l or less), combined with a low transferrin saturation (less than 16%) or a high erythrocyte protoporphyrin level (more than 3 μg/g Hb), or both. A moderate elevation in the serum ferritin concentration (between 13 and 50 μg/l), associated with a low transferrin saturation or a high erythrocyte protoporphyrin level, or both, indicated Fe-deficiency in an inflammatory context. Fe-deficiency was present in 73% of pregnant women and in 41% of menstruating women.4. Folate deficiency (defined as erythrocyte folate below 160 μg/l) was observed in 45% of pregnant women.5. In pregnant women, anaemia was associated with Fe-deficiency in 83% of cases and with folate deficiency in 48% of cases.6. Haemoglobinopathies were mainly heterozygous and did not seem to contribute significantly to anaemia. Intensity of malaria was not related to Hb level, butPlasmodium falcipurumwas found in 99% of subjects.7. Hb concentration and mean corpuscular volume were significantly lower in babies born of Fe-deficient mothers than in babies born of Fe-sufficient mothers. Hb concentration in newborn infants was positively correlated with maternal serum ferritin.
Lactitol, a new hydrogenated lactose derivative: intestinal absorption and laxative threshold in normal human subjects
Authors: Patil Dharmaraj H. , Grimble George K. , Silk David B. A. 
Published: September 2005

1. In the first part of the study, the absorption of lactitol, a new disaccharide analogue of lactose, was studied using an in vivo jejunal perfusion technique in man. Intestinal uptake of lactitol from isotonic solutions containing 10, 30, 60, and 100 mmol lactitol/l was insignificant.2. In the second part of the study the laxative threshold of lactitol was determined and compared with that of sorbitol in a double-blind, randomized, cross-over study on twenty-one normal subjects. Laxative threshold was considered to be either the maximum dose tolerated without unacceptable diarrhoea or gastrointestinal side effects, or when the maximum dose in the study was reached. Increasing amounts of lactitol, sorbitol or placebo were administered in two divided doses each day until subjects developed diarrhoea or severe gastrointestinal side effects. The laxative threshold of lactitol (74 (SE 5) g/d) was similar to that of sorbitol (71 (SE 5) g/d).3. These findings indicate that lactitol is not absorbed by the human small intestine. Although diarrhoea or other gastrointestinal side effects occurred as the dose was increased, 40 g lactitol/d was well tolerated.
Reproducibility of 24 h energy expenditure measurements using a human whole body indirect calorimeter
Authors: De Boer Janna O. , Van Es Aren J. H. , Vogt Joop E. , Van Raaij Joop M. A. , Hautvast Joseph G. A. J. 
Published: September 2005

1. Ten female subjects completed two similar experimental procedures (periods 1 and 2) to obtain values of reproducibility of energy intake and 24 h energy expenditure (24hEE) measurements in a whole body indirect calorimeter. The periods consisted of consumption of a provided weight-maintenance diet for 6–8 d, faeces and urine collection during the last 4 d and occupation of the calorimeter during the last 3 d. The daily routine inside the calorimeter simulated a sedentary day in normal life with some physical activity: 8 h sleep, 75 min bicycling and the remaining time spent on sedentary activities. The metabolizable energy (ME) content of the diet (14% energy as protein, 46% energy as carbohydrate, 40% energy as fat) was calculated using food tables. The actual ME intake as well as digestibility and metabolizability of the diet were obtained later by analyses of food, faeces and urine for energy. Three consecutive 24hEE measurements were performed during the stay in the calorimeter in each period. The time interval between the two periods varied from 2 to 24 months. Reproducibility was assessed at group and individual level.2. Mean digestibility and metabolizability of the diet showed no significant difference between periods. The within-subject coefficient of variation of metabolizability between periods was 1.7%.3. Mean 24hEE (MJ) over 3 d did not differ between period 1 (8.78 (SD 0.63)) and period 2 (8.73 (SD 0.66)). The within-subject coefficient of variation in mean 24hEE over three successive days between periods was 3.1% but decreased, after deletion of values for subjects who were less adapted to the calorimeter, to 1.9%.4. The results are discussed with regard to length of trial and the number of subjects required to test a difference in energy metabolism using whole body indirect calorimeters.
Nitrogen balance studies in apparently healthy elderly people and those who are housebound
Authors: Bunker Valda W. , Lawson Margaret S. , Stansfield Maureen F. , Clayton Barbara E. 
Published: September 2005

1. Metabolic balance studies (5 d) for nitrogen were carried out in twenty-four apparently healthy elderly people (age 69.7–85.6 years) and a heterogeneous group of twenty housebound elderly people (age 69.9–85.1 years) with chronic diseases. During the study all subjects ate self-selected diets, lived in their own homes and continued their normal daily activities. Seven of the housebound received meals-on-wheels 5 d/week.2. Healthy men and women had mean metabolizable energy intakes of 8.7 and 6.6 MJ/d respectively compared with 6.3 and 4.8 MJ/d in the housebound. The average energy content of the meals-on-wheels as delivered was 2.4 MJ per meal, of which 2.1 MJ were consumed.3. The healthy men and women had average daily protein intakes of 69.4 and 59.7 g respectively compared with 46.3 and 39.1 g in the housebound. Meals-on-wheels as supplied provided 19.4 g protein per meal, of which 16.2 g were consumed.4. Healthy subjects were in equilibrium for N balance (0 mmol/d) with a daily intake of 733 mmol, which was equivalent to 11.04 mmol N (0.97 g mixed protein)/kg body-weight per d. Housebound individuals were in negative N balance (–95 mmol/d) with an intake of 475 mmol/d, corresponding to 7.59 mmol N (0.67 g mixed protein)/kg body-weight per d.5. We were unable to determine in the present study whether the negative N balance observed in the housebound people was due to the relatively low N intake or the underlying disease condition.
The metabolizable energy value of Polydextrose® in a mixed diet fed to rats
Authors: Cooley S. , Livesey G. 
Published: September 2005

1. The digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) values of a commercial Polydextrose® product and the polymer that it contained were determined by metabolic energy balance in male Wistar rats and compared with values obtained by radiochemical balance using a radiochemical analogue. The energy values of the whole preparations and of the polymer fractions were estimated.2. In the energy-balance study of 6 d duration, 100 g maize starch/kg control diet were replaced by Polydextrose® to provide a test diet. Polydextrose® had no significant effects on food intake, body-weight gain, digestibility of nitrogen and N retention but significantly increased the water consumption to 143% of the control value (P < 0.05) and the water content of fresh faecal pellets from 548 (SE 10) to 646 (SE 15) g/kg wet weight (P < 0.01).3. By energy balance the DE in the Polydextrose® product and in the polymer that it contained were 13.5 and 12.8 (SE 1.9) kJ/g respectively. The corresponding ME values were 12.7 and 12.1 (SE 1.8) kJ/g respectively. These values were higher (P < 0.05) than the corresponding values obtained by the radiochemical balance procedure: DE 8.8 and 8.6 (SE 0.4) kJ/g polymer respectively and ME 8.0 and 7.8 (SE 0.5)kJ/g polymer respectively.4. These findings indicate relatively high energy values for Polydextrose® by comparison with previously published values and illustrate a potential difficulty when using energy values obtained by certain radiochemical methods to estimate the energy values of a mixed diet given to rats. Several alternative explanations of the discrepancies are advanced.
Vitamin-A-dependent zinc-binding protein and intestinal absorption of Zn in chicks
Authors: Berzin Nadezhda I. , Bauman Victoria K. 
Published: September 2005

1. It was demonstrated that the development of experimental avitaminosis A in chicks led to secondary zinc deficiency. The balance of Zn in the chick became negative, while the Zn content of various tissues decreased. Thus in vitamin-A-deficient chicks the serum Zn content was 1258 (SD 26.3) μg/l which was considerably lower than 1652 (SD 97.8) μg/l in controls.2. Zn absorption was considerably reduced throughout the entire small intestine of vitamin-A-deficient chicks and most markedly in the ileal region. Within 72 h after retinyl acetate administration Zn absorption was fully restored in this region of the intestine.3. The65Zn-binding capacity of soluble proteins, present in the supernatant fraction of ileal-mucosa homogenates of vitamin-A-deficient chicks, was found to increase 2.6 times by 72 h after the administration of a single dose of retinyl acetate.4. A vitamin-A-dependent Zn-binding protein (ZnBP), absent in vitamin-A-deficient chicks, was isolated from the ileal mucosa after their repletion with vitamin A. Competitive-binding studies (calcium, cadmium, copper) showed the protein to be highly specific for Zn ions.5. The molecular weight of ZnBP wa5 83 kDa. The association constant of the protein-Zn complex was 0.8 x 106/mol. The protein was acidic with approximately 20% of its amino acid residues belonging to dicarboxylic acids. ZnBP was found to be a glycoprotein, and it contained hexose as a carbohydrate component.6. It is suggested that ZnBP is involved in the binding of Zn in the ileal mucosa of chicks.
Food intake and energy expenditure of Nigerian female students
Authors: Cole A. H. , Ogungbe R. F. 
Published: September 2005

1. Twenty apparently healthy and normal Nigerian female students, resident at the University of Ibadan campus, were studied for seven consecutive days to assess their food energy intake and energy expenditure during sedentary and physical activities.2. The mean age (years) of the group was 20.05 (SD 3.44, range 16–29), mean height (m) 1.62 (SD 0.07, range 1.47–1.74) and body-weight (kg) 51.28 (SD 3.21, range 46–58).3. The food intake of each subject was obtained by direct weighing, and the energy value determined using a ballistic bomb calorimeter. Daily activities were recorded and the energy cost of representative activities was determined by indirect calorimetry.4. Activities mainly involved sitting, mean (min/d) 354 (SD 84, range 253–475). Personal domestic activities took a mean of 162 (SD 73) min/d. Sleeping took a mean of 451 (SD 62) min/d.5. The mean energy intake of the group was 8480 (SD 1316) kJ/d or 167 (SD 30.6) kJ/kg body-weight per d. This value is lower than that recommended by the Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization (FAO/WHO) (1973) as the energy requirement for adult women engaged in light activities (9205 kJ/d), but it is higher than the FAO/WHO/United Nations University (UNU) (1985) recommended value of 8326 kJ (1990 kcal)/d for a housewife in an affluent society. It is lower than the recommended intake of 9350 kJ/d for rural women in developing countries (FAO/WHO/UNU, 1985).6. The mean energy expenditure (kJ/d) of the female subjects was 6865 (SD 214, range 6519–7222). Mean energy expenditure was lower than mean energy intake.7. The energy intake and expenditure values indicated that the subjects participating in the present study were not physically very active. It is suggested, for health reasons, that they might undertake more physical activity.