bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Multilateral Trading System
Authors: Ostry Sylvia 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe main changes in the multilateral world‐trading system since and including the GATT Uruguay Round in 1994 are summarized, and the most urgent reforms needed to keep the system going are highlighted. The roots of the changes that have occurred are traced to the transformation of the trading system initiated in the Uruguay Round, in which the new issues of intellectual property and services were included; however, the spread of Internet use in the mid‐1990s has been equally important. In addition, there are ongoing changes in the climate of ideas that raise questions about the neoclassical model at the core of economics and trade policy. It is argued that if the rules‐based system is to endure, coping with these changes will require structural reform not only of the WTO (GATT's replacement) but also of the post‐war international architecture.
The Smaller Economies of Pacific Asia and Their Business Systems
Authors: Redding Gordon 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe historical background to the business systems of the smaller economies of Pacific Asia and the general characteristics of the region are discussed. While in most Western capitalist systems, the accessing of capital is now largely a private activity, in the smaller economies of Pacific Asia the government is much more involved in this. The countries concerned fall into several categories—South Korea, Taiwan, and Singapore, where the state is very forcefully involved, the ASEAN states outside Singapore where the governments monopolize economic power but are not yet authentically capitalist, and Vietnam where the political will for radical change is weak; Hong Kong is a special case of positive non‐intervention by government. A further characteristic of the business systems in these countries is that they are opaque. The last part of the chapter considers the business systems in specific national cultures: South Korea; Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Singapore; Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, and Thailand; and Vietnam.
Introduction
Authors: Lafferty William M. , Meadowcroft James 
Published: October 2003

AbstractEstablishes the conceptual and methodological framework for the study of government efforts to implement sustainable development in the industrialized countries. It examines the emergence of sustainable development in international political discourse, the engagement of the social science research community with sustainable development, and the implementation problems associated with sustainable development. It anchors the understanding of sustainable development in the 1987 Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development and the subsequent international process that led on to the Rio Earth Summit in 1992. It suggests that while sustainable development will remain a politically contested concept, it also possesses a core meaning that can orient policy development.
Germany: Regulation and the Precautionary Principle
Authors: Beuermann Christiane 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAnalyses efforts of the German government to come to terms with sustainable development. It argues that while Germany was considered an environmental policy innovator during the 1980s, the country's environmental administration was slow to engage with the concept of sustainable development. However, by the turn of the millennium sustainable development had gained rhetorical acceptance across government and there was evidence that the new SDP/Green coalition government was engaging more systematically with environmental issues.
Globalization, Cosmopolitanism, and Minority Nationalism
Authors: Moore Margaret 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The Enlightenment dream of a cosmopolitan global culture has acquired a new vigour by the current context of global economic restructuring, which has revived conceptions of nationalism as a backward and atavistic romanticization of the past. There are, however, three basic misconceptions in this opposition between globalization and nationalism, which are explored in this chapter. The first involves the assumption that nationalism is related to the economic ‘base’ of societies, and that a globalizing economy must therefore work towards a globalization of society that renders nations and nationalism obsolete. The second asserts that acculturation––i.e. the increasing standardization of cultural forms––will necessarily or automatically translate into the assimilation of minority nationalisms. The third involves a set of mistaken assumptions that a global cosmopolitan culture is in some way an ideal at which human society is or should be aiming. The chapter aims to encourage a new view of minority nationalism, which is consistent with an enlightened cosmopolitanism and with managed globalization of the economy.
Preservation Versus the People?
Authors: Humphrey Mathew 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Environmental political philosophy has generally been framed around the differing axiologies of ecocentrism (nature‐centred) and anthropocentric (human‐centred) forms of ethics. This book seeks to challenge the political relevance of this philosophical dispute with respect to the problem of nature preservation as public policy. A detailed analysis of the philosophical underpinnings of both ecocentric and ‘ecological humanist’ positions shows that the ‘embedded humanism’ within ecocentric arguments offers an opportunity to move beyond the ecocentric‐anthropocentric divide. Furthermore, a principle of ‘strong irreplaceability’ with regard to natural goods can provide the basis for a political argument for nature preservation that is compatible with both human‐centred and nature‐centred concerns.
New Marx for Old? Marxism, Humanity, and Ecology
Authors: Humphrey Mathew 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The proponents of an ecologically inspired form of Marxism, or a Marx‐inspired form of political ecology, argue that eco‐Marxism transcends the anthropocentric‐ecocentric dichotomy, and this chapter assesses that claim. The concept of nature in the work of Marx is examined, as are the ecological interpretations of Marx and Engels’ account of the ‘human‐nature metabolism.’ The differences between eco‐Marxism and ‘orthodox Marxism, as well as between eco‐Marxism and other forms of ecological politics are explored. Ultimately, it is held that Marx's commitment to the humanization of nature in the fulfilment of humanity's species‐being disables any form of Marxism from being adequately ecological.
Conclusion
Authors: Humphrey Mathew 
Published: October 2003

AbstractHere the threads of the previous chapters are pulled together, and problems posed in the putative relationship between ontology and axiology are considered. A serious problem with ecocentric argument is its attempt to eliminate political contingency from arguments for nature preservation, such contingency cannot be overcome by appeals to the existence of natural values. The argument is made that the ‘strong irreplaceability’ of natural entities provides sound (but not incontrovertible) grounds for nature preservation, and does so irrespective of any position with respect to the ecocentric‐anthropocentric divide in axiology.
Exploring the ‘Market Failure’ Hypothesis
Authors: Hood Christopher , Rothstein Henry , Baldwin Robert 
Published: October 2003

AbstractExplores how far variety amongst risk regulation regimes can be explained by ‘market failure’ explanations of risk regulation. A ‘market failure’ approach assumes that state activity will consist of the minimal level of intervention needed to correct for specific failures in market or tort‐law processes created by risks—i.e. where the costs of individuals informing themselves about risks or opting out of risks through market or civil law methods are very high. This chapter analyses the market failure characteristics of the nine case‐study risks and then compares theoretical expectations with what is observed in practice. Analysis suggests that ‘market failure’ explanations can go some way in explaining observed regime variety, and certainly take us beyond superficial ideas of the ‘nanny state’ or its converse, but cannot predict a substantial proportion of observed features and paradoxes.
Regime Content and Context Revisited: An Overall Picture
Authors: Hood Christopher , Rothstein Henry , Baldwin Robert 
Published: October 2003

AbstractExplores how much each of the three drivers discussed in the previous three chapters contributes to explaining variation in risk regulation regimes. The chapter explores the extent to which the three drivers pull together or in opposite directions in shaping regimes and explores the amount of regime variation that cannot be explained by any of them singly or in combination. Special attention is paid to those aspects of regime content that cannot be explained by the three contextual elements and the chapter identifies the importance of considering the ‘inner‐lives’ of regimes in aiding our understanding of regime variety. Overall, the chapter concludes that the orthodox accounts provided in the preceeding chapters, when taken together, can go a long way to explain the form and content of risk regulation regimes without recourse to grand theories of ‘high modernity’.
The Regime Perspective in Risk Regulation: Implications for Policy and Institutional Design
Authors: Hood Christopher , Rothstein Henry , Baldwin Robert 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Rehearses what the regime perspective can do for enhancing our understanding of how risk regulation varies, works, and fails. Drawing on the preceeding analysis, the chapter identifies three key problems central to contemporary risk regulation. First, the chapter argues that many of the regimes studied in the book were afflicted by limited institutional coherence, with basic constituent components either missing, malfunctioning or poorly linked. Second, the chapter argues that contemporary trends to reform risk regulation regimes need to take greater account of blame‐avoidance imperatives in the institutional shaping of reform processes. Third, the chapter identifies some of the challenges and intractabilities of actually doing risk regulation, which are often overlooked by commonly cited but rarely followed principles of better regulation. The book concludes with an overall assessment of what future developments in regime analysis might promise for our further understanding of risk regulation.
International Support for Democracy in Contemporary Latin America: The Role of the Party Internationals
Authors: Grabendorff Wolf 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Investigates the important contribution made to democratic political culture in the Latin American countries by the activities of Party Internationals, all of which are represented in the European Parliament. It examines the concepts of democracy espoused by the PIs, and the reasons for the intensity of their interest in promoting good relations between Europe and Latin America. It then discusses the institutional structure of the PIs, and their channels of influence, both of parties in government and in opposition, in Spain, France, Germany, and the European Parliament.
Basicality
Authors: Swinburne Richard 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
To be justified, a belief must be ‘based’ on its grounds. For an externalist, being based on grounds is being ‘caused’ by these grounds (by a non‐deviant route). For an internalist (normally), a belief is said to be based on basic beliefs. But then, the believer would need to believe that his belief is caused and/or rendered probable by the basic beliefs; and then maybe actual causing is not even necessary. Further, basic beliefs need to be understood rather as basic propositions that come to the believer with different degrees of prior probability, which measure their initial strengths—only some of these are sufficiently strong to form beliefs. Some actual basic propositions are, for a priori reasons, not rightly basic (e.g. because they are beliefs in a logically impossible proposition). But in general (following the Principle of Credulity), a basic proposition, of whatever strength, is (to that strength) rightly basic.
The Value of Diachronic Justification
Authors: Swinburne Richard 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
A belief is diachronically justified if it is synchronically justified and results from adequate investigation. Whether the time devoted to an investigation is adequate depends (positively) on how probable it was at the start that investigation would lead to evidence that would greatly change the probability of the belief at stake and how probable it was that the issue was important, and (negatively) on how probable it was that pursuing the investigation would take much time and money. All of these ‘probabilities’ can be spelled out in different internalist and externalist ways, and so there are many different kinds of diachronic justification. Most of these kinds are worth having, because it is logically probable that adequate investigation will lead (without excessive cost) to the believer having his important beliefs more probably true; and justified belief of two of these kinds is also intrinsically valuable. However, the believer can only have access to the justification of an internally justified belief.
How and Why Population Matters: New Findings, New Issues
Authors: Birdsall Nancy , Sinding Steven W. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis introductory chapter begins with a brief discussion on the effects of demographic change on economic growth in developing countries. It draws on the studies included in this volume to illustrate the specific effects of demographic change: economic revisionism, population growth, fertility, poverty, family, and the use of natural resources. Finally, policy implications are discussed.
Slovakia: Misreading the Western Message
Authors: Samson Ivo 
Published: October 2003

AbstractShows the relative failure of Western pressure aimed at improving the democratic record of successive Slovak governments led by the former Prime Minister Vladimir Mečiar. The chapter points to several factors that contributed to the ineffectiveness of Western influence. Firstly, the manner in which Slovakia achieved independence created unfavourable conditions for its democratic consolidation. The division of Czechoslovakia was accomplished against the will of the majority of Slovaks and officially presented as a rejection of rapid and radical transformation. Secondly, a new proud and insecure State tried to assert its independence of all external actors. Western pressure was often considered as alien to Slovak culture and in conflict with Slovak national interest. Thirdly, the former Prime Minister, Vladimir Mečiar, misread Western determination to bring about democratic reforms in Slovakia. It was wrongly believed that regardless of its many democratic flaws, Slovakia would soon become a member of the European Union and NATO, simply because of its unique geostrategic importance and decent economic performance. Bratislava thought that allowing free and relatively fair elections in Slovakia would be enough to satisfy Western actors. However, the West wanted Slovakia to embrace a Western‐type of liberal constitutionalism before considering its possible membership in the EU and NATO. Overall, Slovakia's misperception of its geopolitical uniqueness and paradoxes of its domestic political development led to serious misunderstandings about Western responses.
Conclusions: Foreign Made Democracy
Authors: Zielonka Jan 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe concluding chapter identifies a set of variables responsible for the enormous impact of external factors on democratic consolidation in Eastern Europe: (1) the historical legacy, (2) the liberal‐democratic ideological paradigm, and (3) the forces of globalization. Next, it conceptualizes the interplay of external and internal factors impinging upon democracy and assesses positive and negative kinds of external impacts on democracy. The chapter concludes with an evaluation of the conscious Western effort to craft or engineer democracy in Eastern Europe. Despite inconsistent signals and the lack of a broader strategic design for Europe, the West has succeeded in creating an environment conducive to democratic reform in the post‐communist arena. Linking membership of western institutions to democracy and other reforms has been a characteristic feature of this crafting effort.
Augustine's Commentary on Galatians
Authors: Plumer Eric 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Here translated into English for the first time, Augustine's Commentary on Galatians is his only complete, formal commentary on any book of the Bible, and it offers unique insights into his understanding of Paul and of his own task as a biblical interpreter. In addition to an English translation with facing Latin text, the present volume provides a comprehensive introduction, copious notes, appendices, a bibliography, and four indices. Since Galatians is the only book of the Bible commented upon by all the ancient Latin commentators—including Jerome, Pelagius, Ambrosiaster, and Marius Victorinus, as well as Augustine—it provides a basis for comparing them and for identifying Augustine's special concerns and emphases. Although Augustine's Commentary contains implicit polemic (against Manicheism and Donatism, for example), it is not essentially a polemical commentary but rather a pastoral commentary intended to aid Augustine in his endeavour to lead, strengthen, and unify the Catholic community at Hippo in North Africa. This pastoral purpose flows naturally from Augustine's dual role as parish priest and spiritual director of his own monastic community. One of the most important ways Christians build community is by correcting one another. Augustine reads Galatians as a model of Christian correction for three main reasons: first, Paul wrote his letter to correct the Galatians; second, in the letter, Paul recounts how he once corrected Peter at Antioch; and third, Paul concludes his letter with instructions on how the Galatians should correct one another. Augustine believes that Christian correction should always be given and received in a spirit of humility and love—the very spirit that Jesus exemplified, commended, and bestowed as a gift.
Augustine's Commentary has crucial links to other works he wrote at the time, especially his monastic Rule and De Doctrina Christiana. Augustine's emphasis on Galatians as a pastoral letter designed to preserve and strengthen Christian unity links the Commentary to his monastic Rule, while his method and sources link it to, and indeed pave the way for, the theory of biblical interpretation set forth in De Doctrina Christiana.
Augustine in Relation to the Other Latin Commentators on Paul in Late Antiquity
Authors: Plumer Eric 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Compares Augustine's Commentary with the other Latin commentaries on Galatians from this period, chiefly with a view to tracing lines of influence, and uncovers a complex network of interconnections among them. An argument based largely on Augustine's Confessions and De Doctrina Christiana is put forward to show the strong likelihood that Augustine made use of Marius Victorinus’ Commentary when composing his own. Augustine's rejection of Jerome's interpretation of Galatians 2: 11–14 is explained, as is Jerome's rejection of Marius Victorinus’ interpretation of the same passage. Augustine's use of Ambrosiaster's Commentary is deemed highly probable but not demonstrable, as is Pelagius’ use of Augustine's Commentary. Parallels between Augustine's Commentary and that of the anonymous commentator discovered by H. J. Frede are judged insignificant.
In Favor of Four‐Dimensionalism Part 1
Authors: Sider Theodore 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Some traditional arguments for four‐dimensionalism are weak: denying four‐dimensionalism does not prohibit the application of modern logic to natural language, does not imply the A‐theory of time and is consistent with special relativity. Others have some force but are inconclusive: the argument from analogies between time and space and Lewis's argument from temporary intrinsics. Some new arguments fare better. (1) Only four‐dimensionalists can admit certain (admittedly exotic) possibilities involving timeless objects and time travel into one's own past. (2) Either substantivalism or relationalism about space‐time is true. Given substantivalism (and a sensible, flexible theory of de re modal predication), one might as well identify continuants with regions of space‐time, which have temporal parts. Alternatively, one could identify continuants with instantaneous slices of space‐time and employ temporal counterpart theory; either way, we have a four‐dimensionalist metaphysics of continuants. On the other hand, relationalism about space‐time cannot be made to work without temporal parts. So either way, we have an argument for four‐dimensionalism. (3) It can never be vague how many objects exist; if temporal parts do not exist then a restrictive account of which filled regions of space‐time contain objects must be given; but no such account can be given that is plausible and non‐vague.
In Favor of Four‐Dimensionalism, Part 2: The Best Unified Theory of the Paradoxes of Coincidence
Authors: Sider Theodore 
Published: October 2003

AbstractWe need a general solution to a cluster of related paradoxes in which numerically distinct material objects appear to share exactly the same parts. Those paradoxes include the statue and the lump of clay, undetached parts, fission, fusion and longevity, vague identity, and conventional identity. A good solution is given by the ‘worm theory’, according to which continuants are aggregates of temporal parts; a better solution is given by the ‘stage theory’, according to which continuants are instantaneous temporal parts, whose temporal properties are understood via temporal counterpart theory. There are other solutions that do not appeal to temporal parts: Wiggins's constitution theory, Burke's dominance view, Gallois's temporary identity theory, eliminativism, and mereological essentialism. But these are arguably inferior: some are insufficiently general, others are subject to powerful criticisms.
Summary and Conclusions
Authors: Kohler Hans‐Peter 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Summarizes the main findings and discusses how social interactions can be used to extend the rational and individual‐centred approach of economists with social norms, bounded rationality, social learning, changing values, and attitudes. The combination of these elements yields new insights about the dynamics and determinants of fertility change. More generally, the book also reveals how the economic approach to individual behaviour can be broadened in order to overcome many of its traditional criticisms.
Conclusion: Right‐Sizing and the Alignment of States and Collective Identities
Authors: Lustick Ian S. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
In the concluding chapter of the volume, Ian Lustick summarizes evidence in support of his theory of boundary institutionalization. Drawing on the volume contributors’ studies of the former Soviet Union, India, Indonesia, Morocco, Jordan, Congo/Zaïre, and Iraq, the author seeks to expand options for aligning collective identities and states without encouraging premature deconstruction of state boundaries. Instead of violent destabilization of borders, the author encourages the use of the volume's conclusions for preventing violent conflict or forcible collapse of a state territory.