bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Autonomic innervation of the human cardiac conduction system: Changes from infancy to senility—An immunohistochemical and histochemical analysis
Authors: Chow Louis Tsun Cheung , Ming Chow Sharron Sau , Anderson Robert H. , Gosling John A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn order to study the changes in the pattern of autonomic innervation of the human cardiac conduction system in relation to age, the innervation of the conduction system of 24 human hearts (the age of the individuals ranged from newborn to 80 years), freshly obtained at autopsy, was evaluated by a combination of immunofluorescence and histochemical techniques. The pattern of distribution and density of nerves exhibiting immunoreactivity against protein gene product 9.5 (PGP), a general neural marker, dopamine β‐hydroxylase (DBH) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), indicators for presumptive sympathetic neural tissue, and those demonstrating positive acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, were studied. All these nerves showed a similar pattern of distribution and developmental changes. The density of innervation, assessed semiquantitatively, was highest in the sinus node, and exhibited a decreasing gradient through the atrioventricular node, penetrating and branching bundle, to the bundle branches. Other than a paucity of those showing AChE activity, nerves were present in substantial quantities in infancy. They then increased in density to a maximum in childhood, at which time the adult pattern was achieved and then gradually decreased in density in the elders to a level similar to or slightly less than that in infancy. In contrast, only scattered AChE‐positive nerves were found in the sinus and atrioventricular nodes, but were absent from the bundle branches of the infant heart, whereas these conduction tissues themselves possessing a substantial amount of pseudocholinesterase. During maturation into adulthood, however, the conduction tissues gradually lost their content of pseudocholinesterase but acquired a rich supply of AChE‐positive nerves, comparable in density to those of DBH and TH nerves. The decline in density of AChE‐positive nerves in the conduction tissues in the elders was also similar to those of DBH and TH nerves. Our findings of initial sympathetic dominance in the neural supply to the human cardiac conduction system in infancy, and its gradual transition into a sympathetic and parasympathetic codominance in adulthood, correlate well with the physiologic alterations known to occur in cardiac rate during postnatal development. The finding of reduction in density of innervation of the conduction tissue with ageing is also in agreement with clinical and electrophysiological findings such as age‐associated reduction in cardiac response to parasympathetic stimulation. Finally, our findings also support the hypothesis that, in addition to the para‐arterial route, the parafascicular route of extension along the conduction tissue constitutes another pathway for the innervation of the conduction system of the human heart during development. Anat Rec 264:169–182, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Male accessory gland derived factors can stimulate oogenesis and enhance oviposition in Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Jin Zhao‐Yang , Gong He 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn Helicoverpa armigera, female moths began to lay eggs on the third day after emergence. Mating stimulated earlier egg maturation/oogenesis (P = 0.002) and oviposition (P << 0.01). We established a suitable bioassay model for the influence of male accessory glands (MAG) on the physiology of virgin females: Crude extracts of MAG (2‐ to 3‐day‐old) were injected into 2‐day‐old virgin females, and the injected females were dissected 20 h after mating. It was shown that crude extracts of MAG stimulated earlier egg maturation (P < 0.001) and oviposition (the oviposition ratio was more than 2 times the ratio of the control). Proteinaceous components in crude extracts purified by fractionation and sub‐fractionation in reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography also stimulated earlier egg maturation (P < 0.01) and ovipositon (more than 2 times the ratio of the control), and we called them the oogenesis and ovipostion factors (OOSF). With SDS‐PAGE, the molecular mass of the bands from OOSF was estimated to be between 55–66 KD. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 46:175–185, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Urea as a passive transport marker for arthritis biomarker studies
Authors: Kraus Virginia B. , Huebner Janet L. , Fink Christian , King Jeffrey B. , Brown Spencer , Vail T. Parker , Guilak Farshid 
Published: August 2002

AbstractObjectiveTo develop a method to correct for the unknown dilution of synovial fluid that occurs during lavage of a joint, we evaluated the utility of urea, a molecule that is neither synthesized nor metabolized by joint tissues, as a means of correcting for the dilutional effects of lavage procedures and effusions.MethodsJoint fluids were obtained from normal canine joints by direct aspiration (n = 41) and lavage (n = 10). Acute joint injury was induced in 4 joints by intraarticular injection of chymopapain. Serum and joint fluid levels of urea and joint fluid concentrations of glucose, lactate, cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP), and keratan sulfate (KS) were measured in these 55 joints.ResultsUrea concentrations in joint fluid were directly proportional to those in serum throughout a wide range of concentrations in normal joints. From this relationship, the dilution factor introduced by joint lavage was determined. This method was applied to quantify biomarker concentrations in synovial lavage fluid and was found to successfully correct for lavage‐induced dilution of glucose, lactate, COMP, and KS to levels equivalent to those in samples aspirated directly. In the context of chymopapain‐induced joint effusion, urea concentrations continued to be proportional to serum concentrations, but were much lower, enabling an estimation of the change in the volume of distribution (Vd) of a marker due to a change in joint water content in the setting of inflammation characterized by effusion. Lactate and KS levels rose markedly in response to chymopapain. After adjustment for the Vd, the glucose concentration in the chymopapain‐injected joints did not change.ConclusionUrea provides a robust method of quantifying and correcting for the dilution of synovial fluid due to joint lavage or inflammation. This method is potentially applicable to surrogate marker studies in human arthritis.
Inflammation is preceded by tumor necrosis factor‐dependent infiltration of mesenchymal cells in experimental arthritis
Authors: Marinova‐Mutafchieva L. , Williams R. O. , Funa K. , Maini R. N. , Zvaifler N. J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the involvement of mesenchymal progenitor cells in the induction of collagen‐induced arthritis (CIA).MethodsDBA/1 mice were immunized with type II collagen in adjuvant or adjuvant alone, and the presence of mesenchymal cells in the joints of prearthritic mice was studied by immunohistochemistry.ResultsAn analysis of the joints on day 10 postimmunization (at least 10 days before the onset of arthritis) revealed synovial hyperplasia without leukocytic infiltration. Large, round cells expressing bone morphogenetic protein receptors (BMPRs), which serve as markers for primitive mesenchymal cells, were present in increased numbers in the bone marrow adjacent to the joint, in the synovium itself, and within enlarged bone canals that connect the bone marrow to the synovium. Similar changes were observed in mice given adjuvant without collagen. Adjuvant‐induced infiltration of BMPR+ cells and enlargement of bone canals were abrogated by anti‐tumor necrosis factor (anti‐TNF) treatment and were absent in TNFR p55/p75−/− mice. Increased numbers of bone marrow cells and enlarged bone canals were observed in nonimmunized TNF transgenic mice (which spontaneously develop arthritis).ConclusionThese findings suggest that in CIA, there is an antigen‐independent (innate) prearthritic phase that prepares the joint for the subsequent immune‐mediated arthritis. The induction phase involves marrow‐derived mesenchymal cells and requires the presence of TNF.
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravenous bumetanide in mutant nagase analbuminemic rats: importance of globulin binding for the pharmacodynamic effects
Authors: Kim Eun J. , Lee Myung G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe importance of plasma protein binding of intravenous furosemide in circulating blood for its urinary excretion and hence its diuretic effects in mutant Nagase analbuminemic rats was reported. Based on the furosemide report, the diuretic effects of another loop diuretic, bumetanide, could be expected in analbuminemic rats if plasma protein binding of bumetanide is considerable in the rats. This was proved by this study. After intravenous administration of bumetanide, 10 mg/kg, to analbuminemic rats, the plasma protein binding of bumetanide was 36.8% in the rats mainly due to considerable binding to α‐ and β‐globulins (this value, 36.8%, was considerably greater than only 12% for furosemide), and hence the percentages of intravenous dose of bumetanide excreted in 6 h urine as unchanged drug was 16.0% in the rat (this value was considerably greater than only 7% for furosemide). After intravenous administration of bumetanide to analbuminemic rats, the area under the plasma concentration–time curve from time zero to time infinity (1012 compared with 2472 μg min/mL) was significantly smaller [due to significantly faster both renal clearance (1.49 compared with 0.275 ml/min/kg) and nonrenal clearance (8.30 compared with 3.71 ml/min/kg)], terminal half‐life (9.94 compared with 22.4 min) and mean residence time (4.25 compared with 5.90 min) were significantly shorter (due to faster total body clearance, 9.88 compared with 4.05 ml/min/kg), and amount of 6 h urinary excretion of unchanged bumetanide (559 compared with 261 μg, due to increase in intrinsic renal excretion) was significantly greater than that in control rats. The 6 h urine output and 6 h urinary excretions of sodium, chloride and potassium were comparable between two groups of rats although the 6 h urinary excretion of bumetanide was significantly greater in analbuminemic rats. This could be explained by the following. The amount of urinary excretion of bumetanide was significantly greater in analbuminemic rats than that in control rats only between 0 and 30 min urine collection. In both groups of rats, the urinary excretion rates of bumetanide during 0–30 min reached a upper plateau with respect to urine flow rate as well urinary excretion rates of sodium, potassium and chloride, therefore, the diuretic effects (6 h urine output and 6 h urinary excretions of sodium, potassium and chloride) were not significantly different between two groups of rats. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The nature of robustness in development
Authors: Nijhout H.F. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA trait is robust to a genetic or environmental variable if its variation is weakly correlated with variation in that variable. The source of robustness lies in the fact that the developmental processes that give rise to complex traits are nonlinear. A consequence of this nonlinearity is that not all genes are equally correlated with the trait whose ontogeny they control. Here we explore how developmental mechanisms determine and alter the correlation structure between genes and the traits that they control. A formula is developed by which the correlation of a gene or environmental variable with a trait can be calculated if the mechanism that gives rise to the trait is known. The nature of robustness and the ways in which robustness can evolve are discussed in the context of the problems that arise in the analysis of inherently nonlinear systems. BioEssays 24:553–563, 2002. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Brachyury, the blastopore and the evolution of the mesoderm
Authors: Technau Ulrich 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe role of Brachyury and other T‐box genes in the differentiation of mesoderm and endoderm of vertebrates is well established. Recently, homologues of Brachyury have been isolated from an increasing number of diverse organisms ranging from Cnidaria to vertebrates and insects. Comparative expression and function analysis allows the origin of the mesoderm and the evolution of the developmental role of Brachyury gene family in metazoans to be traced. The data suggest that an ancestral function of Brachyury was to designate a blastoporal region that had distinct properties in induction and axis elongation. A subset of blastoporal cells expressing Brachyury and other genes that convey specific mesodermal functions may have segregated as a distinct cell population from this region in the course of mesoderm evolution. BioEssays 23:788–794, 2001. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Turtles as hopeful monsters
Authors: Rieppel Olivier 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA recently published study on the development of the turtle shell(1) highlights the important role that development plays in the origin of evolutionary novelties(1). The evolution of the highly derived adult anatomy of turtles is a prime example of a macroevolutionary event triggered by changes in early embryonic development. Early ontogenetic deviation may cause patterns of morphological change that are not compatible with scenarios of gradualistic, stepwise transformation. BioEssays 23:987–991, 2001. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A comparison of whole blood neutrophil chemiluminescence measured with cuvette and microtitre plate luminometers
Authors: Lojek Antonín , Kubala Lukás̆ , C̆íz̆ová Hana , C̆íz̆ Milan 
Published: August 2002

AbstractResults obtained by measuring human whole blood neutrophil chemiluminescence (CL) using the BioOrbit 1251 cuvette luminometer and the Immunotech LM‐01T microtitre plate luminometer are compared in this study. Opsonized zymosan, phorbol myristate acetate, N‐formyl–Met–Leu–Phe and calcium ionophore A23187 were used as activators. The CL response of neutrophils to their stimulation with the individual types of activators tested was fully detectable using either type of the luminometers. The kinetic curves of CL activity obtained from both the cuvette and the microtitre plate luminometers had similar characteristics. The only insignificant difference observed when comparing the kinetic curves was in the rates of the CL reactions. The peak CL response of activated neutrophils was reached faster when using the luminometer BioOrbit 1251 than with the luminometer Immunotech LM‐01T. A likely reason for this difference is the mode of transporting samples during the measurement, inducing different degrees of agitation. However, although this fact needs to be considered when interpreting results, both types of luminometer can be fully utilized in both research and clinical laboratories. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of structure of human, rat, and bovine serum albumins on binding properties of photoactive drug hypericin
Authors: Hritz Jozef , Kascakova Slavka , Ulicny Jozef , Miskovsky Pavol 
Published: August 2002

AbstractFluorescence binding measurements and molecular modeling were employed to study the interaction of hypericin (Hyp) with human (HSA), rat (RSA), and bovine (BSA) serum albumins. Fluorescence emission data show the solubility of Hyp increasing in the order BSA, HSA, and RSA. Molecular modeling was used to construct the detailed structural models of the complexes and to explain the differences in the binding properties of Hyp. It was shown that the structures of Hyp/HSA and Hyp/RSA complexes are more similar and in some aspects different from those found for the Hyp/BSA complex. The role of the amino acid sequence in the IIA subdomains of HSA, RSA, and BSA is discussed to explain the observed differences. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Biospectroscopy) 67: 251–254, 2002
Sensitivity analysis of a biofilm model describing a one‐stage completely autotrophic nitrogen removal (CANON) process
Authors: Hao Xiaodi , Heijnen Joseph J. , van Loosdrecht Mark C. M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA mathematical model for nitrification and anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX) processes in a single biofilm reactor (CANON) was developed. This model describes completely autotrophic conversion of ammonium to dinitrogen gas. Aerobic ammonium and nitrite oxidation were modeled together with ANAMMOX. The sensitivity of kinetic constants and biofilm and process parameters to the process performance was evaluated, and the total effluent concentrations were, in general, found to be insensitive to affinity constants. Increasing the amount of biomass by either increasing biofilm thickness and density or decreasing porosity had no significant influence on the total effluent concentrations, provided that a minimum total biomass was present in the reactor. The ANAMMOX process always occurred in the depth of the biofilm provided that the oxygen concentration was limiting. The optimal dissolved oxygen concentration level at which the maximum nitrogen removal occurred is related to a certain ammonium surface load on the biofilm. An ammonium surface load of 2 g N/m2 · d, associated with a dissolved oxygen concentration level of 1.3 g O2/m3 in the bulk liquid and with a minimum biofilm depth of 1 mm seems a proper design condition for the one‐stage ammonium removal process. Under this condition, the ammonium removal efficiency is 94% (82% for the total nitrogen removal efficiency) (30°C). Better ammonium removal could be achieved with an increase in the dissolved oxygen concentration level, but this would strongly limit the ANAMMOX process and decrease total nitrogen removal. It can be concluded that a one‐stage process is probably not optimal if a good nitrogen effluent is required. A two‐stage process like the combined SHARON and ANAMMOX process would be advised for complete nitrogen removal. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 77: 266–277, 2002.
Evaluation of the performance of immobilized penicillin G acylase using active‐site titration
Authors: Janssen Michiel H. A. , van Langen Luuk M. , Pereira Silvia R. M. , Rantwijk Fred van , Sheldon Roger A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPenicillin G acylase from Escherichia coli was immobilized on Eupergit® C with different enzyme loading. The activity of the immobilized preparations was assayed in the hydrolysis of penicillin G and was found to be much lower than would be expected on the basis of the residual enzyme activity in the immobilization supernatant. Active‐site titration demonstrated that the immobilized enzyme molecules on average had turnover rates much lower than that of the dissolved enzyme. This was attributed to diffusion limitations of substrate and product inhibition. Indeed, when the immobilized preparations were crushed, the activity increased from 587 U g−1 to up to 974 U g−1. The immobilized preparations exhibited up to 15% lower turnover rates than the dissolved enzyme in cephalexin synthesis from 7‐ADCA and d‐(−)‐phenylglycine amide. The synthesis over hydrolysis ratios of the immobilized preparations were also much lower than that of the dissolved enzyme. This was partly due to diffusion limitations but also to an intrinsic property of the immobilized enzyme because the synthesis over hydrolysis ratio of the crushed preparations was much lower than that of the dissolved enzyme. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 78: 425–432, 2002.
Location of crosslinks in chemically stabilized horseradish peroxidase: Implications for design of crosslinks
Authors: O'Brien Anne Marie , Ó'Fágáin Ciarán , Nielsen Per F. , Welinder Karen G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe bifunctional compound, ethylene‐glycol bis(N‐hydroxysuccinimidylsuccinate) (EGNHS), stabilizes horseradish peroxidase C (HRP) by reaction with the enzyme's lysine residues. In this study we compare native and modified HRP by proteolytic fragmentation, peptide sequencing, and mass spectroscopy, and identify the sites of modification. Most significantly, EGNHS is shown to form a crosslink between Lys232 and Lys241 of HRP and modifies Lys174 without formation of a crosslink. These findings are in agreement with the lysine side‐chain reactivities predicted from the surface accessibility of the amino groups, and the maximal span of 16 Å of the EGNHS crosslinker. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 76: 277–284, 2001.
Detection of oxidative stress. Interest of GC‐MS for malondialdehyde and formaldehyde monitoring
Authors: Maboudou P. , Mathieu D. , Bachelet H. , Wiart J. F. , Lhermitte M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIschemia–reperfusion syndrome is a condition where the role of oxygen free radicals is important. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and formaldehyde (FA), products of lipid peroxidation, are the presumptive markers for the development of oxidative stress in tissues and plasmas. A GC‐MS method for the determination of MDA and FA in rat brain extract is described. Rat brains were homogenized with deionized water. The homogenates were derivatized with 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazone (DNPH) to obtain hydrazines derivatives of MDA and FA. The hydrazine derivatives were analyzed by GC‐MS and quantitation was by single ion monitoring (SIM). The retention times of FA and MDA were, respectively, 13.75 and 14.20 min, and for SIM quantitation, ion at m/z 210 for FA, and m/z 158 for MDA were used. The results showed that it is possible to estimate the products of lipid peroxidation in brain and to monitor the oxidative stress developed during the ischemia–reperfusion syndrome compared to the normal values. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Patterns of connections between the musculocutaneous and median nerves in the axilla and arm
Authors: Choi David , Rodríguez‐Niedenführ Marc , Vázquez Teresa , Parkin Ian , Sañudo José R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractVariations in connections between the musculocutaneous and median nerves in the arm are not as uncommon as was once thought. This opinion led us to perform a study in 138 cadavers (66 male, 72 female). These variations were seen in 64 cadavers (46.4%), 9 bilaterally and 55 unilaterally (26 right and 29 left); in total, therefore, variations were observed in 73 out of 276 arms (26.4%), 42 male and 31 female. No statistically significant differences by gender and side were observed. We classify the variations in three main patterns: Pattern 1, fusion of both nerves (14 arms, 19.2%); Pattern 2, presence of one supplementary branch between both nerves (53 arms, 72.6%); and Pattern 3, two branches (5 arms, 6.8%). Pattern 2 was further subdivided into a sub‐group 2a when a single root from the musculocutaneous nerve contributed to the connection (51 arms, 69.9%), and 2b when there were two roots from the musculocutaneous nerve (2 arms, 2.7%). A combination of Patterns 1 and 2a was observed in one case (1.4%). Further variations are described, published classification systems are reviewed and a meta‐analysis of previous results is presented. An overall incidence of 33% of variant arms was observed. Of these variant arms, Pattern 1 represented 13.1%, Pattern 2 represented 75.4%, and Pattern 3, 8.5%, similar to our figures. Clin. Anat. 15:11–17, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.