bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Decree On The Instruments Of Social Communication, Inter Mirifica
Authors: Neuhaus Richard John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
ȁThe original language of Christianity is translation.” So I was told by a missionary priest in Nigeria. The language of Judaism is Hebrew, and the language of Islam is Arabic. But what is the language of Christianity? While Catholicism has a particular, although now attenuated, attachment to Latin, the language of Christianity is the language most appropriate to communicating the gospel of Jesus Christ. This understanding is reflected also in Inter mirifica, the Decree on the Instruments of Social Communication. The new curial dicastery called for by the decree is called the Pontifical Council for Social Communication. Some have remarked that “social communication” is an awkward construction. Isn’t all communication, by definition, social? When the council adopted the decree, it was suggested that the document was something of a departure from earlier magisterial texts. The Church has always emphasized that human beings are by nature social, but the social groups that received attention were the family, work associations, national societies, and so on. The media “instruments” discussed by the decree, it was said, are creating something new: a communications society. Many years later, after the “digital revolution” began to take off in the 1990s, people would speak of this communications society as “the global village.”One could argue that Inter mirifica was prescient in anticipating this development. There is some evidence in the text itself to support that argument.
Deliverance: An Allegory of the Sunbelt
Authors: Nystrom Derek 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is not too much to say that Deliverance’s narrative is literally generated by the Sunbelt. The film opens with Lewis Medlock’s (Burt Reynolds) harangue about how the Cahulawassee River that he and his friends are planning to canoe, “the last wild, untamed, unpolluted, unfucked up river in the South,” is soon to be dammed up to power “more air conditioners” for the “smug little suburb[s].” Lewis’s speech is meant to trivialize what is being gained (air conditioning) by comparing it to what is being destroyed (hitherto untouched Nature). But the role air conditioning played in the rapid and disproportionate growth in economic and political power experienced by the South after World War II was far from trivial. More than one historian has described air conditioning as the “most critical technological innovation” in the Sunbelt’s industrial and demographic boom. When the 1970 census revealed that the 1960s was the first decade since the Civil War during which more people migrated to the South than emigrated from it, the New York Times dubbed it “the air-conditioned census.” Key Sunbelt political and business figures similarly emphasized the importance of air conditioning to this regional growth. Houston mayor Fred Hofheinz went so far as to proclaim that “without air conditioning, Houston would not have been built— it just wouldn’t exist,” while Frank Trippett argued that Sunbelt cities such as Atlanta—the urban area from which Deliverance’s canoers hail—”could never have mushroomed so prosperously without air conditioning.”
English Tyranny Versus American Liberty: Bearing Arms in Revolutionary America
Authors: Cornell Saul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In June of 1768 John Hancock’s schooner Liberty returned to Boston from the Portuguese port of Madeira with its cargo hold laden with wine. Crown officials were eager to make an example of Hancock, whose penchant for smuggling was well known. After inspectors confirmed their suspicions that the appropriate duties had not been paid, customs officials seized the ship. Making an example of the Liberty proved to be a grievous error in judgment. “The popularity of her owner, the name of the sloop,” and a “general aversion” to customs officials and “parliamentary taxation” worked to “inflame the minds of the people.” Hancock was a particularly poor choice to single out for prosecution since he was also an influential member of Boston’s branch of the “Sons of Liberty,” the group that had sprung up in cities and towns across America during the Stamp Act tax protests three years earlier. An angry crowd soon assembled on Hancock’s wharf to protest the seizure.
Poetic Fiction and Truth: William of Conches, ‘Bernard Silvester’, Arnulf of Orleans, and Ralph of Longchamps
Authors: Minnis A J , Scott A B , Wallace David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to the literary theory which twelfth-century scholars derived from such authorities as Cicero, Macrobius, and Isidore of Seville, there was a clear distinction between history and fable. Historia was the literally true record of actual happenings (gestae res, res foctae) which were removed in time from the recollection of our age, whereas fabula comprised untrue events, fictitious things (res fictae) which neither happened nor could have happened. But it was also believed that certain authors had chosen to convey truths of morality, physics, and even metaphysics under a fictitious veil or covering (integumentum, involucrnm): Macrobius had gone so far as to claim that ‘a conception of holy truths can be expressed under a seemly veil of fictions, conveyed by honourable matter honourably arranged’. The present chapter has as its main theme the different kinds of truth, both literal and ‘integumental’ or allegorical, which were sought by five representative artistae of the twelfth century.
̀Paradise Lost́ and the Romantic Reader
Authors: Newlyn Lucy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Was Milton on the side of the angels or the devils? Was he republican or anti-republican, feminist or misogynist? Did he value innocence or experience? Lucy Newlyn shows how the Romantic reader responds, in complex and often paradoxical ways, to multiple ambiguities inherent in the very language of Paradise Lost. She examines ambivalent allusions to Satan and God, in responses to the French Revolution (Coleridge and Wordsworth), in studies of the origin of evil (Godwin, Blake, the Shelleys), in accounts of the creative imagination; and looks at how Eve pervades representations of female sexuality (Byron and Keats). The book culminates in a chapter on Blake̓s Milton, and prose writers such as De Quincey, Lamb, Wollstonecraft, and Hazlitt are also considered. Milton emerges as a poet of indeterminacy, not an authority figure, whose concern with the problematic issues of revolution and religion, sexuality and selfhood, make his writing relevant and accessible.
Louis Macneice
Authors: McDonald Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since his death in 1963, Louis MacNeice's critical standing has risen steadily. This new study addresses the contexts of MacNeice's writings which are of greatest relevance to his place in modern poetry: his problematic, and still controversial relationship with Ireland and his significance for the understanding of the largely English `thirties generation' with which he is often identified. The influence of these contexts upon the nature of MacNeice's poetic development is studied in detail here together with the important questions of his relation to Yeats and Modernism. The book examines MacNeice's conception of parable as key imaginative response to these influences, and it includes the first study of the poet's revealing and little-known early writings. Peter McDonald demonstrates that MacNeice is a central figure in modern Irish and British poetry of greater substantial complexity than is often thought, and suggests that his through his work we should see its contexts in a challenging new light.
Experiment: 1945-1953
Authors: McDonald Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the few points on which there is a significant degree of consensus between MacNeice’s favourable and unfavourable critics concerns his poetry of the immediately post-war years, from parts of Holes in the Sky (1948) to Autumn Sequel (1954). This period tends to be referred to as ‘the middle stretch’, a term supplied, conveniently enough, by MacNeice himself. To claim that the poetry of these years is consistently at the level of his best would be perverse, but although some poems may be, as W. H. Auden suggested, ‘a bit dull’,2 much of what MacNeice achieved in this period was to prove of great importance to the lyric poetry of his last three volumes, and has seldom received serious attention. In particular, Autumn Sequel, which MacNeice himself always defended, has been done a critical disservice which obscures the importance of myth and parable in the poet’s work as a whole. It is important not to judge the productions of this period by primarily lyric criteria; the discipline of writing for radio offers an alternative frame of reference which critics seldom put to use. Without the painstakingly unlyrical poems of MacNeice’s ‘middle stretch’, the modified lyricism of the late poems would have been impossible.
Melodious Tears
Authors: Kay Dennis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The funeral elegy is in some important ways the quintessential English Renaissance genre. This book demonstrates how it developed into a kind of laboratory in which writers could put theories of composition into practice. The hospitality of elegy to different styles and modes together with its primary formal obligation to fit the poem decorously to the subject, gave a special value to ingenuity, to virtuosity. Melodious Tears charts the history of the elegy from the time in the mid-sixteenth century when it was exclusively the province of professional writers, the balladeers and chroniclers, up to the 1630s, by which time the fashion for the vernacular elegy had spread throughout the literate classes. Detailed studies of the works of major elegists, particularly Spenser, Sidney, Donne, and Milton are combined with full examination of the range and variety of elegies generated in response to the deaths of Sidney (1586), Queen Elizabeth I (1603), and Prince Henry (1612). A series of appendices contains texts of a number of elegies which survive only in manuscript.
The Tragic Sublime
Authors: Honan Park 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In King James’s reign, Shakespeare was acquainted with a plucky, intelligent, and reputedly beautiful woman known to her family as ‘Jennet’, who was four years younger than himself. Since the seventeenth century she has been seen in a haze of gossip, but there is no need to romanticize her. Jennet was baptized at St Margaret’s Westminster, on I November 1568, as Jane Sheppard. Three Sheppard brothers served the late Tudor Queen before being employed by the Stuart monarch. Her brothers Thomas and Richard were skilled court embroiderers, glovers, and perfumers who served Queen Anna even as the milliner Marie Mountjoy—in whose house Shakespeare lived—pleased Anna by supplying her with hats and headdresses. A third brother, William Sheppard, held an office in the Catery, which procured foodstuffs in bulk for the royal household.
Moral Political Criticism through Saturnalia in Jacobean Drama
Authors: Billington Sandra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Both before and after Chapman’s skirmish of 1608 the mock king genre continued to be used for comment and criticism of courts and kings. Similar to the use in Woodstock, corruption in high places was shown as a mundus inversus dominant over order, and against which better forces pitted themselves. The king for the duration of the play led unredeemable disorder which might be finally eliminated, as in Webster’s and Middleton’s tragedies; expelled through theatrical device, as in Pericles and Marston’s The Malcontent, or, more realistically, controlled, as in Measure for Measure and The Tempest. Within the context of disorder, plots frequently contain a contest between good and bad varieties of opposites to order, to determine the outcome. All such features are found in Elizabethan drama, but the difference with later plays is that the misrule has over it a gloss of authenticity. Hypocrisy and self-deception have to be combatted, as well as the inversions they maintain and, frequently, when defeated their potential remains a threat.
Ben-Hur (Film, 1907)
Authors: Company The Kalem 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lew Wallace had been dead for two years when, in 1907, Ben-Hur was first adapted for the screen. The film was exhibited commercially in eastern American cities until an injunction, claiming infringement of copyright, was brought against the film-makers. All further showings of Ben-Hur were abandoned, and the film itself was supposedly destroyed in 1912, after the makers, the Kalem Company, failed in their appeal against the Klaw and Erlanger management and Harper Brother publishers before the US Circuit Court of Appeals. Fortunately, not all the film was destroyed. Enough footage survives to provide some indication of the Kalem production and their methods as well as a view into other and earlier toga dramas.
Romances
Authors: Bennett J A W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
John Barbour calls his narrative of Robert Bruce’s adventures, which were certainly historical, a romance, and the writer of the verse ‘Laud’ Troy Book,* based on the ‘history’ of Guido delle Colonne, speaks of himself as the ‘maker’ of his ‘romance’. It is, in fact, to such classical or pseudo-classical narratives that the term roman is first applied in French: as in the Romand’Eneas or the Roman de Thebes. In such titles it distinguishes the version written in the vernacular (romanice) from the Latin original: Chaucer’s Pandarus finds ladies of Troy listening to the romance of Thebes (appropriately enough, since it concerns a town besieged as Troy was besieged). But (like Barbour’s Bruce) it is also described as a geste (&lt; OF geste, L gesta, ‘events’), a geste being a sub-species of romance; the term indicating that some historical truth is claimed for the narrative. So the narrator of the tale of Havelok calls it a gest (2984), and speaks of ‘gestes’ recited at a royal entertainment as well as of’romanz reding on the bok’ (2327–8).
The Poems of the Gawain Manuscript
Authors: Bennett J A W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With the alliterative poem that we call Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, English medieval romance reaches its peak—though that phrase is misleading if it suggests a gradual development to perfection: the gulf between the poem and its congeners is as great as that between the novels that Jane Austen read and her own. Its author has mastered all the poetic techniques and narrative devices of his predecessors, but he has also taken elements from various genres of romance, including chronicle, and welded them to form a vehicle for new values and more subtle suggestions. Love and combat have their place, but in a fresh context and perspective. In its own kind, the Arthurian kind, the work is as refined as the Troilus and Criseyde that developed out of IIFilostrato, and it bears the marks of the same kind of transforming intelligence. The Arthurian hero here takes on a new aspect and a new interest. In some ways the work is more courtly than Troilus and the poet evidently had in mind a courtly audience. Descriptions of rich feasts, of a castle built in the latest style, of elegantly ornamented armour, of choice furnishings in the best contemporary design, of conversations replete with polite phrase and elegant allusion, of hunts conducted in accordance with the elaborate laws of venery: all these show familiarity with the correct French—which is to say European—terms of art that were current at the court of Richard II and in the households of his nobility. On the other side of the picture are scenes of wild and rugged country, winter and rough weather, boisterous humour with some grim touches, plain-spoken comment by characters whose language is localized and colloquial. The combination of the romantic and the real, of humour and high tone, of lyrical delicacy and verbal wit, is one that is hard to find elsewhere.
Prose
Authors: Bennett J A W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Religious prose was produced in abundance throughout the whole of this period; surviving examples of secular prose on the other hand are few, and limited to the latter part of the fourteenth century, with the solitary exception of the work with which we begin our survey. This—the later part of The Peterborough Chronicle—has a direct and interesting relationship with pre-Conquest literary culture, for it is a continuation of that remarkable achievement of Old English learning, The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. After the Norman Conquest, a continuation of this was kept up at Worcester, a famous traditional centre of learning, but only up to 1080. At the monastery of Peterborough, however, a text of The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle was continued over the years from II 21 to II 54, and the events of post-Conquest history were recorded in it. It is usual to distinguish two ‘continuations’ —the ‘first’, covering the years 1122—31, and the ‘final continuation’ for the years 1132—54-both of which are believed to have been composed as well as copied at Peterborough. The value of this part of the text for historians of the English language is inestimable; it affords a wealth of information on changing sounds, inflexions, and vocabulary (it is here, for instance, that the new form of the feminine personal pronoun ‘she’ emerges, spelt sere). Its historical and literary interest is not at first glance so obvious. ‘Disappointingly brief and provincial in outlook’ is the verdict of one modern historian.*:It is certainly true that it cannot compete with contemporary histories written in Latin, such as the Historia Ecclesiastica of Ordericus Vitalis, which records the turbulent deeds of the Normans with vivid detail and gives in addition a remarkable panoramic view of Anglo-Norman society and its wider European relationships, or the even more distinguished Gesta Regum Anglorum of the scholar William of Malmesbury, whose erudition is accompanied by a power of incisive analysis and a remarkable awareness of men’s motives and the workings of self-interest.
Milton
Authors: Parker William Riley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Parker's life of Milton has long been accepted as one of the great literary biographies of the twentieth century, a unique accomplishment of scholarship based on a vast range of documentary evidence. Originally published in 1968, the biography was immediately acclaimed as `indispensable', `authoritative', as well as `controversial', and Parker himself was described in The Review of English Studies as `a living library and a walking museum'. Gordon Campbell's new and revised edition of Volume 1 forms a complete, self-contained, and wholly accessible account of Milton's life which remains essential reading for the student of seventeenth-century literature, and for anyone who share Parker's enthusiasm for Milton's poetry.
Boethius
Authors: Walsh P G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Boethius composed the Consolatio Philosophiae in the sixth century AD whilst awaiting death under torture. He had been condemned on a charge of treason which he protested was manifestly unjust. Though a convinced Christian, in detailing the true end of life which is the soul's knowledge of God, he consoled himself not with Christian precepts but with the tenets of Greek philosophy. This work dominated the intellectual world of the Middle Ages; writers as diverse as Thomas Aquinas, Jean de Meun, and Dante were inspired by it. In England it was rendered into Old English by Alfred the Great, into Middle English by Geoffrey Chaucer, and later Queen Elizabeth I made her own translation. The circumstances of composition, the heroic demeanour of the author, and the `Menippean' texture (part prose, part verse; Boethius was a considerable poet) have combined to exercise a fascination over students of philosophy and of literature ever since. Professor Walsh has included an introduction and explanatory notes which combined with his new translation make the text accessible to general readers and scholars alike.
The Consolation of Philosophy
Authors: Walsh P G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
These were the silent reflections which I nursed in my heart. 1 My dutiful pen was putting the last touches to my tearful lament, when a lady seemed to position herself above my head.* She was most awe-inspiring to look at, for her glowing eyes penetrated more powerfully than those of ordinary folk, and a tireless energy was reflected in her heightened colour. At the same time she was so advanced in years that she could not possibly be regarded as a contemporary.
Approaches to the Study of Attic Vases
Authors: Rouet Philippe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book concerns the history of the interpretation of Attic painted vases, and is based on a comparative study of the works of Edmond Pottier (1855-1934), the founder and organizer of the Corpus Vasorum Antiquorum, and John Beazley (1885-1970), who carried out the majority of vase attributions. The comparison between the two men involves an examination of two intellectual traditions which run through the history of the study of pottery. The first of these accentuates the documentary value of vases and the need to ensure their global publication, while the second views vases as objets d'art, and endeavours to trace the development of artistic forms by constructing a history of vase-painters. In reality these approaches are not directly conflicting, but represent two poles around which the discipline of pottery scholarship is organized. By showing how both interpretations have gained support in the more recent past, this work aims to provide a better understanding of the issues involved in the study of pottery today.
Poets of Contemporary Latin America
Authors: Rowe William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What came after Neruda and Vallejo? This is the first book to answer that question, presenting the new movements in Latin American poetry since 1950. Eight poets are selected, with substantial excerpts from their work and parallel translations in English: the test for inclusion is whether their writing expands the possibilities of poetry. Some - for example Juan L. Ortiz, Nicanor Parra, Gonzalo Rojas, Ana Enriqueta Terán - reached maturity well before mid-century, but have continued to explore new poetic expression in the decades since; the younger generation of poets chosen includes Ernesto Cardenal as well as lesser-known figures: Jorge Eduardo Eielson, Carmen Ollé, and Raúl Zurita. Together they display the new forms and languages of poetry which have been emerging in contemporary Latin America. Revealing the freshness of the poems, as they invite new perceptions of the world and of language, is paramount in this study. Its method is to bring together poetics with cultural studies, presenting detailed readings of the work of each poet, as well as exposition and discussion of their poetics, especially where they grapple with the tensions between the inner self and history in the later twentieth century.
Introduction
Authors: Armstrong Adrian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The interpreters like to think they’re the aristocrats of this institution, and affect to look down on us selectors. But as you must know, this is pure vanity on their part. Anyone with the least gumption can see that without us here in Selection, Interpretation would be like a mill without any wheat. We’re the ones who supply them with all their raw material. We are the basis of their success.