bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of food intake on protein and energy metabolism in finishing beef steers
Authors: Lobley G. E. , Connell Alexmary , Buchan Vivien 
Published: September 2005

1. The effects of progressive reduction in food intake from 1.6 x maintenance (1.6 M) to approximately maintenance (M′) and then to zero (fasting) on energy expenditure and leucine kinetics were examined in Hereford x Friesian finishing beef steers.2. Estimates of whole body protein synthesis and protein oxidation were obtained from the specific radioactivity of free leucine in blood and of exhaled carbon dioxide during continuous infusions of [I-14C]leucine. Protein synthesis contributed a minimum of 0.19 to total heat production across all three intakes.3. The apparent efficiencies with which synthesized protein was retained were 0.28 between 1.6 M and M′ and 1.04 between M′ and fasting. The greater efficiency below M′ reflected probable use of amino acids as energy sources during fasting, which would be spared as soon as feed was available.4. Nitrogen derived from protein oxidation made a minor contribution to urine N at both 1.6 M (0.45) and M′ (0.36) but provided a significant proportion to the increment in urine N between intakes (0.68).5. Amino acid absorption, estimated indirectly as the sum of protein oxidation and protein retention, represented only 0.28 of N intake at M′ and 0.38 at 1.6 M but the contribution to the increment in N intake between these two diet levels was greater (0.56).6. The estimated efficiency of utilization of absorbed amino acids between M′ and 1.6 M was 0.45.
The retention and metabolism of Nτ-methylhistidine by cockerels: implications for the measurement of muscle protein breakdown determined from the excretion of Nτmethylhistidine in excreta
Authors: Harris C. I. , Milne G. , McDiarmid Ruth 
Published: September 2005

1. Excreta were collected for four consecutive days from 4- to 18-week-old cockerels following subcutaneous injection of Nτ-[14CH3]methylhistidine.2. The recoveries of radioactivity in excreta were incomplete and progressively decreased with increasing age.3. Most of the radioactivity not recovered in excreta after 4 d was found in skeletal muscle where > 55% of the radioactivity present was in the Nτ-methylhistidine-containing dipeptide, balenine.4. This peptide appeared to be relatively stable so that most of the labelled Nτ-methylhistidine incorporated was not released during the period of the recovery measurements.5. The total pool of non-protein bound Nτ-methylhistidine (free Nτ-methylhistidine+balenine) in pectoral and mixed thigh muscles increased with age and relative to the daily excretion of Nτ-methylhistidine. At 18 weeks the pool was 3.3 times the daily excretion of Nτ-methylhistidine.6. These observations account for the decreasing recoveries of radioactivity in excreta described previously, due to progressive dilution of labelled Nτ-methylhistidine in an expanding pool of non-protein-bound Nτ-methylhistidine, part of which was relatively stable.7. It is concluded that excretion of Nτ-methylhistidine by 4- to 18-week-old cockerels cannot be used as a reliable index of muscle protein breakdown in vivo.
Diet composition and lipoprotein lipase (EC3.1.1.34) activity in human obesity
Authors: Smolin Lori A. , Grosvenor Mary B. , Handelsman David J. , Brasel Jo Anne 
Published: September 2005

1. Adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase (EC3.1.1.34; AT-LPL), a rate-limiting enzyme in triglyceride storage in adipose tissue, is hormonally regulated and may be important in the maintenance of obesity.2. In twelve obese women, AT-LPL activity was measured before weight loss, during weight loss and after 1 and 2 weeks of weight maintenance on either a high-carbohydrate or a high-protein diet.3. When related to tissue weight, AT-LPL activity during the 2 weeks of weight maintenance was higher than the initial AT-LPL activity; there was no difference when activity was expressed per cell.4. Changes in AT-LPL activity were not affected by diet composition. AT-LPL activity correlated with insulin levels and a change in the insulin sensitivity of AT-LPL was observed after weight loss.
Contribution of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) in a mixed diet to the nutrient intake of rural children in Ibadan
Authors: Akinyele I. O. , Akinlosotu A. 
Published: September 2005

1. Sixty-four subjects from the rural areas of Ibadan participated in a study to determine the contribution of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) foods to the total intake of nutrients in a mixed diet. The subjects were randomly selected from those who, according to their mothers, reacted to cowpea foods (reactors) and those who did not (non-reactors).2. The results showed that for all subjects, protein, energy and riboflavin needs were not met from the total diet consumed. However, the requirements for vitamin A, thiamin and iron were met.3. Between 30 months and 3 years of age, cowpeas contributed 36.2 and 30.3 % of protein intake for nonreactors and reactors respectively. Corresponding values for energy intake were 17.3 and 17.2 % respectively. Lower percentages were contributed by the diets of 4- to 6-year-olds.4. Irrespective of the classification system used, some of the subjects were found to be suffering from mild to moderate malnutrition, with a few severe cases.
Effects of fasting in Ramadan on Tropical Asiatic Moslems
Authors: Husain R. , Duncan M. T. , Cheah S. H. , Ch'ng S. L. 
Published: September 2005

1. Anthropometric variables, resting heart rate and respiratory gas exchange were measured in twelve male and nine female Asiatic adult Moslems during the month of Ramadan, the week before and the month after Ramadan.2. Energy intakes were estimated from dietary recall during fasting and non-fasting conditions.3. Both male and female subjects experienced a decrease in body mass with the reduction in energy intake during fasting. Males experienced a greater reduction than females in resting heart rate; females lost more body weight and subcutaneous fat than males.4. Urine output and fluid intake were measured in twelve male subjects for 1 d during each week of fasting and 1 d during the pre-fasting control period. Among the subjects examined, the Ramadan regimen did not result in changes in the pattern of fluid exchange.
Microbial protein and peptide metabolism in rumen fluid from faunated and ciliate-free sheep
Authors: Wallace R. J. , Broderick G. A. , Brammall Margaret L. 
Published: September 2005

1. Protease and deaminase activities and the metabolism of peptides were measured in rumen fluid from ciliate- free sheep and from sheep with a limited population of small entodinia. The same measurements were repeated following inoculation of the latter group with a more typical mixed ciliate population.2. Protease and dialanine uptake activities of mixed rumen micro-organisms were not significantly influenced by protozoa. Trialanine uptake, leucine aminopeptidase (EC 3.4.11. 1), deaminase and trypsin-like protease activities were 70, 107,73 and 91 % higher with the limited population, and 72,58,64 and 55 % higher when mixed protozoa were present, indicating a major role for the protozoa in these activities.
Stimulatory effect of short-chain fatty acids on epithelial cell proliferation in the rat intestine: a possible explanation for trophic effects of fermentable fibre, gut microbes and luminal trophic factors
Authors: Sakata Takashi 
Published: September 2005

1. Effects of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) on epithelial proliferation of the intestine were studied in ileally fistulated rats fed on an elemental diet.2. The stimulatory effect of daily doses of acetic, propionic and n-butyric acids (100,20 and 60 mM respectively; pH 6.1) per fistula (3 ml, twice daily) on crypt cell production rate (CCPR) appeared within 2 d and lasted for at least 5 d.3. The daily doses of SCFA for 14 d increased daily CCPR three to four fold. This effect was independent of the presence of gut bacteria.4. Effects of SCFA were dose-dependent and varied among acids (butyrate > propionate > acetate). The effect was independent of low lumen pH.5. In contrast, SCFA inhibited epithelial proliferation of isolated rat caecal tissue in vitro.6. These results suggest that SCFA are physiological lumen trophic factors mediated by a systemic mechanism in vivo.7. It is concluded that SCFA are involved in the trophic effects of gut microbes, ingestion of fermentable fibre, and lumen contents.
Vitamin E kinetics in sheep
Authors: Hidiroglou M. , Karpinski K. 
Published: September 2005

1. Kinetics of physiological doses of D-α-[5-Me-3H]tocopherol(200 μCi) administered to twenty-four sheep were studied using one of four routes: intravenous, oral (capsules), intraruminal and intramuscular.2. Blood samples were withdrawn from the jugular vein periodically for 96 h after the intravenous and oral administrations, for 168 h after the intraruminal administration and for 216 h after the intramuscular administration.3. The study indicated that the biological availability of α-tocopherol followed the order intravenous > intramuscular > oral > intraruminal.4. The rate of elimination was in the order intravenous > oral > intraruminal ˜ intramuscular.5. The intravenous route was fitted with a three-compartment model, whereas the other routes exhibited a good fit for either a one- or two-compartment model.
Identification of thiomolybdates in digesta and plasma from sheep after administration of 99Mo-labelled compounds into the rumen
Authors: Price J. , Will A. Marie , Paschaleris G. , Chesters J. K. 
Published: September 2005

1. At 16 h after the rapid injection of 99Mo-labelled compounds into the rumen of sheep maintained on dried grass (6.2 mg molybdenum/kg dry matter (DM), 4.3 g sulphur/kg DM), labelled thiomolybdates associated with the digesta solids or bound to plasma macromolecular species were displaced from their carriers in vitro and identified by Sephadex G25 chromatography.2. After molybdate injection, the thiomolybdates displaced from rumen, duodenal and ileal solids were predominantly the trithio- and tetrathio- species. Dithiomolybdate was present to a relatively minor extent. Trace amounts of di- and trithiomolybdates were detected in the liquid phase of digesta from the duodenum.3. Whether injected into the rumen as molybdate or tetrathiomolybdate, bound 99Mo appearing in plasma was present mainly as di- and trithio- species. The tetrathio- species appeared in trace amounts in plasma only after tetrathiomolybdate injection, despite its existence almost exclusively in this form in rumen digesta.4. The present study provides direct evidence for thiomolybdate synthesis within the rumen and indicates that while the effects of thiomolybdates in inhibiting copper absorption are likely to be due to tri- and tetrathio- molybdates, post-absorptive effects on Cu metabolism are probably due to di- or trithiomolybdate.
Effects on plasma insulin of intermittent infusions of propionic acid, glucose or casein into the alimentary tract of non-lactating cows maintained on a liquid diet
Authors: Istasse L. , Macleod N. A. , Goodall E. D. , Ørskov E. R. 
Published: September 2005

1. An experiment was conducted using three non-lactating cows completely maintained by infusions of volatile fatty acids into the rumen, and casein into the abomasum. Plasma insulin responses to propionic acid, glucose or casein were recorded. Further information was obtained using protein-free infusions.2. When part of the propionic acid was infused into the rumen in a twice-daily 3 h dose and the remainder infused continuously with acetic and butyric acids and casein, there were large increases in the concentrations of propionic acid and insulin in the jugular blood. When glucose, corresponding in energy to that supplied by the intermittent propionic acid infusions was similarly infused, the plasma levels of glucose and insulin were increased. Glucose appeared to stimulate a greater increase in insulin than did propionic acid. Casein infused into the abomasum in intermittent doses produced a rise in plasma insulin, but smaller than that observed with propionic acid or with glucose.3. The protein-free infusion was characterized by a lower concentration of insulin in the blood plasma, a reduction in plasma urea and free amino nitrogen and unchanged plasma glucose.
Energy intake, expenditure and pattern of daily activity of Nigerian male students
Authors: Cole A. H. , Ogbe J. O. 
Published: September 2005

1. Twenty apparently healthy and normal Nigerian male students, resident at the University of Ibadan campus, were studied for seven consecutive days to assess their food energy intake and expenditure and pattern of their daily activities.2. The mean age (years) of the group was 24.0 (SD 3.23, range 20–30), mean height (m) 1.71 (SD 0.06, range 1.61–1.84) and body-weight (kg) was 61.1 (SD 5.01, range 51.0–69.5).3. The food intake of each subject was obtained by direct weighing and its energy value determined using a ballistic bomb calorimeter. Patterns of daily activities were recorded and the energy costs of representative activities were determined by indirect calorimetry.4. Activities mainly involved sitting, mean 580 (SD 167, range 394–732) min/d. Sleeping and standing activities took a mean of 445 (SD 112) and 115 (SD 75) min/d respectively. Personal domestic activities took a mean of 94 (SD 40) min/d.5. The mean energy intake of the group was 11 182 (SD 1970) kJ/d or 183 (SD 32) kJ/kg body-weight per d. This value is lower than the 12.5 MJ/d recommended by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)/World Health Organization (WHO) (1973) as the energy requirement for an adult man engaged in moderate activities, but it is higher than the FAO/WHO/United Nations University (UNU) (1985) recommended value of 10.8 MJ/d for a male office clerk (light activity). It is also lower than the recommended energy requirement of 11.6 MJ/d for a subsistence farmer (moderately active work) (FAO/WHO/UNU, 1985).6. The mean energy expenditure of the male subjects was 9876 (SD 1064, range 7159–12259) kJ/d and was lower than mean intake.7. The energy intake and expenditure values indicated that the groups participating in the present study were not physically very active. It is an indication that the Nigerian male students expended less but probably consumed more energy than required. It is suggested for health reasons and for mental fitness that the Nigerian male students might undertake more physical exercise.
Effect of pectin, wheat bran and cellulose on serum lipids and lipoproteins in rats fed on a low- or high-fat diet
Authors: Vigne Jean Louis , Lairon Denis , Borel Patrick , Portugal Henri , Pauli Anne-Marie , Hauton Jacques Christian , Lafont Huguette 
Published: September 2005

1. Four groups of adult male Sprague–Dawley rats were fed for 6 weeks on a diet with a low-fat content (50 g/kg) and another four groups were given a diet rich in fat (250 g/kg) and cholesterol (12 g/kg). In both cases, the basal diets were either fibre-depleted or supplemented with cellulose (60 g/kg), wheat bran (100 g/kg) or low-methoxyl pectin (100 g/kg).2. Low-methoxyl pectin displayed the most hypocholesterolaemic effect and decreased the cholesterol content of the very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) and low-density lipoproteins (LDL), when the low-fat diet was given. When rats were fed on the high-fat diet, pectin no longer had a hypocholesterolaemic effect but still decreased the VLDL-cholesterol content. Pectin lowered serum triglyceride and VLDL-trigylceride levels only when the low-fat diet was given.3. Wheat bran exerted no hypocholesterolaemic effect in rats fed on the low- and high-fat diets, but decreased the cholesterol content of VLDL and lowered serum triglycerides and VLDL-tryglycerides when the high-fat diet was given.4. Purified cellulose had no significant effect on plasma lipids.5. As shown by multivariance analysis, low-methoxyl pectin and wheat bran both beneficially modified the serum triglyceride and cholesterol variables except VLDL-triglycerides. However, the magnitude of the effect of each individual type of fibre was dependent on the fat and cholesterol content of the diet, suggesting the existence of different mechanisms of action.
Protein–energy malnutrition in pregnant rats improves the adaptation of the endocrine pancreas in malnourished offspring and induces insulin resistance after rehabilitation
Authors: Dollet Jean-Marc , Beck Bernard , Max Jean-Pierre , Debry Gérard 
Published: September 2005

1. In developing countries, malnutrition begins during pregnancy and lactation. Glucose intolerance is a problem of importance during protein-energy malnutrition (PEM). We therefore studied glucose homeostasis in rats weaned from undernourished mothers.2. On weaning, 156 mde Wistar rats, born from deprived mothers (75 g casein/kg diet), were fed ad lib on either a balanced diet (180 g casein/kg; group DR), or a protein-deficient diet (50 g casein/kg; group DD). At seven time intervals (weeks 0, 1, 3, 5, 8, 16 and 23) twelve rats were weighed, fasted overnight and then decapitated. Blood glucose, plasma insulin (IRI) and glucagon (IRG) levels and pancreatic insulin and glucagon contents were determined.3. In DR and DD rats blood glucose, which was normal at weaning, dropped in the 1st week and then increased slowly. DR rats were hyperglycaemic from week 16. IRI continually increased during the experiment from near-normal values to hyperinsulinic levels in DR rats; in group DD, it remained stable until week 8 before increasing. IRG, which was very low at weaning, increased to normal levels in the 1st week in group DR; in group DD, it fell slightly during the study. Pancreatic hormone contents were much higher than after normal pregnancy and lactation.4. We compared these results with those of a previous study with rats born from normal mothers: at weaning in the second experiment the rats were already well adapted to malnutrition. The plasma ratio IRI:IRG in DD rats showed two phases of adaptation: weeks 0–5 when glucose homeostasis did not change and weeks 5–23 when it became increasingly normal. At the end of the experiment DR rats still had a lower body-weight than normal rats but were insulin-resistant.
Effect of insulin on hind-limb and whole-body leucine and protein metabolism in fed and fasted lambs
Authors: Oddy V. H. , Lindsay D. B. , Barker P. J. , Northrop A. J. 
Published: September 2005

1. A combination of isotope-dilution and arterio-venous difference techniques was used to determine rates of leucine metabolism and protein synthesis and degradation in a hind-limb preparation (predominantly muscle) and the whole body of eight lambs fed on milk to appetite and eight lambs fasted from 24 to 48 h.2. Compared with fed lambs, fasted lambs showed decreased rates of protein synthesis in both whole body and hind-limb, and in hind-limb muscle, elevated rates of protein degradation.3. The effects of two rates of insulin infusion on whole-body and hind-limb-muscle leucine metabolism, and in turn on protein metabolism, were determined. Insulin had no significant effect on leucine flux or oxidation (and hence protein synthesis and degradation) in whole-body or hind-limb muscle of fed lambs. In fasted lambs insulin progressively reduced arterial leucine concentration and whole-body leucine flux and oxidation, indicating a reduction in both protein synthesis and degradation. Insulin reduced the rate of leucine efflux from hind-limb muscle, which was followed by a reduction in leucine uptake. Insulin increased hind-limb-muscle glucose uptake in both fed and fasted lambs.4. On the basis that hind-limb muscle was representative of skeletal muscle in general, we estimated that muscle accounted for the same percentage (about 27) of whole-body protein synthesis in both fed and fasted lambs. This percentage was unaffected by infusion of insulin, although the absolute rates differed in fed and fasted lambs.
Tissue folates in fruit bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus) with nitrous oxide-induced vitamin B12deficiency and neurological impairment
Authors: Van Der Westhuyzen Justin , Davis Richard E. , Icke Graham C. , Metz Jack 
Published: September 2005

1. Long-term exposure of the fruit bat Rousettus aegyptiacus to nitrous oxide, which inactivates methylco balamin, leads to neurological impairment and ataxia.2. In N2, O-exposed animals, liver concentrations of total folates and methyl folates decreased to less than one fifth that of control animals. Pediococcus cerevisiue-active folates were also reduced.3. In brain, there were no changes in total or methyl folates, but P.cerevisiae-active folates were lower in N2, O-exposed animals.4. Supplementation with methionine retarded the development of neurological impairment and the fall in liver total and methyl folates, but not that in P. cerevisiae-active folates.5. Supplementation with serine failed to retard the development of neurological impairment or fall in hepatic folates.6. The present results suggest that the N2O-induced neurological impairment in the bat is not related to depletion of cerebral folates, but do not exclude changes in the subcellular distribution of folates.
Heinz body anaemia in lambs with deficiencies of copper or selenium
Authors: Suttle N. F. , Jones D. G. , Woolliams C. , Woolliams J. A. 
Published: September 2005

1. The progression of Heinz body anaemia was studied in groups of lambs of low- and high-copper status, produced through breeding or Cu supplementation, when they were transferred from improved pasture to rape (Brassica napus L.) in autumn. Some lambs had previously received selenium by injection. The Cu and Se supplements markedly increased superoxide dismutase (EC 1. 15. 1. 1; SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (EC 1. 11. 1. 9; GSHPx) activities respectively in the erythrocytes, and both supplements had elicited growth responses at pasture.2. At the time of transfer to rape, lambs not treated with Cu had lower whole-blood haemoglobin (Hb) concentrations and a higher percentage of erythrocytes containing Heinz bodies (6.6 v. 3.7%, P < 0.01) than Cu-treated lambs: the corresponding effects of Se treatment were similar in direction but lower in magnitude (P < 005).3. After grazing rape for 2 weeks the mean Hb concentration had fallen by 30 g/l while Heinz body count had increased from 5 to 25%. However, counts were negatively correlated with the initial values and were unaffected by the Cu and Se treatments which maintained high plasma Cu concentrations and SOD and GSHPx activities.4. The results provide the first evidence that Cu deficiency can induce Heinz body formation and the anaemia in grazing Cu-deficient lambs may be partly haemolytic in origin. The concomitant Se deficiency added marginally to the problem but neither the separate nor combined deficiencies increased the susceptibility of lambs to brassica anaemia.
The effect of the preceding day's protein intake on basal metabolic rates in young adults
Authors: Soares M. J. , Sequeira Jennifer , Shetty P. S. 
Published: September 2005

1. Changes in basal metabolic rates (BMR), following alterations in the preceding day's dietary protein (8.6, 11.5 and 14.0% of energy) were studied in eight, young, healthy adults over 4d.2. Results showed a significant training effect, with BMR values 4.8 % lower on day 4 of the study period. Analysis of the results by ANOVA revealed a significant interaction between subjects and diets (P<0.005), a significant difference between subjects but no differences in BMR due to the protein content of the diets.3. Mean coefficient of variation (CV) for intra- and inter-individual differences in BMR from day-to-day was of the order of 4 and 9% respectively.4. Changes in protein content of the preceding day's diet do not influence variations in BMR which appear to be random in nature with a true CV of 3.8%.