bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Motor pudendal nerve characterization in the female rat
Authors: Kane Derek D. , Shott Susan , Hughes W. Frank , Kerns James M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe aim of our study was to provide quantitative data on pudendal motor neuron cell bodies and axons in the female rat. To confirm earlier studies, fluorescent retrograde tracers were used to label the motor neurons for correlation with myelinated axon counts along the length of the motor pudendal nerve. The external urethral sphincter of female rats was injected with diamidino yellow and the external anal sphincter with fast blue. The L6 spinal cord revealed labeled motor neurons. Those in the dorsolateral column (60.8 ± 10.6) had nuclei labeled yellow from the external urethral sphincter and those in the dorsomedial column (31.7 ± 8.5) had cytoplasm labeled blue from the external anal sphincter. Double labeling was not present, suggesting that pudendal motor neurons in each column innervate separate sphincters. The motor pudendal nerve in the ischiorectal fossa was also characterized by light microscopy. The mean myelinated axon count (151.4 ± 17.0) was highly correlated (r = 0.995) in the proximal fascicles and the sum of distal fascicles. This indicated that myelinated axons do not branch at the point where the main motor pudendal nerve branches into separate fascicles. Axon counts between sides were not as well correlated (r = 0.883). The ratio of motor neurons to myelinated axons is 56%, suggesting that some myelinated axons either innervate other muscles or are sensory. This reproducible characterization of the normal pudendal nerve anatomy provides an excellent basis for experimental studies associated with pudendal nerve denervation as a model for neurogenic incontinence. Anat Rec 266:21–29, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reporter gene construct containing 1.4‐kB α1‐proteinase inhibitor promoter confers expression in the cornea of transgenic mice
Authors: Ueda Jun , Li Yuhong , Goh Meilan Stephanie , Maruyama Yasuhiro , Sugar Joel , Yue Beatrice Y.J.T. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA 1.4‐kb human α1‐proteinase inhibitor (α1‐PI) 5′‐flanking sequence fused to the E. coli LacZ gene was used to generate transgenic mice. The 1.4‐kb α1‐PI fragment was found to target LacZ expression preferentially in the epithelium and stroma of the mouse cornea, and moderately or weakly in white blood cells and a few other tissues, such as the skin and brain. This finding implies that the α1‐PI promoter may offer an option for targeting foreign genes in both the epithelial and stromal layers of the cornea in future transgenic experiments. Anat Rec 266:5–9, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Determination of the orientation of collagen fibers in human bone
Authors: Osaki Shigeyoshi , Tohno Setsuko , Tohno Yoshiyuki , Ohuchi Kazuo , Takakura Yoshinori 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA human calcaneus bone, consisting of hydroxyapatite and collagen fibers, was successively sliced into samples in a direction perpendicular to the long axis of the bone and parallel to the long axis of the human lower limb. The transmitted microwave intensities of 12 GHz, reflecting the dielectric property, were measured for the slice samples using Osaki's microwave method (Tappi J., 1987; 70:105–108). The complex dielectric constant of 12 GHz of the collagen fiber film was much greater than that of hydroxyapatite disc, which demonstrated that the dielectric anisotropy observed for the sliced bone was mainly affected by the collagen fibers. The angular dependence of the transmitted microwave intensity gives the orientation angle reflecting the direction of the collagen‐fiber orientation, and the degree of orientation reflecting the anisotropic property of collagen fibers. The orientation angle and the degree of orientation for the slice samples changed with changing position along the long axis of the calcaneus bone. The direction of orientation deviated to the lateral side at the heel part of the left calcaneus, and to the medial side at the middle part. The degree of orientation is relatively high at the heel part and low at the middle. Such results give a two‐dimensional distribution of collagen‐fiber orientation in the left calcaneus, and suggest that the direction and degree of orientation are closely related to the direction and magnitude of the stress applied to the bone, respectively. Anat Rec 266:103–107, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cell kinetic study of the endometrium by nonisotopic in situ hybridization for histone H3 messenger RNA and immunohistochemistry for Ki‐67 and for estrogen and progesterone receptors
Authors: Hayama Masayoshi , Ota Hiroyoshi , Toki Toshihiko , Ishii Keiko , Honda Takayuki , Momose Masanobu , Nakata Ritsuko 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe investigated the cell kinetics of the endometrium in hysterectomy specimens taken for leiomyoma from 22 women with regular ovulatory menstrual cycles. Formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissue sections were examined for proliferating activity using histone H3 messenger RNA in situ hybridization (H3 mRNA‐ISH) and immunostaining for the Ki‐67 antigen. The relationship of the proliferative activity of endometrial cells to the immunohistochemical expression of the estrogen receptor (ER) and the progesterone receptor (PR) was also examined. During the menstrual cycle, H3 mRNA expression was observed in both the epithelial cells and the stromal cells of the endometrium. In the functional layer, the labeling indices for H3 mRNA (H3 mRNA‐LIs) in the epithelial cells peaked in the late proliferative phase, decreased sharply in the early secretory phase, and remained unchanged thereafter. On the other hand, H3 mRNA‐LIs of stromal cells displayed two peaks: one in the midproliferative phase and the other in the late secretory phase, the former peak being the greater. In the basal layer, epithelial cells and stromal cells showed low H3 mRNA‐LIs and no significant variation throughout the menstrual cycle. The H3 mRNA‐LIs correlated well with the Ki‐67‐LIs and were lower than the corresponding Ki‐67‐LIs. The regression coefficient (H3 mRNA‐LIs against the Ki‐67‐LIs) was 0.33 for epithelial cells and 0.49 for stromal cells, suggesting that the cell cycle time was longer for epithelial cells than for stromal cells. The proliferative activity of endometrial cells showed close relationships with the expressions of ER and PR in the endometrium. When used in combination with other proliferative markers in paraffin‐embedded tissue sections, H3 mRNA‐ISH could open broader perspectives on the cell kinetics of the endometrium. Anat Rec 266:234–240, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An ultrastructural study of germ cells during ovarian differentiation in Torpedo marmorata
Authors: Prisco Marina , Ricchiari Loredana , Andreuccetti Piero 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAn ultrastructural investigation, performed on embryos, neonates, subadult and adult females, demonstrated that in Torpedo marmorata oogenesis occurs very early in life and continues, in its proliferative phase, also after birth. Clusters of early meiotic cells were already evident in the ovarian cortex of 6‐cm‐long embryos, as well as in the ovary of newborns and three‐month‐old young. Conversely, in the ovaries of subadult and adult females, all the germ cells present were organized into follicles, and no clusters of oogonia and early meiotic cells were generally found in the cortex, except for one adult female where clusters of germ cells not organized in follicles were found in the cortex. These data demonstrated that, in Torpedo marmorata, oogenesis is immediate, and, as oogonia persist after birth, more similar to that of mouse, monkey, rabbit, and ferret (Mauleon Arch Anat Microsc, 1967; 56:125–150; Byskov and Hoyer 1994) than to that of human, rat, pig, and guinea pig (Byskov and Hoyer 1994). Such a pattern is in agreement with the reproductive strategy of Torpedo, a scantly prolific species with low uterine fecundity. The presence of meiotic cells that are not organized in follicles in one adult female might be consistent with the large individual variability characterizing cartilaginous fishes. The possibility that such a character is typical of mature females should be rejected as oogonia and early meiotic cells were not found inside the totally sectioned gonads of subadult and adult females. Anat Rec 263:237–245, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of geminivirus infection and Bemisia infestation on accumulation of pathogenesis‐related proteins in tomato
Authors: McKenzie C.L. , Shatters Robert G. , Doostdar H. , Lee S.D. , Inbar Moshe , Mayer Richard T. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe whitefly, Bemisia tabaci biotype B, has been shown to cause pathogenesis‐related (PR) proteins to accumulate in plants as a result of direct feeding, but their specific role in plant defensive systems is unclear. Our objective was to compare accumulation of tomato PR proteins (β‐1,3‐glucanase, chitinase, peroxidase, P2 and P4) in response to whitefly, with or without tomato mottle virus (ToMoV) infection. Tomato PR protein response was measured over time in plants divided into three treatments: uninfected controls (with or without whiteflies) and plants infested with viruliferous (ToMoV) whiteflies. Five‐ to six‐leaf plants were infested with ∼5 adult whitefly per leaf. Plants were sampled prior to whitefly infestation and at 14, 28, 42, and 56 days. By 56 days, plants infested with viruliferous whiteflies had significantly more eggs (2.5‐fold) and nymphs (4.5‐fold) than plants with nonviruliferous whiteflies. A significant increase in the enzymatic activity of all measured PR proteins, as compared to control plants, was only seen in viruliferous whitefly‐infested plants. No significant difference was observed in enzyme activities between the uninfected control plants either with or without whiteflies. The greatest differences for all PR proteins assayed were observed 42 days after treatment initiation. Protein blot analyses showed that the differences in PR protein activities among the treatments were due to changes in specific enzyme levels within the plant and were associated with concomitant increases in levels of P2 and P4 PR proteins. Under our experimental conditions, it is clear that PR protein response is much more intense when it is attacked by whiteflies carrying ToMoV than by whitefly alone. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 49:203–214, 2002. Published 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
“Ambiguity” and scientometric measurement: A dissenting view
Authors: Burrell Quentin L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAbe Bookstein has long been a persuasive advocate of the central role of the classical Lotka‐Bradford‐Zipf “laws” in bibliometrics and, subsequently, scientometrics and informetrics. In a series of often‐quoted papers (Bookstein, 1977, 1990a, 1990b, 1997), he has sought to demonstrate that “Lotka‐type” laws have a unique resilience to various forms of reporting, which leads inevitably and naturally to their observance in empirical informetric data collected under a wide variety of circumstances. A general statement of his position was featured in the recent JASIST Special Topic Issue on Information Science at the Millennium (Bookstein, 2001). We shall argue that there are grounds to dispute some of the logic, the mathematics, and the reality of the development. The contention is on the one hand that Bookstein's development lacks a rigorous mathematical basis, and on the other, that, in general, informetric processes are adequately described within a standard probabilistic framework with stochastic modelling offering the more productive approach.
Absence of clinically relevant drug interactions following simultaneous administration of didanosine‐encapsulated, enteric‐coated bead formulation with either itraconazole or fluconazole
Authors: Damle B. , Hess H. , Kaul S. , Knupp C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis open‐label, two‐way crossover study was undertaken to determine whether the enteric formulation of didanosine influences the pharmacokinetics of itraconazole or fluconazole, two agents frequently used to treat fungal infections that occur with HIV infection, and whose bioavailability may be influenced by changes in gastric pH. Healthy subjects were randomized to Treatment A (200‐mg itraconazole or 200‐mg fluconazole) or Treatment B (same dose of itraconazole or fluconazole with 400 mg of didanosine as an encapsulated, enteric‐coated bead formulation). In the itraconazole study, a lack of interaction was concluded if the 90% confidence interval (CI) of the ratio of the geometric means of log‐transformed Cmax and AUC0–T values of itraconazole and hydroxyitraconazole, the active metabolite of itraconazole, were contained entirely between 0.75 and 1.33. In the fluconazole study, the equivalence interval for Cmax and AUC0–T was 0.80–1.25. The data showed that for itraconazole the point estimate and 90% CI of the ratios of Cmax and AUC0–T values were 0.98 (0.79, 1.20) and 0.88 (0.71, 1.09), respectively; for hydroxyitraconazole the respective values were 0.91 (0.76, 1.08) and 0.85 (0.68, 1.06). In the fluconazole study, the point estimate and 90% CI of the ratios of Cmax and AUC0–T values were 0.98 (0.93, 1.03) and 1.01 (0.99, 1.03), respectively. The Tmax for itraconazole, hydroxyitraconazole, and fluconazole were similar between treatments. Both studies indicated a lack of clinically significant interactions of the didanosine formulation with itraconazole or fluconazole. These results showed that the encapsulated, enteric‐coated bead formulation of didanosine can be concomitantly administered with drugs, such as the azole antifungal agents, whose bioavailability may be influenced by interaction with antacids. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Screening of chemiluminescence constituents of cereals and DPPH radical scavenging activity of γ‐oryzanol
Authors: Akiyama Yoshinobu , Hori Kazuyuki , Hata Keishi , Kawane Masaaki , Kawamura Yukio , Yoshiki Yumiko , Okubo Kazuyoshi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe chemiluminescence (CL) constituents of cereals were detected by CL using the H2O2–acetaldehyde system. The cereals tested, such as rice, millet and sorghum, exhibited various levels of CL activity. The γ‐oryzanol fraction was extracted from brown rice and separated into four constituents by HPLC. The four constituents were identified as cycloartenyl ferulate, 24‐methylenecycroartanyl ferulate, campesteryl ferulate and β‐sitosteryl ferulate. Free radical scavenging activities with 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and CL intensities of four constituents (γ‐oryzanol components) were measured and compared with that of gallic acid, which is a typical free radical scavenger. Four constituents scavenged DPPH radicals and scavenging activities were proportional to CL intensities. Concentrations of four CL constituents required to quench 50% (IC50) of the free radicals ranged from 0.9 to 1.1 mmol/L. We demonstrated that measurement of CL intensities was a rapid and convenient method for screening DPPH radical scavenging activities of rice. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Density functional theory and surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy characterization of novel platinum drugs
Authors: Giese Bernd , Deacon Glen B. , Kuduk‐Jaworska Janina , McNaughton Don 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThere is considerable interest in the development of novel platinum‐based anticancer drugs that overcome the disadvantages associated with the widely used drug cisplatin, which are its inactivity against some types of tumors and its toxic side effects. In this study we show the suitability of normal Raman spectroscopy (NRS) and surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), assisted by density functional theoretical (DFT) calculations, for the characterization of Pt complexes. The Pt complexes studied include the established drugs cisplatin and carboplatin, as well as five novel Pt complexes with anticancer activity. DFT calculations at the B3LYP/LanL2DZ level are a good prediction of the experimental NRS spectra of small and medium sized Pt complexes. The use of SERS allows the investigation of Pt complexes at physiological concentrations, and the binding strengths of the different ligands can be determined. The formation of positively charged hydrolysis products may be necessary for SERS activity. The exiting group in the hydrolysis reaction can be identified. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Biospectroscopy) 67: 294–297, 2002
Bioaffinity purification of NADP+‐dependent dehydrogenases: Studies with alcohol dehydrogenase from Thermoanaerobacter brockii
Authors: McMahon Mary , Mulcahy Patricia 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis study describes the development and application of a bioaffinity chromatographic system for the one‐step purification of an NADP+‐dependent secondary alcohol dehydrogenase from the obligate anaerobe, Thermoanaerobacter brockii (TBADH, EC 1.1.1.2). The general approach is based upon improving the selectivity of immobilized cofactor derivatives (general ligand approach to bioaffinity chromatography) through using soluble enzyme‐specific substrate analogues in irrigants to promote biospecific adsorption (the kinetic locking‐on tactic). Specifically, the following is described: Evaluation of 8′‐azo‐linked, C8‐linked, N1‐linked, and N6‐linked immobilized NADP+ derivatives for use with the kinetic locking‐on strategy for bioaffinity purification of TBADH; evaluation of 2′, 5′‐ADP as a stripping ligand for TBADH bioaffinity purifications using an 8′‐azo‐linked immobilized NADP+ derivative in the locking‐on mode; and application of the developed bioaffinity chromatographic system to the purification of TBADH from a crude cellular extract. Surprizingly, of the four immobilized NADP+ derivatives investigated, only the 8′‐azo‐linked immobilized NADP+ derivative proved effective for TBADH affinity purification when used in conjunction with pyrazole (a competitive inhibitor of TBADH activity) as the locking‐on ligand. This is in contrast to other NADP+‐dependent dehydrogenases where the immobilized N6‐linked cofactor proved to be suitable. While the one‐step purification of TBADH to electrophoretic homogeneity is described in the present study (92% yield), results from the model chromatographic studies point to improvements that could be made to the immobilized cofactor derivative to improve its suitability for TBADH bioaffinity purification and to facilitate future large scale protein purification operations. © 2002 John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 77: 517–527, 2002; DOI 10.1002/bit.10079
Development of an ultrahigh‐temperature process for the enzymatic hydrolysis of lactose. IV. Immobilization of two thermostable β‐glycosidases and optimization of a packed‐bed reactor for lactose conversion
Authors: Petzelbauer Inge , Kuhn Bernhard , Splechtna Barbara , Kulbe Klaus D. , Nidetzky Bernd 
Published: August 2002

AbstractRecombinant hyperthermostable β‐glycosidases from the archaea Sulfolobus solfataricus (SsβGly) and Pyrococcus furiosus (CelB) were covalently attached onto the insoluble carriers chitosan, controlled pore glass (CPG), and Eupergit C. For each enzyme/carrier pair, the protein‐binding capacity, the immobilization yield, the pH profiles for activity and stability, the activity/temperature profile, and the kinetic constants for lactose hydrolysis at 70°C were determined. Eupergit C was best among the carriers in regard to retention of native‐like activity and stability of SsβGly and CelB over the pH range 3.0–7.5. Its protein binding capacity of ∼0.003 (on a mass basis) was one‐third times that of CPG, while immobilization yields were typically 80% in each case. Activation energies for lactose conversion by the immobilized enzymes at pH 5.5 were in the range 50–60 kJ/mol. This is compared to values of ∼75 kJ/mol for the free enzymes. Immobilization expands the useful pH range for CelB and SsβGly by approximately 1.5 pH units toward pH 3.5 and pH 4.5, respectively. A packed‐bed enzyme reactor was developed for the continuous conversion of lactose in different media, including whey and milk, and operated over extended reaction times of up to 14 days. The productivities of the Eupergit C‐immobilized enzyme reactor were determined at dilution rates between 1 and 12 h−1, and using 45 and 170 g/L initial lactose. Results of kinetic modeling for the same reactor, assuming plug flow and steady state, suggest the presence of mass‐transfer limitation of the reaction rate under the conditions used. Formation of galacto‐oligosaccharides in the continuous packed‐bed reactor and in the batch reactor using free enzyme was closely similar in regard to yield and individual saccharide components produced. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 77: 619–631, 2002; DOI 10.1002/bit.10110
Characterization of hybridoma cell responses to elevated pCO2 and osmolality: Intracellular pH, cell size, apoptosis, and metabolism
Authors: deZengotita Vivian M. , Schmelzer Albert E. , Miller William M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractCO2 partial pressure (pCO2) in industrial cell culture reactors may reach 150–200 mm Hg, which can significantly inhibit cell growth and recombinant protein production. The inhibitory effects of elevated pCO2 at constant pH are due to a combination of the increases in pCO2 and [HCO], per se, and the associated increase in osmolality. To decouple the effects of pCO2 and osmolality, low‐salt basal media have been used to compensate for this associated increase in osmolality. Under control conditions (40 mm Hg–320 mOsm/kg), hybridoma cell growth and metabolism was similar in DMEM:F12 with 2% fetal bovine serum and serum‐free HB GRO. In both media, pCO2 and osmolality made dose‐dependent contributions to the inhibition of hybridoma cell growth and synergized to more extensively inhibit growth when combined. Elevated osmolality was associated with increased apoptosis. In contrast, elevated pCO2 did not increase apoptotic cell death. Specific antibody production also increased with osmolality although not with pCO2. In an effort to understand the mechanisms through which elevated pCO2 and osmolality affect hybridoma cells, glucose metabolism, glutamine metabolism, intracellular pH (pHi), and cell size were monitored in batch cultures. Elevated pCO2 (with or without osmolality compensation) inhibited glycolysis in a dose‐dependent fashion in both media. Osmolality had little effect on glycolysis. On the other hand, elevated pCO2 alone had no effect on glutamine metabolism, whereas elevated osmolality increased glutamine uptake. Hybridoma mean pHi was ∼0.2 pH units lower than control at 140 mm Hg pCO2 (with or without osmolality compensation) but further increases in pCO2 did not further decrease pHi. Osmolality had little effect on pHi. Cell size was smaller than control at elevated pCO2 at 320 mOsm/kg, and greater than control in hyperosmotic conditions at 40 mm Hg. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 77: 369–380, 2002; DOI 10.1002/bit.10176