bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluating the curriculum
Authors: Holsgrove Gareth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Evaluating teaching is an important part of the curriculum evaluation process, but not the only part. The content, timing, duration, assessment, feedback to students (and tutors), and a number of other aspects of the curriculum must also be evaluated. It is important to look beyond an evaluation of teaching when the curriculum features self-direc1ed learning. In this situation, formal teaching may be almost totally absent, but it is intended that a considerable amount of learning will occur. The course leader will also be interested in evaluation of new elements of the course particularly now that there is a much greater emphasis on quality assurance. There are two perspectives on teaching that those responsible for organizing or working on a course will need to know about. The first is what the students feel about it; the second, how the staff see their own teaching.
Epidemiology - incidence, causes, and seventy
Authors: Appleton Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter will briefly discuss how common brain injury, and in particular, head injury is in children, the causes of brain injuries, and how both the severity and outcome of brain injuries can be assessed and measured. Head injury is the most common cause of death in childhood and is a major source of handicap and disability. In 1992, reported deaths from head injuries (including skull fractures) to the Office of Population Censuses and Surveys (OPCS) totalled over 3500; 278 of these occurred in children under the age of 15 and 553 under the age of 20 years.
Brain (head) injury team
Authors: Baldwin Tony , Nash, Julie , Appleton Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recovery from a brain injury is not like a recovery from any other injury, since the effects are far more complex and pervasive and affect a whole range of attributes. These changes can range from the subtle and barely noticed to being extremely significant and severe, fundamentally altering the child’s emotional, intellectual, and social behaviour. They can be observed both in the acute stage, and frequently the deficits remain long past the point in which a total physical recovery has taken place. Insome cases, skills have to be retaught and alternative strategies given, and the child’s behaviour may need modifying. At the same time both the child and family need emotional support and reassurance.
Speech and language difficulties
Authors: McMahon Siobhan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Speech and language therapists have an important role to play as members of the multidisciplinary team caring for the brain-injured child. While many children can and do make excellent recoveries from traumatic brain injury, most will require some help with communication, even if this is just for a short time. In addition there is increasing evidence that many children with brain injuries go on to have long-term difficulties with some aspect of communication.
Emotional, behavioural, and social difficulties
Authors: Demellweek Colin , O’Leary, Audrey , Baldwin Tony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the term ‘emotional, behavioural, and social difficulties’ is used in this chapter, these problems may also be referred to as being psychosocial, psychiatric, neuropsychiatric, or as reflecting personality or characterological changes. These differences exist since it is possible to view problems from different perspectives. For example, irritability appears to be common following brain injury (BI). This may be considered to be emotional (i.e. feelings of irritation are more intense and frequent), the behavioural con sequences of which may interfere with social relationships and, if persistent, be seen as an aspect of the individual’s personality or character.
Musculo-skeletal problems: introduction—the scope of musculo-skeletal medicine
Authors: Wardrope Jim. , English Bryan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Musculo-skeletal problems are common!An average department will see 2000+ ankle sprains per year, but it might miss the diagnosis in the 1 case of osteomyelitis.This book sets out to give a clear method of assessing patients with musculo-skeletal problems.Take the best possible history.Examine the patient systematically.Investigate appropriately.Record the assessment in the notes.Arrange appropriate follow-up with advice on where and when to seek help if symptoms continue or get worse.
Soft-tissue injury and repair: relevance to treatment
Authors: Wardrope Jim. , English Bryan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tendon injury may be overlooked (e.g. Achilles tendon). Total ruptures are often treated surgically.Ligament injury presents a spectrum of damage from minor self-limiting partial tears to complete ruptures of ligament complexes.Closed nerve injury is often treated conservatively (apart from pressure on the spinal cord or nerve roots which may be a surgical emergency).
Principles of treatment for soft-tissue trauma
Authors: Wardrope Jim. , English Bryan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Give good advice preferably with written instructions.Use splints and crutches only for definite indications, if possible retain mobility.Analgesia:paracetamol safe and effective;non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents may have some benefits where there are no contraindications;little evidence that topical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents are effective in soft-tissue injury.
The leg
Authors: Wardrope Jim. , English Bryan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
TraumaThe tibia and fibula are commonly fractured, even by a seemingly innocuous blow (e.g. a kick when playing football).Compartment syndrome is commonest in the leg. Suspect this in a patient with severe pain following injury.Haematomas may be tense enough to compromise skin vascularity.A patient with a sudden sharp pain behind the heel has a rupture of the Achilles tendon until proven otherwise. All such patients must have Simmond’s test (or similar) performed.In children, fractures of the tibia are very hard to diagnose. Suspect in a toddler who is not weight bearing after a minor twisting injury.
The back
Authors: Wardrope Jim. , English Bryan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sudden acute back pain is a valid reason for attending an A&E department.A full history and examination including neurological examination of the legs is essential.Examination of saddle area sensation and anal tone is essential.X-rays are not indicated in a young person after a lifting type of injury unless there are neurological signs or unusual features in the history.Neurological signs (severe bilateral limitation of SLR, bilateral motor/sensory loss, saddle anaesthesia/loss of bladder or anal tone) may indicate a surgical emergency—refer.
Radiology
Authors: Harvey CJ , Roberts HRS , Shaw PJ 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Diagnostic radiology plays a vital role in patient management and all clinicians need to be able to recognise the radiological appearances of many medical conditions. Not only are traditional imaging techniques important, but newer techniques such as interventional radiology, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), nuclear medicine and ultrasound are increasingly important in clinical practice and also, the interpretation of radiological images is an integral part of professional examinations for MRCP (part II): there are five compulsory questions based on printed photographic material, with additional radiographs or other diagnostic images being shown occasionally throughout. This book will cover all modalities in radiology, providing a guide to the principles of plain radiographic film interpretation and an understanding of the roles and limitations of more complex imaging across general medicine. The material is presented through the discussion of a hundred fully-illustrated cases in question and answer format.
The principles and practice of oncology
Authors: Johnston Patrick G , McDermott Ultan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the UK cancer is a major problem today. Approximately a quarter of a million people are diagnosed with cancer and 120 000 die each year. While improvements in cardiovascular disease have resulted in a decline in mortality from heart disease, cancer mortality continues to rise and is expected to be the major cause of death across the next decade. Currently one person in three living in the UK will develop cancer during their lifetime and one in five will die from the disease. Over 60% of all cancers will occur in the over-65 age group and as our populations get older clinicians will be faced with increasing numbers of patients at risk or presenting with malignant disease.
The pathology of cancer
Authors: McManus Damian T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Neoplasia (literally ‘new growth’) has been defined by Willis in functional terms as a disorder of cell growth in which there is a permanent and inherited change in cells resulting in a pathological proliferation of tissue which is excessive, purpose- less, and autonomous, continuing indefinitely regardless of stimuli or effects of the expanding neoplasm on the surrounding tissues.
Cancer Prevention and Screening
Authors: Kennedy Richard D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cancer prevention can be divided into two areas: primary prevention: this is an attempt to modify factors that promote or pro- tect against carcinogenesis. Examples include dietary modification, smoking cessation, reducing sun exposure, reduction of carcinogens in the workplace, prophylactic surgery, and the use of chemopreventative drugs. secondary prevention: this is the early identification and treatment of pre- malignant or early malignant disease. Examples include population screening, surveillance of high-risk groups, and genetic susceptibility testing.
Breast Cancer
Authors: Odling-Smee William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cancer of the breast is the most common cancer in women with the UK having a high incidence. It is highest in the USA and Western Europe and lowest among the Japanese. It also causes great anxiety amongst women, and breast clinics are flooded with symptomatic women who need reassurance that they do not have breast cancer. Despite this anxiety, the results of early, adequate treatment are good in comparison to treatment of other cancers.
Tumours of the nervous system
Authors: Orr Brian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are many tumours of the nervous system and there is still controversy over their classification. In 1993, there was a revised classification by the WHO, and this is now used worldwide. Immunostains, electron microscopy, cytogenetics, and, most recently, molecular genetics have helped to bring about a more rational classification as we have learned that some tumours form part of a wider group whereas other tumours are distinct and separate entities.
Colorectal and perianal disorders
Authors: Stonebridge Peter , Smith David , Duncan Lesley , Thompson Alastair 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bleeding per anum is an important symptom and should always be taken seriously. Blood on the stool rather than separate from it, suggests a lesion in the colon or rectum, which bleeds when stool passes. The fact that the blood is dark also means that the blood is not fresh and coming from the colon. Bleeding from piles is usually bright red (fresh) and noticed separate from the stool. Change of bowel habit is an equally important symptom. It may be caused by a partially obstructing colonic lesion. When it is due to a colonic cancer it usually indicates a tumour in the left side of the colon where stools are more solid (as water has been reabsorbed from the large bowel contents as they pass the length of the colon).
Stroke Epidemiology, Evidence and Clinical Practice
Authors: Ebrahim Shah , Harwood Rowan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Almost a decade has passed since the first edition of this book was published and the explosion of new research in stroke is very apparent. Several important themes have coloured medicine during this time: the development of evidence based health care, new optimism for acute drug treatments for stroke, the growth of new information about the human genome, a dramatic increase in the number of stroke clinicians and researchers world-wide, and the establishment of the Cochrane Collaboration. All of these trends are relevant in revising a book of this nature. Clinical epidemiology remains an essential foundation for the practice of evidence-based healthcare. The enthusiasm of the pharmaceutical industry has resulted in a large number of new trials, often too small to detect clinically important differences, and have increased the number of clinicians actively engaged in stroke research. It is even more important that these clinicians should have a good understanding of the design of trials, the rationale for randomisation and blinding, and the importance of selecting the most appropriate outcomes. Surprisingly, little of practical importance has resulted from the decade of exploration of the human genome - the best indication of a person's risk remains their phenotype and not their genotype. The impetus to organise stroke medicine into a defined speciality, with emphasis on acute stroke, is even stronger - but it is essential to bear in mind the importance of interdisciplinary working, the value of primary care, geriatric medicine, psychiatry and rehabilitation in the prevention, treatment rehabilitation and long-term care of stroke patients. The Cochrane Collaboration is currently grappling with a task of enormous size - the compression of tens of thousands of randomised control trials -and other scientific evidence- into systematic reviews of the effects of interventions. Citations to this work are made in the section on management. In this edition, there is an extra opening section entitled Epidemiology which comprises the nuts and bolts of the subject and reviews the purposes of health care for stroke patients. The remaining sections follow the format of the first edition: Diagnosis, Management, and Prognosis. All chapters have been substantially updated. The book retains its focus on epidemiology that is relevant to the clinician and attempts to use examples from stroke to illustrate many aspects of epidemiological thinking. The book aims to stimulate readers to think about their own practice, the nature of scientific evidence and the vast areas of clinical uncertainty that remain the target for research over the coming decades.
Neuroblastoma
Authors: Variend Sadick , Burchill Susan A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Neuroblastoma is the third most common solid malignant tumour of infancy and childhood, being surpassed only by neoplasms of the lymphoid tissue and cerebral tumours (1, 2). Its incidence is about 1 per 10,000 live births in the United States (3), and constitutes some 8-10% of all cancers seen in children up to the age of 15 years. It is rarely reported in Africa. Ninety per cent of neuroblastomas occur in children less than 10 years old, usually between birth and 5 years (4). The median age at diagnosis is 22 months. The tumour is slightly more common in white children than black children, and shows a higher incidence in boys than girls (5).
Primitive neuroectodermal tumours
Authors: Cullinane Catherine J , Burchill Susan A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ESFT, including ES and pPNET are aggressive malignant tumours of children and young adults, which may arise in bone or soft tissues (4). ES is predominantly of skeletal origin, and pPNET usually presents in soft tissues. In recent years it has become apparent that they share not only similar morphological and biological features but also specific chromosomal rearrangements between the EWS gene on chromosome 22 and various members of the ETS gene family (1, 4, 5). These common, non-random gene rearrangements provide strong evidence for the common histogenesis of these tumours, and provide a valuable tool for their differential diagnosis from other small round cell tumours.
Germ cell tumours
Authors: Gray Elizabeth S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Germ cell tumours (GCT) are a heterogeneous group of tumours presenting in all age groups including neonates; occurring in a wide range of sites; behaving as entirely benign through to highly malignant; having a variable and intriguing histology; and probably developing from at least two pathogenetic pathways and cell lines. What unites them as an entity is their typical and shared range of histological features and, when present, their shared serological markers. They are also very responsive to the platinum-based group of chemotherapeutic agents. However there is increasing evidence that GCT in infancy and childhood are different in their clinical behaviour, cell of origin, and cytogenetic profile from similar tumours in adolescents and adults.
Soft connective tissues—normal structure, function, and physiology
Authors: Benjamin Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term ‘soft connective tissue’ is used here to include all connective tissues (CTs) except cartilage and bone. It is also called ‘connective tissue proper’ or ‘ordinary connective tissue’ and its subtypes are listed in Table 1. The purpose of this chapter is to introduce the reader to these tissues in a rheumatological and sports-related context.
Soft Tissue Disorders in the Occupational Setting
Authors: Helliwell Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Soft tissue musculoskeletal disorders are common in the community. For example, the point and annual prevalences of low back pain are roughly 20 and 40 per cent, respectively,(1) and the annual prevalences of pain in the shoulder, elbow, and wrist are 40, 12, and 23 per cent, respectively.(2) Even symptoms of such specific conditions as carpal tunnel syndrome are highly prevalent.(3) Since we spend a large part of our waking life at work, it is not surprising that many people attribute these symptoms to their work. The estimated prevalence of self-reported work-related illness, of which back and upper limb pain are by far the most common categories, in Great Britain in 1995 was 2 million people.(4) In the United States, work-related musculoskeletal disorders account for one-third of all occupational injuries reported by employers annually.(5) Low back pain is associated with large personal, social, and economic costs in all industrialized countries.
Work-Related Upper Limb Pain
Authors: O’Gradaigh Donncha , Hazleman Brian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Work-related musculoskeletal disorders comprise a heterogeneous group of conditions whose natural history is for the most part poorly understood. A variety of terms have been used in different ways. For some, ‘work-related upper limb disorders’, ‘cumulative trauma disorders’, and ‘repetitive strain disorders’ are synonymous and describe a range of conditions—some well defined, others less so—arising or appearing to arise from frequent overuse at work. For others, repetitive strain injury (RSI) refers to a particular diagnosis made by exclusion: chronic upper limb pain ascribed to overuse at work for which no clinical diagnosis can be made. The apparently simple question, ‘which musculoskeletal problems are work-related’, has proved difficult to answer. Study data are weakened by cross-sectional designs and by selection bias.
Complex Regional Pain Syndromes in The Rheumatology Clinic
Authors: Marshall Tarnya , Crisp Adrian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The differential diagnosis of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) type I is wide and includes almost any other cause of regional pain (Table 1). There may be a history of trauma, including surgery, preceding the onset of symptoms, and other causes of localized pain include fracture and ligamentous injury. In view of this, fracture should be considered as a differential diagnosis. However, the two may coexist, usually with CRPS type I developing as a complication of fracture but, if a fracture is present, this must be diagnosed so that correct management may be instituted. As CRPS type I often involves a joint, the diagnosis of septic arthritis and other causes of a monoarthritis should be considered. Vascular disease may also present as regional pain associated with colour change and, as a consequence, some patients with CRPS type I present initially to vascular surgeons.
Substance misuse
Authors: Ball David , Collier David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At present the genetic and environmental dissection of alcohol dependence is more advanced than that of drug dependence, and this probably results from several factors. For example, the use of alcohol is sanctioned in most societies and generally the high rate of misuse changes slowly over long periods of time. As a result there is a relatively high prevalence of alcohol dependence, with many of those affected seeking treatment, and it is possible to recruit families and individuals for genetic studies. In contrast the legal status and occasionally faddish use of illicit drugs affect presentation, recruitment and the cooperation of family members. There has been an acceleration of interest recently in the genetics of misuse of substances other than alcohol, following clear demonstrations of genetic influences from family and twin studies and promising beginnings in molecular genetic research.
The history of lacunes
Authors: Hauw J -J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The concepts of ‘lacune’ and ‘état criblé’ have been debated at length. This fact reflects the difficulties in classifying the acquired small, deep cavities of the human brain and understanding their genesis. It is not my purpose, here, to review every citation of these terms. Such reviews were performed by Poirier and Derouesné (1985) and Besson et al. (1992). I will discuss the four critical periods in the development of our present concept of the causes and mechanisms of these lesions, and their authors. The early relevant descriptions of ‘lacune’, ‘état criblé’ and a companion lesion, ‘atrophie interstitielle du cerveau’, relied on macroscopic examination of the brain.
Classification of subcortical infarcts
Authors: Donnan G A , Norrving B , Bamford J M , Bogousslavsky J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Controversy has surrounded the categorization of infarcts in the subcortex for many years and, in particular, the relevance of the concept of lacunar infarction. If anything, the introduction of sophisticated imaging techniques such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has intensified the debate because the original classification was essentially a clinical one based on limited clinico- pathological correlations; latterly, the more recent and frequent clinico-radiological correlations have exposed the frailty of this classification. Specifically, it has been shown that a number of different pathologies may express identical clinical syndromes, the best example of which is the myriad of reported pathologies causing pure motor hemiplegia. The burgeoning number of publications in this area suggests that there is a real need to develop a structure for their classification and terminology. This may enable patients with common clinical, radiological, and perhaps pathological features to be grouped more precisely to allow the study of pathogenesis, prognosis, and, hopefully, treatment. The genesis of the proposed classification came from a meeting on ‘Lacunar and Other Subcortical Infarctions’ held in Lausanne, Switzerland in 1992. The major participants are shown in Fig. 3.1.
Leukoaraiosis
Authors: Ward N S , Brown M M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Leukoaraiosis is a term coined by Hachinski et al. (1987) from the Greek roots ‘leuko’ (white) and ‘araiosis’ (rarefied) to describe the radiological appearances of patchy or diffuse abnormalities in the deep white matter, which appear as low attenuation on computed tomography (CT) or high intensity signals on T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences. The abnormalities are seen characteristically in the periventricular regions, especially around the horns of the lateral ventricles, and in the centrum semiovale.