bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Organization of histaminergic fibers in the rat brain
Authors: Inagaki Naoyuki , Yamatodani Atsushi , Ando‐Yamamoto Maya , Tohyama Masaya , Watanabe Takehiko , Wada Hiroshi 
Published: May 2005

AbstractDetailed information on innervation of the histaminergic system in the brain is essential to an understanding of the physiological roles of this system. In a previous immunocytochemical study with antihistidine decarboxylase (HDC) antibody, we detected extensive networks of histaminergic fibers in many areas of the rat brain (Watanabe et al., ′84).In the present study, we improved the immunocytochemical procedure and examined the detailed distribution of histaminergic innervation in the rat brain with anti‐HDC antibody. As reported previously, the highest concentrations of fibers were found in the hypothalamic nuclei and medial forebrain bundle. With the modified procedure, we detected more dense networks of HDC‐immunoreactive (HDCI) fibers. Furthermore, we demonstrated for the first time the existence of HDCI fibers in other regions, namely, the thalamic nuclei, median eminence, fimbria of the hippocampus, habenular nuclei, superior colliculus, nucleus of the optic tract, parabrachial nuclei, mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus, superior, lateral, and spinal vestibular nuclei, posterior lobe of the hypophysis, and vascular organ of the lamina terminalis. We also found dense transverse fibers in the retrochiasmatic area and supraoptic decussation, which suggests bilateral innervation of the histaminergic system. These results indicate that innervation of the rat brain by the histaminergic system is more extensive than observed previously.
Identities, antigenic determinants, and topographic distributions of neurofilament proteins in the nervous systems of adult frogs and tadpoles of Xenopus laevis
Authors: Szaro Ben G. , Gainer Harold 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThree proteins with nominal molecular weights of 73 kDa (XNF‐L), 175 kDa (XNF‐M), and 205 kDa (XNF‐H) were identified as putative neurofilament proteins in the nervous system of the frog, Xenopus laevis. These conclusions were based on four criteria: (1) these proteins were enriched in cytoskeletal preparations; (2) they reacted with a monoclonal antibody (anti‐IFA) that cross‐reacts with an epitope found in all intermediate filament proteins; (3) they cross‐reacted with monoclonal antibodies directed against specific mammalian neurofilaments; and (4) antibodies that reacted with these proteins on Western blots specifically stained neurons in immunohistochemical analyses. The neurofilament proteins in Xenopus were antigenically similar, but not identical to mammalian neurofilament proteins. The principal difference was that four antibodies that reacted on Western blots with rat NF‐H reacted with XNF‐M in Xenopus. However, similarly to mammals, antibodies against phosphorylated XNF‐M specifically labeled axons, whereas an antibody that reacted only with dephosphorylated epitopes on XNF‐M specifically labeled neuronal cell bodies in immunohistochemistry. Three other antibodies that reacted equally well with untreated or alkaline‐phosphatase‐treated XNF‐M or XNF‐H proteins also showed axonally restricted staining in the adult Xenopus nervous system. An XNFL (XC5D10) antibody was produced which stained axons and cell bodies equivalently throughout the adult Xenopus nervous system. By 3 days of development (stage 42; Xenopus tadpoles), antibodies to all three molecular weight forms of the frog neurofilament proteins detected specific neurons in the brainstem and spinal cord; and antibodies to phosphorylated and dephosphorylated epitopes on XNF‐M could discriminate between axons and cell bodies in the rhombencephalon. The immunoreactivities of four antibodies directed at XNF‐L, ‐M, or ‐H, which were unaffected by alkaline phosphatase treatment, differed significantly in their immunohistochemical staining patterns in adult vs. premetamorphic frogs.
The accessory optic system of the wallaby, Setonix brachyurus: Anatomy in normal animals and after early unilateral eye removal
Authors: Coleman L.‐A. , Beazley L. D. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractWe have traced primary visual projections to nuclei of the accessory optic system in the mature wallaby, Setonix brachyurus, the „quokka,”︁ following unilateral intraocular injections of horseradish peroxidase. The organization of pathways and nuclei is similar to that of other marsupials and to that of eutherian mammals. The dorsal, lateral and medial terminal nuclei receive bilateral input, though nuclei ipsilateral to the injected eye are weakly labelled in comparison with their contralateral counterparts.We also report on the accessory optic system in animals which were unilaterally enucleated neonatally or at postnatal day 35. At maturity in enucleated animals, ipsilateral projections to all nuclei of the accessory optic system are more densely labelled than normal. This exuberance is more pronounced in neonatally enucleated animals than in those enucleated at the later stage.
Anuran accessory optic system: Evidence for a dual organization
Authors: Fite Katherine V. , Bengston Lynn C. , Montgomery Neil M. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe accessory optic system of Rana pipiens consists of lateral and medial fascicles of the basal optic root (BORl, BORm) and a single terminal nucleus, nBOR. The present study provides new evidence that these two fascicles differ not only in their trajectories but in fiber spectra and innervation patterns as well. BORl contains a substantially higher percentage of large, myelinated axons than does BORm, and the mean diameter of axons in BORl is greater than that of BORm. BORl innervates the entire terminal field of nBOR. The ventrolateral portion of nBOR is uniquely innervated by BORl and contains several types of neurons not found in the central and medial regions of nBOR which are innervated by both fascicles.Cytoarchitectural analysis of nBOR with Golgi techniques has revealed a number of similarities between the anuran nBOR and the mammalian medial terminal nucleus (MTN) with regard to cellular morphology, dendritic geometry, and retinofugal arborization patterns. In frog, nBOR appears comparable to the ventral subdivision of the mammalian MTN, while the peri‐nBOR region, which contains neurons postsynaptic to nBOR, may represent a more primordial version of the mammalian dorsal MTN.
Development of parasagittal zonation in the rat cerebellar cortex: MabQ113 antigenic bands are created postnatally by the suppression of antigen expression in a subset of Purkinje cells
Authors: Leclerc Nicole , Gravel Claude , Hawkes Richard 
Published: May 2005

AbstractMonoclonal antibody mabQ113 recognizes a polypeptide antigen that, in the adult cerebellum, is confined to a subset of Purkinje cells that are clustered together to form parasagittal bands interposed by similar nonimmunoreactive bands. The Purkinje cell compartments are congruent with bands of climbing fibers projecting from subregions of the inferior olivary complex (ICC). The array of mabQ113 parasagittal bands appears late in the development of the cortex. Weak mabQ113 immunoreactivity is first seen at postnatal day 6 (P6) in the Purkinje cells of the posterior lobe of the vermis. From the earliest stages there are signs of differential expression of the mabQ113 antigen in clusters of Purkinje cells: four mabQ113+ clusters are clearly present in the posterior lobe of the vermis at P6‐P7. Their relation to the adult band display remains uncertain. During the next few days immunoreactivity spreads rostrally throughout the rest of the vermis and laterally to include the Purkinje cells in the hemispheres, until by P12 all the Purkinje cells in the cerebellum are mabQ113+. Nevertheless, signs of the adult band display are seen already in the vermis where the cells destined to become the vermal mabQ113+ bands (P1+, P2+ and P3+) stain more intensely than their neighbours. Following the stage of global mabQ113 epitope expression, bands are created by the selective suppression of immunoreactivity by Purkinje cells in the P— regions. By P15 the mabQ113+ and mabQ113— bands are clearly differentiated in the vermis and selective staining has begun to appear in the hemispheres also. The band pattern matures gradually during the third and fourth postnatal weeks until the adult appearance is attained by P30. The cerebellar afferent projections were lesioned to explore the interplay of cerebellar input and mabQ113 expression. The olivocerebellar projection was lesioned bilaterally by using 3‐acetylpyridine in the adult and unilaterally in the newborn by electrolytic lesion and unilateral inferior cerebellar pedunculectomy. Mossy fibers from the dorsal and ventral spinocerebellar tracts were lesioned surgically both in adults and in newborns and trigeminal projections to the cerebellum were removed in the newborn by unilateral ablation of the spinal trigeminal nucleus. The consequences of total blockage of vibrissal and hindlimb inputs were also explored in both adults and neonates. None of these treatments led to a modification in the pattern of mabQ113 epitope expression. Therefore, although parasagittal zonation is present in the afferent projection before synaptic contact is made with the Purkinje cells, it appears that the mabQ113+/mabQ113– bands can develop independently of afferent synaptic input.
Generation patterns of four groups of cholinergic neurons in rat cervical spinal cord: A combined tritiated thymidine autoradiographic and choline acetyltransferase immunocytochemical study
Authors: Phelps Patricia E. , Barber Robert P. , Vaughn James E. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThis report examines the generation of cholinergic neurons in the spinal cord in order to determine whether the transmitter phenotype of neurons is associated with specific patterns of neurogenesis. Previous immunocytochemical studies identified four groups of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)‐positive neurons in the cervical enlargement of the rat spinal cord. These cell groups vary in both somatic size and location along the previously described ventrodorsal neurogenic gradient of the spinal cord. Thus, large (and small) motoneurons are located in the ventral horn, medium‐sized partition cells are found in the intermediate gray matter, small central canal cluster cells are situated within lamina X, and small dorsal horn neurons are scattered predominantly through laminae III‐V. The relationships among the birthdays of these four subsets of cholinergic neurons have been examined by combining 3H‐thymidine autoradiography and ChAT immunocytochemistry.Embryonic day 11 was the earliest time that neurons were generated within the cervical enlargement. Large and small ChAT‐positive motoneurons were produced on E11 and 12, with 70% of both groups being born on E11. ChAT‐positive partition cells were produced between E11 and 13, with their peak generation occurring on E12. Approximately 70% of the cholinergic central canal cluster and dorsal horn cells were born on E13, and the remainder of each of these groups was generated on E14.Other investigators have shown that all neurons within the rat cervical spinal cord are produced in a ventrodorsal sequence between E11 and E16. In contrast, ChAT‐positive neurons are born only from E11 to E14 and are among the earliest cells generated in the ventral, intermediate, and dorsal subdivisions of the spinal cord. However, all cholinergic neurons are not generated simultaneously; rather their birthdays are correlated with their positions along the ventrodorsal gradient of neurogenesis. The fact that large motoneurons and medium‐sized partition cells are born before small central canal cluster and dorsal horn cells would appear to support the generalization that large neurons are generated before small ones. However, the location of spinal cholinergic neurons within the neurogenic gradient seems to be more importantly associated with the time of cell generation than somal size. For example, when large and small motoneurons located at the same dorsoventral spinal level are compared, both sizes of cells are generated at the same time and in similar proportions. In summary, the present results suggest that information associated with a cell's position within the neurogenic gradient is a more potent determinant of neuronal birthdays than somal size or transmitter phenotype.
Monoclonal antibodies to the molluscan small cardioactive peptide SCPB: Immunolabeling of neurons in diverse invertebrates
Authors: Masinovsky Boris , Kempf Stephen C. , Callaway Joseph C. , Willows A. O. Dennis 
Published: May 2005

AbstractWe reported a development of murine monoclonal antibodies to a molluscan small cardioactive peptide (SCPB) and their application to immunolabeling of neurons in several molluscan and arthropod species. In vitro stimulations of mouse lymphocytes with SCPB conjugated to a carrier protein yielded exclusively IgM class antibodies; in vivo stimulation resulted in generation of both IgM and IgG classes of antibodies. Monoclonal antibodies of the IgM class labeled identified SCP‐containing neuron B11 in the frozen sections of the buccal ganglia of Tritonia diomedia. These antibodies failed to stain any neurons in whole mount preparations. A monoclonal antibody of IgG1 subclass selectively labeled neurons in both frozen sections and whole mount preparations of diverse invertebrate species. Thus, neurons B11, B12, and GE1 and several other neurons of the buccal and gastroesophageal ganglia of T. diomedia bound the antibody, and a similar pattern of immunolabeling was found in the closely related gastropod Tritonia festiva. We also observed SCPB‐like immunoreactivity in the central neurons of other nudibranch and pulmonate molluscs and in examples of insect (Acheta domesticus and Thermobia domestica) and crustacean (Semibalanus cariosus) classes of the Arthropoda. Our results suggest a specific pattern of distribution of SCPB‐like immunoreactivity in the gastropod nervous system and a broad occurrence of SCPB‐like antigenicity in the diverse invertebrates.
Demonstration of initial axon collaterals of cells of origin of the ventral spinocerebellar tract in the cat
Authors: Bras H. , Cavallari P. , Jankowska E. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractNeurones of origin of the ventral spinocerebellar tract were stained with intracellularly applied horseradish peroxidase to investigate whether they give off any initial axon collaterals. The neurones were located in the fourth and fifth lumbar segments and were identified by their antidromic activation following stimulation in the contralateral superior cerebellar peduncle. Nine of the 23 neurones with well‐stained axons were found to give off axon collaterals soon after the axons crossed the midline. The collaterals entered the contralateral ventral horn and branched within lamina VII and the dorsal part of lamina VIII. Collaterals were found arising only from neurones located in the middle of lamina VII and from axons which took a mediorostral direction. In all of these neurones excitatory postsynaptic potentials were evoked from group Ia afferents of at least some nerves, in addition to such potentials from Ib or unidentified group I afferents, and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials were evoked from group I and II afferents. The area of terminal branching of the collaterals suggests that they may supply contralateral ventral spinocerebellar neurones with information from muscles and/or mediate crossed reflexes from group I afferents.
Distribution of glycine receptor immunoreactivity in the spinal cord of the rat: Cytochemical evidence for a differential glycinergic control of lamina I and V nociceptive neurons
Authors: Basbaum Allan I. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractIn this study we characterized the distribution of glycine receptor immunoreactivity in the spinal cord of the rat by using monoclonal antisera directed against the purified glycine receptor. There was dense, punctate glycine receptor immunoreactive staining in all regions of the gray matter ventral to the substantia gelatinosa. The densest staining was found in laminae III and IV of the dorsal horn. There were also distinct, tributarylike bands of punctate staining that extended well into the white matter of the lateral and ventral funiculi. The only consistent cell body staining was found in small neurons of the ventral horn. The labelled neurons were distributed among larger, unlabelled motoneurons.In general, the pattern of glycine receptor immunoreactivity was similar at all levels of the spinal cord and was comparable to that seen with binding of a tritiated glycine receptor antagonist, strychnine, to sections of rat spinal cord (Zarbin et al.: J. Neurosci. 1:532–547, '81). Two important exceptions, however, were observed. In contrast to the high levels of strychnine binding reported in the substantia gelatinosa, we found almost no glycine receptor immunoreactivity in laminae I and II of the superficial dorsal horn of the spinal cord or of the trigeminal nucleus caudalis. There was also a notable absence of antibody staining in the intermediolateral cell column of the thoracic cord.The presence of dense glycine receptor immunoreactivity in the region of lamina V and its absence in the superficial dorsal horn are discussed in terms of a possible differential glycinergic control of nociceptive neurons of laminae I and V.
Neurocytology of the cerebral ganglion of Fasciola hepatica (Platyhelminthes)
Authors: Sukhdeo Suzanne C. , Sukhdeo Michael V. K. , Mettrick David F. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractAn ultrastructural study of the organization and fine structure of the nervous system of the parasitic flatworm Fasciola hepatica was undertaken. The brain consists of paired cerebral ganglia, located just posterior to the oral sucker, that are connected by a transverse commissure which crosses over the dorsal surface of the pharynx. The cell bodies of the cerebral ganglia are not organized into a clearly defined rind around the neuropile but are loosely scattered around and within the neuropile area. The neuropile consists of two morphologically distinct types of unmyelinated nerve processes. The small nerve processes, with smooth cell membranes, are less than 2 μ in diameter, whereas the “giant” processes are greater than 12 μ in diameter and have extensively invaginated cell membranes. Giant processes make up the bulk of the nerve fibers in the transverse commissure and longitudinal nerve cords. Four morphological types of vesicles are present in the small processes; small clear vesicles (which were found associated with synapses), spheroidal and ellipsoidal dense vesicles, and dense‐core vesicles. Two types of synapses are found in the neuropile: simple synapses characterized by pre‐ and postsynaptic membrane densities, clusters of small clear vesicles, and a clear synaptic cleft; and wedge‐shaped synapses or divergent diads each having one presynaptic process synapsing onto two postsynaptic processes. Synaptic contacts were observed only between small processes; no synapses were observed on the cell bodies or on giant processes.
Three‐dimensional counting: An accurate and direct method to estimate numbers of cells in sectioned material
Authors: Williams Robert W. , Rakic Pasko 
Published: May 2005

AbstractWe introduce a way to count and measure cells in an optically defined volume of tissue called a counting box. This method—direct three‐dimensional counting (3DC)—eliminates the need for correction factors, such as that introduced by Abercrombie (Anat. Rec. 94:239–247, '46), to determine the number of cells per unit volume (Nv). Problems caused by irregular cell shape and cell size, nonrandom orientation, and splitting of cells by the knife during sectioning are overcome. Furthermore, 3DC is insensitive to large variations in section thickness.The innovative feature of 3DC is the definition of a counting box with top and bottom sides located inside the section a precise distance away from the cut surfaces of the tissue. The positions of the top and bottom sides of the counting box are delimited by using a digital length gauge and a Z‐axis control unit.Sections of tissue between 8 and 100 μ thick are examined with a high numerical aperture objective in combination with video‐enhanced differential interference contrast optics (DIC). Cells are marked on a television screen while the microscopist scans systematically from the top to the bottom of the counting box. Cells that are located completely inside the box and cells that only cross through its top, right, or back sides are counted. All cells that cross the planes that define the bottom, left, and front sides of the counting box are not counted.Direct 3DC provides an accurate, simple, and reliable way to count cells, nuclei, nucleoli, or other objects in sectioned material. To build the counting system requires a standard transmitted light microscope equipped with DIC optics, a video camera, a position sensor, and a Z‐axis control unit.
A Golgi analysis of the gustatory zone of the nucleus of the solitary tract in the adult hamster
Authors: Davis Barry J. , Jang Taichang 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe somal shapes, dendritic features, and orientations of the neurons within the gustatory zone of the nucleus of the solitary tract were studied with the rapid Golgi method in the adult hamster. These Golgi studies complement previous quantitative morphometric analyses of the distributions of large and small neurons within the gustatory zone. Class 1 neurons are usually fusiform and possess long, relatively unbranched dendrites that often extend beyond the cytoarchitectonic boundaries of the gustatory zone. Class II neurons are multipolar and possess more dendrites that are significantly shorter than those of class I neurons. Both classes of neurons are spine poor. Computer‐generated three‐dimensional rotational analyses demonstrate that the dendritic arborizations of neurons of the gustatory zone are oriented preferentially in the horizontal plane. Dendrites extend in parallel or perpendicular to the solitary tract, the source of peripheral gustatory inputs, and appear to be positioned spatially to maximize synaptic interactions with these peripheral fibers. These Golgi studies also suggest that individual gustatory neurons may be influenced by incoming gustatory fibers that innervate separate populations of taste buds, a finding that is not predictable from the topographical organization of the gustatory zone.
Numbers of synapses in laminae I–IV of the rat dorsal horn
Authors: McNeill D. L. , Chung K. , Hulsebosch C. E. , Bolender R. P. , Coggeshall R. E. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe present study determines numerical densities (NVsyn) and total numbers of synaptic discs in laminae I‐IV of the rat S2 dorsal horn. Previous methods for NVsyn have the advantage of being relatively simple, but these assume that the discs are round, flat, and of uniform size. In our material, serial reconstructions indicate that these assumptions are not met. Accordingly we use a stereological method that is not as dependent on these assumptions. This method is to divide the surface density of the discs by the mean surface area of a disc (NVsyn = SVsyn/Ssyn). We refer to this as a reconstruction method because synaptic discs are reconstructed from serial sections. We also calculate numerical densities by several previously used standard methods, and the findings are similar but not identical. We find that numerical density and total synaptic numbers are smallest in lamina I, and densities and total numbers are not significantly different when lamina II is compared to laminae III and IV. Thus the intense labeling of terminals with certain compounds that characterize lamina I and II does not imply an increase in total synaptic numbers or in synaptic density. In addition there is a general increase in synaptic densities and numbers as one proceeds from lamina I to lamina IV. Another point is that the numerical density of synapses in the dorsal horn is approximately that of the cerebral cortex. These data will serve as a basis from which to judge the effects of denervations and other manipulations that purportedly change synaptic numbers.