bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
60‐minute application of S‐Caine Peel prior to 1,064 nm long‐pulsed Nd:YAG laser treatment of leg veins
Authors: Jih Ming H. , Friedman Paul M. , Sadick Neil , Marquez Denise K. , Kimyai‐Asadi Arash , Goldberg Leonard H. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesAdvancements in laser treatment of leg veins necessitate concurrent investigations in topical anesthesia to minimize treatment‐related pain. To evaluate the efficacy of the S‐Caine Peel for providing topical anesthesia after a 60‐minute application.Study Design/Patients and MethodsA randomized, double‐blinded, placebo‐controlled trial was performed in two centers. Sixty patients received S‐Caine Peel and placebo vehicle on different treatment sites for 60 minutes prior to laser treatment of leg veins using a 1,064 nm long‐pulsed Nd:YAG laser. Patients rated their level of pain using a visual analog scale. Adequacy of anesthesia and expressed pain at each site were rated by the investigator.ResultsThe mean visual analog scale (VAS) was 27 mm for active sites compared to 43 mm for placebo (P < 0.001). Improved pain relief was noted for 67% of active versus 30% of placebo sites (P < 0.001). Anesthesia was judged adequate by the investigator for 55% of active compared with 12% of placebo sites (P < 0.001).ConclusionsThe S‐Caine Peel is safe and effective when applied for 60 minutes prior to laser therapy of leg veins. Lasers Surg. Med. 34:446–450, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A useful algorithm for determining fluence and pulse width for vascular targets using 1,064 nm Nd:YAG laser in an animal model
Authors: Ozturk Serdar , Hoopman John , Brown Spencer A. , Nojima Kimihiro , Saboorian Hossein , Acikel Cengiz , Kenkel Jeffrey 
Published: June 2004

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesMany current parameters to ablate vascular beds using 1,064 nm lasers are based on high‐energy settings and often fail to consider vessel diameter and/or pulse width. This study attempts to define the minimal effective dosage (MED) of energy and pulse width for specific vessel diameters in an animal model.Study Design/Materials and Methods1,064 nm Nd: YAG was used in 15 Sprague–Dawley rats. Bilateral extended dorsolateral skin flaps were elevated and vessel diameters from 0.1 to 1 mm were identified. Pulse widths (PW) in a range of 15–60 milliseconds and fluences between 70–110 J/cm2 with contact cooling at 5°C (Celsius) were utilized. Results were determined clinically and histologically.ResultsIdeal pulse width and MED for each vessel diameter were determined using a 6 mm spot size. Histology showed early hemostasis and subsequent thrombosis, which are consistent with clinical findings.ConclusionsThis model allows in vivo monitoring of vessel ablation.Optimal pulse width and MED levels versus vessel diameter determined in this animal model provide a useful algorithm that may allow for more effective treatment of vascular targets utilizing the 1,064 nm Nd:YAG laser. Lasers Surg. Med. 34:420–425, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of the use of low level laser and photosensitizer drugs in healing
Authors: Silva Janine Cuzzolin E. , Lacava Zulmira Guerrero Marques , Kuckelhaus Selma , Silva Luciano Paulino , Neto Luis Ferreira Monteiro , Sauro Evandro Emanoel , Tedesco Antonio Cláudio 
Published: June 2004

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesIn the last decade, many different kinds of therapies have emerged as a consequence of advances in the field of applied technology. It is known that low level laser therapy contributes to tissue healing; however, the use of photodynamic therapy (PDT) in healing and the scar formation processes has not been fully explored. The present study analyses the effect of low level laser InGaAIP (685 nm), radiation, either alone or combined with a phthalocyanine‐derived photosensitizer (PS) in a gel base delivery (GB) system, on the healing process of cutaneous wounds in rats.Study Design/Materials and MethodsThe rats were divided into six groups: control (untreated) (CG), gel base (GB), photosensitizer (PS), laser (LG), laser+photosensitizer (LPS), and laser+photosensitizer in a GB (LPSG). Standardized circular wounds were made on the dorsum of each rat with a skin punch biopsy instrument. After wounding, treatment was performed once daily and the animals were killed at day 8. Tissue specimens containing the whole wound area were removed and processed for histological analysis using conventional techniques. Serial cross‐sections were analyzed to evaluate the organization of the dermis and epidermis as well as collagen deposition.ResultsThe animals of groups LG, PS, LPS, and LPSG presented higher collagen content and enhanced re‐epithelialization as compared to CG (control) and GB rats. Connective tissue remodeling was more evident in groups LPS and LPSG.ConclusionsThe results clearly indicated a synergetic effect of light+photosensitizer+delivery drug on tissue healing. PDT did not cause any healing inhibition or tissue damage during the healing process. Lasers Surg. Med. 34:451–457, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparative study of the dentin/adhesive systems interface after treatment with Er:YAG laser and acid etching using scanning electron microscope
Authors: Sassi Juliano F. , Chimello Daniela T. , Borsatto Maria C. , Corona Silmara A.M. , Pecora Jesus D. , Palma‐Dibb Regina Guenka 
Published: June 2004

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesTo assess dentin/adhesive systems interface after dentin conditioning with Er:YAG laser.Study Design/Materials and MethodsTwenty‐four dentin half‐disks were assigned to 3 groups: All Bond 2 (AB); Optibond Solo Plus (OP); and Clearfil Liner Bond 2V (CL), which were divided into three sub‐groups, according to dentin surface treatment: Er:YAG laser; Er:YAG laser plus acid; acid solely. After the adhesive protocol, specimens were embedded in resin, sectioned, and prepared for SEM analysis. Each area was examined under 1,500× magnification to assess the hybrid layer.ResultsAcid conditioning provided to AB and OP thick and homogeneous hybrid layer, as well as conical and uniform tags. The same pattern was observed for CL. In general, dentin treatment with laser, even when associated to acid, promoted irregular and thin hybrid layer, as well as scarce and thin tags.ConclusionsEr:YAG laser influenced the adhesive systems interface, hampering hybrid layer formation. Lasers Surg. Med. 34:385–390, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Microdensitometry of T2‐weighted magnetic resonance (MR) images from patients with advanced neoplasias in a phase I clinical trial of an infrared pulsed laser device (IPLD)
Authors: Santana‐Blank Luis A. , Reyes Heberto , Rodríguez‐Santana Elizabeth , Santana‐Rodríguez Karin E. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractBackground and ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to determine whether an infrared pulsed laser device (IPLD)‐induced pathophysiologic changes could be identified before measurable modifications in tumor volume.Study Design/Patients and MethodsPre‐and post‐IPLD treatment magnetic resonance (MR) images of tumor heterogeneities and peritumoral tissues were digitized and a linear transformation was performed to convert images to 256 intensity levels. Data were analyzed by using the Student's t‐test and the Kolmogorov–Sminov test (α = 0.05).ResultsThe post‐treatment mean intensity values of tumor heterogeneities increased significantly (P<0.001) for all of the seven patients (n = 7) evaluated. For peritumoral tissues, a significant increase (P<0.001) was measured in four patients (n = 4). The Kolmogorov–Sminov test showed significant values for the tumor tissue of six (n = 6) patients.ConclusionThis is the first study of early evidence of anti‐cancer activity of a novel IPLD showing a significant increase in the water content of tumor heterogeneities before measurable changes in tumor volume. Lasers Surg. Med. 34:398–406, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Formation of Inorganic/Organic Nanocomposites by Nitroxide‐Mediated Polymerization in Bulk Using a Bimolecular System
Authors: Parvole Julien , Montfort Jean‐Pierre , Billon Laurent 
Published: June 2004

AbstractSummary: A series of organic‐inorganic nanoparticles were synthesized by nitroxide‐mediated polymerization (NMP) of butyl acrylate initiated by a self‐assembled monolayer of an azo initiator. The azo initiator was immobilized on silica particles in the presence of a stable nitroxide radical, SG1 (an acyclic β‐phosphonylated nitroxide, N‐tert‐butyl‐N‐(1‐diethylphosphono‐2,2‐dimethyl)propyl nitroxide). After preliminary qualitative characterization by X‐ray spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) measurements, the nanoparticles were studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to determine the polymer grafting density and to permit a comparison with corresponding values of the initiator monolayer.It was demonstrated that the grafting from polymerization exhibits a controlled character with a low polydispersity ($\overline M _{\rm w} /\overline M _{\rm n}$ < 1.2) in a large range of molecular weights of the grafted chains (from 4 000 up to 145 000 g · mol−1) under the conditions when the stable radical SG1, acting as chain growth moderator tethered to the inorganic core, was used.
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Two‐Dimensional ATR FT‐IR Spectroscopic Study on Glycol Diffusion in a Cured Epoxy Membrane
Authors: Li Weizhen , Wu Peiyi 
Published: June 2004

AbstractSummary: A novel experimental approach, that is, two‐dimensional (2D) correlation analysis based on time‐resolved attenuated total reflection (ATR) FT‐IR spectroscopy, has been used to study the diffusion behavior of ethylene glycol molecules into EP and EPB (novolac epoxy resins cured with novolac resin or novolac butyrate resin, respectively). The diffusion behavior of ethylene glycol into these systems is discussed and compared with that of water. Ethylene glycol absorbed in EP can be classified into two types (free and bound types), while in EPB a third type (referred to as “specific” type) is also observed, which differs from water sorption behavior. In particular, it is interesting to find that the hydrogen bonding of specific ethylene glycol involves two hydroxyl groups rather than one hydroxyl group and polar group in epoxy networks (carbonyl group), a similar example of which has not been previously observed. In addition, in both EP and EPB, bound ethylene glycol molecules diffuse faster than any other types.Asynchronous 2D correlation spectra of ethylene glycol in the two resins studied here. Positive peaks are unshaded, whereas negative peaks are shaded.magnified imageAsynchronous 2D correlation spectra of ethylene glycol in the two resins studied here. Positive peaks are unshaded, whereas negative peaks are shaded.
Selective Dimerization of γ‐Branched α‐Olefins in the Presence of C2v Group‐4 Metallocene‐Based Catalysts
Authors: Boccia Antonella C. , Costabile Chiara , Pragliola Stefania , Longo Pasquale 
Published: June 2004

AbstractSummary: The oligomerization of γ‐branched α‐olefins in the presence of catalytic systems based on group‐4 metallocenes with C2v symmetry has been investigated. The highest reactivity was obtained by using dimethylsilyl‐bis(cyclopentadienyl)zirconium‐dichloride activated by methylaluminoxane. Highly regioregular dimers were selectively obtained for hindered γ‐branched monomers, while the less hindered ones produced higher molecular weight oligomers. A molecular modeling approach was used to rationalize the experimental results. In fact, a decrease in the β‐hydrogen elimination barrier and an increase in the insertion barrier with the monomer bulkiness were calculated.General structure of the obtained dimers.magnified imageGeneral structure of the obtained dimers.
Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization with Polypeptide Initiators: A General Approach to Block Copolymers of Sequence‐Defined Polypeptides and Synthetic Polymers
Authors: Rettig Hartmut , Krause Eberhard , Börner Hans G. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractSummary: A novel two‐step polymerization strategy allowing the integration of sequence‐defined oligopeptides into synthetic polymers has been demonstrated by the successful synthesis of an oligopeptide‐block‐poly(n‐butyl acrylate) copolymer. The approach utilizes a solid‐phase supported synthesis of an oligopeptide macroinitiator (SPPS) followed by solution‐phase atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) initiated by the oligopeptide macroinitiator. The resulting block copolymer exhibited a low $\overline M _{\rm w} /\overline M _{\rm n}$ (1.19) and a controllable $\overline M _{\rm n}$.Poly(n‐butyl acrylate)‐block‐oligopeptide.imagePoly(n‐butyl acrylate)‐block‐oligopeptide.
Aliphatic Ketones as Photoinitiators for Photografting
Authors: Wang Huiliang , Brown Hugh R. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractSummary: The photografting of methacrylic acid (MAA) onto high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) initiated by butanone, pentan‐3‐one, and heptan‐3‐one is presented. These aliphatic ketones can act as photoinitiators for photografting when they are a component of a suitable solvent mixture with water and ethanol. It is possible that the photoinitiation effect of the aliphatic ketone is induced by the hydrogen bond formed between it and water.The grafting of 2 M MAA in different ketone/water/ethanol (30/30/40) solvents.imageThe grafting of 2 M MAA in different ketone/water/ethanol (30/30/40) solvents.
Shotgun lipidomics: Electrospray ionization mass spectrometric analysis and quantitation of cellular lipidomes directly from crude extracts of biological samples
Authors: Han Xianlin , Gross Richard W. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractLipidomics, after genomics and proteomics, is a newly and rapidly expanding research field that studies cellular lipidomes and the organizational hierarchy of lipid and protein constituents mediating life processes. Lipidomics is greatly facilitated by recent advances in, and novel applications of, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI/MS). In this review, we will focus on the advances in ESI/MS, which have facilitated the development of shotgun lipidomics and the utility of intrasource separation as an enabling strategy for utilization of 2D mass spectrometry in shotgun lipidomics of biological samples. The principles and experimental details of the intrasource separation approach will be extensively discussed. Other ESI/MS approaches towards the quantitative analyses of global cellular lipidomes directly from crude lipid extracts of biological samples will also be reviewed and compared. Multiple examples of lipidomic analyses from crude lipid extracts employing these approaches will be given to show the power of ESI/MS techniques in lipidomics. Currently, modern society is plagued by the sequelae of lipid‐related diseases. It is our hope that the integration of these advances in multiple disciplines will catalyze the development of lipidomics, and such development will lead to improvements in diagnostics and therapeutics, which will ultimately result in the extended longevity and an improved quality of life for humankind. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 24:367–412, 2005
Free microvascular transfer of coccygeofemoral muscle in rabbits
Authors: Karamürsel Sebat , Gündeşli̇oğlu A. Özlem , Öztürk M. Hali̇l , Çelebi̇oğlu Seli̇m 
Published: June 2004

AbstractA new experimental free flap model, the cocygeofemoral muscle flap of the rabbit, is introduced in this study. The coccygeofemoral muscle is a superficially located triangular muscle originating from the sacrum and inserting into the lateral condyle of the tibia, and it abducts the thigh. Anatomical dissection and microangiographic studies revealed that it has a major and a minor pedicle, the former originating from the caudal gluteal artery, and the latter originating from the caudal femoral artery. Its major pedicle contains the 0.7‐mm artery, 1‐mm vein, and the single nerve originating from the inferior gluteal nerve. In flap studies in 10 animals, the distal minor pedicle was ligated, and muscle was dissected up to its major pedicle and denervated, and the free muscle was transferred to the contralateral inguinal region via end‐to‐end anastomosis to the recipient vessels (i.e., the femoral artery and vein). At postoperative day 7, the transferred muscles were harvested and histologically examined. Nine of 10 muscles were viable; the coccygeofemoral muscle free flap is believed to be an easy‐to‐dissect and bulky flap model, having a relatively thick pedicle. It may serve as a good model in free muscle flap studies. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Structure of positive solutions for quasilinear elliptic systems—degenerate ecological models
Authors: Guo Zongming , Yang Huisheng 
Published: June 2004

AbstractWe study the degenerate ecological models

where ${p,q>1, {\Delta_pu}={{\rm div}(\vert Du\vert^{p-2}Du)},{{\Delta_q}v={{\rm div}(\vert Dv\vert^{q-2}Dv)}}}, a,b,c,d,\alpha, \beta$ are positive numbers. The structure of positive solutions of the models is discussed via bifurcation theory and monotone techniques. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An eddy‐current and micromagnetism model with applicationsto disk write heads
Authors: Sun J. , Collino F. , Monk P. B. , Wang L. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractAs data rates increase and the size of the disk write head decreases it is likely that a standard non‐linear eddy‐current simulation of a disk write head will not fully capture dynamic effects. In this paper we propose a coupled eddy‐current and micromagnetics model for the disk write head. We present a simple finite difference formulation derived from a mass‐lumped finite element method. This derivation allows us to verify that, before time discretization, the semi‐discrete scheme obeys the same energy decay equality as the partial differential equation model. We show some numerical results for an ‘academic’ disk writer model. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new unified theory underlying time dependent linear first‐order systems: a prelude to algorithms by design
Authors: Zhou X. , Tamma K. K. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractA new unified theory underlying the theoretical design of linear computational algorithms in the context of time dependent first‐order systems is presented. Providing for the first time new perspectives and fresh ideas, and unlike various formulations existing in the literature, the present unified theory involves the following considerations: (i) it leads to new avenues for designing new computational algorithms to foster the notion of algorithms by design and recovering existing algorithms in the literature, (ii) describes a theory for the evolution of time operators via a unified mathematical framework, and (iii) places into context and explains/contrasts future new developments including existing designs and the various relationships among the different classes of algorithms in the literature such as linear multi‐step methods, sub‐stepping methods, Runge–Kutta type methods, higher‐order time accurate methods, etc. Subsequently, it provides design criteria and guidelines for contrasting and evaluating time dependent computational algorithms. The linear computational algorithms in the context of first‐order systems are classified as distinctly pertaining to Type 1, Type 2, and Type 3 classifications of time discretized operators. Such a distinct classification, provides for the first time, new avenues for designing new computational algorithms not existing in the literature and recovering existing algorithms of arbitrary order of time accuracy including an overall assessment of their stability and other algorithmic attributes. Consequently, it enables the evaluation and provides the relationships of computational algorithms for time dependent problems via a standardized measure based on computational effort and memory usage in terms of the resulting number of equation systems and the corresponding number of system solves. A generalized stability and accuracy limitation barrier theorem underlies the generic designs of computational algorithms with arbitrary order of accuracy and establishes guidelines which cannot be circumvented. In summary, unlike the traditional approaches and classical school of thought customarily employed in the theoretical development of computational algorithms, the unified theory underlying time dependent first‐order systems serves as a viable avenue to foster the notion of algorithms by design. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Complex three‐dimensional microstructural permeability prediction of porous fibrous media with and without compaction
Authors: Ngo N. D. , Tamma K. K. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractMuch of the work in permeability prediction has so far been done with respect to the in‐plane properties. Guided by Darcy's law, the in‐plane permeabilities (i.e. Kxx and Kyy) have been well characterized by researchers both experimentally and, to some extent, analytically and numerically. Work on transverse or through thickness permeability, however, has been sparse. Owing to the fact that the limited length scale in the through thickness direction of most fibre preforms makes transverse permeability a difficult value to measure experimentally, the objective of the present development is to study the feasibility of applying the methodology proposed by the authors in a previous work for in‐plane permeability prediction to the estimation of transverse, as well as the in‐plane, permeability of a typical 3D woven fibre preform. The additional objective of this work is to present a preliminary study on the effects of fibre mat compression on the fibre preform permeability. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Finite element method for mixed elastohydrodynamic lubrication of journal‐bearing systems
Authors: Liu Wing Kam , Xiong Shangwu , Guo Yong , Wang Q. Jane , Wang Yansong , Yang Qingmin , Vaidyanathan Kumar 
Published: June 2004

AbstractA finite element model is presented for mixed lubrication of journal‐bearing systems operating in adverse conditions. The asperity effects on contact and lubrication at large eccentricity ratios are modelled. The elastic deformation due to both hydrodynamic and contact pressure, and the cavitation of the lubricant film are considered in the model system. Two verification problems with both theoretical and experimental comparisons are given to show the effectiveness of this model. Finally, a new example is presented which discusses the influence of waviness depth, secondary roughness, external force and shaft speed on the mixed lubrication. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stabilization method for continuous approximation of transient convection problem
Authors: Bensaada Mohamed , Esselaoui Driss , Sandri Dominique 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe aim of this work is to study a new finite element (FE) formulation for the approximation of nonsteady convection equation. Our approximation scheme is based on the Streamline Upwind Petrov Galerkin (SUPG) method for space variable, x, and a modified of the Euler implicit method for time variable, t. The most interest for this scheme lies in its application to resolve by continuous (FE) method the complex of viscoelastic fluid flow obeying an Oldroyd‐B differential model; this constituted our aim motivation and allows us to treat the constitutive law equation, which expresses the relation between the stress tensor and the velocity gradient and includes tensorial transport term. To make the analysis of the method more clear, we first study, in this article this modified method for the advection equation. We point out the stability of this new method and the error estimate of the approximation solution is discussed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2005