bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Early pulmonary infection, inflammation, and clinical outcomes in infants with cystic fibrosis*
Authors: Rosenfeld Margaret , Gibson Ronald L. , McNamara Sharon , Emerson Julia , Burns Jane L. , Castile Robert , Hiatt Peter , McCoy Karen , Wilson Christopher B. , Inglis Andrew , Smith Arnold , Martin Thomas R. , Ramsey Bonnie W. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA thorough understanding of the early natural history of cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease is critical for the development of effective interventions in the youngest patients. We assessed the evolution of pulmonary infection, inflammation, and clinical course among 40 infants over a 2‐year period through annual bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) for culture and measurements of pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory cytokines, semiannual infant pulmonary function testing, and quarterly clinical evaluations.Both the prevalence of CF pathogens and their density in BAL fluid increased with age. Infants had neutrophilic lower airway inflammation and elevated IL‐8 concentrations independent of whether CF pathogens were recovered. Total leukocyte and neutrophil densities and IL‐8 concentrations increased with density of CF pathogens in BAL fluid, whether the isolated organism was P. aeruginosa or another pathogen. IL‐10 concentrations were similar in CF subjects and non‐CF historical controls. Infants generally had suboptimal growth (low weight and height percentiles) and obstructive lung disease (decreased expiratory flows and air trapping). Subjects from whom CF pathogens were isolated at > 105 cfu/mL had the worst air trapping and lowest Brasfield chest X‐ray scores.Our findings provide a foundation for future studies of early intervention in CF lung disease, including antimicrobial and anti‐inflammatory therapy. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2001; 32:356–366. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Improving the prediction of protein secondary structure in three and eight classes using recurrent neural networks and profiles
Authors: Pollastri Gianluca , Przybylski Darisz , Rost Burkhard , Baldi Pierre 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSecondary structure predictions are increasingly becoming the workhorse for several methods aiming at predicting protein structure and function. Here we use ensembles of bidirectional recurrent neural network architectures, PSI‐BLAST‐derived profiles, and a large nonredundant training set to derive two new predictors: (a) the second version of the SSpro program for secondary structure classification into three categories and (b) the first version of the SSpro8 program for secondary structure classification into the eight classes produced by the DSSP program. We describe the results of three different test sets on which SSpro achieved a sustained performance of about 78% correct prediction. We report confusion matrices, compare PSI‐BLAST to BLAST‐derived profiles, and assess the corresponding performance improvements. SSpro and SSpro8 are implemented as web servers, available together with other structural feature predictors at: http://promoter.ics.uci.edu/BRNN‐PRED/. Proteins 2002;47:228–235. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Simple sequences are rare in the Protein Data Bank
Authors: Huntley Melanie A. , Golding G. Brian 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA simple sequence is abundant in the proteins that have been sequenced to date. But unusual protein features, such as a simple sequence, are not present in the same high frequency within structural databases. A subset of these simple sequences, a group with a highly repetitive nature has been shown to be abundant in eukaryotes but not in prokaryotes. In this study, an examination of the eukaryotic proteins in the Protein Data Bank (PDB) has revealed a large deficiency of low complexity, highly repetitive protein repeats. Through simulated databases of similar samples of eukaryotic proteins taken from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database, it is shown that the PDB contains a significantly less highly repetitive, simple sequence than artificial databases of similar composition randomly derived from NCBI. When the structural data for those few PDB sequences that did contain a highly repetitive simple sequence is examined in detail, it is found that in most cases the tertiary structure is unknown for the regions consisting of a simple sequence. This lack of a simple sequence both in the PDB database and in the structural information suggests that this type of simple sequence may produce disordered structures that make structural characterization difficult. Proteins 2002;48:134–140. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and molluscicidal structure–activity relationships of some novel 1,2,4‐triazole N‐methyl carbamates
Authors: Radwan Mohamed A , El‐Zemity Saad R 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA new series of 1,2,4‐triazole derivatives and their corresponding carbamates have been synthesized and screened for their molluscicidal activity against two types of terrestrial snail, Helix aspersa and Theba pisana, by two methods of application, either as contact or as bran baits. Several of the tested compounds exhibited good molluscicidal activity, and T pisana was more sensitive than H aspersa. Substitution at the o‐ and/or p‐positions of the phenyl ring with chlorine or bromine gave higher molluscicidal activity than the unsubstituted compound, with o,p‐dichloro substitution being optimum. In addition, compounds containing two triazole moieties showed higher molluscicidal activity, particularly as stomach poisons, than the contact toxic effect of the corresponding compound with one triazole ring. In general, carbamate derivatives were more active than their corresponding 1,2,4‐triazole derivatives.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Antioxidant action of Tinospora cordifolia root extract in alloxan diabetic rats
Authors: Stanely Mainzen Prince P. , Menon Venugopal P. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTinospora cordifolia is widely used in Indian Ayurvedic medicine for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Oral administration of 2.5 g and 5.0 g/kg body weight of the aqueous extract of the roots for 6 weeks resulted in a significant reduction in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and an increase in reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in alloxan diabetic rats. The effect of Tinospora cordifolia root extract (TCREt) was most prominently seen in the case of rats given 5.0 g/kg body weight. The effect of TCREt was more effective than glibenclamide. Thus our study shows that TCREt exhibits antioxidant action in alloxan diabetes. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Blood chemistry of rats pretreated with Mucuna Pruriens seed aqueous extract MP101UJ after Echis carinatus venom challenge
Authors: Aguiyi J. C. , Guerranti R. , Pagani R. , Marinello E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe effect of a lethal Echis carinatus venom on serum enzyme levels and blood plasma coagulation parameters in rats pretreated with Mucuna pruriens seed aqueous extract MP101UJ (21 mg/kg body wt) 24 h and 3 wk before i.p venom injection (0.50 mg/kg rat) and rats injected with venom alone (0.50 mg/kg body wt) was investigated. The enzyme levels and coagulation parameter levels were measured 4 h after venom administration. The results showed that the increased enzymes lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), creatinine kinase (CK) and changed coagulation parameters D‐Dimer and Quick levels due to the venom effect were inhibited by M. pruriens seed aqueous extract MP101UJ in pretreated rats. Rats pretreated with a single dose (21 mg/kg and multiple doses 21 mg/kg rat) of extract MP101UJ maintained the normal enzyme levels and showed an anticoagulant effect as evidenced by the high PTT level which was also observed in venom treated animals. D‐Dimer and Quick values were normal. However, the extract MP101UJ appeared to significantly inhibit the lethal venom induced myotoxic, cytotoxic and coagulation activities in experimental animals. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electron propagator calculations with Kohn–Sham reference states
Authors: Shigeta Y. , Ferreira A. M. , Zakrzewski V. G. , Ortiz J. V. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractKohn–Sham orbitals are employed in a generalization of the 2p–h Tamm–Dancoff approximation derived for a determinantal reference state. Neglect of certain terms in the superoperator couplings between triple field operator products recovers the so‐called GW approximation, which has been extensively applied in solid state physics. Further simplifications are examined as well. The performance of these approximations with several exchange–correlation potentials is assessed by comparing calculated ionization energies with their counterparts obtained with electron propagator methods based on Hartree–Fock reference states. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2001
Increased throughput in quantitative bioanalysis using parallel‐column liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection
Authors: Jemal Mohammed , Huang Mike , Mao Yan , Whigan Daisy , Powell Mark L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe feasibility of quantitative bioanalysis by parallel‐column liquid chromatography in conjunction with a conventional single‐source electrospray mass spectrometer has been investigated using plasma samples containing a drug and its three metabolites. Within a single chromatographic run time, sample injections were made alternately onto each of two analytical columns in parallel at specified intervals, with a mass spectrometer data file opened at every injection. Thus, the mass spectrometer collected data from two sample injections into separate data files within a single chromatographic run time. Therefore, without sacrificing the chromatographic separation or the selected reaction monitoring (SRM) dwell time, the sample throughput was increased by a factor of two. Comparing the method validation results obtained using the two‐column system with those obtained using the corresponding conventional single‐column approach, the methods on the two systems were found to be equivalent in terms of accuracy and precision. The parallel‐column system is simple and can be implemented using existing laboratory equipment with no additional capital outlays. A parallel‐column system configured in this manner can be used not only for the within‐a‐run analysis of two samples containing two different sets of chemical entities, but also for the within‐a‐run analysis of two samples containing the same set of chemical entities. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ecological effects of flow regulation on macroinvertebrate and periphytic diatom assemblages in the Hawkesbury–Nepean River, Australia
Authors: Growns Ivor O. , Growns Jane E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe effects of flow regulation on macroinvertebrates and periphytic diatoms were examined in the Hawkesbury–Nepean River system in Australia. Regulated sites below eight dams or weirs were compared with unregulated sites above the impoundments and sites on two nearby unregulated streams. The management of the water supply during the study created two types of flow regulation, sites with water supply releases and sites with comparatively small or no releases. The macroinvertebrate communities in three habitats and periphytic diatoms below the storages and weirs differed from the biota at unregulated sites above the weirs and on unregulated systems. The number of macroinvertebrate taxa in riffle and pool‐rock assemblages was significantly lower at regulated sites when compared with unregulated sites and the number of stream edge macroinvertebrate and diatom taxa was unaffected by regulation. Riffle and pool‐rock macroinvertebrate assemblages differed between the two types of regulation. However, periphytic diatom and edge habitat macroinvertebrate assemblages did not differ between the two types of flow regulation. Examination of environmental variables associated with the change in the biota suggested that the principal effect of the management of the water supply system in the Hawkesbury–Nepean River was changed hydrology rather than altered water quality. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using pedagogical inquiries as a basis for learning to teach: Prospective teachers' reflections upon positive science learning experiences
Authors: Van Zee Emily H. , Roberts Deborah 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe primary purpose of this study was to document and interpret ways in which the first author engaged prospective teachers in pedagogical inquiries and then assisted them in using their findings as a basis for learning to teach in her courses on methods of teaching science in elementary schools. The focus here is upon inquiries about factors that foster science learning. A second purpose was to trace some of the effects of such a pedagogical approach in the development of expertise in teaching, researching, and mentoring. A third purpose was to contribute to the development of interpretative methodology, an example of a collaborative inquiry. Data included drawings made by prospective teachers on the first day of class in which they depicted memories of positive experiences in learning science. They also wrote captions for their drawings, identified factors that fostered their learning in these instances, and constructed a joint list of factors across these individual experiences. Throughout the semester, the prospective teachers also wrote journals describing science learning they observed and analyzing factors that fostered learning in those instances. Then they analyzed their own journals for common themes in order to develop personal frameworks for science teaching and learning. Data also included audio‐taped interviews and written reflections by a graduate of the course about ways the course has influenced her evolving teaching and mentoring practices. The results suggest that these prospective elementary school teachers had entered a course on methods of teaching science with prior knowledge about science learning and teaching that could serve as a basis for learning to use approaches to science instruction advocated in the national standards. The reflective methods utilized in the course enabled at least one of these prospective teachers to articulate her philosophy of teaching in ways that helped her instantiate such practices as a beginning teacher. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Sci Ed 85:733–757, 2001.
Trade and environment: evidence from China's manufacturing sector
Authors: Chai Joseph C. H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper focusing on the Chinese manufacturing sector assesses the environmental impact of trade liberalization in China. The results show that China's experience with the trade liberalization–environment nexus is consistent with international evidence. On one hand, trade liberalization has had various positive effects on the environment. Firstly, it promoted specialization in areas of comparative advantage, which, in general, included industries that contributed less to environmental degradation. Secondly, it allowed China to access and adopt the best international practices in pollution abatement technology. Thirdly, it enabled China to transfer environmental costs to other countries by importing intermediate products whose production contributed to environmental degradation. On the other hand, these positive effects were overwhelmed by a negative scale effect, which was the result of a huge increase in the demand for Chinese exports. The paper concludes that if China is to prevent pollution from reaching a critical threshold, environmental regulations need to be tightened. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment.
Evaluation of irrigation projects and water resource management: a methodological proposal
Authors: Rodríguez Manuel Martín , Sáez Fernández Francisco Javier , Aragón Correa Juan Alberto , Ferrer Elías Melchor , Ferrero Noelina Rodríguez 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTraditionally, water policy in Spain, and particularly as regards irrigation, has paid little attention to the analysis of efficiency in management aspects. This reality is in juxtaposition with the growing difficulties observed in satisfying water demand and with social demands in terms of the efficient use of public money.In this paper a methodology is proposed, which could be particularly useful for the economic‐financial evaluation of public irrigation works. Both public and private cash flows generated by investments are considered and updated using the net current value criterion (NCV). After formulation of the methodological proposal, a practical application of it is made using the irrigatable areas of Viar, Cacín and Vegas Bajas, located in the river Guadalquivir basin.The method could be highly useful to aid decision‐making in public and private investments in terms of water resource management, and to estimate productivity and elasticity in the demand for water in farming. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment.
Bayesian random effects meta‐analysis of trials with binary outcomes: methods for the absolute risk difference and relative risk scales
Authors: Warn D. E. , Thompson S. G. , Spiegelhalter D. J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWhen conducting a meta‐analysis of clinical trials with binary outcomes, a normal approximation for the summary treatment effect measure in each trial is inappropriate in the common situation where some of the trials in the meta‐analysis are small, or the observed risks are close to 0 or 1. This problem can be avoided by making direct use of the binomial distribution within trials. A fully Bayesian method has already been developed for random effects meta‐analysis on the log‐odds scale using the BUGS implementation of Gibbs sampling. In this paper we demonstrate how this method can be extended to perform analyses on both the absolute and relative risk scales. Within each approach we exemplify how trial‐level covariates, including underlying risk, can be considered. Data from 46 trials of the effect of single‐dose ibuprofen on post‐operative pain are analysed and the results contrasted with those derived from classical and Bayesian summary statistic methods. The clinical interpretation of the odds ratio scale is not straightforward. The advantages and flexibility of a fully Bayesian approach to meta‐analysis of binary outcome data, considered on an absolute risk or relative risk scale, are now available. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Partial imputation approach to analysis of repeated measurements with dependent drop‐outs
Authors: Wei Lynn , Shih Weichung J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn clinical trials repeated measurements of a response variable are usually taken at prespecified time‐points to compare the treatment effects. However, the comparison of treatment effects is often complicated by missing data caused by the withdrawal of some patients before the end of the study (that is, drop‐outs). When the drop‐out process depends on the response variable of interest, ignoring missing data may lead to biased comparison of the treatment effect. In this paper, conditions for ignoring the dependent missingness are investigated and a new approach using the usual testing procedure based on data with partial carrying‐forward imputation is proposed. The proposed approach is conceptually and practically simple, and is motivated by making incremental improvement on the familiar ‘all available data’ (AAD) approach and the ‘last value carrying forward’ (LVCF) approach, which are commonly used in data analysis with drop‐outs by practitioners. It is also compared favourably to the mixed‐effect model approach with dependent drop‐outs. Simulations and real data are used to evaluate and illustrate statistical properties of the proposed approach. The principle of the proposed approach can also be extended to using other imputation methods such as the multiple imputation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detection of occult metastasis in patients with breast cancer
Authors: Hawes Debra , Neville A. Munro , Cote Richard J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe most important factor affecting the outcome of patients with invasive cancer is whether the tumor has spread, either regionally (to regional lymph nodes) or systemically. However, a proportion of patients with no evidence of systemic dissemination will develop recurrent disease after primary “curative” therapy. Clearly, these patients had occult systemic spread of disease that was undetectable by routinely employed methods (careful pathological, clinical, biochemical, and radiological evaluation). In addition, the success of adjuvant therapy is assumed to stem from its ability to eradicate occult metastases before they become clinically evident [1]. Therefore, methods for the detection of occult metastases in patients with the earliest stage of cancer, i.e., prior to detection of metastases by any other clinical or pathological analysis, have received a great deal of attention. Semin. Surg. Oncol. 20:312–318, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distinct gene expression signatures in the striata of wild‐type and heterozygous c‐fos knockout mice following methamphetamine administration: Evidence from cDNA array analyses
Authors: Cadet Jean Lud , McCoy Michael T. , Ladenheim Bruce 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMethamphetamine (METH) is a drug of abuse which can cause apoptosis and degeneration of monoaminergic terminals in the mammalian brain. c‐fos appears to play a protective role against METH‐induced damage because METH toxicity is exacerbated in c‐fos heterozygous knockout mice. In the present study, we used the comprehensive technique of cDNA array to test the idea that heterozygous c‐fos knockout mice might show differential METH‐induced molecular responses in comparison to wild‐type (WT) animals. Of 1,176 genes examined, the expression of 195 genes in either of the two groups of mice was affected by at least 2‐fold at 2 or 12 h after METH treatment. More genes were either up‐ or downregulated in the WT mice. Moreover, there were substantial differences in the pattern of responses between the two genotypes, with more genes involved in DNA repair and protective processes being upregulated in WT mice after METH administration. These results support the idea that the c‐fos knockout genotype may render the animals unable to trigger multicomponent responses in order to protect against the multifaceted toxic effects of this illicit neurotoxin. Synapse 44:211–226, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Inhibition of cytochrome P450 2E1 induces an increase in extracellular dopamine in rat substantia nigra: A new metabolic pathway?
Authors: Nissbrandt Hans , Bergquist Filip , Jonason Jan , Engberg Göran 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe presented data previously on dopamine (DA) synthesis and catabolism in the rat substantia nigra (SN) suggesting that a substantial part of the synthesized DA in this brain part is metabolized by unknown nonclassical metabolic pathways. On the basis of that a relatively high density of cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP 2E1) has been detected in rat SN the aim of the present study was to investigate the possibility that this enzyme is involved in the metabolism of DA. Systemic administration of either phenylethyl isothiocyanate (100 mg/kg ip), diethyldithiocarbamate (500 mg/kg, ip) or diallyl sulfide (200 mg/kg, sc or ip), three different inhibitors of cytochrome P450 2E1, induced an increase of the extracellular DA concentration in the SN, measured with microdialysis in awake rats, by 130%, 90%, and 35%, respectively. A tendency to increased concentrations of the classical DA metabolites in the dialysate from the SN was also observed in some experiments. In the striatum, no profound effects were induced by the drugs on the concentrations of DA or its metabolites. The results show that CYP 2E1 activity affects dopaminergic neurotransmission in the SN, possibly by participating in DA metabolism. Other mechanisms, such as the influence on the DA transporter or the release process cannot, however, be ruled out. Synapse 40:294–301, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.