bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In Switzerland, 1931–3
Authors: Kennedy Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The year 1931 was also notable for Walton because it saw the start of Frederick Ashton’s ballet to the music of Façade.This, however, was not the first Façadeballet: Gunter Hess had choreographed it for the German Chamber Dance Theatre in Hagen, Westphalia, in September 1929. Hess visited London the next year and is said to have exchanged ideas with Ashton. The music for the ballet was taken from the orchestral suite. Edith Sitwell had refused to give Ashton permission to use the original entertainment as a ballet, though Walton was willing.
Finished Symphony, 1934–5
Authors: Kennedy Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The symphony had two further performances in its incomplete form, at Courtauld-Sargent concerts on 1 and 2 April 1935. Walton resumed work on the Finale around this time. He still did not know what to do about the middle of the movement. According to Walton himself, he rang up Lambert, who suggested a fugue. ‘But I don’t know how to write one.’ ‘There are a couple of rather good pages on the subject in Grove’s Dictionary.’ So he read the Grove entry and wrote the fugue. But using it still worried him, perhaps because Vaughan Williams had also resorted to a fugue in the Finale of his Fourth Symphony, which had its first performance on 10 April 1935. Writing to Foss from Sacheverell Sitwell’s home at Towcester on 9 July, Walton sent him ten bars of the main fugue subject, saying he had produced it within the previous ten days and describing it as ‘the third subject’.
Making An Opera, 1948–52
Authors: Kennedy Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Reticent as always, Walton wrote no letter in which he expressed his feelings about the death of Alice Wimborne. Work was his therapy. He resumed composition of the sonata Roy Douglas’s diary for 21 June 1948 records: ‘William is writing a new Violin Sonata.’ He also undertook a considerable revision of the score of Belshazzar’sFeast.In February 1948 Douglas had told Oxford University Press that there were over eighty errors in the full score. As a result, Walton went through it and in the process took out much of the percussion and drastically rescored the music between rehearsal cue numbers 62 and 65 and between 74 and 77 and also adjusted the scoring elsewhere. The first performance of the revised version was given on 8 March 1950, conducted by Sargent. Later, before the study score was published in 1957, Walton entirely rescored the last fourteen bars, extending them to eighteen, using full orchestra and adding the upper octaves instead of only the lower instruments.
Coronation Interlude, 1952–3
Authors: Kennedy Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Troiluscorrespondence shows that it was the composer—as it was Verdi, Strauss, Britten—who was constantly concerned about the timings of scenes and arias and the practical business of staging the opera. Walton would challenge Hassan about a character’s entrance, for instance: why bring them on at that point and give them nothing to sing for ten minutes? It was Walton who kept altering the stage action and demanding lines to cover the new situations. For a man writing his first opera, he showed an astonishing appreciation and knowledge of what could or should be feasible on the stage, all of which suggests he was potentially the dramatist Tovey had suspected as a result of hearing the Viola Concerto and Belshazzar’s Feast.On 6 March 1952 he was still worrying about the love duet and asking for two extra verses.
Finishing An Opera, 1953–4
Authors: Kennedy Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Walton’s first letter to Hassall since May 1953 was written on 8 December. ‘At long last I’m getting down to write to you. I’ve been scoring away like mad and have completed Act I and am now immersed in Act II which I fear will take me to the end of June (a month behind schedule!).’ He was still altering small details of the plot, cutting and omitting lines and verses of the libretto. Auden had again addressed himself to Act III.
Cello Concerto, 1955–7
Authors: Kennedy Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The reason Laurence Olivier withdrew from his intention of producing Troilus and Cressidabecame evident in May 1954 when he announced that he was to make a film of Shake· speare’s Richard III,a part he had played on stage with conspicuous success. Walton had agreed to compose the music, which he wrote in some haste during February and March 1955, having been ordered not to produce a score until the recording of the music was being undertaken at Shepperton Studios. He enjoyed working with Olivier.
Bletchley Park
Authors: Stripp Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After the First World War the British government reviewed the lessons learnt in breaking German codes. It decided to establish a new unit called the Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS), ostensibly ‘to advise as to the security of codes and cyphers used by all Government departments and to assist in their provision’ but also, in a secret clause, ‘to study the methods of cypher communications used by foreign powers’: in other words to break and read their signals traffic. GC&CS, an inter-service unit, was to operate under the overall control of the Admiralty in the person of its Director of Naval Intelligence, Commodore (later Admiral) Hugh Sinclair, nicknamed ‘Quex’. The connection with the Royal Navy was no accident; their Room 40 had been notably successful in breaking German naval codes in the 1914—18 war and was anxious not to lose its expertise in peacetime; The operational head was to be Alistair Denniston, a former member of Room 40, with Edward Travis as deputy and a team which included William Clarke, Dillwyn Knox, Oliver Strachey and the Russian and Japanese experts Felix Fetterlein and Ernest Hobart-Hampden. It also contained Leslie Lambert, better known as the short-story writer A.J. Alan. The establishment was twenty-five, with forty-six assistants.
What did they tell us?
Authors: Stripp Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Signals intelligence, like all intelligence, is most fruitful and most reliable when it is carefully co-ordinated, so that the products of several crypto systems are interwoven and matched with information coming in from other sources such as captured documents, prisoner interrogation and aerial reconnaissance. But I shall start by giving typical messages from single crypto systems. Notice that the phrase ‘X groups lost’ means that an error has crept in at som’e stage between the initial encoding and reciphering of the message and its final breaking and translating by the intercept and codebreaking unit. Sometimes the nature of the error may be obvious; then the codebreaker’s emendation will be shown, but in brackets, to stress that it is conjectural. Similarly remarks like ‘strong indications Mandalay’ or ‘fair indications Meiktila’ will be found when the text has been mangled, or when the message hints at something not explicitly stated, which the person collating and evaluating the message, rather than the cryptographer-translator, wishes to add for the benefit of the intelligence staff at headquarters. It is not the codebreaker’s job to make such conjectures on the basis of what he believes to be operational probability although he will naturally have that in mind when he casts up possible restorations of the text.
What is so special about signals intelligence?
Authors: Stripp Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Why this great emphasis on sigint? What is so special about it? What about the other ways of finding out what the enemy, ‘the man over the hill’, to use the Duke of Wellington’s words, is up to? Surely spies, captured documents and the interrogation of prisoners are all tried and tested methods, joined more recently by aerial photography and, even nearer to our own times, satellite surveillance? The answer is that all of these have their value, and intelligence is at its best when it draws together the results of all reliable probings, both to complement and to check each other. But most of the other methods have inbuilt limitations which hardly apply to sigint.
Revival and Survival
Authors: Riley-Smith Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The crusades are remembered today wherever there is ideological conflict, and the images and language associated with them or their counter the jihad are regularly called to mind in violence which involves Christians and Muslims in the Balkans or the Near East. Indeed the Maronites in Lebanon, whose Church was united to Rome in 1181, have always retained a nostalgic attachment to the centuries of western settlement, an era their historians came to see as a golden age.
Taking leave
Authors: Robinson Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Only a Jenny could have written that. Jenny was the name given to a character expressly designed, in a jaunty little pamphlet of 1869, to tempt away Britain’s surplus females to the colonies. She was a paragon: feminine, strong, enterprising, hard-working, intellectual enough to satisfy (without surpassing) any potential husband’s needs—and ignorant.
Matters Domestic
Authors: Robinson Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It must have been difficult for a conscientious lady like Mrs Houstoun: on the one hand, she had a moral and social obligation to keep servants in their place. God forbid they should become corrupted with this American notion of domestic democracy: people like her had a duty to protect simple souls from such inconvenient ‘charms and delusions’. Yet, she knew that, for an emigrant British gentlewoman, emigrant British servants were essential. And in cripplingly short supply.
Twenty Degrees below Zero—Provisions—Wolves in the Neighbourhood—Our Troika—Driving along the Volga—Price of Com—Bridge being built over the River—The Sterlet—The Cossacks of the Ural—How to Catch Sturgeon —The Three Kinds of Caviare.
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“You had better put on plenty of clothes,” was the friendly caution I received from my companion as I entered the dressing-room. “ The thermometer marks 20 degrees below zero (Reaumur), and there is a wind.” People in this country who have never experienced a Russian winter have little idea of the difference even a slight breeze makes when the mercury stands low in the thermometer, for the wind then cuts through you, furs and all, and penetrates to the very bones. Determining to be on my guard against the frost, I dressed myself, as I thought, as warmly as possible, and so as to be utterly impervious to the elements.
A Hole in the Ice— The two Alternatives—Being Dragged through the Water— Preparing for the Leap—Price of Land—Our First Halting-place—Winnowing Com—Russian Idols.
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The road now changed its course, and our driver directed his steeds towards the bank. Suddenly we discovered that immediately in front of us the ice had broken beneath a horse and sleigh, and that the animal was struggling in the water. The river here was fortunately only about four feet deep, so there would not be much difficulty in extracting the quadruped, but what to ourselves seemed far more important was to solve the knotty problem of how to get to land. For between our sleigh and the shore was a wide gulf, and there seemed to be no possibility of driving through it without a wetting. “ Pleasant,” muttered my companion, “ pleasant, very; let us get out and have a good look round, to see if we cannot find a place where we can get across in safety.”
Pins-and-Needles—Spoiled Horses—Driver’s idea of distance—The Halting-place —Our Fellow Travellers—A Devout but Unwashed Pedlar—A Glorious Sunrise—A Bargain is a Bargain.
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Very soon that so-called “ pins-and-needles “ sensation, recalling some snowballing episodes of my boyish days, began once more to make itself felt. I found myself commencing a sort of double shuffle against the boards of the vehicle. The snow was falling in thick flakes. With great difficulty our driver could keep the track. His jaded horses sometimes sank up to the traces in the rapidly-forming drifts. They floundered heavily along the now thoroughly hidden road. The cracks of his whip sounded like pistol-shots against their jaded flanks. Volumes of invectives issued from his lips.
A Sheepskin Suit—Servant Hunting—A Tartar Dwarf—Nazar—Packing the Sleigh—Kirghiz Camels—Ural Mountains—Krasnogorsk—Bouran—Off the Track—Hamess Broken—Driver Loses his Way—Nazar Famished—Keeping Awake under Difficulties—The Rescue—Nazar’s Culinary Composition— Benighted Travellers—The Courier—An Officer and his Wife—The Doctor —Bleeding—Curiosity—Tropical Heat or Extreme Cold, which is the worst to bear ?
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The excitement created in the household by the prisoner’s arrival having calmed down, I set out with my friend G— to see if I could purchase a sheepskin suit such as is worn by the Russian peasantry. In the meantime, Bektchourin very good- naturedly went off in search of a servant. “ I must get you one,” he said. “ You shall not go alone. It shall not be said that there is not one honest Tartar servant in Orenburg.” G— drove me to a street mainly inhabited by dealers in sheepskin. On entering one of the shops, we were nearly compelled to beat a retreat, owing to the smell. A few years ago the Thames on a hot summer’s afternoon, and at low water, had a bouquet peculiarly its own, and one which startled the olfactory nerves; but the odour in this little Russian shop was infinitely more disgusting. The sheepskins were in every stage of preparation.
Ncmad Tribes—A Picture of Desolation—Nazar is Worn Out—The Inspector— Price of Land, Cattle, and Provisions—The Cattle Pest—Vaccinating the Animals—The Kirghiz do not Believe in Doctors—Small Pox—Strict Orders to Prevent Englishmen travelling in Russian Asia—The Cost of Post Horses :—Robbing Peter to pay Paul—Postal Track let out to Contractors—Fort Karabootak—Filthy Stations—Horses wanted—Whipping, the Order of the Day—The Emperor Nicholas—A Snow Storm—Asleep in the Sleigh— Frostbites—Physical Pain—Mental Agony—Cossack Soldiers—Brothers in Misfortune.
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aspect of the country now underwent an entire change. We had left all traces of civilisation behind us, and were regularly upon the steppes; Not the steppes as they are described to us in the summer months. Then hundreds of nomad tribes, like their forefathers of old, migrate from place to place, with their families, flocks, and herds. The dreary aspect of this vast flat expanse is relieved by picturesque kibitkas, or tents, and hundreds of horses, grazing on the rich grass, are a source of considerable wealth to the Kirghiz proprietors.
A Priest—Only one Wife allowed—Russian Bread—The Telegraph in Turkistan —General Milutin might change his Mind—Horse-dealing—Five Pounds for a Horse, Saddle and Bridle, &c.—A Guide—The Expedition to Khiva—The Russian Troops on the March—Forty degrees below Zero, Fahrenheit.
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On returning to the Governor’s I found that gentleman awaiting me for dinner. In the course of conversation he said that the Kirghiz officer had sent round to inform his compatriots that I wished to purchase some horses, and that several animals would be brought for my inspection on the following morning.
The Guide’s Retaliation—Horses’ Nostrils stuffed up with Icicles—Endurance of the Horses—The Brother-in-Law’s Horses—Kalenderhana—A Sudden Thought—Stchi—” The Women expose their Faces “—The Kirghiz Poetry— Sheep—A Sign of Manhood in the Bridegroom—Jealous Females—Feasting —A Peculiar Pocket—Games—Horse Races—The Girls and their Admirers —The Prettiest Girl in the Tribe—A Simple Marriage Ceremony—”But supposing she would not have you ? “
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The sun now arose bright and glorious. All the colours of the rainbow lit up the sky. The wind had calmed. The cold became less searching. Presently my little caravan loomed in sight. Nazar was fast asleep, and stretched out at full length on the top of a gigantic camel. The little Tartar’s legs dangled on each side of the saddle, whilst, for better security, he had strapped himself to a corn-sack.
Disobedience of Orders—A Lesson—A Song about a Sheep—The Importance of a Traveller gauged in Russia by his Furs, in Asia by his Retinue—Worn Out—The Pretty Ice-bearer—Moon-faced Girls—Seville—Gitanas—Buying a Sheep—”Fat!”—A Beautiful Butcher—a Kirghiz Pipe—Kirghiz Tobacco— Heart Disease—Desultory Warfare—Progress of Russia—The Sword and the Gibbet—Christianity and the Bible—A Filthy Habit—Snow for Horses instead of Water—In the Misty Gloom of Awakening Day—Stretching a Point—” We will go to Kalenderhana “—Ootch Ootkool—Tan Sooloo—Tooz —A Small Salt Lake.
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The afternoon was now drawing to a close. By this time the guide and myself had ridden on considerably ahead of the Khivan and his party ; the merchant, who spoke a little Russian, having sometimes acted as interpreter between myself and my follower, I had previously desired Nazar to continue marching with the Turkoman and our three camels until they came up to us.
Oogentch—The Town—The Bazaar—A Barber’s Shop—’’These Infidels have Strange Customs “—” Please God you do not get your Throat cut! “—Breakfast with a Khivan Merchant—India a Mine of Wealth in the Eyes of the Russians in Tashkent—”There are many Roads to India”—A Fort at Merve— Shabbatat Canal—The Bridge—The Cemetery—The Tombs— Fearful Scenes —”Who began the War?”—The Kazabat Canal—Shamahoolhoor—A Sportsman—” You have not got a Wife ? “—A Breechloader—” The Khan has now no Soldiers.”
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We were about four versts from Oogentch, the first town the traveller arrives at in Khivan territory, if going from Kalenderhana to the capital. There was a singular dearth of rising ground throughout the route. If it had not been for the hundreds of dykes which traversed the country on every side, I should have imagined myself back upon the steppes. The snow, too, which had almost disappeared as we passed through the defile in the Kazan-Tor of mountains, now lay thick and flaky on the ground, whilst the cold, in spite of the latitude to which we had attained, was as intense as ever.
Translations
Authors: Corcoran Neil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the final section of James Joyce’s A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916) Stephen Dedalus walks the streets of Dublin quoting Ben Jonson, considering the ‘heaps of dead language’ on advertising hoardings, and meditating on the haunting story of sexual invitation and refusal recently told him by his friend Davin, the rural student nationalist and speaker of Irish, for whom Stephen has a tenderness quite exceptional in his relationships with his peers.
A Slight Inflection: Representations of the Big House
Authors: Corcoran Neil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The literature of the Irish ‘Big House’-of, that is, the social and cultural organization of the Anglo-Irish or Protestant Ascendancy class in their houses and on their estates or ‘demesnes’ extends from Maria Edgeworth’s Castle Rackrent, published in 1800, to contemporary fictions such as those of Jennifer Johnston and John Banville. A significant sub-genre in Irish writing, it is predominantly a novelistic tradition.
Lyrical Fields and Featherbeds: Representations of the Rural and the Provincial
Authors: Corcoran Neil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the main aims of the Irish Literary Revival had been to establish a literature in English which was nevertheless distinctively Irish; and one of the primary ways in which this aim had been advanced, notably in Yeats’s poetry, was by providing an image of Irish rural life-particularly of life in the West-which would act as a model for various types of moral and artistic behaviour.
Views of Dublin
Authors: Corcoran Neil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Talking to his friend Frank Budgen, James Joyce once famously remarked that his aim in Ulysses was to ‘give a picture of Dublin so complete that if the city one day suddenly disappeared from the earth it could be reconstructed out of my book’. In many ways the city of Dublin as it was in Joyce’s day has in fact disappeared from the earth, victim of heavy urban development and reconstruction since the 1960s; but the encyclopaedic comprehensiveness of Joyce’s depiction of it in his novel has acted as both goad and inhibition to many subsequent writers.
Ulsters of the Mind: The Writing of Northern Ireland
Authors: Corcoran Neil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Introducing Sam Thompson’s Belfast play Over the Bridge (1960) for an edition published in 1970, Stewart Parker said that ‘if making “works of fiction” is not treated as an honest day’s work in western society at large, in Northern Ireland it’s scarcely countenanced as a furtive hobby’. This is consonant with Derek Mahon’s satirical evocation, in 1972, of ‘that once birdless, if still benighted province’. Nevertheless, since the late 1960s writing from the North of Ireland has come to be widely regarded as among the most significant contemporary work in the English language.
mario piazzesi, The Squadrlstl as the Revolutionaries of the New Italy
Authors: Griffin Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For some time’, he said to me, ‘a new Italy has been forming, an Italy born of professionals, petty bourgeois artisans, peasants, the common people, of all those who fought in the war, and have patiently put up with things. But after a period of uncertainty it is realizing what it has achieved and experiencing a vague feeling of pride at having destroyed a huge empire, for having overcome the age-old awe of the foreigner who for centuries was able to roam at will pillaging our country, at having shaken off a certain sense of inferiority with regard to other Europeans. It feels that the spirit ofVictory is an idea which can nourish even simple souls.
Sergio Panunzio, The New State Born of Syndicalism and Statism
Authors: Griffin Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The State, which seemed, especially after the strenuous exertions of Hegelian dialectic and German academic journals, a monumentum aere perennius,” is in a which lives eternally and never dies, the symbol and expression of the juridic need for social unity, living incarnation of the social idea, the only thing that, while Kingdoms, Republics, and Empires dissolve, never dies or fades away.
Benito Mussolini, The Achievements of the Fascist Revolution
Authors: Griffin Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Mussolini gave this speech on the ‘state of the nation’ in 1929, the eradication of liberalism and socialism as political threats was complete and institutional foundations of the Fascist state were in place, including the recently signed Lateran Pacts. These for the first time since the Risorgimento reconciled the Vatican to the Italian state. It would be simplistic to dismiss such a passage simply as propaganda, for it captures a feeling which
Giovanni giurati, The Role of Youth under Fascism
Authors: Griffin Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Fascist Party must be aristocratic, in the sense that it must embrace the flower of the race in terms of moral purity, intellectual training, discipline, devotion to the Duce, dedication to the Fatherland. But it must also be a mass party if it wants to provide tens of thousands of Blackshirts able to hold the supreme offices of the State, run the local councils and provinces, regiment the working masses, instruct the youth, in a word bear the enormous burden of constructing a modem State. All the more burdensome because the Party does not want to be the cretinous copy of the type familiar from the past. It wants to be a model to all those who must one day embrace the principles of the Fascist Revolution.