bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nematocidal efficacy of eprinomectin, delivered topically, in naturally infected cattle
Authors: Yazwinski T. A. , Johnson E. G. , Thompson D. R. , Drag M. D. , Zimmerman G. L. , Langholff W. K. , Holste J. E. , Eagleson J. S. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To assess the nematocidal efficacy of eprinomectin in naturally infected cattle.

Animals
62 (31 eprinomectin-treated and 31 control) beef mixed-breed or Holstein cattle, either 6 to 11 or 48 to 96 months old.

Procedure
Cattle were housed 21 to 27 days before treatment to allow parasites to reach maturity. Animals were grouped by sex, ranked by weight, and randomly assigned to treatment group. Fecal flotation was done to identify cattle with intestinal nematode infections. Treatment groups were: 1—eprinomectin topical vehicle (1 ml/10 kg) and 2—eprinomectin topical solution (1 ml/10 kg). Cattle were euthanatized by replicate on day 14 or 15, and standard procedures were used to recover of pulmonary, abomasal, small intestinal, and large intestinal nematodes.

Results
Eprinomectin efficacy across all trials was 100% against adult Trichostrongylus axei, Haemonchus placei, Oesophagostomum radiatum, and Dictyocaulus viviparus, as well as fourth-stage larval Oes radiatum, Ostertagia ostertagi, Nematodirus helvetianus, and Cooperia spp. Efficacy against adult O ostertagi, Cooperia oncophora, C punctata, C surnabada, C spatulata, N helvetianus, Trichuris sp, and Trichuris fourth-stage larvae was 99.9, 99.8, 99.6, 98.9, 98.3, 99.7, 97.8, and 84.3%, respectively. All results were significant (P < 0.01) except those for C spatulata. Adverse reactions were not observed.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance
Eprinomectin is a safe and effective nematocide against naturally acquired nematode infections in cattle when administered at a dosage of 500 μg/kg. Milk and meat withholding is not necessary when using this product. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:612–614)
Effects of bilateral hypoglossal and glossopharyngeal nerve blocks on epiglottic and soft palate position in exercising horses
Authors: Holcombe Susan Jane , Derksen Frederik Jan , Stick John Alan , Robinson N. Edward 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine the effect of bilateral hypoglossal and glossopharyngeal nerve block on epiglottic and soft palate position and tracheal and pharyngeal pressures in exercising horses.

Animals
5 Standardbreds.

Procedure
Tracheal and pharyngeal pressures were measured in 5 Standardbreds exercising at the speed at which the horses achieved 50, 75, and 100% of maximal heart rate after bilateral hypoglossal and glossopharyngeal nerve block and without nerve block. Nerve block was achieved by injection of 1 to 2 ml of 2% mepivicaine hydrochloride between the glossopharyngeal and hypoglossal nerves, as they coursed through the medial compartment of the diverticulum of the auditory tube (guttural pouch), using videoendoscopic guidance and an injection apparatus.

Results
Compared with control values, peak inspiratory tracheal pressure was significantly (P = 0.02) more negative, and peak pharyngeal inspiratory pressure was less negative (P = 0.004) after bilateral hypoglossal and glossopharyngeal nerve block. Respiratory frequency was significantly (P = 0.024) lower after nerve block, compared with control values. The epiglottis was unstable and retroflexed through the rima glottis during inspiration after bilateral hypoglossal and glossopharyngeal nerve block. Despite loss of contact between the epiglottis and the caudal free margin of the soft palate, dorsal displacement of the soft palate did not occur.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
Loss of contact of the epiglottis with the soft palate did not affect soft palate position, suggesting that when the soft palate is normal, the epiglottis does not function as a support, holding the soft palate in a ventral position. Therefore, epiglottic dysfunction is not solely responsible for intermittent dorsal displacement of the soft palate in horses, and neuromuscular dysfunction involving the hyoepiglotticus muscle, geniohyoideus muscle, or the hypoglossal nerve may cause epiglottic retroflexion in horses. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:1022–1026)
Electroretinographic evaluation of Papillons with and without hereditary retinal degeneration
Authors: Narfström Kristina , Ekesten Björn 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY

Objective
To evaluate the function of the outer retina in Papillons with and without hereditary retinal degeneration.

Animals
45 Papillons, median age 1.7 (range, 0.8 to 5.1) years.

Procedure
Complete physical and ophthalmic examinations were done prior to performing electroretinography under general anesthesia. Full-field electroretinograms (ERG) were recorded, using a special-purpose computer system. Eleven specific ERG responses were recorded, graphed, and evaluated, using age-matched Papillons.

Results
Severely decreased retinal function was detected in 8 Papillons. The youngest affected dog was 1.2 years old. In affected dogs, amplitudes of responses mainly originating from the rod system were severely decreased, compared with those originating from the cone system.

Conclusions
Papillons represent another breed of dog affected by a hereditary photoreceptor degeneration that can be detected at an early age by using ERG. A reliable age for diagnosis using ERG is considered to be 1.5 years.

Clinical Relevance
Thorough and precise ERG procedures and protocols are needed to reliably obtain an early diagnosis of progressive retinal atrophy. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:221–226)
Influence of tidal volume and positive end-expiratory pressure on inspiratory gas distribution and gas exchange during mechanical ventilation in horses positioned in lateral recumbency
Authors: Moens Y. , Lagerweij E. , Gootjes P. , Poortman J. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To study effects of intermittent positive-pressure ventilation (IPPV) with large tidal volumes and addition of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) on maldistribution of ventilation in anesthetized horses positioned in lateral recumbency.

Animals
6 healthy adult horses.

Procedure
Anesthesia was induced by IV infusion of thiopental sodium and guiafenesin and was maintained with supplemental doses of thiopental and IV infusion of chloral hydrate. Functional separation of the lungs was achieved, using a tube-in-tube intubation technique. Intermittent positive-pressure ventilation of both lungs with air was done by use of an anesthetic circle system and a ventilator. Data were collected during spontaneous respiration and during IPPV, using increasing tidal volumes with and without PEEP of 10 and 20 cm of H2O.

Results
Uneven distribution of inspired gas between the lungs that existed during spontaneous respiration was not altered by IPPV and large tidal volumes. Addition of PEEP caused a significant and reversible shift of inspired gas to the dependent lung and preferentially increased functional residual capacity of the nondependent lung. This was accompanied by significant increase in Pao2. With IPPV, the combined effects of PEEP and large tidal volume caused an increase of the fractional distribution of inspired gas to the dependent lung from 34% to 50%, accompanied by an increase in Pao2 and alveolar dead space of both lungs.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
Use of PEEP during IPPV changes distribution of inspired gas. Increased in Pao2 can be attributed to improved ventilation-perfusion, especially in the dependent lung, in which previously collapsed lung units might have been reopened and participated again in gas exchange after redistribution of inspired gas. The most pronounced effects of IPPV and PEEP were associated with high airway pressures, which are likely to offset the beneficial effects of the increase of Pao2 on total oxygen availability to the tissues because of the expected negative effects on cardiac output. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:307–312)
Bacterial flora in the duodenum of healthy cats, and effect of dietary supplementation with fructo-oligosaccharides
Authors: Sparkes A. H. , Papasouliotis K. , Sunvold G. , Werrett G. , Clarke C. , Jones Μ. , Gruffydd-Jones T. J. , Reinhart G. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To investigate changes in the duodenal flora of healthy cats over time, and evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation with fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS).

Animals
12 healthy, barrier-maintained, specific pathogen-free cats.

Procedure
Duodenal juice for bacteriologic examination was collected via oral endoscopy 5 times from each cat over a 32-week period. Cats were allotted randomly to 2 groups, and a crossover design study, during which they were fed either a replete dry (basal) diet or, for 12 consecutive weeks, basal diet supplemented with 0.75% FOS, was done. Samples (3 from cats fed the basal and 2 from cats fed the FOS diet) were collected for a minimum of 6 weeks after commencement of feeding, and a minimum of 6 weeks apart.

Results
Mean aerobic, anaerobic, and total bacterial counts did not differ significantly among sample collection times. After pooling of the results, mean (± SD) log10 colony-forming units (CFU) of aerobic, anaerobic, and total bacteria/ml were 5.5 ± 1.1, 4.8 ± 1.0 and 5.6 ± 1.1, respectively. However, individual cats had considerable variation in counts: mean (range) intraindividual coefficients of variation were: 19.0 (6.1 to 34.2), 19.9 (4.8 to 35.5), and 18.1 (5.5 to 32.6)%, respectively. In 1 cat, total bacterial count varied between < 3.0 and 6.3 CFU/ml. Bacterial flora varied qualitatively: only Enterococcus faecalis, Clostridium perfringens, Bacteroides, Pasteurella, and Streptococcus spp, and unidentified gram-negative (aerobic) rods were present in > 50% of the samples.

Conclusions
Wide quantitative and qualitative variation in the duodenal flora of healthy cats was observed over time, which was not affected by dietary supplementation with FOS. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:431–435)
Oral inoculation of cats with tissue cysts of Neospora caninum
Authors: McAllister Milton Μ. , Jolley William R. , Wills Rebecca A. , Lindsay David S. , McGuire Angela Μ. , Tranas Jennifer D. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To test the hypothesis that cats are definitive hosts of Neospora caninum.

Animals
6 weaned male kittens obtained from 2 sources, and several dozen outbred mice.

Procedure
Cats were fed large numbers of 3 strains of N caninum: tissue cysts in buffered saline solution, mouse brain homogenates, and whole carcass homogenates from seropositive mice. Fecal specimens were examined for 4 weeks by use of flotation tests, and bioassays were performed in mice. One cat was inoculated parenterally with tachyzoites, to determine whether cats could respond serologically to N caninum. Tissue cysts from portions of oral inocula were cultured to verify viability. Indirect fluorescent antibody serologic testing, histologic and immunohistologic examinations, cell culture, and polymerase chain reaction procedures were performed 4 to 8 weeks after oral exposure, to seek evidence of infection of cats and mice.

Results
None of the cats or mice seroconverted to N caninum, with the exception of the single cat inoculated parenterally. Fecal shedding of oocysts was not observed, except for Isospora felis oocysts that were shed by 2 cats beginning prior to oral challenge exposure. Evidence of infection was not detected in tissues of cats or mice, with the exception of the parenterally inoculated cat.

Conclusions
The hypothesis that cats are definitive hosts of N caninum is not supported.

Clinical Relevance
Extermination of cats in efforts to control bovine neosporosis is not warranted. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:441–444)
Polymorphism of feline β-globins studied by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Kohn Barbara , Reilly Michael P. , Asakura Toshio , Giger Urs 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY

Objective
To characterize the feline β-globin system with respect to the number and genetics of adult β-globin chains.

Animals
84 domestic and purebred cats (9 breeds); 14 cats were mildly to severely anemic. For genetic analyses, 12 litters with 1 to 5 offspring for a total of 29 kittens.

Procedure
Feline globins from erythrocyte lysates were separated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and analyzed on the basis of retention time and area of each β-globin peak. Mixing studies with half the amount of hemoglobin (Hb) from 2 cats were performed to assign the β-globin peaks in each cat. The Hb from 60 cats were also separated by standard isoelectric focusing methods.

Results
Heme and α- and β-globins were effectively separated by high-performance liquid chromatography. Although there was only 1 α-globin, a total of 6 β-globins (I through VI) were identified, with each cat having 1 to 4 β-globin chains. From analysis of the number of β-globins, their relative amounts, and Hb mixing studies, 17 β-globin patterns were observed. The β-globin pattern in healthy and anemic cats was identical. Family studies documented an autosomal codominant mode of inheritance of the adult β-globins and a linkage of 2 β-chains forming haplotypes.

Conclusions
Biochemical and genetic evidence for the greatest polymorphism of adult β-globins thus far described in any species is provided. A feline β-globin gene region with 2 linked β-globin gene loci and 2 and 5 alleles is proposed.

Clinical Relevance
Better understanding of feline Hb will likely be helpful for diagnosis of hemoglobinopathies in anemic cats. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:830–835)
Effect of synovitis and corticosteroids on transcription of cartilage matrix proteins
Authors: MacLeod James N. , Fubini Susan L. , Gu Da Nian , Tetreault Jonathan W. , Todhunter Rory J. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine whether steady-state levels of type-II procollagen, aggrecan core protein, or fibronectin mRNA in articular chondrocytes are altered by synovitis or administration of methylprednisolone acetate (MPA).

Sample Population
Articular cartilage specimens collected from 10 ponies, 2.5 to 3.5 years old and 200 to 300 kg.

Procedure
4 experimental groups were compared, using the cartilage specimens: control, MPA-treated, lipopolysaccharide-induced synovitis, and lipopolysaccharide-induced synovitis with MPA treatment. RNA was isolated from articular cartilage and compared by northern blot analysis, using equine-specific cDNA probes.

Results
Synovitis increased steady-state levels of type-II procollagen mRNA fivefold and of aggrecan mRNA twofold. Administration of a single intra-articular injection of MPA (0.1 mg/kg of body weight) decreased type-II procollagen transcripts in normal cartilage sixfold, without significant effect on aggrecan or total fibronectin mRNA values. MPA treatment of inflamed joints decreased type-II procollagen and aggrecan mRNA to levels that were not significantly different from those in untreated control specimens.

Conclusions
Articular chondrocytes increase type-II procollagen and aggrecan synthesis in response to synovitis. MPA alters chondrocyte function in normal and inflamed cartilage, suggesting that potential changes in cartilage matrix protein synthesis should be considered when evaluating the therapeutic value of intra-articular administration of corticosteroids.

Clinical Relevance
Knowledge of how synovitis and corticosteroids (independently and in combination) affect synthesis of cartilage matrix proteins is relevant to understanding pathogenesis of traumatic osteoarthritis and improving therapeutic strategies. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:1021–1026)
Characterization of intestinal morphologic, biochemical, and ultrastructural features in gluten-sensitive Irish Setters during controlled oral gluten challenge exposure after weaning
Authors: Manners H. K. , Hart C. A. , Getty B. , Kelly D. F. , Sørensen S. H. , Batt R. M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To characterize histologic, biochemical, and ultrastructural changes in the intestine of Irish Setters susceptible to gluten-sensitive enteropathy (GSE) during controlled oral challenge exposure with gluten after weaning.

Animals
Six gluten-sensitive and 12 healthy Irish Setters and 3 healthy Greyhounds.

Procedure
Jejunal biopsy specimens were taken at 4 and 12 months of age from the 6 gluten-sensitive Irish Setters, which had been reared on a gluten-free diet to which a controlled dose of gluten (0.5 g/kg of body weight/d) was added. Control specimens were obtained at 4 (n = 5) and 12 (7) months of age from the healthy Irish Setters, which had been fed a conventional gluten-containing diet, and at 4 months of age from the healthy Greyhounds fed the controlled dose of gluten. The specimens were subjected to histologic and ultrastructural examinations and assay of brush border enzymes.

Results
Gluten-sensitive Irish Setters developed abnormalities characteristic of GSE at 4 months. Abnormalities were comparable to changes not seen previously until 12 months in dogs with GSE fed a conventional gluten-containing diet. In addition, microvilli were stunted and irregular, and a few were vesiculated and reduced in number; the glycocalyx was reduced or absent. By 12 months of age, there was improvement in morphologic and biochemical parameters, indicating partial recovery despite continued exposure to gluten.

Conclusions
Relative early onset of intestinal damage, compared with that previously reported, and subsequent partial recovery suggestive of oral tolerance to gluten may be attributable to oral administration of gluten as a purified extract rather than in dietary cereal, but alternative explanations include differences in environment or genetic susceptibility to gluten. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:1435–1440)
Pharmacokinetics of tolfenamic acid and its detection time in urine after intravenous administration of the drug in camels (Camelus dromedarius)
Authors: Wasfi I. A. , ElGhazali M. , Hadi A. A. A. , Zorob O. , Boni N. S. , Alkatheeri Nawal A. , Barezaiq Ishar M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To document tolfenamic acid disposition variables, identify its major phase-1 metabolite and fragmentation pattern, and establish detection time in urine after single IV bolus administration to make recommendations on avoiding violative residues in racing camels.

Animals
7 healthy camels (6 males, 1 female), 8 to 11 years old and weighing from 300 to 480 kg.

Procedure
Blood samples were collected at 0, 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes and at 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 5, 6, 8, 12, 13, 14, 15, and 16 hours after IV administration of tolfenamic acid (2.0 mg/kg of body weight). Urine samples were collected daily for 14 days after drug administration. Serum tolfenamic acid concentration was measured; limit of quantification was 50 ng/ml. A metabolite of tolfenamic acid in urine was isolated and identified, and its major fragmentation pattern was verified. Screening for tolfenamic acid and its metabolite in urine was performed.

Results
Mean ± SEM tolfenamic acid elimination half-life was 5.76 ± 0.26 hours. Total body clearance was 0.109 ± 0.011 L/kg/h, and steady-state volume of distribution was 0.68 ± 0.06 L/kg. Detection time for tolfenamic acid and its hydroxylated metabolite in urine after IV administration of a dose of 2.0 mg/kg was 5 and 7 days, respectively.

Conclusions
Camels eliminate tolfenamic acid mainly via metabolism more slowly than do cattle. The extrapolated dose regimen from cattle to camels appears inappropriate. Veterinarians are advised not to use tolfenamic acid in camels for at least 8 days prior to racing. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:1451–1458)
Clinical consequences of exposing pregnant gilts to strains of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus isolated from field cases of “atypical” PRRS
Authors: Mengeling William L. , Lager Kelly M. , Vorwald Ann C. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine clinical consequences of exposing pregnant gilts to strains of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus (PRRSV) isolated from field cases of “atypical” or “acute” PRRS in vaccinated herds.

Animals
20 pregnant gilts and their pigs and fetuses.

Procedure
8 pregnant gilts (principals: 4 groups [2 gilts/group]) were exposed oronasally at or about 45 days of gestation to 1 of 4 strains of PRRSV and necropsied 6 weeks later. Nonexposed controls (2 additional pregnant gilts) were kept under otherwise similar conditions. The experiment was repeated, except that principals were exposed at or approximately 90 days of gestation and allowed to farrow. Clinical observations were made at least twice daily, and samples and specimens from gilts and their fetuses and pigs were tested for PRRSV and homologous antibody.

Results
Exposure of pregnant gilts to PRRSV at or approximately 45 days' gestation resulted in low prevalence of transplacental infection and fetal death. Exposure of pregnant gilts to PRRSV at or approximately 90 days' gestation resulted in higher prevalence of transplacental infection and fetal death. Moreover, 1 gilt aborted and many liveborn pigs of other litters were weak and unthrifty. Clinical signs of disease and reproductive failure were especially severe for a field strain of PRRSV isolated from an epizootic that fit the strictest definition of atypical PRRS. Controls remained clinically normal and free of PRRSV.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance
Some strains of PRRSV now circulating in US swine herds are more virulent than those encountered in the past. Clinical PRRS in vaccinated herds suggests need for a new generation of vaccines. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:1540-1544)
Survey for antibodies to bovine adenoviruses in six- to nine-month-old feedyard cattle
Authors: Lehmkuhl Howard D. , Briggs Robert E. , Cutlip Randall C. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine the prevalence of antibody to bovine adenovirus (BAdV) serotypes 1-8 and 10 in calves at a farm and after 5 weeks in a feedyard.

Animals
2- to 5-month-old calves of mixed English breeding (n = 100) from 4 farms.

Procedure
Serum BAdV antibody was measured by use of a microtitration test.

Results
Serum antibodies were found to the 9 BAdV serotypes studied. Seroconversion to each virus had occurred in some calves by the time the second serum sample had been obtained, indicating that the BAdV were present and inducing active infection in these calves.

Conclusions
Antibody to BAdV serotypes 1-8 and 10 are present in cattle populations of the United States, indicating existence of these serotypes, although only BAdV serotypes 1-4, 7, and 10 have been isolated. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:1579-1580)