bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Separation of oligonucleotides and DNA fragments by capillary electrophoresis in dynamically and permanently coated capillaries, using a copolymer of acrylamide and β‐D‐glucopyranoside as a new low viscosity matrix with high sieving capacity
Authors: Chiari Marcella , Damin Francesco , Melis Alessandra , Consonni Roberto 
Published: May 2005

AbstractNew copolymers of acrylamide and β‐D‐glucopyranoside were synthesized and characterized. The different reactivity of the two monomers towards radical polymerization meant we could control the growth of the polymer chains whose length was inversely related to the number of glucose residues incorporated in the copolymers. The properties of these polymers were investigated in the separation of oligonucleotides and double‐stranded DNA by capillary electrophoresis (CE) in coated and uncoated capillaries. The new copolymers were a suitable matrix for CE due to their high‐resolving capacity and low viscosity. We also looked into the advantages of a new method of dynamic suppression of electroosmotic flow based on the addition of small amounts (0.03–0.05%) of dimethylacrylamide to the sieving and to the running buffer. A complete test was run on the reproducibility and efficiency of separations carried out in a permanently and dynamically coated capillary, and the advantages and disadvantages of the two methods were compared.
A simple method for the determination of isoelectric points of ampholytes with closely spaced pKa values using pressure‐mediated capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Glukhovskiy Pavel V. , Vigh Gyula 
Published: May 2005

AbstractA simple method, based on a modified version of pressure‐mediated capillary electrophoresis (PreMCE) has been developed for the determination of the isoelectric points of ampholytes which have closely spaced pKa values. This new pI‐determination PreMCE method (i) can be easily executed on most commercial capillary electrophoresis instruments; (ii) it can use small, impure samples, (iii) unlike isoelectric focusing methods in natural pH gradients, it does not require a linear pH gradient, and (iv) it eliminates the pI errors that are due to chromatographic retention on the walls of the separation chamber.
Faster capillary electrophoresis separation of wheat proteins through modifications to buffer composition and sample handling
Authors: Bean Scott R. , Lookhart George L. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractStudies were conducted to produce faster, simpler, more rugged protocols for separating wheat proteins by high performance capillary electrophoresis (HPCE). Three areas were targeted for improvement: initial capillary equilibration procedures, buffer composition, and post‐separation rinsing procedures. For the initial equilibration of capillaries, a brief rinse with a hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) solution was the most critical factor for successful separation of wheat proteins. To reduce separation time and maintain resolution, β‐alanine and glycine were each used in place of sodium phosphate as buffer ions. Two isoelectric buffers, aspartic acid and iminodiacetic acid (IDA) were also tested. Each of these four buffer systems generated substantially lower currents, and provided faster separations, than sodium phosphate‐based buffers. Finally, post‐separation rinsing procedures were re‐examined with the goal of reducing the time necessary to rinse the capillary after each separation. A critical factor in achieving this goal was removal of albumins and globulins prior to separation. These proteins bind to the capillary wall and cause rising baselines and excessive peak tailing. Once these proteins were removed, capillaries could be rinsed with buffer for only 2 min between separations. Capillary equilibration procedures were shortened from 90 min to 30 min. Likewise, separation times were reduced by ∼ 40% (25 min to 15 min) by using glycine in place of sodium phosphate in the separation buffer. Finally, post‐separation times were reduced by 80% (10 min to 2 min). Overall, these factors resulted in a reduction in total separation time of 50% (35 to 17 min) and maintained high resolution separations and good run‐to‐run repeatability.
Protein patterns of human nasal and bronchoalveolar lavage fluids analyzed with two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis
Authors: Lindahl Mats , Ståhlbom Bengt , Svartz Jesper , Tagesson Christer 
Published: May 2005

AbstractWe have previously described the protein patterns of human nasal lavage fluid (NLF) and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) after two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis (2‐DE). We now report the identification of a number of additional proteins in these 2‐DE patterns. Several plasma proteins (α2‐macroglobulin, haptoglobin α1‐chain, IgA S chain, ceruloplasmin, α1‐microglobulin, amyloid P and apolipoprotein A‐1) could be included both in the BALF and NLF spot pattern data bases by matching with a master plasma 2‐DE pattern (SWISS‐2DPAGE). Furthermore, lysozyme, lactoferrin and the antiinflammatory proteins lipocortin‐1 and Clara cell protein 16 (CC‐16) were identified by matching with reference proteins and Western immunoblots. Significant differences in the levels of some of the identified proteins were found between NLF and BALF, and between BALF from smokers and nonsmokers. Transferrin, hemopexin and haptoglobin α1 were lower in NLF than BALF, while IgA, lysozyme and lactoferrin were higher in NLF than BALF. One form of α1‐microglobulin was more abundant in NLF than in BALF, while the opposite was found for a second form of the same protein. Moreover, the levels of IgA, ceruloplasmin and the pro‐form of apolipoprotein A‐1 in BALF were lower in smokers than in nonsmokers. The possibility to describe and analyze differences in NLF and BALF 2‐DE patterns at the protein spot level may have wide clinical applications.
Fire hazards of organic materials—small scale assessment of flammability and smoke generation
Authors: Brown J. R. , Dunn P. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe flammability and smoke generation properties of a number of organic materials used in ships, including laminated materials, rigid and flexible cellular polymers, cable insulting materials and adhesives, have been evaluated. The relative flammabilities were determined by the limiting oxygen index method that gives convenient, reproducible, numerical ratings of materials. Smoke generation was assessed photometrically by measuring light attenuation under standard conditions and is reported in terms of the total amount of smoke generated, as well as the times for the smoke density to reach an arbitrary ‘critical’ level and the maximum value. Materials with low flammability and low smoke generation characteristics have been identified, as well as those that would be hazardous in the event of a fire.
A new approach to testing the flammability characteristics of surface coatings
Authors: Barnett Brian A. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThis paper describes the background information which led to the development of a technique specifically designed to test the flammability performance of coatings applied to metal substrates. Design parameters for the new test are discussed and the prototype apparatus is described in detail. The mode of operation is explained and some results are tabulated for a range of typical coating materials. Conclusions based on the behaviour of the coatings tested are drawn in the text. These conclusions are, however, biased towards the Naval environment and application, and may not be universally applicable. The main implications of this work so far are that it is possible to improve the performance of existing fire retardant paint systems by: (1) ensuring that only the minimum thickness is applied to non‐flammable substrates; (2) that adequate time is allowed for solvent elimination before deliberate exposure to risk; (3) using a white coating if possible; (4) increasing the durability of the coating to reduce the need for cosmetic overcoating, (i.e. re‐coating purely to improve appearance), e.g. by using a thermosetting resinous binder in place of the conventionally used alkyd resin.
Fire behaviour of beds and bedding materials
Authors: Woolley W. D. , Ames S. A. , Pitt A. I. , Murrell J. V. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractFull‐scale fire tests on domestic beds fully equipped with bedding materials have been carried out in an experimental compartment‐corridor facility at the Fire Research Station, Borehamwood, U. K. Mattresses made of hair, spring interior, foam rubber and polyurethane of various types, together with mattress covers of cotton, flame‐retarded cotton or proofed nylon were studied. The effectiveness of protective hair or glass fibre interlining was examined. The study has shown that a rapid development of fire in bed and bedding materials can take place with certain combinations of mattresses and their covers. The types of covers extremely important in overall fire development, particularly with polyurethane mattresses. A substantial improvement in the fire behaviour of many of the principal types of beds tested can be achieved by a careful selection of bedding materials, such as the type of mattress cover, and in certain cases by the use of protective interlinings.
Development of a stratified ceiling layer in the early stages of a closed‐room fire
Authors: Zukoski E. E. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractA simple analytical model has been developed to determine the time required for a room to fill with products of combustion from a small fire. The room is assumed to be closed except for small openings at either the floor or ceiling level and the assumption is made that the leak is large enough to allow the transient pressure term in the energy equation to be neglected. Products of combustion are assumed to occupy a layer next to the ceiling and the model predicts the growth of the thickness and the mean density of this layer as a function of time. The analysis shows that times required to fill a typical room are small. For example, a typical bedroom fills with products from a 20 kW fire in several minutes. The time required to fill a room and the mean density of ceiling layer are determined in terms of fire size, room geometry, leak position, fire elevation and geometry.
Relative toxicity of pyrolysis gases from materials: Effects of chemical composition and test conditions
Authors: Hilado Carlos J. , Cumming Heather J. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractRelative toxicity test data on 270 materials are presented, based on test procedures developed at the University of San Francisco. The effects of chemical composition, using data on 13 types of synthetic polymers and eight types of fabrics, are discussed. Selected materials were evaluated using nine test conditions with the USF method, and using methods developed at the FAA Civil Aeromedical Institute, Douglas Aircraft Company and San Jose State University.
A two zone model of flame propagation applied to H2 + air flames and HCL inhibited flames
Authors: Brown N. J. , Fristrom R. M. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThis communication presents a two zone flame model which allows computation of flame propagation velocity and average properties in the radical generation region and fuel attack region of the flame. The approach is computationally simpler than formal flame theory calculations; however, it provides only limited information since detailed structural information is sacrificed for computational simplicity. The zonal approach to flame structure is described and justification is provided for the various approximations which characterize the model. The model is largely a chemical one; however, the balance maintained between the radical molecule attack reaction and diffusional transport of radicals into the reaction region controls the propagation rate. The model was tested on five H2 + air flames, and the computed propagation velocities compared favorably with experimental values. HCL inhibition of the stoichiometric H2 + air flame was investigated, and the zonal approach was found suitable for studying flame inhibition.
Conversion of fuels containing nitrogen to oxides of nitrogen in hydrogen and methane flames
Authors: Woolley W. D. , Fardell P. J. , Atkinson A. B. , Verrall A. P. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractNitrogen‐containing compounds such as hydrogen cyanide, acetonitrile, acrylonitrile, pyridine, benzonitrile, ammonia and methylamine, which are typical of the products likely to be encountered during the decomposition of nitrogen‐containing polymers in fires, have been introduced into hydrogen and methane flames burning in oxygen‐argon atmospheres. There is a complete conversion of fuel nitrogen in all cases to oxides of nitrogen and molecular nitrogen. The relative conversion to oxides of nitrogen (as NOx/N2) increases as the injection rate of nitrogen‐containing fuels is decreased. The relative yields of oxides of nitrogen tend to be similar with methane and hydrogen premixed flames and markedly greater than observed with hydrogen diffusion flame. In all cases the yield of oxides of nitrogen‐containing products such as hydrogen cyanide can also present a toxic risk during the burning of nitrogen‐containing polymers, particularly when high temperature are involved. The combustion of these products in flame zones cannot be assumed to alleviate the additional toxic risk because of their conversion to oxides of nitrogen.
Ignition and flash‐fire studies of cellulosic materials
Authors: Hilado Carlos J. , Murphy Regina M. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractVarious celloulosic materials were evaluated for ignitability and flash‐fire propensity, using screening test methods developed at the University of San Francisco. Time to ignition, using radiation from a high‐temperature radiant source without a pilot flame, appeared to be primarily a function of heat flux and material density, rather than of type of wood or celloulosic board. At heat flux levels from 5.8 to 10.5 W cm−2, time to ignition was shortest for cellulose fiberboard with a density of 0.2225 g ml−1, followed by western red cedar at 0.314 g ml−1, eastern white pine at 0.348 g ml−1, southern yellow pine at 0.422 g ml−1, Douglas fir at 0.565 g ml −1, and longest for hardboard at 0.878 g ml−1. For the cotton and rayon woven‐pile upholstery fabrics, time to ignition appeared to increase with increasing fabric weight.For Cellulose insulation treated with boron‐containing additives, flash‐fire magnitude decreased with increasing additive content. Flash‐fire magnitude decreased more that could be accounted for by decreasing weight loss alone, indication reduction in the combustibility of the volatiles produced. Reduction in flash‐fire propensity of cotton bating by treatment with boron‐containing additives was also observed.
A procedure for assessing the change in flame spread characteristics of paints when subjected to washing
Authors: Pettitt M. , Routley A. F. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractA Collaborative Programme of work was carried out by two laboratories to asscess a procedure for identifying paint systems which possess poor ‘in service’ lives by virtue of being repeatedly washed. The small scale surface spread of flame apparatus as described in BS 476 part 7 was used to measure any change in the surface spread of flame characteristic of eight coating system, applied to two substrates, as a result of washing the coated surfaces. The results indicate that both laboratories ranked the paints in the same order and the reproducibility of the proposed washing procedure was good. The most consistent results were obtained when the coating systems were applied to standard hardboard. It is suggested that flame retardant coating system having poor resistance to washing would be identified if a limit of changes of average spread of flame were set at 75 mm. This investigation was carried out in support of the activities of BSI committee PVC/12, Fire Retardant Paints.
Combustion characteristics of UPVC pipe grade materials
Authors: Brown S. K. , Martin K. G. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractSamples of current Australian production of unplasticized polyvinyl chloride pipe and fitting materials have been examined in relation to combustion characteristics. Small scale laboratory assessment of piloted radiant ignition flame propagation and smoke generation have been investigated. Where necessary, improvements to methods of test or analysis of data have been developed and factors that influence results have been investigated. Piloted radiant ignititon and smoke production under flaming conditions are shfown to be the important combustion characteristics of UPVC materials for improvement.
The importance of cyanide and organic nitriles in fire fatalities
Authors: Anderson R. A. , Thomson I. , Harland W. A. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractA study of fire deaths in the Glasgow area has been in operation for 2½ years. Detailed pathological and toxicological examinations have been carried out on 127 fatalities, arising primarily in domestic fires. Cyanide and thiocyanate, the principal metabolite of cyanide in blood, were measured in blood samples from 100 fatalities and from groups of non‐fatal fire casualties, firemen and normal and post‐mortem controls. Cyanide concentrations in the blood of fatal and non‐fatal casualties were elevated to statistically significant levels compared to controls and 6% of fatalities had cyanide levels above 100 μmol 1−1 blood. No evidence was obtained for the operation of additive or synergistic effects in fire deaths between cyanide, carbon monoxide and ethyl alcohol. Thiocyanate was of value as an index of metabolized cyanide in non‐fatal subject groups but not in fatalities. Organic volatiles in blood from fire victims were analysed with a gas chromatograph mass spectrometer computer system and for the first time the presence of toxic nitriles other than cyanide has been demonstrated.
Second moment reliability analysis of fire exposed wood joist floor assemblies
Authors: Woeste F. E. , Schaffer E. L. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractA reliability analysis using second moment approximations is conducted on a fire exposed unprotected wood joist floor. A methodology is illustrated by which the probability of structural failure of a wooden floor assembly can be evaluated. This probability along with the probabilities of failure of other system components can be used in a system analysis which appears to be a vital approach to a more realistic analysis of building fire safety. The use of reliability analysis to compare the relative fire safety of different floor components is demonstrated. A procedure for introducing new components into the marked based on the concept of an equal safety index as calculated for a component with a proven in‐service record is discussed.
Protective clothing: Evaluation of zirpro wool and other fabrics
Authors: Benisek L. , Edmondson G. K. , Phillips W. A. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractProtective clothing against head and flames should be evaluated not only for flame retardance but also for protection against various heat exposure from convection (flames), conduction (molten metal splashes) and radiation sources, depending on the end use, to ensure a realistic assessment of the potential protection offered and required. Evaluations of various flame‐retardant fabrics to different heat exposures showed that the fibre and the flame retardant finish should preferably form a well developed char on exposure to heat, without softening and melting. The flame retardant should act in the solid phase and the fibre should be of low thermal conductivity. For protection against convective heat (flames), a woven Zirpro wool fabric of high density over a bulky knitted Zirpro wool underwear fabric offered a significantly better protection than a single layer of a woven or knitted fabric or a double layer of a woven fabric of the same total weight. The optional multi‐layer fabric approach could also decrease overall garment weight and improve wearers' comfort without adverse effect on the protection offered. Of the FR fabrics evaluated, Zirpro wool fabric assemblies showed the longest time to reach pain (first degree burn) and blister (second degree burn) thresholds, as well as the longest pain alarm time–the time available to the wearer to withdraw from the flame heat source before serious injuries occur. Zirpro wool fabric assemblies had one of the lowest residual heat transfers after al limited flame exposure to the pain threshold while some other fibres, e.g. aramid and novoloid, transferred significant residual heat, possibly causing second degree burns. For protection against conduction, such as from molten aluminium splashes, the fabric should have a smooth surface, high density and thickness, besides the other previously mentioned, basic requirements. Zirpro wool fabrics offered a significantly better protection in this case than aramid, FR cotton, glass fibre, asbestos, and other FR fibres. Aluminized fabrics are essential for adequate protection against radiant heat and the aluminization technique affects heat transfer significantly. A low density base fabric made from a fibre of low thermal conductivity, such as Zirpro wool, reduces heat transfer in this case.
The continuing problem of serious burns involving the ignition of clothing, particularly nightwear
Authors: Warne C. A. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractDespite a decrease in the UK, in the number of fatal accidents resulting from the ignition of clothing, there are still some 115 fatalities and many serious accidents each year. The research described in this paper identified groups of such accidents which involved nightwear garments and which might also be amenable to further prevention action. Detailed analysis of 64 cases suggested that further specific preventive action could have some impact on burns to the elderly involving nightdresses and burns to all age groups which involved pyjamas or dressing‐gowns.
Fire performance of glass reinforced polyesters
Authors: Parvin K. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractGlass reinforced polyesters (GRP), or the resins used, have to pass a wide variety of tests which vary considerably from country to country and from industry to industry. Some of these tests are carried out on a scale outside the capabilities of most laboratories and the results leave much to be desired in the matter of reproducibility. All these factors lead to problems for the formulator of fire‐retardant unsaturated polyester resins.
Legislation in the United Kingdom relating to plastics, polymers and textiles
Authors: Christian S. D. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThis paper deals with legislation enacted in the United Kingdom for the control of the hazard form fire in buildings of public resort such as hotels, boarding houses, factories, offices and shops as well as domestic dwellings. It gives background to why the various Acts were deemed necessary, why subsequent Regulations under the Acts were introduced, an impression on the effect their enforcement has had and an introduction into what is envisaged for the future. The legislation is not the product of any one Government department nor is it enforced by any single agency. Much of it is enforced by local authority fire brigade fire prevention departments and other sections by local authority Building Control Officers. It is the view of the author that more controls are required by way of Regulations and that certain of the Regulations at present in force are in need of revision. Included in the paper are tables of the latest statistics available (1976) together with other data, previously unpublished, which in the author's opinion justify his claim that more controls are needed. In the final part of the paper the author recommends most strongly that the gap in the present British Standard fire tests produced by the lack of an effective means of evaluating the smoke‐producing qualities and the toxicity of the produced by the lack of an effective means of evaluating the smoke‐producing qualities and the toxicity of the products of combustion of different materials should be urgently studied with an amended priority.