bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Encapsulation of a-acetolactate decarboxylase to avoid diacetyl formation
Authors: Dulieu Claire , Boivin Patrick , Malanda M’Baka , Dautzenberg Horst , Poncelet Denis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Elimination of diacetyl at the end of fermentation can be achieved by the enzyme a acetolactate decarboxylase. This enzyme transforms a-acetolactate directly to acetoin, thus preventing the formation of diacetyl, a contributor to off-flavour. We have developed a technique of encapsulation of a-acetolactate decarboxylase. The twin objectives were re-use of the enzyme and absence of the enzyme from the final product. The enzyme was encapsulated in the active form: transformation of a acetolactate to acetoin was demonstrated in neutral buffer. Studies on stability of the encapsulated enzyme, and trials on beer, are currently in progress.
Novel method for determination of glucose concentration during fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: IerseJ Martijn van , Favier Jan Paul , Meersman Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An optothermal method for quantitative analysis was developed and applied to monitor sugar during fermentation. The measurements were compared to those obtained from HPLC data and a good correlation was found (r = 0.996; detection limit for glucose 0.14 g 1-1). The ability to measure glucose in a complex matrix with a good reproducibility (within 2 %) and a low relative error (typically
0.5 %) suggests the potential of the new method for use in beer brewing. Further enhancement of the detection limit and sensitivity are anticipated when using a differential scheme with automatic subtraction of the background signal.
Very high gravity fermentations with ale and lager yeast strains
Authors: Borthwick R , Stewart G G , Rees E M R , Jones H L , Hodgson J A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The successful fermentation of ever stronger worts is the objective of many breweries. This study investigated the fermentation performance of ale and lager yeast strains in 15 and 20°P worts (all malt and high adjunct). Four successive fermentations were conducted in EBC tall tubes, with yeast storage and acid washing periods between each fermentation. The lager strain tolerated the increased stresses associated with very concentrated worts. It out performed the ale strain in 20°P wort, regardless of wort type, with improved viability, intracellular trehalose and beer flavour matching. Currently, large scale production trials are being conducted, focused at increased wort strengths.
Beer filtration with regenerable filter aid
Authors: Harmegnies F , Bonacchelli B , Tiget R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The efficiency of kieselguhr filters for beer filtration is well recognized but they are more and more questioned by economical and ecological considerations. A concept of “ecological filtration” has been developed, based on the use of a regenerable filter aid of variable porosity for prefiltration or clarification of beer. PVPP stabilisation can be carried out simultaneously to clarification. According to the economical study of an industrial installation, the investment and operating costs are lower than in the case of a conventional system.
Schnellbestimmung zur Vorhersage der Geschmacksstabilitat von Bier
Authors: Klein H , Krammer R , Natter M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The consumer expects the brewery to guarantee comprehensive and consistent quality to the “best-before date” within the limits of the process. Therefore a knowledge of taste stability is a significant factor in control of quality. Since classical assessment by tasting is expensive and gives highly subjective results, we developed a single rapid but highly informative analytical method. Fresh beer is steam distilled and the distillate measured spectrophotometrically, so providing as an “absorption integral” a value that correlates well with tas!e panel assessment. Therefore this new procedure used alone can provide brewery laboratories with an objective method to monitor the taste stability of their beers.
Measurement and significance of oxidation-reduction levels in beer
Authors: Buckee G K , Mom M , Nye J W S , Hammond R V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Conflicting views have been expressed in the literature concerning the measurement and significance of oxidation-reduction (redox) potentials in the brewing process. Causes of hitherto unstable measurements and parameters influencing redox values have been identified. A measuring cell has been developed which consists of a pH electrode and two platinum electrodes connected to a millivoltmeter. The second platinum electrode facilitates electrolytic cleaning and electrode polarization. Redox values can be correlated with dissolved oxygen levels and physical stability of packaged beer. Other applications are prediction of flavour stability and in/on-line monitoring of the brewing process.
The measurement of beer foam using a new laser-based video device
Authors: Mulroney A R , Wenn R V , Oortwyn J , Williamson R R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A new laser-based video device which offers a non-invasive approach to the measurement of foam collapse in beers under a variety of dispense conditions has been tested. The device proved capable of accurately following beer foam collapse and has application within the industry to address issues of foam quality and quality control. Differences in foam stability were observed between beer foams derived from both carbonated and nitrogenated beers. Foam collapse profiles proved highly reproducible under consistent dispense conditions. For nitrogenated beer foams the device was sensitive to very small foam volume changes. Temperature was shown to influence the foam collapse parameter.
Quantitation of total sulphur dioxide in beer by automated headspace gas chromatography
Authors: Lowe Luis E , Dreyer Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An automated method for the analysis of total SO2 was needed to take care of the increasing number of samples being analysed. The analysis relies on the formation of gaseous SO2 after acidification and heating of the sample. A volume of the SO2 gas generated is sampled by a headspace sampler and analysed by GC with a sulphur chemiluminescence detector. The accuracy and the precision of the method are equal to or better than those of the colorimetric ASBC method. Results from comparative analyses of beers using these two methods gave a correlation coefficient of r = 0.949 (149 samples).
Piezoelectric ceramics: a new concept for in-line density measurements
Authors: Gesnot M , Perrier L , Debourg A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In-line measurement of wort and beer gravity offers the opportunity of continuous process monitoring. The principle of the gravity sensor developed is based on a dynamic measurement of the resonance frequency between two piezoelectric membranes. The laboratory trials with this sensor have shown that yeast cells, suspended trub and CO2 bubbles do not interfere with specific gravity measurement. The accuracy and reliability of this system allow specific gravity measurement in a range from 1.0000 to 1.3000 with a variability of 0.002. The results were confirmed by trials in industrial fermentation vessels and in-line measurements of wort specific gravity.
The use of robots improves the performance in the bottling hall
Authors: Swinkels F L M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the time Bavaria N.V. had its packaging lines equipped with the latest in conventional palletizing technology. Always in search of new technology or methods we ran into robots. We researched and tested this technology based on our future specifications for our end-of-line packaging requirements. This proved drastic reduction in floor space, reduced energy consumption, reduced scrap losses, minimal product change-over time, packaging material reduction, labor reduction. The proven results have made us decide to replace a!I conventional equipment by robots.
Keg tracking - a method to control a keg fleet; experiences and advantages
Authors: Till Volker 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Keg tracking is a mostly unknown tool to breweries in order to increase profit and quality. It allows to register all external influence on the kegs and is used to give total control for the keg handling, keg washing and filling in the brewery as well. Systems in operation in Switzerland, France, Germany, Australia and South America proof the effectiveness. The paper summarizes the latest practical solutions and supplies guidelines how to introduce and install a system. It ends with an overview of cost and return on investment supplied from data of existing systerm; in operation.
microscopy and cryo-microscopy
Authors: Cam Eric Le , Delain Etienne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Characterization of the DNA curvature and flexibility, intrinsic or induced by protein, re-mains controversial and depends on the method used. Such an analysis is even more difficult with respect to the confom1ational changes in DNA induced by non-specific binding proteins such as histone-like proteins. Electron and recent near-field microscopes now offer different potentials to visualize and analyse individual molecules. These microscopes have the capacity to determine the average behaviour of a population of molecules observed individually and can thus provide a better appreciation of variability within the series of molecules than biochemical or other biophysical methods.
Mapping DNA target sites of chromatin-associated proteins by formaldehyde cross-linking in Drosophila embryos
Authors: Cavalli Giacomo , Orlando, Valerio , Paro Renato 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The method described here allows the mapping of protein-DNA interactions through the ability of formaldehyde to cross-link proteins and nucleic acids in living cells. Formaldehyde is a very reactive dipolar compound which reacts with the amino groups of proteins and amino acids (1, 2). It shows no reactivity, however, towards free double-stranded DNA, and thus does not cause the extensive DNA damage seen after prolonged exposure to other crosslinking reagents such as UV. Each formaldehyde molecule has the capacity to interact with two amino groups. Therefore DNA-protein, protein-protein, and RNA-protein cross-links are rapidly formed after formaldehyde treatment, creating a stable structure which prevents the redistribution of cellular components. Furthermore, a simple heat treatment is sufficient to reverse the reaction equilibrium, and to allow the isolation of pure DNA for further analysis (3). Formaldehyde crosslinking combined with chromatin immuno precipitation (IP) is a way of mapping the in vivo distribution of chromatin• associated proteins. As such, this technique is of great value in the analysis of protein-DNA interactions, even more so when studying proteins which do not show specific DNA binding activities in vitro. This has recently been demonstrated for several chromatin associated proteins, such as Polycomb (PC) in Drosophila (4) and the Silent Information Regulators (SIR) proteins in budding yeast (5). Additionally, analysis of the crosslinking pattern can not only allow mapping of sites of protein-DNA interaction, but can also give an estimation of the relative binding affinity to different sequences across a large genomic region.
Chromosome fragmentation in vertebrate cell lines
Authors: Farr Christine J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Experimental approaches to understanding chromosome structure and function fall into two main categories: the first involves assembling candidate DNA elements in vitro to construct an artificial chromosome. This approach was used to create yeast artificial chromosomes in both Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe. More recently a related approach has lead to the generation of mammalian minichromosomes in the human somatic cell line HT1080, although the precise DNA organization and requirements of these mammalian minichromosomes has yet to be fully elucidated (1). The alternative approach involves manipulation of an existing chromosome to generate smaller minichromosome derivatives suitable for further study/fragmentation. This chapter will focus on the use of short stretches of the vertebrate terminal repeat DNA sequence (TTAGGG)n to 'seed' the formation of de novo telomeres when introduced into vertebrate cell lines, simultaneously truncating the chromosome at the integration site (2, 3). Combined with elaborate selection schemes and homologous recombination this approach has led to the generation of a series of minichromosomes derived from native human chromosomes (4, 5).
Enzyinology of huinan nucleotide excision repair
Authors: Naegeli Hanspeter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Damaged bases are eliminated from human genomes by two completely different excision mechanisms: repair by base excision and repair by nucleotide excision. Base excision involves the hydrolysis of N-glycosidic bonds and is restricted to a rather narrow range of defective or inappropriate DNA constituents (1, 2). Nucleotide excision repair (NER), on the other hand, proceeds through dual endonucleolytic cleavage of damaged strands and is capable of removing a nearly infinite variety of base lesions with little regard for the modification itself. The extraordinary substrate versatility of NER is necessary to cope with bulky (helix distorting) injuries to DNA that arise mainly from exposure to UV radiation and chemical carcinogens (3-6). NER is, in fact, the sole mechanism for the error-free removal of bulky DNA adducts in human cells and, as a consequence, provides a key line of defence against such genotoxic adversities. In addition, NER displays a backup role for the repair of apurinic-apyrimidinic (AP) sites, thymine glycol, 8-hydroxyguanine, O6-methylguanine, and similar non-bulky base lesions that are normally processed by more specific repair enzymes, primarily AP endonucleases, DNA glycosylases, or O6- methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (7, 8). To exert these multiple DNA repair functions, human NER lacks selectivity for a particular type of damage, i.e. a limited number of gene products accommodates and processes a large repertoire of unrelated base modifications while ignoring the normal conformational fluctuations of undamaged DNA. This flexibility is achieved by means of a repair strategy that avoids the direct processing of modified deoxyribonucleotide residues, but, instead, operates exclusively on unmodified segments of native DNA around each lesion site.
Investigation of DNA virus genome structure
Authors: Skinner Michael A , Laidlaw Stephen M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The nucleotide sequence of the DNA genome of bacteriophage cpX174 (5386 bp) was determined in 1977 (1), and that of bacteriophage A (48 502 bp) followed in 1982 (2). In these early years of sequencing, virus genomes provided the targets to push the development of nucleotide sequencing technology forward. This situation continued until the completion of the sequences of the genomes of the large DNA viruses such as the herpesviruses and the poxviruses. Notable landmarks have been the first complete sequence of a herpesvirus, varicella zoster virus (124 884 bp) in 1986 (3), and of a poxvirus, vaccinia virus (191636 bp) in 1990 (4). The intervening years have seen the determination of the complete sequences of other members of these families of large viruses, representing examples of different genera and with different hosts. Examples of these for the herpesviruses are human and equine herpes viruses I (5, 6) and II (7, 8), cytomegalovirus (9), HSV 7 (10), channel catfish virus (11); and for the poxviruses, smallpox (12), and molluscum contagiosum virus (13). The sequences of other large DNA virus genomes, such as African swine fever (14), and a baculovirus (15), have also been determined. These projects represent various approaches to the problem; clearly there are alternative strategies that can be employed successfully. Moreover, it is no longer the viruses that provide the targets for the technological push, but the larger genomes of bacteria (16-19) and yeast (20), now superseded by the chromosomes and indeed entire genomes of eukaryotes. The tools currently available to the virus genome sequencer are therefore considerably more powerful than those used to elucidate the first sequences. We can therefore look forward to the routine determination of the sequences of a wide range of large DNA viruses with different host ranges and phenotypes, bringing new opportunities for the study of virus evolution and virus-host interactions.
Identification and analysis of trans-acting proteins involved in the regulation of DNA virus gene expression
Authors: Whitehouse Adrian , Meredith David M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have been interested in identifying and characterising the genes that regulate viral gene expression in Herpesvirus saimiri (HVS). This is a lymphotrophic rhadinovirus (γ-2 herpesvirus) of squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus), which persistently infects its natural host without causing any obvious disease. However, HVS infection of other species of New World primates can result in lymphoproliferative diseases (1). The genome of HVS (strain All) consists of a unique internal low G + C-content DNA segment (L-DNA) of approximately 110 kbp which is flanked by a variable number of 1444 G bp high + C-content tandem repetitions (H-DNA) (2). Analysis indicates that it shares significant homology with other ‘Y herpesviruses: Epstein-Barr virus, bovine herpesvirus 4, Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (or human herpesvirus 8), and murine gammaherpesvirus 68.
Herpes simplex virus and adenovirus vectors
Authors: Scarpini Cinzia , Arthur Jane , Efstathiou Stacey , Mcgrath Yvonne , Wilkinson Gavin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gene therapy has the potential to treat a wide variety of acquired and inherited disorders, including inborn errors of metabolism, infectious disease, and cancer. For each of these applications an appropriate vector system is required to deliver the therapeutic gene efficiently to the nucleus of the target cell, in order to mediate either transient or long-term expression of the required gene product. In this chapter we consider the biological properties and methods associated with the construction and propagation of two large DNA virus vector systems: herpes simplex virus and adenovirus.
The genome project and sequence homology to other species
Authors: Blaxter Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Caenorhabditis elegans has a small genome (1 3). At 97 megabases (Mb) it is one thirtieth the size of the human (and other mammalian) genomes. Since C. elegans is a metazoan, its genome might be expected to be significantly more complex than those of single celled eukaryotes such as yeasts and protozoa, yet it is only three times the size of the malaria genome and eight times that of fission yeast. Within this relatively small gene set lie all the instructions for the development and functioning of a fully differentiated animal. These include genes for developmental regulation and embryogenesis, the functioning of complex organ systems, and the integration of the nervous system to control behaviour (4 8). At the inception of the C. elegans genome project, the idea of determining the complete sequence (never mind the structure) of such a vast genome was nearly unthinkable. Thanks to the vision, drive, and sheer hard work of a core group of researchers (in particular John Sulston, Alan Coulson, and Bob Waterston), the dream of having a fully mapped, and fully sequenced genome is complete. The genome project has been central to the success of C. elegans as a model organism, as it allows researchers to home in on the molecular basis of observed genetic defects without having to spend years in the forest of conventional, mapless cloning projects (9). The genome sequence yields the ultimate in genotyping and is the basis on which the next generation of ‘post genomics ‘ research will be based. In addition, the finding of a potential homologue of a gene of interest in the C. elegans genome sequence dataset is often the first inkling a researcher will have that this small nematode might be of interest to them.
C.elegans and the Web
Authors: Thierry-Mieg Jean , Thierry-Mieg Danielle , Potdevin Michel , Stein Lincoln 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With the completion of the C. elegans sequencing project, it is now a frequent event for a biologist working on another species to detect a homology to a nematode sequence during a routine BLAST search. Starting from such a link, or from a text search, we show, step by step, how a scientist, who does not have specialized knowledge of C. elegans biology, may use the Web to explore the C. elegans data. We show how to access the genomic DNA and cDNA sequences, look at the graphic displays of the sequence and the genetic map, and search for mutant phenotypes. Finally, we explain how to contact the relevant C. elegans laboratories to ask for further help, information, and possibly strains, clones, or other material from which may develop a new and fruitful collaboration.
Microscopy
Authors: Schnabel Ralf 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is designed to help you to analyse the phenotype of your favourite worm or embryo by looking through a microscope. The worm is perfectly suited to analysis by light microscopy. The dimensions of the embryo (about 55 µm) or the adult (1 mm) are just in the right range, such that the whole embryo or significant parts of the body of larvae and adults can be viewed with the highest numerical aperture and therefore with the best achievable resolution. Thus, subcellular details can be seen without losing sight of the whole animal. Although a wealth of very helpful, molecular markers of cell fate are available (e.g. antibodies, transgenic lines with green fluorescent protein (GFP) or [3 galactosidase labelled proteins, or specific probes for RNA in situ), differentiated cells show very characteristic features when viewed directly through a light microscope fitted with Nomarski (DIC) optics, so that determining which tissue or organ a cell belongs to (e.g. pharynx, gut, hypodermis, nervous system, or body wall muscle) is quite easy. The use of 4D microscopy, which allows the development of whole embryos to be documented, adds a new level to the analysis of cells since the ‘behaviour ‘ of cells can also be followed. It is an interesting question whether the expression of a single molecular marker really defines the fate of a cell unambiguously. However, if a cell looks like, migrates, and intercalates like a hypodermal cell it is very likely a hypodermal cell. Many investigators have now become interested in C. elegans because the function of their favourite molecule can be readily analysed in this nematode. It is therefore the general aim of this chapter to introduce molecular biologists to the basics of microscopy. To determine the function of the gene, at least its biological function as opposed to its ‘chemical ‘ function, one has to look through a microscope. Although this is mainly a book about methods, concepts are also very important methods and therefore a short conceptual discussion about what is required to determine the function of the gene, that is characterization of the ‘phenotype ‘ of the organism lacking a gene function, is included in the section discussing 4D microscopy.