bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Postprandial acylated ghrelin status following fat and protein manipulation of meals in healthy young women
Authors: Al Awar Rima , Obeid Omar , Hwalla Nahla , Azar Sami 
Published: September 2005

The aim of the present study was to investigate the postprandial effect of diet composition on circulating acylated ghrelin levels in healthy women. A randomized cross-over study of three experimental treatments was performed. A total of 11 healthy young women of normal body weight completed the study. All 11 subjects consumed three iso-energetic meals of different macronutrient composition, a balanced meal (50% carbohydrates, 30% fat and 20% protein), a high-fat meal (45% carbohydrates, 45% fat and 10% protein) and a high-protein meal (45% carbohydrates, 20% fat and 35% protein), for breakfast on separate days. The test meals were administered 1 month apart. Blood samples were withdrawn immediately before and at 15, 30, 60, 120 and 180 min after the test meal for measurement of plasma acylated ghrelin, as well as serum glucose, insulin and triacylglycerol (triglyceride) levels. Acylated ghrelin fell significantly after ingestion of both the balanced and high-protein meals. Ghrelin persisted at significantly lower levels than baseline for a longer duration following the high-protein meal (P&lt;0.05 at 15, 30, 60 and 120 min) compared with the balanced meal (P&lt;0.05 at 30 and 60 min). Moreover, acylated ghrelin levels correlated negatively with the postprandial insulin levels. In conclusion, postprandial changes in acylated plasma ghrelin depend on the macronutrient composition of the meal and are possibly influenced by insulin.
Effect of urocortin 1 infusion in humans with stable congestive cardiac failure
Authors: Davis Mark E. , Pemberton Christopher J. , Yandle Timothy G. , Lainchbury John G. , Rademaker Miriam T. , Nicholls M. Gary , Frampton Christopher M. , Richards A. Mark 
Published: September 2005

In sheep with HF (heart failure), Ucn1 (urocortin 1) decreases total peripheral resistance and left atrial pressure, and increases cardiac output in association with attenuation of vasopressor hormone systems and enhancement of renal function. In a previous study, we demonstrated in the first human studies that infusion of Ucn1 elevates corticotropin (‘ACTH’), cortisol and ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide), and suppresses the hunger-inducing hormone ghrelin in normal subjects. In the present study, we examined the effects of Ucn1 on pituitary, adrenal and cardiovascular systems in the first Ucn1 infusion study in human HF. In human HF, it is proposed that Ucn1 would augment corticotropin and cortisol release, suppress ghrelin and reproduce the cardiorenal effects seen in animals with HF. On day 3 of a controlled metabolic diet, we studied eight male volunteers with stable HF (ejection fraction &lt;40%; New York Heart Association Class II–III) on two occasions, 2 weeks apart, receiving 50 μg of Ucn1 or placebo intravenously over 1 h in a randomized time-matched cross-over design. Neurohormones, haemodynamics and urine indices were recorded. Ucn1 infusion increased plasma Ucn1, corticotropin (baseline, 5.9±0.9 pmol/l; and peak, 7.2±1.0 pmol/l) and cortisol (baseline, 285±42 pmol/l; and peak, 310±41 pmol/l) compared with controls (P&lt;0.001, 0.008 and 0.047 respectively). The plasma Ucn1 half-life was 54±3 min. ANP and ghrelin were unchanged, and no haemodynamic or renal effects were seen. In conclusion, a brief intravenous infusion of 50 μg of Ucn1 stimulates corticotropin and cortisol in male volunteers with stable HF.
Fetal programming of appetite by exposure to a maternal low-protein diet in the rat
Authors: Bellinger Leanne , Langley-Evans Simon C. 
Published: September 2005

Undernutrition in fetal life programmes risk of obesity and the metabolic syndrome in adult life. Rat studies indicate that exposure to a maternal low-protein diet throughout fetal life establishes a preference for high-fat foods. The present study aimed to assess the effect of low protein exposure during discrete 7-day periods of gestation upon feeding behaviour (full gestation 22 days). Pregnant rats were fed control or low-protein diet, with low-protein feeding targeted at day 0–7 (LPEarly), day 8–14 (LPMid) or day 15–22 (LPLate) of gestation. At 12 weeks of age, offspring were placed on a macronutrient self-selection regimen. Prenatal protein restriction programmed feeding behaviour in female, but not male, offspring. Among females, all low-protein exposed groups consumed less fat than the control group (P&lt;0.05). Male offspring showed no changes in feeding behaviour. In males and females fed a low-fat chow diet, there were metabolic differences between the groups. LPEarly and LPLate males had greater hepatic glycogen stores than control animals. There were no differences in the size of abdominal fat depots in either male or female rats exposed to low-protein diet at any point in gestation. The data suggest that programming of feeding behaviour is likely to be gender-specific and dependent upon the timing of nutrient insult in fetal life. This work may have implications for the development of the metabolic syndrome.
Behavioural manipulation in a grasshopper harbouring hairworm: a proteomics approach
Authors: Biron D.G , Marché L , Ponton F , Loxdale H.D , Galéotti N , Renault L , Joly C , Thomas F 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe parasitic Nematomorph hairworm,Spinochordodes tellinii(Camerano) develops inside the terrestrial grasshopper,Meconema thalassinum(De Geer) (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae), changing the insect's responses to water. The resulting aberrant behaviour makes infected insects more likely to jump into an aquatic environment where the adult parasite reproduces. We used proteomics tools (i.e. two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE), computer assisted comparative analysis of host and parasite protein spots and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry) to identify these proteins and to explore the mechanisms underlying this subtle behavioural modification. We characterized simultaneously the host (brain) and the parasite proteomes at three stages of the manipulative process, i.e. before, during and after manipulation. For the host, there was a differential proteomic expression in relation to different effects such as the circadian cycle, the parasitic status, the manipulative period itself, and worm emergence. For the parasite, a differential proteomics expression allowed characterization of the parasitic and the free-living stages, the manipulative period and the emergence of the worm from the host. The findings suggest that the adult worm alters the normal functions of the grasshopper's central nervous system (CNS) by producing certain ‘effective’ molecules. In addition, in the brain of manipulated insects, there was found to be a differential expression of proteins specifically linked to neurotransmitter activities. The evidence obtained also suggested that the parasite produces molecules from the family Wnt acting directly on the development of the CNS. These proteins show important similarities with those known in other insects, suggesting a case of molecular mimicry. Finally, we found many proteins in the host's CNS as well as in the parasite for which the function(s) are still unknown in the published literature (www) protein databases. These results support the hypothesis that host behavioural changes are mediated by a mix of direct and indirect chemical manipulation.
Elimination of CD4+CD25+ T cell accelerates the development of glomerulonephritis during the preactive phase in autoimmune‐prone female NZB × NZW F1 mice
Authors: Hayashi Toshiharu , Hasegawa Keiko , Adachi Chie 
Published: September 2005

SummaryThe role of CD4+CD25+ T cell in glomerulonephritis (GN) development during the preactive phase was investigated in autoimmune‐prone female NZB × NZW F1 (B/WF1) mice. The administration of anti‐mouse CD25+ T‐cell monoclonal antibody (PC61.5) 3 days after birth induced the development of GN with an increase in IgG2a antinuclear antibody, productions of IL‐6 and IFN‐γ, whereas TGF‐β1 production decreased, compared to untreated control mice. The present study results suggest that CD4+CD25+ T cells may, at least in part, downregulate the development of GN during the preactive phase in B/WF1 mice.
The role of alcohol‐specific socialization in adolescents’ drinking behaviour
Authors: Van Der Vorst Haske , Engels Rutger C. M. E. , Meeus Wim , Deković Maja , Van Leeuwe Jan 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTAims  To determine which alcohol‐specific socialization practices are related to adolescents’ alcohol use, and to investigate whether parents differ in their alcohol‐specific socialization towards their children.Design  In a sample of 428 families, both parents and two adolescents (aged 13–16 years) completed a questionnaire at home about alcohol‐specific parenting and their own alcohol use. Based on the reports of each family member, three different models of alcohol‐specific socialization were formulated: from the perspective of the siblings, the mother and the father.Findings  Results of structural equation modelling generally showed the same associations between alcohol‐specific socialization and drinking of younger and older adolescents. The strongest association was found for providing alcohol‐specific rules. Applying strict rules about alcohol use was negatively related to adolescents’ alcohol use; this was also the case for having confidence in the effectiveness of alcohol‐specific socialization. Unexpectedly, frequency of communication about alcohol issues was positively associated with alcohol consumption of adolescents.Conclusions  This study is one of the first to examine associations between alcohol‐specific socialization and adolescents’ drinking using a between‐ and a within‐family design. Results showed strong associations between alcohol‐specific socialization (particularly of enforcing rules) and adolescent alcohol use. Although parents strongly differentiated their socialization practices between children, no differences in associations between alcohol‐specific socialization and drinking were found between older and younger adolescents.
Reducing bias in telephone survey estimates of the prevalence of drug use: a randomized trial of telephone audio‐CASI
Authors: Turner Charles F. , Villarroel Maria A. , Rogers Susan M. , Eggleston Elizabeth , Ganapathi Laxminarayana , Roman Anthony M. , Al‐Tayyib Alia 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTAim  To assess the impact of telephone audio computer‐assisted self‐interviewing (T‐ACASI) on reporting of alcohol use, alcohol problems and illicit drug use in telephone surveys of the general population. Prior research suggests that illicit drug use is underreported in traditional, interviewer‐administered, telephone surveys.Design  Randomized experiment embedded in telephone survey of probability samples of populations of USA and Baltimore, MD. Survey respondents were randomly assigned to be interviewed either by human telephone interviewers or by T‐ACASI after household screening, recruitment, and informed consent procedures were completed.Setting  Respondents were interviewed by telephone in their homes.Participants  Probability samples of 1543 English‐speaking adults ages 18–45 residing in telephone‐accessible households in USA and 744 similarly defined adults residing in Baltimore, MD, USA.Measurements  Nine questions on alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, and injection drug use adapted from 1994 NHSDA and four CAGE questions on alcohol problems. Crude odds ratios and odds ratios controlling for demographic factors calculated to test for differences between responses obtained by T‐ACASI and human interviewers.Findings  T‐ACASI had mixed effects on reporting of alcohol use, but it did increase reporting of one of four CAGE alcohol problems: feeling guilty about drinking (23.0% in T‐ACASI vs. 17.6% in T‐IAQ, OR = 1.4, P < 0.01). T‐ACASI also obtained significantly more frequent reporting of marijuana, cocaine, and injection drug use. The impact of T‐ACASI was most pronounced for reporting of recent use of ‘harder’ drugs. Thus T‐ACASI respondents were more likely to report marijuana use in the past month (10.0% vs. 5.7%, crude OR = 1.9, P < 0.001), cocaine use in the past month (2.1% vs. 0.7%, crude 3.2, P < 0.001) and injection drug use in the past five years (1.6% vs. 0.3%, crude OR = 4.8, P < 0.01).Conclusions  Telephone survey respondents were more likely to report illicit drug use and one alcohol problem when interviewed by T‐ACASI rather than by human telephone interviews.
Validity of carbohydrate‐deficient transferrin (%CDT), γ‐glutamyltransferase (γ‐GT) and mean corpuscular erythrocyte volume (MCV) as biomarkers for chronic alcohol abuse: a study in patients with alcohol dependence and liver disorders of non‐alcoholic and alcoholic origin
Authors: Hock B. , Schwarz M. , Domke I. , Grunert V. P. , Wuertemberger M. , Schiemann U. , Horster S. , Limmer C. , Stecker G. , Soyka M. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTAim  To test the clinical performance of carbohydrate‐deficient transferrin (%CDT), γ‐glutamyltransferase (γ‐GT) and mean corpuscular erythrocyte volume (MCV) as biomarkers for alcoholism with a special focus on patients suffering from liver diseases.Design  Well‐characterized collectives of alcohol‐dependent patients with current consumption (ALC patients, n = 101), and relevant control groups (115 social drinkers, 46 patients with unspecifically increased γ‐GT, 51 hepatitis patients and 20/31 patients with non‐alcohol/alcohol‐dependent liver cirrhosis) were included into the study. The Positive Alcohol Use Disorders Test (AUDIT) score, International Classification of Diseases version 10 (ICD‐10)/Diagnostic and Statistical Manual version IV (DSM‐IV) criteria and blood drawn within 4 days of last drinking were inclusion criteria for subjects with regular heavy drinking. %CDT was determined using an automated assay which recently had been completely modified.Findings  Median AUDIT scores of patients without/with regular heavy drinking were 1–3/27. The following medians/95th percentiles were obtained for %CDT: social drinkers 2.2/3.0, patients with unspecifically increased γ‐GT 2.1/3.0, hepatitis 2.0/4.4, non‐alcohol‐dependent liver cirrhosis 2.4/4.8, alcohol‐dependent liver cirrhosis 3.0/5.9, ALC patients 3.9/14.9. Differences between patients without and with alcohol abuse were highly significant (P < 0.001). No differences in CDT values were found between males and females. There was no correlation between %CDT values, γ‐GT, MCV and the amount of alcohol consumed in ALC patients; 3.0%CDT (95th percentile social drinkers) is proposed as cut‐off for the test used (Tina‐quant®%CDT 2nd‐generation). At this cut‐off, the sensitivity for ALC patients was 73.3%, whereas γ‐GT/MCV had a sensitivity of 71.3%/64.4%. Multivariate analysis performed at 95% specificity resulted in an improvement of the sensitivity by combining %CDT with γ‐GT (83.2%). A further enhancement of the sensitivity to 88.1% was obtained by combination of %CDT, γ‐GT and MCV. The diagnostic specificity of %CDT calculated at the cut‐off of 3% was 93.5% in patients with unspecifically increased γ‐GT, 88.2% in hepatitis patients and 70.0% in patients with non‐alcohol‐dependent liver cirrhosis. %CDT was more specific in these patient collectives than MCV, and especially more than γ‐GT (specificity in hepatitis 52.9%, and 35.0% in non‐alcohol‐dependent liver cirrhosis).Conclusion  %CDT is of high diagnostic value to support diagnosis of alcohol‐use disorders. The specificity of this marker in patient groups with liver disorders is superior to the biomarkers γ‐GT and MCV.
Excessive alcohol consumption and dependence on amphetamine are associated with parallel increases in subjective ratings of both ‘wanting’ and ‘liking’
Authors: Willner Paul , James Darren , Morgan Michael 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTAim  One of the tenets of the incentive sensitization theory of drug addiction is that ‘as drugs come to be wanted more and more, they often come to be liked less and less’. The aim of this study was to test whether this assumption holds true. Specifically, the study aimed to test the hypothesis that in non‐clinical samples, dependence on amphetamines and excessive alcohol use are associated with increased ‘wanting’ but decreased ‘liking’ for the drug.Design, setting and participants  In two studies, the Desires for Alcohol Questionnaire (DAQ) was administered to 380 recreational drinkers, and the Desires for Speed Questionnaire (DSQ) and the Leeds Dependence Questionnaire (LDQ) were administered to 174 amphetamine users. Scales were derived from the DAQ and DSQ representing craving, on one hand, and positive and negative reinforcement on the other hand. Craving and positive reinforcement were taken as measures of alcohol or amphetamine ‘wanting’ and ‘liking’, respectively.Findings  Scores on all three DAQ scales increased monotonically as a function of the extent of alcohol consumption. Scores on all three DSQ scales increased monotonically as a function of dependence, as measured by the LDQ. ‘Liking’ for amphetamine was unrelated to time since the drug was last taken. (These data were not available for alcohol.)Conclusions  The finding that ‘wanting’ increased as a function of dependence on amphetamine or level of consumption in the case of alcohol is as predicted by the incentive sensitization theory, but the finding that ‘liking’ also increased as a function of dependence or excess is the opposite of the predicted effects While not refuting the incentive sensitization theory directly, the study questions the validity of one of the tenets of the theory.
Allele and genotype frequencies of CYP2C9 in a Korean population
Authors: Bae Jung‐Woo , Kim Hyun‐Kyung , Kim Ji‐Hong , Yang Sang‐In , Kim Mi‐Jeong , Jang Choon‐Gon , Park Young‐Seo , Lee Seok‐Yong 
Published: September 2005

AimsTo determine the frequencies of the variant alleles and the genotypes of CYP2C9 in a Korean population.MethodsThree hundred and fifty‐eight healthy Korean subjects were studied. CYP2C9 alleles were detected by polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism assays and direct sequencing assays.ResultsThe allele frequencies were 0.934 for CYP2C9*1, 0.060 for CYP2C9*3 and 0.006 for CYP2C9*13. The CYP2C9*2,*4,*5 and *11 alleles were not detected. The frequencies of the CYP2C9*1/*1, *1/*3 and *1/*13 genotypes were 0.869, 0.120 and 0.011, respectively.ConclusionThe frequency of the CYP2C9*3 allele in the Korean population studied was significantly higher than reported elsewhere, and a novel allele, CYP2C9*13, was found at a frequency of 0.006 (95% confidence interval 0, 0.012). Only three genotypes of CYP2C9, CYP2C9*1/*1,*1/*3 and *1/*13 were observed in this Korean population.
Anti‐factor Xa kinetics after intravenous enoxaparin in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: a population model analysis
Authors: Sanchez‐Pena Paola , Hulot Jean‐Sébastien , Urien Saïk , Ankri Annick , Collet Jean‐Philippe , Choussat Rémi , Lechat Philippe , Montalescot Gilles 
Published: September 2005

AimRecent studies have suggested that intravenous (i.v.) enoxaparin could be used as antithrombotic therapy in patients ongoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). However, anti‐Xa pharmacokinetics following different i.v. dosing regimens is not clearly established.MethodsA population pharmacokinetic analysis was developed using anti‐Xa activities measured in 546 patients who received a single 0.5 mg kg−1 i.v. dose of enoxaparin immediately before PCI. Effects of higher doses (0.75 mg kg−1 and 1 mg kg−1) and/or additional bolus after the initial administration were similarly simulated.ResultsEnoxaparin anti‐Xa time profiles were best described by a one‐compartment model with zero‐order kinetics. Mean population parameters (intersubject variability, %) were CL 1.2 l h−1 (33), V 2.9 l (30) and zero‐order input 0.25 h (24). With a single bolus of 0.5 mg kg−1, the totality of the patients reached an effective anticoagulation level (anti‐Xa >0.5 IU ml−1) and only 2.5% reached levels above 1.5 IU ml−1. Simulations showed that greater doses (0.75 mg kg−1 and 1 mg kg−1) prolonged the duration of anticoagulation (3.4 and 4.1 h, respectively) compared with the 0.5 mg kg−1 bolus (2.7 h) and markedly increased the proportion (48% and 79%, respectively) of patients with anti‐Xa levels >1.5 IU ml−1. For delayed and/or prolonged procedures, patients could be administered a second bolus of half the initial dose in a time interval between 90 min to 2 h after in order to maintain similar anticoagulation profile levels.ConclusionsA single 0.5 mg kg−1 i.v. dose of enoxaparin reached anticoagulation levels adequately and should be safer compared with greater doses for anticoagulation in patients undergoing an elective PCI. An additional second bolus could be proposed in patients with delayed or prolonged procedures.
Population pharmacokinetic analysis for nelfinavir and its metabolite M8 in virologically controlled HIV‐infected patients on HAART
Authors: Panhard X. , Goujard C. , Legrand M. , Taburet A. M. , Diquet B. , Mentré F. ,   COPHAR 1‐ANRS study group
Published: September 2005

AimsTo describe the pharmacokinetics of nelfinavir and its main metabolite M8 in HIV‐infected patients with a sustained virological response, to characterize the effect of covariates and to estimate inter‐ and intra‐individual variability in the pharmacokinetics.MethodsThree hundred and twenty concentrations of both nelfinavir and M8 were measured in 46 patients enrolled in the COPHAR 1‐ANRS 102 study. Blood samples were taken at a first visit (one sample before drug administration and four samples at fixed times after) and at a second visit 1 to 3 months later (one before and one 3 h after drug administration). The data from both visits on nelfinavir and M8 were modelled jointly in all patients using a population approach.ResultsA one‐compartment model with first‐order absorption and elimination best described nelfinavir data, with an additional compartment incorporating a first order rate‐constant describing the metabolism of the drug to M8. For nelfinavir, the apparent volume of distribution (V/F ) (95% confidence interval for the mean), was 309 l (185, 516), the absorption rate constant (ka) was 0.4 h−1 (0.2, 0.8), and the apparent clearance (CL/F ) was 37.3 l h−1 (32, 44). For M8, Vm /(Fkm) and CLm/(Fkm) were 866 l h−1 (351, 2161) and 1670 l (965, 2894), respectively. The interindividual variabilities were 34.9%, 34.3% and 62.2% for V/F, CL/F and CLm/(Fkm), respectively. The interoccasion variability was 27.8% for CL/F. The mean half‐lives were 05.38 h and 00.44 h for nelfinavir and M8, respectively. Significant but opposite effects of comedication with zidovudine were found on nelfinavir CL/F and M8 CLm/(Fkm), but they were not considered to be clinically relevant.ConclusionsA joint model was found to describe adequately nelfinavir and M8 concentrations and was used to estimate pharmacokinetic parameters for M8. The model can be used to build reference pharmacokinetic profiles for therapeutic drug monitoring of the drug.