bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Jeremiah
Authors: Sweeney Marvin A. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAlthough the superscription of Jeremiah maintains that the prophet began his career in the thirteenth year of Josiah's reign, the book contains little indication of Jeremiah's activity during this period. Nevertheless, various clues have led scholars to speculate that some of Jeremiah's Josian oracles may have been reworked in relation to later concerns. Redaction‐critical study of Jeremiah 2–6 and 30–31 indicate that these blocks of oracles originally called for the return of northern Israel to Judean, Davidic rule in keeping with Josiah's reform. The unexpected death of Josiah and the emergence of Babylonian power over Judah, however, prompted Jeremiah to reconsider his views and to rework his earlier oracles to address the Babylonian exile.
Hosea
Authors: Sweeney Marvin A. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractBiblical scholarship tends to focus on the reconstruction of the oracles of the eighth‐century prophet, Hosea ben Beeri, and the exilic or postexilic redaction of his book. Nevertheless, there is considerable evidence that the book was edited in the seventh century b.c.e. to support Josiah's reform. An analysis of the contents and structure of the book points to its concern to oppose Israel's relationship with Assyria and Egypt, key enemies of Judah in the time of Josiah, and to reunite Israel and Judah under the reign of a Davidic monarch.
Amos
Authors: Sweeney Marvin A. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractBiblical scholarship has tended to focus on the reconstruction of the “authentic” oracles of the prophet Amos and the exilic or postexilic redaction of his book. An analysis of the structure of the book indicates that it is formulated as a polemic against the northern Israelite sanctuary at Beth El, one of the primary targets of Josiah's reform. The concluding call for the restoration of the “fallen booth of David” is a call for the restoration of Davidic rule over northern Israel.
Conclusion to Part II
Authors: Sweeney Marvin A. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter summarizes the conclusions to Part II of the study. The books of Zephaniah and Nahum were written to support Josiah's program of religious reform and national restoration. Isaiah, Hosea, Amos, and Micah were redacted to support Josiah's program, and Jeremiah reformulated original Josian oracles to account for the later Babylonian exile. Habakkuk was written to address the problem of theodicy in the aftermath of Josiah's death.
Conclusion
Authors: Sweeney Marvin A. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter summarizes the primary conclusions of the book and points to the implications of this study. There is considerable evidence that the Deuteronomistic History was originally written in the reign of King Hezekiah to support his attempt to reunite Israel and Judah under Davidic rule, that it was reworked and expanded during the reign of Josiah to support his program of religious reform and national restoration, and that it was reworked and expanded once again to account for the Babylonian exile. Prophetic literature was heavily influenced by Josiah's reform, viz., Zephaniah and Nahum were written to support the reform; Isaiah, Hosea, Amos, and Micah were edited to support the reform; Jeremiah originally supported the reform but reworked his oracles in the aftermath of Josiah's death; and Habakkuk addressed the problem of theodicy following Josiah's death. The image of the righteous Josiah continued to have an impact on Judean thinking and literature insofar as it informed portrayals of postexilic restoration of Israel/Judah under the rule of a righteous Davidic monarch.
From Frege to Wittgenstein
Authors: Reck Edited by Erich H. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
In recent years, analytic philosophy has gained a new historical self‐consciousness. A considerable amount of work, both historically informed and philosophically subtle, is being done now on its origins and development. This is especially true for early analytic philosophy (roughly 1880–1930) and the corresponding works of Frege, Russell, Moore, and Wittgenstein. In this collection, 15 previously unpublished essays explore different facets of this period, with special emphasis on the vital intellectual relationship between Frege and the early Wittgenstein. The essays examine a number of important issues: the content and the analysis of thought, the nature of truth, the special status of logic, the foundations of mathematics, the basis of linguistic representation, the distinction between sense and nonsense, and the peculiarities of philosophical elucidation and understanding.
Wittgenstein's “Great Debt” To Frege
Authors: Reck Erich H. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
It is well known that Frege and his writings were an important influence on Wittgenstein. There is no agreement, however, on the nature and scope of this influence. In this paper, I clarify the situation in three related ways: (1) by tracing Frege's and Wittgenstein's actual interactions, i.e., their face‐to‐face meetings and their correspondence between 1911 and 1920; (2) by documenting Wittgenstein's continued study of Frege's writings, until the very end of his life in 1951; and (3) by constructing, on that basis, a new framework for understanding the themes that connect Wittgenstein to Frege, both in his early and his later works.
One Wittgenstein?
Authors: Gerrard Steven 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
In this paper I argue, contrary to the traditional interpretation, that dividing Wittgenstein's career into “The Early Wittgenstein” and “The Later Wittgenstein” is a serious distortion. The main task of the paper is to outline a reading of the Tractatus that will give us one Wittgenstein. Building on the work of James Conant, Cora Diamond, Juliet Floyd, Warren Goldfarb, John McDowell, and Hilary Putnam, I will argue that throughout his career, Wittgenstein argued against metaphysical realism. I offer a reading of the Tractatus which is a retelling of the history of early analytic ontology.
Frege on the Indefinability of Truth
Authors: Sluga Hans 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
One of Frege's most original insights is the claim that the concept of truth is simple and indefinable. This paper seeks to show how Frege reached that doctrine and what role it plays in his thinking. It then goes on to confront Frege's argumentation with Tarski's theory of truth and concludes that, far from being made obsolete by Tarski, these arguments remain of the greatest significance for understanding the philosophical problem of truth.
Wittgenstein Against Frege and Russell
Authors: Ricketts Thomas 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The paper examines Wittgenstein's criticisms of Frege's and Russell's views of logical segmentation encapsulated at Tractatus 4.431 and 4.063. These criticisms proceed from Wittgenstein's 1913 conception of atomic sentences as models of reality and the distinctive conception of sense embedded in this conception. While Russell mistakenly assimilates the structure of truth‐functionally compound sentences to that of atomic sentences, Frege mistakenly makes the converse assimilation.
The Tractatus on Inference and Entailment
Authors: Proops Ian 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
In the Tractatus, Wittgenstein criticizes Frege and Russell for maintaining that “laws of inference” justify inferences (Tractatus 5.132). I argue that what lies behind this criticism is a rejection of attempts to analyze the relation of logical entailment in other terms – e.g., Russell's 1905 analysis of logical entailment as the derivability from logical laws of the corresponding conditional. I conclude with an examination of Wittgenstein's positive view of logical entailment as an internal relation between propositions.
Charisma, Routinization, and Rastafari
Authors: Edmonds Ennis Barrington 
Published: October 2003

AbstractMax Weber's theory of charisma and routinization is related to his concern with ideas as social forces, to his view of rationalization as the basis for human action and societal organization, and to his concern about how domination/authority is acquired and legitimated. This chapter reviews and critiques this theory and suggests that, contrary to Weber's contention, Rastafari has entrenched itself in Jamaican society without the development of formal organizational structures. Rastafari's routinization has been occasioned by the development of an informal network and ethos, by the changing attitudes of Jamaican society to the movement, and by the dominant influence the movement has exerted on Jamaican society since the 1960s.
Dread Uprising
Authors: Edmonds Ennis Barrington 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe emergence of Rastafari in Jamaica in the early 1930s must be viewed in the historical and social context of economic deprivation, political marginalization, and cultural alienation of masses of Jamaicans of African descent. Furthermore, Rastafari has deep historical roots in the tradition of resistance etched in Jamaican history by the enslaved and oppressed Africans. In this respect, Rastafari is the direct heir of the radicalism of African and Afro‐Christian religions and the African‐centeredness of Ethiopianism and Garveyism. With the crowning of Haile Selassie as emperor of Ethiopia in 1930, deprived and marginalized Jamaicans steeped in the tradition of resistance and informed by the liberation ideas of Ethiopianism and Garveyism acclaimed him as the black messiah, and thus started the Rastafarian movement. At the forefront of the movement was the charismatic Leonard P. Howell, who articulated the Rastafarian critique of Jamaican society and expressed and embodied the desire to return to the African homeland.
Babylon and Dread Revitalization
Authors: Edmonds Ennis Barrington 
Published: October 2003

AbstractRastafari is about the delegitimation of Babylon – the forces of oppression and exploitation that Africans faced under colonialism and its legacies – and the revitalization of African culture and sensibilities in the African Diaspora. This delegitimation is expressed as “beating down Babylon,” and is accomplished by condemning Jamaica and the West for its historical atrocities, economic exploitation, mental slavery or cultural imperialism, and political trickery. The attempt to revitalize African culture and sensibilities focuses on the reappropriation of Africa as the spiritual and cultural home of Rastas and all Africans in the Diaspora, on the lion as the symbol of Rastafarian self‐assertiveness and confidence in response to the coward Anancyism of alienated slave personality, and on the cultivation of dreadlocks, “dread talk,” and “ital levity” (natural or organic living).
The Ethos of Rastafari
Authors: Edmonds Ennis Barrington 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The continued existence of social movements usually depends on the development of hierarchical institutional structures. Rastafari, however, is characterized by an ethos rather than institutional structures. This ethos is characterized by three essential elements: (1) a reticulated social structure or web‐like network of individuals, “houses,” and “mansions” (various groupings of Rastas); (2) a worldview encoded in symbols and symbolic references such as dreadlocks, Ethiopian colors, and Babylon; and (3) ritual activities – primarily ganja (marijuana) smoking and “reasoning” – collectively known as “grounding.”
“Coming in from the Cold”
Authors: Edmonds Ennis Barrington 
Published: October 2003

AbstractStarting out among the most marginalized in Jamaican society, Rastafari vociferously rejected and condemned the political and social establishment, which reacted by branding the members of the movement as a criminal or lunatic fringe. However, over the years, the relationship between Rastafari and Jamaican society has gone through a series of changes that have facilitated the entrenchment of Rastafari in Jamaica. In this respect, the relationship has moved from resistance and repression to accommodation and assimilation, and eventually to cooptation and commodification.
Rastafari Rules
Authors: Edmonds Ennis Barrington 
Published: October 2003

AbstractJamaican popular music started with ska in the early 1960s, evolved into rock‐steady in the mid‐1960s, and eventually into reggae in the late 1960s. This development was driven and facilitated by Jamaica's sound systems – mobile discos – and the emerging recording industry. The influences on Jamaican popular music are quite diverse, including African sensibilities mediated through Jamaican folk genres, British popular and religious music, American rhythm and blues, Trinidadian calypso, and Latin rhythms. As the music evolved into reggae, the Nyabinghi rhythms of Rastafari – adopted from Burru drumming – became the characteristic sound, and the Rastafarian philosophy pervaded the lyrics. The influence of Rastafari on the development of Jamaican popular music (reggae) has been the most salient factor in moving Rastas from the margins toward the center of Jamaican cultural life.
Summary and Conclusions
Authors: Edmonds Ennis Barrington 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis study of Rastafari suggests that charisma is a collective social phenomenon, generated as much by historical and social forces, as by the extraordinary qualities of charismatic leaders. The simultaneous appearance of multiple charismatic leaders advocating a similar message during the emergence of Rastafari supports this conclusion. With regard to routinization, this study of Rastafari further suggests that a new movement may become entrenched in the fabric of a culture or society without developing the institutional structures generally associated with routinization. In this respect, closer attention should be paid to the internal development of the movement, its ongoing relationship with the rest of the society, and especially its ability to influence cultural change. Future development in the structure and ethos of Rastafari will depend on which impulse gains ascendancy – the traditional philosophical individuality or the yearning for some kind of centralized organization that will be able to pursue more systemic structural change in Jamaican society.
TheConsolation, V.3–6
Authors: Marenbon John 
Published: October 2003

AbstractDevoted to a detailed discussion of Boethius's later treatment, at the end of the Consolation of Philosophy, of the problem of divine prescience and human free will. It analyzes Boethius's conception of eternity and argues that it need not involve timelessness: what is important, rather, is that God lives in an eternal present. It argues that Boethius was blind to the distinctions of scope within propositions that many later thinkers saw as the heart of the problem of prescience.
Interpreting theConsolation
Authors: Marenbon John 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAfter looking at the verse in the Consolation of Philosophy and other more literary aspects of it, this chapter proposes an interpretation of the work as a whole, which takes account of the fact that it is a prosimetrum – a genre in which the claims of learning were often challenged. Boethius, the chapter argues, regards philosophy with great respect, but considers it limited when it comes to providing a comprehensive and coherent understanding of the order of things. The differing attitudes of Boethius and Augustine, as Christians, to pagan Neoplatonism are contrasted.
Introduction
Authors: McDermott Rachel Fell 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The central concern of this book is the influence of bhakti, or the devotional attitude, in transforming perceptions of Hindu deities and their famous poet‐saints. Methodologically, this study combines textual, historical, and anthropological approaches: transformations in the presentation of the goddesses Kālī and Umā, and their poets are charted through historical reconstructions of textual history and augmented, for the modern period, by fieldwork carried out in West Bengal, India, in 1988–90, 1991, 1995, 1996, 1998, and 1999. The book has three principal aims: the first is to introduce the life stories and contexts of Śākta poet‐devotees who, though not much known outside Bengal, represent an important three‐hundred year literary and spiritual tradition centered around Hindu goddesses; the second is to provide the material necessary for the Bengali Śākta padas (short poems written according to a particular meter and rhyme) to be noticed, discussed, and recognized within the larger field of bhakti literary studies; and the third is to contribute to a “history of ideas” about Bengali goddesses.
Building Fences With Kālī: Rāmprasād Sen and the Popularization of the Tantric Goddess
Authors: McDermott Rachel Fell 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis is a study of the Hindu Śākta poet Rāmprasād Sen (ca. 1718–1775), who has long been recognized as the premier Bengali Śākta poet, although very little is actually known about him. The approach adopted is to combine what historical material there is with looking at his poetry and various biographical legends. The largest section of the chapter looks at the available manuscripts on Rāmprasād, and includes quotations from his poetry and various historical illustrations; this is followed by a brief look at Rāmprasād's temple in Halishar. The next part of the chapter tries to create a composite portrait of Rāmprasād by examining the nature of his relationship with the Nadia rajas, the degree to which he should be treated as a Tāntrika, and his place within the Śākta tradition; these topics provide clear examples of the way in which Rāmprasād has been used and interpreted by his descendants and admirers. The last part of the chapter draws inferences on the “real” Rāmprasād.
Dancing on the Heart‐Lotus: Kālī and the Rāmprasāds of Bengali Literature
Authors: McDermott Rachel Fell 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
An assessment is made of Rāmprasād Sen's poetic contributions to the Bengali Hindu Śākta literature in the light of the textual precedents examined in the last chapter. The first part of the chapter looks briefly at the texts, editions, and musical notations. The remainder is mostly devoted to the Kālī‐centered poetry, with a short section following it on the Umā‐centered poetry, and a brief roundup. Many quotations are included.
Keeping the Legacy Alive: Kamalākānta Bhaṭṭācārya and the Śākta Padāvalī Tradition
Authors: McDermott Rachel Fell 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
An assessment is made of Kamalākānta Bhaṭṭācārya's poetic contributions to the Bengali Hindu Śākta literature in the light of the textual precedents examined in Ch. 5. The first part of the chapter looks briefly at the texts, editions, and musical notations. The remainder is devoted to the Kālī‐centered poetry, examining in turn the Śākta padas, and a Tantric meditation manual, Sādhak Rañjan (which is treated more briefly). Many quotations are included. A short conclusion assesses Kamalākānta's role in evolving trends in the goddesses Kālī and Umā.
“Mā, Come and Stay Awhile”: Kālī and Umā In Eighteenth‐ To Twentieth‐Century Bengali Poetry
Authors: McDermott Rachel Fell 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe discussion of Rāmprasād Sen's and Kamalākānta Bhaṭṭācārya's poetic contributions to the Bengali Hindu Śākta literature in the last two chapters is brought up to the present by referring comparatively to the literary output of other important Śākta poets, so as to gauge trends and themes in the poetic genre as a whole. The first part of the chapter discusses the intersection of nineteenth‐century and twentieth‐century literature with interest in the goddesses Kālī and Umā, and the rest (the main part) examines in chronological order the poetry to the two goddesses of several major eighteenth‐century to twentieth‐century poets. The underlying interpretative questions are the ways in which and degrees to which these depart from the examples and trends set by Rāmprasād and Kamalākānta. Many quotations are included.
Ought to Be
Authors: Horty John F. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Supplements the background theory of indeterministic time with a standard deontic logic, representing what ought to be the case. Taken together with the formal notion of action introduced in the previous chapter, the framework now allows us to speak about what it ought to be that the agent does, and to explore the possibility that this notion should be identified with the notion of what the agent ought to do. Examples are developed to show that the two notions should not be identified.
Spirituality for the Skeptic
Authors: Solomon Robert C. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
For most of my life, I have been dismissive of both spirituality and religion. I say this to make clear the perspective and the starting point of this book, this search. No doubt, many of my readers will think of me as simpleminded, trying to recover what I should have learned had I been rightly raised in the matrix of religion, ritual, and belief. Others, my friends from the field of science and most of my political friends, will think that I am benighted, or perhaps something of a sell out, for giving up my lifelong down‐to‐earth scientific, and admittedly hyperrational way of thinking about things. But if the very idea of spirituality seemed to me to be contaminated by sectarian religion and by uncritical and antiscientific thinking, my view of life, which manifested in my becoming a philosopher (it did not come from philosophy) pointed to something else. Spirituality is not just organized religion. Nor is it antiscience, unnatural or supernatural. There is a naturalized spirituality that I have always had a glimpse of, and this is what I want to pursue in this book.
The Origins of Biblical Monotheism
Authors: Smith Mark S. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
As the Bible tells us, ancient Israel's neighbors worshipped a wide variety of Gods. It is now widely accepted that the Israelites’ God, Yahweh, must have originated as among these many, before assuming the role of the one true God of monotheism. Mark Smith seeks in this book to discover more precisely what was meant by “divinity” in the ancient Near East and how these concepts apply to Yahweh. Part I, The Structures of Divinity, offers a detailed examination of the deities of ancient Ugarit (Middle East), known to us from the large surviving group of relevant extra-biblical texts. In Part II, Characteristics of Divinity, Smith looks closely at four classic problems associated with four Ugaritic deities and considers how they affect our understanding of Yahweh. Part III, The Origins of Monotheism in the Bible, returns to the question of Israelite monotheism, seeking to discover what religious issues it addressed and why it made sense at the time of its emergence. Smith argues that within the Bible, monotheism is not a separate “stage” of religion but rather represents a kind of rhetoric reinforcing Israel’s exclusive relation with its deity. Throughout the work, the Ugaritic material is emphasized.
The Divine Council
Authors: Smith Mark S. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
An examination is made of the basic concept used to refer to the polity of deities, namely the divine “council” or “assembly,” studied in particular by E. T. Mullen and L.}{\charscalex149 }{K. Handy. This organization was ancient already by the time of the Late Bronze Age texts of Ugarit. Ugaritic literature develops a further conceptual coherence of divinity through the notion of the divine family. The different sections of the chapter look at the language of this divine council, the assemblies of El and Baal, the four tiers of the divine council, and the tiers of the pantheon in Israelite texts.