bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genome organization of the linear cytoplasmic element pPE1B from Pichia etchellsii
Authors: Klassen Roland , Tontsidou Lambrini , Larsen Michael , Meinhardt Friedhelm 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe linear cytoplasmic element pPE1B from Pichia etchellsii CBS2011 (synonym Debaryomyces etchellsii) was totally sequenced. It consists of 12835 bp and has a remarkable high A+T content of 77.3%. The termini of pPE1B were found to consist of inversely orientated identical nucleotide repetitions 161 base pairs long, to which proteins are probably covalently linked at the 5′ ends. Ten putative genes (open reading frames, ORFs) were identified, covering 96.5% of the total sequence. The predicted polypeptides correspond to proteins encoded by ORFs 2–11 of the linear plasmids pGKL2 of Kluyveromyces lactis and pSKL of Saccharomyces kluyveri. ORF1, existing on both latter elements, is lacking on pPE1B. An upstream conserved sequence motif (UCS) is located at the expected distance from the start codon of each of the 10 ORFs. As the arbitrarily chosen UCS6 was able to drive expression of a reporter gene in the heterologous pGKL‐encoded killer system of K. lactis, extranuclear promoter function is probable. The almost congruent genome organization of pPE1B and other autonomous linear yeast plasmids sequenced so far, i.e. pGKL2 and pSKL, suggests a common, presumably viral, ancestor. The sequence of pPE1B has been submitted to the EMBL data library under Accession No. AJ278986. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The catabolic capacity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is preserved to a higher extent during carbon compared to nitrogen starvation
Authors: Nilsson Annika , Påhlman Inga‐Lill , Jovall Per‐Åke , Blomberg Anders , Larsson Christer , Gustafsson Lena 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA comparison of catabolic capacity was made between S. cerevisiae cells subjected to 24 h carbon or nitrogen starvation. The cells were shifted to starvation conditions at the onset of respiratory growth on ethanol in aerobic batch cultures, using glucose as the carbon and energy source. The results showed that the catabolic capacity was preserved to a much larger extent during carbon compared to nitrogen starvation. Nitrogen starvation experiments were made in the presence of ethanol (not glucose) to exclude the effect of glucose transport inactivation (Busturia and Lagunas, 1986). Hence, the difference in catabolic capacity could not be attributed to differences in glucose transport capacity during these conditions. In order to understand the reason for this difference in starvation response, measurement of protein composition, adenine nucleotides, inorganic phosphate, polyphosphate and storage carbohydrates were performed. No clear correlation between any of these variables and catabolic capacity after starvation could be obtained. However, there was a positive correlation between total catabolic activity and intracellular ATP concentration when glucose was added to starved cells. The possible mechanism for this correlation, as well as what determines the ATP level, is discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
SRC1: an intron‐containing yeast gene involved in sister chromatid segregation
Authors: Rodríguez‐Navarro Susana , Carlos Igual J. , Pérez‐Ortín José E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAnalysis of a three‐member gene family in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has allowed the discovery of a new gene that comprises two contiguous open reading frames previously annotated as YML034w and YML033w. The gene contains a small intron with two alternative 5′ splicing sites. It is specifically transcribed during G2/M in the cell cycle and after several hours of meiosis induction. Splicing of the mRNA is partially dependent on NAM8 but does not vary during meiosis or the cell cycle. Deletion of the gene induces a shortening of the anaphase and aggravates the phenotype of scc1 and esp1 conditional mutants, which suggests a direct role of the protein in sister chromatid separation. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New Predictor for the Defecatory Function after Sphincter‐Preserving Operation: Lumen Score
Authors: Yagyu Toshihiko , Yamamoto Tetsuhisa , Mochizuki Hidetaka 
Published: August 2002

AbstractFew studies on sphincter‐preserving surgery have analyzed the colon used for the anastomotic segment. We evaluated the usefulness of measuring the square of the diameter of the sigmoid colon (cm2) (lumen score, LS) as a predictor of defecatory function after very low anterior resection (VLAR) for rectal cancer. Measurements were done by radiography with semiliquid barium,
and the LS was calculated. A total of 24 patients [straight coloanal reconstruction (VLAR‐S), n = 17; colonic J pouch reconstruction (LVAR‐J), n = 7] were studied more than 6 months after the operation. VLAR‐S was divided by the LS results: the high‐LS group had an LS of 12 or more (n = 5), and the low‐LS group had an LS of less than 12
(n = 12). The neorectal capacity, anal manometry, and defecatory function were studied. In the VLAR‐S group, LS had a significant positive correlation with neorectal capacity (? =
0.81, p <0.01) and a negative correlation with bowel frequency (? = ?0.67, p <0.05). Regarding neorectal capacity, the high‐LS group had a significantly larger capacity than the low‐LS group (118.0 vs. 88.3 ml; p
<0.05). The low‐LS group had unfavorable defecatory function compared with that of the high‐LS group, which was equal to that of the VLAR‐J group. We concluded that the LS is a useful predictor of successful colonic J pouch reconstruction.
Immunosuppression—Back to the Future
Authors: Schwartz Robert S. 
Published: August 2002

Abstract.During the 1950s work on bone marrow transplantation for patients with aplastic anemia led to the search for means other than total body irradiation to prevent rejection of the bone marrow allograft. At the same time, it had become clear that lymphocyte proliferation was a prominent feature of the immune response against all kinds of antigens, including skin allografts. These two factors led us to test various chemical agents known to block the proliferation of leukemic lymphocytes for their ability to inhibit the immune response against soluble antigens and skin allografts. One compound, the antileukemic drug 6‐mercaptopurine, was effective in both test systems. This drug and its sister compound azathioprine (which is mercaptopurine with an imidizaole ring instead of a sulfhydryl group on carbon 6) were soon applied to human allografting and the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
Thoracic Transplantation
Authors: Shumway Norman E. 
Published: August 2002

Abstract.Experimental orthotopic transplantation of the heart was accomplished in 1959. Long‐term survival was achieved in 1965 with a chemical immunosuppression protocol substantially different from that used for renal and hepatic transplants. Performance characteristics of the transplanted denervated heart were found to differ only slightly from normal. It appeared by the time of the Clinical Congress of the American College of Surgeons in October 1967 that clinical heart transplantation might be justified if the concept of brain death could be legally recognized. The Stanford program in clinical heart transplantation was inaugurated on January 6, 1968 and has been in continuous operation. To date, more than 1000 patients have undergone transplantation of the heart with the 5‐year survival at 75%. The first long‐term success in lung transplantation occurred at Stanford in 1981, with transplantation of the heart and both lungs. In 1990 the concept of living pulmonary lobar donors was introduced and is slowly finding its clinical role. The steroid‐sparing capability of cyclosporine made possible both successful lung and pediatric heart transplantation. Only the donor shortage remains as a substantial barrier to widespread thoracic transplantation. Xenotransplantation is under intense scrutiny, with some encouraging experimental results. Development of the artificial heart continues to offer some relief for patients with end‐stage heart disease.
Human Leukocyte Antigen‐G: Immunotolerant Major Histocompatibility Complex Molecule in Transplantation
Authors: Khalil‐Daher Iman , Rouas‐Freiss Nathalie , Carosella Edgardo D. , Dausset Jean B. 
Published: August 2002

Abstract.HLA‐G is a nonclassical major histocompatibility complex class I molecule selectively expressed on cytotrophoblasts at the fetal–maternal interface, where it plays a role in maternofetal tolerance. In this review, attempts were made to summarize the current state of knowledge of the effects of HLA‐G on both natural killer cell and T cell functions and their implications in transplantation.
Primary Gastric B Cell Lymphoma: Audit of 82 Cases Treated with Surgery and Classified According to the Concept of Mucosa‐associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma
Authors: Kodera Yasuhiro , Nakamura Shigeo , Yamamura Yoshitaka , Shimizu Yasuhiro , Torii Akihito , Hirai Takashi , Yasui Kenzo , Morimoto Takeshi , Kato Tomoyuki 
Published: August 2002

Abstract.There has been a trend toward stomach conservation during treatment for primary gastric lymphoma, but surgery ensures accurate pathologic diagnosis through the examination of resected specimens. A histopathologic classification for primary gastric lymphoma had been established with the knowledge that the low grade and high grade components occasionally coexist in a single lesion. Efficacy of this classification as an indicator of biologic behavior and prognosis was evaluated. The classification was performed by reexamining surgically resected specimens from 82 patients with stage IE and IIE gastric lymphoma. Clinical characteristics of the low grade and high grade lymphomas were then evaluated and the survival data analyzed. Despite the larger tumor diameter, the depth of invasion for the low grade type was mostly submucosal, and none had serosal invasion. In contrast, 50% of the high grade type had serosal involvement and were also found to have a higher incidence of node metastasis. Prognosis of the low grade type, a 10‐year survival rate exceeding 90%, was significantly better than that of the high grade type. Multivariate analysis revealed that curability of the operation followed by the histopathologic grade were significant independent prognostic factors. Some characteristics of the low grade lymphoma were not consistent with what has been reported in the studies involving stomach‐conserving strategies. Investigators are advised to note that the histopathologic grade determined with biopsy specimens alone could be misleading.
Role of Laparoscopic Surgery for Treatment of Early Colorectal Carcinoma
Authors: Fazio Victor W. , López‐Kostner Francisco 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe first laparoscopic colorectal surgery was performed in 1991. Several reports have showed some advantages for the laparoscopic technique compared to open procedures, but the lack of well designed trials has produced doubts about the real advantage of laparoscopy for colorectal cancer. To date, retrospective and prospective evidence suggests that laparoscopy is as safe as conventional colorectal surgery. Two recent prospective, randomized trials have showed that the short‐term outcome is not compromised after laparoscopy for colorectal cancer. Furthermore, less pain, faster recovery of respiratory parameters, and better preservation of cell‐mediated immune function have been associated with the laparoscopic technique. Laparoscopic surgery for early colorectal cancer may have a role in a well selected group of patients.
99mTc‐sestamibi Scintigraphy and Cell Cycle in Parathyroid Glands of Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
Authors: Torregrosa Jose‐Vicente , Fernández‐Cruz Laureano , Canalejo Antonio , Vidal Sergio , Astudillo Emiliano , Almaden Yolanda , Pons Francisca , Rodriguez Mariano 
Published: August 2002

AbstractDouble‐phase parathyroid MIBI (99mTc‐sestamibi) was performed in 27 patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism (SPT). Focal areas of increased uptake were scored for intensity on a three‐point scale. All patients underwent subtotal parathyroidectomy (SPTx), and a total of 78 glands were removed at operation. Blood was obtained from the jugular vein before and after SPTx to measure the parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels. The volume and weight of the glands were calculated. The tissue was divided, with one aliquot being used for cell cycle analysis. The nuclei were acquired by flow cytometry and analyzed using CELLEIT software. Cell viability was assessed by flow cytometry and analyzed with LYSIS II software. Positive MIBI uptake was observed in 88.8% of patients. Focal MIBI uptake of one, two, or three glands was observed in 6, 11, and 8 patients, respectively. All patients experienced an 86% decrease in PTH blood level after SPTx compared to that before excision. A correlation was found between the volume of glands and the blood levels of intact PTH (iPTH) (r= 0.5, p < 0.05). A positive correlation was observed between MIBI uptake and the iPTH levels before SPTx (p < 0.01) and between the uptake of MIBI in the parathyroid glands and the cell cycle phases; low‐grade uptake correlated with the G0 phase and higher uptake with G2+S phase (r= 7, p < 0.01). No correlation was observed between MIBI uptake and the weight of the glands. MIBI scintigraphy accurately reflects the functional status of the hyperplastic parathyroid glands: Higher uptake grades correlated with the active growth phase. MIBI uptake does not reveal parathyroid enlargement; rather, it identifies the presence of hyperfunctioning autonomous glands. SPTx and total parathyroidectomy with autografting (TPTx+A) are the most widely accepted surgical approaches for patients with SPT. Reoperation for recurrence is necessary in 6% to 15% of cases. MIBI is now considered to be the radionuclide of reference for parathyroid gland scanning, although it is widely accepted that it produces poor results when trying to detect hyperplastic glands.
II. Vinzenz Czerny (1842–1915): Grand Seigneur of Oncologic Surgery—Life, Influence, and Work of the Second Congress President of the ISS/SIC
Authors: Liebermann‐Meffert Dorothea , Stein Hubert J. , White Harvey 
Published: August 2002

AbstractVinzenz Czerny, chairman and professor of surgery in Freiburg im Breisgau and in Heidelberg, Germany, is the typical example of a prominent surgeon with an elegant technique, who was also a keen observer and scientist at the turn of the nineteenth into the early twentieth century. Starting his career in Vienna, Austria, he can be looked upon as the most important disciple of Theodor Billroth. Whereas Billroth may be regarded as the father of modern gastrointestinal surgery, Czerny can be considered the father of modern surgery for intestinal malignancies and multimodal treatment. The early history of visceral cancer therapy is linked with his career. He became a surgeon of the highest rank, with great clinical skill, rare judgment, and vision who contributed essentially to the development of modern surgery. From his early education he maintained a lifelong affection for the natural sciences and was an excellent physiologist and pathologist. During his professional life he successfully built up a well deserved reputation for general and cancer surgery and for the introduction of radio‐ and chemotherapy into the treatment of tumors. Czerny founded and chaired the first experimental Institute for Cancer Research in Germany. Two years later, in 1908, he presided at the 2nd Congress of the International Society of Surgery/Société Internationale de Chirurgie (ISS/SIC) in Brussels, a congress that was almost entirely devoted to the etiology of visceral cancer and the progress and achievements of its treatment. Czerny left a clear legacy of opinion and methods on which the modern era of surgical cancer treatment is based.
Appropriate Surgical Treatment of Resectable Non‐small‐cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Korst Robert J. , Ginsberg Robert J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPatients with early‐stage non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC) should be treated with complete surgical resection whenever possible. Incomplete resections do not cure, and the optimal pulmonary resection is anatomic lobectomy. Limited resections (wedge resection and segmentectomy) are associated with a threefold increase in local recurrence, which translates into decreased survival. The addition of mediastinal lymph node dissection produces the best pathologic staging but has never been shown to improve survival. Resections can be performed through a variety of incisions and even using minimally invasive techniques, but posterolateral thoracotomy seems to provide the best exposure and is used most frequently. Adjuvant radiotherapy in both the preoperative and postoperative settings does not improve survival in patients with resected NSCLC. Similarly, postoperative chemotherapy cannot be advocated in these patients based on the current data. Improved survival has been demonstrated in the randomized setting for patients with locally advanced, resectable disease (N2) using preoperative (induction) chemo(radio) therapy, but the numbers are small. Patients with this stage of NSCLC should be enrolled in induction therapy protocols whenever possible to confirm the efficacy of this approach.
Long‐term Graft Acceptance in Rat Heart Transplantation by CTLA4Ig Gene Transfection Combined with FTY720 Treatment
Authors: Ohba Masanao , Li Xiao‐Kang , Kita Yusuke , Enosawa Shin , Funeshima Naoko , Nagai Haruko , Zhang Hui‐qi , Okuyama Torayuki , Ogoshi Shohei , Sasaguri Shiro , Amemiya Hiroshi , Suzuki Seiichi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractCTLA4Ig strongly adheres to B7 molecules on antigen‐presenting cells to block intracellular signal transduction via CD28 on helper T cells, which eventually inhibits immune responses. We have demonstrated that the administration to recipient animals of adenoviral vectors containing CTLA4Ig gene (adCTLA4Ig) prolonged graft survival, although the gene expression diminished in a time‐dependent manner and the grafts were finally rejected. In addition, recipient animals treated with FTY720, a new immunosuppressant, exhibited a decrease in the number of peripheral lymphocytes due to apoptosis. In this study, we performed adCTLA4Ig transfection combined with FTY720 treatment in heart‐grafted rats to determine if the combination could induce a mutual effect on graft survival. The recipient animals were given injections of 1 × 109 plaque‐forming units of adCTLA4Ig via the tail vein immediately after grafting. On the day before transplantation we administered FTY720 orally to some of these animals at a dosage of 5 mg/kg and again on the day of transplantation. The median graft survival period in the adCTLA4Ig‐only group was 27 days, whereas that in the combination group was markedly prolonged to 56 days. Of 15 grafts, 5 survived indefinitely. In these groups we observed detectable levels of CTLA4Ig in the sera 49 days after grafting; the levels were always higher in the combination group than in the adCTLA4Ig‐only group. As a result, this study revealed that FTY720 and adCTLA4Ig have a potent mutual effect on graft survival during rat heart transplantation. Furthermore, it is highly possible that FTY720 enhances gene expression of adCTLA4Ig, which may be related to the long‐term acceptance of grafts.
Van Swieten and the Renaissance of the Vienna Medical School
Authors: Kidd Mark , Modlin Irvin M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe period until 1745 found the Viennese medical system languishing far behind advances made in other major European centers. This chaotic situation was reversed by the foresight and breadth of vision of the Empress Maria Theresa, who initiated considerable reform in Austria by actively recruiting the best minds of the time to reduce the intellectual and technologic differences. Her ability to entice one of Boerhaave's most eminent pupils, Gerard van Swieten, to leave Leiden for Vienna, particularly benefited the Vienna Medical School. In 1745 van Swieten assumed responsibility for reconfiguration of the patronage and nepotism‐ridden medical system of the Austro‐Hungarian Empire. As a first task, he swiftly expunged the influence of the Jesuits and other religious orders from medicine and established formal training and examinations, transforming the medical discipline into a meritocracy. Excelling as a physician and an innovative teacher, he also established a close personal relationship with the Empress and became her medical confidante. To a large part, the success of this first great Viennese medical school was owed to de Haen, who left Leiden to implement Boerhaave's method of clinical teaching. As a result of these innovations and with considerable support from the Empress, the University of Vienna, particularly its medical school, within a few decades achieved recognition throughout Europe as a seat of learning and scholarship. Van Swieten would not be remembered today if his contribution had been only scholarly or scientific achievements. He propelled Austrian medicine to a level commensurate with that of other European states of the day by 27 years of dedicated and industrious service.
MODS/SIRS: Result of an Overwhelming Inflammatory Response?
Authors: Goris R.J.A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMultiple organ dysfunction syndrome and the systemic inflammatory response syndrome are expressions of an inappropriate, generalized inflammatory response to severe inflammatory stimuli, which may be bacterial or nonbacterial in nature. The clinical signs and symptoms, morphologic alterations, and changes in oxygen transport seem to be the direct effect of phagocyte activation. So far, identifying the microorganisms and neutralizing their toxins has not been helpful in improving prognosis. As an essential adjunct to treating the bacterial or nonbacterial causes, finding safe ways of modulating the phagocyte response should be considered.
Indications and Results of Balloon Angioplasty for Arterial Occlusive Lesions
Authors: Kalman Peter G. , Johnston K. Wayne , Sniderman Kenneth W. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper describes the current techniques for percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) of peripheral arteries, summarizes the long‐term results of the procedure, and identifies the variables that are predictive of long‐term success of PTA performed in the iliac and femoropopliteal segments.
Indications and Results of Arterial Stents for Occlusive Disease
Authors: Ahn Samuel S. , Concepcion Blessie 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe application of stents for treatment of peripheral arterial occlusive disease has gained widespread clinical use, but their safety and efficacy remain unclear. Stent technology is still evolving, and long‐term follow‐up data are sorely needed. Stents have had good success in providing a scaffold to maintain the intraluminal structure and patency of an artery. As such, stents appear to play a role in improving early results after failed or inadequate balloon angioplasty. However, stents do not prevent restenosis due to intimal hyperplasia. Furthermore, stents may be thrombogenic and prone to extrinsic compression in the peripheral position. Thus patency results are clearly worse in the femoral artery (47% at 3 years) than in the iliac artery (82–84% at 6–24 months). Furthermore, there is no evidence so far that stents improve long‐term patency over standard balloon angioplasty without stents; and complication rates of stent procedures are generally 10%. Currently in the United States stents are approved for use in the iliac artery position. However, routine use of stents cannot be recommended until studies demonstrate that the results with stents are better than those with balloon angioplasty alone.