bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of monoclonal antibodies for measurement of immunoglobulin G antibody responses in Blue and Gold Macaws (Ara ararauna)
Authors: Lung Nancy P. , Thompson James P. , Kollias George V. , Klein Paul A. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objectives
To produce monoclonal antibodies (MAB) with specificity for the heavy chain of macaw IgG; to incorporate these MAB into an ELISA to measure IgG responses of macaws inoculated with bovine serum albumin (BSA); and to evaluate the antigenicity of BSA in Blue and Gold Macaws.

Animals
Four 1-year-old Blue and Gold Macaws, 2 males and 2 females.

Procedure
1 male and 1 female 1 were randomly assigned to each of 2 study groups. Group-1 birds were inoculated with 200 μg of BSA on days 0, 14, 28, and 42. Group-2 birds were inoculated with 200 μg of BSA on days 0 and 28. Blood was collected weekly for measurement of anti-BSA titer. Hybridomas were prepared from mice immunized with Scarlet Macaw (Ara macao) IgG purified by salt precipitation and gel chromatography. Specificity for IgG of Scarlet Macaw and other macaw species was confirmed by ELISA and western blot analysis. Hybridoma HL544 was cloned and the antibody purified. Following biotinylation, MAB HL544 was incorporated into an ELISA that measured IgG responses of macaws inoculated with BSA.

Results
Adult Blue and Gold Macaws developed strong primary and secondary anti-BSA antibody titers 14 days after inoculation with 200 μg of BSA. An inoculation interval of 28 days resulted in stronger secondary responses than an interval of only 14 days.

Conclusions
MAB specific for macaw immunoglobulins can be used in ELISA to evaluate the humoral immune responses of macaws. 1-year-old Blue and Gold Macaws developed strong anti-BSA titer when inoculated with 200 μg of BSA. An inoculation interval of 28 days resulted in stronger secondary responses than did an interval of only 14 days.

Clinical Relevance
These MAB, the first reported to have specificity for a psittacine antibody class, will be useful in the evaluation of psittacine antibody responses and in the development of psittacine diagnostic assays. (Am J Vet Res 1996; 57:1157-1161)
Noninvasive ultrasonic subtotal ablation of the prostate in dogs
Authors: Kincaide L. F. , Sanghvi N. T. , Cummings O. , Bihrle R. , Foster R. S. , Zaitsev A. , Phillips M. , Syrus J. , Hennige C. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine whether high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) can be used for subtotal ablation of the prostate gland in dogs without causing damage to surrounding tissues.

Design
Experimental trial.

Animals
Adult hounds ≥5 years old and weighing between 20 and 30 kg.

Procedure
Prostatic ablation was performed in all dogs, using a transrectal HIFU probe. Acute effects of HIFU treatment were evaluated in 4 dogs. These dogs were euthanatized and necropsied 4 hours after the procedure. Chronic effects were evaluated in the other 3 dogs. Serial CBC, serum biochemical analyses, urinalyses, and transrectal ultrasonography were performed. Dogs were euthanatized and necropsied 3 months (1 dog) or 1 year (2 dogs) after HIFU treatment.

Results
Histologic examination of the prostate glands from the 4 dogs euthanatized 4 hours after treatment revealed that 80 to 90% of the gland had undergone hemorrhagic, liquefactive necrosis. Only slight discoloration of the prostatic capsule was detected, and there were not any gross or histologic lesions of the rectal mucosa or urinary bladder. All 3 dogs followed up after HIFU treatment developed cystic cavities within the prostate. Clinicopathologic testing did not indicate any long-term adverse effects.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
This method was effective in causing subtotal ablation of prostatic tissue in dogs. Further study of morbidity is required before the technique can be used clinically. (Am J Vet Res 1996; 57:1225-1227)
Sonographic observations of the gastroduodenal junction of dogs
Authors: Agut A. , Wood A. K. W. , Martin I. C. A. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objectives
To determine the sonographic dimensions and an imaging protocol for the pyloric region of the normal canine stomach, and whether sonography could be used to demonstrate antroduodenal motility.

Animals
20 clinically normal, mixed-breed dogs (mean ± SD, 15.1 ± 7.1 kg).

Procedure
In vitro sonographic observations of the gastroduodenal junction were made after each had been mounted on an acrylic rack placed in an organ bath. The in vivo studies were performed in anesthetized dogs.

Results
The wall of the pyloric antrum was 4 to 5 mm thick, that of the pylorus was 3 to 4 mm thick, and that of the cranial part of the duodenum was 2 to 3 mm thick. The pyloric canal had a length of 16 to 17 mm and overall in vivo diameter of 22 mm, and the muscular part of its wall was 2 to 3 mm thick. In vivo sonographic images were best made with the dog in dorsal recumbency, tilted 30° to the right-the feasibility study clearly demonstrated the form and function of antroduodenal motility, including gastric and duodenal peristalsis, opening and closing of the pyloric canal, and duodenogastric reflux of fluid and gas.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
The use of a routine imaging protocol, accompanied by mensuration of the gastroduodenal junction, will permit an opinion to be given as to whether the structure and function of the region are normal or whether pathologic change exists. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1266-1273)
Temporal variation and factors affecting measurement of canine von Willebrand factor
Authors: Moser Janet , Meyers Kenneth M. , Meinkoth James H. , Brassard Jaqueline A. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine whether canine plasma von Willebrand factor (vWf) varies between and within individuals over time and with different blood sample collection and processing procedures.

Animals
26 adult dogs and 6 pups.

Procedure
Blood was obtained from the jugular or cephalic vein daily for 8 to 19 days and weekly for 9 to 23 weeks in adult dogs and periodically up to 180 days of age in pups. Temporal variation in vWf concentration and the effect of vascular occlusion, venipuncture site, lipemia, hemolysis, anticoagulant, storage time, freeze-thawing, and centrifugation speed on plasma vWf concentration, measured by ELISA, were determined.

Results
Plasma vWf concentration varied over time. In dogs with mean vWf concentration ≥ 79 U/dl, the largest intraindividual range in vWf spanned 64 U/dl with daily and 53 U/dl with weekly sample collection. In dogs with mean vWf concentration ≤ 24 U/dl, the largest individual variation was 12 U/dl with daily and weekly sample collection. In dogs with mean vWf concentration ≥ 53 and ≤ 74 U/dl, the largest intraindividual range spanned 35 U/dl. Mean vWf concentration of pups from 3 to 180 days of age did not change. Sample hemolysis decreased mean vWf by 37%. Mean vWf concentration was 9% higher in cephalic than jugular vein samples (P = 0.056). Other sample collection/preparation procedures did not affect vWf concentration.

Conclusion
There was substantial temporal variation in vWf concentration within individual dogs.

Clinical Relevance
Multiple tests may be necessary to obtain a reliable estimate of vWf concentration in dogs. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1288-1293)
Toxicity and kinetics of amitraz in dogs
Authors: Hugnet Christophe , Buronfosse Florence , Pineau Xavier , Cadore J. -L. , Lorgue Guy , Berny Philippe J. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate the toxic effects of amitraz in dogs and their reversal by various doses of atipamezole.

Animals
6 male 1-year-old Beagles.

Procedure
Dogs were given 100 mg of amitraz/kg of body weight, PO. Atipamezole was administered at 3 dose rates. Clinical examination and blood sample collection were performed regularly for 48 hours to examine biological parameters and determine the toxicokinetics of amitraz as well as the efficacy of the antidote. A specific high-performance thin layer chromatographic method was developed to determine plasma amitraz concentrations.

Results
Clinical signs of toxicosis included sedation, bradycardia, polyuria, hypothermia, and hyperglycemia, all of which could be related to the α2-agonist activity of amitraz, and were reversed by low doses of atipamezole (50 μg/kg, IM), a potent α2-antagonist, within 10 minutes after injection. Peak plasma concentrations were observed after 5 hours, and the elimination half-life was long (about 24 hours).

Conclusions
All clinical and biological effects observed during the course of amitraz poisoning could be attributed to the parent compound itself and were reversed by low doses of atipamezole. The half-life of amitraz was substantially longer than that in other studies because of the high dose administered.

Clinical Relevance
Atipamezole can be administered IM to dogs with severe amitraz poisoning to reverse all the effects observed. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1506-1510)
Polymerase chain reaction for the detection of Toxoplasma gondii in aqueous humor of cats
Authors: Lappin Michael R. , Burney Derek P. , Dow Steven W. , Potter Terry A. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objectives
To develop Toxoplasma gondii B1 gene polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for use with aqueous humor of cats, and to report PCR and antibody detection results in naturally exposed cats with and without uveitis.

Sample Population
Serum and aqueous humor samples from client-owned, healthy cats (n = 23) and client-owned cats with uveitis (n = 43).

Procedure
T gondii-specific IgM and IgG were measured in serum and aqueous humor from all cats. The Goldman-Witmer coefficient for ocular antibody production was calculated for cats positive for T gondii-specific IgM or IgG in aqueous humor. Aqueous humor from all cats was assessed by the B1 gene PCR.

Results
T gondii was detected in aqueous humor by PCR from 2 of 23 (8.7%) healthy cats and 8 of 43 (18.6%) cats with uveitis. T gondii-specific IgM in either serum or aqueous humor was detected in 5 of 8 (62.5%) cats with uveitis and T gondii in aqueous humor. All cats with uveitis and T gondii in aqueous humor had anterior segment disease. In 5 of 8 (62.5%) cats with uveitis and T gondii in aqueous humor, ocular production of T gondii antibodies was not detected. T gondii was not detected in aqueous humor from 14 of 17 (82.4%) cats with ocular production of T gondii-specific antibody.

Conclusions
The presence of T gondii in aqueous humor may correlate to clinical disease in some, but not all, cats.

Clinical Relevance
T gondii-specific aqueous humor antibody tests and PCR should be used together to aid in the diagnosis of ocular toxoplasmosis in cats. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1589–1593)
Linkage of a microsatellite marker to the canine copper toxicosis locus in Bedlington Terriers
Authors: Yuzbasiyan-Gurkan Vilma , Blanton Susan Halloran , Cao Yueying , Ferguson Paul , Li Jianping , Venta Patrick J. , Brewer George J. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To identify a DNA marker for the copper toxicosis (CT) locus in Bedlington Terriers (BT).

Animals
77 BT, of which 25 were affected. Diagnosis of affected or unaffected with CT was made in all cases by quantitative copper determinations on liver biopsy samples by use of established criteria.

Procedure
BT pedigrees segregating for CT were identified. Linkage studies were carried out using polymorphic microsatellite markers developed for the canine genome in these pedigrees. DNA was isolated from blood samples of pedigree members. Polymerase chain reaction was used to amplify and type alleles at 213 microsatellite loci in each dog, and findings were subjected to linkage analysis.

Results
One microsatellite marker was identified to be closely linked to CT with logarithm of odds score of 5.96 at a recombination fraction of zero.

Conclusions
Using the linked marker, it has become possible to distinguish affected, homozygous normal, and carrier dogs in some BT pedigrees.

Clinical Relevance
In informative pedigrees where the marker is variable in the parents, it is possible to identify which dogs will require anticopper therapy and provide breeders with sound scientific advice about breeding strategies. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:23–27)
Altered biological activity of equine chondrocytes cultured in a three-dimensional fibrin matrix and supplemented with transforming growth factor β-1
Authors: Fortier Lisa A. , Nixon Alan J. , Mohammed Hussni O. , Lust George 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine the effects of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) on the synthesis of DNA, collagen, and proteoglycans (PG) by equine chondrocytes.

Sample Population
Articular cartilage obtained from multiple joints of a 4-month-old foal.

Procedure
Chondrocytes were isolated by collagenase digestion, cultured in monolayer, trypsinized, and implanted at a cellular density of 10 × 106 chondrocytes/ml in a three-dimensional fibrin matrix. Chondrocytes in culture were supplemented with TGF-β1 at concentrations of 0, 1, 5, or 10 ng/ml in serum-free medium or medium containing fetal bovine serum (FBS). Total PG accumulation, [35S]-labeled PG synthesis, PG monomer hydrodynamic size, type II collagen production, total DNA content, and [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA were determined at 7 and 14 days of culture.

Results
Chondrocytes maintained a rounded phenotype, dedifferentiating slightly to a more fibroblastic appearance only in medium containing FBS and 10 ng of TGF-β1/ml. Type II collagen immunoreaction on day 14 was decreased in the pericellular matrix in cultures containing FBS and 1, 5, and 10 ng of TGF-β1/ml, and in all serum-free culture conditions compared to FBS and 0 ng of TGF-β1/ml. Total proteoglycan accumulation and [35S]-labeled proteoglycan synthesis in cultures on days 7 and 14 were increased by the addition of exogenous TGF-β1 in serum-free conditions and decreased by TGF-β1 in FBS-supplemented conditions. Calculation of the partition coefficients for PG indicated that there was synthesis of low molecular weight PG in serum-free conditions and larger sized proteoglycans in FBS-supplemented conditions. Proteoglycan molecular size was unchanged by the addition of TGF-β1. Total DNA content of chondrocytes increased with the addition of TGF-β1 in FBS-supplemented conditions and decreased in serum-free conditions.

Conclusions
In a solid three-dimensional fibrin matrix, the effects of TGF-β1 on chondrocyte biological activity depend on the culture duration and on the presence of FBS in the medium. Stimulatory effects of TGF-β1 were most pronounced in serum-free culture conditions with high concentration of TGF-β1 (5 and 10 ng/ml) on day 7 and with low concentration of TGF-β1 (1 ng/ml) on day 14.

Clinical Relevance
TGF-β1 may not be a suitable growth factor for enhancement of equine articular grafting in sites exposed to serum. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:66–70)
Effects of choreito and takushya consumption on in vitro and in vivo struvite solubility in cat urine
Authors: Buffington C. A. Tony , Blaisdell Jean L. , Komatsu Y. , Kawase K. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine the effects of the takushya portion of choreito, a traditional Chinese treatment for urolithiasis, on urine and struvite crystal variables in cats fed diets containing takushya.

Sample Population
6 male and 6 female adult cats, all considered to be clinically normal on the basis of physical examination findings, results of CBC, serum biochemical analyses, urinalyses, and urine cultures; and freedom from urolithiasis on the basis of urethrocystoscopic (females) or urethrocystographic (males) findings.

Procedure
Cats were fed a commercial canned diet supplemented with 0.1-mg of takushya/kg of body weight, or with 0.5 mg of choreito/kg. Diets were fed, using a Latin-square design, to 3 groups of 4 cats (2 male, 2 female) each for 2 weeks, followed by blood and 24-hour urine sample collections.

Results
Consumption of takushya, which comprises 20% by weight of choreito, was not associated with adverse effects in cats at the amounts provided during the period of study. Moreover, takushya was responsible for most of the effect of choreito consumption on reduction of urine pH, and approximately half its ability to reduce struvite crystal formation in cat urine.

Clinical Relevance
Alternative treatments for struvite urolithiasis in cats may be feasible. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:150–152)
Effect of carprofen on sulfated glycosaminoglycan metabolism, protein synthesis, and prostaglandin release by cultured osteoarthritic canine chondrocytes
Authors: Benton Hilary P. , Vasseur Philip B. , Broderick-Villa Gregory A. , Koolpe Mitchell 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine whether the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug carprofen directly influences canine chondrocyte metabolism.

Animals
Cartilage from the femoral heads of 13 dogs undergoing total hip replacement.

Procedure
Rates of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) synthesis and degradation, protein synthesis, cell viability, and prostaglandin release were determined in canine expiant cartilage or monolayer canine chondrocyte cultures in the presence of 0 to 100 µg of carprofen/ml. Rate of GAG synthesis was assessed as incorporation of [35S]sulfate into cartilage matrix during a 3-hour pulse label. Degradation of cartilage GAG was assessed as rate of release of [35S]sulfate from prelabeled expiant cultures. Rates of total protein synthesis were assessed as incorporation of [35S]methionine into trichloracetic acid precipitable material during a 3-hour pulse label. Radiolabeled chondrocyte proteins were separated by Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and visualized by fluorography. Rates of prostaglandin E2 release were assessed by radioimmunoassay.

Results
Carprofen stimulated a significant increase in the rate of GAG synthesis at concentrations of 1 and 10 µg/ml, with no change in total protein synthesis, pattern of new protein synthesis, or cell viability. At concentration ≥ 20 µg/ml, inhibition of GAG synthesis and total protein synthesis was observed. There was no significant change in rate of release of GAG from cartilage explants, but potent inhibition of prostaglandin release was observed.

Conclusions
Carprofen has a direct influence on chondrocyte activity, resulting in changes in rate of production of cartilage matrix.

Clinical Relevance
In determining the optimal therapeutic dose of carprofen for arthritic conditions in dogs, it is important to consider potential influences on cartilage, as well as anti-inflammatory actions. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:286–292)
Body weight, fluid, electrolyte, and hormonal changes in horses competing in 50- and 100-mile endurance rides
Authors: Schott H. C. , McGlade K. S. , Molander H. A. , Leroux A. J. , Hines M. T. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To investigate effects of prolonged exercise on fluid and electrolyte losses in horses competing in 50- and 100-mile endurance competitions, with emphasis on recovery.

Animals
Changes in body weight (BW); PCV; serum osmolality; plasma total protein, lactate, aldosterone, and serum electrolyte concentrations; and exchangeable cation content were measured in 12 and 7 horses before and after and before, during, and after successful completion of 50- and 100-mile endurance rides, respectively.

Procedure
BW was measured by use of a portable load bar scale, and blood samples were collected during the hour before ride start, at ride finish, and after approximately 2 and 18 hours (overnight) of recovery for horses competing in the 50-mile ride. For horses competing in the 100-mile ride, BW was measured and blood samples were collected at the start; after 50, 67, and 84 miles of the ride; at the finish; and after approximately 12 hours (overnight) of recovery.

Results
BW decreased by (mean ± SEM) 3.6 ± 0.6% and 4.9 ± 0.8% in horses that successfully completed rides of 50 and 100 miles, respectively. After the overnight recovery period, BW was 4.3 ± 0.5% and 3.9 ± 0.8% lower than preride values for horses performing the 50- and 100-mile rides, respectively. A decrease in plasma volume during the ride was reflected by an increase in plasma total protein concentration, but both measures returned to preride values after overnight recovery. Serum osmolality and serum electrolyte concentrations decreased and aldosterone concentration increased during prolonged exercise. Aldosterone concentration peaked after overnight recovery.

Conclusion
Despite apparent rapid return of plasma volume and ionic composition to near normal values, substantial depletion of body fluid and electrolyte stores persists after an overnight recovery period in horses that successfully complete 50 or 100 miles of endurance competition. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:303–309)
Characterization of eosinophil progenitor cells in feline bone marrow
Authors: Young Karen M. , Monello Karen A. , Peickert Heide 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To identify eosinophil progenitor cells in feline bone marrow, establishing an assay method to use in studies of eosinophilopoiesis and eosinophilopoietic factors in cats.

Animals
Healthy, laboratory animal source cats.

Procedure
Sources of colony-stimulating activity were prepared by conditioning media with bone marrow, spleen, and blood mononuclear cells from cats infected with Toxocara canis. Bone marrow cells were aspirated and cultured to develop the eosinophil progenitor cell assay and to test cells from 9 healthy cats in the assay.

Results
Optimal conditions for identifying colonyforming units-eosinophil and cluster-forming units-eosinophil were as follows. Bone marrow mononuclear cells (105) were plated in 1 ml of supplemented medium, fetal bovine serum, and agar. The source of eosinophil growth factor(s) was bone marrow-conditioned medium made in the presence of 2.5 µg of concanavalin A/ml; other conditioned media also supported eosinophil colony growth. Dishes were incubated for 7 days at 37 C and 7% CO2. The colonyforming units-eosinophil formed aggregates of > 50 Luxol fast blue-positive cells and had dispersed morphology; the cluster-forming units-eosinophil formed aggregates of < 50 cells.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance
Similar to other species, cats have separate and distinct eosinophil progenitor cells. The eosinophil progenitor assay may be used to characterize altered kinetics of eosinophilopoiesis, to assess eosinophil growth factors, and to evaluate therapeutic regimens that might be useful in the management of excess eosinophil production. (Am J Vet Res 1997; 58:348-353)