bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Salmonella
Flagellin Is Not a Dominant Protective Antigen in Oral Immunization with Attenuated Live Vaccine Strains
Authors: Kodama Chie , Matsui Hidenori 
Published: March 2004

ABSTRACT

We found that oral immunization with flagellum-defective mutant strains of
Salmonella enterica
serovar Typhimurium with the ClpXP-deficient background protected mice against oral challenge with the virulent strain. These data indicate that
Salmonella
flagellin is not a dominant protective antigen in oral immunization with attenuated live vaccine strains.
A longitudinal study on the ammonia threshold in junior cyclists
Authors: Yuan Y , Chan K-M 
Published: March 2004

Objectives:To identify the effect of a one year non-specific training programme on the ammonia threshold of a group of junior cyclists and to correlate ammonia threshold with other common physiological variables.Methods:The cyclists performed tests at three time points (T1, T2, T3) during the year. Follow up tests were conducted every six months after the original test. Ammonia threshold was obtained from a graded exercise with four minute steps.Results:The relatively non-specific one year training programme was effective in inducing an increase in peak Vo2(60.6 (5.9), 65.9 (7.4), and 64.6 (6.5) ml/min/kg at T1, T2, and T3 respectively) and endurance time (18.3 (4.5), 20.1 (5.2), and 27.0 (6.1) minutes at T1, T2, and T3 respectively), but was not effective for the sprint related variables. Ammonia threshold, together with lactate threshold and ventilatory threshold, was not significantly different at the three test times. Only endurance time correlated significantly with ammonia threshold (r  =  0.915, p  =  0.001).Conclusions:The findings suggest that a relatively non-specific one year training programme does not modify the ammonia threshold of junior cyclists. The significant correlation between ammonia threshold and endurance time further confirms that ammonia threshold is a measure of the ability to sustain exercise at submaximal intensities.
Modification of plasma glycosaminoglycans in long distance runners
Authors: Contini M , Pacini S , Ibba-Manneschi L , Boddi V , Ruggiero M , Liguri G , Gulisano M , Catini C 
Published: March 2004

Background:It is well documented that exercise reduces the risk of thromboembolic disease, possibly by increasing the plasma concentration of anticoagulant-antithrombotic compounds.Objectives:As plasma glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) play a role in the anticoagulant-antithrombotic potential of plasma, to examine the concentration and profile of these compounds in well trained, long distance runners and sedentary subjects.Methods:Plasma GAGs were measured in 10 male, long distance runners and 10 sedentary counterparts before and after ergometric tests. GAGs were extracted, purified, and identified by electrophoretic and enzymatic methods, and measured as hexosamine.Results:Plasma GAGs found in sedentary subjects were slow migrating heparan sulphates I and II, keratan sulphate I, and chondroitin 4–6-sulphate. Those found in trained athletes were slow migrating heparan sulphate I, chondroitin 4–6-sulphate (or keratan sulphate I), and fast migrating heparan sulphate. Total plasma concentrations of GAGs were higher in athletes than in sedentary subjects at rest. In sedentary subjects, plasma GAGs did not change after cycle ergometric exercise at 80% of their anaerobic threshold. However, the appearance of a novel band of heparan sulphate migrating faster than fast migrating heparan sulphate was observed in athletes after exercise.Conclusions:Exercise changes the amount and profile of plasma GAGs; these changes may play a role in protecting subjects who practise aerobic sports against developing cardiovascular disease.
Effect of intense wrestling exercise on leucocytes and adhesion molecules in adolescent boys
Authors: Nemet D , Mills P J , Cooper D M 
Published: March 2004

Background:In adults, exercise is a powerful and natural stimulator of immune cells and adhesion molecules. Far less is known about exercise responses during childhood and adolescence and whether or not exercise in “real life” activities of healthy adolescents influences immune responses.Objective:To determine if strenuous exercise leads to significant changes in leucocyte number and adhesion molecule expression in adolescent boys.Methods:Eleven healthy, high school boys, aged 14–18.5 years, performed a single, typical, 1.5 hour wrestling practice session. Blood was sampled before and after the session. Flow cytometry was used to evaluate changes in immune responses.Results:The exercise led to significant (p<0.05) and robust increases in granulocytes, monocytes, and all lymphocyte subpopulations. The most significant changes were observed for natural killer cells (p<0.0005). The number of T cytotoxic and T helper cells expressing CD62L increased significantly (p<0.002 and p<0.0005 respectively), as did the number of T cytotoxic and T helper cells not expressing CD62L (p<0.003 and p<0.009 respectively). The density of CD62L on lymphocytes decreased significantly with exercise (p<0.0005), whereas CD11a (p<0.01) and CD54 (p<0.01) increased.Conclusions:The data show that an intense wrestling bout in adolescent boys leads to profound stimulation of the immune system. The role of these common changes in overall immune status and the development of the immune and haemopoietic systems has yet to be determined.
Effectiveness of rugby headgear in preventing soft tissue injuries to the head: a case-control and video cohort study: Table 1
Authors: Jones S J , Lyons R A , Evans R , Newcombe R G , Nash P , McCabe M , Palmer S R 
Published: March 2004

Objective:To determine if headgear use by rugby players was associated with a reduced risk of head or facial laceration, abrasion, or fracture.Methods:An emergency department based case-control study in South Wales, UK, with cases being rugby players treated for superficial head and facial injuries and controls being their matched opponents during the game. A review of videos of the 41 games in the 1999 Rugby World Cup was also carried out to compare with the case-control study. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were used to measure association between exposure (headgear wearing) and outcome (head and facial injuries).Results:In the case-control study, 164 pairs were analysed, with headgear worn by 12.8% of cases and 21.3% of controls. Headgear use was associated with substantial but non-significant reductions in superficial head (OR  =  0.43, 95% CI 0.13 to 1.19) and facial (OR  =  0.57, 95% CI 0.21 to 1.46) injuries. The video study followed 547 players over 41 games, during which there were 47 bleeding injuries to the head. Headgear use significantly reduced the risk of bleeding head injury in forwards (OR  =  0.14, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.99, p  =  0.02), but not in backs. There was also a higher risk of facial injury among forwards, but this was not significant.Conclusions:The combined results suggest that headgear can prevent certain types of superficial head injuries in players at all levels of the game, but the evidence is strongest for superficial head injury in elite forwards. A randomised controlled trial would be the best way to study this further.
Injuries in youth amateur soccer and rugby players—comparison of incidence and characteristics
Authors: Junge A , Cheung K , Edwards T , Dvorak J 
Published: March 2004

Objectives:In reviewing the literature on sports injuries, few studies could be found in which exposure related incidences of injury in different types of sport were compared. These studies indicated that ice hockey, handball, basketball, soccer, and rugby are popular team sports with a relatively high risk of injury. The aim of the study was to compare the characteristics and incidence of injuries in male youth amateur soccer and rugby players.Methods:This prospective cohort study comprised an initial baseline examination to ascertain the characteristics of the players and their level of performance, and a one season observation period during which a physician visited the team weekly and documented all occurring injuries. Twelve soccer and 10 rugby school teams with male amateur players aged 14–18 years were selected for the study. 145 soccer and 123 rugby players could be followed up over one season.Results:Comparison of the incidence of soccer and rugby injuries indicated that rugby union football was associated with a significantly higher rate of injury than soccer. The differences were pronounced for contact injuries, injuries of the head, neck, shoulder, and upper extremity, as well as for concussion, fractures, dislocations, and strains. Rugby players incurred 1.5 times more overuse and training injuries in relation to exposure time, and 2.7 times more match injuries than soccer players. Three rugby players but no soccer players had to stop their participation in sport because of severe injury.Conclusion:The incidence of injury in New Zealand school teams playing soccer or rugby union is high, probably in part because of the low ratio of hours spent in training relative to hours spent playing matches. The development and implementation of preventive interventions to reduce the rate and severity of injury is recommended.
Combining isometric knee extension exercises with hip adduction or abduction does not increase quadriceps EMG activity
Authors: Hertel J , Earl J E , Tsang K K W , Miller S J 
Published: March 2004

Objective:To determine if the combined isometric contractions of knee extension/hip adduction and knee extension/hip abduction will elicit a different quadriceps and gluteus medius electromyographic (EMG) pattern as compared to isometric contraction of a uniplanar knee extension exercise.Methods:Eight healthy young adult volunteers without history of knee or quadriceps injury participated. Surface EMG data were collected from the vastus medialis oblique (VMO), vastus lateralis (VL), and gluteus medius (Gmed) muscles of the dominant leg of each subject during three single leg, weight bearing, isometric exercises (uniplanar knee extension, knee extension/hip adduction, knee extension/hip abduction). All exercises were performed at a position of 60° knee flexion. Three trials lasting 5 s each were performed for each of the three exercises. EMG data from each muscle were integrated and the maximum root mean square activity over a 0.5 s window for each trial was averaged. Analyses of variance were performed with exercise (straight extension, extension/adduction, extension/abduction) as the independent variable and VMO, VL, and Gmed activity and VMO:VL ratio as dependent variables.Results:A significant main effect for exercise was found for the VMO (p = 0.006) and VL (p = 0.02), but not the Gmed (p = 0.25) or the VMO:VL ratio (p = 0.13). For the VMO and VL, the uniplanar knee extension task produced significantly more EMG activity than the extension/adduction or extension/abduction tasks.Conclusions:Uniplanar knee extension exercises may be more appropriate than combining isometric knee extension exercises with hip adduction or abduction when eliciting maximal VMO and VL contractions.
Negative neurofunctional effects of frequency, depth and environment in recreational scuba diving: the Geneva “memory dive” study
Authors: Slosman D O , de Ribaupierre S , Chicherio C , Ludwig C , Montandon M-L , Allaoua M , Genton L , Pichard C , Grousset A , Mayer E , Annoni J-M , de Ribaupierre A 
Published: March 2004

Objectives:To explore relationships between scuba diving activity, brain, and behaviour, and more specifically between global cerebral blood flow (CBF) or cognitive performance and total, annual, or last 6 months’ frequencies, for standard dives or dives performed below 40 m, in cold water or warm sea geographical environments.Methods:A prospective cohort study was used to examine divers from diving clubs around Lac Léman and Geneva University Hospital. The subjects were 215 healthy recreational divers (diving with self-contained underwater breathing apparatus). Main outcome measures were: measurement of global CBF by133Xe SPECT (single photon emission computed tomography); psychometric and neuropsychological tests to assess perceptual-motor abilities, spatial discrimination, attentional resources, executive functioning, and memory; evaluation of scuba diving activity by questionnaire focusing on number and maximum depth of dives and geographical site of the diving activity (cold watervwarm water); and body composition analyses (BMI).Results:(1) A negative influence of depth of dives on CBF and its combined effect with BMI and age was found. (2) A specific diving environment (more than 80% of dives in lakes) had a negative effect on CBF. (3) Depth and number of dives had a negative influence on cognitive performance (speed, flexibility and inhibition processing in attentional tasks). (4) A negative effect of a specific diving environment on cognitive performance (flexibility and inhibition components) was found.Conclusions:Scuba diving may have long-term negative neurofunctional effects when performed in extreme conditions, namely cold water, with more than 100 dives per year, and maximal depth below 40 m.
Effects of exercise on the physical condition of college rugby players during summer training camp
Authors: Mashiko T , Umeda T , Nakaji S , Sugawara K 
Published: March 2004

Objectives:To determine the effects of exercise training on physical condition in 25 college rugby players during a summer training camp, and to compare these variables by the different players’ positions.Methods:Changes in body composition parameters and blood biochemistry were examined before and after a summer training camp.Results:Body weight and percentage body fat did not change significantly during the camp. There were significant decreases in levels of serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, phosphate, uric acid, and immunoglobulin G and M. In contrast, there were significant increases in levels of serum potassium, markers of renal, hepatic, and muscular damage (BUN, GOT, GPT, LDH, CK), and complement C4. Comparison of the changes in biochemical parameters between rugby players playing in different positions showed a significant increase in serum albumin level in the forwards, and significant decreases in serum triglyceride and sodium levels in the backs. The magnitude of change in serum LDH during the camp was significantly greater (p<0.05) for the forwards than for the backs.Conclusions:These data suggest that, in rugby players attending a 20 day camp, exercise training resulted in muscular damage, loss of electrolytes due to sweating, and changes in immune function. Backs exhibited a higher rate of fat metabolism and loss of electrolytes than forwards, possibly because they did more running during the camp. In contrast, forwards experienced more physical contact, performed more physically strenuous exercise, and exhibited higher levels of muscular damage and tissue protein degradation.
Field and laboratory testing in young elite soccer players
Authors: Chamari K , Hachana Y , Ahmed Y B , Galy O , Sghaïer F , Chatard J-C , Hue O , Wisløff U 
Published: March 2004

Aim:To determine if there are correlations between the physical fitness of young soccer players assessed by field and laboratory testing.Methods:Thirty four male soccer players took part in the study (mean (SD) age 17.5 (1.1) years, height 177.8 (6.7) cm, weight 70.5 (6.4) kg). Maximal oxygen uptake (Vo2max) during treadmill running and vertical jump height on a force platform were measured in the laboratory. Field tests consisted of a soccer specific endurance test (Bangsbo test) and 30 m sprint with 10 m lap times.Results:The Bangsbo test correlated with the lowest velocity associated with Vo2max(vVo2max;R2 =  0.55, p<0.001), but not with Vo2max. Sprint times at 30 m and 20 m were related to peak extension velocity and peak extension force measured during vertical jumping, but not to vertical jump height per se. The jumping force and velocity could explain 46% of the 30 m sprint performance (R2 =  0.46, p<0.001).Conclusion:The Bangsbo test and 30 m sprint test correlate withvVo2maxand vertical jump force and velocity respectively. The Bangsbo test does not give a good estimate of Vo2maxin young soccer players.
Anthropometry, physical performance, and ultrasound patellar tendon abnormality in elite junior basketball players: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Cook J L , Kiss Z S , Khan K M , Purdam C R , Webster K E 
Published: March 2004

Objective:Patellar tendinopathy has been reported to be associated with many intrinsic risk factors. Few have been fully investigated. This cross-sectional study examined the anthropometric and physical performance results of elite junior basketball players with normal or abnormal patellar tendons to see if any measures were associated with changes in tendon morphology.Methods:Agility, leg strength, endurance, and flexibility were measured in 71 male and 64 female players. A blinded radiologist ultrasonographically examined their patellar tendons and athletes were grouped as having normal or abnormal tendons. One-way ANOVA was used to test for differences in anthropometric and physical performance data for athletes whose tendons were normal or abnormal (unilateral or bilateral tendinopathy) on ultrasound.Results:Results show that females with abnormalities in their tendons had a significantly better vertical jump (50.9±6.8 cm) than those with normal tendons (46.1±5.4 cm) (p = 0.02). This was not found in males. In males, the mean sit and reach in those with normal tendons (13.2±6.7 cm) was greater (p<0.03) than in unilateral tendinopathy (10.3±6.2 cm) or in bilateral tendinopathy (7.8±8.3 cm). In females, those with normal tendons (13.3±4.8 cm) and bilateral tendinopathy (15.8±6.2 cm) were distinctly different from those with unilateral tendinopathy (7.9±6.6 cm).Conclusion:Flexibility and vertical jump ability are associated with patellar tendinopathy and the findings warrant consideration when managing young, jumping athletes.
Reliability and validity of measures taken during the Chester step test to predict aerobic power and to prescribe aerobic exercise
Authors: Buckley J P , Sim J , Eston R G , Hession R , Fox R 
Published: March 2004

Objectives:To evaluate the reliability and validity of measures taken during the Chester step test (CST) used to predict VO2max and prescribe subsequent exercise.Methods:The CST was performed twice on separate days by 7 males and 6 females aged 22.4 (SD 4.6) years. Heart rate (HR), ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), and oxygen uptake (VO2) were measured at each stage of the CST.Results:RPE, HR, and actual VO2were the same at each stage for both trials but each of these measures was significantly different between CST stages (p<0.0005). Intertrial bias ±95% limits of agreement (95% LoA) of HR reached acceptable limits at CST stage IV (−2±10 beats/min) and for RPE at stages III (0.2±1.4) and IV (0.5±1.9). Age estimated HRmax significantly overestimated actual HRmax of 5 beats/min (p = 0.016) and the 95% LoA showed that this error could range from an underestimation of 17 beats/min to an overestimation of 7 beats/min. Estimated versus actual VO2at each CST stage during both trials showed errors ranging between 11% and 19%. Trial 1 underestimated actual VO2max by 2.8 ml/kg/min (p = 0.006) and trial 2 by 1.6 ml/kg/min (not significant). The intertrial agreement in predicted VO2max was relatively narrow with a bias ±95% LoA of −0.8±3.7 ml/kg/min. The RPE and %HRmax (actual) correlation improved with a second trial. At all CST stages in trial 2 RPE:%HRmax coefficients were significant with the highest correlations at CST stages III (r = 0.78) and IV (r = 0.84).Conclusion:CST VO2max prediction validity is questioned but the CST is reliable on a test-retest basis. VO2max prediction error is due more to VO2estimation error at each CST stage compared with error in age estimated HRmax. The HR/RPE relation at >50% VO2max reliably represents the recommended intensity for developing cardiorespiratory fitness, but only when a practice trial of the CST is first performed.
Orienting Attention to Locations in Perceptual Versus Mental Representations
Authors: Nobre A. C. , Coull J. T. , Maquet P. , Frith C. D. , Vandenberghe R. , Mesulam M. M. 
Published: March 2004

Abstract
Extensive clinical and imaging research has characterized the neural networks mediating the adaptive distribution of spatial attention. In everyday behavior, the distribution of attention is guided not only by extrapersonal targets but also by mental representations of their spatial layout. We used eventrelated functional magnetic resonance imaging to identify the neural system involved in directing attention to locations in arrays held as mental representations, and to compare it with the system for directing spatial attention to locations in the external world. We found that these two crucial aspects of spatial cognition are subserved by extensively overlapping networks. However, we also found that a region of right parietal cortex selectively participated in orienting attention to the extrapersonal space, whereas several frontal lobe regions selectively participated in orienting attention within on-line mental representations.
Neural Correlates of Mental State Decoding in Human Adults: An Event-related Potential Study
Authors: Sabbagh Mark A. , Moulson Margaret C. , Harkness Kate L. 
Published: March 2004

Abstract
Successful negotiation of human social interactions rests on having a theory of mind—an understanding of how others' behaviors can be understood in terms of internal mental states, such as beliefs, desires, intentions, and emotions. A core theory-of-mind skill is the ability to decode others' mental states on the basis of observable information, such as facial expressions. Although several recent studies have focused on the neural correlates of reasoning about mental states, no research has addressed the question of what neural systems underlie mental state decoding. We used dense-array eventrelated potentials (ERP) to show that decoding mental states from pictures of eyes is associated with an N270–400 component over inferior frontal and anterior temporal regions of the right hemisphere. Source estimation procedures suggest that orbitofrontal and medial temporal regions may underlie this ERP effect. These findings suggest that different components of everyday theory-of-mind skills may rely on dissociable neural mechanisms.
Impaired Judgments of Sadness But Not Happiness Following Bilateral Amygdala Damage
Authors: Adolphs Ralph , Tranel Daniel 
Published: March 2004

Abstract
Although the amygdala's role in processing facial expressions of fear has been well established, its role in the processing of other emotions is unclear. In particular, evidence for the amygdala's involvement in processing expressions of happiness and sadness remains controversial. To clarify this issue, we constructed a series of morphed stimuli whose emotional expression varied gradually from very faint to more pronounced. Five morphs each of sadness and happiness, as well as neutral faces, were shown to 27 subjects with unilateral amygdala damage and 5 with complete bilateral amygdala damage, whose data were compared to those from 12 braindamaged and 26 normal controls. Subjects were asked to rate the intensity and to label the stimuli. Subjects with unilateral amygdala damage performed very comparably to controls. By contrast, subjects with bilateral amygdala damage showed a specific impairment in rating sad faces, but performed normally in rating happy faces. Furthermore, subjects with right unilateral amygdala damage performed somewhat worse than subjects with left unilateral amygdala damage. The findings suggest that the amygdala's role in processing of emotional facial expressions encompasses multiple negatively valenced emotions, including fear and sadness.