bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Periodontal repair in dogs: guided tissue regeneration enhances bone formation in sites implanted with a coral‐derived calcium carbonate biomaterial
Authors: Koo Ki‐Tae , Polimeni Giuseppe , Qahash Mohammed , Kim Chong Kwan , Wikesjö Ulf ME 
Published: January 2005

AbstractBackground: Previous studies suggest that a bioresorbable calcium carbonate coral implant (CI) supports space provision and bone formation for guided tissue regeneration (GTR). However, it could not be discerned whether observed effects were because of GTR or whether the CI possessed osteoconductive properties enhancing bone formation. The objective of this study was to evaluate bone formation associated with the CI biomaterial in the presence and absence of provisions for GTR.Methods: Routine, critical size, 6 mm, supra‐alveolar periodontal defects were created in 12 young adult Beagle dogs. Five animals received the CI alone (Biocoral® 1000). Seven animals received the CI/GTR combination using an expanded polytetrafluoroethylene barrier (GORE‐TEX® Regenerative Material). The animals were euthanized at 4 weeks postsurgery and tissue blocks of the experimental sites were collected and processed for histometric analysis.Results: Clinical healing was uneventful. The histopathologic and histometric analysis revealed significantly increased bone formation (height and area) in sites receiving the CI/GTR combination compared with CI alone (2.3±0.6 versus 1.2±0.9 mm; and 3.1±0.8 versus 1.2±1.1 mm2; p<0.05). The CI biomaterial appeared to be mostly unassociated with new bone formation; the CI particles were observed sequestered in newly formed bone, fibrovascular marrow, and in the supra‐alveolar connective tissue. Cementum formation was limited and observed in few sites for both treatment protocols.Conclusion: While GTR promoted new bone formation, the CI contributed limited, if any, osteoconductive effects.
Evaluation of the relationship between smoking during pregnancy and subgingival microbiota
Authors: Buduneli Nurcan , Baylas Haluk , Buduneli Eralp , Türkoğlu Oya , Dahlen Gunnar 
Published: January 2005

AbstractBackground: Numerous studies have shown that smoking negatively affects periodontal health. Hormonal changes, which occur during pregnancy have also been reported to have adverse effects on the periodontal tissues or indirectly through alterations in the subgingival bacterial flora. At present, no knowledge exists concerning possible effects of smoking on the composition of subgingival plaque in pregnancy. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of smoking during pregnancy on the subgingival plaque bacteria most commonly associated with periodontal disease.Methods: A total number of 181 women were examined within 72 h post‐partum. Smoking status was recorded by means of a self‐reported questionnaire and the study population was divided into three groups; non‐smokers, light smokers, and heavy smokers. In each woman, two subgingival plaque samples were obtained from mesio‐ or disto‐buccal aspect of randomly selected one molar and one incisor tooth by sterile paperpoints. Clinical periodontal recordings comprising presence of dental plaque, bleeding on probing (BOP), and probing pocket depth (PPD) were performed at six sites per each tooth at all teeth. Plaque samples were analysed by checkerboard DNA–DNA hybridization with respect to 12 bacterial species. In all analyses, the individual subject was the computational unit. Thus, mean values for all clinical parameters were calculated and bacterial scores from each individual sample were averaged. Statistical methods included χ2 test, Kruskal–Wallis test and Mann–Whitney U‐test.Results: Mean ages were similar in the study groups. Plaque, BOP and PPD recordings were lower in the heavy‐smoker group, but the differences were not statistically significant (p>0.05). The detection rates and bacterial loads of the specific subgingival bacteria exhibited no significant differences between the groups. No correlation could be found between smoking status and detection rates and bacterial loads of various bacterial species.Conclusion: The present findings suggest that smoking during pregnancy does not have a significant effect on the composition of subgingival plaque bacteria.
Total fluoride intake in children aged 22–35 months in four Colombian cities
Authors: Franco Ángela M. , Martignon Stefanía , Saldarriaga Alexandra , González María C. , Arbeláez María I. , Ocampo Alvaro , Luna Luz M. , Martínez‐Mier E. Angeles , Villa Alberto E. 
Published: January 2005

Abstract –  Objective: To obtain information on the level of total fluoride intake from food, beverages and toothpaste by children at the age of 22–25 months of low and high socioeconomic status (SES) in major Colombian cities.Methods:  Daily fluoride intake was assessed by the duplicate plate method and by recovered toothpaste solution during a 3‐day period and afterwards analysed by the microdiffusion method.Results:  Mean daily fluoride intake was 0.11 (±0.10), 0.14 (±0.12), 0.10 (±0.07) and 0.07 (±0.06) mg/kg body weight (bw)/day in Bogotá, Medellín, Manizales and Cartagena, respectively. The total fluoride intake was higher in low‐SES subjects in the cities of Medellín and Bogotá. In the high‐SES children of the four cities, the average intakes ranged from 0.06 to 0.09 mg F/kg bw, whereas, the low‐SES children in three cities had intakes between 0.11 and 0.21 mg F/kg bw (Cartagena, 0.07). Toothpaste (containing 1000–1500 ppm F, with 1500 ppm F being more common) accounted for approximately 70% of total fluoride intake, followed by food (24%) and beverages (<6%). More than half the children had their teeth brushed by an adult, on average twice a day, using 0.22–0.65 g of toothpaste.Conclusion:  Children from three Colombian cities have a mean total daily fluoride intake above the ‘optimal range’. Health authorities should promote an appropriate use of fluoridated dentifrices discouraging the use of dentifrices containing 1500 ppm F in children younger than 6 years of age and promoting a campaign of education of parents and oral health professionals on adequate toothbrushing practices.
Relationships between lifestyle and dental health behaviors in a rural population in Japan
Authors: Harada Shoji , Akhter Rahena , Kurita Keiko , Mori Miyako , Hoshikoshi Misuzu , Tamashiro Hidehiko , Morita Manabu 
Published: January 2005

Abstract –  Objectives:  The aim of this study was to determine associations of lifestyle with dental health behaviors such as tooth brushing frequency, use of extra cleaning devices, and regular dental visits to a dentist.Methods:  Data were collected from 1182 dentate residents 18 years of age or older who resided in a typical farming district. The data included data on the demographic factors, dental health behavior, and various aspects of lifestyle, i.e. mental condition, alcohol consumption, smoking habit, physical activity, social activity, dietary habits, and presence of systemic diseases.Results:  Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that subjects in a younger group (18–39 years of age) and subjects who had never smoked brushed their teeth more frequently. Experience of social volunteer work and presence of systemic disease were correlated with use of extra cleaning devices. Associations of female gender with frequency of tooth brushing and use of extra cleaning devices were weakly positive. The subjects who considered dietary combination carefully and those who lived alone were predisposed to visit a dentist regularly.Conclusions:  The results indicate that dental health behavior is associated with lifestyle as well as demographic factors.
Risk indicators for oral candidiasis and oral hairy leukoplakia in HIV‐infected adults
Authors: Chattopadhyay Amit , Caplan Daniel J. , Slade Gary D. , Shugars Diane C. , Tien Hsaio‐Chuan , Patton Lauren L. 
Published: January 2005

Abstract –  Objectives:  Oral candidiasis (OC) and oral hairy leukoplakia (OHL) are the most common oral mucosal diseases associated with HIV infection. Independent risk indicators associated with these sentinel opportunistic diseases have not been established in mixed race and gender adult populations in the southeast USA. The purposes of this study were 1) to estimate prevalence of OC and OHL among an HIV‐1 positive adult population, and 2) to develop explanatory multivariable models for each disease outcome.Methods:  This cross‐sectional study evaluated 631 adult dentate HIV‐1 seropositive persons examined for HIV‐associated oral mucosal diseases between 1995 and 2000 at University of North Carolina Hospitals in Chapel Hill, North Carolina using data collected from medical record review, interview questionnaire and clinical examination. We analyzed the data using t‐tests, anova, and unconditional logistic regression.Results:  Prevalent OC was associated with low CD4+ cell count [<200 cells/μl, adj. OR=12.7 (95%CI: 4.9–32.9)], antiretroviral combination therapy [OR=0.6 (0.3–0.9)], and current smoking [OR=2.5 (1.3–4.8)]. Prevalent OHL was associated with low CD4+ cell count [<200 cells/μl, OR=7.2 (2.7–18.9)], antifungal medication use [OR=1.8 (1.1–2.9)], current recreational drug use [OR=2.5 (1.3–4.9)], and male gender [OR=2.5 (1.3–4.8)].Conclusions:  While CD4+ cell count, and antiretroviral medication were important risk indicators for OC, and OHL, cigarette smoking appears to be an important risk indicator for OC in HIV‐1‐infected populations.
'Modernising Conservatism' in Early Twentieth-Century China: the Discourse and Practice of Women's Education
Authors: Bailey Paul 
Published: January 2005

Abstract
This paper focuses on a pervasive strand of thinking on women's public education during the last years of the Qing and early years of the Republic which sought to reconfigure traditional virtues and skills in the cause of family harmony, social order and national prosperity. A study of this 'modernising conservative' discourse on women's education and its critique of the behaviour and attitudes of female students also provides an insight into how female students themselves responded to the new educational opportunities available to them.
Leveled Mountains and Broken Fences: Measuring and Analysing De Facto Decentralisation in Vietnam
Authors: Malesky Edmund 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe article seeks to measure and explain provincial autonomy in Vietnam during the reform era, arguing that the absence of an effective measure of autonomy to date has limited the scope for developing an overarching theory capable of explaining autonomy across a range of settings. The article pioneers a method for measuring autonomy involving a content analysis of Vietnamese newspapers over a ten-year period, noting whenever provinces are reported for engaging in a series of carefully defined autonomous acts. Having developed the measure of autonomy, the article seeks to test four hypotheses for explaining it, namely geographical location, relations with central government, initial conditions on the eve of reform, and the dominant source of economic activity in terms of ownership. The article finds that no single factor accounts for autonomy on its own but also that there is only a weak relationship between autonomy and a province's geographical location and that provinces heavily represented in central government tend to be among the least autonomous.
Flux Replacement as a Method to Diagnose Coupled Land–Atmosphere Model Feedback
Authors: Dirmeyer Paul A. , Zhao Mei 
Published: January 2005

Abstract
The potential role of the land surface state in improving predictions of seasonal climate is investigated with a coupled land–atmosphere climate model. Climate simulations for 18 boreal-summer seasons (1982–99) have been conducted with specified observed sea surface temperature (SST). The impact on prediction skill of the initial land surface state (interannually varying versus climatological soil wetness) and the effect of errors in downward surface fluxes (precipitation and longwave/shortwave radiation) over land are investigated with a number of parallel experiments. Flux errors are addressed by replacing the downward fluxes with observed values in various combinations to ascertain the separate roles of water and energy flux errors on land surface state variables, upward water and energy fluxes from the land surface, and the important climate variables of precipitation and near-surface air temperature.
Large systematic errors are found in the model, which are only mildly alleviated by the specification of realistic initial soil wetness. The model shows little skill in simulating seasonal anomalies of precipitation, but it does have skill in simulating temperature variations. Replacement of the downward surface fluxes has a clear positive impact on systematic errors, suggesting that the land–atmosphere feedback is helping to exacerbate climate drift. Improvement in the simulation of year-to-year variations in climate is even more evident. With flux replacement, the climate model simulates temperature anomalies with considerable skill over nearly all land areas, and a large fraction of the globe shows significant skill in the simulation of precipitation anomalies. This suggests that the land surface can communicate climate anomalies back to the atmosphere, given proper meteorological forcing. Flux substitution appears to have the largest benefit to improving precipitation skill over the Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes, whereas use of realistic land surface initial conditions improves skill to significant levels over regions of the Southern Hemisphere. Correlations between sets of integrations show that the model has a robust and systematic global response to SST anomalies.
Incorporating Hydraulic Lift into a Land Surface Model and Its Effects on Surface Soil Moisture Prediction
Authors: Ren Diandong , Xue Ming , Henderson-Sellers Ann 
Published: January 2005

Abstract
In comparison with the Oklahoma Atmospheric Surface-layer Instrumentation System (OASIS) measurements, the Simulator for Hydrology and Energy Exchange at the Land Surface (SHEELS), a multilayer soil hydrological model, simulates a much faster drying of the superficial soil layer (5 cm) for a densely vegetated area at the OASIS site in Norman, Oklahoma, under dry conditions. Further, the measured superficial soil moisture contents also show a counterintuitive daily cycle that moistens the soil during daytime and dries the soil at night. The original SHEELS model fails to simulate this behavior. This work proposes a treatment of hydraulic lift processes associated with stressed vegetation and shows via numerical experiments that both problems reported above can be much alleviated by including the hydraulic lift effect associated with stressed vegetation.
Optimized Surface Radiation Fields Derived from Meteosat Imagery and a Regional Atmospheric Model
Authors: Meetschen Dirk , van den Hurk Bart J. J. M. , Ament Felix , Drusch Matthias 
Published: January 2005

Abstract
High-quality fields of surface radiation fluxes are required for the development of Land Data Assimilation Systems. A fast offline integration scheme was developed to modify NWP model cloud fields based on Meteosat visible and infrared observations. From the updated cloud fields, downward shortwave and longwave radiation at the surface are computed using the NWP radiative transfer model.
A dataset of 15 months covering Europe was produced and validated against measurements of ground stations on a daily basis. In situ measurements are available for 30 stations in the Netherlands and two Baseline Surface Radiation Network (BSRN) stations in Germany and France. The accuracy of shortwave surface radiation is increased when the integration system is applied. The rms error in the model forecast is found to be 32 and 42 W m−2 for the period from October 1999 to December 2000 for the two BSRN stations. These values are reduced to 21 and 25 W m−2 through the application of the integration scheme. During the summer months the errors are generally larger than in winter. Because of an integrated monitoring of surface albedo, the performance of the scheme is not affected by snow cover. The errors in the longwave radiation field of the original NWP model are already small. However, they are slightly reduced by applying the integration scheme.
Effects of Spatial and Temporal Aggregation on the Accuracy of Statistically Downscaled Precipitation Estimates in the Upper Colorado River Basin
Authors: Gangopadhyay Subhrendu , Clark Martyn , Werner Kevin , Brandon David , Rajagopalan Balaji 
Published: January 2005

Abstract
To test the accuracy of statistically downscaled precipitation estimates from numerical weather prediction models, a set of experiments to study what space and time scales are appropriate to obtain downscaled precipitation forecasts with maximum skill have been carried out. Fourteen-day forecasts from the 1998 version of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Medium-Range Forecast (MRF) model were used in this study. It has been previously found that downscaled temperature fields have significant skill even up to 5 days of forecast lead time, but there is practically no valuable skill in the downscaled precipitation forecasts. Low skill in precipitation forecasts revolves around two main issues. First, the (intermittent) precipitation variability on daily and subdaily time scales could be too noisy to derive meaningful relationships with atmospheric predictors. Second, the model parameterizations and the coarse spatial resolution of the current generation of global-scale forecast models might be unable to resolve the local-scale variability in precipitation. Both of these issues may be addressed by spatial and temporal averaging.
In this paper the authors present a diagnostic study using a set of numerical experiments to understand how spatial and temporal aggregations affect the skill of downscaled precipitation forecasts in the upper Colorado River basin. The question addressed is, if the same set of predictor variables from numerical weather prediction models is used, what space (e.g., station versus regional average) and time (e.g., subdaily versus daily) scales optimize regression-based downscaling models so as to maximize forecast skill for precipitation? Results in general show that spatial and temporal averaging increased the skill of downscaled precipitation estimates. At subdaily (6 hourly) and daily time scales, the skill of downscaled estimates at spatial scales greater than 50 km was generally higher than the skill of downscaled estimates at individual stations. For the 6-hourly time scale both for stations and for mean areal precipitation estimates the maximum forecast skill was found to be approximately half that of the daily time scale. At forecast lead times of 5 days, when there is very little skill at daily and subdaily time scales, useful skill emerged when station data are aggregated to 3- and 5-day averages.
Vastus lateralis vastus medialis obliquus muscle activity during the application of inhibition and facilitation taping techniques
Authors: Janwantanakul Prawit , Gaogasigam Chitanongk 
Published: January 2005

Objective: To evaluate the effect of inhibition and facilitation taping techniques on the activity of vastus lateralis and vastus medialis obliquus. Design: Repeated-measures design. Setting: Laboratory in an educational institution. Subjects: Thirty healthy females aged between 18 and 23 years. Intervention: Subjects were tested during the application of inhibition tape, facilitation tape and no tape to vastus lateralis in random order. Main outcome measures: Electromyographic activity of vastus lateralis and vastus medialis obliquus during stair descent was recorded using bipolar surface electrodes. Results: Electromyographic activity of vastus lateralis and vastus medialis obliquus during the application of inhibition tape or facilitation tape did not alter significantly compared with no tape condition. Conclusions: Taping designed to inhibit or facilitate muscle activity via sensory stimulation does not affect vastus lateralis or vastus medialis obliquus activity in healthy subjects. Further investigation is required to find a means of muscle taping that could be recommended as an intervention for patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome.
Nasal dermoid sinus cysts in adults
Authors: Vaghela H.M. , Bradley P.J. 
Published: January 2005

Nasal dermoid sinus cysts (NDSC) are rare congenital lesions that most frequently present in children, but have been reported in adults.This article reviews adult (more than 16 years of age) nasal dermoid sinus cysts as they present, their radiological investigation, surgical approach and outcome. Thirty-eight previously published cases are reviewed, to which a further six cases are added.All 44 cases are tabulated and reviewed. The risk of intracranial extension is 27.5 per cent, especially men with a dermal sinus. Recurrences are likely if the NDSC is not completely excised.Curative treatment is surgical. It is recommended that all adults who present with a dermal cyst and/or sinus in the region of the nasal dorsum should be investigated by computed tomography (CT) and/or magnetic resonance (MRI). This is to delineate deep tissue involvement and to exclude a possible associated intracranial extension, prior to recommending surgical excision.
Pathophysiology and diagnostic value of urinary trypsin inhibitors
Authors: Pugia Michael J. , Lott John A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractInflammation is an important indicator of tissue injury. In the acute form, there is usually accumulation of fluids and plasma components in the affected tissues. Platelet activation and the appearance in blood of abnormally increased numbers of polymorphonucleocytes, lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages usually occur. Infectious disorders such as sepsis, meningitis, respiratory infection, urinary tract infection, viral infection, and bacterial infection usually induce an inflammatory response. Chronic inflammation is often associated with diabetes mellitus, acute myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease, kidney diseases, and certain auto-immune disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis, organ failures and other disorders with an inflammatory component or etiology. The disorder may occur before inflammation is apparent. Markers of inflammation such as C-reactive protein (CRP) and urinary trypsin inhibitors have changed our appraisal of acute events such as myocardial infarction; the infarct may be a response to acute infection and (or) inflammation.We describe here the pathophysiology of an anti-inflammatory agent termed urinary trypsin inhibitor (uTi). It is an important anti-inflammatory substance that is present in urine, blood and all organs. We also describe the anti-inflammatory agent bikunin, a selective inhibitor of serine proteases. The latter are important in modulating inflammatory events and even shutting them down.