bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The similarity hypothesis: a test of the moderating role of social comparison orientation
Authors: Michinov Estelle , Michinov Nicolas 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe purpose of the present experiment was to demonstrate how the classical similarity hypothesis (Byrne, 1971; Festinger, 1954) can be moderated by an individual difference variable called social comparison orientation (Gibbons & Buunk, 1999). This variable distinguishes people who exhibit different degrees of uncertainty about reality and self‐knowledge. Based on prior studies on ability and opinion comparisons, we predicted that attitudinal similarity would not affect interpersonal attraction in high‐comparison orientation individuals. Because of uncertainty and confusion about their self‐knowledge, these people should be attracted to both similar and dissimilar others. In contrast, we expected an effect of attitude similarity in low‐comparison orientation individuals because they do not exhibit this type of uncertainty. They should be only attracted to similar others who agree with them. The results confirmed this prediction and suggested some directions for future studies. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessment of DNA damage in lymphocytes of workers exposed to X‐radiation using the micronucleus test and the comet assay
Authors: Maluf Sharbel Weidner , Passos Daniela Ferreira , Bacelar Alexandre , Speit Günter , Erdtmann Bernardo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe mutagenic and carcinogenic effects of genotoxic agents on exposed people have constituted an increasing concern. Therefore, the objective of this work was to assess DNA damage in lymphocytes of workers exposed to X‐radiation using the cytokinesis‐blocked micronucleus test and the comet assay (single‐cell gel electrophoresis), and to compare these two techniques in the monitoring of exposed populations. The cytokinesis‐blocked micronucleus test and the comet assay were employed in the monitoring of 22 workers occupationally exposed to X‐radiation in a hospital in southern Brazil. The frequency of dicentric bridges was also measured. The results of both assays and the frequency of dicentric bridges revealed a significant increase in genetic effects on the cells of exposed individuals. Age was significantly correlated with micronucleus frequency and damage index in the comet assay. The concomitant analysis of dicentric bridges when determining micronucleus frequency does not require much extra work, and may serve as a reference to the type of mutagenic effect (clastogenic or aneugenic). The combination of the alkaline comet assay with the cytokinesis‐blocked micronucleus test appears to be very informative for the monitoring of populations chronically exposed to genotoxic agents. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 38:311–315, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
How many food additives are rodent carcinogens?
Authors: Johnson F.M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractOne generally assumes that chemical agents added to foods are reasonably free of risks to human health, and practically everyone consumes some additives in his or her food daily throughout life. In the United States, the 1958 Food Additives Amendment to the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act of 1938 requires food manufacturers to demonstrate the safety of food additives to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The Amendment contains a provision that prohibits approval of an additive if it is found to cause cancer in humans or animals. In the present study, data from the National Toxicology Program rodent bioassay (NTPRB) were used to identify a sample of approximately 50 rodent‐tested additives and other chemicals added to food that had been evaluated independently of the FDA/food industry. Surprisingly, the sample shows more than 40% of these food chemicals to be carcinogenic in one or more rodent groups. If this percentage is extrapolated to all substances added to food in the United States, it would imply that more than 1000 of such substances are potential rodent carcinogens. The NTP and FDA test guidelines use similar, though not necessarily identical, rodent test procedures, including near lifetime exposures to the maximum tolerated dose. The FDA specifies that test chemicals should be administered by the oral route. However, the oral route includes three methods of delivering chemicals, that is, mixed in the food or water or delivered by stomach tube (gavage). The NTP data show only 1 of 18 food chemicals mixed in the food are rodent carcinogens, but 16 of 23 gavage‐administered food chemicals are carcinogenic to rodents. The distribution suggests that among orally delivered chemicals, those administered in the feed will more likely prove to be noncarcinogens than chemicals given by gavage. The rodent data also reveal that effects may vary according to dose and genotype, as well as by route of administration, to further complicate extrapolation to humans. Human experience with known carcinogens such as tobacco, asbestos, and benzidine convinces us that environmental carcinogens constitute a real threat to human health, although predicting human carcinogens from rodent tests involves a number of uncertainties. These uncertainties do not mean that we should simply ignore the presence of carcinogens. Rather, in the interests of public safety, a serious effort should be made to resolve the questions surrounding the presence of chemicals identified as rodent carcinogens in our food. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 39:69–80, 2002 Published 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Carcinogen–DNA adducts in human breast epithelial cells
Authors: Gorlewska‐Roberts K. , Green B. , Fares M. , Ambrosone C.B. , Kadlubar F.F. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractDiet and environmental exposures are often regarded as significant etiologic factors in human breast cancer. Chemicals that may be involved in these exposures include heterocyclic amines, aromatic amines, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which also serve as strong mammary carcinogens in different animal models. In this study, we chose to quantify the major DNA adducts derived from one member of each of these classes of carcinogens, that is, 2‐amino‐1‐methyl‐6‐phenylimidazo[4,5‐b]pyridine (PhIP), 4‐aminobiphenyl (ABP), and benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), respectively, in DNA isolated from exfoliated ductal epithelial cells in human breast milk. Milk was collected from healthy, nonsmoking mothers. The isolated DNA was digested to 3′ nucleotides and subjected to 32P‐postlabeling. Adduct enrichment was achieved using Oasis Sep‐Paks and the analyses were conducted by HPLC using radiometric detection. Critical to the analyses were the syntheses of bis(phosphate) standards for the C8‐dG adducts of PhIP and ABP, and the N2‐dG adduct of B[a]P, which were added to each reaction as UV markers. Of the 64 samples analyzed, adducts were found in 31 samples. Thirty samples contained detectable levels of PhIP adducts, with a mean value of 4.7 adducts/107 nucleotides; 18 were positive for ABP adducts with a mean value of 4.7 adducts/107 nucleotides; and 13 were found to contain B[a]P adducts with a mean level of 1.9 adducts/107 nucleotides. These data indicate that women are exposed to several classes of dietary and environmental carcinogens and that these carcinogens react with DNA in breast ductal epithelial cells, the cells from which most breast cancers arise. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 39:184–192, 2002. Published 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
From bacteria to humans: Lessons learned from a reductionist's view of ultraviolet light‐induced DNA lesions
Authors: Trosko James E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWhat follows is a personal remembrance of how Dr. Richard Setlow influenced me as a young postdoctoral fellow at Oak Ridge National laboratory between 1963 and 1966. The narrative tries to place my “maturation” as a young, inexperienced scientist in the context of the cultural upheaval caused by the Vietnam war, of a Northerner facing a “culture‐shock” living in the South and in a revolution in molecular and radiation biology taking place at Oak Ridge National Laboratory at that time. The unique historic juxtaposition of Dr. Setlow's contribution of the discovery of UV‐induced pyrimidine dimers in bacterial DNA, being potentially the molecular lesion responsible for cell killing and mutagenesis, occurring as I was at Oak Ridge, and the wonderful working relationship I had with William Carrier, his technician, led to our discovery with James Regan that normal human cells repaired these lesion from their DNA. Amazingly, because of Dr. Setlow's challenge to me about my thoughts of the implications of his findings in bacteria, the chance visit to Oak Ridge National Laboratory by Dr. James Cleaver and my background as a human geneticist provided me the extraordinary opportunity to carry out a collaboration to test if human cancer prone syndromes might be deficient in the repair of these UV‐induced DNA lesions. With our finding that the direct demonstration of a lack of repair of UV‐induced pyrimidine dimers in cells from the skin cancer prone syndrome, xeroderma pigmentosum, opened up a new paradigm for the understanding of the molecular mechanism of carcinogenesis of both radiation and chemical carcinogenesis. From this investigator's vantage point in the history of the understanding of carcinogenesis, which has led us to the present point of “oncogenes” and “tumor suppressor genes”, the old adage by Newton, “I only saw further because I stood on the shoulder of giants”, is so applicable here. Dr. Setlow's shoulders were indeed among those of all of us that have made some small contribution in trying to understand this extremely complex process of human carcinogenesis. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 38:118–121, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Large scale wildlife monitoring studies: statistical methods for design and analysis
Authors: Pollock Kenneth H. , Nichols James D. , Simons Theodore R. , Farnsworth George L. , Bailey Larissa L. , Sauer John R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTechniques for estimation of absolute abundance of wildlife populations have received a lot of attention in recent years. The statistical research has been focused on intensive small‐scale studies. Recently, however, wildlife biologists have desired to study populations of animals at very large scales for monitoring purposes. Population indices are widely used in these extensive monitoring programs because they are inexpensive compared to estimates of absolute abundance. A crucial underlying assumption is that the population index (C) is directly proportional to the population density (D). The proportionality constant, β, is simply the probability of ‘detection’ for animals in the survey. As spatial and temporal comparisons of indices are crucial, it is necessary to also assume that the probability of detection is constant over space and time. Biologists intuitively recognize this when they design rigid protocols for the studies where the indices are collected. Unfortunately, however, in many field studies the assumption is clearly invalid. We believe that the estimation of detection probability should be built into the monitoring design through a double sampling approach. A large sample of points provides an abundance index, and a smaller sub‐sample of the same points is used to estimate detection probability. There is an important need for statistical research on the design and analysis of these complex studies. Some basic concepts based on actual avian, amphibian, and fish monitoring studies are presented in this article. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seismic response of self‐centring hysteretic SDOF systems
Authors: Christopoulos Constantin , Filiatrault André , Folz Bryan 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe seismic response of single‐degree‐of‐freedom (SDOF) systems incorporating flag‐shaped hysteretic structural behaviour, with self‐centring capability, is investigated numerically. For a SDOF system with a given initial period and strength level, the flag‐shaped hysteretic behaviour is fully defined by a post‐yielding stiffness parameter and an energy‐dissipation parameter. A comprehensive parametric study was conducted to determine the influence of these parameters on SDOF structural response, in terms of displacement ductility, absolute acceleration and absorbed energy. This parametric study was conducted using an ensemble of 20 historical earthquake records corresponding to ordinary ground motions having a probability of exceedence of 10% in 50 years, in California. The responses of the flag‐shaped hysteretic SDOF systems are compared against the responses of similar bilinear elasto‐plastic hysteretic SDOF systems. In this study the elasto‐plastic hysteretic SDOF systems are assigned parameters representative of steel moment resisting frames (MRFs) with post‐Northridge welded beam‐to‐column connections. In turn, the flag‐shaped hysteretic SDOF systems are representative of steel MRFs with newly proposed post‐tensioned energy‐dissipating connections. Building structures with initial periods ranging from 0.1 to 2.0s and having various strength levels are considered. It is shown that a flag‐shaped hysteretic SDOF system of equal or lesser strength can always be found to match or better the response of an elasto‐plastic hysteretic SDOF system in terms of displacement ductility and without incurring any residual drift from the seismic event. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seismic response of multi‐span simply supported bridges to a spatially varying earthquake ground motion
Authors: Zanardo Giovanna , Hao Hong , Modena Claudio 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper carries out a parametrical study of the pounding phenomenon associated with the seismic response of multi‐span simply supported bridges with base isolation devices. In particular, the analyses focus on the causal relationship between pounding and the properties of a spatially varying earthquake ground motion. In order to include the effect of the torsional component of pounding forces on the seismic response of the whole structure, a three‐dimensional (3D) finite element model has been defined and 3D non‐linear time‐history analyses have been performed. A parametrical study on the size of the gaps between adjacent bridge decks has highlighted that the pounding effects are amplified when the spatially varying ground motion time histories at each support are considered. Because of a spatially varying input, the pounding forces can assume values 3–4 times larger than those derived by a conventional seismic analysis with uniform input or with spatial input but considering ground motion wave passage effect only. The numerical results show that in order to achieve an acceptably safe structural performance during seismic events, a correct design of the isolation devices should take into account the relative displacements calculated by means of a non‐linear time‐history analysis with multi‐support excitation. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Substructuring of dynamical systems via the adaptive minimal control synthesis algorithm
Authors: Wagg D. J. , Stoten D. P. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this paper we consider the concept of modelling dynamical systems using numerical–experimental substructuring. This type of modelling is applicable to large or complex systems, where some part of the system is difficult to model numerically. The substructured model is formed via the adaptive minimal control synthesis (MCS) algorithm. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate that substructuring can be carried out in real time, using the MCS algorithm. Thus, we reformulate the MCS algorithm into a substructuring form. We introduce the concepts of a transfer system, and carry out numerical simulations of the substructuring process using a coupled three mass example. These simulations are compared with direct simulations of a three mass system. In addition we consider the stability of the substructuring algorithm, which we discuss in detail for a class of second‐order transfer systems. A numerical–experimental system is considered, using a small‐scale experimental system, for which the substructuring algorithm is implemented in real time. Finally we discuss these results, with particular reference to the future application of this method to modelling large‐scale structures subject to earthquake excitation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Silencing the self and suppressed anger: relationship to eating disorder symptoms in adolescent females
Authors: Zaitsoff Shannon L. , Geller Josie , Srikameswaran Suja 
Published: August 2002

AbstractObjective:This study examined the extent to which inhibited expression of negative feelings and an interpersonal style that focuses on others' needs and expectations are related to eating disorder symptoms in adolescent females.Method:Female high school adolescents (N = 235) completed the Anger Expression Scale, the Silencing the Self Scale, and measures of eating disorder symptoms, self‐esteem, and psychological adjustment.Results:Adolescents with higher eating disorder symptom scores had significantly higher levels of anger inhibition and silencing the self scores. In regression analyses, the Silencing the Self and Anger Expression Scales contributed statistically significant unique variance to cognitive and behavioural eating disorder symptoms scores after controlling for shape‐ and weight‐based self‐esteem. A similar, though weaker, pattern of results was found after controlling for global self‐esteem.Discussion:These results partially replicate relationships found between inhibited self‐expression and eating disorder symptoms in adult clinical samples. Implications for the development of eating disorder symptoms are addressed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
History and current state of treatment for eating disorders in Romania
Authors: Joja Oltea 
Published: August 2002

AbstractRomania has a population of around 22.5 million of which 51 per cent are female and around 36 per cent are girls and women between 10 and 45 years of age. Just over half of the total population live in cities. There have been major changes in Romania since 1989 and these have had important effects upon the lives of women. Women have come to be more preoccupied with issues of individuality and now show interest in new cultural models. Slimness has come to be highly valued. There has been a growing interest both in women's magazines offering dieting schedules and in western movies showing eating attitudes and behaviours as symptoms of disorder. None of this sort of information was public in Romania before 1989. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Variability of dry sediment bulk density between and within retention ponds and its impact on the calculation of sediment yields
Authors: Verstraeten Gert , Poesen Jean 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMonitoring sediment yields from catchments is important for assessing overall denudation rates and the impact of environmental change. One of the methods used to assess sediment yield is by quantifying sedimentation rates in reservoirs, lakes or small ponds. Before reliable sediment yield values (t ha−1 a−1) can be computed from such sedimentation records, the measured sediment volumes need to be converted to sediment masses using representative values of the dry sediment bulk density. In textbooks, simple relations predicting dry sediment bulk density from sediment texture, time since deposition and hydrologic condition are presented. In this study, 13 small flood retention ponds in central Belgium were sampled to reveal the variability in dry sediment bulk density and to test the commonly used relations to predict dry sediment bulk density. Dry sediment bulk density varies not only between the selected ponds (0·78–1·35 t m−3) but also within individual ponds (coefficient of variation at 95 per cent ranges from 7 to 80 per cent). The observed variability can be attributed primarily to the hydrologic condition of the retention pond and, also, to sediment texture. The existing relations are not a reliable predictor for the observed dry bulk densities, because they are primarily based on sediment texture. Thus, when using volumetric sedimentation data from small ponds with varying hydrologic condition to predict sediment yield, existing relations predicting dry sediment bulk density cannot be applied. Instead, frequent and dense sampling of sediments is necessary to calculate a representative value of the dry sediment bulk density. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Three‐dimensional flow structure around small‐scale bedforms in a simulated gravel‐bed environment
Authors: Lawless Mark , Robert André 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPebble clusters are common small‐scale morphological features in gravel‐bed rivers, occupying as much as 10 per cent of the bed surface. Important links exist between the presence of pebble clusters and the development of flow structures. These links are poorly understood at the three‐dimensional level. Particularly neglected has been the effect of clusters on the lateral flow characteristics. A laboratory study was conducted using a hydraulic flume, within which simulated pebble clusters were superimposed onto a plane bed of gravel material. High‐resolution three‐dimensional flow data were collected above the bed at two different flow depths using an acoustic Doppler velocimeter. The results present evidence of the importance of lateral flow in the development of turbulent flow structure. Narrow regions of high lateral and downstream turbulence intensity exist to both sides of clusters and in a three‐dimensional separation zone in their lee. This may indicate the presence of horseshoe‐type vortical structures analogous to those identified in less hydraulically rough environments. However, it is likely that these structures are more complicated given the mutual interference of the surrounding medium. The lateral flow was also identified as a key component in the upwelling identified by other authors in the lee of pebble clusters. The results of the vertical flow analysis confirm the hypothesis that six regions with distinct vertical flow characteristics exist above clusters: flow acceleration up the stoss‐side of the cluster; recirculation behind the cluster in the wake region; vortex shedding from the pebble crest and shear layer; flow reattachment downstream of the cluster; upwelling of flow downstream of the point of reattachment; and recovery of flow. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.