bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Is ‘pi’ really in the sky?
Authors: Barrow John D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is man that he is mindful of the Universe? Given the centuries of human history during which we have been ignorant of the vast oceans of outer space and the entire inner space of elementary particles, we recognize the twentieth century as a turning point in our appreciation of the breadth and depth of the structure of the Universe. Our quest for some ultimate explanation of the Universe’s origin and structure witnesses to an unquestioned belief in our ability to understand the basic fabric of reality. But how strange this is.
Towns And Trade
Authors: Poole Austin Lane , Litt D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A Foreigner visiting London in the last years of the eleventh century, though impressed by its spaciousness and the magnitude of its population, found the only thing that called for remark was the phenomenal number of savage dogs that lurked about St. Paul’s at night-time to the terror of the passers-by. This, however, scarcely does justice to the city which had long since attained to a position of pre-eminence in the kingdom. In 1135 it was described as the metropolis and queen of the whole kingdom; its citizens were, like those of the Cinque Ports, ‘barons’. It had been surrounded by a wall since Roman times, and it was now approached by seven gates. Besides the White Tower, two other strongholds were already standing, both on the western side, the castle of Montfichet and Baynard’s castle whose lords commanded the military forces of the city and controlled the Thames fishing as far as Staines bridge. Still its pretensions were modest; its houses were unsubstantial structures, mostly of wood and thatched with straw. Fire and tempest wrought havoc in such conditions. William of Malmes-bury gives a vivid description of a south-easterly gale in 1091 that destroyed 600 houses in London: churches were heaped upon houses; roofs, rafters, and beams hurtled through the air. Another catastrophe occurred in the first year of Stephen’s reign: a fire starting from London Bridge swept through the city, demolishing St. Paul’s and most of the rickety dwellings as far as St. Clement Danes, some distance to the west and outside the wall.
The Conquest Of Normandy 1087–135
Authors: Poole Austin Lane , Litt D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Norman rulers of England were disagreeable men, masterful, stern, and cruel. The characteristic genius for political organization and administrative efficiency, which had crowned with success every Norman enterprise, in the duchy itself, in Italy, and in England, was inherited only by the youngest of the Conqueror’s sons; but this and an aptitude for learning, usu.1lly greatly exaggerated, were the only features which redeemed the otherwise unpleasant character of Henry. Robert, the eldest of the family, who never ruled in England, Robert Curthose as his father called him because of his small size, was different from his brothers. He was not harsh or cruel; he was in fact the reverse; he was too good-natured, too easygoing. He had perhaps the greatest faults of character; his life was self-indulgent and purposeless. But he also had far more attractive qualities than his brothers, qualities which make him almost likeable. His personal courage was conspicuous; he conducted himself with distinction on the first Crusade where, it was said, neither Christian nor pagan could unhorse him. He was affable, a good talker, and a good counseller to anyone but himself.
The Celtic Fringe
Authors: Poole Austin Lane , Litt D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1087 the boundary between the kingdoms of England and Scotland was still undetermined. Circumstances might well have fixed it either at the Forth, the northern extremity of the old Anglian kingdom of Bernicia, or at the Tyne or even the Tees where indeed it actually rested in the reign of David I (Ir 24—53). On the west the Scottish kings had a valid claim to Cumbria, the district described as situated inter Angliam et Scotiam, which comprised Cumberland and the northern half of Westmorland, with its southern boundary on the river Duddon; a land with racial affinities to Scotland, for there, as in the west of Scotland, a strong Norse element, introduced from Ireland or the Hebrides, was superimposed on a population predominantly Celtic.
The Loss Of Normandy 1189–1204
Authors: Poole Austin Lane , Litt D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The crusade was Richard’s dominating passion at the time of his accession to the throne. He worked with a singleness of purpose to remove every obstacle that might stand in the way of its early and successful achievement. He acted quickly. Immediately after the burial of his father at Fontevrault, he sent instructions to England for the release of his mother, Queen Eleanor, whom he authorized to act as his representative until he should himself be able to cross the Channel; on 29 July he was installed as duke of Normandy in the cathedral of Rouen and received the homage of the clergy and people. Two days later at Gisors he came to terms with Philip Augustus whom he satisfied by surrendering his claims to Auvergne and part of Berri and by adding 4,000 marks to the 20,000 which his father had agreed to pay at Colombieres. The two kings then arranged to start for the east in the following spring. He made his peace also with his recent opponents, those who had adhered to his father. So far from showing himself vindictive, he actually rewarded their fidelity, for he had a chivalrous respect for loyalty and denounced as traitors his own companions in revolt. It was in this spirit that he pardoned William Marshal who had stood by the old king till the end and had unhorsed Richard and nearly caused his death in the recent fighting. He did more than this; for in accordance with his father’s wish he gave him in marriage one of the richest of the Crown heiresses, Isabel, daughter of Richard of Clare, earl of Pembroke and Strigul, better known as ‘Strongbow’.
Primitivism and power: The beginnings of Latin literature
Authors: Leigh Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To later Latin critics the very earliness of the earliest phase of Latin literature is bound up with the perception of its primitivism and the image which they have of their predecessors is strikingly visual in form. The dominant metaphor is that of the barbershop: to Cicero and Quintilian, the prose-style of Cato the Elder is rough or hairy, to Gellius it is unkempt; to Ovid and Propertius, the verse of Ennius is shaggy or hirsute. A proper modern style is therefore neat, restrained, and tasteful. An excessive pursuit of innovation prompts talk of perfumes, ringlets, and curling-tongs.
Escapes from orthodoxy: Poetry of the late Republic
Authors: Morgan Llewelyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In late 46 BCE Julius Caesar made a journey from Rome to southern Spain. To while away the time on the road he composed a poem entitled Iter (‘Journey’), describing the trek as he made it. The upshot of this rather civilized-sounding journey was the final, most brutal act of the civil wars which had raged between Caesar and the supporters of Pompey the Great since early 49. In March 45 Caesar won a crushing victory at Munda, leaving 30,000 Pompeians dead on the battlefield.
The strangeness of ‘song culture’: Archaic Greek poetry
Authors: Kurke Leslie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Let the lyre sound its holy strain, and the reed pipe (aulos), And let us drink, when we have gratified the gods with libations, Saying things full of grace to each other, And fearing not at all the war of the Medes. I breakfasted, having broken off a bit of slender honey cake, And drained my cup of wine. And now I delicately pluck the lovely Eastern lyre, Celebrating the festivity (komos) with a dear and dainty girl.
Introduction
Authors: Derber Charles , Schwartz William A , Magrass Yale 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ivan Illich proclaims this the “Age of Professions,” in which people have “problems,” experts have “solutions,” and scientists measure “imponderables” such as “abilities and needs.”1 People look to experts to solve society’s ills and their own most intimate problems. Even those who don’t trust the experts often feel they have little choice but to rely on them. Millions of parents hope that their children will become professionals-perhaps a doctor, a lawyer, an engineer, a scientist, or an architect. Many, as James Fallows writes, “are convinced that unless their kid gets into the very best kindergarten, the child will be handicapped for life.”
Eyes on the Prize: Taking Charge of Business
Authors: Derber Charles , Schwartz William A , Magrass Yale 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Classes lock horns over who should run business. In American capitalism, entrepreneurs and investors say they should be in charge, and workers rarely challenge business’ ultimate sovereignty. Some observers, such as Thorstein Veblen and Alvin Gouldner, speculate that a third party, a knowledge class, may emerge as a more formidable challenger. Professionals have not stormed the corporate barricades. Like workers, they accept the right of owners to hire and fire them, as well as to control investments and products.
Planning for What? New-Class Politics
Authors: Derber Charles , Schwartz William A , Magrass Yale 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The subversives of feudalism proved not to be the downtrodden serfs but the “new class” of merchants. The subversives of capitalism might be its own new class of professionals rather than the proletariat. Workers are more likely to feel the stings of the market’s sharp edges. But privileged experts might have, if not greater motive, more opportunities and weapons for subverting capitalism. The medieval merchant class “tore asunder” the centuries-old system of feudal bondage, introducing in its stead the “callous cash payment” that “left remaining no other nexus between man and man than naked self interest.”
In Pursuit of Equity
Authors: Kessler-Harris Alice 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Few historians have contributed more to our understanding of the history of women, and women’s effect on history, than Alice Kessler-Harris. Author of the classic Out to Work, she is one of the country’s leading scholars of gender, the economy, and public policy. In this volume, Kessler-Harris pierces the skin of arguments and legislation to grasp the preconceptions that have shaped the experience of women: a “gendered imagination” that has defined what men and women alike think of as fair and desirable. In this brilliant account that traces social policy from the New Deal to the 1970s, she shows how a deeply embedded set of beliefs has distorted seemingly neutral social legislation to further limit the freedom and equality of women. Government rules generally sought to protect women from exploitation, even from employment itself; but at the same time, they attached the most important benefits to wage work. To be a real citizen, one must earn—and most policymakers (even female ones) assumed from the beginning that women were not, and should not be breadwinners. Kessler-Harris traces the impact of this gender bias in the New Deal programs of Social Security, unemployment insurance, and fair labor standards, in Federal income tax policy, and the new discussion of women’s rights that emerged after World War II. “For generations,” she writes, “American women lacked not merely the practice, but frequently the idea of individual economic freedom.” Only in the 1960s and ’70s did old assumptions begin to break down—yet the process is far from complete. Even today, with women closer to full economic citizenship than ever before, Kessler-Harris’s insights offer a keen new understanding of the issues that dominate the headlines, from the marriage penalty in the tax code to the glass ceiling in corporate America.
“Cursed be he that moves my bones”
Authors: Strubbe J H M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I will discuss only the group of specific funerary imprecations because these contain much more detailed and varied information than the standard formulas of the nonspecific group.32 The number of these specific funerary imprecations is at this moment (as far as I have been able to collect the scattered evidence) somewhat higher than 350.33 The texts come from all parts of Asia Minor.
Prayer in Magic and Religious Ritual
Authors: Graf Fritz 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The relationship between magic and religion has long been a problem widely discussed among historians of religion. Opinions ranged from the one extreme position that magic is different from and in strict opposition to religion if not its most dangerous opponent to the other where the term magic is denounced as a semantic trap and altogether expelled from scientific vocabulary. Rather than revive this debate here, I propose to survey some prayers contained in the collection of the Papyri Graecae Magicae and ask in what respect, if at all, they are different from prayers in contexts traditionally regarded as non-magical. I shall also ask whether,such differences as can be detected confirm the most widespread theory about the difference between magic and religion (at least among classicists), the one made famous by Sir James Frazer, namely, that the magician constrains, coerces, and forces the divinity to do his will, whereas religious man meekly submits himself to God’s overpowering will. (The slight denigration of religion is Sir James’s.) Among anthropologists, this Frazerian dichotomy is long dead and buried. In classical scholarship however, it loomed very large and still is among us, explicitly or, more often nowadays, implicitly. I choose prayer as the focus of interest because it was, and still is, regarded as the quintessence of religion. Its occurrence in a magical context is liable to pose some problems to those who support the traditional dichotomy.
The Constraints of Eros
Authors: Winkler John J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Once on the island of Samos while a wedding procession moved through the streets to the groom’s house, a bystander announced to his friends that the bride would be kidnapped before she reached her new home and that on that very night another man would make her his wife. And so it happened: a group of armed men descended on the crowd, killed some who resisted, and scattered the rest as they fought their way to the bride in the center and made off with her. The shrewd observer was no magician but Polemo, a second-century detective of the heart’s secrets through the science of physiognomy, who continues his account, “I later learned from people discussing the events that it had happened with her consent. And now I will explain to you the signs on which I based my judgment.”1 Polemo had noticed near the bride a young man whose face and bearing revealed the forces that had mastered him: audible breathing, sweaty spots on his clothes, a palpitation in the nose, color shifting back and forth from pallor to blush and an overall trembling as if from fear of disgrace. The bride’s eyes were unusually liquid, though her gaze was sharp, and a certain sorrow hovered over her features.
Nullum Crimen sine Lege: Socioreligious Sanctions on Magic
Authors: Phillips III C R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like the late Justice Stewart on obscenity, most classicists confidently point to what they consider magic, on a modem viewpoint, in Greco-Roman literary texts, curse tablets, papyri, and astrology. Many are wont to identify what they deem magical elements in the “developed” forms of Greco-Roman religion, albeit often lamenting the persistence of such allegedly primitive relics of irrationality. Again, scattered ancient evidence for the repression of certain religious activities, some of which the ancients actually called magic, has encouraged a tacit working assumption that the ancients were as anxious to penalize such activities as, say, the witch-hunters of early modem Europe: according to Ammianus Marcellinus (359 A.D.), “Anyone who wore round his neck a charm against the quartan ague or some other complaint, or was accused by his ill-wishers of visiting a grave in the evening, was found guilty and executed as a sorcerer or as an inquirer into the horrors of men’s tombs and the empty phantoms of the spirits which haunt them” (19.12.14).
“The Guilt of Others”
Authors: Barnett Victoria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We are all the more thankful for this visit, as we with our people know ourselves to be not only in a community of suffering, but also in a solidarity of guilt. With great anguish we state: Through us, inestimable suffering was inflicted on many peoples and lands. What we have often witnessed before our congregations we now declare in the name of the whole church: Indeed we have fought for long years in the name of Jesus Christ against the spirit that found horrible expression in the violent National Socialist regime, but we charge ourselves for not having confessed more courageously, prayed more conscientiously, believed more joyously, and loved more ardently.
Political Developments and the East German Church
Authors: Barnett Victoria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
He Rebuilding Of Postwar German society and its churches was a political and moral task, and the division of Germany into radically different political systems magnified the complexity of the undertaking. From the beginning, church developments in each country were closely related to political developments. Postwar Germans had to define themselves with respect to the past and in relation to the two new German governments as well. Moreover, the way in which Germans dealt with the moral questions raised by the Nazi past was influenced not only by their immediate political Sitz-im-Leben but by how they judged both new systems.
Introduction
Authors: Jarausch Konrad H , Cocks Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two images, combined in Bismarck’s reference to “blood and iron,” dominate modern German history: the spiked helmet of the Prussian officer and the steel ingot of the Ruhr tycoon. Ever since the foundation of the Second Empire in 1871, Western observers have been fascinated and disquieted by the peculiar blend of militarism and industrialism in Central Europe. Yet the Kaiser’s power rested not only on weapons or on goods “made in Germany” but on a different kind of accomplishment: the prestige of humanistic cultivation and science.
Phonon Mechanism
Authors: Kresin Vladimir Z , Morawitz Hans , Wolf Stuart A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this section, we discuss the interaction between the conduction electrons and the crystal lattice in a metal. At first glance it may seem that it should be possible to treat this interaction in a manner analogous to that used in the theory of radiation, where the full Hamiltonian contains free electron and photon fields, plus a small interaction term. However, the present problem turns out to be quite delicate, the reason being that the very procedure of introducing the phonon field requires great care.
Experimental Methods
Authors: Kresin Vladimir Z , Morawitz Hans , Wolf Stuart A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we will describe four of the most important experimental techniques that have been used to probe the most fundamental properties of the superconducting state, the energy gap and the pairing interaction. The techniques that will be described are all spectroscopic, they involve the tunneling of quasiparticles through an insulating barrier, the interaction of electromagnetic waves .with a superconducting film or surface, the attenuation of ultrasonic sound waves, and nuclear magnetic resonance.
Induced Superconductivity
Authors: Kresin Vladimir Z , Morawitz Hans , Wolf Stuart A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One can distinguish two types of superconducting states: intrinsic and induced. In the former case the system is characterized by its own intrinsic pairing interaction, and if temperature drops below Tc the material becomes superconducting.
The case of induced superconductivity is entirely different. The system of interest is intrinsically normal, but when it is in contact with another superconductor it becomes superconducting. Charge transfer, which is a consequence of this contact, leads to the appearance of the phenomenon of induced superconductivity.
Educating the Enlightened Child
Authors: Smith Jeffery A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Having Retired From Active Participation In His Printing Business in 1748, Benjamin Franklin entered a profitable eighteen-year partnership with David Hall thinking that his fortune would allow him to devote the rest of his life to scientific “Studies and Amusements.” As he related in his autobiography, however, “the Publick now considering me as a Man of Leisure, laid hold of me for their Purposes; every Part of our Civil Government, and almost at the same time, imposing some Duty upon me.” 1 Within a decade of quitting his trade, Franklin was elected to city offices and to the Assembly, was appointed joint deputy postmaster general for North America, and was occupied in military and political affairs at the outbreak of the French and Indian War. He also took the lead in establishing the University of Pennsylvania, the Pennsylvania Hospital, and the Philadelphia Contributorship, a fire insurance company.
Newspapers for the New Nation
Authors: Smith Jeffery A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Seeing The Potential Of The Press To Deliver Ideas And Information to the general public, Benjamin Franklin believed developments in publishing would open up a brighter future. Poor Richard, noting how words had come to conquer time and space, remarked, “What an admirable Invention is Writing, by which a Man may communicate his Mind without opening his Mouth, and at 1000 Leagues Distance, and even to future Ages, only by the Help of 22 letters, which may be joined 5852616738497664000 Ways, and will express all Things in a very narrow Compass.” In one of his almanac ‘s poems, a free press was described as an enemy of arbitrary power and superstition which could, “Like Water carriage, cheap convey” the nation ‘s art, wit, and “philosophic Goods.” Franklin ‘s sense of the importance of the press was particularly acute at the end of the Revolution.
From Cotton Belt To Sunbelt
Authors: Schulman Bruce J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is a study of the effect of federal economic policy on the American South from the time of the New Deal to the present. Decrying the South’s economic backwardness and political conservatism, the Roosevelt administration launched a series of aggressive programmes to reorder the Southern economy. A generation of young liberal Southerners entered the national government to participate in these policies from the 1930s until the 1950s. Further chapters analyse the political implications for the South of this federal policy.
Introduction: Becoming Economic Problem No. I
Authors: Schulman Bruce J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In July 1938 President Franklin D. Roosevelt declared the South “the Nation’s No. 1 economic problem—the Nation’s problem, not merely the South’s.” The South, the nation’s poorest region, could no longer remain isolated, an island of economic deprivation diminishing a once flourishing nation. In 1937, per capita income in the region reached barely half of the standard of the rest of the nation. The South registered the nation’s lowest industrial wages, farm income, and tangible assets. Those abstract statistics translated into concrete human suffering. “The low income belt of the South,” the official Report on Economic Conditions of the South concluded, “is a belt of sickness, misery, and unnecessary death.”