bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Depression
Authors: Koenig Harold G. , VanderWeele Tyler J. , Peteet John R. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides a brief background on depression, examine effects on disability, and provide information on diagnosis, prevalence, economic cost, and causes. It examines the effects of religious beliefs and practices on different types of depression (reactive vs. biological). As with stress, the relationship between religion and depression is not a simple one. The authors present a case that illustrates this complexity, leading to a discussion of whether religion affects depression or vice versa (i.e., causal inference). The best studies examining the effects of religious involvement on depression are reviewed. While the effects are not always large, they often produce meaningful improvements in symptoms either equal to or greater than those produced by conventional treatments (particularly when depression is not severe). Sensible clinical applications are discussed based on the existing research findings, including the use of religiously integrated psychotherapy for depression.
Schizophrenia and Other Psychoses
Authors: Koenig Harold G. , VanderWeele Tyler J. , Peteet John R. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter begins by a description of the diagnostic criteria for three common chronic psychotic disorders: schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and delusional disorder; similarly, criteria are described for three time-limited psychoses: brief psychotic disorder, affective disorders with psychotic features, medical or drug-induced psychotic disorder. Causes for schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders are reviewed, with an emphasis on genetic factors, environmental influences, gene-environment interactions, and acquired medical disorders such as dementia. The chapter includes speculations on how religion might (a) precipitate a psychosis or destabilize a psychotic disorder, (b) be difficult to distinguish from psychosis, and (c) delay the onset or improve the course of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. It then reviews quantitative research that has explored the relationship between religiosity and psychosis, examining whether religious involvement and religious interventions exacerbate or worsen psychotic illness. Applications for health professionals and clergy are then reviewed and recommendations provided.
Substance Use and Substance Use Disorders
Authors: Koenig Harold G. , VanderWeele Tyler J. , Peteet John R. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews the DSM-5 definitions for substance use and other addictive disorders, their prevalence in the population, and known genetic, environmental, gene-environment, psychological, and social risk factors. It then examines how religion might influence the development and course of substance use disorders (SUDs) based on these known risk factors, including a discussion of 12-step programs and their benefits. Next, it focuses on research that has examined the relationship between religion and substance use, abuse, and disorder, as well as other addictive disorders, with an emphasis on the largest and best-designed longitudinal studies and randomized controlled trials. Finally, the authors make recommendations for future research and suggest clinical applications for mental health professionals and community applications for clergy.
Understanding the Religion, Mental, and Social Health Relationship
Authors: Koenig Harold G. , VanderWeele Tyler J. , Peteet John R. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores how religious involvement might impact mental health, psychological well-being, and social relationships. It begins by discussing the complex and bidirectional nature of these effects. It then examines well-established determinants of mental health, focusing on genetic, prenatal, environment, psychological, social, behavioral, biological, and finally, person-level factors related to decision-making and personal choices, discussing the interactions between each of these factors. After reviewing these predictors of mental health, the authors next focus on how religion might theoretically impact mental health and well-being. They emphasize both the direct effects of religion on mental health through healthy coping behaviors and the indirect effects that religiosity may have on mental health acting (a) through the determinants of mental health and (b) through the effects that these mental health determinants have on one another. Finally, suggestions for application by clinicians and religious professionals are provided.
Exercise
Authors: Koenig Harold G. , VanderWeele Tyler J. , Peteet John R. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter begins by examining the health benefits of physical activity to the individual and the cost of physical inactivity to society. Individual and environmental factors which increase the risk of physical inactivity are then described. Next, the authors speculate on how religious involvement might impact physical exercise, first examining religious teachings on physical activity from the five major world religions, and then speculating on how religiosity might impact both individual and environmental risk factors for physical inactivity. Quantitative research on the relationship between religiosity and physical activity is then examined, including more recent high-quality retrospective longitudinal and prospective cohort studies. The results of single-group experimental studies and randomized controlled trials are also reviewed, as well as studies that have examined the impact of faith-based interventions on increasing physical activity. Finally, the authors make recommendations for applications in the clinic and the community relevant to both health professionals and religious professionals.
Stress Hormones
Authors: Koenig Harold G. , VanderWeele Tyler J. , Peteet John R. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the relationship between religious involvement and stress hormones, particularly cortisol, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and the anti-stress hormone oxytocin. This is followed by a description of factors that influence levels of cortisol and catecholamines in the body, including demographic, biomedical, psychological, social, and behavioral characteristics. After presenting a case, the authors then speculate on how religious involvement might impact stress hormones acting through the psychological, social, and behavioral pathways described earlier. The heart of this chapter, as usual, involves a summary of early research and more recent research that has examined the relationship between religiosity and levels of cortisol, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and oxytocin, and research on the impact that religious/spiritual interventions have on these hormones. Recommendations for future research are provided and applications in the clinic and in community are suggested.
Mortality
Authors: Koenig Harold G. , VanderWeele Tyler J. , Peteet John R. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the effects of religiosity on mortality, where longevity serves as a measure of the cumulative effects of religious involvement on physical health across the life span. It begins by discussing the average length of life, which has increased dramatically over the past several centuries both in the United States and around the world, but appears to have stabilized and may be declining in the United States. Next, risk factors for mortality are examined, including demographic, genetic, biomedical, environmental, psychological social, and behavioral influences. A case vignette is then presented that illustrates the effects of religiosity on longevity, followed by speculation on how religious involvement might impact longevity through known risk factors for mortality. The authors then review systematic quantitative research examining the effects of religiosity on mortality, covering both earlier and more recent research. Recommendations for future research are provided, followed by suggestions for application in the clinic and the community.
Public Health and Human Flourishing
Authors: Koenig Harold G. , VanderWeele Tyler J. , Peteet John R. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the impact that religious involvement has on public health and human flourishing, i.e., the achievement of complete well-being. The goal of public health efforts is on optimizing the health and well-being of both the individual and the community. Described here are six domains of human flourishing (happiness/life satisfaction, meaning/purpose, virtue/character, close social relationships, mental/physical health, financial/material stability) and four postulated major pathways that lead to this flourishing (family, education, work/employment, religious community). Also examined are challenges that threaten each of these flourishing domains and the pathways that lead to them. This is followed by a review of how religious involvement might impact these challenges, based on the research documented in this Handbook. Recommendations for future research are made, emphasizing the importance of longitudinal studies and randomized controlled trials that may help to explain how religion contributes to human flourishing on the individual and community levels.
Summary and Conclusions
Authors: Koenig Harold G. , VanderWeele Tyler J. , Peteet John R. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The final chapter summarizes the main points provided in each section of the Handbook: research methodology (definitions, measurement, research design); research findings on religion and mental, social, behavioral, and physical health; the quality of the research (strength of the relationship, challenges regarding measurement, the complexity of the relationship, cumulative health effects over the lifetime, and research quality); clinical and public health implications; public health and public policy; and future research priorities. The authors also provide a few final comments on the relationship between religion and health, and what it all means for clinicians, clergy, and public policymakers.
Electoral Politics
Authors: Wilkins David E. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Drawing from the limited data available, this chapter examines how elections are conducted in Indian Country. There are several unique aspects to Native electoral politics, beginning with the fact that political parties play a very minor role in Tribal elections. Enrolled Tribal members hold a unique treble citizenship in that they can vote in their own nation’s elections, state elections, and federal elections. Most Tribal elections are fair and free, but in a few instances, corruption has led to requests for election oversight from the Carter Center. This chapter also provides examples of election procedures from several communities. It also contains discussion of how some Native communities still maintain “traditional” offices that date far back in history. Finally, there is discussion of how several nations deal with the complicated issue of campaign finance laws.
International Diplomacy in the Twenty-first Century
Authors: Wilkins David E. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the rationale, structure, and goals of contemporary treatymaking between Indigenous nations. While a number of international states negotiated treaties and other diplomatic accords with Native nations in the past, most interracial and intercultural diplomacy ended in the early part of the twentieth century. Native nations, however, had historically forged accords before colonialism ravaged their nations, and beginning in the late twentieth century, they began a new round of diplomatic international accord making. This chapter will examine a number of these efforts, assessing the reasons Indigenous leaders chose to convene at the bargaining table with other Native leaders, their respective goals, and the political, legal, and cultural import of these treaties.
Embracing a Cosmopolitan Ideal
Authors: Alonso-Minutti Ana R. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter places Mario Lavista as a focal point within the context of the contemporary music scene in Mexico during the 1960s and 1970s. While some composers were still adhering to models of nationalism, a young generation mentored by Carlos Chávez was embracing serialism and experimental practices. Lavista’s early works exemplify his embrace of “international” avant-garde techniques to manifest an antinationalist position, which in turn became a central step in forging a cosmopolitan ideal. This ideal allowed him to claim universality as a strategy to challenge imposed stereotypes of what Mexican music should sound like. He articulated a different kind of Mexicanness driven by a creative engagement with what he labeled un pensamiento abstracto (abstract thinking). By adopting universalism, Lavista secured a place for himself within an influential circle of artists and intellectuals in Mexico—a move that helped him obtain national validation. The chapter discusses a series of experimental projects Lavista undertook while in Europe and upon his return to Mexico, including his exploration of indeterminacy, electronic music, and collective improvisation.
Mirrors of a Superior Order
Authors: Alonso-Minutti Ana R. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although he did not consider himself a Catholic, or a practitioner of any religion for that matter, starting in the early 1980s and until his passing Mario Lavista dedicated a significant portion of his creative endeavors to composing pieces that were connected in some way to Christianity. This chapter has at its core Lavista’s interest in using religious genres, particularly those from the Roman Catholic tradition. His incursion into religious music came after he wrote memorial pieces for Raúl Lavista, Rodolfo Halffter, and Gerhart Muench, and it was the result of his affinity for late-medieval and Renaissance Western European musical thought. The chapter explores the ways in which, by writing religious music, Lavista built spiritual bridges that connected him with other beings, human and spiritual. Among these connections were the performers who collaborated with him during the composition of these pieces, including Wendy Holdaway and Carmen-Helena Téllez. Lavista’s use of religious genres helped him to relocate the cosmopolitan in a musical space where he confronted the “anxiety of influence,” his own spirituality, and the contradictions he found in the practices of the Mexican Catholic Church.
A New Lens on Emerging Adulthood
Authors: Shulman Shmuel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years fewer young people make a smooth and linear transition to adulthood, and their lives seem to be characterized by instabilities and lack of commitment. However, when approaching the age of 30, the majority of young people are likely to have settled down. The major aim of this book is to understand how this gap between the instabilities and fluctuations of the 20s and the settling down when approaching the 30s is bridged. Based on a 12-year longitudinal study that followed 185 emerging adults from age 23 to age 35, with five assessments and two in-depth interviews, a different understanding of the journey that young people take is proposed. Reading career stories of emerging adults showed that the majority struggle to find their way in a changing world. A few progressed directly toward their goals, while others experienced difficulties and setbacks along the way but were able to find their way and readjust their goals over the years. Even those who had difficulties pursuing and achieving their dream were still struggling to keep jobs they did not necessarily like. Similar processes also characterized romantic development. Periods of romantic instabilities were found to serve as an arena for learning about relationships Conceptualized within the developmental systems theory, the author suggests that emerging adulthood instabilities and back-and-forth movements reflect progress toward developmental reorganization. Furthermore, fluidity and instabilities do not necessarily reflect getting lost but, rather, navigation aimed at developing new ways to make a successful transition to adulthood.
Introduction
Authors: Shulman Shmuel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years fewer young people make a smooth and linear transition to adulthood, and this has led to increasing criticism of the young generation. However, when approaching the age of 30, most young people are likely to have settled down. The major aim of this book is to understand how this gap between the instabilities and fluctuations of the 20s, and the settling down when approaching the 30s is bridged. Based on a 12-year longitudinal study, a different understanding of the journey that young people take is proposed. This understanding is supported by the author’s findings and embedded within a number of developmental frameworks that are presented and discussed comprehensively throughout the book. Finally, the Introduction presents an outline of the book chapters.
Achieving Life Authorship
Authors: Shulman Shmuel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines how patterns of progress made during emerging adulthood might guide future navigation through life. The chapter focuses on the psychological assets that a young person is supposed to acquire during the emerging adulthood years and that can affect future behavior and outcomes. It has been suggested that the young person is expected to construct a “ladder” on which to climb, as guided by their dreams. Guided by work on narrative identity, the chapter outlines the centrality of establishing an identity and becoming the author of one’s life. Reading the in-depth interviews showed the ways in which emerging adults pursue and achieve work and romantic authorship, the coordination of these two developmental tasks, and the establishment of authorship in either task. Finally, the chapter discusses and demonstrates how becoming an author of one’s life guides future outcomes and adaptation.
Developmental Pathways During Emerging Adulthood
Authors: Shulman Shmuel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In line with the main tenets of the book, this chapter focuses on how young people in different societies and economies address the challenges of developing a career and establishing a romantic relationship in their own societies. For these purposes, economic and news reports, personal stories, and research from societies in economic crisis or non-Western societies were collected. Despite the dire conditions, the majority of Greek youth are not paralyzed or confused. They look for ways to support themselves, they search for opportunities, and some are even creative in finding their niche in their own country. Similarly, many young Egyptians make efforts for daily survival and are ready to accept jobs that are below their expectations. They even found “legal” to form romantic relationships in their traditional society. In sum, emerging adulthood appears to be a dynamic period, during which young people actively navigate toward settling down.
Artificial Justice
Authors: Dancy Tatiana 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The dominant theme of conversations about ‘algorithmic injustice’ has been concerns about equality, typically captured by the language of ‘bias’ and ‘discrimination’. This book unpacks the different sorts of reasons that we might invoke when we object to policies of decision-making on the grounds of algorithmic injustice. It is argued that these reasons extend beyond egalitarian concerns, and cannot be addressed only by eliminating unjustified differences between the benefits to which people have access. Importantly, they encompass the value of individual choice—of having meaningful opportunities to affect what happens to us by making appropriate choices, and of giving people the benefit of the doubt about their ability to choose well.
Introduction
Authors: Dancy Tatiana 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the book as a whole. It provides context to the questions asked and answered, and explains some of the concepts used throughout: What is a ‘statistical algorithm’? What are we trying to achieve, when we frame our conversations through the language of algorithmic justice? It sets out the contractualist framing of the book, which allows us to ‘look beneath’ concepts such as equality, fairness, and justice, towards the substantive reasons that contribute to a picture of what’s at stake for individuals when we use statistical algorithms to make decisions about how to treat others. And it sets out those reasons—reasons to insist upon some connection between the policy and benefit at which we aim, reasons to object to unjustified differences between the benefits to which people have access, and reasons to want the burdens of policy decisions to be contingent upon how we behave when we have adequate choices about what to do.
Concluding Remarks
Authors: Dancy Tatiana 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the arguments of the book in outline, revisits some of the key claims, and emphasizes certain policy recommendations that have been made throughout. These recommendations include a proscriptive approach to the practice of allocating the burdens of criminal punishment by reference to the predictive outputs of algorithms such as the ‘Correctional Offender Management Profiling for Alternative Sanctions’ (COMPAS) system. They also include recommendations about transparency (what we need to know about a given algorithm to determine whether we can justify using it to make decisions about how to treat others), and oversight (in particular, limits to the use of ad hoc human discretion to override outputs in individual cases).
Writing and Rioting
Authors: Bayeh Jumana , Groth Helen , Murphet Julian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter contends that the literary archive models ways of understanding this new era of riots in which we currently live. The prevalence of rioting as a tactic for expressing collective dissent may seem to epitomize the volatility of contemporary global politics, but literary writers have long registered the riot’s insurrectionary appeal. The writers that feature in this collection exemplify literature’s relationship to the quasi-political form of the riot; a relationship which has been complex and varied, sometimes participatory, reactive, incendiary, but above all archival. As this introduction details, assuming representational responsibility for popular activities that the nation state perceives as ephemeral and destructive, literature has fashioned instead a parallel archive of a style of collective practice that offers unique opportunities to the creative writer. The spontaneous logic of riotous activity presents especially demanding experiential conditions to the artist who would faithfully record it all. Tested in the innermost resources of their artistry, this introduction elaborates on how writers have not merely documented riots over the years, but developed diverse ways of seeing them, ways that attend more radically to the phenomenology and expressive nature of the riot, than historiographical explanations, sociological classifications, or political denunciations ever could.