bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Textual Revision and Cultural Trans/ormation
Authors: Levinson Bernard M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For centuries the legal corpus of Deuteronomy 12-26 has presented biblical scholars with two key difficulties. The first involves the seemingly arbitrary selection of topics within the legal corpus, their lack of coherent order, their frequent repetition, and their often tortuous philological structure. The second involves the ambiguous relationship of the corpus as a whole to the Covenant Code (Exod 20:22-23:33), a text on which it seemingly depends for both content and language but from which it nonetheless diverges in significant ways.1 These problems, usually considered independently, have not yet found satisfactory solution. In this book I argue that they are inextricably linked. Innovation took place by means of literary reformulation in Deuteronomy; once that is recognized, the long-standing critical difficulties begin to yield.
Islam and Gender: Dilemmas in the Changing Arab World
Authors: Haddad Yvonne Yazbeck 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the last two centuries, the role of women and the family in Islamic society has been a central component of the debates over modernization and progress. While the socioeconomic and political changes that have taken place as a consequence of modernization and programs for development, along with the legislation introduced by Arab governments, have left their mark on society, the debates have been instrumental in keeping a check on indiscrimate change-and in some cases reversing what was conceived as gains for women.
Gender Issues and Contemporary Quran Interpretation
Authors: Stowasser Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is about new trends in contemporary Muslim Quran interpretation and their interrelationship with contemporary Islamic paradigms on gender issues. From the beginning, Muslims have interpreted their eternal and inimitable, mu)az scripture in the light of specific socioeconomic and political situations. The eternal text has thus served as both the foundational basis and as the point of convergence of many different, specific, human interpretations. “Classical Islam” produced a number of methodological approaches to the text (traditionist, rationalist, or a combination of the two), as well as some variations in the paradigms of the status of women. These paradigms had been given shape in Islamic law (sharia) well before the lifetime of the first great Quran interpreter whose exegesis (tafsir) has survived in its entirety. Thus medieval scholastic divergences in approaches to the Quranic text failed to find an “application” in equally divergent readings on questions of women ‘s status. Change came with the modern age and its modernist and reformist scholars. While the nineteenth century produced new approaches to the Quran that were equally “applied” to social questions, the contemporary age has brought forth a whole new Islamic epistemology where scripture-sanctioned gender paradigms play an important part. In what follows, the interrelationship of Muslim exegetic methodology and its “application” lo gender issues is pursued by examining different readings of Sura 4:. ‘34, a Quranic verse that puts men “in charge of” or as “protectors of” women.
The John Scot Eriugena
Authors: Carabine Deirdre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This volume provides a brief and accessible introduction to the 9th-century philosopher and theologian John Scottus Eriugena, who was perhaps the most important philosophical thinker to appear in Latin Christendom in the period between Augustine and Anselm. Eriugena was known as the interpreter of Greek thought to the Latin West, particularly as teacher to Frankish emperor Charles the Bald, and this book emphasizes the relation of Eriugena’s thought to his Greek and Latin sources, while also looking at his speculative philosophy.
Methodism and the Southern Mind, 1770-1810
Authors: Lyerly Cynthia Lynn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book looks at the role of Methodism in the Revolutionary and early national South. When the Methodists first arrived in the South, Lyerly argues, they were critics of the social order. By advocating values traditionally deemed “feminine”, treating white women and African Americans with considerable equality, and preaching against wealth and slavery, Methodism challenged Southern secular mores. For this reason, Methodism evoked sustained opposition, especially from elite white men. Lyerly analyses the public denunciations, domestic assaults on Methodist women and children, and mob violence against black Methodists. These attacks, Lyerly argues, served to bind Methodists more closely to one another; they were sustained by the belief that suffering was salutary and that persecution was a mark of true faith.
The Marrow of the Methodist Self: Doctrines, Values, and Practice
Authors: Lyerly Cynthia Lynn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sarah Jones, Like Many Methodists, ascended to heights of rapture and sank to depths of self-loathing as she strove to live in what Wesleyans called “the narrow way.” Methodists so diligently explored their inner selves that even a single day’s soul searching could cause them to both soar and plummet in tortured self-examination. Jones, in a letter to a friend, described her thoughts on a typical day. During an hour of prayer in which she suffered “accute agony,” she “plunged in a sea of self-abasement, and self-abhorrence; and groan[ed] . . . for the deepest measure of profound humility,” but later, when recalling that Christ was “ointment” “for every sore,” she became “buried in wonder, swallowed up in extatic joy and gladness.” Sarah Jones’s psyche, like those of her fellow Methodists, can scarce be understood apart from the church’s doctrines, values, and practices. Views about the self, about obligations to others, and about humanity’s relationship to God formed the core of Methodist identity and shaped the way members viewed the world around them. Church practices and rituals reinforced these identities and provided models for men and women in the church to follow as they refashioned the self and built communities of like-minded believers. Although factors such as race, civil status, gender, class, and age render analysis of “the Methodist psyche” problematic, Methodists shared a religious identity that transcended these differences. Much of the remainder of this work will explore how religion intersected with these other key variables, and we will occasionally note those differences here. Yet these diverse people with varied experiences also had at least one important characteristic in common-they were all Meth odists.
Turning the World Upside Down: The Stakes the of Coeflict
Authors: Lyerly Cynthia Lynn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1807, Jesse Lee preached a sermon in New Bern, North Carolina, on Acts 17: 6, “These that have turned the world upside down are come hither.” The men referred to in the Bible verse were Christian leaders who had been forcibly brought by a mob of “lewd fellows” before city officials and charged with attempting to invert the world. Lee proudly identified himself and his fellow Methodist preachers as having a similar mission, a mission justified by Lee’s claim that the world was currently “wrong side up” because of sin and that “it was ... the business of the ministry to restore it to its original position.” The following morning, people in New Bern awoke to a “ridiculous” sight: “Wagons, boats, signs, gates, almost everything was bottom side upward.
Women and the Escalation of the Civil Rights Movement
Authors: Robnett Belinda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Challenges to interstate, state, and local Jim Crow transportation laws had occurred since the 1 Soos, with Black women and men refusing to relinquish their seats or to cooperate with segregated transportation facilities. One of the earliest cases of this resistance occurred when seventy-year-old Sojourner Truth was assaulted and injured by a conductor. Truth, an ex-slave and forceful anti slave and women’s rights advocate, often staged sit-ins on public transportation. Many conductors either refused to stop for Black riders or would force them to run for the car. Truth sued the rail line and won. In response to her triumph Truth replied:
It created a great sensation, and before the trial was ended, the inside of the cars looked like salt and pepper.... Now they who so lately cursed me for wanting to ride, would stop for black as well as white, and could even condescend to say “walk in ladies.”
Sustaining the Momentum of the Movement
Authors: Robnett Belinda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Montgomery bus boycott lasted a year and was sustained by local as well as outside resources. On November 13, 1956, the state court of Alabama issued an order declaring car pools illegal. This devastating news proved short-lived, how ever. On the same day, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that Montgomery’s segregated transportation laws violated the Constitution of the United States, thrilling the boycotters. They had achieved a monumental victory. Yet that triumph did not propel Black leaders to organize boycotts in other cities throughout the South.
After the success of the Montgomery bus boycott, the members of In Friendship—Miss Ella Baker, A. Philip Randolph, Bayard Rustin, and Stanley Levin son-began to discuss the lack of protest momentum in the South and the possibility of developing a southern-based organization that would challenge the oppressive order. With the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1957, designed to protect the constitutional rights of Black voters, voter registration became a priority. It was the first civil rights act to be passed since 1875, and gave the federal government the right to sue a state on behalf of anyone denied his or her legal right to vote. It also established the Civil Rights Commission, which studied the conditions of Black people in the United States.
Cooperation and Conflict in the Civil Rights Movement
Authors: Robnett Belinda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP) continued its courageous effort to combat the entrenched Jim Crow laws that kept Blacks from voting. Despite increasingly violent reprisals, the MFDP succeeded in challenging the southern order through their alternative elections. With sixty-eight delegates and elected representatives, the challenge to the Democratic National Convention was well under way.
Upon their arrival in Atlantic City, the delegation was met by other Black civil rights leaders, including the Reverend Martin Luther King Jr., Bayard Rustin, and Roy Wilkins, as well as longtime White activist attorney Joseph Rauh. Rauh worked out the likeliest strategies for their challenge to the seats held by White delegates elected under Jim Crow laws. At the same time, political tension over the challenge reached the White House.
Text and Tradition
Authors: Wengert Timothy J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter investigates the way Melanchthon used Erasmus’s Latin translation of Colossians and the intricate web of commentators on the text to establish his own approach to this book of the Bible. The cry of the Reformation, sola scriptura, has sometimes been misunderstood to imply biblical exegesis shorn of patristic and medieval interpretations. This was never the case, least of all with Philip Melanchthon. Understanding the Bible always involved a complex interaction between text, interpreter, and tradition, as the following example indicates.
Colossians 2:23 as Melanchthon’s “Politics”
Authors: Wengert Timothy J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On what basis did Melanchthon attack Erasmus? He was clearly not simply mimicking Luther’s own views. What, then, constituted the heart of Melanchthon’s theology as he set his own course within the Reformation? A wide range of scholars have realized that from the mid-i52os, perhaps as early as 1522, Melanchthon’s thought was dominated by a distinction between two spheres of human existence: activity in this world and encounter with God in matters of salvation —alternatively called a distinction between the two governments or kingdoms, between two kinds of righteousness or between law and gospel.
Introduction: Narrative and Identity in Russian Radical Culture
Authors: Morrissey Susank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Russian revolution has been written as both an epic and a tragedy: the heroic struggle of the working class as the agent of history, and the Bolshevik seizure of power diverting Russia from the natural path of liberal reform. Both versions represent dramatizations of a complex and contradictory tangle of events and of the chaotic and unordered experiences of participants. Yet those confronted with making sense of the past, such as memoirists and historians, must select, reject, and then organize the “relevant” facts into a narrative form. In this task, they are assisted by the metaphors, structures, and conventions of their cultural context, which, in the case of the historian, includes the various practices of a scholarly discipline. For both memoirists and historians, “making sense of the past” can also serve to legitimize or delegitimize aspects of the present. This is especially true in the history of revolutions.
The History of Science and Religion
Authors: Brooke John Hedley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the beginning, as students of American evangelicalism often remind us, was Jonathan Edwards. In many respects it is difficult to imagine a more auspicious beginning for the relations between an evangelical theology and science. For Edwards, the beauties of nature are communications of God’s excellence. Moreover, scientific knowledge provides a theoretical rationale for affirming that beauty is not merely in the eye of the beholder: Edwards wrote that “light, or our organ of seeing, is so contrived that an harmonious motion is excited in the animal spirits and propagated to the brain.
Christianity and Early Modern Science
Authors: Davis Edward B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Did Christianity “cause “ modem science? The question would have shocked Voltaire, provoked a heated denial from Andrew Dickson White, and knocked George Sarton entirely off his chair. According to the Enlightenment tradition in which each of these men lived and moved and had their being, the very possibility that theology could have had any formative influence on an enterprise as “rational” and fruitful as the natural sciences was almost unthinkable: at best, theology had sometimes provided (the wrong) motivation for some people to pursue the life of science; at worst, theology had often played the role of the obscurantist, standing in the way of scientific progress like Bellarmino entrenched before Galileo. On this view, the normative relation between Christianity and science in all periods has been one of cultural and intellectual conflict rather than cooperation or conversation.
Science and Evangelical Theology in Britain from Wesley to Orr
Authors: Bebbington David W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Evangelicals, in Britain as elsewhere, have often been seen as wary of science. The movement springing from the Evangelical Revival, it has been supposed, generated a species of religion alien to painstaking research. The hothouse atmosphere of evangelicalism, marked by intense feeling and sudden conversions, seemed unlikely to nurture the calm, reflective temper of scientific investigation. Historians have pointed out that it was not evangelicals but liberal Anglicans of the Broad Church school, often seconded by Unitarians, who were at the heart of British science. Evangelicals, by contrast, appeared the defenders of a literal interpretation of the Bible that made them suspicious of advances in the understanding of nature. It has been suggested, furthermore, that their antiscientific stance was theologically grounded. They so exalted biblical revelation as to cast aspersions on other sources of religious knowledge. Hence evangelicals, it has recently been argued, were marked by a “rejection of the natural theology” that bound together science and religion during the eighteenth century.
Science, Natural Theology, and Evangelicalism in Early Nineteenth-Century Scotland
Authors: Topham Jonathan R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has often been noted that evangelical attitudes were of enormous importance in shaping British culture in the early nineteenth century, having considerable impact on everything from politics and business to literature and art.1 Yet surprisingly little has been written concerning the relevance of evangelicalism to science in that period. The fact that there were exceedingly few evangelicals among the gentlemanly elite of science (a phenomenon itself clearly deserving of attention) by no means excuses this omission.
Figures of Play
Authors: Dobrov Gregory W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Figures of Play explores the reflexive aspects of ancient theatrical culture across genres. Fifth century tragedy and comedy sublimated the agonistic basis of Greek civilization in a way that invited the community of the polis to confront itself. In the theatre, as in the courts and assemblies, a significant subset of the Athenian public was spectator and judge of contests where important social and ideological issues were played to it by its own members. The “syntax” of drama is shown to involve specific “figures of play” through which the theatrical medium turns back on itself to study the various contexts of its production. Greek tragedy and comedy were argued to be tempermentally metafictional in that they are always involved in recycling older fictions into contemporary scenarios of immediate relevance to the polis. The phemonenology of this process is discussed under three headings, each a “figure of play”: 1) surface play--momentary disruption of the theatrical pretense through word, sign, gesture; 2) mise en abyme--a mini-drama embedded in a larger framework; 3) contrafact--an extended remake in which one play is based on another. Following three chapters in which this framework is set forth and illustrated with concrete examples there are five case studies named after the protagonists of the plays in question: Aias, Pentheus, Tereus, Bellerophontes, Herakles. Hence the other meaning of “figures of play” as stage figures. In the second section of the book on “the Anatomy of Dramatic Fiction,” special attention is paid to the interaction between genres. In particular, Aristophanic comedy is shown to be engaged in an intense rivalry with tragedy that underscores the different ways in which each genre deployed its powers of representation. Tragedy refashions myth: in Bakkhai, for example, it is argued that Euripides reinvented Dionysis to be specifically a theatrical god, a symbol of tragedy’s powers of representation. Comedy refashions tragedy: in a series of utopian comedies, Aristophanes re-enacts a tragic scenario in a way that revals comedy as a superior means of solving political and social crisis.
The Prolegomena to the Qur’An
Authors: Sachedina Abdulaziz A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Al-Khu'i (1899-1992) was one of the most respected Shi'i scholars of this century. This book, published in Arabic in 1974, presents al-Khu'is ideas on the interpretation of the Qur'an. In it, al-Khu'i treats many critical and controversial topics associated with the collection and canonization of the text, including the possible alterations to the Qur'an introduced by succeeding generations of reciters. Throughout, he stresses the importance of understanding the historical setting in which the Qur'an was revealed in order to apply its provisions appropriately in contemporary Muslim society.
The Inimitability of the Qur’an
Authors: Sachedina Abdulaziz A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
SYNOPSIS The meaning of i’jiiz (inimitability); [the fact that] it is incumbent on the prophets to perform miracles; [that] the best miracles are those which best resemble the most advanced arts of the time; the Qur’an as a divine miracle; the Qur’an as an eternal miracle; the Qur’an and the [forms of] knowledge; the Qur’an and the correctness of expression; the systems of regulation and legislation in the Qur’an; the precision of expression in the Qur’an; the disclosure of hidden matters by the Qur’an; the Qur’an and its characteristic underlying meanings.
Insight about the Readers of the Qur)an
Authors: Sachedina Abdulaziz A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
SYNOPSIS The biographies of the Seven Readers: ‘Abd Allah b. ‘Amir al-DimishqI; lbn Kathir al-MakkI; ‘A im b. Bahdala al-Kufi; Abu ‘Amr al-Ba rI; .f;Iamza al-Kufi; Nafi’ al-MadanI; al-Kisa’I al-Kufi. And the three other readers: Khalafb. Hisham al Bazzar; Ya’qub b. Isl).aq; Yazid b. al-Qa’qa’.
Opinions have varied about the seven famous readings of the Qur’an that are most commonly known among people. A number of Sunni scholars have maintained that all of them have been reported through uninterrupted transmission (t awatur )1 from the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny). This is sometimes assumed to be the most common view among them. It has been maintained, on the authority of al SubkI, that the readings reported by uninterrupted transmission are ten in number. 2 Some of them have gone so far as to assert that whoever maintains that the seven readings of the Qur’an need not be reported by uninterrupted transmission has com mitted an act of disbelief. This radical opinion has been attributed to the MuftI of Andalusia, Abu Sa’Id Faraj b. Lubb.
The Protection of the Qur)an from Alteration
Authors: Sachedina Abdulaziz A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
SYNOPSIS Alterations to the meaning of the Qur’an that Muslims are in agreement about; alterations that did not occur in the Qur’an, and on which Muslims are in agreement about; alterations that occurred, and on which there is disagreement; declar tions of the major lmamite figures regarding the absence of alteration, this being part of their religious beliefs; abrogation of the recitation-a well-known doctrine among Sunni scholars; utterances of the prominent Companions of the Prophet about the occurrence of alteration; the belief in the abrogation of a recitation is tantamount to the belief in alteration; five proofs against the [presence of] alteration; specious arguments of those maintaining a belief in alteration.
Can God Be Trusted?
Authors: Stackhouse John G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a world riddled with disappointment, malice, and tragedy, what rationale do we have for believing in a benevolent God? If God is all-powerful and all-loving, why is there so much evil in the world? John Stackhouse takes a historically informed approach to this dilemma, examining what philosophers and theologians have said on the subject and offering reassuring answers for thoughtful readers. Stackhouse explores how great thinkers have grappled with the problem of evil--from the Buddha, Confucius, Augustine, and David Hume to Martin Luther, C. S. Lewis, and Alvin Plantinga. Without brushing aside the serious contradictions posed by a God who allows incurable diseases, natural disasters, and senseless crimes to bring misery into our lives, Stackhouse asks if a world completely without evil is what we truly want. Would a life without suffering be a meaningful life? Could free will exist if we were able to choose only good? Stackhouse examines what the best minds have had to say on these questions and boldly affirms that the benefits of evil, in fact, outweigh the costs. Finally, he points to Christian revelation--which promises the transformation of suffering into joy--as the best guide to God’s