bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Applications of Polyphosphate and other Biopolymers in Wastewater Treatment
Authors: Kuroda Akio , Ohtake Hisao 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroductionHistorical OutlineAnalytical Methods for PolyphosphateSynthesis of PolyphosphateCellular Function of PolyphosphatePhosphagenPhosphate ReservoirStress RegulatorApplications of PolyphosphatePhosphorus Reuse and RecyclingPolyphosphate as a Low‐cost Phosphoryl DonorPhosphorus FiberUsing other Biopolymers in Wastewater TreatmentBiopolymers as Biodegradable Flocculating AgentsBiopolymer to Support Biofilm FormationPHB in Denitrification Process in a Wastewater Treatment PlantOutlook and PerspectivesPatent Applications
Chemical Modification of Synthetic and Biosynthetic Polyesters
Authors: Hazer Baki 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroductionChemical Modification of Synthetic PolyestersPoly(lactic acid), Poly(glycolic acid), and Poly(ɛ‐caprolactone)Atactic‐PHB (a‐PHB)Chemical Modification of Biosynthetic PolyestersChemical Modification of sPHAsChemical Modification of mPHAsAcknowledgments
Biofilms
Authors: Flemming Hans‐Curt , Wingender Jost 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroductionHistorical OutlineComposition and Structure of BiofilmsThe EPS matrixStructure of the Biofilm MatrixFunctional Aspects of the Biofilm MatrixFormation and Development of BiofilmsRole of Intercellular Communication in Biofilm FormationEnvironmental Role of BiofilmsBiotechnological Use of BiofilmsWastewater TreatmentBioremediationDetrimental BiofilmsBiofilms in MedicineBiofouling in Industrial SystemsMicrobially Influenced CorrosionBiodeterioration of Mineral MaterialsBiodeterioration of Synthetic PolymersEnhanced Resistance of Biofilm OrganismsTransport Limitation by Reaction–Diffusion InteractionSlow Growth Rate and General Stress ResponseRole of Biofilm‐specific PhenotypeRole of Persister CellsOutlook and Perspectives
Health Issues of Biopolymers: Polyhydroxybutyrate
Authors: Freier Thomas , Sternberg Katrin , Behrend Detlef , Schmitz Klaus‐Peter 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroductionHistorical OutlinePoly(3‐hydroxybutyrate)Mechanical PropertiesBiocompatibilityIn vitroDegradationIn vivoDegradationInvestigations of Clinical ApplicationsPoly(4‐hydroxybutyrate)Mechanical PropertiesBiocompatibilityIn vitroDegradationIn vivoDegradationInvestigations on Clinical ApplicationsExcursion: Biopolymers other than PHAPolypeptidesPolysaccharidesOutlook and Perspectives
Economic Aspects of Biopolymer Production
Authors: Lee Sang Yup , Park Si Jae , Park Jong Pil , Lee Young , Lee Seung Hwan 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroductionHistorical OutlineMicrobial PolysaccharidesBacterial Cellulose (β‐d‐Glucan)Pullulan (α‐d‐Glucan)XanthanPoly‐γ‐glutamic acid (γ‐PGA)Production of γ‐PGARecovery of γ‐PGAPolyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs)Poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate)Poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐3‐hydroxyvalerate)Poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐3‐hydroxyhexanoate)Medium‐chain‐length Poly(3‐hydroxyalkanoates)Outlook and PerspectivesPatents
Polymer Industry: Sustainability, Agro‐resources and Technology
Authors: Vellema Sietze , van Tuil Robert , Eggink Gerrit 
Published: January 2005

Abstract

Introduction

Technology and Sustainability

Fine‐tuning Business Strategy and Technology Strategy

Transition to a Bio‐based Industry: Sectoral Integration in the Netherlands

Perspectives on Healthy and Sustainable Technology Development

Can Sustainability Drive Technology?

Foresight in the Materials and Chemicals Industry: International Perspectives

USA: Technology Roadmap for Plant/Crop‐based Renewable Resources 2020 and Bio‐based Industrial Products

USA: Technology Vision for the Chemical Industry in 2020

UK: A Chemicals Renaissance

Netherlands: Catalysis Roadmap

OECD: Biotechnology for Clean Industrial Products and Processes

Keys to Sustainability in the Materials Industry

Translation to Content

Safe and Efficient Production of Monomers, Polymers and Materials

High‐performance Polymers and Materials

Safe and Efficient Waste Management and Transformation to Resource or Energy

Conclusion
Evaluation and Certification of Compostable Polymeric Materials and Products
Authors: van der Zee Maarten 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroductionBackgroundDefining BiodegradabilityWhy is Compostability an Issue?The European Council Directive on Packaging and Packaging WasteEvaluation of CompostabilityCharacterizationBiodegradabilityDisintegrationEffects on the Composting ProcessEffects on Compost QualityEvaluation versus CertificationExamples of Current Certification ProgramsCompostability Mark of IBAWOK Compost Logo of AVICompostable Logo of BPIGreenPla Identification and Labeling System of BPSOther DevelopmentsFuture Perspectives
The third parameter in reactive barrier films
Authors: Nuxoll Eric E. , Cussler E. L. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe lag time of a barrier film can be dramatically increased by the addition of sacrificial scavengers that consume solute before crossing the barrier. This increase in lag time is independent of the scavengers' reaction rate. This reaction rate does affect the amount of solute that crosses the membrane before steady state, a premature leakage that may render the barrier unsuitable regardless of its putative lag time and permeability. A third parameter is needed to characterize the barrier's transient behavior. Guided by experiments, we offer two candidate parameters for quantifying these changes. Correlations of these parameters are determined numerically and compared with experimental results. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 51: 456–463, 2005
Gas fluidization characteristics of nanoparticle agglomerates
Authors: Zhu Chao , Yu Qun , Dave Rajesh N. , Pfeffer Robert 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAn experimental study is conducted to determine the effect of different types of nanoparticles on the gas fluidization characteristics of nanoparticle agglomerates. Taking advantage of the extremely high porosity of the bed, optical techniques are used to visualize the flow behavior, as well as to measure the sizes of the fluidized nanoparticle agglomerates at the bed surface. Upon fluidizing 11 different nanoparticle materials, two types of nanoparticle fluidization behavior, agglomerate particulate fluidization (APF) and agglomerate bubbling fluidization (ABF), are observed and systematically investigated. A simple analytical model is developed to predict the agglomerate sizes for APF nanoparticles, and the results agree fairly well with the optical measurements. Using the Ergun equation, the experimentally measured pressure drop and bed height, and the average agglomerate size and voidage at minimum fluidization predicted by the model, the minimum fluidization velocities for APF nanoparticles are calculated and also agree well with the experimental values. Other important fluidization features such as bed expansion, bed pressure drop, and hysteresis effects, and the effects of the primary particle size and material properties are also described. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 51: 426–439, 2005
Polymer encapsulation of fine particles by a supercritical antisolvent process
Authors: Wang Yulu , Pfeffer Robert , Dave Rajesh , Enick Robert 
Published: January 2005

AbstractCoating and encapsulation of fine particles with polymer using a supercritical antisolvent (SAS) coating process was investigated in this research. Synthesized submicron silica particles were used as host particles and poly(lactide‐co‐glycolide) (PLGA), a biodegradable polymer used for controlled release of drugs, was chosen as the coating material. In the SAS coating process a suspension of silica particles in an acetone–polymer solution was sprayed through a capillary nozzle into supercritical (SC) CO2, which acts as an antisolvent for the acetone. A rapid mutual diffusion between the SC CO2 and the acetone causes supersaturation of the polymer solution, leading to nucleation and precipitation of the polymer to encapsulate the silica particles. The operating parameters that have an effect on the coating process, such as polymer to particle weight ratio, polymer concentration, temperature, pressure, flow rate of polymer solution, and the addition of a SC CO2 soluble surfactant, were systematically studied. It is shown that the polymer to silica ratio and the polymer concentration are critical for the successful encapsulation of silica particles with minimum agglomeration. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 51: 440–455, 2005
Assessing the validity of blood‐based gene expression profiles for the classification of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: A preliminary report
Authors: Tsuang Ming T. , Nossova Nadine , Yager Tom , Tsuang Min‐Min , Guo Shi‐Chin , Shyu Kou Ge , Glatt Stephen J. , Liew C.C. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractRecent advances have facilitated the use of blood‐derived RNA to conduct genomic analyses of human diseases. This emerging technology represents a rigorous and convenient alternative to traditional tissue biopsy‐derived RNA, as it allows for larger sample sizes, better standardization of technical procedures, and the ability to non‐invasively profile human subjects. In the present pilot study, we have collected RNA from blood of patients diagnosed with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder (BPD), as well as normal control subjects. Using microarray analysis, we found that each disease state exhibited a unique expressed genome signature, allowing us to discriminate between the schizophrenia, BPD, and control groups. In addition, we validated changes in several potential biomarker genes for schizophrenia and BPD by RT‐PCR, and some of these were found to code to chromosomal loci previously linked to schizophrenia. Linear and non‐linear combinations of eight putative biomarker genes (APOBEC3B, ADSS, ATM, CLC, CTBP1, DATF1, CXCL1, and S100A9) were able to discriminate between schizophrenia, BPD, and control samples, with an overall accuracy of 95%–97% as indicated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. We therefore propose that blood cell‐derived RNA may have significant value for performing diagnostic functions and identifying disease biomarkers in schizophrenia and BPD. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Suicidal disorders: A nosological entity per se?
Authors: Leboyer Marion , Slama Frederic , Siever Larry , Bellivier Frank 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAn extensive body of data has repeatedly shown in the past decades that suicidal behaviors are associated with several external validators such as low serotonergic activity in body fluids and in brains of suicide victims, genetic transmission of suicide risk independently of transmission of associated major psychiatric disorders, and more recently association with several serotonin‐related genes. Despite these concordant findings, suicidal behaviors are still not considered as a nosological entity per se in standardized classification. The aim of this study is to review the existing literature establishing the validity of this entity through clinical, genetic, biochemical, and therapeutic arguments all leading to the need to recognizing suicidal behavior as an independent and possibly dimensional clinical entity. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Suicidal behavior prevention: WHO perspectives on research
Authors: Bertolote José Manoel , Fleischmann Alexandra 
Published: January 2005

AbstractSuicide has been identified as a serious public health problem which is receiving increasing attention. Whereas a large number of Member States of the World Health Organization (WHO) reports on suicide mortality, no systematic national data on attempted suicide exist. Having recognized the need for comparable information about attempted suicide across different countries and cultures, WHO's Multisite Intervention Study on Suicidal Behaviors is presented. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Suicidal behavior: Relationship between phenotype and serotonergic genotype
Authors: Courtet Philippe , Jollant Fabrice , Castelnau Didier , Buresi Catherine , Malafosse Alain 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe basis of suicidal behavior (SB) is complex and multifactorial. Numerous risk factors have been identified. Epidemiological genetics studies (family studies, twin studies, adoption studies) suggest that there is a genetic basis to SB and that this genetic basis is specific and independent from the genetic factors implicated in predisposition to psychiatric disorders associated with SB (bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, alcoholism). Recently, new molecular genetics tools have been designed to identify the genetic factors that predispose certain individuals to disorders of complex etiology. Biological psychiatry studies have suggested that the physiopathology of SB involves dysfunctioning of the serotonin system. The first genetic association studies tested candidate genes encoding proteins involved in serotonin metabolism. The results of these studies suggest that the gene coding for the limiting enzyme in the synthesis of serotonin, tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH), and the gene encoding the serotonin transporter are involved in predisposition to SB. Furthermore, it is likely that these genes interact with each other and with environmental factors (early) and that they have different phenotypic consequences. One of the main aims of studies currently underway is to identify the precise phenotypes associated with genes that predispose to SB or intermediate phenotypes (impulsivity, inability to control anger, etc.). © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
History and geography of suicide: Could genetic risk factors account for the variation in suicide rates?
Authors: Marušič Andrej 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe current state of knowledge of genetic predisposition towards the suicidal behavior allows for a question whether genetic risk factors account for the variation in suicide rates through time and space. Accordingly, the presented paper will attempt to tackle the genetics behind suicidal behavior from the perspective of the populational genetics. First, the variability of suicide rates across Europe is discussed. This is followed by a brief discussion of the J curve (on a map of Europe, the countries with a higher suicide rate form a so‐called J curve, which starts in Finland and extends down to Slovenia), which maps on to the second principal component identified for European gene distribution, representing the ancestral adaptation to cold climates and the Uralic language dispersion. Furthermore, we will discuss whether the group of people living within the J‐curve could share genes, which may not tolerate excessive amounts alcohol, the combination of which is more likely to end in suicidal behavior. Further along we list possible ways in which suicidal behaviour could have been selected for genetically in populations and identify those specific populations in which it may have appeared. Finally, we point at other locations in the world where a similar interplay of genes and environment has probably occurred, Greenland being the best example of the malignant interaction of alcohol consumption and the trait‐like characteristics, which might constitute the vulnerability to suicidal behaviour. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular characterization of suicide by microarray analysis
Authors: Gwadry Fuad G. , Sequeira Adolfo , Hoke Glenn , ffrench‐Mullen Jarlath M.H. , Turecki Gustavo 
Published: January 2005

AbstractSeveral lines of evidence support the idea that individuals who commit suicide have a certain biological predisposition, part of which is given by genes. Studies investigating genetic factors increasing suicide predisposition have been limited by current knowledge of the suicide neurobiology and have typically investigated one or a few genes at a time, whereas it is anticipated that several genes account for the total genetic variance mediating suicide. This review focuses on the advantages and the interest of using the microarray technology to investigate the neurobiology of suicide and discusses, by means of a data analysis example, the possible methodological problems and bioinformatic strategies that should be employed in order to separate the signal from the large amount of background noise, which is usually generated in such studies. Microarray expression studies and related platforms are promising tools to gain better insight into the neurobiology of suicide. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Conducting copolymers of polytetrahydrofuran and their electrochromic properties
Authors: Ünür Ece , Toppare Levent , Yağci Yusuf , Yilmaz Faruk 
Published: January 2005

AbstractLiving polytetrahydrofuran (PTHF) was terminated with sodium thiophene methonate to yield a polymer with a thiophene group at one end. Copolymerizations of PTHF with pyrrole and thiophene were achieved in water‐p‐toluene sulfonic acid and acetonitrile‐tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate (TBAFB) solvent‐electrolyte couples via constant potential electrolyses. Characterizations of the samples were performed by NMR, cyclic voltammetry, FT‐IR, thermal analyses, and scanning electron microscopy. Electrical conductivities were measured by the four‐probe technique. PTHF/PTh film that was deposited on ITO‐glass in a dichloromethane‐TBAFB solvent‐electrolyte couple was found to exhibit electrochromic behavior and it electrochemically switches between blue oxidized and red reduced states. Optical analyses were carried out to investigate the electronic structure of PTHF/PTh electrochromic copolymer. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 1014–1023, 2005
Small‐angle X‐ray scattering study of modified porous suspension–poly(vinyl chloride) particles
Authors: Shach‐Caplan M. , Haba Y. , Narkis M. , Cohen Y. , Bianco‐Peled H. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractSmall‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) was applied to investigate the microstructure of unmodified and modified porous commercial suspension‐type poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) particles. The modified PVC particles were prepared by an in situ stabilizer‐free polymerization/crosslinking of particles absorbed with a monomer/crosslinker/peroxide solution. The modifying polymers include styrene with or without divinyl benzene (DVB) as a crosslinker and methyl methacrylate (MMA) with or without ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as a crosslinker. The SAXS method was used to highlight the effect of polystyrene (PS) on the microstructure of PVC particles and to evaluate the characteristic lengths, both in the PVC/PS and the PVC/XPS (PS crosslinked with 0 and 5% DVB, respectively) systems. A model is suggested, where during the synthesis modification process, swelling of PVC by styrene and styrene polymerization occur simultaneously. PVC swelling by styrene causes destruction of the PVC subprimary particles, whereas styrene polymerization leads to phase separation resulting from incompatibility of the polymers. It was further suggested that because of PVC swelling by styrene, structure of the subprimary particles is lost. Therefore the characteristic lengths of PVC/PS and PVC/XPS, as calculated from the SAXS measurements, were attributed to the size of the phase‐separated PS and XPS inclusions, respectively. The SAXS method also shows that PMMA and XPMMA do not influence the PVC microstructure. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 1024–1031, 2005
Structure and properties of polyurethane/nanosilica composites
Authors: Chen Yongchun , Zhou Shuxue , Yang Haihua , Wu Limin 
Published: January 2005

AbstractNanosilica particles were directly introduced into polyester polyol resins through in situ polymerization and blending methods, then cured by isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) trimers to obtain nanocomposite polyurethanes. FTIR and TGA analyses indicated that more polyester segments had reacted with silica particles during in situ polymerization than during the blending method, accompanied by higher Tg and more homogeneous dispersion of nanosilica particles in the polymer matrix from in situ polymerization. Maximum values in Tg, tensile properties, macrohardness, abrasion resistance, and UV absorbance were obtained when the particle size of silica was about 28 nm. The polyurethane/nanosilica composites obtained by in situ polymerization generally had better mechanical properties than those by the blending method except for some unexpected macrohardness at relatively high silica content. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 1032–1039, 2005
New fluorine‐containing bissalicylidenimine–titanium complexes for olefin polymerization
Authors: Gagieva S. C. , Sukhova T. A. , Savinov D. V. , Optov V. A. , Bravaya N. M. , Belokon' Y. M. , Bulychev B. M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThree new titanium complexes bearing salicylidenimine ligands—bis[(salicylidene)‐2,3,5,6‐tetrafluoroanilinato]titanium(IV) dichloride (1), bis[(3,5‐di‐tert‐butylsalicylidene)‐2,3,5,6‐tetrafluoroanilinato]titanium(IV) dichloride (2), and bis[(3,5‐di‐tert‐butylsalicylidene)‐4‐trifluoromethyl‐2,3,5,6‐tetrafluoroanilinato]titanium(IV) dichloride (3)—were synthesized. The catalytic activities of 1–3 for ethylene polymerization were studied with poly(methylaluminoxane) (MAO) as a cocatalyst. Complex 1 was inactive in ethylene polymerization. Complex 2 at a molar ratio of cocatalyst to pre catalyst of AlMAO/Ti = 400–1600 showed very high activity in ethylene polymerization comparable to that of the most efficient metallocene complexes and titanium compounds with phenoxy imine and indolide imine chelating ligands. It gave linear high‐molecular‐weight polyethylene [weight‐average molecular weight (Mw) ≥ 1,700,000. weight‐average molecular weight/number‐average molecular weight (Mw/Mn) = 4–5] with a melting point of 142°C. The ability of the 2/MAO system to copolymerize ethylene with hexene‐1 in toluene was analyzed. No measurable incorporation of the comonomer was observed at 1:1 and 2:1 hexene‐1/ethylene molar ratios. However, the addition of hexene‐1 had a considerable stabilizing effect on the ethylene consumption rate and lowered the melting point of the resultant polymer to 132°C. The 2/MAO system exhibited low activity for propylene polymerization in a medium of the liquid monomer. The polymer that formed was high‐molecular‐weight atactic polypropylene (Mw ∼ 870,000, Mw/Mn = 9–10) showing elastomeric behavior. The activity of 3/MAO in ethylene polymerization was approximately 70 times lower than that of the 2/MAO system. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 1040–1049, 2005
Modification of aqueous polyurethane dispersions by polybutadiene
Authors: Yoon S. S. , Kim S. C. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAqueous polyurethane (PU) adhesives are nontoxic and nonflammable and do not pollute the air. However, they have low adhesive strengths compared to solvent‐based PU adhesives because of a low affinity with rubber substrates. In this study, PU adhesives were synthesized from isophorone diisocyanate with dimethylol propionic acid as the ionic center in the main chain, triethylamine as the neutralization agent, and hydrazine as the chain extender. The polyol was modified with hydroxyl‐terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) and hydroxyl‐terminated acrylonitrile–butadiene copolymer (HTBN). The effect of the HTPB and HTBN content on the adhesive strength was investigated. The effect of the prepolymer molecular weight was also investigated. Increases in the HTPB and HTBN contents led to an increase in the adhesive strength because of the increase of chemical affinity between the adhesive and the substrate. The adhesive strength increased as the prepolymer molecular weight increased. This was due to an increase in the tensile strength and modulus. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 1062–1068, 2005
Computational Modeling of Di‐Transition‐Metal‐Substituted γ‐Keggin Polyoxometalate Anions. Structural Refinement of the Protonated Divacant Lacunary Silicodecatungstate.
Authors: Musaev Djamaladdin G. , Morokuma Keiji , Geletii Yurii V. , Hill Craig L. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.