bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Client Feedback and Documentation
Authors: Mapou Robert L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No evaluation is complete without feedback in oral and written form. For the adult seeking assessment of a learning disability or ADHD, direct client feedback is especially important, because he or she will often be using the report to advocate for accommodations and support. Consequently, feedback should be provided in a form that the client can understand, in which professional terms and jargon are minimized or defined as needed. This will also assist others who read the report, and especially those who are not neuropsychologists, in understanding the client’s problems in everyday terms and what is needed to help the client. This chapter discusses issues related to client feedback and documentation. First, the chapter describes the interpretive conference, in which oral feedback is provided, followed by important considerations when writing a report documenting a learning disability or ADHD. Also included is a discussion and brief description of documentation guidelines, with which clinicians completing these evaluations should be familiar. The chapter concludes with a detailed discussion regarding the distinction between impairment and a disability under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and how to document that a client is disabled. This includes differences between public education law for primary and secondary students and the ADA as related to documentation and service delivery, how the term disability has been interpreted in different contexts, difficulties for the gifted adult with relative weaknesses in academic skills, common errors made by clinicians when documenting a learning disability or ADHD.
Media Violence: Scholarship Versus Salesmanship
Authors: Dill Karen E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Grand Theft Auto games such as Grand Theft Auto III, Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas and Grand Theft Auto: Vice City are perhaps the most widely known video games, making their mark in pop culture due to record-setting sales, critical acclaim in the gaming community, and controversial content. On April 29, 2008, Rockstar games released the much- anticipated sequel Grand Theft Auto IV to unparalleled critical acclaim as well as to controversy over violent and sexual content, now de rigeur for a title in the series. That week I got an e-mail from Nicole, a former student of mine.
Advertising, Consumerism, And Health
Authors: Dill Karen E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most influential psychologists in history, John B. Watson, was a radical behaviorist. Behaviorism holds that people and animals learn through basic, observable principles such as by associating one experience with another or by learning through the consequences of actions. For example, Pavlov trained his dog to drool when hearing the sound of a bell because a dinner bell always sounded when dinner was served. B. F. Skinner trained animals to play the piano and to play ping pong—even to guide missiles for the U.S. military—by manipulating the consequences of their behavior. Famously, J. B. Watson taught “little Albert”—a toddler—to fear white, fluffy things. How? He gave Albert a white, fluffy toy or animal and then made a scary sound, which caused Albert to cry. After that treatment, just seeing the toy or animal would make little Albert cry.
Hope in the Age of Anxiety
Authors: Scioli Anthony , Biller Henry B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Economic collapse, poverty, disease, natural disasters, the constant threat of community unrest and international terrorism--a quick look at any newspaper is enough to cause almost anyone to feel trapped and desparate. Yet the recent election also revealed a growing search for hope spreading through society. In the timely Hope in the Age of Anxiety, Anthony Scioli and Henry Biller illuminate the nature of hope and offer a multitude of techniques designed to improve the lives of individuals, and bring more light into the world. In this fascinating and humane book, Scioli and Biller reveal the ways in which human beings acquire and make use of hope. Hope in the Age of Anxiety is meant to be a definitive guide. The evolutionary, biological, and cultural roots of hope are covered along with the seven kinds of hope found in the world’s religions. Just as vital, the book provides many personal tools for addressing the major challenges of the human condition: fear, loss, illness, and death. Some of the key areas illuminated in Hope in the Age of Anxiety: How do you build and sustain hope in trying times? How can hope help you to achieve your life goals? How can hope improve your relationships with others? How can hope aid your recovery from trauma or illness? How does hope relate to spirituality? Hope in the Age of Anxiety identifies the skills needed to cultivate hope, and offers suggestions for using these capacities to realize your life goals, support health and healing, strengthen relationships, enhance spirituality, and inoculate yourself against the despair that engulfs many individuals.
Latin Siege Warf are in the Twelfth Century
Authors: Rogers R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is a carefully researched and illuminating study of siege warfare in the twelfth century. The siege was an integral part of medieval military experience, and was particularly significant in the Mediterranean region. R. Rogers explores siege warfare and the role it played in the First Crusade and the establishment of the Crusader States, in Italy, Spain, and Portugal, and in the seaborne expeditions of the Italian maritime states. Dr Rogers sets out to discover how it was that crusading forces handicapped by rudimentary organization and logistical support were able to conduct some of the most dramatic siege operations of the pre-gunpowder period. He traces the development and diffusion of techniques; and analyses the experience of siege warfare in every aspect, from the question of supplies of component parts for siege engines to the often complex political situations of besieger and besieged. This is a book which contributes not only to the military history of the twelfth century but also to its political and cultural history.
Old Age
Authors: Thane Pat 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the end of the twentieth century more people are living into their seventies, eighties, nineties and beyond, a process expected to continue well into the next millennium. The twentieth century has achieved what people in other centuries only dreamed of: many can now expect to survive to old age in reasonably good health and can remain active and independent to the end, in contrast to the high death rate, ill health and destitution which affected all ages in the past. Yet this change is generally greeted not with triumph but with alarm. It is assumed that the longer people live, the longer they are ill and dependent, thus burdening a shrinking younger generation with the cost of pensions and health care. It is also widely believed that 'the past' saw few survivors into old age and these could be supported by their families without involving the taxpayer. In this first survey of old age throughout English history, these assumptions are challenged. Vivid pictures are given of the ways in which very large numbers of older people lived often vigorous and independent lives over many centuries. The book argues that old people have always been highly visible in English communities, and concludes that as people live longer due to the benefits of the rise in living standards, far from being 'burdens' they can be valuable contributors to their family and friends.
Marpingen
Authors: Blackbourn David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In July 1876 three eight-year-old girls from Marpingen, a village in the west German border region of Saarland, claimed to have seen an apparition of the Virgin Mary. Their visions attracted tens of thousands of pilgrims and prompted numerous claims of miraculous cures. They also led to military intervention, the dispatching of an undercover detective, parliamentary debate, and a dramatic trial. This book examines an episode that contemporaries dubbed the `German Lourdes', its background and its repercussions. David Blackbourn sets out to recreate the Catholic world of Bismarckian Germany through a detailed analysis of the changing social, economic, and community structures in which it was embedded, and a sensitive account of popular religious beliefs. He powerfully evokes the crisis-laden atmosphere of the 1870s, and offers a subtle interpretation of the interplay between politics and religion in newly unified Germany. The book ranges boldly across the fields of social, cultural and political history, in an engrossing story with many contemporary resonances.
Sand Dunes
Authors: Trenhaile A S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Coastal sand dunes protect the land from extreme waves and tides, and they store sediment used to replenish beaches during and after storms. Large prograding dunefields develop on straight, sandy coasts exposed to prevailing and dominant onshore winds, while smaller, crescentic fields form at the-back of bays enclosed by rocky headlands. Dunes can develop on prograding coasts with a positive net sediment budget (Bird and Jones 1988), and on retrograding coasts with a negative budget (Psuty 1990). They play an enormous role in the coastal sediment budget. About 40 per cent of the sand brought to a beach by longshore drift is blown into a dunefield in South Africa, and between about 20 and 30 per cent in Israel (Illenberger and Rust 1988; Goldsmith et al. 1990).
Tide-Dominated Environments
Authors: Trenhaile A S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tidal currents transport large amounts of sediment within the shallow water regions of the world. Ebb and flood currents move in opposing directions, but they often travel along different paths, and because shallow water tides are asymmetrical, there are marked differences in their duration and in the magnitude and occurrence of their peak flows (Chapter 7). Net sediment transport also occurs when tidal currents combine with local, wind-driven currents, flow from rivers, and normal oceanic circulation. In some areas, rotation of the tides adds a longshore component to the simple onshore-offshore movement of sediment.
Modernism, Development, and the Transformation of Seoul: A Study of the Development of Sae’oon Sang’ga and Yoido
Authors: Pai Hyungmin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Modernization of the Fatherland.’ Though this translation of a key phrase in Korea’s political jargon of the late 1960s conjures up unwarranted connotations, it none the less belies the aspirations and contradictions of the country’s economic, political, and cultural policy of the period and beyond. Coinciding with the rapid industrialization and modernization of the 1960s, issues of a national cultural identity began to take on urgency.
Environments Within: An Ethnographic Commentary on Scale
Authors: Strathern Marilyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Social Anthropology bases its practice on what we might call the unpredictability of initial conditions, unpredictable, that is, from the viewpoint of the observer. Ethnography, the kind of comprehensive account which gathers everything in, encourages the thought that one cannot predict at the outset of an enquiry where it will lead or what will turn out to be relevant to exposition. It also encourages the observer not to specify completely in advance where to look for the correlates and conditions of the outcomes he or she observes, and thus to confront un predictabilities in social life.
GDI architectures
Authors: Bishr Yaser , Radwan Mostafa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent developments in information technology (IT) are difficult to keep up with. From a general perspective, however, current IT developments are mainly centred around enabling communications between existing (legacy) and newly developed information systems. This is having a profound impact on the GDI industry, including vendors, users, producers, and other service providers. The pressing challenge is not how to collect and store data, nor how to write the most efficient mathematical algorithms, rather it is how to make information known, easily accessible, and understandable to the largest possible groups of stakeholders. The availability of information on the Internet makes it accessible to people well beyond the expert community. This shift is forcing the industry to provide network-enabled software and user-oriented geospatial data services rather than just maps. The availability of information to the general public does not necessarily imply that it should be free of charge. This is a policy issue that differs from country to country, and depends on the local institutional arrangements and limitations, as discussed elsewhere in this book.
Spatial referencing
Authors: Hofman Marco , Min Erik de , Dood Ruben 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A consistent definition of the position of different geospatial data sets is a necessary condition for their geospatial integration. For a variety of reasons, different data sets may have been spatially referenced using different techniques. For example, in projects crossing international boundaries, the positions of data sets on roads or vegetation cover, etc., are usually related to reference systems which pertain to each country. In a geographic area, different data sets may have to be drawn from maps with different map projections. Data sets referenced by GPS, which works on an international reference system, may have to be merged with data collected on a local reference system.
Access to GDI and the function of visualization tools
Authors: Kraak Menno-Jan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Geospatial data’ immediately makes us think of maps. Only maps provide an instantaneous overview of the relations among geographic objects. They help users to gain a better understanding of geospatial patterns. Maps can show the distribution of a country’s population, of environmentally sensitive areas, or any other phenomena that can be physically located. In the framework of GDI, maps have different, but important roles to play. They can also act in their traditional function of presenting geospatial data; land use maps, geological maps, and traffic maps are examples, and as such they represent the information held by an organization. They can be part of a geospatial search engine to find and access geospatial data. Here the map functions as a user interface for locating data sets on a particular region. They can also act as an index to other data available on a particular topic.
A History Of Private Law In Europe
Authors: Wieacker Franz , Weir Tony , Zimmermann Reinhard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this book Franz Wieacker tells how legal thinking, writing and teaching started in Europe and how it developed. He begins in the High Middle Ages and describes how the Glossators laid down the foundations by applying methodical criticism and exegesis to the Digest of Justinian. As Reinhard Zimmermann's foreword shows, Wieacker's way of telling the history of European legal thought from its origins in medieval Bologna down to the present day and of elucidating the intellectual conditions for its development is a stunning achievement. One of the great strengths of the book lies in its demonstration of the constant interaction between the thinking of lawyers and the general philosophical ideas of their time: between Scholasticism and medieval legal science, between the enlightenment and the Law of Reason, between Classicism (and Romanticism) and Savigny's Historical School of Law. It is hardly surprising that so ambitious and erudite a work should have become a classic since 1952, when it was first published in German. Now Tony Weir's brilliant translation makes the seond and final edition accessible to English-speaking scholars the world over.
Secular Lawyers in Germany
Authors: Wieacker Franz , Weir Tony , Zimmermann Reinhard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although it happened a little later in Germany than in lands to the west and south, learned jurists were increasingly active in the late Middle Ages, as recent intensive research into the Pre-reception has shown: not only were they busy in ecclesiastical courts, they were also drawing up documents, managing large estates, and reworking native law in a scholarly manner (pp. 85 ff.). This was the stage at which the very concept and title of ‘jurist’ appears in Germany (p. 86). At the outset these jurists were very largely clerics, trained in both systems of law, as they needed to be if they were to be involved in litigation, drafting documents, and running episcopal courts and offices. These clerics were also involved in the management of secular estates and cities,2 where they were increasingly joined by ‘secular’ jurists, graduates in iuscivile who had not proceeded to ordination (p. 87).
The Usus Modernus
Authors: Wieacker Franz , Weir Tony , Zimmermann Reinhard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the end of the sixteenth century Germany had adopted and learned to apply the European ius commune, mainly of Italian and French origin. Germany did have legal scholarship of its own by now, even if it was not up to the inter national standard set by these other countries but, with a few important exceptions, mainly of humanist origin, teaching methods in Germany, the lecturing material and the legal literature, even the way cases were decided, were those of pan European Romanism. Only in major legislative enterprises, such as the City Law of Freiburg, the Carolina, and the Saxon Constitutions do we find specifically German problems confronted in a distinctive manner. Between scholarship and actual practice, however, the gulf was generally considerable, as we saw in our recent discussion of the Land and Police Ordinances.
Pandectism and Positive Legal Science
Authors: Wieacker Franz , Weir Tony , Zimmermann Reinhard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite what was suggested in the programme of the historical school, and notwithstanding the many individual contributions its members made to legal history, most of its intellectual effort was devoted to the construction of a sci ence of private law. It mutated into Pandectism, so called after the title of its typical textbooks.1 In doing this it was following the formalist path indicated by Anselm Feuerbach and by the young Savigny in his Methodenlehre; it ap plied to the substantive ius commune the Law of Reason’s method of constructing systems and concepts. The programmatic justification for this was provided by Puchta when, echoing Savigny’s Beruf, he called his age that of the ‘scientification’ of legal study, and accorded to lawyers scientifically trained the exclusive right to apply and develop the law. It was Puchta too who was to elicit new rules of law by means of ‘developing’ logical concepts and thus to legitimize the ‘in ventive jurisprudence of constructs’. Thereafter Jhering, Gerber, and Laband were in the forefront of developing the constructive method of Pandectism and applying it to other disciplines as well, notably public law.
The German Civil Code (BGB)
Authors: Wieacker Franz , Weir Tony , Zimmermann Reinhard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although work on the civil code started immediately after the German Confederation had finished legislating, planning was hampered by the fact that the only field in which the Empire had legislative competence under the Con stitution of the North German Federation and that of the Bismarckian Empire as originally drafted was the law of obligations. It was the national liberals, the dominant party in the Reichstag of 1871, who with their drive for unification procured that the Empire acquired power to legislate in the fields of land law, family law, and the law of associations. This notable victory of the progressive liberals over the reservations of the conservatives determined the thrust of codification, but it took four attempts before Lasker and Miquel, the principal pro ponents, managed to overcome the votes of the conservatives and the centrist party (which rightly feared a conflict with the Church over marriage), and obtained an amendment to art. 4 no. 13 which extended legislative competence to the whole of private law. This law of 20 December 1873 made a national civil code possible. Behind the decision lay political considerations: the state was interested in law which liberated associations and corporations, the liberals wanted civil marriage outside the Church, a matter which was already threatening to be conflictual (the Kulturkampf), and the economic liberals wanted a generally applicable law which increased the mobility of land and facilitated mortgages. Only now did the liberals gain the upper hand in the areas of land law, family property, and succession, so crucial for the whole social order. The North Ger man (now Imperial) Trade Ordinance of 1869 had opted for freedom of trade and profession, so the decision was now really inevitable.
The Search for Justice
Authors: Wieacker Franz , Weir Tony , Zimmermann Reinhard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the turn of the century both scholarship and practice were dominated by textual positivism, while public opinion was beginning to be affected by purposive naturalist thinking. Both of them were opposed by neo-Kantianism, a renewal of Kantian philosophy. At the same time a revival of Hegel’s objective idealism found an echo in legal philosophy, and then phenomenology and existentialism destroyed the very questions addressed by both positivism and neo-Kantianism. These academic trends did not, however, have much effect on public attitudes to law. Much more important was the resurgence of natural law, especially in what Protestantism and Catholicism had to say about law and society.
The Early Colonial Basis of Politics in Fiji
Authors: Lawson Stephanie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fiji consists of 520 islands scattered over 650,000 square kilometres of the south-west Pacific Ocean with a total land area of just over 18,000 square kilometres. Occupation by the predominantly Melanesian people of Fiji dates from over three thousand years ago, as evidenced by fragments of pottery found in several areas which have been dated to 1500 bc.1 The people of this time had a culture which was much the same as those who migrated to Tonga and Samoa and became the ancestral Polynesians.2 The people of the latter islands developed in isolation from the west but in Fiji, later migration produced the mixed physical type of the present population3 which corresponds with the cultural variety found by archaeologists and linguists.4
The Third World
Authors: Miller J D B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hedley Bull was concerned about the appearance on the international scene of so many new states after World War IL His sense of order was aroused by the thought of what these states might do. Moreover, his experience in India, and his contact with stimulating people like Ali Mazrui, caused him to ask questions about the direction in which the Third World might be heading, and what were the responsibilities of the West towards it. Two matters specifically aroused his interest. One was the effect of the new states upon international society: he could estimate, without too much trouble, their effect upon the international system, but his queries were essentially about the relatively fragile society which he and Martin Wight believed to exist, and which, I shall suggest, may not be able to bear all the weight he gave it. The other was how persuasive and how effective were their demands for international justice in such matters as anti-colonialism, anti-racism, and the New International Economic Order; here I shall argue that ‘justice’ is more of a political than a legal or ethical concept in the world of states.