bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The nature and scale of the problem—the prevalence of mental health problems and mental disorders in childhood and adolescence
Authors: Meltzer Howard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is divided into three sections. In the first of them, the use of the terms, mental health problems and mental disorders, in relation to young people is discussed with respect to how they are operationalized in large-scale survey research. This is followed by a review of studies that have attempted to measure the prevalence of mental health problems and disorders among children with particular emphasis on the national study of childhood mental disorders in Great Britain. The chapter ends with a brief summary of the implications of national prevalence data for a comprehensive child and adolescent mental health service.
Children and adolescents who have a learning disability: the challenges to services
Authors: Fraser William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Families of children with learning disabilities (LD) face increased financial, physical, and mental hardship. The parents of young people with learning disabilities have almost invariably the following preoccupations: the search for causes, the need for early assessment and reliable diagnosis, the problem of access to advice on behaviour problems and to respite, the frustrations of statementing (the statement of a child’s educational needs), the complexities of transition to adult life and what will become of him/her when ‘we are too old to be there for him’.
Child and adolescent mental health services—roles, functions, and management in an era of change
Authors: Shooter Mike , Lagier Alison 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To understand the complexity of the changes that CAMHS are going through in their structure and function, and to appreciate the problems of managing CAMHS through those changes, we need a model. It is difficult to think of a better model than that which CAMHS practitioners so often use for those in their care—child development. What are the tasks facing the developing child and what style of parenting is needed for healthy development to take place? The good enough parent, in its broadest Winnicottian sense, is one who provides a secure envelope within which a child can experiment with acceptable risks; one who patrols the boundaries within which the child is free to establish its own identity—attitudes to self, family, peer group, and community; how those attitudes are expressed; and to what lengths it is permissible to follow them in social relationships.
Measuring quality in CAMHS: policy, frameworks, and evidence for practice and commissioning
Authors: Joughin Carol 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The drive to ensure quality in mental health service provision began in the UK in the 1960s following a series of hospital scandals. Increasing workloads, limited resources, the development of new treatment approaches, and raising expectations from the public have fuelled the need to demonstrate high-quality service provision. Demonstrating the quality of health service provision is complex and there is still ambivalence over its meaning and the best framework to ensure that it is delivered.
Data collection, clinical audit, and measuring outcomes
Authors: Wolpert Miranda , Thompson, Margaret , Tingay Karen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Any child and adolescent mental health service within the NHS seeking to evaluate outcomes on a routine basis must address the following questions: What is the aim of routine outcome evaluation? Whose views of outcome should be taken into account? What needs to be evaluated? How should it be evaluated? How should the results be used? How should this be resourced? In this chapter, we explore possible answers to these questions and suggest practical ways forward, drawing on our experiences of establishing routine outcome evaluation in Bedfordshire and Luton CAMHS and Southampton CAMHS, respectively.
Total Hip Replacement—robotic-assisted Technique
Authors: Bauer André 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Historically, total hip replacement was the first procedure performed in humans to remove destroyed joints and restore function through implanting an artificial joint surface. After a short period of partial replacement only of the femoral head’s surface, THR in the way we still perform it today was introduced: the acetabulum is replaced by a polyaethylen or metal cup with a plastic inlay, and the proximal femur with neck and head is replaced by a component, which is placed into the proximal part of the bone, after head and neck were cut of above the trochanteric level.
Personal Context
Authors: Brennan James , Moynihan Clare 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If someone had told me that this time last year I would discover I had breast cancer, I would have thrown up my hands in horror and have said smugly, “Don’t be ridiculous. I’m fit and healthy, I’m vegetarian, I don’t smoke and only drink the recommended weekly allowance of wine! I run, I have a good job and have done well in my career, I have a family and my outlook on life is positive and it will, well, never happen to me. People like me don’t get cancer”. It was a kick in the teeth to discover that in July 1992 I had a malignant lump in my breast – a week later I was experiencing a lumpectomy and the removal of malignant lymph nodes under my arm. Since then when the lump was discovered until now I have been to hell and back and for a long time during chemotherapy I thought that I never would be back. But I am. Well, almost. I am starting work again next week and am at last beginning to live my life once more.
Peritoneal and intestinal dialysis after the Second World War
Authors: Cameron J Stewart 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In contrast to work on haemodialysis, in which three successful artificial kidney machines were developed at different sites during the conflict of the Second World War, almost nothing was done or published on peritoneal dialysis during this period. However, at the end and immediately after the war a number of workers re-examined the possibility of treating acute, potentially reversible renal failure using dialysis from body cavities: of these intestinal dialysis had some impact initially, but peritoneal dialysis proved most successful and was pursued more vigorously. In part, this surge in the development of peritoneal dialysis was brought about by the emergence of the concept of a syndrome of ‘acute reversible renal failure’, in addition to the long-recognized chronic irreversible forms of kidney disease; this is a story we shall deal with in Chapter 10.
Good news and bad news: treatment of renal anaemia, the rising tide of diabetics with end-stage renal failure and withdrawal from dialysis
Authors: Cameron J Stewart 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
That anaemia was a regular feature of renal failure was, as we saw in Chapters 2 and 16, known from the work of Robert Christison in the 1830s [1] and a major problem in the early days of dialysis [2,3]. The 1980s saw a dramatic resolution of the problem, to the great benefit of patients on dialysis. Indeed one can argue that this has been the single most important advance in the treatment of chronic renal failure by dialysis since its inception in 1960.
The growth of dialysis for long-term renal failure in its fiscal and sociopolitical context
Authors: Cameron J Stewart 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A major part of the recent history of dialysis arises from the social, ethical and political problems that long-term dialysis treatment precipitated during the 1960s and subsequently. Never before had there been a life-saving treatment which was both successful, but repetitively and cumulatively expensive to the point where it seemed that society could not afford to treat all who might benefit. A full discussion of these ethical and sociopolitical issues (which remain with us, albeit with different boundaries) would require another book, and has already generated several major reviews [1–4].
Origins of assertive outreach
Authors: Burns Tom , Firn Mike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Assertive outreach is not new in mental health practice in the UK. The publication of Stein and Test’s landmark paper in 1980 (Stein and Test 1980) is often taken as its starting point, and certainly led to increased international attention. However, the practice of taking services to severely mentally ill patients rather than requiring them to attend hospitals and clinics had been long established in the UK and in several European countries. Querido in Amsterdam had started his mobile clinic in the 1930s (Querido 1968). The French developed their ‘secteur’ approach, which involved limited home visiting, in the 1960s (Kovess et al. 1995). In the US, Pasamanick had explored the value of home visiting in discharged schizophrenia patients (Pasamanick et al. 1964).
Supportive psychotherapy
Authors: Bloch Sidney 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Supportive psychotherapy has several meanings. In this chapter I will refer to a form of psychological treatment used for patients with enduring and disabling psychiatric conditions for whom basic change is an unrealistic goal. Applying the term in this way, supportive therapy is probably one of the most commonly practised psychotherapies. In addition to its use in psychiatry, the therapy is also applied by, among others, general practitioners and social workers. Supportive therapy as a mode of psychological treatment can be traced back to the 1930s when Paul Schilder (1938) referred to supportive techniques such as advice, catharsis, reassurance, and modelling.
Scholarly and Professional Objectives in Legal Education: American Trends and English Comparisons
Authors: Langbein* John H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I have been asked to discuss for English law teachers the great changes that American legal education has been undergoing in recent years. The main theme I wish to sketch is that, over the past generation, the English and American legal academies have exchanged their leadership roles. In the mid-1960s when I first encountered both systems of legal education as a student at the two Cambridges, English legal education was in important respects more scholarly than American. American law schools devoted themselves almost exclusively to training for the legal profession. Today, the leading American law schools have transformed themselves into temples of scholarship, while English law schools have striven to become stronger as training centers for the profession. There is much that is benign in these developments, but also some strands that I find quite worrisome.
Person-Environment Fit Theory: Conceptual Foundations, Empirical and Directions Future Research
Authors: Edwards Jeffrey R , Caplan Robert D , Harrison R Van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Theories of stress have long recognized the importance of both the person and environment in understanding the nature and consequences of stress. Person constructs relevant to stress research include Type-A behavior (Friedman and Rosenman, 1959), locus of control (Rotter, 1966), hardiness (Kobasa, 1979), and coping styles (Menaghan, 1983). The environment has been construed as stressful life events (Rabkin and Struening, 1976), daily hassles (DeLongis et al., 1982), and chronic stressors such as role conflict and ambiguity (Kahn et al.,1964;Jackson and Schuler, 1985), role overload and underload (French and Caplan, 1972), and job demands and decision latitude (Karasek and Theorell, 1990). This dual emphasis on the person and environment in stress research is characteristic of the interactive perspective in psychology (Lewin, 1951; Magnusson and Endler, 1977; Murray, 1951; Pervin, 1989), which indicates that behavior, attitudes, and well-being are determined jointly by the person and environment.
Problems of skin pigmentation
Authors: Path Rona M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A 38-year-old, fair-skinned, auburn-haired woman comes to consult you about two irregular macules on her shoulder. She was born in South Africa and lived in that country until she came to the UK as a student aged 19. She has large numbers of freckles and also large numbers of naevi, mainly on her trunk and limbs. She misses the warm South African sunshine and uses a sunbed regularly at home.
Methadone treatments
Authors: Gossop Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The origins of methadone are generally traced back to the Second World War when the drug was synthesized as a substitute for morphine by German chemists at 1.G. Farben. After the war, in 1947, methadone was used as a medication for pain relief or as a cough suppressant. Soon afterwards, during the late 1940s, studies of its pharmacological effects identified the abuse liability of methadone.
Causes for concern: issues for attention
Authors: Gossop Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Several issues have been identified as requiring further attention within addiction treatment services. Some have been defined in structural terms (e.g. gender or ethnicity). Some have been defined in functional or behavioural terms (homelessness, drug addicts with drinking problems, patients who are non-responsive to treatment). Some are organizational issues (liaison between different health-care services, coordination of treatment interventions, or problems of treatment planning and implementation).
History taking and examination
Authors: McCartan Bernard , McCreary Christine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The revised edition of The First Five Years – A Framework for Undergraduate Dental Educationsets out in detail the aim of undergraduate dental education (GDC 2002). In paragraph 19, under the heading of Generic Learning Outcomes, the first skill specifically alluded to is the ability: ‘to obtain and record a comprehensive history, perform an appropriate physical examination, interpret the findings and organize appropriate further investigations’.Documents from the Quality Assurance Agency (QAA 2002) and from the European Commission Advisory Committee on the Training of Dental Practitioners (EC 2000) mention similar skills. The QAA makes the following specific points in relation to the graduating dentist’s abilities under the heading of history, examination, and diagnosis:
Health and safety
Authors: Stirrups David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is not the purpose of this chapter to cover aspects of clinical activity such as infection control and radiological matters that are covered in Chapter 1.5 and Chapter 1.11 respectively, but rather to look at those other aspects of the practice organization where it is appropriate and in some instances, a legal necessity, to have in place systems to ensure as safe a working environment as practical. The General Dental Council (GDC 2002) expects that new graduate will be familiar with the principles that lead to safe dental practice: In addition the QAA Benchmarking Statement for Dentistry (QAA 2002) stated, in relation to the working environment: It is the first and last bullet points of paragraph 72 (above) that are the particular concern of this chapter – adhering to health and safety legislation and ensuring a safe and efficient working environment. The specified learning outcome that relates to Health and Safety is recorded in paragraph 111 (GDC 2002) ‘be familiar with the legal and ethical obligations of registered dental practitioners’.
Infection control in dentistry
Authors: Martin Mike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The GDC The First Five Years(2002) document refers to medical emergencies in the undergraduate curriculum in the following paragraphs: Infection control is also referred to in the Subject Benchmark Statements for Dentistry (QAA 2002) as follows: Under ‘The nature and extent of programmes in dentistry’, paragraph 1.8 ‘Graduating dentists must appreciate the need to deliver dental care in a safe environment for both patients and staff in compliance with health and safety regulations. They must be familiar with the principles and practice of infection control.’Under ‘Subject knowledge and understanding’, paragraph 2.7 states that ‘graduating dentists should demonstrate knowledge and understanding of sources of infection and the means available for infection control’.
Dental public health
Authors: Pine Cynthia , Harris Rebecca 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dental public health (also known as ‘community oral health’ and ‘community dentistry’) is the branch of dentistry that aims to prevent oral disease and maintain oral health by focusing on societal influences and working with communities as opposed to individual patients. By studying dental public health the dental undergraduate will develop an understanding of how the nature of the community, access to material goods and services, and broad cultural composition will impact on disease experience, type of dental services people prefer, their likely attendance and ability to maintain their own dental health (Pine and Harris 2006). The study of dental public health therefore requires an understanding of the relevant aspects of:
Pharmacological management of pain and anxiety
Authors: Mason Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Safe and effective management of pain and anxiety can be considered to be a cornerstone of good patient management and dental practice. Delivering this requires a level of background, theoretical knowledge that underpins a sound clinical technique. The requirements for undergraduate training are explicitly laid out in The First Five Years:The control of anxiety and pain is fundamental to the practice of dentistry and requires full awareness of the social and psychological needs of the individual patient. Building on a sound knowledge of the prevalence and nature of dental phobias and anxieties in respect of dental treatment and the relevant basic sciences, students should be able to assess the suitability of the various methods of managing and controlling anxiety. They should recognise those patients requiring referral for specialist care. In addition students should be able to advise patients on the advantages, limitations and advisability of different forms of pain and anxiety control appropriate to treatment to be undertaken.
Paediatric dentistry Treatment of primary and mixed dentition
Authors: Davenport Elizabeth , Baxter Patricia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The 2003 survey of child dental health documented a reduction of 20 per cent in dental caries experience in the oldest children since the previous survey ten years earlier. This was not so for the five-year-olds with little improvement noted over the same time period (ONS 2003). Whilst considering the pattern of dental disease in children, there remains a significant proportion that is untreated. Hence the need to ensure that on graduation dentists have the basic skills to restore the primary and mixed dentition, and know when to appropriately refer a child for specialist advice and help with their management.
Key skills in integrated dental care
Authors: Holsgrove Gareth , Stirrups David , Mossey Peter , Davenport Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Key skills are the skills that are commonly needed for success in a range of activities in education and training, work and life in general. They are the generic, transferable skills which all students develop during the course of their academic studies. Other skills, not covered elsewhere in this book, are also needed for successful clinical practice and will be discussed towards the end of this chapter. Communication skills and team working are covered elsewhere in this book. In the GDC’s The First Five Yearsthey state that undergraduate dental education should: And They suggest that the dental graduate needs the following attributes. In relation to information technology they advise: Further advice on expectations on information technology is given in paragraph 70.
Disputed diagnoses
Authors: Dowrick Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The argument and evidence presented in the previous chapter were based on two assumptions. First, that depression is a valid concept in the sense that it refers to something which is specific and unitary, a definable entity, a thing in itself. Second, that it is a useful concept because it provides a basis for intervening to improve people’s health. In this chapter I will explain why I think that both of these assumptions are open to question. I will show that the validity of depression as a medical concept is debatable, for four main reasons: it is based on a set of assumptions which are the subject of vigorous psychiatric border disputes; in primary care it overlaps with a wide range of common physical diagnoses and with medically unexplained symptoms; from the patient’s perspective it cannot readily be dissociated from social difficulties; evidence for a biological basis is weak. The utility of the concept is also questionable.
Future challenges for cost-effectiveness modelling of health care interventions
Authors: Briggs Andrew , Claxton Karl , Sculpher Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book has attempted to introduce the reader to some of the more sophisticated aspects of applying cost-effectiveness models to health care decision problems relating to the implementation of new technologies. We started by briefly reviewing the common types of decision model employed for this task in Chapter 2 and went on to consider more sophisticated extensions to the standard ‘cohort’ model in Chapter 3. Chapter 4 considered how parameter uncertainty could be captured in our decision models through the use of parametric distributions, while Chapter 5 showed how this uncertainty in the input parameters of the model could be analysed in terms of the uncertainty relating to decision itself, principally through the use of CEACs.
Reliability And Validity (Including Responsiveness)
Authors: Hays Ron D , Revicki Dennis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An understanding of the reliability and validity of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) measurement is needed to develop or select the best HRQoL measures for any given application. This chapter summarizes reliability and validity, and how these properties are used to evaluate HRQoL survey instruments. Reliability refers to the extent to which a measure yields the same number or score each time it is administered, all other things being equal (i.e., true change has not occurred in the attribute being measured). Classical test theory regards observed responses as consisting of the sum of true score and error. True score for an individual is assumed to be invariant on repeated measurements. However, two parallel measurements will.
Translating And Evaluating Questionnaires: Cultural Issues For International Research
Authors: Marquis Patrick , Keininger Dorothy , Acquadro Catherine , Loge Christine de la 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Advances in new technologies (Schieber et al. 1993; Gold et al. 1996) and changes in lifestyles have resulted in a shift from acute life-threatening illnesses to an increased prevalence of chronic and long-term illnesses (CDC 1994, 2002) in an ageing population (Fieldstein 1993). To better understand the consequences of chronic conditions on patients ‘ lives and to evaluate the benefit of new treatments, researchers are developing more meaningful end points based on patients ‘ perceptions. Therefore, Patient Reported Outcomes (PRO) questionnaires, including quality of life questionnaires, are being developed, evaluated and used in clinical research with increasing frequency.