bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Response of cerebral microvasculature to brain injury
Authors: Maxwell William L. , Irvine Alyson , Adams J. Hume , Graham David I. , Gennarelli Thomas A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThere is increasing evidence that there is a direct response of the cerebral microvasculature to head injury. We have investigated using SEM and TEM the response of microvessels within the white matter of the baboon brain to lateral head acceleration. There is rapid endothelial disruption and swelling of perivascular astrocytes near the sites of petechial haemorrhage. The formation of microvilli in all vessels reaches a peak at 6 h and extends at least 5 mm from the site of haemorrhage. The astrocyte response suggests a partial recovery by 6 h. The endothelial response is most marked in arterioles and venules and is maintained for 6 days after injury. We suggest there is a biphasic cerebrovascular response to brain injury. First there is rapid astrocytic swelling possibly correlated with transient disruption of the blood‐brain barrier. This is followed by morphological changes in the endothelium of all vessels which are most marked in arterioles and venules and extend considerable distances throughout the neuropile. This response is discussed in the light of disruption of the blood–brain barrier.
Application of a monoclonal antibody for the detection of Trichosporon beigelii in paraffin‐embedded tissue sections
Authors: Takeuchi Tamotsu , Kobayashi Makoto , Moriki Toshiaki , Miyoshi Isao 
Published: June 2005

AbstractTrichosporon beigelii is a normal inhabitant of soil and is occasionally found as normal flora of the skin and mouth. Opportunistic infection by this fungus has been increasingly reported in immunocompromised patients. The diagnosis of this infection depends on positive cultures or histological evidence. However, it is sometimes difficult to distinguish this fungus from Candida species in tissue section. We have generated two monoclonal antibodies that can distinguish T. beigelii from other fungi including several species of Candida. One of these antibodies (K‐16) reacts with T. beigelii in formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissue sections and will be useful as an aid to the accurate diagnosis of trichosporonosis.
Lectin binding in the male breast
Authors: Raju Gangaraju C. , Lee Yoke‐Sun 
Published: June 2005

AbstractTwenty‐four male breast lesions including ten normal, ten gynaecomastia, and four infiltrating carcinomas were studied for the presence and distribution of lectin binding carbohydrates. For comparison, tissue sections of five normal female breast lesions, ten each of fibrocystic disease, fibroadenoma, and carcinoma, were also included in this study. Formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissues were tested with Glycine maximus (SBA), Dolichos biflorus (DBA), Triticum vulgaris (WGA), Concanavalia ensiformis (Con A), Lotus tetragonolobus (LTA), Arachis hypogaea (PNA), and Bandeiraea simplicifolia (BSAI). The lectin‐binding patterns were similar in normal, gynaecomastia, and carcinoma, and were not pathognomonic to any male breast lesion. These lectin reactive patterns in the male breast appear to be similar to those reported for the female breast lesions.
Emphysema in the blotchy mouse: A morphometric study
Authors: McCartney Alison C. E. , Fox Bernard , Partridge Terence A. , Macrae Kenneth D. , Tetley Teresa D. , Phillips Gary J. , Guz Abraham 
Published: June 2005

AbstractInheritance of the Blotchy allele at the X‐chromosomal Mottled locus of mice results in changes in the lung which resemble emphysema. Previous studies using measurements of mean linear intercept have recognized emphysema in the hemizygous, Blo/Y, male and homozygous, Blo/Blo, female, but not in the heterozygous, Blo/+, female.The aim of this study was to develop a rapid, accurate method for analysis of emphysema and to establish whether it would identify emphysema in the heterozygote.Lungs from wild type and outbred Blo mice were inflated with fixative at a pressure of 25 cm and then sectioned and stained Transect lengths across air spaces were measured using computerized image analysis and the results were plotted as histograms. Data were also expressed as cumulative frequencies (ogives) and subjected to statistical analysis by the non‐parametric Kolmogorov—Smirnov test.Emphysema was shown by significantly increased (P<0.001) transect lengths in the Blo/Blo female and Blo/Y male compared with the wild type controls. The heterozygous Blo/+ mice form an intermediate group significantly different (P<0.001) from the wild and blotchy mice. The sensitivity of the method is illustrated by the fact that the Blo/+ female formed an intermediate group between wild type and the Blo/Y male and Blo/Blo female.
The laser videodisc and computer‐assisted learning
Authors: Mercer Jane , Pringle James H. , Rae Malcolm J. L. , Harkin Patrick J. R. , Lauder Ian 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA laser videodisc, holding 54 000 still frames per side, can be used to provide visual material of excellent quality for pathology teaching. In a collaborative project between ten pathology departments, the first pathology videodisc has recently been completed and the production of the disc is described. When used as illustrative material for computer‐assisted learning programs, the videodisc offers accurate random access of still frames and allows the overlay of computer‐generated graphics onto the video picture. This can be used to pre‐identify every individual feature of a particular frame, and an example tutorial program is described to show how this may be used to improve the students' understanding of what they see. Details and costs are given for a workstation suitable for this application and potential future developments for this teaching method are discussed. Although objective assessment of the cost‐effectiveness of interactive video in teaching pathology has yet to be undertaken, one suitably designed program can give individual tuition to many students, making this a most efficient use of teaching time.
Basal cell carcinoma xenografts in nude mice: Studies on epithelial differentiation and stromal relationships
Authors: Stamp G. W. H. , Quaba A. , Braithwaite A. , Wright N. A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThirty‐three basal cell carcinomas (BCC) were transplanted into athymic mice, and foci of tumour were identified in 17 grafts recovered after intervals of 2–5 months. Fifteen of these xenografts contained apparently normal differentiated epithelia, considered to derive from elements within the original tumours. The level of differentiation was very close in original and corresponding xenograft BCC. Morphologically recognizable ‘specialized’ stroma was present in some but not all xenografted BCC, and was also present in some grafts containing only differentiated elements. A monoclonal antibody specific to human type IV collagen showed intact epithelial and also vascular basement membranes within the graft. Surprisingly, mouse cells were found to line these vessels, and the stroma around normal and neoplastic epithelial islands was a mixture of mouse and human cells, with no consistent composition. These observations question the proposed dependence of BCC on its ‘specialized’ stroma.
Correlation between nor sizes and numbers in non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas
Authors: Crocker John , Egan Mark J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA series of 36 cases of non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL) has been studied by means of the argyrophil (AgNOR) method for nuclear organizer regions (NORs). Morphometric analysis of highly magnified photographic images of light microscope preparations of the AgNORs was performed by means of an interactive image analysis system. It was observed that in the low‐grade specimens (where NORs are less frequent than in those of high‐grade histology), the AgNOR sites were highly significantly (P<0·001) larger than in high‐grade NHL. In the low‐grade lymphomas, the AgNOR maximum diameter (Dmax) ranged from 0·7 to 1·7 μm2 (mean 1·11μm2) and area ranged from 0·48 to 1·99 μm2 (mean 1·11 μm2). In contrast, in the high‐grade specimens, Dmax was from 0·33 to 0·51 μm (mean 0·41μm) and the area ranged from 0·082 to 0·19 μm2 (mean 0·13 μm2). Thus, a well‐defined inverse relationship was observed between AgNOR numbers and their sizes. There was total separation between low‐ and high‐grade values in this series. This light microscope technique offers some advantages over ultrastructural morphometry of interphase NORs (fibrillar centres).
Electron microscopic observations in in situ and microinvasive bronchogenic squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Imai Tadashi , Saito Yasuki , Nagamoto Noriyoshi , Usuda Katuo , Takahashi Satomi , Sagawa Motoyasu , Sato Masami , Kanma Keiji , Suda Shuichi , Hashimoto Kunihisa , Nakata Tasuku , Tagusagawat Kimihiko , Aso Noboru , Sato Toshio , Sato Hirotoshi 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSeventeen cases of resected in situ and microinvasive bronchogenic squamous cell carcinoma were studied by light and electron microscopy. No definite secretory differentiation was found in any case. Examination of the tumour cells in the basal layer for electron density of cytoplasm, intercellular spaces, and degree of development of cytoplasmic processes showed a variety of cells ranging from type I, where the cytoplasm was dark, development of cytoplasmic processes was good, and the intercellular spaces were large, to type III, where cytoplasmic processes and intercellular spaces were less well developed and the cells were mostly of clear cell type. The tendency to invasion was greater in type III than type I and there was also more marked cellular atypia, more extensive dissolution of basement membrane, a larger number of mitotic figures per 3000 cells in the basal layer, and greater enlargement of nuclear and cytoplasmic areas. A good rank correlation coefficient was obtained. Small dense‐core granules were observed in some cases. These finding suggest the strong possibility that cell kinetics and cellular morphology are related to the development of squamous cell carcinoma.
Immunohistochemical characterization of osteoclasts and osteoclast‐like cells with monoclonal antibody MB1 on paraffin‐embedded tissues
Authors: Chilosi Marco , Gilioli Eliana , Lestani Maurizio , Menestrina Fabio , Fiore‐Donati Luciano 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn this study we provide evidence that MB1, a newly developed monoclonal antibody which reacts with B lymphocytes and a proportion of T cells and monocytes, can be successfully used for the direct immunohistochemical identification of osteoclasts on paraffin‐embedded surgical specimens. The antigen(s) recognized by MB1 is present at high density in the cytoplasm of osteoclasts of fetal bone and in the multinucleated cells of human giant cell tumour of bone (osteoclastoma), but is weakly expressed or absent in the giant cells of granulomas. MB1 is thus proposed as a new immunohistochemical marker for osteoclasts on paraffin‐embedded material.
Expressing stereological results ‘PER CM3’, is not enough
Authors: Casley‐Smith J. R. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractStereological results are usually expressed as volumes, areas, lengths, or numbers per cm3 of tissue. This has led to wildly incorrect conclusions about tissues when they have been distorted (and effectively ‘diluted’) by oedema. Similar problems occur whenever the reference parameters (volume, area, weight, etc.) differ between one group and another.In tissues which occur in layers (e.g., the subcutaneous tissue), the mean depth of the tissue superficial to the deep fascia may be used to multiply these estimates, thus giving results expressed per cm2 of deep fascia. Depth measurements incorrect by an angle of 25° to the perpendicular cause only a 10 per cent error. Such results are independent of the effects of oedema.A similar technique can be used in organs, multiplying the estimates by the volume of the organ, and expressing the results per organ. This presentation can be extended by then dividing these by the animal's body weight and expressing the results per kg. This last is useful for localized disease processes but not for generalized ones, or normal growth.
Antigen preservation in microwave‐irradiated tissues: A comparison with formaldehyde fixation
Authors: Leong Anthony S.‐Y. , Milios Jim , Duncis Craig G. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA wide range of immunoreactive antigens commonly investigated in diagnostic pathology were evaluated in tissues subjected to fixation by microwave irradiation in normal saline to 63°C. All of the 23 antigens studied were well preserved and compared with corresponding tissues conventionally fixed by formaldehyde for periods of 16 and 18 h, respectively, immunostaining in microwave‐irradiated tissues was clearly superior, being more intense and also more extensive. Proteolytic digestion was not necessary for irradiated tissues except for the staining of cytokeratins and desmin. It was also possible to stain for Leu‐14 (CD22) and Leu‐1 (CD5), whereas these lymphocyte antigens were lost during formaldehyde fixation. Cytomorphological details were well preserved in the rapidly‐fixed irradiated tissues.
Morphologic changes in the renal glomerulus and the juxtaglomerular apparatus in human preeclampsia
Authors: Hill Prudence A. , Fairley Kenneth F. , Kincaid‐Smith Priscilla , Zimmerman Matthew , Ryan Graeme B. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe renal biopsies of ten women with preeclampsia without other underlying renal disease were examined in detail using light and electron microscopy and immunofluorescence. Characteristic preeclamptic glomerular lesions with endocapillary cell swelling, subendothelial and mesangial deposits, and mesangial interposition were detected in each patient. Juxtaglomerular regions were not prominent and were poorly granulated on light microscopy; ultra‐structurally, they showed myoepithelioid cells with sparse renin granulation and considerable heterogeneity of granule size and density in association with relatively meagre granular endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi profiles. These morphologic findings suggest that, in patients with clinical and renal biopsy evidence of preeclampsia, there is no significant stimulation of the renin–angiotensin system.
A monoclonal antibody stains blastemal but not tubular components of Wilms' tumour
Authors: Sarawar S. R. , Schlingemann R. O. , Kelsey A. , Fleming S. , Kumar S. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe monoclonal antibody PAL‐E is specific for endothelial cells in a wide variety of normal and tumour tissue. In normal kidney, PAL‐E reacts exclusively with the endothelium of non‐glomerular blood vessels. In Wilms' tumour, binding of PAL‐E was not restricted to the endothelium; staining of blastemal cells was observed in seven out of eight cases examined. Mesenchymal and tubular components, if present in Wilms' tumour, were negative. In contrast, a monoclonal antibody to Factor VIII‐related antigen (RFF‐8‐R‐1) bound only to endothelial cells in these tumours. In fetal kidney, PAL‐E binding showed a wider distribution than in adult kidney and both stromal and glomerular capillaries were stained. Tubules and non‐endothelial stromal cells were negative. These results indicate that the reactivity of the monoclonal antibody, PAL‐E, is not restricted to cells of endothelial origin in all tissues. The implications of these findings for the differentiation of Wilms' tumour are discussed.
Endocrine cell hyperplasia and appendiceal carcinoids
Authors: Cross Simon S. , Hughes Alun D. , Williams Geraint T. , Williams E. Dillwyn 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAs endocrine tumours in a number of organs may arise in a background of hyperplasia, the density of endocrine cells in appendices from ten patients with carcinoid tumours was compared with that in appendices from ten age‐ and sex‐matched control patients. Crypt and lamina propria endocrine cells were quantified separately.The density of argentaffin endocrine cells in the crypts was significantly higher in appendices with carcinoid tumours when compared with the controls. No difference was found in non‐argentaffin endocrine cells, and no difference was found in either argentaffin or argyrophil endocrine cells in the lamina propria. While it is possible that carcinoid tumours induce an increase in the number of enterochromaffin (EC) cells in the background mucosa, it is considered more likely that EC cell hyperplasia predisposes to the development of carcinoid tumours of the appendix.
A protective effect of sulindac against chemically‐induced primary colonic tumours in mice
Authors: Moorghen M. , Ince P. , Finney Karen J. , Sunter J. P. , Appleton D. R. , Watson A. J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSulindac, a non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug, has been reported to lead to tumour regression in cases of human polyposis coli. We have investigated the effects of this drug on the growth of 1,2‐dimethylhydrazine (DMH)‐induced mouse colonic tumours. In one experiment, DMH and oral sulindac were administered concurrently to a group of mice for a period of up to 24 weeks, while a control group of animals received DMH only for the same period. Sulindac caused a significant reduction in both the number of mice with colonic tumours and the number of tumours per mouse. In a second experiment, two groups of mice which had already been treated with DMH for 17 weeks received either sulindac or not for 78 days. In this experiment sulindac had no effect. These results demonstrate that sulindac has a protective effect against the chemical induction of colonic tumours in mice, but does not cause the regression of established tumours.
Changes in nerves and neuropeptides in skin from 100 leprosy patients investigated by immunocytochemistry
Authors: Karanth S. S. , Springall D. R. , Lucas S. , Levy D. , Ashby P. , Levene M. M. , Polak J. M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe cutaneous innervation is now known to contain neuropeptides including substance P (SP) and calcitonin generelated peptide (CGRP) in sensory nerves, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and neuropeptide Y (NPY), principally in autonomic nerves. Skin biopsies from 100 leprosy patients and equivalent areas from 50 non‐leprosy controls were fixed in p‐benzoquinone solution for immunofluorescence staining, and in Bouin's fluid for classification of leprosy type. Antisera to the neural markers, neurofilaments, and protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5), and to neuropeptides were used. Cutaneous nerves and nerve endings immunoreactive for neuropeptides, neurofilaments, and PGP 9.5 were seen in all non‐leprous control cases. In leprosy, PGP 9.5‐ and neurofilament‐immunoreactive nerve fibres were seen in all 14 cases of the indeterminate (early) type and in the majority (33/43) of lepromatous cases, but in a smaller proportion (15/43) of tuberculoid cases. Neuropeptide immunoreactivity was seen in only 2/14 of the indeterminate leprosy specimens and was completely absent in other types. This early disappearance may be of diagnostic significance. Thus, cutancous sensory and autonomic dysfunctions in leprosy are well reflected by changes in nerve fibres and neuropeptides.
Immunoelectron microscopic studies of immune complex deposits and basement membrane components in IgA nephropathy
Authors: Woodrow David F. , Shore Ian , Moss Jill , Gower Peter , Phillips Malcolm 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe relationship between the immune complex deposits of mesangial IgA nephropathy and the basement membrane components, type IV collagen and fibronectin, has been investigated by an indirect immunogold technique in four cases of mesangial IgA disease. Using paraformaldehyde‐fixed, Lowicryl K4M resin‐embedded kidney, IgA, IgM and C3 were localized in the mesangial electron‐dense deposits with 10 and 20 nm gold‐labelled secondary antibodies. In the same glomeruli, type IV collagen and fibronectin were rarely present within the electron‐dense deposits, although both were distributed throughout the remainder of the mesangial matrix with the exception of the subepithelial regions. These two components were also present within the glomerular basement membrane and localized mainly on the endothelial aspect. A similar distribution of the basement membrane components was seen in a control kidney processed in the same way.This technique gives reproducible results and has demonstrated for the first time the relationship between the mesangial immune complex deposits of mesangial IgA nephropathy and the basement membrane components of the matrix in which they are found.
Application of the AgNOR method to cell imprints of lymphoid tissue
Authors: Boldy David A. R. , Crocker John , Ayres Jon G. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe argyrophil (AgNOR) staining technique for nucleolar organizer regions was applied to both cell imprint preparations and 3 μm sections of 40 specimens of lymphoid tissue (10 normal tonsil, 10 reactive follicular hyperplasia, and 10 low‐grade and 10 high‐grade non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas). The mean AgNOR count per nucleus was higher for imprint preparations than for 3 μm sections for each group of specimens (P<0.01). The difference was particularly evident for specimens with high AgNOR counts, that is, the high‐grade non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas (pooled mean AgNOR count/cell 16.3 for imprints as opposed to 6.0 for 3 μm sections, P<0.0001). Furthermore, individual AgNOR dots were much more readily discerned in cell imprints than in sections, and this appears to be the method of choice if pathologists wish to at least approach absolute rather than relative AgNOR counts.
Pulmonary endocrine cells in chronic bronchitis and emphysema
Authors: Gosney John R. , Sissons Mark C. J. , Allibone Richard O. , Blakey Andrew F. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPulmonary endocrine cells have been studied according to their immunoreactivity for neuron‐specific enolase, gastrin‐releasing peptide (GRP), calcitonin, leucine‐enkephalin, and serotonin in the lungs of subjects with chronic bronchitis and emphysema. The overall population was significantly greater in comparison with matched controls. The change was most marked in lobes affected by pneumonic consolidation, and did not affect equally the sub‐populations of cells as identified by their content of peptide; the difference was much greater for calcitonin‐containing cells than for those immunoreactive for GRP. This change may be the basis of the hypercalcitoninaemia and hypercalcitoninuria which have been reported in patients with inflammatory pulmonary disease.
The relationship between the distribution of lymphoid cells in the skin and in vitro adhesion to connective tissue
Authors: Jack A. S. , Chapman K. Jane 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAn in vitro assay was used to test whether the patterns of lymphocyte distribution in the mouse skin could be explained by adhesion of lymphoid cells to connective tissue. Using normal skin as a substrate, in vitro adhesion was significantly greater below the panniculus carnosus muscle: when oxazolone sensitized skin was used, binding was seen throughout the skin. This correlated closely with the patterns seen in vivo following injection of lymphocytes into normal skin or sensitization with oxazolone. Adhesion was not affected by divalent cation chelating agents, but was reduced in the presence of some monosaccharides. The property of skin adhesion did not appear to be confined to a small number of cells in the spleen cell preparation. Although only a small proportion of the starting population adhered to the section, transfer of the non‐adherent cells to a fresh skin section produced a similar degree of adhesion.It is suggested that the variable binding of lymphoid cells by skin connective tissue may be an important factor in determining the retention of cells which have emigrated into the skin from the blood vessels and may explain the distinctive patterns of distribution of lymphocytes in cutaneous inflammatory disorders.