bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Formation of supernumerary muscle spindles at the expense of golgi tendon organs in ER81‐deficient mice
Authors: Kucera J. , Cooney W. , Que A. , Szeder V. , Stancz‐Szeder H. , Walro J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractER81, a member of the ETS family of transcription factors, is essential for the formation of connections between sensory and motor neurons in the spinal cord. Mice lacking Er81 genes exhibit reduced monosynaptic sensory‐motoneuron connectivity in response to muscle nerve stimulation. Proximal muscle nerve stimulation elicits fewer monosynaptic potentials than stimulation of distal nerves in hindlimbs, a deficit that is paralleled by a paucity of muscle spindles in proximal muscles (Arber et al., 2000). We examined whether a presence of spindles innervated by afferents in distal muscles correlated with the increased preservation of monosynaptic sensory‐motor potentials in distal muscle nerves. Not only were spindles and Ia afferents present, but also they were supernumerary in distal muscles such as the soleus, medial gastrocnemius, and extensor hallucis longus. Concomitantly, a deficiency of Golgi tendon organs (GTOs) and Ib afferents was observed in distal muscles, as if supernumerary spindles formed at the expense of tendon organs in the absence of Er81. Thus, ER81 may be involved in mechanisms that regulate acquisition of the Ia and Ib phenotypes by subsets of proprioceptive muscle afferents. Segmental differences in muscle spindle and GTO dependence on ER81 suggest that more than one ETS transcription factor may participate in the regulation of limb proprioceptive system assembly in the mouse. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Protein and mRNA expression of serum and glucocorticoid‐dependent kinase 1 in metanephrogenesis
Authors: Huber Stephan M. , Friedrich Björn , Klingel Karin , Lenka Nibedita , Hescheler Jürgen , Lang Florian 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAbstractExpression of serum and glucocorticoid‐dependent kinase 1 (SGK1) during development in mouse kidney (embryonic day [E] 14 to postnatal day [P] 1) was studied by in situ hybridization and immunofluorescence. In whole embryos, SGK1 mRNA was highly abundant in the developing metanephros, where SGK1 mRNA was expressed in the ureteric buds of the branching collecting duct system and in the mesenchymal blastema‐derived comma‐ and s‐shaped bodies. In E14 kidneys, SGK1 protein was below detection level, whereas at day E16, ureteric buds, s‐shaped bodies and outgrowing loops of Henle expressed detectable amounts of SGK1 protein. SGK1 protein was also expressed in E16 primary tubules of the collecting duct system. In P1 kidneys, no or only faint SGK1 protein expression was apparent in comma‐ and s‐shaped bodies, whereas SGK1 was continuously expressed by medullary collecting ducts. In conclusion, SGK1 is developmentally expressed in metanephrogenesis. High expression in developing collecting duct and in blastema‐derived comma‐ and s‐shaped bodies suggests a dual function of SGK1 in maturation of the reabsorbing collecting duct epithelium and in epithelial transition of the blastema cells. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Optimum design for residential photovoltaic‐thermal binary utilization system by minimizing auxiliary energy
Authors: Fujisawa Toru , Tani Tatsuo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPossible designs for a self‐sufficient residential binary solar energy include a side‐by‐side system, a PVT hybrid system, and a side‐by‐side PVT hybrid system. We designed and performed an annual performance simulation of three systems: PV with flat plate collector (PV/FPC), photovoltaic‐thermal hybrid (PVT), and PV with photovoltaic‐thermal hybrid (PV/PVT) including an electrical auxiliary heat pump. In this paper, the solar energy fraction (SEF) or auxiliary energy fraction (AUX) is used as a figure of merit for system evaluation. These indices are shown to be affected by the COP (coefficient of performance) of AUX and by the ratio of the DHW (domestic hot water) load to the annual synthetic load.The best results were achieved by the side‐by‐side PV/PVT hybrid system. Using PVT with PV leads to an improvement of the SEF or AEF compared with the PVT system alone. Glazing is found to be indispensable for the PV/PVT system with an AUX COP of 1, but is unnecessary for a PV/PVT system with a higher COP. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 137(1): 28–35, 2001
Why do cells have multiple error‐prone DNA polymerases?
Authors: Friedberg Errol C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractRecent years have witnessed the emergence of a plethora of so‐called novel DNA polymerases in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Many of these DNA polymerases are characterized by poor replicational fidelity and low processivity, and are devoid of 3′ → 5′ exonuclease activity. This article describes the discovery of these error‐prone polymerases and what is known about their biological function. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 38:105–110, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Three‐dimensional dynamic response of underground openings in saturated rock masses
Authors: Kim Sun‐Hoon , Kim Kwang‐Jin 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this paper a three‐dimensional dynamic analysis program for saturated porous rocks and soils is presented. The theoretical formulations incorporated in the proposed computer program are the extension of Biot's two‐phase theory to non‐linear region. Numerical study using the program is carried out to demonstrate the three‐dimensional features of the program and to show the effects of pore water on the dynamic response of underground openings in saturated rock masses. It is shown that underground openings in saturated porous media could be significantly more vulnerable to the potential damages associated with high motions and shear failure than those in dry media. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sampling‐surface orientation and clast macrofabric in periglacial colluvium
Authors: Millar Susan W. S. , Nelson Frederick E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTo isolate the influence of sampling‐surface orientation on the macrofabric of periglacial colluvial deposits, clast orientation measurements were obtained from seven paired horizontal and vertical exposures in turf‐banked solifluction lobes on Niwot Ridge, Colorado Front Range. Most samples form moderately strong, upslope‐plunging clusters aligned with the local slope orientation. Fabrics obtained from vertical faces were stronger than those from horizontal exposures in six of the pairs. Near‐horizontal sampling surfaces yield less biased results than vertical exposures, owing to operator perceptions, procedural difficulties, and the relative thinness of the layer affected by colluvial processes. Sampling procedures must be standardized before comparative studies of colluvium can yield reliable results. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical analysis of interfacial two‐dimensional Stokes flow with discontinuous viscosity and variable surface tension
Authors: Li Zhilin , Lubkin Sharon R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA fluid model of the incompressible Stokes equations in two space dimensions is used to simulate the motion of a droplet boundary separating two fluids with unequal viscosity and variable surface tension. Our theoretical analysis leads to decoupled jump conditions that are used in constructing the numerical algorithm. Numerical results agree with others in the literature and include some new findings that may apply to processes similar to cell cleavage. The method developed here accurately preserves area for our test problems. Some interesting observations are obtained with different choices of the parameters. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cre/loxP recombination‐activated neuronal markers in mouse neocortex and hippocampus
Authors: Huang Z. Josh , Yu Wenjiang , Lovett Chanel , Tonegawa Susumu 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA new strategy for visualizing neuronal cell morphology of mouse brain based on Cre/loxP recombination‐activated gene expression is described. A “reporter” transgenic line was generated which expressed a fusion gene encoding a dendrite‐targeted green fluorescent protein (MAP2‐GFP) upon deletion of a transcription/translation STOP (transcription and translation stop signal) cassette. Cre transgenic “deleter” lines were established that activated reporter gene expression at various frequencies in pyramidal neurons in the forebrain. A deleter line was identified which activated a MAP2‐GFP reporter gene at very low frequency (less than 0.1% of pyramidal neurons) and allowed the visualization of dendritic structures of individual neocortical and hippocampal pyramidal neurons. In addition, vertical “columns” of pyramidal neurons in the neocortex were labeled in these mice. In a second deleter line, a MAP2‐GFP reporter gene was selectively activated in pyramidal neurons of the CA‐1 subregion of the hippocampus in young mice. With its combinatorial property, this binary recombination‐activated neuronal marker system should facilitate the study of detailed morphology, connectivity, and plasticity of defined classes of live neurons in vitro and in vivo. genesis 32:209–217, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A study of Holocene floodplain particle size characteristics with special reference to palaeochannel infills from the upper Severn basin, Wales, UK
Authors: Taylor Mark Patrick , Brewer Paul A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMultiple sedimentary units from floodplain reaches at Welshpool on the upper River Severn and at the confluence of the Afon Tanat and Afon Vyrnwy (mid‐Wales, UK) were examined to ascertain if they have distinctive particle size characteristics. Changes in particle size characteristics and their possible relationship to known human and climatic impacts are also discussed. Ellipse plots of particle size characteristics from the River Severn floodplain at Welshpool show that coarse‐grained outwash deposits can be clearly discriminated from channel margin or palaeochannel sediments. In contrast, at the Afon Tanat–Vyrnwy study reach, this discrimination is not seen so clearly. The relationships between age and particle size characteristics from the most sampled sedimentary environment, palaeochannel infills, were also examined. The data from the River Severn floodplain at Welshpool show that palaeochannel sediments reveal a gradual but clear increase in particle size from the mid‐ to late Holocene towards the present day. Sediments deposited in the period 90–160 years BP are markedly coarser. It is suggested that these changes may be related to the combined effect of land‐use changes, metal mining impacts and changes in flood frequency and magnitude that occurred at this time within the upper Severn basin. In contrast, the particle size characteristics of post Late Devensian/Early Holocene units from Tanat–Vyrnwy palaeochannels were random with no discernible age–size patterns. It is suggested that the non‐systematic grain size distribution may be due to the steeper valley gradients of the Tanat–Vyrnwy system (and by inference higher stream powers) and its relatively narrow valley form enabling more effective coupling between coarser outwash deposits found on and at the edges of hillslopes and the valley floor. Although the two study reaches have undergone comparable environmental change during the Holocene and lie in the piedmont zone of their catchments, palaeochannel units of the same age possess distinctly different characteristics. Intrinsic reach‐scale geomorphic factors would appear to preclude the uniform application of particle size characteristics to determine alluvial response to environmental change. Consequently, care needs to be applied to the use of such data for environmental discrimination because the phenomenon of equifinality means that a specific set of sediment characteristics is not necessarily exclusive to specific fluvial environments in either space or time. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrical coupling between glial cells in the rat retina
Authors: Ceelen Paul W. , Lockridge Amber , Newman Eric A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe strength of electrical coupling between retinal glial cells was quantified with simultaneous whole‐cell current‐clamp recordings from astrocyte–astrocyte, astrocyte–Müller cell, and Müller cell–Müller cell pairs in the acutely isolated rat retina. Experimental results were fit and space constants determined using a resistive model of the glial cell network that assumed a homogeneous two‐dimensional glial syncytium. The effective space constant (the distance from the point of stimulation to where the voltage falls to 1/e) equaled 12.9, 6.2, and 3.7 μm, respectively for astrocyte–astrocyte, astrocyte–Müller cell, and Müller cell–Müller cell coupling. The addition of 1 mM Ba2+ had little effect on network space constants, while 0.5 mM octanol shortened the space constants to 4.7, 4.4, and 2.6 μm for the three types of coupling. For a given distance separating cell pairs, the strength of coupling showed considerable variability. This variability in coupling strength was reproduced accurately by a second resistive model of the glial cell network (incorporating discrete astrocytes spaced at varying distances from each other), demonstrating that the variability was an intrinsic property of the glial cell network. Coupling between glial cells in the retina may permit the intercellular spread of ions and small molecules, including messengers mediating Ca2+ wave propagation, but it is too weak to carry significant K+ spatial buffer currents. GLIA 35:1–13, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The progression of cognitive impairment in dementia with Lewy bodies, vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Ballard C. , O'Brien J. , Morris C. M. , Barber R. , Swann A. , Neill D. , McKeith I. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackgroundLittle is known about the rate of progression or associations of cognitive impairment in dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), or the associations of accelerated decline.MethodDementia patients from a case register were evaluated at baseline and 1 year follow‐up using the Cambridge Assessment for Mental Disorders in the Elderly, section B (CAMCOG) and the Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE) to determine the rate of cognitive decline. Operationalized clinical diagnoses were applied (NINCDS ADRDA for Alzheimer's disease (AD), NINCDS AIRENS for vascular dementia (VaD) and consensus criteria for DLB).ResultsOne hundred and ninety‐three patients completed annual MMSE schedules (AD, 101; DLB, 64; VaD, 38), of whom 154 completed the CAMCOG. The magnitude of cognitive decline (MMSE, 4–5 points; CAMCOG, 12–14 points) was similar in each of the dementias. The strongest predictor of accelerated cognitive decline in DLB was the apolipoprotein E4 allele (17.5 vs 8.3 points decline on the CAMCOG).ConclusionOver 1 year, DLB, VaD and AD patients had similar rates of cognitive decline overall. Apolipoprotein E4 may be an important predictor of more rapid decline in DLB. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Visual detection of motion speed in humans: spatiotemporal analysis by fMRI and MEG
Authors: Kawakami Osamu , Kaneoke Yoshiki , Maruyama Koichi , Kakigi Ryusuke , Okada Tomohisa , Sadato Norihiro , Yonekura Yoshiharu 
Published: August 2002

AbstractHumans take a long time to respond to the slow visual motion of an object. It is not known what neural mechanism causes this delay. We measured magnetoencephalographic neural responses to light spot motion onset within a wide speed range (0.4–500°/sec) and compared these with human reaction times (RTs). The mean response latency was inversely related to the speed of motion up to 100°/sec, whereas the amplitude increased with the speed. The response property at the speed of 500°/sec was different from that at the other speeds. The speed‐related latency change was observed when the motion duration was 10 msec or longer in the speed range between 5 and 500°/sec, indicating that the response is directly related to the speed itself. The source of the response was estimated to be around the human MT+ and was validated by functional magnetic imaging study using the same stimuli. The results indicate that the speed of motion is encoded in the neural activity of MT+ and that it can be detected within 10 msec of motion observation. RT to the same motion onset was also inversely related to the speed of motion but the delay could not be explained by the magnetic response latency change. Instead, the reciprocal of RT was linearly related to the reciprocal of the magnetic response latency, suggesting that the visual process interacts with other neural processes for decision and motor preparation. Hum. Brain Mapping 16:104–118, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reductive dimerization and reduction of imines using lanthanum metal
Authors: Nishino Toshiki , Nishiyama Yutaka , Sonoda Noboru 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe treatment of N‐benzylideneaniline (1a) with a half‐equivalent of lanthanum metal and a catalytic amount of iodine gave the reductive dimerization product of 1a, a vic‐diamine, in good yield. Various vic‐diamines were synthesized from aldimines in this manner in moderate to good yields. Our findings suggest that electrons of a zero‐valent lanthanum metal were efficiently utilized in this reductive dimerization. In the reaction of ketimines, however, a similar reductive dimerization did not take place, and the corresponding amines were formed as the sole products. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 13:131–135, 2002; Published online in Wiley Interscience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10007
Neonatal health care costs related to smoking during pregnancy
Authors: Kathleen Adams E. , Miller Vincent P. , Ernst Carla , Nishimura Brenda K. , Melvin Cathy , Merritt Robert 
Published: August 2002

AbstractResearch objective: Much of the work on estimating health care costs attributable to smoking has failed to capture the effects and related costs of smoking during pregnancy. The goal of this study is to use data on smoking behavior, birth outcomes and resource utilization to estimate neonatal costs attributable to maternal smoking during pregnancy.Study design: We use 1995 data from the Center for Disease Control's (CDC) Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) database. The PRAMS collects representative samples of births from 13 states (Alabama, Alaska, California, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Maine, Michigan, New York (excluding New York City), Oklahoma, South Carolina, Washington, and West Virginia), and the District of Columbia. The 1995 PRAMS sample is approximately 25 000. Multivariate analysis is used to estimate the relationship of smoking to probability of admission to an NICU and, separately, the length of stay for those admitted or not admitted to an NICU. Neonatal costs are predicted for infants ‘as is’ and ‘as if’ their mother did not smoke. The difference between these constitutes smoking attributable neonatal costs; this divided by total neonatal costs constitutes the smoking attributable fraction (SAF). We use data from the MarketScan™ database of the MedStat™ Corporation to attach average dollar amounts to NICU and non‐NICU nursery nights and data from the 1997 birth certificates to extrapolate the SAFs and attributable expenses to all states.Principal findings: The analysis showed that maternal smoking increased the relative risk of admission to an NICU by almost 20%. For infants admitted to the NICU, maternal smoking increased length of stay while for non‐ NICU infants it appeared to lower it. Over all births, however, smoking increased infant length of stay by 1.1%. NICU infants cost $2496 per night while in the NICU and $1796 while in a regular nursery compared to only $748 for non‐NICU infants. The combination of the increased NICU use, longer stays and higher costs result in a positive smoking attributable fraction (SAF) for neonatal costs. The SAF across all states is 2.2%. Across the states, the SAF varied from a low of 1.3% in Texas to a high of 4.6% in Indiana.Conclusions: These results further confirm the adverse effects of smoking. Among mothers who smoke, smoking adds over $700 in neonatal costs. The smoking attributable neonatal costs in the US represent almost $367 million in 1996 dollars; these costs vary from less than a million in smaller states to over $35 million in California. These costs are highly preventable since the adverse effects of maternal smoking occur in the short‐run and can be avoided by even a temporary cessation of maternal smoking. These cost estimates can be used by managed care plans, state and local public health officials and others to evaluate alternative smoking cessation programs. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A one‐year study of the Rostherne Mere ecosystem: seasonal dynamics of water chemistry, plankton, internal nutrient release, and implications for long‐term trophic status and overall functioning of the lake
Authors: Krivtsov Vladimir , Sigee David , Bellinger Edward 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA study of Rostherne Mere (Cheshire, UK) was undertaken to reveal relationships among various ecosystem components and assess the progress in lake recovery following sewage diversion. An intensive monitoring programme included measurements of dissolved oxygen, T, pH, electric conductivity, K, Mg, Ca, Si, N and P species, Secchi depth, suspended solids, chlorophyll‐a, phyto‐ and zooplankton counts. Recorded changes and the results of correlation analysis broadly confirmed to the classic limnoecological theory and allowed detailed interpretation of the dynamics observed. The Si level was used to estimate the amount of diatom detritus produced in spring. Chemical profiles were used to estimate the amount of nutrients accumulated in the hypolimnion during the stratified period. These estimates were compared with simulations made using the model of exponential decay, which showed a good performance in the case of Si but considerable underestimation in the case of P. The differences between the values simulated by the model and estimates based on field observations resulted from the additional P release from the sediments. This release could have been stimulated by a combination of factors, including the development of anoxic layers on the sediment–water interface and Si‐induced desorption from Fe, Al and Mn oxides. Internal P loading during the stratified period was thus estimated at about 4–9 g/m2, suggesting that rapid changes in the lake's trophic status are at present unlikely. Certain aspects of this work (including interpretation of interrelationships between ecosystem components, estimation of the decomposition constant, analysis of factors controlling nutrient accumulation in the hypolimnion, and a low‐cost method to estimate internal P release) may be useful for studies of other aquatic systems and have, therefore, general limnological applicability. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.