bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The importance of the air temperature variable for the snowmelt runoff modelling using the SRM
Authors: Richard C. , Gratton D. J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractRunoff regimes in most northern basins are controlled by the melting snow cover. A common method for evaluating runoff consists in correlating ambient air temperature and recorded hydrometric gauge values. The air temperature is the principal variable to estimate the importance of the melting of the snow cover when using a global conceptual model such as the snowmelt runoff model (SRM). The temperature, which is often only measured at one weather station, must be extrapolated to the whole basin according to some kind of lapse rate. This extrapolation often assumes that air temperature is representative for a wide region, which is often not the case. The estimation of temperature values is critical, especially for large basins where the surface processes are largely influenced by a forest cover. This project has two objectives: (1) applying a mostly high mountain SRM to the Batiscan River Basin, in the Province of Québec, an area occupied by a forest with a rolling hill topography; (2) investigate the impact of the extrapolation strategy for estimating temperature values and its importance in the runoff modelling. A statistical comparison between the different modelling attempts was performed. This allowed us to obtain a sensitivity analysis of the snow runoff modelling in relation to the extrapolation of the temperature values. Our results showed that the weather station, used to perform the runoff modelling, should be located in the most representative land cover of the study area. Otherwise, the values of a synthetic regional weather station were more reliable for the modelling. Finally, before pursuing any snowmelt modelling with the SRM, the temperature values must be evaluated based on the location of the weather station to see if they are representative of the total study area. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of methods for applying the Priestley–Taylor equation at a regional scale
Authors: Castellvi F. , Stockle C. O. , Perez P. J. , Ibañez M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe scenario assumed for this study was that of a region with a complete or first‐order weather station surrounded by a network of second‐order stations, where only monthly air temperature data were available. The objective was to evaluate procedures to estimate the monthly α parameter of the Priestley–Taylor equation in the second‐order stations by adjusting and extrapolating α values determined at the first‐order station. These procedures were applied in two climatic zones of north‐east Spain with semi‐arid continental and semi‐arid Mediterranean climates, respectively. Procedure A assumed α to be constant over each zone for each month (direct extrapolation). Procedure B accounted for differences in vapour pressure deficit and available energy for evapotranspiration between the first‐ and second‐order stations. Procedure C was based on equating the Penman–Monteith (P–M) and Priestley–Taylor (P–T) equations on a monthly basis to solve for α. Methods to estimate monthly mean vapour pressure deficit, net radiation and wind speed were developed and evaluated. A total of 11 automated first‐order weather stations with a minimum period of record of 6 years (ranging from 6 to 10 years) were used for this study. Six of these stations were located in the continental zone and five in the Mediterranean zone. One station in each zone was assumed to be first‐order whereas the remainder were taken as second‐order stations. Monthly α parameters were calibrated using P–M reference crop evapotranspiration (ET0) values, calculated hourly and integrated for monthly periods, which were taken as ‘true’ values of ET0. For the extrapolation of monthly α parameters, procedure A was found to perform slightly better than procedure B in the Mediterranean zone. The opposite was true in the continental zone. Procedure C had the worst performance owing to the non‐linearity of the P–M equation and errors in the estimation of monthly available energy, vapour pressure deficit and wind speed. Procedures A and B are simpler and performed better. Overall, monthly P–T ET0 estimates using extrapolated α parameters and Rn−G values were in a reasonable agreement with P–M ET0 calculated on an hourly basis and integrated for monthly periods. The methods presented for the spatial extrapolation of monthly available energy, vapour pressure deficit and wind speed from first‐ to second‐order stations could be useful for other applications. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modelling transport of dissolved silica in a forested headwater catchment: the effect of hydrological and chemical time scales on hysteresis in the concentration–discharge relationship
Authors: Hornberger George M. , Scanlon Todd M. , Raffensperger Jeff P. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe relationship between concentration c and discharge Q in a stream is one of the aspects of hydrochemical catchment response that has been used widely as a diagnostic. In particular, loops in the c–Q curve, commonly referred to as hysteresis loops, are used to infer particular mixing patterns. At the South Fork of Brokenback Run (SFBR) in the Shenandoah National Park, Virginia, we have evidence that stream dynamics reflect a system composed of an ephemeral subsurface stormflow zone perched above a perennial water table. The relationship between dissolved silica and stream discharge exhibits hysteresis in the clockwise (CW) direction. Modelling this relationship in the context of three‐component mixing with constant‐concentration end members failed to reproduce the observed c–Q pattern. In this paper we examine the possibility that temporal variation in soil‐water concentrations of silica can explain how CW hysteresis loops in the c–Q curve can arise. In particular, we examine the role of the ratio of a hydrological time scale to a chemical time scale in determining the nature of hysteresis loops. The CW loops that we observe in SFBR can be explained by time variability in soil‐water concentrations only if the chemical (leaching) time constant is less than (or only slightly greater than) the hydrological time constant. The near equality of these time constants is consistent with reports from hydrological measurements and leaching experiments. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantitative evaluation of strategies for erosion control on a railway embankment batter
Authors: Gyasi‐Agyei Y. , Sibley J. , Ashwath N. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractStrategies for erosion control on a railway embankment batter (side slope) are quantitatively evaluated in this paper. The strategies were centred on control (‘do nothing’ treatment), grass seeding, gypsum application, jute mat (an erosion control blanket) placement and planting hedgerows of Monto vetiver grass. Rainfall and runoff were monitored at 1 min intervals on 10 m wide embankment batter plots during 1998 and 1999. Total bedload and suspended sediment eroded from the plots were also measured but only for a group of storm events within sampling intervals. It has been demonstrated that vetiver grass is not cost‐effective in controlling erosion on railway batters within Central Queensland region. Seeding alone could cause 60% reduction in the erosion rate compared with the control treatment. Applying gypsum to the calcium‐deficient soil before seeding yielded an additional 25% reduction in the erosion rate. This is the result, primarily, of 100% grass cover establishment within seven months of sowing. Therefore, for railway embankment batter erosion control, the emphasis needs to be on rapid establishment of 100% grass cover. For rapid establishment of grass cover, irrigation is necessary during the initial stages of growth as the rainfall is unpredictable and the potential evaporation exceeds rainfall in the study region. The risk of seeds and fertilizers being washed out by short‐duration and high‐intensity rainfall events during the establishment phase may be reduced by the use of erosion control blankets on sections of the batters. Accidental burning of grasses on some plots caused serious erosion problems, resulting in very slow recovery of grass growth. It is therefore recommended that controlled burning of grasses on railway batters should be avoided to protect batters from being exposed to severe erosion. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Process‐oriented catchment modelling and multiple‐response validation
Authors: Uhlenbrook S. , Leibundgut Ch. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe conceptual rainfall runoff model TAC (tracer‐aided catchment model) has been developed based on the experimental results of tracer hydrological investigations at the mountainous Brugga and Zastler basins (40 and 18·4 km2). The model contains a physically realistic description of the runoff generation, which includes seven unit types each with characteristic dominating runoff generation processes. These processes are conceptualized by different linear and non‐linear reservoir concepts. The model is applied to a period of 3·2 years on a daily time step with good success. In addition, an extensive model validation procedure was executed. Therefore, additional information (i.e. runoff in subbasins and a neighbouring basin, tracer concentrations and calculated runoff components) was used besides the simulated discharge of the basin investigated. This study shows the potential of tracer data for hydrological modelling. On the one hand, they are good tools to investigate the runoff generation processes. This is the basis for developing more realistic conceptualizations of the runoff generation routine. On the other hand, tracer data can serve as multi‐response data to assess and validate a model. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aspects of weathering and solute acquisition processes controlling chemistry of sub‐Alpine proglacial streams of Garhwal Himalaya, India
Authors: Singh Abhay Kumar , Hasnain S. I. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAn analytical study of major cations and anions of the proglacial streams of Garhwal Himalaya has been carried out to assess the weathering and geochemical processes in high altitude river basins. Calcium and magnesium are the major cations, and bicarbonate and sulphate are the most dominant anions in these waters. A high correlation among HCO3, Ca and Mg, a relatively high contribution of (Ca+Mg) to the total cations (TZ+) and high (Ca+Mg&#38;sol;Na+K) ratio indicate carbonate weathering could be the primary source of the dissolved ions. Carbonic acid weathering is the major proton‐producing reaction in the Alaknanda River, while in the Bhagirathi River it is the coupled reaction which controls the solute acquisition processes. To know the geochemical factors controlling the chemical nature of water, R‐mode factor analysis on major ion data from Ganga headwater streams has been performed. Factor 1 in the Alaknanda River is explicitly a bicarbonate factor showing strong loading of EC, Ca, Mg, HCO3and TDS. In the Bhagirathi River Factor 1 explains the sulphide dissolution and silicate weathering and Factor 2 explains carbonate weathering. Wide downstream variations are observed in the total dissolved solids (TDS) and total suspended matter (TSM) in the headwater streams of the Ganga. Quartz and feldspar are the common detrital minerals, and kaolinite and illite the common clay minerals in the suspended sediment. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ethnic and gender bias among Dutch and Turkish children in late childhood: The role of social context
Authors: Verkuyten Maykel , Thijs Jochem 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this study, intergroup bias is investigated among Dutch and Turkish children (10–13 years of age) living in the Netherlands. Children indicated their general attitudinal orientations towards boys and girls as well as towards Dutch and Turkish contemporaries. The role of social context was examined in terms of cultural and status differences between ethnic and gender categories, and also in terms of the school situation. Compared to Dutch children, the Turkish children showed less ethnic bias but more gender bias. In addition, boys showed more ethnic bias than girls, with girls indicating more gender bias. Furthermore, Turkish children had higher ethnic identification than did Dutch children, and girls had higher gender identification than boys. Intercultural education was shown to have a positive effect on ethnic bias, and the percentage of Dutch children in the classroom had a negative effect. Neither characteristic had an effect on gender bias. It is argued that the pattern of results is most in agreement with an intergroup perspective in which the role of social context is taken into account. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How specific is the relation between executive function and theory of mind? Contributions of inhibitory control and working memory
Authors: Carlson Stephanie M. , Moses Louis J. , Breton Casey 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe relation between executive function (EF) and theory of mind (ToM) may involve specific processes of inhibition and/or working memory capacity contributing to ToM, or it might be a reflection of general intellectual ability. To differentiate these alternatives, we administered task batteries measuring inhibitory control (IC), working memory, and ToM, as well as measures of verbal and performance intelligence, to 47 typically developing preschool children. Inhibitory control tasks in which a dominant response needed to be suppressed while a subdominant response was activated (Conflict IC) significantly predicted performance on false belief tasks over and above working memory, the intelligence measures, a simple delay task (Delay IC), and age. In contrast, working memory, Delay IC, and intelligence were not significant in this analysis. Conflict IC, but not Delay IC, was related to working memory. Together, these findings suggest that the combination of inhibition and working memory (as reflected in Conflict IC tasks) may be central to the relation between EF and false belief understanding. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
HER‐2/neu–derived peptide epitopes are also recognized by cytotoxic CD3+CD56+ (natural killer T) lymphocytes
Authors: Baxevanis Constantin N. , Gritzapis Angelos D. , Tsitsilonis Ourania E. , Katsoulas Haralabos L. , Papamichail Michael 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe human HER‐2/neu gene encodes a 185 kDa transmembrane glycoprotein recognized by MHC class I–restricted CTLs. Here, we report that HER‐2/neu peptide CTL epitopes can also be recognized by cytotoxic NK‐T lymphocytes. Unfractionated peptides derived from HLA‐A2+, HER‐2/neu+ tumor cells acid cell extract (ACE), collected from patients with metastatic ovarian cancer, were used as antigen to generate in vitro cytotoxic effectors. ACE was able to elicit from cancer patients' PBMCs both αβTCR+CD3+CD56− and αTCR+CD3+CD56+ (NK‐T) CTLs that lysed ACE‐sensitized T2 cells in an HLA‐A2–restricted manner. The same CTL lines also recognized T2 cells pulsed with HER‐2/neu–derived CTL peptide epitopes, a HER‐2/neu–transfected HLA‐A2+ cell line and autologous tumor cells. αTCR+CD3+CD56+ CTL lines also exhibited NK‐like cytotoxicity against autologous tumor cells. CTL clones were isolated from αTCR+CD3+CD56+ bulk cultures displaying both MHC‐ and non‐MHC–restricted cytotoxicity, thus confirming the dual cytolytic function of such cells. Our data demonstrate that ACE from metastatic ovarian tumors can be used as multiepitope vaccines for generating in vitro, besides classical CTLs, NK‐T cells exerting efficient MHC‐ and non‐MHC–restricted cytotoxicity against autologous tumor targets. Such NK‐T cells expressing dual cytotoxic activity may prove advantageous in cancer immunotherapy. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
PPARγ‐mediated antineoplastic effect of NSAID sulindac on human oral squamous carcinoma cells
Authors: Nikitakis Nikolaos G. , Hebert Carla , Lopes Marcio A. , Reynolds Mark A. , Sauk John J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThere is strong evidence that nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) sulindac may exert a significant antineoplastic effect. The purpose of our study was to explore the effects of sulindac on human oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCCa) cells and to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms. The changes that sulindac treatment induced on growth, apoptosis and cell cycle distribution of human oral SCCa cell lines were assessed by cell growth and flow cytometry experiments. Utilizing quantitative RT‐PCR and immunocytochemistry, we determined the effect of sulindac treatment on mRNA and protein expression of different sulindac's targets. Also, PPARγ expression was selectively targeted by antisense oligonucleotide treatment. Both sulfide and sulfone metabolites of sulindac, which differ in the ability to cause COX‐2 inhibition, induced a significant dose‐ and time‐dependent cell growth reduction accompanied by increase in apoptosis without concomitant cell cycle arrest. Sulindac treatment also caused upregulation of the protein and mRNA expression levels of COX‐2 and PPARs. Treatment with antisense PPARγ oligonucleotides abolished sulindac's growth inhibitory effect. Our results are consistent with a significant growth inhibitory effect of NSAID sulindac on human oral SCCa cells, which is mediated, at least partially, through induction of apoptosis. We suggest that upregulation of PPARγ expression and activation may be, at least partially, responsible for sulindac's antiproliferative effect. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lifelong vegetarianism and risk of breast cancer: A population‐based case‐control study among South Asian migrant women living in England
Authors: dos Santos Silva Isabel , Mangtani Punam , McCormack Valerie , Bhakta Dee , Sevak Leena , McMichael Anthony J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTo investigate the role of lifelong vegetarianism on the aetiology of female breast cancer, we conducted a population‐based case‐control study among South Asian migrant women from the Indian subcontinent resident in England. A total of 240 South Asian breast cancer cases were identified from 2 cancer registries during 1995–1999. For each case, 2 age‐matched South Asian controls were randomly selected from the age‐sex register of the case practice. Lifelong vegetarians had a slight reduction, although not statistically significant, in the odds of breast cancer relative to lifelong meat‐eaters, which persisted after adjustment for socio‐demographic and reproductive variables [odds ratio (OR)=0.77; 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.50–1.18]. Analysis by food group revealed no linear trend in the odds of breast cancer with increasing consumption of meat (p=0.10) but the odds were higher for women in the top 75%. In contrast, there were strong inverse trends in the odds of breast cancer with increasing intake of vegetables (p=0.005), pulses (p=0.007) and fibre [non‐starch polysaccharides, NSP (p=0.02)], with women in the highest 25% of intake of these foods having about 50% of the odds of those in the lowest ones. Adjustment for intake of vegetables and pulses reverted the odds of breast cancer in lifelong vegetarians relative to lifelong meat‐eaters (OR=1.04; 95% CI=0.65–1.68) and attenuated the quartile‐specific estimates for meat intake, whereas the inverse trends in the odds of breast cancer with intake of vegetables and pulses remained after adjustment for type of diet or meat intake. These findings suggest that lifelong vegetarianism may be associated with a reduction in the risk of breast cancer through its association with a higher intake of vegetables and pulses. Although it is not possible to exclude the possibility that lifelong meat abstention may also play a role, the findings provide evidence that a diet rich in vegetables and pulses, such as those typically found in South Asian diets, may be protective against this cancer. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Circulating enterolactone and prostate cancer risk: A Nordic nested case‐control study
Authors: Stattin Pär , Adlercreutz Herman , Tenkanen Leena , Jellum Egil , Lumme Sonja , Hallmans Göran , Harvei Sverre , Teppo Lyly , Stumpf Katariina , Luostarinen Tapio , Lehtinen Matti , Dillner Joakim , Hakama Matti 
Published: August 2002

AbstractEnterolactone, a phytoestrogen belonging to the class of lignans, is produced by the intestinal microflora from precursors in plant foods and has been implicated in protection against cancer. We study the effect of enterolactone on the risk of a subsequent diagnosis of prostate cancer. We conducted a longitudinal, nested case‐control study by linkage of 3 biobanks to the cancer registries in Finland, Norway and Sweden, respectively. Enterolactone concentrations were measured by time‐resolved fluoroimmunoassay in serum from 794 men who had a diagnosis of prostate cancer at a mean follow‐up time of 14.2 years after blood collection and among 2,550 control men matched within each cohort for age (±2 years), date of blood collection (±2 months) and county. The median enterolactone concentrations did not differ between case and control subjects in the full study group (8.4 nmol/L [25th–75th percentile = 4.5–15.0] vs. 8.5 nmol/L [25th–75th percentile = 4.3–15.9]), nor in the national groups. Odds ratios of prostate cancer risk estimated by conditional logistic regression for increasing concentrations of enterolactone in quartiles in the full study group were 1.00 (referent), 1.21 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.96–1.52), 1.16 (95% CI = 0.91–1.47) and 1.08 (95% CI = 0.83–1.39). The OR estimate for the highest vs. the lowest quartile of enterolactone in separate analyses of the Norwegian, Finnish and Swedish cohort was 1.21 (95% CI = 0.91–1.60), 1.02 (95% CI = 0.59–1.76) and 0.87 (95% CI = 0.45–1.67), respectively. No support for the hypothesis that high circulating enterolactone is protective against prostate cancer was found. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reconstructing the Small Area Geography of Mid‐Wales for an Analysis of Population Change 1961–95
Authors: Walford Nigel 
Published: August 2002

AbstractReversal of the long‐established trend of rural depopulation during recent decades has countered the continuing decline to which peripheral rural areas of developed countries were condemned in the 1960s. This paper reconstructs the small area geography of Mid‐Wales in order to provide a set of consistent small spatial units for examining net intercensal population and household change since 1961, and for projecting the 1961 community population totals forwards to 1971, 1981 and 1991. This offers the opportunity to consider the usefulness of spatial analysis tools in geographical information systems and small area population projections for population geographers. Analysis of net population change reveals that several communities continued to experience demographic decline despite repopulation overall, and that urban and rural communities had net increases in their household totals irrespective of their history of population change. This analysis provides a context for a survey of households yielding some insights into the processes underlying these demographic changes. The survey provides evidence not only of economic migration, but also of households altering their housing characteristics or household composition in connection with relocating to a rural environment. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.