bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A mechanistic model for estimating VOC emissions from industrial process drains part I: The underlying channel
Authors: Olson David A. , Stubbe Justin K. , Corsi Richard L. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractRecent research has indicated the potential for emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from industrial process drains, and a need for better understanding of the mass transfer kinetics associated with such emissions. In this study, a two‐zone model was developed in an effort to isolate individual mass transfer mechanisms. Zone 1, described in this paper, consists of the underlying channel in either a sealed or unsealed drain. A series of nine experiments we re completed on a laboratory drain system over a range of operating conditions to determine mass transfer parameters. Liquid‐phase mass transfer coefficients we re highly correlated with liquid flow rate for both sealed and unsealed drains. Gas‐phase mass transfer coefficients were less predictable, but were relatively constant.
A mechanistic model for estimating VOC emissions from industrial process drains part II: The water seal
Authors: Olson David A. , Stubbe Justin K. , Corsi Richard L. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThis paper deals with the second of a two‐zone model developed for estimation of volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from industrial process drains. Zone 2 consists of the trap volume in a sealed drain, where emissions were found to be affected by air entrainment and volatilization at the surface of the water seal. Emissions via bubble entrainment were influenced by the air entrainment rate and degree of chemical equilibrium (saturation). Each of these factors was correlated with process flowrate for both intact and disintegrated flow regimes. Entrained air bubbles were observed to approach a condition of chemical equilibrium exponentially with decreasing Henry's law constant.
Combustion toxics: Available data and additional needs
Authors: Siegell Jeffrey H. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractWith the continuing expansion of air pollution regulations there is an increasing awareness of the potential need to assess the emissions and impact of trace compounds from combustion sources in refineries and chemical plants. It has been found that these trace compounds may be emitted as the result of incomplete fuel combustion, formation of new compounds during combustion, or the presence of inorganics (e.g. metals) in the fuel. Emission factors based on field data from these sources have recently been published by both the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the American Petroleum Institute (API). The emission factors indicate that a large number of trace compounds may be emitted from combustion sources including volatiles, semi‐volatiles, PAHs, metals, and dioxins/furans. Some of these trace compounds have been classified as hazardous or toxic.A review of the EPA and API published data sets indicates that, while there is some overlap, many gaps exist in specific source and emission types. Where gaps exist, there is a lack of confirmation for the reported emission factor. Comparison of the EPA and API emission factors for gas and fuel oil fired boilers, however, indicates reasonable agreement for several metals and some PAHs where the data overlap. EPA, however, has sampled for many more metals than API and several EPA factors for PAHs are significantly higher than reported by API. Additional tests may be warranted where there is insufficient overlap.Much additional work needs to be done to provide reliable factors which can be used to estimate trace toxic emissions from combustion. Many gaps and inconsistencies exist in the emission factors database and changes to existing factors are expected as the database is expanded.
Using LCA for procurement decisions: A case study performed for the U.S. environmental protection agency
Authors: Schenck Rita 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe U.S. EPA has developed guidance for the use of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) for environmentally preferable purchasing. To support the guidance development, pilot studies were performed, one of which is described here. The study was performed in only four months, using simplified impact assessment methodologies. It showed that one product was environmentally preferable. This pilot demonstrated that LCA's are feasible for the purpose of purchasing decisions.
Accounting for engineering trade‐offs in corporate and public decision‐making
Authors: Stone Kenneth R. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractFrom experience in developing and testing pollution prevention tools ranging from the opportunity assessment methodology to life cycle assessment and impact assessment, the Systems Analysis Branch (SAB) of the EPA 's National Risk Management Research Laboratory (NRMRL) has acquired a long record of lessons learned in applying these approaches for real world applications. Many of these lessons illustrate several limitations exhibited by each of these P2 approaches. For example, the pollution prevention opportunity assessment (PPOA), perhaps the most intuitive and simplest P2 tool available, is very good at identifying ways to improve operating practices, but the SAB has found several deficiencies in the PPOA 's ability to support the procurement of new equipment, products and substitute materials. Life cycle assessment, by contrast, resolves most of those deficiencies by providing a far more comprehensive picture than PPOA, but it is very complex and more expensive by at least an order of magnitude than the PPOA. Further, while each methodological approach provides information on environmental burdens, neither provides any insights on the inevitable trade‐offs that occur in performance and cost resulting from a decision. The failure to account for these trade‐offs early in the assessment may result in a decision that inadvertently creates negative impacts in performance, cost and environment.The purpose of this article is to propose a new perspective to account for the trade‐offs inherent from making a change.
Field survey of reduced‐sulfur emissions from a modern finnish pulp mill
Authors: Järvensivu Mika , Mäenpää Tom , Jämsä‐Jounela Sirkka‐Liisa , Saari Kari 
Published: April 2004

AbstractSubstantial advances in air emission control technology during the last decade have brought about a decrease in reduced‐sulfur emissions from pulp mills. Un fortunately, these reduced‐sulfur compounds still cause subjective odor problems at very low concentrations. As a result pulp mills, even with efficient odor abatement systems, may produce a foul odor in the surrounding area. On the other hand, it will not be easy to further reduce the malodorous sulfur emissions at modern pulp mills because all the major emission sources have already been eliminated.This paper presents the results of a field survey made at one of the major Finnish pulp mills. In the study, all the main emission sources we re analyzed, and the ambient air concentrations of reduced‐sulfur compounds in the area surrounding the mill we re measured. Emission rates from the current sources and measured ambient air concentrations are presented.The effects of the main continuous emission sources on ground level concentrations are estimated by means of a Gaussian model of emission dispersion. In addition, the emission sources are ranked on the basis of the estimated ground level concentrations and the momentary emission rates. Finally, means of reducing the current continuous and occasional emissions of reduced‐sulfur are recommended.
Fate of air toxics and VOCs in the odor control scrubbers at the deer island treatment plant
Authors: Myslinski Thomas , Rhode Steven , Shilinsky Kenneth , Hunt Gary , Basu Somnath 
Published: April 2004

AbstractProcess off‐gases at the Deer Island wastewater treatment plant in Boston are collected and treated and its stack emissions regulated for selected gases including volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which are monitored as nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHC). The air treatment processes of countercurrent wet oxidation scrubbing and granulated activated carbon adsorption are available for emissions control at Deer Island. In addition, since the wastewater treatment process of biochemical oxidation is fully enclosed at the site, microbial destruction of VOCs is an intrinsic treatment process for organic gases. Surveyed results of wastewater research literature indicate that the use of scrubbers for the removal of VOCs is controversial, as the fate of volatile hydrocarbon molecules across odor control scrubbers is complex and not fully understood. Continuous emission monitoring tests across the Deer Island scrubbers have consistently shown a VOC removal efficiency in excess of 50%.The fate of the scrubber inlet VOCs at Deer Island was researched as part of a plant‐wide, on‐going VOC study. Removal efficiencies across the pure oxygen bioreactors were also investigated. Preliminary results of this study indicate chemical reactions involving VOCs in odor control scrubbers partially oxidize and chlorinate derivatives possibly destroying a fraction of the compounds by complete oxidation. In addition, VOC reduction across the enclosed aerobic bioreactors was found to be significant.This article represents the opinions and(legal) conclusions of the authors and not necessarily those of the MWRA.
Wastewater minimization with chemical‐free water treating
Authors: Reeves Gary G. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractRefineries and chemical plants generate wastewater that contains organics and dissolved minerals from incoming raw materials, and residual chemicals that are used in the processes but do not become part of the products. Using chemistry to follow trace impurities in the water collection and reuse routes can provide valuable information about the fate of these impurities. The reuse of wastewater in a facility concentrates trace impurities, which can create effluent that may not be readily treatable with conventional treatment methods.Water balances should be used to identify opportunities to reduce water use and reduce the generation of wastewater streams. By properly evaluating treatment options for raw water, using less or no treatment chemicals, the production of wastewater can be minimized. Management techniques such as reducing or even eliminating treatment chemicals, and diverting treated and untreated wastewater for cooling tower make up or other plant applications, reduces the quantity of water disposed of as waste.Evaluation of the use of raw materials and options to reduce or eliminate the use of chemicals in the process is compared to the cost of, and options for, disposing of concentrated wastewater.
Oxygen effects on thermophilic microbial populations in biofilters treating nitric oxide containing off‐gas streams
Authors: Lee Brady D. , Apel William A. , Smith William A. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractElectricity generation from coal has increased by an average of 51 billion kWh per year over the past 3 years. For this reason cost‐effective strategies to control nitrogen oxides (NOx) from coal‐fired power plant combustion gases must be developed. Compost biofilters operated at 55°C at an empty bed contact time (EBCT) of 13 seconds were shown to be feasible for removal of nitric oxide (NO) from synthetic flue gas. Denitrifying microbial populations in these biofilters were shown to reduce influent NO feeds by 90 to 95% at inlet NO concentrations of 500 ppmv. Oxygen was shown to have a significant effect on the NO removal efficiency demonstrated by these biofilters. Two biofilters were set up under identical conditions for the purpose of monitoring NO removal as well as changes in the microbial population in the bed medium under anaerobic and aerobic conditions. Changes in the microbial population were monitored to determine the maximum oxygen tolerance of a denitrifying biofilter as well as methods of optimizing microbial populations capable of denitrification in the presence of low oxygen concentrations. Nitric oxide removal dropped to between 10 and 20% when oxygen was present in the influent stream. The inactive compost used to pack the biofilters may have also caused the decreased NO removal efficiency compared to previous biofiltration experiments. Analysis of the bed medium microbial population using environmental scanning electron microscopy indicated significant increases in biomass populating the surface of the compost when compared to unacclimated compost.
Texas NOx state implementation plan for houston‐galveston area
Authors: Grover Rajiv , Bradford Mike L. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractOn December 6, 2000, the Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission (TNRCC) adopted a comprehensive Attainment Demonstration Plan, commonly referred to as the Smog Plan, to bring the Houston‐Galveston Area (HGA) into compliance with one‐hour National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for ground level ozone. The Federal Clean Air Act Amendments (FCAAA) of 1990 ordered HGA to meet the NAAQS for ozone, smog's main ingredient, by eliminating enough air pollution from industrial, automotive, and other sources by November 15, 2007. The TNRCC Plan calls for reducing the emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) by 75% and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by 25% in the Houston‐Galveston Area. These air quality improvement measures are the toughest ever considered in Texas, and some of the toughest ever considered in the nation. The TNRCC will be performing a mid‐course evaluation, by May 2004, to revisit the level of controls adopted in the attainment demonstration plan.The purpose of this paper is to provide information on the Smog Plan and its potential impact on a wide variety of industry sources. The reader should gain a better knowledge of the State Implementation Plan (SIP) rulemaking process and its potential impact on their day‐to‐day activities.
Photochemical treatment of a mixed PAH/surfactant solution for surfactant recovery and reuse
Authors: An Youn‐Joo 
Published: April 2004

AbstractBecause of their hydrophobic nature, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are generally thought to be unavailable to in situ remediation processes, and solubilization of PAHs by surfactants is usually recommended. However, mixed PAH/surfactant solutions are wastewaters that need a post‐treatment after solubilization. In this study, mixed solutions of PAH and perfluorinated surfactant (PFS) were photochemically treated with and without hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and the subsequent recovery and reuse of surfactant solutions were demonstrated. Phenanthrene and pyrene were selected as representative PAHs and lithium perfluorooctanesulfonate (LiFOS) as a PFS. Direct photolysis (UV only) and UV/H2O2 process enhanced the PAH degradation in LiFOS solutions compared to water. Both treatment processes selectively degraded PAHs without damaging PFS, suggesting that PFS withstands photolysis. Overall, it is demonstrated that UV and UV/H2O2 processes of mixed PAH/PFS solutions are effective for surfactant recovery/reuse, as well as PAH degradation.
Oxidation of ferrous iron by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans in a full‐scale rotating biological contactor
Authors: Nikolov L. , Karamanev D. , Dakov L. , Popova V. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe performance of a full‐scale rotating biological contactor used for the oxidation of ferrous iron by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans in drainage waters was studied. It has been shown that high volumetric rates, up to 2.5 g/Lh can be obtained. We also examined the effects of input ferrous iron concentration and liquid retention time on reactor performance. It has been shown that when the input iron concentration increased, volumetric reaction rate increased while substrate conversion decreased. In general, the rotating biological contractor is a promising tool for the biological treatment of acid mine drainage containing ferrous iron.
Low NOx burner technology for ethylene cracking furnaces
Authors: Bussman Wes , Poe Roger , Hayes Bob , McAdams Jason , Karan Jay 
Published: April 2004

AbstractRegulations currently proposed for the South Texas area demand reduction of NOx emissions from combustion processes, like refining and petrochemical furnaces, to less than 10 ppm for large heat releases. A new generation of low NOx burner technology has been developed for eductor‐style, radiant‐wall burners used in ethylene cracking furnaces. These new, revolutionary burners achieve single digit NOx emission levels using an ultra‐lean premix technology. This strategy extends the stoichiometry of the fuel and air/flue gas mixture near the point of the lean flammability limit, providing NOx levels that were previously unattainable in burner designs. This paper describes the principles underlying the features of the new technology, technical objectives and strategies used to develop the burner, and test data that clearly demonstrate this technology.
CMP wastewater management using the concepts of design for environment
Authors: Yang Gordon C. C. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractApplication of design for environment (DfE) concepts to management of wastewater from chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) processes are presented in this paper. Today, DfE is a prevailing concept and is widely adopted by advanced nations in lieu of the traditional “command and control” approach to control waste and toxic emissions. Designing environmentally‐benign processes and products is a new and challenging frontier for engineering professionals, including those in the semiconductor industry. An insatiable need for water and subsequent wastewater treatment has imposed a chilling effect on semiconductor industry growth. It was estimated that semiconductor producers consumed more than 5.523 × 108 m3 of water in 2000. Of this amount, CMP processes accounted for 40% of the total. The CMP tool market and CMP slurry market are estimated to have 36% and 29% annual growth rates, respectively between 2000 and 2005.Inevitably, a tremendous amount of waste slurry and post‐CMP rinse water will be generated and have to be managed properly. CMP wastewater is characterized by its high content of suspended solids having sub‐micron particle sizes, high turbidity, and high conductivity. Traditional wastewater treatment technologies, such as chemical coagulation/precipitation, do not work well for CMP wastewater, because it would generate a large volume of sludge, which might cause disposal problems in many countries, such as Taiwan. Therefore, utilizing pollution prevention principles in the design of CMP tools, development of new CMP slurries, and improved plant operations are necessary to minimize environmental damage.Reclamation of process water is also a common requirement in the semiconductor industry. To this end, several alternatives for source reduction of CMP wastewater and water reclamation are presented in this paper.
Adsorbing colloid flotation for removal of metal ions in waters from base metal mines
Authors: Sabti H. , Brooks R. R. , Stewart R. B. , Hossain Monwar 
Published: April 2004

AbstractAdsorbing Colloid Flotation (ACF) has been shown in laboratory experiments to be effective for the removal of heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Cd and Pb) from dilute solutions. Sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and sodium oleate (NaOl) were used as surfactants in single or mixed form, with Fe(OH)3 as a flocculant for colloid formation. These reagents worked best for zinc and copper ions for a feed concentration of 50 parts per million (ppm). The removal of lead improved significantly by the use of Fe(OH)3 and NaLS (Sodium lauryl sulphate), while the best removal of cadmium was achieved by the use of Al(OH)3 and HTMABr (hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide). Flotation experiments were conducted with feed concentrations of 50 and 500 parts per billion (ppb) and 50 ppm (parts per million). The experimental results showed that the residual concentration of metal ions decreased significantly with the decrease in the feed concentration. This could be the effect of excessive (much more than stoichiometric ratio) amounts of surfactant and flocculant, compared to the feed concentrations, required in the effective flotation of dilute feed solutions. The surfactant concentration and feed pH had the largest effects on the process, as observed in the case of cadmium removal. This can be attributed to the flocformation and flotation tendencies of the colloid‐metal complexes at various solution pH and surfactant concentrations. The ACF method was applied to a number of natural drainage solutions from the metal mines at Te Aroha, New Zealand, and the experimental results demonstrate that significant removal is achieved for most of the heavy metals.
Implementing a global greenhouse gas emissions trading program
Authors: Zarnitz Ryan 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe Kyoto Protocol of 1997 loosely outlines a variety of possible greenhouse gas emissions trading plans. Emissions trading has been used successfully in the U.S. to reduce emissions of SO2, NOx, and CFCs, and to eliminate use of leaded gasoline. A brief review of these programs is presented, followed by a discussion of the elements that made them successful. These success factors will then be discussed in the context of a global greenhouse gas trading system. Trading may help substantially reduce emissions by channeling funds to the location where the most reduction per unit of currency is achieved. However, the effectiveness of the Kyoto protocol is in severe jeopardy due to a lack of interest by the U.S. government.
The effect of silicone oil on biofiltration of hydrophobic compounds
Authors: Fazaelipoor Mohammad Hassan , Shojaosadati Seyed Abbas 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThis paper documents an investigation on the effect of using silicone oil in the bed of a perlite biofilter for removal of a mixture of hydrophobic compounds. Two bench‐scale biofilters, one with silicone oil and the other without silicone oil as a control, were used for the investigations. Results showed, at low inlet concentrations, the difference in performance between the silicone oil‐treated biofilter and the control biofilter were insignificant, while at high concentrations, the biofilter with silicone oil performed slightly better. The maximum elimination capacities obtained in this research were 20.41 g/(m3bed.h) and 18.83 g/(m3bed.h) for the silicone oil‐added biofilter and the control biofilter, under the same conditions, respectively.
Mercury contamination from metal scrap processing facilities: A study by ohio EPA
Authors: Sastry Radhica , Orlemann James , Koval Paul J. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractMercury is a pollutant that causes great concern to regulators in the United States, especially to states that are located in the Great Lakes Region. Mercury is considered a significant environmental problem due to its ability to bioaccumulate in the aquatic food chain, where it may eventually affect human health. It is released into the atmosphere by natural, as well as anthropogenic, sources. Some of the anthropogenic sources include coal‐fired utility plants and industrial processes. In Ohio, we have taken a proactive approach to identify some of the sources that emit mercury into the atmosphere. Routine emission testing in mid‐1999 showed that metal scrap melting facilities could be fairly large sources of mercury emissions. Following this finding, Ohio EPA sent out a survey to all facilities that melt, or otherwise process, scrap metal to determine the possible extent of mercury emissions from these facilities. After analyzing the results of the survey, Ohio EPA has required certain facilities to conduct tests for mercury emissions. This paper outlines the methodology implemented to identify these possible sources of mercury emissions in Ohio.