bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of toxicity of zinc for soil microbial processes between laboratory-contamined and polluted field soils
Authors: Smolders Erik , Mcgrath Steve P. , Lombi Enzo , Karman Chris C. , Bernhard Roland , Cools Danielle , Van den Brande Karen , van Os Bertil , Walrave Nicolai 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Soil microbial processes are readily disturbed by added zinc (Zn) in laboratory ecotoxicity tests. This study compares Zn toxicity between freshly spiked soils and soils that have been contaminated with Zn in the field. Soils were sampled in three transects (&lt;80 m) toward galvanized electricity transmission towers (pylons). The soil total Zn concentrations gradually increased in each transect from background values (25-82 mg Zn/kg) to elevated Zn concentrations near the pylon (226-595 mg Zn/kg). Soil samples taken at the furthest distance from the Zn source were spiked with ZnCl2 to a range of total Zn concentrations similar to those in the transect. Nitrification, respiration, and N-mineralization rates were significantly reduced by added Zn in laboratoryspiked soils and were 9 to 95% (mean 32%) of the control values at largest doses depending on soil type and the microbial process. In contrast, these processes were either unaffected by soil Zn (p &gt; 0.05) or increased significantly with soil Zn concentrations in the transect soils. These increases could not be explained by soil pH or%soil organic carbon. Leaching soils after spiking significantly lowered the toxic effects of Zn on nitrification or on substrate-induced respiration. The soil solution Zn concentrations of field soils were always smaller than in spiked soils at equivalent total Zn. Highest soil solution Zn concentrations were always lower than the soil-solution EC50s of spiked soils. It is concluded that there is a large discrepancy in microbial responses to elevated Zn between spiked soils (unleached) and field-contaminated soils and there is a need to explain this discrepancy in terms of Zn availability, adaptation processes, and additional soil factors controlling the microbial processes.
Productivity of American robins exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls, Housatonic River, Massachusetts, USA
Authors: Henning Miranda H. , Robinson Scott K. , Mckay Kelly J. , Sullivan Joseph P. , Bruckert Heather 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
American robins (Turdus migratorius) breeding in the Housatonic River (MA, USA) watershed were studied in the field in 2001 to determine whether productivity was adversely affected by exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), as would be suggested by extrapolation from laboratory studies on other avian species. The study involved identifying nests within the Housatonic River floodplain (target area) and in reference areas beyond foraging distance of the floodplain, monitoring clutch size and number hatched and fledged, collecting eggs and nestlings for analysis for PCBs, and testing for differences in productivity between populations. One hundred and six active robin nests were monitored. Although concentrations of PCBs in target specimens were more than two orders of magnitude greater than in reference specimens, the only statistically significant differences in productivity were inconsistent with an exposure-related effect. First-generation productivity of exposed robins was within the range of natural background variation. Bioequivalence tests confirmed that first-generation productivity was statistically and biologically equivalent in target and reference robins. These findings contrast with extrapolations from laboratory studies of other avian species.
Polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in baltic and atlantic gray seal (Halichoerus grypus) pups
Authors: Sørmo Eugen G. , Skaare Janneche U. , JÜSsi Ivar , JÜSsi Mart , Jenssen BjØRn M. 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Organochlorine pollutants (OCs), such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), DDT, chlordanes (CHLs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) were determined in blubber biopsies from free-ranging Baltic and Atlantic gray seal (Halichoerus grypus) pups. Well-fed pups from the Baltic Sea had concentrations of DDT, PCBs, and HCHs that were 2 to 10 times higher than in corresponding pups from populations in the Atlantic Ocean. The OC pattern in the Baltic seals differed significantly from that of their Atlantic relatives, reflecting the predominance of regional point source inputs into the Baltic Sea and long-range atmospheric inputs into the Atlantic Ocean. The differences in the pattern of the compounds also indicated an enhanced metabolism of the more metabolizable compounds in the more contaminated Baltic seals. Surprisingly, the proportions of the high chlorinated and low-volatile PCB congeners (&gt;6 Cl atoms) were comparable or lower in the Baltic pups as compared to the Atlantic pups. This difference might be due to Baltic seals occupying a lower trophic level than Atlantic seals and/or to the eutrophication situation in the Baltic Sea, which causes sedimentation of these PCB congeners. Significantly higherOCconcentrations were found in starved and/or abandoned Baltic pups as compared to well-fed pups. The most contaminated Baltic seal pups in the present study had PCB concentrations that are comparable or higher than those reported to impair the immune systems and vitamin A dynamics in phocids.
Hydroxylated and methylsulfone-containing metabolites of polychlorinated biphenyls in the plasma and blubber of bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus)
Authors: Hoekstra Paul F. , Letcher Robert J. , O'Hara Todd M. , Backus Sean M. , Solomon Keith R. , Muir Derek C. G. 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus) blubber (n = 20) and plasma (n = 19) samples were collected during the 1997 to 2000 Inuit subsistence harvests in Barrow, Alaska, USA, to quantify the concentrations of methylsulfone (MeSO2)-containing and hydroxylated (OH) polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) metabolites in this cetacean. The distribution of MeSO2-PCBs in blubber was dominated by 4-MeSO2-substituted congeners, the most abundant being 4-MeSO2-CB-70, 3ǐ-MeSO2-CB-132, and 4-MeSO2CB-64. Mean (±1 standard error) sum (Σ) MeSO2-PCBs concentrations in blubber were low (6.23 ± 0.81 ng g−1 lipid normalized) compared to concentrations previously reported in other marine mammals. However, similar ratios of MeSO2-PCB metabolites to parent PCB congeners among marine mammals suggest that cytochrome P450 2B-like biotransformation and other necessary enzymemediated processes and mechanisms that influence the formation and clearance of MeSO2-PCBs exist in the bowhead whale. Pentachlorophenol was the most abundant halogenated phenolic compound quantified in bowhead plasma (1.55 ± 0.19 ng g−1 wet wt). Despite indirect evidence for arene epoxidation of the biphenyl moiety inferred from MeSO2-PCB formation, ΣOH-PCB concentrations in bowhead plasma were low (1.52 ± 0.31 ng g−1 wet wt) compared to humans and marine mammals and were comprised of only two detectable OH-PCB congeners (4ǐ-OH-CB-130 and 4-OH-CB-187). Further research is required to elucidate the toxicokinetics and distribution of OH-PCBs in this cetacean.
INDO
/
S
Authors: Voityuk Alexander A , Rösch Notker 
Published: November 2004

Abstract

The semiempirical method
INDO/S
is reviewed with regard to its role as a computational tool for calculating spectroscopic properties of molecular systems ranging from organic and biological molecules to nanoparticles. The theoretical background and the parameterization of the method as well as its accuracy and limitations are discussed. A brief overview of typical applications, comprising examples from organic, inorganic, and organometallic chemistry as well as biochemistry and material science, illustrates the performance of the
INDO/S
scheme in computational studies on excited‐state properties of molecules.
Survival of patients with periampullary carcinoma is predicted by lymph node 8a but not by lymph node 16b1 status
Authors: Connor S , Bosonnet L , Ghaneh P , Alexakis N , Hartley M , Campbell F , Sutton R , Neoptolemos J P 
Published: November 2004

Abstract

Background
The aim of this study was to assess the impact of metastatic disease in lymph nodes 8a and 16b1 (as defined by the Japanese Pancreas Society) on survival in patients with periampullary malignancy.

Methods
Patients undergoing resection for primary pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma or intrapancreatic bile duct adenocarcinoma were identified from a prospective database (September 1997–May 2003).

Results
Thirteen of 54 and ten of 44 evaluable patients had metastatic involvement of lymph nodes 8a and 16b1 respectively. Metastatic involvement of lymph node 8a was associated with a significantly shorter median survival (197 versus 470 days; P = 0·003) but metastatic involvement of lymph node 16b1 did not affect survival (457 versus 503 days; P = 0·185). Multivariate analysis showed lymph node 8a status to be the strongest predictor of outcome (P = 0·006). Median survival of those with metastatic lymph node 8a was not significantly different from that of 81 patients with overt metastatic periampullary cancer at the time of diagnosis (98 days; P = 0·072)

Conclusion
Lymph node 8a was an independent prognostic factor in patients with periampullary malignancy, but lymph node 16b1 was not. Survival in those with metastatic lymph node 8a was not significantly different from that in patients with metastatic disease at presentation. Preoperative determination of lymph node 8a status may have important implications in selecting patients for treatment.
Bile duct cysts in adults
Authors: Söreide K , Körner H , Havnen J , Söreide J A 
Published: November 2004

Abstract

Background
Bile duct cysts are rare and of uncertain origin. Most have been reported in young females of Asian descent, but an increasing number have occurred in Western adults.

Methods
A Medline literature search was performed to locate articles on the pathophysiological concepts, clinical behaviour and management controversies pertaining to bile duct cysts in adults. Emphasis was placed on reports from the past two decades.

Results and conclusion
An increasing rate of occurrence of bile duct cyst is reported in adults. Type IV cysts are more frequent in adults than children. Presentation tends to be non-specific abdominal discomfort. Related hepatobiliary or pancreatic disease frequently precedes recognition, and may complicate the postoperative course. Surgical treatment aims to relieve complications deriving from the cysts and to reduce the significant risk of malignant change within the biliary tree. Complete cyst resection, cholecystectomy and Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy reconstruction is standard. Controversy exists about the role of hepatic resection in type IV and V cysts, and the role of minimally invasive and laparoscopic treatment. In general, the outcome is good and a near-zero mortality rate has been reported in institutional series over the past decade.
Dynamic Equilibrium between a Supramolecular Capsule and Bowl Generated by Inter‐ and Intramolecular Metal Clipping
Authors: Park Seong Jin , Shin Dong Mok , Sakamoto Shigeru , Yamaguchi Kentaro , Chung Young Keun , Lah Myoung Soo , Hong Jong‐In 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe metal‐induced self‐assembly of a resorcin[4]arene derivative 1 that has four pyridine units as pendent groups and two equivalents of [M(dppp)(OTf)2] (M=Pd, Pt) results in a dynamic equilibrium between an interclipped supramolecular capsule 3 and an intraclipped bowl 4 in nitromethane, although the interclipped capsule 3 is formed as a sole adduct in chloroform/methanol and the intraclipped bowl 4 is formed exclusively in an aqueous phase. This demonstrates how metal‐induced self‐assembly can be tuned by subtle changes in the solvent system. The coexistence of the two structures in nitromethane was characterized by NMR spectroscopy and coldspray ionization mass spectrometry (CSI‐MS). The crystal structure of the interclipped capsule 3 b, which is composed of two units of ligand 1 and four PtII ions, reveals the capsule cavity to have nanoscale dimensions of 15×20 Å. NMR spectra show that the dynamic equilibrium between 3 and 4 is dependent on concentration and temperature. Temperature‐dependent 1H NMR spectroscopy was carried out from 273 to 343 K to verify the thermodynamic parameters that control the dynamic equilibrium process; the conversion from the interclipped supramolecular capsule 3 a to the intraclipped bowl 4 a is entropically favored and enthalpically disfavored. The rotational barrier of the restricted rotation of pyridine units in the intraclipped bowl 4 was determined by line‐shape analysis.
Molecular and Electronic Structure of Four‐ and Five‐Coordinate Cobalt Complexes Containing Two o‐Phenylenediamine‐ or Two o‐Aminophenol‐Type Ligands at Various Oxidation Levels: An Experimental, Density Functional, and Correlated ab initio Study
Authors: Bill Eckhard , Bothe Eberhard , Chaudhuri Phalguni , Chlopek Krzysztof , Herebian Diran , Kokatam Swarnalatha , Ray Kallol , Weyhermüller Thomas , Neese Frank , Wieghardt Karl 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe bidentate ligands N‐phenyl‐o‐phenylenediamine, H2(2${{\rm L}{{{\rm IP}\hfill \atop {\rm N}\hfill}}}$), or its analogue 2‐(2‐trifluoromethyl)anilino‐4,6‐di‐tert‐butylphenol, (4${{\rm L}{{{\rm IP}\hfill \atop {\rm O}\hfill}}}$), react with [CoII(CH3CO2)2]⋅4H2O and triethylamine in acetonitrile in the presence of air yielding the square‐planar, four‐coordinate species [Co(2LN)2] (1) and [Co(4LO)2] (4) with an S=1/2 ground state. The corresponding nickel complexes [Ni(4LO)2] (8) and its cobaltocene reduced form [CoIII(Cp)2][Ni(4LO)2] (9) have also been synthesized. The five‐coordinate species [Co(2LN)2(tBu‐py)] (2) (S=1/2) and its one‐electron oxidized forms [Co(2LN)2(tBu‐py)](O2CCH3) (2 a) or [Co(2LN)2I] (3) with diamagnetic ground states (S=0) have been prepared, as has the species [Co(4LO)2(CH2CN)] (7). The one‐electron reduced form of 4, namely [Co(Cp)2][Co(4LO)2] (5) has been generated through the reduction of 4 with [Co(Cp)2]. Complexes 1, 2, 2 a, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, and 9 have been characterized by X‐ray crystallography (100 K). The ligands are non‐innocent and may exist as catecholate‐like dianions (2${{\rm L}{{{\rm IP}\hfill \atop {\rm N}\hfill}}}$)2−, (4${{\rm L}{{{\rm IP}\hfill \atop {\rm O}\hfill}}}$)2− or π‐radical semiquinonate monoanions (2${{\rm L}{{{\rm ISQ}\hfill \atop {\rm N}\hfill}}}$).−, (4${{\rm L}{{{\rm ISQ}\hfill \atop {\rm O}\hfill}}}$).− or as neutral benzoquinones (2${{\rm L}{{{\rm IBQ}\hfill \atop {\rm N}\hfill}}}$)0, (4${{\rm L}{{{\rm IBQ}\hfill \atop {\rm O}\hfill}}}$)0; the spectroscopic oxidation states of the central metal ions vary accordingly. Electronic absorption, magnetic circular dichroism, and EPR spectroscopy, as well as variable temperature magnetic susceptibility measurements have been used to experimentally determine the electronic structures of these complexes. Density functional theoretical (DFT) and correlated ab initio calculation have been performed on the neutral and monoanionic species [Co(1LN)2]0,− in order to understand the structural and spectroscopic properties of complexes. It is shown that the corresponding nickel complexes 8 and 9 contain a low‐spin nickel(II) ion regardless of the oxidation level of the ligand, whereas for the corresponding cobalt complexes the situation is more complicated. Spectroscopic oxidation states describing a d6 (CoIII) or d7 (CoII) electron configuration cannot be unambiguously assigned.
Quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction in drug development
Authors: Goodsaid Federico 
Published: November 2004

AbstractMeasurements of the number of copies of DNA or mRNA with the quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) have transformed the drug development process. This transformation is driven by the information these measurements have contributed for a better understanding of the molecular definition of disease and of the mechanisms of efficacy and toxicity for new drugs. As this information is translated into accurate genomic biomarkers of efficacy and toxicity, drug development processes supported by these measurements are becoming more efficient. This transformation is exemplified in the conversion of P450 enzyme activity measurements to gene expression in drug metabolism studies, the measurement of cytokine and chemokine genomic expression levels as clinical markers, and the identification and evaluation of genomic biomarkers of nephrotoxicity. A good understanding of factors affecting qPCR measurements can simplify their implementation, as will high‐throughput platforms for these assays. Drug Dev. Res. 62:151–158, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role of oxytocin and vasopressin in the transitions of weaning in the rat
Authors: Kavushansky A. , Leshem M. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractSucklings (18‐day‐old) and weanlings (35‐day‐old) were injected icv with oxytocin or its antagonist (both 0.5 μg/1 μl), or vasopressin (1.0 ng/1 μl) or its antagonist (100 ng/1 μl), prior to 4‐min observation in a behavioral maze with a sibling in one box and their anesthetized dam in the other. Oxytocin abolished nipple attachment in sucklings, decreased time spent with the dam, and increased self‐grooming. The oxytocin antagonist had little influence on behavior. Vasopressin increased self‐grooming while its antagonist reduced passive contact with the dam, increased active contact with her, and increased exploration and activity. We conclude that these neuropeptides have diverse roles during weaning, maintaining sucklings' behavior or promoting weaning, and subserving the transition from attachment to the dam to independence from her. We propose that these neurochemicals, and others, mediate the neural, affiliative, and affective changes of weaning, and that the term “weaning” should be understood to encompass these behavioral transitions. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 45: 231–238, 2004.
Effect of early feeding experience on subsequent prey preference by cuttlefish,Sepia officinalis
Authors: Darmaillacq Anne‐Sophie , Chichery Raymond , Poirier Roseline , Dickel Ludovic 
Published: November 2004

AbstractFood preferences were investigated in cuttlefish during the first 3 months' posthatching, using choice tests between crabs, shrimps, and young fish. The results showed that without previous feeding experience, cuttlefish preferred shrimps on Day 3. This suggests an innate food preference; however, it was possible to induce a preference for an originally nonpreferred prey item in 3‐day‐old and naïve cuttlefish, demonstrating the flexibility of this initial behavioral preference in response to previous individual experience. This preference suggests a learning process involving a form of long‐term memory, demonstrated for the first time in juvenile cuttlefish. Until Day 30, juvenile cuttlefish fed exclusively shrimps chose shrimps. This preference probably depends on their previous feeding experience. Finally, it appears that from Day 60, cuttlefish reared on the same restricted diet have a tendency to switch their preference to novel prey items, which diversify their diet. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 45: 239–244, 2004.
Development of an anti‐IL‐12 p40 auto‐vaccine: protection in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis at the expense of increased sensitivity to infection
Authors: Uyttenhove Catherine , Arendse Berenice , Stroobant Vincent , Brombacher Frank , Van Snick Jacques 
Published: November 2004

AbstractIL‐12 and IL‐23, which share the IL‐12 p40 subunit, have been ascribed central roles in many autoimmune disorders. We describe here an anti‐IL‐12 (αIL‐12) auto‐vaccine that potentially blocks both factors in vivo. Immunization of mice with mouse IL‐12 coupled to OVA or Pan DR epitope (PADRE) peptide induced Ab directed against the IL‐12 p40 subunit, which prevented IFN‐γ production in response to IL‐12 administration in vivo. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, an IL‐23‐dependent disease model, induced in SJL mice with a proteolipid protein (PLP) peptide was almost undetectable after αIL‐12 vaccination. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)‐induced disease in C57BL/6 mice was also significantly inhibited. This protection correlated with inhibited Th1 cytokine responses in vitro and with an increase in the IgG1/IgG2a anti‐PLP Ab balance. Detrimental consequences of αIL‐12 vaccination were evaluated in C57BL/6 mice infected with Leishmania major (L.m.). While delayed‐type hypersensitivity (DTH) suppression and immunoglobulin as well as interleukin production patterns reflected a major shift toward a Th2‐type response, L.m. growth was still significantly retarded as compared to that seen in susceptible BALB/c mice. However, vaccinated animals ultimately failed to control parasite expansion. These results suggest that some chronic autoimmune diseases may benefit from αIL‐12 vaccination at the expense of reduced, but not completely abrogated, cell‐mediated immunity.
Frontline: Inhibition of allergen‐induced pulmonary inflammation by the tripeptide feG: a mimetic of a neuro‐endocrine pathway
Authors: Dery René E. , Ulanova Marina , Puttagunta Lakshmi , Stenton Grant R. , James Deborah , Merani Shaheed , Mathison Ronald , Davison Joe , Befus A. Dean 
Published: November 2004

AbstractInteractions between the neuro‐endocrine system and immune system help maintain health. One interaction involves the superior cervical ganglia (SCG), which regulate the prohormone submandibular rat 1 (SMR1) produced by the submandibular gland (SMG). A peptide derived from SMR1, feG, has anti‐inflammatory activity, and modification to D‐isomer feG enhances bioactivity. We tested feG as a therapeutic agent for airways inflammation, using rats sensitized by OVA or Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (Nb). Treatment with feG but not fdG down‐regulated OVA‐challenge‐induced increases in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL)‐derived macrophages, eosinophils and PMN (neutrophils) by 44%, 69% and 67%, respectively, at 24 h. We found that feG also reduced ICAM‐1 on BAL‐derived macrophages and eosinophils by 27% and 65%, and L‐selectin on PMN by 55% following OVA challenge. Furthermore, feG but not fdG reduced the OVA‐induced TNF increase in BAL fluid. We showed that feG also down‐regulated both hyper‐responsiveness to methacholine (by 27%) and microgranulomata formation in the lung parenchyma. In Nb‐challenged rats, feG treatment inhibited ex vivo allergen‐induced contraction of tracheal smooth muscle by up to 73%. In conclusion, feG, which is a mimetic of a peptide derived from a rat salivary gland prohormone, has anti‐inflammatory properties in allergic airways inflammation in Brown‐Norway rats. The role of the SCG‐SMG neuro‐endocrine pathway in allergic asthma and other inflammatory diseases requires additional study.
B cells alter the phenotype and function of follicular‐homing CXCR5+ T cells
Authors: Ebert Lisa M. , Horn Michael P. , Lang Alois B. , Moser Bernhard 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe CXC chemokine receptor (CXCR)5 is rapidly induced on activated CD4+ T cells, allowing migration toward secondary lymphoid tissue follicles, where the CXCR5 ligand CXCL13/BCA‐1 is produced. Such CXCR5+ T cells provide efficient help for B cell immunoglobulin production and are termed follicular B helper T (TFH) cells. However, the molecular mechanisms by which TFH cells provide B cell help are unknown. Here, we demonstrate that newly generated (antigen‐primed) TFH cells express a phenotype consistent with induction of B cell proliferation, but co‐culture with primed B cells resulted in a switch to a plasma cell‐inducing phenotype, characterized by loss of CD154, induction of CD70 and an increase in IL‐10 production capacity. The ability to produce IL‐10 could be maintained as a stable phenotype, but its secretion was strictly dependent on inducible costimulator (ICOS) signaling. Furthermore, B cells preserved a lymph node migration phenotype in proliferating TFH cells by preventing the loss of CC chemokine receptor (CCR)7 and the induction of CCR5. Thus, B cells directly modulate the B cell helper phenotype in TFH cells and actively promote their prolonged co‐localization with these cells.