bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Andhra's Age of Inscriptions, 1000–1650
Authors: Talbot Cynthia 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe distributions of all stone inscriptions from Andhra Pradesh dating from a.d. 1000–1650 are analyzed in order to uncover the historical processes underlying their production. The largest numbers of inscriptions were issued during the periods of greatest political unity, under the Kakatiya and Vijayanagara states of the thirteenth and sixteenth centuries. Inscriptional production followed the frontier of agrarian settlement as it moved outward from the most favorable ecological zone along the coast, to the northern uplands (Telangana), and finally into the dry southern territory (Rayalasima). Political power similarly shifted to the interior where Telugu increasingly displaced Kannada and Tamil as the language of inscriptions. The basic contours of the modern Telugu linguistic region were thus established, along with the beginnings of a Telugu cultural identity.
The Kakatiyas in Telugu Historical Memory
Authors: Talbot Cynthia 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
After the fall of the Kakatiya capital, Warangal, to an army of the Delhi Sultanate in 1323, the Andhra region was not politically unified again until modern times. The local chiefs who flourished in subsequent centuries utilized the historical memory of the Kakatiya dynasty as a means of enhancing their own legitimacy. Although the historical traditions of the Kakatiyas were most persistent in Warangal, they were transmitted throughout South India by Telugu nayakas, or warriors of Andhra origin, as they migrated elsewhere in the military service of the expanding Vijayanagara empire. Memories of the Kakatiyas eventually reached down to the village level, as reflected in the traditional accounts collected by Colin Mackenzie in the early nineteenth century. Because later generations associated the Kakatiyas with the origins of a distinctive Telugu society dominated by local warriors, the Kakatiyas became an important focal point for the emergence of a Telugu identity.
Moral Epistemology
Authors: Bloomfield Paul 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe epistemology of medical practice is investigated and the notion of a skill is found to be central to learning about health. This is followed by a discussion of skills, based on the Greek understanding of a skill, as well as the Greek understanding of moral virtue as a skill. Virtue theory, deontology, and consequentialism are articulated by the structure of the epistemology. The argument from disagreement against moral realism is discussed and refuted. Finally, Aristotle's arguments against virtues as skills receive an extended discussion, and responses to them are given.
Moral Practicality
Authors: Bloomfield Paul 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
It is absurd to be a motivational internalist about the property of health; there is no magnetism or queerness in tofu despite it being healthy, and the same tack should be taken with regard to the property of moral goodness. Intuitions behind internalism are found to be confused, and problems are discussed with regard to Hume and Williams on the one hand and Kant, Nagel, and Korsgaard on the other. Externalism is defended: each of us is not as responsive to goodness as we might be, and it is contingent whether or not we motivationally respond to what we recognize is good.
You Have Heard . . . But I Say to You . . .
Authors: Wierzbicka Anna 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter is devoted to the great antitheses of the “Sermon on the Mount” and tries to identify, in simple words, the meaning of some of Jesus’ key sayings, including “whoever is angry with his brother. . . ,” “whoever divorces his wife. . .,” “whoever looks at a woman to lust for her,” “let your yes be yes, and your no, no,” “turn the other cheek,” and “love your enemies.” By relying exclusively on simple and universal human concepts, it manages to identify Jesus’ teaching in all these areas more clearly and unambiguously than do commentaries relying on complex and culturally shaped concepts like “coveting,” “lust,” “aggression,” “violence,” “nonviolence,” “resistance,” “retaliation” or “submission.” For example, the chapter shows how Jesus’ injunction to “turn the other cheek” is compatible with self‐defense or defense of other people. It also shows how Jesus’ injunctions differed from that of the stoics and the cynics, with which it has often been confused in recent scholarly literature, and it brings into sharper focus the originality of Jesus’ ethical teaching.
The Eleatic Principle
Authors: Colyvan Mark 
Published: October 2003

AbstractQuinean naturalism is defended over an influential version of naturalism that invokes a causal test – the so‐called Eleatic Principle. The main justifications for the Eleatic Principle are considered, and in each case these justifications are found wanting. Important to this task is the demonstration of the important role that noncausal explanation plays in science.
Indo‐European Comparative Linguistics
Authors: Bryant Edwin 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe dethronement is traced of Sanskrit from its initial position as the original proto-language of all the Indo-Europeans in the opinion of the early linguists to its ongoing diminishing status as a secondary language containing a number of linguistic features that are considered to be more recent than those of other Indo-European cognate languages. The chapter has two main sections. The first looks at the law of the palatals (the primary linguistic formula arrived at by the comparative method that shattered Sanskrit’s pre-eminent status) and the discovery of the laryngeals in Hittite (based on an examination of Hittite documents in Anatolia). The second discusses linguistic objections from India (mainly from Satya Swarup Misra).
The Antinomian Moment
Authors: Breen Louise A. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Analyzes the antinomian controversy of the late 1630s with an eye toward explaining why distinct social constituencies aligned themselves as they did. It examines the wide range of beliefs and people that Massachusetts authorities forced under the “antinomian” umbrella, and analyzes the roles played by individuals on both sides, including John Wheelwright, Israel Stoughton, Thomas Savage, Edward Hutchinson, Edward Gibbons, Thomas Lechford, Thomas Shepard, and John Winthrop. It argues that religious orthodoxy in Massachusetts functioned to affirm the local colonial identity, to privilege the public sphere over the private, and to draw people together toward communal goals in a shared geographic space.
Cosmopolitan Puritans in a Provincial Colony
Authors: Breen Louise A. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Shows how the broad transatlantic interests of certain leading men in Massachusetts, especially John Leverett, John Humphrey, Edward Gibbons, Robert Sedgwick, and Nehemiah Bourne, clashed with the emerging New England Way. In addition to questioning the wisdom of the evolving religious and social orthodoxy, these men involved themselves in schemes with which orthodox magistrates were ill at ease. For example, they participated in the Protector's Western Design, intervened in the struggle between two rival leaders in New France, were involved in various episodes of privateering, and became entangled in schemes to overthrow the government of New Netherland. These exploits were suspect because they were intended not solely to protect the Bay Colony but rather to enhance individual fortunes and reputations for valor, as well as to advance the goals of empire.
Humble Apologetics
Authors: Stackhouse John G. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Presents a conception of apologetics appropriate for the contemporary cultural context. This conception avoids the destructive and self‐defeating problems of dogmatism and triumphalism, all‐too‐typical of most apologetics. Part I locates apologetics within the context of contemporary culture, discussing the most salient challenges to apologetical conversation in contemporary North American culture: pluralism, postmodernity, the problem of plausibility, and consumerism. Part II moves from analysis of the cultural context of apologetical conversation to a theological and epistemological exploration of the definition of apologetics. It establishes that a proper understanding and practice of apologetics will be located within the context of God's overarching mission of conversion and will also recognize its own limitations in light of several basic principles of epistemology guiding all decision making. This section defines apologetics as including anything that commends the truth, beauty, and goodness of Christianity, thereby rendering it more plausible. Several modes and objectives of apologetics are defined and apologetics itself is defended as a worthy engagement for Christians. In Part III, apologetics is located within the context of basic principles of communication, patterned after the ministry of Jesus Christ. A variety of audience‐specific approaches to apologetics are defined and their usefulness is assessed in light of these principles. Practical applications are then drawn from these principles. The book concludes that apologetics must be reconceived as humble, i.e., as a defense of the faith that lovingly offers our neighbors what we think we know of the gospel of Jesus Christ, with the hope that God will bring others to encounter Jesus – as only he can.
Postmodernity and Postmodernism(s)
Authors: Stackhouse John G. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Investigates the meaning and significance of postmodernity as the most recent cultural situation to arise within North America's pluralistic culture. It defines postmodernity as the condition of lost confidence in the modern project's ability to discover the truth and to reshape the world in light of that discovery. Instead, it recognizes that all human perception and thought is necessarily perspectival or subjective – from somewhere and by someone. Postmodernism is distinguished as the collective array of responses to postmodernity that accept its view of things and then attempt to construct a view of the world, and perhaps an entire way of life, on that basis. The multiculturalism of North American culture further exacerbates the situation of pluralism and postmodernity. The discussion of pluralism and postmodernity concludes by arguing that the present situation is distinct from former conditions in the scope and amount of plurality, the pace of change, the ubiquity of doubt, and finally, consumerism.
The Problem of Plausibility
Authors: Stackhouse John G. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The problem of plausibility is the question of whether Christianity is an option one might take seriously. This chapter explores reasons for contemporary resistance to Christian proclamation. There is a pervasive resistance toward learning about other religions due to the complacency or indifference that relativism often ironically produces. Resistance to Christianity is also prevalent for a number of reasons, including widespread identity with Christianity and widespread ignorance about that very faith; public scandals of the church and its leaders as well as the pain of individuals’ experiences of disappointment and violence suffered at the hands of the church; the purported conflict of science and religion; the increasing awareness of and regard for other world religions; prevalent ahistoricism; and, finally, North America's Christian heritage, which has given many inheritors of Christian culture grounds for contempt against that particular religion. The chapter concludes hopefully, however, with the suggestion that modernity and postmodernity help foster attitudes of tolerance that would give Christianity the opportunity to make its case alongside other religious options.
“A Seer Shall the Lord My God Raise Up”: The Prophet and the Plates
Authors: Givens Terryl L. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Joseph Smith was a young seeker in an age of religious awakening. He claimed he was visited by God and Christ in response to his spiritual quest for truth as a 14 year old, but his religious career began in earnest when he asserted he was the divinely appointed translator of sacred records delivered to him by an angel of God named Moroni seven years later. Assisted – in the face of growing opposition – by family, friends, and a well‐to‐do farmer, Martin Harris, Smith produced a translation from gold plates attested by 11 witnesses using Urim and Thummim (a seer stone and/or sacred “interpreters”). The concrete tangibility of the plates and accompanying holy relics, and the alleged historicity of the history he translated, made his claims especially audacious and resistant to dismissal as a subjective religious experience.
“Plain and Precious Truths”: The Book of Mormon as New Theology, Part 2—Dialogic Revelation
Authors: Givens Terryl L. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Perhaps the Book of Mormon's most important and radical contribution is a model of revelation that is unstintingly literal and dialogic. Unlike the three main Christian varieties (revelation as history, as doctrine, and as inner experience), the Mormon version emphasizes communicated content, particularism, and egalitarian access. Unorthodox implications of the Mormon version include an anthropomorphic God and an open canon. Even admitting significant parallels with 19th‐century frontier religions and some varieties of contemporary Christianity, dialogic revelation found unusually dramatic expression and exemplification in the phenomenon of the Book of Mormon itself, thus providing a powerful “revelatory appeal.”
“A Standard Unto My People”: The Book of Mormon as Cultural Touchstone
Authors: Givens Terryl L. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Many facets of Mormon history have shaped the Church's history and identity. Unlike polygamy or pioneer migrations, the Book of Mormon will always be a constant in the faith group, and thus is a prime factor in defining Mormon culture, ethnicity, or religiosity. Assent to Smith's story of its origins is the foundation of faith in the religion itself. Since the Book of Mormon received renewed emphasis under Ezra Taft Benson in the 1980s, the scripture increasingly found a cultural vocabulary that gives cohesion and distinctness to the Mormon people. Heroes, villains, plots, motifs, and objects – from Captain Moroni to Lemuel to the stripling warriors to Rameumpton to the Liahona – provide members with a private language that shapes and defines their collective experience while helping maintain the cultural distinctness that has always been a hallmark of Mormonism.
Was There a Crisis Behind Revelation?
Authors: Duff Paul B. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Sets out the problem that gives rise to the rest of the book, the observation that the narrative world of the book of Revelation does not match what we know about the real world that Christians in western Asia Minor inhabited. The narrative world of Revelation suggests a crisis involving persecution of the churches by Rome, but historical evidence does not support this scenario. The chapter surveys recent attempts to solve this problem, including attempts to reevaluate the date of Revelation, the suggestion that the crisis was a perceived crisis, and the suggestion that the norms of apocalyptic rhetoric can account for the “crisis” depicted in the narrative. The chapter concludes by evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of these various proposals.
Setting the Stage
Authors: Duff Paul B. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe social world of the Roman Empire as well as the social world of first‐century Christianity and, specifically, urban Christianity are the focus of this chapter. Christians in this century spanned the social range but the majority were merchants and craftspersons, many of whom were freed persons (ex‐slaves). The communities of the Apocalypse were likely no exception. They were probably also constituted by merchants and craftsmen (including many freedpersons) who were intent on bettering themselves economically by accumulating wealth.
Abram Journeys and Sees the Land (Chaps. 12–13)
Authors: Brodie Thomas L. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The call of Abram (Abraham) in Genesis 12–13 is one of the great stories of all time. Against a background of death and failure, someone responds to the call to new life and to a promise that includes a form of new creation. The account of Abram's initial journeys falls into two balancing sections (12:1–13:1; and 13:2–18), with major crises or tests involving beauty and wealth respectively. Abram fails the first test; he effectively gives away his wife, Sarai, to the Egyptians to save himself. But in the second test, in the quarrel involving Lot, he puts brotherhood before wealth, and at the end, the promise from God is stronger than ever.
Sodom: Generosity‐Based Justice (18:1–19:29)
Authors: Brodie Thomas L. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractGod's wondrous life‐giving visit to Abraham and Sarah at Mamre (Genesis 18) is the counterpoint to God's fiery destruction of two cities (19:1–29). The catastrophe is attributed to God, but the terrible divine action is set in the context of God's care for life and justice – a care that exceeds even that of Sarah and Abraham – and in the context of the evil of the people of Sodom. Between the two – between generosity‐based justice and evil – Lot dithers and chooses narrowly. The scene as a whole – the destruction by fire – has some continuity with the destruction by water (the flood).
Abraham and Isaac Among the Nations (19:30–Chap. 21)
Authors: Brodie Thomas L. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe incestuous birth of the grandchildren of Lot (19:30–38) forms a stark contrast with the birth of Isaac, the laughter‐related child of Abraham and Sarah (21:1–7). Both these birth texts lead to accounts suggesting the integrity of the surrounding peoples: Abimelech (Genesis 20); the Egyptians (Hagar's people, 21:8–21); and Abimelech and the Philistines (21:22–34). The overall effect is to suggest that the birth of Isaac has positive implications for the fate of the surrounding peoples.
Facing Death (Chaps. 22–23)
Authors: Brodie Thomas L. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractGod's command to Abraham to sacrifice Isaac is probably best seen as a way of ensuring that Abraham is not idolizing his son, not idolizing the one he loves. (This is the first time Genesis uses the word “love,” 22:2). Genesis 22 is a literary unit showing Abraham's serene closeness to God as opening the way to the birth of many children. When Sarah dies (Genesis 23), Abraham is equally serene. He mourns, but he then shows extraordinary dignity, and Sarah's death opens the way to buying a field at Mamre, and finally taking possession of part of the promised land. Genesis 22 and 23 have several elements of complementarity.
Blessing and Betrothal: Jacob Deceives and Is Deceived (26:34–29:30)
Authors: Brodie Thomas L. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe diptych of Jacob's youth centers around blessing (Genesis 26:34–27:45) and betrothal (27:46–29:30). The two are related: blessing bestows vitality and so strengthens betrothal/marriage. There are many complementarities between the two parts of the text. Jacob substitutes himself for his older brother to gain his father's blessing (26:34–27:45), but at his own betrothal/marriage his father‐in‐law substitutes the older sister for the younger, Rachel (27:46–29:30). The link between blessing and marriage is first suggested at creation (God blesses the humans and then tells them to be fruitful and multiply; 1:28; cf. 1:22), and Jacob's early struggles with Esau have echoes of the primordial struggles of humankind around blessing and curse (Genesis 1:1–4:16). As in Genesis 24, Rebekah has a double role: she is the wife of Isaac, but she is involved in the primordial effort to achieve blessing.
The Justice of Caring
Authors: Slote Michael 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The ethics of caring was originally based on the idea of a contrast between the ”feminine” focus on caring and a ”masculine” emphasis on justice. But an agent‐based ethics of caring can actually provide the means for understanding what justice (truly) is. Institutions, laws, and indeed whole societies can be politically evaluated according to whether they exhibit or reflect sufficiently caring motivation on the part of those who sustain/inhabit them.
Universal Benevolence Versus Caring
Authors: Slote Michael 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
It is important to decide between morality as caring (an agent‐based ethics of caring) and morality as universal benevolence. The latter has a distinctive conception of social justice that is more plausible, intuitively, than what utilitarianism says about justice, but there are reasons to think that the impartialism inherent in universal benevolence does not allow us to (so to speak) do justice to the value we place on love and loving relationships. For this and other reasons, we should prefer a virtue ethics of caring as the grounding basis for individual and political morality.
Pathways to Knowledge
Authors: Goldman Alvin I. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractExplores issues ranging from introspection to social epistemology. “Internalism Exposed” pinpoints problems in the defense of internalism as an approach to epistemic justification. “A Priori Warrant and Naturalistic Epistemology” argues that naturalistic epistemology is compatible with a priori warrant, and shows how scientific research supports an innate faculty of number cognition that can generate arithmetic belief with a priori warrant. “The Unity of the Epistemic Virtues” examines the prospects for a unifying account of distinct epistemic values, such as justified belief and true belief. The next three papers consider intuitions and introspection from an epistemological perspective. One paper explains how intuitions can play the evidential role that philosophical practice assigns to it. Two papers argue that introspection plays an unavoidable but legitimate role in the science of consciousness despite being a “private” method. The final three papers deal with aspects of social epistemology. One asks how novices can justifiably choose among two or more competing experts. Another explores the possibility of an epidemiology of knowledge, of which memetics is a prominent example. The final paper provides a critical survey and guide to the diverse approaches to social epistemology.
Can Science Know When You're Conscious?
Authors: Goldman Alvin I. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Consciousness researchers commonly rely on their subjects’ verbal reports to determine their conscious states. Is this defensible in the conduct of science? Attempts might be made to rationalize the reliance on verbal reports by appealing to higher‐order thought or functionalist approaches to consciousness, but these are rejected. A third approach is defended, based on subjects’ introspective capacities. Admittedly, the reliability of introspection cannot be independently validated, but an independent validation requirement is too restrictive for an epistemologically “basic” method.
Kartābhajā
Authors: Urban Hugh B. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This last chapter presents a translation of a humorous satirical poem by the famous Bengali poet, Dāśarathī Rāy (1805–57). He was particularly well known as a master of the Pāñcālī form, which are basically songs interspersed with short hymns to various deities. He is also noteworthy for his rather raw and gritty—and very funny—depictions of the lives of the lower orders of Calcutta during the colonial era. Largely conservative in his religious views, Dāśarathī singled out the Kartābhajās (a Bengali sect devoted to Tantra in colonial Calcutta) as the very worst example of all that was wrong with the Hindu society of his day—their sexual licentiousness, idolatry, violation of caste, overturning of traditional laws of purity, chicanery, and fraud. Hence, he provides a window onto the perception of the Kartābhajās in the eyes of the upper class elites of the day.