bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How Hanafism Came to Originate in Kufa and Traditionalism in Medina
Authors: Melchert Christopher 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe Hanafī and Mālikī personal schools of law are said to have derived from the earlier Kufan and Medinese regional schools. The regional stage of developing Mālikī jurisprudence is plain in works such as the Mudawwana, but early Hanafī works are already focused on Abū Hanīfa and his disciples, so that a regional stage is hard to make out. The biographical dictionaries of Khalīfa ibn Khayyāt and Ibn Sa'd show that there were active traditionists in Kufa equally with the Hijaz. Moreover, the Tabaqāt of Ibn Sa'd shows that he considered the Hanafī school Baghdadi, not Kufan.Kitāb al-Ma'rifa wa-al-tārīkh of Fasawī shows that the Kufan background to Hanafī jurisprudence, together more generally with the identification of Kufa with ra'y and Medina with hadīth, emerged only later in the ninth century.
Climate Downscaling over Nordeste, Brazil, Using the NCEP RSM97
Authors: Sun Liqiang , Moncunill David Ferran , Li Huilan , Moura Antonio Divino , Filho Franciscode Assisde Souza 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
The NCEP Regional Spectral Model (RSM), with horizontal resolution of 60 km, was used to downscale the ECHAM4.5 AGCM (T42) simulations forced with observed SSTs over northeast Brazil. An ensemble of 10 runs for the period January–June 1971–2000 was used in this study. The RSM can resolve the spatial patterns of observed seasonal precipitation and capture the interannual variability of observed seasonal precipitation as well. The AGCM bias in displacement of the Atlantic ITCZ is partially corrected in the RSM. The RSM probability distribution function of seasonal precipitation anomalies is in better agreement with observations than that of the driving AGCM. Good potential prediction skills are demonstrated by the RSM in predicting the interannual variability of regional seasonal precipitation. The RSM can also capture the interannual variability of observed precipitation at intraseasonal time scales, such as precipitation intensity distribution and dry spells. A drought index and a flooding index were adopted to indicate the severity of drought and flooding conditions, and their interannual variability was reproduced by the RSM. The overall RSM performance in the downscaled climate of the ECHAM4.5 AGCM is satisfactory over Nordeste. The primary deficiency is a systematic dry bias for precipitation simulation.
The Impact of SST Specification on ECMWF Surface Wind Stress Fields in the Eastern Tropical Pacific
Authors: Chelton Dudley B. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
The impact of SST specification on low-level winds in the operational ECMWF numerical weather prediction model is investigated in the eastern tropical Pacific from comparisons of ECMWF wind stress fields with QuikSCAT satellite scatterometer observations of wind stress during the August–December cold seasons of 2000 and 2001. These two time periods bracket the 9 May 2001 change from the Reynolds SST analyses to the Real-Time Global SST (RTG_SST) analyses as the ocean boundary condition in the ECMWF model. The ocean–atmosphere interaction in the eastern tropical Pacific that is clearly evident in QuikSCAT wind stress divergence and curl fields is also evident in the ECMWF winds, but is more than twice as strong in the 2001 cold season as in the 2000 cold season, due primarily to the improved spatial and temporal resolution of the RTG_SST analyses compared with the Reynolds SST analyses. While a significant improvement compared with 2000, the response of the 2001 ECMWF wind stress field to SST is only about half as strong as the coupling inferred from QuikSCAT data and satellite observations of SST from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI). It is concluded that the underrepresentation of the ocean–atmosphere coupling is attributable partly to underrepresentation of SST gradients in the RTG_SST fields and partly to inadequacies of the ECWMF model. The latter may be due to errors in the parameterization of boundary layer processes or to insufficient horizontal or vertical resolution in the model.
Coupled simulations for hygrothermal investigation of subterranean car parks and similar spaces
Authors: Pfrommer P , Lomas KJ 
Published: March 2005

To investigate the hygrothermal conditions in subterranean car parks a twodimensional simulation procedure has been used, based on coupling the transient heat transfer programme HEAT with the dynamic thermal building simulation program TRNSYS. The likelihood of condensation and the rate of water deposition on surfaces were calculated with a new moisture model KOND. To estimate the consequence of moisture adsorption in materials in the hygroscopic range below saturation, the TRNSYS moisture capacitance model (buffer storage model) was used. A parametric study of the internal temperatures and the annual hours of condensation risk in underground car parks were conducted using German and UK climate data. The simulations indicate the relative risk of condensation occurring for different earth conditions, levels of insulation and air change rates, in spaces covered by earth and spaces covered by a heated building. It is shown that increased ventilation rates in summer can reduce condensation risk in underground car parks below heated buildings. Practical application: In the design of cellars, storerooms and underground car parks etc., it is important to know whether condensation is likely to occur, how much moisture is likely to accumulate and whether such an accumulation could lead to damage. The designers of underground spaces need to know whether insulation measures, or ventilation controls are necessary. In addition, the wintertime temperature conditions in subterranian spaces below heated buildings are of particular interest when assessing the problem of heat bridges at the pillars and walls which support the overlying building.
Outdoor activity and performance status as predictors of survival in hypoxaemic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Authors: Ringbaek Thomas J , Lange Peter 
Published: March 2005

Background: Performance status has been associated with survival in hypoxaemic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients on long-term oxygen therapy. Objective: To determine whether self-reported outdoor activity and performance status are independent predictors of survival in hypoxaemic COPD patients on long-term oxygen therapy. Design, subjects and main measure: In a prospective design, survival over an eight-year period was studied in 226 Danish patients on long-term oxygen therapy. They were subdivided according to self-reported mobility (&plusmn;outdoor activity) and World Health Organization (WHO) performance status (score 0-4). Results: A total of 148 patients (65.5%) reported outdoor activity. Compared to the immobile patients, those reporting outdoor activity had higher performance status, higher body mass index and lower duration of oxygen administration. In multivariate analyses adjusting for body mass index, gender and age, both poor performance status and lack of outdoor activity were associated with poor survival (p-levels 0.006 and 0.045, respectively). Lack of outdoor activity was associated with increased mortality (relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence interval of dying was 1.39 (1.01-1.91)) and significantly higher risk was found among those with age in the youngest tertile (less than 66.4 years), the relative risk of dying was 2.18 (1.20-3.95). Conclusions: This study shows that self-reported performance status and outdoor activity are independent predictors of survival in hypoxaemic COPD patients on long-term oxygen therapy. However, our study suggests that in the most elderly patients, outdoor activity does not predicting survival. Further studies are needed to determine whether interventions that facilitate outdoor activity (e.g., pulmonary rehabilitation) have an effect on survival in this group of patients.
Psychological services for people with stroke: compliance with the UK National Clinical Guidelines
Authors: Bowen Audrey , Knapp Peter , Hoffman Alex , Lowe Derek 
Published: March 2005

Background: The UK National Clinical Guidelines for Stroke (2000) include recommendations on psychological services. The third National Sentinel Audit of Stroke was completed in 2001-2002. Objectives: To examine the extent to which UK stroke services complied with the national guidelines. Design: Use of three retrospective case note audits of hospital admissions, covering the period from admission to six months after discharge, and audits of how stroke services were organized. Setting: Hospitals within England, Wales, Northern Ireland, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man. Subjects: Stroke patients admitted consecutively within a three-month time frame. Main measures: Compliance with the guidelines on mood disorders and cognitive impairments, and changes between audits. Results: The 2001-2002 audit provided data on 60% of possible participants, from 145 hospitals and 5152 patients. Compliance with the guideline to screen for mood disturbance was poor; the median patient compliance rate of hospitals was 50%. More hospitals (88%) had a locally agreed cognitive assessment protocol in 2001-2002 than in 1998 (68%) and in 1999 (82%). However, actual rates of screening for cognitive difficulties were lower than implied by the existence of a local protocol. There were no strong case-mix associates of mood and cognitive screening. Access to clinical psychologists was poor. Mood and cognitive assessment rates were not much better for stroke units with access to clinical psychologists than for units without access (mood: p = 0.6, cognition: p = 0.09). Conclusions: Although compliance with some of the guidelines has improved, many areas in current psychological services for stroke urgently need attention.
The effects of progressive resistance training for children with cerebral palsy
Authors: Morton Jan F , Brownlee Margaret , McFadyen Angus K 
Published: March 2005

Objectives: To investigate the effects of progressive resistance training of quadriceps and hamstrings muscles in children with cerebral palsy (CP). Design: Pilot study using a repeated measures design with measurements at baseline, immediately after six weeks training then at four-week follow-up. Setting: The project was undertaken within the physiotherapy department of two special schools in Glasgow. Subjects: A convenience sample of eight children aged between six and 12 years, with hypertonic CP. Intervention: The subjects participated three times per week in a six-week, progressive, free-weight, strengthening programme. Outcome measures: Maximum isometric muscle strength and resistance to passive stretch were measured with a hand-held myometer. The Gross Motor Function Measure and a 10-metre timed walking test, were used to assess function and gait parameters respectively. Results: Muscle strength increased, with the quadriceps to hamstrings strength ratio moving towards normal. These changes were retained at follow-up. Muscle tone decreased and continued to decrease to follow-up. The standing (D) and walking, running and jumping (E) goal areas of the Gross Motor Function Measure showed improvement that continued towards follow-up. Walking speed and step rate increased. Conclusions: A future large-scale randomized controlled study would be of value to substantiate these results as the small convenience sample and lack of control group limit this study. However, the finding that no adverse effect accompanied the positive outcomes in strength and function may encourage clinicians to consider resistance training alongside standard therapeutic interventions.
The effect of botulinum toxin type A treatment of the lower extremity on the level of functional abilities in children with cerebral palsy: evaluation with goal attainment scaling
Authors: Steenbeek Duco , Meester-Delver Anke , Becher Jules G , Lankhorst Gustaaf J 
Published: March 2005

Objective: To measure the effect of botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) treatment in children with cerebral palsy with regard to individual goals concerning functional abilities, using goal attainment scaling. Design: A single-blind randomized multiple baseline/treatment phase design across subjects. Setting: The paediatric department of a rehabilitation centre. Subjects: Eleven children with cerebral palsy participated. Intervention: BTX-A treatment of the lower extremity. Main measures: A six-point goal attainment scaling of three individual treatment goals at the level of functional abilities. Standardized video-tapes of each goal were recorded weekly for a period of 14 weeks. Rating on the predetermined goal attainment scaling was blinded. Results: Nine of the 11 subjects showed significant improvement in 18 out of 33 goals. Seven subjects showed clinically relevant improvement (at least 2 points on the goal attainment scaling) in 11 goals. Testing the difference between all medians of baseline measurements (after correction for improvement during baseline) and the medians of the treatment phase measurements for all goal attainment scaling scores (n < 33) resulted in significant improvement (p < 0.001). Tested at subject level (medians of the three goal attainment scaling scores per assessment, n < 11), a significant improvement was also found (p < 0.005). The change in goal attainment scaling score was related to the moment of treatment with BTX-A. Conclusion: Clinically relevant improvement in individual rehabilitation goals at ability level, achieved with the treatment of BTX-A in children with cerebral palsy, were demonstrated using the goal attainment scaling method.
General practitioners (GPs) and palliative care: perceived tasks and barriers in daily practice
Authors: Groot Marieke M , Vernooij-Dassen Myrra JFJ , Crul Ben JP , Grol Richard PTM 
Published: March 2005

Background: General practitioners (GPs) play a crucial part in palliative care. The quality of care can be improved by investigating and addressing barriers perceived by GPs in daily practice. The aim of this study was to investigate GPs' task perception and barriers involved in palliative care. Methods: Qualitative focus group study. We gathered together a group of GPs representing a broad range of experience in palliative care. Content analysis was performed to derive a comprehensive view of tasks and barriers in daily palliative care. Results: GPs described their palliative care tasks as satisfactory and varied, but burdensome. Palliative care tasks included somatic and psychosocial care. Opinions differed with respect to whether the coordination of care belonged to the primary GP tasks. Barriers were classified according to three levels: (1) personal: barriers related to knowledge, skills, emotions; (2) relational: barriers concerning communication and collaboration; (3) organizational: barriers related to the organization of care and compartmentalization in healthcare. Conclusions: This study revealed a complex web of tasks and barriers. It may be possible to trace back a problem (lack of knowledge, for example) on the personal level to an isolated knowledge gap, but the problem may well have originated from communication or compartmentalization problems. To maintain GPs' feeling of being at ease with palliative care requires helping them acquire the appropriate balance between technical and organizational interventions and a compassionate orientation to their terminally ill patients.
Effects of spiritual care training for palliative care professionals
Authors: Wasner Maria , Longaker Christine , Fegg Martin Johannes , Borasio Gian Domenico 
Published: March 2005

Little is known about the effects of spiritual care training for professionals in palliative medicine. We therefore investigated prospectively the effects of such training over a six-month period. All 63 participants of the three and a half-day training were asked to fill out three questionnaires: before and after the training, as well as six months later. The questionnaires included demographic data, numeric rating scales about general attitudes towards the work in palliative care, the Self-Transcendence Scale (STS), the spiritual subscale of the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy (FACIT-Sp) and the Idler Index of Religiosity (IIR). Forty-eight participants (76%) completed all three questionnaires (91% women, median age 49 years; 51% nurses, 16% hospice volunteers, 14% physicians). Significant and sustained improvements were found in self-perceived compassion for the dying (after the training: P =0.002; 6 months later: P=0.025), compassion for oneself (PB 0.001; P =0.013), attitude towards one's family (P =0.001; P =0.031), satisfaction with work (PB 0.001; P =0.039), reduction in work-related stress (PB 0.001; P =0.033), and attitude towards colleagues (P =0.039; P =0.040), as well as in the FACIT-Sp (PB 0.001; P =0.040). Our results suggest that the spiritual care training had a positive influence on the spiritual well-being and the attitudes of the participating palliative care professionals which was preserved over a six-month period.
Phase II Trial of Neoadjuvant Vincristine, Ifosfamide, and Doxorubicin With Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor Support in Children and Adolescents With Advanced-Stage Nonrhabdomyosarcomatous Soft Tissue Sarcomas: A Pediatric Oncology Group Study
Authors: Pappo Alberto S. , Devidas Meenakshi , Jenkins Jessee , Rao Bhaskar , Marcus Robert , Thomas Patrick , Gebhardt Mark , Pratt Charles , Grier Holcombe E. 
Published: March 2005

Purpose To describe the response rate and survival of children and adolescents with unresected or metastatic nonrhabdomyosarcomatous soft tissue sarcomas (NRSTS) treated with vincristine, ifosfamide, and doxorubicin. Patients and Methods Between September 1996 and June 2000, 39 eligible patients received vincristine (1.5 mg/m2 weekly for 13 doses), ifosfamide (3 g/m2 daily for 3 days every 3 weeks for seven cycles), doxorubicin (30 mg/m2 daily for 2 days for six cycles), and mesna (750 mg/m2 for four doses after ifosfamide). Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor was administered daily (5 μg/kg) after each cycle of chemotherapy. Radiotherapy was administered from weeks 7 through 12. Results The median patient age at diagnosis was 11.7 years; the most common primary tumor site was lower extremity (36%); and synovial sarcoma was the predominant histology. More than three fourths of all tumors were 5 cm or greater at their largest diameters. The overall objective combined partial and complete response rate was 41% (95% CI, 25.7% to 56.7%). The estimated 3-year overall survival and progression-free survival rates (± standard deviation) for eligible patients were 59% ± 8.2% and 43.6% ± 7%, respectively. Patients with clinical group III disease had significantly better 3-year and progression-free survival rates compared with patients who presented with metastatic disease. Conclusion The vincristine, ifosfamide, and doxorubicin regimen was moderately active against pediatric NRSTS. Patients with synovial sarcoma had higher response rates than other patients, and patients with unresected disease had improved outcomes. Patients with metastatic disease continue to fare poorly, and newer approaches are indicated for these patients.
Enoxaparin for the Prevention of Venous Thromboembolism Associated With Central Vein Catheter: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Study in Cancer Patients
Authors: Verso Melina , Agnelli Giancarlo , Bertoglio Sergio , Di Somma Franco C. , Paoletti Francesco , Ageno Walter , Bazzan Mario , Parise Pasquale , Quintavalla Roberto , Naglieri Emanuele , Santoro Armando , Imberti Davide , Sorarù Mariella , Mosca Stefano 
Published: March 2005

Purpose The extent of venous thromboembolism (VTE) associated with central vein catheters (CVC) in cancer patients remains unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the low molecular weight heparin, enoxaparin, in the prevention of VTE. Patients and Methods In a multicenter, double-blind study, consecutive cancer patients scheduled for CVC insertion were randomly assigned to receive either subcutaneous enoxaparin 40 mg once a day or placebo. Treatment was started 2 hours before CVC insertion and continued for 6 weeks. The primary end points of the study were deep vein thrombosis (DVT), confirmed by venography of the CVC limb performed 6 weeks after randomization, or clinically overt pulmonary embolism, confirmed by objective testing during the study drug administration. Patients were assessed for bleeding complications. Results Three hundred eighty-five patients were randomized, of which 321 (83.4%) underwent venography. A venography was adequate for adjudication in 155 patients in each treatment group. A DVT was observed in 22 patients (14.1%) treated with enoxaparin and in 28 patients (18.0%) treated with placebo, corresponding to a relative risk of 0.78 (95% CI, 0.47 to 1.31). No major bleeding occurred. Five patients (2.6%) in the enoxaparin group and two patients (1.0%) in the placebo group died during the treatment period. Conclusion In this study, no difference in the rate of CVC-related VTE was detected between patients receiving enoxaparin and patients receiving placebo. The dose of enoxaparin used in this study proved to be safe. Clinical trials evaluating higher enoxaparin doses could optimize the efficacy of this agent for this indication.
The Status of the Race Concept in Physical Anthropology
Authors: Cartmill Matt 
Published: March 2005

There are hereditary differences among human beings. Some of these differences have geographical correlates. Some genetic variants that produce physical or behavioral deficits occur significantly more often in some areas, or in some ethnic groups, than in others. However, none of these facts provides any intellectual support for the race concept, for racial classifications, or for social hierarchies based on ethnic‐group membership.The geographical element of the race concept is important in theory but is widely ignored in practice since it does not conform well to the facts of current human phenotype distribution. Much of the literature on supposed racial differences involves such geographically meaningless exercises as studying differences among "races" by subdividing a sample of North Americans. If races are defined as geographically delimited conspecific populations characterized by distinctive regional phenotypes, then human races do not exist now and have not existed for centuries,
The effects of post ‐identification feedback and age on retrospective eyewitness memory
Authors: Neuschatz Jeffrey S. , Preston Elizabeth L. , Burkett Amanda D. , Toglia Michael P. , Lampinen James M. , Neuschatz Joseph S. , Fairless Andrew H. , Lawson Deah S. , Powers Ráchael A. , Goodsell Charles A. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractTwo studies examined the effects of post‐identification feedback, age, and retention interval on participants' memories and beliefs about memories for a videotaped event, as captured by a store surveillance camera. After viewing the video, they were then asked to identify the suspect from a target‐absent photo line‐up. After making their identification, some participants were given information suggesting that their identification was correct, while others were given no information about the accuracy of their identification. In both experiments participants who received confirming feedback indicated they were more confident in their identification, paid more attention to the video, and that they were more willing to testify in court than those who received no feedback. The confidence inflation effects of post‐identification feedback did not vary with retention interval or age. These results are consistent with a position focusing on accessibility, which suggests that witnesses have little or no retrievable recollection of how sure they were at the time of their identification. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.