bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Comparative Study of Immigrant and Non‐immigrant Families in Canada with Special Reference to Income, 1986
Authors: Basavarajappa K.G. , Halli S.S. 
Published: March 2003

A comparison of immigrant and non‐immigrant families in Canada based on unpublished data from the 1986 Consensus of Canada indicates that immigrant families have stronger family ties and higher income than their non‐immigrant counterparts. This could be partly because immigrant families contain higher proportions of their members at prime working ages, higher proportions with three or more employment income recipients and higher proportions working full year full time. As the period of residence in Canada of immigrants increases, the difference in income between immigrant and non‐immigrant families increases. However, the income difference is smaller for husband‐wife and male lone‐parent families than for female lone‐parent families. The multivariate analysis of family income indicates that age and family type have overwhelming effects and that place of birth is third in importance. Immigrant families from the US, UK, Europe (excluding Southern Europe) and Africa have higher incomes than families from other places of birth.Both non‐immigrant and immigrant husband‐wife and male lone‐parent families derive about 75 per cent of their total income from wages and salaries, whereas non‐immigrant and immigrant female lone‐parent families derive about 62 and 68 per cent respectively. Non‐immigrant female lone‐parent families derive about 24 per cent of their income from government transfers, whereas immigrant female lone‐parent families derive about 16 per cent. With the exception of Old Age Security payments and Guaranteed Income Supplement, government transfers such as Canada and Quebec Pension Plan payments, unemployment insurance benefits, family allowances, worker's compensation, provincial income supplements and tax credits are smaller for immigrant families both in dollar amounts and as proportions of their total income for the non‐immigrant families.
Migration and AIDS
Authors: UNAIDS and IOM  
Published: March 2003

AIDS and migration are two salient features of the latter half of this century. Over 30 million persons world‐wide are estimated to be infected with HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. Concurrently, about 100 million persons move voluntarily within or between nations each year, while almost 40 million are either internally displaced or refugees outside their own countries.Previously, governments’ main concern was that incoming migrants might bring HIV with them. While this scenario still applies, there is increasing recognition that migrants may be more vulnerable than local populations to acquiring the infection during migration, and that they may spread the infection upon return to their respective homes.This article is jointly authored by the two international organizations with major responsibilities in the fields of migration and HIV/AIDS.The International Organization for Migration (IOM) upholds the principle that humane and orderly migration benefits migrants and society. Among its responsibilities, the IOM is dedicated to advancing understanding of migration issues and work towards effective respect of the human dignity and well being of migrants.The United Nations Joint Programme on AIDS (UNAIDS) is the main advocate for global action on HIV/AIDS. Part of its mission is to lead, strengthen and support an expanded response to the epidemic. UNAIDS does this through strategic alliances with its UN cosponsors as well as other partners.In order to address gaps in policy and research, and better identify the priorities for further work, UNAIDS and the IOM undertook a joint project to review the current state of knowledge about migration and HIV/AIDS, and to identify priority areas and issues for research and intervention. The long term objective of this work is to strengthen the joint action of IOM, UNAIDS and its cosponsors and other key players at the global, regional and country levels in order to advance the issues of AIDS and migration to a level of operational response to the epidemic.
The Reverse Transfer of Technology from Sub‐Saharan Africa: The Case of Zimbabwe
Authors: Logan B.I. 
Published: March 2003

The article investigates the potential reverse transfer of technology (brain drain) from Zimbabwe, using as case study, academic staff at the main campus of the University of Zimbabwe.A questionnaire survey was employed to separate all Zimbabwean academic staff into two groups: those who express an intention to emigrate in the near future (1‐3 years) and those who express an intention to stay home.The demographic and socio‐economic characteristics of the two groups are discussed, as are the factors cited for dissatisfaction with conditions at the source (the institution and the country), potential destinations, and attractions (“pull” factors) at these destinations.The study concludes that the decision to emigrate is based on an untidy combination of economic, cultural, social and geographic considerations.
On Impacts of Comparative Policy Analysis. Immigration to Israel:What other Countries can Learn
Authors: Geva‐May Iris 
Published: March 2003

Israel is a country of immigrants. Between 1948 and 1997 more than three‐quarters of its population entered the country from abroad. Particularly marked within this period was an increase of 20 per cent between 1989 and 1996 following the great wave of immigration from former USSR.Israel's current absorption problems are a stark example of what is increasingly to be faced, for instance, by countries in South East Asia, North America, and Europe as cross‐border migration becomes easier or a matter of survival.Israel's experience with immigration waves during the last fifty years and its policies of immigration absorption, as well as the components of this policy agenda, should be relevant for other countries.This article argues that comparative policy studies based on individualnational cases should be regarded as naturally occurring experiments fromwhich broader cross‐national generalizations can be made. Their importancelies in their scope and in their ability to provide useful information that hastransnational impacts on policy problems and on policy solutions.
Ecological Succession and Asian Immigrants in Australia
Authors: Zang Xiaowei 
Published: March 2003

In recent immigration policy debates in Australia, it has been asserted that Asian immigrants concentrate in ethnic ghettos, thus posing a threat to the social cohesion of Australian society. This assertion has been based mainlyon selective observations made by anti‐immigration groups. Nevertheless, it is more or less consistent with expectations of an ecological succession model that has guided studies on patterns of housing consumption behaviour of new immigrants in the West.The ecological succession model contends that new immigrants concentrate in ethnic ghettos or low‐cost housing areas and will move to good neighbourhoods only after they improve their socio‐economic position in the host society.Using data from the 1991 Housing and Location Choice Survey conducted in Melbourne and Sydney, the article shows that the assertion concerning the poor housing condition of Asian immigrants in Australia is unfounded. There is no ecological succession among them because they lived in good neighbour‐hoodsin Melbourne and Sydney shortly after their arrival in Australia.The ecological succession model is a valid framework for poor immigrants from Indo‐China, but it does not apply to patterns of housing consumption behaviour among well‐to‐do immigrants from North and South‐East Asia.
The Panic to Leave: Economic Crisis and the “New Emigration” from Ecuador
Authors: Jokisch Brad , Pribilsky Jason 
Published: March 2003

Prior to the late 1990s, Ecuadorian international migration was directed primarily toward the United States. Of the estimated 400,000 Ecuadorians living in the United States, most are concentrated in metropolitan New York and many hail from the south–central highlands of Cañar and Azuay Provinces. In the mid– to late–1990s, Ecuador entered a political and economic crisis just as clandestine transportation to the United States became increasingly expensive and dangerous. Within two years Ecuadorian migration diversified radically and a “new emigration” formed. Many thousands of Ecuadorians from throughout the country migrated to Europe, mostly Spain, but also to France, Italy, and The Netherlands. Prior to 1998, few Ecuadorians lived in Europe, but now, Ecuadorians are the largest immigrant group in Madrid and one of the largest in Spain. The migrant stream was led by women and composed of people from a variety of ethnic and socioeconomic backgrounds. Ecuadorians find themselves working in a variety of services (especially women) and negotiating a volatile, even hostile, social, and political environment.This “new emigration” has numerous implications for Ecuadorian families, the economy, and the nation–state. Understanding the implications requires a comparative approach that examines at least three aspects of the new emigration: the role of gender, the importance of transnational ties and connections, and the emerging roles of state and non–state actors in the formalization of migration.
Fiskalischer Wettbewerb und Einkommensumverteilung
Authors: Feld Lars P. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract Fiscal competition is supposed to lead to the collapse of the welfare state because, first, it will become difficult for a single jurisdiction to levy a redistribution tax upon the rich and mobile, and second, such a policy, if undertaken in one jurisdiction, will attract poor individuals from other jurisdictions and erode the internal redistribution policy. In this paper, theoretical and empirical studies concerning the impact of taxes and transfer payments on residence decisions of taxpayers are reviewed. The relationship of fiscal competition and the erosion of the welfare state is illustrated with aggregate data on income redistribution in Switzerland.
Der riskante Weg zur Professorin. Ein Kommentar zu Hannelore Weck-Hannemanns „Frauen in der Ökonomie und Frauenökonomik“
Authors: Frank Björn 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
Weck-Hannemann (2000) has argued that the sciences differ in the opportunity costs of temporary leave for child raising, determining the fields which women choose for their academic careers. This article argues that this point should be supplemented by other explanations which are at least as plausible as Weck- Hannemann's reasoning. Specifically, it is shown that women are discouraged to a lesser extent than men by the uncertainty of the prospects of finally becoming a tenured professor.
Die Reform der deutschen Rechtschreibung: Eine ökonomische Analyse
Authors: Müller Christian , Tietzel Manfred 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe suggested changes to German orthography are among last year’s most fervently debated topics. The article identifies the individual and collective costs and benefits of such a change and, from the point of view of standardization economics, inquires into the conditions under which such a reform can be expected to be successful.
Moralische Geste oder Angst vor Boykott? Welche Großunternehmen beteiligten sich aus welchen Gründen an der Entschädigung ehemaliger NS-Zwangsarbeiter?
Authors: Spoerer Mark 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe German compensation program for former forced labourers in WWII is jointly financed by the German federation and a voluntarily constituted industry fund. The fund requested all German firms to join, regardless of age and role in the war. We explore the motives behind whether or not firms named in the top 500 joined the fund. In contrast to the public rhetoric which placed an emphasis on moral motives, we find that the most significant cause for a firm's decision to join was its export share, and thus its vulnerability to class-action suits and boycott threats. ß
Eine wirkungsorientierte aktive Arbeitsmarktpolitik in Deutschland und der Schweiz: Eine Vision – zwei Realitäten
Authors: Lechner Michael 
Published: March 2003

Abstract The paper develops a scenario of an interaction between actual governmental active labour market programmes and econometric policy evaluations. It argues that this scenario could and indeed should be implemented. The paper shows also that realities in Switzerland and Germany are very different from this ideal situation. The good news is that both countries appear to move - albeit slowly - towards that vision. It is however apparent that currently Germany is considerably lagging behind.
Are there any differences of impression between real objects and their reproductions viewed through CRT displays and video projectors?1
Authors: Miura Kayo , Inoue Hajime , Tominaga Makiko 
Published: March 2003

Abstract:Using wall materials, we compared the impressions of objects when viewed in reality and when reproduced and viewed through visual media: a cathode ray tube (CRT) display and a video projector. The results showed that the materials were evaluated from three different perspectives: evaluation (preference), potency (solidity) and activity (diversity) and that the similarity of the walls was determined according to the two‐dimensional characteristics of visual and tactile textures. Concerning the viewing condition it was found that: (i) a video projector can transmit information about color and pattern, but it cannot transmit enough texture, (ii) a CRT can transmit information about texture such as smoothness, as well as color and pattern, but it gives a tense impression, probably due to the image’s brightness and clarity, and (iii) seeing the objects in reality is the best way to evaluate their visual and factile textures. Although these findings showed the differences among the visual media used, the impression and evaluation of them were similar as a whole. We discussed this similarity of the judgement from the point of view of an observer’s ability to adjust to or to maintain a preset attitude to reproductions.
Evolution of Emergency Management in Malaysia
Authors: Aini Mat Said , Fakhru’l‐Razi Ahmadun , Daud Mohamed 
Published: March 2003

Various types of disaster ranging from biological, structural collapse, fire and explosion, landslides and meteorological incidents have struck Malaysia. Safety and emergency laws and regulations in Malaysia had evolved in pace with the development and industrialisation of the country. Some of these disasters were land‐marked disasters whereby various safety and emergency acts and regulations were amended or introduced. In this article, the history of the evolution of various Safety and Emergency Laws, Regulations and Acts in the country since independence in 1957 until the establishment of the Permanent Guidelines for Disaster Management and Relief Operations in 1997 is presented.Lessons from past disasters and the rapid expansion of industrialisation have greatly influenced the evolution of safety and emergency management in Malaysia. However, this intermediary phase in the pursuit of development is often accompanied by an increase in vulnerability (McEntire, 1997). This paper discusses reasons that are attributed to the increase in vulnerability as well as the challenges faced by the nation in the area of safety and emergency planning.
Forms of Foreign Investment Liberalization and Risk in Emerging Stock Markets
Authors: Hargis Kent 
Published: March 2003

AbstractI examine the effect of different forms of foreign investment liberalization on risk in emerging equity markets, including international cross‐listings and closed‐end country funds, and in the domestic equity market as foreign investment restrictions are eliminated. I find that in Latin American markets volatility declines significantly with different forms of foreign investment liberalization, and in Asian markets volatility does not increase significantly. Volatility is driven by domestic factors in South America, but the transmission of volatility from the United States to Mexico increases after liberalization. The market risk exposure increases in Argentina after liberalization, in Chile with an index of American Depositary Receipts, and in Thailand with greater foreign ownership, reducing the diversification benefits of these markets.
The Firm Size Effect and the Economic Cycle
Authors: Kim Moon K. , Burnie David A. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractSmall firms have, on average, lower return on assets and higher leverage than do large firms. Small firms tend to do well in good economic conditions but to perform poorly in the worst economic conditions. We investigate the hypothesis that the small firm effect is manifest in the expansion phase of the economic cycle but not in the contraction phase. The empirical results of our study confirm the hypothesis for 1976–95. We use the alpha, residual, and regression methods in testing the hypothesis.
Hepatitis C Virus NS3 ATPases/Helicases from Different Genotypes Exhibit Variations in Enzymatic Properties
Authors: Lam Angela M. I. , Keeney David , Eckert Patrick Q. , Frick David N. 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACT
The NS3 ATPase/helicase was isolated and characterized from three different infectious clones of hepatitis C virus (HCV). One helicase was from a genotype that normally responds to therapy (Hel-2a), and the other two were from more resistant genotypes, 1a (Hel-1a) and 1b (Hel-1b). Although the differences among these helicases are generally minor, all three enzymes have distinct properties. Hel-1a is less selective for nucleoside triphosphates, Hel-1b hydrolyzes nucleoside triphosphates less rapidly, and Hel-2a unwinds DNA more rapidly and binds DNA more tightly than the other two enzymes. Unlike related proteins, different nucleic acid sequences stimulate ATP hydrolysis by HCV helicase at different maximum rates and with different apparent efficiencies. This nucleic acid stimulation profile is conserved among the enzymes, but it does not result entirely from differential DNA-binding affinities. Although the amino acid sequences of the three proteins differ by up to 15%, one variant amino acid that is critical for helicase action was identified. NS3 residue 450 is a threonine in Hel-1a and Hel-1b and is an isoleucine in Hel-2a. A mutant Hel-1a with an isoleucine substituted for threonine 450 unwinds DNA more rapidly and binds DNA more tightly than the parent protein.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Vpr Enhances Expression from Unintegrated HIV-1 DNA
Authors: Poon Betty , Chen Irvin S. Y. 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACT

Retroviral DNA synthesized prior to integration, termed unintegrated viral DNA, is classically believed to be transcriptionally inert and to serve only as a precursor to the transcriptionally active integrated proviral DNA form. However, it has recently been found to be expressed under some circumstances during human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication and may play a significant role in HIV-1 pathogenesis. HIV-1 Vpr is a virion-associated accessory protein that is critical for HIV-1 replication in nondividing cells and induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. We find that Vpr, either expressed de novo or released from virions following viral entry, is essential for unintegrated viral DNA expression. HIV-1 mutants defective for integration in either the integrase catalytic domain or the
cis
-acting
att
sites can express unintegrated viral DNA at levels similar to that of wild-type HIV-1, but only in the presence of Vpr. In the absence of Vpr, the expression of unintegrated viral DNA decreases 10- to 20-fold. Vpr does not affect the efficiency of integration from integrase-defective HIV-1. Vpr-mediated enhancement of expression from integrase-defective HIV-1 requires that the viral DNA be generated in cells through infection and is mediated via a template that declines over time. Vpr activation of expression does not require exclusive nuclear localization of Vpr nor does it correlate with Vpr-mediated cell cycle arrest. These results attribute a new function to HIV-1 Vpr and implicate Vpr as a critical component in expression from unintegrated HIV-1 DNA.
Mutation of Single Hydrophobic Residue I27, L35, F39, L58, L65, L67, or L71 in the N Terminus of VP5 Abolishes Interaction with the Scaffold Protein and Prevents Closure of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Capsid Shells
Authors: Walters Jewell N. , Sexton Gerry L. , McCaffery J. Michael , Desai Prashant 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACT

Protein-protein interactions drive the assembly of the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) capsid. A key interaction occurs between the C-terminal tail of the scaffold protein (pre-22a) and the major capsid protein (VP5). Previously (Z. Hong, M. Beaudet-Miller, J. Durkin, R. Zhang, and A. D. Kwong, J. Virol.
70:
533-540, 1996) it was shown that the minimal domain in the scaffold protein necessary for this interaction was composed of a hydrophobic amphipathic helix. The goal of this study was to identify the hydrophobic residues in VP5 important for this bimolecular interaction. Results from the genetic analysis of second-site revertant virus mutants identified the importance of the N terminus of VP5 for the interaction with the scaffold protein. This allowed us to focus our efforts on a small region of this large polypeptide. Twenty-four hydrophobic residues, starting at L23 and ending at F84, were mutated to alanine. All the mutants were first screened for interaction with pre-22a in the yeast two-hybrid assay. From this in vitro assay, seven residues, I27, L35, F39, L58, L65, L67, and L71, that eliminated the interaction when mutated were identified. All 24 mutants were introduced into the virus genome with a genetic marker rescue/marker transfer system. For this system, viruses and cell lines that greatly facilitated the introduction of the mutants into the genome were made. The same seven mutants that abolished interaction of VP5 with pre-22a resulted in an absolute requirement for wild-type VP5 for growth of the viruses. The viruses encoding these mutations in VP5 were capable of forming capsid shells comprised of VP5, VP19C, VP23, and VP26, but the closure of these shells into an icosahedral structure was prevented. Mutation at L75 did not affect the ability of this protein to interact with pre-22a, as judged from the in vitro assay, but this mutation specified a lethal effect for virus growth and abolished the formation of any detectable assembled structure. Thus, it appears that the L75 residue is important for another essential interaction of VP5 with the capsid shell proteins. The congruence of the data from the previous and present studies demonstrates the key roles of two regions in the N terminus of this large protein that are crucial for this bimolecular interaction. Thus, residues I27, L35, and F39 comprise the first subdomain and residues L58, L65, L67 and L71 comprise a second subdomain of VP5. These seven hydrophobic residues are important for the interaction of VP5 with the scaffold protein and consequently the formation of an icosahedral shell structure that encloses the viral genome.