bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of congenitally acquired Neospora caninum infection on risk of abortion and subsequent abortions in dairy cattle
Authors: Thurmond Mark C. , Hietala Sharon K. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY

Objectives
To estimate the extent to which abortion risk in dairy cattle during subsequent pregnancies was associated with congenitally-acquired Neospora caninum infection and previous abortions.

Animals
468 Holstein cattle.

Procedure
Newborn heifer calves were tested for evidence of congenital infection attributable to N caninum and examined repeatedly until the completion of their second lactation for serologic status and evidence of abortion.

Results
Compared with noninfected cows, congenitally infected cows had a 7.4-fold higher risk of abortion during their initial pregnancy and a 1.7-fold higher risk of aborting the first pregnancy during their first lactation. During the first pregnancy of their second lactation, congenitally infected cows that had aborted previously had a 5.6-fold higher risk of abortion, compared with cows that had not previously aborted and that were seronegative. The fetal risk period for N caninum-associated death began sooner and extended later during the initial pregnancy, compared with subsequent pregnancies.

Conclusion
Congenitally acquired N caninum infection can cause a substantial number of abortions during the initial pregnancy of heifers, with abortion risk attributable to N caninum decreasing in subsequent pregnancies, possibly because of selective culling. Subsequent abortions can be expected in congenitally infected cows that have aborted previously. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:1381–1385)
Pulmonary and neutrophil responses to priming effects of platelet-activating factor in pigs
Authors: Kruse-Elliott K. T. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY

Objective
To investigate whether platelet-activating factor (PAF) primes the porcine pulmonary response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and what effect PAF priming has on porcine neutrophil superoxide (SO) release.

Animals
8- to 10-week old pigs.

Procedures
After pigs were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital and instrumented for standard cardiopulmonary hemodynamic measurements, they were randomly assigned to receive PAF (0.1 ng/kg of body weight/min, 0 to 2 hours) plus saline solution (2 to 6 hours), saline solution (0 to 2 hours) plus LPS (0.25 μg/kg/h, 2 to 6 hours), or PAF plus LPS. Cardiopulmonary variables were measured throughout the study. Neutrophils were isolated from saline- or PAF-treated pigs at 0 (baseline) and 2 hours, and the effect of in vivo PAF exposure on ex vivo phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-induced SO release was measured. Additionally, neutrophils isolated from immune-naive pigs were primed in vitro for 10 minutes with 10 μM PAF, and PMA-induced SO release was measured.

Results
PAF infusion significantly enhanced the increase in mean pulmonary arterial pressure, pulmonary vascular resistance, and hypoxemia associated with LPS administration. The infusion increased ex vivo neutrophil SO release, and in vitro PAF exposure primed neutrophils for enhanced SO release that was inhibited by pretreatment of cells with indomethacin.

Conclusions
PAF primes the porcine pulmonary system for the response to LPS. It primes porcine neutrophils in vivo and in vitro for PMA-induced SO release, and in vitro priming is mediated by cyclooxygenase products of arachidonic acid metabolism.

Clinical Relevance
PAF may modulate the porcine inflammatory response by acting as a priming agent, making pigs more responsive to the negative effects of bacterial LPS. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:1386–1391)
Enhancement of secretagogue-induced adrenocorticotropic hormone release from cultured sheep anterior pituitary cells by recombinant ovine interleukin 1
Authors: Kemppainen Robert J. , Behrend Ellen N. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY

Objective
To determine whether recombinant ovine interleukin (oIL)-1 or oIL-2 alters basal or hypothalamic peptide-induced secretion of ACTH from cultured sheep pituitary cells.

Animals
The pituitary gland was collected from castrated male sheep ranging from 0.5 to 1 year old.

Procedure
Cells were cultured for 3 to 5 days, then were treated with oIL for variable periods. Cells were washed and treated with the hypothalamic peptides corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) or arginine vasopressin (AVP) or both. Medium bathing the cells was collected and assayed for ACTH concentration.

Results
Ovine IL-1α and oIL-1β, but not oIL-2, increased the amount of ACTH released in response to CRH, AVP, and CRH and AVP combined. Both oIL were effective after 3, but not 18 or 24 hours of exposure. Treatment with oIL-1 did not affect basal release of ACTH. Exposure of cells to phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate or calphostin C before treatment with oIL-1β inhibited the ability of the cytokine to augment ACTH release, suggesting a role for protein kinase C in the process.

Conclusions
Local concentration of oIL-1 in the sheep pituitary gland may have an important role in determining secretion of ACTH in response to CRH or AVP or both from the hypothalamus.

Clinical Relevance
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis may be activated after immune challenge. The cytokine oIL-1 has been implicated as an important mediator in this process. The pituitary gland may be an important target for this effect. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:107–110)
Effects of age and location on the biomechanical and biochemical properties of canine tracheal ring cartilage in dogs
Authors: Hamaide Annick , Arnoczky Steven P. , Ciarelli Michael J. , Gardner Keri 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY

Objective
To evaluate effects of age (immature vs adult) and location along the trachea on the biomechanical properties (via a tensile stress relaxation test) and biochemical properties (water content and total proteoglycan content) of canine tracheal ring cartilage.

Sample population
Entire trachea from 8 immature and 8 adult dogs.

Procedure
A section of each tracheal ring from 8 immature dogs (6 months old) and 8 adult dogs (2 to 3 years old) was tested biomechanically (maximal stress, equilibrium stress, equilibrium modulus, and percentage of relaxation) and processed for biochemical analysis (water content and total proteoglycan content). Two rings from each trachea were prepared for histologic analysis (H&E or safranin-O staining).

Results
Biomechanical and biochemical parameters were not different between cervical and thoracic rings of either age group. Mean maximal stress, equilibrium stress, and equilibrium modulus were significantly higher for adult, compared with immature, dogs. However, percentage of relaxation for adult dogs was significantly lower. Tracheal rings of adult dogs had a significantly higher proteoglycan content and a significantly lower water content than did those of immature dogs. Water content and biomechanical parameters were significantly correlated, and proteoglycan content and biomechanical properties were significantly but weakly correlated. On histologic sectioning, a qualitative decrease in safranin-O staining in the rings of immature dogs also was observed.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
Biomechanical and biochemical properties of the canine tracheal ring cartilage are altered with age. However, location of the ring along the trachea did not affect these properties for either age group. Results lend support to the theory that proteoglycan content has some effect on tensile properties of tracheal rings and may explain increased compliance observed in rings from dogs with collapsed trachea. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:18–22)
Efficacy of fenbendazole in the treatment of experimental Giardia infection in dogs
Authors: Zajac Anne M. , LaBranche Timothy P. , Donoghue Ann R. , Chu Teng-Chiao 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY

Objective
To evaluate the efficacy of fenbendazole as a treatment for Giardia sp.

Animals
10 male and 10 female commercial-source Beagles.

Procedure
The experiment was conducted in 2 replicates. Dogs considered free of Giardia infection on the basis of results of 3 consecutive negative fecal examinations were experimentally infected with approximately 1,000 Giardia cysts isolated from dog feces. After verification of infection, the dogs were allocated to 2 groups (treated and untreated) and were housed in separate rooms. Treated dogs received 50 mg of fenbendazole/kg of body weight, PO, daily, for 3 days. After treatment on the third day, treated dogs were removed from their runs, shampooed, rinsed with disinfectant, and returned to disinfected runs. Fecal samples were collected from all dogs 12 times during the next 25 days.

Results
Giardia cysts were found in the feces of every untreated dog during all or part of the test period. Nine of 10 treated dogs did not have Giardia cysts in any fecal sample examined; the other dog had a positive result on a single sample in the third week after treatment.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance
Fenbendazole, at the nematocidal label dosage, is an effective drug for treatment of Giardia infection in dogs. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:61–63)
Accuracy of noninvasive oxyhemoglobin saturation, end-tidal carbon dioxide concentration, and blood pressure monitoring during experimentally induced hypoxemia, hypotension, or hypertension in anesthetized dogs
Authors: Grosenbaugh D. A. , Muir W. W. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY

Objective
To determine reliability of noninvasive methods of arterial oxyhemoglobin saturation (SpO2), end-tidal CO2 concentration (PEtCO2 and blood pressure (BP) determination during periods of hypoxemia and systemic arterial BP perturbations.

Animals
7 healthy, conditioned dogs weighing 19 to 22 kg.

Procedure
3 pulse oximeters, 2 capnometers, and 2 oscillometric BP monitors were used to measure oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood, heart rate, ventilatory status and arterial BP changes during hypoxemia, and altered arterial BP. Pulse oximeter-derived SpO2 and PEtCO2 were determined during rapidly induced plateaus of hypoxia (decreased fractional inspired oxygen concentration [FiO2) and altered systemic arterial BP. A lead-II ECG was used to monitor heart rate.

Results
Pulse oximetry provided an accurate assessment of fractional oxyhemoglobin saturation (SaO2) at SpO2 > 70%. As SaO2 decreased from 70%, the magnitude of the SpO2 error increased (20% error at SpO2 < 30%). The PEtCO2 was accurate at PaCO2, ranging from 30 to 55 ± 5 mm of Hg under all experimental conditions. When PaCO2 was > 55 mm of Hg, both capnometers produced values that were as much as 20 mm of Hg less than the corresponding PaCO2. Mean BP was least dependent on pulse wave quality, consistently underestimating mean arterial BP by approximately 10 mm of Hg.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
The pulse oximeters tested provided an accurate estimation of SaO2 at SpO2 > 70%. A PEtCO2 value > 55 mm of Hg may represent hypercapnia that is more profound than indicated. Systolic BP determinations were most accurate during hypotensive states and least accurate during hypertension. Diastolic BP measurements were generally more accurate during hypertension than normotension. Accuracy is not appreciably affected by hypotension resulting from vasodilation or blood loss. The tendency to underestimate systemic arterial BP should not interfere with trend detection during unstable clinical conditions. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:205–212)
Ground reaction forces in Greyhounds with tibial nerve injury
Authors: Rumph Paul F. , Steiss Janet E. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objectives
To measure ground reaction force variables during lameness resulting from impaired tibial nerve function and to determine whether these variables changed significantly as recovery progressed.

Animals
11 healthy Greyhounds of either sex, weighing between 22 and 39 kg.

Procedure
On 3 consecutive days before surgery, ground reaction forces were measured by force platform gait analysis at the trot. In dogs under general anesthesia, the left tibial nerve was crushed proximal to innervation of the gastrocnemius muscle. Gait analyses were repeated on days 8 to 10, 28 to 30, 43 to 45, 58 to 60, and 90 to 92 after surgery. Ground reaction force variables and stance time were compared among the 3-day clusters.

Results
10 days after surgery, all dogs had weight-bearing lameness attributed to paralysis of muscles in the caudal compartment of the crus. Nerve regeneration resulted in functional recovery within 3 months. Decreases in vertical force were significant 10 days after surgery; thereafter, changes reflected gradual return of load bearing, with the most marked improvement between 10 and 45 days. At 90 days, vertical force variables were within 3% of presurgical values. Stance time for the left hind limb was significantly longer at 10, 30, and 45 days after surgery and was seen in all dogs, but returned to within 1% of preoperative stance time at 90 days. The effect of tibial nerve dysfunction on braking or propulsive force was not significant.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
The significant changes in vertical ground reaction forces in hind limbs of dogs during lameness that resulted from impaired tibial nerve function are detectable, as is response during recovery, by use of force platform analysis. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:375–378)
Scintigraphic assessment of gastric emptying of canned and dry diets in healthy cats
Authors: Goggin Justin Μ. , Hoskinson James J. , Butine Michael D. , Foster Louis A. , Myers Nathaniel C. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To characterize factors that affect solid-phase gastric emptying in healthy cats by use of nuclear scintigraphy and to assess differences in emptying patterns of dry and canned diets.

Animals
20 healthy cats.

Procedure
2 groups of 10 cats each were fed dry or canned diet for at least 2 weeks before scintigraphy was done. Diets were labeled with 99mTc-disofenin. After ingestion of labeled meals, scintigraphic images were obtained at 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes, then every 30 minutes to 6 hours. Gastric emptying scans were obtained 3 times for each cat for each diet, in a complete crossover design. The T90, T50, and T20 (times when 90, 50, and 20% of initial meal activity remained in the stomach, respectively) were derived from gastric emptying curves fit to nonlinear models. A mixed models approach was used for data analysis.

Results
Gastric emptying was well described by a nonlinear model. Meal size, water intake, and diet type significantly (P < 0.05) effected gastric emptying. The T90, T50, and T20 increased with meal size, regardless of diet type or water intake. Gastric emptying of a dry diet meal took significantly (P < 0.05) longer than that of an isocaloric meal of canned diet, except when meal size was small. Differences in gastric emptying of dry and canned diets varied with the phase (T90 vs T50 vs T20) of emptying.

Conclusion
Water intake, meal size, and diet type significantly influence gastric emptying in healthy cats, and these factors must be considered in analysis of gastric emptying data. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:388–392)
Induction of cytokine messenger RNA transcripts in mouse macrophages by Listeria monocytogenes isolated from channel catfish
Authors: Zhang Li-Feng , Wang Chinling 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine whether differences exist in induction and quantity of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)1ß, and IL-10 mRNA transcripts when mouse J774A.1 macrophages are infected with Listeria monocytogenes, including 2 isolates originating from channel catfish, the wild-type virulent (EGD) strain, and a nonhemolytic strain (ATCC 15313).

Samples
Listeria monocytogenes isolates from kidneys or fillets of channel catfish were used to stimulate cytokine production from mouse macrophages. The RNA from the infected macrophages was collected.

Procedure
Four hours after infection with L monocytogenes, total cellular RNA was extracted from the J774A.1 cells and reversed transcribed to cDNA, which was amplified, using specific primers for TNF- α, IL-1ß, or IL-10. The specific amplified DNA fragments were detected on polyacrylamide gels and quantified, using a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-mediated ELISA.

Results
The wild-type hemolytic EGD strain and the 2 hemolytic catfish isolates of L monocytogenes induced higher amounts of TNF-α-, IL-1ß-, and IL-10- specific mRNA in J774A.1 cells than did the nonhemolytic strain.

Conclusions
Hemolysin-associated induction of TNF-α, IL-1ß, and IL-10 cytokines may be related to survival and replication of L monocytogenes in macrophages. It also suggests that the PCR-mediated ELISA procedure is a sensitive test to quantify cytokines from cell cultures. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:717-721)
Gelatinolytic activity in tracheal epithelial lining fluid and in blood from horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Raulo Saara M. , Maisi Päivi 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY

Objectives
To determine whether gelatinolytic activity in tracheal epithelial lining fluid (TELF), blood neutrophils, and blood lymphocytes from horses was metalloprotease activity, and to compare, for healthy horses and horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, gelatinolytic activity in neutrophils, lymphocytes, and serum with activity in TELF.

Animals
7 horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and 4 healthy control horses.

Procedure
Neutrophils and lymphocytes were obtained by means of Percoll separation. Zymography was used to detect gelatinolytic activity; EDTA inhibition and 4-aminophenyl mercuric acetate activation were used to verify that gelatinolytic activity was metalloprotease activity.

Results
Gelatinolytic activity was significantly higher in TELF from horses with COPD than in TELF from healthy horses. For all samples, EDTA inhibited and APMA activated gelatinolytic activity. Gelatinolytic activity of neutrophils, lymphocytes, and serum was not significantly different between healthy horses and horses with COPD.

Conclusions
Results suggested that gelatinolytic activity in TELF from horses is metalloprotease activity. Gelatinolytic activity is increased in TELF from horses with COPD, but not in serum, neutrophils, or lymphocytes. Neutrophils and lymphocytes are possible sources of gelatinolytic activity in TELF.

Clinical Relevance
Measurements of serum, blood neutrophil, or blood lymphocyte gelatinolytic activity were of little value in distinguishing horses with COPD from healthy horses. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:818–823)
Type-1 hypersensitivity reactions to Malassezia pachydermatis extracts in atopic dogs
Authors: Morris Daniel O. , Olivier N. Bari , Rosser Edmund J. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY

Objective
To investigate the potential allergenic role of the yeast Malassezia pachydermatis in dogs with clinical diagnosis of atopic dermatitis.

Animals
5 clinically normal nonatopic dogs, 10 atopic dogs with cytologic evidence of Malassezia dermatitis, and 12 atopic dogs without cytologic evidence of Malassezia dermatitis.

Procedure
A crude yeast extract was produced by disrupting the cell wall of M pachydermatis. The crude extract and 8 of its fractions, which were generated by fractionation in a high-performance liquid chromatography column, were injected along with 46 commercial allergens for intradermal allergy testing of normal and atopic sample populations. Significant difference between atopic populations was evaluated, using a threshold concentration of crude yeast extract that failed to induce wheal-and-flare responses in normal nonatopic dogs.

Results
Atopic dogs with cytologic evidence of Malassezia dermatitis had significantly greater wheal-and-flare reactions to intradermal injection of crude extract of M pachydermatis than did atopic dogs without cytologic evidence of Malassezia dermatitis.

Conclusions
It is concluded that M pachydermatis is capable of promoting type-1 hypersensitivity reactions in dogs with an atopic dermatitis phenotype.

Clinical Relevance
Currently, Malassezia dermatitis is principally managed by use of antifungal chemotherapy. Because the yeast appears to be a contributing allergen in dogs with atopic dermatitis, hyposensitization with M pachydermatis extracts may offer a future alternative to extended or repeated episodic administration of antifungals for extended control of recurrent infections. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:836–841)
Specificity and duration of neutralizing antibodies induced in healthy cattle after administration of a modified-live virus vaccine against bovine viral diarrhea
Authors: Cortese Victor S. , Whittaker Richard , Ellis John , Ridpath Julie F. , Bolin Steven R. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY

Objective
To determine the duration for cross-neutralizing antibodies stimulated by administration of a single dose of a modified-live vaccine against bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) to seronegative cattle.

Animals
23 Angus cows seronegative to BVDV.

Procedure
Cows were randomly assigned to control (unvaccinated) or test (vaccinated) groups. Eighteen BVDV-seronegative Angus cattle were vaccinated via IM injection with a modified-live BVDV (NADL strain) vaccine and commingled with 5 unvaccinated seronegative cows. Serum was obtained from the cows before vaccination, on the day of vaccination, and 1.5, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 18 months after vaccination. Serum neutralizing antibody tests were performed on samples obtained at each point after vaccination, using a panel of 12 strains of BVDV that, on the basis of reactivity with monoclonal antibodies, were identified as heterologous.

Results
Antibodies against all 12 strains of BVDV (which we tested) were detected by use of viral neutralization testing in samples obtained from vaccinated cattle 18 months after vaccination; however, concentration of antibody for some of the strains was low. Nonvaccinated cattle remained seronegative throughout the 18-month study period.

Clinical Implications
Analysis of these data indicated that modified-live BVDV vaccines could stimulate an antibody response in seronegative cows that was detectable for at least 18 months after vaccination. These antibodies were able to cross neutralize 12 antigenically diverse strains of BVDV. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:848–850)
Effect of hyperbaric oxygen on lipid peroxidation in free skin grafts in rats
Authors: Lemarié Rose J. , Hosgood Giselle , VanSteenhouse Jan , Hodgin E. Clay , Tedford Bruce L. , Strain George M. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY

Objective
To document that free skin grafts treated with hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) are at greater risk for reperfusion injury, resulting in lipid peroxidation, than are free skin grafts without HBO treatment.

Animals
40 Sprague-Dawley rats.

Procedure
Free skin grafting was performed bilaterally on each rat. The HBO-treated rats received HBO twice daily for 90 minutes at 2 ATA. Biopsy specimens were taken from each rat at the time of grafting and on days 2, 4, 7, 10, 14, 21, and 28, then were processed for tissue concentration of total glutathione (GSHt), glutathione peroxidase activity (GPx), and presence of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS).

Results
Both groups had a similar pattern of change in TBARS and GPx values—initial increase, returning to preoperative values at days 21 (control) and 28 (HBO). The GPx activity peaked later than did TBARS concentration (day 7 vs day 4). The pattern was significantly more pronounced in HBO-treated than in control rats. Both groups had a similar pattern of change in GSHt values—significant decrease from preoperative concentration at day 2, return to preoperative concentration by days 4 (HBO) and 7 (control), increase above preoperative concentration by day 21, and return to preoperative concentration by day 28. Obvious visual or histologic differences in the grafts were not detected between groups.

Conclusions
Cellular effects of oxidative stress were apparent in both groups of rats; however, the degree of these effects was exacerbated by HBO. In the face of enhanced cellular lipid peroxidation, use of HBO for the treatment of free skin grafts must be questioned. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:913–917)