bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Local dynamics in multi‐local, transnational spaces of rural Mexico: Oaxacan experiences
Authors: Conway Dennis , Cohen Jeffrey H. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractMexico's proximity to the United States, the two economies' increased integration, and the demand for low‐cost labour in el norte, has fuelled a transnational circulation of people that is most probably self‐perpetuating and is certainly firmly embedded. This investigation of local dynamics in the multi‐local transnational spaces of Oaxacan households draws upon a comprehensive set of sample surveys conducted in 12 municipios in the central valleys of Oaxaca over a six‐year period. We frame our Oaxaca empirical findings within two constructs developed by the authors. One is a typology of circulation behaviours differentiated by scale of interactive systems of mobility and by behavioural intentions; the other is a household migration and remittance framework that highlights the wide variations in the patterns of investment of remittances by recipient households. Extending these frameworks, we use village‐ and family‐level evidence to demonstrate the crucial significance of local contexts for determining household strategies of migration and remittance investment. What is most apparent from our Oaxacan biographies is, firstly, the wide range of experiences that are present both within and between the various communities; secondly, the strategic use of local circuit moves in concert with national and international (or transnational) sojourns; and thirdly, the various positive and negative impacts of migration and remittance investment that range from self‐aggrandisement to community investment. Our analysis concludes that local space is an essential contextual anchor, and the evolving nature of household migration decision‐making is in large part determined, or at least significantly influenced, by the spatial nature of the social linkages between people, their households/families, and their local, regional, national and transnational contexts. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The repopulation of the Americas in historical perspective
Authors: McNeill William H. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractMigration is as old as humankind, a phenomenon that lies at the root of human dispersal across both ecological and cultural frontiers. It seems safe to assume that population growth and conflicts within and between adjacent bands were instrumental in the initial human dispersal. Then came a second wave of migration, leading to permanent settlements at places where food resources were either abundant, or could easily be concentrated. Eventually, agriculture emerged in those settlements and population increased, thus producing a new pattern of migration, as pioneers left overcrowded landscapes and sought out fertile soils. This constant process of settlement, population growth, conflicts, and migration was confined to the vast ecological and cultural frontiers of Africa and Eurasia. However, after 1492, the phenomenon of human dispersal that first started in the east African Savanna, where our ancestors evolved, eventually reached the New World where American immigration has been playing out in many forms and has left many different marks, including the destruction of Native Amerindians by European settlers as well as the many infectious diseases that they transmitted, the massive enslavements of Africans, and indentured labor, and where how cultural and other differences will be accommodated and modified remains a capital question for the 21st century. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Black migration at the margin of freedom
Authors: Shrestha Nanda R. , Smith Wilbur I. , Evans Charles L. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe history of Black migration is a story of continuity and change, a paradoxical story of hopes and despairs. Situating migration as a labour process within the general framework of labour–capital relations, this study examines the role of south‐to‐north migration in Black Americans' upward mobility and human capital accumulation for the period 1910–1970. The conceptual argument advanced is that labour market distortions, based on the historical legacy of colour as a marker of one's ability, affect the way capitalist forces use (underutilise) Black migrants, leading to the underdevelopment of their human capital. An analysis of IPUMS data samples showed: (1) Black migrants were far more likely to experience unemployment in the labour markets of the Midwest than their White counterparts; (2) the unemployment rate of more‐educated Black migrants was higher than that for less‐educated Black migrants; (3) race was revealed by regression analysis to be an important variable in explaining why Blacks were far more likely to be found in low‐wage, least upwardly mobile occupations than their White counterparts, whose proportionate employment share of the high‐end occupations was much greater than that of Blacks; and (4) geographically, the early advantage that Black migrants enjoyed from locating in the central city lost much of its value over time. This may reflect how, while Blacks remained trapped in central cities because of residential segregation, jobs – especially those in the private sector – have increasingly moved out of the city, thus creating a mismatch between their residence and the location(s) of jobs. Overall, the data analysis suggests that race still matters, as the colour of labour remains a source of discrimination in terms of both the extent to which Black labour was used (unemployment rate) and how it was used (occupation). The result was that capitalist forces in the American labour market systematically undervalued or suppressed Black migrants' pre‐existing human capital, thus denying them an opportunity fully to harness their potential and enhance their human capital accumulation. Copyright­© 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Editorial commentary: migration, a paradox of American human drama
Authors: Shrestha Nanda R. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractNowhere is the human drama of migration greater than in the grand theatre of America, a land of migrants from all corners of the world. But the migration current that America is experiencing today is vastly different than the one a century ago. With migrants of colour dominating the new waves of human flows, America is undergoing a visible transformation of its demographic landscape. In other words, the “whiteness” that once was the predominant feature of this landscape has turned into a rainbow of colours. Consequently, the running immigration debate in the country has gone beyond the realm of economic costs and benefits of foreign migration. It has become – explicitly as well as implicitly – racialised, as it is increasingly centered on racial and ethnic demographic shifts caused by growing migration. What lies at the core of this debate is the age‐old and most haunting question of the American paradox, the question of ‘Who is “American”?’ This is a painful question that few migrants of colour can avoid whether their migration to America fails them or bestows them with great success, however defined. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cholesterol paradox: Is high total or low HDL cholesterol level a risk for Alzheimer's disease?
Authors: Michikawa Makoto 
Published: March 2003

AbstractCholesterol is an essential component of membranes for maintaining their structure and functions. The discovery that possession of apolipoprotein E (apoE), allele ϵ4 is a strong risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD) leads us to focus on the role of cholesterol in the pathogenesis of AD. Accumulating epidemiological and biological evidence suggests the link between the serum cholesterol level and the development of AD, and the potential therapeutic effectiveness of statins for AD and mild cognitive impairment (MCI), whereas other lines of evidence show controversial results. Cholesterol is known to interact with amyloid β‐protein (Aβ) in a reciprocal manner: cellular cholesterol levels modulate Aβ generation, whereas Aβ alters cholesterol dynamics in neurons, leading to tauopathy. In this review, the relationship between the cholesterol levels in serum or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the induction of AD is discussed. The mechanism(s), if this is the case, of how cholesterol in the central nervous system (CNS) is involved in the induction of pathologies of AD including Aβ generation and tauopathy, and how statins prevent it are also discussed. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Can dissimilarity lead to positive outcomes? The influence of open versus closed minds
Authors: Chattopadhyay Prithviraj 
Published: March 2003

AbstractSocial identity theory and self‐categorization theory have usually been interpreted to suggest that demographic dissimilarity will negatively influence employee outcomes. However, inconsistent with this interpretation, positive and neutral relationships between demographic dissimilarity and employee outcomes have also been documented in some instances for women and minority employees. It is argued here that the influence of demographic dissimilarity on the attitudes of women and minority employees is moderated by their level of dogmatism, which influences whether they view sex‐ and race‐based status hierarchies in organizations as legitimate. Data from a survey shows that the influence of demographic dissimilarity on the organization‐based self‐esteem of employees, their level of trust in their peers and their attraction towards their peers is positive for individuals with higher level of dogmatism and negative for individuals with lower level of dogmatism. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Organizational commitment, supervisory commitment, and employee outcomes in the Chinese context: proximal hypothesis or global hypothesis?
Authors: Cheng Bor‐Shiuan , Jiang Ding‐Yu , Riley Jean H. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThis study examines the relationship between organizational commitment and supervisory commitment (commitment to supervisor) in terms of their effects on employee outcomes in the Chinese context. Based on the principle of compatibility, we hypothesized that organizational commitment and supervisory commitment served as logical mediators (global hypothesis and proximal hypothesis) for predicting organization‐relevant and leader‐relevant outcomes respectively. Moreover, because of the impact of personalism in Chinese culture, we predicted that supervisory commitment also significantly influenced organization‐relevant outcomes, in addition to its effect on leader‐relevant outcomes. Two separate questionnaires were administered to 538 subordinates and their supervisors in Taiwanese companies. Structural equation modeling and hierarchical block regression analysis shows that the principle of compatibility and personalism can explain the proposed relationship in this study. Implications and research directions are discussed in light of Chinese culture for future investigation into organizational commitment and supervisory commitment. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Broad and narrow measures on both sides of the personality–job performance relationship
Authors: Tett Robert P. , Steele Jacquelyn R. , Beauregard Russell S. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractTwo studies compared specific versus broad measures in linking personality with work behavior. In Study 1, 100 university students completed the 20 subscales of the Personality Research Form and an in‐basket exercise scored on 16 distinct managerial behaviors. In Study 2, 335 market research field representatives completed the Hogan Personality Inventory, containing 41 specific trait scales organized into seven primary scales, and were rated by their supervisors on seven performance dimensions. In both studies, significant linkages between broad personality and criterion variables (e.g., factors) were explained by stronger relations among relatively few specific variables. Moreover, consistent with prior research, weak relations among broad measures obscured important linkages at the specific level, including several cases of cancellation (i.e., specific traits loading the same factor in the same direction correlated with criteria in opposite directions). Canonical correlations with appropriate shrinkage correction revealed notable improvements in criterion validity over inter‐factor correlations and helped summarize the data while retaining the diagnostic advantages of specificity. Our findings are unique by demonstrating the value of specificity on both sides of the prediction equation. Implications for personnel selection are discussed. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Organizations and supervisors as sources of support and targets of commitment: a longitudinal study
Authors: Stinglhamber Florence , Vandenberghe Christian 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe main objective of this study was to examine the relationship between perceived support and affective commitment, and the linkages between these constructs and some of their common antecedents and consequences. More precisely, using a sample of 238 employees, we conducted a longitudinal study to examine the linkages between the favorableness of intrinsically and extrinsically satisfying job conditions, perceived organizational support, perceived supervisor support, affective commitment to the organization and supervisor, and turnover. Affective commitment to the supervisor was found to completely mediate the effect of perceived supervisor support on turnover, whereas neither perceived organizational support nor organizational affective commitment were significantly related to turnover. Perceived organizational support partially mediated the effect of favorable intrinsically satisfying job conditions on organizational affective commitment and fully mediated the effect of extrinsically satisfying job conditions on organizational affective commitment. Finally, perceived supervisor support totally mediated the effect of favorable intrinsically satisfying job conditions on affective commitment to the supervisor. As a whole, findings suggest that exchange relationships between employees and their supervisors should be further investigated in future turnover research. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Formal mentoring versus supervisor and coworker relationships: differences in perceptions and impact
Authors: Raabe Babette , Beehr Terry A. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractFormal mentoring programs in two companies were examined regarding (1) the extent to which mentees and mentors agreed on the nature of the mentoring relationships and (2) the extent to which dimensions of mentoring relationships were related to outcomes for the mentees, compared with the extent to which dimensions of supervisory and coworker relationships were related to the same outcomes: job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and turnover intentions. Mentors were at least two hierarchical levels above the mentee, and both were part of the companyies' formal mentoring program. Sixty‐one pairs of mentors and mentees participated. Overall, there was little agreement between mentees and mentors regarding the nature of the mentoring relationship. Furthermore, the mentoring relationship was not related to mentee outcomes, while supervisory and coworker relationships were. It is suggested that, if one desires to affect job satisfaction, turnover intentions, and organizational commitment, mentoring functions may be best performed by supervisors and coworkers rather than assigned formal mentors from higher up in the organizational hierarchy. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cardiac injury during needle localized surgical breast biopsy
Authors: Martinez Steve R. , Gelfand Mark , Hourani Hisham S. , Sorrento Joseph J. , Mohan Eugene P. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractNeedle localized breast biopsy is commonly used to diagnose and remove non‐palpable breast lesions. We present the first case of cardiac injury resulting from needle localized breast biopsy. A hooked‐end monofilament wire penetrated the pericardium and myocardium overlying the left ventricle. The wire was pulled and the patient managed non‐operatively with close monitoring that included plain chest radiographs, electrocardiography, and echocardiography. The literature regarding complications of the procedure was reviewed. J. Surg. Oncol. 2003;82:261–265. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preparation of EPDM/SAN Dry Blends by Reactive Processing
Authors: Vierle Mario , Steinhauser Norbert , Nuyken Oskar , Obrecht Werner 
Published: March 2003

AbstractReactive blending of the rubber EPDM (a terpolymer consisting of ethylene, propylene and a diene) and the thermoplastic material SAN (a copolymer of styrene and acrylonitrile) is reinvestigated with special attention to EPDM/SAN blends with a 50/50 blend ratio. A resin cure system based on a low molecular weight phenol formaldehyde condensate, which primarily consists of dimethylolphenol and stannous dichloride, is used for compatibilization of EPDM and SAN, as well as for crosslinking of the EPDM phase. The amounts of phenolic resin and SnCl2 · 2H2O as well as the EPDM grade and the EPDM/SAN blend ratio are varied. The blends are characterized by stress‐strain measurements, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Unreacted EPDM, unreacted SAN and gel plus graft copolymer are quantitatively determined by fractionation of the blends with a binary solvent mixture which exhibits phase separation at room temperature. Blends prepared from EPDM grades that are amorphous and have a high molar mass exhibit high levels of gel and rather poor mechanical properties. With these blends, gel formation is favored over the formation of EPDM/SAN graft copolymers. Even with low levels of the resin cure system, the formation of gel cannot be avoided. It is therefore not possible to prepare graft copolymers without some gelling. Blends prepared from an EPDM grade with high crystallinity and a low Mooney viscosity exhibit substantially better mechanical properties than blends based on amorphous and higher viscosity EPDM grades. TEM and SEM micrographs reveal good dispersion of the two polymers, as well as good interfacial adhesion between the EPDM and the SAN phase. This electron microscopic evidence, in combination with low gel contents, supports the view that the tendency towards graft copolymer formation and gelling strongly depends on the EPDM grade used. Variation of the EPDM/SAN blend ratio between 5–90 wt.‐% results in blends which cover the product range from toughened thermoplastics to thermoplastic elastomers.TEM of compatibilized EPDM/SAN blend.magnified imageTEM of compatibilized EPDM/SAN blend.
Diffraction Gratings in Hybrid Sol‐Gel Films: On the Understanding of the Relief Generation Process
Authors: Croutxé‐Barghorn C. , Soppera O. , Chevallier M. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractHybrid organic‐inorganic materials based on the sol‐gel synthesis of an organically modified silicon alkoxide have demonstrated their great potential for optical applications. They offer a high versatility in terms of chemical, physical properties and macroscopic shape molding of the final component. Recently, a photolithographic process allowed the generation of relief optical elements without requiring a wet treatment to reveal the latent image. It enabled a low cost, simple and quick method for the fabrication of integrated optical components. The aim of the present paper is to give new insights into the mechanisms of surface self‐corrugation leading to gratings generation in hybrid sol‐gel films. A study of the relief formation was led by giving particular attention to the kinetic aspects of the polymerization of the organic component. The control of the CC double bonds conversion of methacrylate functionalized alkoxides in case of photopolymerization is therefore an essential issue to tailor material properties. The study also focuses on the influence of physico‐chemical parameters that govern the relief generation and underlines the particular role of temperature. Kinetics of surface corrugation point out the importance of strain relaxation, mass‐transfer by flowing and organic network formation during the photolithographic process. Some illustrations of the generated diffraction gratings are given.
Interferogram of the diffraction grating obtained after 120 s exposure through a chromium mask.magnified imageInterferogram of the diffraction grating obtained after 120 s exposure through a chromium mask.
Basal ganglia injury as a complication of the ketogenic diet
Authors: Erickson Jay C. , Jabbari Bahman , Difazio Marc P. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractMovement disorders or basal ganglia injury have not been reported as complications of the ketogenic diet, an alternative treatment for intractable epilepsy. We report on a novel complication of the ketogenic diet manifesting as a severe extrapyramidal movement disorder and bilateral putaminal lesions. A single case is described. A video demonstrating the movement disorder is included. A 5‐year‐old girl with a cryptogenic epileptic encephalopathy developed focal dystonia, diffuse chorea, and ataxia after starting the ketogenic diet. Cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated bilateral putaminal lesions that were not present before starting the diet. MR spectroscopy showed a lactate peak in the basal ganglia, suggesting a failure of mitochondrial energy metabolism as the mechanism of cerebral injury. The radiographic abnormalities resolved after stopping the diet, although the movement disorder persisted. Basal ganglia injury and extrapyramidal movement abnormalities are potential complications of the ketogenic diet. Concomitant use of valproate or a latent inborn error of metabolism may be risk factors for these rare complications. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society
Reduced genital sensitivity in female patients with multiple system atrophy of parkinsonian type
Authors: Oertel Wolfgang H. , Wächter Tobias , Quinn Niall P. , Ulm Gudrun , Brandstädter Dirk 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAccording to the consensus statement on the diagnosis of multiple system atrophy (MSA), erectile dysfunction is required for male patients to fulfil the urinary incontinence criterion. However, there is no equivalent item for female patients. We questioned 19 female patients with MSA of the parkinsonian type (MSA‐P), 28 female patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), and 27 healthy controls on their genital sensitivity. A total of 47% of the MSA patients but only 4% of the PD patients and 4% of the control group admitted to reduced genital sensitivity, a highly significant difference (P < 0.001). Moreover, the appearance of reduced genital sensitivity in female MSA patients showed a close temporal relation to the onset of the disease. If these preliminary results can be confirmed and further specified in a larger sample, a historical item of reduced genital sensitivity in female patients might become a diagnostic feature for MSA, comparable to erectile dysfunction in male patients. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society