bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Prevalence and Outcomes of Care Proceedings Involving Parents with Learning Difficulties in the Family Courts
Authors: Booth Tim , Booth Wendy , McConnell David 
Published: February 2005

Background  Parents with learning difficulties are known to face a high risk of losing their children. This paper reports findings from a study designed to throw light on the numbers of parents with learning difficulties and their children coming before the Family Courts in Children Act proceedings and what happened to them as a result.Method  The paper presents descriptive information on the characteristics of the parents and children, the basis of professional concerns in these cases, and details of the final outcomes and placement decisions extracted from a documentary review of court files.Results  Parents with learning difficulties were found to be disproportionately represented in care proceedings and their children were significantly more likely to be freed for adoption than the children of any other group of parents.Conclusions  On the basis of the research evidence, parents with learning difficulties appear to be treated more harshly because of their disability, raising the question of the interface between disability discrimination legislation and the Children Act in such cases.
The Use of Physical Interventions with People with Intellectual Disabilities and Challenging Behaviour – the Experiences of Service Users and Staff Members
Authors: Hawkins Sarah , Allen David , Jenkins Rosemary 
Published: February 2005

Background  The views of both service users with intellectual disability and their support staff on the use of physical interventions are largely unknown. The research that does exist describes a largely negative pattern of responses. The present study aimed to explore the personal impact of receiving and implementing physical interventions, and also how service users and staff felt the use of such procedures impacted on each other.Method  Eight service user/staff pairs were interviewed about their experiences of physical intervention within 1 week of their mutual involvement in a behavioural incident requiring restraint use. A qualitative methodology was employed to obtain views on a non‐pain compliance approach to physical intervention.Results  Service user and staff experiences were intrinsically linked, highlighting the interactional nature of physical interventions. It was apparent that experiences of physical intervention were dependent on far more than the application of techniques alone.Conclusions  Participants’ accounts were primarily negative. Service user and staff experiences were clearly affected by their appraisals of each other's behaviour throughout the physical intervention process.
Community‐based Residential Supports for People with Intellectual Disabilities and Challenging Behaviour: The Views of Neighbours
Authors: Robertson Janet , Emerson Eric , Pinkney Lisa , Caesar Emma , Felce David , Meek Andrea , Carr Deborah , Lowe Kathy , Knapp Martin , Hallam Angela 
Published: February 2005

Background  The issue of the views of neighbours of community‐based residential supports for people with intellectual disabilities and challenging behaviour has not been examined till date. This study looks at the views of neighbours of two types of community‐based residential supports: non‐congregate settings where the minority of residents have challenging behaviour; and congregate settings where the majority of residents have challenging behaviour.Materials and methods  A self‐completion questionnaire was used to collect information on contact between neighbours, residents and staff, and the views of neighbours. Information was also collected by semi‐structured interview with service staff on the characteristics of settings.Results  Sixty‐four questionnaires were returned. Contact between neighbours and service users was limited for both types of setting, with two‐thirds of neighbours not knowing any service users by name, and a third having had no active contact with service users. Neighbours of non‐congregate settings were more likely to think that community care was a ‘good policy’ (76%) than neighbours of congregate settings (53%) and to believe that there were benefits to the neighbourhood from having the group home in the area (46% versus 29%) but these differences were not significant. Contact with people with intellectual disabilities was associated with more positive attitudes to community care and specific characteristics of the settings.Conclusions  Contact between neighbours and people with severe intellectual disabilities and challenging behaviour is limited. However, the majority of neighbours are positive about community care and the problems reported by neighbours are predominantly minor. The results point to the key role that contact plays in fostering positive attitudes. Findings regarding differences between congregate and non‐congregate settings are limited by the small number of responses from neighbours of congregate settings.
Domains of Quality of Life of People with Profound Multiple Disabilities: the Perspective of Parents and Direct Support Staff
Authors: Petry Katja , Maes Bea , Vlaskamp Carla 
Published: February 2005

Background  This study considered the general validity of the basic domains of quality of life that appear in theoretical models, in relation to people with profound multiple disabilities. The authors examined how parents and direct support staff operationalized these basic domains for people with profound multiple disabilities. They investigated the effect of the support setting and age of people with profound multiple disabilities on this operationalization.Methods  A number (n = 76) of parents and direct support staff of people with profound multiple disabilities were interviewed. Transcripts were analysed in depth.Results  Results showed that the five basic domains as described within the model of Felce & Perry [Research in Developmental Disabilities (1995) vol. 16, pp. 51–74; Quality of Life in Health Promotion and Rehabilitation Conceptual Approaches, Issues and Applications (1996a) Sage Publications; Quality of Life. Vol. I: Conceptualization and Measurement (1996b) American Association on Mental Retardation] were identified spontaneously by more than half of the respondents as being salient for the quality of life of people with profound multiple disabilities. When asked explicitly, this value rose to between 88.2 and 100%. The operationalization of these basic domains by parents and direct support staff differed in several aspects from operationalizations for other target groups. Neither age nor support setting turned out to have a significant effect on the operationalization.Conclusions  The results supported the multidimensionality of quality of life and the validity of the basic domains for people with profound multiple disabilities. The content of the domains of quality of life differed, however, to a considerable extent for people with profound multiple disabilities. Furthermore, these people are extremely dependent on others for the gratification of their needs and therefore for their quality of life.
How People with Intellectual Disabilities View Their Social Identity: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Beart Suzie , Hardy Gillian , Buchan Linda 
Published: February 2005

Objectives  This review aims to show how people who are categorized as having intellectual disabilities view their social identity, and the impact that this identity has on them. It is felt that research in this area gives valuable insights that are directly applicable to, and raise important questions about, clinical work with people with intellectual disabilities.Methods  The diagnostic criteria for and the process of gaining the identity of intellectual disabilities are considered. The literature on stigma and social identity is reviewed and methodological difficulties within these studies are highlighted.Results  It is argued that having intellectual disabilities is a powerful and stigmatizing identity. There is a consistent finding in the literature that many people with intellectual disabilities appear unaware of this identity. The possible reasons put forward for this finding are considered, and the clinical implications of the studies reviewed are discussed.Conclusions  The few studies that have been undertaken offer useful insights into the effects that having an identity of intellectual disabilities has on an individual. It is argued that further research is needed and that this will be particularly applicable to intellectual disabilities services, where many questions concerning the possible impact of an intellectual disabilities identity remain unanswered.
Providing Care for adults with Autistic Spectrum Disorders in Learning Disability Services: Needs‐based or Diagnosis‐driven?
Authors: Bennett Heather E. , Wood Clare L. , Hare Dougal Julian 
Published: February 2005

Background  This study assessed whether a Learning Disability Service should develop a specific autism strategy or provide services on a needs‐led basis.Materials and methods  An autism screening questionnaire had been used to identify individuals scoring above a cut‐off who had (n = 9) or had not (n = 15) received a formal diagnosis of autism. A sample of low scorers (n = 22) were matched to these groups. Questionnaires assessing service provision, needs (disabilities and challenging behaviour), quality of life and knowledge of autism were sent to relatives of individuals living at home or key‐workers for those living in supported housing.Results  The high scoring groups had similar levels of needs. Those diagnosed with autism received more services in total while the high scoring group without autism diagnoses scored significantly lower on quality of life. Although these differences were not maintained when level of disability was taken into account, it appeared that there was some level of unmet need in the high scorers without autism diagnoses group.Conclusions  It appeared that resources should be targeted at identifying and addressing the specific needs of individuals presenting with autistic spectrum difficulties.
Social inclusion, social networks and ethnicity: the development of the Social Inclusion Interview Schedule for young people with learning disabilities
Authors: Pawson Nicole , Raghavan Raghu , Small Neil , Craig Sue , Spencer Marion 
Published: February 2005

SummaryThe paper reports on the development and piloting of the Social Inclusion Interview Schedule (SIIS). This uses pictures to explore social networks and feelings of social inclusion. The background, conceptual framework and development of the interview schedule are discussed and interim findings are highlighted. The challenge of not just identifying the constituents of a social network but also attributing some measure of intensity to the relationships and activities identified will be considered. The study site is Bradford in the UK and the study population are young people with learning disabilities and their carers. There is a specific focus on people from the South Asian community resident in the city.
Friendship formation in adults with learning disabilities: peer‐mediated approaches to social skills development
Authors: Moore Tracey , Carey Louise 
Published: February 2005

SummaryStudies have indicated that people with learning disabilities have few friends. Making friends requires both opportunities and skills. This paper focuses on the development of skills in order to facilitate friendship; an area that has received limited attention in the literature. Traditional social skills approaches are considered briefly, before moving on to discuss peer‐mediated approaches. Peer‐mediated approaches appear promising, with positive changes in the social behaviour of children with disabilities reported. It appears few studies have directly investigated maintenance, and evidence of generalization is limited. Factors that may improve generalization and maintenance are discussed. Finally, consideration is given to whether peer‐mediated approaches actually facilitate friendship, rather than simply increasing interaction.
An education programme for social care staff: improving the health of people who have a learning disability and epilepsy
Authors: Pointu Alison , Cole Christine 
Published: February 2005

SummaryThis article will describe and examine course feedback from a local training initiative, which contributes to the improvements in the health status of people with a learning disability, who have epilepsy. The aim is to analyse how an education programme that focused on epilepsy and its management, together with a borough wide epilepsy protocol developed the skills of the local workforce. This education programme provided a framework for social care staff, enabling them to work both safely and effectively in their support of individuals with learning disabilities that have epilepsy. Learning disability nurses led this training initiative, in response to the health needs of people with learning disabilities. Success was achieved through the collaborative working across a number of agencies and through consultation with family carers and people with learning disabilities. For the purpose of this article the term social care staff refers to people employed within the community residential/day services both in statutory and nonstatutory agencies.
Good practice in befriending services for people with learning difficulties
Authors: Heslop Pauline 
Published: February 2005

SummaryDespite the growing trend for the development of befriending services, there is a paucity of research about the views of people involved with these services and the effectiveness of service provision. This article describes some of the views and experiences of paid workers, volunteer befrienders, service users (befriendees) and family carers involved with seven befriending services for children and/or adults with learning difficulties in England. Although each of the befriending services shared the broad purpose of increasing the friendship circles of the befriendees, their aims and the ways in which they worked, differed considerably. The focus of the article is on some of the key issues that the befriending services faced, factors that were found to contribute to good practice within befriending services and recommendations for good practice.
Fluid injection and surface deformation at the KTB location: modelling of expected tilt effects
Authors: JAHR T. , JENTZSCH G. , LETZ H. , SAUTER M. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThis investigation is indented to explore the relationship between changes in pore fluid pressure and deformation of the land surface induced by a large‐scale injection experiment at the KTB site. Deformation will be monitored by ASKANIA borehole tiltmeters at five locations. During the year 2003, a network of borehole tiltmeters was installed, data transmission links established and tested, and recording of tilt data started. Our first main interest was to receive data sets of all stations well before the injection experiment to start in May 2004, to be able to evaluate local site effects. Thus, the separation of injection‐induced effects will be more reliable. Principal 3D numerical modelling (poro‐elastic modelling and investigations, using the finite element method, FEM) of poro‐elastic behaviour showed that significant tilt amplitudes can be expected during controlled fluid injection. Observed deformation will be investigated within the framework of the fluid flow behaviour and resulting deformation. Two models have been used: a coupled hydro geomechanical finite element model (abaqus) and, as a first step, also a multi‐layered poro‐elastic crust (poel). With the numerical model two effects can be quantified: (i) the deformation of the upper crust (tilt measurements) and (ii) the spatial distribution and the changes of material properties in the KTB area. The main aim of the project is to improve the knowledge of coupled geomechanic–hydraulic processes and to quantify important parameters. Thus, the understanding of fracture‐dominated changes of the hydrogeological parameters will be enhanced, geomechanical parameter changes and the heterogeneity of the parameter field quantified. In addition, the induced stress field variation can be explained, which is believed to be mainly responsible for the increase of local seismic activity. Here, we introduce the tiltmeter array at the KTB site, the modelling for a poro‐elastic crust and the preliminary FEM modelling.
Main and trace elements in KTB‐VB fluid: composition and hints to its origin
Authors: MÖLLER P. , WOITH H. , DULSKI P. , LÜDERS V. , ERZINGER J. , KÄMPF H. , PEKDEGER A. , HANSEN B. , LODEMANN M. , BANKS D. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe pilot hole (VB) of the German Continental Deep Drilling Program (KTB) was drilled to a depth of 4000 m, where large amounts of free fluids were met. The KTB‐VB 4000 m fluid can be related to either Mesozoic seawater or formation water from Permo‐Carboniferous sedimentary rocks of the Weiden embayment. During the Upper Cretaceous uplift of the Bohemian Massif both fluids could have passed organic‐rich Triassic to Carboniferous formations of the Weiden embayment before invading the uplifted and fractured basement rocks of Devonian amphibolites and metagabbros, where the chemical composition of the fluids was changed by albitization, adularization, and chloritization. Results of chemical mass balances for both sources are presented. In order to concentrate the formation water from the Weiden embayment significant amphibolitization has to be assumed. During a 1‐year pumping test the chemical composition of the 4000 m fluids remained constant. The accuracy of chemical analyses is critically reviewed. An improved preconcentration method of rare earth elements and yttrium in high‐Ca‐bearing saline fluids is described.
The upper continental crust, an aquifer and its fluid: hydaulic and chemical data from 4 km depth in fractured crystalline basement rocks at the KTB test site
Authors: STOBER I. , BUCHER K. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractDetailed information on the hydrogeologic and hydraulic properties of the deeper parts of the upper continental crust is scarce. The pilot hole of the deep research drillhole (KTB) in crystalline basement of central Germany provided access to the crust for an exceptional pumping experiment of 1‐year duration. The hydraulic properties of fractured crystalline rocks at 4 km depth were derived from the well test and a total of 23100 m3 of saline fluid was pumped from the crustal reservoir. The experiment shows that the water‐saturated fracture pore space of the brittle upper crust is highly connected, hence, the continental upper crust is an aquifer. The pressure–time data from the well tests showed three distinct flow periods: the first period relates to wellbore storage and skin effects, the second flow period shows the typical characteristics of the homogeneous isotropic basement rock aquifer and the third flow period relates to the influence of a distant hydraulic border, probably an effect of the Franconian lineament, a steep dipping major thrust fault known from surface geology. The data analysis provided a transmissivity of the pumped aquifer T = 6.1 × 10−6 m2 sec−1, the corresponding hydraulic conductivity (permeability) is K = 4.07 × 10−8 m sec−1 and the computed storage coefficient (storativity) of the aquifer of about S = 5 × 10−6. This unexpected high permeability of the continental upper crust is well within the conditions of possible advective flow. The average flow porosity of the fractured basement aquifer is 0.6–0.7% and this range can be taken as a representative and characteristic values for the continental upper crust in general. The chemical composition of the pumped fluid was nearly constant during the 1‐year test. The total of dissolved solids amounts to 62 g l−1 and comprise mainly a mixture of CaCl2 and NaCl; all other dissolved components amount to about 2 g l−1. The cation proportions of the fluid (XCa approximately 0.6) reflects the mineralogical composition of the reservoir rock and the high salinity results from desiccation (H2O‐loss) due to the formation of abundant hydrate minerals during water–rock interaction. The constant fluid composition suggests that the fluid has been pumped from a rather homogeneous reservoir lithology dominated by metagabbros and amphibolites containing abundant Ca‐rich plagioclase.
Consumer Support Networks: assessment of need for consumer information and advice service
Authors: Wang Fang , Brennan Carol , Galloway Alison , Hughes Alan 
Published: February 2005

AbstractResearch evidence suggests that UK consumers are facing significant problems with goods and services and are in need of information and advice to avoid or redress such situations. Consumers are not always aware of their rights nor where they can access consumer advice services. In 2000, the Department of Trade and Industry launched the Consumer Support Network (CSN) programme in Great Britain to improve consumer access to expert, accurate and timely advice. One challenge faced by these Networks and many other agencies is to assess the needs of consumers for consumer information and advice services. A needs assessment is required as a key element in the effective planning and development of services in each Network at a local level. The focus of the needs assessment at the local level is to encourage Networks to consider suitable solutions to meet the needs of people in their communities. This paper provides a review of the development of Consumer Support Networks in Great Britain and discusses the importance of needs assessment to service providers such as CSNs and other agencies. It reveals the complexity associated with conducting effective needs assessments including the various aspects of needs, consumer segmentation and characteristics of consumer information and advice. Further research is being carried out at Queen Margaret University College, UK, with a view to the development of a scientific model for the assessment of need for consumer information and advice services.
Time price differentials in the rent‐to‐own industry: implications for empowering vulnerable consumers
Authors: Kolodinsky Jane , Murphy Meaghan , Baehr Amos , Lesser Seth 
Published: February 2005

AbstractRent‐to‐own enterprises represent a lucrative and rapidly growing industry. They are of particular concern to social service agencies, policy makers and consumers because they target a vulnerable, economically disadvantaged segment of the population. This article presents an investigation of a major player in the industry in one US state that fell under scrutiny by the courts because of a question of whether it is a retail enterprise covered by truth in lending legislation. Findings indicate that the average time price differentials charged by the largest retailer in this state exceed by more than three times the regulated 30% cap on interest rates. Rent‐to‐own is an example where regulation must be put into place so consumers can make more informed decisions. Such regulation, however, must be accompanied by financial literacy education that will further empower vulnerable consumers in the marketplace.