bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Expression of matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases during normal human pulmonary development
Authors: Masumoto K , De Rooij J D , Suita S , Rottier R , Tibboel D , De Krijger R R 
Published: September 2005

Aims : Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) are thought to be involved in lung development because they play an important role in the turnover of the extracellular matrix. Although limited data on MMP and TIMP expression are available from animal studies during prenatal pulmonary development, little is known about their expression during human fetal lung development. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of MMP‐1, ‐2, ‐9, TIMP‐1, ‐2 and ‐3 in human fetal lungs from 9 to 42 weeks of gestation.Methods and results : Forty‐five normal human fetal lung samples were analysed by immunohistochemistry. MMP‐1, ‐9, TIMP‐1, ‐2 and ‐3, but not MMP‐2, were expressed in the epithelium at all gestational ages. The endothelium of all vessels and the arterial smooth muscle cells expressed MMP‐1, ‐2, ‐9, TIMP‐2 and ‐3, but not TIMP‐1, at all developmental stages.Conclusion : The extensive distribution of MMPs and TIMPs throughout all stages of human lung development suggests that they play a significant role in the remodelling that occurs in the interstitium and epithelial basement membrane during lung development and in pulmonary vascular development. These data will serve as a base line for comparison with neonatal lung pathology, including pulmonary hypertension.
Cold hardening and transcriptional change in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Qin W. , Neal S. J. , Robertson R. M. , Westwood J. T. , Walker V. K. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractCold hardening treatment – a brief exposure to low temperatures – can protect certain insects against subsequent exposure to temperatures sufficiently low to cause damage or lethality. Microarray analysis to examine the changes in transcript abundance associated with cold hardening treatment (0 °C for 2 h followed by 30 min recovery at 25 °C) was undertaken in Drosophila melanogaster in order to gain insight into this phenomenon. Transcripts associated with 36 genes were identified, a subset of which appeared to be also differentially expressed after heat shock treatment. Quantitative RT‐PCR was used to independently determine transcript abundance of a subset of these sequences. Taken together, these assays suggest that stress proteins, including Hsp23, Hsp26, Hsp83 and Frost as well as membrane‐associated proteins may contribute to the cold hardening response.
Regulation of methane oxidation in the facultative methanotroph Methylocella silvestris BL2
Authors: Theisen Andreas R. , Ali M. Hanif , Radajewski Stefan , Dumont Marc G. , Dunfield Peter F. , McDonald Ian R. , Dedysh Svetlana N. , Miguez Carlos B. , Murrell J. Colin 
Published: September 2005

SummaryThe molecular regulation of methane oxidation in the first fully authenticated facultative methanotroph Methylocella silvestris BL2 was assessed during growth on methane and acetate. Problems of poor growth of Methylocella spp. in small‐scale batch culture were overcome by growth in fermentor culture. The genes encoding soluble methane monooxygenase were cloned and sequenced, which revealed that the structural genes for soluble methane monooxygenase, mmoXYBZDC, were adjacent to two genes, mmoR and mmoG, encoding a σ54 transcriptional activator and a putative GroEL‐like chaperone, located downstream (3′) of mmoC. Transcriptional analysis revealed that the genes were all cotranscribed from a σ54‐dependent promoter located upstream (5′) of mmo X. The transcriptional start site was mapped. Transcriptional analysis of soluble methane monooxygenase genes and expression studies on fermentor grown cultures showed that acetate repressed transcription of sMMO in M. silvestris BL2. The possibility of the presence of a particulate, membrane‐bound methane monooxygenase enzyme in M. silvestris BL2 and the copper‐mediated regulation of soluble methane monooxygenase was investigated. Both were shown to be absent. A promoter probe vector was constructed and used to assay transcription of the promoter of the soluble methane monoxygenase genes of M. silvestris BL2 grown under various conditions and with different substrates. These data represent the first insights into the molecular physiology of a facultative methanotroph.
A deficiency in S‐adenosylmethionine synthetase interrupts assembly of the septal ring in Escherichia coli K‐12
Authors: Wang Shan , Arends S. J. Ryan , Weiss David S. , Newman Elaine B. 
Published: September 2005

SummaryA mutant in which S‐adenosylmethionine synthetase is underexpressed makes filaments with no visible septa. Examination with GFP fusions to various septal proteins shows that FtsZ, ZipA and FtsA localize to the septal ring, but FtsQ, FtsW, FtsI or FtsN do not. The requirement for S‐adenosylmethionine suggests that some methylation reaction is required before a complete septal ring can be assembled.
Orbital cellulitis and intraocular abscess caused by migrating grass in a cat
Authors: Tovar Mari Carmen , Huguet Eduardo , Gomezi Miguel Angel 
Published: September 2005

AbstractWe report an unusual case of orbital cellulitis in a cat. Drainage via the pterygopalatine fossa and medical treatment were performed. Failure of resolution and loss of ocular structure and visual function with a poor prognosis led to enucleation. During surgery, plant material and purulent exudate were present in the orbit. Histopathology showed an intraocular foreign body of grass that had migrated through the sclera causing a suprachoroidal abscess with choroidal and retinal detachment.
Vascular changes associated with chorioretinal and optic nerve colobomas in rats (Crj: CD(SD), IGS)
Authors: Ninomiya Hiroyoshi , Kuno Hiroshi , Inagaki Satoru 
Published: September 2005

AbstractObjective  Three female adult rats (Crj: CD(SD) IGS) with colobomatous anomalies were investigated.Materials and methods  The microvascular changes of the coloboma were studied using the techniques of fluorescein angiography, histology and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of vascular corrosion casts.Results  Fluorescein angiography revealed the pits of the optic disk as a dark hole with some abnormalities in vessel arrangement. Light microscopy confirmed the presence of attenuated lamina cribrosa, retinal dysplasia and marked dilation of the retinal veins. SEM revealed that the optic disk coloboma formed a crater‐like pit and that central retinal vessels ran a tortuous course along the bottom and side of the crater. Capillaries in the optic nerve head were missing in the affected area. The central retinal veins were thick and had various changes such as strangulation, rough surface structures, mural voids and evaginations, which represent loss of integrity of the vascular wall.Conclusions  These vascular changes that are associated with colobomatous anomalies may impede the retinal circulation and be responsible for the fluctuating fluorescein pattern during fluorangiogram of affected animals. The lesions of the vascular wall may increase the subretinal fluid due to the leakage of fluid, thus causing the maculopathy or serous retinopathy, which is frequently associated with posterior pole coloboma.
Effects of endotoxin and allergen alone and in combination on the sensitivity of the rat airways to adenosine
Authors: Karmouty Quintana H. , Mazzoni L. , Fozard J. R. 
Published: September 2005

Summary 1 The airways of patients with asthma are hyperresponsive to adenosine. The phenomenon can be mimicked in the actively sensitized Brown Norway rat by exposure to allergen or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We wondered whether combined treatment with allergen and endotoxin would result in additive effects or synergism with respect to increasing the sensitivity of the airways of the Brown Norway rat to adenosine. 2 Animals actively sensitized to ovalbumin and challenged intratracheally with allergen or endotoxin manifested increased bronchoconstrictor responses to adenosine. A combination of ovalbumin and endotoxin also increased the response to adenosine but the effects were at best additive. 3 Changes in the response to adenosine were selective as responses to 5‐hydroxytryptamine were unaltered following ovalbumin or LPS either alone or in combination. 4 Thus, endotoxin and allergen acting together could play a role in up‐regulating the response of the human asthmatic airway to adenosine. However, our data suggest that the interaction would be additive rather than synergistic.
WAY 405, a new silent 5‐HT1A receptor antagonist with low affinity for vascular α1‐adrenoceptors
Authors: Villalobos‐Molina R. , Orozco‐Méndez M. , López‐Guerrero J. J. , Gallardo‐Ortíz I. A. 
Published: September 2005

Summary 1 The effect of WAY 405 ((R)‐N‐(2‐methyl‐(4‐indolyl‐1‐piperazinyl)ethyl)‐N‐(2‐pyridinyl) cyclohexane carboxamide), a putative 5‐HT1A receptor antagonist, on cardiovascular function was studied. 2 In anaesthetized rats, the i.v. injection of WAY 405 did not significantly modify basal heart rate nor blood pressure at doses of 1, 3, 10 and 30 μg kg−1; while the antagonist dose dependently antagonized the 5‐HT1A receptor agonist, 8‐OH‐DPAT (8‐hydroxy‐2‐(di‐n‐propylamino)tetralin)‐induced hypotension and bradycardia. 3 WAY 405 antagonized noradrenaline‐induced contraction in isolated arteries, with pKB values of 6.6 ± 0.1, 6.5 ± 0.1 and 6.5 ± 0.1, for rat tail artery (α1A‐adrenoceptors), rabbit aorta (α1B‐adrenoceptors), and rat aorta (α1D‐adrenoceptors) respectively. 4 The results show that in the control of blood pressure the new compound, WAY 405, behaves as a silent 5‐HT1A receptor antagonist in the anaesthetized rat, also having low affinity for vascular α1‐adrenoceptors.
United States Public Response to Terrorism: Fault Lines or Bedrock?1
Authors: Jenkins‐Smith Hank C. , Herron Kerry G. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractWe test traditional assumptions about the volatility of mass opinion in times of national crises using data about views of terrorism from national surveys of the United States general public in 1995 and 1997, findings from a national survey immediately following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 (9/11), and panel data from a follow‐up survey in 2002. We compare public assessments of the threat of terrorism, willingness to restrict speech to prevent terrorism, support for employing conventional military force against countries that support terrorism, and levels of certainty about culpability required prior to using military force. Results show stable and measured public views prior to 9/11, immediately following the events of that date, and in the subsequent year. Our findings support democratic and modernist theories of public capacities while challenging long‐standing traditional precepts about widespread volatility of mass public opinion.
Macrophage Internalization of Fungal β-Glucans Is Not Necessary for Initiation of Related Inflammatory Responses
Authors: McCann Frances , Carmona Eva , Puri Vishwajeet , Pagano Richard E. , Limper Andrew H. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTCell wall β-glucans are highly conserved structural components of fungi that potently trigger inflammatory responses in an infected host. Identification of molecular mechanisms responsible for internalization and signaling of fungal β-glucans should enhance our understanding of innate immune responses to fungi. In this study, we demonstrated that internalization of fungal β-glucan particles requires actin polymerization but not participation of components of caveolar uptake mechanisms. Using fluorescence microscopy, we observed that uptake of 5-([4,6-dichlorotriazin-2-yl] amino)-fluorescein hydrochloride-Celite complex-labeledSaccharomyces cerevisiaeβ-glucan by RAW macrophages was substantially reduced in the presence of cytochalasin D, which antagonizes actin-mediated internalization pathways, but not by treatment with nystatin, which blocks caveolar uptake. Interestingly, β-glucan-induced NF-κB translocation, which is necessary for inflammatory activation, and tumor necrosis factor alpha production were both normal in the presence of cytochalasin D, despite defective internalization of β-glucan particles following actin disruption. Dectin-1, a major β-glucan receptor on macrophages, colocalized to phagocytic cups on macrophages and exhibited tyrosine phosphorylation after challenge with β-glucan particles. Dectin-1 localization and other membrane markers were not affected by treatment with cytochalasin D. Furthermore, dectin-1 receptors rather than Toll-like receptor 2 receptors were shown to be necessary for both efficient internalization of β-glucan particles and cytokine release in response to the fungal cell wall component.
Adherence to Human Vaginal Epithelial Cells Signals for Increased Expression of
Trichomonas vaginalis
Genes
Authors: Kucknoor Ashwini S. , Mundodi Vasanthakrishna , Alderete J. F. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACT

Host parasitism by
Trichomonas vaginalis
is complex, and the adhesion to vaginal epithelial cells (VECs) by trichomonads is preparatory to colonization of the vagina. Since we showed increased synthesis of adhesins after contact with VECs (A. F. Garcia, et al., Mol. Microbiol.
47:
1207-1224, 2003) and more recently demonstrated up-regulated gene expression in VECs after parasite attachment (A. S. Kucknoor, et al., Cell. Microbiol.
7:
887-897, 2005), we hypothesized that enhanced expression of adhesin and other genes would result from signaling of trichomonads following adherence. In order to identify the genes that are up-regulated, we constructed a subtraction cDNA library enriched for differentially expressed genes from the parasites that were in contact with the host cells. Thirty randomly selected cDNA clones representing the differentially regulated genes upon initial contact of parasites with host cells were sequenced. Several genes encoded functional proteins with specific functions known to be associated with colonization, such as adherence, change in morphology, and gene transcription and translation. Interestingly, genes unique to trichomonads with unknown functions were also up-regulated. Semiquantitative reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) confirmed expression of select genes. An increased amount of protein was demonstrated by immunoblotting with monoclonal antibody. Finally, we showed the transcriptional regulation of some genes by iron by using RT-PCR. To our knowledge, this is the first report addressing the differential regulation of
T. vaginalis
genes immediately upon contact with VECs.
Improved Resistance to Bacterial Superinfection in Mice by Treatment with Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor
Authors: Pollak N. , Sterns T. , Echtenacher B. , Männel D. N. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTNosocomial infections in immune-suppressed patients are a widespread problem in intensive care medicine. Such patients are highly susceptible to infections because their immune defenses are impaired and, therefore, unable to adequately combat invading microorganisms. To investigate the problem of sepsis-induced immune suppression, we used a model in which mice developed sublethal peritonitis induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Two days after CLP mice were in an immune-suppressed state, as measured by impaired capacity to produce tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and enhanced susceptibility to bacterial infections. Since macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a critical mediator of septic shock by modulation of innate immune responses, the role of MIF in sepsis-induced immune suppression was analyzed. Neutralization of endogenous MIF further enhanced susceptibility to bacterial superinfection after CLP. Conversely, treatment with recombinant human MIF before the bacterial superinfection protected the animals. MIF treatment reconstituted the impaired capacity to produce proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF and interleukin-6. This study indicates that MIF might be able to ameliorate the sepsis-induced immune suppression by reenabling the organism to react adequately to a secondary bacterial challenge.
Functions of Cell Surface-Anchored Antigen I/II Family and Hsa Polypeptides in Interactions of
Streptococcus gordonii
with Host Receptors
Authors: Jakubovics Nicholas S. , Kerrigan Steven W. , Nobbs Angela H. , Strömberg Nicklas , van Dolleweerd Craig J. , Cox Dermot M. , Kelly Charles G. , Jenkinson Howard F. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACT

Streptococcus gordonii
colonizes multiple sites within the human oral cavity. This colonization depends upon the initial interactions of streptococcal adhesins with host receptors. The adhesins that bind salivary agglutinin glycoprotein (gp340) and human cell surface receptors include the antigen I/II (AgI/II) family polypeptides SspA and SspB and a sialic acid-binding surface protein designated Hsa or GspB. In this study we determined the relative functions of the AgI/II polypeptides and Hsa in interactions of
S. gordonii
DL1 (Challis) with host receptors. For an isogenic mutant with the
sspA
and
sspB
genes deleted the levels of adhesion to surface-immobilized gp340 were reduced 40%, while deletion of the
hsa
gene alone resulted in >80% inhibition of bacterial cell adhesion to gp340. Adhesion of
S. gordonii
DL1 cells to gp340 was sialidase sensitive, verifying that Hsa has a major role in mediating sialic acid-specific adhesion to gp340. Conversely, aggregation of
S. gordonii
cells by fluid-phase gp340 was not affected by deletion of
hsa
but was eliminated by deletion of the
sspA
and
sspB
genes. Deletion of the AgI/II polypeptide genes had no measurable effect on
hsa
mRNA levels or Hsa surface protein expression, and deletion of
hsa
did not affect AgI/II polypeptide expression. Further analysis of mutant phenotypes showed that the Hsa and AgI/II proteins mediated adhesion of
S. gordonii
DL1 to human HEp-2 epithelial cells. Hsa was also a principal streptococcal cell surface component promoting adhesion of human platelets to immobilized streptococci, but Hsa and AgI/II polypeptides acted in concert in mediating streptococcal cell-platelet aggregation. The results suggest that Hsa directs primary adhesion events for
S. gordonii
DL1 (Challis) with immobilized gp340, epithelial cells, and platelets. AgI/II polypeptides direct gp340-mediated aggregation, facilitate multimodal interactions necessary for platelet aggregation, and modulate
S. gordonii
-host engagements into biologically productive phenomena.
Analysis of Immune Responses Directed toward a Recombinant Early Secretory Antigenic Target Six-Kilodalton Protein-Culture Filtrate Protein 10 Fusion Protein inMycobacterium bovis-Infected Cattle
Authors: Maue Alexander C. , Waters W. Ray , Davis William C. , Palmer Mitchell V. , Minion F. Chris , Estes D. Mark 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTCell-mediated immune responses are critical for protective immunity to mycobacterial infections. Recent progress in defining mycobacterial antigens has determined that region of difference 1 (RD1) gene products induce strong T-cell responses, particularly the early secretory antigenic target 6-kDa (ESAT-6) protein and culture filtrate protein 10 (CFP10). However, comprehensive analysis of the immune response towards these antigens is incompletely characterized. To evaluate recall responses to ESAT-6 and CFP10, peripheral blood mononuclear cells fromM. bovis-infected cattle were stimulated in vitro with a recombinant ESAT-6 (rESAT-6)-CFP10 fusion protein and compared to responses induced byM. bovis-derived purified protein derivative. Following antigenic stimulation, activation marker expression was evaluated. Significant proliferative responses (P< 0.05) were evident in CD4+, CD8+, immunoglobulin M-positive, and CD172a+cell fractions after 6 days of culture. Expression of CD25 and CD26 was increased (P< 0.05) on CD4+, CD8+, and γδ T-cell-receptor-positive cells. CD4+and CD8+cells also exhibited significant changes (P< 0.05) in expression of CD45 isoforms. Using a flow cytometry-based proliferation assay, it was determined that CD45R expression is downregulated (P< 0.05) and that CD45RO expression is upregulated (P< 0.05) on proliferating (i.e., activated) CD4+cells. Collectively, data indicate that recall immune responses directed toward the rESAT-6-CFP10 fusion protein or purified protein derivative are comparable and that recall to mycobacterial antigens correlates with a CD45RO+phenotype.
Enhancement of Innate and Cell-Mediated Immunity by Antimycobacterial Antibodies
Authors: de Vallière S. , Abate G. , Blazevic A. , Heuertz R. M. , Hoft D. F. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTWe investigated the ability of human antibodies induced byMycobacterium bovisbacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination to protect against mycobacterial infections. Serum samples containing mycobacterium-specific antibodies were obtained from volunteers who had received two intradermal BCG vaccinations 6 months apart. Significant increases in lipoarabinomannan (LAM)-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) were detected after both the primary and booster vaccinations. Effects of mycobacterium-specific antibodies on surface binding and internalization of BCG by neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages were studied, using green fluorescent protein (gfp)-expressing BCG. Surface-bound gfp-expressing BCG were distinguished from intracellular BCG by surface labeling with LAM-specific monoclonal antibody. Internalization of BCG by phagocytic cells was shown to be significantly enhanced in postvaccination serum samples. Furthermore, the inhibitory effects of neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages on mycobacterial growth were significantly enhanced by BCG-induced antibodies. The growth-inhibiting effects of postvaccination sera were reversed by preabsorption of IgG with Protein G. Finally, the helper effects of antimycobacterial antibodies for the induction of cell-mediated immune responses were investigated. BCG-induced antibodies significantly enhanced proliferation and gamma interferon production in mycobacterium-specific CD4+and CD8+T cells, as well as the proportion of proliferating and degranulating CD8+T cells. We conclude that mycobacterium-specific antibodies are capable of enhancing both innate and cell-mediated immune responses to mycobacteria.
Cellular Mechanisms of the Adjuvant Activity of the Flagellin Component FljB ofSalmonella entericaSerovar Typhimurium To Potentiate Mucosal and Systemic Responses
Authors: Pino Oscar , Martin Michael , Michalek Suzanne M. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTAn expanding area of interest is the utilization of microbe-based components to augment mucosal and systemic immune responses to target antigens. Thus, the aim of the present study was to assess if the flagellin component FljB fromSalmonella entericaserovar Typhimurium could act as a mucosal adjuvant and then to determine the cellular mechanism(s) by which FljB mediates its adjuvant properties. To determine if FljB could act as a mucosal adjuvant, mice were immunized by the intranasal (i.n.) route with antigen alone or in conjunction with FljB. Additionally, we assessed how FljB affected the levels of the costimulatory molecules B7-1 and B7-2 on dendritic cells by flow cytometry and determined the functional role these costimulatory molecules played in the adjuvant properties of FljB in vivo. Mice immunized by the i.n. route with antigen and FljB exhibited significantly elevated levels of mucosal and systemic antibody and CD4+-T-cell responses compared to mice given antigen only. Stimulation of dendritic cells in vitro with FljB resulted in a pronounced increase in the surface expression of B7-1 and B7-2. The percentage of dendritic cells expressing B7-2 but not B7-1 increased significantly when stimulated with FljB over a concentration range of 10 to 10,000 ng/ml. Immunization of wild-type and B7-1, B7-2, and B7-1/2 knockout mice by the i.n. route revealed that the ability of FljB to increase B7-2 expression is largely responsible for its adjuvant effect in vivo. These findings demonstrate that FljB can act as an effective mucosal adjuvant and that its ability to enhance the level of B7-2 expression is predominantly responsible for its adjuvant properties.