bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Abstracting Electricity and Related Offences
Authors: Ormerod David , Williams David Huw 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Larceny Act of 1916 made special provision for the stealing of electricity; electricity is not capable of being taken and carried away, it could not therefore fall within the protection of the general offence of larceny. The Theft Act 1968 replaced the requirement of as portation, with one of mere appropriation. It might have been possible to have applied the concept of appropriation without incongruity to the abstraction of electricity, but the unique nature of electricity was thought to call for a special provision.
An Oxonian ‘Idea’ of a University: J. H. Newman and ‘Well-Being’
Authors: Rothblatt Sheldon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
John Henry Newman’s The Idea of a University is unquestionably the single most important treatise in the English language on the nature and meaning of higher education. The only twentieth-century name in similar circulation to Newman’s is Alfred North Whitehead’s. But neither in scope nor importance do Whitehead’s essays rival Newman’s discourses and lectures. The very thought of speaking about universities as if they incorporate a central principle or purpose is Newman’s. He was inspired, it is certain, by Samuel Taylor Coleridge, who was the first nineteenth-century thinker in England to discuss institutions as if they were much more than mere adaptations to changing circumstances, or more than utilitarian solutions to historical challenges. Institutions (and Coleridge extended the argument to cover character or personality) have an underlying historical identity that persists despite apparent outward transformations. They have an ultimate ‘aim’.1 Before Coleridge it was Edmund Burke who taught the English the importance of history and tradition, and, what is more, in opposition to radical polemicists of the age of the French Revolution, developed the paradox that tradition could actually be used in the service of change.
The University and the City
Authors: DAY C J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Prolonged disputes between town and gown in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries had left the University assailed but unbroken, firmly entrenched behind its battery of charters and privileges; and for much of the eighteenth century the city was content to derive a comfortable living from a small but lavish academic community. The nineteenth century seemed likely to open with a challenge to the University’s hegemony when, on IO February 1800, the Mayor, Richard Cox, failed to attend St Mary’s Church for the St Scholastica’s Day ceremony, the city’s annual act of expiation for the great riot of 135 5. The Corporation, however, refused him its support upon learning that ‘Mr. Cox, some years since, in company with some young friends, said if ever he served the office of mayor he would not submit to such a humiliation. His acquaintance reminded him of his promise.’ The University is sometimes thought to have been slack in defence of its privileges at this period but the Delegates of Privileges met on 11 February and agreed to demand the fine of mo marks (£66) to which it was entitled. Cox, a banker, paid out of his own pocket and the money was given to the Radcliffe Infirmary.2 Next year the Delegates met before the ceremony and requested the Vice-Chancellor to demand the citizens’ attendance, which continued unchallenged for a further two decades. A formal approach by the Corporation in 1824 suggesting that ‘five centuries of annual humiliation was sufficient atonement’ met with a sympathetic response, and in 1825 the University released the city from its obligation.
The University Galleries
Authors: Whiteley J J L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the early nineteenth century, most of the works of art belonging to the University (excluding those which belonged to the colleges) were exhibited in and around the Bodleian. The Arundel inscriptions, given to the Uni-versity in 1667, and the busts and statues added by the Countess of Pomfret in 1755 were set out in ground-floor rooms adjoining the Schools Quadrangle. This was not an ideal arrangement, particularly for the Pomfret marbles, which were poorly displayed behind a ‘shilling barrier’.2 The Picture Gallery, one of the oldest public institutions of its kind, was better-organized.3 For a small fee, visitors could see approximately 200 portraits and a handful of other pictures, arranged in a large, well-lit, panelled gallery which occupied the site of the present Upper Library. But, despite the presence of a few good portraits, acquired chiefly out of interest in the sitters, most were of little value. Connoisseurs, who came to Oxford to see the collections at Christ Church and at Blenheim, did not, as a rule, visit the Bodleian Picture Gallery.
The University Museum and Oxford Science, r 8 5o-r 880
Authors: Fox Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The laying of the foundation-stone of the University Museum by the Chancellor, Lord Derby, on 20 June r 85 5 was a great university occasion. Regrettably, as The Times reported, the luncheon in Worcester College, which had preceded the ceremony, had been ‘very hurried’, and the accommodation for spectators in the Parks was ‘rough and poor’.1 But neither the physical discomfort nor the tedium of the Vice-Chancellor’s ‘long and ill-composed prayer’ and of Lord Derby’s speech could efface the memory of that morning’s Encaenia, at which Charles Lyell, George Gabriel Stokes, Humphrey Lloyd and other leading men of science had received honorary doctorates, or of a glittering, if over-heated, soiree in the Radcliffe Library which had been attended on the previous evening by over a thousand guests and followed by a Masonic Ball in the Town Hall that went on into the early hours.
Some Insights on Development from the Economics of Happiness*
Authors: Graham Carol 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Central to the findings of much of the happiness literature in the developed economies are numerous discrepancies between reported measures of well- being and income measures. Richard Easterlin pioneered the economics of happiness in the mid-1970s. He found that across countries and cultures, the way that most people spend their time is similar: working and trying to provide for their families.
The Poor Relations: Fungi And Viruses
Authors: Greenwood David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While protozoa and helminths benefited from historical precedent, the exigencies of war and colonial rule, and the importance of parasites in animal husbandry, fungi, and viruses remained in limbo. In the case of fungi, this was partly because little notice was paid to them. The only fungal infections that attracted much attention before the mid-twentieth century were ringworm (infection of the skin, hair, or nails by a group of fungi collectively called dermatophytes) and thrush (infection of the mucosa with yeasts, normally Candida albicans). Neither is life threatening, though ringworm can on occasions be quite severe. Serious fungal infections including mycetoma—a mutilating condition that often affects the foot and may be caused not only by fungi, but also by certain mould-like bacteria—were encountered in the tropics, but were overshadowed by the importance of such widespread diseases as malaria, sleeping sickness, bilharzia, and kala-azar. In United States, several systemic fungal infections including blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, and the tongue-twistingly named coccidioidomycosis,
Chinese Lexicography
Authors: Yong Heming , Peng Jing 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This comprehensive account of the history of Chinese lexicography is the first book on the subject to be published in English. It traces the development of Chinese lexicography over three millennia, from the Zhou Dynasty (1046 BC-256 BC) to the Qing Dynasty (1616-1911). Revealing how the emergence of lexicographical culture in ancient China was linked to the teaching of ancient characters, it describes the subsequent development of primers, thesauruses, and dictionaries of all major types, including those of dialects and technical terms. These works originated and appeared in ancient China, predating their western counterparts by hundreds of years: and in one form or another most of them remain in use today. Throughout their account the authors show how changes in the organization, content, use and researches of Chinese lexicographical works reflected broader social and political developments. This book not only makes an important and original contribution to the history of Chinese lexicography and the social and cultural history of China but also provides illuminating insights into world lexicography and new forms of comparative researches in lexicography in the global context.
Four Methods of Easing Death and their Effect on Doctors
Authors: Warnock Mary , Macdonald Elisabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The subject of dying and death is largely avoided as a topic of conversation in Britain today. This means that many peo-ple have little opportunity to express their personal views and to make choices about where and how they wish to end their days. One of the suggestions underpinning consultation on the new ‘National Initiative on End of Life Care ‘ proposed by Professor Mike Richards (National Director of Cancer Care)1 as well as ‘Advance Care Planning in Primary Care ‘2 is that doctors should open the discussions about these choices much earlier in a patient ‘s course of illness. This will enable the patient to plan more effectively and more personally for their last days.
Looking Further Ahead
Authors: Warnock Mary , Macdonald Elisabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the end of the last chapter we cautiously recommended that new legislation be introduced that would permit assisted suicide for those competent patients who asked for it, subject to stringent safeguards. However in the same chapter we recognized that both the moral attitudes of society and the education of doctors are far from static and immutable. They change over time. In this chapter we consider some ways in which attitudes towards death may change, indeed have already changed; and we suggest that this may have consequences for the law, consequences that will not be disastrous, as some people fear, but on the contrary may lead to a more civilized and compassionate society.
Diabetes
Authors: Tattersall Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Diabetes is a disease with a fascinating history and one that has been growing dramatically with urbanization. According to the World Health Authority, it now affects 4.6% of adults over 20, reaching 30% in the over 35s in some populations. It is one of the most serious and widespread diseases today. But the general perception of diabetes is quite different. At the beginning of the 20th century, diabetes sufferers mostly tended to be middle-aged and overweight, and could live tolerably well with the disease for a couple of decades, but when it occasionally struck younger people, it could be fatal within a few months. The development of insulin in the early 1920s dramatically changed things for these younger patients. But that story of the success of modern medicine has tended to dominate public perception, so that diabetes is regarded as a relatively minor illness. Sadly, that is far from the case, and diabetes can produce complications affecting many different organs. Robert Tattersall, a leading authority on diabetes, describes the story of the disease from the ancient writings of Galen and Avicenna to the recognition of sugar in the urine of diabetics in the 18th century, the identification of pancreatic diabetes in 1889, the discovery of insulin in the early 20th century, the ensuing optimism, and the subsequent despair as the complexity of this now chronic illness among its increasing number of young patients became apparent. Yet new drugs are being developed, as well as new approaches to management that give hope for the future. Diabetes affects many of us directly or indirectly through friends and relatives. This book gives an authoritative and engaging account of the long history and changing perceptions of a disease that now dominates the concerns of health professionals in the developed world. Diabetes: the biography is part of the Oxford series, Biographies of Diseases, edited by William and Helen Bynum. In each individual volume an expert historian or clinician tells the story of a particular disease or condition throughout history - not only in terms of growing medical understanding of its nature and cure, but also shifting social and cultural attitudes, and changes in the meaning of the name of the disease itself.
:e Application of Article 95(4)–(6) of the EC Treaty: Is the Emperor Still Unclothed?
Authors: Doherty* Michael G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the first volume of this Yearbook, Professor Sevenster assessed the potential for Member States to maintain or introduce national measures more stringent than those in a European Community (EC) harmonization measure under Article 95(4)–(6) EC shortly after the entry into force of the Treaty of Amsterdam, and questioned whether it represented an example of the ‘Emperor ‘s New Clothes ‘. :is article revisits the provisions some seven years later and through focusing on their interpretation and application in the intervening period aims to assess the reality of the protections provided. It briefly outlines the genesis of the Treaty provisions in the Single European Act (SEA) and their major reform in the Treaty of Amsterdam (ToA).
The Police (Performance) Regulations 2008
Authors: Beggs John , Davies Hugh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Police (Performance) Regulations 2008 (the 2008 Performance Regulations) are made pursuant to the Secretary of State’s powers under ss 50, 51, 84, and 85 of the Police Act 1996. They came into force on 1 December 2008, and do not apply if the unsatisfactory performance or attendance came to the attention of the line manager for the officer concerned before that date. What is meant by ‘came to the attention of ‘ will doubtless cause debate in some cases.
Being a woman, having epilepsy
Authors: Betts Tim , Clarke Harriet 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Epilepsy can affect the timing and regularity of menstruation.
The menstrual cycle can also have an effect on epilepsy; about 12% of women have seizures tightly linked to their menstrual cycle.
The fertility of women with epilepsy is probably less than women in general.
Up to 20% of women have more ovarian cysts (follicles) than thought usual, and this can be due to a condition called the polycystic ovary syndrome.
The older woman and epilepsy
Authors: Betts Tim , Clarke Harriet 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
New onset epilepsy is as common in those aged over 65 as it is under the age of 15 because as the brain ages it acquires scars and injuries.
Older people with epilepsy are less steady on their feet and deficient in calcium so can fall and fracture easily.
Epilepsy in the elderly is often easy to treat, even if associated with strokes or dementia.
Kidney and liver function should be checked prior to the prescription of medication.
Once the epilepsy is under control the person can continue to live independently.
Austria
Authors: Tiefenthaler Stefan , Keferböck Klemens 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the context of this chapter on the granting of security over receivables under Austrian law a receivable is understood to be the intangible right of an oblige against an obligor to demand the payment of certain sums of money. Principally, both receivables already accrued as well as receivables not yet accrued may be made subject to a security interest. Yet, with respect to future receivables this is only true to the extent such claims are determinable. Thus, in particular the legal ground (Rechtsgrund) for the respective future receivable needs to exist at the time of entering into the security arrangement. For example, a contract concluded between the (potential) obligor and the obligee stipulating that a payment is to be made in case certain prerequisites are met (eg delivery of goods) may constitute such legal ground. In contrast, receivables merely hoped for or which only may accrue under an agreement not yet entered into may not be validly pledged or assigned for security purposes.
Sweden
Authors: Stambolovski Zoran , Abrahamsson Hans 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Sweden, the distinction between negotiable promissory notes and non-negotiable promissory notes stems from the Promissory Notes Act, which was enacted in 1936. The Promissory Notes Act distinguishes between negotiable promissory notes (löpande skuldebrev), expressed to be payable to (i) the bearer or (ii) a specifi c person or order, and non-negotiable promissory notes (enkla skuldebrev), expressed to be payable to a specifi c person. The provisions of the Promissory Notes Act regarding non-negotiable promissory notes analogously apply to monetary claims or receivables based on means other than a promissory note, eg claims under a guarantee or a contract, which will be the kind of receivables mainly focused upon hereinafter.
Talking about sex and sexuality
Authors: Washer Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sex and sexuality are fundamental aspects of human identity and impact on all aspects of our lives, so it is important that healthcare professionals are able to talk confldently about them. Many people find it difficult to talk about sex and sexuality, including many medical students and doctors. Often, how to talk about sexual matters is taught in relation to genitourinary medicine, or to obstetrics and gynaecology. While this is understandable, it reinforces the misapprehension that sex and sexuality are only an issue when the problem is obviously related to ‘sexual health’. This chapter will examine the issues around talking about sex and sexuality, and discuss when doctors and patients might need to talk about sex in a broader context.
Breaking bad news
Authors: Cave Judith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When you are taught how to break bad news as a medical student, the focus is often on shocking news such as a new cancer diagnosis or sudden death. In reality, students and junior doctors often break news that is less extreme but is still highly upsetting for patients, for example news of cancelled operations, long waits for investigations, or delayed hospital discharges. Even a postponed operation may have far-ranging effects on a patient’s social life, employment (especially if they are self-employed), holidays, trust in the healthcare team, and of course physical health. It is impossible to judge in advance the effect any piece of news will have on a patient, and often news will have wider negative implications than you might have been able to anticipate (Eggly et al., 2006).
Who is covered by the working time regulations?
Authors: McLynn Lucy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Working Time Regulations 1998 (WTR) apply to all workers in Great Britain, save for those to whom particular exclusions and exemptions apply. For workers in certain sectors, the WTR do not apply but there is separate legislation which provides them with parallel protections. This chapter discusses the general meaning of workers, workers who are expressly included under the WTR, workers who are exempt, and workers who are in the excluded and partially excluded sectors. There is brief consideration of the sector-specific legislation, and then a discussion of workers to whom collective, workforce and relevant agreements apply.
The Maximum Working Week
Authors: McLynn Lucy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the average maximum 48-hour working week, which is one of the key provisions under the Working Time Directive (WTD). Since the implementation of the Working Time Regulations (WTR) in 1998, workers in the UK have been able to agree to waive the 48-hour maximum by signing a written agreement to this effect—universally known as an ‘opt-out’. There has been pressure at European level for many years for the opt-out to be abolished but, in the absence of agreement on this subject, it was decided in April 2009 that the opt-out should remain. Some aspects of the European debate are outlined in paragraph 3.56 below.
Non-Signatories and International Contracts: An Arbitrator’s Dilemma
Authors: Park William W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like consummated romance, arbitration rests on consent.An agreement of some sort waives each side’s right to invoke the jurisdiction of otherwise competent courts.Nevertheless, arbitrators do hear cases involving entities and individuals that never signed an arbitration clause. Continental scholars sometimes refer to Professor of Law, Boston University. General Editor, Arbitration International. Vice President, London Court of International Arbitration; Member, International Council for Commercial Arbitration. Copyright © William W. Park 2008.
Information, Knowledge, and Economic Life
Authors: Preda Alex 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As markets have assumed increasing prominence in societies, economic sociology’s insights into their operations have provided some of the most cogent explanations of how they affect our world. The book systematically surveys the most important sociological approaches to markets, taking information as the key concept in the analysis of transactions. It examines the differences between economic and sociological concepts of information, showing how the latter can ground a genuinely sociological research programme in the investigation of markets. This is the first book to bring together and discuss different approaches to markets in contemporary economic sociology with respect to the links between information and transactions. Structured on a scale which goes from the analysis of economic exchanges as social interactions to the examination of social institutions which support global markets, the book highlights the social and cultural factors shaping the production, diffusion, and uses of economic information. Based on a systematic discussion of the latest research on economic interactions, the book investigates how information is constituted in market transactions; the role played by emotions; the role of shared cognitive activities in shaping information. It integrates the analysis of economic groups, networks, and communities with that of forms of economic expertise, technologies, organizations, and institutions which constitute markets. The book analyzes the social structures supporting market transactions, discussing networks of social relationships, groups, and market communities with respect to information. It shows how newer concepts like performativity, with several versions and applications, contribute to a better understanding of market dynamics. Using examples, the book discusses the increased technological complexity of markets and its consequences with respect to how information is processed in transactions.