bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: LaPiana William P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The appointment of Christopher Columbus Langdell as Dane Professor at Harvard Law School on January 6, 1870, is widely acknowledged to mark the beginning of the modern American law school. Langdell’s discovery of a new world of legal education was only a start. His disciples, especially James Barr Ames and William A. Keener, developed what we recognize today as the case method of legal education. What generally has been overlooked, however, is Alfred Z. Reed’s observation “that literally all good things are not first thought of in Cambridge” and “except on the score of practicality, there was nothing startlingly original in [Langdell’s] idea.”3 Reed was clearly on the right track. Aspects of I.angdell’s method of teaching, his beliefs about the scientific nature of law, and the rhetoric with which he justified them resembled those of the past. Yet the first dean of Harvard Law School has acquired the reputation of an innovator of the first order, and a perverse innovator at that. His thought-and by extension the form of legal education he helped create--has been identified as one of the principal sources of the sterile formalism that supposedly marked late nineteenth-century American legal thought.
Harvard and the Legal world
Authors: LaPiana William P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The success of the reformed Harvard Law School was no foregone conclusion. The creation of a new sort of law school caused internal stresses that lasted for much of the 1870s and 1880s. Even when the school could present a united front to the world, it was not always attractive. The academics’ claim to a monopoly on understanding legal science, evident in Langdell’s criticism of bar examinations, could ruffle the feathers of the profession. The bar, however, eventually learned to accommodate the new school with its claims to superiority in training lawyers. Moreover, doubts about the traditional system were not limited to academics. Some practitioners, especially in New York City, came to believe in the 1860s and 1870s that something had to be done to raise the standard of the bar, to put stricter controls on entry into the profession. Langdell, Eliot, and the reformed Harvard eventually proved to be allies.
“Freedom and Law Must Die Ere They Sever”: The North
Authors: Summers Mark Wahlgren 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The drama of those early days is the stuff of which good farce and bad romance is made. Within a week of the fall of Fort Sumter, 500 children were singing in a national allegory about “Disunion” at the Brooklyn Academy of Music. Deaf-mutes at the Hartford asylum raised a company and outfitted them in gaudy Zouave uniforms. Unable to hear commands, they nonethe less were said to keep perfect step without music, and to move as rapidly as any general could wish.
Questionnaire and Survey
Authors: Kujawa Duane , Kumon Hiroshi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Utilization of the Questionnaire Survey To help offset the limited number of plants wherein we were able to conduct onsite interviews, and to facilitate comparisons with plants besides those from our four main targeted industries, we carried out a survey based on questionnaires (see pp. 99-105). First, we attempted specific analyses of the response we received regarding the following seven key items in the application of the Japanese style manufacturing system to North America: (1) job classifications (Q1), (2) wage systems (Q2), (3) job rotation (Q3), (4) education and training (Q6), (5) quality control (Q7), (6) layoff policy (QlO), and (7) small group activities (Q11). We then proceeded to select twelve questions and apply the application-adaptation ratings to them in the same way as we did to the plants actually visited. In fact, we obtained results that were surprisingly similar to those obtained from the field investigation. The application adaptation ratings based on our questions give further credence to those given to the 23 items in our field investigation and provide them with a greater degree of objectivity. Field Conditions and an Outline of Surveyed Factories Here, then, is a brief explanation of how we carried out our questionnaire survey and an overview of the target industries. From August through September, 1989, we mailed our questionnaires to 450 Japanese-related manufacturing companies located in North America (the United States and Canada) and received 88 valid responses, a response rate of 19.6 percent. The information from these 88 plants was distributed among seven industrial categories, namely auto assembly (7 plants), auto parts (15 plants), electronics (21 plants), metalworking (11 plants), chemicals (13 plants), other machinery (8 plants), and other manufacturing (13 plants). Since only two semiconductor plants responded to our questionnaires, we included these two plants with electronics.
Overall Evaluation and Prospects
Authors: Abo Tetsuo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Throughout the preceding chapters we have shown the theory behind our research, its underlying analytical framework, and the various aspects of the analysis and evaluation of our on-the-spot investigation conducted both in Japan and America. The present chapter, then, is not merely a recap of this but an attempt to confront the primary accomplishments of the application-adaptation model analysis carried out up to this point with an evaluation of actual performance in order to arrive at a general assessment of the condition of the transfer of the Japanese system to local Japanese transplants. Due to various difficulties, an evaluation of performance did not appear in our previous preliminary study. The current study also leaves much to be desired in this regard, but without an evaluation of actual performance it could hardly be considered complete. In conclusion, we will attempt to tie together the accomplishments of the present research as a whole and take this occasion to touch upon the areas that impressed us most in the past two investigations and to review within a broader context the significance of the present research in regard to a few issues thus bringing-in future prospects.
Sacred Vessels
Authors: O’Connell Robert L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Awesome in size, immensely powerful and ingrained in the socio-economic and psychological structure of the U.S. Navy, the battleship served as chief guardsman of territory, reigning as monarch of the sea. For two hundred years it played an essential role in U.S. military affairs, yet as Robert L O'Connell demonstrates, the battleship was never actually an effective weapon of war - even before advances in submarine and aircraft technology rendered it impractical. Battleships have never played an actively important role in the outcome of any modern war but they have continued to be resurrected and refurbished, capturing the hearts of the public with their awesome beauty and size, and the myopic devotion of the military with their patently inefficient presence. Sacred Vessels tells the story of the evolution of the battleship. It is a cautionary tale about the often unacknowledged influence of human faith, culture and tradition and of the exceedingly important, costly and, supposedly rational, process, of nations arming themselves for war.
Ion Channel Kinetics: A Fractal Time Sequence of Conformational States
Authors: Bassingthwaighte James B , Liebovitch Larry S , West Bruce J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ions such as sodium, potassium, and chloride can move freely through water but cannot cross the hydrophobic lipids that form the cell membrane. However, these ions can interact with proteins in the cell membrane that transport them across the cell membrane. Three types of proteins are involved in ion transport: 1) Pumps, such as the sodium-potassium ATPase, bind tightly to a few ions at a time and use energy from ATP to move these ions against their electrochemical gradient. 2) Carriers, such as the sodium-potassium-chloride cotransporter, bind tightly to a few ions at a time and help them move down their electrochemical gradient. 3) Channels, such as the sodium channel, bind weakly to many ions at a time and allow them to move down their electrochemical gradient.
Introduction: The Manufacturing Vision Group
Authors: Bowen H Kent , Clark Kim B , Holloway Charles A , Wheelwright Steven C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is one of several products to come out of the Manufacturing Vision Group (MVG), an organization of like-minded academics and company executives who were motivated by the competitive pressures of the late 1980s to share experiences and knowledge with the hope of making sense of the transformations taking place in the U.S. manufacturing industry. In particular, members shared a common interest in (1) analyzing and exploring how manufacturing firms learn, and (2) determining the impact of trends and dislocations awaiting firms as new business and manufacturing paradigms evolved.
Hewlett-Packard Company
Authors: Bowen H Kent , Clark Kim B , Holloway Charles A , Wheelwright Steven C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The study of product development at Hewlett-Packard is extremely compelling, because in the last five years the huge corporation has made a radical shift in the way it pursues development projects. For decades the company was organized into highly structured and completely autonomous divisions. Project development was always con­tained within a division. The methods by which one division pursued projects, however, were often completely different from those used by another, although one relationship was always common to them: design engineers ran the show, and marketing, manufacturing, and other groups in each divisions were left to adapt to whatever the engineers settled on.
Introduction: Banking Structure and Global Competition
Authors: Saunders Anthony , Walter Ingo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Few topics in economics and finance have been as hotly debated as the “optimum” structure and regulation of the banking system. The objective is always the same: maximum static and dynamic efficiency within a politically and economically tolerable framework of stability and equity. Gains in efficiency often come at a cost in terms of stability and equity. More stable and equitable financial systems often require sacrifices in terms of efficiency. Coupled to these basically national considerations is global competitiveness—of the national financial services industry and of the national economy more generally. The four benchmarks against which the ultimate performance of national financial systems must invariably be measured are stability, equity, efficiency, and competitiveness.
Contiguity in Sinuhe B 200
Authors: Depuydt Leo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous section, it was suggested that Arabic mii in … hatta… corresponds in meaning to English “no sooner … than….”In turn, Arabic mii in … hatta …, in presenting events in reverse order, bears striking resemblance to an Egyptian idiom expressing that two events A and B are contiguous-that is,follow one another in quick succession-by emphasizing, with some degree of hyperbole, that A happened after B. A literal translation of the Egyptian equivalent of “He had no sooner arrived than he asked for food” would be “It is after having asked for food that he arrived”; or even more literal, “that he arrived is while (already) having asked for food.” A more temperate way of expressing contiguity is “When he arrived, he asked for food” (see§ 11).
Medicine, Money, And Morals
Authors: Rodwin Marc A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Medicine, Money and Morals explores physicians’ financial conflicts of interest. These conflicts are described and explained with details of how they have changed overtime and how professionals and society have addressed them in the past. Parallels are drawn with conflicts of interest in other professions including lawyers, public officials, and financial advisors. It is shown that these problems are getting worse and how they affect patients, society in general, and the doctors themselves. Based on his own experience as a health lawyer, along with investigative reporting and a careful study of health ethics, law and policy, the author reveals the full dimensions of the problem. This controversial book will be of interest to all physicians, public health officials, and medical ethicists as well as patients themselves. become a health policy issue. This book explains what these conflicts of interest are, how they have changed over the past century, what the organized medical profession has done about them in the past and how these problems are dealt with now by physicians and society. It also shows how such problems are dealt with in other fields and what options society has in trying to address these issues in the future.
The Medical Profession’s Response: 1890-1992
Authors: Rodwin Marc A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Will the peddling of patients prove permanently profitable?... Can the general practitioner always land his patient in the net of the specialist who will charge the largest fee and share it most liberally? Can the transaction be repeated with the same patient or any of his friends? Will the patient so referred ever return to the general practitioner at all? Will not the specialists, instead of regarding the patient as leased, regard him as transferred in fee simple, and be shrewd enough to see that the way to recoup is by himself referring the patient to the next specialist, and so on until the patient can no longer be "referred" (sold) or is not worth "referring"?1 (Journal of the American Medical Association, 1898).
Managing Competition and Cooperation
Authors: Fruin W Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In competition today, factories like Toshiba’s Yanagicho Works are only as good as their suppliers. Indeed, during the 1980s between 73 and 83 percent of the manufactured value of Yanagicho’s products was sourced from suppliers.1 Yanagicho continued to outsource high levels of parts, components, and subassemblies from domestic suppliers despite prolonged merchandise trade surpluses, increased foreign direct investment (FDI), and heightened internationalization of the economy. Yanagicho and Toshiba are caught between a decided dependency on leterally hundreds of domestic suppliers for most of the value-added content, quality, and price/performance of their products, and a growing international division of labor that is forcing outsourcing and jobs overseas.
Belfast English and Standard English
Authors: Henry Alison 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The study of comparative syntax in closely related languages has yielded valuable insights into syntactic phenomena--for example in the study of the Romance languages--yet little comparative work has been done on English dialects. This is the first comparison of the syntax of Belfast English and Standard English, using Chomsky’s “Principles and Parameters”/Minimalist framework. Alison Henry analyses various Belfast English constructions and their Standard English counterparts to gain insight into both English syntax and syntactic theory in general. In the process, she makes valuable data on Belfast English readily available for the first time.
For To Infinitives
Authors: Henry Alison 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Belfast English is one of a number of dialects of English in which it seems that the complementiser for may appear directly before to in infinitives, as shown in (1) and (2) below
(1) I want for to meet them.
(2) It is difficult for to see that.
Other such varieties include Ottawa Valley English (Carroll 1983) and Ozark English (mentioned briefly in Chomsky & Lasnik 1977, Chomsky 1981, Koster & May 1982).
In standard English, for never appears immediately before to; for appears before a lexical subject, but is absent where the subject is PRO. The standard, pre-Minimalist, view of this (see for example Chomsky 1981) has been that the subject position of infinitives is ungoverned and thus not Case-marked; it could therefore be PRO, considered to occur only in ungoverned positions; if there is a lexical subject, this must be Case-marked in another way, for example by for which governs and Case-marks the subject position.
Inversion in Embedded Questions
Authors: Henry Alison 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In English matrix questions, both yes-no and wh, there is subject-auxiliary inversion, generally analysed as movement of I (=AGRS) to C.
(1) Is Bill going?
(2) What have they done?
In standard English, this inversion is restricted to matrix questions; it does not occur in embedded questions, so that (3) and (4) are ungrammatical.
(3) SE *I wondered was Bill going.
(4) SE *They asked them what had they done.
Subject Contact Relatives
Authors: Henry Alison 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Belfast English allows what have been termed by Doherty (1993) “subject contact relatives.” These are what appear to be relative clauses where the relativised element is a subject, and where the relative pro noun is not phonetically realised.
(1) I have a sister lives in Dublin.
(2) There are people don’t read books.
(3) It’s always me pays the gas bill.
In standard English, a zero relative pronoun is possible only where the relativised element is not the subject of its clause.
Suprerne Court and the Fourteenth Amendment, I: Equal Protection
Authors: Perry Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We are now in a position to pursue the implications both of originalism and of normative minimalism for the constitutional doctrine the modern Supreme Court has fashioned in the name of “equal protection” and for the doctrine it has fashioned in the name of “substantive due process”. No modern constitutional doctrines are more controversial. lo what extent are modern equal protection doctrine and modern substantive due process doctrine consistent with the originalist approach to constitutional interpretation? And to what extent are they consistent with the minimalist, or Thayerian, approach to the constitutional specification? Although I do not discuss, in this or in the next chapter, every doctrinal development the modern Court has fashioned in the name either of equal protection or of substantive due process, I do discuss the most important doctrinal developments, including the two that are probably the most controversial: those concerning affirmative action and abortion. My concern here is not with every detail of the developments I discuss, but only with the basic features of those developments: I want to inquire into the implications of originalism and of normative minimalism for the basic features of the most important doctrinal developments the modern Court has fashioned in the name either of equal protection or of substantive due process.
Impact oi the Iraq-Iran War on Iraq’s Relationship with Arab Guli Countries
Authors: Khadduri Majid , Ghareeb Edmund 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the foregoing pages we have dealt with the unresolved disputes between Iraq and Kuwait up to the outbreak of the Iraq-Iran warin 1980. Following the eight-year war with Iran, it was hoped that the lingering differences between Iraq and Kuwait might be resolved, as Iraq had received generous financial and political support from the Arab Gulf countries, in particular from Saudi Arabia and Kuwait. This was not only the expectation of Arab Gulf countries but also the countries beyond the Gulf region.Small wonder that when Iraq suddenly and unexpectedly invadedKuwait, the news of Iraq’s breach of the peace and its resort to occupy Kuwait by force seemed outrageous and unforgivable as reflected in almost all the Western media. But Iraq’s own economic and strategic requirements, although not entirely unknown to leading policymakers in Western countries, seem to have been paid little or no attention in the decisions made to intervene in the Gulf crisis. In this chapter, we propose to discuss Iraq’s views and grievances. In the following chapter, the drives and events leading up to the invasion of Kuwait will be dealt with.
To ’Open the Doors of All Schools’ Passive Resistance to Brown, 1955-1961
Authors: Nagel Robert F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thurgood Marshall appeared on Time magazine’s cover on September 19, 1955. His name, the story said, was ’indelibly stamped’ on Brown, and, according to Time, ’what he decides to do about a thousand practical legal questions will interact powerfully with the decisions and attitudes of other men of similar and quite different and opposite views. The resultant of these forces will determine the pace, the style and the success of an effort to remove from U.S. life a paralyzing sting in its conscience and the ugliest blot upon its good name in the world.’ The story concluded with a portrait of Marshall at work, ’dealing briskly with scores of tactical decisions in the desegregation fight.’ Marshall was acutely aware ’of how far he and his cause had come, and at the same time, he felt a strong sense of how hard and long was the road ahead. He did not want merely to win, but to win in the way that would cause least pain to Negro and white and reflect the most credit on the U.S. Constitution.
’An Act to Make It Difficult . . . to Assert the Constitutional Rights of Negroes’’The Attack on the Lawyers, 1955-1961
Authors: Nagel Robert F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In October 1956, Marshall spent more than two weeks at a state court hearing in Tyler, Texas, before state judge Otis Dunagan. Marshall attended the hearing because the judge was considering an effort by the state’s attorney general John Ben Shepperd to shut down the NAACP and the LDF. On September 22, 1956, Shepperd obtained a preliminary order from Judge Dunagan barring the NAACP from operating in Texas. A week later he dispatched armed Texas rangers to the homes of state NAACP officials. The rangers seized membership lists and took the NAACP officers to local courthouses. They questioned the officials about their involvement in desegregation litigation, and in particular asked whether NAACP lawyers had persuaded them to get involved. Politics more than evidence led the state to claim that the NAACP was a profit-making enterprise that had not paid its taxes and that the LDF violated law and ethics by seeking out people to start lawsuits and providing them financial support. The hearing Marshall attended was designed to extend the ban for several more months.
Competition and Cooperation Among Nonprofits
Authors: Oster Sharon M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Quite often the results of our decisions —both managerial and personal —depend not only on what we do, but on what everyone else does. The success of my bunt in a baseball game depends in part on whether the third baseman and catcher have successfully anticipated the bunt and moved accordingly. The success of a bluffing strategy in poker depends on whether you fold your cards or recognize my bluff and stay in the game. CocaCola’s profits from a new diet drink depend in part on whether Pepsi-Cola produces a copy-cat brand. The success of a Walk-A-Thon run by the Muscular Dystrophy Association depends in part on whether the March of Dimes is running a similar event at the same time in the same city. In each of these situations, if we wish to make the right decisions ourselves, we clearly need to anticipate the decisions of others. The central theme of this chapter is that nonprofits are highly interdependent and, as a consequence, understanding the likely actions of both their partners and competitors is very important.