bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electrophoretic analysis of urinary proteins in diabetic adolescents
Authors: Koliakos George , Papachristou Fotis , Papadopoulou Maria , Trachana Varvara , Gaitatzi Mary , Sotiriou Ioannis 
Published: September 2002

AbstractPathological changes in the urine sodium dodecyl sulphate gel electrophoresis (SDS PAGE) patterns often precede the occurrence of any sign of renal involvement in diabetes. However, data concerning the most frequent SDS PAGE pattern of the urine in early stages of type I diabetes mellitus are controversial. In the present study an SDS PAGE technique has been used that provides an adequate sensitivity for the detection of the abnormal pattern. Urinary proteins have been analyzed by SDS PAGE in twenty two diabetic adolescents and twenty four age matched controls. Albumin concentration, and N acetyl‐beta‐D‐glucosaminidase (NAG) activity were also measured in the same samples. There was no significant difference in urine albumin concentration and NAG activity between diabetic children and controls. However twelve patients showed an electrophoretic pattern characteristic for glomerulopathy, two had a pattern indicating tubular dysfunction and another two patients had a mixed pattern. Among the twenty four controls only three showed abnormal electrophoretic patterns. The results support the view that early stages of diabetic nephropathy may involve both glomerular and tubular dysfunction. However the exact clinical and prognostic significance of the information provided by SDS PAGE analysis remains to be elucidated. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 15:178–183, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantitation of TGF‐β1 mRNA in porcine mesangial cells by comparative kinetic RT/PCR: Comparison with ribonuclease protection assay and in situ hybridization
Authors: Ceol Monica , Forino Monica , Gambaro Giovanni , Sauer Ulrich , Schleicher Erwin D. , D’Angelo Angela , Anglani Franca 
Published: September 2002

AbstractGene expression can be examined with different techniques including ribonuclease protection assay (RPA), in situ hybridisation (ISH), and quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT/PCR). These methods differ considerably in their sensitivity and precision in detecting and quantifying low abundance mRNA. Although there is evidence that RT/PCR can be performed in a quantitative manner, the quantitative capacity of this method is generally underestimated. To demonstrate that the comparative kinetic RT/PCR strategy—which uses a housekeeping gene as internal standard—is a quantitative method to detect significant differences in mRNA levels between different samples, the inhibitory effect of heparin on phorbol 12‐myristate 13‐acetate (PMA)‐induced‐TGF‐β1 mRNA expression was evaluated by RT/PCR and RPA, the standard method of mRNA quantification, and the results were compared. The reproducibility of RT/PCR amplification was calculated by comparing the quantity of G3PDH and TGF‐β1 PCR products, generated during the exponential phases, estimated from two different RT/PCR (G3PDH, r = 0.968, P = 0.0000; TGF‐β1, r = 0.966, P = 0.0000). The quantitative capacity of comparative kinetic RT/PCR was demonstrated by comparing the results obtained from RPA and RT/PCR using linear regression analysis. Starting from the same RNA extraction, but using only 1% of the RNA for the RT/PCR compared to RPA, significant correlation was observed (r = 0.984, P = 0.0004). Moreover the morphometric analysis of ISH signal was applied for the semi‐quantitative evaluation of the expression and localisation of TGF‐β1 mRNA in the entire cell population. Our results demonstrate the close similarity of the RT/PCR and RPA methods in giving quantitative information on mRNA expression and indicate the possibility to adopt the comparative kinetic RT/PCR as reliable quantitative method of mRNA analysis. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 15:215–222, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Trauma focus group therapy for combat‐related PTSD: An update
Authors: Foy David W. , Ruzek Josef I. , Glynn Shirley M. , Riney Sherry J. , Gusman Fred D. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractIndividual cognitive–behavioral therapy involving directed exposure to memories of traumatic events has been found to be effective in treating posttraumatic stress disorder. In this article, we present updated information on an alternative group form of exposure therapy: manualized trauma‐focus group therapy (TFGT), designed as an efficient means of conducting directed exposure. We describe the cognitive–behavioral and developmental models from which the approach was derived, present an overview of session topics and a case illustration, provide guidelines for referring individuals to TFGT, and offer suggestions for future research. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol/In Session 58: 907–918, 2002.
Health education groups for caregivers in an HMO
Authors: Toseland Ronald W. , McCallion Philip , Smith Tamara , Huck Steve , Bourgeois Pauline , Garstka Teri A. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe short‐term effectiveness of a Health Education Group (HEP) intervention program for spouses of frail older adults was compared to the usual care (UC) offered to the spouses of frail older persons in a staff model health maintenance organization. HEP is a multicomponent group program offered in eight weekly, two‐hour group sessions, and ten monthly, two‐hour follow‐up group sessions. It includes emotion‐focused and problem‐focused coping strategies, education, and support. One‐hundred and five spouses were recruited and randomly assigned to HEP (n = 58) or UC (n = 47). Spouse caregivers and care recipients were assessed within two weeks of intervention and within two weeks after the completion of the eight weekly group meetings. The results indicate that, for caregivers, HEP was more effective than UC in reducing depression, maintaining social integration, increasing effectiveness in solving pressing problems, increasing knowledge of community services and how to access them, changing caregivers' feelings of competence, and the way they respond to the care giving situation. No significant differences, however, were found between care recipients in the two arms of the study on any of the outcome measures. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Psychol 57: 551–570, 2001
Plaud on Ilardi and Feldman
Authors: Plaud Joseph J. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractA cultural analysis is given to the premise that clinical psychology is a discipline of theoretical fragmentation. It is argued that the discipline will achieve paradigmatic status as an applied science by reestablishing the link between behavioral theory and clinical applications. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Psychol 57: 1109–1111, 2001.
A tale of three blind men on the proper subject matter of clinical science and practice: Commentary on Plaud's behaviorism vs. Ilardi and Feldman's cognitive neuroscience
Authors: Forsyth John P. , Kelly Megan M. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractPlaud (J Clin Psychol 57, 1089–1102, 1109–1111, 1119–1120) and Ilardi and Feldman (J Clin Psychol 57, 1067–1088, 1103–1107, 1113–1117, 1121–1124) argue for two very different approaches to clinical science and practice (i.e., behavior analysis and cognitive neuroscience, respectively). We comment on the assets and liabilities of both perspectives as presented and attempt to achieve some semblance of balance between the three protagonists embroiled in this current debate. The vision of clinical science we articulate is more ecumenical and evolutionary, rather than paradigmatic and revolutionary. As we see it, the problem clinical psychology faces is much larger than the authors let on; namely, how best to make clinical science meaningful and relevant to practitioners, consumers, the general public, and the behavioral health‐care community. Clinical psychology's immediate internal problem is not pluralism with regard to subject matter, worldview, methodology, or school of thought, but pluralism in clinical psychologists' adherence to a scientific epistemology as the only legitimate form of clinical psychology. On this latter point, we still have a very long way to go. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Psychol 57: 1133–1148, 2001.
In situ generation of hydrogen peroxide and its use for enzymatic degradation of 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene
Authors: Lee Ki Beom , Gu Man Bock , Moon Seung‐Hyeon 
Published: September 2002

AbstractA novel electroenzymatic method hybridizing both electrochemical and enzymatic reactions and using lignin peroxidase (Lip) for treatment of TNT (2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene) waste was studied. In the presence of Phanerochaete chrysosporium lignin peroxidase, TNT was degraded in an electrochemical reactor using hydrogen peroxide, produced by an electrode reaction. The effectiveness of the electroenzymatic method was examined in this study. The efficiency of removal of TNT was greater than that of biochemical methods under optimal conditions. The effects of reaction conditions on TNT degradation and denitrification, TOC removal efficiency, and power consumption were also investigated. A potential (vs Ag/AgCl) of +0.1 V was selected as being optimal for the electroenzymatic reaction. TNT degradation was significantly improved in the combined veratryl alcohol–lignin peroxidase oxidation procedure, showing complementary effects of veratryl alcohol (VA) in the TNT degradation reaction. Denitrification was found to be proportional to the amount of TNT degraded. One intermediate, 2,4‐diamino‐6‐nitrotoluene, derived from the oxidative degradation of TNT, was eluted on an HPLC chromatogram and was detected using mass spectrometry. The electroenzymatic method had a lower power requirement than electrochemical oxidation at −0.2 and −0.4 V. The electroenzymatic method may be easily applied to biodegradation systems and provide added benefit for highly recalcitrant chemicals since the system would not be susceptible to the toxicity of the chemical. Also H2O2 instability and decomposition in the samples after preparation would not be of concern.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Removal of pentane and styrene mixtures from waste gases by a trickle‐bed air biofilter
Authors: Lu Chungsying , Lin Min‐Ray , Wey Innho 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe biofilter process is a relatively new technology that has been proven to be more cost‐effective than traditional technologies for treating many kinds of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from waste gases. Pentane and styrene mixtures are commonly encountered in the manufacture of polymers such as polystyrene. This research attempts to employ a trickle‐bed air biofilter (TBAB) for treating such mixtures under different influent carbon loadings. In the pseudo‐steady‐state conditions, the elimination capacities of pentane and styrene increased but the removal efficiencies decreased with increased influent carbon loading. The removal efficiencies of styrene were higher than those of pentane, indicating that styrene is a preferred substrate and the differences were enhanced at a high carbon loading. Removal efficiencies of more than 80% were achieved with influent carbon loadings of pentane and styrene below 25 and 68 gm−3 h−1, respectively. The TBAB appears to be efficient for controlling VOC emissions with low pentane and medium styrene loadings, and the effectiveness could be maintained over 140 days of laboratory operation.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Remediation of acidic waste waters using immobilised, acidophilic sulfate‐reducing bacteria
Authors: Kolmert Åsa , Johnson D Barrie 
Published: September 2002

AbstractAcidic waste waters from industrial and mining activities constitute a wordwide environmental hazard. ‘Acid mine drainage’ (AMD) waters are often highly acidic (pH < 4), contain elevated concentrations of sulfate and dissolved metals, and are toxic to most life forms. Whilst bioremediation of acidic, metal‐contaminated waters using sulfate‐reducing bacteria (SRB) has been successfully demonstrated in pilot‐scale and full‐scale operations during the past decade, the sensitivity of characterised SRB to acidity limits their use in AMD remediation. In the current study, we have evaluated the potential use of novel acidophilic SRB for remediating acidic waste waters, in comparision with, and in conjuction with, neutrophilic SRB. Three SRB‐populations (a mixed population of acidophilic isolates, a neutrophilic culture and a mixed acidophilic/neutrophilic consortium) were immobilised on porous glass beads, packed into perspex columns and the three bioreactors percolated with synthetic medium for several months. Energy and carbon source utilisation, and tolerance to acid stress of the different consortia were evaluated. Acidophilic SRB were more efficient than the neutrophilic culture in coupling ethanol oxidation to sulfate reduction and all of the substrates tested were oxidised to acetic acid. The bioreactors containing acidophilic SRB reduced sulfate and generated alkalinity when challenged with influent at pH 3 and above, indicating that such bacteria have potential for bioremediating highly acidic waste waters. Average conversion rates of 0.25–0.30 g SO42− reduced dm−3 day−1 were achieved with bioreactors containing acidophilic SRB, percolated with a pH 4 liquid medium.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Catalytic synthesis of toluene‐2,4‐diisocyanate from dimethyl carbonate
Authors: Wang Yanji , Zhao Xinqiang , Li Fang , Wang Shufang , Zhang Jiyan 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe process for catalytic synthesis of toluene‐2,4‐diisocyanate (TDI) from dimethyl carbonate (DMC) consists of two steps. Starting from the catalytic reaction between toluene‐2,4‐diamine (TDA) and DMC, dimethyl toluene‐2,4‐dicarbamate (TDC) is formed, and then decomposed to TDI. For the first step, the yield of TDC is 53.5% at a temperature of 250 °C, over Zn(OAc)2/α–Al2O3 catalyst. For the second step, the yield of TDI is 92.6% at temperatures of 250–270 °C and under pressure of 2.7 kPa, over uranyl zinc acetate catalyst, when di‐n‐octyl sebacate(DOS) is used as heat‐carrier, and a mixture of tetrahydrofuran (THF) and nitrobenzene is used as solvent.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
The physico‐chemical characteristics of thermophilic aerobic sludges
Authors: Riley David W , Forster Christopher F 
Published: September 2002

AbstractAn examination of the rheological properties of two aerobically digested sludges, one from an autothermal thermophilic digester (ATAD), the other from a thermophilic digester (TAD), showed that both sludges exhibited yield stresses which were an order of magnitude lower than activated sludges at similar solids' concentrations. However, their filtration characteristics, as measured by the capillary suction time method, were appreciably poorer than those of thickened activated sludge. Particle size analysis and microscopic examinations showed that both the thermophilic sludges contained a predominance of very small particles which would cause blinding of the filters. The surface charge carried by the thermophilic sludges was lower than that associated with activated sludge samples. These results are comparable with earlier work which showed that rheological properties were associated with surface charge. However, the bound water content of the thermophilic sludges did not appear to be associated with the yield stress. Live/dead staining showed that in both samples there were free‐swimming viable bacteria.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Increased activity of Chromobacterium viscosum lipase in AOT reverse micelles in the presence of short chain methoxypolyethylene glycol
Authors: Hayashi Y , Talukder M M R , Wu Jinchuan , Takeyama T , Kawanishi T , Simizu N 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe activity of Chromobacterium viscosum lipase (glycerol‐ester hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.3) entrapped in AOT/isooctane and AOT/Tween 85/isooctane reverse micelles was significantly increased by the addition of short chain methoxypolyethylene glycols (MPEGs), taking the hydrolysis of olive oil as a model reaction. The molecular weight of MPEG had a strong effect on the lipase activity, and MPEG of nominal molecular weight 550 was found to be the most effective. To optimize the factors affecting enzymatic hydrolysis of olive oil in reverse micellar systems containing MPEG 550, the effect of various parameters, such as Wo (molar ratio of water to surfactant), pH, ionic strength, surfactant concentration and temperature were investigated. A kinetic model considering the substrate adsorption equilibrium between the bulk phase of organic solvent and the micellar phase was also successfully used to understand the enzyme activity in the presence of MPEG 550. Both the Michaelis constant and the substrate adsorption equilibrium constant were obviously reduced as compared with those obtained in the simple AOT reverse micellar system.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Enhanced ethanol production from enzymatically treated steam‐exploded rice straw using extractive fermentation
Authors: Nakamura Yoshitoshi , Sawada Tatsuro , Inoue Eiichi 
Published: September 2002

AbstractAlcohol fermentation of an enzymatic hydrolyzate of exploded rice straw was studied experimentally. Rice straw was treated under variable conditions, such as steam pressure and steaming time. The exploded rice straw was separated into water‐soluble material, methanol‐soluble lignin, Klason lignin, and a mixture of cellulose and a low molecular weight substance. The effects of steam explosion on the characteristics of the exploded rice straw were clarified from the point of view of the amounts of extractive components. Steam explosion was found to be effective for the delignification of rice straw and for increasing its susceptibility to enzyme hydrolysis and alcohol fermentation. The polysaccharides (cellulose and hemicellulose) in the rice straw treated at a steam pressure of 3.5 MPa with a steaming time of 2 min were hydrolyzed almost completely into monosaccharides, (ie glucose and xylose) by a mixture of Trichoderma viride cellulase (Meicelase) and Aspergillus aculeatus cellulase (Acucelase). The enzymatic hydrolyzate of exploded rice straw was converted into ethanol efficiently by Pichia stipitis and the ethanol yield from sugar was about 86%(w/w) of the theoretical value. The ethanol concentration in a membrane bioreactor coupled with a pervaporation system reached 50 gdm−3 and was about five times higher than that in the culture broth. The energy efficiency (ratio of combustion energy of ethanol produced to energy for steam explosion) reached a maximum value at a pressure of 3.5 MPa for 2 min.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Purification of combustion fly ashes using the SERVO process
Authors: Allimann‐Lecourt C , Bailey T H , Cox M 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe SERVO process involves the extraction of heavy metals using a volatile chelating extraction reagent that is selective for chosen contaminating metals. The extractant is heated and the vapour passed through a heated bed of fly ash where reaction occurs with the contaminant metals to produce volatile metal–reagent complexes at relatively low temperatures and normal pressure. These can be condensed from the vapour phase or, in suitable circumstances, reduced to the element and the reagent recycled. Previous studies demonstrated the extraction of nickel from low‐grade laterite ores using β‐diketones and Schiff bases. Current research is now directed towards the selective extraction of metals such as zinc, lead, cadmium, molybdenum and vanadium from combustion ashes. New extractants and their metal complexes have been synthesised to determine their thermal stability and volatility. Of those prepared, complexes of tetra‐iso‐propyldithiophosphoramide are the most thermally stable. Using thermogravimetric analysis the kinetics of the process have been studied to optimise the operating conditions. The SERVO process has been used on a laboratory scale to study the extraction of metals from coal combustion fly ash, waste incinerator fly ash and Orimulsion ash. Extraction has been found to depend on metal speciation and the paper presents results of the metal removal with three different extractants correlated with the speciation of the metals in the feed.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Sugar‐cane bagasse ash (SCBA): studies on its properties for reusing in concrete production
Authors: Payá J , Monzó J , Borrachero M V , Díaz‐Pinzón L , Ordóñez L M 
Published: September 2002

AbstractSugar cane bagasse is an industrial waste which is used worldwide as fuel in the same sugar‐cane industry. The combustion yields ashes containing high amounts of unburned matter, silicon and aluminium oxides as main components. These sugar‐cane bagasse ashes (SCBA) have been chemically, physically and mineralogically characterized, in order to evaluate the possibility of their use as a cement‐replacing material in the concrete industry. Determination of parameters such as carbon content (by thermal analysis methods), presence of crystalline material (by X‐ray diffractometry), granulometric distribution (by laser diffraction in water suspensions), morphology of particles (by scanning electron microscopy) and reactivity towards lime (pozzolanic activity by thermogravimetric monitoring in lime/SCBA and cement/SCBA pastes) have been carried out.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Advantages in the use of fly ashes in cements containing pozzolanic combustion residues: silica fume, sewage sludge ash, spent fluidized bed catalyst and rice husk ash
Authors: Payá J , Monzó J , Borrachero M V , Amahjour F , Girbés I , Velázquez S , Ordóñez L M 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe enhancement in the workability of Portland cement concrete when coal fly ashes are added to the mix is well‐known. This behaviour has been attributed to the spherical shape and the smooth surface of the fly ash particles. On the other hand, when other combustion residues with pozzolanic properties are added to concrete mix formulations, a loss in workability is observed, and an increase in water content may be necessary for obtaining a satisfactory plastic consistency of the concrete, or alternatively chemical additives may be used (plasticizers and superplasticizers). The effect of the combination of fly ash with other mineral admixtures in respect of the effect on the workability of mortars has been studied. The pozzolanic combustion residues examined were: silica fume, sewage sludge ash, spent fluid catalytic cracking catalyst and rice husk ash. Additionally, and due to the pozzolanic properties of coal fly ash and these residues, the strength developments of Portland cement mortars containing fly ash and the selected admixtures have also been measured.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry