bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Our Universe, Galaxy, and Solar System
Authors: Lahav Noam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Copernicus, in his heliocentric theory, transferred the frame of reference of motion from the Earth to the background of the so-called “fixed stars.” As the Copernican revolution worked its way through European science, the conviction arose that the Sun was but one among myriads of similar luminous objects, the stars. If the Sun has planets, must not the other stars also have planets? Physical and chemical processes relevant to the formation of the biogenic elements in the universe have been taking place ever since the big bang, some 15 Ga ago. Thus, the conditions needed for life to originate, either in the form we know on Earth or in an as yet unknown form, may have been appropriate even before the formation of the solar system. As a matter of fact, the biogenic elements hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur are among the most abundant in the universe. Phosphorus is an exception among the bioelements in that it is considerably less abundant than the former elements (Irvine, 1992). As noted by Irvine (1992), it may be relevant to the origin of life that in the gas of solar or “cosmic” composition, these “biogenic” elements will exist predominantly in the gas phase or as volatile ices such as H2O, simple organics, N2’ or NH3, etc. In contrast, elements such as silicon and iron are apparently locked up in the stellar medium in refractory grains and in a cooling solar nebula in non-volatile rocky material.
Bottom-up Biogeochemical Reconstruction:Minerals Functioning as Scaffolds, Adsorbents, Catalysts, and Information Carriers
Authors: Lahav Noam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Minerals preceded life: Were they involved in the origin of life? Minerals have always been present on the earth’s surface, since its accretion, some 4.6 Ga ago. Thus, if the beginning of life indeed took place on our planet, then various minerals not only witnessed the very first stages of this processes but could also have been in-volved in it.
Possible Sites for Molecular Evolution Scenarios and Their Rhythms
Authors: Lahav Noam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With the background given up to this point, it is possible now to better evaluate the many environments that have been suggested as possible sites for the molecular evolution reactions, processes, and scenarios. These environments, together with their concomitant (and sparse) scenarios, will be now reviewed briefly. Some of these have been discussed already and therefore will only be mentioned in order to present a complete picture of the present state of our knowledge. In view of the importance of minerals and their ubiquity in the hypothesized prebiotic environments, it may be convenient to divide the following presentation accordingly. Such a division would be arbitrary and should be supplemented by additional features, such as the implied trophic method, or the rhythm characterizing each scenario.
Listening and learning
Authors: Cavicchi Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the beginning of my fieldwork, I started interviews with fans by asking them to tell me a little about themselves. While I was acquainted with several of the people with whom I spoke, most were strangers who had simply answered an advertisement, and I intended the question as a way both to break the ice and, more important, to allow me to learn about who they were. Such an approach was fairly effective; while some people seemed uncomfortable with the question, most answered it good-naturedly, talking about age and occupation and engaging in guarded small talk about their aspirations. I knew the question put them in an awkward position, but it was a start. I assumed getting to know them personally would take some time, that I would learn more as I met with them again and worked to gain their trust.
The Greco-Roman World
Authors: Kilgour Frederick G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE GREEKS PRODUCED an outburst of human creativity in the fifth and fourth centuries B.C. such as the world had never before seen, nor was to see again until at least two millennia had passed, which was expressed in all manner of intellectual activity from fine arts to science. In the Greek city-states of that time, a new form of government, a government of many participants, was created and reached its first climax. Western artistic expression, historiography, literature, medicine, philosophy, politics, and science have developed continuously from those centuries. The period produced three intellectual giants: Socrates (c. The Roman genius for administration and military action enabled Rome to over whelm the twenty-seven Greek city-states by 146 B.c.; and before the end of the Roman Republic, in 44 B.c., Rome had conquered lands from the Atlantic Ocean to Asia Minor and from North Africa to England and Germany. The Romans, while absorbing Greek art and learning, made their own contributions to both.
Introduction
Authors: Boudreau Bernard P , Jorgensen Bo Barker 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The benthic boundary layer (BBL) constitutes those portions of sediment and water columns that are affected directly in the distribution of their properties and processes by the presence of the sediment-water interface. This zone has great importance to the biology, chemistry, geology, and physics of the oceans, seas, lakes, and even rivers. For example, the bottom is the primary site for the dissipation of current, wave, and turbulent energies; it is the locus for the exchange of heat, solutes or particulates between the water column and the bed; diagenesis of deposited material is most intense in its vicinity; and it represents the environment where a wide variety of benthic animals, plants, and microorganisms live (see chapters 13, 14, and 15). Furthermore, it is a locus of intense transport, both vertical and lateral, of solutes and suspended particles (see chapters 4, 5, and 9) and of high chemical and biological reactivity.
Physics Of Flow Above The Sediment-Water Interface
Authors: Dade W Brian , Hogg Andrew J , Boudreau Bernard P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The benthic boundary layer (BBL) is that part of the marine environment that is directly influenced by the presence of the interface between the bed and its overlying water. The friction-dominated dynamics of near-bed flows exert an important influence on the large-scale circulation in many regions. This is especially so in some coastal, wave-dominated settings (e.g., Clarke and Brink, 1985). This chapter provides an overview of the key aspects of turbulent, boundary-layer flow, as they relate to processes that, in general, occur on a scale much smaller than the regional circulation. These processes, which are discussed extensively in this volume, include the exchange and transport of momentum (chapter 3), heat, sediment (chapter 4), solutes (chapters 5, 7, 9, 10, 11, and 12) and organisms (chapters 6, 8, 14, and 15) at the bed. There have been several reviews of the physics of the BBL. These include general summaries and site-specific observations of the deep-sea BBL (Wimbush and Munk, 1970; Armi and Millard, 1976; Bowden, 1978; Grant et al., 1985), reviews of modeling and experimental approaches (e.g., Sleath, 1984, 1990; Richards, 1990), and detailed discussions of near-bed flows in continental shelf environments (Smith, 1977; Soulsby, 1983; Grant and Madsen, 1986).
Biogeochemical Microsensors For Boundary Layer Studies
Authors: Kühl Michael , Revsbech Niels Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Interfacial processes in sediments, biofilms, and other benthic aquatic systems can be strongly affected by the presence of hydrodynamic boundary layers. The boundary layer (BL) can limit mass transfer between the overlying water and the solid matrix, thus affecting biological processes. The BL region adjacent to reactive surfaces that contains significant chemical gradients is known as the diffusive boundary layer (DBL). The DBL thickness is dependent on the flow velocity, surface topography and porosity of the solid matrix, and it ranges from &lt;0.1 mm to several millimeters in thickness (see also chapters 5, 9, 14 and 15). As the interface is approached, mass transfer of solutes in the DBL becomes less dependent on advective motions (turbulence) and increasingly dependent on diffusion. Any net solute consumption or production within the matrix relative to the surrounding water, therefore, leads to the formation of concentration gradients over the DBL as well as within the matrix. The sediment-water interface thus can be the site of steep gradients of physicochemical variables over distances of &lt;0.1 mm, and methods for studying these variables near the interface must resolve variations over very small distances without significant disturbance to these gradients. Noninvasive optical analysis, by direct microscopic observation, analysis of water current with laser-Doppler anemometry, nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (Wieland, 2000) or positron emission tomography (Khalili et al., 1998) fulfills these requirements, but most methods with high spatial resolution are based on microsensors.
Macroscopic Animals and Plants in Benthic Flows
Authors: Jumars Peter A , Eckman James E , Koch Evamaria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Macroscopic animals and plants interact in manifold ways with their marine benthic environments. Rhoads’s (1974) masterful review consolidated appreciation for interactions among sediments and organisms. Diagenesis and macrofauna have been connected through a range of interactions, from external effects of respiratory currents in radial diffusion to hydrolysis during digestion (chapter 11). Physical transport has long been known to effect large-scale dispersal, but its pervasive influences at smaller scales on larval settlement have been dissected only more recently (Butman, 1987). Vogel’s (1994) inspirational book on the multiple roles of moving fluids in the lives of organisms extended appreciation for fluid motion to nearly all ecological processes. A broadly useful idea and null hypothesis has been that organisms in flows behave much like inanimate objects that possess comparable (stillwater) downward velocities with respect to the immediately surrounding fluid. Under this null hypothesis, the field of sediment transport gives good guidance regarding where propagules should be deposited; they should transport much like sediment grains or aggregates that have similar stillwater settling velocities.
Robert Schumann as Song Composer
Authors: Miller Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Anything that happens in the world affects me; politics, for example, literature, people; and I reflect about all of these things in my own way-and these reflections then seek to find an outlet in music. This is also the reason for which so many of my compositions are hard to understand, because they are connected with distant interest; and sometimes striking, because everything extraordinary that happens impresses me and impels me to express it in music. For this reason, too, so many other composers do not satisfy me, because-in addition to all their lack of professional skill-they enlarge on lyrical commonplaces. The highest level reached in this type of music does not come up to the point from which my kind of music starts. The former may be a flower. The latter is a poem; that is, belongs to the world of the spirit. The former comes from an impulse of cmde nature; the latter stems from the consciousness of the poetic mind.
Opus 64
Authors: Miller Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For those critics who hold that only the songs of the 1840 “Clara Year” are topdrawer Schumann, the Lieder of 1847 must be an anomaly. Sams (p. 189) finds that when Schumann resumes songwriting in 1847 his style has become more “objective.” Fischer-Dieskau (p. 137) also identifies an objective character in Die Soldatenbraut, op. 64, #1, which he sees “revealed in its folk-like flavor.” Hallmark (1996, p. 108) suggests that “what Fischer-Dieskau and others identify as greater objectivity in Schumann’s later works” may be an economy of emotion, a quality of understatement. Donald Ivey, to the contrary, finds Schumann becoming “intensely subjective” (p. 198).
Sieben Lieder (Kulmann), Opus 104, Opus 107, and Vier Husarenlieder (Lenau), Opus 117
Authors: Miller Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The neglected Sieben Lieder, op. 104, to poems by Elisabeth Kulmann, deserve performance. Schumann was in search of a musical idiom that would capture the yearnings of the poetess, who met death at age seventeen. His Kulmann settings have simplicity and childlike grace many removes from the expansive Mignon Lieder of the same period. These gentle Lieder prove that in his last creative years the composer flexibly bent an always intense sensibility to poetic sources by devising an aptly diverse compositional mode for each. Classification of these Lieder as the product of “a mind in deterioration” is unacceptable.
Head Injury Experiments on Primates at the University of Pennsylvania
Authors: Orlans F Barbara , Beauchamp Tom L , Dresser Rebecca , Morton David B , Gluck John P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the early morning hours of the Memorial Day holiday weekend, 18 May 1984, five men and women crept across the deserted University of Pennsylvania campus in Philadelphia. They entered the University’s Head Trauma Research Center, where head injury studies on baboons were conducted under the direction of Thomas A. Gennarelli, associate professor of neurosurgery. They stole approximately thirty videotapes that had been made by the researchers to record the day-to-day experiments. The videotapes showed baboons in states of paralysis and incapacity and researchers who seemed indifferent to the distress of the animals. Before they left, the intruders also vandalized equipment used in the experiments and wrote on the lab wall their initials, ALF-Animal Liberation Front. The ALF is a radical organization of about a hundred persons who conduct laboratory raids. Because the ALF is a clandestine group, another national animal rights group, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), handled the ALF’s publicity and negotiations in the wake of the Pennsylvania incident. PETA claimed that the videotapes, which they had received from the ALF, provided documentation of repeated, significant violations of federal policies governing the humane use of laboratory animals, including inadequate anesthesia and disregard of legally required surgical asepsis. The experiments were required to be in compliance with two federal policies, one administered by the
What does the public have a right to know?
Authors: Orlans F Barbara , Beauchamp Tom L , Dresser Rebecca , Morton David B , Gluck John P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Progressive Animal Welfare Society (PAWS), a non profit organization in the state of Washington, and the University of Washington (UW), Seattle, have been at loggerheads over several issues: Does this activist animal welfare organization have a legal or a moral right to information about proposed animal experiments that the university does not want to divulge? Does PAWS have a legal right or a moral right to be present at oversight committee meetings where animal experiments are either approved or disapproved? Should animal protection groups be represented on committees that oversee animal experiments? PAWS presents itself as representative of that segment of the community most concerned about the welfare and protection of laboratory animals, and it believes that it should have a voice in what is done to animals at the university. The university is partially funded by revenues from state taxes and therefore is publicly accountable. But the university disagrees with PAWS over questions of accountability. University officials view PAWS as an antivivisection group and as prone to distort information about animal experiments. John A. Coulter, executive director of Health Sciences Administration for the university, says that in general the university is not opposed to divulging information, but is opposed to giving certain types of information to PAWS and to having PAWS participate in university affairs.
The Death of a Vagrant Bird
Authors: Orlans F Barbara , Beauchamp Tom L , Dresser Rebecca , Morton David B , Gluck John P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In August 1991 several amateur bird-watchers were encamped in southern New Mexico at a place called Rattle Snake Springs, just inside Carlsbad Caverns National Park. This small oasis in the midst of the parched Chihuahuan desert attracts a large number of bird species and had become a popular observational area. For some time the attention of some members of the group had been drawn to the sight and song of a lone, small olive-and-yellow bird about six inches long who seemed oddly out of place. Descriptions and taped recordings of its song strongly suggested that the bird was a yellow-green vireo. As far as anyone knew, the established range of the bird was from Central America to Mexico. In an arresting use of language, individual birds sighted out of their established geographical context are referred to as “vagrants.” One common usage of vagrant is someone who travels “idly . . . without lawful or visible means of support ... (as a prostitute or drunkard),”1 but the usage here is a pure derivation from the Latin root vagari, meaning to wander. Many circumstances lead vagrants to be out of place, and they are associated with different degrees of scientific importance. For example, the bird simply may have overshot its migration target, been blown off course by a chance encounter with a storm, or hitched an unintended ride on a boat or plane; or it may be in an active search for a new habitat.
Traffic Injuries: Determinants by Road User Type
Authors: Barss Peter , Smith Gordon S , Baker Susan P , Mohan Dinesh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers the nature and determinants of traffic injuries for different major user categories focusing on vulnerable road users, including pedestrians, bicyclists, motorcyclists, occupants of open-backed vehicles, and users of off-road vehicles. Determinants of traffic crashes in general are also considered. There are generally more pedestrians in developing than in developed countries, as discussed in Chapter 7. In surveys of developing countries by the Overseas Unit of the British Transport and Road Research Laboratory, it was found that pedestrians represented up to 70 percent of all traffic fatalities (Downing, 1990). In urban areas, pedestrians comprise a larger proportion of traffic injuries than on rural roads, since vehicle occupants are relatively well-protected at slower urban speeds. In Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, pedestrians accounted for 91 percent of all traffic injury victims who reached a hospital emergency department or died before reaching hospital (Dessie and Larson, 1991). In a study of traffic fatalities in New Delhi, India, pedestrians comprised 42 percent of victims (Mohan and Kumar, 1989).
Choice and Development of Injury Prevention Programs
Authors: Barss Peter , Smith Gordon S , Baker Susan P , Mohan Dinesh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Injury control becomes a possibility when at least one person recognizes that injuries are an important problem in the community. However, recognition alone is not enough. An essential insight is an awareness that the probability of specific types of injuries is significantly increased by certain exposures and combinations of risk factors. Such insights often occur first among health providers who take a few moments to inquire about the external causes for the injuries sustained by their patients, or by coroners who make similar inquiries during investigations of fatal in juries. However, this process of professional awakening generally requires that an individual health provider see many cases of specific injuries and maintain systematic records. In some countries or regions, a substantial proportion of injury victims are never seen by a health provider.
Durational Reduction
Authors: Schachter Carl 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of Beethoven’s conversation books for the year 1824 contains the following entry in the hand of Anton Schindler: “The extended rhythms in your works do not result from computation, but rather from the nature of the melody and not infrequently from the harmony-am I right?”1 I have not been able to find out if the entry is genuine or one of Schindler’s later insertions.2 But in either case, the remark holds considerable musical interest. In, Chapter 1,3 I suggested that musical rhythm has two sources.
Chopin’s Fantasy, Op. 49
Authors: Schachter Carl 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“If a well-written composition can be compared with a noble architectural edifice in which symmetry must predominate, then a fantasy well done is akin to a beautiful English garden, seemingly irregular, but full of surprising variety, and executed rationally, meaningfully, and according to plan.” Carl Czerny, who wrote this passage around 1836, was using the word “fantasy” to mean an improvised, as distinct from a composed, piece.
Modem Applied Biostatistical Methods Using S-Plus
Authors: Selvin Steve 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Statistical analysis typically involves applying theoretically generated techniques to the description and interpretation of collected data. In this text, theory, application and interpretation are combined to present the entire biostatistical process for a series of elementary and intermediate analytic methods. The theoretical basis for each method is discussed with a minimum of mathematics and is applied to a research data example using a computer system called S-PLUS. This system produces concrete numerical results and increases one's understanding of the fundamental concepts and methodology of statistical analysis. This text is not a computer manual, even though it makes extensive use of computer language to describe and illustrate applied statistical techniques. This makes the details of the statistical process readily accessible, providing insight into how and why a statistical method identifies the properties of sampled data. The first chapter gives a simple overview of the S-PLUS language. The subsequent chapters use this valuable statistical tool to present a variety of analytic approaches. Combining statistical logic, data and computer tools, the author explores such topics as random number generation, general linear models, estimation, analysis of tabular data, analysis of variance and survival analysis. The end result is a clear and complete explanation of the way statistical methods can help one gain an understanding of collected data. Modern Applied Biostatistical Methods is unlike other statistical texts, which usually deal either with theory or with applications. It integrates the two elements into a single presentation of theoretical background, data, interpretation, graphics, and implementation. This all-around approach will be particularly helpful to students in various biostatistics and advanced epidemiology courses, and will interest all researchers involved in biomedical data analysis.