bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preparative application of commercial automated gel electrophoresis apparatus to subcellular‐sized particles: Sequential isolations, fractions re‐run, sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis, yield and purity
Authors: Chen Nong , Chrambach Andreas 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe analytical and preparative potential of automated gel electrophoresis apparatus with intermittent fluorescence scanning of the migration path, the HPGE‐1000 apparatus (LabIntelligence, Belmont, CA) was further developed in application to subcellular‐sized particles. Resolution between two rat liver microsome components in agarose (MetaPhor) gel electrophoresis was found to increase with decreasing agarose concentration to 0.04%. It was less, even in an agarose solution at that low concentration, than that in laterally aggregated 4% polyacrylamide gel. The three components of the microsomal preparation were sequentially isolated from 0.6 and 0.8% agarose gel electropherograms. One fraction when reelectrophoresed was found to exhibit the original mobility and did not give rise to the other components. Yields of each component were near‐quantitative after one or two electroelution steps. Based on protein content, no impurities could be detected in two of the microsome fractions; the third fraction contained 2% of nonmicrosome impurity. Sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE) patterns of all three microsome fractions were indistinguishable from one another and from that of the unfractionated microsome preparation.
Comparative analysis of genus Vigna seeds using antiserum against a synthesized multiple antigenic peptide
Authors: Kajiwara Hideyuki , Tomooka Norihiko 
Published: May 2005

AbstractAntiserum for 33 kDa vicilin‐like seed proteins in V. angularis was prepared using a synthesized multiple antigenic peptide (MAP). The anti‐MAP antiserum was applied to the protein analysis of all of genus Vigna, seeds which are stored in the Gene Bank at the National Institute of Agrobiological Resources, Tsukuba, Japan. The anti‐MAP antiserum specifically reacted with 33 kDa vicilin‐like proteins and weakly with 55 kDa vicilin‐like proteins of V. angularis by immunoblotting and could distinguish between these two types of vicilin‐like 7 S proteins. Anti‐MAP antiserum reacted with 33 kDa band both in wild and cultivated types of V. angularis (4 spots) and half species of V. radiata (2 spots). The N‐terminal amino acid sequence of the major immunoreacting spot in V. radiata seeds was analyzed. A partially homologous amino acid sequence with MAP was found in immunoreacted protein and the anti‐MAP antiserum was able to be applied as a probe to identify homologous amino acid sequence in other proteomes. V. radiata species could be divided by their immunoreactivities into two groups: the group from Southeast Asia and Australia, which reacted with the anti‐MAP antiserum, and the group from West Asia and Madagascar, which did not. The abundant proteins in V. mungo, seeds at 55 kDa showed strong reactivity signals with anti‐MAP antiserum. The existance of a homologous amino acid sequence with MAP was suggested in the 55 kDa proteins. The seed proteins in V. aconitifolia, V. umbellata, V. vexillata, V. marina, V. unguiculata, and V. oblongifolia did not show any reactions and they do not possess the homologous amino acid sequence with MAP in their seed proteins.
Development and validation of transient isotachophoretic capillary zone electrophoresis for determination of peptides
Authors: Waterval Joop C. M. , la Porte Charles J. L. , van 't Hof Ron , Teeuwsen Jan , Bult Auke , Lingeman Henk , Underberg Willy J. M. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractAlthough capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) is known for its high resolution power and low mass detection limits, the concentration detection limits are rather poor when ultraviolet absorbance detection is used. To overcome this limitation, several on‐column transient isotachophoresis (tlTP) protocols have been developed and validated for the determination of both cationic and anionic model peptides, separately. Using this preconcentration method, up to 72% of the capillary can be filled with sample solution, without any loss in resolution. Thus, without any modification of the hardware set‐up, the sensitivity is increased about two orders of magnitude. For the model cationic peptides (gonadorelin, angiotensin II) good linearity and reproducibility is observed in the 20 to 100 ng/mL concentration range. For the anionic peptides (N‐t‐Boc‐Pentagastrin and two related peptides), a ITP method was developed using a dynamically coated capillary. The coating was prepared by adding Fluorad FC‐135® to the leading electrolyte buffer. In this way a positively charged bilayer was formed on the inside of the capillary, producing an electroosmotic flow towards the outlet using reversed polarity conditions. In this way, acceptable analysis times were achieved. Using the developed tlTP method, up to 72% of the capillary can be filled with sample solution as well. The anionic peptides are separated even better than when using CZE conditions. Linearity and reproducibility in the 20‐100 ng/mL range proved to be excellent.
On‐line nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis and electrospray mass spectrometry of tricyclic antidepressants and metabolic profiling of amitriptyline by Cunninghamella elegans
Authors: Liu Chun‐Sheng , Li Xing‐Fang , Pinto Devanand , Hansen Eugene B. , Cerniglia Carl E. , Dovichi Norman J. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractAn on‐line nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis‐electrospray mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS) technique was developed using a commercial ion spray interface. The nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis ESI‐MS system was used to profile tricyclic antidepressants of similar structures and mass‐to‐charge ratios. We found that pure methanol can be used as a sheath liquid to obtain stable ion spray from nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis. The flow rate of the coaxial nebulizing gas affected baseline signals, separation efficiency, and migration times. Other nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis operating conditions and electrospray parameters were optimized for enhanced baseline separation and high sensitivity detection. The effect of sample stacking on separation and detection was evaluated. The calculated detection limits were approximately 3 pg injected onto the capillary. ESI mass spectra of tricyclic antidepressants from a single quadrupole MS were obtained and elucidated. The information was used to propose fragmentation pathways of the tricyclic antidepressants. The method was also used to analyze the metabolites of amitriptyline produced by the fungus Cunninghamella elegans. Sixteen metabolites were detected and most of them were tentatively identified as demethylated and/or hydroxylated, and/or N‐oxidized products.
Small scale flame‐spread testing to BS 476 part 7
Authors: Abbott C. , Chalabi R. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractAn apparatus based on the BS 476 Part 7 small scale flame‐spread specification, which has evolved over a number of years, is described. Many changes from the original simple gas/air furnace have been introduced, which have led to the development of a very useful flame‐spread test apparatus where all known variables are precisely controlled. The work has shown that the radiometers described in the standard do not monitor all the variables which affect flame‐spread results, and reported problems of reproducibility and variation on the large scale test, may be due to inadequate control of the furnace. The significance of the results is that the use of gas/air radian panels as the basis for flame‐spread tests needs to be re‐examined. All parameters should be carefully controlled and the entire procedure, particularly regarding the use of pilot ignition sources, needs to be reconsidered. There is an increasing need for test methods which assess materials at radiation intensities beyond that given by small ignition sources. The type of flame‐spread apparatus described in the paper may help fulfil this important requirement.
Toxicity of pyrolysis and combustion products of poly‐(vinyl chloride)
Authors: Michal Jan 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe pyrolysis and combustion products of poly‐(vinyl chloride) and those of some of its polymer, especially of vinyl chloride with vinylidene chloride, were analysed using gas chromatography and gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The toxic effect of the individual products on the human organism was evaluated and presumed total toxicity of the poly‐(vinyl chloride) combustion products (0.3g PVC products per m3) was determined.
Flash points of mixtures of flammable and non‐flammable liquids
Authors: Thorne P. F. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractA general theory is developed which enables closed‐cup flash‐points of mixtures of flammable and non‐flammable liquids to be predicted from a knowledge of certain properties of a flammability diagram. The theory illustrates, quantitatively, the effect of both the flame inhibiting properties of the vapour of the non‐flammable component and the relative volatility of that component. Experimental results for some mixtures of carbon tetrachloride and dichlorodifluoromethane with n‐hexane, n‐heptane and n‐octane are correlated by the theory. The theory also enables a flammability diagram to be partially constructed from standard flashpoint measurements. Such measurements for the n ‐hexane/carbon tetrachloride system are in good agreement with a published flammability diagram.
Theoretical analysis of fire and flammability tests i—precepts
Authors: Kanury A. Murty , Martin Stanley B. , Alvares Norman J. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractFlammability testing is largely empirical and consists of many confusions, contradictions and unexplained factors. In order to accomplish reliable fire safety prediction and design, the empirical art of flammability testing has to develop into a quantitative engineering science in which rigorous analyses are made of the various fire phenomena as measured by existing tests. A rudimentary examination of the many existing tests shows that only a few of them measure some property of the material(s)‐fire interaction which will be sufficiently meaningful or useful to develop a scalable hazard rating system. In this paper we examine the meaning of the word 'flammability' to distinguish between the material's response to fire exposure and its contribution to the fire. The functional components of a versatile flammability hazard index are demonstrated to account for the properties of materials, of fire and—of great importance—of use and of human interaction. The promise of modeling techniques to establish these component functions is examined and the directions which future work should take to resolve the questions of fire safety are indicated.
Factors that influence the critical oxygen index of various solids
Authors: Wharton R. K. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe Critical Oxygen Index test has been used as a measure of the flammability of a wide range of substances, including plastics, textiles and liquids, since its introduction in 1966. The index, however, is only appropriate to the configuration and conditions used in the test, and extrapolation in order to predict the flammability of materials in a large‐scale fire is not valid. The index is dependent on a number of sample and test parameters and these are reviewed; the ASTM test standard, the reproducibility of the results, and certain theoretical aspects are also discussed.
Synergistic action of Sb2O3 with bromine‐containing flame retardant in polyolefins. 1—the variance in their performance versus Sb/Br ratio
Authors: Handa Takashi , Nagashima Toshiaki , Ebihara Naobumi 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe synergistic action of antimony (Sb) with bromine (Br) was studied for polypropylene‐2,3‐dibromopropylpentabromophenyl ether–Sb2O3 systems at various Sb/Br molar ratios. Oxygen index, weight loss rate and heating value were used to evaluate the retardant effect. Bromine and antimony emission and their material balances were measured by gravimetric and X‐ray fluorometric analysis of heated samples at each reaction time. Retarded HBr formation in the gaseous phase through SbBr3, SbOBr and Sb4O5Br2 was proved by X‐ray diffraction analysis of heated residues and model products. SbBr3 and HBr formation were greatest at Sb/Br ratios of 1/3 and 1/4, respectively, while the highest oxygen index and the lowest weight loss rate and heating value were obtained at 1/4. Consequently, HBr will most probably produce the retardant effect rather than SbBr3. Effective synergistic action at the Sb/Br ratio of 1/4 is explained by presuming the formation of an acidic HBr.SbBr3 complex in the molten phase for the particular reaction pattern of bromine in 2,3‐dibromopropylpentabromophenyl either.
Factors affecting temperature of fire‐exposed concrete slabs
Authors: Lie T. T. , Williams‐Leir G. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe influence of the various factors that determine temperatures in fire‐exposed concrete slabs is examined, in particular that of material properties. Both experimental and theoretical studies have been carried out. From these a set of thermal properties has been derived that is representative of the properties of siliceous concrete and suitable for use in fire resistance calculations.
Neurotoxic effects of the oxidative thermal degradation products form low density polyethylene
Authors: Zitting A. , Savolainen H. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractAdult male Wistar rats were exposed for 2–5 weeks, 6 h nightly, 5 nights a week, to oxidative thermal degradation products of low density polyethylene derived by heating (325°C) under an airstream in a tube oven. Chemical analysis of the degradation products in the gaseous fraction revealed a wide variety of potentially toxic molecules which included carbon monoxide (<20 ppm), formaldehyde (1.4 ppm), acrolein (0.5 ppm) and various other aldehydes (total concentration 18 ppm expressed as formaldehyde). The mean oxygen concentration was 20%. The total particulate fraction amounted to 8 mg m−3. The latter particles might have caused the detected discoloration of the rat fur. Similarly this contamination might have been the cause of a very significant increase in the duration and frequency of preening of the rats. The neurochemical effects associated with the exposure included an increase in the cerebral RNA concentration as well as initial increase in the glycosylation of cerebral protein in vitro. NADPH‐diaphorase activity was below the control range throughout the exposure while the superoxide dismutase activity displayed an increasing trend five weeks after the beginning of the experiment. The latter effects were taken as a response to potentially harmful molecules in the brain whereas the effects on the RNA and glycosylation might have resulted from a more peripheral nervous irritation.
Australian studies on fire hazard tests for internal linings of buildings
Authors: Martin K. G. , Dowling V. P. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe Australian Standard ‘Test for Early Fire Hazard Properties of Materials’ (AS 1530 Part 3, 1976) has been studied in detail as a method of assessing the fire performance of plastics wall linings under the conditions of early fire development in a room. A particular feature of the standard test is that four parameters characterizing the reaction to fire are measured concurrently. Results from the standard test have been compared to corner‐wall burns involving the same parameters as in the standard test. The suitability of these parameters and the ability of the standard test to rank the behaviour of the materials in the same order as indicated by corner‐wall burns is discussed. A general relationship between ignition time and flame spread was observed and is discussed as support for the concept of concurrent measurement of different reaction‐to‐fire parameters under the one test procedure and condition.
A new experimental method to predict the development of a fire
Authors: Laouisset M. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractAmong the various methods for predicting the development of a fire in real conditions we have chosen the one which works on a small‐scale model. The differences in gas concentrations, available fuel, and convection and heat transfer are recognized and discussed. A small‐scale model has been built in which any oxygen concentration, heat flux and air supply can be reproduced simultaneously. The method makes it possible to simulate a good range of conditions, and by controlling these conditions a better knowledge of the geometric reduction which is to be used in the smallscale model can be obtained.
Analytical and toxicological assessment of combustion products from cellular plastics: Comparison of ‘DIN tubular’ and ‘potts’ furnaces
Authors: Bircher Brian J. , Felstead David K. , Cunningham Anthony 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe internal temperature of rigid foam undergoing combustion in the DIN tubular traveling furnace using conditions previously employed for gas generation and analysis has been studied. Unexpected findings were obtained in that the material exhibited no insulating effect and temperatures within the core of the foam were up to 25% (+125°C at 500°C) greater than has been assumed or indeed aimed for. An explanation of the phenomenon has been put forward and proved by further experiment. Suggested practices to be adopted in the future to minimize the effect are described. Using these practices the gaseous combustion products from the materials studied at 500°C were found not to change in type or distribution; however, rather more accurate description of combustion temperature is achieved. With a static furnace of the ‘Potts Pot’ type a very much smaller temperature differential is observed, hence better definition of combustion temperature is allowed.
Ignitability as proposed by the international standards organization compared with some european fire tests for building panels
Authors: Östman Birgit A.‐L. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractIgnitability, one of the new fire test methods for building materials developing within the International Standards Organization is compared with the national fire test methods in Austria, Britain, France, Germany and Scandinavia. Different commercial wood‐based panels have been tested, including fire retardant treated panels. The International Standards Organization ignitability test measures the time to ignition at radiation intensities from 1 to 5 Wm −2; it seems to be able to distinguish between different materials in an intelligible way. An evaluation of the results of this ignitability test is discussed. One possibility which is proposed here is to calculate the mean time to ignition at different fixed radiation intensities; such a mean value simplifies the evaluation and takes into account all the test data. Agreement with the national fire test methods is rather low, since they partly measure other fire parameters; agreement with the Austrian Schlyter method, which also evaluated ignitability, is somewhat better and agreement between the national fire test methods is relatively good for wood‐based panels. This is consistent with earlier experience, which has shown that mainly new types of materials behave differently according to different national test methods.
The role of nitrogen in nitrogen–phosphorus synergism
Authors: Bakoš D. , Košík M. , Antoš K. , Karolyová M. , Vyskočil I. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThermal analysis and limiting oxygen index flammability tests were used for elucidation of details in phosphorous‐nitrogen synergism in cotton modified with methylol phosphonopropionamide and subsequently hydrolyzed by acid. The results indicate that not all the phosphorus incorporated into the material is effective for flame retardancy purposes in the condensed phase. The comparison of modified and acid hydrolyzed cotton has shown the important influence of nitrogen in the structure of the flame retardant. A simplified theory of nitrogen‐phosphorus synergism, considering this influence, is proposed.
Determination of hydrogen cyanide in thermal degradation products of polymeric materials
Authors: Michal Jan 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThermal degradation products of nitrogen‐containing polymeric materials were analysed for hydrogen cyanide. A spectrophotometric method was used for the determination of cyanides using the formation of a characteristic absorption peak of cyanonickel(II) ion in the ultraviolet spectral region. Pyrolysis and thermooxidation products were studied and conclusions on the reproducibility of the degradation process were drawn. The effect of temperature on the quantity of hydrogen cyanide formed was studied as well.
An investigation of inorganic tin flame retardants which suppress smoke and carbon monoxide emission from burning brominated polyester resins
Authors: Cusack P. A. , Monk A. W. , Pearce J. A. , Reynolds S. J. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractIn view of the current demand for novel, non‐toxic, flame‐ and smoke‐ suppressant systems for synthetic polymers, certain inorganic tin compounds have been evaluated as fire retardants in a series of commercial brominated polyester resin formulations. The results obtained clearly show that zinc hydroxystannate (ZnSn(OH)6) and zinc stannate (ZnSnO3) impart beneficial properties to the polyesters in terms of flame retardancy and smoke/carbon monoxide suppression, and the improvements in performance are, in general, superior to those exhibited by tin (IV) oxide or antimony (III) oxide. The surface area and degree of dispersion of the fire‐retardant additive has been shown to have a marked effect on its efficiency and, in this connection, colloidal tin (IV) oxide is found to exhibit significantly improved flame‐retardant properties compared to powdered SnO2. Simultaneous thermal analyses (TG/DTG/DTA) and related mechanistic experiments have shown that tin additives markedly increase the amount of char formed during combustion, whereas Sb2O3, a vapour‐phase flame retardant, has little effect on char formation. The zinc stannates also appear to exhibit a significant vapour‐phase activity, and this may account for their flame‐retardant superiority to SnO2 itself.
A small‐scale flame test for fire‐resistance evaluation of rubber conveyor belts with fabric skeletons
Authors: Nakagawa Yuichi 
Published: May 2005

AbstractSmall‐scale flame tests were conducted on samples of six different rubber conveyor belts with fabric skeletons for use in Japanese coal mines. Each sample was claimed to be ‘flame‐resistant’ under the test condition prescribed in JIS K 6324‐1977, but results show that there are problems in this kind of test. Every sample tested sustains flame continuously when the flame exposure time exceeds a certain value or ‘ignition time’. In addition, flame duration seems to depend on the flame‐resistance of the fabric skeleton as well as on flame exposure time.
Ignition temperatures of dust layers: Flaming and non‐flaming
Authors: Mintz Kenneth J. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractCombustible dusts, based on tests conducted in the Setchkin Furnace on five representative dusts, are shown to have two distinct layer minimum ignition temperatures, designated MITnon‐flaming and MITflaming. The MITnon‐flaming is the one usually reported in the literature; the MITflaming is determined by starting at a much higher temperature and working downwards. MITflaming can yield a different ranking of dust flammability than MITnon‐flaming. The MITflaming appears to be more closely correlated to the MIT of dust clouds and to the test prescribed for flammable solids in the US Code of Federal Regulations than the MITnon‐flaming.