bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Why Me?
Authors: Spector Andrew R. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Restless legs syndrome is very common across the world. While females are more likely to develop it than males, it is regularly diagnosed in both sexes. The underlying cause of RLS in most cases is deficiency of iron in the brain. This is a different phenomenon than iron deficiency in the blood, which leads to challenges interpreting blood iron lab tests. In addition to iron deficiency, peripheral neuropathy, kidney failure, heart failure, stroke, multiple sclerosis, vitamin D deficiency, and surgery all predispose people to RLS. Many medications, along with alcohol, tobacco, and caffeine, are also known triggers for RLS.
What Causes RLS?
Authors: Spector Andrew R. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Restless legs syndrome is considered a disease of the brain. While changes in the dopamine system are well established, adenosine, glutamate, and opioids are involved as well. Low iron levels in the brain reduce the function of the adenosine system, which in turn increases the activity of the glutamate system. Higher glutamate activity leads to more dopamine production and a subsequent reduction in dopamine receptors. The result of these changes is discomfort and a sensation of needing to move. Alternative theories for the development of RLS include changes to the nerves in the legs and low oxygen in the legs. If there are cases of RLS that originate outside the brain, they are likely in the minority.
Consequences of RLS
Authors: Spector Andrew R. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
There are many known consequences of restless legs syndrome. People with RLS are at higher risk of heart disease and high blood pressure. They are also at higher risk of anxiety and depression. The links between RLS and obesity, dementia, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder are all under investigation. It is likely that these associations are related to either the sleep problems that result from RLS or similar underlying changes in the brain. In addition, RLS can cause significant marital distress.
Iron Therapy
Authors: Spector Andrew R. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Iron is a mainstay of therapy for RLS. It is the only treatment that addresses the root cause of the problem. Oral and intravenous iron therapy are available. Oral iron comes as nonheme or heme iron. Nonheme iron is not absorbed as well as heme iron, but heme iron intake has been associated with higher rates of cancer. Most people with RLS are recommended nonheme iron, such as ferrous sulfate, at a dose of 65 mg of elemental iron per day. Iron pills should be taken with vitamin C but not with calcium. Intravenous iron is recommended for people who do not tolerate oral iron, have particularly severe symptoms, have not responded to oral iron, or have specific reasons that they do not absorb iron well. Intravenous iron comes with the risk of allergic reactions, which can be serious, and infusion reactions, which are uncomfortable but not dangerous.
Benzodiazepines for RLS
Authors: Spector Andrew R. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Benzodiazepines were commonly used for RLS in the 1980s and 1990s, but safer and more effective medications are now available. There is disagreement among experts if this class of medication should even be considered for treatment RLS at all anymore. These medications, including clonazepam, alprazolam, diazepam, and lorazepam, differ mostly by duration of action. If one doesn’t work to improve the RLS, the others likely won’t either. These drugs can cause dependence, sedation, confusion, memory loss, imbalance, and falls. Long-term use increases the risk for dementia. Stopping benzodiazepines must be done slowly.
Periodic Limb Movements
Authors: Spector Andrew R. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Periodic limb movements of sleep (PLMS) are common in patients with RLS. PLMS are brief jerks of the legs, and these can be recorded during a sleep study. Frequent PLMS can disrupt sleep, in which case it is referred to as periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD), but many people with PLMS have no symptoms. It can be difficult to determine if PLMS are causing PLMD or not. Sometimes, the only way to diagnose PLMD is to treat the PLMS and monitor for improvement in symptoms. Treatment of PLMD is the same as it is for PLMS; start with iron therapy and then use any of the medications used for RLS.
Information for Loved Ones and Caregivers
Authors: Spector Andrew R. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Family members and caregivers have a big role to play in helping their loved ones deal with RLS. To start, it’s important that they understand the nature of the condition and not underestimate how much distress it can cause. They can assist their loved ones by helping to track symptoms, encourage a healthy diet and regular exercise, and attend medical appointments as an advocate and recordkeeper. Furthermore, loved ones can play a role by monitoring for side effects of medications and helping gather information from trustworthy resources. They also must contend with the emotional burden of seeing their loved ones in distress and put up with some distress of their own, such as poor sleep from excessive nighttime movement.
Navigating Life with Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Costello Kathleen , Kalb Rosalind , Giesser Barbara S. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This book is a practical guide for meeting the challenges of multiple sclerosis (MS), a lifelong, unpredictable disease. MS causes a myriad of physical, cognitive, and emotional symptoms that impact function and quality of life for those with the disease and those who provide care and support for them. The book demystifies MS and offers detailed descriptions of the essential components of comprehensive MS care, including disease and symptom management; rehabilitation to enhance function, safety, and independence; social and emotional support; and attention to overall health and wellness for those with MS and their caregivers. The book describes the role of the person with MS as the center of their care team, and it offers tips for communicating effectively with health care providers, participating comfortably in shared decision-making, and advocating confidently for personal health care needs and priorities. Each chapter offers solutions and guidance based on the authors’ interdisciplinary perspective and years of clinical and research experience. The book confronts the ways in which the visible and invisible symptoms of MS affect function, self-image, and confidence as well as relationships and communication, and it offers practical strategies for living life fully in the face of challenges.
Comprehensive Care of Multiple Sclerosis Over the Lifetime
Authors: Costello Kathleen , Kalb Rosalind , Giesser Barbara S. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Comprehensive care is a concept and care model that considers the whole person—including multiple sclerosis (MS) and overall health and wellness. In comprehensive care, an MS health care team—including professionals from neurology, nursing, psychology, rehabilitation, and others—helps the person address and manage the many challenges of MS. The person with MS is at the center of the team and, ideally, participates in care decisions through a process known as shared decision-making. The goals for comprehensive care include overall health and well-being; treatment with disease-modifying therapies; treating relapses, often with high doses of corticosteroids; managing symptoms; and promoting function and independence through rehabilitation. This chapter describes the elements and goals of comprehensive care in MS.
Mobility Symptoms
Authors: Costello Kathleen , Kalb Rosalind , Giesser Barbara S. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Many of the symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS) are invisible to others. As such, it is not possible to determine just by looking at a person with MS whether they are experiencing fatigue, pain, or cognitive challenges. On the other hand, when someone uses a mobility aid, it is clear that their ability to move has been affected. For this reason, it is not surprising that mobility is one of the first issues people with MS want to discuss with their care providers. Mobility depends on complex functions, including strength, tone, and balance. In MS, mobility is affected when pathways that control the mobility functions are disrupted and problems such as weakness, ataxia (imbalance), impaired position sense (proprioception), vertigo (vestibular symptoms), and spasticity (increased tone) occur. Rehabilitation strategies, including physical therapy and the use of assistive devices, can improve function or compensate for symptoms and promote and maintain independence.
Care Partners, Support Partners, Carers, and Caregivers
Authors: Costello Kathleen , Kalb Rosalind , Giesser Barbara S. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Those who provide support, assistance, or hands-on care for someone living with multiple sclerosis (MS) face significant challenges of their own that tend to take a backseat to the needs of the person with MS. The emotional and physical well-being of spouses and partners, parents, adult children, and other family members who take on additional roles and responsibilities may be neglected as the needs of the person with MS increase. Care partners need to learn how to “put on their own oxygen mask” before helping the person they love, which includes regular preventive health care, stress management, adequate exercise, restful sleep, and healthy nutrition. Understanding—and communicating about—the invisible symptoms of MS, learning how and when to provide assistance to the person with MS, planning effectively for the unpredictable future, and working effectively with the MS care team are essential for care partners of people with MS.
Diet and Nutrition
Authors: Costello Kathleen , Kalb Rosalind , Giesser Barbara S. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The immune system, nervous system, and gut microbiome interact in complex ways that affect the course of multiple sclerosis (MS). Many anti-inflammatory diets have been promoted for people with MS. The recommendations they have in common include reduced intake of processed food, highly refined sugars, starches, and food that is high in saturated fat; and increased consumption of whole grains, colorful fruits and vegetables, and polyunsaturated fatty acids. The Mediterranean diet, which has demonstrated positive results for people with MS in several studies, may prolong life; reduce the risk of other health conditions that can increase MS progression; and improve many MS symptoms, including mood, cognitive function, bladder and bowel function, and pain.
Planning for the Future While Finding Meaning in the Present
Authors: Costello Kathleen , Kalb Rosalind , Giesser Barbara S. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Living with an unpredictable chronic illness is challenging. The optimal strategy is to take charge of those aspects of life that are within one’s control—such as financial planning, writing advance directives, optimizing your employment options, and family planning—while learning to live and thrive despite the ups and downs of everyday life with multiple sclerosis (MS). The changes and losses that can accompany a diagnosis of MS also offer opportunities for personal growth and for finding meaning and purpose in ways one may never have considered in the past. For those who feel frustrated or at a loss—unable to identify a path forward—working with a grief counselor or mental health professional can help them forge ahead.
Introduction
Authors: Diggle Peter J. , Giorgi Emanuele 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
We begin this chapter by describing several examples of time-series data from the life sciences. We then use these examples to introduce some basic concepts that pervade the remainder of the book. We explain the theoretical decomposition of a time series into stochastic and deterministic components of variation and show how this relates to the scientific objectives of the analysis. We introduce the fundamental notion of serial dependence, whereby successive observations of the stochastic component of a time series are not independent, and explain why the empirical counterpart of the decomposition of a single time series into its stochastic and deterministic components is not straightforward.
Simple descriptive methods of analysis
Authors: Diggle Peter J. , Giorgi Emanuele 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The first step in any time-series analysis is to plot the data. In this chapter we first describe different methods for smoothing a time series with the aim of highlighting its main features; typically, this leads to the formulation of a provisional model for the deterministic component, or trend, of the series. Subtracting this estimated trend from the data defines the residual series, with the working assumption that the expectation of the residual series is zero at every time point. We then describe complementary methods for investigating the statistical properties of the residual series. The correlogram estimates the correlation between two residuals as a function of their separation in time. The periodogram is the equivalent of an analysis of variance, in which the variance of the residual series is decomposed into harmonic components (sine-cosine waves) at a discrete set of frequencies called the Fourier frequencies. Both of these require measurements to be equally spaced in time. The variogram is an alternative to the correlogram that more easily handles a series of measurements unequally spaced in time.
Theory of stationary processes
Authors: Diggle Peter J. , Giorgi Emanuele 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter contains some basic theory of stochastic processes that might serve as models for the stochastic component of an observed time series. We consider only stationary processes, a informal definition of which is that their statistical properties do not change over time. We introduce the autocorrelation function and the spectrum as the theoretical counterparts of the correlogram and periodogram. We describe the widely used class of autoregressive moving average processes as models for time series of measurements that are equally spaced in time. These discrete-time models are often applied to discrete-time data that are derived by sampling or integrating an underlying continuous-time process. We show how sampling and integrating a continuous-time process lead to different properties of the resulting discrete-time processes. Finally, we introduce an alternative hierarchical modelling approach that is often more natural for modelling data obtained by discrete sampling, not necessarily at equally spaced time points, of a continuous-time process.
Generalized linear models for unreplicated series
Authors: Diggle Peter J. , Giorgi Emanuele 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
In this chapter we pick up where Section 5.6 left off, by describing an extension of the modelling framework introduced in Chapter 5 to model count data at regularly or irregularly spaced observation times. We define the class of generalized linear mixed models and describe methods for fitting such a model to a single time series.
Troubling Vocality
Authors: Niess Andrew 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This essay argues that attunement to parahuman vocality compels a rethinking of vocality as a condition of protest. Such attunement offers analytical and political alternatives to the logo- and anthropocentrism of representational politics. By analyzing how Occupy Wall Street participants mobilized vocality as a condition of political mattering via the human microphone tactic, the chapter highlights the intricate relationship between vocality, political agency, personhood, representation, and attunement. Considering calls for aural analytics that do not foreclose politics to an anthropocentric domain of sensibility, this approach enriches our understanding of sonic creativity and political mattering in contemporary protest movements, thereby opening politics to the parahuman sensorium.
State and Religion
Authors: Medina Barak 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The separation between state and religion in Israel is considerably more limited than what is commonly observed in other liberal democracies. The government refrains from mandating adherence to religious norms, but a series of policies result in the enforcement of religious norms by the state. The legal doctrines, constructed through judicial interpretation, only partially limit the power of the government to enforce adherent to religious norms. The discussion in the chapter presents the main components of “Israel style” separation between state and religion. It starts by analyzing the permissible justifications of incorporating religious norms in governmental policies, and then offers a more detailed account of the constitutional law norms that govern specific policies: references to Jewish religious norms in legislation, regulation of activities in the public sphere according to religious norms, incorporation of religious laws in matters of marriage and divorce, and the public provision of religious services.
Truth, Normativity, and Interpretational Theories of Meaning
Authors: Jackman Henry 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
While it has frequently been suggested that meaning and content are ‘normative’, attempts to explain just what this claim amounts to or why we should believe it have proved surprisingly difficult. That said, it will be argued here that the normativity thesis can ultimately be justified in terms of an ‘epistemic’ metasemantic theory coming out of the ‘radical interpretation’ tradition. In doing so, it allows that meaning is grounded in use but shows that there are a number of respects in which the process by which meaning is determined by use is a normative one. Ultimately, meaning turns out to be normative not because meaning facts entail norms but because they are grounded in them.
Quantifier Domain Restriction and the Problem of Incomplete Quantifiers
Authors: King Jeffrey C. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
1. Every student passed. In a given context, 1 may be used to convey the claim that every student in Philosophy at Rutgers in 2022 passed. I assume without argument that in such cases, the sentence in context semantically expresses the relevant proposition: in the present case, that every student in Philosophy at Rutgers in 2022 passed. Given this, somehow the property of being in Philosophy at Rutgers in 2022 gets contributed to the proposition semantically expressed by 1 in context in such a case. Call this property the contextual restriction on the quantifier. The problem is that it can be that sentences such as 1 have many candidates for the contextual restriction on the quantifier, where there is no mechanism to select a unique property as the contextual restriction. Call this the problem of incomplete quantifiers. The problem of incomplete quantifiers gives rise to several worries to which I respond.
Linguistic Variation, Agency, and Style
Authors: Camp Elisabeth , Nowak Ethan 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
People speak in different ways within and across contexts; and utterances that are equivalent in their essential content and force can differ in their social significance in virtue of differing phonologically, morphologically, syntactically, and lexically. These dimensions of linguistic variation have not received sustained philosophical attention. We argue that meaningful form contributes significantly to the speech acts that agents perform with their utterances. Speakers communicate social information by navigating fine-grained differences in how they speak, and hearers systematically pick up on and use this information. Moreover, these fine-grained differences performatively alter the conversational context. We review three options for handling these aspects of speech within the philosophy of language—exclusionism, informationalism, and performativism—and sketch prospects and challenges for a theory of sociolinguistic variation going forward.
Do Languages Really Exist?
Authors: Stainton Robert J. , Viger Christopher 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Eliminativism about languages, characterized by a negative response to our title question, follows from two main lines of argument. First, several metaphysical principles may, individually or in combination, lead to doubt about the existence of languages. Second, accounts of successful communication that do not appeal to languages may render them otiose. In response, we note that arguments based on metaphysical principles prove too much, eliminating garden weeds and baseball, along with languages. Furthermore, we indicate ways in which languages are required to make sense of communication and other linguistic inquiries. We present a countermove that languages may have a place in ordinary folk ontology but not in serious scientific investigation. While more promising, we indicate some challenges to this scientific eliminativism. We conclude by considering why the question matters, outlining some consequences of eliminativism for linguistics and broader ethical, social, and political consequences around language promotion/preservation and language rights.
Reference Without Deference
Authors: Cappelen Herman , Deutsch Max 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
On a standard understanding of externalist metasemantic theories, such theories require a speaker to defer to other speakers in order to share content with them. We argue that this standard understanding is mistaken and that, on a proper understanding of externalism, sharing content does not depend in any way on deference, either to experts or one’s linguistic community. We defend a version of externalism that we call ‘pure externalism’, and we argue that the idea that shared content requires deference is a residue of internalism/descriptivisism to which externalists ought to be opposed. We also argue that, despite common belief to the contrary, several of the originators of externalism, including Tyler Burge, do not think that deference is in any way relevant, let alone required, for shared externalist content.
Deontic Modal Expressions
Authors: Dowell J. L. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Over the past fifteen years, linguists and philosophers of language have re-examined the canonical, Kratzerian semantics for modal expressions, with special attention paid to their epistemic and deontic uses. This chapter is an overview of the literature on deontic modal expressions. Section 1 provides an overview of the canonical semantics, noting some of its main advantages. Section 2 introduces a set of desiderata that have achieved the status of fixed points in the debates about whether the canonical semantics is correct. Section 3 provides an opinionated overview of some of the main extant rivals to the canonical semantics, including Cariani, Kaufmann, and Kaufmann’s complex contextualism; Yalcin’s expressivism; Willer’s dynamic semantics; and Starr’s dynamic expressivism. Section 4 provides an assessment of each of the views discussed in terms of the desiderata introduced in section 2. Section 5 is an overview of remaining issues that require more attention in the literature.
Information Structure for Philosophers
Authors: Glanzberg Michael 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter is an overview of concepts and theories of information structure, with an emphasis on their importance to philosophy. It introduces some of the basic ideas of information structure and gives an explanation of how information structure in represented in English via intonation. The chapter reviews traditional approaches to theories of information structure that are still important to current research. It also outlines current work on two of the central components of information structure: focus and topic. These two components illustrate some contemporary theories. The chapter concludes by presenting a discussion of the philosophical implications of information structure.