bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ending
Authors: Mullan John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When William Godwin, now best known for being the father of Mary Shelley, set out to compose his novel Caleb Williams, he wrote the ending first. Recalling the process of composition in 1832, he described how he ‘inventedfirst the third volume of my tale, then the second, and last of all the . He believed that ‘carrying back my invention from the ultimate conclusion to the firstcommencement’ would ensure ‘an entire unity of plot’. The ending would not only provide a fitting climax, it would prove the novelist’s point.
The Odyssey of Christ: A Novel Context for Philippians 2:6-11
Authors: Fisk Bruce N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Hellenistic context of early Christianity is back. After several post-Holocaust waves of preoccupation with the Jewish roots of early Christianity, the current vogue among NT scholars is to attend to matters Hellenistic,1 including Roman imperial politics, Graeco Roman religion, sophistic rhetoric and, to lesser degrees, the social world of the early Greek novels.
Is Kenosis Orthodox?
Authors: Davis Stephen T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
1
This chapter addresses the question whether kenotic Christological theories are orthodox1. Naturally, this will require discussion of what makes a Christological theory count as kenotic. It will also require discussion of what makes a Christological theory orthodox as opposed to, say, unorthodox or even heretical. Roughly, I will use the wordorthodox in such as way as to imply that ‘t is orthodox’ (where ‘t’ is some theological theory or claim) means roughly ‘t is acceptable for belief by the people of God.
The Colossus of Rhodes: Ancient Texts and Modern Representations
Authors: Callataÿ Godefroid de 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My interest in the Colossus of Rhodes began, rather accidentally, a few years ago, when I was investigating what is usually referred to as astrological geography in Antiquity, that is, the division of the oikoumene into a certain number of regions and the relationships imagined by the ancients between these regions and heavenly realities such as zodiacal signs or planets.1 The lists we have diverge widely among themselves, so that one is tempted at first to disregard the whole topic as pure fantasy.
A German Spinozistic Reader of Cudworth, Bull, and Spencer: Johann Georg Wachter and his Theologia Martyrum (1712)
Authors: Mulsow Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his Persecution and the Art of Writing published in 1952, Leo Strauss propounded the view that, until the seventeenth century, high philosophy had a double nature: an exoteric side, devotional and educational, for the ordinary reader; and an esoteric one, concealing the truth between the lines, as it can be beneficial only to the select few. He based his theory mainly on the medieval Jewish tradition of Maimonides and Halevi, as well as on Spinoza’s Tractatus theologico-politicus.1 He could have found further support for this view in a period some time after Spinoza, the early eighteenth century. For in that period a new way of thinking unfolded which combined such different elements as Cosmotheism, Egyptianism, Cabbalism, and a theory of the Trinity with the idea of the necessarily esoteric character of philosophy.
Art for Art: On Pots, Crocks, Lyres, and Flutes
Authors: Leighton Angela 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
George Moore once suggested that if Walter Pater ‘had lived to hear L’après-midi d’un Faune, he could not have done else but think that he was listening to his own prose changed into music’.1 Debussy’s piece was inspired by a steamy poem by Mallarmé about a lustful faun observing some playful nymphs. Cross-breeding between the arts was a fashionable ideal in the late nineteenth century, and one which could seem to protect artistic integrity by emphasizing the self-enclosed inviolability of art on art.
Aesthetic Conditions: Pater’s Re-forming Style
Authors: Leighton Angela 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The notion of the aesthetic has, by and large, been defined as the product of a historical moment: the mid-eighteenth century. It is, writes Eagleton, ‘a bourgeois concept in the most literal historical sense, hatched and nurtured in the Enlightenment’.1 Specifically, the concept was first ‘hatched’, at least in its modern sense, by Baumgarten in 1750. Although Kant rejected Baumgarten’s definition, of the aesthetic as ‘the science of sensitive knowing’2 or the critique of artistic taste, this sense of the term survived and was introduced into England in the early 1830s.
Seeing Nothing: Vernon Lee’s Ghostly Aesthetics
Authors: Leighton Angela 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘By the way, talking of literary fame, the only two creatures who seemed to have heard of me as a writer were Wm. Rossetti & Oscar Wilde!’1 So wrote the twenty-five-year-old Vernon Lee, author of Studies of the Eighteenth Century in Italy (1880) and a collection of essays on ‘Aesthetical Questions’, Belcaro (1887). Some fifty years, and more than forty volumes later, soon after the publication of Music and Its Lovers in 1932, she answered an admiring letter from Roger Fry with similar despondency: ‘But what your letter does make up for is the incurable disappointment (even at seventy-six) of finding all my work on aesthetics utterly wasted.’2 The reputation of Vernon Lee has always been a puzzle.
Wallace Stevens’ Eccentric Souvenirs
Authors: Leighton Angela 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Art for art’s sake is both indiscreet and worthless. It opposes the common run of things by simply existing alone and for its own sake … Beauty is strength. But art—art all alone, detached, sensuous for the sake of sensuousness, not to perpetuate inspiration or thought, art that is mere art—seems to me to be the most arrant as it is the most inexcuseable rubbish.1
Elegies of Form: Bishop, Plath, Stevenson
Authors: Leighton Angela 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Emily Dickinson’s ‘formal feeling’ is a curious construction. These lines ought to mean that, ‘After great pain’, there is an end, a numbness, a death. And indeed, there is a kind of death in the poem. At the same time, ‘a formal feeling’ goes on to become the monumental feeling form of the second line: ‘Nerves sit ceremonious, like Tombs’. Like much Victorian women’s poetry, Dickinson’s posthumous moment, ‘After great pain’, lets feeling get free of the personal pronoun ‘I’ or ‘she’, as well as of its object ‘pain’, and freewheel into wit.
Introduction
Authors: Carroll Maureen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tombs in all their above-ground forms, from simple stone slab to multi-storeyed mausoleum, were among the most visible and public monuments of Roman settlements across the empire. Because ancient Roman law pre-scribed that the dead should be buried outside the settlements, approaching a Roman town by any of the main overland routes converging on it necessitated passing through a community of the dead, their memory being called forth by the tombs inscribed with all manner of personal information (Fig. 1). The roadside and suburban location of burial grounds on community land ensured good visibility of the funerary monuments, and it contributed to the constant link between the past and the present. This is an important point because these memorials would have been seen and visited by many, and it was the visitors to the tombs—either family and friends or complete strangers—who kept the memory of the dead alive. The roads lined with tombs ‘inscribed for all to see’ are the busy spots that the poet Propertius in the late Wrst century bc referred to as places ‘where the crowds travel along an unsleeping thoroughfare’.1 Tombs and cemeteries also were often located in close proximity to suburban houses and shops, and they sometimes encroached on each other.
Memory and Commemoration
Authors: Carroll Maureen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The funerary monument, according to Roman legal sources, was designed to preserve memory (monumentum est, quod memoriae servandae gratia existat).1 It also acted as a visual indicator of the status of a person and of the splendour and antiquity of that person’s family. The form and size of the monument itself, and the written text on it, made it possible to display and negotiate status, belonging, and social relations in the community. But was a permanent stone monument the only way to preserve the memory of an individual? Cicero, in his speech honouring Servius Sulpicius Rufus, claimed that, although memorials and commemorative statues preserved memory, one’s accomplishments could also ‘be a memorial to a life of enduring renown’.3 Great deeds, rank, and accomplishments were something to be ‘handed on as a memorial to succeeding generations’.4
Conveying a Message
Authors: Carroll Maureen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the reign of Augustus occasionally, and from middle of the first century ad much more commonly, the epitaph is prefaced by an invocation ‘to the spirits of the dead’ (the Manes), written as Dis Manibus, and later abbreviated to D M.1 In Gaul and Germany, the introductory D M was expanded from the mid-second century to read ‘D M et Memoriae’ (to the spirits of the dead and the memory of ... ), and from the beginning of the third century the ‘eternal memory’ (memoriae aeternae) or the ‘eternal rest’ (quieti aeternae) of the deceased become common invocations (see Appendix, Nos. 2–5, 7, 9–14, 18, 20–2, 24).
Causes of Death
Authors: Carroll Maureen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What caused many rich and famous Romans to die can be learnt by randomly trawling through Roman literary sources. Here is just one example. Verginius Rufus was considered by Pliny the Younger to be ‘one of our greatest and most distinguished citizens’.1 He was rehearsing an address to the emperor Nerva when his manuscript fell out of his hands. As he bent to pick it up, he slipped on the polished floor, fell and broke his hip, and from this accident he never recovered. Searching the historical sources to gain insight into the causes and circumstances of death of those who were not wealthy and distinguished, however, would be largely fruitless. Funerary inscriptions, because they were commissioned by all classes of society, apart from the very poor, are therefore of immeasurable value in revealing what many people died of and what sentiments were expressed at their demise, even if the inscriptions tend to highlight unusual deaths or circumstances that surviving relatives felt particularly worth telling.
Family and Household
Authors: Carroll Maureen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Familial relationships recorded in funerary epitaphs appear sometimes very simple, sometimes rather complicated, but the inscribed text always gives us only part of the picture. The epitaphs record some, but not all, family ties, and the actual extent and complexity of familial relationships the deceased once enjoyed whilst alive cannot be reconstructed with any real confidence. Although most soldiers in the first and second centuries were commemorated by their comrades, for example, it cannot be assumed that they had no blood relatives anywhere, just that they may not have lived near the base where the soldier was stationed. It was not the ‘job’ of an epitaph to provide a complete family tree or to record all the relatives of the deceased.
Social Mobility and Social Change
Authors: Carroll Maureen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Roman conquest of western and northern Europe had far-reaching consequences for the societies and individuals in those regions. In Chapter 8 we have looked at physical mobility, as witnessed in the epitaphs, and how, for various reasons, people migrated outside the confines of their towns, villages, and territories, some of them moving great distances from one place to another. The funerary inscriptions, although they are just one source of information, also give insight into social mobility and the restructuring of individual lives within Roman society. In this regard, the epitaphs alluding to one’s standing in society or suggesting improvement of a personal situation through promotion, inheritance, marriage, or manumission are especially valuable. Equally insightful are those inscriptions naming professions, careers, and public honours. Of particular interest here are the slaves (servi) and freed slaves (liberti) who, in many cases, managed to achieve upward mobility, even if they had to operate within the confines of relatively constricting social and legal structures.
Death on Earth, Life in Heaven
Authors: Carroll Maureen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The forms of commemoration of the dead in the Christian communities of the Roman empire diVer from pagan traditions in sufficiently crucial and interesting ways to warrant a separate study of them as a conclusion to this book. Like the pagan funerary inscriptions, the epitaphs of Christians offer insights into the belief system, social structures, and forms of expressing the identity of the deceased. Under Theodosius in ad 392, Christianity became the official state religion, and all pagan cults were outlawed. From this time on, and especially after the conversion of the Frankish king Clovis in 496, Christianity rapidly spread in the Gallic and German provinces, and in Germany beyond the empire’s former frontier.
Conclusion
Authors: Carroll Maureen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the Roman world various devices were employed to perpetuate the memory of the dead. The eulogy recited in the presence of mourners at the funeral served as one of the mnemonic aids used to recall actions and achievements of individuals and families, and memory was stimulated visually by the fashioning of portraits and statues of the deceased in various materials. Public philanthropy and munficence towards various communities, in addition, could ensure the remembrance and posthumous prestige of the dead in that the names of such benefactors were eternalized in inscriptions on buildings and honorific statues. But the vast number of sepulchral monuments bearing inscriptions relating to the life and death of individuals testifies best to the importance Romans throughout the empire attached to being remembered and revered. Choosing a prominent position and a public space for a funerary monument was an effective way of ensuring visibility and continued attention after death. Those with foresight, and with the financial means at their disposal, selected a monument and an epitaph before they died, or left testamentary specifications for their commemoration. For those of humble means, and perhaps no close family to bury them, burial clubs were established as benevolent societies from the legacies of wealthy patrons or from the contributions of the members of such societies.
T. S. Eliot and the idea of tradition
Authors: Reeves Gareth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Tradition and the Individual Talent’—then and now Until the middle of the last century, Eliot’s idea of tradition was extraordinarily influential. His essay ‘Tradition and the Individual Talent’ (1919) was a major contributor to Modernism’s rise and hegemony. The essay’s decline accompanied that of Modernism, and in the academy it suffered the fate of the abandoned lover: spurn and neglect. Like its author, it came to be regarded as conservative, élitist, obsessed with order, and backward-looking. This was hardly surprising at a time when Modernism turned postmodernism, when plurality supplanted hierarchy, when the notion of a literary canon was under fire, when, indeed, what constitutes literary studies was under intense scrutiny.
Adorno and the Frankfurt School
Authors: Bowie Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ‘Frankfurt School’ is the name used to refer to the philosophers, social theorists, literary scholars, economists, and psychoanalysts who developed the ideas of the ‘Institute for Social Research’, which was founded in Frankfurt in 1923. The members of the group sought to establish what they termed ‘Critical Theory’. Their theories were therefore not intended just as objective descriptions of social phenomena, but were also meant to contribute to changing those phenomena. This is the central idea which informs Critical Theory’s approaches to modern culture. Critical Theory analyses why that culture develops in the ways it does, tries to show how it can negatively affect people’s ability to think critically about their actions and evaluations, and suggests ways of thinking about positive alternatives to the existing state of society. In the 1930s the Institute was forced by the Nazis into exile in Switzerland, and then in the USA; it returned to Frankfurt in 1949.
The Russian debate on narrative
Authors: Morson Gary Saul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Russian scholars made decisive contributions to twentieth-century Western literary theory. New Criticism, structuralism, reader-response theory, various types of post-structuralism, and, above all, theories of the novel and narratology would all be unthinkable without the influence, direct or indirect, of the Russian formalists and Bakhtin. Their work has also contributed greatly to the development of Western folkoristics and anthropology. Indeed, it has sometimes been said that the most important contributions of Western theory have been a working-out, an extension, and a critique of the implications, sometimes barely noticed at the time, of Russian formalist premisses.
Form, rhetoric, and intellectual history
Authors: Shereen Faiza W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the 1930s, the University of Chicago was in the midst of curricular reform and innovation, when a group of scholars from the humanities came together to form a new and theoretically distinctive school of literary criticism. The Chicago critics were determined as a school, not only by their affiliation with the University of Chicago, but more intrinsically by their embracing of a pluralistic vision in critical theory and philosophical inquiry and by their particular brand of Aristotelianism. The theories of the founding group were developed in the work of a second and a third generation of Chicago critics.
Feminisms
Authors: Tolan Fiona 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the French philosopher and novelist Simone de Beauvoir wrote in her 1949 book The Second Sex the famous sentence, ‘One is not born, but rather becomes, a woman,’ she encapsulated an argument that would propel feminist thinking for the next fifty years or more. In one brief sentence, she touched upon questions and issues that lie at the very heart of feminist inquiry—questions as simple and complex as ‘What is a woman?’ In the attempt to address this question, feminism has become fractured, divided, and contradictory.
Race, nation, and ethnicity
Authors: Kerr Kathleen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The eighteenth and nineteenth centuries saw the gradual formation of discourses on identity which linked together the concepts of race, nation, and ethnic group or community. Each of these categories was initially conceived as discrete and homogeneous. Theories of race posited biology, geography, and climatic conditions as the bases for differences in skin colour and, by extension, in the ability to contribute to the progress of civilization through the arts and sciences. Models of nationhood primarily took two forms, one civic and one cultural or ethnic, both of which remain influential today. Civic nationalism, founded on the values of liberty and justice, is underpinned by social contract theory, as depicted in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries by John Locke and David Hume, and, in particular, in Jean Jacques Rousseau’s Social Contract of 1762. According to Rousseau, the state is established and acquires legitimacy in terms of the ‘general will of the people’, rather than through force.
Postmodernism
Authors: Snipp-Walmsley Chris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
American architect Charles Jencks famously declared that postmodernism began on 15 July 1972, when the Pruitt–Igoe housing scheme in St Louis, Missouri, was destroyed by a controlled and planned explosion. The housing scheme, designed by Minoru Yamasaki (who also designed the Twin Towers), was, for many, the flagship of Modernist architecture. Its destruction, Jencks argued, signalled a clear rift between the modern and postmodern periods.
Science and criticism: beyond the culture wars
Authors: Norris Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the first half of the twentieth century there was a prevalent way of thinking about the academic disciplines—the natural, social, and human sciences—which assigned them each to their appointed place on a ‘hard-to-soft’ scale of methodological rigour. This idea had its source in Logical Positivism and in the ‘Unity of Science’ movement which was basically a programme for ranking those disciplines in a descending order of priority. Thus physics was taken as the paradigm case of a ‘hard’ discipline with clearly specified criteria for what should count as a valid empirical observation and an adequate (logically rigorous) mode of reasoning on the scientific evidence. Of course, there were some large differences of view about the kind of logical reasoning involved—as between inductivists and those who espoused a covering-law or a hypothetico-deductive approach—and also about the content and status of empirical truth claims.
Mixing memory and desire: psychoanalysis, psychology, and trauma theory
Authors: Luckhurst Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The body of texts discussed in this chapter might reasonably be called ‘trauma theory’ only after the mid-1990s, when various lines of inquiry converged to make trauma a privileged critical category. Trauma study now includes many fields, focusing on psychological, philosophical, ethical, and aesthetic questions about the nature and representation of traumatic events. These concerns range from the public and historical to the private and memorial. Trauma theory thus synthesizes resources from a number of critical schools already treated in this book. Freudian psychoanalysis provided a model of traumatic subjectivity (although importantly not the only one) and various accounts about the effect of trauma on memory.
Modern Virtue Ethics
Authors: Coope Christopher Miles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I will begin by stating three theses which I present in this paper. The first is this: that virtue ethics, insofar as it remains a valuable new approach in moral philosophy, is misleadingly so described. The description fails to single out what is of interest. The second is that the difference between this new approach and other so-called moral theories is not at all to be called a mere difference in emphasis or focus. Again I must add: insofar as the approach remains of value. For it was intended to be something radical, and only as such was it worth anything at all. The third is that the cardinal virtue of justice, once thought ‘more glorious than the morning or the evening star’, has become damagingly marginalized. It no longer has a starring role. I shall point out some consequences.