bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
proseq: A software for preparation and evolutionary analysis of DNA sequence data sets
Authors: Filatov Dmitry A. 
Published: March 2003

Summary
proseq

is an integrated user‐friendly

windows
based program for convenient sequence editing and evolutionary analysis. It is designed to simplify preparation and analysis of DNA sequence data sets in population genetic, phylogenetic and molecular ecology studies. Sequence editor features include editing of chromatogram files, contig assembly, sequence alignment, translation and other utilities. Analysis features include calculation of genetic diversity, divergence, population subdivision and gene flow with permutation‐based significance testing and various tests of neutrality. A tool for coalescent simulations implements models with intragenic recombination, population subdivision and population growth.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellites inDrosophila virilisand their cross species amplification in members of theD. virilisgroup
Authors: Huttunen S. , Schlötterer C. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractWe report the isolation and cross species amplification of 42Drosophila virilismicrosatellite loci. Nine loci were isolated from mapped P1 bacteriophage clones and 33 were obtained from genomic DNA or GenBank searches. Cross species amplification was tested for all members of theD. virilisgroup. The amplification success was high (varying from 45% to 100%) and most of the loci were polymorphic. This set of loci can be applied for several genetic studies such as mapping behavioural quantitative trait loci (QTL) and for studying population structure in a phylogeographical framework inD. virilisgroup species.
Microsatellite variation in the freshwater snail Physa acuta
Authors: Sourrouille P. , Debain C. , Jarne P. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractWe present data for seven new markers isolated from a microsatellite‐enriched DNA library from the freshwater snail Physa acuta. Six of them appear to be conserved in Physa cubensis. These loci might be useful for analysing population structure and reconstructing the story of invasion of freshwaters on a worldwide scale by P. acuta.
Five microsatellite DNA markers for the ground beetleAbax parallelepipedus(Coleoptera, Carabidae)
Authors: Keller I. , Largiadèr C. R. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractWe characterized five microsatellite loci fromAbax parallelepipedus,one of the most common forest ground beetles in central Europe. The polymorphism of the loci was assessed in 30 individuals from one population. The number of alleles ranged between two and 19 and the observed heterozygosities between 0.10 and 0.97. No deviations from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium were detected for any of the markers.
Ocular signs of systemic hypertension: A review
Authors: Hurcomb Peter G. , Wolffsohn James S. , Napper Genevieve A. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryCardiovascular disease and stroke continue to be the chief causes of death in developed countries and one of the leading causes of visual impairment. The individual with systemic hypertension may remain asymptomatic for many years. Systemic mortality and morbidity are markedly higher for hypertensives than normotensives, but can be significantly reduced by early diagnosis and then efficient management. However, the ability of Optometrists to detect and appropriately refer systemic hypertensives remains generally poor. This review examines the disease, its effects and detection by observation of the retinal signs, particularly those considered to be pre‐malignant. Previous methods of classifying retinal hypertensive signs are discussed along with more recent image analysis techniques. The role of the optometrist in detecting, monitoring and appropriate referral of systemic hypertensives is discussed in relation to current research.
A Review of the Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors in Bulimia Nervosa
Authors: Kirby Kelly P. , Dietz Brenda , Arnold Alana D. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractSuccessful treatment of eating disorders often includes drug therapy along with psychotherapy and nutritional counseling. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are attractive agents for use in eating disorders due to their favorable side effect profiles. Currently, fluoxetine is the only FDA approved agent for treatment of bulimia nervosa; however, fluvoxamine has also been studied for use in this disorder. This review examines the evidence for the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in bulimia, and summarizes the pharmacokinetics, side effects, and drug interactions of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors available in the United States.
Potential Benefits of Soy Protein in Managing Patients with Hypercholesterolemia
Authors: Lichtenstein Alice H. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recently added foods containing soy protein to the list of foods—including those with low saturated fat, low cholesterol, and high fiber—that can carry a health claim for decreasing the risk of developing coronary heart disease (CHD). This ruling is based on an assumption of a total dietary soy protein intake of 25 g per day; any food bearing the claim must contain at least 6.25 g of soy protein per serving. The FDA concluded that the scientific evidence supporting the claim for soy protein and CHD was consistent but not universal. Overall, benefits of soy include reductions in total and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, but not decreased triglycerides or increased high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. The FDA further stated that the evidence associating the effect of soy protein with constituent isoflavones (weakly estrogenic and antiestrogenic compounds naturally present in soybeans) was not sufficient to support a health claim. Foods can bear a health claim regarding soy protein and CHD only if they are low in saturated fat and cholesterol. It is important for patients to understand that the addition of foods containing soy protein to the diet, rather than substituting these foods for others, may result in increased caloric intake. In that case, the expected outcome regarding blood lipid and lipoprotein levels may not result.
A Review of Niaspan, an Extended‐Release Niacin
Authors: Abourjaily Heather M. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractNiacin is an effective lipid‐lowering therapy that has been available for more than 40 years. Many studies have proven niacin's effectiveness in decreasing morbidity and mortality and improving the entire lipid profile. However, one of the major drawbacks to niacin therapy has been its side effects—most commonly, flushing and abdominal discomfort. Recently, however, newer formulations of niacin have become available, particularly Niaspan, an extended‐release niacin preparation taken once daily, at bedtime, (as opposed to the controlled‐release niacin taken twice a day). To date, 5 trials have evaluated Niaspan specifically. All have shown Niaspan to be effective in decreasing total cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein (LDL), triglycerides, and apolipoprotein, and increasing high‐density lipoprotein (HDL). Flushing is still a major side effect with Niaspan therapy; however, taking aspirin 30 minutes prior to the dose and taking the dose at bedtime may alleviate this side effect. In a survey of patients who had taken both the controlled‐release preparation of niacin (not Niaspan) and the immediate‐acting niacin, the majority of the patients preferred the controlled‐release formulation. The extended‐release preparation should now be considered a realistic option in patients who have hypercholesterolemia.
Xerostomia: Etiology and Clinical Management
Authors: Stack Kathleen M. , Papas Athena S. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractXerostomia, or dry mouth, is a serious oral health problem that, when left untreated, leads to deterioration and disease in the oral cavity. Patients with dry mouth include those on xerogenic medications (including many elderly patients), those undergoing chemotherapy and radiation, and individuals with Sjögren syndrome, an autoimmune disease. Common complaints with dry mouth include difficulty in speaking, chewing, and tasting and swallowing foods. Patients with dry mouth will also complain of food sticking to the teeth, taste alterations, foods burning the oral tissues, and a burning tongue. The lack of saliva may lead to such complications as fungal infections (eg, candidiasis), atrophy of the filiform papillae of the tongue, mucosal ulcerations, salivary gland enlargement, an increase in the number of cariogenic, aerobic organisms Streptococcus and Lactobacillus, and rapidly progressing caries. Recommended therapy for patients with xerostomia includes regular dental visits, fluoride therapy, nutritional counseling, and patient education regarding oral home care to manage the high risk for dental decay. Some patients may also benefit from the use of artificial salivas or Pilocarpine, which is effective in increasing salivary flow in patients with functional salivary glands. Salivary stimulants and increased water intake are also recommended.
Medication‐Induced Taste Disturbances
Authors: Nolan Nicole M. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractTaste involves a complex interaction among food or drink, taste receptors, and the central nervous system. Taste distortion or loss involves an impairment of this interaction and may be defined as dysgeusia (taste distortion), hypogeusia (reduced ability to taste), or ageusia (complete inability to taste). Medications have been reported to induce reversible and persistent taste disturbance in many patients. The mechanism by which medications alter taste is unknown, but there are many hypotheses. Patients may react to taste disturbances with decreased appetite, decreased dietary and nutrient intake, and/or increased use of salt or sugar. Management of taste disorders often includes discontinuation of the suspected offending agent. Clinicians should be proactive in identifying patients with taste alterations and in responding with appropriate interventions.
Less Exercise Now, More Disease Later? The Critical Role of Childhood Exercise Interventions in Reducing Chronic Disease Burden
Authors: Economos Christina D. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
An astounding number of children these days are overweight, physically inactive, and consuming sub‐optimal diets, placing the future health status of our nation in jeopardy. These unhealthy lifestyle behaviors are known to influence the development of many debilitating and life‐threatening diseases. Physical inactivity alone increases the incidence of at least 17 unhealthy conditions—either chronic diseases or risk factors for chronic diseases. It is desirable for children to spend at least 60 minutes, and up to several hours per day, engaged in age‐ and developmentally appropriate activity. Regrettably, few children meet this recommendation. Interventions aimed at increasing physical activity in children have used a variety of strategies: enhancing physical education, increasing active commuting, decreasing television viewing, and risk‐factor‐specific training. Successful interventions have reported positive results ranging from increased time spent in physical education class, to decreased hypertension, to increased bone density. These interventions should serve as models to provide replicable elements for widespread implementation. However, more research is needed to identify and understand the modifiable behavioral and environmental variables that can have a substantial impact on physical inactivity. Healthcare providers can make a difference by providing clear and consistent messages that guide children and their caregivers toward achieving the recommendations for physical activity and the development of recreational skills that support lifetime activity.
Assessing Magnesium Status: A Persisting Problem
Authors: Martini Ligia A. , Wood Richard J. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractMagnesium plays an essential role in a wide range of fundamental biological reactions. Although diets consumed by healthy Americans usually do not lead to clinically significant magnesium depletion, epidemiological and clinical studies have suggested an association between low magnesium status and increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, osteoporosis, diabetes, and other chronic diseases. In acutely or chronically ill hospitalized patients, the prevalence of hypomagnesemia has been reported to be as high as 11%. Hypomagnesemia resulting from underlying disease can be due to decreased gastrointestinal absorption or increased renal magnesium losses. Magnesium is principally an intracellular cation. Tissue magnesium status is difficult to accurately estimate with non‐invasive measures due to poor correlations between serum or RBC or WBC magnesium levels and magnesium concentration in major tissue stores in muscle and the skeleton. At present, a comprehensive evaluation of a patient's risk of magnesium deficiency should include consideration of known risk factors and disease conditions possibly contributing to magnesium depletion, estimates of dietary magnesium intake, and clinical observations. The evaluation also should include laboratory measures of magnesium status, including analysis of both extracellular (serum magnesium) and intracellular (RBC, WBC or muscle magnesium) magnesium concentration, if available. Researchers should continue efforts to find a simple, reliable, and useful technique to accurately estimate magnesium status.
Nutrition Counseling in the Physician's Office: How Do I Bill for Advising My Patient?
Authors: Sanford Jennifer A. , Ccs‐P  
Published: March 2003

AbstractIn addition to diagnosing and treating illnesses, physicians often provide nutrition counseling services. Billing and obtaining appropriate reimbursement for these services present a unique challenge. This article utilizes 4 hypothetical scenarios as a basis for examining common categories of service that involve nutrition counseling. These categories are: routine physicals that include nutrition counseling, nutrition counseling alone, nutrition counseling as a small part of a problem‐oriented “evaluation and management” (E/M) service, and nutrition counseling as the bulk of a problem‐oriented E/M service. The basics of procedure (CPT) and diagnosis (ICD‐9) coding are described, and specific billing instructions for each scenario are provided. Although this article provides an introduction to the topic of billing, healthcare providers and their office staff should inform themselves on general coding and billing practices, as well as local payors' guidelines.
Oscillatory zoning in eclogitic garnet and amphibole, Northern Serpentinite Melange, Cuba: a record of tectonic instability during subduction?
Authors: García‐Casco A. , Torres‐Roldán R. L. , Millán G. , Monié P. , Schneider J. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractExotic blocks of eclogite from distant localities along the Northern Serpentinite Melange of Cuba have comparable P–T histories that include high‐pressure prograde sections (450–600 °C, >15 kbar) associated with subduction of oceanic lithosphere, and retrograde sections within the albite–epidote amphibolite facies (<500 °C, <10 kbar) related to melange uplift. 40Ar/39Ar and Rb/Sr cooling ages (118–103 Ma) of one of the blocks indicate pre‐Aptian subduction and Aptian–Albian uplift. Detailed X‐ray imaging and profiling further reveals that minerals in these eclogite blocks (notably garnet and amphibole) display subtle but well defined oscillatory zoning that developed along the prograde trajectory of the rocks, previous to attainment of peak eclogitic conditions. The chemistry (e.g. coupled changes of Mg# and Mn in garnet, and of Si, Ti, Al and Na in amphibole) and geometry (euhedral to anhedral shapes) of the oscillations can be interpreted in terms of subtle fluctuations in P–T during the general prograde subduction‐related metamorphic path. A (near‐) equilibrium model is presented for the formation of oscillations at near peak conditions by means of recurrent dissolution‐growth reaction processes. This model for near‐peak conditions, and the chemical signatures of earlier oscillations (notably in amphibole), suggest that episodes of retrogression (upward movement?) affected parts of the subducting slab. It is proposed that these retrograde episodes record the tectonic rupture of the subducting slab and, probably, of the upper plate mantle, either due to the intrinsic dynamic behaviour of subduction systems or to the effects of the plate‐tectonic rearrangement of the Caribbean region during the Early Cretaceous.
Technical Advances in Hemodialysis Therapy
Authors: Parker Tom F. 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTOther than pharmaceutical advancements, the improvements in hemodialysis have largely been due to technical changes. This article summarizes the various technical areas that are noteworthy: hemodialysis membranes; dialysate buffer, electrolyte concentration, and temperature; prescription monitoring; reprocessing; volume‐ultrafiltration control; information system interface; arteriovenous access monitoring; water treatment; and continuous and nocturnal dialysis. Within each category, subjective and objective conclusions are drawn as to whether the technical advancements have translated to improved clinical outcomes. In addition, an hypothesis is proposed that due to a confluence of ownership of research and development, manufacturing of equipment, and dialysis facilities conflicts may arise which could slow future technical developments.
Must We Treat Noncompliant ESRD Patients?
Authors: Friedman Eli A. 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTCoping with the stress induced by ESRD patient noncompliance is a time consuming, nonproductive, demoralizing undertaking that is unavoidable. An orderly, non‐confrontational approach encompassing measures to protect mentally incompetent and unaware patients as well as those too sick to comprehend and consent to therapy (dialysis) is provided. Individual practitioners should utilize all available resources including patient relatives and friends, collaborating psychiatrists, and institutional risk‐management officers to assist in devising the best resolution to what may escalate into an onslaught against the renal care team. No single solution is applicable to the myriad variables that may impinge on a specific patient's seemingly apathetic or hateful behavior underlying noncompliance.
Hormone Replacement Therapy in Postmenopausal Women with End‐Stage Renal Disease: A Review of the Issues
Authors: Holley Jean L. , Schmidt Rebecca J. 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTHormone replacement is an integral part of therapies to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women and may be considered a component in the treatment of dyslipidemia, cardiovascular disease, and possibly cognitive function. The indications for, and efficacy and prescription of, hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women with ESRD have been infrequently studied and less than 10% of postmenopausal women on dialysis are receiving hormone replacement. Small studies suggest that hormone replacement therapy is valuable in treating the dyslipidemia of women on dialysis, but indicate that a reduction in the dosage of hormone replacement may be needed. A potential role for hormone replacement therapy in the treatment and/or prevention of osteoporosis and sexual dysfunction in postmenopausal women on dialysis exists as well.
Access Flow Measurement as a Predictor of Hemodialysis Graft Thrombosis: Making Clinical Decisions
Authors: Krivitski Nikolai M. , Gantela Swaroop 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTSince the introduction of dilution methods for measurement of vascular access blood flow during hemodialysis, more than 170 publications addressing the accuracy, prognostic value, and economic impact of the technology have been presented. Recently researchers (Paulson et al.) have raised concerns about the accuracy of access flow measurements in predicting thrombosis. Our first objective was to address the inadequacies of the analysis by these authors. The second objective was to apply a statistically accepted three‐step approach for clinical decision making to assess the utility of access flow surveillance (similar to the K/DOQI guidelines) in the prediction of thrombosis. These steps included 1) estimation of treatment thresholds based on harm‐benefit analysis of fistulography‐angioplasty versus thrombosis, 2) estimation of prior probability of thrombosis based on patient demographic and clinical characteristics, and 3) application of Bayes' theorem to evaluate whether flow test results provided information that could move patients across the treatment threshold, thus discriminating between patients who should be referred for fistulography‐angioplasty and those who should not. These data and an analysis of recent publications show that the implementation of an access flow surveillance program decreases thrombosis rates in hemodialysis units and can significantly reduce the costs associated with hemodialysis access maintenance. We conclude that access flow monitoring (K/DOQI flow thresholds) is useful in the clinical decision‐making process for thrombosis prediction across a wide range of demographic categories.
Infection with Antimicrobial‐resistant Microorganisms in Dialysis Patients
Authors: Berns Jeffrey S. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe prevalence of antimicrobial‐resistant microorganisms in various health care settings, including outpatient dialysis facilities, has increased dramatically in the last decade. Antimicrobial use and patient‐to‐patient transmission of resistant strains are the two main factors that have contributed to this rapid increase. Methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and coagulase‐negative staphylococci are commonly isolated as a cause of hemodialysis (HD) catheter‐related bacteremia and peritoneal dialysis (PD)‐related catheter infection and peritonitis. The widespread use of vancomycin in dialysis patients is of concern because of an increase in the prevalence of vancomycin‐resistant enterococci (VRE) in dialysis patients. Staphylococci with reduced sensitivity to vancomycin have also appeared in dialysis patients. A more recent problem is the appearance of S. aureus isolates with a high degree of resistance to the topical antimicrobial agent mupirocin. This has been seen in PD patients who have received prophylactic application of mupirocin at the peritoneal catheter exit site. Appropriate antimicrobial use will help protect the efficacy of currently used antibiotics, such as vancomycin. Published guidelines for use of vancomycin should be followed. New antimicrobials such as linezolid and quinupristin/dalfopristin have activity against VRE and MRSA, but resistance to these agents has already occurred. Preventing transmission of antimicrobial‐resistant microorganisms in health care settings, including outpatient dialysis facilities, is important in limiting the spread of these resistant organisms.