bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“Little children learn on their own by observing and imitating.” Caregivers’ perspectives on cognitive and socio-emotional caregiving practices for children 0-3 years in lowland Nepal
Authors: Dulal Sophiya , Prost Audrey , Merom Dafna , Shrestha Bhim Prasad , Manandhar Dharma S , Saville Naomi M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Background
Caregiving is critical to children’s survival, growth, and development. In Nepal, national surveys highlight suboptimal caregiving practices for children aged under three years. Our study aimed to understand cognitive and socio-emotional caregiving practices for children under three in Dhanusha District, Nepal, to inform community interventions to promote Early Childhood Development (ECD).
Methods
We used qualitative methods to explore caregivers’ perceptions and practices related to cognitive and socio-emotional caregiving for children aged under three years. We purposively selected seven village development committees and conducted seven Semi-Structured Interviews (SSIs) with mothers (n=4) and grandmothers (n=3) of children under three years as well as four Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) with mothers (n=29) in Dhanusha District, Nepal. The SSIs and FGDs were audio-recorded, transcribed in Nepali, translated into English, and analysed using the framework approach.
Results
Caregivers thought that young children learned new skills by observing and imitating parents and older siblings, but also that ‘real learning’ mostly occurred in school after three years of age. Socialisation processes differed by gender, as reflected in the cultural acceptance of gender-specific play activities: for example, boys were encouraged to play outside and girls to play ‘kitchen’. Mothers and grandmothers engaged in stimulating activities with their children, but these activities were not perceived as ‘learning’ opportunities and were often limited by caregivers’ heavy workloads. Caregivers described good behaviours as children following parents’ instructions. Disciplining was frequent and included verbal and physical punishments. Mothers and grandmothers had primary responsibility for childcare, and the burden of responsibility was higher in households where husbands worked abroad. Mothers aspired for their sons to attain jobs, and for their daughters to have long and happy marriages.
Conclusion
We found several positive caregiving practices in communities of lowland Nepal, which provide an opportunity to develop a culturally appropriate intervention to support ECD. Our findings suggest that interventions to encourage caregivers’ engagement with their children should build on existing positive caregiving practices without burdening caregivers’ daily lives. Involving fathers and grandmothers in ECD interventions in addition to mothers may be beneficial in promoting children’s development.
Nomograms for predicting overall survival and progress-free survival in postoperative lip squamous cell carcinoma patients
Authors: Cheng Hao , Xu Jin-Hong , He Jia-Qi , Xu Xue-Lian 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Background
To obtain an individualized prediction of lip squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) is essential. This study aimed to create predictive models to predict the prognosis of postoperative LSCC patients.
Methods
A total of 136 postoperative LSCC patients diagnosed between June 2012 and June 2018 were enrolled from two medical institutions and randomly divided into the training and validation groups at a ratio of 7:3. According to the results of the univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses, two nomograms were established to predict the overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) of postoperative LSCC patients.
Results
The univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that higher pathological grade, age ≥ 70 years, higher T-stage, positive lymph node metastasis (LNM), perineural invasion (PNI), vascular invasion (VI), and positive surgical margin were independent predictors of inferior OS. Meanwhile, higher pathological grade, age ≥ 70 years, higher T-stage, LNM, PNI, and positive surgical margin were independent predictors of inferior PFS. Based on the results above, two nomograms were constructed to predict 3- and 5-year OS and PFS in patients with LSCC. The C-indexes of the OS and PFS nomograms were 0.865 and 0.801 in the training group, and 0.915 and 0.815 in the validation group. The calibration curves showed satisfactory consistency between predicted and actual observed survival rates. The outperformance of the nomogram compared with the other predictors involved was shown by the decision curve analysis (DCA). Kaplan-Meier curves revealed statistical discrimination for the high-, medium-, and low-risk groups.
Conclusion
This retrospective study established and validated two nomograms for predicting OS and PFS in patients with postoperative LSCC, which has a good clinical individualized application value.
A Field Study on the Uptake of Cd by Phytolacca americana L. (pokeweed）Supplied with Nitrogen and Organic Fertilizers in Red Soil Regions
Authors: zhang zhenhua , Yu Cigang , Wang Qi , Wang Changyong , Tian Wei 
Published: October 2023

Abstract

Application of fertilizers to enhance cadmium phytoextraction in light to moderately Cd-contaminated agricultural soils has become an increasingly common strategy. A randomized complete block design was used to examine Cd uptake and assess Cd accumulation by Phytolacca americanaL (pokeweed) treated with ammonium sulfate (AS treatment), urea (UR), organic fertilizer (OF) and no fertilizer (CK) under field conditions. The maximum aboveground dry biomass of 53.71 g, 51.40 g, 46.78 g and 39.36 g was recorded for the AS, UR, OF and CK treatments, respectively, within approximately 90 days and the biomass was in the order of leaf > stem > root for each treatment. No significant difference was almost observed in biomass between the four treatments at the current application rates. The Cd concentration in leaves was the highest for AS, UR, CK and OF with 31.64 mg/kg, 20.54 mg/kg, 16.70 mg/kg and 12.09 mg/kg, respectively. With regard to Cd concentration, leaves were significantly higher in AS than in the other treatments, stems displayed significant differences between AS and OF at three harvests and roots showed no significant difference between all treatments. The highest BCF and TF values were 16.36 and 2.44 for CK, 10.46 and 2.44 for OF, 19.26 and 2.54 for UR, and 31.14 and 3.67 for AS, respectively. The supply of ammonium sulfate significantly increased the BCF compared to CK. There was no significant difference in TF between all treatments. The highest level of Cd accumulation in pokeweed reached 1.34mg/plant in the AS treatment and was 2.6 times higher than in the CK in the about 90 days, suggesting that pokeweed could be used as a tool plant for phytoremediation of Cd-contaminated farmlands in red soil regions.
Improving environmental pollution through bank-based development: Does it work?
Authors: Boadi Isaac , Sogah Ernest , Gborse Freeman Christian , Mawutor John Kwaku Mensah , Ayiku Andrews , Antwi Solomon Kofi 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Given the global nature of many environmental issues, this research investigates the relative importance of bank-based development in elucidating the heterogeneity in environmental pollution across three (3) income levels and six (6) regional characteristics. This study carefully sampled sixty-two (62) countries based on data availability from 1960 to 2020. A two-step system, Generalized Methods Moments (GMM was selected for the estimations. The result revealed that bank-based development has a direct influence on environmental pollution, indicating that higher bank-based development, hinders environmental quality. However, the turning point of the relationship finds a negative coefficient of bank-based development. Thus, at first, there is a significant rise in bank -based development practices cause a rise in carbon emissions, which begins to fall after a certain point. Varied results are produced when income levels and regional characteristics are considered. The unfavorable relationship between bank-based development and environmental pollution increases the need for severe pro-carbon emission policies and laws. While implementing these policies, carbon-reducing technologies that are environmentally beneficial in the financial sector should be considered. The research on the damage that bank-based development does to the environment is linked to the advanced economies and markets. Consideration of a study that combines a subset of the dataset with different income classifications and regional blocks enriches the existing body of knowledge.
Seasonal variations in insect herbivory on woody plant seedlings along a subtropical elevational gradient
Authors: Wang Xiaoran , Chen Lin , Zhang Hongwei , Liu Pengcheng , Zhang Zhaochen , Shang Xiaofan , Wang Fang , Shu Li , Ma Luwen , Lu Yaoshun , Zhang Jian 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Plant-herbivore interactions hold that seedlings are more vulnerable to insect predation in warmer and more stable climates at lower elevations. Several hypotheses of plant apparency, resource concentration, and resource availability have been proposed to explain the variability in leaf herbivory, but seasonal variations of leaf herbivory on seedlings are unclear. To address this, we measured the rate and frequency of leaf herbivory in understory seedling communities in a subtropical forest in two seasons (May and October), covering an elevational gradient from 290 m to 1370 m. Overall, 2,890 leaves of 696 seedling individuals belonging to 96 species. Simple linear models were used to assess the effects of biotic (leaf area, seedling height, community height, and plant diversity) and abiotic factors (light and soil nutrients) in leaf herbivory. Results showed that seedlings exhibited single-peaked elevational patterns of leaf herbivory rates and frequencies only early in May. The effects of drivers on leaf herbivory differed in two seasons. Leaf herbivory was influenced by leaf area, seedling height, plant diversity, canopy openness and soil nutrients in May, while mediated mainly by seedling height, plant diversity and soil nutrients in October. The findings only support the resource concentration hypothesis, with lower leaf herbivory on seedling leaves in high plant diversity, but are contrary to those predicted by the hypotheses of plant apparency and resource availability. Overall, our study highlights the importance of seasonal herbivory variations toward a comprehensive understanding of leaf herbivory in subtropical forests.
Detection Algorithms for Gastrointestinal Perforation Cases in the Medical Information Database Network (MID-NETⓇ) in Japan
Authors: Tanigawa Masatoshi , Kohama Mei , Hirata Kaori , Izukura Rieko , Kandabashi Tadashi , Kataoka Yoko , Nakashima Naoki , Kimura Michio , Uyama Yoshiaki , Yokoi Hideto 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Background The Medical Information Database Network (MID-NET®) in Japan is a vast repository providing an essential pharmacovigilance tool. Gastrointestinal perforation (GIP) is a critical adverse drug event, yet no well-established GIP identification algorithm exists in MID-NET®.Methods This study evaluated 12 identification algorithms by combining ICD-10 codes with GIP therapeutic procedures. Two sites contributed 200 inpatients with GIP-suggestive ICD-10 codes (100 inpatients each), while a third site contributed 165 inpatients with GIP-suggestive ICD-10 codes and antimicrobial prescriptions. The positive predictive values (PPVs) of the algorithms were determined, and the relative sensitivity (rSn) among the 165 inpatients at the third institution was evaluated.Results A trade-off between PPV and rSn was observed. For instance, ICD-10 code-based definitions yielded PPVs of 59.5%, whereas ICD-10 codes with CT scan and antimicrobial information gave PPVs of 56.0% and an rSn of 97.0%, and ICD-10 codes with CT scan and antimicrobial information as well as three types of operation codes produced PPVs of 84.2% and an rSn of 24.2%. The same algorithms produced statistically significant differences in PPVs among the three institutions. Combining diagnostic and procedure codes improved the PPVs. The algorithm combining ICD-10 codes with CT scan and antimicrobial information and 80 different operation codes offered the optimal balance (PPV: 61.6%, rSn: 92.4%).Conclusion This study developed valuable GIP identification algorithms for MID-NET🄬, revealing the trade-offs between accuracy and sensitivity. The algorithm with the most reasonable balance was determined. These findings enhance pharmacovigilance efforts and facilitate further research to optimize adverse event detection algorithms.
Heart Failure, Recurrent Vascular Events and Death in Patients with Ischemic Stroke - Results of the MonDAFIS study
Authors: Tütüncü Serdar , Olma Manuel , Kunze Claudia , Dietzel Joanna , Schurig Johannes , Rosenkranz Michael , Stingele Robert , Maschke Matthias , Heuschmann Peter , Kirchhof Paulus , Laufs Ulrich , Nabavi Darius , Röther Joachim , Thomalla Götz , Veltkamp Roland , Endres Matthias , Häusler Karl Gerog 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Background
Heart failure (HF) is associated with poor outcome after stroke, but data from large prospective trials are sparse.
Methods
We assessed the impact of HF on clinical endpoints in patients hospitalized with acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) enrolled in the prospective, multicenter Systematic Monitoring for Detection of Atrial Fibrillation in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke (MonDAFIS) trial. HF was defined as left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) < 55% or a history of HF on admission. The composite of recurrent stroke, major bleeding, myocardial infarction, and all-cause death, and its components during the subsequent 24 months were assessed. We used estimated hazard ratios in confounder-adjusted models.
Results
Overall, 410/2,562 (16.0%) stroke patients fulfilled the HF criteria (i.e. 381 [14.9%] with LVEF > 55% and 29 [1.9%] based on medical history). Patients with HF had more often diabetes, coronary and peripheral arterial disease and presented with more severe strokes on admission. HF at baseline correlated with myocardial infarction (HR 2.21; 95%CI 1.02–4.79), and all-cause death (HR 1.67; 95%CI 1.12–2.50), but not with major bleed (HR 1.93; 95%CI 0.73–5.06) or recurrent stroke/TIA (HR 1.08; 95%CI 0.75–1.57). The data were adjusted for age, stroke severity, cardiovascular risk factors, and randomization.
Conclusions
Patients with ischemic stroke or TIA and comorbid HF have a higher risk of myocardial infarction and death compared with non-HF patients whereas the risk of recurrent stroke or major hemorrhage was similar.
Trial registration number
Clinicaltrials.gov NCT02204267
Risk factors for heterotopic ossification in traumatic brain injury: An analysis of the Korean National Health Insurance Service Data
Authors: Yoon Seo Yeon , Lim Hyunsun , Lee Sang Chul , Lee Jang Woo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract

We investigated the risk factors for heterotopic ossification (HO) in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) using a large nationwide cohort, the Korean National Health Insurance Service (KNHIS) data from 2002 to 2018. We included as many factors that could be defined using the KNHIS data as possible. A multivariable logistic regression model was used. Among 637,315 patients with TBI, HO occurred in 1,909 (0.30%) and more often in women than in men. The incidence increased in patients in their 50s and decreased in those in their 70s. Preobesity and obesity were also significant risk factors for HO, although HO was less common in current smokers. HO was more common in patients with rheumatic diseases and medical comorbidities and those who had undergone tracheostomies. Antiseptics were associated with an increased risk, whereas anticonvulsants, antithrombotics, steroids, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were associated with lower risks. HO was more common in registered patients with disability due to brain lesion. In conclusion, middle-age range, female sex, obesity, comorbidities, injury severity, systemic inflammation, and bony metabolism-affecting medications appear to increase the risk of HO in patients with TBI.
Intrusion Detection System into computer networks by K-means and XGBoost clustering algorithm
Authors: Razavi firuzeh , khadem hamed 
Published: October 2023

Abstract

These days, identifying malicious networks has been a subject of study for decades, and since the volume of network traffic is increasing day by day, there is a need for a successful intrusion-detection system that can make the identification process easier during attacks. It is felt to take decisions more accurately and in real time and faster processing. The purpose of this research is to detect intrusion into computer networks by combining K-means and XGboost clustering algorithms. The proposed method is performed in two stages. In the first stage, the pre-processing is done by normalizing and digitizing the data set, as well as removing outliers based on two PCA methods and reducing the dimensions of the feature, then using the learner. We use the k-means algorithm to find the optimal number of clusters, and finally we use the Elbow method to find the optimum number of clusters. The second stage consists of classifying malicious and normal network traffic from each other by combining K-means and XG-Boost algorithms on computing platforms. The experiments in this article were done using the NSLKDD data set and its implementation in the knime emulator platform the final evaluation results show the superiority of the error detection rate, and the accuracy and correctness of the proposed algorithm compared to other similar methods.
Effects of non-linearity and thixotropy in linear amplitude sweep testing for the evaluation of self-healing of bituminous binders
Authors: Baglieri Orazio , Miglietta Fabrizio , Tsantilis Lucia , Santagata Ezio 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Linear amplitude sweep (LAS) tests have been demonstrated to have good potential in being used for the evaluation of self-healing properties of neat and polymer-modified bituminous binders. Past research works, however, have neglected the effects of material non-linearity and thixotropy. This implies that the whole material integrity loss is attributed to damage and all restoration to self-healing, thus resulting in the possible overestimate of both damage and self-healing when evaluating the fatigue performance of materials. In the study described in this paper, specific experimental and analytical methods were adopted with the purpose of separating non-linearity and thixotropy in LAS healing tests. Non-linearity was assessed by means of multiple strain sweep tests carried out to determine the material non-linear viscoelastic moduli at specific testing temperatures. Thixotropy was considered by coupling self-healing LAS testing with a purposely defined test in which loading was applied to the undamaged material after a rest period equal to that applied in self-healing tests. Obtained results were processed by means of an analytical approach based on the simplified viscoelastic continuum damage model. Quantification of self-healing included the determination of material integrity and damage parameters recovered after the rest period. Such parameters, calculated by excluding time-dependent and non-linear biasing effects, can be used as straightforward indicators of the self-healing potential of neat and polymer-modified bituminous binders. Moreover, obtained results substantiate the concept that time-temperature superposition is still applicable when non-linearity is incorporated into the simplified viscoelastic continuum damage model.
Combination of a fascia iliaca block with low-dose low-specific-gravity spinal anaesthesia versus general anaesthesia for hip fracture surgery in the elderly: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Zhang Afeng , Lu Yanbin , Gao Huaixin , Jiang Liuqin , Xu Cheng 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Introduction
Hip fractures are increasingly prevalent in ageing populations globally. Surgery is required, necessitating anaesthesia. Intraoperative hypotension adversely impacts outcomes regardless of anaesthetic type. This randomised controlled trial aimed to evaluate severe hypotension incidence with fascia iliaca block (FIB) combined with low-dose, low-specific-gravity spinal anaesthesia (LLSA) versus general anaesthesia (GA) for hip fracture surgery in the elderly.
Methods
In this single-centre, randomised controlled trial, 68 geriatric hip fracture patients were allocated to receive either FIB + LLSA or GA. The primary outcome was severe hypotension incidence, defined as mean arterial pressure (MAP) < 65 mmHg for > 12 consecutive minutes. Secondary outcomes included vasopressor quantity, pain scores, rescue analgesia requirements, complications, and surgery characteristics.
Results
Severe hypotension occurred less frequently with FIB + LLSA (32.4%) than GA (67.6%) (OR 2.9; 95% CI 1.4-6.0; P = 0.004). Pain scores, rescue analgesia needs, nausea incidence, and hospital stay were lower with FIB + LLSA (all P < 0.05). No between-group differences occurred in complications or mortality.
Conclusion
For elderly hip fracture surgery, FIB + LLSA reduced severe hypotension, improved analgesia, and enabled earlier hospital discharge versus GA. FIB + LLSA appears advantageous for this population.
Prevalence, Characteristics and Psychiatric Co- morbidities of Migraine in Medical Students in Khartoum university and Its Impact on Their Daily Activities
Authors: Taha Ruaa Elsheikh Widaa , Taha Amro Elsheikh Widaa , Amin Mohammed Hammad Jaber , Awadal Heitham Mohammed Ibrahim 
Published: October 2023

Abstract

Background: Migraine is a common neurological disorder with significant psychiatric co-morbidities and impact on quality of life. Medical students routinely have triggers, notably stress and irregular sleep, which are typically associated with migraine. The aim of this study was to investigate prevalence, characteristics, and psychiatric co-morbidities of migraine in medical students and its impact on their life. Information about lifestyle variables was also collected.
Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive cross sectional study, institutional based at University of Khartoum, Faculty of Medicine for 356 students chosen by a multi stage stratified sampling for the batch and gender, followed by a simple random sampling, through self-administered questionnaire about demographics, pain characteristics, accompanying and alleviating factors, triggers and aura symptoms if any. Associated disability, and psychiatric co-morbidities were assessed by MIDAS and PHQ- 4, respectively. Migraine diagnosis was made according to ID Migraine.
Results: The participants included 63.8% females and 36.2% males. Sixty-six percent of medical students confirmed of having 2 or more general headaches during the past 3 months. The prevalence of migraine was 27.25% in the whole study group; and 41% of the headache group. There was a female preponderance, though not statistically significant. Most students have an age of onset between 15-18 years old (61.9%), pressure pain type (39.2%), headache triggered by stress (12.3%), without aura symptoms (52.6%), and had a mild psychological distress (36%).
Conclusion: our findings indicated that there was a high prevalence of migraine among the medical students under our study, and these findings were consistent with those of previous studies in Iran and other countries. Further studies must be done, and attention must be paid.