bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Personal Barriers to Reporting Child Maltreatment Among Early Childhood Education and Care Professionals
Authors: Brunborg Geir Scott , Bjørknes Ragnhild , Bang Lasse 
Published: January 2024

AbstractThe current study examined personal barriers that can prevent early childhood education and care (ECEC) professionals from reporting concerns of child maltreatment to child welfare services (CWS). The objectives were to identify different types of personal barriers and to examine differences in reporting according to employee characteristics. Norwegian ECEC professionals (N = 1369; 92% women; mean age, 44 years [SD = 11]) from 170 kindergartens completed e-questionnaires with 25 questions about personal barriers to reporting concerns of child maltreatment and questions about their own personal characteristics. Four barrier factors that underly the 25 different barriers were confirmed with factor analysis. The most endorsed personal barrier factor was “Negative consequences for the child,” which predicted barriers related to fear of negative consequences of reporting (e.g., to CWS). The second most important were the “Relationships” factor (barriers related to concerns about relationships with the child or parents), and the “Competence” factor (fear of misunderstanding and being unsure about guidelines). The least endorsed barrier factor (“Coworkers”) included fear of what superiors and coworkers might think. In general, ECEC professionals with less formal training and less work experience reported more personal barriers to reporting concerns of child maltreatment. The results are consistent with studies involving other professional groups. Better collaboration between ECEC providers and CWS is important to prevent child maltreatment. Future efforts to improve the detection and reporting of concerns of child maltreatment could consider focusing specifically on professionals with little formal training and little work experience.
Determining critical nodes in optimal cost attacks on networked infrastructures
Authors: Ahmad Ishfaq , Clark Addison , Ali Muhammad , Lei Hansheng , Ferris David , Aved Alex 
Published: January 2024

AbstractA wide range of critical infrastructures are connected via wide area networks as well as the Internet-of-Thing (IoT). Apart from natural disasters, these infrastructures, providing services such as electricity, water, gas, and Internet, are vulnerable to terrorist attacks. Clearly, damages to these infrastructures can have dire consequences on economics, health services, security and safety, and various business sectors. An infrastructure network can be represented as a directed graph in which nodes and edges denote operation entities and dependencies between entities, respectively. A knowledgeable attacker who plans to harm the system would aim to use the minimum amount of effort, cost, or resources to yield the maximum amount of damage. Their best strategy would be to attack the most critical nodes of the infrastructure. From the defender’s side, the strategy would be to minimize the potential damage by investing resources in bolstering the security of the critical nodes. Thus, in the struggle between the attacker and defender, it becomes important for both the attacker and defender to identify which nodes are most critically significant to the system. Identifying critical nodes is a complex optimization problem. In this paper, we first present the problem model and then propose a solution for computing the optimal cost attack while considering the failure propagation. The proposed model represents one or multiple interconnected infrastructures. While considering the attack cost of each node, the proposed method computes the optimal attack that a rational attacker would make. Our problem model simulates one of two goals: maximizing the damage for a given attack budget or minimizing the cost for a given amount of damage. Our technique obtains solutions to optimize the objective functions by utilizing integer-linear programming while observing the constraints for each of the specified goals. The paper reports an extensive set of experiments using various graphs. The results show the efficacy of our technique in terms of its ability to obtain solutions with fast turnaround times.
Influence of slab depth spatial variability on skier-triggering probability and avalanche size
Authors: Meloche Francis , Guillet Louis , Gauthier Francis , Langlois Alexandre , Gaume Johan 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Spatial variability of snowpack properties adds uncertainty in the evaluation of avalanche hazard. We propose a combined mechanical–statistical approach to study how spatial variation of slab depth affects the skier-triggering probability and possible release size. First, we generate multiple slab depth maps on a plane fictional slope based on Gaussian Random Fields (GRF) for a specific set of mean, variance and correlation length. For each GRF, we derive analytically the Skier Propagation Index (SPI). We then simulate multiple skier tracks and computed the probability based on the number of skier hits where SPI is below 1. Finally, we use a depth-averaged material point method to evaluate the possible avalanche size for given slab depth variations. The results of this analysis show that large correlation lengths and small variances lead to a lower probability of skier-triggering as it reduces the size and the number of areas with low slab depth. Then, we show the effect of skiing style and skier group size on skier-triggering probability. Spatial variability also affects the possible avalanche size by adding stress fluctuation causing early or late tensile failure. Finally, we demonstrate with our models the well-known relationship between the probability and the size in avalanche forecasting.
Factors associated with patient-to-healthcare personnel (HCP) and HCP-to-subsequent patient transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Adediran Timileyin Y. , Robinson Gwen L. , Johnson J. Kristie , Liang Yuanyuan , Bejo Sarah , Leekha Surbhi , Rasko David A. , Stine O. Colin , Harris Anthony D. , Thom Kerri A. 
Published: January 2024

AbstractBackground:Transient acquisition of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) on healthcare personnel (HCP) gloves and gowns following patient care has been examined. However, the potential for transmission to the subsequent patient has not been studied. We explored the frequency of MRSA transmission from patient to HCP, and then in separate encounters from contaminated HCP gloves and gowns to a subsequent simulated patient as well as the factors associated with these 2 transmission pathways.Methods:We conducted a prospective cohort study with 2 parts. In objective 1, we studied MRSA transmission from random MRSA-positive patients to HCP gloves and gowns after specific routine patient care activities. In objective 2, we simulated subsequent transmission from random HCP gloves and gowns without hand hygiene to the next patient using a manikin proxy.Results:For the first objective, among 98 MRSA-positive patients with 333 randomly selected individual patient–HCP interactions, HCP gloves or gowns were contaminated in 54 interactions (16.2%). In a multivariable analysis, performing endotracheal tube care had the greatest odds of glove or gown contamination (OR, 4.06; 95% CI, 1.3–12.6 relative to physical examination). For the second objective, after 147 simulated HCP–patient interactions, the subsequent transmission of MRSA to the manikin proxy occurred 15 times (10.2%).Conclusion:After caring for a patient with MRSA, contamination of HCP gloves and gown and transmission to subsequent patients following HCP-patient interactions occurs frequently if contact precautions are not used. Proper infection control practices, including the use of gloves and gown, can prevent this potential subsequent transmission.
What makes an awfully good oxymoron?
Authors: Bolognesi Marianna M. , Combei Claudia Roberta , La Pietra Marta , Masini Francesca 
Published: January 2024

AbstractOxymorons combine two opposite terms in a paradoxical manner. They are closely intertwined with antonymy, since the union of antonymous items creates the paradoxical effect of the oxymoron and generates a new meaning. Compared to other forms of figurative language, oxymorons are largely underinvestigated. We explored what makes good oxymorons through a crowdsourcing task in which we asked participants to judge the acceptability, comprehensibility, effectiveness/aptness, commonness, pleasantness, and humoristic connotation of Italian adjective–noun oxymorons. We hypothesized that oxymorons featuring morphologically related antonyms (felice infelicità ‘happy unhappiness’) may be perceived to be better than oxymorons featuring morphologically unrelated antonyms (felice tristezza ‘happy sadness’) and that oxymorons constructed by complementaries (esatta inesattezza ‘exact inexactness’) may be perceived to be better than oxymorons constructed by contraries (bella bruttezza ‘beautiful ugliness’). The results confirmed only partially our hypotheses: oxymorons with complementaries were perceived as more acceptable, comprehensible, effective/apt, common, whereas no strong trend was found for the other two dimensions. Surprisingly, our analyses revealed that oxymoronic constructions containing morphologically unrelated words were perceived as more acceptable, comprehensible, effective/apt, common, pleasant, contradicting our initial expectations.
TOPICS SURROUNDING THE COMBINATORIAL ANABELIAN GEOMETRY OF HYPERBOLIC CURVES IV: DISCRETENESS AND SECTIONS
Authors: HOSHI YUICHIRO , MOCHIZUKI SHINICHI 
Published: January 2024

AbstractLet
$\Sigma $
be a nonempty subset of the set of prime numbers which is either equal to the entire set of prime numbers or of cardinality one. In the present paper, we continue our study of the pro-
$\Sigma $
fundamental groups of hyperbolic curves and their associated configuration spaces over algebraically closed fields in which the primes of
$\Sigma $
are invertible. The present paper focuses on the topic of comparison between the theory developed in earlier papers concerning pro-
$\Sigma $
fundamental groups and various discrete versions of this theory. We begin by developing a theory concerning certain combinatorial analogues of the section conjecture and Grothendieck conjecture. This portion of the theory is purely combinatorial and essentially follows from a result concerning the existence of fixed points of actions of finite groups on finite graphs (satisfying certain conditions). We then examine various applications of this purely combinatorial theory to scheme theory. Next, we verify various results in the theory of discrete fundamental groups of hyperbolic topological surfaces to the effect that various properties of (discrete) subgroups of such groups hold if and only if analogous properties hold for the closures of these subgroups in the profinite completions of the discrete fundamental groups under consideration. These results make possible a fairly straightforward translation, into discrete versions, of pro-
$\Sigma $
results obtained in previous papers by the authors. Finally, we discuss a construction that was considered previously by M. Boggi in the discrete case from the point of view of the present paper.
“Red Housekeeping” in a Socialist Factory: Jiashu and Transforming Reproductive Labor in Urban China (1949–1962)
Authors: Dong Yige 
Published: January 2024

AbstractWhile scholarship on “women's liberation” under historically existing socialism focuses on heroic women making inroads into male-dominated domains, this article explores a previously overlooked group of women in socialist China. Known as jiashu in Chinese, these women are the female dependents (wives, mothers, and in-laws) of both male and female employees in a workplace. Specifically, it centers on the experiences of the jiashu of textile workers in the city of Zhengzhou from 1949 to 1962. It argues that, despite being portrayed as “parasitizing” off formal workers, jiashu performed a wide range of work, both paid and unpaid, inside and outside the household. Similar to their counterparts under capitalism and other state-socialist regimes, these Chinese women's unpaid domestic work sustained the daily and generational reproduction of the labor force and was thus essential to industrial accumulation. Moreover, jiashu also worked on the shopfloor and in collectivized service facilities as paid laborers. Such remunerated work also subsidized accumulation, and the resistance from these women contributed to the eventual collapse of the Great Leap Forward (1958–1962). This research advances the field in two ways. First, it expands theories about the relationship between women's work, social reproduction, and capital accumulation to include work that is both reproductive in nature and remunerated – a previously understudied form of labor. Second, while existing literature focuses on structural analysis and explains why women's work is functional to accumulation, this study gives equal attention to women's agency, showing how interactions between the two shaped historical trajectories.
MUNICIPAL FINANCES AND INSTITUTIONS IN PORTUGAL: THE CASE OF COIMBRA CITY COUNCIL (1557-1836)
Authors: Barbosa José Luís Dos Santos 
Published: January 2024

ABSTRACTThis article aims to analyse the finances of the Coimbra city council from 1557 to 1836. Our objective is to examine the causes of long-term changes in municipal revenue and expenditure, particularly during the extended period of decline that occurred between the mid-17th century and the late 18th century. This study will focus on the composition of revenue and expenditure, as well as on revenue collection mechanisms. We aim to present the empirical data on the revenue and expenditure components that allow us to understand the changes that took place. Finally, we hope to be able to explain the causes that led to significant variations in revenue and expenditure in a dialogue with existing literature. The primary sources used correspond to municipal revenue and expenditure books, supplemented by other sources such as legislation, correspondence and auction books.
VI: Francis Mason (1566/7–1621)
Authors: Doe Norman 
Published: January 2024

During the reign of Elizabeth I the ecclesial and legal ‘revolution’ under Henry VIII, to establish in England a national church under the royal supremacy, was converted into a ‘settlement’. It steered a course between radical puritans and recusant Catholics. Clothed in legal propriety, this settlement was articulated both juristically and theologically by the great Richard Hooker (d. 1600). After the return to Rome under Mary, the Elizabethan Acts of Parliament re-established the English Church, revived legislation made under Henry VIII and Edward VI, and imposed uniformity in worship. The period also sees the use of ‘soft-law’, like Articles, Admonitions, and Advertisements. Parliament rejects the Reformatio Legum Ecclesiasticarum in 1571, but Canons were passed piecemeal in 1571, 1575, 1585, and 1598. The turn of the Welsh Tudors to rule ended in 1603. The Scottish Stuarts came next. The reign of James I (1603–1625) saw bitter dispute between the King and the common lawyers over the royal supremacy in matters ecclesiastical. But there was one lasting legal landmark: the Canons Ecclesiastical 1603/4. This new code was studied theologically by a contemporary cleric, Francis Mason. Whilst several notable civilians from that time have become well-known – such as John Cowell (d. 1611), Daniel Dun (d. 1617), Clement Colmore (d. 1619), and Thomas Ridley (d. 1629), Francis Mason is largely unknown. However, he is very worthy of inclusion in the canon of Anglican priest-jurists. What follows sketches the life and career of Mason, outlines his treatise on the Canons, and discusses that treatise in a wider context, including comparing it with a similar work by Bishop Edward Stillngfleet (d. 1699).
Man shall not live by bread alone? Freedom of worship, COVID-19 and the Courts
Authors: Galimberti Marco , Pagotto Tania 
Published: January 2024

AbstractThis article discusses the application of the proportionality test which the Court of Session in Scotland and the European Court of Human Rights carried out when reviewing the limitations to worship and public gatherings imposed during the COVID-19 pandemic. The article concludes that judges should not use the proportionality standard of review as an avenue to circumvent their duty of neutrality towards religious dogmas.
Decolonizing Human Rights Law in Global Health - the Impacts of Intellectual Property Law on Access to Essential Medicines: A Perspective from the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: ZAMAN Khorsed 
Published: January 2024

AbstractThe global impacts of COVID-19 have been calamitous, unleashing widespread human suffering and exacerbating health crises, all while worsening pre-existing inequalities and transgressing fundamental human rights. Despite earnest pleas from the United Nations and developing nations for an equitable distribution of COVID-19 vaccines, these appeals were largely unheeded. Instead, major pharmaceutical manufacturers and high-income countries (HICs) had maintained a stranglehold on vaccine technology through the safeguarding of intellectual property rights (IPRs), leading to exorbitant pricing and preferential distribution to affluent regions. This vaccine hoarding has left low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) with delayed and insufficient supplies, endangering the lives of the most vulnerable. The stringent enforcement of IPRs mechanisms, rather than aligning with international human rights obligations, has further marginalised the right to life, health, and access to vaccines and medicines, particularly in LMICs. This study ardently advocates for a policy shift that promotes the decolonisation of human rights in the context of IPRs and global health law.
Unraveling Earthquake Clusters Composing the 2014 Alto Tiberina Earthquake Swarm via Unsupervised Learning
Authors: Essing David , Poli Piero 
Published: January 2024

AbstractEarthquake swarms represent a particular mode of seismicity, not directly related to the occurrence of large earthquakes (e.g., aftershocks) but rather driven by external forcing such as aseismic deformation or fluid migration in fault systems. Sometimes their occurrence overlaps with observable geodetic signals in space and time, indicating a direct link. However, the low resolution of geodetic observations tends to obscure the small scale spatial and temporal dynamics of swarms. In this work, we automatically extract clusters of seismicity related to the 2014 Alto Tiberina swarm sequence (Italy) using an unsupervised clustering approach that exploits space and time information of the seismicity. The quantitative characterization of each cluster indicates that the overall swarm is composed of spatially and temporally confined (sub) swarms each of which could potentially be driven by small‐scale aseismic deformation process. This observation aligns with similar findings during slow slip events in subduction zones.
Linking Dynamic Water Storage and Subsurface Geochemical Structure Using High‐Frequency Concentration‐Discharge Records
Authors: Floury Paul , Bouchez Julien , Druhan Jennifer L. , Gaillardet Jérôme , Blanchouin Arnaud , Gayer Éric , Ansart Patrick 
Published: January 2024

AbstractShifts in water fluxes and chemical heterogeneity through catchments combine to dictate stream solute export from the Critical Zone. The ways in which these factors emerge in resultant concentration‐discharge (C‐Q) relationships remain obscure, particularly at the timescale of individual precipitation and discharge events. Here we take advantage of a new high‐frequency, multi‐element and multi‐event stream C‐Q data set. The stream solute concentrations of seven major ions were recorded every 40 min over five flood events spanning one hydrologic year in a French agricultural watershed (Orgeval) using a lab‐in‐the‐field deployment we refer to as a “River Lab.” We focus attention on the recession periods of these events to consider how geochemical heterogeneity within the catchment translates into dynamic stream solute concentrations during shifts in water storage. We first show that for C‐Q relationships resulting from data acquisition over multiple flood events, lumping all trends together can lead to biases in characteristic C‐Q parameters. We then reframe C‐Q relationships using a simple recession curve analysis to consider how hydrological processes produce chemical mixing of distinct solute pools immediately following discharge events. We find three distinct classes of behavior among the major solutes, none of which can be interpreted based on water storage changes alone. The shape of C‐Q relationships for each solute can then be related to their vertical zonation in the subsurface of Orgeval, and to the capacity for subcomponents of these distributions to be readily mobilized during a discharge event.
New Insights Into Active Faults Revealed by a Deep‐Learning‐Based Earthquake Catalog in Central Myanmar
Authors: Yang Shun , Xiao Zhuowei , Wei Shengji , He Yumei , Mon Chit Thet , Hou Guangbing , Thant Myo , Sein Kyaing , Jiang Mingming 
Published: January 2024

AbstractMyanmar bears a high risk of destructive earthquakes, yet detailed seismicity catalogs are rare. We designed a deep‐learning‐based data processing pipeline and applied it to the data recorded by a large‐aperture (∼400 km) seismic array in central Myanmar to produce a high‐resolution earthquake catalog. We precisely located 1891 earthquakes at shallow (<50 km) depth, a 2‐fold increase compared to the traditional procedures. The new catalog reveals the Kabaw Fault seismicity disappears south of ∼22.8°N, where the deeper (20–40 km) seismicity appears west of the southern Kabaw Fault. Such seismicity contrast along the strike of the Kabaw Fault possibly implies an along‐strike change of deformation responses to the shortening process by the India plate oblique subduction. The middle segment of the Sagaing Fault is likely locked and prone to hosting large earthquakes according to the derived low b‐value.
Geophysical Evidence of the Collisional Suture Zone in the Prydz Bay, East Antarctica
Authors: Fu Lei , Guo Jingxue , Shen Weisen , Wang Xin , Liu Xiaochun , Chen Xiaofei , Hu Xiangyun 
Published: January 2024

AbstractThe location and origin of Neoproterozoic‐Cambrian sutures provide keys to understand the formation and evolution of the supercontinent Gondwana. The Larsemann Hills is located near a major Neoproterozoic‐Cambrian suture zone in the Prydz Belt, but has not been examined locally by comprehensive geophysical studies. In this study, we analyzed data collected from a one‐dimensional (1D) joint seismic‐MT array deployed during the 36th Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition. We found that a sharp Moho discontinuity offset of 6–8 km shows up in the stacked image of teleseismic P‐wave receiver function analysis; coinciding with the abrupt Moho offset, a near‐vertical channel with (a) low resistivity extending to the uppermost mantle depths, and (b) high crustal Poisson's ratio in the crust is identified. These findings provide evidence for the determination of the location and collisional nature of the Prydz belt or a portion of it.