bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cost‐effectiveness of imatinib versus interferon‐α plus low‐dose cytarabine for patients with newly diagnosed chronic‐phase chronic myeloid leukemia
Authors: Reed Shelby D. , Anstrom Kevin J. , Ludmer Jennifer A. , Glendenning G. Alastair , Schulman Kevin A. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDDespite a lack of long‐term data, imatinib has become standard therapy for patients with newly diagnosed chronic‐phase chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) who are not candidates for allogeneic stem cell transplantation. In the current study, the authors estimated the incremental cost‐effectiveness of imatinib versus interferon‐α plus low‐dose cytarabine (IFN+LDAC) as first‐line therapy for these patients.METHODSData from the International Randomized Interferon versus STI571 Study and the literature were used to estimate lifetime costs, survival, and quality‐adjusted survival. Survival estimates were based on published survival curves for patients who achieved and those who did not achieve a complete cytogenetic response after treatment with interferon‐α.RESULTSThe mean estimated survival with first‐line imatinib therapy was 15.30 years, compared with 9.07 years with IFN+LDAC. Undiscounted lifetime costs were approximately $424,600 with imatinib and $182,800 with IFN+LDAC. Using a 3% discount rate, the incremental survival gain with imatinib was 3.93 life‐years and 3.89 quality‐adjusted life‐years (QALYs). Incremental discounted lifetime costs were found to be $168,100 higher with imatinib, resulting in incremental cost‐effectiveness ratios of $43,100 per life‐year saved (95% confidence interval [95% CI], $37,600–51,100) and $43,300 per QALY (95% CI, $38,300–49,100).CONCLUSIONSThe results of the current study demonstrate that compared with IFN+LDAC, imatinib is a cost‐effective first‐line therapy in patients with newly diagnosed chronic‐phase CML. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Isolation and Molecular Structure of a Monomeric, Tris[peroxotitanium(IV)]‐Substituted α‐Dawson Polyoxometalate Derived from the Tetrameric Anhydride Form Composed of Four Tris[titanium(IV)]‐Substituted α‐Dawson Substructures and Four Bridging Titanium(IV) Octahedral Groups
Authors: Sakai Yoshitaka , Kitakoga Yuh , Hayashi Kunihiko , Yoza Kenji , Nomiya Kenji 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe isolation and structural characterisation of a novel tris[peroxotitanium(IV)]‐substituted α‐Dawson polyoxometalate (POM), [α‐1,2,3‐P2W15(TiO2)3O56(OH)3]9− (1a), containing side‐on coordination (i.e. η2‐coordination) of the peroxo group to the titanium(IV) atom are described. A water‐soluble, completely inorganic compound of the monomeric POM Na9[α‐1,2,3‐P2W15(TiO2)3O56(OH)3]·16H2O (1), obtained as analytically pure, homogeneous orange crystals, was obtained from a reaction in aqueous solution of an excess of 30% aqueous hydrogen peroxide with {[α‐1,2,3‐P2W15Ti3O59(OH)3]4[μ3‐Ti(OH)3]4Cl}33− (2a). The latter has been recently shown to be a giant ”tetrapod”‐shaped, tetrameric anhydride formed from the tris[titanium(IV)]‐substituted Dawson substructures with four bridging Ti octahedral groups. Compound 1 could not be obtained from the reaction with another giant tetrapod POM, {[α‐1,2,3‐P2W15Ti3O57.5(OH)3]4Cl}25− (3a), which does not contain the bridging octahedral Ti groups. The molecular structure of 1a was successfully determined by a single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction study and was shown to be a monomeric α‐Dawson POM derived from the tris[peroxotitanium(IV)] species. Bond valence sum (BVS) calculations suggest that the μ2‐oxo sites of the three Ti−O−Ti bridges in the Ti3 cap of the Dawson unit are protonated. Characterisation of 1 was also accomplished by complete elemental analysis, TG/DTA, FTIR and solution (31P and 183W) NMR spectroscopy. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Fabrication and Characterization of DNA/QPVP‐Os Redox‐Active Multilayer Film
Authors: Liu Jianyun , Jin Yongdong , Wu Aiguo , Li Zhuang , Dong Shaojun 
Published: October 2004

AbstractCalf thymus DNA was immobilized on functionalized glassy carbon, gold and quartz substrates, respectively, by the layer‐by‐layer (LBL) assembly method with a polycation QPVP‐Os, a quaternized poly(4‐vinylpyridine) partially complexed with osmium bis(2,2′‐bipyridine) as counterions. UV‐visible absorption and surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy (SPR) showed that the resulting film was uniform with the average thickness 3.4 nm for one bilayer. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) showed that the total surface coverage of the polycations increases as each QPVP‐Os/DNA bilayer added to the electrode surface, but the surface formal potential of Os‐centered redox reaction shifts negatively, which is mainly attributed to the intercalation of redox‐active complex to DNA chain. The electron transfer kinetics of electroactive QPVP‐Os in the multilayer film was investigated by electrochemical impedance experiment for the first time. The permeability of Fe(CN)$\rm{ {_{6}^{3-}}}$ in the solution into the multilayer film depends on the number of bilayers in the film. It is worth noting that when the multilayer film is up to 4 bilayers, the CV curves of the multilayer films display the typical characteristic of a microelectrode array. The nanoporous structure of the multilayer film was further confirmed by the surface morphology analysis using atomic force microscopy (AFM).
Oxygen Dependence in a Dual‐Phase Electrochemical Biosensing System
Authors: Zhang Shanqing , Zhao Huijun , John Richard 
Published: October 2004

AbstractOxygen dependence of a tyrosinase‐based electrochemical biosensor for determination of phenol in aqueous and organic media was systematically investigated. The result demonstrated that the enzymatic coupling reaction rate of tyrosinase (deoxy form) and O2 to regenerate tyrosinase (oxy form) is a kinetically fast reaction, and the significant change of O2 concentration in aqueous solution did not affect the coupling reaction. The further increase of O2 concentration did not increase the overall oxidation reaction rate of the substrate at low substrate concentration (e.g.,<10 μM phenol) when O2 concentration was greater than 8.9 ppm. The oxygen dependence was observed in the case of high substrate concentration due to insufficient amount of O2 available for the regeneration of tyrosinase. In other words, the upper linear range is oxygen dependent for tyrosinase biosensors. The phenol biosensors employing microelectrodes had wider upper linear ranges than macroelectrodes in both aqueous and organic phase, which can be explained by the oxygen dependence.
A New Calibration Free pH‐Probe for In Situ Measurements of Soil pH
Authors: Kahlert Heike , Steinhardt Tim , Behnert Jürgen , Scholz Fritz 
Published: October 2004

AbstractA new pH‐probe was developed for in situ determination of soil pH. It consists of a stainless steel tube with a plastic inset containing the indicator electrode, the reference electrode and a temperature sensor at the end of the tube. The indicator electrode is a quinhydrone composite electrode that does not need to be calibrated, because it acquires almost the theoretical predicted potential and has a constant formal potential and slope under all fabrication conditions. The pH‐probe has a low standard deviation (±4 mV or 0.07 pH units). The response time is short (5 s). To characterize its function the soil pH‐probe was used to analyse pond and arable soil samples. The results were compared with those obtained with a conventional combined glass electrode. To evaluate the results, measurements were performed (i) in natural wet soil samples (in situ conditions), (ii) after drying and moistening the soil samples (moistened samples) and (iii) after drying the soil samples and mixing with bidistilled water (soil solutions; generally accepted method in laboratories). The minimum water content required to obtain stable potentials in soil samples was 10%. The influence of S2−, NO$\rm{ {_{3}^{-}}}$ and Fe3+ as naturally available reducing and oxidising agents on the potential response of the pH‐probe was investigated. All the obtained results demonstrate that the developed pH‐probe is a powerful tool to measure the pH of a soil sample under in situ conditions without a calibration step.
Drug‐human serum albumin binding studied by capillary electrophoresis with electrochemiluminescence detection
Authors: Zhao Xiaocui , You Tianyan , Liu Jifeng , Sun Xiuhua , Yan Jilin , Yang Xiurong , Wang Erkang 
Published: October 2004

AbstractA new technique for investigating drug‐protein binding was developed employing capillary electrophoresis (CE) coupled with tris(2,2'‐bipyridyl) ruthenium(II) [Ru(bpy)32+] electrochemiluminescence (ECL) (CE‐ECL) detection after equilibrium dialysis. Three basic drugs, namely pridinol, procyclidine and its analogue trihexyphenidyl, were successfully separated by capillary zone electrophoresis with end‐column Ru(bpy)32+ ECL detection. The relative drug binding to human serum albumin (HSA) for each single drug as well as for the three drugs binding simultaneously was calculated. It was found that the three antiparkinsonian drugs compete for the same binding site on HSA. This work demonstrated that Ru(bpy)32+ CE‐ECL can be a suitable technique for studying drug‐protein binding.
Nonisotopic single‐strand conformation polymorphism analysis of sequence variability in ribosomal DNA expansion segments within the genus Trichinella (Nematoda: Adenophorea)
Authors: Gasser Robin B. , Hu Min , Abs El‐Osta Youssef G. , Zarlenga Dante S. , Pozio Edoardo 
Published: October 2004

AbstractA nonisotopic single‐strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) approach was employed to ‘fingerprint’ sequence variability in the expansion segment 5 (ES5) of domain IV and the D3 domain of nuclear ribosomal DNA within and/or among isolates and individual muscle (first‐stage) larvae representing all currently recognized species/genotypes of Trichinella. In addition, phylogenetic analyses of the D3 sequence data set, employing three different tree‐building algorithms, examined the relationships among all of them. These analyses showed strong support that the encapsulated species T. spiralis and T. nelsoni formed a group to the exclusion of the other encapsulated species T. britovi and its related genotypes Trichinella T8 and T9 and T. murrelli, and T. nativa and Trichinella T6, and strong support that T. nativa and Trichinella T6 grouped together. Also, these eight encapsulated members grouped to the exclusion of the nonencapsulated species T. papuae and T. zimbabwensis and the three representatives of T. pseudospiralis investigated. The findings showed that nonencapsulated species constitute a complex group which is distinct from the encapsulated species and supported the current hypothesis that encapsulated Trichinella group external to the nonencapsulated forms, in accordance with independent biological and biochemical data sets.
High‐buffering capacity, hydrolytically stable, low‐pI isoelectric membranes for isoelectric trapping separations
Authors: Lalwani Sanjiv , Shave Evan , Vigh Gyula 
Published: October 2004

AbstractHydrolytically stable, low‐pI isoelectric membranes have been synthesized from low‐pI ampholytic components, poly(vinyl alcohol), and a bifunctional cross‐linker, glycerol‐1,3‐diglycidyl ether. The low‐pI ampholytic components used contain one amino group and at least two weakly acidic functional groups. The acidic functional groups are selected such that the pI value of the ampholytic component is determined by the pKa values of the acidic functional groups. When the concentration of the ampholytic component incorporated into the membrane is higher than a required minimum value, the pI of the membrane becomes independent of variations in the actual incorporation rate of the ampholytic compound. The new, low‐pI isoelectric membranes have been successfully used as anodic membranes in isoelectric trapping separations with pH < 1.5 anolytes and replaced the hydrolytically less stable polyacrylamide‐based isoelectric membranes. The new low‐pI isoelectric membranes have excellent mechanical stability, low electric resistance, good buffering capacity, and long life time, even when used with as much as 50 W power and current densities as high as 33 mA/cm2 during the isoelectric trapping separations.
Fundamental aspects of contactless conductivity detection for capillary electrophoresis. Part I: Frequency behavior and cell geometry
Authors: Kubáň Pavel , Hauser Peter C. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractA better understanding of the characteristics of the axial contactless conductivity cell could be obtained by carefully studying the effect of the cell geometry on its frequency behavior. A good fit between theoretical and experimental results shows that the axial contactless conductometric detector can effectively be described by the simplest possible equivalent circuitry consisting of a capacitor, resistor, and a second capacitor. The cell constant is largely defined by the length of the gap between the electrodes. The effective electrode size is thus not related to the dimensions of the real electrodes but more closely to the cross‐sectional area of the internal diameter of the capillary. Typical experimental values of 20 MΩ and 0.1 pF were obtained for the resistance and capacitances, respectively, of a cell formed by a 2 mm gap between two 4 mm long electrodes fitted with a capillary of 50 μm ID. It could be shown that the diameter of the electrode is not critical and tight coupling of the electrodes to the outer wall of the capillary is not needed. The peak overshoot phenomenon, which has frequently been reported, is an artefact that can be minimized by optimizing the frequency for cell excitation. The frequency setting has to be optimized for each cell design, operational amplifier, electrolyte solution and capillary.
Fundamental aspects of contactless conductivity detection for capillary electrophoresis. Part II: Signal‐to‐noise ratio and stray capacitance
Authors: Kubáň Pavel , Hauser Peter C. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe signal‐to‐noise ratio of a contactless conductivity detector for capillary electrophoresis was examined for different cell arrangements and operating parameters. The best signal‐to‐noise ratios, and hence the best detection limits, are obtained for frequencies which give highest sensitivity. Comparative experiments for three different excitation voltages (20, 100, and 200 Vpp) showed that the best signal‐to‐noise ratios were achieved for the highest excitation voltage of 200 Vpp. Low conductivity of the background electrolyte solution is mandatory to obtain lowest noise levels, and also the improvement on applying high excitation voltages was best for the electrolyte solution with lowest conductivity. The diameter of the electrodes was found to have only a negligible effect, so that a tight fitting of the electrodes to the external diameter of the capillary is not necessary. A cell without shielding between the two electrodes showed significant direct coupling (stray capacitance) and lower signal‐to‐noise ratios for all experimental conditions used. A serious distortion of the peak shapes was also observed for this cell arrangement.
Haplotype studies support slippage as the mechanism of germline mutations in short tandem repeats
Authors: Klintschar Michael , Dauber Eva‐Maria , Ricci Ugo , Cerri Nicoletta , Immel Uta‐Dorothee , Kleiber Manfred , Mayr Wolfgang R. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractGermline mutations of human short tandem repeat (STR) loci are expansions or contractions of repeat arrays which are not well understood in terms of the mechanism(s) underlying such mutations. Although polymerase slippage is generally accepted as a mechanism capable to explain most features of such mutations, it is still possible that unequal crossing over plays some role in those events, as most studies in humans could not exclude unequal crossing over (UCO). Crossing over can be studied by analyzing haplotypes using flanking markers. To check for UCO in mutations, we have analyzed 150 paternity cases for which more than the usual trio (mother, child, and father) were available for testing by analyzing 16 STR loci. In a total of 4900 parent‐child allele transfers four mutations were observed at different loci (D8S1179, D18S51, D21S11, and SE33/ACTBP2). To identify the mutated allele and to check for UCO, we typed at least four informative loci flanking the mutated locus and used the pedigree data to establish haplotypes. By doing so we were able to exclude UCO in each case. Moreover, we were able to identify the mutations as one‐repeat contractions/expansions. Our data thus support slippage as the mechanism of germline mutations in STRs.
Capillary electrophoretic separation of cationic constituents of imidazolium ionic liquids
Authors: Markuszewski Michał J. , Stepnowski Piotr , Marszałł Michał P. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractA capillary electrophoretic method for resolving selected imidazolium ionic liquid cations is reported. The method, in which citric buffer is used as the running electrolyte, is simple and reproducible. The separation of a standard mixture is in linear accordance with the relative molecular mass (Mr) of solutes regardless of the type of substitution (alkyl or aryl). The theoretical prediction of compounds as yet not analyzed is therefore possible; however, cations with identical molecular masses are inseparable with this method. Nevertheless, the method's quantitative analytical performance was excellent. The paper also discusses the applicability of a method for tracking the photodegradation kinetics of an exemplary ionic liquid.
Capillary isoelectric focusing‐mass spectrometry for shotgun approach in proteomics
Authors: Storms Henricus F. , van der Heijden Robert , Tjaden Ubbo R. , van der Greef Jan 
Published: October 2004

AbstractWe report on capillary isoelectric focusing‐mass spectrometry (CIEF‐MS) of complex peptide mixtures in the absence of carrier ampholytes. Furthermore, the use of low concentrations of carrier ampholytes as mere spacers is investigated. Carrier ampholytes are complex mixtures of amphoteric compounds with high buffering capacity. Since all peptides are amphoteric compounds by themselves, the use of carrier ampholytes may be superfluous to establish a stable pH gradient in CIEF analysis of protein digests. Our research showed that when carrier ampholytes are omitted, the analyte ions are not focused at their isoelectric point. The analytes are charged, leading to electrophoretic mobility uncharacteristic for CIEF. The method was tested for a five‐protein‐mixture at 0.02 mg/mL per protein and 0.05 mg/mL per protein. At the lower concentration, the analytes were stacked during the focusing process in only a limited length of the capillary. Therefore, the higher concentration led to better separation efficiency. It was found that at low concentration (0.20%) the carrier ampholytes could work as spacers. Though it led to sensitivity losses of 15–45%, this was compensated by the higher separation efficiencies seen. The method was evaluated with an eight‐protein‐mixture, of which all could be identified after performing MS/MS.
Systematic multiplex polymerase chain reaction and reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction analyses of changes in copy number and expression of proto‐oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in cancer tissues and cell lines
Authors: Yamamoto Miyako , Metoki Rikiya , Yamamoto Fumiichiro 
Published: October 2004

AbstractSystematic multiplex reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (SM RT‐PCR) is distinguishable from other multiplex RT‐PCR methods by (i) utilization of primers that amplify sequences that fall within a single exon of the genes, (ii) utilization of genomic DNA as a calibration standard, and (iii) optimized PCR conditions that allow amplification of bands of similar intensity using genomic DNA template. We previously developed the human experimental systems of 68 glycosyltransferase genes, 39 Hox genes, and 26 integrin subunit genes, and analyzed the expression of those genes in human adult tissues. Here we report the establishment of an SM RT‐PCR system of proto‐oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes and the analysis of gene expression in human cancer tissues and cell lines. We also demonstrate that the SM RT‐PCR system, which was developed for cDNA expression analysis, could also be used successfully for more exquisite analysis of copy number changes in genomic DNA. We observed a decrease in band intensity of HRAS, TP73, CDKN2A, and CDKN2B genes in most of the breast and prostate cancer cell lines examined. The decrease in copy number of HRAS proto‐oncogene leads us to suspect the presence of tumor suppressor genes in the vicinity of this gene on chromosome 11p15.5.
Importance of the counterion in optimization of a borate electrolyte system for analyses of anions in samples with complex matrices performed by capillary zone electrophoresis
Authors: Křivánková Ludmila , Březková Michaela , Gebauer Petr , Boček Petr 
Published: October 2004

AbstractBorate buffers are common background electrolytes for analyses of anions in capillary zone electrophoresis. Usually, sodium borate at a given pH is used and this specification seems to be sufficient for a successful analysis. In this paper, we show that free migration of OH‐ may deteriorate the analysis of a typical anionic analysis of clinical samples due to uncontrolled migration of OH‐ throughout the systems of analyzed zones and may damage the stacking of anionic analytes of interest. We have proven that the use of ammonium borate may remedy the situation where the presence of ammonium may selectively stop the free migration of OH‐ ions, slow down their effective mobility and bring their safe behavior resulting in reproducible stacking of clinically important anions. Results of real analyses of human serum samples confirmed the proposed method and proved that substitution of sodium for ammonium in borate buffers offers reliable analyses of clinical samples having chloride as the bulk component. The experimental results given in this paper are supported also by computer simulation, which can not only support the positive results but also show the dynamics of the separation that is otherwise hidden to any detection possibilities.
Floxed allele for conditional inactivation of the GABAB(1) gene
Authors: Haller Corinne , Casanova Emilio , Müller Matthias , Vacher Claire‐Marie , Vigot Rejan , Doll Thierry , Barbieri Samuel , Gassmann Martin , Bettler Bernhard 
Published: October 2004

AbstractGABAB receptors are the G‐protein‐coupled receptors for the neurotransmitter GABA. GABAB receptors are broadly expressed in the nervous system. Their complete absence in mice causes premature lethality or—when mice are viable—epilepsy, impaired memory, hyperalgesia, hypothermia, and hyperactivity. A spatially and temporally restricted loss of GABAB function would allow addressing how the absence of GABAB receptors leads to these diverse phenotypes. To permit a conditional gene inactivation, we flanked critical exons of the GABAB(1) gene with lox511 sites. GABAB(1)lox511/lox511 mice exhibit normal levels of GABAB(1) protein, are fertile, and do not display any behavioral phenotype. We crossed GABAB(1)lox511/lox511 with Cre‐deleter mice to produce mice with an unrestricted GABAB receptor elimination. These GABAB(1)−/− mice no longer synthesize GABAB(1) protein and exhibit the expected behavioral abnormalities. The conditional GABAB(1) allele described here is therefore suitable for generating mice with a site‐ and time‐specific loss of GABAB function. genesis 40:125–130, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.