bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A VALVE TO REGULATE THE DELIVERY OF AIR AND ETHER VAPOR IN ANY PROPORTION
Authors: Gates Frederick L. 
Published: June 2004

A valve is described for the control of ether vapor for anesthesia which regulates the mixture of ether vapor from a Woulfe bottle with air in any proportion, without changing the volume or the pressure at which the mixture is delivered. The regulation of the air stream both to and from the ether bottle controls the mixture accurately and is an essential feature of the valve. Except for experimental purposes, it is not considered profitable to determine on an arbitrary scale the tension of the ether vapor obtained, because the depth of the anesthesia should always be judged by the condition of the subject.
The valve was devised for the Meltzer-Auer method of intratracheal insufflation, but it is adapted for use wherever a constant mixture of air and ether vapor is desired. Several respiration machines for supplying and interrupting the air stream, using this constant volume valve for the regulation of the ether supply, have been in use in Dr. Meltzer's laboratory for periods up to 2 years, and the simplicity and efficiency of the valve have been thoroughly tested. A description of the complete machine will be published later.
THE RELATION OF MOSQUITOES AND FLIES TO THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF ACUTE POLIOMYELITIS
Authors: Noguchi Hideyo , Kudo Rokusaburo 
Published: June 2004

1. Culex pipiens raised from the larval stage in water experimentally contaminated with an abundance of poliomyelitic virus were found to be incapable of causing the infection when allowed in large numbers to bite normal Macacus monkeys.
2. Culex pipiens which were fed on infected poloimyelitic monkeys during different stages of the disease were found to be incapable of transmitting the infection when allowed in large numbers to bite normal Macacus monkeys. A previous disturbance of the meninges by an injection of horse serum into the intrathecal space did not alter the result, which was negative.
3. The offspring of the mosquitoes which were either reared in the infected tanks or fed on infected monkeys were found to be entirely harmless when allowed to feed in large numbers on a normal monkey. There was no hereditary transmission of the virus from one generation to another.
4. No trace of the virus of poliomyelitis was demonstrable in the filtrate of an emulsion of adult flies and pupae of the common housefly and bluebottle fly which were reared in the laboratory on slices, emulsion, or filtrate of monkey brain containing the poliomyelitic virus. The intracerebral injection of the filtrate produced no poliomyelitic infection in the normal monkey.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES UPON LYMPHOCYTES
Authors: Pappenheimer Alwin M. 
Published: June 2004

The work of previous investigators gives the impression that it is easy to produce sera which both in vitro and upon injection are leukotoxic. At the same time the specificity of these leukotoxic sera for the particular type of cell used as antigen, and even for leukocytes in general, has been doubtful. The methods used have made certain possible factors of error unavoidable. Even careful washing of an organ or suspension cannot render it wholly blood-free, so that it is not surprising that the sera should be moderately hemolytic and hemagglutinative. Pearce has shown that the injection of very small amounts of blood is sufficient to evoke the production of immune hemolysins. When such sera are injected the lesions, as Pearce states, may be due in part to the production of hemagglutinative thrombi, although this hardly seems to apply to the changes in lymphoid tissue described by Flexner. On the other hand, the lymphotoxic effect of hemolytic sera may be due to the lymphocytes injected with the red cells.
Our own experiments indicate that the lymphotoxic and agglutinative factors are to a considerable degree distinct from the hemolytic and hemagglutinative ones, since they can be separated from one another by absorption.
Further evidence is presented that the small thymus cells are biologically related to, if not identical with the lymphocytes derived from lymph glands.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF AGGLUTININS IN THE IMMUNITY OF THE RABBIT TO THE HOG-CHOLERA BACILLUS
Authors: Tenbroeck Carl 
Published: June 2004

Rabbits may show a high agglutination titer to the hog-cholera bacillus and have no immunity and on the other hand immune animals may have a comparatively low agglutination titer. In other words, with this organism the height of the agglutination titer does not indicate the degree of immunity. As this bacillus so closely resembles the typhoid bacillus biologically and pathologically, it seems safe to conclude, until evidence is brought forth to the contrary, that in man the height of the agglutination titer does not indicate the actual degree of immunity to the latter organism. The same would apply to other members of the typhoid-colon group. It would not be wise to draw a more general conclusion until other organisms have been tested. This does not mean that agglutinins are not related to immunity but it brings up the question of the wisdom of using them as a guide in immunization with the colon-typhoid group.
When injected into the normal, vaccinated, or immune rabbit, the virulent hog-cholera bacillus is rapidly clumped and disappears from the circulation. 40 minutes after injection these organisms can be found in phagocytes in the liver. The fact that the normal rabbit gives this intra vitam agglutination is an exception to the findings of Bull that virulent organisms remain in the circulation for some time after injection.
THE NEUTRALIZATION OF ANTIPNEUMOCOCCUS IMMUNE BODIES BY INFECTED EXUDATES AND SERA
Authors: Cole Rufus 
Published: June 2004

1. In empyema fluids resulting from infection with pneumococci there are present large amounts of soluble substances which have the property of neutralizing pneumococcus antibodies.
2. Similar substances are found in the blood of infected rabbits.
3. When immune serum is injected into infected rabbits the immune substances disappear very quickly, and therefore are prevented from activity in overcoming the infection.
4. When immune serum is administered to patients severely infected with pneumococci, the immune bodies may also disappear very rapidly, and this disappearance is probably associated with the presence of such soluble substances in the blood.
5. The serum only becomes effective when these substances are neutralized.
6. The study of agglutination curves is of value in showing why in certain instances favorable results have not followed the use of immune serum.
7. It is important that in severely injected patients the serum be administered early in the disease and that the initial dosage be large.
THE ELABORATION OF SPECIFIC SOLUBLE SUBSTANCE BY PNEUMOCOCCUS DURING GROWTH
Authors: Dochez A. R. , Avery O. T. 
Published: June 2004

1. A specifically reacting substance of bacterial origin is present in the cell-free fluids of young cultures of pneumococcus. This substance is present when the organisms are growing at their maximum rate and undergoing little or no cell death, and consequently its. presence is not dependent upon cell disintegration but represents the extrusion of bacterial substance by the living organism.
2. The blood and urine of rabbits experimentally infected with pneumococcus contain a similar specific soluble substance during the early hours of the infectious process.
3. Human beings suffering from lobar pneumonia have in their blood and more frequently in their urine a specific soluble substance of pneumococcus origin. The amount of this substance present in the urine varies in different individuals and the presence of a large amount is of unfavorable prognostic import. This specific precipitin reaction in the urine is of diagnostic value.
4. Rabbits injected with soluble pneumococcus material continue to excrete this substance for a considerable period of time.
5. The specifically soluble substance obtained from bacterial cultures and from the urine during infection is not destroyed by boiling, by precipitation with alcohol, acetone, or ether, or by trypsin digestion.
6. Studies are in progress at this time on the degree of toxicity and on the antigenic properties of the substance.
FURTHER STUDIES ON THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF LOBAR PNEUMONIA
Authors: Stillman Ernest G. 
Published: June 2004

1. Pneumococci of Type I and Type II are responsible for the majority of the cases of lobar pneumonia.
2. Among the pneumococci found in the mouths of healthy individuals Type IV predominates, Type III is frequent, and atypical organisms of Type II are occasionally found.
3. Healthy persons intimately associated with cases of lobar pneumonia may harbor in their mouth secretions the highly parasitic pneumococcus of Types I and II.
4. Occasionally a carrier of Type I or Type II pneumococcus is encountered in whom it is impossible to trace any contact with an infected patient.
5. From the dust of homes where cases of pneumonia due to Types I and II have occurred, pneumococci of the same type may be recovered.
STUDIES ON ANTIBLASTIC IMMUNITY
Authors: Blake Francis G. 
Published: June 2004

Antipneumococcus serum under certain conditions apparently inhibits or retards the metabolic activities of the homologous pneumococcus.
Antipneumococcus serum exhausted of its agglutinin content possesses no inhibitory properties.
The degree of inhibitory action of antipneumococcus serum parallels its agglutinating power.
No evidence has been found to indicate that the inhibition of the metabolic activities of the pneumococcus by antipneumococcus serum is due to a specific antienzymotic property of the serum.
The evidence which has been obtained indicates that the apparent inhibition of metabolic activity that occurs under certain conditions is due to agglutination of the pneumococci by the antipneumococcus serum and their consequent inability to grow in intimate contact with the whole medium.
Antistaphylococcus serum inhibits the liquefaction of gelatin and the formation of pigment by Staphylococcus pyogenes aureus. Further experimentation is necessary to determine the mechanism of this inhibitory action.
Antistaphylococcus serum does not inhibit those metabolic activities of Staphylococcus pyogenes aureus essential to the growth and multiplication of the organisms.
THE PROPHYLACTIC AND THERAPEUTIC PROPERTIES OF THE ANTITOXIN FOR BACILLUS WELCHII
Authors: Bull Carroll G. 
Published: June 2004

1. It has been possible to confer on guinea pigs a passive immunity of about 2 weeks' duration to Bacillus welchii toxin through a protective administration of the antitoxin.
2. Guinea pigs which bad received a prophylactic dose of Bacillus welchii antitoxin exhibited pronounced resistance to infection with the virulent bacilli for a period of 12 days.
3. Established infections in guinea pigs with Bacillus welchii have been arrested and controlled by treatment with the antitoxin.
4. The opinion has been expressed that it will be possible to prevent Bacillus welchii infection in man through the prophylactic use of the antitoxin and developed cases of the infection may be controlled by therapeutic injections of the same agent.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF LYMPH AND SERUM FERMENTS DURING PROTEIN SHOCK REACTIONS
Authors: Davis Benjamin F. , Petersen William F. 
Published: June 2004

The relation of two phenomena involved in the mechanism of recovery following protein shock therapy is shown in these experiments to be due to changes that concern the lymph rather than the serum. The first of these, the increase in the rate of flow of the lymph, has been suggested by Teague and McWilliams as a possible factor in recovery from infection when due to bacteria proliferating in the lymph spaces and inaccessible to the antibodies of the serum (typhoid). By means of the protein shock, antibody-rich fluids (serum) are forced into the lymph channels. That the antibodies of the serum are augmented following the shock has been demonstrated by Culver (4). With this possibility in mind it is to be expected that bacterial infection not confined to the lymph spaces will not be influenced by shock therapy to the same extent. How far this holds true we are unable to state, although von Decastello (5) has called attention to the fact that while he was able to cause rapid lysis or a crisis in typhoid patients following the shock reaction, the injection of a similar amount of vaccine in typhus fever was without effect. The second factor, the great increase in the antiferment, is clearly due to the amount of the antiferment entering the general circulation through the lymph stream. This accounts for the marked fluctuations observed in the titer of the serum antiferment in patients following protein shock. If, for instance, the original titer of the lymph is less than that of the blood, the first flushing of the lymphatic current into the blood channel will tend to lower the titer of the serum, but with the increased amount in the lymph after the shock the titer of the serum will also increase.
Bacteria proliferate best where the antiferment is absent, as Wright (6) has noted in his studies on war wounds, a fact that is also commonly applied in bacteriological technique when we employ ascitic fluids, containing relatively little antiferment, preferably to serum, in culture media.
The increased lymph flow that follows the shock reaction would have value then, not only in forcing specific antibodies into the lymph channels, but 'in increasing the antiferment there as well, which would aid in checking the growth of bacteria.
STAGGERS IN SHEEP IN PATAGONIA
Authors: Jones F. S. , Arnold J. F. 
Published: June 2004

After observations and experimental work both in the field and laboratory, the following conclusions seem justified.
1. Staggers is a non-infectious disorder affecting horses, cattle, and sheep.
2. The disease is characterized by weakness, muscular twitching, irregular movements of the head, stiffness of the limbs, and transient motor paralysis, accompanied with spastic spasms on excitement. There is also a derangement of vision and conjunctivitis.
3. The postmortem lesions are not characteristic.
4. We readily produced the disease by feeding susceptible sheep on a coarse tuft grass commonly known as coiron or pampa grass (Poa argentina).
5. The time required to produce definite symptoms by feeding the grass varied. Two animals developed typical staggers after two feedings; in another instance a period of 21 days of feeding was required. The average time for the production of unmistakable symptoms in our experiments was 10 days.
6. Many sheep recover from staggers spontaneously. A complete change of diet will usually effect a cure within 2 weeks.
7. Older .animals that have pastured for long periods on lands where the grass grows become tolerant and are rarely affected with staggers.
8. The grass is toxic to sheep at all seasons of the year. We fed late winter and early spring grass and grass in flower, and produced staggers in every instance. The young green grass is as toxic as any edible portion of the plant.
CHANGES IN THE PERIPHERAL BLOOD CONSEQUENT UPON THE DIVERSION OF THE SPLENIC BLOOD INTO THE GENERAL CIRCULATION
Authors: Burket Walter C. 
Published: June 2004

1. The principal change in the peripheral blood consisted in the prolonged increase in number of the transitional white blood cells, an active brief stimulation of the polymorphonuclear neutrophils, which were later relatively decreased in number in four cases, in three dogs a late rise in number of the mononuclear and eosinophilic cells, and in one dog of mononuclear cells alone.
2. The normally high differential percentage count of polymorphonuclear eosinophils in dogs would be expected on account of the numerous parasitic infections which they usually have.
3. The splenorenal venous anastomosis offered a simple and satisfactory method of diverting the splenic blood into the general circulation because it was easy and produced no gross abnormal intraabdominal changes, and the vessels normally lay parallel to each other and were readily approximated without tension.
4. The operation was successful in every case.
5. The animals did very well after operation and were healthy and active.
6. No noteworthy histological changes were observed in any of the organs or tissues.
7. There was no essential change in bile production that could be detected by jaundice.
8. The urine and stools showed no changes.
THE EFFECT OF INJECTIONS OF HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI ON SUSCEPTIBLE AND INSUSCEPTIBLE ANIMALS
Authors: Hopkins J. Gardner , Parker Julia T. 
Published: June 2004

1. Streptococci injected into the circulation of cats are quickly withdrawn and are found most numerously in the lung, less numerously in the liver and spleen, and in small numbers in the bone marrow, lymph nodes, muscle, and kidney.
2. The streptococci taken up by the lung are killed within 5 to 8 hours, although they remain visible in films for a number of days. In the liver they are killed less rapidly, and in the spleen a few may remain viable for a considerable period.
3. This bactericidal action may be demonstrated in pieces of excised lung but not in lung extracts, and is apparently dependent on the action of the living cell.
4. Streptococci injected into a susceptible animal, the rabbit, are also promptly removed from the circulation, but are distributed in different proportions, the liver and spleen absorbing almost as many as the lung, and the muscles also taking up an appreciable number.
5. As in the cat, the organisms taken up by the lung and liver of the living rabbit are promptly killed. Those which lodge in the muscles, however, multiply rapidly.
6. About the time that the streptococci have begun to develop in the muscles (4 to 8 hours after injection) the number in the blood stream begins to increase.
7. The increase in the blood stream is not due to exhaustion of the mechanism of their removal nor have these organisms acquired a resistance sufficient to maintain them in the blood stream of a normal animal. The septicemia, then, is probably the resuit of washing out of organisms from the infected tissues.
8. Attempts to immunize rabbits have been unsuccessful, but in certain treated animals the distribution of the organisms among the various organs approached that found in insusceptible animals; i.e., cats.
THE LOCALIZATION OF STREPTOCOCCUS VIRIDANS
Authors: Detweiler H. K. , Maitland H. B. 
Published: June 2004

The results of our experiments do not substantiate in full the theory of the power of selective action of Streptococcus viridans.
A few strains showed a remarkable constancy in location and type of lesion, but these strains were greatly in the minority.
The location of the lesions in animals seemed to bear no relation to the origin of the organism or to the lesions produced by it in the patient from which the strain was obtained.
Streptococcus viridans, regardless of site of origin in the patient, produced most lesions in the heart and joints.
STUDIES OF LUNG VOLUME
Authors: Garvin A. , Lundsgaard Christen , Van Slyke Donald D. 
Published: June 2004

1. The total capacity, middle capacity, and residual air have been determined in 31 adult male patients suffering from tuberculosis of the lungs.
2. The chest volumes have been determined in each case and the normal lung volumes calculated by means of the ratios worked out in a previous paper.
3. In nine patients with incipient tuberculosis, the total lung volume was found within normal limits, whereas the vital capacity was diminished as a result of an increased residual air.
The increase in the residual air was due to less complete expiration, caused partly by diminished movement of the diaphragm, partly by diminished compression of the chest wall. The diminished movement of the diaphragm was, as a rule, most marked on the most affected side. Whether these decreased movements are due to a reflex or to stiffness of the lung tissue we could not determine.
The middle capacity was found practically normal.
4. In twenty-two cases of moderately advanced, and advanced tuberculosis, the total lung volume was in most cases markedly decreased.
The vital capacity was substantially decreased, principally as a result of the diminished total capacity. The residual air was, as a rule, normal, although in a few cases an increase in residual air also contributed to the decrease in the vital capacity.
The middle capacity, on which we do not want to put too much stress, was normal in some patients and considerably diminished in others.
STUDIES OF OXYGEN IN THE VENOUS BLOOD
Authors: Lundsgaard Christen 
Published: June 2004

1. Thirty-one determinations of the total oxygen-combining power and the oxygen in the venous blood from vena mediana cubiti of sixteen resting patients are reported.
2. The difference between the total oxygen capacity of the hemoglobin and the oxygen in the venous blood, the oxygen unsaturation, is calculated.
3. In twelve patients with compensated heart lesions the unsaturation was found within normal limits, between 2.5 and 8 volume per cent.
4. In four patients with incompensated heart disease the values for the unsaturation were all above the normal limit, from 9.7 to 15.2 volume per cent.
5. A general discussion of the problem of interpreting the results is given.
6. A comparison is drawn between the oxygen consumption calculated from direct determination of the blood flow on a normal subject (the writer) and the oxygen unsaturation determined 4 years later on the same subject. A close agreement between the two series of values exists.
STUDIES OF OXYGEN IN THE VENOUS BLOOD
Authors: Lundsgaard Christen 
Published: June 2004

1. Forty-six determinations of the oxygen unsaturation, i.e., the difference between the venous oxygen and the total oxygen capacity of the hemoglobin, have been done in five patients with compensated circulatory disturbances.
2. Values within normal limits and near or below the normal average were found in four patients with regular pulse.
3. In one patient with mitral insufficiency and arrhythmia perpetua extremely varying values were encountered. Six determinations were made; in one instance the value was within normal limits, in five above, and in one of those even higher than in most cases of incompensated heart lesions.
4. A comparison is drawn between the directly determined oxygen unsaturation in these patients and the oxygen consumption calculated from previous experiments by the writer, where the blood flow was determined directly by the nitrous oxide method. A close parallelism is found.
STUDIES OF OXYGEN IN THE VENOUS BLOOD
Authors: Lundsgaard Christen 
Published: June 2004

1. A report is made of 103 determinations of the oxygen unsaturation of the venous blood of five patients with incompensated heart diseases.
2. Values for the oxygen unsaturation within normal limits were found only under two circumstances: (a) in a stage of full compensation, and (b) in a stage of incompensation where the symptoms were rapidly lessening.
3. Values above the upper normal extreme were met with under three circumstances: (a) during incompensation, (b) during compensation just before the clinical symptoms of incompensation had developed, and (c) at times in patients with auricular fibrillations in a condition of complete and stable compensation.
4. A comparison has been drawn between the directly found value for the oxygen unsatilration and the values for the oxygen consumption calculated from previous experiments by the writer on the blood flow (minute volume of the heart), in patients with similar clinical conditions. A close agreement existed.
5. It seems probable from our experience with patients under digitalis therapy that the oxygen unsaturation affords, an objective criterion of the positive effect of the therapy.