bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSVIII-A-6 Effects of Feeding Ground Whole Flaxseed, Defatted Flaxseed Meal and Organic Flaxseed Meal on Production Performance, Rumen Fermentation, and Total-Tract Nutrient Digestibility in Dairy Cows
Authors: Warnasooriya Viraji B , Penner Greg B , Christensen David , Yu Peiqiang , Mutsvangwa Timothy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This study aimed to determine the effects of feeding ground whole flaxseed and two types of mechanically extracted flaxseed meals on dry matter intake (DMI), milk production and composition, ruminal fermentation characteristics, and total-tract nutrient digestibility in dairy cows. Twelve multiparous Holstein cows [122 ± 20 days in milk (DIM) at the start of the study] were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with 4 dietary treatments. One square had 4 ruminally cannulated cows that were used to determine dietary effects on ruminal fermentation characteristics and total tract nutrient digestibility. The 4 dietary treatments tested were a barley silage-based diet with canola meal (CM; 21.1% of diet DM) as the main protein source (designated CON), and diets containing ground whole flaxseed (designated GWF; 4.92% of diet DM), defatted flaxseed meal (designated DFM; 19.7% of diet DM), or organic flaxseed meal (designated OFM; 20.2% of diet DM) as partial replacements for CM. The crude fat contents of CM, GWF, DFM, and OFM were 3.20, 37.7, 9.9, and 12.9% (DM basis), respectively, and experimental diets were balanced for crude fat content (4.51%; DM basis). Experimental periods consisted of 18 d of dietary adaptation and 10 d of data and sample collection. Orthogonal contrasts were used to test for the following treatment differences: CON vs. GWF; CON vs. [DFM + OFM]; and GWF vs. [DFM + OFM]. Dry matter intake was lower (P &lt; 0.01) for cows fed CON compared with those fed GWF and [DFM + OFM]. Milk yield tended to be greater (P = 0.06) for cows fed CON compared with those fed GWF (P = 0.06) and [DFM + OFM] (P = 0.06). Milk fat content and yield were unaffected by diet; however, milk protein content was reduced for cows fed CON compared with those fed GWF (P = 0.001) and [DFM + OFM] (P &lt; 0.001). Milk urea-N (MUN) concentration was greater (P ≤ 0.001) in cows fed CON compared with those GWF and [DFM + OFM]. Also, MUN concentration was decreased for cows fed GWF compared with those fed [DFM + OFM]. Ruminal NH3-N concentration was less (P ≤ 0.04) in cows fed CON than those fed GWF and [DFM + OFM], but ruminal pH and short-chain fatty acid concentrations were unaffected by diet. Fecal N excretion (g/d) was greater (P &lt; 0.01) for cows fed CON compared with those fed GWF and [DFM + OFM] and, therefore, total-tract CP digestibility was reduced (P &lt; 0.001) in cows fed CON compared with those fed GWF and [DFM + OFM]. In conclusion, partial replacement of CM with GWF or [DFM + OFM] increased DMI; however, it tended to reduce milk yield.
PSVIII-A-8 Growth and Physiological Responses to Heat Stress and Zilpaterol Hydrochloride in Angus and Brahman Steers
Authors: Rios Andrea P , Grijalva Pablo Cesar C , Reith Rachel R , Garcia Samuel R , Webster Chelsea , Beard Joselyn K , Peterson Jessica L L , Yates Dustin T , Schmidt Ty B B , Diaz Duarte E E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The response to zilpaterol hydrochloride supplementation by two breeds of beef steers under controlled heat stress conditions were evaluated for impacts on growth, carcass merit, and physiological stress indicators. In two separate studies, Brahman and Angus steers were placed in environmental chambers and housed for 21 d under 1 of 2 environmental conditions 1) heat stress (THI = 73 to 85) or thermoneutral (THI = 68). In a 2 x 2 factorial, steers also received 8.38 mg· kg-1· d-1 on 88% DM of zilpaterol hydrochloride (ZH) or soybean meal carrier only for the 21-d period. Feed intake, respiratory rate, and rectal temperatures were evaluated daily. Total weight gain was recorded and used to calculate average daily gain (ADG) and gain-to-feed ratio (G:F). Brahman steers were harvested at the market weight (489.31 ± 97.7 kg) and Angus steers on d ~22 after treatment (307.26 ± 6.23 kg). In both studies, body weight gain and ADG did not differ between environments or supplements. Brahman steers exposed to heat stress exhibited greater (P &lt; 0.05) respiratory rate than thermoneutral steers, regardless of supplement. An environment x day interactions (P &lt; 0.04) was observed for rectal temperature. On d 8, unsupplemented heat-stressed Brahman steers had higher (P &lt; 0.05) rectal temperatures than ZH-supplemented thermoneutral steers. On d 11, ZH-supplemented heat-stressed Brahman steers had higher (P &lt; 0.05) rectal temperatures than unsupplemented thermoneutral steers. Angus steers exposed to heat stress exhibited greater (P &lt; 0.05) respiration rates throughout the experiment than thermoneutral steers. On d 8, unsupplemented heat-stressed Angus steers exhibited greater (P &lt; 0.05) respiration rates than ZH-supplemented heat-stressed steers. On d 8 and 19, heat-stressed Angus steers exhibited greater (P &lt; 0.05) rectal temperatures than thermoneutral steers. Angus steers exhibited an environment x supplement x day interaction (P &lt; 0.05) for rectal temperature, with a decrease (P &lt; 0.05) rectal temperature in ZH-supplemented steers. Carcass merit traits did not differ between environments in Brahman steers. Cold carcass weights were lighter (P &lt; 0.05) in heat-stressed Angus steers compared with thermoneutral steers. ZH-supplemented Angus (but not Brahman) steers exhibited decreased (P &lt; 0.05) respiration rates and rectal temperatures. Together these findings indicate that Brahman steers were more resistant to heat stress than Angus steers but were less efficient, with ~10% less G:F. Based upon the data collected, supplementation with zilpaterol hydrochloride did not negatively impact production in either breed.
PSII-15 Effects of Tillage Method and Fertilization Rate on Fall Performance of Stocker Cattle Grazing Wheat Pasture and Stand Performance
Authors: Gruber Cody , Johnson Michelle , Hess Tom , Moss Nate T , Rivera Daniel , Gadberry Shane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of fertilization rate and wheat pasture establishment method on fall stocker and wheat stand performance. Twenty-four, 1.62-ha pastures were utilized, with 8 pastures per fertilizer (N) treatment. Fertilization consisted of urea applied at 50.44, 67.25, or 84.06 kg N/ha. To measure responses associated with tillage method, 2 fields from each N treatment were prepared using clean-till (CT, n = 6), and the remaining fields were prepared with a no-till (NT) method. Beef steers (278.51 ± 29.42 kg) were randomly allocated at a fixed rate of 2.47 steers/ha (4 steers/pasture), with a combined total of 240 steers used in fall of 2021 and 2022. Steers were weighed upon arrival, at turnout, every 28 days, and when pulled off pasture. Steers were pulled off pasture when forage mass (FM) became insufficient, or temperatures became too cold to support forage regrowth. Forage mass sampling was recorded with a 0.25 m2 plate meter. Sampling dates coincided with weigh dates. Twenty plate meter readings were taken in every field (600 readings in total per sampling date) and 0.25 m2 grass clippings were obtained from 15 fields every sampling date to form a regression curve to estimate FM. An analysis of co-variance using the Mixed Model procedure in JMP was used to analyze this data. Tillage method and N rate were fixed categorical and continuous covariates, respectively. Year was modeled as a random effect. Tillage × N interaction was used to examine differences in slope estimates for N rate between CT and NT. Non-significant interactions were removed from the model. Total weight gain per hectare and final weight were both greater in CT compared with NT (P = 0.01), More grazing days was observed with CT (P &lt; 0.01), as well as a trend toward greater mean FM (P = 0.06). Ending FM was also greater for CT pastures (P &lt; 0.05). No significant effects from tillage were found for initial weight, average daily weight gain, initial FM, or FM slope change. No differences (P &gt; 0.1) among responses were associated with a linear response to N rate. In conclusion, CT demonstrated greater performance than NT, with CT having greater FM response, more grazing days, and greater body weight gain per hectare, and N rates greater than 50.4 kg/ha did not appear beneficial for the studied stocking rate and climate conditions.
PSIV-20 The Effect of Silage Additives on Male Sterile Sorghum Fermentation Heat Production and Feed-Out Stability
Authors: Duhatschek Douglas , Bell Jourdan M , Keys Kristie , Druetto Diego , Ferraretto Luis F , Raver Katie , Mendonca Filipe , Garcia Matheus C , Gouvea Vinicius N , Piñeiro Juan M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The objective was to compare the effect of applying silage additives to male sterile sorghum hybrids on temperature production during ensiling time (30 d) and at feed-out period after 30 or 90 d of ensiling period. Two male-sterile sorghum hybrids; F430 and F465, with and without BMR12 trait, respectively (Richardson Seed Ltd.); were randomly allocated in plots blocked by irrigation section in a dairy farm in West Texas. During harvest, duplicate samples from each plot were obtained, placed on plastic trays, and transported to one of three stations to be treated with chemical silage preservative (SG, SiloGuard), heterofermentative bacteria inoculant with mold inhibitor solution (SM, Silage Maker 250) or distilled water (DW, control). Treatments were applied with spray bottles following a protocol that consisted of two sets of 5 sprays (1.1 mL each and 11 mL total) followed by mixing of the forage. Personnel applying the treatment were blind as to which treatment they were applying and all spray bottles, trays and tables from each station were color coded to prevent cross contamination. After treated, 3.63 kg of forage was packed in three consecutive steps using a manual press on 4.7L buckets (Uline) and a temperature data logger was placed in the center of each of the 30 d mini silos. The amount of material packed was estimated to achieve a 230 kg of DM/m3 compaction at 30% DM of the forage. At opening, the material from each silo was moved to a tray and mixed to be homogenized and exposed to oxygen. Then, the material was added back to its correspondent bucket until it filled up to the border without compressing. Heat production during the feed-out period and air-stability were assessed for both ensiling periods, whereas fermentation heat production during ensiling period was only assessed for 30 d silos. Statistical analysis was performed using mixed linear regression models (GLIMMIX procedure of SAS) with ensiling period, hybrid, treatment and the interaction of day and treatment included in the model as independent variables. Fourth root and natural log transformation were performed to obtain a normal distribution of residuals, back transformed LSM and 95% CI are reported in Table 1. Treatment effected the silage temperature during the feed-out period (P &lt; 0.0001) and air-stability test (P = 0.02). Whereas a tendency was observed for daily heat production during the ensiled period (P = 0.07). Male-sterile sorghum silage treated with SG had the least temperature during the ensiling period and longer air-stability than SM.
PSX-21 Evaluation of the Effect of Extended-Term Delivery of Local Anesthetic on Mitigating the Pain Caused By Castration
Authors: Dee Natalia , Allan Nick , Olson Merle , Ralston Brenda , Ross Joe , Schatz Crystal , Beaugrand Kendall , Schwartzkopf-Genswein Karen S , Campbell John R , Erickson Nathan , Moya Diego 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the extended-term delivery of anesthesia on the physiological and behavioral signs of pain caused by band castration in 1-month-old bull calves. Forty-eight calves (37.04 ± 8.98 days of age) were homogenously assigned by age to one of three band castration protocols (n = 16/protocol); 1) regular elastrator bands (REG), 2) regular elastrator bands preceded by two 2-mL injections of lidocaine (REG+L; LIDO-2 with epinephrine, Rafter 8 Products Inc, Calgary, Canada), and 3) lidocaine elastrator bands (LBAND; Care-Ring, Chinook Contract Research Inc., Calgary, Canada). During the castration procedure, two observers scored (from 1 to 10) how much pain each animal was experiencing (visual analog score, VAS), number of body shakes and leg kicks for each calf. Calves were weighed on d -1, 0, 14, 28, 42, and 56. Hair cortisol concentration was measured on d -1, 28, and 56. Saliva cortisol concentration was measured right after castration, 60, 120, 240 minutes after castration, on d 1 and weekly thereafter until d 56. Flight speed (FS) was recorded on d -1, right after castration, 60, 120, 240 minutes after castration, d 1, and weekly thereafter until d 56. Calf behaviors in the pen indicative of pain and discomfort were recorded on d 0, 1, and weekly thereafter until d 56. The REG+L calves tended to have decreased (P = 0.09) VAS scores than REG calves. The average daily gain was greater (P &lt; 0.01) from d 42 to 56 than from d 1 to 42, and from d 1 to 28 compared with d 28 to 42 in all treatment groups. The REG calves had decreased (P &lt; 0.01) hair cortisol concentrations than both REG+L and LBAND calves. Saliva cortisol concentrations were greater (P &lt; 0.01) 60 minutes after castration than any other sample time in all treatment groups. There was an interaction between treatment and time (P = 0.04), where only LBAND had a greater FS immediately after castration compared with d -1. When calves were observed in the pen there were no treatment effects (P &gt; 0.10) but only time differences (P &lt; 0.05) in the frequency of head turns, oral behaviors, tail flicks, and number of standing and walking bouts. The behavioral and physiological parameters assessed showed expected results on the effects of band castrating calves, while the administration of lidocaine via REG+L or LBAND did not show any pain mitigation effect compared with the standard industry banding method (REG).
PSXIV-10 Estimation of Genetic Parameters of Traits Associated with Water Efficiency, Feed Efficiency and Growth in Beef Cattle
Authors: Thekkoot Dinesh M , Blake Nathan , Mata-Padrino Domingo , Garossino Kevin C , Wilson Matthew E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Concerns about water availability, quality and accessibility have intensified. The livestock industry, particularly the beef sector, is under pressure to adopt more sustainable practices that optimize water usage while improving growth and feed efficiency. The objective of this study was to estimate the genetic parameters of traits associated with water efficiency, feed efficiency and growth in beef cattle. The data were collected from 916 seedstock bulls and heifers representing six breeds (Angus, Charolais, Hereford, Limousin, Simmental and Sim-Angus) in a facility equipped with Vytelle SENSE feed intake, water intake and in-pen body weight recording systems, located at the West Virginia University central testing facility in Wardensville, WV. The animals were part of six performance tests between November 2019 and September 2022, with an average age at the start of the test of 284 days, and an average test duration of 73 days. The rations were formulated to achieve 1.5 to 1.6 kg/d ADG (depending on the test) and had a high forage inclusion (&gt;75% corn silage and &gt;15% dry hay, as fed). The facility consists of 5 pens and animals were rotated every two weeks through the pens, so all animals are exposed to all pens. The phenotypes analyzed were average daily water intake (DWI), residual water intake (RWI), average daily dry matter intake (DMI), residual feed intake (RFI), and average daily gain (ADG). RWI and RFI were used to measure the water and feed efficiency of the animals. The genetic parameters were estimated with multi-trait animal models using Echidna mixed model software. In all models, breed, sex and the contemporary group (trial number and pen group) were included as fixed effects, the age at the start of the test was added as a covariate, and the animal was treated as a random effect. RWI and RFI were analyzed by adding ADG and metabolic mid-weight as additional covariates. The estimates of heritability for DWI, RWI, DMI, RFI and ADG were 0.49 (± 0.11), 0.40 (± 0.10), 0.35 (± 0.11), 0.16 (± 0.07) and 0.47 (± 0.11) respectively. Average daily water intake exhibited a positive genetic correlation with RWI (0.90), DMI (0.71), and ADG (0.76). On the other hand, the genetic correlation between RWI and RFI was not significantly different from zero, and genetic correlation between RWI and ADG was slightly positive. These results suggest that selecting for enhanced water efficiency in beef cattle can effectively decrease the daily water consumption without any adverse effect on feed efficiency, although it may have a small impact on growth. The complete genetic and phenotypic correlations are in Table 1. In conclusion, the traits associated with water intake and efficiency in beef cattle have a sizable genetic component and show potential for genetic improvement.
PSXIV-5 Classification of Postpartum Beef Cows as Estrous Cycling Or Anestrous Through the Use of Estrus Detection Patches
Authors: Ricardo Kim , VanWye Genevieve , Palcheff Lucas , Thomas Jordan M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Application of estrus detection patches for an extended period of time was evaluated as a means of classifying postpartum beef cows as estrous cycling or anestrous at the start of the breeding season. Estrus detection patches (Estrotect Breeding Indicators; Hermitage, TN) were applied to 269 primiparous and multiparous postpartum beef cows in three locations 24 days prior to the start of an estrus synchronization protocol. At the start of the protocol, patches were scored using a 1 to 4 scale (1 = 0-25%; 2 = 25-50%; 3 = 50-75%; 4 = 75-100%), with scores of 3 or 4 considered activated. Estrous cyclicity status was determined via transrectal ovarian ultrasonography performed by experienced technicians coincident with the start of an estrus synchronization protocol. Cows were classified as cycling based on the presence of a corpus luteum (CL). Based on transrectal ovarian ultrasonography, 59% (161/269) of cows were cycling at the start of estrus synchronization. Of cows receiving patches, 95% (256/269) of cows retained patches for the full 24-day period. Among cows retaining patches, 67% (171/256) of cows presented with activated patches, and 33% (85/256) of cows presented with non-activated patches at the start of the synchronization protocol. Among these, 139 cows presented with activated patches and were observed to have CL via ultrasound, therefore being considered true positives (i.e., estrous cycling). A total of 69 cows presented with non-activated patches and were observed to have no CL via ultrasound, therefore, being considered true negatives (i.e., anestrous). Among cows for which patch score did not result in the same classification as an ultrasound-based characterization of CL status, 32 were considered false positives (i.e., activated patch but no CL observed via ultrasound), and 16 were considered false negatives (i.e., non-activated patch but CL observed via ultrasound). Based on these observations, use of activated patches to infer cyclicity resulted in 89% sensitivity, 68% specificity, and a positive predictive value of 78%. When retained, estrus detection patches are a sensitive tool to classify postpartum cows as cycling prior to the start of an estrus synchronization protocol.
PSVII-21 Protective Effect of Peptide Extract Derived from Beef Protein By Hydrolysis Against Oxidative Damage
Authors: Lee Seung Yun , Kim Jong Hyuk , Hur Sun Jin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the protective effects of peptide extract with 3 kDa from beef myofibrillar protein by Alkaline-AK enzyme (AK3K) against oxidative damage in SH-SY5Y cells and in the brains of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). All data were presented as the mean ± standard deviation of three replicates. All statistical analyses were performed using the one-way analysis of variance procedure in SPSS 20.0. A Tukey's multiple comparison test was used to determine significant differences between mean values, and evaluations were based on a significance level of P &lt; 0.05. The AK3K did not affect cytotoxicity in SH-SY5Ycells (Figure 1). The resulting AK3K decrease the apoptotic ratio by 33.25%, DNA fragmentation, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in oxidative damage induced SH-SY5Y cells (Figure 2). The SHR brains treated with the AK3K (400 mg/kg body weight, AK3K400) showed a significant decrease in malondialdehyde and ROS contents at 0.33 and 23.92 μM, respectively (P &lt; 0.05) compared with the control. The SOD activity for AK3K was 61.26%, around 20% greater than the control. Therefore, this study suggest that the peptide extract from beef have neuroprotective effects such as inhibition of apoptotic factors and increment of antioxidant enzyme against oxidative stress and could possibly be used for neuronal hypertension therapy.
PSXI-21 Inclusion of Former Food Products in Post-Weaning Diet of Piglets: Impact on the Fatty Acid Profile of Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue and on Serum Metabolites
Authors: Pinotti Luciano , Manoni Michele , Luciano Alice , Mazzoleni Sharon , Ottoboni Matteo , Tretola Marco 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Livestock production is facing the feed-food competition, use of natural resources, and environmental sustainability. To address these issues, the use of food leftovers in animal nutrition could satisfy the principles of circular economy. Among the different food leftovers, former food products (FFPs) consist mainly of unsold/defective food from industrial production (i.e., bread, croissants, biscuits, chips). FFPs can be classified in sugary confectionary FFPs (FFPs-C) and salty bakery FFPs (FFPs-B). The aim of this study was to assess the impact of the inclusion of FFPs into post-weaning diet of piglets on the fatty acid profile of subcutaneous adipose tissue and on serum metabolites. Thirty-six post-weaning female piglets (Large White×Landrace, BW 8.52±1.73kg) were assigned to a standard diet (CTR), or with a 30% replacement (wt/wt) of conventional cereals with FFPs-C or FFPs-B for 42 days. Growth performance and feeding behavior were measured. Subcutaneous abdominal fat samples were collected from 12 selected piglets after slaughtering. Gas chromatography was performed on feed samples from control diet and experimental diets and on adipose tissue samples. Untargeted metabolomics was performed on blood samples (d 0 and d 42) using UHPLC/MS-MS. Data were analyzed with the software MetaboAnalyst (version 5.0). The inclusion of FFPs did not alter growth performance or feeding behavior. The CTR diet had greater PUFA concentrations than FFPs diets. In FFPs diets, the fatty acid profile was equally distributed among SFA, MUFA, and PUFA. The ω-6/ω-3 ratio was greater in FFPs-C diets than CTR and FFPs-B diets. The subcutaneous adipose tissue showed no differences between groups for SFA concentrations. The MUFA concentrations were reduced in CTR compared with FFPs groups, whereas PUFA concentrations were reduced in FFPs-C group compared with FFPs-B and CTR groups. The ω-6/ω-3 ratio was less in FFPs-C group compared with CTR and FFPs-B groups. The untargeted metabolomics identified a total of 104 metabolites, with 2 significantly different between groups. Specifically, the serum concentration of theobromine and caffeine was greater in FFPs groups compared with CTR. To conclude, piglets were able to rebalance the fatty acids profile despite the differences observed in the diets. The metabolic status was not strongly altered by the inclusion of 30% FFPs in the diet. Thus, FFPs could be safely applied in post-weaning pig diets. Further studies are needed to assess the effect of FFPs on pig physiology and metabolic status in growing phase pigs and for a longer feeding time. (funded by ASSO Project- Regione Lombardia)