bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Linkage Analysis in the Study of the Genetics of Alcoholism
Authors: Wilson Alexander F , Elston Robert C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If genetic components are involved in the etiology of alcoholism, it will be necessary to determine where these components reside in the human genome. Given that the human haploid genome contains about 3 billion base pairs and that a gene may span as few as 1000 bases, the mapping of a gene for alcoholism to a specific region in the genome resembles the proverbial search for a needle in a haystack. Linkage analysis is a statistical method of determining the location of genes that underlie a disease or trait phenotype relative to marker loci with known chromosomal locations. Linkage analysis can be used to determine, to within a few million base pairs, the approximate physical location of genetic components that may be involved in the etiology of alcoholism.
Authority and Sexuality in Early Modern Burgundy (1550-1730)
Authors: Farr James R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A sociocultural analysis of the relationships among law, religion, and sexual morality in Burgundy during the Catholic Reformation, this book is divided into two, interrelated parts: the world of prescription and the world of practice. The first part examines the construction of authority, focusing primarily upon Burgundy’s dominant elite legal community. The second part of the book examines the deployment of authority, and its appropriation by French men and women. The new moral order focused on sexuality and the imposition of this order involved a legal contest over the disposition of bodies, both male and female, be they priests, courting couples, victims of seduction or rape, or prostitutes. James Farr’s book offers an unusually fertile approach to study the link between sexuality and criminality.
Myth and Ritual: Hero Worship in Greece and the Origins of the Theseus Myth
Authors: Walker Henry J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After the fall of the Mycenaean kingdoms, the Greek world went through the long period of relative poverty and obscurity known as the Dark Ages, out of which the Greek republics emerged in the eighth century. Surprisingly enough, these republics made no attempt to repress their monarchist past. On the contrary, they guarded the memory of their legendary kings as a precious heritage, and most of the literary works produced in these republics celebrated the great achievements of these kings, whom they referred to as heroes.
Theseus at Colonus
Authors: Walker Henry J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Theseus plays a major role in Sophocles’ Oedipus at Co/onus, and to some extent this play could almost be seen as a response to Euripides’ Suppliant Women. Sophocles is, of course, a very different person from Euripides, and a suppliant play written at the end of the Peloponnesian War will naturally be very different from one written at its beginning. In Sophocles’ play there is no conflict between Theseus the adventurer and Theseus the re former, between Theseus the king and Theseus the democrat.
Reasoning
Authors: Valiant Leslie G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Adaptability and flexibility are traits that are particularly associated with humans, who can often react to situations not previously experienced with inexplicable speed and competence. These traits have proved particularly difficult to emulate in machines. There have been many attempts to endow computers with large amounts of knowledge, but for large systems the result is usually brittle. The systems do not work competently in situations not foreseen by the programmer. This failure contrasts with the often impressive performance even of certain nonhuman species. The following experiment has been reported (D. Premack 1983): Two widely separated deep containers in a room or field are pointed out to a chimpanzee. An apple is then placed in one and a banana in the other before the animal is temporarily removed from the scene. The animal is then brought back, at which time it sees the experimenter eat a fruit, either an apple or a banana. Does the chimpanzee behave sensibly by moving toward the bin containing the remaining fruit? The answer reported is yes. Performance on this task was found to be comparable to four and a half year old humans.
More Detailed Neural Models
Authors: Valiant Leslie G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In previous sections we described a number of algorithms for solving our various idealizations of simple cognitive tasks. The algorithms were all vicinal in the sense that whenever two nodes wished to communicate in some manner either they had a common neighbor and the necessary communication could be realized through that node, or there was none, but this mattered little since the replication of nodes having the same intended function ensured that a sufficient fraction of the parallel attempts at communication succeeded.
Intestinal Gas
Authors: Janowitz Henry D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We all seem to know what it is. We complain of belching and burping; we feel bloated and distended; we are embarrassed by passing gas through the rectum. There is an old, four-letter AngloSaxon word for this; more politely, we pass or break “wind.” Our doctors use the more neutral word “flatulence” to describe this condition.
Sexually Transmitted Bowel Diseases (STBD)
Authors: Janowitz Henry D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A book devoted to information for the general public regarding bowel disorders would, in my opinion, be deficient if even a brief discussion of the subject of sexually transmitted bowel diseases (STBD) were omitted. I should emphasize that this section is not centered around the widely popularized and disturbing disease of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). The increased sexual freedom of the last decades, however, has led to an increase in the usual STBDs and has been associated with the appearance of AIDS. Among homosexual men and some heterosexual couples, the rectum is a sexual organ, and this allows for the local transmission of a large number of viruses, bacteria, and parasites. Breaks in the fragile lining of the rectum permit the transfer of an infection by such organisms. The wider sexual contact involving rectum, mouth, and hands allows also for the transmission of organisms that normally live in the intestinal tract-Shigella and Salmonella, for example, which are more frequently derived from eating and drink.
The Theoretical Dimensions of Aspect
Authors: Nuckolls Janis B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The grammatical category aspect concerns the ways in which abstract temporal concepts such as ongoingness or completion are encoded within an utterance. Such a minimal definition, however, suggests little of the deeper issues that have emerged in discussions of aspect grammar. It is sometimes difficult, for example, to isolate the temporal dimensions of an action’ s unfolding from the spatial frame in which that un folding takes place. The sentence “He walked around the block” is aspectually perfective because the phrase “around the block” gives the action a definite spatial1 and therefore temporal closure.
Sound-Symbolic Contrasts of Sensible Experience
Authors: Nuckolls Janis B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although sound-symbolic adverbs form a distinctive word class, they share certain semantic characteristics with the rest of the lexicon. One such characteristic is their ability to pattern in oppositional relationships. This chapter describes twelve sound symbolic adverbs that are semantically related by their contrast. These twelve adverbs pair into six sets of contrasts. Sa and dzawn describe an opposition between an internally complex action or event which is centrifugally oriented (moving away from a center) versus one that is centripetally oriented (moving toward a center.) ‘ Tam and toa describe an opposition between a complete, 360-degree angle turn around, and a 180-degree turn, which is typically upside down as well.
“Rotating” Porgy and Bess
Authors: Shirley Wayne D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since 1969 the George and Ira Gershwin Collection in the Music Division of the Library of Congress has contained, among its sketches for Porgy and Bess, a set of four leaves, in Gershwin’s hand, which show the Porgy motive in four distinct forms. The leaves, each written on one side only, are labeled A, B, C, and D. (These leaves, and the music on them, will be referred to in italics A,B,C, D-to differentiate them from other As, Bs, Cs, and Ds in this essay.) Leaf D contains, besides its version of the motive, the cabalistic symbol
Musings on “Nice Gershwin Tunes;” Form, and Harmony in the Concert Music of Gershwin
Authors: Starr Larry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the day he first set pen to music paper to compose a “concert” work, George Gershwin-that gifted and supposedly naive Tin Pan Alley tunesmith-has been a suspect figure in the world of “serious” music. Praise for Gershwin’s melodic gift and rhythmic imagination, those characteristics that are so evident in his “pop” tunes and contributed so much to his success as a tunesmith, has always been lavish. But from the first reviews of Rhapsody in Blue through the early criticism of Porgy and Bess and up to the present day, connoisseurs and sophisticates, authorities and would-be authorities on Gershwin have claimed that he simply lacked the technique to construct convincing large-scale works. Critics have claimed that the Rhapsody, the Piano Concerto, An American in Paris, and even Porgy succeed, to some limited extent, virtually in spite of themselves-not because of their ambitious dimensions and “higher” aspirations but because Gershwin’s talents as a tunesmith are abundantly evident in them. After reading such criticism, one can only conclude that enjoying Gershwin requires the lowering of one’s sights.
Gershwin on the Cover of Rolling Stone
Authors: Richardson Susan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Scholarly studies and especially biographies of George Gershwin have been wide-ranging in content and, because of the continuing success of such works as Rhapsody in Blue and Porgy and Bess, have appeared rather consistently since his death. But surprisingly little attention has been paid to his position as a popular music figure per se. Yet Gershwin was exactly that: a new kind of popular musician. He bridged “serious” and popular music and found himself squarely within the complexities of the emerging twentiethcentury music business. Moreover, he was a cultural figure who transcended specifically music circles and was “famous” in society at large.
Ed Martinez
Authors: Freeman John M , Mcdonnell Kevin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Mrs. Martinez, . . . Marta,” you call out as you walk into the waiting room outside the operating suite. Marta Martinez, sitting in the far comer of the room waiting for her husband to come out of surgery, looks up from her magazine. “We have to talk. Let’s go to the conference room across the hall.” Marta Martinez is in her mid-50s, a nurse’s aid at Community Hospital. You have known Marta and Eduardo for years in their various jobs in the hospital and around town. Ed put the roof on your lake cottage two or three years ago. This is not going to be an easy discussion.
Christie
Authors: Freeman John M , Mcdonnell Kevin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
You are the chief resident in pediatrics at University Hospital. It is 9 P.M. and you are just signing out when the call comes. An obstetrician from Suburban Hospital is on the line. She has just attended the birth of a baby girl with spina bifida. The family practice residents are working with the baby now, but there is no crisis. The child did not need resuscitation in the delivery room. When can the child be transferred to University? You agree to take the child first thing in the morning and sign out for the night.
1916–1917
Authors: Bordman Gerald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As the war became standard news and thus less of an all-absorbing interest, and as prosperity bred from supplying belligerents and from the expansion of America’s own tentative efforts at preparedness, ticket sales picked up. Still, as late as October 21, the Dramatic Mirror ran a headline noting “Many Plays but Slim Audiences.” If the season brought forth virtually nothing that would later be deemed a theatrical classic, it was rich in superb entertainments. Playgoers could ask for little more.
1924–1925
Authors: Bordman Gerald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The roaring twenties roared on. And the theatre flourished and prospered along with so much else in American society. According to Variety, first-class houses introduced a record 228 attractions, 162 of which were new dramas or comedies. Other surveys offered slightly different figures, but all attested to the indisputable vigor of the American stage, especially in New York. Moreover, in his latest Best Plays Burns Mantle pointed with pride to the fact that he did not have to consider importations to fill out his list of ten top entries-for the first time in the series all ten were native works. Of course, some problems did arise. A new form of competition was emerging-radio. William Brady, a professional alarmist, who a decade earlier had bewailed the growing menace of films, now cried out hat the new medium “threatens the very existence of the drama in this country.” In fact, since October of 1922 WGY had been broadcasting more or less uncut versions of recent Broadway hits. A few astute producers, Arthur Hammerstein among them, had begun to advertise their offerings on radio and reported good results. Out-of-work players found a fresh source of income. So clearly, radio was not all bad. It would be a different matter if someone could combine radio’s sightless sounds and film’s soundless scenes. Any number of people were attempting just that and a few years down the road would accomplish the task.
1926–1927
Authors: Bordman Gerald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Burns Mantle, waxing increasingly Cassandraic with the passing years, bemoaned that the 1926-27 season “was one of comparatively few successes and several rather conspicuous failures.” Admittedly, some of those failures, at least by his lights, were the failure of the play jury system, the failure in the battle against ticket speculators, and the failure of producers of a few so-called dirt shows to avoid fines and jail terms. Still, he also listed “the expected failure” of 70 percent of the shows produced, including the 163 new straight plays plus a handful of “revivals and what not.” The more businesslike Variety reported a higher toll of paybacks, since a number of plays that flopped on Broadway enjoyed subsequent success on the road. Moreover, the trade sheet counted 188 new plays and 26 revivals and return engagements, albeit it failed to note how many of the revivals were not straight plays.Only one play opened in late June, Douglas Murray’s The Man from Toronto (6-17-26, Selwyn). It was not a new play, since Henry Miller and Ruth Chatterton had starred in it when it was done as Perkins in October of 1918 and had failed after twenty-three performances. A London revival prompted this New York rehearing with a far less distinguished cast. Once more Broadway said no, even if the revival ran five performances more than the original.
1927–1928
Authors: Bordman Gerald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Broadway peaked in 1927-28. Whether one accepts Variety’s figure of 264 entertainments or Burns Mantle’s of 270, no season before or since has brought forth so many productions. True, a jump in the number of musicals and revivals helped push up the figure, while the count of new straight plays slipped a notch or two. Still, the trade sheet recorded 183 new comedies and dramas. Even more so than in the preceding season, they were packed in tightly. The early summer months were a washout, and in the spring the season collapsed more strikingly than the year before. For all that, it was a great season, probably the greatest. Among its musical delights were Good News, My Maryland, Manhattan Mary, The 5 O’Clock Girl, Funny Face, A Connecticut Yankee, The Three Musketeers, Blackbirds of 1928, Rosalie, and, best of all, Show Boat. The high percentage of straight plays still revived now and then, or remembered glowingly, will become evident as the season progresses.
1928–1929
Authors: Bordman Gerald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The seasons of 1928-29 and 1929-30 constitute an epilogue to the great years that Broadway enjoyed, or should have, from the end of World War I until the waning months of 1927-28. Broadway would never again be as lively, generous, diversified, or insistently exciting. With a few small exceptions, from 1928-29 onward each year saw a discernible drop not only in the total number of productions but in the number of new plays offered as well. The arrival of sound films unquestionably took a serious toll, and the stock market crash of October 1929 with the ensuing Depression aggravated matters. Some of Broadway’s best talents and a far larger group of lesser, but heretofore dependable, figures deserted live theatre, most of them permanently. Even some of the great figures who remained did so because they were deemed unphotogenic or could not adapt to Hollywood’s often different methods. Looking back, modern theatregoers would be grateful for any season whose successes ranged from the raucous comedy of The Front Page to the gripping drama of Street Scene, yet the often Cassandraic Burns Mantle spoke for many when he rued, “The legitimate theatre came a cropper this last season. I am without record of the number of times the report has been sent out from New York that ... the season of 1928-29 was, in very fact, the worst theatre season the Broadway stage has suffered within the memory of living playgoers.” In its annual summation the Times concurred, observing that the theatrical session had been “lamented up and down Broadway as the worst in many years.”
1933-1934
Authors: Bordman Gerald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cautious optimism was the note of the hour. A singularly dreary summer prompted Broadway’s incorrigible gaggle of keeners to wail that the theatre clearly was in its death throes. Then, in mid-September a spate of hits chased away the doom-criers. Business, too, began to look up however hesitantly. Although the happy pace of late September and early October was not maintained, by season’s end the record of new plays had not slipped further (Variety’s count was again 124), the proportion of flops had dropped slightly, and optimists sidled back into the driver’s seat.
1934-1935
Authors: Bordman Gerald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The new season, described in one end-of-year survey as “neither good nor bad,” saw the number of productions hold relatively steady for the third time in a row. Once again, depending on which survey was employed, somewhere between 101 and 110 new plays premiered. This led optimists to suggest that Broadway’s decline had ceased. Alas, the optimists were wrong. In the very next season, the plunge would resume and continue headlong until, down the road, some seasons would introduce fewer than thirty non-musical productions. The doleful state of the road should have hinted at problems ahead. Week after week Variety reported touring houses converting to films or simply closing, and plays folding out of town for lack of trade.
1941-1942
Authors: Bordman Gerald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the new season the count of novelties, which had been declining steadily for so many years, took a hopeful upward leap. Variety counted fifty-eight; the Times, fifty-seven. Of course, that was a far cry from the threedigit figures common in the twenties. The rising figure aside, the news was not good. Considerably fewer shows ran 100 performances or more-still a rule-ofthe-thumb indication of success. Worse, there was no gainsaying that quality plummeted. No outstanding serious drama emerged, the season’s hits consisting almost entirely of frothy comedies and thrillers. For the firstbut not the last-time, no play was considered worthy of a Pulitzer Prize or a New York Drama Critics Circle Award.
1954-1955
Authors: Bordman Gerald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the slump in the number of novelties offered to Broadway resumed-most sources this season agree-ing on a count of thirty-four—the news was not entirely gloomy. Despite the drop, no fewer than fifteen comedies and dramas traipsed beyond the once charmed 100- performance mark. That the charm had long since lost its potency was attested to by the fact that only nine of these wound up as commercial successes—repaying their original investments. More happily, the season was constantly and, in one way, surprisingly interesting. The surprise was the marked return to “good old fashioned theatre, toward rousing second acts, toward stately, plump Recognition Scenes.” Added to this was the on going “great resurgence” of Off Broadway.
1960-1961
Authors: Bordman Gerald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was n’t the best of seasons. “Depressing” and “bleak” were words that cropped up in assessments at the season’s end. The number of new plays continued to slide, and whether one accepted Variety’s figure of thirtythree or the Times’s twenty-nine, it represented the lowest total in living memory. Morever, so much of what was good in the season came from overseas. Apart from the first American appearance of Japan’s Grand Kabuki, which began a three-week stand at the City Center on June 2 and delighted critics with its exotically stylized presentations, the hot-weather months were unproductive. The City Center itself helped rekindle matters when it brought back the French pantomimist Marcel Marceau on September 6. He, too, was given a three-week engagement.