bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Report of the Secretary for the Board Meeting of February 1942
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
National Defense The National Office is becoming increasingly busy in its effort to see that the Negro is not discriminated against in the many phases of the National Defense program. The American Red Cross Much time during the past month has been devoted to efforts to have the American Red Cross accept Negroes as blood donors for wounded sailors and soldiers. In a letter to Dr. E. H. Alexander of New York City under date of December 30, S. Sloan Colt, Director of the Red Cross War Drive, stated, “The Red Cross is now able to obtain from white donors enough blood to keep all the processing plants.
“Faire Eliza’s Chaine”: Two Female Writers’ Literary Links to Queen Elizabeth I
Authors: Gim Lisa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Throughout Her Reign, Queen Elizabeth I functioned as a gender anomaly by occupying both male and female roles. Yet assessing her effect on the gender structures of the latter half of the sixteenth century is difficult for two reasons: first, because we cannot know the extent to which she fashioned her anomalous position; and second, because she did not intervene to better significantly the situation of women during her lifetime.1 To seventeenth-century women, however, Elizabeth clearly provided a provocative gender model. Because she had become a symbol of national pride and religious and political achievement, her exercise of public authority could not be simply dismissed. Moreover, her success in embodying a complex set of gender identities suggested that her accomplishments need not be seen merely as those of an exceptional woman. Instead, other women might seek to emulate her education and abilities even though they could not attain her political position. Accordingly, seventeenth-century female authors “rewrote” her not as the exception to her sex but as the paradigm-the woman whom Bathsua Makin termed “the Crown of all” women.
The Erotics of Female Friendship in Early Modern England
Authors: Andreadis Harrietts 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
recent investigations of early modern texts have begun to refine our understanding of a class of women and behaviors described by their contemporaries in ways that coincide with our modern ‘lesbian.’ We have yet to discover how the social and cultural descriptions of these persons and behaviors were formulated, nor do we know how these women themselves—apart from public representations of them—might have negotiated their desires toward each other. In this essay, I demonstrate that as sexual acts between women began to be identified by public discourse in the vernacular as transgressive, ‘respectable’ women— whose connections with each other might be read as "lesbian" today— developed a second, more sexually evasive yet erotically charged language of female friendship to describe female same-sex intimacy. I name this language of female friendship and intimacy a "double discourse" because its emergence parallels the publicly disseminated discourse of overt transgression; for it was the growing acknowledgment of female same-sex sexual behaviors in the public sphere and the corresponding opprobrium directed at them that made this double discourse possible.
Aemilia Lanyer and the Invention of White Womanhood
Authors: Bowen Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Woman,” IN THE late-capitalist United States at least, is a racial term. Some of the most powerful work of modern feminism has been devoted to revealing the correlation between race and womanhood that white supremacy must suppress; “all the women are white,” the title of a black feminist collection observed in 1982 (Hull et al.). Eve Sedgwick identifies as one of the two great “heuristic leaps” of feminism the recognition that all forms of oppression, though they are structured differently, “must intersect in complex embodiments” (Sedgwick, 1990, p. 33). Where patriarchy coexists and collaborates with white supremacy, “woman” silently encodes at least race, and possibly also class, age, sexuality, ethnicity, physical ability, even weight. Not all women are women. Even as feminists undertake a necessary deconstruction and historicizing of the category “women,’’1 the positioning of some women to reify the womanhood of others persists, with material consequences that become increasingly clear as we enter a global economy. While women of color and other feminists have made it possible to see the ways in which womanhood is epistemologically complicit with racism, it is perhaps surprising to find that the racialization of “women” was forecast as early as 16II, in one of the first published volumes of original verse by an English woman.
Unions, Liberals, and the State: Stalemate
Authors: Patterson James T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The song captured well the genuine pride and patnohsm of many wartime blue-collar workers in the United States. Just as the war helped to acculturate many first- and second-generation immigrants, it brought millions of Americans into a much-expanded work force, gave them meaningful jobs to do, and engaged them in a common effort against the enemy. The war virtually ended unemployment and led to considerable improvements in the average real wages of workers. Many of these workers gladly proclaimed their pride in 𡀜being an American.”
The Gospel According To John
Authors: Brodie Thomas L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This commentary expands Johannine studies in two directions. First, drawing on the methods of literary criticism, it gives new force to a view which is both ancient and modern—that John’s gospel, far from being a poorly-edited mixture of sometimes-conflicting traditions, is in fact a coherent unity, an account of Jesus which, however diverse its sources, is a finely-chiselled work of art. Second, it indicates that the unity of John’s gospel is founded ultimately not on history or theology but on spirituality. This too corresponds to a view which is both very old—John was always known as the spiritual gospel—and very recent. The present study spells out that idea in new detail. It indicates that the account of Jesus is so written that the tensions and complexities of the text reflect the tensions and complexities of human life, providing the reader not only with an account of Jesus but also with an anthropology—a map of the development of the human spirit.
Envy
Authors: Schimmel Solomon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Political scientists maintain that a major cause of international conflict is the envy and resenbnent felt by poorer nations towards wealthier ones. This was one reason why Iraq invaded Kuwait in August 1990. Saddam Hussein tried to capitalize on this envy and hatred and transform it into violent street protests by impoverished Arab masses against the oil-rich Gulf states and prosperous America.
Sloth
Authors: Schimmel Solomon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Arecurring anguish patients express to psychotherapists is that they feel no meaning or purpose in life. The loss of meaning can manifest itself in diverse ways. Some experience a general lethargy or lack of interest in formulating and pursuing long-term goals, or in severe cases, even short-term ones. The afflicted individual may neglect his responsibilities, whether to himself, his family, his community or, in the case of religious persons, to God. Feelings frequently associated with this syndrome are guilt and a sense of worthlessness, hopelessness, and sadness. When these feelings reach unbearable levels of intensity the individual may commit suicide.
Some therapists go so far as to consider the loss of a sense of meaning, often associated with a weakening of religious commitments, to be the main cause of much of modern man’s unhappiness. Carl Jung tells us:
The Cult Of Pure Crystal Mountain
Authors: Huber Toni 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Tibetan district of Tsari with its sacred snow-covered peak of Pure Crystal Mountain has long been a place of symbolic and ritual significance for Tibetan peoples. In this book, Toni Huber provides the first thorough study of a major Tibetan Buddhist pilgrimage center and cult mountain, and explores the esoteric and popular traditions of ritual there. The main focus is on the period of the 1940s and ‘50s, just prior to the 1959 Lhasa uprising and subsequent Tibetan diaspora into South Asia. Huber ’s work thus documents Tibetan life patterns and cultural traditions which have largely disappeared with the advent of Chinese colonial modernity in Tibet. In addition to the work ’s documentary content, Huber offers discussion and analysis of the construction and meaning of Tibetan cultural categories of space, place, and person, and the practice of ritual and organization of traditional society in relation to them.
Religions, Quasi Religions, And Secular Ideologies
Authors: Fitzgerald Timothy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In previous chapters I analyzed how two theorists of religion, Smart and Byrne, line up the Big Five members of the family of religions and then try to deal with the unhappy result of marginal cases. I tried to show the inherent weakness and confusion of the claim that religion is a valid cross cultural analytical concept, and I suggested that the problem stems from the unacknowledged persistence of theological determinations. In this chapter I will be looking mainly at two books, both of which attempt to make a distinction between ‘religion’ and something that is like religion but lacking in certain respects. The first author, John E. Smith, is concerned with what he calls quasi religions, for example humanism, Marxism, and nationalism. He makes the distinction between these and “religions proper” on the basis of a frankly theological principle, and he consistently organizes his material around that principle. The second author, Mark Juergensmeyer, assumes a distinction between religious and secular ideologies (for example between Islamic nationalism and western nationalism) but fails to raise the matter into theoretical clarity. Consequently his data is more confused and less interesting than the frankly theological approach of Smith. What I believe both books demonstrate is that ‘religion’ is not a sufficiently well articulated category to help us understand nationalism, humanism, or Marxism.
Problems Of The Category ‘ Religion’ In Japan
Authors: Fitzgerald Timothy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapters I argued that the idea of a relationship between religion and society as it has been formulated by religionists is a fallacy, since it assumes that these terms are logically equivalent and have a kind of equality that allows them, as entities, to be paired and joined together. I have argued throughout this book that these terms do not have such an equivalency, and that though there may be serious problems in conceptualizing any specific society, we would find it difficult to deny that humans are social, that they have social relations, and that in some significant sense humans live in societies. We cannot imagine any significant human meaning, experience, institution, or practice that is non-social. But the category religion does not possess any such logic in its use. The notion that religion and society are related but separate betrays an implication that ‘religion’ is something that might potentially exist independently, a priori, outside society, like a spirit or an essence or, alternatively, a ‘natural kind’ of non-social being that exists on its own plane but contingently at some points comes into contact with society, takes on a ‘social dimension’, or perhaps takes on the particular form of the culture and historical period within which it manifests itself. We observe ‘it’ through its social manifestations, its phenomena, behind which there is implied to be a non-social, non-historical noumenon.
The Critique Of ‘ Culture ‘ In Cultural Anthropology
Authors: Fitzgerald Timothy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I can only hope to briefly consider some outstanding issues, which Leed the kind of exhaustive discussion and argument impossible here. Though this book consists mainly of a critique of the concept of religion, it does also contain my proposal that scholars working within religion departments who do not have a theological agenda and who see their work as a critical humanistic inquiry should reconceptualize religious studies as cultural studies. For cultural studies I suggested a brief shorthand description: the analysis and interpretation of institutionalized values and their relation to the legitimation of power in specific societies. I suggested that such a broad description or definition ought to give expression to the already existing theoretical and methodological ties between research in religious studies and other schools within the humanities, such as cultural studies and social or cultural anthropology.
Introduction
Authors: Elwood Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The sixteenth century in europe was a revolutionary age. The dissi pation of religious consensus that resulted from the Reformation movements brought with it consequences for social and political life unforeseen by the designers of religious reform. Virtually everywhere the reforming ideas took hold, traditional hierarchies were called into question, existing social arrangements undermined, and both ecclesiastical and political institutions laid bare to attack. From the early 1520s to 1660 the first fires of modern political revolution swept across Europe. Insurrections large and small, all fueled by outbursts of religious controversy, sprang up in Germany, Scotland, the Low Countries, and England. In France, where religious wars consumed most of the last four decades of the century and destroyed a royal dynasty, revolutionary and civil strife seemed to many contemporary observers to be on the verge of reducing the nation to ashes.
The Catholic Riposte:Defenses of the Real Presence at the Beginning of the Religious Wars
Authors: Elwood Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the onset of the controversy over the eucharist in the mid-153os, Catholic leaders had been extremely critical not only of Reformed interpretaions and arguments but also of their habit of appealing to public opinion. By discussing complex and delicate theological matters in vernacular writings designed for a mass readership, they seemed to be placing the resolution of theological differences in the hands of an audience hardly equipped for the task. Without rescinding their condemnations of the Re formed tactics and despite a certain distaste for writing in French on theological issues, Catholic writers eventually were forced to adopt the very strategy Protestants had pioneered. By the early 1560s the need to stem the tide of Protestant propaganda successes provoked an extraordinarily large number of Catholic responses, in vernacular pamphlets and treatises, to the by now familiar Reformed claims regarding the Mass and the Holy Supper. New rhetorical methods were adopted for a literate readership attuned to some of the basic terms of the controversy. The controversial task required more than the sloppy caricature of the first defenses against the Protestant assault; the ideas of Calvin and his associates had to be taken seriously and refuted convincingly. Many points of attack were identified, from the shortcomings of Reformed hermeneutics to their misconstrual of christological doctrine. But on no issue were the Reformed more vulnerable than that of the political effect of their doctrine. Catholic controversialists concentrated their attention on presenting in the most vivid of terms the looming threat posed by the Reformed. Reformed teaching was portrayed as an incitement to social revolution and the authorized Catholic doctrine defended as the sole basis for the spiritual and material well-being of the French nation.
Maui
Authors: Leeming David Adams 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Maui’ the demigod was the sixth generation in descent from Niwa-reka and Mata-ora. His father was Makea-tutara, his mother Taranga, and there were born four sons and a daughter before Maui’ appeared. He was born prematurely as Taranga one day walked by the seashore; and she rolled up the unformed being in a wisp of her hair and cast it into the sea, lest it should become a malignant spirit through never having associated with kindly human kindred.
Moses
Authors: Leeming David Adams 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Now these are the names of the children of Israel, which came into Egypt; every man and his household came with Jacob. Reuben, Simeon, Levi, and Judah, Issachar, Zebulun, and Benjamin, Dan, and Naphtali, Gad, and Asher. And all the souls that came out of the loins of Jacob were seventy souls: for Joseph was in Egypt already. And Joseph died, and all his brethren, and all that generation. And the children of Israel were fruitful, and increased abundantly, and multiplied, and waxed exceeding mighty; and the land was filled with them.
Nana and Attis
Authors: Leeming David Adams 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Agdos rock-so the story runs--had assumed the shape of the Great Mother. [The Phrygian sky-god, Papas] ... fell asleep upon it. As he slept, or as he strove with the goddess, his semen fell upon the rock. In the tenth month the Agdos rock bellowed and brought forth an untamable, savage being, of twofold sex and twofold lust, named Agdistis. With cruel joy Agdistis plundered, murdered and destroyed whatever it chose, cared for neither gods nor men, and held nothing mightier on earth or in heaven than itself. The gods often consulted together as to how this insolence could be tamed. When they all hesitated, Dionysos took over the task.
Coatlicue and Huitzilopochtli
Authors: Leeming David Adams 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The myth of the birth of Huitzilopochtli ... throws light upon the character of the divinity. His mother, Coatlicue (“She of the Serpent-Woven Skirt”), dwelling on Coatepec (“Serpent Mountain”), had a family consisting of a daughter, Coyolxauhqui (“She whose Face is Painted with Bells”), and of many sons, known coUectively as the Centzonuitznaua (“the Four Hundred Southerners”). One day, while doing penance upon the mountain, a ball of feathers fell upon her, and having placed this in her bosom; it was observed, shortly afterward, that she was pregnant.
Isis and Horus
Authors: Leeming David Adams 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While she fluttered in the form of a hawk over the corpse of her dead husband [Osiris]. The infant was the younger Horus, who in his youth bore the name of Harpocrates, that is, the child Horus. Him Buto, the goddess of the north, hid from the wrath of his wicked uncle Set. Yet she could not guard him from all mishap; for one day when Isis came to her little son’s hiding-place she found him stretched life-less and rigid on the ground: a scorpion had stung him. Then Isis prayed to the sun-god Ra for help.
Myrrha and Adonis
Authors: Leeming David Adams 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The story of the lord and loved one of the great Goddess of Love was connected-amongst us, and presumably also in the eastern countries where it was adopted, in Syria, Cyprus and Asia Minor-with the story of a tree, of that Arabian shrub whose strongly fragrant gum the peoples of antiquity prized. The gum was called “myrrh” or “smyrna.”
King Arthur
Authors: Leeming David Adams 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Arthur, though only fifteen years old at his father’s death, was elected king at a general meeting of the nobles. It was not done without opposition, for there were many ambitious competitors; but Bishop Brice, a per son of great sanctity, on Christmas eve addressed the assembly and represented that it would well become them, at that solemn season, to put up their prayers for some token which should manifest the intentions of Providence respecting their future sovereign.
Joan Of Arc
Authors: Leeming David Adams 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
St Joan was in her fourteenth year when she experienced the earliest of those supernatural manifestations which were to lead her through the path of patriotism to death at the stake. At first it was a single voice addressing her apparently from near by, and accompanied by a blaze of light: after-wards, as the voices increased in number, she was able to see her inter locutors whom she identified as St Michael, St Catherine, St Margaret and others.
Moses
Authors: Leeming David Adams 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
And he said unto Moses, Come up unto the LORD, thou, and Aaron, Nadab, and Abihu, and seventy of the elders of Israel; and worship ye afar off. And Moses alone shall come near the LORD: but they shall not come nigh; neither shall the people go up with him. And Moses came and told the people all the words of the LORD, and all the judgments: and all the people answered with one voice, and said, All the words which the LORD hath said will we do.
Percival
Authors: Leeming David Adams 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After Percival had ridden a long way he came to the castle of Gurnemann, an elderly man and a brave warrior. The old chief asked the youth to come in and spend the night under his roof, and Percival accepted the invitation with pleasure. He was so taken with his host’s kindly manner, that before the evening was over he felt drawn to tell him of his mother and all his adventures since he had left her. Gurnemann persuaded the lad to remain with him for some time, and began to teach him how to become a true knight and hero.
Theseus And Ariadne
Authors: Leeming David Adams 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is a matter of dispute whether Medea persuaded Aegeus to send Theseus against Poseidon’s ferocious white bull, or whether it was after her expulsion from Athens that he undertook the destruction of this fire breathing monster, hoping thereby to ingratiate himself further with the Athenians. Brought by Heracles from Crete, let loose on the plain of Argos, and driven thence across the Isthmus to Marathon, the bull had killed men by the hundred between the cities of Probalinthus and Tricoryn thus, including (some say) Minos’s son Androgeus.
Dionysos (Dionysus)
Authors: Leeming David Adams 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The vengeance of Hera caught up with Dionysus during his youth and he went mad. He ran away from his nurses and wandered through Egypt, Syria, and other lands. Some say that he went to Dodona in order to consult the oracle there, and perhaps also because, according to this tale, his nurses had originally come from there. Two asses who carried the god across the river were rewarded by being placed in the stars. To one of them the god gave a human voice, which may later have led to his death at the hands of Dionysus’ son Priapus.
The Summer Of Life
Authors: Leeming David Adams 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many of the better-known quest-labor stories are not included in this col lection because of their great length. These stories-epics for the most part-had best be read in full. The seminal quest story is Homer’s Odyssey, which has modern counterparts in James Joyce’s Ulysses and Nikos Kazantzakis’s The Odyssey: A Modern Sequel.
Tammuz And Inanna (Ishtar)
Authors: Leeming David Adams 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the religious literature of Babylonia Tammuz appears as the youthful spouse or lover of Ishtar, the great mother goddess, the embodiment of the reproductive energies of nature. The references to their connexion with each other in myth and ritual are both fragmentary and obscure, but we gather from them that Tammuz was believed to die, passing away from the cheerful earth to the gloomy subterranean world, and that his divine mistress journeyed in quest of him “to the land from which there is no returning, to the house of darkness, where dust lies on door and bolt.”