bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Heat transfer in high‐aspect‐ratio rectangular passage with skewed ribs
Authors: Okamura Takanari , Koga Akinori , Kawagishi Hiroyuki 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe heat transfer characteristics and flow behavior in a rectangular passage with two opposite 45° skewed ribs for turbine rotor blade have been investigated for Reynolds numbers from 7800 to 19,000. In this blade, the spanwise coolant passage at the trailing edge region whose thickness is very thin is chosen, so the channel aspect ratio (=width/height of channel) is extremely high, 4.76. Therefore the heat transfer experiment in the high‐aspect‐ratio cooling channel was performed using thermochromic liquid crystal and thermocouples. Furthermore, the calculation of flow and heat transfer was carried out using CFD analysis code to understand the heat transfer experimental results. The enhanced heat transfer coefficients on the smooth side wall at the rib's leading end were the same level as those on the rib‐roughened walls. © 2002 Scripta Technica, Heat Trans Asian Res, 31(2): 89–104, 2002; DOI 10.1002/htj.10018
Heat transfer for Marangoni‐driven boundary layer flow
Authors: Christopher David M. , Wang Buxuan 
Published: September 2002

AbstractMarangoni convection induced by variation of the surface tension with temperature along a surface influences crystal growth melts and other processes with liquid–vapor interfaces, such as boiling in both microgravity and normal gravity in some cases. This paper presents the Nusselt number for Marangoni flow over a flat surface calculated using a similarity solution for both the momentum equations and the energy equation assuming developing boundary layer flow along a surface. Solutions are presented for the surface velocity, the total flow rate, and the Nusselt number for various temperature profiles, Marangoni numbers, and Prandtl numbers. For large bubbles, the predicted boundary layer thickness would be less than the bubble diameter, so the curvature effects could be neglected and this analysis could be used as a first estimate of the effect of Marangoni flow around a vapor bubble. © 2002 Scripta Technica, Heat Trans Asian Res, 31(2): 105–116, 2002; DOI 10.1002/htj.10019
Past expectations, present disappointments, future hopes or psychopathology as the rate‐limiting step of progress in psychopharmacology
Authors: Van Praag H. M 
Published: September 2002

AbstractIn 1974 I published a paper in which we predicted that biological depression research would lead to new, innovative antidepressants, to more sophisticated prescription of antidepressants and ultimately to ‘functional psychopharmacology’. These expectations have not materialized. The reasons why are discussed and the conclusion is reached that there are reasons to believe that, belated, they will come true. I consider it no bold venture to uphold them. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & sons, Ltd.
How valuable are animal models in defining antidepressant activity?
Authors: Bourin M , Fiocco A. J , Clenet F 
Published: September 2002

AbstractAnimal models of depression have been utilised to screen novel compounds with antidepressant potential although uncertainty lingers concerning their clinical relevance. In order for a model to be considered of any value, it must possess predictive validity (does drug action in the model correspond to that in the clinic?), face validity (are there phenomenological similarities between the model and the clinic?) and construct validity (does the model possess a strong theoretical rationale?). On the one hand, there are models based on stress such as the learned helplessness model, the forced swimming test and the chronic mild stress model and, on the other hand, models based on neuronal deficits such as the olfactory bulbectomy model. To date, among models more frequently used in depression, none of them meet all these criteria. Moreover, improvements to tests are often poorly validated and estimating time of onset of action of antidepressants remains a major challenge in animal model research. Finally, reproducing the tests outside the laboratory of origin continues to be problematic and leads to variability in results. Although animal models of depression fail to be unequivocally valid, they represent the best tool to define potential antidepressant activity of drugs, to investigate their mechanism of action and, to a greater extent, explore this complex heterogeneous illness. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Imidazoline receptors: possible involvement in the pathophysiology and treatment of depression
Authors: Halaris Angelos , Piletz John E 
Published: September 2002

AbstractImidazoline receptors (IR), a novel family of non‐adrenergic receptors, are present in brain, especially the limbic system, and platelets among other organs. Their functions include central mediation of blood pressure control and possibly modulation of affective symptomatology. Studies of unipolar depressed patients have revealed consistent up‐regulation of the I1 subtype on the platelet. Treatment with cyclic antidepressants is accompanied by down‐regulation in responders. Treatment with the non‐cyclic bupropion produced similar findings. Studies of human post‐mortem brain show changes in depressed subjects but the protein fragments assessed are of different molecular weights than in the platelet. Plasma agmatine is believed to be a putative endogenous ligand for I receptors. Thus, IR may be useful state markers of affective disorders. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Are CRF receptor antagonists potential antidepressants?
Authors: O'Brien Donna , Skelton Kelly H , Owens Michael J , Nemeroff Charles B 
Published: September 2002

AbstractCorticotropin‐releasing factor (CRF) is the major regulator of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis, and plays a key role in coordinating the endocrine, as well as autonomic and behavioral responses of an organism to stress. Direct CNS administration of CRF to laboratory animals produces an aggregate of effects that mimic the mammalian stress response. Impeding CRF function with CNS administration of a peptidergic CRF antagonist can block these manifestations of the stress response whether produced by exogenous CRF or occurring naturally in response to a stressor. A role for hypersecretion of CRF in the pathophysiology of depression is suggested by the finding that CNS administration of CRF mirrors many of the signs and symptoms utilized as diagnostic criteria for major depression. In addition, a large body of clinical evidence points to excess hypothalamic secretion of CRF and an accompanying HPA axis hyperactivity in patients with major depression. The recent development of selective, small molecule CRF1 receptor antagonists, which block the effects of CRF both in vitro and in vivo, suggest that these compounds may be effective in the treatment of affective and anxiety disorders. Early evidence indicates that these agents possess anxiolytic and antidepressant activity in animal behavioral models. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novel approaches to the treatment of depression by modulating the hypothalamic – pituitary – adrenal axis
Authors: Dinan TimothyG 
Published: September 2002

AbstractMany patients with major depression show evidence of over‐activation of the hypothalamic – pituitary – adrenal axis (HPA), as evidenced by hypercortisolism and adrenal hyperplasia. Such over‐activity is associated with increased corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) reactivity in the CSF and blunted release of ACTH in response to CRF infusion. Recent evidence suggests a switch from CRF to AVP regulation of the axis during depression, with depressed patients showing enhanced response to ddAVP infusion. The HPA provides multiple potential sites for antidepressant development. The use of glucocorticoid antagonists, cortisol synthesis inhibitors, CRF and AVP antagonists have been suggested. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dose‐response effects of zaleplon as compared with triazolam (0·25 mg) and placebo in chronic primary insomnia
Authors: Drake Christopher L , Roehrs Timothy A , Mangano Richard M , Roth Thomas 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe effects of two nights of treatment with the short‐acting benzodiazepine receptor agonist zaleplon, triazolam, or placebo was assessed in chronic primary insomniacs using two concurrent, multi‐center, randomized, double‐blind, Latin Square crossover studies. Study 1 (n = 47) compared zaleplon (10 and 40 mg) to triazolam (0·25 mg) and placebo. Study 2 (n = 36) compared zaleplon (20 and 60 mg) to triazolam (0·25 mg) and placebo. For each study, polysomnographically recorded sleep parameters and patient reports of sleep quality were collected during baseline and two consecutive nights during the four treatment phases in each study. All doses of zaleplon produced significant decreases in latency to persistent sleep. Although no minimally effective dose could be determined, dose‐response effects were apparent. Triazolam 0·25 mg produced a decrease in latency to persistent sleep that was comparable to that of zaleplon 10 mg. Only the triazolam dose and the 60 mg dose of zaleplon produced significant increases in total sleep time over placebo. Zaleplon 40 and 60 mg and triazolam produced decreases in the percentage of REM sleep compared to placebo. Patient reports of efficacy were consistent with objective findings. In addition, all doses of zaleplon tended to increase while triazolam decreased the percentage of stage 3/4 sleep. There was no evidence of residual daytime impairment for any of the zaleplon doses, however, triazolam administration produced significant impairment in performance on a digit copying test. A higher number of adverse events were seen with the 40 and 60 mg doses of zaleplon compared to triazolam (0·25) and placebo. At higher doses, zaleplon is more effective than triazolam at reducing latency to persistent sleep in chronic insomnia and is not associated with the decrease in slow‐wave sleep or residual impairment observed with triazolam. However, increases in total sleep time were apparent only at doses which produced concomitant increases in the number of adverse events. In contrast, triazolam (0·25 mg) produced increases in total sleep time (˜25 min) and decreases in latency to persistent sleep at a dose of 0·25 mg. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Habitual caffeine consumption and its relation to memory, attention, planning capacity and psychomotor performance across multiple age groups
Authors: Hameleers P. A. H. M , Van Boxtel M. P. J , Hogervorst E , Riedel W. J , Houx P. J , Buntinx F , Jolles J 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe present study evaluated the association between habitual caffeine intake via coffee and tea and cognitive performance. This was done as part of a larger research programme into the determinants of cognitive ageing (the Maastricht Aging Study: MAAS). Possible withdrawal effects that may have explained in part the positive association between performance and intake in an earlier study were controlled for. In addition, all cognitive tests in this study were administered under strict laboratory conditions. A group of 1875 healthy adults, stratified for age (range 24 – 81 years), sex, and general ability, were screened for habitual intake of coffee and tea and took part in extensive cognitive testing. Multiple regression analysis with control for age, sex, socio‐demographic variables, and substance use showed that habitual caffeine consumption was significantly related to better long‐term memory performance and faster locomotor speed. No relationships were found between habitual caffeine consumption and short‐term memory, information processing, planning, and attention as measured with the Stroop Test. Moreover, no difference in sensitivity to caffeine intake between different age groups was found, suggesting that caffeine intake did not counteract age‐related cognitive decline. Several recommendations are made to improve the design of future studies in this field. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fenfluramine challenge in anxious children
Authors: Sallee Floyd R , Vrindavanam Nandagopal S , Liu Hong , Sethuraman Gopalan , Sine Lauren 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe study objective was to determine if serotonergic challenge with oral racemic fenfluramine would differentiate between childhood anxiety disorders in comparison to normal controls. Subjects were 24 children with anxiety diagnoses (DSM‐IIIR) by structured interview, and 14 normal controls (ages 7 – 14 years) matched for age and sex. All subjects were given a standard challenge dose of d,1‐fenfluramine (1 mg/kg) followed by serial assessments of cardiovascular, neurohormonal, and mood parameters over a five hour period. In response to fenfluramine, controls demonstrated increases in subjective anxiety and systolic blood pressure relative to anxious subjects. Fenfluramine was safely tolerated and did not induce panic symptoms in any subject. Exaggerated prolactin response to fenfluramine differentiated an obsessive – compulsive disorder (OCD) subset from both controls and other anxiety disorders. Fenfluramine challenge differentiates anxious children from healthy controls by elevated anxiety ratings and systolic blood pressure in controls. Increased prolactin response to fenfluramine discriminates children with obsessive – compulsive disorder from both healthy children and children with other anxiety diagnoses. As adults with OCD appear to demonstrate a blunted prolactin response to fenfluramine challenge, the serotonin pathways involved may differ between ‘early’ and ‘late’ onset disorder, or the serotonin substrates tapped by this challenge may change over time. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Moxonidine versus placebo as an aid in smoking cessation
Authors: Levine Louise R , Tonneson Philip , Wennike Poul , Faries Douglas 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThis study assessed the effects of moxonidine as an aid in smoking cessation in 166 heavily addicted smokers who were motivated to quit smoking completely. Recruitment was via advertisement. Patients were randomly allocated to receive double‐blind placebo or moxonidine (0·1 mg once or twice daily) for 6 weeks. Brief counseling was provided. An encouragement letter was sent prior to the quit date. Success was defined as not smoking any cigarettes during weeks 3 – 6, an expired carbon monoxide level of < 10 ppm, and a plasma cotinine level of < 25 ng/ml. The study failed to demonstrate a statistically significant effect for moxonidine on either nicotine withdrawal symptoms or smoking cessation. Reported side effects were not different with moxonidine than with placebo, however. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Serum trace elements in animal models and human depression: Part III. Magnesium. Relationship with copper
Authors: Zieba Andrzej , Kata Renata , Dudek Dominika , Schlegel‐zawadzka Malgorzata , Nowak Gabriel 
Published: September 2002

AbstractIn the present study we report the results of investigations into the serum magnesium levels in a clinical study of 19 patients with unipolar depression; 16 normal controls and in three animal models of depression: chronic severe stress (CSS), chronic mild stress (CMS) and olfactory bulbectomy (OB) in rats. There was no alteration in the values found in the rat models of depression. Unipolar depressed patients exhibit significantly lower serum magnesium levels than the appropriate controls (depression 19·1±2·2 mg/l; control 21·0 mg/l). There is no correlation between serum magnesium levels and the severity of depression. A significant positive correlation between serum magnesium/copper ratio and the severity of depression indicates a clear relationship between alterations of the homeostasis of these two ions in human depression. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigating mechanisms of stormflow generation by natural tracers and hydrometric data: a small catchment study in the Black Forest, Germany
Authors: Hangen E. , Lindenlaub M. , Leibundgut Ch. , von Wilpert K. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe importance and interaction of various hydrological pathways and identification of runoff source areas involved in solute transport are still under considerable debate in catchment hydrology. To reveal stormflow generating areas and flow paths, hydrometric behaviour of throughfall, soil water from various depths, runoff, and respective concentrations of the environmental tracers 18O, Si, K, SO4 and dissolved organic carbon were monitored for a 14‐week period in a steep headwater catchment in the Black Forest Mountains, Germany.Two stormflow hydrographs were selected and, based on 18O and Si, chemically separated into three flow components. Their sources were defined using mixing diagrams. Additional information about stormflow generating mechanisms was derived from recession analyses of the basin's complete 5‐year hydrograph record. By providing insight into storage properties and residence times of outflowing reservoirs of the basin, recession analysis proved to be a valuable tool in runoff model conceptualization. Its results agreed well with hydrometric and hydrochemical data. Supported by evaluation of 30 hillslope soil profiles a coherent concept of stormflow generation could be derived: whereas in many steeply sloped basins in the temperate region soil water from hillslopes appears to have an immediate effect on the shape of the stormflow hydrograph, its role at this basin is basically restricted to the recharge of the groundwater reservoir in the near‐channel area. Storm hydrograph peaks appear to be derived from a small direct runoff component supplemented by a fast delivery of baseflow from the groundwater reservoir in the valley bottom. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The impact of peat harvesting and natural regeneration on the water balance of an abandoned cutover bog, Quebec
Authors: Van Seters Tim E. , Price Jonathan S. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractHarvested sites rarely return to functional ecosystems after abandonment because drainage and peat extraction lower the water table and expose relatively decomposed peat, which is hydrologically unsuitable for Sphagnum moss re‐establishment. Some natural regeneration of Sphagnum has occurred in isolated pockets on traditionally harvested (block‐cut) sites, for reasons that are poorly understood, but are related to natural functions that regulate runoff and evaporation. This study evaluates the water balance of a naturally regenerated cutover bog and compares it with a nearby natural bog of similar size and origin, near Riviere du Loup, Quebec. Water balance results indicated that evapotranspiration was the major water loss from the harvested bog, comprising 92 and 84% of total outputs (2·9 mm day−1) during the 1997 and 1998 seasons, respectively. Despite denser tree cover at the harvested site, evapotranspiration from the natural bog was similar, although less spatially variable. At the harvested site, evaporative losses ranged from 1·9 mm day−1 on raised baulks and roads to 3·6 mm day−1 from moist surfaces with Sphagnum. Although about half of the ditches were inactive or operating at only a fraction of their original efficiency, runoff was still significant at 12 and 24% of precipitation during the 1997 and 1998 study seasons, respectively. This compares with negligible rates of runoff at the natural bog. Thus the cutover bog, although abandoned over 25 years ago, has not regained its hydrological function. This is both a cause and effect of its inability to support renewed Sphagnum regeneration. Without suitable management (e.g. blocking ditches), this site is not likely to improve for a very long time. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The cycle of instability: stress release and fissure flow as controls on gully head retreat
Authors: Collison A. J. C. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractGully head and wall retreat has commonly been attributed to fluvial scour and head collapse as a result of soil saturation, sapping or piping. The empirical evidence to substantiate these conceptual models is sparse, however, and often contradictory. This paper explores the hydrological and mechanical controls on gully head and wall stability by modelling the hydrology, stability and elastic deformation of a marl gully complex in Granada Province, south‐east Spain. The hydrological and slope‐stability simulations show that saturated conditions can be reached only where preferential fissure flow channels water from tension cracks into the base of the gully head, and that vertical or subvertical heads will be stable unless saturation is achieved. Owing to the high unsaturated strengths of marl measured in this research, failure in unsaturated conditions is possible only where the gully head wall is significantly undercut. Head retreat thus requires the formation of either a tension crack or an undercut hollow. Finite‐element stress analysis of eroding slopes reveals a build up of shear stress at the gully head base, and a second stress anomaly just upslope of the head wall. Although tension cracks on gully heads have often been attributed to slope unloading, this research provides strong evidence that the so called ‘sapping hollow’ commonly found in the gully headwall base is also a function of stress release. Although further research is needed, it seems possible that ‘pop out’ failures in river channels may be caused by the same process. The hydrological analysis shows that, once a tension crack has developed, throughflow velocity in the gully headwall will increase by an order of magnitude, promoting piping and enlargement of this weakened area. It is, therefore, possible to envisage a cycle of gully expansion in which erosion, channel incision or human action unloads the slope below a gully head, leading to stress patterns that account for the tension crack and a stress‐release hollow. The tension crack promotes faster throughflow, encouraging hollow enlargement and piping, which undercut the gully head. The tension crack permits the development of positive pore‐water pressures behind the gully head, leading either to failure or contributing to toppling. Finally the debris may be eroded by fluvial action, unloading a new section of slope and completing the cycle of gully head retreat. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.