bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Unfinished and Unfishable World: Self-Esteem, the Achievement Ethic, and the Call to Heroism
Authors: Lipman-Blumen Jean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Within our contradiction-riddled world, we confront an acute di lemma, a dilemma stemming from the frustrations of our human condition. We exist in a physical body destined for the ash heap, while our spirit craves a different destiny, that is, eternal life. Rationally, we recognize there is no hope that our bodies can live forever, so we reach instead for symbolic immortality: living on in the minds of future generations. To be worthy of such symbolic immortality, we know, we must do or be something that exceeds the limits of ordinary human achievement, something truly heroic. An Albert Einstein, a Marie Curie, a William Shakespeare, an Abraham Lincoln, a Martin Luther King, Jr., a Susan B. Anthony, a Mohandas K. Gandhi-all continue to have a powerful presence for generations unborn during their lifetimes.
Pushing Nontoxic Leaders Over the Line
Authors: Lipman-Blumen Jean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we’ll meet three varieties of followers-benign followers, the leader’s entourage, and malevolent followers-whose actions and needs can push nontoxic leaders over the line. These three types of followers can help to sustain established toxic leaders as well, but that is not our interest here.
what are our choices? how can we deal with toxic leaders?
Authors: Lipman-Blumen Jean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The challenge of this book has been twofold: first, to understand why we follow toxic leaders, and second, to determine how to free ourselves from their grasp, be it bare-knuckled or suede-gloved. This chapter focuses on the second of those concerns: how and what we, as individuals and groups, can do both to avoid seduction and to stand up to toxic leadership.
Looking into the Void Zero Copula in the Creole Mesolect
Authors: Mcwhorter John h. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In their investigations of the copula in English-based creole continua of the Caribbean in the 1970s, various scholars documented that the copula in these creoles manifested itself in a wide range of forms according to (1) type of following complement and (2) level ofregister within the continuum (Stewart 1969, Bickerton 1973, Fasold 1976, Holm 1984, Rickford 1979, Baugh 1980). Among various patterns replicated in several studies of various creoles, it was shown that when preceding an NP, the copula is manifested overtly in the basilect (as do, na, or a), as well as in the upper mesolect and acrolect (as the standard English-modeled iz or waz), but as zero in the lower mesolect. These studies have sparked fruitful debates on issues such as the nature of polylectal competence, targeted language change, and the creole origins of African-American Vernacular English (henceforth AAVE).
Shareholder Value, Corporate Governance, and Corporate Performance: A Post-Enron Reassessment of the Conventional Wisdom
Authors: Blair Margaret M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first two years of the 21st century have been a sobering time for scholars and policymakers interested in corporate governance. As recently as two years ago, leading corporate scholars were prepared to declare that history was over in the on going debate about what corporate governance systems produce the best long-term out-comes for society. Yale law professor Henry Hansmann and Harvard law professor Reinier Kraakman (2000) told us that the evidence was in, and that Anglo-Saxon-style market capitalism and shareholder primacy had proven itself to be the only system that could produce sustained economic growth.
Portfolio Investment in Emerging Markets: An Investor’s Perspective
Authors: Johnston Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The issue of corporate governance reform in emerging markets has recently become one of the most discussed topics in financial circles. It’s understandable that today’s academics, business people, investors, economists, and policymakers are eager to help emerging markets improve their standards of corporate governance. The most up-to-date research has shown that, particularly in emerging-market nations, improvements in corporate governance can lead to much greater equity valuation for individual countries. Since access to capital is a significant factor in growth, better corporate governance standards may play a significant role in helping the world’s newest market economies realize their full economic potential.
Corporate Governance: Responsibilities of Fund Managers and Institutional Investors
Authors: Mobius Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term corporate governance has come to mean many things to many people. To some it concerns the behavior of corporations in their community regarding the environment, treatment of child labor in developing countries, and so on. To investors, fund managers, and investment managers, it has a very specific meaning: how companies treat shareholders, particularly minority shareholders. We, as investors, are less concerned about the relationship and interaction amongst managers, board directors, employees, clients, and the community at large and more interested in the relationship between the company and its shareholders.
Corporate Governance in Mainland China: Where Do We Go From Here?
Authors: Neoh Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The essential question facing corporate governance in developed economies is whether a board of directors can be expected to devise and operate a system of management of the affairs of a corporation so as to protect the interests of all internal actors (such as shareholders and employees) and external actors (such as creditors and the public interest). Implicit in this question is the concept of a separate corporate existence; in other words, the existence of a corporation as a separate body capable of acting in its own right, separate from the providers of capital, who enjoy equal protection under the law. This implicit assumption is one that has only recently arrived in mainland of China, which explains why ideas of corporate governance formed in developed economies do not readily find direct application in the mainland economy.
Corporate Values, Enterprise Risk, and the Board
Authors: Phillips Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When it comes to the state of world capitalism, something is rotten. Some assert that all the pistons in the economic engine are working; that this is all to do with the bursting of the tech bubble and the inevitable excesses associated with a long bull market. Others shout from the side streets that the global markets are keeping the small person down, catapulting the rich, the greedy, and the amoral to dizzier heights of wealth. Naturally, there is no easy answer. What can be said, however, is this: there is a well-reported crisis of world capitalism under way. We cannot hold a meeting of international business leaders without demonstrators in the streets outside. The leaders of some of our largest corporations are accused of abuse of their office for personal gain.
The History of English and Sources of English Vocabulary
Authors: Denning Keith , Kessler Brett , Leben William R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter looks at the major historical events that have shaped the English language. We pay special attention to the development of our native Germanic vocabulary and to the forces that introduced massive numbers of foreign elements, especially from Latin, Greek, and French. The richness of this combination makes English vocabulary distinctive among the languages that originated in Europe.
Morphology: Analyzing Complex Words
Authors: Denning Keith , Kessler Brett , Leben William R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By and large, the words we deal with in this course are complex. Unlike such simplex words as eat, pray, cone, and people, complex words are built from two or more morphological components (also called constituents or simply parts), as the following list illustrates: From such examples we can see that there is no simple relation between sounds and morphological components. A component is often a syllable, but even a one-syllable word may have more than one component (warmth), and sometimes a component has more than one syllable (elephant). Something is clearly going on here beyond merely counting syllables or sounds.
That Man As Lawyer
Authors: Jackson Robert H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While Roosevelt was labeled a Wall Street lawyer at the time of his debut in politics as a New York State senator, it is plain that he was born for politics, not for the law. I doubt if he ever liked the drudgery and detail of the law, and he was always impatient of the slow and exacting judicial process.
His attitude toward the law and the lawyers was indicated by his preference in 1931 for Raymond Moley, a political scientist, rather than a lawyer, as head of the New York commission to investigate the administration of justice. It was also clear when the Walter-Logan bill1 was passed by Congress in 1940 and he asked me to prepare a veto message. There were many defects of a rather technical character in the bill. It carried some unintended consequences. I outlined these in a letter to him and he attached it to his veto message. But the message itself spoke strongly in favor of the administrative process as against the more legalistic rules applied in judicial review. The Walter-Logan bill represented the way lawyers felt about administrative agencies. Congress had gone to extremes and would have destroyed the administrative process. All of this was gone over with Roosevelt carefully and the veto message reflected his own attitude.
Fischer Black on Valuation: The CAPM in General Equilibrium
Authors: Lehmann Bruce N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sitting before me is a copy of A Bibliography of Finance by Richard Brealey and Helen Edwards, which lists 12,037 papers on financial economics published in approximately 120 journals sorted into 40 subject areas. It lists 26 papers written by Fischer Black, covering 14 of those categories. Several papers could have easily been sorted into eight additional subject areas, bringing Black’s coverage up to 22 categories. Papers by Fischer published after 1989, those omitted from the bibliography because they were published as book chapters, and his two books increase the coverage to 29 subject areas. Perusal of my incomplete copies of his two self-published series of papers entitled Fischer Black on Markets and Fischer Black on Options adds three more categories for a grand total of 32. The eight uncovered subject areas are (1) social responsibility, (2) new securities issues, (3) splits and stock dividends, (4) leasing and project finance, (5) working capital, (6) mergers and corporate restructuring, (7) regulated industries, and (8) other speculative markets. I am sure I have overlooked work by Fischer devoted to some of these topics as well, particularly the last three areas.
Fischer Black’s Contributions to Corporate Finance
Authors: Myers Stewart C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fischer Black’s impact on corporate finance is insufficiently noticed. He did not specialize in that subject, and the fame of “Black–Scholes” has drawn attention from his broader contributions. But Fischer was co-author of the most influential early test of the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM), now probably the most widely used tool for estimating the opportunity cost of capital and valuing risky real assets. The CAPM is not essential to the now-accepted framework of corporate finance—any linear asset pricing model works—but it made that framework accessible and, at least in principle, implementable.
Exploring a Two-Factor, Markovian, Lognormal Model of the Term Structure of Interest Rates
Authors: Richard Scott F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to better understand two-factor, Markovian, lognormal models of the term structure of interest rates. This class of models is useful in valuing and hedging fixed-income securities. As such, we find it a valuable tool in managing fixed-income portfolios. The one-factor, Markovian, lognormal model of the instantaneous interest rate first appeared in Dothan (1978). The model became useful and popular because of the binomial tree solution invented by Black, Derman, and Toy (1990) (BDT). In the models of both Dothan and BDT, the logarithm of the short rate follows a random walk and does not mean-revert. The lack of mean reversion makes it difficult for the model to price interest rate options such as caps and swaptions. To remedy this problem, Black and Karasinski (1991) extended the binomial tree in BDT to include mean reversion.
Convexity and Empirical Option Costs of Mortgage Securities
Authors: Breeden Douglas T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The option to prepay is the main focus of researchers in mortgage securities, as it is extremely important for both hedging and valuation. The firstorder effect of prepayments is to shorten the lives of mortgages, thereby reducing their effective durations and price elasticities with respect to iterest rates. While researchers at major brokerage houses differ significantly in forecasting the effective durations of various fixed-rate mortgage coupons, on average their forecasts for standard fixed-rate mortgages are closely related to subsequent empirical durations (see Breeden 1994). Their forecasts of effective durations for interest-only strips vary hugely, by contrast, and are highly inaccurate forecasts of subsequent price elasticities. The risks of interest-only strips are extremely difficult to forecast, despite the major talent and resources that investment banks have devoted to research on mortgage securities. Errors in these risk estimates may have contributed to the many well-publicized losses in derivative mortgage securities in 1992–1995.
A Theory Of Customary International Law
Authors: Goldsmith Jack L , Posner Eric A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Customary international law is typically defined as the general and consistent practices of states that they follow from a sense of legal obligation (Restatement 1987, § 102[2]). This definition contains two elements: there must be a widespread and uniform practice of states, and states must engage in the practice out of a sense of legal obligation. This second requirement, often referred to as opiniojuris, is the central concept of customary international law. Because opinio juris refers to the reason a state acts in accordance with a behavioral regularity, it is often described as the “psychological” element of customary international law (Brownlie 1960, 7–9; D’Amato 1971, 47–55, 66–73). Opinio juris is what distinguishes a state act done out of interest or comity from one that a state performs because it is required to do so by law. Courts and scholars say that a long-standing practice among states “ripens” or “hardens” into customary international law when it becomes accepted by states as legally binding (The Paquete Habana 1900, 686).
Walden Wood Was My Forest Walk (1855–1861)
Authors: Maynard W Barksdale 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his new publication, Walden, Thoreau had achieved an extraordinary biography of place, so skillfully that he eventually garnered immortality for “Walden” as book, pond, and back-to-nature idea, all three. As Robert Frost once said of Thoreau’s masterpiece, “Think of the success of a man’s pulling himself together under one one-word title. Enviable!” The fame of the text and its writer continues almost inexorably to grow; according to scholar Joel Myerson, “Today, Walden is arguably the most widely translated and available book by an American author.” Researchers have published “well over one hundred articles and sections of books dealing solely with Walden,” plus full-length monographs, to make a low estimate.
What Every True Republican Ought to Depend On rejecting judicial supremacy
Authors: Kramer Larry D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With the benefit of hindsight, we can find seeds of a more ambitious theory of judicial power as early as the late 1780s, an argument that would before long blossom into the modern idea of judicial supremacy. Federalism was from the first a reaction to the popularizing, equalizing social and political effects of the Revolution: a rejection of the volatile style of politics that Revolutionary leaders had practiced against England in the 1760s and an effort to preserve the tradition of deference and the social order it implied. Somewhat muted in the 1780s, this conservatism became increasingly pronounced as time passed. Federalists were never really monarchists, as Jefferson charged, but the “democracy” they believed in was “a patrician-led classical democracy in which ‘virtue exemplified in government will diffuse its salutary influence through[out] the society.’” Federalists witnessed the effects of the Revolution, observed their leadership being challenged by farmers, mechanics, and shopkeepers, and did not like what they saw. As ordinary men began asserting an equal right to govern, suddenly all that petitioning and mobbing and rousing of public opinion started to look scary. It threatened too easily to spin out of control. During his brief period of High Federalism, Benjamin Rush complained: “It is often said that ‘the sovereign and all other power is seated in 2the people.’ This idea is unhappily expressed. It should be—’all power is derived from the people.’ They possess it only on the days of their elections.
Convertibles, MBS/CMO, and Other Bonds: The Behavioral Models
Authors: Ho Thomas S Y , Lee Sang Bin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have discussed many types of fixed-income securities, such as Treasury securities and corporate bonds, in the previous chapters. This chapter mainly describes three other types: convertible bonds, mortgage-backed securities (pass-through), and collateralized mortgage obligations. Convertible bonds are corporate bonds that offer bondholders the option to convert their bonds to shares of the firm. Mortgage-backed securities are securitized portfolios of homeowners” mortgages. Collateralized mortgage obligations are structured securities backed by mortgage-backed securities and other collateralized mortgage obligations.
Financial Institutions: Applications of Financial Models
Authors: Ho Thomas S Y , Lee Sang Bin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Commercial banks, property and casualty insurance companies, and life insurance companies are examples of financial institutions. Commercial banks sell loans and/or borrow from depositors. They provide the immediacy of borrowing and lending to the markets. Property and casualty companies sell insurance such as workers” compensation, auto insurance, and hurricane and flood insurance, providing financial relief for event risks, as opposed to financial risks or mortality/morbidity risks. Life insurance companies provide mortality/morbidity risk insurance. Financial institutions, in the process of providing financial immediacy in an economy, participate in capital formation and risk transformation.
Technical Matters: Market Model and Binomial Lattices
Authors: Ho Thomas S Y , Lee Sang Bin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have described binomial lattices for modelling a security or interest rate movements, and we have shown how these models are used for valuing securities in the capital markets and for determining optimal decisions in corporate finance. In the capital markets, we can use binomial lattices to value a broad range of securities, such as securities” whose value may depend on multiple risk sources and optimal decisions of the investors or the issuers. In corporate finance, we have shown how the binomial lattice can be used in corporate and strategic investment decisions. This framework provides us with tools to determine optimal corporate decisions, and relate to the capital market by showing how corporate decisions affect the equity and bond prices of a firm. There fore, this binomial lattice framework provides a flexible and intuitive analytical tool for financial modelling.
The Impact of Globalization
Authors: Meier Gerald M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What are the effects of economic globalization on poor countries? Since the backlash demonstrations against globalization at the ministerial meetings in Seattle and Genoa in the late 1990s, this question has entered public debate. Neither globalization nor protests, however, are new. Indeed, throughout the history of development economics, attention to the implications of international integration has been of prime interest, especially regarding whether foreign trade and investment reduce or increase inequality. Now international financial “crises” and issues of global economic governance also pervade the debate. This chapter relates the response of development economics to these concerns.
Federalism
Authors: Devins Neal , Fisher Louis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The meaning of federalism has been determined more by Congress, the President, and the political process than by judicial rulings. The two political branches determine the balance between states and the national government whenever they exercise the spending power, the taxing power, and the Commerce Clause to direct state activities. These constitutional judgments are generally affirmed by the courts and in many cases never challenged. On those occasions when federal courts impose their views of federalism and choose to strike down congressional statutes, the judicial doctrine will prevail only if it is supported by Congress and the American people. Otherwise, the regular political process will force a correction.
Speech
Authors: Devins Neal , Fisher Louis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The commitment to individual conscience and free speech predates rulings by the Supreme Court and other judicial bodies. It was not until 1925 that the Court decided that the Free Speech Clause of the First Amendment was incorporated in the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, to be applied against the states. Prior to that time, free speech was a matter decided by Congress, the President, and state and local communities. In his work on free speech, Zechariah Chafee Jr. counseled that the “victories of liberty of speech must be won in the mind before they are won in the courts.” Regardless of what courts decide or elected branches legislate, “the ultimate security for free and fruitful discussion lies in the tolerance of private citizens.”
Creating an Extended Customer Relationship Business
Authors: Barabba Vincent P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Metamarkets: Markets in our minds. Metamarkets are clusters of related activities that consumers engage in to satisfy a distinct set of needs. Boundaries of Metamarkets are derived from activities that are closely related in the minds of consumers. They are not created or marketed by firms in related industries. Metamarkets can be organized around major assets, major interests, major life events, or major business processes.