bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
GM‐CSF and M‐CSF modulate β‐chemokine and HIV‐1 expression in microglia
Authors: Si Qiusheng , Cosenza Melissa , Zhao Meng‐Liang , Goldstein Harris , Lee Sunhee C. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractSignificant numbers of patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) develop CNS infection primarily in macrophages and microglial cells. Therefore, the regulation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1) infection and activation of the brain mononuclear phagocytes subsequent to infection are important areas of investigation. In the current report, we studied the role of granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF) and macrophage‐CSF (M‐CSF) in the expression of antiviral β‐chemokines and HIV‐1 p24 in cultures of primary human fetal microglia. We found that stimulation with GM‐CSF or M‐CSF induced macrophage inflammatory proteins (MIP‐1α and MIP‐1β) and augmented RANTES expression, after HIV‐1 infection of microglia. This was not due to the effect of GM‐CSF on viral expression because GM‐CSF was neither necessary nor stimulatory for viral infection, nor did GM‐CSF enhance the expression of env‐pseudotyped reporter viruses. Blocking GM‐CSF‐induced microglial proliferation by nocodazole had no effect on β‐chemokine or p24 expression. The functional significance of the GM‐CSF‐induced β‐chemokines was suggested by the finding that, in the presence of GM‐CSF, exogenous β‐chemokines lost their anti‐HIV‐1 effects. We further show that although HIV‐1‐infected microglia produced M‐CSF, they failed to produce GM‐CSF. In vivo, GM‐CSF expression was localized to activated astrocytes and some inflammatory cells in HIV‐1 encephalitis, suggesting paracrine activation of microglia through GM‐CSF. Our results demonstrate a complex interplay between CSFs, chemokines, and virus in microglial cells and may have bearing on the interpretation of data derived in vivo and in vitro. GLIA 39:174–183, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The second Leicester survey of memory clinics in the British Isles
Authors: Lindesay James , Marudkar Mangesh , van Diepen Erik , Wilcock Gordon 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackgroundThe number of memory clinics in the British Isles has increased since our first survey in 1993.ObjectivesThe aim of this survey was to determine the memory clinics' characteristics and functions, and to compare these with the findings of our previous survey.MethodsAn expanded version of the 1993 questionnaire was sent to 102 possible memory clinics, identified by various means. There were 72 replies, 58 of which were from currently active clinics.ResultsThere has been a substantial growth in the number of clinics since our previous survey in 1993, apparently stimulated by the licensing of cholinesterase inhibitor durgs for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and the development of services for early‐onset dementia. Most of the new memory clinics have been set up within NHS old age psychiatry services, and they tend to be smaller and have less of an academic focus than the older clinics. However, they are similar in many aspects of their functioning, and have a similar range of practice with regard to patient assessment.ConclusionsAs memory clinics move out from academic centres into mainstream clinical services, there is potential for greater co‐ordination of their activities, and the development of an agreed core data set for assessment that would be valuable in the national monitoring of new anti‐dementia treatments in clinical practice. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The psychosocial burden on spouses of the elderly with stroke, dementia and Parkinson's disease
Authors: Thommessen Bente , Aarsland Dag , Braekhus Anne , Oksengaard Anne Rita , Engedal Knut , Laake Knut 
Published: October 2002

AbstractObjectiveTo characterize the psychosocial burden on spouses living with the elderly suffering from mild dementia, stroke and Parkinson's disease, and to identify patient characteristics associated with it.Materials and methodsData on patient—spouse couples came from three studies of patients with stroke (36 couples), mild dementia (92 couples) and Parkinson's disease (58 couples). The psychosocial burden was recorded by the 15—item Relatives' Stress Scale (RSS). A factor analysis of this instrument produced a one‐factor solution (CFI = 0.98) consisting of eight items with good face validity and acceptable reliability within each diagnostic group (Cronbach's alpha range 0.66–0.69). Covariates of this factor were identified using structural equation modeling (SEM) by regression on patient's age, gender, cognitive function (MMSE), activities of daily living (ADL) and depressive symptoms (MADRS).ResultsDisorganization of household routines, difficulties with going away for holidays, restrictions on social life, and the disturbances of sleep were the most frequently reported problems in all three groups. According to the mean sumscore on the RSS, the perceived psychosocial burden was similar across the diagnostic groups. In the final SEM model, a lower cognitive function of the patient was associated with a higher psychosocial burden on the spouses of patients with stroke (β = −1.3, p = 0.01) and Parkinson's disease (β = −0.89, p < 0.01), while in the dementia group, only an insignificant trend was demonstrated. In the dementia group, a significantly higher burden was identified on female spouses (β = −0.56, p = 0.04). A heavier burden of care was also associated with depressive symptoms in the patients with Parkinson's disease. In neither group did the final model disclose any effect of ADL function on the spouse's psychosocial burden.ConclusionSpouses caring for patients with dementia, stroke and Parkinson's disease perceive a similar type and level of psychosocial burden, independent of the disease. The cognitive functioning of the patient is a particularly important factor in this, especially when caring for patients with stroke or Parkinson's disease. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mild extrapyramidal signs and functional impairment in ageing
Authors: Richards Marcus , Touchon Jacques , Ledesert Bernard , Ritchie Karen 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackgroundLittle is known about the clinical significance of mild extrapyramidal signs (EPS) in elderly individuals. We investigated whether EPS are associated with functional impairment in older people with cognitive decline.MethodsA sub‐group of 105 participants from the EUGERIA Study of Cognitive Ageing without Parkinson's disease or dementia, but with informant evidence of cognitive decline, were followed across three years and underwent neurological examination and assessment of mental health, cognition and functional capacity.Results28.6% had at least one EPS (resting tremor, muscular rigidity or akinesia, of which rigidity was the most frequent). EPS presence was significantly associated with functional impairment after controlling for age and cognitive impairment (AAMI), although the association was reduced to borderline significance after further adjustment for depression and psychotropic medication use. There was evidence of colinearity between EPS and depression, possibly suggesting similar underlying mechanisms.ConclusionsThere is an association between mild EPS and functional impairment in older persons with evidence of cognitive decline, but free of dementia or Parkinson's disease. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Does the HoNOS 65+ meet the criteria for a clinical outcome indicator for mental health services for older people?
Authors: Spear Jon , Chawla Sudarshan , O'Reilly Maria , Rock Daniel 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackgroundA clinical indicator should demonstrate clinically meaningful change, be relevant, allow comparisons between services, be acceptable to clinicians, and have acceptable validity, reliability and sensitivity to change. The HoNOS 65+ has been suggested as a clinical outcome indicator. The sensitivity to change of the HoNOS 65+ is not known.MethodsThis is a prospective study using routine clinical data. A pilot cohort (n = 42) was used to measure the concurrent validity of the HoNOS 65+ with the Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE), Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS‐15) and Brief Agitation Rating Scale (BARS). The main cohort of 245 consecutive referrals to a community mental health service for older adults was used to assess sensitivity to change against the CIBIC+.ResultsThe HoNOS 65+ was acceptable to case managers, most HoNOS 65+ items had excellent interrater reliability and the HoNOS 65+ had good concurrent validity. Changes in the HoNOS 65+ scores between assessment and discharge had a moderate, but significant correlation with CIBIC+ scores.ConclusionThe HoNOS 65+ meets the criteria for a clinical outcome indicator for community mental health services for older people. The HoNOS 65+ is sensitive to change. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The prevalence, diagnosis and treatment of depression in dementia patients in chronic care facilities in the last six months of life
Authors: Evers Martin M. , Samuels Steven C. , Lantz Melinda , Khan Khalid , Brickman Adam M. , Marin Deborah B. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the prevalence, diagnosis and treatment of depression among dementia patients and normal controls in chronic care facilities in the last six months of life.MethodWe reviewed perimortal data concerning dementia severity, depressive symptoms and diagnoses, and medication use for 279 dementia patients and 24 normal controls brought to autopsy through an Alzheimer's Disease Resource Center.ResultsMajor depression was highly prevalent among both dementia patients and normal controls in chronic care facilities in the last six months of life. This depression was under‐diagnosed by physicians. Documentation of depressive symptoms by medical support staff has improved over time. However, physician diagnosis of depression has not improved. Recognition of depression was significantly lower for patients with severe dementia. Depression was under‐treated in both dementia patients and normal controls, although treatment rates may be increasing. Anxiolytics and hypnotics were often used in lieu of, or in addition to, antidepressant therapy.ConclusionsMajor depression was highly prevalent in both dementia patients and normal controls, indicating that depression is an important issue for the elderly in the last six months of life irrespective of cognitive status. Under‐diagnosis of depression may be an important clinical issue. As physician diagnosis of depression has not improved with time, further physician training and/or awareness initiatives may be warranted. Depression, a treatable cause of excess morbidity and mortality, was undertreated in all groups studied. However, treatment rates may be improving. The prevalent use of anxiolytics and hypnotics for depressed patients is problematic. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gender, aggression and serotonergic function are associated with response to sertraline for behavioral disturbances in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Lanctôt Krista L. , Herrmann Nathan , van Reekum Robert , Eryavec Goran , Naranjo Claudio A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackgroundIndications for serotonergic medications in the treatment of behavioral disorders associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) remain to be established.MethodSertraline (100 mg OD) was evaluated in a double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled cross‐over study in 22 nondepressed patients with severe probable AD and significant behavioral disturbance. Each subject was given a fenfluramine challenge to evaluate central serotonergic tone.ResultsEight of 21 (38%) completers responded to sertraline. Drug responsive behaviors included aggression/agitation, irritability and aberrant motor behavior. Low aggression, female gender and large prolactin increase were associated with a better response. There was a trend for decreased aggression during sertraline versus placebo (p = 0.08).ConclusionAggression, gender and serotonergic function were associated with sertraline response. Larger randomized controlled trials are needed to clarify the profile of responders. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cross‐cultural comparison of the Mini‐Mental State Examination in United Kingdom and United States participants with Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Gibbons Laura E. , van Belle Gerald , Yang Minhua , Gill Caroline , Brayne Carol , Huppert Felicia A. , Paykel Eugene , Larson Eric 
Published: October 2002

AbstractObjectivesThe relative difficulties of items on the Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE) were compared in English‐speaking Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients in the United States (US) and United Kingdom (UK).MethodsParticipants were aged 75 and over, with a clinical diagnosis of AD according to standardized methods. Initial MMSE scores from an AD patient registry in the US (n = 401), and a field survey in the UK (n = 139) were compared. Item Characteristic Curve analysis (ICC) was used to calculate the relative difficulty of individual MMSE items, adjusted for the remaining MMSE items. Age, gender, education, and severity of disease were evaluated as possible confounders.ResultsUK participants found it relatively more difficult to name their county than US participants did to name their state. The relative difficulties of registration and recall, repeating a phrase, and following verbal directions also were significantly higher for the UK participants, even after adjustment for other factors.ConclusionsDifferences between the cohorts could be explained by translation artifacts in the test items or by cultural differences in the manifestation of AD. In this study, most, if not all differences can be explained by the former. ICC analysis can be used to develop tests that are functionally equivalent, a prerequisite for comparing dementia in different populations. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
‘Just keep taking the tablets’: adherence to antidepressant treatment in older people in primary care
Authors: Maidment Rachel , Livingston Gill , Katona Cornelius 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackgroundPoor adherence to antidepressant medication may account for a significant proportion of treatment failures. Adherence levels and factors associated with adherence have not previously been studied in older people.ObjectivesTo report the prevalence and correlates of adherence to antidepressants in people ≥ 65 years of age in a primary care setting.MethodSixty‐seven patients currently being prescribed antidepressants from a single rural general practice were assessed using a range of questionnaires measuring adherence to antidepressants, severity of depression, specific health education about antidepressants, level of side‐effects, insight, positive and negatives beliefs about medication in general and antidepressants in particular, level of intellectual functioning (past and present), a past history of recovery from depression, type of antidepressant, complexity of prescriptions, age and living arrangements.ResultsForty‐five participants (67.2%) were fully adherent; seven (10.4%) mostly adherent, three (4.5%) adhered sometimes, three rarely and nine (13.4%) never. Backwards linear regression found that adherence increased with information given and cognitive impairment and decreased with concerns about taking antidepressants and severity of side‐effects.ConclusionsNon‐adherence to antidepressant medication is a significant problem in older patients. Our study probably overestimated adherence as it was self‐report, which usually overestimates adherence and the refusals are more likely to have been people not taking tablets but still found nearly one third of the patients were non‐adherent. An intervention comprising education, eliciting and addressing specific concerns about antidepressant medication and using medication, which minimises side effects, may be helpful. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
fMRI study comparing names versus pictures of objects
Authors: Sevostianov Andrei , Horwitz Barry , Nechaev Vladimir , Williams Rihana , Fromm Stephen , Braun Allen R. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe performed an fMRI one‐back recognition study aimed at distinguishing the semantic versus perceptual aspects of how objects and their written forms are processed. There were three types of visually presented items: pictures (schematic drawings of objects); words identifying these objects; and a mixed condition in which pictures were interleaved with words. A semantic decision about object identity was required when pictures were interleaved with words. This condition, contrasted with the other two, invoked a larger signal in multiple areas, including frontal cortex, bilateral occipitotemporal cortex, and the right middle temporal gyrus. We propose that the left occipitotemporal and right temporal activations are indicative of the neural substrate mediating picture–word conversions, whereas the frontal activations reflect the coordinating functions of the central executive. Hum. Brain Mapping 16:168–175, 2002. Published 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Enzyme‐mediated catalytic asymmetric oxidations
Authors: Colonna Stefano , Sordo Simone Del , Gaggero Nicoletta , Carrea Giacomo , Pasta Piero 
Published: October 2002

AbstractEnantiomerically pure sulfoxides are excellent chiral auxiliares for asymmetric synthesis and in the preparation of several enantiopure biologically active compounds. We have explored biocatalytic approaches based on the use of heme peroxidases and flavin monooxygenases such as chloroperoxidase and cyclohexanone monooxygenase respectively. By using isolated enzymes or whole‐cell biotransformations, we have prepared alkyl aryl sulfoxides, 1,3‐dithioacetal‐1‐oxides, dialkyl sulfoxides, and thiosulfinates in high enantiomeric excess. An active site model of cyclohexanone monooxygenase has been proposed in order to explain and to predict the absolute configuration of the product. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 13:467–473, 2002; Published online in Wiley Interscience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10074
The impact of second opinion surgical pathology on the practice of head and neck surgery: A decade experience at a large referral hospital
Authors: Westra William H. , Kronz Joseph D. , Eisele David W. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackgroundA second review of histopathologic diagnoses is a quality assurance practice that helps expose diagnostic errors and guide management of patients being referred from outside hospitals. Identification of anatomic regions and specimen types that are prone to diagnostic error will be helpful in guiding policy decisions regarding mandatory second opinion surgical pathology.MethodsAll available outside pathology reports were retrieved for patients referred to The Johns Hopkins Hospital Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery between January 1, 1990, and January 1, 2000. The outside diagnosis was compared with diagnosis rendered at the referral hospital. A discrepant diagnosis was regarded as any change resulting in a significant modification in therapy or prognosis.ResultsOf the 814 cases reviewed, the second opinion surgical pathology diagnosis resulted in 54 (7%) changed diagnoses. Of the changed diagnosis, 13 (24%) involved a change from a benign to a malignant diagnosis; 8 (15%) involved a change from a malignant to a benign diagnosis; and 33 (61%) involved a change in tumor classification. Follow‐up information supported the second opinion diagnosis in 41 of 43 cases (95%).ConclusionsIn a consequential number of cases, second opinion surgical pathology results in major therapeutic and prognostic modifications for patients sent to large referral hospitals for head and neck oncologic surgery. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 24: 684–693, 2002
Cyclooxygenase‐2: A novel molecular target for the prevention and treatment of head and neck cancer
Authors: Lin Derrick T. , Subbaramaiah Kotha , Shah Jatin P. , Dannenberg Andrew J. , Boyle Jay O. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractCyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2), an enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of prostaglandins, is overexpressed in a variety of premalignant and malignant conditions, including oral leukoplakia and squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Increased levels of COX‐2 may contribute to carcinogenesis by modulating xenobiotic metabolism, apoptosis, immune surveillance, and angiogenesis. In experimental models, newly developed selective COX‐2 inhibitors suppress the formation of tumors, including tongue cancer. These findings provided a rationale for a number of chemoprevention trials that are underway. Selective COX‐2 inhibitors also suppress the growth and metastases of established tumors and enhance the anticancer activity of both radiotherapy and chemotherapy in experimental animals. In this review, evidence is presented that inhibition of COX‐2 represents a promising strategy to prevent or possibly treat human head and neck cancers. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 24: 792–799, 2002
Thyroid calcification and its association with thyroid carcinoma
Authors: Khoo Mark L. C. , Asa Sylvia L. , Witterick Ian J. , Freeman Jeremy L. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAimCalcification within the thyroid gland may occur in both benign and malignant thyroid disease, and its detection on ultrasonography is frequently dismissed by many clinicians as an incidental finding of little significance. As a tertiary referral center, most of our thyroid patients will have had thyroid ultrasonography before being referred to us, and in our experience, the incidence of malignancy in a thyroid nodule containing calcification seems to be higher than that in the average thyroid nodule. To assess this risk, we conducted this retrospective review.Materials and MethodsOur analysis included 462 consecutive patients who underwent thyroid surgery at our institution between 1995 and 1999. We reviewed all the patients' charts for data regarding clinical findings, preoperative diagnostic investigations, and histopathologic diagnosis. Of the 462 patients, 361 (78.1%) had thyroid ultrasonography before surgery, and 49 (13.6%) of these ultrasounds showed intrathyroidal calcification.ResultsOf the 49 patients whose ultrasounds showed intrathyroidal calcification, 29 (59.2%) were found on histopathologic examination to have thyroid carcinoma. Twelve of the remaining 20 patients had multinodular goiters. Of the 29 patients with malignancy, seven (24.1%) had preoperative fine‐needle aspirates that were reported as benign. After excluding patients who were initially seen with multinodular disease, in the subset of 37 patients who presented with a solitary thyroid lesion with calcification, 28 (75.7%) were found to have carcinoma.ConclusionsWhen calcification is noted within a solitary thyroid nodule, the risk of malignancy is very high. Surgery should be recommended regardless of the result of fine‐needle aspiration cytologic findings. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ergonomics interventions for wafer‐handling task in semiconductor manufacturing industry
Authors: Chung Hsiu‐Chen , Wang Mao‐Jiun 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis article presents the ergonomic interventions in a semiconductor manufacturing company, with a focus on evaluating the effect of pod (wafer container) type and carrying distance on participants' maximal acceptable weight of lift (MAWL), heart rate (HR), wrist posture, and perceived exertion rating. Sixteen field operators participated in this study. The results indicate using the new pod with power grip handles produced greater MAWL than the old pod with pinch grip handles. On the other hand, the new pod also induced greater radial deviations than the old type. Recommendation for improving pod handle design is provided. Further, the increased carrying distance caused a decrease in MAWL and an increase in HR. Thus, using cart for intrabay pod transfer and minimizing manual carrying is also recommended. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.