bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Applications of the Coupled Channel Impact Parameter Model
Authors: Bransden B H , McDowell M R C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter a number of illustrative examples of the application of the coupled channel impact parameter model introduced in Chapter 3 and developed in Chapter 5 will be discussed. First let us recollect the conditions under which this model can be applied. A basic assumption is that the internuclear motion can be described by a single classical trajectory determined by an effective potential W(R) at an energy in the centre-of-mass system of E = µv6/2. The resulting coupled equations for the probability amplitudes A/b, t) are of the form (3.205). The conditions for the validity of these equations, or the equivalent set of equations (3.131), were analysed in Section 3.6. They can be summarized as follows.
Intermediate Energies
Authors: Bransden B H , McDowell M R C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The full coupled channel model in which the direct and exchange channels receive equal representation in the wave function is the principal method for calculating ion atom cross sections at low velocities, v0/ve :s; I, where ve is the Bohr velocity of the active electron in the target. This model can also be employed at arbitrarily high velocities, provided the continuum is sufficiently well represented in the eigenfunction expansions; but at high velocities, for example v0/ve ;::: 2, it is natural to consider perturbation and distorted wave methods. Perturbation methods based on the coupled equations have been discussed in Chapter 7, and the topic will be taken up in a more general way in Chapter 10. Leaving aside such true high-energy methods, there are a number of approximations which are particularly suitable for the computation of cross sections outside the low-velocity region, up to moderate, but not extremely high, velocities. In this intermediateenergy interval possible approaches, described in this chapter, are to employ a simplified coupled channel model, based on single-centre expansions, to develop appropriate optical potentials, and, very different in spirit, to apply classical mechanics to the three-body problem presented by the two heavy particles and the active electron.
Non-Relativistic Models at High Energies
Authors: Bransden B H , McDowell M R C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we shall be concerned with charge exchange at high impact velocities for which methods based on perturbation or distorted wave series are appropriate, but for which a non-relativistic formulation remains accurate. This high-velocity region cannot be precisely defined, but as a guide we can take v0/ve 3 4 where v0 is the incident velocity and ve the Bohr velocity of the active electron in the target. Relativistic corrections for collisions between light ions become significant when v0 ≤ 60 a.u. and we shall consider the modifications required to the theory to take account of these in the next chapter. It is interesting to consider the mechanisms which allow the capture of an electron from a target atom (B + -e ) by a very fast ion A. (A very full analysis has been given by Shakeshaft and Spruch (1979)). In a reference frame centred on the ion A, the initial electronic energy (kinetic) of V6/2 is large, while the final electronic energy, after capture, of the atom (A+ e-) is small. The different mechanisms for capture correspond to different means of effecting this change of energy. The first possibility is radiative capture, A + (B + e-) -&gt; (A + e-) + B + hv. At sufficiently high energies, the ion B acts as a spectator and the cross section is effectively that for radiative capture of a free electron by the moving ion A. This process will be discussed in Chapter 11. All that needs to be noted here is that although the cross section for radiative capture is small at low impact velocities it decreases less rapidly (like E- i or v0 2) than non-radiative capture cross sections and is the dominant process at high energies. This occurs at impact energies in excess of ~ 10 MeV/a.m.u. for collisions between light ions.
Paraphilias
Authors: Fagan Peter J , Lehne Gregory , Strand Julia G , Berlin Fred S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Individuals with paraphilia entering psychotherapy often have led a very secret sexual life for many years. Therapy may be their first opportunity to speak with another about impulses, urges, and behaviors that may have been at best a curiosity and at worst a torment. Therapy can be rewarding as therapist and patient speak about thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that have heretofore been shrouded in secrecy, often regarded with shame, a source of pleasure as well as a possible source of suffering for the self or others.
Stereotyped motor phenomena in neurological disease
Authors: Stoessl A J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Stereotyped behaviour can be regarded as that which is repetitive, purposeless, and involuntary, often interfering with normal behaviour. Such behaviour is generally a consequence of disruption of the normal chemical milieu of the central nervous system and, in humans, stereotypy is usually seen as an unwanted side-effect of medications or, in the context of primary disease of the nervous system, as one of the so-called movement disorders. The taxonomy of the movement disorders is controversial and often confusing even to those well versed in neurology. One approach is to divide the disorders into those in which motor activity is either increased (hyperkinetic) or decreased (hypokinetic) or those predominantly affecting tone (i.e. the resistance to passive movement). Even this classification has its difficulties, since Parkinson’s disease, for example, one of the commonest movement disorders, is characterized simultaneously by too little motor activity (bradykinesia), excessive movement (tremor), and increased muscular tone or rigidity. For the purposes of this chapter, we will first deal with primary hyperkinetic disorders, and then discuss drug-induced involuntary movements. The hyperkinetic disorders can be subclassified into tremor, chorea, tic, myoclonus, and dystonia.
Introduction
Authors: Lauritzen Steffen L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Graphical models have their origin in several scientific areas. One of these is statistical physics. Here the ideas can be traced back to Gibbs (1902). The object of interest is a large system of particles, possibly the atoms of a gas or solid. Each particle is occupying a site where it can be in different states. The total energy of the system is composed by an external potential plus a potential due to interaction of groups of particles. It is usually assumed that only particles at sites close to each other interact.
Models for mixed data
Authors: Lauritzen Steffen L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we unify the graphical models developed for contingency tables and for the multivariate normal distribution. At the same time we extend the theory and methodology to deal with variables of which some are qualitative - as discussed in the chapter on contingency tables - and some are quantitative - as in the chapter on multivariate normal models. The results in this chapter will eventually contain many of the results already described.
On optimal estimating functions for partially specified counting process models
Authors: Greenwood P E , Wefelmeyer W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Consider a semimartingale with predictable characteristics depending on a one-dimensional parameter&. Suppose that the associated martingale problem does not have a unique solution. We are interested in efficient estimation of &. Thavaneswaran and Thompson (1986) and Heyde (1987) give versions of Godambe’s optimality concept based on estimating functions in this setting. For a counting process model, we compare their concepts with asymptotic efficiency based on the partially specified likelihood process. We give conditions under which the notions are asymptotically compatible.
Introductory
Authors: Fisher R A , Yates F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
1. The Scope of Statistic The science of statistics is essentially a branch of Applied Mathematics, and may be regarded as mathematics applied to observational data. As in other mathematical studies, the same formula is equally relevant to widely different groups of subject-matter. Consequently the unity of the different applications had usually been overlooked, the more naturally because the development of the underlying mathematical theory had been much neglected. We shall therefore consider the subject-matter of statistics under three different aspects, and then show in more mathematical language that the same types of problems arise in every case. Statistics may be regarded as (i) the study of populations, (ii) as the study of variation, (iii) as the study of methods of the reduction of data.
Diagrams
Authors: Fisher R A , Yates F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
7. The preliminary examination of most data is facilitated by the use of diagrams. Diagrams prove nothing, but bring outstanding features readily to the eye ; they are therefore no substitute for such critical tests as may be applied to the data, but are valuable in suggesting such tests, and in explaining the conclusions founded upon them.8. Time Diagrams, Growth Rate, and Relative Growth Rate The type of diagram in most frequent use consists in plotting the values of a variable, such as the weight of an animal or of a sample of plants against its age, or the size of a population at successive intervals of time. Distinction should be drawn between those cases in which the same group of animals, as in a feeding experiment, is weighed at successive intervals of time, and the cases, more characteristic of plant physiology, in which the same individuals cannot be used twice, but a parallel sample is taken at each age. The same distinction occurs in counts of microorganisms between cases in which counts are made from samples of the same culture, or from samples of parallel cultures.
Distributions
Authors: Fisher R A , Yates F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
II. The idea of an infinite population distributed in a frequency distribution in respect of one or more characters is fundamental to all statistical work. From a limited experience, for example, of individuals of a species, or of the weather of a locality, we may obtain some idea of the infinite hypothetical population from which our sample is drawn, and so of the probable nature of future samples to which our conclusions are to be applied. If a second sample belies this expectation we infer that it is, in the language of statistics, drawn from a different population; that the treatment to which the second sample of organisms had been exposed did in fact make a material difference, or that the climate (or the methods of measuring it) had materially altered. Critical tests of this kind may be called tests of significance, and when such tests are available we may discover whether a second sample is or is not significantly different from the first.
The Correlation Coefficient
Authors: Fisher R A , Yates F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
30. No quantity has been more characteristic of biometrical work than the correlation coefficient, and no method has been applied to such various data as the method of correlation. Observational data in particular, in cases where we can observe the occurrence of various possible contributory causes of a phenomenon, but cannot control them, have been given by its means an altogether new importance. In experimental work proper its position is much less central; it will be found useful in the exploratory stages of an inquiry, as when two factors which had been thought independent appear to be associated in their occurrence ; but it is seldom, with controlled experimental conditions, that it is desired to express our conclusion in the form of a correlation coefficient.
Intraclass Correlations and the Analysis of Variance
Authors: Fisher R A , Yates F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
38. A type of data, which is of very common occurrence, may be treated by methods closely analogous to that of the correlation table, while at the same time it may be more usefully and accurately treated by the analysis of variance, that is by the separation of the variance ascribable to one group of causes from the variance ascribable to other groups. We shall in this chapter treat first of those cases, arising in biometry, in which the analogy with the correlations treated in the last chapter may most usefully be indicated, and then pass to more general cases, prevalent in experimental results. in which the treatment by correlation appears artificial, and in which the analysis of variance appears to throw a real light on the problems before us. A comparison of the two methods of treatment illustrates the general principle, so often lost sight of, that tests of significance, in so far as they are accurately carried out, are bound to agree, whatever process of statistical reduction may be employed.
Further Applications of the Analysis of Variance
Authors: Fisher R A , Yates F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We shall in this chapter give examples of the further applications of the method of the analysis of variance developed in the last chapter in connexion with the theory of intraclass correlations. It is impossible in a short space to give examples of all the different applications which may be made of this method ; we shall therefore limit ourselves to those of the most immediate practical importance, paying especial attention to those cases where erroneous methods have been largely used, or where no alternative method of attack has hitherto been put forward.
Model fitting and assessment
Authors: Swan Tony , Gilchrist Robert , Bradley Malcolm , Clarke Mike , Green Peter , Reese Allan , Hinde John , Stalewski Andrew , O’brien Carl 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The theory of Generalized Linear Models has been introduced in [1] and covered in more detail in the Modelling Guide [10]. However a brief summary is given here to help make this chapter relatively self-contained. In simple terms models are algebraic structures to summarize the patterns of systematic variation seen in the mean or expected values of y (response/outcome /dependent) variables in terms of quantitative (variates or covariates) or qualitative (factors) explanatory variables. The unknown constants or parameters in the models have to be estimated from data values, which include random variation, using some criterion to determine which are the best. GLIM uses the principle of maximum likelihood which makes an assumption that, given the probability distribution and form of model, the sample is the most likely to have occurred.
The language
Authors: Swan Tony , Gilchrist Robert , Bradley Malcolm , Clarke Mike , Green Peter , Reese Allan , Hinde John , Stalewski Andrew , O’brien Carl 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter defines the general features of the GLIM language. At its lowest level, a GLIM session consists of the input to GLIM of a sequence of characters from a given character_set, together with the output from GLIM of another sequence of characters from the same set.
Structures
Authors: Swan Tony , Gilchrist Robert , Bradley Malcolm , Clarke Mike , Green Peter , Reese Allan , Hinde John , Stalewski Andrew , O’brien Carl 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Various kinds of object are recognized by the system, and have names by which the user can refer to them; these names are known as identifiers. (See [13.2] for a discussion of the syntax of identifiers.) Identifiers refer to either data structures or subfiles. When a data structure is created it is associated with an identifier, by which the user can refer to it. An identifier is said to be defined when it has been associated with a data structure; otherwise it is said to be undefined. A defined identifier has the same type as the associated data structure. An undefined identifier has unknown type. The identifier remains defined until the associated data structure is deleted, when it becomes undefined again. An identifier is declared as a global identifier by default, unless is is specifically declared as a local identifier to a macro via the LOCAL option to the MACRO directive [15.50].
The Directives
Authors: Swan Tony , Gilchrist Robert , Bradley Malcolm , Clarke Mike , Green Peter , Reese Allan , Hinde John , Stalewski Andrew , O’brien Carl 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter defines the syntax and semantics of each directive in GLIM, and in some cases gives examples of their use. It presupposes the terms and definitions given in [13] and [14]. The underlining within directive names in the syntax definitions indicates their minimum abbreviation [13.2].
Methodological concerns, choice of groups and instruments
Authors: Poortinga Ype H , Sinha Jai B P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To investigate the framework described in Chapter 1 four major studies were carried out, two in India and two in The Netherlands, as well as three smaller scale projects on norms of retaliation (Chapter 8). In this chapter the research methods are described, as far as they were common to the four main studies (Chapters 3–6). First we pay attention to methodological concerns. Then we discuss the selection of the pairs of groups from which subjects were recruited. In the last section we present the various instruments that were used. In a cross-cultural study the ideal is to use instruments that give strictly comparable or equivalent results. This implies that scores of an equal value obtained in culturally different groups have the same meaning in terms of the psychological characteristics inferred from the scores. There is substantial evidence, particularly from the domain of cognitive tests, that for groups culturally as far apart as the Indians and the Dutch, this ideal of comparable scores is unrealistic (e.g. Poortinga and Malpass 1986). This means that a direct comparison between the scores of subjects in India and The Netherlands had to be avoided.
The role of the 'face-cell' area in the discrimination and recognition of faces by monkeys
Authors: Heywood C A , Cowey A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cortical neurons that are selectively sensitive to faces, parts of faces and particular facial expressions are concentrated in the banks and floor of the superior temporal sulcus in macaque monkeys. Their existence has prompted suggestions that it is damage to such a region in the human brain that leads to prosopagnosia: the inability to recognize faces or to discriminate between faces. This was tested by removing the face-cell area in a group of monkeys. The animals learned to discriminate between pictures of faces or inanimate objects, to select the odd face from a group, to inspect a face then select the matching face from a pair of faces after a variable delay, to discriminate between novel and familiar faces, and to identify specific faces. Removing the face-cell area produced no or little impairment which in the latter case was not specific for faces. In contrast, several prosopagnosic patients were impaired at several of these tasks. The animals were less able than before to discern the angle of regard in pictures of faces, suggesting that this area of the brain may be concerned with the perception of facial expression and bearing, which are important social signals in primates.
Face recognition impairments
Authors: Young Andrew W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Face recognition impairments are often found in the context of brain injury involving the right cerebral hemisphere. Recognition impairments can be dissociated from impairments affecting the processing of other types of information carried by the face, such as expression. The face recognition impairments themselves take different forms, corresponding to idealized stages or levels of recognition. These types of error can also arise as transitory phenomena in normal everyday life.
The extraction and use of facial features in low bit-rate visual communication
Authors: Pearson Don 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A review is given of experimental investigations by the author and his collaborators into methods of extracting binary features from images of the face and hands. The aim of the research has been to enable deaf people to communicate by sign language over the telephone network. Other applications include model-based image coding and facial-recognition systems. The paper deals with the theoretical postulates underlying the successful experimental extraction of facial features. The basic philosophy has been to treat the face as an illuminated three-dimensional object and to identify features from characteristics of their Gaussian maps. It can be shown that in general a composite image operator linked to a directional-illumination estimator is required to accomplish this, although the latter can often be omitted in practice.
Optimal Stopping for a Non-Communicating Team
Authors: Goel Prem K , Gulati Chandra M , Degroot Morris H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Marschak and Radner (1972) ([MR] for short) define an organization as, “a group of persons whose actions agree with certain rules that further their common interests”, and a team as an organization with “only common interests.” The common interest is expressed mathematically by a single expected utility function U for the team. The [MR] monograph presents various formulations of the team organization problems in economic theory setting along with the underlying decision analyses for different information structures, corresponding to the level of information exchange between the team members, and various payoff functions in a comprehensive manner. A recent monograph by Kim and Roush (1987) presents the core material developed by Marschak in the 1950’s and describes many aspects of teams, not previously studied, using modern techniques such as the theory of algorithms.
SAGA: Sample Assisted Graphical Analysis
Authors: Racine-Poon Amy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Graphical diagnostic techniques are introduced via two illustrative examples. The first example involves reparameterization of a nonlinear estimation problem; the second involves identifying outliers in hierarchical models. The diagnostics are performed in the parameter space. Algorithms for generating samples from the posterior density are briefly discussed. Recently considerable attention has been paid to the development of efficient algorithms for generating samples from high-dimensional posterior densities (see Gelfand and Smith, 1990, and Gelfand, et al. 1990). These sampling methodologies have been mostly used for the purpose of inference but not for diagnostics. Meanwhile, in the field of exploratory data analysis, due to the easy availability of highly efficient dynamic graphics, considerable progress has been made in multivariate exploratory data analysis (see Weihs and Schmidli, 1990). Most graphical techniques have so far been applied to the space of observations or the space of variables, like residual diagnostics and biplots. However, these graphical tools can also be applied to the parameter space when samples from the posterior density are available. We therefore have the means to visualize the forms and shapes of a high dimensional posterior density. This will give us insight into the impact on the inference of the choice of parameterization, transformation, model and prior, and also will provide us with a tool for diagnostics.
Bayesian Analysis of Linear Models
Authors: Schervish Mark J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We consider Bayesian methods for answering common questions in univariate and multivariate linear models. The types of questions we consider are all of the form “How far is some linear function of the parameters away from some specified value?” We construct random variables whose posterior distributions are useful for answering such questions. We compare the answers to those which classical statisticians try to derive from the usual F test. Of particular concern is the confounding of sample size with effect size, which the F test is unable to unravel.