bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Asylum And Human Rights Appeals Handbook
Authors: Kotzeva Anna , Murray Lucy , QC Robin Tam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Asylum and Immigration (Treatment of Claimants etc) Act 2004 substantially revised the immigration appeal system, with the previous two-tier system being fused into the new Asylum and Immigration Tribunal. Where a party wishes to challenge a decision of the Tribunal, they must show it has made an ‘error of law’ in order to access a new review procedure. Subsequent appeal rights to the Court of Appeal are dependent on the exhaustion of these new remedies. The complexity of the legislation, and the strict new time limits, can present practitioners with real practical challenges. This new handbook applies substantive asylum and human rights law to the difficult practical problems encountered by practitioners in the wake of the new legislation. Key areas covered include challenges to credibility and document authenticity, disputed nationality cases, Article 3 cases based on medical grounds, and certified cases. The text covers all relevant law, practice, and procedure in a user-friendly format, and has been designed to enable best practice within the time limits of the new appellate regime. Features include tables and checklists to simplify complex legislative provisions, such as routes of appeal and review; model pleadings and skeleton arguments; and Practice Notes in each chapter, to provide an at-a-glance summary of key practical problems. In addition, extensive reference is made throughout the text to relevant current Home Office policies, such as those relating to humanitarian and discretionary leave. Written by experienced practitioners, Asylum and Human Rights Appeals Handbook is an up-to-date and comprehensive reference tool for all lawyers and advisers who prepare appeal cases and appear before the Asylum and Immigration Tribunal.
The Fsa ‘S Control of Money Laundering
Authors: Russen Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As with the law relating to market abuse (Chapter 6), consideration of the substantive provisions of the secondary legislation and rules designed to prevent money laundering is essential to a proper understanding of the FSA ‘s role as market regulator. Those provisions not only provide the basis of the FSA ‘s right to prosecute for a relevant money laundering offence (see Chapters 2 and 4), but they are also material to its powers of investigation (Chapter 3) and civil enforcement (Chapter 5) in so far as they stem from the breach of a relevant requirement. As will be seen below, the FSA itself has reporting obligations as a ‘supervisory authority ‘ under the Money Laundering Regulations 2003. The fourth of the regulatory objectives of the FSA identified in the Introduction to this book, and which emerges from section 2 of the FSMA, is ‘the reduction of financial crime ‘.
Practice and Procedure
Authors: Russen Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is designed to provide an understanding of the manner in which the FSA exercises its own regulatory powers (as opposed to making applications in civil proceedings of the kind explained in Chapter 5) and to highlight the options open to any firm affected by their exercise. However, because the FSA ‘s first role as regulator of any firm emerges at the stage of the firm ‘s application for Part IV permission, and because the permission process may involve the same procedure of issuing notices as applies in the case of its enforcement powers, it is proposed first to examine the procedure by which an application for Part IV permission is made and entertained.
Passion And Resurrection
Authors: Ashton John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The passion and resurrection of Christ lie at the heart of Christianity. They belong, and belong integrally, to the Gospels. In a famous phrase (which he himself regarded as ‘somewhat provocative’) Martin Ka¨hler suggested that the Gospels might be called ‘passion narratives with extended introductions’; however true of the other three, this is certainly not true of the Fourth. No one who had given the matter any thought would claim that the first seventeen chapters of the Gospel, or even the first ten, are nothing more than an introduction or overture to what follows. Where John is concerned the problem is the other way round: Ernst Ka¨semann has gone so far as to say that the passion narrative was more an embarrassment to the evangelist than the natural conclusion of his work: it is an appendix or postscript tacked on to the body of the Gospel—less a coda properly so-called than a reverberation that continues to resound after the work itself has come to an end. We shall see that Ka¨semann’s arguments have a certain force; a similar case, to my mind even more persuasive, can be made for the superfluousness of the resurrection stories in chapter 20.
Symmetry and group representation theory
Authors: Henderson B , Imbusch G F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Symmetry is a common everyday feature in the physical world, Our modern cities are often laid down on a rectilinear grid, and the buildings thereon possess external features related to one another in a regular manner. If we can catch and observe a snowflake we will find that it displays sixfold rotational symmetry, whereas a ball-bearing looks much the same no matter how it is rotated. The property of any object which shows how its appearance behaves under translations, reflections, rotations, etc., is said to be its symmetry. However, it is not simply the external forms of everyday objects which display symmetry. The physical properties of quantum systems depend as much on spatial arrangements of the components as on their chemical composition. Crystals have a high degree of internal symmetry which may be exhibited in their external shapes. The symmetry properties of crystals are described in terms of a number of operators-inversion, rotation, reflection, and translation operators, all being required in the more general case. Translational symmetry requires that the energy eigenfunctions must be classified by the so-called Bloch waves, useful in the description of electron transport behaviour of crystals. Finite molecules do not possess such periodic structure, and we need only consider local operators e.g. inversion, reflection, and rotation, when discussing their symmetry. Isolated active centres are also sensitive only to this restricted set of operators; we are concerned only with the local symmetry of the centre and its environment.
Cost Of Upbringing Cases
Authors: Cameron Cecily , QC Elizabeth-Anne Gumbel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cost of upbringing claims are claims arising out of negligent medical treatment which has resulted in the birth of a child who with competent care would not have been born. The claimant is the parent of the child. The loss claimed is the expense of bringing up a child that the claimant would not have had to care for in the absence of negligent treatment. Whether a parent should be entitled to recover for the cost of the upbringing of a child has always been a controversial issue.
The Kirkwood-Buff theory of solutions
Authors: Ben-Naim Arieh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Kirkwood–Buff (KB) theory is the most important theory of solutions. This chapter is therefore central to the entire book. We devote this chapter to derive the main results of this theory. We start with some general historical comments. Then we derive the main results, almost exactly as Kirkwood and Buff did, only more slowly and in more detail, adding occasionally a comment of clarification that was missing in the original publication. We first derive the results for any multicomponent system, and thereafter specialize to the case of two-components system. In section 4, we present the inversion of the KB theory, which has turned a potentially useful theory into an actually useful, general and powerful tool for investigating solutions on a molecular level. Three-component systems and some comments on the application of the KB theory to electrolyte solutions are discussed in the last sections. The Kirkwood–Buff (KB) theory of solutions was published in 1951. In the original paper, Kirkwood and Buff derived some new relationships between thermodynamic quantities and molecular distribution functions for multicomponent systems in the T, V, μ ensemble. One of these is a generalization of the compressibility equation for the one-component system (section 3.5) to multicomponent systems. As we have noted in section 3.5, there is no obvious or straightforward way to generalize the compressibility equation even though we fully grasp the meaning and the origin of each of the terms in the equation. The same is true for the equation for the derivative of the chemical potential with respect to the density.
Deviations from ideal solutions
Authors: Ben-Naim Arieh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapter, we described three types of ideal solution, and the conditions under which these behaviors are attained. In this chapter, we discuss deviations from these three types of ideality. The nature of the deviation from ideality is different for each case. The first is due to turning on the interactions in the system. The second arises when the components do not subscribe to the condition of similarity. The third is due to increasing the solute density (the solute being that component which is very diluted in the system). The deviations from ideality can be expressed either as activity coefficients or as excess functions. Care must be exercised both in notation and in the interpretation of these activity coefficients or the excess functions. Failure to do so is a major source of confusion and erroneous statements regarding these quantities. As before, we treat only two-component systems of A’s and B’s. The generalization to multicomponent systems is quite straightforward.
New Zealand
Authors: Steel Jeremy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Note: This chapter was completed for publication on 3 June 2008 on the basis of materials available at that date, and before all proposals arising from certain significant Government-led reviews of the law were finalized. Reserve Bank of New Zealand: The central bank. Its functions are: to formulate and implement monetary policy so as to achieve and maintain price stability; to promote the maintenance of a sound and efflcient financial system; and to meet the currency needs of the public. The Reserve Bank of New Zealand’s responsibilities include: the registration and prudential supervision of banks; the oversight of payment systems; being lender of last resort; and the maintenance and management of New Zealand’s foreign exchange reserves.
Lebanon
Authors: Ross Timothy N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Concerning securities, the regulatory authority is the Beirut Stock Exchange (BSE) which is the only exchange for listing and trading securities in Lebanon and which is a public institution governed by the Exchange by-laws that have been established by virtue of decree No. 4808 dated 29 January 1982 asamended by virtue of decree No. 4729, dated 30 March 1988, and amended by virtue of decree No. 7667 dated 16 December 1995.
Oman
Authors: Ross Timothy N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Central Bank of Oman (CBO) is the body responsible for regulating banking activity in Oman. The Capital Market Authority (CMA) is the body responsible for regulating securities and insurance activities in Oman What are the principal regulatory authorities that regulate banking, insurance, and securities activities? The Central Bank of Oman (CBO) is the body responsible for regulating banking activity in Oman. The Capital Market Authority (CMA) is the body responsible for regulating securities and insurance activities in Oman.
Saudi Arabia
Authors: Ross Timothy N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency (SAMA) regulates all banking and insurance activities in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (the Kingdom). The Capital Markets Authority (CMA) regulates securities activities in the Kingdom and is charged with regulating and developing the capital markets sector in the Kingdom. For further details on SAMA and the CMA, please see the text below at Banking Sector, Capital Markets Sector, and the Insurance Sector.
Pattern and Purpose
Authors: Bradley Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This contains two key notions, aesthetics and semantics, each of which can be considered in relation to prehistoric archaeology. It is unfortunate that both these concepts have proved to be controversial. 1996 saw the publication of an unusual book, Key Debates in Anthropology, which recorded the proceedings of a series of annual meetings held at the University of Manchester (Ingold ed. 1996).
The Regulatory Process: Pharmacovigilance in Practice
Authors: Warren Dr John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The safety of medicines is an area of increasing legal complexity and interest. The stakes are high. It has been estimated that after being on the market for five years, with some 80 million prescriptions, the arthritis drug Vioxx might have caused between 88,000 and 139,000 heart attacks and strokes, a third of which may have been fatal. This considerable human cost led the manufacturer, Merck, to withdraw Vioxx from the market in September 2004.
Civil Law Liability
Authors: Mulcahy Leigh-Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter addresses various issues which arise in relation to civil liability (in the sense of civil actions for damages) associated with the regulation and use of medicines. Such issues include liability to those injured as a result of defective medicines, the principles of causation applicable to this context, the potential liability of regulators of medicines, and, topically in light of the disastrous clinical trial of the drug TGN1412 at a facility at Northwick Park Hospital in March 2006,1 liability for clinical trials and research.
Making the World Safe
Authors: McCulloch Jock , Tweedale Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The global asbestos industry was born in the second half of the nineteenth century. The first modern mines, which were in Italy’s alpine valleys, began production in the 1850s and for twenty years they enjoyed a monopoly supplying fibre to a small manufacturing market in Western Europe. In 1876, large chrysotile deposits were discovered at Thetford, in Canada. Two years later mining began and from the turn of the century Canada was the world’s largest producer of chrysotile or white asbestos, a position it maintained for almost a hundred years. South Africa supplied virtually all of the worlds blue and brown asbestos (crocidolite and amosite).
The Challenge of Mesothelioma and Irving J. Selikoff
Authors: McCulloch Jock , Tweedale Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The discovery of mesothelioma and the publication of the South African work in the British medical press in 1960 had little discernible impact on the asbestos industry—at least, as regards world production of the mineral. In the 1960s, the leading companies like Johns-Manville (whose profits as shown in Figure 2.1 continued to rise through the 1960s) were still ‘rich, sassy, and riding high’. Between 1960 and about 1980, world production of asbestos was untrammelled and it entered its fastest period of growth.
Don’t Disturb the Dog: Asbestos in the Environment
Authors: McCulloch Jock , Tweedale Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1980, Dr Irving Selikoff gave a talk in California. He told his audience that ten years earlier a thirty-year-old New Yorker, Simon Beers, had consulted him at Mount Sinai Hospital because of a pain in his chest. Selikoff discovered that Beers had been born on Ross Street in Brooklyn, moved to Wilson Street, and after marrying at 16 had started work at Macy’s. A biopsy showed that Beers was suffering from pleural mesothelioma. Selikoff recalled: ‘The diagnosis was clear, because on the [disease] site was the kind of asbestos that tended to be used in shipyards.
Consociation and its critics: Northern Ireland after the Belfast Agreement
Authors: McGarry John , O’Leary Brendan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Divided polities everywhere are faced with the two broad democratic choices outlined in this volume. They may choose integration, which involves the construction of a single public identity through the promotion of individual rights; social mixing in schools, residential neighborhoods, and workplaces; and political institutions that favor political appeals across ethnic communities. Integration comes in different varieties, depending on whether it is informed by republicanism, liberalism, or socialism.
Some Quasi-Behavioural Arguments For Environmental Taxation
Authors: Hsu* Shi-Ling 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For decades, economists have advocated for the adoption of environmental taxes to reduce pollution at the lowest social cost. This campaign has succeeded in Europe, where a wide variety of environmental taxes are in effect, but failed in North America, where environmental taxes are rare.1 Economists have failed to persuade North American policy-makers to make any significant policy use of environmental taxes.2 This chapter presents three arguments that draw upon the behaviouralist and organizational literatures, and augment the economic arguments proffered thus far in favour of environmental taxes. Taken together, the old and new arguments provide a compelling case for the wider adoption of environmental taxes, and a more critical assessment of the traditional North American approach—a technology-oriented, ‘command-and-control’ approach to environmental regulation.
Pesticide Reducing Instruments— An Interdisciplinary Analysis Of Effectiveness And Optimality
Authors: Jacobsen1 Lars-Bo , Jensen2 Jørgen D , Hauch3 Jens , Topping4 Chris J , Andersen5 Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For decades the concerns about the impact of modern agriculture’s use of pesticides have been one of the most debated environmental issues in many developed countries. The use of pesticides has contributed on a large scale to increased production and lower product prices. However, this usage is associated with a number of negative environmental consequences. There is a risk that pesticides will pollute water resources (drinking water and groundwater resources). Pesticide usage is also expected to have a negative impact on the level of biodiversity as well as possible negative health effects. In Denmark, the agricultural sector accounts for 80 per cent of the total pesticide usage in Denmark. Several action plans have aimed at reducing the use of pesticides. The first was introduced in 1986 with the specific target of cutting both the pesticide treatment frequency index (TFI)6 and quantity of active sub-stance used by 50 per cent. An evaluation of the plan concluded that treatment frequency was unchanged while active substance was reduced by 36 per cent, but this was mostly due to the introduction of new low dosage products. Therefore, a pesticide tax was introduced in 1996 and subsequently doubled in 1998, resulting in a value tax of approximately 50 per cent of the wholesale value. In 1999, a multidisciplinary committee analysed legal, health, and cost issues related to pesticide usage (Bichel Committee, 1999), including impact assessment of radical reductions in the use of pesticides. The work of the Bichel Committee led to the Pesticide Action Plan II in 2000,7 with the aim of reducing the TFI to below 2.0 by 2002 (from 2.45 in 1999).
Targeting Financiers: Can Voluntary Codes Of Conduct For The Investment And Financing Sectors Achieve Environmental And Sustainability Objectives?
Authors: Miles* Kate 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The emergence of voluntary codes of environmental corporate conduct is a fascinating phenomenon. There have been discernible shifts in corporate behaviour over the last decade towards accommodating public concerns at the role of multinational corporations in socially and environmentally harmful practices.1 Along with the integration of corporate social responsibility programmes and the establishment of ethical investment funds, the development of voluntary codes of conduct has been a strategic response by the business community to pressure from an increasingly demanding environmentally-aware public.2 Some of the most significant recent initiatives at the international level have involved the financing and investment sectors, with the launching of the Equator Principles in 2003 and the Principles for Responsible Investment in 2006. This chapter examines the implementation record of these voluntary codes of conduct, considers their implications for international law, and asks the question: can such instruments achieve environmental and sustainability objectives? The argument put forward in this analysis is that voluntary codes for the financing sector are making a positive impact in a number of ways, through the rejection or modification of environmentally damaging projects, the raising of environmental awareness among the financing sector, the encouragement of shifts in corporate culture, the harmonization of lending standards, and in contributing to a global culture in which it is increasingly difficult to engage in socially and environmentally damaging practices without repercussions for the corporation.
What is Nanoscience?
Authors: Lindsay S M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nanoscience is about the phenomena that occur in systems with nanometer dimensions. Some of the unique aspects of nanosystems arise solely from the tiny size of the systems. Nano is about as small as it gets in the world of regular chemistry, materials science, and biology. The diameter of a hydrogen atom is about one-tenth of a nanometer, so the nanometer scale is the very smallest scale on which we might consider building machines on the basis of the principles we learn from everyday mechanics, using the 1000 or so hydrogen atoms we could pack into a cube of size 1 nm 1 nm 1 nm. If this is all that there was to nanoscience, it would still be remarkable because of the incredible difference in scale between the nano world and the regular macroscopic world around us. In 1959, Richard Feynman gave a talk to the American Physical Society in which he laid out some of the consequences of measuring and manipulating materials at the nanoscale. This talk, “There is plenty of room at the bottom,” is reproduced in its entirety in Appendix B. It does a far better job than ever I could of laying out the consequences of a technology that allows us to carry out routine manipulations of materials at the nanoscale and if you have not already read it, you should interrupt this introduction to read it now.
Nanobiology
Authors: Lindsay S M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter outlines some of the ideas of modern molecular biology, focusing on the role of fluctuations in the small systems that comprise the building blocks of life. One measurement aspect of nanobiology—single molecule measurements—was dealt with in Chapter 4. We begin with a brief description of natural selection as the central driving force in biology. We go on to describe some of the components of modern molecular biology, getting a glimpse into the role of random processes when we discuss the remarkable phenomenon of gene splicing. We examine the role of structural fluctuations in enzyme catalysis, and go on to discuss biological energy and molecular motors, phenomena that rely upon fluctuation-driven electron transfer reactions. Finally, we examine the role of fluctuations in gene expression in the development of whole organisms. We use the immune system as an example of a biological process in which random assembly of its components is essential. We end that discussion with a brief look at the role of random gene splicing in the development of neural networks, and ultimately, possibly, in the development of the mind itself. Readers unfamiliar with molecular biology might find the glossary in Appendix L useful.