bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Greek Rationalization of Nature
Authors: Kline Morris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Unfortunately, except for occasional hints, the Greek classics, such as Euclid’s Elements, Apollonius’ Conic Sections, and the geometrical works of Archimedes, give no indication of why these authors investigated their subjects. They give only the formal, polished deductive mathematics. In this respect, the Greek texts are no different from modern mathematics textbooks and treatises. Such books seek only to organize and present the mathematical results that have been attained and so omit the motivations for the mathematics, the clues and suggestions for the theorems, and the uses to which the mathematical knowledge is put.
Coordinate Geometry
Authors: Kline Morris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fermat and Descartes, the two men primarily responsible for the next major creation in mathematics, were, like Desargues and his followers, concerned with general methods for studying curves. But Fermat and Descartes were very much involved in scientific work, keenly aware of the need for quantitative methods, and impressed with the power of algebra to supply that method. And so Fermat and Descartes turned to the application of algebra to the study of geometry. The subject they created is called coordinate, or analytic, geometry; its central idea is the association of algebraic equations with curves and surfaces. This creation ranks as one of the richest and most fruitful veins of thought ever struck in mathematics.
Algebra in the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Kline Morris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Though algebra and analysis were hardly distinguished from each other in the eighteenth century because the significance of the limit concept was still obscure, it is desirable from our modern point of view to separate the two fields of activity. In the seventeenth century, algebra was a major center of interest; in the eighteenth century it became subordinate to analysis, and except in the theory of numbers the motivation for work in it came largely from analysis.
Non-Euclidean Geometry
Authors: Kline Morris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Amidst all the complex technical creations of the nineteenth century the most profound one, non-Euclidean geometry, was technically the simplest. This creation gave rise to important new branches of mathematics but its most significant implication is that it obliged mathematicians to revise radically their understanding of the nature of mathematics and its relation to the physical world. It also gave rise to problems in the foundations of mathematics with which the twentieth century is still struggling. As we shall see, non-Euclidean geometry was the culmination of a long series of efforts in the area of Euclidean geometry. The fruition of this work came in the early nineteenth century during the same decades in which projective geometry was being revived and extended. However, the two domains were not related to each other at this time.
Terms
Authors: Huang Chichung 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“The road one walks on, composed of ‘zhi’ (to walk) and ‘shou’ (head), signifying ‘that by which one walks all the way to one’s destination’”; hence, a road or a way. From this root meaning is derived the connotation “a theory, doctrine, or body of principles upheld and followed by a group of believers.” The English word “way” fits both the literal and the metaphorical meaning of the Chinese character nicely.
Shared Territory
Authors: Himley Margaret 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Shared Territory brings together Patricia Carini’s concept of the developing child as a ‘maker of works’ and Bakhtin’s theory of language as dialogism in order to re-examine our assumptions about how to define written language development and how to understand it. Centring on Carini's claim that projects and artefacts of all kinds, from crayon drawings by children to letters and diaries by adults, are the objectified workings of the human mind enabled by and through cultural practices of signification, Himley argues that children’s texts are a ‘shared territory’, in which writer, reader, and language itself all dwell and participate in the making of meaning.
Introduction: Studying Cognition in Context
Authors: Flower Linda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This study began as a classroom experiment that surprised both_me and my students. Concerned with the task of reading-to-write, we wanted to understand the complex interaction that occurs when students are reading to create texts of their own. As the study took shape through a series of collaborative explorations with students and colleagues, we became impressed with the complexity of this familiar academic task. It surprised students by showing them how they had represented this reading-to-write task to themselves, showing, for instance, how each had negotiated the socially weighted decision to take or relinquish authority over their sources.
Negotiating Academic Discourse
Authors: Flower Linda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In many ways this study is the story of students’ success. It is a study of writers in the act of entering a university-level academic discourse, who come with an impressive range of abilities that are fundamental to academic writing: the ability to summarize, to get the gist, to see key points and connections, and not least, to execute moves that make an essay seem coherent and on topic. The interviews and protocols show students who are also working and struggling with this assignment, wanting to appear smart, trying to say something “interesting,” wanting this paper to show what they can do.
The Mind of the Talmud
Authors: Kraemer David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book traces the development of the literary forms and conventions of the Babylonian Talmud, or Bavli. The Bavli, which evolved between the third and sixth centuries in Sasanian Iran (Babylonia), is one of the most comprehensive of all documents produced by rabbinic Jews in late antiquity. It became the authoritative legal force for medieval Judaism and for some its opinions remain definitive today.
On Writing an Intellectual History of the Bavli
Authors: Kraemer David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As I suggested in the introduction, what follows is intended to be an intellectual (or ideological) history of a literary document-the Bavli. The premise that justifies combining “literary” with “ideological” is simply this: given the fact that a variety of forms are always theoretically available to an author-though practical constraints might limit the choices that are genuinely available-the selection of a particular form to express one’s ideas must be understood to be a value judgment (even if the pragmatic choice is made), an expression of ideology.
A History of Amoraic Literary Expression
Authors: Kraemer David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A literary history of amoraic traditions must begin with a delineation of the criteria by which that corpus can be described. What features are salient in such a history? Because the text that immediately precedes the amoraim, both chronologically and logically, is the Mishnah (and perhaps its related texts, such as the Tosefta), the question that most obviously stands before us is the extent to which amoraic traditions resemble that document.
Introduction: Reading Life
Authors: Almeida Hermione De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The period of Romantic medicine has existed as a hiatus in the history of science. Unified in its intellectual concerns yet conceptually distinct, and spanning the three decades of a recognized era, Romantic medicine has been ignored at once by historians of medicine whose studies end around 1794 with the triumph of French mechanism and semiotics in the newly established clinics of the late eighteenth century and by the chroniclers of modern medicine who begin their studies with the invention of the high-resolution doublet lens microscope in 1829 that permitted Robert Brown’s discovery of cell nuclei, Theodor Schwann’s cell theory, and Rudolf Virchow’s description of cellular pathology.
The Ambiguity of Snakes
Authors: Almeida Hermione De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The pharmacopoeia of Keats’s poetry is compounded everywhere by the fluid presence and subtle, essential ambiguity of snakes. Beddoes’s protagonist in “Death’s Jest-Book” likens the action of thoughts born of spoken words in transforming a countenance to the imperceptible dissolution of “sugar melting in a glass of poison”;’ and Shelley’s Jupiter in Prometheus Unbound recalls both Hamlet’s yearning for self-slaughter and Sabellus’s liquid fate upon being bitten by a seeps when he feels dissolved “Like him whom the Numidian seeps did thaw I Into a dew with poison.” A reciprocity prevails between all poisons: “Night-shade with the woodbine kissing; Serpents in red roses hissing; / Cleopatra, regal driest, I With the aspics at her breast”-these lines from “Welcome joy, and welcome sorrow” (14-17) carry both the natural philosopher’s awareness that a transforming power is the attribute shared by all toxicities, as well as the familiar Keatsian paradox of joy and sorrow symbolized by the pharmakon itself. Poisons, whether vegetable or animal, melt, dissolve, and transform primary essences; nowhere is this characteristic mark of toxicity better exemplified than in the seemingly mysterious way in which the simple bite of a venomous creature (bee or snake) transforms completely the physiological composition of a complex and larger body.
Feverous Love
Authors: Almeida Hermione De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Isolde, the prudent Queen, was brewing in a vial a love-drink so subtly devised and prepared, and endowed with such powers, that with whomever any man drank it he had to love her above all things, whether he wished it or no, and she love him alone. They would share one death and one life, one sorrow and one joy. We all desire our amorous fancies and wish to keep company with Love. No, Love is not such as we make her for one another in the spurious way we do! We do not look facts in the face: we sow seeds of deadly nightshade and wish it to bear lilies and roses! Believe me, this is impossible.
Apollo’s Power of Life: Sympathetic Genius
Authors: Almeida Hermione De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Apollo, the “fore-seeing God” of poetry and medicine in legend, who is to replace the Titans’ peremptory force in Hyperion with the “untremendous might” of “a youngling arm,” asks a very different question to Saturn’s query of force. He asks not the aggressive “Who had power?” but “Where is power” Whose hand, whose essence, what divinity Makes this alarum in the elements, While I here idle listen on the shores In fearless yet in aching ignorance (Hyp., Ill, I 03-7) The passive and receptive young god does not assume power or perfection as Saturn did; he does not seek predatory might or the conquest of other life: it is not his pestilential or appropriating energy that precipitates the “alarum in the elements” leading to the downfall of Hyperion’s mammoth breed, nor does his physician’s hand inflict the “dull pain” that the Titans feel as they fall.
Television in the Soviet Media System
Authors: Mickiewicz Ellen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1940 there were only 400 television sets in the Soviet Union. By 1950 there were 10,000; a decade later, some 4.8 million. Then in the five years between 1965 and 1970 the availability of television sets more than doubled. With a crash program, the production of television sets had jumped in the 1970s, and by 1976 Soviet industry was producing seven million sets annually. The economic plan projects the production of television sets at between 10 and 11 million in 1990 and between 12.5 and13 million in the year 2000. In 1960 only 5 percent of the Soviet population could watch television,&lt;sup but by 1986 fully 93 percent of the population were viewers, and they were living in areas comprising more than 86 percent of the territory of the U.S.S.R.
Looking Outward: International News and the Changing Soviet Television Scene
Authors: Mickiewicz Ellen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Leading character in the Soviet hit movie Moscow Does Not Believe in Tears is a trendy young man, and true to the thesis of the film, which catalogues current social trends in the Soviet Union, he works in television. Toward the end of the movie he tells an enthralled young woman that in the future there will be only television-no books, no plays. Hardly less grandiose, and much more serious, were the remarks of a deputy director of Soviet television and radio who ascribed to the influence of television some remarkable effects. He said that television was responsible for lowering the rate of migration away from remote settlements, particularly from the eastern regions of the country, where labor is badly needed for economic development.
Dimensions of News and Their Setting
Authors: Mickiewicz Ellen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sometimes bears a heavy load. This “freight” is the weight of opinion, the biases and views, of the broadcaster. It is the temperature of emotion. The history of American newsgathering is well known-as it moved through “yellow journalism” to value objective, impersonal reporting, whose sway was to be challenged in the sixties by the new reporting that put emotion and an often ideologized context back in the picture. The dominant mode is still the appearance of objectivity. I say appearance, because every news program must be selective in what it chooses from the millions of events that happen out there” in the world.
Prime Time as Political Territory
Authors: Montgomery Kathryn C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the months prior to its broadcast, The Day After sparked unprecedented public debate and political controversy. Scheduled to air one month before NATO’s deployment of its first intermediate-range missiles in Europe, the film became a rallying point for nuclear freeze advocates. To promote their cause, the activists orchestrated a national campaign around The Day After, involving more than 1000 grassroots organizations. Spending over $300,000, they distributed hundreds of bootlegged videotapes of the movie; created provocative TV spots; set up an 800-number hotline; and ran ads in newspapers and magazines across the country.
Battle over Beulah Land
Authors: Montgomery Kathryn C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
But this was not a social gathering. It was the first meeting of the Media Forum, a newly formed black activist group. Funded by the Brotherhood Crusade, the Media Forum was organized to bring public attention to the status of blacks in the entertainment industry. Focused on such issues as employment, media ownership, and elimination of stereotypes, the group’s primary strategy was to hold a series of public meetings with leaders from government and industry. This was the first such meeting, and Charles Ferris, chairman of the Federal Communications Commission, had been invited to be the featured speaker.
Reconstructing the Past, Imagining the Future: Defining the Domain of Relevance in Lawyer-Client Interaction
Authors: Sarat Austin , Felstiner William L F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The negotiation of meaning and exercise of power between lawyers and clients occur within a framework of legal rules. While rules do not determine the nature of the meanings negotiated or the structure of the power exercised, they do provide a framework in which both take place. The rules define the realm of the legally relevant, and thus set an initial agenda for lawyer-client interaction (Gilkerson, 1992). The rules also provide a set of conventions that help to establish the nature of the legally persuasive story (Bennet and Feldman, 1981). As Gilkerson puts it (1992: 871–72), such stories
assign characteristics and roles to people, constructing the positions from which they speak. [They] have the power to close off dialogue by locating certain substantive inquiries outside of the law. By restricting ways of framing questions and arguments, . . . the law thus constrains and limits possible stories a lawyer can tell. . . . [T]he law and its institutions establish form and substance requirements for stories that claim rights or express needs. Elements include a specified vocabulary for invoking claims, a paradigm of argumentation, formulae for proof, and narrative conventions for restricting individual and collective stories.
The Reorganization of Princeton and the Birth of Westminster
Authors: Longfield Bradley J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The appointment of a special committee to study the “conditions affecting the welfare of Princeton Seminary’’ and the concurrent suspension of a decision on Machcn’s appointment to the chair of apologetics and Christian ethics was but the culmination of the tensions growing at the seminary ince 1920. Differences within the faculty, manifested in disagreements over the 1920 Plan of Union, the van Dykl’. incident, the League of Evangelical Students, and the controvcn y in the church at large, threatened to undo the institution. Despite efforts to reconcile the parties. internal strife had, by 1926, reached such a pitch that many of the trustee!:. and directors of Princeton had requested the 1926 as assembly appoint a committee to address the situation.”
The Marketplace of Ideas Concept
Authors: Smith Jeffery A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As long as the sport of British government was played by the rules of patronage, personality, and power, freedom of the press had an unsteady foundation. Printers practiced evasion, politicians changed principles, and journalists appeared opportunistic. Still, the cause of free expression had a vitality which ran deeper than the “court” and “country” distinction or the expedients of political controversy. The notion of democracy may have had little relevance in a system that rewarded greed, partisan loyalty, and electoral manipulations, but liberty had a talismanic quality which pervaded the political culture. The English civil war began ostensibly as an attempt to recover ancient freedoms, and the cry of the mobs in the 1760s was “Wilkes and Liberty.”
And fades into the light of common day.
Authors: Taylor Mary , Murray Janet H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Then Dora cried, for she found herself bound hand and foot, and wondered how it could possibly be. She felt herself utterly incapable of the effort that Maria recommended. She would not believe in the possibility of any amelioration. In vain Maria reminded her that he might be a rough jewel, and possibly would turn out to be both kindly and conscientious, and she must not make matters worse by rebellion and provocation. The repetition of this counsel at last frightened Dora. “They know better than I do what it will be,” she said to herself.
“Their words are sweet as honey, but the poison of Asps is Under Their Lips”
Authors: Taylor Mary , Murray Janet H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Miss BELL was agreeably disappointed with the behaviour of her strange pupil. Full of interest and eagerness, she worked hard, as young people labour at what they like. The idle hours that generally hinder the progress of day scholars .gave her opportunity to get on the faster; she acquired a large new vocabulary from books and teaching, as she paid attention and remembered what she heard. Miss Bell told her a good deal, all which she made her own, and turned to use as occasion offered. In a few weeks’ time all the girls spoke civilly to her, and many courted her acquaintance. Foremost among them was Sophy Eldon, as untidy, as loud, and as idle as ever, but coaxing, affectionate, and false. She got a good deal of help from Sarah, and some outspoken scoldings besides. At these she sulked, and would leave her in peace for a day or two, and then come back again, and get confidential, then regret it, and quarrel again.
The tumult of the people.
Authors: Taylor Mary , Murray Janet H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To most people of these younger days, it will seem as if the description of misery and famine here given was exaggerated and sensational, but the older generation will recollect well enough how often such times came half a century ago, when a bad harvest could bring poverty to the most careful and industrious, and for the greater number there was no prospect but the workhouse, or actual famine. There was a time when one-sixth of the population of Leeds were “on the rates,” when small thefts of food were severely punished on the express ground that the severity was necessary, to protect property from the starving people; when few people could thrive and not many keep their position, and for women to earn their living was almost impossible; when the phrase, “relapsing fever,” was invented, or became common, for an illness that arose oftenest from want, and when the cases in the Edinburgh Hospital, usually about two hundred or two hundred and fifty a year, rose to over three thousand.
“Wir menschen werden wunderbar gepriift. Wir konnten’s nicht ertragen hät’ uns nicht, Dir schone leichtsinn die natur verliehen.”
Authors: Taylor Mary , Murray Janet H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Stunned and feeble when she learnt the full extent of the misfortune that had befallen Repton, and its consequences to herself, Maria sat down to write to Dora and make her acquainted with the destruction of all the hopes that they had begun to indulge of being together.
An evil genius.
Authors: Taylor Mary , Murray Janet H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Another incident happened to show to Sarah that the glory of her childhood was fading; the world she had believed in was disappearing, and what was left was a dangerous, unknown desert. Was there any firm ground in it at all?-any place of safety?She met on the road that evil genius, Sophy Eldon. The two had not seen each other lately; Sarah thought she knew why. It was Sophy’s custom to take offence and ignore Sarah altogether, until “she bethought her,” and then to renew the acquaintance as if it had never been interrupted. This time, however, Sarah saw at the distance of several yards that Sophy was decidedly ill-tempered, and yet was resolved to speak.
Death comes to all.
Authors: Taylor Mary , Murray Janet H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sammy was in the valley of the shadow, and how to save himself he knew not. He had entered into his new position full of hearty hope and good resolves. He knew that there was much that could be improved in the management of Turner’s mill, and that the work entrusted to the sons had been neglected, or ill done, and the overburdened father could not always supply their place. He trusted to Turner’s word that he would soon indoctrinate him with the book-keeping, & c., in which he was inexperienced; but this had not happened. At first the young man was respectful, and almost reverent to his unfortunate elder. As time wore on, and his patience got exhausted, his suspicions were roused, and he began to see that there was an attempt to keep him in ignorance. At this he at once rebelled, and began to maintain his own opinion.
If we can’t help ourselves we can help one another !
Authors: Taylor Mary , Murray Janet H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Something like this motto came into Maria’s mind when she was left to herself after Dora’s departure, though she knew nothing of its reckless composer. She was not happy. She did not like thinking, for the smiling future that used to occupy her forward-looking eyes was vanished out of sight. She was almost guilty of the fatuity of wishing something to happen, and soon her wish was gratified, though, as usual when we get our wishes, not after the manner she would have liked.