bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anatomy Of The Crisis
Authors: Wuthnow Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Viewed from a distance, the crisis facing America’s churches is one that concerns them collectively and generally. It is a problem that in one way or another touches the ministry of every church. Some may survive longer-and prosper-by siphoning off donations that might have gone to other churches in their community or by temporarily enlisting the enthusiastic support of the previously unchurched. But the churches have always been strongest when there has been strength across the board: when Catholics and Protestants alike were strong and when small churches and large ones, or liberal congregations and fundamentalist ones, were all contributing something to the overall mix.
The Spiritual Dilemma Of The Middle Class
Authors: Wuthnow Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Betsy Swedborg, forty-six, is a single mother who works as a community education specialist. She lives in a small house with her teenaged son in a Midwestern city that prides itself on good schools, ample social services, low taxes, and full employment. Her income is slightly above average for this part of the country, and she definitely considers herself part of the middle class. Yet life is a constant struggle. Her son was only four when she and her husband filed for divorce. With only a year of college, she began working as a secretary and gradually moved up the ranks of the community services hierarchy to her present position. Taking night classes, she spent a decade finishing her college degree, and she is now taking master’s-degree level courses that are required for a certificate she must have if she is to keep her job. She works at least fifty hours each week, including four evening meetings and some Saturday meetings.
Working For Social Justice
Authors: Wuthnow Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I have argued that the churches are experiencing difficulties keeping themselves solvent and helping the needy because they fail to communicate clearly the implications of faith for the ways in which their members work, value money, spend their money, and think about material possessions. One important way in which the churches might focus on these implications is speaking out more forthrightly about social justice. In the past, religious leaders have often found precedents within their own traditions and in the Bible itself for doing this. They preached critically against social practices that exploited the poor, gave unfair advantages to the rich, and discriminated against oppressed and disadvantaged minority groups. The churches were in the forefront of efforts to protect the rights of all citizens, ensure equality of opportunity, and reduce the systemic evils associated with huge disparities of wealth and power.
Characteristics of Ritual-like Activities
Authors: Bell Catherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In modern Western society, we tend to think of ritual as a matter of special activities inherently different from daily routine action and closely linked to the sacralities of tradition and organized religion. Such connections encourage us to regard ritual as somewhat antiquated and, consequently, as somewhat at odds with modernity. Hence, ritual often seems to have more to do with other times and places than with daily life as we know it in postindustrial Europe and America. This view is borne out to a great extent by the examples in the previous section, which focused on those rituals that most people would tend to agree are good examples of what ritual is about. They are sufficiently distinctive and colorful that even a particularly dense foreigner dropped into the middle of things would not mistake a Shī‘ī procession or a Korean kut for just another routine event in the daily life in those communities. With the examples that follow, however, the perspective is different. It will focus on a variety of common activities that are “ritualized” to greater or lesser degrees. Instead of ritual as a separate category or an essentially different type of activity, the examples described here illustrate general processes of ritualization as flexible and strategic ways of acting.
Violence and the Growth of Crime: Some Lessons from Recent History
Authors: Zimring Franklin E , Hawkins Gordon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The logic of historical comparison is straightforward. If general levels of crime determine the rate of lethal violence, then increases or decreases in crime should result in parallel increases or decreases in lethal violence. Even a high correlation between crime and violence cannot prove causation, of course, because some third force can be the cause of changes in both crime and lethal violence. If social disorganization or riots cause increases in both theft and murder, the correlation between theft and murder will be high, but the social disruption is the true cause of each.
New Perspectives on African-American Violence
Authors: Zimring Franklin E , Hawkins Gordon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Every aspect of serious violence in the United States is linked with statistical and policy questions involving race. And very few of the important aspects of race relations are not connected to concerns about violence: its incidence, its consequences, and attitudes toward it. One cannot be concerned about relations between blacks and whites in the United States without also being concerned about African-American violence. One cannot be seriously concerned about violence in the United States without encountering a large number of questions that arise because of the substantial share of American violence that is black violence.
Date
Authors: Bergren Theodore A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sixth Ezra was probably composed between 95 and 313 C.E. The terminus post quern is set by the apparent date of the Book of Revelation, which book 6 Ezra almost certainly knows. Even if 6 Ezra’s dependence on Revelation is not admitted, 6 Ezra cannot have been written before 70 C.E., since the book’s allusions to “Babylon” (15:43, 46, 60; 16:1) almost certainly denote Rome, and since the identification between Rome and Babylon in Jewish and Christian circles most likely postdated the Roman destruction of the Jerusalem temple.
Serenity and Torment
Authors: Jenkins Thomas E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
William Ellery Channing, Edwards A. Park, Charles Hodge, and Archibald Alexander Hodge Serenity is the distinguishing trait of the God of neoclassical theism. He is serene because he experiences no inner conflict or complexity. All of his attributes, even his judgment of sin, are brought into harmony by his one encompassing trait—his love. And this love makes him serene because it is neoclassical love or, more precisely, benevolence—a harmonious fusion of feeling and reason. The classic statement of this is Edwards Park’s sermon “All the Moral Attributes of God Are Comprehended in His Love.”
Modernism and Literature
Authors: Jenkins Thomas E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the late nineteenth century, the God of cosmopolitan theology was becoming vague. He was losing details and becoming a hollow God. Consider Exodus 3:14 again, the passage where God declares, “I am that I am.” We have seen that Edwards Park, a neoclassical theist, used it to ascribe a magnificent serenity to God. Stowe, a sentimental incarnationalist, used an allusion to Exodus 3:14 in the Gospels to ascribe a poignant alienation to Jesus. And finally we have seen that Shedd, a romantic anthropomorphist, used Exodus 3:14 to ascribe an energizing vitality to God. Despite their different literary styles, each of these writers used the verse to get inside God. They used it to say something about his character.
‘‘Where is the evidence of your revival of religion?” Critiques of the Revival’s Social Impact
Authors: Long Kathryn Teresa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As Suggested In The introduction to chapter 5, the most important sustained critique of the newly “spiritualized” public theology associated with the 1857-58 Revival came from two groups of disaffected New Englanders: non evangelical abolitionists and evangelical antislavery radicals.1 Abolitionists had long condemned as unchristian the timid attitude of many northern Protestants toward slavery, and the prohibition of prayers concerning slavery from the union meetings under the “no controversy” policy did nothing to change their opinion. The radical evangelicals were less willing to reject the revival outright, but they opposed its abdication of moral responsibility. In particular, they viewed the retrenchment of the American Tract Society after bitter debates throughout the spring of 18 58 as proof that revival piety did little to transform “worldly prudence.” The arguments of each group of critics, articulated most effectively by Unitarian Theodore Parker and Congregationalist George B. Cheever, reflected the moral absolutism of the New England tradition and a continuing allegiance to the goal of community moral reform.
Between (the Presence of) Violence and (the Possibility of) Justice :Lawyering against Capital Punishment
Authors: Sarat Austin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Legal interpretation demands that we remember the future.” Drucilla Cornell, “From the Lighthouse: The Promise of Redemption and the Possibility of Legal Interpretation” “The ideality of the Good is an anticipatory ideal, but one in which anticipation will prove itself to be a memory.” Judith Butler, “Deconstruction and the Possibility of Justice” “[L]egal systems try to make the future by redesigning the past and their connection with it.” Robert Gordon, “Undoing Historical Injustice” “[E]vil is the obliteration of personhood and hence the deprivation of all the personal and political rights of one, few, some or many.”
All or Nothing: An Inquiry into the (Im)Possibility of Cause Lawyering under Cuban Socialism
Authors: Michalowski Raymond 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines whether or not possibilities for cause lawyering can exist within the context of Cuba’s socialist legal system. In particular, it addresses whether cause lawyering is a unique characteristic of liberal-democratic states or if there exists a socialist analog to the more typical image of cause lawyering. Most discussions of cause lawyering have focused on attorneys who pursue social change by making “a self-conscious choice to give priority to causes rather than to client service.” Studies of cause lawyering characteristically examine attorneys who represent social movements or activists targeted by the state for prosecution or harassment, or who defend disadvantaged individuals against putative violations of their rights. This understanding of cause lawyering presumes first a structural and ideological relationship between state and civil society that permits at least minimal development of independent social movements, and second a political and the legal construction of human rights that permits lawyers to contest the meaning, implementation, and/or inclusiveness of these rights. In short, the common image of cause lawyering assumes that these lawyers are operating within the structure and the ideals of at least a rudimentary liberal-democratic state.
Juan De La Rosa
Authors: Aguirre Nataniel , Waisman Sergio Gabriel , Paz-Soldan Alba Maria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nataniel Aguirre (1843-1888) was a statesman and active participant in shaping Bolivian politics and economics. His novel, Juan de la Rosa (1885) functionalizes the memories of the last soldier of the Wars of Independence. The story is told as the reminiscences of Colonel de la Rosa whose memories take him back to his childhood on the eve of Independence and his youth fighting in the Bolivian army. Jaun grows up an orphan and his individual struggle allegorizes the national quest for a modern identity. The novel exemplifies 19th-century thinking on racial issues and offers an unusual perspective on the Independence period. Sergio Waisman's recent translation of Ricardo Piglia's Nombre Falso won the Meritorious Achievement Award in the 1995 Eugene M. Kayden National Translation Contest.
Congregationalism in Crisis: The Halfway Covenant
Authors: Cooper James F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Speaking IN Boston IN 1667, New Haven pastor John Davenport addressed a simmering controversy in Massachusetts churches that, he warned, threatened to develop into a crisis of colony wide proportions. Failure to maintain unanimity in purpose and practice, he averred, stood to jeopardize the entire Congregational sys tem the Puritans had so painstakingly created: Davenport’s “forwarnings” proved prophetic. The three decades of relative harmony among churchgoers in Massachusetts Bay ended abruptly in the 1660s, as ripples of disagreement over Congregational practices rose to a tidal wave of conflict within individual churches.
Last Rites For Commanding Relationships
Authors: Nabokov Isabelle 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On a full-moon night in the Tamil month of Mii.ci (February), Nagaji scheduled Laksmi’s “removal ” rite.1 The breeze during my motorscooter ride to his sanctuary east of Gingee was cool and dry. The path was utterly deserted; in the late hours when Nagaji conducted these rituals every one was fast asleep. Nor were these rituals casual spectacles; people without business there avoided them. Only some dogs barked at my silent passage through a succession of villages leading me to the ciimi’s grove. Laksmi and her father were standing motionless with several other visitors around a camp fire. That night two women (including Laksmi) and seven men had arrived together with clusters of immediate relatives. No one talked, but they stared wide-eyed at me, completely bewildered why I would record such an inauspicious even dangerous ritual. But Nagaji, who understood and even exploited my research for his own ends, explained that I was learning how he dealt with enemy sorcerers and their demons. His job was to stop spells, mine was to be an attentive but neutral spectator. His patients nodded in approval. As Nagaji waited for the midnight hour the air of expectation only intensified. That was when the original spells were cast, he once told me. Since Nagaji considered each ritual a counterattack on an opposing sorcerer, he had to strike back at the same time and in like manner. When I pointed out that he had personally not witnessed the evil sorcerer’s ritual, Nagaji explained that the tutelary goddess guided his actions.2 But for this healing, his supernatural assistant was not the goddess Sakti who regularly spoke during his biweekly divining seances, but the goddess Kali-well known throughout Tamilnadu for her bloody battles against demons. Yet when acting as exorcist he did not identify with Ka.Ii but retained his own male, human consciousness and personality.
Learning to Live With A Split Self
Authors: Nabokov Isabelle 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the South Arcot district of Tamilnadu human beings who meet untimely deaths through suicide, murder, or sudden accidents cannot exactly die. Their ghosts linger on earth where they entrap the living and inflict various pathologies that are usually “cured ” by means of the demonchasing ritual we have just seen. But possessions by these untimely dead do not always call for such programmatic, definitive resolutions. To understand these exceptions we must pay renewed attention to the matter of social context, or more specifically, kinship. Most of my consultants gave consistent, almost generic responses to the question of what happened to people who died in bus accidents or other traumatic circumstances. Invariably they stressed the spirits’ demonic side and the clear imperative to “make them run away. ” But when I asked about the fate of their relatives who died in such an untimely fashion, their answers strayed from these hard and fast explanations. None would accept responsibility for declaring that their kin had become pey. “Bad death ” seemed to demonize Tamil human beings only in the abstract, and it always afflicted someone else’s relatives. never one’s own. When it came to the tragic fate of their loved ones, my consultants came up with inventive, revisionist interpretations. It was said that the accident that prematurely cut short the life of a son or father was written by the creator, Lord Brahma, on the forehead of the person upon his or her birth. Ensuing from this divine mandate, such a death hardly disrupted the cosmic plan; it could pass as a “natural ” end to life.
Proclamation and Organization 1937—1939
Authors: Warren Heather A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
ON THE EVE OF THE Life and Work and Faith and Order world conferences in July 1937, thirty-five men from twelve countries representing the five Christian international organizations met at Westfield College in northwest London to plan the future of the ecumenical movement. Their expectations were modest. At most it was thought they would devise a plan for cooperation. Because they did not think anything momentous would happen, they did not appoint a secretary to record their discussion. Oldham, however, had in mind the creation of a World Christian Counsel that yoked Life and Work with Faith and Order in study projects leading to church unity. He had privately approached W. A. Visser ‘t Hooft, secretary-general of the World’s Student Christian Federation, to consider serving as the executive officer of such a body.-’ That was as far as it got.
Contribution to Philosophy
Authors: McEvoy James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Grosseteste’s output was vast and diversified; it has not been completely edited as yet. It is difficult to construct an overview of it, and the chronology of his writings still remains subject to disagreement among scholars. Only occasionally can we glimpse a classroom setting behind a page of his writings. His intellectual life was marked by rich development, as new books (or translations of books) arrived to add interests that supervened upon his thought, without obliterating what they covered. So far as we know, his major publications appeared late in his academic career and followed each other into circulation in quick succession. The further back we go in his life, in consequence, the less we can say with certainty concerning his intellectual activities. His mental life cannot be divided into watertight periods (e.g., philosopher, exegete, pastoral theologian), nor can the strands that made up its rich texture be separated out without an unacceptable degree of artificiality. However, it is impossible to talk about everything at once. For purposes of exposition I will say something about Grosseteste’s philosophical interests, beginning with his numerous contributions to the liberal arts.
The Dating of Aseneth Reconsidered
Authors: Wolff Christian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dull as discussions of dating usually are, even for specialists, much hinges on the dating of the Aseneth stories. Aseneth is extant principally in Greek, which was almost certainly the language of its composition, and in Latin, Slavic, Armenian, and Roumanian, all in manuscripts that date no earlier than the tenth century C.E. Two Syriac manuscripts that date to the sixth or seventh centuries C.E. contain a translation of Aseneth as part of an anonymous historical compilation of twelve books covering the period from creation through 569 C.E., known as the Church History or the Syriac Chronicle of Pseudo-Zacharias Rhetor. The same Chronicle prefaces the translation of Aseneth with two chapters. The first is an anonymous letter to one Moses, reporting the discovery of a little Greek book called the Book of Asyath and requesting a translation into Syriac; the second is a response by Moses sending the requested translation. This Moses is apparently one Moses of Inghila, who is known to have translated another Greek work into Syriac in the second half of the sixth century. Taken together, the identification of the translator as Moses of Inghila and the inclusion of the material in the Syriac Chronicle suggest that
A Congregation of One
Authors: Parsons William b. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our efforts up to this point have aimed at elucidating the issues entertained and perspectives offered by Freud and Rolland during the course of their debate on mysticism. The result has been the deconstruction of the common understanding of Freud’s views on mysticism. Certainly the latter were more subtle, complex, and interesting than has been acknowledged. At the same time attention can be drawn to the disjointed and “unfinished” character of the Freud-Rolland debate. Our analysis seems to have raised as many new questions as it dispensed with misleading interpretations. The debate could well have used a mediator who could have clatified muddled issues, adjudicated misundrstandings, and attempted to further the cause of a series of highly interesting but ultimately unresolved conversations. On the other hand, it is here where opportunity lies for anyone pursuing a revisionist agenda.
Mysticism East and West
Authors: Parsons William b. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In order to interpretative justice to the reconstructed version of Rolland’s mysticism, it 1s clear that the two avenues of analysis suggested by Freud-one championing a view of mysticism as regressive arid defensive; the other as therapeutic and adaptive—need to be expanded and developed, if riot altogether superseded. New resources must be found to not only ground a fresh interpretation of Rolland’s mysticism but to help rethink the relationship between psychoanalysis and the interdisciplinary study of mysticism as a whole.
Explanations
Authors: Almeida Manuel Antonio De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The old lieutenant colonel, albeit virtuous and good, nonetheless bore on his conscience a tolerable pair of sins, of the sort referred to as “of the flesh,” which must not be called into account-sins not of today when age had made him inoffensive but rather of his youth. The result of one of them was a child that he had left behind in Lisbon, fruit of a late love that he had had at the age of thirty-six. As punishment the child had come out nothing like the father, and neither the advice nor the care nor the example of the latter directed him to the good path. At the age of twenty, having enlisted, he was an unruly cadet, a gambler, and the most insubordinate member of his regiment.
Endeavors
Authors: Almeida Manuel Antonio De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The comadres first step was to take herself to the major’s house to intercede on Leonardo’s behale The major, however, proved inflexible: The case was a serious one, discipline could not be challenged more than once with impunity, the punishment must be unfailing and great. The comadre, who had gone full of hopes, found out from the major something of which she was unaware and did not even suspect: Leonardo would not only remain a prisoner for a longer time but he also would be flogged.... As soon as the major told her this, the poor woman fell to her knees, wept, wailed-all, however, in vain. She left in despair and, her mantilla drooping, all disheveled, flew to Dona Maria’s house. When she saw her enter in such a state, Dona Maria rose from her small bench and put down her lace cushion.
“But now,” Dona Maria interrupted, “the business requires all possible haste because they could lay on the poor boy’s back at any time, and after that not even Santo Antonio could take it back.”
“Nothing to worry about: We can still get there on time, with the grace of God. To be absolutely certain, let’s all three of us go right from here to the major’s house, and we’ll each do everything in our power to get the young man freed.”