bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Guest‐Induced Supramolecular Isomerism in Inclusion Complexes of T‐Shaped Host 4,4‐Bis(4′‐hydroxyphenyl)cyclohexanone
Authors: Aitipamula Srinivasulu , Nangia Ashwini 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe T‐shaped host molecule 4,4‐bis(4′‐hydroxyphenyl)cyclohexanone (1) has an equatorial phenol group and a cyclohexanone group along the arms and an axial phenol ring as the stem. The equatorial phenyl ring adopts a “shut” or “open” conformation, like a windowpane, depending on the size of the guest (phenol or o/m‐cresol), for the rectangular voids of the hydrogen‐bonded ladder host framework. The adaptable cavity of host 1 expands to 11×15–18 Å through the inclusion of water with the larger cresol and halophenol guests (o‐cresol, m‐cresol, o‐chlorophenol, and m‐bromophenol) compared with a size of 10×13 Å for phenol and aniline inclusion. The ladder host framework of 1 is chiral (P21) with phenol, whereas the inclusion of isosteric o‐ and m‐fluorophenol results in a novel polar brick‐wall assembly (7×11 Å voids) as a result of auxiliary CH⋅⋅⋅F interactions. The conformational flexibility of strong OH⋅⋅⋅O hydrogen‐bonding groups (host 1, phenol guest), the role of guest size (phenol versus cresol), and weak but specific intermolecular interactions (herringbone T‐motif, CH⋅⋅⋅F interactions) drive the crystallization of T‐host 1 towards 1D ladder and 2D brick‐wall structures, that is, supramolecular isomerism. Host 1 exhibits selectivity for the inclusion of aniline in preference to phenol as confirmed by X‐ray diffraction, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and thermogravimetry‐infrared (TG‐IR) analysis. The Tonset value (140 °C) of aniline in the TGA is higher than those of phenol and the higher‐boiling cresol guests (Tonset=90–110 °C) because the former structure has more OH⋅⋅⋅N/NH⋅⋅⋅O hydrogen bonds than the clathrate of 1 with phenol which has OH⋅⋅⋅O hydrogen bonds. Guest‐binding selectivity for same‐sized phenol/aniline molecules as a result of differences in hydrogen‐bonding motifs is a notable property of host 1. Host–guest clathrates of 1 provide an example of spontaneous chirality evolution during crystallization and a two‐in‐one host–guest crystal (phenol and aniline), and show how weak CH⋅⋅⋅F interactions (o‐ and m‐fluorophenol) can change the molecular arrangement in strongly hydrogen‐bonded crystal structures.
Use of Allyl, 2‐Tetrahydrofuryl, and 2‐Tetrahydropyranyl Ethers as Useful C3‐, C4‐, and C5‐Carbon Sources: Palladium‐Catalyzed Allylation of Aldehydes
Authors: Shimizu Masamichi , Kimura Masanari , Tamaru Yoshinao 
Published: August 2005

AbstractPalladium–diethylzinc or palladium–triethylborane catalytically promotes self‐allylation of 2‐(allyloxy)tetrahydrofurans, 2‐(allyloxy)tetrahydropyrans, and their hydroxy derivatives on the rings (ribose, glucose, mannose, deoxyribose, deoxyglucose). All the reactions proceed at room temperature and provide polyhydroxyl products, sharing a structural motif of a homoallyl alcohol, in good to excellent yields with high levels of stereoselectivity. Useful C3‐unit elongation, which makes the best use of an allyl ether as a protecting group and a nucleophilic allylation agent, is demonstrated. Mechanisms for the umpolung reaction (of an allyl ether into an allylic anion) and stereoselectivity associated with allylation of aldehydes are discussed.
Self‐Assembled Fluorescent Chemosensors
Authors: Mancin Fabrizio , Rampazzo Enrico , Tecilla Paolo , Tonellato Umberto 
Published: August 2005

AbstractSelf‐assembling and self‐organizing methodologies are powerful tools for the “bottom‐up” approach for the realization of complex structure with functional properties. Recently, this concept has been extended to the design of fluorescent chemosensors providing new exciting potentialities for the development of innovative sensing systems. This Concept Article deals mainly with this new approach and discusses its evolution, applications, and limitations.
Frontal Copolymerization Synthesis and Property Characterization of Starch‐graft‐poly(acrylic acid) Hydrogels
Authors: Yan Qing‐Zhi , Zhang Wen‐Feng , Lu Guo‐Dong , Su Xin‐Tai , Ge Chang‐Chun 
Published: August 2005

AbstractRecently, a considerable amount of research has centered on uniquely structured polymers synthesized through self‐propagating frontal polymerization. The obtained polymer materials have better features than those obtained by using the classical batch route. The additional advantages are short reaction times and low cost. This work describes the first frontal polymerization synthesis of a graft copolymer superabsorbent hydrogel of acrylic acid onto starch at high monomer and initiator concentration. The effects of varying the relative amounts of the reaction components on the most relevant parameters relating to frontal polymerization were explored. The front velocity dependence on initiator concentration could be fit to a power function. The temperature profiles were found to be very sharp with a maximum temperature below 150 °C, which was responsible for high monomer conversion. The ultimate properties of the product appear to depend on the polymerization front velocity and the temperature. The high‐temperature and rapid temperature increase at the polymerization front led to products with interconnected porous structures caused by the evaporation of water. So, a fast‐swelling, highly absorbing hydrogel with respect to batch polymerization was obtained.
A phase II trial of temozolomide as a 6‐week, continuous, oral schedule in patients with advanced soft tissue sarcoma
Authors: Garcia del Muro Xavier , Lopez‐Pousa Antonio , Martin Javier , Buesa Jose M. , Martinez‐Trufero Javier , Casado Antonio , Poveda Andres , Cruz Josefina , Bover Isabel , Maurel Joan ,   for the Spanish Group for Research on Sarcomas
Published: August 2005

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe objective of this study was to evaluate the activity and toxicity of temozolomide given as an extended schedule in patients with advanced sarcoma.METHODSForty‐nine patients with pretreated soft tissue sarcoma (the STS arm) and 18 patients with previously untreated gastrointestinal stromal tumor (the GIST arm) were enrolled onto a 2‐arm, multicenter, Phase II study between November 1999 and July 2001. Temozolomide was administered on a 6‐week, continuous, oral schedule at a dose of 75 mg/m2 per day in 41 patients and, after an amendment, at a dose of 100 mg/m2 per day in 22 patients.RESULTSAmong 45 eligible patients in the STS arm, there were 7 partial responses, for an overall response rate of 15.5% (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 5–26%). Responses were seen in 5 of 11 patients who had gynecologic leiomyosarcoma. The median response duration was 12.5 months (range, 3.9–58.0 mos). In 4 patients, response lasted > 1 year, and 2 of those patients remained progression free for > 3 years. The median time to progression was 2.2 months (95% CI, 1.8–2.5 mos), and the median overall survival was 8.1 months (95% CI, 5.6–10.6 mos). Progression‐free survival rates at 3 months and 6 months were 39.5% and 26%, respectively. In the GIST arm, no responses were noted. Grade 3–4 granulocytopenia, thrombocytopenia, and anemia were observed in 6 patients, 5 patients, and 7 patients, respectively. The most common nonhematologic toxicities were emesis and fatigue.CONCLUSIONSTemozolomide at the extended schedule was tolerated well and had activity in patients with pretreated soft tissue sarcomas, and especially among patients with gynecologic leiomyosarcoma. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
WT1 and WT1‐AS genes are inactivated by promoter methylation in ovarian clear cell adenocarcinoma
Authors: Kaneuchi Masanori , Sasaki Masahiro , Tanaka Yuichiro , Shiina Hiroaki , Yamada Hideto , Yamamoto Ritsu , Sakuragi Noriaki , Enokida Hideki , Verma Mukesh , Dahiya Rajvir 
Published: August 2005

AbstractBACKGROUNDOvarian clear cell adenocarcinoma is associated with one of the poorest prognoses among human epithelial ovarian cancers. The authors hypothesized that Wilms tumor suppressor 1 gene (WT1) sense and antisense (WT1‐AS) expression and their promoter methylation status could characterize ovarian clear cell adenocarcinoma from ovarian serous adenocarcinoma.METHODSTo test this hypothesis, ovarian cancer cell lines and 42 cancer tissues (17 clear cell and 25 serous adenocarcinoma) were analyzed for expression and methylation of WT1 and WT1‐AS genes.RESULTSThese experiments demonstrated that all serous adenocarcinoma tissues expressed both WT1 and WT1‐AS genes, although expression of these genes was lacking in clear cell adenocarcinoma. The WT1 and WT1‐AS promoter were significantly methylated in clear cell adenocarcinoma (88.2% and 88.2%, respectively) compared with serous adenocarcinoma (24.0% and 20.0%, respectively). Significant correlation between methylation and mRNA expression status was observed for each gene. Also in agreement with these data, WT1 and WT1‐AS negative ovarian cancer cell lines reexpressed these genes after treatment with the demethylating agent, 5‐aza‐2′‐deoxycytidine.CONCLUSIONSThe current study shows that CpG hypermethylation is an important mechanism of WT1 and WT1‐AS gene inactivation in ovarian clear cell adenocarcinoma. This is the first report that has demonstrated differential expression and methylation of WT1‐AS in ovarian clear cell and serous adenocarcinomas. This study presents new molecular characterizations between these two types of adenocarcinoma and may provide insight as to why clear cell adenocarcinoma has a poorer prognosis than serous adenocarcinoma of the ovary. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Fiber connections of the anterior preglomerular nucleus in cyprinids with notes on telencephalic connections of the preglomerular complex
Authors: Yamamoto Naoyuki , Ito Hironobu 
Published: August 2005

AbstractFiber connections of the anterior preglomerular nucleus (PGa) were studied in carp and goldfish by tracer injection experiments to the nucleus and telencephalon. The PGa received fibers from the central nucleus of semicircular torus, perilemniscular nucleus, anterior tuberal nucleus, and medial pretoral nucleus, all of which are presumed auditory structures. The PGa projected to the dorsal (dDm) and ventral (vDm) regions of medial part of dorsal telencephalic area. The caudomedial region of lateral preglomerular nucleus (PGl) and medial zone of medial preglomerular nucleus (PGm), which also receive auditory toral fibers, projected to the same telencephalic regions as did PGa. These preglomerular structures and the PGa also received in common descending fibers from a rostromedial portion of dDm. The PGa also received fibers from the parvocellular and magnocellular preoptic nuclei, and suprachiasmatic nucleus and projected to the anterior tuberal nucleus and medial inferior lobe, suggesting neurohormonal and circadian control on the PGa and auditory influences on hypothalamic functions. Of other diencephalic nuclei that receive auditory toral fibers, only small numbers of neurons were labeled in the central posterior thalamic nucleus and anterior tuberal nucleus even after large injections to the dorsal telencephalic area. Thus, the PGa and closely related preglomerular regions, not the dorsal thalamus, appear to constitute the major auditory relay station to the dorsal telencephalic area. The rostrolateral region of PGl, rostral and lateral zones of PGm, commissural preglomerular nucleus, and preglomerular tertiary gustatory nucleus, which do not receive auditory toral fibers, also projected to the dorsal telencephalic area. J. Comp. Neurol. 491:212–233, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mapping auditory core, lateral belt, and parabelt cortices in the human superior temporal gyrus
Authors: Sweet Robert A. , Dorph‐Petersen Karl‐Anton , Lewis David A. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe goal of the present study was to determine whether the architectonic criteria used to identify the core, lateral belt, and parabelt auditory cortices in macaque monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) could be used to identify homologous regions in humans (Homo sapiens). Current evidence indicates that auditory cortex in humans, as in monkeys, is located on the superior temporal gyrus (STG), and is functionally and structurally altered in illnesses such as schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease. In this study, we used serial sets of adjacent sections processed for Nissl substance, acetylcholinesterase, and parvalbumin to identify the distinguishing cyto‐ and chemoarchitectonic features of the core, lateral belt, and parabelt in monkey. These criteria were evaluated in postmortem tissue from a human subject, leading to the identification of additional criteria specific to human. The criteria were validated in an additional set of eight human subjects. Regions were delineated and their volumes estimated using the Cavalieri method in these subjects, and the sources of methodologic contribution to variability of the estimates was assessed. Serial reconstructions of the auditory cortex in humans were made showing the location of the lateral belt and parabelt with respect to gross anatomical landmarks. Architectonic criteria for the core, lateral belt, and parabelt were readily adapted from monkey to human. Additionally, we found evidence for an architectonic subdivision within the parabelt, present in both species. Variability of regional volume estimates was readily constrained using a multifaceted approach to reduce potential sources of variability in regional delineation. J. Comp. Neurol. 491:270–289, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Phylogenetic investigation of Dogiel's pericellular nests and Cajal's initial glomeruli in the dorsal root ganglion
Authors: Matsuda Seiji , Kobayashi Naoto , Terashita Takehiro , Shimokawa Tetsuya , Shigemoto Kazuhiro , Mominoki Katsumi , Wakisaka Hiroyuki , Saito Shouichiro , Miyawaki Kyoujy , Saito Kyoko , Kushihata Fumiki , Chen Jie , Gao Shuang‐Yan , Li Chun‐Yu , Wang Min , Fujiwara Takashi 
Published: August 2005

AbstractCajal's initial glomeruli (IG) and Dogiel's pericellular nests (PCNs) were first described from methylene blue preparations of healthy animal tissues around the beginning of the last century. Since that time, although many reports have been published concerning these structures, few have focused on their development and phylogeny in healthy animals. The aim of this study was to examine the phylogenetic development of the sensory neurons in Cajal's IG (also called axonal glomeruli) and Dogiel's PCNs in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) of the healthy adult frog, chick, rat, and rabbit. The three‐dimensional architecture of the neurons was observed in ganglia by scanning electron microscopy after removal of the connective tissue. The neurons in the DRG of fish are known to be bipolar, but DRG neurons in the species examined here were found to be pseudounipolar, with single stem processes. The proportion of neurons having IG or PCNs increased with increasing phylogenetic complexity in the species examined here. Cajal's initial glomeruli, the convolution of the stem process near the parent cell body: In frogs, the ganglia were small and the neuronal stem processes were very short and straight. In chicks, the stem processes were longer; sometimes very long, tortuous processes were observed. However, no neurons with typical IG were observed in either species. Typical IG were observed in rats and rabbits; their occurrence was much more frequent in rabbits. Pseudounipolarization, i.e., the transition from bipolar to pseudounipolar neurons, is thought to save space, limit the length of neuronal processes, and reduce conduction time. However, an explanation of the evolutionary advantage of the IG, which is formed by the excessive prolongation of the stem process, remains elusive. The cytological and electrophysiological importance of IG has been discussed. Dogiel's pericellular nests (PCNs), which resemble balls of yarn made of thin unmyelinated nerve fibers around DRG neurons, have been observed in the DRG of rats and rabbits, but not in frogs or chicks. This interesting structure shows not only ontogenetic development in healthy animals but also phylogenetic development among species. The nerve fibers in the PCNs were less than 1.2 μm in diameter and had some varicosities. An immunohistochemical study using anti‐tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) antibody revealed that some PCNs contain TH‐positive nerve fibers and varicosities. Such TH‐positive PCNs disappear after sympathectomy. These results suggest that the PCNs are made up of autonomic nerve fibers. J. Comp. Neurol. 491:234–245, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Changes in systemic type 1 and type 2 immunity in normal pregnancy and pre‐eclampsia may be mediated by natural killer cells
Authors: Borzychowski Angela M. , Croy B. Anne , Chan W. Ling , Redman Christopher W. G. , Sargent Ian L. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA bias of T cell immunity towards type 2 (Th2) is thought to be critical for normal pregnancy. Pathological pregnancies, such as pre‐eclampsia, are characterised by cell‐mediated (Th1) immune dominance. The Th1/Th2 paradigm, however, is too simplistic. Normal pregnancy is associated with a systemic inflammatory response which increases throughout gestation. This inflammatory response is exaggerated in pre‐eclampsia, a syndrome of the third trimester. T helper (Th) cells are considered the primary mediators of these altered immune responses, and other T cells, i.e. T cytotoxic (Tc) cells, and lymphocytes of the innate immune system, i.e. natural killer (NK) and NKT cells, have been largely disregarded. In this study, we have used novel pan type 1 (IL‐18 receptor) and pan type 2 (ST2L) lymphocyte function markers in four‐colour flow cytometry to broadly characterise peripheral blood lymphocyte populations from non‐pregnant, normal pregnant and pre‐eclamptic women. There were no changes in the Th1/Th2 or Tc1/Tc2 cell ratios between the three groups; however, the NK1/NK2 and NKT1/NKT2 cell ratios were significantly decreased in normal pregnancy compared with non‐pregnant (p <0.001 and p <0.01, respectively) and pre‐eclamptic women (p <0.05). These results confirm that immunoregulation occurs in pregnancy, but suggest a dominant role of the innate rather than the adaptive immune system.
High frequencies of functionally impaired cytokeratin 18‐specific CD8+ T cells in healthy HLA‐A2+ donors
Authors: Walter Steffen , Bioley Gilles , Bühring Hans‐Jörg , Koch Sven , Wernet Dorothee , Zippelius Alfred , Pawelec Graham , Romero Pedro , Stevanović Stefan , Rammensee Hans‐Georg , Gouttefangeas Cécile 
Published: August 2005

AbstractCombining cell surface phenotyping with functional analysis, human CD8+ T cells have been divided into several subsets which are being studied extensively in diverse physiological situations, such as viral infection, cancer and ageing. In particular, so‐called terminally differentiated effector cells possess a CD45RA+CCR7–CD27–CD28– phenotype, contain perforin and, in different models, have been shown to exert direct ex vivo killing and to release interleukins upon both antigen‐nonspecific and ‐specific stimulation. Using HLA class I multimers, we have identified a high frequency of peripheral CD8+ T cells that recognize a peptide derived from the self protein cytokeratin 18 presented by the HLA‐A*0201 molecule. These cells can be detected in approximately 15% of the HLA‐A2‐positive healthy donors tested. A detailed analysis revealed that they must have divided extensively in vivo, have an effector cell phenotype and express various natural killer cell‐associated receptors. Interestingly, however, they remained unresponsive to antigen‐specific stimulation in vitro in terms of cytotoxicity and cytokine secretion. Thus, cytokeratin 18‐specific cells constitute a frequently encountered, new CD8+ T lymphocyte subpopulation without classical effector status and with so far unknown function.
Specific ICAM‐3 grabbing nonintegrin‐related 1 (SIGNR1) expressed by marginal zone macrophages is essential for defense against pulmonary Streptococcuspneumoniae infection
Authors: Koppel Estella A. , Wieland Catharina W. , van den Berg Venice C. M. , Litjens Manja , Florquin Sandrine , van Kooyk Yvette , van der Poll Tom , Geijtenbeek Teunis B. H. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe dendritic cell‐specific ICAM‐3‐grabbing nonintegrin (DC‐SIGN) homolog, SIGN‐related 1 (SIGNR1) is a pathogen receptor expressed by splenic marginal zone and peritoneal macrophages, and is essential for clearance of Streptococcus pneumoniae by phagocytosis after intraperitoneal infection. Here, we identified an important in vivo function for SIGNR1 in S. pneumonia infection induced via its natural entrance route. Upon intranasal infection with S. pneumoniae, SIGNR1‐deficient mice did not clear bacteria from lung and blood, and displayed severely enhanced inflammatory parameters compared to the wild‐type mice. However, SIGNR1 is not expressed by alveolar macrophages, suggesting that another mechanism than a decrease in phagocytosis is responsible for this difference. Natural anti‐phosphorylcholine IgM produced by marginal zone B cells is essential for protection against infection with S. pneumoniae. Strikingly, during infection, SIGNR1‐deficient mice failed to produce a rapid anti‐phosphorylcholine IgM response. Marginal zone macrophages have been suggested to capture antigens for presentation to marginal zone B cells. We demonstrate that marginal zone macrophages from SIGNR1‐deficient mice in contrast to wild‐type mice are not able to capture pneumococci from blood, suggesting that SIGNR1 on marginal zone macrophages captures S. pneumoniae for antigen presentation to and activation of marginal zone B cells, resulting in an anti‐phosphorylcholine IgM response.
Control of murine gammaherpesvirus infection is independent of NK cells
Authors: Usherwood Edward J. , Meadows Sarah K. , Crist Sarah G. , Bellfy Sarah C. , Sentman Charles L. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractNumerous studies have shown that NK cells are important in controlling the early stages of infection with alpha‐ or betaherpesviruses. In contrast, little is known about the impact of NK cells on gammaherpesvirus infections. We tested mice with defects in NK cells for their ability to resist murine gammaherpesvirus (MHV‐68) infection. The depletion of NK cells had no effect on the control of the acute or latent stages of the infection. In addition, transgenic mice deficient in NK cells controlled the infection in a comparable manner to wild‐type mice. We also showed that the antiviral CD8 T cell response was unaffected by the presence or absence NK cells. We conclude that NK cells contribute little to the control of MHV‐68 infection, and therefore, NK cells are not essential for controlling all herpesvirus infections.