bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reproductive consequences for males of paternal vs territorial strategies in the polygynous spotless starling under variable ecological
Authors: Veiga José , Moreno Juan , Arenas Marta , Sánchez Sara 
Published: October 2002

Abstract
The males' trade-off between caring for the offspring or investing in attracting additional mates is well established in the theory of mating systems. The reproductive consequences for males of alternative strategies adopted by them in response to these conflicting demands should depend on several ecological and social factors that may strongly vary among years. This variation, however, has been rarely addressed in field studies despite it being essential to understand the evolution of parental care in facultatively polygynous species. In the present paper, we examine the reproductive consequences of paternal vs. territorial strategies in the polygynous spotless starling (Sturnus unicolor) during four consecutive breeding seasons (1996-1999) in which the number of male defending nest boxes and several population variables such as nestling starvation rates, nest predation rates and fledgling production varied markedly. In 1996 we manipulated the propensity of males to feed their offspring by means of androgens and antiadrogens, and examined the consequences of male behaviour on reproductive success during the subsequent four breeding seasons. Males implanted in1996 with the antiandrogen cyproterone acetate (Cy-males) fed more frequently than males implanted with testosterone (T-males) or control males (C-males) both during the season in which they were implanted and in the next season. The number of nest boxes defended influenced total breeding success mainly in the years when male feeding frequency was less important for breeding success per nest. A lower proportion of Cy-males than T- or C-males still held at least a nest box in 1999, three years after they were implanted. As a result, the number of fledglings produced over the four years studied was smaller for Cy-males than for T- or C-males. These results suggest that the oscillating selective forces acting on breeding male starlings seem to operate more frequently against the development of parental care strategies, while the polygynous strategy seems to be favoured under a wide array of ecological conditions. Although increased density of potential breeders may constrain territorial expansion and polygyny, the high cost of losing a minimum breeding site may select for the maintenance of aggressive behaviour and low parental investment.
Nematodes of the order Dorylaimida from Andalucía Oriental, Spain. New observations of Chitwoodiellus parafuscus, with comments on the genus Chitwoodiellus Jiménez-Guirado & Peña-Santiago, 1992
Authors: Peña-Santiago Reyes , Liébanas Gracia 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAbundant material of the nematode species Chitwoodiellus parafuscus (Peña-Santiago, 1991) Jiménez-Guirado & PeñaSantiago, 1992 collected from 17 localities in the south east of the Iberian Peninsula has been studied. Wide intraspecific variability in its measurements and ratios has been noted and analysed. Some of its morphological features are re-examined and revised, and a new concept of the species is proposed. SEM illustrations of this species, and also of the genus, are provided for the first time. Finally, a new diagnosis of the genus Chitwoodiellus and a compendium of its species are given.
Tolerance of Rosa rootstocks and species to Pratylenchus penetrans
Authors: Peng Yunliang , Moens Maurice 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA method for screening the tolerance of Rosa rootstocks and species to Pratylenchus penetrans was developed after observing the effects of nutrition and initial nematode population density on damage to Rosa corymbifera cv. Laxa. The correlation between initial P.penetrans densities and the weight of host plants fitted (R2 > 0.90) the Seinhorst model, Y = ym for Pi ≤ T, and Y = ym · m + ym(1 – m)z(Pi–T). All inoculated plants of R. virginiana and R. eglanteria survived while there were differences in the mortality after inoculation of 12 other Rosa rootstocks or species. Pratylenchus penetrans caused significant reductions in the numbers of the leaves and roots, and in fresh weights of shoots, roots and whole plants of all 14 accessions. Among these species and cultivars, reductions in root number were least for R. virginiana whereas fresh weights of roots, shoots and whole plants were least affected for R. eglanteria, and the greatest reductions were of R. corymbifera cv. Laxa and R. glauca. Plant mortality and the reduction of shoot and plant weights of surviving plants were positively correlated with the reduction in numbers of secondary roots. The numbers of secondary roots at inoculation were negatively correlated with the degree by which plant weight was reduced and with plant mortality observed 50 days later. Differences in tolerance among species as observed by differences in reduction of plant growth parameters were confirmed by differences of the parameters derived from applying the Seinhorst model to the species.
MODELS OF "THE BODY" IN THE ETHNOGRAPHIC FIELD: GARÍFUNA AND CANDOMBLÉ CASE STUDIES
Authors: Johnson Paul Christopher 
Published: October 2002

Abstract"The body" and "embodiment" are now firmly entrenched in the working vocabulary of the study of religion, yet there is little consensus on what such terms mean. This essay reviews the widely varying uses, focusing on main trajectories of the "lived body", the "semiotic body", and the "productive and produced body". Since "the body" must always be set in a particular narrative strategy in any given ethnography, complications arise when the various, sometimes contradictory, uses of "the body" are not kept distinct or are presumed to be one. This essay presents case studies on how varying uses are actually implemented in writing ethnography, and calls for a return to clear specification of how and why "the body" is invoked.
The mineralogy, texture and significance of silica derived from alteration by steam condensate in three New Zealand geothermal fields
Authors: Rodgers K. A. , Cook K. L. , Browne P. R. L. , Campbell K. A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractOpaline silica residue accumulates on the surface and in the near surface of the Te Kopia, Tikitere and Rotokawa geothermal fields, where rhyolitic tuffs are attacked by steam condensate, made acid (pH 2–3) by sulphuric acid produced by oxidation of H2S that accompanies steam discharge. Silica residue is one product of this alteration process that also yields kaolinite, sulphur, sulphide and aluminous sulphates, including alunite and alunogen, as pH, Eh and available moisture fluctuate across the field surface. Coagulation of colloidal polymeric silica or, possibly, direct deposition of monomeric silica can occur from the acid solutions of the digested country rock, depending on pH, concentration, temperature and the presence and concentration of other species. As with silica sinter, the first-formed silica phase consists of disordered opal-A microspheroids, commonly 0.1–5 μm in diameter. These coalesce and become overgrown by further opaline silica to yield a mass resembling gelatinous ‘frog spawn’ that lines cavities and envelops surfaces. This mass is the principle component of botryoidal, transparent to translucent hyalite that comprises much residue. Following deposition, this juvenile residue may crystallize to opal-CT lepispheres, 1–3 μm across and, subsequently, to chalcedonic quartz. Both the opal-A and opal-CT of the New Zealand residues are more disordered than those occurring in typical moderate- to low-temperature sinters. The opaline silica of silica residues enjoys a reaction relationship with both kaolinite and aluminium sulphates, including alunite and alunogen. These phases and the silica precipitate continuously and undergo dissolution at the surface of all three localities. The precise pathway followed depends upon the prevailing surface conditions, including humidity, pH, Eh, and Al and K activities. As Al is flushed from the system, the ultimate stage of alteration that may result is the dissolution of the silica itself in acidified rainwater, fogdrip or further steam condensate.
The regulation of platelet-dense granules by Rab27a in the ashen mouse, a model of Hermansky-Pudlak and Griscelli syndromes, is granule-specific and dependent on genetic background
Authors: Novak Edward K. , Gautam Rashi , Reddington Madonna , Collinson Lucy M. , Copeland Neal G. , Jenkins Nancy A. , McGarry Michael P. , Swank Richard T. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe ashen (ash) mouse, a model for Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS) and for a subset of patients with Griscelli syndrome, presents with hypopigmentation, prolonged bleeding times, and platelet storage pool deficiency due to a mutation which abrogates expression of the Rab27a protein. Platelets of mice with the ashen mutation on the C3H/HeSnJ inbred strain background have greatly reduced amounts of dense granule components such as serotonin and adenine nucleotides though near-normal numbers of dense granules as enumerated by the dense granule-specific fluorescent dye mepacrine. Thus, essentially normal numbers of platelet dense granules are produced but the granule interiors are abnormal. Collagen-mediated aggregation of mutant platelets is significantly depressed. No abnormalities in the concentrations or secretory rates of 2 other major platelet granules, lysosomes and alpha granules, were apparent. Similarly, no platelet ultrastructural alterations other than those involving dense granules were detected. Therefore, Rab27a regulates the synthesis and secretion of only one major platelet organelle, the dense granule. There were likewise no mutant effects on levels or secretion of lysosomal enzymes of several other tissues. Together with other recent analyses of the ashen mouse, these results suggest a close relationship between platelet dense granules, melanosomes of melanocytes and secretory lysosomes of cytotoxic T lymphocytes, all mediated by Rab27a. Surprisingly, the effects of the ashen mutation on platelet-dense granule components, platelet aggregation, and bleeding times were highly dependent on genetic background. This suggests that bleeding tendencies may likewise vary among patients with Griscelli syndrome and HPS with Rab27a mutations.
Reconstitution of adhesive properties of human platelets in liposomes carrying both recombinant glycoproteins Ia/IIa and Ibα under flow conditions: specific synergy of receptor–ligand interactions
Authors: Nishiya Takako , Kainoh Mie , Murata Mitsuru , Handa Makoto , Ikeda Yasuo 
Published: October 2002

AbstractLiposomes carrying both recombinant glycoprotein Ia/IIa (rGPIa/IIa) and Ibα (rGPIbα) (rGPIa/IIa-Ibα-liposomes) instantaneously and irreversibly adhered to the collagen surface in the presence of soluble von Willebrand factor (VWF) at high shear rates, in marked contrast with translocation of liposomes carrying rGPIbα alone on the VWF surface. In the absence of soluble VWF, the adhesion of rGPIa/IIa-Ibα-liposomes to the collagen surface decreased with increasing shear rates, similar to liposomes carrying rGPIa/IIa alone. While adhesion of liposomes with exofacial rGPIa/IIa and rGPIbα densities of 2.17 × 103 and 1.00 × 104molecules per particle, respectively, was efficient at high shear rates, reduction in rGPIbα density to 5.27 × 103molecules per particle resulted in decreased adhesion even in the presence of soluble VWF. A 50% reduction in the exofacial rGPIa/IIa density resulted in a marked decrease in the adhesive ability of the liposomes at all shear rates tested. The inhibitory effect of antibody against GPIbα (GUR83-35) on liposome adhesion was greater at higher shear rates. Further, the anti-GPIa antibody (Gi9) inhibited liposome adhesion more than GUR83-35 at all shear rates tested. These results suggest that the rGPIa/IIa–collagen interaction dominates the adhesion of rGPIa/IIa-Ibα-liposomes to the collagen surface at low shear rates, while the rGPIa/IIa–collagen and rGPIbα–VWF interaction complements each other, and they synergistically provide the needed functional integration required for liposome adhesion at high shear rates. This study thus has confirmed for the first time the proposed mechanisms of platelet adhesion to the collagen surface under flow conditions using the liposome system.
Paraneoplastic myasthenia gravis correlates with generation of mature naive CD4+ T cells in thymomas
Authors: Ströbel Philipp , Helmreich Markus , Menioudakis Georgios , Lewin Sharon R. , Rüdiger Thomas , Bauer Andrea , Hoffacker Viola , Gold Ralf , Nix Wilfred , Schalke Berthold , Elert Olaf , Semik Michael , Müller-Hermelink Hans Konrad , Marx Alexander 
Published: October 2002

AbstractMyasthenia gravis (MG) is the leading paraneoplastic manifestation of thymomas and is probably related to the capacity of thymomas to mature and export potentially autoreactive T cells. Why some thymomas are MG associated (MG+) and others are not (MG−) has been unclear. We addressed this question by comparing the percentages of intratumorous naive mature CD45RA+ thymocytes in 9 MG(+) and in 13 MG(−) thymomas by fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis. Our results show that intratumorous naive CD4 T cells were present in all MG(+) thymomas and in one MG(−) thymoma with the development of MG only 2 months after surgery. By contrast, the percentage of naive CD4+ T cells was significantly reduced in all 13 MG(−) thymomas (P &lt; .0001). Alterations in intratumorous thymopoiesis were reflected by corresponding alterations of naive T-cell subset composition in the blood, in that only MG(−) patients had significantly decreased levels (P = .02) of naive CD4+ T cells compared with age- and sex-matched control persons. We conclude that paraneoplastic MG is highly associated with the efficiency of thymomas to produce and export naive CD4+T cells. The acquisition of the CD45RA+ phenotype on CD4+ T cells during terminal intratumorous thymopoiesis is associated with the presence of MG in most thymoma patients.
Effects of iron overload and hepatitis C virus positivity in determining progression of liver fibrosis in thalassemia following bone marrow transplantation
Authors: Angelucci Emanuele , Muretto Pietro , Nicolucci Antonio , Baronciani Donatella , Erer Buket , Gaziev Javid , Ripalti Marta , Sodani Pietro , Tomassoni Silvia , Visani Giuseppe , Lucarelli Guido 
Published: October 2002

Abstract
To identify the role of iron overload in the natural history of liver fibrosis, we reviewed serial hepatic biopsy specimens taken annually from patients cured of thalassemia major by bone marrow transplantation. The patients underwent transplantation between 1983 and 1989 and did not receive any chelation or antiviral therapy. Two hundred eleven patients (mean age, 8.7 ± 4 years) were evaluated for a median follow-up of 64 months (interquartile range, 43-98 months) by a median number of 5 (interquartile range, 3-6) biopsy samples per patient. Hepatic iron concentration was stratified by tertiles (lower, 0.5-5.6 mg/g; medium, 5.7-12.7 mg/g; upper, 12.8-40.6 mg/g dry weight). Forty-six (22%) patients showed signs of liver fibrosis progression; the median time to progression was 51 months (interquartile range, 36-83 months). In a multivariate Cox proportional hazard model, the risk for fibrosis progression correlated to medium hepatic iron content (hazard rate, 1.9; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.74-5.0), high hepatic iron content (hazard rate, 8.7; 95% CI, 3.6-21.0) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection (hazard rate, 3.1; 95% CI, 1.5-6.5). A striking increase in the risk for progression was found in the presence of both risk factors. None of the HCV-negative patients with hepatic iron content lower than 16 mg/g dry weight showed fibrosis progression, whereas all the HCV-positive patients with hepatic iron concentration greater than 22 mg/g dry weight had fibrosis progression in a minimum follow-up of 4 years. Thus, iron overload and HCV infection are independent risk factors for liver fibrosis progression, and their concomitant presence results in a striking increase in risk.
HLA class II haplotype and quantitation of WT1 RNA in Japanese patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
Authors: Shichishima Tsutomu , Okamoto Masatoshi , Ikeda Kazuhiko , Kaneshige Toshihiko , Sugiyama Haruo , Terasawa Takashi , Osumi Kazuoki , Maruyama Yukio 
Published: October 2002

Abstract
It is unclear how a paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) clone expands in bone marrow, although immune mechanisms involving cytotoxic T lymphocytes, autosomal proliferation, and apoptosis resistance have been hypothesized. To clarify aspects of immune mechanisms and proliferation of PNH cells, we investigated HLA-DRB1, -DQA1, and -DQB1 alleles by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)–based genotyping and expression of the Wilms' tumor gene, WT1, by real-time reverse transcriptase–PCR (RT-PCR) in 21 PNH and 21 aplastic anemia (AA) patients. HLA genotyping indicated that the frequency of DRB1*1501, DQA1*0102, and DQB1*0602 alleles in PNH patients and of DQB1*0602 allele in AA patients was significantly higher than in 916 Japanese controls, and that the HLA-DRB1*1501-DQA1*0102-DQB1*0602 haplotype, found in 13 of 21 PNH patients, 5 of 7 AA-PNH syndrome patients, and 7 of 21 AA patients showed significant differences compared with healthy individuals. RT-PCR analysis showed that the mean values of WT1 RNA were 3413, 712, and 334 copies/μg RNA in PNH, AA, and healthy individuals, respectively. The values for PNH patients were significantly higher than for AA patients and healthy volunteers and were correlated with the proportion of CD16b−granulocytes. The high frequency of HLA-DRB1*1501-DQA1*0102-DQB1*0602 haplotype in PNH, including AA-PNH syndrome, and AA patients suggests that linkage exists between the disorders and that immune mechanisms in an HLA-restricted manner play an important role in the pathogenesis of these disorders. In addition, high expression of WT1 RNA in PNH patients is related to a PNH clone, but it remains unclear whether this causes expansion of a PNH clone.
Repair of DNA interstrand crosslinks as a mechanism of clinical resistance to melphalan in multiple myeloma
Authors: Spanswick Victoria J. , Craddock Charles , Sekhar Mallika , Mahendra Prem , Shankaranarayana Paneesha , Hughes R. George , Hochhauser Daniel , Hartley John A. 
Published: October 2002

Abstract
Melphalan is widely used as a preparative agent in patients with multiple myeloma (MM) undergoing autologous stem cell transplantation (SCT). Although disease relapse is the major cause of death after a melphalan-conditioned autograft, the mechanism remains unclear. Melphalan produces a number of DNA adducts with the DNA interstrand crosslink (ICL) considered to be the critical cytotoxic lesion. By using a modification of the single-cell gel electrophoresis (Comet) assay, we have measured formation and repair of DNA ICL in plasma cells from melphalan- naive and melphalan-treated patients (ie, those who have relapsed after a melphalan-conditioned autologous SCT or oral melphalan therapy). Similar levels of dose-dependent DNA interstand crosslinking were observed in cells from both melphalan-naive and -treated patients. However, marked differences in ICL repair were observed: cells from naive patients showed no repair, whereas those from treated patients exhibited between 42% and 100% repair at 40 hours. In vitro sensitivity to melphalan in plasma cells was found to correlate with ICL repair. These findings suggest that ICL repair may be an important mechanism by which melphalan resistance emerges after autologous SCT or oral therapy. This mechanism may have implications for MM patients undergoing melphalan therapy.
Intersubunit circular permutation of human hemoglobin
Authors: Sanders Kevin E. , Lo John , Sligar Stephen G. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractFor many years, human hemoglobin (Hb) isolated from erythrocytes has been investigated as a potential oxygen delivery therapeutic. Advantages with respect to the need for blood typing were balanced with various undesirable properties of cell-free Hb, including cost, overall oxygen affinity, alterations in cooperativity, and ready dissociation into toxic dimeric species. The use of total gene synthesis has resulted in very high levels of functional human Hb expression inEscherichia coli, but there remains a desire for effecting the crosslinking of the hemoglobin tetramer and providing for ready means for increasing the globular molecular weight. In this communication, we report a novel method for linking alpha chains. By circularly permuting one alpha sequence, the second alpha chain in the Hb tetramer can be linked with glycine residues to form 2 bridges across the central cavity. The second alpha chain thus presents its amino and carboxyl termini on a solvent exposed surface, providing for additional polymerization of oxygen-carrying subunits or attachment of any other peptide-based therapeutic.
Persistence of lymphoblasts in bone marrow on day 15 and days 22 to 25 of remission induction predicts a dismal treatment outcome in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Sandlund John T. , Harrison Patricia L. , Rivera Gaston , Behm Frederick G. , Head David , Boyett James , Rubnitz Jeffrey E. , Gajjar Amar , Raimondi Susana , Ribeiro Raul , Hudson Melissa , Relling Mary , Evans William , Pui Ching-Hon 
Published: October 2002

Abstract
We determined the prognostic importance of morphologically identifiable persistent disease at day 15 and days 22 to 25 of remission induction in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Among 546 patients entered on 2 consecutive protocols, 397 patients had evaluable bone marrow (BM) examinations on day 15 (± 1 day) and 218 on days 22 to 25 (± 1 day). Fifty-seven patients (14%) had persistent lymphoblasts (≥ 1%) in the BM on day 15 and 27 patients (5.5%) had persistent lymphoblasts on days 22 to 25. The 5-year event-free survival (EFS) was significantly worse for patients with lymphoblasts on day 15 (40% ± 6%) or on days 22 to 25 (4% ± 3%) as compared to those without lymphoblasts on these dates (78% ± 2% and 76% ± 2%, respectively, P &lt; .001 for both comparisons). A worse prognosis was observed even for patients with a low percentage of lymphoblasts (ie, 1%-4%) at either day 15 (5-year EFS = 56% ± 8%) or days 22 to 25 (5-year EFS = 0%) compared to those without morphologically identifiable persistent lymphoblasts at these times (P &lt; .001 for both comparisons). The prognostic impact of persistent lymphoblasts on both dates remained significant after adjusting for other known risk factors, including treatment protocol, age, white blood cell count, DNA index, cell lineage, and central nervous system status, and National Cancer Institute/Rome criteria simultaneously. Hence, persistence of lymphoblasts (even 1%-4%) on day 15 of remission induction was associated with a poor prognosis and on days 22 to 25 signified a particularly dismal outcome; these very high-risk patients require novel or more intensive therapy to improve outcome.