bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE RELATIONSHIP OF INTERLEUKIN-6 LEVELS AND THE DEGREE OF MYOPIA IN YOUNG ADULTS IN NORTH SUMATRA UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL
Authors: Hidayat Salman Saisar , Amra Aryani Atiyatul , Lubis Rodiah Rahmawaty 
Published: February 2024

Background.
Myopia is one of the refractive errors where parallel light from infinity is focused in front of the retina without accommodation. Various cytokines have been implicated in the development of myopia, including interleukin-6 (IL6) and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2). IL-6 is one of the pro-inflammatory cytokines that play a role in ocular disease pathology. Chronic subclinical inflammation may play a role in elongation of the eyeball, inflammation promotes the breakdown of the scleral extracellular matrix and results in axial elongation.
Objective.
To determine the relationship of interleukin-6 levels and the degree of myopia in young adults in North Sumatra University Hospital.
Methods.
This research is an analytic observational study with a case control design, held from February 2022. Primary and secondary data are collected from interviews and direct observation. Bivariate analysis of differences in interleukin-6 levels in myopia and emmetropia uses T-independent test, if the data are normally distributed. If the data are not normally distributed, then the Mann Whitney test is used. Bivariate analysis to analyze differences in interleukin-6 levels based on the degree of myopia uses the Kruskal Wallis test, followed by a post hoc test using the Mann Whitney test and t-independent.
Results.
A total sample consists of 30 patients who suffer from myopia and 30 control samples. The mean age in the myopia group was 28.87 years with the youngest age being 25 years and oldest age 34 years. Most of them are moderate myopia with 15 people (50%). There was no significant difference in interleukin-6 levels between myopia and control groups (p = 0.147). There was a difference in the mean level of interleukin-6 based on the degree of myopia (p = 0.005).
Conclusions.
There is an association between interleukin-6 levels and the degree of myopia in young adult patients. No differences in interleukin-6 levels were found significant between myopia and control groups.
Conjunctival flap surgery for traumatic corneal ulcers
Authors: Anisa Fitri  , Yetrina  
Published: February 2024

Introduction : Trauma was the most common risk factor for corneal ulcers and blindness. Death of corneal tissue due to loss of part of the surface of the cornea is called a corneal ulcer. Conjunctival flap (CF) surgery has an acknowledged role in assuring a stable ocular surface and repressing inflammation in compromised corneas or eyes with reduced visual potential.
Case Illustration : 26-year- old male patient came to the Chasan Boesorie Ternate Hospital polyclinic with pain in the left eye after splash cement 3 days before being admitted to the hospital. The left eye is runny, feels itchy, looks red and like there is a block and glare. On ophthalmology status there was a visual acuity OD 6/6, OS 1/300, OS cloudy cornea, hypopion, prolapse of iris and central corneal ulcer with a size of ± 2 x 1 mm.
Discussion : The remaining flaps were performed for corneal perforation, graft rejection, bullous keratopathy, and secondary corneal edema. Conjunctival flaps have previously proven to be effective in preserving the globe for individuals with severe ocular surface disease. The flaps promote nutrition, metabolism, structure, and vascularity, as well as reduce pain, irritation, inflammation, and infection. After 6 weeks of surgery visual acuity become better, OS 20/200.
Conclusion : Conjunctival flap surgery is an important and useful surgical option of ocular surface disease, especially recalcitrant infectious keratitis and corneal ulcers, particularly in nonresponsive and some perforated cases. CF procedure went well, provides mechanical support for corneal wound healing with good visual outcomes on the patient.
Management of Bilateral Ankyloblepharon with Hay-Wells Syndrome: A Rare Case Report
Authors: Junetta Airene Priskila Taba  , Putu Yuliawati  
Published: February 2024

Introduction : Ankyloblepharon is a partial or complete fusion of the eyelid margins. This condition can be found as a common manifestation of Hay-Wells Syndrome along with lip and/or palate cleft and ectodermal dysplasia. This is an extremely rare case report demonstrating management of ankyloblepharon with Hay-Wells Syndrome.
Case Illustration : A 5-day-old baby consulted from the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) with multiple congenital abnormalities. The baby was born preterm (32 weeks) by C-section due to fetal malpresentation with low birth weight (1545 gram). There was no family history of congenital anomalies. Ocular examination revealed a partial ankyloblepharon on both eyes. The baby was also found with labiognatopalatoschizis, microtia, hyperkeratotic skin and nail dystrophy. Then, we planned to do an eyelid separation procedure at the NICU using only sterile conjunctival scissors with drops of Pantocaine 2%. Gentamicin eye ointment three times daily was prescribed. After the procedure, we can do a proper evaluation of the eye.
Discussion : Hay-Wells Syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant disorder. This condition characterized by various congenital abnormalities such as ankyloblepharon, lip and/or palate cleft, and also other abnormalities involving the skin, hair, teeth, nails, and sweat glands. The management of ankyloblepharon can be done easily by excised the webs of skin that connecting the eyelid margins with topical anesthesia. The purpose of this management is mainly to prevent the risk of the development of deprivation amblyopia.
Conclusion : Congenital ankyloblepharon has the potential to cause deprivation amblyopia. An immediate management is needed to provide a good prognosis regarding the visual development
Successful probing of Congenital Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction on 11 years old child: A case report
Authors: SUTJIPTO  , Mohammad Haikal Bakry  
Published: February 2024

Introduction : Congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (CNLDO) is a common cause of epiphora in infants; its prevalence rate of 5% to 20%, although only 2–6% will need intervention. The pathogenesis involves an imperforate membrane of the nasolacrimal duct but it may involve bony abnormalities and narrowing of the lacrimal drainage system.
Case Illustration : An 11-year-old boy came to the hospital with complaints of a watery and excreted eye since he was born. On the dye disappearance test the result is +4. The patient was decided to have probing procedures. There was positive dye flow in the nasolacrimal duct after probing and irrigation with saline and dye. One week after the probing procedure, dye disappearance test was performed and the result is negative. Patients also no longer complain of watery and sticky eyes.
Discussion : The management of CNLDO remains controversial. Probing can be used as a primary treatment for children <36 months of age, where success rate of 78–93% can be achieved. For older children success rate is even less. Studies on older children between 25 and 60 months have shown failure rates as high as 28%. The prevalence of complex obstruction in children between 49 and 60 months was 43% with a success rate of only 33% on probing.
Conclusion : Appropriate time for probing the CNLDO is still under debate. The high success rate of probing in patients older than 2 years old confirm that the first intervention could be probing before considering complex intervention.
Management of Open Globe Injury Followed by Cataract Traumatic and Corneal Laceration in a 37-year-old Man. A Case Report
Authors: Martyana Dr Diana Eka , Kusumastuti Diana Haryati 
Published: February 2024

Introduction : Ocular trauma is the most common cause of visual impairment and unilateral vision loss. According to the Birmingham Eye Trauma Terminology, ocular trauma consists of Open Globe Injury and Closed Globe Injury. Open globe injury is a full-thickness eyewall wound due to a laceration or occult rupture. Damage to the cornea and lens are among the most common types of ocular trauma.
Case Illustration : This case report involves a 37 year-old-man who presented with complaints of pain and visual impairment in the left eye for the past month. The symptoms appeared after accidentally getting hit by a bamboo branch. Upon examination, the patient had a visual acuity of 1/300 in the left eye, ciliary injection (+), non-spherical pupil, and normal intraocular pressure on palpation. On slit lamp examination, a 7mm corneal laceration with a scar formation and a lens mass in the eye's anterior chamber.
Discussion : In this case, the open globe injury resulted in visual impairment due to corneal laceration and traumatic cataracts. The trauma occurred one month before the examination, and the corneal laceration had already formed a leukoma. The patient underwent corneal repair and vitrectomy, extracapsular cataract extraction using the ECCE technique, and intraocular lens implantation.
Conclusion : The prognosis of ocular trauma depends on the severity of the injury to the eye structures, the time between the injury and surgery, the preoperative visual acuity, the mode of injury, and the patient's age. The OTS scoring system can predict the final visual acuity outcome in such cases.
Combination of Superficial Keratectomy, Ethylenediaminetetraacetic (EDTA), and Amniotic Membrane Transplantation as A Treatment of Band keratopathy: A Case Report
Authors: Ilmah  , Patriotika Muslima  , Elfa Ali Idrus  , Arief Akhdestira Mustaram  , Angga Fajriansyah  
Published: February 2024

Introduction : Band keratopathy is a degeneration of the cornea characterized by the presence of opacity, which isa deposit of calcium hydroxyapatite. These calcium deposits can be removed in several ways, including using ethylenediaminetetraacetic (EDTA), superficial keratectomy, or phototherapy keratectomy.
Case Illustration : A 29-year-old male patient came with complaints of blurry vision in the right eye since 2-3 years ago, accompanied by the middle part of both eyes looking white, especially the right eye, since 17 years ago. The examination revealed a band keratopathy in the nasal to temporal region with neovascularization in the right eye, and keratopathy bands in the nasal and temporal parts, as wellas a cloudy lens in the right eye (Figure 1). Patients received treatment that included a combination of superficial keratectomy, administration of EDTA, and amniotic membrane transplantation (Figure 2). After the procedure, the clarity of the cornea improves (Figure 3). The patient was scheduled to undergo cataract surgery on his right eye.
Discussion : Band keratopathy is a degenerative condition of the cornea characterized by grayish-white hazy deposits in the superficial layers of the cornea, primarily affecting Bowman's layer. In the treatment of individuals with symptomatic band keratopathy, chelation with EDTA, superficial keratectomy, laser keratectomy for phototherapy, or combining current procedures are the most often utilized therapeutic approaches.
Conclusion : The combination of surgical management in cases of band keratopathy is expected to remove deposits on the cornea, improve the ocular surface, and reduce recurrences.
RELATIONSHIP OF GESTATION AGE AND WEIGHT IN PREMATURE BIRTH WITH RETINOPATHY OF PREMATURITY IN A TERTIER HOSPITAL
Authors: ABDI ROY NABABAN  , Rozalina Loebis MD  , Reni Prastyani MD  
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Introduction & Objectives : Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP) is the leading cause of preventable blindness in these children and significantly impacts vision. It is estimated that from about 15 million infants born prematurely worldwide, around 53,000 infants are found to have vision-threatening ROP, and 20,000 infants experience severe visual impairment. This study is to determine the relationship between gestational age and body weight in preterm birth with retinopathy of prematurity.
Methods : Medical records data with a diagnosis of retinopathy of prematurity were found in 385 infants treated at Dr. Soetomo Hospital from January 2016-December 2020. From 385 premature infants, 45 premature infants were found with ROP. The relevant data is then entered into the recording sheet and Microsoft Excel software and processed using SPSS 22.0 software.
Results : Premature infants with ROP who were found 385 infants with 45 infants were found with ROP. Premature infants with ROP in the gestational age group >32 weeks were 10 infants (22.2%). Of 45 premature infants, 23 premature infants with birth weights less than 1500 grams. AP ROP there is also 1 infant in the weight category
Conclusion : There is a relationship between gestational age at premature birth and retinopathy of prematurity. Meanwhile, birth weight was not associated with retinopathy of prematurity. In infants with a gestational age of more than 32 weeks, it is still necessary for ROP because there is still a possibility of ROP.
CAN RIGID GAS PERMEABLE (RGP) CONTACT LENS BE THE BEST OPTION FOR A KERATOCONUS PATIENT?
Authors: DINA FATMA DWIMARTA  , ANI ISMAIL  , EVA KUMALASARI  
Published: February 2024

Introduction : Keratoconus is a condition of cone-shaped cornea caused by stromal thinning. This disorder leads to visual disturbance due to irregular astigmatism, myopia, and corneal protrusion. A severe irregular astigmatism must be corrected by rigid gas permeable (RGP) contact lenses.
Case Illustration : A 29 y.o female visited Ophthalmologist Clinic Subdivision of Refraction, Contact Lens, and Low Vision in RSKMM Provinsi Sumsel, complaining of discomfort while using her current glasses. Anamnesis, physical examination, and ophthalmologic examination were carried out. The patient then was maximally corrected of her refractive status, followed by contact lenses fitting and post- fitting evaluation.
Discussion : Early ophthalmologic examination showed visual acuity of 6/60 ph 6/9 on both eyes. Corneal topography evaluation confirmed pattern of bilateral keratoconus, each 78% on right eye and 87% of left eye. Best-corrected visual acuity was 6/6 using S-3.50 C-7.00 180? (right eye) and S-4.00 C-6.00 170? (left eye). RGP fitting test was carried with trial lenses of S-4.00 D for both eyes with both base curve of 7.2 mm and diameter of 9.2 mm. Over-refraction showed result of S-3.50 D (right eye) and S-3.75 D (left eye) for both eyes to reach visual acuity of 6/6 and for patient to feel comfortable.
Conclusion : While some period of adaptation was needed, severe keratoconus should be treated using RGP contact lenses to achieve a better prognosis. Accurate fitting test of RGP resulting in comfortable and satisfied outcome of patient.
Improving Low Vision through Bioptic Telescope: A Case Series
Authors: ADISTI LUKMAN  
Published: February 2024

Introduction : Low vision (LV) is a condition when a person have binocular visual acuity of less than 6/18 to light perception, or a visual field of less than 10 degrees from the point of fixation, even after treatment and/or standard refractive correction. In Indonesia, it is known that the number of LV patients is around 4.8% of all blindness. Bioptics telescope is handsfree magnifying lenses, attached to the spectacles, used to enhance moderate to distant vision for patients with severely damaged eyesight. However, the use of this device is still uncommon in Indonesia.
Case Illustration : Bioptic Telescope prescribed to 3 patients, adaptation time were less than 48 hours. The 1st patient, 11 years old male with chorioretinitis toxoplasmosis, initial visual acuity (VA) 6/60 both eyes improved to 6/18 both eyes, and able to write/type 30 words per minutes. The 2nd patient, 18 years old male with Familial Exudative Vitreoretinopathy, initial VA 1/60 Right Eye (RE) & 1/300 Left Eye (LE) improved to 6/18 RE, and able to write/type 10 words per 2 minutes. The 3rd patient, 25 years old female with congenital visual impairment, initial VA NLP RE & 6/60 LE improved to 6/24 LE, and able to write/type 20 words per minute.
Discussion :
Conclusion : This study reports the initial experience with bioptic telescope in low vision patients. This device proven to significantly increase visual acuity with short adaptation time and learning curve to watch, read, write, and type. The ability to escalate patient's quality of life makes bioptic telescope superior from other (hand-held) telescope
PEDIATRIC BLEPHAROKERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS WITH DESCEMETOCELE AND CORNEAL NEOVASCULARIZATION : A CASE REPORT
Authors: Fadia Ghaisani  , Ismi Zuhria  
Published: February 2024

Introduction : Blepharokeratoconjunctivitis is a chronic and recurrent inflammatory eyelid disorder that is commonly associated with secondary conjunctival and corneal involvement that is frequently underdiagnosed in children. The objective is to report a descemetocele and corneal neovascularization as severe complications of blepharokeratoconjunctivitis in children.
Case Illustration : A five years old girl complained blackish lump in the right eye since a month ago. She also had a whitish spot in her eye since a year ago with redness, glare and watery. Three years ago she had a lump in the right eyelid and eye redness intermittently that was getting better with eye drop and history of allergy of house dust mites. Visual acuity (VA) in right eye was hand movement. Anterior segment of the right eye showed telangiectasis of palpebra, hyperemic conjunctiva, with neovascularization of entire surface of the cornea, descemetocele, leucoma and corneal thinning around descemetocele. We injected subconjunctival anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) injection then we performed amniotic membrane transplantation. Follow-up 2 months post surgery we found VA was 2 m counting finger and the corneal neovascularization was reduced.
Discussion : This case represents severe blepharokeratoconjunctivitis can cause some complications, from this patient we found corneal neovascularization and descemetocele. Anti-VEGF injection was to inhibit new blood formation in the patient’s cornea and the amniotic membrane transplantation was to manage the descemetocele.
Conclusion : Pediatric blepharokeratoconjunctivitis and the complications associated with its treatment can be sight threatening. Early recognition of this disease entity and adequate management may arrest the disease process and may minimize visual morbidity.
Incidence Of Photokeratitis In Factory Workers After Ultraviolet C Exposure and Its Management : A Case Series
Authors: Dr. ANDREAS SURYA ANUGRAH, Sp.M  , Dr. Rima Melati, M.KK, SpAk(K), Sp.Ok(K)  
Published: February 2024

Introduction : Ultraviolet C lamps have been used in industry and healthcare to disinfect rooms, air, water, and surfaces. However, exposure to UV-C may cause serious damage to human eyes.
Case Illustration : This were photokeratitis case series of 4 factory workers that occurred simultaneously after 4 hours exposure to UV-C lamp about one meter away without any protective eyewear. Several hours after exposure, they complained swollen, red and watery eyes, photophobia, sandy sensation, and blurry vision. One day after, they were taken to the Emergency Unit. Diagnosis of photokeratitis was established by using biomicroscopic examination. All subjects were treated with antibiotic eye drops, lubricants, oral anti-inflammatory drugs, and cold compress. Evaluation after 1 week showed clinical improvement and all subjects were able to return to work normally.
Discussion : Photokeratitis or ultraviolet keratitis is an inflammatory condition of the cornea after ultraviolet exposure for 30 minutes to 12 hours. The corneal epithelial layer functions as protector for corneal stroma and endothelium. However, the longer corneal epithelium is exposed to ultraviolet light, the more damaged it is. This caused subepithelial nerve plexus exposed, resulting in severe pain, photophobia, and bilateral epiphora. Injection and chemosis of bulbar conjunctiva, epiphora, and punctate keratopathy of cornea were found in examination. The management given is supportive therapy, and should be immediately given until corneal epithelium healed.
Conclusion : Photokeratitis may occurred in daily work. Regulation, warning, training and appropriate protective eyewear for workers in workplaces using UV-C lamps are mandatory. Immediate and adequate treatment can save the sight of workers exposed to UV-C.
PANOPHTHALMITIS SECONDARY TO RETAINED INTRAOCULAR FOREIGN BODY , SETTING IN RURAL AREA
Authors: WAHYU ENDAH PRABAWATI  
Published: February 2024

Introduction : IOFB can be serious and result in vison threatening complication. We report IOFB presenting with panophtalmitis secondary to delay in seeking medical attention and misdiagnosed in emergency ward by general practitioner.
Case Illustration : A 40-years-old male presented with pain and outward bulging of his right eye with no light perception after trauma to his right eye by a small metallic object while working as electric grasscutter. He presented to our department 3 days following the incident. Systemically, he had a fever, headache and nausea. 2 days after incident, he visited to emergency ward but he was given eye drop only. On Slit lamp examination, corneal melting with keratinization and lacerated wound in cornea at 12 o'clock about 3 mm. Non-contrast CT showing a linear hyperdense foreign body in the right globe likely metal, measuring 3 mm x 4 mm was found. The patient was admitted ceftriaxone intravenous, twice daily. No light perception of visual acuity, ocular penetrating, persistence of the active inflammation, and risk of spread, a decision was made to eviscerate the eye. A metallic foreign body was found in eviscerated tissue.
Discussion :
Conclusion : Important to suspect foreign body in all cases ocular trauma. Detailed examination and imaging should be performed. Delay treatment from the time of injury, result in poor prognosis. Surgical treatment such as evisceration, should be informed to patient about the visual prognosis.
Challenges in Diagnosing and Initial Treatment of Advanced Eyelid Basal Cell Carcinoma in Rural Area: A Case Report
Authors: Willy Yahya  , Eunike Cahyaningsih  
Published: February 2024

Introduction : Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common non-melanoma eyelid cancer with a high risk of recurrence. This case report discusses the management of extensive BCC in a rural setting with limited resources.
Case Illustration : A 62-year-old Timorese female, presented to the hospital with a mass on the left periocular region. It appeared as a mole in the lower left eyelid and extended to the surrounding tissues over nine years. As a farmer, she was frequently sun-exposed. A blackish mass was found at the left orbit, buccal, and entire nose (8 x 7.5 cm) with an ulcerated surface and attached firmly. The right eye had bedside visual acuity >6/60, with palpebral edema, free eye movement, hyperemia nasal conjunctiva, and transparent cornea. The left eye is difficult to examine. Two submandibular lymphadenopathies were palpated. A Head CT scan showed a suspected malignant soft tissue mass with irregular thickening of soft tissue with ill-defined borders. Histopathology examination revealed a nodulocystic type of basal cell carcinoma.
Discussion : Locally advanced BCC cases need a multidisciplinary approach. In a limited resources setting, the treatment highlights are histological diagnosis, complete surgical excision, and exenteration with margin control. From a broader perspective, the role of primary health care in educating and revering for early treatment is paramount.
Conclusion : Prevention and early treatment are the most important factors in managing locally advanced BCC.