bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Beyond Marriage
Authors: Cossman Brenda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mary Lyndon Shanley has made a compelling case against the privatization of marriage and in favour of the public interest in marital relationships. I agree that the contract model is simply not up to the task of regulating these personal relationships and ensuring that relational interests are protected. But to argue that relationships matter, and that there is a broader public interest in protecting and promoting relational interests, does not resolve the publicpolicy question of how to regulate adult personal relationships, and whether marriage is the only or most appropriate way to recognize them. Shanley herself acknowledges the importance of extending the analysis in arguing that “public protection and support for associational and affective ties” need not “be limited to marriage partners and parents and children. Rather, recognition of the inevitability of dependency and the importance of caregiving should lead people to ask what other relationships deserve public support.” In these comments, I attempt to push this question forward and argue for a broader rethinking of the legal regulation of adult relationships.
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Authors: Flor-Cisneros Armando , Leikin Sergey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The patient is a 1.5-year-old white female admitted to the NIH Clinical Center for evaluation of bone deformities in the lower extremities, generalized osteopenia, and a recent left femur fracture. She was the product of an uncomplicated, full-term pregnancy delivered by cesarean section and was born with normal Apgar scores and a birth weight of 2954 g (normal for fullterm newborns).A prenatal ultrasound done at 35 weeks of gestation suggested shortening and bowing of femurs, tibias, and fibulas and rhizomelic proportions (shortening of proximal limb segments) of the upper extremities. Her perinatal hospital course was uncomplicated. However, she was noted to have bilateral clavicle fractures at birth.
Inborn Errors of Urea Synthesis
Authors: Chakraborty Pranesh , Geraghty Michael T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A male infant was born at term following an uncomplicated pregnancy to a healthy woman pregnant for the first time.The delivery was uncomplicated, and growth was appropriate for gestational age. Initially, he was breastfed every 3 h.On the second day of life, he developed mild respiratory distress and fed poorly. Antibiotics were started, but no evidence for an infection was found. On day 3, he became increasingly unresponsive. Arterial blood gases revealed a normal PO2 with a respiratory alkalosis (pH 7.56, PCO2 17, HCO3 − 15 μmol/L (normal 21–28 μmol/L)). Blood glucose and electrolytes were normal. He became comatose and required artificial ventilation. Repeat tests showed persistent respiratory alkalosis, and the plasma ammonium was 1250 μmol/L (normal 5–30). Serum electrolytes, plasma glucose, and lactate and a toxicology screen were normal.Plasma was obtained for quantitative amino acid analysis and quantitative carnitine and for an acylcarnitine profile; urine was obtained for orotic acid measurement and organic acid profiling.
HMG-CoA Lyase Deficiency
Authors: Proud Virginia K , Rosenthal Miriam D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
D.E.C. was a normal female infant (weight 6 lb 4 oz, length 20 inches) born via spontaneous vaginal delivery to an 18-year-old primigravida (first pregnancy). The pregnancy was unplanned and complicated only by maternal use of antidepressants (Zoloft and Depakote) during the first months of gestation. When D.E.C. was 1 month of age, she appeared to have macrocephaly and mild hypotonia; a cranial sector scan was performed and was normal. She was initially breast-fed but was a poor feeder, had gastroesophageal reflux, and gained weight slowly (Fig. 20-1). She sweated profusely when sleeping, and at 4 months of age had hypotonia and poor head control.
Vitamin A Deficiency in Children
Authors: Wongsiriroj Nuttaporn , Wasantwisut Emorn , Blaner William S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A boy aged 3 years and 8 months was admitted to a local hospital in Thailand with the following symptoms: high fever, difficulty breathing, and diarrhea with approximately 10 episodes per day lasting 1 week.The child showed eye symptoms (see Fig. 29-1), including Bitot’s spot and corneal xerosis,that were consistent with the early stages of xerophthalmia, the clinical syndrome associated with vitamin A deficiency. (The clinically defined stages of xerophthalmia are provided in Table 29-1.) Night blindness was also identified through interview of the parents using the local term for night blindness. (For cultures in which vitamin A deficiency has been common, there is often a specific term in the local language for night blindness.) Concomitant with vitamin A deficiency, the child was diagnosed as experiencing protein-energy malnutrition type 2 (moderate), pneumonia, and chronic diarrhea.The boy spent 14 days in the hospital and was treated with vitamin A capsules (200,000 IU/day) on days 1, 2, 3, and 14 as well as with standard antibiotics for the infections. Following treatment with vitamin A, the child’s eye symptoms disappeared, and his vision returned to normal. He continued to receive vitamin A capsules providing 200,000 IU every 3–6 months throughout his childhood.
Calcium-Deficiency Rickets
Authors: Vanderjagt Dorothy J , Glew Robert H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The patient was a 3-year-old female who lived with her family in a rural village in northern Nigeria that was situated 40 miles distant from the nearest urban center. She was the fifth of eight children. Her parents were subsistence farmers who grew millet and maize that, together with a small vegetable garden, provided most of the family’s diet. Because of their high cost, dairy products were rarely consumed by the parents or children.
Verbal Ellipsis with a Combination of Licensors
Authors: Mcshane Marjorie J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Verbs are, in a sense, the backbone of any clause, since they determine what other elements can and must co-occur with them: generally a subject, often a direct or indirect object, and optionally various types of adjuncts. In addition, verbs impose restrictions on the semantic nature of their co-occurring elements. For example, the English verb polish requires a human agent or machine capable of polishing, a theme with a polishable surface, and, optionally, an instrument of polishing-perhaps a rag and some car, shoe, silver, furniture, or leather polish.
Dependencies in Ellipsis: A Polish Case Study
Authors: Mcshane Marjorie J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The interdependence among overt and elided categories represents both a contentful and a stylistic balance. Failing to strike this balance can result, on the one hand, in poorly understood utterances or, on the other, in utterances “with an accent.” This chapter presents a particularly clear example of dependencies in ellipsis, using as a test case three elidable categories in Polish: the multifunction particle sif!, the conditional particle or morpheme byl-by (both realizations are possible in Polish), and direct objects with default ACC case marking. This sample follows naturally from the previous chapters, since the ellipsis of sif! was just discussed in chapter 11 and the ellipsis of by and direct objects in Polish have much in common with their Russian counterparts.
Asymmetric cortical degeneration syndrome: semantic dementia
Authors: Boeve Dr. Bradley F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The terms “semantic dementia,” “semantic aphasia and associative agnosia,” “primary progressive aphasia,” “chronic progressive aphasia,” “temporal variant of frontotemporal dementia,” and “focal or asymmetric cortical degeneration syndrome” have all been applied to patients who exhibit a degenerative neurobehavioral disorder with progressive impairment predominantly or exclusively in the domain of language. When impairment is isolated to language, the term “primary progressive aphasia” is appropriate; when impairment is present in object naming (i.e., anomia) and word meaning (i.e., agnosia), with other aspects of language and cognition relatively intact, the term “semantic dementia” is apt. The initial symptom is typically “forgetfulness for names,” and although paraphasic errors, dyslexia, dysgraphia, visual agnosia, and executive dysfunction usually evolve with time, many patients perform daily activities remarkably well over the initial 2 to 5 years of symptoms. Progression can vary, with symptoms reflecting the topography of progressive cortical dysfunction. Typically, degeneration spreads posteriorly in the ipsilateral temporal lobe, with involvement eventually extending to the perisylvian, frontosubcortical, and sometimes superior parietal regions in the dominant hemisphere.
Occipital condyle syndrome due to metastatic cancer
Authors: Brazis Dr. Paul W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This patient’s presentation is an example of the occipital condyle syndrome. This syndrome consists of unilateral pain in the occipital region associated with ipsilateral paresis of cranial nerve XII (the hypoglossal nerve) and is typically due to metastasis to the skull base. Patients with this syndrome complain of continuous, severe, localized, unilateral occipital pain made worse by neck flexion and often associated with neck stiffness. Rotating the head toward the side of the pain often relieves the discomfort, whereas rotating it to the nonpainful side or palpating the suboccipital area is unbearable. The pain occasionally radiates anteriorly toward the ipsilateral temporal area or eye. About half of the patients complain of dysarthria or dysphagia (or both), specifically related to difficulty moving the tongue. On examination, patients hold their neck stiffly and the occipital area on the involved side is often tender to palpation. The ipsilateral tongue is weak and atrophic and deviates toward the weak side. Inflammation or fracture of the occipital condyle may also cause a unilateral or bilateral palsy of cranial nerve XII associated with occipital pain. Skull metastases to the clivus may also cause a bilateral palsy of cranial nerve XII.
Central nervous system Whipple’s disease
Authors: Kimmel Dr. David W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whipple’s disease was diagnosed when the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of the cerebrospinal fluid and small-bowel biopsy specimen were positive for Tropheryma whippelii. Whipple’s disease is caused by a periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-positive, weakly gram-positive rod-shaped bacillus, Tropheryma whippelii, an organism difficult to cultivate in vitro. Humans are the only natural host for the disease. The infection may be acquired by ingestion. PCR is valuable as a diagnostic tool. An immunohistochemical assay may be helpful.
Adult Alexander’s disease
Authors: Noseworthy Dr. John H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The brain biopsy specimen demonstrated excessive deposition of Rosenthal fibers in the gray and white matter of the middle cerebellar peduncle compatible with adult Alexander’s disease. The infantile form of this central nervous system disorder was first described by Alexander in 1949. The clinical and MRI spectrum of Alexander’s disease and its molecular basis have been expanded considerably in recent years. Most cases of the disease are sporadic, but familial cases occur. Infantile (onset before age 2 years) and juvenile forms are more common than the adult form.
Polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, M protein, and skin changes (POEMS) syndrome with Castleman’s disease
Authors: Brazis Dr. Paul W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The lymph node and bone marrow biopsy findings were consistent with Castleman’s disease, and a bone marrow biopsy specimen showed only a slight increase in the number of plasma cells. POEMS syndrome is a multisystem disorder of patients with monoclonal gammopathy. The osteosclerotic form of myeloma seems to be strongly associated with POEMS syndrome in that 85% of patients with this syndrome have either osteosclerotic or mixed osteosclerotic and lytic forms, although the osteosclerotic variant accounts for only 1% to 2% of cases of multiple myeloma.
Familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM) in a patient with Erdheim-Chester disease (ECD)
Authors: Black Commentary by Dr. David. F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
FHM is a rare, autosomal dominant form of migraine associated with episodic attacks of hemiplegia, aphasia, hemianopia, confusion, and sometimes coma, all of which may last several weeks and then resolve. If deficits persist, as in this case, a migrainous infarct is possible. Patients with FHM also have typical attacks of migraine with aura without hemiplegia. FHM is associated with nine different mutations in the CACNA1A region of chromosome 19p13, and one of these can be found in approximately 50% of patients. Recently, mutations in the ATP1A2 gene that encodes the α2 subunit of the sodium-potassium pump linked to chromosome 1q23 have been found in families with FHM. The CACNA1A gene encodes for the α1A subunit of a P/Q-type calcium channel that is expressed most densely in the cerebellum. Mutations of this gene are also associated with episodic ataxia type 2 and spinocerebellar ataxia type 6. According to anecdotal reports, intranasal ketamine, rapid intravenous administration of verapamil, or acetazolamide may have thera-peutic benefit in acute attacks of FHM.
Presynaptic congenital myasthenic syndrome caused by choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) deficiency
Authors: Engel Dr. Andrew G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The clinical course and laboratory findings suggested a congenital myasthenic syndrome. The stimulation-dependent decrease of the MEPP amplitude in this patient was consistent with insufficient resynthesis or vesicular packaging of acetylcholine in response to increased functional demand. Candidate proteins for this type of defect are the presynaptic high-affinity choline transporter, ChAT, the vesicular acetylcholine transporter, and the vesicular proton pump. Direct sequencing of CHAT revealed two missense mutations in the CHAT coding region (R482G and R560H). Neither mutation had a significant effect on the level of ChAT protein expression in fibroblasts. However, analysis of the kinetic properties of the bacterially expressed and purified mutants showed that the R482G and R560H mutations reduced the catalytic efficiency of ChAT to 28% and 2% of wild type, respectively. The combined clinical, electromyographic, and laboratory findings established that the patient has a presynaptic congenital myasthenic syndrome caused by ChAT deficiency.
Induction and Differentiation of the Myocardium
Authors: Kirby Margaret Loewy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As discussed in Chapter 3, the cardiogenic fields contain both endocardial and myocardial precursors. This chapter is also concerned with the myocardium, but in this case, we focus on the INDUCTION and DIFFERENTIATION As discussed in Chapter 3, the cardiogenic fields contain both endocardial and myocardial precursors. This chapter is also concerned with the myocardium, but in this case, we focus on the INDUCTION and DIFFERENTIATION of the myocardial cell lineage in the cardiogenic fields. The endocardium is considered in Chapter 9. The development of specialized cell types is referred to as differentiation. Differentiation of a cell is preceded by COMMITMENT of the cell to a particular fate or cell type. The process of commitment occurs in two stages. The first stage is called SPECIFICATION. A myocardial cell is specified if it develops into a myocardial cell when it is placed in a neutral environment; in other words, the environment is not particularly conducive to myocardial differentiation, but the cell develops as a myocardial cell nonetheless. The second stage of commitment is called DETERMINATION. A myocardial cell that has been determined develops AUTONOMOUSly into a myocardial cell when it is placed in an environment that is actually antagonistic to development of the myocardial cell lineage. In the embryo, the map of cells that have been either specified to a myocardial cell lineage or have the potential to become myocardium is larger than the fate map (see Chapter 3 for an explanation of fate map) of cells that are determined to be myocardial. The stages of myocardial commitment are brought about by a series of inductions that depend on signals from neighboring cells. In an induction, a particular tissue or tissues emit signals in the form of growth factors or MORPHOGENs that induce a particular response in a target cell that is competent to decode the signal, that is, the target cell has receptors and intracellular signaling pathways necessary to transduce or read the signal. In the case of the myocardium, inductive signals are produced by both the HYPOBLAST (chick) or VISCERAL ENDODERM (mouse) and definitive endoderm. A specified cell is one that is competent to respond appropriately to subsequent inductive signals. One of the factors that makes a cell competent is its expression of receptors for various inductive signals.
Some New Insights into the Embryogenesis of Heart Malformations in the Context of Syndromes
Authors: Kirby Margaret Loewy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While the figures vary from region to region, a reasonable estimate of the incidence of birth defects is 6.7 per 100,000 (Yang et al., 1997). Of these, 50% are cardiovascular. Not all, but many of these cardiovascular defects occur as part of a syndrome or association of defects. The defects most frequently associated with cardiovascular malformations are in craniofacial structures, but they can also include limbs or other internal organs such as the kidneys. Research is very rapidly identifying genetic linkages with these syndromes, but the pathogenic processes that link a gene to a phenotype are still largely unknown. After describing many of the syndromes that contain cardiovascular malformations as a major characteristic of the phenotype, the genesis of some of these syndromes is discussed in light of our recent insights into modules that were presented in Chapter 14.
Consumer Activism and Corporate Social Responsibility
Authors: Kendall Brenden E , Gill Rebecca , Cheney George 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Consumerism was the twentieth century’s winning ‘ism’” (Gopnik, 1997, p. 80). With this bold and deliberately ironic statement, a writer for the New Yorker magazine made the point that whatever other movements rose and fell in the past 100 years or so, the force of consumerism is with us. Indeed, it is now so common to speak of “consumer society,” to substitute the term “consumer” for “citizen,” and to speak of nations like China as “emerging markets of consumer power,” that in everyday talk consumption has ceased to be an object of attention.
Introduction
Authors: Lockhart Ted 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On a blustery morning in March 1983, a spirited procession of several hundred people made its way through the streets of Bonn, West Germany’s postwar capital. The troupe was en route to the country’s parliament, the Bundestag. It ambled good-naturedly through the old university town to the beat of African drums played from an open, horse-drawn carriage. The event had all the trappings of ademonstration. Marchers young and old brandished signs reading: “Minimum Pension: 1500 Marks!”, “My Census Data Belongs to Me!”, and “PeaceNowin Israel-Palestine!”Onewoman pushed ahead of her a human-size “planet earth” beach ball, a symbol of the global nature of their concerns.
Radical Left
Authors: Hockenos Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the wake of the imploded student movement, its partisans scattered like leaves across the left side ofWest Germany’s political spectrum. Those who gave up on revolution found homes in Willy Brand’s Social Democrats, as well as in the new women’s movement or the multitude of community-based citizen’s initiatives that opted to work alongside the system, if not necessarily within it (see chapter 5). But there were also those who refused to acknowledge the Federal Republic’s reformability and stuck to a picture of the authoritarian state. Among them, many dozens of radical leftist splinter groups—Maoist, Trotskyite, anarchist—emerged from the wreckage of the student movement, including the Frankfurt Spontis and a bewildering array of Marxist Leninist parties.
Autumn of the Euromissiles
Authors: Hockenos Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Federal Republic’s reactions to the newest party on the national stage ranged from intense skepticism to mild bemusement. Bavaria’s premier conservative, Franz Josef Strauss, invoked vintage Adenauer-era anticommunism, labeling the Greens a “Trojan Soviet cavalry.”1 The chancellor- elect, Christian Democrat Helmut Kohl, wagered that the rebel ecologists would find their way back under the wing of the SPD, vanishing completely from the political scene in two years time. This is exactly what the Social Democrats themselves hoped.2 In the meantime, however, the new party wasn—t going to get a free ride from the republic’s oldest. Hesse’s minister president, the Social Democrat Holger Bö rner, boasted that in the old days, on the construction site, types like Greens were brought to heel with the flat side of a two-by-four.
Going Realo
Authors: Hockenos Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The peace movement didn’t dissolve all at once. Into the late 1980s, missile foes staged spectacular blockades of NATO installations and organized rallies of tens of thousands in the Bonn Hofgarten and elsewhere. But the missileś deployment pierced the high-flying idealism and “can do” spirit of the campaign. For a moment, it had seemed to peace activists as if anything were possible, with reason, moral rectitude, and people power united against the forces of nuclear Armageddon. Yet three years of mass demonstrations and untold thousands of antimissile events hadn’t slowed the delivery of the new weaponry by even a day.
The Women’s Movement Begins, 1850–1860
Authors: McMillen Sally G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In entering upon the great work before us, we anticipate no small amount of misconception, misrepresentation, and ridicule,’’ the authors of the Seneca Falls Declaration of Rights and Sentiments solemnly intoned, ‘‘but we shall use every instrumentality within our power to effect our object.’’ The final paragraph of the Declaration laid out action for the years ahead: to ‘‘employ agents, circulate tracts, petition the State and national Legislatures, and endeavor to enlist the pulpit and the press in our behalf.