bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Structure of Corporate Values
Authors: Frederick William C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The journey through evolutionary time from the rudimentary economizing activities of early life forms to present-day business values has been an extremely long one. The full story is untraceable, concealed by and within evolutionary complexities of great magnitude and ancient lineage. The one con start that has prevailed through all of the evolutionary permutations that have accompanied life on earth-and that links those earliest struggles to gain and maintain life with contemporary business activities-is economizing. All successful life forms have reached out into the environment for vital energy, have directed that energy toward the building of their own internal systems, and have then developed their biological and/or cultural potentials. This indispensable economizing constant, when taking a form shaped by cultural evolution, lies at the root of the modern business institution. Economizing not only sustains the societal legitimacy of the business function but does so as a culturally modulated expression of some of the most basic laws of nature. Time’s Arrow has pointed in this direction, driving this particular human enterprise to assume the shape and perform the functions we recognize today as business.
American Indian Languages
Authors: Campbell Lyle 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Native American languages are spoken from Siberia to Greenland, and from the Arctic to Tierra del Fuego; they include the southernmost language of the world (Yaghan) and some of the northernmost (Eskimoan). Campbell’s project is to take stock of what is currently known about the history of Native American languages and in the process examine the state of American Indian historical linguistics, and the success and failure of its various methodologies. There is remarkably little consensus in the field, largely due to the 1987 publication of Language in the Americas by Joseph Greenberg. He claimed to trace a historical relation between all American Indian languages of North and South America, implying that most of the Western Hemisphere was settled by a single wave of immigration from Asia. This has caused intense controversy and Campbell, as a leading scholar in the field, intends this volume to be, in part, a response to Greenberg. Finally, Campbell demonstrates that the historical study of Native American languages has always relied on up-to-date methodology and theoretical assumptions and did not, as is often believed, lag behind the European historical linguistic tradition.
Introductory: Epistemology and Political Theory
Authors: Gaus Gerald F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the last decade a number of philosophers have advanced what might be called a justificatory conception of liberalism. On this view, to quote Stephen Macedo, “[t]he moral lodestar of liberalism is ... the project of public justification.”1 Liberals, Jeremy Waldron tells us, “are committed to a conception of freedom and of respect for the ca An Essay on Epistemology and Political pacities and the agency of individual men and woman,” and, he continues, “these commitments generate a requirement that all aspects of the social world should either be acceptable or be capable of being made acceptable to every last individual.” In a similar vein, Charles Larmore holds that “[t]o respect another person as an end is to insist that coercive or political principles be just as justifiable to that person as they are to us. Equal respect involves treating all persons, to which such principles are to apply, in this way.”
Foundationalism and Intuitionism
Authors: Gaus Gerald F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As Brink recognizes, if his theory is purely inferential it must follow that “no beliefs are noninferentially justified.” Moreover, he explicitly recognizes that it follows from this that no beliefs can be self-justifying, for then some would not be inferentially justified.1 In this section (7.1) I argue that plausible coherence theories are actually committed to some notion of a self-justified belief.
Inconclusive Public Reasoning
Authors: Gaus Gerald F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I argued in the previous chapter that liberal public justification is possible. As John Gray stresses, however, the great difficulty confronting liberal public justification is the generality and abstractness of the victoriously justified principles. The principles that can be victoriously justified, I have suggested, are really instances of nested inconclusiveness. Although the requirements of victorious public justification can be met, they are demanding; it is to not be expected that relatively specific interpretations of these principles can also be victoriously justified. We should expect that even though a set of proposals can be victoriously justified, within the set no conclusive arguments will be forthcoming. Although we can justify embracing the concept (e.g., a right to free speech), no specific conception can be justified. But, as Rawls tells us, a conception supplies the principles and rules required to apply the concept in actual cases. Consequently, if the justifications of specific conceptions are inconclusive, liberals have no way to apply their justified principles. Although I have insisted that the abstract principles have exclusionary force-they exclude some possible norms as permissible-it must be acknowledged that they often provide little in the way of positive guidance.
The Rule of Law
Authors: Gaus Gerald F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As I observed in chapter 11, the social contract tradition as exemplified by Hobbes, Locke, and Kant has sought to justify an arbitrator, umpire, or judge whose task is to provide public, definitive resolutions of conflicting judgments. Although we typically conceive of social contract theory as justifying “government,” Locke’s phrase is far more accurate and revealing: To escape the state of nature, in which each relies on her own moral judgments, we require rule by an “Umpire, by settled standing Rules, indifferent, and the same to all Parties” -that is, umpiring through law. For all three philosophers law as articulated by the umpire, is the definitive voice of public reason. “CIVIL LAw,” said Hobbes, “is to every subject, those rules, which the commonwealth hath commanded him, by word, writing, or other sufficient sign of the will, to make use of, for the distinction of right, and wrong ....” In part III I aim to show that such an umpire can be victoriously justified. This requires two tasks. First, I must show that an umpire who rules through law can be victoriously justified. Unless that can be done, disputes about the publicly justified umpiring procedure will simply replace disputes about justice. As Nozick observes: “When sincere and good persons differ, we are prone to think they must accept some procedure to decide their differences, some procedure they both agree to be reliable or fair. [But] ... this disagreement may extend all the way up the ladder of procedures.” Showing that the disagreement does not extend all the way up the ladder of political procedures is the main concern of social contract theory; I turn to it in chapters 13 and 14. Second, it needs to be shown why umpiring through law is required to solve the problems raised by a clash of private judgments. That is, leaving aside which umpiring procedure we should employ (i.e., what form of government is justified), why does the analysis of conflicting private judgments indicate that the set of justifiable umpiring procedures must be restricted to those that rule through law? It is to this question that I now turn.
Configuring Race in the American West
Authors: Pascoe Peggy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Oregon already had a law prohibiting marriage between “a white person” and “a negro,” but State Representative James Gingles thought that wasn’t enough. In October 1866, Gingles introduced a bill to “prohibit Amalgamation and the Intermarriage of the races” by punishing “any white person” who married “any negro, Chinese, kanaka or Indian” in the Oregon House of Representatives. To Gingles, and to other nineteenth-century legislators in western states and territories, the passage of a miscegenation law was an ordinary exercise in state-making, one of many actions they took to secure the rights of White men like themselves. Men like Gingles proved every bit as eager as their southern counterparts to build new structures of white supremacy from the tumbling bricks of older racial hierarchies. But their western version of white supremacy reached beyond the baseline obsession with categories of White and Black, to build a longer list of non-White races that were then targeted in miscegenation laws.
Engineered in Japan: Introduction and Overview
Authors: Liker Jeffrey K , Ettlie John E , Campbell John Creighton 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One might ask why yet another book on Japanese management would appear on the shelves at this late date. After all, haven’t U.S. managers learned all they need to know about Japanese approaches, from the voluminous literature appearing in the 1980s? We learned all about JIT, TQM, TPM, SPC, QFD, and the product-development shusa. We know about lean manufacturing, and we have been busily adopting what we can of Japan’s quality methods. Our plants have become leaner and more productive, and in many cases, the quality of our products approaches Japanese quality. We have been reducing product-development time through a variety of organizational and technical concurrent engineering approaches. We have been gaining market share, and at the time of this writing, our economy seems to be strengthening as the Japanese economy is still struggling to emerge from recession.
Governance Structure and Technology Transfer Management in R&D Consortia in the United States and Japan
Authors: Aldrich Howard E , Sasaki Toshihiro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Firms are no longer relying solely on their own R&D efforts (Contractor & Lorange, 1988), and they have increasingly turned to collaborative and cooperative interorganizational ties for R&D. Interorganizational arrangements, deliberately structured to promote the collective benefits of research and development, can give firms access to R&D that they could not manage on their own: joint ventures, technology licensing, subcontracting of research to private or university laboratories, and other arrangements (Auster, 1990). As Osborn and Baughn (Chapter 5 in this volume) noted, “The exchange and development of knowledge through alliances may allow firms quickly and creatively to integrate previously separate knowledge areas.” Firms that use joint and cooperative R&D processes can reap economies of scale and scope beyond the reach of a single firm if they can find effective mechanisms for sharing the jointly developed knowledge (Link & Bauer, 1989).
Toyota, Concurrent Engineering, and Set-Based Design
Authors: Ward Allen , Ii Durward K Sobek , Cristiano John J , Liker Jeffrey K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Concurrent engineering, the practice of simultaneously designing a product and its manufacturing system, is generally viewed as a major source of Japanese competitive advantage (Clark & Fujimoto, 1991). U.S. companies have rushed to construct structured design processes and multifunctional, often colocated teams in order to compete (Nevins & Whitney, 1989). Ironically, however, we discovered in our research that most managers at Japanese auto companies are fairly new to concurrent engineering, which many regard as a Toyota invention. Equally paradoxical, our research found that managers at Toyota, which has long experience with concurrent engineering, made little use of many commonly touted “crucial elements” of successful concurrent engineering. Toyota uses neither colocated nor dedicated multidisciplinary teams, and significant portions of the development process remain relatively unstructured.
A Pragmatist Ethics of Differences, Centers, and Margins
Authors: Gilbert Daniel R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
You and I can learn more about making business more ethical from the creative efforts by Bill Watterson (“Calvin & Hobbes”), the late Jay Ward (“Rocky & Bullwinkle”), Dean Young and Stan Drake (“Blondie”), W.P. Kinsella (Box Socials), Gish Jen (Typical American), and Douglas Coupland (Generation X) than from reading about all the white-collar criminals ever convicted. I have come to this conclusion long after the day when, in my first month at Bucknell University, a student-I will call him “Senior”-entered my office with a proposal for heightening his classmates’ awareness about ethics.1 I threw cold water on Senior’s idea. And I would do so again.
The Stakeholder Containment Imperative
Authors: Gilbert Daniel R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Corporate America has the Baldridge Award. The motion picture indus­ try has the Oscar. Members of the recording industries in the United States and Canada confer the Grammy and Juno awards, respectively. College football players can be honored either with the Reisman Trophy or the Outland Award. Professional ice hockey has the Stanley Cup. Professional athletes can be honored with Most Valuable Player and Comeback Player awards. The world community has the Nobel Peace Prize. Each year, the University of Minnesota and the University of Iowa football teams play for the Floyd of Rosedale trophy.
Introduction
Authors: Haliczer Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In spite of the reforms introduced during the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella that made Spain largely immune to the Lutheran threat, the Spanish Catholic Church remained a deeply troubled institution on the eve of the Reformation. Nowhere were these problems more evident than in the contemporary Spaniard’s attitudes toward the sacrament of penance. Since the Fourth Lateran Council (1215), Catholics had been required to confess their sins annually to a legally qualified priest, but the evidence suggests that few did so. There were a number of reasons for this mass abstention from the sacrament of penance. One obvious explanation was ignorance of the precept that mandated yearly confession. When the Spanish Inquisition turned its attention to religious offenses committed by the popular masses, such as blasphemy, bigamy, or superstition, officials were alarmed at what they discovered. Across large parts of Spain, especially in the more backward and inaccessible regions, peasants and artisans were largely ignorant of the basic tenets of the Catholic faith. Moreover, widespread absenteeism among both priests and bishops often left the laity without leadership or basic instruction.
The Soliciting Confessor
Authors: Haliczer Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Interestingly enough, analysis of the ecclesiastical status of offenders coming before the Inquisition demonstrates conclusively that the vast majority were drawn from the religious orders. Out of the 223 accused, only 59 (26 percent) belonged to the secular clergy. Among the seculars, the largest groups were composed of parish priests (13.9 percent) and lieutenant curates (4 percent), followed by much smaller numbers of canons and other benefice holders and a sprinkling of assistants and chaplains.
Single-Loop Win-Win Methods
Authors: Nielsen Richard P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The present chapter examines how win-win politics retains much of the effectiveness of forcing while encouraging productive cooperation. With win-win politics, though, there can be no belief conversion toward the ethical. With win-win politics it is possible to adopt ethical behavior without reference to the ethical or even concern for the ethical among all parties to an agreement. This is both a strength and limitation of this type of politics. As is well known, win-win integrating as general management method was central to the post-1920s management reform efforts. This reform movement adapted psychology and cooperative human relations to management practice and has evolved into the fields of organizational behavior and leadership. Perhaps less well-known is that ethical concern was foundational for some of the leading scholars in this reform movement such as Elton Mayo.
Perestroika and the Failure of Soviet Capitalism, 1985-1990
Authors: Owen Thomas C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Historians of the era of perestroika (1985-91) may well conclude that, like the tsarist regime before it, the government of Mikhail Gorbachev fell because it failed to solve the problem of economic productivity. The collapse of the railroad system and the bread shortages that faced the tsarist ministers in December 1916 far exceeded the gradual dissolution of the economy seventy-five years later. Still, Gorbachev’s reluctance to implement market reforms on a scale commensurate with his rhetoric contributed directly to the economic crisis that doomed his regime.
The New Management Models: What They Say and What’s Needed to Pull Them Off
Authors: Culbert Samuel A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The stream of progressive new management models appears to be flowing open-endedly. Almost every day brings something new. Each of the models is aimed at changing the way that you function so that you can survive and prosper in an organization world that’s rapidly becoming unlike anything you’ve known before. To this point you should know the merits of total quality management, the importance of leadership that empowers, the imperative of a critical “fifth discipline” with a focus on organizational learning, the possibility of quantum leap transformational change, the need for “reengineering” corporate functions and “reinventing” government, the importance of constructing an organization that learns, the essential utilization of diversity, the possibilities of changing the internal culture, and the list goes on and on.
The Outsider’s Perspective or “If you’re from out of town, you must be an expert.”
Authors: Culbert Samuel A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The preceding chapter illustrated some of the problems that arise when implementing a new management model using the former mentality. Note that we’ve merely scratched the surface in describing what can go awry. We saw that to avoid problems, new models require a new mentality and the Artifact of Mind insight provides the foundation psychology on which the new mentality is built. This insight provides the key for engaging any of the progressive new models that you and your company decide is best.
Gaining Control by Relinquishing It
Authors: Culbert Samuel A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The “new mentality” theme put forth in this book can be expressed rather simply: get inside the other person’s mind-set prior to deciding on the injluence you want to exert and precisely how to exert it. But what happens when the mind-set in which the other person is viewing events and reasoning is the problem? Certainly this is going to be the case as an increasing number of managers attempt to operate new models using their former mentalities. More and more you are going to see managerial styles that, at critical moments, resist and even sabotage the intended direction of a new model.
Of Ritual Matters to Master: Structure and Improvisation in Language Development at Primary School
Authors: Merritt Marilyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We are not surprised to learn that the interlocutors are not three-year-olds, or even five-year-olds, but rather nine- and ten-year-olds in the fourth grade of an American-system school. What makes this interchange fairly sophisticated? The grammatical pre-positioning of question markers and the use of elliptical answers display mature syntactic competence. The telling of time at the level of reckoning quarter hours displays organizational knowledge of the abstract world typically outside the competence of a preschool child.
China Nights (Japan, 1940): The Sustaining Romance of Japan at War
Authors: Freiberg Freda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Japan’s war against China, lasting as it did continually from 1937 to 1945 and engaging the bulk of the Japanese Imperial Army, was fundamental to Tokyo’s goals in Asia. This chapter examines Japanese wartime cinema, most particularly the motion picture China Nights (Japan, 1940), and analyzes some of the ways in which the war in China was represented on film to wartime Japanese audiences. It also demonstrates the effectiveness of using gender analysis to comprehend the ways in which the war was portrayed as an interracial and sexual melodrama. In the militaristic Japanese projection, feminine China needed the subjugation and protection of virile, masculine Japan. As analysis of the film makes clear, racism and sexism were important components of Japanese imperialism in China.
The Life and Times of Rosie the Riveter (U.S., 1980): The Experience and Legacy of Wartime Women Wage Earners
Authors: Kessler-Harris Alice 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1946, the distinguished anthropologist Margaret Mead sought to evaluate the experiences of American women during World War II. Not much had happened, she concluded. Some women had moved in or stayed with parents; others had moved somewhat. Some who might not otherwise have done so had gone to work, and others, already working, had taken jobs that had been closed to them before the war. A few (perhaps 250,000) had entered the armed services. But all told, these changes did not add up to much. Women, Mead concluded, would now know a bit more about unions and be a little more empathetic to their husband’s trials at work. “Most of all women have waited. . . . [T]hey have learned to live . . . on the memory of a few short days. . . . to value love and marriage . . . more.” In short, American women, having suffered no important and catastrophic hardships, were asked “to go on living pretty much as they did before.” The only catch was that their men had changed, and women might have a hard time figuring them out.
Beyond Boundaries: Open Labor Markets and Learning in Silicon Valley
Authors: Saxenian AnnaLee 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE BOUNDARYLESS CAREER Beyond Boundaries: Open Labor Markets and Learning in Silicon Valley Annalee Saxenian According to local mythology, William Hewlett, cofounder of the Hewlett-Packard Company, routinely offered the following advice to newcomers to Silicon Valley: “If you want to succeed here you need to be willing to do three things: change jobs often, talk to your competitors, and take risks-even if it means failing.” Speaking with the authority of one of the region’s oldest and most respected entrepreneurs, Hewlett was able to highlight the distinctive features of the labor markets in this northern California region: the pervasiveness of interfirm mobility; the importance of the informal social networks that transcend firm boundaries, and the high rates of firm formation (and failure). Hewlett recognized that successful careers in Silicon Valley are rarely built within the boundaries of a single firm; rather, they are defined by the ability of an individual or a team to define new markets, technologies, products, and applications. As one local semiconductor executive reportedly noted: “Many of us wake up in the morning thinking that we work for Silicon Valley, Inc.”