bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Body composition: Models and estimation equations
Authors: Brožek Josef 
Published: August 2005

AbstractSeveral approaches have been developed to a quantitative description of the “inner man.” The present attempt at a synthesis of the basic methodological aspects begins with the anatomist's handiwork and goes on to somatometric models and to procedures based on determinations of body density and body water. The estimation equations used in the densitometric and the hydrometric analysis of body composition are derived afresh from information on an empirically defined “reference body.” The Minnesota model is based on considerations of the composition of the reference body and of the “obesity tissue,” initially defined as body mass gained during a prolonged intake of excess calories. Subsequently, information has been obtained on the composition of weight losses and of the mass differentiating “lean” and “fat” young men of the same height. Due consideration is given to the approaches based on the measurement of whole‐body radioactivity generated by the naturally occurring isotope of potassium (K40), and to the multicomponental system developed by F. D. Moore and his co‐workers in the context of surgical treatment and research. While the very nature of the field is interdisciplinary, the presentation endeavors to be intelligible to students, teachers, and investigators approaching the problem from the point of view of any scientific specialty.
The correlation of bone robusticity with the perforation of the coronoid‐olecranon septum in the humerus of man
Authors: Benfer Robert A. , McKern Thomas W. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractHrdlička ('32) theorized that the tendency towards perforation of the coronoid‐olecranon septum of the humerus was phylogenetic in origin, but its appearance also seemed to be negatively correlated with bone size. By determining the correlation between the occurrence of the perforation and certain standard anthropometric measurements, the present study provides a statistical tool to test Hrdlička's hypothesis more rigorously. The minimum middle diameter of the humerus is shown to be significantly related to the occurrence of septal perforation, in samples of archeological skeletal material. Using the minimum middle diameter of the humerus as a quantitative assessment of robusticity, more robust samples were found to have smaller mean percentages of perforation.
Distribution of blood antigens A, B, and D in the population of bogotá (analysis of 30,000 samples)
Authors: Fajardo Luis F. , Lavalle Zaray N. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAs tested by anti‐A and anti‐B sera, blood drawn from 30,000 inhabitans of Bogotá, Colombia, showed the following phenotype percentages: A — 26.5, B — 8.0, AB — 1.1, and O — 64.4. The allele frequencies were: A — 0.150, B — 0.048, and O — 0.802.In the same samples anti‐D (Rh0) was used: 94.6% of the individuals carried the D antigen. All bloods were typed with fresh commercial sera. No back‐typing was performed.Hemolytic disease of the newborn, caused by Rh‐Hr isoimmunization, is more frequent (0.40%) in Bogotá than should be expected for a population having only (5.4%) or less “Rh negative” individuals. This paradoxical fact was observed in the analysis of 12,672 deliveries in an obstetrical hospital of Bogotá. A possible explanation could be the multiparity of Colombian women since the possibility of isoimmunization and hemolytic disease increases with each succeeding pregnancy in a given woman. Also it is well established that when Rh‐Hr incompatibility is combined with ABO incompatibility, it is less apt to produce disease than when it occurs alone. AO isoimmunization should therefore be less frequent in Bogotá than in populations that have a higher frequency of A individuals. Thus, the women of Bogotá are less “protected” from Rh‐Hr immunization by ABO incompatibility.
A field method for the cephalometric x‐ray study of skulls in early Nubian cemeteries
Authors: Harris James E. , Burnor Duane , Loutfy Samir , Ponitz Paul 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe cephalometer, a clinical and research instrument employed by the orthodontic profession to record standardized x‐rays of the human skull, has been modified for research work in remote areas where the usual laboratory facilities are not available. This cephalometer was specifically designed to record cephalograms (head radiographs) on the living Nubian population and their extensive skeletal record. The cephalometer consists of a light, portable tripod stand and an aluminum beam to which is attached at one end a Wehmer cephalostat (head holder), and on the other end an isotope radiation source. Hence, the radiation source and the cephalostat were held in the standard relationship of five feet from source to the mid‐saggittal plane of the cranium. Ytterbium‐169, with a half life of 32.5 days, was used to expose the film. The isotope and the use of the new Experimental Polaroid X‐ray Film permitted the x‐ray examination of Nubian skulls with no conventional power source or darkroom facilities.
A dermatoglyphical study of metacarpo‐phalangeal creases
Authors: Okajima M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis paper reports the configuration of metacarpo‐phalangeal creases and describes a technique to obtain adequate prints thereof. Metacarpo‐phalangeal creases may be classified into the boundary, ring and accessory crease. Generally only the middle and ring‐finger possess ring creases. The ring crease index, which depends on the position of the ring crease, is obtained on the middle finger. No significant differences are recognizable in the indices between males and females, and between right and left hands.
The skin of primates. XXXIV. The skin of the golden spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyi)
Authors: Perkins E. M. , Machida H. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe skin of the golden spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyi) has many histological and histochemical similarities to that of the woolly monkey (Lagothrix lagotricha) and howler monkey (Alouatta caraya); however, this monkey possesses certain peculiar properties such as large sebaceous glands, a combined distributional pattern of eccrine and apocrine sweat glands, and abundant alkaline phosphatase in the sebaceous glands, apocrine and eccrine sweat glands. In brief, the anatomical and histochemical properties of the skin of this animal are more similar to those of the howler monkey than to the woolly monkey. In addition, the skin of these three Ceboids falls phylogenetically between that of the Cercopithecoidea and Pithecoidea.
Distribution of the group specific (Gc) serum component in the populations of the Markham Valley, New Guinea
Authors: Baumgarten A. , Giles E. , Curtain C. C. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe distribution of the Gc phenotypes was determined by immunoelectrophoresis amongst 486 inhabitants of nine villages of the Markham River Valley of New Guinea. The overall gene frequencies were Gc1, 0.538; Gc2, 0.351; GcAborigine, 0.112. GcAborigine occurred in all the villages, its frequency ranging from 0.041 to 0.187. The Gc2 gene frequency also varied widely ranging from 0.167 to 0.491. No correlation could be found between altitude and the Gc distribution and there was an overlap in the gene frequencies between the Austronesian and non‐Austronesian‐speaking villages.
Some occult lesions in captive primates
Authors: Oxnard Charles E. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractRecent findings have shown that a state of hypovitaminosis B12 occurs easily in many primates in captivity on vegetarian diets. Pathological lesions of the nervous system, oral mucous membranes, blood, reproduction and growth which are extensive yet occult may result. Attention is drawn to these facts and their relevance to the experimentalist is noted.
The leaping of langurs: A problem in the study of locomotor adaptation
Authors: Ripley Suzanne 
Published: August 2005

AbstractLocomotor patterns are ranges of complex skills which must be learned and practiced — which both limit and facilitate other aspects of primate life. Since locomotor skills are differentially distributed in the normal living group at any one point in time, ideally such groups can be considered as units, internally structured with respect to patterns of movement. An exhaustive study of the total locomotor pattern of a primate population would include many details of ecology, social behavior and morphology, as well as postures, gaits and locomotor abilities. This paper presents, at least roughly, certain qualitative components of such a description for several troops of gray langurs (Presbytis entellus thersites) in Ceylon.Descriptions are given of the features of the home range commonly used by the gray langur, the kinds of postures and locomotor skills used there, as well as the sorts of social activities that occur in these places and postures. The importance of play in the acquisition of skill and confidence in movement is stressed. Material on toque macaques (Macaca sinica) and purple‐faced langurs (P. vetulus philbricki) is added when informative contrasts occur among the three varieties of primates using the same trees.Descriptions of this kind can form the basis for an assessment of the evolutionary importance of behaviors and related morphological features, particularly in the interpretation of the locomotor behavior and ecology of fossil specimens. Certain problems, which arise when a classification of locomotor types in primates is made without the benefit of such descriptions, are discussed.
Finger dermatoglyphics of the Tibetans
Authors: Tiwari S. C. , Chattopadhyay P. K. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractFinger prints of 156 Tibetan males and 150 females have been analyzed. Whorls are more abundant in Tibetan males (60.24%) than in females (48.67%). The index of pattern intensity shows a higher value in males (15.95) than the females (14.65).The bimanual differences (both in males and females) are not statistically significant for the occurrence of pattern on the digits of the right and left hands. However, the difference between the sexes for the occurrence of patterns on the finger balls, are statistically significant.Ridge counting was done for each finger. On all fingers, Tibetan males have higher ridge‐counts than females. The possible tendency for the right hands to possess higher ridge‐counts cannot be demonstrated statistically.Tibetans show greater affinity with the Southern Mongoloids in the frequency distributions of pattern types on the finger balls. However, a more detailed dermatoglyphic study of all the Mongoloid populations in South East Asia, Central Asia and Far East would yield information of great value in disclosing the palmar pattern distributions among the Mongoloids.
Frequencies of protan and deutan alleles in some Israeli communities and a note on the selection‐relaxation hypothesis
Authors: Adam A. , Doron D. , Modan R. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAnomaloscopic diagnoses of red‐green vision defects are reported and compared to the Ishihara tests for six Israeli populations. The highest frequencies of defects, about 10%, were found in an Arab sample and among Ashkenazi Jews; the lowest — about 4% — among Yemenite Jews.Heterogeneity was also found regarding the relative frequencies of the different alleles; these differences are due primarily to alleles causing milder defects (particularly deuteranomaly) while frequencies of anopias are rather similar. It seems that the same phenomenon prevails for other population differences as well.These findings are discussed in relation to the hypothesis that present‐day high rates of colorblindness in some populations may be explained by the relaxation of selection pressure against colorblindness.
Chromosome variability in the Lemuridae
Authors: Egozcue J. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractChromosome studies have been conducted in Lemur catta, L. macaco, L. mongoz, L. fulvus fulvus, and a hybrid L. fulvus fulvus x L. fulvus albifrons. Comparative analysis shows that inter‐ and intraspecific chromosome variability is a common finding in Lemurs. The Lemuridae are divided into three groups according to the characteristics of their chromosome complement. A reclassification of L. catta with the Hapalemurs is suggested, based on chromosomal and nonchromosomal data.
The skin of primates. XXXVII. The skin of the pig‐tail macaque (Macaca nemestrina)
Authors: Perkins E. , Arao T. , Dolnick E. H. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe skin of the pig‐tail macaque is basically similar to that of the rhesus monkey and the stump‐tail macaque. The epidermis is thin and contains occasional basal melanocytes. The dermis, rich in elastic fibers, is practically free of pigment‐containing cells. The upper dermis is highly vascular in the perianal region and sex skin. Cholinesterase‐reactive nerve endings are plentiful beneath the friction surfaces of the pes and manus, mucous membranes, and junction of the hairy gluteus and glabrous ischial callosity. Hederiform‐like endings are present in the eyelid, pinna, and frontal scalp. Apocrine and eccrine sweat glands occur throughout the hairy skin in a 2–3: 1 ratio. Both types are invested by nerves reactive for acetyl‐ and butyrylcholinesterase.
Convergent evolution in the tribes of Bastar
Authors: Sharma J. C. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAn investigation of the ABO blood groups, the sickle cell trait, and the ability to taste phenylthiocarbamide among four endogamous tribal groups of Bastar in Central India is reported. These tribles, the Raj Gonds, the Murias, the Bhatras and the Halbas are shown to resemble one another in the genetic traits investigated to a remarkable degree, despite genetic and social isolation from each other. It is suggested that similarities between the tribes is due to their having shared a common geographical environment for hundreds of generations.
Finger and palmar dermatoglyphics in seminole Indians of Florida
Authors: Rife David C. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractHand prints of 146 Florida Seminoles were obtained at the Brighton, Big Cypress and Dania reservations and at the Indian Agency in Dania. Comparisons with other tribes of North American Indians (Comanche, Arapahoe, Navaho, Hopi and Pueblo) reveal similarities with respect to fingerprint indices, frequencies of patterns in all palmar areas, and transverseness of palmar ridges.Comparisons of Seminoles and other North American tribes with the Mayans of southern Mexico and Guatamala show striking differences in pattern frequencies in the thenar/first interdigital area of the palm. Among North American Indians, the frequency varies from 18.49% among Seminoles to 28.5% among Navahoes, whereas all Mayan tribes which have been studied range between 40 and 50%. Pattern frequencies are higher in the thenar/first interdigital area than in the hypothenar area among all Amerindians who have been tested. This trend is the reverse of that found in other racial groups.North, Central and South American Indians are similar with respect to relatively high finger pattern indices, low frequencies of patterns in the hypothenar area, low frequencies of accessory triradii in the interdigital areas and moderately transverse palmar ridges.
Further evidence for continuing bone expansion
Authors: Garn Stanley M. , Wagner Betty , Rohmann Christabel G. , Ascoli Werner 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAdditional and extended data on 2726 subjects from Costa Rica, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama provide confirming evidence for continuing bone expansion of the second metacarpal at midshaft. As shown in 4924 subjects from eight populations, subperiosteal apposition is more rapid in the female than in the male, and accounts for a net increase of 10% in cross‐sectional area from age 25 to age 85. Unlike endosteal resorption, which is precipitous in onset, adult subperiosteal gain is continuous from the third through the ninth decades.
A microscopic study of the marmoset claw and nail
Authors: Thorndike Elizabeth E. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractW. E. Le Gros Clark concluded in his study of the problem of the primate claw that the essential difference between claw and nail is the presence of a terminal matrix associated with a deep layer in the claw, whereas neither terminal matrix nor deep layer exists in the nail. He demonstrated that the marmoset claw (which tips every digit except the hallux) has a thin deep layer and a recognizable terminal matrix. The present paper reports and discusses evidence that the marmoset nail also has a deep layer and terminal matrix. Although the importance of these structures in the claw is not disputed, it appears that these can no longer be considered absolute differences between claw and nail. On the basis of this evidence, it cannot be claimed that the presence of the deep layer and terminal matrix determines the distinctive shape of the claw as opposed to the nail.
The size and morphology of the Nasioi dentition
Authors: Bailit H. L. , Dewitt S. J. , Leigh R. A. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractDental impressions were obtained on 240 Nasioi, a Melanesian population living on the island of Bougainville. Odontometric data are presented for both the permanent and deciduous teeth, and the former teeth are also examined morphologically. The results show that the Nasioi have large permanent teeth like other Australoid populations whereas the deciduous teeth are only of moderate size. The coefficients of variation are large in the permanent teeth compared to other populations but the sexual dimorphism in tooth size and variability is not remarkable.Morphologically, the permanent teeth of the Nasioi are characterized by a

cusp number pattern, a high frequency of the Dryopithecus + pattern on the first mandibular molar, few individuals with a Cusp of Carabelli, and a moderate expression of shovelled‐shaped anterior teeth.
Nasal shape, prognathism and adaptation in man
Authors: Glanville Edward V. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe association between nasal shape, prognathism and the shape of the maxillary dental arch has been examined within samples of Negro and European skulls. Prognathism tends to be accompanied by an increasingly broad and short nose. Particularly high correlations exist between nasal height and the length of the cranial base and between nasal breadth and the distance which separates the upper canine teeth. Regression analysis has yielded quantitative estimates of the effect on a given dimension of variation in one or more of the others.It seems probable that both nasal shape and the maxillary dental arch‐prognathism complex may be subject to direct selection by environmental stress. The morphological association between these complexes suggests that a part of the interpopulation variation in prognathism may be a secondary effect of selection acting on the nose. Similarly, selection acting on the dental arch or maxilla could produce secondary changes in the nasal index (i.e. a non‐adaptive component of nasal variation).
A commentary on the growth of the human brain and skull
Authors: Baer Melvyn J. , Harris James E. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis paper tests the suggestion put forth by Tanner ('55) and Eichorn and Bayley ('62) to the effect that the brain participates in the parapubertal spurt of growth which characterizes many of the dimensions of the human body. To this end, longitudinal data consisting of oriented head roentgenograms of 11 boys were examined. Two measurements were taken directly from each lateral head film: (1) skull length, measured from glabella to opisthocranion, and (2) endocranial length, the maximum length of the endocranial contour in the mid‐sagittal plane.While many of the individual cumulative curves depicting growth in skull length exhibit a parapubertal acceleration, all of the curves for endocranial length comprise segments of a parabolic arc representing a single decelerating phase of growth. Mean incremental curves, mathematically fitted, further emphasize the differences in velocity and pattern of size attainment for the two dimensions tested. The data here presented, then, fail to implicate the brain in the general spurt of growth evident for the external dimensions of the head at adolescence.It is suggested that two discrete systems are evident in the growth of the skull: a rapidly growing neural system essentially completed by adolescence, and a facial system of slower growth and longer duration. The conventional measurement of skull length cuts across both systems, appraising neural growth and the cerebral skeletal envelope prior to adolescence, and then superimposing the facial component, the forward projection of the frontal sinus, during adolescence and post‐adolescence.
The founder effect and deleterious genes
Authors: Livingstone Frank B. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractDuring the rapid growth of a population from a few founders, a single deleterious gene in a founder can attain an appreciable frequency in later generations. A computer simulation, which has the population double itself in early generations, indicates a lethal could attain a frequency of 0.1. Since deleterious recessive genes are eliminated from large populations at a very slow rate, variations in their frequencies in present major human populations may be due to the founder effect during earlier rapid expansion.
On the computation of Mahalanobis' generalized distance (D2)
Authors: Rightmire G. P. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractIt is suggested that, while use of many statistical techniques is facilitated by electronic aids, a computer is not always a necessity. A simple guide to the calculation of Mahalanobis' D2statistic, intended for those with limited mathematical background and no access to computing equipment, is presented in hopes that such a procedure will permit application of this statistic, by anthropologists, with a minimum of effort.
Non‐metric skeletal age changes in the Darajani baboon
Authors: Bramblett Claud A. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractDental attrition, cranial suture closure, and epiphyseal union are compared as indicators of relative age in baboons, Papio cynocephalus (Linnaeus, 1776). Tooth destruction from wear is extreme. Such destruction is certainly a factor of vital importance to feral baboons and may limit life span. As cusps wear away, they form selenes of dentine and enamel which are effective grinding surfaces. In conditions of extreme wear, functional fourth molars may be quite beneficial. Vault sutures of females remain active longer than those of males. In contrast, most other cranial sutures and sites of epiphyseal activity mature earlier in the female than in males. Attrition scores in this sample are as useful as assessments of closure or epiphyseal union to determine the relative position of an individual in an age sequence. The most reliable estimates rely on all three sources.
The skin of primates. XXIV. The skin of Goeldi's marmoset (Callimico goeldii)
Authors: Perkins Edwin M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe close resemblance between the skin of Goeldi's marmoset (Callimico goeldii) and that of the genus Saguinus (Hoffmannsegg) suggests that C. goeldii be placed in the family Callithricidae (Thomas, '03) as originally proposed by Pocock in 1920 and not in the family Cebidae (Swainson, 1835). Recent karyological evidence supports this point of view. The skin is characterized by (1) a melanin‐laden epidermis and aggregates of melanocytes in the upper dermis; (2) nonglandular skin in the gular region distinguished by a sparsely haired, pebbly, granular surface; (3) cholinesterase‐positive Meissner corpuscles and papillary nerve end‐organs; (4) groups of 3 to 5 hair follicles in linear perfect sets; (5) sinus hairs on the ventral ulnar wrist; (6) manubrial, sternal, genitopubic, and circumanal sebaceous‐apocrine glandular concentrations rich in phosphorylase and alkaline phosphatase; (7) eccrine glands, restricted to volar friction surfaces, whose clear and dark secretory cells contain phosphorylase but no glycogen; and (8) eccrine glomeruli surrounded by many acetyl‐ but few butyrylcholinesterase‐reactive nerves.