bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the Characteristics of Venous Occlusion After Placement of an Ameroid Constrictor in Dogs
Authors: Faulkner Besancon M. , Kyles Andrew E. , Griffey Stephen M. , Gregory Clare R. 
Published: January 2005

Objectives— To evaluate the mechanism of vascular occlusion after placement of an ameroid constrictor (AC) on a large intra‐abdominal vein and document changes in blood flow.Study Design— Experimental study.Animals— Six adult dogs.Methods— Six 6.5 mm ACs were digitally scanned to measure area and circumference of the ameroid and inner lumen before surgery. ACs were surgically positioned around the left common iliac vein (CIV) in each dog. Peri‐vascular ultrasonic flow probes were positioned on the left CIV cranial to the AC, and on the right CIV as an internal control. Blood flow measurements were recorded daily until there was no, or prolonged minimal, blood flow, at which time the dogs were euthanatized. Left and right CIVs were removed for histologic evaluation, and the ACs re‐scanned to evaluate degree and direction of expansion of the ameroid.Results— Reduction in blood flow occurred within 10 days in all dogs. Three dogs had complete occlusion by day 10 from thrombus formation. One dog damaged the flow probes at 13 days when blood flow was approximately 50% of intra‐operative values; the dog was euthanatized at 37 days; there was partial occlusion from thrombosis. Two dogs had persistent low blood flow and occlusion from thrombus formation when euthanatized at 59 and 98 days. There was a significant increase in total AC area and outer circumference, and decrease in luminal area and inner circumference when presurgical and postocclusion measurements were compared.Conclusions— Vascular occlusion after placement of an AC on a large intra‐abdominal vein occurred from thrombus formation.Clinical Relevance— A similar pattern of venous occlusion may occur after placement of an AC on a portosystemic shunt, which may lead to both short‐ and long‐term complications associated with portal hypertension.
Preservation of Cadavers for Surgical Technique Training
Authors: Da Silva Rosane Maria Guimarães , Matera Julia Maria , Ribeiro Antonio Augusto Coppi Maciel 
Published: January 2005

Objective— To evaluate a technique for preservation of organoleptic tissue characteristics (color, odor, texture, and flexibility) in cadavers used for surgical instruction.Study Design— Experimental study.Animals— Forty‐three canine cadavers.Methods— Cadavers were preserved with a modified Larssen solution of the Hospital Cochim, Paris and cryopreservation. Tissue handling qualities were evaluated in surgical laboratory sessions.Results— All cadavers kept texture and tissues consistency, especially skin and muscle, similar to those of live animals. Some skin desquamation and pallor of the mucous membranes occurred with repetitive freeze–thaw cycles.Conclusions— This preservation technique provides acceptable cadaver quality and tissue handling for use in surgical instruction.Clinical Relevance— Preparation of patient cadavers by intravascular injection of modified Larssen solution yielded suitable instructional models for surgical training.
A Prospective Comparison Between Stabilized Glutaraldehyde and Chlorhexidine Gluconate for Preoperative Skin Antisepsis in Dogs
Authors: Lambrechts Nicolaas E. , Hurter Karin , Picard Jackie A. , Goldin Jeremy P. , Thompson Peter N. 
Published: January 2005

Objective—To compare the efficacy of 0.3% stabilized glutaraldehyde and alcohol (SG+A), 0.3% SG and water (SG+W), and 4% chlorhexidine gluconate tincture (CG+A), as skin disinfectants in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy.Study Design—Prospective, blinded clinical study.Animals—One hundred and twenty‐one dogs.Methods—Cutaneous bacterial colony forming units (CFU) from the perioperative site after skin preparation, after antisepsis, and after surgery (incisional and paramedian), were quantified. The influence of high initial bacterial counts (≥150 CFU) and surgical time on antibacterial efficacy was examined and the proportion of dogs from whichStaphylococcus intermediuswas cultured, determined. Perioperative skin reactions and wound infections were documented.Results—All 3 antiseptic solutions significantly and equally reduced CFU to all post‐antisepsis sampling levels irrespective of surgical duration (mean surgical times 151.6, 136.2, and 149.6 minutes for CG+A, SG+A and SG+W, respectively). Median percentage reductions in CFU ranged between 99.3% and 100%. In dogs with initial high counts and disinfected with CG+A and SG+W, the incisional samples had significantly higher counts than the post‐antisepsis samples. In the CG+A and SG+W groups, the proportion of post‐surgery samples yieldingS. intermediuswas significantly higher at the incisional than the paramedian sites. Eight mild cutaneous reactions were recorded in equal proportions for the 3 solutions. There were no recorded infections.Conclusions—All 3 preparations had an equal ability to reduce and maintain low CFU counts, with minimal cutaneous reactions.Clinical Relevance—SG solutions are safe and effective preoperative skin antiseptics for elective clean‐contaminated surgical procedures.
Variables Associated with Outcome in Dogs Undergoing Extrahepatic Biliary Surgery: 60 Cases (1988–2002)
Authors: Mehler Stephen J. , Mayhew Philipp D. , Drobatz Kenneth J. , Holt David E. 
Published: January 2005

Objective— To report clinical findings and define clinical variables associated with outcome in dogs undergoing extrahepatic biliary surgery.Study Design— Retrospective study.Animals— Sixty dogs that had extrahepatic biliary tract surgery.Results— Primary diagnoses included necrotizing cholecystitis (36 dogs, 60%), pancreatitis (12 dogs, 20%), neoplasia (5 dogs, 8%), trauma (4 dogs, 7%), and gallbladder rupture from cholelithiasis without necrotizing cholecystitis (3 dogs, 5%). Bile peritonitis occurred in 19 (53%) dogs with necrotizing cholecystitis, 4 dogs with trauma, and 3 dogs with cholelithiasis without evidence of necrotizing cholecystitis. Cholecystectomy (37 dogs, 62%) and cholecystoduodenostomy (14 dogs, 23%) were the 2 most commonly performed procedures. Median hospitalization for survivors was 5 days (range, 1–15 days). There were 43 surviving dogs (72%) and 17 nonsurvivors (28%, 4 died, 13 euthanatized). Presence of septic bile peritonitis (P=.038), elevation in serum creatinine concentration (P=.003), prolonged partial thromboplastin times (PTTs; P=.003), and lower postoperative mean arterial pressures (P=.0001) were significantly associated with mortality.Conclusions— Extrahepatic biliary surgery is associated with high mortality and a relatively long hospitalization time for survivors. Cholecystectomy and cholecystoduodenostomy were the most common surgical procedures to treat the 4 major biliary problems (necrotizing cholecystitis, pancreatitis, neoplasia, and trauma) observed in this cohort of dogs. The relatively high mortality rate likely reflects the underlying diseases and their effects on the animal (septic bile peritonitis, higher serum creatinine, prolonged PTT, and lower postoperative mean arterial pressure) rather than complications of surgery.Clinical Relevance— Septic bile peritonitis, preoperative elevated creatinine concentration, and immediate postoperative hypotension in dogs undergoing extrahepatic biliary tract surgery are associated with a poor clinical outcome. Adequate supportive care and monitoring in the perioperative period is critical to improve survival of dogs with extrahepatic biliary disease.
Re‐Evaluation of a Portocaval Venograft Without an Ameroid Constrictor as a Method for Controlling Portal Hypertension After Occlusion of Intrahepatic Portocaval Shunts in Dogs
Authors: Kyles Andrew E. , Gregory Clare R. , Adin Christopher A. 
Published: January 2005

Objective—To evaluate the use of a portocaval venograft without an ameroid constrictor in the surgical management of intrahepatic portosystemic shunts (PSS).Study Design—Prospective clinical study.Animals—Seven dogs with intrahepatic PSS.Methods—Portal pressure was measured after temporary suture occlusion of the intrahepatic PSS. In dogs with an increase in portal pressure ≥8 mm Hg or signs of portal hypertension, a single extrahepatic portocaval shunt was created using a jugular vein. Clinical outcome and complications were recorded.Results—The mean (±SD) portal pressure increased from 5.9±1.6 to 17.9±4.1 mm Hg with PSS occlusion. There were no intraoperative complications and, after creation of the portocaval shunt, the intrahepatic PSS could be completely ligated in all dogs. The final portal pressure was 9.6±1.9 mm Hg. Complications developed during postoperative hospitalization in 5 dogs and included incisional discharge (4 dogs), ascites (3), ventricular premature contractions (2), and melena, bloody diarrhea, neurologic signs, coagulopathy, and aspiration pneumonia (each in 1 dog). Six dogs died or were euthanatized with clinical signs related to depression, inappetance, abdominal pain, vomiting, melena, and abdominal distention, with a median survival of 82 days (range, 20–990 days). One dog was clinically normal at 33 months after surgery.Conclusions—Clinical signs observed in 6 dogs after surgery were consistent with portal hypertension. Use of a portocaval venograft without an ameroid constrictor may reduce the likelihood of hepatic vascular development, thereby increasing the risk of life‐threatening portal hypertension should the venograft suddenly occlude.Clinical Relevance—Use of a portocaval venograft without an ameroid constrictor to control portal hypertension after ligation of an intrahepatic PSS cannot be recommended.
Two Techniques for Supplementing Interlocking Nail Repair of Fractures of the Humerus, Femur, and Tibia: Results in 12 Dogs and Cats
Authors: Randy Basinger R. , Suber Jonathan T. 
Published: January 2005

Objective—To describe 2 devices for improving stabilization of inadequately stabilized interlocking nail (ILN) repairs of the humerus, tibia, and femur in dogs and cats.Study Design—Prospective study.Animals—Twelve client‐owned dogs and cats.Methods—Two devices to further stabilize ILN repair of inadequately stabilized diaphyseal fractures were developed. Device 1 was an axial extension for the ILN that was connected to a conventional type I external skeletal fixator (ESF) with a short connecting bar. Device 2 had hybrid ILN bolt/ESF pins that were used to lock the ILN and serve as the pins for a type I ESF. Devices were used at the initial surgery when the stability of ILN repair was considered inadequate based on palpable fracture segment movement, insufficient medullary canal filling of the ILN at the fracture site, or when the ILN was used in a buttress mode. Outcome was obtained by recheck examinations, radiography, and telephone interview.Results—Device 1 was applicable to fractures of the humerus and femur, but was not used for fractures of the tibia because the ILN extension would have interfered with the stifle. No gross loosening of the ILN/ESF extension connection to the ILN occurred. Device 2 was easily placed and used in the humerus, femur, and tibia. Device 2 allowed removal of the ILN interlock to one or both main fracture segments non‐invasively. Clinically, both devices added stability compared with ILN repair alone. Both devices facilitated controlled destabilization of the fracture repair as healing progressed. Complications of pin tract infection, and premature hybrid bolt/ESF pin loosening resulting in premature ESF removal each occurred in 1 patient. Four of 28 hybrid ILN/ESF pins were grossly loose at 4‐ or 6‐week postoperative recheck examinations. Outcomes were excellent (9), good (1), fair (1), and poor (1).Conclusions—Inadequately stabilized ILN repair of fractures can be stabilized by use of either device, both of which also permit controlled destabilization of the repair during healing. Device 2 can be used when non‐invasive removal of the ILN interlock is desired during healing.Clinical Relevance—These 2 devices should be considered as alternative methods for stabilization of inadequately stabilized ILN repairs in dogs and cats, or when controlled destabilization of an ILN fracture repair is desired.
Site Specificity of Transverse Crista Terminalis Conduction in Patients with Atrial Flutter
Authors: YANG YANFEI , WAHBA GEORGE M. , LIU TAYLOR , MANGAT IQWAL , KEUNG EDMUND C. , URSELL PHILIP C. , SCHEINMAN MELVIN M. 
Published: January 2005

Introduction: The causes of transcristal conduction (TC) in patients with atrial flutter (AFL) are unknown.
Methods and Results: In two groups of patients referred for AFL ablation, 36 had cavotricuspid isthmus (CTI) dependent flutter (Group I) and 24 had lower (n = 21) or upper loop reentry (n = 5) (Group II). After ablation, isthmus block was evaluated by pacing from the coronary sinus (CS) and low lateral right atrium and by alternative techniques, including mapping with electrodes spanning the CTI or electroanatomic mapping. After bidirectional CTI block was verified, 21/36 (58%) in Group I showed TC with CS pacing, including low TC in 16 (including 11 showing “pseudo” CTI conduction), higher TC in 6 and multiple breaks in 3. However, 8 with low TC during CS pacing showed unidirectional block by pacing outside of the CS os. Twelve (50%) in Group II had TC during CS pacing after bidirectional CTI block, with low TC in 5 (2 mimicking residual CTI conduction) and higher breaks in 9. There was no significant difference in the incidence of TC during CS pacing after CTI block between groups. In seven autopsied hearts, the muscle orientation between the proximal CS musculature and Eustachian ridge were examined. Muscular connections between the CS and Eustachian ridge coursing toward the orifice of inferior vena cava were found in one of the hearts.
Conclusions: It is concluded that in patients with bidirectional CTI block, pacing from the CS may be associated with TC mimicking a conduction leak through the isthmus. Pacing just outside the CS os helps distinguish pseudo from true isthmus block.
Secondary Syphilitic Lesions
Authors: Baughn Robert E. , Musher Daniel M. 
Published: January 2005

SUMMARYAn important theme that emerges from all early historical accounts is that in addition to the decreased virulence ofTreponema pallidum, the incidence of secondary syphilis has decreased drastically over the past three centuries. Even in the early 20th century, most syphilologists were of the opinion that the disease had undergone changes in its manifestations and that they were dealing with an attenuated form of the spirochete. Such opinions were based primarily on the observations that violent cutaneous reactions and fatalities associated with the secondary stage had become extremely rare. The rate of primary and secondary syphilis in the United States increased in 2002 for the second consecutive year. After a decade-long decline that led to an all-time low in 2000, the recent trend is attributable, to a large extent, by a increase in reported syphilis cases among men, particularly homosexual and bisexual men having sex with men. The present review addresses the clinical and diagnostic criteria for the recognition of secondary syphilis, the clinical course and manifestations of the disease if allowed to proceed past the primary stage of disease in untreated individuals, and the treatment for this stage of the disease.
Allergy and Dermatophytes
Authors: Woodfolk Judith A. 
Published: January 2005

SUMMARYTinea pedis (athlete's foot) and onychomycosis (infection of the toenails) caused by the dermatophyte fungusTrichophytonare highly prevalent in adults. SeveralTrichophytonallergens have been identified based on elicitation of immunoglobulin E antibody-mediated immediate-hypersensitivity (IH) responses. Evidence of an etiologic role forTrichophytonin asthma in some subjects with IH and chronic dermatophytosis is provided by bronchial reactivity toTrichophyton. Improvement of asthma after systemic antifungal treatment corroborates this link. A unique feature ofTrichophytonallergens is the ability of the same antigen to elicit delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) in individuals who lack IH reactivity. Delayed responses appear to confer protection, while IH responses do not, based on the association with acute versus chronic skin infection. The amino acid sequence identity ofTrichophytonallergens with diverse enzyme families supports a dual role for these proteins in fungal pathogenesis and allergic disease. Characterizing the immunologic properties ofTrichophytonallergens and defining immune mechanisms which drive dichotomous responses are pivotal to understanding the dermatophyte-allergy relationship. Recent studies have identified DTH-associated major T-cell epitopes which could facilitate the development of peptide vaccines. Characterization of additional molecular targets by using new techniques may aid not only in the eradication of infection but also in the resolution of allergic symptoms.
CpG stimulation of precursor B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia induces a distinct change in costimulatory molecule expression and shifts allogeneic T cells toward a Th1 response
Authors: Reid Gregor S. D. , She Kevin , Terrett Luke , Food Michael R. , Trudeau Jacqueline D. , Schultz Kirk R. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractImmunostimulatory DNA containing unmethylated cytosine-phosphate-guanosine (CpG) induces the development of T helper 1 (Th1) immune responses. The response of B cells to CpG stimulation involves increased proliferation, cytokine production, and costimulatory molecule expression. Similar effects have been observed following CpG stimulation of a variety of malignant B cells. Pediatric precursor B acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) cells express low levels of costimulatory molecules and are generally poor stimulators of T-cell responses. In this study, we evaluated the impact of CpG stimulation on precursor B-ALL cell lines and pediatric patient-derived samples. The ability to respond to CpG oligodeoxynucleotides was determined by the level of Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) expression. In contrast to both nonleukemic B-cell precursors and mature B cells, the response of precursor B-ALL cells was characterized by increased CD40 expression but only small changes in CD86 levels and no induction of CD80 expression. CpG stimulation of ALL blasts produced increased levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, and IL-10 but no detectable IL-12p70 and led to a skewing of allogeneic T cells, with enhanced interferon γ (IFN-γ) production and reduced secretion of IL-5. These results demonstrate the functional relevance of CpG stimulation of precursor B-ALL cells and provide a rational basis for study of these agents for use in treatment of this disease.
In vitro digestion and lactase treatment influence uptake of quercetin and quercetin glucoside by the Caco-2 cell monolayer
Authors: Boyer Jeanelle , Brown Dan , Liu Rui Hai 
Published: January 2005

Abstract
Background
Quercetin and quercetin glycosides are widely consumed flavonoids found in many fruits and vegetables. These compounds have a wide range of potential health benefits, and understanding the bioavailability of flavonoids from foods is becoming increasingly important.

Methods
This study combined an in vitro digestion, a lactase treatment and the Caco-2 cell model to examine quercetin and quercetin glucoside uptake from shallot and apple homogenates.

Results
The in vitro digestion alone significantly decreased quercetin aglycone recovery from the shallot digestate (p < 0.05), but had no significant effect on quercetin-3-glucoside recovery (p > 0.05). Digestion increased the Caco-2 cell uptake of shallot quercetin-4'-glucoside by 2-fold when compared to the non-digested shallot. Despite the loss of quercetin from the digested shallot, the bioavailability of quercetin aglycone to the Caco-2 cells was the same in both the digested and non-digested shallot. Treatment with lactase increased quercetin recovery from the shallot digestate nearly 10-fold and decreased quercetin-4'-glucoside recovery by more than 100-fold (p < 0.05), but had no effect on quercetin recovery from apple digestates. Lactase treatment also increased shallot quercetin bioavailability to the Caco-2 cells approximately 14-fold, and decreased shallot quercetin-4'-glucoside bioavailability 23-fold (p < 0.05). These Caco-2 cells had lactase activity similar to that expressed by a lactose intolerant human.

Conclusions
The increase in quercetin uptake following treatment with lactase suggests that dietary supplementation with lactase may increase quercetin bioavailability in lactose intolerant humans. Combining the digestion, the lactase treatment and the Caco-2 cell culture model may provide a reliable in vitro model for examining flavonoid glucoside bioavailability from foods.
A case study of type 2 diabetes self-management
Authors: Wu Hsin-i 
Published: January 2005

Abstract
Background
It has been established that careful diabetes self-management is essential in avoiding chronic complications that compromise health. Disciplined diet control and regular exercise are the keys for the type 2 diabetes self-management. An ability to maintain one's blood glucose at a relatively flat level, not fluctuating wildly with meals and hypoglycemic medical intervention, would be the goal for self-management. Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c or simply A1c) is a measure of a long-term blood plasma glucose average, a reliable index to reflect one's diabetic condition. A simple regimen that could reduce the elevated A1c levels without altering much of type 2 diabetic patients' daily routine denotes a successful self-management strategy.

Methods
A relatively simple model that relates the food impact on blood glucose excursions for type 2 diabetes was studied. Meal is treated as a bolus injection of glucose. Medical intervention of hypoglycaemic drug or injection, if any, is lumped with secreted insulin as a damping factor. Lunch was used for test meals. The recovery period of a blood glucose excursion returning to the pre-prandial level, the maximal reach, and the area under the excursion curve were used to characterize one's ability to regulate glucose metabolism. A case study is presented here to illustrate the possibility of devising an individual-based self-management regimen.

Results
Results of the lunch study for a type 2 diabetic subject indicate that the recovery time of the post-prandial blood glucose level can be adjusted to 4 hours, which is comparable to the typical time interval for non-diabetics: 3 to 4 hours. A moderate lifestyle adjustment of light supper coupled with morning swimming of 20 laps in a 25 m pool for 40 minutes enabled the subject to reduce his A1c level from 6.7 to 6.0 in six months and to maintain this level for the subsequent six months.

Conclusions
The preliminary result of this case study is encouraging. An individual life-style adjustment can be structured from the extracted characteristics of the post-prandial blood glucose excursions. Additional studies are certainly required to draw general applicable guidelines for lifestyle adjustments of type 2 diabetic patients.