bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Observation of the anterior supracostal muscles
Authors: Nelson Marita L. , Burkle Christopher , Ricardo Richard , Shibao Stacie 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA pair of anomalous supernumerary muscles has been found in a single cadaver which fit the classic description of the Musculus supracostalis anterior. The muscles took origin from the first rib deep to the two pectoral muscles and between the origins of the pectoralis minor and serratus anterior muscles. They were directed inferiorly to insert on the upper margin of the fourth rib. The nerve supply of one muscle of the pair was determined to be from the collateral branch of the second right intercostal nerve. This supports the theory that these rare muscles may be derived from a single external intercostal muscle which grew to span several intercostal spaces.
Segregation of secretory material in all elements of the Golgi apparatus in principal epithellal cells of the rat seminal vesicle
Authors: Clermont Y. , Rambourg A. , Hermo L. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractAt the apex of the epithelial principal cells of the seminal vesicle, there appears to be two types of mature secretory granules, i. e., large and small. Both types of secretory granules showed an eccentric electron‐dense spherical body with one pole attached to the delimiting membrane. The remainder of the large granule surrounding the eccentric body showed a granulofilamentous texture, whereas that of the small granule was electron lucent. The formation of these two types of granules was traced back to the various elements of the Golgi stacks. In the case of the large granules, the earliest stage of segregation of the precursor of the eccentric dense body was observed in distensions of the cis‐element. Within distensions of all subjacent saccules, the dense bodies continued to be present but progressively increased in size while remaining attached to the saccular membrane. Following separation from the trans‐face of the stack, the large prosecretory granules continued to increase in size by fusing with each other. The very large prosecretory granules, as they migrated toward the cell apex to become mature secretory granules, reduced in size prior to exocytosis. The small granules formed exclusively on the trans‐aspect of the Golgi stacks and did not appear to fuse with each other. Observations on the formation of the large prosecretory granules within the Golgi apparatus and of the eccentric body in particular, which may be taken as a marker of the saccular membrane, were suggestive of a cis‐trans migration and renewal of Golgi saccules.
The external genitalia of female gibbons, Hylobates (H.) lar
Authors: Dahl Jeremy F. , Nadler Ronald D. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe external genitalia of one perimenarcheal and five adult female white handed‐gibbons (Hylobates (H.) lar) were examined to clarify their gross anatomy. It was found that the vulval structures were complex and exhibited inter‐individual variation in arrangement. This complexity appears to result from an ontogenetic process by which the tissues of the vaginal rim (the labia minora) bud‐off and extrude extensions toward the vagina immediately prior and subsequent to menarche. Two of these lobular structures surround the urethral meatus with associated prepuce and frenulum and vestigial labia majora, undergo cycles of tumescence and detumescence during intermenstrual intervals. The complex form of the external genitalia and the presence of a swelling cycle are unusual for a monogamous species, are contrary to current applications of sexual selection theory, and raise questions about the significance of mate choice in hominoid evolution.
The differentiation of the skin and its appendages. II. Altered development of papillary ridges following neuralectomy
Authors: Morohunfola Kehinde A. , Jones Terrel E. , Munger Bryce L. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIn order to test the hypothesis that the nervous system is an important determinant of skin differentiation, deletions of the left lumbosacral dorsal root ganglia (DRGs), the sources of cutaneous afferents to the left hindpaw, were performed on opossum pups at day 1 when hindpaws have just begun to be innervated. At birth, each lumbosacral DRG measures about 200 μm rostrocaudally and a deletion measuring 1 mm would span 4–5 DRGs.Following survival periods of 5–24 days, serial sections through the trunk documented partial left lumbosacral DRG deletion and a variable degree of spinal cord destruction. The blood supply to the trunk and hindpaws was preserved. Bilateral enlargement of residual DRGs was observed and regenerating skin at the site of the deletion was hyperplastic and hyperinnervated.The skin of the plantar pads of the hindpaws was studied following the neuralectomies. Statistically significant differences were observed between the left (experimental) and right (control) hindpaws. The density of innervation of the left hindpaw was reduced compared to the right hindpaw, development of papillary ridges was retarded by 3–4 days, and non‐innervated Merkel cells were hypogranulated. This period of delay in ridge development is probably a reflection of the expansion of residual DRGs into the peripheral domains of deleted DRGs. The present study confirms a role for afferent nerves in the timing of cutaneous differentiation and a mutual trophic dependence between cutaneous nerves and Merkel cells in the epidermis.
Renewal of enterochromaffin cells in the rat caecum
Authors: De BruïNe A. P. , Dinjens W. N. M. , Zijlema J. H. L. , Lenders M.‐H. , Bosman F. T. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe localization, morphology, and neurohormonal peptide content of neuroendocrine cells have been extensively investigated. Relatively little is known about the kinetics of growth and differentiation of these cells. We studied the kinetics of enterochromaffin (EC) cells in the caecum of the rat, by applying the thymidine analogue 5‐bromo‐2′‐deoxyuridine (BrdU), to identify cells in S‐phase, administered in pulse‐chase and synchronous continuous labeling experiments. By double indirect immunofluorescence staining of tissue sections, using antibodies against serotonin and BrdU, percentages of BrdU positive EC cells could be enumerated, from which cell‐kinetic parameters were derived. The following conclusions were drawn: (1) EC cells are renewed by proliferation of EC cells and by recruitment from proliferating precursor cells. (2) Caecal EC cells appear to consist of a relatively rapidly renewing and migrating fraction (60–65%) with a turnover time of approximately 16 days and a relatively slowly renewing and possibly stationary fraction (35–40%) with an estimated turnover time of approximately 150 days. (3) Seventy percent of the EC cells are localized in the lower half of mucosal crypts, 30% in the upper half. After prolonged labeling the percentage of labeled EC cells in the lower crypt half always exceeds that in the upper crypt half. This decrease in labeled EC cells during migration towards the mucosal surface indicates loss of endocrine cells, possibly owing to loss of endocrine characteristics. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intercellular communication within the rat anterior pituitary gland: IV. Changes in cell‐to‐cell communications during pregnancy
Authors: Soji Tsuyoshi , Yashiro Takashi , Herbert Damon C. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractCell‐to‐cell communication by gap junctions was investigated in the female rat anterior pituitary gland from 9 through 21 days of pregnancy and subsequently on days 2 and 20 of the lactational period. Compared with intact estrus females, the major morphological characteristics of the pituitary gland during pregnacy were remarkably developed prolactin cells and gonadotrophs. A close relationship of both cell types was clearly evident. Gap junctions were present at each of the time intervals studied; however, they were noted only between adjacent folliculo‐stellate cells. No remarkable changes were noted in the number of gap junctions during the middle stage of pregnancy (day 9 through day 15), with the relative number resembling that found in intact, 90‐day‐old controls during estrus (0.47 ± .01 junctions/follicle‐control vs. 0.50 ± 0.08—day 15 of pregnancy). In the later stages of pregnancy (day 17 through day 21), a demonstrable increase was observed (0.64 ± 0.10—day 17, 0.79±0.11—day 19 and 0.72±0.12—day 21), whereas during the lactation, this pattern returned to that seen at midpregnancy. Since both prolactin and the gonadal steroid hormones dramatically fluctuate during pregnancy and lactation, it is postulated that they may have an active role in gap junction formation during these two phase of reproductive life. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Novel inclusion bodies in Betz cells of cortical area 4 of aged rhesus monkeys
Authors: Tigges Johannes 
Published: February 2005

AbstractSeven adult rhesus monkeys ranging in age from 5 to 35 years were studied in an ultrastructural investigation of cortical area 4. Some Betz cells of layer 5 contained a perikaryal inclusion body (IB) of a unique and characteristic ultrastructural configuration that has not previously been described. The IBs consist of a regular array of three sets of equidistant parallel sheets and are not membrane bound. The distance between the sheets measures ∼ 80 nm. The three sets of sheets intersect at an invariable angle of 60°, forming a regular geometric structure. Each sheet comprises a single layer of parallel and densely packed straight filaments, which are ∼10 nm thick. Thus the IBs present highly ordered crystalline arrays of filaments. The occurrence and number of IBs may be age related, since they appeared only in monkeys in mid to late adulthood and were most numerous in the oldest monkey. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Morphological and mapping studies of the paranodal and postnodal levels of the neural plate during chick neurulation
Authors: Schoenwolf Gary C. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe morphology of the paranodal and postnodal levels of the neural plate as well as the fate of its cells was examined in chick embryos at stages 3–11. The morphology of the paranodal and postnodal levels of the neural plate closely resembles that of the prenodal neural plate. Furthermore, during shaping and bending of the neural plate, these levels undergo changes similar to those of the prenodal level. In short, the paranodal and postnodal levels of the neural plate consist of a pseudostratified columnar epithelium that thickens dorsoventrally and narrows mediolaterally and then undergoes localized furrowing and folding. Fate mapping revealed that at mid‐neurula stages, the prospective hindbrain and spinal cord levels of the neuraxis flank the primitive streak. Hensen's node moves caudally with respect to these future neuraxial levels as it regresses during the latter stages of gastrulation. Cells of the medullary cord, the rudiment of the secondary portion of the neural tube, arise in the vicinity of the cranial portion of the primitive streak, near the caudal end of the postnodal levels of the neural plate. Thus, during stages of gastrulation and primary neurulation, the precursor cells of the primary and secondary portions of the neural tube (spinal cord) lie in close proximity to one another. This study provides new information on the morphology and extent of the paranodal and postnodal levels of the neural plate, the changes these areas undergo during shaping and bending oif the neural plate, and the contributions of its cells to the primary and secondary levels of the neural tube, increasing our understanding of the complex events underlying avian gastrulation and neurulation. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Studies on wound healing in the neuroepithelium of the chick embryo
Authors: Lawson Aaron , England Marjorie A. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractWound healing has been studied by light microscopy, SEM, and TEM in the neuroepithelium of the early neurula (stages 6 and 8) and advanced neurula (stages 10 and 12) chick embryos. Healing involves two major events: (1) apposition of the wound edges and (2) restitution of the neuroepithelium at the wound site (i. e., restoration of the epithelial integrity of neuroepithelium). Apposition of the wound edges occurs within the first 15 minutes of re‐incubation and involves the entire lenght of the wound. The main event during restoration is a change in the shapes of the rounded cells to elongated forms (i. e., spindle, wedge, and inverted wedge shapes). Wounds of younger embryos heal faster than those of older ones. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Examination by scanning electron microscopy of oviductal epithelium of the prolific Chinese Meishan pig at follicular and luteal phases
Authors: Abe Hiroyuki , Oikawa Taneaki 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe luminal surfaces of epithelial cells in the fimbriae, ampulla, isthmus, and utero‐tubal junction of the oviducts of the prolific Chinese Meishan pig at follicular and luteal phases of the estrous cycle were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Marked cyclic changes were observed on the surfaces of cells in the fimbriae and ampulla, but little change was found in the isthmus and at the utero‐tubal junction. The cells of the fimbrial epithelium in the follicular phase were densely ciliated, and the cilia partially concealed the bulbous processes of the secretory cells. In the luteal phase, the secretory cells predominated in the epithelium, and most of the ciliated cells were hidden by the processes of the secretory cells. The ampullar epithelium showed similar changes, but to a lesser extent. In the isthmus and at the utero‐tubal junction, the secretory cells had many microvilli on their bulbous processes at the follicular phase, but they were flat and the microvilli were fewer in number and shorter in length during the luteal phase. Conspicuous solitary cilia protruded from the surfaces of secretory cells in the fimbriae and ampulla during the luteal phase. These results demonstrate that there are regional variations in the cyclic changes associated with the oviductal epithelial cells of the Chinese Meishan pig. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Localization of 5‐hydroxytryptamine‐like immunoreactive cells and nerve fibers in the rat female reproductive system
Authors: Amenta F. , Vega J. A. , Ricci A. , Collier W. L. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe presence of 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT)‐like immunoreactivity (IR) was studied in the rat female reproductive system using polyclonal antibodies directed against 5‐HT. Moreover, 5‐HT levels in the ovary, Oviduct, uterus, and cervix were measured by high‐pressure liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. The highest 5‐HT concentrations were found in the oviduct, followed in descending order by the cervix, the ovary, and the uterus. Most 5‐HT‐like IR was observed in the cytoplasm of mast cells. These cells were found in the connective tissue around the fimbria, in the oviduct, in the uterus, and in the ovary. Mast cells are clustered in the proximity of the parenchymal blood vessels. Moreover, a few 5‐HT‐like nerve fibers were found distributed mainly perivascularily in the uterine cervix and in the uterine horns as well as in the oviduct. IR nerve fibers were rarely seen within the ovary. The present data provide direct evidence that 5‐HT in the female reproductive system not only is associated with mast cells but is located in nerve fibre‐like structures as well. The functional significance of this probable 5‐HT‐ergic innervation of the female reproductive tract discovered in the present study should be clarified in future investigations. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stratificational relationship among the main nerves from the dorsal division of the sacral plexus and the innervation of the piriformis
Authors: Akita Keiichi , Sakamoto Hirokazu , Sato Tatsuo 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIn order to comprehend more completely the morphology of the nerves to the piriformis, it is necessary to obtain a detailed understanding of the relationship of the origin and the course of these nerves from the dorsal division of the sacral plexus, with reference to the superior and inferior gluteal nerves. Twelve of seven human pelvic halves were carefully dissected in order to examine the origins of the nerves from the dorsal division of the sacral plexus. Six of these pelvic halves were further dissected under a stereomicroscope to examine the nerves to the piriformis.
The origin of the superior gluteal nerve was more proximal and dorsal in the sacral plexus than that of the inferior gluteal nerve.
The superior gluteal nerve consisted of a thick cranial part and a thin caudal part; the former continued as the inferior branch of the nerve, and the latter, the superior branch. The cranial and caudal parts crossed before reaching the glutei medius and minimus.
The nerves to the piriformis arose from three main nerves from the dorsal division of the sacral plexus: (1) the caudalmost root of the superior gluteal nerve, (2) the caudal roots of the inferior gluteal nerve and (3) the common peroneal nerve. Considering the stratificational relationship among the main nerves from the dorsal division of the sacral plexus, the piriformis appears to be composed of parts from different muscle layers. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Capillaries measured in canine diaphragm by two methods
Authors: Reid Michael B. , Parsons Dora Beth , Giddings Catherine J. , Gonyea William J. , Johnson Robert L. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractWe have measured capillary distribution in costal and crural canine diaphragm using two methods: histochemical processing and perfusion fixation. Each of 18 dogs was deeply anesthetized, the abdomen opened, and the left inferior phrenic artery cannulated. The animal was heparinized and overdosed with pentobarbital. The right hemidiaphragm was frozen, either postexcision (Protocol 1) or intact with no preload (Protocol 2), for histochemical processing. The left hemidiaphragm was fixed by perfusion in situ using 2% glutaraldehyde, either with preload (Protocol 1) or without (Protocol 2). Costal and crural regions of each hemidiaphragm were sampled for analysis. Frozen samples were sectioned and processed for acid‐stable (pH 4.0) ATpase activity; perfusion‐fixed samples were postifixed, stained, embedded in Epon, and sectioned. Measurements were made using a digital imaging system. We found that muscle fibers had smaller cross‐sectional areas in costal than in crural diaphragm; capillary‐to‐fiber ratio (C:F) did not differ by region and regional differences in capillary density could be attributed to differences in fiber size. Results depended critically on methodology. In perfusion‐fixed muscle, fiber area was less, C:F was greater, and capillary density was greater than in histochemically‐processed tissue. We conclude that capillary distribution is similar in costal vs. crural diaphragm and that perfusion fixation identifies capillaries more effectively than histochemistry. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Morphogenetic and functional activity of type II cells in early fetal rhesus monkey lungs
Authors: Ten Have‐Opbroek Ank A. W. , Plopper Charles G. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractTo evaluate further the role of type II alveolar epithelial cells in primate lung development, lungs of fetal (46 to 155 days gestational age [DGA]), postnatal, and adult rhesus monkeys were investigated with antibodies against surfactant protein A (SP‐A), Alcian blue (AB) staining, and periodic acid‐Schiff (PAS) staining with/without alpha‐amylase pre‐treatment.In adult and postnatal lungs, type II cells (cuboid shape; large, roundish nucleus) displayed a unique cytoplasmic staining for SP‐A. In prenatal lungs, a low‐columnar to cuboid type of cell with a large, roundish nucleus was first detectable by 62 DGA. It was the only cell type to line the distalmost tubules or buds of the prospective respiratory tract. It exhibited (initially partial) cytoplasmic staining for SP‐A. AB and PAS stainings showed the presence of acid glycoconjugates and large apical and/or basal glycogen fields. After 95 DGA, the lining of the distal respiratory tract additionally displayed flatter cells with immunoreactivity for SP‐A and non‐reactive zones. Columnar epithelium (pseudostratified or simple) never stained for SP‐A.We conclude that morphologically identifiable type II cells first appear in fetal rhesus monkey lungs by 62 DGA (pseudoglandular period). The cells may already synthesize surfactant and extracellular matrix components. They generate type I cells, and thus the entire pulmonary acinus lining. These conclusions for the rhesus monkey fully agree with our earlier conclusions for another primate, the human, and for rodents. However, as presently shown, primates differ greatly from rodents with respect to the timing of type II cell differentiation (at 29–38% versus 73–75% of gestation or at 22–25% versus 48–49% of prenatal lung development). © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development of the vestibular and auditory system of the northern native cat, Dasyurus hallucatus
Authors: Gemmell R. T. , Nelson J. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe developing vestibular and auditory system of the native cat Dasyurus hallucatus was examined from birth to day 55 postpartum to determine when the six sensory regions had an adult structure. The utricle, a sensory epithelium with an overlying discrete population of otoliths, was present in the newborn native cat. The saccule, which has a similar structure to the utricle, and the three crista ampullaris of the semicircular canals, were present by day 21 postpartum. The organ of Corti was formed by day 50 and the external ear duct was patent by day 55 postpartum. Hair is first seen on the native cat by day 45 when the young first leave the pouch. They are left in the nest and travel on the back of the lactating mother until about day 80. The eyes open on approximately day 75. Thus, the native cat has fully functional visual, auditory, and vestibular systems when the juvenile leaves the nest. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fibroblast‐mediated collagen gel contraction does not require fibronectin‐α5β1 integrin interaction
Authors: Tomasek James J. , Akiyama Steven K. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFibroblasts cultured within free‐floating collagen gels can bind to and reorganize the surrounding collagen fibrils into a more dense and compact arrangement. Collagen gel contraction provides an in vitro model for studying fibroblast‐collagen interactions important in wound healing, fibrosis, scar contraction, and connective tissue morphogenesis. We have assessed the role of fibronectin and its interaction with the α5β1 “high affinity” fibronectin‐specific integrin receptor in collagen gel contraction. A variety of agents, which specifically inhibit fibronectin‐α5β1 interactions, were tested for their abilities to inhibit fibroblast‐mediated collagen gel contraction. These included anti‐α5β1 monoclonal antibodies, the synthetic peptide GRGDSP, the cell adhesive fragment of fibronectin, and an antibody against the cell adhesive region of fibronectin. None of these agents inhibited collagen gel contraction. Therefore, it is concluded that fibronectin‐α5β1 interactions are not necessary for collagen gel contraction. However, collagen gel contraction is dependent on a member or members of the β1 subfamily of integrin matrix receptors. A polyclonal antiserum and a monoclonal antibody, both directed against the β1 subunit of integrin matrix receptors, inhibited the spreading of fibroblasts in the collagen gel and inhibited collagen gel contraction. This study demonstrates that fibroblast‐mediated collagen gel contraction is independent of fibronectin‐α5β1 interactions but dependent on an interaction of β1 integrin matrix receptors with collagen fibers.© Willey‐Liss, Inc.