bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Attributing Episodic Memory to Animals and Children
Authors: McCormack Teresa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term ‘episodic memory’ was first introduced in the psychological literature by Tulving (1972), and has persisted despite some subsequent difficulties in defining and measuring this type of memory. It is a term that many psychologists have been reluctant to abandon, perhaps because it captures an important aspect of our common-sense understanding of memory (see Martin, Ch. 10, this volume). In this chapter, episodic memory is considered in the light of different ways in which a connection can be made between the central themes of this book (time and memory). These considerations have implications for whether or not we wish to attribute episodic memory to animals and to children.
Transcendental Arguments and Scepticism
Authors: Stern Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Robert Stern investigates how scepticism can be countered by using transcendental arguments concerning the necessary conditions for the possibility of experience, language, or thought. He shows that the most damaging sceptical questions concern neither the certainty of our beliefs, nor the reliability of our belief-forming methods, but rather whether we can justify our beliefs in the light of our doxastic norms. He concludes that although transcendental arguments cannot be used to resolve the first two issues, they can help us to address the issue of normative justification as raised by our belief in the existence of the external world, causal necessity, and other minds. Stern then reassesses transcendental arguments of the sort proposed by Kant in the Refutation of Idealism and the Second Analogy, by Hegel in his treatment of perception in the Phenomenology, and by Strawson in Individuals. Readable, well-informed, and original, Stern's discussion will provide a positive stimulus for further discussion of the philosophical and interpretative issues raised by this influential approach to the problem of scepticism.
Introduction
Authors: Stern Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All the advantages of theft over honest toil’. That is how. several years ago, someone once characterized transcendental arguments to me, reflecting a widespread conviction that there is something vaguely disreputable or even dishonest about them. This suspicion is fuelled by many sources: difficulties in giving a full definition of what a transcendental argument is and how it differs from other arguments; disappointed hopes regarding what they can really achieve; doubts about their respectability from a naturalistic perspective; a conviction that their apparent goal of refuting scepticism is one that they seem to achieve too easily; or a feeling that, when looked at in any detail, they often rest on dogmatic and unsubstantiated claims that beg too many questions to realy satisfy anyone who is not already committed to them. It is my hope that many of these understandable concerns will be addressed in what fo1lows. But it is important to see that it would be wrong to exaggerate them. It may be hard to give a brief and satisfactory definition of a transcendental argument: but examples of them are easy to recognize and are generally agreed upon without any difficulty. It may be that transcendental arguments should be viewed less optimistically than in the I 960s and 1970s, when P. F. Strawson’s powerful reading and reconstruction of Kant made them suddenly in vogue; but whilst much of the theorizing about transcendental arguments has come to an end, they still continue to be used, most recently and prominently by Hilary Putnam, Donald Davidson, and John Searle. It may be that someone committed to a strongly naturalistic programme in philosophy will be suspicious of transcendental arguments; but such suspicions are not worth much if they are merely programmatic and hardly cast doubt on transcendental arguments alone.
The Problem of the External World
Authors: Stern Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we will be considering the problem of the external world, and to what extent transcendental arguments can be used to address it. My claim will be that whilst such arguments cannot be used successfully when the problem is posed in epistemic or reliabilist terms, they have much greater force when it is put in a normativist manner. It will be shown how the failure of transcendental arguments to refute epistemic scepticism (in arguments put forward by Putnam. and the early Strawson) has Jed to the view that their only role can be to ‘silence’ scepticism, to show how (in Strawson’s words) ‘it is idle, unreal, a pretence’ 1 will argue, however, that transcendental arguments can do considerably more than this in relation to normativist justificatory scepticism over the external world. and that the latter provides an ideal target both for Kant’s Refutation of Idealism and for Hegel’s arguments in the Consciousness section of the Phenomenology of Spirit.
The Problem of Other Minds
Authors: Stern Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapters, we considered a use for transcendental arguments that took as their target a form of normativist justificatory scepticism, which questions whether our belief in the external world and causal necessity can be given any basis that is sufficient (by our lights) to confer warrant upon them. In this chapter, it will again be argued that transcendental arguments can most effectively be used when the sceptical problem concerned is conceived of in justificatory, rather than epistemic, terms: that is, as showing that our beliefs about other minds are rational or warranted, rather than certain or indubitable. It will be claimed that this switch in target allows us to move from providing a truth-directed transcendental argument. to one of a more modest type, but which differs from those discussed in the previous chapters: namely, a transcendental argument that is of a concept-directed form, where it is claimed that the context in which S acquired the capacity to use a certain concept must have been of a particular kind, to make that acquisition possible. The suggestion will thus be that, in addressing the problem of other minds, this type of argument can be used as part of a modest criteriological transcendental argument strategy, in response to the justificatory sceptic on this issue.
Conclusion
Authors: Stern Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In one sense this book has been an experiment, to see whether, if the standard objections to transcendental arguments are taken to heart and accepted as valid, there is still anything of value in transcendental claims that are modest enough to avoid these objections. Has the experiment produced a positive result? I would like to think so, but four kinds of reason for denying this may remain, and all I can do in conclusion is spell out where and how I hope to have answered them in what has gone before.
Introduction
Authors: Preston John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the mid-1970s one of the USA’s best-known philanthropic organizations, the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, invested substantial funds in a programme designed to stimulate progress in a burgeoning cross-disciplinary study of the nature and workings of the mind: ‘cognitive science’. Although, with hindsight, it can be traced back to the 1950s, cognitive science came to public recognition (and was dubbed by the psychologist Christopher Longuet-Higgins) only in the early 1970s. It comprises a constellation of disciplines (the core members being psychology, linguistics, artificial intelligence, and neuroscience) which currently attempts to explain cognitive phenomena (thinking, reasoning, intelligence, perception, learning, understanding, belief, knowledge, memory, etc.) on the basis of hypotheses about the kinds of information-processing which support them.
Cyborgs in the Chinese Room: Boundaries Transgressed and Boundaries Blurred
Authors: Adam Alison 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is little doubt that, philosophically speaking, intentionality has aroused much passion among commentators on AI and cognition. Part of the reason for this would seem to be that it strikes right at the heart of what it is to be human, what separates us from, perhaps animals, but certainly machines. This may be why we are so reluctant to let go of the idea that intentionality is possibly the fundamental attribute which makes us human and therefore separate from that which is not human. This is part of a broader picture of the feelings towards humanity that AI stirs up. Holding onto intentionality come what may points to one of the last refuges of enlightenment thinking, the uniqueness of the human animal. I argue that John Searle’s desire to keep hold of human intentionality through all the increasingly elaborate versions of his Chinese Room thought-experiment may fruitfully be understood in this vein. I explore the implications of such a hypothesis in this chapter.
The Organizational Structure in 1989
Authors: Bradley Keith , Taylor Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The formal institutions of power, information, and accountability at the John Lewis Partnership have not changed significantly since the early 1950s. In this chapter they will be described and contrasted with those of a stereotypical capital-owned firm. We will also consider the form of industrial democracy on which the Partnership rests. Since 1950, the full ownership rights of the John Lewis Partnership have been vested in the John Lewis Partnership Trust Ltd, which owns all shares in the various sections of the Partnership. This company is controlled in normal circumstances by its chairman, who holds all the votes except in particular circumstances. The board comprises a deputy chairman and three trustees appointed by the Central Council, a predominantly elected body which links the individual partners and the very top of the decision-making tree.
The John Lewis Partnership and the Japanese Firm
Authors: Bradley Keith , Taylor Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent years have seen a great deal of interest in the apparently special characteristics of the Japanese firm. In fact, the very notion of the Japanese firm is somewhat misleading, since Japanese corporate practices are more diverse than Western discussions often assume. Nevertheless, there is some basis in reality for the ideal type (perhaps stereotype would be appropriate) that has fascinated Western observers. Clearly it is valuable for Western firms to ask what has enabled Japan, and increasingly other Asian states, to compete so effectively in world markets. But many business practitioners and academics have taken a counter-productive approach to this issue, turning their enquiries into a quest for the Holy Grail. The assumption seems to be that Western businesses can be invigorated by isolating, capturing and transplanting some secret ingredient of Japanese success, possibly with marginal modifications to fit local culture and circumstance.
Partnership Principles and Business: An Analysis
Authors: Bradley Keith , Taylor Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We turn now to a closer investigation of the John Lewis Partnership’s commercial operations, beginning with the thinking of its founder, John Spedan Lewis. Lewis explicitly rejected the notion (the so-called equity principle) that there should be an open-ended reward to capital invested in an enterprise, whereas labour received a relatively fixed reward. This chapter relates Lewis’s ideas on this point to his wider view of the world and draws connections to his theory of how to run a business successfully. We will first examine Lewis’s wider world-view as revealed in his writings and the recollections of those who knew him. This will be followed by an analysis of his rejection of the equity principle: connections will be drawn both to the fundamental debates carried on in the nineteenth century as to the proper relation between people and property, and to modern discussions of the role of share ownership in a property-owning democracy. We will then examine the application of Lewis’s more general beliefs to the problem of running a business, and in conclusion we consider the importance of the retailing context for Partnership Principles.
James Barr as Critic and Theologian
Authors: Barton John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The essays in this volume are intended not only to honour James Barr, but also to reflect the range and diversity of his own interests. He has been concerned from the beginning of his academic career with languages and linguistics— becoming one of the very greatest Semitists of our time— and with textual criticism and biblical exegesis. But equally important has been his interest in the place of the Bible (‘soundly and adequately interpreted’) within theology. And, unusually for a biblical scholar, he has also shown a strong awareness of theology as a discipline in its own right, and has resisted calls for biblical interpretation to usurp the place of theology proper. During his time in Oxford he held successively the Oriel Professorship of the Interpretation of Holy Scripture and the Regius Professorship of Hebrew— the first primarily a theological Chair, but with strong links to Oriental Studies, the second primarily in the Oriental Faculty but with a seat on the Board of the Theology Faculty, which he chaired for two years. This ‘dual citizenship’ is a perfect reflection of his many interests and skills, which are mirrored in the range of concerns found among his colleagues and former students who have contributed to this volume. All share the conviction that James Barr has made a huge and positive contribution to semitics, biblical studies, and theology.
Glosses, Interpolations, and Other Types of Scribal Additions in the Text of the Hebrew Bible
Authors: Toy Emanuel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The main topic of this paper is that of the appearance of glosses, interpolations, and other scribal additions in the textual traditions of the Old Testament. Upon investigating this topic one realizes time and again how complex the issues are, not only with regard to a definition of what actually constitutes a gloss and an interpolation, but also regarding the scribal practices as evidenced in the manuscripts. We therefore start with some definitions and a discussion of terminology, and for this purpose we have to look first at areas beyond the textual criticism of the Hebrew Bible, since it is there where the terminology was first applied, especially in the realm of classical studies. The appearance of glosses in Sumerian and Akkadian sources likewise influenced the scholarship on the Hebrew Bible.
The Theological Significance of Biblical Poetry
Authors: Miller Patrick d. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the last decade or so, vigorous and productive new efforts to characterize biblical poetry have advanced that enterprise and provided models and theories that have greatly illumined our understanding of the nature of biblical poetry. Some of these tend to be ways of perceiving the aesthetic of biblical poetry, while others are more an analysis of its linguistic character. Handbooks are now available that go far beyond the simple identification of parallelism and its breakdown into three categories of synonymous, antithetic, and synthetic. Studies of particular aspects of biblical poetry have clarified them and in some cases uncovered deeper and more complex dimensions than previously realized.
The Future of the ‘Servant Songs’: Some Reflections on the Relationship of Biblical Scholarship to its own Tradition
Authors: Barstad Hans m. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No problem of Old Testament studies, probably, has attracted the mind of the scholar to the same degree as the so- called ‘servant songs’ of Isa. 40—55. Anyone interested in this particular field of human enterprise is faced, not with hundreds, but with literally thousands of scholarly (or less scholarly!) books and articles, the total amount of which no one person can ever have any hope of digesting in a lifetime.
Historical Criticism in a ‘History-Centred Value-System’
Authors: mcintyre john 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One circumstance which, more than any others, has controlled the discussion of the relation of faith to history, has been the assumption, held by both the theologians and the historical critics with whom they have been debating, that historical criticism is a single, and fairly simply identifiable, entity. Perhaps this assumption itself derives from a prior conviction that history itself is homogeneous and uniform, and that a uniform historical method can be applied to it right across the board. This assumption, it could be argued, was the common element, in the midst of their many theological differences, in the several attempts of theologians ranging from Kierkegaard to Pannenberg, to articulate the relation of faith to history. It is the task of this essay to look more closely at this assumption, to consider an alternative account of the matter; and thereafter, to examine the consequences for our understanding both of historical method and the kinds of criteria that it employs, and of theological method and its criterial options.
Influences and Sources
Authors: O’Daly Gerard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the City of God Augustine uses a large variety of literary sources, and in a variety of ways. Some are cited in passing, others are repeatedly used; some are referred to by name, others may be inferred; in some cases, a specific use or influence is disputed by modern interpreters. In the preceding chapters ( 6-r o) several such instances have been discussed. This chapter brings together and develops observations scattered throughout those chapters, cites the specific influences, and considers the nature and scope of Augustine’s readings in earlier and contemporary authors.
Introduction
Authors: Ziesler J A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pauline Christianity is the earliest for which we have direct documentary evidence. Despite the arrangement of books in the New Testament, the earliest gospel was written after the latest of Paul’s letters, and it is Paul who lets us into the ground floor of the early church. A church receiving a letter from him probably had no other Christian writing, and as it was far removed from Palestine and from the memories of the followers of Jesus, it probably knew little of the oral tradition of his deeds and words. It had, of course, heard the preaching of Paul or someone else, and it may have had access to the Septuagint (the Greek translation of the Jewish Scriptures), but we cannot assume any more than this. In large areas of the Christian world Paul’s gospel was the only one people had heard at first, and the idea that Paul complicated an originally simple gospel of Jesus simply does not fit; in many places it would be decades before a written gospel circulated. Of course there was earlier Christianity in Palestine, but all our documentary evidence for it is later than the undisputed letters of Paul.
Paul’s Inheritance
Authors: Ziesler J A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If we are to understand Paul, we must take note of the culture and the religious traditions in which he stood. He had conceptual and linguistic equipment that his hearers took for granted, but which is strange to us. Moreover, he lived within a mixing of cultures, arising from the Macedonian conquests under Alexander the Great in the Fourth Century BC. Thereafter, the Mediterranean world was always partly Greek, whatever else it was. Yet the conquered had their revenge on the conquerors, and Greek religion, culture, and thought were infiltrated by oriental ideas and practices. This whole phenomenon is what we call Hellenism: the Greek culture of the Graeco-Roman world as a whole, not that of Greece of the classical age.
The Centrality of Jesus Christ
Authors: Ziesler J A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Paul did not become a Christian because he had come to the end of his tether as a Jew. He was a happy and zealous Jew whose new belief that Jesus was the answer to human dilemmas made him find inadequacies in the Judaism that had hitherto satisfied him. The main reason for doubting this is a particular reading of Rom. 7, especially vv. 13-24, which takes it as autobiographical and as describing the moral impotence he experienced when he tried to keep the Law. On this reading, Paul knew from the Law what he ought to do, tried to do it, and failed. Only when Christ came to him did he find escape from this impotence and enter new life (v. 25). Throughout the passage, from v. 7, the occurrence of ‘I’ makes it natural to take it all autobiographically, so why not? It is quite uncertain whether Rom. 7: 13-24 describes divided life as a Christian, as a Jew, or as Jew from a Christian vantage point, but we may concede that the last rather than the first is the most likely. The logic of the letter suggests that in Chap. 7 he is talking about one of the things from which people are delivered by Christ, and it is difficult to suppose that he thinks Christians are as impotent and imprisoned by sinfulness as the chapter depicts. Granted this, however, it does not follow that he is talking about himself in particular or about how life under the Law seemed at the time.
Christ and his People
Authors: Ziesler J A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Paul’s understanding of Christ is not merely individualistic. Rather, Christ is the centre of a new people which is also an old people, both the fulfilment of historical Israel and the replacement of that part of contemporary Israel which rejected him (see the figure of the olive tree in Rom. 11). Before we take up the relation between church and Israel, we must first discuss one of the knottiest problems in Pauline study: the way in which Paul speaks of Christ in more than individual terms, what is sometimes called ‘the corporate Christ’. This is seen in three main areas, all apparently involving some sort of participation by believers in Christ.
Poen1s of Expression
Authors: Bailey Clinton 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The entire gamut of the bedouin’s emotional life lends itself to poetical expression; not as abstractions, however, but as concrete manifestations of daily life. Thus, all the poems in the present chapter arose from direct personal experience: a man in jail longing for home at holiday time; a woman longing for menfolk away at war; a murdered boy’s father seeking vengeance; a traveller after a hearty meal and good cheer; a man incensed by a slur on the memory of a dead cousin; a bedouin snubbed at a state reception; another neglected during drought; a third denied welcome in a desert tent; others disconsolate at the loss of dear ones or of worldly possessions; a lad inspired by a shepherdess at the well.
Poems on the Margin of Historic Events (1882-1982)
Authors: Bailey Clinton 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For the past century governments have pursued their national interests in Sinai and the Negev as if there were no local population to take into account. In 1882 Great Britain invaded and occupied Egypt, including the Sinai peninsula. The Negev at the time belonged to the Ottoman Empire; but in the First World War Britain defeated Turkey and ruled the Negev for the next thirty years.
Composing Bedouin Poetry: Art and Technique
Authors: Bailey Clinton 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have seen the pervasiveness of poetry in bedouin society and the important roles it plays as a vehicle for preserving cultural values and as a means of expression, communication, and entertainment. We have also had a glimpse of the variety and intricacy of the bedouin poems themselves. The question naturally arises of how an illiterate bedouin is able to compose a poem often of more than twenty lines and containing two rhymes for each line.