bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modal analysis and higher order mode suppression of a high impedance surface-based bowtie antenna
Authors: Kamili Jagadeesh Babu , Bhattacharya Amitabha 
Published: January 2024

AbstractThe present work studies the design of a high impedance surface (HIS)-based bowtie antenna in the framework of characteristic mode analysis (CMA) and proposes the method of higher order mode suppression. A triangular-elliptical bowtie antenna operating in the frequency range of 1.6–6 GHz is designed. The radiating and higher order modes of the proposed antenna are identified using CMA, and an HIS structure is used to enhance the desired mode and to suppress the higher order mode in order to get high gain, good front-to-back ratio (FBR), and stable radiation characteristics. The final designed HIS-based bowtie antenna gives stable radiation patterns from 1.7 to 5.5 GHz with a maximum boresight gain of 10.5 dB. Also, gain from 6.5 to 12 dB and FBR from 8 to 18 dB are obtained in the operating bandwidth. The proposed antenna features the advantages of low profile, wideband and high boresight gain making it suitable for ground-penetrating radar applications.
Pragmatic Monism: The Practice of the Indonesian Constitutional Court in Engaging with International Law
Authors: PALGUNA I Dewa Gede , WARDANA Agung 
Published: January 2024

AbstractThe relationship between international and domestic law in Indonesia is the subject of prolonged debate caused by the silence of the Indonesian Constitution on the choice between monism and dualism, which affects constitutional adjudication. This article discusses how the Constitutional Court engages with international law in its decisions and how the debate between monism and dualism is affected by it. It argues that the practice of the Court falls neither within the traditional scope of monism nor dualism but tends to be eclectic, which can be termed pragmatic monism. Here, the Court considers an international treaty part of domestic law upon ratification. However, its contents are only applicable if they are consistent with the Constitution, the highest law in the country. Nevertheless, such pragmatism is not without consequences where the consistency of the constitutional system as a whole is compromised for the instrumentality of its individual decisions on societal well-being.
Evaporation and Transpiration From Multiple Proximal Forests and Wetlands
Authors: Shveytser Victoria , Stoy Paul C. , Butterworth Brian , Wiesner Susanne , Skaggs Todd H. , Murphy Bailey , Wutzler Thomas , El‐Madany Tarek S. , Desai Ankur R. 
Published: January 2024

AbstractClimate change is intensifying the hydrologic cycle and altering ecosystem function, including water flux to the atmosphere through evapotranspiration (ET). ET is made up of evaporation (E) via non‐stomatal surfaces, and transpiration (T) through plant stomata which are impacted by global changes in different ways. E and T are difficult to measure independently at the ecosystem scale, especially across multiple sites that represent different land use and land management strategies. To address this gap in understanding, we applied flux variance similarity (FVS) to quantify how E and T differ across 13 different ecosystems measured using eddy covariance in a 10 × 10 km area from the CHEESEHEAD19 experiment in northern Wisconsin, USA. The study sites included eight forests with a large deciduous broadleaf component, three evergreen needleleaf forests, and two wetlands. Average T/ET for the study period averaged nearly 52% in forested sites and 45% in wetlands, with larger values after excluding periods following rain events when evaporation from canopy interception may be expected. A dominance analysis revealed that environmental variables explained on average 69% of the variance of half‐hourly T, which decreased from summer to autumn. Deciduous and evergreen forests showed similar E trajectories over time despite differences in vegetation phenology, and vapor pressure deficit explained some 13% of the variance E in wetlands but only 5% or less in forests. Retrieval of E and T within a dense network of flux towers lends confidence that FVS is a promising approach for comparing ecosystem hydrology across multiple sites to improve our process‐based understanding of ecosystem water fluxes.
Frequency Rather Than Intensity Drives Projected Changes of Rainfall Events in Brazil
Authors: Ballarin André S. , Wendland Edson , Zaerpour Masoud , Hatami Shadi , Meira Neto Antônio A. , Papalexiou Simon Michael 
Published: January 2024

AbstractExtreme rainfall events are expected to intensify with global warming, posing significant challenges to both human and natural environments. Despite the importance of such assessments, they are unevenly widespread across the globe. Here, using bias corrected climate simulations of the latest phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6), we provide a comprehensive assessment on how different rainfall events are expected to change across Brazil. Specifically, (a) we explored the projected changes in both intensity and frequency of rainfall events belonging to the right‐tail of the rainfall distribution using a non‐parametric approach, and (b) quantified how rainfall events associate with different return periods are expected to intensify, using a parametric approach. We found that extreme rainfall events will become more frequent and intense by the end of the century, with averaged projected changes for rainfall exceeding the historical rainfall quantile q0.99 of nearly 100% and 10% on frequency and intensity, respectively. Non‐extreme rainfall events, in contrast, are expected to be less frequent, aligning with the compensation hypothesis. For instance, Brazilian 100‐year rainfall are anticipated to intensify, on average, 17% and 31% under the moderate and the highest CMIP6 emission scenarios, respectively. Finally, our findings suggest that frequency, rather than intensity, dictates the projected changes of rainfall. We believe that the evidence gathered here will certainly contribute to not only an improved understanding of Brazilian rainfall events but also to a better comprehension of the different rainfall properties, their interplay and how the different ways of assessing them may affect climate studies.
Magnetic Fabric of Freshly Consolidated Lacustrine Mudstones Constrains the “Present‐Day” Strain Field
Authors: Xie Hao , Liu Caicai , Gan Weijun , Zhang Zhuqi , Zhang Huiping , Lü Yuanyuan , Zhao Xudong , Yu Jingxing , Dai Chenglong , Zhang Peizhen 
Published: January 2024

AbstractThe anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) has great potential in deciphering weakly deformed fabrics that may be related to tectonic stress. Previous studies have suggested that magnetic lineation is a good indicator of paleostrain direction. It is unclear whether the magnetic fabric can also be used to indicate the present‐day strain field. To verify this idea, we measured the AMS of freshly consolidated lacustrine fine‐grained sediments at 11 locations in the Qaidam and Chaka‐Gonghe basins of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau and compared it with the present‐day strain field deduced from the global position system (GPS) velocity field. The magnetic lineations of both room‐temperature and low‐temperature AMS are roughly perpendicular to the GPS‐derived tectonic shortening direction within the error range, suggesting that the AMS of freshly consolidated muds is an effective indicator of the present‐day strain field, even if the sediments appear undeformed at the outcrop scale.
Enhanced Impacts of ENSO on the Southeast Asian Summer Monsoon Under Global Warming and Associated Mechanisms
Authors: Lin Shuheng , Dong Buwen , Yang Song 
Published: January 2024

AbstractBased on outputs of 28 coupled models from the Phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6), we show that the response of the Southeast Asian summer monsoon to the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) during post‐ENSO summer will likely strengthen in a warmer climate, which can be attributed to concurrently weakened sea‐surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs) in the western equatorial Pacific (WEP). The weakened WEP SSTAs are primarily caused by enhanced latent heat damping due to increased surface wind speed anomalies, which are associated with the eastward shift of the El Niño‐induced anomalous Walker circulation due to El Niño‐like sea surface temperature change in the tropical Pacific under global warming. Besides, the climatological zonal ocean currents will slow down due to the weakening of climatological Walker circulation, which also acts to weaken the WEP SSTAs via reducing the advection of anomalous temperature by the mean current.
What Forcing Mechanisms Affect the Interannual Sea Level Co‐Variability Between the Northeast and Southeast Coasts of the United States?
Authors: Wang Ou , Lee Tong , Frederikse Thomas , Ponte Rui M. , Fenty Ian , Fukumori Ichiro , Hamlington Benjamin D. 
Published: January 2024

AbstractInterannual sea‐level variations between the United States (U.S.) Northeast and Southeast Coasts separated by Cape Hatteras are significantly less correlated than those within their respective sectors, but the cause is poorly understood. Here we investigate atmospheric forcing mechanisms that affect the interannual sea‐level co‐variability between these two sectors using an adjoint reconstruction and decomposition approach in the framework of Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean (ECCO) ocean state estimate. We compare modeled and observed sea‐level changes at representative locations in each sector: Nantucket Island, Massachusetts for the Northeast and Charleston, South Carolina for the Southeast. The adjoint reconstruction and decomposition approach used in this work allows for identification and quantification of the causal mechanisms responsible for observed coastal sea‐level variability. Coherent sea‐level variations in Nantucket and Charleston arise from nearshore wind stress anomalies north of Cape Hatteras and buoyancy forcing, especially from the subpolar North Atlantic, while offshore wind stress anomalies, in contrast, reduce co‐variability. Offshore wind stress contributes much more to interannual sea‐level variation at Charleston than at Nantucket, causing incoherent sea level variations between the two locations. Buoyancy forcing anomalies south of Charleston, including over the Florida shelf, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Caribbean Sea, also reduce co‐variability because they induce sea‐level responses at Charleston but not Nantucket. However, the relative impact of buoyancy forcing on interannual sea‐level co‐variability between the two sectors is much smaller than that of offshore wind stress.
A Model Study of Buoyancy Driven Cross‐Isobath Transport Over the Ross Sea Continental Shelf Break
Authors: Wang Chuning , Zhang Zhaoru , Zhong Yisen , Zhou Meng 
Published: January 2024

AbstractThe intrusion of circumpolar deep water (CDW) onto the Antarctic continental shelf plays an important role in the heat budgets of the Antarctic shelf sea. In the Ross Sea, the Antarctic Slope Current is a strong vorticity barrier that prevents cross‐slope CDW exchange, yet observation evidence shows that CDW is able to get through this barrier in certain locations and reaches the edge of the Ross Ice Shelf (RIS). Previous studies often attribute the cross‐slope exchange to surface wind forcing, eddy and tide‐mediated fluxes. In this work, we highlight the role of buoyancy forcing from the continental shelf in the cross‐isobath exchange on the continental shelf break. The cross‐isobath transport along the Ross Sea continental shelf break is diagnosed with the depth‐averaged vorticity budget equation, using results from an ice‐ocean coupled numerical model. Our results show that the leading‐order balance of vorticity is between the advection of planetary vorticity and the joint effect of baroclinicity and relief (JEBAR). The JEBAR effect supplies negative vorticity and drives onshore transport over the eastern Ross Sea. The heterogeneous transport over eastern and western Ross Sea results in a zonal sea level gradient, with higher sea level over the eastern Ross Sea. The magnitude of JEBAR is determined by horizontal density gradient along the Ross Sea shelf break edge; numerical tracer experiments suggest that the along‐isobath density gradient is set up by the dense shelf water formed over the RIS and the inflow of glacial basal melt water from the Amundsen Sea.
Improving Estimates of Dynamic Global Marine DMS and Implications for Aerosol Radiative Effect
Authors: Zhao Junri , Zhang Yan , Bie Shujun , Yang Gui‐Peng , Bilsback Kelsey R. , Pierce Jeffrey R. , Chen Ying 
Published: January 2024

AbstractDimethyl sulfide (DMS) is the predominant natural sulfur source and plays a pivotal role in regulating global climate. However, the current method for estimating seawater DMS concentrations has limitations, and the existing DMS‐induced radiative effect heavily relies on bottom‐up DMS climatologies. This study aims to improve the method for estimating seawater DMS concentrations as well as to evaluate its induced aerosol direct radiative effect (DRE) and indirect radiative effect (IRE) using a state‐of‐the‐art aerosol microphysics scheme integrated with a chemical transport model. The predicted seawater DMS concentrations based on data‐driven methods were verified with multi‐year in situ measurements, revealing a marked reduction in mean bias by over 80%. Results show that our estimates generally indicate lower seawater DMS concentrations (1.48–1.88 μmol/m3) compared to previous seawater DMS climatologies, with differences ranging from −37% to 11%, and that interannual variability in DMS concentrations is varies significantly, particularly in polar regions. The DRE and cloud‐albedo IRE induced by DMS were −0.06 and −0.19 W/m2, respectively, representing a cooling effect on radiative effect that was weaker by 31.4% and 27.0% of those derived from the commonly used bottom‐up DMS climatology. The comprehensive evaluation of the model's performance of atmospheric DMS prediction based on global‐scale observations shows a significant improvement after using our estimates. Thus, we conclude that the global DMS fluxes provided in the past are overestimated, including its resulting DMS radiative effect, which highlights the need for refining the estimation of global aerosol radiative effect to enhance the accuracy of assessing aerosol‐induced climate impacts.
Research on the Initiation of Multiple Upward Leaders From an Isolated Building Based on an Improved Lightning Attachment Model
Authors: Lin Yuhe , Tan Yongbo , Yu Junhao , Qi Qi , Wu Bin , Lyu Weitao 
Published: January 2024

AbstractMore and more optical records have exhibited that multiple upward leaders (MULs) occur frequently on a building in the flash attachment process. An interesting issue is why a building can continue to launch upward leader (UL) after the first one appears. This phenomenon is analyzed in the present paper. Considering the influence of the leader behaviors on the ambient electric field, an improved 3‐D fine‐resolution lightning attachment model with MULs is established to simulate cloud‐to‐ground flash events with diverse leader spatial morphologies. The simulation results show that MULs may initiate almost simultaneously or with an obvious delay and the variation range of UL length is large. From this, the flash events of lightning terminating on a building are divided into four scenarios and each scenario is analyzed. It was found that the spatial location of downward leader, the length and propagation direction of the first UL and the time interval from the inception of the first UL to final jump significantly affect the electric fields at top corners of building and further affect the inception of the second UL. Based on qualitative analysis, four factors are proposed to explain why the above four scenarios happen.
Warm Early Summer Compensated Reduction in Photosynthesis Caused by 2022 Late Summer Extreme Drought Over the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Yan Ran , Wang Xunmei , Wang Jun , Tan Jingye , Ju Weimin 
Published: January 2024

AbstractThe Tibetan Plateau (TP) is ecologically delicate, its vegetation highly sensitive to climate variations. In 2022, China endured an unprecedented compound drought‐heatwave, escalating TP's August temperature to a record high since 2000. This study examined this event's impact on TP's photosynthesis using multi‐source satellite‐based products. We demonstrated persistent high temperatures from April to August 2022, accompanied by shifting soil water (SW). Initially moist from April to June, the soil turned notably dry, hitting its lowest point in August. Consequently, early summer witnessed a substantial enhancement in gross primary productivity (GPP) and near‐infrared reflectance of vegetation (NIRv) predominantly due to high temperatures, except for reduction in the eastern and southeastern TP. June recorded the largest positive GPP anomaly since 2000. As summer progressed, severe drought, not high temperatures, dominated, causing obvious negative anomalies in GPP and NIRv, especially in August, concentrated in the central and southwestern TP. Separating the growing season into May–June–July (MJJ) and August–September (AS) revealed a clear contrast. Enhancement in photosynthesis during MJJ compensated the decline in AS, making average positive GPP and weak negative NIRv anomalies in the entire growing season. Specifically, MJJ saw GPP magnitudes of 5.724 TgC mo−1 in FluxSat, 9.491 TgC mo−1 in GPP v2.2 and OCO‐2‐based Solar‐induced chlorophyll fluorescence (GOSIF), and 0.004 in NIRv. Conversely, AS experienced a decline: −4.802 TgC mo−1 in FluxSat, −2.837 TgC mo−1 in GOSIF GPP, and −0.006 in NIRv. This delicate balance underscores the intricate interplay between early growth conditions, subsequent environmental stressors, and vegetation's adaptive responses.
A Quantile Generalized Additive Approach for Compound Climate Extremes: Pan‐Atlantic Extremes as a Case Study
Authors: Olivetti Leonardo , Messori Gabriele , Jin Shaobo 
Published: January 2024

AbstractWe present an application of quantile generalized additive models (QGAMs) to study spatially compounding climate extremes, namely extremes that occur (near‐) simultaneously in geographically remote regions. We take as an example wintertime cold spells in North America and co‐occurring wet or windy extremes in Western Europe, which we collectively term Pan‐Atlantic compound extremes. QGAMS are largely novel in climate science applications and present a number of key advantages over conventional statistical models of weather extremes. Specifically, they remove the need for a direct identification and parametrization of the extremes themselves, since they model all quantiles of the distributions of interest. They thus make use of all information available, and not only of a small number of extreme values. Moreover, they do not require any a priori knowledge of the functional relationship between the predictors and the dependent variable. Here, we use QGAMs to both characterize the co‐occurrence statistics and investigate the role of possible dynamical drivers of the Pan‐Atlantic compound extremes. We find that cold spells in North America are a useful predictor of subsequent wet or windy extremes in Western Europe, and that QGAMs can predict those extremes more accurately than conventional peak‐over‐threshold models.
Metabolic syndrome and epigenetic aging: a twin study
Authors: Föhr Tiina , Hendrix Arne , Kankaanpää Anna , Laakkonen Eija K. , Kujala Urho , Pietiläinen Kirsi H. , Lehtimäki Terho , Kähönen Mika , Raitakari Olli , Wang Xiaoling , Kaprio Jaakko , Ollikainen Miina , Sillanpää Elina 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Background
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is associated with premature aging, but whether this association is driven by genetic or lifestyle factors remains unclear.

Methods
Two independent discovery cohorts, consisting of twins and unrelated individuals, were examined (N = 268, aged 23–69 years). The findings were replicated in two cohorts from the same base population. One consisted of unrelated individuals (N = 1 564), and the other of twins (N = 293). Participants’ epigenetic age, estimated using blood DNA methylation data, was determined using the epigenetic clocks GrimAge and DunedinPACE. The individual-level linear regression models for investigating the associations of MetS and its components with epigenetic aging were followed by within-twin-pair analyses using fixed-effects regression models to account for genetic factors.

Results
In individual-level analyses, GrimAge age acceleration was higher among participants with MetS (N = 56) compared to participants without MetS (N = 212) (mean 2.078 [95% CI = 0.996,3.160] years vs. −0.549 [−1.053,−0.045] years, between-group p = 3.5E-5). Likewise, the DunedinPACE estimate was higher among the participants with MetS compared to the participants without MetS (1.032 [1.002,1.063] years/calendar year vs. 0.911 [0.896,0.927] years/calendar year, p = 4.8E-11). An adverse profile in terms of specific MetS components was associated with accelerated aging. However, adjustments for lifestyle attenuated these associations; nevertheless, for DunedinPACE, they remained statistically significant. The within-twin-pair analyses suggested that genetics explains these associations fully for GrimAge and partly for DunedinPACE. The replication analyses provided additional evidence that the association between MetS components and accelerated aging is independent of the lifestyle factors considered in this study, however, suggesting that genetics is a significant confounder in this association.

Conclusions
The results of this study suggests that MetS is associated with accelerated epigenetic aging, independent of physical activity, smoking or alcohol consumption, and that the association may be explained by genetics.
Autism spectrum disorder in ICD-11—a critical reflection of its possible impact on clinical practice and research
Authors: Kamp-Becker Inge 
Published: January 2024

AbstractThis perspective article compares and contrasts the conceptualization of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in ICD-11 and DSM-5. By guiding the user through the ICD-11 text, it is argued that, in contrast to DSM-5, ICD-11 allows a high variety in symptom combinations, which results in an operationalization of ASD that is in favor of an extreme diverse picture, yet possibly at the expense of precision, including unforeseeable effects on clinical practice, care, and research. The clinical utility is questionable as this conceptualization can hardly be differentiated from other mental disorders and autism-like traits. It moves away from an observable, behavioral, and neurodevelopmental disorder to a disorder of inner experience that can hardly be measured objectively. It contains many vague and subjective concepts that lead to non-falsifiable diagnoses. This bears a large danger of false positive diagnoses, of further increased prevalence rates, limitations of access to ASD-specific services and of increasing the non-specificity of treatments. For research, the hypothesis is that the specificity of ASD will be reduced and this will additional increase the already high heterogeneity with the effect that replication of studies will be hampered. This could limit our understanding of etiology and biological pathways of ASD and bears the risk that precision medicine, i.e., a targeted approach for individual treatment strategies based on precise diagnostic markers, is more far from becoming reality. Thus, a more precise, quantitative description and more objective measurement of symptoms are suggested that define the clinical ASD phenotype. Identification of core ASD subtypes/endophenotypes and a precise description of symptoms is the necessary next step to advance diagnostic classification systems. Therefore, employing a more finely grained, objective, clinical symptom characterization which is more relatable to neurobehavioral concepts is of central significance.