bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Transformation of American Law 1870–1960
Authors: Horwitz Morton J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Morton Horwitz’s The Transformation of American Law, 1780-1860 won the Bancroft Prize in American History in 1978 and is considered one of the most significant books ever published in American legal history. A paperback edition is widely used in undergraduate American history courses and legal history courses in law schools. Legal scholars and historians eagerly await Horwitz’s sequel for the modern period which he is now submitting for our consideration. Horwitz’s first volume considered the economic conflicts underlying the transformation of American law in the antebellum period. He sought to show how the resolution of conflict through legal rather than political channels led emerging entrepreneurial and commercial groups to win a disproportionate share of wealth and power in American society. His sequel traces the ongoing contest between orthodox and critical movements in American law and their impact on the American legal and political system. Horwitz considers American legal thought and practice in a broad intellectual context, noting the profound impact of positivist and humanist thinking on legal ideology.
The Econometric Approach To Efficiency Analysis
Authors: Greene William H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As described in Chapter 1, two very distinct methods of estimating efficiency in production have developed in the literature. This chapter will survey the econometric approach and provide a summary of the received techniques. Little attempt will be made to survey the received empirical literature. Not only is the list already prohibitively large, but it continues to grow, partly with the latter chapters of this volume.1 Section 2.8 will present some estimates based on the U.S. airline industry in order to illustrate some of the basic, more accessible techniques.The literature on frontier production and cost functions and the calculation of efficiency measures begins with Farrell (1957). He suggested that we could usefully analyze technical efficiency in terms of realized deviations from an idealized, frontier isoquant. This approach falls naturally into an econometric approach in which the inefficiency is identified with disturbances in a regression model.
Technical Efficiency And Technical Progress In Swedish Dairy Farms
Authors: Kumbhakar Subal C , Hjalmarsson Lennart 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In recent years panel data are increasingly used in the estimation of economic efficiency. Although one can estimate technical efficiency for each production unit using cross-sectional data, the estimates of technical efficiency can not control for individual-specific effects. One has to assume that these individual-specific effects are identical for all production units. On the other hand, when panel data are available one can separate technical (in)efficiency from individual-specific effects. Panel studies can be classified into two groups in terms of their treatment of technical efficiency.
The Schoolhouse Door
Authors: Clark E Culpepper 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Some of the most important battles of the civil rights era were fought in Alabama: Montgomery, Birmingham, Selma and Tuscaloosa. Indeed, Alabama was to the civil rights movement what Virginia was to the Civil War. This is the story of how the University of Alabama experienced the end of segregation and how events on that campus influenced the civil rights movement and exposed the massive resistance to the changes it promised. It is the story of two dramatic confrontations, the Autherine Lucy episode in 1956 (Lucy was the first person of colour to be admitted to the University and was promptly expelled after mass demonstrations) and George Wallace ‘s 1963 stand in the schoolhouse door (trying to bar the entry of Vivian Malone and James Hood) - confrontations that transformed Tuscaloosa into an international dateline and gave the nation symbols for an age of moral struggle. It is the story of courageous black applicants, reactionary university trustees, lawyers and judges, cautious university officials, fist-shaking demonstrators, fiery crosses, brave and bewildered students, powerful people and their low cunning, also men and women of high purpose struggling almost without hope, and, in the end, it is the story of George Wallace, whose confrontation with the Kennedy ‘s changed America ‘s political landscape. The author has written a powerful narrative history that gives insight into an important era of American history, a local history that sheds light on larger national issues.
Final Cast
Authors: Clark E Culpepper 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In December 1962, the children at Verner Elementary School on the south side of the campus got the thrill of their lives. It was the last day of classes before Christmas holidays. A training jet from Air National Guard headquarters in Birmingham appeared over the campus, switched on its camera and began taking reconnaissance photographs. The pilot pulled up, surprised when an RF-101 Voodoo streaked in from the east also making photos. To the delight of the children, the two airmen decided to show their stuff and began a series oflow level runs that included rollovers and thunderous sound effects. Another Voodoo and trainer arrived a bit later. The show lasted about two hours.
The Secularization of Power
Authors: Sommerville C John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It should not be surprising to find that a secularizing of power was at the heart of our subject, since religion is best defined in terms of power. Certainly the activities of the state have been prominent in our considerations thus far, indicating that the secularization of English culture was largely due to a contest between two kinds of power. In 1486 the English government was glad to have the support of a papal bull which announced the Holy Father’s “great curse” on those who did not acknowledge Henry VII; the king reprinted it in a proclamation. Supernatural power stood over political power and the Church had monopolized it. Two centuries later the English government refused to allow its emasculated church even to define blasphemy for legal purposes. This chapter traces the steps in the process by which religion lost its preeminent position and became one political issue among many.
The Lees of Virginia
Authors: Nagel Paul C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In The Lees of Virginia, Paul Nagel chronicles seven generations of Lees, from the family founder Richard to General Robert E. Lee, covering over two hundred years of American history. We meet Thomas Lee, who dreamed of America as a continental empire. His daughter was Hannah Lee Corbin, a non-conformist in lifestyle and religion, while his son, Richard Henry Lee, was a tempestuous figure who wore black silk over a disfigured hand when he made the motion in Congress for Independence. Another of Thomas’ sons, Arthur Lee, created a political storm by his accusations against Benjamin Franklin. Arthur’s cousin was Light-Horse Harry Lee, a controversial cavalry officer in the Revolutionary War, whose wild real estate speculation led to imprisonment for debt and finally self-exile in the Caribbean. One of Harry’s sons, Henry Lee, further disgraced the family by seducing his sister-in-law and frittering away Stratford, the Lees’ ancestral home. Another son, however, became the family’s redeeming figure--Robert E. Lee, a brilliant tactician who is still revered for his lofty character and military success. In these and numerous other portraits, Nagel discloses how, from 1640 to 1870, a family spirit united the Lees, making them a force in Virginian and American affairs. Paul Nagel is a leading chronicler of families prominent in our history. His Descent from Glory, a masterful narrative account of four generations of Adamses, was hailed by The New Yorker as “intelligent, tactful, and spiritually generous,” and Pulitzer Prize-winning historian W.A. Swanberg, in the Chicago Sun-Times, called it “a magnificent embarrassment of biographical riches.” Now, in The Lees of Virginia, Nagel brings his skills to bear on another major American family, taking readers inside the great estates of the Old Dominion and the turbulent lives of the Lee men and women.
Reforming the System: The Salzburg Initiative and Other Proposals for Change
Authors: Susskind Lawrence E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the fall of 1989, with support from the Massachusetts-based Dana Greeley Foundation for Peace and Justice, a small group of scholars, diplomats, and environmental activists met at the Program on Negotiation at Harvard Law School. Their goal was to explore possible institutional reforms that might encourage more effective global environmental treaty making in the face of growing mistrust among nations, continued governmental unwillingness to acknowledge mounting evidence of new environmental threats, and the unremitting desire on the part of most nations to protect their sovereignty. The group identified several factors that seemed to account for past collective action on the environment: the existence of the scientific equivalent of a “smoking gun” (for example, a hole in the ozone layer), strong worldwide pressure from activists and the news media acknowledging a threat, and the emergence of a simply stated action that might address the problem or reduce the risk (for example, phase out the production of CFCs).
Hysteria
Authors: Goetz Christopher G , Bonduelle Michel , Gelfand Toby 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
On October 12, 1878, the British Medical Journal (BM]) described a clinical demonstration conducted a few months earlier at the Salpêtrière. The subject was hystero-epilepsy and the metteur en scène, Jean-Martin Char cot. “That remarkable disease,” commented Arthur Gamgee, a professor of physiology from Manchester, “almost all our knowledge of which is due to the labours of M. Charcot.”
The Age of the Queen Mother: 1566-1656
Authors: Peirce Leslie P 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
According to the Venetian ambassador Paulo Contarini, the dismissal of the grand vezir Sinan Pasha in 1582 was due in large part to the efforts of the queen mother, Nurbanu Sultan, who wanted her own candidate in the post. In addition, observed Contarini, she was motivated by a desire “to avenge her self for the words that Sinan had dared to speak, that empires are not governed with the counsel of women, and moreover that authority did not rest with her, even though she might try to make it seem so, but rather with the sultana consort.”1 It was perhaps at that moment, a year before the death of Nurbanu, that the combined power of the queen mother and the favorite was the greatest. The affair of Sinan Pasha’s dismissal reveals the rivalry not only between influential individuals in the inner and outer government (exempli fied here in the tension between queen mother and grand vezir) but between female generations (queen mother and favorite).
The Rhetorical Paradigm in Psychiatric History: Thomas Szasz and the Myth of Mental Illness
Authors: Vatz Richard E , Weinberg Lee S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As even his critics acknowledge, psychiatrist Thomas Szasz is the preeminent and most prolific critic of psychiatric theory, practice, and participation in public policy and the law.1 Born in Budapest, Szasz and his family escaped Nazi Europe when Szasz was in his teens. While forsaking his original interest in internal medicine to specialize in psychiatry, Szasz was always skeptical of the medical pretensions of psychiatry, especially insofar as psychiatric hospitals were represented to be authentic medical hospitals. Instructed by his new department chair at the University of Chicago, where he did his residency, to spend a year of training at a state mental hospital, Szasz refused, saying “I won’t go because I don’t believe in it.”2 Szasz had acquired early on an appreciation of the effects of language and metaphor on perceived reality, which led to skepticism and disbelief of psychiatric orthodoxy. After publishing a number of articles critical of psychiatric concepts and practice, in 1961 Thomas Szasz wrote his seminal work, The Myth of Mental Illness: Foundations of a Theory of Personal Conduct, a book that challenged the medical identity of psychiatry.3
The Mechanisms Of Governance
Authors: Williamson Oliver E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
New Institutional Economics is a new way to look at how organizations function. Rather than seeing the firm as a “black box”, Williamson shows how decision makers respond to economic factors WITHIN the firm—what he calls “transaction cost economics” (TCE). In this series of studies, Williamson shows how complexity expands in organizations because of bounded rationality and opportunism; that is the “bad news” of his message. The “good news” is that individuals within organizations become perceptive of resulting hazards they may and do encounter, and are adept at fashioning their organizations to cope creatively with difficult situations. This creativity accounts for diversity among organizations, in which governance structures are adapted to firm—or industry-specific hazards.
Calculativeness, Trust, and Economic Organization
Authors: Williamson Oliver E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
My main purpose in this chapter is to explicate what Diego Gambetta has referred to as “the elusive notion of trust” (1988, p. ix). As the literature on trust reveals, and as developed here, “trust” is a term with many meanings. The relentless application of calculative economic reasoning is the principal device that I employ to define and delimit the elusive notion of trust. The calculative approach to economic organization is sketched in Section 1. The concept of “calculative trust,” which enjoys widespread and growing acceptance but with which I take exception, is examined in Section 2. Societal trust, which works through the institutional environment and takes a series of hyphenated forms, is briefly treated in Section 3. Nearly non calculative uses of trust of a personal kind are developed in Section 4. Concluding remarks follow in Section 5.
Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Grand Alliance, 1933-1945
Authors: Powaski Ronald E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
By the time Franklin D. Roosevelt entered the White House in March 1933, it had become obvious that the U.S. nonrecognition policy was a failure. Not only did the policy fail to change the internal structure of the Soviet Union, it did not dissuade the Soviets from engaging in anticapitalist activities abroad. Nor did it prevent other countries from establishing diplomatic relations with the Soviet government. Indeed, of all the world’s major countries only the United States did not recognize the Soviet Union at the time of Roosevelt’s inauguration.
Framing the Margins
Authors: Harper Phillip Brian 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this dramatic re-reading of postmodernism, Phil Harper contends that the fragmentation considered to be characteristic of the postmodern age can in fact be traced to the status of marginalized writers of the thirties to fifties: West, Nin, Barnes, Allison, Brooks. Disempowered by circumstances of gender, race, and sexual orientation, these writers (Harper argues) display a postmodern sensibility that is specifically rooted in their status in society.
International Law and International Relations: The Prospects for Interdisciplinary Collaboration
Authors: Beck Robert J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
So submitted Louis Henkin in his classic study, How Nations Behave: Law and Foreign Policy.1 The present volume is animated by the spirit of interdisciplinary collaboration called for by Henkin, and more recently by Kenneth Abbott, Robert Keohane, Anne-Marie Slaughter, and Oran Young. For too long, International Relations (IR) scholars have simply dismissed international law as either irrelevant or epiphenomenal: in general, “law” has been left, rather unceremoniously, to the lawyers.International Law (IL) scholars, meanwhile, have typically returned the favor, ignoring routinely the work of political scientists on international rules and institutions.
From White Man to Redskin: Changjng Anglo-American Perceptions of the American Indian
Authors: Vaughan Alden T 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The use of color terminology for major social groups, especially “whites” and “blacks, “ is nowadays virtually universal even though those labels are chromatically inaccurate and encourage a dangerous homogenization of human categories. Yet as shorthand labels for what most people probably perceive as significant divisions of the human species, chromatic labeling seems as deeply entrenched as is the concept of “race” on which it rests. It has not always been so: “black” and “white” were rarely afrPlied to humans (in print, at least) until the sixteenth century; “red” and “yellow” came into frequent use two centuries later.
The Origins Debate: Slavery and Racism in Seventeenth-Century Virginia
Authors: Vaughan Alden T 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Historians—like lawyers, physicians, and movie critics—are often at wggerheads over interpretations of major matters. Sometimes the different viewpoints are almost predictable, stemming from the interpreters’ disparate backgrounds or ideologies, especially on issues that bridge the usual boundaries between events of the past and the present. But sometimes the reasons for differences are harder to discern, being rooted in the unique definition a scholar gives to crucial terms, or the idiosyncratic significance placed on certain words, or in the very personal intellectual context into which the historian tries to fit new evidence. Whatever the explanation for scholarly disagreements, surely the debate over the origins of slavery, and especially of racism, in early Vitginia has been a prime example for nearly half a century.
The Problem of Rights
Authors: Walker Samuel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
“THE CRISIS IN American society today,” thundered Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas, is a result of the “judicial rights revolution.” Our streets are overrun with crime, drug abuse is rampant, and teenage pregnancy is epidemic. These and other problems are symptoms of a pervasive collapse of individual responsibility in contemporary society. And who is to blame for this disaster? The courts or, to be more precise, activist liberal federal judges. “Why is there no discipline in our schools?” “Why are so many of our streets rife with drug bazaars?” He places the blame on judicial activism on behalf of rights.
The Political Ideas of the Young Turks
Authors: Hanioğlu M Şükrü 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Foreign scholars commenting on the Young Turks’ writings, even after the revolution of 1908, had difficulty deciphering the heavy Islamic rhetoric and references used. Even the titles of Young Turk organs-Ezan, Hak, ictihad, Mef Veret-hadbeen selected for their appeal to a Muslim readership. In the CUP anthem, the sultan was accused of being “an atheist,” and in an early propaganda pamphlet, the CUP leaders described an imaginary trial-not in a modern court, which they professed to admire, but on Judgment Day when the Prophet, famous caliphs, Ottoman sultans, and statesmen tried Abdülhamid II and sentenced him to death according to Islamic law.Whereas in their open writings the CUP leaders extolled and promoted Islam,4 their private letters reveal the disregard in which they held Islam, especially in its institutionalized form. Here is a letter from Ahmed Riza to his sister: Though many famous scholars emerged among the Arabs in the fields of geometry, algebra, astronomy, geography, and medical sciences during the times of Prophet Muhammad and of his successors, a thousand years later the ummahof Muhammad have descended so low as to request a shopping tally of three and a half gurush from the clerk of grocer Georgos.
Modern Slavery and Modern Freedom
Authors: Drescher Seymour 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Until the late eighteenth century, slavery was deemed acceptable wherever Europeans dominated in the world beyond Europe. However, the relatively effortless extension of the institution during the three centuries after 1450 depended on the continual constriction of its legitimacy within early modern Europe itself. Especially in terms of northwestern European self-identity, the historical shift of the social order and social values to libertarian norms began in medieval Europe, long before the creation of northern European slave plantations in the Americas.
Desires: Last Tango At The Academie
Authors: Matsuda Matt K 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In March 1914, “the celebrated metaphysician of the College de France,” one “M. Balgson,” delivered a lecture on a subject previously unexplored by the world’s most famous living philosopher: the tango. The lecture, reported more or less straight-faced by the satirical Paris journal Le Sourire, played on many of the themes which had brought such renown to Henri Bergson, whose weekly lectures on consciousness, memory, and the creative energies of the clan vital attracted overflow crowds to the College de France. The fictitious lecture of Le Sourire might have occasioned a laugh, as it lampooned the dance fanaticism of the 1913-14 season by equating the rage of the ballroom with the darling of popular intellectual fashion.1 The conjunction of one of the Academie’s Immortals, arbiter of classics, and the tango, a popular folkloric dance from Argentina, could be counted on to raise a few smiles.
Treasures of Tibetan Art
Authors: Lipton Barbara , Ragnubs Nima Dorjee 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Constructed between 1945 and 1947 by Jacques Marchais (professional name of Jacqueline Klauber), the Jacques Marchais Museum of Tibetan Art in Staten Island houses more than 1200 pieces of Tibetan Buddhist art from China and Mongolia, dating from the 17th to the 19th centuries. Two essays about the history of the museum and the history of Tibetan Buddhism open the catalogue, which contains 169 objects from the museum's collections.
Diagnostic Histopathology of the Bone Marrow
Authors: Strauchen James A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This book is written as an introduction and guide to the interpretation of the bone marrow biopsy. It is intended primarily for pathologists and pathologists-in-training., but it is hoped that it may also be of interest to hematologists and oncologist who perform bone marrow biopsies on their patients. Although emphasis has been placed on the histologic interpretation of the bone marrow core biopsy, an attempt has been made to integrate the histopathologic findings with clinical and laboratory features and peripheral blood and bone marrow aspiration morphology. The role of morphology in hematologic diagnosis has been overshadowed in recent years by newer immunologic and molecular techniques. Morphology remains, however, the “gold standard” for many hematologic diagnoses, and is the appropriate point of departure for more complex diagnostic investigations. The cost-effectiveness of the relatively simple microscopic examination of a smear of blood or bone marrow, by a trained observer with knowledge of the clinical problem at hand, unsurpassed. Nevertheless, immunologic and molecualr techniques have revolutionized many areas of hematologic diagnosis and an effort has been made to incorporate discussion of these newer techniques wherever applicable.
World Economic Primacy
Authors: Kindleberger Charles P 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This book examines why certain countries have achieved, at some period in their history, economic superiority over all other countries. The author is particularly interested not only in the factors that lead to this primacy, but also the factors that cause the primacy to end. The study begins in 1350 with Italian city-states, and continues through Portugal, Spain, the Low Countries, Great Britain, and the United States. Additional chapters treat France as a perennial challenger, Germany which twice waged war to attain primacy, and Japan.