bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ROUGH AND ROCKY ROAD TO THE RETINOID REVOLUTION
Authors: Chytil Frank 
Published: July 2003

▪ Abstract  Some of us who were born in the middle of Europe between World Wars I and II had to face quite a few unusual challenges that we all met in different ways. I was born and raised in Prague, Czechoslovakia, a country at the time of my birth that was governed by a Western style of democracy, which was later destroyed by the occupation by Nazi Germany and subsequently by the takeover by the equally cruel Communists. Life required special means of adaptation to the changing living conditions and a great deal of luck to survive. After graduating from the School of Technology, I started working in the Department of Medicine at Charles University in Prague as a clinical chemist in endocrinology. This work was followed with training in basic biochemistry and the study of metabolic changes in stress. This rather diversified research, due to my changing of workplaces, led to the findings that diet can change enzymatic activity of liver tryptophan oxygenase. For a short time I worked on the metabolism of cyclic AMP in Escherichia coli, and at the age of 41, I made a risky move and succeeded in escaping with my family from the “paradise of communism.” The reasons for this decision will become clear. After settling in the United States, I worked on the mechanism of activation of liver tryptophan oxygenase by cyclic AMP and eventually moved to the Vanderbilt University School of Medicine. There I initially worked on the mechanism of action of steroid hormones and finally on the molecular mechanism of action of retinoids, retinol, and retinoic acid. Also in cooperation with neonatologists, I initiated studies on prematurely born human neonates which led to successful supplementation of these patients with vitamin A. The work from my laboratory and my coworkers eventually became recognized. “Who does not remember the past, is condemned to repeat it.”      George Santayana (1863–1952)
Incidence, Risk Factors and Prevention Strategies for Work-Related Assault Injuries: A Review of What Is Known, What Needs To Be Known, and Countermeasures for Intervention
Authors: Kraus Jess F. , Blander Bonnie , McArthur David L. 
Published: July 2003

This review organizes available data to address current epidemiological understanding of injuries from workplace assaults. We describe the incidence and general populations at risk for fatal and nonfatal work-related injury, and assess available information on risk factors and countermeasures considered important in reducing injury occurrence. Overall rates of occurrence of workrelated homicides and nonfatal injuries are estimated, and those factors that appear to be consistent across studies are explored. Much of what is known about occupations at high risk for assaults and injuries comes from a small number of documents and special studies within subsets of workplaces. Unfortunately, the potency of specific countermeasures for prevention of violence-related injury in work settings continues to be largely unknown. Numerous fundamental questions remain to be answered: Critical is a full assessment of risk, identification of situations and circumstances amenable to intervention, and evaluations to demonstrate effectiveness.
Health Issues of Air Travel
Authors: DeHart Roy L. 
Published: July 2003

▪ Abstract  Every day in the United States the airline industry boards over 1.7 million passengers for a total of 600 million passengers per year. As these passengers enter the cabin of their aircraft few are aware of the artificial environment that will protect them from the hazards of flight. Passengers are exposed to reduced atmospheric pressure, reduced available oxygen, noise, vibration, and are subject to below zero temperatures that are only a quarter inch away—the thickness of the aircraft's skin. Over the past decade there have been both technical and lay articles written on the perception of poor cabin air quality. Studies have, in part, supported some of those concerns, but, in general, the air quality exceeds that found in most enclosed spaces on terra firma. Since the events of September 11th, passengers have not only been exposed to the physical stress of flight, but also to social and emotional stress preceding departure. There has been a significant increase in air rage on board aircraft, which poses a threat to flight safety and a fear of harm to passengers and crew. The phrase “economy class syndrome” has received popular press attention and refers to the possibility of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in the tight confines of an aircraft cabin. Studies have been conducted that demonstrate DVT can occur in flight just as it occurs in other modes of transportation or with prolonged sitting. In part, because of the stress related to commercial flight it is not a mode of transportation for everyone. Certain cardiovascular, pulmonary, and neuropsychiatric conditions are best left on the ground. Although medical problems and death are rare in flight, they do occur, and one major airline reported 1.52 medical diversions per billion revenue passenger miles flown. To provide medical support at 36,000 ft (11,000 m) most airlines now carry on-board medical kits as well as automatic external defibrillators. A recent survey conducted by a major airline revealed that there was at least one physician on 85% of all its flights. Both passenger and cargo aircraft have proven to be vectors of disease in that they transport humans, mosquitoes, and other insects and animals who, in turn, transmit disease. Transmission to other passengers has occurred with tuberculosis and influenza. Vectors for yellow fever, malaria, and dengue have been identified on aircraft. Although there are numerous health issues associated with air travel they pale in comparison to the enormous benefits to the traveler, to commerce, to international affairs, and to the public's health.
Dying and the Meanings of Death: Sociological Inquiries
Authors: Riley John W. 
Published: July 2003

This review takes off from the remarkable decline in mortality as one of the most striking features of the social history of the past century. Most deaths now occur not among the young but among the old. Death, thus postponed, is taking on new meanings for both the individual and society. Three lines of sociological inquiry over the past two decades, together with an extensive bibliography, are critically reviewed. First, the literature on dying and the self includes dying as a social process, dying trajectories, attitudes toward death, and the potentially mortal impact of such social stressors as retirement, residential relocation, and economic change. Second, a broad and often confusing literature deals with bereavement, grief, and the meaning of loss by death to surviving significant others, touching upon such topics as the “broken heart syndrome,” widowhood, types of death and bereavement, and anticipatory grief. Third, sociological inquiries examine the norms and social structures found in all societies for defining and managing dying and the consequences of death. Although no satisfactory “sociology of death” has yet been written, four influential theories of death-in-society are noted: by Parsons, Blauner, Marshall, and Fox. On balance, the review sees a promising future for sociological inquiries on death and dying and concludes that the meanings of death are in a process of continuing transformation. Some of the key questions yet to be answered are: Will socialization for death become a recognized reality? Will dying persons seek to maintain an even greater sense of autonomy? Will passive euthanasia create fewer moral dilemmas? Will suicide continue as “the final alternative” for increasing numbers of older people? Will new patterns of bereavement emerge for the future population of widows? Will new caring environments for the terminally ill be institutionalized? Will the concept of a “good” death gain wider acceptance? An agenda for continued sociological inquiry appears to be in hand.
Recent Developments in Scandinavian Sociology
Authors: Allardt Erik 
Published: July 2003

After World War II a rapid development of sociology occurred in the Scandinavian countries, Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden. By combining national intellectual traditions with different specialities in American sociology some clearly distinctive features developed within the sociology in the four countries. The student revolt at the end of the 1960s and its aftermath had substantial effects on the development of Scandinavian sociology. The dependence on American sociology weakened considerably although it did not totally disappear. Another effect was that the differences among the sociologies of the Scandinavian countries began to disappear. Rather than national sociologies there are now various orientations and code systems more or less shared by different groups in all Scandinavian countries. Sociology has become much more pluralistic, but in the process there is also an increased fragmentation and a loss of unity among the sociologists. In the Scandinavian countries there are studies of good quality in many fields of sociology. By using international reputation, and the impact on other domains of sociology as the two main criteria, four fields are singled out as particularly interesting. These fields are studies of welfare and the welfare state, comparative studies of social stratification and political sociology, women's studies, and cultural sociology.
Altruism: A Review of Recent Theory and Research
Authors: Piliavin Jane Allyn , Charng Hong-Wen 
Published: July 2003

The literature on altruism in social psychology, and to a lesser degree in sociology, economics, political behavior and sociobiology since the early 1980’s is reviewed. The authors take the position that in all of these areas, there appears to be a “paradigm shift” away from the earlier position that behavior that appears to be altruistic must, under closer scrutiny, be revealed as reflecting egoistic motives. Rather, theory and data now being advanced are more compatible with the view that true altruism—acting with the goal of benefitting another—does exist and is a part of human nature. Research in social psychology during the 80’s had a decreased emphasis on situational determinants of helping. Rather, it has focussed mainly on the following topics: the existence and nature of the altruistic personality, the debate concerning the nature of the motivation underlying helping behavior, and the nature of the process of the development of altruism in children and adults. During this time there has also been considerable theoretical and empirical work on possible biological bases for altruism, and on the evolutionary processes by which these might have developed. Within economics, politics, and sociology, the issues of behavior in social dilemmas, the provision of public goods, private and corporate philanthropy, and voluntarism (including donation of time, money, and physical parts of the self) are discussed.
A Sociologist's Atypical Life
Authors: Coser Lewis A. 
Published: July 2003

This paper depicts the career of the author as a complicated journey from European beginnings to American destinations. It emphasizes crucial turning points that finally led the author from antifascist radical intellectual to established member of the American sociological community. It attempts to show lines of divergence but also lines of continuity in his thought and contributions. This essay attempts to show the extent to which his background influenced the themes and orientations of his sociological work. The paper may be read as a contribution to the sociology of knowledge from the autobiographical point of view. It stresses the various stages of the author's career and attempts to show the extent to which these stages are reflected in his writings and general orientations. The paper closes with a bird's eye view of the recent past and the probable future of American sociological thought.
The Easterlin Effect
Authors: Pampel Fred C. , Peters H. Elizabeth 
Published: July 2003

The Easterlin effect posits cyclical changes in demographic and social behavior as the result of fluctuations in birth rates and cohort size during the post-World War II period. Large cohort size reduces the economic opportunities of its members and reduces income relative to smaller parental generations. Low relative economic status in turn leads to lower fertility, higher rates of female labor force participation, later marriage, higher divorce and illegitimacy, and increasing homicide, suicide, and alienation. Cycles in birth rates and cohort size suggest that the small baby bust cohorts entering adulthood in the 1990s will enjoy higher relative income, more traditional family structures, and lower levels of social disorganization. Of interest to economists and sociologists, the Easterlin effect has generated a large literature in the several decades since it was first proposed. Our review of the empirical studies notes the diversity of support across behaviors, time periods, and nations. Up to 1980, changes in wages, fertility, and social disorganization closely matched cohort size, but individual-level studies found little influence of relative income within cohorts. Further, the correspondence of the trends ends in the 1980s and appears in few countries other than the United States. Our review emphasizes both the contingent nature of the Easterlin effect and the way in which conditions have changed in recent decades to reduce the salience of cohort size for social and demographic behavior.
Photo-Induced Stevens–Johnson Syndrome Due to Sulfasalazine Therapy
Authors: Borrás-Blasco Joaquín , Navarro-Ruiz Andrés , Matarredona Jaime , Devesa Pedro , Montesinos-Ros Amparo , González-Delgado Mercedes 
Published: July 2003

OBJECTIVE: To report a case of photo-induced Stevens–Johnson Syndrome (SJS) due to sulfasalazine therapy. CASE SUMMARY: Photo-induced SJS associated with sulfasalazine therapy occurred in a 34-year-old white man diagnosed as having seronegative symmetrical polyarthritis with no predisposing factors. According to his medical record, the patient had received methotrexate, levofolinate calcium, deflazacort, and diclofenac sodium as needed. Two months prior to admission, methotrexate and diclofenac sodium were suspended and treatment with sulfasalazine was started. The patient presented to our emergency department because of severe erythema confined to sun-exposed areas; annular lesions on the extremities and the mucosa were affected. Nikolsky's sign was present. A skin biopsy was compatible with SJS, and the clinical diagnosis was SJS induced by sulfasalazine. Administration of sulfasalazine was suspended, which resulted in an improvement in the skin lesions and general state of health. The patient was discharged without further symptoms. DISCUSSION: The observed reaction to sulfasalazine was considered phototoxic, as lesions appeared like a burn rash reaction in sun-exposed areas when sulfasalazine treatment was started and the reaction progressed to SJS. It seems that there was a correlation between the time course of the reaction and the administration of sulfasalazine. An objective causality assessment revealed that the adverse effect was possible. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this is the first report of photo-induced SJS due to sulfasalazine therapy. Clinicians should be aware of this infrequent but severe reaction. If clinical evaluation leads to the suspicion of SJS, sulfasalazine should be discontinued immediately.
Effect of Tenofovir on Didanosine Absorption in Patients with HIV
Authors: Fulco Patricia Pecora , Kirian Margaret A 
Published: July 2003

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the pharmacokinetic interaction between tenofovir and didanosine when used in combination as a highly active antiretroviral therapy regimen. DATA SOURCES: Literature retrieval was accessed through MEDLINE (1966–January 2003) using the terms tenofovir and didanosine. Abstracts from recent meetings, including the International AIDS Society, Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, and the Infectious Diseases Society of America, were reviewed for relevant abstracts and poster presentations. DATA SYNTHESIS: Pharmacokinetic studies evaluating the concurrent use of tenofovir and didanosine have been performed in healthy volunteers. Tenofovir 300 mg administered concurrently with 400 mg didanosine results in a 48–64% increase in the didanosine maximum plasma concentration and AUC with no significant alterations in the tenofovir pharmacokinetic parameters. Tenofovir 300 mg and didanosine 250 mg has been compared with didanosine 400 mg alone. The results demonstrated equivalent didanosine AUCs. CONCLUSIONS: When used concurrently, tenofovir significantly increases the maximum plasma concentration and the AUC of didanosine. Additional data in HIV-infected patients are needed to determine the long-term toxicities of this combination therapy. Didanosine dose reduction should be considered when these 2 agents are used concurrently.
Calfactant Sterility in Multiple Doses from Single-Use Vials
Authors: Reiter Pamela D , Sims Cheri , Harmes Lisa , Paisley Jan , Rosenberg Adam A , Valuck Robert J 
Published: July 2003

BACKGROUND: Calfactant is an exogenous surfactant used to treat and prevent respiratory distress syndrome in the newborn infant. It is available in single-use preservative-free vials, but contains enough volume to provide multiple doses to small infants. OBJECTIVE: To measure the preservation of calfactant sterility at 12- and 24-hour intervals following initial violation of vial contents and to extrapolate cost savings associated with product conservation. METHODS: A prospective sterility study was performed using calfactant suspension obtained from vials prescribed for infants who had received their dose in the delivery room or the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). After initial vial entry, test vials were stored in the NICU pharmacy satellite under refrigeration (temperature range 2.2–7.2 °C). Re-entry of test vials and sample removal was performed 12 and 24 hours after initial entry with an 18- or 20-gauge needle. All samples were removed by a neonatal respiratory therapist and placed into 3-mL latex-free, Leurlok plastic syringes and examined by 3 culture media: MacConkey agar, blood agar, and thioglycollate broth. RESULTS: A total of 89 surfactant samples from 45 vials were cultured; 45 at a mean time of 13.36 hours (range 11–41) and 44 at a mean time of 25.8 hours (range 22–60) after initial vial entry. These samples represented the technique of multiple respiratory therapists. All samples were negative for bacterial growth at 24 and 48 hours (β = 0.9). CONCLUSIONS: Results from this short-term sterility study represent an initial step in the evaluation of multiple doses of surfactant from a single-use vial. The data suggest that 1–2 re-entries into a vial of calfactant, within 24 hours after the initial breach, can be a safe and economical method of providing more than a single dose of surfactant to infants weighing <1 kg. We encourage each institution to reproduce these findings before applying this concept to their patients.
Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis Conversion in Nonsurgical Inpatients
Authors: Carroll Douglas N , Hudson Edward B 
Published: July 2003

OBJECTIVE: To provide venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis according to national consensus guidelines while minimizing associated medication costs. METHODS: Patients admitted to our institution who were receiving VTE prophylaxis with the low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) enoxaparin were identified and evaluated for potential conversion to low-dose unfractionated heparin (LDUH). Patients admitted for general medical conditions were targeted for a potential conversion. Factors that excluded patients from conversion were any surgical intervention or evidence of bleeding. For all eligible patients, the treating physician was contacted through written recommendations in an effort to achieve conversion to an LDUH regimen. RESULTS: Throughout a 10-month period, 463 patients were identified as receiving enoxaparin for VTE prophylaxis. Of these, 112 (24%) were candidates for an LDUH regimen. A total of 88 pharmacy recommendations were provided, of which 59 (67%) were accepted. This conversion program resulted in the avoidance of 250 days of enoxaparin prophylaxis and $8495 of associated medication costs. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical pharmacy programs directed at converting patients from a more costly LMWH regimen for VTE prophylaxis to an LDUH regimen can significantly reduce medication costs while adhering to consensus guidelines.
Rubber seed oil modified with maleic anhydride and fumaric acid and their alkyd resins as binders in water‐reducible coatings
Authors: Aigbodion A. I. , Okieimen F. E. , Ikhuoria E. U. , Bakare I. O. , Obazee E. O. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractRubber seed oil (RSO) was modified with different amounts of maleic anhydride, and RSO alkyds (50% oil length) were modified to various extents by the incorporation of different amounts of maleic anhydride and fumaric acid. All the resins were evaluated as water‐reducible binders. Modification with maleic anhydride increased the acid and saponification values of RSO but reduced the iodine value. RSO modified with maleic anhydride exhibited lower amounts of volatile organic compounds (<20 g/L) than the corresponding RSO alkyds (34–87 g/L). The alkyd samples were superior to the modified RSO in chemical resistance. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 3256–3259, 2003
In vitro degradation and cytotoxicity of alkyl 2‐cyanoacrylate polymers for application to tissue adhesives
Authors: Hee Park Dae , Bum Kim Sung , Ahn Kwang‐Duk , Yong Kim Eui , Jun Kim Young , Keun Han Dong 
Published: July 2003

AbstractTo investigate the in vitro degradability and cytotoxicity of long alkyl cyanoacrylate polymers [polycyanoacrylates (PCAs)], we synthesized five kinds of alkyl cyanoacrylates (ethyl, 2‐octyl, n‐octyl, ethylhexyl, and ethyl cyanoacryloyllactate). In vitro degradation in buffer solutions and cell cultures for cytotoxicity were performed with PCAs prepared by various polymerization methods. Lower alkyl homologues such as ethyl cyanoacrylate revealed a higher tissue toxicity than higher alkyl homologues. The amounts of formaldehyde released from various PCAs were not proportional to the rate of degradation. The apparent form of the cyanoacrylate polymers greatly affected the degradation rate, as the powdery polymers degraded much more quickly than the films. A new biodegradable polymer, prepared from ethyl 2‐cyanoacryloyllactate, degraded more quickly than the others. The amount of formaldehyde released from the polymer degradation was high because it degraded rapidly. It was observed from cell culture experiments that the viability of the cells was higher with a lower release of formaldehyde because the alkyl side groups were bigger. Therefore, octyl cyanoacrylate polymers demonstrated lower amounts of formaldehyde by degradation and higher cell viability, and these monomers may be desirable for use as tissue adhesives. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 3272–3278, 2003