bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Forty years of numerical climate modelling
Authors: McGuffie K. , Henderson‐Sellers A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractClimate modelling is now a mature discipline approaching its fortieth birthday. The need for valid climate forecasts has been underlined by the recognition that human activities are now modifying the climate. The complex nature of the climate system has resulted in the development of a surprisingly large array of modelling tools. Some are relatively simple, such as the earth systems and energy balance models (EBMs), while others are highly sophisticated models which challenge the fastest speeds of the most powerful supercomputers. Indeed, this discipline of the latter half of the twentieth century is so critically dependent on the availability of a means of undertaking powerful calculations that its evolution has matched that of the digital computer. The multi‐faceted nature of the climate system demands high quality, and global observations and innovative parameterizations through which processes which cannot be described or calculated explicitly are captured to the extent deemed necessary. Interestingly, results from extremely simple, as well as highly complex and many intermediate model types are drawn upon today for effective formulation and evaluation of climate policies. This paper discusses some of the important developments during the first 40 years of climate modelling from the first models of the global atmosphere to today's models, which typically consist of integrated multi‐component representations of the full climate system. The pressures of policy‐relevant questions more clearly underline the tension between the need for evaluation against quality data and the unending pressure to improve spatial and temporal resolutions of climate models than at any time since the inception of climate modelling. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society
Satellite rainfall climatology: a review
Authors: Kidd C. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe monitoring of the world's climate using conventional means is well established, incorporating numerous historical data sets to ensure a long‐term record. Parameters such as temperature have been quite accurately recorded over the last 200 years or so, but other parameters such as rainfall are less well recorded. This paper introduces satellite rainfall climatology and why it is important, not only from the longer term study of rainfall, but also for the future monitoring and estimation of rainfall. A summary of the range of satellites and their instruments is reviewed to provide a background to the techniques. These are discussed and their relative merits explored. Finally, examples of the techniques are shown, illustrating the applications to which the satellite‐derived data sets may be put. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society
Possible regulatory role of phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase in the production of anthocyanins in asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L)
Authors: Flores Francisco B , Oosterhaven Jacobus , Martínez‐Madrid María C , Romojaro Félix 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe regulatory role of phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase (PAL) in the light‐induced accumulation of anthocyanins in the epidermis of asparagus spears has been analysed. A correlation between the stimulation of PAL activity and the rise in total anthocyanin content has been observed. Light radiation induced PAL activity, which in turn stimulated anthocyanin accumulation, a hypothesis which has been confirmed by treating asparagus spears with S‐carvone, an inhibitor of PAL activity. A marked delay was observed in the rise in PAL activity and total anthocyanin content in asparagus spears treated with this compound during light irradiation. PAL activity and anthocyanin synthesis continued when the spears were stored in darkness for 5 days after being subjected to light, but the inhibitory effect of S‐carvone remained during this storage. When the asparagus spears were immersed in water for 20 h, no PAL activity could be detected and scarcely any total anthocyanin content was measured. However, after 5 days of storage in darkness a sharp upsurge in PAL activity was found, which was not translated into a parallel increase in total anthocyanin content. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Phenolics and antioxidative activities in common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L)
Authors: Oomah B Dave , Cardador‐Martínez Anaberta , Loarca‐Piña Guadalupe 
Published: January 2005

AbstractSix bean cultivars grown in southern Manitoba for 2 years were evaluated for variability in yield of millstreams and phenolic constituents. The ethanolic extract of bean cultivars and millstreams was screened for antioxidant activity using the β‐carotene‐linoleate and the 1, 1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) in vitro model systems. Cultivar was the main source of variation for yield of millstreams, content of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities. Phenolic compounds in cultivars varied from 3.3 to 16.6 mg catechin equivalent and from 0.15 to 0.32 mg cyanidin‐3‐glucoside equivalent g−1 bean for total phenolic and anthocyanin contents, respectively. The bean cultivars exhibited antioxidant activity (AA) of 10–46% inhibition of lipid peroxidation in the linoleate and 0.4–1.3 trolox equivalent antioxidant capacities (TEAC) in the DPPH model systems. The hull millstream with maximum concentration of phenolic compounds exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity of 383 µM trolox equivalent g−1 hull. Total phenolic content, alone or in combination with other phenolic constituents, is a potential candidate as a selection criterion for antioxidant activity in beans. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Organic matter digestibility of poplar (Populus) and willow (Salix) forage trees and its in vitro prediction
Authors: McWilliam Eileen L , Barry Tom N , López‐Villalobos Nicolas 
Published: January 2005

AbstractCuttings from poplar (Populus) and willow (Salix) trees are used increasingly as supplementary feed for livestock in summer‐dry and drought‐prone regions of New Zealand. The present experiment aimed to measure in vivo organic matter digestibility and digestibility of organic matter in the dry matter in tree fodder and investigated whether the in vitro system of Roughan and Holland can be used to predict in vivo organic matter digestibility and digestibility of organic matter in the dry matter in poplar and willow tree fodder, which contains high concentrations of secondary compounds, including condensed tannin. In vivo work showed that the digestibility of tree fodder declined from late spring to autumn (p < 0.05) and that this decline was much smaller than the decline in digestibility of grass‐based pastures in New Zealand over the same time period. Mean metabolizable energy concentrations and digestibilities were generally higher for willow than for poplar. The in vitro enzymatic system of Roughan and Holland can be used to predict in vivo digestibility of tree fodder. A standard curve using in vivo values determined with animals fed tree fodder would be preferable, owing to the very different chemical compositions of pasture and tree fodder, particularly the greater concentration of secondary compounds in willow and poplar. However, the accuracy and the range of prediction need to be improved. Willow and poplar had similar ME concentrations to high‐quality lucerne hay; willow cuttings also had similar ME and CT concentration to vegetative Lotus corniculatus, a high‐quality forage legume. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of Et3Al and 9,9‐Bis(methoxymethyl)fluorine on Propylene Polymerization at High Temperature with TiCl4/MgCl2 Catalysts
Authors: Zhong Chifeng , Gao Mingzhi , Mao Bingquan 
Published: January 2005

AbstractSummary: A study of the effect of Et3Al and a diether, 9,9‐bis(methoxymethyl)fluorine (BMMF), on propylene polymerization at high temperature with the use of MgCl2‐supported catalysts is reported. BMMF could be extracted from a TiCl4/MgCl2/BMMF catalyst by Et3Al at 100 °C, and Et3Al is an efficient chain‐transfer agent in the presence of BMMF at 100 °C. The results obtained from differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and 13C NMR spectroscopy showed that the isotactic poly(propylene) (iPPs) produced by the catalysts containing BMMF as an internal or external donor, contained ethylene units. This phenomenon was not found in the iPP chains obtained with donor‐free TiCl4/MgCl2 catalyst in the absence of any external donor at 100 °C. It is suggested that the decomposition of Et3Al did not take place in the absence of any donor and took place in the presence of BMMF at 100 °C.13C NMR spectrum of an iPP sample.magnified image13C NMR spectrum of an iPP sample.
Surface Polarity of Dimethylsiloxane‐Grafted Silica Particles
Authors: Prause Silvio , Spange Stefan , Barthel Herbert 
Published: January 2005

AbstractSummary: The surface polarity of dimethylsiloxane‐grafted silica particles (DMS/silica) has been studied as a function of surface coverage by measuring the UV/Vis spectra of coadsorbed solvatochromic probes. Fe(phen)2(CN)2 [cis‐dicyano‐bis‐(1,10)‐phenanthroline‐iron(II), (1)] Michler's ketone [4,4′‐bis(N,N‐dimethylamino)‐benzophenone, (2)], coumarine 153 (3) and 3‐(4‐amino‐3‐methylphenyl)‐7‐phenylbenzo[1,2b:4,5b′]difuran‐2,6‐dione (4) were used as solvatochromic surface polarity indicators. Kamlet–Taft's α (hydrogen bond acidity), β (hydrogen bond basicity), and π* (dipolarity/polarizability) parameters of the DMS/solid acid interfaces were calculated using different LSE relationships of data sets of the probes 1 and 2 or 3 (for α and π*) as well as 1 and 4 (for β). The values for α decrease significantly with increasing conversion of silanol groups with grafted DMS chains. Then, α asymptotically approachs a constant value when more than about 75% of the residual silanols on the surface are grafted with DMS when measured in 1,2‐dichloroethane slurry. The π* values of DMS/silica solvent interfaces seems unaffected by the degree of surface functionalization. The β values of DMS and grafted DMS/silica are clearly lower than the values for α and π*.Solvatochromic probes used for the study of the surface polarity of dimethylsiloxane‐grafted silica particles.magnified imageSolvatochromic probes used for the study of the surface polarity of dimethylsiloxane‐grafted silica particles.
Electrochemical Synthesis and Optical Properties of a Chiral Poly[1,4‐bis(3′,4′‐ethylenedioxythienyl)‐phenylene] Derivative
Authors: Goto Hiromasa , Jeong Yong Soo , Akagi Kazuo 
Published: January 2005

AbstractSummary: Optically active poly[(R)‐ or (S)‐1,4‐bis(2‐(3′,4′‐ethylenedioxy)thienyl)‐2‐benzoic acid 1‐methylheptyl ester] was prepared by an electrochemical technique and characterized by circular dichroism measurements. It was found that the optical activity and optical rotation of the film could be controlled by adjusting the electronic state of the electrochemical process. Polymer films prepared in the oxidized state exhibit a weak Cotton effect, while the reduced polymer film exhibits the expected mirror‐image bisignate Cotton effect in the region of the π–π* transition of the polymer main chain. These results indicate that the main chain itself is chiral in the film state. This procedure has great potential for the preparation of functional electrochromic devices and the improved preparation of durable electrochromic devices based on the good film‐forming properties of the chiral polymer.Cyclic voltammogram and CD spectra of the chiral polymer thin film produced here.imageCyclic voltammogram and CD spectra of the chiral polymer thin film produced here.
Ordering the alternatives of a strategic plan for Valencia (Spain)
Authors: Aragonés Pablo , Gómez‐Senent Eliseo , Pastor Juan P. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn this article we present an evaluation of the initiatives involved in a Strategic Plan for Valencia City (Spain) by applying a method to assist Multi‐Criteria Decision‐Making. The complexity of the case lies in the size of the problem, 47 alternatives and 10 criteria, as well as the need to reach a consensus on the final result. The method followed, which has been named PRES Multi‐expert, can be generalized and applied to other complex cases. Thirteen experts have participated in the process, representing different political and social groups of the City, a group of analysts, formed by three lecturers from the Polytechnic University of Valencia, and a consultant, representing the City Hall of Valencia. The PRES algorithm was used to order the alternatives developed in 1992 by Gómez‐Senent at this University. In this article we highlight the advantages of applying the Multi‐Criteria Decision‐Making Aid techniques and the importance of following a procedure to select the criteria, pondering on them and evaluating the alternatives. This procedure ensures that the parties interested in or affected by the decision take part in deciding what measures to adopt. The Multi‐expert PRES method facilitates this participation and can be adapted to different types of problems. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Survivorship in the US hospital services industry
Authors: Santerre Rexford E. , Pepper Debra 
Published: January 2005

AbstractOver the last two decades, changing state and federal regulations and increased price competition have dramatically changed the environment in which hospitals compete. This paper uses observations drawn at 5‐year intervals from 1973 to 1993 for each of the 50 states to examine the specific effect of these factors on the size distribution of hospitals. It finds that Certificate of Need (CON) laws and rate review regulations have tended to favor large hospitals. The paper also finds that hospitals have responded to increased payer price sensitivity by seeking a medium bed‐size capacity. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
T1 relaxation times for viability evaluation of the engrafted and the native liver in a rat model of heterotopic auxiliary liver transplantation: a pilot study
Authors: Fan Ye‐Dong , Vanzieleghem Bart , Achten Eric , Deene Yves De , Defreyne Luc , Praet Marleen , Huysse Jacques Van , Kunnen Marc , Hemptinne Bernard de 
Published: January 2005

AbstractFollowing a heterotopic auxiliary liver transplantation, commonly used measurements are either invasive or non‐indicative of individual viability of the coexisting engrafted and native livers. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was therefore tested for its potential to monitor the post‐transplant hepatic viability in a rat model. Thirteen Wistar rats were systematically evaluated with MRI and serum biochemical liver parameters. Post‐transplant complications and the causes of animal death were identified by autopsy and histo‐pathological examinations. The data of the healthy survivors were compared with those of the rats that developed complications. On MRI, the hepatic complications could be depicted in the individual livers. A specific pattern of signal evolution was found in the livers of the healthy survivors: the mean T1 relaxation times of the engrafted livers increased immediately after transplantation (476 ± 64 ms, mean ± standard deviation, pre‐operative; 730 ± 48 ms, week 1) and then declined steadily to a 3 month value of 489 ± 246 ms, while, following a transient first rise (476 ± 64 ms, pre‐operative; 589 ± 28 ms, week 1), the mean T1 value of the native livers increased again 4 weeks after surgery and reached a 3 month value of 859 ± 43 ms. However, in the rats with various complications, the mean T1 relaxation times of the engrafted livers continued to increase throughout the first post‐operative month (760 ± 48 ms, week 1; 922 ± 76 ms, week 4), while that of the native liver only varied mildly (546 ± 25 ms, week 1; 473 ± 25 ms, week 4). After the first post‐transplant week, the healthy engrafted livers could already be distinguished from those with complications by a significant decrease in T1 relaxation times. These data suggest that, besides demonstrating major complications, MRI may allow one to monitor the viability of each liver by analysing the relative signal intensity and T1 relaxation times after a heterotopic auxiliary liver transplantation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Basic studies on the equivalent cross‐relaxation rate imaging (equivalent CRI)—phantom studies
Authors: Sogami Masaru , Era Seiichi , Kinosada Yasutomi , Matsushima Shigeru , Kato Kazuo , Tomida Mihoko , Hirabayashi Tadamichi 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe have studied saturation transfer in hydrophilic, cross‐linked copolymer gels from irradiated polymer protons to observed water protons, using f2 (ppm) profiles of [1 − (I∞/I0)], [(I0/I∞) − 1] or 1/TIS(H2O), where I0 and I∞ are the longitudinal magnetization of the observed water protons before and after long‐time­f2‐irradiation on polymer protons, respectively, and 1/TIS(H2O) is the cross‐relaxation rate. (A) [1 − (I∞/I0)] (magnetization transfer ratio, MTR) was used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as the MTR imaging. 1/TIS(H2O) (cross‐relaxation rate) was used in the imaging of the magnetization transfer rate constant. This method was quite time‐consuming compared with MTR imaging. However, f2 (ppm) profiles of [(I0/I∞) − 1] correlated well with corresponding profiles of 1/TIS(H2O), because [(I0/I∞) − 1] is equal to 1/[TIS(H2O)/T1(H2O)]. These results lead us to the conclusion that [(I0/I∞) − 1] might be applicable to cross‐relaxation rate (CR)‐like imaging, i.e. equivalent CRI. (B) W (%) (dry weight) profiles of [(I0/I∞) − 1] and 1/TIS(H2O), obtained by near‐resonance f2‐irradiation, seem to indicate participation of molecular rigidity and an amount of bound water. However, those values, monitored with off‐resonance f2‐irradiation, seem to be independent of monomer composition and to indicate mainly participation of rigidity, i.e. W (%) of copolymer gels. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessment of brain tissue viability in acute ischemic stroke by BOLD MRI
Authors: Gröhn Olli H. J. , Kauppinen Risto A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe introduction of new neuroprotective treatment strategies for acute stroke patients has provided a requirement for neuroimaging methods capable of identifying salvageable tissue in acute stroke patients. Substantial positron emission tomography evidence points to the fact that a peri‐infarct zone with blood flow of 20–45% of normal, metabolic rate of oxygen of >35% of normal and oxygen extraction ratio (OER) of >0.7 are indices of tissue at risk of infarction, yet with potential for recovery. The sensitivity of T2 to blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) effects allows the mismatch between oxygen delivery and consumption in the brain to be imaged. Previous evidence from animal models of cerebral hypoperfusion and ischemic stroke strongly suggest that T2 BOLD MRI highlights viable and salvageable brain regions. The Hahn‐echo T2 and diffusion show distinct flow thresholds in the rat brain so that the former parameter probes areas with high OER and the latter genuine ischemia. In the flow‐compromised tissue showing negative T2 BOLD, substantial residual perfusion is evident as revealed by bolus‐tracking perfusion MRI, in agreement with the idea that tissue metabolic viability must be preserved for expression of BOLD. It is concluded that BOLD MRI may have potential for the assessment of tissue viability in acute ischemic stroke. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The previously‐unrecognized posterior deep temporal nerve groove on the cranial base
Authors: Dias G.J. , Dennison K.J. , Premachandra I.M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA groove was observed in the infratemporal fossa region of the cranial base, passing laterally from the foramen ovale onto the squamous temporal bone. We could not find any description of this groove in the literature. It is hypothesized that, due to its location, the groove is formed by the posterior deep temporal nerve. A study of the extent of this groove in 50 precontact New Zealand Maori adults (28 males, 22 females), 41 precontact Chatham Island Moriori adults (27 males, 14 females), and 32 modern Indian adults (12 males, 20 females) showed that there was a very high prevalence of the groove in the Indian crania but much less so in either of the two Polynesian samples. In none of the groups studied was there any evidence of selective preference for the presence of the groove on one or other sides of the cranial base. The evidence that the presence of the groove appears to be strongly dependent on the ethnic group being studied may make it a useful non‐metric trait. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Radiographic clues to fractures of distal humerus in archaeological remains
Authors: Glencross B , Stuart‐Macadam P 
Published: January 2005

AbstractToday, distal humeral fractures occur most frequently in children and adolescents, and are usually the result of a fall onto extended arms, or less often on flexed elbows. Trauma to the distal humerus at the physis and epiphyses often produces non‐displaced or mildly displaced fractures that are difficult to recognize radiographically. To help identify these types of injuries, clinicians have developed two measurement techniques that are applied to the X‐rays of the injured bones. In a preliminary attempt to assess the usefulness of these measurement techniques for recognizing trauma in archaeological skeletal remains, 25 humeri from two Ontario ossuary samples were submitted to radiography. Clinical data on distal humeral fractures, their incidence, and mechanisms of injury were also used to interpret the lifestyles and cultural activities of the aboriginal individuals under study. While only one healed fracture was suspected after gross observation, a total of four fractures were ultimately identified using the two measurements, the humerotangential‐angle (HTA) and the anterior hunieral line (AHL). Our results provide indirect, but telling, evidence of accidental childhood injuries to distal humerus in an archaeological population. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Smart gel–glass based on the responsive properties of polymer gels
Authors: Zrínyi Miklós , Szilágyi András , Filipcsei Genovéva , Fehér József , Szalma József , Móczár Gábor 
Published: January 2005

AbstractPolymer gels are unique smart materials in the sense that they can respond to many different stimuli. In this paper we report how poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (abbreviated as PNIPA) and other polymer hydrogels can be used to construct an intelligent gel‐glass which can moderate the amount of light and radiated heat. This environmental sensitive glass, which is a smart hydrogel layer placed between two glass or plastic sheets, becomes opaque when the temperature exceeds a critical value. It becomes transparent again if it is cooled down. The adaptive properties of gel‐glasses make them a promising materials to protect from strong sunlight and heat radiation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.