bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assertive outreach teamsOrigins of assertive outreach
Authors: Burns Tom 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Assertive outreach teams are the most established of the specialist teams in UK, US, and Australia. Their history starts with the development of case management in the US in response to deinstitutionalization (Intagliata 1982) and took off with the landmark study of PACT by Stein and Test in Madison, Wisconsin (Stein and Test 1980). This study compared the outcome of allocating half of patients destined for admission with relapse of their severe mental illness to an experimental team of case managers and letting the other half follow the standard care that was offered at that time
Crisis resolution and home treatment teamsCrisis intervention theory and the history of crisis teams
Authors: Burns Tom 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Crisis is a concept applied widely in human discourse. It implies that a system under stress has reached the limits of its flexibility, and if the stress continues then either it will break down or have to change radically. It is regularly applied in economic and political contexts where crises are often seen as the catalysts of major (often revolutionary) change. Crisis is a dynamic concept and not necessarily a negative one - the Chinese Ideogram for Crisis is famously made up of the symbols for both ‘threat’ and ‘opportunity ’. In the emotional lives of individuals it has this connotation of a crossroads - a phase in personal development which is dramatic in intensity and whose outcome is uncertain.
Gunneraceae
Authors: Wilkinson Hazel P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gunneraceae are a monogeneric family with about 50 species in six subgenera distributed in Malaysia (excluding the Malay Peninsula), Solomon Islands, Tasmania, New Zealand, Hawaii, Juan Fernandes, Mexico to Chile, Falkland Islands, Tie1rn del Fuego, tropical and South Africa, and Madagascar. All the species are perennial rhizomatous herbs growing in damp to wet places from low altitudes to above 3000 m. The smaller-leaved species are stoloniferous but the larger-leaved species are pachycaulous with stems proximally prostrate but tending to be erect distally. Some of the species in the subgenus Panke are gigantic plants reaching up to 6 m in height and are among the largest herbs on earth. In contrast, the smallest species, G. herteri Osten in the subgenus Ostenigunnera, is only 2–4 cm high. The larger-leaved upright species grow in large stands and the smaller-leaved, prostrate species grow in dense mats. Gunnera has a symbiotic relationship with the blue-green alga Nostoc, which enters the plant by means of glands on the stem just below the base of each young developing leaf and also at the seedling stage. In adult plants, cells in both stem and possibly also in the young leaf lamina are clearly seen to contain the N2 fixing Nostoc cells.
Theoretical foundations
Authors: Green Stephen A , Bloch Sidney 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Moral decision-making is concerned with analysis of human conduct regarding right and wrong actions. Moral theories formulate presumed judgments about right and wrong in an attempt to facilitate objective application of those precepts to particular circumstances and thereby guard against inconsistency and relativism. The primary goal of this section is to provide an understanding of the various theories utilized in the broader context of bioethics as preparation for applying them to the ethical dilemmas arising in psychiatric practice and research that are explored in this volume. The inherent complexity of matters subject to moral deliberation suggests that resolution by a single theoretical approach is unlikely.
Fungi
Authors: Bagg Jeremy , MacFarlane T Wallace , Poxton Ian R , Smith Andrew J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fungi are a distinct class of micro-organisms that are ubiquitous in the environment as decomposers and have great commercial importance in baking, brewing and in the pharmaceutical industry. There are an estimated 200,000 species of fungi but only about 200 or so are pathogenic to humans. The diseases they cause in man, the mycoses, tend to be sub-acute or chronic and are found mainly in individuals whose defence mechanisms, especially their specific immune system, are compromised. By far the most common group of fungal infections that dentists diagnose and treat are caused by the yeast Candida albicans and therefore the characteristics of this fungus in particular will be highlighted in this chapter. The fungal cell has typical eukaryotic features (Fig. 1.4, p. 5) including a nucleus, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus and a rigid cell wall that is external to the cytoplasmic membrane.
Human herpes viruses
Authors: Bagg Jeremy , MacFarlane T Wallace , Poxton Ian R , Smith Andrew J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are over 100 identified herpes viruses in nature. The hostspan includes vertebrates and invertebrates, but the viruses share common structural and genomic properties. All are icosahedral viral particles (Fig. 6.2, p. 56) 150–200 nm in diameter made up of 162 hollow capsomeres, and possess a double-stranded DNA genome. Herpes viruses all have a lipid-containing envelope (Fig. 6.6, p. 58). Figure 19.1 lists the currently recognized members of the human herpes virus family. Herpes viruses can establish lytic, persistent and transforming infections, but they are renowned for establishing latent infections (Chapter 6), with the result that clinical presentations may vary depending on whether the infection is primary or secondary (reactivation). Long-term intermittent shedding of herpes viruses into saliva is important in relation to spread of infection in the community and to cross-infection in the clinical setting. The herpes viruses are ubiquitous and many individuals are infected at an early age, often experiencing asymptomatic infections.
The oral microflora and dental plaque
Authors: Bagg Jeremy , MacFarlane T Wallace , Poxton Ian R , Smith Andrew J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The oral flora is one of the most ecologically diverse microbial populations known to man. It contains at least 350 different cultivable species, with probably a further 50% that cannot be cultured with current laboratory techniques. Saliva contains up to 100 million organisms per millilitre.
Multiple sclerosis
Authors: Filippi Massimo , Rocca Maria A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease affecting the central nervous system (CNS) of young adults in the western countries, leading, in the majority of the cases, to severe and irreversible clinical disability. Since its clinical introduction, conventional magnetic resonance imaging (cMRI — dual-echo and post-contrast T1-weighted scans) has greatly improved our ability to diagnose MS and to monitor its evolution, either natural or modified by treatment. CMRI-derived measures have indeed shown several advantages over clinical assessment, including their more objective nature and increased sensitivity to MS-related changes. Nevertheless, the magnitude of the relationship between cMRI measures of disease activity or burden and the clinical manifestations of the disease is weak (Fig. 11.1). This necessarily limits the role of cMRI for the understanding of MS pathophysiology and monitoring of experimental treatment. Several factors are likely to be responsible for this clinical/MRI discrepancy. First, dualecho imaging lacks specificity with regard to the heterogeneous pathological substrates of individual lesions and, as a consequence, does not allow an accurate quantification of tissue damage. Specifically, oedema, inflammation, demyelination, remyelination, gliosis, and axonal loss all lead to a similar appearance of hyperintensity on T2-weighted images. This is a major issue now that there is compelling evidence that: (a) inflammatory demyelination is not enough to explain ‘fixed’ neurological deficits in MS; (b) irreversible axonal damage does occur in inflamed MS lesions; and (c) axonal damage is the main contributor to the clinical manifestations of the disease and to its clinical worsening over time. Secondly, T2-weighted images do not delineate tissue damage occurring in the normal-appearing white matter (NAWM), which usually represents a large portion of the brain tissue from MS patients and which is known to be damaged in MS patients. Post-mortem studies have shown subtle changes in the NAWM from MS patients, which not only include diffuse astrocytic hyperplasia, patchy oedema, and perivascular cellular infiltration, but also axonal damage. Finally, dual-echo imaging does not provide an accurate picture of gray matter (GM) damage, which several pathological studies have shown to be prominent in MS and which is likely to be associated with some clinical manifestations of the disease, such as cognitive impairment and fatigue.
FMRI and pharmacology: what role in clinical practice?
Authors: Honey Garry D , Bullmore Edward T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
FMRI has had an enormous impact on cognitive neuroscience research. This technique, which allows us to investigate the functioning of the living human brain, has contributed significantly to the rapid progress witnessed in recent years in understanding the neural basis of human thought, action, and emotions. The technology is applied with increasing sophistication to address questions beyond experimental manipulation prior to its inception. The application of FMRI naturally turned toward psychiatric and neurological disease states, with optimistic early predictions of unprecedented advances in our understanding of cerebral dysfunction and radical breakthroughs in its treatment. It is now a little over a decade since the first studies involving FMRI in clinical populations were reported, and one might reasonably conclude that FMRI has yet to fulfil these initial, and with hindsight, perhaps unrealistic expectations. However, whilst clinical breakthroughs may not yet have emerged, considerable progress has been made in understanding the neurobiological basis of a number of diseases of the nervous system. A significant contribution to this progress has been via the combined application of FMRI with pharmacological manipulations, visualizing, albeit indirectly, the changes in brain function following exposure to both clinical pharmacotherapeutics and compounds in experimental medicine. Pharmacological imaging thereby offers a unique insight into disease pathology and its treatment. In this chapter, we consider the extent to which its application has contributed towards greater understanding in this area; for a related review of clinical applications of FMRI see Matthews et al..
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies
Authors: Borchmann Peter , Engert Andreas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The therapeutic potential of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) was realised a long time before their structure had been explored. It was Paul Ehrlich in the late nineteenth century who developed the idea of a targeted therapy against malignant tumours. Still today, it is fascinating to read his Croonian lecture or the Nobel Prize lecture given in 1908 (see Ehrlich 1900). It took some generations of researchers to reveal the origin and structure of antibodies and then to produce monoclonal antibodies with a defined specificity in significant amounts (Porter 1967; Edelman et al. 1968; Kohler and Milstein 1975). In 1975, Kohler and Milstein published details of the hybridoma technology, which is the fusion of an antigen-specific B-ceJl with an immortal cell-line, resulting in an immortal clone producing the antigen-specific antibody (Kohler and Milstein 1975).
Moral values: What is the right thing?
Authors: McGrath Joanna Collicutt 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In considering the effects of acquired brain injury (ABI), I have paid a good deal of attention to the characteristics of individual human persons. This is essential to any understanding of the nature of this group of health conditions, and to the healthcare of those affected by them. But there is another important reason for emphasizing the personal. The individual person is at the centre of many (though not all) conceptions of morality.
Gynaecological disease
Authors: Carton James , Daly Richard , Ramani Pramila 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The female genital tract comprises the vulva, vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. Note that the cervix is part of the uterus, but it is useful to consider it separately from the rest of the uterus as the diseases which affect the cervix are quite distinct from those of the main body of the uterus. Often the vulva, vagina, and cervix are collectively referred to as the ‘lower genital tract’ and the rest of the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries are known as the ‘upper genital tract’.
Endocrine disease
Authors: Carton James , Daly Richard , Ramani Pramila 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An endocrine gland is an organ that produces hormones (Fig. 14.1). Hormones are molecules secreted into the blood which act on specific target cells throughout the body. Endocrine glands are therefore distinguished from exocrine glands which release their secretions into the bowel, respiratory tract, or skin.
Nationalizing the Masses, 1898–1931
Authors: Vincent Mary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1898, Spain went to war with the United States of America. At issue were Spain’s colonial possessions: Cuba had again been in revolt since 1895 and, for all Cánovas’ intransigence, huge numbers of Spanish troops had been unable to quell the island rebellion. By the time Cánovas was assassinated by an anarchist in August 1897, the Philippines were also in revolt and it was clear that US intervention in the Caribbean was only a matter of time.
The Nation’s Wealth and the People’s Welfare
Authors: Daunton Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1852, George Graham, William Farr, and Horace Mann reflected on the population tables of the census of 1851. They were full of pride and optimism in what they found. Since the first census of 1801, the population of Great Britain had increased by 10 million— which nearly equalled the increase ‘in all preceding ages’. At the same time, the population was concentrated into new industrial towns at ever greater densities. The question they pondered was whether this population could be ‘profitably employed’. Many economists, not many years previously, doubted that they could, fearing that the growth of population would result in a decline in economic welfare as predicted by T. R. Malthus. The possibilities of economic growth seemed to be extremely limited.
The Growth of the British Economy
Authors: Daunton Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the late 1950s, politicians were alarmed at Britain’s poor growth record compared with other countries and their attention turned to competing cures for the ‘sick man of Europe’. As Jim Tomlinson points out, ‘declinism’ became an ideology, an assertion that something should be done. By 1964, this had become the central issue of the general election. Not surprisingly, the writings of economic historians on British performance in the previous hundred years were influenced by these debates. Their analysis was shaped by contemporary political debates over economic decline, and they drew on the past to refute or support policy proposals.
Precedent as a Source of Law
Authors: Cross Rupert , Harris J W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have now completed the account of the operation of the rules of precedent summarized on p. 6. These rules generate what may not ineptly be described as ‘jurisprudential’ problems of their own. Are they rules of law? Can the rules of precedent be based on precedent? Why does the idea of the prospective overruling of a judicial decision tend to be anathema to an English lawyer when retrospective legislation is equally abhorrent to him? Brief discussions of these questions will be found in Chapters VII and VIII. This chapter and Chapter VI are primarily concerned with problems posed by case-law generally. They would arise even if the English rules of precedent were very different from what they are. They stem from the older and more important rule that judges must have regard to case-law. In what sense is a judicial decision, i.e. a precedent, a source of law? Do decided cases throw any light on the question, raised by Austin, whether a custom is law before it is enforced by the courts? In what sense is custom subordinate to precedent and precedent to legislation? What is the nature of the joint operation of statute and precedent as sources of English law? These are the types of problem with which this chapter is concerned.
Interpretation in Public Law
Authors: Loughlin Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My task in this book is a theoretical one. This, however, should not be taken to suggest that it is concerned essentially with esoteric ideas. It is theoretical in the sense that it begins with the ordinary material of public law and tries to extend our understanding of that material by seeking to discover what is implied in it. It tries to make clear something which, although dimly apprehended, is obscure. That is, it is an exercise in trying to move from a position of knowing something indistinctly and confusedly to a position in which our knowledge is more explicit and systematic. In order to carry out this task we must challenge the impact which the scientific quest has had on public law thought. Just as the attempt to press political studies into a natural scientific framework has distorted and obscured many of the issues that are indispensable to an understanding of political life, so also this claim may be made for law. The conception of law which we obtain from the formalist approach and the adoption of the analytical method obscures more than it reveals.
Social Security and Society
Authors: Harris Neville 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A serious study of social security law needs to take close account of the social con text to the welfare state because of the interaction between the kinds of provision made and level of support offered by the benefits system and key social phenomena such as poverty, unemployment, the shape and role of the family, housing tenure, demography, and migration of people. Indeed, while state welfare provision is often seen as having wide social and economic objectives such as preserving social stability or maintaining social control for the benefit of the capital economy,as noted in Chapter 1, it is also a response to specific social problems. The fact that the social security system touches the lives of so many individuals in society at any one time, and has the potential to affect all citizens at one time or another, underlines the extent of its overall social impact.
Competition and Regulation in Telecommunications
Authors: Armstrong Mark , Vickers John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Telecommunications was the first network-utility industry in Britain to be privatized. Policy decisions in the UK about the appropriate competitive and regulatory framework for a private firm with monopoly power therefore first arose in the industry, and a pattern was set that has been followed to varying degrees with gas, airports, water, and electricity supply. The industry has the longest and richest history of regulation, and controversy about policy towards the industry shows no sign of abating.
Theory of the firm; managerial Behavior, Agency Costs, and Ownership Structure
Authors: Jensen Michael C , Meckling William H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper integrates elements from the theory of agency, the theory of property rights and the theory of finance to develop a theory of the ownership structure of the firm. We define the concept of agency costs, show its relationship to the ‘separation and control’ issue, investigate the nature of the agency costs generated by the existence of debt and outside equity, demonstrate who bears these costs and why, and investigate the Pareto optimality of their existence. We also provide a new definition of the firm, and show how our analysis of the factors influencing the creation and issuance of debt and equity claims is a special case of the supply side of the completeness of markets problem.
Co-Operative Agreement and the Organization of Industry
Authors: Mariti P , Smiley R H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The field of industrial organization involves, in major part, the study of how industry is organized and why. The organization of industry, including for example the size distribution of firms, depends in turn on how firms interact. In Markets and Hierarchies, Williamson (1975) has identified two major types of interaction: the marketplace (either competition between firms or single transactions between buyers and sellers), and mergers. Earlier, Coase (1937) identified the two methods for organizing economic activity as internal to the firm or external to the firm. This paper investigates an intermediate form of interrelationship between firms, which provides yet another way of organizing economic activity, the co-operative agreement.
Goodwill and the Spirit Of markerCapitalism
Authors: Dore Ronald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Why have large factories given way to the co-ordinated production of specialized family units in segments of the Japanese textile industry? One reason is the predominance of ‘obligated relational contracting’ in Japanese business. Consumer goods markets are highly competitive in Japan, but trade in intermediates, by contrast, is for the most part conducted within long-term trading relations in which goodwill ‘give-and-take’ is expected to temper the pursuit of self-interest.
Introduction
Authors: Dutton William H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the end of the twentieth century, the depth and significance of the revolution in information and communication technologies (ICTs) is broadly acknowledged, although vigorous debates continue about its driving forces and social implications. The widespread consensus over the increasing centrality of computers and telecommunications across all levels and sectors of society and the economy has been reinforced by the way the mass media have discussed these major technological and business advances.
The Factory of the Future and the Productivity Paradox
Authors: Freeman Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Predictions about the Factory of the Future
The factory is being reinvented from scratch. Traditional production lines are being ripped apart to make room for flexible ‘make-anything’ machinery ... Long narrow production lines with men [sic] crawling all over them-a feature of manufacturing every-where since the early days of the car-making dynasties—are
being ⃛ replaced with clusters of all-purpose machines huddled in cells run by computers and served by multi-fingered robots. The whole shape of the industrial landscape is changing.
The Politics of IT Strategy and Development in Organizations
Authors: Coombs Rod , Hull Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
ICT is one of a small number of ‘generic’ technologies—like steam power and electricity—which have caused what the Austrian economist Schumpeter (1939) called ‘gales of creative destruction’ in market economies by fuelling economic growth. However, the forms of diffusion of the technology have been neither smooth nor simple (see Chapters 1 and 2). The complex nature of the diffusion process has contributed to uncertainty over its implications for organizations. It took decades of using the technology before there was widespread recognition that ICT-based systems did not simply change the way business is done—they changed the business itself and the structures of organizations involved in it.