bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Persistent fetal intraocular vasculature in the European ferret (Mustela putorius): clinical and histological aspects
Authors: Lipsitz Lee , Ramsey David T. , Render James A. , Bursian Steven J. , Auelrich Richard J. 
Published: March 2003

ObjectiveTo describe the clinical and histological appearance of persistent fetal intraocular vasculature in a colony of ferrets.DesignProspective study.Animals studiedEighty‐six European ferrets (Mustela putorius).ProcedureBoth eyes of 76 genetically related progeny and 10 breeding, adult, colony‐raised ferrets were studied using a slit lamp biomicroscope and an indirect ophthalmoscope. Ferret progeny were examined after eyelid opening at 5–6 weeks of age, and at 12 months of age. After euthanasia, globes were enucleated and examined histologically.ResultsPersistent fetal intraocular vasculature was evident in 21 progeny ferrets at 5–6 weeks of age and in three mature progenitor ferrets. Clinical appearance of diminutive vasculature was characterized by focal remnants of the posterior tunica vasculosa lentis, muscae volitantes, and an occluded hyaloid artery extending from the optic papilla and terminating in the anterior vitreous body. Extensive persistent vasculature was characterized by a perfused hyaloid artery, vasa hyaloidea propria and posterior tunica vasculosa lentis, posterior cortical and capsular cataract, and proliferation of fibrovascular tissue along the posterior lens capsule. Fetal vasculature persisted in 7 of 21 progeny ferrets at one year of age and in three progenitor ferrets. Results of histologic examination showed persistence of the hyaloid vasculature, proliferation of retrolental fibrovascular tissue with osseous metaplasia, posterior capsular and cortical cataract, and occasional retinal detachment.ConclusionsPersistent fetal intraocular vasculature in ferrets appears similar clinically and histologically to persistent fetal intraocular vasculature reported in humans and dogs. The ferret may be a suitable animal model for vasculogenic mechanisms of persistent fetal intraocular vasculature and for evaluating vasoinhibitory growth factors and angiostatic test compounds.
Persistent hyperplastic tunica vasculosa lentis and persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous (PHTVL/PHPV) in two cats
Authors: Allgoewer Ingrid , Pfefferkorn Beatrice 
Published: March 2003

AbstractTwo domestic shorthair cats (6 and 9 months old) were presented for examination of ocular opacities. One cat had bilateral persistent pupillary membranes, unilaterally accompanied by persistent hyperplastic tunica vasculosa lentis, persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous (PHTVL/PHPV), and cataract. The second cat had bilateral PHTVL/PHPV with dense white plaques in the posterior lens capsule and subcapsular cortex.
Effects of topical 0.5% tropicamide on intraocular pressure in normal cats
Authors: Stadtbäumer Katrin , Köstlin Roberto G. , Zahn Klaus J. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe objective of the study was to determine the effect of topical 0.5% tropicamide on intraocular pressure (IOP) in normotensive feline eyes. IOP was measured bilaterally in 70 clinically healthy cats and gonioscopy (and goniophotography) was performed. Thereafter, 50 cats were treated unilaterally with one drop of 0.5% tropicamide. The contralateral, left eye served as a control. In the placebo group consisting of 20 cats, one drop of physiologic saline solution was administered to the right eye. In all cats, IOP of both eyes was measured 30, 60 and 90 min after topical administration. After unilateral tropicamide application, IOP increased significantly both in the right and in the left eye. Maximum average IOP increase was observed at the control measurement performed 90 min after treatment, with an elevation of 3.8 ± 4.2 mmHg in the right eye and 3.5 ± 3.6 mmHg in the left eye. Maximum IOP increase after treatment was 18.0 mmHg in the treated eye and 17.0 mmHg in the left eye. Measurements made at 60 min after treatment revealed a significantly higher increase in IOP in the right eye as compared to the left eye (P60 < 0.05), whereas the differences between right and left eye in IOP increase were not significant at 30 and 90 min after mydriatic application (P30 = 0.123;P90 = 0.305). Although tropicamide‐induced mydriasis was observed in the treated eye, the contralateral eye did not show any changes in pupillary function at any time. With increasing age of the cats, IOP increase was found to be more moderate, whereas the gender of the cats did not have any significant influence on IOP changes. In the 20 cats in the placebo group, no significant changes in IOP were observed. We conclude that topical 0.5% tropicamide causes a significant elevation of IOP in the treated and untreated eye in normal cats.
Phacoemulsification in an adult Savannah monitor lizard
Authors: Colitz Carmen M. H. , Lewbart Greg , Davidson Michael G. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAn adult male Savannah monitor lizard (Varanus exanthematicus) was presented for bilateral lens opacities that had progressed rapidly over the previous 2 months. A diagnosis of bilateral mature cataracts was made and phacoemulsification cataract extraction was performed. Surgery restored vision and normal activity to the patient.
Paediatric antiretroviral therapy audit in South London
Authors: Doerholt K , Sharland M , Ball C , DuMont G 
Published: March 2003

Objectives To audit clinical and surrogate marker outcome data following the introduction of combination antiretroviral therapy to HIV‐infected children in South London.Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study of 110 HIV‐infected children under the care of the Paediatric HIV in South London Network (PHILS‐NET) from January 1996 to September 1999. The following were identified: type of antiretroviral therapy used; duration of therapy; toxicity; impact on viral load and CD4 count; reasons for changing therapy; and clinical progression.Results Ninety‐one (83%) of the 110 children (55 females; median age 6.3 years) received 166 antiretroviral therapy regimens. Sixty per cent of the regimens were triple therapy: either two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and one protease inhibitor (58; 34.9%) or two NRTIs and one non‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (39; 23.5%). The mean duration of completed therapy was 46 weeks for first line therapy with a standard deviation (SD) of 38 weeks and 40 weeks in third line therapy with an SD of 22 weeks. Changes in antiretroviral regimens were owing to virological failure in 60% and toxicity in 10%. Overall, 46% of children on first line and 37% on second line antiretroviral therapy achieved an undetectable viral load of < 400 HIV‐1 RNA copies/mL. Clinical progression for the whole cohort fell from 3.7% per year for children on dual therapy to 0.7% per year for children on highly active antiretroviral therapy.Conclusions This audit shows the clinical benefit of antiretroviral therapy use in a cohort of children with moderately advanced HIV disease. The surrogate outcome data seen for the viral load and CD4 count are similar to those of reports from clinical trials. Antiretroviral therapy regimens were sequenced rapidly, mainly owing to virological failure.
Shared Governance within the market‐oriented health care system of New Zealand
Authors: Bamford A. , Porter‐O’Grady T. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract The New Zealand health reforms, announced in 1991 and implemented over the 3‐year period 1992–1994, were market‐oriented, following a competitive model that had been applied across New Zealand’s public sector. Consideration is given to the effects of the health reforms on nursing and midwifery at Capital Coast Health Limited (CCHL), with the introduction of a market/economic model of health care and its accompanying managerialism. The market model, or the economic era of health care, as some describe it, created an environment where nurses felt powerless. All the directors of nursing and on‐going hospital educational programs were disestablished in the public sector; nurses were disheartened, confused and lacked representation at senior management.Integral to, and accompanying, corporatization is managerialism. With corporatization, came managers from the non‐health care sector who had no understanding of the complexities of health care. Accompanying managerialism is the notion that any able manager was capable of managing any agency, whether public or private.Naturally, there was an underlying conflict between the caring relationships and their related work in the clinical environment, and the desire for efficiency and economy. It seemed that we were dealing with contrasting themes of ‘the market’ and ‘humanity’. This led to further confusion and disempowerment, as the dollar gained prominence, for nursing has always been grounded in the ‘humanities’.It was into this environment, after 5 years of the health reforms, that a Nurse Executive was appointed and the concept of Shared Governance was introduced.This article describes why Shared Governance was considered an appropriate model to introduce at CCHL, and identifies some of the tangible benefits being realized 18 months post implementation. Discovering that membership in cross‐organizational teams provides a mechanism for networking and creating a broader understanding of the organization has been but one of the major benefits.
From vision to reality: how to actualize the vision of discharging patients from a hospital, with an increased focus on prevention
Authors: Olsen L. , Wagner L. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractExperiences in creating dialogue possibilities to stimulate interdisciplinary and intersectoral collaboration in hospital discharge and prevention are presented. Time is often a major constraint that persuades decision‐makers to avoid using qualitative methodologies in research and development. Quick results are demanded of today's health‐care system, not allowing ideas to be implemented or visions owned by professionals. Action‐orientated research is used and recommended, despite its time‐demanding methodology. A multidisciplinary management team and the authors, over a 2‐year period, worked with the development and implementation of ‘Preventive Discharge’ in a Danish hospital clinic. The empirical starting point, developmental processes, piloting and implementation of the project are described. Earlier research from a literature review on discharge is referenced. The results show that while there are many barriers to dialogue between professions and between organizational levels, it is possible to frame such opportunities and improve interdisciplinary and intersectoral collaboration for health. External supervision may be an effective tool for stimulating dialogue. The testing phase afforded a valuable lesson when pilot‐site collaborators, initially not involved in the development of the process tools, reformulated the project to suit their cultural climate while maintaining the project's original aims. Finally, a discussion is presented on actualizing the vision for ‘Preventive Discharge’.
Hasten slowly: a needs analysis for nurse and village health worker education in East Timor
Authors: McAuliffe A. V. , Grootjans J. , Fisher J. E. M. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThis article reports on a needs analysis undertaken to determine the educational needs of nurses and health workers in East Timor. The needs analysis, which used a theoretical framework described by Wass (1994), was conducted in both Australia and East Timor. It addressed the current health status of the East Timorese people and the educational requirements of East Timorese nurses and village health workers. Utilizing interviews, field observations and data from the World Health Organization and the United Nations, the following four categories of needs were assessed: felt; expressed; comparative; and normative. The findings document the almost complete destruction of the health infrastructure in East Timor and demonstrate the urgent need for assistance in the re‐establishment and enhancement of nursing and primary health care education programmes. A series of recommendations outlining nurse and village health care worker education programmes are proposed.
Assessing patients’ needs: does the same information guide expert and novice nurses?
Authors: Taylor C. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe difficulties experienced by nurses in assessing patients before providing care have been the subject of enquiry for many years. Much has been written about the nursing process and, in particular, the data‐collection component, where the nurse gathers information before deciding on a diagnosis and nursing intervention. There is, however, very little published on the differences between expert and novice nurses, in either the way they gather information or the emphasis placed on the different data sources accessed when preparing to carry out a nursing procedure. Communication between nurses is essential in the provision of safe, competent care, and yet we have minimal understanding of how experts use data sources to plan procedural care giving. This article reports on the findings of one component (the differences between expert and novice nurses in accessing data before implementing a nursing procedure) of a larger study into the identification of problem‐solving strategies adopted by nurses during procedural care giving. The study was conducted in clinical settings and used a qualitative research methodology of observation followed by an in‐depth semistructured interview. The study results indicate that expert and novice nurses accessed four similar information sources before meeting a patient. However, there were differences noted between the two groups in the amount of information accessed, as well as in the interpretation and use of that information. This is an important issue for nurse educators.
A study on the conditioning effects of natural shampoos using the scanning electron microscope*
Authors: Bellare J. , Iyer R. , Mainkar A.R. , Jolly C.I. 
Published: March 2003

Synopsis The scanning electron microscope (SEM) was successfully used to study the effects of toiletry treatment with shampoo on the microstructure of hair. This paper describes the use of SEM for comparing the conditioning effects of herbal shampoos.Commercially available herbal shampoos are not completely natural, but contain herbal extracts in a synthetic detergent base, along with other chemical additives. Completely natural shampoos were formulated in the laboratory and their conditioning effects were evaluated by comparing with a commercially available herbal shampoo. The micrographs were studied quantitatively using ‘Image Analyser Software’ and the extent to which the hair scales were uplifted was measured. The results obtained from the quantitative comparison were in agreement with those obtained from other tests, such as protein loss determination.The damage caused to the hair due to sodium lauryl sulphate was visible in the micrographs. The laboratory formulations were found to be better than the commercially available product. Thus, quantitative measurements from SEM micrographs are a valuable tool to compare the conditioning effects of hair care products. Résumé Le microscope electronique balayant (SEM) est appliqué avec succès a étudier les effets de traitments hygiéniques par shampooing sur le microstucture de cheveux. L’éxposé présent signale l’emploi de SEM a comparer l’effet conditionant des shampoing naturelle (herbacé).Les shampooing herbal de commerce ne sont pas totalement naturelle mais contient extrait de herbe medicinale melangés avec une base de détergent synthetique et d’autres produits chimiques; donc shampooing totalement naturelle a eté formulés dans laboratoire et leurs effets conditionant evalués en comparant avec shampooing herbal (naturelle) de commerce. Les micrographs étaient étudiés quantitativement utilisant ‘Image Analyser Software’ en mesurant le degré de relèvement de écailes des cheveux. Les résultats obtenues par comparison quantitative sont en accord avec ceux obtenues par d’autres éprevues comme perte de protéine.Le dommage causé aux cheveux par SLS est visible dans les micrographs. Les formulations de laboratoire étaient trouvés meilleurs en comparant avec les produits de commerce. Donc le measure quantitative des micrographs SEM est un outil valable a comparer les effets conditionant de produits hygienique pour cheveux.
Very low energy diets in the treatment of obesity
Authors: Mustajoki P. , Pekkarinen T. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryVery low energy diets (VLEDs) are defined as diets which contain energy levels of less than 3.4 MJ (800 kcal) per day and contain daily allowances of all essential nutritional requirements. These diets have been in clinical use for more than 20 years. They are used as the only source of nutrition for 8–16 weeks, which usually achieves a weight loss of 1.5–2.5 kg per week. Before using this type of diet a medical investigation is necessary to evaluate contraindications and to check medication use during the diet. To facilitate maintenance, cognitive behavioural counselling should always be included in a weight reduction programme using a very low energy diet. VLEDs have no serious harmful effects and can safely be used in patients with various chronic diseases. Programmes using VLEDs produce better short‐term weight loss than programmes without the diet. However, in randomized controlled trials VLED‐based programmes have not achieved significantly better long‐term maintenance than conventional programmes. VLEDs are used when rapid weight loss is necessary because of an obesity‐related disease. In other patients with obesity it is an alternative to other conservative approaches for treatment of obesity. In type 2 diabetes it may improve long‐term glucose metabolism better than conventional weight reducing diets. Some studies suggest that after a VLED‐based programme long‐term maintenance is better among men than women. This possible gender difference is an important topic for further research.
The influence of obesity on hyperandrogenism and infertility in the female
Authors: Diamanti‐Kandarakis E. , Bergiele A. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAlthough a critical mass of adipose tissue is essential for the normal development of female reproductive function, obesity has been shown to produce menstrual disturbances and subfertility. The severity of obesity and the distribution of fat tissue are important factors that influence the female reproductive system. The pathogenetic mechanistic links between them aren’t clearly elucidated. Obese women, especially those with upper body obesity, have insulin resistance and hyperinsulinaemia, hyperandrogenaemia, increased peripheral aromatization of androgens to oestrogens, altered gonadotrophin secretion, decreased sex hormone binding globulin, decreased growth hormone (GH) and insulin like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs), increased leptin levels and altered neuroregulation of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐gonadal axis. These have been considered as some of the links in the sequence of events of the disrupted ovulatory process. The mechanisms of these actions and their influence on female reproductive function are discussed below.
Mitochondrial uncoupling as a target for drug development for the treatment of obesity
Authors: Harper J. A. , Dickinson K. , Brand M. D. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryMitochondrial proton cycling is responsible for a significant proportion of basal or standard metabolic rate, so further uncoupling of mitochondria may be a good way to increase energy expenditure and represents a good pharmacological target for the treatment of obesity. Uncoupling by 2,4‐dinitrophenol has been used in this way in the past with notable success, and some of the effects of thyroid hormone treatment to induce weight loss may also be due to uncoupling. Diet can alter the pattern of phospholipid fatty acyl groups in the mitochondrial membrane, and this may be a route to uncoupling in vivo. Energy expenditure can be increased by stimulating the activity of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) in brown adipocytes either directly or through β3‐adrenoceptor agonists. UCP2 in a number of tissues, UCP3 in skeletal muscle and the adenine nucleotide translocase have also been proposed as possible drug targets. Specific uncoupling of muscle or brown adipocyte mitochondria remains an attractive target for the development of antiobesity drugs.
From instinct to intellect: the challenge of maintaining healthy weight in the modern world
Authors: Peters J. C. , Wyatt H. R. , Donahoo W. T. , Hill J. O. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe global obesity epidemic is being driven in large part by a mismatch between our environment and our metabolism. Human physiology developed to function within an environment where high levels of physical activity were needed in daily life and food was inconsistently available. For most of mankind’s history, physical activity has ‘pulled’ appetite so that the primary challenge to the physiological system for body weight control was to obtain sufficient energy intake to prevent negative energy balance and body energy loss. The current environment is characterized by a situation whereby minimal physical activity is required for daily life and food is abundant, inexpensive, high in energy density and widely available. Within this environment, food intake ‘pushes’ the system, and the challenge to the control system becomes to increase physical activity sufficiently to prevent positive energy balance. There does not appear to be a strong drive to increase physical activity in response to excess energy intake and there appears to be only a weak adaptive increase in resting energy expenditure in response to excess energy intake. In the modern world, the prevailing environment constitutes a constant background pressure that promotes weight gain. We propose that the modern environment has taken body weight control from an instinctual (unconscious) process to one that requires substantial cognitive effort. In the current environment, people who are not devoting substantial conscious effort to managing body weight are probably gaining weight. It is unlikely that we would be able to build the political will to undo our modern lifestyle, to change the environment back to one in which body weight control again becomes instinctual. In order to combat the growing epidemic we should focus our efforts on providing the knowledge, cognitive skills and incentives for controlling body weight and at the same time begin creating a supportive environment to allow better management of body weight.