bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What Do We Know, What Do We Need to Know, and Why it Matters—Data on Health
Authors: Birn Anne-Emanuelle , Pillay Yogan , Holtz Timothy H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The political economy approach to international health provides a theoretical under- standing of the distribution of health and sickness in a given country or population, which necessarily rests on the existence of health data. Health-related information, and knowing how to obtain it, is essential to taking action to improve health. Although the policies that affect health—both inside and outside the health services sector—are ultimately determined in the political arena, health data play a vital role in helping to identify needs and shape solutions. Notwithstanding the importance of health information, many countries have limited data collection capacity at national and/or subnational levels, leaving policy makers to rely on extrapolations of older data or data from other countries. Such extrapolated data may be of limited relevance and may even jeopardize population health by indicating erroneous needs and priorities.
Health under Crisis
Authors: Birn Anne-Emanuelle , Pillay Yogan , Holtz Timothy H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In December, 1988, a 6.9 magnitude earthquake (and 5.8 aftershock) struck Spitak, Armenia, killing 45,000 people. Two-thirds of the deaths were estimated to be among children attending school. One year later, in Loma Prieta, California, a 6.9 magnitude earthquake struck at peak rush hour, causing only 57 deaths and 3,700 injuries. Why such a marked difference in casualties, for earthquakes of the same intensity? No doubt differences in geology, population density, and timing were all important, but even these factors are insufficient to explain the full extent of differential impact.
Health and the Environment
Authors: Birn Anne-Emanuelle , Pillay Yogan , Holtz Timothy H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Worldwide environmental conditions have changed more rapidly in the past half- century than at any other time in human history, shaped and strained by economic, social, and military exploits. Increases in agricultural output have been accompanied by pollution from fertilizers, pesticides, and excessive irrigation. Wars have displaced millions of people, with weapons producing dangerous radiation and chemical toxins. Continuing to this day, manufacture of high-demand disposable electronics generates harmful waste; oil drilling and spills challenge ecosystems, and destroy bird and fish habitats; coal mining denudes mountainsides and its by- products threaten water and wildlife; and the burning of fossil fuels contaminates and heats the earth’s atmosphere.
Health Economics and the Economics of Health
Authors: Birn Anne-Emanuelle , Pillay Yogan , Holtz Timothy H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Global spending on health is immense but inequitable. The WHO estimates that in 2004, US$4.1 trillion was spent on the health sector—both public and private (WHO 2007b)—totaling over 10% of world income (see Table 11–1). Some consider health care to be the world’s largest industry. As such, one of the key concerns of both inter- national and national health policy making is determining how to allocate and spend available resources in an appropriate and effective way in order to achieve particular health-related goals and objectives. The field of economics can help in providing a road map to this end. The main issue in health economics is not simply minimizing costs, but obtaining the greatest value from an efficient use of resources. For a specific health problem, health economics attempts to calculate how to accomplish a better outcome for the same cost, the same outcome at a lower cost, or ideally, a better outcome at a lower cost.
Fundamentalism as a Social Phenomenon
Authors: Marsden George M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After 1925, the fragmentation and relocation of fundamentalism was taken by many observers for evidence of its disappearance. Fundamentalism, they assumed, was the offshoot of a social adjustment. As the interpretation of the original movement passed into the hands of the historians, this became a recurring theme. On the first page of his History of Fundamentalism, published in 1931, Stewart Cole pronounced, “For a half century the church has suffered a conflict of social forces about and within it that accounts for the present babel of witnesses to Christian truth and purpose.” H. Richard Niebuhr, writing in the mid-30s, emphasized the “social sources” of fundamentalism “closely related to the conflict between rural and urban cultures in America.”2 Statements like this abounded in textbooks on the 1920s.
Clinical Epidemiology
Authors: Weiss Noel S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Examining the principles and methods of research on the evaluation of factors affecting the outcome of illness, this book emphasizes diagnostic and therapeutic interventions - the factors most readily modified by health care providers. It discusses the various ways of structuring observations on patient groups, and appraises the nature and strength of inferences drawn from those observations. It also demonstrates how the results of this type of research, clinical epidemiologic research, can be incorporated into the decision-making process utilized in clinical medicine. The book contains a concise account of topics such as the assessment of the use of diagnostics and screening tests and their role in improving the outcome of illness, the evaluation of therapeutic efficacy through experimental and nonexperimental studies, and a particularly useful chapter on assessment of therapeutic safety. It is an essential reference and guide to the quantitative assessment of the consequences of illness for clinicians in training or in practice. This new edition features a greatly expanded chapter on randomized control trials, and includes a new chapter on meta-analysis, authored by Peter Cummings. Meta-analysis, the statistical synthesis of data from comparable studies, was unheard of 30 years ago, but with the advent of increased computer technology, the method has been steadily growing in importance in the epidemiology community.
Diagnostic and Screening Tests
Authors: Weiss Noel S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ordering or performing a diagnostic or screening test can reduce the frequency of disease occurrence (or progression, or complications) only if the test can (a) detect the condition or abnormality before it or its consequences would otherwise be evident, and (b) lead to treatment that is more effective when administered soon after the time of testing than if it were to be administered either later in the natural history of the condition, when the condition or abnormality becomes evident in the absence of testing, or not administered at all.
A Practical Approach to Formulating Evidence-Based Questions in Social Work
Authors: Yeager Kenneth R , Roberts Albert R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Leonard Gibbs (2002) in his chapter in Oxford’s Social Workers’ Desk Reference eloquently underscores the harm-reducing importance of formulating specific, well-built questions as a critical element in evidence-based clinical reasoning: The history of the helping professions provides many vivid examples of dedicated “helpers” who were harming . . . those whom they sought to help. Beyond any doubt, those professionals cared deeply about the children, aged persons, and clients whose troubled lives they sought to aid, but such caring, though vital and necessary, does not provide sufficient footing to assure success. Learning how to pose specific, well-built questions [e.g. related to adolescent suicide potential, child abuse risk assessment, etc.] as part of an evidence-based approach to practice can provide one approach to avoiding harm. . . . If we can learn how to pose specific questions from practice, we have a chance to find a specific answer, and conversely, if we do not learn how to pose specific questions from practice, how can we ever find specific answers? As Yogi Berra once said, “You’ve got to be careful if you don’t know where you’re going cause you might not get there.” . . . In summary, caring is a necessary but not a sufficient condition to avoid harm. Practitioners who learn how to pose specific questions about their practice, and who resolve to avoid common errors in practice reasoning, may better avoid harming those to whom they have dedicated their professional lives. Such practitioners can avoid consigning their clients to endure effects of repeated failure. (pp. 752, 755–756) On any given day, social workers engage in complex interactions with persons who present with unique mental health needs and problems in social functioning. Each clinical encounter will generate questions regarding the care of the individual, family, or group. Many of these questions will be difficult and beyond the means of the social worker to readily answer. Complex questions relating to specific needs of patients/clients as framed by their circumstance, illness, or environment may well require the application of an evidence-based approach. Social workers frequently work with high-risk, vulnerable, and special needs clients.
Will the Real Evidence-Based Practice Please Stand Up? Teaching the Process of Evidence-Based Practice to the Helping Professions
Authors: Shlonsky Aron , Gibbs Leonard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Suppose a practitioner at an agency serving children and families encounters a 15-year-old, female client who discloses that she is suicidal. What methods of assessment and treatment are most effective for working with this youth? Where does this knowledge come from?—experience? training? Is clinical expertise enough to guide casework decisions? If knowledge is gained from research, is the information up-to-date? Is it of sufficient rigor? Is it inclusive of all knowledge or is it selective? Evidence-based practice (EBP) is a systematic process that blends current best evidence, client preferences (wherever possible), and clinical expertise, resulting in services that are both individualized and empirically sound. Applicable to all forms of practice, EBP is particularly relevant to crisis intervention, where, given the gravity of problems faced by clients and the short amount of time in which to act, approaches taken must be both effective and efficient. This process is distinguished from other types of practice, whereby “best practices,” “evidence-based practices,” or “practice guidelines” are identified and promoted for use with clients. There is a concern that such practice guidelines and standards are top-down (that is, subject to being authority based), may become quickly obsolete, and may or may not be sufficiently transparent in how they were developed. While guidelines and standards may have some merit if truly effective services are identified, the process of EBP is bottom-up and begins and ends with the client, moving well beyond a one-size-fits-all model and encompassing clients’ unique experience with their presenting problems. In addition, since information is continually updated, EBP practitioners avoid obsolescence.
Toward Common Performance Indicators and Measures for Accountability in Behavioral Health Care
Authors: Teague Gregory B , Trabin Thomas , ray Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we describe an initiative that focuses broadly on organizations and systems of care. Other chapters in this volume focus on implementing specific evidence-based practice models or on developing or using measures to inform clinical practice, together offering practitioners an inviting array of diverse alternatives oriented to the clinical needs of particular groups of clients. Here, in contrast, is a plan to bridge this diversity of measurement by formulating common performance indicators and measures and promoting their widespread use across a wide array of service settings. The Adult Mental Health Workgroup (AMHW) of the Forum on Performance Measures in Behavioral Health and Related Service Systems (Forum) is a nationally representative group that has formulated and now proposes broad adoption of a few organizational performance measures for accountability and quality management in behavioral health care. The measures were carefully selected to reflect key aspects of care—access, quality/appropriateness, and outcomes—in essentially all settings providing mental health services to adults. Although the focus of the AMHW and consequently of this chapter is adult mental health services, the AMHW is working in conjunction with other Forum workgroups with corresponding initiatives in performance measurement for prevention and treatment of mental health and substance use disorders for all age groups.
Developing a Systematic Evidence-Based Search Plan for a Client With Co-occurring Conditions
Authors: Thomlison Barbara , Jacobs Robin J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When you do an evidence-based practice (EBP) search, you are trying to find the most useful research in the shortest possible time for a practice situation. An evidence-supported practice is a treatment or intervention protocol that has at least some empirical research evidence for its efficacy with its intended target problems and populations. To be useful to practitioners, evidence-based practices consider three elements: (1) client values and preferences; (2) the clinical expertise and abilities of the professional; and (3) the best available research evidence (Petr & Walter, 2005). Practitioners want research that is useful (i.e., clinically appropriate to the client’s conditions), relevant (pertinent to the clinical context), and valid (derived from sound research methods). Practitioners will want the best available evidence where the outcome findings consistently show the interventions actually help clients change and improve (Thomlison & Corcoran, in press). Why should you engage in evidence-based practice? In the years after you graduate, keeping your knowledge and skills up to date is important and necessary if you are to remain a good practitioner or become a better one. As a practitioner, you should refrain from using untested or potentially dangerous treatments. You need to stay on top of new developments, new interventions, and practice frameworks as they occur.
Task-Centered Practice An Exemplar of Evidence-Based Practice
Authors: Reid William J , Fortune Anne E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The task-centered model (TC) is a short-term, problem-solving approach to social work practice (Doel & Marsh, 1992; Reid, 1992, 2000; Reid & Epstein, 1972; Reid & Fortune, 2002). Originally designed for practice with individuals and families, the model has been adapted for work with groups (Fortune, 1985; Garvin, 1974) and larger systems (Tolson, Reid, & Garvin, 2003).
Aryan National Religion(s) and the Criticism of Asceticism and Quietism in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries
Authors: Deeg Max 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When I drew my first sketch for a contribution to this volume from mainly European literature on Indian and Germanic cultures and religions from the nineteenth century and the first half of the twentieth century, I found that it would be easy to come up with concrete notions and quotations of criticism of asceticism and qui­ etism. I have to confess that after browsing the immense amount of material I ran into two problems: First, there is the problem of defining asceticism. I initially looked up the word asceticism in some of the standard research sources. Walter 0. Kaelber’s article on “Asceticism” in Eliade’s Encyclopedia of Religion states that “the modern word asceticism had eluded any universally accepted definition.”1 Second, beyond the difficulty of finding a clear definition of asceticism, there is the problem of uncovering the full scope of the criticism of asceticism, because very often this criticism is not explicit and remains hidden and somewhat elusive.
“I Have Chosen Sickness”: The Controversial Function of Sickness in Early Christian Ascetic Practice
Authors: Crislip Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Joseph of Thebes belongs to the group of early Christian ascetics known as the “Desert Fathers,” fourth- and fifth-century monastics who lived for the most part in the loosely organized lavra monasteries of Lower Egypt, the Nile Delta and its outlying oases.1 The literary remains of these ascetics consist primarily of aphorisms, or apophthegms, short, memorable sayings, passed down orally for several generations and finally compiled into a number of collections in the monasteries of Palestine.2 Joseph of Thebes is among the many ascetics included in the collection about whom no bio­ graphical information-reliable or otherwise-has been preserved.
Why Break Robert’s Rules?
Authors: Susskind Lawrence E , Cruikshank Jeffrey L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Let’s imagine that you are someone who is called upon to run a meeting and to help a group make a decision. Maybe you face a situation like one of those described in the introduction. Maybe a community program has run into a problem (these tend to generate high emotions). Maybe your company needs to attack an existing challenge in a new way. Or maybe your church is hoping to launch a new community-outreach program and is having trouble getting the new initiative organized. Let’s imagine further that you have some concerns about this upcoming meeting. Maybe you’ve never run a meeting and you’re worried about getting the procedures right. Or maybe you suspect that there is likely to be a controversy at the meeting, and you want to make sure everyone gets a chance to be heard. Or maybe you just don’t want to preside over one of those meetings that turns into an unproductive gabfest—or worse, a rock-throwing session.
What Is Consensus?
Authors: Susskind Lawrence E , Cruikshank Jeffrey L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The consensus building approach, or CBA, is not a new concept, and lots of people have at least a hazy idea of what it means. Some readers may be familiar with terms like “win/win,” or “zero-sum.” Some may have read Getting to Yes, one of the many useful books that summarize the basic principles of reaching negotiated decisions through consensual means. But we still find lots of confusion out there in the world about consensus building. Some of that confusion begins with the word “consensus.” Our word-processing program’s dictionary defines consensus as “general or widespread agreement among all the members of a group.” This is the kind of definition that should scare a sensible person away from consensus building. Anyone who has ever worked in a group knows how difficult it is to get “all the members of a group” to reach agreement on anything, even when you have fudge words like “general” or “widespread” thrown in. Unless the group is selected very, very carefully, achieving unanimity is like pushing a greased boulder up a hill: usually, something goes wrong along the way, with bad consequences.
The Importance of Facilitation
Authors: Susskind Lawrence E , Cruikshank Jeffrey L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As we’ve described in previous chapters, CBA requires careful preparation. That means identifying the right people, assessing the problem accurately, thinking through a work plan and budget, setting up at least a preliminary set of ground rules so that people can start to work together at the table, and then getting the right people to join the effort. Once they’re at the table, roles and responsibilities must be assigned. But this is all “table-setting,” in a sense, for the problem-solving process that is to follow. How do people start talking in a way that builds consensus on a solution, or an agreement? Every consensus-building process is different. Working backward from a number of very successful deliberations, in a broad range of contexts, we can identify eight features of successful consensus-building deliberations. Those eight features (illustrated by a couple of visits to our friends in Blaine) constitute the heart of this chapter. First, let’s look at the tone that should dominate your deliberations—and the mind-set that gives rise to that tone.
Overcoming the Barriers to CBA
Authors: Susskind Lawrence E , Cruikshank Jeffrey L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Consensus building can get you to far better solutions than Robert’s Rules. CBA is often the best way to generate an agreement that is fairer, more efficient, wiser, and more stable than would otherwise be possible. That begs an obvious question: if CBA is such a superior approach, why isn’t the whole world doing it? There are several reasons: General Robert had a serious head start. Robert’s Rules became widely available in the late nineteenth century. Consensus building (as we practice it today) is only a few decades old. Robert’s Rules are the “law.” This is an outgrowth of the previous point. As noted in chapter 1, a wide range of institutions, public and private, have articles of incorporation or bylaws that specifically call for the use of Robert’s Rules. Our strong sense is that for many of these groups, parliamentary procedure is no longer the most appropriate approach, if it ever was. Think about it: Robert’s Rules and the telegraph were invented at the same time. When a better alternative (the telephone) became available, the telegraph slowly withered away.
Reaching Agreement
Authors: Susskind Lawrence E , Cruikshank Jeffrey L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Straw polls are a good device for determining how close the participants are to reaching agreement on a single-text (presented by the facilitator or the group leader). Often, it is necessary to add items to the emerging agreement to provide additional benefits to parties that have not yet indicated their approval. This does not mean that everyone involved needs to find the proposed agreement entirely to their liking. Rather, participants should be asked to consider the “full package” in relation to estimated gains and losses they are most likely to get if there is no agreement. While this undoubtedly involves estimates or forecasts of what is likely to happen (rather than something that can be calculated with certainty), it provides the most appropriate point of comparison for each participant. Thus, the objective of CBA is to seek unanimity on a written package that offers all stakeholders something more valuable than what they can expect in the absence of an agreement.
Quantum hard spheres in a channel
Authors: Liu K S , Kalos M H , Chester G V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the early applications of Green’s function QMC is that described in this paper for systems of hard spheres confined in a channel. The GFQMC method was applied to a collection of up to 64 hard spheres in a rectangular box, with rigid repulsive walls at top and bottom and periodic boundary conditions at the sides. Earlier variational QMC studies0 provided good trial functions for importance sampling and variational upper bounds to the energies.
Relativistic corrections to atomic energies from quantum Monte Carlo calculations
Authors: Kenny S D , Rajagopal G , Needs R J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper describes the first calculations incorporating electron correlation effects in the prediction of relativistic corrections for atoms as large as Ne. The importance of correlation in relativistic corrections had been previously shown for two-electron atoms in conventional calculations and VQMC calculations0 for the LiH molecule. This study extends such treatments to ten electrons in VQMC and DQMC calculations. The calculations are perturbational and are based on an effective Hamiltonian correct to order 1/c2, where c is the speed of light. Both variational and diffusion QMC calculations were performed for the 2-electron systems He, Be2+, and Ne8+, for the 4-electron atom Be, and for the 10-electron atom Ne.