bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of sodium bicarbonate administration on blood constituents of horses
Authors: Rivas Luis J. , Hinchcliff Kenneth W. , Kohn Catherine W. , Sams Richard A. , Chew Dennis J. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To describe changes in blood constituents of horses after oral and IV administration of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), and to determine whether the changes are dose dependent.

Animals
6 adult Standardbred mares.

Procedure
3 oral doses (1,500, 1,000, and 250 mg/kg of body weight) or 1 intravenous dose (250 mg/kg, 5% solution) of NaHCO3 in 3 L of water, or water (3 L orally), were given to the mares; then changes in blood constituents were measured. Access to food and water was denied during the experiment. Blood samples were collected immediately before treatment and at hourly intervals for 12 hours after treatment, and were analyzed for blood gas tensions; serum osmolality; serum sodium, potassium, chloride, and creatinine concentrations; PCV; and total solids concentration in plasma.

Results
All NaHCO3 treatments induced significant (P < 0.05) metabolic alkalosis, hypernatremia, hypokalemia, and hyperosmolality for at least 8 hours. In mares given the 1,500- and 1,000-mg doses of NaHCO3 orally, hypercapnia persisted for at least 12 hours, whereas hypercapnia lasted 2 hours in mares given the 250-mg dose orally or IV (P < 0.05). A tendency for reduction in PCV, proteins in plasma concentration, and serum concentration of chloride was observed 1 hour after IV administered doses of NaHCO3.

Conclusions
Oral or IV administration of NaHCO3 (≥ 250 mg/kg) to resting horses without ad libitum access to water induces significant and persistent acidbase and electrolyte changes. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:658–663)
Simultaneous diuresis cysto-urethrometry and multi-channel urethral pressure profilometry in female dogs with refractory urinary incontinence
Authors: Nickel Rafael F. , van den Brom Walter 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To assess urethral closure and bladder storage function in female dogs with refractory urinary incontinence by use of simultaneous diuresis cysto-urethrometry (UCM) and multi-channel urethral pressure profilometry (UPP).

Animals
53 female dogs of various breeds with a history of ‘non-neurogenic,’ acquired urinary incontinence unresponsive to standard conservative treatment.

Procedure
UPP and UCM were performed on dogs sedated with xylazine, using a flexible polyvinylchloride multi-channel catheter connected to a perfusion system. Urine production was determined by use of radionucleotide dilution analysis. Values of reproducible urodynamic variables obtained previously in clinically normal dogs were compared with findings in the incontinent dogs. Cutoff values with the highest predictive values of urodynamic variables were determined and selected for functional classification.

Results
Except for threshold volume, median values of all urodynamic variables were significantly different between continent and incontinent dogs. Urethral pressure values, their relative variation, bladder threshold pressure, and prevalence of detrusor contractions were significantly lower than values in normal dogs, but compliance was higher. Forty-one dogs had urodynamic findings suggestive of poor urethral closure function assessed by UCM, but 10 of these had normal closure pressure values during UPP. Abnormal bladder storage function was interpreted from the findings of 19 dogs. Low capacity was found in 3, low threshold pressure in 15, and high compliance in 9 dogs. Seven of the dogs with abnormal bladder storage function had normal urethral closure function assessed by UPP and UCM. Five dogs had no abnormal findings, and 1 continent dog was abnormal by our classification.

Conclusions
Abnormal bladder storage function was suggested in a considerable number of dogs with refractory urinary incontinence. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:691–696)
Investigation of a listeriosis epizootic in sheep in New York state
Authors: Wiedmann Martin , Arvik Torey , Bruce James L. , Neubauer Joseph , del Piero Fabio , Smith Mary C. , Hurley Julie , Mohammed Hussni O. , Batt Carl A. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To investigate potential sources of an epizootic of listerial encephalitis, using molecular diagnostic and typing methods.

Sample Population
A flock of about 655 sheep.

Procedure
An epizootiologic investigation was performed. Clinical, feed, and environmental samples were tested for Listeria monocytogenes, using polymerase chain reaction and culture methods; recovered isolates were “fingerprinted,” using an automated ribotyping system.

Results
Listeria monocytogenes was recovered from brain specimens of 7 sheep with clinical signs of listerial encephalitis. All clinical isolates had fingerprints identical to those of isolates from farm equipment used to transport silage. Corn silage, which was not fed to the sheep, also contained L monocytogenes of the same pattern type as defined by ribotyping. Listeria monocytogenes was not isolated from the stored haylage designated for feeding the sheep (the cut-off point for isolation being < 102 colony-forming units/g).

Conclusions
Corn silage was implicated as the source of a listeriosis epizootic. It appears to have cross-contaminated the haylage destined for the sheep during handling with a front-end loader. Suspension of silage feeding coincided with cessation of listeriosis cases.

Clinical Relevance
Use of advanced molecular techniques can help to identify the sources and restrict the scope of an epizootic. In epizootics, a single L monocytogenes strain can lead to infection of multiple animals, with rapid progression of the disease. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:733–737)
Intrastrain variation of lipopolysaccharide of Pasteurella multocida in turkeys
Authors: Coy S. L. , Lee M. D. , Sander J. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To document intrastrain variation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in Pasteurella multocida and correlate these changes with changes in determinants associated with virulence.

Animals
25 broad-breasted white turkeys.

Procedure
Phenotypic bacterial variants were identified by lectin affinity and were assayed for adherence to epithelial cells and complement resistance in vitro. The LPS purified from these variants was subjected to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and lectin affinity analysis. Turkeys were challenge exposed, then observed for 1 week. At first sign of disease, or at the end of the study, turkeys were euthanatized, necropsied, and inspected for gross lesions.

Results
The LPS variant designated as Ricinus communis agglutinin-positive had greater adherence to epithelial cells, complement resistance, and virulence in turkeys than did the variant designated as R communis agglutinin-negative.

Conclusions
Intrastrain variation of LPS exists in P multocida, and changes in LPS are correlated with changes in virulence. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:755–759)
Physical, hematologic, biochemical, and immunologic effects of supranutritional supplementation with dietary selenium in Holstein cows
Authors: Ellis Roger G. , Herdt Thomas H. , Stowe Howard D. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To measure responses of cows to supplemental Se intake in excess of nutritional requirements, but lower than recognized toxic dosages.

Animals
24 healthy adult Holstein cows.

Procedure
Cows were allotted to 4 groups and fed sodium selenite to provide 0, 3, 20, or 50 mg of Se/cow/d for 90 days. Subsequently, the dosage for the group receiving 50 mg/cow/d was increased to 100 mg/cow/d for 28 d. Blood, liver specimens, feces, and urine were obtained at points during the trial.

Results
Serum and blood Se concentrations in groups receiving 20 or 50 mg/cow/d increased over time, compared with controls (P < 0.01). Increasing supplemental Se intake to 100 mg/cow/d further increased serum and blood Se concentrations (P < 0.05). Urine, fecal, and liver Se concentrations increased more markedly in response to treatment than did those of serum or blood. No effect of Se treatment was seen on blood cell counts or serum activities of hepatocellular enzymes. Likewise, neither titer response to rabies vaccination nor lymphocyte blastogenic response to nonspecific mitogens was affected by Se treatment. Objective or subjective physical signs of Se toxicosis were not observed at any Se dosage.

Conclusions
Inorganic Se intakes of up to 50 mg/d for 90 days or 100 mg/d for 28 days by adult Holstein cows do not affect the variables measured.

Clinical Relevance
Intakes of Se as sodium selenite in amounts 10 to 30 times the nutritional requirements are unlikely to cause health problems in adult cows. Urine and feces are good test samples for detection of Se supplementation greater than requirements. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:760–764)
Acid-base, metabolic, and hemodynamic effects of sodium bicarbonate or tromethamine administration in anesthetized dogs with experimentally induced metabolic acidosis
Authors: Moon P. F. , Gabor L. , Gleed R. D. , Erb H. N. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate buffering capacity and side effects of equivalent doses of tromethamine (THAM) and sodium bicarbonate (BIC).

Animals
18 purebred dogs.

Procedure
Acidosis was induced by having dogs breathe a hypoxic gas mixture (FIO2 = 0.10) until arterial base balance ≤ −7.5 mEq/L was reached. Dogs then received a 30-minute infusion of 5% BIC (n = 6) or 0.3M THAM (n = 8), and Fio2 increased to 0.30. Drug doses were calculated to correct base balance to zero.

Results
During hypoxia, for BIC- and THAM-treated groups, median (interquartile range [Q1, Q3]) pHa and arterial base balance decreased to 7.16 (7.07, 7.38) and 7.19 (7.11, 7.31), −14 (−16, 9) and −12 (−16, −11) mEq/L, respectively, and mixed venous lactate concentration increased to 7 (2, 15) and 6 (3, 13) mmol/L, respectively. Immediately after each infusion, acid-base and cardiopulmonary variables returned toward baseline. For respective BIC- and THAM-treated groups, pHa increased to 7.37 (7.26, 7.44) and 7.40 (7.33, 7.49) and base balance increased to 0 (−4, 7) and 0 (−4, 2) mEq/L. Lactate concentration decreased only slightly to 5 (2, 6) and 5 (2, 9) mmol/L, but continued to decrease throughout the study. The only significant (P ≤ 0.05) difference between groups was hypernatremia after BIC administration that persisted for 60 minutes. The PaCO2 in BIC-treated dogs increased immediately after infusion, compared with values during hypoxia. Standardized ionized calcium values initially decreased in both groups, but returned to baseline by 60 minutes.

Conclusion
The buffering capacity of THAM is equal to that of BIC, although THAM does not cause the transient hypernatremia or hypercapnia observed after BIC administration. Hypocalcemia may be transient after administration of either solution. Thus, THAM is an acceptable alternative to BIC for treatment of metabolic acidosis in selected anesthetized dogs. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:771–776)
Detection of activated platelets and platelet-leukocyte aggregates in horses
Authors: Weiss Douglas J. , Evanson Oral A. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine the potential usefulness of tests for detection of platelet activation and platelet-leukocyte aggregates in horses.

Samples
Blood from 3 healthy Thoroughbreds.

Procedures
Microscopic and flow cytometric assays were used to evaluate spontaneous platelet aggregation, platelet activation, and platelet-leukocyte aggregates. Platelet activation was detected by evaluation of binding of anti-human fibrinogen to unactivated and ADP-, thrombin-, thrombin agonist receptor peptide-, and platelet activating factor-activated platelets. Platelet-leukocyte aggregates were evaluated microscopically and by flow cytometric determination of leukocyte fluorescence that resulted from binding of fluorescently labeled platelets to leukocytes.

Results
Equine platelets readily aggregated spontaneously when blood was stirred at low, medium, and high speeds. Compared with unactivated platelets, activated platelets had a marked increase in the percentage of cells with increased fluorescence intensity and in mean fluorescence intensity. Unactivated platelets formed aggregates with neutrophils and monocytes, but not with lymphocytes. Activation of platelets resulted in a calcium-dependent increase in platelet-leukocyte aggregates.

Conclusions
Flow cytometric techniques can be used to detect in vitro platelet activation and platelet-leukocyte aggregates in horses.

Clinical Relevance
Flow cytometric techniques may be useful for detection of prothrombotic disorders in horses. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:823–827)
Efficacy of a subcutaneously administered, ultraviolet light-killed Pasteurella multocida A:3-containing bacterin against transthoracic challenge exposure in goats
Authors: Purdy Charles W. , Straus David C. , Ayers J. R. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine the effectiveness of Pasteurella multocida biovar A, serovar 3 (Pm A:3) killed by exposure to UV light and incorporated with a polyacrylate bead carrier as a vaccine.

Animals
18 weanling male Spanish goats.

Procedure
Prospective, randomized controlled study with 3 treatment groups: positive-control (PC), negative-control (NC), and principal Pm A:3 bacterin (PA) groups. Six PC goats each received live Pm A:3 and polyacrylate beads twice, 22 days apart, by transthoracic injection into the left lung. Six NC goats each received only PA beads twice, 22 days apart, by transthoracic injection. Six principal goats each received Pm A:3 vaccine SC twice, 22 days apart. Fourteen days after the second vaccination, all goats were challenge exposed with live Pm A:3 by transthoracic injection into the right lung, and 4 days later they were euthanatized and necropsied.

Results
Mean volume of consolidated lung tissue at the challenge site was 1.75 cm3 for the PC group, 15.18 cm3 for the NC group, and 3.9 cm3 for the PA vaccine group. The NC group had a significantly (P ≤ 0.002) larger mean volume of consolidated lung tissue than did the PC and PA groups after challenge exposure.

Conclusions
The PA bacterin and the PC groups developed protective immunity against live Pm A:3 challenge exposure. An SC administered, UV light-killed, Pm A:3 bacterin induced protective immunity similar to that induced by virulent live Pm A:3 injected into the target organ, the lung. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:841–847)
Effects of oral or intravenous inoculation with Brucella abortus strain RB51 vaccine in Beagles
Authors: Palmer Mitchell V. , Cheville Norman F. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objectives
To determine whether the vaccine Brucella abortus strain RB51 (SRB51) would infect dogs, be shed in urine or feces, or cause placentitis and abortion.

Animals
18 Beagles.

Procedure
Males (n = 3), nonpregnant females (n = 3), and pregnant females (n = 4) were inoculated orally with SRB51; control dogs (n = 2) were fed sterile saline solution. A separate group of pregnant females (n = 5) received SRB51 IV, and their controls (n = 1) received sterile saline solution IV. Dogs were observed twice daily for evidence of abortion. Urine and feces were collected periodically for bacteriologic culture, and blood was collected for bacteriologic culture and serologic analysis. At full gestation (oral and IV inoculated pregnant females) or on postinoculation day 49 (nonpregnant females and males), dogs were euthanatized and samples were collected for bacteriologic culture and microscopic examination.

Results
Abortion was not apparent during the study, and SRB51 was not found in samples of urine or feces from any dog. Strain RB51 was isolated from retropharyngeal lymph nodes from all orally inoculated dogs (9/9). One orally inoculated and 1 IV inoculated pregnant dog had SRB51 in placental tissues. Strain RB51 was also isolated from 1 fetus from the orally inoculated female dog with placentitis, but lesions were not detected in the fetus.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
Oral inoculation of nonpregnant female or male dogs with SRB51 did not result in shedding in urine or feces, although oropharyngeal lymph nodes became infected; in pregnant females, it caused infection of the placenta, with resulting placentitis and fetal infection, but abortion was not apparent. Intravenous inoculation resulted in infection of maternal spleen, liver, and placenta; however, fetal infection and abortion were not observed. Infected canine placental membranes or fluids may be a source of infection for other animals and human beings. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:851–856)
Itraconazole disposition after single oral and intravenous and multiple oral dosing in healthy cats
Authors: Boothe D. M. , Herring I. , Calvin James , Way Nelson , Dvorak Joy 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine the disposition of itraconazole in cats after single IV and oral dosing (as a solution or capsule) and multiple oral (capsule) dosing, and to establish bioavailability after oral administration of the solution.

Animals
6 healthy cats for experiment 1 (E1), and 12 cats for experiment 2 (E2).

Procedure
For E1 (nonrandomized crossover design), each cat received a single dose of itraconazole solution (5 mg/kg of body weight) orally, and 1 month later, another dose IV. Blood samples were collected for 96 hours. For E2, each cat was given either 5 (group [G] 1) or 10 (G2) mg of itraconazole/kg (capsules) twice daily for 6 weeks. Samples were collected for 96 hours after the first and last dose. Itraconazole was detected by use of high-performance liquid chromatography.

Results
For E1, itraconazole plasma drug concentration extrapolated to time zero (IV dose) was 5.2 ±1.4 μg/ml, and mean residence time (MRT) was 37 ± 16 hours. For oral dosing, maximal itraconazole concentration was 1.69 ± 0.864 μg/ml, MRT was 48 ± 17 hours, and bioavailability was 78.8 ± 28%. For the multiple oral dosing study, MRT (at last dose: 81.1 ± 97.4 hours for G1, and 63.1 ± 15.1 hours for G2) was shorter (P = 0.02) at first dose, compared with last dose, for both groups but did not differ between groups. Maximal concentration did not differ between groups at either time. Steady state was achieved at 14 to 21 days. All cats tolerated itraconazole with no evidence of adverse effects.

Conclusions
The oral itraconazole solution is preferred to capsules; a 24-hour dosing interval should be sufficient; 10 mg/kg given daily should generate therapeutic concentrations in most cats; steady-state concentrations may take up to 3 weeks to achieve; and cats appear to tolerate itraconazole well. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:872–877)
Effects of airway obstruction on transmural pulmonary artery pressure in exercising horses
Authors: Jackson Jennifer Anne , Ducharme Norm Guy , Hackett Richard Patrick , Rehder Renata Schmidt , Ainsworth Dorothy Marie , Shannon Kevin James , Erickson Bruce Kipp , Erb Hollis Nancy , Jansson Nicolai , Soderholm Leo Vincent , Thorson Lisa Marie 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine whether laryngeal hemiplegia would increase transmural pulmonary artery pressure (TPAP).

Animals
6 horses.

Design
Horses were studied under 5 conditions: control conditions, after induction of left laryngeal hemiplegia, during obstruction of the left nostril, after placement of an instrumented tracheostomy, and after placement of an open tracheostomy. Horses were evaluated after being given saline solution and after being given furosemide.

Procedures
Horses were exercised on a high speed treadmill, using a maximum speed of 13 m/s. During each exercise, airway pressures, airflow, esophageal and pulmonary artery pressures, and blood gas partial pressures were measured.

Results
When adjusted for horse, speed, and obstruction condition, mean TPAP (pulmonary artery pressure – esophageal pressure) and minimum TPAP were significantly lower after administration of furosemide than after administration of saline solution. In horses given saline solution, respiratory obstruction that increased intrapleural pressure significantly increased mean TPAP, and respiratory obstruction that decreased intrapleural pressure significantly decreased minimum TPAP.

Conclusions
Changes in intrapleural pressure appear to play an important role in pulmonary artery pressure and TPAP.

Clinical Relevance
Because induction of laryngeal hemiplegia did not increase TPAP, laryngeal hemiplegia is unlikely to contribute to development of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:897–903)
Use of jugular venous blood, compared with mixed venous blood, for measurement of venous oxygenation indices in a porcine model of endotoxic shock
Authors: Wohl James S. , Baggs Aaron , Lin Jia L. , Fink Mitchell P. , Dhupa Nishi 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate the reliability of oxygen saturation and oxygen content values measured from jugular venous blood in estimating values measured from mixed venous blood during endotoxic shock.

Animals
14 random-bred 10- to 15-kg Yorkshire pigs.

Procedure
60 pairs of heparinized blood samples were simultaneously collected from the pulmonary artery and right jugular vein during an independent study, using a porcine model of endotoxic shock. Endotoxic shock was induced by infusion of Escherichia coli endotoxin. Eighteen of the sample pairs were obtained from pigs prior to infusion of endotoxin or from control pigs. Oxygen saturation and venous oxygen content were measured by direct oximetry. Analysis of bias and precision was used to compare jugular venous blood values with values obtained from mixed venous blood. Samples from endotoxemic pigs were subclassified on the basis of abnormal states of global oxygen imbalance associated with septic shock.

Results
Indices of venous oxygenation measured from jugular venous blood were an imprecise method of estimating values measured from mixed venous blood. There was no significant difference in bias between nonendotoxemic and endotoxemic pigs, regardless of abnormal hemodynamic states.

Conclusion
Jugular venous blood oxygen saturation and oxygen content values should not be used to assess global oxygen transport during endotoxic shock. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:910–914)
Characterization of cytokine profiles and double-positive lymphocyte subpopulations in normal bovine lungs
Authors: Mathy Nathalie L. , Walker John , Lee Rogan P. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To characterize cytokine profiles and lymphocyte subpopulations in lung parenchyma and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid from normal bovine lungs.

Animals
Eight 12- to 18-month-old cattle.

Procedure
Cell populations in BAL fluid and collagenase-digested lung parenchyma were analyzed by flow cytometry and monoclonal antibodies. Proportions of total cell populations were determined, using Giemsa-stained cytospots. Distribution of lymphocytes within the lung parenchyma was analyzed by immunohistochemistry, and cytokine mRNA species in the parenchyma were characterized by use of reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis.

Results
Cytokine profiles indicated high amounts of mRNA for interleukins 6 and 10 and transforming growth factor β. In the BAL fluid and lung parenchyma, macrophages were the predominant cell type, although the proportion was lower in the parenchyma. Lymphocytes made up approximately 3% of both cell populations. Common to both lung compartments was the predominance of CD2+ and γδ T cells over B lymphocytes. There were more CD8+ T cells than CD4+ T cells in both compartments. The γδ cells made up approximately 9% of the lymphocyte populations. Two-color flow cytometry revealed CD8+ γδ T cell and CD8+CD5− populations that were unique to BAL fluid. In the BAL fluid and parenchyma, most CD4+ and CD8+T cells expressed high amounts of CD44, a characteristic of memory T cells. The γδ T cells were CD44lo, as were B cells in the lung parenchyma. The B cells from BAL fluid expressed high amounts of CD44. Immunohistologic analysis of lung tissue revealed bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue structures with distinctive germinal center organization of B cells encompassed by CD4+ T cells.

Conclusions
Results provided normal values for comparison with those of other species and with the bovine respiratory tract response to disease. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:969–975)