Effective connectivity relates seizure outcome to electrode placement in responsive neurostimulation
Authors: Kobayashi Katsuya , Taylor Kenneth N , Shahabi Hossein , Krishnan Balu , Joshi Anand , Mackow Michael J , Feldman Lauren , Zamzam Omar , Medani Takfarinas , Bulacio Juan , Alexopoulos Andreas V , Najm Imad , Bingaman William , Leahy Richard M , Nair Dileep R 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Responsive neurostimulation is a closed-loop neuromodulation therapy for drug resistant focal epilepsy. Responsive neurostimulation electrodes are placed near ictal onset zones so as to enable detection of epileptiform activity and deliver electrical stimulation. There is no standard approach for determining the optimal placement of responsive neurostimulation electrodes. Clinicians make this determination based on presurgical tests, such as MRI, EEG, magnetoencephalography, ictal single-photon emission computed tomography and intracranial EEG. Currently functional connectivity measures are not being used in determining the placement of responsive neurostimulation electrodes. Cortico-cortical evoked potentials are a measure of effective functional connectivity. Cortico-cortical evoked potentials are generated by direct single-pulse electrical stimulation and can be used to investigate cortico-cortical connections in vivo. We hypothesized that the presence of high amplitude cortico-cortical evoked potentials, recorded during intracranial EEG monitoring, near the eventual responsive neurostimulation contact sites is predictive of better outcomes from its therapy. We retrospectively reviewed 12 patients in whom cortico-cortical evoked potentials were obtained during stereoelectroencephalography evaluation and subsequently underwent responsive neurostimulation therapy. We studied the relationship between cortico-cortical evoked potentials, the eventual responsive neurostimulation electrode locations and seizure reduction. Directional connectivity indicated by cortico-cortical evoked potentials can categorize stereoelectroencephalography electrodes as either receiver nodes/in-degree (an area of greater inward connectivity) or projection nodes/out-degree (greater outward connectivity). The follow-up period for seizure reduction ranged from 1.3–4.8 years (median 2.7) after responsive neurostimulation therapy started. Stereoelectroencephalography electrodes closest to the eventual responsive neurostimulation contact site tended to show larger in-degree cortico-cortical evoked potentials, especially for the early latency cortico-cortical evoked potentials period (10–60 ms period) in six out of 12 patients. Stereoelectroencephalography electrodes closest to the responsive neurostimulation contacts (≤5 mm) also had greater significant out-degree in the early cortico-cortical evoked potentials latency period than those further away (≥10 mm) (P &lt; 0.05). Additionally, significant correlation was noted between in-degree cortico-cortical evoked potentials and greater seizure reduction with responsive neurostimulation therapy at its most effective period (P &lt; 0.05). These findings suggest that functional connectivity determined by cortico-cortical evoked potentials may provide additional information that could help guide the optimal placement of responsive neurostimulation electrodes.