bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oral administration of tylosin phosphate for treatment and prevention of proliferative enteropathy in pigs
Authors: McOrist Steven , Morgan Jeremy , Veenhuizen Melissa Fleck , Lawrence Keith , Kroger Hubert W. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate the efficacy of orally administered tylosin phosphate for prevention and treatment proliferative enteropathy (PE) in pigs.

Animals
Crossbred pigs weaned at 24 days of age.

Procedure
Pigs were challenge exposed with an inoculum of Lawsonia intracellularis strain LR189/5/83- Seven control pigs received buffer solution. Of 33 challenge-exposed pigs, 8 were untreated. Two groups of challenge-exposed pigs were dosed orally with tylosin phosphate via a 2% stabilized premix, starting with 100 or 40 ppm 4 days before challenge exposure and continuing for 16 days, when the dose was reduced to 40 or 20 ppm, respectively, which was continued for 12 more days. Another group of challenge-exposed pigs was dosed orally with 100 ppm of tylosin phosphate commencing 7 days after challenge exposure and continuing for 21 days. Pigs were euthanatized and necropsied 4 weeks after challenge exposure.

Results
The 8 untreated pigs had reduced weight gain; 3 of them had moderate diarrhea 3 weeks after challenge exposure. Five pigs had gross lesions of PE at necropsy. Seven pigs had histologic lesions of PE with numerous L intracellularis organisms. None of the pigs in the control, nonchallenge-exposed, or the 3 groups given tylosin phosphate before or after challenge exposure had clinical signs or lesions of PE.

Conclusion and Clinical Implications
Tylosin phosphate can be effective for prevention and for treatment of PE, using reported dosing schedules. We can experimentally induce PE, using the pure culture challenge-exposure model, for use in testing of treatments. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:136–139)
Effects of choreito consumption on urine variables of healthy cats fed a magnesium-supplemented commercial diet
Authors: Buffington C. A. Tony , Blaisdell Jean L. , Kawase K. , Komatsu Y. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To investigate the effect of choreito consumption (500 mg/kg of body weight/d) on struvite crystal formation and signs of lower urinary tract disease (LUTD) in cats consuming a commercial canned diet with 0.5% added inorganic magnesium.

Sample Population
6 male and 6 female adult cats, all considered to be clinically normal on the basis of physical examination findings; results of CBC, serum biochemical analyses, urinalyses, and urine cultures; and freedom from urolithiasis on the basis of urethrocystoscopic (females) or urethrocystographic (males) findings.

Procedure
Diets were fed for 12 weeks, or until appearance of signs of LUTD, including dysuria, hematuria, urine pH > 7.0, and severe struvite crystalluria. Presence of at least 2 of these signs was required for removal from study. Urine specimens were examined for electrolytes, struvite crystal content, and hematuria.

Results
Results for urine variables were compared between groups at 4 weeks, because of reduction in cat numbers attributable to removal from study. Struvite crystal content of 24-hour urine specimens was significantly lower for cats fed the choreito-containing diet. Moreover, frequency and severity of hematuria were significantly decreased in cats fed the choreito-containing diet. Correlation between hematuria and struvite crystal content was not observed in either group. Additionally, all 6 cats fed the diet without choreito had been removed from study by day 58 because of signs of LUTD. Of the 6 cats fed the choreito-containing diet, 2 completed the 12-week study.

Clinical Relevance
Choreito may be beneficial for relief of some signs of struvite-associated LUTD disease in cats. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:146–149)
Effects of a carfentanil-xylazine combination on cardiopulmonary function and plasma catecholamine concentrations in female bongo antelopes
Authors: Schumacher Juergen , Citino Scott B. , Dawson Ralph 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine the effects of an IM administered carfentanil-xylazine combination on cardiopulmonary variables and plasma catecholamine concentrations and to validate use of pulse oximetry in bongo antelopes.

Animals
8 healthy adult females.

Procedure
Antelopes were immobilized with carfentanil citrate (8.3 µg/kg of body weight, IM) and xylazine hydrochloride (0.79 mg/kg, IM). Hematologic values and plasma biochemical and catecholamine concentrations were determined at the beginning and end of immobilization. Immediately after induction of immobilization and every 15 minutes thereafter, cardiopulmonary variables were determined.

Results
Induction time after carfentanil-xylazine administration was 6 ± 2 minutes. At 15 and 45 minutes after immobilization and thereafter, significant decrease in heart and respiratory rates, respectively, were observed. After 15 minutes of immobilization, all antelopes had developed mild hypoxemia, which resolved after nasal insufflation with 100% oxygen. Pulse oximetry readings underestimated arterial blood gas values, but reliably indicated trends in arterial oxygen desaturation. Antelopes developed hypoxemia after oxygen administration was terminated at the end of the procedure, prior to reversal of immobilization. Norepinephrine concentrations increased significantly (P < 0.05), and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid concentrations decreased significantly at the end of the anesthetic event. Immobilization of all antelopes was reversed, using antagonists naltrexone and yohimbine hydrochloride. Time to standing was 3 ± 1 minutes, and renarcotization was not observed.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
The carfentanil-xylazine combination at the dosage used induced hypoxemia, pronounced arterial hypertension, and significant increase in plasma norepinephrine and decrease in plasma 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid concentrations in bongo antelopes. Supplemental administration of oxygen is recommended. Pulse oximetry is a useful tool to monitor trends in arterial oxygen desaturation, but does not substitute for arterial blood gas analysis. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:157–161)
Excretion of the anabolic steroid boldenone by racing pigeons
Authors: Hagedorn Heinz-Werner , Zankl Heidrun , Grund Christian , Schulz Rüdiger 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objectives
To detect the anabolic steroid boldenone and to monitor its elimination in the droppings (hereafter referred to as feces) of pigeons treated with the drug.

Animals
8 female pigeons (“Texas” race, 500 ± 20 g).

Procedure
4 pigeons were given boldenone-17-undecylenate (10 mg/kg of body weight, IM). Feces were collected over defined periods, freeze-dried, extracted with buffer (pH 7.2), and centrifuged. Total immunoreactivity in the supernatant was determined directly by use of an ELISA, and individual boldenone concentration was measured by use of a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)/ELISA after solvent extraction of the aqueous phase. An additional 4 pigeons received a 1-mg/kg dose of the drug.

Results
Screening of feces from boldenone-treated pigeons revealed detection of the drug up to 49 days after its administration. The free parent compound was detected during the same period at a constant value of 12 ng/g of lyophilized feces. Positive results predicted by screening were reliably confirmed by the HPLC/ELISA. Treatment of pigeons with a lower dosage (1 mg/kg) yielded positive results for 31 days.

Conclusions
Illegal medication of pigeons with the anabolic steroid boldenone can be uncovered by screening of feces, using a specific ELISA. Confirmation analysis by use of 2 HPLC systems combined with ELISA reliably yields evidence of drug misuse. Owing to the multiple immunoreactive material, the apparent boldenone concentrations registered by screening markedly exceeded the immunoreactivity attributed to boldenone recovered by HPLC/ELISA. Because the test yields positive results in pigeons for at least 31 days after a single treatment, even at a low dosage of the 17-undecylenate preparation (1 mg/kg), the proposed boldenone test procedure is recommended for doping control in racing pigeons. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:224–227)
Comparison of selected canine vaccines for their ability to induce protective immunity against canine parvovirus infection
Authors: Larson L. J. , Schultz R. D. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To compare the ability of 6 commercially available multicomponent canine vaccines to stimulate antibody production in pups with variable amounts of maternally derived canine parvovirus (CPV) antibody and to induce protective immunity against challenge exposure.

Animals
Sixty-three 5- to 6-week-old Beagle pups with passively acquired CPV antibody titer between 1:20 and 1:320.

Procedure
9 pups were assigned to each of 6 vaccine groups and 1 control group. Eight pups in each group were inoculated with vaccine or saline solution twice, with 3 weeks between administrations. The ninth pup served as an uninoculated contact control. Serum samples were obtained weekly and tested for CPV antibody by hemagglutination-inhibition assay. All pups were challenge exposed with virulent CPV-2a and CPV-2b at 14 to 15 weeks of age.

Results
3 of the vaccines failed to provide protective immunity against challenge exposure because all pups in these groups became infected and most died. A fourth vaccine protected against death, but not infection and disease. Two of the 6 vaccines induced an immune response that was protective against infection and disease.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance
Substantial differences existed among commercial vaccines available in 1994 in their ability to immunize pups with maternally derived CPV antibody. These differences caused many vaccinated pups to be susceptible to CPV disease for variable periods because some vaccines failed to immunize. Importantly, all 4 of the vaccines that performed poorly have recently been replaced by more effective products so that the 6 vaccines now perform similarly. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58: 360-363)
Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of intravenously and orally administered allopurinol in healthy Beagles
Authors: Bartges Joseph W. , Osborne Carl A. , Felice Lawrence J. , Koehler Lori A. , Ulrich Lisa K. , Bird Kathy A. , Chen Menglan , Sawchuk Ronald J. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objectives
To determine bioavailability and pharmacokinetic parameters for allopurinol and its active metabolite, oxypurinol.

Animals
6 healthy, reproductively intact female Beagles, 4.9 to 5.2 years old, and weighing 9.5 to 11.5 kg.

Procedure
In the first part of the study, allopurinol was administered IV at a dosage of 10 mg/kg of body weight to 3 dogs and 5 mg/kg to 3 dogs; the sequence was then reversed. In the second part of the study, allopurinol was administered orally at a dosage of 15 mg/kg to 3 dogs and 7.5 mg/kg to 3 dogs; the sequence was then reversed. In the third part of the study, allopurinol was administered IV (10 mg/kg), orally (15 mg/kg) with food, and orally (15 mg/kg) without food. Plasma samples were obtained at timed intervals, and concentrations of allopurinol and oxypurinol were determined.

Results
Maximal plasma allopurinol concentration and area under plasma allopurinol and oxypurinol concentration-time curves were 2 times greater when dogs were given 10 mg of allopurinol/kg IV, compared with 5 mg/kg, and when dogs were given 15 mg of allopurinol/kg orally, compared with 7.5 mg/kg. Allopurinol elimination half-life, time to reach maximal plasma oxypurinol concentration, and oxypurinol elimination half-life were significantly greater when dogs received 10 mg of allopurinol/kg IV, compared with 5 mg/kg, and when dogs received 15 mg of allopurinol/kg orally, compared with 7.5 mg/kg.

Conclusions
Elimination of allopurinol is dependent on nonlinear enzyme kinetics. The bioavailability of allopurinol, and pharmacokinetic parameters of allopurinol and oxypurinol after oral administration of allopurinol, are not affected by administration with food.

Clinical Relevance
A dose threshold exists beyond which additional allopurinol would not substantially further inhibit xanthine oxidase activity. Oral administration of > 15 mg of allopurinol/kg to dogs would not be expected to result in greater reduction of plasma and urine uric acid concentrations. Also, allopurinol may be administered to dogs for dissolution or prevention of urate uroliths without regard to time of feeding. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:504–510)
Influence of type and breed of horse on serum osteocalcin concentration, and evaluation of the applicability of a bovine radioimmunoassay and a human immunoradiometric assay to measure the hormone
Authors: Lepage Olivier M. , Eicher Richard , Uebelhart Brigitte , Tschudi Peter 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objectives
To evaluate applicability of a human osteocalcin (OC) immunoradiometric assay (IRMA) for use with equine serum and compare it with a bovine radioimmunoassay (RIA) previously proven valid for such samples, and to describe the effect of type and breed of horses on serum OC concentration.

Animals
100 healthy horses of either sex, classified as type I or II (draught or warmblood, respectively). Each type was represented by 2 breed groups, each comprising 25 horses.

Procedure
Blood samples were collected in the morning, and the serum was separated. Osteocalcin was measured, using commercially available RIA and IRMA kits, according to the manufacturer's instructions. All samples were evaluated in duplicate.

Results
The human IRMA did not recognize equine OC. Significant variations in the bovine RIA results were observed between types of horses. Draught horses had lower OC concentration, compared with warmblood horses. Significant difference was not observed between breeds for type of horse. Sex had no influence on serum OC values, but age was a significant covariable for both types of horses.

Conclusions
No crossreactivity exists between the equine and human amino- and/or carboxy-terminus of OC, using this particular human IRMA kit. Difference in blood OC concentration exists between draught and warmblood types of horses.

Clinical Relevance
Use of this human IRMA kit is not valid for equine serum. Horse type must be taken into account when evaluating OC concentration in research or clinical situations, especially if small variations in OC concentration are expected. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:574–578)
Pathogenesis of infection induced by an adenovirus isolated from a goat
Authors: Lehmkuhl H. D. , Cutlip R. C. , Meehan J. T. , DeBey B. M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine the pathogenic potential of an adenovirus isolated from a goat.

Animals
14 colostrum-deprived, isolation-reared goat kids approximately 3 weeks old.

Procedure
Kids were inoculated with either cell culture fluid containing adenovirus (n = 10) or uninfected cell culture fluid (n = 4): 2 ml transtracheally and 1 ml/nostril. Clinical signs of disease and rectal temperature were recorded daily; nasal secretion and fecal specimens were collected daily. Control kids were necropsied, 2/d, on postinoculation days (PID) 5 and 10. Virus-inoculated kids were necropsied on PID 3, 5, 7, 10, and 28. After necropsy, lung, liver, kidney, and brain specimens were aseptically collected for virus isolation attempts. Tracheal fluid was collected on sterile cotton swabs. Turbinate, trachea, lung, mediastinal lymph node, liver, kidney, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, mesenteric lymph node, colon, and brain specimens were collected for histologic evaluation.

Results
Kids developed mild-to-moderate clinical respiratory tract infection. Virus was recovered consistently from nasal secretion and sporadically from fecal specimens. Grossly, there were multiple areas of atelectasis and hyperemia, principally in the cranioventral portion of the lungs. Microscopically, there was detachment and sloughing of foci of epithelial cells of the terminal bronchioles and alveoli. In kids necropsied late in the disease, these changes were accompanied by hyperplasia of type-II epithelial cells. Viral inclusions were not an obvious feature, but a few cells contained probable inclusions.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
The caprine adenovirus reported here is capable of inducing respiratory tract disease and lesions in the lungs of young kids. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:608–611)
Multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay for genotyping Clostridium perfringens
Authors: Meer Ralph R. , Songer J. Glenn 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To develop a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay to detect the genes for the major toxins of Clostridium perfringens (cpa [α toxin], cpb [β toxin], etx [ε toxin], iA [ι i toxin], and cpe [enterotoxin]).

Sample Population
Cultures of C perfringens obtained from collections and diagnosticians throughout North America.

Procedure
PCR primers were derived from published sequences of the genes for the major toxins (the “typing” toxins and enterotoxin). The concentration of each primer was titrated in a PCR assay to allow concurrent amplification of multiple target sequences, and other parameters of the assay were optimized (including concentrations of other reagents and times and temperatures for denaturation of template, annealing of primers, and primer extension). Specificity of the assay was measured by comparing genotype with phenotype (where it was known).

Results
The genotype, determined by multiplex PCR assay, agreed with phenotype in 99% (86/87) of strains where phenotype had been determined. Applied to 361 isolates from domestic animals and human beings, 95% (n = 344) were type A, and 12.8% (n = 44) of these contained cpe. The remaining 5% (n = 17) of the isolates were type B (n = 1), type C (n = 11), type D (n = 2), or type E (n = 4).

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance
Previous studies have documented usefulness of PCR in genotyping C perfringens. The multiplex assay is as effective, but simpler, and may be a useful alternative to standard in vivo typing methods. Results of genotyping of field isolates suggested the need for further epidemiologic study of clostridial enteritis, particularly as this pertains to predominant etiologic toxin types, and documented the presence of the reportedly rare genotypes B and E. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:702–705)
Influences of breed, sex, and susceptibility to malignant hyperthermia on lipid composition of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue in swine
Authors: Hartmann Stephan , Otten Winfried , Kratzmair Marion , Seewald Markus J. , Iaizzo Paul A. , Eichinger Hans M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine influences of breed, sex, and susceptibility to malignant hyperthermia on composition of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue in swine.

Animals
35 male and female swine of German Landrace and Pietrain breeds and of 2 genotypes, normal (MHN) and susceptible to malignant hyperthermia (MHS).

Procedure
Pigs were fed a standard diet ad libitum. After attaining body weight of approximately 100 kg, pigs were slaughtered and skeletal (longissimus thoracis and supraspinatus) muscle and adipose tissue (3 sites) specimens were removed. For each specimen, lipids were extracted by chloroform/methanol and fatty acid (FA) pattern, and cholesterol concentration was determined by gas chromatography.

Results
The overall lipid contents differed significantly between breeds and genotypes; the MHS Pietrain pigs had the lowest lipid quantities. The relative amounts of saturated FA in all tissues were highest in Landrace pigs (P < 0.05), whereas the relative contents of monoenic FA were lower. In addition, for both breeds, the MHN pigs had significantly higher saturated and lower polyunsaturated FA values in all tissues, compared with MHS pigs. More specifically, MHS females of both breeds had the highest relative amounts of polyunsaturated FA. In general, relative cholesterol contents were found to vary little between identified groups.

Conclusions
These data may indicate that, not only does mutation of the calcium release channel of the sarcoplasmatic reticulum, which occurs in MHS swine, influence secondary changes in lipid composition, but so do hormone concentrations and other genotypic factors. Observed differences in lipid content and FA composition could consequently influence specific membrane properties, such as fluidity and cell signaling. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:738–743)
Synovial fluid interleukin 6, tumor necrosis factor, and nitric oxide values in dogs with osteoarthritis secondary to cranial cruciate ligament rupture
Authors: Hay Callum W. , Chu Qili , Budsberg Steven C. , Clayton Murray K. , Johnson Kenneth A. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To measure and compare values of interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and nitric oxide (NO) metabolites in synovial fluid from canine joints with osteoarthritis (OA) secondary to naturally acquired cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) rupture and experimental CCL transection.

Animals
57 dogs (clinical group) with OA secondary to CCL rupture; 5 dogs (experimental group) with OA secondary to CCL transection; 19 control dogs with normal joints.

Procedure
Joints were radiographed and graded for severity of OA. Synovial fluid was collected from dogs: at surgery from the clinical group, at 90 days after surgery from the experimental group, and at necropsy from the control group. Activities of IL-6 and TNF, as well as concentration of the NO metabolites (NO2−/NO3−) were measured, and results were reported as mean ± SEM.

Results
IL-6 activity in dogs of the clinical (290 ± 40 U/ml) and experimental (494 ± 165 U/ml) groups was greater than that in control dogs (6 ± 1.6 U/ml; P < 0.05). The TNF values in dogs of the clinical (3.0 ± 0.5 pg/ml) and experimental (2.0 ± 0.9 pg/ml) groups were lower than those in control dogs (8.6 ± 2.3 pg/ml; P < 0.05). The IL-6 values were negatively associated with radiographic score of OA and were positively associated with age (R2 = 26.5%, P < 0.05).

Conclusion
Dogs with OA secondary to naturally acquired CCL rupture and experimental CCL transection had significantly different alterations in synovial fluid IL-6 and TNF values. The decrease in IL-6 activity with advancing OA was independent of the increase in IL-6 activity with aging.

Clinical Relevance
IL-6 and TNF may be involved in pathogenesis of OA secondary to naturally acquired and experimentally induced CCL rupture. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:1027–1032)