bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Muscles of facial expression in Otolemur, with a comparison to Lemuroidea
Authors: Burrows Anne M. , Smith Timothy D. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractGross and histologic aspects of facial expression muscles are presented here for Otolemur spp. (suborder Prosimii, family Lorisidae) and are compared with those of lemuroids. Muscles of facial expression are involved in social signaling among primates, and are a primary means by which close‐proximity nonverbal communication is achieved. These muscles have been well described in catarrhines and many of the lemuroids; however, their arrangement is not well known in the lorisids. In the present study we examined muscles of facial expression in Otolemur by dissecting preserved faces. The arrangement and appearance of the muscles were noted, and samples were gathered from each muscle for histologic processing. The results showed 17 muscles of facial expression in Otolemur, as compared to seven reported in previous studies. Histologically, muscles of the ear region were arranged in tight, dense fascicles, while muscles of the orbital region were arranged more loosely. Grossly, the facial expression muscles in Otolemur were very similar in morphology and attachments to those in the lemuroids, with some differences in the ear region. Otolemur garnettii had several muscles that appeared to be more robust than in the larger O. crassicaudatus. This may be due to dietary and/or social differences between the species. In previous studies it was concluded that, relative to lemuroids, Otolemur has a primitive arrangement of facial expression muscles. The current results do not support that conclusion, and in fact support a far greater similarity between Otolemur and lemuroids in general. These results underscore the need for a reexamination of facial musculature in prosimians in general, and may have taxonomic value as regards the position of Otolemur with lemuroids and other galagos. Anat Rec Part A 274A:827–836, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stereological changes in the capillary network of the aging dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus
Authors: Villena Alicia , Vidal Lourdes , Díaz Florentina , Pérez De Vargas Ignacio 
Published: August 2003

AbstractIn this work we studied the effect of aging on the capillaries of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus in 3‐, 18‐, 24‐, and 28‐month‐old rats. The parameters analyzed were the capillary profile density, capillary volume fraction, length and surface area per unit volume, and capillary average diameter. The quantitative analysis showed in all parameters an increase between 3 and 18 months, and a significant decrease in capillary volume fraction (−18.75%) and diameter (−5.5%) between 18 and 24 months. No changes from 24 months onwards were observed. The increase observed in capillary profile density and capillary volume fraction between 3 and 18 months may indicate an increase of the capillary network. Furthermore, we observed an increase in the length and surface area per unit volume, which we interpret as an expansion of the exchange surface between blood and nerve tissue. The reduction in the capillary parameters that takes place between 18 and 24 months is slight, and may indicate the onset of decline characteristic of aging. Anat Rec Part A 274A:857–861, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Supramolecular exciton chirality of carotenoid aggregates
Authors: Simonyi Miklós , Bikádi Zsolt , Zsila Ferenc , Deli József 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThe conventional organic chemistry concept of chirality relates to single molecules. This article deals with cases in which exciton chirality is generated by the interaction of associated carotenoids. The handed property responsible for exciton signals in these systems is due to the alignment of neighboring molecules held together by secondary chemical forces. Their mutual positions are characterized by the overlay angle. Experimental manifestation is obtained by spectroscopic studies on carotenoid aggregates. Compared to molecular spectra, both UV/visible and circular dichroism spectroscopic observations reveal modified absorption bands and induced Cotton effects of opposite sign (exciton couplets), respectively. A new term, “supramolecular exciton chirality,” is suggested for these phenomena, allowing the detection of weak chemical interactions not readily accessible for experimental studies, although highly important in the mechanism of biological processes. Chirality 15:680–698, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comprehensive strategy for chiral separations using sulfated cyclodextrins in capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Evans Christine E. , Stalcup Apryll M. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThis review focuses on the emerging role of sulfated cyclodextrins in the capillary electrophoretic (CE) separation of chiral analytes. Since being introduced as enantioselective agents for CE in 1995, these anionic additives have continued to demonstrate remarkable application universality. The broad spectrum of chiral compounds successfully separated using this approach includes acidic, basic, neutral, and zwitterionic species. This impressive array of analyte structures is derived from a growing diversity of compound classes including pharmaceuticals, plant extracts, biomarkers, herbicides, alkaloids, fungicides, and metal ions. Moreover, literature reports highlight the minimal optimization required to achieve a successful separation. Based on these findings, sulfated cyclodextrins appear to be well suited for the development of a more universal, comprehensive separation strategy for chiral compounds. This review explores this proposition by beginning with the structure and migration properties of sulfated cyclodextrins, using applications to highlight the separating power of this technique and ending with a pragmatic, comprehensive separation strategy. Chirality 15:709–723, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
On the application of the Helmholtz–Hodge decomposition in projection methods for incompressible flows with general boundary conditions
Authors: Maria Denaro Filippo 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThis paper is concerned with the analysis of the Helmholtz–Hodge decomposition theorem since it plays a fundamental role in the projection methods that are adopted in the numerical solution of the Navier–Stokes equations for incompressible flows. The paper highlights the role of the orthogonal decomposition of a vector field in a bounded domain when general boundary conditions are in effect. In fact, even if Fractional Time‐Step Methods are standard procedures for de‐coupling the pressure gradient and the velocity field, many problems are encountered in performing the decoupling with higher accuracy. Since the problem of determining a unique and orthogonal decomposition requires only one boundary condition to be well posed, thus either the normal or the tangential ones, result exactly imposed at the end of the projection. Numerical errors are introduced in terms of both the pressure and the velocity but the orthogonality of decomposition guarantees that the former does not contribute to affect the accuracy of the latter. Moreover, it is shown that depending on the meaning of the vector to be decomposed, i.e. acceleration or velocity, the true orthogonal projector can be defined only when suitable boundary conditions are verified. Conversely, it is shown that when the decomposition results non‐orthogonal, the velocity accuracy suffers of other errors. The issue on the resulting accuracy order of the procedure is clearly addressed by means of several accuracy studies and a strategy for improving it is proposed. This paper follows and integrates the issues reported in Iannelli and Denaro (Int. J. Numer. Meth. Fluids 2003; 42: 399–437). Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessment of conservative weighting scheme in simulating chemical vapour deposition with trace species
Authors: Wu J.‐S. , Hsiao W.‐J. , Lian Y.‐Y. , Tseng K.‐C. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractLow‐pressure or ultra‐high vacuum chemical vapour deposition often involves important trace species in both gas‐phase and surface reactions. The conservative weighting scheme (J. Thermophys. Heat Transfer 1996;10(4) : 579) has been used to deal with the trace species often involved in some non‐reactive physical processes, which is otherwise considered computationally impossible using the conventional DSMC method. This conservative weighting scheme (CWS) improves greatly the statistical uncertainties by decreasing the weighting factors of trace‐species particles and ensures the conservation of both momentum and energy between two colliding particles with large difference of weighting factors. This CWS is further extended to treat reactive processes for gas‐phase and surface reactions with trace species, which is called extended conservative weighting scheme (ECWS). A single‐cell equilibrium simulation is performed for verifying both the CWS and ECWS in treating trace species. The results of using CWS show that it is most efficient and accurate for weight ratio (trace to non‐trace) equal to or less than 0.01 for flows with two and three species. The results of a single‐cell simulation using ECWS for gas‐phase reaction and surface reactions show that only ECWS can produce acceptable results with reasonable computational time. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Validation of the Korean version of the Bayer activities of daily living scale
Authors: Choi Seong Hye , Na Duk L. , Lee Byung Hwa , Kang Sue J. , Ha Choong‐Kun , Han Seol‐Heui , Erzigkeit Hellmut 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThe Bayer‐activities of daily living (B‐ADL) is a brief and internationally applicable ADL instrument which has been validated in three European countries. The B‐ADL has been developed to provide a tool for the assessment of functional deficits in performance of every day tasks as they are observed in mild to moderate stages of dementia. The B‐ADL has been constructed for use in clinical trials as well as in clinical practice. From an international perspective the major application is the evaluation of treatment effects in clinical studies and the current study was to validate the Korean version of the B‐ADL. The B‐ADL was administered to a total of 129 subjects with varying degrees of cognitive decline. A substantial cross‐sectional correlation between B‐ADL and MMSE scores was found. The internal consistency of B‐ADL was above 0.98. A factor analysis revealed that a one factor solution accounted for most of the total variance. The B‐ADL global score significantly increased as the severity of dementia, assessed by global deterioration scale increased from stage 1 to 5. Test–retest reliabilities of B‐ADL global score and each item were very high. All of these results were very similar to those from three European countries except for the proportion of ‘non‐applicability’ in some ADL items. These findings provide evidence that the Korean version of B‐ADL can be useful not only for clinical purposes but also for international multicentre studies. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Amisulpiride augmentation in treatment resistant obsessive–compulsive disorder: an open trial
Authors: Metin Özmen , Yazici Kemal , Tot Senel , Yazici Aylin Ertekin 
Published: August 2003

AbstractDespite the effectiveness of clomipramine and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in the treatment of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), 40% to 60% of patients who receive an adequate treatment with these agents have significant persisting symptoms. Newer atypical antipsychotic drugs showed efficacy as augmenting agents in patients with OCD resistant to serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs). The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of amisulpiride augmentation in treatment resistant OCD. A total of 20 patients diagnosed with OCD according to DSM‐IV criteria and having a history of resistance to treatment with SRIs were included in the study. Amisulpiride 200 mg/day was added to ongoing SRI treatment and titrated up to 600 mg/day in flexible doses. The mean amisulpiride dose was 325 ± 106 mg/day. The patients were assessed with the Yale‐Brown obsessive‐compulsive scale (Y‐BOCS) at baseline and at week 12 of amisulpiride treatment. Side effects were monitored by the UKU side effect rating scale. The reduction in Y‐BOCS scores between the baseline (26.7 ± 6.3) and the end of the treatment (12.5 ± 2.8) was statistically significant (p = 0.0001). The most commonly observed side effects included weight gain (14 patients, 70%), mild sedation (13 patients, 65%) and asthenia (7 patients, 35%). This study has several limitations and, hence, the results are preliminary and require confirmation in a randomized controlled trial. In conclusion, this study suggests that amisulpiride may be a promising option as an augmentation strategy in treatment resistant OCD. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Three facial expressions mothers direct to their infants
Authors: Chong S.C.F. , Werker Janet F. , Russell James A. , Carroll James M. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractMothers modify both their voices and their faces when interacting with infants. Although considerable work has detailed the modifications in the voice, less is known about those in the face. In this paper, three specific types of infant‐directed (ID) facial expressions were identified in videotapes of 10 English‐ and 10 Chinese‐speaking mothers interacting with infants aged 4–7 months. Four measures were taken to examine the form and meaning of these ID facial expressions. In Measure one, 32 undergraduates easily differentiated the three identified facial expression types. In Measure two, the muscle movement of each type were described through Ekman and Friesen's facial action coding system (FACS). In Measure three, 35 mothers and 40 undergraduates provided different emotional descriptions and communicative messages for each type. In Measure four, rank correlations were conducted to identify the FACS units most indicative of each facial expression type. These four measures confirmed the appearance of three expression types in both Chinese and English mothers, the involvement of unique muscle movements in these expression types in comparison to adult‐directed expressions which have been described, and the expression of distinct and consistent emotional messages. The meaning and importance of these expressions to mother‐infant interactions are discussed, and directions for future research are identified. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mediational behaviours of preschoolers teaching their younger siblings
Authors: Klein Pnina S. , Zarur Shlomit , Feldman Ruth 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThere is very little research on the process of teaching in sibling interaction. The current study was designed to explore teaching behaviours of preschoolers and their effects on their toddler siblings. Participants were 40 dyads of 5‐yr‐olds and their 3‐yr‐old siblings from a middle class urban community in Israel. The children were divided into four equal groups based on gender and age of the siblings in each dyad. The children were visited at home and invited to play with two puzzles and two Lego games. Their play interaction with their siblings was videotaped. The observations were analysed using the observing mediational interaction (OMI) scale, assessing the frequency and style of the following behaviours: Focussing, Affecting, Encouraging, Expanding, and Regulating Behaviour. The younger siblings' success in playing the games was evaluated using a 5‐point scale. The frequency of teaching behaviours in sibling interaction was found to be related to the younger siblings' success on the games. Affecting and Encouraging were significantly related to the younger siblings' level of success on the games. The teaching behaviours of older siblings were characterized by relatively high frequencies of Regulation of Behavior and Encouraging, moderate frequencies of Affecting and low frequencies of Expanding. Boys were found to receive more teaching behaviours than girls. Older brothers and sisters showed higher frequencies of teaching behaviour in interactions with their younger brothers than with their younger sisters. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Kinetics and mechanism of the thermal gas‐phase oxidation of perfluorobutene‐2 in presence of trifluoromethyl hypofluorite
Authors: Romano Rosana M. , Della Védova Carlos O. , Czarnowski Joanna 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThe oxidation of perfluorobutene‐2 (C4F8) initiated by trifluoromethyl hypofluorite (CF3OF) in presence of O2 has been studied at 323.1, 332.6, 342.5, and 352.0 K, using a conventional static system. The initial pressure of CF3OF was varied between 4.8 and 23.6 Torr, that of C4F8 between 48.7 and 302.4 Torr, and that of O2 between 51.5 and 270.4 Torr. Several runs were made in presence of 325.5–451.2 Torr of N2. The main products were COF2, CF3C(O)F, and CF3OC(O)F. Small amounts of compound containing CF(CF3)OC(O)CF3 group were also formed, as detected by 13C NMR spectroscopy. The oxidation is a homogeneous short‐chain reaction, attaining, at the pressure of O2 used, the pseudo‐zero‐order condition with respect to O2 as reactant. The reaction is independent of the total pressure. Its basic steps are as follows: the thermal generation of CF3O• radicals by the abstraction of fluorine atom of CF3OF by C4F8, the addition of CF3O• to the alkene, the formation of perfluoroalkoxy radicals RO• in presence of O2, and the decomposition of these radicals via the CC bond scission, giving products containing C(O)F end group and reforming RO• and CF3O• radicals. The mechanism consistent with experimental results is postulated. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 35: 532–541, 2003
Numerical studies of hyperplasticity with single, multiple and a continuous field of yield surfaces
Authors: Einav Itai , Puzrin Alexander M. , Houlsby Guy T. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThe development of a new constitutive model would normally require a new procedure to be established for derivation of the incremental response. However, for models generated within the framework of hyperplasticity (using single, multiple or continuous yield surfaces), this derivation can be carried out using standard procedures. In this paper we present first the unified incremental response for a model using a single internal variable for general loading conditions. Next, we develop and explore three different numerical techniques for implementation of this procedure. One of the approaches, which seems superior, is extended to the multi‐surface hyperplastic formulation. Finally, to allow integration of continuous hyperplastic models within the same multi‐surface hyperplastic setting, the issue of discretization of the continuous field of yield surfaces is addressed. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Skewness correction X̄ and R charts for skewed distributions
Authors: Chan Lai K. , Cui Heng J. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThis paper proposes a skewness correction (SC) method for constructing the $\bar{X}$ and R control charts for skewed process distributions. Their asymmetric control limits (about the central line) are based on the degree of skewness estimated from the subgroups, and no parameter assumptions are made on the form of process distribution. These charts are simply adjustments of the conventional Shewhart control charts. Moreover, the $\bar{X}$ chart is almost the same as the Shewhart $\bar{X}$ chart if the process distribution is known to be symmetrical. The new charts are compared with the Shewhart charts and weighted variance (WV) control charts. When the process distribution is in some neighborhood of Weibull, lognormal, Burr or binomial family, simulation shows that the SC control charts have Type I risk (i.e., probability of a false alarm) closer to 0.27% of the normal case. Even in the case where the process distribution is exponential with known mean, not only the control limits and Type I risk, but also the Type II risk of the SC charts are closer to those of the exact $\bar{X}$ and R charts than those of the WV and Shewhart charts. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 50: 555–573, 2003
Enhanced antitumour activity of 15‐residue bovine lactoferricin derivatives containing bulky aromatic amino acids and lipophilic N‐terminal modifications
Authors: Eliassen Liv Tone , Haug Bengt Erik , Berge Gerd , Rekdal Øystein 
Published: August 2003

AbstractIn a structure–antibacterial activity relationship study of a peptide fragment of bovine lactoferricin consisting of FKCRRWQWRMKKLGA (LFB 17–31), it was revealed that the two Trp residues were important for antibacterial activity. It has further been demonstrated that the size, shape and the aromatic character of the side chains were even more important than the Trp itself. In this study the antitumour effect of a series of LFB 17–31 derivatives are reported, in which the two Trp residues in position 6 and 8 were replaced with the larger non‐coded aromatic amino acids Tbt, Tpc, Bip and Dip. The counterproductive Cys in position 3 was also substituted with these larger aromatic residues. In addition, the effect of introducing lipophilic groups of different size and shape in the N‐terminal of the LFB 17–31 sequence was addressed. The resulting peptide derivatives were tested for activity against three human tumour cell lines and against normal human umbilical vein endothelial cells and fibroblasts. High antitumour activity by several of the peptides demonstrated that Trp successfully could be substituted by the bulky aromatic residues, and peptides containing the large and rigid Tbt residue in position 6 and/or 8 in LFB 17–31 were the most active candidates. The antitumour effect was even more increased by the Tbt‐modified peptides when the three counterproductive amino acids Cys3, Gln7 and Gly14 were replaced by Ala. Enhanced antitumour activity was also obtained by modifying the N‐terminal of LFB 17–31 with either long‐chained fatty acids or bulky moieties. Thus, our results revealed that the size and shape of the lipophilic groups and their position in the peptide sequence were important for antitumour activity. Copyright © 2003 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multisite bond and overlap treatment of polymer‐chain band structure
Authors: Sulston K. W. , Davison S. G. , Burrows B. L. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThe usual tight‐binding (TB) approximation, employed in electronic structure calculations, is extended to include the more‐distant neighbor sites than the first. In doing so, a simple power law is adopted to describe the bond and overlap contributions, which enables the energy dispersion relation to be obtained in a closed analytic form. The resulting energy band structure has markedly different features from its TB counterpart to which it reduces in the appropriate limits. In particular, local extrema always occur at the TB stationary values, although these may not both be band edges. Another intermediate critical point may arise, which is one of the band edges, the other being located at one of the TB extrema. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem 94: 341–346, 2003