bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Uniform saddlepoint approximations
Authors: Jensen Jens Ledet 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the main motivations for using saddlepoint approximations is that they work well in the tail of the distribution. In the preceding chapters we formulated this in such a way that the relative error is small in a large deviation region. In particular, the results of Section 2.2 hold uniformly for the saddlepoint θ in a compact set of the interior of the definition range of the Laplace transform. However, in an application of a saddlepoint approximation, one still needs to consider whether the particular value of the saddlepoint θ and the number of observations n give rise to a small error. It is therefore important to know that in a number of situations the error is actually uniformly small for θ over all of its definition range. Such uniformity results are also of interest in theoretical considerations, an example of which is discussed in Jensen and Johansson (1990). Uniformity does not hold generally, as has been demonstrated in Example 2.4.7. The situation given in Example 2.4.7 is that of a steep exponential family. However, it is also easy to construct a regular exponential family for which the approximation is not uniformly valid. If, for example, one considers the density x −1 exp(−x), x &gt; l, one finds that ζ3(θ) ∼ 2{- log(l - θ)}1/2 for θ -+ l, and so the saddlepoint approximation will break down for θ -+ l. In this section general results will be stated that specify conditions under which the saddlepoint approximation holds uniformly. In the following section the important class of almost log-concave densities is considered, and in Section 6.3 we turn to the situation where the density looks like either a gamma density or a beta density. Sections 6.1-6.3 deal with continuous variables and in Section 6.4 a parallel theory for lattice variables is given. Finally, in Section 6.5 the general formulation of Section 6.1 is used to discuss the case of independent but not identically distributed variables.
Markov chains
Authors: Jensen Jens Ledet 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In all the preceding chapters the main emphasis has been on sums of independent terms. The Esscher tilting described in Section 1.4 then leads to the study of a new sum of independent terms, and traditional Edgeworth expansions can be used. In this chapter we will study sums defined on a Markov chain. As we will see below, the tilted measure is almost a Markov chain, the difference being that a term appears which depends on the intial and the final states of the Markov chain. To obtain Edgeworth expansions under this new measure requires special techniques that we describe in Section 9.2. The general results given in this chapter will only cover a subclass of Markov chains; intuitively we cover those chains having a compact state space. For example, in the general discussion we do not cover the standard AR(l) process Xn+1 = α:Xn + ∈n with { ∈n } being an i.i.d. sequence with a normal distribution. The AR(l) process is treated as a special example in Section 9.4.
Nonstandard situations
Authors: Jensen Jens Ledet 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The saddlepoint approximations discussed in the preceding chapters of this book have been for the situation where the coordinates of the random vector of interest have been either lattice variables or continuous variables, the latter in the sense that they admit a density w.r.t. Lebesgue measure. For the applications, especially those of Chapter 5, this has been a natural restriction. However, there are situations of some practical importance outside this class. The most prominent ones are linear rank statistics in nonparametric statistics and resampling from an empirical distribution function. Some of these examples are discussed in this section, and we compare the use of the lattice version of the saddlepoint approximation with the use of the continuous version.
Bayesian decision-making
Authors: Lindsey J K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Observations of phenomena are always made in conditions where previous theoretical knowledge, or perhaps more informal ideas, about the data generating mechanism are available. As far as possible, these are embodied in the model for the data generating mechanism. The likelihood function contains all of the information in the (new) data for estimation of parameters in this model being entertained and, for this reason, is central to inference procedures. As we have seen in Sections 3.6.4 and 6.4.1, prior empirical information can be incorporated by combining likelihoods. Thus, where possible, any such prior knowledge and information should be used. In a scientific context, only models which are thought to be relevant will be considered, but always with an eye to detecting the unexpected. They are to be ranked by the empirical information from the data, previous and present. However, when decisions, implying actions, must be made, the situation changes and an additional new model, for human behaviour, is required. Prior knowledge relating the models for the data generating mechanism to the decisions, and subsequent actions, will generally be available. If this can be formalized in a precise mathematical way, then it can be combined with the information in the likelihood function to yield a description of the posterior knowledge about the data generating mechanism after obtaining the observations. This model for human behaviour, based on changes in human beliefs, is known as a Bayesian approach.
Levels of representation of goal-directed actions
Authors: Jeannerod Marc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter deals with how an action can be neurally represented. The term ‘action’ includes a vast number of neural states, depending on whether the action is intended, planned, imagined, observed from another agent, or executed. Thus the definition of action that will be used here is broader than the behavioral motor aspect of the phenomenon that makes muscles contract and limbs move. Many of our actions remain unexecuted. It is essential to study the covert stages of action, the action representation, in order to understand the mechanisms that ultimately lead to overt behavior.
Morita Equivalence
Authors: Reiner I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We shall need to study the relationship between A-modules and M ^modules, where as usual Mn(^) is the ring of all n x n matrices over the ring Δ. The generalization of this relationship leads to the concept of Morita equivalence, and we sketch here some of the main results of this theory. As references, we cite Bass [I], P. M. Cohn[1], Faith [I]. While the general theory holds for abelian categories, we shall make the simplifying assumption that our categories are in fact categories of modules.
Intrinsic procedures
Authors: Metcalf Michael , Reid John , Cohen Malcolm 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a language that has a clear orientation towards scientific applications there is an obvious requirement for the most frequently required mathematical functions to be provided as part of the language itself, rather than expecting each user to code them afresh. When provided with the compiler, they are normally coded to be very efficient and will have been well tested over the complete range of values that they accept. It is difficult to compete with the high standard of code provided by the vendors.
Interoperability with C
Authors: Metcalf Michael , Reid John , Cohen Malcolm 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fortran 2003 provides a standardized mechanism for interoperating with C. Clearly, any entity involved must be such that equivalent declarations of it may be made in the two languages. This is enforced within the Fortran program by requiring all such entities to be interoperable. We will explain in turn what this requires for types, variables, and procedures. They are all requirements on the syntax so that the compiler knows at compile time whether an entity is interoperable. We continue with examining interoperability for global data and then discuss some examples. We conclude with a new syntax for defining sets of integer constants that is useful in this context.
Somnolence and its management
Authors: Hilton-Jones David , Damian, Maxwell , Meola Giovanni 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) is an extremely common, but under­ recognized, feature of myotonic dystrophy (Hilton-Jones 1997). In addition to the obvious functional consequences for the patient, it may be distressing for relatives and carers. The wife of one patient described her upset when she would return from work and start to tell her husband about her day’s activities, only to find that he had already fallen asleep. This led to gradually reducing communication and a sense of increasing frustration for both parties. It may be an important factor in limiting employability. EDS is a contraindication to driving and in many countries there are specific legal restrictions. There is potential for confusing EDS with apathy, an often cited but still relatively poorly understood aspect of the condition. However, apathy and fatigue have been shown not to correlate with EDS, functional disability or depression (Rubinsztein et al. 1998; Van Der Werf et al. 2003).
Improving lender offers using consumer preferences
Authors: Keeney Ralph L , Oliver Robert M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Acquiring and managing financial loan portfolios are major components of the retail credit business in the United States. Such portfolios include household mortgages, automobile loans, equity lines of all types, and credit cards. The total amount loaned is estimated to be between 8 and 13 trillions of dollars in the United States alone (Federal Reserve 2002). It is obviously important to manage those portfolios in a way. that is. consistent with portfolio objectives.
Different lenders may naturally have different objectives that they hope to achieve in managing their portfolios. Many are means objectives, such as minimize required loan loss reserves. minimize the cost per new customer acquired. maximize the response rate on acquisitions mailings to acquire new customers. minimize time from billing to collection, and minimize the default rate on loans. Means objectives matter because they eventually have an impact on the economic performance of the portfolio. Two fundamental objectives for the economic performance of many loan portfolios are maximize profits and maximize market share.
The flat-maximum effect and generic linear scoring models: a test
Authors: Overstreet George A , Bradley Edwin L , Kemp Robert S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Predicting human behaviour patterns with linear correlation models has challenged researchers for the past five decades. Although most observers generally concede that humans are inferior to such models in combining information. linear scoring models are, unfortunately. plagued by the flat-maximum effect. or the ‘curse of insensitivity ‘.2 As Love and Love (1986) observe, ‘the predictive ability of linear models is insensitive to large variation in the size of regression weights and to the number of predictors ‘. Even more intriguingly. regression weights can be approximated by simpler systems. such as unit or equal weights, with minimal reduction in predictive accuracy. In essence. seemingly different linear scoring models tend to produce indistinguishable predictive outcomes.
Detecting credit card fraud using expert systems
Authors: Leonard Kevin J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The incidence of consumer credit card fraud has been on the increase worldwide over the past 2 years. In Canada alone. the cost of credit card fraud totaled (for Visa and Master card) more than 46 million Canadian dollars for 1991. This number compares to totals of about $29 million for 1990 and only $19 million for 1989 (Appleby 1992). The two predominant growth areas are that of counterfeit fraud (where an unauthorized duplicate of the card exists in circulation) and that of non-receipt fraud (where a re-issued card is intercepted by a third party). In both instances. the cardholder is unaware that a copy of his or her card is in the hands of criminals and hence. the fraud is not reported. Consequently, the amount of financial exposure for the financial institution is substantially higher than that for a lost or stolen card, for example, where the cardholder is aware almost immediately. The lost or stolen card is usually reported within the first day to the issuing company and a block is placed on that account. thereby limiting spending.
The objective of this chapter is to construct and implement a rule-based. expert system model to detect the fraudulent usage of credit before the fraud activity has been reported by the cardholder. If this can be accomplished, the credit granting institution will NOT have to rely on the cardholder to report the fraudulent activity. In the case of counterfeit fraud. for example. this can take a substantial number of days-on average, 8-10 days according to bank statistics. The methodology is as follows. Suspicious activity can be detected from deviations from ‘normal ‘ spending patterns through the use of expert systems. As a result. the customer can be contacted and the account blocked (if so warranted--all within the first few hours of the fraud
The Birth Of A Paradigm
Authors: Scott Alwyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“If I have seen further than others,” said Isaac Newton, “it is because I have stood on the shoulders of giants.” As we would not seem to see further than others because we stand on the facesof giants, this book begins with a historical introduction, noting salient contributions to nonlinear science that have been made over the past century and a half. More broadly, the present chapter is a study of the ways—constructive and otherwise—that the scientific community has met with new ideas.
Linear Wave Theory
Authors: Scott Alwyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this book are presented a variety of methods for solving nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs); thus it is appropriate to begin with a brief review of some techniques that can be used for solving linear PDEs. (One should learn to walk before trying to run.)The plan for this chapter is first to apply some basic analytical techniques to linear limits of the nonlinear PDEs displayed in Chapter 1, augmented with a selection of practice problems. This brief review is followed by introductions to linear stability theory and linear scattering theory.
The Classical Soliton Equations
Authors: Scott Alwyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An exciting development in nonlinear science during the 1970s was the gradual realization that certain nonlinear partial differential equations display a variety of exact solutions. These include not only solitary waves-known since the nineteenth century studies of Russell, Bazin, and Boussinesq—but solutions involving an arbitrary number of solitary waves of varying speeds and amplitudes undergoing a collective collision. In such events, the solitary waves are now called “solitons,” emphasizing their particle-like character, because they leave the inter action region of space-time with exactly the same speeds and amplitudes that they had upon entry [61]. (As was noted in the introduction, Russell observed hydrodynamic solitary waves passing through each other without change, but he provided no analytic explanation for the phenomenon.)
Radiation Protection Issues In Brachytherapy
Authors: Bownes Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Everyone involved in work with radioactive substances should be trained in the principles of radiation safety. The three general principles of radiation protection that should be followed are: Protective measures should always be in place to keep the dose levels as low as reasonably practicable (ALARP). In summary, a fundamental requirement is that the use of ionizing radiation should be optimized so that the patient receiving the treatment, and the hospital staff and the general public are not irradiated unnecessarily. In this chapter, radiation protection issues will be discussed for sealed source brachytherapy only. It will address the regulations associated with brachytherapy and how they are implemented into safe practice in the clinical environment.
Endolumenal Brachytherapy: Bronchus And Oesophagus
Authors: Hoskin Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With the advent of high dose-rate (HDR) afterloading systems using fine catheters of 2 mm diameter, it is now possible to pass high dose-rate afterload ing sources readily into the bronchus or oesophagus. The techniques are well defined but their place in the management of these tumours where external beam has a well established role remains uncertain. As with all types of brachytherapy, HDR afterloading offers the opportunity to deliver a high localized dose of radiation to a defined area within the bronchus or oesophagus. Catheters can be placed intraluminally in the bronchus or oesophagus with relative ease requiring moderate sedation at bronchoscopy or the passage of a nasogastric tube. Most treatments are delivered as single doses and therefore a day case or one night stay in hospital is sufficient.
Breast Brachytherapy
Authors: Hoskin Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Breast irradiation forms a major part of the activity in any radiotherapy centre. The vast majority of patients receive external beam treatment and only a selected minority are considered for brachytherapy. This, in part, reflects the availability of expertise and resources to deliver brachytherapy and, in part, the efficiency and efficacy of breast boost treatments with electron beams. There are however specific indications where brachytherapy should be considered, in particular, where a high dose of radiation is required to an underlying breast tumour, which might exceed skin tolerance.
Management of familial adenomatous polyposis and other inherited polyposis syndromes
Authors: Sheridan E , Houlston R S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Colorectal polyps can be grouped according to their histology. The most important subgroups are adenomatous polyps and hamartomatous polyps. Adenomatous polyps account for around 30 to 50 per cent of all polyps and are premalignant lesions. They are detectable in around 15 to 20 per cent of the population by age 50, the risk increasing with age (Fig. 9.1). Autopsy series suggest that the incidence is even higher, with 60 per cent of men having a polyp by age 50 compared with only 40 per cent of women.
Indicators
Authors: Kaye Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Suppose M is a nonstandard model of PA and we are interested in finding initial segments I⊆e M having a certain property Q. An indicator for Q is a function Y: M 2⟶M such that, for each a&lt;b M,Y (a,b) &gt; ℕ iff there is an initial segment I between a and b and having the property Q. This notion was devised by Paris and Kirby in the 1970s to study the structure of models of PA, but it soon became clear that indicators were the key to several particularly interesting independence results. Paris and Harrington later used these ideas to exhibit the first examples of mathematically interesting statements that are true in ℕ but unprovable in PA, and we shall present an introduction to this material in Section 14.3 below.
Recursive saturation
Authors: Kaye Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are many reasons for studying satisfaction classes: they are a useful vehicle for understanding the strengths and limitations of Tarski's definition of truth; the notion of a full inductive satisfaction class leads naturally to a new theory of arithmetic extending PA in which the consistency of PA and the Paris-Harrington statement can be proved; and there are a good number of naturally occurring examples arising from the arithmetized completeness theorem or from nonstandard models of set theory (see Exercise 15.4).
Reliability covering problems
Authors: Shier Douglas R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter studies a type of reliability problem in which a given set S needs to be covered by certain of its subsets. The subsets are available for use on a random and independent basis with known probabilities. It is of interest to calculate the probability that the entire set S is ‘covered’ by the operating subsets: i.e., every element of Sis present in some available subset. As an example of such a problem, consider a mass transit system containing a number of bus routes and the stops they serve. Because of maintenance or staffing problems, a particular bus route might not always be in service: specifically the route is only known to operate (or be available) with some fixed probability. A useful performance measure for the transit system is therefore the probability that each stop is served by some operating bus route. There are a number of other possible applications of this model, such as evaluating the reliability of delivery routes (needed to cover customer demands) or determining the reliability of flight schedules for aircraft (serving airports). Another application is discussed more fully in Section 7.1, and a general description of the reliability covering problem is presented in Section 7.2. It is shown that solving the covering problem is, in fact, equivalent to calculating the reliability of a coherent system, which is known to be mathematically difficult. Consequently, the general covering problem is provably hard.
An Introduction To Sequential Ode Methods
Authors: Burrage Kevin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since this monograph is concerned with an exposition of efficient methods for the numerical solution of systems of differential equations in a parallel computing environment, it is necessary to have a thorough insight into extant sequential methods. There is no space in this monograph to give a comprehensive discussion on all aspects of sequential algorithms for IVPs, rather, this monograph will attempt to give a flavour of this work and will emphasize techniques which have relevance to the development of parallel algorithms.
Direct Methods For Odes
Authors: Burrage Kevin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much of the contents of the previous chapters have been necessary for an understanding of subsequent material on parallel differential equation techniques. This material on parallel techniques has essentially been divided into two sections. In Chapters 5 and 6 the various different forms that parallelism can take when solving differential equations are discussed with the main focus being the analysis and construction of direct and iterative methods for exploiting small-scale parallelism. The underlying concepts here are parallelism across the method and parallelism across the steps.
Local set theories
Authors: Chapman Jonathan , Rowbottom Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This preliminary chapter introduces a language (and local set theory) for a topos (as described in Section 1.2). It can be skipped by a reader familiar with any such language. This presentation is essentially due to Zangwill (1977), and is similar to that of Boileau and Joyal (1981). It has been included partly to make the work more self-contained but mainly to facilitate Chapter 9, where the same material is covered relative to a topos.
Topologies and sheaves
Authors: Chapman Jonathan , Rowbottom Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, some basic theory of topoi is rehearsed in S, concerning topologies and sheaves. We follow Chapman (1982), § §3-5, which makes use of the logic of a topos. Bell (1986) and Veit (1981) do likewise (externally). See Johnstone (1977) for a purely categorical treatment. However, it is not necessary to refer to any of these, in order to understand what follows.