bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Novel Approach to Soldier Flame Protection
Authors: Winterhalter CA , Lomba RA , Tucker DW , Martin OD 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
The U.S. Army desires low cost combat uniform fabrics that provide flame protection, visual and near infrared camouflage, comfort, and durability. Prior to material development, the flame threat and hazard was investigated and characterized. Flammability related test methods were reviewed and pass/fail criteria for instrumented manikin testing was established based on military medical doctrine. Various fibers, fiber blends, and functional finishes were investigated and novel blend materials were developed. Textile manufacturing methods not traditionally used in military protective clothing such as core-spun yarn spinning and direct fiber-to-fabric non-woven technologies were also investigated. When compared to the standard issue combat uniform, the best performing protective clothing configuration demonstrated a reduction in total body burn from 88% to 8%. Safe exposure limits of up to 5 s were established.
Creep-Fatigue Behavior in High Strength Copper Alloys
Authors: Li M , Stubbins JF 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Copper alloys are found to experience a stress relaxation during holds at maximum tension and maximum compression during cyclic loading patterns. This stress relaxation response has an effect on fatigue life by reducing the numbers of cycles to failure, particularly in the high cycle fatigue, long life regime. The stress relaxation behavior is found even for room temperature loading conditions, well below the temperature regime normally associated with creep and stress relaxation. It is suggested that the creep and stress relaxation deformation modes during hold periods is predominantly through primary creep process.
Tensile, Flexural, and Shear Properties of Neutron Irradiated SiC/SiC Composites with Different Fiber-Matrix Interfaces
Authors: Nozawa T , Ozawa K , Kondo S , Hinoki T , Katoh Y , Snead LL , Kohyama A 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Unidirectional SiC/SiC composites fabricated with highly-crystalline and stoichiometric fibers and matrix, but with three different interfacial types (single-layer pyrolytic carbon (PyC), multilayered SiC/PyC, and pseudo porous SiC interfaces) were irradiated up to 1.0 × 1025 n/m2 (E &gt; 0.1 MeV) at 1073 and 1273 K. Tensile, inter-laminar shear, and flexural properties were evaluated to compare the role of different interfaces on neutron irradiation behavior. There was nearly no significant degradation in tensile and flexural strength after high-temperature neutron irradiation, except for porous SiC interphase composite. Moreover, no meaningful reduction of tensile modulus was identified regardless of interphase types, although 20–40% degradation in flexural moduli occurred due to a reduction in inter-laminar shear modulus. In contrast, matrix cracking stress was significantly dependent on interfacial properties. Multilayer interphase composites exhibited the best irradiation stability. Irradiation instability of thick PyC and porous SiC interphase resulted in 20% and 40% degradations of matrix cracking stress, respectively.
Who Moved My Sigma … Effective Implementation of the Six Sigma Methodology to Hospitals
Authors: Frings Ginny W. , Grant Laura 
Published: March 2005

AbstractSix Sigma breakthrough strategy emphasizes the importance of reducing cycle time and improving customer satisfaction in determining optimal levels and costs of service quality. The implementation of Six Sigma to service industries is relatively new in comparison with the application of Six Sigma to industrial processes. In this paper, we consider aspects of the first three steps of the Six Sigma DMAIC (Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control) initiative and postulate the potential for effectiveness of Six Sigma methodology implementation to the following hospital processes: Operating Room preparation upon surgical cancellation or rescheduling, Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act compliance, Orthopaedic Joint Replacement Programs, and Patient Discharge processes. What is referred to as necessary ‘critical‐to‐quality’ (CTQ) aspects of medical services are not entirely different from the manufacturing environment. Developing measures of medical service processes from a ‘unit of product’ point of view raises new insights into the medical services field. Through investigation we find relationships between Six Sigma implementation and the potential for improved efficiency and effectiveness of hospital medical services. The results have implications for increased application of Six Sigma to hospital processes in those service areas. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A framework for selecting a suite of indicators for fisheries management
Authors: Rice Jake C. , Rochet Marie-Joëlle 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
We develop a framework for the objective selection of a suite of indicators for use in fisheries management. The framework encompasses eight steps, and provides guidance on pitfalls to be avoided at each step. Step 1 identifies user groups and their needs, featuring the setting of operational objectives, and Step 2 identifies a corresponding list of candidate indicators. Step 3 assigns weights to nine screening criteria for the candidate indicators: concreteness, theoretical basis, public awareness, cost, measurement, historic data, sensitivity, responsiveness, and specificity. Step 4 scores the indicators against the criteria, and Step 5 summarizes the results. Steps 3–5 offer technical aspects on which guidance is provided, including scoring standards for criteria and a generalized method for applying the standards when scoring individual indicators. Multi-criterion summarization methods are recommended for most applications. Steps 6 and 7 are concerned with deciding how many indicators are needed, and making the final selection of complementary suites of indicators. Ordinarily, these steps are done interactively with the users of the indicators, thus providing guidance on process rather than technical approach. Step 8 is the clear presentation to all users of the information contained. The discussion also includes the special case in which indicators are used in formal decision rules.
Making Nature Sacred
Authors: Gatta John 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Since colonial times, the sense of encountering an unseen, transcendental Presence within the natural world has been a characteristic motif in American literature and culture. In this book, the author suggests that the religious import of environmental literature has yet to be fully recognized or understood. Whatever their theology, American writers have perennially construed the nonhuman world to be a source, in Rachel Carson’s words, of “something that takes us out of ourselves.”
Reflecting recent practice of “ecocriticism,” Making Nature Sacred explores how the quest for natural revelation has been pursued through successive phases of American literary and intellectual history. And it shows how the imaginative challenge of “reading” landscapes has been influenced by biblical hermeneutics. Though focused on adaptations of Judeo-Christian tradition that view nature as religiously iconic, it also samples Native American, African American, and Buddhist forms of ecospirituality. It begins with Colonial New England writers such Anne Bradstreet and Jonathan Edwards, re-examines pivotal figures such as Henry Thoreau and John Muir, and takes account of writings by Mary Austin, Rachel Carson, and many others along the way. The book concludes with an assessment of the “spiritual renaissance” underway in current environmental writing. Such writing is represented by prose writers such as Wendell Berry, Annie Dillard, John Cheever, Marilynne Robinson, Peter Matthiessen, and Barry Lopez; and by noteworthy poets including Patiann Rogers, Wendell Berry, Gary Snyder, Mary Oliver, and Denise Levertov. American writers testify overall that our ecological predicament must be understood not merely as a technical challenge, but as a genuine crisis of spirit and imagination.
Jacob's Tears
Authors: Douglas Mary 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
The author argues that the priestly editors of the Pentateuch, far from being a separate elite, had a political agenda. Credited with composing Leviticus and Numbers, and with the final editing of Genesis and Exodus, the priestly editors have a distinctive style and vocabulary, and their subject matter is not myth or history but the law of God, the divine work of creation, and the practice of the cult. They are usually considered to be a scholarly elite, unconcerned with the plight of their congregation, but this study shows them to be politically engaged, set against the exclusionary policies of the government of Judah in the post‐exilic period (sixth and fifth centuries bce). For them, Israel comprised all the sons of Jacob, not excluding Joseph. An anthropological reading shows the editors as brilliant, ardent religious reformers, inspired with an urgent political mission, and their work presents a criticism of the post‐exilic government: the editors wanted to be at peace with the surrounding peoples, especially Samaria; they were opposed to the Persian‐appointed governor's definition of the ‘people of Israel’; and they disagreed with his definition of a foreigner, his rejection of foreign marriages, his promotion of the Levites. The theology of the priestly editors emphasized that God made his covenant for all the descendants of Jacob (Israel): all twelve of his sons were the heirs; the children of Israel should not fight each other; and Judah had no right to appropriate the covenantal blessings for his own people or to exclude the descendants of his brothers. However, the priestly editors’ concern to heal the breach between Judah and Samaria would have been politically unacceptable, and open protest would have been dangerous. Indeed, eventually they do seem to have got into serious trouble, for the line of priests descended from Aaron faded out of the biblical histories. The book is arranged in four sections, each with two chapters: I. The Legacy of Jacob's Sons; II. Who is All Israel?; III. Before and After Exile: The Gap in Learning; and IV. Magic and Monotheism.
Bridal Cloths, Cover-UPS, and Kharis: The ‘Carpet Scene’ in Aeschylus’ Agamemnon
Authors: McNeil Lynda 
Published: March 2005

Past readings of Aeschylus’ Agamemnon (458 BC) have spawned numerous theories about the nature and significance of the cloth stage prop central to the ‘Carpet Scene’ (783-974). Kenneth Morrell has pointed out that ‘recent critics at best emphasize the ambiguous nature of the “fabric” ’, which the critics refer to variously as something carpet-like, as rugs or blankets, as garment-like tapestries or loosely-fitting garments, as draperies, and more generally as the household's treasure. But what fabric, if any, would have been versatile enough to function as a tapestry, a robe, and a blanket, and would have inspired outrage when used as a rug?More symbolically significant than the most luxurious carpet, the fabric strewn on the ground before Agamemnon strongly suggests a bridal cloth, an object replete with symbolism, which would have served as both a nuptial robe and a coverlet for the marriage bed. Scholars who discuss Athenian weddings in the context of the Oresteia have overlooked the nuptial nuances of the ‘carpet’.
Impact of ethnicity upon body composition assessment in Sri Lankan Australian children
Authors: Wickramasinghe VP , Cleghorn GJ , Edmiston KA , Davies PSW 
Published: March 2005

Objectives:  Obesity is a disease with excess body fat where health is adversely affected. Therefore it is prudent to make the diagnosis of obesity based on the measure of percentage body fat. Body composition of a group of Australian children of Sri Lankan origin were studied to evaluate the applicability of some bedside techniques in the measurement of percentage body fat. Methods:  Height (H) and weight (W) was measured and BMI (W/H2) calculated. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) was measured using tetra polar technique with an 800 μA current of 50 Hz frequency. Total body water was used as a reference method and was determined by deuterium dilution and fat free mass and hence fat mass (FM) derived using age and gender specific constants. Percentage FM was estimated using four predictive equations, which used BIA and anthropometric measurements. Results:  Twenty‐seven boys and 15 girls were studied with mean ages being 9.1 years and 9.6 years, respectively. Girls had a significantly higher FM compared to boys. The mean percentage FM of boys (22.9 ± 8.7%) was higher than the limit for obesity and for girls (29.0 ± 6.0%) it was just below the cut‐off. BMI was comparatively low. All but BIA equation in boys under estimated the percentage FM. The impedance index and weight showed a strong association with total body water (r2= 0.96, P < 0.001). Except for BIA in boys all other techniques under diagnosed obesity. Conclusions:  Sri Lankan Australian children appear to have a high percentage of fat with a low BMI and some of the available indirect techniques are not helpful in the assessment of body composition. Therefore ethnic and/or population specific predictive equations have to be developed for the assessment of body composition, especially in a multicultural society using indirect methods such as BIA or anthropometry.
Pre‐ambulatory infants with head trauma: A three‐year retrospective study
Authors: Settle F , Lawrence D , Kummerow M 
Published: March 2005

Objectives:  (i) To present the severity and documented mechanism of injury and clinical features of all infants less than 6 months old who presented with head trauma to a paediatric emergency department over a 3‐year period; (ii) to evaluate the quality of their assessment; and (iii) to present the clinical features of those referred for assessment of possible inflicted injury. Methods:  Demographics, documented mechanism of injury, clinical features and management were retrospectively collected from the case notes. Adequacy of assessment was judged in terms of documentation of the history and examination, investigations performed and nature of any observation period. Results:  Two hundred and fifty‐one cases were analysed. Twenty‐seven (11%) had sustained a major injury. Infants reported as dropped by a care giver were significantly more likely to have sustained a major injury. Infants with major injury were more likely to have vomited (P < 0.05), or to have external signs of injury (P < 0.0005). All patients with major injury had symptoms or signs or both. One hundred and thirty‐four infants had been inadequately assessed. Fourteen infants were referred for possible inflicted injury (confirmed in six cases). Conclusion:  The mechanism of injury and clinical findings can provide some guide as to the likelihood of an infant having sustained a major injury after head trauma. The assessment of infants with head trauma could be improved if currently available guidelines for children under 2 years old were adopted. However, infant‐specific guidelines should be developed.
Food‐based recommendations to reduce fat intake: An evidence‐based approach to the development of a family‐focused child weight management programme
Authors: Gehling RK , Magarey AM , Daniels LA 
Published: March 2005

Objectives:  To develop food‐based recommendations to lower fat and energy intake for use in a family‐focussed weight management programme for 6–9 year old children. Methods:  Secondary analysis of the 1995 National Nutrition Survey (NNS95) informed the development of food‐based recommendations aiming to reduce fat and energy intake. Each recommendation was used to progressively modify a model 3‐day high fat dietary intake with the accumulative effect on energy and nutrient intake of each recommendation assessed. Results:  Six to nine‐year‐olds in the NNS95 consuming 35–45% energy as fat (n= 280) consumed more total energy (mean ± SD, 8671 ± 2741 vs. 7571 ± 2328 kJ/day) than children consuming a ‘low fat’ (23–27% energy as fat, n= 85) diet (P < 0.002). Food‐based recommendations found to be most effective for reducing energy and fat intake included; changing to reduced fat milk, reducing intake of cereal‐based and snack foods and replacing juice or soft drink with water. These changes, together with avoiding adding fat to vegetables and using sources of lean meat, reduced energy intake by ∼10%, total fat intake by ∼30% and saturated fat intake by 53%. Conclusions:  Modifying six areas of food choices results in a moderate reduction in fat and energy intake. An eating pattern that is consistent with Australian dietary guidelines and uses foods commonly eaten by children is achievable for children aged 6–9 years. These food‐based recommendations provide an evidence‐based dietary framework for prevention and management of overweight in children.
Signal intensity of the liver parenchyma in microbubble contrast agent in the late liver phase reflects advanced fibrosis of the liver
Authors: Kaneko Tetsuya , Teshigawara Osamu , Sugimoto Hiroyuki , Hirota Masashi , Inoue Soichiro , Takeda Shin , Nakao Akimasa 
Published: March 2005

Abstract:Background: Microbubble of Levovist accumulates in liver parenchyma, and the phenomenon has been reported as late liver‐specific parenchymal. The aim of the present study was to compare the parenchymal enhancement effect of Levovist with the degree of liver dysfunction.Patients and methods: Sixty consecutive patients who consented to be treated were enrolled in this study. Pulse‐inversion ultrasonography (US) in the liver parenchymal phase of enhancement with Levovist was performed in a preoperative examination. The mechanical index of pulse‐inversion US was set at 1.3. The gray‐scale intensity of the non‐tumor area of the liver parenchyma at the level of the focal zone was measured. The hepatic fibrosis index was measured in each liver by morphometric analysis. The correlation between the gray‐scale intensity of the non‐tumor area of the liver parenchyma and the hepatic fibrosis index was assessed.Results: There was a significant inverse correlation between the gray scale of the liver parenchyma and the hepatic fibrosis index (r=−0.809, P<0.01). The average signal intensity of the liver parenchyma was 144.5 in a normal liver, 133.6 in chronic hepatitis, and 102.6 in liver cirrhosis, demonstrating a significant difference between a normal and cirrhotic liver (P<0.01).Conclusions: The signal intensity of a microbubble disruption of the liver parenchyma in the late phase of enhancement with Levovist was considered to reflect the degree of hepatic fibrosis.
Does the diagnosis of primary biliary cirrhosis or autoimmune cholangitis depend on the ‘phase’ of the disease?
Authors: Kadokawa Yoshiko , Omagari Katsuhisa , Ohba Kazuo , Masuda Jun‐ichi , Hazama Hiroaki , Kinoshita Hideki , Ohnita Ken , Mizuta Yohei , Tanioka Hajime , Imanishi Takeo , Kohno Shigeru 
Published: March 2005

Abstract: Background: It is unclear whether autoimmune cholangitis (AIC) is a separate disease entity or primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) without antimitochondrial antibodies (AMA) since fluctuation of AMA titres by immunofluorescence (IF) is often observed during the course of PBC. The aim of this study was to determine the serial changes in AMA profiles during the course of initially diagnosed PBC or AIC.Methods: In this prospective study, 32 patients with PBC or AIC were followed‐up for at least 20 months and tested for AMA by IF, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and immunoblotting (IB).Results: When positive AMA result was defined as ‘AMA by IF positive’, ‘AMA by IF and/or ELISA positive’, and ‘AMA by IB positive’, the diagnosis of PBC or AIC did not change in 78%, 91%, and 97%, respectively, throughout follow‐up. However, the diagnosis changed in one patient, and three patients were diagnosed as AIC throughout follow‐up, despite the use of all three assays.Conclusions: Our results suggested that the diagnosis of PBC and AIC was dependent on the ‘phase’ of the respective disease in 22% of the patients when negative AMA result was defined as ‘AMA by IF negative’. This may result in recommending IB analysis before making the diagnosis of AIC.
Anabaena
sp. Strain PCC 7120 Gene
devH
Is Required for Synthesis of the Heterocyst Glycolipid Layer
Authors: Ramírez Martha E. , Hebbar Pratibha B. , Zhou Ruanbao , Wolk C. Peter , Curtis Stephanie E. 
Published: March 2005

ABSTRACT

In response to deprivation for fixed nitrogen, the filamentous cyanobacterium
Anabaena
sp. strain PCC 7120 provides a microoxic intracellular environment for nitrogen fixation through the differentiation of semiregularly spaced vegetative cells into specialized cells called heterocysts. The
devH
gene is induced during heterocyst development and encodes a product with characteristics of a
trans
-acting regulatory protein. A
devH
mutant forms morphologically distinguishable heterocysts but is Fox
−
, incapable of nitrogen fixation in the presence of oxygen. We demonstrate that rearrangements of nitrogen fixation genes take place normally in the
devH
mutant and that it is Fix
+
, i.e., has nitrogenase activity under anoxic conditions. The Fox
−
phenotype was shown by ultrastructural studies to be associated with the absence of the glycolipid layer of the heterocyst envelope. The expression of glycolipid biosynthetic genes in the mutant is greatly reduced, and heterocyst glycolipids are undetectable.
Chloromethylmuconolactones as Critical Metabolites in the Degradation of Chloromethylcatechols: Recalcitrance of 2-Chlorotoluene
Authors: Pollmann Katrin , Wray Victor , Pieper Dietmar H. 
Published: March 2005

ABSTRACTTo elucidate possible reasons for the recalcitrance of 2-chlorotoluene, the metabolism of chloromethylcatechols, formed after dioxygenation and dehydrogenation byRalstoniasp. strain PS12 tetrachlorobenzene dioxygenase and chlorobenzene dihydrodiol dehydrogenase, was monitored using chlorocatechol dioxygenases and chloromuconate cycloisomerases partly purified fromRalstoniasp. strain PS12 andWautersia eutrophaJMP134. Two chloromethylcatechols, 3-chloro-4-methylcatechol and 4-chloro-3-methylcatechol, were formed from 2-chlorotoluene. 3-Chloro-4-methylcatechol was transformed into 5-chloro-4-methylmuconolactone and 2-chloro-3-methylmuconolactone. For mechanistic reasons neither of these cycloisomerization products can be dehalogenated by chloromuconate cycloisomerases, with the result that 3-chloro-4-methylcatechol cannot be mineralized by reaction sequences related to catecholortho-cleavage pathways known thus far. 4-Chloro-3-methylcatechol is only poorly dehalogenated during enzymatic processing due to the kinetic properties of the chloromuconate cycloisomerases. Thus, degradation of 2-chlorotoluene via a dioxygenolytic pathway is evidently problematic. In contrast, 5-chloro-3-methylcatechol, the major dioxygenation product formed from 3-chlorotoluene, is subject to quantitative dehalogenation after successive transformation by chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase and chloromuconate cycloisomerase, resulting in the formation of 2-methyldienelactone. 3-Chloro-5-methylcatechol is transformed to 2-chloro-4-methylmuconolactone.