bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Are habitat generalists affected by forest fragmentation? A test with Eurasian badgers (Meles meles) in coarse‐grained fragmented landscapes of central Spain
Authors: Virgós Emilio 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis study assesses the pattern of occurrence of a generalist species, the Eurasian badger Meles meles, in forest fragments located in agricultural landscapes of central Spain with a coarse‐grained pattern of fragmentation (<20% forest cover in the landscape). Four forest regions (n= 139 forest fragments) were sampled. Badger presence/absence in forest fragments was studied in relation to: forest size, isolation and vegetation structure. Badgers were tested to see if, despite their habitat generalism, they were negatively affected by forest fragmentation in this type of fragmented landscape. Results indicated a strong and significant effect of fragment size on badger occurrence (presence was rare in forest fragments <100 ha) and an important effect of isolation at a local scale. The response of badgers to forest fragmentation in Spain is quite different to the response in other European landscapes. In Spain, badgers cope with a divided coarse‐grained landscape where suitable habitats are embedded in a largely unsuitable matrix (cereal croplands). In contrast, in Britain or central Europe, badgers may be benefited by forest clearances in a heterogeneous but non‐divided landscape where small woodlots are separated by a matrix of good quality (mainly pastures) and fragmentation produces fine‐grained mosaic landscapes where food and den sites are simultaneously enhanced. Species' response to forest fragmentation may strongly depend on the pattern of fragmentation and, in coarse‐grained fragmented landscapes, generalist species may be affected in the same way as specialist ones.
Speed versus manoeuvrability: association between vertebral number and habitat structure in lacertid lizards
Authors: Van Damme Raoul , Vanhooydonck Bieke 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe tested the hypothesis that the number of presacral vertebrae in lacertid lizards has evolved to meet requirements set by the structural habitat. The idea was that lizards from cluttered habitats (densely vegetated areas, stony walls and hills, rocks) would be aided by a flexible backbone with many vertebrae, ensuring manoeuvrability, whereas lizards from open habitats would require stiffer vertebrate columns, with relatively few vertebrae, favouring speed and acceleration capacity. In contrast to earlier findings in fishes and snakes, evolution of vertebral number and body size was uncorrelated in lacertid lizards. Body size also did not differ between structural habitat types (open areas, densely vegetated areas, vertical elements). Traditional analysis of variance suggests strong differences in vertebral counts between species from open areas and cluttered areas, the latter having higher numbers of presacral vertebrae. When adequate phylogenetic analyses are used, differences remain significant although the level of significance is considerably lower. Tests of the mechanistic relationships between vertebral number, bending ability, and manoeuvrability, and assessment of the relative importance of manoeuvrability and speed in habitats with varying degrees of impediment are needed to reveal the evolutionary path that has led to the differences in vertebral number.
Species separation among seven Euplotes spp. (Protozoa: Ciliophora: Hypotrichida) using PCR/RFLP analysis of nuclear ribosomal DNA
Authors: Shang Huimin , Chen Zigui , Song Weibo 
Published: October 2002

AbstractSeven Euplotes spp. were investigated using amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis (RFLP, riboprinting). This involved the use of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify a segment of the ciliate genome, followed by restriction digestion to yield restriction fragment length polymorphisms among the seven euplotids. Distinctly different restriction digestion haplotypes and similarity indices among the seven species (0.15–0.78) were obtained, which were used to separate the seven species and construct a distance tree among them. Seven species were separated into three clusters: i.e. E. rariseta, E. eurystomus–E. woodruffi–E. octocarinatus–E. charon and E. minuta–E. vannus. The present investigation demonstrates that RFLP riboprinting is a useful technique for species separation. Some limitations of this method for inferring the relationships above species level are discussed.
Cross‐sectional geometric properties of the crocodylian humerus: an exception to Wolff's Law?
Authors: Meers Mason B. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe cross‐sectional geometric properties of the crocodylian humerus were examined in order to assess the effects of differential locomotor behaviour and habitat use on osteological properties. Several biomechanical properties of the humerus were calculated, including resistance to compression and tension, bending and torsion resistance. The biomechanical properties of the crocodylian humerus reflect little variation attributable to locomotor behaviour or natural habitat use (terrestrialvsaquatic habitat). However, the biomechanical properties of captive individuals differed from those of wild conspecifics. The results of this research suggest that crocodylian humeri maintain sufficient resistance to all loading conditions throughout life with little remodelling, though both resorption and remodelling of bone are known to occur. Consequently, crocodylian humeri do not respond to stresses incurred during life as predicted by Wolff's Law.
Involving the industry: Gehry's use of ‘Request for Proposals’ packages
Authors: Tombesi Paolo 
Published: October 2002

A simple and now standardised method of project description linking
architectural ideas to technical requirements enables sub-contractors
to develop their proposals around their own proprietary technologies.Frank O. Gehry and Associates' (FOG/A) sculptural
approach to building form is widely known. Their
geometrically complex designs and frequently
unorthodox use of materials, as in the Guggenheim
Museum in Bilbao [1], the Disney Concert Hall in Los
Angeles, the Experience Music Center in Seattle, and
the Neue Zollhof office complex in Düsseldorf seem
to have redefined the idea of what is possible in
architecture.
MINIMALITY OF STRONG STABLE AND UNSTABLE FOLIATIONS FOR PARTIALLY HYPERBOLIC DIFFEOMORPHISMS
Authors: Bonatti Christian , Díaz Lorenzo J. , Ures Raúl 
Published: October 2002

We give a topological criterion for the minimality of the strong unstable (or stable) foliation of robustly transitive
partially hyperbolic diffeomorphisms.As a consequence we prove that, for $3$-manifolds, there is an open and dense subset of robustly transitive
diffeomorphisms (far from homoclinic tangencies) such that either the strong stable or the strong unstable foliation is
robustly minimal.We also give a topological condition (existence of a central periodic compact leaf) guaranteeing (for an open and dense
subset) the simultaneous minimality of the two strong foliations.AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 37D25; 37C70; 37C20; 37C29
ON DETERMINATION OF A GAUGE FIELD ON ℝd FROM ITS NON-ABELIAN RADON TRANSFORM ALONG ORIENTED STRAIGHT LINES
Authors: Novikov R. G. 
Published: October 2002

We consider the inverse connection problem consisting of determining a gauge field on $\mathbb{R}^d$ from its non-abelian Radon
transform along oriented straight lines. The determination is considered modulo gauge transformations. Our results
include: global uniqueness theorems for $d\geq3$, new local uniqueness theorems for $d=2$, constructive proofs
(i.e. proofs containing reconstruction procedures), counterexamples to the global uniqueness for $d=2$, a reduction to
the attenuated X-ray transform.AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 53C65; 81U40
TWO-DIMENSIONAL MINIMAL GRAPHS OVER UNBOUNDED DOMAINS
Authors: Spruck Joel 
Published: October 2002

In this paper we will study solution pairs $(u,D)$ of the minimal surface equation defined over an unbounded domain $D$
in $R^2$, with $u=0$ on $\partial D$. It is well known that there are severe limitations on the geometry of $D$; for
example $D$ cannot be contained in any proper wedge (angle less than $\pi$). Under the assumption of sublinear growth
in a suitably strong sense, we show that if $u$ has order of growth $\alpha$ in the sense of complex variables, then
the ‘asymptototic angle’ of $D$ must be at least $\pi/\alpha$. In particular, there are at most two such solution pairs
defined over disjoint domains. If $\alpha<1$ then $u$ cannot change sign and there is no other disjoint solution pair.
This result is sharp as can be seen by a suitable piece of Enneper’s surface which has order
$\alpha=\tfrac{2}{3}$ and asymptotic angle $\tfrac{3}{2}\pi$.AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 35J60; 53A10
How Not to Measure the Efficiency of Public Services (and How One Might)
Authors: Stone M. 
Published: October 2002

SummaryThe single-input case of the ‘technical efficiency’ theory of M. J. Farrell is reformulated geometrically and algebraically. Its linear programming developments as ‘data envelopment analysis’ are critically reviewed, as are the related techniques of ‘stochastic frontier analysis’. The sense and realism of using data envelopment analysis or stochastic frontier analysis techniques, rather than some value-based method, for the assessment of police force efficiency are questioned with reference to the Spottiswoode report and related studies.
ALGÈBRES DE HECKE ET SÉRIES PRINCIPALES GÉNÉRALISÉES DE Sp4(F)
Authors: BLASCO LAURE , BLONDEL CORINNE 
Published: October 2002

The aim of this work is to expand Bushnell and Kutzko's theory of $G$-covers [Proc. London Math. Soc. 77 (1998) 582–634] up to a full description of the generalized principal series of the $p$-adic group ${\rm Sp}_4(F)$, with $p$ odd.We start with a Levi component $M$ of a maximal parabolic subgroup $P$ of $G = {\rm Sp}_4(F)$ and an explicit type $(J_M, \tau_M)$ for the inertial class $S$ in $M$ of a supercuspidal representation of $M$. We compute the Hecke algebra of a $G$-cover $(J, \tau)$ of $(J_M, \tau_M)$ constructed in our previous work [Ann. Inst. Fourier 49 (1999) 1805–1851]: it is a convolution algebra on a Coxeter group (namely, the affine Weyl group of either $U(1,1)(F)$, in the case of the Siegel parabolic, or ${\rm SL}_2(F)$), described explicitly by generators and relations.From this and Bushnell and Kutzko's work we derive the structure of the parabolically induced representations ${\rm ind}_P^G \pi$, for $\pi$ in $S$, and we find their discrete series subrepresentations if any, thus recovering, through the theory of $G$-covers, results previously obtained by Shahidi using different methods.The paper is written in French.2000 Mathematical Subject Classification: 22E50, 11F70.
EULER CHARACTERISTICS AS INVARIANTS OF IWASAWA MODULES
Authors: HOWSON SUSAN 
Published: October 2002

If $G$ is a pro-$p$, $p$-adic, Lie group containing no element of order $p$ and if $\Lambda (G)$ denotes the Iwasawa algebra of $G$ then we propose a number of invariants associated to finitely generated $\Lambda (G)$-modules, all given by various forms of Euler characteristic. The first turns out to be none other than the rank, and this gives a particularly convenient way of calculating the rank of Iwasawa modules. Others seem to play similar roles to the classical Iwasawa $\lambda $- and $\mu $-invariants. We explore some properties and give applications to the Iwasawa theory of elliptic curves.2000 Mathematical Subject Classification: primary 16E10; seconday 11R23.
TEICHMÜLLER DISTANCE FOR ANALYTICALLY FINITE SURFACES IS C2
Authors: REES MARY 
Published: October 2002

It is shown that Teichmüller distance for analytically finite surfaces is C2. This extends Earle's classical result of 1977 that the distance is C1. Earle showed that the first derivative is given by a quadratic differential. In order to obtain the C2 result, first, a formula is derived for the second derivative for a generic choice of quadratic differential, and with respect to certain local coordinates on Teichmüller space. Then this formula is interpreted so that it can be seen that the limit exists at non-generic points.2000 Mathematical Subject Classification: 30F60, 32G15.
Comparison of viscoelastic properties of polydimethylsiloxane/poly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate) IPNs with their physical blends
Authors: Abbasi F. , Mirzadeh H. , Katbab A. A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractInterpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and poly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) were prepared by sequential method. The dynamic mechanical parameters of obtained IPNs and their variations with the structural composition were evaluated. The results for the IPNs were compared with corresponding physically blended systems. The tensile properties and damping factor (tan δ) were assessed by stress–strain measurement and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), respectively. The glass–rubber transition temperature (Tg) was assessed by DMTA and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results showed higher tensile strength and elongation at break for IPNs than those for physical blends. The shifts of Tg for that two components that make up the IPNs were greater than those for corresponding blends. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 3480–3485, 2002
Study on ESR spectra of poly(ferrocenyldimethylsilane)/TCNE and spin‐probed poly(ferrocenyldimethylsilane)
Authors: Wang L. , Wang X. J. , Pan J. , Feng L. X. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractPoly(ferrocenyldimethylsilanes) with different molecular weights, especially with high molecular weight, have been synthesized. It is found by using the ESR technique that the formation of charge transfer complexes (CTC) between poly(ferrocenyldimethylsilanes) with different molecular weights and tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) is possible. Using 2,2,6,6‐Tetramethyl‐piperidone‐1 as a spin probe, the segment motion of resultant polymers was investigated. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 3508–3511, 2002
Dynamic rheological behavior of high‐density polyethylene filled with carbon black
Authors: Zhang Jian‐Feng , Yi Xiao‐Su 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe dynamic rheological behavior of high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) composites filled with carbon black (CB) was studied by controlling periodic small shear strains at constant temperatures. The results shed light on the relationship between the behavior of dispersed fillers and polymeric matrix systems. At sufficiently high filler concentration a structural skeleton seems to appear, which significantly raises the modulus at the low frequency region. High structure, finer size acetylene black raises the modulus significantly more than does the low structure and larger size one (e.g., N550). Oxidized CB increases the modulus in the whole frequency region for the enhanced interaction between polymer matrix and CBs. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 3527–3531, 2002
Ionomer composites based on sepiolite/hydrogenated poly(styrene butadiene) block copolymer systems
Authors: Acosta Jose Luis , González Luis , Ojeda Maria Carmen , Del Río Carmen 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIonomeric composites based on sepiolite and hydrogenated poly(styrene butadiene) block copolymer were obtained and characterized from a microstructural and electrical point of view. Before blending, because of the high silanol group concentration in the sepiolite, the latter could be organophilized with suitable coupling agents. The resulting materials were easily processed into thin films or membranes 0.2–0.4 mm thick, their conductivity in some cases approaching 10−1 S/cm. Their suitability for film formation and good electrical properties indicate potential applications as electrolytes in polymer fuel cells. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 3512–3519, 2002
Phase morphology development and melt rheological behavior in nylon 6/polystyrene blends
Authors: Nair Sobha V. , Oommen Zachariah , Thomas Sabu 
Published: October 2002

AbstractPhase morphology development in immiscible blends of polystyrene (PS)/nylon 6 was investigated. The blends were prepared by melt blending in a twin‐screw extruder. The influence of the blend ratio, rotation speed of the rotors, and time of mixing on the phase morphology of the blends was carefully analyzed. The morphology of the samples was examined under a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and the SEM micrographs were quantitatively analyzed for domain‐size measurements. From the morphology studies, it is evident that the minor component, whether PS or nylon, forms the dispersed phase, whereas the major component forms the continuous phase. The 50/50 PS/nylon blend exhibits cocontinuous morphology. The continuity of the dispersed phase was estimated quantitatively based on the preferential solvent‐extraction technique, which suggested that both phases are almost continuous at a 50/50 blend composition. The effect of the rotor speed on the blend morphology was investigated. It was observed that the most significant breakdown occurred at an increasing rotor speed from 9 to 20 rpm and, thereafter, the domain size remained almost the same even when the rotor speed was increased. The studies on the influence of the mixing time on the blend morphology indicated that the major breakdown of the dispersed phase occurred at the early stages of mixing. The melt rheological behavior of the blend system was studied using a capillary rheometer. The effect of the blend ratio and the shear stress on the melt viscosity of the system was investigated. Melt viscosity decreased with increase in the shear stress, indicating pseudoplastic behavior. With increase of the weight fraction of PS, the melt viscosity of the system decreased. The negative deviation of the measured viscosity from the additivity rule indicated the immiscibility of the blends. The domain size versus the viscosity ratio showed a minimum value when the viscosities of the two phases were matched, in agreement with Wu's prediction. The morphology of the extrudates was analyzed by SEM. From these observations, it was noted that as the shear rate increased the particle size decreased considerably. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 3537–3555, 2002
Studies and characterization of RESOL/VAc–EHA/HMMM IPN systems in aqueous medium
Authors: Datta Chandan , Basu Diya , Banerjee Amarnath 
Published: October 2002

AbstractResol was solution‐blended with vinyl acetate‐2‐ethylhexyl acrylate (VAc–EHA) resin in an aqueous medium, in varying weight fractions, with hexamethoxymethylmelamine (HMMM) as a crosslinker and the data were compared with a control. The present work was aimed to obtain an optimum combination of high‐temperature resistance by synthesis of an interpenetrating network (IPN) of the resins. The control gave a semi‐IPN system, in which the resol crosslinked, while the acrylic did not, whereas the blend, where HMMM was the crosslinker, gave a full‐IPN system. FTIR spectra of the blends of resol/VAc–EHA/HMMM indicated the formation of new stretching, which was generated due to crosslinking reactions among VAc–EHA and the crosslinker HMMM. TGA showed that, with an increase in the VAc–EHA percent in semi‐IPNs, the decomposition temperature decreased gradually, whereas in case of full‐IPNs, the decomposition temperature increased with increase in the VAc–EHA percent. However, the full‐IPNs had a higher decomposition temperature than that of the semi‐IPNs, at the same resol/(VAc–EHA) ratio. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 3581–3588, 2002
Condition monitoring of a thermally aged elastomer by 1H‐NMR T2 relaxation measurements of solvent‐swelled samples
Authors: Assink Roger A. , Celina Mathew , Minier Leanna M. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe aging of polymers is often monitored by mechanical property measurements such as those of Young's modulus or tensile elongation at break; new methods are required, however, in situations where traditional mechanical methods cannot be employed. A hydroxy‐terminated polybutadiene/isophorone diisocyanate elastomer is commonly used as a propellant binder. The thermal degradation of the binder is believed to be an important parameter governing the performance of the propellant. Classical mechanical methods cannot be used to monitor the condition of this material when it has been aged in situ as a highly dispersed binder. In this study, the 1H‐NMR spin‐spin relaxation times, T2, of solvent‐swelled samples decreased substantially as thermally induced oxidation led to additional crosslinking. A time–temperature superposition analysis of the relaxation times was performed on samples that had been aged at temperatures ranging from 50 to 125°C. The acceleration factors derived from the relaxation measurements agreed with those reported earlier for tensile elongation at break and oxygen consumption. The dependence of T2 on tensile elongation at break was independent of the temperature at which the sample was aged. A shortened version of the experiment, requiring only two spin‐echo delay times, is presented. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 3636–3641, 2002
Syntheses and characterization of blend membranes of sodium alginate and poly(vinyl alcohol) for the pervaporation separation of water + isopropanol mixtures
Authors: Kurkuri Mahaveer D. , Toti Udaya S. , Aminabhavi Tejraj M. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe blend membranes of sodium alginate and poly(vinyl alcohol) have been prepared by physical mixing in different ratios (75, 50, and 25%) of sodium alginate with poly(vinyl alcohol). The membranes were crosslinked with glutaraldehyde and used in the pervaporation separation of water + isopropanol mixtures at 30°C. The crosslinking reaction was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectra. Permeation flux increased with an increase in mass % of water in the feed mixture as well as with an increase in the amount of poly(vinyl alcohol) in the blend, but separation selectivity decreased. Diffusion coefficients of water + isopropanol mixtures have been calculated using the Fick's equation from the sorption data. Arrhenius activation parameters were calculated for 10 mass % of water in the feed mixture using the values of flux and diffusion coefficients obtained at 30, 40, and 50°C. The diffusion and pervaporation results have been explained on the basis of solution‐diffusion principles. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 3642–3651, 2002