bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Energy consumption in the Islamic Republic of Iran
Authors: Bakhtiari A.M. Samsam , Shahbudaghlou F. 
Published: March 2003

During the 20th century, energy consumption in the Islamic Republic of Iran was continually on the increase, from a per capita level of 200 kilogrammes of oil equivalent (koe) for traditional energies at the onset to more than 1,700 koe for commercial energies at the century's close.The main stimulants fuelling Iran's energy consumption were: (i) revenue from oil exports (wealth‐creating); (ii) a growing population; (iii) the countrywide rural‐urban shift; and (iv) relatively low domestic retail prices charged for energy vectors.For a country well endowed with hydrocarbon resources, it is not surprising that the internal consumption of refined products and natural gas grew to fill 99 per cent of its primary energy needs.During the 1990s, domestic consumption of natural gas exploded. Gas even came to rival refined products, securing up to 45 per cent of total primary energy. Future natural gas expansion will be based upon the country's ample reserves, and gas will undoubtedly become Iran's dominant source of internal energy in the 21st century—thereby liberating liquid fuels for export.Iran's dwindling crude oil production will also put pressure on the internal use of refined products, as consumption and exports come to vie for the same barrel. Exports being vital to the national economy, consumption will have to be reined in.
What have we Learned from the Experience of Low Oil Prices?
Authors: Alhajji A.F. 
Published: March 2003

This article is an attempt to assess the effect of the low oil prices the world experienced in the mid‐1980s, 1998 and early 1999. Such an assessment will help us predict the consequences of low oil prices in the future. The study focuses on the boon and bane of low oil prices from the producers' and consumers' points of view.Low oil prices, which are not related to technology and lower production costs, have depleted oil reserves, increased the income gap between consumers and producers, created friction among OPEC Members and between OPEC and non‐OPEC producers, and led to the imposition of tariffs on oil imports in consuming countries. In addition, they have led to economic hardship in oil‐producing countries, including declines in oil revenue, budget deficits, budget cuts and cancelled projects, borrowing and debts, deterioration in the balance of payments, negative economic growth, currency devaluations and political unrest. They have affected oil companies through reduced earnings, forced lay‐offs of workers, lower investment and increased mergers. Despite these disadvantages, oil producers may benefit from low oil prices in the long run. They will increase demand, slow the process of substitution and decrease non‐OPEC production.Consumers, on the other hand, will benefit from low oil prices, through higher economic growth and disposable income, and lower legislative and import costs. In addition, consumers will drive faster and longer. These benefits do not come without cost. Low prices will also increase the future vulnerability of consuming countries and lead to more dependence on oil at the expense of alternative energy sources, more dependence on oil imports, more waste, more environmental damage and less efficiency.After outlining the advantages and disadvantages, the study concludes that the disadvantages of low oil prices outweigh their benefits; that is, low oil prices have caused substantial damage. This is due to market inefficiencies and imperfections that include government intervention, especially in consuming countries. Competitive markets, on the other hand, may not lead to such damage.Also, the recent increase in oil prices may have been caused by the low oil prices in 1998 and early 1999, which resulted in lower investment and maintenance spending that, in turn, led to reduced capacity and production.
From Head of Year to Year Curriculum Coordinator and Back Again?
Authors: Lodge Caroline 
Published: March 2003

This article is an account of the development of the course From Head of Year to Year Curriculum Coordinator? The story of its origins, its development and outcomes provides an opportunity to explore the impact of educational changes on conceptions of pastoral care, its management and organization, and how NAPCE has had to change the pattern and nature of its activities to support its members. It allows us to consider the enduring but changing role of the Head of Year.Caroline Lodge worked for 25 years in urban comprehensive schools in Coventry and London, in many different roles (including Head of Year) before moving on. She is now occupied with earning a living as lecturer, writer, researcher, teacher, consultant and trainer and is also a student.
The Cross‐Curriculum Manager: Maximizing the Potential of Learners
Authors: Reading Mike 
Published: March 2003

Mike Reading happened to visit the NAPCE stand at the Education Show, and commented that his school had found the NAPCE resource pack From Head of Year to Year Curriculum Coordinator? very useful in their developments. So a while later he was contacted to write an account for the journal!This account gives a sense of the particular flavour of the school, which Mike himself suggests is unusual, and also the ways in which one role can become more highly connected and central to the school, especially if it is contributing to an explicit focus on learning.Mike is Key Stage Manager at George Spencer Foundation School and Technology College. He trained at The University College of Ripon and York St John, and started his career in education as a Religious Education teacher in Oldham before being Head of Department in Grantham. From this position he was appointed to a senior role in his present school. He has studied the contribution which Quality Management makes to secondary school management and gained a Masters degree at Nottingham Trent University.
Qoheleth and the Existential Legacy of the Holocaust
Authors: Christianson Eric S. 
Published: March 2003

This article explores thematic parallels between the book of Ecclesiastes and the reflections and memories of Holocaust survivors. The three themes touched on find expression in the post‐World War II existentialist literature which sought to respond to the incomprehensibility of the Holocaust: the role of extreme circumstances, (confrontation with) absurdity, and (particularly in relation to the legacy of the Holocaust) the individual struggle with, or against, death and fate. It is existentialist philosophy, then, that provides the categories for the comparison.Although one cannot (indeed, should not) presume an experiential likeness between Qoheleth’s narrative and the real suffering of Holocaust victims, Qoheleth’s observations and lamentation about the absurdity of his own experience resonate a great deal with the (remembered) experience of the Holocaust’s survivors.
The Devil's Dilemma in Flaubert' Saint Antony
Authors: Jacquette Dale 
Published: March 2003

In La Téntation de Saint Antoine Gustave Flaubert dramatizes a philosophical exchange about the nature of divine providence and the efficacy of petitionary prayer. The Devil and Antony consider the question of whether God can be called upon for relief from suffering. The Saint assumes as popular religion teaches that it is possible to ask for God's help in emergency situations, while the Devil poses a dilemma to challenge Antony's faith. The Devil seeks to expose contradictions in some of the beliefs Antony holds about God's infinite perfection. The Devil's argument purports to prove that God is not a person, and that for this reason God is inaccessible to human interaction. The Devil's dilemma is supposed to be this:(1) If God as an infinitely perfect being created the universe, then divine providence is not needed [does not exist].(2) If divine providence is needed [exists], then the universe is defective [not the creation of God as an infinitely perfect being].Although these look at first to be the opposite poles of an excluded middle, propositions (1) and (2) are mere contrapositives. Since the Devil's propositions (1) and (2) are logically equivalent, the Devil can only proceed to the conclusion that God does not exist or that divine providence is not needed or does not exist paradoxically by assuming that God exists or that divine providence is needed or exists. Yet if divine providence is needed or exists, then God exists as its divine source. If the Devil is supposed to succeed by logic, his dilemma as Flaubert portrays it is powerless to prove that the only reasonable religious attitude is an impassionate metaphysical acknowledgement of the existence of an impersonal infinitely perfect Substance, which is absolute unchanging unmoveable Being.
Reconsidering Absolute Omnipotence
Authors: Groarke Louis 
Published: March 2003

Philosophical debate about the problem of evil derives, in part, from differing definitions of almighty power or omnipotence. Modern atheists such as John McTaggart, J. L. Mackie, Earl Condee, and Danny Goldstick maintain that an omnipotent God must be able to accomplish anything, even if it entails a contradiction. On this account, the Christian God cannot be omnipotent and benevolent, for a benevolent, omnipotent God would have forced free agents to desist from evil and this prevented the introduction of suffering into the world. It does not matter if the idea of creating free agents that were forced to be good entails a contradiction. On this account, a God who is truly omnipotent can perform contradictory feats.In this paper, I argue that the atheistic tradition is mistaken. In the first place, even an absolutely omnipotent God could, as an act of benevolence, create a world in which there is suffering. In the second place, I argue that the concept of absolute omnipotence is fatally flawed. An absolutely omnipotent God would lack, in a decisive sense, power. He would be weak rather than strong. So the atheist's argument fails when it is evaluated in light of a more rational account of omnipotence and when it is carefully considered on its own terms.
Henry VII, Chamber Finance and the ‘New Monarchy’: some new Evidence*
Authors: Grummitt David 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
This article re‐examines Henry VII's use of the king's chamber as the principal means of managing royal revenue. This is done in the light of the rediscovery of a series of account books belonging to two clerks of John Heron, treasurer of the chamber. This article challenges the assumption that Heron's account books are straightforward ledgers of royal income and expenditure. It also argues that stories of Henry's great wealth were not fables of Tudor propaganda and that the machinery of the chamber allowed the first two Tudors to employ effectively the private, as well as public, revenues. Moreover, Henry VII's methods of revenue management were not merely developments of Yorkist innovations but a concerted attempt to address some of the deep‐rooted fiscal problems of late‐medieval monarchy.
Sports and celebrations in English market towns, 1660–1750*
Authors: Griffin Emma 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
This article explores the recreational uses of streets and squares in the early modern market town. Late seventeenth-century financial accounts reveal civic authorities spending small sums on plebeian recreations—bonfires and bull-baitings—usually located in the market square. However, they also reveal a steady decline in municipal support for such recreations in the century following the Restoration. The author uses this evidence to argue that the early modern market place was an important communal space with a cultural significance as well as practical commercial value, and that the century following the Restoration saw the beginning of moves to clear plebeian sports and celebrations out of the public streets and confine the market place to traffic and trading.
Risk Management and Public Policy in Payment, Clearing and Settlement Systems
Authors: Dale Richard 
Published: March 2003

In recent years regulators have been increasingly focusing their attention on payment, clearing and settlement systems on the grounds that any serious disruption to the settlement process could have widespread sys‐temic consequences. These concerns embrace wholesale interbank payment systems, foreign‐exchange settlement, securities settlement and derivatives clearing houses. There is, however, a dilemma for regulators insofar as their active involvement in the settlement process can lead to market expectations of official support in the event of any threatened disruption.This paper explains the nature of settlement risk in interbank payments as well as foreign exchange, securities and derivatives markets; describes recent regulatory initiatives in these areas; and assesses the financial market's approach to handling settlement risks. The conclusion is that the market has been most effective in controlling settlement exposures in those areas where systemic risk – and therefore central bank involvement – is least evident.
Social Work in a Managed Care Environment
Authors: Segal S.P. 
Published: March 2003

Managed care has created a new service environment, eliminating distinctions that have sustained social work ideology and the profession throughout its history. This paper reviews important features of managed care, considers changes it has brought to practice ideology, the practitioner/client relationship, and the practice environment, including social work employment. The paper discusses the new opportunities, challenges and problems that have emerged with this approach.While social workers should not embrace managed care, they should not run from it or blindly oppose it. They need to aggressively pursue it, fighting its major drawbacks, while adapting to a competitive market place. Given the current managed care market, the social work profession is now in the right place, at the right time, with the right skills, and available at the right price. It must now take on a leadership role to maintain its competitive position, protect its clients and insure quality practice.
Transformation of Local Power Elites: the Institutionalization of Social Movements in St Petersburg
Authors: Duka Alexander 
Published: March 2003

Starting from the elections of 1990, the renewal of St Petersburg's political elite has developed in two stages. During the first stage, activists of social movement organizations were established in the city representative body (institutionalization of social movements). In the second stage, authoritative bodies within the city Soviet were formed from the deputy corps (whose members we have identified as the elite). Having progressed from their role of challenging the institutionalized political process to participating in it, the new city political leadership at first followed the patterns of social movement behaviour. There has been, however, a shift in activity patterns and an estrangement from challenging groups. There is also evidence of a change in the concept of city authorities' functioning. The desire for a union of representative and executive power, typical of an initial introduction to politics, is giving way to recognition of the need for a division of power. But the admission of leaders of challenging social movements to city power structures has not entailed their conversion to the new city elite.Depuis les élections de 1990, le renouvellement des élites de Saint Pétersbourg s'est produit en deux étapes. Durant la première phase, les activistes des organisations de mouvements sociaux s'établirent dans le corps représentatif de la ville (l'institutionalisation des mouvements sociaux). Durant la deuxième phase, les organisations autoritaires de la ville furent formées par le corps des fondés de pouvoir (dont nous avons identifiés les membres comme étant l'élite). Ayant progressé de leur position de contestation du processus politique institutionaliséà celle de participant dans ce processus, les nouveaux dirigeants politiques de la ville suivirent, au début, le modèle de comportement du mouvement social. Il y a cependant eu un changement dans les types d'activités et un retrait des groupes contestataires. Il y a aussi des indications de changement dans les concepts de fonctionnement des autorités de la ville. Le désir d'unir les pouvoirs représentatifs et exécutifs, caractéristique d'une introduction initiale à la politique, cède la place à une reconnaissance qu'une division du pouvoir est nécessaire. Mais l'entrée des dirigeants des mouvements sociaux contestataires dans les structures du pouvoir de la ville n'a pas été suivie par leur transformation en nouvelles élites.
Revitalizing Inner‐City Neighborhoods in the United States
Authors: Seidman Karl F. 
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in this article:Ronald F. Ferguson and William T. Dickens ,(eds.) Urban problems andcommunity developmentMichael R. Greenberg, Restoring America's neighborhoods: how local people make a differenceW. Dennis Keating and Norman Krumholz, (eds.) Rebuilding urban neighborhoods: achievements, opportunities and limitsJohn Kromer, Neighborhood recovery: reinvestment policy for the new hometownWilliam Peterman, Neighborhood planning and community‐based development: the potential and limits of grassroots action
The Local Polity as a Pathway for Public Power: Taming the Business Tiger during New York City’s Industrial Age
Authors: Kantor Paul 
Published: March 2003

This article explores how bargaining advantages arising from the process of public‐private coordination of interests enable local government to contain business influence in urban development. A theoretical framework highlights how the scope of business demands and the impact of policy on political coalitions empower local officials as Brokers, Organizers, Entrepreneurs and Promoters. Each role affords different pathways for state power in competition with business. This is illustrated by surveying transportation politics during the industrial age in New York City. The city’s experience demonstrates alternative local public‐sector foundations for governmental power in growth politics. As such, it qualifies theories of business privilege in democratic politics and identifies how the dynamics of the public sector empower local officials.Cet article examine comment la négociation d’avantages, née de la coordination des intérêts publics‐privés, permet à un gouvernement local de contenir l’influence des entreprises sur l’urbanisme. Un cadre théorique explique comment l’ampleur des demandes des entreprises et l’impact de la politique sur les coalitions politiques autorisent les représentants locaux à agir en Médiateur, Organisateur, Entrepreneur et Promoteur, chacun de ces rôles permettant des chemins différents vers le pouvoir étatique, en concurrence avec le monde des affaires. L’illustration est donnée par une étude de la politique des transports de la ville de New York à l’ère industrielle. Elle démontre que le secteur public local dispose de diverses assises pour s’assurer un pouvoir gouvernemental dans une politique de croissance. A cet égard, il modère les théories sur le privilège des entreprises dans une politique démocratique et définit comment la dynamique du secteur public donne un pouvoir aux représentants locaux.
‘Weltoffenheit schafft Jobs’: Turkish entrepreneurship and multiculturalism in Berlin
Authors: Pécoud Antoine 
Published: March 2003

This article investigates the connections between multiculturalism, unemployment and self–employment in the case of Berlin’s Turkish economy. It first describes five trends that are currently shaping German–Turks’ business activities: heterogeneity, hybridity, professionalism, internationalization and state interest. The consequences of these five trends are partly contradictory. On the one hand, they challenge the relevance of the ‘Turkish economy’ concept. On the other hand, they give an unprecedented respectability to the ‘Turkish economy’, thus popularizing this concept. The article argues that this contradiction should be interpreted as an outcome of the growing importance of multiculturalism in Germany’s relation to immigrants. Acknowledging the presence of immigrants has led to an emphasis on their high rate of self–employment, viewed as a possible solution to their unemployment and ‘integration’ problems. What emerges is the economic dimension of multiculturalism, i.e. an ideology that sees immigration and ethnic pluralism as economically positive. The article concludes by a critical analysis of this ideology.Cet article étudie les liens entre multiculturalisme, chômage et entreprise individuelle dans le cas de l’économie turque berlinoise. Il décrit d’abord cinq tendances qui configurent actuellement l’activitééconomique des Germano–turcs: hétérogénéité, hybridité, professionnalisme, internationalisation et intérêt de l’État. Les conséquences de ces cinq tendances sont en partie contradictoires. D’un côté, elles remettent en question le concept ‘d’économie turque’ et, de l’autre, elles lui offrent une respectabilité sans précédent, propageant ainsi le concept. Cette contradiction devrait être interprétée comme le résultat de l’importance croissante du multiculturalisme dans la relation de l’Allemagne à l’égard des immigrants. Reconnaître la présence d’immigrés a conduit à souligner le rôle important des entrepreneurs, considérés comme une solution possible à leurs problèmes de chômage et ‘d’intégration’. Est ainsi révélée la dimension économique du multiculturalisme, c’est–à–dire une idéologie qui voit l’immigration et le pluralisme ethnique comme économiquement positifs. La conclusion expose une analyse critique de cette idéologie.
Immigrant Unemployment: The Australian Experience
Authors: Miller Paul W. , Neo Leanne M. 
Published: March 2003

Between 1980 and 1996 both male and female immigrants experienced higher unemployment rates than Australian‐born workers. In 1996, for example, the unemployment rate for the overseas‐born was 9.8 per cent, compared with 8.1 per cent for the Australia‐born. A multivariate analysis is used in this article to examine unemployment rate differentials between Australia‐born and immigrants from English‐speaking countries and immigrants from non‐English‐speaking countries. A feature of the analysis is decomposition of unemployment rate differences between birthplace groups into a component attributable to the different characteristics of the birthplace groups (e.g. different mean levels of education) and a part that is viewed as an impact associated simply with being foreign born.The analyses reveal that the principal factors that influence employment success in the Australian labour market are educational attainment, age, qualifications and, among the foreign‐born, duration of residence in Australia and English language proficiency. Also, unemployment rate reductions associated with additional years of education are not as large for immigrants from non‐English‐speaking countries as they are for the Australia‐born or for immigrants from English‐speaking countries.The results suggest that if immigrants’ marketable characteristics were rewarded in the labour market in the same way that the Australia‐born’s characteristics are rewarded, then immigrants would experience considerably lower unemployment rates than those of the Australia‐born. The unemployment rate differentials actually observed in the albour market arise because this potential advantage is offset by “unjustified” factors. This suggests a role for skill adaptation courses, competency based skill standards and a strengthening of affirmative action programmes for ethnic minorities.The study also shows that recent immigrants are at a pronounced unemployment rate disadvantage, and that this disadvantage persists for a considerable period. This result differs from recent findings for the US labour market where duration of residence effects are short‐lived. It is suggested that this difference may be associated with the Australian labour market being less flexible than the US labour market.