bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Myosin heavy chain expression in zebrafish and slow muscle composition
Authors: Bryson‐Richardson R.J. , Daggett D.F. , Cortes F. , Neyt C. , Keenan D.G. , Currie P.D. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractIn the zebrafish embryo, two distinct classes of muscle fibers have been described in the forming myotome that arise from topographically separable precursor populations. Based entirely on cross‐reactivity with antibodies raised against mammalian and chick myosin heavy chain isoforms slow twitch muscle has been shown to arise exclusively from “adaxial” myoblasts, which migrate from their origin flanking the notochord to form a single layer of subcutaneous differentiated muscle cells. The remainder of the myotome differentiates behind this migration as muscle fibers recognized by anti‐fast myosin heavy chain (MyHC) antibodies. To identify unambiguous molecular markers of cell fate in the myotome, we have characterized genes encoding zebrafish fast and slow MyHC. Using phylogenetic and expression analysis, we demonstrate that these genes are definitive molecular markers of slow and fast twitch fates. We also demonstrate that zebrafish embryonic slow twitch muscle co‐expresses both slow and fast twitch MyHC isoforms, a property that they share with primary fibers of the amniote myotome. Developmental Dynamics 233:1018–1022, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression pattern of glypican‐4 suggests multiple roles during mouse development
Authors: Ybot‐Gonzalez Patricia , Copp Andrew J. , Greene Nicholas D.E. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractGlypicans are glycosylphosphatidylinositol‐anchored heparan sulphate proteoglycans, which are thought to modulate signalling by growth factors, including fibroblast growth factors and Wnts. Studies in Xenopus have implicated glypicans, in particular glypican‐4, in the process of convergent extension, which is essential for neural tube closure in Xenopus and mouse. Expression of glypican‐4 has been reported in the mouse brain at embryonic day 10 and later stages, whereas expression during the developmental stages encompassing initiation and progression of neural tube closure has not been reported. Analysis by in situ hybridization reveals a complex pattern of glypican‐4 mRNA localization at embryonic days 7–10.5, including sites in the anterior forebrain neuroepithelium, branchial arches, optic and otic vesicles, limb buds and somites. Glypican‐4 expression is not detected in the midline of the embryo at the stage of initiation of neural tube closure, suggesting that glypican‐4 is unlikely to play an essential role in convergent extension in the mouse. Developmental Dynamics 233:1013–1017, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Site‐specific expression of CD11b and SIRPα (CD172a) on dendritic cells: implications for their migration patterns in the gut immune system
Authors: Bimczok Diane , Sowa Eveline N. , Faber‐Zuschratter Heidrun , Pabst Reinhard , Rothkötter Hermann‐Josef 
Published: April 2005

AbstractDendritic cells (DC) in the intestinal tract play a major role in directing the mucosal immune system towards tolerance or immunity. We analyzed whether different mucosal DC subsets in pigs have specific functions, localizations, or migration patterns in vivo. Therefore, we collected physiologically migrating DC by pseudo‐afferent cannulation of the intestinal duct in eight Göttingen minipigs. Lymph DC were phenotypically and functionally characterized and compared to DC found on histological sections of porcine small intestine and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN). Four different DC subpopulations were detected. Lamina propria (LP) DC were mainly CD11b+ signal regulatory protein α (SIRPα)+, DC in Peyer's patches were mainly CD11b–/SIRPα+ in subepithelial domes and CD11b–/SIRPα– in interfollicular regions, whereas MLN DC were largely CD11b+/SIRPα–. Of these four subsets, only the CD11b+/SIRPα+ DC and the CD11b+/SIRPα– DC were present in lymph. This suggests that DC migration to MLN largely originates from the LP. Lymph DC expressed high levels of MHC class II and costimulatory molecules and had a low capacity for FITC‐dextran uptake, indicating a mature phenotype. However, lymph DC did not induce PBMC proliferation in MLR, and migration was not significantly influenced by mucosal antigen application.
Regulation of mast cells’ secretory response by co‐clustering the Type 1 Fcϵ receptor with the mast cell function‐associated antigen
Authors: Licht Arieh , Pecht Israel , Schweitzer‐Stenner Reinhard 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe mast cell function‐associated antigen (MAFA) is a type II membrane glycoprotein first identified on rat mast cells and basophils. Clustering MAFA inhibits these cells’ secretory response to the type 1 Fcϵ receptor (FcϵRI) stimulus. To quantitatively characterize this inhibition and its dependence on MAFA‐FcϵRI co‐clustering, we investigated the secretory response of rat mucosal‐type mast cells of the RBL 2H3 line carrying an IgE class, 2,4 dinitrophenyl (DNP) specific monoclonal antibody to DNP‐conjugated Fab and F(ab′)2 fragments of (1) mouse IgG, and (2) of the MAFA‐specific, monoclonal antibody G63. The first reagent clusters FcϵRI‐IgE complexes into oligomers by reacting with the DNP residues. The DNP conjugated G63 Fab and F(ab′)2 fragments, additionally aggregate MAFA and form FcϵRI‐IgE‐MAFA co‐clusters. All experiments using these ligands were performed in the absence or presence of an excess of intact mAb G63, which clusters MAFA molecules. Empirical Hill functions were used to relate the secretory response of mast cells to the equilibrium concentrations of FcϵRI‐IgE or MAFA clusters and co‐clusters calculated as function of the employed ligands concentrations. This analysis of the experimental results indicates that co‐clustered MAFA molecules have a markedly higher inhibitory capacity than MAFA‐clusters alone. The molecular basis of the enhanced inhibition observed upon co‐clustering MAFA with the FcϵRI is most probably the increased concentration of the inhibitory cell components in the immediate proximity of the activation coupling elements.
Screening for and validated quantification of phenethylamine‐type designer drugs and mescaline in human blood plasma by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry
Authors: Habrdova Vilma , Peters Frank T. , Theobald Denis S. , Maurer Hans H. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractIn recent years, several newer designer drugs of the so‐called 2C series such as 2C‐D, 2C‐E, 2C‐P, 2C‐B, 2C‐I, 2C‐T‐2, and 2C‐T‐7 have entered the illicit drug market as recreational drugs. Some fatal intoxications involving 2C‐T‐7 have been reported. Only scarce data have been published about analyses of these substances in human blood and/or plasma. This paper describes a method for screening and simultaneous quantification of the above‐mentioned compounds and their analog mescaline in human blood plasma. The analytes were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry in the selected‐ion monitoring mode, after mixed‐mode solid‐phase extraction (HCX) and derivatization with heptafluorobutyric anhydride. The method was fully validated according to international guidelines. Validation data for 2C‐T‐2 and 2C‐T‐7 were unacceptable. For all other analytes, the method was linear from 5 to 500 µg/L and the data for accuracy (bias) and precision (coefficient of variation) were within the acceptance limits of ±15% and <15%, respectively (within ±20% and <20% near the limit of quantification of 5 µg/L). Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multiscale Porosity from Thermoreversible Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Gels in Diethyl Azelate
Authors: Dasgupta Debarshi , Nandi Arun K. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractPoly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVF2) produces thermoreversible gels in a series of diesters. The polymer‐solvent complexation occurred for intermittent number of carbon atoms n ⩾ 2 and the enthalpy of complexation increased with increasing n. The gels were dried by replacing the diesters with low boiling solvent like cyclohexane (bp. 80 °C) and methylcyclohexane (bp. 99 °C). The porosity of the dried gels was measured using Poremaster‐60. For PVF2‐DEAZ gel meso and macro porosity have been observed. The former pore dimensions have been attributed for polymer‐solvent complexation while the macroporosity has been attributed for caging of solvent between the PVF2 fibrils The porosity measured from nitrogen adsorption isotherms using BJH method indicate presence of minimum pore diameter of 3.8 nm for the 10% dried gel of PVF2.
Polyacrylamide‐Grafted Silica as Special Type of Polymer‐Colloid Complex
Authors: Demchenko Olga , Zheltonozhskaya Tatyana , Filipchenko Svetlana , Syromyatnikov Vladimir 
Published: April 2005

AbstractStructure and properties of polyacrylamide‐grafted silica have been investigated with the help of thermal analysis methods, NMR spectroscopy and by measuring the ability solubilization in benzene when compared with homopolymer polyacrylamide (PAA). More homogeneous structure, low rigidity and density of packing have been revealed for the polymer shell. PAA form a dense polymer shell, which interact with silica surface through H‐bonds. 1H NMR spectroscopy suggests no influence of silica particles on PAA stereoregularity. PAA‐grafted silica considered as a special type of polymer‐colloid complex where polymer chains are covalently bound to silica with one end and polymer segments along the chain are hydrogen bound to the particle surface.
Gelation of Misfolded Proteins
Authors: Miller Aline F. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractInsulin protein was exposed to mildly denaturing conditions (heat and low pH) to encourage the formation of beta‐sheet rich amyloid fibrils. This resulted in an increase in viscosity of our protein samples and the morphology and thermodynamics of the resulting hydrogel were monitored using environmental scanning electron microscopy and micro differential scanning calorimetry respectively. It was found that the beta‐sheet fibrils aggregated further to form macrofibrils, 2 μm in diameter and several microns in length. These long, flexible macrofibrils became entangled to form hydrogels with controllable mesh size: the higher the incubation temperature the higher the number of entanglements, and consequently the smaller the mesh size.
Identification of Gel‐Like Behaviour in Side‐Chain Liquid Crystal Polymer Melts
Authors: Mendil Hakima , Noirez Laurence 
Published: April 2005

AbstractWe show through extensive rheological studies that Side‐Chain Liquid Crystalline Polymer melts reveal an unexpected and surprising strong elasticity instead of a classical flow behaviour. Neutron Scattering experiments demonstrate that this elastic plateau cannot be correlated to the long range order of the nematic phase.
Structure of Hydrogen and Hydrophobically Bonded Amphiphilic Copolymer with Poly(methacrylic acid) Complexes as Revealed by Small Angle Neutron Scattering
Authors: Zeghal Mehdi , Auvray Loïc , Jebbari Mondher , Gharbi Abdelhafidh 
Published: April 2005

AbstractWe study by SANS the structure of intermolecular complexes formed through hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions between poly(methacrylic acid) (PMA) and a neutral copolymer surfactant (PEO‐PPO‐PEO). The contrast variation method enables us to probe the structure factor of each polymer in the complex and their cross structure factor. The number of copolymer chains, which results from the cooperative action of hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions increases as the charge of the polyacid decreases. The aggregation preserves the micellar core‐corona organization of the copolymer and shrinks the polyacid chains which adopt a similar compact structure. Finally, the structure of the aggregates is compared to that of PEO‐PMA homopolymer complex observed by SANS.
Dynamics and Crystallization in Polydimethylsiloxane Nanocomposites
Authors: Beigbeder Alexandre , Bruzaud Stéphane , Spěváček Jiri , Brus Jiri , Grohens Yves 
Published: April 2005

AbstractSeveral routes were used to achieve silicon nanocomposites. The first and second one are the melt intercalation of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), which is a mechanical blending of the polymer in the molten state with the untreated inorganic filler or intercalated nanoparticles. The last one is an in situ polymerization, which previously requires the intercalation of hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane (D3) followed by a subsequent polymerization step. We used synthetic mineral oxide HTiNbO5 as nanofiller. These systems were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and solid state NMR in order to better understand the relation between the nanocomposites dynamics, and crystallisation. The efficiency of grafting reactions was studied by 29Si CP/MAS NMR. The nature of the interfacial interactions seems to play the major role. Indeed, the nanocomposites 1 and 2 for which only physical interactions are expected do not exhibit any Tg deviation whereas the nanocomposite 3, for which chemical grafting is achieved, increases strongly the Tg. Crystallization is more sensitive to density and strength of interfacial interactions which are maximum for the pristine filler.
Characterization of Interdiffusion between PVDF and Stereoregular PMMA by Using ATR‐FTIR Spectroscopy
Authors: Lorec Gildas , Baley Christophe , Sire Olivier , Grohens Yves 
Published: April 2005

AbstractIn this study we investigated the interdiffusion between PVDF and PMMA below the melting temperature of PVDF by ATR‐FTIR spectroscopy. The influence of the stereoregularity of different PMMA samples was studied. The PMMA tacticity showed a significant influence on the kinetics of the diffusion. Syndiotactic PMMA diffuses faster than isotactic and atactic PMMA which can be explained from the difference of chains stiffness between the two stereoisomers.
Smart Poly(styrene)/Carbon Black Conductive Polymer Composites Films for Styrene Vapour Sensing
Authors: Feller Jean‐François , Guézénoc Hervé , Bellégou Hervé , Grohens Yves 
Published: April 2005

AbstractConductive Polymer Composites (CPC) can be used to elaborate sensing elements able to detect solvent vapours at very low concentrations (some ppm). Our experiments have shown that combining atactic PS or syndiotactic PS to five carbon black of different specific surfaces, allows obtaining a wide range of electrical resistances and surface morphologies. The CPC films have been elaborated from solutions by spraying and spin coating, the former being more adequate to design sensitive films with tuneable electrical properties. The larger electrical responses were obtained with an initial resistance close to 104 Ω. Our sensors gave a response for very low styrene concentration (some ppm) increasing as a function of vapour concentration.
Construction of a Low Cost Photoacoustic Spectrometer for Characterization of Materials
Authors: Rajan M.A. Jothi , Thaddeus Arockiam , Mathavan T. , Vivekanandam T.S. , Umapathy S. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractDuring the past few years, another optical technique has been developed to study those materials, which cannot be studied, by the conventional transmission or reflection techniques. The present technique called Photoacoustic spectroscopy or PAS is different from the conventional techniques chiefly in that the interaction of the incident energy of the photons with the materials under investigation is studied not through subsequent detection and analysis of some of the photons, but rather through a direct measure of the energy absorbed by the material. The aim of this presentation is to highlight the construction of a simple Photoacoustic spectrometer which can easily be constructed even in high school and college laboratories with the available low cost but efficient components and use it for characterization of solid (opaque or transparent), liquid and gas samples under investigations. The essential parts of the photoacoustic spectrometer designed in the laboratory (MADURAI – PA SPECTROMETER), consists of three main components.The total cost comes around 900 Euros. It is an affordable cost for researchers working with paucity of funds and facilities and many constraints especially in the developing countries. In the next few years we aim to study material characterization using MADURAI –PA SPECTROMETER.
Sweat‐testing: A review of current technical requirements
Authors: Beauchamp M. , Lands L.C. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractSweat‐testing remains a key component of the diagnostic workup for cystic fibrosis. However, it is technically challenging, especially in young children. This review covers technical aspects related to the devices and protocols associated with conducting successful tests. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Skin‐prick testing as a diagnostic aid for childhood asthma
Authors: Chan E.Y. , Dundas I. , Bridge P.D. , Healy M.J.R. , McKenzie S.A. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractDiagnosing asthma is problematic when based solely on reported symptoms. The purpose of this study was to evaluate skin‐prick testing as a diagnostic aid for asthma in children. Skin‐prick testing (SPT) was undertaken in children aged 2–10 years with either no history of wheeze (n = 149) or recent doctor‐observed wheeze which responded to treatment with a bronchodilator, the “gold standard” (n = 164). Children with moderate or severe asthma were excluded. SPT positivity increased sharply at age 5 years in wheezers. Data were therefore divided into two age groups: 2–<5 years (57 controls, 97 wheezers) and 5–10 years (92 controls, 67 wheezers). The sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratios of SPT positivity for wheeze were 32%, 89%, and 2.9, respectively, in the younger children, and 82%, 85%, and 5.5, respectively, in the older children. For a prevalence of 30% for asthma, the positive predictive values of a positive SPT were 55% and 70% for the younger and older age groups, respectively. The test characteristics of SPT for helping diagnose asthma in schoolchildren are good. The prevalence of wheeze in preschool children is high, and so SPT should be helpful even in this group. We suggest that clinicians consider skin‐prick testing as a diagnostic aid for asthma. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analyzing norm emergence in communal sharing via agent‐based simulation
Authors: Kurahashi Setsuya , Terano Takao 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis paper analyzes how the communal sharing norms of the community function in the information society, by using an agent‐based simulation of an artificial society. Our simulator TRURL consists of a set of agents provided with individual functions of decision‐making and communication. Furthermore, the mechanisms for social evolution by genetic algorithm and a solution search function are prepared. Studies of the emergence and functions of the communal sharing norm have been presented in sociopsychology, using evolutionary game simulations. Interesting phenomena such as the collapse or persistence of norm have been reported. According to the analysis of the net news society in this paper, considering information as property, it is concluded that the appearance of free riders does not lead to the collapse of norms. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 36(6): 102–112, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.10111
Blurred character recognition by complementing features of blurred regions
Authors: Shiku Osamu , Nakamura Akira , Miyahara Sueharu , Ohyama Terumitsu 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis paper presents a method for recognizing printed characters with accuracy and speed. It is difficult to recognize blurred characters because a feature extracted from a blurred region is very different from that from a clean image. In particular, contour features which show the character line direction are highly effective in character recognition, but in blurred characters the contour is lost, and the performance of blurred character recognition by contour features becomes worse. The basic idea of our method is to complement the lost contour by using prepared contour images for each character category. In addition, by applying our blurred character recognition method, we construct a recognition system which is effective for characters of various quality. Experiments were conducted using photocopied 6‐point characters with numerous blurs. We confirmed that our method recognized blurred characters with much higher accuracy than the existing method of contour features, and that our system could be applied to characters of various quality. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 36(6): 59–68, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.20253
A compactness theorem of n-harmonic maps
Authors: Wang Changyou 
Published: April 2005

For

n⩾3

, let

\Omega \subset \mathbf{R}^{n}

be a bounded domain and

N \subset \mathbf{R}^{L}

be a compact smooth Riemannian submanifold without boundary. Suppose that

\{u_{n}\} \subset W^{1,n}(\Omega ,N)

are weak solutions to the (perturbed)

n

-harmonic map equation (1.2), satisfying (1.3), and

u_{k}\rightarrow u

weakly in

W^{1,n}(\Omega ,N)

. Then

u

is an

n

-harmonic map. In particular, the space of

n

-harmonic maps is sequentially compact for the weak-

W^{1,n}

topology.

Résumé

Pour

n⩾3

, soit

\Omega \subset \mathbf{R}^{n}

un domaine borné et soit

N \subset \mathbf{R}^{L}

une sous-variété compacte sans bord. Soient

\{u_{n}\} \subset W^{1,n}(\Omega ,N)

des solutions de l'équation (perturbée) (1.2) pour les applications

n

-harmoniques, telles que

u_{k}\rightarrow u

faiblement dans

W^{1,n}(\Omega ,N)

. Alors

u

est une application

n

-harmonique. En particulier, l'espace des applications

n

-harmoniques est sequentiellement compact dans la topologie

W^{1,n}

faible.
Measurements of sound-speed and density contrasts of zooplankton in Antarctic waters
Authors: Chu D. , Wiebe P.H. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Sound-speed and density contrasts (h and g, respectively), two important acoustic material properties, of live zooplankton were measured off the western Antarctic Peninsula during a Southern Ocean GLOBEC cruise conducted from 9 April to 21 May 2002. The work included in situ sound-speed contrast and shipboard density-contrast measurements. The temperature and pressure (depth) dependence of the sound-speed contrast of Euphausia superba and E. crystallorophias as well as that of some other zooplankton species were investigated. The size range of E. superba used in the measurements varied from about 20 mm to 57 mm, with mean length of 36.7 mm and standard deviation of 9.8 mm, which covered life stages from juvenile to adult. For E. superba, there was no statistically significant depth dependence, but there was a moderate dependence of sound-speed and density contrasts on the size of the animals. The measured sound-speed contrast varied between 1.018 and 1.044, with mean value 1.0279 and standard deviation 0.0084, while the measured density contrast varied between 1.007 and 1.036, with mean value 1.0241 and standard deviation 0.0082. For E. crystallorophias and Calanus there was a measurable depth dependence in sound-speed contrast. The in situ sound-speed contrasts for E. crystallorophias were 1.025 ± 0.004 to 1.029 ± 0.009. For Calanus, they were variable, with one set giving a value of 0.949 ± 0.001 and the other giving 1.013 ± 0.002. Shipboard measurements of other taxa/species also showed substantial variation in g and h.
In general, values of g ranged from 0.9402 to 1.051 and h ranged from 0.949 to 1.096. The variation of the material properties is related to species, type, size, stage, and in some cases depth of occurrence. The uncertainty of the estimates of zooplankton biomass attributable to these variations in g and h can be quite large (more than 100 fold). Improvements in making biological inferences from acoustic data depend strongly on increased information about the material properties of zooplankton and the biological causes for their variation, as well as a knowledge of the species composition and abundance.