bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in China; and Kenyon Again
Authors: Haffenden John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
However happy the Empsons felt that the United Kingdom had recognized the PRC, their pleasure was dampened when the Chi-nese chose not to reciprocate. The British Government hoped that diplomatic ties would serve to protect valuable trade exchanges, but the People ‘s Republic declined to regularize full relations on the basis of such a patently self-interested gesture. As Peter Townsend later explained, ‘China ‘s hesitation to establish full diplomatic relations until, among other points, Britain voted in favour of seating China in the United Nations Assembly, was probably designed to force Britain to declare whether, in the final analysis, she was prepared to allow her commercial
The Road to Retirement
Authors: Haffenden John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
[in Ohio and Indiana], the sweating teacher can keep awake all right without it, but not the class ‘—one was allocated to him (though the summer in BuValo is not very humid). Furthermore, when Daniel Seltzer, Director of the Loeb Drama Center at Harvard University, arranged (at I. A. Richards ‘s express suggestion) to invite him to give a lecture there late in July, Empson asked BuValo to allow him the necessary time out: and permission was promptly granted for such an excursion. ‘What a lot of patience it must require to meet so many people ‘s demands, ‘ he graciously allowed at his own expense.
Roamings in Retirement: from Toronto to Miami
Authors: Haffenden John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To the analysis of a literary work. It was his old pitch: he had published it many times. Of a fellow-panellist [GeoVrey Hartman] he wrote some Wve years later: ‘I liked Hartman when I met him, and wish we could have talked more, but I feel sure we could have done one another no good. He is a good man someone tricked into Yale, and now languishes there, Yaled for life. He really does, fairly often, know what an author felt or intended, but his principles forbid him to mention it. ‘ There is no question but that Empson had come to feel radically out of sympathy, and largely out of touch, with recent critical theory; for years he had been disdainful of New Critical dogmatics, and of late he had set himself against all theory, especially any theory putatively informed by philosophy.
The Development of Plato’s Political Theory
Authors: Klosko George 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since its publication twenty years ago, the first edition of this work has been the closest thing to a standard book on Plato's political theory. Like the first edition, this edition of The Development of Plato's Political Theory provides a clear, scholarly account of Plato's political theory in the context of the social and political events of his time, and draws connections between the development of his political theory and other aspects of his philosophy, especially his moral psychology. Special attention is paid to the political nature of Plato's political theory, to how his lifelong concern with questions of moral and political reform evolved along with other aspects of his theory, and to both Socrates' and his own efforts to reform actual cities. This second edition has been thoroughly revised to take into account scholarly developments during the last twenty years. Major changes from the first edition include reworking central aspects of chapters on the Statesman and Laws and detailed discussion of questions of interpretation, how Plato's dialogues should be read. Among other subjects receiving increased attention are Plato's alleged totalitarianism and racism and the place of the nocturnal council in the political theory of the Laws.
The Ideal State
Authors: Klosko George 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the last chapter we saw something of Plato’s concern with education and its crucial role in moral reform. What remains to be seen is its role in shaping the institutional structure of the ideal state. Plato argues that education is not only the central institution of the state but also the key to the proper functioning of its other institutions. But difficult requirements must be met before education can work. The significance of education to the smooth functioning of the state is discussed in Book IV (423c–27a). Having outlined many important features of the state, Socrates considers what remains to be done. He declares that further legislation is unnecessary. If the all-important programme of education is adhered to, all will be well; if not, there is little hope. Education is the means through which the public spirit necessary for a successful state is created. Good education and good upbringing, if preserved, will produce citizens who will improve with each generation (424a–b).
The Shifting International Context: From Post-War Universal Human Rights to Post-Cold War Minority Rights
Authors: Kymlicka Will 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The recent wave of international activity in the field of minority rights rests on a simple but striking assumption—namely, that issues regarding the treatment of minorities are ‘matters of legitimate international concern and consequently do not constitute exclusively an internal affair of the respective State ‘. This assumption has been stated explicitly by several international organizations since 1990 to justify the formulation of new norms and monitoring mechanisms. I will discuss the details of some of these norms and mechanisms below, but the first task is to explore this underlying assumption.
Evaluating Liberal Multiculturalism in Practice
Authors: Kymlicka Will 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapter, I described the optimistic origins of liberal multiculturalism in the West, emerging as part and parcel of a larger human rights revolution, and committed to attacking inherited hierarchies and expanding individual freedom. But this story about the genealogy of liberal multiculturalism is primarily a story about beliefs, intentions, and aspirations, and doesn ‘t tell us how things have worked out in practice.
Unpacking Production: The Small Arms Industry
Authors: Evans Gareth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The inaugural edition of the Small Arms Surveynotes that ‘the small arms industry is the most widely distributed sector of the global defence industry’ (Small Arms Survey, 2001, p. 7). It determines that the number of firms producing small arms and light weapons has increased since the end of the cold war. The three subsequent editions of the Surveyassess the overall size of the industry by listing companies known to engage in production; considering trends in production across regions; and demonstrating how market changes affect the entire industry (Small Arms Survey, 2002; 2003; 2004). Yet research to date indicates that ‘global trends’ have diverse impacts on firms that comprise the small arms industry. The production chapter in the Small Arms Survey 2004is a case in point. Entitled ‘Continuity and Change’, it describes both great shifts affecting the industry and, concurrently, continuity in the production and use of a number of basic weapons across the globe.
Locking onto Target: Light Weapons Control Measures
Authors: Evans Gareth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter begins with a review of international measures: first, those that apply to a broad range of small arms and light weapons, then those that specifically target the transfer of MANPADS. The last part of the chapter shifts the focus to the national level and enquires whether important exporting countries have in place the laws and regulations necessary for the effective implementation of the new MANPADS measures. As the normative framework needed to address the MANPADS problem takes shape at the international level, the key challenges increasingly reside at the national level—with the national implementation of the new international standards.
Managing ‘Post-Conflict’ Zones: DDR And Weapons Reduction
Authors: Evans Gareth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The end of war does not necessarily signal a return to security. The introduction of a ceasefire, a peace agreement, or even discrete interventions that seek to disarm warring parties do not guarantee tangible improvements in the safety of either civilians or former combatants. In fact, in 2004, many so-called post-conflict environments presented more direct and indirect threats to civilians than the armed conflicts that preceded them. This raises an important question: what constitutes ‘post-conflict’? Does it necessarily begin with a signed peace accord? When does it end? The expression has become so ubiquitous that its very meaning is rarely questioned.
The Central African Republic: A Case Study Of Small Arms And Conflict
Authors: Evans Gareth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the past ten years, the Central African Republic (CAR) has hosted four international peacekeeping operations and witnessed conflicts in neighbouring states that have routinely made international headlines. Yet, relatively little literature exists on the country. As will be shown, this study has relevance far beyond the troubled, landlocked nation that is its subject. It challenges many widely held assumptions about security-sector reform (SSR) that have continental and global implications. The study also provides a richer context for acquiring a better understanding of continuing threats to peace and security throughout the region. It underscores how conflicts are interrelated and how progress in one country can harm that of another if proper attention is not paid.
Weymouth Amusements
Authors: Barrell John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the end of February 1789 George III recovered from the most serious episode so far of the porphyria that was understood by his contemporaries as madness. The Regency Bill, which had produced deep divisions within parliament, the nation, and the king’s own family, was abandoned, and his recovery was greeted with effusive demonstrations of loyalty, ‘the most brilliant, as well as the most universal exhibition of national loyalty and joy, ever witnessed in England’. London was illuminated from Hampstead to Tooting, from Kensington to Greenwich. In April the king was driven in procession through cheering crowds to attend a three-hour service of thanksgiving in St Paul’s.
‘MacSimmittoon’
Authors: Clark Heather 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Ulster Renaissance is ultimately best understood through the wheels that set it in motion—not through the exaggerations of British or Irish journalists, but through the Belfast Group workshop, the Belfast Festival, the Northern Review, Festival poetry pamphlets, the Honest Ulsterman, poetry tours, first publications, successful reviews, and literary awards. It was not the Dublin or London reviewers who imposed the ‘Belfast Group’ identity upon the poets from on high; journalists could only publicize what the poets themselves had achieved. That identity was, to a large degree, invented and sustained by the poets themselves. Their achievements gave them the confidence to conceive of Ulster poetry as a distinct category, and to engage in a dialogue among themselves, as well as with the London and Dublin literati, about what shape that poetry ought to take. By the 1970s, the tone of the conversation would change as the term ‘Ulster poetry’ bore new burdens, yet it is important to recognize that the poets had already established a viable Northern identity— one centred around the idea of a local literary community which shared aesthetic principles and claimed kinship with Ulster poetic father-figures—before the onset of violence.
Conclusion
Authors: Lunn-Rockliffe Katherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This study has traced the increasingly complex ironic techniques used by Corbière. His style is based on vocal multi-layering, which is used variously to build up a kaleidoscopic picture of the world, to expose speakers as comic personae, and to evoke the convolutions of consciousness. Complex rhetorical situations are used to convey selfdivision, and this aesthetic culminates in the rondels. Irony is generated by a wide range of variations on the writer–reader relationship, such as insinuating a distance between author and speaker, or using multiple voices which force the reader to question who is speaking. This is an indirect way of expressing personal experience, since poems play out comic scenes for the benefit of the reader, rather than confiding directly in him or her.
Quantifying Policy Emphases in Texts Using the CMP Approach: Comparisons with Alternative Aproaches
Authors: Klingemann Hans-dieter , Volkens Andrea , Bara Judith L , Budge Ian , McDonald Michael d. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 5 worked down from macro-level assessments of the quality of our main policy indicator to agreement estimates for sub-sets of scores. These are useful for comparing two scores (say for different parties in 1992 or the same party between 1942 and 1997), and deciding whether they are really different or whether their basic identity is masked by error. As the figures show, our measurements are generally reliable, so most differences can be taken as telling us something about real-life politics.
Models And Least Squares
Authors: Atkinson A C , Donev A N , Tobias R D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The plots in Chapter 4 illustrate some of the forms of relationship between an m-dimensional factor x and the true response η(x), which will often be written as η(x, β) to stress dependence on the vector of p unknown parameters β. For a first-order model p = m + 1. Measurements of η(x) are subject to error, giving observations y.
Blocking Response Sur Face Designs
Authors: Atkinson A C , Donev A N , Tobias R D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter, like Chapter 14, is concerned with the design of experiments when the response depends on both qualitative and quantitative factors. However, we now focus on the case when the experimenter is not interested in the model parameters corresponding to the levels of the qualitative factors. These factors may be included in the study because this is convenient or even unavoidable, or because their inclusion ensures the required experimental space and, hence, range for the validity of the results. Such qualitative variables are called blocking variables and the groups of observations corresponding to their levels, blocks. Examples of experimental situations requiring blocking were given in Chapter 1.
Compound Design Criteria
Authors: Atkinson A C , Donev A N , Tobias R D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An experimenter rarely has one purpose or model in mind when planning an experiment. For example, the results of a second-order response surface design will typically be used to test the terms in the model for significance as well as being used to test for goodness of fit of the model. The significant terms will then be included in a model, the estimated response from which may be used for prediction at one or several points not necessarily within In previous chapters we have found designs optimum for these individual tasks. However, a design that is optimum for one task may be exceptionally inefficient for another.
The population and the landscape
Authors: Samways Michael J , New Tim R , McGeoch Melodie A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Organisms, the places in which they live, and the resources they need, occur across landscapes (or waterscapes in the case of aquatic species). The term ‘dispersion’ is used to describe the distribution of individuals within and across their habitat or the landscape, and organisms are commonly unevenly or patchily distributed (aggregated). The major concerns for the well-being of many insects come about from changes to the structure (especially of plant types), species composition (ecological integrity), and quality (ecosystem health) of these landscapes. Extensive human-induced changes have led to loss and fragmentation of habitats, and hence reduced quality or loss of critical resources.
Ex-situ conservation: captive rearing and reintroduction programmes
Authors: Samways Michael J , New Tim R , McGeoch Melodie A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ex situ conservation refers to conservation undertaken outside the natural habitat. It is usually applied to the process of taking organisms into captivity to enhance their security, through breeding from this foundation stock, and, in due course, by releasing them or their offspring, perhaps after many generations, into the wild. This process becomes necessary (1) when populations in the wild have declined to such low levels that they may not be self-sustaining, (2) where threats to populations and/or their habitats are so severe that extinction is deemed likely, and/or (3) where captive individuals and their offspring can be protected from natural enemies or other factors causing high mortality, so that numbers can be built up either to augment source populations or to found new populations by translocation or other controlled release.
Studying insects in the changing environment
Authors: Samways Michael J , New Tim R , McGeoch Melodie A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The major drivers of global environmental change, and which affect biodiversity, include habitat loss and alteration, invasive alien species, pollution, and climate change. The catalyst for much of today’s insect ecology and conservation research is rapid global environmental change, combined with the recognized importance and functional significance of insect biodiversity. In the context of global change, insects are studied to understand (1) the impact of environmental change on insect biodiversity, and (2) the consequences of a change in insect biodiversity on overall biodiversity and ecosystem functioning as we know it, as well as (3) to examine the possibility of using insects to provide some sort of early warning system or indication of the extent, rate, and nature of environmental change.
Key questions for insect conservation in an era of global change
Authors: Samways Michael J , New Tim R , McGeoch Melodie A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is beyond the scope and objective of this book to provide the theoretical back-ground to each form of environmental change and our current understanding of their impacts on insect biodiversity (see work by T. Tscharntke and colleagues for extensive work on insect conservation in fragmented agricultural landscapes, e.g. Tscharntke et al. 2007). Needless to say there is a vast literature and well-established theory on topics such as habitat fragmentation, biological invasion, and climate change. Rather, the aim of this section is to provide a brief overview of some of the important questions and variables, sampling, and measurement considerations in studies of insect and; environmental change. Several of the techniques mentioned in this chapter as being appropriate for application to study a particular form of environmental change are dealt with in detail in previous chapters.
Assumed knowledge
Authors: Casse Rey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As mentioned in the Foreword, Chapter 1 is devoted to the listing of some basic facts about fields and linear algebra. It is expected that a third year university student is more familiar with the material on linear algebra than the material on fields. A reader who is not familiar with fields is recommended to Proceed with the study, and learn about fields on a ‘needs’ basis, as not all of the properties are immediately needed Seek proofs and further information from an appropriate algebra book.
Coordinatising a projective plane
Authors: Casse Rey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are many ways to coordinatise a projective plane. The most popular one is to attempt to make the plane look as close to a field plane as possible. Consider the plane PG(2,F ). Let O, X, and Y be any three non-collinear points of PG(2,F ). Without loss of generality, we may take the homogeneous coordinates of O, X, and Y to be (0, 0, 1), (1, 0, 0), and (0, 1, 0), respectively. Any point A on OX, with A ≠ X, has homo geneous coordinates (a, 0, 1), a ϵ F . Similarly, let B = (0, b, 1) be any point of OY , distinct from Y .
Facing East Islam and Identity in West African Literature
Authors: Newell Stephanie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What I would like are large lines, large navigational canals across the desert. Wearing the desert out, denying it, gathering Africa together, creating the continent. A vibrant, multicultural patchwork of Muslim communities can be found in West Africa, living in countries ranging from the wholly Islamic Mali to countries such as Benin and Ghana in which Christian, Islamic, and customary religious communities coexist side by side, often within the same village or extended family group.
Oral Literatures
Authors: Newell Stephanie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
European-language writers like Senghor, Kane, Achebe and Soyinka are not the only professional authors in West Africa. The region is also dense with ‘ &gt;griots&gt; ’, who fulfill vital social and cultural roles as performers and interpreters, as praise-singers, oral historians, storytellers, singers, dancers, and drummers. Alongside these professional &gt;griots , ordinary people also frequently participate in oral performances, singing a person’s praises, or, as we will see, publicly abusing an individual for bad behaviour.
Experimental Writing by the ‘Third Generation’
Authors: Newell Stephanie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1996, Femi Osofisan remarked upon a ‘new kind of writing which is astonishingly different’ in West Africa, manifesting ‘a violent rupture with the goals of literature as understood and interpreted by my generation’ (1996: 25). In place of the themes and styles developed by second-generation writers, authors since the 1980s have produced ‘metanarratives without authors, without plot . . . in which the protagonist’s identity (or, more correctly, identities) has become unstable, and inconstant, splintered into plural heteroglossic, and sometimes even conflictual phantoms’ (Osofisan, 1996: 25).
Justice and Reparations in World Politics
Authors: Lu Catherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
War and other forms of political violence, at domestic and international levels, tear or stain the fabric of individual lives, as well as the moral, political, and social fabrics of communities. Such depictions of the consequences of war naturally invoke the image of repair. The project of moral regeneration can be understood to entail numerous kinds of repair. One might, for example, characterize the aim of moral regeneration as the repair of morally defective or damaged norms, institutions, and social relationships. Effecting ‘reparation’ so understood could entail several components, including recognition, retribution, and restitution, since moral repair might require a public accounting of events, punishment of the guilty, material compensation for losses suffered by victims, public acknowledgment and remembrance of the wrong, and legal and other institutional transformations to legitimize a new political, social, and economic order. Used in this way, the concept of repair or reparation is basically synonymous with the entire project of moral regeneration.2
Reparations as Symbol: Narratives of Resistance, Reticence, and Possibility in South Africa1
Authors: Hamber Brandon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In South Africa there is clearly the need to address its history of colonialism, labor exploitation akin to slavery, internal oppression largely by the white minority, as well as a litany of human rights violations committed during the struggle for independence. This task, however, cannot only be backwardlooking or simply about recognizing past hurts; it needs to reckon simultaneously with a legacy of profound racially based socioeconomic inequalities that continue to weigh heavily on the present. This chapter considers the place for reparations in this task.