bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Weight and measurements of kidneys in northwest indian adults
Authors: Sahni Daisy , Jit Indar , Sodhi Lavina 
Published: September 2002

AbstractWeights and measurements of paired kidneys obtained from medicolegal autopsies of northwest Indian adults, 155 males and 84 females, were compared. The right and left kidneys weighed 108.7 ± 22.6 g and 111.8 ± 23.3 g (P > 0.05), respectively, in males. Corresponding weights in females were 96.6 ± 19.3 g and 99.4 ± 25.3 g (P > 0.05) for the right and left kidneys, respectively. Sex differences in the weights of both right and left kidneys were statistically significant (P < 0.001). Other measurements of the right kidney in males were as follows: length, 99.5 ± 9.4 mm; width at the middle of the hilum, 45.8 ± 6.2 mm; and the thickness 33.3 ± 5.2 mm, which did not differ from corresponding measurements of the left kidney (99.7 ± 10.9 mm, 46.4 ± 7.1 mm, and 34.0 ± 6.4 mm, respectively). Other measurements of the right kidney in females were as follows: length, 91.3 ± 8.7 mm; width at the middle of the hilum, 44.6 ± 4.6 mm; and thickness 31.2 ± 4.7 mm, which did not differ from those of the left kidney (92.1 ± 11.0 mm, 43.5 ± 6.5 mm, and 31.1 ± 6.1 mm, respectively). Sex differences in measurements of both right and left kidneys were significant except for the width of the kidney at the middle and below the hilum. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 13:726–732, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Consanguinity and early mortality in the muslim populations of India and Pakistan
Authors: Hussain R. , Bittles A.H. , Sullivan S. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractEmpirical information from studies conducted in Pakistan has indicated a high level of offspring mortality that can be attributed to parental consanguinity even when non‐biological variables are controlled. However, with the exception of some small and geographically restricted studies, few comparable data are available on the influence of inbreeding in child survival among the Muslim population of India, which numbers between 100 and 120 million. The present study compares deaths during the first 5 years of life among the offspring of first cousin (F = 0.0625) and non‐consanguineous unions (F = 0), using data collected in the 1992–1993 Indian National Family Health Survey (NFHS) and the 1990–1991 Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey (PDHS). The focus was on determinants of mortality in live‐born children to age 5 years. In both countries, bivariate analyses indicated that mortality was significantly increased in the offspring of first cousin unions during the neonatal and post‐neonatal, total infant, and under‐5 year periods. The findings were confirmed by multivariate regression, which incorporated control for a range of biological and demographic factors. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 13:777–787, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Multiple sclerosis: Altered glutamate homeostasis in lesions correlates with oligodendrocyte and axonal damage
Authors: Werner Peter , Pitt David , Raine Cedric S. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractGlutamate excitotoxicity, recently demonstrated in an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS), is evoked by altered glutamate homeostasis. In the present study, we investigated the major regulating factors in glutamate excitotoxicity by immunohistochemistry in MS and control white matter with markers for glutamate production (glutaminase), glutamate transport (GLAST, GLT‐1 and EAAT‐1), glutamate metabolism (glutamate dehydrogenase [GDH] and glutamine synthetase [GS]), axonal damage (SMI 32) and CNS cell types. Active MS lesions showed high‐level glutaminase expression in macrophages and microglia in close proximity to dystrophic axons. Correlation between glutaminase expression and axonal damage was confirmed experimentally in animals. White matter from other inflammatory neurologic diseases displayed glutaminase reactivity, whereas normals and noninflammatory conditions showed none. All three glutamate transporters were expressed robustly, mainly on oligodendrocytes, in normal, control and MS white matter, except for GLT‐1, which showed low‐level expression around active MS lesions. GS and GDH were present in oligodendrocytes in normal and non‐MS white matter but were absent from both active and chronic silent MS lesions, suggesting lasting metabolic impediments. Thus, imbalanced glutamate homeostasis contributes to axonal and oligodendroglial pathology in MS. Manipulation of this imbalance may have therapeutic import.
Fertilin β and other ADAMs as integrin ligands: insights into cell adhesion and fertilization
Authors: Evans Janice P. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractOne of the most important cell–cell interactions is that of the sperm with the egg. This interaction, which begins with cell adhesion and culminates with membrane fusion, is mediated by multiple molecules on the gametes. One of the best‐characterized of these molecules is fertilin β, a ligand on mammalian sperm and one of the first ADAMs (A Disintegrin and A Metalloprotease domain) to be identified. Fertilin β (also known as ADAM2) participates in sperm–egg membrane binding, and it has long been hypothesized that this function is achieved through the interaction of the disintegrin domain of fertilin β with an integrin on the egg surface. There are now approximately 30 members of the ADAM family and, to date, five different ADAMs (fertilin β, ADAM9, ADAM12, ADAM15, ADAM23) have been described to interact with integrins (specifically α6β1, αvβ3, α9β1, αvβ5, and/or α5β1). This field will be discussed with respect to what is known about specific ADAMs and the integrins with which they interact, and what the implications are for sperm–egg interactions and for integrin function. These data will also be discussed in the context of recent knockout studies, which show that eggs lacking the α6 integrin subunit can be fertilized, and eggs lacking the integrin‐associated tetraspanin protein CD9 fail to fertilize. Key issues in cell adhesion that pertain to gametes and fertilization will also be highlighted. BioEssays 23:628–639, 2001. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Oligotrophs versus copiotrophs
Authors: Koch Arthur L. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractBacteria can grow rapidly, yet there are some that grow slowly under apparent optimal conditions. These organisms are usually present in environments with low levels of nutrients, and are not found in conditions of more plentiful nutrients. They are known as “oligotrophs”in contrast to “copiotrophs”, which are common in environments with greater nutritional opportunities. This essay asks why do the oligotrophs not occupy richer environments, and why are copiotrophs not more prevalent in chronic starvation environments? BioEssays 23:657–661, 2001. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Distinguishing malignant from normal oral tissues using FTIR fiber‐optic techniques
Authors: Wu Jin‐Guang , Xu Yi‐Zhuang , Sun Cuan‐Wen , Soloway Roger D. , Xu Duan‐Fu , Wu Qi‐Guang , Sun Kai‐Hua , Weng Shi‐Fu , Xu Guang‐Xian 
Published: September 2002

AbstractOral tissue samples were studied using mid‐IR fiber‐optic attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy and other spectral techniques. The 1745 cm−1 band, which is assigned to the ester group (CO) vibration of triglycerides, is a reliable marker that is present in normal tissues but absent or a weak band in malignant oral tissues. Other bands such as CH stretching bands and the amide bands are also helpful in distinguishing malignant tissues from normal tissues. Subtraction spectra confirmed the above conclusion. In addition, Raman spectroscopic measurements were in agreement with the results observed from FTIR spectra. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biopolymers (Biospectroscopy) 62: 185–192, 2001
Functional expression and stabilization of horseradish peroxidase by directed evolution in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Morawski Birgit , Quan Sara , Arnold Frances H. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractBiotechnology applications of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) would benefit from access to tailor‐made variants with greater specific activity, lower Km for peroxide, and higher thermostability. Starting with a mutant that is functionally expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we used random mutagenesis, recombination, and screening to identify HRP‐C mutants that are more active and stable to incubation in hydrogen peroxide at 50°C. A single mutation (N175S) in the HRP active site was found to improve thermal stability. Introducing this mutation into an HRP variant evolved for higher activity yielded HRP 13A7‐N175S, whose half‐life at 60°C and pH 7.0 is three times that of wild‐type (recombinant) HRP and a commercially available HRP preparation from Sigma (St. Louis, MO). The variant is also more stable in the presence of H2O2, SDS, salts (NaCl and urea), and at different pH values. Furthermore, this variant is more active towards a variety of small organic substrates frequently used in diagnostic applications. Site‐directed mutagenesis to replace each of the four methionine residues in HRP (M83, M181, M281, M284) with isoleucine revealed no mutation that significantly increased the enzyme's stability to hydrogen peroxide. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 76: 99–107, 2001.
Metabolic flux analysis with a comprehensive isotopomer model in Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Dauner Michael , Bailey James E. , Sauer Uwe 
Published: September 2002

AbstractFluxes in central carbon metabolism of a genetically engineered, riboflavin‐producing Bacillus subtilis strain were investigated in glucose‐limited chemostat cultures at low (0.11 h−1) and high (0.44 h−1) dilution rates. Using a mixture of 10% [U‐13C] and 90% glucose labeled at natural abundance, 13C‐labeling experiments were carried out to provide additional information for metabolic flux balancing. The resulting labeling pattern in the proteinogenic amino acids were analyzed by two‐dimensional [13C, 1H] nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. To account rigorously for all available data from these experiments, we developed a comprehensive isotopomer model of B. subtilis central metabolism. Using this model, intracellular carbon net and exchange fluxes were estimated on the basis of validated physiological data and biomass composition in combination with 2D NMR data from 45 individual carbon atom spectra in the amino acids. Glucose catabolism proceeded primarily via glycolysis but pentose phosphate pathway fluxes increased with increasing growth rate. Moreover, significant back fluxes from the TCA cycle to the lower part of glycolysis via the gluconeogenic PEP carboxykinase were detected. The malic enzyme reaction, in contrast, was found to be inactive. A thorough statistical analysis was performed to prove the reliability of the isotopomer balance model and the obtained results. Specifically, a χ2 test was applied to validate the model and the chi‐square criterion was used to explore the sensitivity of model predictions to the experimental data. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 76: 144–156, 2001.
Development of expression systems for the production of recombinant human serum albumin using the MOX promoter in Hansenula polymorpha DL‐1
Authors: Kang Hyun Ah , Kang Whankoo , Hong Won‐Kyuong , Kim Moo Woong , Kim Jeong‐Yoon , Sohn Jung‐Hoon , Choi Eui‐Sung , Choe Keun‐Bum , Rhee Sang Ki 
Published: September 2002

AbstractTo optimize the secretory expression of recombinant human serum albumin (HSA) under the control of methanol oxidase (MOX) promoter in the methylotrophic yeast Hansenula polymorpha DL‐1, we analyzed several parameters affecting the expression of HSA from the MOX promoter. Removal of the 5′‐untranslated region derived from HSA cDNA in the expression cassette led to at least a fivefold improvement of HSA expression efficiency at the translational level. With the optimized expression cassette, the gene dosage effect on HSA expression was abolished and thus, a single copy of the expression vector integrated into the MOX locus became sufficient for the maximal expression of HSA. Northern blot analysis revealed that the levels of HSA transcript did not increase any further upon increasing copy number. The mox‐disrupted (moxΔ) transformant was constructed, in which the genomic MOX gene was transplaced with the HSA expression cassette, to examine the effect of the methanol oxidase‐deficient phenotype of the host on HSA expression. The moxΔ transformant showed higher levels of HSA production in shake‐flask cultures than the MOX wild‐type transformant, especially at low concentrations of methanol and a twofold higher specific HSA production rate in fed‐batch fermentation with an abrupt induction mode. The native prepro signal sequence of HSA secreted in H. polymorpha was correctly processed and the mature recombinant protein had a pI value identical to that of the authentic HSA. Our results suggest that the H. polymorpha expression systems developed in this study are suitable for large‐scale production of recombinant albumin. © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 76: 175–185, 2001.
Enantioseparation of aminoglutethimide and thalidomide by high performance liquid chromatography or supercritical fluid chromatography on mono‐2 and mono‐6‐O‐pentenyl‐β‐cyclodextrin‐based chiral stationary phases
Authors: Duval Raphaël , Lévêque Hubert , Prigent Yann , Aboul‐Enein Hassan Y. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractMono‐2 and mono‐6‐O‐pentenyl‐β‐cyclodextrin (mono‐2‐pent‐β‐CD and mono‐6‐pent‐β‐CD), covalently linked to mercaptopropylsilica gel (thiol‐Si) through thioether or sulfone linkage, reveal differentiated enantioselectivities in the separation of piperidine‐2,6‐dione‐related drugs, namely aminoglutethimide and thalidomide, in supercritical fluid conditions. Supercritical fluid chromatographic resolution on completely defined mono‐cyclodextrin derivative‐based chiral stationary phases (CSP) is a method of choice for the separation of aminoglutethimide but not effective for thalidomide. For both high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) conditions, the impact of the position, imposed to be 2 or 6 in our synthetic pathway, of the pentenyl moiety on one of the glucopyranosidics of the CD cage is of crucial importance in the chiral discrimination phenomenon. Additionally, the nature of the heteroatom present in the spacer arm between the CD and the silica gel, in this case thioether or sulfone functionality, is also essential for the chiral recognition mechanism(s) for the solute enantiomer. Copyright­© 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Confidence in the courts: A comparison of users and non‐users
Authors: Benesh Sara C. , Howell Susan E 
Published: September 2002

AbstractMuch work has been done on the correlates of confidence in the United States Supreme Court. However, very little research has been undertaken to discern the correlates of confidence in state and local courts. Using survey data from Louisiana, we examine confidence in state and local courts. We focus on the role of experience, arguing that the opportunity for wide participation in these courts makes the confidence calculation different from that of a remote institution like the US Supreme Court. We find that, indeed, experience matters and further, that type of experience matters. Those with more stake in the outcome of the court case and less control over it (e.g., defendants) are least confident in state and local courts, while those with little stake and substantial control (e.g., jurors) are most confident in them. Procedural justice concerns also loom large in the confidence calculation for these lower courts. Timeliness, courtesy, and equal treatment all affect public confidence. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Race, income, and perceptions of the U.S. court system
Authors: Brooks Richard R. W. , Jeon‐Slaughter Haekyung 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThis article reports on the effect of income within race on African Americans' perception of the courts. Our findings are somewhat consistent with the previous research on black middle‐class relative dissatisfaction with various American institutions. That is, unlike whites and Latirios in our study, we find that higher‐income African Americans are more skeptical of the notion that blacks receive equal treatment in the courts. This same group also reported less confidence in the court's handling of specific types of cases (e.g., civil, criminal and juvenile delinquency cases.) However, better off blacks were more likely than poor blacks to have confidence in the U.S. Supreme Court and community courts. These findings point a more complex account of African American perceptions of the courts, an account that draws a distinction between diffused and specific support of the courts. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reply to ‘Comment on a recently proposed resampling method’
Authors: Smilde Age K. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractIn a recent publication, Faber (J. Chemometrics 2000; 15: 171–190) criticizes the use of a jackknife procedure as proposed by Bijlsma et al. (Anal. Chim. Acta 1998; 376: 339–355). It is shown that this criticism is not correct. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Probability distributions of enantiomeric excess in unstirred and stirred crystallization of 1,1′‐binaphthyl melt
Authors: Asakura Kouichi , Soga Tomomi , Uchida Tadashi , Osanai Shuichi , Kondepudi Dilip K. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractCrystallization of 1, l′‐binaphthyl from its melt can generate optical activity spontaneously. Since crystallization is a stochastic process, the enantiomeric excess (ee) generated in each crystallization varies randomly. We investigated the qualitative features of probability distribution of the ee for crystallization at two temperatures, 150°C and 152°C, at which conglomerate crystallization occurs. No clear transparent crystals were produced at either temperature, indicating that the solid states formed in the melt were polycrystalline. The ee randomly fluctuated from run to run, with an average of 26.9% and 2.7% when the crystallization was carried out at 152°C, and 150°C, respectively. The spread of the probability distribution is also substantially different. We also studied the probability distribution of ee in stirred crystallization at different stirring RPM. The results show probability distribution's broadening and evolution to a bimodality with increasing stirring RPM—a typical behavior in symmetry‐breaking transitions. These results shed light on the nature of enantioselectivity in secondary nucleation and crystal growth. Chirality 14:85–89, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chiral detection of carotenoid assemblies
Authors: Zsila Ferenc , Bikádi Zsolt , Deli József , Simonyi Miklós 
Published: September 2002

AbstractCarotenoid assemblies were produced by aqueous dilution of ethanolic solutions. UV/VIS and CD spectroscopy revealed the formation of J‐ and H‐types of aggregates of both right‐ and left‐handed kinds. Simulation of UV/VIS spectra of the aggregates showed characteristic differences between the two types. 6′‐Epimers of capsanthol ((all‐E,3R,3′S,5′R)‐β,κ‐carotene‐3,3′,6′‐triols) formed assemblies with increased chirality in dilute solution. While the absorption of 6′R‐capsanthol giving H‐type aggregate does not depend on the concentration, 6′S‐capsanthol yielding J‐type assembly showed concentration‐dependent absorption intensity. Dilute aggregate of 6′R‐capsanthol is characterized by an extremely large A value of −6,600. The transformation of J‐ to H‐type assembly was observed in the mixtures of the epimers producing an intermediate kind of aggregate. A hypothetical structure for H‐type assemblies is proposed. Chirality 13:446–453, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Enantioconvergent synthesis of (−)‐(S)‐ and (+)‐(R)‐2‐acetyl‐3,6‐dihydroxycyclohex‐2‐enone starting from rac‐6‐hydroxy‐3‐methoxycyclohex‐2‐enone
Authors: Zaitsev V.G. , Mikhal'chuk A.L. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe synthesis of enantiomerically pure (−)‐(S)‐ and (+)‐(R)‐2‐acyl‐3,6‐dihydroxycyclohex‐2‐enone starting from diastereomerically pure N‐tosyl‐(S)‐proline esters 3‐methoxy‐6‐hydroxycyclohex‐2‐enone 1 is presented. An enantioconvergent synthesis of either (−)‐(S)‐ and (+)‐(R)‐2‐acyl‐3,6‐dihydroxycyclohex‐2‐enone starting with the racemic α‐ketol 1 through a conversion of (∼1:1) mixture of diastereomeric esters into one diastereomer by a repeated crystallization, followed by dimethylaminopyridine‐catalyzed equilibration as key steps is described. Chirality 13:488–492, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Guanine nucleotide exchange factors CalDAG‐GEFI and CalDAG‐GEFII are colocalized in striatal projection neurons
Authors: Toki Shinichiro , Kawasaki Hiroaki , Tashiro Nobutada , Housman David E. , Graybiel Ann M. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractCalDAG‐GEFI and CalDAG‐GEFII (identical to RasGRP) are novel, brain‐enriched guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) that can be stimulated by calcium and diacylglycerol and that can activate small GTPases, including Ras and Rap1, molecules increasingly recognized as having signaling functions in neurons. Here, we show that CalDAG‐GEFI and CalDAG‐GEFII mRNAs, detected by in situ hybridization analysis, have sharply contrasting forebrain‐predominant distributions in the mature brain: CalDAG‐GEFI is expressed mainly in the striatum and olfactory structures and deep cortical layers, whereas CalDAG‐GEFII is expressed widely in the forebrain. Within the striatum, however, the two CalDAG‐GEF mRNAs have nearly identical distributions: they are coexpressed in striatal projection neurons that give rise to the direct and indirect pathways of the basal ganglia. Subcellular fractionation analysis of the substantia nigra with monoclonal antibodies against CalDAG‐GEFI suggests that CalDAG‐GEFI protein is present not only in the cell bodies of striatal projection neurons but also in their axons and axon terminals. These results suggest that the CalDAG‐GEFs may be key intracellular regulators whereby calcium and diacylglycerol signals can regulate cellular functions through small GTPases in the basal ganglia circuits. J. Comp. Neurol. 437:398–407, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Exposure to fox odor inhibits cell proliferation in the hippocampus of adult rats via an adrenal hormone‐dependent mechanism
Authors: Tanapat Patima , Hastings Nicholas B. , Rydel Tracy A. , Galea Liisa A.M. , Gould Elizabeth 
Published: September 2002

AbstractTo determine whether exposure to fox odor alters granule neuron production, we examined proliferating cells and their progeny in the dentate gyrus of adult male rats exposed to trimethyl thiazoline, a component of fox feces. Additionally, to determine whether this effect is adrenal hormone‐mediated, we examined animals exposed to fox odor after bilateral adrenalectomy and replacement with low levels of the endogenous glucocorticoid corticosterone. Stereologic analyses of the number of 5‐bromo‐2′deoxyuridine (BrdU) ‐labeled cells revealed that exposure to fox odor but not other, nonthreatening, odors (mint or orange) rapidly decreased the number of proliferating cells in the dentate gyrus. This effect is dependent on a stress‐induced rise in adrenal hormones; exposure to fox odor resulted in an increase in circulating corticosterone levels and prevention of this increase (by means of adrenalectomy plus low‐dose corticosterone replacement) eliminated the suppression of cell proliferation. Examination at longer survival times revealed that the decrease in the number of new granule cells in fox odor‐exposed animals was transient; a difference was still detectable at 1 week after BrdU labeling but not at 3 weeks. In both fox and sham odor‐exposed animals, many new cells acquired morphologic and biochemical characteristics of mature granule neurons. The majority of these cells expressed a marker of immature granule neurons (TuJ1) by 1 week after BrdU labeling and markers of mature granule neurons (calbindin, NeuN) by 3 weeks after labeling. These findings suggest that stressful experiences rapidly diminish cell proliferation by increasing adrenal hormone levels, resulting in a transient decrease in the number of adult‐generated immature granule neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 437:496–504, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.