bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Penicillin‐ and barium‐induced epileptiform bursting in hippocampal neurons: Actions on Ca++ and K+ potentials
Authors: Hotson John R. , Prince David A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractBoth barium (Ba++) and penicillin produce spontaneous epileptiform burst generation in hippocampal neurons in vitro. Recent investigations suggest that Ba++ acts by both adding to a calcium (Ca++)‐mediated depolarization and reducing potassium (K+) conductance. In contrast, it has been proposed that pencillin produces burst generation by attenuating inhibitory postsynaptic potentials. However, some evidence suggests that penicillin may also directly alter intrinsic membrane properties. We therefore compared the actions of penicillin and Ba++ on three intrinsic Ca++‐ or K+‐mediated membrane events, namely, Ca++ spikes, Ca++‐dependent anomalous rectification, and K+‐dependent afterhyperpolarization. Ba++ augmented the Ca++ potentials and attenuated the K+‐dependent afterhyperpolarization: penicillin had no demonstrable effect on these events. Ba++ produced rhythmical burst firing and oscillations of the membrane potentials, while penicillin caused sporadic burst generation followed by a longlasting afterhyperpolarization. Synchronized, orthodromically evoked burst firing occurred after exposure to penicillin but not to Ba++.Ba++ and penicillin are prototypes of agents which induce epileptogenesis in mammalian cortical neurons by two different but probably interrelated mechanisms. Ba++ causes burst generation by disrupting a delicate balance between depolarizing Ca++ potentials and repolarizing, hyperpolarizing K+ potentials. Pencillin does not affect Ca++‐ or K+‐mediated membrane events; other data suggest that it produces burst generation in hippocampal pyramidal neurons by attenuating γ‐aminobutyric acid‐mediated synaptic inhibition, which in turn ordinarily limits intrinsic bursting.
Paramedian thalamic and midbrain infarcts: Clinical and neuropathological study
Authors: Castaigne P. , Lhermitte F. , Buge A. , Escourolle R. , Hauw J. J. , Lyon‐Caen O. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe clinical and neuropathological findings in 28 cases of paramedian thalamic and midbrain infarcts are reported. The 4 instances of unilateral paramedian thalamic infarct were characterized by mood and behavioral changes, limitation of the infarct to the center of the anatomical paramedian territory, and symmetrical configuration of the paramedian thalamic arteries. Basilar artery occlusion was found in 1 patient. The 5 cases of bilateral paramedian thalamic infarcts were characterized by disturbances of consciousness and behavior, extension of the infarct (to the mammillothalamic tracts in 4 cases, the red nuclei in 3, and the hypothalamus in 2), and a variable paramedian thalamic arterial pattern. The arterial pattern was symmetrical in 2 cases, asymmetrical in 1, and unilateral in 1. The basilar artery was occluded in 1 case, the basilar communicating and posterior cerebral arteries in 1, and a third patient had occlusion involving an aneurysm of the basilar artery. The 19 patients with paramedian thalamopeduncular infarcts had marked disturbances of consciousness (hypersomnia, deep coma, akinetic mutism) associated with ocular motility changes. Later, abnormal movements—always delayed—and memory, disturbances were observed in some. Thalamic changes were restricted to the paramedian territory in only 3 cases. The arterial pattern was symmertical in 5. The basilar and posterior cerebral arteries were occluded in 4 patients each.Paramedian infarcts were rarely found as isolated lesions and were always bilateral when there was only one arterial pedicle. The paramedian thalamic pedicle can supply the polar thalamic territory.
Neurological status of language‐impaired and normal children
Authors: Johnston Robert B. , Stark Rachel E. , Mellits E. David , Tallal Paula 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe performance on a neurological test battery of 33 language‐impaired children who had no gross neurological findings and 37 normal children controlled for age, performance IQ, and socioeconomic status was compared. The language‐impaired group was distinguished by less efficient performance in a number of areas, particularly in tasks involving rate of movement, perception of dichhaptic stimuli, and left‐right identification. Discriminant function analysis identified six variables that correctly classified 87% of the population into their respective normal and language‐impaired groups.
Selective carnitine palmitoyltransferase deficiency in fibroblasts from a patient with muscle CPT deficiency
Authors: Pula T. P. , Max S. R. , Zielke H. R. , Chacon M. , Baab P. , Gumbinas M. , Reed W. D. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA 13‐year‐old boy developed cramps and myoglobinuria following exertion. Mitochondrial preparations from a skeletal muscle biopsy were deficient in carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) activity when assayed by the hydroxamate and kinetic assays. The patient's fibroblasts were also deficient when assayed by the hydroxamate and kinetic assays, but not when tested by the DTNB (5′,5′‐dithiobis‐[2‐nitrobenzoic acid]) method. This disparity probably indicates a specific deficiency in fibroblasts of one of the two carnitine palmitoyltransferases, presumably CPT II.
Lysosomal abnormalities in cultured schwann cells from a patient with peripheral neuropathy and continuous muscle fiber activity
Authors: Askanas Valerie , Engel W. King , Berginer Vladimir M. , Odenwald Ward F. , Galdi Albert 
Published: January 2005

AbstractSchwann cell cultures were established from a sural nerve containing large membrane‐bound vaculoes in its schwann cells, obtained from a patient with neuropathy and continuous muscle fiber activity. cultured Schwann cell contained may large membrane‐bound vaculoles, presumably lysosomes, resembling those present in the biopsied nerve. the acid phosphatase reaction was excessive in the patient's cultured schwann cells but practically negative in normal cultured Schwann cells. this study Indicates that the patient's neuropathy is primary dysschwannian with abnormal lysosomes as a major abnormality.
Computerized tomography in subacute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy (Leigh disease)
Authors: Schwartz William J. , Hutchison Harrol T. , Berg Bruce O. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe computerized tomographic brain scans of two patients with subacute necrotizing encephalomyelopthy contained symmetrical focal lesions that corresponded to the sites of known anatomical abnormalities in this disease.
A cortical network for directed attention and unilateral neglect
Authors: Mesulam M.‐Marchsel 
Published: January 2005

AbstractUnilateral neglect reflects a disturbance in the spatial distribution of directed attention. A review of unilateral neglect syndromes in monkeys and humans suggests that four cerebral regions provide an integrated network for the modulation of directed attention within extrapersonal space. Each component region has a unique functional role that reflects its profile of anatomical connectivity, and each gives rise to a different clinical type of unilateral neglect when damaged. A posterior parietal component provides an internal sensory map and perhaps also a mechanism for modifying the extent of synaptic space devoted to specific portions of the external world; a limbic component in the cingulate gyrus regulates the spatial distribution of motivational valence; a frontal component coordinates the motor programs for exploration, scanning, reaching, and fixating; and a reticular component provides the underlying level of arousal and vigilance. This hypothetical network requires at least three complementary and interacting representations of extrapersonal space: a sensory representation in posterior parietal cortex, a schema for distributing exploratory movements in frontal cortex, and a motivational map in the cingulate cortex. Lesions in only one component of this network yield partial unilateral neglect syndromes, while those that encompass all the components result in profound deficits that transcend the mass effect of the larger lesion. This network approach to the localization of complex functions offers an alternative to more extreme approaches, some of which stress an exclusive concentration of function within individual centers in the brain and others which advocate a more uniform (equipotential or holistic) distribution.In human beings, unilateral neglect syndromes are more frequent and severe after lesions in the right hemisphere. Also, right hemisphere mechanisms appear more effective in the execution of attentional tasks. Furthermore, the attentional functions of the right hemisphere span both hemispaces, while the left hemisphere seems to contain the neural apparatus mostly for contralateral attention. This evidence indicates that the right hemisphere of dextrals has a functional specialization for the distribution of directed attention within extrapersonal space.
Clinical and biochemical heterogeneity of globoid cell leukodystrophy
Authors: Farrell Donald F. , Swedberg Kathy 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe residual galactosylceramide β‐galactosidase activity in cultured skin fibroblasts from a child with late‐onset globoid cell leukodystrophy (GLD) was distinctly different from that found in the typical infantile form of the disease. The residual enzyme activity and maximum velocity of the enzyme reaction were higher in this patient, while the Michaelis constant was similar in controls and in the two forms of GLD. The pH optimum of enzyme activity from the patient was similar to that of controls and a more acidic pH optimum was found in the infantile form. Cultured skin fibroblasts from the patient accumulated less [63H]‐galactosylceramide than did cells from the infantile form. These various biochemical measurements correlated well with the age of onset of the disease and suggest that different allelic mutations of the galactosylceramide β‐galactosidase locus are responsible for the different clinical forms of GLD.
Myelin basic protein in Alzheimer disease neuronal fractions and mammalian neurofilament preparations
Authors: Selkoe Dennis J. , Brown Beverly A. , Salazar Fernando J. , Marchotta Charles A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe previously reported a marked increase of a 20,000 molecular weight (MW) protein, P20, in some neuronal fractions and whole cortical homogenates isolated from affected cortex in Alzheimer disease; P20 comigrated electrophoretically with an unidentified, major 20,000 MW protein present in human neurofilament (NF) fractions. We now report that the 20,000 MW protein is a major constituent of rodent as well as human NF fractions and that it comigrates by one‐ and two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis with purified myelin basic protein (MBP). Peptide mapping and staining with amido black confirmed the identity of the 20,000 MW protein of mammalian NF fractions as MBP. One‐ and two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis of neuronal perikaryal fractions from human cortex indicated that the increased P20 protein in Alzheimer neuronal fractions comigrates with human MBP. Deliberate contamination of cortical samples with adjacent subcortical white matter (i.e., myelin) prior to neuronal separation did not result in an increase of P20 in the neuronal fraction. On the basis of these and additional experiments, we conclude that the increase of a 20,000 MW protein in neuronal fractions and whole homogenates from affected cortex in Alzheimer disease represents MBP of intracortical origin.
Eaton‐lambert myasthenic syndrome: Long‐term treatment of three patients with prednisone
Authors: Streib Erich W. , Rothner A. David 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThree patients with the myasthenic syndrome of Eaton‐Lambert (ELS) were treated with prednisone for 6 and 12 months and more than 3 years, respectively. Muscle strength increased considerably in all, reaching a peak after 3 to 4 months, and was accompanied by simultaneous electromyographic improvement. Reduction of prednisone led to deterioration in all 3 patients; strength was regained when the higher dosage of prednisone was resumed. Prednisone is an alternative form of treatment for ELS, although the mechanism for its action is unclear.
Angiographic findings in herpes zoster arteritis
Authors: MacKenzie Roderick A. , Forbes Glenn S. , Karnes William E. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractFour adult patients who experienced an ipsilateral hemispheric deficit 6 to 8 weeks after having developed herpes zoster ophthalmicus were seen during a six‐month period. All four patients underwent full‐circle angiography, including study of the extracranial arteries in the three older patients. Each examination demonstrated areas of segmental constriction of arteries on the ipsilateral side; two locations that were especially affected were the A2 segment of the pericallosal artery beneath the genu of the corpus callosum and the M1 segment of the middle cerebral artery. The cerebral arteries of the opposite hemisphere and the extracranial vessels did not contain demonstrable abnormalities. Pathological studies suggest that patients with this syndrome may have a necrotizing arteritis of ipsilateral blood vessels; in patients with disseminated zoster, a granulomatous angiitis of cerebral blood vessels has been found. We propose that the pattern of angiographic abnormalities described here is characteristic of herpes zoster arteritis; furthermore, the distribution pattern of the lesions suggests that the virus may spread to these arteries via branches of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve.
Cryoglobulinemia with encephalopathy: Successful treatment by plasma exchange
Authors: Reik Louis , Korn Joseph H. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA 54‐year‐old man with essential mixed cryoglobulinemia developed a diffuse and focal encephalopathy while systemic vasculitis was active and serum cryoglobulin was markedly increased. No other cause for his encephalopathy could be determined and the diagnosis of cryoglobulinemic cerebral vasculitis was made. Treatment with plasma exchange, prednisone, and cyclophosphamide resulted in clearing of the encephalopathy and reduction in serum cryoglobulin. The onset of improvement was temporally related to the initiation of plasma exchange. Plasma exchange may have a role in the treatment of other patients with life‐threatening immune complex diseases involving the nervous system.
Cerebrospinal fluid: A selective review
Authors: Cutler Robert W. P. , Spertell Robert B. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTenchnical advances of the past decade permit detection in the cerebrospinal fluid of many endogenous substances elaborated by the brain. Study of the composition of cerebrospinal fluid in health and disease undoubtedly will supply clues to the pathophysiology of many neurological disorders.
Neurosyphilis: Intrathecal synthesis of oligoclonal antibodies to treponema pallidum
Authors: Vartdal Frode , Vandvik Bodvar , Michaelsen Terje E. , Loe Kristian , Norrby Erling 
Published: January 2005

AbstractOligoclonal IgG was present in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of each of three patients with neurosyphilis studied. Conventional serological tests disclosed reduced serum/CSF ratios of antibodies to Treponema pallidum (TP) in each patient, consistent with intrathecal production of treponemal antibodies. Antibody analyses of electrofocused specimens by an immunofixation technique disclosed intrathecal production of oligoclonal TP antibodies in all patients. Treponemal antibody light chains showed a close correlation with the light chains of the oligoclonal CSF IgG. Absorption of the CSF with TP caused removal of the oligoclonal IgG. The results provide strong evidence that the oligoclonal CSF IgG in neurosyphilis represents TP antibodies, reflecting a specific immune response in the central nervous system to the infectious agent.
Hematogenous origin of the inflammatory response in acute poliomyelitis
Authors: Wolinsky Jerry S. , Jubelt Burk , Burke Susan , Narayan Opendra 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTo determine the origin of the inflammatory response, and in particular the microglial rod cell response, in acute viral encephalitis, 4‐week‐old Swiss mice were injected with tritiated thymidine to label actively dividing cells prior to infection with the Lansing type 2 strain of poliovirus. As expected, the majority of polymorphonuclear and mononuclear leukocytes within the central nervous system perivascular infiltrates were shown to be hematogenous in origin. As early as 24 hours after infection, isotope‐labeled cells having light histological and ultrastructural features consistent with microglia and microglial rod cells were identified within brain parenchyma and were shown to participate in neuronophagia and formation of glial nodules. Supraependymal and suprachoroidal cells were also shown to contain the label. However, neither endothelial cells nor pericytes contained label as determined by electron microscopy. These studies support a hematogenous origin for all cellular elements of the classic inflammatory response in viral infections of brain.
Thoracic root pain in diabetes: The spectrum of clinical and electromyographic findings
Authors: Kikta Donald G. , Breuer Anthony C. , Wilbourn Asa J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractDiabetic thoracic radiculopathy has been reported rarely. Fifteen new cases, seen in an equal number of patients over a 3‐year period and confirmed by electromyographic findings, have been analyzed. All patients presented with severe abdominal or chest pain, which often was not radicular in character. The presence of dysesthesias and an abnormal sensory examination of the trunk aided diagnosis. The pain was frequently associated with marked weight loss but carried a good prognosis for recovery. Six additional patients with negative electromyographic examinations were considered to have the disorder. Diabetic thoracic radiculopathy produces a distinct syndrome and may be more common than is generally recognized.
Intrusions as a sign of Alzheimer dementia chemical and pathological verification
Authors: Fuld Paula Altman , Katzman Robert , Davies Peter , Terry Robert D. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWord intrusions, a behavioral abnormality previously observed in experimental subjects receiving anticholinergic medication as well as in patients with Alzheimer dementia (Alz), were studied as a diagnostic indicator of Alz in 29 elderly nursing home residents who later came to autopsy. Those who intruded words from one portion of a mental status test to another tended to have low levels of choline acetyltransferase in the cerebral cortex (median, 104.33,p<0.05) and large numbers of cortical senile plaques (median, 16.0,p<0.01). Immediate perseverations and “guesses” on a memory test were not counted. In another group of 38 patients for clinical neurological examination for dementia, intrusions were associated with Alz in 84% of those who exhibited them and identified 90% of patients with this presumptive diagnosis.Word intrusion appears sufficiently characteristic of Alz to be helpful diagnostically. The association of this behavioral phenomenon with low choline acetyltransferase levels and large numbers of senile plaques suggests that these changes may be important in producing the characteristic behavioral deterioration of Alz.
Distemper and multiple sclerosis in Sitka, Alaska
Authors: Cook Stuart D. , Dowling Peter C. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe annual incidence of multiple sclerosis (MS) in Sitka, Alaska, was determined in the period 1949–1979, spanning a severe 1965 epidemic of canine distemper in the dog population. Three patients were identified, and each had the onset of MS in 1969 or 1970. This time cluster of MS is significant (p < 0.01) and was predicted by the hypothesis that MS may be linked to canine distemper virus.
Cerebral blood flow after experimental basal ganglia hemorrhage
Authors: Ropper Allan H. , Zervas Nicholas T. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe effect of cerebral hemorrhage on regional cerebral blood flow (RCBF) in awake, unrestrained rats was studied by comparing intracaudate injections of whole blood (N = 14), centrifuged blood (N = 2), and inert plastic (N = 1). RCBF was measured by the polarographic hydrogen clearance technique using chronically implanted electrodes in the cortex and caudate bilaterally.After hemorrhage, animals became comatose and flows diminished 23 to 30% (p < 0.01) below baseline values. Recovery of RCBF to prehemorrhage values was accompanied by awakening and survival while persistently low RCBF in all regions occurred only in the 2 animals that died, suggesting that physiological changes which lower RCBF after hemorrhage may be harmful. Transient hyperfusion of the contralateral cortex occurred in 6 of 10 animals during the first 10 minutes after hemorrhage.In all 8 animals tested daily there was significant hyperperfusion of one or both cortical regions during the second or third day after hemorrhage (mean increase in right cortex RCBF, 30%, p < 0.05; left, 45%, p < 0.01). Injection of an identical volume of plastic was not accompanied by hyperperfusion, suggesting that destruction of the caudate or addition of an inuracerebral mass was not responsible for the increase in blood flow. However, injection of centrifuged blood components caused immediate hyperperfusion, which persisted in some cortical regions on the following day. A substance in cerebral hemorrhage clot may cause increased cortical RCBF.
Shortening reaction in patients with cerebellar ataxia
Authors: Angel Ronald W. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractDuring passive extension of the elbow, the triceps muscle normally shows a burst of electromyographic activity. This shortening reaction (SR) is known to be exaggerated in extrapyramidal disease states, but the effects of cerebellar disease are unknown. The SR was measured in both arms of a patient with hemiataxia, the unaffected arm serving as a matched control. In the ataxic arm, the SR was significantly larger and did not show the normal increase during “reinforcement.” In a patient with bilateral ataxia, the SR was grossly exaggerated as compared with the SRs in a group of normal subjects. The present findings indicate an unexpected point of similarity between cerebellar and extrapyramidal disease states, which is discussed in terms of the anatomical connections of the cerebellum and basal ganglia. The techniques used in this work provide a quantitative approach to disorders of movement and muscle tone.
PPD‐, PWM‐, and PHA‐induced interferon in stable multiple sclerosis: Association with HLA‐DW2 antigen and clinical variables
Authors: Salonen Reijo , Ilonen Jorma , Reunanen Mauri , Nikoskelainen Jukka , Salmi Aimo 
Published: January 2005

AbstractInterferon production after stimulation of lymphocytes with purified protein derivative, pokeweed mitogen, and phytohemagglutinin was studied in 39 patients with stable multiple sclerosis (MS) and 39 age‐ and sex‐matched controls. Stable MS patients produced less interferon, and the number of subjects producing undetectable amounts of interferon was higher in the MS group (11/39) than in the control group (2/39). A tendency toward an association between low interferon production and HLA‐Dw2 antigen was found in MS patients. There was no clear‐cut correlation between interferon production and the duration of disease or disability of the patients. Although there was no systematic correlation of age with interferon, production patients older than 55 years tended to be very poor interferon producers.