bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Formation of Coumarins by Palladium(II)-Catalyzed Reaction of Phenols with Ethyl Acrylates
Authors: Aoki Shinya , Oyamada Juzo , Kitamura Tsugio 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
The reaction of phenols with ethyl acrylates in the presence of a Pd(OAc)2 catalyst in trifluoroacetic acid did not yield dihydrocoumarins but gave coumarins, in contrast to the reaction of phenols with propiolates. The addition of K2S2O8 as an oxidant increased the yield of coumarins. The reaction of several phenols with ethyl cinnamate, ethyl crotonate, or ethyl acrylate gave the corresponding coumarin derivatives in moderate to good yields. The coumarin formation competed with the oxidative coupling of electron-rich phenols, which reduced the product yield.
Static and Dynamic Stereochemistry of Tris(9-triptycyl)stannane Derivatives
Authors: Yamamoto Gaku , Ohta Shozo , Kaneko Megumi , Mouri Kaoru , Ohkuma Miki , Mikami Ryo , Uchiyama Yosuke , Minoura Mao 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Static and dynamic stereochemistry of several tris(9-triptycyl)stannane derivatives Tp3SnX (X = H, halogens, and alkyl groups) were studied. X-ray crystallography of the bromo and methyl compounds showed that the Sn atom was fundamentally tetrahedral and that the three Tp groups meshed with each other like bevel gears and formed a near-C3 chiral conformation. The rate constants for enantiomerization of the chiral conformation in solution could be obtained by the lineshape analysis of the aromatic proton signals, even when a direct probe for enantiomerization such as a benzyl group was absent. The energy barrier to enantiomerization decreased as the substituent X became bulkier, suggesting that the ground state is more destabilized than the transition state upon introduction of a bulkier group.
Self-Assembly of Gold Nanoparticles Utilizing a Charge-Transfer Interaction between Carbazolyl and Dinitrophenyl Units
Authors: Naka Kensuke , Itoh Hideaki , Chujo Yoshiki 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Colloidal gold nanoparticles self-assembled into macroscopic aggregates by a charge-transfer interaction between a 9-carbazolyl unit as an electron-donor immobilized on the surface of the gold nanoparticles and a bivalent linker containing two dinitrophenyl units as electron-acceptors. Transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy images showed spherical aggregates consisting of the gold nanoparticles.
Recycling of Wastewater Containing Iron-Complex Cyanides Using UV Photodecomposition and UV Ozone Oxidation in Combination with an Ion-Exchange Resin Method
Authors: Wada Hiromutsu , Yanaga Kazuko , Kuroda Yasuhiro , Hanela Sergio , Hirayama Yoshio 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Wastewater contaminated with iron-complex cyanides was processed by UV photodecomposition accompanied by an iron elimination process using an iron-adsorbent. The wastewater processed by UV photodecomposition was oxidized by ozone combined with UV irradiation. The treated water was deionized by an ion-exchange resin method. This combined processes further increased the production of the pure water volume compared to a single process using an ion-exchange resin. The technique developed in this study can be summarized as follows. First, the iron-complex cyanides in plating wastewater were converted into aquapentacyanoferrate(III) [Fe(CN)5(H2O)]3− ion. Following the application of UV irradiation, it was decomposed into iron and cyanide (CN−) ion. The iron was removed from the water in the form of Fe(OH)3 by processing the wastewater with ozone and an iron-adsorbent. The CN− ion was oxidized to the cyanate (OCN−) form by UV ozone oxidation in a relatively short time. The processed water was de-ionized by passing through cation and anion-exchange resins. The deionized water could be reused as rinsing water in a plating process. The results reported here suggest that wastewater contaminated with chemically stable iron-complex cyanides can be effectively recycled.
Isotopic evidence for age‐related variation in diet from Isola Sacra, Italy
Authors: Prowse Tracy L. , Schwarcz Henry P. , Saunders Shelley R. , Macchiarelli Roberto , Bondioli Luca 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis study examines collagen (N = 105) and apatite (N = 65) data from an Imperial Roman skeletal sample from the necropolis of Isola Sacra (Rome, Italy). This paper explores correlations between the isotopic composition of bone samples and the inferred age and sex of these individuals (aged 5–45+ years). The collagen of males, and older individuals in general, was significantly enriched in15N but not13C. Bone carbonate was somewhat depleted in13C in some older individuals, suggesting increased consumption of olive oil and possibly wine. Subadults (>5 years) in the sample appear to have consumed an almost exclusively terrestrial diet. This study demonstrates a clear trend in dietary patterns between adult age groups, as well as between adults and children within a population. Am J Phys Anthropol 128:2‐13, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytostatic Activity of 1,10‐Phenanthroline Derivatives Generated by the Clip‐Phen Strategy
Authors: Pitié Marguerite , Croisy Alain , Carrez Danièle , Boldron Christophe , Meunier Bernard 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe cytostatic activities of a series of twelve 1,10‐phenanthroline (Phen) derivatives and of their copper complexes were studied on L1210 murine leukemia cells. Large increases in the biological activity were observed for compounds of the 3‐Clip‐Phen series, in which two Phen moieties were bridged at their C3 positions by an alkoxy linker, the 3‐pentyl‐Clip‐Phen derivative showing an IC50 value of 130 nM while Phen shows an IC50 value of 2500 nM under the same conditions. IC50 values seemed to be modulated not only by the position, the nature, and the length of the linker of Clip‐Phen but also by hydrophobicity. Since copper complexes of Phen are chemical nucleases and nucleic acids are thus a potential target for these compounds, the corresponding copper complexes were also studied. Copper complexation of the 3‐Clip‐Phen ligands did not increase their biological activities. Attempts to vectorize 3‐Clip‐Phen derivatives with a DNA binder such as spermine or with a cell‐penetration peptide failed to increase their biological activity relative to the original 3‐Clip‐Phen series.
Adaptation of the Vogt–Mizaikoff F‐test to determine the number of principal factors responsible for a data matrix and comparison with other popular methods
Authors: Malinowski Edmund R. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe statistical method developed by Vogt and Mizaikoff for the purpose of determining the number of principal factors responsible for a given test vector is adapted to determine the rank of the data matrix, i.e. the number of principal factors responsible for the entire data matrix. The adapted method is compared with other well‐established methods, namely the IND function, the Malinowski F‐test and the Faber–Kowalski F‐test, using real chemical data as well as modeled data. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of SIC (simple interval calculation) for object status classification and outlier detection—comparison with regression approach
Authors: Rodionova Oxana Ye. , Esbensen Kim , Pomerantsev Alexey 
Published: March 2005

AbstractWe introduce a novel approach termed simple interval calculation (SIC) for classification of object status in linear multivariate calibration (MVC) and other data analytical contexts. SIC is a method that directly constructs an interval estimator for the predicted response. SIC is based on the single assumption that all errors involved in MVC arelimited. We present the theory of the SIC method and explain its realization by linear programming techniques. The primary SIC consequence is a radically new object classification that can be interpreted using a two‐dimensional object status plot (OSP), ‘SIC residual vs SIC leverage’. These two new measures of prediction quality are introduced in the traditional chemometric MVC context. Simple straight demarcations divide the OSP into areas which quantitatively discriminate all objects involved in modeling and prediction into four different types:boundary samples, which are the significant objects (for generating the entire data structure) within the training subset;insiders, which are samples that comply with the model;outsiders, which are samples that have large prediction errors; and finallyoutliers, which are those samples that cannot be predicted at all with respect to a given model. We also present detailed comparisons of the new SIC approach with traditional chemometric methods applied for MVC, classification and outlier detection. These comparisons employ four real‐world data sets, selected for their particular complexities, which serve as showcases of SIC application on intricate training and test set data structures. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vibration of a space arc subject to a critical dynamic load
Authors: Tenek Lazarus Teneketzis 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe present study concerns the dynamic behaviour of a space arc subject to a midarc vertical buckling load dynamically applied. The arc is discretized with a set of three‐dimensional beam finite elements and the non‐linear dynamic equation (large displacements) is solved by means of an unconditionally stable time‐dependent scheme over time. The vertical excitation gives rise to a very fast and erratic horizontal wave as the structure begins to vibrate in all directions. This horizontal wave has chaotic characteristics as its attractor indicates. Time–displacement curves are obtained for all components of the midarc point. Although the time algorithm was executed here for 2000 time steps, simulation over longer periods of time can reveal the vibration characteristics and even simulate structural failure under the imposed dynamic buckling load for the space arc structure. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Sound Velocity in Ideal Liquid Mixtures from Thermal Volume Fluctuations
Authors: Pfeiffer Helge , Heremans Karel 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe selection of the correct mixing rule for sound velocity in ideal liquid mixtures determines the interpretation of the sound velocity in real mixtures. This is especially important for the determination of apparent properties of solutes, such as their apparent compressibility. There are different approaches reported in the literature, and this article presents a new derivation of the mixing rule based on statistical mechanics. It is shown that the correlation of volume fluctuations between adjacent components has a crucial influence on the ideal mixing rule.
Analysis of virtual two‐dimensional gels based upon affinity capillary electrophoresis hyphenated to ion trap‐mass spectrometry
Authors: Machour Nadine , Place John , Tron François , Charlionet Roland , Mouchard Laurent , Morin Christophe , Desbène Annie , Desbène Paul‐Louis 
Published: March 2005

AbstractAffinity capillary electrophoresis (ACE) is a robust tool for the study of noncovalent biomolecular interactions and to determine the binding constants. It is advantageous due to the speed of analysis, the high and reproducible separation efficiencies, the low consumption of analytes, the ability to study several interactions at the same time, and to cover a wide range of affinity. The use of an ion trap‐mass spectrometer as a sensitive and specific detector, coupled on‐line with a classical UV detector, permits extracting simultaneously the electropherograms corresponding to each ionic species. The mass spectra, acquired by scanning the results of a first separation due to ACE, were assimilated into a virtual two‐dimensional (2‐D) gel. We developed a software application, which was designed to create and analyze these virtual 2‐D gels. The validity of this new analytical tool for probing biomolecular interactions has been demonstrated on mixtures of antibiotics of the vancomycin group and several dipeptide substrates. Using the dynamic equilibrium affinity electrophoresis approach, we have shown that molecular components interacting with a low affinity are easily located on the virtual 2‐D gels, and that binding constants and stoichiometry of the interactions can be assessed. As the binding constants derived from ACE‐electrospray ionization‐mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS) are unreliable, they must only be determined with the UV detector.
The sequential sum problem and performance bounds on the greedy algorithm for the on‐line Steiner problem
Authors: Miller Zevi , Pritikin Dan , Perkel Manley , Sudborough I.H. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis article is motivated by versions of the dynamic or “on‐line” Steiner tree problem (OST) introduced by Imase and Waxman [4]. In this problem one is given an edge‐weighted graph G and a sequence σ = (x1,…,xn) of distinct vertices of G. The requirement is to construct for each i ≤ n a tree Ti spanning the first i vertices of σ subject to the condition that Ti−1⫅Ti for all i, where Ti is constructed without knowledge of the remaining vertices xj, j > i. The goal of the on‐line Steiner problem is to minimize the performance ratio; that is, the maximum (over 1 ≤ i ≤ n) of the ratio of the weight of Ti to the weight of the minimum weight tree in G spanning the first i vertices (the latter tree is called the “Steiner tree” for these vertices). In [4] a lower bound of 1 + ½⌊ log2(n−1)⌋ was proved for this ratio. The authors further made the interesting conjecture that there is some on‐line algorithm for the OST whose performance ratio achieves this lower bound. We show that a strong form of the greedy algorithm achieves a ratio that converges to the conjectured ½log2(k) + O(1) as the proportion of degree 2 vertices in the instance graph grows. Our results also imply improvements in certain cases on the known upper bound ⌈log2(n)⌉ for the performance ratio of the greedy algorithm. Our approach is to study a related graph parameter. For each sequence σ as above, define the associated cost

where c(i,σ) = min1 ≤ t < idist(xi, xt). Then let Opt(n, G) be the maximum of L(σ) over all such sequences σ of length n. The problem of, given n and G, determining Opt(n, G) we call the Sequential Sum Problem (SSP).In this article we analyze the SSP, obtaining exact values and bounds on Opt(n, G) and relating these bounds to the greedy algorithm for the OST. For example, we calculate Opt(n, P) for the path P, and obtain a surprising characterization of all length n sequences σ which realize Opt(n, P). By analyzing Opt(n, P) for the “continuous” path, we derive upper bounds on the performance ratio of the greedy algorithm for the OST in arbitrary graphs. On the other hand, generalizing the lower bound argument of [4] we show that there are instances of OST, which can significantly “fool” any on‐line algorithm for OST. Specifically, given any tree T normalized to have total edge weight 1, we construct a graph G and a length k ≤ |V(T)| sequence σ of vertices of G for which the performance ratio of any on‐line algorithm for the OST with input σ is lower bounded by Opt(k, T). Finally, we show that the SSP for arbitrary G is NP‐complete. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, Vol. 45(3), 143–164 2005
Evaluation of initiator systems for controlled and sequentially curable free‐radical/cationic hybrid photopolymerizations
Authors: Oxman Joe D. , Jacobs Dwight W. , Trom Matthew C. , Sipani Vishal , Ficek Beth , Scranton Alec B. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractFree‐radical/cationic hybrid photopolymerizations of acrylates and epoxides were initiated using a three‐component initiator system comprised of camphorquinone as the photosensitizer, an amine as the electron donor, and a diaryliodonium salt. Thermodynamic considerations revealed that the oxidation potential of the electron donor must be less than 1.34 V relative to SCE for electron transfer with the photoexcited camphorquinone to take place. This electron transfer leads to the production of the active centers for the hybrid polymerization (two radicals and a cation). Further investigation revealed that only a subset of electron donors that meet the oxidation potential requirement resulted in polymerization of the epoxide monomer; therefore, a second requirement for the electron donor (pKb higher than 8) was established. Experiments performed using a combination of electron donors revealed that the onset of the hybrid system's cationic polymerization can be advanced or delayed by controlling the concentration and composition of the electron donor(s). These studies demonstrate that a single three‐component initiator system can be used to initiate and chemically control the sequential curing properties of a free‐radical/cationic hybrid photopolymerization and is a viable alternative to separate photoinitiators for each type of polymerization. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 1747–1756, 2005
John Foster Dulles' Nuclear Schizophrenia
Authors: Rosendorf Neal 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
John Foster Dulles’ thinking over the issue of nuclear weapons was inconsistent. He registered strong disapproval on moral grounds of the atomic bombing of Japan and warned of the dangerous precedent the US was setting in using nuclear weapons. Yet, for some years he was an ardent proponent of massive retaliation, which threatened a possible thermonuclear strike in response to conventional aggression. Dulles strove to break down the false distinction between the atom bomb and conventional weapons that was working, he believed, to the Soviets’ military and propaganda advantage. Dulles’ initial legalistic‐moralistic thinking on nuclear weapons clashed sharply with the more bellicose, pessimistic, amoral perspectives he developed in the wake of the Korean invasion. The result was an unwieldy grafting together of the two that contributed significantly to his public and private policy oscillations.
RELIGIOUS EDUCATION IN LIBERAL DEMOCRATIC SOCIETIES: THE QUESTION OF ACCOUNTABILITY AND AUTONOMY
Authors: Feinberg Walter 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
The essays in Part III of the book, on liberal constraints and traditionalist education, argue for a more regulatory conception of liberal education and emphasize the need for some controls over cultural and religious educational authority. Walter Feinberg’s essay, on religious education in liberal–democratic societies in relation to the question of accountability and autonomy, takes up the issue of educational constraints with respect to religious schools in such societies. While he allows that religious education need not be inconsistent with liberal goals, and can find reasons why some liberal societies feel it appropriate to provide public support for religious schools, he argues that certain conditions can render such support tyrannical and unwise. He concludes that if the conditions are appropriate for public support of religious schools, then there should also be significant public control. After an introduction in Section 14.1, the chapter has six further sections: Section 14.2 discusses some of the potential lines of conflict between religious liberal education and public (common) education; Section 14.3 examines a number of arguments that have been advanced in support of public funding for religious schools; Section 14.4 looks at a potentially fundamental reason for denying public funding for religious schools – that it would be tyrannical to take tax funds from one believer in order to advance the beliefs of another – and the implications as regards the First Amendment to the United States Constitution; both Sections 14.4 and 14.5 suggest some of the conditions that need to be satisfied in order to supply this funding – primarily that it must be predicated on the school advancing individual and social autonomy; Section 14.6 briefly suggests what such an arrangement might entail for the traditional way in which the public/private divide is conceived; Section 14.7 concludes.
Chapter 5 CAN THERE BE A LITERARY PHILOSOPHY OF TIME?
Authors: Currie Gregory 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Many theorists have been attracted to the idea that literature can help us penetrate the mystery of time. Argues that the track record of the works they appeal to is poor. Finds some common ground with the literary philosophers, and suggests ways in which fiction might tell us things about time; But alsosuggests that there is very little to be hoped for from this programme. A belief to the contrary is largely the result of a misunderstanding about what counts as a question about time.
Chapter 12 THE REPRESENTATIONAL REVOLUTION
Authors: Currie Gregory 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
It is widely believed that a cultural and cognitive revolution occurred at the beginning of the Upper Palaeolithic. Considers the explanation for this revolution offered by Steven Mithen: an explanation that appeals to modularity. Rejects Mithen's account. Suggests another: increase in the power of a general‐purpose imaginative capacity. Links this change to recent work on changing patterns of human development, and changes in social organisation in the Upper Palaeolithic.
Chapter 13 AESTHETIC EXPLANATION
Authors: Currie Gregory 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Should we hold that the natural history of our artistic capacities and responses is relevant to aesthetic judgement in the way that the history of making of particular artworks is? Distinguishes between what is explanatory within the aesthetic, and what is merely explanatory of the aesthetic. Facts about the natural history of artistic capacities and responses are more apt to fall into the first second than into the first. But there are odd cases where the facts of natural history do impinge on what we might call the space of aesthetic reasons.
The effect of gas flow on the filtration performance of breathing system filters
Authors: Wilkes A. R. 
Published: March 2005

SummaryWhen tested according to the European standard, the performance of breathing system filters is determined at a flow of 15 or 30 l.min−1 for filters intended for use with paediatric or adult patients, respectively. However, higher flows of gas may pass through a filter in some circumstances. The penetration of sodium chloride particles through seven different breathing system filters (three pleated hydrophobic and four electrostatic) was measured at five different flows ranging from 15 to 75 l.min−1. Penetration varied from 0.004% to 24.4% for the various filters at the different flows. Penetration increased by between 2 and 40 times for the different filters as the flow increased by a factor of five but this did not markedly alter the rank order of the filters in terms of performance. Testing to the standard provides a useful indication of relative performance at any flow.
Mycobacterium tuberculosisgenome-wide screen exposes multiple CD8+ T cell epitopes
Authors: Hammond A S , Klein M R , Corrah T , Fox A , Jaye A , McAdam K P , Brookes R H 
Published: March 2005

SummaryMounting evidence suggests human leucocyte antigen (HLA) class I-restricted CD8+ T cells play a role in protective immunity against tuberculosis yet relatively few epitopes specific for the causative organism, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, are reported. Here a total genome-wide screen of M. tuberculosis was used to identify putative HLA-B*3501 T cell epitopes. Of 479 predicted epitopes, 13 with the highest score were synthesized and used to restimulate lymphocytes from naturally exposed HLA-B*3501 healthy individuals in cultured and ex vivo enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assays for interferon (IFN)-γ. All 13 peptides elicited a response that varied considerably between individuals. For three peptides CD8+ T cell lines were expanded and four of the 13 were recognized permissively through the HLA-B7 supertype family. Although further testing is required we show the genome-wide screen to be feasible for the identification of unknown mycobacterial antigens involved in immunity against natural infection. While the mechanisms of protective immunity against M. tuberculosis infection remain unclear, conventional class I-restricted CD8+ T cell responses appear to be widespread throughout the genome.