bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Parvovirus B19 transmission by heat‐treated clotting factor concentrates
Authors: Blümel Johannes , Schmidt Ivo , Effenberger Wolfgang , Seitz Holger , Willkommen Hannelore , Brackmann Hans Herrmann , Löwer Johannes , Eis‐Hübinger Anna Maria 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND: Human parvovirus B19 (B19) DNA can be frequently detected in plasma‐derived coagulation factor concentrates. The production of some clotting factor products includes heat treatment steps for virus inactivation, but the effectiveness of such steps for B19 inactivation is unclear. Moreover, detailed transmission case reports including DNA sequence analysis and quantification of B19 DNA from contaminated heat‐treated blood components have not been provided so far. Therefore, the correlation between B19 DNA in blood components and infectivity remains unclear. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Asymptomatic B19 infections of two patients with hemophilia A were detected by anti‐B19 seroconversion after administration of B19‐contaminated heat‐treated clotting factors. The suitability of nucleic acid sequence analysis for confirmation of B19 transmission was investigated. Furthermore, the B19 DNA level in blood components was determined and the drug administration was reviewed to calculate the amount of inoculated B19 DNA. RESULTS: Both B19 transmissions from clotting factor products could be confirmed by identical nucleic acid sequences of virus DNA from patients and blood components while sequences from unrelated controls could be differentiated. One patient received, for 4 days, a total of 180 mL vapor heat‐treated prothrombin complex concentrate containing 8.6 × 106 genome equivalents per mL of B19 DNA. The other patient received 966 mL of low‐contamination (4.0 × 103 genome equivalents/mL) dry heat‐treated FVIII concentrate over a period of 52 days. CONCLUSION: B19 transmissions can be confirmed by nucleic acid sequencing. However, due to the low variability of the B19 genome, a large part of the B19 genome must be analyzed. The transmissions show that the applied heat treatment procedures were not sufficient to inactivate B19 completely.
Prophylactic antigen‐matched donor blood for patients with warm autoantibodies: an algorithm for transfusion management
Authors: Shirey R.S. , Boyd J.S. , Parwani A.V. , Tanz W.S. , Ness P.M. , King K.E. 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND: Patients with warm autoantibodies are at high risk for delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions due to the presence of alloantibodies. To provide blood safe for transfusion and to avoid adsorption studies in some cases, the provision of prophylactic antigen‐matched donor blood where feasible for patients with warm autoantibodies is advocated. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Twenty consecutive adult patients with warm autoantibodies (January 1999 to February 2000) received chronic RBC transfusions by use of this protocol: the serology consistent with warm autoantibodies was confirmed; the alloantibodies were identified; the complete phenotype was determined (i.e., C, E, c, e, K, Jka, Jkb, Fya, Fyb, S, and s); and prophylactic antigen‐matched (i.e., donor RBCs matched with the patient's phenotype), WBC‐reduced donor RBCs were provided for transfusion. On subsequent admissions, samples were evaluated by panel studies and DATs. If the serology remained consistent with previous findings, prophylactic antigen‐matched, WBC‐reduced RBCs were transfused without further testing. RESULTS: Eight of 20 (40%) patients had existing, clinically significant alloantibodies. In 12 of 20 (60%) patients, a phenotype was determined and the patients received transfusion of a total of 149 prophylactic antigen‐matched RBC units (mean, 15 units per patient) precluding adsorption studies on 51 pretransfusion samples. In 8 of 20 (40%) cases (2 with alloantibodies), phenotypes were indeterminant, necessitating differential allogeneic adsorption studies on 39 samples before transfusion of 144 RBC units (mean, 18 units per patient). CONCLUSIONS: Determining complete phenotypes should be a routine component of the serologic evaluation of patients with warm autoantibodies. Our algorithm for providing prophylactic antigen‐matched RBCs to these patients when a complete phenotype can be determined provides flexibility in their transfusion management while maintaining safety and circumvents or simplifies pretransfusion adsorption studies.
Vasovagal reactions in high school students: findings relative to race, risk factor synergism, female sex, and non‐high school particpants
Authors: Newman B.H. 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND : High school (HS) students have a high incidence of vasovagal reactions and are a good population for the study of vasovagal reactions. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS : Data from 1076 Caucasian students, 226 African‐American students, and 157 nonstudents from HS blood drives in 2001 were entered into a database. Race, high‐risk‐factor synergism, the phenomenon of “survivorship,” and female sex were evaluated. In addition, non‐HS student participants were described. RESULTS : Vasovagal reactions were 84 percent lower in African‐American HS students than in Caucasian HS students (3 of 226 vs. 88 of 1076; 1.3 vs. 8.2 percent; p = 0.0001; relative risk, 6.2). In Caucasian HS students, first‐time donor status increased the vasovagal reaction rate to 9.4 percent (vs. 3.6% in repeat donors, p < 0.004). Low weight (≤ 130 lb) increased the reaction rate to 13.6 percent (vs. 3.3% in weight > 81.2 kg, p < 0.001). Together they increased the reaction rate to 16.0 percent (vs. 3.2%, p < 0.0001). Females had more reactions than males (11.3 vs. 4.8%, p < 0.001), but the reaction rates equalized when donors under 150 lb were excluded (5.7 vs. 4.6%, p = 0.66). CONCLUSION : African‐American HS students had a significantly lower vasovagal reaction rate than Caucasian HS students. There was synergy among high‐risk factors in Caucasian HS students. Female and male vasovagal reaction rates were similar when low‐weight donors were excluded.
Hayden White: Beyond Irony
Authors: Domanska Ewa 
Published: March 2003

A crisis of our age that is usually identified with the loss of the sacred was one of the causes of the fall into irony in the nineteenth century. In the case of historians, asHayden White has shown in Metahistory, this irony was caused by a“bitterness” stemming from the failure of reality to fulfill their expectations. Anironic apprehension of the world arose in an atmosphere of social breakdown or cultural decline.A current stage of irony manifests itself in a doubt as to the capacity of language to grasp reality. Thus we live in a “prison house of language.” An intellectual parlor‐gameproduces “second‐hand knowledge” that cannot satisfy the needs of post‐postmodern men and women still looking for another metanarrative. Therefore, the main purpose of this essay is to answer the question: how can we go beyond irony?This text is a “post‐postmodern post mortem topostmodernism.” I am grateful to postmodernism for many things, especially for giving me an alternative apprehension of the world in terms of difference and continuity rather than binary oppositions, but I am tired of ontological insecurity and epistemological chaos. I need order. I miss metanarrative.In trying to break with some modern/postmodern “principles” andretain within my discourse the premodernist perspective, I follow the current trend in thehumanities. We observe at present the breakdown of methodology and the rise of a more poeticapproach in the human sciences. Evidence of this phenomenon is the more autobiographical formof writing in anthropology (James Clifford, Clifford Geertz) and a more literary style inhistorical writing (Natalie Zemon Davis, Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, Simon Schama). This trendis associated with a revaluation of the subjective aspects of research. Perhaps, and I wouldwelcome it, it also could be identified with a reappearance of a Collingwoodian idea of history ashuman self‐knowledge, knowledge about human nature, knowledge about “what it is to be a man . . . what it is to be the kind of man you are . . . and what it is to be the man you are and nobody else is.”
International Cross‐Listing and Order Flow Migration: Evidence from an Emerging Market
Authors: Domowitz Ian , Glen Jack , Madhavan Ananth 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTPolicymakers in emerging markets are increasingly concerned about the consequences for the domestic equity market when companies list stock abroad. We show that the effects of cross‐listing depend on the quality of intermarket information linkages. We investigate these issues with unique data from the Mexican equity market. The impact of cross‐listing is complex—balancing the costs of order flow migration against the benefits of increased intermarket competition. These effects are exacerbated by equity investment barriers that induce segmentation of the domestic equity market. Consequently, the benefits and costs of cross‐listing are not evenly spread over all classes of shareholders.
The Long‐Run Stock Returns Following Bond Ratings Changes
Authors: Dichev Ilia D. , Piotroski Joseph D. 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTUsing essentially all Moody's bond ratings changes between 1970 and 1997, we find no reliable abnormal returns following upgrades. However, we find negative abnormal returns on the magnitude of 10 to 14 percent in the first year following downgrades. Additional results reveal that this underperformance is especially pronounced for small, low‐credit‐quality firms. Also, downgrades underperform in nearly all years in the sample, and a large part of the abnormal returns occur at subsequent earnings announcements. Thus, the evidence suggests that the poor returns result from an underreaction to the announcement of downgrades, rather than from lower systematic risk.
Investor Reaction to Salient News in Closed‐End Country Funds
Authors: Klibanoff Peter , Lamont Owen , Wizman Thierry A. 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTWe use panel data on prices and net asset values to test whether dramatic country‐specific news affects the response of closed‐end country fund prices to asset value. In a typical week, prices underreact to changes in fundamentals; the (short‐run) elasticity of price with respect to asset value is significantly less than one. In weeks with news appearing on the front page of The New York Times, prices react much more; the elasticity of price with respect to asset value is closer to one. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that news events lead some investors to react more quickly.
The Similarity Differential Rate Hypothesis
Authors: Major Roy C. , Kim Eunyi 
Published: March 2003

After Contrastive Analysis was called into question because it could not predict areas of difficulty, it was modified into the so‐called moderate version, claiming that similar phenomena are more difficult to acquire than dissimilar phenomena (see Oller & Ziahosseiny, 1970). Eckman (1977) added a very significant modification to further salvage Contrastive Analysis by incorporating markedness. In addition, the prolific work of Flege on similarity,including his Speech Learning Model (1995), has provided us with extensive data on degree of difficulty in second language acquisition. Although the bulk of his and his collaborators' work supports his claim that similar sounds are harder to learn than dissimilar sounds, there are important exceptions (e.g., Bohn & Flege, 1992). Furthermore, other researchers have presented conflicting claims and results. The importance of this chapter is that it ties together similarity and markedness in a claim concerning rate of acquisition, rather than “degree of difficulty”—a vaguely defined term. The Similarity Differential Rate Hypothesis (SDRH) quite simply claims that similar phenomena are acquired at faster rates than dissimilar phenomena and that markedness is a mediating factor that slows rate. In making its claims, it calls into question some widespread time‐honored concepts in L1 and L2 studies that are poorly defined or mean different things to different researchers. Specifically, what criterion level or percent accuracy is needed for a phenomenon to be “acquired”? What does it mean for x to be acquired before y? If at Stage I, x = 40% accuracy and y = 20% accuracy, we could say x is acquired before y and is less difficult; but if at Stage II, x = 50% and y = 80%, we could say y is acquired before x and is more difficult. In light of this, the SDRH claims that we have been asking the wrong questions, and that rate is the significant factor. In the example above, what is consistent is rate: The rate of acquisition of y is faster than x.In L1 acquisition research, although order of acquisition has been a perennial concern (e.g., Jakobson, 1941, 1968, and current research on the minimal word involving morae), according to David Ingram (personal communication, 1998), rate has not been a major topic in L1 phonology. (Although Ingram himself [1991] has talked about gradual and abrupt rates, he says there is no explanation why these variable patterns exist.) However, because rates have predictive implications (with the caveat that any learner, L1 or L2, may fossilize at any point) and because L1 and L2 phenomena are reflected in a wide range of contexts—for example, historical change, languages in contact, and dialect variation—it follows that the investigation of rate is an important area of research for both L1 and L2 acquisition.
The Photogrammetric Society Analogue Instrument Project: An Eighth Extract
Authors: Burnside C. D. 
Published: March 2003

This eighth and penultimate extract from the Archive is an unusual one for a number of reasons. Of these the most important one is the fact that it is concerned solely with instruments produced in Great Britain. It is therefore concerned mainly with the Thompson‐Watts plotter, the only British instrument to go into full‐scale commercial production. Strictly speaking the other instrument included in this extract should not have had a separate entry at all, simply because no instrument of this type exists now and so cannot have an entry in the catalogue of instruments. However, in order to trace the development of the Thompson‐Watts Mk 2 plotter, produced in 1963, from the remarkable work of Henry Fourcade carried out in the 1920s, the Barr and Stroud ZA2 plotter based on his work has been accorded an Appendix of its own.Both instruments in this extract are based on an optical‐mechanical solution to the photogrammetric problem of space intersection and the Thompson‐Watts is in fact the only instrument of this type to be found in the catalogue. This particular solution did not find great favour on the continent and so few instruments of this type were produced commercially.
Distant Mirrors: Eight Recent Exemplary Models
Authors: Stillman II Richard J. 
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed:Ferrel Heady, One Time AroundHerbert H. Werlin, The Mysteries of Development: Studies Using Political Elasticity TheoryTheodore R.Marmor, The Politics of MedicareJerry Mitchell, The American Experiment with Government CorporationsGitta Sereny, Albert Speer: His Battle with TruthGarry Wills, A Necessary Evil: A History of American Distrust of GovernmentDavid F. Lindenfeld, The Practical Imagination: The German Sciences of State in the Nineteenth CenturyJos C. N. Raadschelders, Handbook of Administrative History
Community Sustainability and Land Use
Authors: Nelson Lisa S. 
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed:Timothy Beatley, Green Urbanism: Learning from European CitiesAmer El‐Ahraf, Mohammad Qayoumi and Ron Dowd, The Impact of Public Policy on Environmental Quality and Health: The Case of Land Use Management and PlanningDaniel A. Mazmanian and Michael E. Kraft, (eds.) Toward Sustainable Communities: Transition and Transformations in Environmental PolicyKee Warner and Harvey Molotch, Building Rules: How Local Rules Shape Community Environments and Economies
7. Testing Transitivity in Digraphs
Authors: Karlberg Martin 
Published: March 2003

The problem of testing the transitivity of a relationship observed in a digraph, taking as many nontransitivity related irregularities as possible into account, is studied. Two test quantities are used: (1) the proportion of transitive triples out of all nonvacuously transitive triples, and (2) the density difference (the difference between mean local transitivity density and overall edge density). The null distribution used is the rather complex uniform distribution on digraphs conditional on the indegrees and outdegrees. A simulation study is made in order to estimate critical values of the tests for different significance levels. When all vertices have the same indegree and outdegree, the occurrence of transitive triples is rather infrequent in most conditional uniform graphs; this is reflected by low critical values of the transitivity-related test statistics. When both the indegree and outdegree sequences are skewed in the same direction, there is a small number of vertices with large indegrees and outdegrees. This results in a clustering structure, in which transitive triples occur frequently; in such conditional uniform graphs, the critical values of the test statistics are rather high. The powers of the tests are estimated against the Bernoulli transitive triple model, which assumes a simple random graph distribution in which the transitivity is high. The test based on density difference has the highest power in many cases. The tests are applied to a large set of classroom sociograms, and in this situation it is also found that uniform randomness is rejected in favor of transitivity most frequently when the test based on the density difference is used. However, the vast majority of these sociograms are so far from the uniform distribution that the null hypothesis of uniform randomness is rejected regardless of which test is used. Nevertheless, the results imply that the density difference is the best detector of transitivity related to the measures examined.
The Economic Nature of Basic Human Rights: Economic Explanations of Cross‐National Variations in Governmental Basic Human Rights Performance
Authors: Heinisch Reinhard 
Published: March 2003

This paper examines economic explanations of governmental basic human rights performance in more than one hundred nations. Following Henry Shue's conceptualization of basic rights, I analyze a set of key economic variables (level of development, income distribution, rate of growth, foreign trade, and foreign investment) in terms of their impact on basic socioeconomic and political rights (defined here are subsistence and security rights).Drawing on criticisms of the existing literature, the paper calls for a new empirical approach to cross‐regional comparative human rights studies. The article first conceptualizes and operationalizes the concept of basic rights. It then provides a critical review of the relevant literature on economic explanations of rights. Analyzing both individual and combined effects by using correlations analysis, cross‐tabulations, bivariate and multiple regression techniques, I interpret my findings as follows: Basic human rights performance is much more varied across nations of comparable economic background than indicated by most other studies of a similar nature. While economic conditions have a significant impact on all basic rights, there are, nevertheless, important differences with respect to the type of basic right and the specific economic variable concerned. Security rights tend to be less affected by economic factors than subsistence rights. Below the threshold of about $1,000 Gross National Product (GNP)/capita income countries are generally unable to guarantee even a modicum of subsistence rights. While level of development can explain close to 50% of the variation in basic human rights performance, income distribution becomes more crucial the more developed nations are. Other findings show foreign trade to have a significantly negative impact on security rights while being somewhat positively related with subsistence rights.
Gabrielle Duchêne: Feminist, Pacifist, Reluctant Bourgeoise
Authors: Coons Lorraine 
Published: March 2003

This article discusses the peace activism of Gabrielle Duchêne, who headed the French national section of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom and also served as vice‐president of the international executive during the interwar years.Duchêne's activism began in the pre‐World War I years when she first became involved in the plight of garment workers in the linen trades. She worked for a minimum wage for women homeworkers and remained a committed feminist after the war. Duchêne linked the cause of world peace with that of women's rights and never compromised her feminist agenda in her fight against war and fascism.Through use of biographical information and organizational records, the author points to the serious limitations of the international peace movement during the 1930s and its inability to speak with a united voice.This examination of Duchêne's relationship with both the international organization and its French national section reveals the frequent conflict of interests among members. At the international level, the serious threat of division existed between adherents of “integral” and “realist” pacifism. At the national level, party loyalties often interfered with and impeded the work of peace activists in the regional sections (as in the case of the Lyons controversy with the National Executive).Duchêne was at the center of these struggles. Thus, her case is particularly interesting as it helps to explain the failure of a global, mass movement organized to prevent war in 1939.
Collusion Under Asymmetric Information: The Role of the Correlation
Authors: Pouyet Jérôme 
Published: March 2003

We consider the regulation of a duopoly under incomplete information. When firms act noncooperatively, the regulator uses yardstick mechanisms to bridge his informational gap at no cost. However, this provides the firms with an incentive to collude.We interpret the correlation as a measure of the congruence/divergence between individual and coalitional incentives. Under positive correlation, these incentives are aligned: the threat of collusion forces the regulator to distort the allocation. Under negative correlation, these incentives are opposed: the regulator can, sometimes, exploit this conflict of interest inside the coalition to eradicate the stakes of collusion at no cost.
Hexagram 4 of the I Ching: Analytical Psychology and Jung's Developmental Process
Authors: Douglas Claire 
Published: March 2003

Theories, as well as history itself, are subject to their archetypal underpinnings, as well as to synchronicity, cyclic and sequential change. Some of Jung's early life experiences, his theories, and their permutations in his followers are considered in relation to Hexagram 4 of the I‐Ching.Jung's infantile wounds, his lack of adequately mirroring and metabolizing parents gave rise to a Puer Aeternus complex. This complex is explored as it is brought out through the lines of Hexagram 4 in the I‐Ching. The complex is considered as pertinent to some problematical parts of Jung's theory and its impact on analytic history and behavior. Jung's genius and adaptive healing use of the building blocks of this complex are also discussed.It is proposed that the descendants of Freud and Jung internalize the problems of their forefathers in much the same way that patients internalize the problems of their parents. Particular theories suggest similar personal affinities (and even histories) in their followers. Jung's childhood problems are considered for the way they may reverberate in Jungian practice today.