bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lu Xun: the Chinese “Gentle” Nietzsche. By CHIU-YEE CHEUNG. [Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 2001. 178 pp. £24.00. ISBN 3-631-38073-9.]
Authors: von Kowallis Jon Eugene 
Published: March 2005

This is the first intellectual biography of Lu Xun (1881–1936) published in English in nearly 20 years. Arguably, it may be the first one ever. Cheung skilfully utilizes the prism of Lu Xun's interest in Nietzsche to examine not only his influence on the development of the Chinese writer's thought, but also a host of other issues from the interpretation of Lu Xun's works to his marital status. In order to do this, Cheung must first come to terms with Nietzsche's intellectual legacy, which he defines as that of the “gentle” Nietzsche – the Nietzsche sans Nachlass familiar to us through Walter Kaufmann, not the Nietzsche of the Will to Power created posthumously by his sister and others from fragments of the philosopher's unpublished manuscripts. In fact, it is best to read Nietzsche as rumination, Cheung tells us, or to pick up his Leitworte or main terms (p. 9). Cheung then asserts that Lu Xun was the “chosen one” to realize Nietzsche's influence on China (p. 17).Central to all this was Thus Spake Zarathustra and Lu Xun's understanding of it as well as what he had gleaned from secondary sources during his years of study in Japan, probably Takayama Chogyuu's 1901 essay “Bunmei hihyooka to shite no bungakusha” (“The litterateur as cultural critic”), derived from Ziegler's Die geistigen und sozialen Stroemungen Deutschlands in neunzehnten Jahrhundert [The German Intellectual and Social Movements in the Nineteenth Century] (Berlin: Georg Bondi, 1911), which, Cheung informs us, is based on Nietzsche's Untimely Meditations (p. 23). If that is the case, the young Lu Xun is to be commended for his choice of sources.
Estimates of protozoan‐ and viral‐mediated mortality of bacterioplankton in Lake Bourget (France)
Authors: JACQUET STÉPHAN , DOMAIZON ISABELLE , PERSONNIC SÉBASTIEN , RAM ANGIA SRIRAM PRADEEP , HEDAL MIKAL , DUHAMEL SOLANGE , SIME‐NGANDO TÉLESPHORE 
Published: March 2005

Summary1. We performed three, 1‐week in situ experiments in March‐April (expt 1), May (expt 2) and August (expt 3) 2003 in order to assess protozoan and virus‐induced mortality of heterotrophic bacteria in a French lake. Viral and bacterial abundances were obtained using flow cytometry (FCM) while protozoa were counted using epifluorescence microscopy (EFM).2. A dilution approach, applied to pretreated grazer‐free samples, allowed us to estimate that viral lysis could be responsible for 60% (expt 1), 35% (expt 2) and 52% (expt 3) of daily heterotrophic bacterial mortality. Flagellate (both mixotrophic and heterotrophic) grazing in untreated samples, was responsible for 56% (expt 1), 63% (expt 2) and 18% (expt 3) of daily heterotrophic bacteria removal.3. These results therefore suggest that both viral lysis and flagellate grazing had a strong impact on bacterial mortality, and this impact varied seasonally.4. From parallel transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis, we found that the burst size (i.e. the number of viruses potentially released per lysed cell) ranged from nine to 25 (expt 1), 10 to 35 (expt 2) and eight to 25 (expt 3). The percentage of infected heterotrophic bacteria was 5.7% (expt 1), 3.4% (expt 2) and 5.7% (expt 3) so that the calculated percentage of bacterial mortality induced by viruses was 6.3% (expt 1), 3.7% (expt 2) and 6.3% (expt 3).5. It is clear that the dilution‐FCM and TEM methods yielded different estimates of viral impact, although both methods revealed an increased impact of viruses during summer.
Management Behaviour as Social Capital: A Systematic Analysis of Organizational Ethnographies
Authors: Hodson Randy 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis article explores managerial behaviour as a potential source of social capital in the workplace. Using content‐coded data from the full population of organizational ethnographies (N = 204), we explore facets of workplace behaviours and relations that have been difficult to evaluate using survey‐based techniques. Analysing ethnographic‐based data with multivariate techniques, we find that competent management leadership, in particular, has widespread and significant effects on important workplace outcomes such as job satisfaction, organizational citizenship behaviour, and co‐worker infighting. The findings highlight the value of cross‐methods techniques for evaluating and extending existing workplace theories.
Investors in People: Market‐led Voluntarism in Vocational Education and Training
Authors: Hoque Kim , Taylor Scott , Bell Emma 
Published: March 2005

AbstractIntroduced in the UK in 1991, Investors in People (IiP) provides a benchmark for good training practice. It has become a central feature of the UK government's vocational education and training policy. This article aims to broaden the debate relating to IiP in two ways: first, by reviewing the existing evidence on recognition rates and its impact on training activity; and second, by exploring the new directions that IiP is taking in terms of its redesign and its overseas adoption. Finally, we consider the research agenda and the policy implications that arise from the review.
Correlation and prediction of gene expression level from amino acid and dipeptide composition of its protein
Authors: Raghava Gajendra PS , Han Joon H 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Background
A large number of papers have been published on analysis of microarray data with particular emphasis on normalization of data, detection of differentially expressed genes, clustering of genes and regulatory network. On other hand there are only few studies on relation between expression level and composition of nucleotide/protein sequence, using expression data. There is a need to understand why particular genes/proteins express more in particular conditions. In this study, we analyze 3468 genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae obtained from Holstege et al., (1998) to understand the relationship between expression level and amino acid composition.

Results
We compute the correlation between expression of a gene and amino acid composition of its protein. It was observed that some residues (like Ala, Gly, Arg and Val) have significant positive correlation (r > 0.20) and some other residues (Like Asp, Leu, Asn and Ser) have negative correlation (r < -0.15) with the expression of genes. A significant negative correlation (r = -0.18) was also found between length and gene expression. These observations indicate the relationship between percent composition and gene expression level. Thus, attempts have been made to develop a Support Vector Machine (SVM) based method for predicting the expression level of genes from its protein sequence. In this method the SVM is trained with proteins whose gene expression data is known in a given condition. Then trained SVM is used to predict the gene expression of other proteins of the same organism in the same condition. A correlation coefficient r = 0.70 was obtained between predicted and experimentally determined expression of genes, which improves from r = 0.70 to 0.72 when dipeptide composition was used instead of residue composition. The method was evaluated using 5-fold cross validation test. We also demonstrate that amino acid composition information along with gene expression data can be used for improving the function classification of proteins.

Conclusion
There is a correlation between gene expression and amino acid composition that can be used to predict the expression level of genes up to a certain extent. A web server based on the above strategy has been developed for calculating the correlation between amino acid composition and gene expression and prediction of expression level http://kiwi.postech.ac.kr/raghava/lgepred/. This server will allow users to study the evolution from expression data.
Reliability of videotaped observational gait analysis in patients with orthopedic impairments
Authors: Brunnekreef Jaap J , van Uden Caro JT , van Moorsel Steven , Kooloos Jan GM 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Background
In clinical practice, visual gait observation is often used to determine gait disorders and to evaluate treatment. Several reliability studies on observational gait analysis have been described in the literature and generally showed moderate reliability. However, patients with orthopedic disorders have received little attention. The objective of this study is to determine the reliability levels of visual observation of gait in patients with orthopedic disorders.

Methods
The gait of thirty patients referred to a physical therapist for gait treatment was videotaped. Ten raters, 4 experienced, 4 inexperienced and 2 experts, individually evaluated these videotaped gait patterns of the patients twice, by using a structured gait analysis form. Reliability levels were established by calculating the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC), using a two-way random design and based on absolute agreement.

Results
The inter-rater reliability among experienced raters (ICC = 0.42; 95%CI: 0.38–0.46) was comparable to that of the inexperienced raters (ICC = 0.40; 95%CI: 0.36–0.44). The expert raters reached a higher inter-rater reliability level (ICC = 0.54; 95%CI: 0.48–0.60). The average intra-rater reliability of the experienced raters was 0.63 (ICCs ranging from 0.57 to 0.70). The inexperienced raters reached an average intra-rater reliability of 0.57 (ICCs ranging from 0.52 to 0.62). The two expert raters attained ICC values of 0.70 and 0.74 respectively.

Conclusion
Structured visual gait observation by use of a gait analysis form as described in this study was found to be moderately reliable. Clinical experience appears to increase the reliability of visual gait analysis.
Phase II Study of Radiotherapy Employing Proton Beam for Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Kawashima Mitsuhiko , Furuse Junji , Nishio Teiji , Konishi Masaru , Ishii Hiroshi , Kinoshita Taira , Nagase Michitaka , Nihei Keiji , Ogino Takashi 
Published: March 2005

Purpose To evaluate the safety and efficacy of proton beam radiotherapy (PRT) for hepatocellular carcinoma. Patients and Methods Eligibility criteria for this study were: solitary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); no indication for surgery or local ablation therapy; no ascites; age ≥ 20 years; Zubrod performance status of 0 to 2; no serious comorbidities other than liver cirrhosis; written informed consent. PRT was administered in doses of 76 cobalt gray equivalent in 20 fractions for 5 weeks. No patients received transarterial chemoembolization or local ablation in combination with PRT. Results Thirty patients were enrolled between May 1999 and February 2003. There were 20 male and 10 female patients, with a median age of 70 years. Maximum tumor diameter ranged from 25 to 82 mm (median, 45 mm). All patients had liver cirrhosis, the degree of which was Child-Pugh class A in 20, and class B in 10 patients. Acute reactions of PRT were well tolerated, and PRT was completed as planned in all patients. Four patients died of hepatic insufficiency without tumor recurrence at 6 to 9 months. Three of these four patients had pretreatment indocyanine green retention rate at 15 minutes of more than 50%. After a median follow-up period of 31 months (16 to 54 months), only one patient experienced recurrence of the primary tumor, and 2-year actuarial local progression-free rate was 96% (95% CI, 88% to 100%). Actuarial overall survival rate at 2 years was 66% (48% to 84%). Conclusion PRT showed excellent control of the primary tumor, with minimal acute toxicity. Further study is warranted to scrutinize adequate patient selection in order to maximize survival benefit of this promising modality.
EGR1 Predicts PTEN and Survival in Patients With Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Ferraro Bernadette , Bepler Gerold , Sharma Swati , Cantor Alan , Haura Eric B. 
Published: March 2005

Purpose The zinc finger transcription factor early growth response gene 1 (EGR1) is underexpressed in non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) compared with normal lung. EGR1 expression has been linked to tumor suppression as a result of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis through regulation of tumor suppressor pathways including PTEN. For these reasons, we hypothesized that reduced levels of EGR1 would correlate with inferior outcome in patients with NSCLC. Patients and Methods Patients who underwent surgical resection for NSCLC had RNA extracted from tumor tissue and EGR1 gene expression was quantified by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The levels of EGR1 expression were examined in relationship to patient characteristics, histology, tumor stage, PTEN expression, and overall and disease-free survival. Results EGR1 expression strongly correlated with PTEN expression (P < .0001). No correlation of EGR1 with histology or stage was detected. Patients with high levels of EGR1 had better overall and disease-free survival compared with patients with low levels of EGR1 (P = .040 and P = .096, respectively). In a stratified log-rank test, low EGR1 expression was predictive of poor survival independent of tumor stage. Conclusion EGR1 gene expression predicts PTEN levels and survival after surgical resection of NSCLC. Consistent with its known tumor suppressor properties, lower levels of EGR1 are associated with poor outcome. Identification of patients with low EGR1 therefore may identify patients at high risk for disease recurrence and may also identify patients who have tumors resistant to therapy secondary to loss of pathways such as PTEN.
Minireview: Cellular Redox State Regulates Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Activity and Intracellular Hormone Potency
Authors: Agarwal Anil K. , Auchus Richard J. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractHydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSDs) interconvert potent and relatively inactive forms of individual steroid hormones using nicotinamide cofactors NADPH/NADP+ and NADH/NAD+ [nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate), reduced/oxidized forms]. Although reactions with purified enzymes in vitro may be driven in either direction depending on the assay conditions, HSD enzymes appear to function in one direction or the other in intact cells. At least for some of these enzymes, however, the apparent unidirectional metabolism actually reflects bidirectional catalysis that reaches a pseudoequilibrium state with a strong directional preference. This directional preference, in turn, derives from intracellular concentration gradients for the nicotinamide cofactors and the relative affinities of each HSD for these cofactors. Because the concentrations of free cofactor exceed those of steroids by many orders of magnitude, the activities of these enzymes are predominantly driven by cofactor abundance, which is linked to intermediary metabolism. Consequently, the amount of active steroids in cells containing HSDs may be modulated by cofactor abundance and, hence, intracellular redox state. We will review the evidence linking cofactor handling and HSD activity, speculate on additional ways that intracellular metabolism can alter HSD activity and, thus, hormone potency, and discuss fruitful avenues of further investigation.
Golgi-Localized, γ-Ear-Containing, Arf-Binding Protein Adaptors Mediate Insulin-Responsive Trafficking of Glucose Transporter 4 in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes
Authors: Li Lin V. , Kandror Konstantin V. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractSmall glucose transporter 4 (Glut4)-containing vesicles represent the major insulin-responsive compartment in fat and skeletal muscle cells. The molecular mechanism of their biogenesis is not yet elucidated. Here, we studied the role of the newly discovered family of monomeric adaptor proteins, GGA (Golgi-localized, γ-ear-containing, Arf-binding proteins), in the formation of small Glut4 vesicles and acquisition of insulin responsiveness in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. In these cells, all three GGA isoforms are expressed throughout the differentiation process. In particular, GGA2 is primarily present in trans-Golgi network and endosomes where it demonstrates a significant colocalization with the recycling pool of Glut4. Using the techniques of immunoadsorption as well as glutathione-S-transferase pull-down assay we found that Glut4 vesicles (but not Glut4 per se) interact with GGA via the Vps-27, Hrs, and STAM (VHS) domain. Moreover, a dominant negative GGA mutant inhibits formation of Glut4 vesicles in vitro. To study a possible role of GGA in Glut4 traffic in the living cell, we stably expressed a dominant negative GGA mutant in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Formation of small insulin-responsive Glut4-containing vesicles and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in these cells were markedly impaired. Thus, GGA adaptors participate in the formation of the insulin-responsive vesicular compartment from the intracellular donor membranes both in vivo and in vitro.
Thought suppression and cognitive vulnerability to depression
Authors: Van der Does Willem 
Published: March 2005

Objectives. Cognitive reactivity (CR) has been defined as the relative ease with which maladaptive cognitions or cognitive styles are triggered by mild (non‐pathological) mood fluctuations. CR has been found to predict relapse of depression (Segal, Gemar & Williams, 1999). This study compared different measures of CR, and also investigated the role of thought suppression as a possible mechanism underlying CR.Design and methods. Participants included 24 previously depressed, and 24 never depressed individuals who underwent a mood induction. They also completed a questionnaire designed to measure CR (LEIDS; Van der Does, 2002a), and participated in the scrambled sentences task (SST). The SST was designed to uncover thought suppression tendencies, and has been shown to discriminate between never depressed and previously depressed samples.Results. LEIDS scores were higher for previously depressed than for never depressed individuals. However, CR as measured with the mood induction did not distinguish between these groups. The LEIDS was correlated with the results of the SST and with self‐report measures of thought suppression.Conclusion. Active suppression of unwanted thoughts may be involved in the apparent inactive state of depressive cognitions during remission.
Mixing sound and vision: The interaction of auditory and visual information for earwitnesses of a crime scene
Authors: Wright Daniel B. , Wareham Gary 
Published: March 2005

Purpose. Previous research has shown that visual information impairs the perception of the sound of individual syllables, often called the McGurk effect. In everyday life sounds are seldom heard as individual syllables, but are embedded in words, and these words within sentences. The purpose of this research is to see whether auditory and visual information interact in the perception of a contextually rich scene that is of forensic importance.Methods. Participants were shown a video of a man following a woman. The man either says ‘He's got your boot’ or ‘He's gonna shoot’. Half the participants saw the actor say the same phrase as they heard, and half saw a different phrase than they heard.Results. When the visual and acoustic patterns did not match, people made mistakes. Many reported the fusion: ‘He's got your shoe’.Conclusions. This is the first demonstration of the interaction of auditory and visual information for complex scenes. The scene is one of forensic importance and therefore the findings are of importance within the emerging field of earwitness testimony.
Treating offending children: What works?
Authors: Nee Claire , Ellis Tom 
Published: March 2005

Purpose. There is little evidence on the effectiveness of interventions with offending children and juveniles, either in Europe or North America. We present the evaluation findings of an innovative intervention and relate these to the existing evidence base for young offenders and to the more extensive literature on older offenders.Methods. Using an established risk predictor, The Level of Service Inventory–Revised (LSI‐R; Andrews & Bonta, 1995), we measured the criminogenic risks and needs of the intervention group and a non‐intervention group of child and juvenile offenders at 6‐monthly intervals. Local police charges data were also collected for both groups as an indicator of offending behaviour.Results. Over the first 30 months of the project, a statistically significant drop was seen in the LSI‐R scores of the project participants, with favourable effect sizes. Effect sizes improved markedly with longer‐term intervention. There were also strong indications that the level of offending behaviour had decreased during the intervention. The comparison group showed no change in risks, needs or offending rate.Conclusions. We suggest this study provides an important contribution to the evidence base of what works with child and juvenile offenders and we suggest that an increased focus on understanding effective intervention with very young offenders is required.
Determinants of condom use among a random sample of single heterosexual adults
Authors: Godin Gaston , Gagnon Hélène , Lambert Léo‐Daniel , Conner Mark 
Published: March 2005

Objectives. The aim of this study was to identify the determinants of single heterosexuals' use of condoms during each sexual intercourse.Design. Cohort of individuals followed over a period of 2 years.Methods. Respondents were 574 single heterosexual individuals who answered questions during a telephone interview.Results. Attitude, perceived behavioural control, self‐efficacy and moral norm explained 65% of the variance in intentions to use condoms (p <.0001). The determinants of condom use at 1 year follow‐up (27% explained variance) were perceived behavioural control, past behaviour, and the interaction between intention and intention stability. At 2 years follow‐up, the significant determinants were past behaviour and intention by intention stability. In the present study, intentions to use condoms which remained stable across time were strong predictors of condom use (at 1 year: β=.42, p <.0001; at 2 years: β=.39, p <.003), while unstable intentions were not (at 1 year: β=.02, ns; at 2 years: β=.19, ns).Conclusion. Intention stability is a major determinant of the accuracy of intention for the prediction of subsequent behaviour.
Erfahrungen mit der Leybold ScrewLine in industriellen Anwendungen. ScrewLine Vacuum Pumps in Industrial Applications
Authors: Dreifert Thomas , Zöllig Uwe , Stahlschmidt Olaf 
Published: March 2005

AbstractDie Beispiele aus verschiedenen „industriellen”︁ Applikationen zeigen, dass sich das Konzept der ScrewLine SP630 auch unter härtesten Bedingungen hervorragend bewährt. Die Pumpe ist eine echte „Universalpumpe”︁ und kann durch ihr Zubehör auch an viele Prozesse im Randbereich der Chemischen Industrie oder in der Halbleiterindustrie angepaßt werden.In allen Fällen überzeugen vor allem die sehr niedrigen „Cost of Ownership”︁ und die hohe Robustheit der Pumpe. Außerdem präsentiert sie sich als sehr modernes Produkt und setzt bei Vakuumleistung, Schallpegel und Wartungsfreundlichkeit neue Maßstäbe. Leybold Vacuum bietet mit der ScrewLine also wieder ein echtes „Arbeitspferd”︁ und setzt so eine Tradition mit Produkten wie TRIVAC, SOGEVAC und RUVAC nahtlos fort.