bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Overview of Epilepsy and Seizures
Authors: Schachter Steven C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A seizure (also called attack, crisis, turn, fit, breakout, trembling, convulsion, and insult) is usually defined as a sudden alteration of behavior due to a temporary change in the electrical functioning of the brain, in particular the outer layer of the brain called the cortex. Epilepsy means recurrent seizures. Seizures can take many different forms, as the descriptions in this book indicate. However, any given person usually has a limited number of different types of seizures that they experience, and readers should understand that seizures affect different people in different ways. The material in this book points out these differences, but should not be taken to imply that every person with seizures will experience everything described in this book at some time. Sometimes, seizures can be triggered by alcohol, strong emotions, intense exercise, flashing lights or loud music, illness and fever, the menstrual period, lack of sleep, and stress. Often an individual learns to recognize what they may be susceptible to. Sometimes there is no identifiable or consistent trigger. Seizures have a beginning, a middle, and an end. When an individual is aware of the beginning, it may be thought of as a warning. Another word used for the warning is the aura. Auras are actually seizures that affect only a very small part of the brain; enough to cause symptoms, but not enough to disrupt consciousness. Doctors may refer to auras as “simple partial seizures”—“simple” means that consciousness is not impaired, and “partial” means that only part of the brain is involved with the seizure.
Portfolio Rebalancing, Analysis, And Monitoring
Authors: Michaud Richard O , Michaud Robert O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Investment information is often statistically insignificant. MV optimization is insensitive to investment insignificance, resulting in frequent but ineffective and costly portfolio rebalancings. In current investment practice, portfolio rebalancing and monitoring rules are largely ad hoc. For example, institutions commonly rebalance their portfolios on a calendar basis, such as monthly, quarterly, or annually. Another widely used rule is to rebalance a portfolio if asset weights exceed a predetermined fixed range, such as ±5%, of optimal or benchmark weights. Ad hoc rules exist to limit the number of rebalancings and to avoid trading on insignificant information. A proper and reliable portfolio rebalancing rule is necessarily statistical. An investor will want to know whether trading a portfolio for a presumably more optimal one is likely to significantly improve performance in the investment period. If the current portfolio is not statistically significantly different from the optimal, trading is unlikely to be productive. The challenge lies in identifying statistically significant differences. This chapter introduces statistically based rigorous portfolio trading rules for linear constrained MV optimized portfolios. Rigorous statistical rules have not been available until now because standard analytical techniques do not treat linear constrained MV optimization.
Investment Policy And Economic Liabilities
Authors: Michaud Richard O , Michaud Robert O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Investment policy is the proposed long-term average risk level or asset allocation stock/bond ratio for the fund. For many trustees, appropriately defining investment policy relative to fund liabilities or use of invested assets is a major priority and significant fiduciary responsibility. An investment policy study often consists of substantial expenditures of time and capital. Many consider investment policy as the single most important investment decision for long-term investors. Investment policy is generally implemented in a core-satellite framework comprising strategic and tactical asset management mandates. A strategic asset allocation consists of an optimal risk-adjusted portfolio for a particular stock-bond mix policy and rebalancing to maintain that policy. Strategic asset allocations represent a core investment strategy that are generally based on relatively long-term risk-return relationships relative to liquid, diversified, and economically representative fixed and non- fixed income global capital market indices, often implemented with index funds. Long-term investors consider strategic asset allocation funds the investments of choice because they are designed to optimally enhance long-term compound return on a risk-adjusted basis.
Beetle Bombs
Authors: Lockwood Jeffrey A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If Adolf Hitler had not forbidden offensive research on biological warfare, the Germans might have surpassed the Japanese in entomological weaponry. Scholars speculate that Hitler’s aversion to unconventional arms may have stemmed from having been gassed in the First World War. Others note that among Hitler’s eccentricities was a phobia of bacteria, so producing pathogens by the ton might have been too much for him to contemplate.1 The Führer, however, was not entirely in control of his military. Although Hitler’s prohibition impeded progress, the Nazis were able to surreptitiously pursue offensive research under the auspices of developing defensive capabilities. Germany’s research and development program was centered at the SS Military Medical Academy at Posen, under the supervision of Professor Kurt Blome—Germany’s version of Ishii Shiro, but without the megalomania. As part of Blome’s network, an Institute of Entomology was established within the Waffen-SS by order of Heinrich Himmler.
Korea’s Hailstorms of Hexapods
Authors: Lockwood Jeffrey A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The case presented by the North Koreans and Chinese in 1952 provides either irrefutable evidence that the United States engaged in the most comprehensive and systematic program of entomological warfare in modern times or compelling evidence that the communists had the most coordinated and insidious program of propaganda in memory. Or something intriguingly in-between. All that we know with absolute certainty is that the Korean War produced the most sensational accusations of the use of insects as weapons of war in the last half of the 20th century.The nations of the world were bloodied and exhausted at the end of the Second World War, and neither the capitalists nor the communists were particularly anxious to start another shooting war. Although tensions ran high, an uneasy stalemate developed as the spoils of the beaten Axis powers were divided among the victors. In Germany, this meant splitting a nation into east and west portions. In Korea, the 38th Parallel separated the north and the south.
Yankee (and Vietnamese) Ingenuity
Authors: Lockwood Jeffrey A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Entomologists working to convert insects into weapons for the U.S. Department of Defense could not have asked for a more propitious conflict than a war in Southeast Asia. While Korea was at the latitude of northern Colorado, Vietnam was 2,000 miles closer to the equator—and insects flourish in tropical climes. In 1965, the American military conducted Operation Magic Sword to assess the biting habits of the yellow fever mosquito after being released from a ship anchored off the warm, humid shores of the southeastern United States.1 This was the best approximation, without mounting an insect invasion of another sovereign nation, for determining if vectors released from naval vessels off the coast of Vietnam would make landfall and attack the enemy.
Wimpy Warmups and Real Deals
Authors: Lockwood Jeffrey A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A critical lesson of the last few years is that terrorists can rely on simple weapons: box cutters and car bombs. Whether simplicity is a matter of choice or necessity is difficult to know, but the latter is certainly relevant with respect to biological attacks. Without the scientific and technical support of a militaryindustrial complex, terrorists may be unable to culture and formulate pathogenic organisms into effective weapon systems. Insects, however, offer a low-tech, “safe and effective” alternative: they are easily collected or reared, robust to environmental adversity, and able to disperse on their own. Until recent years, entomological weapons were discounted by some military analysts because of a pair of perceived weaknesses: insect invasions were deemed too slow and too imprecise to alter the course of a modern war. But terrorists are engaged in what we might call postmodern warfare.
Utilitarianism
Authors: Sandel Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One way of thinking about the right thing to do, perhaps the most natural and familiar way, is to ask what will produce the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people. This way of thinking about morality finds its clearest statement in the philosophy of Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832). In his Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation (1789), Bentham argues that the principle of utility should be the basis of morality and law. By utility, he means whatever promotes pleasure or prevents pain.
Locke: Property Rights
Authors: Sandel Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the difficult things about reading the political theory of John Locke (1632–1704) is that it seems so familiar, especially to those who have grown up in the American system of government. His Second Treatise of Government (1690) argues that legitimate government is a limited government based on consent, in which the majority rules but may not violate people’s fundamental rights. At first glance, Locke’s theory of government may seem too obvious to be interesting. But its surface familiarity conceals some intriguing questions. For example: Just how limited are the powers of government, according to Locke? A legitimate government may not violate our natural right to life, liberty, and property. But Locke allows that government can legitimately take our property through taxation and require citizens to sacrifice their lives in war.
Kant: Freedom as Autonomy
Authors: Sandel Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals (1785) by Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) is one of the most important works of moral philosophy ever written. But it is not an easy read. One way to approach it is with certain questions in mind: Why, according to Kant, is utilitarianism wrong? Why, for that matter, is it a mistake to base morality on any interest, desire, or empirically given end, including the aim of maximizing happiness? And if no interest or empirically given end can serve as the basis for morality, what other basis could there be? Kant’s answer is that reason is the basis of the moral law. But this answer raises a further question. Different people reason differently. Does this mean that morality is one thing for me and another for you? Kant does not think so. But if reason is the source of morality, how can there be a single, universal moral law, rather than a plurality of such laws? If you can figure out the answer this question, you will be well on your way to making sense of Kant’s moral theory.
Rawls: Justice as Fairness
Authors: Sandel Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One way of thinking about justice is to imagine a social contract in which people come together to choose the basic principles that will govern their society. Would the principles chosen in this way be fair? Not necessarily. Some parties to the social contract might be stronger, or wealthier, or savvier than others. Some might take advantage of a superior bargaining position. Now try to imagine a social contract that would not be subject to these contingencies. This is what John Rawls (1921–2002) invites us to imagine in his book A Theory of Justice (1971). According to Rawls, the way to think about justice is to ask what principles would be chosen by people who came together behind a “veil of ignorance” that temporarily deprived them of any knowledge about where they would wind up in society. Only a hypothetical contract such as this, carried out in an original position of equality, would produce principles of justice untainted by differences of bargaining power or knowledge.
Affirmative Action: Reverse Discrimination?
Authors: Sandel Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Is it unjust to consider race as a factor in college and university admissions? Some say yes; it is unfair to bestow benefits or impose burdens on people based on characteristics they cannot control. Others point out that many traits that count—including academic, athletic, and musical talent—may not be wholly within the control of the students who possess them (or who do not possess them in sufficient measure to gain admission).This is even more clearly the case with factors such as geographical diversity and “legacy” status (being the child of an alumnus).
Four Relationships between War and Commerce
Authors: Gathii James Thuo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, I explore the relationship between commerce, conquest, and the confiscation of private property in the context of war. I do this by examining illustrative case law and other materials. In doing so, I make two primary arguments. My first argument is that the relationship between conquest and confiscation, on the one hand, and commerce, on the other, is not fixed or even stable but rather occupies a continuum between at least two extremes: on one end, the absolute power of a sovereign belligerent to confiscate enemy private property upon conquest, and on the other, the policy of allowing commerce safe passage during times of war. Given this relationship, my second argument is that it is inaccurate to portray the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries as periods during which the absolute power of confiscation prevailed, and the twentieth century as a period in which a rule prohibiting confiscation of private property during wartime held sway.
Emergence of the Legislative License
Authors: Phillips Douglas E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
just before the year 2000, when others were worried about the impending “Y2K” crisis that never came, an article in Network Computing asked about a prospect that it viewed with even more alarm: “What if the law enforced almost any term a software publisher specified in a shrink-wrap license?”1 The article stated that the “very real prospect of this happening” as a result of proposed model legislation had “some of the nation’s largest corporations running scared.”2 Explaining that shrinkwrap licenses affect businesses as well as individual users, the article noted the concern of user groups that enforcing such licenses could lead to “a parade of horrors.”3 The question’s premise was that the enforceability of shrinkwrap license terms remained in doubt. Even by 1999, however, the courts had already largely resolved that issue in favor of software providers. Today, there appears to be little that a shrinkwrap or click-through software license can say to which the law will not give effect. In the early years of the shrinkwrap license, the validity of such licenses was indeed an open question. In 1988, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit held that federal law preempted a state law that provided for the enforcement of shrinkwrap license terms, when the terms barred the reverse engineering of software.4 In 1991, the Third Circuit held that a “box-top license” printed on a software package did not become part of the parties’ contract.5
Stripping Gypsy
Authors: Frankel Noralee 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whenever stripper Gypsy Rose Lee encountered public criticism, she spoke frankly in her own defense. “Thousands have seen me at my--ah--best; and thousands have made no objections.” Noralee Frankel’s lively biography, Stripping Gypsy, the first ever published about the highly mythologized Gypsy, examines the struggles Lee faced in making a lucrative and unconventional career for herself while maintaining a sense of dignity and social value. Frankel shows that the famous Miss Lee was an enigma, clearly struggling with her choices and her desire to be respected and legitimized. Those who know Gypsy Rose Lee only from the musical and film based on her rise to stardom will be surprised by what they uncover in Stripping Gypsy. In all ways, Lee trafficked in the incongruous: she was at once sex object, intellectual, and activist. In addition to her highly successful strip-tease act and film career, she published two mystery novels and a memoir, wrote two plays, and showed her original artwork in famed Modern Art-impresario Peggy Guggenheim’s gallery. Lee also gained notoriety for her participation in liberal politics. As photographer Arnold Newman said, “She was a lady, a brilliant, bright woman who was the friend of many writers and intellectuals.” Though she wasn’t above using her femininity to full advantage, Lee aspired to much more than admiration for her physical beauty. Frankel places Lee’s life in social and political context while detailing a fascinating entertainment career, in which Lee created and recreated her own identity to fit changing times. Frankel’s biography transcends the sensationalism of stripping and asks the public to see the woman beneath the costume, a woman who always kept a little of herself shrouded in mystery.
Sophisticated Stripper
Authors: Frankel Noralee 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Back at Minsky’s, Gypsy recreated herself as a sophisticated stripper. “She quickly got the idea from the ritzier people that attended the show that if a stripper could speak even two lines of French, it would be considered a miracle,” noted Morton Minsky. She learned that if she quoted from a book she had read, “she would be considered an intellectual genius, so she went about cultivating these talents.” Gypsy’s married lover, whom she identified only as Eddy, supplied the money for her to cultivate an urbane and chic lifestyle that merged with her new image onstage. Gypsy loved books as a child, and she used a uniquely bookish approach to her act. Unwillingly forced out of schooling, Gypsy must have been pleased to rely on her intellect onstage, unlike any other stripper.
Talking as she stripped, Gypsy conveyed humor and intelligence as well as sexuality to her audience. Witty patter worked for Gypsy. It emphasized her brains and her gift for comedy. Since Gypsy talked all the time, why not onstage? Her dialogue covered up any insecurity about her own talent. Gypsy appeared to relish performing. Presenting sex as mutually pleasurable and nonthreatening to anyone involved, she stripped it of guilt. Ordinary strippers seemed bored or sad and left their audiences feeling sordid. Gypsy left her audiences happy.
Death, Dies, and Mother
Authors: Frankel Noralee 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Gypsy and Bob bade Rose adieu after their honeymoon, they could not have realized that Rose would soon gain her own publicity. Two months after Rose returned to Witchwood Manor, she testified before a grand jury about the death of a twenty-nine-year-old New York City art teacher, Genevieve Augustin. On June 2, 1937, the coroner was summoned to Witchwood Manor and found Augustin on a bedroom floor with a rifle by her side. The coroner determined that Augustin had shot herself in the temple during a house party for some of Gypsy’s friends, although Gypsy was not there and Rose acted as hostess. In November, a grand jury convened to investigate the supposed suicide at the request of Augustin’s mother, who had raised concerns. The grand jury ultimately agreed with the coroner.
The Naked Genius
Authors: Frankel Noralee 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the New York World’s Fair in 1940, Mike Todd, the impresario of Gypsy’s show Streets of Paris, posted a large sign proclaiming no cooking backstage. Gypsy ignored it. When Todd confronted her, she explained that she loved to cook and it was more frugal than constantly eating in restaurants. Todd countered that the food smells wafted through the entire theater. Todd demanded to know what Gypsy was cooking. When Gypsy replied that she was frying knockwurst, Todd insisted, “It better be good. I’m a maven.” Before eating, so as not to be a hypocrite, he tore down the sign. Their romance began over their shared passion for sausage.
During the most intense part of their relationship, Gypsy would have willingly given up her independence. Their successful business achievements and the excitement Todd brought to a relationship enthralled her. She admired Todd for being beyond any person’s control. He loved risk and adored gambling. “Nothing frightened Mike, not even fear,” his third wife stated. Such recklessness extended to the way he treated the people around him.
Stripping for Labor and the War Effort
Authors: Frankel Noralee 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Because Gypsy was known as a Democrat, fans jokingly urged her to put herself forward as President Roosevelt’s running mate in 1944. She quipped, “I’d like to but I haven’t kissed a baby in years.”Publicly, Gypsy joked about her loyalty to liberal causes. She attended the Greenwich Village Fair, joining other writers to raise money for the Spanish Refugee Relief Campaign. Gypsy performed along with Al Jolson and Paul Robeson, the gifted African American singer, former athlete, and political activist. A newspaper photographer from the Mirror requested that Gypsy pose for a picture, and she consented. Cheekily, the photographer asked her to lift her skirt, and she complied. Then she informed the photographer she would remove her skirt only for the Daily Worker, the Communist Party newspaper. “She has very spontaneous comebacks for someone with so much leg power,” an acquaintance wrote about the incident.
Motherhood
Authors: Frankel Noralee 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gypsy appeared in a cameo role in a movie based on the New York Stage Door Canteen, a center for the armed forces during World War II. Proceeds from the Hollywood film went to the USO, which ran these clubs for servicemen. During Star and Garter’s run, Gypsy actually appeared on Friday nights at the canteen in New York with other celebrities.
The movie, entitled Stage Door Canteen, was stitched together by a clichéd romantic plotline about three servicemen and three canteen hostesses. Released in 1943, it featured a stellar array of talent. In the film, as at the actual canteen, the acts ran the gamut from serious to humorous. Pulitzer Prize–winning novelist, film critic, and screenwriter James Agee described it as “a nice harmless picture for the whole family, and a gold mine for those who are willing to go to it in the wrong spirit.
Nothing to Conceal
Authors: Frankel Noralee 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the 1940s, understanding that her aging body necessitated a new profession, Gypsy gravitated to radio and television. The media returned the compliment. Although putting a stripper on radio or squeaky-clean television did not seem so smart, Gypsy’s popularity steadily rose. On the radio, her slightly affected but clear and well-paced speech pattern worked well. Although she quipped double-entendres to keep the audience amused, as a guest star, Gypsy was careful to remain appropriate for a family audience.
Gypsy insisted that working in the new communications media represented “a good investment. I feel that I’m building toward something now.” Burlesque comics such as Phil Silvers had made successful transitions to TV, so why not a burlesque queen? Radio and television promised a great future for Gypsy and guaranteed her a very large audience. Fear of obscurity haunted Gypsy constantly. For her, as for all celebrities, fame was a significant part of the commodity she sold, as well as central to her identity.