bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Numerical modelling of two‐dimensional and axisymmetric gravity currents
Authors: Patterson M. D. , Simpson J. E. , Dalziel S. B. , Nikiforakis N. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA series of two‐dimensional (2D), axisymmetric and three‐dimensional (3D) numerical flow simulations using an implicit large Eddy simulation (ILES) are carried out for gravity‐driven fluid flows. The results are compared directly with experiments undertaken to test the model. Two‐dimensional results show that the Large Eddy algorithm is successful in modelling a gravity current's large scale structure. Examination of the 3D results shows that macroscopic features of the flow (the lobe and cleft instability) observed at the interface between the light and dense fluid are also modelled well. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Incompressible separated flows simulations with the smoothed particle hydrodynamics gridless method
Authors: Issa R. , Lee E. S. , Violeau D. , Laurence D. R. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe gridless Lagrangian method smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) is preferentially used in CFD to simulate complex flows with one or several convoluted free surfaces. Indeed, this type of flow would require distorted meshes with Lagrangian finite difference methods or very fine meshes with VOF. As the literature is quite scarce concerning SPH validations for academic problems, we present in this paper some results relative to laminar recirculating flows. The ability of SPH to reproduce recirculation zone is revealed through a 2D hill and a backward‐facing step geometry: axial velocity profiles obtained with SPH are quite satisfactory and separation and reattachment points are well predicted in both cases. Moreover, some practical and robust wall modelling conditions are also introduced and the limitation of the nearly incompressible assumption, used in most standard SPH codes, is illustrated. Indeed, we reveal that it is necessary to consider a relatively high speed of sound in order to avoid numerical voids. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
String gradient weighted moving finite elements
Authors: Wacher Abigail , Sobey Ian , Miller Keith 
Published: January 2005

AbstractMoving finite element methods are well established for solution of systems of partial differential equations which contain regions where the solution is rapidly varying but moving. The string or second gradient weighted moving finite element method (SGWMFE) uses a piecewise linear discretization of a single evolving manifold to approximate the solution of the PDEs.In the case of one space dimension, x, and two dependent variables, u(x,t) and v(x,t), the solution is calculated from the normal motion of a single manifold [x(τ,t),u(τ,t),v(τ,t)], where τ is a parameter along the maniflold, or a ‘string’ embedded in [x,u,v] space. This method can be extended to multiple dimensions and an arbitrary number of dependent variables in which case the ‘string’ parameterization analogy is replaced by a multi‐variable parameterization.In this paper, we outline the application of SGWMFE for solution of the shallow water equations in one and two space dimensions. We describe the results of a number of numerical experiments, including varying the initial distribution of nodes. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A ghost fluid, moving finite volume plus continuous remap method for compressible Euler flow
Authors: Bailey D. A. , Sweby P. K. , Glaister P. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA numerical solution method for accurately capturing material interfaces in unsteady compressible Euler flows is presented. The method consists of a finite volume scheme on a moving computational mesh and employs the HLLC approximate Riemann solver to evaluate intercell numerical fluxes. The mesh is moved in a Lagrangian fashion with the material, and to avoid grid distortion, remapping is performed at the end of each time interval, with the distorted grid being rezoned back to the initial mesh. The focus of the work is multimaterial flows consisting of two immiscible materials separated by an interface. The innovative aspect of the work is the application of a conservative ghost fluid method, together with a volume of fluid technique, within the moving mesh plus continuous remap framework. In addition a preliminary discussion, concerning the extension of the solution method to two spatial dimensions, includes a new area preserving volume fraction version of the interface reconstruction algorithm reported by Bonnell et al. (Material Interface Reconstruction. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Report). Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical simulation of an experimental gas–gas jet generated by single‐hole diesel‐like injection
Authors: El Ganaoui O. , Habchi C. , Bruneaux G. , Danaila I. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn this paper, we address the issue of accurate modelling of experimental data in order to provide numerical settings for Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) numerical simulation of the gas–gas jet generated by a single‐hole diesel‐like injector. Since experimental operating conditions usually do not document the inlet boundary conditions, both subsonic and supersonic inlets have been considered for the numerical simulation. For the supersonic case, a two‐dimensional (2D) cartesian mesh has been used. For this case, good agreement with experimental jet penetration is obtained when realistic time evolution of the inlet pressure is prescribed but the jet shape is different compared to the experimental one. For the subsonic case, the axisymmetric RANS simulation allows to obtain the best agreement between experimental and numerical jet penetrations, head jet shapes and fuel density profiles. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of a pharmaceutical risk sharing agreement based on the purchaser's total budget
Authors: Zaric Gregory S. , O'Brien Bernie J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractMany public and private healthcare payers use formularies as a tool for controlling drug costs and quality. Although the price per dose is often negotiated as part of the formulary listing, payers may still face unlimited financial risk if demand is much greater than expected at the time of listing. The requirement for drug manufacturers to submit a budget impact analysis as part of the drug approval process suggests that payers are concerned not only with the cost effectiveness of a proposed drug but also with the potential increase in total expenditures that may result from new formulary listings. In this paper we define and analyze a model for financial risk sharing based on the total budget. Our analysis focuses on optimal decision making by manufacturers in the presence of a specific risk sharing agreement. We derive a manufacturer's optimal statement of budget impact and discuss several properties of the optimal solution. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inflammatory cytokines reaction elicited by root‐end filling materials
Authors: Huang Tsui Hsien , Yang Chi Chiang , Ding Sinn Jyh. , Yeng Ming. , Kao Chia Tze , Chou Ming Yung 
Published: January 2005

AbstractCytokines are inflammation in the list of tissue reactions that cytokines control of cell and tissue growth, development, and differentiation. Root‐end filling materials often contact with existing periapical tissue, and they need to be biocompatible with remnant periapical tissue. The aim of this study was to focus the effects of the root end filling materials on bone cell viability and expression of inflammatory cytokines and their role in maintaining health and stability of the restored dental tissues. Calcium hydroxide‐based (Life), zinc oxide eugenol‐based (Super EBA), and mineral trioxide aggregate‐based (MTA) root‐end filling materials were used to investigate their effect on a human osteosarcoma cell line (U2OS). The cell attachment assay was observed microscopically, and the expression of interleukin‐2, ‐4, and ‐10 were quantified by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Any resultant difference between the root‐end filling material was analyzed statistically by one‐way analysis of variance. The results showed that the best cell attachment to root‐end filling material occurred with MTA. The IL‐4 (0.824 ± 0.396) and IL‐10 (2.06 ± 1.24) levels were greater for the MTA group, whereas IL‐2 expression for the three kinds of root‐end filling materials was similar. All materials were able to induce expression of inflammatory cytokines from cultured bone cells. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 73B: 123–128, 2005
Assessing the dog as a model for human total hip replacement: Analysis of 38 postmortem‐retrieved canine cemented acetabular components
Authors: Skurla Carolyn P. , James Susan P. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThirty‐eight cemented acetabular components that had been clinically implanted in client‐owned dogs were retrieved postmortem and analyzed for mechanical stability, volumetric wear, and articular surface damage. Comparison of the results from this study with similar studies on autopsy‐retrieved human components will provide insight into the adequacy of the dog as a model for human total hip replacement (THR). The canine average volumetric wear rate (6.7 ± 4.2 mm3per year) was an order of magnitude lower than similar studies of human components; however, articular surface damage was considerably different from, and more severe than, that reported in the literature for human acetabular components. The incidence of mechanical loosening of the canine acetabular component was high, with 20 of 38 (52.6%) testing as loose. There was a positive correlation between articular surface damage and mechanical loosening of the acetabular component, but there was no significant correlation between volumetric wear and mechanical loosening, as seen in human retrieval studies. Initial failure events for the canine acetabular component appear to be mechanical in nature. Differences between human and canine acetabular components with regard to wear volume, articular surface damage, and mechanical loosening need to be taken into account when one is designing studies using dogs as the animal model for human THR. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater
Particle analysis for the determination of UHMWPE wear
Authors: Scott M. , Morrison M. , Mishra S.R. , Jani S. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThree types of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) acetabular liners were tested against cobalt–chrome (CoCr) femoral heads on a hip simulator to approximately 20 million cycles. The materials included (1) conventional, nonirradiated liners (C‐PE); (2) 5 Mrad γ‐irradiated, remelted, and artificially aged liners (5‐XPE); and (3) 10 Mrad γ‐irradiated, remelted, and artificially aged liners (10‐XPE). Wear was quantified by gravimetric analysis and wear particle characterization. Particle number and morphology were quantified by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and compared between groups. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to measure particle height in an effort to improve the total wear volume estimation. The wear debris, as characterized by SEM, was predominantly submicron and round, with occasional fibrils documented in the C‐PE material. AFM analysis showed that particle height was approximately one‐third of the particle equivalent circular diameter for all three materials. This correlation was used to improve the estimation of volumetric wear rate through SEM particle analysis. This technique is particularly useful for high‐dose crosslinked UHMWPE, such as 10‐XPE, which show weight gain due to fluid absorption during wear testing. This study has shown that particle analysis provides additional particle morphology and quantity information that cannot be obtained through gravimetric analysis. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater
Antisense clusterin oligodeoxynucleotides increase the response of HER‐2 gene amplified breast cancer cells to Trastuzumab
Authors: Biroccio Annamaria , D'Angelo Carmen , Jansen Burkhard , Gleave Martin E. , Zupi Gabriella 
Published: January 2005

AbstractClusterin (CLU) is a heterodimeric secreted glycoprotein implicated in several physiological and pathological processes including cancer. Although recent data showed that overexpression of CLU is closely associated with disease progression in patients with breast tumor, the functional role of CLU expression in this tumor hystotype remains to be determined. The objectives in this study were to evaluate CLU expression levels after treatment with Trastuzumab, a HER2‐targeted monoclonal antibody used in the clinical management of advanced breast cancer patients, and to test the usefulness of combined treatment with OGX‐011, the second generation 2′‐methoxyethyl gapmer oligonucleotides targeting the CLU gene, and Trastuzumab in this tumor hystotype. By using the HER‐2 gene amplified‐BT474 human breast cancer cells, we found Trastuzumab decreased HER‐2 expression and inhibited cell proliferation without affecting apoptosis. Interestingly, Trastuzumab treatment up‐regulated CLU protein expression in a dose‐dependent fashion. We therefore hypothesized that the treatment with OGX‐011, by blocking Trastuzumab‐induced CLU expression, might potentiate the growth‐inhibitory effect of Trastuzumab alone. Although OGX‐011 had no effect on the behavior of the BT474 cells when used alone, it significantly enhanced the sensitivity of cells to Trastuzumab. A significant increase in the percentage of apoptotic cells, analyzed in terms of annexin V positivity and cleavage of poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase, was observed after combined treatment with OGX‐011 plus Trastuzumab but not with either agent alone. Altogether our findings suggest that combined targeting of HER‐2 and CLU may represent a novel, rational approach to breast cancer therapy. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Measurement of caffeine and five of the major metabolites in urine by high‐performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Weimann Allan , Sabroe Mads , Poulsen Henrik E. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAnalysis of caffeine and its metabolites is of interest with respect to caffeine exposure, for kinetic and metabolism studies and for opportunistic in vivo estimation of drug metabolizing enzyme activity in humans and animals. For the latter, analysis is usually done by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV detection. However, this method is close to the detection limit for certain of the metabolites and requires very long chromatography, 30–60 min. We have developed a fast method for the quantification of caffeine and its metabolites 1‐methylxanthine, 1‐methyluric acid, 1,7‐dimethyluric acid, 5‐acetylamino‐6‐amino‐3‐methyluracil (AAMU) and 5‐acetylamino‐6‐formylamino‐3‐methyluracil (AFMU) by HPLC tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) in urine that requires only its dilution with buffer and centrifugation before injection into the HPLC/MS/MS system. The chromatography lasts 7 min and is followed by 4.5 min for re‐equilibration of the HPLC column, giving a total analysis time of 11.5 min. The method provides a great sensitivity improvement with detection limits for all analytes ≤25 nM in real samples. Also, the analysis provides much improvement in capacity to ∼125 samples per 24 h. Intra‐ and inter‐day coefficients of variation of a single analysis are <6.5% for all the analytes. The inter‐day coefficient of variation of duplicate analyses is <4.8% for all analytes. The method is automated, including automated integration, and it is fast, robust and suitable for large‐scale investigations in humans and animals. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Similarities and differences in the electron ionization‐induced fragmentation of structurally related N‐alkoxymethyl lactams and sultams
Authors: Szmigielski Rafał , Danikiewicz Witold 
Published: January 2005

AbstractUnimolecular fragmentation patterns of the molecular ions of selected lactams and sultams bearing alkoxymethyl group at the nitrogen atom were studied. The main common fragmentation reaction observed for all compounds studied in this work is the elimination of an aldehyde molecule. This reaction is considered to proceed via two different mechanisms. For lactams, hydrogen rearrangement within an alkoxymethyl group is observed, which leads to the appropriate N‐methyl derivatives. For sultams, transfer of the methyl group to the nitrogen and oxygen atoms, proceeding through an ion–neutral complex, dominates. Another important fragmentation channel characteristic exclusively for lactams is the loss of an alkyl radical. This process takes place within the N‐alkoxymethyl moiety, yielding the appropriate protonated ion of N‐formyllactams. This process is accompanied by relatively high kinetic energy release. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mapping Scientometrics (1981–2001)
Authors: Chen Chaomei , McCain Katherine , White Howard , Lin Xia 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe investigate an integrated approach to scientometric studies with emphasis to the use of information visualization and animation techniques. This study draws upon citation and co‐citation patterns derived from articles published in the journal Scientometrics (1981–2001). The modeling and visualization takes an evolutionary and historical perspective. The design of the visualization model adapts a virtual landscape metaphor with document co‐citation networks as the base map and annual citation rates as the thematic overlay. The growth of citation rates is presented through an animation sequence of the landscape model. Issues concerning the visual‐spatial design are discussed from a citation analysis point of view.
Collaborative information synthesis
Authors: Blake Catherine , Pratt Wanda 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAs the quantity of scientific literature continues to soar, scientists struggle to keep up with new findings, even in narrow areas of expertise. Although advances in information retrieval have eased the task of finding relevant articles, scientists now must face the challenge of aggregating information from within the retrieved set of documents. Our study explores the user behavior and information requirements of scientists as they interact with medical literature to answer research questions. We found that although their information needs were clearly defined, they still refined the retrieval, extraction, and analysis phases of a process that we have called information synthesis. We also found that they actively collaborated throughout the process. We describe their behavior and introduce our design and progress twoards our tool METIS (Multi‐user ExTraction and Information Synthesis) that will support the collaborative information synthesis process used by public health and biomedical scientists.
Information architecuture as reflected in classrooms
Authors: Zhang Xiangmin , Strand Linda , Fisher Nancy , Kneip Jason , Ayoub Olga 
Published: January 2005

AbstractInformation architecture (IA) has been a hot topic in recent years. However, what constitutes IA is still being debated. While this study seeks to explore IA curricula and the perspective of educators, it does not attempt to define IA. Research undertaken for this paper centered on the examination of IA courses offered in North American universities. An analysis of 40 IA course descriptions available on the Web revealed that courses go by many different names. IA content/course coverage can be categorized into four types: IA elements, design, implementation technologies, and digital media design. Academic disciplines relating to IA education include library and information science, information technology, business administration, literature, arts, and design as well as continuing education programs. Issues revealed by the collected data are discussed.
Laptop requirement usage and impact in graduate ILS education
Authors: Li Bin , Newby Gregory B. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA new requirement for personal laptop computer ownership was implemented for graduate information and library science (ILS) students. This study evaluates the impact and usage of laptop computers, and the real and envisioned benefits of laptop ownership during the first six months of the requirement's implementation. Online and email surveys were used for data gathering, and a combination of quantitative and qualitative data were collected. Student perspectives were emphasized, and institutional background were examined. It was found that students' reaction to the requirement and their usage of laptops was influenced by their previous experiences with computers, their computer skills, and their expectations of the academic program. Understanding of Institutional context of laptop implementation was found to be important for the success of the program.
Comparing internet and mobile phone digital divides
Authors: Rice Ronald E. , Katz James E. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe digital divide – differences in access to and usage of new communication technologies across sociodemographic groups – is a major policy and social issue. While results are fairly consistent on some topics (usage gaps are associated with education, income, and age), there are contradictions in other areas, and differences based on race and gender are largely disappearing. Recent research on the digital divide is almost entirely devoted to the Internet, with little analysis of the mobile phone. The paper summarizes recent research on the extent and distinctions of the Internet (and some mobile phone) digital divide. Analyses of a national representative telephone survey in 2000 considers similarities and differences in three kinds of digital divides for both the Internet and the mobile phone — users and nonusers, users and dropouts, and recent and veteran users. The results show that these three kinds of digital divides are conceptually and empirically different both within and across the Internet and mobile phone media.
Integrating traditional user‐based search and retrieval with information technologies for metadata sharing in a global environmental change information system
Authors: Major Gene R. , Olsen Lola M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe NASA Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) (http://gcmd.nasa.gov) is a dynamic multidisciplinary information retrieval system that holds metadata records describing Earth science data sets, their location, and their access. More than 13,000 metadata records can be searched through a Web‐based interface using controlled keywords and/or free‐text. Population of the GCMD depends on metadata content offered by Earth science data providers. The GCMD's fourtier system architecture allows the automated sharing of Earth science metadata among partners through the use of object‐oriented technologies and XML metadata. Partners have autonomy over their own metadata collections that can be searched through the GCMD's interface, thereby providing a centralized search system of distributed and shared content. In addition to user‐based search and retrieval, the GCMD architecture also allows machine‐to‐machine automated queries of the database using Java servlets over an HTTPD API protocol.