bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of different field management systems on the carabid coenosis in oil seed rape with special respect to ecology and nutritional status of predacious Poecilus cupreus L. (Col., Carabidae)
Authors: Langmaack M. , Land S. , Büchs W. 
Published: March 2003

It could be shown, that the differences between two carabid populations on rape fields under intensive management and reduced management (50% N‐input, no insecticide application) were not as striking as one might expect. Despite the fact that total individual numbers of the carabid populations, total species numbers, and number of dominant species were clearly higher in the field under reduced management, RENKONEN’s Re showed only a slight difference between the fields with nearly three‐quarter correspondence in dominance structure. The presence of five more carabid species on the field under reduced management is underlined by the low values of JACCARD’s species identity and WAINSTEIN’s Kw index of similarity. On the other hand, according to SHANNON‐WEAVER’s Hs for species diversity and SHANNON’s Es for evenness, the differences between the fields are minor. Even if only the dominant species were taken into account, the similarity between both fields was obvious, despite the fact that in the field under reduced management two more dominant carabid species were found. In both fields, phytophagous Amara similata was the most abundant species. Nevertheless, a special oil seed rape carabid coenosis seems to exist as well, as one was found for cereal crops and for root crops, which might consist of A. similata, Amara aenea, Harpalus affinis, Poecilus cupreus, Pseudophonus rufipes, and Pterostichus melanarius.For P. cupreus, which was chosen as a typically predacious and beneficial carabid species in oil seed rape, biomass, fecundity and determination of the degree of gut filling also showed no differences for the fields. Even the length of elytrae as an indicator for nutritional situation in the preceding year showed no difference. Only the phenology of P. cupreus showed an obvious shift of the peak in activity‐density in the intensively managed field, to a later date in the season, compared with the field under reduced management. The latter reflects the usual spring peak. No sufficient explanation was found for the peak 4 weeks later on the intensively managed field. It can be assumed that a less sufficient food supply (higher numbers of potential food, e.g. larvae of Meligethes spp. in the field under reduced management), due to insecticide input, or long‐term biocide impact on P. cupreus, or a faster growth of rape plants due to high nitrogen input resulting in a less favourable microclimate on the intensively managed field, was responsible for this later peak in activity‐density.To conclude, the relations between the predacious carabids, their potential prey, and the abiotic factors in the habitats seem to be much more complicated than assumed. There is a strong hint that the impact of single parameters such as field management influencing the phenology change obviously over the carabids activity period.
Superoxide Generation in Chemically Activated Resistance of Barley in Response to Inoculation with the Powdery Mildew Fungus
Authors: Kogel K.‐H. , Hückelhoven R. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractIn a previous work, a phenotype‐specific accumulation of superoxide radical anions (O•−2) after attack of the powdery mildew fungus (Blumeria [syn. Erysiphe] graminis f.sp. hordei) in near‐isogenic barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) lines bearing different Mlx genes for resistance was described (Hückelhoven and Kogel, 1998). We have now a histochemical study of the pathogenesis‐related O•−2 generation in the systemic activated resistance (SAR) response induced in barley cv Pallas by the plant activator 2,6‐dichloroisonicotinic acid (DCINA).SAR‐specific defence was conducted prevalently characterized by penetration resistance. Fungal arrest was observed before haustorium formation by a highly localized cell wall reinforcement (effective papillae) and, in most cases, by a subsequent hypersensitive cell death (HR). No O•−2 generation was found in association with these plant defence responses. However, a strong O•−2 burst in the attacked epidermal cells was detected in the control plants which were not activated by DCINA. This burst coincided with cell wall penetration and subsequent contact of the pathogen with the host plasma membrane.A strong SAR‐related O•−2 burst was induced in the mesophyll tissue beneath the attacked and hypersensitively reacting epidermal cells in plants treated with DCINA. The accumulation of O•−2 was confined to chloroplasts. The remarkable burst in mesophyll tissue was not followed by mesophyll‐HR indicating that chloroplastic O•−2 generation is not sufficient for the hypersensitive cell death. Since the same pattern of pathogenesis‐related O•−2 accumulation was identified for race‐specific response mediated by the Mlg gene for powdery mildew resistance, the present data are consistent with the hypothesis that the SAR phenotype is a phenocopy of the Mlg‐type resistance (Kogel et al., 1994).
Studies on Symptom Development, Phenolic Compounds and Morphological Defence Responses in Wheat Cultivars Differing in Resistance to Fusarium Head Blight
Authors: SIRANIDOU E. , KANG Z. , BUCHENAUER H. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractsDevelopment of Fusarium head blight, caused by Fusarium culmorum, was evaluated in seven winter wheat cultivars and one spring wheat cultivar in an outdoor pot experiment. Of the cultivars studied, only the spring wheat cultivar Frontana exhibited resistance against initial infection by the fungus. Significantly higher amounts of free phenolic compounds were found in the glumes, lemmas and paleas of Frontana prior to and at all sampling times after inoculation, in comparison to the winter wheat cultivar Agent. Furthermore, the amount of p‐coumaric acid increased significantly in the glumes, lemmas and paleas of the cultivar Frontana 2 days after inoculation compared to that in uninoculated spike tissues. However, the amounts of ferulic acid between inoculated and healthy plant tissues did not differ. Ultrastructural studies indicated more pronounced structural defence responses, such as cell wall appositions, in the infected lemma tissue of the resistant cultivar Frontana compared with the susceptible Agent 3 days after inoculation. Immunogold labelling of lignin revealed no differences in the density of gold particles on the cell walls of healthy lemma tissue in the two cultivars. However, density of particles increased in the infected lemma tissue of the resistant cultivar Frontana on cell walls adjacent to the fungal cells, 3 days after inoculation. The susceptible cultivar Agent showed little or no response to the infection. Phenolic compounds appear to play a role in the resistance of the cultivar Frontana to F. culmorum.
Potential of Trichoderma harzianum and T. atroviride to Control Botryosphaeria berengeriana f. sp. piricola, the Cause of Apple Ring Rot
Authors: KEXIANG G. , XIAOGUANG L. , YONGHONG L. , TIANBO Z. , SHULIANG W. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract Trichoderma harzianum T88 and T. atroviride T95 were tested for their efficacy in controlling apple ring rot (caused by Botryosphaeria berengeriana f. sp. piricola) in vitro and in the field. Isolates of T88 and T95 produced both volatile and non‐volatile antibiotics that suppressed mycelial growth of the pathogen. Light and scanning electron microscopy showed that mycoparasitism by Trichoderma spp. of B. berengeriana f. sp. piricola resulted in penetration and disruption of hyphal cells, and thinning of cytoplasm of the pathogen. The culture filtrates of T88 and T95 in Czapek's liquid medium suppressed conidial germination of the pathogen, and the germination level was negatively correlated with the duration of culture of Trichoderma. In inoculation tests, 32 days after simultaneous inoculation or preinoculation with B. berengeriana f. sp. piricola and Trichoderma spp., the incidence of infected apple shoots was reduced, respectively, by 65.3–76.4% and 62.5–76.4%, and the index of infection reduced by 36.9–38.9 and 40.7–44.4, The effect of inoculating B. berengeriana f. sp. piricola 3 days after the antagonists were inoculated was greater (81.4–88.8%) than simultaneous inoculation (72.2–77.8%). Re‐isolation from inoculated apple shoots demonstrated that the pathogen had been suppressed by Trichoderma. The ability to re‐isolate the pathogen from apple after co‐inoculation and pre‐inoculation with Trichoderma spp. was reduced by 27.0–42.3% and 22.2–47.1%, respectively. The biocontrol field trial suggested that the B. berengeriana f. sp. piricola canker on apple shoots and stems and rotting fruit had been efficiently controlled by the application of spore suspensions of T. harzianum T88 and T. atroviride T95. The efficacy of control by Trichoderma is thus similar to that of routine chemical control.
Anastomosis Group Determination of Rhizoctonia solani Kühn (Telemorph: Thanatephorus cucumeris) Isolates from Tomatoes Grown in Aydin, Turkey and their Disease Reaction on Various Tomato Cultivars
Authors: Yildiz A. , Döken M. Timur 
Published: March 2003

AbstractIn the Province of Aydin‐Turkey most frequently Fusarium spp. and secondly Rhizoctonia solani Kühn were isolated from the roots and crown of tomato plants. Based on affinities for hyphal fusion with test isolates, all R. solani isolates were identified as AG‐4. The tomato cultivars which were grown in soil infested with R. solani AG‐4 exhibited different reactions. From the point of symptom expression and the rate of seedling emergence Sunny 6066 F1 was found to be the most resistant cultivar, whereas Rio Grande, Rio Fuego, NDM 725, Interpeel and Konia were the most susceptible cultivars.
CAPS and DHPLC Analysis of a Single Nucleotide Polymorphism in the Cytochrome b Gene Conferring Resistance to Strobilurins in Field Isolates of Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei
Authors: Bäumler S. , Felsenstein F. G. , Schwarz G. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractA single nucleotide polymorphism in the wheat powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici) cytochrome b gene is responsible for resistance to inhibitors of the quinol outer binding site of the cytochrome bc1 complex (QoI) fungicides. Analysis of a partial sequence of the cytochrome b gene from field isolates resistant and sensitive to QoI fungicides revealed the same point mutation in barley powdery mildew (B. graminis f. sp. hordei). Analysis of 118 and 40 barley powdery mildew isolates using a cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence assay and denaturing high performance liquid chromatography, respectively, confirmed that this single nucleotide polymorphism also confers resistance to QoI fungicides in barley powdery mildew.
Effect of Teat Dipping with a Germicide Barrier Teat Dip in Late Gestation on Intramammary Infection and Clinical Mastitis during the First 5 Days Post‐partum in Primiparous Cows
Authors: Edinger D. , Tenhagen B.‐A. , Kalbe P. , Klünder G. , Baumgärtner B. , Heuwieser W. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe effect of teat dipping with a barrier teat dip prior to parturition on intramammary infection (IMI) and clinical mastitis during the first 5 days post‐partum was investigated in a split udder trial in 149 Holstein‐Frisian heifers. Their left front and right hind quarters were dipped three times weekly (i.e. Monday, Wednesday and Friday) with a barrier teat dip containing 0.1 % polyvidon iodine from day 260 of gestation until parturition. The opposite quarters (right front and left hind quarter) served as untreated control. Bacteria were isolated from 52.2 % of quarter milk samples collected immediately after parturition prior to first machine milking. Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase‐negative staphylococci (CNS) were predominantly found in the samples (29.2 and 35.6 % of the positive samples, respectively). At parturition 6.7 % of the heifers showed signs of clinical mastitis and another 27.5 % developed signs of clinical mastitis during the first five days of lactation. No significant differences were found between treated and control quarters regarding IMI and incidence of clinical mastitis. Teat dipping prior to parturition in primigravid dairy heifers did not improve udder health in this trial.
Spontaneous Contractions of Intestinal Smooth Muscle Re‐aggregates from the New‐born Rat Triggered by Thromboxane A2
Authors: Frings M. , Haschkie G. , Heinke B. , Schäfer K.H. , Diener M. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryIsolated smooth muscle cells from the small intestine of new‐born rats were prepared by enzymatic digestion. These cells re‐aggregate after 1 day in culture to clusters. The re‐aggregates show spontaneous rhythmical contractions at 37°C with a frequency (13.1 ± 0.8 min−1, n = 49), which is similar to that of the intact smooth muscle layer. The cholinergic agonist carbachol (5 × 10−5 mol l−1) caused an increase in the frequency of the spontaneous contractions often ending in a permanent contraction. A similar effect was achieved with the thromboxane A2 (TXA2) agonist, U‐46619 (10−5 mol l−1). In contrast, both the TXA2 receptor blocker, Bay u3405 (5 × 10−4 mol l−1), as well as the Ca2+ channel blocker, verapamil (5 × 10−5 mol l−1), suppressed the spontaneous contractions. The observed contractility was insensitive against the neuronal blocker tetrodotoxin (10−6 mol l−1). These analyses of video images were supported by the measurement of relative changes in the intracellular Ca2+ concentration with the Ca2+‐sensitive dye, fura‐2. Spontaneous contractions were paralleled by spikes in the intracellular Ca2+ concentration, which were abolished by Bay u3405, but stimulated by U‐46619 or carbachol. In summary, these results obtained at re‐aggregates of intestinal smooth muscle cells support the hypothesis of a role of TXA2 in the generation of spontaneous intestinal smooth muscle contractions in vitro.
Primary Evaluation of Methenamine as a NPN Compound with Probable Effects on Increasing Ruminal Escaped Protein
Authors: Mohebbi‐Fani M . , Shekarforoosh S . , Maleki M . , Vahedi N . 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe effects of methenamine as a non‐protein nitrogenous compound on protein and health status of feedlot lambs were studied in three groups of lambs receiving 5, 10, or 15 g of the substance daily in their feed for 100 days. The results were compared with data obtained from a control group receiving a diet low in crude protein without methenamine. Serum total protein, serum urea nitrogen and serum creatinine were measured every 10 days as indicators of protein metabolism and kidney function. Urine samples were also examined on the same days for possible side‐effects of methenamine on the urinary tract. Following slaughter, various internal organs, including the brain and various parts of the gastrointestinal and urinary tracts, were examined both grossly and microscopically to detect any lesions. All groups receiving methenamine had serum total protein and serum urea nitrogen levels higher than those in the control group. The serum creatinine level was normal in all the groups throughout the experiment. No gross or microscopic lesion attributed to the toxic effects of methenamine was detected in any of the internal organs. Therefore, it is concluded that methenamine can be used as a non‐protein nitrogenous compound without serious side‐effects.
The Modification of Fluorescent Antibody Virus Neutralization (FAVN) Test for the Detection of Antibodies to Rabies Virus
Authors: Hostnik P. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe fluorescent antibody virus neutralization test (FAVN) for the detection of antibodies against rabies virus was modified by using a monoclonal anti‐rabies antibodies and peroxidase anti‐mouse conjugate instead of a fluorescent anti‐rabies conjugate. The results were read on an automatic multi‐channel spectrophotometer. A total of 182 serum samples from dogs were tested by both the original and modified FAVN methods and the results were compared. Good correlation was found between the two tests. Practically, the modified FAVN test was quicker and could be used for a larger number of samples.
Weaning of Piglets. Effects of an Exposure to a Pathogenic Strain of Escherichia coli
Authors: Melin L. , Katouli M. , Lindberg Å. , Fossum C. , Wallgren P. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe influence of weaning on day 32 and a simultaneous challenge with a pathogenic strain of Escherichia coli was studied in eight piglets. Another nine weaned but non‐infected piglets were used as controls. The distribution of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) into subpopulations, as well as their response when stimulated in vitro by pokeweed mitogen, changed in a similar manner during post‐weaning in both groups. In contrast, superior responses were recorded for PBMC collected from the challenged pigs when stimulated in vitro with concanavalin A and with a heat‐inactivated extract of the E. coli strain used for infection, respectively. Despite a successful colonization of the challenge strain, no clinical signs of disease were recorded. Nor did the daily weight gain or the number of E. coli, enterococci, or Clostridium perfringens excreted per gram of faeces differ between the groups. However, the weaning induced a marked decrease in the diversity of coliforms in individual piglets, which announced a reduced colonization resistance of that flora. Also, a decreased homogeneity between coliform floras of different piglets was observed following weaning. The decreased homogeneity indicated that different strains of E. coli were predominant in different animals, which may in turn facilitate the spread of pathogenic strains. The enteric changes were more pronounced and lasted longer in infected animals. Still, the influence of a sole pathogenic strain of E. coli was not enough to induce post‐weaning diarrhoea.
Evaluation of Two Commercial Systems and a New Identification Scheme Based on Solid Substrates for Identifying Coagulase‐Negative Staphylococci from Bovine Mastitis
Authors: Thorberg B.‐M. , Brändström B. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryCoagulase‐negative staphylococci (CNS), mainly isolated from bovine mastitis (n = 89, representing 11 different species), were used to evaluate two commercial identification systems: ID 32 Staph and Staph‐Zym. The level of agreement between the ID 32 Staph and Staph‐Zym systems and conventional methods was 77 and 94 %, respectively. An alternative method, based on solid biochemical substrates, is also presented. This can be used for identifying novobiocin‐sensitive CNS strains from bovine mastitis.
Abattoir Condemnation due to Parasitic Infections and its Economic Implications in the Region of Trikala, Greece
Authors: Theodoropoulos G. , Theodoropoulou E. , Petrakos G. , Kantzoura V. , Kostopoulos J. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe prevalence of parasitic infections responsible for the condemnation of carcasses and viscera during meat inspection, and their economic implication, was estimated in a year long abattoir survey of 10 277 slaughtered farm animals in the region of Trikala, Greece. The organs examined for the presence of parasitic lesions during meat inspection were: liver and lungs of all animals, rumen of cattle, small intestine of lambs and kids, and muscles of cattle and swine. The parasitic lesions observed in the lungs of cattle, sheep and goats were caused only by hydatid cysts. No hydatid cysts were observed in the lungs of swine. The parasitic lesions observed in the liver of cattle, sheep and goats were as a result of hydatid cysts and flukes of Fasciola hepatica and Dicrocoelium dendriticum, while those of swine were due to milk spots only. Moniezia sp. proglottids were found in the small intestine of lambs only. The prevalence of parasites responsible for the condemnation of marketable organs was low (0.26%). Parasites were responsible for 22% of the total of condemned organs, and their annual cost was 99 500 GDR (∼€292). The parasites most contributing to marketable organ condemnation were hydatid cysts (26%) and D. dendriticum flukes (26%).
Amoeba‐like Infections in Cultured Marine Fishes: Systemic Infection in Pompano Trachinotus falcatus L. from Singapore and Gill Disease Associated with Paramoeba sp. in Sea Bream Sparus aurata L. from Greece
Authors: Athanassopoulou F. , Cawthorn R. , Lytra K. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryTwo cases of Amoeba‐like infections in cultured warmwater marine fish are described, an unusual systemic infection in pompano Trachinotus falcatus L. from Singapore and a gill infection in Mediterranean sea bream Sparus aurata L. All pompano showed marked systemic infection of Amoeba‐like parasites in gills, kidney, intestine, pancreas and spleen. The most severe lesions were in the gills and renal tissue with minimal tissue reaction in other organs.
Immune Cell Differentiation in Mammary Gland Tissues and Milk of Cows Chronically Infected with Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Leitner G. , Eligulashvily R. , Krifucks O. , Perl S. , Saran A. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThis study identifies and compares the distribution of mononuclear cells in the mammary gland tissues and milk of healthy and chronically infected with Staphylococcus aureus cows. Somatic cell counts (SCCs) during the 3 months before the study were >1 × 106 cell/ml in the infected quarters and <1 × 105 cell/ml in the infection‐free quarters. Immediately after slaughter, samples from the tissues above the gland cistern and supra‐mammary lymph node were collected. No histological differences were found between the supra‐mammary lymph nodes of the healthy and infected udders, and both appeared normal. In the milk of the healthy infection‐free mammary glands, SCC was <50 000 cells/ml) while epithelial cells were the predominant type. The percentage of CD18+ was low than 45%, of which over three‐quarters were polymorphonuclear (PMN), and less than one‐ quarter were mononuclear cells. The later comprised CD4+ or CD8+ T‐lymphocytes, macrophages (Mo) but not B‐cells. In the tissues, there were few CD18+ leukocytes, and most of the cells were T‐lymphocytes. The number of B‐lymphocytes bearing CD21+ was similar to that of CD8+ and were localized in the connective tissue as clusters of 2–5 cells, mainly in areas with no alveoli, or as single cell having a dendritic like form. The number of Mos was negligible. In the milk of the infected glands, SCC exceeded 700 000 cells/ml, of which >95% were CD18+ positive. The distribution of the leukocytes had two patterns: one presented (>80%) of PMN cells and a small number of mononuclear cells; the second had less than 50% PMN and many mononuclear cells. The CD8+ cells in these infected sections were observed throughout the mammary epithelial cells (MEc) around the alveoli and in the alveolar lumen (AL). The numbers and the location of CD21+ B‐lymphocytes were similar to those in the infection‐free mammary glands. The number of CD5+ positive cells was lower than T and B‐ cells combined and were located throughout the mammary epithelial cells, around the alveoli and within the connective tissue. Mo numbers were high in most of those infected quarters, and were localized around the connective tissue and within the AL.