bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Guerrilla War
Authors: Durrill Wayne K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Guerrilla war in Washington County began in January 1863. Responding to unionist raids on local plantations, Jasper Spruill, the son of prosperous unionist farmer Ammon Spruill, applied to North Carolina Governor Zebulon Vance for a commission to raise a company of local secessionists. The young man proposed specifically “to kill Buffaloes [unionists].” Governor Vance reportedly replied: “Go ahead and kill the king of them and then I will talk to you about it.” Therefore, sometime in early January, Spruill and two other men, Warren Snell and L. Biggs, went to John Giles’s home, “waylaid” the unfortunate Giles “near his own gate,” and “shot him.”
The Battle of Plymouth
Authors: Durrill Wayne K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In late 1863, a peace movement emerged for the first time in North Carolina. William Holden, a Raleigh newspaper editor, and his Whig friends formed the core of the organization, although the movement never assumed the formal structure and trappings of a political party. In eastern North Carolina, Whig planters who supported Holden had suffered large property losses at the hands of the Union army. Their brothers and sons had been passed over for promotion consistently in favor of secessionist Democrats, especially those from Virginia. In the piedmont, planters endured continual raids from Robert E. Lee’s subsistence officers. Therefore, many of the state’s elite sought some way to bring the war to an end, preferably by striking a compromise with the Union.
Modem Multilingual Accra II
Authors: Dakubu M E Kropp 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Accra, north of the Ring Road and between the Nsawam Road and the Kanda Estate, looks different from Ga Mashi: it sprawls over a wide area and, except on its fringes (where one sees private bungalows, often of two stories or more), consists of numerous large compounds of long, rectangular, single-storied blocks of rows of rooms, of the kind typical of zongo sections of towns anywhere in Ghana. It is almost as crowded as the old Ga core and much more cosmopolitan.
Although many Ga and other southern Ghanaians live in outer areas like Nima and Accra New Town, they seem to be in a minority. The population mainly consists of people from northern Ghana and neighboring West African countries, especially from northern parts of Togo, Republic of Benin, and Nigeria and from Burkina Faso, Niger, and Mali. Many southern Ghanaians assume that all these people are both Hausa and Muslim, and the Hausa language and Islam go together in the minds of most. It is believed that “all northerners” speak Hausa and, consequently, that Hausa is the main language of northern Ghana. An early motive for collecting the data dis cussed in this chapter was finally to refute these assumptions.
To the Sea: The Formation of the Ga Language Community
Authors: Dakubu M E Kropp 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we unravel the origins of the association between Accra and the Ga language. More generally, we trace the spread of Ga and its close relative Dangme on the Accra plain. But Ga-Dangme has never had the territory to itself, and so the account of how and in what sense Ga acquired and maintained linguistic hegemony in its present territory leads to investigation of a series of relationships with other language communities.
The external history of the emergence of the Ga language also requires attention to the history of contacts with speakers of other languages before arrival on the plain. There is no doubt that such contacts occurred, but they are difficult to place in a chronological sequence, let alone date. The available migration traditions do not seem to reflect events before the fourteenth century. Painter’s (1966) lexicostatistical figures for the onset of the Ga-Dangme split point to an earlier date, about the ninth century. However, if the theory to be proposed is correct—that Ga originated as Dangme in the mouths of a grouping of mostly Guang-speaking populations—ease of intelligibility between Ga and Dangme probably declined rather abruptly, and the glottochronological figure, based as it is on the hypothesis of a constant rate of re placement of culturally non-specific vocabulary, is thus misleading. The Ga-Dangme migration traditions have been published and discussed by numerous authors, includ ing me, but for our present purposes they must be examined once again.
Flood Control: The Dynamics of Multilingualism
Authors: Dakubu M E Kropp 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Accra, including inner Accra, Osu, Labadi, and their suburbs to the north and west, obviously does not constitute a speech community in the sense of sharing “rules for the conduct and interpretation of speech, and rules for the interpretation of one linguistic variety” (Hymes[1972] 1986: 54). It rather comprises a great many such communities, most of whose members belong to a community-language network plus at least one other language network, almost always one or more of Ga, Akan, Hausa, and English. It comes rather closer to Fishman’s definition of a community “set off by density of communication or/and by symbolic integration with respect to communicative competence regardless of the number of languages or varieties employed (1970: 32, emphasis in original). Even by this definition, however, the difference between inner and outer Accra is more obvious than their unity. The problem then is to define the relationship among communities and language networks in such a way as to locate the differences (if any) between the metropolis and the rest of the country. For this I propose a revision of the concept of the speech field.
Public Policy Responses to High Yield Bonds
Authors: Yago Glenn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Policy,” according to former Federal Reserve Governor Henry Wallich, ‘‘is the name we give to our future mistakes.’’ In light of what we have learned about high yield bonds and leveraged buyouts, these words may prove to be a profound understatement. The evidence shows that high yield companies outperform their industries in employment, sales, productivity, capital investment, and capital spending. Leveraged buyouts show dramatic improvements in a wide range of performance measures, and tend to outperform other companies in productivity, employment, and R & D intensity. With all these benefits flowing out of the use of junk bonds, you would naturally expect public policy to favor them. Instead, Congressional leaders and state legislators have rushed to regulate, restrict, or reject high yield bonds and the transactions they make possible. “We don’t want to necessarily stop junk bonds or LBOs,” one senator told me. ‘‘Things are just moving too fast, and we need to slow them down.’’ Other, less moderate voices have been heard on Capitol Hill, using words like “scourge,” “plague,” and “greedmongers” to describe the practitioners in this new wave of corporate finance and business strategy.
The Legacy of Maternal Worry and Disappointment
Authors: Kohut Thomas A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Prince Wilhelm’s childhood and adolescence were characterized by maternal anxiety and paternal neglect. Although the first clear sign of conflict between Wilhelm and his parents dates from after his eighteenth birthday, its roots can be traced to the beginning of his life. Indeed, Wilhelm’s public rejection of Friedrich and Victoria and of their ideals in favor of his grandfather, Wilhelm I, and traditional Prussian values after 1877 can be understood as an attempt to solve problems that had developed over the course of his relationship with his parents.
The Legacy of Paternal Weakness and Neglect
Authors: Kohut Thomas A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In contrast to the voluminous material concerning the intense and vital relationship between Wilhelm and his mother, there is little information about the relationship between Wilhelm and his father. Although the historian must exercise caution in basing a hypothesis on the absence of evidence, the lack of material in Friedrich’s diaries or Wilhelm’s memoirs gives rise to the suspicion that emotional contact between father and son was limited. This suspicion is confirmed by the evidence that is available. Despite their mutual affection, the relationship appears to have been frustrating for Wilhelm, and he entered adult hood yearning to experience fully what until then had only been tantilizingly promised through his intermittent contact with his father. Wilhelm’s rebellion against his parents can therefore be understood not only as an effort to escape Victoria’s dissatisfaction and domination but also as an attempt to deal with the psychological consequences of what had been missing in his relationship with Friedrich.
Wilhelm II and His Parents
Authors: Kohut Thomas A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Wilhelm’s effort to come to terms with issues growing out of his relationship with Friedrich and Victoria and out of their relationship with each other would continue after he became Kaiser. Even when his parents were no longer physically a part of his life, they exerted psychological influence over him. Indeed, already in his rebellion as a young adult, Wilhelm was struggling not only with Friedrich and Victoria as separately experienced individuals but also with features of their personalities that had become incorporated in himself. Therefore, by way of concluding this investigation of Wilhelm’s development, let us consider his personality in light of the personalities of Friedrich and Victoria.
The Kaiser, the Press, and Public Opinion
Authors: Kohut Thomas A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“In politics no one does anything for another,” Otto von Bismarck wrote in 1857, “unless he also finds it in his own interest to do so.” With this statement, nineteenth-century Europe’s master of pragmatic politics summed up what he believed to be the “fundamental rule of all political behavior,” according to one biographer of the statesman. For Bismarck, the rational pursuit of self interest was natural to individuals, groups, and states; indeed, it was part of God’s divine order. As a result, the statesman was morally compelled to define the interest of state and to dedicate himself to its fulfillment. On the basis of this principle, the chancellor treated political parties not as advocates of any political or social ideology but as interest groups, both in themselves and as representatives of their self-interested constituencies. Similarly, in foreign affairs Bismarck understood “the only sound basis” for the conduct of the nation-state to be “its egoism and not romanticism.” Personal feelings, the wishes of elites or political parties, popular opinion, all were to be subordinated to the interest of state. They were to be manipulated in the service of the rational conduct of policy; they were never to shape it.
On the Imperial Stage
Authors: Kohut Thomas A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Wilhelm’s craving for approval and his ability to adapt in order to get it gave him the incentive and the capacity to play roles he sensed his subjects wanted him to perform.1 Three years into the Kaiser’s reign, the Portuguese diplomat and author Jose Maria Ec; a de Queiroz wrote of him: This versatile theatricality, when coupled with his broadly based education and ability to grasp and retain vast amounts of information, enabled the Kaiser, in private as in public, to engage his subjects in an immediate and individual way. Although he recognized that “the Kaiser’s solicitude was not free of solicitation,” Walther Rathenau found that Wilhelm’s “conversation had substance, his question showed genuine concern. He empathized, he spoke differently with each person.”
Personal Symbol of the Nation
Authors: Kohut Thomas A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Upon Wilhelm Il’s accession to the imperial throne, Germany had been in existence seventeen years as a united and independent nation.1 Without benefit of longstanding national unity, the Kaiser’s subjects were still attempting to answer such basic existential questions as: What is Germany? How is it to be governed? Where does Germany fit in with the rest of the world? What does it mean to be German? At the same time Germans were confronted with the economic, political, social, and psychological dislocations brought on by the rapid industrialization that transformed Germany after 1871. As a result of the suddenness, recency, and impact of unification and industrialization, Germans found themselves in fundamental disagreement over their state and society.
Toshiba: Linking Productivity And Reusability
Authors: Cusumano Michael A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Unlike Hitachi, the initiative within Toshiba to establish a factory for software development came not from a commercial computer division, which made a variety of basic software and customized business­ applications programs, but from a division making large-scale, real-time industrial control ‘systems with high reliability requirements, much like SDC produced. Unlike SDC, however, Toshiba wrote for Toshiba hardware, which facilitated tool and software portability; and Toshiba, at least initially, had more focused product lines.
International Business and the Transborder Movement of Technology: A Dialectic Perspective
Authors: Simon Denis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has now become quite common to see daily in The New York Times, the Financial Times, or Nihon Keizai Shimbun at least one, if not several, prominent articles addressing the topic of global competition. And, as one reads through these pieces more closely, it is also usually the case that the respective articles are generally focused on the central role of technology in defining the nature and outcome of this competition.
Price Behavior with Vintage Capital
Authors: Mathur P N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An economy experiencing continuous technical advance will necessarily be embodying part of its improving know-how in new capital equipment. Equipment of different vintages will work with different efficiencies and may require different amounts of inputs, labor, and working stocks to produce a unit of output. At a particular time, we may expect fixed capital equipment of several vintages to be used for producing the same commodity. Investment is made in equipment of the latest technique.
An Application of Input-Output Techniques to Labor Force Allocation in the Health and Medical and the Social Welfare Service Sectors
Authors: Kido Yoshiko 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ageing of Japanese society had been and will continue to be very rapid compared with other developed countries. The proportion of the elderly (65 years old and over) to the total population in 1970, 1980, and 1985 was 7.1, 9.0, and 10.1 percent, respectively. The Ministry of Health and Welfare forecasts that this proportion will be 14 percent in 1996. This implies that the time needed for the proportion to change from 7 to 14 percent is only twenty-six years in Japan. In contrast, in West Germany and the United Kingdom forty-five years arc needed; in Sweden eighty-five years; and in France (the slowest case) 115 years are needed for such a change in the age structure of the population. The same estimates show that the proportion of elderly people in the year 2000 will be 15.6 percent and that the number will peak in 2020 at 21.8 percent. This will be the highest proportion among the developed countries.
Development Of A Model For Predicting Design For Manufacturability Effectiveness
Authors: Susman Gerald I , Dean James W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter reports on the development of a model to predict the success of efforts by design and manufacturing to work together on new product development projects. One source for development of the model was interviews conducted with personnel from 12 companies that were undertaking such efforts. Unstructured interviews were conducted initially with senior managers from the 12 companies during the spring of 1989, and then structured interviews were conducted with 129 persons from 21 projects during the summer and fall.
The Organization And Management Of Engineering Design In The United Kingdom
Authors: Francis Arthur , Winstanley Diana 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is demonstrated elsewhere in this volume that speedy and efficient new product development seems associated with simultaneous engineering, multifunctional engineers, and project management. A great deal of the impetus for the adoption of these practices in the West has come from our developing understanding of Japanese practice. The MIT study of the world automobile industry in particular has done much to advance our understanding of these organizational and managerial strategies (Womack, Jones, and Roos, 1990).
Irreplaceability
Authors: Laycock Douglas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Injury is irreparable if plaintiff cannot use damages to replace the specific thing he has lost. This is by far the most important source of irreparable injury. It has many applications and several formulations. Courts may say that plaintiff has lost something unique, that he has lost something unavailable on the market, or that he has lost something he should not be required to do without. They may say defendant rather than plaintiff should bear the burden of replacement. They may say damages are too hard to measure.
Preliminary Relief
Authors: Laycock Douglas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Far and away the most common occasions for irreparable injury opinions are motions for preliminary relief: temporary restraining orders,1 preliminary injunctions,2 receivers,3 and the like. These cases have almost nothing in common with the choice of remedy at final judgment. If they are thought of as a completely separate category, with a completely different meaning for “irreparable,” the phrase “irreparable injury” can actually do some good here.
Deference to Other Authority
Authors: Laycock Douglas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The irreparable injury rule is often invoked to serve its original purpose of allocating jurisdiction among decision makers. Litigants frequently seek to move disputes from the forum their adversary selected to the forum they would have selected. They ask courts to enjoin administrative agencies1 and arbitrators;2 they ask federal courts to enjoin proceedings in state courts; they ask state courts to enjoin proceedings in other states;4 they ask courts with equity powers to prevent proceedings in courts without equity powers, even in the same court system; they ask appellate courts to prevent proceedings in trial courts;6 and they ask courts to prevent the collection of taxes7 and enjoin improper conduct by the executive branch.
Conforming Doctrine to Reality
Authors: Laycock Douglas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, I explore how judicial doctrine might be conformed to the reality of the decided cases. I offer a tentative restatement of the courts’ operative rules, and a proposed statute abolishing the irreparable injury rule at final judgment. Finally, I briefly consider the need for courts and legislatures to adopt such reforms. Chapter 1 promised a set of functional rules for choosing among remedies. Those rules should be apparent to the reader who has come this far, but it is helpful to state them succinctly and explicitly in a single place.
The Networked Organization and the Management of Interdependence
Authors: Rockart John f. , Short james e. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the three forces highlighted in Figure 7-1. Information technology has the inherent characteristic of being able to shrink the effects of time and space and provide humans with information sup port. Thus, electronic tools such as workstations can leverage a human’s mind, shorten the time needed to accomplish tasks, and through networks speed up information flow. The time between an event and its consequences, such as placing an order or changing a design, is shorter than ever before.
Language, Social Stratification, and Cognitive Orientation
Authors: Bright William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sociolinguistics is a thriving infant, but an infant nevertheless.1 Thus, the literature is still meager in the subfield dealing with the linguistic correlates of social stratification. In 1956 it was noted that of two review articles on social stratification, ‘neither lists any study dealing with language as a status-related factor ‘ (Putnam and O ‘Hern 1956); and the same comment holds for a similar review article published in 1964 (Murphy 1964). In fact, it is only very recently that any combination of sociological and linguistic sophistication has been brought to bear on the subject.
Complex Verb Forms Colloquial Tamil
Authors: Lindenfeld Jacqueline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The difference between literary Tamil and colloquial Tamil has been well characterized by Matthews (1942:992) in the following passage:It is a common experience for the foreigner learning Tamil to discover to his dismay that after months of study with grammar and reader and munshi he is able to understand scarcely anything of the language spoken around him. In the villages and the fields, in the bazaars and on the highroads he hears a language spoken which he finds it hard to believe is the language of his study.
Phonological Rules in Literary and Colloquial Kannada
Authors: Bright William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has been recognized for some time that the languages of India present several cases of the phenomenon which Ferguson (1959) has called diglossia: the co-existence of two styles of speech having a common origin but only a limited degree of mutual intelligibility, and functionally specialized in terms of a literary vs. colloquial dichotomy.1 Such diglossia has been described for Bengali and Tamil,2 as well as for the language under discussion in the present paper: Kannada (Kanarese), the Dravidian language of Mysore State in South India.
Hindi Numerals
Authors: Bright William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In most languages encountered by linguists, the numerals, considered as a paradigmatic set, constitute a morphosyntactic problem of only moderate complexity. Thus, a common pattern, not only in Indo-European but in other families as well, involves single morphemes for numbers ‘one ‘ through ‘ten ‘, and regular rules of co-occurrence to produce numbers ‘eleven ‘ through ‘ninety-nine ‘-with occasional ad hoc morphophonemic statements applying to the teens and the decades, e.g., English three.....,. thir-in the environment of -teen or -ty.
Written and Spoken Language in South Asia
Authors: Bright William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1964 I had the pleasure of organizing a conference on sociolinguistics at UCLA, the proceedings of which were subsequently published (Bright 1966). For me, and for other participants in the conference who had worked in India, such as John Gumperz and Paul Friedrich, the field of sociolinguistics had taken shape as a very direct result of our experiences in South Asia. We had gone there with backgrounds in post Bloomfieldian structural linguistics, but we had returned with the realization that new methodologies were needed to cope with such phenomena as diglossia, code-switching,
Economics and the Philosophy of Science
Authors: Redman Deborah A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is a theoretical examination of the scientific assumptions underlying much of economic theory. Part I discusses the philosophy of science in general, including the work of Popper, Lakatos, Feyerabend, Bartley, Kuhn, Fleck, Polyani, Toulmin, and Hanson. Part II focuses on Popper, Lakatos and Kuhn and their philosophies of economics. The author concludes that economists abuse methodology, especially paradigms that are used to demonstrate that a given school of thought is more scientific than another.