bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Retrograde processes in migmatites and granulites revisited
Authors: Brown Michael 
Published: March 2003

AbstractMany migmatites and granulites preserve evidence of a clockwise P–T evolution involving decompression (decrease in P) while close to the thermal peak. The extent of post‐thermal peak reaction is influenced by several factors, including: (1) the P–T path in relation to invariants in the system and the Clapeyron slopes of the equilibria; (2) the rate of cooling; and (3) the availability of fluid (H2O‐rich volatile phase or melt) for fluid‐consuming reactions. Reaction may occur between products of a prograde (increasing T) fluid‐generating reaction as the same equilibrium is re‐crossed in the retrograde (decreasing T) sense. In general, reaction reversal or ‘back reaction’ requires the P–T path to approximate isobaric heating and cooling, without significant decompression, and evolved fluid to remain within the equilibration volume. The larger the decompression segment in the P–T evolution, the more chance there is of crossing different reactions along the retrograde segment from those crossed along the prograde segment. For common pelite compositions, we may generalize by considering three pressure regimes separated by the [Spl, Ms, H2O] invariant in KFMASH (approximately 9 kbar) and the intersection of muscovite breakdown with the H2O‐rich volatile phase‐saturated solidus (approximately 4 kbar). Reaction reversal cannot occur along P–T paths that traverse around one of these points, but may occur along P–T paths confined to one of the three regimes in between. Additionally, above the solidus, melt segregation and loss potentially change the composition of the equilibration volume; and, the size of the equilibration volume shrinks with decreasing T. Since the proportion of melt to residue in the equilibration volume may change with decreasing size, the composition of the equilibration volume may change throughout the supra‐solidus part of the retrograde segment of the P–T evolution. If melt has been lost from the equilibration volume, reaction reversal may not be possible or may be only partial; indeed, the common preservation of close‐to‐peak mineral assemblages in migmatite and granulite demonstrates that extensive reaction with melt is uncommon, which implies melt isolation or loss prior to crossing potential melt‐consuming reactions. Water dissolved in melt is transported through the crust to be exsolved on crystallization at the solidus appropriate to the intrinsic a(H2O). This recycled water causes retrogression at subsolidus conditions. Consideration of the evidence for supra‐solidus decompression‐dehydration reactions, and review of microstructures that have proven controversial, such as corona and related microstructures, selvage microstructures and ‘late’ muscovite, leads to the conclusion that there is more than one way for these microstructures to form and reminds us that we should always consider multiple working hypotheses!
Skin cleansing in children
Authors: Gelmetti C 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe problems of skin cleansing in infants have been re‐evaluated in recent years on the basis of current understanding of cosmetology and skin physiology. The anatomical and functional peculiarities of infant’s skin have been elucidated and, although it is known that the barrier function is established at birth in normal babies, it remains the case that children’s skin is more delicate and therefore more prone to irritant and allergic contact dermatitis. These factors determine the choice of cleansing agents during infancy. The products available on the market differ markedly. Indeed detergents, bath oils, bath powders, due to their distinctive properties, have different indications and different benefits. The method of cleansing the skin, i.e. bathing or showering, is also important. The frequency of cleansing should take into account the age and the degree of exposure to pollutants. For special purposes, e.g. impetiginized dermatoses, antiseptics such as potassium permanganate or chlorhexidine can be added to the water in appropriate concentrations. The ideal paediatric detergent should be very mild to avoid irritant dermatitis, and very simple to avoid allergic dermatitis.
Small changes in the activity of chloroplastic NADP+‐dependent ferredoxin oxidoreductase lead to impaired plant growth and restrict photosynthetic activity of transgenic tobacco plants
Authors: Hajirezaei Mohammad‐Reza , Peisker Martin , Tschiersch Henning , Palatnik Javier F. , Valle Estela M. , Carrillo Néstor , Sonnewald Uwe 
Published: March 2003

SummaryA ferredoxin‐NADP+ oxidoreductase (FNR) cDNA from tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Samsun) was cloned and sequenced. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence revealed high identity to FNR proteins from Capsicum annuum, Pisum sativum, Spinacia oleracea and Vicia faba. Transgenic tobacco plants were generated that constitutively express the FNR cDNA in reverse orientation between the CaMV 35S promoter and the polyadenylation signal of the octopine synthase gene. Plants expressing the FNR antisense gene showed lower levels of FNR mRNA and protein accumulation, which was paralleled by a decrease in FNR activity. As a consequence, NADPH levels declined whereas NADP+ levels increased, leading to an unaltered NADP(H) pool. Growth rates, chlorophyll content and net CO2 uptake rates at high and low irradiances were strongly reduced in FNR antisense tobacco plants. These changes were accompanied by an over‐reduced state of P700 as estimated by absorption changes at 820 nm. FNR control coefficients determined for the photosynthetic rate at saturating (CR = 0.94) and limiting (CR = 0.70) light conditions revealed a prominent role of this reductase in the regulation of photosynthesis.
Entopically additive expression of GLABRA2 alters the frequency and spacing of trichome initiation
Authors: Ohashi Yohei , Oka Atsuhiro , Ruberti Ida , Morelli Giorgio , Aoyama Takashi 
Published: March 2003

Summary GLABRA2 (GL2)/ATHB‐10 encodes a homeodomain protein that belongs to the homeodomain‐leucine zipper family. Mutant studies have revealed that this gene is involved in trichome, root‐hair and seed‐coat development. We used reverse genetics to investigate the role of GL2 in trichome development. A transgene consisting of a GL2‐coding fragment preceded by the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter (35S::GL2) did not complement defects in the gl2‐1 mutant. In the wild‐type genetic background, 35S::GL2 caused gl2‐mutant‐like and scarcely viable phenotypes, suggesting that ectopic overexpression of GL2 interrupts endogenous GL2 function in trichome development and is toxic to plants. On the other hand, another GL2 transgene containing the GL2 promoter (pGL2::GL2) complemented the gl2‐1 mutation. Entopically additive expression of GL2 by introduction of pGL2::GL2 in the wild‐type genetic background noticably increased the number of trichomes and induced production of adjacent trichomes. Consistent with this result, gl2‐1/+ heterozygous leaves, whose GL2 expression was expected to decrease, had fewer trichomes than +/+ leaves. These results indicate that GL2 quantitatively regulates the frequency of trichome initiation and is involved in determining trichome spacing.
Restoration of stamen development and production of functional pollen in an alloplasmic CMS tobacco line by ectopic expression of the Arabidopsis thaliana SUPERMAN gene
Authors: Bereterbide Agnès , Hernould Michel , Farbos Isabelle , Glimelius Kristina , Mouras Armand 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe alloplasmic male‐sterile tobacco line Nta(rep)S, combining the nucleus of Nicotiana tabacum with the cytoplasm of Nicotiana repanda, exhibits cadastral‐type anomalies due to a fusion of several stamens with the pistil. These anomalies share similarities with Arabidopsis superman mutants. SUPERMAN (SUP) is a cadastral gene controlling the boundary between whorls 3 (androecium) and 4 (gynoecium). Thus we hypothesized that the expression of the tobacco SUP orthologue might be impaired in the alloplasmic Nta(rep)S line, and that the deficiency could be complemented by the Arabidopsis SUP gene. Here we show that the ectopic expression of SUP in the alloplasmic male‐sterile tobacco line Nta(rep)S significantly increases the frequency of flowers possessing free stamens, inducing the recovery of a proper structure for whorls 3 and 4. Furthermore, flowers of transgenic plants show a significant improvement of the morphology of stamens, and more particularly of the anthers, which are able to produce few but functional pollen. The data show that ectopic expression of Arabidopsis SUP reactivates the regulatory cascade of anther development. The plausible causes of the developmental defects of anthers in the alloplasmic male‐sterile tobacco line are discussed in relation to the model of regulation of the Arabidopsis SUP gene.
Avulsed permanent incisors: knowledge and attitudes of primary school teachers with regard to emergency management
Authors: Blakytny C. , Surbuts C. , Thomas A. , Hunter M. L. 
Published: March 2003

Summary.Objectives. This study was designed to examine the knowledge and attitudes of primary school teachers with regard to the emergency management of avulsed permanent incisors.Design. Data were collected by self‐administered questionnaire.Setting. The study was conducted in primary schools lying within a 2‐mile radius of the University Dental Hospital, Cardiff.Sample and methods. A total of 388 teachers in 31 participating schools were asked to complete a questionnaire, which was subsequently collected by two of the authors (CS and AT).Results. Two hundred and seventy‐four teachers returned completed questionnaires, a response rate of 70·6%. One hundred and eighty‐one respondents (60·1%) had received no advice about the emergency management of dental avulsion. Of the 133 teachers (48·5%) who possessed a first aid certificate, 39 (29·3%) had been given relevant advice as part of this training. Less than one‐third of respondents (85 (31%)) cited an optimum extra‐oral time of 30 min or less, with only 43 (15·7%) considering that this should be 10 min or less. However, 125 (45·6%) knew milk to be the best transport medium. Two hundred and four teachers (74·5%) stated that they would not be prepared to replant an avulsed tooth themselves, 133 (80%) basing this decision on lack of expertise and training. Two hundred and sixty‐two teachers (95·6%) expressed a desire for further information.Conclusions. The majority of respondents possessed, at best, rudimentary knowledge of the emergency management of dental avulsion. Teachers, and other individuals who supervise children in schools, should receive simple instruction in dental first aid.
Diagnosis of skeletal dysplasia by multidisciplinary assessment: a report of two cases of thanatophoric dysplasia
Authors: Kölble N. , Sobetzko D. , Ersch J. , Stallmach T. , Eich G. , Huch R. , Huch A. , Superti‐Furga A. , Wisser J. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractSkeletal dysplasias, a heterogeneous group of bone growth disorders, can be detected by routine prenatal ultrasound examination. As it is difficult to make a specific diagnosis, prediction of prognosis is of importance for obstetric management. In order to specify diagnosis, radiological, pathological and molecular genetic examination are often required. Our report describes two cases of thanatophoric dysplasia with different fetal sonographic findings. The classical classification of type I and II seems to be ambiguous as, in both cases, the same mutation in the fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 gene was found. The importance of comprehensive multidisciplinary assessment is emphasized. Copyright © 2002 ISUOG
Unilateral multicystic dysplastic kidney: a combined pre‐ and postnatal assessment
Authors: van Eijk L. , Cohen‐Overbeek T. E. , den Hollander N. S. , Nijman J. M. , Wladimiroff J. W. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjectiveTo review the prenatal assessment of associated renal pathology, non‐renal pathology and renal biometry, fetal outcome and postnatal urological management in the presence of unilateral fetal multicystic dysplastic kidney.MethodsA total of 38 singleton pregnancies with fetal unilateral multicystic dysplastic kidney was studied over a 13‐year period. Prenatally, fetal biometry, including head and abdominal circumferences and largest longitudinal diameter of the affected and contralateral kidneys, was performed. The amount of amniotic fluid was assessed. Fetal karyotyping was offered in cases of contralateral renal or non‐renal pathology. A MAG 3 scan and voiding cystogram was performed approximately 4 weeks after delivery to establish renal function and to exclude urinary reflux.ResultsUnilateral fetal multicystic dysplastic kidney was left‐sided in 53% and right‐sided in 47% of cases. The fetus was male in 63% and female in 37% of cases. Associated renal and non‐renal pathology existed in 21% and 5% of cases, respectively. The fetal karyotype in these subsets was always normal. The longitudinal diameter of the multicystic dysplastic kidney was above the 95th centile in 87%. There was polyhydramnios in three cases and oligohydramnios in two cases. The prematurity rate was 16%. Postnatal examination revealed a non‐functional multicystic kidney in 87% (33/38) of cases. Following surgical removal of the affected kidney, these infants progressed normally. Of the remaining five infants, four died because of associated anomalies and one infant developed normally without surgery.ConclusionsFetal outcome is determined by associated renal and/or non‐renal structural pathology and not by the size/location of the unilateral multicystic dysplastic kidney or amniotic fluid volume. Copyright © 2002 ISUOG
Comparison of ‘pattern recognition’ and logistic regression models for discrimination between benign and malignant pelvic masses: a prospective cross validation
Authors: Valentin L. , Hagen B. , Tingulstad S. , Eik‐Nes S. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjectivesTo test prospectively the diagnostic performance of two logistic regression models for calculation of individual risk of malignancy in adnexal tumors (the ‘Tailor model’ and the ‘Timmerman model’), and to compare them to that of ‘pattern recognition’ (subjective evaluation of the gray‐scale ultrasound image and color Doppler ultrasound examination).DesignConsecutive women with a pelvic mass judged clinically to be of adnexal origin underwent preoperative ultrasound examination including color and spectral Doppler examination. The same examination techniques and definitions as those used in the studies in which the logistic regression models had been created were used. The Tailor model was tested in 133 women (35 of whom had a malignancy) and the Timmerman model in 82 women (29 of whom had a malignancy). A subset of 79 women (28 of whom had a malignancy) was used to compare the performance of the Tailor model and the Timmerman model by calculating and comparing the areas under the receiver operating characteristics curves of the two models. Sensitivity and specificity with regard to malignancy were calculated for all three methods.ResultsPattern recognition performed better than the two logistic regression models (sensitivity around 85%, specificity around 90%). Using a risk of malignancy of > 50% to indicate malignancy (as suggested in the original publications), the sensitivity of the Tailor model was 69% and the specificity 88% (n = 133). The corresponding values for the Timmerman model were 62% and 79% (n = 82). The receiver operating characteristics curves showed the two logistic regression models to have similar diagnostic properties (area under the curve, 0.87 vs. 0.84; P = 0.25; n = 79). The diagnostic performance of the mathematical models was much poorer in this study than in those in which the models had been created.ConclusionThe poor diagnostic performance of the mathematical models can probably be explained by subtle differences in definitions and examination technique and by differences between the original tumor populations and the study population. For mathematical models to be generally useful, they probably need to be created on the basis of a very large number of tumors, and the variables in the model must be unequivocally defined and the examination technique meticulously standardized. Copyright © 2001 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Ultrasound assessment in a case of sialic acid storage disease
Authors: Carbillon L. , Largillière C. , Bucourt M. , Scheuer‐Niro B. , Levaillant J. M. , Uzan M. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractA woman was referred to our unit at 25 weeks' gestation because of fetal ascites. Conventional and three‐dimensional ultrasound examinations revealed coarse facies and micromelia which strongly suggested storage disease, despite the absence of an index familial case. Amniocentesis was performed and, in view of the poor prognosis, the pregnancy was terminated. Autopsy confirmed all the sonographic features and the cultured amniocytes confirmed the diagnosis of infantile sialic acid storage disease. Copyright © 2001 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Three‐dimensional ultrasound evaluation of short‐rib polydactyly syndrome type II in the second trimester: a case report
Authors: Viora E. , Sciarrone A. , Bastonero S. , Errante G. , Botta G. , Campogrande M. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractPrenatal diagnosis of short‐rib polydactyly syndrome is possible and has been reported in literature, but a precise ultrasound diagnosis is not easy. We report a case in which three‐dimensional ultrasound was used in the evaluation of the disorder. The contribution and potential application of three‐dimensional sonography in the prenatal diagnosis of short‐rib polydactyly syndrome and other fetal skeletal malformations is discussed. Copyright © 2002 ISUOG
Prenatal diagnosis of a rare variant of hypospadias and review of the literature
Authors: Lin S. K. , Lee Y. H. , Pong H. C. , Ho E. S. C. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractWe present a case of a variant of hypospadias, diagnosed prenatally at 21 weeks' gestation, in which the penis and scrotum appeared normal but there was a cyst‐like lesion and a urethrocutaneous fistula on the ventral side of the penis. Detailed sonographic examination and karyotyping confirmed this was an isolated lesion and helped the parents to decide on continuation of the pregnancy.Copyright © 2001 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Crown–rump lengths in missed miscarriages and trisomy 21
Authors: Ginsberg N. A. , Strom C. , Verlinsky Y. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjectivesTo compare crown–rump lengths with karyotypes of missed miscarried fetuses and to determine a relationship between crown–rump length and trisomy 21.Study designChorionic villus sampling was performed on 129 consecutive missed miscarriages between 10 and 12 weeks by last menstrual period in patients ≥ 35 years of age. Crown–rump length was correlated with the karyotype. Statistical analysis was performed using Student's t‐test.ResultsTwenty‐one of 129 missed miscarriages involved fetuses affected by trisomy 21. The crown–rump length was < 22 mm in 77% of missed miscarriages. Using a crown–rump length of ≥ 22 mm for the prediction of trisomy 21 had a sensitivity of 86%, specificity of 89%, positive predictive value of 60% and negative predictive value of 97%. At 10–12 weeks, the crown–rump lengths of missed miscarried fetuses with trisomy 21 was significantly larger (P ≤ 0.0001) than that of the population average of missed miscarried fetuses.ConclusionIn women ≥ 35 years of age, with a missed miscarriage, in whom pregnancies reached ≥ 10 weeks from the last menstrual period, a fetal crown–rump length of ≥ 22 mm has a high probability that the etiology of the loss will be secondary to trisomy 21. Copyright © 2001 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Quality assessment in prospective nuchal translucency screening for Down syndrome
Authors: Wøjdemann K. R. , Christiansen M. , Sundberg K. , Larsen S. O. , Shalmi A. , Tabor A. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjectivesTo develop and apply a quality control system in a Down syndrome screening study using nuchal translucency as an interventional marker.MethodsIn a prospective Down syndrome screening study fetal nuchal translucency thickness was measured in 9236 of the 10 045 examined pregnancies. For quality assessment two models were introduced: firstly, image‐scoring evaluation of the nuchal translucency thickness measurements and secondly, establishment of the distributions of nuchal translucency multiples of the median over time and the influence of intervention.ResultsThe observer variability in the image‐scoring evaluation was high with a kappa value of 0.48 in the overall validation. A revised model showed better interobserver agreement with a kappa value of 0.58; however, comparing the individual criteria the differences were still unsatisfactory, i.e. we found highly significant differences in the criteria ‘position of the fetus’ (P = 0.0026) and ‘magnification of the image’ (P = 0.0001). Regarding the distributions of the nuchal translucency multiples of the median, the median stabilized after a short learning phase representing the practical part of the sonographer's certification to nuchal translucency screening. In groups of medians of 50 nuchal translucency multiples of the median the intergroup standard deviation decreased from 0.100–0.060 after the learning phase to 0.046 after intervention.ConclusionsWhen well‐trained certified examiners perform nuchal translucency screening, continuous evaluation of the distribution of the nuchal translucency multiples of the median seems to be a good method to assess the quality for a center and may also be used to identify individual examiners deviating from the mean performance. The image‐scoring methods we introduced cannot be recommended for quality control in a nuchal translucency screening program.Copyright © 2001 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Molecular phylogeny of Diabrotica beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) inferred from analysis of combined mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences
Authors: Clark T. L. , Meinke L. J. , Foster J. E. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe phylogenetic relationships of thirteen Diabrotica (representing virgifera and fucata species groups) and two outgroup Acalymma beetle species (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) were inferred from the phylogenetic analysis of a combined data set of 1323 bp of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI) and the entire second internal transcribed spacer region (ITS‐2) of nuclear ribosomal DNA of 362 characters. Species investigated were D. adelpha, D. balteata, D. barberi, D. cristata, D. lemniscata, D. longicornis, D. porracea, D. speciosa, D. undecimpunctata howardi, D. u. undecimpunctata, D. virgifera virgifera, D. v. zeae, D. viridula, and outgroup A. blandulum and A. vittatum. Maximum parsimony (MP), minimum evolution (ME), and maximum likelihood (ML) analyses of combined COI and ITS‐2 sequences clearly place species into their traditional morphological species groups with MP and ME analyses resulting in identical topologies. Results generally confer with a prior work based on allozyme data, but within the virgifera species group, D. barberi and D. longicornis strongly resolve as sister taxa as well as monophyletic with the neotropical species, D. viridula, D. cristata and D. lemniscata also resolve as sister taxa. Both relationships are not in congruence with the prior allozyme‐based hypothesis. Within the fucata species group, D. speciosa and D. balteata resolve as sister taxa. Results also strongly supported the D. virgifera and D. undecimpunctata subspecies complexes. Our proposed phylogeny provides some insight into current hypotheses regarding distribution status and evolution of various life history traits for Diabrotica.