bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Constitution In The Courts
Authors: Perry Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the modern period of American constitutional law--the period since the U.S. Supreme Court outlawed racially segregated public schooling in Brown v. Board of Education (1954)--there has been a persistent and vigorous debate in the United States about whether the Court has merely been enforcing the Constitution or whether, instead, in the guise of enforcing the Constitution, the Court has really been usurping the legislative prerogative of making political choices about controversial issues. In this book, Professor Perry carefully disentangles and then thoughtfully addresses the various fundamental issues at the heart of the controversy: What is the argument for “judicial review”? What approach to constitutional interpretation should inform the practice of judicial review? How large or small a role should the Court play in bringing the interpreted Constitution to bear in resolving constitutional conflicts? To what extent are the Court’s most controversial modern decisions--for example, decisions about racial segregation, discrimination based on sex, abortion, and homosexuality--sound; to what extent are they problematic? The Constitution in the Courts is a major contribution to one of the most fundamental controversies in modern American politics and law.
Situational Variation In Children’s Language Revisited
Authors: Cazden Courtney B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When I reviewed research on situational variation in children’s language more than twenty years ago (Cazden 1970), I was not just contributing to a gap in scholarly attention; I was also deliberately intervening in a continuing debate about valid descriptions of how children’s communicative competence varies with differences in their cultural background and/or social class. In a still earlier article (Cazden 1966), I had argued against the adequacy of then prevailing “deficit explanations of lower-class children’s vocabu’ and syntax, and for more serious attention to “differences in language use that were beginning to be studied in the then very young fields of sociolinguistics and ethnography of communication. In 1970, this contrast was termed the” less language explanation versus the” different language explanation, and both were judged inadequate:
In the intervening decades, we have accumulated more studies of situational variation in children’s language, and even several research reviews. Romaine (1984) reviews the development of children’s stylistic variation, primarily in phonological features. Warren-Leubecker and Bohannon (1989) divide register variation into two dimensions-adaptations to listener knowledge and to listener status-and review children’s development of those adaptations in both production and judgments.
Grammaticalization
Authors: Heine Bernd 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After having reviewed the discussion concerning the categorical status of auxiliaries, Palmer (1979b:3) concludes that the argument is not one for which a clear-cut “Yes” or “No” answer can be given, but rather that judgments of appropriateness must be made. While this is in fact the position one is likely to arrive at when aiming at a taxonomic description of auxiliaries, a different perspective emerges once one analyzes auxi!iaries in terms of the dynamics that give rise to them, especially when one interprets them as products of grammaticalization, as is done here.
New Zealand: The Unique Experiment in Deregulation
Authors: Mccabe Patrick G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dramatic changes occurred in New Zealand telecommunications policy starting in the mid-1980s. A traditional government department with a virtual monopoly in the provision of post, telecommunication, certain banking, and ancillary services was separated into three distinct corporations, while its regulatory and policy advice functions were transferred to another government department. Almost all regulatory barriers to market entry were then removed, and the government-owned Telecom Corporation was privatized. In 1991 competition in the provision of domestic and international long-distance services emerged, and plans for competition for local calls and mobile telephony were revealed. At the beginning of the 1990s New Zealand had one of the most liberalized and modern telecommunications markets in the world.
Reconstructing the Patient: Starting with Women of Color
Authors: Roberts Dorothy E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Feminists have powerfully demonstrated the limitations of modern medical ethics. By centering its inquiry on the conflict of general ethical propositions, much of the analysis in medical ethics has ignored who the patient is, who the physician is, and the effect of social arrangements in the larger society on their relationship. Medical ethics has neglected the experiences of women of color in particular, as well as the effect on ethical conflicts of a publicly supported setting. Both the methods and substantive norms of medical ethics have failed to address medicine’s role in perpetuating inequalities of power in our society. One of feminism’s main contributions to medical ethics is to add a political dimension to its analysis of moral issues. Feminist ethics refuses to overlook the role of social problems in ethical deliberations; rather, it identifies and criticizes the ways in which the practice of medicine contributes to oppression based on gender.
This chapter extends the feminist critique of medical ethics by exploring the perspective of women of color. It is important to broaden medical ethics so that its substance and method includes these women. As a matter of justice, we should listen with heightened care to those whom institutional medicine has harmed the most, in order to compensate for their past exclusion.
Infant Massage Therapy
Authors: Field Tiffany 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Calcutta mother lays her infant on his stomach on her outstretched legs and stretches his body parts individually. She applies warm water and soap to the child’s legs, and then moves her hands to the arms, back, abdomen, neck, and face. The massage appears rigorous (almost rough), so it is not surprising that the infant (following swaddling) then sleeps for a long period.
Pediatric Preventive Cardiology
Authors: Strong William B , Kelder Steven H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The idea that atherosclerosis begins in childhood first arose from the observation of atherosclerotic lesions in young autopsied patients in 1915 (Saltykow 1915). More than 40 years later Holman (1961) reported similar observations and suggested a nutritional origin for atherosclerosis. His colleagues began to accumulate autopsy data that formed the basis for a natural history model of atherosclerosis (Figure 17.1) and provided the stimulus for the international research efforts of the next four decades (Strong 1962).
Reismann (1965) was one of the first clinicians to recognize atherosclerosis as a pediatric problem. Two major longitudinal, epidemiologic studies in the United States have confirmed that origins of atherosclerosis in the young and identified the precursor risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD) in children (Berenson 1981; 1991; Lauer 1975, 1982, 1988, 1989). Hyperlipidemia in the young has also been explored (Glueck 1974; Kwiterovich 1989). Although there had been controversy as to the earliest lesions of atherosclerosis in the coronary arteries, doubt no longer exists. The Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth (PDAY) research group (PDAY 1990) has amply confirmed the earlier studies of Korean (Enos 1955) and Vietnam (McNamara 1971) battle casualties, which demonstrated significant coronary atherosclerosis in young soldiers. In addition, the prospective studies of Newman and colleagues (1986) have shown the relationship of risk factors in young men with coronary lesions observed at the autopsies of these youths, who generally had traumatic deaths. The extent of the surface covered by atherosclerosis correlated with serum lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations, cigarette smoking habit, and blood pressure level.
Introduction
Authors: Battye Adrian , Roberts Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the nineteenth century beginnings of linguistics as a scientific discipline, it has been recognised that comparative and historical linguistics are mutu ally reinforcing (in fact, synchronic and diachronic linguistics were not rigourously distinguished prior to de Saussure (1916)). The development of the “principles and parameters” approach to syntax in the wake of Chomsky (1981) and related work (see in particular Jaeggli (1982), Kayne (1984) and Rizzi (1982) for groundbreaking work on the Romance languages) has pro vided a solid foundation for the development of a rich and insightful approach to comparative syntax, with the result that during the mid-to-late 1980s there was a veritable explosion of work on comparative syntax, covering many of the world’s major language families.
The Loss of Verb Second in English and French
Authors: Platzack Christer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this paper I will attempt to give a unified explanation of the loss of verb second in English and French during the Middle Ages. Prior to the loss of verb second, both languages had developed a grammar with verb second SVO, and subject clitics; in such a grammar, there are very few signs which un ambiguously indicate verb second. The hypothesis I will defend in this paper is that the existence of such a stage triggered the loss of verb second, and that certain differences between Modern French and Modern English resulted from the loss of verb second in combination with the fact that Infl was “weak” in English but not in French at the time of the word order change.
Null Subjects in Verb-First Embedded Clauses in Philippe de Vigneulles’ Cent Nouvelles Nouvelles
Authors: Hirschbuhler Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The focus of the present study concerns the licensing of null subjects in em bedded verb-first constructions in a late Middle French text, the Cent Nouvelles Nouvelles (from now on, the CNNV) by Philippes de Vigneulles.1 More precisely, our goal is to characterize as precisely as possible the conditions under which these null subjects are found, hoping that some of the ideas dis cussed will find their way in a more principled account than the one that is offered here. One point that should be clear from the start is that I do not claim that all the variables that appear to be required in characterizing the data examined here are necessarily relevant for other Middle French texts. Some of the facts are unexpected given previous literature.
The Diachronic Development of Subject Clitics in North Eastern Italian Dialects*
Authors: Poletto Cecilia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim of this paper is to provide some insight into the evolution of subject clitics of Northern Italian Dialects from the Renaissance period to the present stage. It will be shown that subject clitics are strictly related to the head of the Agreement projection. In particular it will be argued that subject clitics have been reanalyzed as heads that take on functions normally related to the Agr head in Standard Italian.
White Women ‘s Rights
Authors: Newman Louise Michele 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This study reinterprets a crucial period (1870s-1920s) in the history of women's rights, focusing attention on a core contradiction at the heart of early feminist theory. At a time when white elites were concerned with imperialist projects and civilizing missions, progressive white women developed an explicit racial ideology to promote their cause, defending patriarchy for "primitives" while calling for its elimination among the "civilized." By exploring how progressive white women at the turn of the century laid the intellectual groundwork for the feminist social movements that followed, Louise Michele Newman speaks directly to contemporary debates about the effect of race on current feminist scholarship. " White Women's Rights is an important book. It is a fascinating and informative account of the numerous and complex ties which bound feminist thought to the practices and ideas which shaped and gave meaning to America as a racialized society. A compelling read, it moves very gracefully between the general history of the feminist movement and the particular histories of individual women."--Hazel Carby, Yale University
The Anomalies of Corporate Governance
Authors: Bowman Edward H , Useem Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Few areas of organizational life are as full of ironies as the governance of publicly traded companies. While the governing board in theory oversees the company on behalf of the owners, in practice, the board is often overseen by management. By law directors are elected by shareholders, but in fact their nomination by management is usually tantamount to election. While executives would emulate a Japanese-style long-term orientation if they could, short-term investor demands foreshorten all strategic horizons. By law managers are empowered to work on behalf of investor interests, yet in fact some investors seemingly prevent them from doing so.
Organizational ironies are curious when isolated. When they become widespread, however, they cease being curiosities and emerge as major challenges to conventional business practice. We have now reached the latter stage in the area of corporate governance. A wholesale rethinking of the theory and practice of governance is in order. Those who wish to redesign the firm need to consider not just the organizational ladder but those who peer over the top rung.
Product Innovation in Mature Firms
Authors: Dougherty Deborah , Cohen Morris A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Launching an innovative product is one thing, sustaining innovation is another. All too often, firms successfully produce one or two innovative products, then fail to replicate their success (for example, IBM’s PC or GM’s Saturn project). This is especially true for firms that have been operating in stable markets for some time. Old habits and routines can thwart attempts to become innovative, even when management sets up interdisciplinary teams, encourages coordination and information-sharing across functional lines, and embraces other tenets of concurrent engineering.
How can older organizations transform themselves so they can sustain innovation? Bringing together all the functions involved in developing a new product is important, but insufficient. Firms must also align new products with their current product offerings and their overall corporate strategy. Sustained innovation requires concurrent management, not just concurrent engineering.
The framework introduced here defines at least three critical requirements for becoming innovative. The framework is based on the concept of concurrence, or simultaneity, whereby different functions, projects, and organizational units coordinate their innovation activities. This framework goes beyond concurrent engineering, which focuses on coordination across business functions, to include two other dimensions—concurrence within the portfolio of new and existing products and concurrence with respect to different institutional levels of managemnet.
Strategies for Product Variety: Lessons from the Auto Industry
Authors: Fisher Marshall , Jain Anjani , Macduffie John Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Driven by the market’s “pull” for increasingly differentiated products and by manufacturers’ “push” to seek finely targeted niche segments, the variety of products offered in most industries has increased steadily over the last several decades. The “pull” comes from customers who seem to reward companies that can offer high variety while matching the price and quality of competitors with narrower product lines. Modern marketing methods accelerate this trend by identifying once-obscure specifics of consumer preferences. As more companies compete internationally, product markets become more crowded and product differentiation more important, both to make a product stand out in a popular product category and to help tailor a product to niche markets. The “push” comes from new firm capabilities as the increased sophistication and declining price of flexible, programmable automation bring the opportunity for greater product variety within the grasp of many more companies.
Ideological Dissonance in the American Legal System
Authors: O’Barr William M , Conley John M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this essay, we present the results of a study of lay ideologies of law as revealed in the narratives told by small-claims litigants. Small-claims courts are the lowest civil courts in most American jurisdictions. They vary from state to state but are generally limited to hearing cases where the awards sought do not exceed a specified amount, usually $1,000 to $2,000. Litigants represent themselves in most instances, and some states actually prohibit lawyers from appearing in court.
Three Kinds of Subject Clitics in Basso Polesano and the Theory of pro
Authors: Poletto Cecilia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Subject clitics of the northern Italian dialects (NIDs) have been researched in a number of studies in the field of generative syntax, primarily because they seem to constitute a case of intermediate pro-drop, in which only some persons of the verb can have a null subject, while others need a subject clitic pronoun.
Jews in the Slave Trade
Authors: Davis David Brion 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Blame Jews for participating in the Atlantic slave trade is a bit like blaming Native Americans for contributing to the oil industry that now threatens the earth with atmospheric pollution and global warming. After eastern Indian tribes were expelled westward to Oklahoma, some members of the small Osage group profited from the immense reserves of oil discovered beneath their barren and seemingly unproductive land. In the early twentieth century, after tribal leaders distributed fabulous royalties to previously indigent Indians, oil riggers were soon outnumbered by swarms of white vultures including luxury car salesmen and fancy prostitutes. Money was so plentiful that, in addition to extravagant spending, Indian oil profits also led to the founding of the great Gilcrease Museum in Tulsa.
An F Position in Western Romance
Authors: Uriagereka Juan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is has been argued that functional categories other than C, I, and D exist. The Infl skeleton has been “split” into categories that include several Agr nodes, Tense, and Aspect; likewise, the Det skeleton has been argued to present various Agr nodes, Number, or a Possession node. Splitting the Comp skeleton has a long tradition. Reinhart’s (1979) analysis was based on the premise of two such nodes in certain languages, the origin of what is now commonly referred to as “CP recursion”. And again several nodes have been argued to correspond to the Comp skeleton, a matter I want to discuss here.
Particles
Authors: Dikken Marcel den 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Particles are words that do not change their form through inflection and do not fit easily into the established system of parts of speech. Examples include the negative particle “not,” the infinitival particle “to” (as in “to go”), and do and let in “do tell me” and “let’s go.” Particles investigates the constraints on the distribution and placement of verbal particles. A proper understanding of these constraints yields insight into the structure of various secondary predicative constructions. Starting out from a detailed analysis of complex particle constructions, den Dikken brings forth accounts of triadic constructions and Dative Shift, and the relationship between dative and transitive causative constructions--all of them built on the basic structural template proposed from complex particle constructions. Drawing on data from Norwegian, English, Dutch, German, West Flemish, and other languages, this book will interest a wide audience of students and specialists.
Theory of Organizational Knowledge Creation
Authors: Nonaka Ikujiro , Takeuchi Hirotaka 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapter, we saw that the distinctive approach of Western philosophy to knowledge has profoundly shaped the way organizational theorists treat knowledge. The Cartesian split be tween subject and object, the knower and the known, has given birth to a view of the organization as a mechanism for “information processing.” According to this view, an organization processes information from the external environment in order to adapt to new circumstances. Although this view has proven to be effective in explaining how organizations function, it has a fundamental limitation. From our perspective, it does not really explain innovation. When organizations innovate, they do not simply process information, from the outside in, in order to solve existing problems and adapt to a changing environment. They actually create new knowledge and information, from the inside out, in order to redefine both problems and solutions and, in the process, to re-create their environment.
Language and National Development
Authors: Ferguson Charles A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Twenty years ago an international, interdisciplinary conference on language and national development was held at the Airlie House conference center in Warrenton, Virginia, under the sponsorship of the Social Science Research Council (USA). One of the results of that conference was the volume edited by Fishman and colleagues, Language Problems of Developing Nations, published in 1968. Although there has been a considerable number of research and policy initiatives in this general area during the succeeding years, no international conference of comparable scope has been held and no comparable volume has appeared. Accordingly, one of the purposes of the Hyderabad conference is to assess the progress made since the Airlie House conference. India, which has been the site of an impressive amount of research and policy implementation with respect to language issues in national development, provides an ideal venue for the successor conference, and as one of the “sociolinguistic giants” provides an excellent exemplar through which we can examine the general issues and explanatory principles.
Tails that Wag Dogs: The Influence of Software-based “Network Externalities” on the Creation of Dominant, Designs in RISC Technologies
Authors: Khazam Jonathan , Mowery David C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Innovation in the computer workstation hardware and software industry has been rapid since the development of workstations in the early 1980s. Workstations based on reduced-instruction-set computing (RISC) microprocessors recently have challenged (and in some cases have overtaken) those designed around complex-instruction-set computing (CISC) processors. This chapter explores the history and development of RISC and the commercialization strategies of Sun Microsystems, the former MIPS Computer Systems, and other producers of microprocessors and workstations.
A Comparative Look at Property Rights and the Software Industry
Authors: Merges Robert P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The growing importance of intellectual property rights affects many industries. The questions raised by strengthening rights, and the increase in enforcement actions this brings, are not restricted to any industry in particular. But the questions seem especially acute in some industries-those in which the policies sought to be furthered by strengthening rights are most in doubt. For a variety of reasons, the software industry is one of these. There is one well-known reason why intellectual property policy affects the software industry so much: because of the nature of software, firms cannot appropriate much of the benefit of product innovation without some form of legal protection. 1 Even with relatively strong legal protection, outright piracy still skims off several billion dollars in revenues in the United States alone.