bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sectionalism and the Rise of Denominations
Authors: Schweiger Beth Barton 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On a March day in 1852, the Reverend Noah Baldwin recorded his doubts about a deed he had accomplished the day before. Noah and Nancy McMillan Baldwin were twelve years married and living in the mountains of southwest Virginia when they bought James Martin. At thirty-five, Baldwin had been preaching for the duration of his marriage in a church he described as a “feeble band, numbering at the aggregate 14, most of whom are in the country and all of us in moderate circumstances, so far as worldly goods is concern ed.”
A Call to Order
Authors: Schweiger Beth Barton 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the end of the nineteenth century, denominational agencies cast so long a shadow over religious life that some pastors felt obliged to defend the very existence of the local church. “I believe in the local church with all my heart,” Dr. B. C. Henning wrote, “but [for a] church to fence herself in and seek all for her separate ends is the surest way to spiritual death.” These “simple agencies of the New Testament” had lost their “primitive power” and appeared almost obsolete. They seemed spiritually dead, provincial, and out moded.
The Character of God
Authors: Jenkins Thomas E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Educated people have become bereft of sophisticated ways to develop their religious inclinations. A major reason for this is that theology has become vague and dull. In The Character of God, author Thomas E. Jenkins maintains that Protestant theology became boring by the late nineteenth century because the depictions of God as a character in theology became boring. He shows how in the early nineteenth century, American Protestant theologians downplayed biblical depictions of God’s emotional complexity and refashioned his character according to their own notions, stressing emotional singularity. These notions came from many sources, but the major influences were the neoclassical and sentimental literary styles of characterization dominant at the time. The serene benevolence of neoclassicism and the tender sympathy of sentimentalism may have made God appealing in the mid-1800s, but by the end of the century, these styles had lost much of their cultural power and increasingly came to seem flat and vague. Despite this, both liberal and conservative theologians clung to these characterizations of God throughout the twentieth century. Jenkins argues that a way out of this impasse can be found in romanticism, the literary style of characterization that supplanted neoclassicism and sentimentalism and dominated American literary culture throughout the twentieth century. Romanticism emphasized emotional complexity and resonated with biblical depictions of God. A few maverick religious writers—such as Harriet Beecher Stowe, W. G. T. Shedd, and Horace Bushnell—did devise emotionally complex characterizations of God and in some cases drew directly from romanticism. But their strange and sometimes shocking depictions of God were largely forgotten in the twentieth century. s use “theological” as a pejorative term, implying that an argument is needlessly Jenkins urges a reassessment of their work and a greaterin understanding of the relationship between theology and literature. Recovering the lost literary power of American Protestantism, he claims, will make the character of God more compelling and help modern readers appreciate the peculiar power of the biblical characterization of God.
The Limitations of Political Theology
Authors: Jenkins Thomas E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the second half of the twentieth century, God was being swallowed up into history and disappearing as a distinctive character in cosmopolitan theology. The most sensational reflection on this trend was Harvey Cox’s 1965 work, The Secular City. Cox concluded his book by reflecting on Exodus 3:14. Eighty years earlier, the most Theodore Munger had been able to pick out of this verse was the personal identity implied in the word “I.” Now, even this was dropped. So little did God’s character signify that emphasis shifted to the verb.
The Influence of Family, Church, and Association Personal Perspectives on the Revival
Authors: Long Kathryn Teresa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE PRESS REPORTS and popular histories provided the narratives and pro moted the images that gave the Revival of r 857-58 its public and historical identity. As with other events and ideas in a culture profoundly shaped by the printed page, the awakening gained significance when it appeared in print. Yet the standard story of businessmen at prayer was, as noted earlier, a selective account and also surprisingly impersonal. With the exception of Jeremiah Lanphier, Orville Gardner, and, later, D. L. Moody, specific individuals rarely were associated with the revival. Published reports seldom identified the people featured in the many stories of answered prayer or of conversion. In part, this reflected the anonymity of mass urban revivals. Apart from the celebrity and human interest stories, the news of this awakening centered around the magnitude of its collective appeal, particularly to men: around the reports of thousands crowding downtown halls and churches to pray. In addition, to clergy historians anonymity validated the revival’s genuineness and supernatural character. “No name, except the name that is above every name,” they insisted.
Tenacious of Their Liberties
Authors: Cooper James F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This study approaches the Puritan experience in church government from the perspective of both the pew and the pulpit. For the past ten years, James Cooper has immersed himself in local manuscript church records. These previously untapped documents provide a fascinating glimpse of lay-clerical relations in colonial Massachusetts, and reveal that ordinary churchgoers shaped the development of Congregational practices as mych as the clerical and elite personages who for so long have populated histories of the period. Cooper’s new findings both challenge existing models of church hierarchy and offer a new dimension to our understanding of the origins of New England democracy.
The Great Awakening and the Privatization of Piety
Authors: Cooper James F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Plumer accused the clergyman of failing to “bear a proper Testimony against such as oppose” the Awakening, a clear “Work of Gods Grace.” “I don’t remember Sir,” he informed his pastor, “that you ever so much as gave Thanks for Such an Unspeakable Favor to the World as Mr. Whitefield.” Another dissenter, Samuel Adams, explained that “it does not please the great God to edify my Soul” under Parsons’s ministry. A third, one Joshua Boynton, objected to the church’s reservations toward itinerant preachers, whom he “look[ed] upon as Ministers of Christ Authorized by his Spirit to preach the Everlasting Gospel of his Grace.”
Fruit From the Dead
Authors: Nabokov Isabelle 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By now the reader may have gathered that Tamil initiatory and ritual experiences mostly serve to dissociate people from social and personal identities. We have had ample warrant for such an impression. The camis visions of the goddess led them to withdraw from mainstream society and their families. Many of them, in turn, were quick to prescribe “funerals ” of debilitating relationships for their clientele. While the ultimate objective of exorcisms may be seen to reunite “possessed ” women with their husbands, these reconciliations actually entailed suppressing or “beheading ” an inner personality. And while possession by one’s untimely dead does not call for any kind of “removal. ” this is because a more finite separationdeath-has already happened. No wonder it can appear that Tamil religious practices lean toward effecting what Luc de Heusch calls “disjunctions ” (1981). But this is only one side of the Tamil cosmological picture and its mechanisms and motivations. Its other “face ” is expressed through rituals that incorporate participants into a generational sequence and network of forebears, descendants, and relatives. This body of “conjunctive ” rites stands in isomorphic opposition to diagnostic seances, “removals, ” and exorcisms. A mirrored symbolic vocabulary and identical patterning of actions here are employed to forge a continuity of experience and identity instead of the reverse. Yet, at every crucial step the overlaps and repetitions in these ritual processes are consistent with my deeper conclusion that, above all, Tamil religion works to transform the “inner ” self. The difference is that whereas disjunctive practices objectify the “healthy ” person as separated from unrelated others (be they “commanding ” or alien personalities) conjunctive rituals “prescribe ” mingling or even expanding the self into other connected selves. Before entering this new world of ritual transactions, I might set the tone for the chapters to come by recounting one more diagnostic seance by a recruit of the goddess-a seance of some contrast to those we have witnessed before. It was performed by one of those specialists who could “see ” and embody the spirits of her clients’ dead relatives.1 While this female practitioner did not actually carry out the “fruits ” she recommended.
When Parents are Unsuitable Brides
Authors: Nabokov Isabelle 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have just seen that the investiture of the family deity climaxes with the crowning of the groom with the flowerpot. Comparison of this ritual with the exorcism has allowed us to discern that this crucial sequence enacts a symbolic “recapitation ”: dead parents, heads of the family, are affixed to the groom’s body in proper conjunction. It is critical to never forget, however, that despite the tidy, depersonalized framework offered in the last chapter, whatever relevant representations this investiture might encode for any given body of participants are constructed on the spot, during actual performances. Ritual meanings do not exist independently of specific people’s actions and agendas. They are created, recreated, or modified in the course of any given ceremonial process. The cosmology that is articulated through any of these “decoding ” seances, countersorcery rituals, exorcisms, and instances of spirit possession has neither reality nor efficacy apart from social and personal investments. Most especially is this the case for the investiture of household deities, whose success, as we have seen, is held to depend upon the “love ” and “affection ” of the family. The question, then, is do participants themselves arrive at the meanings which are suggested by the comparative approach we have just read?
From Feast To Self-Sacrifice
Authors: Nabokov Isabelle 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By concentrating on religious experiences that concern individuals, couples, or families, this essay has remained within the confines of the particular, the private, and the domestic. This focus made me aware that the symbolism of marriage (and its counterpart divorce) threaded through much of Tamil religion. But as the preceding chapters suggest, marriage is generally employed for transforming a situation of disunion [usually: absence or death] into one of lasting or surviving intimacy between goddesses and male initiates, for example, or dead and living kin. For effecting “crossings ” with gods and others who are already connected with one’s self, Tamil religion offers another model: sacrifice. In exploring the transformations that result from sacrifice, these final chapters will take us outside the ritual practices that are bounded by individuals and their households. This is because sacrifice is not a private endeavor but always a collective one. Accordingly, the remaining pages of this book expand into the realm of lineal worship, which might be seen as the next tier of religious activities, falling somewhere between rites of the domicile and married families and those of village temple worship. For in rural Tamilnadu a key ceremony for descent groups is their sacrificial offering to the lineage deity (kulam tevam), in which all lineage members must have a “share ” (pariku).
Relationship With the Mendicants
Authors: McEvoy James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The relationship of Grosseteste with the two mendicant orders of Dominicans and Franciscans, and especially with the latter, is an obligatory chapter in even the briefest life of the bishop.
When Grosseteste’s friendship with the friars is mentioned, people think in the first place of the Franciscans and forget too easily his friendships with Jordan of Saxony, O.P. (the successor of St. Dominic), John of St. Giles, O.P., whom he wanted at his side at Lincoln, and Robert Bacon, his theological colleague at Oxford who joined the Dominicans. As bishop, Grosseteste had both Dominicans and Franciscans living at the palace at Lincoln. The Br. Hubert (otherwise unknown) who wrote a Latin verse lament for him during the vacancy following his death was probably one of the former. He regarded the late bishop as a saint. The following short extract portrays the relationship between the friars and their episcopal patron.
The Earliest Franciscan Masters at Oxford
Authors: McEvoy James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We are fortunate in being able to follow quite closely the development of one of the early Oxford schools of theology, that belonging to the Franciscan Order, and to record something of the debt it owed to its first master. Although the chronicler Thomas of Eccleston, O.F.M., was not himself a scholar, he devoted particular attention to the place held by studies within the life of the English Province, from the arrival of the first friars up to the time (ca. 1258) when his narrative ends. Nine Franciscans landed at Dover on IO September 1224, at a time when St. Francis himself was still alive. The founder of the order had appointed as the minister for England Fr. Agnellus of Pisa, formerly guardian of the Paris house. Before the end of October two of the nine, Richard of lngworth and Richard of Devon, were staying with the Dominicans at Oxford. They rented a house, which rapidly became too small as students and bachelors joined the movement. A larger house was bought for them, and near it Agnellus of Pisa had a school built. Agnellus made the decision to invite Grosseteste to lecture rather than any of the friar theologians he might have requested. Under him, Eccleston proudly records, “within a short time they made incalculable progress both in scholastic discussions [in questionibus] and in subtle moralities suitable for preaching.”
Aseneth and the Adjuration of Angels
Authors: Wolff Christian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the later antique Mediterranean world, belief in the possibility, if not the probability, of encounters between humans and divine beings was widespread. These beliefs testify to a cosmology in which the heavens are populated with numerous lesser divine beings who limit human access to the highest divinity. Such cosmology corresponds closely to the political realities of the period, in which increasingly complex government bureaucracies, both local and Roman, distanced virtually everyone from kings and emperors. Whether our sources are formulas for compelling the appearance of suprahuman beings or narratives of such experiences, encounters with lesser divine beings are typical whereas encounters with the highest God are rarer and require considerable effort and expense, analogous again to the political realities.
The Israelite Messiahs
Authors: Nazareth Jesus of , Kosiba Shim’on bar , Forerunners Their 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The postbiblical usage of the word “messiah” connects the messiah with the end of time and its mysteries. It is associated with reinterpretations of biblical verses and certain literary works, such as the Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha, the Qumran material, and rabbinic doctrines as they appear in the early literature or in the canon of the New Testament.1 Sacrificing a present throne, the messiah now gains a distant one instead, ultimately (by the middle of the second century BCE) one in Heaven at the end of this era. The messiah of the apocalypse is essentially a fantasy, never to come true in this world or in this time except through God’s will and effort.
The Messiahs Of The Inquisition
Authors: Reubeni David , Molkho Shlomo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After the twelfth century, the stage of Jewish messianic activity shifted from the Islamic east to the northern Mediterranean to Spain, where Jewish communities experienced freedom and oppression intermittently as the fortunes of the dominant powers of Christianity and Islam rose and fell. The first section of this chapter will trace the rise of Jewish mysticism in this period, the development of crypto-Judaism (converting to Islam or Christianity while secretly maintaining Jewish practices), and the effect both of these had on Jewish messianism and messiahs.
The Messiah Of Izmir
Authors: Zvi Shabtai 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the seventeenth century, outside the land of Israel, Jewish messianic contenders again began to proliferate. This chapter focuses on the first and foremost of these, Shabtai Zvi, who attained a higher level of fame and influence than had any Jewish messiah since Jesus. Zvi was a student of the Lurianic Kabbalah; his own revolutionary view of cosmic repair turned legal and normative behavior on its head. Others, seeking to abide by his teachings engaged in acts that ranged from ascetic to antinomian. Zvi saw himself as a sultan rather than a military leader, but this posture was real only in his imagination.
The Polish Messiahs
Authors: Frank Yakov , Ewa His Daughter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the century after Shabtai Zvi’s death, many continued to adhere to Shab bateanism, and many figures claimed to have inherited Zvi’s messianic soul. This chapter first summarizes the careers of Zvi’s successors. It then focuses on one of these, Yakov Frank, concerning whom we have more primary material by far than is available for any other Jewish messiah. Frank’s antinomianism encompassed his conversions to both Islam and Catholicism and his elevation of himself, a fearless and physically powerful figure but uneducated and disdainful of religious traditions, above the Jewish rabbinic elite.
The Tzaddik Of Hasidism
Authors: Lenowitz Harris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The multiplication of messiahs stirred by or associated with Shabbateanism is at least partially responsible for the proliferation of messiahs and prophets in Hasidism, which first arose in the eighteenth century in eastern Europe and has continued until the present, its followers still wearing the clothing of that period, and thought of today as members of ultraorthodox Jewry. This chapter examines the connection between Shabbateanism/Frankism and Hasidism and then focuses on four important hasidic figures who either were considered to be the messiah or closely resembled messianic figures.
The Devil’s Mousetrap
Authors: Munk Linda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Saint Augustine’s phrase “Muscipula Diaboli” (the Devil’s mousetrap) is cited by the distinguished art historian Meyer Schapiro in an essay published in 1945: “‘Muscipula Diaboli,’ The Symbolism of the Merode Altarpiece.” In the right wing of the triptych (by the Master of Flemalle, Robert Campin), Joseph, the husband of Mary, is portrayed as an artisan who fashions intricate wooden mousetraps. “Not only is the presence of Joseph in the context of the Annunciation exceptional in Christian art,” Schapiro writes, “we are surprised also that his craft of carpentry should be applied to something so piquant and marginal in métier.”
The Enigma of the Oceanic Feeling
Authors: Parsons William b. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Freud begins Civilization and Its Discontents by referring to a friend of his whom he thought to be a great man, one of the “exceptional few” who eschewed “false standards of measurement” such as wealth and power and knew what was of “true value in life” and whose greatness rested on “attributes and achievements which are completely foreign to the aims and ideals of the multitude.” The “friend” was, of course, Romain Rolland.1 Freud then went on to describe how he had received a letter from Rolland, dated December 5, 1927, in response to The Future of an Illusion. Rolland “entirely agreed” with his analysis of the “common-man’s” religion but pointed out that Freud neglected to treat the true source of religious sentiments.
States of Desire
Authors: Mahaffey Vicki 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mahaffey’s fascinating study shows how the writings of Wilde, Yeats, and Joyce are politically subversive in the most local and dangerous sense of the term: they aim to take apart the assumptions and verbal practices that make dominance possible. Each writer developed an experimental style out of the struggle with his national heritage, but each also had to come to terms with passionate ideals of his own that for a time impeded or denied the versatility of his writing.
Tradition as a Liturgical Act
Authors: Wainwright Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“LE PRINCIPAL INSTRUMENT DE LA TRADITION DE L1EGLISE,” WROTE BISHOP J.B. Bossuet of Meaux (1627-1704), “est renferme dans ses prieres.” Whereas there is obvious truth to Bossuet’s thesis that the liturgy is the principal instrument of the church’s Tradition, I wish to suggest that the obvious truth rests on a deeper truth that is discovered only when the thesis is turned around. Bossuet’s formulation makes it appear thatthere has always already existed a substantive Tradition which the continuing liturgy subserviently hands on to the future; liturgy is thereby adjectival to Tradition, or even a mere locus theologicus from which doctrines may be proven. Thus Bossuet went on: “The solemn conclusion of all the church’s prayers ‘through Jesus Christ,’ and ‘in the unity of the Holy Spirit,’ shows the necessity of express faith in the Trinity, in the incarnation, and in the mediation of the Son of God.
Eucharist and/as Ethics
Authors: Wainwright Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
suggests that our topic is full of both problems and positive potential. Take first “eucharist as ethics.” The danger is that we shall see the eucharist as a duty more than as a delight. Or in historic Lutheran terms: we may succumb to works-righteousness if, with the medieval west, we place worship or religion under moral theology and view the liturgy as a “cultus debitus,” the payment of what we owe to God. Nevertheless, that is a risk I believe we are obliged to take; and fortunately the Lutheran tradition contains a feature that helps correct our course: I mean the understanding of “ethics as eucharist,” though here in turn we shall have to be on our guard against dissolving the concreteness of the ethical demand into a mere doxological intention. The first half of this study, then, will be divided into two: “eucharist as ethics” and “ethics as eucharist.”
The Story of the Siloam Tunnel
Authors: Parker Simon B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Toward the end of the eighth century BCE (if 2 Kgs 20:20 is to be believed), a tunnel was constructed from the Gihon spring, outside the east wall of Jerusalem, through the rock under the eastern hill to a pool on the southwestern side of the hill. Dan Gill, an Israeli geologist, has recently demonstrated that the tunnel followed the course of a fissure that was part of a larger karstic system of fissures, caves, and sinkholes in the limestone and dolomite of the hill (1991; 1994). While this tunnel was only one of several engineering projects undertaken over the centuries to provide water for different pools in the southern part of the ancient city,1 it was certainly the most ambitious and impressive, involving excavation underground for a distance of about 533 meters (1,748 feet). In comparison, the Siloam channel, running along the western slope of the Kidron Valley, was about