bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hepatic Bile Salt Sulfotransferases in the Rat
Authors: Kane Robert E. , Chen Lee J. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryBile salt sulfotransferase (BSS) activity for the fetal bile acid, 3β‐hydroxy‐5‐cholenoate, was first detected in the fetus at 18–19 days of gestation and was twofold greater than for glycolithocholate. The near‐term (20–21 days of gestation) and newborn pup BSS activity was only 5–10% of that in maternal liver. The 3β‐hy‐droxy‐5‐cholenoate sulfotransferase activity rose by the second day of life to levels observed in the mature male, and to activities greater than the mature female by the time of weaning at 3 weeks of age. Sex differences in 3β‐hydroxy‐5‐cholenoate sulfotransferase activity developed during adolescence (28–35 days of age), resulting in fivefold greater activity in the mature female compared with the male. Two isoenzyme activities (BSS I and BSS II) were identified in both sexes during development by DEAE‐Sephadex A‐50 ion‐exchange chromatography of liver cytosol. In the fetal and newborn liver, only one isoenzyme activity was distinctly identified for both monohydroxy bile acids, corresponding to BSS I in older rats. After the first week of life, both BSS I and BSS II exhibited activity like glycolithocholate, but only one peak of activity was identified for 3β‐hydroxy‐5‐cholenoate, corresponding to BSS I. The 3β‐hydroxy‐5‐cholenoate sulfotransferase activity in the mature male was only 20% of the mature female because of a decline in BSS I activity in the male during adolescence. BSS I and II were further purified by taurocholate‐Sepharose 4B chromatography. BSS I had a low affinity toward taurocholate passing through the column, whereas BSS II was absorbed and could be eluted from the column with 0.2 M NaCl. BSS I had four times the activity for 3β‐hydroxy‐5‐cholenoate vs. glycolithocholate, whereas the relative activity of BSS II for 3β‐hydroxy‐5‐cholenoate was only 6% of that for glycolithocholate. BSS I was completely inhibited by 0.1 m M 3‐ketolithocholate, whereas BSS II activity was inhibited only 13%. BSS I activity was enhanced by Co2+ and Zn2+, whereas BSS II activity was inhibited by these divalent ions. We concluded that the monohydroxy bile acids were sulfated by two distinct isoenzymes that could be separated by taurocholate‐Sepharose 4B chromatography. 3β‐Hydroxy‐5‐choleno‐ate was sulfated by BSS I, an isoenzyme regulated by gonadal hormones, which appeared to explain the marked sex differences in 3β‐hydroxy‐5‐cholenoate sulfotransferase activities in mature rats.
Steroid Therapy and Duodenal Ulcer in Infants
Authors: Wolf Yehuda G. , Reyna Troy , Schropp Kurt P. , Harmel Richard P. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryTwo infants with acute life‐threatening complications of duodenal ulcer following steroid administration are described. Although the possible association between steroid therapy and peptic ulcer disease is well known, the need for ulcer prophylaxis during such therapy in infants is not unanimously accepted. The case for ulcer prophylaxis in this setting is presented.
Hypereosinophilic Syndrome in Childhood Appearing as Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Falade A. G. , Darbyshire P. J. , Raafat F. , Booth I. W. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryA 7‐year‐old girl with hypereosinophilic syndrome is described, the first such patient to present with inflammatory bowel disease. Hepatosplenomegaly, anaemia, and hypergammaglobulinaemia were also prominent features. Colonoscopy revealed a frank colitis of nonspecific histologic appearance. An elemental diet was unhelpful, but there was a prompt clinical and partial haematological response to systemic steroids. She has remained well receiving a small maintenance dose of prednisolone for 3 years.
Fibroinflammatory Tumor of the Liver Causing Biliary Cirrhosis in an Infant
Authors: Alonso Estella M. , Zdunek Teresita M. , Brown Marilyn R. , Yousefzadeh David K. , Whitington Peter F. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryWe report the case of a 21‐month‐old child with a fibroinflammatory tumor of the liver causing biliary obstruction. The patient had fever, diarrhea, and jaundice. Abdominal ultrasonography, computerized tomography, and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography demonstrated the tumor to be in the porta hepatis. Growth of the mass resulted in destruction of the common hepatic duct, and chronic obstruction led to biliary cirrhosis over 4 months' time. Histologic study of the tumor revealed a fibrous stroma infiltrated by inflammatory cells. The patient was successfully treated with an orthotopic liver transplantation and is doing well 18 months following initial diagnosis without evidence of recurrence.
Neopterin as a Marker of C Hepatitis in Thalassaemia Major
Authors: Leonardi S. , Avola E. , Sciacca A. , Di Gregorio F. , Musumeci S. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryThe authors studied serum neopterin in 106 patients with β thalassaemia major. A good correlation was found between neopterin values and glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) mean values of the last 6 months, whereas no correlation was found between neopterin values and some siderosis indexes (iron/body weight, total accumulated iron). A statistically significant correlation was found between neopterin values (>10 nM/L vs. < 10 nM/L) and histological liver findings (chronic hepatitis vs. siderosis). Neopterin values were also statistically different between splenectomized and not splenectomized patients. Moreover serum neopterin was higher in HCV‐Ab positive than in HCV‐Ab negative patients, and 91.6% of the HCV‐Ab positive group also showed histological signs of chronic hepatitis. These data suggest that increased serum neopterin might help to identify chronic C hepatitis in thalassaemic patients.
Severe Infantile Colic and Food Intolerance
Authors: Iacono Giuseppe , Carroccio Antomio , Montalto Giuseppe , Cavataio Francesca , Bragion Elisabetta , Lorello Domenico , Balsamo Vincenzo , Notarbartolo Alberto 
Published: January 2024

SummaryTo determine the relationship between infantile colic and cow's milk protein intolerance (CMPI) in formula‐fed infants, 70 infants (38 male, 32 female) were selected, with mean age 30.2 ± 21.4 days, with severe colic (duration of crying >4 h per day for 5 days per week). In 50 of the infants in the study group (71.4%) there was a remission of symptoms when cow's milk protein (CMP) was eliminated from the diet. Two successive challenges caused the return of symptoms in all these 50 infants. There was a positive anamnesis for atopy in 9 of 50 of the patients with CMP‐related colic and in 1 of 20 of those with non‐CMP‐related colic (p > 0.05). A follow‐up period of 18 months' mean duration showed that 22 of 50 (44%) of the infants with CMP‐related colic and 1 of 20 (5%) of those with non‐CMP‐related colic developed an overt alimentary intolerance (p < 0.02). We conclude that a considerable percentage of the infants with severe colic also have CMPI and that in these cases, dietetic treatment should be the first therapeutic approach
Clinical Trial of Modified Whole Milk, Lactose‐Hydrolyzed Whole Milk, or Cereal‐Milk Mixtures for the Dietary Management of Acute Childhood Diarrhea
Authors: Brown Kenneth H. , Perez Fernando , Gastañaduy Arturo S. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryA randomized, double‐masked clinical trial was completed to compare the effects of four dietary regimens for the nutritional management of 116 Peruvian children between 3 and 24 months of age with acute diarrhea. Diets consisted of a modified whole milk formula (group M), a lactose‐hydrolyzed milk formula (HM), wheat noodles and whole milk (N‐M), or wheat noodles and lactose‐hydrolyzed whole milk (N‐HM), all offered in amounts up to 55 kcal/kg body weight/day for the first 2 days of treatment and up to 110 kcal/kg/day for 4 days thereafter. The clinical characteristics of the patients in each group were similar initially. Treatment failure rates in the two milk groups combined (M = 14.3%, HM = 20.0%) were greater than in the two noodle‐milk groups combined (N‐M = 3.4%, N‐HM = 3.4%), p = 0.03. The average stool outputs by children in both M groups (range 40–66 g/kg body weight per day on all study days) were consistently greater than those by children in both N‐M groups (range 29–50 g/kg/day). The differences by dietary group were statistically significant on days 3 and 4 (p < 0.04, analysis of variance). The estimated median durations of illness [and 95% confidence limits (CL)] in each milk group (M = 138 h, CL: 88–214; HM = 113 h, CL: 75–170) were significantly greater than in each noodle‐milk group (N‐M = 52 h, CL: 35–76; N‐HM = 67 h, CL: 45–100), p < 0.001–0.071. In this group of patients, noodle‐milk mixtures produced fewer treatment failures, lower fecal outputs, and shorter durations of diarrhea than did milk alone, regardless of the lactose contents of the respective milks or mixed diets. Small differences in intestinal absorption and changes in body weight by dietary group that were identified were of minor clinical importance during the short duration of study. Thus, the noodle‐milk diets employed during this study were safer than the milk diets for the dietary management of children with acute diarrhea.
Mucosal Immune Activation and Maturation of the Small Intestine at Weaning in the Hypothymic (Nude) Rat
Authors: Cummins A. G. , Thompson F. M. , Mayrhofer G. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryActivation of the mucosal immune system peaks at weaning on days 21 and 22 of life in the rat. We have investigated activation in the gut associated lymphoid tissue and maturation of intestinal mucosa in hypothymic (nude) and in phenotypically normal heterozygous CBH rats at 22 days of life. Intestinal maturation, as assessed by villus area, crypt length, crypt cell production rate and disaccharidase activity, was similar in hypothymic and normal rats, and indices of mucosal immune function were elevated in both groups at this time. The proportion of mononuclear cells from the mesenteric lymph node expressing IL‐2R was 11% in heterozygous and 14% in hypothymic rats as determined by flow cytometry. Immunoperoxidase staining of MLN sections confirmed the presence of IL‐2R+ cells in the T‐dependent interfollicular areas. However, the number of T‐cells was considerably depleted in hypothymic rats. Intraepithelial lymphocyte counts and serum rat mucosal mast cell protease II concentrations were similar in the two groups, while counts of jejunal mucosal mast cells and eosinophils were paradoxically increased in hypothymic animals. As T lymphocyte function is thought to be impaired in hypothymic rats, the intact mucosal immune activity in hypothymic rats could be due to activation of intrinsic “thymic independent” T lymphocytes in hypothymic rats, or to engraftment with extrinsic maternal milk‐derived lymphocytes and their activation in the infant rat gut.
Pitfall in Diagnosis of Crohn's Disease in a Cystic Fibrosis Patient
Authors: Lerner Aaron , Gal Nahum , Mares Abraham J. , Maor Esther , Iancu Theodore C. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryCystic fibrosis (CF) and Crohn's disease may both present as failure to thrive and recurrent intestinal obstruction. Proper treatment and adequate nutrition may reverse these manifestations and improve the patient's quality of life. We describe a girl with CF who, despite appropriate management, failed to grow and had several episodes of bowel obstruction. After the additional diagnosis of Crohn's disease was reached, the patient improved on antiinflammatory and nutritional therapy. This patient illustrates the pitfall in the diagnosis of Crohn's disease in a CF patient due to the clinical overlap between the two conditions. We suggest that therapeutic failure in a chronic disease justifies additional diagnostic efforts resulting in a completion of diagnosis and significant changes in management.
Nutritional Issues in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Seidman E. , LeLeiko N. , Ament M. , Berman W. , Caplan D. , Evans J. , Kocoshis S. , Lake A. , Motil K. , Sutphen J. , Thomas D. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryMalnutrition, characterized by weight loss, growth failure and micronutrient depletion, are prominent features of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in the pediatric age group. Accurate evaluation of the patient's nutritional status and appropriate nutritional support, whether enteral or parenteral, constitute integral parts of the management of the growing child with IBD. Over the past two decades, a number of studies have supported the potential use of nutritional therapy to induce remission and to control disease activity in symptomatic Crohn's disease. More recently, preliminary studies on the use of dietary supplements of marine‐oil‐derived omega‐3 fatty acids have also indicated a beneficial effect in IBD patients. In parallel with these clinical trials, scientific research has recently focused on the concept that specific dietary alterations can modulate the immune response. Components of the diet that may have particular relevance to mucosal immunity and the pathogenesis of IBD include polyunsaturated fatty acids, nucleotides, and amino acids such as glutamine and arginine. Future research in the interactions between specific nutrients and the immune system will likely increase our understanding of the causes of IBD, as well as enhance the development of novel nutritional therapies for IBD patients.
Alkaline Gastroesophageal Reflux in Infancy
Authors: Vandenplas Yvan , Loeb Helmuth 
Published: January 2024

SummaryAlkaline gastroesophageal reflux is a rare disorder, although it has been suggested as a cause of esoph‐agitis. However, up to now, there exists no unequivocally accepted diagnostic method for alkaline reflux that can be routinely applied. “Normal ranges” of episodes of pH greater than 7.0–7.5 in asymptomatic as well as in symptomatic infants are proposed. In the asymptomatic infants (n = 83), the mean percentage of time the pH was > 7.0 was 1.3 ± 2.6, and the number of episodes in 24 h with a pH > 7.0 was 10.4 ± 16.4. In the symptomatic group (n = 60), including infants with chronic vomiting, the mean percentage of time the pH was greater than 7.0 was 0.15 ± 0.5, and the number of episodes with a pH greater than 7.0 was 2.8 ± 5.5. In all but six infants the percentage of time the pH was greater than 7.5 was less than 0.1. In three of four of these infants (endoscopy was refused by two parents) whose conditions exceeded the cut‐off limits, there was a histologically proven esophagitis. To evaluate the proposed “normal” ranges for episodes of pH greater than 7.0 and 7.5, 200 symptomatic children were included in a prospective study. Symptoms were repetitive vomiting (n = 110), excessive crying (n = 53), and chronic respiratory disease (n = 37). Esophagoscopy was performed in 18 babies (9%) because pH monitoring data exceeded the proposed limits for the percentage of time the pH was greater than 7.0. The percentage of time the pH was greater than 7.5 was increased in 13 (6.5%) infants. Esophagitis was proven by histologic study in nine infants (4.5% of the total group): in three of nine, reflux was “mixed” (acid and alkaline); in six of nine, reflux was alkaline. If data exceed the proposed limits of episodes with a pH greater than 7.5, alkaline reflux is likely to occur and should be further investigated (e.g., by double esophageal or combined gastric and esophageal pH monitoring) to confirm the diagnosis of alkaline reflux.
Impaired Intestinal Function in Symptomatic HIV Infection
Authors: Guarino A. , Tarallo L. , Guandalini S. , Troncone R. , Albano F. , Rubino A. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryA longitudinal (10–22‐month) evaluation of intestinal symptoms and function was performed in five children with symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. All received cotrimoxazole, ketocon‐azole, and immunoglobulins. A search for enteric pathogens and intestinal function tests were repeatedly performed in all patients. Mild episodes of diarrhea were observed in two children. One had cow's milk protein intolerance. Giardia lamblia was found in an asymptomatic carrier. Evidence for impaired intestinal function was found in all patients. These consisted of positive D‐xylose and iron oral loads, increased steatorrhea, increased fecal excretion of α1antitrypsin, abnormal intestinal permeability, and increased food antibody levels. Our results suggest that severe diarrhea may be uncommon in children with HIV infection receiving antimicrobial prophylaxis, but that the intestinal function is frequently, and often markedly, impaired.
Effect of Cholesterol Deprivation on Piglet Small Intestine and Serum Lipids
Authors: Engelhardt Elizabeth L. , Sankar Mira , Wu‐Wang Chi Ying , Thomas M. Rita , Walker W. Randy , Neu Josef 
Published: January 2024

SummaryUsing the neonatal piglet, the effects of dietary cholesterol deprivation on growth, intestinal enzyme activity, intestinal and hepatic 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl‐coenzyme A reductase (HMG‐CoA reductase), and serum lipid were studied. Six litters of piglets were randomly assigned to one of two feeding regimens: restricted (800 ml of formula//24 h) versus unrestricted (1,200 ml of formula/24 h). Within litters, piglets were separated by sex, then randomly assigned to a formula containing low cholesterol (<2 mg/dl) or high cholesterol (145 mg/dl). Piglets were fed for 2 weeks. Male piglets in the restricted low cholesterol group gained significantly less weight per milliliter of formula than the restricted high cholesterol males. No effect was observed in the females. Microvillus membrane lactase activity was greater in males fed a high versus low cholesterol diet. Intestinal and hepatic HMG‐CoA reductase activities and serum lipid profiles showed a trend toward compensation for dietary cholesterol deprivation but did not differ statistically between the cholesterol‐fed versus ‐deprived groups. It is concluded that dietary cholesterol deprivation in the male neonatal pig causes alterations in growth, but no other statistically significant responses were detectable in this study
Nondairy‐Creamer‐Induced Kwashiorkor
Authors: Catto‐Smith Anthony G. , Barr Cameron , Fagan Joel E. , Parsons Howard G. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryFailure to thrive may not be a result of organ disease, physical abuse, or intentional neglect. We describe an infant who developed kwashiorkor with a high‐fat, low‐protein, nondairy coffee creamer diet. The elimination diet was administered on the advice of a family friend for a facial rash. The child presented at 10 months of age with decreased weight for height, rash, hepatomegaly, edema, hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia, anemia, hypoglycemia, and evidence of hepatic sequestration of lipids. A rapid recovery of biochemical abnormalities was evident on reinstitution of a full diet. An intellectual assessment at age 5 years showed normal results
A Pattern of Breath Hydrogen Excretion Suggesting Small Bowel Bacterial Overgrowth in Burmese Village Children
Authors: Pereira Stephen P. , Khin‐Maung‐U  , Bolin Terry D. , Duncombe Vic M. , Nyunt‐Nyunt‐Wai  , Myo‐Khin  , Linklater James M. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryBreath hydrogen tests (BHTs) were performed on 340 Burmese village children aged 1–59 months. Normalization (correction of breath H2 values to a constant mean O2 level) eliminated the variations in H2 levels due to sleep, storage temperature, or duration of storage. After a 10 g lactulose test meal, 145 (42.6%) children produced <10 ppm H2 above basal values (non‐H2 producers). Of 195 H2 producers, a pattern of breath hydrogen excretion suggesting small bowel bacterial overgrowth (SBBO)—recognized as a transient peak at the 20, 40, or 60 min breath samples following the lactulose test meal and distinguishable from the later colonic peak— was observed in 53 (27.2%), being significantly more frequent in male children, and exhibiting an age‐prevalence pattern similar to that of acute childhood diarrhea in these villages. Diarrhea did not alter the state of H2 production (non‐H2 producers remain non‐H2 producers, and H2 producers remain H2 producers) although the magnitude of peak breath H2 changed.
Lecithin
Authors: Spear M. L. , Amr S. , Hamosh M. , Pereira G. R. , Corcoran L. G. , Hamosh P. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryPlasma cholesterol and lecithin concentrations are regulated by the serum enzyme lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT). LCAT activity is low in cord blood of premature infants, suggesting that in these infants the hypercholesterolemia associated with Intralipid infusion might be due to low LCAT activity. The serum LCAT activity has not been quantitated in preterm infants receiving intravenous fat emulsions. We have therefore quantitated LCAT activity in eleven premature infants maintained on total parenteral nutrition (TPN). Ten infants were studied during the first 2 weeks after birth; they received daily infusions of Intralipid at a rate of 0.5–2.0 g/kg/day over 15 h. One infant received 3.8 g/kg/day during the second week. In addition to LCAT, serum apoprotein A1 (the cofactor of LCAT), cholesterol, triglycerides, and free fatty acids were quantitated. Blood specimens were taken before the start of the infusion and 15–45 min before its completion. The LCAT activity and apoprotein A1 concentrations remained, respectively, 21–24% and 30–35% of adult levels. However, serum cholesterol levels remained in the normal range during the fat infusion. It remains to be established whether low LCAT activity and apoprotein A1 levels are due to the administration of Intralipid (which lowers LCAT activity in rats), to the lack of enteral feedings, or to prematurity per se. Our data suggest that administration of Intralipid at a rate not exceeding 1–2 g/kg/day does not impair the clearing of Intralipid‐lecithin and the metabolism of cholesterol.
Oral Neurotensin Increases Gastrointestinal Transit in Suckling Rats
Authors: Tomomasa Takeshi , Itoh Ken , Hyman Paul E. , Kuroume Takayoshi 
Published: January 2024

SummarySeveral neuropeptides known to alter gastrointestinal motility are present in milk. We investigated the effect of gastric administration of neurotensin, bombesin, somatostatin, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide on gastrointestinal motility in suckling rats. We gavage fed 7‐to 10‐day‐old rats with a meal consisting of 10 μl/g of body weight of 0.9% NaCl with 51Cr tracer and one of the peptides (0, 0.1, 10, and 1,000 ng/ml). We estimated the rates of gastric emptying and the small intestinal transit from the distribution of the radioactivity in the gut. Approximately one‐half of the counts emptied from the stomach in 15 min. Both gastric emptying and small intestinal transit were time dependent and were accelerated by metaclopramide and inhibited by butylscopolamine. Neurotensin 1 μg/ml accelerated the gastric emptying by 35% (p < 0.02). Small intestinal transit was also accelerated (p < 0.05). The other neuropeptides had no effect on gastric emptying and small intestinal transit. Neurotensin did not change either the gastric emptying or small intestinal transit in weaned rats, 40–50 days old, studied in the same manner. These data suggest that the intraluminal administration of neurotensin may increase gastrointestinal motility in suckling animals.