bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The sector–stream matrix: Introducing a new framework for the analysis of environmental performance
Authors: Vanek Francis M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractEnvironmental strategy is currently in transition from a reductionist view of individual technologies in isolation to a holistic and interdisciplinary view of the relationship between society, technology, and environmental impact. As a contribution to this larger effort, this paper uses a systems analytic approach to develop a ‘sector‐stream matrix’ of functions and objectives that have an impact on the environment. In particular, the overall ‘built‐and‐natural‐environment system’ is divided into two subsystems, labeled the ‘people’ and ‘product’ streams; analysis of the two streams can be used both qualitatively and quantitatively in order to gain insight into the causes of environmental impact. As an example of the latter, an application of the sector‐stream matrix to the breakdown of energy use in the UK is presented. Advantages of the matrix approach over the traditional division into sectors (industrial/transport/other) and other applications and side issues are discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment.
Combining micro‐PIXE surface scans with cross‐sectional X‐ray maps to characterize multilayer structures
Authors: Nickel J. , Shuaib A. N. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMultilayer characterization traditionally involves the direct analysis of the sample cross‐section, which is destructive by its nature. Alternatively, an indirect and non‐destructive method to obtain a model of the multilayer structures in question is achieved by means of the micro‐particle‐induced X‐ray emission (micro‐PIXE) technique. This paper presents a method that utilizes both micro‐PIXE surface scan data and electron‐induced X‐ray maps generated from the specimen cross‐section to characterize a multilayer structure, including layer composition, thickness, boundary and density. The proposed approach is demonstrated by characterizing the work material transfer and deposition in a two‐layer structure onto the rake face of an uncoated WC–Co tool insert used for machining aluminium. The use of the direct cross‐sectional approach allowed an evaluation of the capabilities and limitations of the indirect micro‐PIXE approach. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ToF‐SIMS analysis of phosphate‐type lubricant additives adsorbed on friction surfaces of ferrous materials
Authors: Murase A. , Ohmori T. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe adsorption of phosphate‐type lubricant additives on ferrous materials has been investigated by time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS) of friction surfaces. Eight kinds of model compounds were used for the friction tests. In ToF‐SIMS spectra of the friction surfaces after washing with hexane, Fe‐alcoholates were detected as reaction products of alcohol units of the additives and the ferrous material, and Fe‐polyphosphate was detected as a reaction product of a phosphate unit and the ferrous material. The quasi‐molecular ions of model compounds, which suggest the existence of physical adsorption, were detected in some of the lubricant systems. The amounts of these products were found to be correlated with lubrication properties such as friction coefficient and width of wear scar. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nursing staff survivor responses to hospital restructuring and downsizing
Authors: Burke Ronald J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis study examines correlates of four archetypal survivor responses to organizational restructuring and downsizing proposed by Mishra and Spreitzer:1 hopeful, obliging, cynical and fearful. Data were collected from 744 long‐term nursing staff survivors of hospital restructuring and downsizing using questionnaires. Four types of correlates were considered: personal and work situation characteristics, restructuring‐related work experiences (support, stressors, processes), work outcomes and indicators of psychological well‐being, and perceptions of hospital functioning. Personal and work situation characteristics showed few relationships with the four restructuring responses. Hospital support and positive restructuring processes were associated with lower cynical and fearful responses and higher hopeful responses. Restructuring stressors were associated with higher cynical and fearful responses. Greater endorsement of cynical and fearful restructuring responses was associated with more negative work outcomes and lower psychological well‐being. Greater endorsement of both cynical and fearful responses was also found to be associated with more negative perceptions of hospital functioning and effectiveness. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Techniques of sentinel lymph node biopsy
Authors: Rubio Isabel T. , Klimberg V. Suzanne 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAxillary node status is the single most important prognostic factor for patients with primary breast carcinoma. During the last decade, one of the major advances in breast cancer has been the development of techniques that make axillary staging less morbid and more conservative. The sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy technique has received much attention as a possible alternative to axillary lymph node dissection (ALND). The SLN is defined as the first node in the regional lymphatic basin that receives drainage of the primary tumor. We will review the different techniques of lymphatic mapping for breast carcinoma, including radioactive and/or blue dye indicators, timing and site of injection, and preoperative lymphoscintigraphy. The SLN technique involves a multidisciplinary team. It is therefore important that each surgeon validate the technique in his or her own institution to ensure the successful and accurate assessment of the axilla. The SLN technique has modified the surgical management of breast cancer patients, although questions as to its safety have yet to be answered. Semin. Surg. Oncol. 20:214–223, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Implications of occult metastatic cells for systemic cancer treatment in patients with breast or gastrointestinal cancer
Authors: Braun Stephan , Rosenberg Robert , Thorban Stefan , Harbeck Nadia 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe early and clinically occult spread of viable tumour cells to the organism is becoming acknowledged as a hallmark in cancer progression, since abundant clinical and experimental data suggest that these cells are precursors of subsequent distant relapse. Using monoclonal antibodies against epithelial cytokeratins or tumour‐associated cell membrane glycoproteins, individual carcinoma cells can be detected in cytological bone marrow preparations at frequencies of 10–5 to 10–6. Prospective clinical studies have shown that the presence of such immunostained cells in bone marrow is prognostically relevant with regard to relapse‐free and overall survival, even in malignancies that do not preferentially metastasise to bone. As current treatment strategies have resulted in a substantial improvement of cancer mortality rates, it is noteworthy to consider the intriguing options of immunocytochemical screening of bone marrow aspirates for occult metastatic cells. Besides improved tumour staging, such screening offers opportunities for guiding patient stratification for adjuvant therapy trials, monitoring response to adjuvant therapies (which, at present, can only be assessed retrospectively after an extended period of clinical follow‐up), and specifically targeting tumour‐biological therapies against disseminated tumour cells. The present review summarises the current data on the clinical significance of occult metastatic cancer cells in bone marrow. Semin. Surg. Oncol. 20:334–346, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pedagogical patterns: capturing best practices in teaching object technology
Authors: Eckstein Jutta 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe Pedagogical Patterns Project began at OOPSLA '95 and started holding workshops in 1996 at the ECOOP, TOOLS and OOPSLA conferences. The aim of the project has been to capture successful experiences in teaching and learning OT, from industry or academia, in a homogeneous, easily accessible format. Patterns have been regarded as an effective method for achieving this. Since 1996, many other sessions have been held at numerous conferences in America and Europe, resulting in the collection of more than 50 teaching techniques written in pattern format. As this present collection is now being refined and expanded, educators are discovering the effectiveness of sharing their teaching experiences in the form of pedagogical patterns. JUTTA ECKSTEIN, MARY LYNN MANNS and MARKUS VOELTER explain. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fetal exposure to methamphetamine in utero stimulates development of serotonergic neurons in three‐dimensional reaggregate tissue culture
Authors: Won Lisa , Bubula Nancy , Heller Alfred 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMethamphetamine is a potent psychomotor stimulant with neurotoxic potential which is widely abused by females of childbearing age, raising serious public health concerns in terms of exposure of the fetus to the drug. The current study was conducted to determine the effect of maternal administration of methamphetamine on developing monoaminergic neurons using three‐dimensional reaggregate tissue cultures prepared from fetal mesencephalic and striatal cells. In this culture system, the dopaminergic and serotonergic mesencephalic‐striatal projections are reconstructed and develop with a time course similar to that observed in vivo. Pregnant C57Bl/6J mice were injected twice daily with 40 mg/kg methamphetamine or saline from gestational days 6–13. On gestational day 14, cells from methamphetamine and saline‐exposed embryos were used to prepare reaggregate cultures. Levels of neurotransmitters and their metabolites in the reaggregates and culture medium were monitored at 14, 29, 43, and 64 days of culture. Reaggregates prepared from methamphetamine‐exposed embryos showed a significant elevation in serotonin levels at all culture ages compared to reaggregates prepared from saline‐treated embryos. Levels of 5‐HIAA in reaggregates and culture medium were also elevated in 14‐ and 29‐day‐old cultures derived from drug‐exposed embryos. The development of the dopaminergic nigrostriatal projection was resistant to repeated in utero exposure to methamphetamine. In contrast, exposure of the fetus to methamphetamine, during early to midgestation, produced a long‐lasting stimulatory effect on serotonergic development in culture. Synapse 43:139–144, 2002. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Uptake of D‐serine by synaptosomal P2 fraction isolated from rat brain
Authors: Yamamoto Naoki , Tomita Urara , Umino Asami , Nishikawa Toru 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe have demonstrated that the crude synaptosome P2 fraction prepared from the rat brain is able to accumulate [3H]D‐serine in a saturable, temperature‐dependent and partially sodium‐ and potassium‐dependent manner with an affinity of a hundred micromolar range. The inhibition profile of D‐serine accumulation by various amino acids is different from those of uptake systems reported for glycine and other amino acids. The present data suggest that the endogenous D‐serine may be taken up mainly through a carrier‐mediated transport system to regulate its extracellular concentration in the mammalian brain. Synapse 42:84–86, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
MK‐801 alters the effects of priming with L‐DOPA on dopamine D1 receptor‐induced changes in neuropeptide mRNA levels in the rat striatal output neurons
Authors: Van De Witte Serge V. , Groenewegen Hendrik J. , Voorn Pieter 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn a previous study, we have shown in unilaterally dopamine‐depleted rats that increased behavioral responsiveness to the dopamine D1‐receptor agonist SKF‐38393, which was induced by pretreatment with L‐DOPA, is paralleled by specific alterations in striatal neuropeptide mRNA levels. The behavioral ‘priming’ effect of L‐DOPA is prevented if L‐DOPA is preceded by the NMDA‐receptor antagonist MK‐801. In the present study, the question is addressed whether blockade of the increased behavioral responsiveness with MK‐801 also prevents the observed changes in striatal neuropeptide mRNA levels. After a challenge with SKF‐38393 (3 mg/kg, s.c.), the striatal levels of preprodynorphin, preprotachykinin, and preproenkephalin mRNA were compared between unilaterally dopamine‐depleted rats that were either primed with a single administration of L‐DOPA (50 mg/kg, i.p.) or with L‐DOPA preceded by MK‐801 (0.1 mg/kg, i.p.). Priming with L‐DOPA enhanced the increase in dynorphin mRNA levels in the dorsolateral part of the dopamine‐depleted striatum that occurred after SKF‐38393. On the other hand, it had no significant effect on substance P or enkephalin mRNA levels. MK‐801 prior to L‐DOPA prevented the increased responsiveness of dynorphin regulation. However, it induced a decreased response to dopamine D1‐receptor stimulation in the substance P mRNA levels in dorsal regions of the dopamine‐depleted striatum. The levels of enkephalin mRNA after challenge with SKF‐38393 were not affected by the MK‐801 administration. These results demonstrate that the increased behavioral responsiveness to the D1‐receptor agonist SKF‐38393 after priming with L‐DOPA is primarily related to the upregulation of dynorphin mRNA levels in the dopamine‐depleted striatum. Synapse 43:1–11, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of maternal occupational exposure to organic solvents on offspring visual functioning: A prospective controlled study
Authors: Till Christine , Westall Carol A. , Rovet Joanne F. , Koren Gideon 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackgroundPrevious studies in adults and animals with high level exposure to organic solvents suggested impairments in visual functioning. The objective of this pilot study was to examine the effects of maternal occupational exposure to organic solvents during pregnancy on offspring color vision and visual acuity, the development of which may be especially vulnerable to organic solvent exposure.MethodsWe conducted a prospective cohort study of 32 offspring of women who were exposed occupationally to organic solvents during pregnancy compared with 27 nonexposed children. Monocular and binocular color vision and visual acuity were assessed using the Minimalist Test and the Cardiff Cards, respectively. Children with known hereditary color vision loss were excluded.ResultsSolvent‐exposed children had significantly higher error scores on red‐green and blue‐yellow color discrimination, as well as poorer visual acuity compared with the control group. Exposure index (an estimated measure of exposure intensity) was not significantly related to color discrimination or visual acuity score. Despite excluding all children with a known family history of color vision loss, clinical red‐green color vision loss was found among 3 of the 32 exposed children compared with none of the matched controls.ConclusionsThese preliminary findings suggest that occupational exposure to organic solvents during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of color vision and visual acuity impairment in offspring. The importance of routine visual function screening in risk assessment after prenatal exposure to chemicals warrants further attention. Teratology 64:134–141, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cloning and characterization of the Hansenula polymorpha homologue of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae MNN9 gene
Authors: Kim So‐Young , Sohn Jung‐Hoon , Ah Kang Hyun , Yoo Seung‐Ku , Pyun Yu‐Ryang , Choi Eui‐Sung 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA gene homologous to Saccharomyces cerevisiae MNN9 has been cloned and characterized in the methylotrophic yeast Hansenula polymorpha. This gene was cloned from a H. polymorpha genomic DNA library using the S. cerevisiae MNN9 gene as a probe. The H. polymorpha MNN9 homologue (HpMNN9) contained a 1062 bp open reading frame encoding a predicted protein of 354 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence showed 58% and 51% identity, respectively, with the S. cerevisiae and Candida albicans Mnn9 proteins. Disruption of HpMNN9 leads to phenotypic effects suggestive of cell wall defects, including detergent sensitivity and hygromycin B sensitivity. The hygromycin B sensitivity of S. cerevisiae mnn9 null mutant was complemented in the presence of the HpMNN9 gene. The DNA sequence of the H. polymorpha homologue has been submitted to GenBank with the Accession No. AF264786. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysing Cognitive Behaviour using LOTOS and Mexitl
Authors: Bowman Howard , Faconti Giorgio 
Published: August 2002

Abstract.
We argue that cognitive models should be used in analysing the usability of multi-modal human computer interfaces and further, that formal methods can be advantageously applied to such analysis. In pursuing this objective we specify the Interacting Cognitive Subsystems model formally using the process calculus LOTOS and then we verify that it satisfies certain behavioural goals formulated in the interval temporal logic Mexitl.
Manometric Evidence of Improved Early Gastric Stasis by Erythromycin after Pylorus‐preserving Pancreatoduodenectomy
Authors: Matsunaga Hiroaki , Tanaka Masao , Takahata Shunichi , Ogawa Yoshiaki , Naritomi Gen , Yokohata Kazunori , Yamaguchi Koji , Chijiiwa Kazuo 
Published: August 2002

Abstract.Gastric stasis is a frequent complication of pylorus‐preserving pancreatoduodenectomy (PPPD). We demonstrated that it might be attributable to delayed recovery of phase III activity of the gastric migrating motor complex due to low concentrations of plasma motilin caused by resection of the duodenum. Leucine 13‐motilin is effective for treating gastric stasis, but it is not yet available for clinical use. Whether erythromycin would improve early gastric stasis after PPPD was tested clinically and by manometry. A manometric tube assembly and a gastrostomy tube were inserted in the stomach of 10 patients at PPPD for pressure recording from the gastric antrum and jejunum and for gastric juice drainage, respectively. After baseline recording, erythromycin 5 mg/kg was given intravenously on day 14 and saline as a placebo on day 17 every 4 hours four times a day. The daily volume of gastric juice output and the gastric motility index were measured. The mean period until the return of gastric phase III was 31 ± 1 days. Erythromycin significantly increased the gastric motility index from 7.9 ± 1.3 mmHg to 15.7 ± 1.8 mmHg (p= 0.0005), whereas saline did not (7.2 ± 1.6 mmHg to 6.5 ± 1.2 mmHg; p= 0.21). Erythromycin significantly decreased the gastric juice output from 1080 ± 190 ml to 738 ± 199 ml (p < 0.0001), but the saline injections did not (1064 ± 174 ml to 1115 ± 189 ml; p= 0.35). Erythromycin, a universally available motilin agonist, is a safe, effective, potent drug for the treatment of early gastric stasis after PPPD.
Cholecystokinin Mediation of Colonic Absorption Via Peptide YY: Foregut–Hindgut Axis
Authors: Liu Carson D. , Hines Oscar J. , Newton Todd R. , Adrian Thomas E. , Zinner Michael J. , Ashley Stanley W. , McFadden David W. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPeptide YY (PYY), a 36‐amino‐acid polypeptide, is found in abundance in the colon, a region where its physiologic roles are unknown. Previous studies have revealed a substantial increase in plasma PYY after cholecystokinin (CCK) administration. PYY is released from the hindgut in response to a meal and inhibits CCK release. In this study we evaluated the effects of CCK and PYY on intestinal absorption of water and electrolytes. Colonic, ileal, or jejunal Thiry‐Vella fistulas (TVFs) were created in 12 dogs, and intestinal continuity was reestablished. The TVFs were perfused with an isotonic buffer solution containing [14C] PEG as a volume marker. Electrolyte and water transport were measured every 15 minutes, and plasma PYY and CCK levels were measured by radioimmunoassay. Group 1 dogs received an intravenous bolus of MK329, a specific CCK receptor antagonist, at 20 nmol/kg after a standard mixed meal; group 2 colonic TVF dogs received a meal and an intravenous bolus of PYY polyclonal antibody at 1 mg/kg. Postprandially, all three regions of the bowel became significantly proabsorptive for water, sodium, and chloride. In the colon postprandial absorption was abolished by MK329 starting 60 minutes after a meal, whereas specific CCK receptor blockade blunted ileal absorption. CCK receptor blockade did not affect postprandial absorption in the jejunum. Postprandial PYY levels did not rise in MK329‐treated animals. PYY antibody reduced colonic absorption during the postprandial phase. Reduction of meal‐induced colonic absorption and PYY release by MK329 in awake dogs suggests an important foregut–hindgut hormonal feedback loop. Foregut‐derived CCK stimulates hindgut PYY release, which in turn stimulates colonic absorption while inhibiting further CCK release.
Estimation of Fat Absorption with the 13C‐Trioctanoin Breath Test after Pancreatoduodenectomy or Pancreatic Head Resection
Authors: Miyakawa Shuichi , Hayakawa Makoto , Horiguchi Akihiko , Mizuno Kenji , Ishihara Shin , Niwamoto Naotatu , Miura Kaoru 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe aim of this study was to determine if fat absorption is better after pylorus‐preserving pancreatoduodenectomy (PPPD) or duodenum‐preserving pancreatic head resection (DPPHR) compared with that following pancreatoduodenectomy with gastrectomy (SPD), provided the patients have similar pancreatic exocrine function. Fat absorption was studied using the 13C‐trioctanoin breath test in patients who were grouped according to the degree of fibrosis of the pancreatic remnant. The latter was judged by histologically measuring the fibrosis in a transectional wedge of resected pancreas. We evaluated 11 SPD cases, 25 PPPD cases, and 9 DPPHR cases. The 13C excretion rates and cumulative excretion values following DPPHR or PPPD were significantly better than those following SPD. The 13C excretion rates and cumulative values for the patients with > 30% fibrosis of the pancreas were lower than those in patients with < 30% pancreatic fibrosis, regardless of the surgical procedure. The cumulative value in the SPD group, however, was lower than that in the PPPD or DPPHR patients with < 30% pancreatic fibrosis. The results suggested that fat absorption following PPPD or DPPHR is superior to that after SPD in patients with the same fibrotic area of the pancreatic remnant and depends on the degree of fibrosis in the pancreatic remnant.