bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Newer antipsychotic drugs and obesity in children and adolescents. How should we assess drug‐associated weight gain?
Authors: Vieweg W. V. R. , Sood A. B. , Pandurangi A. , Silverman J. J. 
Published: February 2005

Objective:  Antipsychotic drugs may contribute to weight gain in children and adolescents.Method:  We used Medline's PubMed in the pediatric age using key words ‘weight gain’ and ‘obesity’, for each newer antipsychotic drug.Results:  We found 21 articles linking weight gain and obesity with newer antipsychotic drugs among youths. Risperidone was the most commonly cited agent. Weight gain from olanzapine was the largest among the more commonly prescribed newer agents. All studies reported absolute weight gain. Only a few studies used the better measure of body mass index (BMI). None incorporated growth charts to allow for changes in weight and height over time because of growth.Conclusion:  Weight gain may be a major problem when prescribing newer antipsychotic drugs in the pediatric population. Risperidone is associated with less weight gain than olanzapine. Published reports and studies have not utilized state‐of‐the‐art techniques using BMI with readily available growth charts.
Drug‐use pattern, comorbid psychosis and mortality in people with a history of opioid addiction
Authors: Sørensen H. J. , Jepsen P. W. , Haastrup S. , Juel K. 
Published: February 2005

Objective:  To compare the 15‐year mortality of people with a history of opioid dependence that had achieved stable abstinence, with the mortality associated with continued drug use. Another objective was to study the influence of hospitalization with comorbid psychosis on the 15‐year mortality.Method:  In 1984, 188 persons (122 men and 66 women) with a history of intravenous narcotics addiction were interviewed about their drug‐use pattern. A registry‐based follow‐up continued through 1999 and mortality was assessed. Three 1984‐drug‐use categories were formed. In category 1, cohort members had achieved stable abstinence from drug use by 1984. Using Cox multiple regression analysis, we (i) estimated reduced mortality of category 1 drug users, and (ii) studied the influence of hospitalization with comorbid psychosis on mortality.Results:  About 32% had died during the 15‐year follow‐up. The 15‐year mortality associated with stable abstinence was reduced by 56% when compared with the perceived worst drug‐use pattern. Hospitalization for comorbid psychosis was not independently associated with mortality in this sample. When drug‐use categories were compared with mortality expectations for the general population, the standard mortality rates (SMRs) were clearly elevated. Even in the stably abstinent drug‐use category (category 1), SMR was significantly elevated by at least seven‐fold in both genders.Conclusion:  People who had achieved stable abstinence from injecting narcotics use were at lower risk of premature death than people with continued drug use. A residual observed excess mortality in people who had apparently achieved stable abstinence from drug use is consistent with the view of drug addiction as a chronic disease.
Olanzapine vs. other antipsychotics in actual out‐patient settings: six months tolerability results from the European Schizophrenia Out‐patient Health Outcomes study
Authors: Lambert M. , Haro J. M. , Novick D. , Edgell E. T. , Kennedy L. , Ratcliffe M. , Naber D. 
Published: February 2005

Objective:  The European Schizophrenia Out‐patient Health Outcomes study is an observational study investigating treatment in schizophrenia. We report treatment‐emergent adverse events during the first 6 months of treatment.Method:  The rate of extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS), anticholinergic use, weight gain and sexual related dysfunctions were assessed in 8400 out‐patients.Results:  Patients typical antipsychotics and risperidone experienced significantly more EPS and anticholinergic use than patients in the clozapine, olanzapine, and quetiapine cohorts. Patients treated with amisulpride, typical antipsychotics and risperidone were significantly more likely to have sexual related dysfunctions and/or amenorrhea. Increases in weight and body mass index occurred in all cohorts, but were significantly greater in the olanzapine and clozapine cohorts.Conclusion:  Patients treated with olanzapine, quetiapine and clozapine had better tolerability outcomes regarding EPS and sexual related dysfunctions compared with patients receiving risperidone, amisulpride and typicals. Patients treated with olanzapine and clozapine had higher weight increases than patients treated with risperidone, quetiapine and typicals.
EEG abnormalities and two year outcome in first episode psychosis
Authors: Manchanda R. , Norman R. , Malla A. , Harricharan R. , Takhar J. , Northcott S. 
Published: February 2005

Objective:  This study examines the relationship of EEG to 2 year symptomatic outcome, duration of illness and untreated psychosis and gender.Method:  A total of 122 patients presenting for treatment of first episode psychosis had their baseline EEG classified by modified Mayo Clinic system criteria as normal, essentially normal or dysrhythmia. Positive and negative symptoms of psychoses were rated on entry and after 2 years of treatment. The socio‐demographic variables and duration of illness and of untreated psychosis were also recorded.Results:  Patients with a normal EEG showed significantly more reduction in both positive and negative symptoms of psychoses over 2 years and were more likely to be in ‘remission’ as compared with the essentially normal or dysrhythmia group. The dysrhythmic group had significantly higher duration of illness than either the normal or essentially normal groups. There were no gender differences in the distribution of EEGs.Conclusion:  An abnormal EEG in patients with first episode psychosis is associated with a poorer prognosis and a longer duration of untreated illness.
Antibodies against Granulosa Luteinized Cells and their Targets in Women Attending IVF Program
Authors: Vangelov I. , Dineva J. , Nikolov G. , Lolov S. , Ivanova M. 
Published: February 2005

Problem:  The study was conducted to investigate the presence and the possible role of anti‐granulosa luteinized cells (GLCs) antibodies in infertile patients, attending in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles, as well as to attempt the identification of putative target antigens.Method of study:  A total of 101 sera from infertile women (patient group) and 33 sera from fertile women (control group) were investigated. The patients were divided in subgroups according to:• ovarian response to controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COHS) – poor responders and good responders;• fertilization rate – low fertilization rate and high fertilization rate.The relation between embryo transfer (ET) outcome and prevalence of anti‐GLC antibodies was investigated too. NONIDET P‐40 (NP‐40) and whole‐GLC lysates, as antigenic materials, were used in enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunoblotting, respectively.Results:  Based on the cut‐off value of 2 S.D. above the control mean value, the prevalence of patients positive for anti‐GLC antibodies was found to be 28.7% (29/101) compared with 9.1% (3/33) in control fertile women (P < 0.05). Anti‐GLC antibodies were detected in 54.8% (17/31) of women with low fertilization rate compared with 15.7% (11/70) of women with high fertilization rate (P = 0.003) and it was established that women positive for anti‐GLC antibodies had lower fertilization rate, than those negative for anti‐GLC antibodies. Immunoblotting has demonstrated a number of GLC proteins with molecular masses (MM) of 110, 70–80, 47 and 37 kDa, frequently reacting with anti‐GLC antibodies in patient's sera, as possible targets.Conclusion:  The presented results on the prevalence and role of anti‐GLC antibodies, as well as the data on the target antigens confirmed our hypothesis about the potential involvement of GLC antigens in some cases of immunological infertility in IVF patients.
Dating Violence Prevention in Middle School and High School Youth
Authors: Close Sharron M. 
Published: February 2005

TOPIC:  Dating violence and interpersonal abuse among middle school and high school students.PURPOSE:  To review the current literature and evaluate the need of conducting further study in order to create early interventions for the prevention of relationship abuse.SOURCES USED:  Case report and review of the literature.CONCLUSIONS:  Dating violence among middle school and high school youth must be addressed by screening risk and offering anticipatory guidance during each health maintenance visit in order to prevent victimization of youth in dating and attraction relationships.
Sexual Abuse of Boys
Authors: Valente Sharon M. 
Published: February 2005

TOPIC:  Sexual abuse in childhood can disable self‐esteem, self‐concept, relationships, and ability to trust. It can also leave psychological trauma that compromises a boy's confidence in adults. While some boys who willingly participate may adjust to sexual abuse, many others face complications, such as reduced quality of life, impaired social relationships, less than optimal daily functioning, and self‐destructive behavior. These problems can respond to treatment if detected.PURPOSE:  In this paper, we examine the prevalence, characteristics, psychological consequences, treatment, and coping patterns of boys who have been sexually abused and their failure to disclose abuse unless asked during a therapeutic encounter. Nurses have a responsibility to detect the clues to sexual abuse, diagnose the psychological consequences, and advocate for protection and treatment.SOURCES USED:  Computerized literature search of the Medline and PsychInfo literature and books on sexual abuse of boys.CONCLUSIONS:  Psychological responses to abuse such as anxiety, denial, self‐hypnosis, dissociation, and self‐mutilation are common. Coping strategies may include being the angry avenger, the passive victim, rescuer, daredevil, or conformist. Sexual abuse may precipitate runaway behavior, chronic use of sick days, poor school or job performance, costly medical, emergency and or mental health visits. In worst cases, the boy may decide that life is not worth living and plan suicide. The nurse has a key role to play in screening, assessing, and treating sexual abuse children.
An Internet Discussion Board for Parents of Mentally Ill Young Children
Authors: Scharer Kathleen 
Published: February 2005

PURPOSE: This paper reports parents’ use of electronic bulletin board for social support during a pilot study of an Internet intervention.METHODS: Parents participated for a mean of 13.83 weeks. The convenience sample consisted of six parents. Data were from site access information and parents’ postings.FINDINGS: Excluding one mother who checked frequently for messages, mothers have an average of 5.2 postings. Excluding this one mother, the postings/ accesses ratio was greater than 60%. Parents made postings in four categories of “child's illness” having 37 comments and 36 comments for “group maintenance”.CONCLUSIONS: While the study findings cannot be generalized, these results suggest that parents will use electronic discussion boards.
Internet Social Support for Parents: The State of Science
Authors: Scharer Kathleen 
Published: February 2005

TOPIC: Parents of emotionally disturbed young children have expressed the need for more social support but societal constraints limit their ability to obtain adequate social support.PURPOSE: This paper discusses what is currently known about coping, social support and Internet social support. It proposes the use of electronic social support to meet the needs of parents of emotionally disturbed children.SOURCE: Review of literature.CONCLUSIONS: Electronic forms of social support have the potential to meet the identified needs of parents for more social support.
Multiple Metabolic Roles for the Nonphotosynthetic Plastid of the Green Alga
Prototheca wickerhamii
Authors: Borza Tudor , Popescu Cristina E. , Lee Robert W. 
Published: February 2005

ABSTRACT

The presence of plastids in diverse eukaryotic lineages that have lost the capacity for photosynthesis is well documented. The metabolic functions of such organelles, however, are poorly understood except in the case of the apicoplast in the Apicomplexa, a group of intracellular parasites including
Plasmodium falciparum
, and the plastid of the green alga
Helicosporidium
sp., a parasite for which the only host-free stage identified in nature so far is represented by cysts. As a first step in the reconstruction of plastid functions in a nonphotosynthetic, predominantly free-living organism, we searched for expressed sequence tags (ESTs) that correspond to nucleus-encoded plastid-targeted polypeptides in the green alga
Prototheca wickerhamii
. From 3,856 ESTs, we found that 71 unique sequences (235 ESTs) correspond to different nucleus-encoded putatively plastid-targeted polypeptides. The identified proteins predict that carbohydrate, amino acid, lipid, tetrapyrrole, and isoprenoid metabolism as well as de novo purine biosynthesis and oxidoreductive processes take place in the plastid of
P. wickerhamii
. Mg-protoporphyrin accumulation and, therefore, plastid-to-nucleus signaling might also occur in this nonphotosynthetic organism, as we identified a transcript which encodes subunit I of Mg-chelatase, the enzyme which catalyzes the first committed step in chlorophyll synthesis. Our data indicate a far more complex metabolism in
P. wickerhamii
's plastid compared with the metabolic pathways predicted to be located in the apicoplast of
P. falciparum
and the plastid of
Helicosporidium
sp.
Functional Specialization ofChlamydomonas reinhardtiiCytosolic Thioredoxin h1 in the Response to Alkylation-Induced DNA Damage
Authors: Sarkar Nandita , Lemaire Stéphane , Wu-Scharf Danxia , Issakidis-Bourguet Emmanuelle , Cerutti Heriberto 
Published: February 2005

ABSTRACTDNA damage occurs as a by-product of intrinsic cellular processes, like DNA replication, or as a consequence of exposure to genotoxic agents. Organisms have evolved multiple mechanisms to avoid, tolerate, or repair DNA lesions. To gain insight into these processes, we have isolated mutants hypersensitive to DNA-damaging agents in the green algaChlamydomonas reinhardtii. One mutant, Ble-1, showed decreased survival when it was treated with methyl methanesulfonate (MMS), bleomycin, or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) but behaved like the wild type when it was exposed to UVC irradiation. Ble-1 carries an extensive chromosomal deletion that includes the gene encoding cytosolic thioredoxin h1 (Trxh1). Transformation of Ble-1 with a wild-type copy ofTrxh1fully corrected the MMS hypersensitivity and partly restored the tolerance to bleomycin.Trxh1also complemented a defect in the repair of MMS-induced DNA strand breaks and alkali-labile sites. In addition, a Trxh1-β-glucuronidase fusion protein translocated to the nucleus in response to treatment with MMS. However, somewhat surprisingly,Trxh1failed to correct the Ble-1 hypersensitivity to H2O2. Moreover,Trxh1suppression by RNA interference in a wild-type strain resulted in enhanced sensitivity to MMS and DNA repair defects but no increased cytotoxicity to H2O2. Thioredoxins have been implicated in oxidative-stress responses in many organisms. Yet our results indicate a specific role ofChlamydomonasTrxh1 in the repair of MMS-induced DNA damage, whereas it is dispensable for the response to H2O2. These observations also suggest functional specialization among cytosolic thioredoxins since anotherChlamydomonasisoform (Trxh2) does not compensate for the lack of Trxh1.
Ran GTPase Regulates Mad2 Localization to the Nuclear Pore Complex
Authors: Quimby B. Booth , Arnaoutov Alexei , Dasso Mary 
Published: February 2005

ABSTRACT

In yeast and mammalian cells, the spindle assembly checkpoint proteins Mad1p and Mad2p localize to the nuclear pore complex (NPC) during interphase. Deletion of
MAD1
or
MAD2
did not affect steady-state nucleocytoplasmic distribution of a classical nuclear localization signal-containing reporter, a nuclear export signal-containing reporter, or Ran localization. We utilized cells with conditional mutations in the yeast Ran GTPase pathway to examine the relationship between Ran and targeting of checkpoint regulators to the NPC. Mutations that disrupt the concentration of Ran in the nucleus displaced Mad2p but not Mad1p from the NPC. The displacement of Mad2p in M-phase cells was correlated with activation of the spindle checkpoint. Our observations demonstrate that Mad2p localization at NPCs is sensitive to nuclear levels of Ran and suggest that release of Mad2p from NPCs is closely linked with spindle assembly checkpoint activation in yeast. This is the first evidence indicating that Ran affects the localization of Mad2p to the NPC.
Coevolution of Cyclin Pcl5 and Its Substrate Gcn4
Authors: Gildor Tsvia , Shemer Revital , Atir-Lande Avigail , Kornitzer Daniel 
Published: February 2005

ABSTRACT

Gcn4, a transcription factor that plays a key role in the response of
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
to amino acid starvation, is regulated at both the levels of translation and of protein stability. Regulated degradation of Gcn4 depends on its phosphorylation by the cyclin-dependent kinase Pho85, in conjunction with the cyclin Pcl5. The pathogenic yeast
Candida albicans
contains a functional homolog of Gcn4, which is involved in amino acid metabolism, as well as in the regulation of filamentous growth in response to starvation. Here, we show that
C. albicans
Gcn4 (CaGcn4) is rapidly degraded and that this degradation depends on a Pho85 cyclin homolog, CaPcl5. The regulatory loop that includes Gcn4 and Pcl5 is conserved in
C. albicans
: like in
S. cerevisiae
, CaPcl5 is transcriptionally induced by CaGcn4 and is required for CaGcn4 degradation. However, the proteins have coevolved so that there is no cross-recognition between the proteins from the two species: phosphorylation-dependent degradation of CaGcn4 occurs only in the presence of CaPcl5, and
S. cerevisiae
Gcn4 (ScGcn4) requires ScPcl5 for its degradation. Phenotypic analysis of the Ca
pcl5
mutant indicates that CaPcl5 also modulates the filamentous response of
C. albicans
in amino acid-rich media.
Amiloride Uptake and Toxicity in Fission Yeast Are Caused by the Pyridoxine Transporter Encoded by
bsu1
+
(
car1
+
)
Authors: Stolz Jürgen , Wöhrmann Heike J. P. , Vogl Christian 
Published: February 2005

ABSTRACT

Amiloride, a diuretic drug that acts by inhibition of various sodium transporters, is toxic to the fission yeast
Schizosaccharomyces pombe
. Previous work has established that amiloride sensitivity is caused by expression of
car1
+
, which encodes a protein with similarity to plasma membrane drug/proton antiporters from the multidrug resistance family. Here we isolated
car1
+
by complementation of
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
mutants that are deficient in pyridoxine biosynthesis and uptake. Our data show that Car1p represents a new high-affinity, plasma membrane-localized import carrier for pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine. We therefore propose the gene name
bsu1
+
(for vitamin B
6
uptake) to replace
car1
+
. Bsu1p displays an acidic pH optimum and is inhibited by various protonophores, demonstrating that the protein works as a proton symporter. The expression of
bsu1
+
is associated with amiloride sensitivity and pyridoxine uptake in both
S. cerevisiae
and
S. pombe
cells. Moreover, amiloride acts as a competitor of pyridoxine uptake, demonstrating that both compounds are substrates of Bsu1p. Taken together, our data show that
S. pombe
and
S. cerevisiae
possess unrelated plasma membrane pyridoxine transporters. The
S. pombe
protein may be structurally related to the unknown human pyridoxine transporter, which is also inhibited by amiloride.
The High-Mobility-Group Domain Transcription Factor Rop1 Is a Direct Regulator of
prf1
in
Ustilago maydis
Authors: Brefort Thomas , Müller Philip , Kahmann Regine 
Published: February 2005

ABSTRACT

In the smut fungus
Ustilago maydis
, the pheromone signal is transmitted via a mitogen-activated protein kinase module to the high-mobility-group (HMG) domain transcription factor Prf1, leading to its activation. This triggers sexual and pathogenic development since Prf1 binds to the PRE boxes located in the promoters of the
a
and
b
mating type genes. Here, we present the characterization of
rop1
and
hmg3
, encoding two additional sequence-specific HMG domain proteins. While
hmg3
mutants are slightly impaired in mating and do form conjugation hyphae,
rop1
deletion strains display a severe mating and filamentation defect and do not respond to pheromone stimulation. In particular,
rop1
is essential for pheromone-induced gene expression in axenic culture. Constitutive expression of
prf1
fully complements the mating defect of
rop1
mutants, indicating that
rop1
is required for
prf1
gene expression. Indeed, we could show that Rop1 binds directly to specific elements in the
prf1
promoter. Surprisingly, on the plant surface,
rop1
deletion strains do form conjugation hyphae and express sufficient amounts of
prf1
to cause full pathogenicity. This indicates the involvement of additional components in the regulation of
prf1
gene expression during pathogenic growth.
Overlapping Roles of the Cytoplasmic and Mitochondrial Redox Regulatory Systems in the Yeast
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Trotter Eleanor W. , Grant Chris M. 
Published: February 2005

ABSTRACT

Thioredoxins are small, highly conserved oxidoreductases which are required to maintain the redox homeostasis of the cell.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
contains a cytoplasmic thioredoxin system (
TRX1
,
TRX2
, and
TRR1
) as well as a complete mitochondrial thioredoxin system, comprising a thioredoxin (
TRX3
) and a thioredoxin reductase (
TRR2
). In the present study we have analyzed the functional overlap between the two systems. By constructing mutant strains with deletions of both the mitochondrial and cytoplasmic systems (
trr1 trr2
and
trx1 trx2 trx3
), we show that cells can survive in the absence of both systems. Analysis of the redox state of the cytoplasmic thioredoxins reveals that they are maintained independently of the mitochondrial system. Similarly, analysis of the redox state of Trx3 reveals that it is maintained in the reduced form in wild-type cells and in mutants lacking components of the cytoplasmic thioredoxin system (
trx1 trx2
or
trr1
). Surprisingly, the redox state of Trx3 is also unaffected by the loss of the mitochondrial thioredoxin reductase (
trr2
) and is largely maintained in the reduced form unless cells are exposed to an oxidative stress. Since glutathione reductase (Glr1) has been shown to colocalize to the cytoplasm and mitochondria, we examined whether loss of
GLR1
influences the redox state of Trx3. During normal growth conditions, deletion of
TRR2
and
GLR1
was found to result in partial oxidation of Trx3, indicating that both Trr2 and Glr1 are required to maintain the redox state of Trx3. The oxidation of Trx3 in this double mutant is even more pronounced during oxidative stress or respiratory growth conditions. Taken together, these data indicate that Glr1 and Trr2 have an overlapping function in the mitochondria.