bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nero’s Alien Capital: Tacitus as Paradoxographer (Annals 15. 36-7)
Authors: Woodman A J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to Tacitus’ narrative of AD 64, the centrepiece of which will be the Great Fire of Rome (38-41), Nero began the year with a keen desire to go on a concert tour of Greece (33. 2).1 Feeling that he needed some preliminary experience, however, the emperor decided to give a practice performance in Naples, because of its resemblance to a genuinely Greek city. The Neapolitan theatre was packed (33. 3), and Suetonius tells us that Nero was captivated by the rhythmic applause of some visitors from Alexandria, whose techniques were subsequently taught to equites and others on the emperor’s insistence (Nero 20. 3).
Epilogue: Lectorum Incuria?
Authors: Woodman A J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In AD 14 Germanicus, weeping for a second time during Tacitus’ narrative of that year (1. 49. 2, cf. 40. 3), contemplates the disastrous effects of a second letter of his that has gone wrong (1. 48. 1-49. 1, cf. 36. 3-37. 1): in a scene worse than any civil war, his own troops have turned on one another, wreaking a terrible slaughter. For the commander it is a tragic moment of truth; but, even after such carnage, the hearts of his men are still hardened and their desire is to attack the enemy as an atonement for their madness (1. 49. 3).
Homeric Words and Homeric Ideas
Authors: Clarke Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
John Donne writes as if it were self-evident that man 1s a combination of two things, first the ‘elements’ of the physical body and then the soul hidden inside it. In that belief he shows that he is steeped in Christian and classical tradition; and to this day in Europe and America the conventions of language, thought, and what remains of religion are shot through with this same twofold structure of body and soul, brain and self, flesh and spirit. My aim is to gain an inkling of the earliest knowable ancestor of this idea of the ‘little world’ of man, by asking how the Greeks of the early first millennium BC conceived of human identity in relation to the visible substance of the body. Facing the remnants of their culture we must put aside dualistic assumptions and pose the question on a more basic level. Where is the seat of man’s sense of himself, as it were his ‘I’? Is there a spiritual being hidden inside what others can see and touch, or are his meat and blood somehow identical with his thinking self? Above all, what is thought to happen when he dies: does one part of him go to the afterlife and another remain on the earth? If so, how are the two parts separated — and hasthe survivor in the afterlife also been a distinct component in his make-up during mortal life? If instead there is no such separation, how does the myth of an afterlife square with the fact that the corpse has been burnt or been put in the ground to rot? Such are the questions we will try to answer.
The Corpse and the Afterlife
Authors: Clarke Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The prospect of an afterlife poses the problem of human identity anew. When darkness has fallen on a man’s sight, how does he continue to exist? What has happened to his identity, to his T, and how does that T transfer itself to the undiscovered country beyond death? We have seen much evidence that in the mortal world Homeric man is an undivided unity for whom the loss of the last breath is merely one of the visible signals of death; and I have argued that the image of the flight of the to Hades is rare and esoteric and emerges only in special circumstances from the abiding sense of human unity. With this in mind we turn to the corpse. In a sense a corpse is mere clay, but only vaguely and rarely is it so identified. My argument suggests that after losing the last
Introduction
Authors: Gribble David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The response of Aristophanes’ Aeschylus to the burning question, ‘What is to be done about Alcibiades?’ defines a problem faced not only by Athens in the years between 416 and 404 Be, but, in various forms, by Greeks throughout the history of the city-state. It is the problem of the great individual, who, for reasons which I will consider in more detail later in this Introduction, cannot be accom­modated within the city in the normal way. Aeschylus sees Alcibiades as a lion, a fiercely proud and powerful creature arous­ing admiration, but also a savage figure of nature rather than culture, unacceptable and dangerous when released ‘in the city’ Nevertheless, the lion does not come upon the city from outside: he is reared in the city, a civic phenomenon, nurtured on the honour accorded him by the citizens.
Rhetorical Works
Authors: Gribble David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Of the rhetorical works composed in the classical period on the sub­ject of Alcibiades, four survive: Isocrates, 16 Lysias, 14 and I 5; and [Andocides] 4. [And.] 4, an invective against Alcibiades set in the context of the last ostracism held in Athens, has long been suspected of being a later rhetorirnl exercise, and I believe that this view of the speech is correct, for the reasons set out in Appendix 2 to this chap­ter. The speech displays a rhetorical artificiality which suggests that it should be associated with the exercises based around the figure of Alcibiades that were a favourite theme of later declaimers. On the other hand, it also shows a good understanding of classical Athens, and is concerned, like the other speeches, with an attempt to read off Alcibiades’ significance for the city from his behaviour. These fac­tors suggest that the· speech may have. been composed as early as the mid- or late fourth century; they also make it appropriate to consider this speech in conjunction with the others.
Conclusion: Plutarch’s Alcibiades
Authors: Gribble David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are already sensitive studies of Plutarch’s allusive and interpretative deployment of sources in the Life of Alcibiades: 1 it is enough here to concentrate on how the Life reflects and transforms the themes I have traced in this book, and, in turn, how the studies of the previous chapters can help us understand the Life.
Beyond Rome: ‘By Municipal Deification’
Authors: Gradel Ittai 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The literary sources have little to say of the c1v1c worship accorded to Augustus and his successors in the towns of Italy.1 As usual, these sources concentrate almost exclusively on conditions in Rome, and even there overwhelmingly on the narrow sphere of the relationship between princesand senate. Our source material for civic emperor worship outside Rome is, however, comparatively rich, though it has not been given its due in scholarship. It consists mainly of inscriptions mentioning temples or priests dedicated to the emperor.
The Augustan Settlement
Authors: Gradel Ittai 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the end of his life, Caesar the dictator was appointed a god of the Roman state by the Senate. Whether or not he had in fact aimed for the title of king, this certainly entailed a formal monarchical position in the state (which should, one would think, have made any such title superfluous). In the short run, the scheme resulted in Caesar’s murder; in the long run, the effect was to demonstrate to his son and eventual successor how notto go about reforming the Roman constitution.
The Augustan Heritage and Mad Emperors
Authors: Gradel Ittai 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The long reign of the conservative Tiberius has its main relevance in this context for adding a further twenty-three years to the final Augustan scheme of the participate, thereby establishing it as an institutional precedent beyond the lifetime and person of Augustus. Under another emperor, with ideas of his own, the participate might very well have continued to develop; but Tiberius’ faithful, even rigid, adherence to the Augustan scheme ensured that it did indeed turn into a system in its own right, with a precedent and life of its own beyond and apart from Augustus the individual.
A Parallel: C. Manlius, Caeretan ‘Caesar’
Authors: Gradel Ittai 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The altar, crowned by two volutes and hence of the most common type of Roman altars,2 was unearthed in or by the theatre of Care together with other pieces of sculpture; an admirable recent publication of the finds with transcripts of the contemporary records makes it appear very likely that the altar was found in situ,centrally located in the orchestra of the theatre. 3 In this connection it should also be noted that a fragmentary building inscription suggests that Manlius may have had the theatre erected. 4 The technical quality of the altar reliefs is very fine indeed, and the monument was probably produced in an urban Roman workshop.
Platonic Formalism: Socrates and the Narratologists
Authors: Laird Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The story of Virgil’s Aeneid is well known. Ulysses’ stratagem of the wooden horse caused the city of Troy to fall to the Greeks, prompting Aeneas to flee from Troy with his son, his father Anchises, and his comrades. They travel to various places, including Carthage, where Aeneas has an ill-fated love affair with Dido. The Trojans then sail to Italy and, after Aeneas’ visit to the underworld, arrive in Latium. The pact made with the Latins is soon broken and a bitter war ensues. The outcome is determined by single combat between Aeneas and Turnus, the leader of the Rutuli. Turnus is defeated and killed.
Diomede: Debate in Para-Narrative
Authors: Alden Maureen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many of those fighting at Troy are the sons of heroes who took part in the famous exploits of the previous generation, such as the Argonautica or the Calydonian boar hunt, or fought in its wars, such as the expedition of the Seven against Thebes or Heracles’ sack of Troy. Diomede’s father, Tydeus, fought and died in the expedition against Thebes, and his successes there are held up to Diomede as an example to follow. An exploit of Tydeus’ while fighting against the Thebans introduces a whole series of para-narratives clustered round the figure of Diomede. In these para-narratives the issue of divine patronage is a recurrent theme, and it would not be an exaggeration to say that they present an argument or debate on the merits of divine patronage. Only the audience is aware of all the stages of this debate. Agamemnon and Athene, who have their own reasons for wanting Diomede to fight, urge him to imitate his father’s triumphs, achieved with the help of Athene. They imply that Diomede should be confident of the goddess’s help, and count on her assistance. Once Achilles has withdrawn from the battle, Agamemnon must have a fighter to replace him, and Diomede fulfils that function in the first part of the Iliad: he must uphold the cause of Agamemnon and Menelaus against the Trojans. Athene encourages Diomede to regard himself as a divine favourite while she uses him as her instrument to settle scores of her own against her personal enemies, Ares and Aphrodite. The other side of the argument is presented through Sthenelus and Glaucus, who have no ulterior motives for manoeuvring Diomede into fighting.
Homeric Epic and the Tragic Moment
Authors: Gould John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My subject in this paper is the response of the tragic poets of fifth-century Athens to the Homeric epics, and beyond that, the meaning that the Homeric poems had for their audience in the fifth century. It is a subject which is going, inevitably, to raise a certain number of puzzles and paradoxes, one or two of which I shall try to throw some light on. But there is one, which must surely arise sooner or later, which I can deal with only by confessing at the outset that I have nothing as yet to say about itunless this whole paper can be taken as a comment upon it. Which is, no doubt, a confession of serious failure, since we are concerned, on the face of it, with one of the few pieces of contemporary evidence that we have, and it comes (or purports to come) from no less a witness than Aeschylus himself. Evidently these are words which must prove invaluable. But I do not know what they mean. They form a remark of Aeschylus alluded to in passing rather than quoted in the interminably allusive conversation that makes up Athenaeus’ Table-Talk (8. 347 E).
The Language of Oedipus
Authors: Gould John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
About Sophocles’ King Oedipus, apart from a general acknowledgement that it is one of the masterworks of Greek tragedy, we are a long way from any sort of critical agreement. Some of the reasons at least for this state of affairs are not hard to find. Ever since Aristotle, the play has suffered from being treated as the paradigm case of a Greek tragedy, so that whatever qualities it was thought necessary that a Greek tragedy should have, all were of necessity found here. If tragedies were about tragic flaws, then Oedipus must have his flaw.
Oedipus and Antigone at Thebes
Authors: Gould John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Let us begin with one or two things that we all know (or think we know). Sophocles turned to the Theban legend of Oedipus and his children three times in his long career in the theatre. The traditional chronology places the three plays in the order Antigone, King Oedipus, Oedipus at Colonus and implies a relatively long passage of years between the first and second and an even longer lapse between the second and third. The order is probably better founded than the chronology.
The Idea of Society in the Iliad
Authors: Gould John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ever since Moses Finley’s classic and pioneering World of Odysseus1 the topic of Homeric society has been under more or less continuous discussion. But we might be forgiven for feeling more bewildered than enlightened by the course of the debate. Much of the argument has been concerned with the issue of historical ‘reality’, that is, with the historicity or other wise of the social structures that can be discerned in the poem, and until comparatively recently the Odyssey played a larger part in it than the Iliad. There has been little agreement on the answers to the questions raised and the terms of the debate themselves have tended to shift somewhat alarmingly. This paper is only tangentially, if at all, a contribution to that debate, thought it will, by implication, take a position on some of the issues involved. It will be concerned almost exclusively with the Iliad and it will approach the world of that poem as a fictional world. By ‘fictional’ I do not mean at all what Professor Snodgrass and others mean by such terms as ‘composite’, that is, a world displaying.
Archaeology and History
Authors: Williams J H C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Traditionally the academic study of Celtic northern Italy has divided into two strands—Celtic prehistory and Roman history. The former has dealt principally with the evidence for the presence of the Celts in Italy. It has used this evidence to treat such questions as the explanation and dating of the original Celtic presence within Italy, the continuing relations between the Italian Celts and the Celts north of the Alps, and their progressive integration into the world of Italy. Celtic prehistorians have also addressed themselves to tracing Celtic survivals in the culture of northern Italy after the Roman conquest. The evidence employed in answering these questions is substantially archaeological in nature—the grave-assemblages from cemeteries ascribed to Celts have been crucial in discussions of chronology and in identifying the changing cultural affinities of the Celts of the north, sandwiched between the twin influences of transalpine Celtic Europe and Mediterranean Italy. Philological evidence, in the form of a handful of inscriptions in Celtic, has also played an important part in identifying the presence of Celts throughout the period. The framework within which the questions posed by the material evidence for Celtic prehistory have been asked has, primarily, been that provided by the literary record.
Postmodernism, Romantic Irony, and Classical Closure
Authors: Fowler Don 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘CLOSURE’ in all its senses has often been seen as a distinguishing characteristic of classicism. The classic work is a rounded organic whole, simplex et unum: it ends in resolution, ‘all passion spent’. Antiquity is a closed system, providing a canon of texts whose perfection is beyond time: criticism of those texts is an eternal return, the rediscovery of the timeless verities that they contain. The Classical Tradition is a golden chain which enables us to ‘take our journey back’, as Edwin Muir puts it. And at the end of all our journeying are those same everlasting Forms of Beauty that have always been there and always will be.
Susanna in Excelsis
Authors: Boitani Piero 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The story of Susanna and the elders is in every sense the most ‘suggestive’ in the Bible. A short story, taking up just one chapter in the Book of Daniel, it is extant not in Hebrew but in two different Greek versions, that of the Septuagint and that of Theodotion, and thus apocryphal. Right up until the Reformation, however, Christians considered it inspired, despite the polemics as to its authenticity among the Fathers themselves, and despite its shifting collocation: at the beginning of Daniel in the Greek Bible, and as an appendix in Jerome’s Latin text.
Why Should Moses Go Down?
Authors: Boitani Piero 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Go Down, Moses is one of Faulkner’s most fascinating works: one of those books that coil round the reader and then suddenly strike him with oblique and unexpected revelations. A collection of seven stories, published in one volume in 1942, it acquires fictional unity by tracing the events of one family, the McCaslins, in the American South. Faulkner ‘goes down’ three generations in direct descent (from the plantation founder, Carothers, to his grandson Isaac, who rejects plantation property and the whole idea of slavery), four generations in indirect descent (the Edmonds, who inherit the plantation after Isaac), and five of the black descendants, the slaves and progeny of the plantation owners, who continued to live and work on the same land.
To Recognize Is a God Helen, Mary Magdalene, Marina-Menuchim
Authors: Boitani Piero 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Helen, whose face launched a thousand ships and burnt the topless towers of Ilium, never went to Troy. Paris never swept her into his chamber. It wasn’t Helen the city leaders contemplated on the walls. Furious at her defeat in the most fatal beauty contest of all time, Hera fobbed Paris off with a phantom, an image made out of air: a quasi-living-and breathing, identical copy: Helen’s double. The flesh-and blood Helen had been carried off by Hermes and hidden in a cloud in some fold in the ether, then removed safely to Egypt, to the house of the chaste Proteus, to preserve Menelaus’ bed inviolate. The first ever East-West clash, the First World War-the Trojan War-was fought for an illusion. Zeus simply wanted to ease the earth of some of its burden by thinning out the human population, and at the same time give the most heroic of heroes, Achilles, the chance to shine.
Waking Up in Ireland: ‘Nausicaa’
Authors: Gibson Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In The Lady’s Own Novelette for 24 June 1903, there is a story entitled ‘An English Usurper’. It is set in Ireland. The O’Donovans, grandfather and granddaughter, are being pursued by ‘moneylending Jews’ and their English creditors, the France family of Birmingham. In a climate of political unrest, they cannot raise loans, and must abandon their ancestral estate at Rossmore. Young Harry France travels to Ireland to occupy the property. He arrives at the village, where he encounters dreary landscapes and depressing scenes.
To Arbuthnot and Sober Advice: Textual Variation, Sexuality, and the Public Sphere
Authors: McLaverty James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An Epistle to Dr Arbuthnot and Sober Advice from Horace were designed as twin publications, contrasting and complementary, responding in different ways to that most vital of all attacks on Pope, Verses to the Imitator of Horace.’ Pope hoped to publish them both in late December 1734. As it turned out, Sober Advice, which had passed out of his own control, appeared successfully on 21 December 1734, but To Arbuthnot, whose disturbed lineation suggests Pope’s own late interference, was published late, on 2January 1735. Both poems were published in the knowledge that the second volume of Pope’s works was soon to appear (23 April 1735). But whereas Sober Advice was scurrilous and anonymous and did not appear in a volume of works until 1738, the first edition of To Arbuthnot provided a censored text, acknowledged its authorship in its full title, An Epistle from Mr. Pope to Dr. Arbuthnot, and presented itself as a ‘House of Pope’ publication, ‘Printed by J. Wright for Lawton Gilliver’.
Nancy’s Truth: Oliver Twist and the ‘Stray Chapters’
Authors: Bowen John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE PREFACE TO Oliver Twist, Dickens’s longest, is one of the most interesting documents of nineteenth-century fiction, although most critics pass it by or find it absurd.1 Nancy’s love for Sikes, it says, is ‘a contradiction, an anomaly, an apparent impossibility, but it is a truth’.2 It is an interesting assertion, this binding together of anomaly, contradiction, and truth. Like the unconscious, it appears, the truth embraces contradiction. As the second passage implies, it is not that truth can be found anywhere, or that bad things can be made good and true, but that truth and anomaly, impossibility and contradiction are of necessity linked, and in this case through the question of Nancy’s desire or (perhaps better and more disturbingly for us) love for Sikes.
History’s Grip: Barnaby Rudge
Authors: Bowen John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
in march 1841, Dickens was having some problems. He had recently become a father for the fourth time, and was also deeply troubled by his own father, who was once more borrowing money on his name. He did however find time from some of the difficulties he was having with his current novel, which was not going well, to read an unpublished manuscript, lent to him by his friend, Basil Hall.
The Girlhood of Mary Arnold: 1851-1860
Authors: Sutherland John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It’s a vivid glimpse of the author’s inner mind. Mary Ward’s father, Thomas Arnold, had been dead almost two years. She herself was 51 years old, and embarked on a furiously active career in public life—something that would make her, once an eminent Victorian, a pre-eminent Edwardian.
Oxford: 1867-1871
Authors: Sutherland John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN July 1867 Mary Arnold was finally united with her parents and seven siblings.1 (Two of them—Willie and Theodore—would go back to boarding school in September). It was her first experience of permanent family resi¬dence. Tom had evidently had a subscription mounted for him by friends and relatives. The Arnolds now occupied a large, sprawling house in the Banbury Road which Tom had had built and called Laleham after the Doctor’s house where he was born. Tom Arnold had come home.
Marriage: 1870-1872
Authors: Sutherland John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
HUMPHRY WARD has a walk-on part in literary history as owner of the name that his wife, rather quaintly, took as her own. Even during his life gleeful jokes about his nonentity were current. (The best known goes roughly thus: an old friend meets Humphry in the street after many years in darkest Africa: ‘ You must come and dine with me—and do bring Mrs HW, if there is a Mrs HW.’) Humphry is never given credit as the formative influence on his wife’s intellect, which in fact he was, particularly during the early years of their marriage when she was still a girl-wife. Had Mary Arnold married one of the other eligible young dons in her circle—say Mandell Creighton or John Wordsworth—her later development would have been quite other, in tune with their very different ideals and ambitions.