bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Commitment to “Our Federalism” and to the Primacy of Freedom of Expression
Authors: Ball Howard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
During the 1968 term of the Court, Justice John M. Harlan II and Chief Justice Earl Warren were engaged in a heated debate about a case. Warren, who could be as feisty as the Judge, was at his stubborn best and simply refused to accept Harlan’s views. In exasperation, and with voice raised, the patrician associate justice said to Warren: “Chief, it is as clear as a goat’s ass going up a hill.”
Harlan’s graphic “bamyardism” just as easily could have been used to describe Hugo Black’s jurisprudence for it was just as clearly seen by all who sat on the Court, friend and foe alike. Even though his colleagues might not like Black’s constitutional views, they knew them well. As Arthur Goldberg wrote Hugo in 1964, at the end of the 1963 term and at the height of a major, sometimes emotional disagreement between the two men regarding the Court’s judgment in one of a number of civil rights demonstration cases that came before it from 1961 to 1963:
Introduction: The Search for Common Ground
Authors: Moriarty Marilyn F 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
ALTHOUGH A COLLECTION of essays cannot hope to duplicate the experience of the actual symposium “Postmodernism and Beyond,” the selection and organization of these essays attempt to preserve the intellectual underpinnings that brought together architects, architectural historians, journalists, literary theorists, and a variety of humanists. A connection between architecture and literary theory had been heralded by the “Deconstructivist Architecture” exhibit at the Museum of Modern Art in New York in 1988; however, the exhibition catalogue offered a disclaimer: deconstructive architecture was seen as having emerged from an architectural tradition rather than from a philosophical or literary one. According to Mark Wigley, deconstructive buildings do not derive “from the mode of contemporary philosophy known as ‘ deconstruction.’ They are not an application of deconstructive theory.”1
Introduction: On Representation
Authors: Bergren Ann 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
REPRESENTATION IS a topic at the heart of theory and practice of architecture in the Western world, ever since Plato in his dialogue Timaeus made the creator of the universe an architect: Demiurge. This Demiurge creates the world by building sensible material copies or representations of the eternally existing forms. Representation presents itself whenever we think of architecture as embodying an idea.
Credible Commitments: Using Hostages to Support Exchange
Authors: Williamson Oliver E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Credible commitments and credible threats share the following common attribute: both appear mainly in conjunction with irreversible, specialized investments. But whereas credible commitments are undertaken in support of alliances and to promote exchange, credible threats appear in the context of conflict and rivalry. The former involve reciprocal acts designed to safeguard a relationship, while the latter are unilateral efforts to preempt an advantage. Efforts to support exchange generally operate in the service of efficiency; preemptive investments, by contrast, are commonly antisocial. Both are plainly important to politics and economics, but the study of credible commitments is arguably the more fundamental of the two.
Delimiting Antitrust
Authors: Williamson Oliver E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Both the law and economics of antitrust have undergone significant change in the past twenty years. The expansive antitrust attitudes and enforcement practices of the 1960s have been delimited. Greater respect for economies and the subtleties of market processes and competition have developed. Efforts to focus antitrust policy and further delimit antitrust enforcement are in progress. Although I am sympathetic with these general purposes, I am also concerned with overshooting.
Sharp Focus
Authors: poco crescendo poco a 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In London in 1956 people were talking about Free Cinema. That was the title of showings organized at the National Film Theatre by Karel Reisz, Lindsay Anderson, and others—young critics and film makers intent on prodding film into new paths. The title had the ring of a manifesto. Actually it was a convenient label for a potpourri of items that even included public-relations films, such as the touching Thursday’s Children (1954), made by Lindsay Anderson and Guy Brenton for a school for deaf children, and Anderson’s Every Day Except Christmas (1957), made under Ford Company auspices. But the films that caused a stir—they included British films, and others from abroad— were documentaries of a very different sort, all having certain traits in common.
A Life of Hermitude: Thoreau at Walden Pond
Authors: Ellis Richard J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Few Americans have proven as difficult to categorize as Henry David Thoreau. He has become, in the words of John Diggins, “a man for all persuasions.”1 For some, Thoreau is the bourgeois individualist par excellence. This was the view of such early twentieth-century Marxists as V. F. Calverton, who saw Thoreau as “the best individual product of the petty bourgeois ideology” of his period.2 Much the same view is adopted by Sacvan Bercovitch, who argues that “Walden embodies the myth of American laissez-faire individualism.” It is a work “intended not to change the profit system but to cure its diseases,” “to wake his countrymen up to the fact that they were desecrating their own beliefs.” Thoreau and Aristablus Bragg, James Fenimore Cooper’s personification of the restless, acquisitive middle class, may “march to different drummers” but, Bercovitch insists, they march “along the same free and enterprising American way.”3
The Classic Marketplace of Ideas Theory
Authors: Baker C Edwin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
John Milton’s imagery received possibly its best elaboration by John Stuart Mill, whose arguments are summarized in the Introduction. According to this classic theory, truth is discovered through its competition with falsehood. But why bet that truth will be the consistent or even the usual winner? It is not self-evident that this would happen. It would, however, given certain crucial assumptions, all found in Mill’s On Liberty. A clear understanding of the classic theory requires knowledge of the assumptions on which it relies and clarity as to how those assumptions are necessary for the theory’s persuasive force.
The Process of Change
Authors: Baker C Edwin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Most first amendment theorists agree that a central function of rights protected by the first amendment is to contribute to a legitimate, democratic process for achieving needed change. In order to defend first amendment rights on this basis, a theorist must explain how the first amendment rights delineated by such a theory make this contribution to needed change. Unfortunately, the explanation is seldom given. Its absence leaves a crucial gap in first amendment theory. This chapter attempts to fill the gap by proposing a theory of the process of needed or “progressive” democratic change and showing how the rights identified by the liberty theory are crucial to this process.
Time, Place, and Manner Regulations: Unreasoned Reasonableness
Authors: Baker C Edwin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The constitutionality of regulating the time, place, and manner of assemblies and regulating the physical components of expressive conduct depends on the “reasonableness” of a particular restriction. This conclusion, with its overt acceptance of balancing expressive freedom against other interests, is possibly the most universally accepted tenet of first amendment doctrine. If, as I will argue, this balancing approach is neither necessary nor desirable, its ready acceptance needs some explanation. This chapter offers, but then critiques, such an explanation; it also tentatively defends an alternative, “absolutist” approach. Chapter 7 explores this alternative in the context of a particular issue-i.e., I criticize the almost unchallenged acceptance of the constitutionality of”reason ably” drawn, mandatory parade permit requirements. Then, Chapter 8 describes and defends a set of general principles that interpret and elaborate the te’rm “abridge.” It illustrates the type of reasoning that should substitute for balancing and the reasonableness standard.
Television Environment—A Preface
Authors: Tichi Cecelia 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Terms like box and tube have become standard slang of the electronic age but “environment” is no television synonym, not even after forty years of television saturation in the United States. And no wonder, for the term both indicates a total surrounding and yet, in reference to television, leaves one at a loss to define or describe it. Those slang metaphors are so much easier to deal with, reinforcing the idea of television as an object, a thing occupying finite space, usually in one’s habitat. To call television a box or a tube, for instance, is to think of geometric solids, cones, or cubes of glass, metal, wood, and plastic relegated to a minor place in one’s personal or cultural space. But “environment” makes television the space itself, an encompassing surrounding. As a spatial configuration, television-as-environment is as bold as it is baffling, provocative but lacking ready reference and thus apt to leave one mentally as blank as the turned-off screen itself.
Electronic Hearth
Authors: Tichi Cecelia 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Network television featured the new electronic hearth all winter long, Monday through Friday of 198 1991 when the studio set of ABC’s Good Morning America was constructed to resemble a living room with a crackling fire and a cracking big-screen monitor. Viewers saw both the open-fire hearth and the adjacent big color TV on which the host and hostess, Joan London and Charles Gibson (as some have noticed, surrogate parents), conducted inter views by electronic hookup.
Republican Rites of Passage: Character and the Battle for Youth
Authors: Nackenoff Carol 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Almost all of the products of Alger s pen featured-and were directed to-boys and girls on the verge of adolescence. If those addressed stood on the threshhold of life and their habits were just becoming formed, they increasingly faced this critical period of life away from home.3 In antebellum America, “a number of clergymen, teachers, and sentimental writers confronted the moral problem generated by ... mass migration [from the country to booming cities] in dozens of manuals of advice to American youth ... “4 Alger, too, directed his attention to youth who, leaving familiar surroundings and community networks for the city in ever-increasing numbers and at ever-younger ages, were cut adrift from traditional moral influences of family, clergy, and friends. In dangerous new surroundings, the young must learn to grow and adapt while keeping their identity as members of the Republic intact.
Money, Price, and Value: Alger	s Interventions in the Market
Authors: Nackenoff Carol 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
An Alger hero at the theatre for the first time has the satisfaction of a happy denouement: “[He] saw all the bad characters visited with retribution, while oppressed innocence and virtue through much tribulation attained happiness and peace.” The hero is not alone. Each story is witness to the same pattern of vindication of innocence and virtue. Alger denouements feature arranged justice on earth and deliver payments due.
Levelling and Its Limits
Authors: Nackenoff Carol 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this model republic, this land of the free- So our orators call it, and why should not we?- TJS refreshing to know that without pedigree A man may still climb to the top of the tree; That questions of family, rank, and high birth, All bow to the query, How much is he worth? That John Smith, plebeian, who forty years since Walked Broadway barefooted, now rides as a prince; Having managed, though not overburdened with wit, But rather by chance and a fortunate hit, To take a high place on Society s rounds; His claims being based on pence, shillings, and pounds. I admit there s a certain republican merit.
Introduction: The Politics of Skepticism
Authors: Siebers Tobin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Critical theorists today share an attitude that is not easily shared with others. They share skepticism. Skeptics question not only the nature of specific truths but the interests that guide human action. They attempt to think beyond the limits of their own self-interests, whatever the specific matter at issue. In ethics, skeptical thinkers question the possibility of ethical behavior as such, denouncing altruism as disguised egotism. In politics, they assert their belief that power contaminates social organization and that the lust for power masquerades as the desire for justice. In aesthetics, they claim that beauty is hardly a disinterested concept but another word for ideology.
Ethics or Politics? Comparative Literature, Multiculturalism, and Cultural Literacy
Authors: Siebers Tobin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The history of comparative literature has never been free of controversy. The discipline of comparative literature began as an attempt to define the specific nature of literature apart from the constraints of national and linguistic boundaries, but this attempt soon became embroiled in the ethics and politics of nationalism. Two distinct trends were apparent during the early years of comparative literature.1 The concept of “world” or “general” literature was used by comparatists to attack chauvinism among nations and to expose nationalistic myths. Thus, Carre and Guyard included within the province of comparative literature the study of national illusions. At the same time, however, influence studies allowed nationalism to gain a secure foothold in comparative literature, and critics began to take special pride in the discovery that their national writers had a major impact on another nation’s great authors. Thus, we heard talk about the Byronism of Pushkin or Baudelaire’s debt to Poe.
The Politics of Storytelling Hannah Arendt’s Eichmann in Jerusalem
Authors: Siebers Tobin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Few modern events have stirred the need for recollection and judgment more than the Holocaust. As time passes and witnesses die, however, its memory grows more dim; and legally speaking, the atrocities of Nazi anti-Semitism have remained for the most part unjudged. The Nuremburg trials and the trial of Adolf Eichmann assume great historical significance because they provided concrete occasions for recollecting and judging. The Eichmann trial in particular created a kind of chain reaction of judgment: the judgment of Eichmann gave way to the judgment of anti-Semitism, of Israel, of the Jewish victims, and of the lawyers and the reporters at the trial. The trial also provided an occasion for a multitude of victims to recount their tales of suffering. The judgment of Eichmann welded participants into a chain of responsibility, in which each person was linked to others in the act of recollecting and judging.
Conclusion Toward a Post-Cold War Criticism
Authors: Siebers Tobin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When Gorbachev began his first efforts at de-Stalinization, more than one political commentator remarked that the Soviet Union had finally entered the postwar era. This appraisal may have come as a surprise to many of us. We are accustomed to viewing World War II as a distant event, having little or no influence on present schools of thought.
The Absent Mother
Authors: Doreski C K 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Like the child-persona Elizabeth of “In the Waiting Room,” Bishop experiences and tests the world about her in search of a language sufficient to her experience, a language that would center her voice in relation to family, humanity, nature, and landscape. The interlocking tropes of self and the narrative frame of “In the Waiting Room,” for instance, are merely more elaborate forms of the direction (or “pointing,” as William James would say) of her work as a whole. In this and her other poems that elaborately situate a persona, the need is to generate texture sufficient to encourage a full empathy with the experiences they purport to embody. A poem like “In the Waiting Room” derives much of its power from its stance as a quiet moment along a journey, deriving much of its force from the larger trope. The journey-trope is doubled here, as in so many other poems, because not only is Worcester, Massachusetts, a physical place literally along the way, but it is also a stage in the pilgrimage out of childhood into experience. Thus, although the language privileges the exterior over the interior world (the child emphasizes herself, even perhaps against her will, as a social being), the poem preserves the doubleness of worlds through the double nature of the hidden but controlling trope of the journey.
The Law of the Priest, the Word of the Prophet, the Counsel of the Wise: A Poetics of the Hebrew Bible
Authors: Reed Walter L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In a book of essays published in 1920 entitled The Art of Reading, Sir Arthur Quiller-Couch offers an ironic image of “the Bible as literature,” one that exposes the frequent cross-purposes of literary and historical study. “Imagine a volume including the great books of our own literature,” he invites his readers, “all bound together in some such order as this”:
Coming Down out of Heaven from God: The Orchestration of an Ending in the Book of Revelation
Authors: Reed Walter L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Book of Revelation, although part of the canonical New Testament, has been received with reservations by the established Christian church. Suspicions of its extremist character were aroused in catholic Christianity in the late second century by the way it was embraced and imitated by Montanus and his followers, a sect that was declared heretical. It was classified in the fourth century by the Roman church historian Eusebius as both a “recognized” and a “spurious” book in the New Testament canon, and it was either omitted or explicitly rejected in still later canon lists of the Eastern Church. During the Reformation, Luther was reluctant to accord it full canonical status, complaining that “Christ is neither taught nor known in it,” and Calvin pointedly omitted it from his otherwise complete set of commentaries on the books of the New Testament. In the centuries that followed, Revelation continued to attract great minds, such as Sir Isaac Newton’s, and it still continues to attract large readerships for books that claim to open its mysteries. The Late Great Planet Earth, a popularizing application of its eschatological scenario to recent world events, has been a best-seller in the United States for the last two decades.
Introduction: Twain's Challenge and the Culture of Cyberspace
Authors: Katsh M Ethan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In Life on the Mississippi, Mark Twain described his lifelong fascination with the Mississippi River and with the influence that the river had on the people and towns in the surrounding area. Through a series of stories and anecdotes about river life, Twain portrays the river not simply as a moving body of water, as a geographical entity, but as a dynamic component of life and culture in that time and place.
One of Twain’s most telling experiences occurred when, as a young man, he was serving as an apprentice to a riverboat captain. While at the helm one day, Twain perceived danger lurking under the surface and, without consulting the captain, suddenly changed course. The captain, a man named Bixby, immediately asked him to account for his action and Twain replied that he had seen an under water hazard, a bluff reef, just ahead. Bixby, however, declares that Twain has made a mistake and that he should resume the original course. Twain answers:
“But I saw it. It was as bluff as that one yonder.” “Just about. Run over it!”
“Do you give it as an order?” “Yes. Run over it!”
“If I don’t, I wish I may die.”
“All right; I am taking the responsibility.”
I was just as anxious to kill the boat, now, as I had been to save it before. I impressed my order upon my memory, to be used at the inquest, and made a straight break for the reef. As it disappeared under our bows I held my breath; but we slid over it like oil.
“Now, don’t you see the difference? It wasn’t any thing but a wind reef. The wind does that.”
“So I see. But it is exactly like a bluff reef. How am I ever going to tell them apart?”
Bixby responds that he cannot really explain how to tell them apart but that “by and by you will just naturally know one from the other.
Interacting in Cyberspace
Authors: Katsh M Ethan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
I am in a familiar place. Have I been here before? I feel I know this place, yet even as I tum something appears to have changed. It is still the same place, but not quite identical to what it was just a moment ago. Like a new performance of an old symphony, its into nation is different, and in the difference between its present and its past incarnations something new has been said in a language too subtle for words. Objects and situations that were once thought to have a fixed identity, a generic “self,” now possess personality, flaw and flavor. All permanent categories are defeated as the richness of the particular impresses upon me that in this landscape, if I am to benefit fully, attention is both required and rewarding.
-Marcos Novak
After establishing the Apple Computer Company in 1979, one of the first actions taken by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak was to have a logo designed. This logo, an apple with red, yellow, orange, and green layers, is still the company’s symbol. Its vivid colors attract the eye and it is often a focal point of Apple’s advertising. There is one element of the logo, however, that is sometimes not noticed or remembered. This is that one side of the apple has a jagged edge, suggesting that at least one bite has been taken from it.
The missing piece is an obvious allusion to Adam and Eve’s bite from the fruit of the tree of knowledge. That early bite, which the book of Genesis simply states was a “fruit” but which folklore has transformed into an apple, provided the Garden’s inhabitants with a new perspective on who they were and a new awareness of the nature of their environment. Adam and Eve’s action, one might say, brought
Engendered Violence: Elizabeth, Spenser, and the Definitions of Chastity (1590)
Authors: Frye Susan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The rape of a female by a pen occurs and recurs toward the end of The Faerie Queene's book 3, in the poet-magician Busirane's masque of Amoret's impaled heart. Britomart observes the horrific masque, discovers that Busirane is "penning'' Amoret by writing the entertainment in her blood, and then defeats him. The poem's narrative seems to condemn the assault on Amoret, who appears as a figure of vulnerable Chastity, and then allows Britomart's more militant Chastity to rescue her. Nevertheless, the "torture"1 of a figure of Chastity reverberates beyond the poem, as is evident in the many discussions that seek its containment through inter­ pretation.2 The poem's simultaneous address and assault of a Chastity figure inaugurate the sophisticated reworkings of the queen's image that characterized the decade of the 1590s while anticipating the violent extremes that the social and political relationships contested through Elizabeth's body would reach by 1600.