bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Plato and Aristotle on Form and Substance
Authors: Fine Gail 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Plato and Aristotle give different answers to the question ‘What are the substances [ousiai]?’ One way Aristotle defends his answer is by arguing that his candidate substances—particulars such as Socrates or Callias—better satisfy the criteria for substance than do Plato’s candidates—eternal, unchanging, nonsensible universals called ‘forms’.1 This defence goes along with another. For Aristotle disagrees with Plato, not only about the candidates, but also about the criteria, for substance: one reason Plato fastens on to the wrong candidates is that he focuses on some of the wrong criteria.
Humans and Other Animals
Authors: Dupré John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
John Dupré explores the ways in which we categorize animals, including humans, and comes to refreshingly radical conclusions. He opposes the idea that there is only one legitimate way of classifying things in the natural world, the 'scientific' way. The lesson we should learn from Darwin is to reject the idea that each organism has an essence that determines its necessary place in the unique hierarchy of things. Nature is not like that: it is not organized in a single system. For instance, there is no universal principle by which organisms can be sorted into species. We are obliged to accept that different classificatory schemes are equally valid, and to take a pluralistic view of biology and the human sciences. These provocative and readable essays move on to discuss a set of contentious topics relating to human nature. To start with, Dupré argues that the concept of a universal human nature should be rejected. He questions the relevance of evolution to explanation of human behaviour, and casts doubt on the concept of normality in human behaviour. He shows that misunderstanding of biology and evolution has lead to widespread misconceptions about human sex and gender-in particular, about sexual behaviour and gender roles. The books concludes with a pair of essays about the differences between humans and animals, which may not be quite so clear-cut as we think.
Normative Ethics: Back to the Future
Authors: Hurka Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The course of normative ethics in the twentieth century was a roller-coaster ride, from a period of skilled and confident theorizing in the first third of the century, through a virtual disappearance in the face of various forms of skepticism in the middle third, to a partial revival, though shadowed by remnants of that skepticism, in the final third. The ideal future of normative ethics therefore lies in its past. It must entirely shed its traces of mid-century skepticism if it is to return to the levels of insight provided by G. E. Moore, Hastings Rashdall, J. M. E. McTaggart, W. D. Ross,.
Philodemus on the Therapy of Vice
Authors: Tsouna Voula 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Philodemus of Gadara (c.I I0-&lt;7-40 Be), the Greek Epicurean philosopher, migrated to Italy at a relatively early age, placed himself under the patronage of the Roman patrician Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus, and founded a flourishing Epicurean community at Herculaneum. He is a near contemporary of Cicero, Lucretius, Virgil, and Horace and, although the nature and extent of his influence on each of these authors is a matter of ongoing discussion, there is significant evidence that he was known to most of them, both in person and through his writings. Fragments of his works, which survive in the charred papyri of the so-called Villa dei Papiri in Herculaneum, show him to be an intellectual of impressive range and talent. His elegant epigrams circulated from Italy to Roman Egypt, while his prose compositions targeted sma11er and varying audiences. Their subjects include poetics and literary theory, literary criticism, aesthetics, rhetoric, poetic theology, and philosophy of religion, as well as logic, epistemology, philosophical psychology, and ethics. In all these domains, Philodemus has much to contribute to the discussions of the ancients, as well as to our own.
Eugenio Montale And ‘I’He Inexpressible
Authors: Brook Clodagh J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An issue central to Montale’s poetry is the place of language in creating something quite different from and perhaps independent of any original state of mind during the process of 1inguistic expression. This process is a complex one, and one that has attracted much attention in the fields of psychology, linguistics, and literary criticism. It is often de scribed as being composed of two parts;, the first being the ‘translation’ of non-verbal fragments and images into the inner verbal language
Metaphor And Figurative Language
Authors: Brook Clodagh J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The recognition of the impoverished nature of human language does not inevitably lead a poet always to denial and silence. The very existence of limitation may encourage him or her to experiment, striving against the limits of the failing language in order to try to win new territory. Accordingly, the embattled poet may make a positive of pensive, expanding the number and type of words available by creating neologisms, importing obscure, archaic, or even technological words into the language of poetry, or using metaphor to bring words together in novel and innovative ways.
Plato
Authors: Schofield Malcolm 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Plato is the best known and most widely studied of all the ancient Greek philosophers. Malcolm Schofield, a leading scholar of ancient philosophy, offers a lucid and accessible guide to Plato’ s political thought, enormously influential and much discussed in the modern world as well as the ancient. Schofield discusses Plato’ s ideas on education, democracy and its shortcomings, the role of knowledge in government, utopia and the idea of community, money and its grip on the psyche, and ideological uses of religion.
The Republic: Contexts and Projects
Authors: Schofield Malcolm 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book will inevitably be mostly, if by no means solely, about Plato’s Politeia or Republic (its familiar English title): ‘the first great work of Western political philosophy’ , in G. R. F. Ferrari’s simple statement, introducing what was perhaps the first new translation into English of the new millennium.1 There may be grumbles about that. Plato’s capacity for literary production was formidable, and few of his writings lack political resonances. A good number besides the Republic address substantial political issues in political philosophy more or less head on: the Crito, for example, our earliest philosophical text on political obligation, or the Gorgias, probing the unhealthy relationship— as Plato’s Socrates represents it— between rhetoric and democracy.
Philosophy of Mathematics
Authors: Shapiro Stewart 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is clear that mathematics is involved in our best efforts to gain knowledge of the physical world, through science. Moreover, mathematics itself at least appears to be a knowledge-gathering activity. We speak of what theorems a given person knows and does not know. Thus, the philosophy of mathematics is a branch of epistemology. However, mathematics is at least prima facie different from other epistemic endeavors. Basic mathematical principles, such as ‘7+5=12’ or ‘there are infinitely many prime numbers’, enjoy a high degree of certainty. Sometimes mathematical principles are held up as paradigms of necessary truths and of a priori and infallible knowledge.
God and Human Knowledge in Seneca’s Natural Questions
Authors: Inwood Brad 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his Hymn to Zeus, Cleanthes celebrates the supreme deity, whom the whole cosmos obeys (ll. 7–8), so great is the power of the thunderbolt he wields (9–11). The thunderbolt is the means by which Zeus makes straight the koinos logoswhich penetrates and blends with everything (12–13). As a result, the world is a single coordinated whole (18–21). The moral implications of this order are not neglected (14–17, 22–31). As convention dictates, the hymn ends with a direct prayer for divine assistance (32–39):But Zeus, giver of all, you of the dark clouds, of the blazing thunderbolt, save men from their baneful inexperience and disperse it, Father, far from their souls; grant that they may achieve the insight relying on which you guide everything with justice, so that we may requite you with honour for the honour you give us, praising your works continually, as is fitting
Morality’s Progress
Authors: Jamieson Dale 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recently I attended a family reunion. The site was a park near the homestead that had been farmed by my great grandfather, August (“Augie”) Kienast, who in 1872 had immigrated to the United States from a village near what was then Konigsberg in East Prussia, and is now Kaliningrad in Russia. After lumberjacking in Michigan and travelling throughout the West, Augie settled in an isolated immigrant farming community near Atlantic, Iowa. This community was defined by its pietistic Protestantism, and was intensely loyal to German language and culture. German remained the language of the community until the 1950s, even for public education, despite periodic attempts to suppress it.
Is Applied Ethics Worth Doing?
Authors: Jamieson Dale 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Throughout most of this century philosophers have sharply distinguished moral theory from moral practice, and many have held that moral theory has little or nothing to do with acting morally. It was commonly said that the proper domain of moral philosophy is moral theory: moral practice is the province of Everyman. The following passage from C. D. Broad (1959: 285) is a characteristic expression of this view. We can no more learn to act rightly by appealing to the ethical theory of right action than we can play golf well by appealing to the mathematical theory of the flight of the golf-ball. The interest of ethics is thus almost wholly theoretical, as is the interest of the mathematical theory of golf or billiards.
Animal Liberation is an Environmental Ethic
Authors: Jamieson Dale 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In an influential essay first published in 1980, J. Baird Callicott argued that animal liberation and environmental ethics are distinct and inconsistent perspectives.1 Callicott had harsh words both for animals and animal liberationists. He referred to domestic animals as “living artifacts” and claimed that it is “incoherent” to speak of their natural behaviour (1980/1989: 30). He wrote that it is a “logical impossibility” to liberate domestic animals and that “the value commitments of the humane movement seem at bottom to betray a world-denying or rather a life-loathing philosophy” (p. 31). All of this is in distinction to Aldo Leopold’s “land ethic” which, according to Callicott, is holistic:”[It] locates ultimate value in the biotic community and assigns differential moral value to the constitutive individuals relatively to that standard” (p. 58).
Values in Nature
Authors: Jamieson Dale 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some people value nature while others do not. John Muir and Oscar Wilde were contemporaries, yet they expressed very different attitudes towards nature. While Muir (1994: 25) wrote about “the immortal truth and immortal beauty of Nature” and claimed that there is “an ancient mother-love” of wild nature in everyone, Wilde was un favourably comparing nature to art. Wilde (1989: 970) wrote: “What Art really reveals to us is Nature’s lack of design, her curious crudities, her extraordinary monotony, her absolutely unfinished condition … Art is our spirited protest, our gallant attempt to teach Nature her proper place:’
The City around Us
Authors: Jamieson Dale 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It may seem odd to many people that a book devoted to environmental ethics includes an essay on the city. We often speak of the environment as if it is everywhere except where we live. The environment is Yellowstone, Estes Park, Cape Hatteras, and other vacation spots. It is the Amazon River basin, Alaska, East Africa, places that many of us care about preserving even though we will never visit them. Indeed, the very logic of wilderness preservation demands that most of us will never visit these areas. For if a great many of us were to visit, say, the Maroon Bells Wilderness Area in Colorado, it would soon take on the trappings of an urban park. That so many of us are willing to pay to preserve places that we never expect to visit confounds conventional economists and would-be developers. After all, what could the value of these areas consist in if not their extractable resources and their potential for recreational development? It is no wonder that such people have no better explanation for the rise of preservationism than that it is a conspiracy of wealthy “limousine liberals” who are out to deny the rest of us the benefits of economic growth.
Ethics, Public Policy, and Global Warming
Authors: Jamieson Dale 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There has been speculation about the possibility of anthropogenic global warming since at least the late nineteenth century. At times the prospect of such a warming has been welcomed, for it has been thought that it would increase agricultural productivity and delay the onset of the next ice age. At other times, and more recently, the prospect of global warming has been the stuff of “doomsday narratives’: as various writers have focused on the possibility of widespread drought, flood, famine, and the economic and political dislocations that might result from a “greenhouse warming” -induced climate change.
Kant ‘s and Strawson ‘s Descriptive Metaphysics
Authors: Bird Graham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The project of descriptive metaphysics in Strawson ‘s Individuals is that of identifying fundamental features, such as the role of external objects and persons, in our ordinary experience, and it is natural to associate that project with the defensible part of Kant ‘s epistemology identified in The Bounds of Sense. Subsequently Strawson modified some of the views expressed in both early books, and I shall note some of those changes; but my main aim is to contrast Kant ‘s position with those early accounts. Such an account of Kant contrasts with that of other commentators who, like Manfred Baum, regard Kant ‘s first Critiqueas essentially ontological rather than epistemo-logical or who, like Michael Friedman, emphasize Kant ‘s interest in the exact sciences rather than in ordinary experience. lt is not my intention here to defend Strawson ‘s view against these alternative positions, for they need not exclude each other, but I accept that at least part of Kant ‘s project isa descriptive metaphysics.
Strawson on Aesthetic Judgement in Kant
Authors: Förster Eckart 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his recent ‘Intellectual Autobiography ‘ that opens the Library of Living Philosophers volume in his honour Sir Peter Strawson reviews, among other things, his various publications on Kant subsequent to The Bounds of Sense. In this context he writes: ‘More recently I paid tribute to his [i.e. Kant ‘s] insight into the nature of aesthetic judgement. ‘ This attention to Kant ‘s theory of beauty must be most welcome to anyone who, like myself, has learned greatly from Strawson ‘s brilliant reading of the first Critique and who shares his high esteem for the Critique of Aesthetic Judgement. Unfortunately, the mentioned tribute is exceedingly short and condensed, occurring as it does in the context of a book review.
Indeterminacy of Function Attributions
Authors: Enç Berent 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The thesis that minds are part of the natural scheme of things, and that intentionality of mental states is a manifestation of the causal relations and laws of the physical world, is a familiar one. A number of philosophers, myself being among them, are committed to it. And some of these philosophers have sought to show that a theory of content for mental states could be developed by appealing to the functions of our perceptual and mental organs. The rough thought was simply this: talk about functions is in its surface grammar teleological. Teleology is essentially intentional. So, if function assignments can be given a reductive analysis in terms of causal relations and causal laws, then we will have found a key to naturalizing intentionality, and this will be the first step towards understanding the source of the intentional nature of minds.
The One-and-Many Probleims at Philebus 15b
Authors: Delcomminette Sylvain 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN this paper I propose to focus on a short passage of Plato’s Philebus, the statement of what Socrates calls the serious one-and-many problems (15 B 1–8). The huge number of publications concerning this passage’ gives an idea of how controversial it is, and is a sign that no interpretation has found unanimous support. I shall try to show that a satisfactory interpretation of this text can be obtained only when its relation to the method introduced a little later (16 c 5–17 a 4) is rightly understood. The fact that these two passages are somehow connected has already been recognized by some commentators, but I believe that the connection is usually considered the wrong way round. I hope to demonstrate that, properly considered, this relation can lead us to an interpretation of the problems cited at 15 b which makes the text of the manuscripts perfectly sound as it stands, without introducing any emendation.
Introduction
Authors: Millar Alan , BermÚDez JosÉ Luis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is hardly a matter of dispute that there is a normative dimension to reason and rationality. Actions, beliefs, and inferences can be reasonable or unreasonable. Reasons for belief or action can be good or bad. A body of beliefs can be rationally coherent or incoherent. A person’s behaviour can be rational or irrational. Presumably, then, there are norms or standards which contribute to determining such matters. The essays in this collection deal with the normative dimension of reason and rationality and with how it should be understood as relating to the natural world.
On Basic Logical Knowledge: Reflections on Paul Boghossian’s ‘How are Objective Epistemic Reasons Possible?’*
Authors: Wright Crispin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
1. Frege wrote that ‘There is nothing more objective than the laws of arithmetic.’ Acceptance of the objectivity of logic, mathematics, and of epistemic norms generally—norms determining when particular beliefs are justified, or knowledgeable, and which beliefs commit one to which others—used to be orthodoxy. Paul Boghossian is concerned to respond to its increasing dis- esteem among thinkers in the humanities and social sciences. ‘The suspicion is widespread’, he writes, ‘that what counts as knowledge in one cultural, or broadly ideological, setting need not count as knowledge in another.’
Reasons for Action and Instrumental Rationality*
Authors: Millar Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is a familiar and highly plausible view, deriving from Elizabeth Anscombe, that an agent &lt;fs intentionally if and only if she &lt;fs for a reason, it being understood that the reason in question is the agent’s reason for &lt;fing. It is easy to see why, at least on the face of it, this Anscombian Principle is plausible. Suppose you open a window. If you did so intention- ally, then there was a reason for your action. If the intention was to let in some fresh air, then your reason was to let in some fresh air. The intention specifies what you were aiming to do and thereby gives the reason for your opening the window. Conversely, if your reason for opening the window was to let in some fresh air, then you did so intentionally—your reason captures what you aimed to do by opening the window.
Rationality and Psychological Explanation without Language
Authors: BermÚDez JosÉ Luis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One important ramification of the ‘cognitive turn’ in the behavioural and cognitive sciences is that high-level cognitive abilities are being identified and studied in an ever-increasing number of species and at ever-earlier stages of human development. Contemporary behavioural sciences have more or less abandoned what was for many years an unquestioned tenet in the study of cognition, namely, that language and thought went hand in hand, and hence that the study of thought could only proceed via the study of language.
Normative Explanations: Invoking Rationality to Explain Happenings
Authors: Gibbard Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The natural world is the only world. Reason, then, if any such thing exists, must be part of the natural world. To be rational, we might add, is to accord with reason, and so rationality, if any such thing exists, must be a natural property. To call an act or a way of thinking rational is to describe it, somehow, in naturalistic terms, in terms that can fit into empirical science. Or so we might think—but how this could be proves elusive. Attempts to formulate naturalistically what ‘rational’ means appear to fail.
Das Wort fur ‘Jahr’ und hieroglyphen-luwisch yari‘sich ausdehnen’
Authors: Oettinger Norbert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ein Fortschritt beim Wort fuür das ‘Jahr’ hat sich durch die Entdeckung der verehrten Jubilarin1ergeben,2dass keilschrift-luwisch (k.-l.) aāara/i-ebenso wie seine gleichlautende hieroglyphen-luwische (h.-l.) Entsprechung ‘Zeit’ bedeutet und etymologisch zu gr.
Johannes Schmidt’s Academic Career and his Letters to August Schleicher
Authors: Strunk Klaus 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘The great Johannes Schmidt’, as Anna Morpurgo Davies called him (1998: 267, 278 n. 60), employing an epithet he had gained long before, occupies an important place in the history of Indo-European studies in the last three or four decades of the nineteenth century. His reputation is founded on several influential publications, among them particularly some that are still of exceptional importance today: firstly, Die Verwantschaftsverhältnisse der indogermanischen Sprachen(1872), in which he set his wave theory on the subdivision of the Indo-European languages against the genetic-tree theory postulated by his academic teacher August Schleicher; secondly, Die Pluralbildungen der indogermanischen Neutra(1889), in which he ingeniously identified morphological and syntactical indications for a category of Proto-Indo-European collectives and their more recent continuants in the historical Indo-European languages. It is not necessary to enumerate a great number of further important works by Schmidt, such as Kritik der Sonantentheorie(1895), which greatly enlivened and enriched the linguistic discourse of the time.
Intrinsic and Relational Properties of Atoms in the Democritean Ontology
Authors: Mourelatos Alexander P D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aristotle’s survey, in book I of the Metaphysics, of the contributions of the earlier natural philosophers provides us with a major source-text for the fundamentals of fifth-century bce atomic theory: Leucippus and his associate Democritus declare the full and the empty [void] to be the elements, calling the former ‘what-is’ (Te Zv) and the latter ‘what-is-not’ (Te μc Zv).
On the Individuation of Times and Events in Orthodox Stoicism*
Authors: Salles Ricardo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Stoic philosophy has often come under attack with the charge of inconsistency. In this vein, Jonathan Barnes has argued that a logical tension emerges between two tenets of Stoicism: the doctrine of everlasting recurrence in its orthodox version, on the one hand, and the Stoic conception of time as an incorporeal entity (Iuwμ,ÆTov TØ), on the other.1 Barnes’s argument runs as follows. Suppose that (a) identically the same world recurs at different times with the same qualities and dispositions, as the orthodox version maintains; if times are incorporeal, however, (b) times are individuated by the qualities and dispositions of the bodies that characterize them. So if (b) is true, (a) has to be false: exactly the same world cannot recur at different times.