bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Why Revolutions Happen
Authors: Mau Vladimir , Starodubrovskaya Irina 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe study of the great revolutions of the past shows that they occur in countries that encounter fundamental challenges, which may be a consequence of local or of global processes, to which their institutional structures and the psychological outlook of the populations have rendered them unable to adapt themselves in the time available. This incapacity to adapt manifests itself in a progressive narrowing of remedial options that might, were the state stronger, produce sufficiently robust policies to remove the internal constraints that impede the adaptation required. The result is a sequence of fragmentation and breakdown processes, which the state is increasingly powerless to resist.
Revolutions and Economic Growth: General Approach
Authors: Mau Vladimir , Starodubrovskaya Irina 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter examines the role of economic modernization as a principle generator of the challenges that, if not adequately addressed by the state, lead to pre‐revolutionary conditions and thence to revolution itself. It examines the historical record of economic modernization in this context, and reviews the theoretical literature on the processes involved. In the Russian case, the Soviet system proved unable to master the economic development that it had itself unleashed, or to remove the internal constraints on adaptation that it had itself established.
The Revolutionary Process
Authors: Mau Vladimir , Starodubrovskaya Irina 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter analyses the English Civil War, the French Revolution, and the Bolshevik Revolution to throw light on the theoretical factors relating to their social and political dynamics in effecting a transfer of power. This covers not just the weakness of the ancien régime in resisting the forces of revolution, but also that of the revolutionary forces in determining the optimal machinery of government for the post‐revolutionary state. This latter weakness can produce undesirable institutional legacies requiring decades to be dismantled.
The Revolutionary Process in Contemporary Russia
Authors: Mau Vladimir , Starodubrovskaya Irina 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter analyses the course of the Russian revolution, which brought about the collapse of communism, in order to define its generic theoretical features. Its purpose is to define the ‘revolutionary curve’ that defines its internal logic of events. It also clarifies three specific features: first, the evolution from ‘reform from above’ to ‘revolution from above’ effected during the Gorbachev era; second, the reasons for the general absence of mass violent action and of revolutionary terror; third, the marked unwillingness of the protagonists to admit the revolutionary character of the changes they were pushing forward. The chapter concludes with a brief prognosis for Russia's current post‐revolutionary situation under President Putin.
The Leaders of the Contemporary Russian Revolution Speak . . .
Authors: Mau Vladimir , Starodubrovskaya Irina 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter presents an assessment, based on interviews with its leading protagonists (Gorbachev, Yakovlev, Gaidar, Burbulis), of the assumptions, objectives, and implementation of the reform policies of the perestroyka era. All the interviewees exhibited a sense that they were helping to introduce an era of more rational and stable government.
The Economic Cycle of Revolution
Authors: Mau Vladimir , Starodubrovskaya Irina 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter provides a theory of the economic cycle, which drives full‐scale revolutions (as opposed to mere crises), which involves the interactions of three basic factors—changes in the structure of demand, the logic of government, and changes in transaction costs. It explains how each of these factors contributes to the various phases of the cycle, and provides historical examples of their operation.
Economic Problems of Revolution
Authors: Mau Vladimir , Starodubrovskaya Irina 
Published: October 2003

AbstractRevolutions are not simply political processes that tend towards economic outcomes, but contain their own economic logic. This chapter examines the role of finance and budgeting in a revolution, and explains how the changing balance between growing resource needs and shrinking resource availability, plus the tendency to misuse monetary mechanisms for political advantage, decrease the ability of an ancien régime to survive.
The Russian Experience: Theoretical Interpretations
Authors: Mau Vladimir , Starodubrovskaya Irina 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter speculates on how the theory of revolution might develop further, in the light of the experiences of post‐communist Russia. This means regarding the Russian example, not as a case study of the theoretical model, but as the occasion for a revision of that model. If it emerges that revolution is not solely a phenomenon of pre‐industrial, underdeveloped countries, then the features peculiar to such countries (such as low levels of literacy and general culture) cannot be regarded as universal features of revolutionary change in a theory of revolution. The most important problem in this regard is the place of violence as a necessary element of revolution, which has now come into serious question. Other theoretical issues involve spontaneity of action, the role of mass movements, and changes in concepts of property rights.
Marx's Theory of Revolution and the Revolutions of the Twentieth Century
Authors: Mau Vladimir , Starodubrovskaya Irina 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter explores the debate over whether and how far the collapse of communism, far from signifying the defeat of Marxism, actually proved the correctness of the diagnosis of the revolutionary process that Marx advanced in Das Kapital. The debate essentially involves a conflict between different interpretations of what Marx was saying, and a useful case study of such conflict can be found in analysis of developments in Germany in the inter‐war period—in the collapse of the Weimar republic and the inception of the Nazi era. Applying the Marxist model to the case of post‐communist Russia, it becomes clear that his methodological approach retains much of its relevance—not in respect of his theory of class struggle, but in his conception of the effects of the inability of a society to adapt itself to a changing social, political, and economic environment, and the characteristics of the ideological crisis to which such incapacity gives rise.
Musical Works
Authors: Davies Stephen 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Musical works can be for live performance, for studio performance, or for playback, not performance. The ‘thinner’ the work, the less the work determines details of its accurate instances, but even the ‘thickest’ of works for performance leave their performers with considerable scope for interpretation. These ways of describing musical works, unlike ones considering them as classes, types, or kinds, provide an ontology reflecting factors that are significant to the way composers, performers, and listeners understand and discharge their socio‐musical roles.
Elements of Musical Works
Authors: Davies Stephen 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Not all musical works have sound structures organized to the same hierarchical level (for instance, some lack tonality and themes) and many aspects of higher musical structure resist reduction to lower levels. Also, there is more to most musical works than their sound‐structure. Some of a piece's identifying features depend on the musico‐historical setting in which it is created, so that composers at an historical or cultural remove from each other specify different works even if they prescribe otherwise identical sound structures. For instance, the socio‐musical conventions obtaining at the time of the work's composition settle whether a particular instrumentation is mandated, or recommended only. I call this view ‘ontological contextualism.’
Performances
Authors: Davies Stephen 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Three conditions are necessary for a performance of a work and together are sufficient: (1) the performance matches the work's content, more or less; (2) the performers intend to follow most of the instructions specifying the work, whoever wrote them; and (3) a robust causal chain runs from the performance to the work's creation. Live performances are individuated not solely in terms of the spatio‐temporal unity of the playing event, but also with respect to the performing group involved. Studio performances, by contrast, are identified with the simulated or virtual performances encoded on a master, or its clones.
Authenticity in Western Classical Music
Authors: Davies Stephen 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Authenticity is integral to the enterprise that takes the delivery of the composer's work as its goal. In such cases, authenticity is an ontological requirement, not an interpretative option, though any performance recognizable as of a given work will be minimally authentic. Whether a performance must comply with the composer's instrumentation, phrasing, tempo, and dynamics depends on whether these features are work‐determinative for the musical tradition within which the work was created. Practical considerations, recently entrenched traditions, and the possibility that performers can take for granted the audience's prior familiarity with orthodox readings might count against the pursuit of ideal authenticity, but the territory to be explored in an interpretation should lie nearer the ideal than the minimum end of the spectrum along which authenticity is measured.
Authenticity and Non‐Western Music
Authors: Davies Stephen 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Performances of non‐Western music can be assessed for their authenticity as an expression of the society's historically important musical traditions, repertoires, and practices. Doing so does not presuppose that musical traditions must be old, static, and free of foreign influences. Judgements of authenticity must be carefully indexed to the times and contexts that are being compared and should come from within the culture or be informed by its views. We could not expect to understand their views, though, unless we learn the conventions of their musical repertoires, styles, and genres, the characteristics of the instruments they employ, the technical and other demands imposed on the performer, and the functions that music fills in their lives. As a case study, musicians from Bali were interviewed about whether playing for tourists degrades their music.
Political Institutions
Authors: Colomer Josep M. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe more complex the political institutions, the more stable and socially efficient the outcomes will be. This book develops an extensive analysis of this relationship. The discussion is theoretical, historical, and comparative. Concepts, questions, and insights are based on social choice theory, while an empirical focus is cast on about 40 countries and a few international organizations from late medieval times to the present. Political institutions are conceived here as the formal rules of the game, especially with respect to the following issues: who can vote, how votes are counted, and what is voted for. Complexity signifies that multiple winners exist, as in plural electorates created by broad voting rights, in multi‐party systems based upon electoral systems of proportional representation, and in frameworks of division of powers between the executive and the legislative or between the central government and noncentral units. The efficiency of outcomes is evaluated for its social utility, which is to say, the aggregation of individuals’ utility that is obtained with the satisfaction of their preferences. This is a book that emphasizes the advantages of median voter's cabinets and presidents, divided government, and federalism. Pluralistic democratic institutions are judged to be better than alternative formulas for their higher capacity of producing socially satisfactory results.
Politics and Social Choice
Authors: Colomer Josep M. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractSocial choice theory helps to design a research strategy. Three institutional variables producing different degrees of stability and different amounts of social utility are: (1) the dispersion of voters’ preferences, corresponding to simple and complex electorates; (2) the inclusiveness of different voting and electoral rules; and (3) the number of issue dimensions in single and separate elections, corresponding to schemes of unity and division of powers.
The London Stock Exchange
Authors: Michie Ranald 
Published: October 2003

AbstractRanald Michie traces the history of the London Stock Exchange from its beginnings around 1700 to the end of the twentieth century, chronicling the challenges and opportunities it has faced, avoided, or exploited over the years. Throughout, the history seeks to blend an understanding of the London Stock Exchange as an institution with that of the securities market of which it was––and is––such an important component; one cannot be examined satisfactorily without the other. Without a knowledge of both, for example, the causes of the ’Big Bang’ of 1986 would forever remain a mystery. However, the history of the London Stock Exchange is not just worthy of study for what it reveals about the interaction between institution and market. Such was its importance that its rise to world dominance before 1914, its decline thereafter, and its renaissance from the mid‐1980s explain a great deal about Britain's own economic performance and the working of the international economy.
Introduction
Authors: Michie Ranald C. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe beginning of this introduction stresses the importance of the two major strands to the history of the London Stock Exchange, the first concerning the growth and development of the modern securities market, both within Britain and internationally, and the second concerning the evolution of institutional control over that market as the number of participants and users grew, and the business became ever more complex. The London Stock Exchange exerted a dominant influence in determining both the operation and the structure of the modern securities market, both domestically and globally, and it is only by bringing these two strands together, and tracing their interaction, that the history of the London Stock Exchange can be fully understood: this is what the book seeks to do. However, the remainder of this introduction is devoted to a brief history of the international securities market itself, from the early seventeenth century to modern times.
From Market to Exchange, 1693–1801
Authors: Michie Ranald C. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe first part of this chapter examines the early history of the London securities market, which can be traced back to the sixteenth century. The second part looks at the organization and development of this market. Within London, a definite location can be found as early as the 1690s (in the Royal Exchange and its environs), and the existence of stockbrokers can be traced to 1700. The development of the organized market is outlined up to 1801, when the institution of the London Stock Exchange formally came into existence––as the Stock Subscription Room––on 3 March 1801. This event was finally precipitated by the French Revolution of 1789, the resultant fall of the Paris Stock Exchange in 1793, and the occupation of Amsterdam (another centre of finance) in 1795.
From Money to Capital, 1801–1851
Authors: Michie Ranald C. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe first section of this chapter traces the development of the organization of the London Stock Exchange from 1801 to 1851. The new ability to enforce the rules and regulations that increasingly governed the conduct of business in the securities market and the change in nature of the securities market that occurred––essentially it became a closed market––are discussed. The development of the rules and regulations, and operational mechanisms are outlined. The second section looks at the securities market itself during the same period, describing its growing importance within the entire British financial system (including financing the National Debt), the switch to foreign securities in 1822, and the gradual convergence of interest between the Foreign Funds Market and the Stock Exchange proper during the 1830s. Finally, the changes resulting from the railway mania of the 1840s are described, which resulted in the appearance of numerous provincial stock exchanges and a fundamental extension to the British securities market.
Shattered Dominance: The First World War, 1914–1918
Authors: Michie Ranald C. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter looks at the change from a dominant position of the London Stock Exchange before the First World War, to its severely diminished position after it. The Stock Exchange emerged from the war as a fundamentally different institution, as a result of internal changes in rules and regulations, changes forced upon it (including government intervention) and the different world within which it now operated; and there was no guarantee that the conditions that had allowed it to acquire such a central position would ever reappear. The chapter traces these developments in three sections, which discuss the outbreak of war, the effects of war, and money and capital (securities) markets.
Challenges and Opportunities, 1919–1939
Authors: Michie Ranald C. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAlthough the London Stock Exchange had begun to review its rules and regulations from September 1916 onwards, there was very little planning to meet the problems and competition likely to be faced in the post‐First World War world. Despite all the changes inside and outside the Stock Exchange that had taken place since August 1914, there was only a limited recognition that these had more than temporary consequences. This chapter discusses the resultant challenges and opportunities in the period between the two wars. There are three sections, which look at the legacy of war, the organization of the Stock Exchange, and membership. The next chapter looks at the changing market place over the same period.
The Changing Market Place Between the Wars
Authors: Michie Ranald C. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAs a successor to the previous chapter, which looked at organizational change in the London Stock Exchange between the two World Wars, this one looks at the changing market place over the same period. The first part of the chapter discusses competition from British provincial stock exchanges, from international arbitrage, and from North American and continental banks. The second part looks at the money market, and the last looks at the capital (securities) market and reduced international market.
New Beginnings: The Second World War, 1939–1945
Authors: Michie Ranald C. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe first part of this chapter discusses the institutional response of the London Stock Exchange to the long‐expected outbreak of the Second World War––a response that, unlike that to the First World War, had been planned. The various aspects discussed include the planning and operation of the agreements made between the Exchange and the Treasury and the Bank of England (which ceded ultimate power to the Treasury, and ultimately led to a post‐war compromise on the relative power of the government and Exchange over the securities market) and plans to physically relocate to the Denham film studios (subsequently abandoned). The rest of the chapter discusses the effects of the war on membership and the new rules on rebates, and competition––aspects covered include North American brokerage houses in London, foreign business, the market for domestic securities, provincial stock exchanges, country jobbing, the Stock Exchange ban on account trading, Treasury refusal to give permission for markets in various issues, and securities values.
Recovery and Crisis: 1945–1949
Authors: Michie Ranald C. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe first part of this chapter discusses the efforts by the London Stock Exchange to survive and prosper post‐war under continuing government control, and to try to avoid direct Treasury supervision of the securities market––or even nationalization. Steps towards a peacetime operation are outlined––they were slow and had to be arranged in direct consultation with the government. The second part of the chapter describes the various post‐war institutional changes in the Stock Exchange in the light of the slowly emerging arrangement whereby it was trusted with responsible management of the securities market within a framework set by the (nationalized) Bank of England, and ultimately determined by the Treasury and government. The last part of the chapter looks at the declining importance of the Stock Exchange as the global securities market began to bypass London, as a result of the combined influence of both exchange controls and the Stock Exchange's own restrictive practices on international business; it was also unable to capitalize on its established domestic securities position.
Failing to Adjust, 1960–1969
Authors: Michie Ranald C. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter addresses the continuing decline and failure of the London Stock Exchange to adjust to change during the 1960s, when the government rather than the market continued to be the major influence over the way it developed. The first section of the chapter discusses relations with the government. The next discusses relations with the members––where the desire was to create a level playing field for both members and non‐members, and now became an equal desire to ensure that all members had both the training and the capital to enable them to play an active role in the market, whilst not posing a threat to others; however, the members themselves were hostile to the admission of both women and foreigners, both of whom were keen to become members. The third section of the chapter discusses continuing competition with provincial and foreign stock exchanges, and the failure of the London Stock Exchange to capture or retain foreign business. The last section looks at money and capital (securities) markets in the 1960s.
Big Bang
Authors: Michie Ranald C. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter discusses the lead up to the ‘Big Bang’ and its effects––the Big Bang refers to the abolition of fixed commissions and the single capacity on 27 October 1986, both of which had been at the centre of London Stock Exchange thinking for most of the twentieth century, and certainly since 1945. This move followed the abolition of exchange controls in 1979, and the associated far‐reaching changes on the securities market. The path from one to the other is traced, including the loss of the Stock Exchange's monopoly position within the securities market in January 1986. The new ways and roles that the Stock Exchange was forced to adopt during the early 1980s are described, including its merger with ISRO (International Securities Regulatory Organisation), its failure to merge with LIFFE (London International Financials Futures Exchange), expansion of securities traded on SEAQ (Stock Exchange Automated Quotations) international, and its opening of membership to global players. The last section of the chapter discusses further changes to the Stock Exchange that occurred to reflect the completely changed nature of its membership, including alterations in the degree of control and supervision exercised, and the ending of the Compensation Fund.