bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The New Normative Marriage–Is It Good for Men?
Authors: Nock Steven L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By binding himself to the social institution of marriage, a man builds and sustains himself in predictable ways. Marriage changes men by improving their accomplishments. Marriage in Men’s Lives shows that the soft boundaries surrounding private married life provide a template for activities in public life as well. Married men are more involved than unmarried men in the impersonal and rational world of work, where the rewards are public and measured in dollars or prestige. There are clear models, or standards, to follow in such pursuits, and success (or failure) is easily recognized. Married men alter their personal communities by shifting allegiance from informal or personal friendships to relationships in patterned and normative roles, where performance is easily judged by conformity to accepted principles. And married men change their model of help and assistance to conform with expectations about socially accepted standards of responsibility and obligations, especially to relatives. In these ways, and perhaps many others, marriage structures men’s lives around standards and rules that are known and appreciated in our society.
The Greek Conceptions of Unity
Authors: Klein Étienne , Lachièze-Rey Marc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many of the Greek thinkers were inspired by monism. They aspired to explain phenomena on the basis of a single principle. Our senses may well suggest a world made of an infinite variety of things and phenomena, but for the purpose of trying to understand it, we have no choice but to introduce some semblance of order, in other words, some underlying unity. Natural elements, these philosophers believed, are not to be understood as isolated pieces disconnected from the rest. Instead, they must be amenable to integration into a broader explicative framework that gives them both meaning and functionality. Hence the conviction that, hidden deep within reality, there must exist some principle or fundamental substance from which all things can be derived. Out of this came a number of doctrines promoting one primordial element or another, the nature of which was not even necessarily inert or material. The justification for starting this analysis by reviewing a few doctrines originating with the Greek thinkers is that they are the ones who planted in physics the seed of its eventual power. Yet, the Greeks do not have the comer on monism. For instance, the
The Unity of Physics
Authors: Klein Étienne , Lachièze-Rey Marc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From its inception, science has always taken the mantle of universality. “Any subject is one,” proclaimed Buffon, “and no matter how vast, it can be condensed in a single discourse.” Science’s craving for unity acts as a most efficient stimulus to expand our knowledge. Indeed, it has led to increasingly spectacular successes. Yet, modern science seems to have exploded into a multitude of highly specialized areas and distinct disciplines that may at times be interconnected, but that by and large ignore one another. There appears to be an overwhelming trend toward a proliferation of distinct and autonomous “subdivisions.” Researchers in different fields often experience great difficulties understanding each other. Science in general seems to follow a course inconsistent with integration, partitioning its structure while at the same claiming to unify its content. The contradiction is most striking in physics. One might legitimately question whether this drive toward unity is an inherent part of the scientific process.
An Uncommon Place
Authors: Dalzell Robert F , Dalzell Lee Baldwin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Few of us ever bother to examine the faces of old friends very closely, and so it is with Mount Vernon. If you visit Washington’s home today, chances are you will come by car or bus along the George Washington Parkway. After purchasing tickets and entering, on foot, an imposing gateway, most people then follow a short avenue to the bottom of the flat expanse of lawn that the guidebooks identify as the bowling green. There, abruptly, the house comes into view, barely two hundred yards away, looking much as it must have in Washington’s lifetime. Yet so familiar is it-so often has it been pictured in books, prints, and paintings (not to mention on postcards, coffee mugs, and dish towels)-that it is easy to stand before it and still not see the real thing.
The Washingtons of Virginia, 1657-1757
Authors: Dalzell Robert F , Dalzell Lee Baldwin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a life blessed with more than a few fortuitous turns, it was no accident that Mount Vernon became George Washington’s home. When he took it over at the age of twenty-two, it had already belonged to four generations of Washingtons, beginning with his great-grandfather John, who founded the family line in Virginia. In England, John Washington’s clergyman father had been ousted from his living by Puritans, ostensibly for drinking too often in alehouses. America was kinder. Restless, acquisitive, and ambitious, the family prospered from the start, early on becoming part of the colony’s emerging elite. In the long run, however, it proved easier to rise into that group than it did to move upward through its ranks, and in that sense each generation discovered certain stubbornly persistent limits to its achievement.
“Things Not Quite Orthodox”: George Washington, Architect
Authors: Dalzell Robert F , Dalzell Lee Baldwin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Planning buildings combined two of Washington’s great enthusiasms: his surveyor’s passion for imposing order on space and his lifelong love of the theater, coupled with his sense of life itself as a series of theatrical performances. A well-conceived building was one that both satisfied the mind and set the stage for purposeful, dramatic action. But as important as architecture was to Washington, he never had much to say about it in general terms. Happily, however, his silence was not absolute, for in a series of letters written toward the end of his life, he did hazard several singularly revealing remarks on the subject.
Decentering Sex: Rethinking Jewish Sexual Ethics
Authors: Plaskow Judith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My purpose in this chapter is to sketch an agenda for a Jewish feminist sexual ethics that, as my title indicates, has a major paradox at its core. Sexual ethics is necessarily about sex: sexual ideologies, sexual norms and behaviors, the shifting and conflicted attitudes toward sex in the history of a particular religious tradition, and questions of authority and the transformation of tradition. The very act of writing about sexual ethics, whatever the content, by definition places sexuality at the center of interest and discussion. Yet, there are many reasons to question and even undermine the centrality of sexuality as a topic of religious concern. Private sexual behavior is given too much weight, both in our society at large and as a subject of religious debate. Too much is heaped upon it, both as an explanation for our social ills and as the center of our personhood. Why address sexuality at all, then; and how can one formulate a sexual ethic that decenters sex? Is it possible for a sexual ethic to focus on the sexual ideologies that are part of our social fabric, rather than on the rights and wrongs of individual sexual behavior? Whatever the final answers to these questions, I want to explore the two opposing impulses that animate this project: the impulse toward creating a sexual ethic and the impulse toward decentering sex.
The Social Construction of Sexuality: Implications for the Churches
Authors: Gudorf Christine E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A shared understanding of sexual values, roles, categories, rules, and norms has disappeared in the United States. This disappearance is rapidly advancing on the developing world as one part of the tidal wave of postmodernism. The disappearance of consensus around sexuality in our society is partly a result of the process of colonization of all areas of human life by the capitalist economy and its rationalizations. The capitalist economy has emphasized greater worker mobility and consumerism as the measure of both personal satisfaction and fulfillment of family obligation and has gradually required more work hours in order to sustain the American family’s standard of living. At the same time, automation, increased foreign industrial and technological competition, and the export of production to low-wage areas has created a permanent labor surplus and many low-wage, temporary, or seasonal servicesector jobs insufficient for family support. These trends created pressures for smaller family size and more mobile worker families and the need for second (wives’) salaries in working- and lower-middle class families. This in turn impacted the roles of women and men in the various racial/class sectors. Unemployment rates also increased, especially among minority groups, and the degree of support available to the family from extended kin and lifelong neighbors was lowered. All of this has affected attitudes toward sex, love, marriage, family, and parenting.
“To Make Martyrs of Their Children”: “Female Genital Mutilation,” Religious Legitimation, and the Constitution
Authors: McBride James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sparked by Alice Walker’s Possessing the Secret of Joy and Warrior Marks (with Pratibha Parmar), as well as her hour-long documentary of the same name, the controversy over what is dubbed “female genital mutilation” (FGM) has been propelled into the spotlight on network television and in North American newspapers and journals. In 1994 Lydia Oluloro, an illegal immigrant from Nigeria, successfully fought deportation orders by the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS), on the grounds that the return to her native country would subject her two American-born daughters, ages six and four, to this practice by her relatives.
Competing in Computers
Authors: Dedrick Jason , Kraemer Kenneth L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the tropical city state of Singapore, scores of factory buildings are emblazoned with the logos of American computer companies such as Apple, Compaq, Seagate, Western Digital, and Hewlett-Packard. Trucks roll away from loading docks carrying personal computers, monitors, printers, and disk drives bound for air cargo terminals at Changi International Airport and then to markets around the world. Meanwhile, other cargo planes are arriving filled with various components and subassemblies from Taiwan, Malaysia, and Thailand to supply the just-in-time production schedules of the same American companies. In Scotts Valley, California, Seagate engineers are designing a new generation of hard disk drives. They make regular flights to Singapore to confer with process engineers at the plant where the first production models will be built. In turn, these engineers consult with the plant manager and engineers in Penang, Malaysia, and Bangkok, Thailand, where critical subassemblies will be manufactured.
Globalization of the Computer Industry
Authors: Dedrick Jason , Kraemer Kenneth L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the 1980s, the computer industry changed from a company-and country-based production structure into a global production system with little regard for company or country boundaries. The agent of change was the introduction of the personal computer, which transformed the way computers were designed, built, sold, and used. No longer were computers primarily made by large, vertically integrated companies to their own proprietary standards using their own components, peripherals, and software. Instead, PCs were designed and assembled according to common standards using components, peripherals, and software made by thousands of suppliers.
Asia’s New Competitors: Korea and Taiwan
Authors: Dedrick Jason , Kraemer Kenneth L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The personal computer revolution created opportunities for new countries to become integrated into the production network of the PC industry. The most notable entrants were the newly industrializing economies (NIEs) of Asia: Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, and Hong Kong. The NIEs’ economies had grown at exceptional rates on the strength of labor-intensive manufacturing and rising exports, but by the late 1970s, labor costs were going up and new competition was developing from lower wage countries in the region. The governments of Korea, Taiwan, and Singapore were convinced that their economies needed to “graduate” to more capital- and technology-intensive industries. In the electronics industry, the governments promoted production of more advanced consumer products, such as VCRs and microwave ovens, and sophisticated components such as semiconductors.
Asia’s New Competitors: Singapore and Hong Kong
Authors: Dedrick Jason , Kraemer Kenneth L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The city-states of Singapore and Hong Kong are extraordinary economic success stories and highly competitive rivals. The two have long been the leading trading centers in the region and more recently have developed strong exportoriented manufacturing sectors. These two competitors could hardly be more different, however, in economic and social ideology. Since gaining independence in 1965, Singapore has pursued a state-guided economic strategy with large state-owned enterprises controlling key sectors such as housing, petroleum refining, and the national airline. It has also pursued a paternalistic (or in Singaporean parlance, “communitarian”) social policy that has created a clean, safe environment for foreign investors while cobbling together a common identity in a multicultural society. Hong Kong, by contrast, has a strong belief in laissez faire economics and an abhorrence for government intervention in the economy.
Lessons for Companies and Countries
Authors: Dedrick Jason , Kraemer Kenneth L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hindsight is 20/20, and it is easy to weave a series of ad hoc decisions and coincidental events into a theory of grand strategies and master plans. It is also tempting to imitate the successful strategies of another, not realizing that those strategies succeeded under a particular set of circumstances that no longer hold. The East Asian computer industry flourished within a competitive environment that has already changed dramatically and will be very different in the future. The industry itself continues to change rapidly, with new technologies, new markets, and new industry structures developing as the network era arrives. Still, that does not mean that we cannot learn from the past. So before we look at the emerging network era and its implications, we look first at what durable lessons the PC era offers for companies competing in computers.
The Goddess-Women Equation in Sakta Tantras
Authors: Khanna Maohu 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Women have been kind to religion, but religion has not been favorable to them. Feminist critiques of classical Hinduism unequivocally assert that Hinduism betrayed women. Study of the early scriptures, the Vedas, amply proves that women could not become priestesses, run religious institutions, or have direct access to spiritual liberation. These criticisms are often framed in the context of the great divide between the exalted image of the divine feminine and her inferior status on the social plane.
Women’s Wealth and Worship Female Patronage of Hinduism, Jainism, and Buddhism in Medieval Tamilnadu
Authors: Orr Leslie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
South Asian scriptural norms-and popular stereotypes-have led us to believe that women in the subcontinent have not had a public presence and that their participation in religious activities has been less important and less “official” than that of men. Dharmaśāstra literature, which is widely considered to have shaped the behavior of Hindu women, defines women primarily as wives within the framework of the patrilineal family, represents women’s economic capacity and autonomy as severely restricted, and, in part because of her lack of personal resources, regards a woman’s religious activity as dependent on the support and permission of her husband. Although dharma literature and sectarian literature, such as the āgamas, carefully describe the qualifications and procedures for men to take up the roles of sacrificer, renouncer, teacher, or priest, we search in vain in these texts for official sanction for women to occupy such publicly recognized and formally defined religious roles.I Jain and Buddhist normative texts, by contrast, do provide means through which women may enter onto the renunciant’s path-a path depicted as most conducive to attainment of the highest spiritual goal-and detail the organization of female monastic orders as officially constituted elements in the structure of the religious community as a whole. But these same texts require that Jain and Buddhist nuns be subject to restrictions above and beyond those applying to their male counterparts, that nuns be excluded from certain types of activities in which monks may engage, that nuns show deference to monks, and that the nuns’ orders be dependent on and subordinate to the authority of male monastic institutions.Z
Women in Radical Movements in Bengal in the l940s The Story of the Mahilā Ātmaraksā Sarniti (Women’s Self Defense League)
Authors: Chaudhuri Tripti 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A woman’s movement, as Gail Omvedt defines it, “is the organized effort to achieve the goals of equality and/or liberation for women.”l It also mobilizes women to motivate them for a change in the system of political, social, and economic equality.
A Brief History of Memory Research
Authors: Bower Gordon H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Psychology as a discipline developed out of philosophical discussions regarding the nature of the mind and mental life. The study of memory and learning arose from philosophical questions regarding how people come to know things about their world. Learning is assuredly the primary way we acquire knowledge, and remembering is a primary means by which people support knowledge claims, as when a witness in court asserts “I remember seeing Jones with a revolver in his hand.”
Encoding and Retrieval of Information
Authors: Brown Scott C , Craik Fergus I M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to outline some recent developments in our understanding of human memory processes-specifically, encoding and retrieval processes in long-term episodic memory. A brief history of work in this area is provided, followed by a discussion of memory codes. The nature of encoding and retrieval operations is then explored, with a discussion of how these two types of processes interact. The chapter concludes with a description of some factors that lead to enhancement and impairment of memory performance.
Memory in Infancy and Early Childhood
Authors: Rovee-Collier Carolyn , Hayne Harlene 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since Freud (1935) first proposed that adult behavior is rooted in the infancy period, psychologists have viewed infants’ experiences as the cornerstone of later development. This view presumes that infants can preserve a relatively enduring record of their experiences-a capacity that, paradoxically, infants are thought to lack. In what follows, were view the major paradigms used to study infant memory, their basic findings, and new evidence of infants’ memory capacity that re solves this paradox. Finally, we consider three current issues-memory distortions, the ontogeny of multiple memory systems, and infantile amnesia.
Memory in the Aging Brain
Authors: Anderson Nicole D , Craik Fergus I M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In chapter 25, Balota, Dolan, and Duchek provide a comprehensive review of age-related memory decrements and the cognitive theories that have been developed in order to account for them. Our goal in this chapter is to put these findings and theories into a broader context. To facilitate this goal, we propose that the memory decrements shown by older people are mediated by a cascade of neurological and cognitive changes (see figure 26.1).
Selective Memory Disorders
Authors: Mayes Andrew R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has been known since the end of the nineteenth century that brain damage can impair memory relatively selectively (Ribot, 1881), and since World War II evidence has grown that damage to different brain regions selectively disrupts different kinds of memory (see Mayes, 1988). Memory depends on encoding (processing and representing) different kinds of information, which are then stored and later retrieved. Selective memory disorders are interesting because their existence means that memory loss occurs although information for which memory is impaired is still being processed (and hence encoded) relatively normally.
Memory in the Dementias
Authors: Hodges John R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Work on memory in the dementias has expanded enormously over the past 10 years. The main bulk of this work has been aimed at understanding the early cognitive sequelae of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other forms of dementia, and thus improving methods of detection and differentiation of these disorders. The second, and more innovative line of research has aimed to understand normal memory processes through the study of patients with memory failure in the context of the dementias. This chapter covers both aspects: most of the work on AD relates to the clinical issues, while that on semantic dementia concerns more theoretical questions.
Connectionist Models of Memory
Authors: Mcclelland James L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The study of memory has been pursued within many different paradigms, and memory has been thought of in many different ways. Often memory has been viewed as a storehouse of items. Items are created, and then filed away as if they were books in a library. Storage, loss, organization, and retrieval of memories have all been considered from this point of view. Other theories (e.g., Ander son, 1983) hold that memory is a network of nodes with associative connections among them.
Memory Systems of 1999
Authors: Schacter Daniell. , Wagner Anthony D , Buckner Randy L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1804, the French philosopher Maine de Biran published a monograph that contained a novel and perhaps even radical thesis. He contended that memory is not a single function or entity, instead distinguishing among three separate types or forms that can operate independently of one another: representative memory (conscious recall of facts and events), mechanical memory (learning of habits and skills), and sensitive memory (affective modifications). Maine de Biran devoted a great deal of attention to explaining, elaborating, and illustrating his key thesis (Maine de Biran, 1929; see Schacter & Tulving, 1994, for further discussion).