bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tax, Grain, and the Economy
Authors: Mitchell Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The appearance of Anatolia changed fundamentally between the second century BC and the second century AD. Cities took the place of fortified refuges; settled village populations superseded transhumant groups; cereal agriculture spread to areas previously devoted to pasture and stock-raising, and thus supported a growing population. Roman rule brought a network of all-weather roads, which transformed overland communications; permanent garrisons guarded the eastern frontier, and Roman soldiers became a common sight on the roads and in the small towns. Although the small number of Roman officials and administrators made only a slight impact on the majority of the population, Roman power was acknowledged everywhere, on coins bearing the emperors’ portraits, on building inscriptions which carried their names, by imperial statues in public places, and by sanctuaries of the imperial cult which existed in every city and in important rural centres.
Formal Features in Latin Allusion
Authors: Wills Jeffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is a shape of speech possible in which there is a marked figure and order not in the sounds but in the grammar and this might be shifted to other words with a change of specific meaning but keeping some general agreement, as of noun over against noun, verb against verb, assertion against assertions, etc... Hebrew poetry is said to be of this nature. This is figure of grammar instead of figure of spoken sound, which in the narrower sense is verse.
Expanded Gemination (Nouns)
Authors: Wills Jeffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Expanded gemination1 has the same redundant quality as simple gemination-the repeated element can be omitted without any syntactic loss. But typically expansion comes after the sentence is syntactically complete, whereas simple gemination usually emphasizes an element in mid-sentence. The most noted, that is to say both the most mannered and the most studied, figure of Latin repetition is epanalepsis, a type of expanded gemination with restricted line-position. Epanalepsis has come to be the term for repetition of a word from a marked position in a line (at the beginning, at the end, or after the bucolic diaeresis) to a position at or near the beginning of the next.2 This positional definition is completely unrelated to the syntactic definition of expansion, which is relevant for either poetry or prose, but in many cases (such as Eel. 6.20-I superuenit Aegle, I Aegle Naiadum pulcherrima) both categories of nomenclature apply. These passages, doubly marked by syntax and line position, are the topic of this chapter.
Noun Polyptoton
Authors: Wills Jeffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Continuity of source and result are easily expressed with polyptoton (e.g. Pl. Poen. 360 bene promittis multa ex multis). For transfers, cf. Cic. Fam. 7.5.3 ‘de manu’ ut aiunt, ‘in manum’, Livy 9.41.18 armati milites ex acie in aciem transferri, 30.10.5 malis antennisque de naue in nauem traiectis, and Pliny, Nat. 2.101 sedem ex sede mutantes. For renewal: Varro, LL 9.28 non ex aquilis aquilae atque ex turdis qui procreantur turdi ... ?, Cic. Fat. 27 causa causam serens, Sall. Hist. 1.77.7 tumultum ex tumultu, bellum ex bello serunt, 4.69.20; Livy 2.18.10 bella ex bellis sererent, 2uo-4, 31.6-4. Cf. also Sen. Dial. 1.5.7 causa pendet ex causa and Cic. Fin. 3.15 nee tamen exprimi uerbum e uerbo necesse erit (cf. ‘word by word’).
Adjective, Derivative, and Pronoun Polyptoton
Authors: Wills Jeffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The repetition of an adjective to modify different nouns in the same clause is infrequent in most Latin poets and prose authors, in contrast to widespread exploitation in Greek poetry. Combinations of alius or omnes had general appeal and adjectival polyptoton flourished in the works of Lucretius and Ovid (albeit for differing reasons), but otherwise Latin dactylic verse provides fewer than fifty examples.
Verb Polyptoton
Authors: Wills Jeffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
VERBS can be joined in polyptoton with cognate objects (e.g. facinus facere), subjects (e.g. uictor uincitur), adverbs (e.g. auent auide) or even other verbs (e.g. negat negare). The first two are the most common and receive the principal share of the treatment here. Although the name figura etymologica has been used of numerous types of repetition, it particularly adheres to the combination of a verb and an abstract noun from the same stem, e.g. facinus facere, uitam uiuere, or pugnam pugnare.
Co-ordinated Polyptoton
Authors: Wills Jeffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Co-Ordinated polyptoton is a type of polyptoton where a word is repeated with something associated; ‘A and the B of A’ or ‘A and B joining to A’. Co-ordination joins two elements which are of equal rank. Polyptoton, however, requires two repetends of dissimilar syntax, so co-ordinated polyptoton inevitably involves some kind of subordination (even if only through genitival or adjectival relationships). Accordingly, this chapter is organized by subordinating categories, with pronominal pairs segregated at the end.
Noun-Shifts
Authors: Wills Jeffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The repetition of nominal forms with morphological modification is common as a device for narrative and argumentative continuity.1 But juxtaposition and short units can make this sort of repetition striking, despite its frequency, for example: And there is evidence that such syntax could be the basis of imitation, and thus qualify for our definition of a figure: This chapter, however, considers only two rather pointed types of noun modification (case interchange and gender combinations) with a third section on multiple modifications of nouns (especially triplets).
Verb-Shifts
Authors: Wills Jeffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE repetition of a verb with some form of morphological modification is so frequent as to be unremarkable. Accordingly, this chapter is restricted to coordinated combinations (usually pairs) which involve shifts in person, number, voice, tense, and mood respectively. Subordinated clauses allow shifts in person more frequently, but without a sense of figural tradition, as in, Ov. Am. 2.19.47-8 nisi tu seruare puellam / incipis, incipiet desinere esse mea, 3.2.59 quod dea promisit, promittas ipsa rogamus, Rem. 525 nam quoniam uariant animi, uariabimus artes, Met. 15.500-4 me Pasiphaeia . . . // quod uoluit, uoluisse . . . // damnauit, Juv. 7.10-11 et uendas potius commissa quod audio uendit / stantibus.
Roman Children’s Sarcophagi
Authors: Huskinson Janet 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is the first major study of the themes which were used in the decoration of sarcophagi made for children in Rome and Ostia from the late first to early fourth century AD. It provides a selective catalogue of examples of each type, followed by discussion of how these fit into the general pattern. This allows certain themes to be identified which are virtually exclusive to childre's sarcophagi. The second part of the book discusses the choice of subjects and how these reflect the standing of children in Roman society: to what extent, for instance, was childhood shown as a differentiated stage of life, or was it dominated by aspirations of the adult world? How is the death of a child treated in art? There are separate sections on the role of workshops and customers in the development of child-specific imagery, and on material from the early Christian era, providing some interesting differences resulting from differing attitudes towards children and beliefs about life and death.
Mythological Subjects (excluding Dionysiac)
Authors: Huskinson Janet 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mythological subjects are the most numerous on sarcophagi, but a few myths predominate over the rest, and at certain times some enjoy a particular popularity (as discussed by KS 89 and 603 f.). Child sarcophagi differ from this general picture only in that the surviving examples (to judge from the material published inASR III and XII. vi) seem to be proportionately fewer in relation to the overall total. But this is difficult to assess precisely since the usual problem of identifying child sarcophagi becomes particularly acute with subjects like these where compositions offer little that may be construed as adaptation for children beyond the occasional portrait head; often the only criterion is the shaky one of size.
The Muses
Authors: Huskinson Janet 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Muses are depicted on sarcophagi (of all sizes) either as the whole group of nine, which forms the main subject of the composition, or in a smaller number as accessories to some other scene. There are also single scenes in which individual Muses are shown in human company, often with philosopher-like figures. Although these are sometimes discussed separately (cf. Marrou 1937: nos. 93 ff.; Fittschen 1972: 487 f., and KS 203) it seemed most useful to include them here, along with the relevant Christian material.
Cupids
Authors: Huskinson Janet 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘CUPID’ sarcophagi seem overwhelming in their sheer variety and number. AsASR V. ii.(Erotensarkophage) is yet to appear the major studies remain those of Stuveras (1969) who looks at cupids in all branches of art, and Matz (1958a) and Turcan 1966a, whose interests begin with cupids which appear on Dionysiac sarcophagi. In addition, there are surveys of the material in KS 206 ff. and inLIMC III. i. 952 ff. It is clear from these that children’s sarcophagi show most of the usual cupid scenes, as well as others which arc apparently exclusive to them. But it is important to start by clarifying what is meant here by ‘cupid sarcophagi’, since cupids involve several problems of identity. In the first place there are distinctions to be made between single and multiple figures, and between mythological and generic. The single figure may represent the god Cupid, although it is hard to tell this out of a mythological context (as on 1.46 or 6.18). Examples where he appears with Psyche on children’s sarcophagi are discussed separately in Section 7. Multiple cupids appear in mythological scenes, usually to facilitate some romantic encounter (as with Endymion on 2.6;LIMC III. i. ro42 f.), but are more frequently shown in generic activities.
Decorative Schemes and Subjects
Authors: Huskinson Janet 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The sarcophagi discussed in this section are decorated with schemes in which figured elements play an integral but subordinate role.
Altogether they are extremely numerous, with those decorated with chpei or strigillated designs forming the largest groups. These were particularly popular in the later third and early fourth centuries and are good illustrations of the tendency— visible in most type—for compositions to become formulaic after an initial period of experimentation. Many of the figures which they include also become stereotypes, ‘mixed and matched’ within the different overall schemes.
Craftsmen and Customers
Authors: Huskinson Janet 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In considering the images used on child sarcophagi the workshop is an obvious place to start: here customers’ demands met with the craftsmen’s supply. However little is known about their actual interaction, one can imagine what might have been at stake for each party: range of choice, the use of popular compositions and the devising of new ones, the qualities of the particular marble, and how to maximize customer appeal must have been questions of regular concern. In fact at the end of the day, issues like these may have been as influential as ideology in the creation of images on Roman sarcophagi; and this is even more likely for the decoration of children’s sarcophagi which required the workshop to be particularly responsive to a special need. Yet they rarely seem to get the attention which they deserve (possibly because they raise so many unanswered questions). To redress the balance this section has been placed at the start of my discussion. The first part of it looks at factors to do with design and production, the second considers evidence about the social status of people who bought or used these sarcophagi, and the last part looks at some cases where the sarcophagi can be considered in the context of their original setting.
Introduction
Authors: Dodds E R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
He who presents the world with an elaborate edition of a book dating from the last age of Graeco-Roman decadence labours prima facie under the suspicion of contributing to that most extensive of all sciences, the Wissenschaft des Nichlwissenswerthen. My justification lies partly in the historical significance of Proclus as one of the chief links between ancient and medieval thought; partly in the unique position of the Elements of Theology as the one genuinely systematic exposition of Neoplatonic metaphysic which has come down to us.
Commentary
Authors: Dodds E R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The order of exposition of the Elements of Theology is an order of progression from the simpler to the more complex. Proclus begins, therefore, with the bare opposition of the One and the Many as elements in the world of experience, an opposition which had been fundamental in Greek philosophy for about 1,000 years. In the in Farm. (696. 32 ff.) he distinguishes four possible solutions of this problem: the άβχή or underlying determinant of the universe may be (a) pure plurality, (b) explicit plurality having an implicit unity, (c) explicit unity having an implicit plurality, (d) pure unity.
An Inventory Of Archaic And Classical Poleis
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman , Nielsen Thomas Heine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is the first ever documented study of the 1,035 identifiable Greek city states (poleis) of the Archaic and Classical periods (c.650-325 BC). Previous studies of the Greek polis have focused on Athens and Sparta, and the result has been a view of Greek society dominated by Sophokles’, Plato’s, and Demosthenes’ view of what the polis was. This study includes descriptions of Athens and Sparta, but its main purpose is to explore the history and organization of the thousand other city states. The main part of the book is a regionally organized inventory of all identifiable poleis covering the Greek world from Spain to the Caucasus and from the Crimea to Libya. This inventory is the work of 47 specialists, and is divided into 46 chapters, each covering a region. Each chapter contains an account of the region, a list of second-order settlements, and an alphabetically ordered description of the poleis. This description covers such topics as polis status, territory, settlement pattern, urban centre, city walls and monumental architecture, population, military strength, constitution, alliance membership, colonization, coinage, and Panhellenic victors. The first part of the book is a description of the method and principles applied in the construction of the inventory and an analysis of some of the results to be obtained by a comparative study of the 1,035 poleis included in it. The ancient Greek concept of polis is distinguished from the modern term `city state’, which historians use to cover many other historic civilizations, from ancient Sumeria to the West African cultures absorbed by the nineteenth-century colonializing powers. The focus of this project is what the Greeks themselves considered a polis to be.
Civic Subdivisions
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman , Nielsen Thomas Heine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Civic subdivisions” is a modern term which in this context denotes the subdivisions of a polis or, rather, of its citizenry. They were civic in the sense that membership was open to citizens and only citizens. Foreigners and slaves were excluded, and women too: the civic subdivisions testify to the Archaic and Classical polis as an association of the adult male citizen population. They were subdivisions in the sense that, at any level, every citizen belonged to one and only one of these units.
Phokis
Authors: Oulhen Jacques 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Involvement in the Persian War is the first securely dated attestation of the Phokians in Greek history (Hdt. 7.203.1). There can be no doubt that the Phokian koinon (IG ix.1 101 (C3l)) antedated the Persian War, but neither Phokian participation in the Delphic Amphiktyony nor the war between Phokis and Thessalia can be securely dated (Larsen (1968) 43–44; Giovannini (1971) 50–51; Sanchez (2001) 37–44; Ellinger (1993) 17–22).
Euboia
Authors: Reber Karl , Hansen Mogens Herman , Ducrey Pierre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the Hellenistic period Eretria was subdivided into some fifty-five to sixty demes (infra 652).Most of them are first attested in inscriptions of C3e, but several have a history that stretches back into the Classical period, occasionally even into the Archaic period. Some of them were originally poleis (Dystos (no. 369),Grynchai (no. 371), Peraia (no. 375) and Styra (no. 377)), but others were probably demes from the outset.
Lesbos
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman , Spencer Nigel , Williams Hector 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In addition to the six poleis, Barr. records seventeen sites as settlements of the Archaic and/or Classical periods, and the list of unlocated toponyms includes four which have been recorded below. However, as the evidence stands, only two of the seventeen deserve to be classified as settlements, viz. Issa and Petra, and even they can be classified as settlements of the Archaic and Classical periods only with some hesitation.
Some Greek Families at Work
Authors: Pomeroy Sarah B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All the known law codes of Greek states in the archaic period included regulations governing family relationships. The polis intruded into some areas that many contemporary societies consider private.’ The tacit goal of such legislation may have been not only to produce an orderly society, but to assure the reproduction of citizens who would be able to maintain and defend the polisSolon’s laws were the first in Athens to regulate families. One of his laws was that a father must teach his son a trade or give him some means of support, so that, in return, the son could look after his parents when they became old. Otherwise, a son was not obliged to maintain his parents. The reward for such care was the inheritance of the patrimony at the father’s retirement or death. Like so many of Solon’s laws, this one codified what must have been normal behaviour not only in Athens, but throughout the Greek world-at least under the pressure of peers, or as a result of common sense.
Introduction Veteris Reparator Eloquentiae
Authors: Harries Jill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Roman citizens born in Gaul in the fifth century could have no experience of that area as a political unity. The establishment of shifting internal frontiers by Germanic incomers, who were military and political powers in their own right, and who lived in fear both of the Romans and each other, engendered pressures which further under mined what remained of imperial control. Such pressures were at times overtly military, but of no less relevance to the process of decline were the effects of the Germanic presence on the careers and loyalties of Gallo-Roman aristocrats, who, in the fifth century, experienced a progressive narrowing of horizons, which increasingly alienated many from the government in Italy. Their economic power, such as it was, and their local influence, made them an important factor in the calculations of the Germanic kings-and in the decline of Rome. Sidonius Apollinaris was both a participant in, and a perceptive witness of, that process.
The Goths at Narbonne and Toulouse
Authors: Harries Jill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By 461, the Goths had been settled on lands round Toulouse for over forty years and the frontiers of the ‘sortes Gothorum ‘ in Aquitaine and Novempopulana were firmly established. For thirty-three of those years, they had been ruled by one king, Theoderic I. After the turbulence of the murders of Athaulf and Sigeric, the accession of Wallia, and the settlement in Aquitaine in 418, Theoderic ‘s reign had been largely peaceful, although it should not therefore be assumed that minor Gothic war lords had lost their taste for plunder and its. attendant military confrontations. Goths, or subdivisions of the Gothic forces, themselves a heterogeneous mix of peoples, had broken out against Aries in 425 and 430. These may have been no more than raiding-parties, but in 436--cJ a more prolonged period of hostilities had arisen, Narbonne had been besieged and the situation was finally resolved after the defeat and capture of Aetius ‘ general, Litorius, and the diplomatic activity of the praetorian prefect, Eparchius Avitus.
Consecration
Authors: Harries Jill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 469 Sidonius returned to Gaul. He had reached the pinnacle of his career as Prefect of the City and was now also a patrician. In less unsettled times, he might have looked forward to a period of honoured otium among his friends, pursuing his literary interests and occupying a position of distinction among the local nobility and at meetings of his peers. In the small intricate world of city politics, his imperial service would have guaranteed his continuing superiority over the less favoured, or energetic, who had stayed at home. Instead, he was consecrated bishop of Clermont, prob ably not more than a year after his return. From the standpoint of the Arverni, he was a useful choice, as a member by marriage of a prominent local family, the Aviti,1 a former holder of high office, with powerful friends to match, and a man of known Christian piety, the friend and pupil of Faustus and of Claudianus Mamertus. He had also served the city as leader of its delegation to Rome in 467, which may have tried to ascertain the policy of Anthemius towards Euric, and could be expected to deal effectively with that king.
The Romanization of the Local Ruling Classes in the Roman Empire
Authors: Carolyn Higbie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his Panegyric on Rome Aelius Aristides claimed that the Roman empire was the first that rested on consent and not on force. No troops were needed to hold down the cities, because the most powerful of the local citizens, men to whom Rome had granted equality of rights, kept each of them loyal. It was for this class in Asia that Aristides spoke; he was himself the son of a landowner who had received the Roman citizenship . Of course in the West the citizenship was far more widely diffused. Only there did many whole communities possess it, and there too more individuals could win it as a reward for military service, since over two thirds of the Roman army were raised and stationed in the western provinces . As a consequence, in the west there were far more provincial citizens of low social status. My concern here, is however, with members of the local ruling classes, men of good family and property.
Remarks on the Imperial Fiscus
Authors: Carolyn Higbie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In JRS 56 (1966), 75 ff. (chapter 7), I restated the thesis of A.H.M. Jones that the term fiscus can refer either (1) to the private funds of an individual, including the emperor, or (2) to a chest, provincial or departmental, containing public monies, or (3) in the Principate to ‘the whole financial administration controlled by the emperor’, that is to say the properties and revenues of the state which he administered as well as his private domains. The second usage seems now to be illustrated in the document published by P. Herrman and K.Z. Polathan, SB Wien 1969, which show that tribute in the province of Asia went to the provincial fiscus. My essay was usefully supplemented by P. Baldacci, Parola del Passato 24 (1969), 349 ff. The article on fiscus by ÜrÖgdi in RE Suppl.IO (1965), 222 ff., is most helpful for its collection of texts on fiscal privileges.