bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of dietary phosphorus and protein in dogs with chronic renal failure
Authors: Finco Delmar R. , Brown Scott A. , Crowell Wayne A. , Duncan Robert J. , Barsanti Jeanne A. , Bennett Samuel E. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Four diets were formulated to contain: 16% protein and 0.4% phosphorus–diet 1; 16% protein and 1.4% phosphorus– diet 2; 32% protein and 0.4% phosphorus–diet 3; and 32% protein and 1.4% phosphorus–diet 4. Forty-eight dogs were fed diet 1 for 3 months after surgical reduction of renal mass, then were allotted to 4 groups of 12 dogs each, with equal mean values for glomerular filtration rate (gfr). Dog of groups 1–4 were fed diets 1–4, respectively, for 24 months. Data collected from the dogs during and at termination of the study were analyzed statistically for effects of dietary protein, phosphorus (P), time, and interactions between these factors.
During the 24 months of study, 24 dogs developed uremia and were euthanatized for necropsy. Necropsy also was performed on the remaining 24 dogs after they were euthanatized at the end of the study. Dog survival was significantly enhanced by 0.4% P diets (vs 1.4% P diets), but survival was not significantly influenced by amount of dietary protein. The 0.4% P diets (vs 1.4% P diets) significantly increased the period that gfr remained stable before it decreased, but dietary protein did not have significant effect.
Significant blood biochemical changes attributed to P, protein, and time were identified during the study. Terminally, plasma parathyroid hormone concentration was significantly increased from prediet values in all groups of dogs.
Urine protein excretion was not significantly affected by dietary amount of either protein or P, when measured by either timed urine collection or urine protein-to-creatinine ratio. A tendency was seen for increased protein excretion with passage of time.
Histologic and mineral analyses of kidneys removed at necropsy revealed some significant difference attributable to diet, but differences were more marked when diet was ignored, and the 24 surviving dogs were compared with the 24 that developed uremia.
Overall, amount of dietary P was more important than amount of dietary protein for preventing adverse responses. However, because renal damage specifically attributable to either dietary component was not obvious, it is possible that the effects of P were manifested by extrarenal mechanisms.
Efficacy of a drug combination of praziquantel, pyrantel embonate, and febantel against helminth infections in dogs
Authors: Lloyd S. , Gemmell M. A. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Tablets containing praziquantel, pyrantel embonate, and febantel were tested for efficacy against helminths in dogs. A single treatment with this drug combination gave 100% reductions in Toxocara canis and Taenia hydatigena in experimentally induced infections in dogs. In dogs with naturally acquired infections, treatment gave > 97 to 98% reductions in fecal egg counts attributable to Toxascaris leonina, T canis, and Uncinaria stenocephala. Efficacy against Trichuris vulpis was > 92%.
Efficacy of milbemycin oxime in chemoprophylaxis of dirofilariasis in cats
Authors: Stewart V. Ann , Hepler Douglas I. , Grieve Robert B. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Although cats are less susceptible to infection with Dirofilaria immitis than are dogs, the possibility of severe consequences from infection or adulticidal treatment renders preventive treatment a desirable alternative in endemic areas. To evaluate the efficacy of milbemycin oxime as a chemoprophylactic agent in cats, 48 cats were inoculated with infective D immitis larvae. Single oral treatment with 2.3 mg of milbemycin oxime (0.5 to 0.9 mg/kg of body weight) at 30 or 60 days after inoculation with infective larvae gave strong but incomplete protection. Treatment at 60, as well as 90, days after inoculation with infective larvae was completely effective in preventing development of infection. A control group of inoculated, but untreated, cats was monitored biweekly for hematologic changes and for changes in parasite-specific serum antigen and antibody concentrations. Pronounced increases in total leukocyte counts and eosinophil numbers were associated with the estimated time of in vivo molting from fourth- to fifth-stage larvae. Antibody reactivity correlated with infection status, but serum antigen concentrations through 161 days after inoculation were undetectable.
Median effective dosage of propofol for induction of anesthesia in dogs
Authors: Watney G. C. G. , Pablo L. S. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The median effective dosage (ed50) of propofol for induction of anesthesia was determined in 25 dogs premedicated with acepromazine, 0.05 mg/kg of body weight, and in 35 unpremedicated dogs. The ed50 was found to be 2.2 mg/kg in premedicated dogs and was 3.8 mg/kg in unpremedicated dogs. The mean ± sd total dosage of propofol required to induce anesthesia in premedicated animals was 2.8 ± 0.5 mg/kg and was 4.7 ± 1.3 mg/kg in unpremedicated animals. Signs of excitement were observed in 5 of the unpremedicated dogs, but in none of those that were premedicated.
Metabolic response of horses to a high soluble carbohydrate diet: Effects of low-intensity submaximal exercise and sodium bicarbonate supplementation
Authors: Ferrante Pamela L. , Menninger Jacqueline H. , Spencer Pamela A. , Kronfeld David S. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Four mares fed a low fiber, high soluble carbohydrate diet were used in a crossover design to evaluate the effects of dietary sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) supplementation during daily low-intensity submaximal working conditions. Mares were fed the diet at 1.7 times the maintenance energy requirement for mature horses at work. The horses tolerated the diet well and had no clinical abnormalities. Resting venous blood bicarbonate (HCO3), standard HCO3, and base excess (be) concentrations significantly (P < 0.05) increased with NaHCO3 supplementation, but no significant changes in resting venous blood pH or carbon dioxide tension (Pco2) were recorded.
Venous blood HCO3, standard HCO3, be, hemoglobin, and heart rate were significantly (P < 0.05) increased and plasma lactate concentration was significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in the control horses and in the horses given the NaHCO3 supplement during low-intensity submaximal exercise. There were no significant changes in venous blood pH, Pco2, or plasma protein concentration with exercise. Venous blood HCO3, standard HCO3, and be concentrations were significantly (P < 0 05) greater during submaximal exercise in horses given the NaHCO3 supplement. There were no significant differences in plasma lactate or total protein concentrations, blood pH, Pco2, or hemoglobin concentration between the 2 groups during exercise.
Inoculation of pigs with Streptococcus suis type 2 alone or in combination with pseudorabies virus
Authors: Iglesias J. Gerardo , Trujano M. , Xu J. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Pigs (9 [± 1] weeks old) were inoculated with Streptococcus suis type 2, pseudorabies virus (prv), or both. For each pig of groups A, B, and C the inoculum of S suis was 109 colony-forming units. For each pig of groups A, B, and D the inoculum of prv was 5 × 103 tcid50 of either prv strain 4892 (group A, n = 9) or prv isolate B (group B, n = 9). The prv strain 4892 is a highly virulent strain; isolate B causes mild clinical signs of infection in inoculated pigs. Group-C pigs (n = 9) were given S suis alone, and group-D pigs (n = 3) were inoculated only with prv isolate B. Clinical signs of infection and development of lesions were readily seen in pigs of groups A, B, and C. Duration and severity of clinical signs of disease and lesions were reduced m pigs of group C, compared with those of the other 2 groups. Lesions, such as polyarthritis and fibrinous pericarditis, were more abundant and acute in the groups of pigs given mixed challenge exposure, compared with pigs inoculated exclusively with S suis type 2 (group C). The group of pigs inoculated with prv isolate В alone did not manifest clinical signs of disease or lesions. Average daily gain for group-C pigs was higher, compared with that of other groups; the difference was statistically significant at P < 0.02 and P < 0.05 for groups B and D, respectively. Spread of S suis within the tissues of infected pigs was higher in pigs of groups A and B, compared with pigs of group C. Total number of isolations was 8, 15, and 7 for groups A, B, and C, respectively; S suis was isolated from more than 1 tissue specimen from some pigs. The rate of pigs carrying S suis was 4 of 4 in group-A, 7 of 9 in group-B, and 5 of 9 in group-C pigs. It was concluded that clinical disease associated with S suis type 2 was enhanced by concomitant infection with prv and such effect was common to both prv strains tested, the highly virulent strain and the strain with low virulence.
Indocyanine green disposition in healthy dogs and dogs with mild, moderate, or severe dimethylnitrosamine-induced hepatic disease
Authors: Boothe D. M. , Brown S. A. , Jenkins W. L. , Green R. A. , Cullen J. M. , Corrier D. E. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Disposition kinetics of indocyanine green (icg) were used to evaluate hepatic function in healthy Beagles (group 1; n = 6) and Beagles with progressive hepatic disease induced by oral administration of dimethylnitrosamine, a hepatospecific toxin. Three classes of hepatic disease were defined by histologic features: mild (group 2; n = 5), moderate (group 3; n = 6), and severe (group 4; n = 5). Disposition of icg was studied 3 weeks following the last dose of toxin. A rapid iv injection of 0.5 mg of icg/kg was administered and serum samples were obtained at certain intervals during 60-minute periods. Serum icg was analyzed by use of visible spectrophotometry. Disposition kinetics were determined from serum icg concentrations vs 15- and 60-minute time curves and compared between one another and among groups. Data based on 60-minute time curves were not significantly different from those based on 15-minute curves. Area under the curve for icg was greatest in group 3. Clearance of icg was decreased and mean resident time was increased in groups 3 and 4, compared with those in groups 1 and 2. When disposition data (60 minutes) were normalized for differences in hepatic weight among dogs, group-3 mean resident time was significantly greater than that of group 4. This study supports the diagnostic benefits of using icg disposition kinetics as a method of evaluating hepatic function in dogs with progressive liver disease.
Effects of synthetic ovine corticotropin-releasing hormone on plasma concentrations of immunoreactive adrenocorticotropin, alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, and cortisol in dogs with naturally acquired adrenocortical insufficiency
Authors: Peterson Mark E. , Kemppainen Robert J. , Orth David N. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
We evaluated the effect of ovine corticotropin-releasing hormone (crh) on plasma immunoreactive (ir) concentrations of acth, α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, and cortisol in 8 dogs with naturally acquired adrenocortical insufficiency. Of the 7 dogs with primary adrenal insufficiency, 6 had markedly high basal plasma ir-acth concentrations and exaggerated acth responses to crh administration, whereas 1 dog that was receiving replacement doses of prednisone at the time of testing had normal basal ir-acth concentrations and a nearly normal response to crh. In contrast, the 1 dog with secondary adrenocortical insufficiency had undetectable basal plasma ir-acth concentrations, which failed to increase after administration of crh. Basal plasma α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone concentrations in the dogs with adrenal insufficiency were within normal range and were unaffected by crh administration. In all 8 dogs with adrenal insufficiency, plasma cortisol concentrations were low and did not increase after administration of crh. Therefore, stimulation with crh produced 2 patterns of plasma ir-acth response when administered to dogs with naturally acquired adrenal insufficiency. Dogs with primary adrenal insufficiency had high basal plasma ir-acth concentrations and exaggerated responses to crh, whereas the dog with secondary adrenal insufficiency had undetectable basal plasma concentrations of ir-acth that did not increase after stimulation with crh.
Morphologic features and hydrophobicity of the cell surface of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
Authors: Zielinski Gustavo C. , Ross Richard F. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Cell surface hydrophobicity of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae was evaluated by phase partitioning in a hydro-carbon-aqueous mixture, by hydrophobic interaction chromatography, and by salting out with ammonium sulfate. Results obtained by use of these techniques gave evidence that the cell surface of M hyopneumoniae is weakly hydrophobic, compared with strongly hydrophobic Staphylococcus aureus Cowan I and hydrophilic Klebsiella pneumoniae. After treatment of the organisms with trypsin, M hyopneumoniae became less hydrophobic as measured by hydrophobic interaction chromatography. Significant changes in hydrophobicity were not seen after periodate treatment. Electron microscopy of M hyopneumoniae treated with polycationic ferritin revealed an intermediate, compact, unlabeled layer between the cytoplasmic membrane and an external, heavily labeled layer. Electron microscopy of ferritin-labeled M hyopneu-moniae after treatment with trypsin or periodate revealed the intermediate layer to be composed of a trypsin-sensitive protein(s). The outer layer was made of periodate-sensitive carbohydrate(s). Therefore, it appears that proteins in the intermediate layer confer at least part of the total hydrophobicity of the mycoplasmal cell and may contribute to adherence of M hyopneumoniae to target respiratory cells by hydrophobic interactions.
Development of Anaplasmamarginale in salivary glands of male Dermacentor andersoni
Authors: Kocan Katherine M. , Goff Will L. , Stiller David , Edwards Wanda , Ewing S. A. , Claypool P. L. , McGuire Travis C. , Hair Jakie A. , Barron Selwyn J. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Development of the rickettsia, Anaplasmamarginale, in salivary glands of male Dermacentor andersoni exposed as nymphs or adult ticks, was studied indirectly by inoculation of susceptible calves with homogenates and directly by examination, using light microscopy and a DNA probe; some unfed ticks were incubated before tissues were collected. Salivary gland homogenates made from ticks in every treatment group caused anaplasmosis when injected into susceptible calves; prepatent periods decreased as the time that ticks had fed increased. Colonies of A marginale were seen only in salivary glands of ticks exposed as adults and not in those exposed as nymphs; the percentage of salivary gland acini infected in these ticks increased linearly with feeding time. However, the probe detected A marginale DNA in salivary glands of ticks from both groups; the amount of DNA detected increased as feeding time was extended. The amount of A marginaleDNA appeared to remain constant in gut tissues, but to increase in salivary glands. Salivary glands of adult-infected male ticks that were incubated, but did not feed a second time, became infected with A marginale, and the pattern of infection of acini varied with incubation temperature. Development of A marginale in salivary glands appears to be coordinated with the tick feeding cycle; highest infection rate was observed in ticks exposed as adults.
α2-Adrenergic receptor agonist effects on supraventricular and ventricular automaticity in dogs with complete atrioventricular block
Authors: Day Thomas K. , Muir William W. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Complete atrioventricular block was induced in 26 pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs to determine the effects of the α2-adrenergic receptor agonists, xylazine and medetomidine, on supraventricular and ventricular automaticity. Prazosin and atipamezole, α- adrenoceptor antagonists, were administered to isolate α1- or α2-adrenoceptor effects. Six dogs served as controls and were given glycopyrrolate (0.1 mg/ kg of body weight, iv) and esmolol (50 to 75 μg/kg/ min, iv) to induce parasympathetic and β1-adrenergic blockade, respectively. Eight dogs were given sequentially increasing doses of xylazine (n = 5), 0.000257 mg (10−9M) to 25.7 mg (10−4M) and medetomidine (n = 3), 0.000237 mg (10−9M) to 2.37 mg (10−5M) after parasympathetic and β1-adrenergic blockade. Twelve dogs were given xylazine (n = 6, 1.1 mg/kg, iv) or medetomidine (n = 6, 0.05 mg/kg, iv) after parasympathetic and β1-adrenergic blockade. Three dogs given xylazine and 3 dogs given medetomidine were administered prazosin (0.1 mg/kg, iv) followed by atipamezole (0.3 mg/kg, iv). The order of prazosin and atipamezole was reversed in the remaining 3 dogs given either xylazine or medetomidine.
Complete atrioventricular block and administration of glycopyrrolate and esmolol resulted in stable supraventricular and ventricular rates over a 4-hour period. Increasing concentration of xylazine or medetomidine did not cause signficant changes in supraventricular or ventricular rate. Xylazine and medetomidine, in the presence of the α-adrenoceptor antagonists, prazosin (α1) and atipamezole (α2), did not cause significant changes in supraventricular or ventricular rate. α2-Adrenoceptor agonists do not induce direct α1- or α2-adrenoceptor-mediated depression of supraventricular or ventricular rate in dogs with complete atrioventricular block.
Effects of intra-articularly administered endotoxin on clinical signs of disease and synovial fluid tumor necrosis factor, interleukin 6, and prostaglandin E2 values in horses
Authors: Hawkins Dan L. , MacKay Robert J. , Gum Glen G. , Colahan Patrick T. , Meyer James C. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
In each of 4 horses, sterile synovitis was induced by intra-articular injection of 3 μg of Escherichia coli endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) into one antebrachiocarpal joint; an equal volume (2 ml) of phosphate-buffered saline solution (PBSS) was injected into the opposite, control carpus. Blood and 1.5 ml of synovial fluid were obtained at postinjection hours (pih) 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 18, 42, 66, and 144. Synovial fluid sample collection was accomplished by use of an indwelling, intra-articular catheter through pih 12, and by arthrocentesis subsequently. Joint fluid samples were analyzed for cell counts, protein concentration, cytologic variables, and tumor necrosis factor (tnf), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) values. Tumor necrosis factor and 1L-6 activities and WBC count were also measured in blood. To monitor local inflammation, skin temperature of each carpus was imaged, using a thermographic scanner prior to each sample collection time.
Horses had minimal systemic effects. Mean (± SEM) rectal temperature increased significantly to 39 02 ± 0.15 C only at pih 18 after intra-articular injection of LPS. One horse had signs of mild depression from pih 7 to 18, but its vital signs did not change appreciably. Each horse had mild signs of discomfort in the LPS-injected limb from pih 1 to 3 until pih 8 to 10. Mean peak surface temperature of the LPS-injected carpi was significantly higher than that of control carpi from pih 8 to 144 (P < 0.05).
Mean synovial fluid WBC count in the LPS-injected and control carpi increased after injection and peaked by pih 8 (193,125 ± 8,528 cells/μl, LPS-treated; 16,425 ± 8,336 cells/μl, controls). Mean values for LPS-treated (principal) joints were significantly greater than values for control joints from pih 2 until after pih 66 (P < 0.05). Mean synovial fluid protein concentration increased in the principal and control joints, with values for the principal joints remaining significantly greater than values for control joints from pih 4 to 144 (P < 0.05). Mean TNF activity in synovial fluid was maximal at pih 2 (10,573 ± 5,924 U/ml). Interleukin-6 activity increased more gradually and peaked at pih 8 (1.78 ± 0.71 × 106 U/ml). Tumor necrosis factor activity did not increase above the minimal detectable value of 6 U/ml in the control joints. Mean PGE2 concentration in the principal joints peaked by pih 2 (3.6 ± 0.37 ng/ml) and remained significantly (P < 0.05) greater than the value for control joints from pih 2 through 66. These results indicate that a humane model of synovitis was created by intra-articular injection of LPS and can be used to establish the basic responses of synovial TNF, IL-6, and PGE2 in horses with early inflammatory joint disease.
Effects of acute physical stress on immune competence in pigs
Authors: Waern Marianne Jensen , Fossum Caroline 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Some interrelations between physical stress and immune competence were studied in pigs. One group of pigs underwent 2 intense short-term treadmill exercise tests, separated by an interval of 1 week, and another group served as controls. In vitro production of interferon α by blood mononuclear cells and the ability of lymphocytes to proliferate and produce interleukin 2 were chosen as markers of immune competence, plasma concentrations of cortisol, lactate, and purines were used as markers of physical stress. Blood samples were drawn from a catheter in situ 60 minutes before, immediately after, and at 10, 30, and 60 minutes, and 7, 24, and 72 hours after exercise. Physical stress resulted in immediate increase in the plasma concentrations of cortisol, lactate, and hypoxanthine, but had no effect on the blastogenic capability of lymphocytes or on their interleukin-2 production on either of the test occasions. Ability of blood mononuclear cells to produce interferon α in vitro was not affected by exercise stress.
Effects of lead on glucose metabolism, ion flux, and collagen synthesis in cerebral capillaries of calves
Authors: Abrens Franklin A. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Brain capillary function was assessed in 4- to 6- week-old calves given lead acetate (15 mg/kg of body weight) orally for 7 to 8 days. Neurologic signs of lead poisoning included cns depression, blindness, and hyperesthesia. Brain capillaries were isolated from cerebral cortex of control and lead-treated calves and evaluated for metabolic indicators, ion transport, and prolyl hydroxylase activity. In lead-treated calves, the rate of glucose metabolism was less than half that in controls. Ion efflux of 45Ca or 36CI from endothelial cell suspensions was not affected by lead treatment. Prolyl hydroxylase activity in endothelium and proline- to-hydroxyproline ratio in endothelial basement membranes were similar in control and lead-poisoned calves. Results indicate that lead may inhibit energy metabolism, but not ion transport or collagen biosynthesis in brain capillaries of calves and, compared with suckling rats, damage to the blood-brain barrier is less important. In calves, neuronal tissue may be the primary target for the cns effects of lead.
Linkage of serum resistance, aerobactin production, and resistance to antimicrobial agents on conjugal plasmids in some strains of Escherichia coli isolated from septic foals
Authors: Hirsh Dwight C. , Kirkham Caroline , Wilson W. David 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Fifteen isolates of Escherichia coli obtained from the blood and tissues of septic foals had plasmid dna of size ranging from 2.5 to 93 megadaltons. These isolates grew in normal equine serum (serum resistant), a trait previously documented to be expressed by isolates obtained from blood and tissues of septic foals, but not by isolates obtained from the feces of clinically normal horses. Of these isolates, 3 contained conjugal plasmids that encoded resistance to multiple antimicrobial agents linked to serum resistance and, in 1 isolate, to production of aerobactin as well. Serum resistance and production of aerobactin are related to virulence of septicemic E coli from non-equine sources.