bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
After the Storm
Authors: Padoa‐Schioppa Tommaso 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe concluding essay in the book, written in 1994. It summarizes the factors and events that led to the signing of the Maastricht Treaty in February 1992, and then gives the author's interpretation of events between the late spring of 1992 and early 1994, when the process of ratification and the crisis of the European Monetary System (EMS) interacted so powerfully. The concluding section reflects on the problems of implementing the treaty.
Logical Properties
Authors: McGinn Colin 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This book discusses the nature of identity, existence, predication, necessity, and truth. Its main claims are that identity, existence, and truth are logical properties, that predicates are singular terms that refer to properties, and that necessity (and other modalities) are modes of instantiation of properties by objects. The book develops a realist anti‐naturalist stance on logical properties, which takes logical notions at face value, and refuses to reduce them to other notions. Two further contentions central to this work are, first, that the quantifier has been overrated as an instrument of logico‐linguistic analysis; and secondly, that past attempts to define logical notions such as identity or existence have been largely unsuccessful.
Truth
Authors: McGinn Colin 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Taking disquotation to be the essence of truth, this chapter argues that truth is that unique property of a proposition from which one can deduce the fact stated by it. This position is called ‘thick disquotationalism’, for though disquotational in nature, truth is nevertheless a robust property. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of the metaphysics of truth: truth is a primitive, non‐natural property that supervenes on the facts and is constitutive of reality.
Location, Competitiveness, and the Multinational Enterprise
Authors: Rugman Alan M. , Verbeke Alain 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAn overview is given of the key insights, resulting from recent international business research on the interactions between location advantages and the competitiveness of multinational enterprises (MNEs). There are four main sections. The first discusses the evolution of the location advantage concept in the international economics literature; the complex nature of location advantages for MNEs is more fully discussed in the second section. The third section describes the intellectual foundations of a spatial analysis of MNE activities. The fourth section discusses the relative contribution of home country‐specific advantages (CSAs) and host CSAs to MNE competitiveness: it concludes that host CSAs may become increasingly important in achieving global competitiveness.
National Policies and Domestic Politics
Authors: Spar Debora L. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractArguing that international business is essentially and incontrovertibly political, this essay describes the range of state policies that can shape and constrain the behaviour of firms. Specifically, it examines the five most important domestic policies that affect firms: trade policy (including export controls, protectionism, and strategic trade policy), foreign direct investment (FDI), capital controls, regulation, and competition policy. The first section describes how policies tend to emerge in each of these areas, what objectives they are often directed towards, and how they affect the course of international business. The second section then moves to the politics behind the policies—i.e. to an examination of how the policies that affect international business are created and by whom. A concluding section examines the emerging role of transnational groups (international institutions such as GATT and WTO, and non‐governmental organizations) in shaping and defining a country's national policies.
The Multinational Enterprise as an Organization
Authors: Westney D. Eleanor , Zaheer Srilata 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Changing models of multinational enterprise (MNE) organization over the last three decades of the twentieth century are surveyed and their theoretical underpinnings examined. The potential of these theories for understanding the future evolution of organizations in international business is assessed. An appendix gives details of the basic models of formal MNE structure identified in the 1960s and 1970s, which are still relevant.
Strategy and Management in MNE Subsidiaries
Authors: Birkinshaw Julian 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe first part of this chapter is a selective review of the last thirty years of literature on multinational enterprise (MNE) subsidiaries, which aims to provide a roadmap of the field by highlighting the various empirical and theoretical issues that have been studied. The second part of the chapter provides a more detailed examination of the issue of subsidiary strategy. For some people, the term subsidiary strategy is an oxymoron because they believe the subsidiary should be acting as an instrument of the MNE. For others (including the author), the idea that the MNE subsidiary has its own strategy is necessary if the MNE is to make effective use of its far‐flung network. This section provides a discussion of what exactly strategy means at the subsidiary level, and some insights into how it is being affected by changes in the business environment and in the strategic direction of MNEs as a whole.
Strategic Alliances
Authors: Inkpen Andrew C. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThere has been an enormous increase in the formation of international strategic alliances and in the research efforts devoted to understanding alliances over the last few decades. The chapter begins with a brief overview of alliance forms and then moves on to consider alliance formation and governance structures, alliance performance, control issues, bargaining power, the role of trust, evolutionary processes, and alliance networks. Within each section, key research areas and questions are identified and the major supporting research and associated findings are discussed.
Innovation and Information Technology in MNE
Authors: Cantwell John 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
In recent years, there has been a steady expansion in the literature that relates the internationalization of production to the development and transfer of technology by multinational enterprises (MNEs). The first section of this chapter discusses this, and notes the current shift of attention away from technology transfer per se, and the parallel shift in the terms in which technology is now defined and conceptualized. The latter is further addressed in the second section, which considers technology in relation to MNEs in its broadest sense of international technology creation and innovation. The third section examines the relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI) and the construction of corporate technological capabilities in the MNE, and the fourth examines intra‐ and inter‐firm international networks for technological development. The fifth section extends the discussion to the role of information and communications technology (ICT) within such international MNE networks.
Contemporary Research Trends in International Marketing: The 1990s
Authors: Kotabe Masaaki 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The state of the art in research in international marketing is examined for the 1990–9 period, with particular emphasis on the conceptual framework and theory development in the field. This decade was chosen deliberately as it provides a fairly broad time frame to probe any significant changes in the field, both in terms of (1) the substance of research and (2) the methodologies used, and to see to what extent these two fundamental concerns raised in the 1980s have been addressed. Thus, the study takes stock of research in international marketing to see if the discipline has overcome the deficiencies outlined in previous review articles. The earlier review articles classified the research streams fairly broadly, encompassing issues from the macro‐environment to marketing management to consumer behaviour. To make this review of the international marketing literature comparable to those of the 1980s, the literature classification employed by Douglas and Craig in 1992 (competitive strategy; strategic alliances; sourcing; multinational company performance) is also employed here.
Culture and Human Resources Management
Authors: Graham John L. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Culture has a pervasive impact on the management of human resources, especially in terms of the efficient transaction, organization, and strategic planning of international business. This chapter first defines the central notion of culture, including discussion of its dimensions and measurement. Next, the influences of culture on interpersonal behaviours and negotiation styles are discussed. Third, human resources policies are outlined that take into account cultural differences in employee groups. The final section focuses on the impact of culture on the strategic thinking of managers.
Environmental Policy and International Business
Authors: Rugman Alan M. , Verbeke Alain 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
An analysis is made of the interactions between environmental policy and international business. More specifically, a conceptual framework is developed that allows classification of the various types of environmental regulations facing firms engaged in international business. In addition, an analysis is performed of the different environmental strategies that can be pursued by multinational enterprises (MNEs). It is argued that the managerial choices made are strongly influenced by external elements such as compliance incentives provided by public agencies, divergence/consistency among national environmental policy regimes, regional integration trends, etc.
International Financial Management and Multinational Enterprises
Authors: Bowe Michael , Dean James W. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractA selective, critical survey is provided of the academic literature on the financial management policy of multinational enterprises (MNEs). The focus of much of the current research is the two major themes of financial management policy in relation to the increasing volatility of real and financial asset prices in the international financial environment of MNEs; and international market segmentation. The main parts of the chapter discuss the enhanced importance of recent increases in asset price volatility, the classification and management of risk exposure, the management of financial risk by MNEs, and issues relating to the effective implementation of a risk management system within the governance structure of an MNE.
Japan
Authors: Westney D. Eleanor 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe rapid expansion of Japanese multinational enterprises (MNEs) in the 1980s changed the nature of competition in several major industries and attracted wide popular and scholarly attention. Japanese MNEs are arguably the most studied population of MNEs next to those from the USA, and summarizing this extensive literature poses a challenge. This chapter tries to accomplish three things. First, it provides an overview of the scope, timing, and destination of Japanese foreign direct investment (FDI)—three of the fundamental topics of interest in international business—in order to supply a basic map of when and where Japanese companies extended their operations abroad. Second, it takes the research on Japanese MNEs conducted in the 1970s as a benchmark to examine their evolution over time. Finally, it looks at Japan as a host country for foreign multinationals.
Multinational Enterprises and Public Policy
Authors: Rugman Alan M. , Verbeke Alain 
Published: October 2003

AbstractRepresentative literature, since 1970, on the broad topic of multinational enterprises (MNEs) and public policy towards them, is reviewed. The efficiency aspects of MNEs and public policy are addressed first. Then, an original analytical framework is developed and used to synthesize some of the key references in the literature on MNEs and public policy.
The Netherlands: Ambitious on Goals—Ambivalent on Action
Authors: Van Muijen Marie‐Louise 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAnalyses efforts of the Dutch government to come to terms with sustainable development. It provides an analysis of the innovative features of Dutch environmental policy as they unfolded over the period 1987–2000. Particular emphasis is placed on the National Environmental Policy Plans (NEPPs), the target group approach, and the system of environmental covenants. The analysis suggests that while the Netherlands has been at the forefront of efforts to engage with sustainable development, it has had trouble ensuring that results live up to expectations.
Norway: Reluctantly Carrying the Torch
Authors: Langhelle Oluf 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAnalyses efforts of the Norwegian government to come to terms with sustainable development. It analyses the domestic reception of the Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development after 1987. Attention is paid to the positive role that Norway has played internationally with respect to many areas of the sustainable development agenda (for example, in encouraging the debate about sustainable production and consumption). But contradictions and inconsistencies in the Norwegian implementation effort are also explored.
The United Kingdom: From Political Containment to Integrated Thinking?
Authors: Young Stephen C. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAnalyses efforts of the British government to come to terms with sustainable development. It illustrates the manner in which sustainable development has been integrated into UK policy approaches and institutions as part of a general effort to modernize environmental governance. It also points to the rather different perspectives on sustainable development that have been elaborated under Conservative and Labour administrations.
The United States: ‘Sorry—Not Our Problem’
Authors: Bryner Gary C. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAnalyses the reception given by the government of the US to the idea of sustainable development. It argues that the US has basically remained aloof from the sustainable development agenda. While there was some attempt to engage with sustainable development by the Clinton presidency, the concept has not been taken up actively by US political and administrative institutions at the federal level. In the main, sustainable development continues to be seen as a problem for developing countries.
Concluding Perspectives
Authors: Lafferty William M. , Meadowcroft James 
Published: October 2003

AbstractDraws general conclusions from the study of the ten governmental reactions to sustainable development. It explores explanations for the different patterns of engagement displayed by the governments. Considering the governments as a group, it also provides a preliminary assessment of the quality of the implementation effort thus far. The chapter goes on to offer a more general interpretation of the overall evolution of environmental policy in the industrialized countries over the past three decades, and relates this to contemporary scholarly concern with the concept of ‘ecological modernization’. Finally, the discussion considers the potential ‘staying power’ of the idea of sustainable development, and reflects on the long‐term viability of the sustainable development agenda.
Immigrant Integration and Minority Nationalism
Authors: Kymlicka Will 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The phenomenon of large‐scale immigration presents a challenge to traditional models of the nation‐state, creating minority nationalisms that are typically felt to be inherently antagonistic to immigrants and to the majority nationalism. Is it acceptable for a national minority to impose integration requirements on immigrants that are more stringent than those imposed by the majority culture? Offers a nuanced view of the relationship between immigration and minority nationalism, paying close attention to the normative issues raised by it. This involves examining not only how claims of immigrants and national minorities relate to each other but also how both relate to the underlying principles of liberal democracy, such as individual freedom and social equality. This is a matter of identifying which sorts of accommodations and settlements amongst immigrants and national minorities are most consistent with liberal––democratic norms of justice and freedom and which would be unjust and illiberal. The issue cannot be decided as a matter of principle––it is necessary to look at each case of minority nationalism on its own terms, and examine the nature of its self‐image and aspirations.
From a Theory of Relative Economic Deprivation Towards a Theory of Relative Political Deprivation
Authors: Connor Walker 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Attempts to correct a common tendency to exaggerate the impact of economic factors upon ethno‐national conflict, which stems from a theory of ‘relative economic deprivation’ holding that ethno‐nationalism stems from essentially economic impulse. To be sure, relative economic deprivation exists wherever ethno‐nationalist conflict is found, but so does oxygen, and mere contiguity does not imply causation. The historical evidence suggests that while relative economic deprivation can be a powerful contributory factor, the sense of relative political deprivation offers a more satisfactory explanation.
Switzerland and the European Union: A Puzzle
Authors: Steiner Jürg 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Why is it that Switzerland, a country that combines a high level of cultural and linguistic diversity with a high level of political stability, is so reluctant to join the EU? This chapter briefly reviews the historical background to Swiss federalism, in order then to discuss cultural and economic perceptions, which have created a durable public perception of the virtues of neutrality and independence from European entanglements. It then discusses what the growing integration and politico‐economic harmonization of Europe implies for the future of Swiss nationalism, and discerns a generational shift of opinion, whereby younger Swiss will increasingly come to recognize a parallel European identity above that of the Swiss nation‐state.
Globalization in a Very Small Place: From Ethnic to Civic Nationalism in Quebec
Authors: Latouche Daniel 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The recurrence of periods of Quebec nationalism is a phenomenon that is hard to evaluate against the concurrent backgrounds of globalization and Canada's own nationalist response to globalization. This chapter examines the different strands of Quebec nationalism and their uneasy relationship with a changing Canadian nationalism. It expresses scepticism about the idea that globalization and regional economic integration provide a painless middle way between provincial autonomy and national independence, and argues that the construction of a civic community in Quebec may indeed require the establishment of a separate state of Quebec.
Projecting Sovereignty in Post‐Soviet Russia: Tatarstan in the International Arena
Authors: Graney Katherine E. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Uses Tatarstan's relations with Russia as a case study of the new opportunities for the nationalist exercise of state sovereignty, which the post‐Cold War international system affords to actors that are nominally sub‐state members of another state. Explores how Tatarstan has attempted to construct a sovereign presence in the international arena in the post‐Soviet period: first, by establishing bilateral relations with other states, and by increased participation in international politico‐economic organizations and networks; second, by pursuing a type of ‘anticipatory adaptation’, wherein Tatarstani elites have attempted to raise the country's profile in the international community.
Globalization, European Integration, and the Northern Ireland Conflict
Authors: McGarry John 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Examines the impact of globalization and EU integration on the Northern Ireland conflict and its resolution. While they have not diluted the identities of opposing factions, or the intensity of their political agendas, they have greatly increased the opportunities for effective diplomacy on the part of national government. The Anglo‐Irish cooperation that ultimately produced the Good Friday Agreement may have been made easier as a result of sovereignty‐pooling and intergovernmental cooperation within the EU, but it was also due to a slow recognition by the UK government that the conflict could not be managed within the traditional state system. Globalization complemented these factors.
Appraisal and Further Reform
Authors: Ishi Hiromitsu 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAssesses the overall performance of past tax reforms thathas developed in three stages; the Nakasone and Takeshita reform packages from the mid‐1980s, and recent tax reform in the 1990s. From an academic point of view, as the final conclusion, Japan's tax reforms have been far from satisfactory, and further steps are required to improve with regard to equity, neutrality, and simplicity.
Constructing Policy Theory: Ideas, Language, and Discourse
Authors: Fischer Frank 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter examines the renewed interest in the role of ideas, language and discourse in policy studies. Distinguishing postempiricist from mainstream perspectives, the discussion sets the stage for a more detailed presentation of the discourse–analytic approach and the deliberative practices to which it gives rise. There are seven main sections: Reconsidering Ideas; Beyond Self-Interest: Ideas Matter; Neo-Institutionalism and Policy Ideas (neo-institutionalism is defined as a theoretical orientation that has focused on the evolutionary relationship of ideas and norms to institutional practices); Policy Communities, Issue Networks, and Learning –– the studies discussed include Heclo’s (1978) seminal conceptualization of issue networks, and the work of Haas (1992) on policy communities and networks; Critical Theory: Distorted Communication and Discursive Ideals –– this looks at the critical theory of Habermas, which supplies a normative ideal for communication and argumentation; Discourse of Power V this looks at Foucault’s focus on the role of discourses as they have functioned in specific historical contexts; and Postempiricism as Discursive Policy Inquiry.
Discourse Versus Advocacy Coalitions: Interpreting Policy Change and Learning
Authors: Fischer Frank 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis is the second of two chapters that present a more detailed examination of the ways in which social constructions are produced and negotiated in public politics through the medium of discourse. It looks at discourse versus advocacy coalitions. The first section of the chapter introduces the Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF) that was developed by Sabatier and his associates, and is perhaps the most widely discussed contribution to the field of policy studies in the past decade. Its aim is to explain policy change empirically through the interaction of competing advocacy coalitions. The next section of the chapter presents Hajer’s critique of the ACF, focusing on his model of discourse coalitions, which, like advocacy coalitions, are designed to explain policy changes generally. The last section looks at the concept of policy learning.