bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
AIDS-Related Malignancies: Emerging Challenges in the Era of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy
Authors: Cheung Matthew C. , Pantanowitz Liron , Dezube Bruce J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractLearning ObjectivesAfter completing this course, the reader will be able to: Describe the pathogenesis and clinical presentation of Kaposi's sarcoma, with a special emphasis on Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus/human herpesvirus-8, and outline treatment approaches.Discuss the pathogenesis, epidemiology, and treatment of AIDS-related lymphomas.Discuss the increasing incidence of non-AIDS-defining malignancies such as Hodgkin's lymphoma and plasma cell disorders in patients with HIV infection.Explain how, in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy, both AIDS-related lymphoma and Hodgkin's lymphoma patients may be treated with therapies previously reserved for their immunocompetent counterparts.Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 hour of AMA PRA category 1 credit at CME.TheOncologist.comHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients are at increased risk of developing cancer, particularly in the later stages of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Despite the advent of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART), malignancy in this population is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) and AIDS-related non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (ARL) are the most common AIDS-defining malignancies. AIDS-related KS varies from minimal to fulminant disease. Treatment decisions for AIDS-related KS are guided largely by the presence and extent of symptomatic disease. In addition to HAART, excellent treatments exist for both localized disease (topical gel, radiotherapy, and intralesional therapy) and advanced disease (liposomal anthracyclines, paclitaxel). Novel therapies that have become available to treat AIDS-related KS include angiogenesis inhibitors and antiviral agents. ARL comprises a heterogeneous group of malignancies. With the immune restoration afforded by HAART, standard-dose chemotherapies now can be safely administered to treat ARL with curative intent. The role of analogous treatments used in HIV-negative patients, including monoclonal antibodies and autologous stem cell transplantation, requires further clarification in HIV-positive patients. HIV-infected patients also appear to be at increased risk for developing certain non-AIDS-defining cancers, such as Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma. Although the optimal treatment of these neoplasms is at present uncertain, recent advances in chemotherapy, antiretroviral drugs, and supportive care protocols are allowing for more aggressive management of many of the AIDS-related cancers. This article provides an up-to-date review of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, and treatment of various AIDS-related malignancies that are likely to be encountered by an oncologist practicing in the current HAART era.
Risk Models for Predicting Chemotherapy-Induced Neutropenia
Authors: Lyman Gary H. , Lyman Christopher H. , Agboola Olayemi ,   Anc Study Group
Published: June 2005

Abstract
Neutropenia and its complications, including febrile neutropenia, are major dose-limiting toxicities of systemic cancer chemotherapy. A number of studies have attempted to identify risk factors for neutropenia and its consequences to develop predictive models capable of identifying patients at greater risk for such complications and to guide more effective and cost-effective applications of the colony-stimulating factors. A systematic review of the literature showed that age, performance status, nutritional status, chemotherapy dose intensity, and low baseline blood cell counts were associated with the risk of severe and febrile neutropenia or reduced chemotherapy dose intensity in multivariate analysis in two or more studies. Similarly, age, diagnosis of leukemia or lymphoma, high temperature or low blood pressure at admission, and i.v. site infection along with low blood cell counts and organ dysfunction were associated with serious medical complications of febrile neutropenia, including bacteremia and death. The available risk model studies, however, had several limitations, including retrospective analyses of small study populations lacking independent validation, frequent missing values, and differences in the predictive factors considered. To overcome the limitations of previous studies, efforts are under way to develop and validate risk models based on large prospective studies in representative populations of patients receiving systemic chemotherapy.
Dispersion in core–annular flow with a solid annulus
Authors: Fallon Marissa S. , Chauhan Anuj 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe Taylor dispersion of a solute is studied in a core–annular geometry. The fluid flows only through the core, but the solute can diffuse into the solid annulus. The long time limit of the dispersion coefficient D* is derived by a regular expansion in the aspect ratio for two different scalings of the Biot number (Bi), which is the dimensionless interfacial mass‐transfer resistance. The results for the case of O(1) Bi match those obtained by Aris and a number of other researchers. In the case of O(ε) Bi, where ε is the aspect ratio, the average mass‐transfer equations for the core and the annulus are coupled and do not simplify to a simple convection–dispersion form. The average mass‐transfer equations are derived for two velocity profiles: Poiseuille flow and plug flow. The dispersion coefficient for the limiting case when both the core and the annulus are radially well mixed at all times is also determined for the case of O(1) Bi. For O(1) Bi, the dispersion of the solute arises as a result of molecular diffusion, interfacial mass‐transfer resistance, and convective flow, and the contribution from interfacial mass‐transfer resistance is independent of the velocity profile. This dispersion coefficient reduces to the classical result of fluid flow through a tube in the limit of vanishing annulus thickness and also for the case when the solute has zero solubility in the solid. The core–annular geometry mimics the Krogh cylinder, which is a model used for analyzing mass transfer from capillaries into surrounding tissue. The model predictions for the dispersion coefficients in different tissues agree reasonably with the experimentally reported values, and the agreement is the best for muscles, where the Krogh cylinder model is expected to most closely resemble the actual physiology. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2005
Bioequivalence evaluation of two brands of fluoxetine 20 mg capsules (Flutin and Prozac) in healthy human volunteers
Authors: Najib Naji M. , Idkaidek Nasir , Beshtawi Muntaser , Mohammed B. , Admour Isra' , Alam S. Mahmood , Dham Ruwayda , Qumaruzaman  
Published: June 2005

AbstractA bioequivalence study of two oral formulations of 20 mg fluoxetine was carried out in 24 healthy volunteers following a single dose, two‐sequence, crossover randomized design at International Pharmaceutical Research Centre (IPRC), Amman, Jordan. The two formulations were Flutin capsules (Julphar, UAE) as test and Prozac capsules (Eli Lilly, UK) as reference product. Test and reference capsules were administered to each subject after an overnight fasting on two treatment days separated by a 28 day washout period. After dosing, serial blood samples were collected for a period of 360 h. Plasma harvested from blood was analysed for fluoxetine by a sensitive, reproducible and accurate LC‐MS method. Various pharmacokinetic parameters including AUC0–t, AUC0–∝, Cmax, Tmax, T1/2, and λZ were determined from plasma concentrations for both formulations and found to be in good agreement with reported values. AUC0–t, AUC0–∝ and Cmax were tested for bioequivalence after log‐transformation of data. No significant difference was found based on ANOVA; 90% confidence interval (94.60%–106.41% for AUC0–t, 94.6%–108.14% for AUC0–∝; 91.88%–103.65% for Cmax) for test/reference ratio of these parameters were found within FDA acceptance range of 80%–125%. Based on these statistical inferences, it was concluded that Flutin is bioequivalent to Prozac and can be used interchangeably in medical practice. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Maternal diet alters exencephaly frequency in SELH/Bc strain mouse embryos
Authors: Harris Muriel J. , Juriloff Diana M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe SELH/Bc mouse inbred strain, with a high frequency of nonsyndromic, genetically‐multifactorial exencephaly, is a model for human cranial neural tube defects (NTDs). Maternal diet affects risk of human NTDs.METHODSExencephaly frequencies in SELH/Bc embryos were compared in 8 studies in which dams were fed alternative commercial Purina diets (5015 and 5001) or semisynthetic diets, and in several studies in which maternal diet was supplemented with a specific nutrient, either in drinking water or food before and during pregnancy, or by intraperitoneal injection on E7 and/or E8.RESULTSThe exencephaly frequency in SELH/Bc embryos was 2‐ to 8‐fold higher when the dams were fed Purina 5015 (averaging 23% exencephaly) or a semisynthetic diet modeled on Purina 5015 (averaging 28%) or NIH‐31 standard diet (23%), compared with Purina 5001 (averaging 7%). The exencephaly frequency remained high (41%) on a semisynthetic diet modeled on Purina 5001. The exencephaly frequency was not reduced significantly by maternal supplementation with folic acid, nor with each of zinc, methionine, niacin, brewers' yeast, riboflavin, vitamin B12, or inositol. Nor was it reduced by maternal diets with supplemental methyl donors and cofactors or with reduced fat.CONCLUSIONSThe frequency of exencephaly in SELH/Bc embryos is strongly influenced by a specific unidentified aspect of the commercial ration Purina 5001 that prevents 55–85% of exencephaly in SELH/Bc embryos, when directly compared with an alternative commercial ration Purina 5015 or its semisynthetic mimic. This strong maternal diet effect on NTD frequency may point to novel nutritional approaches to prevention of human NTDs. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High‐Spin Molecules with Magnetic Anisotropy toward Single‐Molecule Magnets
Authors: Oshio Hiroki , Nakano Motohiro 
Published: June 2005

AbstractHigh‐spin molecules with easy‐axis magnetic anisotropy show slow magnetic relaxation of spin‐flipping along the axis of magnetic anisotropy and are called single‐molecule magnets (SMMs). SMMs behave as molecular‐size permanent magnets at low temperature and magnetic relaxation occurs by quantum tunneling processes; such molecules are promising candidates for use in quantum devices. We first discuss intramolecular ferromagnetic interactions for preparing high‐spin molecules. Second, we determine the magnetic anisotropy for single metal ions with dn configurations and discuss how molecular anisotropy arises from single‐ion anisotropy of the assembled component metal ions.
Triplet Acetylenes as Synthetic Equivalents of 1,2‐Bicarbenes, Part II: New Supramolecular Scaffolds from Photochemical Cycloaddition of Diarylacetylenes to 1,4‐Cyclohexadienes
Authors: Zeidan Tarek A. , Clark Ronald J. , Ghiviriga Ion , Kovalenko Serguei V. , Alabugin Igor V. 
Published: June 2005

Abstract1,5‐Diaryl substituted homoquadricyclanes which are readily available through cascade photocycloaddition of diarylacetylenes to 1,4‐cyclohexadienes are useful supramolecular scaffolds with an angle of about 60° formed by the two aromatic rings defining a hydrophobic cavity. These structural features of pyridinyl homoquadricyclanes were applied to the design of composite organic/inorganic materials with topologies depending on the ratio of ligand to metal. The crystal structure of complex 1 (L1/AgNO3 in a 1:1 ratio) shows an alternating ligand–metal polymer in which each of the silver ions in its linear coordination geometry is shared between two L1 molecules. A small change in the crystallization method yields a supramolecular rhomboid (complex 2, L1/AgNO3 3:2 ratio) which has two ligands that occupy opposite corners of the rhomboid and two silver atoms occupy the other two corners. Connection of the rhomboids units through a third molecule forms unique “beads on a string” polymeric chains. In complex 2, the silver ions adopt a distorted tetrahedral geometry with the nitrate anion occupying one of the vertices of the tetrahedron. The crystal packing of the chain of rhomboids generates cavities which are filled with disordered solvent molecules. Non‐symmetrical homoquadricyclane L3 coordinates with silver only through the nitrogen of the pyridine ring but not through the nitrogen of the tetrafluoropyridine ring in which the electron density of the nitrogen lone‐pair is very low. The substituents on the polycyclic moiety of the homoquadricyclane cause restricted rotation of the pyridine rings which suggests that the flexibility of such systems can be fine‐tuned to create a family of supramolecular scaffolds of controlled rigidity.
Characterization of sub‐Gaussian heat kernel estimates on strongly recurrent graphs
Authors: Barlow Martin T. , Coulhoun Thierry , Kumagai Takashi 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSub‐Gaussian estimates for random walks are typical of fractal graphs. We characterize them in the strongly recurrent case, in terms of resistance estimates only, without assuming elliptic Harnack inequalities. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Homogenization and flame propagation in periodic excitable media: The asymptotic speed of propagation
Authors: Caffarelli L. A. , Lee K.‐A. , Mellet A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWe study the effect of homogenization on flame propagation in periodic excitable media when the width of the flame is much smaller than the characteristic size of the heterogeneities. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Molecular Modeling, Design, and Synthesis of Less Lipophilic Derivatives of 3‐(4‐Tetradecyloxybenzyl)‐4H‐1,2,4‐oxadiazol‐5‐one (PMS1062) Specific for Group II Enzyme
Authors: Plocki Stéphanie , Aoun Darina , Ahamada‐Himidi Azali , Tavarès‐Camarinha Fernanda , Dong Chang‐Zhi , Massicot France , Huet Jack , Adolphe‐Pierre Sylvie , Chau François , Godfroid Jean‐Jacques , Gresh Nohad , Ombetta Jean Edouard , Heymans Françoise 
Published: June 2005

Abstract3‐(4‐Tetradecyloxybenzyl)‐4H‐1,2,4‐oxadiazol‐5‐one (PMS1062 or I) can probably act as a PLA2‐II inhibitor on the acute inflammation model, but its highly lipophilic character could prevent it from being biodistributed effectively. In this work, based on a molecular modeling study, we have proposed a model that may provide compounds retaining both anti‐PLA2 activity and specificity while becoming active per os. Moreover, molecular dynamics and energy minimization enabled us to characterize the lowest‐energy complexes of each derivative. Energy balances taking account of the conformational energy changes of both partners, along with the drug–protein interaction, were performed, and were further completed by single‐point computations of the contributions of solvation/desolvation to the binding. The ordering of the resulting energy balances was found to be fully consistent with the experimentally ascertained ordering of affinities inferred from the IC50 values. The essential role of an indole group partaking in cation–π and hydrophobic interactions, together with the CaII‐chelating oxadiazolone ring, was highlighted for the best binding compound. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Tandem Addition/Cyclization of Alkynylzinc Reagents to Enantiopure 2‐tert‐Butyl‐3,5‐dimethyl‐2,3‐dihydroimidazol‐4‐one N‐Oxide: Potential Precursors of Quaternary α‐Amino Acids
Authors: Cantagrel Frédéric , Pinet Sandra , Gimbert Yves , Chavant Pierre Y. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA new enantiopure cyclic nitrone, a potential electrophilic alanine synthon, has been prepared. Its reaction with alkynylzinc reagents led to a tandem addition/cyclization reaction with complete regio‐ and stereoselectivity. The adducts are potential precursors of quaternary α‐amino acids. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
The Preparation of the Last Remaining Acyclic Isomers of Benzene
Authors: Maurer Helmut , Hopf Henning 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe three acyclic isomers of benzene – 2,3‐hexadien‐5‐yne, 3‐methyl‐1,2‐pentadien‐4‐yne, and 1,2,3,4‐hexatetraene – have been prepared by simple routes from readily available starting materials. The hydrocarbons as well as several side products formed during their synthesis were characterized by their spectroscopic data and typical cycloaddition and isomerization reactions. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Fulicineroside, an Unusual Glycosidic Dibenzofuran Metabolite from the Slime Mold Fuligo cinerea (Schwein.) Morgan
Authors: Řezanka Tomáš , Hanuš Lumír O. , Kujan Petr , Dembitsky Valery M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFulicineroside, a glycosidic dibenzofuran metabolite from the slime mold Fuligo cinerea collected in the Czech Republic, has been isolated as a new natural product. Its structure was elucidated from UV, IR, MS, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic data and chemical degradation. The compound was highly active against Gram‐positive bacteria and crown gall tumors. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Tetraalkylammonium and 1,3‐Dialkylimidazolium Salts with Fluorinated Anions as Recoverable Phase‐Transfer Catalysts in Solid Base‐Promoted Cross‐Aldol Condensations
Authors: Kryshtal Galina V. , Zhdankina Galina M. , Zlotin Sergei G. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractTetraalkylammonium and 1,3‐dialkylimidazolium tetrafluoroborates and hexafluorophosphates were employed for the first time as recoverable phase‐transfer catalysts in multiphase reactions of CH‐acids, in particular in solid base‐promoted cross‐aldol condensations. The catalysts retained their catalytic activity over several reaction cycles. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Entropy of Activation for Reactions in the Condensed Phase: A Theoretical Study of the SN2 Alkylation of Amines
Authors: Canepa Carlo , Mosso Marco , Maranzana Andrea , Tonachini Glauco 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA theoretical model for the evaluation of the entropy of activation for organic reactions in the condensed phase is proposed. The required partition functions for solutes are computed taking into account the hindered translation and rotation in the solvent cavity. The activation parameters for the alkylation of 3‐bromopyridine by iodomethane in acetonitrile were obtained by regression of experimentally determined rate constants to the Eyring equation with different reference volumes. While the gas‐phase reference volume affords an entropy of activation of –40.7 cal mol–1 K–1, the corresponding calculated quantity at the MPW1K/CRENBL·6‐311(+)G(d) level of theory is –34.9 cal mol–1 K–1. The condensed‐phase reference volume gives ΔS≠ = –24.1 cal mol–1 K–1, in better agreement with the computed value of –22.6 cal mol–1 K–1. Regressions with all reference volumes give an enthalpy of activation of around 13 kcal mol–1, while the computed potential‐energy barriers lie between 16.8 and 18.4 kcal mol–1. Transition‐state theory, making use of calculated potential‐energy barriers and either gas‐phase or condensed‐phase partition functions, affords second‐order rate constants for the reaction of CH3I with 3‐bromopyridine at least three orders of magnitude below the experimentally observed value. This discrepancy does not appear to be a consequence of a lack of accuracy of the pre‐exponential factor, but might be caused by either overestimated calculated potential‐energy barriers or the functional form of the Eyring equation. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Activation of Allyl Alcohols as Allyl Cations, Allyl Anions, and Amphiphilic Allylic Species by Palladium
Authors: Tamaru Yoshinao 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPalladium/Et3B induces allyl alcohols to undergo electrophilic allylation of soft carbonucleophiles (pKa 5–14), alkyl aldehydes at the α‐position, and amines, indoles, and tryptophan at the 3‐position. The same catalyst, and also Pd/Et2Zn, also effect the generation of allyl anions from allyl alcohols, which react with aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes and imines to furnish homoallyl alcohols and homoallylamines, respectively, in good yields. 2‐Methylenepropane‐1,3‐diol undergoes a sequential amphiphilic activation, generating an allyl cation and an allyl anion, and reacts with aldehydes to furnish 3‐methylenecyclopentanols. The amphiphilic activation has been extended to 1,3‐bis(alkoxy)‐2‐methylenepropanes and vinyl epoxides. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Cascade Reactions of β‐Amino‐Substituted α,β‐Unsaturated Fischer Carbene Complexes with 1,5‐Dien‐3‐ynes as a Convenient Access to Ring‐Annelated Benzene Derivatives
Authors: Wu Yao‐Ting , Noltemeyer Mathias , de Meijere Armin 
Published: June 2005

AbstractUpon heating pentacarbonyl(3‐dimethylamino‐1‐ethoxypropenylidene)chromium complexes 1 with 1,5‐dien‐3‐ynes 2 in pyridine at 80 °C, benzene‐annelated cyclopentenones 8 and their regioisomers 9, resulting from a sequence of cocyclization, 6π‐electrocyclization and hydrolysis, were isolated in 12–75 % yield (13 examples). The more flexible the alkenyl substituents were in the dienynes 2, the longer were the reaction times needed to achieve good chemical yields. This new cascade reaction of Fischer carbene complexes provides a direct route to trindanone analogues under milder conditions than traditional methods, and is compatible with more functionalities. Compounds 14 and 15 with steroid‐like skeletons were thus prepared in 54–77 % yields (4 examples) from complex 1‐iPr and the bicyclic alkyne 2. Hexacycles 17 and 18 were accessible with high diastereoselectivity in the triquinane moiety by the same method in 45 % yield, (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Decoding two‐dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis complex maps by autocovariance function: A simplified approach useful for proteomics
Authors: Pietrogrande Maria Chiara , Marchetti Nicola , Tosi Azzurra , Dondi Francesco , Righetti Pier Giorgio 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis paper describes a mathematical approach applied for decoding the complex signal of two‐dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis maps of protein mixtures. The method is helpful in extracting analytical information since separation of all the proteins present in the sample is still far from being achieved and co‐migrating proteins are generally present in the same spot. The simplified method described is based on the study of the 2‐D autocovariance function (2D‐ACVF) computed on an experimental digitized map. The first part of the 2D‐ACVF allows for the estimation of the number of proteins present in the sample (2D‐ACVF computed at the origin) and of the separation performance (mean spot size). Moreover, the 2D‐ACVF plot is a powerful tool in identifying order in the spot position, and singling it out from the complex separation pattern. This method was validated on synthetic maps obtained by computer simulation to describe 2‐D PAGE real maps and reference maps retrieved from the SWISS‐2DPAGE database. The results obtained are discussed by focusing on specific information relevant in proteomics: sample complexity, separation performance, and identification of spot trains related to post‐translational modifications.