bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
377 Evaluation of Feed Intake, Feed Efficiency and Days on Trial in Growing Goats Fed a Total Mixed Diets Using Growsafe Feeding Technology
Authors: Kidane Negusse F , Irvin Merrick E , Foxworth William B , Carstens Gordon E , Horner Scott , O'Reilly Keara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of breed and days on trial (DOT) on feed intake, growth rate, and feed efficiency of growing goats. Nineteen female goats (10 Alpine and 9 Spanish) with an initial BW of 38.8 ± 2.8 and 35.5 ±3.1 kg, respectively, were randomly assigned within breed to one of two pens (5 goats/pen), each equipped with GrowSafe feed bunks. A pelletized total mixed diet (TMD) was fed twice per day and goats had ad libitum access to feed and water throughout the 84-d trial. Daily feed intake (DMI) was collected with GrowSafe automated feeding system, and BW was measured biweekly. Linear regression of 14-d BW on DOT was used to derive ADG, mid-test metabolic BW (MBW) and expected DMI of individual goats at 42, 56, 70, and 84 DOT. Expected DMI was predicted by linear regression of DMI on MBW and ADG, with RFI calculated as a difference between actual and expected DMI for each DOT. Data were analyzed using a repeated-measures model with a fixed effect of breed, DOT as a repeated measure, and breed x DOT interaction with a pen as a random effect. The interaction was not significant for either of the response variables. Alpine goats had greater (P &lt; 0.05) initial and final BW (37.6 kg and 51.7 kg, respectively) than Spanish goats (34.7 kg and 46.5 kg, respectively) although ADG (0.233 kg/d vs 0.191 kg/d) did not differ. DMI (P = 0.10) and RFI (P = 0.09) tended to be greater in Alpine than in Spanish goats (0.57 kg vs -0.64 kg). However, G:F was not affected (P &gt; 0.70) by breed. As DOT increased from 42 to 84, MBW increased, while ADG, DMI, and G:F decreased. Further research is warranted to determine changes in phenotypic variances of ADG and DMI to determine the minimal DOT needed to accurately measure feed efficiency in growing goats. Our results suggest that Spanish goats tended to consume less feed and tended to be more efficient (negative RFI) than their counterpart Alpine goats. Further research is needed to compare the life-cycle efficiency of Alpine and Spanish goats.
374 Birth Season and Production System Effects on Post-Weaning Growth and Gastrointestinal Nematode Infection of Katahdin Lambs
Authors: Murphy Tom W , Hess Andrew , Miller Jim E , Burke Joan M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The objective was to estimate birth season (F = fall, W = winter) and production system (C = conventional, O = organic) effects on Katahdin lamb growth and gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infection. Lambs were weighed and weaned at ~60 d of age and body weight (BW, n = 5,089), fecal egg count (FEC, n = 4,772), and packed cell volume (PCV, n = 4,962) were recorded at ~90, 120, and 150 d of age. Records were analyzed from 599, 142, 1,113, and 126 F-C, F-O, W-C, and W-O lambs, respectively. Lambs were not dewormed and FEC was transformed as: LFEC = log10(FEC + 25). Traits were analyzed as repeated measures with fixed effects of time, sex, birth/rear type, and season-system, the linear covariate of actual age at 90 d, and random effects of sire, birth year, and contemporary group. The time x season-system interaction was significant for all traits (P &lt; 0.001; Figure 1). At 90 d, BW was greater for W-C and W-O than F-C and F-O (P ≤ 0.05). By 150 d, W-O lambs had greater BW (P ≤ 0.04) than all other season-systems which weren’t different from each other. Lamb LFEC was greatest for F-C (P &lt; 0.001), intermediate for F-O, and least for W-C and W-O at 90 d. All season-systems had similar LFEC at 120 d, but W-C lambs had greater LFEC at 150 d than all others (P &lt; 0.01). At 90 d, PCV was less for F-C than all others (P ≤ 0.02) except W-O. Both F-C and F-O had greater PCV (P &lt; 0.001) than W-C and W-O at 120 d and, at 150 d, PCV was less for W-C than all others (P &lt; 0.001). To investigate production impacts of GIN infection in different season-systems, average daily gain from weaning to 90 d (ADG60-90, n = 1,842) was analyzed in a similar model with the additional linear covariate of LFEC at 90 d (LFEC90). The season-system x LFEC90 interaction was significant (P &lt; 0.01), indicating differing impacts of GIN infection. A one-unit increase in LFEC90 (e.g., ~500 vs. 5000 eggs/g) had negative impacts on ADG60-90 for W-O, F-C, and W-C (-27.1, -22.4, and -12.5 g/d, respectively) and solutions were not different from one another. However, LFEC90 did not affect F-O ADG60-90 potentially due to decreased performance (158.4 g/d) than other season-systems (171.5 – 204.3 g/d). Overall, BW was less for F than W lambs and FEC decreased with age for F with the opposite for W lambs. Slight advantages in performance were observed for W-O compared with W-C lambs. Season-system differences could be attributed to varied forage quality and breeding objectives and results utilized in precision sheep management. USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.
399 Methionine and Guanidinoacetic Acid Supplementation Throughout the Periconceptual Period of Gestation Alters Metabolite Concentrations and Fetal Development
Authors: Hauxwell Kathlyn , Cushman Robert A , Caton Joel S , Ward Alison , Lindholm-Perry Amanda , Snider Alexandria P , Freetly Harvey C , Dahlen Carl R , Amat Samat , Neville Bryan W , Thorson Jennifer , Oliver William T , Miles Jeremy R , Crouse Matthew S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent research reported changes in fetal growth due to increased methyl donor availability through periconceptual supplementation of the dam. We hypothesized that maternal supplementation of methionine (MET) or guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) during the periconceptual period will result in a methyl donor surplus or deficiency in maternal serum and ultimately influence fetal body and organ weight at d +63 gestation. The objectives of this study were to evaluate effects of methyl donor surplus or deficiency during the periconceptual period of gestation on metabolite concentrations in the heifer and the effects on early fetal development. Eighty MARC II heifers (n = 20 per treatment, initial BW = 346 ± 8 kg) were stratified by age and weight to one of four treatment groups to receive 100 g of supplement: ground corn carrier as control (CON), MET (10 g/d) in ground corn, GAA (40 g/d) in ground corn, and MET + GAA (10 g/d MET + 40 g/d GAA) in ground corn. Supplementation began 63 d before breeding (d –63) until d 63 of gestation (d +63), and serum samples were collected before feeding on d -63, at breeding, and d +63. Heifers were bred using male sexed semen from the same sire, and 35 heifers were confirmed pregnant (CON, n = 10; MET, n = 8; GAA, n = 7; MET + GAA, n =10) and harvested at d +63 of gestation to collect maternal and fetal samples. Data were analyzed as a 2 × 2 factorial design with 2 levels of MET and 2 levels of GAA. Methionine concentrations in maternal serum were greater (P = 0.05) in MET and MET + GAA supplemented heifers at d 0 and d +63 compared with CON and GAA at d -63, d 0, and d +63. There were no differences (P ≥ 0.15) in the concentration of GAA or creatine due to supplementation; however, both were decreased at breeding (P &lt; 0.01) compared with d -63 and d +63. Fetuses from MET supplemented heifers had greater (P = 0.01) brain weight and Longissimus muscle than dams not receiving MET. We conclude that MET supplementation during the periconceptual period can alter methyl donor availability and increase fetal muscle development. USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.
PSXII-8 Effects of Pre-Synchronization with Short-Term Melengesterol Acetate in Nulliparous Beef Heifers
Authors: Nicholls Griffin T , Funnell Bethany J , Lemenager Ron , Stewart Kara R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Conception rates in nulliparous beef heifers can be greatly influenced by their ability to reach puberty at or prior to the initiation of a breeding season. Previous research has analyzed the efficacy of utilizing both long and short-term exposure to a source of progesterone via a controlled internal drug release insert (CIDR) prior to estrous synchronization with timed artificial insemination (TAI) and found improved conception rates. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of feeding melengesterol acetate (MGA) immediately and 10 days before estrous synchronization. Ninety-three crossbred heifers (395.67 ± 5.37 kg) were blocked by BW, genetics, and reproductive tract scores and allotted to 3 treatments. The 3 treatment groups were: 7-day Co-synch + CIDR without presynchronization (CON, n = 31); 2cc PGF2α (Lutalyse) followed by melengesterol acetate feeding for 7 d before the start of the 7-day Co-synch + CIDR program (PRE, n = 31); and 2 mL Lutalyse followed by MGA feeding for 7 d followed 10 d later by the start of the 7-day Co-synch + CIDR program (PRE+10, n = 31). The 7-day Co-synch + CIDR protocol was initiated on d 0 by administering a 2 mL IM injection of GnRH and placing a CIDR into the vagina. The CIDRs were removed 7 days later and accompanied by 2 ml IM injection of PGF2α. An injection of GnRH occurred 60 to 66 hours following PGF2α at TAI with frozen semen from a single bull. Ten days after TAI, heifers were exposed to a bull. Estrotect patches were applied throughout the study to assess estrous behavior. Ovaries were visualized 24 hours post TAI to determine whether ovulation occurred. Pregnancy was determined on days 40, 64, and 109 post TAI via transrectal ultrasonography. Blood was collected via jugular venipuncture (d -19, MGA initiation and termination, d 0, d 7, and d 9) and serum progesterone determined. Performance data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure and conception data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. Heifers in the PRE+10 treatment group had higher levels of progesterone (P = 0.04) at d 0 than PRE heifers. At d7 there was a tendency (P = 0.07) for PRE+10 heifers to have greater concentrations of progesterone than PRE, but did not differ by d 9 (TAI, P = 0.36). TAI conception rates in heifers in the PRE treatment group (63%) tended (P = 0.09) to be greater compared with the controls (35%) and not different from PRE+10 (43%), with no differences in season-long pregnancy rates (P &gt; 0.15). Presynchronization with MGA immediately before TAI synchronization can increase conception rates early in the breeding season in beef heifers.
PSIV-27 Effect of Different Ratios of Phytogenic Feed Additives in Weaned Pigs Challenged with a Pathogenic Escherichia Coli
Authors: Chang Seyeon , An Jaewoo , Song Dongcheol , Cho Hyunah , Park Sehyun , Jeon Kyeongho , Kim Hyuck , Cho Jinho 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of supplementing different ratios of phytogenic feed additive (PFA) to weaned pigs challenged with pathogenic Escherichia coli (E. coli) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, intestinal barrier integrity, and immune response, and to determine the optimal mixing ratio for PWD prevention. A total of 48 four-week-old weaned pigs with initial body weight of 8.01 ± 0.39 kg were placed in individual metabolic cages, and then randomly assigned to eight treatment groups. The eight treatments were as follows: a basal diet without E. coli challenge (negative control, NC), a basal diet with E. coli challenge (positive control, PC), PC with supplementing 0.1% mixture of 20 % bitter citrus extract (BCE), 10% microencapsulated blend of thymol and carvacrol (MEO), and 70% excipient (T1), PC with supplementing 0.1% mixture of 10% MEO, 20% premixture of grape seed and grape marc extract, green tea, and hops (PGE), and 60% excipient (T2), PC with supplementing 0.1% mixture of 10% BCE, 10% MEO, 10% PGE, and 70% excipient (T3), PC with supplementing 0.1% mixture of 20% BCE, 20% MEO, and 60% excipient (T4), PC with supplementing 0.1 % mixture of 20% MEO, 20% PGE, and 60% excipient (T5), and PC with supplementing 0.1 % mixture of 10% BCE, 20% MEO, 10% PGE, and 60% excipient (T6; Table 1). The experiments were progressed in 16 days, including 5 days before and 11 days after the first E. coli challenge (d 0). In the E. coli challenge treatments, all pigs were orally inoculated by dividing a total of 10 mL of E. coli F 18 for 3 consecutive days from d 0 post-inoculation (PI). Compared with the PC group, the PFA2 and PFA6 groups significantly increased (P &lt; 0.05) feed efficiency and decreased (P &lt; 0.05; Table 2) diarrhea during the entire period (Table 3). At d 11 PI, the PFA6 group significantly improved (P &lt; 0.05) gross energy digestibility compared with the PFA1 group (Table 4). The PFA6 group significantly decreased (P &lt; 0.05) tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in serum (Table 5) and increased (P &lt; 0.05) the villus height to crypt depth ratio (VH:CD; Table 6; Figure 1). The PFA2 significantly decreased (P &lt; 0.05) the relative protein expression of calprotectin in the ileum (Table 7). In conclusion, improvements in growth performance, diarrhea reduction, and immunity enhancement are demonstrated when 10% BCE, 20% MEO, 10% PGE, and 60% excipient are mixed.
PSIV-29 Performance and Resiliency Against Gastrointestinal Parasites of Pregnant Does and Ewes Raised Indoor and Outdoor During the Winter Season
Authors: Lamsal Sadikshya , Karki Uma , Chaudhary Santoshi , Dhakal Durga 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Small ruminants in the southeast USA are mostly raised on pastures (outdoor) irrespective of seasons and associated weather conditions. During the extreme weather conditions, such as that occur in winter, animals may perform better while kept indoors. However, literature is scant on the benefits of keeping animals indoors during winter. The objective of this study was to assess the performance and resiliency against gastrointestinal (GI) parasites of pregnant does and ewes raised indoor and outdoor in winter. The experiment was conducted for 45 days from late January to mid-March 2023. Sixteen pregnant Kiko does, and eighteen pregnant Katahdin-St. Croix cross ewes were divided into two uniform groups. Group-1 animals (8 does and 9 ewes) were kept outdoors in a grazing plot that consisted of mobile shelters, mineral feeders, hay feeders, and watering troughs. Group-2 animals (8 does and 9 ewes) were kept indoors in individual pens with consisting of containers for providing water, minerals, hay, and grain. Both groups were given ad libitum hay, minerals, and water as well as corn-soybean mixed in 3:2 ratio at the rate of 0.8% of animal live weight. Ambient temperature and relative humidity (RH) were measured for both systems. Animal performance data [body weight, body condition score (BCS), and FAMACHA score] and fecal samples were collected on Day 1, weekly during the study, and at the end of the study. Fecal samples were analyzed for the type and quantity of GI parasites using the McMaster technique, and parasite eggs per gram of animal feces (EPG) was calculated. Weather data and animal performance data were analyzed using the GLM procedure and EPG data using the Wilcoxon Rank-Sum test in SAS 9.4. Temperature was higher (13.3%, P &lt; 0.01) while RH was lower (6.25%, P &lt; 0.01) in the indoor system. Ewes showed greater BCS (4.86%, P &lt; 0.01) and does showed better FAMACHA score (8.5%, P &lt; 0.01) in indoor system compared with outdoor ewes and does, respectively. Haemonchus contortus was found to be the major GI parasite affecting animals kept in both systems. Indoor ewes showed greater EPG than outdoor ewes (89.8%, P &lt; 0.05). Results suggest that indoor rearing of pregnant does and ewes during winter can enhance their performance. Further research is needed to determine the possible reasons for greater EPG in pregnant ewes raised indoor vs. outdoor.
PSI-14 Weaning Stress Increases Bile Cysteine and Cysteinylglycine Concentrations in Pigs
Authors: Outlaw Alex , Gachman Alexandra M , Bartosh Julia , Rudar Marko 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Weaning is a critical time for pigs that is associated with nutritional, social, and environmental stressors that lead to reduced feed intake and poor nutrient utilization. Cysteine is a sulfur amino acid and a key constituent of glutathione (GSH), a major intracellular antioxidant and potential regulator of intestinal redox status. Glutathione is present in biliary secretions and may be an important source of cysteine to intestine in newly weaned pigs. The objective of this study was to determine amino thiol and amino acid concentrations in bile. Piglets (initial BW = 7,233 ± 683 g) were either weaned on day 21 of age (W; n = 9) and euthanized after 2 d or remained on the sow until day 23 of age (NW; n = 9) and were euthanized. Weaned pigs were fasted and allowed free access to water. After euthanasia, bile (directly from the gallbladder), jejunum, and ileum samples were collected. Bile amino acids and bile amino thiols were analyzed by reversed phase HPLC following precolumn derivatization with 6-aminoquinolyl-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl carbamate and 4-fluoro-7-aminosulfonylbenzofurazan, respectively. Reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR was performed to measure cysteine transporter expression in jejunum and ileum. Cysteine concentration was greater in W than NW pigs (1,203 versus 324 ± 99 µmol/L; P &lt; 0.0001). Both γ-glutamylcysteine (7.1 versus 2.2 ± 2.1 µmol/L), the direct precursor for GSH synthesis, and cysteinylglycine (203 versus 110 ± 30 µmol/L, the direct product of GSH degradation, were greater in W pigs than in NW pigs (P &lt; 0.05). Bile GSH concentration tended to be greater in W than NW pigs (9.1 versus 5.3 ± 2.8 µmol/L; P = 0.07). Taurine, derived from cysteine oxidation, was greater in W than NW pigs (180 versus 91 ± 23 µmol/L; P &lt; 0.05), whereas glutamate (11.4 versus 8.8 ± 1.9 µmol/L) and glycine (463 versus 403 ± 62 µmol/L), additional amino acid constituents of GSH, were not different between groups (P &gt; 0.10). Expression of cysteine transporters SLC1A4, SLC1A5, SLC6A14, SLC6A19, SLC7A9, and SLC7A11 in jejunum and ileum were not different between groups (P &gt; 0.10). Despite no feed intake after weaning, cysteine concentrations increase in bile. While this is likely due to bile accumulation in the gallbladder after weaning, high bile cysteine, cysteinylglycine, and glycine concentrations could potentially be a source of these amino acids for enterocytes during weaning stress.
PSV-12 The Influence of Trace Mineral Source on Rumen Trace Mineral Solubility and In-Vitro Fiber Digestion in Steers Fed a Lactating Dairy Diet
Authors: Loh Huey Yi , Mezzomo Rafael , Gomes Daiany I , Tangredi Briana V , Guimaraes Octavio , Gifford Ryan J , Miller Alexandra C , Levenson Jonah R , Thorndyke Meghan P , Spears Jerry W , Engle Terry E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Eight individually fed fistulated steers (410 ± 10 kg) were used to investigate the impact of trace mineral source on rumen trace mineral solubility and in vitro fermentation characteristics. Steers were sorted by body weight, into two trace mineral (TM) treatment groups (n = 4/treatment). Treatments consisted of TM supplementation at 10 mg Cu, 40 mg Mn, and 60 mg Zn/kg DM from either sulfate TM (STM) or hydroxy TM (HTM) sources. Steers were fed a diet balanced to meet the nutrient requirements (TMR) for lactation dairy cow. Dietary TM treatments were mixed with dried distillers grains and top dressed daily. Rumen contents were collected at 0, 2, and 4 h post feeding on d 1 and 14 of the experiment. Rumen samples were centrifuged at 1,500 × g for 15 min. The supernatant and the digesta pellet were frozen, separately, at −20°C for TM analysis. On d 15 of the experiment, approximately 500 g (wet weight) of rumen contents were collected from each steer 2 hours post-feeding. Strained ruminal fluid (SRF) was obtained by squeezing the rumen contents through 2 layers of cheese cloth. The retained digesta (150 g wet weight) was washed with 2.2 L pre-warmed McDougall’s buffer to remove particle associated microorganism (PAO). The SRF and the PAO were then filtered through 8 layers of cheesecloth, separately, and mixed at a ratio of 1:2 (SRF:PAO). The SRF:PAO mixture for each steer was incubated with the TMR containing HTM and a separate incubation with the TMR containing STM for 0, 12, and 24 h (3 replicate in vitro tubes/animal/TMR treatment) at 39°C under anaerobic conditions. After each incubation time, samples were centrifuged at 1,500 x g. The supernatant was removed and frozen at -20°C for VFA analysis. The digesta pellet was dried at 60°C and DM, NDF, and ADF digestibility determined. Data were analyzed as a completely randomized block design with individual animal as the experimental unit. There was a treatment x day x sample type interaction for rumen Zn (P &lt; 0.04) and Mn (P &lt; 0.03) concentrations. Zinc and Mn concentrations were greater in digesta and lesser in supernatant in STM compared with HTM supplemented animals. Rumen distribution of Cu was not impacted by TM source. In vitro molar proportions isobutyric acid were greater (P &lt; 0.01) in HTM compared with STM supplemented animals, while the molar proportion of propionic acid were greater (P &lt; 0.01) in STM supplemented animals. Total VFA concentration, molar proportions of acetic and propionic acid, and DM, NDF, and ADF digestibility were not impacted by dietary trace mineral source or rumen fluid source. These data may indicate that the source of trace mineral can influence trace mineral solubility in the rumen.