bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inflectional Morphology
Authors: Bornkessel-Schlesewsky Ina , Schlesewsky Matthias 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recall from Chapter 3 that inflectional morphology appears to play an important role in shaping the neural responses to the processing of diVerent word categories. Thus, the correlation between left inferior frontal regions and verb processing may be crucially mediated by the presence of verbal inflectional (Longe et al. 2007; Tyler et al. 2004a). Interestingly, Tyler and colleagues in fact went one step further in their own interpretation of their results: they suggested that the increased left IFG activation for inflected verbs should be attributed to the presence of regular verb inflectional and that this cortical region may therefore be responsible for the morphological decomposition of regular verb forms (Tyler, Randall, and Marslen-Wilson 2002b).
Derivational Morphology
Authors: Bornkessel-Schlesewsky Ina , Schlesewsky Matthias 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In comparison to the vast number of studies on the processing of inflectional morphology, only comparatively few neurocognitive investigations have concerned themselves with derivational morphology. This discrepancy appears somewhat surprising in view of the fact that the earliest psycholinguistic discussions on morphological processing were in fact centered around derivational issues. For example, Taft and Forster’s influential model of word recognition (Taft and Forster 1975) posited that morphologically complex words undergo obligatory decomposition. This assumption accounted for the observation that pseudowords which were stems of existing words (e.g. juvenate, from rejuvenate) or composed of existing morphemes (e.g. dejuvenate) took longer to classify than pseudowords that were not stems (e.g. pertoire, from repertoire) or involved a non-existing stem (e.g. depertoire).1
Some Models of Phylogenetic Tree Shape
Authors: Mooers Arne Ø , Harmon Luke J , Blum Michaël G B , Wong Dennis H J , Heard Stephen B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Phylogenetic trees represent the evolutionary histories of lineages and so bear the impression of the evolutionary forces that gave rise to those lineages. Advances in molecular and computational techniques continually increase the number and size of our phylogenetic estimates. In the 1990s, both we [41] and Purvis [52] surveyed the two main aspects of phylogenetic tree pattern: variation in realized diversification rate among contemporaneous lineages, and changes in realized diversification rates through time. The techniques highlighted in these reviews have been used very successfully (see, e.g. [4, 10, 11, 62, 63]).
Introduction
Authors: Holmes Edward C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Viral diseases, particularly the exotic and the fatal, hold a unique fascination to scientists and the general public alike. Because of books like The Hot Zone (Preston 1994), which glamorizes outbreaks of highly virulent filoviruses, the public image of RNA viruses is a complex combination of the frightening and the alluring. While this has certainly given them name recognition, the accounts of RNA viruses that are increasingly commonplace in the popular media are also frustratingly inaccurate, as they are often given capabilities that could never have arisen through evolution by natural selection.
Epilogue
Authors: Holmes Edward C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A combination of good theory, rigorous experimentation, and wide-ranging comparative analyses have dramatically improved our knowledge of the patterns and processes of RNA virus evolution. This book, which I hope is at least timely, serves as an attempt to summarize many of the insights that have stemmed from this research programme, albeit with an unashamed bias towards phylogenetic studies. Although I will not repeat my arguments of earlier chapters, it is worth stressing again that so much of the evolutionary biology of RNA viruses, from the number of progeny they produce, to the way their genomes are organized, and even their propensity to jump species barriers, seems to be a function of what I consider to be their defining feature: a remarkably rapid rate of mutation. Of course, this generality hides much of the idiosyncratic biology of individual viruses that we would be foolish to ignore.
Persona Sometimes Grata: On the Appreciation of Expressive Music
Authors: Ridley Aaron 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Several writers have discussed the possibility that, in hearing pieces of music as expressive, listeners imaginatively construct for themselves a musical ‘persona’ whose affective states the music is then heard as expressing. This thought has polarized opinion: Jerrold Levinson, for instance, claims that the construction of such a persona is always necessary if music is to be heard as expressive (1996); Stephen Davies, by contrast, claims that it is never necessary (2003). Apparently floating around in between, I have suggested that the construction of a persona is sometimes necessary, sometimes not (Ridley 1995). I want to defend that view here.
Phi-Agree and Theta-Related Case
Authors: Rezac Milan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Case and Agree are technical terms meant here in the framework of Chomsky (1000 et seq.), and the investigation is pursued in that framework, but the issue is by no means internal to it. I use the term theta-related Case for all morphological case marking whose identity depends on the local relationship of a DP to its selector, whether canonical for a theta-role or idiosyncratic (Woolford’s (2006) lexical and inherent Case). It stands in contrast to structural Case, which is assigned to a DP by a functional head that does not select it, often at a potentially unbounded distance. The hallmark of theta-related Case is that it does not alternate with the embedding of an argument selector under different functional architectures such as raising and ECM, and that it cannot be borne by non-thematic elements such as there type expletives, unlike structural Case.
Real time and the concept of time
Authors: Jaszczolt K M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The big questions to be addressed in this chapter are the following. On the one hand, we know even from a basic understanding of physics and from popular knowledge of Einstein’s theory of relativity that time is not absolute: it varies depending on the frame of reference, the velocity with which objects are moving. On the other, we have a very robust and deep-seated conviction, grounded in everyday experience, that there is something we can unequivocally call the past, the present, and the future.
Time in Default Semantics
Authors: Jaszczolt K M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As is well acknowledged, a satisfactory theory of discourse meaning should provide representations of discourse that have a status of mental representations, supported by a formal account of a compositional semantic structure. At the same time, as is evident from the discussion of temporality in Chapter 2 and of the semantic equivalent of a situation in Chapter 3, the theory has to provide a level of representation of meaning to which information from various sources would contribute, to mention only the lexicon, grammar, world knowledge including frequently encountered scenarios and predictable conversational behaviour, as well as context-driven pragmatic inference.
Future developments in osteoporosis management
Authors: Black Alison J , Sandison Rena , Reid David M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The last 15–20 years have been exciting times for osteoporosis management. As indicated elsewhere in this book, the techniques for diagnosing people at risk of osteoporosis have increased dramatically, and the quality of the risk assessment has been also markedly improved. New treatments have become available with good evidence that they reduce fractures, the important consequence for many who develop osteoporosis. As indicated elsewhere, hip fractures are the most expensive and devastating type of fracture, and methods to prevent these are particulary needed.
Another Go at Musical Profundity: Stephen Davies and the Game of Chess
Authors: Kivy Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When I decided to conclude my book Music Alone with a chapter called “The Profundity of Music”, I had no idea that what I said on the subject would raise so many hackles.1 But I should have known better. For, after all, pure instrumental music, what I called in the book “music alone”, is generally agreed upon to be one of the fine arts; and perhaps the highest compliment one can pay to a work of the fine arts, it might be thought, is to call it “profound”. So when I cast doubt on whether such music could rightly be called “profound”, I must have been seen as consigning “absolute music”, as it came to be called in the nineteenth century, to a second-class citizenship in the community of arts and letters. A play, a poem, a novel, maybe even a painting, might achieve the highest level, qua work of art, the level of profundity. But a work ofinstrumental music never. Faust, yes; Paradise Lost, yes; the Eroica—application denied.
Changes in speech, language, and communication
Authors: Daisley Audrey , Tams Rachel , Kischka Udo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are several different types of communication disorder that can result from damage to the brain. The type and severity of these problems will depend on: • the location and extent of the brain injury • the severity of the damage • the stage of recovery. In most people the key areas of the brain responsible for controlling speech and language are located in the left hemisphere (side) of the brain. However, the right hemisphere controls other communication skills, and control of the muscles of speech depends on several different areas of the brain.
Family issues after head injury
Authors: Daisley Audrey , Tams Rachel , Kischka Udo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So far we have focused on the wide-ranging effects of head injury on the injured person. However, head injury is a crisis which affects not just the injured person, but all members of the family. It is now well recognized that its impact can be as devastating, if not more so, for the relatives as it is for the patient him/herself. Focusing on family issues is important because: head injury can cause family members themselves to experience significant distress, often to the extent that they warrant treatment and help in their own right families play a major role in helping people recover from head injury yet the distress they experience can interfere with this. Therefore, in this chapter we turn our attention to helping you: understand the possible impact of your relative’s head injury on you and your family develop ways to cope.
Paradigm generation and Northern Sámi stems
Authors: Svenonius Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Northern Sámi, a Finno-Ugric language spoken mainly in Northern Norway, Sweden, and Finland, has a system of consonant gradation which affects consonants at the center of a prosodic foot: the coda of the stressed syllable and the onset of the following syllable (stress is word-initial). Consonant gradation is illustrated in (4.1) for two typical nouns (angle brackets signal that the example is given in the standard orthography; unreferenced examples are generally from Nickel 1990).
The Feeling of Being
Authors: McFarland David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although some of the apparently clever things that animals do induce us to attribute cognitive abilities to the animals concerned, these do not permit us to ascribe such abilities. In Chapter 5 we made a distinction between attribution and ascription. Although attribution and ascription are almost synonymous, it is useful for us to make a distinction. By attribute we mean to intuitively endow an agent with certain qualities by saying, for example, the animal behaves as if it had certain mental capacities. By ascribe we mean that we have reason to endow such capacities. Certainly, in some of the examples outlined in Chapter 5, the animals behaved as if they had cognitive abilities, but the scientists concerned rarely have good reason for such attribution. As we saw in Chapter 4, in some cases where it seemed obvious that cognitive abilities were involved, other non-cognitive explanations were subsequently suggested.
On Perceptual Constancy
Authors: Hatfield Gary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Human perception normally occurs through stimulation of nerve endings that leads to brain activity and conscious perception. For example, vision normally occurs when light reflected from objects stimulates the receptor cells in the retina. Phenomenologically speaking, the content of the visual perception corresponds more closely to distant objects than to the patterns of light on the retina. When we are observing a rectangular table while standing at one end, it projects a trapezoidal shape onto the retina, yet our experience of the shape of the tabletop tends toward that of a rectangle in depth.
Rationality and Self-Confidence
Authors: Arntzenius Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hair-Brane theory is the latest craze in elementary particle physics. I think it unlikely that Hair-Brane theory is true. Unfortunately, I will never know whether Hair-Brane theory is true, for Hair-Brane theory makes no empirical predictions, except regarding some esoteric feature of the microscopic conditions just after the Big Bang. Hair-Brane theory, obviously, has no practical use whatsoever. Still, I care about the truth: I want my degree of belief D(H) in Hair-Brane theory H to be as close to the truth as possible.
The Syntax of Conditional Sentences
Authors: Lycan William G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Without exception, logicians have given us to understand that ‘if ... then ‘ is a syntactically unstructured binary sentence operator, and that antecedent and consequent are syntactically co-ordinate. The campaign began with ⊃ and →, but it did not stop there. Though dissatisfaction with the truth-functional representation led to the truth-functional representation led to the intensional – 3, &gt;, and □→, these connectives are still syntactically unstructured binary sentence operators. And every logician awards any such operator its own distinctive base clause in the recursive truth definition for its containing language. In these ways, ‘ if… then’ is assumed to resemble ‘ (&)and ‘or’ however more complex its truth rule may be. Presumed equivalents of ‘If A, then B’f, such as ’B if A and ‘A only if B’, are treated just the same.
In Defense of Truth Value
Authors: Lycan William G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
NTVowes much of its popularity, as well as its birth, to E.W. Adams-somewhat ironically, since his paper kicked off the contemporary literature on the truth conditions of conditionals. Dormant for some years, NTV was revived by Gibbard (1981) and further fomented by Appiah (1985), Edgington (1986), and Bennett (1988). As I have said, I reject NTV. In this chapter I shall offer some arguments against it, and then rebut the arguments for it, so that l may move on to my further truth-conditional investigations with a clear conscience.
indicative conditionals have no truth values. Against that, it may be that all indicative conditionals have truth values, but it may also be that some indicatives have truth values and some do not. Suppose, for example, that Emotivism is true and moral judgments lack truth value. Then a conditional with a moral judgment for a consequent ( ‘If he has lied to his mother, that is morally wrong ‘) would presumably lack truth value also, even if NTV is generally false. We should understand NTV firmly as the claim that no indicative conditional has a truth value. But even here there are subtleties, because still in the spirit of NTV, someone might grant that non-contingent conditionals, perhaps just those that are logical truths or their negations, have truth values even though contingent conditionals do not. I shall take this up below, in the form of an objection.
A Beautiful But False Theory of ‘Even If ‘
Authors: Lycan William G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Even if ’ is a very troublesome locution, raising special and difficult questions in the semantics of conditionals. It is not often discussed by linguists and is generally either ignored or mishandled by philosophers. But my semantics is particularly well equipped to account for its special properties, for I am grammatically prepared to treat ‘even if ’ as the result of letting the word ‘even ’ operate on a conditional antecedent; ‘even ’ applies to ‘if P ’ just as it does to ‘when P ’ and to ‘where P ’ (cf. ‘even when ’, ’even where ’). Thus my contention will be that ‘even ’ in ‘even if actually means ’even ’, just as (I have argued) ‘only ’in‘ only if ’means‘ only ’. In consequence, a theory of‘ even if ’ should fall out of a plausible general theory of the semantics of‘ even ’, if one can be obtained. To my knowledge, Hazen and Slate (1979) and, following them, Bennett (1982) were the first to pursue this strategy; I shall discuss Bennett’s subtle theory and compare it to one of my own.
The‘ Indicative‘ /‘Subjunctive‘ Distinction
Authors: Lycan William G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My purposes in this chapter are to make some progress in delineating the semantical distinction between indicative and subjunctive conditionals (as they have been called) and to provide further evidence for the semantics defended so far.
In Chapter 4 I mentioned some strong affinities between indicative and subjunctive conditionals, and it is obvious that the semantical analysis to which our syntactic considerations have led us is strikingly close to Stalnaker‘ s selection-functional idea, common to the Ramsey Test and the similarity-of-worlds approach to conditionals. (As I have said, most of its main advantages over previous versions of the selection-functional idea stem from its not treating surface conditional connectives as being syntactically primitive.) Yet there are wellknown cases, due to Adams (I 965) and others, in which an indicative conditional and its corresponding subjunctive seem to differ sharply in truth value.
Aristotle on the Fantastic Abilities of Animals in De Anima 3.3
Authors: Osborne Catherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
1. Fixing the problem: can animals have a successful life without vovs-? My topic in this paper concerns the connection between the objects of perception and the objects of thought. Do we think about, or know, the same objects as we perceive? It is easy to suppose that Aristotle, given his hostility to Plato’s separation of Forms, must have a clear and unambiguous anti-metaphysical answer to this question: there had better be no parallel set of objects occupying a thought-world. And, we might expect, Aristotle’s unambiguously anti-metaphysical answer should surely have some appeal for those modern philosophers who find anti-metaphysical Aristotelianism congenial.
The Evolution of Means–End Reasoning
Authors: Papineau David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When I woke up a few days ago, the following thoughts ran through my mind. ‘I need a haircut. If I don’t get it first thing this morning, I won’t have another chance for two weeks. But if I go to the barber down the road, he’ll want to talk to me about philosophy. So I’d better go to the one in Camden Town. The tube will be very crowded, though. Still, it’s a nice day. Why don’t I just walk there? It will only take twenty minutes. So I’d better put on these shoes now, have breakfast straight away, and then set out for Camden.’
Introduction: On Contemporary Philosophy of Language
Authors: Preyer Gerhard , Peter Georg 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Logical form has been a central concern of the analytic tradition in philosophy from Frege and Russell to the present. The logical form of a sentence is thought to reveal both the structure of the thoughts we are expressing, and the structure of the world we think about if our thoughts are true. Thus, investigation into logical forms has played a central methodological role in investigations into the nature of the mind and into the nature of reality. However, the concept of logical form has not received as much attention as might have been expected from the central role it has played in philosophy in the analytic tradition. This book aims to help redress this by bringing together essays on logical form written from a variety of different theoretical perspectives in linguistics and philosophy. The book is divided into three thematically unified parts.
‘Obviously Propositions are Nothing:-Russell and the Logical Form of Belief Reports
Authors: Clapp Lenny , Stainton Robert J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Philosophy of Logical Atomism and elsewhere, Russell maintains that propositions are ‘obviously nothing’. Why he says this isn’t entirely clear. We suspect, however, that he reasoned as follows. If propositions ‘are’, then they must be facts; but if propositions are facts, they cannot be false (or true, for that matter). Hence, Russell concludes, propositions are not facts-and hence ‘are not’.
Natural Kinds and Biological Taxa
Authors: Dupré John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The main topic of this paper is the theory of natural kinds that has been developed by Putnam (1975d, esp. 1975a, b, c) and Kripke (1972b; also 1972a). One area to which this analysis has seemed particularly appropriate is that of general terms naming biological organisms. My strategy will be to compare the requirements of this analysis with some actual biological facts and theories. It will appear that these diverge to an extent which, I will claim, is fatal to the theory. Toward the end of the paper I will also make some more constructive remarks about the nature of biological classification.
In Defence of Classification
Authors: Dupré John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A topic surprisingly little discussed in recent controversies about the nature of species is classification. By that I mean the practical activity of assigning the vast numbers of organisms in the world to particular kinds. One reason for this neglect, perhaps, is that writers on species are often theorists rather than the practitioners who actually classify organisms; and perhaps in some cases these two personae coexist in the same human body without communicating a great deal with one another. Or perhaps it is because many writers on this topic have reached the conclusion that species aren’t kinds at all, but individuals, so that the nature of species can have little to do with the activity of classification. At any rate, it has become common to treat species primarily as units of evolution rather than units of classification: an influential recent anthology on the topic bears the title The Units of Evolution and the subtitle Essays on the Nature of Species (Ereshefsky 1992b).
Sex, Gender, and Essence
Authors: Dupré John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The primary aim of this paper is to show why the assumption that real essences underlie the kinds we distinguish in scientific investigation is mistaken. I want to claim that this assumption is not merely empirically unwarranted, but necessarily at odds with a genuinely empirical approach to science. Briefly, unless one supposes the discovery of a kind to imply the discovery of an essence, there is nothing more to the discovery of a kind than the discovery of the correlations of properties characteristic of the members of the kind. Since I do not believe that essences are to be found so easily, I shall argue that the importance of the discovery of kinds to the progress of science is much less than is generally supposed.