bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Philosophic Rule
Authors: Klosko George 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The last feature of the state to be examined in detail is arguably its most important and distinctive. When Plato addresses the question of the realizability of the ideal state, in Republic V, he says that it can be brought into existence only if political power and philosophical wisdom can somehow be united in the same hands. The means through which this miraculous confluence is to come about is explored in the last section of this chapter. But first we must look more closely at the wisdom with which the philosophers are to rule. We have seen that Plato requires the rule of philosophers for reasons of political stability. Since they know of something higher and finer than the joys of power and the worldly goods that power can provide, they can be trusted not to use their office for personal gain.
Introduction
Authors: Kymlicka Will 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the last forty years, we have witnessed a veritable revolution around the world in the relations between states and ethnocultural minorities. Older models of assimilationist and homogenizing nation-states are increasingly being contested, and often displaced, by newer ‘multicultural ‘ models of the state and of citizenship. This is reflected, for example, in the widespread adoption of cultural and religious accommodations for immigrant groups, the acceptance of territorial autonomy and language rights for national minorities, and the recognition of land claims and self-government rights for indigenous peoples.
The Origins of Liberal Multiculturalism: Sources and Preconditions
Authors: Kymlicka Will 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Liberal multiculturalism did not emerge out of thin air. It has been built up over time, drawing on a number of sources and facilitating conditions that enabled it to rise out of what John Kingdon famously called the ‘primeval policy soup ‘ (Kingdon 1997). Any serious effort to promote liberal multiculturalism needs to attend to these sources and preconditions. And yet we know surprisingly little about them. One problem is that much of the literature on this issue suffers from ‘methodological nationalism ‘ (Wimmer and Glick Schiller 2002). When explaining the emergence of multiculturalism policies, commentators tend to focus on a particular country, and then invoke facts that are specific to that country, such as particular personalities or high-profile events, the strategies of particular organizations or political parties, the nature of the electoral system, and so on.
The Global Challenge
Authors: Kymlicka Will 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The post-1990 European experiment with minority rights is, in many ways, a distinctive story. It is a new chapter in a very old story about the role of ‘national minorities ‘ in the construction of the system of European ‘nation-states ‘. But the challenges encountered in this experiment are not uniquely European. Global international organizations have adopted many of the same basic strategies as European organizations for diffusing liberal multiculturalism, and have run into many of the same dilemmas. In this chapter, I will look at the activities of international organizations along the same three tracks—namely, (i) publicizing best practices/models; (ii) formulating legal norms; and (iii) case-specific conflict resolution interventions. In each case, the difficulties we saw in the European context resurface, often in even more intractable forms.
Classic Detective Fiction
Authors: Horsley Lee 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Hollow Man is not a novel that seeks to destabilize our sense of the outside world. Although the admission that ‘we’re in a detective story’ might strike us as distinctly postmodern, it is unlikely that readers of the mid-1930s would have seen Carr’s mischievous metafictional move as a challenge to their expectations about the genre they were reading. This sort of deconstructive play is very much a part of the highly contrived and self-referential world of ‘classic detective fiction’. The other labels for this tradition (analytic detective fiction, the ‘whodunit’, the mystery story, the clue-puzzle story) all refer in one way or another to the basic structure of the sub-genre––to its characteristic pattern of death–detection–explanation.
Risk in Social Science
Authors: Taylor-Gooby Peter , Zinn Jens O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is designed as an introduction to recent social science work on risk and is intended primarily for students in sociology, social psychology, and psychology, although it will also be useful for those studying political science, government, public policy, and economics. It is written by leading experts actively involved in research in the field. The book discusses the basic issues in risk research, paying attention to the contributions from different academic disciplines and reviewing debates in the recent literature. It then moves on to examine work on risk across the main areas of activity, discussing recent research and identifying the themes that are currently subject to debate. The areas covered in substantive chapters are: Crime; the Environment; Everyday Life & Leisure Time; Family & Partnership; Health & Illness; Life Course, Youth and Old Age; Risk Regulation and Management; Social Inequality (covering gender, ethnicity, disability, and social class); Media; Social and Public Policy; as well as theoretical foundations and current issues in research.
The Media and Risk
Authors: Hughes Emma , Kitzinger Jenny , Murdock Graham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The column inches of newspaper space and the minutes of television time devoted to risk rarely neatly parallel scientifically defined hierarchies. A death from an aeroplane accident is 6,000 times more likely to make the front page than a death from cancer, and nuclear accidents receive far greater attention than the fatalities caused by smoking (Greenberg et al. 1989). Nor do patterns of media attention parallel the actual trajectory of any particular threat.
Beginnings
Authors: Clark Heather 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Belfast poets shared more than camaraderie—they were each other’s first audience. During the 1950s, the friendship that developed between Derek Mahon and Michael Longley at Trinity College Dublin was neatly paralleled by that between Seamus Heaney and Seamus Deane at Queen’s University Belfast. When these two pairs first met they were adolescents, reading everything for the first time and beginning to grapple with the nuances and complexities of literature; as their friendships evolved, they discovered their identities as writers. Perhaps it is a coincidence that these men became four of contemporary Ireland’s most influential poets and intellectuals, but it seems likelier that their friendships reinforced the young writers’ drive, ambition, their will to succeed, and, ultimately, the aesthetic directions they followed.
Hans J Morgenthau, realism, and therise and fall of the Cold War
Authors: Cox Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Historians will no doubt continue to argue about how and why the Cold War came to an end, when exactly it concluded, and who or what played the bigger part in bringing it to a peaceful resolution. What is not in dispute is the huge impact which the collapse of the communist project had upon the wider international system. Gorbachev may have earlier vowed that he would redefine the East–West relationship.
Texts, paradigms, and political change
Authors: Ned Lebow Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The contributions to this volume are indicative of the growing interest in Hans J. Morgenthau. The principal catalyst of this interest is surely the end of the Cold War and the re-thinking of IR theory it has encouraged. Morgenthau is not the only theorist to whom scholars have turned; Thucydides, Nietzsche, Carl Schmitt, E. H. Carr, and Hedley Bull, and the ‘English School’ more generally are all undergoing revivals.
Exploiting Manifesto-Based Estimates of the Median for Multi-Level Analysis: Relating Electoral, Legislative, and Government Policy Preferences
Authors: Klingemann Hans-dieter , Volkens Andrea , Bara Judith L , Budge Ian , McDonald Michael d. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter complements the various methodological assessments made in Part II by giving a practical example of how the strengths of the manifesto data can be exploited to tackle a major research question. The question relates to how representative processes work out in practice in Western democracies and how they are a?ected by voting rules. In theory, the latter should make ‘a necessary connection’ (May 1978; Saward 1998: 51) between popular preferences and public policy. To what extent do they do this? And which set of rules is best for ensuring the connection?
The Choice Of A Model
Authors: Atkinson A C , Donev A N , Tobias R D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Optimum experimental designs depend upon the model or models to be fitted to the data, although not usually, for linear models, on the values of the parameters of the models. This chapter is intended to give some advice on the choice of an appropriate form for a model. Whether or not the choice is correct can, of course, only be determined by analysis of the experimental results. But, as we shall see, designs that are optimum for one model are often almost optimum for a wide class of models.
Geometry
Authors: Zawaira Alexander , Hitchcock Gavin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term ‘geometry’ is a fusion of two Greek words—geos and metron. The former means ‘earth’ and the latter ‘measure’, suggesting that geometry may have begun with problems about land distribution, reclamation (from flooding), and inheritance. Compare words such as geography, geology, from Greek graphos = drawing/writing, logos = word, reason or knowledge.
Number theory
Authors: Zawaira Alexander , Hitchcock Gavin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As appetizers, here are two typical problems of the kind you should be able to solve when you have worked through Sections 1–4, and might find even easier after Section 5. You are invited to try them as soon as you wish. The solution of each is given at the end of Section 4, and a streamlined approach to Appetizer Problem 1 is given at the end of Section 5.
Trigonometry
Authors: Zawaira Alexander , Hitchcock Gavin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The traditional native-American way of measuring the height of a tree was to pace away from the base of the tree — constantly pausing to check if one could just see the top of the tree when one looked between one’s legs. We now know that the mathematical basis of this method is that when one just sees the top of a tree in the manner described above, one’s line of vision is approximately 45° to the horizontal Hence a right angled isosceles triangle is roughly defined. It is not known how this method was arrived at or how it was validated.
chapter 1Introduction
Authors: Piattelli-Palmarini Massimo , Uriagereka Juan , Salaburu Pello 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThis whole enterprise grew from a delightful equivocation. Everyone involved assumed we would be learning from Noam Chomsky, while he told us he was looking forward to the encounter in order to learn from the participants. We are convinced that the reader will benefit from this equivocation. It is a tribute to Chomsky and the other protagonists of this rich exchange that the layout of, and spirited exchanges upon, multiple central topics are among the most genuinely interdisciplinary to be found anywhere in the literature. We like to think that readers with quite different disciplinary backgrounds (linguistics, psychology, biology, computer science, or physics) will enjoy at least some sections of this book. The organization into parts and sections has been conceived with a view to facilitating such selective access.
chapter 2Opening Remarks
Authors: Chomsky Noam 
Published: November 2023

AbstractI have been thinking about various ways to approach this opportunity, and on balance, it seemed that the most constructive tack would be to review, and rethink, a few leading themes of the biolinguistic program since its inception in the early 1950s, at each stage influenced by developments in the biological sciences. And to try to indicate how the questions now entering the research agenda develop in a natural way from some of the earliest concerns of these inquiries. Needless to say, this is from a personal perspective. The term “biolinguistics” itself was coined by Massimo as the topic for an international conference in 1974 that brought together evolutionary biologists, neuroscientists, linguists, and others concerned with language and biology, one of many such initiatives, including the Royaumont conference that Massimo brought up.
chapter 3The Nature of Merge Consequences for Language, Mind, and Biology
Authors: Boeckx Cedric 
Published: November 2023

AbstractI wanted to discuss an issue that speaks to both linguists and non-linguists, and what I am going to try to do is first of all phrase a series of very general questions and then take one specific example, Merge (the most basic kind of example that I can take from the linguistic literature), in order to address particular questions of evolution with regard to that process.
chapter 11Movement and Concepts of Locality
Authors: Rizzi Luigi 
Published: November 2023

AbstractI would like to illustrate certain concepts of locality which arise in the context of the theory of movement, a very central component of natural language syntax. I will start by briefly introducing the notion of movement, on the basis of some concrete examples. When you hear a sentence like (1), starting with the wh-operator what, one thing that you must determine in order to understand the sentence is what verb that element is construed with, what argument structure it belongs to. And the relevant verb can come very early or be quite far away from what, as is the verb buy in our example:
Chapter 15Innate Learning and Beyond
Authors: Gelman Rochel 
Published: November 2023

AbstractI usually start my presentations on this topic by asking the members of the audience to participate in an experiment. I show them slides with a pair of items and ask them to rate their similarity using a scale of 1 to 10, where 1 is, Couldn’t be less similar, and 10 is, Very, very similar. Their task is simply to call out a number that reflects how similar they perceive the pair of stimuli in the slide to be. A sample stimulus pair is presented in Fig. 15.1.
The Learned Component of Language Learning
Authors: Gleitman Lila 
Published: November 2023

AbstractIsolated infants and children have the internal wherewithal to design a language if there isn’t one around to be learned (e.g., Senghas and Coppola 2001). Such languages exhibit categories and structures that look suspiciously like those of existing languages. There are words like horse and think. Not only that: the mapping between predicate type and complement structure is also quite orthodox, as far as can be ascertained. For instance, even in very primitive instances of such self-made languages, sleep is intransitive, kick is transitive, and give is ditransitive (e.g., Feldman, Goldin-Meadow, and Gleitman 1978). This fits with recent demonstrations – one of which I mentioned during the round-table discussion (see page 207) – that even prelinguistic infants can discriminate between certain two- and three-argument events in the presence of the (same) three interacting entities (Gordon 2003). All of this considerable conceptual and interface apparatus being in place, and (“therefore”) language being so easy to invent, one might wonder why it’s hard to acquire an extant language if you are unlucky enough to be exposed to one. For instance, only ten or so of the required 50,000 or so vocabulary items are acquired by normally circumstanced children on any single day;
chapter 7
Authors: Wu Duncan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Their engagement lasted longer than expected, John Stoddart’s prevarications dragging on into the new year of 1808. Lamb’s reaction was to invent the story that Hazlitt’s fretfulness had caused him to commit suicide by slitting his throat with a palette knife. That someone whose life was marred by tragedy could mount such a hoax seems astonishing until one considers that it was only by such gestures that Lamb maintained his own sanity. It prompted a robust response from the alleged suicidee, who penned a series of proofs demonstrating he was still extant, concluding he could see ‘no reason why [Lamb] should not be considered as much a dead man as himself, and the undertaker spoken to accordingly’.
chapter 10
Authors: Wu Duncan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hazlitt had no difficulty finding work elsewhere. For Leigh Hunt he embarked on one of his finest theatrical reviews, of Kean’s Iago. Now at the height of his powers, Kean opened in the part on 2 July: it was, Hazlitt thought, ‘one of the most extraordinary exhibitions on the stage’. Instead of acting the villain, Kean performed him as ‘an excellent good fellow and lively bottle-companion’. This ‘completely foiled the critics’ who hardly knew what to make of it. But the audience did: they were spellbound.
chapter 21
Authors: Wu Duncan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hazlitt put some coins in the driver’s hand and got in the chaise. His new wife was smiling, and he smiled back.‘Where to, sir?’, asked the coachman. Hazlitt looked quizzically at the man. Where to? The question took him by surprise, for he had given no thought as to where they might spend their honeymoon, only to finding the church at Coldstream in the Border country. Looking round, he saw two pointed hills in the distance.
The G20 After Eight Years: How Effective a Vehicle for Developing-country Influence?
Authors: Martinez-Diaz Leonardo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To many observers, the creation of the Group of 20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors (G20) in 1999 marked a watershed in global governance. After decades in which the most important decisions in global financial and monetary management had been the exclusive province of a small club of the three, five, or at most seven richest nations, a ministerial-level network had emerged, bringing together the world’s most advanced economies and some of the largest developing countries. Convened at the initiative of the USA and other industrialized countries, the network promised to be a powerful, yet inclusive forum for global economic management. For the most sanguine commentators, the emergence of the G20 heralded a new age of more inclusive economic governance.
The Commission for Africa: A View Through the Prism of Networks
Authors: Wickstead Myles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 2004, British Prime Minister Tony Blair brought together 17 people to form a Commission for Africa. Their task was to define the challenges facing Africa, and provide clear recommendations on how to support the changes needed to reduce poverty. The initiative had echoes of the Brandt Commission, an international panel brought together by World Bank President Robert McNamara in 1977 to break through the international political impasse in North– South negotiations for global development and to formulate basic proposals on which global agreement would be ‘both essential and possible’. The Commission for Africa had no formal authority to make decisions. Like the earlier Brandt Commission, individuals participated in their personal capacity and independently rather than as official representatives. It was thought that the Commission could influence thinking and policy by sharing ideas, furthering knowledge, and disseminating a new set of proposals through the wide networks of the members of the Commission. The Commission would be, in effect, a network of networks, whose members would learn from one another, generate a consensus among themselves, and use their official positions to press for action.
Oil and Gas in Africa
Authors:   ADB
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The book, a joint work of the African Development Bank and the African Union, presents a comprehensive analysis of the oil and gas resources in Africa. It uniquely highlights, through country examples, and with an African focus but a global perspective, the specific challenges and constraints facing the continent as a whole in the exploitation and utilization of its oil and gas resources. It partly draws on a model that simulates the impact of high oil prices on African economies, a model that was developed by the Research Department of the Bank in a separate study. The roles of AfDB and AU are analyzed, considering their differing, but complementary, mandates geared towards the development of the continent. Finally, the book includes recommendations on the future directions and actions for maximizing benefits of Africa's oil and gas resources.
Maximizing the Benefits from Africa’s Oil and Gas Resources
Authors:   ADB
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Africa is blessed with vast natural resource-rich environments. These resources constitute a principal source of public revenue and national wealth. Crude oil and natural gas, in particular, contribute significantly to the economies of resource-rich African countries (see Chapter 2). Under the right circumstances, an “oil bonanza” or natural resource boom can be an important catalyst for growth and development. Unfortunately, in many African countries natural resource booms have set off dynamic growth processes only to a limited extent.
Invasibility Analysis
Authors: Roff Derek A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An alternative approach to that used in the last chapter is invasibility analysis, which consists of asking if a clone displaying an alternate life history can invade a resident population. While one could compare results for markedly different life histories, in general, invasibility analysis has been used to locate the optimal combinations of parameter values rather than qualitatively different life histories. As with the “Fisherian” optimality approach, sexual reproduction is ignored. Invasibility analysis is used extensively, and is most useful, when fitness is density-dependent and there is age-or stage-structuring in the model. The method can handle stable, cyclical, and chaotic population dynamics. In this section I first consider the general structure of age- and stage-structured models and then describe the two general approaches of invasibility analysis, namely pairwise-invasibility and multiple-invasibility analysis. For all that you ever wanted to know about matrix population models see Caswell (2002).