bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of culture on negotiation styles of Asian managers: An empirical study of major cultural/ethnic groups in Singapore
Authors: Osman‐Gani AAhad M. , Tan Joo‐Seng 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThis article reports findings from a cross‐cultural study that systematically examined the relationship
between negotiation styles and cultures of Asian managers. In contrast to most of the prior studies, this study
examined negotiation styles of managers working in a multicultural, multiethnic environment within a national
entity. A validated instrument to measure negotiation styles was used on a group of 600 managers, and they
represented the major cultural/ethnic groups in Singapore: Chinese, Malays, and Indians. Descriptive,
univariate, and multivariate analyses were used to identify the negotiation styles used by each cultural group and
to capture the intercultural dimensions of the relationship. Empirical findings show that culture/ethnicity
significantly influences the negotiation styles of Asian managers from the major cultural groups. Interesting
differences were found among the Chinese, Indian, and Malay managers in their use of negotiation styles.
Implications for research and practice are also discussed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
National culture, trust, and perceptions about ethical behavior in intra‐ and cross‐cultural negotiations: An analysis of NAFTA countries
Authors: Elahee Mohammad N. , Kirby Susan L. , Nasif Ercan 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThis study investigates the role of national culture in the formation of the trust that people are likely to
extend to exchange partners in business negotiations and, consequently, how the level of such trust influences the
likelihood of using certain questionable tactics in intra‐ and cross‐cultural negotiations. Based on
survey data collected from businesspeople from Canada, Mexico, and the United States, this article shows that trust
is culturally embedded and has a negative relationship with the likelihood of using certain questionable negotiation
tactics. The study found that Mexican negotiators are less likely to use questionable negotiation tactics in
intracultural negotiations as compared to cross‐cultural negotiations. On the other hand,the intended
negotiation behaviors of Canadian and U.S. negotiators were not found to vary significantly across intra‐ and
cross‐cultural negotiations. The findings of the study underscore the importance of building relationship
with exchange partners, especially when such exchange partners come from countries that represent collectivistic,
high‐context, strong uncertainty‐avoidance,and large power‐distance cultures. © 2002 Wiley
Periodicals, Inc.
Negotiating alliances in emerging markets—Do partners' contributions matter?
Authors: De Mattos Claudio , Sanderson Stuart , Ghauri Pervez 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThis article explores a “tool” that may be used for the informal phase of negotiations of
alliances in emerging markets. Four different partner perspectives of the partners of an alliance are analyzed:
how the foreign investor views his own contributions to the venture, how the foreign investor views the local
partner's contributions, how the local partner views his own contributions, and how the local partner
views the contributions of the proposed foreign investor. Three categories of differences in perception are
identified. These four perspectives and three categories are discussed using the appropriate research findings
from relevant literature. The article discusses the implications for business negotiations of the identified
perceptual conflicts for international business practitioners, researchers, and policy makers. © 2002
Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cyst‐based toxicity tests XII—Development of a short chronic sediment toxicity test with the ostracod crustaceanHeterocypris incongruens: Selection of test parameters
Authors: Chial Belgis , Persoone Guido 
Published: November 2002

AbstractExperiments were carried out with neonates of the freshwater ostracodHeterocypris incongruenshatched from cysts in order to develop a new culture/maintenance‐free solid‐phase microbiotest for the toxicity assessment of contaminated sediments. Based on preliminary investigations, a number of test parameters were investigated for a short‐chronic assay: hatching time, size of the cups of the multiwell test plates, feeding of the test organisms prior to the test, amount of supplemental algal food, volume of sediment, and duration of the test. On the basis of the findings, a test protocol was formulated for a 6‐day assay in 12‐cup multiwell plates with 10 organisms per cup and 3 replicates. The test organisms were collected 52 h after the start of the incubation of the cysts in standard freshwater at 25°C under continuous illumination after a 4‐h prefeeding with 1.3 mg/mLSpirulina.The test biota in the cups were exposed to 300 μL of test sediment in 2 mL of standard freshwater with 3 × 107live algal cells (Raphidocelis subcapitata) as food supplement. Calibrated sand was used as a reference sediment. Mortality and growth of the ostracods were determined after 6 days' incubation at 25°C in darkness. The selected test parameters for the new microbiotest were found adequate for toxicity determination of natural sediments compared with the 10‐day contact test with the amphipodHyalella azteca. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 17: 520–527, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/tox.10085
Cyst‐based toxicity tests XIII—Development of a short chronic sediment toxicity test with the ostracod crustacean Heterocypris incongruens: Methodology and precision
Authors: Chial Belgis , Persoone Guido 
Published: November 2002

AbstractExperiments were carried out with neonates of the freshwater ostracod Heterocypris incongruens to verify and complete previous choices of test parameters for a new culture/maintenance‐free solid‐phase microbiotest for freshwater sediments. From trials with increasing volumes of reference sediment, it was concluded that 300 μL was the most appropriate amount of substrate to be put in 12‐cup multiwell plates with 2 mL of standard freshwater. Tests in 3–9 replicates eventually showed that six parallels were needed to have good assay precision (repeatability). Application of the final test protocol to oil‐contaminated sediments from the St. Lawrence River in Canada revealed that the 6‐day chronic ostracod microbiotest had less variation in repeated tests than did the 10‐day contact assay with Hyalella azteca and hence can be considered more precise. Based on the 95% confidence intervals for mortality and growth of the ostracods in the controls (reference sediment) of the 56 tests carried out for the Canadian project, a validity threshold of 20% for mortality was eventually selected, in analogy with the acceptability limits applied in many chronic bioassays. A minimum length of 600 μm in the control sediment after 6 days' exposure was also taken as the threshold for good health of the test organisms and for reliable test conditions. The new microbiotest has been tailored in a handy and user‐friendly new toxkit, the Ostracodtoxkit, which is particularly suited for cost‐effective routine monitoring. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 17: 528–532, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/tox.10086
Cyst‐based toxicity tests XIV—Application of the ostracod solid‐phase microbiotest for toxicity monitoring of river sediments in Flanders (Belgium)
Authors: Chial Belgis , Persoone Guido 
Published: November 2002

AbstractIn view of the need for rapid and low‐cost solid‐phase assays for contaminated sediments, a new 6‐day “culture/maintenance‐free” microbiotest has been developed with the freshwater ostracod crustacean Heterocypris incongruens at the Laboratory for Biological Research in Aquatic Pollution at the Ghent University in Belgium. The sensitivity of the Ostracodtoxkit F™ has been compared with that of the 10‐day sediment contact test with the amphipod crustacean Hyalella azteca and the two pore water assays (on the anostracan crustacean Thamnocephalus platyurus and the microalgae Raphidocelis subcapitata) selected by the Flemish Environmental Agency for initial hazard assessment of contaminated sediments. The exercise was performed on 26 sediments collected at random from various rivers of the Flemish hydrographic basin in Belgium. The toxicity data ranged from nontoxic to highly toxic for the solid‐phase assays and showed that the mortality of the two test biota varied from “nearly identical” to “substantially different,” depending on the sediment. The correlation coefficient for the data pairs was weakly positive (r = 0.60), mainly because of 5 samples for which a low mortality had been noted with the ostracod versus a much higher mortality for the amphipod. However, for 4 out of the 5 samples of concern, a substantial growth inhibition was recorded for H. incongruens, showing that this assay eventually performed as did the amphipod test in detecting the toxic character of the sediments. The comparison of toxicity data of the two solid‐phase assays with those of the two pore water tests again confirmed that both types of bioassay provided complementary (nonredundant) information. On the basis of its various advantages (independence of stock culturing/maintenance, user‐friendliness, precision, and time and cost savings) the new ostracod microbiotest appears to be a promising tool for routine toxicity assessment of contaminated sediments. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 17: 533–537, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/tox.10087
Effects of cyanobacterial biomass and purified microcystins on malformations inXenopus laevis: Teratogenesis assay (FETAX)
Authors: Dvořáková Dagmar , Dvořáková Kateřina , Bláha Luděk , Maršálek Blahoslav , Knotková Zora 
Published: November 2002

AbstractXenopus laevis(African clawed frog) embryos in a 96‐h teratogenesis assay (FETAX) were exposed to 0–250 μg/L and 500 μg/L of purified microcystin‐LR (MCYST‐LR) for the estimation of lethality, as well as to equivalent concentrations of biomass containing MCYST‐LR (natural water bloom dominated byMicrocystis aeruginosa)and biomass without MCYST‐LR (bloom dominated byMicrocystis wesenbergii). The highest tested concentrations of purified MCYST‐LR caused up to 30% lethality after a 96‐h exposure, corresponding to a LC25of 380 μg/L. Cyanobacterial biomass containing MCYST‐LR caused significant lethality up to 50% at the highest tested concentrations (300 mg/L, i.e., 250 μg/L of MCYST‐LR). The estimated 96‐h LC25values varied from 125 mg/L (biomass containing MCYST‐LR) up to 232 mg/L (biomass without MCYST‐LR). A statistically significant increase in the number of malformed embryos was observed after exposure to cyanobacterial samples. Purified MCYST‐LR at and above 25 μg/L significantly increased the number of malformations, with 53% of surviving embryos malformed in the highest tested concentration, 250 μg/L (EC25= 27 μg/L). Exposure to the highest concentration of MCYST‐LR containing biomass resulted in more than 60% of the embryos being malformed and an EC25of 52 mg/L (i.e., 43 μg of MCYST‐LR/L). Cyanobacterial biomass with no natural microcystin also induced substantial malformations—about 50% aberrant embryos at the highest concentration, 300 mg/L (EC25= 75 mg/L). External additions of purified MCYST‐LR to the biomass that was originally without microcystins resulted in a slight additional increase in the rate of malformations (80% at the highest concentration, 300 mg of biomass plus 250 μg of MCYST‐LR per liter). A comparison of lethality and effects on malformations (teratogenic index,TI= LC25/EC25) showed that all samples had significant teratogenic potential in the FETAX assay (TIMCYST‐LR= 14;TIfor biomass with and without microcystin ranged between 2.4 and 3.1, respectively). We conclude that cyanobacterial water blooms can significantly alter the normal development of amphibian embryos. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 17: 547–555, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/tox.10088
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contamination and LUMIStox® solvent extract toxicity of marine sediments in the North Aegean Sea, Greece
Authors: Papadopoulou Despina , Samara Constantini 
Published: November 2002

AbstractOrganic extracts of surface marine sediment collected from six sites within the bay of Kavala (north Aegean Sea, Greece) were used for determining priority pollutant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and doing toxicity testing. PAH analyses and LUMIStox® acute toxicity measurements were conducted in two sediment grain‐size fractions: silt/clay (< 63 μm) and sand (63–2000 μm). Sixteen PAH concentrations were found at low‐ to moderate levels, ranging from 44 to 166 ng/g dry weight in the fine fraction and from 45 to 148 ng/g dry weight in the coarse fraction. Molecular indices revealed that PAHs in the bay sediment originate mainly from pyrolytic sources, but some petroleum influence was also evident. A comparison of sedimentary PAH levels with sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) indicated an absence of acutely toxic concentrations. However, all sediment extracts were found to be toxic with the LUMIStox® acute toxicity test, with 15‐min EC50s in the ranges of 1.0–4.0 and 1.1–4.5 mg of dry sediment/mL for the fine and the coarse fractions, respectively. No significant correlations between EC50s and concentrations of individual or total PAHs was found, suggesting that chemical analysis of PAHs alone cannot be considered a reliable indicator of sediment toxicity. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 17: 556–566, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/tox.10089
Use of RNA arbitrarily primed PCR to identify genomic alterations in the digestive gland of the freshwater bivalve Unio tumidus at a contaminated site
Authors: Rodius F. , Hammer C. , Vasseur P. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThe technique of RNA arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction (RAP‐PCR) was developed to detect DNA damage and variations in gene expression in response to exposure to toxic compounds. This approach was tested on the freshwater bivalve Unio tumidus to explore the ability of RAP‐PCR to detect effects induced by river sediment contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs), and metals. In a first step the primer concentration was optimized to obtain reproducible amplifications of both high‐ and low‐molecular‐weight products. Optimized conditions allowed us to detect variations corresponding to the loss of PCR products in some animals exposed at the contaminated site compared with the control. Our results for the RAP‐PCR approach performed on separate animals in field studies showed that interindividual variations could correspond to DNA damage and/or variations in gene expression. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 17: 538–546, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/tox.10090
Comparative toxicity of chlorothalonil and chlorpyrifos: Ceriodaphnia dubia and Pimephales promelas
Authors: Sherrard R. M. , Murray‐Gulde C. L. , Rodgers Jr. J. H. , Shah Y. T. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThis study was done to characterize responses of Ceriodaphnia dubia Richard and Pimephales promelas Rafinesque exposed to aqueous solutions of chlorothalonil (tetrachloroisophthalonitrile) and chlorpyrifos (O,O‐diethyl O‐3,5,6‐trichloro‐2‐pyridyl phosphorothioate). Chlorothalonil (a fungicide) and chlorpyrifos (an insecticide) are intensely used in agricultural, silvicultural, and urban settings. These pesticides may enter aquatic systems through several pathways including rainfall runoff. C. dubia and P. promelas have been used to monitor surface waters and discern the effects of pesticides that contaminate those waters. Modified static renewal exposures (7 or 10 days) with individual solutions of chlorothalonil and chlorpyrifos were used to obtain mortality data for C. dubia and P. promelas, from which potency curves were derived, as well as sublethal effects data (reproduction or growth). In these experiments P. promelas was more sensitive to chlorothalonil, and C. dubia was more sensitive to chlorpyrifos. Lower and upper thresholds (i.e., LC0 and LC100) for 7‐day P. promelas exposures to chlorothalonil were 14.4 and 30.8 μg/L, respectively, in contrast to the lower and upper threshold values, 103 and 210 μg/L, respectively, for C. dubia. Ten‐day exposures of C. dubia to chlorpyrifos resulted in lower and upper threshold values of 0.05 and 0.09 μg/L, whereas 10‐day exposures of P. promelas to chlorpyrifos yielded threshold values of 26 and 274 μg/L. The results of this study illustrated differences in species' sensitivities to chlorothalonil and chlorpyrifos as well as differences in the duration of the exposure necessary to illustrate effects that might be elicited from pesticide exposures. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 17: 503–512, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/tox.10091
PCBs, mercury, and organochlorine concentrations in lake trout, walleye, and whitefish from selected tribal fisheries in the Upper Great Lakes region
Authors: Gerstenberger Shawn L. , Dellinger John A. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to determine the concentrations of environmental contaminants in the edible portion of fish tissue consumed by Ojibwa residing in the Upper Great Lakes region. Lake trout, whitefish, and walleye were collected from Lake Superior, Lake Huron, Lake Michigan, and selected inland lakes. These fish were harvested by either commercial fishing or spearfishing techniques and analyzed for environmental contaminants. Samples were pooled by species and location of collection and were analyzed as composites. The concentrations of congener‐specific polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB), total mercury, and 17 other organochlorine compounds of the pooled samples were determined using gas chromatographic and atomic absorption techniques. Differences were noted in both the concentration and composition of contaminants depending on the geographic location of collection and the species examined. Lake trout and whitefish contained higher concentrations of organochlorine compounds than did walleye; and samples from Lakes Michigan and Huron had much higher concentrations than did Lake Superior fish. Conversely, mercury was much higher in walleye (580 ppb) when compared with lake trout (117 ppb) and whitefish (10 ppb). Several PCB congeners were commonly found in all fish samples; these included PCBs 138 + 163, 153, 66 + 95, 118, 77 + 110, 180, and 101. Lake trout accumulated the highly chlorinated PCB congeners, whereas walleye and whitefish accumulated certain lower tri‐ and tetrachlorobiphenyl congeners. In conclusion, the fish harvested and consumed by Ojibwa tribal members contained both mercury and organochlorine compounds. The concentrations of contaminants found in fish tissue differed among species and sampling sites. Consequently, it is imperative to sample fish that best represent those being consumed by tribal members and to continue long‐term monitoring of fish from ceded waters. Therefore, risk assessment and risk management strategies need to take into account geographic location of the fish and unique preparation methods and to be directed at the contaminant(s) of concern for given locations. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 17: 513–519, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/tox.10092
Sensitivity of juvenile Macomona liliana (bivalvia) to UV‐photoactivated fluoranthene toxicity
Authors: Ahrens Michael J. , Nieuwenhuis Ronald , Hickey Christopher W. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThis study assessed the sensitivity of Macomona liliana (bivalvia, tellinacea) to UV‐photoactivated fluoranthene toxicity. Juvenile clams (0.5–2.0 mm) were exposed to a range of aqueous fluoranthene concentrations (5–500 μg/L) for 96 h, after which the clams' ability to rebury in control sediment was determined. Survivors of these fluoranthene‐only toxicity tests were then exposed in clean seawater to UV radiation from a solar radiation–simulating light source for 1 h. The differences between EC50 values before and after UV exposure provided a measure of phototoxicity of the bioaccumulated fluoranthene. Fluoranthene tissue burdens corresponding to the EC50 values were determined by exposing a second batch of clams to 14C‐radiolabeled fluoranthene. A third experiment quantified the kinetics of fluoranthene uptake and elimination in water‐only exposures. Fluoranthene phototoxicity was found to depend on the dose of fluoranthene and the duration of UV exposure. Exposure of animals to 1 h of UV radiation resulted fluoranthene toxicity that was 3 times higher (EC50 = 46 μg/L) than that of those with no UV exposure (EC50 = 153 μg/L). The corresponding critical body burden (i.e., fluoranthene tissue concentration at which 50% of the clams failed to rebury) was 6 ng/clam (or 700 μg/g dry weight [dw]) and 21 ng/clam (or 2300 μg/g dw) for UV‐exposed and UV‐unexposed animals, respectively. First‐order uptake and elimination coefficients, determined in the kinetics experiment, were 0.825 Lg−1 h−1 and 0.059 h−1, respectively, indicating rapid uptake and a short fluoranthene tissue half‐life of approximately 12 h for M. liliana. Compared with other bivalve species of similar size, M. liliana appeared to be more than 1 order of magnitude less sensitive to UV‐activated fluoranthene toxicity, although these differences may be a result in part of differences in the UV exposure regime. Nonetheless, the majority of M. liliana exposed to a fluoranthene concentration of 50 μg/L displayed evidence of UV‐photoactivated toxicity within 30–60 min of irradiation, and prolonging UV exposure more than 2 h killed all clams. These results demonstrate that even short UV exposures, as perhaps encountered during normal feeding or byssus‐drifting behavior, may significantly increase toxicity to juvenile M. liliana possessing elevated fluoranthene tissue concentrations. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 17: 567–577 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/tox.10093
A blind coherent spatiotemporal processor of orthogonal Walsh‐modulated CDMA signals
Authors: Affes Sofiène , Mermelstein Paul 
Published: November 2002

AbstractA more efficient detection of orthogonal Walsh‐modulated Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) signals is required not only for better exploitation of current IS‐95 CDMA systems but also for future cdma2000 3G networks. Integration of adaptive antennas at the base station has been recognized as one key lever to increasing capacity and spectrum efficiency. Prospective array‐receiver solutions such as the 2‐D‐RAKE improve performance; however, in the absence of a pilot signal, they have to implement noncoherent detection. In this work, we propose a space‐time processor that achieves coherent detection of orthogonal Walsh‐modulated CDMA signals without a pilot. We assess its performance in spatially correlated Rayleigh‐fading. Simulation results for voice links of 9.6 Kbps indicate that up to an antenna‐correlation factor of 0.8, the proposed receiver outperforms the conventional 2‐D‐RAKE's capacity by 90% in nonselective fading. This gain shrinks fast at higher correlation factors. In selective fading, however, it maintains about a 130% gain in capacity over the entire correlation range. For data links of 153.6 Kbps, this performance advantage increases up to 180–200%. With high‐speed mobiles, however, it vanishes quickly at correlation factors beyond 0.5. Overall, the capacity gains of the proposed spatiotemporal receiver structure increase with reduced relative Doppler (Doppler‐frequency/symbol‐rate ratio). This may arise from increased spatiotemporal diversity, higher transmission rates, and/or slower mobility. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.