bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Of Avarice
Authors: Ezell Margaret J M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What can be more amazing than to see wise and rational Beings, Beings design’d for the highest and noblest Enjoyments, and richly furnish’d with Faculties fitted for the Contemplation of the greatest, best, and most exalted Objects, wilfully withdraw their Regards from things worthy of themselves, and of that infinite Perfection from whom they derive their Original, and fix them on Earth, on that dull heavy Element, from whence their Bodies, those Prisons of their Souls, those cumbersome Machines in which they act, at first were taken, and by indulging a greedy avaricious Humour, be fond of sinking to the lowest, the most despicable Level, should, before they are necessitated to it by ro the indisputable Laws of their Creation, the irreversible Decrees of Nature, be in haste to return to it again, uneasie till they are reunited to their primitive Dust! Is it not an unaccountable Madness for such as are Masters of vast Treasures, not to be contented with the bountiful Dividend of Providence? For those that have great Estates to be continually contriving how they shall encrease them? Who can, without wonder mix’d with the highest Detestation, see the generality of Men stick at nothing, though never so base, so injurious, so oppressing, that may promote their Designs? Such as are covetous of Titles, and greedy of Power, what will they not do to gratifie their Desires, to gain what they 20 so eagerly wish for? What vile Offices will they boggle at, what servile Compliances will they not stoop to, what Friend or Kinsman will they not sacrifice, whom will they scruple to mine, whose Reputation will they not murder, to get or secure the Grandeur, the Honour, the Power, or the Riches they so much prize?
Sociolinguistic Perspectives On Register
Authors: Biber Douglas , Finegan Edward 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Functional linguists, sociolinguists, and anthropological linguists have long argued that language by nature is communicative, social, and interactional. Many thus advocate a socially constituted linguistics, one that takes the language repertoire of a community to be an elemental observation about language.
Although the linguistic repertoire of a community has not always been central to sociolinguistic analyses, important observations about repertoire form part of almost every sociolinguistic report. For more than three decades now, the linguistic repertoire of speech communities—the inventory of their registers-has won increasing attention from linguists, and quite a few have put it at the center of their research programs, some attempting to sort out the relationship between social dialect variation and register variation.
Stories That Step Into The Future
Authors: Ochs Elinor 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers the role of future time within a particular genre of narrative generally referred to as ‘narratives of personal experience’. While systematically linked to present-time conversational topics and concerns (Bauman 1986, Goodwin 1984, Jefferson 1978, Young 1987), narratives of personal experience have been generally characterized (with the exception of Goodwin 1990) as interpretive construals of past personal experience, in contrast to various other genres of narrative such as genres of science fiction or future planning narratives, which depict experiences which might take place at a future time.
Linguistic Correlates Of The Transition To Literacy In Somali: Language Adaptation In Six Press Registers
Authors: Biber Douglas , Hared Mohamed 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Stemming from a thought-provoking essay written by Goody and Watt (1963), many studies over the last three decades have investigated the social and intellectual consequences resulting from the introduction of literacy in a society (e.g., Goody 1977, Ong 1982, Scribner and Cole 1981). Few studies, though, have actually investigated the linguistic consequences of literacy-that is, the linguistic changes that result from the introduction of written registers in a language. One such study is Reder’s (1981) analysis of spoken and written Vai (carried out as part of Scribner and Cole’s study). Since Vai has an indigeneous literacy that is transmitted apart from formal schooling, Reder could address the question of whether writing itself has any effect on the speech of literate adults. He found that there are systematic differences between speech and writing in Vai (e.g., certain medial consonants are deleted more frequently in speech, and indefinite noun phrases occur more frequently in writing), and that in their speech, literate adults use the forms associated with writing more frequently than nonliterate adults. A second study that directly addresses linguistic consequences of literacy is Kalmar’s (1985) description of Inuktitut (in Canada). He found evidence there that new linguistic forms are developing under the influence of written language; in particular, true subordinate forms (complement clauses and relative clauses) seem to be developing in the written language at present.
Addressee-And Topic-Influenced Style Shift: A Quantitative Sociolinguistic Study
Authors: Rickford John R , Mcnair-Knox Faye 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is a study of addressee-and topic-influenced style shift in language, within the framework of quantitative or “variationist” sociolinguistics.
The first section is written from a theoretical, history-of-science perspective; we begin by contrasting the taxonomic, polydimensional approach of sociolinguists like Hymes (1972) and Halliday (1978) with the empirical, unidimensional approach of Labov (1966:90-135, 1972a:70-109), for whom styles were ordered on a single dimension, involving attention paid to speech. We suggest that the neglect of style within the American variationist school from the 1970s onward was due in part to methodological and theoretical difficulties with this approach. As we note, an alternative unidimensional approach, considering style as audience accommodation (Giles and Powesland 1975, Bell 1984), is more promising, but although several quantitative studies within this framework have been made over the past decade and a half, most of them were done outside the United States, primarily in Britain.
Structure and Neurotoxicity of Venoms
Authors: Loret Erwann , Hammock Bruce 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The toxicity of scorpion venom derives mainly from small proteins synthesized in the venom gland of the terminal tail segment, or telson (Miranda and Lissitzki, 1961). As for many of the most powerful animal venoms, the molecular targets of these proteins are the different ionic channels localized in excitable membranes of nerve and muscle cells (Catterall, 1980; Couraud and Jover, 1984; Miller et al., 1985). Venoms may also contain mixtures of proteolytic and lipolytic enzymes that increase tissue penetration and action of the neurotoxic components (El Asmar et al., 1984) or modify exocrine secretion from the pancreas (Possani et al., 1991).
Reproductive Ecology
Authors: Benton Tim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The biological answer to the question, Why does the natural world take on the form it does? was first proposed by Charles Darwin in his theory of evolution by natural selection. If a trait with an underlying genetic component arises that promotes an organism’s ability to survive and/or reproduce, it will increase in frequency from one generation to the next: it will be selected. Over time this simple process can lead to the wonderful adaptations we observe in nature.
The Problem of Hell
Authors: Kvanvig Jonathan L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The doctrine of hell presents the most intractable version of the problem of evil, for though it might be argued that ordinary pain and evil can somehow be compensated for by the course of future experience, the pain and suffering of hell leads nowhere. This work develops an understanding of hell that is common to a broad variety of religious perspectives, and argues that the usual understandings of hell are incapable of solving the problem of hell. Kvanvig first argues that the traditional understanding of hell found in Christianity suffers from moral and epistemological inadequacies. Historically, these shortcomings lead to alternatives to the traditional doctrine of hell, such as universalism, annihilationism, or the second chance doctrine. Kvanvig shows, however, that the typical alternatives to the traditional understanding are inadequate as well. He argues that both the traditional understanding and the typical alternatives fail to solve the problem of hell because they share the common flaw of being constructed on a retributive model of hell. Kvanvig then develops a philosophical account of hell which does not depend on a retributive model and argues that it is adequate on both philosophical and theological grounds.
The Issuant Conception of Hell
Authors: Kvanvig Jonathan L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a recent philosophy of religion class, a student queried why, on usual theistic conceptions, God’s desire that we share eternity with him does not violate the Kantian moral requirement: not to treat persons as a mere means to one’s own ends. I responded by outlining the usual theistic reply to this question, that sharing eternity with God is the best thing that could happen to anyone, and one does not treat a person as a mere means to one’s own ends when one is pursuing what is best for that person. This reply left another student troubled. His immediate response was, “But why does he get so angry, then, when we just want to be left alone?” This question succinctly summarizes a host of problems that arise on the standard conception of hell, problems ranging from some apparent vindictiveness on the part of God when sending someone to hell, to an inadequate account of why there is no third alternative, perhaps less blessed than heaven but more convenient than hell. What is most important about the question, however, is not the rang1 of problems it raises, but something deeper. The heart of the question centers on the picture of God’s motivations as presented by Christians who hold a traditional conception of hell in explaining presence in heaven versus presence in hell. The question is rooted in perplexity as to why there is such a dramatic shift from the motivation of love in the one case to the motivation of retribution or vindictiveness in the other.
Moore Proof of an External World
Authors: Stroll Avrum 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What, then, was Moore trying to do in “Proof of an External World?” As he says explicitly, he is taking up a challenge laid down by Kant, who wrote: “It still remains a scandal to philosophy ... that the existence of things outside of us ... must be accepted merely on faith, and that, if anyone thinks good to doubt their existence, we are unable to counter his doubts by any satisfactory proof’ (Critique of Pure Reason, N.K. Smith, trans., Bxxxix, note, p. 34).
The Oddity of Moores Proof
Authors: Stroll Avrum 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From Wittgenstein’s perspective Moore’s two papers “A Defense of Common Sense” (1925) and “Proof of an External World” (1939) exhibited a profound difference in philosophical insight. We know that Wittgenstein greatly admired the first of these papers and did not think much of the second. He may well have wondered as he began to write On Certainty whether Moore’s sensitivity to the nature of a philosophical problem had deteriorated in those fourteen years. In “A Defense” Moore had made no effort to prove that the common sense view was true; he merely asserted that he knew it was. The power of Moore’s approach at that time lay in vigorous assertions that had the effect of making others agree that they indeed knew what he knew, including that “external objects” existed. But there was a feature of this paper that particularly impressed Wittgenstein, namely, Moore’s insistence that radical deviations from the common sense view-such as the claims that time does not exist or that all objects are mind-dependent-had paradoxical implications. This insight represented an advance of historic proportions in understanding the nature of philosophical practice.
Quashie to Buccra: The Linguistic Expatriation of Claude McKay
Authors: North Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Claude McKay visited England in 1919, he was pleased to find on the London stage four plays by George Bernard Shaw, a writer he had admired since his school days in Jamaica. McKay attended all four and even met Shaw himself,·vho rather stunned his young disciple by suggesting he might be better off as a boxer than as a poet (ALWH, pp. 60, 62). This obtuseness might have cast an ironic light on one of the plays McKay had just seen, namely, Pygmalion, which Shaw was even then proclaiming as a manifesto of equal access to the King’s English and which, for that reason, had special relevance to McKay. As a well spoken young Jamaican, McKay might have seemed to Shaw a signal example of those “many thousands of men and women who have sloughed off their native dialects and acquired a new tongue.” McKay even had his own Henry Higgins in the person of Walter Jekyll, a wealthy Englishman long resident inJamaica. Yet he was a Higgins with a significant difference, for McKay came to him already speaking and writing perfect standard English, which Jekyll urged him to drop, at least on paper, in favor of the Jamaican dialect. In these hands, Eliza Doolittle might have ended up writing something like “Song of the Shirt,” and yet it is doubtful whether she would have been any happier than she was under Higgins’s tutelage. For it is one of the central ironies of McKay’s career that Jekyll’s patronage of dialect, and other patronage like it, did not lessen the pressure of standardization but doubled it.
Myocardial Infarction: Epidemiologic Overview
Authors: Manson JoAnn E , Gaziano J Michael , Ridker Paul M , Hennekens Charles H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Coronary heart disease (CHD) remains the leading cause of death in the United States and most western countries despite a dramatic decline in CHD mortality in the past quarter-century. While the former observation underscores the tremendous public health burden that heart disease continues to exact in industrialized countries, the latter suggests that CHD mortality rates can be modified. Advances in the medical treatment of CHD have contributed significantly to the decline in mortality, but preventive measures—both lifestyle changes and improvements in the medical management of coronary risk factors—have been estimated to account for most of the decrease in heart disease mortality (Goldman 1984).
In this chapter we discuss (1) the current burden of heart disease in the United States; (2) some of the evidence from cross-cultural investigations and studies of population migration that provides support for the now widely accepted conclusion that CHD risk may be altered by lifestyle changes; (3) temporal trends in CHD mortality that have occurred over the past several decades in the United States and in other industrialized countries; (4) the current prevalence of the major CHD risk factors in the United States and the changes in these factors that have occurred over the past several decades; and, finally, (5) the role of various epidemiologic research strategies in elucidating determinants of CHD and effective preventive interventions.
Can Liberal Ownership Be Justified by Natural Rights?
Authors: Christman John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I cant repudiate it. It was never mine to repudiate. It was never Father’s and Uncle Buddy’s to bequeath me to repudiate because it was never Grandfather’s to bequeath them to bequeath me to repudiate because it was never old Ikkemotubbe’s to sell to Grandfather for bequeathment and repudiation. Because it was never Ikkemotubbe’s fathers’ fathers’ to bequeath Ikkemotubbe to sell to Grandfather or any man because on the instant when Ikkemotubbe discovered, realised, that he could sell it for money, on that instant it ceased ever to have been his forever, father to father to father, and the man who bought it bought nothing.
Movzell For Melastomvs, The Cynical! Bayter of, and foule Mouthed Barker against Evahs Sex
Authors: Speght Rachel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was the similie of that wise and learned Lactantius, that if fire, though but with a small sparke kindled, bee not at the first quenched, it may worke great mischiefe and dammage: So likewise may the scandals and defamations of the malevolent in time prove pernicious, if they bee not nipt in the head at their first appearance. The consideration of this (right Honourable and Worship full Ladies) hath incited me (though yong, and the un worthiest of thousands) to encounter with a furious enemy to our sexe, least if his unjust imputations should continue with-out answere, he might insult and account himself a victor; and by such a conceit deale, as Historiographers report the viper to doe, who in the Winter time doth vomit forth her poyson, and in the spring time sucketh the same up again, which becommeth twise as deadly as the former: And this our pestiferous enemy, by thinking to provide a more deadly poyson for women, then already he hath foamed forth, may evaporate, by an addition unto his former illeterate Pamphlet (intituled The Arraignement of Women) a more contagious obtrectation then he hath already done, and indeed hath threatned to doe. Secondly, if it should have had free passage without any answere at all (seeing that Tacere is, quasi consentire) the vulgar ignorant might have beleeved his Diabolical! infamies to be infallible truths, not to bee infringed;
To Dame –Augustin nun
Authors: Wilson Carol Shiner 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Abandon all, and make that humble change, Betwixt the meek bando, and high fontange. So pious, and so noble was the choice, That France ev’ n glorys that it has Pontoise, And that alone, cause madame you are there, Whose vertues brightens, your illustrious sphere. If English Protestants your beautys saw, They’d add new fury, to their furious law, To keep out Popery with just excuse, Cause fair Fitz James, has made her self recluse Had you been pleas’d to shew your self abrod, With how much transport had you been addor’d Nought in the world had sounded but your fame Your beauty by each man, your vertue by each dame But you bless’d maid, have chose a better place Your name in time, our Kallanders shall grace, Where none shall be rever’d more than the chast Ignace.
To My Dear Cosen Coll
Authors: Wilson Carol Shiner 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nor yet versails, the Toileries st. Cloud, T’ admire the works of nature or of art, Since you excell em all in every part, Thus the great world, byth’ little world’s outdone, Not’ only so, but by the heart alone, For the vast universe can never show, So fine a structure, such a motion too, Now though this member’s small, and cloyster’d lives, Yet to the whole, it animation gives, So you bless’d Dames, insensibly dispence, On all your sex, your vertuous influence, Whilst you your selves, gain what this world can’t give A perfect life, heav’ns representative.
BOOK. V
Authors: Sharp Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is great differences in Womens constitutions and education; you may kill one with that which will preserve the other; tender women that are bred delicately must not be governed after the same manner that hardy Country women must, for one is commonly weak stomach’d, but the other is strong, if you should give the weak woman presently1 after delivery strong broth, or Eggs, or milk, it will cast her into a Feaver, but the other that is strong will bear it, but tender women must be tenderly fed, and nothing given them that is of hard digestion nor yet what they have no mind to, provided that what she desires be not offensive2; but for the first week she lies in, let her have boil’d and not roast, Jellies, and Juice of Veal, or Capon, but no mutton broth for that may make her Feaverish, let her drink barley water, or boyl one dram3 of Cinnamon in a pint of water, dissolving two ounces of fine Sugar in it, if she will drink wine, mingle twice as much water or two third parts with it, but let it be white wine in the morning, and Claret in the afternoon; she may sometimes drink Almond-milk, but beware of crudities.4
Introduction
Authors: Limon John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Is war beautiful? I have not seen combat, and reading books about war has not had the effect of putting me on intimate terms with it. I agree with Socrates who disputes the paralogism that if the rhapsodes are expert in Homer, and if Homer wrote The Iliad, then the rhapsodes must be expert in war. This book is premised on the faint hope that something may be made of the ignorance and naivete I have managed to retain in the presence of war literature. Why-if the history of literature began with war and has never forsworn it- do I nonetheless feel that literature is a failure in capturing the experience of war for beauty? This book will either justify that judgment or prove that my naivete is congenitally adamant.
The Art of War: The Contest and the Duel
Authors: Limon John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Toward the beginning of our anthologies, Rip Van Winkle flees his wife the shrew, the termagant, the virago-to go hunting in the Catskills. Rip’s henpeckedness is no particular credit to his gender, and his hunting is not on a heroic scale (he stalks squirrels and pigeons); nevertheless, even men with a somewhat stronger title to the attributes of traditional masculinity, such as the hardboiled friends of Jake Barnes, know enough to flee women and go fishing rather than confront a superior female ruthlessness. So off in Irving’s tale goes a man with man’s best friend-a henpecked dog with the nostalgic name “Wolf’”-to indulge at least a poor man’s fantasy of a return to the better days of undomesticated hunting and killing.
The Postmodernization of World War II
Authors: Limon John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fifty million people were killed in World War II.1 If that is the first sentence, what could be the second? There is nowhere to go, except to add that writing the sequel is the obligation of postmodernism. I have hardly done justice to war in this bock about, purportedly, war; I notice, for a small example, that I have failed to specify where Hemingway got his war wound, or its nature. It hardly makes sense to evoke, one last time, the wars that have not been so much evoked as evaded to allow the formal development of post-war literary movements. But World War II (as a practical, moral, and aesthetic matter) was inescapable: literati even in America, the landscape of which was not cratered, the towns and cities of which were not gutted, the civilian population of which was never massacred, were unable to conceive of a place free of the war, the literary equivalent of which would be beauty, form, style.