bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterisation of carrageenan from various red seaweeds
Authors: Ahmad Fasihuddin B , Williams Peter A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Five spesies offed seaweed i. e. Acanthophora sp., Halymenia sp., Hypnea sp. 1, Hypnea sp. 2 and Laurencia sp have been studied to characterize the carrageenan content. The percentage yield varied between 23.0 to 55.2% when extracted in water at 90 100°C for 3 hours. Higher yield were observed when the samples were extracted in 0.2% NaCl, 0.2% NaOH or 0.2% Ca(OH\. Intrinsic viscosity for the samples studied varied between 635 to900 ml/g andcarrageenan extracted fromAcanthophora sp gaves the highest intrinsic viscosity. The 3, 6-anhydrogalactose content for all the carrageenan samples studied varied between 5.0 to 35.0% while the ester sulphate content varied between 16.1 to 30.0%. Carrageenan extracted fromLaurencia sp. gave the lowest 3, 6an hydrogalactose content while carrageenan extracted fromHalymenia sp. gaves the highest 3, 6anhydrogalactose and lowest ester sulphate content. Based on the 3, 6-anhydrogalactose, ester sulphate andinfraredspectrumsit can be concluded thatHalymenia sp. andHypnea sp. gives almost pure kappa carrageenan, while Acanthophora sp. andLaurencia sp gives lambda-carrageenan with some mixture of kappa and iota fraction. Gel strength of the samples were also studied and the result showed thatcarrageenanextractedfromHalymenia sp. can gives gel as strong as gel prepared from carrageenan extracted from Eucheuma cottonii and Chondrus crispus.
The sedimentation of a single particle in xanthangalactomannan gum mixtures
Authors: Luyten H , Kloek W , Vliet T Van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A combination of xanthan with a galactomannan can give a dispersion an (apparent) yield stress. The measured viscosity of such systems at stresses higher than the yield stress depended on the method used. We observed that at the same stresses, the Stokes’ sedimentation viscosity was much larger than the viscosity measured with an apparatus (table 1 and (1)). Differences could be up to a few orders of magnitude.
Viscoelastic properties of PVA/Alginate snake-cage hydrogels and interpenetrating hydrogels
Authors: Yonese Masakatsu , Baba Kazuhiko , Kishimoto Hiroshi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Viscoelastic properties of blend gels composed of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and alginate (Alg) were studied by measuring tensile stresses. From PVA and Alg, four kinds of snake-cage and interpenetrating hydrogels were prepared. The interpenetrating gels, i. e. both polymers forms networks, showed greater elastic moduli and ultimate tensile strength than the snake-cage gels, i. e. the network of one polymer traps other polymer chains. Furthermore, rapid increase in the tensile stress was shown concomitant with the transition from the snake-cage to the interpenetrating hydrogel.
Influence of sucrose and pulp contents on non-oral texture of strawberry gels
Authors: M.Fiszman S , Costell E , Duran L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Non-oral sensory evaluation of texture of strawberry gels of different composition was performed by a ten members trained panel. Two series of 15 samples were prepared using kappa carrageenan (C) and the mixture of C plus locust bean gum (LBG) ( 1: 1), with strawberry pulp and sucrose added in different proportions. Eight parameters were evaluated in two steps: compression between fingers up to rupture and resistance to cut with a knife. ANOVA applied to sensory data for each series showed significant effects (p:S 0.05) of both pulp and sucrose additions to gel samples on most of the analysed parameters. Presence of pulp generally produced weakening of gels. Increasing addition of sucrose up to about 50 degrees Brix produced no effect on the firmness of gels; however, further increase of sugar level resulted in a fall of scores corresponding to compression between fingers parameters. Additionally, MANOVA applied to each series confirmed the influence of the two composition factors and their interaction on non-oral texture of these gellified products.
Effect of carrageenan on low fat, low salt and phosphate free meat emulsion systems
Authors: Hoegh L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The effects of adding 0.4 % or 0.8 % Iota carrageenan (IC) KappaCarrageenan (KC), Kappa-Carrageenan + Locust Bean Gums (KLB) and a mixture of Kappaand Iota-carrageenan and Locust Bean Gum (MIX) to low fat, low salt and phosphate free frankfurters and mortadella and low fat liver paste sausages were investigated. Texture and sensory evaluation indicated that 0.8 % MIX added to low fat frankfurters (10 % fat), mortadella (10 % fat) and liver paste (20 % fat) were acceptable as control sausages (30, 20 and 40 % fat, respectively). KC and KLB developed to dry textures and IC to soft texture. 0.6 % and 0.7 % MIX added to low salt and phosphate free mortadella and frankfurters, respectively, resulted in sensoric acceptable products comparable to control sausages.
The role of crystallisation in the process of pectin/glycerine solution gelation
Authors: A.Sheyenson V , I.Khomutov L , A.Lashek N , Ptitchkina N .M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The methods of differential thermal analysis, X-ray phase analysis and thermo mechanics were used to study the nature of the gel-like state of the systems the polymeric component of which was pectin. The experimental data obtained show that the processes of macromolecule micro crystallization play an important role in the gelation mechanism.
The effect of proteins on emulsion stability
Authors: R.Fisher3 L , E.Mitchell E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Modern methods of surface analysis have largely confirmed the traditional picture of an adsorbed protein film at the oil/water interface as consisting of a tightly packed, virtually irreversibly adsorbed monolayer of partially unfolded molecules, with which some less tightly bound, reversibly bound protein may also be associated. They have added to this picture the information that a proportion of the protein is mobile in the plane of the interface and that occasional .loops or tails of the polypeptide chain may protrude from the interface into the aqueous phase. Competitive exchange studies have revealed some detail of the chances of displacement of adsorbed protein by small molecule surfactants or other proteins.
Interfacial properties of xanthan gum
Authors: Takigami S , A.Williams P , O.Phillips G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The adsorption characteristics of xanthan gum onto a model substrate, i. e. monodisperse, spherical polystyrene latex, have been studied. Xanthan gum adsorbed onto the polystyrene latex from both aqueous and 0.5 M NaCl solutions and low affinity isotherms were obtained in the both cases. The configuration of the adsorbed polymer was studied using the nitro oxide spin label technique and, at the surface coverages studied, the results suggested that xanthan gum adsorbed onto the latex surface in the form of trains from both water and NaCl solution. Colloid stability monitored by turbidity measurements revealed that xanthan gum did not affect the stability of polystyrene latex in aqueous solution in the absence of electrolyte. In NaCl solution, the latices flocculated at low polymer surface coverage due to a bridging mechanism but were stabilized at high polymer surface coverage through steric repulsive forces. At even higher xanthan concentrations flocculation was observed which was attributed to depletion phenomena.
Chemically modified guar gum (galactomannan) having emulsion stabilising properties
Authors: Mathur R , K.Mathur N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The polysaccharide guar gum which is naturally hydrophilic haves rise to thickening in aqueous systems, but it is not compatible to water immiscible organic-liquids and does not produce stable emulsions. Incorporating fatty acyl or medium sized alkoxyl groups in its molecule produces a derivatized gum which prod ceshigh viscosity in solutions containing lower alcohols and mulsifying oils. Hence these can find food applications.
An enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for Acacia senegal gum exudate (gum arabic)
Authors: R.Menzies A , E.Osman M , O.Phillips G , A.Williams P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although gum arabic has been an article of commerce for over 4,000 years\ no definitive assay for this heterogeneous food additive exists. Using immunoassay technology a sensitive, rapid and specific ELISA for Acacia senegal gum has been developed. The assay can differentiate Acacia seneKal gum from other Acacia gum species and also from other commonly used food hydrocolloids including other tree exudates such as gums ghatti, tragacanth and karaya.
The lymphomas and chronic lymphoproliferative disorders
Authors: Harrison C J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lymphomas and chronic lymphoproliferative disorders represent two highly heterogeneous groups of malignant disease. Both arise as a result of neoplastic proliferation of lymphatic cells. Far fewer specific chromosomal rearrangements associated with a particular pathological type have been described in these diseases than any of the other groups of haematological disorders.
The role of cytogenetics in the assessment of haematological disorders
Authors: Bain B J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are three important reasons for undertaking cytogenetic analysis in patients with haematological diseases. First, such analysis may be of immediate relevance to patient management. This is so when such investigations are performed as an aid to the diagnosis or classification of a haematological disorder or when cytogenetic analysis is expected to yield information of relevance to prognosis, to treatment, or to both. Second, the haematologist may wish for cytogenetic analysis in order to have a better understanding of the nature of the condition he is dealing with, even though he does not expect that patient management will be altered by the results. Third, cytogenetic analysis may be undertaken for research purposes, either for basic research or for clinical studies. Thus, the researcher may be attempting to identify new disease entities or to identify the likely sites of putative oncogenes or cancersuppressing genes. He may wish to gain information which, although it will not affect the patient being studied, may be useful in designing treatment protocols for future patients. Cytogenetic analysis may be required for patients entered into trials. This may be in order to ensure that patients being investigated form a homogeneous group with a clearly defined disease. For example, a trial of a new therapy for chronic myeloid leukaemia would be likely to require cytogenetic analysis with patients who were found to be Ph-negative either being excluded or being assessed separately. Conversely, an investigation of essential thrombocythaemia would be likely to require that Ph-positive patients be excluded. A trial might also require cytogenetic analysis to enable the prognostic import of certain karyotypic abnormalities to be assessed or, if this were already known, in order to stratify patients according to prognosis with treatment being assigned on the basis of the prognostic group.
Mutagen-induced chromosome damage in human lymphocytes
Authors: Tawn E J , Holdsworth D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The study of induced chromosome changes in human lymphocytes is wellestablished for monitoring the genotoxic effects of radiation and chemicals. Cytogenetic studies can be used to monitor populations for a range of environmental and occupational clastogens (1, 2) and, for radiation, can provide an estimate of individual dose (3, 4). They also form part of the battery of tests used in assessing chemicals for mutagenicity (5-9). Various endpoints can be studied. These include structural chromosome aberrations, sister chromatid exchanges (SCE), and micronuclei. All require short-term cultures of peripheral blood lymphocytes with modifications to allow the manifestation of the different types of genetic changes.
Microdissection of human metaphase chromosomes
Authors: Lillington D M , Cotter, F E , Riddle P N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The detailed analysis of the genomes of higher eukaryotes is currently being performed by a variety of techniques such as chromosome walking, in situ hybridization, somatic cell hybridization, pulse field gel electrophoresis and flow cytometry in conjunction with efficient cloning strategies. However, the complexity and abundance of repetitive sequences in higher eukaryotes has made chromosome walking difficult.
Malaria
Authors: Chiodini Peter L , Clark Sheila 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
More than 1.6 billion people live in malaria endemic areas. Diagnosis of malaria by microscopy is a vital laboratory procedure in endemic areas. In addition, given the substantial amount of travel from the developed world to the tropics there will remain a need to diagnose this imported infection in patients returning from the tropics to the temperate zone. Imported malaria is a common diagnosis in many developed countries. In 1991 there were 2332 reported cases of malaria in the UK, 1268 due to Plasmodium falciparum, with 12 deaths (11 due to P. falciparum).
Pneumocystis carinii
Authors: Deery Alastair 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A preliminary description of this unicellular eukaryotic organism was given by Chagas in 1909 and then Carini in 1910. Both thought the observed cysts to be a stage in the life cycle of Trypanosomes. Delanoes in 1912 correctly identified that the organism was associated with a distinct infection in rats not infected with Trypanosomes and christened it Pneumocystis carinii, after the earlier Brazilian worker. The organism is an opportunistic pathogen causing disease exclusively in immunocompromised persons and pre-eminently in those with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Other groups of patients sporadically affected include those with congenital immunodeficiency states including cellular immune impairment, immunosuppressive therapy after organ transplantation, chemotherapy for neoplasia whether for ‘solid’ tumours or for leukaemias and lymphomas, and corticosteroid therapy for ‘autoimmune disease’ and various illnesses.
The use of synthetic oligonucleotides as specific hybridization probes in the diagnosis of genetic disorders
Authors: Thein Swee lay , Ehsani Ali , wallace R Bruce 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter deals with the use of synthetic oligonucleotides as probes in the detection of DNA sequence variations and point mutations. For practical purposes, point mutations can be considered to be single base substitutions, minor insertions, or deletions. To detect these changes in the DNA sequence directly, one exploits the principle that a perfectly matched hybrid formed between the target sequence and an oligonucleotide probe is thermally more stable than one with a single base pair (bp) mismatch. In this respect the design of the allele-specific oligonucleotide (ASO) is critical in that it has to be long enough so that the sequence detected is unique in the human genome and yet short enough so that the hybridization is sensitive to minor differences between probe and template.
Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis in the analysis of genomic DNA and YAC clones
Authors: den Dunnen J T , Grootscholten P M , van Ommen G J B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the first appearance of this book in 1986 pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) has evolved from a newly developed technique (1) to a fundamental research tool indispensable to a modem human genetics laboratory. Initially, the technique was mainly used to separate very large DNA molecules, but more recently its potential for separating smaller DNA molecules and even its application in DNA sequencing (2) became evident. Applications of PFGE include physical mapping (3–6), size selection (7–9), the study of genetic rearrangements causing cancer and genetic disease (10–12) or underlying immunological variation (13), yeast artificial chromosome cloning (YAC) technology (7, 8, 14, 15), the separation of DNA molecules with specific structures, and applications in human and veterinary microbiology and parasitology (16, 17). To cope with the fast developments, especially of the technology, we had to completely revise the chapter published in the first edition (18).
Regulation of gene expression in neuronal cell lines
Authors: Lillycrop Karen A , Dent Carolyn L , Latchman David S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ideally, the application of molecular techniques to the study of gene regulation in a particular tissue requires the isolation of large amounts of a single-cell type in which these processes can be analysed and into which DNA constructs derived from regulated genes can be introduced. Unfortunately, virtually none of these criteria are fulfilled in the case of neuronal cells in vivo. Thus, neurons from anatomically-defined structures can only be obtained in relatively small amounts whilst brain tissue, although available in relatively large amounts is highly heterogeneous containing many different neuronal and non-neuronal cell types. Moreover, even if neurons are identified, isolated and studied in culture, they are often difficult to transfect with DNA constructs so that the processes regulating the activity of a particular gene promoter cannot be studied in this way.
Xyloglucan Oligosaccharides
Authors: Fry Stephen C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Xyloglucan (XG) is a polysaccharide found in the primary cell walls of higher plants. Its main role is architectural, probably limiting cell expansion (1-3). In addition, xyloglucan oligosaccharides (XGOs), enzymically released from XG, are potent plant growth regulators at nanomolar to micromolar concentrations, i.e. they are ‘oligosaccharins’ (4). They are not elicitors. XGOs are formed from XG by the action of cellulase (EC 3.2.1.4), which hydrolyses the polysaccharide backbone at Glc residues that lack side-chains.
Strategies for Cloning Plant Disease Resistance Genes
Authors: Michelmore Richard W , Kesseli Richard V , Francis David M , Fortin Marc G , Paran, Ilan , Yang Chang-Hsien 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many single genes determining resistance to diverse pathogens have been identified by geneticists and plant breeders. Despite the wide use of these genes in agriculture, they have so far proved recalcitrant to molecular isolation, with one exception (see Section 5.3.1). The molecular bases and biochemical modes of action of their products remain one of the major unknowns in plant biology. Neither the pattern of expression nor the nature of resistance gene products are known. It is suspected that they may be constitutively expressed at a low level; therefore, many of the strategies used to clone more highlyexpressed or induced plant genes are inappropriate. Successful cloning strategies will probably utilize the best characterized feature of resistance genes which is their Mendelian nature. Many genes induced during the resistance response have already been cloned and their function in resistance is being determined. A distinction must be made between resistance genes identified at the genetic level and genes induced during the resistance response. For the purposes of this chapter, resistance genes are those that determine whether an interaction between a plant and potential pathogen is compatible (susceptible plant and virulent pathogen) or incompatible (resistant plant and avirulent pathogen). Response genes are those that are capable of being expressed in both resistant and susceptible plants and which may be involved in limiting invasion by the pathogen. A similar range of response genes seems to be induced regardless of the challenging pathogen (1, 2). Therefore, such genes are unlikely to be the determinants of intra-specific incompatibility between host and pathogen. Cloning and characterization of disease resistance genes will have profound fundamental and applied consequences. Therefore, the efforts of several laboratories are increasingly focused on isolating resistance genes.
Viral DNA replication
Authors: Stow Nigel D , Hay Ronald T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the last decade considerable interest has focused upon the mechanisms by which the genomes of DNA animal viruses are replicated. These studies provide information relevant not only to our understanding of viral growth and potential strategies for intervention, but also to processes occurring during the replication of eukaryotic chromosomes. The genomes of DNA viruses provide attractive models for the study of cellular DNA synthesis because they are relatively simple, readily manipulated, accumulate to high levels during lytic infection, and, in some cases, can be faithfully replicated in cell-free systems. Some viruses (for example Epstein-Barr virus and bovine papilloma virus (BPV)) additionally establish latent infections in dividing cells during which genome replication is likely to be regulated by mechanisms similar to those operating upon the host chromosomes.
Poliovirus antigen chimeras
Authors: Evans David J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Poliovirus is the causative agent of paralytic poliomyelitis, a disease largely eradicated in the developed world by the widespread use of the killed (Salk) and live attenuated (Sabin) vaccines. The oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) developed by Albert Sabin in the 1950s contains derivatives of each of the three serotypes (1, 2, and 3) of poliovirus generated by multiple passage in culture of wild type (WT) strains of the virus (2). The resulting live attenuated strains exhibit the following characteristics that have resulted in their establishment as extremely effective vaccines. 1. They induce good, long-lasting levels of immunity in recipients. 2. They are relatively inexpensive to manufacture. 3. They are easy to administer-on a sugar lump or as a drop on the tongue.
Detection of polypeptide growth factors: application of specific bio-assays and PCR technology
Authors: Zoelen E J J Van , Delaey B , Van Der Burg B , Huylebroeck D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term ‘growth factor’ is used to describe a polypeptide produced by a cell or isolated from a tissue, and having a growth-regulatory role on other cell types. This activity is usually discovered by application of in vitro bio-assays which quantitate the dose-dependent factor-mediated growth modulation of a homogeneous culture of a particular target cell. However, some peptide growth factors both stimulate and inhibit cell proliferation and some may have biological effects which are unrelated to cell growth, such as the differentiation of certain cells. The first phenomenon can be due to the identity of the target cell used in the bio-assay, the concentration of the factor tested (growth-stimulatory versus growth-inhibitory concentrations), and the presence in the growth factor preparation of other polypeptides which may act synergistically or antagonistically with the growth factor under study (see Table 1, Chapter 1).
Detection and characterization of growth inhibitory factors: epidermal inhibitory pentapeptide (EIP)
Authors: Robinson Philip , Whitehead Paul , Hume William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many growth factors have been described which have stimulatory effects on cell proliferation; fewer growth inhibitors have been described. In this chapter we describe methods for detecting inhibitory factors and illustrate their characterization with a family of small oligopeptide inhibitory factors. In 1982, Laerum and Paukovits isolated a pentapeptide, haemoregulatory pentapeptide (HP), from human granulocytes, which inhibited the prolifera tion of myelopoietic cells (1). In 1984, Elgjo and Reichelt isolated a pentapeptide from mouse backskin, epidermal inhibitory pentapeptide (EIP), which inhibited the proliferation of epithelial cells in mouse backskin (2). The primary structure of these inhibitors is similar (HP = pEEDCK, and EIP = pEEDSG. See Appendix 3 for single letter amino acid code). It was proposed that they may be acting as endogenous cell proliferation inhibitors, and may be involved in the control of normal tissue homeostasis.