bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic Hearing Loss Associated with Integumentary Disorders
Authors: Toriello Helga V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most characteristic features of Waardenburg syndrome (WS) are widely spaced medial canthi (dystopia canthorum), broad nasal root, and confluent eyebrows (synophrys). Patients frequently have variably colored irides as well as a white forelock. Although certain aspects of this disorder were described by Hammerschlag (42) in 1905, van der Hoeve (I 18) in 1916, and Mende (77) in 1926, the syndrome was first well defined by Waardenburg in 1948 (121,122). Waardenburg (122) estimated that 1.4% of those with profound hearing loss in The Netherlands had this syndrome. DiGeorge et al. (24) suggested that about 2.3% of those with congenital hearing loss have Waardenburg syndrome. It is possible that the actual frequency is twice this estimate, since only about 50% have ocular and/or pigmentation anomalies. Waardenburg syndrome has been divided into four types, depending on the phenotype and presence of additional features.
Pediatric Dental Care
Authors: Farrington Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Optimum dental health is essential for the total health of the child. The basic dental care needs of children with oral clefts are the same as those for anyone of the same age, with the addition of the special needs resulting from the cleft. Early evaluation and preventive care are extremely important as the primary and developing permanent dentitions provide the basic framework for future dental, orthodontic, and prosthetic treatment. However, parents are often so overwhelmed by other aspects of their children’s care that dental needs are given a rather low priority. Emphasizing the fact that their child with an oral cleft needs the same basic dental care as any child the same age brings an element of normalcy to parents’ thinking regarding their children’s needs. The dental needs of the child can be divided into four stages, based on oral development, preventive needs, and treatment: During each of these stages, the management of the child is a prime concern. Management of the child’s behavior and attitude toward dental care is as important as the actual dental treatment in the child’s overall care. Past dental and medical experience, the age of the child, the extent of care needed, and the child’s attitudes and fears must be of major concern in developing a good dental patient. The American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association (1993) provides guidelines for the optimum care of individuals with craniofacial anomalies, regardless of the specific type of disorder. The underlying principle of these guidelines is that patients with craniofacial anomalies are best managed by an interdisciplinary team of specialists.
Genetic Counseling and Interpretation of Risk Figures
Authors: Stadter Carmella S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Genetic counseling, defined as the provision of medical, prognostic, and recurrence risk information about a disorder together with psychosocial support to the family, can be a complex undertaking when dealing with oral clefting. Previous chapters have dealt with medical and prognostic counseling, and this chapter will concentrate on recurrence risk and supportive counseling. Patients and families need to be made aware of their recurrence risks and reproductive options in an easy to understand manner with attention paid to the emotional impact of the information. Counseling an individual with a physical defect of the face, one of the most obvious and public parts of the body, is challenging. As with genetic counseling for any condition, one of the key aspects of supportive counseling for families with oral clefts is listening and allowing them to voice their concerns, frustrations, and joys. As discussed in earlier chapters, cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CLIP) and cleft palate alone (CP) result from distinctly different developmental processes occurring at different gestational ages. While these differences lead to certain counseling issues unique to each condition, there are also a number of important counseling issues shared by both conditions. A thorough physical examination of the patient and other family members and a careful medical and family history are of utmost importance to the accuracy of recurrence risk counseling. These tools help to establish the etiology of the cleft, whether the cleft is an isolated abnormality or part of a multiple malformation syndrome in the patient, and whether there is any familial clustering of oral clefts. Only after establishing the etiology can thorough, accurate, and relevant genetic counseling be provided to the patient and family.
International Surgical Missions
Authors: Lee S T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For the foreseeable future, there will always be a need for international surgical missions to deal with the backlog and the increasing number of patients with oral clefts in the world. These volunteer field missions should, however, be only a part of an overall global strategy. Rather, the emphasis should be on genetic and environmental research, to understand the causative factors of oral clefts, which might lead to the development of preventive strategies to reduce incidence. Based on the current world population and birth statistics (United States Bureau of the Census, www. census.gov/ipc/www/idbnew.html), 132 million babies were born in 2001, out of a global population of 6.2 billion individuals. If the prevalence at birth of cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CLIP) is taken to be 1/500 live births, 264,000 babies were born with oral clefts in 2001. This enormous number illustrates the magnitude of the problem, which needs to be addressed on a global scale. It is likely that the population with oral clefts will increase globally, unless there are dramatic genetic breakthroughs or new preventive strategies that can reduce this ever-increasing number.
Evidence-Based Care for Children with Cleft Lip and Palate
Authors: Shaw William C , Semb Gunvor 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the modern age, evidence-based care is considered to be an integration of the best research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values. With respect to therapeutic interventions, the strongest evidence is derived from systematic reviews that provide a synthesis of relevant randomized control trials (Sackett et al., 2000). For cleft lip and palate care providers, however, there are some challenges ahead. The present scientific basis of the discipline is weak since virtually no elements of treatment have been subjected to the rigors of contemporary clinical trial design (Roberts et al., 1991). Thus, highly complex and varied protocols of care are practised by different teams. Generally speaking, choices regarding surgical technique, timing and sequencing, and ancillary procedures, such as orthopedics, orthodontics, and speech therapy, are arrived at following disappointment in the results of former practices rather than firm evidence that the new protocol has succeeded elsewhere. As a consequence, the unsubstantiated testimony of enthusiasts for a particular treatment has done much to shape current practices. Typically, enthusiastic claims are made for a new type of therapy, the procedure is widely adopted, a flow of favorable clinical reports ensues, little or no positive evidence develops to support the desirability of the procedure, and there is a sharp drop in the number of clinical reports, again without evidence to support the change (Spriestersbach et al., 1973).
Revised Battle Plans
Authors: McDonald JoAnna M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While the casualties at Blackburn’s Ford were relatively light, Tyler’s “reconnaissance” showed that the Confederate center and right flank were too strong to turn. In addition, the country roads in this area were too narrow and crooked for maneuvering large columns of troops. With this unforeseen complication McDowell reevaluated his battle strategy.
Lull in the Infantry Fight
Authors: McDonald JoAnna M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Confederates used the respite to reinforce Henry Hill. Brigadier General Thomas Jackson’s Virginia brigade reached the area first about 12:00 noon. Riding at the head of his men, Jackson met Captain Imboden as he was retreating. Enraged at being left alone on the hill, Imboden, swearing, vented his frustration to Jackson. The general, however, calmly replied, “I’ll support your battery. Unlimber right here.”1 Imboden unlimbered his three cannon about three-hundred yards from the Henry House on the southeastern edge of the hill. Shortly after this thirteen additional cannon arrived, previously ordered up by Johnston and Beauregard. Immediately, Jackson deployed them near Imboden’s guns. Captain Imboden then limbered his cannon and went to the rear to refill his ammunition caissons while the newly arrived cannoneers continued to duel with the Union artillerymen.
The Battle for Henry Hill
Authors: McDonald JoAnna M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From 1:30–4:00 p.m. chaos reigned on Henry Hill. For purposes of explication, the complex, continuous action has been divided into fifteen stages; after the second stage it is impossible to provide an accurate time. There are several reasons for the confusing nature of this contest: 1) Fifteen Union regiments and thirteen Confederate regiments charged and counterattacked so quickly that the action became a whirlpool of obscurity. 2) Afterwards, not even the participants could provide a clear account. 3) Many Union regiments fired only a few rounds before falling back; as another regiment replaced them, the retreating and charging men became intermingled. 4) As a result, several Union regiments became so disorganized that the soldiers fought in smaller, make-shift battalions. 5) Confederate units combined as well. Those that assailed Matthews Hill either joined with other regiments, battled in makeshift battalions, or rested behind the lines.
Killed and Wounded
Authors: McDonald JoAnna M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From Matthews Hill to Henry Hill the dead and mortally wounded, friend and foe alike, lay together. On Henry Hill a soldier from the 6th North Carolina counted forty dead horses in a space of fifty yards. The horses’ and soldiers’ bodies contaminated the streams and springs as they began to decompose in the summer heat. With the conclusion of the battle, the Confederates were left with the task of burying the dead and caring for the wounded.
PrologueL”The Joint Resolution ‘For Annexing Texas to the United States’ Is Finally Passed”
Authors: Silbey Joel H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Twenty-Eighth Congress of the United States was in its final hours in the last week of February 1845. In a few days its life would end, as the Constitution dictated, with the inauguration of a new administration and the official coming of its successor, the recently elected Twenty-ninth Congress. On February 27, the Senate met in an unusual evening session to complete work on a long-pending matter: the effort to make Texas part of the Union. The Senators had recessed their normal day session at 3:00 P.M. and reconvened at 6:oo P.M. When they did, the Capitol’s usual atmosphere of overpowering noise, inadequate ventilation, and an excess of foul air was much in evidence. Conditions seemed even worse than usual that night. The Senate chamber was uncomfortably full. All fifty-two senators were present on the floor to hear the last arguments on the matter before them. Above them, the public galleries were similarly jammed with an excited crowd of government officials, senators’ wives, and other citizens of Washington. As one historian has written, “all the learned and the beautiful seemed to be present.” Many members of the House of Representatives had also come over from the other side of the Capitol to be present at this moment of high drama. The crowds spilled over onto the chamber’s floor itself and into the corridors outside, filling nearby alcoves and stairways as well. They rubbed elbows with an array of food and drink purveyors diligently plying their trade at the back of the chamber, as they always did when Congress was in session.
“And tyler too”
Authors: Silbey Joel H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
John Tyler Of Virginia, the first vice president to succeed to the presidency upon the death of the incumbent, and then first to be married (to his second wife) while president, had a lot on his mind. He was an anomalous political figure in the early 18405, an anti-party outsider at a moment when the pressures of intense partisanship had reached unprecedented heights in the public world in which he lived and worked. Faced with a difficult and unsympathetic political landscape, he did not pull back but fought, rather, to maintain his position in spite of the very long odds against him. This determination led him to press for the annexation of Texas. The issue had limped along for more than seven years without result when he took it up. It no longer did so. Given the president’s personal doggedness and the exalted position that he held, he was able to frame and advance a new attempt to acquire the republic in ways that added a great deal of controversy to the nation’s existing political brew.
“Their Heinous Sin” The Long Shadow Of Texas
Authors: Silbey Joel H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I am Aware,” John Van Buren Told The Mass Meeting Of The Barn burners in the upstate New York town of Herkimer in October 1847, “that a fierce political storm is raging-that the political sea was rolling mountains high.” And so it was, had been for some time, and would continue to do. The political class and their constituents had become cognizant, as never before, at least since Thomas Jefferson’s “firebell in the night” warning over Missouri in 1819, of the harsh realities of the nation’s sectional divisions and of the serious potential that those divisions could have for great, and perhaps more long lasting and destabilizing, mischief.
Methods for Studying innovation Processes
Authors: Ven andrew H Van de , Poole Marshall Scott 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Little is known about how innovations emerge, develop, grow, or terminate over time. Not only has little systematic research been conducted to examine how innovations develop over time, but few process theories adequately explain the sequence of events in the innovating process. Yet an appreciation of temporal processes is fundamental to managing innovations. Given the limited research and theory on innovation processes, MIRP researchers decided to adopt a grounded-theory strategy to discover an innovation process theory (Glaser and Strauss, 1967) which avoids existing overbroad theories in the literature.
innovation Outcomes, Learning, and Action Loops
Authors: Dornblaser Bright M , Lin Tse-min , Ven andrew H Van de 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A core concept in the Minnesota innovation Research Program (MIRP) is innovation outcomes, defined as the value judgments about success or failure that various people make about the developmental process and end results of an innovation. Kimberly (1981) rightly points out that a positive bias pervades the study and management of innovation. innovation is often viewed as a good thing because the new ideas being developed are expected to be useful-profitable, constructive, or solve a problem. New ideas that are not perceived We are grateful to helpful suggestions on an earlier draft of this chapter from Harold Angle, Scott Poole, as well as our colleagues in the Minnesota innovation Research Program for providing and verifying data on the innovations examined here. Support for this research has been provided in part by a grant to the Strategic Management Research Center at the University of Minnesota from the Program on Organization Effectiveness, office of Naval Research, under contract No. N00014-84-K-0016. as useful are not normally called innovations; they are usually called “mistakes” (Van de Ven 1986). Objectively, of course, the usefulness of an idea can be only partially determined as results become apparent, which is typically after the innovation process is completed and implemented. It is only then when new ideas can be characterized as “innovations” or “mistakes.”
Communication, Conflict, and Learning in Mergers and Acquisitions
Authors: Bastien David T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although mergers and acquisitions (M/ As) are common ways to leverage organizational growth and expansion, many, if not most, have failed to meet their strategic, financial, and organizational goals (Kitching 1967). Davidson (1985) argues that, as a group, M/As have been unsuccessful over the past century, and Magnet (1984) reports that well over two-thirds of recent corporate M/ As examined in a study by McKinsey and Co. never earned as much as the acquirer would have made by investing the money in certificates of deposit issued by a bank. Williams and Feldman (1986) report that, in a large sample study in the healthcare industry, virtually all of the M/ As showed sharp downturns in earnings, productivity, and profitability (in for-profit M/As) and a rise in unwanted employee turnover.
Managing Complex innovations: The Case of Defense Contracting
Authors: Scudder Gary D , Schroeder Roger G , Ven andrew H Van de , Seiler Gary R , Wiseman Robert M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much research on innovation has addressed managing relatively small product development efforts. in these situations, identification and management of the innovation team and the resulting product is relatively straightforward. However, when the product is very technically complex, requiring the teamwork of hundreds of persons, both employees and customers, over several years, the problem of This research was supported (in part) with a major grant from the office of Naval Research (Contract No. N000l4-84-K-0016), Honeywell, inc., the Strategic Management Research Center, and the Operations Management Center at the University of Minnesota. This chapter has benefitted greatly from comments on an earlier draft by Professor Paul Lawrence of Harvard University. managing innovation in a complex, uncertain environment is much more difficult. This chapter examines the development of a highly complex and uncertain innovation over time. The innovation consists of the advanced full-scale development, testing, and production of a major torpedo weapons system by a defense contractor for the U.S. Department of the Navy. in comparison with other innovations examined in the MIRP, the development of this torpedo system is considerable more complex and uncertain in several respects. First, the organization required for the development of the innovation is large and complex.
Assessing The Emergence of New Technologies: The Case of Compound Semiconductors
Authors: Rappa Michael A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The objective of this chapter is to develop a conceptual framework and method for monitoring systematically the emergence of radically new technologies. The intent is to improve our understanding and judgment in predicting the progress-or lack of progress-during a technology’s development from its beginning as a curiousity in research laboratories to its fulfillment as a commercial reality.
Technological innovation and industry Emergence: The Case of Cochlear Implants
Authors: Garud Raghu , Ven andrew H Van de 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How do new industries emerge? What are the roles of individual firms in creating an industry? These questions not only have significant implications for national industrial policy, but they are critical to managers of technological innovations. Although most innovations represent small increments of normal change that refine and improve an established order, this chapter examines the process of commercialization of an “extraordinary innovation” that We gratefully acknowledge useful comments on earlier drafts of this chapter from Joseph Galaskiewicz, John Maurie!, Scott Poole, Michael Rappa, Douglas Polley, Peter Ring, Vernon Ruttan, William Roering, and other colleagues involved in the Minnesota innovation Research Program at the University of Minnesota. We also acknowledge the help of many cochlear implant industry participants for providing us with information about the industry, described here up to 1987. Support for this research program has been provided by a grant to the Strategic Management Research Center at the University of Minnesota from the Program on Organization Effectiveness, office of Naval Research (code 442OE), under contract No. N000l4-84-K-0016. sets in motion a sequence of events that can disrupt, destroy, and make obsolete established competence or create totally new organizations and industries (Rosenbloom 1985). Such innovations have a “transilient” capacity to transform established systems of technology and markets (Abernathy and Clark 1983: 13).
Benign Positional Vertigo
Authors: Baloh Robert W , Honrubia Vicente 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Benign positional vertigo (BPV) is a common inner ear disorder resulting from abnormal stimulation of one of the semi-circular canals (usually the posterior). The direction of the provocative movement and the appearance of the induced eye movements (nystagmus) identify the involved canal. The abnormal stimulation is due to the presence of detached otoliths (canaliths) moving in the canal endolymph under the influence of gravity. It is not a disease, but rather, a syndrome that can be the sequela of several inner ear diseases. In about half of the cases, noetiology can be found. Benign positional vertigo, also called benign positioning vertigo and benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), is the most common cause of vertigo seen in our neurology clinic.
Migraine
Authors: Baloh Robert W , Honrubia Vicente 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Migraine is a syndrome characterized by periodic headaches along with many other symptoms, including dizziness and vertigo. It ranks seventh among reasons for outpatient visits, resulting in more than 18 million visits annually in the United States.1 Migraine is nearly always familial and occurs in complex patterns and settings. It is estimated to affect about 15% of women and 5% of men.2,3 Approximately 20% of adults with migraine indicate that their headaches began before the age of 10 years.4 In the prepubertal periods, boys and girls, are approximately equally affected, but at puberty migraine decreases in boys and increases in girls, so that a 2.5 to 1 female preponderance is established by adulthood. Although migraine usually begins before the age of 40, it is such a common disorder that a substantial number of adults become affected later in life.
Tumors
Authors: Baloh Robert W , Honrubia Vicente 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A wide variety of benign and malignant tumors involve the middle ear and temporal bone. Tumors involving the middle ear produce symptoms of fullness or conductive hearing loss early, whereas tumors in the temporal bone outside the middle ear can become quite large without producing symptoms. The tumor may not become apparent until it erodes into the external auditory canal (producing a conductive hearing loss) or through the mastoid cortex into the skin. Anterior extension into the cavernous sinus produces ophthalmoplegia from involvement of the third, fourth, and sixth nerves. Malignant tumors in this region tend to spread locally to the regional lymph nodes; distant metastasis is unusual. Ultimately, the tumor can be seen in the nasopharynx, middle ear, or neck.