bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The influence of diet and diabetes on stearoyl Coenzyme A desaturase (EC1.14.99.5) activity and fatty acid composition in rat tissues
Authors: Worcester Nancy A. , Bruckdorfer K. R. , Hallinan T. , Wilkins A. J. , Mann Jane A. , Yudkin J. 
Published: September 2005

1. Rats were given low-fat diets for 3 d in which the carbohydrate source was starch. The livers of animals given the fructose or sucrose had increased hepatic activities of the fatty acid synthetase and stearoyl CoA desaturase (EC1.14.99.5) enzyme complexes: in those given fructose there was a lower activity of the enzymes in adipose tissue.2. Similar results were obtained in rats given fructose diets for 30 d, but in animals which had previously been made diabetic with streptozotocin, the activities were lower. The dietary treatment made little difference to the fatty acid profiles of the tissue lipids. The diabetic condition on the other hand produced considerable changes in fatty acid profile.3. With diets containing approximately 200 g fat/kg in the form of butter or of polyunsaturated margarine, the tissue lipids from rats given sucrose had less linoleic acid than those from rats given starch. In addition, there was the expected difference between the rats given butter or margarine. The results are discussed in relation to the current literature.
The optimal amino acid supplementation of barley for the growing pig
Authors: Fuller M. F. , Livingstone R. M. , Baird Barbara A. 
Published: September 2005

1. In five experiments, involving 142 female pigs weighing on average 33 kg, estimates were made of the amounts of essential amino acids which minimized urinary N excretion when diets with barley as the only source of protein were given at the rate of 120 g/kg0.75per d.2. With additions of lysine (4.0 g/kg diet) and threonine (1.2 g/kg diet) to barley urinary N excretion decreased from 0.91 to 0.36 g/kg0.75per d, corresponding to an increase in biological value (BV) from 0.51 to 0.86.3. With these additions of lysine and threonine, there were no responses to additions of tryptophan, methionine or isoleucine, or to further additions of lysine or threonine, but addition of histidine significantly reduced N excretion.4. No optimal addition of histidine could be determined; the mean rate of N excretion after addition of histidine (not less than 0.3 g/kg diet) was 0.27 g/kg0.75per d, corresponding to a BV of 0.93.5. There was a variation between pigs from different litters in their responses to added histidine. Those with low rates of N excretion on the unsupplemented diet did not respond to additions of histidine, but those with high rates did.6. It is concluded that additions of only three amino acids can greatly improve the nutritive value of barley protein for the growing pig and that the amino acid composition of the supplemented protein closely approaches the ideal; it is also similar to whole-body tissue protein.
The amino acid supplementation of barley for the growing pig
Authors: Fuller M. F. , Mennie I. , Crofts R. M. J 
Published: September 2005

1. Thirty-three diets were made by adding to ground barley combinations of L-lysine (0–6.0 g/kg) and L-threonine (0–3.0 g/kg), together with vitamins and minerals. Each was given to two female and two castrated male pigs during their growth from 25 to 60 kg.2. Growth rate increased from 0.36 kg/d to a maximum of 0.65 kg/d with additions of 3.8 g L-lysine/kg and 1.8 g L-threonine/kg; these values and the maximum gains achieved were slightly higher for castrates than for females. Minimum values for food conversion ratio of 2.84 for castrates and 3.06 for females were achieved with similar amino acid additions to those giving fastest growth.3. Carcass fat, estimated by specific gravity, was least with the addition of 5.9 g L-lysine/kg, but continued to decrease up to the highest threonine concentrations. Backfat thickness was also reduced by amino acid additions but failed to reach a minimum.
A preliminary simulated iron fortification trial in South Indian preschool children
Authors: Pereira Sheila M. , Begum Almas , Mathan V. I. , Baker S. J. 
Published: September 2005

1. The effect of fortification of food with iron to provide 10 mg elemental Fe/child per d was studied in preschool children maintained on a cereal diet, over a 5-month period.2. The absorption of 5 mg Fe as ferrous sulphate mixed in one meal was 3.3% of the test dose and when 3.3 mg was given with each of three meals over a 2 d period the corresponding value was 4.8%.3. The mean absorption of a test dose of ferrous ascorbate studied in twenty-four children midway through the trial was 42%.4. The only beneficial effect of Fe fortification in this time-period in the experimental group was the prevention of the decrease in packed cell volume which occurred in the control group.
Comparison of carbohydrate utilization in man using indirect calorimetry and mass spectrometry after an oral load of 100 g naturally-labelled [13C]glucose
Authors: Ebiner J. R. , Acheson K. J. , Doerner A. , Maeder E. , Arnaud M. J. , Jéquier E. , Felber J. P. 
Published: September 2005

1. Carbohydrate (CHO) oxidation was measured simultaneously in a group of five normal subjects after an oral load of 100 g naturally-labelled [13C]glucose, using indirect calorimetry and mass spectrometry.2. CHO utilization, calculated from the results of indirect calorimetry, increased 30 min after the glucose load to reach a peak at 90 min. It then decreased to reach basal values at 380 min. Cumulative total CHO oxidation at 480 min was 83±8g, and CHO oxidized above basal levels, 37±3 g.3. Enrichment of expired carbon dioxide with13C began at 60 min and maximum values were observed at 270 min. At 480 min, cumulative CHO oxidation measured by use of [13C]glucose was 29 g. The difference from calorimetric values can be attributed in part to the slow isotopic dilution in the glucose and bicarbonate pools.4. Thus, approximately 30% of the glucose load was oxidized during the 8 h after its ingestion and this accounts for a significant part of the increased CHO oxidation (37 g), as measured by indirect calorimetry.
Effects of diet, energy restriction and diabetes on hexose transport in the rat
Authors: Wilson Helen D. , Schedl H. P. 
Published: September 2005

1. Effects of dietary composition, energy restriction, and diabetes on hexose absorption were examined by feeding male rats isoenergetic, semi-synthetic diets of differing carbohydrate and protein content. Diets were carbohydrate, (g/kg): 890 sucrose; carbohydrate-protein, 500 sucrose, 390 casein; or protein, 890 casein. An additional group was fed on commercial rat chowad lib.2. Hexose (3-O-methyl-D-glucose) absorption was measured by luminal perfusion of the entire small intestine in situ. Absorption by the total small intestine, i.e. absorption per rat, and absorption per g dry weight of mucosa (specific absorption) were calculated.3. When semi-synthetic diets were fed at 210 kJ/d to normal animals absorption depended on composition of diets: carbohydrate enhanced or protein suppressed hexose absorption. Dietary carbohydrate as glucose, dextrimaltose or starch gave the same hexose absorption response as sucrose.4. When diets of normal rats were restricted to 118 kJ/d, specific absorption was independent of dietary composition and was incresed for all dietary groups to the level of the group fed on the carbohydrate diet at 210 kJ/d.5. When diabetic rats were given 210 kJ/d, hexose specific absorption was the same for all diabetic groups independent of dietary composition and was equal to that of controls given carbohydrate, but greater than that of protein-fed controls.6. Thus, when two of the three stimuli (i.e. carbohydrate diet plus energy restriction or diabetes) were combined, the effect was not additive, and the response of hexose specific absorption to diabetes and energy restriction was the same: absorption was independent of dietary composition and was stimulated relative to controls fed on diets containing protein.7. The pattern of response of total small intestinal hexose absorption to the stimuli of dietary composition, energy restriction and diabetes was similar to that of specific absorption.8. Compared with groups given semi-synthetic diets, rats eating commercial rat chowad lib.(approximately 286 kJ/d) showed increased mucosal mass and decreased specific absorption, but total absorption was similar to that of the carbohydrate and carbohydrate-protein-fed groups.9. In a separate study in control rats, specific and total intestinal absorption of L-leucine did not respond to dietary composition, i.e. level of protein fed.
The effect of wheat bran and pectin on paracetamol absorption in the rat
Authors: Brown R. C. , Kelleher J. , Walker B. E. , Losowsky M. S. 
Published: September 2005

1. The absorption of an oral dose of paracetamol was measured in rats given either a basal fibre-free diet, or the basal diet with either pectin or bran added.2. Urinary excretion of the oral dose was significantly greater during the first 8 h in the pectin-fed rats compared with those on basal diet, though cumulative excretion after 72 h was the same.3. Free paracetamol levels in the plasma were significantly higher in the pectin-fed rats compared with those on basal diet at 30, 60, 90 and 120 min after the oral dose.4. The plasma half-life of intravenously-injected paracetamol was shorter in the pectin-fed rats than in those on basal diet alone, but the antipyrine half-lives were not significantly different.5. Pectin feeding had no effect on either the apparent volume of distribution of paracetamol and antipyrine, or on the rate of gastric emptying.6. Perfusion of the whole length of the small bowel showed a significantly greater capacity for paracetamol absorption in the pectin-fed rats.7. Bran had no effect on paracetamol absorption.8. It was concluded that dietary fibre intake affects drug absorption and that the effect varies with the type of fibre. Unexpectedly pectin accelerates rather than retards absorption of paracetamol, though the mechanism of this effect is unknown.
The digestion of pectin in the human gut and its effect on calcium absorption and large bowel function
Authors: Cummings J. H. , Southgate D. A. T. , Branch W. J. , Wiggins H. S. , Houston Hellen , Jenkins D. J. A. , Jivraj T. , Hill M. J. 
Published: September 2005

1. The effect of dietary fibre digestion in the human gut on its ability to alter bowel habit and impair mineral absorption has been investigated using the technique of metabolic balance.2. Five healthy male students were studied for 9 weeks under controlled dietary conditions and during the last 6 weeks they took 36 g pectin/d. Bowel habit, transit through the gut, faecal fibre excretion, calcium balance and faecal composition were measured.3. During the control period only 15% of the dietary fibre ingested was excreted in the stools and when pectin was added to the diet there was no increase in fibre excretion. Stool frequency and mean transit time were unchanged by pectin but stool wet weight increased by 33% and faecal excretion increased (%) for fatty acids 80, nitrogen 47, total dry matter 28 and bile acids 35. Ca balance remained unchanged.4. It may be concluded from these results that dietary fibre is largely metabolized in the human gut and dietary pectin completely so. This could explain its lack of effect on bowel habit and Ca balance. Other changes in the faeces may be related to an increase in bacterial mass.
A new in vitro method for the estimation of digestibility using the intestinal fluid of the pig
Authors: Furuya S. , Sakamoto K. , Takahashi S. 
Published: September 2005

1. A new in vitro method using the intestinal fluid of the pig for predicting the digestibility of diets was proposed.2. A 0.5 g sample of pig diet was placed in a 100 ml Erlenmeyer flask, 20 mg pepsin (EC 3.4.4.1) in 10 ml 0.75 M-hydrochloric acid was added, and the mixture was incubated for 4 h at 37°. Then, after neutralization with 0.2 M-sodium hydroxide, 10 ml of intestinal fluid was added and incubated for an additional 4 h at 37°. This fluid was obtained from a pig fitted with a simple cannula in the upper jejunum. After the two-stage incubations, the contents of the flask was centrifuged for 10 min at 1250 g and the residue transferred to preweighed filter paper for dry matter (DM) and crude protein (nitrogen × 6.25; CP) determinations. The in vitro DM and CP digestibility was calculated on the basis of the original DM and CP content of the diet respectively.3. The intestinal fluid could be stored at ∓ 20° for 60 d without losing its activity on DM and CP digestion.4. A high correlation was found between this in vitro method and the standard in vivo procedures, for seven diets commonly used for growing or adult pigs, when diets were ground to pass through a 1 mm screen for the in vitro experiment, but there was an obvious dissimilarity between the two methods, especially in the case of CP: DM, Y = 1.04X +0.0806 (r 0.98, P < 0.001); CP, Y = 1.70X − 0.6092 (r 0.98, P < 0.001), where Y and X are in vivo and in vitro digestibility respectively.5. This method is rapid and reproducible and particularly suited for the evaluation of a large number of samples. Since this method assesses only stomach and small intestinal digestion, it therefore may require further modification when used for diets which include large amounts of crude fibre. Also, depending on the needs of the investigator, the addition of a correction factor for endogenous faecal nitrogen loss may be required.
The influence of vitamin A status on the response of chickens to aflatoxin B1and changes in liver lipid metabolism associated with aflatoxicosis
Authors: Bryden W. L. , Cumming R. B. , Balnave D. 
Published: September 2005

1 A series of experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of dietary retinol status on chickens ingesting aflatoxin B1. The effects of dietary supplementation with biotin and α-tocopherol were also examined.2. Aflatoxin B1levels greater than I mg/kg diet had a detrimental effect on ‘liveability’, body-weight gain, food intake and food conversion efficiency. When fed for more than 2 weeks aflatoxin increased relative liver weight and liver lipid concentration. These effects were less pronounced with avitaminotic A chickens.3. A synergistic effect on hydropericardium development was observed between aflatoxin B, and retinol. This effect was not observed when the dietary level of α-tocopherol was increased tenfold.4. The specific activities of certain hepatic lipogenic and amino acid-metabolizing enzymes were influenced by aflatoxin ingestion. A reduction in lipogenic enzyme activity was observed before a reduction in the activities of amino acid-metabolizing enzymes.5. Liver fatty acid composition was significantly influenced by aflatoxin B1. The extent of these changes was reduced by the inclusion of additional dietary biotin.
Assessment of the nutritional quality of proteins: the use of ‘ileal’ digestibilities of amino acids as measures of their availabilities
Authors: Achinewhu S. C. , Hewitt D. 
Published: September 2005

1. A comparative study was made of two biological techniques for assessing protein quality in wheat and barley, and in a soya-bean-protein isolate both as received, and after being heat damaged by autoclaving. Amino acid digestibility was determined by the ‘ileal’ analysis technique while amino acid availability was measured in growth assays. Some chemical and microbiological tests were also done.2. Heat treatment of the soya-bean-protein isolate caused little change in amino acid composition but the digestibility of all amino acids and the availability of lysine and methionine were severely reduced, lysine being most affected. The reduced availability of lysine was not entirely attributable to impaired digestibility.3. The amino acids in wheat and barley were highly digestible. The availability of methionine and lysine in barley and of methionine in wheat was high, whereas the availability of lysine in wheat was apparently much lower.4. The results showed that for methionine, digestibility values are a fair measure of the availability. In heat-damaged soya-bean-protein isolate however, digestibility of lysine over-estimated the availability, indicating that amino acid digestibility may sometimes provide a misleading indication of nutritional value.
An evaluation of the phytate, zinc, copper, iron and manganese contents of, and Zn availability from, soya-based textured-vegetable-protein meat-substitutes or meat-extenders
Authors: Davies N. T. , Reid Hilary 
Published: September 2005

1. A study has been made of the zinc, copper, iron, manganese, protein (nitrogen x 625) and phytic acid contents of nineteen soya-bean-based textured-vegetable-protein (TVP) meat-extenders and meat-substitutes and of three ‘ready-prepared’ canned meals containing TVP.2. Phytate analysis was performed using a newly-developed method based on Holt's (1955)procedure. This method enabled the phytate content of milligram quantities of TVP to be estimated, with an SD for six replicates of 3%.3. The Fe, Cu and Mn contents (mg/kg) of the meat-extenders or meat-substitutes varied, wzith values of 59.4–144, 14.1–19.7 and 19.5–29.1 respectively. The protein content of these products was approximately 500 g/kg.4. The phytate content of the meat-extenders and meat-substitutes ranged from 11.0to 20.2 g/kg and the Zn content from 35.0 to 49.4 mg Zn/kg. The calculated molar ratio, phytate:Zn varied from 25 to 42.5. The trace element, phytate and protein contents of the ‘ready-prepared’ canned meals were 30–50 %: lower than the meat-extenders and meat-substitutes.6. Cooking the ‘ready-prepared’ meals as specified by the manufacturers was without effect on the trace element or phytate content.7. When TVP was fed to rats as the only protein source, they had significantly lower growth rates and plasma Zn concentrations than rats given an egg-albumen-based diet of similar Zn content (14.5mg Zn/kg). Supplementation of the TVP diet with Zn (100 mg Zn/kg) significantly increased growth rate and plasma Zn concentration whereas Zn supplementation of the albumen diet was without effect.8. The possible implications of consumption of TVP products in relation to Zn status of the human population is discussed.
The metabolism of methionine in silage-fed sheep
Authors: Gill Margaret , Ulyatt M. J. 
Published: September 2005

1. L-[U-14C]methionine was used to study methionine metabolism in sheep fed on untreated silage, silage treated with formaldehyde and untreated silage plus intraperitoneal infusion of L-methionine.2. Over-all the values ranged from 0.43 to 0.86 mmol/h for methionine turnover rate, from 13.3 to 19.9 for the percentage of methionine oxidized to carbon dioxide and from 245 to 1089 μmol for methionine pool size.
Ulcerative dermatitis in rats with over fifteen generations of protein malnutrition
Authors: Galler Janina R. , Fox J. G. , Murphy J. C. , Melanson D. E. 
Published: September 2005

1. Male and female rats with histories of up to twenty generations of protein malnutrition were found to be at a higher risk for the development of ulcerative dermatitis than rats maintained on a low-protein diet for one generation or in controls on an adequate-protein intake.2. In all groups, female rats were more likely to have dermatitis than male rats.3. Bacteriologic examination was performed in the intergenerationally malnourished and control animals; Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from the skins of animals in both groups, whether or not any lesion was present. In these two groups of animals, experimental inoculation with S. aureus produced dermatitis only in the malnourished animals.
The effect of pectin on the structure and function of the rat small intestine
Authors: Brown R. C. , Kelleher J. , Losowsky M. S. 
Published: September 2005

1. The effect of pectin on the structure and function of the rat small intestine was compared with that of a standard pellet diet and of a fibre-free basal diet.2. The length and wet weight of the small bowel was significantly greater inpect in-fed rats than in either pellet- or basal-diet-fed rats.3. Histological measurements of longitudinal sections from the small bowel showed a significantly greater crypt depth and muscle layer thickness in the mid-jejunum and ileum of the pectin fed rats. Villous height showed less variation.4. The specific activity of alkaline phosphatase (EC3.1.3.1)and leucyl-P-naphthylamidase (EC3.4.11.1) in mucosal scrapings was significantly lower in the upper jejunum of pectin-fed rats compared with either of the other dietary groups. The differences were not so marked in mid-jejunum or ileum.5. Glucose absorption measured in vivo from jejunal and ileal loops was similar in all three dietary groups.6. With two minor exceptions there were no significant differences in any of these measurements between the pellet- and basal-diet-fed rats.7. These findings could be explained by increased epithelial cell turnover caused by pectin. The possible mechanisms of this are discussed.8. The effect of pectin on the human small bowel requires study before it can be widely prescribed in man.
Tyrosyluria in marasmus
Authors: Dhatt P. S. , Saini A. S. , Gupta Indu , Mehta H. C. , Singh Harjit 
Published: September 2005

1. Plasma tyrosine and urinary p-hydroxyphenyl lactic acid (PHPLA) and p-hydroxyphenyl acetic acid (PHPAA) were studied in thirty patients with marasmus and twenty normal controls in the same age group.2. In the control group conventional tyrosyluria was not observed but 30% of the group excreted high levels of PHPAA. In the group with marasmus, plasma tyrosine and urinary PHPLA and PHPAA values were significantly higher than the control values. However only 13.3% of the patients were considered to have conventional tyrosyluria and 52.3% were found to excrete high levels of PHPAA.3. Administration of ascorbic acid resulted in a reduction of PHPLA excretion while it had no effect on PHPAA excretion.4. It was inferred that (a) tyrosyluria in marasmus is due to the reduced activity of the hepatic enzyme 4-hydroxyphenyl pyruvate: oxygen oxidoreductase (hydroxylating, decarboxylating) (PHPPA-oxidase; EC 1. 13. 11. 27) due to the deficiency of ascorbic acid and (b) high excretion of PHPAA is related to age and nutrition of the child and is unaffected by the administration of ascorbic acid.5. It was further inferred that urinary excretion of PHPLA is a reliable index of tyrosyluria.
Zinc deficiency in the West of Scotland? A dietary intake study
Authors: Lyon T. D. B. , Smith H. , Smith Laura B. 
Published: September 2005

1. The intake of zinc in the West of Scotland was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry, in ninety-six items of food which make up the local standard diet for 1 week.2. The diet contained less Zn than the recommended daily allowance ((US) National Academy of Sciences, 1974). This finding either indicates the need for a revision of the suggested allowances or suggests that a change of diet is necessary.3. The change could be made simply by the substitution of wholemeal flour for white flour. Other changes in diet were considered but they were unlikely to be acceptable. Even with changes the requirement of pregnant or lactating women would not be met. If the recommended allowances are valid these women must be deficient in Zn.