bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Human Context
Authors: Brennan James , Moynihan Clare 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In some parts of the West, 50% of patients with cancer can now be cured of their disease and cancer specialists increasingly view at least some forms of cancer as being long-term or ‘chronic’ illnesses. Over the past few decades, the depiction of cancer as an incurable, painful, and wasting disease has had to be redrawn in the light of huge strides that have been made in the medical treatment of this disease. There may never be a single magic bullet, but clinical science is finding more and more ammunition. Clinicians are increasingly confident about the future of cancer treatments, and the scientific and medical community probably deserves more recognition than it gets for this real progress. But for most people cancer remains a very frightening disease, one that is still equated with death. There is also nothing pleasant about modern cancer treatments, and everyone knows it.
Further developments in decision analytic models for economic evaluation
Authors: Briggs Andrew , Claxton Karl , Sculpher Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As a framework for economic evaluation, decision analysis needs adequately to reflect the key features of the natural history of a disease and the impact of alternative programmes and interventions. Models are, however, simplifications of reality and will always approximate these phenomena. In short, to be ‘fit for purpose’ for decision making, decision models need to strike a balance between realism and flexibility in terms of computation and data requirements. Chapter 2 described the two basic types of decision model that predominate in economic evaluation: the decision tree and the Markov model. These models can be used for a wide range of decision problems. In some circumstances, however, their structural assumptions are clearly at odds with the theory and/or evidence associated with a particular disease or technology. In such cases, it may be appropriate to develop the models further in one or more key respects.
Making decision models probabilistic
Authors: Briggs Andrew , Claxton Karl , Sculpher Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we describe how models can be made probabilistic in order to capture parameter uncertainty. In particular, we review in detail how analysts should choose distributions for parameters, arguing that the choice of distribution is far from arbitrary, and that there are in fact only a small number of candidate distributions for each type of parameter and that the method of estimation will usually determine the appropriate distributional choice. Before this review, however, consideration is given to the rationale for making decision models probabilistic, in particular the role of uncertainty in the decision process. There then follows a discussion of the different types of uncertainty, which focuses on the important distinction between variability, heterogeneity and uncertainty.
Privacy-related Rights and their Social Value*
Authors: Feldman David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This Chapter explores the notion of privacy and rights related to it, arguing that privacy is important for social reasons as much as individualistic ones. It suggests that the social ends which privacy serves affect the development of and justifications for privacy-related rights. Discussion of the European Convention on Human Rights (hereafter ‘ECHR’) and domestic law on surveillance will illustrate the importance of distinguishing between(a) the meaning, existence, and potential value of privacy as a social phenomenon in particular settings, (b) the subsequent recognition by positive social morality of rights which safeguard privacy, (c) the protection of privacy-related rights by positive law, and the choices which must be made between using constitutional, statutory, common law, or regulatory standards and mechanisms as most appropriate to protect them in various circumstances, and (d) the implications all this has for enforcement procedures.Proponents of fundamental, privacy-related rights face two main problems. First, privacy is not universally regarded as fundamentally important. Some conceptions of privacy are incompatible with some forms of social and political organization, and so cannot be used as a basis for claims to fundamental, human rights. We have to provide a model of privacy which can justify a society in recognizing right-claims which appear to entail the subordination of communal interests to those of individuals. The next section will therefore advance a model of privacy which grows out of social structures, and will consider what sort of rights are appropriate to protect privacy.
The Regulation of Product Quality in the Public Utilities
Authors: Rovizzi Laura , Thompson David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The privatization of publicly owned utilities in the UK—in telecoms, gas, electricity, water, and airports—has prompted extensive analysis and debate on the appropriate methods for regulating residual market power (see, for example, Vickers and Yarrow 1988). Whilst it is a familiar proposition of economic theory that an unregulated monopolist can usually be expected to distort both prices and product quality from efficient levels, the methods of regulation adopted in the UK were initially focused upon pricing decisions. The now familiar RPI—X control (see Littlechild 1983) placed a regulatory ceiling on the amount by which the enterprise could increase its prices over a specified period of time, typically five years, providing profit incentives for the enterprise to reduce relative costs (see Beesley and Littlechild 1989 for a discussion). However, in the case of the first two UK utilities to be privatized—telecoms and gas—no direct provision was made for the regulation of quality. Subsequent concerns with quality performance have led both to the introduction of quality regulation for these enterprises and to the inclusion of provisions relating to quality in the regulatory controls established for the later privatizations of water and electricity. More recently, in November 1991, the government introduced new legislation—the Competition and Utility Regulators Bill—which aimed to further strengthen quality regulation.
Vertical Quasi Intergration
Authors: Blois K J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The recent financial problems of Rolls-Royce Ltd., have acted as an effective reminder of the extensive interdependence of business organizations within the British economy. The fact that, if Rolls-Royce had ceased to trade, then a large number of supplying organizations would have found themselves in severe financial difficulties is a reminder that, although these suppliers are legal entities separate from Rolls-Royce, such organizations are extensively dependent on and inter-related with Rolls-Royce. This situation is not peculiar to Rolls-Royce or even to the aero-engine industry, for there are many firms whose financial collapse would seem likely to result in the failure, or at least severe disruption, of a large number of supplying firms and the financial difficulties of Upper Clyde Shipbuilders Ltd. provide another illustration of this.
The Two-Edged Nature of Technological Change:Employment and Unemployment
Authors: Freeman Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Interest in the role played by ICTs in shaping employment patterns grew during the 1980s and 1990s because the dramatic spread of ICTs coincided with rising underlying levels of unemployment in developed economies. An important context for understanding this role is provided by economic analyses of general long-term techno-economic forces and a number of approaches specific to ICTs developed since the 1950s.
Partner and Form Selection
Authors: Child John , Faulkner David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Richardson (1972) in an early article on the importance of cooperation in the organization of industry emphasizes that a major reason for its growing importance is the increasingly specialized nature of needs. Whereas, he suggests, it can safely be left to a market to coordinate supply and demand when large numbers of relatively undifferentiated products are bought and sold by large numbers of economic agents, this is not the case when small numbers of buyers and sellers deal in highly differentiated products. In such cases both buyers and sellers need to match their production and purchasing plans, and this sets the scene for cooperation. As Adam Smith and Alfred Chandler might have agreed, the ‘visible hand’ replaces the ‘invisible hand’. A further need for cooperation comes about in Richardson’s view when an economic agent seeks in Ryle’s concept (1949: ch. 2) ‘knowledge how’ as opposed to merely ‘knowledge that’. ‘Knowledge how’ is difficult to communicate through the relationship-less mechanism of the market.
IS Evaluation A Process for Bringing Together Benefits, Costs, and Risks
Authors: Farbey Barbara , Land, Frank , Targett David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Investment in information technology (IT) and associated information systems (IS) in the UK is substantial. Fifty-eight of the top 150 companies spend more than 2 per cent of turnover on IT and 96 more than 1 per cent (Spikes Cavell, 1996). In 1995/6 central government spending in the UK was of the order of £2.3lbn (Taylor, 1996). Statistics from other countries reveal massive IT expenditure throughout the industrialised world. At the same time IT spending is under pressure from the perception of a ‘productivity paradox’. At firm, industry, and economy level the relationship between IT spending and return in the form of greater productivity and shareholder value is seriously questioned (for example, Love man, 1994). However, these findings are much debated (for example, Brynjolfsson, 1993) and a number of reasons why purely statistical findings could be misleading have been suggested, one of which is that inadequate evaluation practices have resulted in poor selection and management of projects.
Why Do Firms Differ, and How Does It Matter?
Authors: Nelson Richard R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To get at that question from an economist’s perspective, one needs to start with a broad understanding of what economic activity is all about, and what constitutes good economic performance or poor. For several reasons, neoclassical theory, which provides the current conventional wisdom on these matters for economists, militates against paying attention to firm differences as an important variable affecting economic performance.
Spectacle Pageantry, And Early Tudor Policy
Authors: Anglo Sydney 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sydney Anglo discusses every English royal entry, festival, disguising, masque, and tournament from the accession of Henry VII to the coronation celebrations of Elizabeth I. Based principally on primary sources, his study is analytical rather than descriptive. In 1969, when this book first appeared, the serious study of Renaissance court festivals and civic pageantry was in its infancy and - although the subject has since burgeoned - the volume of publications relevant to the early Tudors was modest and largely confined to matters of detail. In this new edition Professor Anglo discusses material published since 1969 in a preface where, as far as possible, the material is arranged according to the chronological and thematic order of the book. The original pagination and notes which have regularly been cited by scholars has thereby been retained. A bibliography of works cited in the text has been added to facilitate the work of a new generation of students.
The Management of Technological Innovation
Authors: Dodgson Mark , Gann David , Salter Ammon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The management of technological innovation (MTI) is one of the most important challenges facing businesses today. Innovation has become the fundamental driver of competitiveness for firms of all sizes in virtually all business sectors and nations. The first edition of this book has become one of the most popular texts for students of innovation and technology management. This new edition sees David Gann and Ammon Salter join Mark Dodgson as authors, drawing on their combined experience of 60 years of researching and teaching MTI. It combines the most relevant theoretical analysis with contemporary and historical empirical evidence to provide a comprehensive, yet concise and readable, guide to the challenges of MTI. By explaining the innovation process the book reveals the broad scope of MTI and its importance for company survival, growth and sustainability. It describes how MTI has to be managed strategically and how this is successfully achieved by formulating and implementing strategy and delivering value. Chapters provide frameworks, tools and techniques, and case studies on managing: innovation strategy, communities, and networks, R&D, design and new product and service development, operations and production, and commercialization. Based on robust analysis, the book provides a wide range of empirical evidence from a huge diversity of case studies, with around fifty case studies newly written for this edition. It analyses MTI in all parts of the world, in companies large and small, and in services, manufacturing, and resource-based business sectors. This new edition has been fully revised and updated to reflect the latest teaching and research, and to ensure its continuing relevance to the contemporary world of MTI. It will be an important resource for academics, students, and managers throughout the world, is a recommended text for students of innovation and technology management at postgraduate and undergraduate level, and is particularly valuable for MBA courses.
Familial Offences
Authors: Laws Eleanor , Lees Patricia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before the passing of the Punishment of Incest Act (PIA) 1908, incest was punishable in England and Ireland only by proceedings in the ecclesiastical courts. The 1908 Act created the offence of incest, which covered sexual intercourse with an immediate blood relative or half-sibling. It included offences by males upon females and females permitting with their consent a male blood-relative to have sexual relations with them.
Offences under the SOA 1956 had the same parameters. Again the all-important factor was blood relationships. Section 10(1) provided for it to be an offence for a man to have sexual intercourse with a woman whom he knew to be his granddaughter, daughter, sister, or mother.
Power and Experience: Emancipation through Guided Leadership Narratives
Authors: Kayes Anna B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One goal of management education is to help students organize experience in meaningful ways. Scholars have suggested that organizational storytelling (Klein 1998), the use of experiential-based simulations (Kayes et al. 2004; Kayes, Kayes, and Kolb 2005), reflective exercises, myth analysis (Gabriel 2000), and the use of metaphor (Morgan 1997; Kayes and Kayes 2003) all provide noteworthy methods that promote the use of experiential learning in the context of management education. But although these methods may encourage learning, they may not allow students to explore the complexities of organizational power that have an impact on learning. Also, they may not focus on how students can articulate and actively reconfigure their individual experiences of power. In this chapter I argue that when students of management engage in conversation, their experiences of power actually become transformed and, through a social process of conversation, take on new meaning.
Poverty Eradication and Human Rights
Authors: Sengupta Arjun 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we examine the proposition that ‘poverty is a violation of human rights’, which has been put forward by UNESCO and some other human rights activists to mobilize international public opinion in the fight against poverty. It will hopefully lead to the adoption of an international strategy aimed at the abolition of poverty, in the same way as describing slavery as gross violation of human rights could have led to the abolition of slavery (UNESCO 2003). Whether this proposition can effectively galvanize people and policymakers throughout the world will depend on the interplay of political forces as well as the stage of economic development in different countries.
The Law of Nations and the Punishment of War Crimes
Authors: Lauterpacht Hersch 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The question whether the punishment of war crimes committed by the enemy is desirable, expedient and practicable is a problem of politics rather than of law. It includes such questions as the relative merits and disadvantages of providing a deterrent against criminal violations of the law of war; the prospective effectiveness of such deterrent; the taking into account of a widespread and not inherently reprehensible desire for retribution; the consequences of impunity upon national and international law and morality; the desirability, partly in the interest of the culprits, of containing a hitherto ruthlessly suppressed craving for revenge within the channels of a regularized legal procedure; and the effects of a policy of punishing war crimes upon the prospects of reconciliation or, at least, of a return to a minimum degree of normalcy in international relations. It is not proposed to discuss these questions in the present article.
Crimes Against Humanity
Authors: Schwelb Egon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Article 6 of the Charter of the International Military Tribunal, annexed to the Four-Power Agreement of 8 August 1945, provides that the Tribunal established by the Agreement for the Prosecution and Punishment of the Major War Criminals of the European Axis ‘shall have the power to try and punish persons who, acting in the interests of the European Axis countries, whether as individuals or as members of organisations, committed any of the following crimes:
The Law of the Nuremberg Trial: Valid, Dubious, Outdated
Authors: Merkel Reinhard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Looking back today on the proceedings of the Nuremberg Military Tribunal, from a distance of half a century and from the perspective of a wholly changed world, the overriding impression is one of general ambiguity. This perception is not new. The problems of the proceedings proved to be a difficult puzzle for the parties involved at the time (and not just for the Germans), and they ultimately remained unresolved. Fifty years on, the dramatic changes of the world political scene have emphasized rather than erased the profile of this picture. Up until today, the history of the idea which the Nuremberg Trial was to exemplify has still not been turned into practice.
Conclusions
Authors: Cotta Maurizio 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this book the long cycle of political representation in European countries has been explored through the observation lens of the crucial actors of this central process of contemporary democracy—the parliamentarians. After a significant “prehistory” of this concept, and of the political phenomena it describes, dating back to medieval and pre-modern Europe, representation has made—with the liberal and democratic revolutions of the first half of the nineteenth century— its great come back in the political landscape of the continent as the main “challenger” of absolutist monarchies and has then progressively affirmed itself in the second half of the nineteenth century as the central mechanism of the new constitutional regimes that have displaced the former.
Economics and Industrial Relations
Authors: Grimshaw Damian , Rubery Jill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Economic theorists have become more interested in the traditional areas of industrial relations (IR) just at the time when some of the assumptions underlying IR analysis-such as the persistence of large organizations offering direct and continuous employment—are being undermined (see, e.g., Solow 1990; Wachter and Wright 1990). For example, the need for alternative forms of governance and control to spot market contracting was only beginning to dawn on neoclassical economists when some institutional theorists began to speculate on a return to ‘market based’ contracting (Cappelli 1995). However, while the economics profession can be criticized for its traditional narrow and limited approach to employment and its slowness in recognizing the role for institutional forms and power relations in shaping the employment relationship, recent changes in the employment landscape have also left industrial relations theorists floundering.
Statutory nuisance: Law and practice
Authors: Malcolm Rosalind , Pointing John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is an essential text for practitioners at all levels in the legal and environmental health professions as well as for those working for community groups and consumer organisations. It is equally indispensable for private individuals who wish to challenge local authority decisions or to commence their own proceedings in the magistrates' courts against the 'nuisance offender'. The law of statutory nuisance was first formulated in the middle of the nineteenth century, yet it continues to raise all sorts of difficulties for practitioners, lawyers and the courts. This book considers the origins of statutory nuisance, analyses its conceptual basis, and considers each of the statutory nuisances set out and incorporated into the Environmental Protection Act 1990. Particular emphasis is given to the most problematic statutory nuisances, such as noise nuisance and those arising within residential premises. This is an authoritative book, which takes the reader through the practical and legal issues associated with each statutory nuisance and focuses on the problems the local authorities face in enforcing this area of law as well as for those advising defendants. The role, powers and duties of the local authorities, the problems associated with the drafting of abatement notices and with the prosecution of nuisances are analysed. Also covered are defences and proceedings brought by private individuals against neighbours and local authority landlords. The focus is also on what happens in court. The procedure and requirements in appeals against notices and in prosecutions are considered in detail, as are the grounds for bringing further appeals and judicial review. Important recent decisions of the Court of Appeal and House of Lords, such as Falmouth Truro PHA, ex p South-West Water, Baxter v Camden and Oakley v Birmingham, are analysed. The implications of recent legislation such as the Human Rights Act 1998 and the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000 are also considered.