bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Telling Tales on Caesar
Authors: Henderson John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book contains a dozen entertaining stories written in colloquial Latin verse newly translated and commented on by John Henderson. The author, Phaedrus, was a freeman of Augustus who put Aesop's Fables into five books of verse during the reign of Tiberius. He included a number of stories and anecdotes on everyday life situations as well as assorted satirical bits. Rarely read today, they take the reader to the heart of ancient Rome into everyday corners of classical life and culture, high and low, in the focal period of the first emperors, Augustus and Tiberius. Phaedrus was a member of the imperial staff and his themes include the emperor in private and in court; theatricity in public life; declamation as a site for mythologizing Rome; masculinity in ancient gender coding; patronage for poets under the Caesars; prejudice, wit, cynicism, and tyranny. The stories, combined with an introduction to the Fabulae of Aesop, show the ways Romans thought of, and protested at, Caesars.
Philosophical Perspectives on Music’s Expressiveness1
Authors: Davies Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I consider three puzzles, the first of which has dominated philosophical discussions about music and emotion over the past two decades. It observes that purely instrumental music is not the kind of thing that can express emotions.2 Music is not sentient and neither is its relation to occurrent emotions such that it could express them. The second problem concerns the listener’s response, where this mirrors the music’s expressive character. When listeners are saddened by the music’s sadness, apparently they lack the beliefs that normally underpin such a reaction; for example, they do not think the music suffers or that the music’s expressiveness is unfortunate and regrettable. The third perplexity concerns negative responses elicited by music, such as the sad one just mentioned.
History of Universities
Authors: Courtenay William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Volume XVI/1 of History of Universities contains the customary mix of learned articles, book reviews, conference reports, and bibliographical information, which makes this publication such an indispensable tool for the historian of higher education. Its contributions range widely geographically, chronologically, and in subject-matter. The volume is, as always, a lively combination of original research and invaluable reference material.
Reception and Interpretation
Authors: Swain Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dio Chrysostom’s contributions and responses to the culture of his time form the principal focus of this volume. The purpose of this introduction is to allow readers to set modern views of Dio in the context of a long history of Dionian commentary and scholarship, beginning with the Humanists of the fifteenth century. By looking at some of the aims of Dio’s past editors and translators we shall better understand our own approaches and interests today.
Public Speech and Community in the Euboicus
Authors: Ma John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A complicated little social drama: an assembly-meeting in a Greek polis. The actors and the events are familiar enough: rhetores speaking before the assembled people; the assemblymen’s great roar of disapproval, clamour of praise, harsh, mocking laughter; the generation of psephismata, decrees proposed by speakers at the outcome of the debate, and voted on by the assembly; the close interrogation of a citizen by speakers and magistrates before the people. Familiar as they are, a detailed description of all these features would be interesting enough in the pages of a classical historian. But the present summary is drawn from a second-sophistic author, who transmits what purports to be the extended description (admittedly by a bemused witness) of a contemporary assembly-meeting: in this context, the scene is highly intriguing and deserves further thought.
The Dionian Charidemus
Authors: Moles John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Charidemus attributed to Dio Chrysostom ostensibly commemorates a recently deceased pupil of Dio’s named Charidemus. As Or. 30 in the extant Dionian corpus the piece suitably follows Orr. 28 and 29, the two obituary encomia of the athlete Melancomas. On any reading, Or. 30 is adroitly conceived and executed and not without pathos. Yet the bibliography, despite recent and forthcoming items, remains inchoate, its growth perhaps stunted by nervousness over the alleged problem of authenticity. Authenticity is indeed not guaranteed by presence in the corpus. Thus Orr. 37 and 64 are generally agreed to be by Favorinus, one of Dio’s most distinguished pupils. Nor does the piece’s proximity to Orr. 28 and 2i significantly support authenticity: Orr. 37 and 64 are also appropriately contextualized. Might Or. 30, then, be ‘school of Dio’ rather than Dio himself? The piece also poses substantial interpretative problems, which have so far eluded resolution.
Ancient Umbria
Authors: Bradley Guy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How should we understand the ways in which the regions of Italy were affected by Roman imperialism? This book, which is the first full-scale treatment of ancient Umbria in any language, takes a balanced view of the region's history in the first millennium BC, focusing on local actions and motivations as much as the effect of outside influences and Roman policies. Through a careful reading of all the types of evidence it provides an important challenge to traditional treatments emphasising the 'Romanization' of the region, arguing that this is a poor explanation for the complexity of local societies in the late Republican period. Instead it proposes that other trends, particularly the organization of states, help to explain the fascinating plurality of identities that are evident in the imperial period and allow us to appreciate the diversity of local societies that emerged in both mountain and lowland areas of Umbria.
The Italian other: Greeks, Muslims, and Jews
Authors: Abulafia David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The history of medieval Italy is often written as the history of an evolving Italianit, ‘Italianness’. It is true, as Alberto Varvara has indicated in this volume, that it is in this period that a group of interrelated forms of romance came into existence which came, by the fifteenth century, to be dominated in many areas by Tuscan zed Italian. Yet this preoccupation with Italianises obscures several realities. The south, substantially ignored by so many historians of Italy, standing at the point where Latin, Greek, and Arabic cultures and polities met one another, was exposed to influences from many directions. It was also, before the fifteenth century, the main centre of Italian Judaism which, even though it accounted for only perhaps.
Making Things Happen
Authors: Robinson Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Now and then, over the last quarter of a century, I’ve found myself asking questions about the various processes and activities involved in the art of poetry. Given what it has done in and for my life as well as for the lives of innumerable other people, I have puzzled to explain how the assumption that, in W. H. Auden’s phrase, ‘poetry makes nothing happen’ could have taken such a grip on the culture in which I grew. Like all human artifacts and all artworks among them, poems are institutional facts. Unlike brute facts they require the existence of human institutions to be, and to be understood as, facts.
What Kind of Question?
Authors: Robinson Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN the month that Yeats died, Auden composed another of his pocket biographies of artists: ‘Edward Lear’. Reviewing Another Time, MacNeice put this sonnet among poems about people and places that ‘are a little too pat, too much written to formula’, while Empson found that ‘a horrid false note of infantilism’ occasionally gets into the pieces ‘about famous men’. Something pat and formulaic does shape the sonnet’s turn. Its octave evokes ‘the white | Italian shore’ where Lear breakfasts alone, weeps to himself in the night, and hates his nose; he is upset by ‘Germans and boats’ in surroundings which are populated by ‘legions of the cruel inquisitive’.
Matters of Fact and Value
Authors: Robinson Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
ARTHUR Danto has described how he ‘could not read further’ when a friend begins a novel with some people ‘driving up Fifth Avenue, a southbound only street’. This unnamed friend is then on the receiving end of so fierce a conclusion that his real existence is put in doubt: ‘a man whose grip on reality is that weak is not necessarily to be trusted with the more delicate psychic facts to which we expect a novelist to be true.’ John Searle has commented on the origins of’true’, which ‘comes from the same etymological root as “trust” and “trustworthy,” and all these from the Indo-European root “deru” for “tree,” suggesting uprightness and reliability generally.’1 Continuing to read requires for Danto the existence of a trusting relationship.
Introduction
Authors: Parry D L L , Girard Pierre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It took France just over a thousand years to take its present shape, from the end of Charlemagne ‘s empire to the heyday of Napoleon III. Its boundaries gave it the shape of a hexagon, which has since become a nickname for the country. Yet creating the Hexagon was only half the battle: the other half is uniting it. A thousand years of history laid on top of geographical variety has produced tremendous diversity within the Hexagon, with the result that it can be cut up in myriad ways, from the ancient north/south divide between the France of butter and the France of olive oil to the present east/west divide between supporters of Jean-Marie Le Pen and of his opponents. Since the French Revolution began in 1789, no fewer than a dozen regimes have tried to rule the country before being swept away by war, revolution, or coup d ‘état: the Convention, Directory, Consulate, First Empire, Bourbon monarchy, Orléanist monarchy, Second Republic, Second Empire, Third Republic, Fourth Republic, French State, and Fifth Republic (not counting provisional governments). Each polit-ical regime was tangled up with a mass of other divisions, social, religious, economic, and anthropological. Squaring the Hexagon— getting France to live in peace with itself—may be as impossible as squaring the circle.
The new regime:1800–1824
Authors: Parry D L L , Girard Pierre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Napoleon Bonaparte was only just born a Frenchman. Though the island of Corsica had been held by many diﬀerent Mediterranean powers over the centuries, it had never been French until 1768, when Louis XV bought it from the Republic of Genoa. An expedition sent later that year ﬁnally defeated the last Corsican resistance on 8May 1969. Neither Corsica ‘s harbours nor its rocky soil oﬀered much reward for its conquerors—but its children were to remake France, Europe, and even the world. On 15 August that same year, Napoleone Buonaparte was born into a family of minor Corsican nobles who had rallied to the French cause. As a result, he received a military education at royal expense from 1779and became an oﬃcer in the army of Louis XVI in 1785. A few years later, the French Revolution and its wars overturned the old order in France and Europe, and enabled Napoleon to fulﬁl what he believed to be his destiny.
Napoleon ‘s personality combined elements of the old regime, the Revolution, and military discipline, and he stamped these three features on the new regime in France. He grew up under the old regime, was educated in schools for the sons of noblemen, and was conﬁrmed as a Catholic. Like many youths of the period, he was entranced by Enlightenment philosophy, and wrote romantic ﬁction badly ( ‘Napoleon began a life of action because of his failure in literature, ‘ observed Goethe).
Ancient Archives and Concepts of Record-Keeping: An Introduction
Authors: Brosius Maria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our oldest archival records originate from the ancient Near East. Systems of archival record-keeping developed over several millennia in Mesopotamia before spreading to Egypt, the Mycenaean world, and the Persian empire, continuing through the hellenistic and Seleucid periods. In mainland Greece of the classical period, however, record-keeping appears to have developed differently. Roman administrative practices were subsequently drawn on traditions derived from both the Near East and Greece. Although extant archival materials are extensive and reflect a range of ancient societies, modern scholars know surprisingly little about the purpose, functioning, and management of these archives. The number of unanswered questions far exceeds those for which we can marshal a convincing explanation.
Introduction: Remembering After Postmodernism
Authors: Copeland Rita 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Immanent in volume 5 of New Medieval Literatures is a preoccupation with origins or beginnings. This is marked in methodological terms, as a return to certain foundational critical models. We see essays here revisiting Freud, Marx, ‘classical’ Marxist literary criticism, theories of intentionality, and the category of ‘community’, which materialist literary history borrowed from anthropology. The preoccupation with origins is also marked by express thematic concerns with the ‘foundations’ of culture: the founding myth of imperial Rome, the originary force of the pains of martyrdom and of the ideals of virginity (originary because they promise complete identification with the divine source), and the foundational Christian institution of monasticism.
Medieval Death, Modern Morality, and the Fallacies of Intention
Authors: Enders Jody 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is the story of two very public deaths which occurred before the eyes of two very different audiences, one medieval and one modern. On 27 March 1380, a Parisian audience went to the theatre to watch the simulated life of Christ in a passion play. Instead, they saw a man, Jehan Hemont, accidentally killed by a special effect gone wrong.1 On 6 May 1998, Los Angeles adults tuned in their televisions to the daily traffic report (and children to their cartoons) only to see their programming interrupted by cameras scrutinizing a distraught man wielding a rifle. After threatening suicide, he proceeded to blow his brains out for viewers.2
The Geography of Genre in the Physician’s Tale and Pearl
Authors: Sanok Catherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If, as some scholars still assume, Chaucer abandoned his Legend of Good Women as a failed experiment, he did not abandon its central project: rewriting classical narrative according to the formal outlines of hagiography.1 The Physician’s Tale carries this project forward in terms which seem more carefully delineated and therefore more legible to modern readers, for the tale of Virginia—concerned with a young girl who dies in defence of her virginity—has obvious affinities to the virgin martyr narratives that were the most widespread legends of the Middle English tradition. This congruence has spared the Physician’s Tale the charge of irony levelled so often against the Legend of Good Women, but it poses questions just as pointed about the discursive boundaries between hagiography and secular narrative in late medieval textual culture.
Pallavicino’s Retorica delle puttane and Rocco’s Alcibiade fanciullo a scola
Authors: Turner James Grantham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
These books... open, not fond and common ways to vice, but such subtle, cunning, new, and diverse shifts to carry young wills to vanity and young wits to mischief, to teach old bawds new school points, as the simple head of an Englishman is not able to invent Commonly they come home common contemners of marriage, being free in Italy to go whithersoever lust will carry them.
Representation and Misrepresentation in Later Stuart Britain
Authors: Knights Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this original and illuminating study, Mark Knights reveals how the political culture of the eighteenth century grew out of earlier trends and innovations. Arguing that the period 1675-1720 needs to be seen as the second stage of a seventeenth-century revolution that ran on until c.1720, the book traces the development of the public as an arbiter of politics, the growth of a national political culture, the shift towards a representative society, a crisis of public discourse and credibility, and a political enlightenment rooted in local and national partisan conflict. The 'public' acquired a new status in the later Stuart period as a result of frequent elections, the lapse of pre-publication licensing, the emergence of party politics, the creation of a public debt and ideological conflict over popular sovereignty. These factors enlarged the role of the public and required it to make frequent acts of judgement. Yet contemporaries from across the political spectrum feared that the public might be misled by the misrepresentations peddled by their rivals. Each side, and those ostensibly of no side, discerned a culture of passion, slander, libel, lies, hypocrisy, dissimulation, conspiracy, private languages and fictions. 'Truth' appeared an ambiguous, political matter. But the reaction to partisanship was also creative, for it helped to construct an ideal form of political discourse. This was one based on reason rather than passion, on politeness rather than incivility, on moderation rather than partisan zeal, on critical reading rather than credulity; and the realisation of those ideals rested on infrequent rather than frequent elections. Finding synergies between social, political, religious, scientific, literary, cultural and intellectual history, 'Representation and Misrepresentation' reinvigorates the debate about the emergence of 'the public sphere' in the later Stuart period.
Religion
Authors: Clark Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Do societies become less religious as they become more modern? According to a view widely held across the developed world well into the late twentieth century, the modernization of human societies necessarily implies the waning of religious allegiances, as the collective affinities of faith are displaced by the new secular identities of class, nation and political creed. The history of nineteenth-century Germany confounds this adage. Throughout the period covered by this chapter, religion was one of the structuring facts of German society, comparable in significance to class, region, political orientation, and the other categorical distinctions we use to understand the experience of past communities.
Classical Inheritances
Authors: Graver Bruce E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Literary historians have traditionally drawn sharp boundaries between Romanticism and the neoclassical era that preceded it. In the neoclassical era, writers looked to ancient Greek and Roman models and derived from them precise formal rules of composition to which they attempted to adhere in their literary works. Romantic writers, on the other hand, looked directly to nature, or to the light of their own genius, for their inspiration and created their works without the mediation of books, or the need of neoclassical rules. Or so the story went: a story that bears little relation to the historical evidence, but none the less has had a profound effect on the ways that literary works from both eras have been read.
Romantic forms: an introduction
Authors: O’Neill Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Romantic poetry reveals a creative concern with form, taking that word to mean both a poem’s genre (or kind) and all that is involved in its design as a verbal artefact. ‘Creative’ is a key word here. In Romantic writing, traditional forms undergo transformation. Part of a movement that is often ‘tameless, and swift, and proud’, to adapt a phrase from Shelley’s ‘Ode to the West Wind’ (1820; such parenthetical dates refer to the year of first publication, unless stated otherwise), Romantic poets are rarely content merely to imitate a pre-existent model. At the same time, as Shelley’s poem reveals, the wild or transgressive energies of Romanticism frequently house themselves within literary forms of some sophistication.
The sonnet
Authors: Fairer David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Why did Romantic poets find the confined space of the sonnet so congenial? The extraordinary popularity of the form during the 1776–1832 period seems something of a paradox—like the sonnet itself. In an age that breathed the spirit of liberty, explored the visionary sublime, and cultivated the incompleteness of the fragment, its poets (with two notable exceptions: Blake and Byron) enthusiastically embraced the fourteen-line sonnet with its emphasis on discipline, tightness, and wholeness. Wordsworth, who wrote more than five hundred of them, suggests in his ‘Prefatory Sonnet’ (discussed in the ‘Reading’ section below) that working within its ‘narrow room’ could actually bring a sense of creative release.
Narrative poetry
Authors: Vassallo Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Narrative poetry in English literature is often associated with the Middle Ages when ‘romances’ were considered to be stories of adventure told in ‘rime’ (compare Coleridge’s ballad ‘The Rime of the Ancyent Marinere’). The revival of interest in the medieval world, in ‘golden tongued romance with serene hue’ (Keats’s phrase), was an important aspect of Romantic verse narrative, particularly in its exploration of the exotic and the fantastic. At times the dynamic was a personal one—an attempt to revive lost worlds in the imagination, as in Coleridge’s tantalizingly unfinished ‘Kubla Khan’ where the landscape of the pleasure dome built by Kubla Khan becomes a symbol for the poet’s introspective mind—in effect, a poetic paysage interieur, an inner voyage (compare the reading of ‘Kubla Khan’ in the chapter entitled ‘Formalism’).
Literary criticism and theory
Authors: Perry Seamus 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For the Romantic poets, F. W. Bateson once said, language was chiefly ‘a device for asking questions and not one for recording answers’; and even when not exactly posing questions (‘Was it a vision, or a waking dream?’, Keats, ‘Ode to a Nightingale’) Romantic poets are often engaged by questionable speculations, the entertaining of possibilities and second thoughts and half-thoughts (‘If this | Be but a vain belief, yet. . .’, Wordsworth, ‘Tintern Abbey’) rather than the placing of settled doctrines on record. Bateson’s observation is true enough for us usefully to keep it in mind if we are drawn to define a Romantic position on art (or on anything else)—something which coherently persists to influence later thinkers and theorists.
Poetry
Authors: Rzepka Charles J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
British Romantic poets influenced both the poetry and fiction of the century that followed their own. William Butler Yeats’s visionary metaphysics was nurtured by William Blake’s lyrics and John Keats’s odes. Lord Byron’s defiant self-performances inspired the early James Joyce and the mature Virginia Woolf. Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s concept of ‘organic form’ helped shape the critical theory of early twentieth-century formalists, and both Percy Shelley and Keats influenced American writers as diverse as Wallace Stevens and F. Scott Fitzgerald. William Wordsworth’s impact, if less obvious, has been more profound.
Film
Authors: Hogle Jerrold E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The transfer of English Romantic writers and writings to film has produced a dazzling variety at best and a troubling portrait gallery at worst. To be sure, the work of British Romanticism filmed most often has been Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein, which I will not be treating directly. Usually based more on R. B. Peake’s play Presumption (1823) than on Shelley’s novel of 1818, the many screen versions of it have been so thoroughly studied that I need not repeat what is so well known (see further the chapter on ‘The theatre’). 40