bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Face masks and fake masks: the effect of real and superimposed masks on face matching with super-recognisers, typical observers, and algorithms
Authors: Ritchie Kay L. , Carragher Daniel J. , Davis Josh P. , Read Katie , Jenkins Ryan E. , Noyes Eilidh , Gray Katie L. H. , Hancock Peter J. B. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractMask wearing has been required in various settings since the outbreak of COVID-19, and research has shown that identity judgements are difficult for faces wearing masks. To date, however, the majority of experiments on face identification with masked faces tested humans and computer algorithms using images with superimposed masks rather than images of people wearing real face coverings. In three experiments we test humans (control participants and super-recognisers) and algorithms with images showing different types of face coverings. In all experiments we tested matching concealed or unconcealed faces to an unconcealed reference image, and we found a consistent decrease in face matching accuracy with masked compared to unconcealed faces. In Experiment 1, typical human observers were most accurate at face matching with unconcealed images, and poorer for three different types of superimposed mask conditions. In Experiment 2, we tested both typical observers and super-recognisers with superimposed and real face masks, and found that performance was poorer for real compared to superimposed masks. The same pattern was observed in Experiment 3 with algorithms. Our results highlight the importance of testing both humans and algorithms with real face masks, as using only superimposed masks may underestimate their detrimental effect on face identification.
Validating the accuracy of deep learning for the diagnosis of pneumonia on chest x-ray against a robust multimodal reference diagnosis: a post hoc analysis of two prospective studies
Authors: Hofmeister Jeremy , Garin Nicolas , Montet Xavier , Scheffler Max , Platon Alexandra , Poletti Pierre-Alexandre , Stirnemann Jérôme , Debray Marie-Pierre , Claessens Yann-Erick , Duval Xavier , Prendki Virginie 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Background
Artificial intelligence (AI) seems promising in diagnosing pneumonia on chest x-rays (CXR), but deep learning (DL) algorithms have primarily been compared with radiologists, whose diagnosis can be not completely accurate. Therefore, we evaluated the accuracy of DL in diagnosing pneumonia on CXR using a more robust reference diagnosis.

Methods
We trained a DL convolutional neural network model to diagnose pneumonia and evaluated its accuracy in two prospective pneumonia cohorts including 430 patients, for whom the reference diagnosis was determined a posteriori by a multidisciplinary expert panel using multimodal data. The performance of the DL model was compared with that of senior radiologists and emergency physicians reviewing CXRs and that of radiologists reviewing computed tomography (CT) performed concomitantly.

Results
Radiologists and DL showed a similar accuracy on CXR for both cohorts (p ≥ 0.269): cohort 1, radiologist 1 75.5% (95% confidence interval 69.1–80.9), radiologist 2 71.0% (64.4–76.8), DL 71.0% (64.4–76.8); cohort 2, radiologist 70.9% (64.7–76.4), DL 72.6% (66.5–78.0). The accuracy of radiologists and DL was significantly higher (p ≤ 0.022) than that of emergency physicians (cohort 1 64.0% [57.1–70.3], cohort 2 63.0% [55.6–69.0]). Accuracy was significantly higher for CT (cohort 1 79.0% [72.8–84.1], cohort 2 89.6% [84.9–92.9]) than for CXR readers including radiologists, clinicians, and DL (all p-values < 0.001).

Conclusions
When compared with a robust reference diagnosis, the performance of AI models to identify pneumonia on CXRs was inferior than previously reported but similar to that of radiologists and better than that of emergency physicians.

Relevance statement
The clinical relevance of AI models for pneumonia diagnosis may have been overestimated. AI models should be benchmarked against robust reference multimodal diagnosis to avoid overestimating its performance.

Trial registration
NCT02467192, and NCT01574066.

Key point
• We evaluated an openly-access convolutional neural network (CNN) model to diagnose pneumonia on CXRs.
• CNN was validated against a strong multimodal reference diagnosis.
• In our study, the CNN performance (area under the receiver operating characteristics curve 0.74) was lower than that previously reported when validated against radiologists’ diagnosis (0.99 in a recent meta-analysis).
• The CNN performance was significantly higher than emergency physicians’ (p ≤ 0.022) and comparable to that of board-certified radiologists (p ≥ 0.269).

Graphical Abstract
Impact of altered environment and early postnatal methamphetamine exposure on serotonin levels in the rat hippocampus during adolescence
Authors: Čechová Barbora , Jurčovičová Jana , Petríková Ivana , Vaculín Šimon , Šandera Štěpán , Šlamberová Romana 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Background
Methamphetamine (MA) is a highly abused psychostimulant across all age groups including pregnant women. Because developing brain is vulnerable by the action of drugs, or other noxious stimuli, the aim of our study was to examine the effect of early postnatal administration of MA alone or in combination with enriched environment (EE) and/or stress of separate housing, on the levels of serotonin (5HT) in the hippocampus of male rat pups at three stages of adolescence (postnatal day (PND) 28, 35 and 45). MA (5 mg/kg/ml) was administered subcutaneously (sc) to pups (direct administration), or via mothers' milk between PND1 and PND12 (indirect administration). Controls were exposed saline (SA). Pups were exposed to EE and/or to separation from the weaning till the end of the experiment.

Results
On PND 28, in sc-treated series, EE significantly increased the muted 5HT in SA pups after separation and restored the pronounced inhibition of 5HT by MA. No beneficial effect of EE was present in pups exposed to combination of MA and separation. 5HT development declined over time; EE, MA and separation had different effects on 5HT relative to adolescence stage.

Conclusions
Present study shows that MA along with environment or housing affect 5HT levels, depending on both the age and the method of application (direct or indirect). These findings extend the knowledge on the effects of MA alone and in combination with different housing conditions on the developing brain and highlight the increased sensitivity to MA during the first few months after birth.
Contrasting salinity effects of artificial seawater and sodium chloride on
Carica papaya
L. cultivar Red Lady physiology and growth
Authors: de Souza Edivan Rodrigues , Schaffer Bruce , Vargas Ana I. , de Camargo Santos Aline , Rodriguez Edwin Antonio Gutierrez 
Published: February 2024

Abstract

Background
Many coastal areas of the world will be impacted by seawater intrusion inland exposing crops to increasing levels of soil salinity. Studies of salinity stress in horticultural crops, including papaya, invariably use NaCl as the salt source, which may not be indicative of seawater.

Methods

This study compared plant growth, physiological, and nutritional responses, including leaf gas exchange, maximal potential quantum efficiency of photosystem II (the ratio of variable to maximum chlorophyll fluorescence;
Fv/Fm
), the leaf chlorophyll index (
LCI
), electrolyte leakage (
EL
), leaf relative water content (
RWC
), leaf water potential (Ψw), leaf osmotic potential (Ψo), leaf and root N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na and Cl contents, and growth of potted ‘Red Lady’ papaya plants, in a calcined clay substrate, irrigated with NaCl or artificial seawater (Instant Ocean
®
) at six soil electrical conductivity (EC) levels (0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 6 dS m
−1
).

Results

There were slight significant reductions in Ψw, Ψo, net CO
2
assimilation (
A
), stomatal conductance (
g

s

), and transpiration (
Tr
) with increasing EC regardless of the salt source. Leaf Ca, Mg, Na and Cl contents and root Mg, Na, and Cl increased significantly with increasing EC levels. For both salt sources, there was an indication of osmotic adjustment and tolerance of papaya up to an EC level of 6 dS m
−1
. A significant difference between the response to NaCl and artificial seawater was observed for plant height, leaf Mg and Cl contents, and root Mg and Na contents.

Conclusion
The use artificial seawater may be a better source than NaCl for studying papaya responses to increasing soil salinity.
Picard and Adomian solutions of nonlinear fractional differential equations system containing Atangana – Baleanu derivative
Authors: Ziada Eman A. A. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractIn this paper, we apply two methods for solving nonlinear system of fractional differential equations (FDEs); these two methods are Picard and Adomian decomposition methods (ADM). The type of fractional derivative in this system will be the Atangana–Baleanu derivative. The existence and uniqueness of the solution will be proved. In addition, the convergence of ADM series solution and the maximum expected error will be discussed. Some numerical examples will be solved by using these two method and a comparison between their solutions will be done. There exist an important application to these types of systems, this application is the fractional-order rabies model and it will be solved here. From the obtained results, it is noticed that the obtained results from using these two methods are coincide with each other, and also these results are coincide with the obtained results from the classical fractional derivatives such as Caputo sense.
Using gravity data uncertainties in forward modeling to estimate uncertainties in model parameters: A case history in estimating the dip and the dip uncertainty of the Porcupine Destor Fault
Authors: Della Justina Fabiano , Smith Richard S. 
Published: February 2024

When using forward modeling to estimate model parameters, such as the dip, it also is important to estimate the corresponding uncertainty in the model parameters. For gravity data, these uncertainties are dependent on the uncertainty in the Bouguer-corrected data. The uncertainty in the gravity meter reading and the height used in the free-air and Bouguer corrections are among the most important factors influencing the uncertainty in the Bouguer-corrected data. We use two methods for estimating the uncertainty in the Bouguer-corrected data, which give similar answers (0.121 mGal and 0.109 mGal). The uncertainty in the model parameters can be estimated by perturbing the corrected data multiple times by amounts consistent with the estimated uncertainty in the corrected gravity. The standard deviation of the model parameters derived from each perturbed data set gives an estimate of their uncertainty. Using this procedure for Bouguer gravity profiles that cross the Porcupine Destor Fault (a fault that is prospective for gold in the Timmins camp of Ontario, Canada), we find that the uncertainty in the dip is 1° or 2°, assuming a planar or linear fault. If the uncertainty in the corrected data had been 1 mGal (a value typical of regional surveys, instead of 0.1 mGal for a local survey), then the uncertainty in the dip is 41° for the same model. Thus, knowing the uncertainties in the corrected data are very important for estimating the uncertainty in model parameters. Conversely, if a model parameter is known to be required to a specific precision, the survey can be planned so that the corrected gravity has an uncertainty appropriate to achieve that precision.
Chemical oscillation in ultracold chemistry
Authors: Modak Subhrajit , Das Priyam , Mishra Challenger , Panigrahi Prasanta K. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
We demonstrate the occurrence of oscillatory reactions in the ultra-cold chemistry of atom-molecular Bose-Einstein condensate. Nonlinear oscillations in the mean-field dynamics occur for a specific range of elliptic modulus, giving rise to both in- and out-phase modulations in the atom-molecule population density. The reaction front velocity is found to be controlled by photoassociation, which also regulates the condensate density. Two distinct pairs of in-phase bright localized gap solitons are found as exact solutions, the existence of one of which necessarily requires a background. Cnoidal atomic density waves along with a plane-wave molecular motion are observed in both attractive and repulsive domains. The role of intra- and inter-species interactions on both existence and stability is explicated in the presence of photoassociation.
The neuronal transcription factor MEIS2 is a calpain-2 protease target
Authors: Müller Tanja , Reichlmeir Marina , Hau Ann-Christin , Wittig Ilka , Schulte Dorothea 
Published: February 2024

ABSTRACT
Tight control over transcription factor activity is necessary for a sensible balance between cellular proliferation and differentiation in the embryo and during tissue homeostasis by adult stem cells, but mechanistic details have remained incomplete. The homeodomain transcription factor MEIS2 is an important regulator of neurogenesis in the ventricular–subventricular zone (V-SVZ) adult stem cell niche in mice. We here identify MEIS2 as direct target of the intracellular protease calpain-2 (composed of the catalytic subunit CAPN2 and the regulatory subunit CAPNS1). Phosphorylation at conserved serine and/or threonine residues, or dimerization with PBX1, reduced the sensitivity of MEIS2 towards cleavage by calpain-2. In the adult V-SVZ, calpain-2 activity is high in stem and progenitor cells, but rapidly declines during neuronal differentiation, which is accompanied by increased stability of MEIS2 full-length protein. In accordance with this, blocking calpain-2 activity in stem and progenitor cells, or overexpression of a cleavage-insensitive form of MEIS2, increased the production of neurons, whereas overexpression of a catalytically active CAPN2 reduced it. Collectively, our results support a key role for calpain-2 in controlling the output of adult V-SVZ neural stem and progenitor cells through cleavage of the neuronal fate determinant MEIS2.
The kinematics of amblypygid (Arachnida) pedipalps during predation: extreme elongation in raptorial appendages does not result in a proportionate increase in reach and closing speed
Authors: McLean Callum J. , Brassey Charlotte A. , Seiter Michael , Garwood Russell J. , Gardiner James D. 
Published: February 2024

ABSTRACT
The link between form and function is key to understanding the evolution of unique and/or extreme morphologies. Amblypygids, or whip spiders, are arachnids that often have highly elongated spined pedipalps. These limbs are used to strike at, and secure, prey before processing by the chelicerae. Amblypygi pedipalps are multifunctional, however, being used in courtship and contest, and vary greatly in form between species. Increased pedipalp length may improve performance during prey capture, but length could also be influenced by factors including territorial contest and sexual selection. Here, for the first time, we used high-speed videography and manual tracking to investigate kinematic differences in prey capture between amblypygid species. Across six morphologically diverse species, spanning four genera and two families, we created a total dataset of 86 trials (9–20 per species). Prey capture kinematics varied considerably between species, with differences being expressed in pedipalp joint angle ranges. In particular, maximum reach ratio did not remain constant with total pedipalp length, as geometric scaling would predict, but decreased with longer pedipalps. This suggests that taxa with the most elongated pedipalps do not deploy their potential length advantage to proportionally increase reach. Therefore, a simple mechanical explanation of increased reach does not sufficiently explain pedipalp elongation. We propose other factors to help explain this phenomenon, such as social interactions or sexual selection, which would produce an evolutionary trade-off in pedipalp length between prey capture performance and other behavioural and/or anatomical pressures.
A Shrinkage Approach to Improve Direct Bootstrap Resampling Under Input Uncertainty
Authors: Song Eunhye , Lam Henry , Barton Russell R. 
Published: February 2024

Discrete-event simulation models generate random variates from input distributions and compute outputs according to the simulation logic. The input distributions are typically fitted to finite real-world data and thus are subject to estimation errors that can propagate to the simulation outputs: an issue commonly known as input uncertainty (IU). This paper investigates quantifying IU using the output confidence intervals (CIs) computed from bootstrap quantile estimators. The standard direct bootstrap method has overcoverage due to convolution of the simulation error and IU; however, the brute-force way of washing away the former is computationally demanding. We present two new bootstrap methods to enhance direct resampling in both statistical and computational efficiencies using shrinkage strategies to down-scale the variabilities encapsulated in the CIs. Our asymptotic analysis shows how both approaches produce tight CIs accounting for IU under limited input data and simulation effort along with the simulation sample-size requirements relative to the input data size. We demonstrate performances of the shrinkage strategies with several numerical experiments and investigate the conditions under which each method performs well. We also show advantages of nonparametric approaches over parametric bootstrap when the distribution family is misspecified and over metamodel approaches when the dimension of the distribution parameters is high. History: Accepted by Bruno Tuffin, Area Editor for Simulation. Funding: This work was supported by the National Science Foundation [CAREER CMMI-1834710, CAREER CMMI-2045400, DMS-1854659, and IIS-1849280]. Supplemental Material: The software that supports the findings of this study is available within the paper and its Supplemental Information ( https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/suppl/10.1287/ijoc.2022.0044 ) as well as from the IJOC GitHub software repository ( https://github.com/INFORMSJoC/2022.0044 ). The complete IJOC Software and Data Repository is available at https://informsjoc.github.io/ .
Reoperation-free survival after hip screws or hip arthroplasty for undisplaced femoral neck fractures in the elderly
Authors: Wolf Olof , Ghukasyan Lakic Tatevik , Ljungdahl Johan , Sundkvist Jonas , Möller Michael , Rogmark Cecilia , Mukka Sebastian , Hailer Nils P. 
Published: February 2024

AimsOur primary aim was to assess reoperation-free survival at one year after the index injury in patients aged ≥ 75 years treated with internal fixation (IF) or arthroplasty for undisplaced femoral neck fractures (uFNFs). Secondary outcomes were reoperations and mortality analyzed separately.MethodsWe retrieved data on all patients aged ≥ 75 years with an uFNF registered in the Swedish Fracture Register from 2011 to 2018. The database was linked to the Swedish Arthroplasty Register and the National Patient Register to obtain information on comorbidity, mortality, and reoperations. Our primary outcome, reoperation, or death at one year was analyzed using restricted mean survival time, which gives the mean time to either event for each group separately.ResultsOverall, 3,909 patients presenting with uFNFs were included. Of these patients, 3,604 were treated with IF and 305 with primary arthroplasty. There were no relevant differences in age, sex, or comorbidities between groups. In the IF group 58% received cannulated screws and 39% hook pins. In the arthroplasty group 81% were treated with hemiarthroplasty and 19% with total hip arthroplasty. At one year, 32% were dead or had been reoperated in both groups. The reoperation-free survival time over one year of follow-up was 288 days (95% confidence interval (CI) 284 to 292) in the IF group and 279 days (95% CI 264 to 295) in the arthroplasty group, with p = 0.305 for the difference. Mortality was 26% in the IF group and 31% in the arthroplasty group at one year. Reoperation rates were 7.1% in the IF group and 2.3% in the arthroplasty group.ConclusionIn older patients with a uFNF, reoperation-free survival at one year seems similar, regardless of whether IF or arthroplasty is the primary surgery. However, this comparison depends on the choice of follow-up time in that reoperations were more common after IF. In contrast, we found more early deaths after arthroplasty. Our study calls for a randomized trial comparing these two methods.Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2024;5(2):86–92.
Effects of pulmonary rehabilitation on ventilation dynamics measured during exertion in patients with post-acute COVID-19 syndrome: A cross-sectional observational study
Authors: Campos Renan Pereira , Messias Oliveira Jéssica Gabriela , de Oliveira Farias Iasmim , de Souza Viviane Cristina Viana , de Alegria Samantha Gomes , Xavier Rosemere Saldanha , Lopes Agnaldo José 
Published: February 2024

Background
Pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) is recommended in people with post-acute COVID-19 syndrome (PACS), although there is a lack of studies evaluating its benefits via the most commonly used primary endpoint: the six-minute walk test (6MWT). This study evaluated the effects of PR on the dynamics of ventilation measured during the 6MWT in patients with PACS and, secondarily, evaluated the association of these findings with measures of lung function and structure.

Methods
This was an observational cross-sectional study of patients with PACS, in which 33 had undergone PR (PR-PACS group) and 32 had not undergone PR (NPR-PACS group). These patients underwent Spiropalm®-equipped 6MWT with measurement of inspiratory capacity (IC) to evaluate dynamic hyperinflation (DH). In addition, they performed spirometry, impulse oscillometry (IOS) and lung ultrasound (LUS).

Results
Spirometry was abnormal in 21.2% and 31.3% of participants in the PR-PACS and NPR-PACS groups, respectively (p = 0.36). IOS was abnormal in 28.6% and 66.7% of participants in the PR-PACS and NPR-PACS groups, respectively (p = 0.003). LUS was altered in 39.4% and 43.8% of the participants in the PR-PACS and NPR-PACS groups, respectively (p = 0.72). The 6-min walk distance (6MWD) was greater in the PR-PACS group than in the NPR-PACS group (p = 0.001]. HD was observed in 6.1% and 37.5% of participants in the PR-PACS and NPR-PACS groups, respectively, with a significant difference in ΔIC (p<0.001). The 6MWD correlated significantly with several IOS parameters and with ΔIC.

Conclusions
Patients with PACS undergoing PR perform better in the 6MWT, with a higher 6MWD and less HD. In these patients, IOS is able to distinguish the effects of PR that are not differentiated by spirometry or LUS. Furthermore, the better the respiratory mechanics assessed by IOS and the less DH there was, the higher the performance in the 6MWT.