bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Documentation and validation of local health traditions of Hassan district, Karnataka
Authors: Doddamani Shashidhar H. , Naik Raghavendra , Vendrapati Rama Rao , Nagayya Shiddamallayya , Dixit Amit Kumar , Bhat Sulochana , Tripathi Ashish Kumar , Vij Priya , Rath Chinmay , Mangal Anupam K. , Srikanth Narayanam 
Published: October 2023

BACKGROUND:
The documentation of ethno-medicinal claims is of significant value in drug research. The present study was conducted to document and validate the information related to the traditional uses of medicinal plants used by the local health practitioners of Hassan district.

METHODS:
In the present study, different local health traditions prevalent in Hassan district of Karnataka, documented during the medico-ethno-botanical survey program during October 2017 and March 2018, were presented systematically. The data were collected from traditional healers of the survey area through personal interviews using a prescribed format, and the collected information is validated by referring 22 books related to the classical literature, recent compilations from the classical literature, published literature listing home remedies, Sangraha grantha (compendium), and Nighantu (lexicons) related to medicinal plants.

RESULTS:
During the survey, a total of 16 folklore claims frequently used in treating 12 different disease conditions were documented. Among the 16 folk claims, two are used as veterinary medicines, and two are food preparations. Sarpa visha (snakebite), Vrana (wound), Raktarsha (bleeding piles), Bhagna (fracture), Jvara (fever), etc. are the most frequently treated disease conditions. About eight formulations are indicated internally seven are used externally, and one formulation is being used for both internal and external purposes. Leaves are the frequently used in different dosage forms such as paste, powder, juice, and poultice.

CONCLUSIONS:
Since the documentation of indigenous knowledge about medicinal plants is the need of the time, this article could serve as baseline data regarding the traditional claims in treating different disease conditions. The documented data can also serve as a base for developing new medicines by scientific studies.
Preparation of Vetas Ghana (a semisolid form of Salix alba L. stem bark aqueous extract) and its analysis by using high-performance thin-layer chromatography and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry
Authors: Jagtap Chandrashekhar , Charde Vaibhav , Kushwaha Vikram , Garewal Jyotika , Shakya Santosh K. , Kumar Vijay , Babu Gajji , Singh Arjun , Singh Ravindra , Sharma Bhagwan Sahal , Khanduri Shruti , Srikanth Narayanam 
Published: October 2023

BACKGROUND:

Vetas Ghana is a semi-solid prepared from the aqueous extract of stem bark of Salix alba L. (Vetas). Vetas Ghana is an important Ayurvedic intermediate used in various herbal and cosmetic formulations. There is no advance analysis of Vetas Ghana preparation reported yet.

OBJECTIVE:
The aim of this work was to prepare Vetas Ghana and to study phytochemicals by using advanced analytical instruments such as high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) and tandem liquid chromatography-quadrupole time of flight-mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS/MS).

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

Vetas Ghana was analyzed by physicochemical parameters such as loss on drying, pH, total ash, acid insoluble ash, total soluble solids, and its major metabolites were checked by using advanced chromatographic tools such as HPTLC and LC-QTOF-MS/MS.

RESULTS:
In comparison of Vetas with Vetas Ghana, drastic changes in the parameters such as pH, and ash (total and acid insoluble) were observed. In the HPTLC study, after derivatization marker compound epicatechin is detectable in Vetas and Vetas Ghana. LC-QTOF-MS/MS analysis of Vetas and Vetas Ghana reveals the presence of eight major metabolites including the presence of marker compound epicatechin.

CONCLUSIONS:

Vetas Ghana was prepared in in-house pharmacy and phytochemicals were detected by using HPTLC and LC-QTOF-MS/MS analysis, where biomarkers like epicatechin are identified including other biomarkers such as salicin and isosalicin.
Preconditioning with Partharishta reduces the oxidative stress associated with myocardial ischemic reperfusion injury in H9c2 cells
Authors: Gowri M. , Pillai Rajmohan Velayudhan , Thara Lakshmi S 
Published: October 2023

BACKGROUND:
Myocardial Ischemia Reperfusion (I/R) injury- a paradoxical challenge associated with contemporary methods of successful resuscitation triggers uncontrolled apoptosis induced by the concomitant oxidative stress. Adaptive mechanisms incorporating the upregulation of cytoprotective genes like Nrf2 protects cells from apoptotic changes and dysfunction under stress conditions. Partharishta an Ayurvedic formulation with all its individual ingredients being potent antioxidants, is thought to bring a positive result in reducing oxidative stress in cardiac tissues. Therefore the study aims to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the formulation Partharishta via the expression of Nrf2 gene in ischemia induced H9c2 rat cardiomyoblast cells when preconditioned with Partharishta.

METHODS:

Partharishta was prepared in accordance with the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). To evaluate the extent of cell viability the Partharishta pretreated H9C2 cell lines were subjected to MTT Assay. As confirmatory assays for antioxidant activity, an invitro ROS measurement assay and Reverse transcriptase PCR Analysis to confirm the expression of Nrf2 gene against oxidative stress was conducted.

RESULTS:
On MTT Assay the cells pretreated with 25µg/ml of dessicated Partharishta provided an average cell viability of 85.12%. The confirmatory Assays conducted in the cells at this concenteration showed that the ROS production is relatively low and the Nrf2 gene against oxidative stress was expressed in these cells.

CONCLUSION:
These findings of the present in-vitro study reveal that the formulation Partharishta possess significant antioxidant as well as the free radical scavenging activity and therefore may be considered as one of the good sources of natural cardioprotective formulation.
Quantification of mercury after Samanya Shodhana (purifying process): A preliminary analysis
Authors: Bhinde Sonam Sagar , Patgiri Biswajyoti J. 
Published: October 2023

BACKGROUND:

Parada (mercury, Hg) is one of the important core ingredients in Rasa Aushadhi (metalo-mineral preparations). But owing to its origin, many metals and minerals are likely to be present in mercury as impurities. Direct use of such impure mercury may cause various types of complications, and hence preprocess of mercury is essential prior to its therapeutic use. Almost all classical texts related to Rasa Shastra (Ayurveda pharmaceutics for metalo-mineral preparations) have emphasized Parada Shodhana (purifying process of mercury) but with a variety of methods. These methods need to be revalidated with comprehensive methodology to develop its standard operative procedure (SOP), because standardization of the drugs is very crucial to ensure quality, efficacy, and reproducibility. Hence, to begin with, purifying process of mercury mentioned in Rasatarangini was adopted in the present research work.

AIM AND OBJECTIVE:
Present study aimed to develop pharmaceutical standardization of purifying process of mercury accomplished by quantification of mercury percentage through inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES).

MATERIALS AND METHODS:
purifying process of mercury was done in three batches with lime powder, garlic, and rock salt, as mentioned in Rasatarangini. ICP-AES was carried out on the samples of unprocessed mercury, mercury after processing with lime powder (intermediate stage), and processed mercury after processing with garlic and rock salt.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:
It was observed that processed mercury became bright silver in color and luster was increased in comparison to unprocessed mercury. The total average loss of mercury was 28.2%. ICP-AES analysis showed that the percentage of mercury decreased to 99.93% from 99.97%.

CONCLUSION:
Results of the present pharmaceutical process will help future researches to reproduce the same results and could be considered as SOP. Decrease in mercury % and introduction of arsenic and cadmium in the processed mercury indicate that trace elements of media are added in permissible quantity during this process.
Comparative Morpho-anatomical Studies to Authenticate and Differentiate the Stem Barks of Cinnamomum verum J.Presl and Cinnamomum cassia (L.) J.Presl and its Market Scenario
Authors: Govindarajan Nartunai , Ravichandran Lokesh , Sundharamoorthy Susikumar , Chelladurai Prem Kumar , Pandey Akansha , Ilavarasan Raju 
Published: October 2023

BACKGROUND:
Stem bark of Cinnamomum verum J.Presl Syn. Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume (Family Lauraceae) is commonly known as Cinnamon or Ceylon Cinnamon in English, Lavangapattai in Tamil and Tvak in Sanskrit. The stem bark is extensively used as spice & condiment. As per Ayurvedic classical literatures, true cinnamon is equated with dried stem barks of C. verum and used to treat various ailments. It shows astringent, stimulant, expectorant, carminative and lipolytic activities, useful in diarrhea, dysentery and topically for neuralgia, rheumatism and toothache. Majority of market samples sold as Cinnamon are C. cassia and commonly mistaken for C. verum. Thicker bark of C. cassia devoid of active constituent eugenol is preferred for cooking. Ambiguity regarding identity and use of C. verum or C. cassia barks needs to be resolved. Present study aimed to authenticate and differentiate the Stem Barks of C. verum and C. cassia using Morpho-anatomical studies.

METHODS:
Morpho-anatomical studies were carried out by following standard methods of official books.

RESULTS:
Stem Barks of C. verum and C. cassia are morphologically different in thickness, surface and organoleptic characteristics. Microscopically cork, cortex, fibres, sclereids, oil cells, secretary canals, calcium oxalate crystals and starch grains characters are distinguishable features.

CONCLUSION:
The findings will be helpful in identification and differentiation of raw drugs and also in standardization of classical formulations containing stem bark of C. verum as an ingredient.
Bioactive potential of Bridelia retusa (L.) A.Juss. plant: A wild edible plant
Authors: Patil Priyanka Suresh , Jadhav Varsha Dilip 
Published: October 2023

BACKGROUND:

Bridelia retusa is a species which belongs to the genus Bridelia, included in Phyllanthaceae family which is a deciduous, large- or small-sized tree. It is generally referred as Mahavira or aghan found in dry deciduous regions. The present investigation for study of phytochemical compounds, proximate analysis, and mineral composition of leaves, stem, stem bark, unripened, and ripened fruit of B. retusa.

MATERIAL AND METHODS:
The collected material was dried and crushed into fine powder for further analysis. For the study of presence of secondary metabolites, qualitative phytochemical analysis of plant was carried out. For the proximate analysis, various plant parts such as leaves, stem, stem bark, unripened, and ripened fruit were used. In the proximate analysis, different parameters like ash, crude fiber, crude protein, moisture, dry matter, and crude fat was studied. Different macro- and micro-elements were studied from plant by standard method.

RESULT:
In the present work, highest amounts of nitrogen (2.42 ± 0.23%), potassium (1.97 ± 0.1%), iron (697.55 ± 1.29 ppm), zinc (201.05 ± 0.5 ppm), copper (132.73 ± 0.28 ppm), manganese (330.09 ± 1.2 ppm), and sodium (0.10±3.72 %) were found in the leaves of B. retusa. Higher phosphorus (0.21±0.1%) and calcium (1.67±0.2%) in stem bark was observed in B. retusa, respectively. The above results revealed rich amounts of macro- and micro-elements; hence, the whole plant is nutritionally important. The ash and crude proteins were more in leaves, and crude fibers are in the stem when compared with other parts of B. retusa. In the present study, we found that ash (17.5%) in the fruit, dry matter (90%) in the stem bark, crude fiber (52.5%) in the stem, crude fat (62.5%), crude protein (15.12%), and moisture (20%) in leaves were more when compared with other parts of the plant. Tannins and saponins are frequently observed in all parts of the plant. Alkaloids were present in all parts of the plant, except stem.

CONCLUSION:
The results revealed rich amounts of macro- and micro-elements; hence, the whole plant is nutritionally important. The acetone and alcohol extracts show highest phytochemicals than the other solvent extract. The plants are rich in tannin and saponin.
Consumption of natural products and Ayurvedic decoctions “kadha” as immunity-boosting measures during the spread of COVID-19 in Delhi
Authors: Vachher Meenakshi , Yadav Sandeep , Rastogi Aayushi , Tihara Shivani , Kumar Bhupender , Arora Taruna , Burman Archana 
Published: October 2023

BACKGROUND:
Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) has emerged as a challenge for health-care systems worldwide. Presently for the management and treatment of COVID-19, efficacy of therapeutic drugs is uncertain. Ayurvedic products and decoctions as immunity boosters might help combat this dreaded pandemic. The aim of the present study was to explore the prevalence of consumption of natural products and Ayurvedic decoctions “kadha” as immunity-boosting measures during the initial phase of COVID-19 pandemic.

METHODS:
An online survey was undertaken on the usage of immunity-boosting measures and Ayurvedic decoctions “kadha” among the adult residents of Delhi belonging to different age groups.

RESULTS:
A total of 540 responses were included with a mean age of 25.9 ± 9.8 years. Approximately, 76% of the study participants used kadha as an immunity booster during COVID-19 pandemic. Among the participants who consumed kadha, approximately 94% were preparing the kadha at home. The most common ingredients being used in the preparation of kadha were Shunthi (ginger)—Zingiber officinale Roscoe (91.0%), Tulsi (holy basil)—Ocimum tenuiflorum L. (88.6%), Kali mirch (black pepper)—Piper nigrum L. (80.5%), Laung (clove)—Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M. Perry (77.4%), and Dalchini (cinnamon)—Cinnamomum verum J. Presl (67.2%). With regard to the frequency of consumption of kadha, 32.1% of the participants consumed kadha once daily, whereas 26.8% consumed on alternative days.

CONCLUSION:
This study highlights the trust and conviction in traditional Indian herbs as well as condiments for combating infections including COVID-19 through Ayurvedic practices.
Evaluation of nutritional and functional properties of economically important seaweeds
Authors: Kumari Sushma , Singh Kamleshwar , Kushwaha Pratibha , Suresh Kumar K. 
Published: October 2023

BACKGROUND:
Seaweeds or marine macroalgae are plant-like organisms occurring abundantly (either attached to rocks in the oceans or to other hard substrata in coastal areas). Being nutritionally rich in proteins, vitamins, fatty acids (FAs), and elements such as iodine, iron, and calcium, they are potential functional food ingredients. Their nutritional profile changes with climate and species. Lack of knowledge regarding their nutritional richness makes them less popularly used in our daily diet. This study investigates the nutritional composition and functional properties of six seaweeds for their utilization in the daily human diet.

METHODS:
Nutritional profiles of six seaweeds (five collected from India and one from South Korea) were evaluated in this study. Their protein content was estimated on the basis of the nitrogen value (N × 6.25). Mineral content was determined using inductively coupled plasma atomic mass spectroscopy. Extraction of FAs methyl esters (FAMEs) was conducted followed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Vitamins were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography. Differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) analysis, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis of the dry seaweed samples were conducted. Functional properties [water-holding capacity (WHC), oil-holding capacity (OHC), and foaming capacity (FC)] of dried seaweed samples were determined using standard methods.

RESULTS:
The protein content of the studied seaweeds ranged from 7.940 to 36.190 g/100 g DW. Among the studied minerals, high Na content was observed in Enteromorpha compressa (i.e., 6.660 ± 0.013 mg/100 g) and high K in Kappaphycus alvarezii (5.590 ± 0.001 mg/100 g), respectively. FA profiling showed that Gracilaria sp. contained the highest saturated FAs. Maximum water-soluble vitamin, e.g., vitamin E (tocopherol) 0.643 mg/100 g contents, was seen in Caulerpa racemosa, whereas high ascorbic acid content was observed in E. compressa (2.975 mg/100 g). Riboflavin (B2) content of Ulva lactuca was 0.197 mg/100 g. FTIR, DSC, and TGA analyses were also conducted. WHC, OHC, and FC of the dried seaweeds revealed their applicability in food products.

CONCLUSION:
The nutritional and functional properties of the six seaweeds investigated suggest that they could be used for preparing functional food products. Promoting the use of seaweed as food and fodder could lead to enhancement of seaweed cultivation and harvesting, which in turn could also improve the socio-economic status of the coastal-dwellers.
Point prevalence of canine pyoderma of Staphylococcus aureus origin and its management by antibiotics and Gandhaka Druti
Authors: Mate Yab , Sarkar Prasanta Kumar , Lodh Chandan , Isore Devi Prasad , Biswas Ujjwal , Sarkar Samar 
Published: October 2023

BACKGROUND:
Bacterial pyoderma in dog is very common in Kolkata, India. It causes severe discomfort to dogs. This study was planned to detect the occurrence and effect of commonly used antibiotics systemically and Gandhaka Druti topically for the canine pyoderma treatment of Staphylococcus aureus origin in Kolkata, West Bengal, India.

METHODS:
A survey on canine skin diseases cases was done in 2015. The detection of S. aureus was confirmed by polymer chain reaction analysis. Its sensitivity to the commonly used antibiotics was determined. The detected 18 S. aureus positive dogs were divided into three groups. The group I animals were treated by clindamycin at 20 mg/kg oral dose; group II animals were treated by Gandhaka Druti locally; and animals of group III were treated by antibiotics and Gandhaka Druti.

RESULTS:
The occurrence of bacterial canine skin diseases is high (29.35%) in Kolkata. Of the total bacterial pyoderma, 75.31% are Staphylococcal in origin with 22.22% S. aureus. The species S. aureus was intermediately sensitive or resistant to all the antibiotics except vancomycin and clindamycin. The dogs took 36.67 ± 6.09 days, 55.00 ± 5.44 days, and 22.33 ± 2.88 days for complete recovery by treatment with antibiotics, Gandhaka Druti, and combination treatment, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS:

S. aureus origin canine pyoderma is very common in Kolkata. The combination treatment of antibiotic and Gandhaka Druti can give a faster recovery from this infection.
Polygonum persicaria L. alleviated oxidative damage and hepatotoxicity induced by carbon tetrachloride in Wistar rats
Authors: Dar Mohd Shafi , Tahir Abu , Tabasum Shazia , Najar Rafeeq Ahmad , Mittal Deepak Kumar 
Published: October 2023

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:
Liver illnesses can be metabolic, poison-induced, or infectious and are the fifth greatest cause of death worldwide. Several traditional medicinal plants have been utilized to treat liver diseases in the past. The goal of this study is to see how effective an aqueous extract of Polygonum persicaria L. roots is in protecting the liver from CCl4 toxicity in adult Wistar rats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Aqueous extract of P. persicaria L. root sections was tested in CCl4-injured Wistar rats in vitro and in vivo. Animals were randomly assigned to normal control, toxic control, standard control (silymarin 100 mg/kg) groups and P. persicaria L. (200 and 400 mg/kg) treatment groups. Histopathology and serum biochemical markers of liver damage were investigated. The extract was examined for phytochemicals and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) in vitro.

RESULTS:
Serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and bilirubin levels in CCl4-damaged rats were all balanced after oral administration of the aqueous extract at 200 and 400 mg/kg/BW/day. In addition, when compared with silymarin therapy, histology of the liver revealed that P. persicaria L. restored tissue injury. Alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, sterols, and saponins were found to be present in P. persicaria L. The actions of antioxidants are shown in the DPPH method.

CONCLUSION:
According to the results of this study, P. persicaria L. can reduce hepatotoxicity and oxidative pressure in vitro and in vivo. The ability of the extract to prevent lipid peroxidation and boost antioxidant enzymatic activity could account for this effect.
Local health traditions (LHTs) of Kailashahar subdivision, Unakoti district, Tripura
Authors: Shiddamallayya Nagayya , Dora Binod Bihari , Anjana Janardhanan , Anku Gyati , Borah Tapashi , Tripathi Ashish K. , Vij Priya , Rath Chinmay , Mangal Anupam Kumar , Srikanth Narayanam 
Published: October 2023

AIM:
Tripura is a state that covers wide valleys and plains that make up the vivid landscape. More than half of Tripura remains covered by green and moist deciduous forests. Many rural and tribal communities of the Kailashahar, Unakoti district of Tripura depend on traditional systems for the treatment of ailments. The present work has been conducted to document local health traditions (LHTs) from traditional healers and the utility of medicinal plants for treatment.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:
As per the intramural project allocated by the Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences, New Delhi to the Regional Ayurveda Research Institute, Itanagar has conducted a seasonal Medico Ethno Botanical Survey in the forest of Kailashahar subdivision of Unakoti district, Tripura during the year 2018–19. LHTs were documented according to the standard format provided by the Ministry of Ayush, Government of India by interviewing local traditional healers; thereafter, a collection of medicinal plant specimens, as well as digital photography of plants were used for treatment in various health conditions and for healing purposes. The properties of all herbal formulations were compared and correlated with the Ayurvedic literature and presented systematically and scientifically following the standard protocol.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:
The Medico Ethno Botanical Survey team conducted a survey and documented 33 LHTs with 15 polyherbal and 18 single herbal formulations of 50 plants from traditional healers of the study area. Documented formulations have been used for the treatment of seven human body systems, namely locomotor, gastrointestinal, respiratory, urinary, integumentary, endocrine, and urogenital.

CONCLUSION:
LHTs documentation throws light on the traditional practices for the treatment of human ailments of different body systems by using locally available plants and plant products. Procedures are economic, effective in treatment, and feasible for the rural and tribal populace in the management of health. Herbal formulations are validated with Ayurvedic fundamental principles to understand their high potential medicinal value.