bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative localization of Dax‐1 and Ad4BP/SF‐1 during development of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐gonadal axis suggests their closely related and distinct functions
Authors: Ikeda Yayoi , Takeda Yoshie , Shikayama Tatsuji , Mukai Tokuo , Hisano Setsuji , Morohashi Ken‐Ichirou 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTwo nuclear receptors, Ad4BP/SF‐1 and Dax‐1, are essential regulators for development and function of the mammalian reproductive system. Similarity in expression sites, such as adrenal glands, gonads, pituitary, and hypothalamus, suggests a functional interaction, and the phenotype similarities were manifested in Ad4BP/SF‐1‐deficient mice and in cases of natural human mutations of Dax‐1. In this study, quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analyses revealed that expression profiles of Dax‐1 in embryonic gonads are different between the two sexes and also from those of Ad4BP/SF‐1. Immunohistochemical analyses clarified the spatial and temporal expressions of the Dax‐1 protein during development of tissues composing the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐gonadal axis. During gonadal development, Dax‐1 occurred after Ad4BP/SF‐1 exhibiting a sexually dimorphic expression pattern at indifferent stages, indicating a possibility of Dax‐1 involvement in earliest sex differentiation. When cord formation begins in the testis at embryonic day 12.5 (E12.5), Dax‐1 was expressed strongly in Sertoli cells, but its expression level markedly decreased in Sertoli cells and increased in interstitial cells between E13.5 and E17.5. In the female, Dax‐1 was strongly expressed in the entire ovarian primordium from E12.5 until E14.5, and then its expression level was decreased and limited to cells near the surface epithelium between E17.5 and postnatal day 0 (P0). During postnatal development of the testis, the variable staining of Dax‐1 in Sertoli cells was detected as early as P7 and Dax‐1‐expressing Leydig cells became rare. In the postnatal ovary, Dax‐1 expression was detected in granulosa cells with variable staining intensity, and occasionally in interstitial cells. During pituitary organogenesis, Dax‐1 but not Ad4BP/SF‐1 was expressed in the dorsal part of Rathke's pouch from E9.5. Later in development after E14.5, the distribution of Dax‐1 overlapped with that of Ad4BP/SF‐1, being restricted to gonadotropic cells in the anterior pituitary. In the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH), Dax‐1 and Ad4BP/SF‐1 were mostly colocalized throughout the embryonic and postnatal development. Thus, the coexpression of Dax‐1 and Ad4BP/SF‐1 indicates their closely related functions in the development of the reproductive system. Furthermore, we noticed the presence of cells that express Dax‐1 but not Ad4BP/SF‐1, further indicating additional functions of Dax‐1 in an Ad4BP/SF‐1‐independent molecular mechanism. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Agouti signaling protein and other factors modulating differentiation and proliferation of immortal melanoblasts
Authors: Sviderskaya Elena V. , Hill Simon P. , Balachandar Divya , Barsh Gregory S. , Bennett Dorothy C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe melanocyte lineage potentially forms an attractive model system for studies in cell differentiation, developmental genetics, cell signaling, and melanoma, because differentiated cells produce the visible pigment melanin. Immortal lines of murine melanoblasts (melanocyte precursors) have been described previously, but induction of differentiation involved a complex culture system with keratinocyte feeder cells. Here we describe conditions for both growth and induced differentiation of the melanoblast line melb‐a, without feeder cells, and analyze factors that directly control proliferation and differentiation of these pure melanoblasts. Several active factors are products of developmental and other coat color genes, including stem cell factor (SCF), melanocyte‐stimulating hormone (αMSH), and agouti signaling protein (ASP), a natural antagonist at the MSH receptor (melanocortin 1 receptor, MC1R) encoded by the agouti gene. A stable analog of αMSH (NDP‐MSH) stimulated differentiation and inhibited growth. ASP in excess inhibited both effects of NDP‐MSH, that is, ASP could inhibit pigmentation and stimulate growth. These effects provide an explanation for the interactions in mice of melanocyte developmental mutations with yellow agouti and Mc1r alleles, and a role for embryonic expression patterns of ASP. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Are RAN‐ and phonological awareness‐deficits additive in children with reading disabilities?
Authors: Compton Donald L. , Defries John C. , Olson Richard K. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe double‐deficit hypothesis (Wolf, M. and Bowers, P.G. (1999) The double‐deficit hypothesis for the developmental dyslexias. Journal of Educational Psychology, 91, 415–438) proposes that deficits in phonological processing and rapid automatized naming (RAN) are separable sources of reading dysfunction. Further, the double‐deficit hypothesis predicts that the presence of deficits in both phonological processing and RAN have an additive negative influence on reading performance above and beyond that of a single deficit. The purpose of this study was to examine the additive nature of phonological awareness (PA)‐ and RAN‐deficits on written language skill in children with reading disabilities (RD). Concurrent relationships between PA, RAN, and written language skills were examined in 476 children with RD, ranging in age from 8 to 18 years of age. Hierarchical regression analysis revealed that PA and RAN skill have an additive effect on a majority of the reading and spelling measures. When participants were classified into three deficit subtypes based on the double‐deficit model (i.e. phonological‐, rate‐, and double‐deficit), comparisons across the subtypes confirmed that individuals with double‐deficits performed below the single‐deficit groups on both subtyping variables (RAN and PA) and all measures of written language. When the double‐ and single‐deficit groups were matched on the subtyping variable (i.e. double‐ and rate‐deficit groups matched on RAN and double‐ and phonological‐deficit groups matched on PA) differences between the double‐ and rate‐deficit groups remained in non‐word reading, whereas differences between the double‐ and phonological‐deficit groups remained in timed word recognition and reading comprehension. These results support an additive model in which RAN‐deficits primarily affect tasks that require speeded/fluent response, and PA‐deficits primarily affect tasks that emphasize phonological processing skill. Results are also presented that illustrate several statistical problems associated with the formation of deficit groups by dichotomizing the RAN and PA variables. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Women's perceptions of the outcome of weight loss diets: A Signal detection approach
Authors: Heffernan Dorothy D. , Harper Susan M. , McWilliam Donna 
Published: August 2002

AbstractObjectiveEvolutionary psychology suggests that body shape is as important as body size and that, in women, certain body shapes are considered more attractive, specifically a waist‐to‐hip ratio (WHR) of about 0.70. Research has shown that the WHR does not change as a result of weight loss diets although it may be that women who diet do not appreciate this. We hypothesized that women would report diet outcomes that included shape change. This was investigated using a signal detection paradigm.MethodTwo groups of female participants (high and low WHRs) were presented with images with high and low WHRs and were asked to choose images they could resemble through dieting.ResultsBoth groups of women selected low WHR images as the outcome of their diets, supporting theories of evolutionary psychology.DiscussionWe conclude that women in the high WHR group may find adherence to diets problematic because the desired change in shape does not occur. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 31: 339–343, 2002; DOI 10.1002/eat.10007
Prevention of eating disorders: Challenges and opportunities
Authors: Pearson Jane , Goldklang Dorothy , Striegel‐Moore Ruth H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractObjective and MethodsOn April 25, 2000, the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) convened a Roundtable on the Prevention of Eating Disorders to review the state of prevention science in eating disorders and formulate recommendations regarding future steps to be taken in this area of research.Results and DiscussionThis report summarizes the roundtable discussion. The discussion focused on four major areas: the state of the art of risk factors research, translational research, prevention research in related fields, and cutting‐edge efforts in eating disorder prevention.ConclusionsThe report concludes with specific recommendations. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 31: 233–239, 2002; DOI 10.1002/eat.10014
Reducing risk factors for eating disorders: Targeting at‐risk women with a computerized psychoeducational program
Authors: Zabinski Marion F. , Pung Meredith A. , Wilfley Denise E. , Eppstein Dori L. , Winzelberg Andrew J. , Celio Angela , Taylor C. Barr 
Published: August 2002

AbstractObjectiveThis controlled study evaluated whether an 8‐week program offered over the Internet would significantly decrease body image dissatisfaction, disordered eating patterns, and preoccupation with shape/weight among women at high risk for developing an eating disorder.MethodFifty‐six college women were recruited on the basis of elevated scores (≥110) on the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ). Psychological functioning, as measured by the Eating Disorder Inventory Drive for Thinness (EDI‐DT) subscale, Eating Disorder Examination‐Questionnaire (EDE‐Q), and the BSQ, was assessed at baseline, posttreatment, and at 10‐week follow‐up.ResultsAll participants improved over time on most measures, although effect sizes suggest that the program did impact the intervention group.DiscussionFindings suggest that technological interventions may be helpful for reducing disordered eating patterns and cognitions among high‐risk women. Future research is needed to assess whether such programs are effective over time for prevention of and reduction in eating disorder symptomatology. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 29: 401–408, 2001.
Numerical Dispersion and Stability Condition of the Nonstandard FDTD Method
Authors: Kudo Hironori , Kashiwa Tatsuya , Ohtani Tadao 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn order to reduce the phase error in the FDTD analysis, Cole proposed the NS‐FDTD method. However, in the paper by Cole, numerical dispersion characteristics and accurate stability condition were not presented. Also, definition was given only for cubic lattices. In this paper, the NS‐FDTD method is extended to the rectangular lattices and the numerical dispersion characteristic and the stability condition are derived. From the analysis for the stability condition, it is found that the stability condition in the present method is larger than those for the FDTD method and the FDTD(2, 4) method. From the analysis of the dispersion characteristic, it is shown that the present method has much higher accuracy than the FDTD method whether the lattices are cubic or rectangular. An analysis of a waveguide model is carried out in which the NS‐FDTD method and the FDTD method are mixed. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 85(1): 22–30, 2002
Determining the costs to industry of environmental regulation
Authors: Haq Gary , Bailey Peter D. , Chadwick Michael J. , Forrester John , Kuylenstierna Johan , Leach Gerald , Villagrasa Delia , Fergusson Malcolm , Skinner Ian , Oberthur Sebastian 
Published: August 2002

AbstractDuring the negotiation of international and European environmental regulations, the industry sector typically raises the issue of the cost of compliance. It is often maintained that the cost of complying with environmental regulations restricts business profitability and competitiveness. This paper provides an overview of the cost of compliance by considering the arguments, strategies and cost estimates that were presented by industry during the negotiations of several different environmental regulations in Europe and North America, and at the global level. It examines the difficulties associated with comparing costs using pre‐ and post‐regulation cost data and discusses the strategies adopted during the negotiations of the regulation and once the regulation was implemented. The paper concludes that although some proposals for regulation may impose burdens on industry, which it will oppose, industry has come to recognize that environmental regulation does not necessarily mean increased costs at the level anticipated. While regulation cannot guarantee innovation or lead to greater competitiveness and higher productivity for all firms, those that seize the opportunities will usually gain benefits. The paper reinforces the view that the EU should give careful consideration to the costs presented by industry as in the past it has tended to overestimate costs of compliance and underestimate the potential for the development of new technology. The introduction of independent cost assessments and technology assessments may be one way of overcoming this problem. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment
Genotoxicity of iron chelators in L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells
Authors: Whittaker Paul , Seifried Harold E. , San Richard H.C. , Clarke Jane J. , Dunkel Virginia C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTo further study the mechanism of observed iron mutagenicity and cellular toxicity, a number of different iron chelators were evaluated to select a compound that was not mutagenic and had limited toxicity to mouse lymphoma cells. A series of iron chelators including those used clinically, those under development for clinical applications, and those used in nonclinical applications were evaluated. The mutagenic activity of the iron chelators was assessed in L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells. Eight of the 12 iron chelators that were tested induced mutagenic responses both with and without the addition of S9. Among those chelators used clinically or developed for clinical use, the only compound that did not induce a mutagenic response was the starch deferoxamine conjugate. In contrast, deferoxamine mesylate showed the highest toxicity in this group of chemicals and the concentrations leading to toxicity and mutagenicity between the activated and nonactivated assays were not significantly different. The other three chelators that were not mutagenic were Na2EDTA, phytic acid, and ferrozine. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 38:347–356, 2001. Published 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Models for the estimation of a ‘no effect concentration’
Authors: Pires Ana M. , Branco João A. , Picado Ana , Mendonça Elsa 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe use of a no effect concentration (NEC), instead of the commonly used no observed effect concentration (NOEC), has been advocated recently. In this article models and methods for the estimation of an NEC are proposed and it is shown that the NEC overcomes many of the objections to the NOEC. The NEC is included as a threshold parameter in a non‐linear model. Numerical methods are then used for point estimation and several techniques are proposed for interval estimation (based on bootstrap, profile likelihood and asymptotic normality). The adequacy of these methods is empirically confirmed by the results of a simulation study. The profile likelihood based interval has emerged as the best method. Finally the methodology is illustrated with data obtained from a 21 day Daphnia magna reproduction test with a reference substance, 3,4‐dichloroaniline (3,4‐DCA), and with a real effluent. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A preliminary prediction of seismic damage‐based degradation in RC structures
Authors: Gupta Vinay K. , Nielsen Søren R. K. , Kirkegaard Poul H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractEstimation of structural damage from a known increase in the fundamental period of a structure after an earthquake or prediction of degradation of stiffness and strength for a known damage requires reliable correlations between these response functionals. This study proposes a modified Clough–Johnston single‐degree‐of‐freedom oscillator to establish these correlations in the case of a simple elasto‐plastic oscillator. It is assumed that the proposed oscillator closely models the response of a given multi‐degree‐of‐freedom system in its fundamental mode throughout the duration of the excitation. The proposed model considers the yield displacement level and ductility supply ratio‐related parameter as two input parameters which must be estimated over a narrow range of ductility supply ratio from a frequency degradation curve. This curve is to be identified from a set of recorded excitation and response time‐histories. Useful correlations of strength and stiffness degradation with damage have been obtained wherein a simple damage index based on maximum and yield displacements and ductility supply ratio has been considered. As an application, the proposed model has been used to demonstrate that ignoring the effects of aftershocks in the case of impulsive ground motions may lead to unsafe designs. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Same pie, different portions: shape and weight‐based self‐esteem and eating disorder symptoms in a Georgian sample
Authors: Tchanturia Ketevan , Troop Nicholas A. , Katzman Melanie 
Published: August 2002

AbstractObjective:Current diagnostic criteria for eating disorders emphasize the importance of issues concerning weight and shape for self‐esteem and self‐worth. However, this requirement is based on patients presenting at clinics in Western countries and it is not clear whether such overvaluation of weight and shape is also a feature of eating pathology in non‐Western women.Method:Two hundred and forty‐five women from Georgia (part of the former Soviet Union) completed a number of questionnaires measuring eating pathology, anxiety and depression. In addition, participants completed two measures concerning their evaluation of weight and shape (overvaluation of weight/shape and shape‐ and weight‐based self‐esteem).Results:Both overvaluation of weight and shape and shape‐ and weight‐based self‐esteem were significantly correlated with measures of eating pathology, even after partialling out the effects of anxiety and depression. In addition, the majority of these women desired a thinner body shape. Despite the associations between weight/shape‐based self‐esteem and eating pathology, the overall degree to which women based their self‐esteem on weight and shape was less than that reported in other studies using Western samples.Conclusion:Despite differences in culture, language and location, the women of Georgia appear to share with Western women their dissatisfaction with body shape. In addition, processes that underlie eating pathology may also be similar (namely overvaluation of weight/shape and shape‐ and weight‐based self‐esteem). Given that Georgian women have had differing exposure to western consumerism and marketing it is interesting that the same processes may be operating. With increasing exposure to a Western ideal of thinness portrayed in films, fashion and advertising, we can perhaps expect an increase in the prevalence of pathological eating syndromes. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Numerical modelling of gas–solid fluidized beds using the two‐fluid approach
Authors: Pain C. C. , Mansoorzadeh S. , de Oliveira C. R. E. , Goddard A. J. H 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper details an approach to modelling gas–solid fluidized beds using the two‐fluid granular temperature model. Details concerning the difficulties associated with the boundary conditions, particularly for curved boundaries, are described along with a novel means of obtaining the internal stress of the solid‐phase, in part, by solving an implicit equation. This results in a scheme that is stable even when the solid volume fraction is close to maximum packing. A transient, mixed finite element discretization is used to solve the multi‐phase equations with a discontinuous finite element representation of the granular temperature and continuity equations. A new solution method is proposed to solve the coupled momentum and continuity equations based on Arnoldi iteration. Two fluidized beds are modelled, one in the bubbling regime and the other in the slugging regime. These simulations are compared with experiments. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reexpression of a cluster of silenced transgenes is associated with their rearrangement
Authors: McBurney Michael W. , Lau Stephen , Jardine Karen , Yang Xiaofeng , Davies Bryan 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIrreversible inactivation or silencing of tumor suppressor genes occurs frequently in the development of cancer. A similar process of silencing can occur after the integration of transfected or microinjected genes into the genomes of recipient cells. The inactivation of transfected genes seems particularly efficient in cells with stem cell characteristics. We have been studying the inactivation of genes transfected into cultured P19 embryonal carcinoma cells and found that the CpG‐rich sequence comprising the coding region of the lacZ reporter gene becomes extensively methylated after integration into the genome. 5‐Aza‐2′‐deoxycytidine (5AdC), an inhibitor of DNA methylation, induced the reexpression of silent transgenes in one clone of P19 cells studied in detail. However, the reexpressed genes remained heavily methylated over the lacZ coding sequence. We used pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis to analyze the structure of the transgenic locus in the parental and in 5AdC‐treated cells and found that, in each of the cells reexpressing the transgene, the cluster of transgenes had been rearranged. Each clone had undergone a different rearrangement that appeared to involve recombination within the tandemly repeated copies of the transgene. Our data seem consistent with the idea that 5AdC induces efficient DNA recombination between tandemly repeated genes and that the reexpression of silenced genes induced by 5AdC might be triggered by the chromatin reorganization at the site of DNA recombination. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Marine and estuarine reservoir effects in central Queensland, Australia: Determination of ΔR values
Authors: Ulm Sean 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAs a component of archaeological investigations on the central Queensland coast, a series of five marine shell specimens live‐collected between A.D. 1904 and A.D. 1929 and 11 shell/charcoal paired samples from archaeological contexts were radiocarbon dated to determine local ΔR values. The object of the study was to assess the potential influence of localized variation in marine reservoir effect in accurately determining the age of marine and estuarine shell from archaeological deposits in the area. Results indicate that the routinely applied ΔR value of −5 ± 35 for northeast Australia is erroneously calculated. The determined values suggest a minor revision to Reimer and Reimer's (2000) recommended value for northeast Australia from ΔR = +11 ± 5 to +12 ± 7, and specifically for central Queensland to ΔR = +10 ± 7, for near‐shore open marine environments. In contrast, data obtained from estuarine shell/charcoal pairs demonstrate a general lack of consistency, suggesting estuary‐specific patterns of variation in terrestrial carbon input and exchange with the open ocean. Preliminary data indicate that in some estuaries, at some time periods, a ΔR value of more than −155 ± 55 may be appropriate. In estuarine contexts in central Queensland, a localized estuary‐specific correction factor is recommended to account for geographical and temporal variation in 14C activity. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.