bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
1923’ten 2000’e Cumhuriyet Bayramı Kutlamaları
Authors: BOLAT Bengül 
Published: October 2023

Dünyadaki diğer tüm toplumlarda olduğu gibi Türkler de tarihleri boyunca geçirdikleri siyasi evrelere, gelenekleri, yaşayış biçimleri, inançları ve coğrafik faktörlere bağlı olarak anma, kutlama, bayram gibi etkinlikleri yapmışlar ve bunların büyük bir kısmını gelecek nesillere aktararak devam ettirmişlerdir. İlk vatanları olan Orta Asya’da temellendirdikleri kültürel hayatlarını, Anadolu’ya göç ve İslamiyet’e geçiş ile yeni kültürel değerlerle zenginleştirmişlerdir. Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nu döneminde, imparatorluğun gerektirdiği birçok tören ve ritüelleri de uygulamaya başlamışlardır. Batı’daki gelişmelere paralel olarak, Fransız Devrimi sonrası dünyada hızla etkili olmaya başlayan Ulusçuluğun gerektirdiği sembol ve törensel etkinlikler, ilk etapta Osmanlıcılık üzerinde kurgulanmıştır. Ancak II. Meşrutiyet döneminden itibaren, Osmanlıcılığın iflas etmesi ve imparatorluğun iyice dağılması ile Türkçülük ön plana çıkmıştır. Dönemin yöneticileri, Türk milliyetçiliğinin gelişmesine yönelik birtakım uygulamalar içinde bir süreden beri Batıda yaygınlaşan ve milliyetçiliği güçlendiren, “Milli Bayram” günü ilan etmeyi örnek almışlardır. Bu bağlamda Meşrutiyet’in ilan edildiği gün tarihimizde ilk milli bayram olarak kutlanmaya başlamış, bugünün dışında Osmanlı Devleti’nin Kuruluş günü ile idman, işçi ve çocuklar bayramları gibi kutlamalar da yapılmıştır.
Cumhuriyet döneminde ise TBMM’nin açıldığı günün henüz Millî Mücadele devam ederken bayram ilan edilmesi ile başlayan bu uygulama, Cumhuriyet’in ilanının konsolosluklar aracılığı ile uluslararası “milli bayram “olarak kutlanmaya başlaması ile devam etmiştir. Millî Mücadele dönemi içinde önemli günler olan, Atatürk’ün Samsun’a çıkış günü, Büyük Taarruzun kazanıldığı gün ve TBMM’nin açıldığı günün aynı zamanda çocuk Bayramı olarak kutlanması da diğer ulusal bayram günleri olarak belirlenmiş ve günümüze kadar devam ettirilmiştir. Çalışmaya konu edinen Cumhuriyet Bayramı kutlamaları 1925’te resmi olarak başlamış, 10. Yıl, 50. Yıl ve 75. Yıl kutlamaları diğerlerinden daha fazla özenli ve ayrıntılı olmuştur. Özellikle 10. Yıl kutlamaları en kalıcı olanıdır. Kutlamalar ilkinden başlayarak genellikle birbirine benzer törenlerle devam ederken, her bir dönemin özelliği, dönemin politik olayları, iç ve dış siyasetteki konular ve tartışmaların bayram kutlamalara önemli bir etkisi olduğu görülmektedir. Özellikle çok partili siyasi hayata geçiş ile başlayan süreçte, Türkiye’nin milli bayramının iktidar ve muhalefet arasındaki çekişmelerin gölgesinde kaldığı görülmektedir. Ayrıca terör olayları, ekonomik sıkıntılar gibi faktörler de Milli Bayram coşkusunu ve katılımını olumsuz yönde etkileyen önemli sebepler olmuştur.
Atatürk Dönemi Hükümet Programlarında Kalkınma Politikaları
Authors: BOLAT Mahmut 
Published: October 2023

Atatürk önderliğinde Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Devleti’ni kuran kadroların temel şiarı olan düzen ve ilerleme fikri doğrultusunda, Türkiye’de planlı iktisadi ve sosyal kalkınma görüşü cumhuriyetin ilk yıllarından itibaren hakim olmuştur.
Bu anlamda planlı iktisadi ve sosyal kalkınma, dönemin bütün hükümetlerinin temel hedefi olmuş ve bu hükümetler programlarında, Türkiye’nin kalkınması için gerekli stratejileri dönemin siyasi konjonktürü, ülkenin içinde bulunduğu şartlar, sahip olduğu kaynaklar ve toplum yapısına göre belirlemişlerdir.
Atatürk Dönemi hükümetlerine bakıldığında, bu hükümetler kısa süreli Fethi Okyar ve Celal Bayar hükümeti dışında İsmet İnönü tarafından kurulmuş ve bu hükümetlerin belirlediği stratejiye göre Türkiye’nin kalkınma hamleleri gerçekleştirilmeye çalışılmıştır.
Bu doğrultuda, Atatürk Dönemi kalkınma hamlelerinde başlangıçta, ülkenin kalkınmasının sağlanmasında özel girişimciliğin asıl itici güç olacağı noktasından hareketle, devletin de desteğinin olduğu liberal politikalar benimsenmiştir. Bu politikalarla hedeflenen amaç; devlet destekli bir özel sektör oluşturmak ve kalkınmayı bu özel girişimciler vasıtasıyla gerçekleştirmekti.
Bu düşünceye ve uygulanan politikalara rağmen, sermaye birikimi ve nitelikli işgücü eksikliği, altyapı sorunları ve 1929 Dünya Ekonomik Buhranının etkisi nedeniyle hedeflenen amaçlara tam olarak ulaşılamamıştır. Bu nedenle, 1930’lu yıllardan itibaren özel girişimciliğin soyutlanmadığı devletçi politikalar uygulanmaya başlanmış ve kamu kesimi ekonomik dinamiklerin anahtarı pozisyonuna gelmiştir.
Bütün bu süreçte klasik bir tarım toplumunun dönüşümünü sağlayarak, tarım sektörü yanında sanayi sektörünün de gelişimi hedeflenmiş, bunun yanı sıra yapılan inkılaplarla, toplumsal dönüşüm de sağlanmaya çalışılmış ve özellikle eğitime yapılan yatırımlar, ülkenin kalkınmasına büyük katkı sağlamıştır.
Czechoslovakia in the Context of Nestor Makhno’s Exile (1922-1924)
Authors: Frynta Jakub 
Published: October 2023

The article introduces two handwritten letters of Nestor Makhno to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Czechoslovakia and to President Tomáš G. Masaryk. It also publishes hitherto unknown documents from the Archive of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic that partly charted Makhno’s fate in the years 1922-1924. The article expands and completes the source base of research on Makhno’s exile. For the first time, it puts these sources in the context of the Russian Aid Operation and activities of Makhno in Poland. An analysis of the two letters reveals how Makhno perceived Czechoslovakia; what he expected from it and how he presented himself to T.G. Masaryk. On the basis of archival documents, the attitude of the Czechoslovak authorities towards Makhno can be partially explained.
Based on his historical experience, Makhno compared the Czech nation to that of the Ukrainians, and he also believed that «Czechoslovak Slavonicity» could indicate potential solidarity with the Ukrainian nation. Initially, in Czechoslovakia, Makhno intended to launch his resistance against Bolshevism. Nevertheless, although the sources are ambiguous, owing to the miserable living conditions experienced in Polish exile, it is likely that he also dreamed of repatriation from Czechoslovakia. Moreover, Makhno was purposely vague in describing his role and the situation in Poland to Masaryk to curry favour. Due to Czechoslovakia’s geopolitical goals, any tendencies towards an uprising against Bolshevism with the goal of Ukrainian independence were perceived rather negatively. The Czechoslovak authorities viewed Makhno unfavourably because of the Polish press. He was described as a «bogeyman» of the landowners, and was seen as a distrustful bandit rather than a principled anarchist.
Pendidikan Kesehatan Berbasis Health Belief Models Tentang Tanda Gejala Awal Stroke (Fast): Literatur Riview
Authors: Widniah Any Zahrotul 
Published: October 2023

Pendahuluan: Stroke merupakan masalah kesehatan penting di dunia, setiap tahunya sekitar 5,5 juta orang meninggal akibat stroke, dan 44 juta orang kehilangan kehidupan dan mengalami kecacatan. Serangan stroke memiliki golden periode, yaitu dimana jika seorang penderita stroke segera ditangani maka kecacatan maupun kematian dapat dihindari. Golden periode pada serangan stroke adalah dalam 4 jam pertama setelah penderita mengalami gejala stroke. Masyarakat perlu diberikan pengetauan tentang tanda dan gejala pertama stroke dengan metode FAST berbasis Health Belief Model (HBM). HBM merupakan teori yang digunakan dalam pendidikan kesehatan dan promosi kesehatan. Tujuan: Mampu memahami evidence based dalam bentuk literature review tentang efek pendidikan kesehatan berbasis HBM terhadap tanda dan gejala awal stroke dengan metode FAST. Metode: Studi dilakukan dengan penelusuran jurnal di database â€œScopus, Science Direct, dan ProQuestâ€ menggunakan kata kunci yang telah ditetapkan, kemudian jurnal penelitian tersebut ditelaah, didapatkan lima jurnal memenuhi kriteria untuk dilakukan telaah ilmiah. Kelima jurnal tersebut kemudian ditelaah desain, sampel, perlakuan, dan hasilnya dengan menggunakan critical appraisal. Hasil: Berdasarkan telaah yang dilakukan, hasil literature review menyatakan bahwa dampak pendidkan kesehatan berbasis HBM berpengaruh terhadap peningkatan pengetahuan pada masyarakat. Kesimpulan: HBM dapat meningkatkan pengetahuan dengan intervensi inovasi yang diberikan.
Hubungan Dukungan Keluarga Dengan Kepatuhan Minum Obat Pada Orang Dengan Gangguan Jiwa (Odgj) di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Astambul
Authors: Lani Tiara , Septiana Nurul Wafa 
Published: October 2023

Gangguan jiwa merupakan kondisi fisiologis atau mental seseorang yang kurang berfungsi dengan baik sehingga mengganggu dalam fungsi sehari-hari, Gangguan jiwa dapat berfungsi atau efektif dengan mengkonsumsi obatnya, namun ada beberapa hal yang dapat menghambat keberhasilan Orang dengan Gangguan (ODGJ) diantaranya adalah ketidakpatuhan dalam mengkonsimsi obat. Tujuan penelitiam ini untuk mengetahui hubungan dukungan keluarga dengan kepatuhan minum obat pada pasien Orang dengan Gangguan Jiwa (ODGJ). Metode penelitian ini menggunakan deskriftif analitik dengan studi korelasional dengan sampel penelitian sebanyak 71 responden, uji Penelitian ini menggunakan uji Chi-Square, waktu peneltian mulai bulan April sampai dengan bulan juli tahun 2022, tempat penelitian di Puskesmas wilayah Astambul Kabupaten Banjar Kalimantan selatan. Hasil penelitian ini didapatkan bahwa hubungan antara dukungan keluarga terhadap kepatuhan minum obat pada pasien ODGJ dengan nilai p = 0,0001 yang nama nilai tersebut lebih kecil dari nilai p > 0,05 yang menunjukan bahwa kedua variabel bermakna secara signifikan. Kesimpulan bahwa dukungan keluarga terhadap pasien ODGJ sangar penting dalam kesembuhan pasien, dukungan keluarga dalam memberikan motivasi yang positif dan meyakinkan kepada pasien untuk patuh minum obat, sehingga pasien terhindar dari kekambuhan.
Gambaran Upaya Deteksi Dini Dan Pencegahan Hipertensi Di Desa Kayu Bawang Di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Gambut
Authors: Harun Lukman , Lestari Mery , Hiryadi  
Published: October 2023

Latar Belakang: Penyakit hipertensi adalah salah satu masalah kesehatan yang tidak hanya gencar di dunia, tetapi juga di Indonesia. Hipertensi juga disebut sebagai the silent killer yaitu penyakit mematikan tanpa adanya tanda dan gejalanya terlebih dahulu sebagai peringatan. Status tekanan darah akan semakin tinggi seiring menurunnya fungsi organ tubuh. Hipertensi merupakan peningkatan tekanan darah abnormal yang menjadi penyebab utama timbulnya penyakit kardiovaskuler.
Tujuan: penelitian ini untuk mengetahui gambaran upaya deteksi dini hipertensi dan pencegahan hipertensi di desa kayu bawang di wilayah kerja puskesmas gambut.
Metode: Jenis penelitian ini yaitu kuantitatif dengan rancangan penelitian deskriptif. Populasi dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 150 responden dan sampel 150 responden, menggunakan teknik total sampling.
Hasil: dari penelitian ini yaitu hasil pengukuran tekanan darah sistolik dan diastolik, data yang tertinggi yaitu berada pada Hipertensi Tingkat 1 (sistolik 160â€“179 mmHg; diastolik 90â€“99 mmHg) sebanyak 46 responden (30.7%). Hasil deteksi dini hipertensi dengan data yang tertinggi yaitu berada pada deteksi dini hipertensi cukup sebanyak 126 responden (84%). Hasil pencegahan hipertensi dengan data yang tertinggi yaitu berada pada pencegahan hipertensi cukup sebanyak 120 responden (80%).
Kesimpulan: masyarakat harus dapat mendeteksi secara dini dan melakukan upaya pencegahan penyakit hipertensi agar tekanan darah penderita hipertensi dapat terkontrol.
HUBUNGAN MOTIVASI TERHADAP KEPATUHAN PENGOBATAN PADA PENDERITA DIABETES MELITUS TIPE II
Authors: Prasetya Septa Adhi , Irawan Angga , Rahman Subhannur 
Published: October 2023

Latar Belakang: Era globalisasi terjadi pergeseran dari penyakit menular ke penyakit tidak menular, semakin banyak muncul penyakit degeneratif salah satunya adalah diabetes melitus. Upaya pencegahan dan penanganan pada pasien diabetes melitus salah satunya yaitu memberikan motivasi dalam kepatuhan minum obat pada penderita diabetes melitus. Motivasi yang baik akan berpengaruh pada meningkatnya kepatuhan. Kepatuhan dalam mentaati pengobatan sangat berperan penting untuk mempertahankan keseimbangan kadar gula darah dan meminimalisasi risiko komplikasi.
Tujuan: Mengetahui hubungan motivasi terhadap kepatuhan pengobatan pada penderita diabetes melitus tipe II di UPT Puskesmas PIR Butong.
Metode: Penelitian kuantitatif dengan desain studi korelasi dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Sampel adalah penderita diabetes melitus tipe II yang melakukan pengobatan rutin di UPT Puskesmas PIR Butong pada bulan Januari - Februari 2023 yang berjumlah sebanyak 63 orang dan diambil menggunakan teknik accidental sampling. Pengambilan data menggunakan lembar kuesioner. Analisis data menggunakan uji Spearman Rho.
Hasil: Sebagian besar responden memiliki motivasi yang baik sebanyak 33 orang (52,4%), hampir setengah responden memiliki kepatuhan pengobatan kategori rendah sebanyak 23 orang (36,5%), terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara motivasi terhadap kepatuhan pengobatan pada penderita diabetes melitus tipe II di UPT Puskesmas PIR Butong dengan nilai p-value (0,000 < 0,05). Nilai r = -0,615 yang berarti koefisien korelasi tinggi atau memiliki hubungan yang tinggi antara motivasi dengan kepatuhan pengobatan.
Simpulan: Ada hubungan antara motivasi terhadap kepatuhan pengobatan pada penderita diabetes melitus tipe II di UPT Puskesmas PIR Butong.
ﺣﻠﻑ ﺷﻣﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﻁﻠﺳﻲ (ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻧﺷﺄﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻭﺳﻊ)
Authors: ﻡ. ﺳﻌﺩ ﺭﺯﻳﺞ ﺇﻳﺩﺍﻡ  
Published: October 2023

ﻛﺘــب ﺒرﻴزﻨﺴــﻛﻲ ﻓــﻲ ﻛﺘﺎﺒــﻪ (اﻟﻔوﻀــﻰ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴــﺔ) وﻫــو ﻴﺴﺘﺸــرف ﻤﺴــﺘﻘﺒﻝ اﻟﻌــﺎﻟم ان
اﻫﻤﻴــﺔ اﻟﻘــوة اﻟﻌﺴــﻛرﻴﺔ ﻟــن ﺘﺘ ارﺠــﻊ اﻟــﻰ ﻤﺴــﺘوﻴﺎت دﻨﻴــﺎ ﺒــﺎﻟرﻏم ﻤــن ﺘﺼــﺎﻋد اﻫﻤﻴــﺔ اﻟﻘــوة
اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻴﺔ ٬ ﻫذا ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ان اﻟﺒﺸرﻴﺔ ﺴﺎﺌرة ﺒﺎﺘﺠـﺎﻩ ﺘوطﻴـد دﻋـﺎﺌم دﻓﺎﻋﻴـﺔ ﻓـﻲ ﻋـﺎﻟم ﻴﻨﺤـدر ﻴوﻤـﺎً
ﺒﻌــد اﺨــر ﻨﺤــو ﻨ ازﻋــﺎت ذات ﻤﺴــﺘوﻴﺎت ﻤﺘﺒﺎﻴﻨــﺔ واﻻداة اﻟﺤﺎﺴــﻤﺔ ﻓــﻲ ﻛــﻝ ذﻟــك ﻫــو اﻻداة

اﻟﻌﺴﻛرﻴﺔ.
ان ظﺎﻫرة اﻻﺤـﻼف اﻟﻌﺴـﻛرﻴﺔ ﺠـﺎءت اﺴـﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟرﻏﺒـﺔ اﻟﻘـﺎدة اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴـﻴون ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴـق ﻨـوع
ﻤـن اﻻﻤـن اﻤـﺎ ان ﻴﻛـون ﻤﻔﻘـود ﻴﺴـﻌون ﻻﺴـﺘردادﻩ او ﻤوﺠـود ﻴﺤـﺎوﻟون ﺘﻌزﻴـزﻩ ٬ وﻗﻠـﺔ ﻤـﻨﻬم
ﻫـدﻓت ﻤـن و ارء ذﻟـك اﻻﺴـﺘﻴﻼء واﻟﺴـﻴطرة ﻋﻠـﻰ اﻻﺨـرﻴن ٬ وﻻ ﻴﺨـرج ﺤﻠـف ﺸـﻤﺎﻝ اﻻطﻠﺴـﻲ

ﻋن ﻫذﻩ اﻟﻘﺎﻋدة ﺒﻝ ﻴﺜﺒﺘﻬﺎ ﻻﺴﻴﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤرﺤﻠﺔ اﻻوﻟﻰ ﻟﻨﺸﺎﺘﻪ.
وﻤـﻊ اﻟﺘطـور اﻟـذي اﺼـﺎب اﻟﻌﻼﻗـﺎت اﻟدوﻟﻴـﺔ وﻟﻤ ارﺤـﻝ زﻤﻨﻴـﺔ ﻤﺘﺘﺎﺒﻌـﺔ ﺘطـور اﻟﺤﻠـف
اﻴﻀـﺎً ﻤـن ﺤﻴـث اﻻﻫـداف واﻟوظـﺎﺌف ٬ ﺤﺘـﻰ ﺼـﺎر اﻗـرب اﻟـﻰ ﺘﻛﺘـﻝ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴـق اﻫـداف ﻀـﺨﻤﺔ
ﺘﺘﻨﺎﺴـب واﻟﻀـﺨﺎﻤﺔ اﻟﺘـﻲ طـ آرت ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻤﻌﻨـﻰ اﻻﻤـن ﻓـﻲ اﻟﻤﻔﻬـوم اﻟﻐرﺒـﻲ ٬ وﻴﺘﻤـدد ﻋﻠـﻰ وﻓـق

رؤﻴﺎ ﺠدﻴدة ﺘﺘﺨذ ﻤن اﻟﺤرب اﻻﺴﺘﺒﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺴﺘ ارﺘﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻨﺎﺠﻌﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴق اﻻﻤن.
وطﺒﻴﻌـﻲ ان ﻴﻼﻗـﻲ ﻫـذا اﻟﺘﺤـوﻝ اﻟـذي طـ أر ﻋﻠـﻰ اﻟﻨـﺎﺘو ﻤـن ﺤﻴـث اﻟﺘطـور واﻟﺘوﺴـﻊ
ﻤوﻗﻔﺎً ﻤن اﻟطرف اﻻﺨر (روﺴﻴﺎ) اﻟﺘـﻲ ﻛﺎﻨـت ﻋﻠـﻰ اﻟـدوام ﺘﻤﺜـﻝ ﺠﺎﻨـب ﻤـن اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟـﺔ اﻻﻤﻨﻴـﺔ
ﻓـﻲ اﻟﻌـﺎﻟم ٬ وﻤـن اﻟﻤﻨطـق ان ﻴﻛـون ﻫـذا اﻟﻤوﻗـف ﻤﺘﻼﺌﻤـﺎً ﻤـﻊ اﻟظـرف اﻟـدوﻟﻲ واﻟـداﺨﻠﻲ ﻟﻬـذﻩ

اﻟدوﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﻴش ﺤﺎﻻت ﻤن اﻟﻀﻌف اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﻓﻲ ﻤرﺤﻠﺘﻬﺎ اﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ.
وﻤـن اﺠـﻝ اﻴﻀـﺎح ﻛـﻝ ذﻟـك ﺠـﺎءت ﻫـذﻩ اﻟد ارﺴـﺔ (ﺤﻠـف ﺸـﻤﺎﻝ اﻻطﻠﺴـﻲ د ارﺴـﺔ ﻓـﻲ
اﻟﻨﺸـﺄة واﻟﺘوﺴـﻊ) وﺒﻬﻴﻛﻠﻴـﺔ ﺘ ارﺘﺒﻴـﺔ وﻋﻠـﻰ ﻓﺼـﻠﻴن . اﻻوﻝ ﺘﻨﺎوﻟﻨـﺎ ﻓﻴـﻪ ﻨﺸـﺄة اﻟﺤﻠـف وﺘطـور
وظﺎﺌﻔــﻪ وﻤــن ﺨــﻼﻝ ﻤﺒﺤﺜــﻴن ٬ ﻋــﺎﻟﺞ اﻟﻤﺒﺤــث اﻻوﻝ ﻤﻨــﻪ ﻨﺸــﺄة وﺘطــور اﻟﺤﻠــف ٬ واﻟﺜــﺎﻨﻲ
اﻟوظﺎﺌف اﻟﺘﻲ اﻨـﻴط ﺒـﻪ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻘﻬـﺎ ﻓـﻲ ﺤـﻴن. ﺒﺤﺜﻨـﺎ ﻓـﻲ اﻟﻔﺼـﻝ اﻟﺜـﺎﻨﻲ ﺘوﺴـﻊ اﻟﺤﻠـف واﻟﻤوﻗـف
اﻟروﺴﻲ ﻤن ﻫذا اﻟﺘوﺴﻊ اﻴﻀﺎً ﻤن ﺨﻼﻝ ﻤﺒﺤﺜﻴن ﺘﻀﻤن اﻻوﻝ ﻤﻨـﻪ ﺘوﺴـﻊ اﻟﺤﻠـف ﻓـﻲ ﺤـﻴن
ﺒﻴن اﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ اﻟﻤوﻗف اﻟروﺴﻲ ﻤن ﻫذا اﻟﺘوﺴﻊ.
ﻧﻘﺎﺩ ﻧﺟﻳﺏ ﻣﺣﻔﻭﻅ ﻭﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ (ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺻﻳﺭﺓ)
Authors: ﺃ.ﻡ. ﺩﺍﻭﺩ ﺳﻠﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻧﺑﻛﻲ  
Published: October 2023

ُﻴﻌﻨـﻰ ﻫـذا اﻟﺒﺤـث ﺒﺘﻌﺎﻤـﻝ اﻟﻨﻘـﺎد اﻻﺼـطﻼﺤﻲ ﻤـﻊ رواﻴـﺎت ﻨﺠﻴـب ﻤﺤﻔـوظ اﻟﻘﺼـﻴرة
وﺒﺨﺎﺼﺔ رواﻴﺘﻪ اﻟﻘﺼﻴرة اﻷوﻟﻰ (اﻟﻠص واﻟﻛﻼب) اﻟﺼﺎدرة ﺴﻨﺔ .١٩٦١

وأظﻬـر اﻻﺴﺘﻘﺼـﺎء اﻟﻨﻘـدي ﻟﻤـﺎ ﻛﺘـب ﻤـن ﻛـّم ﻨﻘـدي ﻛﺒﻴـر ﻋـن ﻫـذﻩ اﻟرواﻴـﺔ ان ﻫﻨـﺎك
ﻨﻘـﺎداً ﻗــد أﺒـدوا وﻋﻴــﺎً ﻨﻘـدﻴﺎً ﺠــﺎداً ﺒﻬـذا اﻟﺸــﻛﻝ اﻟﺠدﻴـد اﻟــذي ﻤﺜﻠﺘـﻪ رواﻴــﺔ (اﻟﻠـص واﻟﻛــﻼب)

واﻨﺸﻐﻠوا ﺒﺎﻟﻘﻀﻴﺔ اﻻﺼطﻼﺤﻴﺔ ﻛﺄﻨور اﻟﻤﻌداوي ود. ﺸﻛري ﻤﺤﻤد ﻋﻴﺎد وأن ﻨﻘﺎداً آﺨـرﻴن ﻗـد

ﺘﻨﺒﻬوا إﻟﻰ اﻟﺸﻛﻝ اﻟﺠﻴد ﻟﻬذﻩ اﻟرواﻴﺔ وﻟﻛﻨﻬم ﻟم ﻴﺜﻴروا اﻴﺔ ﻤﺸﻛﻠﺔ اﺼطﻼﺤﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻟدﻛﺘور رﺸـﺎد

رﺸـدي ود.ﻟطﻴﻔـﺔ اﻟزﻴـﺎت ود.ﻟـوﻴس ﻋـوض… أﻤـﺎ ﻨﻘـﺎد اﻟرواﻴـﺎت اﻟﻘﺼـﻴرة اﻟﻼﺤﻘـﺔ ﻓـﺎﻨﻬم ﻟـم

ﻴﻠﺘﻔﺘوا ﻓﻲ اﻷﻏﻠب إﻟﻰ ﻗﻀﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺼطﻠﺢ اﻟﻘﺼﺼﻲ.

وﻋـرض اﻟﺒﺤـث أﻴﻀـﺎً ﺼـو اًر ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ ﻤـن اﻻﻀـط ارب ﻓـﻲ اﺴـﺘﺨدام اﻟﻤﺼـطﻠﺢ ﻟـدى

ﺒﻌض ﻨﻘﺎد ﻨﺠﻴب ﻤﺤﻔوظ.

(اﻟرواﻴـﺔ اﻟﻘﺼـﻴرة) ﺼـﻨف رواﺌـﻲ ﺨـﺎص ٬ وﻫـو اﻟﺒـدﻴﻝ ﻋـن ﺘﻌﺒﻴـ ارت ﻤـن ﻤﺜـﻝ (رواﻴـﺔ

ﺼـﻐﻴرة) أو (رواﻴـﺔ ﻏﻴـر ﻛﺒﻴـرة) أو (رواﻴـﺔ ﻤﻀـﻐوطﺔ). واﻷﻋﻤـﺎﻝ اﻟﺘـﻲ ﺘﻨﻀـوي ﺘﺤﺘـﻪ ﻫـﻲ

أﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺘﻨﺘﻤﻲ إﻟﻰ ﻗﺎﻟب (اﻟرواﻴﺔ). ﻓﺎﻟرواﻴﺔ اﻟﻘﺼﻴرة ﺘﺘﺴم ﺒﺘﻨوع اﻷﺤداث وﺘﻌـدد اﻟﺸﺨﺼـﻴﺎت

وﺘﻠـون اﻷﻤﻛﻨــﺔ واﻤﺘــداد اﻷزﻤﻨــﺔ وﺘــداﺨﻠﻬﺎ إﻻ اﻨﻬــﺎ ﻻ ﺘﺼــﻝ إﻟــﻰ اﻟﺴــﻌﺔ اﻟﺘــﻲ ﺘﺘﺼــف ﺒﻬــﺎ

(اﻟرواﻴﺔ) اﻻﻋﺘﻴﺎدﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘوظﻴﻔﻬﺎ وﺘﻌﺒﻴرﻫﺎ ﻋن ﺘﻠك اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼـر واﻟﺘـﻲ ﻗـد ﺘﺼـور أﺤﻴﺎﻨـﺎً أﺠﻴـﺎﻻً

ﻋدﻴدة ﻤن اﻟزﻤن واﻟﻨﺎس.

وﻟﻴس ﻤﺼطﻠﺢ (اﻟﻘﺼﺔ اﻟﻘﺼـﻴرة اﻟطوﻴﻠـﺔ)- واﺨﺘﺼـﺎرﻩ (اﻟﻘﺼـﺔ اﻟطوﻴﻠـﺔ)- ﺒـدﻴﻼً ﻋـن

ﻤﺼطﻠﺢ (اﻟرواﻴﺔ اﻟﻘﺼﻴرة) أو ﻤ اردﻓﺎً ﻟﻪ ذﻟك ان (اﻟﻘﺼـﺔ اﻟطوﻴﻠـﺔ) ﻤﺼـطﻠﺢ آﺨـر داﻝ ﻋﻠـﻰ

ﺼـﻨف ﻗﺼﺼـﻲ ﺜـﺎن ﻴﻨﺘﻤـﻲ إﻟـﻰ ﻗﺎﻟـب (اﻟﻘﺼـﺔ اﻟﻘﺼـﻴرة) ﻻ إﻟـﻰ ﻗﺎﻟـب (اﻟرواﻴـﺔ). و(اﻟﻘﺼـﺔ

اﻟطوﻴﻠـﺔ) ﻫـﻲ اﻟﺒـدﻴﻝ ﻋـن ﺘﻌﺒﻴـري (ﻗﺼـﺔ ﻗﺼـﻴرة ﻤﻛﺒـرة) و (ﻗﺼـﺔ ﻗﺼـﻴرة ﻤطوﻟـﺔ) ﻓﻬـﻲ ﻓـﻲ

اﻷﺼﻝ ﻗﺼﺔ ﻗﺼﻴرة ﺘﺘﺴم ﺒﺎﻟﺴﻤﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻌروﻓﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺼﺔ اﻟﻘﺼﻴرة ﻤن ﻤﺜﻝ اﻻﻴﻘﺎع اﻟﺴرﻴﻊ

واﻻﻤﺘداد ﻏﻴر اﻟﻤﺘﻔرع إﻟـﻰ ﻓـروع ﺠﺎﻨﺒﻴـﺔ ووﺤـدة اﻟﺨـط اﻟﺤـدﺜﻲ وﻗﻠـﺔ اﻷﺤـداث اﻟﺘـﻲ ﺘﻘـوم ﺒﻬـﺎ
English Discontinuous Structures
Authors: Nibras Hashim Hani  
Published: October 2023

This paper examines the possibility of inserting linguistic elements
in unusual positions. The outcome of such insertion has come to be
known as a discontinuous structure. Learners of English as a foreign
language are warned against the use of such structures in their speech or
writing. However, in several cases the insertion of a word or a clause
within a constituent or between constituents becomes obligatory or
stylistically preferable. One striking example is the use of adverbials
between the main verb of a sentence and its direct object when the object
of the sentence is long or heavy.
Developing an English Proficiency Test for Higher Education
Authors: Rionaldi Rionaldi - , Saputra Boni 
Published: October 2023

Universities worldwide have recognized the significance of assessing students' language abilities to ensure they can actively participate in academic discourse. However, many universities do not have institution-based English proficiency test yet. The aim of the research is to explore the significances of developing university-based English proficiency test, the essential steps involved in crafting it, and challenges in developing a robust institution's English proficiency test. The method used in this research is library research. The results underscore the critical role of an English proficiency test in ensuring academic excellence, promoting global communication, and preparing students for success in an increasingly interconnected world. Developing a well-structured and reliable English proficiency assessment tool starts with a decision to provide a test, developing the test, and followed by those stages connected with test use. Nevertheless, defining test objective and ensuring test validity, choosing the right format, ensuring fairness and inclusivity, preparing substantial cost and resources, adapting for specific contexts are challenges in developing it. In sum, universities can develop a robust English proficiency test by having collaboration with language experts, assessment specialists, and educators, as well as adherence to established principles of language testing and assessment .
Maternal Age and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes among Women Attended Kirkuk City Hospitals: A Comparative Study
Authors: Rafaat Batool medhat , Shakoor Jenan 
Published: October 2023

Background: Adolescent pregnancy is one of the most common public health issues in the world today, causing harm to the fetus, mother, and newborn .World Health Organization (WHO) defined adolescents as individuals between the age of 10 and 19 years old, and according to the , adolescents make up approximately 20% of the world's population.
Objective: To identify and compare the adverse pregnancy outcomes among two age groups of pregnant women attended Kirkuk city hospitals.
Methods:A Quantitative (descriptive) study design was carried out between October 2022 and may 2023 on a sample of 280women, aged less than or equal to 19years old&more than or equal to 35 years. Purposive sample selected from 3 main hospitals in Kirkuk City. A structured questionnaire was employed as an instrument for data collection. SPSS version22.0 was used for data entry and analysis. Both descriptive and inferential statistical methods used.
Results: A total of 280 mothers participated, both groups were primary school graduated ,house wife with insufficient income. Adolescent group had 1-2 gravida & para, While advanced age had from 3-4 with delivery by CS for both groups. Significant relationship of maternal outcome found as complication before labor as placenta previa ,gestational hypertension, eclampsia and olighydrominos. In addition for neonatal outcome need to admission to neonatal intensive care unit and early neonatal death had significant relationship at p ˂ 0.05.
Conclusions: No significant relationships were accounted for between the distribution of maternal outcomes among both groups, and the expectation for some complications before labor, a significant relationship at P<0.05 according to the need for neonatal intensive care unit admission & neonatal death among both age groups.
The Psychological Health of A couple Planning for Divorce
Authors: ALHatab Dr. Ali Ahmed 
Published: October 2023

Background: One of the social phenomena that has come to be seen as a primary problem in the society is divorce, which has had a devastating impact not only on the institution of the family but also on society as a whole.
Objective: To assess the Psychological Impact of Planning for Divorce and to find-out the association between the psychological health and their socio- demographic data for married couples planning a divorce.
Material and Methods: Descriptive-Analytic study design was used to describe the variables and the relationships that occur among them in this study. This design was carried out in order to achieve the aims of the present study to identify the psychological impact on spouses planning divorce in Karbala Federal Court of Appeal / Presidency of the Karbala Criminal Court, the second body during the period from 12th December 2021 to 15th February 2022. Purposive sampling (nonprobability) of (70) spouses planning divorce in Karbala. The questionnaire it has 3 subscales (depression, anxiety, and stress). The data collection started by using questionnaire format and fill out sampling was obtained by spouses planning divorce in Karbala city. The process of collecting data for the researcher through the interview questionnaire to spouses planning divorce in Karbala Federal Court of Appeal, took time to fill the questionnaire time of 10-15 minutes and participants were asked to read the questionnaire. The correlation between psychological state and demographic characteristics has been examined using Chi-square tests.
Result: This table shows that there is high significant and significant relationship between Depression with (Age at marriage, Age difference between spouses, do you want to return to a single life, does divorce negatively affect children, what do you think is the main reason for divorce in our society, Number of divorces) at p value < 0.05.
Conclusions: The majority of samples were had Psychological Impact of couples. There is a significant relationship between impact psychological health of planning for divorce with socio- demographic characteristics.