bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Burden of Social Phobia in a Brazilian Community and its Relationship with Socioeconomic Circumstances, Health Status and Use of Health Services: The Bambui Study
Authors: Vorcaro C. M. R. , Rocha F. L. , Uchoa E. , Lima-Costa M. F. 
Published: September 2004

Aims: Social phobia in the environment of poverty and major social inequalities, as observed in most developing countries, has received little attention. This population-based study was carried out in a poor community in Brazil (15,000 inhabitants), aiming at determining the prevalence of social phobia and its associated factors. Method: The Composite International Diagnostic Interview was applied in a random sample of 1037 residents aged 5 18 years. Results: The 1-month, 1-year and lifetime prevalence of social phobia were 7.9, 9.1 and 11.8%, respectively. One-month social phobia was independently associated with age (45-64 years), marital status (divorced/separated), worse socioeconomic indicators (family income and education), number of months worked, worse health status and use of health services and medications. Conclusion: There was an important burden of social phobia in the study community, due to its high prevalence (similar or superior to those observed in most developed countries), and due to its association with worse health status and use of health services and medications. The strong association between social phobia and socioeconomic circumstance, even in a small and poor community, is certainly a reflex of the major social inequalities in Brazil.
Culture-Sensitive Counselling, Psychotherapy and Support Groups in the Orthodox-Jewish Community: How they Work and How they are Experienced
Authors: Loewenthal Kate Miriam , Rogers Marian Brooke 
Published: September 2004

Background: There is political and scientific goodwill towards the provision of culture-sensitive support, but as yet little knowledge about how such support works and what are its strengths and difficulties in practice. Aims: To study groups offering culture-sensitive psychological and other support to the strictly orthodox Jewish community in London. Methods: Semi-structured interviews with service providers, potential and actual users from the community, and professionals serving the community. Interviews asked about the aims, functioning and achievements of 10 support groups. Results: Thematic analysis identified seven important themes: admiration for the work of the groups; appreciation of the benefits of culture-sensitive services; concerns over confidentiality and stigma; concerns over finance and fund-raising; concerns about professionalism; the importance of liaison with rabbinic authorities; need for better dissemination of information. Conclusions: The strengths and difficulties of providing culture-sensitive services in one community were identified. Areas for attention include vigilance regarding confidentiality, improvements in disseminating information, improvements in the reliability of funding and attention to systematic needs assessment, and to the examination of efficacy of these forms of service provision.
Social Welfare Policy: Social Rehabilitation of Psychiatric Patients in Urban china
Authors: Sevigny Robert 
Published: September 2004

Background: The background of this paper is an empirical research on social rehabilitation of psychiatric patients in a large urban city in China during the post-Mao period, the Beijing Psychiatric Rehabilitation Research. Another aspect of this background is an exchange with Chen Sheying, a colleague interested in social services for the elderly in China. The underlying assumption of this paper is the multiple similarities between those two areas. Objectives: The first objective of this paper is to present a contextual analysis of the development of psychiatric rehabilitation in urban China and a second objective is to stress the similarities between psychiatric rehabilitation and social services to the elderly. Material: The material presented, while referring mainly to the general context of psychiatry and rehabilitation around that period, includes some data from the Beijing research. There are five analytical dimensions: (1) epistemological choices and research paradigms; (2) rehabilitation as an idea; (3) rehabilitation as a social, political and cultural matter; (4) factors of change in the recent history of China; and, finally, (5) mental illness as a personal experience. Discussion: This presentation leads to a discussion about the multiple similarities between the social welfare of two vulnerable categories of people (i.e. psychiatric patients and the elderly). It also offers, in the specific field of mental illness, a general interpretation of the rapid social changes in urban China. Conclusion: The conclusion is that psychiatric and ageing services are both a product of interaction among various cultural and social-political-economic factors. Any social welfare intervention or policy should be based on a thorough understanding of the five dimensions referred to earlier, including the traditional Chinese familism and structural dimensions of the post-Mao ‘economic state’ orientation.
Re-Thinking Acute Psychiatric Inpatient Care
Authors: Norton Kingsley 
Published: September 2004

Background: Reports of low staff morale and high levels of patient complaints suggest that acute psychiatric wards are not achieving their full therapeutic potential. Aims: This paper reviews some of the ‘therapeutic milieu’ literature to identify ways of construing ward functioning so as to maximise therapeutic and minimise destructive processes within inpatient units. Method: Relevant papers are reviewed, providing an understanding that permits the inpatient clinician to consider and apply the pertinent concepts. Results: Five key therapeutic functions of the ward environment are identified - containment, support, structure, involvement and validation. Four destructive processes are described, relating to: the isolated patient; group phenomena; the contribution of staff; and structural manifestations in the ward. Conclusions: The inpatient ward can be construed as a ‘whole’, embodying a range of therapeutic functions, which may need rapid deployment and dismantling, as dictated by changes in ward conditions. The ‘ward-as-a-whole’ construct complements individualised models of patient care and the practical implications of such thinking could engender a greater sense of agency and job satisfaction in staff.
A New Approach for the Au/Ag Alloy Nanoparticle Formation through the Reduction of Ag(I) to Ag(0) by Amine and Intermetallic Electron Transfer from Ag(0) to Gold(I) Complex
Authors: Yamamoto Mari , Nakamoto Masami 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
A new approach for the formation of Au/Ag alloy nanoparticles is proposed; the reaction of [Au(C13H27CO2)(PPh3)] and C13H27CO2Ag (the mole ratio 1:1) in NEt3 at 80 °C for 2 h affords Au/Ag alloy nanoparticles with average diameter 3.0 ± 0.39 nm in large scale through the reduction of Ag(I) to Ag(0) by triethylamine and intermetallic electron transfer from Ag(0) to gold(I) complex.
An Efficient Catalyst for Low Temperature Solid-phase Cyclization of Poly(o-hydroxyamide)
Authors: Toyokawa Fumihiro , Fukukawa Ken-ichi , Shibasaki Yuji , Ueda Mitsuru 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
An efficient acid catalyst for the low-temperature solid-phase cyclization of poly(o-hydroxyamide) (PHA) has been found. Thermal cyclization of PHA into poly(benzoxazole) (PBO) proceeded quantitatively at 250 °C in 10 min in the presence of 10 wt % of a photoacitve compound, (5-propylsulfonyloxyimino-5H-thiophen-2-ylidene)-2-(methylphenyl)-acetonitrile (PTMA).
Construction of Z-scheme Type Heterogeneous Photocatalysis Systems for Water Splitting into H2 and O2 under Visible Light Irradiation
Authors: Kato Hideki , Hori Mikihiro , Konta Ryoko , Shimodaira Yoshiki , Kudo Akihiko 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
The water splitting under visible light irradiation has been achieved by the Z-scheme system constituted of an Fe3+/Fe2+ redox couple as an electron relay and two powdered heterogeneous photocatalysts which we have recently developed. The (Pt/SrTiO3:Rh)–(BiVO4) system showed the highest activity with 0.3% of an apparent quantum yield at 440 nm. It can use visible light up to 520 nm.
Synthesis of Controllable Crystalline Nano-TiO2 at Low Temperature
Authors: Yan Maocheng , Chen Feng , Zhang Jinlong 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
TiO2 catalysts of high surface area and different anatase/rutile ratios have been prepared at low temperature with microemulsion method. The contents of anatase and rutile have been successfully controlled by simply changing the proportion of Cl− and SO42− in aqueous phase of microemulsion. The photocatalytic activity of TiO2 was tested with photodegradartion of Methyl Orange. Anatase and rutile were confirmed having a synergistic effect in enhancing the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 and the catalyst containing 74.2% anatase showed the highest photocatalytic activity.
The Influence of Polytypic Structures on the Solid-state 13C NMR Spectra of n-Alkanes
Authors: Kubota Hideki , Kaneko Fumitoshi , Akita Chikayo , Kawaguchi Tatsuya 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
Two polytypes for the monoclinic (M011) modification of n-hexatriacontane (n-C36H74), single-layered structure Mon and double-layered structure Orth II, were studied by means of the solid-state CP/MAS 13C NMR spectroscopy. The terminal methyl carbon showed clear differences in the chemical shift as well as spin-lattice relaxation time (T1) between Mon and Orth II, in contrast to no marked difference for the other carbons.
An Efficient Method for the Ether Forming Reaction between Alkyl Diphenylphosphinate and Alkoxytrimethylsilane by the Promotion of Trimethylsilyl Triflate
Authors: Kobashi Yohei , Minowa Tomofumi , Mukaiyama Teruaki 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
The trimethylsilyl triflate promoted reactions of alkyl diphenylphosphinates with alkoxytrimethylsilanes in chloroform, 1,2-dichloroethane or 1,2-dichloropropane, proceeded smoothly to give the corresponding ethers in good yields.
Addition of Organostannanes to Isocyanate Catalyzed by a Rhodium Complex
Authors: Koike Tooru , Takahashi Masabumi , Arai Nobumichi , Mori Atsunori 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
Arylstannanes add to isocyanate in the presence of a rhodium catalyst to afford amides in good to excellent yields. Use of a phenol derivative as an additive is found to play an essential role for the successful reaction.
Fabrication of Novel Vanadium Dioxide Nanorods as Cathode Material for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries
Authors: Chen Wen , Peng Junfeng , Mai Liqiang , Yu Hua , Qi Yanyuan 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
Novel vanadium dioxide nanorods in diameter of 40–60 nm and in length up to 1–2 μm were successfully fabricated via a surfactant-assisted hydrothermal method at 180 °C for 48 h. Electrochemical test results demonstrated that the nanorods showed an initial discharge specific capacity of 306 and 245 mAh/g in the fifteenth cycle.
One-pot Synthetic Method of Allyl Sulfides: Samarium-induced Allyl Bromide Mediated Reduction of Alkyl Thiocyanates and Diaryl Disulfides in Methanolic Medium
Authors: Zhan Zhuang-Ping , Lang Kai 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
A convenient synthetic method of allyl sulfides by the treatment of alkyl thiocyanates or diaryl disulfides with Sm and allyl bromide in methanol has been developed.
Crystal structures and their enumeration via quotient graphs
Authors: Thimm Georg 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
Nets – and the quotient-graphs representing nets – are shown to be a powerful tool for the enumeration and analysis of crystal structures. Old and new invariants characterising nets are discussed on the base of a large set of nets. An earlier presented algorithm for the enumeration of crystal structures is revised and extended in order to permit a more directed search for structures possessing certain properties. Particular attention is given to the exclusion of nets, which, by the nature of their connectivity, can not correspond to a crystal structure.
Differing Resistance of Atlantic Salmon Strains and Rainbow Trout to Gyrodactylus salaris Infection
Authors: Dalgaard M. B. , Larsen T. B. , Jørndrup S. , Buchmann K. 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
Laboratory studies were conducted on the susceptibility of different strains of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss to infection with the monogenean Gyrodactylus salaris. This parasite, probably originating from the Baltic Sea region, is known to minimally affect Neva River (Baltic Sea) Atlantic salmon. However, following its introduction into Norway, G. salaris has caused severe mortality and morbidity among Norwegian Atlantic salmon, which are considered a highly susceptible strain. The cohabitation experiment included one stock of rainbow trout and four different strains of Atlantic salmon from the Baltic Sea region (Mörrum River, Sweden), Europe (Skjern River, Denmark; Conon River, Scotland), and North America (Bristol Cove River, Canada). Fish were exposed to a Norwegian strain of G. salaris, and parasite population development and distribution were monitored for 7 weeks. Rainbow trout exhibited low susceptibility to G. salaris infection, whereas Conon River and Skjern River Atlantic salmon were highly susceptible and exhibited high mortality rates. Mörrum River Atlantic salmon exhibited intermediate susceptibility and low mortality. Bristol Cove River Atlantic salmon harbored relatively low parasite numbers, but fish mortality was high. Our experiment showed that the Danish Skjern River strain of Atlantic salmon is highly susceptible to G. salaris infection, further supporting the hypothesis that Atlantic Ocean strains are more susceptible to G. salaris infection than are Baltic strains.
Ovotestis in a Japanese Medaka
Authors: Getsfrid Wade , Thiyagarajah Arunthavarani , Hartley William R. , Conerly Octavia 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
We observed ovotestis in Japanese medaka Oryzias latipes used to study the effects of bromodichloromethane (BDCM) on gonadal differentiation. Bromodichloromethane, a trihalomethane, is a drinking water disinfection byproduct. Seven-day-old Japanese medaka (n = 30 fish per treatment) were exposed for 10 d to nominal concentrations of BDCM (10 or 25 mg/L) in dimethyl sulfoxide, a carrier solvent control, or a springwater control, then transferred to springwater and reared for 6 months. Ovotestis was present in one female of the 13 Japanese medaka that survived for 6 months after exposure to 10 mg/L BDCM. This is the first report of an intersex condition in a BDCM exposure study. There are no known reports of spontaneous occurrences of ovotestis in Japanese medaka; however, we cannot eliminate the possibility that this single case was spontaneous rather than induced by BDCM. Therefore, further studies with a wide range of concentrations of BDCM are needed to confirm the ovotestis induction potential of BDCM.
A Digenean Metacercaria (Apophallus sp.) and a Myxozoan (Myxobolus sp.) Associated with Vertebral Deformities in Cyprinid Fishes from the Willamette River, Oregon
Authors: Kent M. L. , Watral V. G. , Whipps C. M. , Cunningham M. E. , Criscione C. D. , Heidel J. R. , Curtis L. R. , Spitsbergen J. , Markle D. F. 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
A high prevalence of vertebral deformities has been observed in various fishes, especially cyprinids, from certain regions of the Willamette River for many years. One proposed source of these deformities is exposure to toxicants. Histological evaluation of affected chiselmouth Acrocheilus alutaceus revealed that all lesions associated with vertebrae were associated with metacercariae of digenean trematodes. Approximately half of the northern pikeminnow Ptychocheilus oregonensis had infections in which metacercariae were associated with these lesions. Metacercariae were also associated with vertebral lesions in three of four affected peamouth Mylocheilus caurinus. Many metacercariae that were present within the vertebral bodies were associated with bony dysplasia and bony proliferation in all three species. We also evaluated the association of the metacercariae with the vertebral deformities, using intact fish that had been cleared with trypsin. Fish from the affected regions had a much higher prevalence of metacercariae and deformities and a greater abundance of metacercariae than those in the reference site. Chiselmouths had more deformities and metacercariae than northern pikeminnow. In all fish species, 77% of deformities were directly associated with metacercariae; in chiselmouths, about 95% of the deformities exhibited this relationship. Two types of metacercariae were identified in affected fish: Apophallus sp. (Heterophyidae) and a neascus type (Strigeidida). The Apophallus sp. appeared to be more closely associated with the skeleton deformities. A Myxobolus sp. morphologically similar to M. cyprini was also associated with the vertebral lesions in about 50% of the northern pikeminnow and 5% of the chiselmouths. Intact plasmodia were found in somatic muscle, and lesions containing free spores were often located at bone surfaces. This survey demonstrates that metacercariae (probably Apophallus sp.) and a Myxobolus sp. are major causes of the vertebral deformities seen in cyprinid fishes from certain regions of the Willamette River.
Prevalence of the Parasitic Copepod Haemobaphes intermedius on Juvenile Buffalo Sculpins from Washington State
Authors: Halpenny C. M. , Kocan R. M. , Hershberger P. K. 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
The parasitic copepod, Haemobaphes intermedius, was detected in 62% of juvenile buffalo sculpins Enophrys bison, a previously unreported host, from the San Juan Islands archipelago in Washington State. Most infestations were characterized by the presence of a single female copepod infestations with multiple H. intermedius occurred either unilaterally or bilaterally in 29% of parasitized individuals. Impaired condition of parasitized hosts was indicated by significantly lower total lengths and weights (34.9 mm; 1.6 g) than in unparasitized cohorts (38.9 mm; 2.1 g). Host specificity was indicated by the failure to detect H. intermedius in 43 sympatric great sculpins Myoxocephalus polyacanthocephalus from the same location.
Early Correlates of School Readiness Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic Linking Health and School Data
Authors: Copeland Kristen A. , Porter Lauren , Gorecki Michelle C. , Reyner Allison , White Cynthia , Kahn Robert S. 
Published: February 2024

ImportanceMany known correlates of kindergarten readiness are captured in developmental and social screenings in primary care; little is known about how primary care data predicts school readiness.ObjectiveTo identify early Kindergarten Readiness Assessment (KRA) correlates by linking electronic health record (EHR) data with school district KRA data and to examine potential outcomes of the COVID-19 pandemic using KRA scores between 2018 and 2021.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis was a retrospective cohort study linking a large primary care practice (PCP) with school assessment data. Linkage used patient name, date of birth, and address. The setting was an urban school district and PCP affiliated with an academic medical center. Students had a KRA score from fall of 2018, 2019, or 2021 (no 2020 KRA due to the COVID-19 pandemic) and at least 1 prior well-child visit at the PCP.ExposuresExposures included year KRA administered, reported child race and ethnicity, child sex, interpreter for medical visits, child ever failed Ages &amp;amp; Stages Questionnaire (ASQ) 18 to 54 months, ever rarely read to, Medicaid status, food insecurity, housing insecurity, problems with benefits, and caregiver depressive symptoms.Main Outcomes and MeasuresKRA score (continuous), with a possible range of 0 to 300 (passing score = 270).ResultsA total of 3204 PCP patients (mean [SD] age, 67 [4] months; 1612 male [50.3%]; 2642 Black [82.5%]; 94 Hispanic [2.9%]; 244 White [7.6%]) were matched to their KRA score. Mean (SD) KRA scores were significantly lower in 2021 (mean [SD], 260.0 [13.0]; 214 of 998 [21.4%]) compared with 2019 (mean [SD], 262.7 [13.5]; 317 of 1114 [28.5%]) and 2018 (mean [SD], 263.5 [13.6]; 351 of 1092 [32.1%]), a pattern mirrored in the larger school district. In the linear regression final model (n = 2883), the following binary variables significantly lowered the child’s KRA score (points lowered [95% CI]) below a mean passing score of 270.8: child ever failed ASQ after 18 months (−6.7; 95% CI, −7.7 to −5.6), Medicaid insured (−5.7; 95% CI, −9.0 to −2.3), Hispanic ethnicity (−3.8; 95% CI, −6.9 to −0.6), requires interpreter (−3.6; 95% CI, −7.1 to −0.1), 2021 year (−3.5; 95% CI, −4.7 to −2.3), male sex (−2.7; 95% CI, −3.7 to −1.8), ever rarely read to (−1.5; 95% CI, −2.6 to −0.4), and food insecurity (−1.2; 95% CI, −2.4 to −0.1). Race, caregiver depression, housing insecurity, and problems receiving benefits were not associated with KRA scores in final model.Conclusions and RelevanceFindings of this cohort study suggest a deleterious association of the COVID-19 pandemic with early learning and development. There may be potential for PCPs and school districts to collaborate to identify and mitigate risks much earlier.
Water/Alcohol‐Processable Low‐Cost Dihydropyrazine‐Based Polymers for Highly Sensitive, Stable and Flexible Temperature Sensors
Authors: Jeon Sung Jae , Zhao Naixin , Yuan Yi , Li Yuning 
Published: February 2024

AbstractFlexible temperature sensors based on π–conjugated polymers are well‐suited for diverse applications, including food packaging and human health monitoring. Herein, novel dihydropyrazine (DHP)‐based polymers designed for the development of flexible temperature sensors are introduced. The DHP‐based polymers are synthesized via direct arylation polymerization, eliminating toxic byproducts. Polymers with carboxylate potassium salt side chains, which exhibit high solubility in green solvents like water and alcohol are obtained via post‐polymerization hydrolysis of carboxylate ester chains. Furthermore, a post‐deposition treatment converts the carboxylate potassium salt side chains into carboxylic acid side chains, resulting in highly solvent‐resistant polymers. Notably, these DHP‐based polymers exhibit moderate electrical conductivity in the range of ≈10−4 to 10−1 S cm−1 without the need for additional dopants. Resistor‐type temperature sensors based on the self‐doped DHP‐based polymers, processed with ethylene glycol (EG) on flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates via blade coating, demonstrate an impressive temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) of up to −1.5% °C−1 (20–60 °C) and outstanding long‐term stability under ambient conditions. This work presents a well‐founded design of π–conjugated polymers that simultaneously fulfill performance, stability, processability, and cost criteria, paving the way for practical applications of flexible and printable temperature sensors.