bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estrogen and Extracellular Matrix Influence Human Gingival Fibroblast Proliferation and Protein Production
Authors: Mariotti Angelo J. 
Published: August 2005

Background: A paucity of information exists concerning how estrogen affects cellular function in the gingiva of women. In this study, the behavior of human gingival fibroblasts was examined in the presence of a potent estrogen, estradiol.Methods: Quiescent, premenopausal gingival fibroblasts were incubated in the presence and absence of estradiol (1 nM) and/or raloxifene (100 nM). Cell number was determined and cell cycle analyzed using a flow cytometer. Collagen and non‐collagen production in cell cultures grown on various extracellular matrices were determined using a radioactive microassay which measures collagenase‐digestible and collagenase‐resistant radiolabeled proteins. To ascertain if the gingiva contained specific estrogen‐sensitive cell populations, a fluorescence‐activated cell sorter was used to detect, sort, and enrich fibroblast populations responsive to estrogen.Results: Cellular proliferation and the number of cells entering the S‐phase of the cell cycle were significantly increased in mass cultures of fibroblasts stimulated by estradiol. Raloxifene did not antagonize the action of estradiol on cell proliferation. In regard to protein production, estradiol significantly reduced collagen production on plastic and collagen IV matrices; whereas non‐collagen protein production on plastic and collagen I matrices was significantly reduced. Cell sorting of mass fibroblast populations revealed that, on average, 45% of the cells from the resident population selectively accumulated the estrogen probe. These sorted and estrogen‐sensitive enriched cell populations proliferated in the presence of 1 nM estradiol, whereas the sorted, estrogen‐deficient enriched fibroblast populations did not proliferate when incubated with 1 nM estradiol.Conclusions: These data indicate that estradiol can induce cellular proliferation while depressing protein production in cultures of human, premenopausal gingival fibroblasts. This cellular proliferation appears to be the result of a specific population of cells within the parent culture that responds to physiologic concentrations of estradiol. J Periodontol 2005;76:1391‐1397.
Ignorance and Opinion in Stoic Epistemology
Authors: Meinwald Constance 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis paper argues for a view that maximizes in the Stoics' epistemology the starkness and clarity characteristic of other parts of their philosophy. I reconsider our evidence concerning doxa (opinion/belief): should we really take the Stoics to de fine it as assent to the incognitive, so that it does not include the assent of ordinary people to their kataleptic impressions, and is thus actually inferior to agnoia (ignorance)? I argue against this, and for the simple view that in Stoicism assent is either, in the case of the fool, doxa = agnoia, or alternatively, in that of the sage, epistêmê (knowledge). This view, together with reflection on the appropriate sense of "between" in the relevant reports of SE and Cicero, yields a sympathetic reading of an otherwise problematic challenge Sextus reports Arcesilaus as having prepared for the Stoic claim that katalêpsis, which is the criterion of truth, is between knowledge and opinion; on my view each side is proceeding in a philosophically legitimate way.
Internationalizing SME Nontraditional Exporters and Their Internet Use Idiosyncrasies
Authors: Abor Joshua , Hinson Robert 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis study focuses on small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) of Ghanaian nontraditional exporters (NTEs) in the handicrafts, agricultural, and semiprocessed/processed NTE sectors. Specifically, the study focuses on the relationship between Internet utilization and (1) age of the NTE, (2) export performance, and (3) type of export organization in internationalizing NTEs. The age of an exporting firm had a significant effect on its Internet use. Export volumes and the type of company ownership had no significant influence on Internet use among exporting firms. Analysis of age of the firm and Internet use indicated that firms that have been in existence for a long time adopt the Internet slower.
Human Rights Conditionality and Aid Allocation: Case Study of Japanese Foreign Aid Policy
Authors: Furuoka Fumitaka 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis paper examines a new trend in Japan's Official Development Assistance (ODA) policy that emerged at the end of the Cold War. In 1992, the Japanese government adopted the "Official Development Assistance Charter," which obliged Japan to use its foreign aid to promote human rights, democracy, and freedom. Since the beginning of the 1990s, there have been cases when Japan imposed "human rights conditionalities" by increasing the amount of foreign aid to the recipient countries with good human rights records and reducing economic assistance to the countries with poor human rights practices. However, there remain doubts whether Japan is truly committed to use its aid power as leverage to ensure that democracy and human rights are respected by the governments of its aid recipients. This paper uses panel data analysis to examine whether the condition of human rights in aid-recipient countries has become one of the factors that influence Japan's ODA allocation. The findings reveal the lack of evidence to prove that the human rights condition in aid-recipient countries has influenced the allocation of Japanese aid.
History of Marriage Contracts in Egypt
Authors: Sonbol Amira El-Azhary 
Published: August 2005

AbstractWhile religious guidance may be central in choosing a spouse or expectations from marriage, until the nineteenth century, it was the contractual nature of marriage that defined the actual union entered into by husband and wife and according to which they lived together. Most importantly, marriage contracts could and often did include specific conditions agreed upon by the parties to the contract. The modern period will witness a shift toward privileging the religious side of marriage at the cost of the contractual and women's agency would experience a serious shift due to modern personal status laws.
Culture, Apology, and International Negotiation: The Case of the Sino-U.S. "Spy Plane" Crisis
Authors: Wang Zheng , Avruch Kevin 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis article traces the course of the Sino-U.S. negotiation in April 2001, to resolve the crisis following the collision of a U.S. surveillance aircraft with a Chinese fighter jet off of China's coast and the subsequent unauthorized emergency landing of the U.S. plane at a Chinese airfield on Hainan Island. The negotiation focused on the Chinese demand for a full apology from the United States and the U.S. resistance to this demand. The article examines the role that culture, particularly linguistic differences, played in the course of the negotiation and its eventual resolution.
Colonial Bargaining as Tactics: The Ghana Experience, 1954–1957
Authors: Rothchild Donald 
Published: August 2005

AbstractIn the pre-independence conflict between the Nkrumah regime and the Ashanti-led opposition in the Gold Coast, the departing colonial power found itself caught up in an internal confrontation. The NLM and its allies, fearing the shadow of the future, sought to establish credible guarantees against majoritarian rule after independence. The Nkrumah government insisted upon the centralization of political power and majoritarian principles. The effect was to increase minority insecurity and raise inter-group suspicions and tensions. In this situation, the colonial mediator, determined to advance the negotiation process, secured concessions from the Nkrumah regime on the devolution of limited functions and powers to the sub-regions. However, the preconditions for successful official mediation were not present. The CPP offered concessions that disappeared with the advent of independence, and the opposition refused to participate in an implementation process that appeared to offer them uncertain guarantees. Colonial bargaining therefore represented a lost opportunity, one that failed to resolve the commitment problem.
Quicksand in the Western Sahara? From Referendum Stalemate to Negotiated Solution
Authors: Roussellier Jacques Eric 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe thirty-year old proxy conflict that has pitted Morocco against Algeria over the status of the former Spanish colony of Western Sahara, together with indigenous independence aspirations, continues to challenge conventional wisdom in conflict resolution. Largely ignored by the international community, the question of Western Sahara's future continues to have increased strategic relevance in geopolitical and economic terms. Not merely a standard post-colonial conflict among territorial integration, independent statehood, and partition, the Western Sahara issue elicits a deeper resonance of clashing national and ideological identities. No lasting settlement of the Western Sahara question seems imminent unless the current negotiation process factors in post-independence nation-building dynamics that underpin the conflict, feeds its resilience, and informs its complexity.
The Heart of Darkness: Advice on Navigating Cross-Cultural Research
Authors: Tinsley Catherine 
Published: August 2005

AbstractWhen navigating through cross cultural research designs, one can get lost in the jungle of several methodological dichotomies: positivist versus interpretive epistemologies, etic versus emic perspectives, and inductive versus deductive processes. To move towards either end of these dichotomies risks compromising the rigor and validity of one's study. Thus, cross-cultural research is an endeavor devoted to managing the tensions created by these dichotomies; they represent competing interests or paradigms, which are valid concerns, but need to be addressed with perspective. When embarking on a cross-cultural research project, one is always striking a balance between competing interests, and continuously trying to find the middle road. This article discusses this middle road strategy.
Legal Research on Negotiation
Authors: Hollander-Blumoff Rebecca 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis article addresses the study of negotiation in the legal context, discussing the methodology used by legal academics studying negotiation. It describes in brief the nature of current legal scholarship concerning negotiation and discusses potential obstacles to studying negotiations between lawyers. The article identifies two challenges for the study of negotiation in the legal setting: the institutional problems stemming from the current nature of legal scholarship and the methodological problems inherent in empirical study of the practice of law. The article offers ways in which empirical work on negotiation can contribute to legal academia, highlighting several areas in which further empirical research would be useful.
Field Experiments on Social Conflict
Authors: Pruitt Dean 
Published: August 2005

AbstractField experiments, in which the researcher manipulates one or more variables in a naturally occurring setting, have sometimes been used in studies of social conflict and should probably be used more often. They are more useful than observational studies for assessing the impact of novel conditions, establishing cause and effect, and reducing confounding. And they are more useful than laboratory experiments for examining long-term effects and those that involve strong passions, and for establishing external validity. However field experiments also have their limitations. Some variables cannot be practically or ethically manipulated and require the use of observational methods, which are also more useful for looking at the relationships among a large number of variables and for estimating the strength of association between variables. Furthermore, laboratory experiments allow more control of conditions and greater flexibility in designing manipulations. What this suggests is that all three methods have their value.
Global Flows: Terror, Oil, and Strategic Philanthropy
Authors: Barnes Sandra T. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract:U.S. involvement in Africa is growing following threats of terrorism and interruptions in oil production and because of desires by foreign corporations to expand their activities on the continent. The response of American policymakers has been to establish a stronger military presence that will engage in counterterrorism initiatives and police oil installations. The goals and extent of this buildup, and the ideology legitimating it, are new. They are departures from Cold War policies. Similarly, the response of American business leaders to weaknesses in the infrastructure and political order of African states leads them to establish their own forms of community development, known as strategic philanthropy, so as to protect and expand local markets. Despite these major developments, the media are not informing the public. This article examines the implications of these military and business initiatives for African nations and the reasons for lack of information about them.
Cuban Abakuá Chants: Examining New Linguistic and Historical Evidence for the African Diaspora
Authors: Miller Ivor 
Published: August 2005

Abstract:The Cuban Abakuá society—derived from the Èfik Ékpè and Ejagham Úgbè societies of southeastern Nigeria and southwestern Cameroon—was founded in Havana in the 1830s by captured leaders of Cross River villages. This paper examines the process by which West African Ékpè members were able to understand contemporary Cuban Abakuá chants, and indicates how these texts may be used as historical documents. This methodology involves first recording and interpreting Abakuá chants with Cuban elders, and then interpreting these same chants with the aid of West African Èfik speakers. The correlation of data in these chants with those in documents created by Europeans and Africans from the eighteenth to twentieth centuries indicates a vocabulary that includes many geographic and ethnic names and an occasional historical figure. These examples may lead to a reevaluation of the extent to which African identity and culture were transmitted during the transAtlantic diaspora. Abakuá intellectuals have used commercial recordings to extol their history and ritual lineages. Evidence indicates that Cuban Abakuá identity is based on detailed knowledge of ritual lineages stemming from specific locations in their homelands, and not upon a vague notion of an African “national” or “ethnic” identity. The persistence of the Abakuá society contradicts the official construction of a Cuban national identity.
History, the Nation-State, and Alternative Narratives: An Example from Colonial Douala
Authors: Schler Lynn 
Published: August 2005

Abstract:This article examines processes of community-building in the immigrant quarter of New Bell, Douala, during the interwar years. Historians of Douala have overlooked the history of New Bell, focusing instead on the political and economic activity of Duala's Westernized elite during this period. This historiographic oversight reflects a preoccupation with elite politics identified as the seeds of nationalism in Cameroon. An examination of the community of immigrants provides us with an alternative conceptualization of a multiethnic collective. By tracing the construction and evolution of public space in interwar New Bell, we can uncover elements of group solidarity binding together this highly diverse population.
Coherent mortality forecasts for a group of populations: An extension of the lee-carter method
Authors: Li Nan , Lee Ronald 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Mortality patterns and trajectories in closely related populations are likely to be similar in some respects, and differences are unlikely to increase in the long run. It should therefore be possible to improve the mortality forecasts for individual countries by taking into account the patterns in a larger group. Using the Human Mortality Database, we apply the Lee-Carter model to a group of populations, allowing each its own age pattern and level of mortality but imposing shared rates of change by age. Our forecasts also allow divergent patterns to continue for a while before tapering off. We forecast greater longevity gains for the United States and lesser ones for Japan relative to separate forecasts.
The impact of family structure transitions on youth achievement: Evidence from the children of the NlSY79
Authors: Aughinbaugh Alison , Pierret Charles R. , Rothstein Donna S. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
We investigated the sensitivity of measures of cognitive ability and socioemotional development to changes in parents’ marital status using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979. We used several scores for each assessment, taken at different times relative to parents’ marital transitions, which allowed us to trace the effects starting up to five years before a parent’s change in marital status and continuing for up to six years afterward. It also allowed us to correct for the unobserved heterogeneity of the transition and nontransition samples by controlling for the child’s fixed effect in estimating the time path of his or her response to the transition. We found that children from families with both biological parents scored significantly better on the BPI and the PIAT-math and PIAT-reading assessments than did children from nonintact families. However, much of the difference disappeared when we controlled for background variables. Furthermore, when we controlled for child fixed effects, we did not find significant longitudinal variation in these scores over long periods that encompass the marital transition. This finding suggests that most of the variation is due to cross-sectional differences and is not a result of marital transitions per se.
Migration and spatial assimilation among u.s. latinos: Classical versus segmented trajectories
Authors: South Scott J. , Crowder Kyle , Chavez Erick 
Published: August 2005

AbstractWe used merged data from the Latino National Political Survey, the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, and the U.S. census to examine patterns and determinants of interneighborhood residential mobility between 1990 and 1995 for 2,074 U.S. residents of Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Cuban ethnicity. In several respects, our findings confirm the central tenets of spatial assimilation theory: Latino residential mobility into neighborhoods that are inhabited by greater percentages of non-Hispanic whites (i.e., Anglos) increases with human and financial capital and English-language use. However, these results also point to variations in the residential mobility process among Latinos that are broadly consistent with the segmented assimilation perspective on ethnic and immigrant incorporation. Net of controls, Puerto Ricans are less likely than Mexicans to move to neighborhoods with relatively large Anglo populations, and the generational and socioeconomic differences that are anticipated by the classical assimilation model emerge more strongly for Mexicans than for Puerto Ricans or Cubans. Among Puerto Ricans and Cubans, darker skin color inhibits mobility into Anglo neighborhoods.
Aggregate age-at-marriage patterns from individual mate-search heuristics
Authors: Todd Peter M. , Billari Francesco C. , Simão Jorge 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
The distribution of age at first marriage shows well-known strong regularities across many countries and recent historical periods. We accounted for these patterns by developing agent-based models that simulate the aggregate behavior of individuals who are searching for marriage partners. Past models assumed fully rational agents with complete knowledge of the marriage market; our simulated agents used psychologically plausible simple heuristic mate search rules that adjust aspiration levels on the basis of a sequence of encounters with potential partners. Substantial individual variation must be included in the models to account for the demographically observed ageat-marriage patterns.
Cutaneous Response to Injury and Wound Healing
Authors: O'Toole Edel A. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Wound healing is a complex and dynamic response to injury which can be divided into three phases: inflammation, re‐epithelialization and matrix remodelling. Interactions are required between keratinocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells and inflammatory cells, growth factors, extracellular matrix and enzymes called proteases. Foetal wounds can heal without scarring. However, wounds in children and adults heal with a remodelling phase resulting in a scar. Non‐healing or chronic wounds occur because of infection or pressure as well as systemic factors such as ischaemia or diabetes mellitus. Abnormal scarring results in hypertrophic or keloid scars. Recent advances in stem cell biology and tissue engineering will provide new wound healing therapies.
Clinical Pharmacology
Authors: Woolf Richard T. , Smith Catherine H. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Drug therapy offers a real opportunity to dramatically improve the lives of people suffering from skin disease. In dermatology, there has been a transformative change over the last 20 years in terms of treatment options available. An abiding principle in medicine is ‘to help, or at least to do no harm’ (Hippocrates) and it is a sobering fact that an estimated 3–6% of hospital admissions are due to adverse drug reactions and, of these, over half could have potentially been avoided. Clinical pharmacology deals with the actions, mechanisms of action, uses, adverse effects and fate of drugs in humans, and underpins all aspects of drug therapy from novel drug development through to safe, effective prescribing.
Principles of Cutaneous Laser Therapy
Authors: Madan Vishal , Waibel Jill S. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The use of laser technology in medicine was pioneered in the 20th century. Since the first application in the treatment of pigmented lesions in 1960, lasers have evolved to become a mainstay of treatment in medicine and surgery alike. Lasers are routinely used to treat a wide variety of skin disorders. Given the vast array of laser devices currently available, the laser dermatologist must understand the capabilities and limitations of each device and the applications, including target structure and the appropriate parameters for the desired target, and the possible complications.
Genetic Disorders of Collagen, Elastin and Dermal Matrix
Authors: Burrows Nigel 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The inherited disorders of connective tissue are a heterogeneous group of conditions characterised by defects involving primarily one element of the connective tissue: collagen, elastic fibre or other extracellular matrix proteins. Multisystem involvement is common and can be fatal. There is variable skin involvement but recognition of characteristic skin findings may provide an early diagnosis and identify those at risk of internal complications. This chapter covers the inherited disorders of collagen and elastic fibres, infantile stiff skin and premature ageing syndromes, disorders of ectopic elastic calcification, ossification, as well as syndromes related to abnormal connective tissue.
Congenital Naevi and Selected Naevoid Conditions
Authors: Kinsler Veronica A. , Sebire Neil J. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The understanding of congenital naevi has evolved rapidly in the last few years, with the discovery of many of the causative genes, and an increasing understanding of the phenotypic correlates of genotypic mosaicism in the skin. The classification of all congenital naevi is reviewed, based on phenotype, histology and genetics. This allows for the addition of new conditions as they are discovered, and for the regrouping of previously distinct disorders. The clinical features and extracutaneous associations of different congenital naevi are reviewed, as well as those of non‐naevus‐like developmental abnormalities of the skin.