bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Paradigmatic Structure Of Person Marking
Authors: Cysouw Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book explores person markers, the linguistic elements that provide points of reference to speech-act participants. Michael Cysouw develops a new framework for the typology of person marking based on the rejection of the notion of plurality for its analysis. When a mother says “Mummy is going to say goodnight now”, Mummy is the person marker in a way that in English is confined to mothers but which is used more commonly in some other languages and may also be characteristic of much earlier forms. Dr Cysouw divides the person markers of 400 languages into paradigms. He considers how the structure of these person paradigms relates to their function. His investigation provides a clear account of how person markers work syntactically, pragmatically, and semantically as well as giving fresh insights into aspects of linguistic change, language-relatedness, and the interfaces between discourse, syntax, and semantics. The combination of a typological and a comparative approach results in the first outline of a cognitive map of the paradigmatic structure of person marking.
Group Marking: Redefining Plurality in the Pronominal Domain
Authors: Cysouw Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After singular comes non-singular. In this chapter, the first-cautious-steps are taken into the domain of non-singular pronominal reference. The diversity of non-singular pronominal marking is so extensive that all the following chapters will deal with some aspect of this theme. In this chapter, the basic framework for the analysis of non-singular marking will be developed. The main objective of this chapter is to redefine the notion of plurality in the pronominal domain. The notion GROUP is proposed to replace plurality. This perspective is not completely different from the traditional one. The difference between ‘plural’ and ‘group’ only amounts to a small change, but the new perspective allows for a cross-linguistically more sensible typology. A few consequences of the new definition are discussed in this chapter, but the full typology on the basis of this perspective is postponed to the next chapter. This chapter starts with a discussion of the definition of the phenomena to be reviewed. These definitional aspects of non-singular marking will be discussed in Section 3.2. Next, the terminology needed to talk about non-singular marking will be discussed in Section 3.3. In this section, the problems with the traditional notion of plurality in the pronominal domain are summarized. The notion GROUP is proposed to improve on the deficiencies of plural. Equipped with a proper definition and terminology of group marking, I will review the theoretically possible categories within these definitional boundaries in Section 3.4. A complete typology on the basis of the possible categories turns out to be rather laborious.
Victims and Voyeurs: Travelling in Famine Ireland
Authors: Fegan Melissa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In spite of-or because of-its reputation for poverty, violence, and frequent famines, Ireland proved an attractive destination in the decades between the Act of Union and the Great Famine. English and foreign aristocrats, political and social commentators, philanthropists, economists, poets, journalists, and bona-fide travel writers thronged to this unlikely holiday resort.
The Immigrant’s Evasion: The Subtext of Trollope’s ‘Famine’ Novels
Authors: Fegan Melissa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In September 1841 the 26-year-old unknown Anthony Trollope arrived in Ireland to take up the position of clerk to the Post-Office Surveyor in Banagher, King’s County. When he returned to England eighteen years later, he had established a reputation as a highly efficient trouble-shooter, and as the promising author of several novels and travel-books, including The Warden and Barchester Towers. He had been commissioned to write a leading serial for the Cornhill Magazine–Framley Parsonage–and was poised on the brink of his first major success.
A Victorian Wanderer
Authors: Bergonzi Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A biography of Matthew Arnold’s Catholic younger brother Tom, a scholar, teacher, and self-styled ‘wanderer’. Arnold’s path in life took him, after a brilliant start at Oxford, to colonial New Zealand, to Tasmania, to Dublin, back to Oxford, and once more to Dublin, where he died in 1900. His spiritual wanderings led him into the Catholic Church, then out of it for some years, and finally back to it. He was close both to Matthew and to John Henry Newman, and his relations with them show unfamiliar aspects of these eminent Victorians. As a young man, Tom Arnold knew the elderly Wordsworth, and Arthur Hugh Clough was his closest friend. He was acquainted with such celebrated Oxford personalities as Benjamin Jowett, Mark Pattison, and Lewis Carroll; as a Professor of English in Dublin he was a colleague of Gerard Manley Hopkins; and in the last year of his life he read and approved of an undergraduate essay by James Joyce. The book makes an original contribution to Victorian studies at the same time as telling an absorbing human story. An appendix contains a previously unpublished letter from Matthew Arnold to his brother.
The Phonology And Morphology Of Arabic
Authors: Watson Janet C E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is the first comprehensive account of the phonology and morphology of Arabic. It is a pioneering work of scholarship, based on the author's research in the region. Arabic is a Semitic language spoken by some 250 million people in an area stretching from Morocco in the West to parts of Iran in the East. Apart from its great intrinsic interest, the importance of the language for phonological and morphological theory lies, as the author shows, in its rich root-and-pattern morphology and its large set of guttural consonants. Dr Watson focuses on two eastern dialects, Cairene and San'ani. Cairene is typical of an advanced urban Mediterranean dialect and has a cultural importance throughout the Arab world; it is also the variety learned by most foreign speakers of Arabic. San'ani, spoken in Yemen, is representative of a conservative peninsula dialect. In addition the book makes extensive reference to other dialects as well as to classical and Modern Standard Arabic. The volume opens with an overview of the history and varieties of Arabic, and of the study of phonology within the Arab linguistic tradition. Successive chapters then cover dialectal differences and similarities, and the position of Arabic within Semitic; the phoneme system and the representation of phonological features; the syllable and syllabification; word stress; derivational morphology; inflectional morphology; lexical phonology; and post-lexical phonology. The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic will be of great interest to Arabists and comparative Semiticists, as well as to phonologists, morphologists, and linguists more generally.
The Phonology of Catalan
Authors: Wheeler Max W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is the most comprehensive account of Catalan phonology ever published. Catalan is a Romance language, occupying a position somewhere between French, Spanish, and Italian. It is the first language of six and a half million people in the northeastern Spain and of the peoples of Andorra, French Catalonia, the Balearic Islands, and a small region of Sardinia. Dr Wheeler describes Barcelona pronunciation and the major varieties of western Catalonia, Valencia, and Majorca, and considers social and stylistic variation. The author's approach is through a clear, pragmatic version of orthodox Optimality Theory and is informed by close attention to articulatory phonetics. He includes a substantial account of post-lexical (phrasal) phonology and has designed his approach to be of maximum use to those seeking either to understand the phonology and morphology of Catalan and its varieties or to set these within a comparative or typological perspective. After an introduction to the varieties of Catalan the author devotes chapters to segment inventories; syllable structure; phrasal phonology; coda voicing; coda place; cluster reduction; epenthesis; stress and prosody; word phonology and allomorphy; and the syllabification of pronominal clitics. The book is fully referenced and contains a comprehensive bibliography. It is likely to be the standard account of its subject for many years.
Phonological Primitives and Segment Inventories
Authors: Wheeler Max W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this section I introduce the major consonant types found in Catalan (Julià 2002). Table 2.1 sets out the consonant types, according to articulatory criteria. Not all the distinctions in the table are phonemic. The labels for place of articulation correspond to the realization of consonants in the contexts least affected by coarticulation, that is, basically, prevocalic position. A more precise classification of the place of articulation of coronals identifies [t], [d]/[ð] as having both dental and alveolar contact; [λ] and [ɲ] are front alveolo-palatal; and [⎰]/[3] and [t⎰]/[d3] are back alveolo-palatal (Recasens abd Pallarès 2001b). The discussion theen foucuses on issues of phonemic interpretation, phonemic contrast, and lexcial incidence, drawing attention to some interesting differences between Catalan dialects.
Phrasal Phonology: Vowel Sandhi
Authors: Wheeler Max W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The issue of vowel sandhi in Catalan is one of considerable complexity and challenge. Chapter 4 in Recasens (1993) is a rich (and dense) source of data, and of interpretation; the data I treat here is largely from this source. To see the wood for the trees is no small challenge. Many words in Catalan are vowel-initial or vowel-final. When a vowel-final and vowel-initial word are adjacent in a phrase, one of four possible outcomes is at issue: hiatus (no change to the shape of the words as uttered in isolation), and three types of syllable reductions which are deviations from ‘faithfulness’: glide formation (if one of the vowels in contact is high), fusion (if the vowels in contact are identical), and elision. (Fusion might be thought to be subsumed under elision, but for the moment it is convenient to keep them apart.) Broadly speaking we might expect unfaithfulness to a V.V sequence, involving reduction, to be driven by the Onset constraint (syllables should have onsets: see Chapter 3). In fact, Onset hardly ever proves to be the crucial constraint.
Cluster Reduction
Authors: Wheeler Max W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the phenomena of Catalan phonology that has given rise to some discussion in the phonological literature is ‘homorganic stop deletion’, the process by which, for example, pont/pent/ ‘bridge’ is pronounced [pen] in most of Catalonia and in Ibiza. This process is usually linked to a more general one of cluster reduction affecting complex codas. In many varieties, a preconsonantal coda is generally limited to two consonants; thus parts baixes/part + z + a ∫ a + z/ ‘lower parts’ is pronounced [ parz. β aS∫ s], a reduction process that has yet more far- reaching effects in Majorcan. In Majorcan, with a limited exception, no more than one consonant can stand in a pre-consonantal coda, so in that variety parts baixesis pronounced [ par β aS∫ s]. Dols (2002) gives a survey of clusters and cluster reduction in Catalan. Within Generative Phonology Catalan homorganic stop deletion has been treated by Lleó (1970: 25–9), Wheeler (1975/9: 280–87), Mascaró (1983: 100–11; 1985; 1989), Iverson (1993a, 1993b), Morales (1995), and Bonet & Lloret (1998: 108–14). These authors were largely concerned with correctly identifying the limits of the phenomenon, and formulating deletion rules accordingly. Majorcan clusters in particular are the focus in Dols (1993; 2001). Optimality perspectives on cluster deletion were introduced to the Catalan data by Colina (1995) and by Jiménez (1996a; 1999: 189–242). Jiménez’s account provides data (especially Valencian) and inspiration for the treatment offered here, though there are significant differences. As usual, Recasens provides comprehensive data (1993: 167–9, 196–201, and esp. 1991b: 181–351 for dialect variation). Majorcan data originally assembled by Bibiloni are set out in Dols (1993), and given an Optimality account in Dols (2000: 311–48). The works of Dols (1993; 2000) are the source of most of the Majorcan data presented here. I use the general terminology ‘cluster reduction’ so as not to prejudice the interpretation of the phenomenon. From the perspective of OT correspondence theory, reduction could reflect deletion in the strict sense (with Max violation), or alternatively, fusion (with some IDENT violation, along with Uniformity violation).
Introduction: Debating Desert and Justice
Authors: Olsaretti Serena 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The view that desert and justice are intimately related has a troubled history. Aristotle thought it obvious that ‘all men agree that what is just in distribution must be according to desert in some sense’,1 but desert has been largely absent from contemporary discussions about distributive justice, and its decline predicted by more than one observer over the last few decades.2 However, desert has never completely lost its hold on theorizing about justice, and recently a number of moral and political philosophers have joined more long-standing desert theorists3 in examining this notion and its role for distributive justice.4 This volume is testimony to a growing interest in desert.
Distributive Justice and Compensatory Desert
Authors: Olsaretti Serena 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The idea that inequalities in earned incomes can be deserved as compensation for job-related costs enjoys some currency even among theorists who are otherwise sceptical about justifying economic rewards by appeal to desert. Joel Feinberg, for instance, holds that, although we frequently make claims of economic desert, such claims cannot be defended in so far as they appeal to ideas of reward for moral worthiness or ability, or to the idea of deserving prizes for displaying special skills. The only way in which earned incomes may be seen as deserved, Feinberg continues, is by viewing them as compensatory payments for exceptionally costly or hazardous work.1 Other desert theorists are sympathetic to the ideal of compensatory desert and to giving it some role in justifying economic rewards, claiming that at least some such rewards are deserved compensation for the costs people incur in their occupations.2
‘The World in a Grain of Sand’: Large-Scale Urban Development Projects and the Dynamics of ‘Glocal’ Transformations
Authors: Swyngedouw Erik , Moulaert Frank , Rodríguez Arantxa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is structured around the view that large-scale Urban Development Projects (UDPs) are the embodiment of processes that operate in and over a variety of scales, from the local to the global. These urban interventions are as it were ‘grains of sand’, albeit of a particularly rough-edged variety, that hold the world’s complex socio-spatial and political-economic configuration in their crystalline structure. They are part of a process of profound restructuring that over the past few decades has transformed the urban landscape in unexpected, perplexing, and often disturbing ways.
Facing Fiscal Crisis: Urban Flagship Projects in Berlin
Authors: HauBermann Hartmut , Simons Katja 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Great changes have taken place in Berlin since 1990. Reunification brought about a profound transformation of the political and socio-economic life of the city, as well as transforming its spatial structure. Several interrelated processes shape this dynamic urban redevelopment: the transformation from a socialist to a capitalist order in the East, spatial changes as a consequence of reunification, and the restructuring of the urban economy. A major change has been the post-socialist transition of the Eastern part of the city, which has altered all conditions for urban development (Hau13ermann 1997).
Urban Development for Competitiveness and Cohesion: The Expo 98 Urban Project in Lisbon
Authors: Cabral Joao , Rato Berta 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Expo 98 urban project on the east side of Lisbon started as an event to celebrate Portuguese discoveries. The promotion of, and justification for, the location of the Expo in the old industrial eastern part of Lisbon was that the implementation of this Urban Development Plan (UDP) would contribute to the regeneration of a derelict and neglected part of the city. The financial and institutional investment necessary for putting together this enterprise was also justified as a key element of the national strategy to assert the position of Lisbon as a capital city in the European Union.
Writings In General Linguistics
Authors: Saussure Ferdinand de 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ferdinand de Saussure's Cours de linguistique générale was posthumously composed by his students from the notes they had made at his lectures. The book became one of the most influential works of the twentieth century, giving direction to modern linguistics and inspiration to literary and cultural theory. Before he died Saussure told friends he was writing up the lectures himself but no evidence of this was found. Eighty years later in 1996 a manuscript in Saussure's hand was discovered in the orangerie of his family house in Geneva. This proved to be the missing original of the great work. It is published now in English for the first time in an edition edited by Simon Bouquet and Rudolf Engler, and translated and introduced by Carol Sanders and Matthew Pires, all leading Saussure scholars. The book includes an earlier discovered manuscript on the philosophy of language, Saussure's own notes for lectures, and a comprehensive bibliography of major work on Saussure from 1970 to 2004. It is remarkable that for eighty years the understanding of Saussure's thought has depended on an incomplete and non-definitive text, the sometimes aphoristic formulations of which gave rise to many creative interpretations and arguments for and against Saussure. Did he, or did he not, see language as a-social and a-historical? Did he, or did he not, rule out the study of speech within linguistics? Was he a reductionist? These disputes and many others can now be resolved on basis of the work now published. This reveals new depth and subtetly in Saussure's thoughts on the nature and complex workings of language, particularly his famous binary oppositions between form and meaning, the sign and what is signified, and language (langue) and its performance (parole).
The Litratur Of Ancient Sumer
Authors: Black Jeremy , Cunningham Graham , Robson Eleanor , Zólyomi Brá 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This anthology of Sumerian literature constitutes the most comprehensive collection ever published, and includes examples of most of the different types of composition written in the language, from narrative myths and lyrical hymns to proverbs and love poetry. The translations have benefited both from the work of many scholars and from our ever-increasing understanding of Sumerian. In addition to reflecting the advances made by modern scholarship, the translations are written in clear, accessible English. An extensive introduction discusses the literary qualities of the works, the people who created and copied them in ancient Iraq, and how the study of Sumerian literature has evolved over the last 150 years.
Entrepreneurs
Authors: Langdon John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Given the large number of mills and the capital needed to construct and maintain them, some entrepreneurial spirit at least was clearly alive in the late medieval milling industry. Even in the darkest period of the mid-fifteenth century, there were people willing to risk their time and money in milling. Yet, defining what constituted an entrepreneur has been difficult to do for any time in history, and the later Middle Ages are no exception. Part of this involves uncertainty over the nature of capital at the time. From at least the thirteenth century onwards, England was effectively a monetized economy, even when bullion was scarce. As a result, the rents, securities, and capital advancement for milling construction expressed in cash terms in various manorial and other documents probably should be considered as exactly that-that is, payments in coin.
Language Policy and Language Rights
Authors: Bradley David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In most countries along the Pacific Rim, there is an increasing mismatch between official policy, which has become progressively more liberal and supportive of minority linguistic and other rights, and the reality of continuing loss of indigenous minority languages. This is partly because assimilationist policies, explicit or implicit, had been under way for centuries or millennia before recent changes; and because members of minority groups themselves choose for economic and social reasons to continue to assimilate, despite now having nominal linguistic rights. As countries develop and economic security is approached, many governments allow their minorities the luxury of some language and cultural rights. This does not change the underlying attitude of the majority group, and it also does not necessarily lead to a positive change in the attitudes and choices of members of minority groups.
Minority Languages of China
Authors: Poa Dory , LaPolla Randy J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter looks at language endangerment in the People ‘s Republic of China, focusing on three of the main factors that influence language maintenance in China today: increased contact due to population movements and changes in the economy; the population policies of the government, particularly the identification of nationalities and languages; and the education system, particularly bilingual education. Finally, we give a brief account of the major efforts to document endangered languages. China officially recognizes fifty-six nationalities (minzú), with the Han nationality comprising about 91.5 per cent of the population of 1.24 billion people, and the other fifty-five nationalities plus 734,438 unclassified people making up only 8.5 per cent of the population (2000 census).
Native Languages of Alaska
Authors: Krauss Michael E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Alaska is the original American homeland of two great language families, Eskimo-Aleut and Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit, both of which have spread dramatically beyond Alaska. Conversely, two minor families have recently also spread into extreme south-eastern Alaska. One is Haida, one or two languages, the northern variety of which spread from the Queen Charlotte Islands to southern Prince of Wales Island during the eighteenth century, and the other is Tsimshianic, three or four languages, the Coastal variety of which spread to Annette Island in 1887. Eskimo-Aleut spread from Alaska far east over the Canadian Arctic to reach Greenland 1,000 years ago, but all the deeper diversity of the family is still in Alaska (and neighbouring Russia: Chukotka and the Commander Islands).
Background
Authors: Ackroyd Marcus , Brockliss Laurence , Moss Michael , Retford Kate , Stevenson John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to the census of 1811, 57 per cent of the population of the British Isles lived in England and Wales, 33 per cent in Ireland, and only 10 per cent in Scotland. Recruits into the army medical service, on the other hand, were disproportionately drawn from north of the Tweed. The country of birth of 312 of the 454 army surgeons who comprise the database cohort is recorded on the pro forma that they were required to fill in at the end of the French wars. In addition, the putative origins of a further 114 can be deduced from the information that the pro forma provides about the cohort’s apprenticeship.1