bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Newborn and Infant Assessment
Authors: Spreen Otfried , Risser Anthony H , Edgell Dorothy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In clinical settings, assessment of the infant contributes information for the early diagnosis of developmental problems and the treatment of young children. The findings also increase our understanding of the variety of treatments and environments that support or impede development and the degree to which individual abilities are able to tolerate changes in environmental experience. This field has expanded rapidly in the last 30 years and has emerged as an important subdiscipline in its own right. This expansion has been facilitated by innovative research techniques, improved technology, and the realization that infants are more responsive to environmental stimulation and are more able to process certain types of perceptual information than previously assumed (Lamb and Bornstein 1987).Biographical accounts of infants in their natural settings by their parents are an example of one of the earliest methods of infant assessment. Biographical sketches of their infant children were provided by Tiedemann in 1787, Taine in 1869 (Lamb and Bornstein 1982), and Darwin in 1877. In the United States, G. Stanley Hall (1904) is credited with initiating the normative study of child development, which formed the basis for norm-referenced assessment (scores based on norms derived from a representative part of the age group for whom the test is designed). He believed that an understanding of child development could help clarify the evolutionary development of the human species.
Classification, Epidemiology, and Research Designs
Authors: Spreen Otfried , Risser Anthony H , Edgell Dorothy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Classification systems for disorders and diseases are of necessity designed for the convenience of the major disciplines involved. Psychiatry uses a system based on the psychiatric disorders, DSM-III-R (American Psychiatric Association 1987, replaced by DSM-IV in 1994). Psychologists and educators prefer to focus on intellectual functioning and impairment, adaptive abilities, or personality characteristics. For neurologists, the neurological disorders are the primary focus. A panel on developmental neurological disorders (National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke 1979) recommended a mixed system. Neuropsychological diagnostics can and does make use of all of these classification systems.Generally, classification systems have coped with the priorities of different disciplines by developing a multiaxial system (Rutter et al. 1988) that allows users to choose their own primary system while considering another system on a different axis in space. DSM-III-R lists the clinical psychiatric syndrome on axis 1, personality and developmental disorders on axis 2, physical disorders on axis 3, psychosocial stressors on axis 4, and adaptive functioning on axis 5. Intensive research has shown only moderate reliability and validity for all axes (Achenbach 1988). In addition, Tanguay (1984) suggested that DSM-III pays insufficient attention to developmental issues.
Anoxic Episodes
Authors: Spreen Otfried , Risser Anthony H , Edgell Dorothy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The maturing fetus and neonate are subject to alterations in the availability of oxygen and oxygenated blood during gestation, delivery, and the period immediately after birth. Maternal disease and cardiovascular difficulties, contractions of the uterus during delivery, the cutting of the umbilical cord, and numerous other conditions may interfere with normal oxygen supply. In most of these situations the reduction in oxygen is relatively minor, transient, and amenable to natural physiological and metabolic compensation without the risk of serious complications. However, a serious reduction in available oxygen (hypoxia) and a termination of oxygen supply (anoxia) are not uncommon perinatal complications. A systemic reduction in oxygen level decreases blood flow to local tissue and results in ischemia; therefore, the entire clinical picture is variably called anoxic ischemia, hypoxic ischemia, or hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). These terms are sometimes used interchangeably; we use “anoxic episode” as a general term. Anoxic episodes and their immediate consequences account for the greatest percentage of neurological difficulties encountered during the perinatal period. They are responsible, for example, for many of the convulsive disorders that occur in the neonatal period (Rose 1977), particularly when the episode falls into the moderate-to-severe category (Hill and Volpe 1989a).
Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Spreen Otfried , Risser Anthony H , Edgell Dorothy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the primary cause of death in childhood and adolescence, accounting for half of all deaths during those periods (Fenichel 1988). The emphasis in this chapter is on perinatal trauma and traumatic injuries during the first 2 years of life.Advances in obstetrical care and technology have resulted in steady reductions in the incidence of perinatal brain trauma at birth. Our understanding of the complexity of the neonatal period has also increased. Because of these advances, severe forms of perinatal mechanical trauma are rarer now. In addition, many neonates who do sustain injuries are now immediately subjected to rigorous intensive care that previously was unavailable. Care for the newborn has also become more sophisticated because of advances in diagnostic sophistication. Diagnostic imaging of the neonatal brain, such as by CT scan, has become invaluable in the early diagnosis of intracranial hemorrhage, permitting immediate intervention for a specific diagnosis that in earlier times might have been made only at autopsy.
Focal Neurological Disorders
Authors: Spreen Otfried , Risser Anthony H , Edgell Dorothy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter deals with some pediatric neurological disease processes that have not been discussed in previous chapters, such as brain tumors and cerebrovascular conditions. These conditions are not very common in infancy and early childhood, but they do pose a special challenge to the neuropsychologist, given both the tenuousness of the child’s neurological condition and the seriousness of concurrent secondary medical problems. Determining the integrity of mental functioning before and after surgical intervention, the influences of radiotherapy and chemotherapy on cognitive ability, and most important, arriving at useful prognostic statements concerning mental functioning are some of the tasks con fronting the neuropsychologist. Ris and Noll (1994) provide a current review of the existing studies and of the problems encountered in research.Childhood intracranial neoplasms represent a small but important minority of pediatric neurology cases. An annual incidence rate of 2.2 to 2.5/100,000 during the first decade of life has been estimated (Dennis et al. 1991a). Table 19-1 shows some of the most frequently observed childhood intracranial neoplasms. Intracranial tumors are typically defined by their cellular nature, as indicated below. It is also common to define these tumors further by their location (e.g., hemispheric, subcortical, cerebellar) and whether they originate above or below the tentorium, i.e., supratentorial neoplasms or infratentorial neoplasms.
Soft Neurological Signs and Their Significance
Authors: Spreen Otfried , Risser Anthony H , Edgell Dorothy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Neurological soft signs are minimal and difficult-to-assess impairments of neurological functions. Historically, they have been described as indicators of mini mal brain damage (MBD) in children with a variety of different problems of behavior, emotion, and learning. The term was discarded in response to various investigations that showed that actual brain damage could not be demonstrated in a majority of these children (MacKeith and Bax 1963). However, the substitute term “minimal brain dysfunction” still survives; hundreds of publications on the subject, many of them critical, appear almost every year. The term has been used to refer to a syndrome that includes behavioral manifestations, such as fluctuations in behavior, intellect, attention, activity level, impulse control, and affect. Both the unitary nature and the meaningfulness of such a syndrome have been questioned seriously. Whether or not the term MBD is used, the significance of soft signs remains a major issue in child neuropsychology. This chapter reviews the concept of minimal brain dysfunction, the nature of soft neurological signs, the subgrouping of such signs, their possible etiology and measurement, and their meaning in the context of the neuropsychological evaluation of the child.
Introduction
Authors: Thayer Robert E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For laypeople, moods are background feelings that last for a time and that often have no particular cause. Usually a mood is identified simply as “good” or “bad.” Sometimes moods are invoked as explanations for someone else ‘s unusual behavior. They may account for the fact that the individual is acting differently than expected in a given situation. Moods are so much a part of everyday life that much of the time little thought is given to them, and yet most people consider them to be important. From time to time, powerful moods appear to be more significant in controlling one ‘s life than events. At these times it seems that they not only influence feelings but most thoughts as well.
Structures in the Human Brain Participating in Visual Learning, Tactile Learning, and Motor Learning
Authors: Seitz Per E Roland Balazs Gulyas Rudiger J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Learning in a neurobiological context most often means the processing and storage of information. The information that is stored is stored in specific memory systems or, more specifically, in distributed memories, from which it can be retrieved by addressing the memories in a specific way. From studies of patients with cognitive memory deficits resulting from circumscribed lesions of the brain, it is known that the integrity of the hippocampal formation and adjacent parts of the medial temporal lobe, together with the midline and dorsal parts of thalamus, are important for the storage of visual and auditory events, patterns, and experiences, but these brain structures are themselves not part of the storage sites (Scoville & Milner, 1957; Squire & More, 1979). Patients with lesions of these structures have no trouble learning new motor skills (Corkin, 1968). This led to the hypothesis that storage and memory for motor skills and those for cognitive information make use of different anatomical brain structures, and a distinction was made between motor memory and cognitive (declarative) memories (Squire, 1987). Lesions of anatomical structures in the brain important for the generation of voluntary movements, such as the cerebellum, certain brain stem nuclei, and the motor cortical areas, impair the acquisition of motor skills (Brinkman & Porter, 1983; Sasaki & Gemba, 1982). But since motor skills can only be revealed through voluntary motor activity, lesions are unable to reveal if any distinction exists between anatomical structures participating in learning of a skill and those participating in the execution of the skill during learning and after learning has taken place.
The Anatomy of Long-Term Sensitization in Aplysia: Morphological Insights into Learning and Memory
Authors: Bailey Craig H , Chen Mary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Among the most difficult and profound problems facing both neurobiology and psychology is an understanding of the mechanisms that underlie learning and memory. Since the initial proposals of Ramony Cajal and others at the turn of the century, it has seemed almost axiomatic that learning must be expressed as a change in synaptic function and form (Cajal, 1894; Lugaro, 1899; Tanzi, 1893). However, prior to the last few decades there was little direct evidence to either support this hypothesis or to indicate precisely what aspects of synaptic change might be important for information storage. In recent years, the cellular specificity of several favorable higher invertebrates has proven useful for the analysis of behavioral problems and has enhanced our knowledge about the synaptic loci and mechanisms that are involved in the acquisition and retention of various elementary forms of learning and memory (Alkon, 1984; Byrne, 1987; Kandel & Schwartz, 1982). In this chapter we describe how a simple defensive behavior, the gill- and siphon-withdrawal reflex of the marine mollusc Aplysia californica, can be used as a model system for examining the contribution of individual synapses to the learning process. In particular, we will focus on a specific set of identified synapses to review morphological studies of learning and to explore the functional relationship between synaptic structure and the enduring changes in synaptic effectiveness that underlie long-term memory.
Goal Congruent (Positiue) and Problematic Emotions
Authors: Lazarus Richard S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, I deal with (1) emotions that result from goal congruence, in other words, the positive emotions; and (2) problematic emotions - that is, those presenting special uncertainties that make their status as emotions debatable. The positive emotions include happiness/joy, pride, love/affection, and relief. In contrast with the hyphens used in Chapter 6 to indicate different but closely related states, my use of slashes here between happiness and joy, and love and affection, means that I think these terms refer to nearly the same state.
John Locke: Acting on Natural Law Duties and the Problem of Civic Motivations
Authors: Sinopoli Richard C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is it that motivates people in liberal societies to act morally and citizens to obey the laws of their states? We have, after all, goals and desires for ourselves and our immediate loved ones that could be furthered much of the time by passing the costs of citizenship on to others. Surely the state’s coercive powers play a part in our motivations. Yet, there must be more to civic motivation than coercion. A liberal polity could not survive, given the wide scope it grants to personal freedoms, if most people did not display sufficient allegiance to the regime and obedience to its laws most of the time.
Hans Krebs
Authors: Holmes Frederic Lawrence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is the first volume of the definitive biography of Hans Krebs, one of the world’s foremost biochemists. It begins with the early work of Krebs in Germany, where, working with Otto Warburg, he discovered the urea cycle in 1932. This early achievement, coupled with the discovery of the citric acid cycle, are viewed as the foundations upon which the modern structure of intermediary metabolism is built. During the writing of this fascinating history, the author not only had access to a complete set of Krebs’ key laboratory notebooks, but to the man himself through five years of insightful interviews. Holmes captures Krebs’ activities at a level of intimacy that reveals scientific creativity at work. The story weaves together the investigative pathway with the professional and personal life of the investigator. The Krebs biography is certain to fascinate biochemists and historians of science alike.
The Brief Life of a School of Intermediary Metabolism
Authors: Holmes Frederic Lawrence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As his research flourished during 1932, Hans Krebs began to draw aspmng young investigators into his laboratory. One of the first to come was Theodor Benzinger. Born in Stuttgart in 1905, Benzinger studied science at the University of Tiibingen, and obtained his PhD there in 1927, with a thesis in descriptive geology. Just as he was completing his degree, he had a change of heart, and under the influence of a friend who was studying medicine, he decided to become a physician. Beginning again at Tiibingen, he finished his medical studies in Berlin, in 1931.
Love Is Not All You Need
Authors: Mott Stephen Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is an actual phenomenon in life separate from justice that thinkers from a great variety of traditions identify as love.1 Some Christian traditions regard it as providing a way of social conduct that is separate from justice and superior to justice (although this exclusion may be unwitting). To understand the problem and the inadequacy of love without justice, we will describe how love appears as a distinct phenomenon. Genuine love gives expression to justice in order to complete love’s social task. We will, however, momentarily consider love apart from its natural and proper continuity with justice. This is where a two-kingdom approach ends as it applies love to one sphere of life and justice to another. It is where a critic of that tradition like Reinhold Niebuhr begins. The dualism is not proper as either a starting or an ending point. Love, however, is not identical with justice. It is helpful to see the phenomenon of love as it appears without justice to understand the inadequacy of a strategy that depends upon such love for social responsibility.
The Connections And Comparative Morphology Of Neurons
Authors: Cajal S Ramón Y , Azoulay DR L , swanson Neely , Swanson larry W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Having examined the general morphology of neurons, and classified them according to the number, appearance, and function of their processes-which can be readily distinguished as either dendrites or axons-we shall now examine in more detail the morphology of these various processes, along with their functional relationships. In doing so, we shall see how fundamentally important this topic is for an understanding of the basic organization of the nervous system as a whole. We shall begin with dendrites and consider how they were viewed by our predecessors and how they appear to us today; what relationships were attributed to them in the recent past; and what we now believe. As always, such comparisons between the science of yesterday and today are instructive.
Functional Implications Of Neuronal Morphology And Connections
Authors: Cajal S Ramón Y , Azoulay DR L , swanson Neely , Swanson larry W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have shown thus far that the nervous system is a vast collection of entirely independent neurons that simply contact one another. However, the electrical activity associated with a particular neuron varies qualitatively and quantitatively depending on its location and connections. Furthermore, the various shapes assumed by neurons also influence the intensity, direction, and distribution of neuronal impulses. Therefore, despite considerable diversity, it would seem that neurons must share a common physiology based on similar anatomical features and analogous relationships. In view of this, we shall now examine the physiology of the neuron in detail.
Structure Of The Gray Matter
Authors: Cajal S Ramón Y , Azoulay DR L , swanson Neely , Swanson larry W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Spinal cord gray matter is a complex tissue with the following components: ( l) neurons with a long axon, (2) neurons with a short axon, (3) freely ending ramifications of collaterals arising in the white matter, (4) freely ending terminal arborizations of parent fibers in the white matter, (5) local collaterals (from spinal neuron axons before they leave the gray matter), (6) glial cells, (7) ependymal cells, and (8) capillaries. In this and the following chapters we shall examine all of the components just listed that have not already been considered.
The Central Process Of Spinal Ganglion Cells
Authors: Cajal S Ramón Y , Azoulay DR L , swanson Neely , Swanson larry W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Immediately after forming, the central process of each spinal ganglion cell courses dorsally, emerges from dorsal regions of the ganglion, and (along with its congeners) forms the dorsal roots of the spinal cord. After entering this neural center at the level of the dorsolateral sulcus, the central process bifurcates within the dorsal funiculus into two branches, one ascending and the other descending. Historical Account of the Discovery of Dorsal Root Bifurcations. Before 1889, when our work on the spinal cord was published, the course of dorsal roots to the interior of the spinal cord was described in the following way by leading neurologists of the day, including Bechterew, Kahler,2 Edinger, Lenhossek, Obersteiner, and others.
Comparative Histology Of The Spinal Cord
Authors: Cajal S Ramón Y , Azoulay DR L , swanson Neely , Swanson larry W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Now that we have considered the basic plan of the mammalian spinal cord, we should devote a few pages to an examination of this organ in lower vertebrates. The spinal cord mediates interactions between the various tissues and organs of the body. As a result, its shape, extent, and structure ought to conform to those parts with which it is most closely associated. Thus, we may assume in this comparative survey of the spinal cord that we shall encounter important changes in the way that the gray and white matter are distributed, in the number of cell groups, and in the morphology and function of neurons and nerve fibers; and we may assume that these changes result from adaptations to the size and arrangement of muscles and viscera, to the number of metameres and antimeres, to the sensory requirements of the skin and mucosae, and to differences in attack and defense mechanisms. These differences in neural organization necessarily imply the existence of corresponding functional differences. Thus, it follows that, although spinal mechanisms remain essentially the same, there is nevertheless room for variations in the number, speed, and complexity of reflexes in each type of vertebrate.
The Trigeminal Or Vth Cranial Nerve
Authors: Cajal S Ramón Y , Azoulay DR L , swanson Neely , Swanson larry W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The trigeminal nerve has two roots, one of which (sensory) is large, and the other (motor) small; they leave the central nervous system together along the sides of the pons (Fig. 276V). This very large root actually arises in the trigeminal (Gasserian) ganglion and contains extremely thick fibers; it enters the pons just dorsolateral to the motor root. Trigeminal Ganglion. This ganglion, which is also known as the semilunar ganglion because of its shape, forms a swelling on the sensory root that lies along the anteromedial tip of the petrous part of the temporal bone. Three large branches leave the ganglion, hence the name trigeminal nerve; they include the ophthalmic nerve (of Willis), the maxillary nerve (or superior maxillary nerve), and the mandibular nerve (or inferior maxillary nerve).
The Pons
Authors: Cajal S Ramón Y , Azoulay DR L , swanson Neely , Swanson larry W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The pons (pons Varolii) is a large, irregular, transversely oriented mass of gray matter that lies ventral to, and surrounds, the pyramidal tract and is associated with the middle cerebellar peduncles. Because we have already dealt with its macroscopic appearance, we shall not consider this further.