bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On supplementing the selenium intake of New Zealanders
Authors: Robinson Marion F. , Rea Heather M. , Friend Gaylene M. , Stewart R. D. H. , Snow P. C. , Thomson Christine D. 
Published: May 2005

1. The daily intake of selenium by three subjects was supplemented with 100 μg Se as selenomethionine (Semet-Se) or sodium selenite (selenite-Se)/d for 10–11 weeks, or with 65 μg Se as in mackerel (Scomber japonicus) (fish-Se)/d for 4 weeks.2. Urinary and faecal excretion of Se was measured and also Se concentration in whole blood, plasma and erythrocytes. Measurements on blood were made at intervals after supplementation had ceased.3. Selenite-Se was not as well absorbed (0.46 of the intake) during the first 4 weeks as Semet-Se (0.75 of the intake) and fish Se (0.66 of the intake).4. Blood Se increased steadily with Semet-Se, from 0.08 to 0.18 μg Se/ml, but more slowly with selenite-Se, reaching a plateau in 7–8 weeks at 0.11 μg Se/ml. Plasma Se increased more rapidly with Semet-Se than with selenite-Se, so that initially with Semet-Se plasma Se was greater than erythrocyte Se.5. Daily urinary excretion increased with all forms of supplement, with initially a greater proportion of absorbed selenite-Se being excreted than Semet-Se or fish-Se. A close relationship was found between plasma Se and 24 h urinary excretion. The findings suggested that there was a rapid initial excretion of presumably unbound Se then a slower excretion of residual unbound, loosely bound or bound Se.6. Total retentions of 3.5 mg selenite-Se and 4.5 mg Semet-Se were large when compared with an estimate of body content of 6 mg Se, derived in another paper (Stewart, Griffiths, Thomson & Robinson, 1978). Retentions of Semet-Se and fish-Se appeared to be reflected in blood Se, whereas for selenite-Se, blood Se reflected retention for only a short period after which Se appeared to be retained without altering the blood Se. This suggested that Semet-Se and selenite-Se were metabolized differently.7. A double blind-dosing trial with 100 μg Semet-Se was carried out for 12 weeks on twenty-four patients with muscular complaints in Tapanui, a low-Se-soil area. Blood Se increased in the experimental group (from 0.067 to 0.143 μg Se/ml); clinical findings were not conclusive and will be presented elsewhere.8. Blood Se was measured in New Zealand residents before travelling to Europe or to North America. On return their blood Se was increased, and depending upon the period of time spent outside New Zealand some values reached concentrations found in visitors and new settlers to New Zealand.9. The results from these studies and the earlier studies of single and multiple dosing have been used to look at the various criteria in use for assessing Se status of subjects. It is suggested that plasma Se be used in preference to 24 h urinary excretion, and in addition to whole blood Se and glutathione peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.9) activity.
A study of the protein and amino acid requirements of the growing New Zealand White rabbit with emphasis on lysine and the sulphur-containing amino acids
Authors: Spreadbury D. 
Published: May 2005

1. New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits were given, between 4 and 8 weeks of age, a range of diets, based on oats and fish meal, containing from 104 to 255 g crude protein (nitrogen × 6.25; CP)/kg to establish the level of CP below which growth was retarded.2. In three experiments each diet was fed to four animals and food intake, growth and N balance were measured over 4 weeks. Body analysis was also carried out after two of the experiments.3. The rates of food intake and growth of animals increased with dietary CP concentration until a CP concentration of approximately 150 g/kg diet had been reached. Beyond this there was little further improvement. N balance studies showed that once this dietary concentration of CP had been reached, there was a reduced rate of N retention.4. Good agreement was found between N retention measured by balance methods and by body analysis: body composition showed a tendency towards an increase in fat and a decrease in N as the dietary protein concentration was reduced.5. Microbial protein produced in the caecum and eaten during coprophagy, was found to supplement the dietary protein by approximately 2 g CP/d, or by only 0.1 of a normal dietary intake of CP.6. In the second part of the study NZW rabbits were offered, between 5 and 8 weeks of age, diets based on oats containing 150 g CP/kg. The protein supplied by oats was supplemented with maize gluten, gelatin, groundnut meal, casein, soya-bean meal or fish meal.7. Rabbits offered diets containing casein, soya-bean meal and fish meal gained 40–50 g/d similar, to animals given a well-balanced control diet, while those given diets containing maize gluten, gelatin or groundnut meal gained approximately 30 g/d. This indicated that amino acid balance in dietary protein was important to the growing rabbit.8. In later experiments, diets based on cereals and groundnut meal supplemented with varying amounts of lysine and methionine were offered during a 3-week post-weaning period in order to assess requirements for those limiting amino acids.9. The addition of both lysine and methionine improved growth rates. The minimum requirements for normal growth were found to be 6.2 g methionine+cystine and 9.4 g lysine/kg diet.
The effect of iron status of Nigerien mothers on that of their infants at birth and 6 months, and on the concentration of Fe in breast milk
Authors: Murray M. J. , Murray Anne B. , Murray N. J. , Murray Megan B. 
Published: May 2005

1. Within the limits of this study, neither maternal iron deficiency nor Fe-overload as measured at term appeared to affect the complement of Fe received by the foetus.2. Infants feeding entirely on breast milk appeared to have normal Fe status 6 months postpartum regardless of the Fe status of the mother.3. No relationship could be demonstrated between the Fe content of breast milk and the Fe status of the mother.
Iron availability from meat
Authors: Hazell T. , Ledward D. A. , Neale R. J. 
Published: May 2005

1. The distribution of radioactive iron in59Fe-labelled rat muscle extract was determined using ge filtration. This showed that most (approximately 70%) of the radioactivity was associated with the heamatin compounds; myoglobin and haemoglobin.2. Raw beef and freeze-dried rat muscle were digested in vitro, under simulated physiological conditions, and after centrifugation the supernatants fractionated by gel filtration. The soluble products were haematin Fe complexes of molecular weight above 10 000 and non-haematin Fe compounds of molecular weight below 6000, the major products being the non-haematin Fe complexes. The soluble compounds were also separated by dialysis and, in rat muscle, it was found that the low-molecular-weight non-haematin compounds accounted for more than 80% of the total soluble iron.3. In vivo absorption studies with rats showed the Fe in a digested muscle dialysate to be more readily absorbed than that from an aqueous muscle extract which itself was more readily absorbed than the Fe from whole blood.4. It may not, therefore, be the haemoproteins per se which are responsible for the high availability of Fe in meat, but rather the nature of their degradation products, formed by digestion within the meat environment.
Comparison of the chemical and biochemical composition of thirteen muscles of the rat after dietary protein restriction
Authors: Spence C. A. , Hansen-Smith F. M. 
Published: May 2005

1. The objective of this study was to determine whether the chemical and biochemical changes induced by muscle wasting caused by dietary protein restriction are different in various skeletal muscles.2. Rats were fasted for 3 d and then fed on a 10 g protein/kg diet for 21 d. Thirteen muscles from the trunk, forelimb, and hind-limb regions were analysed for muscle weight, and the content of water, fat, cellular and extracellular protein, DNA and RNA. Results were compared to values for an ‘initial’ control group killed at the start of the experiment.3. Weight loss was greatest in trunk muscles and least in the distal forelimb muscles. Water content decreased in most muscles, but increased in three forelimb muscles. A significant loss of lipid was found in the gastrocnemius, while the biceps brachii gained lipid. Changes in lipid content of the muscles did not form a distinctive pattern.4. All muscles except the distal forelimb muscles lost a significant amount of cellular protein, while all muscles except the diaphragm gained extracellular protein.5. DNA content was unchanged in all muscles. The value for cellular protein:DNA was significantly reduced in the rectus abdominis and the diaphragm. A significant loss of RNA was found in all muscles; the percentage change was greatest in trunk muscles and least in the distal forelimb muscles. The values for RNA:protein and RNA:DNA were significantly lower in all muscles except two distal forelimb muscles.6. With the exception of the water and lipid content of the muscles, the directions of the changes in the experimental animals were the same for all muscles. The results suggested, however, that the magnitude of changes in certain chemical and biochemical indices of composition may depend to some extent on the anatomical location of the muscle: trunk muscles tended to show the greatest percentage change, while the distal forelimbs changed the least.
Mono ferrous acid citrate (FeC6O7H2O) as an iron fortificant
Authors: Narasinga Rao B. S. , Kathoke Soonita , Apte S. V. 
Published: May 2005

1. Iron absorption from ferrous citrate (monoferrous acid citrate, FeC6H6O7H2O) was studied in normal healthy male and female volunteers using ferrous citrate labelled with radioactive Fe and whole-body counting. Ferrous citrate was either given alone or with a rice-based meal.2. Fe absorption from ferrous citrate was satisfactory and was comparable to that from ferrous sulphate.3. Fortification of crude cooking salt with ferrous citrate was not satisfactory due to colour development on storage. Ferrous citrate can, however, serve as an effective Fe fortificant with sugar or wheat flour.
Influence of starches from different sources on protein utilization in rats
Authors: Rao C. Nageswara , Rao B. S. Narasinga 
Published: May 2005

1. The role of the starch component of cereals and legumes on the utilization of casein-protein was studied.2. In comparison with maize starch the legume and potato starches caused a significant lowering of net protein utilization (npu). And this reduction in npu could be partially restored by cooking the diets before they were fed to the rats.3. It is suggested that in npu studies involving rats the experimental diet should always be cooked so that the conclusions drawn may be applicable to human diets.
Adaptations in the calcium and phosphorus metabolism of sheep in response to an intravenous infusion of Ca
Authors: Braithwaite G. D. 
Published: May 2005

1. The effect on calcium and phosphorus metabolism of a high rate of Ca infused directly into the blood of Ca-deficient wethers, already receiving an adequate Ca intake, has been studied by a combination of balance and radioisotope techniques.2. The rate of Ca retention, which was already high, increased only slightly during the infusion before it reached a maximum. The surplus Ca was compensated for by a decrease in the rate of absorption and an increase in the rate of urinary Ca excretion.3. These findings support the theory that at maximum retention the rate of Ca absorption becomes regulated according to the rate at which Ca can be stored in bone.4. Results suggest that the decreased absorption was due to a decrease in the rate of active absorption and that the low rate remaining was due to diffusion.5. The rate of P retention was increased by the Ca infusion, possibly as a result of the increased Ca retention.
An evaluation of total lysine as a predictor of lysine status in protein concentrates for growing pigs
Authors: Batterham E. S. , Murison R. D. , Lewis C. E. 
Published: May 2005

1. Eight protein concentrates were compared on a total lysine basis in lysine-deficient diets for pigs during the 20–45 kg growth phase. Each diet was also supplemented with free lysine to verify that lysine was the first limiting amino acid.2. With fish meal, skim-milk powder, rapeseed meal and soya-bean meal growth rates and feed conversion efficiencies were similar and superior (P < 0.05) to those produced with cottonseed meal, two meat meals and sunflower meal.3. The response to added free lysine confirmed that lysine was the first limiting amino acid in all diets except skim milk, where the growth response was not significant (P < 0.05).4. The growth response of the pigs indicated that the availability of lysine in cottonseed meal, the two meat meals and sunflower meal was reduced by approximately 60% compared to that in the other protein concentrates.5. Rat bio-assay estimates of the availability of lysine in the protein concentrates were in general agreement with those calculated from the response of pigs. There was little relationship between the Silcock estimates for lysine availability for the cottonseed, meat meals or sunflower meal relative to either the rat bio-assay estimates or the response of pigs.
Differences in the proportions of branched-chain fatty acids in subcutaneous triacylglycerols of barley-fed ruminants
Authors: Duncan W. R. H. , Garton G. A. 
Published: May 2005

1. The fatty acids of the triacylglycerols of subcutaneous adipose tissue of cattle, sheep, goats and red deer (Cervus elaphus) which consumed either herbage or a barley-rich diet were analysed for their content of branched-chain components.2. Whereas the consumption of the barley-rich diet by sheep and goats was associated with the occurrence of relatively high proportions of branched-chain fatty acids, it was not in cattle and red deer.
The effect of dietary energy source on nitrogen metabolism in the rumen of sheep
Authors: Offer N. W. , Axford R. F. E. , Evans R. A. 
Published: May 2005

1. Seven isonitrogenous diets were prepared containing soya-bean meal and dried grass either unsupplemented, or supplemented with wheat starch or paper or equal mixtures of both.2. The diets were allocated according to a balanced incomplete block design to seven Clun Forest wether sheep, each fitted with a re-entrant duodenal cannula.3. After each sheep had received a diet for 6 d, daily samples of digesta were collected automatically for the next 3 d.4. The amounts of dry matter, gross energy and major nitrogenous components consumed in the diet, passing into the duodenum and excreted in the urine and faeces were determined.5. A novel method was applied to estimate the proportion of the total amino acids passing into the duodenum which was of microbial origin.6. The amounts of microbial total amino acids synthesized were compared with the amounts of energy disappearing in the rumen for each of the seven diets tested. For the starch- and paper-containing diets an average of 14.7 g microbial total amino acid passed into the duodenum per MJ energy disappearing in the rumen, whilst for the diets containing either paper or starch alone the mean value, 6.1 g/MJ, was significantly lower (P< 0.05).7. The results of the experiment suggested that the energy released from a mixture of starch and paper was utilized more efficiently for microbial protein synthesis than when the energy was provided by supplements of either paper or starch alone.
Quantitative selenium metabolism in normal New Zealand women
Authors: Stewart R. D. H. , Griffiths Nora M. , Thomson Christine D. , Robinson Marion F. 
Published: May 2005

1. Quantitative selenium metabolism has been studied in normal young New Zealand women by measuring total Se intake and urinary and faecal Se output, and by using values for absorption, excretion and turnover of 75Se determined after administration of [75Se]selenomethionine or [75Se]selenite.2. In a period of 14 d when a normal ad lib. diet was being consumed, mean dietary Se for four women was 24.2 μg/d, mean urinary Se was 13.1 μg/d and mean faecal Se was 10.8 μg/d; mean Se balance during this time was +0.3 μg/d.3. Intestinal absorption of food Se was 0.76−0.83 of intake (mean 0.79).4. Whole-body Se was calculated in three different ways; (a) using the specific activity of urinary Se and retained whole-body 75Se; (b) using plasma Se and the occupancy of 75Se in whole-body and plasma; (c) using absorbed food Se and the occupancy of absorbed 75Se in whole-body.5. Whole-body Se calculated from measurements obtained following the administration of [75Se]seleno-methionine was 4.7−10.0 mg (mean 6.9) using method (a), 4.1−7.2 mg (mean 5.2) using method (b) and 4.3−8.9 mg (mean 6.2) using method (c).6. Whole-body Se calculated from results obtained after giving [75Se]selenite was 2.7−3.4 mg (mean 2.9) using method (a), 2.3−5.0 mg (mean 3.5) using method (b) and 2.1−3.0 mg (mean 2.6) using method (c).7. The results of this study indicate that the minimum dietary requirement of Se for the maintenance of normal human health is probably not more than 20 μg/d.
Comparative feeding and nutrition in captive, non-human primates
Authors: King G. J. 
Published: May 2005

1. Food intake studies were carried out on three groups of captive primates (anthropoid apes (Pongidae), lemurs (Lemuridae) and marmosets (Callitrichidae).2. Determination and analysis of the nutrient intakes were carried out by calculations based on food tables. The results from all groups were compared.3. Marmosets were found to have higher intakes of energy and many other nutrients than the apes and lemurs.4. The results suggest that there is a tendency towards over use of dietary supplements and foods of higher nutrient density for captive primates.
Behaviour of solute and particle markers in the stomach of sheep given a concentrate diet
Authors: Faichney G. J. , Griffiths D. A. 
Published: May 2005

1. Fistulated sheep given a concentrate diet were used to study the behaviour of solute ([51Cr]EDTA) and particle ([103Ru]phenanthroline) markers in the stomach under conditions of continuous feeding.2. An injection of a mixed dose of [51Cr]EDTA and [103Ru]phenanthroline was given into the rumen and the time course of marker concentrations in the rumen and the abomasum was recorded. The curves were analysed on the assumption that the stomach of the sheep could be represented as two mixing compartments (reticulo-rumen and abomasum) and a time delay (omasum). This model provided a very good description of the data.3. [103Ru]phenanthroline associated with small particles was retained in the rumen much longer than [51Cr]EDTA. Although exchange of [103Ru]phenanthroline occurred between large and small particle fractions, the results suggested that small particles may have been retained somewhat longer in the rumen than solutes. However, it was clear from the results that the mean retention times for particulate matter in the rumen could not be simply obtained using adsorbable markers.4. Cyclical fluctuations in the concentration of [51Cr]EDTA in the rumen indicated that there were daily variations in net water flux in the rumen.5. The presence of protozoa was associated with much shorter retention times of both solutes and particles in the rumen. Protozoa were also associated with reduced rumen volumes.
2-Aminoethylphosphonic acid as an indicator ofTetrahymena pyriformisW growth in protein-quality evaluation assay
Authors: Maciejewicz-Ryś Julita , Antoniewicz Anna M. 
Published: May 2005

1. The concentration of 2-aminoethylphosphonic acid (AEP) in 96 h cultures ofTetrahymena pyriformisW was studied in order to apply it as an indicator in the assay of the relative nutritive value (RNV; protozoa population with test protein: protozoa population with whole-egg powder) of protein. Foodstuffs and food mixtures of different protein contents and qualities were used as test samples.2. RNV values based on AEP determination (RNVAEP) were compared with corresponding values calculated from protozoa counts (RNVpc), as well as with biological value (bv) and net protein utilization (npu) of the same proteins assayed on rats.3. Both for foodstuffs and food mixtures highly significant correlations were found between RNVAEPand RNVpc, RNVAEPand bothbvandnpu, and RNVpc, and bothbvandnpu.4. AEP content in the protozoal suspension was preferred to cell count as a measure of growth response, since it took into account large differences in cell dimensions that were observed between cultures grown with different test proteins.
Dietarily-induced changes in voluntary ethanol consumption and ethanol metabolism in the rat
Authors: Pekkanen Leena , Eriksson K. , Sihvonen Marja-Liisa 
Published: May 2005

1. The voluntary ethanol consumption, ethanol elimination rate and blood acetaldehyde level after intraperitoneal injection of ethanol were studied in rats receiving diets with highly imbalanced proportions of dietary protein, carbohydrate and fat.2. The rats, which received the low-protein diet containing 0.05 of the total energy as protein, 0.80 as carbohydrate and 0.15 as fat, drank only approximately half as much ethanol as did the control group, which received 0.30 of its total food energy from protein, 0.55 from carbohydrate and 0.15 from fat. Ethanol elimination rate in the low-protein group was decreased and the blood acetaldehyde level after ethanol injection was markedly increased.3. On the high-fat diet, which contained 0.30 of the total energy from protein, 0.05 from carbohydrate and 0.65 from fat, the rats drank significantly more ethanol than did the rats on the control diet; their ethanol elimination rate was decreased but their blood acetaldehyde level was not affected.4. In conclusion, the strong decrease in voluntary ethanol drinking by the low-protein group may have been caused by the increased acetaldehyde accumulation in the blood, but a particularly low blood acetaldehyde level was not one of the factors inducing excessive ethanol drinking in the high-fat group.
The estimation of whole-body zinc and Zn turnover in rheumatoid and osteoarthritis using65Zn tracer
Authors: Kennedy A. C. , Bessent R. G. , Davis P. , Reynolds P. M. G. 
Published: May 2005

1. A method of estimating whole-body zinc, and Zn balances using a two-compartment model in combination with whole-body counting of65Zn, is described. The method is applied to patients with rheumatoid and osteoarthritis.2. The results suggested that there was not a wide variation in whole-body Zn and Zn turnover in individuals with these two diseases and no clearcut difference between patients with one or the other.
Studies on lipid digestion in the preruminant calf
Authors: Edwards-Webb J. D. , Thompson S. Y. 
Published: May 2005

1. The lipolysis of cow's milk fat by salivary lipase (EC3.1.1.3) in the preruminant calf has been studied in vitro by a simulated abomasal digestion, and also in vivo by examining the abomasal effluent collected over 12 h after giving whole milk to a calf.2. In the in vitro experiment the liquid drained from the clot contained a higher proportion of short-chain fatty acids than the abomasal effluent in the in vivo experiment. This was considered to indicate the absorption of short-chain free fatty acids from within the abomasum.3. Preferential release of short-chain fatty acids both in vitro and in vivo was observed.4. The outflow of butyric acid from the abomasum of the calf was initially rapid, but had levelled off at approximately 6 h, whereas the outflow of a typical long-chain fatty acid (palmitic) was fairly constant over the 12 h.Butyric acid predominated in the free fatty acids of abomasal effluent 0.5 h after feeding (668 mmol/mol total free fatty acids) but had become a minor component by 12 h (15 mmol/mol total free fatty acids).5. The mean amounts of free and esterified fatty acids (mmol/mol fatty acid ingested) present in the abomasal effluent from the 12 h collection period were: triglyceride 465, diglyceride 215, monoglyceride 68, free fatty acid 252. These values showed that only one-third of esterified fatty acids ingested are lipolysed to absorbable products by salivary lipase.