bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Construction of J-R Curves Using the Common and Concise Formats
Authors: Donoso JR , Zahr J , Landes JD 
Published: March 2005

AbstractA new method for constructing J-R curves is presented, which directly generates the J-Δa relation in a closed, analytical form. This new method makes use of the Concise Format and the Common Format, both developed by Donoso and Landes. These formats relate load, P, to ligament length, b, and displacement — in the elastic and in the plastic deformation ranges, respectively — and have proved useful in calculations in fracture mechanics. Key to the method is the postulate of a “crack growth law” —a power-law relation between crack extension, Δa, and plastic displacement — used to express Jpl in terms of material properties, size parameters, and crack extension, giving rise to a Jpl-Δa analytical expression, similar to the power law J = CI(Δa)C2 suggested in ASTM Standard Test Method for Measurement of Fracture Toughness (E 1820). A few examples are included to show the use of the method, and comparisons are made with suggested in ASTM Standard Test Method for Measurement of Fracture Toughness (E 1820). A few examples are included to show the use of the method, and comparisons are made with J-Δa curves calculated as per ASTM E 1820.
C-φ Characterization Model for Design of Asphalt Mixtures and Asphalt Pavements
Authors: Fwa TF , Tan SA 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis paper reports the results of a research effort initiated in the early 1990s to develop a C-φ (cohesion-angle of friction) characterization model for the design of asphalt mixtures and asphalt pavements. It is demonstrated that, since the model is based on the fundamental material properties represented by C and φ, it can derive analytically other asphalt mix design parameters such as Marshall stability and flow, and indirect tensile strength. The C-φ characterization model therefore offers a useful basis for the development of a comprehensive design framework that integrates asphalt mix design with asphalt pavement structural design. To demonstrate this capability, the research developed an empirical-mechanistic rutting prediction model of asphalt pavement layer using the C-φ characterization model. In addition, the model allows stresses and strains under design loading to be computed, which can be applied as input to structural analysis for asphalt material selection and pavement thickness design.
Optimum Design of Gas Pycnometers for Determining the Volume of Solid Particles
Authors: Tamari S , Aguilar-Chávez A 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Gas pycnometry is based on Boyle-Mariotte's law. There are three kinds of gas pycnometers reported in the literature: “constant-volume,” “variable-volume,” and “comparative.” These instruments are widely used to determine the volume—and thus the density—of granular, porous, or soluble compounds (e.g., rocks, coal, pigments, ceramic, drugs, seeds). However, many users do not know the optimum-use conditions of their gas pycnometer. This work provides a synthesis of recent studies about the optimum design of the gas pycnometers. It seems possible to use commercially available components for constructing gas pycnometers that can determine the volume of solid particles with a relative standard uncertainty smaller than 0.25 %. Compared to other gas pycnometers, the constant-volume pycnometer presents several practical advantages.
Haptisches Telepräsenzsystem zur Unterstützung bei Entschärfungstätigkeiten: Systemgestaltung, Regelung und Evaluation (Haptic Telepresence System for Support of Disposal of Explosive Ordnances: Design Issues, Control, and Evaluation)
Authors: Kron Alexander , Schmidt Günther 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Bei der Entschärfung explosiver Objekte aus sicherem Abstand werden Experten durch ein Telepräsenzsystem unterstützt, das beidhändige und mehrfingrige Manipulationen sowie die Rückmeldung detaillierter haptischer Informationen aus der entfernten Zielumgebung ermöglicht. Dieser Beitrag geht auf Aspekte der Systemgestaltung, auf Regelungsverfahren für die kinästhetischen Teilsysteme sowie auf Maßnahmen für eine sichere Handhabung des Gesamtsystems ein. Die praktische Umsetzung theoretischer Vorüberlegungen und Maßnahmen wird an einem neu entwickelten bimanuellen Telepräsenzsystem demonstriert. Seine Eignung für den praktischen Einsatz wurde in Kooperation mit Experten der Kampfmittelbeseitigung im Rahmen eines realistischen Applikationsszenarios, nämlich der Entschärfung des Prototyps einer Splittermine, erprobt und evaluiert.
Fluorine Compounds, Inorganic, Hydrogen
Authors: Smith Robert A. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractHydrogen fluoride is the most important manufactured fluorine compound, having the greatest production volume and serving as the raw material for most other fluorine‐containing chemicals. It is produced from sulfuric acid and fluorspar (calcium fluoride ore) at elevated temperatures in a rotating kiln. It is used for the production of fluorocarbons and inorganic fluorides, as a catalyst in the production of high octane gasoline, in aluminum manufacture, as an etchant in the electronic industry, in uranium fuel processing, and in stainless steel pickling. Hydrogen fluoride is a colorless liquid or gas that strongly associates to form polymers in both the liquid and gaseous states, and exhibits highly nonideal physical properties. It is a fairly weak acid as a solute, but is highly acidic as a solvent. Among its unusual chemical properties is its reactivity with silica and silicates, including glass. It is a corrosive, hazardous material, but can be handled safely provided rigorous safety precautions are followed. Properties of both the aqueous and anhydrous material are described.
What attracts attention during police pursuit driving?
Authors: Crundall David , Chapman Peter , France Emma , Underwood Geoffrey , Phelps Nicola 
Published: March 2005

AbstractEfficient deployment of attention is important to the safe execution of tasks with a high content of visual information, such as driving. Chasing a lead vehicle is an extremely demanding and dangerous task, though little is known of the visual skills required. A study is reported that recorded the eye movements of police drivers and two control groups (novices and age‐ and experienced‐ matched controls) while watching a series of video clips of driving. The clips included pursuits, emergency response drives, and control drives (at normal speeds) around Nottinghamshire, UK. Analysis of gaze durations within certain categories of stimuli revealed that daytime pursuit drives correspond with an increase in gaze durations on a lead car (controlled for exposure), though police drivers direct their attention to other sources of potential hazards, such as pedestrians, more so than other drivers. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of deliberate practice in chess expertise
Authors: Charness Neil , Tuffiash Michael , Krampe Ralf , Reingold Eyal , Vasyukova Ekaterina 
Published: March 2005

AbstractTwo large, diverse samples of tournament‐rated chess players were asked to estimate the frequency and duration of their engagement in a variety of chess‐related activities. Variables representing accumulated time spent on serious study alone, tournament play, and formal instruction were all significant bivariate correlates of chess skill as measured by tournament performance ratings. Multivariate regression analyses revealed that among the activities measured, serious study alone was the strongest predictor of chess skill in both samples, and that a combination of various chess‐related activities accounted for about 40% of the variance in chess skill ratings. However, the relevance of tournament play and formal instruction to skill varied as a function of skill measurement time (peak vs. current) and age group (above vs. below 40 years). Chess players at the highest skill level (i.e. grandmasters) expended about 5000 hours on serious study alone during their first decade of serious chess play—nearly five times the average amount reported by intermediate‐level players. These results provide further evidence to support the argument that deliberate practice plays a critical role in the acquisition of chess expertise, and may be useful in addressing pedagogical issues concerning the optimal allocation of time to different chess learning activities. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biomedical knowledge: encapsulated or two worlds apart?
Authors: Rikers Remy M. J. P. , Schmidt Henk G. , Moulaert Véronique 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe present study investigated the role of biomedical knowledge in clinical case representations of experienced family physicians and advanced medical students. Two views on the role of biomedical knowledge were compared: The knowledge encapsulation and the two‐worlds view. According to the knowledge encapsulation view, biomedical knowledge still plays a role in the physician's clinical case representation, whereas the two‐worlds view assumes that it does not. In order to investigate this issue, participants were instructed to carefully study a short case description that was associated with a particular disease. Subsequently, medical students and family physicians were instructed to judge whether or not a presented target item was related to the case description. Targets were biomedical or diagnostic items that were either related or unrelated to the case. Findings were more in line with the knowledge encapsulation than with the two‐worlds view, in that physicians judged related biomedical items faster than unrelated items, and physicians outperformed medical students in judging related biomedical and diagnostic items. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recent advances in expertise research
Authors: Rikers Remy M. J. P. , Paas Fred 
Published: March 2005

AbstractDuring the 55th meeting of the American Educational Research Association (AERA, 2004) in San Diego, a symposium was organized on Recent Advances in Expertise Research. Most papers in this special issue of Applied Cognitive Psychology were presented in this symposium. The aim of this special issue is to provide a representative overview of recent developments and current directions in expertise research and to discuss their implications for theoretical and applied cognitive psychology, particularly, for learning and instruction. In addition, it covers some new and innovative theoretical and methodological approaches to the study of expertise. This introductory paper presents a short introduction on expertise research, and provides an overview of the contributions to the special issue. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Monitoring accuracy and self‐regulation when learning to play a chess endgame
Authors: De Bruin Anique B. H. , Rikers Remy M. J. P. , Schmidt Henk G. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractIn order to examine the effect of monitoring and self‐regulation on skill acquisition, the present study asked novice chess players to provide judgments of learning (JOLs) and to select moves for restudy after studying an endgame of chess. In four groups, we varied the JOL instruction (present versus absent) and the selection instruction (free number of move selections versus selection of at least two moves per chess exercise). After four learning trials, participants were required to play against a chess computer. In the learning phase, participants who were forced to select moves for restudy outperformed those who were free to select moves for restudy when predicting the next computer move, even after controlling for the actual number of restudied moves. Although the groups that did provide JOLs showed better self‐regulatory behaviour, there were no or even negative performance differences between the groups that did provide JOLs and the groups that did not provide JOLs. This same pattern emerged in the test phase: Although no differences were found between the groups with and without JOLs, the groups that were forced to select moves for restudy outperformed the groups that were free in the number of move selections. These data show that, for novice chess players, the instruction to provide JOLs possibly places a high and ineffective load on working memory and therefore has no effect on learning a chess endgame. To examine the relation between prior knowledge and quality of self‐regulation, further research is needed that examines the effect of the JOL and selection instruction in groups that differ in chess experience. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chunking models of expertise: implications for education
Authors: Gobet Fernand 
Published: March 2005

AbstractChunking models offer a parsimonious explanation of how people acquire knowledge and have been validated in domains such as expert behaviour and the acquisition of language. In this paper, we review two computational theories based on chunking mechanisms (the chunking theory and the template theory) and show what insight they offer for instruction and training. The suggested implications include the importance of perception in learning, the cost of acquiring knowledge, the significance of segmenting and ordering instruction material, the role of the variability of the instructional material in acquiring schemata, and the importance of taking individual differences into account. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recent advances in expertise research: a commentary on the contributions to the special issue
Authors: Ericsson K. Anders 
Published: March 2005

AbstractA brief historical background on scientific studies of expert performance describes how the articles published in this special issue relate to recent advances in the study of expertise. This commentary reviews how research on expertise originally focused on testing chess experts' memory as a convenient substitute for studies of actual performance, such as selecting the best move for chess positions. Most of the articles in the special issue illustrate a new trend towards capturing the expert performance with representative tasks in the laboratory and focus on how this superior performance is acquired through training and extended deliberate practice. With these and other advances in our knowledge of how experts acquire their superior skills, the study of expertise is establishing its most important implications for theoretical and applied cognitive psychology. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Uncovering expertise‐related differences in troubleshooting performance: combining eye movement and concurrent verbal protocol data
Authors: Van Gog Tamara , Paas Fred , Van Merriënboer Jeroen J. G. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis study explored the value of eye movement data for uncovering relatively small expertise‐related differences in electrical circuit‐troubleshooting performance, and describes that value in relation to concurrent verbal protocols. Results show that in the ‘problem orientation’ phase, higher expertise participants spent relatively more time, had a shorter mean fixation duration, and fixated more on a major fault‐related component than lower expertise participants. In the ‘problem formulation’ part of the ‘problem formulation and action decision’ phase, the mean fixation duration of the higher expertise participants was longer. In the ‘action evaluation and next action decision’ phase, higher expertise participants spent relatively more time than the lower expertise participants. Over the different phases, only the mean fixation duration of the higher expertise participants differed significantly. The relation between the eye movement and concurrent verbal protocol data is qualitatively described. The results are discussed in perspective of the combined value of eye tracking and concurrent reports for expertise research and instructional design. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermomechanics of the variation of interfaces in heterogeneous lyophobic systems
Authors: Coiffard Loïc , Eroshenko Valentin A. , Grolier Jean‐Pierre E. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractA comprehensive investigation aimed at elucidating thermodynamic and mechanical behavior of heterogeneous systems, featuring an association of solid hydrophobic matrices (micro‐ or mesoporous) and water, has been undertaken. Scanning transitiometry techniques were applied for measurements of mechanical work and heat effects during cycles of isothermal compression/decompression. The interface variation during forced intrusion of water into the matrix porous space and its spontaneous expulsion show complicated thermal behavior patterns. Typical exothermic intrusion and expulsion are confirmed for certain categories of systems, whereas for others strong endothermic intrusion is detected. A simple thermodynamic model involving variable irreversibility in the liquid flow and in the contact line movement is proposed to explain such an original thermomechanical behavior. Consequences for mechanical devices based on these heterogeneous systems are fully discussed. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2005
Analysis and control of heteroazeotropic batch distillation
Authors: Skouras S. , Skogestad S. , Kiva V. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe separation of close‐boiling and azeotropic mixtures by heterogeneous azeotropic distillation is addressed in batch columns. Both a common rectifier and a multivessel batch column are considered. Theoretical and graphical analyses of the process are presented for both column configurations and different separation strategies are presented. A simple control scheme is proposed for the practical operation of the columns, the implementation of different separation strategies and the realization of the final results. Dynamic simulations for mixtures classified under Serafimov's topological classes 2.0‐2b and 3.1‐2 verify the theoretical findings. The results show that heteroazeotropic batch distillation exhibits substantial flexibility. The column profile can be totally restored during the process and lie in regions different from those of the initial feed. The still path can cross distillation boundaries and the still product does not have to be the stable node of the feed region. Such results cannot be obtained by homogeneous azeotropic batch distillation. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2005
Natural convection of a paramagnetic liquid controlled by magnetization force
Authors: Maki Syou , Ataka Mitsuo , Tagawa Toshio , Ozoe Hiroyuki , Mori Wasuke 
Published: March 2005

AbstractRayleigh–Benard natural convection of aqueous gadolinium nitrate solution (paramagnetic) was studied experimentally and numerically in the presence of upward magnetization force in a framework similar to that proposed by Braithwaite et al. With the magnetic susceptibility of the gadolinium nitrate solution reevaluated by the Gouy method, the measured heat transfer rates were found to agree with Silveston's experimental curve, which represents the relationship between the Nusselt number (Nu) and the magnetic Rayleigh number (Ram). Furthermore, three‐dimensional numerical computations were also carried out. Every convection flow pattern became axisymmetric, and the computed Nu agreed with Silveston's curve when Ram was used in place of the Rayleigh number. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2005
Mutation analysis of the NSD1 gene in a group of 59 patients with congenital overgrowth
Authors: Cecconi M. , Forzano F. , Milani D. , Cavani S. , Baldo C. , Selicorni A. , Pantaleoni C. , Silengo M. , Ferrero G.B. , Scarano G. , Della Monica M. , Fischetto R. , Grammatico P. , Majore S. , Zampino G. , Memo L. , Cordisco E. Lucci , Neri G. , Pierluigi M. , Bricarelli F. Dagna , Grasso M. , Faravelli Francesca 
Published: March 2005

AbstractSotos syndrome is characterized by pre‐ and post‐natal overgrowth, typical craniofacial features, advanced bone age, and developmental delay. Some degree of phenotypic overlap exists with other overgrowth syndromes, in particular with Weaver syndrome. Sotos syndrome is caused by haploinsufficiency of the NSD1 (nuclear receptor SET domain containing gene 1) gene. Microdeletions involving the gene are the major cause of the syndrome in Japanese patients, whereas intragenic mutations are more frequent in nonJapanese patients. NSD1 aberrations have also been described in some patients diagnosed as Weaver syndrome. Some authors have suggested a certain degree of genotype–phenotype correlation, with a milder degree of overgrowth, a more severe mental retardation, and a higher frequency of congenital anomalies in microdeleted patients. Data on larger series are needed to confirm this suggestion. We report here on microdeletion and mutation analysis of NSD1 in 59 patients with congenital overgrowth. Fourteen novel mutations, two previously described and one microdeletion were identified. All patients with a NSD1 mutation had been clinically classified as “classical Sotos,” although their phenotype analysis demonstrated that some major criteria, such as overgrowth and macrocephaly, could be absent. All patients with confirmed mutations shared the typical Sotos facial gestalt. A high frequency of congenital heart defects was present in patients with intragenic mutations, supporting the relevance of the NSD1 gene in the pathogenesis of this particular defect. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Unrelated patients with a rearrangement of chromosome 2 causing duplication of 2p23 and deletion of 2q37
Authors: Armstrong Linlea , Allanson Judith E. , Weaver David D. , Bevan Carole J. , Hobart Holly H. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractWe describe two unrelated patients who each have a similar chromosome 2 with duplication of 2p23 to pter, and deletion of 2q37 to qter. In one, the abnormality was derived from his mother with a pericentric inversion. Both individuals have frontal bossing; abnormally formed, low set and posteriorly rotated ears; redundant nuchal skin; inversion of the nipple(s); fleshy fingertips with prominent pads; a sacral dimple; significant developmental delay/mental retardation; and G‐tube dependency. Most of these features are present in previously described individuals with either duplication of the 2p terminus or deletion of the 2q terminus. This report is the first that documents postnatal viability of individuals with concurrent duplication of 2p and deletion of 2q, and also generation of this imbalance through rearrangement of a maternally inherited pericentrically inverted 2. This report should be considered in the reproductive counseling of individuals with pericentric inversions of chromosome 2. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Elevated fibroblast growth factor‐23 in hypophosphatemic linear nevus sebaceous syndrome
Authors: Hoffman William H. , Jueppner Harald W. , DeYoung Barry R. , O'Dorisio M. Sue , Given Keena S. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractWe report on an adolescent who experienced the onset of linear nevus sebaceous syndrome (LNSS) prior to 1 year of age. At 7 years of age he was diagnosed to have hypophosphatemic rickets. He was suboptimally controlled with phosphate and calcitriol treatment and sustained numerous insufficiency fractures ipsilateral to the linear sebaceous nevus. Fibroblast growth factor‐23 (FGF‐23), the phosphaturic peptide, was elevated in the plasma. Treamtent with the somatostatin agonist, octreotide, and excision of the nevus were followed by normalization of FGF‐23 and clinical improvement. The patient also had hyperimmunoglobulinemia E, which responded to octreotide and surgery. We speculate that in some patients with LNSS there may be more than one mediator of hypophosphatemia and that FGF‐23 is the mediator of hyperphosphaturia in this and other hypophosphatemic syndromes. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.