bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enteric-coated cholylsarcosine microgranules for the treatment of short bowel syndrome
Authors: Fürst Th , Bott C , Stein J , Dressman J B 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Cholylsarcosine (CS) is a semisynthetic bile salt that may be useful in bile salt replacement therapy of short bowel syndrome (SBS). In SBS the bile salt pool becomes depleted, disturbing the uptake of dietary lipids and resulting in weight loss. Previous studies showed that CS in a simple capsule formulation of 1.5–12 g day−1 can increase the uptake of lipids but often results in gastric irritation. In this work a microgranule dosage form was developed to protect the gastric mucosa while facilitating rapid generation of CS levels in the duodenum. CS microgranules were produced by wet granulation and coated with Eudragit L30D-55 in a fluidized-bed coater. The in-vitro dissolution rate of CS from the microgranules was investigated with USP apparatus under fasted- and fed-state conditions. CS release was delayed under simulated gastric conditions (pH 1.2 and 4.5) but was very fast at higher pH values (5.5, 5.8 and 6.5) more typical of the duodenum. In a pilot clinical trial, four patients received 4 g CS with meals (1.5 g with lunch, 2.5 g with dinner) for 1 week. The parameters investigated were fat absorption coefficient (FAC%), serum β-carotene level and faecal weight. Although study numbers were too small to achieve statistical significance, the serum β-carotene level and FAC% increased in the three patients who completed the trial. As expected, the fecal weight did not change. The results indicate that the CS microgranules are promising for the treatment of the intraluminal bile salt deficiency in patients with SBS.
Pharmaceutical applications of mucoadhesion for the non-oral routes
Authors: Edsman Katarina , Hägerström Helene 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
The adhesion of pharmaceutical formulations to the mucosal tissue offers the possibility of creating an intimate and prolonged contact at the site of administration. This prolonged residence time can result in enhanced absorption and, in combination with a controlled release of the drug, also improved patient compliance by reducing the frequency of administration. During the almost 30 years over which mucoadhesion has been studied, a considerable amount of knowledge has been gained, and much has been learned about the different mechanisms occurring at the formulation-mucus interface and the properties that affect these mechanisms. The in-vivo performance of a dosage form not only depends on the mechanisms occurring at the interface, but also on the properties of the total mucoadhesive complex: the dosage form, the mucosa and the interface between them. A wide variety of methods are used for studying mucoadhesion; some rather similar to the in-vivo situation and some mimicking the interface alone. In this review, the mucus surface, the methods used for the study of mucoadhesion, the different mechanisms involved in mucoadhesion and theories underpinning them have been described. The complexity of mucoadhesion when trying to systemize the subject will also be discussed. The last part of the review describes the buccal, nasal, ocular, vaginal and rectal routes and provides examples of what can be achieved in-vivo when using mucoadhesive formulations.
Cardiovascular development in embryos of the American alligator Alligator mississippiensis: effects of chronic and acute hypoxia
Authors: Crossley Dane A. , Altimiras Jordi 
Published: December 2004

SUMMARY
Chronic hypoxic incubation is a common tool used to address the plasticity of morphological and physiological characteristics during vertebrate development. In this study chronic hypoxic incubation of embryonic American alligators resulted in both morphological (mass) and physiological changes. During normoxic incubation embryonic mass, liver mass and heart mass increased throughout the period of study, while yolk mass fell. Chronic hypoxia(10%O2) resulted in a reduced embryonic mass at 80% and 90% of incubation. This reduction in embryonic mass was accompanied by a relative enlargement of the heart at 80% and 90% of incubation, while relative embryonic liver mass was similar to the normoxic group. Normoxic incubated alligators maintained a constant heart rate during the period of study, while mean arterial pressure rose continuously. Both levels of hypoxic incubation(15% and 10%O2) resulted in a lower mean arterial pressure at 90%of incubation, while heart rate was lower in the 10%O2 group only. Acute (5 min) exposure to 10%O2 in the normoxic group resulted in a biphasic response, with a normotensive bradycardia occurring during the period of exposure and a hypertensive tachycardic response occurring during recovery. The embryos incubated under hypoxia also showed a blunted response to acute hypoxic stress. In conclusion, the main responses elicited by chronic hypoxic incubation, namely, cardiac enlargement, blunted hypoxic response and systemic vasodilation, may provide chronically hypoxic embryos with a new physiological repertoire for responding to hypoxia.
Balancing Pain and Analgesic Treatment in the Home-Dwelling Elderly
Authors: Hartikainen Sirpa A , Mäntyselkä Pekka T , Louhivuori-Laako Kirsti A , Sulkava Raimo O 
Published: December 2004

BACKGROUND: In elderly persons, pain is a common problem, and analgesic medicines are among the most frequently used drugs. OBJECTIVE: To describe the use of analgesic medication and its relation to daily pain and morbidity in home-dwelling elderly people aged at least 75 years. METHODS: A random sample of 700 subjects aged at least 75 years was drawn from the total population of Kuopio, Finland. A geriatrician and nurse carried out structured clinical examinations and interviews with 601 persons, 523 of whom were living at home. RESULTS: Seventy percent (n = 364) of the elderly people were taking at least one analgesic, including most of those who suffered from daily interfering pain (85%) and nearly all of those experiencing daily pain at rest (93%). Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs; n = 226, 51%) and acetaminophen (n = 118, 23%) were the most commonly used analgesics. The use of opioids became more common with age, accounting for 16% of the drugs in the oldest patients (≥85 y) and 6% among those aged 75–79 years. Analgesics were mainly taken when needed. Only 13% of NSAID users, 18% of acetaminophen users, and 21% of opioid users took these preparations regularly. CONCLUSIONS: Although analgesics are commonly used by elderly patients, it appeared that many patients were still experiencing daily interfering pain and pain at rest.
Verapamil Toxicity Resulting from a Probable Interaction with Telithromycin
Authors: Reed Matthew , Wall Geoffrey C , Shah Niyati P , Heun James M , Hicklin Gregory A 
Published: December 2004

OBJECTIVE: To report a case of hypotension and bradyarrhythmia caused by verapamil toxicity in a patient prescribed telithromycin. CASE SUMMARY: A 76-year-old white woman receiving verapamil 180 mg/day for hypertension experienced a sudden onset of shortness of breath and weakness and was found to be profoundly hypotensive and bradycardic, with a systolic blood pressure of 50–60 mm Hg and a heart rate of 30 beats/min. She had been taking telithromycin 800 mg/day for 2 days previously for acute sinusitis. The patient was treated with crystalloids, vasopressors, and transvenous pacing. Approximately 72 hours after admission, her blood pressure and heart rate rapidly returned to normal, and she was discharged several days later. DISCUSSION: Telithromycin is a known substrate of the CYP3A4 system, and several pharmacokinetic interactions can occur by displacement of other drugs from this system. Verapamil is metabolized through several cytochrome P450 isoenzyme systems. Although there are no previous reports of an interaction between these drugs, other possible causes for the patient's symptoms were excluded and the diagnosis of a probable interaction between verapamil and telithromycin leading to verapamil toxicity was made. CONCLUSIONS: Telithromycin is a ketolide antibiotic approved for treatment of respiratory tract infections and acute sinusitis. The potential for clinically significant drug interactions should be considered before using this agent, especially in patients taking other drugs that are metabolized through the CYP3A system. Caution should be exercised when considering the use of this antibiotic in patients receiving verapamil.
Anandamide-Evoked Activation of Vanilloid Receptor 1 Contributes to the Development of Bladder Hyperreflexia and Nociceptive Transmission to Spinal Dorsal Horn Neurons in Cystitis
Authors: Dinis Paulo , Charrua Ana , Avelino Antonio , Yaqoob Mohammed , Bevan Stuart , Nagy Istvan , Cruz Francisco 
Published: December 2004

The role of anandamide in the development of inflammatory hyperalgesia and visceral hyperreflexia was studied in the rat urinary bladder. Animals were given intraperitoneal cyclophosphamide injection, which evokes painful hemorrhagic cystitis accompanied by increased bladder reflex activity. The vanilloid receptor 1 [transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1)] antagonist capsazepine, applied onto the serosal surface of bladders, significantly reduced the hyperreflexia. Mass spectrometric analysis revealed that cyclophosphamide injection significantly and persistently increased the anandamide content of bladder tissues. The increase in the anandamide content paralleled the development of reflex hyperactivity. Anandamide (1-100 μm), applied onto the serosal surface of naive bladders, increased the reflex activity in a concentration-dependent manner. Repeated anandamide applications did not produce desensitization of the response. The anandamide-evoked effect was blocked by capsazepine or by instillation of resiniferatoxin, the ultrapotent TRPV1 agonist, into the bladders 24 hr before the anandamide challenge. The cannabinoid 1 receptor antagonist SR141716A [N-piperidino-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methylpyrazole-3-carboxamide] significantly increased the potency of anandamide in enhancing bladder reflex activity in naive but not in cyclophosphamide-injected animals. Application of the fatty acid amide hydrolyze inhibitor palmitoylisopropylamine onto the serosal surface of bladders also increased the reflex activity both in naive and cyclophosphamide-injected rats. This latter effect in naive animals was blocked by capsazepine and by resiniferatoxin pretreatment. Finally, intravesical instillation of anandamide (50 μm) increased c-fosexpression in the spinal cord, which was reduced by capsazepine or by resiniferatoxin pretreatment.These results suggest that anandamide, through activating TRPV1, contributes to the development of hyperreflexia and hyperalgesia during cystitis.
Robuste und abstimmbare Schalldämpfer in der Abluft von Fertigungs‐ und Heizungsanlagen
Authors: Brandstätt Peter , Eckoldt Dietmar , Krämer Michael , Bay Karlheinz 
Published: December 2004

AbstractDie Anforderungen an Schalldämpfer, die als sekundärer Schallschutz in Luftleitungen eingesetzt werden, sind in industriellen Anlagen (z. B. Papier‐ und Mineralfaserproduktion, Lackieranlagen) sowie Kraftwerken und Heizkraftwerken besonders hoch. Dies liegt zum einen an der Belastung der Abgasströme mit Reststoffen, die sich an den Oberflächen der Schalldämpfer absetzen und so deren Wirkung vermindern oder gar aufheben. Hohe Strömungsgeschwindigkeiten, Temperaturen und Feuchtigkeit sind weitere Einflüsse, die sich negativ auf die Standzeiten der Schalldämpfer auswirken. Zusätzlich sind gerade bei tiefen Frequenzen hohe Dämpfungen zu erzielen, da die Schallerzeuger (Ventilatoren, Verdichter, Turbinen und Motoren) dort ihre Anteile aufweisen. Konventionelle Schalldämpfer führen unter diesen Randbedingungen zu unwirtschaftlichen Lösungen. Diese Problematik wird beleuchtet sowie robuste und auf den jeweiligen Bedarf und Frequenzbereich abstimmbare Schalldämpferentwicklungen vorgestellt. Das Wirkprinzip und die Konstruktion der Schalldämpfer, die aus Platten‐, Hohlraum‐ und aktiven Resonatoren bestehen, werden dargestellt. Ihr Platz und Geld sparender Einsatz wird anhand konkreter, in der Praxis umgesetzter Beispiele gezeigt. Diese umfassen den Einsatz der als “Eckiger Innenzug” und “Reinigbarer Rohr‐Schalldämpfer” bezeichneten Resonator‐Schalldämpfer in Anlagen zur Papier‐ und Stromproduktion. Anhand von Heizungsanlagen wird der Einsatz aktiver Resonatoren vorgestellt. Neue Entwicklungen von resistenten Absorbermaterialien und dauerhaften, akustisch reagierenden Abdeckungen geben einen Ausblick auf innovative Lösungsmöglichkeiten.
Energieeinsparung in Gebäuden ndash; aktueller denn je!: Anforderungskonzept EnEV 2006 ndash; Vision Nachhaltigkeitsvektor
Authors: Hauser Gerd 
Published: December 2004

AbstractDie Notwendigkeit zur Energieeinsparung im Verbrauchssektor Gebäude resultiert aus den Aspekten Umweltschutz, Minderung der Importabhängigkeit, Senkung der zweiten Miete, Bausubstanz‐ und Werterhaltung sowie Komfortsteigerung und Ankurbelung der Bauwirtschaft. Die vorliegenden Einsparpotentiale sind für den Wohngebäudebestand gut quantifizierbar, bei Nichtwohngebäuden ist der Kenntnisstand deutlich geringer. Die durch die EU‐Richtlinie “Gesamtenergieeffizienz von Gebäuen” erforderlichen Neuerungen gegenüber der Energieeinsparverordnung (EnEV) 2002 liegen im wesentlichen in der Erfassung des Kunstlichtstrom‐ und des Kühlenergiebedarfs. Beide Größen spielen im Wohnungsbau praktisch keine Rolle. Deshalb erscheint es insbesondere angesichts des vorherrschenden Zeitdrucks zur Umsetzung der EU‐Richtlinie zur Gesamtenergieeffizienz von Gebäuden bis 2006 sinnvoll, die bisherige Behandlung des Wohnungsbaus beizubehalten. Für Nichtwohngebäude liegen auch in den Bedarfsbereichen Heizung, Warmwasser und Lüftung z. T. stark abweichende Verhältnisse vom Wohnungsbau vor, außerdem kann die Erfassung des Kunstlichtstrom‐ und des Kühlenergiebedarfs von großer Bedeutung sein. Für diese Gebäude bedarf es neuer Berechnungsalgorithmen und der Formulierung von Anforderungen. Die Prämisse des vorgestellten Konzepts ist die nutzungsspezifische Formulierung der Anforderungen. Aus pragmatischen Gründen wird eine “Referenzgebäudemethode” empfohlen. Neben dem Aspekt der Energieeinsparung wird für die Gebäudefunktion “Raumkonditionierung” die Einführung eines Nachhaltigkeitsvektors vorgeschlagen. Für die Beurteilungskriterien werden objektive Bewertungsfaktoren B eingeführt, die um individuelle Wichtungsfaktoren W ergänzt werden.
Re‐Entrant Phase Transition of the Crystalline Ion Conductor Ag7P3S11.
Authors: Brinkmann Christian , Eckert Hellmut , Wilmer Dirk , Vogel Michael , Schmedt auf der Guenne Joern , Hoffbauer Wilfried , Rau Franz , Pfitzner Arno 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of 3,3,3‐Trifluoroprop‐1‐enyl Compounds from Some Enolizable Aldehydes.
Authors: Yamamoto Satomi , Sugimoto Hiroshi , Tamura Osamu , Mori Tatsuya , Matsuo Noritada , Ishibashi Hiroyuki 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Complexing and Catalytic Properties of Easily Available Chiral Iminophosphite Based on Biphenyl‐2,2′‐diol.
Authors: Tsarev V. N. , Kabro A. A. , Moiseev S. K. , Kalinin V. N. , Bondarev O. G. , Davankov V. A. , Gavrilov K. N. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Unusual Oxidative Dehydration of vic‐[Alkyl(aryl)thio]‐Substituted Aromatic (Heteroaromatic) Carboxamides.
Authors: Kislitsyn P. G. , Kucherov F. A. , Chukhrov L. N. , Zlotin S. G. , Starikova Z. A. , Dolgushin F. M. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Facile One‐Pot Syntheses of Amidines and Enamines from Oximes via Beckmann Rearrangement Using Trifluoromethanesulfonic Anhydride.
Authors: Takuwa Tomofumi , Minowa Tomofumi , Onishi Jim Yoshitaka , Mukaiyama Teruaki 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Functionalized 1,4‐Dihydro‐9,10‐anthraquinones and Anthraquinones by Ring Closing Metathesis Using Grubbs′ Catalyst.
Authors: Nguyen Van Tuyen , D'hooghe Matthias , Pattyn Siegfried , De Kimpe Norbert 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Stereoconvergent Transformation of 1,2a‐Disubstituted Benzo[b]cyclobuta[d]pyrans to 1,3‐Disubstituted Tetrahydrodibenzofuran‐4‐ols and Its Application to the Second‐Generation Synthesis of (.+‐.)‐Linderol A.
Authors: Yamashita Masayuki , Inaba Tomoki , Shimizu Takashi , Kawasaki Ikuo , Ohta Shunsaku 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Nitropyrazoles. Part 11. Isomeric 1‐Methyl‐3(5)‐nitropyrazole‐4‐carbonitriles in Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions. Comparative Reactivity of the Nitro Group in Positions 3 and 5 of the Pyrazole Ring.
Authors: Dalinger I. L. , Zaitsev A. A. , Shkineva T. K. , Shevelev S. A. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Addition Reactions of 2‐Polyfluoroalkyl Substituted 1,3‐Thiazolin‐4‐one Derivatives.
Authors: Rudnichenko A. V. , Timoshenko V. M. , Chernega A. N. , Nesterenko A. M. , Shermolovich Yu. G. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Studies on Substitution of Nitro Groups in 1,3,5‐Trinitrobenzene with NH‐Azoles.
Authors: Sapozhnikov O. Yu. , Dutov M. D. , Korolev M. A. , Kachala V. V. , Kadentsev V. I. , Shevelev S. A. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
One‐Step Synthesis of Substituted 4,8‐Dihydropyrano[3,2‐b]pyran‐4‐ones.
Authors: Shestopalov A. A. , Rodinovskaya L. A. , Shestopalov A. M. , Litvinov V. P. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Two‐Step Synthesis of Aminopropylpiperidines via Aminopropargylpyridines, Suitable for the Synthesis of a New Class of 5‐HT4 Ligands.
Authors: Russo Olivier , Alami Mouad , Brion Jean‐Daniel , Sicsic Sames , Berque‐Bestel Isabelle 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
N‐Acyliminium Reagents of 3,4‐Dihydro‐β‐carboline and Acyl Chlorides in the Reaction of Intermolecular α‐Amidoalkylation Toward Heteroaromatics.
Authors: Donova Atanaska K. , Statkova‐Abeghe Stela M. , Venkov Atanas P. , Ivanov Iliyan I. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Properties of 10,11‐Dibenzimidazolyl‐10,11‐didesmethylhypericin — The First Heterocyclically Substituted Hypericin Derivative.
Authors: Lackner Bernd , Etzlstorfer Christoph , Falk Heinz 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Two New 5‐Deoxyflavonoids from Calliandra inermis
Authors: Maheswara Muchchintala , Rao Yerra Koteswara , Siddaiah Vidavalur , Rao Chunduri Venkata , Somayajulu Kasi Viswanatham , Lin Fu Tyan 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Isolation, Structure Determination and Biological Activity of 15‐Deoxo‐7,32‐O‐didesmethylrapamycin from the Soil Actinomycete LL‐D45042.
Authors: Graziani Edmund I. , Summers Mia Y. , Janso Jeffrey E. , Yu Ker , Bernan Valerie S. , Greenstein Michael , Carter Guy T. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Component‐Based Integration of Chemistry and Optimization Software
Authors: Kenny Joseph P. , Benson Steven J. , Alexeev Yuri , Sarich Jason , Janssen Curtis L. , McInnes Lois Curfman , Krishnan Manojkumar , Nieplocha Jarek , Jurrus Elizabeth , Fahlstrom Carl 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Probabilistic approach for active control of structures: experimental verification
Authors: Hwang Jae‐Seung , Min Kyung‐Won , Lee Sang‐Hyun , Kim Hongjin 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIn our previous study (Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics 2003; 32:2301), we have developed a probabilistic algorithm for active control of structures. In the probabilistic control algorithm, the control force is determined by the probability that the structural energy exceeds a specified target critical energy, and the direction of a control force is determined by the Lyapunov controller design method. In this paper, an experimental verification of the proposed probabilistic control algorithm is presented. A three‐story test structure equipped with an active mass driver (AMD) has been used. The effectiveness of the control algorithm has been examined by exciting the test structure using a sinusoidal signal, a scaled El Centro earthquake and a broadband Gaussian white noise; and, especially, experiments on control have been performed under different conditions to that of system identification in order to prove the stability and robustness of the proposed control algorithm. The experimental results indicate that the probabilistic control algorithm can achieve a significant response reduction under various types of ground excitations even when the modeling error exists. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Damage detection of base‐isolated buildings using multi‐input multi‐output subspace identification
Authors: Yoshimoto Reiki , Mita Akira , Okada Keiichi 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA damage detection algorithm of structural health monitoring systems for base‐isolated buildings is proposed. The algorithm consists of the multiple‐input multiple‐output subspace identification method and the complex modal analysis. The algorithm is applicable to linear and non‐linear systems. The story stiffness and damping as damage indices of a shear structure are identified by the algorithm. The algorithm is further tuned for base‐isolated buildings considering their unique dynamic characteristics by simplifying the systems to single‐degree‐of‐freedom systems. The isolation layer and the superstructure of a base‐isolated building are treated as separate substructures as they are distinctly different in their dynamic properties. The effectiveness of the algorithm is evaluated through the numerical analysis and experiment. Finally, the algorithm is applied to the existing 7‐story base‐isolated building that is equipped with an Internet‐based monitoring system. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A preliminary evaluation of a continuous‐flow reactor for liquid–liquid–solid phase‐transfer catalyzed synthesis of n‐butyl phenyl ether
Authors: Hsiao Hsu‐Chin , Li Wei‐Chi , Weng Hung‐Shan 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThis study evaluates the feasibility of using a continuous‐flow stirred vessel reactor (CFSVR) to synthesize n‐butyl phenyl ether (ROPh) from n‐butyl bromide (RBr) and sodium phenolate (NaOPh) by liquid–liquid–solid phase‐transfer catalysis (triphase catalysis). The factors affecting the preparation of triphase catalysts, the etherification reaction in a batch reactor, and the performance in a CFSVR were investigated. The kinetic study with a batch reactor indicated that when the initial concentration of NaOPh or RBr was high, the conversion of RBr would depend on the initial concentration of both RBr and NaOPh. The reaction can be represented by a pseudo‐first‐order kinetic model when the concentration of NaOPh is in proper excess to that of RBr, and the apparent activation energy is 87.8 kJ mol−1. When the etherification reaction was carried out in the CFSVR, the catalyst particles did not flow out of the reactor, even at a high agitation speed. The conversion of RBr in the CFSVR was, as predicted, lower than that in the batch reactor, but was higher than the theoretical value because the dispersed phase is not completely mixed. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry