bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Remifentanil vs fentanyl/morphine for pain control during paediatric cardiac surgery
Authors: Bell G.T. , Dickson U. , Arana A. , Marshall C. , Robinson D. , Morton N.S. 
Published: March 2003

Introduction  Remifentanil is a potent synthetic opioid that does not accumulate after infusion or repeated bolus doses. It may be rapidly titrated to the requirements of individual patients. Remifentanil has potential advantages for paediatric cardiac surgery in being able to provide potent analgesia required to blunt the stress response in theatre and a lack of prolonged sedative affects that may delay progress in intensive care.Methods  After approval by the local ethics committee, 18 patients were randomised to receive a titrated infusion of remifentanil (0–1 mcg.kg.min−1) or a standard dose of fentanyl (30 mcg.kg−1) pre‐bypass with morphine (1 mg.kg−1) on rewarming. The anaesthetic technique aside from analgesia was that normally used by the consultant anaesthetist responsible for the case. Blood samples for glucose and cortisol were taken at regular intervals from induction through bypass and into the first 24 hours of postoperative intensive care. Urine samples taken over the same period were analysed for 3 methythistidine:creatinine ratios. In addition to biochemical indicators of the stress response we recorded baseline haemodynamic parameters and any acute physiological events.Results  Statistical analysis is not yet complete – initial analysis shows that both techniques obtunded the stress response to a very similar extent.Ten patients were randomised to receive morphine and eight to receive remifentanil (there were late cancellations in the remifentanil group). One patient was withdrawn from the remifentanil group for a protocol violation.There were two incidences of inadequate analgesia in the remifentanil group one related to rapid haemodilution going onto cardiopulmonary bypass and a second as a consequence of an infusion line kinking.Discussion and conclusions  Although it was our original intention to continue remifentanil up to 24 hours postoperatively, this was only achieved in four out of the seven remifentanil patients due either to discharge to the ward or to difficulty in titration of an appropriate dose for spontaneously breathing patients in intensive care. In our unit it became appropriate to start a morphine infusion to replace remifentanil within the first few hours of PICU admission.The episode of inadequate analgesia going on to bypass occurred when remifentanil was infusing at 1 mcg.kg.min−1 which illustrates high inter‐individual variation. The other episode when a peripheral line kinked emphasises the importance of line patency and we would recommend that infusions are given centrally to help ensure adequate delivery.
Comparison of the work of breathing imposed by three anaesthetic breathing systems in children
Authors: Shenoy V. , Meakin G.H. , Masterson J.J. 
Published: March 2003

Introduction  There is concern that the resistance of the valves in circle systems may impose an unacceptable respiratory load in children (1). In this study we compared the work of breathing imposed by the Bain, Jackson Rees and the circle systems in anaesthetised spontaneously breathing children.Methods  Following local ethics committee approval and the written informed consent of a parent, 12 children, aged 2–6 years, ASA grades I–II scheduled for routine genital surgery (e.g. circumcision) were recruited [Weight 14.4 ± 2.9 kg and age 3.02 ± 1.3 years (meant SD)]. Patients were premedicated with midazolam 0.5 mg·kg−1. Anaesthesia was induced by inhalation of 66% N2O in O2 and sevoflurane 8%, and the trachea was intubated. Caudal analgesia was provided using bupivacaine 0.25% in a dose of 0.5 mg·kg−1. Anaesthesia with spontaneous ventilation was maintained with 66% N2O in O2, and sevoflurane 2–4%. Routine monitoring consisted of ECG, pulse oximetry, capnography and non‐invasive blood pressure.When anaesthesia had been stable for at least 15 min, the patients were attached to three different breathing systems in random succession for 10 min: 1, a Circle (Draeger Julian); 2, a Bain; 3, a Jackson Rees system. At the end of these 10 min periods, work of breathing was measured using a computerised, portable respiratory monitor (CP‐100 Pulmonary Monitor, Bear Medical). Work of breathing (W) was calculated by measuring the area enclosed in the oesophageal pressure‐volume loop (2). Oesophageal pressure was measured using a disposable balloon catheter (Smartcath, Bear Medical) and flow was measured using a disposable flow transducer (Varflex, Bear Medical). All equipment was calibrated in accordance with the manufacturers instructions prior to use.The total work of breathing (W) was expressed as Joules per litre of ventilation (J·l−1). This was compared between breathing systems using anova. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results  The results are presented in Table 1.

Direct measurements and calculated variables (mean ± SD)

Circle
Bain
Jackson – Rees

Work of breathing  (J·l−1)
0.34 ± 0.1
0.36 ± 0.07
0.34 ± 0.09

Peak inspiratory flow rate  (l·s−1)
0.19 ± 0.03
0.20 ± 0.04
0.20 ± 0.04

Peak expiratory flow rate  (l·s−1)
0.16 ± 0.03
0.14 ± 0.03
0.16 ± 0.03

Δ Poes(cmH2O)
5.5 ± 2.71
6.3 ± 1.49
5.9 ± 1.83

Minute ventilation  (l·min−1)
2.9 ± 0.6
2.8 ± 0.7
2.9 ± 0.6

End‐tidal CO2 (kPa)
7.8 ± 0.9
7.7 ± 0.9
7.0 ± 2.4

Δ Poes = difference between end‐expiratory oesophageal pressure and lowest oesophageal pressure.

Conclusions  Our results indicate that there was no difference in the total work of breathing in children attached to a circle system compared to a Bain or Jackson Rees systems.Acknowledgements  This work was supported by a grant from Draeger UK Ltd.
Functional MRI as a tool to assess vision in dogs: the optimal anesthetic
Authors: Willis Craig K. R. , Quinn Richard P. , McDonell Wayne M. , Gati Joseph , Parent Joane , Nicolle David 
Published: March 2003

AbstractFunctional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a recent advance in neuroimaging that provides a picture of brain activity with excellent spatial resolution. Current methods used to evaluate canine vision are poorly standardized and vulnerable to bias. Functional MRI may represent a valuable method of testing vision in dogs if the impacts of anesthesia on fMRI are understood. Six dogs were scanned during visual stimulation, each under three different anesthetic protocols (isoflurane, propofol, fentanyl/midazolam) to address the questions: (1) Can visually evoked fMR signals be reliably recorded in anesthetized dogs? and (2) Which anesthetic agent permits the least suppression of visually induced fMR signal in dogs? This study confirms that visual stimuli reliably elicit neural activity and fMR signal change in anesthetized dogs. No significant differences in images acquired under the three anesthetics were found, and there was no significant relationship between anesthetic dose and brain activity, within the range of doses used in this study. Images obtained during isoflurane anesthesia were more consistent between dogs than those obtained with the other two agents. This reduced variation may reflect the fact that inhalant anesthesia is more easily controlled than intravenous anesthesia under conditions associated with high field fMRI.
Lipogranulomatous conjunctivitis: clinical findings from 21 eyes in 13 cats
Authors: Read Robert A , Lucas Julia 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjective The clinical and, where available, histologic features of lesions fitting a previous description of lipogranulomatous conjunctivitis were reviewed retrospectively from a series of cats.Animals studiesThirteen cats (21 eyes) with lesions consistent with a diagnosis of lipogranulomatous conjunctivitis were seen over a 4‐year period in a referral practice in southern Australia. Affected cats ranged in age from 6 to 16 years (mean 11.2 ± 3.6 years).ResultsTwelve cats were domestic shorthair or longhair cats and one was a British shorthair cat. Five cats were white, four were bicolor, two were orange tabby and two were dilute orange tabby. Lesions were always found in the palpebral conjunctiva, adjacent to the eyelid margin. They affected upper eyelids only in five cases, and upper plus lower eyelids in eight cases. Lesions were bilateral in eight cases. Lesions were excised in eight cases, with resolution of associated irritation and no signs of lesion recurrence during a 4‐ to 21‐month follow‐up period.SummaryHistologic features of tissues excised from surgically treated cases were consistent with a previous report of lipogranulomatous conjunctivitis and with descriptions of chalazia. A possible role of actinic radiation in the etiopathogenesis of lesions is discussed.
Treatment of granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis in a dog
Authors: Nuhsbaum M. Tanja , Powell Cynthia C. , Gionfriddo Juliet R. , Cuddon Paul A. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe clinical work‐up, diagnosis and follow‐up of an 8‐year‐old, female‐spayed Shih Tzu with diffuse, granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis (GME)‐causing visual deficits is reported. The use of cytosine arabinoside as an alternative treatment for GME is discussed.
A cave leech (Hirudinea, Erpobdellidae) from Croatia with unique morphological features
Authors: Sket Boris , Dovč Peter , Jalžić Branko , Kerovec Mladen , Kučinić Mladen , Trontelj Peter 
Published: March 2003

Croatobranchus mestrovi is a troglobitic leech from deep shaft‐like caves in the Velebit Mountain, Dinaric karst, Croatia, living in cold (4–6 °C) water. Its oral sucker extends to form four pairs of triangular tentacles, each with about five finger‐like papillae, but widening into a marginally crenulated disc when attached to a substrate. Pairs of stiff, finger‐like lateral projections, probably gills, occur along the body behind the clitellum. Somites are simple five‐annulate. Despite the unique head morphology and the presence of lateral outgrowths, the anatomy and 18S rRNA gene sequence of this species indicate that it is a member of the Erpobdellidae, closely related to Dina.
The phylogenetic position of the Prolecithophora (Rhabditophora, ‘Platyhelminthes’)
Authors: Noren Michael , Jondelius Ulf 
Published: March 2003

Complete 18S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequences and partial 28S rDNA sequences from a selection of rhabditophoran taxa were obtained and used in combination with literature data to determine the phylogenetic position of the Prolecithophora and of two families sometimes included in the Prolecithophora, the Urastomidae and the Genostomatidae. The results are largely compatible with earlier molecular studies when supported clades are considered, and adjusting for the denser taxonomic sampling of this study. The position of the Proseriata is not compatible with the taxon Seriata, which is rejected. The Rhabdocoela excluding the Fecampiida and the Neodermata is monophyletic. The phylogenetic position of the Neodermata cannot be determined, but its placement is not compatible with the proposed taxa Revertospermata and Mediofusata Kornakova & Joffe, 1999, which are rejected. The Urastomidae and the Genostomatidae in all analyses group with the Fecampiida, and it is our recommendation that these taxa be included in the Fecampiida. The amended Fecampiida always group separately from the Prolecithophora sensu stricto, the Rhabdocoela, and the Neodermata. Our analyses reveal the existence of a strongly supported clade consisting of Prolecithophora + Tricladida + the amended Fecampiida, and we propose the name Adiaphanida for this clade. Tentatively the sister group of the Prolecithophora is a clade consisting of the Tricladida + amended Fecampiida.
Scorpion ARMS primers for SNP real‐time PCR detection and quantification of Pyrenophora teres
Authors: Bates Jayne A. , Taylor Emily J. A. 
Published: March 2003

summaryWe have developed a quantitative PCR detection method that can be used to determine the seed infection levels of Pyrenophora teres, a seed‐borne fungal pathogen of barley. This method uses Scorpion Amplified Refractory Mutation System (ARMS) technology with real‐time PCR detection. Scorpion ARMS primers were designed and optimized such that a single nucleotide base mismatch in the primer sequence could distinguish P. teres from P. graminea, a closely related seed‐borne pathogen of barley. It is necessary to distinguish between these two agriculturally important pathogens since different disease management decisions are made, based on the presence and level of infection measured for each. The advance in development of sensitive and specific fluorescent probes has enabled the current PCR test to detect Pyrenophora spp. pathogenic on barley to be enhanced with the advantage that it can now specifically detect P. teres in a single reaction, whilst previously, two reactions were required to discriminate P. teres from P. graminea.
Functional analysis of cysteine residues of ECP elicitor proteins of the fungal tomato pathogen Cladosporium fulvum
Authors: Luderer Rianne , De Kock Maarten J. D. , Dees Robert H. L. , De Wit Pierre J. G. M. , Joosten Matthieu H. A. J. 
Published: March 2003

summaryA striking feature of all elicitor proteins of Cladosporium fulvum that are specifically recognized by tomato is that they contain an even number of cysteine residues. These cysteine residues are thought to be involved in disulphide bridges. In this study, a mutational analysis of the cysteine residues of ECP1, ECP2 and ECP5 was performed, to examine their role in stability and hypersensitive response‐inducing activity of the proteins. We show that not all cysteine residues of the ECPs are critical for the hypersensitive response‐inducing activity of the proteins, and we propose that the role of cysteine residues in the ECPs is more complex than anticipated.
Nursing and politics: a South African perspective
Authors: Ehlers V. J. , Phil Litt et 
Published: March 2003

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to provide a general introduction to politics, and to describe some political changes which have affected the rendering of multi‐disciplinary health care services in the Republic of South Africa since 1994. Political issues which will be addressed include: changed provincial borders; opening up of the Republic of South Africa’s international borders; increased emphasis on primary health care services; enhanced international involvement of the Republic of South Africa; changes in the statutory bodies governing the nursing profession; and changed legislation affecting health care workers.Political know‐how is essential for professional survival. Unless nurses in the Republic of South Africa collaborate proactively as a united group representing the largest proportion of health care professionals in the country, the nursing profession and nursing education might become irrelevant to the political realities of the country and its people. Unless nurses can succeed in engaging in successful political debates and in negotiating their rights, they might become an increasingly voiceless, faceless and powerless female profession in the Republic of South Africa. However, politically knowledgeable nurses may help to ensure that the people will get the nurses and the nursing care they deserve, whilst the nurses will enjoy the benefits to which they are entitled, including market‐related salaries.
Clinical networks for nursing research
Authors: Gillibrand W. P. , Burton C. , Watkins G. G. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAs a central feature of national research and development strategies, clinical effectiveness emphasizes the importance of rigorous experimental research in nursing. It is naïve to assume that over‐worked practitioners, with little research training and supervision, can undertake this type of research. Traditional approaches to research support rely on the practitioner registering for a higher degree and academic supervision. This assumes that the responsibility for research lies with practice, with higher education adopting a reactive stance in supporting research and development in nursing. The literature demonstrates a growing number of innovative models for facilitating nursing research. These, however, tend to focus on single appointments with limited and predefined access to clinical areas and patient populations. This article details a new initiative from the Clinical Nursing Practice Research Unit (CNPRU) that aims to support programmatic research in nursing practice through Clinical Networks for Nursing Research. Our research strategy is to contribute to the development of nursing science by facilitating effective collaboration between clinicians and higher education in core clinical specialties, including stroke rehabilitation, diabetes, mental health and community nursing. Each researcher has developed networks with a number of clinical areas, locally, regionally or nationally, through seminars, conferences or newsletters, to link practitioners and generate answerable research questions. Network communications also rely heavily on the establishment of interactive websites. This strategy has resulted in a number of collaborative, evaluative studies including clinical trials in rehabilitation, diabetic nursing and primary care.
Submitting terms to the International Classification for Nursing Practice (ICNP®)
Authors: Feringa M. M. , Goossen W. T. F. , Coenen A. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe purpose of this article was to illustrate how nurses can contribute to the development and improvement of the International Classification for Nursing Practice (ICNP®). It provides researchers and students with an example of how to submit terms to the ICNP® Programme for review. The article provides a brief general background on the ICNP® and explains the process of how to identify and develop nursing phenomena and actions. It continues to describe the method of validating new terms, reviewing the literature to support it and how to submit the term to the International Council of Nurses (ICN). Examples are provided.
New and unexpected cosmetic properties of perfumes. Effects upon free radicals and enzymes induced by essential oils, absolutes and fragrant compounds
Authors: Étienne  , Pham. Duc  , Simonet  , Derbesy  
Published: March 2003

Synopsis The biological properties of several different perfume components have been investigated. It has been demonstrated, through appropriate test methods, that essential oils, absolutes and even compounds show significant (anti/pro)‐radical, (anti/pro)‐elastasic and (anti/pro)‐tyrosinasic activities.These unexpected properties open up new opportunities for the formulation of cosmetic products and could contribute to the understanding of activities traditionally attributed to essential oils by Aromatherapy. Résumé Les propriétés biologiques de plusieurs composants différents utilisés en parfumerie ont étéétudiées. On a montré, à l’aide de méthodes expérimentales appropriées, que les huiles essentielles, les absolues et même des compositions parfumantes présentent des activités significatives pro‐ ou antiradicalaires, pro‐ ou antiélastasiques et pro‐ ou antityrosinasiques.Ces propriétés innattendues offrent de nouvelles opportunités pour la formulation des produits cosmétiques et pourraient contribuer à la compréhension des activités traditionnellement attribuées aux huiles essentielles par l’Aromathérapie.
Effect of germinated seeds extract on the respiratory activity of human skin fibroblasts and sheep liver mitochondria. Influence on cell viability and proliferation and their uselfulness as active cosmetic ingredient
Authors: Benaiges A. , Armengol R. , Mateu B. , Sagristá M. L. , Mora M. 
Published: March 2003

SynopsisThe present work studies the ability of a germinated seeds extract (alfalfa, radish, wheat, soy) to influence cell respiration of skin fibroblasts and the respiratory activity of sheep liver isolated mitochondria, and the cytotoxicity of the product on cultured skin fibroblasts. The content of free and total amino acids present in this extract was determined. Aspartic acid represented 37.52% of free amino acids in the extract, but 48.07% glutamic acid was found when total amino acids obtained by acid hydrolysis were quantified. The extract contains more than 6.5% free serine, glutamic acid and alanine. Arginine, serine, aspartic acid and threonine are the other amino acids that represent more than 4.5% total amino acids. Respiration of sheep liver mitochondria and human skin fibroblasts (Foreskin ATCC CRL‐1635) was checked polarographically. The results obtained show the ability of this extract to stimulate cellular respiration of both in vitro models, but the effect is more marked on cell cultured fibroblasts, and its dose dependency. The role of acidic amino acids, aspartic and glutamic acids, on the increase of oxygen consumption by mitochonria is suggested. Cytotoxicity of the germinated seeds extract was tested by the assessment of the viability, the morphological changes and the proliferation of cell cultured human skin fibroblasts. It has been shown that germinated seeds extract are non‐toxic to cell cultures at doses of up to 10 mg mL−1; neither morphological changes nor membrane integrity alterations or changes in cell proliferation were observed.
Validation of a high performance liquid chromatography method for sunscreen determination in cosmetics
Authors: Dutra E. A. , Kedor‐Hackmann E. R. M. , Santoro M. I. R. M. 
Published: March 2003

SynopsisThe aim of this research was the development and validation of a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for the simultaneous and quantitative determination of benzophenone‐3, octyl methoxycinnamate and octyl salicylate contained in sunscreen emulsions. The separation and quantitative determination was achieved using a LiChrospher® 100 RP‐18 (5 µm) Merck column, a mobile phase constituted of methanol/water (85/15, v/v), a flow‐rate of 1.0 mL min−1 and UV detection at 310 nm. The correlation coefficients and percentage of recovery for benzophenone‐3, octyl methoxycinnamate and octyl salicylate were 0.9999 and 99.46%; 0.9995 and 98.85%; 0.9998 and 98.84%, respectively. The relative standard deviations (RSD) for commercial samples were between 0.50 and 0.70%.
Green chemistry procedure for the synthesis of cyclic ketals from 2‐adamantanone as potential cosmetic odourants
Authors: Genta M. T. , Villa C. , Mariani E. , Longobardi M. , Loupy A. 
Published: March 2003

SynopsisSome cyclic ketals derived from 2‐adamantanone were obtained in excellent yields by microwave activation under solvent‐free conditions, as a ‘green chemistry’ procedure. A number of experiments were performed to evaluate the most efficient catalytic conditions. The best results were obtained using a simple heterogeneous mixture of reagents and p‐toluenesulphonic acid as the catalyst, without any solvent or support. The data are reported and compared with those obtained by other microwave‐mediated syntheses or by classical method.In order to check the possible intervention of non‐thermal microwave effects, the best experiment in ‘dry media’ was carried out with considerable lower yield by conventional heating, in a thermostated oil bath, under the same conditions as under microwaves (time, temperature and vessel).All the synthesized compounds were tested for their olfactive character and for a potential cosmetic use. The odour evaluation is reported.
Natural ingredients for colouring and styling
Authors: Dweck A. C. 
Published: March 2003

SynopsisThis paper examines some of the existing methods for colouring the hair and skin using natural material (such as henna) and proposes a parallel technology that exists in the dyeing of wool and fabrics to extend the colour range. Many of the listed plants and their derivatives are not found in Annex IV of the Cosmetic Directive and may not be used as colours; however, they do have other properties which may justify their inclusion into a product, for example, as astringent or anti‐inflammatory agents. The paper concludes with some reported antigreying and hair styling preparations cited in the literature.