bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Short Duration of Elevated vIRF-1 Expression during Lytic Replication of Human Herpesvirus 8 Limits Its Ability To Block Antiviral Responses Induced by Alpha Interferon in BCBL-1 Cells
Authors: Pozharskaya Veronika P. , Weakland Laura L. , Zimring James C. , Krug Laurie T. , Unger Elizabeth R. , Neisch Andrew , Joshi Harish , Inoue Naoki , Offermann Margaret K. 
Published: May 2004

ABSTRACT
Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) encodes multiple proteins that disrupt the host antiviral response, including viral interferon (IFN) regulatory factor 1 (vIRF-1). The product of the vIRF-1 gene blocks responses to IFN when overexpressed by transfection, but the functional consequence of vIRF-1 that is expressed during infection with HHV-8 is not known. These studies demonstrate that BCBL-1 cells that were latently infected with HHV-8 expressed low levels of vIRF-1 that were associated with PML bodies, whereas much higher levels of vIRF-1 were transiently expressed during the lytic phase of HHV-8 replication. The low levels of vIRF-1 that were associated with PML bodies were insufficient to block alpha IFN (IFN-α)-induced alterations in gene expression, whereas cells that expressed high levels of vIRF-1 were resistant to some changes induced by IFN-α, including the expression of the double-stranded-RNA-activated protein kinase. High levels of vIRF-1 were expressed for only a short period during the lytic cascade, so many cells with HHV-8 in the lytic phase responded to IFN-α with increased expression of antiviral genes and enhanced apoptosis. Furthermore, the production of infectious virus was severely compromised when IFN-α was present early during the lytic cascade. These studies indicate that the transient expression of high levels of vIRF-1 is inadequate to subvert many of the antiviral effects of IFN-α so that IFN-α can effectively induce apoptosis and block production of infectious virus when present early in the lytic cascade of HHV-8.
OPTIMAL, EFFICIENT RECONSTRUCTION OF PHYLOGENETIC NETWORKS WITH CONSTRAINED RECOMBINATION
Authors: GUSFIELD DAN , EDDHU SATISH , LANGLEY CHARLES 
Published: May 2004

A phylogenetic network is a generalization of a phylogenetic tree, allowing structural properties that are not tree-like. In a seminal paper, Wang et al.1studied the problem of constructing a phylogenetic network, allowing recombination between sequences, with the constraint that the resulting cycles must be disjoint. We call such a phylogenetic network a "galled-tree". They gave a polynomial-time algorithm that was intended to determine whether or not a set of sequences could be generated on galled-tree. Unfortunately, the algorithm by Wang et al.1is incomplete and does not constitute a necessary test for the existence of a galled-tree for the data. In this paper, we completely solve the problem. Moreover, we prove that if there is a galled-tree, then the one produced by our algorithm minimizes the number of recombinations over all phylogenetic networks for the data, even allowing multiple-crossover recombinations. We also prove that when there is a galled-tree for the data, the galled-tree minimizing the number of recombinations is "essentially unique". We also note two additional results: first, any set of sequences that can be derived on a galled tree can be derived on a true tree (without recombination cycles), where at most one back mutation per site is allowed; second, the site compatibility problem (which is NP-hard in general) can be solved in polynomial time for any set of sequences that can be derived on a galled tree.Perhaps more important than the specific results about galled-trees, we introduce an approach that can be used to study recombination in general phylogenetic networks.This paper greatly extends the conference version that appears in an earlier work.8PowerPoint slides of the conference talk can be found at our website.7
The Angular Distribution of UV-B Sky Radiance under Cloudy Conditions: A Comparison of Measurements and Radiative Transfer Calculations Using a Fractal Cloud Model
Authors: Kuchinke Christopher , Fienberg Kurt , Nunez Manuel 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
In recent years, global warming concerns have focused attention on cloud radiative forcing and its accurate encapsulation in radiative transfer measurement and modeling programs. At present, this process is constrained by the dynamic movement and inhomogeneity of cloud structure. This study attempts to quantify the UV sky radiance distribution induced by a partial and overcast stratiform cloud field while addressing some of the inherent spatial and temporal errors resulting from cloud. For this purpose, high-quality azimuthally averaged 2-min measurements of erythemal UV-B sky radiance distribution were undertaken by a variable sky-view platform at Hobart, Australia (42.90°S, 147.33°E). Measurements were subsequently compared with Monte Carlo radiative transfer simulations using both a multifractal and plane-parallel homogenous (PPH) cloud field. Data were also compared with several empirical parameterizations. Results at solar zenith angles of 30° and 50° show that for overcast conditions, the multifractal model is superior to the PPH model. For broken cloud conditions, the radiance measurements are biased toward higher instances of direct-beam interruption by cloud. This tends to smooth the near-sun sky radiance field whereas the multifractal model under the same conditions continues to exhibit the circumsolar effect, indicating that its performance may be still valid for radiation modeling. An empirical parameterization of the same multifractal model produced similar sky radiance profiles, warranting its use in radiative transfer models.
The Development of the Therapeutic Community in Correctional Establishments: A Comparative Retrospective Account of the ‘DEMOCRATIC’ Maxwell Jones TC and the Hierarchical Concept-Based TC in Prison
Authors: Vandevelde Stijn , Broekaert Eric , Yates Rowdy , Kooyman Martien 
Published: May 2004

Background: The correction-based therapeutic community (TC) is one of the most described treatment modalities for (substance abusing) incarcerated offenders. The origins and development of the therapeutic community have been traced back to two independent traditions: the American hierarchical conceptbased TC and the British democratic Maxwell Jones-type TC. Both branches have developed independently, targeting different people and tackling diverse problems. Aims: To demonstrate that there are clear and undeniable similarities between the ‘two’ prison-based therapeutic communities. Method: A comparative historical review of the literature and a critical discussion and comparison. Results: The links between the democratic and hierarchical therapeutic communities are summarised under five headings: social learning and behavioural modification; permissiveness and modelling; democracy and hierarchy; communalism and community as method; reality testing and ‘acting as if ’. Conclusions: The ‘two’ correction-based therapeutic communities are on converging pathways. Far from being oppositional models, they can be regarded as being complementary.
The Changing Functions of Laws and its Implication for Government and Governance
Authors: de Vries Michiel S. 
Published: May 2004

Many people see a continuing trend towards governance and away from government. This article tries to show that trends last only for so long. Based on long-term reasoning it is seen that within any trend a countertrend is visible, which will eventually become dominant when being suppressed for too long and when the side effects of the current trend are neglected for too long. This is congruent with the idea of policy generations I introduced in an earlier article (De Vries, 1999). The distinguishing features thereof are that policy change can be seen as a consequence of the simultaneous periodical change of dominant actors in policy processes, the policy goals as well as the usage of particular policy instruments. Such policy generations are not only known for what they prioritize but especially for what they neglect. It is neglect and awareness of the negative effects of this neglect that make the trends shift in this theory. By looking at developments in The Netherlands in the use of policy instruments and especially law-making four trends are visible since the Second World War. First, a trend is distinguished in which laws regulating behavior by prescriptions are dominant in the 1950s. Next, a trend is seen from 1963 onwards, in which new regulations are used mainly to ground financial transfers. Subsequently, in the 1980s, we see a trend in which organizational affairs, efficiency and deregulation become dominant and since 1992 a trend is visible in which governance indicated by the popularity of temporary arrangements and striving for consultation is the dominant mode. This article predicts that in the near future this trend will be reversed again, because the drawbacks of the present trend are painfully surfacing.
Values for Public Service: Lessons Learned from Recent Trends and the Millennium Summit
Authors: Argyriades Demetrios 
Published: May 2004

This article was originally prepared for circulation at the Second Specialized International Conference of the IIAS, which took place in New Delhi from 5 to 9 November 2002. It was presented orally, in a much abridged form, in the context of the Workshop on Relations between International Organizations and National Administrations in Sustainable Development Policies. As the title suggests, the article’s point of departure is the Millennium Summit (September 2000) and the sequence of events which have followed and are still unfolding. The Millennium Declaration and the logic of the events of the past two years bring into sharp relief the salience of good governance and of public service values, in this context. They also, one could argue, cast doubt on the validity of managerial doctrines which held sway in the 1980s and 1990s and undermined these values. The market model of government assiduously pursued the shrinkage of the state and the devaluation of public service. It questioned the identity of public administration and promoted the idea that governments should follow and adopt not only the methods and practices but also the values of business. Efficiency and effectiveness ranked at the top of those values. Regulations and rules were discounted. ‘Results’ were enjoined over ‘process’. In retrospect, the outcomes of this approach have proved very uneven and mixed. Experience demonstrates the need for some degree of separation between the world of business and that of government, between the private sector and the public sphere. Some boundaries are necessary in order to emphasize their separate identities, enhance public service professionalism, reinforce a public service ethic and restore public trust in government. More than anything else, a degree of separation is needed to preserve and to sustain integrity, commitment, objectivity and independence, which must be seen as the marks of the true professional.
A Twenty-first-Century Agenda for Teaching the History of Modern Afro-Latin America and the Caribbean
Authors: Pino Julio César 
Published: May 2004

This [Argentina] was white man’s country, not a country of Indians and half-breeds like Peru or Bolivia—or Brazil, which is just an extension of Africa, no? —Jorge Luis Borges In reference to the stratifying effects of racial ascription, race as a socially elaborated attribute may be conceptualized as related mainly to the subordinate aspect of the reproduction of social classes. —Carlos Hasenbalg
A Rose is a Rose is a Hero is a Horse: Naming and Referentiality in the Poetry of Robert Kroetsch and Gertrude Stein
Authors: Casas Maria 
Published: May 2004

The contemporary Canadian poet Robert Kroetsch claims Gertrude Stein as an important influence on his work. On the surface, there are indeed many similarities between the poetics of Kroetsch and that of Stein. Separated by one generation and one epoch of literary history – from Stein’s Modernism to Kroetsch’s avowed Postmodernism – they are nevertheless both avant-garde poets, with an interest in the relationship of signifier to signified and in the problems and joys of representation. However, the poetry of these two writers diverges radically in meaning-making practices and, finally, philosophical foundations. Although Stein and Kroetsch share a fascination with the unstable relationship between signifier and signified, Stein’s approach seems to suggest that the instability was a problem and source of anxiety in her quest to represent reality, even inasmuch as ‘representation’ became ‘creation’, while Kroetsch’s poetry and critical writings express a joy and sense of play produced by his awareness of the gap between signified and signifier. I have reconstructed the metalinguistics of these two avant-garde writers by comparing poems by Kroetsch and Stein at the level of syntax, lexical collocation and coherence, and conception. Their poems share many themes and preoccupations, including conceptions of ‘naming’, the deconstruction of the signifier, and the status of the text. However, differences in technique are the direct reflection of philosophical differences in art movements at opposite ends of the 20th century.
Using Regression Techniques to Predict Large Data Transfers
Authors: Vazhkudai Sudharshan , Schopf Jennifer M. 
Published: May 2004

The recent proliferation of Data Grids and the increasingly common practice of using resources as distributed data stores provide a convenient environment for communities of researchers to share, replicate, and manage access to copies of large datasets. This has led to the question of which replica can be accessed most efficiently. In such environments, fetching data from one of the several replica locations requires accurate predictions of end-to-end transfer times. The answer to this question can depend on many factors, including physical characteristics of the resources and the load behavior on the CPUs, networks, and storage devices that are part of the end-to-end data path linking possible sources and sinks. Our approach combines end-to-end application throughput observations with network and disk load variations and captures whole-system performance and variations in load patterns. Our predictions characterize the effect of load variations of several shared devices (network and disk) on file transfer times. We develop a suite of univariate and multivariate predictors that can use multiple data sources to improve the accuracy of the predictions as well as address Data Grid variations (availability of data and sporadic nature of transfers). We ran a large set of data transfer experiments using GridFTP and observed performance predictions within 15% error for our testbed sites, which is quite promising for a pragmatic system.
Making Organizations Work
Authors: Karabanow Jeff 
Published: May 2004

• Summary: Human service organizations are often viewed by clients as bureaucratic, formal, oppressive and insensitive environments. Through structured interviews with 42 service providers and 65 street youth in Toronto, Montreal and Guatemala, and participant and non-participant observations in all three locations, this analysis explores tenets of antioppressive organizational structures within the youth shelter construct. • Findings: Anti-oppressive organizations allow for the emergence of meaningful and vibrant community settings by embracing grass-root social development, active participation, a structural analysis of the problem, consciousness raising and social action. These findings can be interpreted as lessons from the field – noting what seems to work best for hard-core and marginalized street youth populations. The current academic discourse concerning notions of anti-oppression has tended to focus upon pedagogy and/or practice; this analysis moves the discussion to a new realm involving organizational behavior. Anti-oppressive organizational structures attempt to build safe and respectful environments for marginalized populations. • Applications: Such findings can hopefully impact the manner by which social work administrators and practitioners understand service delivery within their particular organizational setting and more specifically, how they conduct meaningful social work within their day-to-day practices.
The Features of Short-Break Residential Services Valued by Families Who Have Children with Multiple Disabilities
Authors: Mcconkey Roy , Truesdale Maria , Conliffe Chris 
Published: May 2004

• Summary: Children with physical and intellectual disabilities can place extra demands on their family carers. The need for short-break (respite) services is well documented but little research has been undertaken into the features of these services that families value. A mix of qualitative and quantitative methods was used. In the first phase, 108 parents in urban and rural areas described the features they liked about the short-break services they had received and the perceived benefits to them and their child. Their replies were validated at a consultation seminar with over 30 carers and professional workers. Apool of 47 items was then devised and in phase two, a sample of 59 families used them to rate one of three short-break services they had used. • Findings: Twelve distinguishing items were found across the three services. They were grouped into three distinct factors: characteristics of the services (eight items), benefits to the child (two items) and benefits to the carer (two items). Variations were found in carers’ expectations that need further exploration. • Applications: These findings should facilitate the development of quality standards for short-break residential services and help in the commissioning of services that accord with user aspirations.
The Social Construction of Child Maltreatment
Authors: D’cruz Heather 
Published: May 2004

• Summary: This paper explores how medical knowledge in child protection practice operates, in conjunction with social work knowledge and legal knowledge, as a social process of constructing meaning as ‘maltreatment’ (or not) in which the physical body of the child and perceived abnormalities represent ‘evidence’. Through discourse analysis of two case studies, this paper makes explicit and problematizes the social processes by which meanings are given by medical practitioners, social workers, police and parents to material experiences, the preference given to some meanings over others, and the econsequences of particular meanings for children and families and social work practice. • Findings: Medical, social and legal knowledge are not neutral but embedded in power relations. The case studies show, through a sociological analysis of professional practice in child protection, how preferred versions of knowledge and meaning may override or dismiss alternative meanings, with particular consequences for parents and children and for practice outcomes. • Applications: The case studies offer opportunities by which critically to engage with child protection knowledge, policy and practice in keeping with contemporary approaches that advocate dialogue, critical reflection and reflexivity, so that professional knowledge and professional power may be deployed constructively rather than oppressively.
The War on Culture, the War on Truth
Authors: Denzin Norman K. 
Published: May 2004

I will never apologize for the United States—I don’t care what the facts are. —George H. W. Bush, quoted in Roy (2003, p. 77) Intelligence gathered by this and other governments leaves no doubt that the Iraq regime continues to possess and conceal some of the most lethal weapons ever devised. —George W. Bush, March 17, 2003
Examination of Proof Test Extrapolation for Drilled Shafts
Authors: Ooi PSK , Chang BKF , Seki GY 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
The difference between a load test and a proof test is that in a load test, the foundation is loaded to failure, whereas in a proof test, it is usually tested to the design load times the desired margin of safety, and failure may not necessarily be reached. Paikowsky and Tolosko (1999) presented and examined methodologies for obtaining the ultimate capacity from proof test data for driven piles. Load test data on drilled shafts supporting the H-3 freeway viaduct on the island of Oahu in Hawaii are used to test six extrapolation techniques by incrementally truncating the load versus settlement data and then comparing the predicted with measured capacities. With some limitations, several of these methods can be used to provide very reliable estimates of capacity of drilled shafts from proof tests, verifying the recommendations of Paikowsky and Tolosko. The more reliable methods and their limitations are identified and ways of maximizing the accuracy are suggested. With increased confidence in the use of extrapolation techniques, substantial savings can be realized in the construction industry and the engineering community. Also, in deriving the top-down load-settlement curves for the shafts tested with the Osterberg load cell, a simple method is proposed to account for the elastic compression of the shaft.
Measurement of Energy and Strength of Sand at Critical State
Authors: Muhunthan B , Pillai VS , Olcott D 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
The energy input during shear deformation of sand is expended by three components: resistance against particle-to-particle frictional deformation, volumetric or nonrecoverable plastic deformation, and elastic deformation of the soil grains. These three components are identified for the shearing deformation of sand in triaxial compression using the energy balance principle. A new experimental technique to measure the elastic energy of sands is proposed. Shear resistance against particle-to-particle frictional deformation is then determined after applying corrections to the measured shear strength for plastic volumetric and elastic deformations. The shear resistance against particle-to-particle frictional deformation is shown to be the critical state strength of sand.
The technique is illustrated with drained triaxial compression tests on Ottawa Sand. It has been found that the shear resistance against particle-to-particle friction deformation or the critical state strength attains a constant value at small strains. The conventional techniques to determine the critical state strength require it to be strained to large strains. At such large strains, it is not possible to achieve the critical state condition uniformly throughout the sample in a laboratory setup. This has led to many problems with the reliable measurement of the shear strength of sands at the critical state and the establishment of the critical state condition. The ability to measure the critical state strength at small strain levels overcomes such difficulties.