bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The skin of primates. XLII. The skin of the silvered sakiwinki (Pithecia monachus)
Authors: Perkins E. M. , Ford D. M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe following characteristics indicate that the skin of the silvered sakiwinki (Pithecia monachus, E. Geoffroy, 1812) is not only basically similar to other primitive cebids, but also remarkably close to that of callithricids: a thin epidermis with diminished monoamine oxidase activity; a poorly‐developed dermis, paucity of elastic fibers, and scant adnexal blood supply; hair follicles arranged in linear perfect sets; grouped hairs present on the cheek; an absence of glycogen and phosphorylase in most sebaceous glands; apocrine glands present throughout most haired body regions, but totally absent from the dorsum; and poorly‐differentiated eccrine glands, confined to volar friction surfaces, which are characterized by unusual glycolytic properties. Other noteworthy cutaneous traits include: concomitant epidermal and dermal pigmentation in the face and scalp; Merkel‐like disks in the friction surfaces; moderately well‐developed Haarscheibe, associated with large, dorsal guard hairs; small, discrete sebaceous glands throughout the dorsum; a 1:1 ratio of apocrine glands to hair follicles in the facial, gular and anogenital areas; and numerous cholinesterase‐reactive nerves around eccrine but not apocrine secretory coils.Although previous comparative studies on the skin of New World monkeys suggest that the systematic designation of two familial taxa is warranted, information regarding five of the fifteen genera which comprise the families Callithricidae and Cebidae is totally lacking.Given that three of these genera (Leontopithecus, Chiropotes and Brachyteles) can no longer be obtained from animal dealers because of exportation laws, the authors were fortunate to acquire representatives of the remaining two genera. Callicebus (titi monkeys) and Pithecia (sakiwinkis).Besides defining cutaneous characteristics common to specific taxa, two earlier works by Hanson and Montagna ('62) and Perkins et al. ('68) also suggested that members of the cebid subfamilies Aotinae and Pitheciinae possess cutaneous traits that bridge an interesting gap with the callithricids. Therefore, the acquisition of these two additional aotine and pithecine genera provided the opportunity to test this hypothesis.The following, therefore, is not just another detailed manuscript regarding the skin of primates. Rather, it is an effort to define the integumental characteristics of the last obtainable New World monkey genera, and to assess those cutaneous signatures which are interfamilially common to both the callithricids and more primitive cebids.Primary emphasis is placed on the genus Pithecia; pertinent findings concerning Callicebus will be incorporated into the forthcoming and final summarization of the phylogenetic significance of the skin of New World monkeys (Perkins, '75).
Intraspecific chromosome variability in a lemur from the north of Madagascar: Lepilemur septentrionalis, species nova
Authors: Rumpler Yves , Albignac Rolland 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA cytogenetical study of 25 Lepilemur from the north of Madagascar has given evidence for six karyotypes (with four diploid numbers). Four of the karyotypes with these diploid numbers — 2N = 38, 2N = 36, 2N = 34 — we believe evolved from one another by centric fusion; and two karyotypes resulted from the hybridization of two of these (2N = 37 and 2N = 35). The different karyotypes distinguish themselves clearly from those of other species of Lepilemur. We have named a new species, Lepilemur septentrionalis (sp. nov.) with four subspecies: L. s. andrafiamenensis (2N = 38), L. s. ankaranensis (2N = 36), L. s. sahafarensis (2N = 36), and L. s. septentrionalis (2N = 34).
A study of baboon hemoglobin
Authors: Mauran‐Sendrail A. , Bouloux C. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractElectrophoretic analysis of hemoglobin types of 409 baboons of various species, mostly from Senegal, corresponds with the findings of other authors. Baboon hemoglobin is homogeneous as a whole, but differs electrophoretically from that of other monkey species. However, a difference in the electrophoretic mobility of the nonhemoglobin fraction of Papio anubis and Papio cynocephalus suggests a possibly different amino‐acid sequence. This information may be useful for the classification in doubtful cases.
Length and weight in rural Guatemalan Ladino children: Birth to seven years of age
Authors: Yarbrough Charles , Habicht Jean‐Pierre , Malina Robert M. , Lechtig Aaron , Klein Robert E. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe present study reports 5,029 length and weight measurements as well as percentile distributions for a mixed longitudinal series of 1,119 rural Guatemalan Ladino children. The study sample, birth through seven years, is representative of children in clinically good health, but of suboptimal nutrition.Boys are longer and heavier than girls over the age range. Guatemalan children of both sexes are smaller than American white children from Denver. Differences are least at birth, and increase through two years of age. Between two and five years, differences between the rural Guatemalan Ladino and Denver samples are rather stable, but then increase through seven years.Despite these differences there is a linear weight for length relationship which is the same across all preschool ages, both sexes, and for both the Guatemalan and Denver populations. This implies that age, sex, ethnic differences between the two groups compared, and mild‐to‐moderate protein‐calorie malnutrition do not affect the relationship between weight and length in preschool children.
Age changes in the pubic symphysis of Macaca mulatta
Authors: Rawlins Richard G. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAge changes in the pubic symphyses of 142 Cayo Santiago rhesus monkeys (known age, sex and maternal genealogy) are described. Symphyseal development is sexually dimorphic. Males generate a ridge and furrow system which is gradually replaced by a solid ankylosis at the mid‐sagittal plane. Female development parallels that of the male until puberty. With pregnancy and delivery, relaxation and reaggregation of pelvic ligaments binding the symphysis destroy the symphyseal face. Continued bearing of offspring inhibits mid‐sagittal ankylosis.Limited estimates of skeletal age can be made by using symphyseal development as an indicator of senescence.
Genetic distances among the Ho tribe and other groups of Central Indians
Authors: Kumar Narendra , Mukherjee D. P. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe Ho, a settled tribal group of Chota Nagpur, India, were tested for five genetic characters. Genetic distance among eleven tribal groups of Bihar, Orissa and Madhya Pradesh are calculated according to Edwards ('71). Affinities of these tribes are discussed taking into consideration the languages spoken by them. These breeding groups may have drifted apart along the paths of their dialect differentiations. Cultural and geographical factors further enhanced their isolation.
Influence of maternal nutritional status on prenatal growth in a Peruvian urban population
Authors: Frisancho A. R. , Klayman J. E. , Matos Jorge 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAnthropometric measurements were made on 4,952 mothers and their neonates from a Peruvian urban population. Based on age‐specific percentiles, the mothers were separated into categories of short and tall stature, high and low fat, and high and low muscle. The study indicates that: (1) tall and short mothers characterized by similar subcutaneous fat and upper arm muscle area (whether high or low) had newborns with similar birth weight and recumbent length; (2) mothers characterized by high subcutaneous fat had heavier and fatter, but not longer, newborns than mothers with low subcutaneous fat; (3) mothers characterized by high upper arm muscle area had heavier, leaner and longer newborns than mothers with low upper arm muscle area; (4) mothers characterized by high muscle and high fat had heavier and longer newborns than mothers with high muscle and low fat; but (5) mothers characterized by high muscle and low fat had heavier and longer newborns than mothers with low muscle and high fat. Considering that subcutaneous fat and arm muscle area reflect calorie and protein reserves respectively, it is concluded that an increase in maternal calorie reserves results in increased infant fatness, but a lesser increase in linear growth. In contrast, an increase in maternal protein reserves does enhance both birth weight and prenatal linear growth.
A comparison of two methods for the microscopic determination of age at death
Authors: Bouvier Marianne , Ubelaker Douglas H. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe precision and accuracy of the Kerley and Ahlqvist‐Damsten microscopic methods of age determination are compared. Both methods were applied to the same sample of 40 femoral thin sections of documented age at death. The results indicate that (1) both methods can be used with equal precision, as suggested by comparable observer errors; and (2) the Kerley method produces overall more accurate age estimates. The low previously published standard error of the Ahlqvist‐Damsten method (6.71 years) apparently results from the uneven age distribution and small size (20) of their sample.
Gingival eruption sequences of permanent teeth in early hominids
Authors: Wallace John A. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractGingival eruption of the permanent teeth of Australopithecus, Paranthropus, and early Homo, diagnosed from enamel scratches and facets, is similar save for two sequences: eruption of the canines relative to the premolars which may be sexually dimorphic; and agenesis of M3 with delayed eruption of M2, first seen in Homo at two million years. Gingival eruption sequences are similar also for early and modern Homo, except that in some individuals today M3, M2, M1 and I2 take longer to form and emerge through the gingiva as functioning teeth. Probably, from two million years to the present in the evolutionary history of Homo dental development slowed‐down. More and more of ontogeny has been taken over for eruption.
Masticatory function and post‐pleistocene evolution in Nubia
Authors: Carlson David S. , Van Gerven Dennis P. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe present research focuses on craniofacial variation in Nubia over approximately 10,000 years. Samples were grouped according to their temporal location and subsistence pattern, and represent a transition from a hunting‐gathering adaptation (Mesolithic) to a transitional hunting‐gathering‐agricultural adaptation (A‐C Group) and finally to a fully agricultural adaptation (Meroitic/X‐Group/Christian). The purposes were: (1) to compare the Mesolithic sample with the later Nubian populations; and (2) to evaluate further the hypothesis that change in Nubian craniofacial morphology was due to changing functional demands associated with the progressive change in subsistence adaptation and associated behavior.The results tend to support recent views that the Nubian Mesolithic population is probably ancestral to later Nubian groups, and that the masticatory‐functional hypothesis can best account for craniofacial change among the Nubians since 12,000 B.P. According to this hypothesis systematic reduction in functional demand placed on the masticatory complex from the Mesolithic led, secondarily, to an alteration of the growth of the maxillomandibular complex such that the face became progressively less robust and more inferoposteriorly located relative to the cranial vault. Both the increase in the height of the vault relative to its length, producing a more “globular” appearance, and the reduction in dental size were tertiary, compensatory responses to altered facial size and position.
Southwestern physical anthropology: Do the cultural and biological parameters correspond?
Authors: El‐Najjar Mahmoud Y. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractSkeletal series representing 15 prehistoric and historic Southwestern American Indian groups were examined to estimate the degree of biological distance on the basis of craniometric data, to re‐examine Carl Seltzer's ('44) hypothesis of biological continuity in the Southwest Plateau region, and to see whether the biological parameters correspond to the cultural taxonomies and chronological subdivisions of the Southwestern prehistorians. Within and between group differences were found to be relatively small. Cultural and genetic isolation, disease selection and dietary patterns are suggested to best explain these differences. Seltzer's ('44) hypothesis is firmly supported. Conclusions reached by physical anthropologists with regard to biological relationships through time and space in the Southwest Plateau area are in agreement with the archeological subdivisions and known cultural history of the American Southwest.
Growth trends among male bods of Ladakh — a high altitude population
Authors: Malik S. L. , Singh Indera P. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA random sample of 274 native male Bods of Ladakh ranging in age from 11 to 19 years, living in Leh (Ladakh) at mean altitude of 3,514 metres, was studied. The pattern of growth of this sample was compared with the sea level Indians. The results indicate that:
The so called adolescent spurt is not well defined among Bod highlanders.
Bods grow faster than plain dwelling Indians and are taller and heavier at the age of 19 years.
The highlanders exhibit greater chest circumference than the lowland norms. This finding, similar to those among Andean natives, supports high altitude hypoxia's role in human growth and morphology.
Extensor carpi radialis longus muscle and the evolution of the first intermetacarpal ligament
Authors: Bojsen–Møller Finn 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe morphology and function of tendinous connections between the bases of the first and second metacarpal bone was studied in dissected specimens. The sample comprises 28 hands from eight species of cercopithecidae and pongidae and 23 human hands. Four types were identified: (1) No intermetacarpal connections were present. (2) The extensor carpi radialis longus tendon was divided at the carpus and the side branch inserted on the ulnar side of the base of the first metacarpal bone. (3) Part of the fibers of the extensor carpi radialis longus bypassed the insertion on the second metacarpal bone and continued to the base of the first metacarpal bone. A few proper intermetacarpal fibers were included. (4) An extracapsular, intermetacarpal ligament was present. Its fibers were mainly separated from the extensor carpi radialis longus. Type 1 is a general mammalian form. Type 2 is common in higher, non‐human primates. Type 3 was found in 2 of the 23 human hands and otherwise among the anthropoid apes only. Type 4 is apomorph in man. Individual variations exist though. Type 3 and especially type 4 could check ab‐ and adductions and guide a circumduction in the first carpometacarpal joint.
Analysis of excavated bone by atomic absorption
Authors: Szpunar Carole Bryda , Lambert Joseph B. , Buikstra Jane E. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractResults from the elemental analysis of completely dissolved human bone by atomic absorption are (for some elements) reproducibly higher than those from the analysis of only the material obtained through digestion of the bone. Because digestion procedures can be quite variable, complete dissolution should provide more reliable comparisons between laboratories. We offer a detailed description of the dissolution procedure and of the atomic absorption analysis for a dozen elements.
Mineral analysis of ancient Peruvian hair
Authors: Benfer Robert A. , Typpo John T. , Graf Vicki B. , Pickett Edward E. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAncient Peruvian hair has been excavated from a series of archaeological sites on the Peruvian coast. After careful cleaning, examination by scanning electron microscopy revealed most of the samples to be in a state of preservation comparable to modern hair. No evidence of pathological conditions was observed. Trace metal composition was determined by atomic absorption and flame emission spectrophotometry and nitrogen by Kjeldahl analysis, producing the following results: (1) nitrogen is lost with time, while all other tested minerals except zinc and copper showed irregular increases; (2) relatively high chromium levels may indicate that diabetes was not present in the samples; and (3) no consistent trend in the ratio of calcium to strontium was found through time and across corresponding dietary shifts.
Quantitative analysis of small group interaction in rhesus monkeys
Authors: Maxim Peter E. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe effect of role relations on social interaction in small groups of rhesus monkeys was examined quantitatively, through use of an interval scale of social behavior. Concurrent pair interactions were tabulated for all possible combinations in 24 triad groups: Six groups containing three males; six groups containing three females; six groups of one male, two females; and six groups of two males and one female. A specific behavior which involves participation of all three animals at once, the incitement interaction, was found to quantitatively alter each monkey's reaction to other social behaviors displayed at the same time. The interaction demonstrates the monkeys' attention to and manipulation of role relations. In all triad types one could quantitatively document the fact that the most subordinate monkey established a role with the most dominant monkey which allowed it some freedom to behave less submissively when interacting with the middle ranking monkey. This general phenomenon in role relations may contribute to group cohesiveness.
Inheritance of tooth size in Australian Aboriginals
Authors: Townsend Grant C. , Brown Tasman 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to clarify the question of inheritance of tooth size, with particular reference to the role of the sex chromosomes. Data were obtained from the dental casts of Aboriginals living at Yuendumu in the Northern Territory of Australia, who had participated in a longitudinal growth study extending over 20 years. The compilation and verification of comprehensive genealogical records gathered over a number of years enabled the analysis of family data.Product‐moment correlation coefficients between different full‐sibling and half‐sibling pairs were calculated for permanent tooth size. Values of individual and average correlations for both mesiodistal and buccolingual tooth diameters conformed with the theoretical correlations expected assuming polygenic inheritance. However, no evidence of sex chromosomal involvement was found.
Cranium of a juvenile Australopithecus boisei from the lower Omo Basin, Ethiopia
Authors: Rak Yoel , Howell F. Clark 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA partial cranium of a juvenile Australopithecus boisei, recovered from the Shungura Formation in the lower Omo basin, southern Ethiopia, and dated at 2.1 m.y. B.P., is described anatomically and compared to young and adult australopithecines, modern Homo sapiens, chimpanzees, and gorillas. A resemblance to the gracile Australopithecus is observed but is attributed mainly to the generalized appearance of the Omo specimen resulting from its young individual age. An attempt is made to reconstruct part of the ontogenetic process of A. boisei. This process is compared to the developmental changes exhibited by the African great apes and modern man and is found to combine characteristics of both.
The relationship between brain weight and head circumference from birth to age 18 years
Authors: Epstein Herman T. , Epstein Erika B. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA relation between head circumference and brain weight of humans is generally believed to exist, but the literature contains only two studies which exhibit a quantitative aspect of the relation, showing that brain weight is proportional to the cube of the head circumference from birth through age 3.5 years. By assembling data from autopsy records, we have been able to show that this cubic relationship holds through brain maturation at around age 18 years.
Florisbad and human population succession in Southern Africa
Authors: Rightmire G. P. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe human cranium recovered at Florisbad in 1932 is compared with other Sub‐Saharan African hominid remains from Broken Hill, the Omo and Klasies River Mouth. The Florisbad frontal is very broad, but despite this breadth and differences in zygomatic form, there is a definite resemblance to archaic Homo sapiens from Broken Hill. There is also some similarity to both Omo I and Omo II, while fragmentary remains from Klasies River are more lightly built and hence more modern in appearance. These impressions are strengthened by measurement and statistical analysis, which demonstrates that Florisbad and Broken Hill are distant from recent African populations. Even if Florisbad is less archaic than the earlier (Middle Pleistocene?) hominid, it is not noticeably Bushman‐like. New dates suggestive of early Upper Pleistocene antiquity also place Florisbad securely in a lineage containing Broken Hill, and there is no evidence to support special ties with any one group of living Africans.
Crown diameters of the deciduous teeth in Australian Aboriginals
Authors: Margetts B. , Brown T. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractMesiodistal and buccolingual crown diameters were measured from dental casts representing the deciduous dentitions of 197 Aboriginal children from the Northern Territory of Australia. Double determination analysis indicated that the semi‐automatic recording procedure used was reliable leading to observer errors of no practical significance. Tooth‐size was greater in the male subjects but the sexual dimorphism was less marked than in the permanent teeth of the same subjects. The mandibular teeth were more uniform than maxillary with respect to buccolingual size relative to mesiodistal. Extremes of general tooth‐size were more marked in the deciduous dentition than in the permanent as a consequence of the relatively large deciduous second molar which in Aboriginals approximates in size the permanent first molar of many other ethnic groups.
Biosocial functions of grooming behavior among the common Indian langur monkey (Presbytis entellus)
Authors: McKenna James J. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAn intensive study of the Indian langur monkey (Presbytis entellus) reveals an interplay between biological and social processes. This study which involved captive animals and over 1,500 observation hours suggests that grooming behavior alone cannot be used to measure status differences between the sexes, nor as a means to understand how pathogens carried by ecto‐parasites are controlled. It is shown that the type of grooming exhibited in an interactional setting and the region of the body presented by one animal to another for grooming is often determined by the immediate social events and by the nature of the relationship existing between the participants. For these Colobine langur monkeys grooming behavior not only facilitates integration but it also enables an animal to manipulate a tense situation into a peaceful one. Without reference to many of the other patterns of behavior which only relatively, not absolutely differentiate age and sex classes, grooming behavior cannot be entirely understood.
Age at menarche in Iceland
Authors: Magnússon Thórdur Eydal 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to elucidate the mean age at menarche in Icelandic girls and compare it with results from other Scandinavian populations as well as in other ethnic groups. The study was performed during the school year 1972–1973 on a cross‐sectional sample of 682 girls (aged 8.5 to over 17 years), constituting 9.5% of the girls from the third to eleventh forms in all the primary and secondary schools of Reykjavik. The mean age at menarche in Iceland, elicited by the status quo method, proved to be 13.06 ± 0.10 years (S.D. 1.17 years). According to the information given by the girls (recall method), the earliest time of menstruation was 9.83 years and the latest 15.17 years, at which age all but one of the girls were menstruating.