bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The AIDS dementia complex: II. Neuropathology
Authors: Navia Bradford A. , Cho Eun‐Sook , Petito Carol K. , Price Richard W. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn order to define the histopathological substrate of the dementia that frequently complicates the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), we analyzed the neuropathological findings in 70 autopsied adult AIDS patients, 46 of whom had suffered clinically overt dementia. Less than 10% of the brains were histologically normal. Abnormalities were found predominantly in the white matter and in subcortical structures, with relative sparing of the cortex. Their frequency and severity generally correlated well with the degree and duration of clinical dementia. Most commonly noted was diffuse pallor in the white matter, which in the pathologically milder cases was accompanied by scanty perivascular infiltrates of lymphocytes and brown‐pigmented macrophages, and in the most advanced cases by clusters of foamy macrophages and multinucleated cells associated with multifocal rarefaction of the white matter. However, in nearly one third of the demented cases the histopathological findings were remarkably bland in relation to the severity of clinical dysfunction. In addition, similar mild changes were noted in over one half of the nondemented patients, consistent with subclinical involvement. Vacuolar myelopathy was found in 23 patients and was generally more common and severe in patients with advanced brain pathology. Evidence of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection was noted in nearly one quarter of the brains and was associated with a relative abundance of microglial nodules, but correlated neither with the major subcortical neuropathology nor with the clinical dementia, indicating that CMV infection likely represented a second, superimposed process. This study establishes the AIDS dementia complex as a distinct clinical and pathological entity and, together with accumulating virological evidence, suggests that it is caused by direct LAV/HTLV‐III brain infection.
Treatment of mitochondrial myopathy due to complex III deficiency with vitamins K3 and C: A 31P‐NMR follow‐up study
Authors: Argov Zohar , Bank William J. , Maris John , Eleff Scott , Kennaway Nancy G. , Olson Robert E. , Chance Britton 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA patient with mitochondrial myopathy due to complex III deficiency who was treated with vitamin K3 (menadiol sodium diphosphate, 40 mg daily) and vitamin C showed clinical improvement. A 1‐year study with phosphorus 31 nuclear magnetic resonance (31P‐NMR) monitoring has shown that (1) clinical and metabolic improvement was maintained by this therapy; (2) increasing the dose of vitamin K3 to 80 mg daily improved the bioenergetic state of the patient's muscles at rest; (3) postexercise recovery was less responsive to the increased dose; and (4) a higher dose of vitamin K3 (80 mg/day) did not produce side effects. The differential therapeutic effects of vitamin K3 at rest and during exercise recovery are probably due to the differential kinetics of each metabolic state. Monitoring muscle bioenergetics with 31P‐NMR is valuable in documenting therapeutic improvements in mitochondrial myopathies.
Multidisciplinary prediction of seizure relief from cortical resection surgery
Authors: Dodrill Carl B. , Wilkus Robert J. , Ojemann George A. , Ward Arthur A. , Wyler Allen R. , van Belle Gerald , Tamas Laszlo 
Published: January 2005

AbstractPreoperative variables from a full range of medical specialties were used to predict degree of seizure relief from cortical resection surgery as treatment for epilepsy in 100 patients. General, seizure history, electroencephalographic (EEG), radiological, surgical, and psychological/neuropsychological data were considered. The patients were divided into one large predictive group (n = 75) and a smaller independent cross‐validation sample (n = 25). Eight predictive variables emerged: (1) single EEG focus; (2) anterior‐midtemporal lobe discharges; (3) discharges only from the side of surgery; (4) rate of occurrence of discharges in surgical area; (5) Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Digit Symbol subtest; (6) Marching Test, preferred hand, time; (7) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) Hysteria scale score; and (8) MMPI Paranoia scale score. By use of multivariate procedures, increased predictability of surgical outcome was obtained not only with the predictive group but with the independent cross‐validation sample. The results demonstrate that predictions of seizure relief from epilepsy surgery can be made with 80% accuracy using multiple, rather than single, predictors.
Magnetic resonance imaging in intractable partial epilepsy: Correlative studies
Authors: Sperling Michael R. , Wilson Gabriel , Engel Jerome , Babb Thomas L. , Phelps Michael , Bradley William 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA study was performed evaluating magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in 35 patients with intractable complex partial seizures in whom computed tomographic (CT) scans showed no focal abnormalities. These results were correlated with positron emission tomography evaluation (PET), the electroencephalographic ictal onset, and findings during pathological examination. Seven patients had structural lesions that were epileptogenic, detected by MRI; the lesions were tuberous sclerosis, astrocytomas, or hamartomas. Three of these 7 patients underwent PET scanning, which was normal in all. Of 18 patients with mesial temporal sclerosis, 10 were shown by PET to have temporal lobe hypometabolism, though all 18 had normal MRI findings. The results indicate that MRI contributes information to that provided by CT and PET, by detecting nonsclerotic epileptogenic lesions of the temporal lobe.
Effects of ACTH on seizure susceptibility in the developing Brain
Authors: Holmes Gregory L. , Weber Donald A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAdrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) has been frequently used as an anticonvulsant drug in some childhood seizure disorders. Despite its widespread use, few studies have evaluated the effects of ACTH on seizure susceptibility in the developing animal or the long‐term consequences of ACTH treatment on brain development. In this study, ACTH was given either for 2 days or 14 days prior to kindling in 15‐, 22‐, and 30‐day‐old rats. Morphological changes in the brain were studied using routine light microscopy and dendrite branch counting following Golgi staining. Both acute and chronic ACTH treatment inhibited the rate of kindling in all three age groups. There were no differences in brain morphology between the controls and the ACTH‐treated rats killed shortly after kindling. Rats treated with ACTH and killed as adults, however, had significantly more dendrite branches than did controls. In the immature brain, ACTH treatment reduces seizure susceptibility and has no long‐term deleterious effects on neuronal growth.
Amyloid plaques in Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease stain with prion protein antibodies
Authors: Kitamoto Tetsuyuki , Tateishi Jun , Tashima Takatoshi , Takeshita Iwao , Barry Ronald A. , Dearmond Stephen J. , Prusiner Stanley B. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAmyloid plaques are found in the brains of some patients with Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease (CJD) and all patients with a related transmissible disorder, Gerstmann‐Sträussler syndrome (GSS). In scrapie, a prion disease of animals, amyloid plaques have been shown to be composed of prion proteins (PrP), which form filaments of relatively uniform diameter. We report here that antisera raised against hamster scrapie PrP specifically stain amyloid plaques in the brains of both humans and rodents with CJD as well as a human subject with GSS. Earlier studies showed that these antibodies react with both rodent and human CJD PrP. The immunostained congophilic amyloid plaques in rodent brains measured 10 to 30 μm in diameter and exhibited a Maltese cross appearance. Limited proteolysis enchanced immunostaining of amyloid plaques in human brain sections from patients with CJD or GSS. Presumably proteolysis increases the exposure of those epitopes shared by human and rodent PrP. The differences in immunoreactivity between rodent and human amyloid plaques are consistent with other findings showing that cellular genes, not infectious purified prions, encode PrP.
Prognosis of dementia in normal‐pressure hydrocephalus after a shunt operation
Authors: Thomsen A. M. , Børgesen S. E. , Bruhn P. , Gjerris F. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractForty patients who had normal‐pressure hydrocephalus were examined neuropsychologically before and 12 months after a ventriculoatrial shunt operation. Comparison of the preoperative and postoperative test results showed that cognitive functions improved in 16 patients, were unchanged in 19, and deteriorated in 5. Moreover, we found that the outcome of the operation depended on patient selection criteria. When three or more of the following preoperative signs were present (known cause, short history, low cerebrospinal fluid outflow, small sulci and/or periventricular hypodensity indicated by computed tomography), an improvement in cognitive function was seen in 80% of the patients after a shunt operation.
Mollaret's meningitis: A case with increased circulating natural killer cells
Authors: Goldstein Rose , Guberman Alan , Izaguirre Carlos A. , Karsh Jacob 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA patient with longstanding Mollaret's meningitis had an increased number of circulating natural killer cells during an acute attack, as evidenced by 73% large granular lymphocytes and 80% Leu‐11a–positive peripheral mononuclear cells. Numbers of large granular lymphocytes and Leu‐11a–positive cells returned to normal by three months after the attack. Similarity of the morphological features of the Mollaret's cell to those of large granular lymphocytes is noted.
The value of intraoperative EEG monitoring during carotid endarterectomy
Authors: Cho I. , Smullens S. N. , Streletz L. J. , Fariello R. G. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractSince controversy continues concerning the value of routine electroencephalographic (EEG) monitoring and selective carotid bypass shunting, we reviewed the neurological morbidity and mortality following elective carotid endarterectomy in 172 patients with symptomatic carotid occlusive disease. The use of EEG monitoring and selective shunting was associated with a reduction in the frequency of carotid shunts (49 to 12%) and a decline in combined major neurological morbidity and mortality (2.3 to 1.1%). We conclude that the routine use of intraoperative EEG monitoring is a valuable procedure, particularly in patients at high risk for perioperative neurological complications.
Early detection and treatment of spinal epidural metastases: The role of myelography
Authors: Rodichok Lawrence D. , Ruckdeschel John C. , Harper Gregory R. , Cooper Gregory , Prevosti Louis , Fernando Leonides , Baxter Donald H. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractSpinal epidural metastases were detected in 75 of 140 cancer patients with back pain who were evaluated prospectively by clinical criteria, spine roentgenography, and bone scan. Fifty‐five of the 75 patients with epidural metastases had no evidence of myelopathy when diagnosed. Of the patients diagnosed and treated while still ambulatory, more than 90% remained so. Myelograms were performed in 127 patients to diagnose the 75 with epidural disease. To try to reduce the number of myelograms needed, we attempted to design radiotheraphy ports based on clinical symptoms and the plain spine films alone. A port could not be designed for 64 of the 127 patients, either because of diffuse vertebral metastases or a normal plain roentgenogram. A port could be designed for 63 patients, and all epidural disease would have been encompassed in 50 of the 54 patients who had spinal epidural metastases (93%). Most patients with cancer and back pain require myelography for accurate treatment planning. There are, however, situations in which treatment can be determined based on symptoms and plain films alone, with a low risk of missing epidural cancer.
Sympathetic neuronal destruction in macaque monkeys by guanethidine and guanacline
Authors: Palmatier Margaret A. , Schmidt Robert E. , Plurad Santiago B. , Johnson Eugene M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTo determine whether the peripheral sympathetic neurons of subhuman primates are destroyed by guanacline treatment, we treated Macaca fasicularis with 2 or 20 mg/kg of guanethidine, guanacline, or the saturated analog of guanacline (SAG) 5 times per week for 4 or 12 weeks. All monkeys given 20 mg/kg of guanethidine, guanacline, or SAG showed a marked loss of neurons in the ganglia of the peripheral sympathetic nervous system. Treatment of macaques with 2 mg/kg of the guanidinium compounds resulted in patches of small‐cell infiltrate, slight neuronal loss, and degenerative alterations in the sympathetic ganglia. Neuronal alterations in sympathetic ganglia of all treated monkeys were accompanied by a prominent heterogeneous infiltrate of mononuclear cells arranged primarily in a perivascular distribution and extending into the ganglionic neuropil. Peripheral sensory ganglia were unaffected. These histological findings are similar to those described in the guanethidine‐induced immune‐mediated sympathectomy, which has been extensively studied in the rat.
Effect of generalized spike‐and‐wave discharge on glucose metabolism measured by positron emission tomography
Authors: Ochs Rachel F. , Gloor Pierre , Tyler Jane L. , Wolfson Tina , Worsley Keith , Andermann Frederick , Diksic Mirko , Meyer Ernst , Evans Allan 
Published: January 2005

AbstractPositron emission tomography was used to study the cerebral metabolic rate for glucose (CMRGlc) in 7 adult patients with generalized spike‐and‐wave activity in the electroencephalogram. No consistent changes were seen in the CMRGlc. There was a slight trent toward an increased CMRGlc in 2 patients with primary generalized epilepsy, while in the 5 other patients with minor deviations from this condition or with secondary generalized epilepsy, the CMRGlc was unaffected by spike‐and‐wave activity or was below the normal range. Neither the amount of spike‐and‐wave activity in the EEG nor the presence of clinically evident absence seizures appeared to influence the CMRGlc. Therefore, we conclude that neuronal activity underlying spike‐and‐wave discharge does not seem to require increased glucose utilization.
Infarction of the conus medullaris
Authors: Anderson N. E. , Willoughby E. W. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe describe 5 patients who presented with an acute cauda equina syndrome, which we believe was due to infarction of the conus medullaris. In 3 patients, the onset was spontaneous, and in 2 patients it was secondary to temporary occlusion of the distal aorta during medical manipulation. Pain in the buttocks and posterior thighs was a prominent initial symptom in the 3 patients with unprovoked attacks. The main clinical features were profound impairment of bowel and bladder function and of perianal and perineal sensation (S3 to S5 segments). There was sensory and motor impairment in the legs of variable extent, most marked in the S1 and S2 segments, but extending as high as L4 in 2 patients. In 1 patient, ischemic changes in the conus medullaris were confirmed post mortem. Ischemia confined to the caudal tip of the spinal cord is rare, and an underlying anomaly of the pattern of arterial supply is a likely predisposing factor. Four patients had partial return of function over a period of weeks.
Somatostatin augments the spread of limbic seizures from the hippocampus
Authors: Perlin Jonathan B. , Lothman Eric W. , Geary William A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe role of the neuropeptide somatostatin in limbic seizures was studied using electrical stimulation of the hippocampus in kindled rats. Cysteamine, an agent which selectively and reversibly depletes brain somatostatin stores, had a biphasic action. An early proconvulsant effect was seen within a few hours, consisting of prolonged electrographic seizures in the hippocampus and more severe behavioral convulsions. A later anticonvulsant effect, maximal at 1 to 2 days and dissipating within a week, was manifested by less intense behavioral convulsions without change in the duration of electrical seizure activity. Both effects were dose‐dependent. No change in afterdischarge thresholds was detected at any time after the administration of cysteamine. Intraventricular administration of somatostatin to animals with behavioral seizures attenuated by cysteamine treatment restored the responses to precysteamine levels. We conclude that somatostatin facilitates the spread of seizures over limbic circuits from a region of focal seizure initiation.
Phosphofructokinase activity in the brain in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Sims Neil R. , Blass John P. , Murphy Cathleen , Bowen David M. , Neary David 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe activity of phosphofructokinase, a key regulatory enzyme of glycolysis, was determined in neurosurgical samples of neocortex obtained from 6 patients with primary degenerative dementia, including 4 with Alzheimer's disease. No consistent reductions were seen compared with samples from nondemented controls. These results contrast with the greatly reduced activity reported previously for postmortem brain specimens from patients with Alzheimer's disease.
Progressive cytochrome c oxidase deficiency in a case of earns‐sayre syndrome: Morphological, immunological, and biochemical studies in muscle biopsies and autopsy tissues
Authors: Bresolin Nereo , Moggio Maurizio , Bet Luciano , Gallanti Andrea , Prelle Alessandro , Nobile‐Orazio Eduardo , Adobbati Laura , Ferrante Claudio , Pellegrini Giulio , Scarlato Guglielmo 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe report biochemical, immunological, and morphological findings in a patient with fatal Kearns‐Sayre syndrome. Histochemical and biochemical findings from muscle biopsy specimens obtained 7 years aprt documented the disease's evolution from a mild mitochondrial disorder affecting a small proportion of muscle fibers to a severe disorder affecting a large proportion of muscle fibers. Cytochrome c oxidase activity in muscle declined profoundly as the disease progressed, although the level of enzyme protein was normal, as shown by immunochemical techniques. Other organs were severely affected by the disease. Examination of postmortem tissue showed spongiosis in the frontal cortex, diffuse loss of Purkinje cells in the cerebellum, liver steatosis, and heart fibrosis with mitochondrial abnormalities. Cytochrome c oxidase activity was only slightly reduced in these organs.
The role of scanpaths in facial recognition and learning
Authors: Rizzo Matthew , Hurtig Richard , Damasio Antonio R. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe carried out a comprehensive assessment of eye movements in 2 subjects with impaired facial learning and recognition to determine if the defect might be associated with abnormal scanning of faces. Standard electrooculogram showed that fixation, pursuit, saccades, and scanning of salient features of scenes and faces were normal, indicating that the defect was not due to abnormal scanning. However, study of the transitional properties of scanning revealed that the scanpaths of personally meaningful familiar faces, whether or not they were consciously recognized, were less predictable than those of other faces. This result indicates the existence of an internal and relatively specific schema for familiar faces sufficient to alter the “predictable” scanpath used for nonfamiliar faces. This internal schema is accessed even when conscious recognition fails, i.e., when other pertinent memories related to the possessor of the face are not evoked. The meaning of this finding is comparable to that obtained with autonomic studies of covert recognition in prosopagnosia and suggests that properties of scanning can be used as an index of higher neural processing.
Magnetic resonance imaging in temporal lobe epilepsy: Pathological correlations
Authors: Kuzniecky Ruben , de la Sayette Vincent , Ethier Roméo , Melanson Denis , Andermann Frederick , Berkovic Samuel , Robitaille Yves , Olivier André , Peters Terence , Feindel William 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA retrospective single‐blind study assessing the value of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in 48 patients treated surgically for temporal lobe epilepsy was carried out. The imaging findings were correlated with the surgical findings in all cases. Abnormal MRI signals were detected in 34 of 48 (71%) epileptic patients and in 3 of 48 (6.2%) normal or disease control subjects. Twelve patients had structural foreign‐tissue lesions, all detected by MRI. Of 14 patients with severe gliosis of the neocortex and/or mesial temporal structures, 11 had abnormal MRI scans. In patients with mild or moderate gliosis of mesial temporal structures, 6 of 12 had abnormal MRI scans. These results indicate that MRI is a sensitive technique for localizing foreign‐tissue lesions, mesial temporal sclerosis, and gliosis in patients with intractable temporal lobe seizures.
Cytochrome c oxidase deficiency in leigh syndrome
Authors: DiMauro Salvatore , Servidei Serenella , Zeviani Massimo , DiRocco Maja , DeVivo Darryl C. , DiDonato Stefano , Uziel Graziella , Berry Kenneth , Hoganson George , Johnsen Stanley D. , Johnson Peter C. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe studied 6 mitochondrial enzymes in crude extracts and isolated mitochondria from 5 children with pathologically proven subacute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy (Leigh syndrome). Samples were taken from brain (5 patients), skeletal muscle (4 patients), liver (4 patients), kidney (4 patients), heart (1 patient), and cultured fibroblasts (3 patients). An isolated defect of cytochrome c oxidase (COX) activity was found in brain (Decemberrease of activity to 15 to 39% of the normal mean), muscle (9 to 20%), kidney (1 to 67%), and in the 1 available heart (4%) from a patient with cardiopathy. COX activity was also Decemberreased in liver of 3 patients (2 to 13% of normal) and in cultured fibroblasts of 2 patients (18 and 27%), but it was normal in both liver and fibroblasts from 1 patient. Immunotitration using polyclonal antibodies against human heart COX showed essentially normal amounts of cross‐reacting enzyme protein in various tissues from different patients. Electrophoresis of COX immunoprecipitated from brain mitochondrial extracts showed normal patterns of COX subunits in 2 patients. This study confirms the theory that COX deficiency is an important cause of Leigh syndrome.
Effects of hypothermia on brainstem auditory evoked potentials in humans
Authors: Markand Omkar N. , Lee Byung I. , Warren Carroll , Stoelting Robert K. , King Robert D. , Brown John W. , Mahomed Yousuf 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTen adult patients who underwent open heart surgery under induced hypothermia had brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs) recorded at 1°‐ to 2°C‐steps as body temperature was lowered from 36°C to 20°C to determine temperature‐dependent changes. Hypothermia produced increased latencies of BAEP waves I, III, and V; the prolongation was more severe for the later components with the result that interpeak latencies I–III, III–V, and I–V were also prolonged. The temperature‐latency relationship was nonlinear and best expressed by exponential curve. The latencies of waves I, III, V and the interpeak latency I–V increased roughly 7% for each 1°C drop; they doubled at a temperature around 26°C. The amplitude of the BAEP components had a quasiparabolic relationship to temperature; the amplitude rose with hypothermia to 28° or 27°C, but Decemberreased lineraly with further cooling. All BAEP components were present at temperatures above 23°C and absent below 20°C. With rewarming, the changes reversed and BAEPs returned to initial prehypothermia status.