bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conclusions and future developments
Authors: Mills K R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There can be no doubt that the ability to stimulate the human brain painlessly has led to a greater understanding of human motor control. We now know that most, if not all, human muscles possess a fast corticospinal connection. We know in great detail how a brain stimulus evokes a complex descending volley of impulses in the corticospinal tract and how this volley interacts with the spinal motoneurons. We know that brain stimuli can activate cells in the premotor, motor, sensory and visual cortices and that with threshold stimuli inhibition predominates.
What is Psychopathology?
Authors: Farmer Anne , McGuffin Peter , Williams Julie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Consider this question. Have you worried a lot over the past month? Answering ‘yes’ may indicate that you are just experiencing normal concern about the usual tribulations oflife. Alternatively, your worrying may be an indicator that you have a mental disorder. Establishing whether worrying is a symptom of a psychiatric disorder, or merely a normal experience, requires answers to a number of supplementary questions such as ‘What’s it like when you worry?’ ‘Can you turn your attention to anything else?’ and ‘How much of the time over the past month have you worried?’ When worrying becomes a recurrent and painful round of thoughts, so that it is difficult to turn your attention to anything else and takes up much of your time, then your worrying is more likely to be a symptom of a mental disorder (Wing et al. 1974).
Diagnostic Interviews
Authors: Farmer Anne , McGuffin Peter , Williams Julie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although standardized interviews began to be developed almost half a century ago, the introduction of operational definitions of psychiatric disorders has seen a concomitant growth in the use of standardized interviews. To a considerable extent this is because using explicit definitions of diagnostic categories facilitates their incorporation into a structured or semi-structured interview format. In other words, it is relatively straightforward to take each individual criterion and formulate it as a standard question that can be asked by an interviewer.
Polydiagnostic Approaches, Computerized Methods, and Best Estimate Diagnoses
Authors: Farmer Anne , McGuffin Peter , Williams Julie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In chapter 3 we discussed the advent of operational diagnostic criteria which have now become universally mandatory in psychiatric research and, in some countries, most notably the United States of America, are also widely used in clinical practice. We have noted the limitations ofoperational criteria in chapter 3, but have also emphasized their great advantages and noted the reason why they have become so widely accepted: because they allow very good reliability in terms of agreement between two or more researchers or clinicians. This is a major advance over the previous state of affairs, where inter-rater agreement was pitiably low. Hence there is little debate over whether operational criteria shou)d be used in research.
Screening
Authors: Mason Malcolm , Moffat Leslie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Why is screening for prostate cancer so controversial? To many people, it seems obvious that, in order to cure more men of prostate cancer, screening should enable a diagno, sis to be made at the earliest possible stage, and should be done as a matter of course. Despite this, the reluctance of the UK government to institute a screening programme seems implacable. To understand the scientific as opposed to the political - reasons behind this, we must look at both the advantages and the disadvantages of prostate cancer screening.
Locally advanced disease and advanced disease
Authors: Mason Malcolm , Moffat Leslie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This somewhat alarming term is used to describe a prostate cancer which, although it has spread to the tis, sues immediately outside the prostate gland itself, has not given rise to detectable disease elsewhere, such as in lymph glands or bones. It is a more serious situation than disease confined to the prostate gland, for a number of reasons: would, untreated, cause problems to the patient (see Chapter 3). Hence, it is more likely to need treatment, although this is not always the case (for example, a slowly progressing tumour in an elderly patient with other significant illnesses might never cause problems within that patient’s lifetime).
Clinical trials
Authors: Mason Malcolm , Moffat Leslie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is a (clinical trial’? Its very name conjures up images perhaps a courtroom? Trials and Tribulations? Using patients as (guinea pigs’? However, in the development of cancer treatments, clinical trials have played a vital role. Without them, we would lack many of the important cancer treatments that are now available. It is well known that the use of clinical trials to test and develop new cancer treatments is widely supported by the majority of the population, and yet relatively few people are prepared to enter a clinical trial themselves perhaps rightly? Whatever the reasons, or the rights and wrongs, it is a fact that, in the UK, only some 5 per cent of cancer patients are ever treated within the context of a clinical trial, and for prostate cancer patients the figure is considerably lower than this. Before discussing the advantages and disadvantages of clinical trials, we first need to discuss what a clinical trial is, and how it is designed.
How do we know we are healthy?
Authors: Taylor Ross J , Smith Blair H , Teijlingen Edwin R van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A 55-year-old man is started on treatment for high blood pressure. This was detected ‘opportunistically’ (by chance, as part of a consultation for another matter) and warrants treatment to reduce his risk of having a stroke. However, high blood pressure produces no symptoms and will not be considered an illness by the man unless the implications are explained. Lack of proper explanation might cause a failure to take the prescribed medication and a resultant higher than necessary risk of serious illness.
Present issues and concerns
Authors: Buchanan Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is about promoting the emotional well-being of a vulnerable developing organism - the human infant. It is about strategies that assist children to maximise their potential and increase the quality of their lives as they mature into adulthood and autonomy. Inevitably this book is also about the other side of the coin: the prevention of emotional and behavioral disorders that affect a child’s relationships with their family and others, inhibit their progress in school, and are associated with a range of problems in adult life.
Parenting programmes: the importance of partnership in research and practice
Authors: Grimshaw Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ordinarily we think of human action as the fruit of decision. Social scientists are in the business of trying to understand decision making as something more than simply random and yet less than perfectly rational. They look to social processes to see how the substance and the They wish to investigate the reference groups that hold effective sway over individual conduct and they study the means by which a particular group seeks to extend its influence over another’s decisions.
Promoting emotional well-being in schools
Authors: Wells Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Children spend a lot of their lives at school, and it is well documented, and not surprising, that schools can have a pr found impact on many areas of a child’s development besides academic attainment (Rutter et al. 19 79; Sylva 1994). These influences may be positive or negative; for some children place of fear, failure, and alienation. As the requirement for schools to demonstrate their academic success becomes more pressing, it is more important than ever not to lose sight of their influence on the health and well-being of their children.
The causes of bleeding disorders
Authors: Jones Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The human body grows from a single cell, the fertilized ovum. At conception the union of the father’s sperm and the mother’s egg forms this cell. Within the cell lies the nucleus that governs all the functions of the cell. Packed within this first nucleus, a structure so small that it can on1y be seen through a microscope, is all the information needed for the control of the growth and development of the baby. This information has come from the child’s father and mother and, through them, from previous generations of the family. The nature of this information is explained Later in this chapter. When a single piece of the information is faulty, a bleeding disorder may result.
Planning a family
Authors: Jones Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the first edition of this book in 1974 the sexual revolution has resulted in a more open and honest attitude to sexual behaviour, with free discussion allowed in many countries where sex was previously a taboo subject. The speed of this welcome change has been remarkable. However, it has left an assumption that everyone feels comfortable about sex, and that all young people have been armed with accurate knowledge by the time they become sexually active. That this is not the case is demonstrated by continuing unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases. So, although the love between two people is a very private and personal part of the pattern of their lives, when ignorance about sex and family planning intrude they may bring a lot of misery and worry. This is particularly true when couples know that their children may inherit a disorder like haemophilia.
Bacterial infections in renal allograft recipients
Authors: Sweny P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bacterial infections may occur at any time following transplantation. In the early posttransplant period with the surgical breaches in natural defences (vascular access, surgical incisions, urethral catheters, and abdominal drains) the common bacterial organisms are seen as after any surgical procedure (Table 15.1). Similarly, a general anaesthetic exposes the patient to risks of postoperative chest infections. Common bacterial infections are more prevalent following transplantation than in other general surgical cases, reflecting the effects of uraemia and often malnutrition on the natural defence mechanisms.
The pathogens fight back
Authors: Playfair John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This cynical couplet could have been written with pathogens in mind: when attacked they defend themselves – most unsporting of them! The army of immune mechanisms we have just reviewed, if unopposed, would probably have been capable of keeping higher animals virtually pathogen-free. But we still get infectious diseases, so obviously today’s pathogens have evolved ways of surviving. Some do it by living outside the body, where they are generally left in peace. But others live – from their point of view – deep in enemy territory, in our tissues, inside our cells, even free in our blood.
The Pathogens
Authors: Playfair John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Opinions still differ as to exactly how life on earth started, but there is clear fossil evidence that about 3.5 billion years ago, only 1 billion years after the earth itself was formed, single-celled organisms remarkably like today’s bacteria were already abundant – and they were certainly not pathogens, because there was nothing except rocks for them to parasitize! It was another 2 billion years before the appearance of the new type of cell required for the evolution of larger animals and plants.
Solutions to the Homeless Problem
Authors: Caton Carol L M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We must ameliorate the miseries of our homeless. But in doing so we must not make the situation worse. Today, it is inconceivable that a new medication would be introduced before large-scale clinical trials were conducted among diverse patient populations. Furthermore, once the drug became widely available we would continue to monitor its effectiveness and potential toxicity....Why do we not have similar criteria for our social experiments? In the case of deinstitutionalization, no large-scale efficacy trials were performed. Toxicity and adverse consequences were not monitored.
In the Footsteps of the Cathars
Authors: Lerner Gerda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This year I did something I have avoided doing for more than fifty years-I spent six weeks in Germany. I was born and raised in Austria. I am Jewish, and I left Vienna just a few weeks before the Kristallnacht of 1938. I have been to Vienna a number of times since World War II, and each time I swore I would never go back again; then, something or other would come up and I would change my mind. But I did draw the line on going to Germany.
Nonviolent Resistance: The History of an Idea
Authors: Lerner Gerda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The concept of nonviolent resistance in the 20th-century United States has been taught and practiced in the civil rights movement and the modern peace movement. In the media and the public mind the practice is generally linked with the names of Martin Luther King, Mohandas Gandhi and Henry David Thoreau. According to the general view, Thoreau furnished the ideas in his essay Civil Disobedience, which in time, influenced the two great practitioners of the concept, Gandhi and King. In fact, the history of the idea of nonviolent resistance is much more complex; its roots run deep in the American past; its practice was tested and developed in American soil before it traveled around the world and, almost a century later, returned to the ground from which it sprang.
Looking Toward’ the Year 2000
Authors: Lerner Gerda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What kind of future can we envision after the year 2000? The state of the world being what it is, one can approach such a question either with profound pessimism, and answer that most likely the world is not going to survive into the 21st century; or one can approach it with purely utopian vision. Such an utopian approach may, in fact, be far more practical than the endless repetitions by politicians, statesmen and military leaders of worn-out and utterly inappropriate cliches of 19th-century wisdom. We must act in this worst of all worlds as though it were good; unless we do so we are doomed to alienation, anomie, despair and worse, ineffectiveness. It is from this stance of ambivalence that I want to address the question. In the 20th century we have lived through the nuclear revolu on, the media and cybernetic revolutions, not to mention various political revolutions. World War I signaled the end of the secure world of imperial powers ind their dominance over colonial empires. Authoritarian and fascistic regimes of various kinds substituted arbitrary power for the Lockean social contract.
Differences Among Women
Authors: Lerner Gerda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The development of women’s history in the past twenty years has not only helped to bring new subject matter to history, but has forced us to deal with the concepts and values underlying the organization of historical studies and of all intellectual fields. It has forced us to question not only why certain content was previously omitted, ignored, and trivialized, but also to consider who decides what is to be included. In short, we have begun first to question and then to challenge the conceptual framework for the organization of traditional knowledge. We challenge it because of its omissions: it leaves out the experiences, activities, and ideas of half or more of humankind. We challenge it because it is elitist: it leaves out not only all women, but most men, those of non-white races, those of various ethnicities, and, until quite recently, those of lower classes. In so doing, it defines all the groups omitted as less significant than the groups included. Pat­ently, this is untrue and therefore it is unacceptable. We challenge it because what traditional history teaches us denies our own experience of reality. We live in a world in which nothing happens without the active participation of men and women and yet we are constantly being told of a past world in which men are presumed to act and women presumed to be acted upon. Women’s history, even in its short devel­opment, has proven this judgement to be false, for the past as well as the present. Women are and always have been active participants in the shaping of events. One of the basic errors of patriarchal thought has been to make claims of universality for descriptions of the activities of a small elite group of upper-class white males. Traditional historians have described the activities of this group and called it the history of all of humankind. They have subsumed all women under the term “men” and have ignored the actual differences that exist among people by asserting that the small group whose activities they describe can stand for the rest of us. It obviously cannot. In rejecting this andro­centric distortion of the past, we have opened the way to other insights and challenges.
The Protestant Translation of Medieval and Renaissance Discourses on the Rights and Status of American Indians
Authors: Williams Robert A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The patents granted by the Tudor king Henry VII (r. 1485-1509) to the Cabots at the close of the fifteenth century inaugurated English interest in America as a possible colonial empire. Although several centuries separated the Tudor dynasty from the heraldic Crusading traditions established by Richard the Lionhearted,2 Henry’s initial 1497 charter of conquest to John Cabot indicates that the medieval discourses of the Catholic Church respecting infidel rights and status still dominated English legal thought and practice a short generation prior to the Reformation.
The English Conquest of Virginia
Authors: Williams Robert A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sir Walter Raleigh, Sir Humphrey Gilbert, and the other Elizabethan conquistadores elaborated foundations of Discovery-era England’s colonizing discourse. Their primitive discourses of conquest sought to harmonize the medieval Church’s legal discursive legacy on infidel rights, the Reformation’s liberated pursuit of worldly wealth, and radical Protestantism’s vested interest in countering Spain’s New World papist empire. The Elizabethan advocates of colonization, however, were never able to perfect their colonizing discourses in the forests of the New World. Their narrow financial base was inadequate to the demands of carrying the Protestant crusade to the Indians of America.
Maternal-Fetal Conflict
Authors: Steinbock Bonnie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A newborn baby whose urine shows traces of an illegal drug is taken from the custody of its mother. A woman whose baby is born with severe brain damage is jailed for prenatal child abuse. A pregnant drug user who commits a minor crime is jailed in order to protect her fetus from addiction. A company that has potentially embryotoxic substances in the workplace refuses to hire fertile women under its “fetal protection policy.” A court order compels a pregnant Jehovah’s Witness to have a blood transfusion, contrary to the tenets of her religion, to protect the life of her fetus. Another woman is forced to undergo an emergency cesarean section. Each of these situations raises the question of the resolution of conflict between the interests of the expectant mother and those of her unborn child.
Fetal Research
Authors: Steinbock Bonnie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the preceding chapters, the discussion of the embryo and fetus has been primarily in the context of preg nancy, where the moral and legal situation is importantly affected by the pregnant woman’s interests in privacy, bodily self-determination, and autonomy. How should we think about embryos and fetuses when they are not inside anyone’s body? In particular, is it morally permissible to use extrauterine embryos and aborted fe tuses for scientific and medical purposes?
Growth Monitoring and Promotion in Young Children
Authors: Jelliffe Derrick B , Jelliffe E F Patrice 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This new volume outlines methods of monitoring growth and weight gain, and essential clinical service. The alternative methods described here will be of particular use to workers in Third World countries where the cost of scales as well as illiteracy and cultural differences make weight-plotting especially difficult. Readers will find outlines of such innovative methods as the use of arm growth tape, simplified techniques of weight plotting, and helpful algorithms for decision-making. Among the book's appendices is a point system for comparative evaluation of weighing scales. Many illustrations help clarify the material presented in the text, making this book valuable in the classroom as well as in the field.
Managing a High-Reliability Organization: A Case for Interdependence
Authors: Roberts Karlene H , Gargano Gina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Among high technology organizations there is a set of organizations labeled “high risk” (Perrow, 1984). They are high risk in the sense that errors in them may lead not only to employee death or to the need to rebuild parts of the organization, but to catastrophic consequences of such magnitude that they are unacceptable to the organization or a larger public. For example, the result of the accident at Union Carbide’ s chemical plant at Bhopal in 1984 is unacceptable to the Indian government.
High Technology Performance Management
Authors: Mohrman Allan M , Mohrman Susan Albers , Worley Christopher G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Performance requirements in high technology firms have become increasingly stringent. A few of the factors that require high performance on the dimensions of quality, cost, schedule, and service are global competition, shorter new product development cycles, shorter product life cycles, and the high cost of, but unquestionable need for, the organization to keep up with the rapid development of product, process, and administrative technology. Organizations must innovate, adapt to change, be efficient, and be responsive. To fail in any of these dimensions results in vulnerability.
A Government Man
Authors: Skemp Sheila L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“You are a thorough government man, which I do not wonder at, nor do I aim at converting you. I only wish you to act uprightly and steadily, avoiding that duplicity, which in Hutchinson, adds contempt to indignation. If you can promote the prosperity of your people, and leave them happier than you found them, whatever your political principles are, your memory will be honored.”Benjamin Franklin to William Franklin,1773 “His Majesty may be assured that I shall omit nothing in my Power to keep this Province quiet, and that, let the Event be what it may, no Attachments or Connexions shall ever make me swerve from the Duty of my Station.”
“Like a Bear Through the Country”
Authors: Skemp Sheila L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“If we Survive the present Storm, we may all meet and enjoy the Sweets of Peace with greater Relish.’’William Franklin to William Temple Franklin, 1776.”Pro Rege 6 Patria was the Motto I assumed when I first commenced my Political Life, and I am resolved to retain it till Death shall put an end to my mortal Existence.”-William Franklin to New Jersey Assembly, 1776.2 The journey to Burlington was not pleasant.