bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE T. EATON COMPANY LIMITED: A CASE ANALYSIS
Authors: CARMODY DANA 
Published: October 2004

The T Eaton company, considered the world's first department store, was named after its founder Timothy Eaton. In 1869, it as a small dry goods business in Toronto. By 1907, at the death of its founder, it was a giant retail store, with a branch in Winnipeg, alongside a country-wide mail-order business. Innovative practices established during his time included sales for cash only and satisfaction guaranteed or money refunded. Eaton's successors extended the Eaton empire across Canada, continuing the tradition of quality goods, prices, customer service and also fair labour practices. It became a Canadian institution. Eaton's filed for protection from its creditors in February 1997 and once again in August 1999 (see Appendix 1 for a chronology of events) under the federal Companies' Creditors Arrangement Act and the Ontario Business Corporations Act (Closings). The restructuring that followed the first bankruptcy was only partially successful. However, it had a significantly positive impact on Eaton's operations, and seemed to turn things around. Were it not for bad economic news and misfortune in mid-to-late 1998 (CNW 3 and CNW 5), the plan might have worked. Store-closings, employee terminations, and a huge liquidation sale followed the second bankruptcy declared in August 1999, as did the suspension of the trading of Eaton's stock (Chron). Sears Canada Inc. agreed to purchase 16 of the Eaton's stores in September 1999 (Sears 1; Material 1). These will open by the fall of 2000 (Material 2; Sears 1). A compromise was made with Eaton's creditors (including the employees) to give them approximately $0.50 on the dollar (Olijnyk 1). A compromise was also arrived at with Eaton's shareholders whereby the latter would be given participation units in exchange for their common shares (on a one-for-one trade) (Amended; Trachuk). These participation units are to be used in a contingent and conditional settlement based upon the possible utilization of tax credits by Sears acquired as a result of Eaton's $390 million in losses since 1996 (Receivership; Amended; Trachuk). These settlement monies might or might not be realized by the former shareholders (Amended; Trachuk). Today, Eaton's is no more. In its place are many great memories by a former generation of Canadians who used to go to the Eaton's stores to buy big things that were always of high quality. "Agnes Lunn, who was visiting [Edmonton, Calgary,] from Dartmouth, N.S., said she will miss the chain because of its trustworthiness. "If you bought something from Eaton's, you knew it was worth having, you knew it would be quality," she said (Auction)." Perhaps having six of the Eaton's stores open up this fall with the Eaton's name on them will rekindle a loyalty in a new generation of Canadians?
Microvascular permeability, ultrafiltration, and restricted diffusion
Authors: Michel C. C. 
Published: October 2004

This essay looks at the historical significance of two APS classic papers that are freely available online: Pappenheimer JR and Soto-Rivera A. Effective osmotic pressure of the plasma proteins and other quantities associated with the capillary circulation in the hindlimbs of cats and dogs. Am J Physiol 152: 471–491, 1948 ( http://ajplegacy.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/152/3/471 ). Pappenheimer JR, Renkin EM, and Borrero LM. Filtration, diffusion and molecular sieving through peripheral capillary membranes: a contribution to the pore theory of capillary permeability. Am J Physiol 167: 13–46, 1951 ( http://ajplegacy.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/167/1/13 ).
The significance of the blood gas analyzer
Authors: Raff Hershel 
Published: October 2004

This essay looks at the historical significance of an APS classic paper that is freely available online: Severinghaus JW and Bradley AF. Electrodes for blood Po2 and Pco2 determination. J Appl Physiol 13: 515—520, 1958 ( http://jap.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/13/3/515 ).
Discovering the role of the adrenal gland in the control of body function
Authors: Randall David C. 
Published: October 2004

This essay looks at the historical significance of three APS classic papers that are freely available online: Cannon WB and de la Paz D. Emotional stimulation of adrenal secretion. Am J Physiol 28: 64-70, 1911 ( http://ajplegacy.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/28/1/64 ). Cannon WB. The emergency function of the adrenal medulla in pain and the major emotions. Am J Physiol 33: 356-372, 1914 ( http://ajplegacy.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/33/2/356 ). Cannon WB. Studies on the conditions of activity in endocrine glands. V. The isolated heart as an indicator of adrenal secretion induced by pain, asphyxia and excitement. Am J Physiol 50: 399-432, 1919 ( http://ajplegacy.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/50/3/399 ).
Micropuncture: unlocking the secrets of renal function
Authors: Sands Jeff M. 
Published: October 2004

This essay looks at the historical significance of five APS classic papers that are freely available online: Wearn JT and Richards AN. Observations on the composition of glomerular urine, with particular reference to the problem of reabsorption in the renal tubules. Am J Physiol 71: 209—227, 1924 ( http://ajplegacy.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/71/1/209 ). Richards AN and Walker AM. Methods of collecting fluid from known regions of the renal tubules of Amphibia and of perfusing the lumen of a single tubule. Am J Physiol 118: 111—120, 1936 ( http://ajplegacy.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/118/1/111 ). Walker AM and Hudson CL. The reabsorption of glucose from the renal tubule in Amphibia and the action of phlorhizin upon it. Am J Physiol 118: 130—143, 1936 ( http://ajplegacy.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/118/1/130 ). Walker AM and Oliver J. Methods for the collection of fluid from single glomeruli and tubules of the mammalian kidney. Am J Physiol 134: 562—579, 1941 ( http://ajplegacy.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/134/3/562 ). Walker AM, Bott PA, Oliver J, and MacDowell MC. The collection and analysis of fluid from single nephrons of the mammalian kidney. Am J Physiol 134: 580—595, 1941 ( http://ajplegacy.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/134/3/580 ).
Anterior pituitary hormones: development of a bioassay leading to the discovery of prolactin
Authors: Smith M. Susan 
Published: October 2004

This essay looks at the historical significance of an APS classic paper that is freely available online: Riddle O, Bates RW, and Dykshorn SW. The preparation, identification and assay of prolactin–a hormone of the anterior pituitary. Am J Physiol 105: 191—216, 1933 ( http://ajplegacy.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/105/1/191 ).
Granzyme B Induces Smooth Muscle Cell Apoptosis in the Absence of Perforin
Authors: Choy Jonathan C. , Hung Vivian H.Y. , Hunter Arwen L. , Cheung Paul K. , Motyka Bruce , Goping Ing Swie , Sawchuk Tracy , Bleackley R. Chris , Podor Thomas J. , McManus Bruce M. , Granville David J. 
Published: October 2004

Objective—T cell-induced cytotoxicity, of which granzyme B is a key mediator, is believed to contribute to the pathogenesis of inflammatory vascular diseases. In this report, we investigate the mechanism of granzyme B-induced smooth muscle cell (SMC) death.Methods and Results—The addition of purified granzyme B alone to cultured SMCs caused a significant reduction in cell viability. Chromatin condensation, phosphatidylserine externalization, and membrane blebbing were observed, indicating that the mechanism of granzyme B-induced SMC death was through apoptosis. Activated splenocytes from perforin-knockout mice induced SMC death through a granzyme B-mediated pathway. Inhibition of the proteolytic activities of caspases and granzyme B prevented granzyme B-induced SMC death, whereas attenuation of granzyme B internalization with mannose-6-phosphate (M6P) did not. Further, granzyme B induced the cleavage of several SMC extracellular proteins, including fibronectin, and reduced focal adhesion kinase phosphorylation.Conclusions—These results indicate that granzyme B can induce apoptosis of SMCs in the absence of perforin by cleaving extracellular proteins, such as fibronectin.
Immune regulatory activity of CD34+ progenitor cells: evidence for a deletion-based mechanism mediated by TNF-α
Authors: Gur Hilit , Krauthgamer Rita , Bachar-Lustig Esther , Katchman Helena , Arbel-Goren Rinat , Berrebi Alain , Klein Tirza , Nagler Arnon , Tabilio Antonio , Martelli Massimo F. , Reisner Yair 
Published: October 2004

AbstractPrevious studies suggest that cells within the CD34+ hematopoietic stem cell compartment are endowed with immune regulatory activity. Furthermore, it is possible to expand the human regulatory cells upon short-term culture of purified CD34+ cells with an early-acting cytokine cocktail. We now show that addition of anti-CD28, anti-CD2, interleukin-2 (IL-2), anti–IL-10, or IL-12 to the bulk mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) cannot reverse the inhibitory activity of the CD34+ cells, ruling out anergy-based mechanisms or mechanisms involving Th1-Th2 skewing. Furthermore, phenotyping of cells present after addition of CD34+ cells to the bulk MLR ruled out potential induction of plasmacytoid dendritic precursors, known to be endowed with regulatory activity. In contrast, the inhibitory activity of CD34+ cells could be reversed by adding the caspase inhibitor BD-FMK to the bulk MLR, indicating a deletion-based mechanism. The deletion can be inhibited by anti–tumor necrosis factor-α (anti–TNF-α) and not by anti–transforming growth factor-β (anti–TGF-β), suggesting a potential role for TNF-α in the regulatory activity of CD34+ cells.
Ephrin B2 expression in Kaposi sarcoma is induced by human herpesvirus type 8: phenotype switch from venous to arterial endothelium
Authors: Masood Rizwan , Xia Guangbin , Smith D. Lynne , Scalia Piergips , Still Jonathan G. , Tulpule Anil , Gill Parkash S. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractKaposi sarcoma (KS) is an angioproliferative tumor derived from endothelial cells in which tumor cells form aberrant vascular structures. Ephrin B2 and ephrin B4 (EphB4) are artery- and vein-specific proteins, respectively, with critical roles in vessel maturation. We investigated whether the disorganized KS vasculature was due to unbalanced expression of ephrin B2 and EphB4. Secondly, we wished to determine if human herpesvirus type 8 (HHV-8), the viral agent associated with KS, regulates ephrin B2 and EphB4. An arterial phenotype was observed in KS tissue and cell lines, as shown by abundant expression of ephrin B2 with little or no EphB4. Infection of venous endothelial cells with HHV-8 resulted in a phenotype switch from EphB4 to ephrin B2, similar to that seen with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The HHV-8 effect on ephrin B2 expression was reproduced with the HHV-8-specific viral G-protein-coupled receptor. We also showed that ephrin B2 expression is required for KS cell viability by knock down with siRNA. KS is the first example of a human tumor with a predominantly arterial phenotype. This predominance can be attributed to expression of HHV-8 proteins and their downstream effects. Ephrin B2 is thus an important novel factor in KS biology and a potential target for therapy.
Fibromodulin as a novel tumor-associated antigen (TAA) in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), which allows expansion of specific CD8+ autologous T lymphocytes
Authors: Mayr Christine , Bund Dagmar , Schlee Martin , Moosmann Andreas , Kofler David M. , Hallek Michael , Wendtner Clemens-Martin 
Published: October 2004

AbstractFibromodulin (FMOD) was shown to be highly overexpressed in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells compared with normal B lymphocytes by gene expression profiling. Therefore FMOD might serve as potential tumor-associated antigen (TAA) in CLL, enabling expansion of FMOD-specific T cells. In CLL samples derived from 16 different patients, high expression of FMOD by real-time reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was detectable in contrast to normal B lymphocytes. We used unpulsed native CLL cells and CD40 ligand (CD40L)–stimulated CLL cells as antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to expand autologous T cells from 13 patients. The number of T cells during 4 weeks of in vitro culture increased 2- to 3.5-fold and the number of T cells recognizing FMOD peptides bound to HLA-A2 dimers increased 10-fold. The expanded T cells also were able to secrete interferon-γ (IFN-γ) upon recognition of the antigen demonstrated by IFN-γ ELISPOT assays. T cells not only recognized HLA-A2–binding FMOD peptides presented by transporter-associated with antigen-processing (TAP)–deficient T2 cells, but also FMOD overexpressing autologous CLL cells in an HLA-A2–restricted manner. In summary, FMOD was shown for the first time to be naturally processed and presented as TAA in primary CLL cells, enabling the expansion of autologous tumor-specific T cells.
Activation of the p70 S6 kinase by all-trans-retinoic acid in acute promyelocytic leukemia cells
Authors: Lal Lakhvir , Li Yongzhong , Smith Jessica , Sassano Antonella , Uddin Shahab , Parmar Simrit , Tallman Martin S. , Minucci Saverio , Hay Nissim , Platanias Leonidas C. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractAlthough the mechanisms by which all-trans-retinoic acid (RA) regulates gene transcription are well understood, very little is known on the signaling events regulating RA-dependent initiation of mRNA translation. We examined whether the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)/p70 S6 kinase pathway is activated by RA. RA treatment of sensitive cell lines resulted in phosphorylation/activation of mTOR and downstream induction of p70 S6 kinase activity. Such phosphorylation/activation of p70 S6 kinase was inducible in primary acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) blasts and RA-sensitive NB-4 cells, but was defective in an NB-4 variant cell line (NB-4.007/6) that is resistant to the biologic effects of RA. The RA-dependent activation of p70 S6 kinase was also phosphatidylinositol 3′ kinase (PI3′K)-dependent, and resulted in downstream phosphorylation of the S6 ribosomal protein on Ser235/236 and Ser240/244, events important for initiation of translation for mRNAs with oligopyrimidine tracts in their 5′ untranslated region. RA treatment of leukemia cells also resulted in an mTOR-mediated phosphorylation of the 4E-BP1 repressor of mRNA translation, to induce its deactivation and dissociation from the eukaryotic initiation factor-4E (eIF-4E) complex. Altogether, these findings provide evidence for the existence of a novel RA-activated cellular pathway that regulates cap-dependent translation, and strongly suggest that this cascade plays a role in the induction of retinoid responses in APL cells. (Blood. 2005;105:1669-1677)
Heparanase promotes the spontaneous metastasis of myeloma cells to bone
Authors: Yang Yang , MacLeod Veronica , Bendre Manali , Huang Yan , Theus Allison M. , Miao Hua-Quan , Kussie Paul , Yaccoby Shmuel , Epstein Joshua , Suva Larry J. , Kelly Thomas , Sanderson Ralph D. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractAlthough widespread skeletal dissemination is a critical step in the progression of myeloma, little is known regarding mechanisms that control metastasis of this cancer. Heparanase-1 (heparanase), an enzyme that cleaves heparan sulfate chains, is expressed at high levels in some patients with myeloma and promotes metastasis of some tumor types (eg, breast, lymphoma). Using a severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mouse model, we demonstrate that enhanced expression of heparanase by myeloma cells dramatically up-regulates their spontaneous metastasis to bone. This occurs from primary tumors growing subcutaneously and also from primary tumors established in bone. Interestingly, tumors formed by subcutaneous injection of cells metastasize not only to bone, but also to other sites including spleen, liver, and lung. In contrast, tumors formed by injection of cells directly into bone exhibit a restricted pattern of metastasis that includes dissemination of tumor to other bones but not to extramedullary sites. In addition, expression of heparanase by myeloma cells (1) accelerates the initial growth of the primary tumor, (2) increases whole-body tumor burden as compared with controls, and (3) enhances both the number and size of microvessels within the primary tumor. These studies describe a novel experimental animal model for examining the spontaneous metastasis of bone-homing tumors and indicate that heparanase is a critical determinant of myeloma dissemination and growth in vivo.
The constitutive mobilization of bone marrow-repopulating cells into the peripheral blood in idiopathic myelofibrosis
Authors: Xu Mingjiang , Bruno Edward , Chao Joseph , Ni Hongyu , Lindgren Valerie , Nunez Rafael , Mahmud Nadim , Finazzi Guido , Fruchtman Steven M. , Popat Uday , Liu Enli , Prchal Josef T. , Rondelli Damiano , Barosi Giovanni , Hoffman Ronald 
Published: October 2004

AbstractIdiopathic myelofibrosis (IM) is characterized by the constitutive mobilization of CD34+ cells. IM peripheral blood (PB) CD34+ cells had a reduced cloning efficiency and a lower frequency of cobblestone areas compared with normal granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)-mobilized PB CD34+ cells. IM CD34+ cells engrafted nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient (NOD/SCID) mice, demonstrating that they contain bone marrow (BM)-repopulating cells. G-CSF-mobilized CD34+ cells produced multiple hematopoietic lineages within the NOD/SCID mice with a predominance of CD19+ cells. By contrast, IM CD34+ cells produced predominantly CD33+ cells, increased numbers of CD41+ cells, but fewer CD19+ cells. Transcriptional clonality assays of the engrafted human IM cells demonstrated their clonal origin. CD34+ cells from one patient isolated prior to leukemic transformation were capable of generating acute leukemia in NOD/SCID mice. The engrafted human cells exhibited the same abnormal karyotype as primary cells in a portion of the population. These findings demonstrate that BM-repopulating cells and more differentiated progenitor cells are constitutively mobilized into the PB in IM, and that their differentiation program is abnormal. In addition, the NOD/SCID model may be useful in gaining an understanding of the events occurring during the transition of IM to acute leukemia. (Blood. 2005;105:1699-1705)
The pathophysiologic role of VEGF in hematologic malignancies: therapeutic implications
Authors: Podar Klaus , Anderson Kenneth C. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractBesides its role as an essential regulator of physiologic and pathologic angiogenesis, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) triggers growth, survival, and migration of leukemia and multiple myeloma cells; plays a pivotal role in hematopoiesis; inhibits maturation of dendritic cells; and increases osteoclastic bone-resorbing activity as well as osteoclast chemotaxis. Dysregulation of VEGF expression and signaling pathways therefore plays an important role in the pathogenesis and clinical features of hematologic malignancies, in particular multiple myeloma. Direct and indirect targeting of VEGF and its receptors therefore may provide a potent novel therapeutic approach to overcome resistance to therapies and thereby improve patient outcome.
A novel approach to treatment of hypertension in diabetic patients – a multicenter, double-blind, randomized study comparing the efficacy of combination therapy of Eprosartan versus Ramipril with low-dose Hydrochlorothiazide and Moxonidine on blood pressure levels in patients with hypertension and associated diabetes mellitus type 2 – rationale and design [ISRCTN55725285]
Authors: Pater Cornel , Bhatnagar Deepak , Berrou Jean-Pascal , Luszick Joachim , Beckmann Katrin 
Published: October 2004

AbstractHypertension and diabetes mellitus are closely interrelated and coexist in as many as two-thirds of patients with type 2 diabetes. The consequent risk of such an association is an accelerated development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and nephropathy complications.In choosing an antihypertensive agent, effectiveness needs to be accompanied by favourable metabolic, cardioprotective, and nephroprotective properties. Given the multifactorial nature of hypertension, the approach that has gained widespread agreement is treatment with more than one agent. Agents with different mechanisms of action increase antihypertensive efficacy because of synergistic impacts on the cardiovascular system. Combination therapy allows the use of lower doses of each antihypertensive agent which accounts for the excellent tolerability of combination products.The aim of the present study is to quantify the efficacy of combination therapy of Eprosartan 600 mg respectively Ramipril 5 mg with low-dose Hydrochlorothiazide and Moxonidine on blood pressure levels in patients with essential hypertension and associated diabetes mellitus type 2.The use of monotherapy (Eprosartan or Ramipril) followed by addition of low-dose Hydrochlorothiazide as second agent and of Moxonidine as a third agent will be individualized to the severity of hypertension in the particular patient and to his/her degree of response to current treatment.
GeneXplorer: an interactive web application for microarray data visualization and analysis
Authors: Rees Christian A , Demeter Janos , Matese John C , Botstein David , Sherlock Gavin 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
Background
When publishing large-scale microarray datasets, it is of great value to create supplemental websites where either the full data, or selected subsets corresponding to figures within the paper, can be browsed. We set out to create a CGI application containing many of the features of some of the existing standalone software for the visualization of clustered microarray data.

Results
We present GeneXplorer, a web application for interactive microarray data visualization and analysis in a web environment. GeneXplorer allows users to browse a microarray dataset in an intuitive fashion. It provides simple access to microarray data over the Internet and uses only HTML and JavaScript to display graphic and annotation information. It provides radar and zoom views of the data, allows display of the nearest neighbors to a gene expression vector based on their Pearson correlations and provides the ability to search gene annotation fields.

Conclusions
The software is released under the permissive MIT Open Source license, and the complete documentation and the entire source code are freely available for download from CPAN http://search.cpan.org/dist/Microarray-GeneXplorer/.
ArrayD: A general purpose software for Microarray design
Authors: Sharma Anu , Srivastava Gyan Prakash , Sharma Vineet K , Ramachandran Srinivasan 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
Background
Microarray is a high-throughput technology to study expression of thousands of genes in parallel. A critical aspect of microarray production is the design aimed at space optimization while maximizing the number of gene probes and their replicates to be spotted.

Results
We have developed a software called 'ArrayD' that offers various alternative design solutions for an array given a set of user requirements. The user feeds the following inputs: type of source plates to be used, number of gene probes to be printed, number of replicates and number of pins to be used for printing. The solutions are stored in a text file. The choice of a design solution to be used will be governed by the spotting chemistry to be used and the accuracy of the robot.

Conclusions
ArrayD is a software for standard cartesian robots. The software aids users in preparing a judicious and elegant design. ArrayD is universally applicable and is available at http://www.igib.res.in/scientists/arrayd/arrayd.html.