bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Direct and Vicarious Liability of Corporations
Authors: Edelman James 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter elaborates on the direct and vicarious liability of corporations. It explores a broad taxonomy of the ways in which a corporation can be held responsible. A corporation might be held vicariously responsible based upon the attribution of the liability of its officers or employees, or directly responsible for its own duty including by attribution of the acts of its employees and natural persons and sometimes even acts of persons which are delegated by the corporation. Moreover, a corporation might be directly liable if it can be said that the corporation itself performed an action with the required intention. According to Ewan McKendrick, the proper resolution of questions on the liability of corporations requires a clear understanding of basic principles.
The Sale of Goods Act and the Nature of Sales
Authors: Beale Hugh 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the sale of goods and the nature of sales. It considers the argument that the Sale of Goods Act 1979 (SGA) is no longer fit for the particular purpose of governing the kinds of transactions that are most likely to be entered by small businesses. Moreover, the SGA does not cover common types of transactions, in particular the supply of digital products, the supply of goods other than by way of sale, and the supply of services. The chapter then details the scope of the legislation ranges between digital products and supply other than by sale. It also considers general arguments surrounding the SGA, such as detailed written contracts, the power to bargain with business parties, and plain English.
Unjustified Enrichment in China: An Uncertain Path
Authors: Liu Qiao 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter analyses the judicial approach adopted by Chinese courts, particularly the Supreme People’s Court, in developing a critical foundation for the law of unjustified enrichment in China. It reveals that considerable uncertainty remains with the ‘absence of basis’ approach and that flexible yet elusive notions such as ‘unfairness’, ‘unreasonableness’ and ‘impropriety’ may still play a role. While such uncertainty is perhaps inevitable as Chinese courts search for a path that best suits the local environment, greater clarity and certainty is desirable. Achieving such clarity and certainty may be greatly facilitated by learning from detailed comparisons with foreign laws, including particularly the pragmatically oriented common law rules. .
Implied Terms and Restitution
Authors: Peel Edwin 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter takes as its starting point an observation of Ewan McKenrick’s about the effect of a valid and subsisting contract on a claim in restitution for benefits conferred thereunder. In particular, it assesses the extent to which the outcome of any claim based on an implied term of the contract pre-determines any claim in restitution. In doing so, it analyses closely the recent decision of the Supreme Court in Barton v Morris and called into question the earlier decisions of the High Court of Australia in Roxborough v Rothmans, and of the Supreme Court in Barnes v Eastenders Cash & Carry.
Slavonic and Greek Bookmen in the Tenth-Century Balkans
Authors: Ivanova Mirela 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Chapter 9 seeks to situate the new invention of the alphabet found in On Letters in wider contemporary intellectual currents. In On Letters, the matter of missionary activity is abandoned for a specific, scholarly debate about the history of language, and so the chapter poses to situate this text within an inward-looking, educated, monastic community. Amongst contemporary Slavonic texts and the available sigillographic and epigraphic evidence, the author’s position appears somewhat unusual. They seek to separate the bilingual milieu which was responsible for the production of the earliest Slavonic texts in the Balkans into Greek and Slavonic bookmen. That they seek to do so in such an aggressive fashion leads this chapter to posit that it is possible that some Slavonic speakers in the Balkans resisted the use of Slavonic literacy, and that this text reveals the earliest evidence of internal reluctance to adopt the new literacy.
Introduction
Authors: Crosthwaite Paul 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The Introduction opens with a discussion of a celebrated 1905 US Supreme Court opinion, which provided one of the early twentieth century’s most enduringly influential characterizations of speculation. This statement, delivered by Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr., sought to lay to rest debates about speculation’s nature, significance, and legitimacy; yet in so doing, it pointed to many of the tensions, complexities, and contradictions that—as the book goes on to examine—persistently attended this pervasive but mercurial economic concept and practice. The Introduction next articulates Speculative Time’s topic, scope, and approach, before situating the book’s archive in relation to a notion of “speculative modernism” and explaining how the project takes its historical bearings from recent research that has restored the study of capitalism to a central role in the historiography of the United States (scholarship often loosely grouped under the banner of the “New History of Capitalism”). The Introduction is rounded off by summaries of the arguments of the book’s seven chapters and concluding Coda.
“Politics Was Something Like the Numbers Game”
Authors: Crosthwaite Paul 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Chapter 6 explores how a desire among African Americans to become speculative subjects found expression in the variety of lottery gambling—overtly modeled on the stock market—known as the “numbers game” or “policy.” Not only is numbers play a recurrent feature of early to mid-twentieth-century African American fiction, but in major works by canonical Black authors this form of quasi-stock market speculation provides a highly adaptable model for reflections on the period’s political dreamers and visionaries. The chapter initially considers this paradigmatic manifestation of speculative futurity in Rudolph Fisher’s landmark work of Black detective fiction, The Conjure-Man Dies (1932). It next argues that in Claude McKay’s recently discovered Amiable with Big Teeth (2017), the numbers game simultaneously shapes a critique of utopian political movements and suggests the practical and pragmatic version of politics that the novel endorses. Turning to Richard Wright’s Lawd Today! (1963), the chapter argues that the systems of dream interpretation on which many policy players relied feed both into the novel’s attacks on political irrationalism and into its affirmation of forms of political analysis and action orientated towards unconscious fantasies and impulses. The final section shows how Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man (1952) places the numbers game at the center of its critical engagements with institutions and groups ranging from the US Constitution and the Christian Church to the Communist Party and the Black nationalist movement, as well as its endorsement of a version of Cold War liberalism infused with the ethos of speculative chance and risk.
The Rise and Fall of the Postwar Economy
Authors: Whittaker D. Hugh 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Chapter 1 sets the baseline for assessing institutional change, with the rise and fall of Japan’s postwar economic model, built around manufacturing with a high degree of macro- and micro-level institutional and ideational coherence. Its success brought tensions and pressures for change in the 1980s which undermined the model’s coherence, with reform contested between advocates of incremental change, and those of more radical transformation. Neoliberal influences peaked in the early 2000s; their allure diminished with the dot.com bubble burst, Enron, growing domestic wealth disparities and ultimately the Global Financial Crisis. An initial attempt at digital and green transformation in the early 2000s faded through a lack of an integrating vision. Abenomics countered Japan’s deflationary tide but did not provide a new growth model. Out of the limelight of Abe’s policies, however, the beginnings of Japan’s current digital and green transformation were emerging.
Eco Cities, Smart Cities, and Super Cities
Authors: Whittaker D. Hugh 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Cities have emerged as a critical stage for digital and green transformation. A wave of smart city projects has swept both the Global North and South, and Japan is no exception. Chapter 4 looks at the emergence and characteristics of smart city projects in Japan, from disparate energy and compact city projects in the 2000s, to eco cities, future cities, smart cities, and eventually ‘super cities’ which provide multiple services on an integrated data platform. A detailed, stage-by-stage Smart City Guidebook seeks to diffuse lessons within Japan, and abroad. Four diverse cases are introduced—Higashi Matsushima, Kashiwa-no-ha, Aizuwakamatsu, and Toyota’s Woven City. The chapter also introduces Japanese MaaS (mobility as a service) initiatives, as well as the Digital Garden City Nation concept.
Conclusion
Authors: Whittaker D. Hugh 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The concluding chapter identifies three undercurrents or clusters of institutional change and associates each with a ‘spirit’ of capitalism: financialized capitalism; the new, adaptive developmental state; and communitarian capitalism. These pull in different directions. Optimistically, they may also be seen as being played off each other to create ‘controlled dis-equilibrium’ as a counter to institutional stasis. There are also tensions in innovation and innovation policy, between large firms and startups, technology-driven and social needs-oriented innovation, and between a reversion to a ‘catch-up’ stance and forging a post-catch-up path. Perhaps Japan will solve these tensions creatively. The chapter considers the claim that Society 5.0 will be ‘people-centred’, first in terms of becoming a ‘social investment state’, then in terms of an ‘anthropogenic mode of development’, and finally as a ‘digital democracy’. The chapter concludes with prospects of Japan developing a new socio-economic model.
Retirement System Resiliency in the Face of Real-World Shocks
Authors: Mitchell Olivia S. , Sabelhaus John , Utkus Stephen P. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractLabor market shocks and financial stresses are shaping how older workers fare as they head into retirement, as well as how younger workers are preparing financially for their future. These shocks come on top of long-standing concerns surrounding increasing longevity and the adequacy and sustainability of public and private benefit systems. Drawing on exciting new datasets and the perspectives of seasoned as well as new researchers to the field, this volume explores how financial and labor markets, and social as well as private insurance programs, are driving the need for new policy to meet these challenges, along with the need for adaptive changes by households, in an effort to enhance retirement resilience.
Epilogue
Authors: Barnden Sally 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The epilogue reflects on the book’s argument and considers its relationship to the present-day monarchy, highlighting instances of Shakespearean allusion in connection to the death of Elizabeth II and accession of Charles III. It considers the role of Shakespeare in mediating between contemporary monarchy and royal history, and queries whether Shakespeare can still function to secure the monarchy’s legitimacy and connection to its own history in a polarized twenty-first-century media environment. I conclude by suggesting that Charles III’s self-conscious identification with Shakespearean figures may mark the end of the relationship this book has explored between Shakespeare and the British monarchy.
Introduction: In and Out of Voltaire’s Closet
Authors: Wynn Thomas 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
An anecdote of Marmontel reading Voltaire’s spectacular tragedy Tancrède in 1760 alerts us to the complex practice of encountering plays in the closet in eighteenth-century France. Judging the play and simultaneously weeping over it, Marmontel shows that the closeted reading of plays encompasses judgement and emotion. Scholars have hitherto viewed reading and performance as distinct processes, associating reading with intellection and thereby obscuring more intemperate responses. Our view of eighteenth-century theatrical life must take into account not just the spectacular blockbusters at France’s most prestigious playhouse and the dramas performed in private, provincial and colonial theatres, but also readers’ multi-faceted encounters with plays. It is also necessary to consider how writers of the period created what is often termed ‘closet drama’, a genre of excess that cannot be accommodated within the practical, aesthetic, and ideological confines of playhouse.
The Enlightenment Closet
Authors: Wynn Thomas 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter assesses how the closet was understood in Enlightenment France when—as evidenced in theoretical writings, fiction, and correspondence alike—it emerged as the privileged site of reading plays. The chapter proposes the closet as a metaphor for thinking about judgement, independence, and disruption in the reading process. While the closet is routinely presented a space of calm reflection, this chapter takes insights from recent queer theory and a host of eighteenth-century texts including poems, architectural treatises, and memoirs, in order to reveal that room to be a private space whose uncertain boundaries are susceptible to penetration. By rejecting a Cartesian model of theatrical space that (ostensibly) privileges dichotomies of subject and object, and instead embracing the closet as a model of thinking about distance, interaction, and knowledge, this chapter bring into focus modes of reading and subjectivity that are open to disruption, immoderateness, and uncertainty.
Closeted Reading
Authors: Wynn Thomas 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Dismantling the Aristotelean model whereby spectators and readers appreciate a play equally, this chapter explores the broader experiences and impacts of drama on paper and away from the playhouse. Eighteenth-century theorists and modern scholars alike routinely characterize the closeted reading of plays as sober, solitary, and judicious. Making extensive use of the period’s correspondences, testimonies, and marginalia, this section demonstrates that readers’ experiences were in fact more intemperate than such commentators advocate. Pro- and anti-theatrical writers of the period recognize the theatrical apparatus’s potential to limit and distort the audience’s cognitive responses. The closeted reader might thus have a greater critical appreciation of a text whilst, free from the coercive effects of the playhouse, also be at liberty to enjoy more passionate responses. The chapter proposes a conceptual model that more accurately reflects the mixed and multi-positional experience of reading plays in the period.
An articulated journal form
Authors: Reza Alexandra 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter argues that we should understand the significance of Mensagem and Présence Africaine not only in terms of the linguistic or literary merits of the individual texts they contain, but in terms of their polyphonic, comparative, and articulated form. It argues that both journals established a comparative, connective ontology in two key ways. The first was geographical, in bringing together writing from different places. The second was by bringing together ‘the literary’ and ‘the political’. Firstly, the chapter discusses the import of Mensagem’s editorial transnationalism, along with the importance of this in the context of the Salazarist lusotropicalism. The chapter then discusses the pan-African, sometimes tiermondiste, editorial logic of Présence Africaine, which wrote itself into a project of world transformation that crossed linguistic boundaries. Secondly, it turns to the connections the journals establish and interrogate between different spheres of social reality, and particularly between literature, society, and politics.
Women, work, and multiscalar anticolonialism
Authors: Reza Alexandra 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Attending to the gendered divisions of literary labour that underpinned their production, this chapter argues that Mensagem and Présence Africaine offer a highly suggestive archive from which to bring forward women in (literary) anticolonial histories. It maintains that women were involved in the connective and articulated work the journals undertook, as translators and in other crucial paraliterary roles. The chapter discusses the work of Noémia de Sousa, Alda Espírito Santo, and Manuela Margarido in Portuguese, and in Présence Africaine, the work of writers such as Flora Nwapa and Rebecca Njau, as well as letters to the journal from different women. The chapter suggests that in these texts we see a call for a multiscalar anticolonial sensibility that writes gendered experience and the domestic space into anticolonial internationalism.
British Grand Strategy in the Age of American Hegemony
Authors: James William D. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Is the United Kingdom capable of grand strategy? Common wisdom suggests otherwise. Some think it implausible amid the maelstrom of domestic politics, while others believe the UK lacks the necessary autonomy, as a cog in the US-led order. British Grand Strategy in the Age of American Hegemony challenges these claims. William D. James contends that grand strategy is an unavoidable part of governing. Grand strategy is the highest level of national security decision-making, encompassing judgements over a state’s overarching objectives and interests, as well as its security environment and resource base. Getting these decisions ‘right’ is vital in moments of geopolitical flux. Employing several historical case studies between 1940 and 2003 and marshalling a host of primary sources, James argues that British politicians and officials have thought in grand strategic terms under American hegemony—even if they do not realize or admit to this. He also demonstrates that the role of allies in shaping British grand strategy has been overstated. Finally, James highlights the conditions under which domestic political actors can influence grand strategic decision-making. British Grand Strategy in the Age of American Hegemony not only contributes to the literature on the UK in the world but also to ideas and debates on grand strategy. James illustrates the value of deep, historical research on specific grand strategic decisions and offers an innovative framework of analysis, which could be applied more widely. Written for practitioners as well as scholars, the book concludes with several policy recommendations at this inflection point in British history.
The Law and Storytelling
Authors: Fish Stanley 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Amistad turns on the questions of property law. To whom do the forty-four Africans shipwrecked on the coast of Connecticut belong? Do they belong to the Queen of Spain? Or to the salvagers who towed the ship into shore? Or to the two survivors of the rebellion that took the ship Amistad away from them? Or do they belong to themselves, as they would if they were free men and therefore no one’s property. In two trials and a Supreme Court hearing, these claims are debated against the background of a presidential election and fears of a civil war. The drama is complicated by a difficulty of communication: the Americans and the Africans speak different languages, and the linguistic distance remains even after a middle party—an interpreter—is found. While the court’s final verdict favors the Africans, their response is to sail away to a home country that is inhospitable, but is at least theirs.
Poetry Is Against the Law
Authors: Fish Stanley 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Howl dramatizes the trial of bookseller and poet Lawrence Ferlinghetti for having published Allen Ginsberg’s famous poem. Scenes from the trial alternate with scenes of the poem’s composition and its legendary performance by Ginsberg in a coffee shop. Inserted into the non-action—nothing really happens in the movie except for the verdict—are moments from a Time Magazine interview in which Ginsberg explains what poetry is and is not. His explanation acts as a commentary on the efforts of the prosecutor to pin down and stabilize the meaning of words and phrases in the poem. Those efforts are contrary to the medium of poetry as Ginsberg describes it, and their failure leads directly to the conclusion, where the judge declares that only Ginsberg has the right to pronounce on the meaning of his own words. Any objective basis for declaring the poem obscene is removed. What remains is the poem itself, which is cited, recited, and explicated so many times that the movie is finally, and primarily, a reading, in both senses of that word.
Locating Consent
Authors: Chakravarti Uma 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter locates the social and historical contexts of women’s choices in marriage in India, especially in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. It explores the patriarchal dynamics of the endogamous marriage system among the traditional Hindu upper castes and its connections with the questions of status, power, honour, and property. The chapter examines the role of such marriages in maintaining the structures of production as well as reproduction of family, caste, and community. It shows how the colonial regime, invoking their ‘liberality’ as a demonstration of their superiority, brought in certain laws in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries to address the women’s question. British legal policies introduced unprecedented tensions within the structure of marriage and reproduction; however, questions of marriage and consent were never centrally addressed but worked around, and the structures of reproduction remained undisturbed. There were reverberations that led to a more sustained interrogation of the system of marriage in the post-independence period. However, the age of consent for legal access to the female body has remained an explicit issue in the rape laws and an implicit question in marriages of choice in India even today. Moreover, both endogamous marriages that perpetuate the structures of production and reproduction as well as caste and its relationship to class and productive resources remain undisturbed by the constitutional and legal changes.