bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Constructing Images of Ourselves? A Critical Investigation into ‘Approaches to Learning’ Research in Higher Education
Authors: HAGGIS TAMSIN 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThis article focuses on the surprising lack of critique in the pedagogical literatures of higher education in relation to the use of ideas surrounding deep and surface approaches to learning. The article explores problems with the assumed relationships between ‘conceptions of learning’, ‘perceptions of the learning environment’, ‘approaches to learning’ and ‘learning outcomes’, and suggests that whilst the model may be successful in creating a generalised description of the ‘elite’ goals and values of academic culture, it says surprisingly little about the majority of students in a mass system. After exploring research in the area of academic literacies as an alternative approach to understanding student learning, it is suggested that higher education is going to have to find new ways of conceptualising its core values and activities if it is to become truly accessible to the widest possible range of ‘lifelong learners’.
Evaluating the Implications of Complex Interprofessional Education for Improvements in Collaborative Practice: A multidimensional model
Authors: DE BERE SAMANTHA REGAN 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThis article questions the notion that interprofessional education necessarily leads to interprofessional learning and improved collaborative practice, and argues in favour of evaluation that sets out to examine these issues. It outlines some of the key theoretical and methodological debates that currently inform potential evaluation models, and seeks to illustrate their relevance by outlining their incorporation into the development of an existing evaluation of a programme of interprofessional education. To demonstrate how this design ‘works’, the article also offers some selected findings, relating these specifically to the methodological issues previously presented.
Whatever Next? Education Policy and New Labour: The first four years, 1997‐2001
Authors: Phillips Robert , Harper‐Jones Gill 
Published: May 2004

Book reviewed in this article:New Labour's Policies for Schools: Raising the Standard? Jim Docking (Ed.)Taking Education Really Seriously Michael Fielding (Ed.)Schools Achieving Success (White Paper) Department for Education And SkillsThe Learning Country (Paving Document) National Assembly For Wales
Tracking and Mixed‐ability Grouping in Secondary School Mathematics Classrooms: A case study1
Authors: VENKATAKRISHNAN HAMSA , WILIAM DYLAN 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThis article reports the findings of a retrospective study of ‘tracked’ grouping in a mathematics department in a co‐educational comprehensive school in Greater London. Tracking consisted here of just two tracks, a ‘fast track’ for the top 25‐30% of a cohort, and a ‘mixed track’ for the remainder. The article outlines the reasons for introducing tracking and explores its effects through interviews with teachers and data on the progress of students from age 14 to age 16. The teachers reported that tracking impacted differently on different students, and this is borne out by the quantitative data. It was not possible to provide for ‘setting’ across all the mathematics classrooms in the focal cohort, and therefore one mixed‐ability class was created. The use of analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) models shows that fast‐track students were not significantly advantaged by their placement in these tracks, but the progress of students in the mixed‐ability group showed a significant interaction between progress and prior attainment, with placement in the mixed‐ability group conferring a significant advantage on lower attaining students, while the disadvantage to higher attaining students was much smaller.
Access to Higher Education and Disadvantaged Young People
Authors: FORSYTH ALASDAIR , FURLONG ANDY 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThis article will highlight the difficulties faced by qualified but disadvantaged young people in accessing higher education. This is an issue which has strong implications for education policy, economic efficiency and social justice. Over the past two decades, despite large increases in overall access to higher education, the gap in level of participation between the most affluent and most disadvantaged school‐leavers has remained intact. This article will examine patterns of educational attrition amongst less affluent young people, who gain sufficient qualifications to enter higher education. In other words, in order to redress the imbalance in the uptake of places in higher education, this article will distinguish between the factors which qualify young people to access university and those which predispose them to participate. A range of factors (barriers) which impacted upon levels of participation in higher education was found. Access to higher education was primarily dictated by level of school achievement, although this in turn was found to be a function of disadvantage. Furthermore, some qualified but disadvantaged young people forwent the opportunity to enter higher education on leaving school, while others enrolled in less advanced courses, for reasons other than academic ability.
The Concept of Magnetic Mineral Separation by Particle Rotation
Authors: Allen N. R. 
Published: May 2004

At present all magnetic separators use particle attraction as the separating criterion.
Differences in magnetic susceptibility then determine whether or not two mineral
particles can be magnetically separated. Some separators, such as the Magstream separator,
have gone a step further and combined magnetic attraction with particle specific
gravity.Mineral particles have a second, largely ignored, magnetic property that can be
used as a separating criterion, and this property is particle rotation. Particle rotation
applies mainly to ferromagnetic minerals, and therefore separation by magnetic particle
rotation is practical only for ferromagnetic particles or particles with ferromagnetic
inclusions.Particle rotation separation, in which particles are separated only if they can be
magnetically rotated, is not a replacement for conventional magnetic attraction separation.
Rotation separation is intended for applications where there are two different
minerals with different magnetic anisotropy, or where compositional differences
within the one mineral species lead to differing magnetic anisotropies.Particle rotation separation has applications in diamond exploration where it allows
the magnetic concentration of indicator minerals, and in mineral sands separation
where it can provide high ilmenite recoveries with very low chrome content.
Electrostatic Separation of the Shredded Plastic Mixtures Using A Tribo‐Cyclone
Authors: Dodbiba G. , Shibayama A. , Miyazaki T. , Fujita T. 
Published: May 2004

In this experimental work, artificial plastic mixture of two kinds of components (i.e. PET
and PE mixture) is tribo‐electrostatically separated. The mixture is charged by friction in
a tribo‐cyclone.After a certain residence time inside the tribo‐cyclone, the charged plastic flakes fall
down freely through a horizontal electric field into collection bins. The DC electric
field of up to 333 kV/m is created by using two plate electrodes made of Cu and
having a given cross‐section configuration. The plastic flakes of the mixture are drawn
to either positive or negative electrode according to the polarity of the charge and are
separated by falling into different bins. In order to ensure an easy and efficient separation,
the inner wall of the tribo‐cyclone is made of a suitable plastic material to improve
the frictional charging of the flakes. Each plastic component is separated with a grade
higher than 95% and recovery higher than 75%.
Mineral Particle Rotation Measurements for Magnetic Rotation Separation
Authors: Allen N. R. 
Published: May 2004

The quantities of magnetic susceptibility or magnetic moment can be used to determine
which minerals can be separated from what other minerals by magnetic attraction
separation. Now that magnetic rotation separation has been shown to be both possible
and practical, there is a need for a practical quantity to describe relative mineral rotation
strengths.Such "rotation strength" quantities already exist in mineral physics, in forms such as
magnetocrystalline and shape anisotropy constants (or fields). Although these quantities
can be used as a guide to mineral particle rotational response to a rotating magnetic
field, they are not simple to understand or easy and cheap to measure for very small individual
particles, and do not include the effects of other dynamic magnetisation factors
such as domain wall velocities. Nor do they include particle inertia and particle shape
effects that are of practical concern in a magnetic rotation separation.A practical quantity, the rotation index, can be defined in such a way that it includes
all of the above factors and more accurately predicts particle response in a magnetic
rotation separator. The rotation index is easily measured on individual particles as
small as 50 Ixm, with the same equipment used for magnetic rotation separation.Measurements of rotation index on a population of particles can reveal much about
the ferromagnetic structures within the particles, and, used with measurements of magnetic
susceptibility, can predict the results of combinations of attraction and rotation
magnetic separations.
The Effect of Heat Treatment on Chalcopyrite
Authors: Sahyoun C. , Kingman S. W. , Rowson N. A. 
Published: May 2004

The influence of conventional heat treatment and microwave radiation on chalcopyrite was investigated. There was a significant increase in the proportion of material recovered to magnetic fraction and magnetic susceptibility with conventional heating time. XRD analysis detected phase changes in conventional heat‐treated chalcopyrite, which increases the magnetic susceptibility of the ore and enables its effective magnetic separation, which is impossible to achieve in its original state.With microwave treatment, the magnetic susceptibility increases and the proportion of material recovered to magnetic fraction on the induced rolls is also increased. However, XRD analysis failed to detect any phase changes. A possible explanation for this observed behaviour is that the more magnetic component that has been formed by microwave treatment is below the threshold of detection of the XRD analyser. Taking into account that results from the froth flotation tests indicated that % weight fraction in the concentrate decreases with microwave exposure time, the change might be due to a surface effect.
Isoelectric Point Mobility Shift Assay for Rapid Screening of Charged and Uncharged Ligands Bound to Proteins
Authors: Kempná Petra , Cipollone Rita , Villacorta Luis , Ricciarelli Roberta , Zingg Jean‐Marc 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThree human proteins (hTAP1, hTAP2 and hTAP3) that are related to the yeast phosphatidylinositol/phosphatidylcholine transfer protein SEC14p were recently cloned in our laboratory. These proteins contain a relatively large hydrophobic pocket, the so called CRAL‐TRIO domain, which is present also in other human proteins, such as CRALBP, α‐TTP and MEG2. The CRAL‐TRIO domains in these proteins bind ligands such as retinaldehyde, tocopherols and polyphosphoinositides, respectively. To screen for potential hTAPs ligands, we developed a semi‐quantitative isoelectric point mobility shift assay (IPMS‐assay) that allows assessing the binding of potential hydrophobic ligands to proteins. Purified proteins occupied with a charged ligand migrate differently on isoelectric focusing gels when compared with free protein. Competition of bound charged ligands with uncharged ones reverses the mobility shift, so that the relative affinities of the two ligands to the protein can be estimated. IUBMB Life, 55: 103‐107, 2003
Highly positive intraoperative fluid balance during cardiac surgery is associated with adverse outcome
Authors: Toraman Fevzi , Evrenkaya Serdar , Yuce Murat , Turek Onur , Aksoy Nazan , Karabulut Hasan , Demirhisar Önder , Alhan Cem 
Published: May 2004

Hemodilution and increase in capillary permeability occurring with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) impose a risk for tissue edema and blood transfusion that may result in an increased complication rate after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Of the 1280 consecutive patients undergoing isolated on-pump CABG, total fluid balance at the end of the operation was less than or equal to 500 mL in 1155 (Group 1) and more than 500 mL in 125 (Group 2). During CPB, blood was added to the reservoir only when the hematocrit fell to 17% or less and crystalloid solution only when the pump flow index fell below 2.0 L/min/m2. Anesthetic, surgical, and postoperative management and diagnoses were the same in all patients, and a single surgical and anesthesia team performed all operations. No patient was excluded from the study. Results: Hypertension, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, New York Heart Association (NYHA) Class III - IV, use of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, chronic renal failure, and female gender were the significant preoperative risk factors for increased volume replacement during CPB. The groups were similar in body mass index, preoperative hematocrit values, total fluid balance in the intensive care unit (ICU), and total chest tube output. However, red blood cells’ transfusion rate, readmission rate to the ICU and length of hospital stay were significantly higher in Group 2 patients. Multiple logistic regression revealed that age < 70 years ( p < 0.001, Odds Ratio (OR): 2, 95% CI: 1.4 - 2.8), and total fluid balance > 500 mL at the end of the operation ( p < 0.01, OR: 2.2, 95% CI: 1.5-3.2) were the predictors of increased length of stay. For transfusion of red blood cells, age > 70 years ( p < 0.0001, OR: 2.3, 95% CI: 1.6-3.3), and total fluid balance > 500 mL at the end of the operation ( p < 0.001, OR: 2, 95% CI: 1.3-2.9) were the only significant risk factors. This study suggests that intraoperative volume overload increases blood transfusion and length of hospital stay in patients undergoing CABG.
Inflammatory response in an immunosuppressed patient with Wegener’s granulomatosis
Authors: Mirsadraee Saeed , Fraser Alexander , Kerr Michael A , James Teifi E , van Doorn Carin 
Published: May 2004

Background: The use of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) triggers a systemic inflammatory response (IR), but it is not known if a similar response occurs in an immuno-suppressed patient with autoimmune disease. Methods and results: Observational study in a 56-year-old man receiving immunosuppressive therapy for Wegener’s granulomatosis (WG) who underwent aortic valve replacement on CPB. The following markers for IR were studied in the perioperative period: C3a, C5a, neutrophil elastase (NE), interleukin eight (IL-8), white cell count (WCC) and C-reactive protein (CRP). Results were compared with published literature on the IR in patients undergoing coronary revascularisation with and without the use of CPB. All inflammatory markers increased in the perioperative period. The intensity of IR was markedly reduced compared to published literature for patients undergoing coronary revascularisation on CPB and the temporal patients and extend resembled that for off-pump. Conclusion: In a patient with WG on immunosuppressive therapy the CPB-related IR is reduced.
Effect of cardiopulmonary bypass on leukocyte activation: changes in membrane-bound elastase on neutrophils
Authors: Tang M , Gu Y J , Wang W J , Xu Y P , Chen C Z 
Published: May 2004

Background: Neutrophil elastase is known to be released from the activated leukocytes as a result of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). However, its biological effect on organ injury is questionable because it is quickly bound by natural proteinase inhibitors (PIs). Recently, membrane-bound elastase (MBE) was found to be able to resist the PIs’ process and, thus, is biologically more active. This paper studies the effect of CPB on the kinetic change of MBE and its possible link to postoperative inflammation and organ function. Method: Ten consecutive patients undergoing elective coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery with CPB were recruited into the study. Blood samples were taken before sternotomy, after aortic declamping, at the end of CPB, three and six hours after CPB and on the first postoperative day. MBE was determined by substrate assay from isolated neutrophils. Inflammation and organ function markers were determined according to routine laboratory methods. Results: MBE slightly increased after aortic declamping, while it significantly increased and reached its peak at the end of CPB; it returned to its preoperative level on the first postoperative day. In contrast to lung sequestration of neutrophils, there was no transpulmonary gradient of MBE between left and right atria after aortic declamping. Neither MBE nor total MBE activity was positively correlated with postoperative inflammation markers such as blood lactate and C-reactive protein and organ function markers such as creatine phosphokinase and alanine aminotransferase. Conclusions: CPB induces increased MBE expression on neutrophils with its peak at the end of CPB. Lack of association between neutrophil MBE and clinical markers suggests that multiple systems might be involved in the post-CPB inflammatory reaction and organ dysfunction.
Highest core temperature during cardiopulmonary bypass and rate of mediastinitis
Authors: Groom Robert C , Rassias Athos J , Cormack John E , DeFoe Gordon R , DioDato Christian , Krumholz Charles K , Forest Richard J , Pieroni John W , O’Connor Brian , Warren Craig S , Olmstead Elaine M , Ross Cathy S , O’Connor Gerald T ,   Northern New England Cardiovascular Disease Study Group
Published: May 2004

Temperature control during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) may be related to rates of bacterial infection. We assessed the relationship between highest core temperature during CPB and rates of mediastinitis in 6955 consecutive isolated coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) procedures in northern New England. The overall rate of mediastinitis was 1.1%. The association between highest core temperature and mediastinitis was different for diabetics than for nondiabetics. A multivariate model showed that there was a significant interaction between diabetes and temperature in their association with mediastinitis ( p = 0.015). Diabetic patients showed higher rates of mediastinitis as highest core temperature increased, from 0.7% in the ≤37°C group to 3.3% in the ≥38°C group ( ptrend = 0.002). Adjusted rates were similar. Nondiabetic patients did not show this trend ( ptrend = 0.998). Among diabetic patients, a peak core body temperature > 37.9°C during CPB is a significant risk factor for development of mediastinitis. Avoidance of higher temperatures during CPB may lower the risk of mediastinitis for diabetic patients undergoing CABG surgery.
Assimilation of data into an ocean model with systematic errors near the equator
Authors: Bell M. J. , Martin M. J. , Nichols N. K. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractAssimilation of thermal data into an ocean model near the equator often results in a dynamically unbalanced state with unrealistic deep overturning circulations. The way in which these circulations arise from errors in the model or its forcing and the equatorial dynamics is discussed. A scheme is proposed to calculate a state with a better balance by using the observational increments to the model to update slowly evolving bias fields. These bias fields augment the model state and affect the model's pressure gradients. The properties of the augmented shallow‐water equations are examined. When forced by steady incorrect wind stresses, solutions of the augmented equations assimilating full fields of surface height data converge to the correct surface height and vertical velocity fields. © Royal Meteorological Society, 2004. The contributions of M. J. Bell and M. J. Martin are Crown copyright.
The extratropical transition of hurricane Irene (1999): A potential‐vorticity perspective
Authors: Agusti‐panareda A. , Thorncroft C. D. , Craig G. C. , Gray S. L. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractExtratropical transition (ET) of tropical cyclones is common in all ocean basins where tropical cyclones recurve polewards. After the tropical cyclone experiences ET, a rapid deepening can take place resulting in the development of a very large and deep extratropical cyclone. The ET of hurricane Irene (1999) was an example of such an ‘explosive’ ET. Irene formed in the Caribbean and experienced ET as it moved poleward, resulting in a low‐pressure system which deepened 39 hPa in 24 hours (according to the Met Office analyses). The extent to which the hurricane was responsible for the explosive extratropical development has been determined by performing Met Office Unified Model forecasts from initial states with and without the hurricane. The circulation and temperature anomalies associated with the hurricane were removed from the initial state using potential‐vorticity inversion. The moisture anomaly co‐located with the hurricane core was also removed. The results show that an extratropical cyclogenesis event takes place regardless of the presence of the hurricane in the initial conditions. However, the hurricane makes a significant difference to the track and central mean‐sea‐level pressure evolution of the resulting extratropical cyclone. When Irene was present the track of the extratropical cyclone was more zonal and the cyclone deepening rate was twice as fast as when Irene was not present. These effects appear to be particularly associated with a negative potential‐vorticity anomaly and enhanced divergent flow in the region of the upper‐level outflow of the transforming hurricane rather than with the hurricane vortex. Results also show that the presence of the hurricane resulted in a significant downstream surface‐low development in the eastern Atlantic. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society.
Effects of convection on the removal of the multiplicity of stable states in one‐dimensional vertical models
Authors: Pujol Toni 
Published: May 2004

AbstractHere I develop a model of a radiative–convective atmosphere with both radiative and convective schemes highly simplified. The atmospheric absorption of radiation at selective wavelengths makes use of constant mass absorption coefficients in finite width spectral bands. The convective regime is introduced by using a prescribed lapse rate in the troposphere. The main novelty of the radiative–convective model developed here is that it is solved without using any angular approximation for the radiation field. The solution obtained in the purely radiation mode (i.e. with convection ignored) leads to multiple equilibria of stable states, being very similar to some results recently found in simple models of planetary atmospheres. However, the introduction of convective processes removes the multiple equilibria of stable states. This shows the importance of taking convective processes into account even for qualitative analyses of planetary atmospheres. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society.