bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Isolation of thyroid peroxidase and lack of autoantibodies to the enzyme in dogs with autoimmune thyroid disease
Authors: Thacker Eileen L. , Davis John M. , Refsal Kent R. , Bull Robert W. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Fifty serum samples from dogs with clinical signs of hypothyroidism and autoantibodies (aa) to thyroglobulin (Tg), thyroxine, or triiodothyronine were screened for aa to thyroid peroxidase (tpo). Thyroid peroxidase is the antigen against which microsomal aa are formed in human beings with lymphocytic thyroiditis. The tpo was isolated from canine thyroid tissue, using a modification of the procedure for purifying porcine tpo. The enzyme was solubilized from the membrane, using a deoxycholate-trypsin solution, followed by ammonium sulfate precipitation and diethylaminoethyl Sephadex chromatography. Activity of tpo was determined, using an iodide oxidation assay and a guaiacol assay. A monoclonal antibody to canine Tg, coupled to an immunoaffinity column, was used to eliminate the contaminating Tg from the tpo preparation. Using the tpo preparation as an antigen, an elisa was performed on 10 serum samples and immunoblot assays were performed on 50 canine sera. Autoantibodies to tpo were not found in any of the sera. Assays also were performed, using purified porcine and human tpo and evidence of cross-reactivity with canine tpo was not identified. The absence of aa to tpo in dogs suggests a different pathogenesis for autoimmune thyroid disease in dogs than that hypothesized for lymphocytic thyroiditis in human beings.
Immunologic, histologic, and virologic features of herpesvirus-induced stromal keratitis in cats
Authors: Nasisse Mark P. , English Robert V. , Tompkins Mary B. , Guy James S. , Sussman Wendy 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Sequential histologic, immunologic, and virologic features of herpesvirus-induced keratitis were studied in 18 experimentally infected cats. Histologic changes were assessed by use of light microscopy, and the presence of viral antigen, B lymphocytes, and T lymphocytes was verified immunohistochemically. Flow cytometry was used to monitor changes in blood T lymphocytes (CD4 and CD8 homologues) and B lymphocytes. Cellular immunity was assessed by use of the lymphocyte proliferation assay. Development of stromal keratitis was preceded by prolonged absence of corneal epithelium, decreased numbers of circulating lymphocyte subsets, decreased mitogen responses, and acquisition of viral antigen by the corneal stroma. Return to normal of circulating lymphocyte numbers and function was temporally associated with the arrival of neutrophils and B and T lymphocytes in the corneal stroma. Sequelae to stromal inflammation were fibrosis and scarring. Findings suggest that suppression of local immune responses allows virus access to the corneal stroma, and that subsequent keratitis is mediated by an immune response to viral antigen.
Effects of increasing velocity on braking and propulsion times during force plate gait analysis in Greyhounds
Authors: McLaughlin Ron , Roush James K. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The percentage of limb contact time spent in braking and propulsion was determined for the forelimbs and hind limbs of Greyhounds at 2 walk speeds and 3 trot speeds. Limb contact times decreased significantly (P < 0.05) as velocity increased between each velocity range. At a slow walk (0.92 to 1.03 m/s), braking and propulsion were 56.1 and 43.6% of contact time in the forelimbs and 41.6 and 58.1% of contact time in the hind limbs, respectively. At a fast walk (1.06 to 1.17 m/s), braking and propulsion were 56.7 and 43.5% of contact time in the forelimbs and 41.5 and 58.4% of contact time in the hind limbs, respectively. There was no significant difference in the percentage of contact time that the forelimbs and hind limbs spent in braking and propulsion between the 2 walk velocities. At the slow trot (1.5 to 1.8 m/s), braking and propulsion were 56.8 and 43% of contact time in the forelimbs and 30.1 and 67.6% of contact time in the hind limbs, respectively. At the medium trot (2.1 to 2.4 m/s), braking and propulsion were 55.9 and 43.5% of contact time in the forelimbs and 33.8 and 63.2% of contact time in the hind limbs, respectively. At the fast trot (2.7 to 3.0 m/s), braking and propulsion were 57.2 and 43% of contact time in the forelimbs and 37.5 and 61.1% of contact time in the hind limbs, respectively. Braking percentage increased and propulsive percentage decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in the hind limbs between the slow and fast trot speeds. There was no significant difference in the percentage of forelimb contact time spent in braking and propulsion between the walk and the trot gaits or among the 3 trot velocities.
Diethylcarbamazine-induced Dirofilaria immitis larval death, as indicated by immunoglobulin E concentration, in dogs with concurrent Ancylostoma caninum infection
Authors: Yamagata G. Richard , Gershwin Laurel J. , Wong Ming M. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Immunoglobulin E is produced in response to parasitic nematodes that undergo blood and tissue migrations. Results of our previous studies indicated that IgE and IgG respond to Dirofilaria immitis in experimentally infected dogs. To determine the association between treatment with the larvicide, diethyl-carbamazine (dec), and antibody responses and to examine the potential influence of infection with a nonfilarid intestinal nematode on isotype-specific immune responses, we monitored, by use of isotype-specific elisa, separate IgE and IgG responses against D immitis in 4 groups (A-D) of 8 dogs experimentally coinfected with D immitis and Ancylostoma caninum. All dogs were monitored from 2 weeks before inoculation with D immitis, through postinoculation (pi) week 20. Group-B dogs received a daily regimen of 6.6 mg of dec/kg of body weight. Group-C dogs received 4.95 mg of oxibendazole/kg daily. Group-D dogs received dec and oxibendazole, equivalent to the daily doses given to dogs of groups B and C. All dogs given oxibendazole had no A caninum at necropsy. Of the groups receiving dec, 3 group-B dogs each had 1 to 2 D immitis at necropsy. When results of chronologic IgE determination for all groups were statistically compared, only groups B and C had significant (P = 0.0148 and P ≪0.00005, respectively) increases in IgE values. Group-C dogs had the highest IgE values from pi week 10 until the end of the study, whereas IgG values were statistically identical to those of group-A dogs. Group-B dogs given only dec and having the least number of D immitis of all groups, had IgE values that peaked at pi week 6; values were significantly (P = 0.0002) higher than those for all other groups. In Group-B dogs, IgG values increased significantly (P ≪ 0.00005) only at pi week 20 and were significantly (P ≪ 0.00005) decreased after pi week 6, compared with values for all other groups. Group D containing 6 dogs infected with 1 to 18 D immitis found at necropsy had IgE values between those of group-B dogs and those of nondec-treated groups at pi week 6. There was no difference in IgG values between 3 groups at pi week 6, and IgE values were found to be a better correlator than were IgG values to the number of D immitis larvae killed in the tissues during this period. All differences in IgG and IgE values not only correlated with treatment status and number of D immitis adults found at necropsy, but also with the developmental stage of D immitis commonly present in the groups at each time point and the number of adult D immitis found at necropsy.
Development of methods for analyzing plasma lipoprotein concentrations and associated enzyme activities and their use to measure the effects of pregnancy and lactation in cats
Authors: Watson T. D. G. , Butterwick R. F. , McConnell M. , Markwell P. J. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Methods available for measurement of plasma lipoprotein-cholesterol concentrations and activities of lipoprotein lipase, hepatic lipase, lecithinxholesterol acyl transferase (lcat), and cholesteryl ester transfer protein were adapted for use in cats. A combined ultracentrifugation/precipitation procedure was used to isolate very low-density lipoproteins (vldl), then to separate low-density lipoproteins (ldl) from high-density lipoproteins (hdl). The reagent used, 92 mM heparin-manganese chloride, provided complete precipitation of ldl with only trace and insignificant contamination by hdl. Efforts to selectively measure lipoprotein lipase activity in plasma, collected after IV injection of heparin, by inhibiting hepatic lipase with sodium dodecyl sulfate were unsuccessful, and the activity of this enzyme was calculated as the difference between total and hepatic lipase activities. The latter was measured in the presence of high salt concentration to inhibit lipoprotein lipase. Cholesterol esterifying activity was identified in feline plasma and was typical of lcat, in that it was dependent on apolipoprotein A-I as a cofactor. The intra-assay and interassay coefficients of variation for measurement of lipoprotein lipase, hepatic lipase, and lcat activities were 18.4, 4.6, and 7.2%, and 20.4, 10.7, and 5.3%, respectively. Appreciable cholesteryl ester transfer protein activity was not detected in either undiluted or diluted plasma. These methods were subsequently used to investigate the effects of pregnancy and lactation on lipoprotein metabolism in a group of 10 queens. Plasma concentrations of cholesterol and triglycerides were unaltered during pregnancy, but the concentrations of vldl-cholesterol increased and those of hdl-cholesterol decreased. During lactation, the concentrations of cholesterol and triglycerides decreased owing to reductions in vldl-cholesterol and ldl-cholesterol concentrations and continued suppression of hdl-cholesterol. These changes were associated with alterations in the activities of lipoprotein lipase, which increased after parturition, and hepatic lipase, which increased during pregnancy and lactation, that may help explain their metabolic origins. The activity of lcat remained unchanged.
Effects of storage on serum ionized calcium and pH values in clinically normal dogs
Authors: Schenck Patricia A. , Chew Dennis J. , Brooks Charles L. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The stability of ionized calcium (CaI) concentration and pH in sera (n = 14) stored at 23 or 4 C for 6, 9, 12, 24, 48, or 72 hours, or −10 C for 1, 3, 7, 14, or 30 days was evaluated. Also studied were the effects of oxygen exposure, cold handling, and feeding on CaI and pH values. Results indicated that serum CaI concentration was stable throughout 72 hours of storage at 23 or 4 C, and for 7 days at −10 C. Serum CaI concentration significantly (P < 0.05) decreased by 14 days of storage at −10 C. Serum pH was stable for 6 hours at 23 or 4 C, and for 24 hours at −10 C, but significantly (P < 0.05) increased by 9 hours of storage at 23 or 4 C and by 3 days at −10 C. Exposure of the surface of the serum to air immediately before measurement had no effect on CaI or pH values, but mixing serum with air resulted in significantly (P < 0.05) decreased CaI concentration and increased pH. Handling of blood on ice resulted in significantly (P < 0.05) higher serum pH, compared with blood handled at 23 C, but serum CaI concentration was unaffected. Serum obtained at 2 hours after feeding did not have any significant changes in CaI total calcium, or pH values. It appears that if canine serum is obtained, handled, and stored anaerobically, CaI concentration can be accurately measured after 72 hours at 23 or 4 C, or after 7 days at −10 C.
Application of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis for differentiation of vaccine strain RB51 from field isolates of Brucella abortus from cattle, bison, and elk
Authors: Jensen A. E. , Cheville N. F. , Ewalt D. R. , Payeur J. B. , Thoen C. O. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Restriction endonuclease patterns of genomic fragments separated by use of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis were used to differentiate Brucella abortus strain RB51, a rifampin-resistant mutant of the standard virulent strain 2308, from other brucellae. Results were compared with results obtained by use of standard methods for characterizing brucellae. Electrophoretic patterns of the ATCC type strains allowed identification of the strains to the level of species. Genomic profiles of B abortus biovars 1, 2, and 4 were similar, as were those of biovars 5, 6, and 9. The profile of biovar 3 was similar to that of biovars 5, 6, and 9, except for a missing band at 93 kb and additional bands at 65 and 67 kb. A different fingerprint was detected in B abortus strain RB51, using the pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns of genomic dna digested with restrictive endonuclease Xba I. The profile of B abortus strain RB51 contained a band at 104 kb, as opposed to a 109-kb fragment within profiles of B abortus isolates from naturally infected cattle, bison, and elk. Despite known biochemical and biological differences between RB51 and its parent strain (2308), restriction endonuclease analysis results were similar.
Impact of age-related alteration of plasma α1-acid glycoprotein concentration on erythromycin pharmacokinetics in pigs
Authors: Kinoshita Tomohide , Son Deok-Soo , Shimoda Minoru , Kokue Eiichi 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Erythromycin (em) pharmacokinetic variables were studied after IV administration of the drug (10 mg/kg of body weight) to 1-, 6-, and 15-day-old pigs. With advancing age, from 1 day to 15 days after birth, half-life of em became shorter (3.0 hours to 1.4 hour), whereas apparent volume of distribution, total body clearance (CLt), and intrinsic clearance became greater: 0.68 to 3.28 (L/kg), 0.15 to 1.42 (L/h/kg), and 1.81 to 3.56 (L/h/kg), respectively. The percentage of plasma protein binding of em decreased from 91 to 56%, correlating well with volume of distribution and CLt values. The altered binding percentage depended on plasma α1-acid glycoprotein (agp) concentration, but not on albumin concentration. With advancing age, plasma agp concentration was markedly decreased from approximately 6,000 μg/ml to 700 μg/ml. Despite a twofold increase in intrinsic clearance with advancing age, CLt increased ninefold, implying that the decreased protein binding contributed to the increase of CLt more preferentially than did maturational development of elimination capacity. Therefore, the altered protein binding of em attributable to the change in plasma agp concentration could be a major causal factor of the age-related pharmacokinetic variables of em in pigs.
Regulation of respiratory muscle activities during chemoreceptor stimulation in adult horses
Authors: Ainsworth Dorothy M. , Ducharme Normand G. , Hackett Richard P. , Eicker Steven W. , Snedden Kim 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
We examined the electromyographic activity of the costal portion of the diaphragm and the transverse abdominal and external oblique muscles in 6 chronically instrumented awake adult horses during eupneic breathing, during 2 levels of hypercapnia (fractional concentration of inspired CO2; FICO2 = 0.4 and 0.6), and during 2 levels of hypocapnic hypoxia (FICO2 = 0.15 and 0.12). Using the inert gas technique, we also measured the end-expiratory lung volumes of the 6 horses during eupnea, 6% CO2 challenge, and 12% O2 breathing. During eupneic breathing, phasic electrical activity of these 3 muscles was always present and was preceded by the onset of mechanical flow. At progressive levels of hypercapnia, the magnitude of inspiratory and expiratory electrical activity increased, and for the expiratory muscles, this recruitment coincided with significant (P < 0.05) increases in peak expiratory gastric pressure. However, during hypocapnic hypoxia, differential recruitment patterns of the respiratory muscles were found. The electrical activity of the diaphragm increased in magnitude and occurred sooner relative to the onset of mechanical flow. The magnitude and onset of abdominal expiratory activity failed to increase significantly during these episodes of hyperpnea and this pattern of activity coincided with decrements in peak expiratory gastric pressure. Despite alterations in muscle recruitment patterns during these hyperpneic episodes, end-expiratory lung volume remained unchanged. Thus, we conclude that adult horses respond similarly to awake dogs during peripheral and central chemoreceptor stimulation.
Complement component C3b and immunoglobulin Fc receptors on neutrophils from calves with leukocyte adhesion deficiency
Authors: Worku Mulumebet , Paape Max J. , Carlo Andrea Di , Kehrli Marcus E. , Marquardt Warren W. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Receptors for opsonins, such as complement component C3b (CR1) and immunoglobulins, Fc receptors, interact with adhesion glycoproteins in mediating immune functions. Defects in expression of the adhesion glycoproteins CD11/CD18 results in severely hampered in vitro and in vivo adherence- related functions of leukocytes. Little is known regarding the effect of leukocyte adhesion deficiency (lad) on ligand binding and receptor expression.
We investigated the binding and expression of CR1 and Fc receptors by bovine neutrophils isolated from dairy calves suffering from lad, compared with clinically normal (hereafter referred to as normal) age-matched calves. Neutrophils were also assayed for endogenously bound IgG and IgM and for exogenous binding of C3b, IgG1, IgG2, IgM, and aggregated IgG (aIgG), using flow cytometry. Luminol-enhanced chemiluminescence (cl) production in response to IgG2 opsonized zymosan was studied, and specific inhibition of cl was used to determine the specificity of IgG2 binding. Activation of protein kinase C with phorbol myristate acetate was used to determine the effect of cellular activation on expression of CR1.
A greater percentage of neutrophils from normal calves bound C3b than did neutrophils from lad- affected calves. Receptor expression was similar. Activation with phorbol myristate acetate resulted in increased expression of CR1 on neutrophils from normal and lad-affected calves, but expression was almost twofold greater on neutrophils from normal calves. There was no difference between lad-affected and normal calves in percentage of neutrophils that bound endogenous IgG and IgM. A greater percentage of neutrophils from normal calves bound exogenous IgM than did neutrophils from lad-affected calves. Receptor expression for aIgG was greater on neutrophils from lad-affected calves than on those from normal calves. Luminol-enhanced cl of neutrophils in response to IgG2 opsonized zymosan was not different between lad-affected and normal calves.
Results indicate increased binding and expression of Fc receptors for aIgG and decreased binding and expression for C3b and IgM on neutrophils from calves with lad. Leukocyte adhesion deficiency may be compounded by added defects in the expression and binding of receptors for opsonins, such as C3b and IgM.
Efficacy of lufenuron against developmental stages of fleas (Ctenocephalides felis felis) in dogs housed in simulated home environments
Authors: Blagbum Byron L. , Hendrix Charles M. , Vaughan Joy L. , Lindsay David S. , Barnett Sharron H. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Twenty-four, adult, female Beagles were arranged by body weight from greatest to least and allocated to 2 groups of 12 dogs, using random numbers. Dogs were housed collectively in 2 adjacent metal buildings, each divided into 4 rooms measuring 2.1 × 3.7 m. Each room was paneled and carpeted and had an access door to the outside with a connecting run that measured 2.1 × 9.1 m. Each run had a surface consisting of 5 cm of pea gravel overlaying 5 cm of sand, and was partially covered by an awning that provided shade at its proximal end. For placement in room/run units, dogs in each of the treated and control groups were allotted to 4 subgroups of 3 dogs each. Each subgroup of dogs was placed in a separate room/run unit. Units containing treatment or control subgroups were alternated to avoid placing identically treated subgroups adjacent to each other. Dogs of subgroups A, C, E, and G were treated with lufenuron monthly at a minimal target dosage of 10 mg/kg of body weight; those of subgroups B, D, F, and H were treated with excipient tablets. Dogs were treated on study days 7, 37, 68, and 98. Each dog was infested with 100 newly emerged, unfed, insectary-reared, adult Ctenocephalides felts on each of study days 0 and 2. Thereafter, infestations on all dogs were dependent on continued development of fleas either in the indoor or outdoor environment. Numbers of fleas on each of the treated and control dogs were determined, using a nondestructive counting technique on days 6, 14, 21, 28, 35, 56, 70, 84, 98, 112, and 119. On study day 21 and on each collection day thereafter, numbers of adult fleas recovered from treated dogs were significantly (P < 0.05) fewer than those recovered from control dogs. Proportion reduction of fleas on treated vs control dogs exceeded 90% by study day 35 and 95% by study day 56. Efficacies exceeded 95% on all remaining study days except days 98 (94.4%) and 119 (90%). Results of this study indicate that control of flea populations can be achieved in treated dogs approximately 4 to 5 weeks after initial treatment with lufenuron, and that continued monthly treatments will maintain effective control of flea infestations. Adverse reactions or side effects to treatment with lufenuron were not observed in dogs after treatment at any time throughout the study.
Articular chondrocalcinosis of the humeral head in Greyhounds
Authors: Woodard J. Carroll , Riser Wayne H. , Morrone Augusto A. , Khan Saeed R. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Of 143 Greyhounds necropsied consecutively, 6 (4%) had chondrocalcinosis of the scapulohumeral joint; lesions were identified in 6 additional dogs. Lesions were seen exclusively in the humeral head, mainly in the plateau region. The lesions in the dogs of the initial group were unilateral, but 2 of the 6 additional dogs had bilateral lesions. Focal mineralization of articular cartilage appeared as a white raised nidus, sometimes surrounded by a translucent halo in the opaque cartilage. Circular, small translucent cartilage foci, with or without beginning mineralization, were adjacent to definitive chondrocalcinosis lesions. Chondrocyte necrosis and matrix degradation were considered to antedate appearance of matrical mineral granules; mineralization of the cartilage was considered a secondary process, but not necessarily an epiphenomenon. Scanning electron microscopy indicated that the chondrocalcinosis lesion was composed of deposits of irregularly fused stone material that, in scanning and transmission electron micrographs, was composed of irregular spheroids, 0.05 to 0.5 μm in diameter. The spheroids contained poorly formed needle-like crystals of apatite. Sparse transformation of the mineral phase into hydroxyapatite was considered to be attributable to a biological mechanism that inhibited phase transition. Cartilage degeneration and chondrocalcinosis of the plateau region of the humeral head appear to be unique lesions that develop in young Greyhounds. It is possible that these lesions are the result of the biomechanical stress of training and racing.