bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interactions among memory‐related centers in the brain
Authors: Shu Si Yun , Wu Yong Ming , Bao Xin Min , Leonard Brian 
Published: February 2003

AbstractThe structures associated with learning and memory have been widely studied for over 100 years. The idea of the famous neuropsychologist K.S. Lashley, that learning and memory are stored diffusely in the brain, dominated neuroscience in the early half of Twentieth Century. Since Scoville reported in 1957 a persistent impairment of recent memory caused by bilateral medial temporal lobe resection in a patient, the concept that different brain structures play different roles in learning and memory has been established, but the structures were thought to work separately. The connections and functional influences between hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, thalamus and hippocampus, prefrontal cortex and thalamus, amygdala and hippocampus, basal nucleus of Meynert and medial temporal lobe system, and amygdala and thalamus were successively reported. The marginal division (MrD) is a pan‐shaped structure consisting of spindle‐shaped neurons at the caudal margin of the neostriatum in the mammalian brain. The MrD has been shown to contribute to associative learning and declarative memory by behavioral study in rats and by functional magnetic resonance image study in humans. Lesions in the MrD influenced the learning and memory function of the basal nucleus of Meynert and attenuated hippocampal long‐term potentiation. The MrD is likely, based on its position, advanced development in higher mammalian brains, abundant and swift blood supply, and complex connections, to be an important subcortical memory center in the brain. The above‐mentioned studies demonstrated that memory‐related centers could influence each other and play different roles. Therefore, we propose that there are very possibly hierachical memory centers in the brain. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Wirbelstromprüfung auf interkristalline Korrosion
Authors: Mook G. , Göllner J. , Köser O. , Mook B. , Schultze S. 
Published: February 2003

AbstractDer Beitrag untersucht die Eignung des Wirbelstromverfahrens zum Nachweis interkristalliner Korrosion in Nickelbasislegierungen. Nach einer kurzen Einführung in den Schädigungsprozess und seine Folgen werden Modellberechungen zur Wirbelstromausbreitung vorgestellt. Die anschließenden experimentellen Untersuchungen bestätigen die Eignung des Wirbelstromverfahrens zum Schädigungsnachweis und liefern Anhaltspunkte für quantitative Aussagen.
Corrosion Control by water‐soluble extracts from leaves of economic plants
Authors: Rehan H. H. 
Published: February 2003

AbstractWater extracts from leaves of date palm, phoenix dactylifera, henna, Lawsonia inermis, and corn, Zea mays, were tested as corrosion inhibitors for steel, aluminum, copper and brass in acid chloride and sodium hydroxide solutions using weight loss, solution analysis and potential measurements. The inhibition action was found to critically depend on metal type and solution composition. Only, date palm and henna extracts were found highly effective in reducing corrosion rate of steel in acid chloride solutions and aluminum in sodium hydroxide solutions. The inhibition efficiency increased with increasing the concentration of the extract. The inhibition was interpreted in terms of chemisorption of some active ingredients in the leaves according to Temkin isotherm.
Treatment of Parkinson's disease in Spain
Authors: Grandas Francisco , Kulisevsky Jaime 
Published: February 2003

AbstractTo assess the patterns of drug use in Parkinson's disease in Spain, information about the clinical characteristics and current treatment of 1,803 parkinsonian patients was obtained from a nationwide survey, involving 241 physicians with practice based on the different assistance levels of the Spanish National Healthcare System. Approximately 90% of the patients were treated with levodopa, regardless of the characteristics of their physicians, but the use of the other available antiparkinsonian treatments was highly influenced by the medical specialty and interest in movement disorders of the prescribing doctors. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society
Movement‐related cortical potentials before jaw excursions in oromandibular dystonia
Authors: Yoshida Kazuya , Kaji Ryuji , Kohara Nobuo , Murase Nagako , Ikeda Akio , Shibasaki Hiroshi , Iizuka Tadahiko 
Published: February 2003

AbstractOromandibular dystonia is a neurological disorder characterized by involuntary contraction of masticatory and/or tongue muscles. Cortical negative shifts preceding voluntary movements called “movement‐related cortical potentials” (MRCPs) reflect a central motor control process. Reduced amplitude of MRCPs has been reported in other types of dystonia. To elucidate whether the abnormality is observed also in oromandibular dystonia, we compared MRCPs associated with mandibular movements in 6 patients with this condition and in 8 normal subjects. Electroencephalograms (EEGs) were recorded from 11 electrodes, and electromyograms (EMGs) were recorded from the masseter muscle and the suprahyoid muscles. The subjects were asked to repeat mouth opening, closing, and left and right lateral mandibular excursions. MRCPs were obtained by averaging the EEG using the EMG onset as the trigger signal. In the patient group, MRCP amplitudes over central and parietal areas for mouth opening and lateral movements were significantly reduced compared to normal subjects. In normal controls, the MRCPs at mouth opening and closing were symmetrically distributed, whereas those at lateral movements showed predominance over the hemisphere ipsilateral to the direction of the movement. This laterality was lost in the patient group. These results suggest impaired cortical preparatory process for jaw movements in oromandibular dystonia. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society
Community‐based data on associations of disease duration and age with severity of essential tremor: Implications for disease pathophysiology
Authors: Louis Elan D. , Jurewicz Eva C. , Watner Dryden 
Published: February 2003

AbstractThe pathophysiology of essential tremor (ET) is not well understood, although the tremor often worsens over time. Several processes could contribute, including the inherent worsening of the underlying disease with increasing disease duration and the effects of aging on the nervous system. Our objective was to examine the associations of disease duration and age with tremor severity in ET. Cases were ascertained from a community‐based study of ET in northern Manhattan, New York. A neurologist rated tremor severity using a clinical rating scale and assigned a total tremor score (0–36 [maximum]). Analyses were repeated in a sample of cases from a tertiary referral center, the Neurological Institute of New York. There were 55 cases from the community‐based study (mean age, 72.1 years, mean disease duration, 13.2 years). Disease duration was associated with the total tremor score (r = 0.30; P = 0.02). Age was associated with the total tremor score (r = 0.30; P = 0.025). In a linear regression analysis the dependent variable was the total tremor score and independent variables were disease duration, age gender. Duration (β = 0.11; P = 0.02) and age (β = 0.10; P = 0.02) were independently associated with the total tremor score. Results were similar in 79 ET cases from the Neurological Institute. Disease duration and age were independently associated with tremor severity in ET. This suggests that the reported increase in tremor severity may be related to the inherent worsening of the disease with increasing duration that this is independent of age and age‐related processes like neuronal attrition and change in tremor frequency. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society
Limb‐kinetic apraxia in corticobasal degeneration: Clinical and kinematic features
Authors: Leiguarda Ramón C. , Merello Marcelo , Nouzeilles María Inés , Balej Jorge , Rivero Alberto , Nogués Martín 
Published: February 2003

AbstractCurrent concepts regarding the organisation of the motor system indicate the existence of a frontoparietal circuit involved in prehension and manipulation, whose damage may result in a motor behavioural disorder strongly resembling the one originally described as limb‐kinetic apraxia. To determine the specific clinical and kinematic features of this distinctive praxic disorder, 5 patients with corticobasal degeneration (apraxic group), 5 with Parkinson's disease (nonapraxic group), and 10 control subjects were studied by a comprehensive apraxic battery, three‐dimensional motion analysis of manipulative movements and motor evoked potentials. A mathematical model [quality of movement coefficient (QMC)] was applied to quantify differential kinematic characteristics between elementary motor deficits and the praxic disorder. Transcranial magnetic stimulation was used to evaluate corticomotoneural projections and cortical inhibition. All five patients in the apraxic group exhibited a unilateral praxic deficit characterised by derangement of fractionated and segmental finger movements. QMC was significantly greater in apraxic than in nonapraxic patients (P< 0.02), revealing a chaotic movement with marked interfinger uncoordination. Conventional transcranial magnetic stimulation parameters were within normal limits in both groups of patients; however, the silent period was significantly shorter in the apraxic limb when compared with control subjects (P< 0.001). Limb‐kinetic apraxia is a distinctive disorder affecting the performance of finger and hand postures and movements over and above a corticospinal or basal ganglion deficit. Disruption of the frontoparietal circuit devoted to grasping and manipulation, together with defective cortical inhibition, which would also interfere with the selection and control of hand muscle activity, are the most likely underlying physiopathological mechanisms of limb‐kinetic apraxia in patients with corticobasal degeneration.
Parkinsonism as a manifestation of multiple sclerosis
Authors: Folgar Silvia , Gatto Emilia Mabel , Raina Gabriela , Micheli Federico 
Published: February 2003

AbstractWe describe a 48‐year‐old patient, with a diagnosis of relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis, who presented to our service with a parkinsonian syndrome that markedly improved after corticosteroid treatment. To the best of our knowledge, only 12 cases of parkinsonism have been reported from 1970 to the present, of which only 8 seemed secondary to MS, i.e., those presenting conclusive imaging evidence or unequivocal response to corticosteroids. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society
Involuntary sterilization of persons with mental retardation: An ethical analysis
Authors: Diekema Douglas S. 
Published: February 2003

AbstractLegitimate concerns on the part of parents and guardians may lead to requests for sterilization of a mentally retarded person in their care. At the same time, mentally retarded persons must be protected from actions that do not serve their best interests. This paper will review the history of involuntary sterilization in the United States and evaluate the ethical arguments that are relevant to decisions about involuntary sterilization. While other, less permanent forms of contraception might be acceptable, involuntary sterilization ought not be performed on mentally retarded persons who retain the capacity for reproductive decision‐making, the ability to raise a child, or the capacity to provide valid consent to marriage. Mentally retarded persons who lack capacity in those three areas should be considered for involuntary sterilization only when the procedure is necessary, sterilization would serve the best interests of the mentally retarded person, less intrusive and temporary methods of contraception or control of menstruation are not acceptable alternatives, and procedural safeguards have been implemented to assure a fair decision‐making process. MRDD Research Reviews 2003;9:21–26. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Perinatal substance abuse and human subjects research: Are privacy protections adequate?
Authors: Marshall Mary Faith , Menikoff Jerry , Paltrow Lynn M. 
Published: February 2003

AbstractPrivacy incursions in the clinical care of substance abusing pregnant women have gained lay and professional attention recently as the result of a high‐profile Supreme Court finding inFerguson vs City of Charleston et al.In March, 2001 the Supreme Court determined that nonconsensual drug screening of pregnant women by clinicians in a public hospital violated the women's Fourth Amendment rights to be secure against unreasonable search and seizure. Coercive or punitive policy approaches to perinatal substance abuse are often based on mistaken assumptions about the nature of addiction and the outcomes of punitive interventions. Much attention has been given to efforts to criminalize pregnancy for drug using women, and civil laws are also coming under increasing scrutiny. Although no state has passed a law criminalizing pregnancy and drug use, an estimated 250 women in more than 30 states have been prosecuted around the country on theories of “fetal abuse.” A growing number of states (eighteen to date) have amended their civil child welfare laws to address specifically the subject of a woman's drug use during pregnancy. No one has examined how these laws and social policies could affect research that includes pregnant and parenting women; women (and their families) who stand to lose a great deal should their drug use be brought to the attention of child welfare or criminal justice authorities. We examine the adequacy of current protective mechanisms, such as federal certificates of confidentiality, in protecting research subjects (and investigators) who may be subject to punitive civil or criminal sanctions. We determine that current protective mechanisms may be insufficient to protect research subjects and that investigators and IRB members are often ignorant of the risks imposed by punitive policy approaches to perinatal substance abuse or fall prey to the same mistaken assumptions that inform punitive policies. We conclude that investigators and IRB members have a moral responsibility to understand local, state and national policies and laws governing perinatal substance abuse. Investigators and IRB members should balance the harms of punitive interventions against the protections that may, or may not be afforded to prospective research subjects as well as the prospective benefits, individual and social, of the research. In situations where criminal or punitive policies are in effect, investigators and IRB members should consider whether adequate protections can be achieved. In the context of inadequate protections, potential risks to prospective research subjects and their families may outweigh the individual or social benefits that accrue from the research. Clinical researchers are professionally obligated to work toward amending laws and policies that are not in the best interests of prospective research subjects. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. MRDD Research Reviews 2003;9:54–59.
Nonrobustness of the normal approximation of lead‐time demand in a (Q, R) system
Authors: Lau Hon‐Shiang , Lau Amy Hing‐Ling 
Published: February 2003

AbstractFor computing an optimal (Q, R) or kindred inventory policy, the current literature provides mixed signals on whether or when it is safe to approximate a nonnormal lead‐time‐demand (“LTD”) distribution by a normal distribution. The first part of this paper examines this literature critically to justify why the issue warrants further investigations, while the second part presents reliable evidence showing that the system‐cost penalty for using the normal approximation can be quite serious even when the LTD‐distribution's coefficient of variation is quite low—contrary to the prevalent view of the literature. We also identify situations that will most likely lead to large system‐cost penalty. Our results indicate that, given today's technology, it is worthwhile to estimate an LTD‐distribution's shape more accurately and to compute optimal inventory policies using statistical distributions that more accurately reflect the LTD‐distributions' actual shapes. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2003
Capacity expansion with lead times and autocorrelated random demand
Authors: Ryan Sarah M. 
Published: February 2003

AbstractThe combination of uncertain demand and lead times for installing capacity creates the risk of shortage during the lead time, which may have serious consequences for a service provider. This paper analyzes a model of capacity expansion with autocorrelated random demand and a fixed lead time for adding capacity. To provide a specified level of service, a discrete time expansion timing policy uses a forecast error‐adjusted minimum threshold level of excess capacity position to trigger an expansion. Under this timing policy, the expansion cost can be minimized by solving a deterministic dynamic program. We study the effects of demand characteristics and the lead time length on the capacity threshold. Autocorrelation acts similarly to randomness in hastening expansions but has a smaller impact, especially when lead times are short. However, the failure either to recognize autocorrelation or to accurately estimate its extent can cause substantial policy errors. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2003
Investment in production resource flexibility: An empirical investigation of methods for planning under uncertainty
Authors: Katok Elena , Tarantino William , Harrison Terry P. 
Published: February 2003

AbstractWe examine several methods for evaluating resource acquisition decisions under uncertainty. Traditional methods may underestimate equipment benefit when part of this benefit comes from decision flexibility. We develop a new, practical method for resource planning under uncertainty, and show that this approach is more accurate than several commonly used methods. We successfully applied our approach to an investment problem faced by a major firm in the aviation information industry. Our recommendations were accepted and resulted in estimated annual savings in excess of $1 million (US). © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2003
High‐performance cultures: How values can drive business results
Authors: Rosenthal Jeff , Masarech Mary Ann 
Published: February 2003

AbstractAttention to both a values‐driven culture and business performance is the key to many firms'
success, even in a very challenging economic climate. For some organizations—Computer Associates, the
Charles Schwab Corporation, Xilinx, the Corporate Banking Group of Allied Irish Banks, the IT Department of Royal
Caribbean Cruises Ltd., and BlessingWhite—that blend has produced measurable, positive results.
© 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Marriott makes the business case for an innovative total rewards strategy
Authors: Fischer Karl , Gross Steven E. , Friedman Helen M. 
Published: February 2003

AbstractUsing a massive, five‐year database of its own employment history, Marriott found that the cost of
certain rewards was offset by lower turnover. And so it took a comprehensive look at its entire rewards program to
align compensation and benefits with its associates' needs; improve attraction and retention;
enhance productivity; and increase its return on the billions of dollars it invests annually in people. It
did this while demonstrating the bottom‐line impact of the resultant strategy. © 2003 Wiley
Periodicals, Inc.
Work and the human spirit flourish together at the Sommer Barnard Ackerson law firm
Authors: Coxey Clare D. 
Published: February 2003

AbstractA law firm determined to practice quality life for its partners, associates, and support staff along with
quality law for its clients has, step by step, worked to achieve a sophisticated model of service leadership. It
has also, in the process, grown its own size and profitability and achieved low staff turnover and high staff
commitment. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ensuring optimal success with Six Sigma implementations
Authors: Byrne George 
Published: February 2003

AbstractTo ensure the success of a Six Sigma process improvement effort, there are five critical steps to take: The
company's top leaders must champion the undertaking. Six Sigma Knowledge and work practices must cascade down
the organization. The active support and engagement of all business process owners in Six Sigma project
implementation down the line must be enlisted. Black Belts must be selected on the basis of competencies necessary
for the job. Black Belt training must address the needs of the individuals as well as the requirements of the job.
© 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The ten principles of collaborative organizations
Authors: Beyerlein Michael M. , Freedman Sue , McGee Craig , Moran Linda 
Published: February 2003

AbstractTeams and projects form and re‐form today at record speed, and competitive pressures require
collaboration across teams, levels, projects, functions and organizational boundaries—including the need
for collaboration with customers, vendors, business partners, and governmental and other nonprofit agencies.
But no matter where the collaborations take place, they can succeed best by following some basic principles of
joint human endeavor. It is critical to know the importance of each, and how to determine when each is or is
not working. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Field relevance of a synergistic effect observed in the laboratory between an EBI fungicide and a chloronicotinyl insecticide in the honeybee (Apis mellifera L, Hymenoptera)
Authors: Schmuck Richard , Stadler Teodoro , Schmidt Hans‐Werner 
Published: February 2003

AbstractIt had been found earlier that the chloronicotinyl insecticide thiacloprid (as the 480 g litre−1 SC Calypso®) poses a favourably low toxicity hazard to the honeybee, Apis mellifera L. As with pyrethroids, the metabolization of chloronicotinyl compounds involves monooxygenases, which are known to be inhibited by some ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitor (EBI) fungicides potentially co‐applied with these insecticides. The potential synergistic enhancement of the toxicity of thiacloprid to honeybees when co‐applied with such fungicides was therefore studied under laboratory and semi‐field conditions. Fungicides of other chemical classes were also examined for synergistic potential to reveal other metabolic interactions. In the laboratory, only a slight synergistic effect was observed with the anilinopyrimidine fungicide examined, while a significant enhancement of thiacloprid toxicity to honeybees was found with EBI fungicides. In three tunnel tests conducted under different environmental conditions to simulate field exposure, no increased mortality was observed when honeybees were directly sprayed with thiacloprid (Calypso) alone or in combination with the EBI fungicide tebuconazole (250 g litre−1 EW, Folicur®). There was also no synergized reduction in the foraging intensity on the treated crop. In general, the foraging intensity decreased after thiacloprid treatment but was restored within 24–48 h. The hive vitality was not affected by either thiacloprid or its tank mix with tebuconazole. Our results suggest that, at the recommended use rates, thiacloprid poses a negligible lethal risk to honeybees when applied either alone or in tank mixes with fungicides of various chemical classes.© 2003 Society of Chemical Industry