bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Feulgen reaction study of novel threadlike structures (Bonghan ducts) on the surfaces of mammalian organs
Authors: Shin Hak‐Soo , Johng Hyeon‐Min , Lee Byung‐Cheon , Cho Sung‐Il , Soh Kyung‐Soon , Baik Ku‐Youn , Yoo Jung‐Sun , Soh Kwang‐Sup 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThreadlike structures on the surfaces of internal organs, which are thought to be part of the Bonghan duct system, were first reported about 40 years ago, but have been largely ignored since then. Recently, they were rediscovered, and in this study we discuss the Feulgen reaction that specifically stains DNA in order to identify these structures on the surface of rabbit livers as part of the Bonghan system. The distribution, shapes, and sizes of their nuclei are found to be similar to those of intravascular threadlike structures. The endothelial nuclei are rod‐shaped, 10–20 μm long, and aligned in a broken‐line striped fashion. The threadlike structure consists of a bundle of several subducts, which is a characteristic feature of Bonghan ducts and distinguishes them morphologically from lymphatic vessels. In addition, the Feulgen reaction clearly demonstrates that the subducts pass through a corpuscle, which is usually irregular or oval‐shaped and is connected to two or several threadlike structures that form a web on the surfaces of organs. Furthermore, spherical granules of about 1 μm in diameter are detected in the subducts. These granules were well stained by using the Feulgen reaction, which implies that they contain DNA. According to previous reports, a granule is a type of microcell and plays an essential role in the physiology and therapeutic effect of the Bonghan system and acupuncture. This role has yet to be elucidated. Anat Rec (Part B: New Anat) 284B:35–40, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of computer‐assisted instruction in histology: Effect of interaction on learning outcome
Authors: Lei Lih‐Wei , Winn William , Scott Craig , Farr Andrew 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to determine better strategies for the design and use of computer‐assisted instruction (CAI) in health science subjects that require visual learning. Evaluation of current use of CAI was focused on three CD‐based modules developed to teach histological images to beginning medical students at multiple sites. For internal control, students' learning outcomes and perceived effectiveness were analyzed with their demographic characteristics, computer attitude, computer experience, and learning behaviors being considered. Results indicated that students who used at least two different CAI programs scored significantly higher on the final examination than those who used only the CAI tool designed by their site's instructor. Further investigation indicated that students might have benefited from the interactive features of a specific CAI tool. Such scaffolds could have successfully supported encoding processes while students were restructuring their mental models. In addition, students perceived the CAI programs to be more effective when the tools were fully integrated into the curriculum. Perceived module effectiveness was significantly correlated with examination performance, suggesting a well‐designed and appropriately used CAI tool may help students achieve not only learning efficiency, but also better learning outcome. Anat Rec (Part B: New Anat) 284B:28–34, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Provision of anatomical teaching in a new British medical school: Getting the right mix
Authors: Evans Darrell J.R. , Watt Diana J. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractIn response to a government report, which recommended a substantial increase in the number of medical students in the United Kingdom by 2005, several new medical schools have been set up throughout the country. One such school, the Brighton and Sussex Medical School (BSMS), recently opened its doors to new students. BSMS offers a 5‐year medical curriculum that uses an integrated systems‐based approach to cultivate academic knowledge and clinical experience. Anatomy is one of the core elements of the program and, as such, features strongly within the modular curriculum. The challenge for the anatomy faculty has been to decide how best to integrate anatomy into the new curriculum and what teaching modalities should be used. A multidisciplinary approach has been taken using both traditional and contemporary teaching methods. Unlike most of the other new medical schools, BSMS uses cadaveric dissection as the cornerstone of its teaching, as the faculty believes that dissection still provides the most powerful technique for demonstrating anatomy as well as enhancing communication and teamwork skills. The dissection experience is handled using an understanding and professional way. However, to ensure that our students do not become detached from the process of patient‐focused care, emphasis in the dissecting room environment is also placed on respect and compassion. To enhance conceptual understanding of structure and function and provide further clinical relevance, we are using imaging technology to demonstrate living anatomy. Unique to the BSMS curriculum is the teaching of the anatomy in the later years of the program. During specialist rotations, students will return to the dissecting room to study the anatomy relevant to that area. Such vertical integration ensures that core anatomical knowledge is gained at the most appropriate level relative to a student's clinical experience. Anat Rec (Part B: New Anat) 284B:22–27, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effective Size of Populations under Partial Inbreeding and Selection on a Set of Linked Additive Genes
Authors: Nomura T. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe prediction theory of effective population size (N e ) is extended to cover selection on a set of linked additive genes and partial inbreeding (partial selfing or partial full‐sib mating). N e under selection is generally expressed as a function of the cumulative change in frequency of a neutral gene due to the random association between the neutral and selected genes generated by finite sampling. In this study, the association under partial selfing was classified into two types, the association between the neutral and selected genes on the same gamete, and the association between the neutral and selected genes each on the different gametes in the same parent. For partial full‐sib mating, an additional association, i.e., the association between the neutral and selected genes each in the different parents in the same family, was included in the model. According to this classification of the association, the coefficient accounting for the cumulative change in frequency of the neutral gene was partitioned into two or three components. A method for computing the partitioned coefficients was obtained from the transition matrix approach, in which the joint effect of linkage, selection and partial inbreeding was taken into account. To assess the joint effects of linkage, selection and partial inbreeding on N e , numerical computations with the obtained expressions were carried out. The effect of linkage on N e was generally small, except for an extremely small genome size, while the partial inbreeding resulted in a drastic reduction in N e . For a given genome size, N e was essentially independent of the length and number of chromosomes. Some of these results were verified by stochastic simulations. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Amino acid architecture and the distribution of polar atoms on the surfaces of proteins
Authors: Shanahan H. P. , Thornton J. M. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractWe propose that a necessary condition for a protein to be soluble is the absence of large hydrophobic patches on its solvent‐accessible surface, which can cause aggregation to occur. We note that the polar nature of the backbone of all amino acids guarantees a minimum polar content and hence can interrupt such patches. As a result, a carefully conserved detailed atomic placement of residues on the protein surface is not necessary for solubility. In order to demonstrate this, we construct a measure based on the average hydrophobicity of a simply defined patch. We use this measurement to compare surfaces that exhibit a clear difference in their solubility properties, namely, a) the solvent accessible surfaces for a set of homo‐dimers and the surfaces buried in their interfaces and b) for a set of monomers the surfaces of fragments of secondary structure which are solvent accessible/inaccessible. Having demonstrated a difference in the first set of distributions, we characterize the solvent accessible surfaces of monomeric proteins. To test if cooperative behavior occurs between the atoms for these surfaces, we construct a set of randomized surfaces, which obey a very simple stereochemical constraint. We find that the observed and randomized distributions are much more similar than the previous sets we examined. This implies that while surfaces of soluble proteins must have sufficient polar content, the relative placement of atoms of one amino acid with respect to the atoms of neighboring amino acid need not be finely tuned, which provides an innate robustness for protein design and folding. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 78: 318–328, 2005This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Study of tumor cell invasion by Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy
Authors: Yang Ying , Sulé‐Suso Josep , Sockalingum Ganesh D. , Kegelaer Gregory , Manfait Michel , El Haj Alicia J 
Published: May 2005

AbstractLung cancer is usually fatal once it becomes metastatic. However, in order to develop metastases, a tumor usually invades the basal membrane and enters the vascular or lymphatic system. In this study, a three‐dimensional artificial membrane using collagen type I, one of the main components of basal membranes, was established in order to investigate tumor cell invasion. Lung cancer cell line CALU‐1 was seeded on this artificial membrane and cell invasion was studied using the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) imaging technique. This approach allowed identification of tumor cells invading the collagen type I membrane by means of their infrared spectra and images. The mapping images obtained with FTIR microspectroscopy were validated with standard histological section analysis. The FTIR image produced using a single wavenumber at 1080 cm−1, corresponding to PO groups in DNA from cells, correlated well with the histological section, which clearly revealed a cell layer and invading cells within the membrane. Furthermore, the peaks corresponding to amide A, I, and II in the spectra of the invading cells shifted compared to the noninvading cells, which may relate to the changes in conformation and/or heterogeneity in the phenotype of the cells. The data presented in this study demonstrate that FTIR microspectroscopy can be a fast and reliable technique to assess tumor invasion in vitro. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 78: 311–317, 2005This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Comparison of cytocompatibility of zein film with other biomaterials and its degradability in vitro
Authors: Sun Qing‐Shen , Dong Jian , Lin Zhi‐Xin , Yang Bin , Wang Jin‐Ye 
Published: May 2005

AbstractCytocompatibility of particle zein (Pzein) and film zein (Fzein) was evaluated and compared with polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), its copolymer poly(hydroxybutyrate‐co‐hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV), polylactic acid (PLA), and collagen, using HL‐7702 cells, in terms of cell attachment rate within 3 h, and cell viabilities at 3 and 6 days determined by the 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) method. The zein degradation test was carried out using collagenase and trypsin, and the degradation product was added to the culture medium at different concentrations in order to examine the concentration‐dependent cytotoxic effect. Result: The adhesion rate of the HL‐7702 cells on both Pzein and Fzein was higher than that on collagen film. Cell viabilities were higher on both Pzein and Fzein than on films of PLA, PHB, PHBV, and collagen from fish skin. Zein can be degraded by both trypsin and collagenase, and the degradation product can enhance cell viability within a certain range of concentrations. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 78: 268–274, 2005
Randomized double-blind trial of laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication versus anterior partial fundoplication
Authors: Baigrie R J , Cullis S N R , Ndhluni A J , Cariem A 
Published: May 2005

Abstract

Background
This double-blind, randomized study compared outcomes of laparoscopic Nissen total fundoplication and anterior partial fundoplication carried out by a single surgeon in a private practice.

Methods
All patients with proven gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, regardless of motility, presenting for laparoscopic antireflux surgery were randomized to either Nissen total or anterior partial fundoplication. Primary outcome measures were dysphagia and abolition of reflux. Secondary outcome measures were Visick scores, bloating, patient satisfaction and reoperation rate.

Results
Complete follow-up was available for 161 (98·8 per cent) of 163 patients (84 Nissen, 79 anterior). There were no differences in mean heartburn scores between groups. Recurrent reflux was observed in ten patients after anterior fundoplication, but none after the Nissen procedure. Dysphagia scores for both liquids and solids were lower after anterior fundoplication. Four patients had persistent troublesome dysphagia after Nissen fundoplication compared with none after anterior fundoplication. There were no differences between groups in postoperative bloating. The overall reoperation rate at 2 years was 7 per cent, all achieved laparoscopically.

Conclusion
Nissen fundoplication cured reflux in all patients up to 2 years, but 5 per cent required revisional surgery. Recurrent reflux was more common after anterior fundoplication, but dysphagia was rare. Patient satisfaction was excellent in both groups. Revisional laparoscopic surgery was safe and usually successful.
Contribution of the pudendal nerve to sensation of the distal rectum
Authors: Chan C L H , Ponsford S , Scott S M , Swash M , Lunniss P J 
Published: May 2005

Abstract

Background
Anal and rectal sensory mechanisms and pudendal nerve function are important in the control of faecal continence. The contribution of the pudendal nerve to sensation of the distal rectum was investigated.

Methods
Heat thresholds in the anal canal, distal and mid rectum were measured using a specially designed thermoprobe. Rectal sensory threshold volumes were measured using the balloon distension method. Needle electrodes were inserted into the external anal sphincter. Pudendal nerve block was performed through a perineal approach, and completeness assessed by loss of electromyographic activity. Heat and rectal volume thresholds were measured again following unilateral and bilateral pudendal nerve block.

Results
The technique was successful in four of six volunteers. Bilateral pudendal nerve block produced complete anaesthesia to heat in the anal canal (P = 0·029), but had no effect on heat thresholds in the distal or mid rectum. Rectal sensory threshold volumes were also unaffected by pudendal nerve anaesthesia.

Conclusion
Anal canal sensation is subserved by the pudendal nerve, but this nerve is not essential to nociceptive sensory mechanisms in the distal or mid rectum. The transition between visceral control mechanisms in the lower rectum and somatic mechanisms in the anal canal may have functional importance in the initiation of defaecation and the maintenance of continence.
Chronic total occlusions in the superficial femoral artery: A novel strategy using a 1.5 mm J‐tip hydrophilic guidewire with an over‐the‐wire balloon catheter under ultrasound guidance
Authors: Kawarada Osami , Yokoi Yoshiaki , Morioka Nobuyuki , Nakata Shinji , Takemoto Kazushi 
Published: May 2005

AbstractChronic total occlusions in the superficial femoral artery (SFA) are the longest and straightest lesions in the whole body. This presents additional technical challenges and the inability to cross the occluded lesion is a common cause of procedural failure in these percutaneous interventions. The objective of this study was to investigate the usefulness of a strategy using a hydrophilic 1.5 mm J‐tip 0.035″ guidewire with an over‐the‐wire balloon catheter under ultrasound guidance for chronic total occlusions in the SFA. This strategy was performed in 32 consecutive patients (36 limbs). Average occlusion length was 17 ± 10 cm (3–40 cm). The crossover approach was performed in 26 cases (72%); in the remaining 10 cases, the antegrade ipsilateral approach was selected. The technical success rate was 92% (32/36). A secondary popliteal artery approach was performed in the three failed limbs and was successful in two limbs, increasing the final technical success rate to 97%. This novel procedure may be considered the preferred strategy for intervening in chronic total occlusions in the SFA. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The cadherin superfamily in Anopheles gambiae: a comparative study with Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Moita Catarina , Simões Sérgio , Moita Luís F. , Jacinto António , Fernandes Pedro 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe cadherin superfamily is a diverse and multifunctional group of proteins with extensive representation across genomes of phylogenetically distant species that is involved in cell–cell communication and adhesion. The mosquito Anopheles gambiae is an emerging model organism for the study of innate immunity and host–pathogen interactions, where the malaria parasite induces a profound rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton at critical stages of infection. We have used bioinformatics tools to retrieve present sequence knowledge about the complete repertoire of cadherins in A. gambiae and compared it to that of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. In A. gambiae, we have identified 43 genes coding for cadherin extracellular domains that were re‐annotated to 38 genes and represent an expansion of this gene family in comparison to other invertebrate organisms. The majority of Drosophila cadherins show a 1 : 1 Anopheles orthologue, but we have observed a remarkable expansion in some groups in A. gambiae, such as N‐cadherins, that were recently shown to have a role in the olfactory system of the fruit fly. In vivo dsRNA silencing of overrepresented genes in A. gambiae and other genes showing expression at critical tissues for parasite infection will likely advance our understanding of the problems of host preference and host–pathogen interactions in this mosquito species. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A 4 Mb high resolution BAC contig on bovine chromosome 1q12 and comparative analysis with human chromosome 21q22
Authors: Drögemüller Cord , Wöhlke Anne , Leeb Tosso , Distl Ottmar 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe bovine RPCI‐42 BAC library was screened to construct a sequence‐ready ∼4 Mb single contig of 92 BAC clones on BTA 1q12. The contig covers the region between the genes KRTAP8P1 and CLIC6. This genomic segment in cattle is of special interest as it contains the dominant gene responsible for the hornless or polled phenotype in cattle. The construction of the BAC contig was initiated by screening the bovine BAC library with heterologous cDNA probes derived from 12 human genes of the syntenic region on HSA 21q22. Contig building was facilitated by BAC end sequencing and chromosome walking. During the construction of the contig, 165 BAC end sequences and 109 single‐copy STS markers were generated. For comparative mapping of 25 HSA 21q22 genes, genomic PCR primers were designed from bovine EST sequences and the gene‐associated STSs mapped on the contig. Furthermore, bovine BAC end sequence comparisons against the human genome sequence revealed significant matches to HSA 21q22 and allowed the in silico mapping of two new genes in cattle. In total, 31 orthologues of human genes located on HSA 21q22 were directly mapped within the bovine BAC contig, of which 16 genes have been cloned and mapped for the first time in cattle. In contrast to the existing comparative bovine–human RH maps of this region, these results provide a better alignment and reveal a completely conserved gene order in this 4 Mb segment between cattle, human and mouse. The mapping of known polled linked BTA 1q12 microsatellite markers allowed the integration of the physical contig map with existing linkage maps of this region and also determined the exact order of these markers for the first time. Our physical map and transcript map may be useful for positional cloning of the putative polled gene in cattle. The nucleotide sequence data reported in this paper have been submitted to EMBL and have been assigned Accession Numbers AJ698510–AJ698674. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Proteomic analysis of colorectal cancer: prefractionation strategies using two‐dimensional free‐flow electrophoresis
Authors: Moritz Robert L. , Skandarajah Anita R. , Ji Hong , Simpson Richard J. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThis review deals with the application of a new prefractionation tool, free‐flow electrophoresis (FFE), for proteomic analysis of colorectal cancer (CRC). CRC is a leading cause of cancer death in the Western world. Early detection is the single most important factor influencing outcome of CRC patients. If identified while the disease is still localized, CRC is treatable. To improve outcomes for CRC patients there is a pressing need to identify biomarkers for early detection (diagnostic markers), prognosis (prognostic indicators), tumour responses (predictive markers) and disease recurrence (monitoring markers). Despite recent advances in the use of genomic analysis for risk assessment, in the area of biomarker identification genomic methods alone have yet to produce reliable candidate markers for CRC. For this reason, attention is being directed towards proteomics as a complementary analytical tool for biomarker identification. Here we describe a proteomics separation tool, which uses a combination of continuous FFE, a liquid‐based isoelectric focusing technique, in the first dimension, followed by rapid reversed‐phase HPLC (1–6 min/analysis) in the second dimension. We have optimized imaging software to present the FFE/RP‐HPLC data in a virtual 2D gel‐like format. The advantage of this liquid based fractionation system over traditional gel‐based fractionation systems is the ability to fractionate large quantity protein samples. Unlike 2D gels, the method is applicable to both high‐Mr proteins and small peptides, which are difficult to separate, and in the case of peptides, are not retained in standard 2D gels. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.