bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Fermion Algebra
Authors: Evans David E , Kawahigashi Yasuyuki 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the Fermion algebra as the main technical tool for studying in Chapter 7 the two dimensional Ising model as the prototype lattice model in statistical mechanics. It will also feature in Chapter 8 as a means of constructing representations of chiral algebras, particularly the Virasoro algebra, in conformal field theories which can appear in critical statistical mechanical models. Ignoring most of the structure, the Fermion algebra is just an infinite tensor product of 2 x 2 matrix algebras. Such infinite tensor products of matrix algebras, UHF algebras, are studied in Sections 6.2 and 6.3, as well as their representations on infinite tensor products of Hilbert spaces. Subtleties about completions of such infinite tensor products of Hilbert spaces lead to inequivalent representations of UHF algebras, and criteria to decide when infinite tensor automorphisms are inner or weakly inner in the trace representation.
The geometry of music
Authors: Hodges Wilfrid 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While Edward Elgar was writing his Enigma Variations , he went for a walk along the banks of the River Wye with his friend G. R. Sinclair. Sinclair brought his bulldog Dan, who fell in the river and barked as he climbed out again. Sinclair turned to Elgar and said ‘Set that to music’. So Elgar did, in the variation named G.R.S. after Sinclair. Elgar’s manuscript marks ‘Dan’ at the point where Dan barks, though the printed editions rather prudishly leave it out.
An Assessment of the Cell Vertex Method
Authors: Morton K W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For over ten years I have been working with students and colleagues at Oxford, firstly on selecting the cell vertex finite volume method from various alternatives —see [16], [12], [17], [13] — and then developing it for both the Euler and the Navier-Stokes equations of compressible flow, with progress being reported at the last two of these conferences — [15] and [14]. Now, as the research emphasis in much of CFO has switched from structured to unstructured meshes, the time is ripe for an assessment of progress and a review of prospects for the method.
Multidimensional Characteristic Galerkin Methods
Authors: Ostkamp S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For the numerical computation of hyperbolic problems a variety of different methods are available. Besides finite difference methods which are used for many decades, finite volume methods are very popular for hyperbolic problems. Since the beginning of the eighties a lot of work has been done in the development of a further kind of methods, the so-called wave decomposition models. In the literature a lot of different wave models can be found ([8, 3]). All methods mentioned above decompose the problems in more than one space dimensions into one-dimensional pieces. While finite volume methods solve one-dimensional Riemann problems over the cell edges, in the wave decomposition models the flux difference is decomposed into a discrete number of waves which are propagated along some selected directions.
Highly Accurate Solution of the Stationary Convection-Diffusion Equation
Authors: Perella A J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this paper we propose a method which is applicable to the n-dimensional convection–diffusion equation. It is a generalisation of a method described in [5) but the analysis is quite different and leads us to different conclusions. It provides a natural interpolation between the Galerkin method on Cartesian grids for low mesh Péclet numbers and the Cell Vertex Finite Volume Method for high mesh Péclet numbers, except in the case where the flow is along the mesh lines in which case we recover a new method for the pure convection equation. Our method is designed to control the errors on the element boundaries with the consequence of controlling oscillations.
An Adaptive Finite Element Method for the Compressible Navier-Stokes Equations
Authors: Capon P , Jimack P K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The non-dimensionalized Navier-Stokes equations for the 2-d flow of a compressible fluid may be written in non-conservative form, using primitive variables, as the system where U = (ρ, u, v,T)T, and Ao, Ai and Kij are 4 ×4 matrices which may depend upon U (as may the source term F). For external flow problems we may associate with the spatial domain, Ω, an internal rigid boundary, ΓB, and a far-field boundary, Γ∞ which is divided into an inflow and an outflow boundary according to the direction of the free-stream velocity u∞ = (cos α1,sin α. )T In this paper we use the finite element method to find steady solutions of (1.1), with associated boundary conditions, for a variety of flows (including both transonic and supersonic cases). We then attempt to automatically assess the accuracy of these solutions so as to take advantage of mesh adaptivity. This adaptivity takes two forms, as described in section 3. Firstly we make use of conventional local refinement in those regions of the domain where the solution is not of sufficient accuracy, we then enhance this refinement by moving the nodes of the mesh as well. The paper ends with a number of numerical examples which demonstrate the effectiveness of this new adaptive procedure in terms of both reduction in error and increase in efficiency.
Performance of Eddy-viscosity Models for a Flow with Periodic Pressure Gradient
Authors: Miyake Y , Tsujimoto K , Kawanishi Y 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Modeling of turbulence is one of the most important problems in computational fluid dynamics of today. Although sharp rise of computer power is extending the possibility of doing turbulent flow prediction with large computational load such as LES, simulations based on Reynolds averaged equations, two-equation models in particular, are major in the practice of engineering. DNS database is a useful tool for validation of turbulence models including the group of k−ϵ c models. But since DNS can be applied only to simple canonical flows, it is needed to examine the validity of turbulence models more for a variety of complicated flows. Although test of turbulence model is mostly carried out in flows in which thin layer approximation is valid and as the consequence, problem is one-dimensional, but the flow fields in which two/three dimensional treatment is required should be tested.
Projection Decomposition Method with a Well-conditioned Basis for the Generalised Stokes Problem
Authors: Ovtchinnikov E E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Notations. Consider a domain Ω C R2 partitioned into m non-overlapping subdomains Ωi by the interface Γ: it is supposed that Ω and Ωi have piecewise-smooth Lipsitz boundaries. Below we use big letters for functions defined on O and small letters for their traces on r. For vector functions and spaces the boldface is used: thus, H1(Ω)=H1(Ω) ȕ H1(Ω) etc.
Numerical Computations of Stratified Flow Over Three- Dimensional Obstacles
Authors: Paisley M F , Castro I P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Accurate prediction of the flow dynamics of three-dimensional obstacles (hills and mountains) is fundamental to many environmental considerations, ranging from the dispersion of atmospheric constituents to the prediction of mesoscale meteorology. In the presence of a density gradient the flow is characterised by the Froude number, Fh = U / N h, where U, N and h are the upstream velocity, bouyancy frequency and obstacle height respectively. Interaction with topogaphy can be highly complex, even for relatively simple smooth geometries, and depending on the parameters of the flow (typically obstacle shape and Froude number) a wide range of phenomena can occur. The overall effect of a stable density gradient is to inhibit vertical motion, and this may lead to a significant proportion of the flow passing around an obstacle as well as over it. In general a train of lee waves forms downstream with the wave amplitudes increasing with the spanwise width of the obstacle. For obstacles which are sufficiently wide the amplitudes may be large enough that streamline overturning occurs and the wave breaks, creating a localised region of highly turbulent flow aloft. For obstacles which are sufficiently narrow, on the other hand, the flow mostly passes around the obstacle, leading to the generation of a pair of vertically-oriented wake vortices. In these cases if the Froude number is low enough vortex-shedding may occur, akin to that seen in neutral flow over a cylinder.
Navier-Stokes Solution of Compressible Fluid Flows using Advanced Turbulence Models and Unstructured Grids
Authors: Stolcis L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Turbulent flows at high Reynolds numbers are usually computed by solving the Navier-Stokes equations in averaged form, together with a turbulent eddy-viscosity. The majority of the existing methods employ simple algebraic turbulence models, and can reach levels of computational efficiency comparable with that of inviscid solvers. The last few years have essentially seen an improvement in the accuracy and efficiency of the methods, whilst the use of more sophisticated turbulence models has not been particularly investigated.
Nightmare on Large Number Street
Authors: Dalton Bill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Computers play a vitally important role in the lives of us all. When we are taking off or landing in an aeroplane, our safety is dependent on the efficient operation of several computer systems. In most areas of finance -taxation, banking, personal credit – information is stored in, and provided by, computers. In hospitals and in doctors’ surgeries, computers are now commonplace. So it is reasonable to ask what are computers and just how reliable are they? What are computers? Although it is difficult to be certain when any story begins, one possible starting point to our story is a meeting that was held in Paris in August 1900. Every so often, many of the world’s best mathematicians meet and talk about mathematics. There are lectures and discussion groups, but at each meeting there are a few lectures that are more important than all the others. These are given by the greatest mathematicians of the day and all present look forward to hearing what these distinguished mathematicians have to say. In 1900, the man who many thought was probably the world’s greatest mathematician was a thirty-eight-yearold German mathematician called David Hilbert.
Games of Chance
Authors: Harries David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to introduce you to ideas of probability through an approach involving games. By the end of the work you will have been introduced to basic ideas of probability and expectation; be in a position to extend your own concepts and ideas by further reading and exploration; be able to further develop your analytical problem solving skills, including planning and designing appropriate situations for experiments and games. Some of the tasks are best carried out as part of a group. Although this may not always be possible, it is important that you discuss your ideas with others whenever you can, so that you clarify and extend your own thinking and communication skills. Individual work is also needed in analysing and designing the situations.
Balloons and Bubbles
Authors: Sewell Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Try to blow up a rubber party balloon, using only your lungs instead of a balloon pump. When the balloon is of the kind which becomes pseudospherical or pear-shaped, what significant experimental fact do you notice during the inflation process? You will usually find that inflation is difficult at first, and becomes easier in the later stages. We shall look for a mathematical expression of this fact. You might have expected the opposite effect, that it would be progressively harder to inflate the balloon because the rubber surface has to be stretched more and more. The reality is more subtle, because opposing factors have to be balanced, as we shall see.
Pythagorean Number Triples
Authors: Stirling David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The subject of this class is called number theory, which deals with the whole numbers, that is 1, 2, 3, 4 and so on and their negatives ‒1, ‒2, ‒3, …We shall not be interested in fractions or decimal numbers. This is a very old and beautiful subject but it is rather different from the way we do ordinary calculations for we cannot always solve simple equations. For example, the equation 2x = 3 does not have a solution if we only allow x to be a whole number. Some positive whole numbers can be expressed as the product of two smaller positive whole numbers (for example 6 = 2 × 3), while others cannot (for example, 7). The numbers which cannot be factorized into the product of two smaller numbers are called prime numbers. The first few prime numbers are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17,… A great deal is known about the prime numbers but a lot has yet to be discovered. For example, we know that the list of prime numbers is infinite, that is, it never ends.
Plato, Polyhedra and Weather Forecasting
Authors: White Andy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Polyhedra are the main theme of this article; I’ll explain what they are very soon. Weather forecasting motivates what we’re going to do, and I’ll say something about it in Section 2. As we shall see later, Plato is associated with an important particular sort of polyhedron. We shall also meet Archimedes, Euclid and Euler. We have three aims.
Malingering and the law: a third way?
Authors: Sprince Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the phenomenon of malingering in the context of contemporary English law. It does so in three interlinking sections. In the first section, the various references to malingering in the modern legal context are identified and categorized. The second section examines the way in which the law actually addresses those malingering issues. Such an examination exposes something of a disparity between the noticeable number and nature of references to malingering in the modern cases and their ultimate insignificance in direct substantive terms. In the final section, the same material is subjected to critical analysis in order to offer an explanation for that discrepancy and, with it, perhaps the basis for an indirect legal contribution to the wider discourse.
Investigating the genetics of polygenic ischaemic stroke using intermediate phenotypes
Authors: Jerrard-Dunne Paula , Hassan Ahamad , Markus Hugh S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As stroke is the end result of a number of pathologically different processes, it is possible that many genes, each conferring a small amount of risk, are involved in influencing the end phenotype. Conventional case control studies may not be sufficiently powerful to detect the contribution of an individual disease allele. One logical step is to use intermediate phenotypes. Intermediate phenotypes represent specific components of the disease process. As the number of genes involved is likely to be less than that for ischaemic stroke, it is hypothesized that the overall contribution of each allele to the intermediate phenotype is greater and therefore easier to detect.
Genetics of intracerebral haemorrhage
Authors: Haan Joost 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a patient with acute neurological signs and symptoms, the diagnosis of a HS is often straightforward, as cerebral CT- and MRI-scan are almost 100 per cent reliable in detecting or excluding the presence of intracranial haemorrhage. The cause of the HS is, however, very often not immediately clear. Sometimes there are clues that point to a certain cause, such as the previous medical history of the patient, use of medication, age of the patient, the localization size and form of the haemorrhage, and its association with other structural abnormalities seen on imaging.
Modelling the cost-effectiveness of new interventions: how can technological change be incorporated?
Authors: Grieve Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To allocate health care resources in an efficient way, policy makers require information on the costs and outcomes of competing health care interventions (Maynard and Kavanos 2000). However, published information on the cost-effectiveness of new interventions is often not available (Davies et al. 1994). To address this problem, an increasing number of economic evaluations are being commissioned and published (Elixhauser et al. 1998; Pritchard 1998). Many economic evaluations now use models as trials are of insufficient duration to estimate cost-effectiveness over the required time horizon (Buxton et al. 1997).
Governance arrangements for the control of infectious disease
Authors: Allen Pauline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is about the effect of governance structures on the ability of public health services to carry out infectious disease control. The economics of governance as developed in new institutional economics and the closely related socio-legal study of contracting will be used as analytical tools to understand how organizational structures affect infectious disease control. Data from a study of contracting for infectious disease control in the former British National Health Service (NHS) will be used to illustrate underlying principles.
Epilogue: Application to Contemporary Challenges: Avian ‘flu and MRSA
Authors: Roberts Jennifer A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this volume was two fold to offer those involved in the control of infectious disease an economic perspective and tools that would contribute to their task, and to introduce economists to some of the characteristics of infectious disease that pose interesting challenges for the discipline. The application of economics to the control or management of many of the major infections is provided in this volume and these applications offer insights and templates that might be used to explore other diseases. Economics has a role in placing a disease on the policy agenda. It can help in understanding the incentives and motivations of those involved in reporting and containing the spread of disease. It can evaluate and contribute to the design of cost-effective interventions. Economics can show the implications of poor governance structures and weak contracts for the design and application of guidance and regulations.
In which Bohr goes to England for postdoctoral research
Authors: Pais Abraham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One day in late September 1911, as Bohr was crossing the Great Belt by ferry, he wrote to his fiancée: ‘I am taking off with all my silly fierce spirit’ (Jeg rejser ud med alt mit dumme vilde Mod). Financed by a stipend from the Carlsberg Foundation (a Danish institution) for a year’s study abroad, he was on his way to Cambridge to start postdoctoral research under J. J. Thomson, the director of the Cavendish. In his baggage he carried the poor translation of his Ph.D. thesis, which he had helped prepare a little earlier (6d).
‘Student’
Authors: Pearson E S , Plackett R L , Barnard G A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Student’ was the pseudonym which William Sealy Gosset used when pub lishing his scientific work. He was employed for the whole of his working life as a Brewer with Arthur Guinness, Son & Co. Ltd., as the firm was then called, but his publications over thirty years during the early part of the twentieth century, and his friendship with other statistical pioneers, have had a pro found effect on the practical use of statistics in industry and agriculture. The account of his work and correspondence which follows has been developed from the writings ofEgon Sharpe Pearson, who knew him well. After Gosset’s death in 19 37, Pearson published an essay on ‘Student’ as statistician, and towards the end of his own life in 1980 he commented in typescript on his correspondence with Gosset, as well as on the earlier correspondence between his father Karl Pearson and Gosset. We have attempted to collate and edit all this material with the objective of presenting a rounded biography of a distinguished statistician, whose attractive personality shone out in every thing that he did.
Background
Authors: Pearson E S , Plackett R L , Barnard G A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Statistics is a scientific discipline concerned with the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data obtained from observation or experiment. The subject has a coherent structure based on the theory of probability, and includes many different procedures which contribute to research and development throughout the whole of science and technology. Statisticians engage in specialist activities worldwide, working for government, industry, higher education, and research institutions. They are organized in professional bodies, both national and international. and meet regularly to discuss progress, in groups which range in size from small seminars to large conferences. Their interests extend from theoretical studies which examine methodology to practical applications in a wide variety of fields. Textbooks which describe every aspect of the subject and journals which report on progress over the spectrum of activities have both steadily built up into large collections of scientific material.
William Sealy Gosset
Authors: Pearson E S , Plackett R L , Barnard G A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Gossets were an old Huguenot family who left France at the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685, and became middle class with army and clerical traditions. Among them was Frederic Gosset, a Colonel in the Royal Engineers, who in 18 75 married Agnes Sealy Vidal. There were five children, the eldest being William Sealy Gosset, born on 13 June 1876 in Canterbury. He was bright enough to win scholarships, which must have provided welcome additions to the funding of his education, since the family had to live frugally. Gosset was a Scholar of Winchester College from 1889 to 1895. The school had been founded in 1382 by William of Wykeham, and towards the end of the nineteenth century was with other public schools beginning to go through an intellectual renaissance. Unable to follow his father into the Royal Engineers because of poor eyesight, Gosset took up a scholarship at New College, Oxford, another Wykehamite foundation. Here he obtained a First in Mathematical Moderations in 1897 and left in 1899 with a First Class degree in Chemistry.
Egon S. Pearson
Authors: Pearson E S , Plackett R L , Barnard G A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Without doubt the four persons who played the greatest part in shaping my approach to the discipline of mathematical statistics were Karl Pearson (inevitably). R. A. Fisher, W. S. Gosset, and my friend and collaborator, Jerzy Neyman. My mathematical powers were only moderate, for my degree in Mathematics at Cambridge was based on taking Part I of the Mathematical Tripos in 1915, and then, after the First World War using war service at the Admiralty and Ministry of Shipping, plus attendance during 1919-20 at selected Part II lectures to complete my course for the B.A. degree.
This weakness in mathematics undoubtedly had certain compensations: it caused me to thrash out problems with greater thoroughness, and to use an innate capacity for visual presentation. For both these reasons, I was, perhaps, the better teacher of many of the students who came to learn statistics at University College, and better able to give help later on as an adviser over industrial quality control problems and during the Second World War to technical officers in the Services, when three members of my staff and I were attached to the Ordnance Board, Ministry of Supply.