bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative Genomic Hybridizations Reveal Genetic Regions within theMycobacterium aviumComplex That Are Divergent fromMycobacterium aviumsubsp.paratuberculosisIsolates
Authors: Paustian Michael L. , Kapur Vivek , Bannantine John P. 
Published: March 2005

ABSTRACTMycobacterium aviumsubsp.paratuberculosisis genetically similar to other members of theMycobacterium aviumcomplex (MAC), some of which are nonpathogenic and widespread in the environment. We have utilized anM. aviumsubsp.paratuberculosiswhole-genome microarray representing over 95% of the predicted coding sequences to examine the genetic conservation among 10M. aviumsubsp.paratuberculosisisolates, two isolates each ofMycobacterium aviumsubsp.silvaticumandMycobacterium aviumsubsp.avium, and a single isolate each of bothMycobacterium intracellulareandMycobacterium smegmatis. Genomic DNA from each isolate was competitively hybridized with DNA fromM. aviumsubsp.paratuberculosisK10, and open reading frames (ORFs) were classified as present, divergent, or intermediate. None of theM. aviumsubsp.paratuberculosisisolates had ORFs classified as divergent. The twoM. aviumsubsp.aviumisolates had 210 and 135 divergent ORFs, while the twoM. aviumsubsp.silvaticumisolates examined had 77 and 103 divergent ORFs. Similarly, 130 divergent ORFs were identified inM. intracellulare. A set of 97 ORFs were classified as divergent or intermediate in all of the nonparatuberculosis MAC isolates tested. Many of these ORFs are clustered together on the genome in regions with relatively low average GC content compared with the entire genome and contain mobile genetic elements. One of these regions of sequence divergence contained genes homologous to a mammalian cell entry (mce) operon. Our results indicate that closely related MAC mycobacteria can be distinguished fromM. aviumsubsp.paratuberculosisby multiple clusters of divergent ORFs.
Inhibition ofSalmonella entericaSerovar Typhimurium Lipopolysaccharide Deacylation by Aminoarabinose Membrane Modification
Authors: Kawasaki Kiyoshi , Ernst Robert K. , Miller Samuel I. 
Published: March 2005

ABSTRACTSalmonella entericaserovar Typhimurium remodels the lipid A component of lipopolysaccharide, a major component of the outer membrane, to survive within animals. The activation of the sensor kinase PhoQ in host environments increases the synthesis of enzymes that deacylate, palmitoylate, hydroxylate, and attach aminoarabinose to lipid A, also known as endotoxin. These modifications promote bacterial resistance to antimicrobial peptides and reduce the host recognition of lipid A by Toll-like receptor 4. TheSalmonellalipid A 3-O-deacylase, PagL, is an outer membrane protein whose expression is regulated by PhoQ. InS. entericaserovar Typhimurium strains that had the ability to add aminoarabinose to lipid A, 3-O-deacylated lipid A species were not detected, despite the PhoQ induction of PagL protein expression. In contrast, strains defective for the aminoarabinose modification of lipid A demonstrated in vivo PagL activity, indicating that this membrane modification inhibited PagL's enzymatic activity. Since not all lipid A molecules are modified with aminoarabinose upon PhoQ activation, these results cannot be ascribed to the substrate specificity of PagL. PagL-dependent deacylation was detected in sonically disrupted membranes and membranes treated with the nonionic detergentn-octyl-β-d-glucopyranoside, suggesting that perturbation of the intact outer membrane releases PagL from posttranslational inhibition by aminoarabinose-containing membranes. Taken together, these results suggest that PagL enzymatic deacylation is posttranslationally inhibited by membrane environments, which either sequester PagL from its substrate or alter its conformation.
Structural and Genetic Characterization of the
Shigella boydii
Type 10 and Type 6 O Antigens
Authors: Senchenkova Sof'ya N. , Feng Lu , Yang Jinghua , Shashkov Alexander S. , Cheng Jiansong , Liu Dan , Knirel Yuriy A. , Reeves Peter R. , Jin Qi , Ye Qiang , Wang Lei 
Published: March 2005

ABSTRACT

Comparison of the O antigens of
Shigella boydii
types 10 and 6 by chemical analysis and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy showed that their structures are similar, with the only difference being the presence or absence of
d
-ribofuranose, which is the immunodominant sugar in
S. boydii
type 10. In
S. boydii
type 6, a residue previously reported as α-
d
-Glc
p
A, was shown to be β-
d
-Glc
p
A as in
S. boydii
type 10.
S. boydii
types 10 and 6 are reported not to cross-react serologically, and the role of
d
-ribofuranose in the specificity of
S. boydii
was confirmed by making a mutant of type 10 that lacked
d
-ribofuranose. However,
S. boydii
type 11, which has a
d
-ribofuranose but with different linkage does show cross-reaction with type 10. The O-antigen gene loci of
S. boydii
types 10 and 6 were shown to be virtually identical except that
orf8
(
wbaM
), which was confirmed as the ribofuranosyltransferase gene, is interrupted by IS
629
in type 6. Therefore, it is proposed that the O-antigen gene cluster of
S. boydii
type 6 was derived from type 10 by an IS element insertion.
Cotton is the Mother of Poverty: Peasants, Work, and Rural Struggle in Colonial Mozambique, 1938–1961; Cotton, Colonialism, and Social History In Sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: Peters Pauline Elaine 
Published: March 2005

Cotton is the Mother of Poverty: Peasants, Work, and Rural Struggle in Colonial Mozambique, 1938–1961. ALLEN ISAACMAN. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1996. xx + 404 pp., ligures, plates, notes, bibliography, indexes.Cotton, Colonialism, and Social History In Sub‐Saharan Africa. ALLEN ISAACMAN and RICHARD ROBERTS, eds. Portsmouth, NH: Helnemann, 1995. xii + 314 pp., maps, tables, notes, contributors, index.
Smallholders, Householders: Farm Families and the Ecology of Intensive, Sustainable Agriculture; No Condition Is Permanent: The Social Dynamics of Agrarian Change in Sub‐Saharan Africa; Cutting Down Trees: Gender, Nutrition, and Agricultural Change in the Northern Province of Zambia, 1890–1990
Authors: Clark Gracia 
Published: March 2005

Smallholders, Householders: Farm Families and the Ecology of Intensive, Sustainable Agriculture. ROBERT McC. NETTING. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1993. xxl + 389 pp., figures, illustrations, photographs, tables, references, index.No Condition Is Permanent: The Social Dynamics of Agrarian Change in Sub‐Saharan Africa. SARA BERRY. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1993. xiv + 258 pp., tables, notes, bibliography, Index.Cutting Down Trees: Gender, Nutrition, and Agricultural Change in the Northern Province of Zambia, 1890–1990. HENRIETTA L. MOORE and MEGAN VAUGHAN. Portsmouth, NH: Hefnemann, 1994. xxvi + 278 pp., figures, photographs, tables, notes, references, Index.
Tales of acute risk assessment: Health effects made out of whole cloth
Authors: Morawetz John S. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractBackgroundRisk assessment utilizes human and animal studies and mathematical models to arrive at threshold exposures for toxic effects of various chemicals. In 1995 the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) formed an acute risk assessment committee to assist in the planning for worst case chemical releases. The National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGL) examines the toxicological properties and studies of each chemical and then recommends appropriate levels. For the majority of chemicals, the committee relies on animal data (where the most data exists) supplemented with a limited number of human studies. In some cases, human studies are relied on to derive AEGL values.MethodsIn the published levels for hydrogen cyanide (HCN), the AEGL committee used five human studies and a “weight‐of‐the‐evidence” approach. A number of these studies did not investigate adverse health effects, however, the AEGL committee used these studies as evidence that no health effect occurred. In addition, a number of other errors in conflict with well accepted principles of industrial hygiene were made.ConclusionIn order to adequately evaluate human studies, risk assessment committees must be composed of a balance of professionals with a wide variety of expertise, including epidemiology and industrial hygiene. Am. J. Ind. Med. 47:370–375, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dual loyalties and the ethical and human rights obligations of occupational health professionals
Authors: London Leslie 
Published: March 2005

AbstractBackgroundUnderlying most ethical dilemmas in occupational health practice is the problem of Dual Loyalties where health professionals have simultaneous obligations, explicit or implicit, to a third party, usually a private employer.MethodsA literature review was undertaken of case studies of workplace occupational health conflicts, international human rights and ethical codes and strategies for managing dual loyalties, complemented by iterative discussions in an international working group convened to address the problem of Dual Loyalties.ResultsViolations of the worker‐patient's human rights may arise from: (1) the incompatibility of simultaneous obligations; (2) pressure on the professional from the third party; and (3) separation of the health professional's clinical role from that of a social agent. The practitioner's contractual relationship with the third party is often the underlying problem, being far more explicit than their moral obligation to patients, and encouraging a social identification at the expense of a practitioner's professional identity.ConclusionsBecause existing ethical guidelines lack specificity on managing Dual Loyalties in occupational health, guidelines that draw on human rights standards have been developed by the working group. These guidelines propose standards for individual professional conduct and complementary institutional mechanisms to address the problem. Am. J. Ind. Med. 47:322–332, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Post‐offer, pre‐placement testing in industry
Authors: Harbin Gary , Olson John 
Published: March 2005

AbstractBackgroundPre‐placement testing was implemented during World War II. Its current use has been reshaped by economic factors, litigation, legislation, and advances in medicine. In response to a request from a local industry intent upon lowering their work‐related injuries, a post‐offer screening program was developed and implemented. The aim of this study was to develop a testing protocol for determining physical capacity that could be adapted for a post‐offer, pre‐placement program.MethodsFunctional capacity evaluation (FCE) testing was used to determine the physical capacity of 2,482 uninjured, healthy prospective new employees of a large food production plant. A comprehensive medical history and 20 different anthropometric, fitness, strength, and lifting tests were administered to all new hires in the first phase of this study to determine if injury incidence could be estimated through functional screening testing. The second study was designed to determine the effectiveness of the application of a post‐offer, pre‐placement program in an electrical equipment manufacturing facility.ResultsStrength testing alone was of no predictive value for work injury incidence. There was a strong correlation of physical capacity to physical job requirements. If an employee had the physical capability to perform the essential functions of the job, there was a lower injury rate as compared to the employee not demonstrating the physical strength or ability to perform the essential functions of the job. The incidence of low back injuries in those workers with the physical capabilities to perform the required functions of their job was 3%. However, among those workers who did not demonstrate the strength or physical abilities to perform their job, there was a 33% incidence of low back injuries.ConclusionsThis study indicates that physical capacity testing that compares lifting ability to job lifting requirements correlates to work injury incidence. The application of appropriate post‐offer, pre‐placement testing is shown to be a cost‐effective method to lower the incidence of work‐related injuries. Am. J. Ind. Med. 47:296–307, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preparation and properties of polystyrene‐g‐poly(butyl acrylate) copolymer emulsions with ultrasonic radiation. I. Preparation technology and coagulum ratio
Authors: Ai Zhao‐Quan , Zhou Qi‐Long , Guang Rong , Zhang Hong‐Tao 
Published: March 2005

AbstractA stable emulsion of polystyrene‐g‐poly(butyl acrylate) was prepared via the following steps: (1) foam polystyrene waste was dissolved in butyl acrylate; (2) the solution was added to an aqueous solution of sodium dodecyl sulfate, ammonium persulfate, and sodium hydrogen bicarbonate; and (3) the mixture was emulsified and graft‐copolymerized by ultrasonic radiation and agitation. Then, the effects of various factors, such as the strength and time of the ultrasonic radiation, the type and dosage of the emulsifier, the concentrations of the initiator and butyl acrylate, the quantity of acrylic acid, and the reaction temperature, on the coagulum ratio were investigated and analyzed. As a result, a suitable technology for reducing the amount of coagulum could be proposed. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 1405–1409, 2005
Synthesis, Characterization, and Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of a Potential MRI Contrast Agent Containing Two Paramagnetic Centers with Albumin Binding Affinity
Authors: Parac‐Vogt Tatjana N. , Kimpe Kristof , Laurent Sophie , Vander Elst Luce , Burtea Carmen , Chen Feng , Muller Robert N. , Ni Yicheng , Verbruggen Alfons , Binnemans Koen 
Published: March 2005

AbstractA dinuclear gadolinium(III) complex of an amphiphilic chelating ligand, containing two diethylenetriamine‐N,N,N′,N′′,N′′‐pentaacetate (DTPA) moieties bridged by a bisindole derivative with three methoxy groups, has been synthesized and evaluated as a potential magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent. Nuclear magnetic relaxation dispersion (NMRD) measurements indicate that at 20 MHz and 37 °C the dinuclear gadolinium(III) complex has a much higher relaxivity than [Gd(DTPA)] (6.8 vs 3.9 s−1 mmol−1). The higher relaxivity of the dinuclear gadolinium(III) complex can be related to its reduced motion and larger rotational correlation time relative to [Gd(DTPA)]. In the presence of human serum albumin (HSA) the relaxivity value of the noncovalently bound dinuclear complex increases to 15.2 s−1 per mmol of Gd3+, due to its relatively strong interaction with this protein. The fitted value of the binding constant to HSA (Ka) was found to be 104 M−1. Because of its interaction with HSA, the dinuclear complex exhibits a longer elimination half‐life from the plasma, and a better confinement to the vascular space compared to the commercially available [Gd(DTPA)] contrast agent. Transmetalation of the dinuclear gadolinium(III) complex by zinc(II) has been investigated. Biodistribution studies suggest that the complex is excreted by the renal pathway, and possibly by the hepatobiliary route. In vivo studies indicated that half of the normal dose of the gadolinium(III) complex enhanced the contrast in hepatic tissues around 40 % more effectively than [Gd(DTPA)]. The dinuclear gadolinium(III) complex was tested as a potential necrosis avid contrast agent (NACA), but despite the binding to HSA, it did not exhibit necrosis avidity, implying that binding to albumin is not a key parameter for necrosis‐targeting properties.
International patterns of environmental policy change and convergence
Authors: Busch Per‐Olof , Jörgens Helge 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe article gives an empirical overview of the international spread of 22 environmental policy innovations. The policy innovations examined in the article include administrative institutions (e.g. environmental ministries, scientific advisory bodies), laws (e.g. soil protection laws, packaging waste laws), instruments of environmental policy integration (e.g. national environmental policy plans, environmental impact assessment), energy taxes and eco‐labels. On this empirical basis, recurring patterns in the global spread of environmental policy innovations are identified and linked to specific causal mechanisms through which this change occurs. In particular, the paper demonstrates how and to what extent non‐obligatory diffusion, legal harmonization and coercive imposition matter as mechanisms of global environmental policy convergence. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
The diffusion of environmental policy innovations: cornerstones of an analytical framework
Authors: Tews Kerstin 
Published: March 2005

AbstractComparative policy analysis increasingly faces the challenge of incorporating external forces on national policy developments into its analytical framework. Scholars of international relations have recognized that the behaviour of states – in terms of policy outputs – converges even in the absence of binding international agreements. These two branches of research can be bridged by the concept of policy diffusion. Diffusion analysis asks for those conditions that favour or hinder the spread of policy innovations within the international system. However, the scientific community struggles with different meanings and notions of the term policy diffusion. Thus, the aim of this paper is to offer a general conceptual framework for the study of diffusion processes within the international system. Understanding the process of policy diffusion requires an analysis of the complex interplay between transnational and international forces, national factors and the characteristics of policy innovations. By providing a conceptual framework this paper hopes not only to contribute to the theoretical debate but also to give guidance for empirical research. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Synthesis of New Azocine Derivatives and Their Functionalization by Nucleophilic Addition to Their Iminium Salts
Authors: Leal Badaró Trindade Angela Cristina , dos Santos Daniela Cristina , Gil Laurent , Marazano Christian , Pereira de Freitas Gil Rossimiriam 
Published: March 2005

AbstractA route to the eight‐membered nitrogen heterocycles 20a,b is described starting from the 3‐alkyl‐N‐benzylpyridinium salts 14a,b. These azocine derivatives were converted into their respective iminium salts 11 by treatment with methanesulfonic acid. A study concerning the regioselectivity of nucleophilic additions to these salts is presented. Nucleophiles like hydride or Grignard reagents react selectively in the 2‐position to give adducts such as 22 and 23, while azide and phenylthiolate attack the 6‐position to give 24 and 25, respectively. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Cover Picture: In Search of exo‐Selective Catalysts for Enantioselective 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition between Acryloyloxazolidinone and Diphenylnitrone (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 6/2005)
Authors: Desimoni Giovanni , Faita Giuseppe , Mella Mariella , Boiocchi Massimo 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe cover picture shows the enantiomers of the exo (front) and endo (back) isoxazolidines obtained from the box‐catalysed 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition between 3‐acryloyl‐1,3‐oxazolidin‐2‐one and diphenylnitrone. The last and unknown exo isomer was selectively obtained (de = 80 %; ee = 99 %) for the first time by using the appropriate disubstituted box and NiII as asymmetric catalyst, and its absolute configuration is reported in the article by G. Desimoni et al. on p. 1020 ff. The view over the cross yards of the Old University of Pavia is the backdrop for the schematic representation of the four possible stereoisomers selectively obtained by using box‐based asymmetric catalysts.
Enhanced plasmid DNA delivery using anionic LPDII by listeriolysin O incorporation
Authors: Lorenzi Gretchen L. , Lee Kyung‐Dall 
Published: March 2005

AbstractBackgroundA major obstacle to achieving effective DNA‐based therapeutics is efficient delivery of the DNA to its site of action in the cell. Upon internalization by endocytosis, the endosomal membrane represents a critical physical barrier preventing access of DNA to the cell cytosol. In order to overcome the membrane barrier and facilitate cytosolic entry, the endosomolytic bacterial protein listeriolysin O (LLO) is a potentially promising agent.MethodsLLO was incorporated in an anionic liposome‐entrapped polycation‐condensed DNA delivery system (LPDII). Plasmid DNA was condensed using protamine sulfate and then complexed to anionic liposomes. LLO was incorporated into the delivery vehicle through encapsulation in anionic, pH‐sensitive liposomes. Transfection levels were monitored using a model reporter plasmid encoding luciferase in P388D1 cells, a macrophage‐like cell line.ResultsTransfection using the anionic LPDII delivery platform was enhanced through incorporation of LLO. Additionally, the net charge of the condensate, the lipid composition, and the total amount of LLO‐liposomes were all capable of modulating the transfection levels of the vehicle. Importantly, in the presence of serum, transfection levels using the LLO‐containing LPDII system were comparable to established cationic lipid delivery systems.ConclusionsLLO is capable of facilitating transfection using an anionic LPDII system. This anionic delivery vehicle represents the successful combination of the LPDII system for condensation of the DNA with the unique endosomolytic properties of LLO for improved transfection using plasmid DNA. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detour‐saturated graphs
Authors: Beineke Lowell W. , Dunbar J. E. , Frick M. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractA graph is said to be detour‐saturated if the addition of any edge results in an increased greatest path length. In this paper, we add to the relatively small amount that is known about detour‐saturated graphs. Our main result is a determination of all connected detour‐saturated graphs with exactly one cycle. (The family of detour‐saturated trees was found by Kászonyi and Tuza 7.) We also show that the smallest detour‐saturated graph of girth 5 is the graph obtainable from the Petersen graph by splitting one of its vertices into three, each of degree 1. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory
Refined discrete quadrilateral degenerated shell element by using Timoshenko's beam function
Authors: Wanji Chen , Cheung Y. K. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractA refined discrete degenerated 20‐DOF quadrilateral shell element RQS20 is proposed. The exact displacement function of the Timoshenko's beam is used as the displacement on the element boundary. The re‐constitute method for shear strain matrix is adopted. The proposed element can be used for the analysis of both moderately thick and thin plates/shells, and the convergence for the very thin case can be ensured theoretically. Numerical examples presented show that the new model indeed possesses higher accuracy in the analysis of thin and thick plates/shells, and that it can pass the patch test required for the Kirchhoff thin plate elements. Most important of all, it is free from the membrane and shear locking phenomena for extremely thin plates/shells, on the one hand, and it can also avoid the phenomenon of oscillatory solutions for thick plates/shells case on the other. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quasi‐classical dynamical properties and reaction rate of the Na + HF system on two different potential energy surfaces
Authors: Vilela Alessandra F. A. , Gargano Ricardo , Barreto Patrícia R. P. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractDetailed dynamical properties and reaction rate calculations for the ground‐state Na + HF → NaF + H reaction are carried out using two different potential energy surfaces (PES): generalized simulated annealing PES (GSA PES) and bond order 5 PES (BO5 PES). These studies show that the quality and efficacy of the GSA PES are comparable to the best PES (BO5 PES) found in the literature. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005