bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optimizing the Treatment of Invasive Candidiasis—A Case for Combination Therapy
Authors: Wake Rachel M , Allebone-Salt Phoebe E , John Larissa L H , Caswall Ben A , Govender Nelesh P , Ben-Ami Ronen , Murray Lyle W , Logan Clare , Harrison Thomas S , Bicanic Tihana A 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Invasive candidiasis is a rising global health threat with increasing incidence, persistently high mortality, and diminishing treatment options. Antifungal resistance has rapidly emerged and spread, with multidrug-resistant species deemed an urgent and serious threat. While acknowledging the key role of antifungal stewardship and infection control in curbing spread, we examine the role of antifungal monotherapy in driving resistance and the potential for combination therapy to prevent stress adaptation and emergence of drug resistance. In addition to its role in mitigating resistance, combination treatment may improve drug penetration, expedite fungal clearance, and allow lower, less toxic doses of individual drugs to be used. A growing body of laboratory-based evidence suggests that antifungal combinations can yield synergistic activity against Candida spp., including against frequently multidrug-resistant Candida auris. It is imperative to test these combinations in clinical trials, incorporating resistance end points as a marker of success.
Allied Victory and Art Recovery
Authors: Campbell Elizabeth 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Chapter two examines the wartime Allied reaction to Nazi art plunder, tracing the western powers’ creation of civilian and military agencies meant to document losses in occupied territories and prevent further destruction of cultural treasures. It explores the origins of the US-led Monuments, Fine Arts and Archives (MFAA) division in western Allied forces, and includes first-hand accounts of cultural officers—the “Monuments Men”—who recovered Nazi plunder from caches in churches, castles, and salt mines, often in harrowing circumstances.
Recovered Art as French Patrimony
Authors: Campbell Elizabeth 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Among the countries of western Europe, France lost the greatest number of artworks through Nazi plunder and correspondingly received the most items in the MFAA repatriation effort—around sixty thousand pieces. This chapter examines the French government’s successful restitution of some forty-five thousand items by 1949. Over the next four years, French authorities selected more than two thousand of the remaining objects for display in public museums, palaces, and other government buildings. The appropriated items swiftly became part of the national cultural patrimony, as curators vied to secure the most coveted of so-called heirless items for museums across France. The state also sold lesser items not selected for the custodianship and deposited proceeds into the national treasury, thus further benefiting from the recovery of artworks at the expense of potential owners.
To Rialto
Authors: Romano Dennis 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter begins with the Lombard invasions that sealed the division between mainland (Lombard) Venetia and maritime (Byzantine) Venetia which was part of the Exarchate of Ravenna. It shows how, unlike in earlier invasions, the displacement of persons from the mainland to the lagoon was permanent. People from various mainland towns established new settlements throughout the northern, central, and southern lagoon. The theological controversy over icons (iconoclasm) caused the residents of the lagoons to revolt against Byzantium and elect their first doge. It considers the power struggle between various elites within the lagoon community with shifting ties to the Carolingians and/or the Byzantines. It concludes with Charlemagne’s son Pepin’s unsuccessful invasion of the lagoon and the decision to move the capital of the lagoon to Rialto (Venice).
Introduction
Authors: Lee Joel , Satyanarayana K. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Concealing Caste: Passing and Personhood in Dalit Literature is an anthology of stories by Dalit authors in India who describe what it is like to lead a risky double life: Dalit at home, but ‘high caste’ at school or in the neighbourhood, the workplace, or public life. The short stories and autobiographical essays of this volume throw light on the vast, open secret of caste concealment, a phenomenon that is arguably a South Asian analogue to racial ‘passing’ in the United States. In both caste and race contexts, narratives of the clandestine crossing of categorical borders—of persons of oppressed communities allowing themselves to be perceived by others as belonging to a social group other than their ‘own’—reveal the hidden operations and internal contradictions of a vicious social order. The present chapter is the Introduction to Concealing Caste. Here the editors sketch the contours of caste concealment as a concept, contextualize it in the growing field of Dalit literature, identify key themes in its literary representation, and consider theoretical frameworks productive for comparative study alongside the literature on ‘passing’. Opening previously uncharted terrain and framing questions for further study, the Introduction lays the foundation for an interdisciplinary discussion of caste concealment in literature and in life.
In the Name of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit
Authors: Jeyachandran Pratibha 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Part I of Concealing Caste: Passing and Personhood in Dalit Literature contains short stories by Dalit authors addressing the theme of hidden identity. The fourth of these is Pratibha Jeyachandran’s ‘In the Name of the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit’ (Pithakumaran Parisutha Aaviyin Namathinaale), first published in 1995 and translated from Tamil by Torsten Tschacher. The story reveals the working of caste in a deeply Christian milieu in Tamil Nadu. Introspective and devout, Stephen lives far from home in a hostel at his university, where he attends church with his friend and fellow student, Thangaraj. Thangaraj’s sister Keren-Happuch and mother Gnanam take a liking to Stephen. Stephen wrestles with temptation while Gnanam and her children, misperceiving his caste background, draw him into the family.
Madness
Authors: Ayyappan C. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Part I of Concealing Caste: Passing and Personhood in Dalit Literature contains short stories by Dalit authors addressing the theme of hidden identity. The tenth of these is C. Ayyappan’s ‘Madness’ (Branthu), translated from Malayalam by Jobin Thomas. The story is about an educated Dalit employee whose fair-skinned wife appears to belong to ‘upper caste’ society. Their anonymity in a middle-class colony is threatened when his friends remind him of his responsibility to take care of his mad sister. Justifying his choice not to take his sister to the hospital, the narrator opens a window into the wretchedness, humiliation, and guilt experienced by educated Dalits alienated from their caste fellows in contemporary Kerala.
My Caste
Authors: Kardam Jai Prakash 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Part II of Concealing Caste: Passing and Personhood in Dalit Literature contains autobiographical writings by Dalit authors addressing the theme of hidden identity. This chapter is Jai Prakash Kardam’s essay ‘My Caste’ (Meri Jati), published in a Hindi literary magazine in 1997 and translated by Joel Lee. In the essay, Kardam relates his experience of relocating to Allahabad when his work in a central bank takes him there. The first order of business is finding a place to rent. Navigating a new social environment in a place known for its casteism, Kardam finds himself caught in a bind that tests his Ambedkarite commitments and his loyalty to friends.
Herodes Atticus, Hadrian, and the Antonines
Authors: Strazdins Estelle 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines Herodes Atticus’ use of imperial images against the backdrop of his broader monumentalizing programme in Roman Greece. In particular, it draws out the implications of how Hadrian and Antinous, and Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus are represented and displayed in a series of portrait busts commissioned by Herodes and arranged in his private villa at Loukou-Eva Kynouria or in the public sanctuary of Nemesis at Rhamnous in Attica. These images are integrated into a broader visual, cultural, and historical programme that recasts the power relationships between Romans and Greeks in the eastern empire. The chapter argues that Herodes employs these portraits of contemporary emperors to assert his own centrality to the maintenance and mediation of Roman imperial power in the province of Achaea and that this message complements the contemporary promotion of Greek culture evident in the ‘Second Sophistic’ more broadly.
Reluctant Race Men
Authors: Bryant Joan L. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Activists in the earliest Black antebellum reform endeavors contested and deprecated the concept of race. Attacks on the logic and ethics of dividing, grouping, and ranking humans into races became commonplace facets of activism in anti-colonization and emigration campaigns, suffrage and civil rights initiatives, moral reform projects, abolitionist struggles, independent church development, and interrogations of scientific thought on human origins. Denunciations persisted even as later generations of reformers felt compelled by theories of progress and American custom to promote race as a basis of a Black collective consciousness. Reluctant Race Men traces a history of the disparate challenges Black American reformers lodged against race across the long nineteenth century. It factors their opposition into the nation’s history of race and reconstructs a reform tradition largely ignored in accounts of Black activism. Black-controlled newspapers, societies, churches, and conventions provided the principal loci and resources for questioning race. In these contexts, people of African descent generated a lexicon for refuting race, debated its logic, and, ultimately, reinterpreted it. Assaults on the validity of race call into question the notion that it is a self-evident site of identity among Black people. Their ideas spotlight legal, social, political, religious, and scientific practices that configured human difference, sameness, hierarchy, and consciousness. They show how diverse actions constituted varied American phenomena dubbed “race.”
“One Common Family”
Authors: Bryant Joan L. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Opposition to race became diffuse, ad hoc, inconsistent, and occasionally idiosyncratic in the 1840s and 1850s as it spread among people who defended segregated reform associations. The chapter analyzes this phenomenon in efforts to secure the franchise and civil rights, debates over colored churches and segregated schools, antislavery activism, and emigration campaigns. It explores how concerns over proper bases of public authority for citizens and members of the human race informed misgivings about race for an ideologically diverse set of individuals confronting disparate issues.
Trolling Ourselves to Death
Authors: Hannan Jason 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Almost forty years ago, Neil Postman argued that television had brought about a fundamental transformation to democracy. By turning entertainment into our supreme ideology, television had recreated public discourse in its image and converted democracy into show business. In Trolling Ourselves to Death, Jason Hannan builds on Postman’s classic thesis, arguing that we are now not so much amusing, as trolling ourselves to death. Yet, how do we explain this profound change? What are the primary drivers behind the deterioration of civic culture and the toxification of public discourse? &#x2028;Trolling Ourselves to Death moves beyond the familiar picture of trolling by recasting it in a broader historical light. Contrary to the popular view of the troll as an exclusively anonymous online prankster who hides behind a clever avatar and screen name, Hannan asserts that the trolls have emerged from the cave, so to speak, and now walk in the clear light of day. Trolls now include politicians, performers, patriots, and protesters. What was once a mysterious phenomenon limited to the darker corners of the Internet has since gone mainstream, eroding our public culture and changing the rules of democratic politics.&#x2028;Hannan shows how trolling is the logical outcome of a culture of possessive individualism, widespread alienation, mass distrust, and rampant paranoia. Synthesizing media ecology with historical materialism, he explores the disturbing rise of political unreason in the form of mass trolling and sheds light on the proliferation of disinformation, conspiracy theory, “cancel culture,” and digital violence. Taking inspiration from Robert Brandom’s innovative reading of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Trolling Ourselves to Death makes a case for building “a spirit of trust” to curb the epidemic of mass distrust that feeds the plague of political trolling.
Introduction
Authors: Hannan Jason 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Revisiting the events of January 6, 2021, the introduction addresses the crisis of democracy today. Of the many possible angles for analyzing the acidification of the public sphere, the introduction focuses on social media, arguably the dominant media of communication today. It notes that we have been living with trolls for decades. It discusses the beginnings of trolling on Usenet forums in the 1990s, emphasizing the element of anonymity. It emphasizes that trolling has since gone mainstream and shed its anonymity, something that demands explanation. The introduction revisits Neil Postman’s Amusing Ourselves to Death, acknowledging its strengths and limitations. It also discusses Alasdair MacIntyre’s After Virtue. The book is framed as a synthesis of Postman’s media ecology and MacIntyre’s metaethics, two studies that help explain the degradation of public discourse. Following a chapter breakdown, the introduction concludes with a note about the challenge of writing about our rapidly evolving social media landscape.
Disenlightenment
Authors: Hannan Jason 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter opens with a hypothetical flame war on social media and asks whether things were really better before the digital age. It then discusses Alasdair MacIntyre’s main work, After Virtue, which guides the historical discussion of the chapter. The central argument is that the historical roots of trolling lie in instrumental and manipulative social relations. The chapter discusses moral order in the premodern world and moral theory during the Enlightenment. The two key paradigms discussed are those of David Hume (the passions) and Immanuel Kant (transcendental reason). The chapter then discusses MacIntyre’s explanation for why Enlightenment moral theory failed and what took its place: capitalist individualism and the ethic of moral instrumentalism. Next, three consequences of instrumentalism are discussed: acts of unmasking, appeals to individual rights, and the proliferation of protest. Trolling is presented as a fourth consequence.
Introduction
Authors: Jollimore Troy 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The introduction provides an overview of themes related to loyalty, its nature and significance, and its status as a virtue, paying particular attention to the moral concerns that tend to arise with respect to loyalty and its demands, and possibility of conflict between our various loyalties, or between loyalty’s demands and those arising from other sources. It also offers a brief synopsis of each chapter in the collection, and it notes some connections between the various chapters.
Loyalty Dilemmas
Authors: Gilbert Margaret 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter attempts to understand loyalty’s status as a virtue by reference to a class of obligations it refers to as loyalty obligations. Notably, one’s loyalty obligations can conflict, resulting in loyalty dilemmas. The chapter begins with a working account of loyalty as a matter of fulfilling the obligations associated with a given relationship. It then argues against the common idea that the obligations in question are all-things-considered moral requirements. Rather, they are directed obligations of joint commitment. The author argues that this proposal allows us to retain the Aristotelian idea that loyalty as a virtue is a mean between two extremes. It also accords with a plausible joint-commitment account of friendship. Two other contexts of loyalty are briefly discussed in relation to this proposal: loyalty to country and loyalty to self. Against this background, an account of the virtue of loyalty is proposed.
A Dubious Virtue
Authors: Milligan Tony , Cobham Heidi 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter addresses the paradoxical nature of the virtue of loyalty and the doubts many have felt about whether it is a genuine virtue. It is argued that loyalty is, in fact, a virtue, but that skepticism about this claim expresses important truths and should not be ignored. Iris Murdoch’s novel The Bell is examined to illustrate why certain kinds of loyalty tend to strike us as anything but virtuous. Readers of Murdoch’s novel are led to sympathize with Dora, who has been unfaithful, rather than with her husband, Paul, who has unreasonable and damaging expectations. The kind of loyalty that Paul expects presupposes and is motivated by rigid, external ideals while neglecting the internal features of Paul and Dora’s particular relationship. The chapter concludes by generalizing from Murdoch’s example in The Bell in order to work toward a broader understanding of loyalty’s paradoxical and sometimes troubling aspects.
Right Belief and True Belief
Authors: Singer Daniel J. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Right Belief and True Belief is about what we should believe, and it defends a deeply truth-centric answer to that question. The book starts by laying out an approach to the question of what we should believe, one that mirrors how normative ethicists approach the question of what we should do. The rest of the book uses that approach to defend a truth-loving consequentialist conception of right belief. The central claim of truth-loving epistemic consequentialism is that what we should believe (and what credences we should have) can be understood in a simple consequentialist way in terms of what conduces to us having the most accurate beliefs (credences). This view straight-forwardly vindicates the popular intuition that epistemic norms are about getting true beliefs and avoiding false beliefs, and it coheres well with how scientists, engineers, and statisticians (i.e. those who are particularly rigorous in regulating their beliefs) think about what we should believe. Many previous works in epistemology have flirted with similar truth-based consequentialist approaches to epistemic norms, but most reject the view in response to one of several persuasive objections, most famously including trade-off and counting-blades-of-grass objections. Right Belief and True Belief shows how a simple truth-based consequentialist account of epistemic norms can avoid these objections and argues that truth-loving epistemic consequentialism can undergird a compelling general approach to epistemic questions.
Normative Epistemology
Authors: Singer Daniel J. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter introduces the central question of the book, the question of what we should believe. Just as normative ethicists aim to construct a complete and correct theory of right action, so ought normative epistemologists aim to construct a complete and correct theory of right belief, this chapter argues. In that vein, this chapter introduces the idea of normative epistemology, a subfield of epistemology that aims to understand what we should believe. It clarifies the nature of that question, and it begins to discuss how it might relate to other things epistemologists research, such as knowledge, justified belief, and rational belief. It also sketches a methodology of normative epistemology that's analogous to the standard methodology of normative ethics.
Motivation and Introduction
Authors: Müller Veronika , Gries Thomas 
Published: February 2024

AbstractThis chapter describes the motivation and intention of the book. We provide empirical stylized facts to show that most conflicts today are intrastate conflicts. Data also indicate that, for intrastate conflicts, ideologies play a major role. This empirical fact motivates us to have a closer look at ideologies and belief systems as an important source of conflict beyond the traditional controversy of communist versus capitalist views. Hence, in this chapter we argue why and how this book can contribute to understanding conflicts by focusing on ideologies and belief systems. Understanding the microfoundations of ideologies allows us to explain the psychological functions of ideologies and how ideologies can mobilize individuals, influence political outcomes, and exacerbate violence and conflict. Finally, we give a first introduction to our main arguments and reasoning.
From Individual Psychological Needs to Social and Political Conflicts
Authors: Müller Veronika , Gries Thomas 
Published: February 2024

AbstractChapter 2 introduces the main framework of the book to understand why human needs play an important role in conflict onset, why adopting ideologies is reasonable given certain socioeconomic conditions, how ideologies can address and reconcile thwarted human needs, and why individuals lean toward destructive ideologies and join groups to advance the goals of these groups. The framework consists of three layers: (i) fundamental (psychological) human needs, (ii) ideologies, and (iii) the (extremist) groups or organizations that recruit and mobilize individuals and decide between violent and nonviolent alternatives. With the first layer we identify the fundamental human needs that we categorize as existential, epistemic, relational, and agency needs. The second layer emphasizes the role of ideologies as a viable option for need reconciliation. The third layer describes how radical groups or organizations disseminate their beliefs and ideas to mobilize followers. This chapter is key in that it illustrates the whole concept of the book; that is, the idea, the framework, and the aim of the book.
Right, Left, and Religious Ideologies
Authors: Müller Veronika , Gries Thomas 
Published: February 2024

AbstractChapter 7 provides empirical evidence and real-life examples of how particular ideologies—those found on the left, right, and religious political spectrums—can reconcile human needs. This wide range of ideologies covers different paradigms and provides different moral models, which form attitudes toward social, economic, and political issues. From this point of departure, we examine various ideologies; their specific narratives, ideas, values, and norms; and how they can serve specific human needs. However, we put our emphasis on political ideologies that have the potential to exacerbate violence and conflict, namely racism, nationalism, ethnic nationalism, fascism, left-wing extremism, communism/socialism, the New Left, and religious fundamentalism. Here we explain how these ideologies have the capacity to reconcile human needs by incorporating real-life examples. Finally, we discuss findings showing that adherents, in particular extremists, of various ideologies are not a homogeneous group and have different needs, preferences, and personalities.