bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Basic Principles of a Healthy Workshop
Authors: Schneider Pat , Elbow Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Amherst Writers & Artists method for writing classes, groups, and workshops has developed in a community of writers that had its origin in 1979. Teachers, workshop leaders, and several thousand workshop participants have helped create these practices. They are deeply rooted in the writing process movement whose pioneers have called for and have brought about reform in teaching writing since the 1930s. That reform has been most fully articulated by Peter Elbow.
Creating Your Own Workshop or Writing Group
Authors: Schneider Pat , Elbow Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1973 Oxford University Press published a groundbreaking book titled Writing Without Teachers, by Peter Elbow. It powered a revolution that was already simmering. From a childs first year in school all the way through graduate MFA programs, teachers and students of writing began to focus on the creative process. How does art happen? What is needed to make good writing happen?
It was a shocking suggestion, that writers might write without teachers. Perhaps it is now a shocking suggestion that you might start your own workshop or writing group. It’s an idea whose time has come.
A workshop or a writing group? What is the difference? Usually the term “workshop” implies that the leader has either professional training as a teacher of writing or professional experience as a published writer. He or she has knowledge of literature and an ability to guide others through manuscript development and the process of submission of manuscripts for possible publication.
Hermit Beetle (Osmoderma eremita) in a Fragmented Landscape: Predicting Occupancy Patterns
Authors: Ranius Thomas , Hedin Jonas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Trunk hollows in old, deciduous trees harbor a specialized insect fauna that consists mainly of beetles and flies (Dajoz 2000). Today, this fauna is threatened in Europe due to habitat loss (Speight 1989). To enable efficient conservation work in order to preserve this fauna, there is a need for detailed knowledge about habitat requirements of the species. Field inventories of presence or absence suggest that the spatial structure of the habitat is important for several beetle species, as they are absent or occur in lower frequencies in individual hollow trees or in small stands (Ranius 2000, 2002a). The decrease of old, hollow trees has taken place during the past 200 years, and perhaps for that reason the metapopulations of inhabiting species are not in equilibrium; in many landscapes we expect the extinctions from small stands to be more frequent than the colonizations. To understand how the present occupancy patterns have arisen, detailed studies on the population dynamics are needed. Therefore, we have carried out more thorough studies on one species, Osmoderma eremita (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), within the framework set by metapopulation ecology (Ranius and Nilsson 1997; Ranius 2000, 2001, 2002a, 2002b; Ranius and Hedin 2001; Hedin and Ranius 2002).
Eastern Indigo Snakes (Drymarchon couperi ) in Florida: Influence of Edge Effects on Population Viability
Authors: Breininger David R , Legare Michael L , Smith Rebecca B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The eastern indigo snake (Drymarchon couperi) is threatened with extinction because of direct mortality caused by humans and rapid urbanization in Florida, which comprises most of the current range (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1998). The eastern indigo snake is the longest nonvenomous snake in the United States; it eats a variety of prey such as snakes, small mammals, birds, and frogs. There is little published regarding its population ecology, and there is no reliable method to survey populations because the species is a wide-ranging habitat generalist that occurs in low densities and which uses gopher tortoise (Gopherus polyphemus) burrows, debris piles, or dense vegetation for its cover. The killing of snakes by humans is a worldwide concern (Dodd 1987). Rudolph et al. (1999) reported that densities of large snakes were low, within 450 m of roads, and increased steeply up to 850 m from roads without evidence of an asymptote. The population viability of wide-ranging animals that undergo conflicts with people along edges of conservation areas is not just a function of population size (Woodroffe and Ginsberg 1998). Increased mortality along boundaries and emigration of animals into human-dominated landscapes that are ecological traps can diminish population persistence (Stamps et al. 1987).
Snowshoe Hares (Lepus americanus) in the Western United States: Movement in a Dynamic Managed Landscape
Authors: Griffin Paul C , Mills L Scott 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the listing of the Canada lynx, Lynx canadensis, as threatened in the coterminous United States (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 2000), the effect of landscape-scale forest management on populations of snowshoe hares, Lepus americanus, has been a concern. Snowshoe hares are the central prey species of lynx (Aubry et al. 2000). Because snowshoe hare densities vary widely across different types of forested vegetation structure (Adams 1959, Dolbeer and Clark 1975, Wolff 1980, Wolfe et al. 1982), changes in forest vegetation structure through natural disturbance, succession, and silviculture can have dramatic impacts on populations. Snowshoe hare populations cycle with a regular 9-to 11-year period in the northern portion of the species range (Keith 1990), but evidence of a cycle to the south is mixed (Hodges 2000). Vegetative succession complicates population models (Johnson 2000). In western Montana, we have found highest snowshoe hare densities in regenerating forest stands with high sapling density and in uncut, late-seral-stage forest stands also with abundant saplings. This high-quality snow-shoe hare habitat in Montana can be thought of as having a bimodal distribution relative to forest stand age, with only young and much older stands providing the “closed” understories with abundant cover and browse (Buskirk et al. 2000). The layer of abundant shrubs and saplings that regenerates following clearcuts or large fires later disappears as the lower limbs die on growing trees, but this layer may reappear when large trees die, creating canopy gaps (Oliver and Larson 1986). The potentially long period when the stand understory becomes and remains comparatively “open” is a time of lower habitat quality. Anthropogenic canopy gaps in partially harvested stands can also stimulate growth of a dense understory layer under an established canopy (DeBell et al. 1997, Tappeiner et al. 1997).
Chromaticity: An Overlooked English Grammatical Category Distinction
Authors: Postal Paul M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This essay argues for the existence of an English grammatical category distinction that, as far as I know, has not been previously recognized. This distinction bifurcates the class of nominals into subtypes I will refer to as chromatic and nonchromatic. Instances of these are seen in (1) and (2): Most DPs belong to the chromatic class, which is open. The nonchromatic class consists, though, of a restricted, if not tiny, group of forms. The choice of the terminology adopted is based on the fact that systematically the nonchromatic forms have extremely general and nonspecific meanings, ones, as it were, that lack ‘color’. Kishimoto (2000: 563) approaches the same meaning property by speaking of the nouns that underlie nonchromatic DPs as “semantically light” and claiming they are “devoid of lexical meaning.”
The Structure of One Type of American English Vulgar Minimizer
Authors: Postal Paul M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In naming these expressions as I have, I intend to bring out what I take to be a genuine connection with other minimizers, a standard category of negation studies; see Horn (2001: 452—453). Generally, a minimizer is a type of DP that denotes minimal elements on some scale One key difference between vulgar minimizers and others such as those in (4) is that mostly the former are not narrowly restricted to particular dimensions but can express minimality along many dimensions not specifically invoking animate things, because, like most minimizers, all those of (1) form exclusively inanimate nominals.
Junk Reasoning 2: ‘(Virtually) Conceptually Necessary’
Authors: Postal Paul M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A good move internal to junk linguistics if you want to advance a proposal P about some NL or NL in general but have no genuine evidence or factual argument for P is to say that it is (virtually) conceptually necessary for P to hold. First of all, this is pretty deep-sounding, the more so since nobody can be sure what ‘conceptually necessary’ means and it makes it seem like you really have a good reason to assume P. Second, once you have said P is necessary, even modifying it with the modifier ‘conceptually’, the likelihood is high of bluffing many readers since a lot of people are going to be reluctant to argue with P. After all, who wants to put themselves in the position of arguing against something that is necessary? Hedging with ‘virtually’ is also a fine idea because it covers you in case someone suggests that the relevant NL or all of NL is such that P doesn’t hold. Most likely, no one is going to care that, given the meaning of virtually (see chapter 12), a claim that P is ‘virtually conceptually necessary’ admits that it is not conceptually necessary. But if some negative and malevolent person, not lacking in our profession, does attack you, an excellent defense is thereby always available: You can simply observe that since you yourself said it was only virtually necessary, of course a small-minded, petty individual could waste people’s time by focusing on the trivial aspect in which it isn’t.
Postdoctoral Studies
Authors: Pais Abraham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In mid-July 1927, Oppenheimer sailed again for the United States, where a National Research Council Fellowship was awaiting him. That autumn he went back to Harvard. A graduate student, who attended his colloquium there on the Born-Oppenheimer paper, has recalled: “I never could figure out whether his sibylline declarations were just a form of one-upmanship or whether he really did see a lot more in the theory than I did. Some of both, I finally decided.’ While at Harvard he produced three interesting papers, one on the polarization of light excited by electronic impact on atoms, another on a further elaboration of his work on continuous spectra, and a third on the quantum mechanics of electron capture.
“The Shatterer Of Worlds”
Authors: Pais Abraham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On January 6, 1939, it was announced by Otto Hahn (1879-1968) and Fritz Strassmann (1902-1980) that they had made a discovery that must be called staggering. Among the byproducts of neutron-uranium collisions they had identified three isotopes of barium, which have nuclear charge roughly half that of uranium! Up till that time nuclear reactions never had produced changes in nuclear charge larger than two units. It was the first observation of nuclear fission. (The first explanation, and the name “fission,” came from Lise Meitner and Otto Frisch.)
Of The Superbomb And Of Spy Stories Varia: 1947–1949
Authors: Pais Abraham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this section I record a variety of topics from the years 1947 to 1949 that led up to October 1949, the time that marks the beginning of Oppenheimer’s serious involvement with the issue: shall the United States build a super, a hydrogen bomb, or shall it not? Already before the Russians had exploded their first A-bomb, Oppenheimer had become known for his hard-headedness and strongly anti-Soviet attitude, a viewpoint that resulted from his reactions to repeated Soviet obstruction of the internationalization of atomic control and disarmament under United Nations’ auspices. Speaking to those scientists who were content with the United States’ superiority in atomic weapons, Oppenheimer said: “No Government can adequately meet its responsibilities for defense if it rests content with wartime results of this project [Los Alamos].” He had warned the administration in 1944 of Soviet designs in the Far East, and disagreed with those scientists who felt that the international control of the atom would bring complete security. His attitude toward Soviet obstruction of the international control of atomic energy at the United Nations evolved from a mild distrust to a deep resentment. He even went so far as to advise the Truman administration to abandon the United Nations’ negotiations on atomic energy control because of the Soviet refusal to adopt the Baruch Plan.
Cloaked Mountain Peak
Authors: Pais Abraham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the beginning of 1966, Robert Oppenheimer was looking thin and frail. Official records often pegged him at 6 feet tall and 100 lbs, though in later years he was shortened by an increasing stoop and the three figure weight had always been an upper bound. His face looked, one journalist wrote, like “that of a moon-man, with eyes that were like craters,” photographs of which were haunting and made one “pause and wince.”1 Once, friends and colleagues had described Oppenheimer as attractive, beautiful-even angelic. Now he was haggard.
Doing and Saying: Some Words on Womens Silence
Authors: Meyerhoff Miriam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To a linguist, whenever a person is silent it is always superficially the same —silence is, after all, by definition, the absence of speech or phonetic content —but that hardly means all silence is the same. In Language and Womans Place (LWP) (1975), Robin Lakoff brought many aspects of talk by and about women to our attention (see also Holmes, this volume). Linguists have understandably focused mainly on the overt, spoken-aloud aspects of talk discussed in LWP, but it is worth remembering that Lakoff was interested not only in what was said of and by women but also in the constraints or restrictions on what might be said. Indeed, since LWP was published she has often returned to explore the realm of what is not said (Lakoff 1996, 2003).
Walt Whitman
Authors: Reynolds David S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the great events of the day to the patient workings of a spider, few poets responded to the life around them as powerfully as Walt Whitman. Now, in this brief but bountiful volume, David S. Reynolds offers a wealth of insight into the life and work of Whitman, examining the author through the lens of nineteenth-century America. Reynolds shows how Whitman responded to contemporary theater, music, painting, photography, science, religion, and sex. But perhaps nothing influenced Whitman more than the political events of his lifetime, as the struggle over slavery threatened to rip apart the national fabric. America, he believed, desperately needed a poet to hold together a society that was on the verge of unraveling. He created his powerful, all-absorbing poetic “I” to heal a fragmented nation that, he hoped, would find in his poetry new possibilities for inspiration and togetherness. Reynolds also examines the influence of theater, describing how Whitman’s favorite actor, the tragedian Junius Brutus Booth--“one of the grandest revelations of my life”--developed a powerfully emotive stage style that influenced Leaves of Grass, which took passionate poetic expression to new heights. Readers will also discover how from the new medium of photography Whitman learned democratic realism and offered in his poetry “photographs” of common people engaged in everyday activities. Reynolds concludes with an appraisal of Whitman’s impact on American letters, an influence that remains strong today. Solidly grounded in historical and biographical facts, and exceptionally wide-ranging in the themes it treats, Walt Whitman packs a dazzling amount of insight into a compact volume.
The Visual Arts
Authors: Reynolds David S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As With Popular Performance, Whitman Found in Photography and painting a rich mine of poetic materials. He regarded art as a means of refining and elevating the masses. In a newspaper article titled “Polishing the Common People,” he called for the widespread distribution of artworks: “We could wish the spreading of a sort of democratical artistic atmosphere among the inhabitants of our republic.”1 His poetry was his gesture toward fostering such an artistic atmosphere. From the new medium of photography he learned techniques of democratic realism. “In these Leaves [of Grass] everything is photographed. Nothing is poeticized,” he wrote.2 A frequenter of Manhattan daguerreotype galleries, he offered in poetry his own gallery of “photographs”-realistic vignettes of common people engaged in everyday activities.
Science, Philosophy, And Religion
Authors: Reynolds David S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Lo! Keen-Eyed Towering Science, / As From Tall Peaks the Modern overlooking,” writes Whitman in “Song of the Universal.” In the next breath he adds, “Yet again, lo! the soul, above all science. These lines point to the movement in his poetry from the scientific to the spiritual. He struggled to bring together the two in his poetry, and he made use of popular approaches that made such couplings possible. Like the eighteenth-century deists, he denied the specialness of any single religion and forged a broadly ecumenical outlook that embraced all religions. As he wrote, his was “the greatest of faiths and the least of faiths.” His ecumenical outlook engendered two long passages in “Song of Myself “ in which he listed by name the major world religions, indicating that he respected and accepted them all.
Paralytic Strabismus
Authors: Buckley Edward G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The treatment of ocular motility disorders, which occur after injury to one or more of the motor nerves to the extraocular muscles, presents a therapeutic challenge. The goal of treatment is to create a large area of single binocular vision that is centered around the primary-gaze position while preserving as much single vision in the reading position as possible. In most cases of paralytic strabismus, a variety of surgical approaches can be used. However, to achieve high patient satisfaction, the successful procedure must result in an area of single binocular vision that is large enough to permit normal gaze function. Careful analysis of the ocular motility deficit, with special emphasis on the amount and direction of extraocular muscle dysfunction, is crucial in selecting the appropriate surgical procedure.
Neuropsychological Testing after Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Prigatano George P , Borgaro Susan R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Soon after the publication of the first edition of this book, the American Academy of Neurology35 published its position on the utility of neuropsychological assessment. “Neuropsychological assessment is useful in the assessment of patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) where it can aid in the detection of subtle deficits, provide information on outcome and prognosis, contribute to the construction of direct rehabilitation strategies, and facilitate rehabilitation that leads to more functional independence” (p. 594). As noted in the first edition of this book, neuropsychological testing can also aid in diagnosis, medical-legal testimony, and research.
Measuring food consumption of individuals
Authors: Gibson Rosalind S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes methods commonly used for measuring the food consumption of individuals. Subsequent chapters discuss the factors associated with the reproducibility and validity of each of these methods (Chapters 5–7) and the calculation and evaluation of nutrient intakes (Chapters 4 and 8). Two groups of methods are used to measure the food consumption of individuals. The first group, known as quantitative daily consumption methods, consists of recalls or records designed to measure the quantity of the individual foods consumed over a 1-d period. By increasing the number of measurement days, quantitative estimates of the usual intakes of individuals can be obtained, using the same methods. The number, selection, and spacing of the days depend on the food intake, the nutrients of interest, the day-to-day variation in nutrient intake, and the level of precision required. Determination of the usual intake is particularly critical when relationships between diet and biological parameters or chronic disease are assessed. Estimates of usual intakes are also needed to estimate the prevalence of inadequate intakes.
Assessment of iron status
Authors: Gibson Rosalind S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The assessment of the iron status of the population is critical: iron deficiency is the most frequently occurring micronutrient deficiency in low-income and industrialized countries. The human body contains about 2.5 to 4 g of elemental iron. Of this, about 70% is present in the hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying pigment of the red blood cells that plays a critical role in transferring oxygen from lung to tissues. Hemoglobin is made up of four heme subunits, each with a polypeptide chain of globin attached. Each molecule of heme consists of a protoporphyrin IX molecule with one iron atom. In addition, about 4% of body iron is present in myoglobin, the oxygenbinding storage protein found in muscle. The structure of myoglobin is similar to hemoglobin, except that it contains only one heme unit and one globin chain.
Assessment of folate and vitamin B12 status
Authors: Gibson Rosalind S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Deficiencies of the two related vitamins, folic acid and vitamin B12, cause megaloblastic anemia, an anemia characterized by abnormally large red-cell precursors (megaloblasts) in the bone marrow and larger than normal red cells (macrocytic cells) in the peripheral blood. These abnormalities in cell morphology arise because a deficiency of either vitamin B12 or folate impairs the production of 5,10-methylene tetrahydrofolate, which is essential for the biosynthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Interference with DNA synthesis induces abnormal cell replication, especially in rapidly dividing cells.
Age-Related Memory Decline
Authors: Economou Alexandra , Simos Papanicolaou G , Papanicolaou Andrew C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recognition among psychologists that memory declines with age is credited to Kral (1958), although as early as the seventh century BC, Pythagoras had commented on it (Berchtold & Cotman, 1998), registering thus a valid, albeit mundane, observation about a ubiquitous phenomenon. Memory problems of the elderly have received much attention lately as the population of many regions of the world ages. Memory decline attributed to aging is estimated to occur in 40% of individuals older than 60 years (Hanninen, Koivisto, Reinikainen et al., 1996). The rest (60%) remain cognitively intact (Weintraub, Powell, & Whitla, 1994; Rosen, Prull, O’Hara et al., 2002a; Snowdon, 2003; Perls, 2004), suggesting that “successful” cognitive aging is also a biological possibility. For those who experience deficits, the central problem becomes one of separating memory decline (and cognitive decline, more generally) caused by recognizable diseases from decline due to "normal" wearing down of the brain.
Repeats and Variation in Pathogen Selection
Authors: Bayliss Christopher D , Richard Moxon E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For a population of bacteria to survive in a fluctuating environment, diversity at certain loci is an essential part of fitness. The potential for diversity at such loci actually can be inherited and selected. A single genome sequence can imply diversity at those loci through the evolution of sequences with a high mutation rate at such loci. We suggest the term “species genome” to encompass the full range of diversity implied by a bacterial genome.