bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recognition and Reaction
Authors: Dancy Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this paper I discuss one of the many themes of Jim Griffin’s recent Value Judgement. This is the claim that we will not be able to make progress in a certain area of moral theory unless we succeed in blurring the distinction between recognition and reaction. My own view, in brief, is that blurring this distinction would not be enough. What we need to do is to transcend it altogether. So I agree with Griffin that the distinction needs philosophical treatment, but think that the sort of treatment it needs is much more radical than the one that he seems to think appropriate.
.Impartiality, Predictability, and Indirect Consequentialism
Authors: Hooker Brad 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
James Griffin’s Well-Being: Its Meaning, Measurement, and Moral Importance was a model of sophisticated and reasonable consequentialism. His more recent Value Judgement: Improving Our Ethical Beliefs includes a rejection of consequentialism. So Griffin is an apostate. What makes apostates so threatening and interesting is that they know well—from the inside, as it were what they are rejecting. In this chapter I examine the charge prosecuted by the later Griffin against indirect consequentialism. The question I will be asking is whether anything recognizable as indirect consequentialism can survive Griffin’s charge.
The Improvisatory Drama of Decision-Making
Authors: Rorty Amélie Oksenberg 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is no news that the movement from decision to action and from action to outcome are contingent and accident-prone. But we tend to set aside the fact that-for good or ill-intentions and decisions are themselves affected by tangential and accidental contingencies. I want to explore the dynamics of the process of shared or collective decision-making in which participants find themselves improvising dramatic roles and advancing positions that often do not represent their primary aims or views. But, despite the powerful role of chance and accident in decision-making, despite its apparent arbitrariness, there is an Aesopian moral, a surprising set of norms that can, in principle, govern the process.
A Reply To Van Eck
Authors: Rowe Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The real substance, and importance, of Job van Eck’ contribution to the present debate, in my view, lies in his analysis of Phaedo 102 A 10-103 c 2, and his account of how that passage--which l shall refer to from now on as Passage B-illustrates the meaning of 99 E 2-6. Inhisoriginal paper .Skopein en logois’., building on previous work by H. N. Castaneda,2 he argued persuasively against an interpretation of the later passage of the sort I myself have favoured, in terms of the distinction between essence and accident. He also showed elegantly how the (or a) . Form-hypothesis. is used to provide ‘a logical analysis of a relational fact ... and an adequate one indeed., how this mode of analysis can be said to operate lv Aoyois, and how it differs from looking at things .in concrete..
Taking Stock Of The Central Books
Authors: Wedin Michael V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The past two decades or so have produced an impressive literature on the central books of Aristotle’ Metaphysics-Z, H, and attention, book Z has been the principal beneficiary. It is no exaggeration to say that our understanding of that once refractory text enjoys a detail and sophistication barely imaginable quarter of a century ago. This is not to be confused with agreement. On the contrary, there is hardly a text that provokes more wrangling than Metaphysics Z. But the disagreements have been acutely drawn and serve to sharpen and constrain interpretation. Such developments have begotten the need for a fresh and comprehensive commentary on Z, and the other central books, in addition to providing favourable conditions in which to produce it. So it is hardly surprising that the latest addition to the Clarendon Aristotle Series was eagerly awaited.3 In a number of respects, David Bostock’ Aristotle: Metaphysics, Books Zand His to be commended. For the most part, its translation is readable and philosophically reliable. Its commentary on the text is sophisticated and intricate, typically offering two or three ways to read a given passage. There is no doubt that this material will prove stimulating to serious scholars
Potted Platonism
Authors: Sheppard Anne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Even inOxford the study of ancient philosophy is no longer limited to Plato and Aristotle, and the recent development of the Clarendon Later Ancient Philosophers series bears witness to the continuing expansion of interest not only in Hellenistic philosophy but also in philosophy under the Roman Empire. The .blurb. for the series says that it is .designed to encourage philosophers and students of philosophy to explore the fertile terrain of later ancient philosophy.. Such explorers will quickly discover that some of the texts they are dealing with provide evidence for the thought of their time but are not in themselves powerfully argued or highly original. The Handbook of Platonism, better known under its Greek title of Didaskalikos, is such a work. Our knowledge of Middle Platonism depends on handbooks and doxographies and on the writings of philosophically educated authors such as Plutarch and Philo of Alexandria. No philosophical works of stature comparable to those of Plato, Aristotle, or Plotinus survive. This does not mean that Middle Platonism lacks philosophical interest, but understanding the material available requires the skills of the classical scholar and the historian of ideas as much as those of the philosopher. John Dillon is excellently equipped to present such material to a wider audience, and the success of his enterprise may be gauged by the fact that while I was working on this review Alcinous went into paperback. Dillon’ earlier work The Middle Platonists included.
Heraclitus’ Criticism of Ionian Philosophy
Authors: Graham Daniel W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the ancient tradition of interpretation, Heraclitus is known for five doctrines which are of importance for an overall interpretation: (I) Fire is the άρχή or original material cause of the world; (2) there are periodic episodes of world conflagration (ε κπύρωσις) when the cosmos is consumed, to be regenerated later; (3) everything is in flux;-’ (4) the opposites are identical;’ and (in consequence of (3) and (4) ), (5) Heraclitus violates the Law of Non-Contradiction. The period of modern interpretation begins with a concerted attack on the attribution to Heraclitus of each of these doctrines.” John Burnet’ argued against (2), (4), and (5); Karl Reinhardt argued
The Stoic-Platonist Debate on kathekonta
Authors: Sedley David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My aim in this chapter is to uncover a debate about the teaching of practical ethics which, unless I am altogether mistaken, must have been conducted early in the third century BC, between the last generation of the early Platonic Academy and the first generation of the new Stoic school.The focal concept will be that of kathekonta-the ‘duties’, ‘obligations’, or ‘proper functions’ which generation after generation of Stoics so laboriously classified and analysed. A kathekon is the proper thing to do, either exceptionlessly or in certain defined circumstances. In its developed form, the doctrine of kathekonta set out to cover every kind of social, political, economic, and familial relation. Codes of conduct were prescribed for the interaction of relative with relative, young with old, rulers with subjects, buyers with sellers, citizens with foreigners. And every significant area of choice was addressed.
Xenophanes’ Ouranian God in the Fourth Century
Authors: Palmer John A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aristotle’s dismissal of Xenophanes in the Metaphysics may give the impression that he had a rather low estimation of him. It will be useful to qualify this impression somewhat before proceeding to the substance of the view he attributes to Xenophanes. One needs to consider both the implications of Aristotle’s general dismissal of the Eleatics from his present enquiry and the specific criticisms he directs against the character of Xenophanes’ views. Aristotle’s expressed purpose in considering his predecessors’ views in Meta-physics A is to support his contention that the four kinds of cause or principle he has specified in the Physics are the only kinds.
Plutarch on Koinoʣ ΛΟΓΟʣ: Towards an Architecture of De Stoicorum Repugnantiis
Authors: Boys-Stones George 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Everyone who reads Plutarch’s De Stoicorum repugnantiis must be struck by the tremendous lack of formal structure which seems to have characterized its composition: at first sight it looks, as one writer put it, like a ‘polemical rag-bag’ and, so far at least as its structure goes, not much more. There have, of course, been more concerted attempts to describe, analyse, and explain the structure of De Stoicorum repugnantiis, and there is one observation which is common to almost all those, who have commented on the matter, and that is that there are groups of arguments which display some obvious thematic unity. Indeed, there are some fairly extended groups of thematically linked arguments which run through several of the chapters of the work (according to the division that we standardly use).2 For example, chapters 31-7 are obviously characterized by an interest in the Stoic theory of providence, and this grouping might easily be extended to cover 31-40, as a discussion of Stoic theology more generally.
Hume on Personal Identity
Authors: Penelhum Terence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I wANT in this paper to examine the arguments which Hume uses in the famous Sixth Section of Part IV of Book I of the Treatise, not primarily as a work of scholarship, but in order to assess how good they are and to try to learn something from them when they are mistaken as well as when they are right. Hume’s discussion of personal identity is the best there is; no one can feel the same about the problem after reading it as he did before; and like so much that Hume says, it is incisive, penetrating, and most unsatisfying. It also has an additional, topical, interest: it gives us, I think, an excellent example of how complex and far-reaching the consequences of a mistake in linguistic or conceptual investigation can be.
Hume, Identity and Selfhood
Authors: Penelhum Terence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
HUME was not given to philosophical retractions; but he did express open dissatisfaction with his views on personal identity. It is therefore a great source of scholarly frustration that he did not make it very clear what he thought was wrong with them. Many have tried to decide what it was. I incline to the view that a recent contribution to this debate by Donald Ainslie comes close to the truth on this matter, although the vagueness of Hume’s text in the Appendix to the Treatise makes it impossible to be certain.1 Even if this view is right, however, I doubt that it indicates a clear aware ness on Hume’s part of what is really wrong with his philosophy of mind on this issue, or that it helps us solve any of the puzzles I have been concerned with in Chapters 2 to 5. But in arguing this, I can at least take the opportunity of delving a little deeper into some of them.
Hume and the Freedom of the Will
Authors: Penelhum Terence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hume.’s views on freedom have been very influential; but they have not been discussed by Hume scholars as much as his views on other major themes. This is no doubt in part because, at least until very recently, there has not been disagreement about where he stands. The problem of free will is of course immensely complex and frustratingly hard to articulate, and this essay is not offered as a serious contribution to its solution. I shall only try to comment on some of Hume’s arguments concerning it, on the connections these arguments have with other parts of his system, and on the apparent implications these arguments and these connections have for the wider problem.1
Butler and Hume
Authors: Penelhum Terence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THERE is not much direct evidence of connections between Hume’s thought and that of Joseph Butler. We do know that Hume wanted to interest Butler in the Treatise of Human Nature at the time of its first publication, and took out material about miracles in order to assist in this.1 Although this attempt came to nothing, we also know that in 1742 Butler was recommending Hume’s Essays Moral and Political ‘everywhere’.2 There is no reason to doubt that Hume’s wish to gain Butler’s approbation was based in part on genuine respect; and he includes Butler’s name in the Introduction to the Treatise when listing those students of human nature whose work has pre ceded his own. The late Professor Mossner argued that Cleanthes in the Dialogues is intended to represent Butler,3 and it would certainly be unreasonable to doubt that Butler was much in his mind as that work was composed over the years.
Human Nature and Truth: Hume and Pascal
Authors: Penelhum Terence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IT may seem strange for anyone to combine in one title the names of two such radically opposite thinkers as Blaise Pascal and David Hume. This may seem to be a combination that takes us well beyond the limits of profitable comparison. But I shall suggest that when we juxtapose some of the fundamental aspects of their thought, the result is instructive in several ways. First, though least in real importance, I think it becomes possible to make some conjectures about direct influence from Pascal in the seventeenth century to Hume in the eighteenth. I say ‘conjectures’ for several reasons. One of them is that Hume is a master of non-citation when it suits him, and the overt references to Pascal that we find in his writings do not suggest direct influences. Second, since we are dealing here with two figures of the very highest genius, the one the greatest of all Christian apologists, and the other the most considerable of all the philosophical secularizers of modern times, it is instructive to find them offering totally opposed inferences and value judgements, indeed totally opposed life choices, on the basis of remarkably similar understandings of the inner workings of the human spirit.
Doing Philosophy Historically
Authors: Campbell Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our question is: how is truth related positively to historicity? Our guiding suggestion is that such an investigation itself needs to be conducted in a historical manner, by working through the generation of our present ways of thinking about truth. To propose this way of investigating the topic of truth and historicity is, however, to be brought face-to-face with a recurring problem. For straight away the topic of our investigation seems to pose a dilemma for us at the level of method. On the one hand, if we are to take our own historicity seriously, it would seem that the investigation will have to be undertaken in a historical manner; in short, to be an inquiry into the history of the idea of truth and of the idea of historicity. Yet, on the other hand, the topic of the relation of truth to historicity seems, in itself, to be a philosophical issue which a historical survey could, at best, only illustrate. Thus philosophy and history, as two different kinds of inquiry, seem to exhibit just that same polar opposition as do the ideas of truth and historicity. Accordingly, it is not surprising that the enterprise of carrying out an inquiry which is at once historical and philosophical should seem impractical. This methodological stumbling-block warrants careful pondering.
Truth as Divine Norm
Authors: Campbell Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Given our increasing awareness of the historicity of human existence, it might appear strange and puzzling that there emerged in ancient Greece a kind of thinking which turned away from the contingencies of history to explore thoroughly ahistorical questions. That not all modern thinkers register a sense of wonder at this phenomenon is, however, understandable. We are not just external observers of that ahistorical way of thinking; in large measure we are direct heirs to it. Yet the complex tensions within our contemporary thought-world enable us to appreciate something of the newness and peculiarity of the philosophical tradition which then arose.
Timeless Truth
Authors: Campbell Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the pre-Socratic philosophers only disjointed fragments have come down to us by way of quotations in later writers. From none after Parmenides has there survived such a sustained and profound statement focused on the theme of truth. Of course, Parmenides had his followers, most notably Zeno, who developed a systematic series of paradoxes designed to show that motion is impossible, and Melissus, who wrote a treatise On Being in defence of the Parmenidean account of what is. But they appear not to have maintained his central focus on truth.
Truth and Judgements
Authors: Campbell Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For most modem philosophers, truth is to be analysed in terms of the use of the predicate “true” as it is applied to judgements, propositions, or sentences. That is in sharp contrast to the conception of truth in the Platonic tradition, in which truth is assigned primarily to reality, and only derivatively to a propositional item, a logos. For this tradition, truth is ontological in significance and not merely logical.1 This conception was preserved by the Augustinian identification of supreme truth with God, a move which only makes sense if truth is being conceived ontologically. If we are to understand the modern restriction of truth to the propositional domain, we shall need to appreciate how its ontological aspect, witnessed by the Platonic/ Augustinian conception, came to be dropped.
Truth and the New Way of Ideas
Authors: Campbell Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Descartes, and the so-called rationalists after him, were seeking an intuitive apprehension of truth within reason itself, albeit a conception of reason which had been transformed by Christian doctrines. For them, as for their Greek and medieval predecessors, scientific knowledge was of the necessary and unchangeable. The principles of mathematics, accordingly, were taken as the very paradigms of truth, discoverable by pure reason, and providing the framework for a new mathematical physics. For this tradition, as the example of Leibniz was soon notably to show, the problem always was to find some way of preventing contingent truths about the world from collapsing into necessary truths of reason.
Truth in a Contingent World
Authors: Campbell Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
LOCKE’S difficulties in establishing non-trivial necessary truths stemmed from his twin assumptions that everything which exists is particular and that all knowledge springs from sensation and reflection. Those assumptions, in turn, are grounded on his acceptance of the radical contingency of the world as a consequence of its creation by the divine will. Were those difficulties inevitable? Might it not be possible to combine an acceptance of the contingency of the world with the rationalist drive to render everything explicable to reason? Exploring this possibility became a major preoccupation of Gottfried Leibniz (1646 1716).
Following Nature: A Study in Stoic Ethics
Authors: Striker Gisela 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The following rather lengthy piece is a revised version of the Nellie Wallace Lectures I gave at Oxford University in the spring of 1984. My aim in this series of six talks was to put together an outline of Stoic ethics that would permit an audience of non-specialists to see some of the connections between the notorious bits of Stoic doctrine with which—or so I assumed—most of us are familiar. For example, most philosophers or classicists will have heard that the Stoics believed the universe was governed by a divine reason, identified with nature; that they defended the view that virtue is the only good, and that the virtuous person would be free from all emotion. But I thought that it was not so clear, given our fragmentary sources, how these doctrines hang together, and so I tried to offer a more or less historical sketch of the development of Stoic ethics as one way in which the pieces of the puzzle could be put together. The first five sections can I think be read as a continuous account of Stoic theories about the goal of life and of morality; the last one deals with ‘freedom from emotion’, picking up what is perhaps the most striking feature of Stoicism.
On Avoiding the Void
Authors: Malcolm John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Several prominent scholars have maintained that a denial of empty space, or the void, is crucial to Parmenides’ rejection of plurality and locomotion. Plurality, for example, implies divisibility but there is no what is not (or void) to separate one supposed portion of what is from another. Hence what is is one. Locomotion, also, might well appear to need some (empty) room for manreuvre, but such is precluded by the proclaimed ‘fullness’ of what is. Recently, however, interpreters of Parmenides have not been convinced that an appeal to the non-existence of a void plays a role in his denial of locomotion and plurality. The void is in fact never explicitly mentioned in his poem. More importantly, to introduce the void weakens Parmenides’ position, for a plenum may be regarded as permitting both locomotion and plurality—a situation adopted by his successors Empedocles and Anaxagoras. Moreover, at B 8. 22 Parmenides asserts that there cannot be any distinctions within what is and this principle is strong enough to preclude any locomotion or plurality. This renders an appeal to the absence of the void unnecessary as well as insufficient.
Two Sorts of Naturalism
Authors: Mcdowell John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Philippa Foot has long urged the attractions of ethical naturalism. I applaud the negative part of her point, which is to reject various sorts of subjectivism and supernaturalist rationalism. But I doubt whether we can understand a positive naturalism in the right way without first rectifying a constriction that the concept of nature is liable to undergo in our thinking. Without such preliminaries, what we make of ethical naturalism will not be the radical and satisfying alternative to Mrs Foot’s targets that naturalism can be. Mrs Foot’s writings do not pay much attention to the concept of nature in its own right, and this leaves a risk that her naturalism may seem to belong to this less satisfying variety. I hope an attempt to explain this will be an appropriate token of friendship and admiration.
Aristotle’s Notion of Potentiality in Metaphysics Θ
Authors: Frede Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aristotle thinks that we can not only make claims of the form ‘A is F’ or ‘A is an F’ in the sense that A is F actually or that A is an actual F. It also matters greatly to him that we can make claims of the form ‘A is F potentially’ or ‘A is a potential F’. For he thinks that the physical world is characterized by the fact that there are such truths about it which cannot be reduced to, or eliminated in favour of, claims to the effect that something actually is something or other. To put the matter differently, Aristotle thinks that there are truths of the form ‘A possibly is F’, in some special sense of ‘possibly’, which cannot be reduced to truths of the form ‘A is actually G’. And given that he assumes that an actual F is an actual being precisely in so far as it is an actual F, he correspondingly assumes that there are not only actual beings, for example, actual houses, actual human beings, actually healthy things, but that there are also some kinds of possible being, namely potential beings, for example, potential houses, potential human beings, potentially healthy things. These potential beings, for Aristotle, form a crucial part of the ontology of the sensible world.