bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gender, social support, and PTSD in victims of violent crime
Authors: Andrews Bernice , Brewin Chris R. , Rose Suzanna 
Published: September 2003

AbstractGender differences in social support levels and benefits were investigated in 118 male and 39 female victims of violent crime assessed for PTSD symptomatology 1 and 6 months postcrime. Within 1 month postcrime both genders reported similar levels of positive support and support satisfaction, but women reported significantly more negative responses from family and friends. Women also reported an excess of PTSD symptoms that was similar at 1 and 6 months postcrime, and negative responses mediated the relationship between gender and later symptoms. Overall negative response and support satisfaction, but not positive support, were significantly associated with PTSD symptoms. However, the effects of support satisfaction and negative response on 6‐month symptoms were significantly greater for women than men. The findings are consistent with previous studies of predominantly female assault victims concerning the stronger impact of negative over positive support, and might help explain women's higher PTSD risk in civilian samples.
Carnitine transport: Pathophysiology and metabolism of known molecular defects
Authors: Tein I. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractSummary: Early‐onset dilatative and/or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with episodic hypoglycaemic coma and very low serum and tissue concentrations of carnitine should alert the clinician to the probability of the plasmalemmal high‐affinity carnitine transporter defect. The diagnosis can be established by demonstration of impaired carnitine uptake in cultured skin fibroblasts or lymphoblasts and confirmed by mutation analysis of the human OCTN2 gene in the affected child and obligate heterozygote parents. The institution of high‐dose oral carnitine supplementation reverses the pathology in this otherwise lethal autosomal recessive disease of childhood, and carnitine therapy from birth in prospectively screened siblings may altogether prevent the development of the clinical phenotype. Heterozygotes may be at risk for cardiomyopathy in later adult life, particularly in the presence of additional risk factors such as hypertension and competitive pharmacological agents. OCTN2 belongs to a family of organic cation/carnitine transporters that function primarily in the elimination of cationic drugs and other xenobiotics in kidney, intestine, liver and placenta. The high‐ and low‐affinity human carnitine transporters, OCTN2 and OCTN1, are multifunctional polyspecific organic cation transporters; therefore, defects in these transporters may have widespread implications for the absorption and/or elimination of a number of key pharmacological agents such as cephalosporins, verapamil, quinidine and valproic acid. A third organic/cation carnitine transporter with high specificity for carnitine, Octn3, has been clonedin mice. The juvenile visceral steatosis (jvs) mouse serves as an excellent clinical, biochemical and molecular model for the high‐affinity carnitine transporter OCTN2 defect and is due to a spontaneous point mutation in the murine Octn2 gene on mouse chromosome 11, which is syntenic to the human locus at 5q31 that harbours the human OCTN2 gene.
Psychiatric symptomatology associated with contemporary peacekeeping: An examination of post‐mission functioning among peacekeepers in Somalia
Authors: Orsillo Susan M. , Roemer Lizabeth , Litz Brett T. , Ehlich Pete , Friedman Matthew J. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractContemporary peacekeepers frequently confront complex stressors including the need to directly enforce peace between warring factions, to deliver humanitarian aid in the midst of political‐social devastation, and to balance shifting rules of engagement. As such, it is proposed that participants may be at increased risk for the development of psychiatric distress. The present study examined the types of stressors encountered by 3,461 peacekeepers in Somalia, their current psychiatric functioning as measured by the Brief Symptom Inventory, and the relationship between exposure to various stressors and adjustment. Over one third of participants met criteria for psychiatric caseness. The most commonly reported symptoms included hostility, psychoticism, depression, and paranoid ideation. The best predictors of current functioning were found to be exposure to traditional war‐zone‐related stressors and general military pride and cohesion. These findings highlight the mental health consequences that service in a peacekeeping mission may have for United States soldiers. Further research is needed to investigate potential mechanisms that could serve as buffers to the stress associated with peacekeeping service.
L‐Carnitine in inborn errors of metabolism: What is the evidence?
Authors: Walter J. H. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractSummary: A questionnaire was posted on the electronic mailing‐list Metab‐l to determine current practice as regards the use of oral L‐carnitine in medium‐chain acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) deficiency, propionic acidaemia (PA) and methylmalonic acidaemia (MMA). Thirty‐one centres replied: L‐carnitine was used routinely by 94% of respondents in PA and MMA but by only 36% in MCAD deficiency. A search was made for published papers on the use of L‐carnitine in organic acidaemias and in MCAD deficiency. The quality of evidence to support the use of L‐carnitine was graded according to the scale published by the Scottish Intercollegiate Guideline Network. No high‐quality evidence was identified.
Prevalence of traumatic events and peritraumatic predictors of posttraumatic stress symptoms in a nonclinical sample of college students
Authors: Bernat Jeffrey A. , Ronfeldt Heidi M. , Calhoun Karen S. , Arias Ileana 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThis study investigated lifetime prevalence of traumatic events and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms among 937 college students. Participants rated their lifetime experiences of traumatic events and, in response to their “most stressful” event, completed measures of objective stressor dimensions, PTSD, and peritraumatic reactions. Approximately 67% of respondents reported at least one traumatic event. An estimated 4% of the full sample (12% of traumatized individuals) met PTSD criteria within the past week. After controlling for vulnerability factors and objective characteristics, peritraumatic reactions remained strongly predictive of PTSD symptoms. Results are discussed with respect to immediate reactions to traumatic events as potential precursors of PTSD symptomatology.
Mitochondrial disorders: Clinical presentation and diagnostic dilemmas
Authors: Smeitink J. A. M. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractSummary: The number of genes known to be involved in mitochondrial energy production and the elucidation of the function of their individual transcripts is still increasing. Although at this stage it is impossible to predict the number of human genes necessary for mitochondrial biogenesis and maintenance, the total number in humans will most probably exceed the number of mitochondrial genes found in, for example, the budding yeast, which is about 800. Without doubt we have only seen the tip of the iceberg of the clinical spectrum of mitochondrial disorders. Recent findings such as mutations in structural complex II genes in certain tumours emphasize the need to think outside the classical clinical presentation. We propose the consideration of a mitochondrial disorder in every chronic, intermittent or progressive disorder with single system or multisystem involvement, even if lactic acid is normal, and discuss such dilemmas as whether we should ‘scrape the barrel’ in every patient that are raised by this statement. The characterization of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA mutations in patients with enzymatically established mitochondrial defects has taught us that several of the current clinical and diagnostic assumptions have to be altered or even eliminated. The most challenging future task will be the development of new diagnostic criteria covering the expanding clinical spectrum of mitochondrial disorders.
The function of image control in the psychophysiology of posttraumatic stress disorder
Authors: Laor Nathaniel , Wolmer Leo , Wiener Zeev , Reiss Ahuva , Muller Uri , Weizman Ronit , Ron Samuel 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe physiological response to trauma‐related stimuli of up to one third of participants with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) cannot be discriminated from that of controls. Psychophysiological measures (heart rate and blood pressure) of 22 PTSD and 23 control civilian participants, all exposed to missile attacks during the Gulf War, were recorded while listening to five scripts. The physiological response of PTSD subjects with high image control (IC) was lower than that of PTSD participants with low IC and similar to that of non‐PTSD subjects. The physiological response poorly discriminated high IC PTSD participants from controls, but was successful in discriminating low IC PTSD subjects from controls with 91% specificity and 92% sensitivity. Image control is proposed as a function influencing physiological response in PTSD.
Factors associated with PTSD symptoms following treatment for breast cancer: Test of the Andersen model
Authors: Andrykowski Michael A. , Cordova Mathew J. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe utility of Andersen's (1993, 1994) model of psychologic morbidity following cancer treatment for predicting PTSD symptoms in breast cancer survivors (N = 82) was examined. PTSD symptoms, physical comorbidity, social support, depression history, and pre‐cancer traumatic stressors were assessed in a structured telephone interview. Multiple regression analysis indicated that Andersen model variables (physical comorbidity, education, disease stage, cancer treatment, depression history, social support) accounted for 39% of variance in PTSD symptom reports (p < .001). Addition to the model of time since treatment completion, pre‐cancer traumatic stressors, age at diagnosis, and tamoxifen usage accounted for an additional 16% of variance (p < .001). Higher levels of PTSD symptoms were associated with less social support, greater pre‐cancer trauma history, less time since treatment completion, and more advanced disease.
The eye as a window to inborn errors of metabolism
Authors: Poll‐The B. T. , Maillette De Buy Wenniger‐Prick L. J. , Barth P. G. , Duran M. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractSummary: Ocular manifestations in inborn errors of metabolism occur in many diseases and may be associated with any part of all eye components. In a minority of diseases it is possible to attribute the eye symptoms to a single hereditary pathogenetic mechanism. More often the aetiological relationship of the ocular defects to the metabolic disease is unknown. Diverse pathogenetic mechanisms may act via a common pathological pathway inducing ocular damage. The occurrence of eye abnormalities in metabolic disorders suggests that they are associated with direct toxic actions, errors of synthetic pathways or deficient energy metabolism. In this review, metabolic disorders with major abnormalities in the cornea, lens, retina and optic nerve are presented. In all cases, an appropriate combined approach by the ophthalmologist, paediatrician/neurologist, geneticist and clinical biochemist is the only way to diagnostic success.
Degree of somatoform and psychological dissociation in dissociative disorder is correlated with reported trauma
Authors: Nijenhuis Ellert R. S. , Spinhoven Philip , van Dyck Richard , van der Hart Onno , Vanderlinden Johan 
Published: September 2003

AbstractIn this study, the prevalence and severity of traumatic experiences as reported by patients with dissociative disorders and with other DSM‐IV psychiatric diagnoses were compared. Furthermore, the predictive value of emotional, physical, and sexual trauma with respect to somatoform and psychological dissociation was analyzed. In contrast with comparison patients, dissociative disorder patients reported severe and multifaceted traumatization. Physical and sexual trauma predicted somatoform dissociation, sexual trauma predicted psychological dissociation as well. According to the memories of the dissociative disorder patients, this abuse occurred in an emotionally neglectful and abusive social context. Pathological dissociation was best predicted by early onset of reported intense, chronic and multiple traumatization. Methodological limitations restricting causal inferences between reported trauma and dissociation are discussed.
“Seeking safety”: Outcome of a new cognitive‐behavioral psychotherapy for women with posttraumatic stress disorder and substance dependence
Authors: Najavits Lisa M. , Weiss Roger D. , Shaw Sarah R. , Muenz Larry R. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractWomen with current posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) comprise 30‐59% of substance abuse treatment samples and experience a more severe course than women with either disorder alone. As yet, no effective treatment for this population has been identified. This paper reports outcome results on 17 women who completed a new manual‐based 24‐session cognitive behavioral group therapy protocol treatment, based on assessments at pretreatment, during treatment, posttreatment, and at 3‐month follow‐up. Results showed significant improvements in substance use, trauma‐related symptoms, suicide risk, suicidal thoughts, social adjustment, family functioning, problem solving, depression, cognitions about substance use, and didactic knowledge related to the treatment. Patients' treatment attendance, alliance, and satisfaction were also very strong. Treatment completers were more impaired than dropouts, yet more engaged in the treatment. Overall, our data suggest that women with PTSD and substance abuse can be helped when provided with a treatment designed for them. All results are clearly tentative, however, due to the lack of a control group, multiple comparisons, and absence of assessment of dropouts.
Classical homocystinuria: Vascular risk and its prevention
Authors: Yap S. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractSummary. Homocystinuria due to cystathionine β‐synthase deficiency is the second most treatable aminoacidopathy. The reported incidence varies from 1 in 344 000 worldwide to 1 in 65 000 in Ireland. Untreated patients with homocystinuria have severe hyperhomocysteinaemia. Amongst its pathological sequelae, which include mental retardation, ectopia lentis and osteoporosis, vascular events remain the major cause of morbidity and mortality in untreated patients. Recognized modalities of treatment include pyridoxine, in combination with folic acid and vitamin B12; methionine‐restricted, cystine‐supplemented diet; and betaine. The natural history of vascular events is such that half will have an event before age 30 years and there is a predicted one event per 25 years at the time of maximal risk. In 158 patients with 2822 patient‐years of treatment, there would be a predicted 112 events if left untreated, but instead only 17 vascular events were recorded during treatment (relative risk 0.09, 95% CI 0.036 to 0.228; p<0.0001). Appropriate chronic treatment to lower hyperhomocysteinaemia is effective in reducing the potentially life‐threatening vascular risk in patients with homocystinuria. These findings may also have relevance to the significance of mild hyperhomocysteinaemia that is commonly found in patients with premature vascular disease.
The development of a measure of correlates of child sexual abuse: The traumatic sexualization survey
Authors: Matorin Abigail I. , Lynn Steven Jay 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe present research developed an instrument which assesses congitive and behavioral factors purportedly associated with child sexual abuse histories. Finkelhor and Browne's construct of traumatic sexualization served as a guide for item selection. The study resulted in a 38‐item reliable measure consisting of four subscales: Avoidance and Fear of Sexual and Physical Intimacy, Thoughts About Sex, Role of Sex in Relationships, and Attraction/Interest and Sexuality. Construct validity was established using a variety of self‐report instruments associated with the dimensions of traumatic sexualization Sexually abused women scored higher than nonabused women on three TSS factors. Physically abused women differed from nonabused women on only one factor. Sexually abused women did not score significantly higher than physically abused women on any factors.
On the Semantics and Operations of Primary Prevention and Wellness Enhancement (Or Will the Real Primary Prevention Please Stand Up?)
Authors: Cowen Emory L. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractCompared two recent, major reviews of primary prevention program evaluation research (i.e., Durlak and Wells' meta‐analysis of 177 such studies and the Institute of Medicine (IOM) Report's summary of research studies of preventive intervention programs) with respect to specific studies included and input sources used. Whereas the IOM Report defined the goal of primary prevention as reducing the occurrence of new cases of mental disorder, Durlak and Wells' broader definition included both that goal and the promotion of psychological wellness. Overlap in journal sources used by the two reviews was modest and overlap in the actual primary prevention program evaluation studies included was minimal (≅7%). These findings bespeak somewhat different views of primary prevention and suggest a need for the complementary development of both the above approaches as alternatives, individually and collectively, to mental health's past established restorative ways.
Adolescent AIDS Prevention in Context: The Impact of Peer Educator Qualities and Classroom Environments on Intervention Efficacy
Authors: Ozer Emily J. , Weinstein Rhona S. , Maslach Christina , Siegel David 
Published: September 2003

AbstractPeer‐led, school‐based interventions show promise for preventing AIDS among adolescents, but little is known about the processes underlying effective peer education or the conditions that promote its efficacy. This study examined the implementation in one school of an effective, peer‐led AIDS prevention program for inner‐city 7th‐grade participants (n = 123) and identified the qualities of peer educators (n = 15) and classroom environments (n = 5) that contributed to improvement in participants' postintervention AIDS‐related attitudes. The Peer Educator Rating Scale was developed to assess two dimensions of participants' perceptions of peer educators: “positive regard” and “perceived similarity.” Participants reported greater positive regard for more highly individuated and less shy peer educators, and participants' positive regard for peer educators in turn was associated with lowered AIDS risk as measured by perceptions of peer norms regarding sexual activity and self‐efficacy for peer communication regarding sexual topics and condoms. Participants' perceived similarity was not associated with any postintervention improvements in AIDS‐related knowledge and attitudes. Participants' classroom membership was associated with improvements in all 5 knowledge and attitude scales, and exploratory classroom‐level findings indicated that classroom intervention environments perceived as more organized by participants showed slightly greater overall improvements across AIDS‐related knowledge and attitudes scales. Consistent with individual‐level findings regarding participants' positive regard for peer educators, the two classrooms with the greatest positive regard for their peer educator teams showed the most student improvement. Implications for further research and the design of future prevention and promotion programs for adolescents are discussed.
The Person/Environment Dynamics of Employee Empowerment: An Organizational Culture Analysis
Authors: Foster-Fishman Pennie G. , Keys Christopher B. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractUsing an organizational culture framework, this case study examines the critical preconditions necessary for employee empowerment and highlights how the multiple cultures within one public bureaucracy differently impacted their implementation. SERVE, a large human service organization, initiated an employee empowerment program that contradicted and thus collided with many elements of its overall organizational culture. Despite the best intentions of the organizational leaders, upper management support, and opportunities for participatory decision making, the organization could not foster the critical preconditions needed for employee empowerment. Leaders had difficulty expanding the employees' power and promoting member inclusion. Concurrently, most employees rejected these new opportunities for control and distrusted the leader's intentions. Yet, despite the widespread rejection of these empowerment initiatives, most employees described their work lives as empowering. The role the local site subculture played in promoting employee empowerment is examined. We discuss how a localized (vs. system‐wide) empowerment endeavor may be a more appropriate and feasible focus for public bureaucracies seeking to initiate greater staff empowerment. Particular attention is paid to the interaction between individuals and their environments, and how this interaction affects the empowerment process.
African American Women in the Workplace: Relationships Between Job Conditions, Racial Bias at Work, and Perceived Job Quality
Authors: Hughes Diane , Dodge Mark A. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractAlthough studies have described work processes among employed African American women, few have examined the influence of these processes on job outcomes. This study examined relationships between African American women's exposure to a range of occupational stressors, including two types of racial bias—institutional discrimination and interpersonal prejudice—and their evaluations of job quality. Findings indicated that institutional discrimination and interpersonal prejudice were more important predictors of job quality among these women than were other occupational stressors such as low task variety and decision authority, heavy workloads, and poor supervision. Racial bias in the workplace was most likely to be reported by workers in predominantly white work settings. In addition, Black women who worked in service, semiskilled, and unskilled occupations reported significantly more institutional discrimination, but not more interpersonal prejudice, than did women in professional, managerial, and technical occupations or those in sales and clerical occupations.
Illness‐Related Support and Negative Network Interactions: Effects on HIV‐Infected Men's Depressive Symptomatology
Authors: Siegel Karolynn , Raveis Victoria H. , Karus Daniel 
Published: September 2003

AbstractData collected as part of a psychosocial study of gay and bisexual men's experiences of living with HIV infection as a chronic illness were examined to investigate the psychological impact of the perceived availability of illness‐related support and negative illness‐related network interactions in a sample of men from this population. The sample was comprised of 144 HIV‐infected non‐Hispanic white, African American, and Puerto Rican men living in the New York City metropolitan area. Analyses found evidence of a conjoint (interactive) effect between perceived support and negative network interactions. There was no evidence of either perceived availability of illness‐related network support buffering or negative illness‐related network interactions amplifying the effect of HIV/AIDS‐related physical symptomatology on depressive symptomatology.