bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Generation of influenza A virus from cloned cDNAs — historical perspective and outlook for the new millenium
Authors: Neumann Gabriele , Kawaoka Yoshihiro 
Published: August 2002

AbstractInfluenza virus reverse genetics has reached a level of sophistication where one can confidently generate virus entirely from cloned DNAs. The new systems makes it feasible to study the molecular mechanisms of virus replication and pathogenicity, as well as to generate attenuated live virus vaccines, gene delivery vehicles, and possibly other RNA viruses from cloned cDNAs. During the next decade, one can anticipate the translation of influenza virus reverse genetics into biomedically relevant advances. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mechanistic aspects of HIV‐1 reverse transcription initiation
Authors: Harrich David , Hooker Bill 
Published: August 2002

AbstractDuring reverse transcription, the positive‐strand HIV‐1 RNA genome is converted into a double‐stranded DNA copy which can be permanently integrated into the host cell genome. Recent analyses show that HIV‐1 reverse transcription is a highly regulated process. The initiation reaction can be distinguished from a subsequent elongation reaction carried out by a reverse transcription complex composed of (at least) heterodimeric reverse transcriptase, cellular tRNAlys3 and HIV‐1 genomic RNA sequences. In addition, viral factors including Tat, Nef, Vif, Vpr, IN and NCp7, cellular proteins, and TAR RNA and other RNA stem‐loop structures appear to influence this complex and contribute to the efficiency of the initiation reaction. As viral resistance to many antiretroviral compounds is a continuing problem, understanding the ways in which these factors influence the reverse transcription complex will likely lead to novel antiretroviral strategies. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of nonlinear time–scaling for robust controller design of reaction systems
Authors: Moya P. , Ortega R. , Netto M. S. , Praly L. , Picó J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractEven though the basic mechanisms of operation of reaction systems are relatively simple the dynamical models obtained from first principles are complex and contain highly uncertain terms. To develop reliable model‐based controllers it is therefore necessary to simplify the system dynamics preserving the features which are essential for control. Towards this end, co‐ordinate transformations identifying the states which are dependent/independent of the reactions and flows have been reported in the literature. This has allowed, for instance, the design of observers which are insensitive to the (usually unknown) reaction functions. The main contribution of this paper is to show the utility of nonlinear state‐dependent time‐scaling to simplify the system dynamics, and consequently the controller design. In particular, we show that with time‐scaling and an input transformation we can reveal the existence of attractive invariant manifolds, which allows us to reduce the dimension of the system. As an application we study the well‐known fourth order baker's yeast fed‐batch fermentation process model, whose essential dynamics is captured by a planar system perturbed by an exponentially decaying term. We then exploit this particular structure to design, with reduced control authority, a nonlinear asymptotically stabilizing control law which is robust with respect to the reaction function. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The impact of river regulation and climate change on the barred estuary of the Oued Massa, southern Morocco
Authors: Fox Howard R. , Wilby Robert L. , Moore Heather M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe estuary of the Oued Massa, southern Morocco, has experienced alternating phases of tidal and lagoon conditions. Using field surveys, aerial photographs and rainfall–runoff records the dominant processes and recent evolution of the estuary are described. These data suggest that the character of the estuary has changed since the upstream impoundment of the river by the Youssef Ben Tachfine reservoir. The frequency of low‐flows has been significantly increased by river regulation, as has the mean interval between flood events. Using reconstructed flow series it is speculated that lagoon conditions have become more common in the post‐impoundment era than at any time since the 1920s. Although increases in winter precipitation projected by the global climate model HadCM2 for 2030–2049 imply a higher frequency of flood flows entering the reservoir in the future, the magnitude and frequency of such inflows are still within historic variability. Nonetheless, higher inflows may produce more frequent spills with concomitant bar breaching and termination of lagoon phases. Despite this, it is argued that the presence of the dam is ultimately of greater consequence to the functioning of the estuary–lagoon system than future precipitation changes over the region. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Approximating the limiting Quicksort distribution
Authors: Fill James Allen , Janson Svante 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe limiting distribution of the normalized number of comparisons used by Quicksort to sort an array of n numbers is known to be the unique fixed point with zero mean of a certain distributional transformation S. We study the convergence to the limiting distribution of the sequence of distributions obtained by iterating the transformation S, beginning with a (nearly) arbitrary starting distribution. We demonstrate geometrically fast convergence for various metrics and discuss some implications for numerical calculations of the limiting Quicksort distribution. Finally, we give companion lower bounds which show that the convergence is not faster than geometric. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 19: 376–406, 2001
KITE microprocessor and CAE for computer science
Authors: Sueyoshi Toshinori , Kuga Morihiro , Shibamura Hidetomo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractStudies in the field of computer science cover aspects of science that attach importance to analysis and aspects of engineering that attach importance to synthesis. Therefore, the ability to manage synthesis, represented by system development and/or its design, is required in addition to analysis in the field. On the other hand, essential course subjects in computer science education such as logic circuits, computer architecture, operating system, and compilers have to be closely related with one another; nevertheless, they tend to be isolated from one another because of their great sophistication and complication. Thus, consistent education in computer science becomes difficult. Moreover, experiments, not virtual experiences, which involve the pleasure and emotion of creation are necessary in hardware education. Accordingly, since the beginning of the 1990s, we have developed an educational microprocessor called KITE using reconfigurable LSI, together with teaching materials that allow students to learn actively, considering the essence of synthesis as related to comprehensive understanding of lectures and practical use. These teaching materials have been made available to the public, and have been introduced into more than 30 educational facilities such as universities and companies. They are well designed for various stages of computer education, varying from introductory education to design education, and system software education, providing an effective education, with experiments in addition to lectures, and a consistent grounding in computer science. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 33(8): 64–74, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.10038
Petabyte‐class video archive system with large‐scale automatic tape feed robot
Authors: Tanno Yoshikazu , Maehara Fumio , Sekiya Satomi , Ito Manabu , Tsuyumine Hiroshi , Hasegawa Fumio 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn order to supply a volume of digital video content in the digitalization of broadcasting, it is necessary to realize a method of storing a large number of videos and of high‐speed content retrieval. This paper describes a petabyte (1015 power) large‐capacity video archive system and its retrieval method. The archive system employs an automatic magnetic tape feed robot that can accommodate 7200 tapes (15,000 hours) in its center, and an HDD server and a DVD server respectively for each purpose, thus making the efficiency of storage and distribution better and realizing retrieval, video delivery, and remote editing from remote sites. Further, a method of detection of scene change points in a video sequence, a method of browsing video production based on the detected scene change points, and a method of visual retrieval by simultaneous playback representation of multiple videos on a screen are also included. In this paper, a large‐scale archive system that has an automatic tape feed robot at its center and a high‐speed and efficient method of retrieval of the target video using the real‐time playback representation of multiple videos are presented. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 33(8): 30–40, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.10064
A two‐channel coding of images using spline surfaces
Authors: Yanagihara Yoshinori , Kawakami Masanori , Kudo Mineichi , Toyama Jun , Shimbo Masaru 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn image coding, DCT is a standard technique adopted in JPEG. However, block distortion or blurring of details is often observed when this method is used. To resolve these problems, we propose a new two‐channel coding technique using a spline surface. This technique divides an image into two components: a low‐frequency component that is represented as a smooth spline surface and a high‐frequency component that is represented as the difference between the original image and the low‐frequency component. Experimental results show that the proposed method is more effective in compressing images than other methods, while maintaining high quality of the images. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Syst Comp Jpn, 32(6): 13–20, 2001
Relationship between fluctuations of disparity data and picture quality in stereoscopic image
Authors: Tadenuma Makoto , Kanatsugu Yasuaki , Tanaka Yutaka 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWith stereoscopic image coding, including transfer of planar image signal along with depth (disparity) data related to object's contours, and then reproduction of stereoscopic image at the receiving end, fluctuations of disparity data cause 3D distortions in the reproduced image, which are perceived as deterioration of picture quality. In this paper, such picture quality deterioration is examined in terms of influence by fluctuation parameters, object's shape, and other factors. Experimental results indicate that the detection limit for disparity fluctuation is nearly completely dictated by frequency spectrum, and the sensitivity reaches its peak around 4.5 cycles/deg. In addition, sensitivity grows with smaller object's width within viewing angle of 3 through 12 minutes; however, sensitivity curves in logarithmic plots are very similar in shape. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Syst Comp Jpn, 32(8): 20–29, 2001
A horse identification system using biometrics
Authors: Suzaki Masahiko , Yamakita Osamu , Horikawa Shin‐ichi , Kuno Yuji , Aida Hiroko , Sasaki Naoki , Kusunose Ryo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper introduces an application of iris recognition technology, using the iris pattern for horse identification. There are several problems to be solved in horse iris recognition: (1) It is very difficult for horses to remain motionless, which leads to mislocation and loss of focus during image acquisition, so that the images often have poor quality. (2) Pupil size varies significantly between the conditions of dilation (mydriasis) and contraction (miosis). (3) Horse iris patterns are not clear. As a solution for issue (1), we used the reflection of the illumination sources employed for image acquisition and chose adequate images suitable for recognition. For issues (2) and (3), we propose region extraction appropriate to the equine eye structure, a stable coordinate model for pupil variation, and recognition using orthogonal wrinkles in the iris pattern. Recognition experiments based on 100 sets of horse iris data show that highly accurate horse identification is possible. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Syst Comp Jpn, 32(14): 12–23, 2001
Optimally generalizing neural networks with the ability to recover from single stuck‐at r faults
Authors: Iwaki Hidekazu , Ogawa Hidemitsu , Hirabayashi Akira 
Published: August 2002

AbstractHandling faults is an important issue for hardware implementation of hierarchical neural networks. This paper presents a method for complete recovery of prefault input/output relations by modifying only the normal connection weights when a fault or a stuck‐at r fault occurs. We derive the necessary and sufficient conditions for which the number of intermediate elements and the intermediate element function are satisfied, in order to restore complete prefault functionality. We then develop a concrete method for creating an intermediate element function which satisfies these conditions and a method for modifying the connection weights when a fault occurs. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 33(7): 114–123, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.1147
Renga: a systems approach to facilitating inter‐organizational network development
Authors: Akkermans Henk 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis article describes a consulting approach aimed specifically at facilitating development of intra‐ and inter‐organizational networks, a business phenomenon of growing importance. This approach is called Renga, after the classical Japanese style of composing linked verse, with which it is shown to have several characteristics in common. The Renga approach has system‐dynamics‐based group model building at its core. The application of this approach is shown in a case study of four organizations striving for collaborative supply‐chain management in the high‐tech electronics industry. Managerial implications regarding strengths and limitations of this approach are discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ToF‐SIMS ability to quantify surface chemical groups: correlation with XPS analysis and spectrochemical titration
Authors: Médard N. , Aouinti M. , Poncin‐Epaillard F. , Bertrand P. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractHigh‐density polyethylene (HDPE) and polypropylene (PP) films were analysed by time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS) in a quantitative way in order to study chemical modifications produced by CO2 plasma surface treatments. Although there are many works devoted to the study of surface modification by plasma treatments, this contribution aims at proving the SIMS ability to quantify superficial functions.For that purpose, results obtained by spectrochemical titration (fluorescence labelling with thionine acetate), XPS measurement and ToF‐SIMS analyses were compared. The results obtained with these three different techniques showed the same behaviour, i.e. a fast carboxylic functionalization of the polymer surface with the plasma treatment time.The good correlation between the spectrochemical titration and ToF‐SIMS results brings out clearly the capacity of the ToF‐SIMS technique to quantify surface chemical species. But this requires that we should be able to identify the secondary ions originating from the studied functions. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Summary of ISO/TC 201 Standard: VIII, ISO 18115:2001—Surface chemical analysis—Vocabulary
Authors: Seah M. P. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis International Standard defines 340 terms for surface chemical analysis. The terms cover words or phrases used in describing the samples, instruments and theoretical concepts involved in surface chemical analysis. © Crown Copyright 2001. Reproduced by permission of the controller of HMSO. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Correlation between alpha rhythms and natural killer cell activity during yogic respiratory exercise
Authors: Kamei T. , Toriumi Y. , Kimura H. , Kimura K. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn eight yoga instructors, we examined changes in brain rhythms and natural killer cell activity (NK activity) during yoga exercises. We found that the practice of all three exercises studied resulted in increased alpha activity. There were no apparent changes in NK activity after a series of postural (asana) and meditative (mantra) exercises. During respiratory exercises (pranayama), however, changes in NK activity were observed in the eight subjects, positively correlating to increases in alpha frequencies (r = 0.83, p < 0.02). Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Physician stress: results from the physician worklife study
Authors: Linzer Mark , Gerrity Martha , Douglas Jeffrey A. , McMurray Julia E. , Williams Eric S. , Konrad Thomas R. ,   for the Society of General Internal Medicine (SGIM) Career Satisfaction Study Group (CSSG)
Published: August 2002

AbstractRapid changes in the US health care system may predispose to physician stress. This can impair patient interactions, diminish productivity, and lead to turnover in physician practices. A model with ‘therapeutic implications’ for prevention of stress would be beneficial. The US Physician Worklife Study is a stratified random survey of 5704 primary care and subspeciality physicians (2326 respondents, adjusted response rate 52 per cent). We assessed the contribution of the demand–control–support model to better understanding stress in these physicians. Potential predictors included gender, age, case mix, time pressure in patient visits, workload, practice type, specialty, work control, isolation, and support for balancing work and home. A 4‐item stress scale was adapted from Cohen et al.; Cronbach's alpha in the current sample was 0.75. Linear regression was used to assess the relationship between stress and potential predictors. Mean stress scores were 2.4 (potential range 1‐5, 22 percent scored 3 or higher.) Job demands such as solo practice (p < 0.05), work hours (p < 0.001), time pressure (p < 0.05) and case mix (p < 0.05) predicted stress, as did less control of the workplace (p < 0.001) and ‘hassles’ (p < 0.05). Lack of support by colleagues for balancing work and home (p < 0.001) and isolation (p < 0.01) also contributed to stress. Physician stress is worsened by work demands such as complex patients and time pressure in patient visits. Adjusting for and modifying these aspects of daily practice and providing more control over work, a more person‐centred work environment and more support for balancing work and home life will likely bring less stress to doctors and better care to their patients. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Subsidiary‐specific advantages in multinational enterprises
Authors: Rugman Alan M. , Verbeke Alain 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper discusses the internal patterns of competence building in the multinational enterprise (MNE), with a focus on the creation of capabilities in its foreign subsidiaries. We present a new framework to synthesize 10 types of MNE–subsidiary linkages leading to capability development. We find that several of the 10 capability development processes are associated with subsidiary‐specific advantages. We discuss the process of subsidiary‐specific advantage development within the organizational structure of the MNE when it is a differentiated network of dispersed operations. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bridging inter‐ and intra‐firm boundaries: management of supplier involvement in automobile product development
Authors: Takeishi Akira 
Published: August 2002

AbstractOutsourcing has become an important strategy for many firms. Yet, firms need to compete with their competitors who also outsource and may share the same suppliers. This article explores how a firm could outperform others in managing the division of labor with a supplier in product development. Drawing on the empirical data collected from the Japanese auto industry, this paper shows that an automaker needs capabilities to coordinate various activities both externally with a supplier and internally within its own organization, in order to gain better component development performance. Overall, the results imply that outsourcing does not work effectively without extensive internal effort. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Agglomeration effects and performance: a test of the Texas lodging industry
Authors: Chung Wilbur , Kalnins Arturs 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWhile competition decreases rents for firms, the presence of competitors may create benefits. Competitors that agglomerate, that are physically proximate, may create externalities—production efficiencies or heightened demand that increases rents. When such externalities exist, then who gains from and who contributes to them? We examine how other competitors' traits affect performance in Texas's lodging industry. In rural markets, we find that chain hotels and larger hotels contribute to positive externalities. While expecting those hotels similar to the establishments creating these externalities to gain, we find the opposite. Independent hotels and smaller hotels gain the most. Interestingly, some establishments are harmed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Does market orientation matter?: a test of the relationship between positional advantage and performance
Authors: Hult G. Tomas M. , Ketchen David J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA recent series of articles in the Strategic Management Journal has discussed the potential value of an organization developing a market orientation in its quest to achieve success. We posit that market orientation can enhance success, but that its potential value should not be considered in isolation. Specifically, we draw on the resource‐based view of the firm to suggest that four capabilities—market orientation, entrepreneurship, innovativeness, and organizational learning—each contribute to the creation of positional advantages for some firms. The data used are drawn from 181 large multinational corporations (MNC). The results indicate that positional advantages arising from the confluence of market orientation, entrepreneurship, innovativeness, and organizational learning have a positive effect on MNC performance (five‐year average change in ROI, income, and stock price). Overall, the results support the contention that market orientation can enhance success, albeit within the context of other important phenomena. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Critical realism and constructivism in strategy research: toward a synthesis
Authors: Mir Raza , Watson Andrew 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe agree with Kwan and Tsang (2001) that critical realism represents an important point of epistemological departure from mainstream realism, and that it has the potential to inform strategy research. To that end, Kwan and Tsang's argument for a critical realist perspective is valid. There however exist substantial nontrivial differences between constructivism and critical realism. While critical realism contests some of the default assumptions of empiricism and realism which treat social systems as closed systems, it is still predicated upon an inherent order of things that is graspable by research. Constructivism instead focuses on the manner in which researchers constitute theories in the act of describing them. This important distinction makes constructivism far more of a departure from empiricism than critical realism, and therefore it has a different set of implications for strategy research. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.