bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fish community alterations due to pollution and damming in Tietê and Paranapanema rivers (Brazil)
Authors: Barrella Walter , Petrere Miguel 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThe Tietê River crosses the metropolitan region of São Paulo (Brazil) and receives a large amount of pollution, in contrast to Paranapanema River which runs in a less populated area. In the inferior portions of the basins of these rivers, a series of reservoirs has been built for hydroelectric energy generation which improve the water quality due to the decantation of suspended soils and aeration in the water spills.Twenty‐nine sampling sites were established along the two rivers and in each sampling site, two groups of eight gillnets were used with standardized sizes in two seasons: winter (dry season: June–September 1994) and summer (rainy season: December–March 1995). The fishes were measured and weighed.Twenty‐five parameters related to the water were recorded. PCA and cluster analysis helped to identify two groups of sampling sites. The first one corresponds to the rainy season samples, while the second corresponds to the dry season samples, so evidencing strong seasonal environmental variation. However, the dry season group is still divided into polluted and non‐polluted sites, showing that during drought there are larger effects of pollutant concentration due to the decreased flow.A total of 415 kg of fish were caught, corresponding to 8324 individuals belonging to 64 different species, in 22 families and four orders of Teleostei. The largest catches occurred in the middle Tietê River. The catches in the reservoirs of the Tietê River during the rainy season are superior to those of the dry season. On the other hand, sampling sites located in running water presented an inverse pattern with the largest catches in the dry season. In river Paranapanema, catches are lower than in the Tietê River, except in Rosana Reservoir during the rainy season. Fish diversity was shown to be a good indicator of environmental stress. In Tietê River an expressive fall in species richness was detected in the polluted stretches, with dominance of one or two species. In the intermediary stretches, the presence of rapids increases the amount of dissolved oxygen, allowing the development of the most abundant and diverse fish community of the river. Fish communities in the reservoirs of the inferior stretch of Tietê River are more diverse. On the other hand, the damming of the superior reaches of Paranapanema River provoked a decrease in diversity. O the whole, types of local fish communities detected, showing different compositions and specific abundances, revealed different ecological situations. A discriminant analysis revealed that the parameters of the water influencing the fish community were: dissolved oxygen, conductivity, nitrogen (nitrate, ammoniacal and albuminoid), phosphate, alkalinity, hardness and iron. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Casein kinase II phosphorylates translation initiation factor 5 (eIF5) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Maiti Tapan , Bandyopadhyay Amitabha , Maitra Umadas 
Published: January 2003

AbstractEukaryotic translation initiation factor 5 (eIF5) interacts with the 40S initiation complex (40S–eIF3–mRNA–Met‐tRNAf–eIF2–GTP) to promote the hydrolysis of ribosome‐bound GTP. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, eIF5 is encoded by a single‐copy essential gene, TIF5, that is required for cell growth and viability. In this work, we show that eIF5 immunoprecipitated from cell‐free extracts of 32P‐labelled yeast cells is phosphorylated on multiple serine residues. Phosphopeptide mapping reveals four major sites of phosphorylation that appear to be identical to recombinant yeast eIF5 sites phosphorylated in vitro by casein kinase II. Furthermore, analysis of eIF5 isolated from a yeast strain having a conditional mutant of casein kinase II indicates that phosphorylation of eIF5 is completely abolished at the non‐permissive temperature. Additionally, haploid yeast strains were constructed to contain Ser‐to‐Ala mutations at the five casein kinase II consensus sequences in eIF5; in these cells, eIF5 phosphorylation was absent. Surprisingly, substitution of the TIF5 gene mutated at these sites for the wild‐type gene had no obvious effect on cell growth under normal growth conditions. The implications of these results in eIF5 function are discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of multicopy suppressors of cell cycle arrest at the G1–S transition in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Muñoz Ivan , Simón Ernesto , Casals Núria , Clotet Josep , Ariño Joaquín 
Published: January 2003

AbstractInactivation of HAL3 in the absence of SIT4 function leads to cell cycle arrest at the G1–S transition. To identify genes potentially involved in the control of this phase of the cell cycle, a screening for multicopy suppressors of a conditional sit4 hal3 mutant (strain JC002) has been developed. The screening yielded several genes known to perform key roles in cell cycle events, such as CLN3, BCK2 or SWI4, thus proving its usefulness as a tool for this type of studies. In addition, this approach allowed the identification of additional genes, most of them not previously related to the regulation of G1–S transition or even without known function (named here as VHS1‐3, for viable in a hal3 sit4 background). Several of these gene products are involved in phospho‐dephosphorylation processes, including members of the protein phosphatase 2A and protein phosphatases 2C families, as well as components of the Hal5 protein kinase family. The ability of different genes to suppress sit4 phenotypes (such as temperature sensitivity and growth on non‐fermentable carbon sources) or to mimic the functions of Hal3 was evaluated. The possible relationship between the known functions of these suppressor genes and the progress through the G1–S transition is discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Isolation and sequencing of the Candida albicans MSI3, a putative novel member of the HSP70 family
Authors: Cho Tamaki , Toyoda Mika , Sudoh Masayuki , Nakashima Yukihiko , Calderone Richard A , Kaminishi Hidenori 
Published: January 2003

AbstractWe have reported previously that the expression of CGR1 increased at an early stage of the yeast–mycelial transition (morphogenesis) in Candida albicans. We now show that Cgr1p interacts in a yeast two‐hybrid system with the C. albicans Msi3p (CaMsi3p), a putative novel member of the heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) family. The DNA sequence of CaMSI3 encodes a predicted protein of 702 amino acids with a molecular mass of 78.6 kDa. The amino acid sequence of CaMsi3p is 63% identical to Msi3p/Sse1p of the HSP70 family of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Further, CaMSI3 complemented the temperature‐sensitive phenotype of the msi3− mutant of S. cerevisiae. Other heat shock proteins of C. albicans are required for morphogenesis and are highly antigenic. These observations suggest that CaMSI3 may well provide functions for this organism unrelated to a heat shock function. The DDBJ Accession No. for the sequence reported in this paper is AB061274. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of novel protein–protein interactions at the cytosolic surface of the Sec63 complex in the yeast ER membrane
Authors: Willer Martin , Jermy Andrew J. , Young Barry P. , Stirling Colin J. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractPrecursors of secretory proteins are targeted to the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum by specific protein complexes that recognize their signal sequence. All eukaryotic cells investigated so far have been found to possess the signal recognition particle (SRP) that targets the majority of precursors to the translocation machinery. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae a number of proteins are translocated independently of SRP. These precursors rely on a different signal sequence‐binding complex, which includes Sec62p, Sec63p, Sec71p and Sec72p. Identifying interactions between individual components of this tetrameric protein complex is important in the understanding of its function. We demonstrate a specific interaction between the only two essential proteins in this complex, Sec62p and Sec63p. Second, we show evidence of homodimerization of Sec72p molecules and further identify the YLR301w gene product as a novel in vivo interacting partner of Sec72p. Finally, we determine the authentic N‐terminus of Sec62p and describe interacting subdomains of both Sec62p and Sec63p. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metabolic flux analysis of RQ‐controlled microaerobic ethanol production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Franzén Carl Johan 
Published: January 2003

AbstractMicroaerobic ethanol production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae CBS 8066 was investigated at different growth rates in respiratory quotient (RQ)‐controlled continuous culture. The RQ was controlled by changing the inlet gas composition by a feedback controller while keeping other parameters constant. The ethanol yield increased slightly from the anaerobic values with decreasing RQ, reaching a broad maximum at RQ 20 to 12. There was little or no glycerol production at RQ values below 17 over a wide range of dilution rates. Metabolic flux analysis revealed that a decrease in the ethanol yield at RQ 6 coincided with the cyclic, oxidative operation of the TCA cycle reactions. The model indicated that respiratory dissimilation of glucose only occurs when the oxygen uptake rate is high enough to completely substitute for glycerol formation. The cytosolic and the mitochondrial NADH balances were important for determining the flux distributions. The smallest deviations between estimated and measured product yields were obtained when the unknown co‐factor requirements of a limited number of biosynthetic reactions were chosen so that the amount of excess NADH formed in biosynthesis was minimized. The biomass yield was positively correlated with the net amount of NADH reoxidized in respiration and glycerol formation, indicating that the turnover of excess NADH from biosynthesis is an important factor influencing the biomass yield under oxygen‐limiting conditions. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Love-Hate for Man-Machine Metaphors in Soviet Physiology: From Pavlov to “Physiological Cybernetics”
Authors: Gerovitch Slava 
Published: February 2003

ArgumentEvery new level achieved by technology attracted the attention of physiologists and turned their thoughts in a new direction; they often unwittingly modeled life processes in the image of contemporary engineering achievements.–(Nikolay Bernshteyn [1958] 1997, 392)This article reinterprets the debate between orthodox followers of the Pavlovian reflex theory and Soviet “cybernetic physiologists” in the 1950s and 60s as a clash of opposing man-machine metaphors. While both sides accused each other of “mechanistic,” reductionist methodology, they did not see anything “mechanistic” about their own central metaphors: the telephone switchboard metaphor for nervous activity (the Pavlovians), and the analogies between the human body and a servomechanism and between the human brain and a computer (the cyberneticians). I argue that the scientific utility of machine analogies was closely intertwined with their philosophical and political meanings and that new interpretations of these metaphors emerged as a result of political conflicts and a realignment of forces within the scientific community and in society at large. I suggest that the constant travel of man-machine analogies back and forth between physiology and technology has blurred the traditional categories of the “mechanistic” and the “organic” in Soviet neurophysiology, as perhaps in the history of physiology in general.
The development impact of genetic use restriction technologies: a forecast based on the hybrid crop experience
Authors: Goeschl Timo , Swanson Timothy 
Published: January 2003

Advances in biotechnology have made available gene-manipulation techniques that enable the protection of genetic material from unauthorized use and the prevention of self-supply of commercial seeds by farmers—in order to allow enhanced appropriation of the values of innovation in agricultural R&D. These techniques have become known as Genetic Use Restriction Technologies (GURTs).This paper forecasts the potential impact of wide-spread adoption of GURTs by the providers of HYV seeds on the yield development in developing countries. To do so, it assesses (1) the effects of enhanced appropriation through GURTs on the technological expansion at the yield frontier and (2) the effects of technological protection of value-adding traits through GURTS on the diffusion of yield gains from the frontier to developing countries. These assessments are based on a particular hypothesis, which is that GURTs will replicate across most staple crops the experiences that were made with a previous use restriction technology (hybridization) in only a few crops. The estimation of impacts is carried out as a simulation and is based on expansion and diffusion parameters estimated for hybrid seeds over a 38-year period. It shows that the impact of GURTs on developing countries' yields will vary considerably. Specifically, those countries that currently have the lowest yields would be most adversely affected in their future yield development by the wide-spread use of GURTs.
Use of An Isolated Intestinal Circuit to Evaluate the Effect of Ischemia and Reperfusion on Mucosal Permeability of the Equine Jejunum
Authors: Vatistas Nicholas J. , Nieto Jorge E. , van Hoogmoed Linda , Gardner Ian , Snyder Jack R. 
Published: January 2003

Objective—To evaluate the efficacy of an isolated perfusion circuit and the effect of ischemia‐reperfusion on mucosal permeability of the jejunum.Study Design—In vitro study of intestinal mucosal permeability.Animals—Twelve healthy adult horses.Methods—A control segment of jejunum was placed in an isolated perfusion circuit for 240 minutes and mucosal permeability was measured. After detecting no deleterious effects of the isolated system on the control intestine, low flow ischemia was created in experimental segments for 20, 40, 60 and 90 minutes followed by 60 minutes of reperfusion and mucosal permeability was evaluated. At the completion of the studies, histologic evaluation was used to determine mucosal grades, surface area, and volume.Results—Control tissue was maintained in the isolated circuit for 240 minutes without effect on mucosal grade, surface area, or volume relative to intact tissue. After ischemia‐reperfusion, mucosal grade increased, and volume and surface area decreased progressively with longer periods of ischemia. Mucosal clearance of albumin remained constant during 240 minutes of perfusion in control tissue and was elevated after ischemia‐reperfusion.Conclusions—No deleterious changes were noted in jejunum perfused with this isolated circuit, whereas alterations in mucosal permeability were present after ischemia‐reperfusion.Clinical Relevance—The isolated perfusion circuit successfully maintained an isolated segment of jejunum within physiologic limits, and can be used to evaluate the effects of injury and the efficacy of pharmaceuticals to attenuate these changes.
The Effect of Two Modifications of Unilateral Arytenoid Lateralization on Rima Glottidis Area in Dogs
Authors: Demetriou Jackie L. , Kirby Barbara M. 
Published: January 2003

Objectives— To evaluate the clinical outcome and percentage increase in rima glottidis area achieved using a combined technique of cricoarytenoid and thyroarytenoid cartilage lateralization compared with cricoarytenoid cartilage lateralization alone in live anesthetized dogs clinically affected with bilateral laryngeal paralysis.Study Design— Randomized prospective clinical study.Animals— Twenty dogs with bilateral laryngeal paralysis.Methods— Bilateral laryngeal paralysis was diagnosed by direct laryngoscopy. Each dog was allocated randomly to 1 of 2 surgical groups: CAL (cricoarytenoid lateralization) and CTAL (cricoarytenoid and thyroarytenoid lateralization). Photographs were taken of each larynx before and after surgery, the images were digitized, and the preoperative and postoperative areas of each rima glottidis were measured. The percentage increase in rima glottidis area produced by each of the arytenoid lateralization procedures was compared. Follow‐up was obtained by telephone survey of owners and referring veterinarians.Results— There was no significant difference in mean (± SD) percentage increase in rima glottidis area for the CAL group (241.5 ± 42.9%) or the CTAL group (236.4 ± 44.5%). Clinical follow‐up (median, 18 months postoperatively) indicated 60% of the dogs were still alive and only 1 dog had died as a result of complications related to surgery.Conclusions— CTAL for the treatment of canine laryngeal paralysis does not significantly increase rima glottidis area compared with CAL alone. The mean percentage increase in rima glottidis area obtained with both procedures was comparable to previously reported mean increases with CAL in live anesthetized dogs. Both procedures resulted in good long‐term clinical outcome.Clinical Relevance— CTAL is as effective as CAL in providing an increased rima glottidis for the treatment of bilateral laryngeal paralysis in dogs.
Lumbosacral Stenosis in 29 Military Working Dogs: Epidemiologic Findings and Outcome After Surgical Intervention (1990–1999)
Authors: Linn Lorraine L. , Bartels Kenneth E. , Rochat Mark C. , Payton Mark E. , Moore George E. 
Published: January 2003

Objective—To study the outcome of military working dogs (MWDs) diagnosed with degenerative lumbosacral stenosis (DLS) after surgical intervention and to determine what prognostic indicators affected outcome.Study Design—Retrospective study.Animals—Twenty‐nine MWDs with DLS.Methods—The medical records of dogs diagnosed and surgically treated for DLS at the Department of Defense Military Working Dog Veterinary Service Hospital were reviewed. Retrieved data were signalment, clinical signs, survey radiograph results, and surgical findings.Results—Breed and sex were not found to have prognostic significance. Increasing age at surgery correlated with a poor surgical outcome. Twelve dogs (41%) returned to normal function, 11 (38%) improved, and 6 (20%) never returned to active duty. The average age at surgery was 74 months, 93 months, and 112 months for normal, improved, and dogs not returning to duty, respectively. Significant clinical findings associated with a poor prognosis were related to increasing neurologic severity. The only significant radiographic finding indicating a poor prognosis was foraminal narrowing. Surgical findings with negative prognostic significance were hypertrophic articular facets and interarcuate ligament. Recurrence rates were 16.7% and 54.5% for normal and improved dogs, respectively.Conclusions—MWDs with DLS have a good prognosis with surgical decompression if they are young dogs with mild clinical signs at the time of diagnosis. As age and severity of clinical signs increase, the prognosis for successful outcome decreases. Recurrence may be seen in some dogs.Clinical Relevance—Information provided by this study should help military veterinarians determine the prognosis for working dogs with DLS after surgical treatment.
The Effects of Femoral Stem and Neck Length on Cement Strains in a Canine Total Hip Replacement Model
Authors: Dassler Christopher L. , Schulz Kurt S. , Kass Philip , Stover Susan M. 
Published: January 2003

Objective—To determine the effects of femoral prosthesis stem length and head size on cement strains in a canine hip replacement system.Study Design—An in vitro experimental model.Sample Population—(1) Three standard and 3 1‐cm shortened femoral implants with +3 femoral heads. (2) Two standard implants with +0, +3, and +6 femoral heads.Methods—Femoral stems were embedded in polymethylmethacrylate cement. A uniaxial proximodistal‐oriented strain gauge was applied to the cement on the medial and lateral aspects of the construct 1.5 cm, 6.0 cm and 7.0 cm distal to the collar. Each construct with a +3 femoral head was mounted in a materials testing system. An axial compressive load (0–200 N) was applied to the femoral head and cement strains were recorded. Additionally, 2 standard length constructs were also tested with +0 and +6 femoral heads. The effects of stem length and neck length on cement strains were assessed with analysis of variance.Results—Strains increased at all locations with increasing loads for all constructs. Shorter implants had higher strains by 152% and 171%, lateral (P= .003) and medial (P= .0025) to the stem tip. No significant strain differences were noted, at any strain gauge location, between different neck lengths (Pvalues ranged from .20 to .67).Conclusions—Although a shorter implant stem has a potential to improve implant fit, it led to significantly higher cement strains that may increase the risk for aseptic loosening. Changes in femoral neck length did not significantly affect cement strains under the conditions tested.Clinical Relevance—Shortening of the femoral stem currently cannot be recommended in canine total hip replacement. The existing use of variable neck lengths likely does not increase the risk of failure of the femoral stem.
Reduction and Stabilization of Hip Luxation by the Transposition of the Ligamentum Sacrotuberale in Dogs: An in Vivo Study
Authors: Özaydin İsa , Kiliç Engin , Baran Vedat , Demirkan İbrahim , Kamiloglu Alkan , Vural Sevil 
Published: January 2003

Objectives— To evaluate the effectiveness of transposition of the sacrotuberous ligament (LST) for the treatment of coxofemoral luxation in the dog.Study Design— In vivo experimental study.Sample Population— Ten mixed‐breed dogs (weighing 12 to 26 kg).Methods— After general anesthesia, the LST was exposed and released from the sacrum with a sacral bone fragment. Coxofemoral luxation was created by capsulotomy and transection of the ligament of the head of the femur. Suture was passed through 2 small holes in the bone fragment to guide transposition of the LST through a tunnel drilled through the acetabulum and femoral head and neck. The suture material was pulled tight and an interference screw was placed into the femoral tunnel to lock the sacral bone fragment and LST securely in the tunnel. Butorphanol was administered for pain relief and dogs were allowed unrestricted activity. Coxofemoral radiographs were obtained at 15‐day intervals. Two dogs were euthanatized for macroscopic and histopathologic examinations at 3 months.Results— Release of the sacral bone was moderately difficult. The transposed ligament and bone fragment were of an appropriate length and were easily and securely fixed by a interference screw method. Visible severe lameness, during the first 7 to 10 days improved to mild lameness within 10 to 21 days. Gait was subjectively normal after 5 weeks. No radiographic abnormalities were observed at any time point. Grossly, the LST was intact and apparently viable and functional. On histopathology, the space in the bone tunnel was filled with new tissue and a hyaline‐like layer surrounded the LST. The sacral bone fragment attached to the LST was united with the femoral bone.Conclusions— Transposition of the LST reduced and stabilized experimentally induced coxofemoral luxation in 10 dogs. Survival of the LST up to 3 months and its adaptation to transposition suggest that this surgical technique could be considered as a permanent treatment option for hip luxations. Transposition and fixation of the LST was easy, but releasing the sacral edge of the LST was difficult because of its deep location and division of the origin into 2 branches in some dogs.Clinical Relevance— Results of this experimental study suggest that the technique may be satisfactorily used in dogs with coxofemoral luxation.