bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Guilt and the Constitution of Authorship in Henry V and the Antitheatrical Elegies of W. S. and Milton
Authors: Kezar Dennis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Subject of Death has always elicited last words belied by their own imperfection, and this conclusion can be no different. Perhaps Lycidas’s “Yet once more” reveals a consummation devoutly to be wished, a desire to speak last not only in a mourning volume but also in a traditional genre—to punctuate a recurrent literary occasion with a definitive epistemic break, a “one last time! ‘ But while such periods may be as psychologically necessary for the Renaissance artist as they are for the modern critic, death the leveler continues to frustrate diacritical desire with threatening similarity and synchrony.
Public Debate About Competition Policy, 1888–1911: Free Competition and Freedom of Contract
Authors: Peritz Rudolph J R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first extended public deliberations about enacting competition policy as positive law in America occurred around the Sherman Act debates between 1888 and 1890. In the Fiftieth Congress, differing views of free competition, freedom of contract, and their proper affiliations inspired almost two years of contentious debate, two radically different antitrust bills, and a split Senate. For two decades following passage of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act, cases calling for interpretation of the statute divided the Supreme Court into warring factions. These disputes over antitrust policy took place in a historical period rife with political and economic conflict—sometimes fought in the streets, often argued in courtrooms and legislative chambers, almost daily emblazoned across the pages of newspapers and popular magazines.1
Competition, Pluralism, and the Problem of Persistent Oligarchy, 1948–1967
Authors: Peritz Rudolph J R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the end of World War II opened a period of domestic economic expansion and unrivaled international influence for the United States, it was also a time of intense domestic conflict and national self-doubt. The New Deal’s egalitarian ethic and Harry Truman’s Fair Deal platform, as well as economic growth fueled by government investment such as the GI Bill and a national highway construction program, increased pressures for more equal distribution of economic benefits and better protection of civil rights. Amid much legislation, Congress enacted the highly contested Civil Rights Act of 1948 and, two years later, the less controversial Celler-Kefauver amendment to the Clayton Act’s provision regulating corporate mergers.
Rhetorics of Free Competition, 1980–1992: Free Market Imagery, Corporate Control, and the Problem of Equality
Authors: Peritz Rudolph J R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By 1980, the Supreme Court had turned away from the Warren era’s ethic of substantive equality. Yet, no clear position on equality had replaced that ethic. Perhaps the most striking example of the resulting quandary was the Court’s Bakke (1978) decision.1 On the one hand, the University of California’s affirmative action program to set aside a number of positions for minority candidates in the medical school’s entering class was outlawed as racial discrimination. On the other, it was permissible for admissions committees to take race and other characteristics into account. Similar quandaries about equality also emerged in the Court’s First Amendment speech jurisprudence, producing sharp-angled changes in the treatment of corporate and commercial speech.
Divorce Lawyers at Work
Authors: Mather Lynn , McEwen Craig A , Maiman Richard J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How do lawyers think about and make the important decisions that constitute the day-to-day practice of law? This book explores that question through an extensive empirical study of lawyers practicing divorce law in New England. The authors emphasize the importance of “collegial control” in shaping lawyers’ decisions and identify a variety of “communities of practice” that serve as key agents of that control. Offering a new understanding of the nature of lawyers’ work in divorce law as well as a new perspective on legal professionalism, this book is required reading for scholars, students, and practitioners.
The Meaning of Advocacy
Authors: Mather Lynn , McEwen Craig A , Maiman Richard J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Partisan advocacy, in which lawyers pursue legal strategies in an effort to maximize their clients’ interests, is a central tenet of legal professionalism. In this “Dominant View” (Simon 1998b: 7) or “Standard Conception” (Luban 1988: 393) of the attorney’s professional role, lawyers owe complete loyalty to their clients and should pursue the clients’ goals through any and all legal actions. This ideology of adversary advocacy rests on the principle of neutrality, which “prescribes that the lawyer remain detached from his client’s ends” and of partisanship, which”prescribes that the lawyer work aggressively to advance his client’s ends” (Simon 1978: 36). As Simon writes, the phrases “partisan advocacy” and “adversary advocacy” are used interchangeably to refer to the combined principles of neutrality and partisanship in legal conduct (1978: 37).
Serving Clients while Protecting the Bottom Line
Authors: Mather Lynn , McEwen Craig A , Maiman Richard J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ideology of legal professionalism includes a commitment to altruism. The realities of practice, however, place limits on selflessness. Scholars of the professions see as a core problem of professional practice “the tension between the provision of affordable and conscientious service to others, and the economic interest of those who provide it” (Freidson 1994: 199). The American Bar Association’s Commission on Professionalism. placed the tension between service and self-interest at the center of its inquiry, questioning whether the profession has lived up to its public service com.m.itm.ent (American Bar Association 1986: 10). The form.al rules of professional responsibility highlight this conflict without resolving it, although they give increasing room for lawyers to choose their economic interests. The informal norms of practice and the exigencies of law firm organization create pressures for redefinition of the meaning of service by members of the bar. Even so, many divorce lawyers still find that their practices demand they provide considerable unpaid legal assistance to clients in need. The varying judgments of these lawyers about how to balance a commitment to public service and their own economic interests are a central dimension of professionalism in practice.
Introduction
Authors: Callahan John F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Writing from rome in 1956 when Invisible Man had been in the world a mere five summers, Ralph Ellison told Albert Murray that he had “picked up a book of criticism published in England under the title, Catastrophe and the Imagination.” The book “gives Invisible lots of space,” Ellison wrote, even “picks it for a short list of novels which that wild stud thinks will be of interest a century from now.” Obviously pleased, Ellison concluded with a witty line of disbelief: “Surely the man must be on the weed.” Given Ellison’s biochemical hunch, one is tempted to say the “weed” allowed the critic to “slip into the breaks and look around,” as Invisible Man did, when, himself under the influence of a reefer, he became aware of “those points where time stands still or from which it leaps ahead.” At fifty, Invisible Man is going so strong that, despite its narrator’s cautionary tale about the prizefighter and the yokel in which “the smart money hit the canvas,” and “[t]he long shot got the nod,” the novel must be considered an overwhelming favorite to enjoy an undiminished, robust longevity worldwide, in its centennial fifty years from now.
Ellison’s Zoot Suit
Authors: Neal Larry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Well , there is one thing that you have to admit. And that is, dealing with Ralph Ellison is no easy matter. It is no easy task to fully characterize the nature of Ellison’s life and work. He cannot be put into any one bag and conveniently dispensed with. Any attempt to do so merely leads to aesthetic and ideological oversimplifications. On the surface, oversimplifications may appear pragmatic and viable but, in the long run, they weaken us. To overlook the complex dimensions of a man’s ideas, character, and personality is to do great disservice to the righteous dissemination of knowledge. Much of the criticism directed against Ellison is personal, oversimplified, and often not based on an analysis of the man’s work and ideas. A great deal of the criticism emanates from ideological sources that most of us today reject. To be concise, much of the anti-Ellison criticism springs from a specific body of Marxist and black neo-Marxist thought. The literary term used to designate this body of thought is called “social realism.” Some of Ellison’s most virulent critics have been social realists.
Ellison’s Vision of Communitas
Authors: Scott Nathan A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the time of its first appearance in the spring of 1952 Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man has been thrusting itself forward, ever more insistently with the passage of each year, as a commanding masterpiece in the literature of American fiction—and, now that it has had a career of a half-century, all that I want here to try to do is to suggest something of what it is that accounts for the kind of powerful claim that it continues to exert upon us. Ours is, of course, a period marked by an efflorescence of fictional talent on the American scene more notable surely than any comparable European insurgency. Yet, in its representative expressions, it is a talent, for all its variety, that—in such writers as William Gass and John Barth and Donald Barthelme—often chooses to dwell (as the title of a book on recent American fiction by the English critic Tony Tanner says) in a City of Words. Bellow and Styron and Updike and certain others, in their commitment to the traditional arts of narrative, remain sufficiently unreconstructed as to conceive the novel to be a mode of feigned history, but they, though retaining a large and devoted readership, may not embody what Matthew Arnold called “the tone of the centre.” For those who are advancing the new poetics of fiction take it for granted (as William Gass says) “that literature is language, that stories and the places and the people in them are merely made of words as chairs are made of smoothed sticks and sometimes of cloth or metal tubes,” and thus, since “there are no events but words in fiction,” they think of the novelistic craft as simply an affair of putting words together in new and surprising combinations—which record nothing other than the event of the writer’s having done certain interesting things with language itself.
The Rules of Magic: Hemingway as Ellison’s “Ancestor”
Authors: O’Meally Robert G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There has been much ado about Ralph Ellison’s complex debt to Richard Wright. Ellison himself shifts back and forth uncomfortably. He comes closest to explaining his own uneasiness in the face of any simplistic formulation of his literary paternity when he reminds his readers of his own father’s untimely death and of his ambivalent feelings about the stepfathers who took his place. When he met Wright the last thing Ellison wanted was another father. But then again it is Ellison who calls the name of father when invoking the images of certain favorite “ancestors,” notably William Faulkner and Ernest Hemingway. In some ways, the Faulkner example is as easy to see as the Wright: in Ellison’s fiction one hears a voice as deeply southern as Faulkner’s—a voice as rich and as quick with exalted southern lies, told with conversational jam-session style as well as with poetic eloquence. In both writers, too, one finds the shared impulse for technical experimentation along with a shared vision of the human plight, and of man’s capacity to overcome.
On Initiation Rites and Power: A Lecture at West Point
Authors: Ellison Ralph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I hardly know where to start. It should be with an apology, I suppose, because as I recall how annoyed I was that I had been assigned certain novels as a student, I find it extremely ironic that now my own is being passed along to you, and that I’m responsible. I suppose the best way to get into this is to just be autobiographical, since you are concerned with my novel, because the novel isn’t autobiographical in an immediate sense, and it’ll be necessary to enlarge upon what Colonel Capps had to say about my background in order to spell out to you just why, and in what way, it is not autobiographical. I was, as he said, a music major at Tuskegee, but I was also one who read a lot, who lived in books as well as in the sound of music. At Tuskegee I found myself reading The Waste Land, and for the first time I was caught up in a piece of poetry which moved me but which I couldn’t reduce to a logical system. I didn’t know quite why it was working on me, but being close to the jazz experience—that is, the culture of jazz—I had a sense that some of the same sensibility was being expressed in poetry.
Deliberative Trouble
Authors: Sunstein Cass R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Affirmative action is under attack in the state of Texas. A number of professors at a particular branch of the University of Texas are inclined to be supportive of affirmative action; they meet to exchange views and to plan further action, if necessary. What are these professors likely to think, and to do, after they talk? After a nationally publicized shooting at a high school, a group of people in the community, most of them tentatively in favor of greater gun control, come together to discuss the possibility of imposing new gun control measures.
Traditions and Crisis 1n the Eastern Woodlands
Authors: Martin Joel W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
More than two hundred years ago, a European named John Heckewelder witnessed a dramatic event in an Ohio forest involving a Native American hunter and a bear. As Heckewelder later wrote, the hunter, a member of the Delaware Indian nation, shot the bear and the musket ball “broke its backbone. The animal fell and set up a most plaintive cry, some­ thing like that of the cougar when he is hungry. The hunter, instead of giving him another shot, stood up close to him, and addressed him in these words: ‘Hark ye! bear; you are a coward, and no warrior as you pretend to be. Were you a warrior, you would show it by your firmness and not cry and whimper like an old woman.
New Religions 1n the West
Authors: Martin Joel W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On January 1, 1889, a total eclipse of the sun darkened the sky over western North America and spread terror on earth. Alarmed Tiövusidiöikadö Paiute Indians of Mason Valley in Nevada began shooting off their guns. They hoped to scare away the force that blocked the light. They turned for guidance to their weather doctor, a twenty-eight-year-old man named Wovoka. Though ill, he tried to help. Using divination techniques perfected over generations and passed down from his father, he went into a trance or state of unconsciousness. According to many Paiutes, when a healer entered the trance state, it was as if he had died; his released soul could travel to other realms. He could find out what was wrong with a sick person and bring back a healing song. He could divine the patterns of the weather and movements of game.
The New York Years
Authors: Yarbrough Tinsley E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Soon after the Warings’ arrival in New York, John J. Parker wrote the judge, asking him to hold a term of court in Wheeling, West Virginia. Retired federal judges are frequently called upon for such duties, but Judge Waring quickly made it clear that he had no interest in returning to southern or border states for judicial duty. Earlier, he had informed his circuit chief judge that he and Mrs. Waring hoped that they could “do more effective work in breaking down the evils of racial prejudice from . . . outside the curtain of White Supremacy.” Now, he indicated that some of the judges in New York’s southern district had been urging him to assist in relieving congested dockets there, but that he had not yet fixed a definite time for taking on such duties. “If and when I do take on assignment for Court work,” he pointedly added, “I think I would prefer working here in a much more comfortable and congenial surrounding which I have come to appreciate and enjoy.” He remained firm in this resolve. When, in 1955, Parker again invited him to attend a session of the Fourth Circuit judicial conference and to hold a term of court in West Virginia, he declined both invitations.
Burger’s Daughter The Synthesis of Revelation
Authors: Heinemann Margot 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Speaking Some Years Ago about African writing (including in that term writing about Africa not by black Africans), Nadine Gordimer noted that its themes are very different from those that have preoccupied modern European and American writers: European writers from Beckett to Marguerite Duras are obsessed with human alienation and its consequent problem of communication.
Gödel’s life and work
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Kurt Gödel’s striking fundamental results in the decade 1929-1939 transformed mathematical logic and established him as the most important logician of the 20th century. His work influenced practically all subsequent developments in the subject as well as all further thought about the foundations of mathematics. The results that made Gödel famous are the completeness of first-order logic, the incompleteness of axiomatic systems containing number theory and, finally, the consistency of the axiom of choice. and the continuum hypothesis with the other axioms of set theory. During the same decade he made other less dramatic but still significant contributions to logic, including work on the decision problem, intuitionism and notions of computability.
A Gödel chronology
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Starred items below are based on sources from Gödel’s Nachlass, as follows: Gödel’s replies to a questionnaire from Burke D. Grandjean by*, and notes from Gödel’s Arbeitshefte by **(Heft 1) or*** (Heft 15). Information based on Aufzeichnungen from Carnap’s Nachlass is labelled †.
Die Vollstandigkeit der Axiome des logischen Funktionenkalkiils1 (1990)
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whitehead und Russell haben bekanntlich die Logik und Mathematik so aufgebaut, da6 sie gewisse evidente Siitze als Axiome an die Spitze stellten und aus diesen nach einigen genau formulierten Schlu6prinzipien auf rein formalem Wege (d. h. ohne weiter von der Bedeutung der Symbole Gebrauch zu machen) die Siitze der Logik und Mathematik deduzierten. Bei einem solchen Vorgehen erhebt sich natiirlich sofort die Frage, ob das an die Spitze gestellte System von Axiomen und Schlu6prinzipien vollstiindig ist, d. h. wirklich dazu ausreicht, jeden logisch-mathematischen Satz zu deduzieren, oder ob vielleicht wahre (und nach anderen Prinzipien eventuell auch beweisba.re) Satze denkbar sind, welche in dem betreffenden System nicht abgeleitet werden konnen. Fiir den Bereich der logischen Aussageformeln ist diese Frage in positivem Sinn entschieden, d. h. man hat gezeigt,2 daS tatsachlich jede richtige Aussageformel aus den in den Principia mathematica angegebenen Axiomen folgt. Hier soll dasselbe fiir einen weiteren Bereich von Formeln, namlich fiir die des “engeren Funktionenkalkiils”,3 geschehen, d. h. es soll gezeigt werden:
Introductory note to 1990b, 1991 and 1992b
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gödel’s 1991 was undoubtedly the most exciting and the most cited article in mathematical logic and foundations to appear in the first eighty years of this century. An abstract of it, 1990b, was presented to the Vienna Academy of Sciences by Hans Hahn on 23 October 1930. The full text of 1991 was received on 17 November 1930 for publication in Monatshefte fii.r Mathematik und Physik. The note 1992b, dated 22 January 1931, gave a more general presentation of Gödel’s 1991 theorems using Peano arithmetic instead of the simple theory of types as the basic system.
Einige metamathematische Resultate iiber Entscheidungsdefinitheit und Widerspruchsfreiheit (1990b)
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Überbaut man die Peano’schen Axiome mit der Logik der Principia mathematica1 (natiirliche Zahlen als Individuen) samt Auswahlaxiom (fiir alle Typen), so entsteht ein formales System S, fiir welches folgende Satze gelten: I. Das System S ist nicht entscheidungsdefinit, d. h. es gibt darin Satze A (und solche sind auch angebbar), fiir welche weder A noch A beweisbar it is thus also independent of the semi-formal system PA+ consisting of PA with all the true IJ? sentences added (since the sentence expressing the I-consistency of PA is equivalent to the consistency of PA+).m However, by the proof theory of PA, which extends to PA+, these sentences have the same “provably recursive functions” (i.e., there are no new recursive functions determined by provable rrg statements). What is essentially involved is that the function determined by the rrg Paris-Harrington statement majorizes all the provably recursive functions of PA (as shown in another way by Ketonen and Solovay in 1981 ).
Auswahlaxiom
Some metamathematical results on completeness and consistency (1930b)
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Selbst wenn man alle logischen Hilfsmittel der Principia mathematica (insbesondere also erweiterten Funktionenkalkiil1 und Auswahlaxiom) in der Metamathematik zulaBt, gibt es keinen Widerspruchs/reiheitsbeweis fiir das System S (um so weniger, wenn man die Beweismittel irgendwie beschrankt). Ein Widerspruchsfreiheitsbeweis des Systems S ,kann also nur mit Hilfe von SchluBweisen gefiihrt werden, die im System S selbst nicht formalisiert sind, und Analoges gilt auch fiir andere formale Systeme, etwa das Zermelo-Frankel’sche Axiomensystem der Mengenlehre.
On formally undecidable propositions of Principia mathematica and related systems i1 (1931)
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The development of mathematics toward greater precision has led, as is well known, to the formalization of large tracts of it, so that one can prove any theorem using nothing but a few mechanical rules. The most comprehensive formal systems that have been set up hitherto are the system of Principia mathematica (PM)2 on the one hand and the Zermelo-Fraenkel axiom system of set theory (further developed by J. von Neumann )3 on the other. These two systems are so comprehensive that in them all methods of proof today used in mathematics are formalized, that is, reduced to a few axioms and rules of inference. One might therefore conjecture that these axioms and rules of inference are sufficient to decide any mathematical question that can at all be formally expressed in these systems. It will be shown below that this is not the case, that on the contrary there are in the two systems mentioned relatively simple problems in the theory of integers4 that cannot be decided on the basis of the axioms.