bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Defining nutritional status of women in developing countries
Authors: Nestel Penelope , Rutstein Shea 
Published: February 2003

AbstractObjective:To define a de facto reference body mass index (BMI) for women in developing countries and compare its performance with the Quetelet BMI.Design:A logarithmic equation for elite wt/ht references was developed using the weight (wt) and height (ht) of 10 524 non-pregnant elite mothers. Functional outcomes were compared using both BMIs.Setting:Forty-six national surveys from 36 developing countries.Subjects:Mothers 15–49 years old.Results:The de facto reference standard deviation showed 2.2% of elite women were undernourished and 6.3% overnourished; lower and upper limits for ‘ideal’ wt/ht were 73% and 137%, respectively. Compared with the age-based and medium frame standards of the First and Second National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES I & II), the de facto reference defined fewer women as undernourished (5.3% vs. 10.5% and 14.4%, respectively), but more as overnourished (20.4% vs. 13.7% and 15.9%, respectively). In the de facto reference, BMI=wt/ht1.6. Using the age-based and medium-frame-based Quetelet BMI (wt/ht2), 28.5% and 31.7% had a low and 13.0% and 14.7% a high BMI, respectively. For the de facto reference, 18.4% of the elite mothers had a low BMI and 19.3% a high BMI. Applying the de facto reference to all women showed that the distribution of BMI was similar irrespective of the reference used. Functional outcomes were similar for both BMIs.Conclusions:The NHANES I & II growth curves define more women as overnourished than the de facto curve, but the opposite for defining the undernourished. Functional outcomes were similar for both BMIs, suggesting there is no great advantage to using a de facto BMI based on national-level data from these 46 national surveys.
Longitudinal changes in nutrient intakes in the Melbourne Chinese Cohort Study
Authors: Zhang Hua , Hsu-Hage Bridget H-H , Wahlqvist Mark L 
Published: February 2003

AbstractObjective:To assess longitudinal changes in the consumption of nutrients and the impact of socio-economic factors on diet transition in the Melbourne Chinese Health Study (MCHS) cohort.Design:Longitudinal study including two phases: baseline (1989/90) and follow-up (1995/97).Settings:Melbourne metropolitan areas in Victoria, Australia.Study subjects and method:Two hundred and sixty-two Chinese men and women aged 25 years and over, recruited at baseline, who had completed the both baseline and follow-up food-frequency questionnaires.Results:Women increased their daily intakes of energy (+549 kJ), protein (+7.8 g), fat (+7.3 g) and dietary fibre (+5.6 g) whereas men decreased their daily consumption of carbohydrate (-38.5 g) over an average period of 8 years. Energy contributions from protein and fat rose while that from carbohydrate dropped for all cohort subjects. Increased intakes of riboflavin, β-carotene and iron were observed in men, while an increased consumption of thiamine, riboflavin, niacin and minerals (except sodium) was observed in women. Socio-economic factors such as education, family income levels and occupational categories appeared to have a far more powerful influence on changes in individual daily nutrient intakes than age or length of stay in Australia. Changes in nutrient intake in women were less affected by sociodemographic variables.Conclusion:The observed changes in nutrient intakes indicated a progressive approach towards the Australian Recommended Dietary Intakes within this Chinese cohort population.
Food security in the Baltic Republics
Authors: Pomerleau Joceline , McKee Martin , Robertson Aileen , Vaask Sirje , Pudule Iveta , Grinberga Daiga , Abaravicius Algis , Bartkeviciute Roma 
Published: February 2003

AbstractObjectives:Food insecurity has become an important issue in many countries of the former Soviet Union following the transition to a market economy. This study examined three aspects of food security in the Baltic Republics: reasons for choosing foods; level of dependence on home-grown or raised foods; and use of home-grown vegetables.Design:Cross-sectional surveys.Setting:Data from surveys conducted in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania in the summer of 1997 were used to describe the three aspects of food security and their socio-economic correlates (using descriptive statistics and logistic regression).Subjects:Representative samples of adults were selected in each country (Estonia, n = 2018; Latvia, n = 2308; Lithuania, n = 2153).Results:Cost was the most commonly reported reason for choosing foods, particularly in Lithuania (67%) and Latvia (60%) (Estonia 41%), and especially among people with lower income levels. In each country, large proportions of respondents depended partially or entirely on home-grown or raised foods (Latvia 47%, Lithuania 42%, Estonia 32%) or used home-grown vegetables frequently (Lithuania 66%, Latvia 53%, Estonia 29%); this was particularly the case in rural areas.Conclusions:The issue of food security needs to be examined further in the Baltic Republics and other transitional economies as increased access to safe, healthy foods for all could help improve dietary intake and reduce the high mortality from non-communicable diseases. Access to affordable, high-quality fresh foods by different social groups should be monitored and the potential contribution of home-grown and raised foods to reduce food poverty should be explored further1.
Dietary intake of 9–10-year-old and 11–12-year-old children in Liverpool
Authors: Hackett AF , Gibbon M , Sratton G , Hamill L 
Published: February 2003

AbstractObjective:To describe the eating habits of children in Liverpool and compare two age groups that bridge the transition from primary to secondary school.Design:Two cross-sectional studies carried out one year apart using a food intake questionnaire that records whether or not each child claims to have eaten specific marker foods on the previous day.Setting:Primary and secondary schools in Liverpool.Subjects:Six hundred and forty-nine children aged 11 or 12 years and 3556 children aged 9 or 10 years.Results:Fewer older children ate breakfast (68–82%), especially the girls, and not eating breakfast was associated with eating on the way to school in the younger children. More of the older girls ate nothing at breakfast or on the way to school. Overall, the less desirable foods were reported to have been eaten by more children, of both ages, than the more desirable foods. Fruit, however, was mentioned by most children (69–77%) but the next 10 foods mentioned by most children were all less desirable ones. Only 31% of primary and 21% of secondary children ate both fruit and vegetables but 23% of primary and 26% of secondary children ate neither fruit nor vegetables. Overall, more of the girls of both age groups claimed to have eaten foods that would normally be encouraged.Conclusions:Food choice changes appreciably between primary and secondary school and, in some key respects, for the worse. In particular, far more children of both age groups need to be eating fruit and vegetables every day.
Stakeholder interactions and the development of functional foods
Authors: McConnon Aine , Cade Janet , Pearman Alan 
Published: February 2003

AbstractObjective:This paper investigates the roles of the individual stakeholders involved in the development of functional foods and the implications of their actions for public perception of this new food concept.Results:At a time when consumer awareness of the link between diet and health is strong, a new food concept incorporating of a wide spectrum of foods has captured the imagination of the food industry and consumers alike. Functional foods provide a new category of foods that appear to be offering the public the opportunity to achieve a healthy lifestyle with minimal effort. Public perception may determine whether this new food concept is to become the next successful breakthrough in nutritional science or just another marketing gimmick devised by food manufacturers. The paper also addresses issues that arise directly as a result of the emergence of functional foods, such as appropriate legislation in connection to health claims in order to ensure consumer protection and also the lack of clarity in relation to definitions of what constitutes a functional food.Conclusion:The paper concludes that functional foods can only reach their maximum potential if the food industry, government and health professionals work together to improve communication between themselves and consumers and also to educate consumers, thereby allowing them to make informed decisions about dietary choices.
Dieting patterns and related lifestyles of school-aged children in the Republic of Ireland
Authors: Gabhainn Saoirse Nic , Nolan Geraldine , Kelleher Cecily , Friel Sharon 
Published: February 2003

AbstractObjective:The aim of this study was to identify differences in food habits and lifestyle behaviours by dieting status among young people in Ireland.Design:Cross-sectional survey. Participants responded to a self-completion questionnaire designed by researchers on the World Health Organization's collaborative study – Health Behaviour in School Aged Children. Pupils were selected by school and classroom and the sample was stratified to be representative of the geographical distribution of school students in Ireland.Setting:Data were collected by teachers from school pupils in their classrooms.Subjects:Data were collected from 187 schools which included 8497 pupils (51% girls) aged 9–17 years.Results:While a minority of pupils (12% of girls, 4% of boys) reported that they were on a diet to lose weight, a substantial proportion (28% of girls, 18% of boys) said that they should be on a diet. Dieters reported consuming unhealthy foods less frequently than non-dieters, but did not report an increased consumption of fruit and vegetables. Rather, some categories of dieters reported higher levels of coffee and tobacco use and lower exercise levels than non-dieters.Conclusions:The results could indicate substitution of unhealthy foods by other unhealthy behaviours as opposed to an increased consumption of healthier foodstuffs, and suggest that both smoking and exercise need to be addressed alongside nutrition in youth health promotion.
Longitudinal study of energy and nutrient intakes for infants from low-income, urban families
Authors: Nolan Karen , Schell Lawrence M , Stark Alice D , Gómez Marta I 
Published: February 2003

AbstractObjective:To assess the energy and nutrient intakes of healthy infants from low-income families and to compare intakes with current recommendations.Design:We interviewed mother–infant pairs longitudinally when the infants were 3, 6, 9, 12, 18 and 24 months old. Food intake data were obtained by 24-hour dietary recalls. Selected nutrient intakes were calculated and compared with the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs).Subjects/setting:Infants (n= 200) were the offspring of low-income, pregnant women recruited at the Albany County Department of Health, New York for the Albany Pregnancy and Infancy Lead Study, a prospective investigation of factors related to blood lead levels, including nutrition. Interviews were conducted during paediatric clinic visits.Statistical analyses performed:Means and standard deviations were used to describe energy and micronutrient intakes for age groups. The probability approach was utilised to examine the prevalence of inadequate intakes.Results:Mean energy and nutrient intakes generally met or exceeded the RDA. The exceptions were vitamin D and zinc for which observed means were below the RDA at several data points. Protein consumption was exceptionally high in this sample. The highest estimated prevalences of inadequate intakes were observed for iron, zinc and vitamin D at the older ages.Conclusions:This study identified several potential concerns about the diets of infants during the transition from infant food and formula to table foods. Low intakes of vitamin D, zinc and iron, especially at 12 and 18 months, were observed. High protein intakes were noted at all ages.
Use of dietary supplements in Denmark is associated with health and former smoking
Authors: Knudsen Vibeke K , Rasmussen Lone B , Haraldsdóttir Jóhanna , Ovesen Lars , Bülow Inge , Knudsen Nils , Jørgensen Torben , Laurberg Peter , Perrild Hans 
Published: February 2003

AbstractObjectives:To describe the use of dietary supplements in a group of Danish adults and to investigate the differences between users and non-users with respect to age, gender, health and lifestyle factors.Design:Cross-sectional study in two Danish cities.Setting:The Danish Investigation on Iodine Intake and Thyroid Diseases, 1997–1998.Subjects:Participants were 3707 women (selected age groups between 18 and 65 years) and 942 men (60–65 years). Participation rate was 50%. Supplement data were collected in a personal interview. Data on education, smoking, alcohol intake, physical activity, use of medication and self-perceived health were derived from a self-administered questionnaire. Multiple logistic regression was used for the statistical analysis.Results:Participants were asked about all kinds of supplements, ranging from products containing vitamins and minerals, to fish oils and products of herbal origin. On average 59% reported use of some kind of dietary supplement. Most common were combined multivitamin/mineral products (48%) followed by single vitamin C products (10%). Twelve per cent used three or more different supplements. Supplement use was strongly associated with age and gender, being highest among elderly women (78%). Ex-smokers were more likely to use supplements than subjects who had never smoked (odds ratio (OR) 1.36, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.09–1.76). Supplement use was more likely among subjects who had many days of illness (OR = 1.37, 95% CI 1.12–1.66) and among users of medication (OR = 1.22, 95% CI 1.04–1.42). Subjects who perceived their health as poor were more likely to use supplements other than just a multivitamin/mineral tablet (OR = 2.2, 95% CI 1.31–3.77).Conclusions:Use of dietary supplements was related to age, gender and smoking, but also to poor self-perceived health status and absence from work. This indicates that a group of people use supplements as a form of self-medication.
Part I. What has happened in terms of some of the unique elements of shift in diet, activity, obesity, and other measures of morbidity and mortality within different regions of the world?
Authors: Monteiro Carlos A , Conde Wolney L , Popkin Barry M 
Published: February 2003

AbstractObjective:To describe time trends in under- and overnutrition in different regional and income strata of the child and adult population of Brazil.Design:Nation-wide surveys conducted in 1975, 1989 and 1996/7 in probabilistic samples of 1–4-year-old children and adults 20 years and over. Time trends refer to stunting, wasting and overweight prevalences among children and age-adjusted underweight and obesity prevalences among adults (95% confidence intervals included).Subjects:Individuals examined by each survey in each age group ranged from 1796 young children in 1996 to 78 031 adults in 1975.Setting:North-eastern and south-eastern regions of Brazil.Results:Undernutrition indicators declined intensively and continuously among children and adults in all region and income strata. Obesity remained low and relatively stable among children, but increased intensively and continuously in all regions and income strata among adult males. Obesity also increased intensively and continuously among adult women from the less economically developed region of Brazil (the north-eastern region) and among lower-income women from the more developed region (the south-eastern region). Higher-income women from the more developed region had a significant increase in obesity from 1975 to 1989, followed by a significant decline from 1989 to 1997.Conclusions:Undernutrition in young children is being controlled in Brazil without evidence of increasing obesity. However, obesity is rapidly replacing undernutrition in most gender, region and income strata of the adult population. Adult obesity is already more frequent than adult undernutrition in the more economically developed region, among all higher-income groups, and also among lower-income women living in the more developed region. These lower-income women are significantly more exposed than their higher-income counterparts to both undernutrition and obesity.
Epidemiological and nutritional transition in Mexico: rapid increase of non-communicable chronic diseases and obesity
Authors: Rivera Juan A , Barquera Simón , Campirano Fabricio , Campos Ismael , Safdie Margarita , Tovar Víctor 
Published: February 2003

AbstractObjective:The objective of this paper is to characterise the epidemiological and nutritional transition and their determinants in Mexico.Design:Age-adjusted standardised mortality rates (SMRs) due to acute myocardial infarction (AMI), diabetes mellitus and hypertension were calculated for 1980–1998. Changes in the prevalences of overweight and obesity in women and children and of dietary intake from 1988 to 1999 were also used in the analysis. Quantities of food groups purchased by adult equivalent (AE) and food expenditures away from home between 1984 and 1989 were used to assess trends. All information was analysed at the national and regional levels, and by urban and rural areas.Results:SMR for diabetes, AMI and hypertension increased dramatically parallel to obesity at the national and regional levels. Fat intake in women and the purchase of refined carbohydrates, including soda, also increased.Discussion:The results suggest that obesity is playing a role in the increased SMRs of diabetes, AMI and hypertension in Mexico. Total energy dietary intake and food purchase data could not explain the rise in the prevalence of obesity. The increases in fat intake and the purchase of refined carbohydrates may be risk factors for increased mortality. Information on physical activity was not available.Conclusion:SMRs due to diabetes, hypertension and AMI have increased dramatically in parallel with the prevalence of obesity; therefore actions should be taken for the prevention of obesity. Reliable information about food consumption and physical activity is required to assess their specific roles in the aetiology of obesity.
An accelerated nutrition transition in Iran
Authors: Ghassemi Hossein , Harrison Gail , Mohammad Kazem 
Published: February 2003

Abstract:Objective:To describe the emergence of the nutrition transition, and associated morbidity shifts, in the Islamic Republic of Iran.Design:Review and analysis of secondary data relating to the socio-political and nutritional context, demographic trends, food utilisation and consumption patterns, obesity, and diet-related morbidity.Results and conclusions:The nutrition transition in Iran is occurring rapidly, secondary to the rapid change in fertility and mortality patterns and to urbanisation. The transition is occurring against the backdrop of lack of sustained economicgrowth. There is considerable imbalance in food consumption with low nutrient density characterising diets at all income levels, over-consumption evident among more than a third of households, and food insecurity among 20% of the population. Obesity is an emerging problem, particularly in urban areas and for women, and both diabetes and other risk factors for heart disease are becoming significant problems.
Where does the black population of South Africa stand on the nutrition transition?
Authors: Bourne Lesley T , Lambert Estelle V , Steyn Krisela 
Published: February 2003

AbstractObjective:To review data on selected risk factors related to the emergence of non communicable diseases (NCDs) in the black population of South Africa.Methods:Data from existing literature on South African blacks were reviewed with an emphasis placed on changes in diet and the emergence of obesity and related NCDs.Design:Review and analysis of secondary data over time relating to diet, physical activity and obesity and relevant to nutrition-related NCDs.Settings:Urban, peri-urban and rural areas of South Africa. National prevalence data are also included.Subjects:Black adults over the age of 15 years were examined.Results:Shifts in dietary intake, to a less prudent pattern, are occurring with apparent increasing momentum, particularly among blacks, who constitute three-quarters of the population. Data have shown that among urban blacks, fat intakes have increased from 16.4% to 26.2% of total energy (a relative increase of 59.7%), while carbohydrate intakes have decreased from 69.3% to 61.7% of total energy (a relative decrease of 10.9%) in the past 50 years. Shifts towards the Western diet are apparent among rural African dwellers as well. The South African Demographic and Health Survey conducted in 1998 revealed that 31.8% of African women (over the age of 15 years) were obese (body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kgm−2) and that a further 26.7% were overweight (BMI ≥ 25 to <30 kgm−2). The obesity prevalence among men of the same age was 6.0%, with 19.4% being overweight. The national prevalence of hypertension in blacks was 24.4%, using the cut-off point of 140/90 mmHg. There are limited data on the population's physical activity patterns. However, the effects of the HIV/AIDS epidemic will become increasingly important.Conclusions:The increasing emergence of NCDs in black South Africans, compounded by the HIV/AIDS pandemic, presents a complex picture for health workers and policy makers. Increasing emphasis needs to be placed on healthy lifestyles.
A Tanzanian perspective on the nutrition transition and its implications for health
Authors: Maletnlema TN 
Published: February 2003

AbstractObjective:The purpose of this paper is to describe social and economic changes related to shifts in diet and activity and to present prevalences for chronic diseases associated with the nutrition transition.Design:Observations about social changes are descriptive, based on published reports and personal observations. Prevalence and trends data are based on a Ministry of Health published report and, for infants and toddlers, on primary data.Setting:Disease prevalences for diabetes mellitus and hypertension are taken from four sites, representing underdeveloped, semi-developed and well-developed rural communities and Dar es Salaam, the largest city in Tanzania. The prevalences of underweight and overweight for infants and toddlers are taken from a small periurban clinic in Tanzania.Subjects:Adults over 15 years of age are included in the prevalence data for chronic disease. The urban sample is stratified by occupation and ethnicity. The data for infants and toddlers include newborns to those aged 23 months.Results:An increase in the prevalence of diabetes and hypertension was observed. Simultaneously, there have been rapid changes in diet and physical activity related to urbanisation and modernisation. The highest prevalences for diabetes and hypertension were among high-ranking executives.Conclusion:The increase in chronic disease could be related to the rise in the number of high-ranking executives. Simultaneously, per capita income has gone down, and malnutrition prevalence has risen. Programmes are being developed to simultaneously monitor trends in overweight while preventing protein-energy malnutrition and micronutrient deficiency.