bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis, characterization, and electrical conductivity of polyaniline derivatives: Study with the metal ions Cu(II), Ni(II), and Co(II)
Authors: Rivas B. L. , Sánchez C. O. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractPoly(2‐aminophenol), poly(3‐aminophenol), poly(2‐aminobenzyl alcohol), and poly(3‐aminobenzyl alcohol) were synthesized by using ammonium persulphate as oxidizing reagent in HCl and HCl/CH3CN mediums in the presence and absence of Cu(II), Ni(II), and Co(II) ions. The polymers were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet‐vis spectroscopy, thermal analysis, and electrical conductivity measurements. The substituent in 2‐ and 3‐positions decreases the yield regarding aniline. Poly(2‐,3‐aminobenzyl alcohol) are obtained in an intermediate redox state and polymerized as aniline. On the contrary, poly(aminophenols) are obtained as overoxidated structures. The presence of metal ion produces an important increase of the polymerization yield. The metal cations would act as oxidizing agents. The incorporation of these metal ions depends on the reaction medium. The metal ion increases the thermal stability. Poly(2‐aminobenzyl alcohol)‐copper ions also increases the electrical conductivity. The electrical conductivity is higher by acid doping than by the incorporation of metal ions. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 82: 330–337, 2001
Study on aging of clay–rubber masterbatch from modified clay
Authors: Chen Mei , Ao Ning‐Jian , Chen Ying , Yu He‐Ping , Qian Hong‐Lian , Wang Chen , Zhou Hui‐Ling , Qu Ju‐Lan , Guo Chen‐Kun 
Published: October 2004

AbstractClay was modified by using a polymeric coating agent, a silicane coupling agent, and a titanate coupling agent together with the antioxidant for preparing the clay–rubber masterbatch. After the thermooxidative, photooxidative, and ozone aging, the properties of the masterbatch were also determined. The results indicate that, under the synergistic actions of the polymeric coating agent, antioxidant, and coupling agent, the thermooxidative and photooxidative aging resistances of the masterbatch were greatly improved. The properties of ozone aging resistance of the masterbatch can be increased by 50% under the combined action of a new kind of amine antioxidant with a titanate coupling agent. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 82: 338–342, 2001
Elastic interlayer toughening of potassium titanate whiskers–nylon66 composites and their fractal research
Authors: Lü Jiazhen , Lu Xiaohua 
Published: October 2004

AbstractPotassium titanate whiskers–nylon66 composites were effectively toughened with an elastic interlayer of epoxy resin. The optimal fraction of epoxy resin was 1.5 wt % of whiskers, which corresponded to an interlayer thickness of 3% of the radius of whiskers. SEM images showed that interfacial adhesion was improved with elastic interlay. The impact strength of the composite increased 132% compared with neat nylon66, whereas the bending and tensile strengths increased 55 and 48%, respectively. Digital image method was adopted to carry out fractal research of fracture surfaces of the composites. Fractal dimensional calculations were based on perimeter–area relation. It was found that with the sizes of measured slit islands increasing, calculated fractal dimensions increased first and became stable after area threshold reached about 500 η2 (η was a yardstick). The toughness of composites increased with fractal dimensions, which was explained from the point of fracture mechanism. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 82: 368–374, 2001
Development of novel polymeric flocculant based on grafted sodium alginate for the treatment of coal mine wastewater
Authors: Tripathy Tridib , Karmakar N. C. , Singh R. P. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractSodium alginate‐g‐polyacrylamide (SAG) was synthesized by ceric ion induced redox polymerization technique. Six grades of graft copolymers were prepared by varying as well as monomer concentrations. The graft copolymers were characterized by intrinsic viscosity measurements, IR, and 13C‐NMR spectroscopies. Of the above grades, the graft copolymer of grade six (SAG‐VI), which has longer polyacrylamide chains, was used for flocculation study. Two coking and noncoking coal fine suspensions were selected for the flocculation study. The flocculation performance of the graft copolymer was compared with commercial flocculants. In all cases, it was found that the graft copolymer showed better performance than the commercial flocculants. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 82: 375–382, 2001
Characteristics of PPG‐based thermoplastic polyurethane doped with lithium perchlorate
Authors: Wen Ten‐Chin , Fang Jui‐Chin , Lin Hung‐Jye , Yang Chien‐Hsin 
Published: October 2004

AbstractSegmented thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) was synthesized from methylene bis(cyclohexyl isocyanate) (H12MDI), ethylenediamine (EDA), and poly(propylene glycol) (PPG) with a molecular weight of 1000. The ratio of hard segment to soft segment (NCO/OH) is changed to test the chemical and physical properties. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and impedance spectroscopy (IS) were utilized to monitor the phase change of these TPU samples with various lithium perchlorate (LiClO4) concentrations. Significant changes occur in the FTIR spectrum of the TPU with LiClO4 concentration above 0.5 mmol/g TPU, indicating that an interaction existed between the lithium cation and the hard segment or soft phase. The soft‐segment Tg increased with increasing LiClO4 concentration through the examination of DSC. IS results indicate an increase in bulk conductivity as the salt concentration is increased. Electrochemical stability of the TPU sample was studied by cyclic votammetry (CV). © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 82: 389–399, 2001
Copolymerization of methyl methacrylate and N‐alkyl methacrylamide
Authors: Chen Yu , Zhang Guangli , Zhang Hongzhi 
Published: October 2004

AbstractA new approach to the preparation of colorless and high transparent methacrylic resins was described. N‐Alkyl methacrylamide, the alkyl substituent of which was methyl, cyclohexyl, or isobornyl, was employed to copolymerize with methyl methacrylate, giving the copolymer with enhanced glass transition temperature around 10–15°C higher than that of homo‐poly(methyl methacrylate). The comonomers, N‐cyclohexyl methacrylamide and N‐isobornyl methacrylamide, were prepared by reaction of methacrylonitrile with cyclohexene and camphene, respectively. All the three kinds of copolymers showed the water absorption similar to that of homo‐poly(methyl methacrylate) after the samples were immersed in water for 2–8 days. The copolymers also showed high weather resistance toward sunshine in atmosphere for 16 months. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 82: 400–405, 2001
Radical polymerization of N‐[(1‐n‐butoxycarbonyl)ethyl]maleimide
Authors: Ai Jiaoyan , Liu Pengsheng , Tan Hongyan , Lei Rengui 
Published: October 2004

AbstractPoly(N‐[(1‐n‐butoxycarbonyl)ethyl]maleimide) (PBAM) was synthesized by solution polymerization with 2,2′‐Azobis(isobutylronitrile) (AIBN) as radical initiator. The resulting polymer(PBAM) was characterized by infrared spectroscopy (IR), themogravimetry (TG), and differential thermal analysis (DTA). The initial decomposition temperature of PBAM is 321.6°C; the glass transition temperature of PBAM was 240.5°C. The effects of solvent, temperature, initiator concentration ([I]), and monomer concentration ([BAM]) on polymerization were also discussed. The overall activation energy (Ea) of homopolymerization was determined (Ea = 93.5 kJ/mol). It was revealed that the rate of polymerization (Rp) can be expressed as Rp ∝ [I]0.58[BAM]. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 82: 424–427, 2001
Mechanical, morphological, and thermal properties of poly(ethylene 2,6‐naphthalate) and copolyester LCP blends
Authors: Xie W. B. , Tam K. C. , Yue C. Y. , Hu X. , Lam Y. C. , Li L. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractBinary blends of a liquid crystalline polymer (LCP) and poly(ethylene 2,6‐naphthalate) (PEN) were melt blended and injection molded. The mechanical properties were studied as a function of LCP content. Both the ultimate tensile strength and Young's modulus are higher than the theoretical values predicted by the rule of mixtures and they display a synergistic behavior at 70 wt % LCP content. However, the tensile strength decreases with LCP content and Young's modulus remained unchanged at lower LCP contents (10 to 30 wt %). The poor mechanical property is attributed to the immiscibility between PEN and LCP and the fibrillation behavior of LCP as revealed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results. However, LCP and PEN are found to be partially miscible at higher LCP content, ascertained by DSC and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). This is attributed to the transesterification reaction between PEN and PET moiety in the LCP molecules. SEM micrographs reveal a skin/core morphology in the tensile bars, that is, the LCP is better oriented in the skin than in the core region. At lower LCP content, the dispersed LCP phase is spherical in the core and ellipsoidal in the skin, with long axes oriented in the flow direction. DSC studies show that the crystallization rate is significantly enhanced by the presence of LCP up to 50 wt %, where the LCP acts as a nucleating agent for PEN crystallization. The melting temperature decreases with LCP content, probably as a result of imperfect crystals formed in the presence of LCP heterogeneous nucleating centers and the increasing miscibility between LCP and PEN. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 82: 477–488, 2001
Preparation of carbon black/natural rubber latex masterbatch in bead form
Authors: Tangboriboonrat P. , Rakdee C. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractCarbon black/natural rubber latex masterbatch in the form of spherical beads was prepared according to the acid‐precipitation method. High‐loading carbon black (40 phr) was incorporated in natural rubber with the aid of a nonionic surfactant (Nonidet P40). Shearing the beads in an internal mixer provided good integration of carbon black in the rubber matrix and hence the high bound rubber content. Results confirmed the contribution of chemical interaction to the bound rubber content. By an oxidation process, the size of modified carbon black was reduced, whereas the large agglomeration took place in the case of partially graphitized carbon black. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 82: 489–498, 2001
Synthesis, X‐ray structure, and polymerization of 1‐vinyl‐3‐cyanomethylimidazolium chloride
Authors: Evsyukov Sergey E. , Gautheron Franck , Höffken H. Wolfgang , Böhn Karlheinz 
Published: October 2004

AbstractA new monomer, 1‐vinyl‐3‐cyanomethylimidazolium chloride (1), was synthesized via quaternization of 1‐vinylimidazole with chloroacetonitrile. The monomer was characterized using 1H– and 13C–NMR as well as Raman spectroscopic techniques; its crystal structure was studied by means of X‐ray analysis. The radical polymerization of 1 in aqueous solution brought about the formation of a polyelectrolyte that retains cyano groups intact and possesses film‐forming properties. The structure of the polymer was characterized by NMR and Raman spectroscopy. The high viscosity of aqueous solutions and chemical structure of the polymer obtained suggest its possible applications as a thickener and/or detergent additive. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 82: 499–509, 2001
Effects of low molecular weight compounds with hydroxyl groups on properties of poly(L‐lactic acid)
Authors: He Yong , Asakawa Naoki , Li Jianchun , Inoue Yoshio 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe effects of low molecular weight compounds with hydroxyl groups on the properties of poly(L‐lactic acid) (PLLA) were investigated. The specific interaction between PLLA and 4,4′‐thiodiphenol (TDP) was investigated by Fourier transform IR spectroscopy. The spectra of the blends suggested that there were interassociated hydrogen bonds between the PLLA chains and TDP molecules. The thermal and dynamic mechanical properties of PLLA/TDP blends were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis, respectively. The results revealed that the thermal and dynamic mechanical properties of PLLA were greatly modified through blending with TDP and that PLLA/TDP blends possessed eutectic phase behavior. The effects of the thermal history on the formation of hydrogen bonds and the thermal and mechanical properties were evaluated. It was found that the properties of the blends were strongly dependent on the thermal history. In addition to TDP, PLLA blends with other low molecular weight hydroxyl compounds, including aromatic and aliphatic compounds, were also characterized. The effects of the chemical structure of the low molecular weight compounds on the properties of PLLA were discussed. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 82: 640–649, 2001
Effect of crosslinking monomers on the performance of electron beam‐induced biodegradable Bionolle–rubber blends
Authors: Khan Mubarak A. , Ali K. M. Idriss , Yoshii F. , Makuuchi K. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractTo find out the better crosslinking monomer for vulcanization of natural rubber under electron beam (EB) radiation, the dry rubber was masticated with different polyfunctional monomers like TMPTA, NVP, and ethylene glycol diacrylate of different numbers of CH2 CH2O group, such as 1G, 3G, 7G, and 10 G. The masticated films were irradiated with different doses under EB at 10 kGy/pass. The highest tensile strength (25 MPa) of the rubber was observed in the presence of TMPTA (3phr) at 150 kGy dose. The gel content of the rubber increased with an increase of dose. Bionolle was mixed with the masticated rubber containing 3 phr TMPTA at different proportions; films of these blends along with Bionolle were irradiated under EB with different doses. The concentration of rubber in Bionolle and radiation dose were optimized. The elastomer with 5% masticated showed the highest tensile strength (62 MPa). The gel content of the blends was found to increase with an increase of radiation dose as well as rubber concentration in Bionolle. The elastomers or blends were found to possess good thermal properties. The elastomers exhibited a much lower loss of tensile strength due to the thermal aging compared with pure Bionolle. The elastomers sustained their original shape for 300 min at 180°C, whereas Bionolle sustained its shape for only 3 min at 120°C under the same load (50 g). Among all the elastomers, 5% rubber containing elastomer was found to be better in all respects. It was observed from scanning electron microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry studies that 5% rubber is well mixed with Bionolle. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 82: 799–807, 2001
Synthesis and properties of novel poly(phthalazinone ether ketone ketone)
Authors: Liu Y. J. , Jian X. G. , Liu S. J. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractA novel poly(phthalazinone ether ketone ketone) was prepared via the nucleophilic substitution polycondensation of bis‐1,4‐(4‐chlorobenzoyl)benzene and 4‐(4‐hydroxyphenyl)‐2,3‐phthalazin‐1‐one. The synthesized polymer exhibited high glass‐transition temperature, excellent thermooxidative properties, and fair rheological properties. The polymer was soluble in some polar solvents. Electronic friction and membrane properties are also discussed. The results indicate that the polymer falls in the class of high temperature resistance engineering plastics. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 82: 823–826, 2001
Effect of amino‐polycarbonate on the curing kinetics and morphology of epoxy resin
Authors: Hao Dongmei , Tang Xiaozhen , Wang Xinling , Luo Yinpei 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe curing kinetics and the glass transition behavior of amino‐polycarbonate with diglycidyl ether of bisphenol‐A epoxy resin systems were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The ASTM E‐698 method was chosen to determine the kinetics parameters of the curing reaction, including the activation energy, preexponential factor, rate constant, and 60‐min half‐life temperature. The amino‐polycarbonate was able to accelerate the curing reaction, reduce the apparent active energy, and decrease Tg of the systems. A homogeneous amino‐polycarbonate/epoxy resin network was observed in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) pictures. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 82: 833–838, 2001
Fabrication of deodorizing fabric by grafting of metal phthalocyanine derivative onto nonwoven polypropylene fabric
Authors: Cho Dong Lyun , Choi Chang Nam , Kim Hyun Jin , Kim Ae Kyoung , Go Jin‐Hwan 
Published: October 2004

AbstractFabrication of deodorizing fabric was tried by grafting metal phthalocyanine derivative, a catalytic deodorant, onto polypropylene (PP) nonwoven fabric. Fe(III)‐4,4′,4″,4‴‐tetra carboxamide phthalocyanine (Fe‐TCMP) was synthesized. The Fe‐TCMP showed high‐deodorizing performance when tested for the elimination of 2‐mercaptoethanol, an index material for bad‐smelling compounds. The Fe‐TCMP was converted to Fe(III)‐4,4′,4″,4‴‐tetracarboxylic acid phthalocyanine (Fe‐TCAP) by hydrolysis to have carboxyl groups. It was chemically grafted on the surface of PP nonwoven fabric, which was surface modified to have amine groups with diaminocyclohexane (DACH) plasma. Such fabricated deodorizing fabric showed high‐deodorizing performance for 2‐mercaptoethanol. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 82: 839–846, 2001
Investigations of the copolymerization of acrylonitrile with vinyl acetate and sodium methallylsulfonate
Authors: Qiu Gao , Tang Zhi‐Lian , Huang Nan‐Xun , Chen Hong‐Jun 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe bulk copolymerizations of acrylonitrile (AN) with vinyl acetate (VAc) initiated by azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) and the suspension copolymerization of AN with VAc and sodium methallylsulfonate (SMAS) in water with a Na2S2O5–Na2ClO3 redox initiator system at 65°C, were investigated. The copolymer compositions were determined by 1H‐NMR. The reactivity ratios (γs) for the two copolymerization systems were determined analytically, based on Mayo–Lewis equation, by fitting the calculated curves with the experimental data. The γs for the AN and VAc bulk copolymerization were found to be γ12 = 2.85 and γ21 = 0.11. The values of the apparent γs for the suspension copolymerization of AN, VAc, and SMAS were as follows: γ12 = 3.58, γ21 = 0.39, γ13 = 1.45, γ31 = 0, γ23 = 0.92, and the rate constant ratio R3 = k31/k32 = 0.04. A simulated result produced with the obtained γs agreed fairly well with experimental data of bulk copolymerization in a batch reactor. The apparent γs obtained were also successfully used to analyze the results of suspension polymerization in a continuous pilot reactor.© 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 82: 854–860, 2001
Modification of epoxy resin with kaolin as a toughening agent
Authors: Fellahi S. , Chikhi N. , Bakar M. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractEpoxy resins are widely used as high‐performance thermosetting resins for many industrial applications, but unfortunately, some are characterized by a relatively low toughness. In this respect, many efforts have been made to improve the toughness of cured epoxy resins by the introduction of rigid particles, reactive rubbers, interpenetrating polymer networks, and thermoplastics within the matrix. In this work, kaolin as a modifier was added at different contents to improve the toughness of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A epoxy resin with polyamino‐imidazoline as a curing agent. The chemical reactions suspected of taking place during the modification of the epoxy resin were monitored and evaluated with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The glass‐transition temperature (Tg) was measured with differential scanning calorimetry. The mechanical behavior of the modified epoxy resin was evaluated in terms of the Izod impact strength (IS), the critical stress intensity factor (KIC), and tensile properties at different modifier contents. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to elucidate the mechanisms of deformation and toughening in addition to other morphological features. Finally, the adhesive properties of the modified epoxy resin were measured in terms of tensile shear strength (TSS). With the addition of kaolin, the reactivity test revealed that the gel time and temperature, exotherm peak, and cure time were reduced. Infrared spectra showed the existence of a chemical reaction between kaolin and the epoxy resin. The presence of kaolin caused a steady decrease in Tg by about 10°C until 15‐phr kaolin was reached prior to leveling off. Most of the tensile properties attained a peak at an approximately 10‐phr kaolin content where the toughening reached its maximum. The modulus increased linearly from 1.85 to 2.7 GPa with increasing kaolin content. For both notched and unnotched specimens, a twofold increase in Izod IS was obtained by the addition of just 10‐phr kaolin compared to the unfilled resin. On the addition of kaolin, the Izod IS varied from 0.85 to 1.53 kJ/m2 for notched specimens and from 4.19 to 8.32 kJ/m2 for unnotched specimens, whereas KIC varied from 0.91 to 2.63 MPa m1/2 with increasing kaolin content. The adhesive properties, evaluated in terms of TSS, increased from 9.14 to 15.02 MPa. SEM analysis revealed that the prevailing toughening mechanism for the epoxy resin under consideration was localized plastic shear yielding induced by the presence of kaolin particles associated with crack pinning. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 82: 861–878, 2001
Molecularly imprinted polyacrylic acid containing multiple recognition sites for steroids
Authors: Sreenivasan K. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe preparation and evaluation of a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) based on acrylic acid and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate containing multiple recognition sites for steroids is discussed. The ability of the polymer to bind simultaneously three steroids, namely cholesterol, testosterone, and hydrocortisone, is demonstrated. These types of novel MIPs with multiple binding sites could be useful in the design of sensing elements capable of detecting more components at a time. Such polymers could also be used as stationary phases in chromatography with broad separation potential as well as sorbents in solid‐phase extraction. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 82: 889–893, 2001
Two‐stage swelling of acrylamide gels: A photon transmission study
Authors: Pekcan Önder , Kara Selim 
Published: October 2004

AbstractAcrylamide gels were prepared from acrylamide (AAm) with various N,N′‐methylenebis(acrylamide) (Bis) contents by free‐radical crosslinking copolymerization (FCC) in water and dried before used for swelling experiments. Photon transmission measurements were performed using a UV‐visible (UVV) spectrometer during the swelling of polyacrylamide gels. Transmitted light intensity Itr increased linearly at very early times when acrylamide gels were immersed in water, then decreased continuously as swelling time increased. The behavior of Itr was modeled assuming two‐stage swelling mechanisms for the swelling acrylamide gels. The increase in Itr at early times was quantified using a linear diffusion model and a linear relaxation constant k0 was measured. The decrease in Itr was modeled using the Li–Tanaka equation, from which time constants τ1 and cooperative diffusion coefficients D0 were determined for acrylamide gels with varying Bis content. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 82: 894–906, 2001