bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optimizing solvent dipole moment enables PVDF to improve piezoelectric performance
Authors: Wang Tianliang , Wang Yinglin , Dang Fan , Liu Mengge , Sun Shanfu , Jin Ke , Cheng Pengfei 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The all-trans conformation (β-phase) possesses a significant impact on the piezoelectric polymer polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). Inducing more molecular chain [−CH2−CF2−]n to form all-trans conformation is one of the biggest obstacles for manufacturing high-performance piezoelectric sensing devices. Herein, the continuous vacuum technology is used to modulate the polarity of binary solvents by the proportion of the lower solvent. The regulated solvent forms a high dipole moment, an interaction between the dipole of β-phase and the dipole moment makes the phase reversal in PVDF. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, piezoelectric constant test and other characterization results show that when the weakly polar acetone and the strongly polar solvent DMF reach a ratio of 4:6, the pure PVDF film possesses high piezoelectricity (d
33 ∼ −44.8 pC N−1) and strong self-polarization. Additionally, the A4D6 device exhibits high sensitivity (S
1 = 0.182 V/N, 0.5 N ∼ 30 N), driven capability (0.49 mW m−2), and reliability during the electrical tests as a pressure device. This work provides an effective and cost-effective route of optimizing the solvent’s polarity to improve the piezoelectric characteristics of the polymer.
Mitigating challenges in aberration-corrected electron-beam lithography on electron-opaque substrates
Authors: Camino Fernando E , Tiwale Nikhil , Hwang Sooyeon , Du Xu , Yang Judith C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aberration-corrected electron-beam lithography (AC-EBL) using ultra-thin electron transparent membranes has achieved single-digit nanometer resolution in two widely used electron-beam resists: poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and hydrogen silsesquioxane. On the other hand, AC-EBL implementation on thick, electron-opaque substrates is appealing for conventional top-down fabrication of quantum devices with nanometer-scale features. To investigate the performance of AC-EBL on thick substrates, we measured the lithographic point spread function of a 200 keV aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscope by defining both positive and negative patterns in PMMA thin films, spin-cast on thick SiO2/Si substrates. We present the problems encountered during pre-exposure beam focusing and discuss methods to overcome them. In addition, applying some of these methods using commercial 50 nm thick SiN
X
membranes with thick Si support frames, we printed arrays of holes in PMMA with pitches around 26 nm on SiN
X
/Si substrates with increasing Si thickness. Our results show that proximity effects from even 50 nm thick SiN
X
membranes limit hole arrays to 20 nm pitch; however, down to this limit, the effect of the substrate thickness on the pattern quality is minimal. These results highlight the need for novel resists less susceptible to proximity effects, or resists which can be used directly, after development, as the dielectric material in periodic gates in 2D quantum devices.
Energy efficiency of N2 vibrational excitation in the spark-and-glow phases of a long-pulse air discharge at atmospheric pressure
Authors: Qiao Jun-Jie , Yang Qi , Wang Da-Zhi , Xiong Qing 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The vibrational excitation of N2 molecules has a significant impact on plasma chemical synthesis, including nitrogen fixation and ammonia formation, by reducing the energy barrier of chemical reactions. However, experimental data for energy efficiency of N2 vibrational excitation is very rare. In this work, vibrational coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering was applied to a 200 μs long-pulse air plasma, and the time behaviours of rotational and vibrational temperatures of N2 in two different discharge modes, namely the spark and glow modes in the long discharge pulse, were quantified. It reveals that the spark discharge produced a vibrational temperature exceeding 5000 K but with a gas temperature as low as 400 K, while the glow discharge resulted in efficient gas heating with a gas temperature as high as 3500 K and a vibrational temperature higher than 5000 K. Combined with the 0D simulation of the air plasma, it demonstrates that the energy efficiency of N2 vibrational excitation in the glow phase is about three times higher than that of the spark phase. These results provide essential inspiration for further studies of plasma chemical synthesis dominated by N2 vibrational excitation.
Efficient computation of coherent multimode instabilities in lasers using a spectral approach
Authors: Kacmoli Sara , Khan Saeed A , Gmachl Claire F , Türeci Hakan E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Coherent multimode instabilities are responsible for several phenomena of recent interest in semiconductor lasers, such as the generation of frequency combs and ultrashort pulses. These techonologies have proven disruptive in optical telecommunications and spectroscopy applications. While the standard Maxwell-Bloch equations (MBEs) encompass such complex lasing phenomena, their integration is computationally expensive and offers limited analytical insight. In this paper, we demonstrate an efficient spectral approach to the simulation of multimode instabilities via a quantitative analysis of the instability of single-frequency lasing in ring lasers, referred to as the Lorenz-Haken (LH) instability or the RNGH instability in distinct parameter regimes. Our approach, referred to as CFTD, uses generally non-Hermitian Constant Flux modes to obtain projected Time Domain equations. CFTD provides excellent agreement with finite-difference integration of the MBEs across a wide range of parameters in regimes of non-stationary inversion, including frequency comb formation and spatiotemporal chaos. We also develop a modal linear stability analysis using CFTD to efficiently predict multimode instabilities in lasers. The combination of numerical accuracy, speedup, and semi-analytic insight across a variety of dynamical regimes make the CFTD approach ideal to analyze multimode instabilities in lasers, especially in more complex geometries or coupled laser arrays.
Interference filter based external-cavity diode laser with combined dual interference filters and largely adjustable feedback range
Authors: Chang Rui , He Jun , Wang Junmin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
External-cavity diode lasers (ECDL) are widely used as light sources in laser spectroscopy, atomic physics, and quantum optics. This study demonstrated a home-made 852–nm ECDL with variable feedback, using the combined dual narrow-band interference filters (IFs) as the laser longitudinal mode selection element. The combination of narrow-band IFs, mainly for the current commercially available narrow-band IFs with the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of approximately 0.5 nm for 780-895 nm. We designed different narrow-band IFs combinations to achieve a narrower FWHM, and applied them in the ECDL. The combination of the dual narrow-band IFs further reduces the laser linewidth. We measured the laser linewidth using a high-finesse Fabry-Perot cavity with a linewidth of approximately 10 kHz. The laser linewidth is approximately 176 kHz for the Single-IF-ECDL and 96 kHz for the Dual-IF-ECDL with the same feedback. In addition, we have experimentally verified the results of narrower laser linewidth and larger tuning range with increase in the feedback. The developed Dual-IF-ECDL has the capability of narrow linewidth and wavelength tunability and can be applied to precision spectroscopy, cooling and trapping of neutral atoms.
Optical absorption of electron inter-band transitions in asymmetric Mg
x
Zn1−x
O/ZnO/Mg
y
Zn1−y
O quantum wells with mixed phases
Authors: Zan Y H , Ban S L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The inter-band optical absorption of electron transitions in asymmetric Mg
x
Zn1−x
O/ZnO/Mg
y
Zn1−y
O quantum wells (QWs), which are the prime functional units of multi-color ultraviolet photodetectors (UVPDs), is investigated with the consideration of mixed phases (0.37 < x(y) < 0.62) by using the density matrix method combined with a weight model. Our results show that the intensity and number of absorption peaks can be modulated by controlling the Mg composition x in single or mixed phases with a given y in mixed phases. The single peak or dual absorption peaks will appear for x being in a single phase. While x is in the mixed phases, at most three observable peaks can be observed to instruct the designation of multi-color UVPDs. Meanwhile, the size dependence of the left barrier and well in the QWs is also discussed. It is shown that relative wider left barrier and narrower well is more beneficial to obtain multi-detectable absorption peaks for photodetectors.
Fresnel coefficients, coherent optical scattering, and planar waveguiding
Authors: Doval Alejandro , Rodríguez-Fernández Carlos Damián , González-Núñez Héctor , de la Fuente Raúl 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Fresnel formalism of transmission and reflection of coherent waves on the abrupt interface between two different optical media is revisited and extended to study optical phenomena concerning guided waves. Using the Fresnel formalism, the propagation of light through different sequences of parallel layers of constant refractive index is analysed, revealing that, in all cases, the solutions corresponding to waveguiding share major features. In the analysis, aiming to connect waveguiding with coherent optical scattering, the possibility of the system having a resonance is examined, and it is shown that guided modes always emerge as singular solutions of the associated coherent scattering configuration. Invariably, the resonance condition that must be satisfied to obtain waveguiding corresponds to the pole of the associated total reflection and transmission coefficients. Even more, the fulfilment of the requirements to meet the resonance condition is a clear indication of the possibility of waveguiding.
Transcranial dipole localization and decoding study based on ultrasonic phased array for acoustoelectric brain imaging
Authors: Zhang Hao , Zhang Yanqiu , Wang Xue , Chen Guowei , Jian Xiqi , Xu Minpeng , Ming Dong 
Published: November 2023

Abstract

Objective. Neuroimaging is one of the effective tools to understand the functional activities of the brain, but traditional non-invasive neuroimaging techniques are difficult to combine both high temporal and spatial resolution to satisfy clinical needs. Acoustoelectric brain imaging (ABI) can combine the millimeter spatial resolution advantage of focused ultrasound with the millisecond temporal resolution advantage of electroencephalogram signals. Approach. In this study, we first explored the transcranial modulated acoustic field distribution based on ABI, and further localized and decoded single and double dipoles signals. Main results. The results show that the simulation-guided acoustic field modulation results are significantly better than those of self-focusing, which can realize precise modulation focusing of intracranial target focusing. The single dipole transcranial localization error is less than 0.4 mm and the decoding accuracy is greater than 0.93. The double dipoles transcranial localization error is less than 0.2 mm and the decoding accuracy is greater than 0.89. Significance. This study enables precise focusing of transcranial acoustic field modulation, high-precision localization of source signals and decoding of their waveforms, which provides a technical method for ABI in localizing evoked excitatory neuron areas and epileptic focus.
Adaptive Tikhonov regularization and dynamic control points for accurate shape parameter control of plasmas
Authors: Inoue S. , Kojima S. , Miyata Y. , Urano H. , Suzuki T. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Precise control of plasma shape parameters, such as elongation and triangularity is duly needed to achieve high-performance tokamak plasmas, for which we propose adaptive search schemes of (1) optimum regularization parameter for the Tikhonov regularization, and (2) control points to specify the key shape parameters such as elongation and triangularity. Many control points that exceed the number of actuator coils become an ill-conditioned problem, which is successfully resolved by Tikhonov regularization with adaptively optimized free parameters. Furthermore, we develop dynamically changed control points by using the Cauchy Condition Surface scheme, where elongation and triangularity become direct control values. By virtue of both the adaptive Tikhonov regularization scheme and the dynamic control point, we achieved accurate shape control with elongation up to 1.93 and triangularity up to 0.65 in JT-60SA, where the allowable speed for the change of the elongation is 0.1 s−1. We also verified the resilience of our developed our logics to the noises. The sequence of the result will contribute to enhance equilibrium controllability in upcoming JT-60SA experiments and provide the robust shape parameter control scheme for ITER and DEMO.
Residential’s Household Intention to Utilize Their Food : A Case Study in Solo, Indonesia
Authors: Satriyono Raden Danang Aryo Putro , Ramadani Dinda Safitri 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Food loss and food waste leads to severe effect such as economic, environment and social consequences in Indonesia as the third largest contributor of food waste In the world. Most of the food waste source in Indonesia is from household sector. This phenomenon needs to be analyzed more deeply with tested variables related to human behaviour and perception. This study investigates determinants of residents’ participation intention and behaviour to waste their food in a framework that incorporates Extended theory of planned behaviour (TPB). The modified TPB questionnaire was given to 300 respondent samples ever used waste bank in Solo, Central Java. The analysis in this study was carried out using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), The result of this research is that there are five significant correlations between variables, namely Perceived Circular Knowledge, Perceived Economic Usage, Perceived Economic Knowledge, Descriptive Norms and attitude have a significant effect on Intention to Use. This study also found that the Perceived Effectiveness, Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Behavioural Control factors had no significant effect on Intention to Use.
Type 1 interferon auto-antibodies are elevated in patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis
Authors: Greville Gordon , Cremen Sinead , O’Neill Shauna , Azarian Sarah , Brady Gareth , McCormack William , Dyer Adam H , Bourke Nollaig M , Touzelet Olivier , Courtney David , Power Ultan F , Dowling Paul , Gallagher Tom K , Bamford Connor G G , Robinson Mark W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis, in particular those classified as Childs-Pugh class C, are at increased risk of severe coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) upon infection with severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The biological mechanisms underlying this are unknown. We aimed to examine the levels of serum intrinsic antiviral proteins as well as alterations in the innate antiviral immune response in patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis. Serum from 53 SARS-CoV-2 unexposed and unvaccinated individuals, with decompensated liver cirrhosis undergoing assessment for liver transplantation, were screened using SARS-CoV-2 pseudoparticle and SARS-CoV-2 virus assays. The ability of serum to inhibit interferon (IFN) signalling was assessed using a cell-based reporter assay. Severity of liver disease was assessed using two clinical scoring systems, the Child-Pugh class and the MELD-Na score. In the presence of serum from SARS-CoV-2 unexposed patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis there was no association between SARS-CoV-2 pseudoparticle infection or live SARS-CoV-2 virus infection and severity of liver disease. Type I IFNs are a key component of the innate antiviral response. Serum from patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis contained elevated levels of auto-antibodies capable of binding IFN-α2b compared to healthy controls. High MELD-Na scores were associated with the ability of these auto-antibodies to neutralize type I IFN signalling by IFN-α2b but not IFN-β1a. Our results demonstrate that neutralizing auto-antibodies targeting IFN-α2b are increased in patients with high MELD-Na scores. The presence of neutralizing type I IFN-specific auto-antibodies may increase the likelihood of viral infections, including severe COVID-19, in patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis.
Eastern Europe, the Balkans, Greece, And Turkey
Authors: Robinson Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is now that we begin to enter the realms of romance. There may be nothing quite like the silence of an Alpine dawn, a shady siesta in some fabulous Spanish cloister, the fragrance of an Italian garden at dusk, or a glimpse—as long a glimpse as you like—of the Midnight Sun (and Paris, of course, at any time of the day or night): they all have an allure. But not until one turns towards the East does travel become seriously exotic. Gertrude Bell, who might at first seem the most level-headed of women, was well aware of this. More appreciative still were two other trespassers behind the jewelled curtain: Frey a Stark and, most notably, Lady Mary Wortley Montagu.
The Clinical Epidemiology of Stroke
Authors: Ebrahim Shah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Epidemiology is a basic medical science that is fundamental to understanding diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. Diagnosis requires answers to a series of questions: is this patient sick or well? If sick, what are the chances of a particular disease causing the problem? What investigations will be most useful in obtaining the diagnosis? Epidemiology applied to the bedside problems of patients’clinical epidemiology - can help to provide solutions. The ability of a detail of the patient's history, or a clinical sign which could confirm or disprove diagnosis can be described by using simple arithmetic. The probability that a disease is or is not present can be given a numerical value, and the extent to which investigation increases or reduces the likelihood of discovering disease can also be measured. Stroke is one of the most common diagnoses made by physicians. Patients with signs and symptoms suggestive of stroke require careful assessment to avoid diagnostic error. This book is written by a clinician who is also trained in epidemiology and is intended for clinicians who treat patients with stroke, for epidemiologists who want to apply epidemiology to clinical problems, for therapists who wish to develop their understanding of the application of scientific method to rehabilitation practice, and for medical students who may wish to accelerate and complement the process of acquiring clinical experience about stroke.
Investigation
Authors: Ebrahim Shah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The question of which patients merit a CT scan does not arise for many stroke patients. Hospital admission for patients sustaining a stroke in the UK varies from around half to three-quarters(Oxford shire Community Stroke Project 1983; Barer et al. 1984) admitted. It is certainly possible to arrange a CT scan for those patients remaining at home. In the Oxford study (where an attempt to CT scan all patients was made) a creditable 80 per cent of all stroke patients were scanned. However, there were delays, with only 62 per cent of both hospital and community patients getting a scan within three weeks of onset of the stroke. After this time it is quite possible that small haemorrhages will have resolved (Dennis et al. 1987) and will be no longer visible on CT scan films.
Acute management
Authors: Ebrahim Shah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first decision at the onset of a stroke is whether the patient re quires hospital admission. The reasons for admission are diagnostic (‘Is it really a stroke?’), to start rehabilitation early, to give treatment to prevent further strokes, and because of needs for a level of nursing care that cannot be given at home. It is estimated that between 40 and 70 per cent of all strokes in the United Kingdom are not admitted to hospital, but are managed at home by primary health care teams (Bamford et al. 1986). In practice, it is remarkably difficult to know how many people are not admitted to hospital, because unless a special project is set up to count them, they are not routinely noted. From estimates of incidence of stroke and numbers of patients admitted to hospital it is possible to make a guess at the proportion of patients kept at home. In Nottingham, this estimate was around 30 per cent kept at home (Barer et al. 1984).
Mortality after stroke
Authors: Ebrahim Shah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Why should doctors bother to understand the pattern and predictors of death after a stroke? Knowing when death is most likely and what causes it should help decide where to concentrate effort and lead to innovations in treatment. Perhaps the devastating nature of some strokes leads doctors to feel that death is not a bad outcome, and indeed preferable to a lengthy period of rehabilitation leading to a long-stay hospital bed. This gloomy outlook is far from the truth for the majority of patients (see Chapter 12, on recovery).
Transit time, clearance, distribution volume and extraction fraction
Authors: Peters A M , Myers M J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the major attributes of nuclear medicine is its ability to quantify physiological processes, and to do so non-invasively. The most important physiological variables in nuclear medicine are: through a discrete space (its ‘mean transit time’) or the average time it spends in a space (its ‘mean residence time’). Some physiological variables are expressed as a transit or residence time (for example, perfusion in units of ml/min/ml) or as combinations of time with volume, giving flow rate (ml/min), or time with mass, giving a flux rate (mg/min).
Choosing the topic and getting started
Authors: Lawrence Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Starting an audit can feel like a major decision. Will it be a lot of work? Will it be worth the effort? Should we not rather be looking at something else? Are we ready to take it on? Should we not first get more staff, or better records? There are always plenty of uncertainties, plenty of reasons for putting things off. This not only applies to the first audit. Practices who have already embarked on audit still face the same decisions when it comes to taking on a new topic—What shall we drop?, Is this particular topic the next most important?, and so on. We need to get past the ‘blocks’ and have some guidelines as to where our efforts may be most worthwhile.
Repeating the cycle
Authors: Lawrence Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is widely agreed that the most important aspect of audit is the production of change and improvement in patient services. Assessment of such change, and guarantee of its persistence, can only be ensured by regular review of activity. The question becomes not so much why one should do repeated audit, but rather how it can be included in a crowded practice schedule. After a brief review of the reasons for recommending a cyclical approach for audit, this chapter will concentrate mainly on how it can be achieved. With primary care teams increasingly being accountable to patients for services and to government for use of resources it is essential that the service is regularly reviewed, and seen to be reviewed. It is neither necessary nor possible to audit every aspect of care, but enough tracer conditions need to be covered to provide assurance that the whole practice is likely to be of comparable standard.