bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Few Words from the Author
Authors: Ludmer Eugenio Cambaceres,Lisa Dillman,Josefina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When some poor devil strolling peacefully down the path of life with a song on his lips finds that his chosen tune rankles certain diseased ears; when he senses himself suddenly set upon by an angry mob who advance on him, catch up to him, hound him, struggle to snatch his billfold and rob him of name, fame, and reputation– as those banknotes he has earned with his sweat are otherwise known– what is he to do? In the attempt to avoid a savage beating, he hides quickly–albeit against a corner of the wall used by the indecent public as a urinal– he wields a cane righteously, or if they catch him unawares, lacking an alternative form of refuge, he takes up his umbrella in the manner of a sword and crouches behind it to fend off the fists of the big boys and the fingernails of the little ones who–like puppies at a dogfight– try to get a leg up and join in the action as well.
Debating Professionalism and Control Over Lawyers’ Work
Authors: Mather Lynn , McEwen Craig A , Maiman Richard J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Decisions such as these lie at the heart of lawyers’ day-to-day work. Whether they are made reflectively or reflexively, such choices underline the substantial discretion that results from the indeterminacy of attorneys’ professional roles. Ultimately, legal practice is constituted out of these many small judgments. How do lawyers think about and actually make these decisions? What guidelines and standards do lawyers use in deciding how to relate to clients and to opposing attorneys; about when, how, and with whom to negotiate; and about how at the end of the day to evaluate their own work? Do the answers to these questions flow more or less automatically from the lawyer’s formal training and expertise? To what degree do they reflect the lawyer’s own self-interest, the particular interests of the client, or the broader public interest? Such questions lie at the heart of discussions among scholars and bar leaders about the meaning of professionalism. They are the central issues of this book.
Maintaining Control over Clients
Authors: Mather Lynn , McEwen Craig A , Maiman Richard J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The degree to which members of an occupational group enjoy independence in decision making is equally important as expertise as a criterion of professionalism. Independence is complicated, however, for professions that provide service to paying clients or customers. Professional advice may collide with the equally important principle of client and consumer autonomy—the idea that clients should be able to accept or reject the professional’s guidance. The primacy of this latter principle is well recognized by official professional canons of both medicine and law. But in rejecting the professional’s advice, the client is in some sense rejecting the professional’s—and the profession’s—authority. Therefore, a central challenge of professional practice is not only to make judgments and give advice but also to persuade clients to accept these as their own.
Ralph Ellison’s Trueblooded Bildungsroman
Authors: Burke Kenneth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The several pages I wrote you by way of first draft have vanished. One usually feels either desolate or furious about such a slip, depending upon one’s inclination to think of the notes as either lost or pilfered. But in this case I am neither. For I had already decided on a new start, and my first effort hadn’t seemed quite right, anyhow. I had taken off from comments in my Rhetoric of Motives (1950) with reference to “the Negro intellectual, Ralph Ellison,” who said that Booker T. Washington “described the Negro community as a basket of crabs, wherein should one attempt to climb out, the others immediately pull him back.” I sized up the black man’s quandary thus: “Striving for freedom as a human being generically, he must do so as a Negro specifically. But to do so as a Negro is, by the same token, to prevent oneself from doing so in the generic sense; for a Negro could not be free generically except in a situation where the color of the skin had no more social meaning than the color of the eyes.” I moved on from there to a related “racist” problem, sans the accident of pigment, as dramatized in the role of Shakespeare’s Shylock; and then on to promises of being purely and simply a person (and visibly so) “thereby attaining the kind of transcendence at which all men aim, and at which the Negro spiritual had aimed, though there the aim was at the spiritual transcending of a predestined material slavery, whereas the Marxist ultimates allow for a material transcending of inferior status.”
Against Tradition
Authors: Sunstein Cass R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Incompletely theorized agreements are not the only possible response to divisions on basic principles or to a situation of polarization among diverse social groups. Many people have argued that in a situation of this kind, it is best to follow traditions. In fact traditionalism has often been urged precisely on the ground that if we follow our ancestors, we will not have to resolve the hard issues that divide us. People who tend to disagree, or who are not sure what they think, might be able to agree to follow the past. Long-standing practices might command assent, and deserve to command assent, precisely because they are long-standing. Those who have different views about liberty or equality might be willing to accept the authority of long-standing practices. And if diverse people are willing to listen to tradition, perhaps they will not go to unjustified extremes, even if like-minded people are speaking mostly to one another. Two central advantages of traditionalism seem to be its modesty and its anchoring effect—making it unnecessary for people to think anew about what should be done. If fresh thinking is a recipe for instability and error, traditionalism, in democracy and constitutional law, seems to be quite attractive.
A Passion for Justice
Authors: Yarbrough Tinsley E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Following college at Goucher, the Warings’ daughter, Anne, had moved to New York and married Stanley Warren, an executive with the American Broadcasting Company. When her parents divorced, she wrote Judge Waring’s cousin Dorothy Waring shortly after her father’s death, her “sympathies were ... overwhelmingly with” her mother. Annie Waring had lived in New York briefly after the divorce. Anne and Stanley saw her often there and admired her “quite . . . remarkable adjustment to a very difficult set of circumstances.” They were saddened when she elected to return to Charleston and to the humiliating proximity of her ex-husband and rival, remaining there until her death in 1954. “We were sorry,” Anne wrote Dorothy Waring,
particularly as my father and stepmother still lived at 61 Meeting. I can understand that mother was lonely in New York, but I fear that the friendships she hoped to rediscover in Charleston were not as rewarding as she had hoped. To be cast in the symbolic role of martyr in order to nurture the discontent and disapproval of a society is indeed tragic.
On the completeness of the calculus of logic (1929)
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The main object of the following investigations is the proof of the completeness of the axiom system for what is called the restricted functional calculus, namely the system given in Whi’tehead and Russell 1910, Part I, *1 and *10, and, in a similar way, in Hilbert and Ackermann 1928 (hereafter cited as H. A.), III, §5. Here ‘completeness’ is to mean that every valid formula expressible in the restricted functional calculus (a valid Ziihlaussage, as Lowenheim would say) can be derived from the axioms by means of a finite sequence of formal inferences. This assertion can easily be seen to be equivalent to the following: Every consistent axiom system1 consisting of only Ziihlaussagen has a realization. (Here ‘consistent’ means that no contradiction can be derived by means of finitely many formal inferences.) The latter formulation seems also to be of some interest in itself, since the solution of this question represents in a certain sense a theoretical completion of the usual method for proving consistency (only, of course, for the special kind of axiom systems considered here); for it would give us a guarantee that in every case this method leads to its goal, that is, that one must either be able to produce a contradiction or prove the consistency by means of a model.2 L. E. Brouwer, in particular, has emphatically stressed that from the consistency of an axiom system we cannot conclude without further ado that a model can be constructed. But one might perhaps think that the existence of the notions introduced through an axiom system is to be defined outright by the consistency of the axioms and that, therefore, a proof has to be rejected out of hand.
Über formal unentscheidbare Satze der Principia mathematica und verwandter Systeme I (1931)
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Die Entwicklung der Mathematik in der Richtung zu groBerer Exaktheit hat bekanntlich dazu gefiihrt, daB weite Gebiete von ihr formalisiert wurden, in der Art, daB das Beweisen nach einigen wenigen mechanischen Regeln vollzogen werden kann. Die umfassendsten derzeit aufgestellten formalen Systeme sind das System der Principia mathematica (PM)2 einerseits, das Zermelo-Fraenkelsche (von J. von Neumann weiter ausgebildete) Axiomensystem der Mengenlehre3 andererseits. Diese beiden Systeme sind so weit, daB alle heute in der Mathematik angewendeten Beweismethoden in ihnen formalisiert, d. h. auf einige wenige Axiome und SchluBregeln zuriickgefiihrt sind. Es liegt daher die Vermutung nahe, daB diese Axiome und SchluBregeln dazu ausreichen, alle mathematischen Fragen, die sich in den betreffenden Systemen iiberhaupt formal ausdriicken lassen, auch zu entscheiden. Im folgenden wird gezeigt, daB dies nicht der Fall ist, sondern daB es in den beiden angefi.
Review of Neder 1931: On the construction of arithmetic (1931b)
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The author first seeks to improve the Peano axioms in two respects:
he replaces the function of individuals “the successor of”, taken as primitive by Peano, by a relation “x follows immediately upon y”, in order to be able to disentangle the existence and the uniqueness that are implicitly contained in the notion “the successor”; (2) he proves the independence of his axioms. Further, it is noteworthy that the reflexivity, symmetry, and transitivity of the relation of identity (which occurs as the second primitive notion) are not expressly postulated, but follow from the other axioms. With respect to the kinds of numbers of a higher level (fractions, negative numbers, and so on), two theses (already advocated in part by B. Russell) are presented and justified, namely: (1) it is expedient to undertake the extensions not by adjoining “new” numbers to the “old” ones that are already available, but by constructing an entirely new domain of individual.
Review of Hilbert 1931: The foundation of elementary number theory (1931c)
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Besides a short presentation of the formalist viewpoint and a series of philosophical and historical remarks, this lecture offers a substantial supplement to the formal steps taken thus far toward laying a foundation for number theory. In his lecture 1929a Hilbert had, among other things, posed the problem of proving, for the formalism of number theory, the following two theorems, which concern the completeness of the system: 214 Gödel 1991d Aussage als widerspruchsfrei erwiesen werden kann, so ist sie auch beweisbar. 2. Wenn fiir einen Satz (5 die Widerspruchsfreiheit mit den Axiomen der Zahlentheorie nachgewiesen werden kann, so kann nicht auch fiir (5 die Widerspruchsfreiheit mit jenen Axiomen nachgewiesen werden. Um zum Beweise dieser beiden Sitze, wenigstens fiir gewisse Spezialfalle zu gelangen, wird das formale System der Zahlentheorie durch folgende, ihrer Struktur nach ganz neuartige SchluBregel erweitert: Falls nachgewiesen ist, daf3 die Formel A(z) allemal, wenn z eine vorgelegte Ziffer ist, eine richtige numerische Formel wird, so darf die Formel (x)A(x) als Ausgangsformel angesetzt werden. Der Widerspruchfreiheitsbeweis fiir die neue Regel wird skizziert. Auf3erdem ergibt sich unmittelbar, daB in dem erweiterten System fiir Aussagen der Form (x)A(x) (wobei A(x) aÜber x keine Variable mehr enthfilt) Satz 1. und 2. und fiir Aussagen der Form (Ex)A(x) wenigstens Satz 2. gilt.
Review of Becker 1930: On modal logic (1931e)
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The author’s starting point is C. I. Lewis’ “system of strict implication” (a propositional calculus with the primitive notions “and”, “not”, “impossible”), and he remarks that in this system we can generate, through iterated application of the predicates “not” and “impossible”, infinitely many irreducible modalities for a proposition. These modalities cannot even be linearly ordered according to their logical strength in the sense that, of any two affirming modalities, one will imply the other, and similarly for negating ones. (To be sure, strict proofs of these assertions are not given.) To remedy this defect of Lewis’ system, the author proposes various additional axioms and then seeks to specify a system, with as few assumptions as possible, for which a linear ordering still exists. All in all, three different kinds of the calculus of modalities emerge, which, so the author believes, can be applied when different kinds of “necessity” are considered. As far as the purely formal side is concerned, one can hardly take exception to anything here, but there remain essential gaps to be filled in, some of which the author himself points out. Above all, it is nowhere shown that the three systems set up really differ from one another and from Lewis’ system (in other words, that the additional axioms are not in fact equivalent and do not follow from Lewis’); nor, furthermore, that the six, or ten, basic modalities obtained cannot be still further reduced. In conclusion, the author discusses, from a formal as well as a phenomenological standpoint, the connections that in his opinion obtain between modal logic and the intuitionistic logic of Brouwer and Heyting. It seems doubtful, however, that the steps here taken to deal with this problem on a formal plane will lead to success.
Review of Hasse and Scholz 1928: The foundational crisis in Greek mathematics (1931/)
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This stimulating little book depicts in a very interesting way how the doctrine of the irrational developed among the Greeks. In the authors’ view, the Pythagoreans at first attempted to overcome the emerging difficulties by introducing infinitely small magnitudes, and only Zeno, through his well-known paradoxes (the flying arrow, etc.), demonstrated the untenability of this standpoint, thereby precipitating a foundational crisis, which, for its part, was the point of departure for the rigorous construction by Eudoxus and others. This hypothesis casts an entirely new light on Zeno, who appears as an early champion of rigorous methods in mathematics, and in that sense is compared to Weierstrass. In addition, the book contains a series of other interesting historical remarks, as well as, in an appendix, a penetrating criticism of the view advocated by Oswald Spengler concerning the attitude of the Greeks toward the problem of the irrational. The clarity of style as well as the sharpness and terse suggestiveness of the formulations are also especially notable.
On the intuitionistic propositional calculus (1932)
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Answer to a question posed by Hahn:] For the system H, set up by Heyting,1 of the intuitionistic propositional calculus the following theorems hold: Es gibt keine Realisierung mit endlich vielen Elementen ( Wahrheitswerten), fur welche die und nur die in H beweisbaren Formeln erfullt sind ( d. h. bei beliebiger Einsetzung ausgezeichnete Werte ergeben).
Introductory note to 1932a, 1933i and l
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This note discusses Gödel’s published writings on decision problems for quantification theorya. A class of quantificational formulas is said to be decidable if and only if there is an effective procedure that determines, for each formula in the class, whether or not it is satisfiable. Prior to the rigorous explications of “effective” in the mid-1930s, various classes were shown decidable by exhibiting decision procedures that are clearly effective in any intuitive sense of the word. In this period, though, there could be no question of undecidability proofs. Instead, various classes were shown to be reduction classes. That is, the decision problem for all of quantification theory was reduced to the problem for these classes. The undecidability of reduction classes could be inferred once the recursive undecidability of all of quantification theory was shown ( Church 1936a, Turing 1937).
Über Vollstandigkeit und Widerspruchsfreiheit (1932b)
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sei Z das formale System, welches man erhiilt, indem man die Peanoschen Axiome durch das Schema der rekursiven Definition (nach einer Variablen) und die logischen Regeln des engeren Funktionenkalkiils erganzt. Z soll also keine anderen Variablen als solche fur Individuen (d. h. natiirliche Zahlen) enthalten und das Prinzip der vollstiindigen Induktion muB daher als SchluBregel formuliert werden.
Review of Heyting 1931: The intuitionist’s way of founding mathematics (1932!)
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The introductory note to Gödel 1932/, as well as to related items, can be found on page 196, immediately preceding 1931a.]The author first of all expounds the philosophical attitude of the intuitionist, for whom mathematics is a natural function of the intellect, a product of the human spirit, and who therefore grants no objective existence, independent of thought, to mathematical entities. This conceptionthat mathematical objects exist only insofar as they can actually be comprehended by human thought-leads to the rejection of pure existence proofs, as well as of the principle of the excluded middle in all cases in which a decision among the alternatives cannot actually be made.
Discussion concerning coordinate-free different.ial geometry (1933h)
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The introductory note to Gödel 1933h, as well as to related items, can be found on page 272, immediately preceding 1933b.] In order to make precise, in the sense of the program that Menger ( 1930 see also 1932) has developed for a coordinate-free differential geometry,, the assertion that Riemannian spaces behave locally like Euclidean spaces (that “Euclidean geometry holds for infinitesimally adjacent points of Riemannian spaces”), the determinants ( “volume determinants”) that serve to characterize the metric of Euclidean spaces would be suitable. If for four points Pt, P2, p3 and p4 of a metric space we set where PiPi denotes the distance between Pi and Pi, then according to Menger ( 1928 and 1931) the plane is characterized among metric spaces by the fact that it is complete, convex, and outwardly convex, and that, for any four of its points, D(p1,p2,P3,p4) = 0 holds.
Review of Kaczmarz 1932: Axioms for arithmetic (1933j)
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A system of axioms for the arithmetic of natural numbers, consisting of four axioms with the primitive notions “number” and “less than”, is specified, and the independence of the axioms, as well as their equivalence with those put forward by L. Neder (1931), is demonstrated.
Introductory note to 1994
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gödel lectured on his 1991 results at the Institute for Advanced Study from February to May 1934. Notes were taken by S. C. Kleene and J. • Rosser. These notes were put out in installments to the persons who had subscribed to them. After the lectures were finished, the whole set of the notes, supplemented by two pages of “Notes and errata”, was approved by Gödel. At the time of the Davis 1965 printing of the lecture notes, those “Notes and errata” (and some minor typographical corrections) were incorporated into the text, either directly or as footnotes, and what had been on page 28 became the last paragraph of §8. For that printing, Gödel made available a substantial number of corrections and emendations (enclosed here in square brackets), and supplied the “Postscriptum” which follows the text.
Review of Church 1933: A set of postulates for the foundation of logic (second paper) (1934e)
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The introductory note to 1934e, as well as to related items, can be found on page 256, immediately preceding 1932k.] The axiom system given by the author in his 1932 has turned out to be contradictory. To avoid the contradiction (a modified form of Russell’s paradox), the axioms are subjected to a few modifications in the work at hand; these are supposed to have the effect of making it impossible to prove “empty” implications (that is, those in which the antecedent is always false).
Review of Skolem 1934 : On the non-characterizability of the number sequence by means of finitely or denumerably many propositions containing variables only for numbers (1935)
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The introductory note to 1935, as well as to related items, can be found on page 376, immediately preceding 1934c.] With respect to its result, this work is identical to the same author’s 1933a; it merely gives a somewhat simplified proof and the following formulation of the result: Finitely or denumerably many propositions that contain no variables other than those for individuals and hold for a sequence of type w cannot distinguish that sequence from certain sequences of higher order type. It is asserted without proof that this remains true if variables of higher type (for sets or propositional functions) are introduced and interpreted as they are in axiomatic set theory.