bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distribution of corticotropin‐releasing‐factor‐like immunoreactivity in brainstem of two monkey species (Saimiri sciureus and Macaca fascicularis): An immunohistochemical study
Authors: Foote Stephen L. , Cha Choong I. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractImmunohistochemical methods were utilized to systematically map the distribution of corticotropin‐releasing‐factor‐like immunoreactivity (CRF‐LI) in the diencephalon, mesencephalon, and rhombencephalon of two monkey species (Saimiri sciureus and Macaca fascicularis). A primary antiserum directed against the human form of the peptide was utilized. Immunoreactive neuronal perikarya and processes were evident in numerous areas, and the distributions of these elements were similar for the two species. As previously reported for rats, monkeys, and human, intense immunoreactivity was evident in putative hypophyseal neurons in the parvicellular component of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and in fibers extending from this area into the median eminence. The results for other brainstem regions, most of which have been previously examined for CRF‐LI only in rats, indicate that many similarities exist between rats and monkeys in the distribution of this peptide in brainstem extrahypophyseal neuronal circuits, although substantial differences are also evident. For example, immunoreactive perikarya previously observed in other hypothalamic nuclei in rats were not evident in monkeys. Conversely, in monkeys, unlike rats, labeled perikarya were evident in several thalamic nuclei, especially in the intralaminar complex. Also, two large groups of immunoreactive neurons which have generally not been observed in rat studies were present in the mesencephalon and rhombencephalon. In the mesencephalon this consisted of a group of neurons just lateral to the mesencephalic tegmentum, extending throughout the rostral‐caudal extent of the midbrain. In the rhombencephalon, labeled perikarya were observed throughout the inferior olive. Some of the differences between rats and monkeys in the locations of labeled perikarya may be due to differences in antiserum specificity and/or sensitivity, or they may result from the fact that colchicine pretreatment was not utilized in the present study.The distributions of immunoreactive fibers also exhibited similarities and differences between monkeys and rats. The most striking terminal fields observed in the present study which have not been previously described are a moderate‐to‐dense field within and adjacent to presumed dopamine‐containing neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, a dense innervation of certain subdivisions of the interpeduncular nucleus, and a regionally and parasagittally organized distribution of fibers in the Purkinje cell and molecular layers of the cerebellar cortex.Thus, the present results suggest that there are substantial differences between rodents and primates in the cellular distribution of CRF‐LI in the brain and spinal cord. However, technical differences between the rat and monkey experiments may account for some of these contrasting distributions.
Development of histamine‐immunoreactive neurons in the rat brain
Authors: Auvinen Satu , Panula Pertti 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThis study was undertaken to reveal the cellular stores of histamine in developing rat brain and to determine the stage of development during which the histamine‐immunoreactive neurons can first be detected. Rats from embryonal day 12 to postnatal day 14 were studied. The brains were fixed in 4% 1‐ethyl‐3(3‐dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide and standard immunofluorescence technique was used.The first histamine‐immunoreactive neurons were seen on embryonic day 13 in the border of mesencephalon and metencephalon. On embryonic day 15 immunoreactive neurons were detected in ventral mesencephalon and rhombencephalon. In caudal, tuberal, and postmammillary caudal magnocellular nuclei histamine‐immunoreactive neurons were first detected on embryonic day 20 while those in the hindbrain had disappeared. Histamine‐immunoreactive nerve fibers were first detected on embryonic day 15 in rhombencephalon and mesencephalon and in some areas of diencephalon including the mammillary bodies and frontal cortex. On embryonic day 18 the number of immunoreactive nerve fibers in the hindbrain had decreased considerably, but the olfactory bulb, septal and hypothalamic area, and the cerebral cortex showed immunoreaction in fibers. The density of histamine‐immunoreactive fiber networks increased until postnatal day 14 when an adultlike pattern of neurons and fibers had developed.Histamine‐immunoreactive neurons are present in embryonal CNS and they develop extensive projections to various brain areas.
Ontogeny of histidine‐decarboxylase‐immunoreactive neurons in the tuberomammillary nucleus of the rat hypothalamus: Time of origin and development of transmitter phenotype
Authors: Reiner P. B. , Semba K. , Fibiger H. C. , McGeer E. G. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe ontogeny of the histidine decarboxylase (HDC)‐immunoreactive neurons of the tuberomammillary (TM) nucleus was studied in the rat brain. The time of origin of TM neurons was studied by counting the percentage of HDC‐immunopositive neurons double labelled by autoradiography in adult progeny of dams injected with [3H]‐thymidine at various times during gestation. Neurogenesis began on embryonic day (E) 13, peaked on E16, and was complete by E18. HDC immunoreactivity was first detected in the fetal rat brain on E16. Experiments utilizing short‐survival [3H]‐thymidine autoradiography combined with HDC immunohistochemistry demonstrated that TM neurons undergo their final mitotic division prior to expression of their transmitter phenotype.
Catecholaminergic and cholinergic neurons in the developing retina of the rat
Authors: Mitrofanis John , Maslim Juliani , Stone Jonathan 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe have examined the development of catecholaminergic and cholinergic neurons in the retina of the rat by using antibodies against the enzymes tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and choline acetyl transferase (ChAT), respectively. TH‐immunoreactivity was first detected at P (postnatal day) 3 in somata located in the inner part of the cytoblast layer (CBL) and in fine dendrites extending toward the middle of the inner plexiform layer (IPL). These cells were similar in shape and soma size to the class 2 TH‐immunoreactive (TH‐IR) cells of the adult rat. At P6, TH‐immunoreactivity was expressed by a second population of cells. Their somata were in the inner part of the inner nuclear layer (INL), but were distinctly larger, with short thick dendrites extending into the outer and/or middle parts of the IPL. Over subsequent days, the dendrites of these larger cells spread profusely in the outer part of the IPL, making it likely that they are the class 1 TH‐IR cells of the adult. ChAT‐immunoreactive (ChAT‐IR) cells were not detected until P15, when ChAT‐IR somata were observed in the ganglion cell layer (GCL) and INL, and their dendrites were observed already segregated into the distinct strata of the IPL in which they are found in the adult.The subsequent growth of TH‐IR somata of both classes was uneven, persisting longer in temporal than in nasal retina. This extended growth of temporal cells establishes the marked nasotemporal differences in soma diameter apparent among TH‐IR cells in the adult (Mitrofanis and Stone, '86; Mitrofanis et al., '88b). The growth and adult size of ChAT‐IR somata, on the other hand, did not vary with retinal position; their diameters were similar to those of the adult cells from the time they first appeared.The distribution of ChAT‐IR cells at P15 shared several features of the distribution of ganglion cells. The density of ChAT‐IR cells was greatest at the area of peak ganglion cell density and declined toward the periphery. In contrast, TH‐IR cells concentrated from the time they first appeared at the superior temporal margin, peripheral to the area of peak density of ganglion and ChAT‐IR cells.
Expansion of spinal cord primary sensory afferent projection following combined sciatic nerve resection and saphenous nerve crush: A horseradish peroxidase study in the adult rat
Authors: Molander Carl , Kinnman Erik , Aldskogius HåKan 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTransganglionic transport of horseradish peroxidase was used to study the potential for collateral sprouting of saphenous nerve afferent fibers in the lumbar dorsal horn of the adult rat following (1) combined unilateral saphenous nerve crush and ipsilateral sciatic nerve resection, (2) unilateral saphenous nerve crush, and (3) unilateral sciatic nerve resection. The saphenous nerve on the nonlesioned contralateral side served as control. Eight weeks after the lesion(s) the animals were subjected to bilateral application of horseradish peroxidase to the saphenous nerves. The distribution of the ensuing labeling in the superficial dorsal horn was subsequently mapped.Combined saphenous nerve crush and sciatic nerve resection resulted in expansion of the saphenous nerve projection area in the dorsal horn when compared to the nonlesioned control side (mean = 13%, P < 0.05). No expansion of the saphenous nerve projection was found following isolated saphenous nerve crush or sciatic nerve resection, respectively (P > 0.05). The findings indicate that in the adult rat, central processes of primary sensory neurons which are regenerating their peripheral processes can extend collateral sprouts into adjacent projection areas in the superficial dorsal horn subjected to previous deafferentation by peripheral nerve resection.
Immunocytochemical demonstration of dynorphin(PH‐8P)‐like immunoreactive elements in the human hypothalamus
Authors: Abe Jun , Okamura Hitoshi , Kitamura Tadahisa , Ibata Yasuhiko , Minamino Naoto , Matsuo Hisayuki , Paull Willis K. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractPH‐8P (dynorphin[1–8])‐like immunoreactive neuronal perikarya, processes, and terminals located within the human hypothalamus were investigated by the avidin‐biotin peroxidase complex (ABC) immunocytochemical procedure. Immunopositive neurons were distributed throughout the hypothalamus. The distributional pattern was found to be similar to that in other mammalian species by the use of antisera against dynorphin. A large number of immunoreactive neuronal perikarya were detected in the supraoptic nucleus (SON) and the magnocellular portion of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN). Their processes appeared to project to the posterior pituitary via the internal layer of the median eminence and their distribution seemed to be less dense than in other mammalian species. PH‐8P and vasopressin were colocalized in the neuronal perikarya in the human SON unlike the colocalization of these peptides in the rat SON and PVN. There were a few immunoreactive terminals in the external layer of the median eminence; their immunoreactive substances may be released into the portal veins to act on anterior pituitary cells. In addition, PH‐8P‐like immunoreactive neurons in the human hypothalamus may project to the extrahypothalamic area.
Descending pathways to the spinal cord: A comparative study of 22 mammals
Authors: Nudo R. J. , Masterton R. B. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn order to estimate the qualitative commonalities and range of variation among major descending spinal pathways relevant to mankind's ancestral lineage, the supraspinal cell groups originating fibers descending directly to the spinal cord were examined in 22 mammalian species. In a standardized retrograde tract‐tracing procedure, flakes of raw HRP were applied directly to the freshly cut fibers of the spinal cord after it had been hemisected at the C1–C2 junction. After a 72‐hour survival period, brain and spinal cord tissues were processed by conventional HRP‐processing techniques.This procedure was performed on 94 individual animals. Of this total, 41 individual cases were eliminated by a rigorous culling procedure. The results are based on 53 individuals representing 15 species selected for their successive kinship with mankind and seven species in two other lineages selected for the convergence of their visual or sensorimotor systems with anthropoids. The 22 species represent 19 genera, 14 families, eight orders, and two subclasses of Mammalia.The results show that at least 27 supraspinal cell groups, each containing intensely labeled cells, can be readily identified in each of the species. Despite vast quantitative differences in cell number and cell size, this qualitative uniformity among the relatively large number of diverse taxa suggests that the same pathways were probably present in the extinct ancestors throughout mankind's mammalian lineage and are probably still present in extant viviparous mammals as well. If so, these pathways are as old in phylogenetic history as the last common ancestor of marsupial and placental mammals—dating from the late Jurassic to early Cretaceous, perhaps 145–120 million years ago.Further comparison of the results with similar experimental findings in members of other vertebrate classes supports the notion that several of these same pathways can be traced to even more remote ancestry, with some possibly as old as the entire vertebrate subphylum—dating from the early Devonian or before, perhaps 430 million years ago. Within mankind's ancestral lineage, from the appearance of vertebrates to the appearance of mammals, there seems to have been an irregular stepwise augmentation of the set of descending pathways until the full mammalian complement was finally attained with the appearance of the corticospinal tract.
Kinesthetic cortical area anterior to primary somatic sensory cortex in the raccoon (Procyon lotor)
Authors: Feldman Sanford H. , Johnson John I. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractExtracellular microelectrode recording of cortical unit activity, with subsequent histological examination, was used to determine the extent, organization, and cytoarchitecture of the zone of muscle afferent projections (kinesthetic cortex) anterior to the primary somatic sensory cortex in anesthetized raccoons. Activity was evoked in response to mechanical stimulation of muscles from which the overlying skin had been dissected away. Most kinesthetic responses were elicited in a contiguous cortical area, which included: the anterior bank of the lateral arm, and the fundus and posterior bank of the medial arm of the medial central sulcus; and the anterior two‐thirds of the interfundic rise within the interbrachial sulcus. Some responses were recorded in a separate small area of the anterior bank at the medial end of the lateral central sulcus. Somatotopy was evident with forelimb represented lateral to hindlimb. Proximal limb muscles were represented in the center of the medial central sulcus; distal muscle projections were medial (hindlimb) or lateral (forelimb) in the same sulcus. Most representations were of flexor and extensor muscles of the contralateral carpus and forepaw digits. Activity at a given recording locus in the kinesthetic area could be elicited by both flexor and extensor muscles, which acted about a common joint. Low amplitude units evoked by cutaneous stimulation of the dissected skin were recorded in the kinesthetic area; these were from receptive fields of skin that normally overlay the muscles whose higher‐amplitude evoked kinesthetic units were represented in that same recording locus. The kinesthetic zone was anterior to primary somatic sensory cortex, where the outer stripe of Baillarger and granular layer IV become attenuated. In the hindlimb muscle representation area, the additional criterion of area 3a (large pyramidal cells in layer V) was seen. However, no cytoarchitecture could be identified that was consistently associated with the kinesthetic cortex.
Immunohistochemical study of the telencephalon of the spiny dogfish, Squalus acanthias
Authors: Northcutt R. Glenn , Reiner Anton , Karten Harvey J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe paucity of experimental data and the differences in telencephalic organization between sharks and other jawed vertebrates have complicated telencephalic comparisons. The distribution of neuropeptides has been extremely useful in recognizing and comparing major subdivisions of the telencephalon among vertebrates. Immunohistochemical techniques were therefore used to study the distribution of substance P (SP), leucine‐enkephalin (LENK), and serotonin (5HT), as well as tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), an indicator of catecholamines, in the telencephalon of the spiny dogfish.The distribution of SP and LENK provides a clear distinction between pallial and subpallial portions of the telencephalon. Two regions of the ventrolateral telencephalon, area superficialis basalis and area periventricularis ventrolateralis, exhibit histochemical similarities to the pallidal and striatal subdivisions, respectively, of the basal ganglia in amniotes.Lower densities of LENK+ and SP+ perikarya and fibers occur in the medial pallium and the pars centralis of the dorsal pallium. Similar histochemical traits characterize the sensory thalamorecipient telencephalic structures in amniotes. The lateral pallium in dogfishes is distinguished by the presence of large numbers of TH+ neurons with radially oriented processes. The presence of these distinctive cells also in the medial wall of the rostral telencephalon suggests that the lateral pallium has a medial extension that is situated ventral to the medial pallium. Neurons containing TH were widely distributed in the telencephalon of spiny dogfish and were particularly abundant in the dorsal pallium, olfactory pallium, and area superficialis basalis. It is currently unclear whether these TH+ telencephalic neurons are, in fact, catecholaminergic or merely contain a TH‐like substance unrelated to catecholamine synthesis.
Basal forebrain cholinergic and noncholinergic projections to the thalamus and brainstem in cats and monkeys
Authors: Parent A. , Paré D. , Smith Y. , Steriade M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe projections of basal forebrain neurons to the thalamus and the brainstem were investigated in cats and primates by using retrograde transport techniques and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunohistochemistry. In a first series of experiments, the lectin wheat germ‐agglutinin conjugated with horseradish peroxidase (WGA‐HRP) was injected into all major sensory, motor, intralaminar, and reticular (RE) thalamic nuclei of cats and into the mediodorsal (MD) and pulvinar‐lateroposterior thalamic nuclei of macaque monkeys. In cats numerous neurons of the vertical and horizontal limbs of the diagonal band nucleus and the substantia innominata (SI), including its rostromedial portion termed the ventral pallidum (VP), were retrogradely labeled after WGA‐HRP injections in the rostral pole of the RE complex, the MD, and anteroventral/anteromedial (AV/AM) thalamic nuclei. Fewer retrogradely labeled cells were observed in the same areas after injections in the ventromedial (VM) thalamic nucleus, and none or very few after other thalamic injections. After RE, MD, and AV/AM injections, 7–20% of all retrogradely labeled cells in the basal forebrain were also ChAT positive, while none of the retrogradely labeled neurons following VM injections displayed ChAT immunoreactivity. The basal forebrain projection to the MD nucleus was shown to arise principally from VP in both cats and macaque monkeys. In a second series of experiments performed in cats, injections of WGA‐HRP in the brainstem peribrachial (PB) area comprising the pedunculopontine nucleus led to retrograde labeling of a moderate number of neurons in the lateral part of the VP, SI, and preoptic area (POA), only a few of which displayed ChAT immunoreactivity. In addition, a large number of retrogradely labeled cells were observed in the bed nuclei of the anterior commissure and stria terminalis after PB injections. In a third series of experiments, the use of the retrograde double‐labeling method with fluorescent tracers in squirrel monkeys allowed us to identify a significant number of basal forebrain neurons sending axon collaterals to both the RE thalamic nucleus and PB brainstem area, while no double‐labeled neurons were disclosed after injections confined to the ventral anterior/ventral lateral (VA/VL) thalamic nuclei and PB area or following injections in the cerebral cortex and PB area. Our findings reveal the existence of cholinergic and noncholinergic basal forebrain projections to the thalamus and the brainstem in both cats and macaque monkeys. We suggest that these projections may play a crucial role in the control of thalamic functions in mammals.
Coexistence of glutamate and substance P in dorsal root ganglion neurons of the rat and monkey
Authors: Battaglia G. , Rustioni A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAntisera to a glutamate (Glu) conjugate, to glutaminase (GLN), and to substance P (SP) have been used to investigate the issue of putative glutamergic neurons in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and the possible coexistence in these neurons of Glu and SP. The Glu antiserum, characterized by immunoadsorption and immunoblot tests, is highly selective for Glu out of a number of other amino acids including aspartate. Quantitative data were gathered from consecutive 4‐μm‐thick paraffin sections from cervical ganglia of rats with or without spinal injections of colchicine and from one monkey not treated with colchicine. Neurons containing more than one antigen could be identified on adjacent sections tested with the three different antisera.Neurons labeled by the Glu‐antiserum represent 15–30% of the DRG population in untreated rats. They include most of the small neurons (with mean perikaryal area around 300–400 μm) but also larger neurons (with perikaryal area greater than 600 μm). DRG neurons labeled by either the GLN or the SP antiserum are small (mean area 335–375 μm and 356–374 μm, respectively) and account for approximately 40 and 15%, respectively, of the sampled neurons. In colchicine‐treated rats the number of Glu‐positive neurons increases up to about 70%. The same tratment also increases the number of SP‐positive neurons but not that of GLN‐positive neurons. In the monkey about half of the DRG neurons are Glu positive and, as in rats, they are mostly small. GLN‐positive neurons in the same species account for about half of the DRG population and are only small.In rats, about 60–80% of Glu‐positive neurons are also GLN‐positive and most GLN‐positive neurons are Glu positive. In colchicine‐treated rats, close to 90% of SP‐positive neurons are also positive for Glu and about 60% of SP‐positive neurons are triple labeled. In the monkey's DRGs, whose sections were not processed for SP, most Glu‐ or GLN‐positive neurons are also positive for the other antiserum used.Several considerations argue against the possibility that, under the present experimental conditions, the Glu antiserum is a metabolic marker. It is therefore suggested that Glu‐positive neurons may use Glu as neurotransmitter. Coexistence of Glu and SP in some DRG neurons suggests that both agents may be released by terminals of primary afferents from the same DRG neuron. A role for SP as neuromediator in afferents that use another agent as a transmitter is thus supported by the present results. Our data also support previous electrophysiological data suggesting that the same primary afferent terminal may discharge dorsal horn neurons by way of a classical neurotransmitter and also induce in these a prolonged, peptidemediated, slow depolarization.