bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Maleic Anhydride, Maleic Acid, and Fumaric Acid
Authors: Felthouse Timothy R. , Burnett Joseph C. , Mitchell Scott F. , Mummey Michael J. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractScientific and technological developments in the manufacture and use of maleic anhydride, maleic acid, and fumaric acid are reviewed since 1980. Physical and chemical properties for these three chemicals are updated with literature citations when available. Key derivatives are summarized including acid chlorides and reaction products of these chemicals formed from acylation, alkylation, amidation, coordination to metal atoms, cycloaddition, decomposition, electrophilic addition, esterification, free‐radical reactions, Grignard‐type reactions, halogenation, hydration, hydroformylation, isomerization, nucleophilic addition, oxidation, polymerization, reduction, and sulfonation. Manufacturing processes for maleic anhydride are described including those using fixed‐bed, fluidized‐bed, and transport‐bed technologies for selective oxidation of butane. A survey is given of catalyst developments since about 1980. Regardless of the reactor type used, all catalysts producing maleic anhydride from butane consist of a vanadyl pyrophosphate phase, (VO)2P2O7. Details are presented on maleic anhydride and its two diacid isomers with respect to distribution, economic aspects, specifications, analytical and test methods, toxicology, and principal uses.
Ceramics, Mechanical Properties and Behavior
Authors: Glass Jill 
Published: August 2004

AbstractStructural ceramics are used in applications such as gas turbines, machining, heat exchangers, aerospace components, armor, thermal barrier coatings, and bearings. Advantages of ceramics over metals include dimensional stability; low densities, which translate into weight savings and increased fuel efficiencies; high temperature capabilities; and corrosion resistance.The overriding concern with regard to the mechanical performance of ceramics is their brittleness and hence sensitivity to flaws. There is usually little or no warning that failure is imminent because deformation strain prior to failure is usually less than 0.1%. As a result, a primary aim of structural ceramics research has been the development of tougher ceramics. The mechanical properties of ceramics are very sensitive to starting materials, forming processes, heat treatment conditions, and surface preparation.Fracture analysis plays an important role in understanding the relationships between structure and mechanical properties, and the conditions that lead to failure
Methacrylic Polymers
Authors: Novak Ronald W. , Lesko Patricia M. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractMethacrylic polymers and copolymers are noted for their water‐clear color and excellent durability. They are available with a wide range of physical properties which makes them suitable for a broad variety of applications. Physical properties of the important commercial monomers and the polymers they produce are given. The basic principles utilized in the manufacture of methacrylic polymers by free‐radical processes are discussed. These processes include bulk, solution, emulsion, and suspension polymerizations. Graft and anionic polymerizations are also reviewed. Economic, health, and safety perspectives are given. Leading references describing the uses of methacrylic polymers in a variety of applications are noted.
Molybdenum Compounds
Authors: Stiefel Edward I. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractMolybdenum, found naturally as molybdenite, is converted through MoO3to compounds in a wide range of oxidation states, coordination numbers, and states of aggregation. The diverse chemistry of molybdenum is manifest in a wide array of uses in biological and industrial systems. Molybdenum, an essential component of many enzymes, plays a primary role in nitrogen fixation and nitrate reduction in bacteria and plants, and sulfite and xanthine oxidation for microorganisms, plants, and animals. Industrially, molybdenum compounds are important in lubrication, where the disulfide and oil‐soluble molybdenum sulfur complexes serve as antifriction and antiwear agents; in hydrodesulfurization and hydrotreating of petroleum; ammoxidation and other catalytic processes; in anticorrosion formulations; as flame and smoke retardants; and in a variety of coatings and pigments. Biomedically, molybdenum is used in nuclear medicine and is under study in a number or therapeutic procedures. The trioxide, several molybdates, and the disulfide are available as bulk chemicals.
Naphthalene
Authors: Mason Robert T. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
This article deals mainly with naphthalene. The hydrogenated naphthalenes, the alkylnaphthalenes (particularly methyl‐ and isopropylnaphthalenes), and acenaphthalene also are discussed. These aromatic hydrocarbons have the expected properties and undergo the usual reactions of electrophilic aromatic substitution as well as oxidation, a significant commercial reaction.
Coal tar and petroleum are the sources of naphthalene in the United States. The principal use of naphthalene is for phthalic anhydride manufacture. Naphthalene is also a raw material for synthesis of pesticides, dispersants, and wetting agents.
Polycarbonates
Authors: Brunelle Daniel J. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractPolycarbonates are an unusual and extremely useful class of polymers. The vast majority of polycarbonates are based on bisphenol A (BPA) and sold under the trade names Lexan, Makrolon, Calibre, and Panlite. BPA polycarbonates having high glass‐transition temperatures are widely regarded for optical clarity and exceptional impact resistance and ductility at room temperature and below. Other properties such as modulus, dielectric strength, or tensile strength are comparable to other amorphous thermoplastics at similar temperatures below their respective glass‐transition temperatures. Polycarbonates are prepared commercially by two processes: Schotten‐Baumann reaction of phosgene and an aromatic diol in an amine‐catalyzed interfacial condensation reaction, or via base‐catalyzed transesterification of a bisphenol with a monomeric carbonate such as diphenyl carbonate. Important products are also based on polycarbonates in blends with other polymers, copolymers, branched resins, flame‐retardant compositions, foams, and other materials. Polycarbonate, produced globally, has been the object of research studies, owing to its widespread utility and unusual properties. This article summarizes the preparation, properties, and utility of polycarbonates.
Prosthetic and Biomedical Devices
Authors: Szycher Michael 
Published: August 2004

AbstractProsthetics or biomedical devices are objects which serve as body replacement parts or as tools for implantation of such parts. Such devices are prepared from a variety of materials including metals, plastics, other polymers, and ceramics. Devices for cardiovascular and orthopedic problems are discussed herein as are bioresorbable polymers used for sutures.
Tantalum and Tantalum Compounds
Authors: Tripp Terrance B. , Eckert J. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractTantalum, discovered in 1802, was not produced in significant quantities until the invention of the solid tantalum capacitor. This tough, ductile, silvery gray metal is used primarily in electronic capacitors and a variety of chemical manufacturing applications. Corrosion resistance and the ability to support a stable anodic oxide film make tantalum and excellent material for prosthetics and biomedical devices as well as a substrate for capacitor dielectric. Tantalum is a prime candidate for reaction vessel liners, heat exchangers, and heat shields. The most important tantalum compound is potassium heptafluorotantalate, from which tantalum metal is formed. Other commercially significant tantalum compounds are used in cemented carbides for cutting tools, cermets, waveguides, and other optical and electronic devices.
Copyrights and Trademarks, Trademarks
Authors: Deinard Lile H. , Stathis Nicholas J. , Rasenberger Mary E. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
This article deals with the manner in which trademark rights are acquired, maintained, and protected in the United States, with particular emphasis on the rights and remedies available under the Lanham act. Trademark laws of foreign countries, insofar as they affect the acquisition of rights in such countries by owners of trademarks in the United States, are also discussed.
Specific discussion includes the nature of a trademark and the rights accompanying trademark ownership. Principal considerations in choosing and adopting a trademark are set forth, together with the requirements and procedures for obtaining and maintaining a federal registration, as well as the benefits of registration. In addition, the means of transferring rights or partial rights in a trademark and its registration, either through assignment or licensing, are explained.
Because trademark rights, even rights to registered marks, can be lost through improper use or uncontrolled licensing rules concerning proper use of a trademark and the necessity for quality controls in a trademark license are presented. Lastly, a brief description of benefits conferred by trademark ownership at the state level and under international conventions, including procedures for obtaining state and foreign registrations, is included.
Copper Alloys, Wrought Copper and Wrought Copper Alloys
Authors: Breedis John F. , Caron Ronald N. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe mechanical and physical properties of wrought copper and wrought copper alloys are surveyed according to alloy composition and the temper to which the alloys are processed. Properties important for manufacturing include: formability, bending, drawing, and its analysis; springback; joining, welding, brazing, and soldering; resistances to softening and hydrogen embrittlement; and machinability. Properties relating to performance of manufactured products are strength, electrical and thermal conductivities, solderability, and resistances to stress relaxation, fatigue failure, and corrosion.Alloy designations are defined and tensile properties of alloys within the several compositional groups are provided. Wrought copper (93.3% minimum copper); the high coppers (no less than 96% copper); zinc and tin brasses; tin, aluminum, and silicon bronzes; specially modified copper‐zinc alloys; copper nickels; and nickel silvers are discussed together with the several commercially available precipitation hardenable alloys that are distributed among the compositional groupings. Selected applications and the relative pricing of commercial alloys are given.
Enhancing adult learning through interdisciplinary studies
Authors: Ntiri Daphne W. , Schindler Roslyn Abt , Henry Stuart 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis examination of the pedagogical and curricular characteristics and imperatives of an interdisciplinary studies program for adult learners, within a wider context of theory and practice, draws on the example of a general education course to demonstrate the vitality between interdisciplinary thinking and adult learning.
Cell proliferation of myeloma plasma cells: Comparison of the blood and marrow compartments
Authors: Kumar Shaji , Rajkumar S. Vincent , Greipp Philip R. , Witzig Thomas E. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe plasma cell labeling Index (PCLI), a measure of marrow plasma cells in S phase of the cell cycle, provides a good estimate of the proliferative capacity of the malignant clonal plasma cells. Multiple studies have also demonstrated its prognostic value in multiple myeloma (MM). Clonal plasma cells have been demonstrated in the peripheral blood of patients with multiple myeloma. The labeling index of these circulating cells can also be determined by a method similar to that employed for marrow plasma cells. The goal of this study was to compare the proliferation kinetics of plasma cells in the marrow to that in the circulation. The PCLI was estimated on peripheral blood (PBLI) and bone marrow aspirates (BMLI) using a slide‐based bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) immunofluorescence microscopy technique. One hundred seventeen patients who had simultaneous estimation of the PBLI and BMLI and who had ≥90% of the blood cIg+ cells identified as monoclonal plasma cells were studied. The PBLI was generally lower than the BMLI (median difference 0.4) and correlated with the BMLI (ρ = 0.491, P < 0.0001). Twenty‐seven patients with PBLI higher than BMLI had a poorer prognosis, with median survival of 2 months from the time of the labeling index determination, compared to 12 months for the remaining 90 patients (P = 0.01). Myeloma plasma cells circulating in the peripheral blood are capable of proliferation, albeit at a slower rate compared to those in the marrow. These differences reflect a more favorable microenvironment in the marrow likely resulting from the differences in the cytokine levels and supporting stromal cells in the marrow. Am. J. Hematol. 77:7–11, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prognostic factors influencing survival in patients with B‐cell small lymphocytic lymphoma
Authors: Nola Marin , Pavletic Steven Z. , Weisenburger Dennis D. , Smith Lynette M. , Bast Martin A. , Vose Julie M. , Armitage James O. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe term “B‐cell small lymphocytic lymphoma” (B‐SLL) is generally reserved for patients with lymph node masses that show the histology and immunophenotype of B‐cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B‐CLL) but who are not leukemic. The aim of our study was to define clinical factors that predict for survival in B‐SLL. Thirty‐nine patients with B‐SLL and with less than 5,000 mature‐appearing lymphocytes/μL in the peripheral blood were studied. The median follow‐up of survivors was 6.6 years (range, 1.6–12.3 years). The estimated 5‐year overall survival (OS) and failure‐free survival (FFS) were 66% and 23%, respectively. In the univariate analysis, significant adverse predictors for OS were age ≥60 years, B symptoms, elevated serum LDH, low hemoglobin (<11 g/dL), and high International Prognostic Index (IPI) score (3–5). In multivariate analysis, the IPI score was the only significant predictor of OS. Anemia and B symptoms were additionally predictive of poor OS in patients with low IPI scores. Am. J. Hematol. 77:31–35, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prevalence and characteristics of anemia in the elderly: Cross‐sectional study of three urban Korean population samples
Authors: Choi Chul Won , Lee Juneyoung , Park Kyong Hwa , Yoon So Young , Choi In Keun , Oh Sang Cheul , Seo Jae Hong , Kim Byung Soo , Shin Sang Won , Kim Yeul Hong , Kim Jun Suk 
Published: August 2004

AbstractWe conducted a prospective study to assess the prevalence and clinical characteristics of anemia and to define the risk factors for anemia in older Koreans. From October 2002 to November 2002, 1,254 subjects over the age of 60 years were selected from a cross‐sectional study. All subjects underwent a complete medical history taking and laboratory testing, which included; a complete blood cell count, reticulocyte, liver and renal function tests, lipid profiles, and iron profiles. The median age was 70 years old (range, 60–95 years). The mean levels of hemoglobin (mean ± SD) were 14.5 ± 1.4 g/dL in men and 13.0 ± 1.1 g/dL in women, and the overall prevalence of anemia was 13.6% (171/1,254): 9.9% (27/273) in men and 14.7% (144/981) in women. We found that the prevalence of anemia differed significantly between those of age 60–69 and 70–79 years (P < 0.0001), those of age 60–69 and ≥80 (P < 0.0001), and those of age 70–79 and ≥80 (P = 0.0474). Hemoglobin levels were significantly lower in subjects ≥80 years old. By logistic regression testing, female sex, old age, lower albumin level, higher creatinine level, and lower body mass index were identified as independent risk factors of anemia in elderly Koreans. In conclusion, the overall prevalence of anemia in our study group was 13.6% (171/1,254), and this increased with age. Am. J. Hematol. 77:26–30, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Interleukin‐11 as an osteoprotegerin‐inducing factor in culture medium of blastic cells from a patient with acute megakaryocytic leukemia complicated with osteosclerosis
Authors: Sato Tsutomu , Matsunaga Takuya , Kida Masaya , Morii Kazuhiro , Machida Takuro , Kawano Yutaka , Nakamura Kiminori , Kuribayashi Kageaki , Takada Kohichi , Iyama Satoshi , Sato Yasushi , Takayama Tetsuji , Takahashi Minoru , Kato Junji , Chokki Manabu , Niitsu Yoshiro 
Published: August 2004

AbstractWe came across a rare case of acute megakaryocytic leukemia, the clinical course of which was relatively chronic and nonaggressive. This case was complicated with generalized severe osteosclerosis (OS). The medium in which blastic cells from the patient were cultured showed a strong activity to enhance the expression of an osteosclerotic cytokine, osteoprotegerin (OPG), as revealed by real‐time quantitative RT‐PCR and Western blot analysis. The OPG‐inducing activity of the culture medium was neutralized by the anti‐interleukin‐11 (IL‐11) antibody. These results indicate that IL‐11 produced by the blasts was a causative factor of the OS observed in this patient. Am. J. Hematol. 77:62–66, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Predictors of plasma lead among lithographic print shop workers in Mexico City
Authors: Juárez‐Pérez Cuauhtémoc Arturo , Aguilar‐Madrid Guadalupe , Smith Donald R. , Lacasaña‐Navarro Marina , Téllez‐Rojo Martha María , Piacitteli Gregory , Hu Howard , Hernández‐Avila Mauricio 
Published: August 2004

AbstractBackgroundPlasma lead is considered a biological marker that reflects the fraction of lead in blood that is toxicologically available. We examined the relationship between plasma lead and other biomarkers of lead exposure in 69 lithographic print shop workers.MethodsLead was measured in plasma and whole blood (by inductively coupled plasma‐magnetic sector mass spectrometry), in bone (by 109Cd X‐ray fluorescence), and in hand wipes and occupational air samples. Personal hygiene habits at work were surveyed.ResultsMean age was 47 years and 86% (n = 59) were men. Mean lead levels were 0.3 μg/L in plasma, 11.9 μg/dL in blood, 46.7 μg/g in patella, and 27.6 μg/g in tibia. Taken together, two multivariate linear models explained 57% of variability in plasma lead levels. Predictors for the first model were lead in patella (β = 0.006), blood (β = 0.008), and hygiene index (β = −0.11). Predictors for the second model were lead in tibia (β = 0.008), blood (β = 0.008), and hygiene index (β = −0.13).ConclusionsThis study demonstrates that accumulated bone stores and hygiene habits are both significant independent predictors of plasma lead levels in active workers at this print shop. Am. J. Ind. Med. 46:245–252, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dose‐dependent production of urinary naphthols among workers exposed to jet fuel (JP‐8)
Authors: Serdar Berrin , Egeghy Peter P. , Gibson Roger , Rappaport Stephen M. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractBackgroundJet propulsion fuel‐8 (JP‐8) is one of the largest sources of chemical exposures among Air Force personnel. Urinary naphthols have been suggested as useful biomarkers of exposure to JP‐8.MethodsMultivariate linear regression models were applied to evaluate the effects of environmental and work‐related factors upon production of urinary naphthols among 323 Air Force personnel.ResultsNaphthalene exposure, smoking status, and their interaction, plus self‐reported skin irritation explained about two‐thirds of the variation in naphthol levels. The exposure‐smoking interaction was consistent with induction by smoking of one or more steps in the metabolism of naphthalene and naphthalene‐1,2‐oxide (NapO). A supralinear dose‐response relationship was observed between urinary naphthols and naphthalene exposure.ConclusionsUrinary naphthols were associated with specific sources of exposure to JP‐8, arising from both inhalation and dermal contact. Smokers and nonsmokers metabolized naphthalene at different rates, consistent with induction of at least two metabolic pathways by smoking. Am. J. Ind. Med. 46:234–244, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A comparison of data sources for the surveillance of work‐related carpal tunnel syndrome in Massachusetts
Authors: Davis Letitia , Wellman Helen , Hart James , Cleary Robert , Gardstein Betsey M. , Sciuchetti Paul 
Published: August 2004

AbstractBackgroundThis study examined whether a state surveillance system for work‐related carpal tunnel syndrome (WR‐CTS) based on workers' compensation claims (Sentinel Event Notification System for Occupational Risks, SENSOR) and the Annual Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses (SOII) identified the same industries, occupations, sources of injury, and populations for intervention.MethodsTrends in counts, rates, and female/male ratios of WR‐CTS during 1994–1997, and age distributions were compared across three data sources: SENSOR, Massachusetts SOII, and National SOII. SENSOR and National SOII data on WR‐CTS were compared by industry, occupation, and injury source.FindingsDue to small sample size and subsequent gaps in available information, state SOII data on WR‐CTS were of little use in identifying specific industries and occupations for intervention. SENSOR and National SOII data on the frequency of WR‐CTS cases identified many similar occupations and industries, and both surveillance systems pointed to computer use as a risk factor for WR‐CTS. Some high rate industries identified by SENSOR were not identified using National SOII rates even when national findings were restricted to take into account the distribution of the Massachusetts workforce.ConclusionsUse of national SOII data on rates of WR‐CTS for identifying state industry priorities for WR‐CTS prevention should be undertaken with caution. Options for improving state SOII data and use of other state data systems should be pursued. Am. J. Ind. Med. 46:284–296, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Associations between acute symptoms and bioaerosol exposure during the collection of household waste
Authors: Heldal Kari Kulvik , Eduard Wijnand 
Published: August 2004

AbstractBackgroundA study was performed to investigate associations between work‐related symptoms and bioaerosol exposure in 22 workers collecting waste separated at source and mixed household waste.MethodsFull work shift exposures to bacteria (spherical and rod‐shaped) fungal spores, endotoxins, and total dust were measured. Symptoms experienced during work on the day that exposure was measured were recorded by use of a short questionnaire. Questions were posed on respiratory symptoms, systemic effects such as headache, tiredness, and gastrointestinal symptoms.ResultsThe median exposure levels of bacteria and fungal spores were 0.4 and 0.1 × 106/m3, respectively. The exposure to rod‐shaped bacteria (7% of the bacteria count), endotoxins (1.8 EU/m3), and dust (0.2 mg/m3) was low. The symptoms most often reported were unusual tiredness (24%), headache (22%), cough (15%), and irritation in eyes and nose (10 and 17%). These symptoms were also found to be associated to microbial components.ConclusionsThe results suggest that acute work‐related nose irritation is associated with exposure to bacteria. Rod‐shaped bacteria were also associated with nose irritation and unusual tiredness. It is likely that cough is associated to fungal spores, while other associations which were found could be due to confounding. Am. J. Ind. Med. 46:253–260, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Doping Effects of Yb3+ on the Crystal Structures, Nanoparticle Properties and Electrical Behaviors of ZrO2 Derived from a Facile Urea‐Based Hydrothermal Route.
Authors: Zhang Ya‐Wen , Sun Xiao , Xu Gang , Yan Chun‐Hua 
Published: August 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
First Structurally Characterized Palladium(II)‐Substituted Polyoxoanion: [Cs2Na(H2O)10Pd3 (α‐SbIIIW9O33)2] 9‐.
Authors: Bi Li‐Hua , Reicke Markus , Kortz Ulrich , Keita Bineta , Nadjo Louis , Clark Ronald J. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.