bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Visualization of thalamic nuclei on high resolution, multi‐averaged T1 and T2 maps acquired at 1.5 T
Authors: Deoni Sean C.L. , Josseau Melanie J.C. , Rutt Brian K. , Peters Terry M. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe ability to differentiate noninvasively between the primary nuclear divisions of the thalamus has immediate clinical applicability for surgical planning and guidance of functional stereotactic procedures. Comparison of prior qualitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies carried out at field strengths of 1.5 and 4 Tesla have revealed contrast within the thalamus that varies with field strength, suggesting possible differences in the inherent T1 and T2 relaxation times of the constituent nuclei. We investigate this hypothesis through acquisition of high‐resolution, multi‐averaged deep‐brain T1 and T2 maps of a healthy volunteer. Fourteen nuclei were identified using their center‐of‐mass coordinates (in Talairach space) and average T1 and T2 values obtained from regions of interest placed within each. Results from this analysis revealed significant differences in T1 and T2 between the nuclei with a T1 range from 700 to 1,400 ms and a T2 range from 89 to 122 ms, allowing visual discrimination between the major nuclei groups. Furthermore, the high‐resolution images showed distinct borders of T1 and T2 hypointensity surrounding each nucleus, revealing structure not reported previously. These results confirm our hypothesis and demonstrate the potential high‐resolution quantitative imaging for nucleus visualization and surgical planning. Hum Brain Mapp, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Attentional modulation of perceptual grouping in human visual cortex: Functional MRI studies
Authors: Han Shihui , Jiang Yi , Mao Lihua , Humphreys Glyn W. , Gu Hua 
Published: April 2005

AbstractWhen presented with a complex visual scene, our visual system has to organize the discrete entities present into useful perceptual units. The current work investigated the neural substrates of perceptual grouping defined by Gestalt laws of proximity and similarity of shape, and whether the neural substrates underlying perceptual grouping are modulated by task relevance and spatial attention. In visual discrimination tasks, subjects identified the orientations of perceptual groups formed by proximity or similarity of local elements or alternatively identified colors of either dots around the grouped stimuli or the fixation cross. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we identified that the calcarine cortex was involved in proximity grouping but not in the grouping process defined by similarity of shape. Moreover, we showed evidence that the neural correlates of proximity grouping in the calcarine cortex were weakened when the elements were of low task relevance and fell outside an attended area of field. The findings reveal the neural basis for basic grouping operations, as well as illustrating how attention and proximity grouping interact in human visual cortex. Hum Brain Mapp 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Modulation of auditory cortex activation by sound presentation rate and attention
Authors: Rinne Teemu , Pekkola Johanna , Degerman Alexander , Autti Taina , Jääskeläinen Iiro P. , Sams Mikko , Alho Kimmo 
Published: April 2005

AbstractWe studied the effects of sound presentation rate and attention on auditory supratemporal cortex (STC) activation in 12 healthy adults using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) at 3 T. The sounds (200 ms in duration) were presented at steady rates of 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2.5, or 4 Hz while subjects either had to focus their attention to the sounds or ignore the sounds and attend to visual stimuli presented with a mean rate of 1 Hz. Consistent with previous observations, we found that both increase in stimulation rate and attention to sounds enhanced activity in STC bilaterally. Further, we observed larger attention effects with higher stimulation rates. This interaction of attention and presentation rate has not been reported previously. In conclusion, our results show both rate‐dependent and attention‐related modulations of STC indicating that both factors should be controlled, or at least addressed, in fMRI studies of auditory processing. Hum Brain Mapping, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neural network involved in time perception: An fMRI study comparing long and short interval estimation
Authors: Pouthas Viviane , George Nathalie , Poline Jean‐Baptiste , Pfeuty Micha , VandeMoorteele Pierre‐François , Hugueville Laurent , Ferrandez Anne‐Marie , Lehéricy S. , LeBihan Denis , Renault Bernard 
Published: April 2005

AbstractIn this study, long (∼1,300 ms) and short duration (∼450 ms) estimation trials in an event‐related functional MRI (fMRI) study were contrasted in order to reveal the regions within a time estimation network yielding increased activation with the increase of the duration to be estimated. In accordance with numerous imaging studies, our results showed that the presupplementary motor area (preSMA), the anterior cingulate, the prefrontal and parietal cortices, and the basal ganglia were involved in the estimation trials whatever the duration to be estimated. Moreover, only a subset of the regions within this distributed cortical and subcortical network yielded increased activation with increasing time, namely, the preSMA, the anterior cingulate cortex, the right inferior frontal gyrus (homolog to Broca's area), the bilateral premotor cortex, and the right caudate nucleus. This suggests that these regions are directly involved in duration estimation. We propose that the caudate‐preSMA circuit, the anterior cingulate, and the premotor‐inferior frontal regions may support a clock mechanism, decision and response‐related processes, and active maintenance of temporal information, respectively. Hum. Brain Mapping, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of caffeine on prospective duration judgements of various intervals depend on task difficulty
Authors: Gruber Ronald P. , Block Richard A. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe effects of caffeine on prospective duration judgements were investigated in two double‐blind placebo‐controlled experiments. After taking either 200 mg of caffeine or a placebo, participants performed a task that demanded considerable attention, driving a car in a simulator (Experiment 1) or a task that demanded relatively little attention, watching a videotaped scene from a driven car (Experiment 2). Each participant made duration judgements of three target intervals: 15 s, 60 s and 300 s. Actively driving participants in the caffeine condition judged it as shorter than did those in the placebo condition. Caffeine had no effect on duration judgements following passive viewing. When people must perform a relatively difficult task, caffeine causes participants to allocate relatively more of their attentional resources to the task and relatively less to duration timing. Although caffeine may increase the pacemaker rate of an internal clock (via dopamine D1 agonism), when external events are attention‐demanding, caffeine mainly influences the relative allocation of attention to external events or to time (via dopamine D2 agonism) in cerebral areas subserving the executive control of attention. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Foregut glands of Solenogastres (Mollusca): Anatomy and revised terminology
Authors: Handl Claudia H. , Todt Christiane 
Published: April 2005

AbstractIn the molluscan class Solenogastres, different types of foregut glands vary in number, structure, and location within the foregut. The present article describes their anatomy and cytology and intends to clarify their confused terminology. Pharyngeal glands, esophageal glands, and the more complex dorsal and ventrolateral foregut glands can be distinguished. The ventrolateral foregut glands (ventral foregut glandular organs, ventral salivary glands of auct.), in the literature subdivided previously into four types, are revisited here in the context of current vertebrate gland terminology. The results of recent investigations are added to earlier ones, and a classification system for these multicellular glands is proposed. This system is based on cytological characters of glandular cells (intra‐ or extraepithelial), characters of the associated musculature (inner or outer musculature), location of the gland relative to the pharynx epithelium (endoepithelial or exoepithelial), characters of the gland openings (paired or unpaired), morphology of the gland duct (simple or branched), and some additional features like the arrangement of glandular cells along the gland ducts. Gross morphology and anatomy of ventrolateral foregut glands constitute useful taxonomic characters in determining higher taxa (family level), and finer details of the anatomy and cytology are useful in determining lower levels (genus and species). Possible pathways for the evolution of the different gland types of Solenogastres in relation to foregut glands present in the other molluscan clades are presented. The importance of ventrolateral foregut gland characters for phylogenetic considerations within the Solenogastres is discussed. J. Morphol. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Apolipoprotein E ϵ4 and catechol‐O‐methyltransferase alleles in autopsy‐proven Parkinson's disease: Relationship to dementia and hallucinations
Authors: Camicioli Richard , Rajput Ali , Rajput Michelle , Reece Christian , Payami Haydeh , Hao Chunhai , Rajput Alex 
Published: April 2005

AbstractWe determined whether apolipoprotein E ϵ4 (ApoE4) or catechol‐O‐methyltransferase (COMT) genotypes were associated with dementia, hallucinations, Alzheimer's disease pathological findings (AP), or cortical Lewy bodies (CLBs) in autopsy‐confirmed cases of Parkinson's disease (PD). Outcomes were obtained from medical records. Pathology reports identified AP and CLBs. Brain tissue was genotyped. A total of 47 subjects (33 men, 14 women) had PD onset at 62.4 ± 8.7 years of age and died at 77.8 ± 5.6 years of age. Demented and hallucinating patients did not differ in age at onset (AO) of PD or age at death, or the proportion ApoE4+, AP+, or CLB+ compared to nondemented patients or nonhallucinating patients. ApoE4 and COMT (low metabolizer [LH], intermediate metabolizer [HL], or high metabolizer [HH]) did not influence AO, death, or dementia‐ or hallucination‐free survival, based on age or duration of treatment. All seven subjects with AP were demented and had hallucinations. CLBs were associated with dementia but not hallucinations. In Cox regression models adjusting for AO and duration of treatment, increased risk of dementia was associated with male sex but not significantly with ApoE4; inclusion of AP in the model did not affect the results; COMT was not a risk factor for dementia. Psychosis risk was not associated with ApoE4, COMT, or sex. The observation that males have increased dementia risk and the trend for ApoE4 requires confirmation in larger prospective autopsy studies. © 2005 Movement Disorder Society
Electrophysiologic transition from physiologic tremor to essential tremor
Authors: Elble Rodger J. , Higgins Connie , Elble Suzanne 
Published: April 2005

AbstractWe electrophysiologically examined the transition from physiologic tremor to essential tremor in people at risk for familial essential tremor. Two healthy people from different families with hereditary essential tremor were studied on multiple occasions. A 23‐year‐old man was studied in 1995, 1997, and 2004, and a 44‐year‐old woman was studied in 1993, 1995, 1997, and 2003. Hand acceleration and forearm electromyographic readings were measured with and without 300‐g loading to determine the characteristic frequency‐invariant motor unit entrainment of essential tremor. Clinically and electrophysiologically, the man and woman had normal tremor until the last examination, when both exhibited a fine tremulousness in the outstretched hands and frequency‐invariant motor unit entrainment at 7.5 and 6.5 Hz, respectively. At no time did either patient exhibit a prominent 8–12 Hz component of physiologic tremor. Essential tremor in young adults may begin at frequencies less than 8–12 Hz, and this electrophysiologic abnormality is detectable when clinical examinations reveal only questionably abnormal tremor. More young adults at risk for essential tremor must be studied to determine whether initial frequencies less than 8 Hz are the rule or the exception. Nevertheless, the data from our 2 patients demonstrate that a prominent 8–12 Hz component of physiologic tremor does not always precede the development of essential tremor; therefore, the origins of essential tremor and the 8–12 Hz component of physiologic tremor may be different. © 2005 Movement Disorder Society
Can chronic subthalamic nucleus stimulation induce de novo tremor in Parkinson's disease?
Authors: Thobois Stephane , Tisch Stephen , Xie‐Brustolin Jing , Mertens Patrick , Hariz Marwan I. , Benatru Isabelle , Broussolle Emmanuel , Limousin‐Dowsey Patricia 
Published: April 2005

AbstractSubthalamic nucleus stimulation dramatically improves parkinsonian symptoms, notably the tremor. The occurrence of a tremor in the first 6 months after the surgical procedure in patients without tremor preoperatively is much less common. We report on the cases of 3 patients who developed such modification of their parkinsonian symptomatology. Physiopathological hypotheses are discussed. © 2005 Movement Disorder Society
Modellierung und Vergleich von Nanoindentationsversuchen an bleifreien Lotverbindungen durch numerische Verfahren
Authors: Juritza A. , Müller W. H. , Sterthaus J. , Vogliano A. , Weinberg K. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractZiel der Nanoindentation ist die Ermittlung lokaler mechanischer Eigenschaften von Festkörpermischungen bzw. ‐legierungen, etwa mikrelektronischer Lote. Konventionelle Methoden, wie etwa der einachsige Zugversuch, führen nicht zu brauchbaren Ergebnissen, da sie die Eigenschaften des Werkstoffs für Makroproben wiedergeben. Aufgrund der Kleinheit mikroelektronischer Lotverbindungen sind solche Daten offensichtlich nur bedingt relevant. Bei der Indentation kann zum einen der Durchmesser des bleibenden Eindrucks gemessen werden, um hieraus nach der Methode von Oliver und Pharr Härte und E‐Modul zu bestimmen. Zum anderen kann die vollständige Last‐Weg‐Beziehung aufgenommen und per FE‐Modellierung analysiert werden, um darüber hinaus gehende Materialkenndaten zu extrahieren. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Adenomas and follicular carcinomas of the thyroid display two major patterns of chromosomal changes
Authors: Castro Patrícia , Eknæs Mette , Teixeira Manuel R , Danielsen Håvard E , Soares Paula , Lothe Ragnhild A , Sobrinho‐Simões Manuel 
Published: April 2005

AbstractIt was recently shown by flow and static cytometry that a large sub‐group of follicular adenomas of the thyroid—fetal/embryonal adenomas—display an aneuploid phenotype. It was also shown that thyroid lesions with a DNA content within the triploid range were either fetal adenomas or follicular carcinomas with a fetal adenoma growth pattern. Follicular tumours with growth patterns other than the so‐called fetal adenoma‐like pattern were usually diploid or near‐diploid. In an attempt to clarify the pattern of chromosomal imbalances in follicular tumours, comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) analysis was performed in a series of 18 follicular neoplasms (ten fetal/embryonal and four common follicular adenomas and four minimally invasive follicular carcinomas). For each tumour, the DNA content was determined by flow cytometry and, in some cases, also by static cytometry. Finally, the copy number of selected chromosomes was determined by interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using centromere probes. With the exception of the single diploid fetal adenoma, all fetal adenomas displayed several DNA copy number changes, with frequent gains of several chromosomes, which were found to be either tetrasomic or trisomic by FISH. This genetic pattern was also present in the single case of follicular carcinoma with aneuploidy and fetal adenoma‐like growth pattern. Follicular adenomas other than fetal adenomas, and the remaining follicular carcinomas, showed more losses than gains of chromosomes. These results suggest that follicular tumourigenesis may follow at least two pathways: one characterized by prominent aneuploidy and numerous gains, in which the tumours display a fetal adenoma‐like growth pattern; and another accompanied by less obvious aneuploidy or even quasi‐diploidy and dominant chromosome losses, in which the tumours display a common follicular architecture. Copyright © 2005 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transfusion related acute lung injury: A pediatric perspective
Authors: Sanchez Rosa , Toy Pearl 
Published: April 2005

AbstractTransfusion‐related acute lung injury (TRALI) is the leading cause of transfusion‐associated mortality. TRALI occurs in children and adults, but the syndrome has not been reviewed from a pediatric perspective. We reviewed the literature on TRALI from a pediatric perspective. TRALI has been documented in pediatric patients, especially in the setting of hematologic malignancy. Additional TRALI cases have been reported in pediatric patients with a variety of diagnoses. TRALI is likely to be much more common than previously appreciated in the pediatric patient population. TRALI should be considered in the differential diagnosis of all pediatric patients who develop new acute lung injury (ALI) or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) during or within six hours of a blood product transfusion. When a case of TRALI is suspected, a transfusion reaction report to the blood bank is important to initiate the investigation and identify the implicated donor. Pediatr Blood Cancer © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
ALK‐positive diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma
Authors: Bubała Halina , Małdyk Jadwiga , Włodarska Iwona , Sońta‐Jakimczyk Danuta , Szczepański Tomasz 
Published: April 2005

AbstractAnaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) positive diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a rare subtype of non‐Hodgkins lymphoma. Five such cases have been described in children. We present a 9‐year‐old boy, in whom diagnosis of DLBCL has been established in addition to congenital multiple enchondromatosis. Immunohistopathological evaluation of tumor biopsy established the final diagnosis of ALK + DLBCL. The clathrin gene (CLTC)‐ALK fusion underlying aberrant expression of ALK in the present case was demonstrated by interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using break‐apart rearrangement probes for ALK and CLTC. The disease in this patient was highly resistant to applied chemotherapy regimens and to radiotherapy. Analysis of the disease course in our patient and review of other cases reported previously show that ALK + DLBCL can be an aggressive malignancy that can be cured with conventional chemotherapy protocols only at stage of localized disease. Pediatr Blood Cancer © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nanocomposites based on liquid‐crystalline epoxy–clay: synthesis and morphology
Authors: Shen Min‐Min , Lu Man‐Geng , Chen Yong‐Lie , Ha Cheng‐Yong 
Published: April 2005

AbstractLiquid‐crystalline epoxy–organoclay nanocomposites were synthesized based on two different liquid‐crystalline epoxy monomers, 4, 4′‐diglycidyloxybiphenyl (BP) and hydroquinone bis(4‐epoxypropylbenzoate) (HB). The X‐ray diffraction patterns of BP–organoclay (93A) hybrids indicate that BP diffuses into the organoclay layers and increases d‐spacing from 2.3 to 3.7 nm either in a solvent or in the melting state. The dynamic differential scanning calorimetry results indicate that the alkylammonium ion in the clay gallery catalyzes the epoxy ring‐opening reaction with a diamine curing agent. The fast intergallery polymerization forms the exfoliated nanocomposite if the content of organoclay is below 2 %. But an intercalated nanocomposite is obtained with an increase of organoclay to 10 %. The nanocomposite with 5 % of organoclay is a mixture of the two types. Polarizing optical microscopy photographs of the cured products showed that the liquid‐crystalline phase is formed with or without organoclay. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Oxazoline‐terminated macromonomers by the alkylation of 2‐methyl‐2‐oxazoline
Authors: Glaied Olfa , Delaite Christelle , Hurtrez Guy , Joubert Mathieu , Dumas Philippe 
Published: April 2005

AbstractWell‐defined macromonomers of poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(tert‐butyl methacrylate) were obtained by anionic polymerization induced directly by the carbanion issued from 2‐methyl‐2‐oxazoline. When ethylene oxide was added to this carbanion with lithium as the counterion, a new compound able to initiate the polymerization of ε‐caprolactone in an anionically coordinated way was synthesized, and this led to well‐defined poly(ε‐caprolactone) macromonomers. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 2440–2447, 2005
Effect of water sorption on oxygen‐barrier properties of aromatic polyamides
Authors: Hu Y. S. , Mehta S. , Schiraldi D. A. , Hiltner A. , Baer E. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractAromatic polyamides based on poly(m‐xylylene adipamide) (MXD‐based polyamides) and poly(hexamethylene isophthalamide) (HMD‐based polyamides) were examined. Insight into the excellent gas‐barrier properties was obtained by the characterization of the effect of water sorption on the thermal transitions, density, refractive index, free‐volume hole size, and oxygen‐transport properties. Reversing the carbonyl position with respect to the amide nitrogen substantially lowered the oxygen permeability of MXD‐based polyamides in comparison with that of HMD‐based polyamides by facilitating hydrogen‐bond formation. The resulting restriction of conformational changes and segmental motions reduced diffusivity. The primary effect of water sorption was a decrease in the glass‐transition temperature (Tg) attributed to plasticization by bound water. No evidence was found to support the idea that sorbed water filled holes of free volume. When the polymer was in the glassy state, the drop in Tg accounted for hydration‐dependent changes in the density, refractive index, and free‐volume hole size. The correlation of the oxygen solubility with Tg and density confirmed the concept of oxygen sorption as filling holes of excess free volume. In some cases, water sorption produced a glass‐to‐rubber transition. The onset of rubbery behavior was associated with a minimum in the oxygen permeability. The glass‐to‐rubber transition also facilitated the crystallization of MXD‐based polymers, which complicated the interpretation of oxygen‐transport behavior at higher relative humidity. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 1365–1381, 2005
Prediction and phase segregation in thin‐film of conjugated polymer blends
Authors: Yan Lifeng , Yang Fan 
Published: April 2005

AbstractBlending conjugated polymers is an efficient method to improve the properties of the films. The phase diagram of poly(9,9‐dihexylfluorene) (PF) and poly(2‐methoxy‐5‐(2′‐ethyl‐hexyloxyl)‐p‐phenylene vinylene) (MEHPPV) was predicted by a modified Flory–Huggins theory based on the topological method (graph theory) for the structure‐property correlations. It shows that the two polymers have a strong trend to separate. Atomic/friction force microscopy (AFM/FFM) measurements show there exist microphase separations in film prepared at room temperature. After annealing at 160 °C, serious phase segregations took place in both the lateral and vertical direction. The photoluminescence of the thin films was also measured by a fluorophotometer. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 1382–1391, 2005