bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Plasma and breast milk concentrations of dothiepin and northiaden in lactating women
Authors: Buist Anne , Norman Trevor R. , Dennerstein Lorraine 
Published: December 2004

AbstractPlasma and breast‐milk concentrations of dothiepin and its metabolite northiaden were measured in 20 lactating women receiving the drug for post‐partum depression. Samples were collected at steady‐state and both compounds quantitated by HPLC. Doses of dothiepin varied from 75 mg/day to 225 mg/day. Accordingly a wide range of plasma and breast‐milk concentrations of dothiepin and northiaden were determined. Most determinations were made for women receiving 150 mg/day. At this dose mean (± SD) plasma concentrations of dothiepin and northiaden were 56(±27)m̈g/l and 72(±79)m̈g/l respectively while breast‐milk concentrations were 95(±71) m̈g/l and 40(±29) m̈g/l for dothiepin and northiaden respectively. The data reflect the well recognised inter‐individual variability in plasma concentrations for subjects receiving the same oral dose. Similar variability was noted in breast‐milk concentrations at all doses of dothiepin. Dothiepin passes into the breast‐milk of lactating women receiving the drug for post‐partum depression. In this respect the drug is similar to other tricyclic antidepressants. The inter‐individual variability of results recorded here suggest the need to determine drug concentrations on an individual basis before reaching a decision about breastfeeding. Perceived side effects in the infant are clear criteria for cessation of breastfeeding; high levels of drug in breastmilk where the infant is unaffected, warrant monitoring in view of our inadequate knowledge regarding long term effects of these drugs.
Fluoxetine in the treatment of amphetamine dependence
Authors: Polson R. G. , Fleming P. M. , O'shea J. K. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractEvidence of increasing prevalence of amphetamine mis‐use, with a concomitant increase in intravenous administration of the drug, highlights the need for better alternatives to the current pharmacological interventions available for the treatment of amphetamine withdrawal symptoms, and prevention of relapse. A number of amphetamine analogues are neurotoxic to serotonergic neural pathways. In addition, there is evidence of reduced activity in serotonergic pathways in individuals with antisocial personality disorder and substance abuse. We report on the use of fluoxetine in eight cases of whom four achieved abstinence. Three cases reported a reduction in amphetamine use and only one reported no change in the level of use. Control studies are indicated and the use of fluoxetine in relapse prevention warrants further investigation.
A nicotine dependent and a nicotine independent component of smoking related pulse and activity variation
Authors: Jacober A. , Hasenfratz M. , Bärttig K. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIn a field study, heart rate and motor activity were continuously assessed during two days in smokers, abstinent smokers and non‐smokers. Smoking abstinence reduced heart rates by about 10 bpm to the non‐smoker level without affecting motor activity. Averaging heart rate and activity using lighting of the cigarettes as the triggering event revealed the characteristic profiles described previously. Both variables increased during the last five minutes before lighting the cigarettes and decreased immediately upon lighting to near or even below the prelighting levels. This lighting response was maintained in a similar fashion when the subjects marked the time points of the desire for smoking but omitted lighting the cigarettes and it remained highly similar for the first and last five cigarettes of the day. In non‐smokers a similar pattern was also obtained using the first sip of coffee as triggering event. In smoking smokers, this lighting response was followed by an increase of heart rate without changes in activity. In contrast to the lighting response, this smoking related increase of heart rate disappeared for the last five as opposed to the first five cigarettes of the day, and it was also absent for ‘imaginary’ smoking without lighting.
Effects of nicotine on human psychomotor performance
Authors: Sherwood Neil 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA comprehensive review was conducted to establish whether there were any grounds to the claim that nicotine can enhance human psychomotor performance. Among relevant studies, many failed to distinguish between absolute improvements due to the administration of nicotine (usually in the form of cigarettes) and the relief of the effects of nicotine abstinence among the preferred subject pool of tobacco smokers. However, a few investigations have avoided this anomaly by examining the effects of nicotine in minimally‐abstinent smokers or non‐smokers. The results of these studies suggest that nicotine has small, specific, positive effects on the central nervous system which may facilitate human attention, memory and sensori‐motor function.
Stabilization of psychophysical performance of healthy volunteers by propranolol—a contribution to differential psychopharmacology
Authors: Meyer Frank P. , Andresen K. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractEight volunteers out of 81 medical students of a one‐year register were selected in a two‐step procedure by means of a motivation Q‐sort. Of these, four were motivated for success (S.M.), whereas four were motivated for failure (F.M.). Following a stratification step, two subjects each from each group were orally given propranolol (0.6 mg/kg) or placebo in a double‐blind trial. Test inventory; flicker fusion frequency; determination performance in normal and tailored testing; subjective self‐rating; blood pressure; pulse. Evaluation was accomplished in the conventional dose‐related way (propranolol versus placebo) and in a serum level oriented approach common in differential psychopharmacology, by judging the personality structure (nervousness, neuroticism, extraversion) and the volunteers' motivation. It was found that propranolol when compared to placebo did not alter the vigilance, performance and subjective assessment of the volunteers; hence, the next step of evaluation was made regardless of the treatment. The initial performance of F.M. subjects as measured on the determination test unit was substantially poorer when compared to S.M. volunteers. During a 7.5‐h period after application, the reaction time of F.M. subjects was noted to improve both as a result of training due to repeated tests and as a function of propranolol. As only a small number of volunteers was available for the investigation, further studies are encouraged to verify performance of F.M. subjects.
Contrasting effects of midazolam and nitrous oxide on memory and cognitive bias in dentally phobic patients
Authors: File Sandra E. , Goodall Elizabeth M. , Sanders Fiona L. , Murray Alexandra , Skelly Ann M. , Joyce Eileen M. , Fluck Emma J. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractDentally phobic patients referred to the Guy's Sedation Unit and control dental patients were presented with lists of dentally related, general threat and neutral words. They were asked either to remember the words (superficial coding) or to rate them for liking (deeper coding). The control patients showed no significant bias in the words remembered, but the phobic patients attending for their assessment interview recognized more dentally related than neutral words, from both superficially and deeply coded lists. This bias was maintained over two tests and was not different for male and female patients or for those with high or low trait anxiety. On their first day of dental treatment phobic patients received lists both before and after receiving sedation with midazolam or nitrous oxide. These patients showed relative cognitive avoidance for dentally related words, but for the superficially coded words this was prevented by midazolam. In addition, midazolam caused significant amnesia for words presented after drug administration, for both the superficially coded list, and for the words presented for rating. Nitrous oxide significantly impaired recognition of the superficially coded words from the lists presented both before and after drug administration.
International study of expert judgment on therapeutic use of benzodiazepines and other psychotherapeutic medications: I. Current concerns
Authors: Balter Mitchell B. , Ban Thomas A. , Uhlenhuth Eberhard H. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractAlthough clinical experience influences psychotropic drug treatment world‐wide, it has been underutilized because it has not been systematically gathered and widely disseminated. An international survey was conducted to help remedy this situation. One of the major objectives was to develop a representative body of expert judgment and opinion on the clinical use of benzodiazepines in relation to other psychotherapeutic medications that might be used for the same purposes.A select international panel of psychiatric experts on the pharmacotherapy of the anxiety and depressive disorders (N = 73) was constituted on the basis of progressive peer nominations. The peer selection process began with primary nominators from 44 countries. Judgments and opinions about psychotherapeutic medications were elicited from the Expert Panel via a self‐administered questionnaire. Completion rate: 90 per cent (66/73).Outcomes bear directly on current therapeutic and regulatory concerns. Topics addressed include: special indications for use, abuse liability, dependence potential, duration of treatment, high‐risk treatments, and adverse effects. Although sometimes divided, agreement was generally high and indicative of a good benefit to risk ratio for the benzodiazepines. Expert judgments were more positive than would have been anticipated from media reports, public concern, and recent regulatory postures.The following inferences can be drawn from this body of expert judgment and opinion: (1) qualitative differences in abuse liability among the benzodiazepines are minimal; (2) physical dependence at therapeutic doses is not a major clinical problem; (3) when physical dependence occurs, it can be readily managed clinically by the treating physician; (4) the relative abuse liability of the benzodiazepines as a class is low. These expert evaluations do not support or justify the imposition of stronger or differential restrictions on the benzodiazepines. The data help define the reasonable limits within which clinical guidelines and regulatory mandates can be meaningfully promulgated.
Dexamethasone‐induced growth hormone release: A dose‐response study
Authors: Thakore Jogin H. , Dinan Timothy G. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractGlucocorticoids have recently been shown to acutely stimulate growth hormone secretion in man. The aim of our study was to investigate the acute effects of three graded doses of dexamethasone. Six healthy male volunteers received in random order placebo, 1, 2 or 4 mg of oral dexamethasone. Mean stimulated growth hormone levels were significantly higher after 2 and 4 mg of DEX than after 1 mg or placebo. We conclude that dexamethasone used in lower doses than previously reported appears to stimulate growth hormone release in a dose dependent manner.
Is a cut‐off score a suitable measure of treatment outcome in short‐term trials in depression? A methodological meta‐analysis
Authors: Angst J. , Delini‐Stula A. , Stabl M. , Stassen H. H. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIn a meta‐analysis of short‐term (four weeks) trials of antidepressants, two response criteria were compared separately for low‐ (< 21), medium‐ (22–27) and high‐ (> 28) scores on the 17‐item version of the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression: (HAMD‐17): (a) 50 per cent reduction of the baseline HAMD‐17 score and (b) 50 per cent reduction plus a cut‐off HAMD score of < 10. The material consisted of the data pool of comparative trials with moclobemide provided by Hoffmann‐La Roche, Basle.The analysis showed that, on average, the HAMD‐17 scores decrease uniformly in all groups independently of the initial severity of depression. The percentage of score differences between high‐score, medium‐score and low‐score groups remained virtually unchanged over the whole observation period. Furthermore, the criterion combining a 50 per cent decrease with a cut‐off score of < 10 gives clear disadvantage for high‐scores to become responders since cases of severe depression require a much longer time to reach the threshold of 10 than do milder or moderately severe cases.As to the question of evaluating differences between placebo and drugs, our analyses provided evidence that the simple criterion of 50 per cent reduction of baseline HAMD‐17 score is better suited to discriminate between placebo and drug responders in acute trials.
Fluvoxamine and sulpiride in comorbid obsessive–compulsive disorder and gilles de la tourette syndrome
Authors: George Mark S. , Trimble Michael R. , Robertson Mary M. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractRecently interest has arisen concerning the genetic, pharmacologic and phenomenologic links between Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome (GTS) and Obsessive—Compulsive Disorder (OCD). Some theorize the two disorders may be phenotypic variations of the same neurobiologic defect. Previous studies have demonstrated serotonin (5HT) abnormalities in OCD patients and dopamine dysfunction in patients with tics and GTS. We probed the relationship between 5HT and dopamine in these disorders with a 14‐week, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled crossover trial of fluvoxamine (a specific 5HT reuptake inhibitor) versus sulpiride (a dopamine (D2) antagonist) followed by single‐blind combined therapy (4 weeks) in 11 subjects with comorbid OCD and GTS.Sulpiride monotherapy significantly reduced tics and non‐significantly improved OC symptoms. Fluvoxamine, either alone or combined with sulpiride, non‐significantly ameliorated tics and reduced OCD symptoms. Additionally, tics and OC symptoms covaried. These results are consistent with a possible coupling of dopaminergic and 5HT systems in comorbid OCD/GTS subjects.
The effect of NMDA receptor antagonists on the neuroleptics‐induced catalepsy in mice
Authors: Maj J. , Rogóż Z. , Skuza G. , Sowińska H. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe effect of non‐competitive (MK‐801:/+/‐5‐methy‐10,11‐dihydro‐5H‐dibenzo [a, d] cyclohepten‐5,10‐imine hydrogen maleate) and competitive (CGP 37849: DL‐/E/‐2‐amino‐4‐methyl‐5‐phosphono‐3‐pentenoic acid) NMDA receptor antagonists on the catalepsy induced by neuroleptics in mice was studied. MK‐801 and CGP 37849 antagonized the catalepsy induced by haloperidol, spiperone and fluphenazine. (+)‐Cycloserine, a partial glycine agonist, reversed the anticataleptic effect of CGP 37849, but not that of MK‐801. The above results indicate that the anticataleptic activity of both these NMDA receptor antagonists is induced by an indirect activation of the dopamine system. The results provide further evidence that competitive NMDA receptor antagonists may be a new class of antiparkinsonian drugs.
Recent advances in paediatric psychopharmacology: A brief overview
Authors: Mirza K. A. H. , Michael A. , Dinan T. G. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractDrug treatments for psychiatric disorders in children have always been a matter of controversy. During the past two decades psychopharmacologists have made considerable strides in establishing the efficacy and safety of existing drugs. Recent research has also generated new treatments whose practical benefits are yet to be established. This article presents a brief and selective overview of the current state of paediatric psychopharmacology.
The acute effects of smoking on heart rate and blood pressure: An ambulatory study
Authors: Jaquet Francine S. , Shapiro David , Uijtdehaage Sebastian H. J. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractUnder laboratory conditions smoking has been found to acutely increase blood pressure and heart rate in healthy subjects. Little is known about the short‐term effects of smoking under more naturalistic conditions when subjects are engaged in various activities. In this study, the short‐term effects of smoking on blood pressure and heart rate in natural settings were investigated in a group of healthy smokers. The degree to which these effects are moderated by other factors known to affect the cardiovascular system was investigated as well. Subjects (eight males, seven females) were dispatchers in the greater Los Angeles area. They wore an ambulatory blood pressure and heart rate monitor on two workdays for a total of 48 h. The present study confirmed that the acute effects of smoking on blood pressure and heart rate under natural conditions are similar to results from laboratory studies. Smoking acutely increased blood pressure and heart rate. Male and female smokers displayed similar cardiovascular reactivity to smoking. There was no indication of development of intraday tolerance. The acute action of smoking on blood pressure and heart rate was additive to the influence of posture on the cardiovascular system.
New synthetic membranes for dialysis. IV. A copolyether–urethane membrane system
Authors: Lyman Donald J. , Loo Bock H. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractNew dialysis membranes, prepared from linear block copolymers, have shown unique separation properties which appear to be based on definite solute–membrane interaction. The synthesis and characterization of block copolyetherurethanes based on poly (oxyethylene glycol) is described.
Blood flow and intravascular phenomena in the microvascular system
Authors: Nicoll Paul A. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractObservations of microcirculatory blood flow in the wing membrane of the unanesthetized bat, Myotis leucifugus, show that many responses associated with the exposure of blood to foreign surfaces mimic normal behavior in these sites. The responses include leukocyte pavement formation, permeability changes, thrombus formation, and intravascular fibrin threads. Attempts to eliminate or suppress these reactions should recognize that they are latent normal physiological activities.
Heparin ionically linked to glass
Authors: Hersh L. S. , Weetall H. H. , Brown I. W. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractHeparin has been ionically bonded to glass surfaces. The heparin coating resists fluid shear stresses as high as 104 dynes/cm2 at 30°C for periods in excess of 300 hr, and 1000 W of ultrasonic cleaning at 62°C for periods of more than 45 min. It also prevents the clotting of human blood.
Correlations between blood compatibility and heparin adsorptivity for an impermeable isotropic pyrolytic carbon
Authors: Bokros J. C. , Gott V. L. , La Grange L. D. , Fadall A. M. , Vos K. D. , Ramos M. D. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe influences of conditioning treatments and surface topography on the heparin adsorptivity and the thromboresistance of a high‐strength, impermeable, isotropic, pyrolytic carbon were investigated. The results of the adsorption studies indicate that the adsorption of heparin on such carbon surfaces is near the amount required for monolayer formation. The adsorbed heparin is rapidly elutriated in plasma. The heparin adsorption is not enhanced by a pretreatment with benzalkonium chloride. There was no relationship between the amount of heparin adsorbed on these materials and their compatibility with blood. Polishing, for example, which reduced heparin adsorption, enhanced the tromboresistance of these carbons, and while chemisorption of oxygen markedly reduced their thromboresistance, it did not influence the amount of heparin that could be adsorbed. In vivo tests showed that polished and outgassed, impermeable isotropic carbons deposited at low temperatures were significantly thromboresistant without the exogenous application of heparin. Examples of applications of these new materials in experimental valves are presented.
Electrochemical power sources for pacemakers: Electrocatalytic investigation of various oxygen cathodes using stainless steel anodes
Authors: Reynolds L. W. , Tye F. , Thronton C. , Srinivasan S. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractElectrochemical cells consisting of stainless steel anodes and platinum black cathodes are attractive as power producers for cardiac pacemakers. The maximum power of these systems is of the right order. The electrocatalytic activity of various oxygen electrodes follows the same order in blood, as ascertained from in vivo studies, and in simple aqueous electrolytes. Subcutaneous implantation of the stainless steel anodes is preferable to intraperitonial insertion. The activity of a stainless steel anode is entirely due to its dissolution.
The significance of implant shape in experimental testing of biological materials: Disc vs. Rod
Authors: Wood Norman K. , Kaminski Edward J. , Oglesby Richard J. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractAdult albino rabbits were implanted with 304 stainless steel discs and cylinders (rods) in the following sites: beneath periosteum of the anterior calvarium, under the masseter muscle of the left mandibular ramus and in the body of the sacrospinalis muscle. (1) The tissue reaction around the disc implants was compared with that observed around the cylinder implants through the study of histological sections. (2) The degree of reactions observed at the various sites was contrasted with that seen at the other sites. In all cases the muscle implants showed the greatest reaction. Discs showed many micro areas of tissue reaction randomly around their periphery. In contrast all the rod shaped implants in muscle showed a greater reaction towards the ends than in the mid portion of the shaft (clubbing) but rods implanted at other sites did not show this phenomenon. The results show that much of the histological tissue reaction seen around muscle implants is really caused by mechanical trauma which must be differentiated from a non‐compatibility reaction. It is important to choose a test site where mechanical trauma will be minimal (submasseteric site) and use an implant shape (discs) which will not produce clubbing.
The physiological effects of fluorocarbon liquids in blood oxygenation
Authors: Harris G. W. , Anderson R. M. , Defilippi R. P. , Nosé Yukihiko , Weber D. C. , Malchesky P. S. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe objective of this study was to determine the feasibility of using a fluorocarbon liquid in a liquid‐liquid contacting device for extracorporeal blood oxygenation. Extraction experiments were carried out wherein blood was gently contacted with FC‐43 (a fluorinated tributyl amine) for up to 48 hr. The fluorocarbon caused no significant change in red cell volume, white cell count, plasma hemoglobin, platelet count, plasma fibrinogen, or the relative amounts of thirteen different plasma proteins. To determine toxicity, FC‐43 slugs and emulsions were injected intravenously and intraaortically into dogs. No chemical toxicity has been found, but the fluorocarbon is intolerable above about 1.7 mg/kg because it retards the flow of blood through pulmonary capillaries. FC‐43 was used for several in vivo tests of a vertical cylindrical blood oxygenator. The hemolysis caused by the falling film of fluorocarbon on the inner Teflon wall of the cylinder was considerably less than that caused by direct contact between blood and Teflon, suggesting that the blood‐fluorocarbon interface is quite atraumatic. All these results indicate that this fluorocarbon liquid holds considerable promise for use in a liquid–liquid blood oxygenator.