bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ecological perspectives on regulation and water allocation for the Ord River, Western Australia
Authors: Doupé R. G. , Pettit N. E. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWater management agencies throughout Australia are attempting to find a balance between the water requirements of ecological and socio‐economic environments as part of a holistic approach to managing flow‐dependent river ecosystems. Environmental water provisions are under consideration for the Ord River in far northern Western Australia. This river has been regulated for irrigation and there are plans for substantial expansion. Like other semi‐arid and tropical rivers, however, the hydrology of the Ord River is highly variable and unpredictable, and therefore, proportionate water release strategies for the environment that are based on average monthly flows are unsuitable. Regulation continues to produce pronounced ecological changes throughout the river system as the impacts of flow regime are negated. There is a dichotomy in optimal flow regimes for the contrasting management aspirations of ecological restoration based on low seasonal flows, and the dilution flows required for the drainage of agricultural effluent. Whilst current agricultural land and water management practices continue, the two cannot coincide, and consequently, a decision should be made regarding which environmental water allocation holds the primary value. Such a decision would guide the appropriate dry season flow regime on the lower Ord River. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A curriculum framework based on archetypal phenomena and technologies
Authors: Zubrowski Bernie 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe current crop of published curriculum materials for elementary and middle school makes various claims about their relevancy to the student and their alignment with national standards. Although it may appear that they show improvement in their pedagogical practices and use of recent research, it is argued that they still are founded on questionable assumptions about student learning. The general approach of these curriculum programs is examined in relationship to issues such as the context of learning, the relationship between domain general and domain specific knowledge, and the essential role that aesthetics and personal frameworks play in conceptual change. An alternative paradigm of curriculum development is presented based on the theory of situated cognition. This approach starts with context rather than concept, gives greater weight to students' interpretative frameworks, and provides for a more holistic development. A grade 1–8 framework is presented having archetypal phenomena and technologies as the focus of investigations. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Sci Ed86:481–501, 2002; Published online in Wiley Interscience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/sce.10026
Estimation of the vanishing point for automatic driving system using a cross ratio
Authors: Kazui Masato , Haseyama Miki , Kitajima Hideo 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis paper proposes a new method to estimate the vanishing point used as the vehicle heading, which is essential in automatic driving systems. The proposed method uses a cross ratio comprised of a ratio of lengths from four collinear points for extracting the edges that shape the vanishing point. Then, lines that intersect at one point are fitted to the edges in a Hough space. Consequently, the vanishing point is estimated robustly even when the lane markings are occluded by other vehicles. In the presence of lane markings, the road boundaries are also estimated at the same time. Experimental results from images of a real road scene show the effectiveness of the proposed method. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 33(9): 31–40, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.10090
Nitrogen plasma pressure influence on the composition of TiNxOy sputtered films
Authors: Guillot J. , Jouaiti A. , Imhoff L. , Domenichini B. , Heintz O. , Zerkout S. , Mosser A. , Bourgeois S. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThin films of TiNxOy were deposited by d.c. magnetron sputtering on glass substrates using an (Ar+,N2) plasma and Ti target. The N2 partial pressure was changed from 2.3 × 10−4 mbar to 4.6 × 10−3 mbar in order to obtain films with increasing nitrogen contents. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to determine the as‐deposited composition. The presence of oxygen, which is probably due to contamination from the residual atmosphere in the vacuum chamber, is always detected, both in the surface layers and in the bulk of the films, confirming the formation of TiNxOy. When the nitrogen partial pressure was increased, a maximum for the nitrogen content in the films was reached, corresponding to a TiN0.8O0.4 film composition. The nitrogen content of the films did not increase further for higher N2 partial pressures. X‐ray diffraction showed that each deposited layer had a rock salt structure, isomorphic to that for TiN, in which some nitrogen atoms would seem to be substituted by oxygen atoms in the anionic sub‐lattice. Moreover, this crystalline TiNxOy phase is super‐stoichiometric with this deposition method. To the best of our knowledge such results have already been observed on TiN films but it is the first time that they have been presented for TiNxOy thin layers. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adventitious carbon growth on aluminium and gold–aluminium alloy surfaces
Authors: Piao H. , McIntyre N. S. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe accumulation of adventitious carbon on Al and Au–Al alloy surfaces has been studied using XPS across a wide range of water vapour and air exposures. Carbon growth undergoes several discrete changes with the increase of exposure dose. X‐ray irradiation effects on carbon growth were also investigated. Under x‐ray irradiation Au–Al surfaces show a faster carbon growth than pure Al and Au metal surfaces. A fivefold increase of carbon contamination rate on an Au‐rich Au–Al alloy (Au/Al = 5.0) surface has been observed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the nature of the chromate conversion coating formed on intermetallic constituents of AA2024‐T3
Authors: Jaime Vasquez M. , Halada G. P. , Clayton C. R. , Longtin J. P. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe objective of the research reported in this paper was to refine an existing model for chromate conversion coatings (CCC) formed on the surface of AA2024‐T3, an Al–Cu aircraft alloy, by considering the composition and structure of the CCC formed on constituent intermetallic compounds (IMCs). To achieve this aim it was necessary to develop large‐area samples composed of compositionally homogeneous thin films of the various IMCs found on the AA2024‐T3 surface, which were galvanically attached to thin films of Al–4.2wt.%Cu (representative of the AA2024‐T3 matrix). This was performed in a two‐step process: disks of IMC compositions were formed by reactive arc melting (RAM), followed by femtosecond laser ablation of the RAM IMCs, resulting in the formation of homogeneous thin films. These thin films were used to analyze the formation of CCC on IMCs, the AA2024‐T3 matrix analog and matrix–IMC galvanic couples. Secondary ion mass spectrometry depth profiling revealed significant variations in CCC film thickness and composition related to the underlying IMCs. The SIMS results indicated that the CCC formed on the matrix analog had the same average thickness as the average CCC formed on AA2024‐T3, whereas those formed on individual θ and S phases were only 9% and 12% as thick, respectively, when uncoupled to the matrix and 11% and 14% as thick when coupled to the matrix. The CCC thickness on the Al20Cu2(MnFe)3 was found to be variable, having an islanded structure. Topographical maps indicate that the IMC/matrix boundaries are covered with CCC of a thickness approaching that of the matrix. Inhibition of CCC growth is related to the high copper content (and therefore insufficient aluminum) present in the IMCs compared to the matrix, which provides a more accurate model of CCC formation on AA2024‐T3. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Bayesian fixed effects analysis of the Mantel–Haenszel model applied to meta‐analysis
Authors: Leonard Thomas , Duffy John C. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWhen performing a meta analysis, it is often necessary to combine results from several 2 × 2 contingency tables. The Mantel–Haenszel model assumes a common measure of association between the treatment and outcome variables across the tables. A Bayesian method is described for drawing inferences regarding the measure of association, for checking the plausibility of the Mantel–Haenszel model, and for drawing inferences regarding the success rates for the individual studies. While the methodology is readily extendable to random effects models, a fixed effects approach avoids the complex statistical modelling of a mixture distribution which is required for the good application of random effects models. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessing rater agreement using marginal association models
Authors: Perkins Susan M. , Becker Mark P. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractNew models that are useful in the assessment of rater agreement, particularly when the rating scale is ordered or partially ordered, are presented. The models are parameterized to address two important aspects of rater agreement: (i) agreement in terms of the overall frequency in which raters assign categories; and (ii) the extent to which raters agree on the category assigned to individual subjects or items. We present methodology for the simultaneous modelling of univariate marginal responses and bivariate marginal associations in the K‐way contingency table representing the joint distribution of K rater responses. The univariate marginal responses provide information for evaluating agreement in terms of the overall frequency of responses, and the bivariate marginal associations provide information on category‐wise agreement among pairs of raters. In addition, estimated scores within a generalized log non‐linear model for bivariate associations facilitate the assessment of category distinguishability. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluating serial observations of precancerous lesions for further study as a trigger for early intervention
Authors: Baker Stuart G. , Tockman Melvyn S. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractMany long‐term studies of the early detection of cancer involve serial observations of precancerous lesions and information as to whether or not the subject was diagnosed with cancer during the study period. Often the purpose of these studies is to decide whether or not the precancerous lesion should be studied in a future trial as a trigger for early intervention. A general approach to the analysis of cancer biomarkers is to estimate false and true positive rates to determine if they fall in the target region of those false and true positives that indicate promise for further study. The challenge with analysing serial data on precancerous lesions is estimating false and true positive rates when the number of observations varies among subjects. To solve this problem, we propose a Markov chain model in reverse time. The methodology is illustrated using serial observations of precancerous lesions found on sputum cytology. Published in 2002 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Potential of feature selection methods in heart rate variability analysis for the classification of different cardiovascular diseases
Authors: Schumann Agnes , Wessel Niels , Schirdewan Alexander , Osterziel Karl Josef , Voss Andreas 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn this study heart rate variability (HRV) analysis was applied to characterize patients suffering from coronary heart disease (CHD), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and patients who had survived an acute myocardial infarction (MI). On the basis of several HRV parameters, an optimal discrimination between the different kinds of cardiovascular diseases and between the diseases and healthy controls (HC) was derived by feature selection and linear classification. For each task a small favourable subset of a set of 33 potentially interesting HRV measures was selected with the intention of improving the diagnostic value and facilitating the physiological interpretation of HRV analysis. Time‐ and frequency‐domain parameters as well as parameters from non‐linear dynamics were included in the analysis. With the expectation that different diseases are characterized by different phenomena, feature selection was applied for each task separately. Using the features optimal for one task to another task can reveal a loss in performance, but it turned out that one specific parameter set (set1: normalized low frequency LF/P and a non‐linear variability measure WPSUM13) was applicable for all tasks, where diseased and healthy subjects have to be distinguished, without significant reduction in performance. This set seems to be a general marker for pathologic changes in HRV and might be used for early detection of heart diseases. The classification between different heart diseases requires another parameter set (set2: meanNN and sdaNN, reflecting the steady state behaviour of the heart rate and long and short term SEAR describing the spectral composition). However, the use of set1 for the separation of different kinds of diseases, where set2 is appropriate, led to significant reduction in performance and vice versa. This observation may be important for future developments of HRV measures especially suitable for the assessment of disease severity. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Concordance of disease form in kindreds ascertained through affected individuals
Authors: Winawer Melodie , Ottman Ruth , Rabinowitz Daniel 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWhen designing or conducting genetic epidemiological studies of a disease with several distinct forms, it is useful to know whether susceptibilities to the different forms are conferred by different genes or whether there are genes that confer susceptibility to multiple forms. A natural approach to exploring these issues is to examine how the disease forms cluster in kindreds. When inclusion in the study is based on the affection status of multiple relatives, however, distorted patterns of familial clustering of disease form can be evident. The purpose here is to present statistical methods for adjusting for this distortion. In particular, approaches to testing two null hypotheses are presented: a null hypothesis that corresponds to all genes acting in the same way on the relative risk of the different disease forms, and a null hypothesis that corresponds to each gene conferring susceptibility to distinct disease forms. The approaches are illustrated through an application to the generalized and localization‐related forms of epilepsy. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
D'Agents: Applications and performance of a mobile‐agent system
Authors: Gray Robert S. , Cybenko George , Kotz David , Peterson Ronald A. , Rus Daniela 
Published: October 2002

AbstractD'Agents is a general‐purpose mobile‐agent system that has been used in several information‐retrieval applications. In this paper, we first examine one such application, operational support for military field personnel, where D'Agents greatly simplifies the task of providing efficient, application‐specific access to remote information resources. After describing the application, we discuss the key differences between D'Agents and most other mobile‐agent systems, notably its support for strong mobility and multiple agent languages. Finally, we derive a small, simple application that is representative of many information‐retrieval tasks, including those in the example application, and use this application to compare the scalability of mobile agents and traditional client/server approaches. The results confirm and quantify the usefulness of mobile code, and perhaps more importantly, confirm that intuition about when to use mobile code is usually correct. Although significant additional experiments are required to fully characterize the complex mobile‐agent performance space, the results presented here help to answer the basic question of when mobile agents should be considered at all, particularly for information‐retrieval applications. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Component support in PLT scheme
Authors: Steckler Paul A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractPLT Scheme (DrScheme and MzScheme) supports the Component Object Model (COM) standard with two pieces of software. The first piece is MzCOM, a COM class that makes a Scheme evaluator available to COM clients. With MzCOM, programmers can embed Scheme code in programs written in mainstream languages such as C++ or Visual BASIC. Some applications can also be used as MzCOM clients. The other piece of component‐support software is MysterX, which makes COM classes available to PLT Scheme programs. When needed, MysterX uses a programmable Web browser to display COM objects. We describe the technical issues encountered in building these two systems and sketch some applications. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cocaine increases serotonergic activity in the hippocampus and nucleus accumbens in vivo: 5‐HT1a‐receptor antagonism blocks behavioral but potentiates serotonergic activation
Authors: Müller Christian P. , Carey Robert J. , De Souza Silva Maria A. , Jocham Gerhard , Huston Joseph P. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe hippocampus is an important mediator of learning and reinforcement, but its role in cocaine effects has received little attention. Neuronal activity in the hippocampus and the nucleus accumbens (Nac) depend on serotonergic (5‐HT) transmission. Here we describe for the first time a cocaine‐induced increase in 5‐HT concentration in the hippocampus and the Nac parallel to behavioral activation. In addition, pretreatment with the 5‐HT1A‐receptor antagonist WAY 100635 blocked the behavioral activation after cocaine while potentiating the 5‐HT increase in the hippocampus and the Nac. In vivo microdialysis was used in behaving rats to measure extracellular concentration of 5‐HT in the hippocampus and the Nac. Four groups of animals received one of the following drug combinations: WAY 100635 (0.4 mg/kg) and cocaine (10 mg/kg), saline and cocaine (10 mg/kg), WAY 100635 (0.4 mg/kg) and saline, or saline and saline. The injections were administered i.p. and spaced 30 min apart. It was found that 1.) cocaine, at a dose that activates behavior, increases 5‐HT levels in the hippocampus and in the Nac, and 2.) 5‐HT1A‐receptor antagonism can cause a dissociation of the hippocampal and Nac 5‐HT activity from behavioral activation after cocaine. These results are discussed within the framework of the hippocampal‐accumbens projection and its contribution to behavioral activity. They suggest that the hippocampus may have a role in mediating the behavioral and neurochemical effects of cocaine. Synapse 45:67–77, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparative effects of methamphetamine and nicotine on the striatal [11C]raclopride binding in unanesthetized monkeys
Authors: Tsukada Hideo , Miyasato Katsumasa , Kakiuchi Takeharu , Nishiyama Shingo , Harada Norihiro , Domino Edward F. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAlthough a very large literature exists on the in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo effects of nicotine on dopamine release in rodents, similar data in primates are scant. This study was initiated to compare methamphetamine to nicotine given i.v. to normal unanesthetized monkeys using positron emission tomography (PET) techniques. Release of dopamine in the striatum using [11C]raclopride was determined indirectly in four nicotine‐naïve adult Macaca mulatta monkeys under conscious and isoflurane‐anesthetized conditions using high‐resolution PET. [11C]Raclopride was given i.v. as a bolus injection followed by continuous infusion with steady state over 30–45 min. Nicotine bitartrate was then given as a bolus plus infusion for 30 min in doses of 32 μg/kg + 0.8 μg/kg/min or 100 μg/kg + 2.53 μg/kg/min as base. The larger doses of nicotine caused significant cardiovascular effects; these doses did not displace [11C]raclopride binding in either dorsal or ventral striatum under the anesthetized conscious condition. In contrast, isoflurane‐anesthesia induced a slight but significant dose‐dependent reduction of [11C]raclopride binding by nicotine even at the same doses used in the anesthetized condition. Methamphetamine in bolus doses of 0.1, 0.3, and 1.0 mg/kg i.v. under conscious condition caused a significant displacement of [11C]raclopride and isoflurane‐anesthesia facilitated the displacement induced by nicotine. These results indicate that nicotine, in high tobacco‐smoking‐related doses, does not release sufficient brain dopamine to displace [11C]raclopride in the striatum in the awake and fully conscious state, in contrast to small doses of methamphetamine. Synapse 45:207–212, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Monitoring urban air particulate matter (fractions PM 2.5 and PM 10) genotoxicity by plant systems and human cells in vitro: A comparative analysis
Authors: Poma Anna , Arrizza Lorenzo , Picozzi Pietro , Spanò Laura 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIncreased incidence of mortality and sickness due to cardiopulmonary complications has been associated with elevated levels of urban air particles (UAP), with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 μm (PM 10) and 2.5 μm (PM 2.5). In the present report alternative plant systems and human cells in vitro are associated with human hazard and genotoxic risk assessment of UAP. The genotoxic activities associated with the coarse (PM 10) and the fine fraction (PM 2.5) of airborne particulates have been analyzed by evaluating micronuclei induction and/or sister‐chromatid exchange (SCE) using in vitro models of Daucus carota and HS 27 human fibroblast cell suspensions and Zea mays root meristems. Results show variability in the response of the test systems and indicate that the mutagenicity trend in both plant and human cell cultures was directly correlated to the concentration of carbon‐rich particles in the fraction of the PM 2.5 airborne particulates. Moreover, in plant tissues, the frequency of micronuclei and SCE was related to an enhancement of the specific activity of the stress‐related enzyme peroxidase. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.