bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
State of vigilance, oestrogen replacement therapy, and lipid profile as modifiers of nocturnal movement‐induced heart rate responses
Authors: Virtanen Irina , Ekholm Eeva , Aittokallio Tero , Tähtinen Jarno , Salmi Jussi , Järvi Jaakko , Polo‐Kantola Päivi , Polo Olli 
Published: September 2003

SummaryStudy objectives: To investigate the body movement‐associated heart rate responses during sleep in postmenopausal women and to evaluate the possible effect of transdermal oestrogen replacement therapy and metabolic factors on these responses.Design: A prospective double‐blind cross‐over placebo‐controlled trial.Setting: A university sleep research unit.Patients: Seventy‐one healthy postmenopausal women.Methods: The subjects underwent a whole‐night polysomnography including an electrocardiogram (ECG) and a sensitive whole‐body movement sensor channel. Body movements of 2–15 s duration with an artefact‐free ECG were identified and heart rate was automatically analysed for 30 s before and 60 s after movement. The movement‐induced reflex tachycardia and the following rebound bradycardia were measured for the awake state, non‐rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and REM sleep. Indices of the heart rate response correlated with age, body mass index (BMI) and high‐density lipoprotein (HDL)/low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol ratio.Results: The tachycardia response to a body movement was stronger during sleep than in the awake state, being strongest in REM sleep. The rebound bradycardia following a tachycardia response was relatively similar in REM and in the awake states, but attenuated in non‐REM sleep. Oestrogen did not influence the heart rate response. Increasing age and BMI attenuated the response, while an increase in the HDL/LDL cholesterol ratio enhanced the rebound bradycardia response.Conclusions: Sleep powerfully modulates the rapid cardiac autonomic responses to internal stressors. Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy does not influence these responses, but they are strongly modulated by lipid metabolism and closely correlated with age and BMI.
Age‐related macular degeneration and nutritional supplementation: a review of randomised controlled trials
Authors: Bartlett Hannah , Eperjesi Frank 
Published: September 2003

AbstractAge‐related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of severe vision loss in the developed world. The lack of effective treatment modalities, coupled with evidence supporting an oxidative pathogenesis, has increased interest in the potential preventative role of nutritional supplementation.This article reviews seven randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that have investigated the role of nutritional supplementation in AMD. Three of these trials reported a positive effect of nutritional supplementation on AMD; the Age‐related eye study (AREDS), the Lutein Antioxidant Supplementation Trial (LAST), and the oral zinc trial by Newsome et al. (1988). However, the oral zinc trial by Newsome et al. (1988) was unlikely to detect any difference between treatments smaller than 72%, and the AREDS results were based on a subgroup of their study population. Lutein was considered for the AREDS formulation, but was not commercially available at that time. The findings of the LAST support a possible therapeutic role of lutein in AMD.
Anterior chamber angle measurement with Anterior Eye Segment analysis system Nidek EAS‐1000®: improving the repeatability
Authors: Lee Tsui‐tsui , Lam Andrew K. C. , Chan Ben L. K. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractPrevious studies have reported good intraobserver and interobserver repeatability of anterior chamber angle (ACA) assessment using the Anterior Eye Segment analysis system, EAS‐1000®. This study investigated the influence of fixation pattern, corneal plotting method and camera position on ACA measurements.A Nidek EAS‐1000® system was employed for image acquisition and analysis, to obtain measurements of ACA. Twenty‐five young healthy subjects participated.The ACAs were different in different quadrants and using different corneal plotting methods (Repeated measures 3‐way anova, p < 0.05). However, the difference was <5° and therefore not clinically significant. Alignment along the visual axis or optical axis did not yield any significant difference. Repeatability was improved by asking the subjects to fixate at the flashing light‐emitting diode (LED). Temporal and nasal angles also demonstrated better repeatability than vertical angles. In measuring the vertical angles, the camera can be set at either the temporal or nasal side (Paired t‐test, p > 0.05).The Anterior Eye Segment analysis system has good clinical repeatability in measuring ACA. It can be further improved with the use of the flashing LED during image acquisition.
The autonomic control of accommodation and implications for human myopia development: a review
Authors: Chen Jennifer C. , Schmid Katrina L. , Brown Brian 
Published: September 2003

AbstractProlonged nearwork has long been associated with myopia development, however, there is no well described linking mechanism. One theory suggests that if accommodation accuracy during nearwork is not maintained, the defocused retinal image leads to myopia development. Here we review the findings of research aimed at determining whether the autonomic inputs to the ciliary smooth muscle are involved in this type of environmental myopia. We examine whether an autonomic imbalance could be a precursor to axial elongation and the resulting myopia. Accommodation responses, such as tonic accommodation and nearwork‐induced accommodative adaptation, as a function of refractive error, are described in relation to an autonomic imbalance model. The collective results of this research point to anomalous accommodation responses, possibly as a result of underlying anomalous autonomic input to the ciliary muscle, being involved in myopia development and progression.
Criteria for prescribing optometric interventions: literature review and practitioner survey
Authors: O'Leary Claire I. , Evans Bruce J. W. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe core function of optometrists is the prescribing of refractive corrections, yet a literature review revealed a lack of evidence‐based research on criteria for determining when a refractive correction is required. The reported criteria used by practising optometrists were investigated using a questionnaire to survey prescribing habits for borderline hypermetropia, presbyopia, astigmatism, and horizontal and vertical heterophoria. Thirty‐eight questionnaires were returned and the results analysed. We calculated the ‘cut off’ point above which the anomaly would be corrected over 50% of the time that it was encountered. There was a large variation for each category, but it was clear that the presence or absence of symptoms was an important factor for most optometrists when deciding whether to correct a small error. It was found that for symptomatic patients, most optometrists would correct an anomaly if it reached: +1.00 D of hypermetropia, a reading addition of +0.75 D for presbyopia, −0.75 DC of astigmatism, 1.5 prism dioptres (Δ) of horizontal aligning prism, and 1 Δ of vertical dissociated heterophoria. For asymptomatic patients, optometrists would not correct any of the hypermetropic anomalies or heterophorias that were specified in our questionnaire. However most would correct a presbyopic error of +1.50 D or above, or an astigmatic error of −1.50 DC or above, even in the absence of symptoms. These results were compared with previously published guidelines.
A Mueller matrix model of Haidinger's brushes
Authors: Misson Gary P. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractStokes vectors and Mueller matrices are used to model the polarisation properties (birefringence, dichroism and depolarisation) of any optical system, in particular the human eye. An explanation of the form and behaviour of the entoptic phenomenon of Haidinger's brushes is derived that complements and expands upon a previous study. The relationship between the appearance of Haidinger's brushes and intrinsic ocular retardation is quantified and the model allows prediction of the effect of any retarder of any orientation placed between a source of polarised light and the eye. The simple relationship of minimum contrast of Haidinger's brushes to the cosine of total retardation is derived.
Computerised calculation scheme for ocular magnification with the Zeiss telecentric fundus camera
Authors: Langenbucher Achim , Seitz Berthold , Viestenz Arne 
Published: September 2003

Abstract Littmann (1982) described a method to determine the magnification of the eye in order to relate the size of a retinal feature to its measured image size on a telecentric fundus camera film. This required information only about ametropia and corneal curvature. Several other methods have been reported since then which consider other biometric data to enhance the accuracy of this classical method. The purpose of this study is to describe a numerical calculation scheme to determine the magnification q of the eye in two cardinal meridians using paraxial raytracing. Our calculation scheme is based on ametropia, keratometry, as well as biometric data such as axial length, anterior chamber depth and thickness of the crystalline lens. It is described step‐by‐step in order (1) to determine the refractive powers of both surfaces of the crystalline lens, which are not directly measurable in vivo, (2) to derive the retinal image conjugate to a circular object using paraxial raytracing, (3) to fit an ellipse to the retinal image, (4) to determine the secondary principal points (Gaussian length) separately for both cardinal meridians and (5) to calculate the ocular magnification q. The power of the crystalline lens is estimated to compensate for the spherocylindrical refraction at the spectacle plane and the corneal refraction with an astigmatic component thus creating a sharp image focused at the retinal plane. The capabilities of this computing scheme are demonstrated with five clinical examples and are related to the respective values of the classical Littmann formula as well as to enhanced methods described by Bennett (1988), Bennett et al. (1994) and Garway‐Heath et al. (1998).
The relationship between the Stiles–Crawford effect of the first kind (SCE‐I) and myopia
Authors: Choi Stacey S. , Garner Leon F. , Enoch Jay M. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe Stiles–Crawford effect of the first kind (SCE‐I) was measured on both emmetropic and myopic subjects at six different retinal locations. The results revealed a number of significant discrepancies in receptor alignment between the groups of different refractive errors. In myopic subjects, the receptors in the nasal retina (i.e. between the fovea and the optic nerve head) were found to be aligned nasally towards the optic nerve head, whereas the receptors in the temporal retina were aligned towards the centre of the exit pupil. In emmetropic subjects, the receptors across the retina were finely tuned towards the centre of the exit pupil. The magnitude of the receptor displacement in myopic subjects was found to be directly associated with the length of the eyeball.
Stiles‐Crawford effect of the first kind (SCE‐I) in post‐photorefractive keratectomy and anisometropic subjects
Authors: Choi Stacey S. , Garner Leon F. , Enoch Jay M. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe Stiles‐Crawford effect of the first kind (SCE‐I) was measured on both post‐photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) and anisometropic subjects at six different locations of retina. The eye that underwent the PRK procedure showed results that were typical of myopic eyes, although the vision in that eye has been maintained at 6/5 (or 20/15) since the operation. The anisometropic subject had one eye that was emmetropic and the other eye was myopic with a refractive error of −3.00 DS. The emmetropic eye showed the normal well‐centered SCE‐I functions across the retina, whereas the myopic eye of the same subject showed the nasal tilting of receptors in the nasal retina, which has been the typical finding among myopic subjects.
Predicting the continued use of overlays in school children – a comparison of the Developmental Eye Movement test and the Rate of Reading test
Authors: Northway Nadia 
Published: September 2003

AbstractColoured overlays have been advocated to enhance reading speed and ability in children with reading difficulty or dyslexia. Assessing the efficacy of overlays has to date been largely subjective. Objective assessment is presently carried out with the Rate of Reading test (RRT), where an increase in reading speed of more than 5% is considered to indicate a positive prognosis for continued use of the overlay. The Developmental Eye Movement (DEM) test is used to assess horizontal scanning behaviour in a number naming task. In this study both tests were utilised to determine whether coloured overlays could enhance reading performance or scanning. This article shows that for some children rate of reading is not improved with coloured overlays although performance on the DEM test does improve. Improvements to the DEM scores occurred in 88% of children who continued to use overlays for more than 3 months. This compared with 60% sensitivity in the RRT. The possible reasons for this phenomenon and the clinical implications are discussed.
Effect of normal aging on functional connectivity of the brain: an EEG study
Authors: SHINOSAKI Kazuhiro , ISHII Ryouhei , UKAI Satoshi , MIZUNO‐MATSUMOTO Yuko , INOUYE Tsuyoshi , TUTIYAMA Masato , KAKU Tetsuji , TAKEDA Masatoshi 
Published: September 2003

AbstractBackground:  Cognitive decline associated with normal aging, mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are, in theory, reflected in the disturbance of selective neural networks.Methods:  The effect of aging on the functional connectivity of multiple areas of the brain was investigated by using relative power contribution (RPC) analysis of alpha activity. Electroencephalograms were recorded from eight channels in 38 healthy elderly subjects aged 50–89 years and in 22 control subjects aged 20–29 years.Results:  Entropy of the RPC of alpha activity, indicating the amount of dependence in each area, showed a significant decrease in the left temporo‐occipital area in 50–80‐year‐old subjects and in the right inferior frontal area in 70–80‐year‐old subjects.Conclusions:  A metabolic decrease in these areas is also reported in patients with AD or MCI. The results from this study suggest that the normal aging process and pathological processes may exhibit a partially common pattern of neural degeneration. However, further studies are required using a larger sample size and strict discrimination between normal aging and MCI.
Desynchronization in the right auditory cortex during musical hallucinations: A MEG study
Authors: SHINOSAKI Kazuhiro , YAMAMOTO Masakiyo , UKAI Satoshi , KAWAGUCHI Shunsuke , OGAWA Asao , ISHII Ryouhei , MIZUNO‐MATSUMOTO Yuko , INOUYE Tsuyoshi , HIRABUKI Norio , YOSHIMINE Toshiki , KAKU Tetsuji , ROBINSON Stephen E. , TAKEDA Masatoshi 
Published: September 2003

AbstractDesynchronization in the right auditory cortices, including the transverse gyrus of Heschl, planum temporale and supramarginal cortex, occurred during musical hallucinations in a 78‐year‐old woman with hearing impairment and depression. This phenomenon was assessed using a novel, spatially filtered magnetoencephalography (MEG) analysis, termed synthetic aperture magnetometry (SAM). In general, the affected areas are consistent with neuroimaging studies of normal musical perception and imagery, suggesting that musical hallucinations involve abnormal spontaneous activity in the neural substrate dedicated to musical perception and imagery in which false imagery occurs.
Cognitive Assessment and Reference Diagnosis System: development of a neuropsychological and clinical examination for clinic and population use
Authors: SUH Guk‐Hee , LEE Mi Ho 
Published: September 2003

AbstractBackground:  Recent therapeutic advances to delay the progression of dementia have renewed calls to improve the early detection and management of individuals with dementia. A new computerized neuropsychological interview and clinical examination, the Cognitive Assessment and Reference Diagnosis System (CARDS) was developed to incorporate in a single instrument all the information required to make an accurate clinical diagnosis of dementia (its subtype, depression and delirium), to present reference diagnoses following the completion of tests and to detect early dementia. This study aims to verify the validity and reliability of CARDS.Methods:  The CARDS was administered to 70 dementia patients (51 Alzheimer's disease, 19 vascular dementia) and 34 healthy (control) subjects. Three aspects of reliability (internal consistency reliability, inter‐rater and test–retest reliability) were tested. Correlations with the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale, Korean version (ADAS‐K), the Cambridge Cognitive Examination, Korean version (CAMCOG‐K) and the Mini‐Mental State Examination, Korean version (MMSE‐K) were used to estimate the concurrent validity of CARDS. To evaluate the sensitivity of CARDS, mean scores from CARDS, ADAS‐K, CAMCOG‐K and MMSE‐K were compared between dementia patients and control subjects.Results:  The CARDS demonstrated high levels of reliability. Mean CARDS scores for dementia patients were significantly different from the control group (P < 0.001). Furthermore, CARDS was significantly correlated with other tests and scales (P < 0.01).Conclusion:  We demonstrated that CARDS is a reliable and valid instrument not only for dementia diagnosis, but also for the evaluation of impaired cognitive domains. A regression equation, derived from nationwide population surveys for norm data from CARDS, will be applied for individualized cutoff scores of five domains of dementia to eliminate the influence of age, sex and educational attainment on test scores.
Stellenwert von Biologics in der Psoriasis‐Therapie: Ein Konsensus‐Papier der Arbeitsgruppe Psoriasis, Arbeitsgemeinschaft dermatologische Forschung
Authors: Boehncke Wolf‐Henning , Friedrich Markus , Mrowietz Ulrich , Reich Kristian , Rosenbach Thomas , Sticherling Michael , Thaçi Diamant 
Published: September 2003

ZusammenfassungAufgrund der Schwere ihres Krankheitsbildes benötigen etwa 20 % aller Psoriasis‐Patienten eine Photo‐ und/oder eine systemische Therapie. Probleme der entsprechenden etablierten Therapieformen bezüglich unerwünschter Wirkungen, Kontraindikationen, Therapieresistenz und fehlende Langzeitwirkung i. S. einer „remittive therapy” unterstreichen die Notwendigkeit der Entwicklung verbesserter Therapeutika zur Behandlung der Psoriasis. In den letzten Jahren wurden die technischen Voraussetzungen geschaffen, um therapeutische Moleküle aus lebenden Zellen zu gewinnen, die gezielt krankheitsrelevante Mediatoren oder Zell‐Zell‐Interaktionen inhibieren können. Mehrere dieser sog. Biologics haben das Potential, die Therapiemöglichkeiten bei mittelschwerer bis schwerer Psoriasis entscheidend zu verbessern. Hier stellt die Arbeitsgruppe Psoriasis der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Dermatologische Forschung (ADF) den aktuellen Stand der Psoriasistherapie dar. Vor diesem Hintergrund werden die Eigenschaften diesbezüglich aktuell relevanter Biologics diskutiert. Der Fokus liegt auf deren potentiellem medizinischen Nutzen sowie für die praktische Anwendung wichtigen Sicherheitsaspekten. Daneben wird auf juristische und gesundheitsökonomische Aspekte eingegangen, die ebenfalls Einfluß auf den Einsatz der Biologics haben.
Pathomechanismen der Auslösephase der allergischen Kontaktdermatitis
Authors: Riemann Helge , Schwarz Thomas , Grabbe Stephan 
Published: September 2003

ZusammenfassungDie allergische Kontaktdermatitis (ACD) ist eine spezifische durch T‐Zellen vermittelte entzündliche Reaktion auf wiederholte Exposition mit Allergenen. Für die Manifestation der ACD sind zwei immunologisch unterschiedliche und aufeinanderfolgende Schritte notwendig: In der Sensibilisierungsphase werden naive T‐Zellen aktiviert und differenzieren in Antigen‐/Allergen‐spezifische Gedächtnis‐ bzw. Effektor‐Zellen. In der Auslösephase führt der erneute Kontakt mit dem selben Allergen zur örtlichen Aktivierung dieser spezifischen T‐Zellen, die zytotoxisch wirken, Zytokine freisetzen und somit weitere Entzündungszellen rekrutieren. Diese Vorgänge führen schließlich zu einer klinisch erkennbaren Entzündungsreaktion, die durch Ödem, Erythem, Schuppung und Vesikulation gekennzeichnet ist. Für den Kliniker ist vor allem die Auslösephase von großer Bedeutung, weil die Sensibilisierungsphase im allgemeinen asymptomatisch verläuft, die Auslösephase aber zur klinischen Manifestation der ACD führt. Genaue Kenntnisse über die Mechanismen der Auslösephase sind daher Voraussetzung für die Entwicklung neuer therapeutischer Strategien.
Efficacy of superficial and deep regional hyperthermia combined with systemic chemotherapy and radiotherapy in metastatic melanoma
Authors: Richtig E. , Hoff M. , Rehak P. , Kapp K. , Hofmann‐Wellenhof R. , Zalaudek I. , Poschauko J. , Uggowitzer M. , Kohek P. , Smolle J. 
Published: September 2003

Summary Background and Objective: Response rates of cutaneous‐subcutaneous or lymph node metastases of melanoma to systemic chemotherapy are rather low. We report our clinical experience with superficial and deep regional hyperthermia in combination with radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy with carboplatin. Patients/Methods: We treated 15 patients with metastatic melanoma (6 men, 9 women; age 39 – 84 years, mean age 60 years) by using superficial or deep regional hyperthermia produced by electromagnetic energy. Superficial hyperthermia was delivered to skin or lymph node metastases in combination with radiochemotherapy in 12 patients, while deep regional hyperthermia was administered with an annular array applicator to lymph node metastases either in combination with radiochemotherapy (1 patient) or with carboplatin alone (2 patients). The clinical response was assessed by clinical evaluation and/or computer tomography and/or ultrasonography at monthly intervals. Results. Both superficial and deep regional hyperthermia was well tolerated. We observed 5 complete local remissions (34 %), 6 partial local remissions (40 %) and 2 patients with stable disease (13 %). The best results were obtained in cutaneous or retroperitoneal metastases. Conclusions. Local response can be achieved in inoperable metastatic melanoma using superficial or deep regional hyperthermia in combination with radiochemotherapy or chemotherapy.