bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Economic, Social, and Political Context
Authors: Angel Shlomo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Part III of this book focuses on two questions of critical importance to the conduct of policies that rely on enabling housing markets to work: (a) how do we monitor housing market performance? and (b) how do we account for variations in housing market conditions and outcomes among cities and countries? This chapter initiates this discussion by examining the economic, social, and political context of the housing sector, with a view to identifying the elements of this context that are expected to havea direct bearing on housing market performance. Recall the conceptual model of the housing sector discussed in chapter 6: these contextual factors may influence housing market performance either indirectly (through their effects on the housing policy environment or on housing market conditions), or directly (as household income, for example, as an element of the context, affects the quantity or quality of housing on the market). Since our key emphasis here is on monitoring and modeling the sector, we shall pay special attention to those elements of the context that are measurable-and indeed have been measured-ignoring or mentioning only in passing factors that at present cannot be properly measured. Such concerns as, for example, the environmental orientation of the political party in power, the balance of power between suburbs and central cities, the distribution of authority among branches of government, the strength of nongovernmentalorganizations, the prevalence of mutual aid and cooperative traditions, the existence of corrupt bidding practices in the construction sector, religious and supernatural beliefs affecting the form of houses, and government suppression or encouragement of squatter movements have been largely excluded from the analysis in this partof the book. This should not imply, however, that these concerns are less significant than those factors that are measurable. The numbers we usedo tell a good story, even a comprehensive one, as we shall see, but not the whole story.
House Prices, Rents, and Affordability
Authors: Angel Shlomo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The housing problem can be characterized as the presence of a large number of urban families living in what society-at-large considers to be unacceptable housing conditions. The problem, posed this way, necessarily focuses on bad housing conditions. When bad housing is plentiful, however, it enables poor families to spend less on housing. When there are many poor families that can only afford bad housing, housing conditions simply reflect poverty-poor people cannot afford to house themselves at standards acceptable to” society-at-large.” Surely, when economies develop and people come out of poverty, they either invest in the improvement of their existing houses or move away from slums and into better housing. Economic growth and the distribution of the benefits of growth can therefore be expected to lead to a better housing stock, and to provide a partial solution to the housing problem. Bad housing then gradually gives way to better housing. If, however, bad housing is destroyed faster than warranted and is no longer plentiful, the quality of the housing stock improves but poor families face a shortage of affordable housing and need to spend a larger portion of their meager incomes on shelter. The housing problem then becomes an affordability problem. The lack of affordability is a no less severe problem than bad housing, but a less visible one. Bad housing is a visible sign of poverty. Families that spend more than half their incomes on housing are not.
Dwelling Units and Living Space
Authors: Angel Shlomo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The most basic perception of the adequacy of housing is that there be an adequate number of dwellings to house the entire population. This perception is rather simplistic, of course, because it does not contain any information about adequacy in terms of quality, crowding, affordability, location, or tenure choice. Whitehead [1991], for example, remarked that when the Conservative government came to power in the United Kingdom in 1979, “[I]t rejected this wider approach to evaluating housing need. In evidence to the Select Committee on Environment, the Secretary of State started by stressing the ‘largest crude surplus of houses over households that we have ever had in this country’ (House of Commons, 1981) as justification for cutting the amount of public resources allocated to housing” [879]. Crude measures are often advanced in support of crude policies. Still, precisely because such measures are often used in policy discussions, they merit a more detailed analysis.
The Value of Housing
Authors: Angel Shlomo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The estimated median monetary value of a country’s urban housing stock in1990 was of the order of 1.4 times its gross national product (GNP). The estimated total value of the urban housing stock in the world was of the order of $50 trillion, roughly 2.25 times the gross product of the world at that time,1 and this great wealth was largely in the hands of home-owning families. The irreversible evolution of universal urban home ownership has resulted in the transfer of both wealth and power from the ruling classes to the masses. Contrary to the now-discredited Marxist view that the ownership of the means of production should be vested in the state, houses-the means of production of housing services—are now universally vested in the hands of the people in a form a of highly decentralized capitalism that could not be imagined before. And there is no doubt that this has limited, rather than strengthened, the hand of the state vis-a-vis the individual in the conduct of urban policy (for better or for worse).
Clinical Evaluation
Authors: Pincus Jonathan H , Tucker Gary J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The history and examination of patients suspected of having brain disease are not standard. They vary from patient to patient depending on the presenting complaint. If every function that could be assessed were examined in every patient, each evaluation would require at least a full day. Testing all sensory modalities, including olfaction, hearing, vision, taste, and somatosensory functions as well as the interpretation of and memory of sensory stimuli, speech, numerical calculation, cerebellar function, and each cranial nerve might be excessive in a young woman with many years of typical migraine headaches, for example.
The history, appearance, and behavior of the patient indicate which functions are appropriate to test. Patients with disorders of behavior and thought must have a thorough examination of the functions that are mediated in the cerebral hemispheres.
How Is Osteoarthritis Diagnosed?
Authors: Lane Nancy E , Wallace Daniel J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
“My doctor says I have osteoarthritis:’ a patient tells her friend. “How do you know?” is the reply. Since there are no diagnostic blood or urine tests for the disorder, the label osteoarthritis all too often seems to be one of exclusion, once other possibilities have been considered. In fact, osteoarthritis is so prevalent that it often coexists with many other musculoskeletal disorders. So how can we tell you have osteoarthritis? BLOOD TESTS There are a wide variety of arthritis blood tests physicians can order. These determinations can suggest if something is wrong with the musculoskeletal system. Let’s start with the blood evaluations that primary care physicians routinely order at a check-up. A low red blood count, or anemia, might indicate a chronic inflammatory process such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus. Low white blood cell or platelet counts are also seen in patients with autoimmune disorders.
Colocalization of Multiple Neurochemicals in Mammalian lntrathoracic Neurons
Authors: Horackova Magda 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The electrical and contractile properties of the heart are regulated to a great degree by mechanisms intrinsic to cardiomyocytes themselves. In addition to these intrinsic properties, cardiac myocyte contractile behavior is modulated by neurons within and outside the heart5 that are constantly transducing sensory inputs from various cardiac regions.5A2 While many physiological studies have been carried out to determine the role of extrinsic cardiac neurons in the control of the heart, much less is known about the capacity of intrinsic cardiac neurons to regulate regional cardiac function. Recent evidence indicates that intrinsic cardiac neurons receive inputs not only from neurons extrinsic to the heart but also directly or indirectly from local afferent neurons (Chapter 3), so that they may act as integrative centers mediating local reflexes (Chapter 4).
Epilogue: Relevance of the Cardiac Neuronal Hierarchy in Heart Disease
Authors: Ardell Jeffrey L , Dell’italia Lours J , Armour J Andrew 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The overriding hypothesis of this book is that autonomic neuronal markers for the progression of cardiac disease and the risk of sudden cardiac death are complex, manifest early in the disease process, and are under­ appreciated given our current indirect methods of neurocardiac assessment. Furthermore, the genesis of autonomic dysfunction may depend on inherent rather than acquired factors that are subtle and presumably involve multiple facets of the cardiac neuronal hierarchy. Evidence based on data derived from single cells studied in vitro (Chapter 1), neuronmyocyte interactive cocultures (Chapter 2), whole animals (Chapters 3-12), and patients (Chapters 10-14) centers around the concept of the synergistic, multilevel neural interactions involved in cardiac control. Specifically, these studies have resulted in the evolving hypothesis that the cardiac chemical/mechanical milieu is transduced and reflexly modulated not only by the central nervous system but also by intrathoracic components of the cardiac neuronal hierarchy, including those of the paravertebral chain and those intrinsic to the heart. Previously, cardiac function was considered to be controlled solely by the central nervous system and involve cardiac parasympathetic and sympathetic efferent postganglionic neurons acting in a reciprocal manner.
Aphra Behn’s The Widow Ranter
Authors: Hutner Heidi 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
I began this study with Shakespeare’s The Tempest, quite possibly the most pivotal literary text in critical studies of colonial discourse in the early modern period. This chapter comes full circle, then, in that I conclude by examining Aphra Behn’s dramatization of colonization. I would argue that just as The Tempest functions as a central text in Renaissance colonial discourse, so too Behn’s Oroonoko and Widow Ranter operate as crucial points of analysis for race and gender studies of the Restoration and early eighteenth century. Ever growing numbers of critics examine the novel, and many inexpensive versions of the work are available to the public.’ Oroonoko has entered the canon with a vengeance. Indeed, as Srivinas Aravamudan writes, “recent critical attention [to Oroonoko] borders on the obsessional. “2 While the novel is immensely popular, Behn’s important colonial play has been comparatively overlooked. With the exception of two fine recent essays on The Widow Ranter by Margaret Ferguson and Margo Hendricks, and brief discussions of the play by Joseph Roach, Jacqueline Pearson, and Janet Todd, the play has gone unnoticed.3 In this chapter, I will look closely at Behn’s Widow Ranter (ca.1688-1689), and I will point to crucial aspects of Oroonoko (1688) which surface in the play. Before examining The Widow Ranter, however, I will situate the play in the context of the history of Bacon’s Rebellion in Virginia, and the Exclusion Crisis and fall of the Stuart throne in 1688.
An Arch between Two Lives: Melville and the Mediterranean, 1856-57
Authors: Milder Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Perhaps nothing is more remarkable in Melville’s remarkable career than that an intellectual and imaginative life lived intensely and, as it seemed, leading to a literary and philosophical cul-de-sac should have had its creative sequel, its “afterlife,” to use John Updike’s resonant term. The gate way between Melville’s lives was the trip he took to Europe and the Levant in 1856-57, a journey funded by his father-in-law, Judge Shaw, in response to family concern over physical and psychological ailments that seemed to threaten outright collapse. The Mediterranean had fascinated Melville as early as 1849, when, having barely set foot in England on a journey nominally to arrange for the English publication of White-Jacket,he sketched a plan for traveling across Europe for the Levant. “I am full (just now) of this glorious Easternjaunt. Think of it! -Jerusalem & the Pyramids-Constantinople, the Egean, & old Athens!” (J7). A light purse and “the cursed state of the copyright” (J20) put an end to his daydream, and when he returned to England en route to the Holy Land seven years and five books later, he was an altered man. Meeting him in Liverpool, Hawthorne, now consul there, found him “much overshadowed since I saw him last,” as well he might be, having lost his novelistic audience in Pierreand written himself into a labyrinth of skepticism in The Confidence-Man.“He said that he already felt much better than in America,” Hawthorne reported, “but observed that he did not anticipate much pleasure in his rambles, for that the spirit of adventure is gone out of him.”
Introduction
Authors: Woollacott Angela 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Louise Mack, a poet and writer from Sydney, included this romantic passage in her fictionalized travelogue, An Australian Girl in London, written and published in London in 1902, to explain what being in that city meant to her. She was one of tens of thousands of Australian women who were drawn to and resided in their imperial metropolis between 1870 and 1940. Mack’s evocation of how at least she felt her colonialness, and the ways in which to her the metropolis represented the arts and urban opportunity, suggests the links between the attraction of the imperial metropolis, gender, whiteness, colonial status, and modernity that are at the heart of this book.
The Contraction of International Lending
Authors: Pettis Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It would have been useful for my argument to measure expansions and contractions in global liquidity conditions in some objective way and to correlate these directly with expansions and contractions in international lending. The difficulty in doing so is that monetary expansion is a dynamic process, and it is extremely difficult to point to a single variable or group of variables that identify the expansion in each of the different cases. Liquidity is a complex enough concept, that there is no easy way to quantify it, and liquidity expansions can come about in many forms. I have identified in my 180-year history and discussed in this book a variety of ways they can occur, such as direct expansions of gold reserves, the sudden rapid creation of banks and joint stock holding companies, large money transfers and recyclings, the creation of large, actively traded bond issues, securitization of real estate, etcetera. For this reason I have tried to list the expansionary events associated with each of the lending cycles.
Conclusion: The New Financial Architecture
Authors: Pettis Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The story by now is well known in academic lore. A famous academic, one of the world ‘s leading proponents of deregulation and free markets, is invited to come to Chile following a period of difficult economic conditions and political conflict. He and his follower propose a series of measures to open up the economy, which include reducing banking restrictions, freeing up the allocation of credit, eliminating trade tariffs, and deregulating the local economy.
Germanic Mythology
Authors: Leeming David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The term Germanic mythology refers to the gods and heroes of European peoples that include Germans, Scandinavians, and Anglo-Saxons. These are people whose languages—one of which would evolve into Old English and then, with other influences, into Middle and Modern English—derive from the same Indo-European branch. Terms commonly applied to the most northern of the Germanic peoples are Norse and, during the ninth, tenth, and eleventh centuries, Viking. Germanic mythology has a certain unity of theme and narrative but reflects the conditions of several cultures “contaminated” in various degrees by surrounding realities. Thus, the Anglo-Saxon epic Beowulf in Old English contains elements of Germanic mythology, as do the later German epic the Nibelungenlied, the Scandinavian Volsunga Saga, and especially the Eddas of Iceland. But all these works bear the marks and influences of the Christian era in which they took literary form.
European Deities and Creation Myths
Authors: Leeming David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The concepts of divinity and creation are pervasive in the human psyche. In Europe, as in every other section of the world, divinity has taken many forms. Indications of a great mother creatrix are evident, especially in the cave paintings of the European Paleolithic period and in the archeology of the Neolithic period. There are numerous examples of sovereign gods, warrior gods, thunder gods, fertility gods, and trickster gods. Images of godhead reflect people’s sense of the nature of the universe, of life in general, and of particular cultural experience. For some, gods have been a literal presence; for others, gods have been metaphors for vague understandings of the mysteries of the universe and the psyche. Perhaps most importantly, humans have needed divinity to make sense of where we came from and of who and what we are. Both as a species and as cultures it is difficult to conceive of mere chance existence. We crave identity. As the one species blessed or cursed by the sense of plot— of beginnings, middles, and ends—we are driven to tell the essential story of where we came from and why. So we have gods who created us. And our images of creation say a great deal about who we are.
I
Authors: Villaverde Cirilo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
round dusk on a day in November of the year 1812, following the Calle de Compostela heading northward from the city was a calash drawn by a pair of mules, on one of which, as was the custom, the black calash driver was mounted. The driver’s attire, the harnesses of the mules, and the solid silver ornaments made it plain to see that the person to whom such luxurious equipment belonged was rich. The curtain or cloth hood hung from studs, not only in front, but also on one side and half of the other, fastened down by a strip of calfskin. Whoever it was inside the carriage at that time, there is no denying that he or she had an interest in remaining incognito, although the precaution seemed unnecessary, inasmuch as there was not a living soul out on the streets, nor was there any light visible other than that of the stars or the artificial light from a few houses as it escaped through the wide slits in the closed doors.
V
Authors: Villaverde Cirilo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
After making the rounds of the ballroom, Cantalapiedra burst into the bedroom of the mistress of the house and put his hands over her eyes just as she was bending over the bed to place on it the shawl of one of her friends who had just come in from the street. The aforementioned mistress of the house, Mercedes Ayala, was a gay, high-spirited mulatto, despite her being a little over 30; plump, short, and not bad-looking.
V I
Authors: Villaverde Cirilo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The discreet reader will already have realized that the Little Bronze Virgin of the preceding pages was none other than Cecilia Valdés, that same young vagabond whom we endeavored to introduce at the beginning of this true story. Hence by this time she had reached the flower of her youth and of her beauty and was beginning to collect the idolatrous tributes that a sensual and depraved people always generously offers those two deities. When the reader remembers Cecilia’s careless upbringing and adds to this the indecent flirtatious advances to which men subjected her, along with the fact that she belonged to a mixed, inferior race, he or she will conceive more or less of an idea of her pride and vanity, the driving forces of her imperious temperament.
X
Authors: Villaverde Cirilo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
We were saying that all the students of the law of the land imitated the example of their professor and rose to their feet. But even though presumably anxious to leave the classroom, they remained in their respective places until he had come down from his chair and made for the door, his head lowered and his textbook under his arm; they then filed out behind him in two columns, in respectful silence.The few who accompanied him to the door of his cell, at the far end of the covered walkway, were the seminarians, students at the college, who could be distinguished by the ankle-length brown serge robe they were wearing that made them look like altar boys; it was certain, however, that none of them would pursue a career in the Church.
V
Authors: Villaverde Cirilo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Nemesia reached the door of her house just as her beloved brother José Dolores was leaving it, with his clarinet in its case underneath his arm and a roll of music scores in his hand. As was his habit, he was walking along with his head down, lost in thought. For this reason and because the street was very dark, with no light inside the house either, their paths almost crossed without either of them recognizing the other, despite their proximity. Just like that, she recognized him first, barred his way, and asked him a question by repeating a few words of a song that at the time was as popular as it was a bit risqué:“ ‘Where are you going with that cat on such a dark night?’ ““What!” José Dolores exclaimed in surprise.
V I
Authors: Villaverde Cirilo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As can be imagined, at nine o’clock on the morning of the day after the ball at the Philharmonic, everyone in the Gamboa household was sleeping, with two exceptions. We are speaking here of the world of the masters, among whose number the eight or nine servants of the family were not included, for once day had dawned they had to be up and about, fulfilling their daily tasks, no matter how they had spent the night.
V I I I
Authors: Villaverde Cirilo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Turn your eyes toward the Plaza de Armas, toward the east, that is, as everyone knows, and look at the facade of the palace of the Captaincy General of Cuba.The entrance is vast, a sort of foyer, with rooms on both sides, whose doors open onto the foyer; the one on the left is for the officer of the guard, and the one on the right serves as quarters for the detachment of guards. The soldiers’ rifles were standing in their rack, as the sentry, with his rifle across his arm, paced back and forth in front of the door.
X I
Authors: Villaverde Cirilo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It was bright daylight and the sun quite hot when SeÑa Josefa returned to her little house on the Calle del Aguacate. Apparently no creature there had budged, save for the hen with her chicks, who were searching about for the way out to the yard through the lintel and doorframe. The old woman’s first concern was to see whether her granddaughter was asleep in the high bed; and satisfied that she was sleeping peacefully, she took off her sackcloth shawl, undid her leather belt and collapsed in the armchair, thereby dislodging the cat, which on hearing his mistress entering, was stretching, opening its mouth wide, and showing its red tongue and sharp teeth.