bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical characteristics and risk factors for late‐onset pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in kidney transplantation recipients
Authors: Zhu Xiaofeng , Xie Mengshu , Fan Jiaqi , Geng Bei , Fei Guangru , Zhou Qianqian , Wu Huimei , Liu Xuehan , Jiang Xuqin 
Published: January 2024

AbstractBackgroundPneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP) is a common and troublesome complication of kidney transplantation. In the era of prophylaxis, the peak incidence of PJP after kidney transplantation and specific characteristics of late‐onset PJP have always been debated.MethodsWe performed a retrospective study by analysing the data of post‐transplantation pneumonia in adult kidney transplantation recipients between March 2014 and December 2021 in The Affiliated First Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (USTC). A total of 361 patients were included and divided into early‐onset PJP, late‐onset PJP and non‐PJP groups. The characteristics of each group and related risk factors for the late‐onset patients were investigated.ResultsSome patients developed PJP 9 months later with a second higher occurrence between month 10 and 15 after transplantation. Compared with non‐PJP, ABO‐incompatible and cytomegalovirus (CMV) viremia were significantly associated with late onset of PJP in multivariate analysis. The use of tacrolimus, CMV viremia, elevated CD8(+) T cell percent and hypoalbuminemia were risk factors for late PJP. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis demonstrated that a combination of those factors could increase the sensitivity of prediction remarkably, with an area under the curve of 0.82, a sensitivity of 80% and a specificity of 83%.ConclusionsPJP could occur months after kidney transplantation. ABO‐incompatible transplant recipients are at high risk of PJP. In the later stages of transplantation, CMV viremia, T lymphocyte subsets percentage and serum albumin levels should be monitored in patients using tacrolimus.
Epigenomic and epigenetic investigations of food allergy
Authors: Chun Yoojin , Lee Jo Hsuan , Bunyavanich Supinda 
Published: January 2024

AbstractAs a potential link between genetic predisposition, environmental exposures, and food allergy outcomes, epigenetics has been a molecular variable of interest in ongoing efforts to understand food allergy mechanisms and outcomes. Here we review population‐based investigations of epigenetic loci associated with food allergy, focusing on established clinical food allergy. We first provide an overview of epigenetic mechanisms that have been studied in cohorts with food allergy, predominantly DNA methylation but also microRNA. We then discuss investigations that have implemented epigenome‐wide approaches aimed at genome‐wide profiling and discovery. Such epigenome‐wide studies have collectively identified differentially methylated and differentially regulated loci associated with T cell development, antigen presentation, reaction severity, and causal mediation in food allergy. We then discuss candidate‐gene investigations that have honed in on Th1, Th2, T regulatory, and innate genes of a priori interest in food allergy. These studies have highlighted methylation changes in specific candidate genes as associated with T regulatory cell activity as well as differential methylation of Type 1 and Type 2 cytokine genes associated with various food allergies. Intriguingly, epigenetic loci associated with food allergy have also been explored as potential biomarkers for the clinical management of food allergy. We conclude by highlighting several priority directions for advancing population‐based epigenomic and epigenetic understandings of food allergy.
Genetics of preschool wheeze and its progression to childhood asthma
Authors: Wolters Alba A.B. , Kersten Elin T.G. , Koppelman Gerard H. 
Published: January 2024

AbstractWheezing is a common and heterogeneous condition in preschool children. In some countries, the prevalence can be as high as 30% and up to 50% of all children experience wheezing before the age of 6. Asthma often starts with preschool wheeze, but not all wheezing children will develop asthma at school age. At this moment, it is not possible to accurately predict which wheezing children will develop asthma. Recently, studying the genetics of wheeze and the childhood‐onset of asthma have grown in interest. Childhood‐onset asthma has a stronger heritability in comparison with adult‐onset asthma. In early childhood asthma exacerbations, CDHR3, which encodes the receptor for Rhinovirus C, was identified, as well as IL33, and the 17q locus that includes GSDMB and ORMDL3 genes. The 17q locus is the strongest wheeze and childhood‐onset asthma locus, and was shown to interact with many environmental factors, including smoking and infections. Finally, ANXA1 was recently associated with early‐onset, persistent wheeze. ANXA1 may help resolve eosinophilic inflammation. Overall, despite its complexities, genetic approaches to unravel the early‐onset of wheeze and asthma are promising, since these shed more light on mechanisms of childhood asthma‐onset. Implicated genes point toward airway epithelium and its response to external factors, such as viral infections. However, the heterogeneity of wheeze phenotypes complicates genetic studies. It is therefore important to define accurate wheezing phenotypes and forge larger international collaborations to gain a better understanding of the pathways underlying early‐onset asthma.
Chloroplast K+/H+EXCHANGE ANTIPORTER 3 modulates abscisic acid‐induced reactive oxygen species generation in guard cells
Authors: Yamada Naotaka , Onjo Michio , Sonoike Kintake , Shimazaki Ken‐ichiro , Iwai Sumio 
Published: January 2024

AbstractReactive oxygen species (ROS) are important signaling molecules in stomatal closure. In a previous report, we demonstrated that ROS generated through photosynthetic electron transport (PET) act as signaling molecules in abscisic acid (ABA)‐induced stomatal closure. However, the mechanism by which ABA induces ROS generation through PET remains unclear. Here, we assessed the possibility that chloroplast K+/H+ EXCHANGE ANTIPORTER 3 (KEA3) functions in ABA‐induced ROS generation in guard cells, resulting in stomatal closure. KEA3 localizes to a thylakoid membrane and allows proton efflux from the thylakoid lumen by K+/H+ antiport, regulating photosynthesis by proton motive force. KEA3 loss‐of‐function mutants (kea3‐1 and kea3‐2) were impaired in ABA‐induced ROS generation of guard cells and stomatal closure. The small molecule electroneutral K+/H+ antiporter nigericin induced ROS generation in guard cells and stomatal closures in the kea3 mutants. This study demonstrates that KEA3 is an important factor for ABA‐induced ROS generation in guard cells and stomatal closure.
Classifying participatory methods in social care regulation
Authors: Dolev Hilla , Benish Avishai 
Published: January 2024

AbstractThis article examines the regulation–participation nexus in social care services. Participatory forms of social care regulation have been expanding over the past 20 years, but the literature on this trend remains scarce. To fill this gap, we developed an analytical framework for classifying participatory regulation methods. This framework is based on two axes, one drawn from the literature on regulation (the regulatory tasks), and the other from the literature on service user participation (the levels of participation). Using this framework and combining a systematic review of the literature with a case study of the Care Quality Commission in England, we identified and classified 12 participatory methods in three main regulatory tasks (monitoring, standard setting and enforcement). Our classification shows most of the participatory methods are concentrated in monitoring tasks, less in standard setting and least of all in regulatory enforcement. It also highlights the uniqueness of the goals and logics of participation in the regulatory context and the tendency towards the instrumental aspect of information gathering rather than the political aspect of participation. The article concludes by explaining our findings and suggesting future directions in developing the research agenda on the regulatory‐participation nexus.
Prevention strategies for vasovagal reaction in whole blood donors: A quadri‐armed randomised control trial
Authors: Meher Radheshyam , Patidar Gopal Kumar , Chaurasia Rahul , Pandey Hem Chandra , Hazarika Anjali 
Published: January 2024

AbstractIntroductionVasovagal reaction (VVR) is a frequently encountered generalised donor adverse reaction, associated with donor deterrence towards future donation. Several mitigation strategies for prevention of VVR were tried but still not standardised. This quadri‐armed randomised study evaluated the utility of water ingestion, applied muscle tension (AMT) and combination of both in preventing the VVR among blood donors.MethodsA quadri‐armed randomised controlled trial was performed on 4320 whole blood donors. Blood donors of 18–65 years of age were randomised into four groups based on the interventions performed i.e., control with no intervention (Group 1, n = 1081), water ingestion (Group 2, n = 1082), AMT (Group 3, n = 1070) and combined intervention (Group 4, n = 1087). VVR during and immediately after blood donation were observed along with assessment of risk factors in blood donors and the effectiveness of interventions were analysed.ResultsThe incidence of VVR observed 1.6% in our study, with the highest occurrence in the control group (2.5%) and the lowest in the combined intervention group (0.9%). Multivariable logistic regression revealed that the control group donors faced a 1.38‐fold greater risk of VVR compared to those receiving interventions (OR: 1.38, 95% CI: 1.10–1.75). Other risk factors included younger age (OR: 1.5, 95% CI: 1.05–2.17), first‐time donation (OR: 5.7, 95% CI: 1.66–5.74), prior history of VVR (OR: 2.5, 95% CI: 10.4–101.52).Discussion/ConclusionThe combined approach of water ingestion and AMT proved significantly more effective in VVR prevention compared to individual interventions.
Osteosarcoma of the wing in a sulfur‐crested cockatoo
Authors: Hastain Sydney A. , Mumm Lauren , Ozawa Sarah , Petritz Olivia , Gaudette Chris , Troan Brigid V. , Stowe Devorah M. 
Published: January 2024

AbstractA 26‐year‐old female sulfur‐crested cockatoo (Cacatua galerita) was evaluated for vocalizing through the night and extending her right wing. Physical examination revealed a large, firm mass extending from the humerus to the distal aspect of the elbow. Computed tomography confirmed a large aggressive mass of the right distal humerus with a large soft tissue component, severe osteolysis, and adjacent periosteal proliferation. Fine‐needle aspirates of the mass were most compatible with sarcoma, and osteosarcoma was prioritized. An unstained slide was treated with nitroblue tetrazolium chloride/5‐bromo‐4‐chloro‐3‐indolyl phosphate toluidine salt‐phosphatase (NBT/BCIP) substrate for ALP detection and was strongly positive, confirming a diagnosis of osteosarcoma. A month later, the patient underwent wing amputation and arrested during recovery from anesthesia. Post‐mortem examination and histopathology were consistent with osteosarcoma. This case report highlights a rare occurrence of osteosarcoma in a cockatoo as well as its cytologic and histologic features. Additionally, this report provides support for NBT/BCIP application in ALP‐expressing tumors, a cytochemical stain that has been minimally investigated in avian species.
Ethical issues when conducting health research with military personnel: a scoping review protocol
Authors: Townsend Michelle L. , Green Heidi , Fabrianesi Belinda , Braunack-Mayer Annette 
Published: January 2024

Objective:
The objective of this scoping review is to understand the scope and nature of evidence in relation to the ethical issues that arise when conducting health research with military personnel.

Introduction:
Ethical obligations in human research have been debated for centuries. Historically, research conducted with military personnel has led to ethical controversies regarding autonomy, harm, and informed consent. In particular, the power dynamics, hierarchical nature, and culture that are inherent in military structures may compromise the voluntary nature of research participation.

Inclusion criteria:
This scoping review will include all sources of evidence that identify ethical issues, such as autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice, within health research with military personnel, including reservists. This review will exclude sources of evidence on health research conducted during combat or on new technologies for fighting in wars.

Methods:
This scoping review will be conducted in accordance with the JBI methodology for scoping reviews. A 3-step search strategy will be used to obtain both published and unpublished sources of evidence. Two independent reviewers will screen sources of evidence against the inclusion and exclusion criteria. No limits on language will be applied; we will use Google Translate to translate sources of evidence in languages other than English. Sources of evidence published since 1964 will be included. Data will be extracted using a purpose-designed spreadsheet and the results will be summarized descriptively and presented in tabular format.

Review registration:
Open Science Framework https://osf.io/db85p
Physiological determinants of mechanical efficiency during advanced ageing and disuse
Authors: Venturelli Massimo , Morgan Garrett R. , Tarperi Cantor , Zhao Jia , Naro Fabio , Reggiani Carlo , Donato Anthony J. , Richardson Russell S. , Schena Federico 
Published: January 2024

AbstractThis study aimed to determine which physiological factors impact net efficiency (ηnet) in oldest‐old individuals at different stages of skeletal muscle disuse. To this aim, we examined ηnet, central haemodynamics, peripheral circulation, and peripheral factors (skeletal muscle fibre type, capillarization and concentration of mitochondrial DNA [mtDNA]). Twelve young (YG; 25 ± 2 years), 12 oldest‐old mobile (OM; 87 ± 3 years), and 12 oldest‐old immobile (OI; 88 ± 4 years) subjects performed dynamic knee extensor (KE) and elbow flexors (EF) exercise. Pulmonary oxygen uptake, photoplethysmography, Doppler ultrasound and muscle biopsies of the vastus lateralis and biceps brachii were used to assess central and peripheral adaptations to advanced ageing and disuse. Compared to the YG (12.1 ± 2.4%), the ηnet of lower‐limb muscle was higher in the OM (17.6 ± 3.5%, P < 0.001), and lower in the OI (8.9 ± 1.9%, P < 0.001). These changes in ηnet during KE were coupled with significant peripheral adaptations, revealing strong correlations between ηnet and the proportion of type I muscle fibres (r = 0.82), as well as [mtDNA] (r = 0.77). No differences in ηnet were evident in the upper‐limb muscles between YG, OM and OI. In view of the differences in limb‐specific activity across the lifespan, these findings suggest that ηnet is reduced by skeletal muscle inactivity and not by chronological age, per se. Likewise, this study revealed that the age‐related changes in ηnet are not a consequence of central or peripheral haemodynamic adaptations, but are likely a product of peripheral changes related to skeletal muscle fibre type and mitochondrial density.
imageKey points
Although the effects of ageing and muscle disuse deeply impact the cardiovascular and skeletal muscle function, the combination of these factors on the mechanical efficiency are still a matter of debate.
By measuring both upper‐ and lower‐limb muscle function, which experience differing levels of disuse, we examined the influence of central and peripheral haemodynamics, and skeletal muscle factors linked to mechanical efficiency.
Across the ages and degree of disuse, upper‐limb muscles exhibited a preserved work economy. In the legs the oldest‐old without mobility limitations exhibited an augmented mechanical efficiency, which was reduced in those with an impairment in ambulation. These changes in mechanical efficiency were associated with the proportion of type I muscle fibres.
Recognition that the mechanical efficiency is not simply age‐dependent, but the consequence of inactivity and subsequent skeletal muscle changes, highlights the importance of maintaining physical activity across the lifespan.
Rational Design of Hoisting Drums
Authors: Waters Everett O. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The main problem of hoisting-drum design resolves itself into two parts: determination of flange shape and thickness, and determination of the thickness of the drum body. Other factors, such as brake, clutch, and bearings, have already been investigated and are therefore not considered in this paper.
The correct proportioning of drum flanges is obviously dependent upon the side pressure brought to bear against them, by the coils of rope wound about the drum. In other words, flange thickness is a function of (a) rope tension and (b) depth of winding. Previous theoretical investigations have recognized these factors, but have failed to take account of the friction between adjacent coils of rope, and between rope and drum, which tends to hold the coils in position without the aid of the flanges, and have also disregarded the flattening of the inside coils under pressure from the outer layers. This flattening, which is quite appreciable on account of the soft core of hoisting rope, results in a shortening of the inner coils, thereby relieving them of a part of their tension, and reducing the pressure against the flanges.
A theoretical formula is deduced for the total pressure against a drum flange caused by the winding-on of rope to a given depth and under a given initial tension. Two other formulœ are then deduced, which relate this total pressure to the flange thickness and the maximum allowable tensile and shearing stresses in the material. By means of these formulæ a flange of the usual straight-sided or the mushroom type may be designed to withstand safely the pressure of the rope wound upon the drum.
The drum body is subjected to combined stresses, since it is under compression from the coils wound upon it, under tension due to the lateral pressure against the flanges, and under combined torsion and bending caused by the load which is to be hoisted. Formulæ are derived which may be used to obtain the correct thickness both at the center of the drum, where the normal stresses are greatest, and at the ends of the drum, where the shearing stresses are most prominent.
In order to check the theoretical formula for flange pressure, tests were made with small-size rope wound upon a special drum, which was so arranged that the side thrust against one flange could be directly measured while the rope was being wound on or unwound. These tests show conclusively that formulæ for flange pressure which do not take account of rope friction and flattening give excessively large results.
Policies for Future Power Development
Authors: Jackson John Price 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The primary purposes of this paper are (1) to present the problem created in this country by the present acute shortage of central-station electric power, and the large growth of demand for such power; and (2) to set forth the physical, public, and financial relationships that appear essential for relieving the present stress and meeting the continually enlarging demand with reasonable economy and conservation of natural resources and labor. The first purpose is dealt with in the first half of the paper, and includes a comparison with the situation in England. Treatment called for by the second purpose begins with the heading Natural Power Districts, and extends to the end of the paper. The latter is largely an exposition of the possibilities and advantages of unified power systems for supplying the power required by natural power districts.
Capacity and Efficiency Limitations of Stokers Using Mid-West Coals
Authors: Wilson John E. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
According to the author, less progress has been made in the direction of securing efficient combustion than in any other immediately connected with stoker service. In the case of natural-draft chain-grate stokers the greatest losses are those due to the dry chimney gases and the carbon in the ash, and the possibility of making a material gain in the efficiency lies to a great extent in the ability to reduce these two losses. A certain amount of air admitted over the fire has been found advantageous when high-volatile coals are used, such as those found in the Middle West.
Capacity is governed principally by the available draft and ratio of total boiler heating surface to the grate area. Chain-grate stokers provided with forced draft operate successfully under continuous high rating, respond quickly to load requirements, and will successfully burn coal containing a large percentage of ash which fuses at a comparatively low temperature.
Underfeed forced-draft stokers in the Mid-West districts have a large number of very satisfactory operating records to their credit both from an efficiency and a capacity standpoint. Some types of overfeed stokers have also been used with good success in this section where only a limited capacity was required and suitable coal was available.
The necessity of securing improved refractories as well as improving the furnace design is emphasized by the difficulties encountered with the brickwork when forced firing is employed, and it is possible that these may prove factors governing the capacity which will be obtained in future installations.
The Hydraucone Regainer, Its Development and Applications in Hydroelectric Plants
Authors: White W. M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Those familiar with hydroelectric power-house operation where curved draft tubes are employed cannot have failed to notice the boiling and disturbance of the water at the outlet from the curved tubes, which disturbance is clearly an evidence of inefficiency and loss of energy. The device described in this paper — the hydraucone regainer — provides a means for efficiently recovering the energy discharged from the runner for useful effect on the water wheel within the limited space available in the power-house foundations.
This new method of regaining pressure from velocity of fluids in motion consists in causing the stream flow to impinge upon some definite shape, either flat, conical or concave, thus changing its direction, and then placing an envelope around this shape so formed upon the particular base used, which envelope conforms to the shape of the fluid at entrance and gradually recedes from what would be the normal or free shape of the non-enclosed fluid impinging upon the particular base used; the effect of this gradually diverging envelope being to change the velocity head of fluids flowing at high velocity into its entrance into pressure and low velocity at its exit.
The field of application of the hydraucone regainer, according to the author, will be greater on low-head plants, although it is now being installed in connection with two 40,000-hp. units which are to operate under a head of 421 ft. Hydraucone regainers are now in operation or in course of construction in a number of plants to operate under heads varying from 8 ft. to 421 ft. and with waterwheels developing from 150 to 40,000 hp.
The paper gives very complete particulars of the long series of experiments resulting in the development of the hydraucone regainer, as well as data of a series of tests made at the Holyoke Testing Flume showing the increase in power-plant efficiency obtained by its use.