bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Elementary student teachers' science content representations
Authors: Zembal‐Saul Carla , Krajcik Joseph , Blumenfeld Phyllis 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThis purpose of this study was to examine the ways in which three prospective teachers who had early opportunities to teach science would approach representing science content within the context of their student teaching experiences. The study is framed in the literature on pedagogical content knowledge and learning to teach. A situated perspective on cognition is applied to better understand the influence of context and the role of the cooperating teacher. The three participants were enrolled in an experimental teacher preparation program designed to enhance the teaching of science at the elementary level. Qualitative case study design guided the collection, organization, and analysis of data. Multiple forms of data associated with student teachers' content representations were collected, including audiotaped planning and reflection interviews, written lesson plans and reflections, and videotaped teaching experiences. Broad analysis categories were developed and refined around the subconstructs of content representation (i.e., knowledge of instructional strategies that promote learning and knowledge of students and their requirements for meaningful science learning). Findings suggest that when prospective teachers are provided with opportunities to apply and reflect substantively on their developing considerations for supporting children's science learning, they are able to maintain a subject matter emphasis. However, in the absence of such opportunities, student teachers abandon their subject matter emphasis, even when they have had extensive background and experiences addressing subject‐specific considerations for teaching and learning. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 39: 443–463, 2002
Japanese multinationals: How different are they?
Authors: Sullivan Jeremiah J. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractEncarnation, D.J. (Ed.). (1999). Japanese Multina‐tionals in Asia, Regional Operations in Comparative Perspective. New York: Oxford University Press, 301 pages, ISBN 0‐19‐512065‐5. Beamish, P.W., Delios, A., & Lecraw, D.J. (Eds.). 1997. Japanese Multinationals in the Global Economy. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 352 pages, ISBN 1‐85898‐720‐2. Beechler, S.L., & Bird, A. (Eds.). (1999). Japanese Multinationals Abroad, Individual and Organizational Learning. New York: Oxford University Press, 283 pages, ISBN 0‐19‐511925‐8.
Quasi‐legal commerce in southeast asia: Evidence from myanmar
Authors: Reid David Mchardy , Walsh John , Yamona Ma 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe historical absence of formal political borders in the mainland Southeast Asian region, combined with the nature of the geography, mean that unofficial and illegal forms of crossborder movement and economic activities are pervasive and significant throughout the region. This is particularly true in Myanmar (formerly Burma), where pressure on international firms to comply with a boycott of the country, togeth‐er with the covert activities of the government conspire to make border trade a viable form of international business. Although illegal trade such as smuggling is perhaps a universal feature of international economic activities, what is more interesting is the phenomenon of quasi‐legal trade, which includes such activities as parallel importing and reimporting, and advertising by proxy. In many cases, there is evidence that multinational firms collude with distributors, quasi‐legal importers, and government officials to enable the continuation of the marketing of their brands within a country in which this would otherwise be prohibited. This article reports on research conduct‐ed in Myanmar during 1997 and 1998 concerning this issue. The study included a wide‐ranging program of qualitative research with in‐depth interviews of leading overseas executives, intermediaries, and government officials. This research in Myanmar is unique, and it was conducted under considerable difficulties and extreme need for security and provision of confidentiality. In describing the role of multinational companies and others in pursuing quasi‐legal border trade, the article makes a significant contribution to the understanding of the business environment in Myanmar and, more generally, in Southeast Asia. The wider implications of this for international marketing are also described. � 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
U.s. Multinational staffing practices and implications for subsidiary performance in the u.k. And thailand
Authors: Richards Malika 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThis study addresses two questions about the U.K. and Thai subsidiaries of U.S. multinationals: (1) What is the relationship between a company's staffing policy and subsidiary performance? and (2) When are companies more likely to use an expatriate rather than a local manager? The study concludes that local managers are most effective in subsidiaries located in a developing country, subsidiaries that rely on a local customer base, and subsidiaries with marketing themes similar to the themes used at their U.S. headquarters. Expatriates are more likely to be in charge of larger subsidiaries and those with a marketing theme similar to that of the headquarters. � 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Myanmar
Authors: Lwin May , Lan Luh Luh 
Published: September 2002

AbstractMyanmar is one of the few remaining Southeast Asian nations that is seeking to re‐establish itself as an economic force in the region. To achieve this, many of the economic reforms in the 1990s were directed toward the opening up of its economy and allowing the market forces to work. We look at some of the present conditions facing foreign businesses and the unique market of Myanmar. The nation's background, economic conditions, and the market conditions facing both the consumers and businesses are discussed. � 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The federal role in international business education
Authors: Beaton Sarah 
Published: September 2002

AbstractRapid global change, driven especially by the telecommunications, computing, and biotechnology industries, are rapidly transforming the international economic, social, and cultural landscape. Affected are both urban and rural businesses that face intense competition at home and abroad. If the United States is to continue to main‐tain a competitive advantage in the global marketplace, educational institutions must prepare the next generation of leaders for a pluralistic world in which multi‐culturalism dominates and international business education is multidimensional. This article addresses the role that the U.S. federal government has played in prepar‐ing international business graduates. It examines the contributions of two federal grant programs: the Business and International Education program and the Centers for International Business program, both authorized under the Higher Education Act of 1965 as amended. � 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Simulations of Si(Li) x‐ray detector response
Authors: Campbell J. L. , McDonald Leonard , Hopman Theodore , Papp Tibor 
Published: September 2002

AbstractSi(Li) lineshapes are generated using a model that incorporates Monte Carlo simulation of the interactions of the incident photon, a very simple approach to energy deposition by the primary (Auger and photo‐) electrons, and an analytical approximation for diffusion of thermalized secondary electrons. The aim of the work is illustrative rather than quantitative. Interactions in the metal contact produce various spectrum artefacts, and interactions in the silicon produce a low‐energy shelf structure with well‐defined steps that have recently been observed experimentally but that are not mentioned in previous Monte Carlo simulation work, although they are to be expected on the basis of electron transport. Details of this structure are strongly influenced by pulse processing time in the electronic system. Artefacts arising from a silicon dead layer can enhance the escape peak intensity, and can assist in estimating this layer's thickness. Inclusion in the simulation of Goto's model for secondary electron diffusion, incorporating reflection at the metal–Si interface, results in a truncated low‐energy shelf, whose threshold energy is determined by the reflection coefficient; its intensity can also be predicted from an earlier, simple, analytical model that combines finite, primary, electron range effects with carrier losses in a region of incomplete charge collection whose thickness is well defined. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ID18F: a new micro‐x‐ray fluorescence end‐station at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF): preliminary results
Authors: Somogyi A. , Drakopoulos M. , Vincze L. , Vekemans B. , Camerani C. , Janssens K. , Snigirev A. , Adams F. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractA new user end‐station is under construction at the ESRF with collaboration between the Micro‐Fluorescence, Imaging and Diffraction beamline (ID22) and the Micro and Trace Analysis Center (MITAC) of the University of Antwerp. The new end‐station is dedicated to quantitative micro‐fluorescence measurements. The analytical characteristics (degree of polarization of the incoming beam, absolute and relative detection limits) of the new set‐up were investigated during preliminary experiments by using a temporary experimental set‐up. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lithium K‐edge XANES spectra for lithium compounds
Authors: Tsuji Junichi , Nakamatsu Hirohide , Mukoyama Takeshi , Kojima Kazuo , Ikeda Shigero , Taniguchi Kazuo 
Published: September 2002

AbstractLithium K‐edge x‐ray absorption near‐edge structure (XANES) spectra of Li metal, Li2S, Li2O, LiOH·H2O, Li2CO3, Li3PO4, Li2SO4·H2O and LiNO3 were studied by the total electron yield method. Peaks were observed at 59.9, 60.3 and 61.4 eV in the XANES spectra of Li3PO4, Li2SO4·H2O and LiNO3, respectively. The peak of the each sample was assigned as the core exciton. In the XANES spectra of Li2O, Li2S, Li metal, LiOH·H2O and Li2CO3, there were shoulder structures at the same energy. To clarify the origin of each peak, the XANES spectra were examined with the discrete variational (DV)–Xα molecular orbital method. Comparing the measured spectra with the calculated wavefunction, the shoulder structures at 61.8 eV (Li2O) and 60.4 eV (Li2S) in the XANES spectra were assigned as the core excitons, which appeared as remarkable exciton peaks in the lithium halide spectra. The spectrum of each lithium compound could be classified according to the shape of the core exciton peak, namely either a sharp or a shoulder structure. The strength of the ionic bond determined which of these shapes a core exciton peak assumed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
X‐ray absorption fine structure studies of some copper(II) mixed‐ligand complexes with glutamic acid as primary ligand
Authors: Katare R. K. , Joshi S. K. , Shrivastava B. D. , Patel R. N. , Pandeya K. B. , Mishra A. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractX‐ray absorption fine structure studies at the K‐absorption edges of four mixed‐ligand copper(II) complexes with glutamic acid as primary ligand were carried out. The secondary ligands used in the complexes were water (H2O), pyridine (py), imidazole (imH) and benzimidazole (bz‐imH). It was observed that none of these complexes show any splitting of the K‐edge, indicating that the complexes exist in a single valence state of copper atom i.e. +2. The basic dependence of chemical shift ΔE on effective nuclear charge Zeff of the central metal ion was utilized to explain the linear variation of the EXAFS bonding parameter α1 with effective nuclear charge Zeff by introducing systematic changes in the secondary ligands in the complexes. This finding was further substantiated by plotting α1 against bond distance. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sequencing and functional analysis of the Hansenula polymorpha genomic fragment containing the YPT1 and PMI40 genes
Authors: Woong Kim Moo , Agaphonov Michael O. , Kim Jeong‐Yoon , Ki Rhee Sang , Ah Kang Hyun 
Published: September 2002

AbstractA 6.0 kb genomic DNA segment was isolated by its ability to rescue the temperature‐sensitive growth defect and the hypersensitivity to sodium deoxycholate of a spontaneous vanadate‐resistant mutant derived from Hansenula polymorpha DL‐1. The genomic fragment contains four open reading frames homologous to the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes YPT1 (which codes for a GTP‐binding protein; 75% amino acid identity), PMI40 (encoding phosphomannose isomerase; 61% identity), YLR065c (30% identity) and CST13 (28% identity). The H. polymorpha YPT1 homologue (HpYPT1) was found to be responsible for the complementation of the temperature‐sensitive phenotype and the sodium deoxycholate sensitivity of the mutant strain. Disruption of the H. polymorpha PMI40 homologue (HpPMI40) resulted in the auxotrophic requirement for D‐mannose. The heterologous expressions of HpYPT1 and HpPMI40 were able to complement the temperature‐sensitive phenotype of S. cerevisiae ypt1‐1 mutant and the mannose auxotrophy of S. cerevisiae pmi40 null mutant, respectively, indicating that the H. polymorpha genes encode the functional homologues of S. cerevisiae YPT1 and PMI40 proteins. The nucleotide sequence has been submitted to GenBank under Accession No. AF454544. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of the 5′ untranslated region (UTR) in glucose‐dependent mRNA decay
Authors: de la Cruz Bernard J. , Prieto Susana , Scheffler Immo E. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractWhen S. cerevisiae are grown with glucose, SDH2 mRNA encoding the iron protein of the succinate dehydrogenase complex is unstable and present at low level. In yeast grown without glucose, SDH2 mRNA is stable and its level rises. Addition of glucose to a glucose‐limited culture causes the SDH2 mRNA level to fall rapidly with a half‐life of ∼5–7 min. Previously the 5′UTR of the mRNA of SDH2 was shown to be necessary and sufficient to destabilize it in glucose (Lombardo et al., 1992). We now show that the SDH1 and SUC2 5′UTRs are capable of conferring glucose‐sensitive mRNA instability. We also examine how changes in the SDH2 5′UTR affect glucose‐triggered degradation. Finally, we show that changes in mRNA stability are correlated with changes in translational efficiency for these transcripts. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molecular genetics of 6‐phosphofructokinase in Pichia pastoris
Authors: Edelmann Anke , Bär Jörg 
Published: September 2002

AbstractPreviously, studies on glucose‐induced microautophagy in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris provided evidence that the glucose‐induced selective autophagy‐1‐protein is the α‐subunit of 6‐phosphofructokinase (Pfk), a key enzyme in the glycolytic pathway. In our work, we could clearly demonstrate that two types of subunits of Pfk exist in P. pastoris. Investigating the yeast cell‐free extract by Western blot analysis, two distinct signals of Pfk were obtained. In addition, we isolated a DNA sequence containing the complete ORF of PpPFK2 encoding the β‐subunit of Pfk from P. pastoris with a deduced molecular mass of 103.7 kDa. On the basis of these results, a hetero‐oligomeric structure of Pfk in P. pastoris became obvious. Because the molecular and kinetic properties of a homo‐oligomeric yeast Pfk appear to be more similar to those of mammalian Pfk, as described in the literature, our results are of interest for the growing number of studies on P. pastoris as a heterologous production system. Furthermore, the 3′‐ and 5′‐non‐coding regions of PpPFK2 were isolated and several putative binding sites for regulatory factors could be identified in the promoter region. The sequence has been deposited in the GenBank data library under Accession No. AF395078. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of noninvasive methods for the evaluation of female reproductive condition in a large viviparous lizard, Tiliqua nigrolutea
Authors: Gartrell Brett D. , Girling Jane E. , Edwards Ashley , Jones Susan M. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractWe compared the diagnostic value of three noninvasive methods (radiography, ultrasound, and palpation) of evaluating reproductive status in females of a large viviparous skink, the blotched blue‐tongued lizard (Tiliqua nigrolutea). Radiography could be used to identify postovulatory females during the periovulatory period. However, in early to mid‐gestation, radiography did not allow differentiation of the relatively homogenous structures within the abdomen. In late gestation, once calcification of the embryonic skeleton had occurred, gestation could be diagnosed and embryos counted. Ultrasound allowed differentiation between preovulatory, postovulatory, and nonreproductive females during the periovulatory period. Ultrasound also allowed visualisation of follicles during the early and middle stages of gestation. However, the level of operator experience, and the misdiagnosis of artefacts limited the accuracy of diagnosis. In the later stages of gestation, ultrasound did allow the detection of identifiable features of the developing foetal unit (fluid‐filled foetal membranes, independent movement of the embryo, and visualisation of the heartbeat). Colour Doppler imaging could be used to visualise embryonic blood flow. Ultrasonography was not useful in detecting the number of embryos present. Palpation during the periovulatory period could be used to detect follicles and determine whether ovulation had occurred. However, during the remainder of the gestation period, palpation was unable to differentiate reproductive condition. This study provides a basis for the diagnosis of reproductive condition and problems in viviparous reptiles. Each of the diagnostic techniques is useful at different stages of gestation, and the use of a combined approach will give the most information throughout the reproductive cycle. Zoo Biol 21:253–268, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Notes on the long‐term transport of the scalloped hammerhead shark (Sphyrna lewini)
Authors: Young Forrest A. , Kajiura Stephen M. , Visser Gerard J. , Correia João P.S. , Smith Mark F.L. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe capture and transport of scalloped hammerhead sharks (Sphyrna lewini Griffith and Smith, 1834) historically has represented a difficult, expensive, and uncertain undertaking for the public aquarium community. In this study, techniques were developed to improve the successful long‐term transport of S. lewini by mitigating some of the deleterious effects associated with hyperactivity and impaired swimming patterns. The relationship between the transport vessel size and shark sizes, numbers, and swimming behavior was considered when formulating the transport regime. By balancing these factors and adopting a comprehensive water treatment method, it was possible to extend the duration of a successful transport by up to 60 hr. Implications for the future transport of S. lewini and other free‐swimming sharks are discussed. Zoo Biol 21:243–251, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Study of crude protein intake and growth response in captive subadult giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca)
Authors: Liu Xuanzhen , Yu Jianqiu , Li Mingxi , Yang Zhi , Li Guanghan 
Published: September 2002

AbstractFeeding trials were conducted on seven subadult giant pandas (1.5–4.7 years old). The giant pandas consumed diets with 20 various levels of crude protein (CP): 132.9, 186.8, 206.0, 233.1, 251.4, 255.2, 288.5, 290.8, 299.1, 334.6, 370.7, 378.7, 379.9, 399.2, 372.6, 411.4, 436.1, 484.4, 509.3, and 563.7 g/day. According to the differences in the body weight (BW) gain (weight/month (W/M)) and the amounts of ingested CP, subadult giant pandas are divided into at least three age groups: 1.5–2.0, 2.5–3.9, and 4.0–4.7 years. Although there apparently is no direct relationship between the ΔW/M and the CP consumed by all the giant pandas, a linear relationship existed between the square root of CP ingested (g) per unit BW (W0.75, Kg) and weight gain per month (ΔW/M, Kg/M) of giant pandas aged 1.5–2.0 years. No such relationship existed in the giant pandas aged 2.5–4.7 years, but ΔW/M decreased with the increasing CP per unit gross energy (GE) consumed (CP/GE). For the 1.5–2.0‐year‐old giant pandas, CP for maintenance was determined at 3.6576 g/Kg W0.75/day when ΔW/M was 0, and CP for growth was 1.7541 g/Kg W0.75/day when ΔW/M was equal to 1 Kg/M; thus, suitable intake of total CP is 9.95 g/Kg W0.75/day. The average value of ingested CP was 13.54 ± 3.01 g/KgW0.75/day for 2.5–3.9‐year‐old pandas, and 12.25 g/KgW0.75/day for 4.5–4.7‐year‐old pandas. Zoo Biol 21:223–232, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Polysomnographic phenotypes in developmental disabilities
Authors: Harvey Mark T. , Kennedy Craig H. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractPeople with developmental disabilities express a number of unique behavioral patterns that have both phylogenetic and ontogenetic origins. Researchers have identified distinct behavioral phenotypes among developmental disabilities expressed as language development, cognitive profiles, adaptive behavior, and self‐injury/aggression. In this article, we discuss evidence for the presence of polysomnographic phenotypes in developmental disabilities. Researchers using behavioral and/or electrophysiological measures have identified differences in sleep architecture among people with autism, Down syndrome, and fragile X syndrome. In general, the greater the level of mental retardation, the less time spent in rapid eye movement sleep. The presence of autism or Down syndrome is associated with fewer and briefer bouts of rapid eye movement sleep, and total sleep time. Autism is also associated with greater levels of undifferentiated sleep. These findings for autism and Down syndrome contrast with fragile X syndrome whose sleep architecture anomalies appear to be a function of mental retardation level.
Modulation of neuronal calcium signaling by neurotrophic factors
Authors: McCutchen Mary Eve , Bramham Clive R. , Pozzo‐Miller Lucas D. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractBrain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a member of the neurotrophin (NT) family, is emerging as a key mediator of activity‐dependent modifications of synaptic strength in the central nervous system. Because of the well‐established role of post‐synaptic elevations in concentrations of free Ca2+ ions ([Ca2+]i) in synaptic plasticity, we investigated the hypothesis that BDNF exerts its neuromodulatory effects on hippocampal pyramidal neurons by enhancing dendritic [Ca2+]i transients mediated by voltage‐dependent Ca2+ channels (VDCCs) during the firing of back‐propagating action potentials. Simultaneous whole‐cell recording and microfluorometric Ca2+ imaging were performed in CA1 pyramidal neurons from hippocampal organotypic slice cultures treated with BDNF for 2–4 days in vitro. Our observations indicate that long‐term exposure to BDNF does not affect [Ca2+]i transients in apical dendrites mediated by influx through L‐type VDCCs during trains of back‐propagating action potentials evoked by direct depolarizing current injections. These results suggest that, despite BDNF's profound effects on hippocampal synaptic plasticity, and of L‐type Ca2+ channels on neuronal gene transcription, the role of BDNF in cellular models of hippocampus‐dependent learning and memory does not involve modulation of voltage‐gated dendritic Ca2+ signaling mediated by L‐type channels in apical dendrites of CA1 pyramidal neurons.