bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
BLOOD VISCOSITY
Authors: Langstroth Lovell 
Published: June 2004

A rise in venous pressure caused by application of a loose binder to the arm results in a marked increase in the viscosity of the whole blood which is primarily due to a concentration of the blood in the capillaries. This concentration is shown by an increase in the viscosity and total nitrogen of the plasma, an increase in the relative volume of the red blood cells, and an increase in the relative percentage of hemoglobin.
Change in the viscosity of whole blood following venous stasis apparently bears no demonstrable relation to the carbon dioxide or oxygen content.
DAIRY INFECTION WITH STREPTOCOCCUS EPIDEMICUS
Authors: Brown J. Howard , Orcutt Marion L. 
Published: June 2004

A streptococcus epidemic of moderate extent and severity was characterized by clinical symptoms different from the usual septic sore throat, though the organism found was culturally Streptococcus epidemicus.
The infection was traced to the milk from a single quarter of the udder of a cow in a dairy of 112 cows producing an otherwise excellent grade of raw milk.
A number of the milkers on the dairy farm were found infected. It was impossible to trace the infection of the cow's udder to any one of the milkers, though such an infection seems probable since the streptococcus isolated from the cow was in every respect like streptococci isolated from patients and milkers, and different from those usually found in normal cows or cows with garget.
Certain recommendations are made to safeguard producers of raw milk against the occurrence of such epidemics.
FUNGOUS DEVELOPMENTAL GROWTH FORMS OF BACILLUS INFLUENZÆ
Authors: Wade H. W. , Manalang C. 
Published: June 2004

It has been found that three different strains of an organism supposed to be Bacillus influenzæ will, under certain conditions, abandon the usual bacillary form and grow as a frank fungus, morphologically of the Discomyces type. Under other conditions they show less modification, the most striking feature then being the production of conidiospores, bodies of a type not found in true bacteria. That this organism may not be the true Pfeiffer bacillus is conceivable, of course, but considering the source, morphology, ordinary cultural characteristics, and the poison production of the one strain tested, we consider this highly improbable. Further, we are confident that the cultures do not contain any contaminating organisms, as may be suggested. In short, we believe that we have been dealing solely with the true Pfeiffer bacillus.
While these observations are of considerable interest as a contribution to the biology of the bacteria of this general type it cannot, of course, be predicted that they will prove to be of any significance as regards the true causative agent of epidemic influenza. Experimental work with this organism, apparently negative so far as reproducing true clinical influenza is concerned, has been carried out with the bacillary form exclusively. It may be found that its physiological capabilities in another phase are essentially different. This is a general biological law and there is no evident reason why it should not hold true here.
It remains to be determined whether the relatively high, complex forms described have any relation to those that occur while the organism lives among other organisms on the respiratory mucosa or acts as a tissue invader. While it seems improbable that they should develop in the animal body, that is while the organism is living as a parasite, it is at least possible that the bacillus may, under some conditions, undergo some analogous or at least similarly radical modification. If this supposition is true its cultivability might well be quite different from that of its bacillary phase, in which event it might be present in abundance and yet not be found in ordinary cultures or be recognizable in films.
But the more important problem would appear to be whether it can assume a simpler phase. If, as some believe, some of the infectious bacteria and fungi can do this, whether it be as minute, filter-passing, formed elements or as a more or less amorphous ("sym-plastic,"16 "crytoplasmic,"15) substance, an organism that is capable of as remarkable a range of morphological development upward might well go to the other extreme from the mean, bacillary stage. Whether or not this occurs and if so under what conditions are questions that deserve through investigation.
EXPERIMENTS ON THE PRODUCTION OF SPECIFIC ANTISERA FOR INFECTIONS OF UNKNOWN CAUSE
Authors: Rous Peyton , Wilson George W. , Oliver Jean 
Published: June 2004

There is present in serum of high precipitin titer, produced by the repeated injection of rabbits with the blood-free serum of guinea pigs or dogs, a principle highly toxic for animals of the species furnishing the antigen. Intravenously the serum causes severe shock, and even sudden death, while locally it gives rise to acute inflammatory changes and profuse capillary hemorrhages. The complete removal of hemolysins and hemagglutinins from the serum by exposing it repeatedly to washed red cells lessens its toxicity to only a slight degree and one obviously dependent on these elements; while the further removal of precipitin by specific precipitation in vitro has no detoxifying effect whatever. Whether the toxic principle is a hitherto unrecognized antibody or perhaps a toxic product of the interaction of precipitin and precipitinogen,—one formed as readily in the test-tube as in the animal body,—remains to be determined.
The symptoms of guinea pigs and dogs given an intravenous injection of treated or untreated serum markedly resemble those of anaphylaxis, but our attempts at desensitization have been unsuccessful. The local lesion in guinea pigs is more severe than that of the Arthus phenomenon. But these differences from anaphylaxis may, of course, be dependent merely on differing proportions of constituents that are themselves, as yet, scarcely apprehended.
Our observations, as here summed up, were made with a practical point in mind, and as regards this point they are of a discouraging nature. In papers already published it has been shown that sera specifically effective against infections of which the excitant is unknown can in some cases be obtained by using infected tissue itself as antigen. Such sera must, of course, be deprived of antibodies injurious to tissue, prior to their employment in the animal body; and this was successfully accomplished in our early experiments by exhaustion with washed red cells. The purpose of the present work was to determine whether serum used as antigen gives rise to injurious principles in the antiserum. For the serum of infected individuals would in many diseases form a convenient antigen. It is evident that injurious principles result from its use, and that they are not removed from the antiserum when the latter is exhausted with red cells and its precipitin removed by specific precipitation, nor can their action be nullified by desensitization as carried out in anaphylaxis. Unless the obstacle of their presence is in some way overcome the body fluids of infected human beings cannot be practically utilized for the production of antiserum. In test animals the difficulty is not so grave. For we have found that the toxic antiserum produces no enduring lesions when it is administered intravenously in non-lethal doses.
GIANT CENTROSPHERES IN DEGENERATING MESENCHYME CELLS OF TISSUE CULTURES
Authors: Lewis Warren H. 
Published: June 2004

1. Degenerating mesenchyme cells in tissue cultures cultivated in various modifications of Locke's solution often have giant centrospheres.
2. These giant centrospheres develop gradually around the centriole and in their most complete condition consist of centriole, medullary zone, and cortical zone.
3. Preceding the appearance of the centrosphere the centriole is surrounded by degeneration granules or granules and vacuoles, and as the centrosphere develops these are forced first to the periphery of the medullary zone and latter, when it develops, to the periphery of the cortical zone.
4. The mitochondria become orientated about the centriole and centrosphere, at first more or less radially, later concentrically. They change from threads to rods and granules.
5. The giant centrospheres and cancer cell inclusions (Plimmer's bodies, etc.) are identical.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON DIABETES
Authors: Allen Frederick M. 
Published: June 2004

1. The injurious effects of excessive carbohydrate diet are demonstrable in partially depancreatized dogs, in the same manner as in human patients. With severe diabetes there is rapid progress of emaciation and weakness and early death.
2. With milder diabetes, there is frequently a transitional state following operation, when the fate depends on the diet. If the tolerance is spared for a time, recovery sometimes occurs to such extent that diabetes cannot be produced by any kind or quantity of feeding, but only by removal of a small additional fragment of pancreatic tissue. The proper degree of carbohydrate overfeeding is important in this early period for producing the most useful type of diabetic animals; namely, those having good digestion and general health combined with a permanent lowering of assimilative power, like the condition of human patients.
3. In the early stage, glucose is more powerful than starch in producing diabetes, and animals which are progressing toward complete recovery on starch diet can be sent into hopeless diabetes by admixture of glucose. The difference seems to be merely of the rate of absorption, and indicates that a rapid flood of carbohydrate is more injurious to the pancreatic function than a slow absorption. Whenever permanent diabetes is present, so that complete recovery is impossible, starch brings on glycosuria more slowly than sugar, but just as surely. The difference in time in different cases amounts to days, weeks, or months. The clinical lesson from such experiments is that even if a patient becomes free from glycosuria on withdrawal of sugar only, nevertheless other foods should also be limited.
4. No significant differences were observed between the assimilation of different starches, or any extreme lowering of the carbohydrate tolerance by proteins, such as alleged by certain writers in connection with the "oatmeal cure".
5. Repair of traumatic inflammation and hypertrophy of the pancreas remnant have been mentioned incidentally as the basis of the early tendency to recovery, and also hydropic degeneration of Langerhans islands as an accompaniment of the lowering of tolerance by excessive diet. These are believed to have their parallels in human cases, and are to be described more fully hereafter.
STUDIES ON EXPERIMENTAL PNEUMONIA
Authors: Cecil Russell L. , Blake Francis G. 
Published: June 2004

1. Experimental Pneumococcus Type I pneumonia in monkeys confers on them an immunity which protects them against subsequent infection with the homologous type of pneumococcus. The duration of this immunity has not been determined.
2. A certain amount of cross-immunity against the other fixed types of pneumococcus pneumonia may or may not be present following experimental Pneumococcus Type I pneumonia. The degree of cross-immunity is difficult to measure and probably varies widely with the individual monkey.
3. Experimental Pneumococcus Type IV pneumonia in monkeys confers slight if any protection against subsequent infection with the same, or with an homologous strain of Pneumococcus Type IV.
4. There is no evidence in monkeys of cross-immunity against Pneumococcus Type IV pneumonia following Pneumococcus Type I pneumonia; and conversely, Pneumococcus Type IV pneumonia confers no cross-immunity against Pneumococcus Type I pneumonia.
A GROUP OF PARATYPHOID BACILLI FROM ANIMALS CLOSELY RESEMBLING THOSE FOUND IN MAN
Authors: Tenbroeck Carl 
Published: June 2004

1. In addition to the paratyphoid bacilli already named there exists a group which occurs in a variety of animals and which culturally is the same as Bacillus schottmülleri. As a rule this group can be separated from the latter by the type of clumps formed when bouillon cultures are used as antigens, while other antigens and complement fixation tests have failed to differentiate it. Agglutination absorption tests sharply separate the animal from the human paratyphoids.
2. No differences have been detected between organisms of this group derived from a number of animals and a common name for them is desirable, but for the present it seems better to call them calf-, swine-, mouse-, etc., typhus, according to the animal from which they were isolated.
3. Evidence exists in the literature that these organisms have been associated with food infections in man, particularly with what have been called paratyphoid B infections, but this function, as well as the part they play in animal diseases, is a subject for further study.
4. Well defined groups of paratyphoid such as Bacillus choleræ suis, the Voldagsen bacillus, Bacillus abortus equi, and Bacillus enteritidis are found in animals in addition to the organisms considered in this paper, and every attempt should be made to range newly isolated organisms in one or the other of these well recognized groups.
5. One of the objects in continuing this work was to find a method of differentiating these animal from the human paratyphoids less complicated than agglutination absorption. This object was not realized; the two groups are very similar and agglutination absorption seems to be the only means of classifying them.
A FURTHER EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON EXCITATION OF INFECTIONS OF THE THROAT
Authors: Grant Samuel B. , Mudd Stuart , Goldman Alfred 
Published: June 2004

Improvements are described in the method of following temperature changes, and thus alterations in vasomotor tone, in exposed mucous membranes. Invention of an applicator holder, by means of which more sure and stable apposition of the thermopile terminals to the mucous surface may be effected has been the chief advance. Minor improvements have been the use of a saliva ejector and of better calibration technique.
The palatine tonsils, like the palate, pharynx, and skin, react to chilling of the body surface with reflex vasoconstriction and ischemia. On rewarming the subject the tonsils quickly more than recover their former blood supply, actually becoming hyperemic; the skin returns to about its control condition; the pharynx and palate remain somewhat ischemic.
The hypothesis is advanced that one factor in the beneficial hardening effect of cold bathing and outdoor living, with its incident heightened immunity to respiratory infection, may be the training of the vasomotor system in the direction of development in the pharynx of a reaction of hyperemia following chilling, similar to that observed in the tonsils of the present subjects.
With inhalation of amyl nitrite, the skin temperature has always shown a sharp transient rise. The mucous membrane, if relatively ischemic, responds by a rise corresponding to the skin flush. If already hyperemic, local vasodilation in the mucous membrane with amyl nitrite is more than counterbalanced by the lowering of the general blood pressure, and the temperature falls.
The flora of the pharynx and tonsils, studied by the unsatisfactory method described, showed, in several instances, after experimentation changes apparently due to proliferation of one of the microorganisms already present. In one case Streptococcus hæmolyticus, in one Micrococcus catarrhalis, and in a third Bacillus influenzæ was the organism showing a relative increase in numbers. The first two instances were associated with sore throat, the third with slight constitutional symptoms.
The chilling in the experiments in no instance produced albuminuria or glycosuria, although a more dilute urine was apparently excreted during the experiments. A fall in hydrogen ion concentration, referable to the forced respiration, was noted.
EPITHELIAL PROLIFERATION FOLLOWING THE INTRABRONCHIAL INSUFFLATION OF ACID
Authors: Winternitz M. C. , Smith G. H. , McNamara F. P. 
Published: June 2004

The damage caused by the introduction of acid into the pulmonary parenchyma is repaired rapidly.
The depth of the necrosis determines which elements will participate in the repair. If epithelium alone is injured, epithelium alone takes part in the repair. When the damage involves the deeper tissue, organization by granulation competes with and impedes the development of the epithelium.
An overproduction of the epithelium occurs and may form bronchiolar polypi or extend into the peribronchial tissue.
INFLUENCE OF VARIATIONS OF MEDIA ON ACID PRODUCTION BY STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Jones F. S. 
Published: June 2004

The results of variations in acid production in 1 per cent dextrose fermented and unfermented veal broth modified by the addition of 4 per cent of horse serum or 2 per cent of peptone have been recorded. Human streptococci and a group of low acid-producing streptococci from milk produce less acid in the simpler broths (fermented and unfermented). 2 per cent peptone fails to increase the amount of acid produced by these two groups.
The bovine streptococci act much the same as those of human origin. The equine streptococci apparently do not require serum in addition to carbohydrate since they tend to produce less acid in serum media.
The following figures indicate the average minimum and maximum acid production of the various streptococci under the conditions set forth in the experiment.
Human: pH 4.97 to 5.66; titratable acidity 4.51 to 3.66
Bovine: pH 4.56 to 4.77; titratable acidity 7.0 to 5.74
Equine: pH 4.86 to 5.42; titratable acidity 5.38 to 4.24
Low acid-producing streptococci from milk: pH 6.28 to 5.14; titratable acidity 2.56 to 4.28
EXPERIMENTAL INOCULATION OF MALARIA BY MEANS OF ANOPHELES LUDLOWI
Authors: Darling Samuel T. 
Published: June 2004

Three persons were experimentally inoculated with malaria by means of Anopheles ludlowi reared from larvæ and infected with a pure strain of subtertian plasmodium (Plasmodium falciparum), thus proving that there exists no mechanical impediment or obstacle to the free exit of sporozoites from the salivary ducts or proboscis.
In the dissection of infected mosquitoes there were no evidences of degenerated zygotes. Sporozoites appeared promptly in the salivary glands (9 to 12 days). Inoculation occurred with ease either in an interrupted feeding or after mosquitoes had been fed twice previously.
The period of incubation was 14 and 18 days. The clinical manifestations were more severe in the subject that had never been infected with malaria previously, while the splenic enlargement was most pronounced in the subject infected after a long interval of freedom from malaria. In a third subject already suffering from tertian malaria there was only the slightest evidence of physical illness elicited by the superimposed subtertian infection; his temperature, however, became duly elevated.
The type of febrile reaction in the two uncomplicated cases was at first tertian, becoming quotidian later, and this phenomenon in a pure strain leads strongly to the supposition that Plasmodium falciparum possesses inherently both tertian (or subtertian) and quotidian tendencies, as well as its well known tendencies to cause fever of the irregularly remittent or continued type.
The creation of a specific plasmodium to account for clinical forms of æstivo-autumnal or subtertian malaria having a quotidian periodidty is probably unwarranted.
In consideration of the facility with which this species can be infected and man inoculated experimentally, the occurrence of naturally infected wild specimens, and the positive epidemiological evidence, there should no longer exist in the minds of sanitarians any doubt as to its being a malarial carrier.
Operations against this species can therefore be recommended without reservation and should be carried out without delay.
REPRODUCTION IN VITRO OF ENTAMŒBA TETRAGENA AND ENTAMŒBA COLI FROM THEIR CYSTS
Authors: Yoshida Kazuyoshi 
Published: June 2004

1. The vegetative forms of amebæ may be developed in vitro from the cysts.
2. The cysts of Entamœba tetragena and Entamœba coli each produce only a single vegetative individual. It has not been observed in vitro that a number of daughter amebæ, corresponding to the number of nuclei present in the cyst, emerge from the mother cyst, as claimed by Casagrandi and Barbagallo, Schaudinn, and a number of other investigators.
3. The daughter nuclei in the cystic stage correspond to the gamete nuclei of other protozoa. The syngamic nuclear union in the case of these two amebæ does not take place in the tetranuclear stage of the cyst, as claimed by Schaudinn and Wenyon, but during reproduction.
4. The process of autogamy of both amebæ is not restricted to two nuclei; it may involve more than two, which unite to form a syncaryon. In the case of all other protozoa, autogamy is restricted to two nuclei.
5. In order to distinguish the two types of autogamy, one has been termed simple autogamy and the other polynuclear autogamy. The latter may again be classified according to the number of nuclei involved, as trinuclear and tetranuclear autogamy.
6. The majority of cysts treated for 5 minutes in a 2 per cent solution of hydrochloric acid survives.
7. It was possible to demonstrate in vitro the developmental cycle of Entamœba tetragena.
8. No evidence of heterogamy has been observed in vitro in Entamœba tetragena or Entamœba coli.
9. The vegetative form of Entamœba tetragena, at a certain stage of its life cycle in vitro, shortly after its formation, has not only one or two, but may have as many as three or four nuclei.