bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adolescent Development: Health Risks and Opportunities for Health Promotion
Authors: Crockett Lisa J , Petersen Anne C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Adolescence is typically viewed as a transitional period between childhood and adulthood, a time during which young people continue to develop the social and intellectual skills that will prepare them for adult roles and responsibilities. During this period, adolescents reach physical and sexual maturity, develop more sophisticated reasoning ability, and make important educational and occupational decisions that will shape their adult careers. These biological, cognitive, and psycho­ social changes provide a wealth of developmental opportunities for adolescents to engage in behaviors that lead to health risks, on the one hand, or to develop a healthy lifestyle, on the other. In this chapter, we focus on developmental changes that have implications for the kinds of health risks to which adolescents are exposed, their likelihood of participating in health-risking behaviors, and opportunities for health promotion. Health is construed broadly to include physical health, psychological well-being, and social role functioning (Perry &Jessor, 1985). From this perspective, the goal of health promotion is to facilitate the development of young people who are healthy, happy, and prepared to assume their place as adults in society.
Adolescent Health Promotion in the Twenty-first Century: Current Frontiers and Future Directions
Authors: Hamburg David A , Millstein Susan G , Mortimer Allyn M , Nightingale Elena O , Petersen Anne C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Adolescence is different than it once was. Although the dramatic biological changes that usher in this great transition are essentially the same as they have been for millennia, our society provides a very different context, even if we compare it to just a generation ago, and it is still changing rapidly. These changes offer remarkable opportunities, but they also complicate the tasks of adolescent development, particularly the ways in which behavior is shaped. This is a crucial time, since it is in these years that youngsters establish healthy lifestyles that are likely to endure throughout their adult years.
Chemical Equilibria And Kinetics In Soils
Authors: Sposito Garrison 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book clearly illustrates the limitations of using chemical thermodynamics to describe chemical phenomena in soils--especially with regard to kinetics and molecular mechanisms--and proposes that the quantitative description of soils is not complete without adequate characterization of the rates of the chemical reactions. The author, a renowned authority in the field, focuses on reactions in the soil solution and considers aqueous phase properties. He also cogently draws distinctions between thermodynamic chemical species and kinetic chemical species. This critical introduction to the use of chemical thermodynamics and kinetics for describing reactions in the soil solution will appeal not only to professionals but to students as well.
Ion Exchange Reactions
Authors: Sposito Garrison 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This equality will provide a value of the Reference State electrochemical potential of Na• on the exchanger if µ(Na•, aq) can be measured. Now suppose that the same soil exchanger is put into contact with a solution of 50 mol m-3 NaCl at the same temperature and pressure. By hypothesis, the exchanger is still in its Reference State.
The Publishers Market
Authors: Zboray Ronald J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite antebellum publishers’ public self-congratulation, they nevertheless had to struggle continually to find ways to get their books to the actual consumers. The rapid development of the publishing industry on the first wave of American industrialization created, along with increased production, a good deal of chaos within the trade. This disorganization made it difficult to construct a common stock of wisdom about the market—or about treating one another as professional publishers. Though production in the trade was small by late nineteenth-century standards, before the Civil War publishing became one of the first industries in which individual firms were required to move hundreds of thousands of units of diverse, highly complex goods to thousands of consumers, few of whom actually needed any of the particular items. Unlike the cheap fabrics of the Waltham and Lowell mills, the clocks of Seth Thomas, or the cast-iron stoves and fences of the Troy foundries-each of which had a clear use value and could always sink to a price at which someone would buy them—many, many books never found any market.
Population Genetics-Genes
Authors: Powell Jeffrey R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the earliest days after the rediscovery and confirmation of Mendel’s rules of inheritance in 1900, there has been a fundamental split in biologists’ view of how Mendelian principles operate in populations and through evolutionary time. T. H. Morgan wrote three books with evolution as the primary subject (1903, 1925, 1932). The last book was written after many of the fundamentals of population genetics had been elucidated by the triumvirate Fisher, Wright, and Haldane, yet Morgan’s view incorporated little if any populational thinking. From a solely genetic point of view, Morgan thought evolution was a very simple process: Individuals homozygous for the “normal” most-fit allele, that is, the wild type in classical genetics, were in the vast majority in natural populations. Occasionally a new mutation arose that was fitter than the predominant wild type; it quickly swept through the population, and a new wild type was estalblished. I have purposely used the term “population” above, rather than “species,” as Morgan did not believe in the existence of species, considering them merely scholastic constructs needed by simple-minded taxonomists.
Ecology
Authors: Powell Jeffrey R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No one can doubt that Drosophila are excellent organisms for genetic studies. However, full understanding of evolutionary patterns and mechanisms requires relating the genetics of the organism to the environment in which it is living. That is, the genetic knowledge needs to be placed in an ecological context. Unfortunately, to the majority of Drosophila geneticists, the ecology of Drosophila can be defined simply as that half-pint bottle in the constant temperature incubator partly filled with a starch--sugaragar mixture. In this chapter we dispel this notion. In the next chapter we consider studies that connect the kinds of genetic variation discussed in chapters 2 and 3 to the ecology discussed here.
Ontogenetic Self-Organization and Learning
Authors: Singer Wolf 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From a reductionist point of view, learning consists of a stimulus and hence activity dependent neuronal process that leads to a lasting change of stimulus-response relations. The formation of a memory trace may thus be considered a modification of the neuronal program that specifies input-output functions. This program is contained in the architecture of interneuronal connectivity and in the differential weighing of the transfer functions of these connections. Thus any activity-dependent process that modifies, in a sufficiently stable and long-lasting way, the excitatory or inhibitory interactions between pairs of neurons could serve as a mechanism of learning, and any long-lasting alteration of intercellular communication can be considered an engram.
Studying the Individual: The Case Study Method and Other Genres
Authors: Wallace Doris B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Things have not happened to me: on the contrary it is I who have happened to them; and all my happenings have taken the form of books and plays. Read them, or spectate them; and you have my whole story. This is the statement of a person who does not separate life and work. His life is his work. Through it he has shaped his story. His most valued and best known qualities are those that are unique to him. If, therefore, we wish to understand what he did and how, we must study Shaw at work. And so with every creative person.
Introduction
Authors: Rauschkolb Roy S , Hornsby Arthur G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Events of the recent past have been moving agriculture rapidly toward the point where it can no longer be concerned with production of food and fiber alone. One of the principal reasons for the change in attitudes has been the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendment of 1972, commonly referred to as Public Law 92–500. Within this law, Section 208 deals with area-wide water quality management planning. It requires each state to develop waste water management strategies. Specific outputs resulting from Section 208 planning include a regulatory program to control or treat all point and nonpoint pollution sources, including accumulated levels of pollution. This represents only one of many outputs that are expected from Section 208 planning. It is the one that is especially important with respect to nitrogen management in irrigated agriculture.
Superstition and Coincidence
Authors: Vyse Stuart A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bjorn Borg, the five-time Wimbledon champion, comes from a superstitious family. He and his relatives are known for a variety of personal superstitions, several of which center around spitting. As she sat in the competitors’ box during the 1979 Wimbledon final, Borg’s mother, Margarethe, ate candy for good luck. When Bjorn reached triple match point against Roscoe Tanner, she spat out the piece she had been chewing perhaps in preparation for a victory cheer. Before she knew it, Tanner had rallied to deuce. Sensing she had made a mistake, Margarethe retrieved the candy from the dirty floor and replaced it in her mouth. Soon her son had won the championship for the fourth time. Earlier that same year, Borg’s father, Rune, and his grandfather, Martin Andersson, were fishing and listening to the French Open final on the radio. Bjorn was playing Victor Pecci of Paraguay. Borg’s grandfather spat in the water, and just at that instant, Borg won a point. Andersson continued to spit throughout the match, going home with a sore throat. Borg won in four sets.
Growing Up Superstitious
Authors: Vyse Stuart A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the mid-1950s, Philip Goldberg was a young Dodgers fan growing up in Brooklyn. He and his friends played stickball in the streets with mop handles and hairless pink rubber balls known as ‘‘spaldeens.’’ As many as fifteen times a season, he passed through the gates of Ebbets Field to see the great Jackie Robinson take the field, and he watched many other games on television, either at home or at a neighborhood luncheonette. But Goldberg was not merely a passive observer. He helped the Dodgers win. He had a lucky blue Dodgers hat that he wore during every game, and a yellowed Dodgers T-shirt that was imbued with magical powers. Like many boys, he was concerned that the bill of his cap have just the right degree of curl, so at the end of the day, he would roll it into a cylinder and stick it in a drinking glass overnight. Soon he came to believe that this nightly ritual maintained the hat’s power to make the Dodgers win. Although Goldberg’s own baseball magic benefited the Dodgers, his mother was a jinx. On several occasions, when he and his father were watching crucial games, such as those against the Giants in the 1951 National League playoffs, the team’s fortunes changed as soon as Mrs. Goldberg entered the room. Bobby Thomson hit a home run to win the pennant for the Giants, or some other calamity befell the home team.
Boundary Element Methods in Manufacturing
Authors: Chandra Abhijit , Mukherjee Subrata 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Manufacturing processes have existed, in some form, since the dawn of civilization. Modelling and numerical simulation of mechanics of such processes, however, are of fairly recent vintage; made possible, mainly by improved understanding of the fundamental mechanics and physics of these processes as well as by the availability of ever more powerful computers. Our capabilities of designing manufacturing processes, however, significantly lag behind our abilities in simulating such processes. In fact, research in the area of design of manufacturing processes is barely a decade old. Analysis of manufacturing processes, and its integration into the design cycle of these processes, are the dual themes of this book. The boundary element method (BEM) is the computational method of choice. This versatile and powerful method has enjoyed extensive development during the last two decades and has been applied to virtually all areas of engieering mechanics (both linear and nonlinear) as well as in other areas. The BEM infra-structure is presented in Chapters 2, 3, and 4. Chapters 2 and 3, respectively provide reviews of the fundamentals of nonlinear and thermal problems. Material and geometric nonlinearities are ubiquitous in manufacturing processes such as forming and machining while thermal issues play significant roles in casting and machining processes. Chapter 4 discusses design sensitivity analysis, and provides an avenue for utilizing insights gained from analysis toward design synthesis of manufacturing processes. Chapters 5 through 9 are devoted to detailed discussions of a broad range of manufacturing processes—forming, solidification, machining, and ceramic grinding. The unique features of this book are its emphasis on numerical simulation as well as on design of manufacturing processes, and the use of the boundary element method as the computational method of choice.
Explanations and Arguments
Authors: Bartsch Karen , Wellman Henry M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In their early conversations, young children first reveal a mentalistic understanding of desires and, somewhat later, of thoughts and beliefs as well. We believe that children’s early understanding of desires and beliefs is part of a larger conceptual enterprise, an understanding of persons’ actions, minds, and lives. To explore this larger understanding, we must characterize children’s references to beliefs and de sires in reasoning about and with people. There are two obvious sorts of extended reasoning to consider: children’s explanations of action, and their disputes with others. Children’s explanations of action bear on the larger topic of their under standing of causality and early talk about causation (e.g., Hood & Bloom, 1979). Children’s disputes are part of the larger topic of how their understanding of mind affects their real-life social relations (e.g., Dunn, 1994).
Alternatives and Controversies
Authors: Bartsch Karen , Wellman Henry M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Children’s understanding of mind has been extensively discussed and researched lately. New clarity and consensus have emerged from these efforts; investigators increasingly agree on descriptions and findings that were unknown or controversial just 5 or 10 years ago. At the same time, however, conflicting interpretations and predictions have been inspired by contrasting basic characterizations of everyday understanding of mind and contrasting explanations for developmental change. In the last chapter, we argued that children’s talk about the mind can be characterized as reflecting several phases in their development of a theory of mind. In this chapter, we discuss some alternative accounts, compare them to the one we have offered, and examine how they fare when tested against our natural language findings.
Marshall Court, 1801-1836
Authors: Schwartz Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the north and south walls of the Supreme Court Chamber in Washing ton are carved two marble panels depicting processions of historical law givers. Of the eighteen figures on the panels only one is there because of his work as a judge, and he is the one American represented: John Marshall. This is more than mere coincidence, for it sharply illustrates a basic differ ence between the making of law in the United States and in other coun tries. The great lawgivers in other systems have been mighty monarchs of the type of Hammurabi and Justinian, divinely inspired prophets like Moses, philosophers such as Confucius, or scholars like Hugo Grotius and Sir William Blackstone. We in the United States have certainly had our share of the last two types of lawgiver-particularly among the men who drew up the organic documents upon which our polity is based. Signifi cantly enough, however, it is not a Jefferson or a Madison who is depicted as the American lawgiver, but the great Chief Justice who, more than any one person, has left his imprint upon the development of our constitu tional law.
Chase and Waite Courts,1864-1888
Authors: Schwartz Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A. Douglas that the Declaration of Independence, in declaring “that all men are created equal,” was only “speaking of British subjects on this continent being equal to British subjects born and residing in Great Britain.” Lincoln emphatically rejected this interpretation. The authors of the Declaration, he said, “intended to include all men. They meant to set up a standard maxim for free society, which should be familiar to all, and revered by all; constantly spreading and deepening its influence, and augmenting the happiness and value of life to all people of all colors everywhere. “l
Burger Court, 1969-1986
Authors: Schwartz Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before Warren E. Burger became ChiefJustice, all Supreme Court documents were typed with as many carbon copies as needed. Thus the memoranda on in forma pauperis (or Miscellaneous Docket) petitions sent to each Justice required many copies. Because it was necessary to use very thin paper, these memoranda were called flimsies. The junior Justices, who received the last copies, often had difficulty reading them.
Agraphia
Authors: Ullrich Lauren , Roeltgen David P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Benedikt(1865) applied the term agraphia disorders of writing in 1865. Ogle (1867) found that, although aphasia and agraphia usually occur together, they were separable. He concluded that there were distinct cerebral centers for writing and speaking that were anatomically proximate. In contrast, Lichtheim (1885) proposed that disorders of writing usually were the same as disorders of speech. The exception was agraphia due to disruption of the “center from which the organs of writing are innervated. (pg 437)” Lichtheim proposed that agraphia and aphasia were similar because the acquisition of writing (and spelling) was superimposed on speech, and therefore utilized previously acquired speech centers. Head (1926) also stressed this relationship. Goldstein (1948) emphasized two types of agraphia: primary agraphia resulting from disruption of the motor act of writing, and secondary agraphia, resulting from disturbances of speech.
Acalculia and Disturbances of the Body Schema
Authors: Denburg Natalie L , Tranel Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we review the recent literature on acalculia body schema disturbances Neither of these conditions has been consistently defined, and there is little consensus about their neuropsychological and neuroanatomical correlates. These conditions are uncommon, and there is a paucity of well-standardized and validated assessment procedures. Nevertheless, there has been a resurgence of interest in various aspects of the neural basis of number (cf. Butterworth, 1999) and body schema processing (cf. Damasio, 1999), many utilizing functional imaging approaches (e.g., Arzy, Thut, Mohr, Michel, & Blanke, 2006; Downing, Chan, Peelen, Dodds, & Kanwisher, 2006; Morris, Pelphrey, & McCarthy, 2006; Peelen & Downing, 2007), that have tackled basic questions about the neural substrates of number processing (e.g., Lee, 2000; Dehaene, Molko, Cohen, & Wilson, 2004) and body representation (e.g., Schwoebel & Coslett, 2005; Peelen & Downing, 2007; Hodzic, Muckli, Singer, & Stirn, 2009). This work has added considerably to our understanding of what might go awry in the conditions of acalculia and body schema disturbances.
Principles of neuropsychological Rehabilitation
Authors: Prigatano George P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Without guiding principles, clinicians can easily get lost in the maze of problems that a brain-damaged patient presents. This book underlines the importance of patients' subjective experience of brain disease or injury, and the frustration and confusion they undergo. It shows that the symptom picture is a mixture of premorbid cognitive and personal characteristics with the neuropsychological changes directly associated with brain pathology. By closely observing the patient's behavior, the clinician can teach him or her about the direct and indirect effects of brain damage. The book provides guidelines both for the remediation of higher cerebral disturbances and the management of patients interpersonal problems. It presents a new perspective on disorders of self-awareness and recovery as well as deterioration phenomena after brain injury. It will be an invaluable resource for psychologists, neurologists, and psychiatrists involved in neuropsychological rehabilitation.
The New Race
Authors: Rusch Frederik L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is a new race in America. I am a member of this new race. It is neither white nor black nor in-between. It is the American race, differing as much from white and black as white and black differ from each other. It is possible that there are Negro and Indian bloods in my descent along with English, Spanish, Welsh, Scotch, French, Dutch, and German. This is common in America; and it is from all these strains that the American race is being born. But the old divisions into white, black, brown, red, are outworn in this country. They have had their day. Now is the time of the birth of a new order, a new vision, a new ideal of man. I proclaim this new order. My marriage to Margery Latimer is the marriage of two Americans.
Chicago
Authors: Rusch Frederik L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chicago things stand out. A curious very vivid grey-white light seems to illumine and reveal each form and feature. Nothing can hide. Few things can be hidden. All of Chicago is exposed. Its buildings—the Palmolive, the Tribune Tower, the Wrigley Building—stand out. In a corresponding way its life—the underworld and gangland, politics, civic institutions, social groups, society—stand out. For some extremely interesting reasons Chicago, more than any other city I know, is glaringly evident. This is why it has impressed itself upon its residents and upon its neighbors, near and far, as no other modern city has.
California
Authors: Rusch Frederik L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Its geography has something to do with it. The flat openness of the prairies over-rides the outskirts and sweeps full through the entire city. The snug North Shore suburbs cannot keep the prairie out. The western suburbs, and Chicago’s fringe of ragged houses, cannot keep the prairie out. South Chicago and the human settlements to the south cannot keep the prairie out. The men of Chicago, as it were, built a wall around their city, staking off from the vast lands a human-sized plot of ground. Growing Chicago spreads ever farther north, west and south. Each year it conquers and seems to convert more and more of the surrounding flat lands. But the vast openness of the prairies over-sweeps the walls, inundates the growth, washes the city, and joins hands with the spread of Lake Michigan. One feels the prairie in the Loop, in Michigan Boulevard, in all streets and parks, and even in the houses