bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Global Communications for a More Equitable World
Authors: Sy J. Habib 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The Internet acts as a virtual and virtuous public good. It incorporates the activities of all who wish to use it. It allows these users to interact without any rivalry in their usage. And it serves the greater good of the community in which it exists, easing information flows and creating layers of positive externalities. But does this world really exist? Can it deliver the lofty ideals that its adherents predict? In 1998, it is not quite clear. Yes, the potential of the Internet is obvious. But its capacity to function as a public good is not. Particularly in the developing world, the promise of a networked society may be more hopeful than real. Uncertainty results from the growing trend toward “privatization” of the Internet. In theory, the Internet is nonrival and nonexcludable. But congestion problems are appearing, and servers are beginning to charge for access. Spar also discusses the Internet's positive and negative externalities. On the positive side, there have been gains in health, education and commerce – and hence growth. On the negative side, it is easier to transmit objectionable material. Internet regulations intended to tackle negative externalities will fail unless they are undertaken in concert among all nations – and even then they will be difficult to implement. The most important item on the policy agenda, however, is to ensure that developing countries obtain adequate physical infrastructure to reap the benefits of the Internet, and that those who can benefit most are not deterred by high prices from using the services.
Peace and Security
Authors: Hamburg David A. , Holl Jane E. , Mendez Ruben P. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
In the literature of public economics, defense has traditionally been held up as a pure public good in the domestic sphere. But there are problems with this formalistic approach, even more so at the international level. In contrast, peace meets the substantive (i.e., welfare) as well as formal criteria of a public good. The chapter focuses on the political and institutional aspects of peace, and the structures required at the level of the international system. Reviewing the historical record as well as the situation since the end of the Cold War, Mendez contrasts three models of international order: collective security, balance of power and hegemony. He argues that only collective security fully takes into account the public good nature of international peace, and that such a system is the most effective in the long run. International organizations such as the U.N. and regional bodies have key roles to play in such a system.
The Railroad and Civil War Eras (1840–70)
Authors: Geisst Charles R. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Railroad financing through the Civil War, 1840–70. The attraction of railroads as the first major infrastructure investment; scandals involving financiers; major panic following dissolution of Bank of the U.S.; development of early investment banks; scandals during Civil War including those surrounding U. S. Grant, Jay Gould, and NYSE; raising bonds during Civil War.
The Age of the Trusts (1880–1910)
Authors: Geisst Charles R. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The development of trusts and the popularity of trusts as investments. Introduction of the Sherman Act, the consolidation of industry, merger creating U.S. Steel, Andrew Carnegie & Morgan, Panic of 1894, Panic of 1903, Panic of 1907, Morgan's role in averting panic, and the development of the money trust among New York banks. Dow Jones average begun.
Mergermania (1982–96)
Authors: Geisst Charles R. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Market rises after stimulus package from Washington. Mergers trend begins in 1982 with corporate raiding. Stock market rout in 1987 and S&L crisis a year later. Junk bond trend emerges. Michael Milken found guilty and sentenced. Bull market resumes during Clinton years and bubble reaches historic highs on DJIA. Mergers continue unabated. Greenspan becomes Fed chairman.
Vietnam and the Ethics of Disenchantment
Authors: Porterfield Amanda 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Disillusion with American culture became widespread during the Vietnam War as protesters condemned the immorality of the war and the military industrial establishment that supported it, and supporters of the war condemned the protesters. A sense of moral and spiritual disenchantment accompanied these culture wars, along with widespread criticism of American claims to being a nation chosen by God. In addition to describing the end of “victory culture,” and the dismantling of stereotypical distinctions between good cowboys and bad Indians, this chapter points to the important contributions made to American society by the civil rights movement. This discussion of civil rights focuses on the influence of the school of religious thought known as personalism on Martin Luther King Jr. and its linkages to long‐standing American trends of religious individualism.
“Run the Hazard”
Authors: Weddle Meredith Baldwin 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Each Quaker, during wartime, had the moral task to determine his own stance in relation to peace principles and to translate belief into action, although it is difficult to identify any particular Quaker from the haphazard records that remain. His decisions were made in a cultural context including the military requirements of his colony and the penalties for noncompliance, social pressures, and his awareness of his effect upon the wider community. Some Quakers were noncombatants as in Rhode Island and in Sandwich, Plymouth Colony. Other Quakers were combatants as in Rhode Island and in Plymouth, where Sandwich, Yarmouth, and Barnstable yield examples of Quaker combatants. Geographical clustering north of Boston suggests the influence of local leadership upon this decision: Hampton and Kittery supplied many Quaker combatants.
“All Things Have Their Beginnings”
Authors: Weddle Meredith Baldwin 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The Quaker peace testimony, like violence itself, is complex, encompassing many dualisms, such as its extreme individualism while asserting one Truth, the importance of motive as well as behavior, and the tension between private belief and public duties for magistrates (a tension resolved in favor of public duties). It is best described as a pacifist continuum, a line along which both belief and behavior fall, allowing for different parameters and even deep shifts in meaning over time. Thus, while the early Quaker peace testimony focused upon the purity of one's own soul, later Quakers expressed more concern for the victims of violence and for earthly justice. With this shift, the consequences of nonviolent behavior became more important, and spiritually based pacifism came to resemble secular pacifism, more strategic in nature. Quakers did not assume that aggression was necessarily dominant in human nature; rather, they believed that the transforming power of love itself might prevail over the evil within, one person at a time.
Revelation in This World
Authors: Friesen Steven J. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Concludes with an interpretation of Revelation. Elisabeth Schüssler Fiorenza summarized how confessing communities tend to interpret Revelation. David Barr and Catherine Keller have suggested the significance of Revelation for western society in general. Friesen argues that Revelation is best understood as a form of religious criticism from within the western tradition, which provides a critique of the western tradition. Revelation opposed imperialism, and provides a challenge to the modern West's understandings of humanity, society, and rationality.
The Highest Original
Authors: Mulder Philip N. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Leaders of the evangelical denominations in the early nineteenth century wrote works of history and biography, beginning aggressive campaigns of publication in the midst of their competition. They wrote not only to memorialize and celebrate, using journals and memoirs from the first generation, but also to delineate the boundaries separating Presbyterians, Baptists, and Methodists and to strategically define themselves for the second generation. Struggling to counteract the inroads of competitors and schisms challenging denominational orthodoxy, apologists responded by reinforcing distinctive denominational identities. Missionary Baptists such as historians William Fristoe, Lemuel Burkitt, and Jesse Read defended Baptist associations against attacks from Primitive and anti‐Missionary Baptists, while Methodist itinerant Jesse Lee wrote to refute accusations from James O’Kelly's Republican Methodists. In the struggle over denominational identity and limits, particularity and distinction were the heart of the evangelical awakenings in the South.
Rationality
Authors: Plantinga Alvin 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Among objections to Christian belief, we can distinguish between de facto objections and de jure objections, i.e., between those that claim that Christian belief is false (de facto objections) and those that claim that Christian belief, whether or not true, is at any rate unjustifiable, or rationally unjustified, or irrational, or not intellectually respectable, or in some other way rationally unacceptable (de jure objections). In this chapter, I ask whether there is a viable de jure objection to Christian belief formulated in terms of rationality, i.e., I ask whether the objection that Christian belief is not rational is a strong one. In order to assess this sort of objection, we must be clear on what is meant by the term “rational,” and so I distinguish several senses of that term: (1) Aristotelian rationality, (2) rationality as proper function, (3) rationality as within or conforming to the deliverances of reason, (4) means–end rationality, (5) deontological rationality, and (6) William Alston's practical rationality. I conclude that there is no viable de jure objection to Christian belief in terms of any of these senses of rationality, with a possible exception of the second – rationality as proper function. In the next chapter (Ch. 5), I begin to explore this remaining possibility and take up the question of the relation between proper function, warrant, and de jure objections to Christian belief.
Warrant and the Freud‐and‐Marx Complaint
Authors: Plantinga Alvin 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Among objections to Christian belief, we can distinguish between de facto objections and de jure objections, i.e., between those that claim that Christian belief is false (de facto objections) and those that claim that Christian belief, whether or not true, is at any rate unjustifiable, or rationally unjustified, or irrational, or not intellectually respectable, or in some other way rationally unacceptable (de jure objections). In Chs. 3 and 4, I argued (roughly) that no viable de jure objection to Christian belief can be developed in terms of justification or rationality (in most of the senses of that term); in this chapter, I turn to the objections offered by Freud and Marx, objections best understood in terms of warrant. At the heart of the criticism of religious belief due to Freud and Marx is the claim that religious belief is not produced by cognitive faculties that are functioning properly and aimed at truth: according to Freud, religious belief arises from the psychological mechanism of wish fulfillment (a cognitive faculty or process not aimed at truth), while according to Marx, religious belief is produced by cognitive faculties malfunctioning due to a perversion in the social structure. After an initial examination of these objections, I briefly recapitulate the account of warrant I proposed in Warrant: The Current Debate and Warrant and Proper Function (and also take the opportunity to make a correction or supplementation to my account of warrant, a supplementation relating to Gettier problems and cognitive minienvironments). I then point out that the criticisms of Freud and Marx amount to the objection that religious belief lacks warrant; in the next chapter, I evaluate this objection.
Jains and Jainism in Patan
Authors: Cort John E. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Gives a historical overview of Jainism in Gujarat, and in particular in the city of Patan, which was the medieval capital of the Caulukya dynasty. For the Jains, the most important king of this dynasty was the twelfth‐century Kumarapala, who was profoundly influenced both in his personal spirituality and in his royal policy by the Jain monk Acarya Hemacandra. The chapter also details the organizational structures of the Jain community. These include the mendicant lineages (gaccha), of which the Tapa Gaccha for several centuries has been dominant in Patan and Gujarat, and the lay congregations (sangha). The chapter concludes with a discussion of Jain castes in Patan.
2 Kings 23:31–25:30 and the Exilic Edition of the DtrH
Authors: Sweeney Marvin A. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
2 Kings 23:31–25:30 relates the history of Judah from the death of King Josiah in 609 b.c.e. through the destruction of Jerusalem and the Babylonian exile in 587 b.c.e. until the release of King Jehoiachin of Judah from prison. Scholars have consistently pointed to a marked changed in the formulation of the regnal formulas of the Kings of Judah during this period, which indicates that these narratives were written as a supplement to the history of Israel and Judah that originally concluded with the reign of Josiah. An examination of the texts and arguments relevant to this discussion supports the view that 2 Kings 23:31–25:30 were written as a supplement to an earlier Josianic edition of the DtrH.
The Regnal Evaluation of Hezekiah in 2 Kings 18–20
Authors: Sweeney Marvin A. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractScholarly discussion of the regnal account of King Hezekiah in 2 Kings 18–20 points to Josianic interests in the presentation of Hezekiah as a righteous monarch. A number of scholars also argue for a Hezekian edition of the DtrH, insofar as Hezekiah appears to bring an end to the use of “high places” for illegitimate worship in Israel. An examination of these chapters indicates support for the contention of an early Hezekian edition of the DtrH, but shows that the narratives have been reworked for use in both the Josianic and Exilic editions of the DtrH to present the righteous Hezekiah as a partially flawed character, who anticipates Josiah and ultimately the Babylonian exile.
Joshua
Authors: Sweeney Marvin A. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractPast scholarship has emphasized the theological character of the book of Joshua, insofar as its historical presentation of Joshua's complete conquest of the land of Israel stands in tension with archeological research and the claims of other biblical traditions. Richard Nelson's studies of Joshua have been particularly important because they point to an interest in presenting Joshua as a figure who anticipates Josiah in driving out the idolatrous Canaanites and uniting the entire land. An analysis of the book of Joshua indicates that it is heavily influenced by the interests of the Josianic edition of the DtrH, and presents Joshua's conquest of the land as the model for Josiah's reign.
Conclusion to Part I
Authors: Sweeney Marvin A. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter summarizes the results of the study of the Deuteronomistic History in Part I. Analysis of the Deuteronomistic History indicates at least three levels of composition: an eighth century b.c.e. Hezekian edition of the work that was designed to portray righteous Davidic rule over the rebellious northern tribes; a seventh century b.c.e. Josianic edition of the work that was designed to support Josiah's reform by portraying him as the ideal monarch of the entire Davidic line; and a sixth‐century Exilic edition of the work that was designed to explain the Babylonian exile.
Micah
Authors: Sweeney Marvin A. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAnalysis of the book of Micah tends to emphasize the reconstruction of Micah's authentic eighth‐century oracles and the exilic or postexilic redaction of the book. An analysis of the present form of the book of Micah indicates that it is formulated as a prophetic announcement of Zion's exaltation in keeping with Josiah's program to centralize worship and political rule in Jerusalem. Redaction‐critical analysis of Micah indicates relatively little influence of exilic or postexilic redaction.
Frege, Lotze, and the Continental Roots of Early Analytic Philosophy
Authors: Gabriel Gottfried 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
In recent years, it has been acknowledged increasingly that the relationship between analytic and continental philosophy is one of complementarity rather than opposition, as previously often assumed. In this essay I will argue that, in fact, early analytic philosophy has its roots in the tradition of continental philosophy. The essay will focus on Hermann Lotze's influence on Frege and on Frege's relationship to the Neo‐Kantians Otto Liebmann and Wilhelm Windelband. It will provide new evidence for the claim that Frege's philosophy should be seen as belonging to the tradition of Neo‐Kantianism and, along the way, exhibit the continental roots of Frege's context principle.
The Method of the Tractatus
Authors: Conant James 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Two standard readings of Wittgenstein's Tractatus have shaped the ways in which contemporary philosophers think about nonsense. These readings might be termed the “positivist reading” and the “ineffability reading”, respectively. In this paper, I argue (1) that these two mutually opposed readings of the Tractatus presuppose a common conception of nonsense, one which the Tractatus itself sought to undermine; (2) that the sources of Wittgenstein's own conception are to be found in the work of Frege; (3) that, once we trace this conception back to its sources, we will be in a better position to see what sort of criticism (of Frege and others) the Tractatus seeks to advance; and (4) that, once we see this, we will be in a better position to understand the relation between Wittgenstein's early and later work.
Life, Intellectual Milieu, and Works
Authors: Marenbon John 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Examines Boethius's life in Italy at the time of Theoderic the Ostrogoth. It presents his background and intellectual milieu, along with the four main traditions on which he draws: Greek Neoplatonism, Latin philosophical writing, Greek Christian literature and the Latin church fathers. In addition, the chapter briefly discusses Boethius’ treatises on Music and Arithmetic.
Ought to Do
Authors: Horty John F. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
An analogy is developed between action in an indeterministic setting and choice under uncertainty, as it is studied in decision theory. Various dominance relations among actions are explored, and used both to provide a semantic account of what agents ought to do and to formulate a notion of dominance act utilitarianism. The ideas are related to problems involving independence, conditionals, and sure‐thing reasoning.
Facing Up to Tragedy
Authors: Solomon Robert C. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The concept of the tragic sense of life has dropped out of the contemporary sensibility, but tragedy, of course, continues. We deny tragedy by blaming, often the victim. The problem is traced back to Saint Augustine's “Problem of Evil,” which challenges the goodness and power of God in the face of apparently meaningless human suffering. The search for meaning is the ultimate problem of tragedy.
The Divine Family
Authors: Smith Mark S. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Working with the study of Ugaritic society offered by }{\charscalex68 J}{\fs26\charscalex68 .}{ D. Schloen, this chapter lays out the correspondence between the four tiers of the pantheon examined in the previous chapter and the four levels of the family household in Ugaritic society. This correspondence and the widespread attestation of familial terminology for the pantheon would point to the patrimonial household as the fundamental image that provided a conceptual unity for the wide variety of divinities and their multiple relations (the divine family). The different sections of the chapter look at the four tiers of the divine household, the royal patriarchal household as a model for the pantheon, the astral background of El’s family in Ugaritic and Israelite literature and Baal’s outsider status.
Monotheism in Isaiah 40–55
Authors: Smith Mark S. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This last chapter offers a study of the monotheistic rhetoric in what is considered the most prominent evidence of this language, namely Isaiah 40–55. The language of monotheism in this section of the Bible particularly illustrates that monotheism is hardly a religious stage at this point, but rather a rhetorical strategy designed to persuade its audience of the reality of Yahweh’s absolute power in a world where a foreign empire holds sway over Judah. The different sections of the chapter look at the polemical context of Isaiah 40–55, the outsider context (polemic), insider referentiality and Isaiah 44, and reading this text for monotheism.
Wielding Symbols of Authority and Transmission
Authors: Heine Steven 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
These cases illustrate how Zen masters wield or wear symbols of charisma and authority, including sticks, staffs, and fly whisks, to which are often ascribed miraculous powers. Furthermore, it treats the ritual significance of important symbols used in monastic ceremonies and rites, such as robes, fans, bells, screens, icons, and portraits. The symbols are crucial ways of showing the powers of Zen meditation over the skills of rival forces and figures.
Introduction
Authors: Glancy Jennifer A. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
An understanding of the institution of slavery in the period in which Christianity emerged is necessary for comprehending both the rhetoric of slavery in Christian writings and the realities of slavery in Christian communities. Egyptian papyri – including personal letters, census returns, household accounts, wills, legal petitions, and fugitive slave notices – document details of slaveholding society in one province of the Empire. Literary works and Roman law codes offer insights into the function and ideology of slavery. Jewish texts and the writings of Stoic and Cynic philosophers also provide evidence related to both the practices of and attitudes toward slavery. Most ancient writings accord priority to the perspectives of slaveholders rather than of slaves.
Bodies and Souls
Authors: Glancy Jennifer A. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Sōma, the Greek word for body, is a synonym for slave. Servile status affected a person's experience of being female or male, especially as slaves, generally considered to be without honor, were their owners’ sexual property. Early Christian authors shared with Stoic philosophers a tendency to minimize the significance of physical slavery, emphasizing instead the dangers of spiritual slavery; however, even as they warned readers about spiritual slavery, writers invoked the corporal dimensions of slavery, i.e., the association between slaves and bodies. The Discourses of the freedman philosopher Epictetus and Paul's letter to the Galatians illustrate this simultaneous dismissal of the liabilities of physical slavery and reliance on the somatic metaphor to express the risks of spiritual slavery.