bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Capitalism, City Space, and Class Formation: A Journey Organized By Friedrich Engels
Authors: Katznelson Ira 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe previous chapter showed that neither David Harvey nor Manuel Castells in the early 1980s tackled the limitations of Marxist urban studies persuasively, each in his own way abandoning the project of Marxist social theory, whose central questions concern the joining together of structure and agency in a single hand. This chapter presents an analysis of the route taken by Friedrich Engels in his early work on cities in The Condition of the Working Class in England; in his compressed discussion of Manchester and other early industrial revolution urban centres, Engels blazed a road that has not been travelled either by Marxism or by students of the city, and identified mechanisms that connect structure and agency. The provocative union of Marxism and the city proposed by Engels had nothing to say about the history, character, and activities of national states. His contribution, rather, lies in the way he raised fundamental questions in three dimensions that correspond to each of Marx's theoretical projects: (1) questions about the linkages between large‐scale processes, principally the development of capitalism, and the emergence of the modern capitalist city; (2) questions about the linkages between the city as a point in the accumulation process and its internal forms; and (3) questions about the linkages between these forms and the development of class and group consciousness. These are the tasks entailed in joining Marxism and the city, and these are the questions explored in the remaining chapters of the book.
Introduction
Authors: Ameriks Karl 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Argues, first, that there is a common ground in a methodological sense in the similarity of structure in Kant’s three Critiques. Also contends that central to Kant’s metaphysics and argumentative strategy is the assumption that there is an ontological common ground uniting subjects and objects, and that this is consistent with the regressive form of Kant’s transcendental deductions and his doctrine of transcendental idealism. In addition, argues that Kant’s philosophy as a whole seeks to show how there can be a common ground of agreement between the truths of common sense, philosophy, modern science, and rational morality. While providing an overview of the book, the Introduction also discusses the special interpretative difficulties of Kant’s Critical philosophy.
Kantian Idealism Today
Authors: Ameriks Karl 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Discusses in more detail the general features of many arguments in contemporary philosophy that are often understood as versions of Kantian idealism. Argues that they are in fact quite distinct from Kant’s own understanding of transcendental idealism because, unlike them, it depends essentially on the notion of our specific forms of intuition. Also attempts to mediate between non-ontological and ontological readings of Kant’s idealism presented in interpretations by Allison and Paul Guyer. Ends with a discussion of special difficulties that arise in Kant’s crucial arguments about space and time in the Antinomies, and it proposes that understanding transcendental realism as a specific way of absolutizing the forms of experience may offer the best strategy for making sense of the contradictions that Kant claims to find in dogmatic positions.
Kant and Short Arguments to Humility
Authors: Ameriks Karl 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Offers an extended analysis of the problems of idealism and interaction as treated in Rae Langton’s recent monograph, Kantian Humility (1998). It endorses Langton’s thought that Kant’s notion of things in themselves has much to do with a conception of the intrinsic natures of things, but it finds difficulties in Langton’s own argument that transcendental idealism, in the sense of an insistence on our ignorance of things in themselves, is to be understood as resting basically on the consequences of the mere receptivity of our experience. There are historical and systematic problems with this reading (concerning key features in the development of Kant’s treatment of space, time, and interaction), and in some ways it is very close to a questionable and influential reading of Kant by his German idealist successors (and some versions of the contemporary ‘merely methodological’ interpretation of transcendental idealism, criticized elsewhere under the heading of the so-called ‘short argument to idealism’).
Kant and Hegel on Freedom: Two New Interpretations
Authors: Ameriks Karl 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Contrasts a metaphysical reading of Kant’s notion of freedom with recent accounts of freedom offered by Allen Wood in a book on Hegel and Henry Allison in a book on Kant. Wood argues that Kant’s account is more concerned with the metaphysics of causation than Hegel’s and is therefore weaker, whereas Allison proposes and defends an understanding of freedom in Kant that plays down the role of causality and metaphysics. Argues in part along with Wood, against Allison, on the issue of the meaning of Kant’s theory, and in part along with Allison, against Wood, on the issue of the relative coherence and defensibility of Kant’s theory in contrast to Hegel’s. Also notes that there are significant problems with the main basis that Allison offers for the claim of our freedom, namely, the thought that we ‘can’t help but believe that we are practically free’.
Taste, Conceptuality, and Objectivity
Authors: Ameriks Karl 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Is a defence of the reading offered in the earlier chapters against another set of objections, including some recently articulated by Paul Guyer. It elaborates ways in which the objective nature of Kantian taste is also connected with another feature that is often denied of it, namely, a fundamentally conceptual character. To say that Kant’s argument presumes that taste is objective and conceptual does not mean that this is to take it to be all objective and all conceptual. Since it is rooted in human perception, taste must involve sensation and feeling, and in this sense it is obviously subjective and intuitive as well – but this does not mean that we should think that Kant (insofar as his aesthetic theory insists on valid judgements) means to deny a sense in which it also needs to remain both objective and conceptual, as these terms are commonly understood now. The general structure of Kant’s discussion here fits in well with my overall interpretation of him as a ‘moderate’ philosopher regressively seeking universal features of particular kinds of presumed experience.
The English School and World History
Authors: Little Richard 
Published: March 2005

AbstractIn contrast to Hidemi Suganami in the first chapter, the author argues that the English School of International Relations has made, and can continue to make, an important contribution to the study of world history. In particular, he suggests that the three traditions of world politics – international system, international society, and world society – provide a useful way of thinking about the many different types of international societies and systems that have permeated world history. Adopts a world historical focus on the more familiar distinction drawn by the founding fathers of the English School between the political structures that define an international system and the social structures that define an international society, the aim being to demonstrate that a range of different international societies and systems have, across the course of world history, given way to a single worldwide international society/system. Begins by examining the debate about the validity of distinguishing between international systems and societies, and then looks at the interaction between international systems and societies in the premodern world. Goes on to outline the establishment of the European international system/society and its contact with other international systems/societies, and concludes by assessing the utility of adopting a world historical perspective and drawing a pluralistic distinction between international systems and societies.
Critical Security Studies
Authors: Williams Paul 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe author submits that the English School of International Relations could usefully engage in a dialogue with the literature emerging under the umbrella label of Critical Security Studies (CSS), suggesting that the security of individuals should be incorporated into the understanding of international society. He begins by providing a brief description of CSS, identifying it as a deeper (in that it recognizes that security is derived from societal assumptions about the nature of politics), broader (in that it recognizes that security extends beyond the threat and use of military force), and more focused (on emancipation) approach to understanding security. He then frames his discussion of CSS and the English School around four central questions: the first asks what is security, the second asks whose security should be prioritized, and the third asks what counts as a security issue. The approaches of the English School of International Relations offer a restricted response to all three of these questions, and CSS also challenges the School's belief in the central value of international order by insisting that in the long run human emancipation may involve the removal of international order as the primary value. Finally, the author asks who or what can provide security – what is to be done to promote an emancipatory politics of security in the contemporary era.
(Re)Imagining the Governance of Globalization
Authors: Falk Richard 
Published: March 2005

AbstractPart Three of the book turns to the question of international society and international relations after September 11, starting with a chapter by Richard Falk, who argues that international society remains a useful starting point for studying today's globalized world because it is predicated on the dual assertions of international anarchy and a (potentially) global normative order – a duality that provides a fertile breeding ground for different accounts of what the world should look like. The author discusses the changing geopolitical context of globalization and global governance, suggesting that if globalization is to be retained as a label for the current phase of international relations, its net must be cast far more broadly than it has been – since the events of 2001 it needs to be interpreted far less economistically, and more comprehensively. The last part of the chapter considers approaches to global governance, international society, and world society given this altered understanding of ‘globalization’. The author identifies five overlapping accounts of globalization that provide alternative and competing pictures of the future of global governance and international society: corporate globalization, which refers to the growth of transnational business and the forging of common interests and values based on neoliberal economics; civic globalization, which in many ways is a civil society response to the corporate variety and has manifested itself in a number of transnational anti‐globalization movements, but has now moved beyond straightforward opposition towards the articulation of new global political agendas; imperial globalization, which is a US‐led form of globalization that seeks not the creation of a genuinely multinational neoliberal global economy but rather the extension of American power and the satisfaction of US interests narrowly conceived; apocalyptic globalization, the variant promoted by Osama Bin Laden and his followers and aims to overthrow the society of states and replace it with an Islamic world state; and regional globalization, in which a number of regions around the world are developing their own subsystems as a way of moderating pressures created by the global flow of capital. The author argues that none of these forms of globalization is likely to predominate completely, but that the relationship between them is likely to shape the nature of global governance for the foreseeable future.
Normative Innovation and the Great Powers
Authors: Morris Justin 
Published: March 2005

AbstractIn this final chapter, The author asks whether the shift from a multipolar to unipolar society of states has led to normative change in international society, using the norm prohibiting the use of force as a case study, and arguing that although material changes in international society do have an impact, the norms that underpin international society are not infinitely malleable and constrain even powerful actors like the USA. He begins his chapter with a discussion of the relationship between power and norms, which reinforces the linkages between English School of International Relations and constructivist approaches identified in Ch. 4 by Reus‐Smit. The author dismisses the realist and materialist arguments that norms play, at most, a peripheral role in international life, by arguing that even powerful states prefer to act in accordance with international rules. In relation to the use of force, he argues that it is very difficult to find a case since 1945 where a state has not sought to justify its use of force with reference to the rules governing that discussion. After charting the evolution of norms pertaining to the use of force and the globalization of international society, he turns to the post‐September 11 era, arguing that although the USA continues to follow the rules to a large extent, its attempt to act as a ‘normative innovator’ by claiming an exceptional right to self‐defence poses a grave danger to both the UN and the system of law that underpins the society of states.
Preface
Authors: Douglas Mary 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
The author discusses the origin of her book and its purpose, which she describes as setting the two main priestly books of the Pentateuch – the Books of Leviticus and Numbers – in (an anthropologist's) context. These Books are regarded by the author as having a strong shared political commitment: the keeping alive of the legendary alliance of the twelve sons of Jacob, and the advocacy of peace with Samaria, at the time when the Second Temple community of Israel was drawing its boundaries and redefining itself as an exclusive religious group and Samaria was standing out as a dangerous enemy. The scheme of this book is described, and the origins of the controversies that have arisen over interpretation of the Pentateuch outlined, along with discussion of the probable views of the priestly editors (both in exile and on return) on ecstatic cults and the resulting reinforcement of the orderly and theorized approach they took to renewing the old religion. The final section of the Preface returns to the theme of problems of translation and meaning and the concerns of the priestly editors in the different chapters of the book.
The Division of the Cooperative Surplus
Authors: Wilson Catherine 
Published: March 2005

AbstractAccording to Hobbes’ Theorem, moral practices increase the co‐operative surplus. Other, non‐moral social mechanisms, such as those described and endorsed by Robert Nozick determine to a great extent, however, the allocation of the surplus. Chapter 6 asks to what extent observed disparities in well‐being enjoyed and deprivation endured are morally acceptable. The ‘basic’ co‐operation that characterizes most organised human activities is distinguished from morally superior ‘symmetrical’ co‐operation and its relevance to the problems of distributive justice is explored. The requisites of a decent human life are discussed, and three tiers of goods are identified as the known, presumptive, and doubtful and speculative components of well‐being.
Knowledge and Lotteries
Authors: Hawthorne John 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
This book is organised around an epistemological puzzle, which consists of a tension between various ordinary claims to know and our apparent incapacity to know whether or not someone will lose a lottery. In its starkest form, the puzzle is this: we do not think we know that a given lottery ticket will be a loser, yet we normally count ourselves as knowing all sorts of ordinary things which entail that its holder will not suddenly acquire a large fortune. The author explores various potential solutions to this puzzle, and issues on the nature and importance of knowledge. In the process, he offers a careful treatment of pertinent topics at the foundations of semantics.
Overt Context-Sensitivity: The Problems of Indexicality
Authors: Borg Emma 
Published: March 2005

AbstractLooks at a classic problem for formal theories of meaning, stemming from the existence of expressions whose meaning depends, in part, on the context in which they are produced (e.g. demonstratives, indexicals, tensed expressions). I argue that formal accounts can accommodate such expressions (e.g. can generate truth-conditions for sentences containing them) without admitting rich contextual features (like speaker intentions) to the semantic realm.
Minimal Semantics and the Global Art of Communication
Authors: Borg Emma 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis chapter spells out the precise claims of minimal semantics and the role it accords to context in semantic theorizing. It also recapitulates the claims made with respect to the modularity of linguistic understanding, arguing that grasp of literal linguistic meaning is a properly modular process while grasp of what is said by a speaker is a non-modular process (thus, communication is global in the sense that it requires a range of intra-personal cognitive systems). Finally, some relevant questions that are not addressed in detail in the book are raised.
Base Contraction and the Filtering Condition 7
Authors: Levi Isaac 
Published: March 2005

AbstractSo far potential states of full belief have been considered only insofar as they are representable by deductively closed sets (corpora or theories) in a suitably specified language L, and it might be objected that such corpora are objectionable because they cannot be surveyed by finite means. The alternative proposal is that attention should be focused on the contraction of finite sets (bases) whose closures represent potential states of full belief. It is argued that if non-degenerate base contraction is to be taken seriously, its justification will ignore the demand that restrictions on the options for contraction should appeal to the goals of the enquiry. The illustrations of Fuhrmann and Hansson in this regard are considered, and it is suggested that the filtering condition appealed to by Fuhrmann smacks of epistemological foundationalism. The author follows Pierce in preferring a pragmatist to a foundationalist epistemology.
Kierkegaard's Ethic of Love
Authors: Evans C. Stephen 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Kierkegaard presents a form of divine command theory of moral obligation similar to accounts developed by Robert Adams and Philip Quinn. The account understands the relation humans have with a loving God as making possible the greatest human good, and as creating those unique obligations we designate as moral. God’s commands should be obeyed, not because of fear of divine punishment, but out of love and gratitude for the good that God has bestowed on humanity. Though God can and does address specific individuals, the fundamental divine command is the injunction – common to Judaism and Christianity – to love one’s neighbour as oneself. God’s commands are not arbitrary; they are directed at human flourishing and lead to genuine happiness, even though obedience to them requires self-denial and is not egoistically motivated. This Kierkegaardian ethic, found principally in Works of Love, has advantages over its contemporary secular rivals, such as evolutionary naturalism, social contract theories, and moral relativism. Additionally, this form of divine command theory resists the fundamental objections often posed against a religiously grounded ethic.
1 God and Moral Obligation: Is a Link Possible?
Authors: Evans C. Stephen 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Moral obligations are overriding and objective, in a way that other kinds of obligations are not. A divine command theory of moral obligations claims that all truly moral obligations owe their status as moral duties to the fact that God commands them. God’s commands, however, are not arbitrary; instead, God’s command is a call to human flourishing and happiness. Kierkegaard answers the question posed in the Euthyphro by importing a Kantian dimension to an Aristotelian framework; he can do so only because he sees the self as spiritually and morally qualified. The two chief passions that are crucial to the formation of the self that God intends one to be are faith and love.
2 The Ethical as a ‘Stage’ of Existence: Either/Or and Radical Choice
Authors: Evans C. Stephen 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Though Kierkegaard’s pseudonymous authorship poses interpretive challenges, its ironical and humorous literary character does not make it impossible to develop from it an ethical theory. Readers of Kierkegaard must be wary of fashionable attempts to make Kierkegaard ‘postmodern’. They should avoid as well the temptation to understand the ethical life as a humanistic stance devoid of belief in God; Kierkegaard’s ethicists are actually pious believers who attend church regularly. Finally, Alasdair MacIntyre’s reading of Kierkegaard must also be resisted: Kierkegaard and the pseudonyms of Either/Or do not advocate a doctrine of radical choice, as MacIntyre claims. Instead, the three spheres or stages are ranked in the order that they are because the higher spheres realize the aims of the lower ones. The ethical life is not abandoned in one’s movement to the religious life; instead, it is fulfiled.
6 The Humanistic Character of Commanded Love
Authors: Evans C. Stephen 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Neighbour-love, grounded by divine authority, provides a basis for genuine human flourishing despite the fact that this love requires self-denial. God does not suggest neighbour-love but commands it, and being a duty makes neighbour-love steadfast, autonomous, and significant. True happiness is not found when we aim directly at our own happiness, but when we discover God’s love for us and respond to God in grateful obedience. Loving God in the right way, we will want to obey his command – the command to love our neighbours as ourselves.
8 Who Is My Neighbour? Can Love Be a Duty?
Authors: Evans C. Stephen 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
All love must be transformed by neighbour-love, including self-love – the type of love the command presupposes. Ironically, though everyone has self-love, only those with neighbour-love have the right kind of self-love. Neighbour-love means wanting the other’s good, generally; more specifically, neighbour-love means wanting the neighbour – and oneself – to know the Good, namely, God. Love is a duty, and, according to Kierkegaard, a daunting one: I must love all of humanity as particular neighbours, and I must love them all equally. No person has greater moral worth than any other. Anyone with whom I come in contact is my neighbour, and I therefore have a duty to love him or her.