bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relationship between body composition and the components of somatotype
Authors: Bolonchuk W. W. , Hall C. B. , Lukaski H. C. , Siders W. A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn a sample of 422 adults (200 females and 222 males) aged 18–73 years, the relationship was determined between somatotype estimated by the Health‐Carter (Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 27:57–74, 1967) method and body composition variables determined by using hydrodensitometry (HD) and Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA).The anthropometric (ANC) dimensions used to estimate somatotype were positively correlated with the endomorphic and mesmorphic components and negatively correlated with the ectomorphic component. For the BIA measurements, resistance (R) was negatively correlated with the mesomorphic component; and reactance (XC) was negatively correlated with the endomorphic component; both measurements were positively correlated with the ectomorphic component. The HD‐negative correlations were observed between mass in water and the endomorphic and mesomorphic components, and positive correlations were observed with the ectomorphic component. Body volume and surface area were positively correlated with the endomorphic and mesomorphic components and negatively correlated with the ectomorphic component.Percent fat and fat weight were related to each of the three components of somatotype for males and females. Fat‐free weight for males was also related to the mesomorphic and the ectomorphic components.
Who gave whom hemoglobin S: The use of restriction site haplotype variation for the interpretation of the evolution of the βS‐globin gene
Authors: Livingstone Frank B. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe hypothesis that three separate mutations to the βS‐globin gene have occurred in Africa in challenged. The distributions of the βS and other β‐globin haplotypes and a simulation of the diffusion of the βS gene are presented and argued to be more in accord with the rapid diffusion of a single mutant that by recombination and gene conversion now occurs on several different haplotypes.
Population biology and aging: The example of blood pressure
Authors: Friedlaender Jonathan S. , Page Lot B. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractCross‐sectional studies of aging trends in traditional societies are open to question because of widespread cohort trends, which can have different impacts on different age groups. An illustration of this problem is taken from blood pressures studies on the classic Framingham Heart Study, in which cross‐sectional results give a very different indication from longitudinal results of aging trends in this modern population. Semilongitudinal studies of blood pressure in Soloman Islands populations are reviewed to show the dramatic indicators in modernising groups there of rapid blood pressure increases over approximately a decade in adult cohorts of all ages. The partitioning of aging vs. cohort effects is only possible with this technique.
Validity of anthropometric percent fat prediction equations for use with pregnant women
Authors: Miller Darryl W. , Ballor Douglas L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe purpose of this investigation was to determine the validity of five different skinfold prediction equation for use in forecasting the percent body fat of pregnant women. Twenty‐one pregnant women underwent hydrostatic and skinfold thickness determinations of percent body fat at 6–10, 16, and 28 weeks of gestation. The correlations between hydrostatic and anthropometric determinations of percent body fat were high during the three test periods (r= .78 to r = .89). The slopes of the line of best fit between the criterion (hydrostatic weighing) and predicted variable (prediction equation) decreased across pregnancy. The anthropometric prediction equations tended to overestimate percent body fat changes in comparison to the hydrostatically determined percent body fat changes. Skinfold thickness measurements can be used as a prepregnancy aid in determining recommended weight gain during pregnancy and as a measure of subcutaneous fat status during pregnancy. However, anthropometric prediction equations should not be used during the later stages of pregnancy to estimate percent fat or percent fat changes.
Association of adipose tissue distribution with relative skeletal age in boys: The Fels longitudinal study
Authors: Xi Huanjiu , Roche Alex F. , Baumgartner Richard N. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe association between relative skeletal age and fat patterning was analyzed by using data from the Fels Longitudinal Study for boys at chronological ages 8 to 17 years. Fat patterning, as indicated by age‐specific means for three skinfold thickness indices adjusted for weight/stature2, was peripheral between 8 and 12 years of chronological age but began to increase in a centripetal direction towards a generalized distribution after 13 years. From 14 to 17 years of chronological age, boys with advanced relative skeletal ages had more centripetal fat patterns, as indicated by the ratio subscapular/(subscapular + triceps) skinfolds, than did those with retarded skeletal ages. The mean annual increment in this ratio was significantly greater from 13 to 14 years of chronological age in boys with advanced relative skeletal ages than in those with retarded relative skeletal ages. Fat pattern index scores at 17 years of chronological age, however, could not be predicted from relative skeletal ages at 7, 11, or 14 years after adjustment for baseline fat pattern index scores and weight/stature2. It was concluded that fat patterning, as quantified by the ratio indices used in this study, was associated more strongly with other indicators of relative maturity such as secondary sex characteristics in adolescent boys.
Physical growth of Ecuadorian Chachi Amerindians
Authors: Stinson Sara 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMeasurments of height, weight, arm circumference, and triceps and subscapular skinfolds were collected on 457 Ecuadorian Chachi Amerindians between the ages of 4 and 64 years. Compared to US reference values, the Chachi are very small in terms of height‐for‐age, but have normal or above normal weight‐for‐height. The Chachi are also in the lower part of the distribution of body size among South American Indians. In terms of body composition, Chachi arm circumferences and triceps skinfolds are below the US 50th percentile. The estimated upper arm muscle area of Chachi males is below the US median, but Chachi females older than the age of 15 have arm muscle areas exceeding the US median. One reason for the greater arm muscle area of adult Chachi females may be that they perform much more physical activity involving the upper body than do US women. Problems in the interpretation of anthropometric indicators of nutritional status among South American Indian populations limit the conclusions about Chachi nutritional status that can be drawn from these results.
Relationship between clinical parameters and linear growth in children with cystic fibrosis
Authors: Byard Pamela J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMixed longitudinal height data from 1,170 cystic fibrosis patients seen at Rainbow Babies and Childrens Hospital in Cleveland form the basis for this analysis. As a group, the patients experience growth retardation throughout the growth cycle, with median height values below the 25th percentile of NCHS standards until late adolescence. Median height increments are also below normal standards until age 16 years in boys and 14 years in girls. Based on these results, it appears that some CF patients have very delayed adolescent growth spurts, and continue to grow into early adulthood. Pancreataic‐enzyme‐sufficient patients have greater height‐for‐age percentiles than enzyme‐deficient patients after 9 years of age. The overall difference between enzyme‐sufficient and enzyme‐deficient patients is not statistically significant (P=0.058), perhaps because of small sample size for the enzyme‐sufficient group (n=19). The correlation between pulmonary status assessed from lung X‐rays and height increment peaks at age 10 years in girls and age 15 years in boys, with significant negative correlation occurring after age 16 years in both sexes. Although both pancreatic enzyme deficiency and lung disease appear to have some effect on linear growth in CF, especially during adolescence, these two factors explain a relatively small portion of the variation in growth percentiles.
Bone cortical area in the evaluation of nutrition and activity levels
Authors: Bridges Patricia S. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis study compares the differing impacts of nutrition and habitual activities on cortical area. While nutrition should have a systemic effect on cortical area, activities are more likely to result to localized changes in either cortical area, its distribution, or both. Two groups from the Southeastern United States were examined here: Archaic hunter‐gatherers and Mississippian agriculturalists. Cross‐sectional area and strength were greater in the femora alone of agricultural males. Agricultural females showed no increases in cortical area, but nonetheless had greater strength in both the arms and legs. In addition, in spite of significantly lower cortical area at one site—the proximal humerus—agricultural females maintained bone strength at this level. These findings suggest that most of the differences seen in cross‐sectional area and structure are due to changing activities associated with the introduction of agriculture, although nutrition probably had a constraining effect on cortical area in agricultural females. Finally, in order to distinguish between the effects of diet and activities, it is best to examine more than a single bone and to consider both cortical area and its distribution, rather than area alone.
Asymmetry and intraindividual diversity in digital dermatoglyphics of Bulgarians
Authors: Karev George B. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA random sample of 2,130 apparently healthy Bulgarians, 1,065 of each sex, was investigated to obtain a detailed picture of finger dermatoglyphic asymmetry and intraindividual diversity in the population examined.Both sexes showed an almost equal pattern of asymmetry and diversity. Relative pattern asymmetry, taking into account the pattern type frequencies, tends to be higher in males, being especially pronounced on fingers which show a low asymmetry in other aspects.Like other populations so far examined, Bulgarians display higher rates in males than in females concerning the total, ulnar, and radial ridge‐counts, their asymmetries, and intraindividual diversities. However, the more analysis of the ridge‐count asymmetry is worked out in detail, the more it becomes evident that both sexes are asymmetrical not so much to a different degree as in a different manner. As a whole, the ambidirectional, directional, fluctuating, and relative asymmetries are practically consistent in both sexes. Important sex differences are revealed in the structure of the directional and fluctuating asymmetries concerning contrasts between their radial and ulnar levels. The sex differences in directional asymmetry are discussed in the light of possible effects of the sex chromosomes upon the mediolateral developmental gradients. Expressed modulation of the fluctuating asymmetry by finger is interpreted as evidence for considerable differences between separate finger pairs in their sensitivity to stressful factors.Presented results are relevant to anthropology and population genetics and could have implications in medical genetics and teratology, serving as normative data in pathological conditions.
Pubertal growth spurt in the female rhesus monkey: Relation to menarche and skeletal maturation
Authors: Tanner J. M. , Wilson M. E. , Rudman C. G. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThree‐monthly measurements of tibia length, crown‐rump length (CRL), and body wieght have been made on nine indoor‐housed and six outdoor‐housed female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) from ages 17 to 41 months. In the indoor‐housed there were clear pubertal growth spurts, identifiable in individual curves, with average peaks at 22.5 months for tibia length, 23.5 months for CRL, and 24.5 for weight. Menarche occurred on average at 26.0 months. In both skeletal dimensions the amount of acceleration exceeded that which occurs in man. The relative timing of the spurts and of menarche was similar to that in man. The outdoor‐housed monkeys showed a similar spurt in tibia length, although a less easily identifiable one in crown‐rump length. The peak velocity of tibia length in these monkeys occurred on average at 30.5 months, with menarche at 32.5 months. We conclude that the pubertal growth spurt in female rhesus is very little different from that in man.
Twinning causative origin investigated by Sartwell's biometrical method
Authors: Philippe P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSartwell's biometrical model is useful to test potential causal factors at the origin of biological phenomena of unknown etiology. It postulates a lognormal distribution of the incubation time. The method has been applied in the past to infectious and neoplastic diseases and, only lately, to genetic diseases. We report here an application to unlike‐sex and like‐sex twins in an attempt to infer causal origin from a family of potentially related factors. Two hypotheses are tested: the maternal prenatal origin of unlike‐sex twins, and the menopausal basis of like‐sex twins. The hypotheses are respectively grounded in the presumed genetic origin of DZ twinning, and in the ovarian‐dysfunction origin of MZ twinning. The study is population‐based; it proceeds from a matched control group and considers various time windows (induction periods) of possible etiologic significance—namely, age at onset of twins, the time window from the first birth to the twin birth, and the time window from the twin birth to the last birth. The study of lognormality has been carried out with the Box‐Cox transformations, Fisher's cumulants method, and the normal probability plots. Results show clearly that unlike‐sex (presumably DZ) twins have their causal origin in the maternal prenatal period as age of onset is definitely lognormal. Median induction time is 31 ± 6 years. This is interpreted as a multiplicative age‐related causal process involving hypophyseal hormones. The menopausal origin of like‐sex twins, a mixture of MZ and DZ, is less clear‐cut, as the fit of the distribution of the time window until last birth to a lognormal model is less than perfect. In spite of the heterogeneity of the like‐sex twin group, there is evidence that some cases of MZ twins may be menopause‐related. But this complex question needs more study.
Body circumferences as measures of body fat distribution in 10–14‐year‐old schoolchildren
Authors: Mueller William H. , Marbella Anne , Harrist Ronald B. , Kaplowitz Haley Jo , Grunbaum Jo Anne , Labarthe Darwin R. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn this paper the hypothesis is tested that circumferences are as useful as skinfolds in children aged 10–14 years to detect variation in regional fat distribution. This would be confirmed by the appearance of a significant canonical correlation between a vector of appropriately selected circumferences and an analogous vector of skinfolds, producing a weighted pattern suggestive of centralized obesity (that is a series of mathematical weights of different signs for central versus peripheral regions of the body). The hypothesis is confirmed (P < 0.01) in this sample of 378 children of both sexes. The association occurs in the second canonical correlation after a strong first canonical correlation providing information about fatness level (0.83–0.87). The canonical correlations are low (0.29 in boys, 0.36 in girls), lower than has previously been reported in a similar study of adults. The circumferences most heavily weighted in opposite directions are the waist and thigh. These results are in accord with adult studies. This study did not support the use of the waist‐hip circumference combination, the measures currently used in most epidemiologic studies of body fat distribution.
Stress, migration, and blood pressure in Kiribati
Authors: Lewis David E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractInvestigation into the relationship between essential hypertension and migration and modernization typically conclude that modernized, urban migrants have more elevated blood pressures with age and are more at risk from hypertension than are their traditional rural sedentary compatriots. These differences are often attributed to greater stresses on the migrating or modernizing segment of the population. In contrast, this study of rural sedentes and urban migrants in Kiribati (Gilbert Islands) indicates that hypertension and elevation of pressure with age have appeared in this modernizing population which was free of essential hypertension less than twenty years previously. Yet there are no significant differences in blood pressure or the incidence of hypertension of migrants and sedentes. This similarity of rural and urban islanders' health status is traced to the stress‐relieving nature of migration and the urban experience in Kiribati.
Longitudinal growth of high socioeconomic status Guatemalan children analyzed by the Preece‐Baines function: An international comparison
Authors: Bogin Barry , Wall Maureen , Macvean Robert B. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe Preece‐Baines model I function, adapted for use with a personal computer, is applied to the longitudinal growth records of Guatemalan children and adolescents of high socioeconomic status. The fit of the Preece‐Baines function to the Guatemalan data is compared with those of published analyses of the function fitted to the growth of British, Belgian, urban and rural Indian, Australian Aborigine, and African children. Guatemalan, British, and Belgian samples share generally favorable environments for human development and show few differences in the amount and velocity of growth, or in the timing of growth events. Urban Indians live under relatively good environmental conditions and are similar to Guatemalans in the timing of growth events, but grow more slowly and grow less than the Guatemalans, British, or Belgians. Rural Indian, Australian, and African samples live in environments that delay or retard growth, and these last‐named three samples grow more slowly, delay the onset of the adolescent growth spurt, and achieve smaller adult height than the Guatemalans. Parameters of the Preece‐Baines model are compared between all samples and show that there are several alternate paths in the rate of growth and the timing of adolescent growth events that may be taken from childhood to adulthood.
Infant‐feeding practices and childhood stature in three ethnic groups
Authors: Baranowski Tom , Rassin David , Harrison Joel A. , Bryan George , Henske Janice , Puhl Jackie 
Published: June 2005

AbstractInconsistencies in the literature on the relationship of infant feeding practices to stature were explored in a tri‐ethnic sample of 3‐ or 4‐year‐old children. Measures of child stature, maternal stature, child age, type of infant milk‐feeding, time of introduction of high fat and high carbohydrate foods, and social characteristics were analyzed with multivariate statistical techniques. No statistically significant bivariate or more complex relationships were detected between the modes of infant‐feeding and child stature. The best‐fitting regression equation accounted for 61% of the variance, revealing strong relationships with child age and maternal height, and weak relationships with child adiposity, gender, and ethnicity. The present results indicate that there is little likelihood that metabolic effects induced by methods of infant‐feeding affect stature, at least among 3‐ or 4‐year‐old children.
Anthropometric somatotype of Bod girls: A comparison of high and low altitude populations
Authors: Pandey Atul K. , Malik S. L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe high altitude environment is known to influence the morphophysiology of man in a variety of ways. Its possible impact on somatotype of adolescent girls has not been investigated so far. For this purpose 348 female Bods, from 10 to 18 years old, have been somatotyped from high altitude (n = 176) of Ladakh (3,534 m) and low altitude (n = 172) of Kullu Valley (1,500–2,200 m). The results of the study reveal greater mesomorphy and ectomorphy in the high altitude Bod girls than in ethnically similar low altitude Bod girls of comparable age. The study has accorded the differences in the somatotypes to the high altitude stresses. Striking similarities in boys and girls in terms of higher mesomorphy and ectomorphy in the highlander Bods than the coeval lowlanders confirm the hypothesis that the high altitude environment influences the somatotype components.
Determining growth faltering with a tracking score
Authors: Frongillo Edward A. , Rothe Gail E. , Lambert Jennifer K. J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA tracking score for determining growth faltering in children was developed and tested. A graphical method was developed for classifying by visual inspection whether or not a given child had faltered in growth. This method was used to classify all children in a sample of Guatemalan children as to faltering in both weight and length between 9 and 24 months of age; 80 of 345 children had faltered in weight, and 44 of 336 children had faltered in length. The accuracies for determining this faltering of seven versions of the tracking score and that of three other commonly used scores were assessed and compared using ROC curves, the areas under the curves, and two other ways. The other scores tested were the increment score, the residual score, and a growth‐curve parameter score. The accuracies of the scores were overall lower for weight than for length. For both weight and length, the growth‐curve parameter score had the lowest accuracy, and the tracking score that used an intermediate number of measurements (four in the interval of interest and three in the previous interval) had the highest accuracy. The tracking score has a number of features that make it attractive as an indicator of faltering. It is easy to calculate and interpret, preserves magnitude and direction, incorporates several growth measurements into a single indicator of faltering, gives equal weight to the information in all the measurements used, allows for missing measurements, and can be generalized to include other aspects of growth.
Effect of tooth size on the ageing and chronological distribution of enamel hypoplastic defects
Authors: Hodges Denise C. , Wilkinson Richard G. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe location of enamel hypoplastic defects on the tooth crown has been used to determine the age of an individual at the time the defect‐producing stress occurred. The assumptions made in following this methodology are examined, and one in particular, that tooth size variation has a minimal impact on ageing and subsequent chronological distributions, is tested. Teeth with no occlusal or minimal wear and with enamel hypoplasias were measured for crown height and the location of the defect on the crown. Two samples are used, one comprising a series of archaeological specimens and the other from modern clinical extractions. The chronological distributions of the defects are determined by three different methods: one is based on a tooth mineralization chart; the second method uses the same chart but incorporates individual crown heights; and the third method adjusts the chart for the sample's mean crown heights. Significant differences between the age estimates are observed in both the modern and archaeological samples. Tooth size does affect the ageing of hypoplastic defects and the chronological distributions. By adjusting the mineralization chart for the sample's mean crown heights, the significant differences in age estimates can be corrected.