bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
STUDIES ON THE TRANSFER OF LYMPH NODE CELLS
Authors: Harris T. N. , Harris Susanna , Farber Miriam B. 
Published: June 2004

The transfer to rabbits of homologous lymph node cells which have been incubated in vitro with Shigella-trypsin filtrate leads to the appearance of agglutinins to Shigella in the sera of the recipients. In the present study it has been found that the prior injection of the prospective recipients with blood leucocytes from the donor animals prevented the appearance of anti-Shigella agglutinins. The following observations have been made in this system:
1. The degree of the pre-injection effect was found to be a function of the number of leucocytes injected and of the interval between such pre-injection and the transfer of the antigen-incubated lymph node cells.
2. The pre-injection of leucocytes at appropriate intervals could also cause the failure of antibody to appear in sera of recipients of lymph node cells when these were obtained from donor rabbits injected with Shigella, 1, 2, or 3 days prior to cell transfer.
3. Agglutinins failed to appear in cell-transfer experiments after the pre-injection not only of blood leucocytes, but also of lymph node cells, peritoneal exudate cells, or thymus cells of rabbits. This effect was not brought about by pre-injection of erythrocytes of rabbits or leucocytes of chicken, cow, or horse. The pre-injection of leucocytes of human blood had an effect of partial suppression.
4. When the leucocytes for pre-injection were pooled from groups of rabbits, either the prospective donors of the lymph node cells or other rabbits, essentially complete suppression of agglutinin titers occurred regularly. When the leucocytes for pre-injection were obtained from an individual rabbit and the lymph node cells from another rabbit the suppression of the recipients' titers occurred sporadically.
5. When the recipient's own leucocytes were pre-injected the subsequent agglutinin titers were somewhat lower than those of the non-pre-injected controls. When the recipient's whole blood was re-injected as the source of leucocytes the subsequent agglutinin titers were as high as those of the non-pre-injected controls.
6. The pre-injection effect was not obtained if the leucocytes had been heated, frozen and thawed, suspended in distilled water, lyophilized, or treated with sodium iodoacetate. However, sonic oscillation or x-irradiation of the leucocytes had no effect on their capacity to bring about the pre-injection effect.
GENETICS OF SOMATIC MAMMALIAN CELLS
Authors: Tjio J. H. , Puck Theodore T. 
Published: June 2004

A convenient, reliable method for chromosome delineation of animal cells grown as monolayers on glass has been applied to human, opossum, and Chinese hamster cells.
Tissue cultured cells from 5 different, normal organs of 7 different human subjects uniformly displayed the expected chromosome number of 46 and showed no variations in morphology or number other than the expected sex differences and a small incidence of polyploidy.
The chromosomes of normal cells from the American opossum were as uniform as those of human cells. Cells of the inbred Chinese hamster demonstrated appreciable karyotype variability, the cause of which is under investigation.
The chromosome number and morphology of cells from normal human tissues have remained constant after more than 5 months of continuous, rapid growth in tissue culture involving scores of vessel transfers and a number of generations equivalent to many billions of progeny.
By the use of routine recloning, even cells of malignant, aneuploid constitution have been maintained in active growth for 3 years and hundreds of generations, with stable chromosomal and metabolic characteristics.
The cells of the American opossum and Chinese hamster which possess only 22 chromosomes have been established in vitro and are especially suitable for genetic studies. The readily recognizeable Y and X chromosomes of the male opossum are particularly favorable as cytological markers.
Photomicrographs of the chromosomes of the various cells employed are presented.
STUDIES ON EXPERIMENTAL SHIGELLOSIS
Authors: McGuire C. David , Floyd Thomas M. 
Published: June 2004

Host resistance to Shigella infections can be decreased by non-specific physical stress. Fasting lowers the number of Shigella required for a parenteral LD50 dose. While the LD50 by the oral route is larger in fasted than in nonfasted animals, the fasted host's susceptibility to oral infection is increased as evidenced by the increased fecal Shigella carrier state, duration of intestinal infection, and increased incidence of Shigella bacteriemia.
Fatigue also increases the animal's susceptibility to shigellosis, but to a lesser extent than does fasting.
A CELLULAR BASIS OF IMMUNITY IN EXPERIMENTAL BRUCELLA INFECTION
Authors: Holland John J. , Pickett M. J. 
Published: June 2004

Brucella suis, Brucella abortus, and Brucella melitensis were shown by microscopic and cultural procedures to multiply extensively within normal rat, mouse, and guinea pig monocytes maintained in vitro in cell cultures for 3 days. Intracellular growth of brucellae had no observable toxic effects on most monocytes, although many of the cells became completely engorged with brucellae within 3 days. Non-smooth brucellae and strain 19 multiplied slowly within normal monocytes. In contrast, "immune" monocytes) i.e. those derived from animals previously infected with smooth brucellae, greatly restricted the intracellular growth of smooth and non-smooth brucellae and strain 19. Growth of smooth Brucella, within either normal or "immune" monocytes, was not influenced by addition of Brucella antiserum to the culture medium.
Desensitization of immunized guinea pigs did not diminish the refractory state of their monocytes. Cellular resistance did not develop when animals were vaccinated with heat-killed brucellae, though these animals did produce agglutinating antibody. Similarly, vaccination of animals with living, rough B. suis failed to induce a refractory state in their monocytes, even though the vaccinated animals developed delayed hypersensitivity to smooth Brucella antigen.
In vivo studies of Brucella survival in the spleens of normal and vaccinated mice (treated with streptomycin to prevent extracellular survival) gave strong support to the in vitro demonstrations of acquired "cellular immunity." Some implications of these results are discussed.
THE REMOVAL OF CARTILAGE MATRIX, IN VIVO, BY PAPAIN
Authors: McCluskey Robert T. , Thomas Lewis 
Published: June 2004

The intravenous injection of crystalline papain into young rabbits results in depletion of cartilage matrix throughout the body, with loss of rigidity and collapse of the ears, provided the enzyme is inactivated by oxidation or sulfhydryl blocking agents prior to administration. Cysteine-activated crystalline papain, when injected intravenously, produces little or no change in cartilage.
The changes which occur in cartilage following an injection of inactivated crystalline papain are indistinguishable from those produced by crude papain.
Activation of crude papain by cysteine prior to injection results in loss of its capacity to produce in vivo changes in cartilage.
The progressive changes which take place in cartilage in vivo also occur in vitro in isolated rabbit ears removed shortly after an injection of crude papain or inactivated crystalline papain. In vitro ear collapse occurs rapidly at 37°C. and does not occur at 4°C. Collapse is enhanced by exposing the cartilage to cysteine and prevented by exposure to iodoacetamide or p-chloromercuribenzoate.
The direct action of crystalline papain on plates of normal cartilage, in vitro, results in the same gross and histological changes which were observed in vivo. The direct action is accelerated by cysteine and inhibited by iodoacetamide or p-chloromercuribenzoate.
The intravenous injection of iodoacetamide-treated bromelin produces the same in vivo changes in cartilage as papain. Untreated bromelin has no demonstrable effect on cartilage.
It is suggested that the reason for the failure of activated papain to enter cartilage, after being injected intravenously, is that it probably reacts with a substrate or substrates in the blood. Oxidized or otherwise inactivated papain, in contrast, is readily taken up by cartilage and there converted to its active form.
A COMPARISON OF HUMAN ANTISERA TO PURIFIED DIPHTHERIA TOXOID WITH ANTISERA TO OTHER PURIFIED ANTIGENS BY QUANTITATIVE PRECIPITIN AND GEL DIFFUSION TECHNIQUES
Authors: Finger Irving , Kabat Elvin A. 
Published: June 2004

The limits of sensitivity of three gel diffusion methods are compared and their utilization in the detection of small amounts of antibody to antigens present in traces in a preparation is illustrated with the diphtheria toxin-human antitoxin system. The Preer modification of the Oakley-Fulthorpe technique and the Oudin tube method were found more sensitive than the Ouchteriony plate method, and permitted the detection of as little as 3 µg. antibody N/ml. of serum.
Antisera from eight Schick-negative individuals immunized with purified diphtheria toxoid have all been shown to contain, in addition to antitoxin, antibodies to substances present as impurities in the purified toxoid injected. The amounts of these antibodies in a serum and a partial characterization of their antigen-antibody curves have been determined through the combined use of quantitative precipitin and gel diffusion methods.
Different amounts of antibody have been precipitated by toxin and toxoid from individual sera. Evidence is presented that this may have been due to slight differences in antigenic specificity.
A serum, Hu, which had been held to contain no precipitating antibody, has now been shown, by the Preer and Oudin techniques, to contain at least 12 µg. of precipitating antibody N (per ml. serum) against an impurity in the toxoid preparation. This estimate has been confirmed by quantitative precipitin determinations. The presence of antibodies to impurities in all human antitoxins examined in the present work brings into question the assumption that human antitoxin as such has a skin-sensitizing capacity.
ACCESSORY PLASMA FACTORS INVOLVED IN THE BACTERICIDAL TEST FOR TYPE-SPECIFIC ANTIBODY TO GROUP A STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Stollerman G. H. , Kantor F. S. , Gordon B. D. 
Published: June 2004

The bloods of two apparently healthy human beings, of 25 studied, failed to produce a strong bactericidal test for type-specific antibody to the M protein of group A streptococci under in vitro conditions wherein most human blood leukocytes rapidly phagocytize and destroy virulent organisms in the presence of anti-M antibody and accessory plasma factors.
The defect in bactericidal activity of these two individuals is associated with the plasma rather than with the blood leukocytes. Leukocytes suspended in these atypical plasmas showed a characteristic delay in the rate of activation of phagocytosis.
Although previously the bloods of laboratory animals (except monkeys) had been reported to be much less active than human blood in this system, occasional exceptions were encountered in rabbits in this study. Two rabbits were found whose bloods were as strongly bactericidal against streptococci, in the presence of type-specific antibody, as the blood of the average "normal" human being.
The atypical behavior of some human and rabbit bloods in the bactericidal test may be explained by variations in accessory plasma factors that are as yet unidentified and that influence the rate of phagocytosis of virulent streptococci in vitro in the presence of type-specific antibody.
INFECTIVITY OF RIBONUCLEIC ACID FROM POLIOVIRUS IN HUMAN CELL MONOLAYERS
Authors: Alexander Hattie E. , Koch Gebhard , Mountain Isabel Morgan , Van Damme Olga 
Published: June 2004

Ribonucleic acid prepared by the method of Gierer and Schramm from concentrated and partially purified types I and II polioviruses has been demonstrated to be infectious for HeLa and human amnion cells in monolayers. In areas of cytopathogenic action resulting from invasion of cells by RNA, intact poliovirus, of the type from which the RNA had been prepared, is present.
The infectivity of the RNA was completely inactivated by a 2 minute exposure to purified ribonuclease or to whole normal monkey serum shown to contain measurable concentrations of this enzyme. Whole virus infectivity was not influenced by RNAase or whole normal monkey serum. Normal and polio-immune globulin, desoxyribonuclease, lysozyme, proteolytic enzymes, and bovine albumin failed to inactivate the infectivity of RNA.
The degree of infectivity of isolated RNA from poliovirus for cells in monolayer was greatly influenced by the ionic strength of the environment.
The experimental evidence suggests that isolated poliovirus RNA is the carrier of the biological activity responsible for infection of cells and for transmission of genetic information which controls type specificity.
PAPAIN-INDUCED CHANGES IN RABBIT CARTILAGE
Authors: Tsaltas Theodore T. 
Published: June 2004

Some biochemical aspects of the collapse of the rabbit ears produced by the intravenous injection of papain have been studied. A marked depletion of chondromucoprotein (M.C.S.) and a reduction of the S35 content of cartilage matrix were found to coincide with the gross and histologic changes in the cartilage. At the same time there was a marked increase in the amount of S35 in the serum and an increase of S35 and glucuronic acid excreted in the urine. Alteration in the composition of the M.C.S. remaining in the cartilage of the papain-injected animals was detected.
The findings indicate that the collapse of the rabbit ears is due to loss of chondromucoprotein from cartilage and reduction of chondroitin sulfate in the chondromucoprotein that remains.
All these changes were reversed in recovery.
AN ALTERNATIVE MECHANISM FOR THE PROPERDIN SYSTEM
Authors: Nelson Robert A. 
Published: June 2004

Evidence is presented that phenomena ascribed to the properdin system may be explained in terms of classical antibody (Ab) in combination with three of the components of complement (C'), i.e., C'1, C'4, and C'2 respectively. The results suggest that the complex of properdin (P) with zymosan (Z) represents a mixture of Z·Ab, Z·Ab·C'1, 4, Z·Ab-C'1, 4, 2, and Z·Ab·C'1, 4, 2 in a decayed state.
The purported preferential reactivity of Z with the third component of C' (C'3) is not supported by the present experiments in which Z was reacted with C' in both guinea pig and human sera. Approximately the same number of reactive units of C'1, 4 and of C'3 were inactivated by Z, as well as by D. pneumoniae and a washed specific precipitate of bovine albumin-anti-albumin.
The latter evidence that small amounts of antigen-antibody complex fix significant amounts of C'3 stands in contrast with the classical concept that C'3 is not fixed in ordinary complement fixation reaction. The observed reactivity of C'3 is explained on the basis of the present use of essentially undiluted serum as a source of C'3 and of 37° as the temperature for fixation.
Ancillary data indicate that purified properdin contains Ab. In the presence of a chelating agent and at 0° properdin agglutinated Z granules. Measurements of nitrogen (N) uptake by Z suggest that 0.25 µg. N were contributed by solutions stated to contain 1 unit of properdin.
The broad spectrum of reactivity or cross-reactivity of the Ab in normal serum is likely due to the wide distribution in nature of closely related polysaccharides. Further immunochemical studies are necessary to establish definitively the origin and mode of action in "natural resistance" of antibodies reactive with these polysaccharides.
THE CUTANEOUS REACTION TO SOLUBLE ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY COMPLEXES
Authors: Cochrane Charles G. , Weigle William O. 
Published: June 2004

The in vivo activity of soluble antigen-antibody complexes was tested by a single intradermal injection in rabbits. Skin reactions were obtained marked by erythema, induration, and occasionally hemorrhage and necrosis. Microscopically, diffuse inflammation and occasional vascular necrosis could be found at all dosages. This indicates that soluble antigen-antibody complexes are phlogogenic and provides support for the suggestion that complexes are responsible for the lesions seen in serum sickness.
The reactions were similar in severity to local passive Arthus (LPA) reactions at equal dosages of antibody in the dosage range studied.
BSA antigen could be found in large concentrations in affected vessel walls of both reverse passive Arthus (RPA) and active or classical Arthus reactions. It is suggested that this predominantly vascular localization of antigen might bring about the relative severity of the RPA and active Arthus reactions, as contrasted to the complex and LPA reactions.
The finding of affected vessels in the complex and LPA reactions containing little or no antigen and antibody, while these components were present in adjacent areas, suggests that the antigen-antibody combination may cause vascular reaction and damage by the release of physiologically active mediators from the tissue or tissue fluid.
EFFECTS OF ARSENIC-AZOPROTEINS ON MOUSE LYMPHOMA CELLS IN VIVO
Authors: Kidd John G. 
Published: June 2004

Conjugates made by coupling diazotized arsanilic acid with one or another of a variety of proteins regularly brought about the complete regression of established 6C3HED lymphomas in living mice without perceptibly harming the latter, while untreated control animals regularly died with lymphomatosis. Histologic studies made plain that the lymphoma cells promptly die in mice treated with the arsenic-azoproteins, while those in untreated control animals continue to proliferate. Various inorganic and organic arsenicals (including arsanilic acid and 4-arsonophenyldiazotate) were essentially devoid of effect on the lymphoma cells in vivo, and this proved true as well of the proteins employed (serum albumins and globulins procured from several species, casein, and ovalbumin). Mixtures of arsanilic acid and the several proteins, various sulfur-azoproteins, and a number of other substances—viz., amethopterin, chlorambucil, 6-mercaptopurine, 8-azaguanine, azaserine, 6-azauracil, 5-fluorouracil, thioTEPA, and DON, each given in maximal tolerated amounts—also failed to influence notably the course of established 6C3HED lymphomas in vivo.
Although readily overcoming Lymphoma E9514 cells growing in the subcutaneous tissues of susceptible mice, the arsenic-azoproteins had little or no effect once these cells had reached the livers and spleens of susceptible hosts. Furthermore the arsenic-azoproteins had little or no effect in vivo on the cells of Lymphoma AKRL1, L1210, and L4946.
The findings were considered in relationship to the respective susceptibilities of several types of lymphoma cells to other anti-lymphoma agents—notably guinea pig serum, immune serums prepared in rabbits with mouse lymphoma cells as antigens, and a variety of chemical compounds. Taken together, the observations provide proof that lymphoma cells of various types, although resembling one another quite closely in growth characteristics following transplantation in susceptible hosts, and in morphology as disclosed by ordinary microscopy, differ notably in susceptibility to the effects of the several anti-lymphoma agents.
INACTIVATION OF ENDOTOXIN BY A HUMORAL COMPONENT
Authors: Skarnes Robert C. , Rosen Fred S. , Shear Murray J. , Landy Maurice 
Published: June 2004

A humoral substance which inactivates endotoxin in vitro has been shown to be clearly distinguishable from complement, properdin, and specific antibody. For the present, it is designated "endotoxin-detoxifying component" or EDC.
Animal species could be grouped in three categories with regard to the EDC activity of their sera; rat serum was highly potent; chimpanzee, dog, horse, and guinea pig sera were much less active; mouse, rabbit, and sheep sera exhibited no activity. The EDC potency of human sera varied widely, ranging from high to barely discernible activity. In contrast to the variations of EDC potency in serum, citrated plasma from all species manifested high potency of about the same magnitude.
The influence of time, temperature, pH, and concentration of reactants on the inactivation of endotoxin by EDC was examined. EDC activity in plasma and serum was found to be labile to beating at 56°C. for 1 hour. Bacterial endotoxins, derived by different isolation procedures from smooth and rough Gram-negative species, varied considerably in susceptibility to EDC action.
COLICINE K
Authors: Amano Tsunehisa , Goebel Walther F. , Smidth Elizabeth Miller 
Published: June 2004

By immunological means it has been shown that colicine K is associated with the O antigen of the colicinogenic bacillus E. coli K235 L+OC+.
The colicine K-O antigen complex elicits the formation of at least two types of antibodies, one a precipitin, the other a colicine-neutralizing antibody. The first precipitates colicine K without neutralizing it, the second neutralizes the colicine without precipitating it.
Unlike the purified colicine K complex, the colicine protein component of the O antigen is precipitable by the neutralizing antibody.
There is no demonstrable serological relationship between colicine K and phage T6. These two agents must be considered to be separate and distinct entities.
FOLINIC ACID AND NON-DIALYZABLE MATERIALS IN THE NUTRITION OF MALARIA PARASITES
Authors: Trager William 
Published: June 2004

The extracellular survival of the malaria parasite Plasmodium lophurae was favored on the 4th day of incubation in vitro by the presence in the medium of added folinic acid at a concentration of about 5 µg. per ml. The development of the human malaria parasite P. falciparum intracellularly in suspensions of human erythrocytes was better in a medium with a high than in one with a low concentration of folic acid.
In the early extracellular development of P. lophurae in vitro erythrocyte extract could be partially replaced by certain yeast protein preparations and by a non-dialyzable fraction, free from hemoglobin, prepared from duck erythrocyte extract by means of starch electrophoresis.