bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Early Mesozoic
Authors: Hallam Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this book a distinction has been made between Early Mesozoic (Triassic and Jurassic) and Late Mesozoic (Cretaceous) because of the very different global geographies of these times. As already indicated, Pangaea had become established as a coherent supercontinent at the beginning of the era and did not disintegrate significantly until the Cretaceous. Although uncertainties remain, especially in Asia, knowledge of the relative positions of continental areas in the Mesozoic is considerably better than for the Palaeozoic. A prime reason for this is the existence for the first time, from the Mid Jurassic onwards, of a deep sea record, with magnetic anomalies, preserved on the present ocean floor. Reconstructions have been made starting from the present and removing successively older areas of oceanic crust. This is done by matching sets of magnetic anomalies and following traces of fracture zones on the ocean floor. As for the Palaeozoic, palaeomagnetic data from the continents provide latitudinal control. The early set of reconstructions of Smith and Briden (1977) are still valuable as first-order approximations of reasonable accuracy (Figs 7.1 and 7.2) except for Asia and parts of the Pacific margins, where a series of terranes was accreted. Furthermore, the continental fits are unduly tight, having failed to allow for the fact that there can be significant continental extension before breakup.
Cellular Variation and Adaptation in Cancer
Authors: Woodruff Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years our understanding of cancer biology has increased dramatically. There have also been major advances in the treatment of some forms of cancer but not of others. Many of the failures are due to the early dissemination of cancer and the limited success of adjuvant chemotherapy is probably due to the heterogeneity of cancer cells and their capacity to diversify. Clinicians often are unaware of the revolution that is taking place in cancer biology, and biologists sometimes fail to appreciate how cancer is perceived by clinicians. Each group needs a user-friendly interface with the other's field, and this book, addressed to both clinicians and biologists, attempts to meet these needs.
The formation and diagenesis of chalk
Authors: Hancock J M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In old English usage of the word ‘chalk’, one of its distinctive features was its softness. Some authors have tried to maintain an indication of the degree of hardness in the definition. Geologists working for the Deep Sea Drilling Project regard chalks as ‘partly indurated oozes; they are friable limestones that are readily deformed under the fingernail or the edge of a spatula blade’ (Winterer et al. 1973, pp. 9–10; Garrison 1981). If the sediment is harder than this, these geologists call it ‘limestone’. This nomenclature allows for no distinction between lithified chalks and. other limestones, which actually have very different textures, and hence markedly different porosities and permeabilities. The distinction between a hard chalk and ordinary hard limestone was already recognized by Whitehurst (1786).
The United Kingdom
Authors: Lloyd J W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Chalk in the UK has been extensively used as an aquifer since the nineteenth century. Prior to that abstraction was generally from springs and hand dug wells in the outcrop areas, developments that in most cases were on a small scale. In the early seventeenth century the City of London was partly supplied by an aqueduct in the Lee Valley, in east London, referred to as the New River. In 1613, this began to carry some 30 000 m3 of water per day from chalk springs in Hertfordshire (the Chadwell and Amwell springs) to New River Head in Clerkenwell.
Behaviour and Social Evolution of Wasps
Authors: Itö Yosiaki 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this book, Itô presents data on tropical wasps which suggest that kin-selection has been overemphasized as an evolutionary explanation of sociality. He concentrates on the Vespidae (paper wasps and hornets), a group much discussed by evolutionary biologists because it exhibits all stages of social evolution:; subsociality, primitive eusociality, and advanced eusociality. The author reports field observations by himself and others in Central America, Asia, and Australia, showing that multiple egg-layers in a nest are not uncommon. Because coexistence of many `queens' leads to lower relatedness among colony members than in single-queen colonies, he suggests that kin-selection may not be the most powerful force determining observed social patterns. Instead, subsocial wasps may first have aggregated for defence purposes in habitats with a high risk of predation, with mutualistic associations among many queens. Through parental manipulation and then kin selection, differentiation into within-generation castes may have followed. Of interest to all students of ecology, evolution, and behaviour, this book beautifully illustrates the ability to combine wide-ranging data with thoughtful questions - the author's trademark.
The purchase
Authors: Evans Julian , Stephen White , Evans John , Titchmarsh Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is the story of a small Hampshire wood. It is not the whole story, even if that could be told, but of the last ten years since we became its owners. It’s a story, too, which touches on that of the owners themselves. Mostly, though, it is a more leisurely reply to the oft-asked questions: What do you do with the wood? Do you need to look after it? How did you come to buy it? Indeed, why ever did you buy one? We haven’t got all the answers, and certainly not for every new experience our purchase has brought, but we’ve enjoyed finding that out since the wood became our own.
The timber sale
Authors: Evans Julian , Stephen White , Evans John , Titchmarsh Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The two great storms revealed how vulnerable the pines were. Their tops rose above all but the tallest of the beech and we couldn’t afford further attrition to this most valuable part of the wood. In the spring of 1990 we decided to sell them all. Two other considerations helped make up our minds. Several of the pine trees were becoming chlorotic with pale needles and poor prospects for many more years of growth. Measurements of the distance between branch whorls at the tops of the windblown pines revealed that even on healthy trees each year’s growth had slowed from over two feet per year in the early 1980s to only a foot or so in 1988 and 1989. The chalkiness of the soil was taking its toll on even the tolerant Corsican pine. Secondly, the three rows of beech between the double rows of pine urgently needed thinning yet individually the beech were small and, on its own, the job would be unprofitable. If all the pines were felled, the beech trees next to where they had stood would immediately be released and enjoy extra growing space.
Harvesting the pine
Authors: Evans Julian , Stephen White , Evans John , Titchmarsh Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
More than a year passed before Mendip Forestry came to cut their pine trees. I had not expected such a long wait, though it was entirely within their right. Indeed, I probably pestered them a bit, wanting to know when they would start. It is not always easy for a forestry contractor to plan his work precisely owing to our fickle weather, unforeseen machinery problems, clogged log yards at sawmills, and the like; of course, there was also a lot to clear up after the great storm. In the event Roger Austin, Mendip’s Director, phoned in early April 1992 to say that they would be shortly starting to cut. By the time I next visited the wood, work was well under way. Access had been gained by using the keeper’s key and his lock. Subsequently ours was hung for them on the back of the entrance sign. In anticipation two extra keys had been cut to hand over when work started. This is particularly helpful for lorry drivers arriving at all sorts of hours to pick up cut timber. This can continue for months after the main job in the wood of felling and extracting the trees is finished, and the driver needs his own means of access.
Over the fence
Authors: Evans Julian , Stephen White , Evans John , Titchmarsh Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the 1950s Vance Packard’s ‘Wastemakers’ laid bare our throwaway society. The mountains of refuse produced day after day are the less than discreet hand maiden of our materialism. Interestingly, what seems to concern us most is where rubbish is disposed of rather than the enormous quantity itself. The dislike of litter, and the about-turn from litter bins at lay-bys to ‘Take your litter home’ signs, reveals the better strategy of emphasising responsibility for waste as well as saving the cost of collection. But rubbish is still thrown away in our countryside in huge amounts, despite municipal dumps, bottle banks, and regular refuse collection. And it seems that waterways and woodlands are prime sites. Even the unthinking reckless disposer who avoids taking rubbish to the dump or is simply too lazy to do so displays an ambivalence. He is anxious to see the very rubbish thrown away in the countryside at least hidden from view as it sinks to the river bottom or is tossed into the thickest undergrowth. Of course, sometimes this is deliberate to cover the traces of a theft or act of vandalism. The entrance to the wood has not escaped this late twentieth-century pestilence.
Nain’s copse
Authors: Evans Julian , Stephen White , Evans John , Titchmarsh Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Adjoining the whole length of the wood’s northern boundary is another, smaller woodland of about ten acres. It fills a triangle of land with two completely straight sides, the ones with our boundary and with British Rail’s, which converge almost at right angles at the point of BR’s grey transformer. The third side traces a distorted ‘W’ like the stars of Cassiopiea. The wood belonged to the Steventon Estate and was never leased to the Forestry Commission. In the ten years we have been neighbours no work has been done in this wood apart from coppicing a tiny panel of hazel, perhaps amounting to a dozen clumps. It has been used for sporting and occasionally a temporary deer seat would appear a few yards inside their boundary to overlook the young trees of Taid’s wood, where deer would browse and sight lines were easy while the trees were small. In the 1987 storm a huge birch blew down across the track that is a continuation of ours and which runs along the bottom of this adjoining wood beside the railway. The tree still lies where it fell, as does an oak at the far end near Waltham lane. The track between the fallen trees has become much overgrown.
DNA Topology
Authors: Bates Andrew D , Maxwell Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
DNA as the genetic material is a topic of intense interest in the 21st century, with the genomes of many organisms having been sequenced. The double helix structure discovered by Watson and Crick 50 years ago is now very familiar and its importance for DNA function is widely appreciated. However, it has become clear that there are many deviations from this basic structure that have important biological consequences. Prominent among these are the ‘topological’ configurations: supercoiling, knotting, and catenation (linking). Unfortunately, a full understanding of these features of DNA structure requires the grasp of concepts that can prove difficult for both students and more advanced researchers. This book aims to explain these ideas simply, but rigorously, to allow a wider appreciation of DNA topology. DNA Topology starts with a basic account of DNA structure before going on to cover DNA supercoiling, the definitions and physical meanings of linking number, twist, and writhe, and the free energy associated with supercoiling. It then considers the rather more complex description of DNA lying on a curved surface and its application to the nucleosome, followed by the phenomena of DNA knotting and catenation. The final chapters deal with the topoisomerases, the enzymes that control DNA topology, and, most importantly, with the biological significance of the topological aspects of DNA structure. Although some of these concepts are quite complex, they are presented in an accessible way, drawing on interesting and relevant examples.
A Theory of Human and Primate Evolution
Authors: Colin P. Groves 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The current ferment in evolutionary thought has passed almost unnoticed in anthropology. This book examines the evidence of primate and human evolution in the light of new evolutionary models and of advances in taxonomic theory. In the process, the author has found it necessary to resurrect, in modified form, a theory proposed as long ago as 1924, the ‘Nomogenesis’ of Lev Berg. Dr Groves criticizes the cladistic school of taxonomy, and he adapts it in the light of theories of speciation theory in which internal processes play a major role in human evolution; the formation of new species is the main boost to evolutionary change; evolutionary novelties tend to arise in the centre of a species' distribution; and taxonomy, often looked on as mere stamp-collecting, becomes of major importance in evolutionary interpretation. The resulting picture of human (and primate) evolution is one that fits much better with the facts than the orthodox ‘onward and upward through adaptation’ model. For this new paperback edition, the text has been brought up to date. Several new illustrations and eight short appendices have been added.
EEC support of agricultural markets
Authors: Barker John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 25 March 1957, the governments of France, West Germany, Italy, The Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg signed the Treaty of Rome. In so doing, they created what is now known as the European Economic Community (EEC), or, more popularly, the Common Market. Upon its foundation, the aim of the Community was to bring into being a single market for all goods, which would constitute a powerful productive unit and generate steady expansion, greater stability, and a more rapid rise in living standards.
Politics and the state system after the Habsburg-Valois Wars
Authors: Dandelet Thomas J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1556, Pope Paul IV Carafa (1555-9), eager to drive the Spanish out of his native Naples, initiated an ill-fated war against the new king of Spain and Naples, Philip II (1556-98). Entering into an alliance with the French monarch, Henry II, the pope set the stage for a familiar conflict that proved to be the last sixteenth-century chapter in a long series of battles between the Spanish and French for supremacy in the Italian peninsula.
Religion, renewal, and reform in the sixteenth century
Authors: Martin John Jeffries 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1573 Domengo di Lorenzo, an elderly shoemaker, was summoned before the Roman Inquisition in Venice to testify about his belief, shared by a few of his fellow craftsmen, that a great religious renewal was about to take place. The members of this small group of artisans (so the Holy Office learned) were convinced that the European and the Mediterranean peoples were on the verge of a New Dispensation.
Family and gender
Authors: Pomata Gianna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1739, at the age of 50, Lady Mary Wortley Montagu left England, husband, and children to settle in Italy. ‘Je franche le pas hardiment pour un autre monde’(‘I am boldly taking the step to another world’), she wrote to the man she hoped would share her new Italian life, Francesco Algarotti, the ambitious author of a book on Newtonian physics for the female reading public, Newtonianesimo per le dame(1737).
The social world: cohesion, conflict, and the city
Authors: Litchfield R Burr 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Italian society of the early modern period was a society of orders transforming itself gradually, but unevenly, into a society of classes. The traditional orders of medieval society (nobles who fought, clergy who prayed, people who worked) had, to be sure, been undermined to a large extent, especially in the North, by the commercial and proto-industrial experience of the medieval and Renaissance communes with their merchants, artisan workers, vibrant urban culture, and control over the surrounding countryside. Italy remained the most urbanized region of early modern Europe, with seven cities in the sixteenth century (Genoa, Milan, Venice, Florence, Rome, Naples, Palermo) that had 50,000-150,000 inhabitants, and sixteen others with more than 20,000. But the persistence of corporative bodies feudal nobles, the urban magistracies that were restricted to patrician or noble ‘citizens’, the guilds, the clergy and religious orders, even the numerous confraternal religious associations-still associated individuals with separate institutional groups.
Introduction
Authors: Brown Judith M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
India’s recent historical experience and development have been remark able. Events in the subcontinent have been significant not just for those whose home India now is, who number between 800 and 900 million. They concern us all because they mirror many of the critical issues facing the whole world of the later twentieth century-a world marked by increasing interaction of peoples and continents, wracked by political and social turbulence within nations and major international conflicts, yet a world concerned with the dignity of human life and the worth of the earth’s resources. India also reflects many of the forces which have created this world. For example, it was the first non-white nation to emerge from colonial control, and its independence from Britain in 1947 undermined the whole fabric of the British empire which had dominated world affairs in the preceding decades.
The Indian Subcontinent: Land, People, and Power
Authors: Brown Judith M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Indian subcontinent has long exerted a fascination over people from other lands. Writers in the classical Mediterranean world as early as Horace and Herodotus commented on its supposed wealth and wonders-its gold, precious stones, and ivory, and its allegedly fabulous beasts such as eels 300 feet long, dogs capable of combat with lions, and one-homed horses. But then, as now, what people of different races and cultures knew or thought they knew of each other often took the form of a stereotype: a single image or stylized picture drawn from myth, fancy, and scanty knowledge, rather than true familiarity and accurate observation. This is not surprising, since India is 7,000 miles distant from western Europe and the journey had to be made by land or sea until the coming of commercial air travel in the mid twentieth century.
War and the Search for a New Order
Authors: Brown Judith M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Change began to bite deeply into many areas of India’s experience for the first time in the later nineteenth century. The subcontinent’s exposure to the First World War not only quickened the pace of change and deepened its inroads: it elicited new initiatives from many of those interested in the future shape of India’s society and polity. The raj began to re-think its relationship with its subjects and adapt its consultative and administrative framework accordingly; in the short term to win the war and mobilize India’s resources, in the longer, to stabilize India in the economic and political aftermath of the war. The Indian National Congress was still a fragmented body. Composed of allies who co-operated for limited purposes, its capacity to take initiatives was consequently much restricted by its need to maintain a semblance of continental unity. But Indians were emerging in the continental political arena, some of them within Congress, who were not just political pragmatists, but engaged in that arena with a vision of the future as well as an eye to their own personal or group interests.
Culture and religion
Authors: Bell David A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To many of the eighteenth-century intellectuals known as the philosophes, the story of their age was a story of epic conflict. On the one side stood the defenders of faith and tradition. These, in the story, were the forces of darkness: fanatical, superstitious, irrational, and arbitrary. On the other side stood the philosophes themselves, and like-minded allies. They were the forces of light, or, as they liked to say, of Enlightenment: advocates of science, reason, utility, and freedom. The defenders of faith had the full apparatus of the French state at their disposal, and legions of priests promising eternal damnation to the heterodox. The forces of Enlightenment, so the story continued, had on their side only the rightness of their cause, the support of a few high-placed friends, and that staunch servant of freedom of thought, the printing press. Nonetheless, they would inevitably prevail.
Britain and Ireland in the Later Eleventh Century
Authors: Britnell Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All parts of Britain in the later eleventh century had irresistible attractions for the Scandinavian peoples to the north and east, and to their colony further south, in Normandy. Raids from Norway now took the form of occasional royal expeditions to the western seaboard of Scotland, Wales, and Ireland. Snorri Sturluson’s Heimskringla describes at length a raid of Magnus Barelegs, king of Norway (1093–1103), on the Hebrides, the Isle of Man, and Anglesey in 1098. But the chief threat to these parts was from nearer at hand, since the Viking way of life survived in the Orkneys into the later twelfth century.
Arable Husbandry
Authors: Britnell Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The growth of population and trade in Britain between the eleventh and the thirteenth century predictably encouraged a considerable increase in the pro- duction of food. We cannot measure how great that increase was, nor analyse exactly how it was achieved, and there are unavoidable gaps in our understanding. Yet neither problem precludes agreement on many details, nor eliminates the need for debate about the interpretation of the information we have. Though more abundant in parts of Britain than in others, the evidence, both archaeological and documentary, is sufficiently voluminous and widespread to carry conviction that the twelfth and thirteenth centuries were an age of expanding crop acreages through the reduction of heath, moor, and woodland and the draining of marshes and fens. Beyond that raw evidence of quantitative change, two areas of discussion are particularly fruitful.
Fraternities and Guilds
Authors: Reynolds Susan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Of all the forms of medieval community known to us, one of the oldest, most cohesive, and most universal was the fraternity or guild. Essentially this was a voluntary association of people who were not blood-relations but who used the analogy of brotherhood to express their solidarity. The use of the word guild seems to have been simply a regional peculiarity which implied no essential difference of character, but associations described as guilds are, as it happens, relatively well attested early in the period. From the eighth century to the eleventh the words gildonia, gelda, etc. (or in Old English gild, gegyld, gyldscipe, etc.) were used in north-western Europe to describe a feast or libatio of a more or less religious character and the association of people who celebrated it.