bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The History of the Asylum Revisited: Personal Reflections
Authors: Grob Gerald N 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
More than thirty years ago a colleague asked me a seemingly innocuous question about the history of psychiatry and the mentally ill. Intellectual curiosity then led me on a scholarly odyssey that began with a study of a single hospital and state, and concluded with a three-volume work that attempted to provide a comprehensive narrative of the ways in which American society managed the human, social, and economic problems associated with mental illnesses. At the time there was virtually no indication that the subject would become the focal point of a rich and controversial debate that served to act as a catalyst for research and a means of illuminating relationships between social structures and individual behavior. In this essay I should like to recount and to evaluate—employing both historiographical and autobiographical perspectives—the transformation of a marginal subject into one that has engaged historians, physicians, social and behavioral scientists, policy analysts, and public officials.
Kennedy and Johnson: Confrontation and Cooperation, 1961-1969
Authors: Powaski Ronald E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
At the beginning of John F. Kennedy’s presidency, the Soviets indicated that they were prepared to improve relations with the United States. Khrushchev warmly congratulated the new president on his inauguration day and released two U.S. Air Force officers whose RB-47 reconnaissance plan had been shot down over Soviet territory the preceding July. Kennedy responded to these gestures by removing restrictions on the importation of Soviet crabmeat and by proposing a mutual increase in the number of consulates and scientific and cultural exchanges.
The Reagan Cold War, 1981-1989
Authors: Powaski Ronald E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Like the overwhelming majority of America’s Cold War presidents, Ronald Reagan entered the White House in January 1981 with almost no background in national security affairs. Before entering the political arena, he had been in movies and in television. His only direct military experience occurred during World War ll, when he served in the armed forces making training and documentary films. His first and only elected political position prior to the presidency was the governorship of California, a position he held from 1966 to I 974. However, unlike most of his predecessors, Reagan was not particularly cager to master national security issues. This was demonstrated repeatedly during his presidency by his inability to explain them in any detail.
George Bush and the End of the Cold War, 1989-1991
Authors: Powaski Ronald E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The presidency of George Bush, who succeeded Ronald Reagan in January 1989, witnessed the end of the Cold War, the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe, and the disintegration of the Soviet Union itself. During Bush’s presidency, the development of a new, post-Cold War relation¬ ship between the United States and what would become the successor states to the Soviet Union began. The new relationship would be characterized by cooperation rather than the confrontation that had been the hallmark of the Cold War.
Introduction
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Michael Dukakis looked “like Patton on his way to Berlin,” observed NBC’s Chris Wallace (September 13, 1988). “[A] Massachusetts Rambo on the prowl,” noted CBS’s Bruce Morton the same evening. Footage of that ride was resurrected by a Bush attack ad that pilloried Dukakis’s supposed positions. “Dukakis opposed virtually every weapons system developed,” declared the ad in the first of its false statements about the Democrat. The Massachusetts Democrat responded with an ad in which he turned off a set showing the Bush ad. ‘‘I’m fed up with it,” said Dukakis. “George Bush’s negative ads are full of lies and he knows it.
Introduction
Authors: Baker C Edwin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Despite nearly universal acclaim for the value of free speech, little agreement exists concerning its scope. Do rock concerts, cigarette ads, pornography, libelous statements, racial slurs, coercive threats, incitements to crime, political lies, and commercial fraud constitute “speech” or expression covered by the notion of free speech? Are draft-card burnings, picketing, hair styles, and nude dancing forms of expressive conduct that should be treated as speech? Do group boycotts, intimate consensual sexual activity, parades, and sit-ins constitute “peaceable assemblies” (or speech) for constitutional purposes? By exploring several possible rationales for freedom of speech, and defending one, this book will address the issue of coverage.
Infection in the Organ Transplant Recipient
Authors: Rubin Robert H , Tolkoff-Rubin Nina E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Solid-organ transplantation has been an important approach to the treatment of failure of kidneys, liver, heart, lung, and pancreas over the past three decades. Initially the immunosuppressive regimens used to prevent allograft rejection were broad in their effects (high-dose glucocorticosteroids and azathioprine) and frequently complicated by infections which could culminate in either the death of the transplant recipient, or because of the need to reduce immunosuppression, sacrifice of the transplanted organ through rejection.
Punishment, Redress, and Pardon: Theoretical and Psychological Approaches
Authors: Roht-Arriaza Naomi 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Most of this book is concerned with legal and political responses to the question of impunity, both as a matter of general international law and of national experiences. The present chapter looks at the normative bases for combating impunity. As a general proposition, societies may view the question from the point of view of the offender—which raises the general question of how and why a society punishes—and from the point of view of the victim, raising a series of issues around redress. The inquiries are distinct but not separate because punishment of offenders may itself be a form of redress for victims, whereas measures like truth telling, aimed at redress, may have punitive aspects.
Romania: A Persistent Culture of Impunity
Authors: Rekosh Edwin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Romania’s recent history differs significantly from that of its Central and Eastern European neighbors, most of which experienced “velvet” revolutions in 1989. In Romania, the revolution was not velvet. When the change came, it was as bloody as it was swift and unexpected. After an apparently spontaneous uprising in December 1989, a new elite quickly emerged to guide the country through its transition. At first the new elite had the broad support of Romanian society. Before long, however, the leadership split, and an opposition developed in response to a growing perception that the Romanian revolution was being managed by a clique that, at best, represented an anti-Ceausescu faction of the establishment.
Overview
Authors: Roht-Arriaza Naomi 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The urgently felt need to come to terms with the recent past in Latin America stems in part from the extreme nature and particular characteristics of the prior human rights violations. Military and security forces, aided and encouraged by civilian elites who were afraid of growing oppositional movements, jailed, tortured, forcibly disappeared, and summarily killed persons who were considered politically dangerous. Often these crimes were justified in the eyes of the perpetrators as necessary to stave off a Communist insurgency, although the victims extended far beyond those waging armed antigovernment actions. There was little attempt to legalize such crimes; rather, in the case of disappearances, massacres, and summary executions, the regimes denied any involvement, blaming private death squads, “unknown men,” or guerrilla groups. The worst violations generally took place under a state of emergency, with the executive ruling by decree. Although nominally civilian governments may have existed, the real power was the military and/or security forces. Even after a transition to an elected civilian government, in most countries the military continues to play a leading role in national life. In contrast, both the legislative and judicial branches of government, although nominally independent, have been weak and played —if any —a negative role in protecting human rights during the dark years.
Punishing Human Rights Abuses in Fledgling Democracies: The Case of Argentina
Authors: Malamud-Cati Jaime 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the 1990s, Argentine society exhibits two odd and striking characteristics. The first is the extremely fragmented views of the citizenry concerning what happened during the 1974–83 period, in which state-sponsored human rights violations took place. As a consequence, the significance of the human rights trials set up during the subsequent Alfonsin administration is also controversial. The second peculiarity is a clear inconsistency between the fervent popular support of those trials (of human rights abuses) and present indicators that the populace is ready to elect authoritarian rulers and acquiesce again to police brutality. A new campaign of police abuse has met with little public reaction, and in the 1991 elections, candidates representing extremely authoritarian views had an astonishing appeal. Military officers running for provincial governorships and seats in the lower house captured a substantial portion of the electorate. This appeal was not diminished by the fact that these candidates had either represented the delinquent military dictatorship in the same jurisdictions where they were running in 1991 or had stood up against the elected government of President Raul Alfonsfn to have the trials terminated.’
South Africa: Negotiating Change?
Authors: Berat Lynn 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When the ruling National Party (NP) came to power in South Africa in 1948 with its slogan “apartheid,” the country, which had long had discriminatory laws, rapidly adopted an elaborate system of legislation aimed at enforcing its racist social engineering programs. Over time, as antiapartheid protests within the country grew, the government enacted an ever-more draconian array of security laws that gave its security forces—the police and the military—sweeping powers to arrest and detain without trial persons opposed to its reign. In the early 1960s, following one particularly marked period of unrest, the government banned the leading antiapartheid organizations such as the African National Congress (ANC) and imprisoned their leaders, most notably Nelson Mandela. Consequently, many antiapartheid groups went underground while thousands of their members fled the country.
Intellectual Radicalization and Economic Crisis
Authors: Lowenstein Steven M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The period between 1786 and the law of Emancipation of Prussian Jews in 1812 was not only a time of struggle for political rights, it was also marked by considerable turnover in the Berlin Jewish elite. The two decades following the Seven Years War had been a time of the rise of an elite of coin millionaires and silk manufacturers to the top of the economic ladder in the Berlin Jewish community. That group, made up at least in the first generation of men who combined a respect for tradition with a desire for Western culture, was instrumental in protecting and encouraging the Jewish Enlightenment during its moderate phase. The decline (and in some cases the collapse) of the families that had led Berlin Jewry during the beginnings of its modernization, like the struggle for political rights, had a destabilizing effect on the tender balance of tradition with modernity found in the first generation of change. By the late l 790s the tight elite that had ruled Berlin Jewry was being challenged for leadership by new families whose views often differed from those of the Itzig and Ephraim families, whose influence had formerly dominated. The rise and fall of families was certainly no new phenomenon. Nor had periodic economic crises been unknown before 1786.1 Still, the gradual changes in leadership that took place between 1786 and 1812 had more impact than any changes since the Seven Years War. In the course of that quarter-century the dominant role of the three coin millionaire families and of the government-aided silk manufacturers declined.
FDR’s “Court-packing” Plan
Authors: Leuchtenburg William E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Franklin Roosevelt’s proposal to pack the Supreme Court in 1937 bore the mark of a proud sovereign who after suffering many provocations had just received a new confirmation of power. In November 1936, the President had won the biggest electoral victory in the annals of the two­ party system, but his sense of triumph was flawed by the realization that it was incomplete. Even though he controlled the Executive office and could expect to have his way with Congress, where he had led his party to a smashing victory, the third branch, the Supreme Court, seemed intractable. Four of the Justices-James McReynolds, Pierce Butler, Willis Van Devanter, and George Sutherland-were such staunch conservatives that almost every time either the Solicitor General, Stanley Reed, or the Attorney General, Homer S. Cummings, went into court, he knew he had four votes against him, if he lost even one of the remaining five, he would be beaten. Three judges—Louis Brandeis, Harlan Fiske Stone, and Benjamin Cardozo—would approve most of the New Deal laws. But if either of the two Justices in the center—Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes or Owen Roberts—moved into the camp of the “Four Horsemen,” FDR’s program would perish in the courtroom.
“Expulsion of the Salvages”: English Policy and the Virginia Massacre of 1622
Authors: Vaughan Alden T 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Two antithetical versions of Anglo-Indian relations have dominated the histarical literature on early Virginia. Both acknowledge the physical and psychological devastation of I622, when an uprising led by the Powhatan kader opechancanough almost exterminated the colony and instantly persuaded imperial spokesmen that the Indians in general were a problem to be overcome rather than an opportunity to be encouraged. But one school of interpretation emphasizes the harmony—imperfect but improving—that existed before I622; the other stresses the persistence of antagonism, in both attitudes and actions, between Indians and colonists from I 60 7 until the (virtually inevitable) expansion under opechancanough.
Chapter Eight
Authors: Vaughan Alden T 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Because the Pequot War of I 637 does not resonate today for most readers as profoundly as do the origins of slavery and racism, arguments over its causes have attracted less attention. Yet among specialists in early American ethnohistory, the event has generated a good deal of heat and even some useful light, especially in the last decade or so. The event is a favorite, too, of historians who do not ordinarily focus on American colonial history or American race relations, for it seems at first glance to be a blatant case of frontier aggression—the first phase in Anglo-America’s long imperialist career. But as most historians who have worked closely with the evidence have discovered, simple explanations do not readily reflect the complexity of the evidence. Not only was the event multifaceted in its causal ingredients (as most wars are), it suffers, too, from the absence of documentary evidence on the Pequots’ side and therefore defies definitive explanation. The modern literature on this subject is accordingly rich and controversial.
Comparisons, Contrasts, and Implications
Authors: Patrick Hugh T 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The financial systems of Japan, Korea, and Taiwan have not just grown; they have been profoundly transformed over time. The process has been evolutionary and incremental, driven by real economic growth and the attendant growth and change in demand for various types of financial services. The most momentous change was triggered by a conscious government decision in each country-in Japan in the 1970s and in Taiwan and Korea in the 1980s-to liberalize and make more market-competitive what had been heavily regulated, domestically closed, and somewhat repressed financial systems.
Foreordained Failure
Authors: Smith Steven D 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Ever since the Supreme Court began enforcing the First Amendment’s religion clauses in the 1940s, courts and scholars have tried to distil the meaning of those clauses into a useable principle of religious freedom. In this highly original work, Smith criticizes the main positions in the debate and explains their misconceptions. He argues that efforts to find a principle of religious freedom in the “ original meaning” are fruitless because the clauses were purely jurisdictional in nature: they were meant to place authority over questions of religion with the states, and nothing more. Contending that the perennial quest to distil religious freedom into a “ principle,” is futile, Smith advocates a fundamental reassessment of the premises upon which courts have proceeded in this area.
Values, Nature, and Culture in the American Corporation
Authors: Frederick William C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In Values, Nature, and Culture in the American Corporation, distinguished ethicist William Frederick explores issues of fundamental importance to all who aspire to conduct their business affairs ethically. He begins with an examination of the three value systems in business that are basically incompatible, and therefore in constant tension. The first is the need for managers to efficiently allocate resources for maximum profits. The second is the natural tendency for managers, in pursuit of the first goal, to accumulate power for its own sake. The third is the desire for people in the community to create relationships that will perpetuate these communities. Frederick brings in a range of ideas and concepts from the social sciences as well as the natural sciences to illuminate his discussion. In the final section of the book he explores a range of issues of current concern to managers, including corporate culture and technology.
Ineffective Erythropoiesis and Hemolysis
Authors: Strauchen James A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Ineffective erythropoiesis and hemolysis are mechanisms of anemia characterized by erythroid hyperproliferation with increased cell loss, either in the marrow (ineffective erythropoiesis) or in the circulation (hemolysis). One form of anemia characterized by ineffective erythropoiesis, sideroblastic anemia, has already been considered in Chapter 5. Other forms of anemia characterized by ineffective erythropoiesis are megaloblastic anemia, thalassemia, and the anemias due to myelodysplastic syndromes. Ineffective erythropoiesis is characterized by increased cell loss in the bone marrow (intramedullary hemolysis), leading to anemia. Ineffective erythropoiesis is the major pathophysiologic mechanism leading to anemia in several diverse hematologic conditions, including sideroblastic anemia, megaloblastic anemia, thalassemia, congenital dyserythropoietic anemia, and the myelodysplastic syndromes. These anemias are characterized by cellular metabolic defects leading to premature cell death in the bone marrow. In sideroblastic anemia, the metabolic defect is in heme biosynthesis, resulting in accumulation of iron in mitochondria and cell death (see section on sideroblastic anemia in Chapter 5).
Mast Cell Disorders
Authors: Strauchen James A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Mast cell disorders are considered with the myeloproliferative disorders since mast cells are derived from pluripotential bone marrow stem cells and mast cell proliferations may be associated with both myeloproliferative and myelodysplastic disorders (Travis et al, 1988). The disorders of mast cells include systemic mastocytosis, mast cell leukemia, and the “eosinophilic fibrohistiocytic lesion,” a mast cell lesion of uncertain significance. Systemic mastocytosis is a generalized proliferative disorder of mast cells involving the bone marrow, liver, spleen, and other organs. Systemic mastocytosis is a generalized mast cell proliferation. Mast cell disease may be confined to the skin (urticaria pigmentosa) or be generalized with or without skin involvement (systemic mastocytosis). Urticaria pigmentosa is most common in childhood and is usually self-limited, but may be associated with the development of systemic mastocytosis. Adults with urticaria pigmentosa more commonly progress to systemic mastocytosis. Systemic mastocytosis is associated with an underlying hematologic disorder (most commonly a myelodysplastic syndrome or myeloproliferative disorder) in approximately one-third of cases (Travis et al, 1988). Patients with systemic mastocytosis frequently present with symptoms of hyperhistaminemia (flushing, hypotension, angioedema, dermatographism, diarrhea, abdominal pain), hepatosplenomegaly, or skeletal disease (bone pain, osteoporosis, osteosclerosis).
The Human Development Paradigm
Authors: Haq Mahbub Ul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The rediscovery of human development is not a new invention. It is a tribute to the early leaders of political and economic thought. The idea that social arrangements must be judged by the extent to which they promote “human good” dates at least to Aristotle (384-322 B.C.). He argued that “wealth is evidently not the good we are seeking, for it is merely useful and for the sake of something else.” He distinguished a good political arrangement from a bad one by its successes and failures in enabling people to lead “flourishing lives”.Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) continued the tradition of treating human beings as the real end of all activities when he observed: “So act as to treat humanity, whether in their own person or in that of any other, in every case as an end withal, never as means only.” And when Adam Smith (1723-90), that apostle of free enterprise and private initiative, showed his concern that economic development should enable a person to mix freely with others without being “ashamed to appear in publick”, he was expressing a concept of poverty that went beyond counting calories-a concept that integrated the poor into the mainstream of the community. A similar strain was reflected in the writings of the other founders of modern economic thought, including Robert Malthus, Karl Marx and John Stuart Mill.
Dangerous Relations: Beneš and Stalin in Hitler’s Shadow, 1933-1935
Authors: Lukes Igor 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Edvard Benes had no illusion that his country could rely on its own strength alone. He fully shared Masaryk’s view that Czechoslovakia needed an ally on which it could always depend. That role was to belong to Paris. In the early 1920s France was the most important, and the mightiest, European power, and policymakers in Prague should have been delighted by clear signals that the French were ready to sign a diplomatic treaty with Czechoslovakia that would contain a firm military component. Others would have gladly seized the opportunity to tie their fate to that of the French superpower. But Masaryk and Benes saw that there were problems. They wanted French protection, but they were not at all eager for Czechoslovakia to become a pawn in a French militaristic scheme against Germany; they feared that Paris intended for Prague to play the role of a needle that was to cause discomfort, if not pain, in Berlin. This made no sense to them. After all, Czechoslovakia enjoyed good political relations with Weimar Germany in the early 1920s, and the two countries had strong economic ties as well. Masaryk and Benes saw no reason to sacrifice this situation in order to diminish French fears of German revenge. Moreover, Prague was worried that an agreement with Paris directed against Germany would only drive Berlin closer to Hungary, the source, from Prague’s perspective, of real danger. Although Germany had no claim on Czechoslovak territory, Hungary did.