bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Viscoelastic Properties of Three Vocal‐Fold Injectable Biomaterials at Low Audio Frequencies
Authors: Klemuk Sarah A. , Titze Ingo R. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractObjectives: Previous measurements of viscoelastic properties of Zyderm were to be extended to low audio frequencies, and properties of two other biomaterials not previously measured, thiolated hyaluronic acid (HA‐DTPH) and Cymetra, were obtained.Study Design: Rheologic investigation.Methods: Oscillatory shear stress was applied to each sample using a controlled stress rheometer at frequencies between 0.01 and 100 Hz with a parallel plate apparatus. Versuscoelastic moduli were recorded at each frequency. The calculated resonance frequency of the machine and sample were then used to determine the maximum frequency at which reliable data existed. Extrapolation functions were fit to viscoelastic parameters, which predicted the properties up to 1,000 Hz.Results: Frequency trends of Zyderm were similar to those previously reported, whereas magnitudes were different. The elastic moduli logarithmically increased with frequency, whereas dynamic viscosity demonstrated shear thinning, a condition of primary importance for humans to vocalize over a broad frequency range. Previous measurements were extended from 15 Hz up to 74 Hz. Differences in magnitude between a previous study and the present study were attributed to particulate orientation during testing. Cymetra was found to have nearly identical viscoelastic properties to those of bovine collagen, both in magnitude and frequency trend, with reliable measures extending up to 81 Hz. Rheologic properties of the hyaluronic acid gel were the closest match to cadaveric vocal fold mucosa in magnitude and frequency trend.Conclusions: Viscoelastic properties of Cymetra and Zyderm are nearly the same and are significantly greater than those of vocal fold mucosa. HA‐DTPH possesses a good viscoelastic match to vocal fold mucosa and may be useful in future lamina propria repair.
Long‐Term Results of Type II Thyroplasty for Adductor Spasmodic Dysphonia
Authors: Chan Sor Way , Baxter Malcolm , Oates Jenni , Yorston Anne 
Published: August 2004

AbstractObjectives: To assess the outcome of type II thyroplasty in the treatment of adductor spasmodic dysphonia (ASD).Study Design: Prospective case series.Methods: Thirteen patients with the diagnosis of ASD who were previously treated successfully with botulinum toxin therapy were recruited. Type II thyroplasty as described by Nobuhiko Isshiki was performed on all the patients. A self‐rating assessment of the degree of severity and vocal effort were recorded and compared preoperatively and during postoperative follow‐up.Results: There were four early failures in our series, with two caused by friable thyroid cartilage. In the early postoperative period, after excluding the early failures, six (66.7%) and seven (77.8%) patients had moderate‐good improvement in symptom severity and vocal effort, respectively. During the follow‐up period, a further five patients had deterioration of voice quality and were classified as failures. Of these five patients, two patients had reversal of their procedure. At the end of the follow‐up period (mean follow‐up period of 12 months), six (66.7%) and five (55.5%) patients sustained improvement in symptom severity and vocal effort, respectively. However, only two (22.2%) and three (33.3%) patients had moderate‐good improvements in symptom severity and vocal effort, respectively, after 12 months.Conclusions: Botulinum toxin injection remains the gold‐standard treatment for ASD in our center. Potential patients for type II thyroplasty need to be carefully selected and counseled by a multidisciplinary team of otolaryngologists, neurologists, and speech pathologists.
Temporal Bone Histopathology in Alport Syndrome
Authors: Merchant Saumil N. , Burgess Barbara J. , Adams Joe C. , Kashtan Clifford E. , Gregory Martin C. , Santi Peter A. , Colvin Robert , Collins Bernie , Nadol Joseph B. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractObjective: To determine the histopathologic abnormalities within the cochlea in Alport syndrome.Background: Alport syndrome, which manifests as hereditary nephritis and sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL), is caused by mutations in genes that code for the ∝3, ∝4, and ∝5 chains of type IV collagen. The ∝3, ∝4, and ∝5 chains of type IV collagen are present in the basement membrane of the organ of Corti. Previous temporal bone studies have failed to identify histopathologic correlates for the SNHL.Methods: We examined temporal bones from nine individuals with a clinical diagnosis of Alport syndrome. One of our cases also had genetic testing that showed a mutation in the type IV collagen ∝5 chain gene.Results: By light microscopy, eight of nine cases demonstrated two unique pathologic changes: 1) a “zone of separation” between the basilar membrane and overlying cells of the organ of Corti and 2) presence of cells filling the tunnel of Corti and extracellular spaces of Nuel. The cytologic losses of hair cells, stria vascularis, and cochlear neuronal cells were insufficient to account for the observed SNHL in our cases. Electron microscopy was performed in four cases; all four demonstrated the following: 1) the zone of separation that was observed at light microscopy occurred between the basement membrane and the basilar membrane, 2) the cells within the tunnel of Corti and spaces of Nuel were morphologically similar to supporting cells, and 3) the basement membrane of strial capillaries and the spiral vessel (under the basilar membrane) were normal.Conclusions: The histopathologic correlates of cochlear involvement in Alport syndrome are abnormalities of the basement membrane of cells of the organ of Corti and dysmorphogenesis (cellular infilling of the tunnel and extracellular spaces) of the organ of Corti. We hypothesize that these abnormalities result in SNHL by altering cochlear micromechanics.
Medicinal Use of Cocaine: A Shifting Paradigm Over 25 Years
Authors: Long Heather , Greller Howard , Mercurio‐Zappala Maria , Nelson Lewis S. , Hoffman Robert S. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis: Human cocaine research is predicated on data from the clinical practice of otolaryngology that are more than 25 years old and predate both the cocaine epidemic and the first reported association between cocaine use and myocardial infarction. The authors' objective was to reassess the epidemiology and toxicity of medicinal cocaine use among otolaryngologists and to compare current trends in usage and safety data with previously reported data.Study Design: An anonymous closed‐question survey replicating the methodology of a previous study was used.Methods: The survey was mailed to active members of the American Academy of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery. The survey used a closed‐question format asking about the use of cocaine, safety measures taken, and adverse outcomes and included information about practice type and location. Results were compared with previously published data using a χ2 test with P < .05 considered significant.Results: In all, 7815 surveys were mailed. Four thousand seventeen otolaryngologists returned the survey, representing a 54% response rate. Of the respondents, only 50% had used cocaine in their practice during the previous year. Physicians who had been in practice for less than 10 years were less likely to have used cocaine than those who had been in practice for more than 10 years (78% vs. 93% [P < .001]). Compared with the data reported in 1977, fewer physicians reported ever using cocaine in their practice (88% vs. 92% [P < .001]), fewer physicians had used cocaine in their practice at any time in the previous 10 years (68% vs. 92% [P < .001]), and a greater number of adverse reactions were reported by current respondents (26% vs. 22% [P < .001]). Tachycardia and hypertension were the most commonly reported adverse effects. Other important adverse events included 14 deaths, survivable cardiac arrest, ventricular tachycardia, and seizures.Conclusion: The clinical use of cocaine in otolaryngology has decreased significantly in the past 25 years as a result of discontinuation of use by physicians who had previously used cocaine and an increasing number of otolaryngologists who have never used it. This decline may reflect a better understanding of its potential toxicities, problems associated with storing and dispensing of a tightly controlled substance, increased availability of safer alternative medications, or a combination of these.
Effect of Edaravone on Streptomycin‐Induced Vestibulotoxicity in the Guinea Pig
Authors: Horiike Osamu , Shimogori Hiroaki , Yamashita Hiroshi 
Published: August 2004

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis: The effect of topical administration of edaravone to the inner ear was investigated in guinea pigs with streptomycin‐induced vestibulotoxicity.Methods: Vestibulotoxicity was induced in 20 animals by delivery of streptomycin into the inner ear through osmotic pump for 24 hours. Edaravone (n = 8, systemic administration group) or saline (n = 6, control group) was injected intraperitoneally once a day for 7 days or edaravone‐soaked Gelfoam was placed on the round window before wound closure (n = 6, topical administration group).Results: Yaw head tilt and spontaneous nystagmus were observed in all animals after the operation. The number of spontaneous nystagmus beats in the topical administration group was statistically less than that in other two groups at 12, 18, and 24 hours after the operation.Conclusion: The study results suggest that topical administration of edaravone better suppresses streptomycin‐induced vestibulotoxicity than systemic administration.
Infratemporal Fossa Approach to the Hypoglossal Canal: Practical Landmarks for Elusive Anatomy
Authors: Hadley Kevin S. , Shelton Clough 
Published: August 2004

AbstractObjective: At the conclusion of the article the readers should be able to safely and reliably find the hypoglossal canal using the infratemporal fossa approach.Hypothesis: Very little has been written on the regional anatomy of the hypoglossal canal as seen through a transtemporal approach. This project attempts to further define the anatomy of the hypoglossal canal and provide the surgeon with guidelines for reaching it. Our hypothesis is that the hypoglossal canal can be safely and consistently reached by way of the temporal bone with preservation of hearing and cranial nerves (CN) IX to XI.Study Design: Prospective anatomic study.Methods: The study was performed using cadaver temporal bones. Infratemporal fossa Fisch type‐A dissections were performed. The hypoglossal canal was then completely exposed. The distance from the canal to the jugular bulb, carotid artery, round window, lateral canal, and roots of CN IX to XI were recorded.Results: Fifteen temporal bones were dissected and measured. The position of the hypoglossal canal is consistently located anterior, inferior, and medial to the jugular bulb. The distance from midcanal to the jugular bulb and the roots of CN IX to XI at the posterior fossa dura was 5.3 mm ± 0.82 and 7.1 mm ± 2.49, respectively. The distance from the carotid artery where it meets the jugular vein to the midcanal was 15.3 mm ± 2.09. The distance from the round window to the canal was 21.7 mm ± 3.17.Conclusions: The hypoglossal canal can be consistently reached using the infratemporal fossa approach. Hearing and CN IX to XI can be preserved. The distance from the jugular bulb and roots of CN IX to XI can be used as guideposts. If a tumor is involving the bulb, then the carotid artery and the round window are the next most reliable indicators of position.
Tumors of the Accessory Lobe of the Parotid Gland: A 10‐Year Experience
Authors: Lin Derrick T. , Coppit George L. , Burkey Brian B. , Netterville James L. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis: The differential diagnosis of midcheek masses include pathology arising from normal anatomic structures or from variations of normal accessory parotid gland tissue. Accessory parotid gland tissue has been described as salivary tissue adjacent to Stenson's duct that is separate from the main body of the parotid gland. We report our 10‐year experience with the diagnosis and treatment of eight accessory parotid gland neoplasms that have been followed by the senior authors.Study Design: This is a retrospective review of our experience with eight accessory parotid gland neoplasms.Methods: A literature review and retrospective chart review of our experience with accessory parotid gland tumors over the past 10 years. The presentation, evaluation, management, treatment, and outcome were recorded.Results: Eight cases of accessory lobe parotid tumors were identified, which have been followed since the date of initial treatment. All of the patients presented with a slowly growing cheek mass. There was one case of carcinoma expleomorphic adenoma, one case of undifferentiated carcinoma (small cell carcinoma), one case of basal cell adenocarcinoma, one case of benign salivary cyst, two cases of pleomorphic adenoma, and two cases of monomorphic adenoma. A standard facelift approach or modified Blair incision was used to excise these tumors.Conclusions: Neoplasms of the accessory parotid gland are rare. Management of these tumors include a high index of suspicion, good understanding of the anatomy, and meticulous surgical approach.
Efficacy Of Anti‐Adhesive Barriers in Secondary Thyroidectomy: An Experimental Study
Authors: Yigit Ozgur , Uslu Coskun Berna , Coskun Halil , Yilmaz Banu , Alkan Seyhan , Cinar Ugur , Dadas Burhan 
Published: August 2004

AbstractHypothesis: This study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of two anti‐adhesive barriers (Seprafilm and Interceed) for reducing adhesions after thyroidectomy in a rat model. The anti‐adhesive barriers are suggested for use in repeated surgeries in general and the gynecologic fields in particular.Study Design: Controlled, randomized study.Methods: Twenty‐eight male Wistar Albino rats that underwent right subtotal thyroidectomy were randomly assigned to three groups. One group received Seprafilm (n = 10), and the other received Interceed (n = 10) as anti‐adhesive barriers. The third group was the control group (n = 8). At postoperative day 14, the rats were killed under general anesthesia, and the surgical fields were evaluated for the adhesion formation. The extent of the adhesion formation is scored from 0 (no adhesions) to 2 (fibrous adhesions that required sharp dissection). Histopathologically, chronic inflammation, histiocyte, fibroblast, fibrosis, collagen, vascularization, granuloma, giant cell, and fat necrosis were examined.Results: All the subjects in the control group, 7 of 10 in the Interceed group, and 4 of 10 in the Seprafilm group needed to be dissected bluntly or sharply. There was significant difference between the Seprafilm and the control group (P < .05) whereas there was no significant difference between the Interceed group and the control group (P > .05). When examined histopathologically, the criteria showing adhesion, such as fibrosis, fibroblast, and collagen were higher in the control group compared with the Seprafilm and Interceed groups. There was no significant difference between the Seprafilm and Interceed groups, whereas a significant difference was found between these two groups and the control group.Conclusion: This study suggests that both Seprafilm and Interceed decrease the incidence of posthyroidectomy adhesions in a rat model. Both agents showed no foreign body reaction.
Effects of immersion water temperature on whole‐body fluid distribution in humans
Authors: Stocks J. M. , Patterson M. J. , Hyde D. E. , Jenkins A. B. , Mittleman K. D. , Taylor N. A. S. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractAim:  In this study, we quantified acute changes in the intracellular and extracellular fluid compartments during upright neutral‐ and cold‐water immersion. We hypothesized that, during short‐term cold immersion, fluid shifts would be wholly restricted to the extracellular space.Methods:  Seven males were immersed 30 days apart: control (33.3 ° SD 0.6 °C); and cold (18.1 ° SD 0.3 °C). Posture was controlled for 4 h prior to a 60‐min seated immersion.Results:  Significant reductions in terminal oesophageal (36.9 ° ± 0.1 °–36.3 ° ± 0.1 °C) and mean skin temperatures (30.3 ° ± 0.3 °–23.0 ° ± 0.3 °C) were observed during the cold, but not the control immersion. Both immersions elicited a reduction in intracellular fluid [20.17 ± 6.02 mL kg−1 (control) vs. 22.72 ± 9.90 mL kg−1], while total body water (TBW) remained stable. However, significant plasma volume (PV) divergence was apparent between the trials at 60 min [12.5 ± 1.0% (control) vs. 6.1 ± 3.1%; P < 0.05], along with a significant haemodilution in the control state (P < 0.05). Plasma atrial natriuretic peptide concentration increased from 18.0 ± 1.6 to 58.7 ± 15.1 ng L−1 (P < 0.05) during cold immersion, consistent with its role in PV regulation. We observed that, regardless of the direction of the PV change, both upright immersions elicited reductions in intracellular fluid.Conclusion:  These observations have two implications. First, one cannot assume that PV changes reflect those of the entire extracellular compartment. Second, since immersion also increases interstitial fluid pressure, fluid leaving the interstitium must have been rapidly replaced by intracellular water.
Inhibited anabolic effect of insulin‐like growth factor‐I on stromal bone marrow cells in endothelial nitric oxide synthase‐knockout mice
Authors: Lagumdzija A. , Ou G. , Petersson M. , Bucht E. , Gonon A. , Pernow Y. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractAims:  Insulin‐like growth factor‐I (IGF‐I), parathyroid hormone (PTH) and PTH‐related protein (PTHrP) are hormones that have anabolic effects on bone formation. The aim of this study was to investigate whether production of nitric oxide (NO) is involved in the effect of IGF‐I and PTH/PTHrP on osteoblast‐like cells.Methods:  Bone marrow stromal cells from adult endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)‐knockout (eNOSKO) mice and wild type (WT) counterparts were cultivated with osteogenic substances. The cells showed an osteoblastic phenotype measured as osteocalcin production and alkaline phosphatase activity. DNA synthesis was measured as [3H] thymidine incorporation in the bone marrow cells and in a human osteosarcoma cell‐line (SaOS‐2).Results:  The stimulatory effect of IGF‐I on thymidine incorporation seen in WT animals was absent in eNOSKO mice. Addition of a NO donor to eNOSKO cells recovered the effect of IGF‐I on thymidine incorporation. PTH/PTHrP stimulated cell proliferation in both WT and eNOSKO mice. In SaOS‐2 cells, incubation with IGF‐I together with a NOS inhibitor resulted in an inhibition of the anabolic effect of IGF‐I on cell proliferation.Conclusions:  The stimulatory effect of IGF‐I on WT cell proliferation was abolished in eNOSKO cells, recovered by an NO donor and inhibited in osteosarcoma cells by a NOS inhibitor. The results indicate that the effect of IGF‐I is dependent on NO production. The impaired IGF‐I response may contribute to the bone defect formation seen in eNOSKO animals.
Left ventricular volumes during exercise in endurance athletes assessed by contrast echocardiography
Authors: Sundstedt M. , Hedberg P. , Jonason T. , Ringqvist I. , Brodin L.‐Å. , Henriksen E. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractAim:  The objective was to assess left ventricular (LV) volumes at rest and during upright submaximal exercise in endurance athletes to see whether changes in heart volume could explain the large predicted increase in cardiac output in endurance athletes.Method:  Contrast echocardiography was used to assess changes in LV volumes during upright bicycle exercise in 24 healthy male endurance athletes. Maximal oxygen uptake and oxygen pulse were measured by using cardiopulmonary exercise testing.Results:  From rest to exercise at a heart rate of 160 beats min−1 end‐diastolic volume increased by 18% (P < 0.001) and end‐systolic volume decreased by 21% (P = 0.002). Stroke volume showed an almost linear increase during exercise (45% increase, P < 0.001). The increase in end‐diastolic volume contributed to 73% of the increase in stroke volume. No significant differences were observed between stroke volume calculated from LV volumes with contrast echocardiography and stroke volume calculated from oxygen pulse at heart rates of 130 and 160 beats min−1. Using the linear regression equation between oxygen uptake and cardiac output assessed by echocardiography during exercise (r = 0.87, P = 0.002), cardiac output at maximal exercise was estimated at 33 ± 3 L min−1, with an estimated increase in stroke volume by 69% from rest to maximal exercise.Conclusion:  By using contrast echocardiography, a large increase in stroke volume in endurance athletes could be explained by an almost linear increase in end‐diastolic volume and an initial small decrease in end‐systolic volume during incremental upright exercise.
Acute effects of dehydration on sweat composition in men during prolonged exercise in the heat
Authors: Morgan R. M. , Patterson M. J. , Nimmo M. A. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractAim:  To determine whether acute exercise‐heat‐induced dehydration affects sweat composition, eight males cycled for 2 h at 39.5 ± 1.6%O2peak on two separate occasions in a hot‐humid environment (38.0 ± 0.0 °C, 60.0 ± 0.1% relative humidity).Methods:  During exercise, subjects ingested either no fluid (dehydration) or a 20 mmol L−1 sodium chloride solution (euhydration). The volume of solution, calculated from whole‐body sweat loss and determined in a familiarization trial, was ingested at 0 min and every 15 min thereafter. Venous blood was collected at 0, 60 and 120 min of exercise and sweat was aspirated from a patch located on the dominant forearm at 120 min.Results:  Following the 2‐h cycling exercise, sweat [Na+] and [Cl−] was greater (P < 0.05) in the dehydration trial (Na+ 91.1 ± 6.8 mmol L−1; Cl− 73.3 ± 3.5 mmol L−1) compared with the euhydration trial (Na+ 81.1 ± 5.9 mmol L−1; Cl− 68.5 ± 3.3 mmol L−1). In addition, dehydration invoked a greater serum [Na+] (142.2 ± 0.7 mmol L−1; P < 0.05), [Cl−] (105.8 ± 0.6 mmol L−1; P < 0.05) and [K+] (5.27 ± 0.2 mmol L−1; P < 0.05) over the euhydration values for [Na+], [Cl−] and [K+], respectively (138.9 ± 0.6, 102.9 ± 0.5 and 4.88 ± 0.1 mmol L−1). Plasma aldosterone was also significantly higher during exercise in the dehydration trial compared with the euhydration trial (53.8 ± 3.8 vs. 40.0 ± 4.3 ng dL−1; P < 0.05).Conclusions:  Acute exercise‐heat stress without fluid replacement resulted in a greater sweat [Na+] and [Cl−] which was potentially related to greater extracellular fluid [Na+], plasma aldosterone or sympathetic nervous activity.