bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Brazil
Authors: Tolmasquim Maurício T. , de Barros Correia Tiago , Porto Natália Addas 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Brazil pioneered the use of electricity auctions in the early 2000s, introduced as part of the country’s second wave of power-sector reforms. It has since developed a sophisticated auction process and institutional set-up that has secured large volumes of new generation capacity, including renewables, at competitive prices. The authors show how the auction programme design and implementation evolved over time to address changes in the market. Brazil’s experience highlights the importance of considering three main goals when designing auctions. First, auctions must be attractive enough to investors to generate competition and to achieve optimal prices. Second, the auction design must ensure the commitment and reliability of the bidders and their technical and financial capability to build projects on schedule and deliver the promised energy. Third, the auction design should ensure the acquisition of the right mix of energy sources to safeguard the security of the electric system.
Chile
Authors: Serra Pablo 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Chile was the first country to liberalize its power sector in the early 1980s. This yielded a complex market structure consisting of a contract and a spot market. Since 2006, mandated by law, distribution companies have contracted energy for their regulated customers through technology-neutral auctions. Bidders backed by renewable projects have played a crucial role in these auctions after the drastic fall in their generation costs in the 2010s. The author shows how the auction design has enabled these bidders to bid in the auctions by allowing them to purchase energy on the spot market to cover energy supply shortfalls.
India
Authors: Rustagi Vinay , Chadha Mridul 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
India provides a fascinating case of the world’s most ambitious auction programme under the banner of the country’s National Solar Mission. Due to the federal governance system in India, parallel state and federal government renewable energy programmes have been run, securing good prices. India has also experimented with the use of solar parks to address land availability and other site-related risks and costs. A breakdown in the planning and procurement processes between the federal and state governments has, however, seen India struggle to maintain project realization rates. This is compounded by the poor financial standing of many state-level utilities, which necessitated a multipronged risk-mitigation approach.
South Africa
Authors: Kruger Wikus , Eberhard Anton , Filipova Anna V. , Naude Raine 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
South Africa accounts for nearly half of sub-Saharan Africa’s total installed generation capacity. The country also pioneered energy auctions in the region. The authors show how auctions have led to dramatic price reductions over successive bidding rounds as well as the factors supporting the high realization rates of awarded projects. The chapter also analyses South Africa’s unique use of socio-economic development criteria in the design of the auctions as well as some of the political economy dynamics at play in the country’s energy sector. Despite its current challenges, South Africa has demonstrated that it is possible to introduce renewable energy independent power producers at scale in a highly centralized, vertically integrated power sector.
Zambia
Authors: Kruger Wikus , Eberhard Anton 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Zambia has secured record-breaking auction prices for its solar power in what is a very difficult investment climate. This has been achieved through Scaling Solar, an auction package developed by the World Bank, and the Global Energy Transfer Feed-In Tariff (GETFiT) programme, an auction programme supported by the German government and the European Union (EU). The authors show not only how trust in these supporting institutions was central to driving competition levels and resulting price outcomes for both programmes—alongside various risk-mitigation provisions—but also how the economic deterioration of Zambia’s power sector increased investor risks and undermined project realization.
Namibia
Authors: Kruger Wikus , Eberhard Anton 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Namibia’s use of renewable energy auctions was precipitated by an energy security crisis triggered in neighbouring South Africa. This chapter traces the development of the energy sector, in particular the renewable energy auction programme, through various iterations over a five-year period. Through a combination of good auction design and responsible power-sector governance decisions, the country was able to attract significant competition and secure and build solar projects at very low costs, with no risk mitigation or concessionary provisions. Namibia has since become a regional trailblazer for renewable energy policy reform and offers important insights into what the future holds for countries embracing the energy transition.
Contributions from the Global South and Future Directions
Authors: Kruger Wikus , Eberhard Anton 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Renewable energy auctions—pioneered and refined in the Global South—have emerged as an important tool for accelerating the transition to a low-carbon energy future to avoid catastrophic climate change. The final chapter of the book summarizes and extracts key lessons on the design and implementation of renewable energy procurement programmes in the Global South. It is divided into three sections covering the impact of renewable energy auctions in the Global South, lessons learned from the use of renewable energy auctions in the Global South, and the potential role of auctions in the rapidly unfolding energy transition in the Global South and beyond, with a particular emphasis on the evolving roles of auctions in very different circumstances.
Inverse morphology
Authors: Oxford Will 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter describes the morphological structure of Algonquian inverse forms and the contexts in which such forms occur. The inverse is argued to be an agreement pattern in which the function of indexing the object is shifted from the “theme sign” slot to the adjacent “central agreement” slot. This is shown to be one of three agreement patterns that can be used for a transitive verb. The inverse pattern is distinct from the other two patterns in that it displays ergative rather than accusative alignment. In terms of its distribution, the inverse pattern appears in two contexts: When a third person is acted upon by a less topical third person and when a speech-act participant (SAP) is acted upon by a non-SAP. The unified person hierarchy that is often posited to describe this set of contexts is argued to be both inadequate and unnecessary.
What is the inverse?
Authors: Oxford Will 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter argues that a full understanding of the Algonquian inverse rests crucially on a distinction between two kinds of inverse patterns: Inverse voice and inverse alignment. It is proposed that in contexts involving two third persons, the Algonquian inverse represents inverse voice, whereas in contexts involving a speech-act participant (SAP) and a non-SAP, the inverse represents inverse alignment. This split analysis, which has antecedents in the functional-typological literature, is argued to be preferable to accounts that view the inverse as a unified system. The remainder of the chapter places the Algonquian split-inverse system in a broader typological context, comparing it with other inverse systems in non-Algonquian languages and with other constructions that resemble inverse voice and alignment.
The SAP inverse
Authors: Oxford Will 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the properties of Algonquian inverse clauses in which a speech-act participant (SAP) is acted upon by a non-SAP. Such clauses are proposed to involve inverse alignment in the absence of inverse voice. It is argued that SAP inverse clauses, unlike third-person inverse clauses, show little evidence for syntactic promotion of the notional object to the subject position. From a comparative perspective, the distinguishing property of the SAP inverse is the variability of its distribution: Not all forms in which an SAP is acted upon by a non-SAP show the inverse pattern, and the details of exactly which forms show the pattern vary from language to language. The chapter gives a thorough survey of this variation. The chapter concludes by considering the historical origin of the SAP inverse, which is argued to differ sharply from that of the third-person inverse.
Formal analysis of the inverse
Authors: Oxford Will 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents a generative analysis of the Algonquian inverse. The key proposal is that the inverse agreement pattern arises whenever the Infl head agrees only with the object and the Voice head lacks agreement features. In inverse voice contexts, this configuration results from the use of a special “ergative” Voice head, which produces a clause that is morphologically, syntactically, and pragmatically inverse. In inverse alignment contexts, the same configuration results from a particular outcome of the Agree operation on the Infl head, which produces a clause that is morphologically inverse even though it has default syntax and pragmatics. By identifying two distinct syntactic paths to the same morphological outcome, the analysis explains why the Algonquian inverse appears to be a unified phenomenon at the morphological level despite the fundamental distinction between inverse voice in third-person contexts and inverse alignment in SAP contexts.
Conclusion
Authors: Oxford Will 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This brief chapter summarizes and integrates the main proposals of the book and places them in a broader context. The following general questions are considered. What synchronic properties must a language have in order for a direct-inverse system to exist, and what diachronic changes must take place in order for those properties to develop? What role does the notion of subjecthood play in understanding the Algonquian inverse? Which aspects of the Algonquian inverse require further investigation in future work? And how, if at all, is the treatment of the Algonquian inverse in this book relevant to language maintenance and revitalization efforts?
After War and Peace
Authors: Haque Adil Ahmad 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In this chapter, Adil Ahmad Haque traces some theoretical implications, for both law and moral philosophy, of the legal prohibition of aggressive war and armed force, with special emphasis on implications for the individualization of war. The focus is on the application of human rights law during armed conflict, individual rights and duties under the law of armed conflict, and individual criminal responsibility. The chapter argues that every killing in furtherance of an act of aggression, and every killing in violation of international humanitarian law, violates the human rights of those it kills. International humanitarian law does not give soldiers a right to fight irrespective of their cause, but instead confers a limited legal immunity from prosecution except for international crimes. Notably, general rules regarding official immunities do not apply during armed conflict to members of a state’s armed forces, which may include a head of state. International law imposes different individual obligations on state leaders and ordinary soldiers in order to preserve the pragmatic compromise underlying combatant immunity. As a result, the modern law of war tracks the revisionist just war theory associated with Jeff McMahan more closely than the conventionalist just war theory associated with Michael Walzer, though the transformation is not yet complete.
The Direct Rights of Individuals in the International Law of Armed Conflict
Authors: Peters Anne 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
When ascribing individual rights, there is a difference between legal rules which embody ‘objective’ standards of protection that impose obligations or duties on obligors, and rules which additionally confer ‘subjective’ rights on those persons whom the rules seek to protect. In this chapter, Anne Peters examines whether, and under what conditions, international humanitarian law (IHL) generates such individual rights, and against whom. Since case law has yet to settle which rules in IHL actually generate individual rights, this must be determined in each case by interpreting the provisions or by clarifying the content of the underlying norm of customary law. Therefore, further study must identify how to recognize an individual IHL-based right and which types of rights exist. In doing so, Peters concludes that the acknowledgement of IHL-based rights endorses the individual human being as the normative reference point of IHL. Thus, Peters asserts that the individualization of IHL has not reached its limits. The principal modern purpose of IHL—to protect humans from the calamities of war—is best pursued by acknowledging direct IHL-based, special individual rights, rather than falling in the two extremes: either applying human rights across the board or denying individual rights altogether.
The Supererogatory Moral Risks of Military Service
Authors: Strawser Bradley Jay 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Revisionist just war theorists argue that soldiers who serve in the military take on a risk that they will act in morally impermissible ways if, for example, they are commanded to fight in a war that is unjust. This is taken as a moral reason against participating in military service, especially in the absence of strong provisions for selective conscientious objection. However, in this chapter, Bradley Strawser turns this reasoning on its head, arguing instead that by voluntarily assuming a risk of moral wrongdoing, soldiers are actually performing a morally supererogatory act. Strawser starts from the premise that state militaries are at least in some cases both necessary and morally justified. Therefore, we require some individuals within our society to assume the risks not only of physical harm, but the risk of wrongdoing that military service entails. Those who serve in the military shoulder this moral burden—knowing they may thereby commit a severe moral wrong. Doing so is morally laudatory because someone from the broader society needs to do it. Strawser calls this the ‘Noble Risk Argument’. Strawser shows how the assumption of moral risk closely tracks the praiseworthy way in which individuals assume risk in other contexts to help society achieve important collective goals. He also examines how the idea of noble risk connects with the way soldiers view their own activity—as well as showing how the Noble Risk Argument provides support for a policy of conscription to more fairly share the burden of moral risk.
Tensions between the Pursuit of Criminal Accountability and Other International Policy Agendas in Situations of Armed Conflict
Authors: Nouwen Sarah M.H. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Focusing on one particular manifestation of the individualization of war, Sarah Nouwen illustrates how the pursuit of individual criminal accountability can create tensions with at least nine other policy agendas: the promotion of peace; humanitarian relief; humanitarian law promotion; military action to end atrocities; peacekeeping; economic cooperation; human rights promotion; rule-of-law promotion and democratization. In so doing, she also evaluates the strengths and limitations of the editors’ theoretical framework for conceptualizing both the kinds of tensions that the individualization of war can create (normative; practical-inherent; practical-contingent) and the strategies of resolution that have been adopted by scholars and practitioners. Whereas most of the tensions arising from individualization do not exist at the normative level—the objectives are not conflicting—and the difference between inherent and contingent is hard to draw, one key source of tensions is the diverging log ics of policy agendas: what is deemed necessary to pursue those objectives. With respect to the ‘resolution’ of the tensions, Nouwen argues that some tensions are inherent in the concept of individualization, while others are intentionally created and therefore not meant to be resolved. Finally, the chapter points out that some of the purported strategies for resolution in fact do not ‘resolve’ tensions but prioritize one policy agenda over another. Whether through legal or more ad hoc strategies, these prioritizations are ultimately determined by political choice.
Introduction
Authors: Romano Livio , Traù Fabrizio 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The book is about industrial development in the years of globalization, focusing on the spreading of manufacturing activities beyond the boundaries of ‘advanced’ economies, which has led to a ‘new’ industrial world as a polycentric entity. It is argued that this has not been driven by the advent of globalization as such (i.e. by the spreading of free multilateral trade all over the world). Consistently with this, manufacturing development has concerned only a relatively limited number of underdeveloped economies (mainly located in Eastern Asia). Such economies found their way searching for dynamic comparative advantages, pursuing them through active and selective investment policies (often on a conditional basis). These policies were grounded on the knowledge and the capabilities these countries had already been able to develop that far, and they were driven by the aim to emulate what already industrialized countries had done in the past. According to the view set forth in this book, globalization has been the fuel, but not the engine, of the emergence of the new industrial world.
A New Landscape for World Manufacturing Production
Authors: Romano Livio , Traù Fabrizio 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The early 2000s have witnessed a substantial change in the geographical distribution of manufacturing activity all across the world. The most striking feature of such a change is the emergence, at the very same time, of several new industrial economies, i.e. the fact that industrial development has been spreading beyond the narrow boundaries of the ‘advanced’ world. The catching-up process of emerging economies, involving a conspicuous increase in their overall weight on world total output, has led to an increase in their capability to exert an influence on the global economy. But it has also led, in many cases, to a remarkable transformation of their internal economic structure, setting them on the tracks of a new development path. This chapter is aimed at describing such transformations by looking at them from different points of view, providing some measures of the changes occurred and highlighting the important differences that can be observed in the behaviour of individual countries.
The Role of External Demand in Manufacturing Development
Authors: Romano Livio , Traù Fabrizio 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The chapter discusses the relationship between industrial development and structural change in the Globalization Age. In particular, it sets within the same framework the fact that both the sectoral concentration of activities within the manufacturing sector and the internal structure of the whole economy do change in the course of industrial development and shows that both these phenomena are characterized by important differences among different groups of countries. Such differences are claimed to depend upon the time at which industrial development has taken place. It is showed that for late industrializing countries the intra and inter-sectoral structural adjustment has been significantly faster as compared to that of those nations that built their manufacturing base earlier. This has involved in former countries an early increasing sectoral concentration of manufacturing activities as compared to those economies whose industrialization occurred previously, and an earlier decline in the manufacturing share on the total economy.
Defining Cinema
Authors: Slowik Michael 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Defining Cinema: Rouben Mamoulian and Hollywood Film Style, 1929–1957 is an in-depth study of Mamoulian’s films, the ideas behind them, and their place within the history of sound cinema. Though Mamoulian was a filmmaker of startling originality in the 1920s, 1930s, and 1940s, his contributions to film history have gone underexamined, and Mamoulian remains badly undervalued and insufficiently understood. A close look at Mamoulian reveals a largely untold story of a director who possessed a consistent and ambitious vision of cinema throughout his career. Armed with specific theories of cinema that he wrote and spoke about at length, Mamoulian innovated ways of making sound express ideas about the story; showcased methods for increasing the pace of cinema during its transition to sound and beyond; did foundational work in various forms of the musical, fairy-tale, and folk musical subgenres; presented experimental and influential approaches to color design; and was a central figure for pushing the boundaries of studio-era censorship. By understanding Mamoulian’s theories, his films, and the contexts within which he worked, we gain nothing less than a clearer picture of the stylistic history of American cinema.
Mamoulian and Rhythm
Authors: Slowik Michael 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The chapter “Mamoulian and Rhythm” examines how Rouben Mamoulian’s theories of rhythm played out across his career. Rhythm was Mamoulian’s most prized artistic concept, and he explored it first on the stage before applying it to film. After covering his early stage work, the chapter examines how his debut film, Applause (1929), used methods that gave the film a sense of momentum and vitality at a time when many industry professionals were complaining about the era’s turgidly paced films. The chapter’s second half then examines Mamoulian’s rhythmic methods beyond the early sound period, including the literal use of an on-set metronome and conductor’s baton, and the employment of musical performance within many of the non-musicals that he directed. Doing so demonstrates that Mamoulian often was essentially a director of musicals even when he was not technically directing one.
Mamoulian and the Musical
Authors: Slowik Michael 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The chapter “Mamoulian and the Musical” chronologically examines Rouben Mamoulian’s musicals in film and theater from the 1920s through the 1950s. In cinema, Mamoulian did pioneering work in the show, fairy-tale, and folk-musical subgenres, and his integration of music, dance, speech, and movement—and more generally his methods for stylizing the genre—displayed considerable foresight. Applause (1929) explored ways of making Hollywood’s stage-bound musical numbers more cinematic and offered an unprecedently forceful examination of performer-spectator dynamics. Love Me Tonight (1932) provided an early model for extreme stylization in the genre, while High, Wide and Handsome (1937) offered a prototype for grounding musical numbers in land-based work. Mamoulian’s stage productions of Oklahoma! (1943) and Carousel (1945) pushed him more fully into folk musicals and fueled his belief in tight narrative-number integration, ideas he explored further in the experimental Summer Holiday (1948). The history of the American film musical cannot be written without acknowledging Mamoulian as one of its central innovators.