bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Examining the Institutional Design of International Investment Law
Authors: Brummer Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Columbia Program on International Investment symposium on the law of international investment took place at a critical moment in the development of international rules relating to foreign direct investment (FDI). The past 20 years have seen a dramatic rise not only in FDI flows to developing countries, but also in the number of bilateral and regional agreements granting, among other things, foreign investors the right to sue countries hosting their investment where they fail to honor substantive commitments contained in those agreements. Together, these two trends have led to an exponential rise in investor-State litigation, with at least 219 treaty arbitrations brought between 1987 and 2005, two-thirds of which have been initiated in the past three years, and virtually all of them initiated by firms.
Breach of Contract: The CISG
Authors: Zeller Bruno 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As seen in previous chapters, a breach of contract attracts widely divergent solutions, and every legal system uses technical expressions and techniques that are recognized nowhere else. Devising correct and just remedies that take account of both parties’ interests and are economically defensible are the key considerations for the success of any remedial system. A degree of certainty is required so parties can calculate the risk of entering into contracts. It is of doubtful utility when a party can discover the merits of a remedial system only once a claim is lodged. There are few legal systems in the world where the available remedies are not known in advance.
Calculation of Losses under Article 74
Authors: Zeller Bruno 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When we consider the calculation of direct or indirect damages, it needs be stressed again that the theory of causation as used in civil law systems has no place, as it is excluded from the sphere of the CISG because of the introduction of the foreseeability rule. The only relevant question is whether the loss is caused by the breach of the contract and is an assessable consequence of that breach.
Attorneys’ Fees
Authors: Zeller Bruno 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As seen in previous chapters, article 74 attempts to put the innocent party into the position they would have occupied had the contract been properly performed. In other words, damages that have reduced the asset base of a business can be claimed pursuant to article 74. There is a proviso that even if there is a reduction of the asset base, this reduction must or “ought to have been foreseen at the time of the conclusion of the contract.” At first glance, this article seems to be straightforward, but there is one class of cost, namely attorneys’ fees, that poses considerable problems in practice and in theory.
Introduction
Authors: Hawley John Stratton 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ask someone who lives in the West to name an Indian classic, and the answer is almost foreordained: the Bhagavad Gītā. This poetic work, depicting a didactic encounter between an exemplary human being and the god Krishna, has been translated into European languages hundreds of times. Yet surprisingly few inhabitants of the populous states of north India can recite more than a phrase or two of the Sanskrit original. The Krishna they know as the subject of classic poetry is apt to come from quite another source: Hindi poet-singers of the early modern period, and the greatest of these is Sūrdās. Like Homer, he is remembered as having been blind. Like Shakespeare, he has infused a tradition of living performance. And the Krishna to whom he sings is largely the god of love rather than the key to life’s other battles, as in the Gītā. Why then is Sūrdās still so little known outside his homeland? It has to do with the definition of a classic. When European scholars and colonial administrators tried to make cultural sense of India in the late-eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, they typically started their quest by studying Sanskrit. Latin and Greek were what made for a serious education in Europe, so as it became clear that these two had a sister language in Sanskrit—”more perfect than the Greek, more copious than the Latin, and more exquisitely refined than either,” as Sir William Jones famously proclaimed in 1786—it was natural that this ancient tongue
A Special Theological Problem Divine Justice
Authors: Englard Izhak 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
INTERESTINGLY, THE SUBSTANCE of and the relationship between distributive and corrective justice was discussed by theologians in relation to Divinity. This discussion constituted the natural continuation of the fundamental general problem concerning the relationship between Divinity and justice. In other words, the general question was whether mankind had a legitimate claim of justice toward Divinity.
Jewish Commentators
Authors: Englard Izhak 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IT IS A MOST NOTEWORTHY FACT that in the whole classical Jewish (rabbinic) literature one does not find an attempt of defining the notion of justice, neither that of law. Generally, it appears that the rabbis were considerably more interested in concrete solutions than in abstract legal concepts.490 Moreover, the Jewish scholars first learned the ideas contained in Aristotle’s Ethics through the intermediary of the Arab philosophers, probably only in the twelfth century.491
Camera Men
Authors: North Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The scene is a screening room, the nervous filmmaker in the first row of seats, dead-center in more ways than one, with his skeptical colleagues filling up the rear. As soon as the projector starts, their worst suspicions are confirmed: the film is a disaster. A swimmer dives into and then, somehow, back out of the water. A battleship is double-exposed over a city street so that it seems to be sailing on the pavement. Finally, the screen is quartered, with four exposures running at once, cars careening into one another, crowds of pedestrians folded in two and then in four, running into and then back out of one another in the center of the frame. The filmmaker is crushed, his career doomed at the very start by a set of rookie mistakes.
Mickey’s Mechanical Man
Authors: North Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I E. M. Forster’s observation, made in 1934, that “at present Mickey is everybody’s god” is a statement that seems, at this late date, to support itself, for if even so removed an aesthete as Forster could have become conversant enough to discuss several Mickey Mouse cartoons and enthusiastic enough to speculate, even archly, about Mickey’s future, then it would seem that “everybody” was indeed devoted to Disney’s trademark character.1 At this time, when Mickey was still primarily a cartoon, before he became a merchandising juggernaut, a corporate symbol, the focus of American copyright law, the face of a theme park empire, the host of a series of TV programs, and an ironic, derogatory adjective, he was in fact one of a tiny number of movie figures whose prestige among writers, artists, and intellectuals equaled their general appeal.
The Performance-Ensemble
Authors: Hapgood Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So, at the beginning of Henry V, the Chorus dreams of his ideal theatre for the play to come. The key word is ‘fire’. Like fire, his dream reaches irrepressibly upward and outward. It swells. Its playhouse expands from a wooden O to kingdom-sized proportions; its actors and spectators are raised to the highest ranks of nobility; and beyond that its presiding Muse is exalted to divine heights. Only then may the dream-theatre do justice to the swelling scene the Chorus heralds; only ‘then should the warlike Harry, like himself, / Assume the port of Mars’.
The Playwright in the Play
Authors: Hapgood Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If one asks in a general sort of way what is identifiably ‘Shakespearian’ about a play by Shakespeare, one is in familiar territory. One may think of an extraordinary breadth in his scope and depth in his insight, a wonderful vitality and variety in his characters and a supercharged energy in their actions, an eloquence and memorableness in his dialogue at its best, an amazing ability to match character and language that is celebrated in T. S. Eliot’s paradox: ‘Each character speaks for himself, but no other poet could have found these words for him to speak.’ All of these arc included in a view of human nature that makes a unique blend of truth and compassion-at once hard¬ headed and soft-hearted.
The Theatre-Poet and the Players: Four Rehearsals
Authors: Hapgood Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The rehearsals in this chapter are imaginary in more ways than the obvious one that they never actually took place, except in my mind. Only to a degree are they meant to be like actual rehearsals. My players are not concerned with lighting, costume, set, and the rest of the features that actual players need to incorporate in their performances. They can concentrate on the movements of mind and body that express the relationships of the characters and the progress of the action. Even here I have not felt it necessary to give a complete ‘blocking’ of their movements but only so much as to indicate especially significant developments. More than would ever become explicit in actuality, I provide an account of the currents of thought and feeling that run-in a given interpretation-beneath and between the words. Whether or not Shakespeare or Burbage or an Elizabethan groundling would have been conscious of a Stanislavskian subtext, any coherent interpretation seems to me to require that such undercurrents be imagined by everyone involved.
The Latitudes and Limits of Performance: The BBC Television
Authors: Hapgood Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Untill recently, the analysis of Shakespearian performance has been extremely difficult. The would-be analyst has had to depend upon a given live production or the commercial presentations of a film or television show. Only under special circumstances were the necessary repeated viewings possible. With the advent of videotape and the greater availability of films for non-commercial use, these difficulties have largely been removed. The tapes and films can be run and rerun at will. Of course, the complete rapport of a live performance¬ ensemble is not possible because there is no chance for the players to respond to the audience’s responses. That is a limitation to be kept in mind in what follows.
General Introduction: The Significance of the Medieval Commentary-Tradition
Authors: Minnis A J , Scott A B , Wallace David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are many branches of medieval literary theory and criticism, only one of which has received the attention it deserves, namely the ‘arts’ of composition (artes poeticae, artes praedicandi, artes dictaminis ). This anthology concentrates on another branch, the most fundamental and important of them all within the medieval educational system, and one which has a lot to say about a far wider range of literary matters than those which fall within the terms of reference of the pragmatic and prescriptive ‘arts’. For the texts translated below comprise sophisticated discussions of such topics as fiction and fable (in classical works and in the Bible); the ethical effects and purpose of literature; authorship and authority; the function of biography in interpreting a writer’s work; stylistic and didactic modes; literary form and structure; allegory and ‘literal’ or historical sense; symbolism; imagination and imagery; the semiotics of words and things; the moralization of classical texts; the status of poetry within the hierarchy of the human arts and sciences. Quite obviously, this rich array of literary discussion and analysis falls within the sphere of ‘literary theory and criticism’ as normally understood.
An Anthology of Literary Prefaces: Introductions to the Authors
Authors: Minnis A J , Scott A B , Wallace David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Graammar is not simply a matter of learning how to write and speak well, declared Thierry of Chartres (who became chancellor of Chartres in 1141), echoing a Jong-established definition: it also has as its proper task the explication and the study of all the authors. The principles which governed that task are revealed in the introductory lectures to the grammarians’ commentaries on their authors, which are sometimes called accessiis. There, each and every schoolbook was analysed in a systematic way, in terms of its author, the style and structure of its material, and the educational ends which it served. The precise number of headings under which the various aspects of the text are discussed vary somewhat from accessus to accessus; in our selection the most comprehensive set is offered by the introduction to the Paschale Carmen of Sedulius: the life of the poet (vitapoetae), the title of the work (titulusoperis), the nature of the verse (qualitas canninis), the intention of the writer (intentio scribentis), the number of the books (numenu librorum), the order of the books (ordo librorum), and the textual exposition (explanatio). This paradigm, the ‘type B’ introduction as described in R. W. Hunt’s pioneering study of academic prologues, was associated with the fourth-century grammarian Servius because it is found at the beginning of manuscript copies of his commentary on Virgil’s Aeneid.
Scriptural Allegory and Authority: Hugh of Saint-Victor1 Peter Abelard, and Peter Lombard
Authors: Minnis A J , Scott A B , Wallace David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘THE idea that the sacred Scriptures have (aside from their literal value) a symbolic value is ancient and not irrational’,1 declares Jorge Luis Borges, offering this insight into the motivation of those who sought to plumb the depths of divinely-inspired writing: To some extent this is true of twelfth-century biblical exegesis. The present section has as its subject the way in which three outstanding scholars of that period, Hugh of Saint-Victor (c.1og6-1141), Peter Abelard (1079-1142 or 1144), and Peter Lombard (c. 1100-6o), approached their ‘absolute text’, striving to trace the blueprint of its ‘mechanism of infinite purposes’ in a way which illustrated and confirmed its supreme authority in the world of books. About 1118 Hugh entered Saint-Victor, the house of Augustinian canons recently founded in Paris by William of Champeaux (who had once instructed Abelard in the arts and subsequently became his bitter rival). After studying under William, Hugh remained at Saint-Victor to teach the elements of the liberal arts and scriptural commentary.3
The Dionysian Imagination: Thomas Gallus and Robert Grosseteste
Authors: Minnis A J , Scott A B , Wallace David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a single passage in his novel The Name of The Rose, Umberto Eco manages to allude to a great many of the thought-patterns and problems which medieval scholars found in the works of Pseudo-Dionysius, a Neoplatonic Monophysite of c.500, who successfully passed himself off as the ‘Dionysius the Areopagite’ whose conversion by St Paul is recorded in Acts 17: 34. Eco’s character William of Baskerville has remarked that ‘in sermons, to touch the imagination of devout throngs it is necessary to introduce exempla, not infrequently jocular’; this argument also serves to justify the monstrous images sometimes produced by manuscript illuminators. He proceeds to cite the testimony of Pseudo-Dionysius and his great twelfth-century commentator Hugh of Saint Victor: The opposing viewpoint is put forcibly by ‘Jorge of Burgos’, who will turn out to be the villain of the piece, the narrow-minded monk who is attempting to suppress the second book of Aristotle’s Poetics, a treatise on comedy (now lost, if it ever existed): ’the man who depicts monsters and portents of nature to reveal the things of God per speculum et in aenigmate’, he argues, ‘comes to enjoy the very nature of the monstrosities he creates and to delight in them’, thus warping his conception of God and creation alike. There in a nutshell is the very essence of the challenge presented by Pseudo-Dionysius. The present chapter will illustrate how two of his most avid thirteenth-century readers, Thomas Gallus (Abbot of St Andrew’s, Vercelli, 1219-46) and Robert Grosseteste (Bishop of Lincoln, 1235-53), warmly supported the ideas which Eco put in the mouth of William of Baskerville, while taking some note of the objections of the Jorges of their world.
Radical Puffing: Parodic Advertising and Newspapers
Authors: Wood Marcus 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hone’s publications from 1815 until 1821 frequently use advertising. They incorporated all major forms of press advertisement and many types of illustrated product advertising outside the press including handbills, pamphlets, broadsides, pasteboard handouts, and even illuminated windows. Hone’s experiments with advertising reached a climax from 1820 to 1821.
Convention and Conspiracy
Authors: Barrell John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the last months of 1794 Hardy and Thelwall of the LCS, and the philologist John Horne Tooke of the SCI, were tried on a charge of having compassed and imagined the death of the king. The societies had been planning to summon a convention of reform societies in pursuit, they declared, of a reform of parliament based on the plan developed in the early 1780s by the Duke of Richmond, now a member of Pitt’s cabinet, for universal manhood suffrage and annual parliaments.1 As we have seen, however, the Government claimed that this demand had been adopted only to mask the true aim of the societies: the convention, they insisted, was intended to subvert the constitution and to usurp the functions of government; perhaps even to depose the king and to declare a republic. There was evidence that members of the LCS, and of other societies in Sheffield, Edinburgh, and Norwich, had been acquiring or attempting to acquire arms, with which it was alleged they intended either to initiate an insurrection or to resist the sovereign power in the event of an attempt by the Government to disperse the convention by force.
The Trial of Thomas Walker
Authors: Barrell John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is based on a conjecture, that by April 1794 the law officers in London were already beginning to concern themselves with the question of whether, if a conspiracy could be described as intended to over throw the constitution, it could be represented as a conspiracy to levy war directly against the king. If this conjecture could be shown to be wrong, it would not much affect my general account of how ‘modern’ treason was invented; if correct, it adds another stage to that process, and would help explain the extraordinary-and disgraceful-behaviour of Edward Law, later Lord Ellenborough and Lord Chief Justice of England, in his prosecution of Thomas Walker and others, in Lancaster, for a treasonable conspiracy.
The Arming of the LCS
Authors: Barrell John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The conspiracy the secret committee of the Commons claimed to have discovered-to overthrow the constitution and to usurp the power of government-seemed to make no sense unless it could be established that the societies had assembled a substantial paramilitary force, or would have assembled one in time for a summer convention. In the words of Pitt, the conspiracy could never have been thought of, without the idea of having recourse to violence.
Parliament and Prejudication
Authors: Barrell John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Second Report of the secret committee of the House of Commons came to the firm conclusion that the leaders of the reform societies had been imagining the king’s death. If we read this report as creatively as the committee read the papers it had seized, we might, however, be tempted to conclude that even the committee itself suspected that what it described as the ‘extravagant designs’ of the reform societies were designs to which the imagination of the committee itself had contributed its share. The report acknowledged that its final conclusion, that the activities of the societies ‘obviously and necessarily’ tended to the entire destruction of the constitution, might ‘at first be difficult to be credited’.
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The Charge to the Grand Jury
Authors: Barrell John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The formal proceedings against the leaders of the London reform societies began at the Session House in Clerkenwell on 2 October I794, when a Grand Jury of the county of Middlesex assembled to consider the bill of indictment against thirteen of the prisoners: Hardy, Richter, Moore, Thelwall, Hodgson, Baxter, and Lovett of the LCS, Tooke, Bonney, Kyd, Joyce, Wardle and Holcroft of the SCI. The other LCS prisoners were the subject of separate bills which were to be considered by the Grand Jury later in the month.
‘A Conspiracy without Conspirators’
Authors: Barrell John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tooke, after his trial, managed to evade the crowds waiting for him in the street, but Erskine and Gibbs were once more drawn to Serjeant’s Inn, to be greeted by cries of ‘ERSKINE for ever, for ever-ERSKINE AND LIBERTY’. Lord Mayor Skinner spoke too, promising to rely only on the constabulary to police the celebrations. Similar scenes and similar cries followed the acquittal of Thelwall, whose precautions to avoid an elaborate triumph were frustrated by the vigilance of his supporters. A much more elaborate procession was organized in Sheffield on the return of two of the members of the Sheffield SCI who had been arrested on suspicion of treason and detained in London as Crown witnesses.
Epilogue: ‘Fire, Famine, and Slaughter’
Authors: Barrell John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a letter to the Moral and Political Magazine of the LCS in November 1796, a pseudonymous contributor, ‘Paramythion’, warns his fellow-citizens of the dangers of attending 'public dinners, free and easy clubs, and other societies, wherein singing is introduced as a relaxation from serious business’.
Heaven, Hell, and the Space Between
Authors: Worth Katharine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Do we see it so, imagine the unseen manipulator amusing himself in the way of Hardy’s President of the Immortals who brought poor Tess to death by hanging before he ‘had finished his sport’ with her? Hanging comes near in Act Without Words but the rope offered from ‘above’ is withdrawn as the player reaches for it: a more benign frustration. When the solitary figure onstage sits down at the end is he simply giving up in despair, or, as some have thought, broken free of illusion (a word much emphasized in the stage directions)? We have to decide for ourselves. What Beckett does for us is register the urgent questioning, the not knowing, the contradictory possibilities; states of mind well known to people today brooding on the meaning of life, perhaps at times of crisis.
Rhythms
Authors: Worth Katharine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At my first meeting with Beckett on 30 April 1976, sitting in the bar of the Royal Court Hotel, we almost at once went into a Yeatsian rhythm. I was telling him of the video recordings I had arranged to have made of two productions of Yeats’s plays- The Cat and the Moon and At the Hawk’s Well-when at the mention of the latter he instantly broke into its great opening line, ‘I call to the eye of the mind’. It seemed natural to join in and we continued the extempore reading to the end of the first stanza, on the line ‘The salt sea wind has swept bare’. It was an exhilarating, three-party conversation.