bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Linear Algebra
Authors: Stedall Jacqueline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Linear algebra is now an essential tool in many branches of mathematics, but tracing its history turns out to be surprisingly difficult. There are several reasons for this. One is that linear algebra is so basic that it arises in many different and apparently unrelated contexts. Another is that it includes a range of topics that do not at first appearance seem necessarily connected: linear equations, determinants, linear trans- formations, matrices, vector spaces, eigenvalues, and so on. Each of these subtopics has its own history, and only in the twentieth century were they finally united under the common umbrella of ‘linear algebra’.
Answer Booklet
Authors: Wright Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
1. Answer A — The expression ‘aid, abet, counsel or procure’ is generally used in its entirety when charging a defendant, without separating out the particular element that applies, making answer B incorrect. ‘Procuring’ an offence takes place before the commission of the offence, making answer C incorrect. Answer D is incorrect as the state of mind required to convict an accessory is ‘proof of intention to aid as well as knowledge of the circumstances’ (National Coal Board v Gamble [1959] 1 QB 11 at 20). 2. Answer B — There is no authorisation level required for the powers under s. 50 of the Act to be used, making answer A incorrect. Seize and sift powers can only be used if it can be shown that it was essential to do so, rather than simply convenient or preferable to do so, making answer D incorrect. The kind of material that is allowed to be removed from premises includes, for example, material stored on a computer or where it is not reasonably practicable to sort through material at the scene. The powers under s. 50 only extend the scope of some other existing power, i.e. they do not provide freestanding powers to search and seize property, making answer C incorrect.
Costing the Dionysia
Authors: Wilson Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Athenians were making a great mistake in wasting their energies on amusements, that is to say, in lavishing on the theatre what would pay for great fleets and support armies in the field. For if we tally up the cost of each tragedy, the Athenian people will be seen to have spent more on productions of Bakkhai, Phoinissai, Oidipous and Antigone, and the woes of Medea and Elektra, than they spent in fighting for their supremacy and for their liberty against the barbarians.
Scenes at the Door in Aristophanic Comedy
Authors: Brown Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Brown (2000) I examined doorknocking and related scenes in fifth-century Greek tragedy, and I ended with a brief discussion of three Aristophanic door scenes with tragic colouring (Acharnians 1071–2, 1174–89, Peace 179–84, all discussed again below). It has long been recognized that such scenes (with or without tragic colouring) are particularly at home in comedy, often coming early in the play, and Revermann rightly observes that ‘the motif called for variation’: only thus could it be kept alive as a source of entertainment for the audience. This variation has not been studied in detail (as far as I am aware), and I hope it will be found helpful if I discuss each surviving Aristophanic example in turn. In many cases this will call for discussion of related issues such as what we are to envisage happening on the stage, whether doorknocking in fact takes place, and who answers the door. One element that sometimes contributes to the comedy is the rudeness of the character who answers, but there are other sources of entertainment and surprise as well. For comparison, I shall include discussion of some scenes where a character approaches a door, or summons another character to appear, without knocking; but I shall not discuss every scene that makes use of a door. As far as possible, I shall be scrutinizing the text for evidence of the actions on stage. Oliver Taplin has set us high standards for doing this without indulging in wild flights of fancy, and I hope I shall not fall too far short. Some general points will be made as we go along, but, since my main purpose is to advertise the variety of Aristophanes’ techniques, I shall conclude without a conclusion.
Resurrecting Ancient Greece in Nazi Germany––the Oresteia as Part of the Olympic Games in 1936
Authors: Fischer-Lichte Erika 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 3 August 1936, Lothar Müthel’s production of Aischylos’ Oresteia premiered as a festive performance at the Staatliches Schauspielhaus at the Gendarmenmarkt in Berlin. Its audience consisted exclusively of invited guests. Among them the Berliner Zeitung am Mittag (4 August 1936) listed Prime minister Generaloberst Göring and his wife, the ministers of the Reich Dr Frick, Dr Goebbels, Generalfeldmarschall von Blomberg, Freiherr von Neurath, Darré, Schacht, and Schwerin Krosigk, mostly accompanied by their wives. In addition, the members of the International Olympic Committee were present. Moreover, many German as well as foreign dignitaries from politics, cultural life, economics, and sports were among the guests. The president of the Reichsbank, Dr. Schacht, was accompanied by the governor of the Bank of France, Labeyrie.
Allston Redux
Authors: Paley Morton D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Washington Allston had returned to Boston to marry his fiancée, Ann Channing, sister of his school friend, the Unitarian minister, poet and abolitionist William Ellery Channing. During his ensuing three years in Boston, Allston painted mostly portraits, including a striking one of Channing himself (Boston Museum of Fine Arts). It presents the subject gazing at the viewer, his face and white cravat bathed in light in contrast to his black coat and the subdued warm colors of the background. The effect is one of concentrated inner power. E. Richardson points out how the artist had learned from Venetian portraiture the ‘monumental pose and deep chiascuro’ of the Channing portrait.
The Homeric Convergences and Divergences of Seamus Heaney and Michael Longley
Authors: Taplin Oliver 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Seamus Heaney and Michael Longley are, I do not hesitate to assert, two of the finest poets of our times in the English language. Moreover, they are a pair, twins—yet, like Amphion and Zethos, contrasting twins. It is an extraordinary fact that they were born within four months of each other in 1939 (the year of W. B. Yeats’s death), and within forty miles of each other, Longley in the city of Belfast and Heaney on the family farm in County Derry. Yet divergences are there from the start. Heaney came from a practising Catholic family (what might be termed ‘Irish Irish’); he won a scholarship to a select school, run by priests, and went on to read English at the local University, Queen’s Belfast, where he duly attained the prize for the best first class of his year. Longley’s parents were English, Anglican but not particularly religious: so he was not a ‘Protestant’ in the local sense of ‘non-conformist Scots Irish’. He went to a prestigious Belfast school, much like an English Grammar School, and on to read Classics at Trinity College, Dublin, which was still in some ways a little patch of England in the heart of Ireland.
Medicine and the Making of Roman Women
Authors: Flemming Rebecca 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this book Dr Flemming includes new translations of some of the works of medical practitioners from Celsus, writing during the reign of Tiberius, to Galen, whose career ended under the Severans, and puts their ideas about women's bodies in their social and philosophical contexts. Relations between women and medicine are now a major area of historical enquiry, but the Roman imperial era, despite the plentiful material it offers and the critical role it plays in the formation of the Western medical tradition, has received less than its fair share of the attention. This book seeks to redress the balance as it investigates female involvement in the manifold medical activities of the Roman world: how women fared as practitioners and patients, how they were understood and described in the copious medical writings of the period, and what effects those understandings and descriptions had in wider society. Dr Flemming examines both the contribution of medicine to gender in the Roman Empire, and the contribution of gender to medicine, and argues that the particularities of the Roman relationship between the two has much to reveal about how systems of sexual difference work in general.
The Envied Muse: Plato versus Homer
Authors: Cavarero Adriana 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Republic 607a Plato states that there is no place for sweet lyric or the epic Muse in the ideal city. It is philosophical logos that must rule in the city, not the passions that poets solicit from their audience. In the Republic Plato’s famous hostility towards the poets resembles a competition between philosophy and poetry. Plato wants, among other things, to replace Homer as the educator of Greece. The terms of this competition are inscribed in the well-known Platonic distinction between the truth of being and the falseness of appearance. The philosopher has knowledge of ‘what is’—the ideas; conversely, the poet is an imitator (mimetes), a creator of appearance.
Muse and Power in the Poetry of Statius
Authors: Rosati Gianpiero 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lassata … totiens mihi numina, Musas: ‘the heavenly Muses, so often wearied by my prayer1—thus Statius (Silv. I. 5. 2) defines his relationship with the Muses. Compared with the practice of post-Ovidian poets, the particular emphasis Statius assigns to the Muses, and more generally to the theme of poetic inspiration, is striking. Perhaps this is less surprising in a ‘professional’ poet such as Statius, a poet, that is to say, who repeatedly inquires into his condition as a poet, and into the nature and the instruments of his work.
Coinage And Democracy At Athens
Authors: Trevett Jeremy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
relationship between coinage and democracy in late archaic and classical Athens. Tht’ subject is a large one,andthe treatment ofitwill inevitably be somewhat impressionistic. My argument is that Athenian coinage cannot be considered apart from the political circum stances that produced it-coinage is after all nothing if not a political phenomenon I and that certain t’eatures of Athens’ coins can best be understood in the light of Athens’ democratic ideologies and practices.
No direct connection can be shown to have existed between democracy and coinage in ancient Greece. No ancient text asserts it, and many polcis that issued coins were not democracies at the time they did so. It is, however, possible to argue for an indirect con nection, on rhe basis of several passages ofAristorle’s Polirics in which democracy is associated with public pay.
The Politics Of Monetization In Third-Century Bc Egypt
Authors: Reden Sitta van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
in Egypt after the Greco-Macedonian conquest in 332 BC has been considered mainly in the context of Ptolemaic imperial policy. More precisely, it has been a matter of debate only in respect of Ptolemaic policy in relation co their provinces outside Egypt. While the older research emphasized an unequivocal enforcement of the regal coinage upon all Ptolemaic subjects inside and outside Egypt, recent scholars have argued for a more diffCrentiated picture. Bagnall saw a pattern according to which an inner circle of Ptolemaic possessions (Cyrcnc, Cyprus, and Coile Syria) adopted royal mints, while a less homo geneous group of farther provinces were more flex ible in their choice of mints and weight standards (Asia Minor, Greece, and the i\egean). Moreover, within the Ptolemaic monetary zone foreign coinages were prohibited by royal decree. Outside the monetary zone circulation of foreign coins did not cease, and minting of Ptolemaic coinage, though not altogether absent, was based on preference and eco nomic requirement, and was not exclusive.
Money And The Elite In Classical Athens
Authors: Shipton Kirsty 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Land were two important money-using institu tions in the public economy of classical J\thens. Not only did the silver mines of Athens produce her owl coinage. The leasing of the silver mines, together with the proceeds from the leasing of public land, produced cash which the State could widely redistribute. Demo cratic payments, other benefits to citizens in cash and in kind, money spent on the navy or on public building projects, were all important ways in \Vhich the money from these diftt:rent areas of activity-the non-landed and the landed-were recirculated in the economy.
Judicial Violence and the Ecclesiastical Courts 1n Late Antique North Africa
Authors: Dossey Leslie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Late Roman clerics were occasionally accused of flogging, imprisoning, or otherwise coercing fellow clerics and laypersons. This phenomenon is potentially important for understanding the judicial role of the Christian church, for an essential part of Roman dispute settlement was the ability to coerce people to court and oversee the interrogation and corporal punishment that attended even civil suits.1 This study will focus on the use and significance of judicial violence in ecclesiastical contexts in North Africa during the fourth and fifth centuries.
Salic Law and Barbarian Diet
Authors: Pearson Kathy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most useful sources for the study of diet and food production in late antique society is a legal document, the Lex Salica.1 Its earliest redaction most likely was produced c.507-11 during the last years of the reign of Clovis. Several things could have prompted its creation. There perhaps was a desire to emulate written Roman law on the one hand and the legislative activities of other barbarian rulers such as the Visigoth Euric (466-484) and the Burgundian Gundobad (c.473-516) on the other. Furthermore, a written version of Frankish traditional oral customary practice might have enhanced Roman perceptions of their new overlord given the long Roman preference for written legislation.
Death, Burial, and Commemoration
Authors: Rawson Beryl 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ritual of large funerals was bound to have a formative effect on children, as observers or participants, for reasons outlined above. More generally, children had frequent experience of death in a society of high mortality, disease, recurrent epidemics, and the hazards of everyday urban life. When Horace wrote of the dangers and obstructions in negotiating the streets of Rome, he mentioned building operations and funerals in the same breath. The law required burials and cremations to take place beyond the city walls (for reasons of hygiene, public safety, and religious pollution), so funeral processions along the roads leading out of town were a frequent sight, although some of them took place at night. Children were inured to such sights from an early age.
Rome Uncivilized: Exile and the Kingdom
Authors: Whitmarsh Tim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first part of this book focused primarily upon literary culture (paideia) as a means of creating Greek identity by exploring the relationship between past and present. The composition and dissemination of texts, and also the construction of the identity of the pepaideumenos (‘educated man’) were not self-evident activities; rather, they provided a matrix wherein identities could be inflected in different ways at different times. The ‘secondariness’ of Roman Greek literary production conceals a variety of ways of construing the modernity of the present, from decadence through to trans formation.
The Historian’s Craft in the Age of Herodotus
Authors: Luraghi Nino 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The origins and development of Greek historiography cannot be properly understood unless early historical writings are situated in the framework of late archaic and early classical Greek culture and society. Contextualization opens up new perspectives on the subject in The Historian's Craft in the Age of Herodotus. At the same time, such writings offer significant insights into how works of Herodotus reflect the attitude of fifth-century Greeks towards the transmission and manipulation of knowledge about the past. Essays by an international range of experts explore all aspects of the topic and, at the same time, make a thought-provoking contribution to the ongoing debates concerning literacy and oral culture.
Herodotus and Oral History
Authors: Murray Oswyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IT is generally agreed that Herodotus gathered most of his in formation from oral traditions. Even those who doubt this accept that he sought to represent his sources as oral, whether he was in venting them’ or describing them as oral when in fact they were written: ‘throughout the Histories Herodotus maintains the fiction that his work is an oral account, even where we know or surmise it to be based on written sources’. Since it seems to me that a generalized view that Herodotus sought to misrepresent the nature of his sources raises more difficult problems than it solves,3 I pro pose to ignore such approaches, and confine myself to investigating the consequences of the generally accepted version of Herodotus’ sources.
The Herodotean Picture of Themistocles: A Mirror of Fifth-century Athens
Authors: Blosel Wolfgang 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IT has long been accepted that Herodotus’ views on Athens, in particular the Athens of his contemporaries, are a key for under standing his Histories. Although the position which Jacoby made canonical, namely that Herodotus venerates Athens, has for many years remained unchallenged, Strasburger more than forty years ago showed that in numerous passages Herodotus presents the Athenians in a bad light. Quite recently Stadter in fact demon strated that Herodotus criticizes the Athenians as the Persians’ direct successors in the collection of tribute from the lonians.
Herodotus’ Egypt and the Foundations of Universal History
Authors: Thomas Rosalind 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Anthropological work on oral tradition provides eloquent tes timony to the existence of what is called the ‘floating gap’ and to the ‘hourglass effect’ which is closely associated with it. In societies where knowledge of the past is dependent upon memory and oral tradition, there tends to be a clustering of traditions and memo ries around the very distant past and the very recent.’ This seems to be the case in whatever way the oral traditions are preserved, and whether or not those societies have some knowledge of writ ing. l\!Iany traditions may exist, for instance, about the first origins, and about the most recent two or three generations. The very re cent past may be remembered simply because it was recent, within living memory: there are numerous examples where knowledge of the past peters out after three or four generations, unless there is some particular incentive to go back further. Yet at the same time the same society’s traditions may have much to say about very re mote times, times of origin, which have an important explanatory role-and there is a ‘gap’ in between.
Myth, History, and Collective Identity: Uses of the Past in Ancient Greece and Beyond
Authors: Gehrke Hans-Joachim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
RECENT research into early Greek historiography has consider ably clarified the relationships between historical traditions and their location inside society; the present book is part of this effort. The prominence thus given to the ‘social surface’ of tradition is capable not only of clarifying the complex interrelationships be tween past and present, but also of sharpening our sense of the socio-political function and the argumentative and ideological sig nificance of references to the past, in their respective milieux and situations. Social knowledge of the past, in other words that which a society knows and holds for true about its past, its ‘intentional history’, is of fundamental significance for the imaginaire, for the way a society interprets and understands itself, and therefore for its inner coherence and ultimately its collective identity.
Herodotus and Oral History Reconsidered
Authors: Murray Os Wyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE first version of ‘Herodotus and Oral History’ was written in 1977, a quarter of a century ago, for the great series of seminars which I ran with Arnaldo Momigliano while he was a Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford. At the time I was composing Early Greece (1980), and seeking to justify the use I was to make of Herodotus, not merely as a source, but also more importantly as a more or less sympathetic interpreter of archaic Greece. The problem was not only the extent to which he was an accurate recorder of the events which occurred, and how this accuracy was achieved, but also whether his interpretation of the structure of the archaic world view could be accepted. Did he understand the events he described, or was his description only partial and distorted? These were genuine and traditional historical questions, only slightly touched by the new historiography.
Luxurious Eating in Comedy
Authors: Wilkins John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the many foods that the Greeks on occasion identified as ‘luxuries ‘. We shall see that rarely, if at all, is a food in essence a luxury as such, though almost everything can be presented as a luxury, either for pejorative purposes (which is usually the objective) or within a claim for beneficence. In the latter case, the language of ‘luxury ‘ is likely to be replaced by ‘good things ‘ (agatha), normally in order to avoid the pejorative associations of ‘luxury ‘.
Dialogue and Irony in Cicero: Reading De Republica
Authors: Fox Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The definition of the duties of public life at Rome was a preoccupation of many of Cicero’s prose treatises, and this theme, in a complex symbiosis with Cicero’s ambition to establish a philosophical discourse in Latin, dominates many of his philosophical prose works, the De Republica as much as the De Finibus, De Oratore, or Tusculan Disputations.
Statues in Roman Society
Authors: Stewart Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Statues are among the most familiar remnants of classical art. Yet their prominence in ancient society is often ignored. In the Roman world statues were ubiquitous. Whether they were displayed as public honours or memorials, collected as works of art, dedicated to deities, venerated as gods, or violated as symbols of a defeated political regime, they were recognized individually and collectively as objects of enormous significance. By analysing ancient texts and images, Statues in Roman Society unravels the web of associations which surrounded Roman statues. Addressing all categories of statuary together for the first time, it illuminates them in ancient terms, explaining expectations of what statues were or ought to be and describing the Romans' uneasy relationship with 'the other population' in their midst.