bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Original Values of Business
Authors: Frederick William C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The original values of business arise as manifestations of natural evolutionary processes. The forms they take reflect the operation of basic physical processes of the universe. This evolutionary embeddedness gives them their distinctive function in organized life and causes them to be an essential component in sustaining life itself. Although, as will be told subsequently, these values have an acquired cultural meaning, they are rooted firmly in biophysical and biochemical processes that gave them their first significance. As values, they are emergent from, or extrusions of, these natural processes, only subsequently being assigned a conceptual and culturally symbolic significance. As noted in the preceding chapter, the original values of business are the most fundamental, most archetypal, most basic values present in the business system. Their central position in the business value matrix is testimony to, and largely explained by, their emergence from a natural evolutionary process of the most comprehensive, all-encompassing character. Indeed, the range of phenomena encompassed within that process extends from the microscopic dimensions of molecular genetics to the large-scale phenomena of cosmic evolution. Across that entire spectrum, one finds what appear to be physical constants at work that give momentum and force to evolutionary tendencies. It is those physical constants that have spawned, and continue to justify, the original values of business. Just how that naturalistic process has produced such a result is worth careful attention.
The Power-Aggrandizing Values of Business
Authors: Frederick William C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The central idea of this chapter is that business operations, based originally on economizing values that promote productive outcomes, are typically hampered by a competing set of values focused on coercive power, its acquisition and augmentation. Power-focused values, while usually found in most business firms, are not inherently necessary for business’s economizing mission to be carried out successfully. Giving allegiance to such values almost invariably diverts a company from making effective use of resources. The presence of these values also creates and multiplies an aura of invidious personal and social discrimination within the business organization, such as that between the managers and the managed, the leaders and the followers, the managers and the workers, the (conventionally male) dominants and the subservient male and female subordinates, the (typically white) commander-generals and all other ethnic-minority corporate soldiers. In all of these distinctions, one side is found to possess dominant workplace power over the other side. In spite of these power differentials, a surprising consensus tends to sustain the prevailing distribution of power, even though subdued grumbling continues to be heard from those who wield little power.
Ecologizing Values and the Business Dilemma
Authors: Frederick William C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The central proposition of this chapter is that ecological processes provide a large natural and sociocultural framework whose normative significance ex tends beyond that of both economizing and power aggrandizement. For business, that poses a dilemma of unbelievable complexity and difficulty, for it is equivalent to saying that the core values of business are encompassed within a normative system that threatens to override all that has been central to and characteristic of the business institution and the business function in society. For the global citizenry, arguing that ecology trumps both economy and business power seeking potentially creates a public policy agenda that could easily pit business against society on many fronts. It is easy to believe that the first skirmishes of such a public policy debate began during the last half of the twentieth century, if one bears in mind the widespread public concern about environmental pollution, depletion of the earth’s ozone layer, the possibility of global warming, and other ecological crises and trends.
The Values Within Technology
Authors: Frederick William C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines a commonly neglected source of normative guidance. It finds values and normative orientations embedded within the technological realm of human behavior. These technological values and principles are proposed as possible sources of reconciling the several value clashes that separate business and society, particularly the seemingly intractable issues that accompany rampant business economizing occurring within the constraints of finite ecological systems.
The Business Ethics Question
Authors: Frederick William C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For close to half a century, scholars who study business operations have sought a normative base from which to judge the moral adequacy of business motives and business goals, as well as the consequences of business decisions, policies, and practices. This is not to say that concern about business ethics arose only toward the middle of the twentieth century, for there is an ancient history that reflects widespread doubt about the moral probity of business people, their motives, and their goals throughout many centuries and across a wide spectrum of societies and cultures. In the West, no lesser figures than Aristotle, Thomas Aquinas, Adam Smith, and Karl Marx, not to speak more broadly of the founders of the world’s major religions, have considered such questions. Rather, the intention in this chapter is to focus upon the efforts of contemporary business scholars to find acceptable ways of describing, analyzing, and evaluating the normatively tinged activities of business as it is practiced in corporate America.
Business and the Moral Process
Authors: Frederick William C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The normative bill of particulars brought against American corporate business is lengthy, shocking, and saddening. From many quarters and over long stretches of time, a clamorous chorus has sounded out a damning indictment of specific business practices and, in some cases, a condemnation of the institution itself. Greed, selfishness, ego-centeredness, disregard of the needs and well-being of others, a narrow or nonexistent social vision, an ethnocentric managerial creed imposed on nonindustrial cultures, a reckless use of dangerous technologies, an undermining of countervailing institutions such as trade unions, a virtual political takeover of some pluralist government agencies, and a system of self-reward that few either inside or outside business have cared to defend as fair or moral-all of these attributes have been credited to the business account.
Challenges to Adjudicative Democracy
Authors: Gaus Gerald F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before completing the account of adjudicative democracy by considering the place of the judiciary and the problem of political obligation, it is necessary to consider some likely objections to the essentially epistemic conception of democracy defended in the previous chapter. The most obvious objection emanates from social choice theory. I have defended representative democratic law-making institutions on the grounds that they are at least as reliable at tracking what is publicly justified as are alternative systems and, in addition, satisfy the principle of political equality, and, thus, are consistent with the rule of law. But social choice theory would seem to show that this cannot be so. Let me explain.
Does Culture Matter? Negotiating a Complementary Culture to Support Technological Innovation
Authors: Brannen Mary Yoko 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On October 7, 1989, a group of American and Japanese managers joined by members of the union committee performed a modified ritual of the traditional Japanese ground-breaking ceremony to celebrate the completion of the 40 million dollar expansion of the plant. Traditionally, a Shinto (the aboriginal religion of Japan) priest would have blessed the new machinery by performing a formal “baptismal” in the context of a Shinto ritual to ensure prosperity for the plant. Mindful of the strong Catholic composition of the work force, TSP’s Japanese president decided upon a middle-of-the road approach which blended Western and Japanese ground-breaking rituals. The Western portion of the ritual was comprised of a traditional ribbon-cutting and whitegloved starting up of the machinery by the Japanese chairman of the board.
The Formal Semantic Framework and the Treatment of Distributivity
Authors: Moltmann Friederike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, I will outline a formal fra ework of compositional semantics within which the present approach to part-structure-specific constructions can be cast. This framework provides the basis for a first explicit application of the theory of parts and wholes to distributivity phenomena, which I will give at the end of this chapter. However, first some general remarks about the treatment of sentence meanings are in order.
Semantic Selection, Part Structures, and Perspectives
Authors: Moltmann Friederike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are two sorts of semantic phenomena besides distributivity that involve part structures: [1) part-structure-sensitive semantic selectional requirements of predicates, readings of predicates, and semantic operations and [2] quantification over parts. Both phenomena are main motivations for the notion of situated part structure given in Chapter 1. Part-structure-sensitive semantic selection and part quantification involve part structures that depend on the information about parts and wholes in the relevant situation — in particular, information about the integrity of entities or their parts. Such part structures, moreover, involve a part relation that lacks transitivity and closure under sum formation as inherent formal properties.
Part Structures and Quantification
Authors: Moltmann Friederike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The subject of this chapter is the interaction between part structures and quantification with noun phrases. There are at least three respects in which part structures and quantified NPs relate to each other. First, there is an indirect connection between part structures and plural and mass quantifiers. The domain of quantifiers like all men and all wood, as I will argue, consists of all groups of men or all water quantities in — as usual — a contextually restricted domain of quantification. The restrictions on the domain are not arbitrary, though, but rather governed by certain conditions. This chapter will establish that these conditions are exactly parallel to the conditions on part structures introduced in Chapter 1.
Metrical and Other Lexical Specifications of Part Structures
Authors: Moltmann Friederike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the information-based account of the mass-count distinction, singular count, plural, and mass nouns differ in the manner in which the properties they express relate to parts and wholes. Singular count, plural, and mass nouns describe their referents with different part structures: referents of singular count NPs are described as integrated wholes; referents of plurals, as entities composed of integrated wholes; referents of mass NPs as entities that neither are integrated wholes nor have parts that are integrated wholes. But the semantic conditions associated with the categories ‘mass’, ‘count’, ‘singular’, and ‘plural’ do not constitute the only way of specifying particular types of part structure. In the previous two chapters, we saw various ways in which part structures may be specified independently of the mass-count distinction — namely, by certain types of constructions. In particular, we saw that entities could be described as having integrated parts even with mass nouns. Hence, even though the syntactic mass-count distinction implies a semantic mass-count distinction, the converse does not hold.
Dimensions of Parts and Wholes and the Part Structure of Events
Authors: Moltmann Friederike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the preceding chapters, I discussed two sorts of linguistic information that may induce a perspective on an entity: [1] part-structure-related information (as expressed, for example, by phrases like as a whole or metrical determiners) and [2] information about dimensions (as expressed by phrases like as a teacher). In this chapter, I will discuss phenomena in which these two kinds of information interact in a certain way. This interaction consists in that part structures themselves may be relativized to a dimension. Such a relativization is possible both for the integrity and for the parts an entity may have: an entity may constitute different kinds of integrated whole in different dimensions, and it may have different sets of parts in different dimensions.
Solicitation and Confession in the Anticlerical Imagination
Authors: Haliczer Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the Spanish Inquisition was not formally abolished until the decree of July 19, 1834, issued during the regency of María Cristina, it had really ceased to function by 1820, when it was suppressed by order of Ferdinand VII in the face of a resurgent liberalism. His refusal to reestablish the institution after the fall of the liberal regime was an indication that it had long since outlived its usefulness, even to a ruler whose government had been marked by intolerance, brutality, and obscurantism.
Single-Loop, Win-Lose forcing Methods
Authors: Nielsen Richard P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ethics Generals, top managers who unilaterally write ethics rules and then use punishments to force complicance, and Ethics Guerillas, who use methods such as secretly blowing the whistle outside the organiza-tion, both practice a politics of forcing. Its key strength is its short-run effectiveness, which can be particularly important in emergency situations. An important limitation of forcing is its destructiveness, par-ticularly with respect to internal organization cooperation. The basic function of organization is to enable us to do more through cooperation than we can do atomistically. Therefore, it is important to maintain and encourage cooperation. However, there are times when the only practical alternative is forcing. We may need to at least keep in reserve the methods of single-loop forcing for those circumstances where more peaceful, cooperative, constructive, and sophisticated methods are ineffective.
Friendly Upbuilding: Triple-Loop Dialog Ii
Authors: Nielsen Richard P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Life can only be understood backwards, but it must be lived forwards. . . . Dialectically the position is this: the principle of association, by strengthening the individual, enervates him. . . . It is only after an ethical outlook . . that there is really joining together. -S ren Kierkegaard The struggle of man against power is the struggle of memory against forgetting.
Internal Due-Process Systems: Ethics Processing Machines
Authors: Nielsen Richard P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The previous chapters considered various methods for individuals within organizations to act and learn with each other, with traditions systems, and with environments. Internal due-process systems are somewhat different, and may best be described as ethics processing machines. Once an individual activates a due-process system, the machine takes over, as in a legal process. The individual can sometimes intervene or participate, but must to some extent stand back while the machine processes and produces an outcome.
Introduction
Authors: Bakker Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Michif language is spoken by Métis, the descendants of European fur traders (often French Canadians) and Cree-speaking Amerindian women. It is spoken in scattered Métis communities in the provinces of Saskatchewan and Manitoba in Canada and in North Dakota and Montana in the United States. There are also pockets of speakers in northern Alberta and the Northwest Territories in Canada and in Minnesota and Oregon in the United States. It is spoken outside the French-speaking part of Canada and the Cree-speaking areas of North America. At present, the number of speakers is estimated at fewer than 1,000. It was probably double or triple this number around the tum of the century but never much higher. Michif is a rather peculiar language. It is half Cree (an Amerindian language) and half French. It is a mixed language, drawing its nouns from a European language and its verbs from an Amerindian language. It has been called the “nee plus ultra of grammars in contact” (Papen 1987c). Michif speakers, however, rarely know both Cree and French. No such mixture of two languages has been reported from any other part of the world. There are some other mixed languages, but these are all of a different type, dissimilar to Michif. Michif is unusual, if not unique, in several respects among the languages of the world. It poses challenges for all theories of language and of language contact.
The Métis Nation
Authors: Bakker Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Michif is exclusively spoken by Métis, descendants of French fur traders and Amerindian women. It is necessary for several reasons to discuss these people. First, it is difficult to conceptualize for those who are unfamiliar with them a mixed ethnic group like the Métis. Second, it is useful to have the necessary background information on the speakers of the Michif language. Their situation is, in a number of respects, unique. Finally, the existence of this mixed language seems to be connected to the mixed identity of the Métis. The name of the people and the language is Métis, Mitif, and Metil, pronounced as Michif, which mean “mixed.” All three are varieties of the same word, Mitifbeing the oldest (Trudel 1960: 83). The word is related to Mestizo, a person of mixed ancestry. Métis history and culture are the topics of this chapter.
Grammatical Sketch of Michif
Authors: Bakker Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter contains a grammatical sketch of Michif. Unfortunately it is impossible to explain in a brief survey all the intricacies of this language, and many formal terms must be used to describe the grammar. Without this terminology it is not possible to describe the language, and without mastering these terms it may be difficult to understand the grammatical sketch. Thus the sketch of Michif is a rather technical discussion, which readers not versed in linguistics may find difficult and which they may want to skip. These readers may go directly to the summary at the end of the chapter. For the arguments concerning the origins of the Michif language, this sketch is perhaps less important. It is necessary for linguists, however, because much more information about Michif has been gathered since Rhodes’s pioneering and insightful grammatical sketch of Michif in 1977.
The Source Languages of Michif
Authors: Bakker Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the foregoing chapters we have seen that Michif, which combines Cree and French elements, is a language in its own right. It is a so-called intertwined language spoken by the Métis people. The Métis are a consequence of the Canadian fur trade, during which European men married Amerindian women. Their children were bilingual, and they more or less combined the grammatical system of the mother’s language with the lexicon of the father’s. From this combination the Michif language emerged, a language with Cree verbs and French nouns.
Getting People Interested in the Feedback You Have to Give
Authors: Culbert Samuel A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If people thought the advice you wanted to give would empower them, they would seek it from you constantly, all the time! Getting people interested in your ideas and using what you say to function with more empowerment is the topic addressed in this chapter.
No doubt you’ve already had many frustrating advice- and feedback-giving experiences when you were not even able to get the attention of someone you wanted to influence. We have them all the time, and not only when we are trying to tell our teenagers that they might learn more by doing their homework with the television turned off. In fact, just last week we had a frustrating conversation with a high-ranking executive.
Mismatches in Levels of Feedback Sent and Received
Authors: Culbert Samuel A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Even when people pay attention to the feedback you send, they’re not necessarily going to get your point. In fact, based on our experience, we’d have to say that their missing your point is likely to be more the norm than the exception.
Very often the reason they miss your point is because you are sending feedback at one level and they are receiving it at another. For example, perhaps you are talking specifics to a new employee who mistakenly thinks that you are making a generalizable point and is looking to come up with a formula for success. Or perhaps you’re talking to someone whose behavior you’ve observed for some time, trying to address the thinking behind an entire class of misdirected behavior, illustrating with a specific, and that person thinks it’s the specific that’s important and, in the process, misses the bigger point. Understanding that there are different levels of advice and feedback, recognizing mismatches between the levels at which influence is being given and sought, and learning how and when you can bridge levels are the subjects of this and the next two chapters.
Breaking Out of the Program
Authors: Culbert Samuel A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When we began this book, we characterized the progressive new management models as conceptually correct and on course toward producing teamwork and effective corporate results. We staked our turf as promoting the mentality that enables people to implement those models effectively. We defined that mentality as one that relates to people as subjects, not objects; as distinct individuals pursuing overlapping but different personal-competency agendas in con­ trast to role-determined, interchangeable component elements of the corporate “program” and system. We contended that making this transition was the prerequisite mind-set “organizational” change for putting the new models into practice.
Spatial Reference and Speaker Orientation in Early Colonial Quechua
Authors: Adelaar Willem F H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The introduction of writing constitutes a major landmark in the history of a language. When language is transmitted through writing, the mechanisms governing the production and the interpretation of speech are different from those that obtain in an oral communication process. If the introduction of writing is successful, two separate traditions may arise, one of which is the direct continuation of the existing practice of oral transmission. For the second tradition, that of written speech transmission, to develop, a series of adjustments is required in the language system. These adjustments occur both at the morphological and at the lexical levels. Subsequently, the interaction of the two traditions may result in a number of new varieties combining elements of both. Such complex configurations of several co-existing and interrelated traditions are found in the national languages of today’s modern nations.
On the Margin
Authors: Lund Sarah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this essay, I am concerned with examining the meaning of written forms of communication for a largely non-literate1 Quechua-speaking society. My particular focus in exploring this question rests on the interrelationship between the spoken word and the written text in communication between close family members living far apart. In such exchanges, memory plays an essential role in the oral delivery of the message content, while the written form has the role of legitimator and potential source of sorcery. Thus, the personal letter takes on the characteristics of an epigraphic phenomenon, placing on record the names and identity of persons connected with the physical object.