bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of phosphate and carbonate-bicarbonate supplements on the rumen buffering systems of sheep
Authors: Emmanuel Bijan , Lawlor M. J. , McAleese D. 
Published: May 2005

1. Two wethers fitted with permanent rumen cannulas were used to study the effect of two mineral supplements, Na2HPO4 and a 1:1 mixture of Na2CO3 and NaHCO3, on the buffering system in the rumen of sheep given a pelleted roughage-concentrate diet.2. Measurements were made of rumen pH, buffering capacity value (β), total volatile fatty acids (VFA), CO2 and inorganic phosphorus concentrations as well as rumen cellulase activity.3. The addition of either mineral supplement to the diet significantly (P < 0.001) increased the rumen pH values during the critical post-feeding period, there was a difference of only 0.5 pH unit between the minimum and maximum pH values.4. Both mineral supplements significantly increased the concentrations of CO2 in the rumen fluid and rumen cellulase activity. They resulted in a general reduction in total VFA concentrations. It is suggested that this may possibly arise from increased absorption of VFA associated with increased CO2 tension in the rumen fluid.5. The Na2HPO4 supplement significantly ( P < 0.001) increased the β values in the pH range 6–8, whereas the bicarbonate supplement contributed to raising the β values in the pH range 5–6.6. The bicarbonate supplements raised cellulose digestibility from 39.7% for the control diet to 45.6% and the addition of Na2HPO4 further raised the digestibility to 51.1%. It would appear that low rumen pH impairs rumen cellulase activity and this could be offset by the addition of mineral supplements.
Influence of starch digestion in the large intestine of sheep on caecal fermentation, caecal microflora and faecal nitrogen excretion
Authors: Ørskov E. R. , Fraser C. , Mason V. C. , Mann S. O. 
Published: May 2005

1. The concentrations of volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the rumen and caecum were compared when sheep were given barley or dried grass. The molar proportions of VFA in the caecum resembled those in the rumen except that the proportions of isobutyric and isovaleric acids were higher in caecal than in rumen fluid indicating an extensive breakdown of protein during fermentation in the caecum.2. The capacity for starch digestion in the large intestine was studied in two sheep receiving dried grass. Starch was infused into the caecum, the amount given increasing by daily increments of 20 g until 300 g daily were infused. Infused starch in excess of 138 g daily largely appeared in the faeces, indicating a limited but substantial capacity for starch fermentation in the large intestine. The infusion caused a marked increase in the molar proportion of butyric acid.3. Determinations made with a single sheep showed that the infusion of starch into the caecum caused large changes in the microflora, and species similar to Butyrivibrio became prevalent. The viable count on a starch medium was increased by 83 % by starch infusion.4. The infusions of starch increased the excretion of nitrogen in the faeces from 5.8 to 9.0 g daily. Using a fractionation procedure it was shown that when 100 g of starch were fermented in the large intestine the 'bacterial and endogenous debris' nitrogen increased by about 1.0 g. When starch was given orally to two sheep the increase in this fraction was about 0.4g nitrogen/100 g starch digested.5. It is suggested that dietary factors that cause changes in the site of fermentation from the rumen to the caecum will render less microbial nitrogen available to the host animal per unit of carbohydrate fermented and decrease the apparent digestibility of nitrogen.
The effect of diet on the haemoglobin and haematocrit values of some Nigerian village children
Authors: Osifo 'Bola O. A. 
Published: May 2005

1. Eighty-eight Nigerian village children aged 1–12 years were involved in this study.2. A food consumption survey on each child was carried out for 7 consecutive d; iron, folic acid and calorie intakes were calculated from food composition tables.3. Samples of the children's diets (cooked) were collected and analysed for moisture, total nitrogen and ascorbic acid content.4. Blood samples were assessed for haemoglobin and haematocrit values.5. Calorie, protein and folic acid intakes were low for all age groups; iron and ascorbic acid intakes were adequate.6. There was no incidence of severe anaemia. Only 10% of all the eighty-eight children had a haemoglobin concentration below acceptable levels and only about 8 % of all the eighty-eight children had haematocrit values below acceptable level.
The effect of folic acid and iron in the prevention of nutritional anaemias in pregnancy in Nigeria
Authors: Osifo 'Bola O.A. 
Published: May 2005

1. Fifty-two pregnant women in a village were divided into three groups, A, B and C, and were given the following supplements: A, iron in the form of 200 mg ferrous sulphate daily; B, Fe(as group A) and 5 mg of folic acid daily; C, Fe and folic acid (as group B) plus an antimalarial drug.2. Blood samples were collected each week and assessed for haemoglobin and haematocrit values.3. Dietary intakes of Fe and folic acid were calculated for both pregnant and non-pregnant women. Results revealed that Fe intake was adequate and Fe deficiency not common. The supplement of Fe increased the haemoglobin levels.4. Folic acid intake was low and intake probably fluctuated during the year because of seasonal changes in the dietary folic acid.5. About 28% of patients, during their first attendance, had haematocrit values below normal. Folic acid supplements increased these values.
The metabolism of glucose, acetate, palmitate, stearate and oleate in pigs
Authors: Freeman C. P. , Noakes D. E. , Annison E. F. 
Published: May 2005

1. Isotope dilution techniques were used to measure the rates of entry and oxidation of glucose, acetate, palmitate, stearate and oleate in fed and fasted (16 h) pigs.2. Glucose entry rates measured in eight fed and five fasted (16 h) pigs were 20.6 and 8.0 mg/min per kg0.75(mean values) respectively. The entry rates in fed pigs were lower than the calculated rates of glucose uptake from the alimentary tract, and the validity of glucose entry rates determined under these conditions is discussed.3. Acetate entry rates were unrelated to the fibre content of the diet, and acetate produced from endogenous metabolism was the main contributor to total acetate production.4. Increased rates of entry and oxidation of palmitate, stearate and oleate were observed in fasted pigs.5. Glucose production in fasted pigs was inhibited by raising the concentration of blood glucose. Infusion of insulin in the fed pig caused a decrease in glucose production and a simultaneous reduction in the mobilization of free fatty acids. When blood glucose concentrations fell below about 55 mg/100 ml the release of free fatty acid into the circulation was restored.
The preparation of nutritious protein from wool
Authors: Shorland F. B. , Gray Judith M. 
Published: May 2005

1. The nutritive value of solubilized wool protein prepared by dissolving finely ground wool in sodium sulphide-sodium sulphite solution followed by precipitation with 40 % acetic acid has been tested by incorporating it into protein-free diets containing the amounts of vitamins and minerals required by weanling rats.2. At the level of 10 % (w/w) of the diet, solubilized wool protein failed to support growth in weanling rats, but when the diet was fortified with histidine, methionine and lysine a protein efficiency ratio of up to 1.8 was obtained. The effect of the addition of lysine was marginal. Similar results were obtained with solubilized wool protein prepared from dyed wool suiting material.3. Apart from the methionine content, which varied from 0.49 to 0.66 g/100 g protein, the contents of the essential amino acids in the solubilized wool protein generally met the requirement of the FA0 (1957) provisional pattern, although in many of the preparations the levels of isoleucine and lysine were marginal. The tryptophan content was not determined. Supplementation of the solubilized wool protein with lysine to the level of 6–10 g/100 g protein slightly enhanced the nutritive value.
The uptake of radioactive copper by the brain and other tissues of the developing rat
Authors: Ryan Deirdre , Warren P. J. 
Published: May 2005

1.64Cu as copper chloride in aqueous solution was given by intraperitoneal injection to rats varying in age from a few hours to 14 weeks. The isotope was allowed to circulate in the body for 24 h.2. The amount of gamma radioactivity present in the brain and blood was measured and the percentage of the initial dose present was calculated. It was shown that the brain64Cu activity reached a maximum around the 16th day of life and that the blood showed a steady decrease in the64Cu activity per g from birth to maturity. Measurements were also made on the liver and kidney.3. The excretion of64Cu in the urine and faeces in 24 h was also studied. Approximately 30% of the isotope was excreted in that time, mostly in the faeces.4. A limited number of experiments in three different age groups were carried out to discover whether changes in specific activity of the isotope given to rats had a significant effect on the percentage of64Cu taken up by the brain and blood. No such effect was seen.
Changes in the metabolism of vitamin B12and methionine in rats fed unheated soya-bean flour
Authors: Edelstein S. , Guggenheim K. 
Published: May 2005

1. Young rats were fed on diets containing heated or unheated soya-bean flour.2. Feeding unheated soya-bean flour decreased concentrations of vitamin B12in liver, kidneys and blood serum, urinary excretion of sulphate and concentration of reduced glutathione in liver. Blood glutathione level and urinary excretion of methylmalonic acid and formimino-glutamic acid following loads of propionate and histidine, respectively, were increased.3. Supplementing a diet of unheated soya-bean flour with vitamin B12, had no effect on the level of reduced glutathione in the liver. Adding methionine to this diet decreased excretion of methylmalonic acid and the level of glutathione in blood.4. The activity of liver methyl-tetrahydrofolate: L-homocysteine S-methyltransferase was not affected by the nature of dietary soya-bean flour nor by supplementation with vitamin B125. It is concluded that heat-labile substances present in soya-bean flour induce metabolic changes which can bring about an increased requirement for vitamin B12, and a deficiency of sulphur-containing amino acids.
The effect of dilution of milk proteins with non-essential amino acids (L-alanine and L-glutamic acid) on nitrogen retention and biological value of the proteins in children
Authors: Daniel V.A. , Doraiswamy T.R. , Swaminathan M. , Rajalakshmi D. 
Published: May 2005

1. The effect of addition of a mixture of two non-essential amino acids (NEA), namely alanine and glutamic acid, to milk proteins on nitrogen retention and the biological value of the proteins was determined in a group of six girls aged 10–11 years.2. The mean daily intakes of milk protein by the children on three diets (1, 3 and 5 ) were 1.41, 1.10 and 0.70 g/kg body-weight. The quantities of NEA added daily to the three diets were 0.97, 0.49 and 0.97 g/kg body-weight respectively.3. Addition of NEA did not bring about any significant increase in N retention in the children. The addition of NEA to milk proteins significantly decreased the biological value of the proteins.
The influence of the amount and nature of dietary fat on milk fat composition in the sow
Authors: Witter R.C. , Rook J.A.F. 
Published: May 2005

1. The effects of the introduction into the diet of natural fats rich in individual fatty acids or of simple triglycerides on the composition of blood lipids and of milk fat in the sow were investigated.2. Replacement in the diet of a mixture of animal, vegetable and marine oils by a single natural fat had varying effects on the concentrations of plasma lipid fractions, whereas replacement of tallow by simple triglycerides, with few exceptions, increased the concentrations of all fractions.3. When butyric or caprylic acids were present in the diet there was no detectable transfer of those acids to plasma triglycerides, and there was only a limited transfer of dietary erucic acid. An increase in the dietary concentration of other acids (ranging from capric to linolenic) was associated with an increase in the content of the acids in the plasma triglycerides. For saturated fatty acids the response to dietary changes was at a maximum for myristic acid.4. The effects on the composition of milk fat reflected the changes in the composition of the plasma triglycerides, except during the feeding of cottonseed oil when there were marked decreases in milk fat of palmitoleic and oleic acids and corresponding increases in palmitic and stearic acids which were not observed in the plasma triglycerides. Also, during the feeding of coconut oil, capric acid was present in the plasma triglycerides but not in milk fat, and the increases in the plasma triglycerides of lauric and myristic acids were much more marked than the corresponding increases in milk fat.
The protein quality of cassava leaves
Authors: Eggum B.O. 
Published: May 2005

1. A chemical and biological evaluation of the protein content of some leaves and leaf extracts from the eastern region of Nigeria (Biafra) has been made: most were from cassava (Munihot utilissima).2. The protein content of the leaves was from 3 0 to 40% (expressed as percentage of leaf dry matter). The concentrations of essential amino acids were adequate, except for methionine. The biological criteria, true digestibility (TD) and biological value (BV), showed that the digestibility was from 70 to 80%, whereas BV varied from 44 to 57%, depending on the methionine content.3. Adding methionine to a diet of cassava leaves raised BV from 49 for the leaves alone to 80 for the mixture. This relationship clearly shows that cassava leaves contain too little available methionine. An investigation into the true availability of the amino acids showed that this is somewhat variable, and only 60% of the methionine is available.4. The BV of cassava leaves combined with Norwegian dried cod showed a mutual supplementation effect.
The effects of feeding procedure on closure of the oesophageal groove in young sheep
Authors: Ørskov E. R. , Benzie D. , Kay R. N. B. 
Published: May 2005

1. Barium sulphate suspensions were given to young sheep by mouth or by injection via an oesophageal catheter. Closure of the oesophageal groove was assessed by observing radiographically whether the suspension passed to the ruminoreticulum or to the abomasum.2. Complete closure of the groove took place in lambs that were trained to drink small meals from a trough after being weaned from their dams, a finding similar to that for lambs weaned on to a teat-bottle.3. When barium was injected into the oesophagus of lambs that were excited by being offered their bottle or trough beyond their reach, the barium passed direct to the abomasum if the normal feeding routine was closely imitated. When the lambs were able to discriminate between this teasing procedure and the normal routine, the barium frequently passed to the ruminoreticulum. If the lambs were not teased the barium passed invariably to the ruminoreticulum.4. It is concluded that the reflex closure of the groove can be conditioned by the feeding procedure adopted at weaning so that it no longer depends on the stimuli associated with sucking and swallowing.
The effect on protein utilization of feeding different protein supplements via the rumen or via the abomasum in young growing sheep
Authors: Ørskov E. R. , Fraser C. , Corse Elizabeth L. 
Published: May 2005

1. Sixteen lambs were used to compare two methods of administering various protein supplements to weaned lambs. In one method the protein supplement was mixed with the dry feed, consisting mainly of rolled barley, so that it passed to the rumen. In the second method the supplement was suspended in water which the lambs were trained to suck from a bottle; the suspension then passed directly to the abomasum by way of the oesophageal groove and so escaped rumen fermentation.2. When the protein supplements were given in amounts that provided less than the estimated protein requirement of the animals, giving the liquid suspension led to significantly lower urinary nitrogen excretion (P < 0.001), greater nitrogen retention (P<0.05) and greater live-weight gain (0.05<P<0.1) than giving the feed in the dry form.3. The body-weight gain was greater with white fish meal than with casein (P<0.05) and soya-bean meal (P<0.001), whichever method of feeding was adopted. There was no significant interaction between method of feeding and protein source, but the faecal nitrogen excretion was highest when soya-bean meal was given in liquid suspension.4. From a regression of nitrogen retention on nitrogen intake with lambs receiving the basal ration only, it was calculated that the improvement in retention of the protein supplement effected by giving it in liquid suspension was 31 % for casein, 27 % for fish meal and 24 % for soya-bean meal.
Salt intake in Ceylon
Authors: Mahadeva K. , Karunanayake E. 
Published: May 2005

1. Salt is a convenient household commodity which is generally used as a vehicle for iodine in the prophylactic treatment of endemic goitre.2. Iodization of salt depends on the normal requirements for iodine, the intensity of the environmental iodine deficiency, the presence of goitrogenic factors and the daily salt consumption per head of the population.3. Although the intake of most nutrients has been worked out during the normal course of dietary surveys in the past, the daily salt consumption per head of the population has not been estimated.4. In this survey a simple method has been described for evaluating salt consumption and this finding will be the basis for planning the iodization programme in Ceylon.
Artificial rearing of pigs
Authors: Braude R. , Newport M.J. , Porter J.W. 
Published: May 2005

1. The time course of digestion of milk protein was studied in the 28-d-old pig given a test meal of homogenized cow's milk after a preliminary starvation period.2. The milk was found to clot in the stomach 15–30 min after the meal. The soluble or ‘whey’ fraction of the stomach contents rapidly passed into the small intestine. Most of the clotted digesta had also left the stomach z h after the meal.3. The distribution of digesta was studied in six equal segments of the small intestine. In general, there were no significant increases in the amount of intestinal contents at any time after the meal when compared with those in starved pigs, suggesting that digestion of milk at this age is a very efficient process.4. Fractionation of the soluble digesta from the stomach and small intestine in Sephadex G-25 indicated that relatively little proteolysis occurred in the stomach, but in the small intestine digestion proceeded rapidly, producing a considerable increase in free amino acids in the mid-region.5. The level of proteolytic enzyme activity in the stomach wall was elevated at 15 min after the meal, but thereafter returned rapidly to the prefeeding levels. Increasing the level of feeding increased the enzyme activity of the digesta and stomach wall. The enzyme activity appeared to be mainly adsorbed by the stomach clot.6. The proteolytic enzyme activity in the pancreas was unaffected by the meal. However, the activity in the contents of the small intestine increased after the meal, reaching a maximum value at 45 min. Some accumulation of enzymes was found in the lower part of the small intestine, except in the region of the distal ileum where a marked decline in enzyme activity occurred. Increasing the level of feeding increased the proteolytic enzyme activity in the contents of the small intestine.7. The soluble marker polyethylene glycol was not entirely satisfactory as an indicator of the rate of passage of digesta. The concentration of the marker was found to be greater in the soluble stomach fraction than in the clot shortly after the milk had been ingested. The transit time of the marker from ingestion to the terminal ileum was 2–3 h.
Digestion and nitrogen metabolism in sheep and red deer given large or small amounts of water and protein
Authors: Maloiy G. M. O. , Kay R. N. B. , Goodall E. D. , Topps J. H. 
Published: May 2005

1. The interaction between nitrogen and water intake was studied in two ewes and two red deer hinds. They were given pelleted diets, at maintenance level, containing equal amounts of roughage but either rich or poor in nitrogen. The deer received 50 % more food than the sheep. Water was given either in large amounts (sheep 5.01, deer 7.0 1 daily) or in small amounts (sheep 1.1 l, deer 2.4 l daily).2. Nearly three-quarters of the nitrogen of the high-nitrogen rations but less than half of that of the low-nitrogen rations was excreted in the urine. Restriction of water intake reduced urinary nitrogen excretion by only about 1 g daily, mainly as a result of decreases in the excretion of urea and ammonia, but did not affect the excretion of nitrogen in the faeces.3. The urinary excretions of creatinine, creatine, hippuric acid, uric acid and allantoin were also examined. The excretion of creatinine was not related to either nitrogen or water intake. The excretion of uric acid and of allantoin was greater in the sheep than in the deer.4. The concentrations of urea in the plasma and of ammonia in the rumen fluid were measured before and after feeding. The plasma urea value was related to dietary nitrogen intake and was higher on the low- than on the high-water regime. The rumen ammonia value also was related to the nitrogen intake but, while it generally increased after feeding when the high-nitrogen diet was given, it fell almost to zero 2 h after feeding when the low-nitrogen diet was given.5. The sheep digested dry matter, cellulose and nitrogen a little more fully than the deer. The high-water regime slightly increased the digestibility of dry matter and cellulose but did not affect the digestibility of nitrogen.
Action of growth hormone in vitro on the net uptake and incorporation into protein of amino acids in muscle from intact rabbits given protein-deficient diets
Authors: Turner M. R. , Reeds P. J. , Munday K. A. 
Published: May 2005

1. Net amino acid uptake, and incorporation into protein have been measured in vitro in the presence and absence of porcine growth hormone (GH) in muscle from intact rabbits fed for 5 d on low-protein (LP), protein-free (PF) or control diets.2. In muscle from control and LP animals GH had no effect on the net amino acid uptake but stimulated amino acid incorporation into protein, although this response was less in LP animals than in control animals.3. In muscle from PF animals, GH stimulated both amino acid incorporation into protein and the net amino acid uptake, a type of response which also occurs in hypophysectomized animals. The magnitude of the effect of GH on the incorporation of amino acids into protein was reduced in muscle from PF animals.4. The effect of GH on the net amino acid uptake in PF animals was completely blocked by cycloheximide; the uptake effect of GH in these animals was dependent therefore on de novo protein synthesis.5. It is proposed that in the adult the role of growth hormone in protein metabolism is to sustain cellular protein synthesis when there is a decrease in the level of substrate amino acids, similar to that which occurs during a short-term fast or when the dietary protein intake is inadequate.