bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gastrointestinal tract and liver
Authors: Harding L K , Notghi A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The functions of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract are digestion and absorption of food, and elimination of waste as faeces. After ingestion, food passes down the oesophagus and is temporarily stored in the stomach, where it is mixed with digestive juices and broken down into small particles. It then passes through the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, large intestine, and finally the rectum and anal canal (Fig. 11.1). During its passage through the tract it is mixed with saliva, gastric juice, bile, and pancreatic juice, and other enzymes which are secreted by the small bowel. The digested food particles are thus absorbed and further metabolized in the liver, which is involved in storage and breakdown of many metabolic products.
Brachytherapy
Authors: Aird E G , Williams J R , Rembowska A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Brachytherapy makes use of radioactive sources placed directly into, or immediately adjacent to, the volume of tissue to be treated. The main advantage of this type of therapy is that the very short source-tumour distance allows a high dose of radiation to be given to the tumour, while the surrounding normal tissues receive a low dose. There are three distinct types of brachytherapy: interstitial, intracavitary, and surface applicator.
Respiratory Disease
Authors: Harvey CJ , Roberts HRS , Shaw PJ 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is a chest radiograph of a 25-year-old female with chronic sputum production. What is the diagnosis? The chest radiograph demonstrates cystic bronchiectasis (ring shadows are seen, particularly in the right upper lobe) with lung hyperinflation in a patient with cystic fibrosis. Bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy is also present. Bronchial wall thickening, appearing like tramlines, is seen in the right perihilar region.
Nephrology
Authors: Harvey CJ , Roberts HRS , Shaw PJ 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What does this intravenous urogram show? The lower poles of the kidneys are united by a bridge of tissue, which is parenchymal in 90% and fibrous tissue in 10%. The kidneys are lower in the abdomen than usual. The orientation of the kidneys is abnormal, the lower poles being more medially sited than the upper poles.
Nephrology
Authors: Round Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Paediatric nephrology and urinary medicine is a complicated subject; however, at undergraduate level it is dominated by only a few conditions that are simple to understand and fairly common. You are almost certain to be asked about urinary tract infections in regard to their presentation, treatment, and investigation. Adult and paediatric urinary tract infections (UTls) differ markedly in their significance and implications and examiners like to check you know this.
Syllabus of proven preventive measures for diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetes
Authors: Ismail Nuhad , Samaha Antoine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The fact that only 20-50% of patients with type 2 diabetes develop proteinuria after 20 years from the onset of the disease (depending on the population studied) suggests that factors other than hyperglycaemia may be determinants of diabetic nephropathy. Therefore, being able to predict the subset of patients with type 2 diabetes who will develop the nephropathy would be an important tool that allows early preventive interventions. Of the risk factors for the development or progression of renal disease in type 2 diabetes, the genetic predisposition, age, family history, and gender are not modifiable. On the other hand, several established benefits have been demonstrated to help prevent the development, or slow the progression of diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetes, including blood pressure control, counteraction of angiotensin II effects, and glycaemic control.
Epidemiology of end-stage renal disease in type 2 diabetes
Authors: Rychlik Ivan , Ritz Eberhard , Halimi Serge , Locatelli Francesco 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The incidence and prevalence of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in patients with type 2 diabetes vary considerably between countries. Nevertheless, a consistent secular increase of the incidence of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in patients with type 2 diabetes is noted throughout the Western world and beyond. It has been argued that this represents a silent epidemic, which has not been properly taken note of by the non-nephrological medical community. In this chapter, we provide an update of available information from Europe, the United States, and Asia on: (1) the incidence and prevalence ofESRD in patients with type 2 diabetes; (2) the mode of occurrence of ESRD; (3) the selection of treatment modalities; and (4) survival and quality of life.
Early infant intelligence and Rett syndrome
Authors: Trevarthen Colwyn , Burford Bronwen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The developmental psychobiology of Rett syndrome may explain how a young child who is severely reduced in voluntary activity, intelligent response to experience and learning, and who lacks speech, can have appeared normal in early infancy, when many psychological capacities are already functional, before the development of language. A defect in the regulatory mechanisms of the brainstem that begins in the embryo appears to be responsible for dysregulation of neocortical mechanisms at a critical stage in late infancy. Examination of home movies of 12 infants aged 7-12 months shows that there are subtle signs before regression.
Risk factors for lacunar infarction
Authors: Boiten J , Lodder J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Stroke has an enormous impact on public health as a leading cause of death and permanent disability. Identifying and modifying risk factors for stroke may reduce mortality and morbidity. Many studies have revealed various risk factors for stroke. Stroke is a heterogeneous group of disorders, and the question is whether the ischaemic stroke subgroups such as lacunar infarcts are associated with distinct risk factor profiles. Unfortunately, ischaemic stroke subtypes were not distinguished in many studies.
Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics
Authors: Grahame-Smith D G , Aronson J K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pharmacogenetics is a long-standing word that means the study of how genetic variations affect both the pharmacokinetics of drugs and the pharmacodynamic responses to them; it can also mean the genetic variations themselves. Pharmacogenomics is a recent coinage, which has been given at least two different meanings. It has been used in the pharmaceutical industry to mean the development of drugs based on the structure of the genome. An early example was the discovery of calcitonin gene-related peptide, a potent vasodilator, as a result of alternative processing of RNA transcripts from the calcitonin gene on chromosome 11. Although calcitonin gene-related peptide has not been used as a therapeutic drug, it is hoped that the method by which it was discovered, and other genomic methods, will lead to further drug discovery.
1797–1798
Authors: Gill Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1805 Wordsworth recalled ‘in clearer view/ Than any sweetest sight of yesterday’, the year when ‘on Quantocks grassy hills / Far ranging and among the sylvan coombs’ he and Coleridge had ‘wantoned in wild Poesy’. This was a beautifully judged memory with which to close the ‘Poem addressed to Coleridge’, as it was amidst the Quantock Hills that Wordsworth acknowledged the poetic vocation which the closing lines of The Prelude reaffirm, and Coleridge who fired him to Miltonic ardour for the labour it entailed. Above all, ‘wantoned in wild poesy’ is exactly right. Later portraits of both poets, Haydon’s Wordsworth on Helvellyn, for example, or Washington Allston’s 1814 painting of Coleridge, depict them as solitary beings, dwelling calmly in the immensity of their own thoughts. But in 1797–8 they were increasingly in love with one another, and daily contact, endless talk, madcap walking expeditions, and, most important of all, writing and planning poems made them, simply, very happy. Irritants and problems, ranging from smoky chimneys to government spies, over-shadowed them, but in their despite they laughed a lot.
1810–1815
Authors: Gill Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘WE find that C is offended with William’, Dorothy reported to Catherine Clarkson in May 1811. She would have chosen a stronger word than ‘offended’ if she had known that for months Coleridge had been frenzied by the certainty that Wordsworth had betrayed him, that his dearest friend had become his ‘bitterest Calumniator’.
1833–1839
Authors: Gill Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
He was preparing for death, even going so far as to close a letter to an old acquaintance, ‘Wishing you ease and consolation for the remainder of your days, and a quiet passage to a happy Immortality … ‘. Only two years before, however, this old man had travelled with Crabb Robinson to the Isle of Man, and then once again to Scotland, tolerating the new discomforts of the steamship as well as the familiar ones of carriages and bad inns in his determination to see Staffa with ‘Fingal’s Cave’ and the Christian site, lona.
Order and Society
Authors: Briggs Julia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sir Thomas Elyot opened his Boke named the Governour (153I) by justifying his translation of the Latin term respublica as ‘public weal ‘, and carefully distinguishing it from ‘common ‘ (or ‘commune ‘) ‘weal ‘ on the grounds that ‘public ‘ referred to the whole of society, while the ‘commonaltie ‘, or ‘commons ‘ (Latin plebs) ‘signifieth only the multitude wherein be contained the base and vulgar inhabitants not advanced to any honour or dignity ‘. For Elyot, a proper distinction between gentles and commons was necessary ‘for the discrepance of degrees, where of proceedeth order ‘. If England were to be a genuine common wealth, ‘either the commoners only must be wealthy, and the gentle and noble men needy and miserable, or else, excluding gentility, all men must be of one degree and sort, and a new name provided ‘.
Women and the Family
Authors: Briggs Julia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I Am the husband, and all the whole isle is my lawful wife; I am the head and it is my body ‘,1 James I told his first Parliament in the course of a debate on the proposed union of England and Scotland in 1603. Today, the word ‘patriarchy ‘ signifies social structures dominated by men and male interests, but in early modern England it described a specific political theory then prevailing, that the family and the state were parallel structures, governed by father and monarch respectively. James represented himself as father even oftener than as husband to his people, deriving his claims to authority, as did the father of a household, from Adam, as the father of all men: ‘Not only Adam, but the succeeding patriarchs, had by right of fatherhood, royal authority over their children ‘, wrote Robert Filmer in Patriarcha, his account of this theory. The fifth of the ten commandments, ‘Honour thy father and thy mother ‘, was interpreted as demanding respect for those in authority more generally, from the father up to the king. For James, claims to be the husband or the father of the nation were linked with claims to absolute power, to rule, if not by divine right, then at least by the universal acceptance that his decisions were final.
The Technique of Playing the Flute
Authors: Morris Gareth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Every sound, made by bells, strings, or vibrating columns of air, is composed of a fundamental tone with an infinite number of higher notes resulting from it; these overtones contribute to the resonance, are not usually heard independently, and form a natural phenomenon which is known as the Harmonic Series. In the playing of wind instruments the notes in this series are separated, by a method of blowing which is explained later; this technique is necessary for playing nearly every note on brass instruments, but it is used on the flute only to produce its various registers, and so obtain a compass of more than three octaves from a tube of only 261/2 inches in length.
The Practice of Scales, Arpeggios, and Exercises
Authors: Morris Gareth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The daily discipline of practising scales in all major and minor keys has always been regarded as the most successful way to obtain an assured and reliable instrumental technique. In flute-playing the ear, lips, and fingers are trained so that the whole range of sound is played in tune and in time, fast and slow, at all dynamic levels. The function of the embouchure is to produce the various registers and simultaneously control the intonation, a task that becomes almost unconscious if it is correctly approached.
Neurosurgical Emergencies
Authors: Black Peter McLaren , Rossitch Eugene 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses pathological processes encountered in neurosurgery that require prompt recognition and treatment on the part of the neurosurgeon. Topics presented include head trauma, herniation syndromes, spinal cord injury, paraplegia or quadriplegia, ataxia, coma, status epilepticus, meningitis, and cardiac arrest.
Neurosurgical Procedures
Authors: Black Peter McLaren , Rossitch Eugene 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many atlases describe the specific techniques that are employed in neurosurgical operations. The intent of this chapter is to present a brief introduction to neurosurgical techniques without being ex¬haustive. Routine neurosurgical procedures will first be described along with several anesthetic considerations that are pertinent to neurosurgical patients; then emergency and bedside procedures will be outlined.
The Homefront Children at Middle Age
Authors: Tuttle William M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Each Generation receives a distinctive imprinting from the social, political, and cultural events of its childhood. Shaping America’s home front girls and boys were the “cohort effects” of the Second World War; but the war’s influence did not surcease in 1945. In fact, the wartime beliefs and values with which the home front children grew up were largely the same beliefs and values that guided them later, during their adolescence and adulthood. The prevailing ideology about patriotism and America’s leadership of the Free World, as well as about marriage and the family and the need to “get ahead,” changed little from the early 1940s to the mid- to late 1960s.
Ethnicity as Festive Culture: Nineteenth-Century German America on Parade
Authors: Conzen Kathleen Neils 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By 1859, gold rush San Francisco had seen just about everything. But even the most jaded denizen of that raw frontier city must have been bemused on November 10 by the incongruous sight of a flower­ bedecked classical bust, accompanied by a bevy of garlanded maidens, being pulled through the city’s streets. It was the hundredth anniversary of the birth of Friedrich Schiller, and San Francisco’s German citizens were turning out en masse to honor their homeland’s national poet.
Eugenics in Brazil, 1917-1940
Authors: Stepan Nancy Leys 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As historians of science have shifted their attention away from logical reconstructions of science toward more “naturalistic” views of science as a product of culture and social life, eugenics and genetics have been linked together in scholarship as they once were in reality. As both a social movement and a science, eugenics offers the possibility of testing ideas about the social generation of scientific knowledge, and the last decade has seen considerable debate on the subject (Kevles 1985; McKenzie 1976; Schneider 1982; Searle 1981). In the recent study of eugenics, however, Latin America has been completely ignored by historians.
Adrian Rollini and the California Ramblers
Authors: Sudhalter Richard M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On Easter Sunday 1925, New York radio station WGBS serenaded listeners with a program of hymns, played by a dance orchestra called the California Ramblers. It was decorous, reverential, eminently innocuous. Or so the station management thought. Calls from irate listeners swamped the tiny WGBS switchboard; over the next few days, protests swelled the letters columns of newspapers. One such, in the New York Herald-Tribune, cursed the participating musicians for a bunch of ill-educated clods, too ignorant to realize the offense they’d caused.
Casa Loma Stomp
Authors: Sudhalter Richard M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To the day he died, Clarence Hutchenrider remembered with undimmed clarity the first time he ever heard the Casa Loma Orchestra. “We were working in Cincinnati,” the clarinetist said in 1985. “It was late ‘29, maybe early ‘30. I was with the Clevelanders, a cooperative band that had been Austin Wylie’s orchestra, at Miller’s Swiss Gardens in Cincinnati. The Casa Loma guys were scheduled to appear at Castle Farms, outside of town, and had to pass our place to get to theirs. Some of them stopped in to listen to us and were very complimentary.
Dorseys and Boswells
Authors: Sudhalter Richard M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It’s not that they didn’t love each other. They did, with a loyalty that knew neither stint nor exception. But whatever force bound Jimmy and Tommy Dorsey together as brothers came fully outfitted with tripwires and triggers. They fought. All the time. Anywhere and at the slightest provocation. Invariably one would take a poke at the other, and they’d scrap right there, on stand or off, like kids in a sandlot.
Ability and Possibility
Authors: Wolf Susan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to the Reason View, the freedom necessary for responsibility consists in the ability (or freedom) to do the right thing for the right reasons-or, as I have sometimes put it, the ability (or freedom) to choose and to act in accordance with the True and the Good. By now, I hope I have said enough in defense and explanation of this view to make its main features both comprehensible and plausible. Still, in developing and presenting this view, I have had to rely on a common understanding and acceptance of concepts and ideas that are themselves philosophically problematic, or, at any rate, controversial. Any effort to get a more concrete and precise conception of responsibility, to fill in the outlines of the Reason View as it has so far been sketched, requires a closer examination of these concepts and the uses to which they have been put.
Harlem on Relief
Authors: Greenberg Cheryl Lynn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
New Deal programs made the difference between starvation and survival for the thousands of New Yorkers who had no jobs or who could not afford to live on the meager wages they earned. The previous programs of the Emergency Work and Relief Bureau, the New York City Department of Public Welfare, and private philanthropy did not have the funds to maintain the high levels of aid required. By 1935, the state and federal government bore three-fourths of all of New York’s relief costs. The New Deal consisted of a series of programs instituted by the Roosevelt administration that relieved the suffering of millions across the country through financial grants, public works projects, loans, and similar means.
Henry James: Tradition and the Work of Writing
Authors: Brodhead Richard H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sargent is various and experimental; if I am not mistaken, he sees each work that he produces in a light of its own, not turning off successive portraits according to some well-tried receipt which has proved useful in the case of their predecessors; nevertheless there is one idea that pervades them all, in a different degree, and gives them a family resemblance-the idea that it would be inspiring to know just how Velasquez would have treated the theme. HENRY JAMES, “John S. Sargent” HENRY JAMES’s relation to Hawthorne has been a subject for discussion as long as there has been a James to discuss.
Teachers: Author(iz)ing Hard and Soft Stories about Academia
Authors: Hill Carolyn Ericksen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Unlike clock time, the human time of beginnings, middles, and ends is not an empty time, nor does it lack the force necessary to reproduce its own multiple cultural rhythms. Full of lives and their many stories that begin, continue through crises, and finally end, kairos can weave itself into the way people talk together and-for those five TAs and me-meet together. When it stayed with us in our meetings, we felt high and productive. When it left, we seemed never to come to closure.
Time Passed from Reading to Writing to Reading
Authors: Hill Carolyn Ericksen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Even though composition teachers may have long known that reading and writing are closely related activities, only recently have studies of the relationship begun to mushroom. Now it is almost a commonplace among us that writers cannot write nor readers read unless they collaborate and negotiate with each other, and that though they may be separated from each other in time and space, readers and writers need some way of understanding their expectations about each other and the material at hand if the communication is to work.
Vanishing Americans: Gender, Empire, and New Historicism
Authors: Romero Lora 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Last of the Mohicans is one of approximately forty novels published in the United States between 1824 and 1834 that, taken together, suggest the existence of a virtual “cult of the Vanishing American” in the antebellum period. Requisite to membership in this cult was a belief that the rapid decrease in the native population noted by many Jacksonian-era observers was both spontaneous and ineluctable.1 James Fenimore Cooper would seem to betray his indoctrination in the cult of the Vanishing American when he states, in the introduction to the 1831 edition of his novel, that it was “the seemingly inevitable fate of all[native tribes]” to “disappear before the advances ... of civilisation[just] as the verdure of their native forests falls before the nipping frost.”2 The elegiac mode here performs the historical sleight of hand crucial to the topos of the doomed aboriginal: it represents the disappearance of the native not just as natural but as having already happened.
The Third and Fourth Sections of Argument
Authors: Meinwald Constance C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter concerns the third and fourth sections of Pannenides’ dialectical display. As we progress through these and the later sections, my treatments are getting shorter. This is common to all inter pretations (except those that do not treat all the sections explicitly). An obvious reason for this is the length of the sections: whereas the second section was over thirteen Stephanus pages in length, the last six are all under three pages (and two actually take up less than one Stephanus page each). So in a very superficial sense, these later sections contain less evidence. Moreover, a fairly substantial picture of what is going on will have emerged by the time one comes to these later sections, and one may already have mined important nuggets of information from them.
Progeny
Authors: Barnouw Erik 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Feverish change became a fixed feature of the television scene. The tube seemed likely co retain its central role in American life, but behind the rube a complex struggle was under way, spurred by different visions of the future of television, and with implications for almost every aspect of society. The long-range outcome was a subject of ceaseless discussion and speculation–rhetorical and financial. The stakes seemed enormous, and the odds shifted constantly. First one contender, then another, seemed to represent the wave of the future. A contender might fall back, then forge ahead in a new form. Each of the contending technologies was hailed–as radio and television had once been hailed–as the key to a more enlightened society and the fulfillment of democracy.