bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What Kind of Reconstruction? The German Business Community Faces the Future
Authors: Feldman Gerald D 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Mankind’s ability to survive sustained periods of chaos and even disaster seems to rest upon remarkable capacities of adaptation and an uncanny ability to make use of desperate conditions to serve not only short-run but sometimes even long-run purposes. Obviously, these capacities are not possessed by or made available to all, and periods like those through which Germany was passing between 1918 and 1923 are Darwinian episodes in which not only survival but also the redistribution of economic and social rewards were determined by access to goods and especially to credit as well as a substantial measure of speculative luck. Such periods are neither morally edifying nor economically and political healthy, and one of the major impulses behind the cries for organization and planning at such times is the wish to reduce the role of the fortuitous and give both control and direction to forces that would otherwise run amok in the service of special and immediate interests to the detriment of the “general good.” The problem with these organizational and planning efforts is that they tend to be outrun by events and are resented as inhibitions and barriers to the next set of seemingly appropriate adaptations.
The Presentation of the Bill
Authors: Feldman Gerald D 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Reparations is the Pandora’s box that must be opened if the breakdown of the relative stabilization of 1920–1921 and the subsequent galloping inflation and hyperinflation are to be understood. The London Ultimatum of May 1921, which set the reparations bill at 132 billion gold marks and set up a payments plan under which the Germans were to pay two billion gold marks in annuities and approximately another billion yearly in the form of 26 percent of the value of their exports, reached Berlin on May 6 and brought down the Fehrenbach government. It was accepted on May IO, 1921, by a new government under Joseph Wirth. This marked a real turning point. The fulfillment of the London Ultimatum became the central issue of German domestic and foreign policy, was intimately linked to the issue of stabilization, and dominated public discussion of taxation, social policy, and economic policy. The origins of the London Ultimatum and German efforts to cope with it, therefore, are central to the history of the German inflation.
The Domestic Politics of Fulfillment, May 1921–January 1922
Authors: Feldman Gerald D 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A rather misleading case can be made that the Germans had not acted in good faith in the negotiations and discussions that took place between July 1920 and May 1921. In its extreme version, this charge neglects both the very real efforts that the German government had made to reform its taxation system, increase production, and reduce expenditure as well as the powerful domestic constraints preventing postRevolutionary German governments from being as forthcoming in their negotiations with the Allies and as effective in their fiscal policies as the situation demanded. Nevertheless, the criticisms of German behavior are not without basis and cannot be dismissed. One need turn neither to critical historians nor to Allied polemics for such an argument. The Germans provided enough testimony of their own. Bonn, Melchior, and Rathenau had questioned the credibility of the German negotiating tactics and had pointed out that German proposals and counterproposals were constantly based on an underestimation of Germany’s economic potential. This irritated the Allies and made a Diktat almost inevitable.
The Year of Dr. Mabuse: The Hyperinflation and German Society in 1922
Authors: Feldman Gerald D 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
1922 was a banner year for the German film. In London, the long-planned first postwar presentation of a German movie finally took place with the showing of Ernst Lubitsch’s Madame du Barry. Appearing under the title of Passion and starring Pola-Negri, the film sold out nightly to audiences entranced by its star, admiring of its technical achievements, and undoubtedly greatly entertained by Lubitsch’s skill in presenting great historical events as the outcome of the all-too-human behavior of the well known historical characters populating his film.1
The Crisis of 1819
Authors: Sellers Charles 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Monroe’s first Congress was elected by a premonitory tremor of crisis and adjourned on March 4, 1 81 9, to its full eruption. Voter anger at the Fourteenth Congress had sent so many new members bent on “retrenchment and reform” that “a new party” was rumored “about to be organized, within the very bosom of the republican party.” The President found them “very querulous” about taxes, and Secretary Adams grew querulous about “a great mass of desire to be in opposition.” Congress ignored the presidential recommendation for higher tariff protection, while the big New York delegation deserted federal internal improvements when their state had to go it alone on the Erie Canal.
Domestic Judaism: Religion and German-Jewish Ethnicity
Authors: Kaplan Marion A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
“The modern Jewish woman is everything but a Jewess.”1 Throughout the Imperial era, religious leaders and popular myth alike reproached women for the decline of Judaism in terms of population as well as religiosity. Editorials, serial stories, and selective news items in Jewish newspapers depicted women as pushing their fam ilies to move to the cities, where they could enjoy a more luxurious life; showed women marrying out of the faith and converting for frivolous reasons; and described them as interested in all sorts of secular activities, but not in their own Jewish community. All implied that Judaism depended, to a large extent, on the role of women, because Jewish home life itself had a religious character: “The … Hausfrau emerges as a “priestess [Priesterin] of the home. Women are giants who carry the world on their shoulders by caring for the home If the religious home falls, so does the world of religion.” Since women were supposed to imbue the home with its piety, the demise of religion was seen as their fault.
Double Barriers, Double Burdens: Women’s Employment
Authors: Kaplan Marion A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The stereotype of the bourgeois “lady” and the idle hohere Tochter notwithstanding, Jewish women worked in a variety of ways, and often without remuneration. A significant minority of them-about 18 percent in 1907-worked outside the home and appeared in the censuses. Others who ran the family shop, delivered g ods, kept records, peddled wares, managed a small business, or “helped out” in the household-”family helpers,” as they were called in the 1907 statistics-remain invisible, but for our purposes have to be uncovered. Not surprisingly, when we do find women doing unacknowledged labor, they appear in positions similar to other officially employed women.
Women’s Rights and ideology: The ERA
Authors: Chafe William H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
If The Suffrage Movement lacked a clear sense of how to proceed after ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920, it was in large part because no ideological consensus existed on the meaning of equality between the sexes. Suffragists themselves were tom between a natural-rights faith in in dividualism that would have abolished all distinctions based on sex and a belief that women should pursue a separate agenda, based on their sexual difference from men, that would create a more humane and nunurant social system. But that conflict simply reflected a larger ambivalence within the women’s movement over what it meant to be a woman and what it meant to be equal. The suffrage, as an overarching symbol, had united women with disparate concerns and multiple objectives. Evangelical Protestants, free thinkers, Prohibitionists, intellectuals, immigrants, and union organizers could all find some common ground on the issue of securing the right to vote. Now, any prospect for moving forward on issues of sex equality required. an ideological vision--shared. by women leaders--0n the goal eventually to be achieved.
From Feminists to Flappers: College and Career Women
Authors: Chafe William H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Although The Experience of women in industry was pivotal to long-range prospe&lt;:ts for equality, many feminists placed their immediate hopes for prog ress on the young college women who came of age during the early twentieth century. For reasons of economic necessity, the daughters of the poor had always worked outside the home; but most middle- and upper-class women had refrained from taking jobs, conforming instead to the convention that a woman’s proper place was to be a housewife and mother.
La Défense Viticole and the Politics of Deindustrialization, 1880-1920
Authors: Johnson Christopher H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
During the Third Republic, Languedoc completed its transformation into an agrarian region sustained by a single cash corp. The vine proved to be an unreliable friend even for those who lived from it, as the phylloxera, then overproduction took disastrous tolls. But for the people of the piedmont the vine was almost a vexatious intrusion. Having offered some hope (though hardly stemming the tide of emigration), it then betrayed them cruelly.
A World Apart
Authors: Cobb James C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
At the middle of the nineteenth century, the Yazoo Delta was already known as the domain of an exceptionally prosperous, powerful, and socially and politically conservative planter elite. War, emancipation, and Reconstruction temporarily loosened the planter’s grip on the region, but by the end of the century, the dynamic plantation kingdom of the Delta once again presented a stark contrast to the economically stunted piney woods and red dirt counties of Mississippi that Robert L. Brandfon described as “less than an underdeveloped area.” The Delta’s vibrant plantation economy with its unrelenting appetite for labor encouraged its white leaders to adopt a less militantly negrophobic public posture on the race question and nurtured as well an enduring and distinctive social structure, moral code, political philosophy, and policy agenda which fostered a sense of uniqueness that Delta whites were as quick to assert as their hill-county antagonists were to assail.
“Somebody Done Nailed Us on the Cross”
Authors: Cobb James C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Those who explained the failure of blacks in the Delta and else where in the southern plantation belt to make more progress during the civil rights era often cited the enduring influence of paternalism, referring to the historic dependence of black tenants on their white landlords. In fact, however, it was a new form of paternalism, one introduced by the federal government, that played a major role in shaping events in the Mississippi Delta throughout the post-New Deal decades. Since the 1930s the Delta had moved increasingly into the federal orbit as Washington subsidized the reduction of cotton acreage and succeeded the planter as the primary source of support for the region’s seasonally employed black laborers. It was Delta planters, however, who actually became the prime beneficiaries of these new government initiatives, which not only boosted their incomes through acreage-control payments and price supports but reduced their labor needs and relieved them of their responsibilities as providers as well. Meanwhile, the definite coercive advantage enjoyed by Delta whites derived not from the emotional legacy of the plantation but from the fact that continued white control of employment and public assistance made Delta blacks, in the words of one observer, “more vulnerable to reprisal and intimidation than at any time in their history.”
To the Brink and Back
Authors: Schoenbaum David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Within weeks of Eisenhower’s inauguration, Stalin died. The confused circumspection of his successors and the near-collapse of the Soviet client regime in East Berlin could only enhance the self-assurance of an administration already committed to “negotiation from strength.” Unlike its predecessors, it was also almost proudly unbeholden to Jews. An estimated 75 percent of Jews had voted in 1952 for Adlai Stevenson, the Democratic loser, and even more were to vote for him again in 1956. It was true that Cleveland’s Rabbi Silver, still one of the nation’s most aggressive Zionists, remained a Taft Republican, but given the hard feelings left over from a bitter campaign for the nomination, that was unlikely to win any points with the new administration either.
Flirting with Danger—Dartmouth, 1938-1939
Authors: May Gary 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Robbins Barstow was almost eighteen when he came to Dartmouth in September 1937. A senior remembered him “as the darnedest freshman I’d ever seen. A real Joe Intellectual. He used to wander around the campus with a little notebook, listening in on discussions that students were having. He’d tell us to go right on talking-that he just wanted to take notes on what he called Food for Reflection.” One of Barstow’s friends was a German exchange student and an admirer of the Nazis-his views found a home in Barstow’s notebook. So did Bill Remington’s thoughts on Communism, which Bill was happy to share with the freshman even though he was working so hard to convince the administration that he was no longer committed to that cause. During the winter and spring of 1938, Barstow often visited Remington in his room in Crosby Hall. “I was deeply impressed by the brilliance of his mind,” he later said, “and by the quiet, earnest sincerity of his expression of the Communist beliefs which he then held.... My impression was ... that he looked down on me a little for not readily accepting them myself, as if the rightness of Communism was pretty obvious.”
Renegades
Authors: May Gary 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Their Mexican honeymoon was as unorthodox as their wedding, combining the two different worlds in which Remington loved to travel-the radical and the conventional. For months prior to the wedding, he had worked on perfecting his Spanish, had poured over guidebooks noting the cleanest (and cheapest) hotels, and had even obtained from the American Automobile Association a list of the most reliable automobile mechanics in Mexico City. Stuart Chase, a veteran explorer of the Yucatan Jungle, assured him that there “simply weren’t any more bandits in Mexico----with the exception of Generals in the Army ... ,” and that “the health problem isn’t too terribly bad. With iron caution, one seldom gets sick.”1 From George Biddle and Joseph North, editor of the New Masses, and now Elizabeth Moos’s closest friend, Remington received letters of introduction to Mexican artists, intellectuals, and Communists. The couple’s first destination was Chicago, where they spent a few days with Ann’s grandparents, Joseph and Katherine Moos, who gave the newlyweds a check for four thousand dollars. On Sunday, July 9, 1939, they arrived in Mexico City, taking a room in a three-story fortress-like Spanish house. For the sake of both economy and safety, Remington put their car away; parking meters, he noted, cost ten centavos, while Mexican drivers raced through the city’s streets ignoring red lights and pedestrians. Such iron caution must have pleased Fred Remington immensely.
Obliging a Lady
Authors: May Gary 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When the Remingtons first saw the area in the summer of 1940, it was just acres of lush, green trees, out in Fairfax County, Virginia. A cooperative corporation was formed, consisting of a Board of Directors and a manager who would supervise the construction of the first twenty homes. Tauxemont was the name given to the development, and the Remingtons arranged to build their first home there-for sixty-five hundred dollars they could have a house located on a halfacre lot. Construction began early in 1941, and by December, Ann and Bill were able to move in. It seemed ideal; close enough to the city so that Bill could easily commute, yet located in the country where they could experience the pleasures of rural life. Their neighbors were friendly; most were civil servants like Bill and some were leftists-members of the Washington Book Shop, the American League for Peace and Democracy, and other Communist Party front groups. They entertained one another, formed a riding club for those who drove to Washington, and during the Christmas holidays, went caroling through the neighborhood.
Scene of the Crime
Authors: May Gary 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The grand jury was running behind schedule on Monday, May 22, 1950, when Remington was supposed to appear. He waited in the witness room with Joe Rauh and Bethuel Webster, who were permitted to accompany him this far but no farther; he would go into the jury room alone. They did not talk. Remington nervously thumbed through a newspaper or just stared at the wall. He did not look at the third man sitting in the room-Pat Todd. Next door, they could hear a witness talking loudly, a white-haired elderly man, who had been the first to be called that day. His name, Remington later learned, was Josephus Remine. The 78-year-old former sheriff told the grand jury that recently he had been ill and complained of fatigue, shortness of breath, impaired hearing, and poor vision. “But l am willing to testify and tell you what l know ... ,” he said. Despite the passage of time, he was still convinced that Remington had been a Communist. “l have stronger evidence than any card of Remington’s You can stand up and hide a man near a hot doorway, with the doors open and the windows up and him under a bright light and see his lips working and saying ...that we have to convince CIO members that the Communist Party is the coming party in this country ... that’s what he said.... Hdeidn’t do me any harm ... [but] this Communist business is un-American “ ls there anyone else who can corroborate your testimony that Remington was a Communist?
A Lot to Explain
Authors: May Gary 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It had been bothering Eileen Collins for more than six months. Something about the whole affair had been wrong, but what could she do about it now? She talked to her family and friends, who tried to reassure her, and she also told her story to Robert Brown, a student at the Yale University Law School. He thought it might be important, but he was only in his first year, not yet a real lawyer. He decided to contact the American Civil Liberties Union, which recommended that he talk to the judge. So, on Friday, December 29, 1950, Brown called Judge Gregory F. Noonan. Judge Noonan is unavailable, his secretary said; could I take a message? I have some information about Elizabeth Bentley and the Remington case, Brown said. The secretary took his name and number and promised to telephone him, after she found the judge. A few minutes later she called. Judge Noonan said to contact the U.S. attorney or William Chanler, counsel for the defense. Brown tried Saypol’s office first, but no one in authority was there; so he called William Chanler, who invited Eileen Collins to come to his office.
An Overview of the Securities Industry
Authors: Matthews John O 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The securities industry is only a small part of the financial sector. Currently, only a small percentage of the almost 5,500 firms in the industry are publicly owned. But through its maintenance of the markets for stocks and bonds, this industry provides one of the most important mechanisms for allocating this nation’s capital among competing uses. The efficiency of the industry in performing this allocative function determines in large part the overall growth and efficiency of the economy itself. The first securities firms in this country were almost exclusively brokers operating out of a single office and dealing in the limited list of bonds and shares then available to the public. Today’s firms vary greatly in size and character, ranging in size from giant organizations with elaborate worldwide networks of branch offices to oneperson neighborhood offices. In 1990, there were 8,437 broker-dealers who filed regulatory reports with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) or with self-regulatory organizations. Of these firms, 5,424 dealt directly with the investing public (U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission 1992). Of those firms that dealt directly with the public, 947 operated as clearing or carrying firms.
The Safety and Soundness of Broker-Dealers: The Net Capital Rule
Authors: Matthews John O 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission’s (SEC) primary regulatory tool for ensuring the safety and soundness of securities firms (or broker-dealers) is the net capital rule, intended to protect customers of securities firms who leave large quantities of cash and securities with their brokers. The rule requires that the firms have enough liquid assets to meet their customers’ withdrawal demands. It also defines certain securities (e.g., government bonds, stocks) that are owned by securities firms as liquid but automatically reduces (or “haircuts”) the value of these securities for the liquidity computation based on the variability of these securities’ market prices. Broker-dealers may choose one of two methods to calculate their required net capital. The traditional basic capital method (BCM) defines net capital as a percentage of the firm’s aggregate indebtedness. The other, newer method, referred to as the alternative capital method (ACM), computes net capital based on customerrelated receivables. These rules, coupled with rigorous monitoring of broker-dealers’ capital by the self-regulatory organizations, have resulted in relatively few Securities Investor Protection Corporation (SIPC) proceedings among broker-dealers over the past two decades.
Principal-Agent Problems in the Securities Industry
Authors: Matthews John O 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Multiproduct securities firms face potential principal-agent problems or conflicts of interest in almost all their activities. They may represent both the buyer and the seller in a simple brokerage transaction, or a securities firm’s research department may recommend the purchase of a stock in which the firm has a large inventory as a market maker. As an investment banker, a securities firm works with a corporate issuer to set the price of a new offering and then uses its brokerage system to sell the stock to its retail customers. Conflicts are common because valuable efficiencies result from having one firm perform a variety of functions. Higher transaction costs would clearly result if we eliminated the broker-dealer conflict, by separating various lines of business, but neither Congress nor the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) has found these conflicts to be so severe as to require dismantling multiproduct securities firms. However, legislation does define the fiduciary obligations of the securities firm as broker, dealer, investment banker, investment manager, and so forth. Although the legislation does not guarantee a result, it does reflect the expectation of special conduct by the fiduciary.