bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of putative GABAergic neurons in the appendicularian urochordateOikopleura dioica
Authors: Søviknes Anne Mette , Chourrout Daniel , Glover Joel C. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractStudying the developing brain of urochordates can increase our understanding of brain evolution in the chordate lineage. To begin addressing regional patterns of neuronal differentiation in appendicularian urochordates, we examined the development of putative GABAergic neurons inOikopleura dioicausing GABA immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization for the GABA‐synthesizing enzyme GAD. First, we assessed the developmental dynamics of neuron number and organization in the cerebral and caudal ganglia. We then identified and mapped the positions of putative GABAergic neurons using confocal microscopy. We found GAD mRNA‐positive and GABA‐immunopositive neurons in the first brain nerves and the cerebral and caudal ganglia, but not in the caudal nerve cord. In both ganglia GAD mRNA‐positive and GABA‐immunopositive neurons are found in the same characteristic intraganglionic locations. The differentiation of these GABAergic markers occurs first in the first brain nerves and the cerebral ganglion and then with a several‐hour delay in the caudal ganglion. In all three structures GAD mRNA expression appears 2–3 hours prior to GABA expression. In general, GABA is expressed by the same number of neurons as express GAD. Several discrepancies suggest differential regulation of the GABAergic phenotype in different neurons, however. Our results show that the GABAergic phenotype has a stereotyped pattern of expression along the anteroposterior axis of the CNS. Given recent genome sequencing and developmental patterning gene studies in this species, the GABAergic neurons inO. dioicaprovide a good model for assessing, at the invertebrate–vertebrate transition, the molecular mechanisms that specify the GABAergic phenotype. J. Comp. Neurol. 490:12–28, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Modified Hadamard transform microchip electrophoresis
Authors: Guchardi Renato , Schwarz Maria A. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractSensitivity is a crucial point in the development applications for medicine or environmental samples in which the analytes are present in the nanomolar range. Besides further technical development of detection systems, the multiplex sample injection technique can be applied for enhancing the signal‐to‐noise ratio. Hadamard transform is easily applied to microchip electrophoresis due to the fact that sample injection is generally achieved through cross, double‐tee, or tee injector structures. This paper reports the first demonstration of a modified Hadamard transform electrophoresis on a microchip by using an amperometric detector. Contrary to the previous Hadamard applications, the resolution (number of points per unit of time) of electropherograms obtained is independent of the number of injections.
Nanoparticle‐filled capillary electrophoresis for the separation of long DNA molecules in the presence of hydrodynamic and electrokinetic forces
Authors: Tseng Wei‐Lung , Huang Ming‐Feng , Huang Yu‐Fen , Chang Huan‐Tsung 
Published: July 2005

AbstractWe report the analysis of long DNA molecules by nanoparticle‐filled capillary electrophoresis (NFCE) under the influences of hydrodynamic and electrokinetic forces. The gold nanoparticle (GNP)/polymer composites (GNPPs) prepared from GNPs and poly(ethylene oxide) were filled in a capillary to act as separation matrices for DNA separation. The separations of λ‐DNA (0.12–23.1 kbp) and high‐molecular‐weight DNA markers (8.27–48.5 kbp) by NFCE, under an electric field of —140 V/cm and a hydrodynamic flow velocity of 554 μm/s, were accomplished within 5 min. To further investigate the separation mechanism, the migration of λ‐DNA was monitored in real time using a charge‐coupled device (CCD) imaging system. The GNPPs provide greater retardation than do conventional polymer media when they are encountered during the electrophoretic process. The presence of interactions between the GNPPs and the DNA molecules is further supported by the fluorescence quenching of prelabeled λ‐DNA, which occurs through an energy transfer mechanism. Based on the results presented in this study, we suggest that the electric field, hydrodynamic flow, and GNPP concentration are the three main determinants of DNA separation in NFCE.
Peak shape modeling by Haarhoff‐Van der Linde function for the determination of correct migration times: A new insight into affinity capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Le Saux Thomas , Varenne Anne , Gareil Pierre 
Published: July 2005

AbstractAmong the different experimental strategies available in capillary electrophoresis (CE) to determine binding parameters, affinity capillary electrophoresis (ACE) has been the most widely embraced due to its easiness of implementation and of data handling. Ligand‐substrate binding constants are thus directly derived from the substrate migration time shifts resulting from the variation of ligand concentration introduced in a background electrolyte. Classically, the substrate migration time is measured on top of the electrophoretic peak, assuming symmetrical peak shape. Depending on both substrate and ligand concentrations that may be required to meet detection sensitivity or complexation conditions, zonal migrations in ACE may, however, produce triangular peak shape, most often due to pronounced electromigration dispersion (EMD), and this may result in positively or negatively erroneous migration time assessments. In this work, EMD distorted triangular peak shapes obtained in the course of host‐guest complexation studies were fitted with the Haarhoff‐Van der Linde function, allowing better estimation of migration time. The model systems studied were those of β‐cyclodextrin and naproxen, 2‐naphthalenesulfonate, or 1‐adamantanecarboxylate. The impact of this correction on binding isotherms and binding constant evaluation was exemplified. Furthermore, in situations where the substrate concentration injected by far overtakes that of the ligand in the electrolyte, the interest in this peak shape correction was discussed in connection with the question of whether the free ligand concentration can be still considered equal to the ligand concentration introduced, a question that still remains under debate nowadays.
Retention behavior of proteins in size‐exclusion electrochromatography with a low‐voltage electric field perpendicular to the liquid phase streamline
Authors: Tan Guomin , Shi Qinghong , Sun Yan 
Published: July 2005

AbstractA novel preparative size‐exclusion electrochromatography with an oscillatory low‐voltage electric field perpendicular to the liquid phase streamline (pSEEC) was proposed with a column design of rectangular cross‐section. The column of 12 cm length was packed with Sephadex G‐75, and the retention behavior of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and myoglobin (Myo) was extensively investigated under various conditions. The results indicated that the partition coefficient of a charged protein increased significantly on increasing the current strength as well as the difference between its pI and pH. The partition coefficient also increased on decreasing the mobile phase conductivity. For the gel‐excluded protein like BSA, the concentration polarization (CP) on the gel surface induced by the protein electromigration was the main reason for the increased retention. For a gel‐permeable protein like Myo, both the CP and electrophoretic migration in the solid phase contributed to its increased retention. Further results exhibited that the polarization would be offset by diffusion, because the accumulated protein would flux back to the bulk liquid phase. Therefore, when the electrically induced mass flux was equal to the diffusion flux, the partition coefficient did not change with a further increase of the oscillatory current cycle. Finally, pSEEC was compared with SEC in the separation of protein mixtures of BSA/Myo as well as BSA/Myo/lysozyme. The results showed much better resolutions of the protein mixtures in pSEEC with the column as short as 12 cm. The potential of pSEEC for preparative protein separation was therefore demonstrated.
Zygospore formation of desmids from Kollam district, Kerala (India) 1. Closterium
Authors: Panikkar M. V. N. , Krishnan Sreeja 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe present paper deals with the zygospore formation in ten taxa of the genus Closterium: Cl. calosporum Wittr., Cl. dianae Ehrenb., Cl. dianae var. brevius (Wittr.) Petkoff, Cl. intermedium Ralfs, Cl. kuetzingii Bréb., Cl. malmei Borge f. minor Thérézien, Cl. nematodes Joshua, Cl. ralfsii Bréb., Cl. setaceum Ehrenb. and Cl. striolatum Ehrenb., collected from different parts of the Kollam district of Kerala, India. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Sexual or clonal origin? A morpho‐ecological and molecular analysis in a patch of Ajuga reptans L. (Lamiaceae)
Authors: Pfeiffer T. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractSpatial clonal structure and patch colonisation in Ajuga reptans L. (Lamiaceae), a common stoloniferous semi‐rosette plant, were studied using a combined morpho‐ecological and molecular genetic approach. Within a natural patch from a forest near Diedorf (Thuringia, Germany), the spatial clonal structure was analysed, correlating both datasets: Morphologically, characteristics of clonal growth and clonal reproduction were studied, the spatial distribution of modules was mapped and merigenet relationships were reconstructed.Samples from the patch and its surroundings, and an additional sample from Berlin were then analysed by AFLP fingerprinting using four different primer combinations to identify genets. Most divergence in banding patterns was already obtained for samples from the Diedorf forest. Within the patch, however, most samples had very similar fingerprints, indicating their belonging to the same genet and hence a clonal origin, although they are morphologically separated into three “plants”. Based on AFLP data, the relationships of one sample remained ambiguous; but the correlation with morphological data helped to interpret the pattern and indicated that the sample is probably a dividual of the clone, too. The relevance of the observed vegetative multiplication (clonal growth and subsequent clonal reproduction) for patch colonisation and maintenance are discussed. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Karpologische Untersuchung der Axyris‐Arten (Chenopodiaceae) im Zusammenhang mit ihrer Diagnostik und Taxonomie
Authors: Suchorukow A. P. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractVergleichend karpologische Untersuchungen an Arten der Gattung Axyris wurden durchgeführt. Die Früchte aller betrachteten Sippen erscheinen dimorph. Die morphologischen Merkmale der Früchte sind artspezifisch; sie werden in einem originalen diagnostischen Schlüssel zusammengefasst. Die anatomische Struktur eines jeden Fruchttyps variiert nicht innerhalb einer Art. Die flügelartigen Anhängsel werden von Perikarpzellen gebildet, die von darunterliegenden Schichten im apikalen Teil der Frucht ausgegliedert werden. Die Anhängsel entstehen aus nur einer Perikarpschicht bei den Früchten des einen Typs und aus der äußeren Schicht bei den Früchten des zweiten Typs. Eine kurze taxonomische Arten‐Liste wird beigefügt und, sofern erforderlich, wurde eine Lectotypisierung vorgenommen. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Echium boissieriSteud. (Boraginaceae), an Ibero‐Mauretanian roadside plant
Authors: Müller J. V. , Deil U. , Galán de Mera A. , Vicente Orellana J. A. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractRoadsides are frequently colonized by eurychorous species with a wide ecological and coenological amplitude. Stenoic and stenochorous plant species are often missing in synanthropic vegetation. An exception is Echium boissieri Steud., occurring in Central and Southern Spain, Portugal, Northern Morocco and Algeria. To determine whether this species is a “homeless roadside plant”, we analysed herbarium specimens, performed a detailed mapping of current populations on both sides of the Straits of Gibraltar, sampled phytosociological relevés and gathered the available coenological data from literature.Echium boissieri is a hapaxanthous perennial herb and belongs to section Eleuterolepis. The analysis of herbarium specimens indicates a recent apophytization that implies a trend from primary (rocks, screes, landslides) and secondary habitats (extensive pastures, fallow lands) to roadsides during the last two centuries, particularly in Spain. This habitat change coincides with land‐use changes. The Chamaeleo gummiferi‐Echietum boissieri is described as a new association. This is a multi‐layered herbaceous vegetation type with an enormous species‐ and lifeform‐diversity. It is characterized by E. boissieri and Chamaeleon gummifer, and by the transgression of grassland (Phalaridetalia) and weed species (Ridolfion). The association grows on steep slopes of road embankments and on grazed pastures. The role of roadside habitats for nature conservation in intensively used landscapes is discussed. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Biocompatibility and degradation of poly(DL‐lactic‐co‐glycolic acid)/calcium phosphate cement composites
Authors: Ruhé P. Quinten , Hedberg Elizabeth L. , Padron Nestor Torio , Spauwen Paul H. M. , Jansen John A. , Mikos Antonios G. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractInjectable calcium phosphate (Ca‐P) cement materials exhibit favorable osteocompatible behavior but are resorbed slowly because of a lack of a bone ingrowth–enabling macroporosity. In this study, poly(DL‐lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) (PLGA) microparticles (average size 66 ± 25 μm) were incorporated into Ca‐P cement to obtain a macroporous Ca‐P cement scaffold after PLGA hydrolysis in vivo. Preset PLGA/Ca‐P cement composite discs of various weight ratios (0/100, 15/85, 30/70, and 50/50) were implanted subcutaneously and in cranial defects in rats for 12 weeks. Histological analysis revealed that all macropores in the PLGA‐containing composites (average pore size 73 ± 27 μm) were filled with fibrous tissue and blood vessels (subcutaneous implants) and/or bone (cranial implants). Histologically, bone formation appeared most abundant and most consistent in the 30/70 PLGA/Ca‐P cement composites. Histomorphometrical evaluation revealed a significant increase in defect fill in the 15/85 and 30/70 PLGA/Ca‐P cement composites. Finally, subcutaneous and cranial 50/50 PLGA/Ca‐P cement composites had degraded to a large extent, without adequate replacement by bone in the cranial implants. Therefore, we conclude that PLGA/Ca‐P cement composites enable tissue ingrowth and show excellent osteocompatibility in weight ratios of 15/85 and 30/70 PLGA/Ca‐P cement. In this model, 30/70 PLGA/Ca‐P cement composites showed the most favorable biological response. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2005
Endothelial cell reaction on a biological material
Authors: Breithaupt‐Faloppa Ana Cristina , Kleinheinz Johannes , Crivello Oswaldo 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe successful clinical application of materials should involve detailed investigations on interaction between them and tissue with which they will contact. We examined herein the behavior of endothelial cells (ECs) on a collagen material, using histological and immunohistochemical methods. We used isolated human umbilical cord vein cells (HUVECs) identified by means of endothelial‐specific antibodies. Cells were seeded in a standard density on a collagen membrane (Lycoll®, Resorba, Nuernberg, Germany) and on gelatin‐coated, control plastic surfaces, after two passages. These were then maintained for periods of 1, 7, or 14 days. The cells adhered, spread, and proliferated, and within 24 h started forming a subconfluent monolayer. We observed that the cultured cells expressed integrins (α5β1 and α(v)β3) and synthesized fibronectin. After 14 days, we could observe a confluent layer of ECs. We could conclude that the collagen material supported growth and attachment of endothelial cells. In addition, the attachment seemed to be most related to the fibronectin synthesized by the cells and to its highly expressed receptor (the α5β1 integrin); even though this is not the only protein related to this adhesion, we observed that our cultured HUVECs did not synthesize vitronectin. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006
Paul Everett Meehl: The cumulative record
Authors: Waller Niels G. , Lilienfeld Scott O. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractIn this brief biographical sketch of Paul Meehl, the authors examine the “cumulative record” of his scholarship and mentorship. This record sheds light on why Meehl is widely regarded as one of the most influential clinical psychologists of the 20th century, as well as on Meehl's remarkable intellectual life. Time has proven that Meehl's writings are exceptional in their quality, influence, breadth, and depth. In addition, Meehl's cumulative record raises important questions regarding the reinforcement contingencies in major research‐oriented psychology departments. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 61: 1209–1229, 2005.
Paul E. Meehl's influence on experimental psychopathology: Fruits of the nexus of schizotypy and schizophrenia, neurology, and methodology
Authors: Lenzenweger Mark F. , Maher Brendan A. , Manschreck Theo C. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractPaul E. Meehl made numerous contributions to clinical science and a hallmark of many of these contributions was their integrative nature. Meehl's positions on complex topics, especially one such as schizophrenia, were reflective of input from a variety of disciplines and levels of analysis. In this essay the authors focus on Meehl's uniquely rich contribution to our understanding of schizophrenia through his theoretical model of schizotypy, his abiding interest in exploring neurologically based indicators of schizophrenia liability and encouragement to others to pursue such indicators, and his passion for rigorous research methodology. Meehl's contributions in each of these areas continue to influence the direction and research strategies used in experimental psychopathology to illuminate the fundamental nature of schizophrenia. These contributions have also shaped inquiry into many other psychopathological entities. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 61: 1295–1315, 2005.
Meehl on metatheory
Authors: Rozeboom Wm. W. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThis article proffers a critical survey of Paul E. Meehl's thoughts on the philosophy of science, as well as constructive criticisms of his views on corroboration of scientific theories. Using examples from clinical psychology and allied domains, six major topics are addressed: (a) the nature of theoretical constructs, (b) statistical diagnosis of clinical categories, (c) detection of hypothesized taxa, (d) null‐hypothesis significance testing, (e) complexified hypothesis testing, and (f) cliometric theory appraisal. Through numerous examples, it is shown that Paul Meehl had a superb ability to recognize, articulate, and clarify hidden complexities, and other underappreciated obscurities in important working concepts. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 61: 1317–1354, 2005.
Sustained elevation of neutrophils in rats induced by lentivirus‐mediated G‐CSF delivery
Authors: Barry Simon , Brzezinski Margaret , Yanay Ofer , Seppen Jurgen E. , Osborne William R. A. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractBackgroundPatients with severe chronic and cyclic neutropenia, characterized by neutrophil numbers <500 cells/µl, are treated daily with recombinant granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF). As an alternative delivery approach we investigated the ability of lentivirus vectors to provide sustained G‐CSF expression.MethodsFischer rats were injected intramuscularly (IM) with vesicular stomatitis virus G (VSV‐G)‐pseudotyped lentivirus pRRL‐CMV‐G‐CSF‐SIN that encoded rat G‐CSF cDNA regulated by the human cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter and incorporated a self‐inactivating (SIN) construct in the 3′ long terminal repeat (LTR). Control rats received normal saline or lentivirus encoding the enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP). Rats were serially monitored for blood cell production and tissues assayed for provirus distribution.ResultsRats receiving a single IM injection of lentivirus exhibited elevated neutrophil counts for 14 months. Virus administration of 6 × 107 infectious units induced sustained levels of neutrophil production having a mean ± standard deviation (SD) of 5650 ± 900 cells/µl and rats that received a 10‐fold lower dose of virus showed mean neutrophil counts of 3340 ± 740 cells/µl. These were significantly higher than the mean of control animals receiving saline or control lentivirus (1, 760 ± 540 cells/µl, P < 0.0001). White blood cell (WBC) counts were significantly elevated in treated over control animals (P < 0.0001). Hematocrits (P > 0.3), lymphocytes (P > 0.2) and platelets (P > 0.1) were not significantly different between control and treated animals. Genomic DNA from muscle at the injection sites was positive for provirus, whereas lung, spleen, liver, kidney and non‐injected muscle samples were all negative, suggesting lack of virus spread.ConclusionsThese studies indicate that lentivirus vectors administered IM provide sustained, therapeutic levels of neutrophils and suggest this approach to treat patients with severe and cyclic neutropenia. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Site‐specific detection of S‐nitrosylated PKB α/Akt1 from rat soleus muscle using CapLC‐Q‐TOFmicro mass spectrometry
Authors: Lu Xiao‐Ming , Lu Mary , Tompkins Ronald G. , Fischman Alan J. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractProtein Kinase Bα(PKBα, or Akt1) is believed to play a crucial role in programmed cell death, cancer progression and the insulin‐signaling cascade. The protein is activated by phosphorylation at multiple sites and subsequently phosphorylates and activates eNOS. Free cysteine residues of the protein may capture reactive, endogenously produced nitric oxide (NO) as S‐nitrosothiols. Site‐specific detection of S‐nitrosylated cysteine residues, usually at low stoichiometry, has been a major challenge in proteomic research largely due to the lack of mass marker for S‐nitrosothiols that are very labile under physiologic conditions. In this report we describe a sensitive and specific MS method for detection of S‐nitrosothiols in PKB α/Akt1 in rat soleus muscle.PKB α/Akt1 was isolated by immunoprecipitation and 2D‐gel electrophoresis, subjected to in‐gel tryptic digestion, and cysteinyl nitrosothiols were reacted with iodoacetic acids [2‐C12/C13 = 50/50] under ascorbate reduction conditions. This resulted in the production of relatively stable carboxymethylcysteine (CMC) immonium ions (m/z 134.019 and m/z 135.019) within a narrow argon collision energy (CE = 30 ± 5 V) in the high MS noise region. In addition, free and disulfide‐linked cysteine residues were converted to carboxyamidomethylcysteines (CAM). Tryptic S‐nitrosylated parent ion was detected with a mass accuracy of 50 mDa for the two CMC immonium ions at the triggered elution time during capillary liquid chromatography (LC) separation. A peptide containing Cys296 was discriminated from four co‐eluting tryptic peptides under lock mass conditions (m/z 785.8426). S‐nitrosothiol in the tryptic peptide, ITDFGLBKEGIK (B: CAM, [M + 2H]2+ = 690.86, Found: 690.83), is believed to be present at a very low level, since the threshold for the CMC immonium trigger ions was set at 3 counts/s in the MS survey.The high levels of NO that are produced under stress conditions may result in increased S‐nitrosylation of Cys296 which blocks disulfide bond formation between Cys296 and Cys310 and suppresses the biological effects of PKB α/Akt1. With the procedures developed here, this process can be studied under physiological and pathological conditions. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.