bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Philosopher in the Midst of War
Authors: Ando Takatura 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Takatura Ando (1911–), who taught at the University of Kyoto, studied in Europe with Moritz Schlick. His Japanese translation of Moritz Schlick’s Fragen der Ethik was published in 1967. Written during World War II, Ando’s Aristotle’s Theory of Practical Cognition was translated and published in 1958. His major work on metaphysics was translated into English as Metaphysics: A Critical Survey of Its Meaning (1963). Philosophy as a Refuge From War Aristotle’s Theory of Practical Cognition AUTHOR’S FOREWORD In publishing this book, I cannot prohibit myself of reminding the days and nights when it was written. In that era of worldwide madness, Aristotle’s philosophy was the only refuge wherein my depressed mind could come to life. It was written bit by bit under all desperate circumstances throughout the war time. My heart was set on the completion of this work while the fate allowed me to live. It was nearly carried out by the end of the war. Having no hope of survival, I buried my manuscript in the earth, without however any expectance of a better lot for it.
My Interests in Philosophy
Authors: Anscombe G E M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After studying at Oxford, G.E.M. Anscombe (1919–2001) came to know and to be influenced by Wittgenstein. Her Intention (1957) framed the questions and the terminology of subsequent work in the philosophy of mind. It addresses such questions as: What are the criteria for the identity of actions and intentions? What role do an agent’s reasons and justifications play in identifying her intentions? What is the structure and aim of practical reasoning? Her influential essay “What’s Wrong with Modern Moral Philosophy?” (1958) mounts a formidable critique of contemporary moral evaluation. Instead of taking the agent’s future-oriented deliberative point of view, they mistakenly adopt the position of an omniscient judge, evaluating the consequences of an action, all things considered. Anscombe also wrote on moral and political issues. She opposed granting President Truman an honorary degree at Oxford on the grounds that he ordered the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. She produced classical essays against abortion, contraception, homosexuality and euthanasia. As one of Wittgenstein’s literary executors, Anscombe translated and coedited Philosophical Investigations (1958) and some of his posthumous works. Her Introduction to Wittgenstein’s “Tractatus” (1959) was a turning point in the interpretation of that diffficult work. With Peter Geach, she wrote Three Philosophers (1961). Her Collected Philosophical Papers (1981) include essays on Aristotle on metaphysics, and epistemology.
Fantasy’S Repulsion and Investment David Henry Hwang and Ralph Ellison
Authors: Cheng Anne Anlin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The answer would seem to be negative in light of what I have been examining so far. Even in contemporary vernacular culture, we observe the increased frequency with which the “race card” is displayed. As the O. J. Simpson trial and its accompanying rhetoric suggest, racial rivalry is hardly over. Indeed, it has acquired the peculiar status of a game where what constitutes a winning hand has become identical with the handicap. Reappearing with the vagrancy of a Joker, the race card brings with it a host of haunting questions about the value and perception of race and racial matters in America. What does it mean that the deep wound of race in this country has come to be euphemized as a card, a metaphor that acknowledges the rhetoric as such yet simultaneously materializes race into a finite object that can be dealt out, withheld, or trumped? Why the singularity of a card? Who gets to play? And what would constitute a “full deck”?
History In/Against the Fragment Theresa Hak Kyung Cha
Authors: Cheng Anne Anlin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man leaves us in shattered history. How does one go on to record fragmented history? To take up this question I turn to a recit written by the avant-garde artist Theresa Hak Kyung Cha; her autobiography’s antidocumentary desires make it one of the most peculiar and powerful meditations on the questions of recording history, trauma, and the politics of memory.
Signal Evolution: Modification and Diversification
Authors: Greenfield Michael D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Diversity is undoubtedly one of the hallmarks of arthropod biology. Interspecific variation characterizes many features of arthropod behavior, development, morphology, and physiology, and it is particularly evident among sexually selected traits such as mate-recognition signals and preferences. Here, though, its nature and occurrence pose several major problems in evolutionary biology. Whereas most traits can reveal phylogeny because the (ancestral) features of closely related species resemble each other, a species advertisement and courtship signals and mate discriminations usually differ markedly from those of its closest relatives (Henry et al. 1999). This variation in mate-recognition signals and discriminations may represent the very factor that allowed speciation to occur, and in some cases interpopulation variation may have been instrumental in accelerating speciation by providing effective pre-mating isolation at an incipient stage in the process (Hollocher et al. 199 7a,b, figgins et al. 2001; also see note 34 in Chapter 3).
On Being an Active Health Care Consumer
Authors: Patt Richard B , Lang Susan S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How effectively pain is controlled depends on many factors, especially the strategy employed by the doctor and the patient’s relationship with the doctor. Even an effective strategy will fall short if comrrnmication with the doctor is poor, because the patient’s changing needs can’t be met. This chapter will help families: Although they may be excellent physicians, most oncologists are very busy and often preoccupied with life-and-death decisions. They also may minimize the importance and impact of a patient’s pain or inaccurately judge its severity. Regrettably, in many cases how a nurse, doctor, or oncology fellow assesses a patient’s pain has little relationship to the patient’s selfscoring of pain intensity.
Understanding Medications Used to Treat Mild Pain
Authors: Patt Richard B , Lang Susan S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For mild to moderate pain, the first step in a typical treatment plan involves the use of a nonnarcotic pain reliever, according to the World Health Organization’s analgesic ladder, a strategy universally endorsed by leading cancer pain specialists. The medications that constitute the first step of the ladder are the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), of which aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil), acetaminophen (such as Tylenol and Anacin-3), and the newer COX-2 inhibitors (a special kind of NSAID) are the bestknown examples. Some of these products (especially acetaminophen) actually possess only weak anti-inflammatory effects but are still usually included in this category because they are nonnarcotic (nonopioid) analgesics. These analgesics do not cause many of the side effects commonly associated with the opioid analgesics (e.g., morphine), such as nausea and drowsiness, but, like all medications, they have potential side effects, and their use needs to be reviewed by a doctor or pharmacist to ensure that it is suitable.
Masquerades and Prostitutes
Authors: Mudg Bradford K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On January 6, 1724, Edmund Gibson, Bishop of London, preached what would become one of his most controversial sermons. Having occupied his office for less than a year, the good Bishop was zealous and determined but cautious. He saw the violence and misery of the underclasses; he saw too their appalling ignorance. But he was more disturbed by the unrepentant profligacy of the Court. Not only were its amusements more depraved than those of the middle and lower classes, those amusements were also more influential. What hope was there for reform when London’s poor had such unworthy objects of emulation? But Gibson also knew that the world’s most serious problems often originated with the small but noxious habits of daily life.
Schrödinger’s Riddle
Authors: Harold Franklin M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the spring of 1938, Adolf Hitler launched his conquest of Europe by annexing neighboring Austria. Nazism had struck deep roots in Austria and the populace cheered as the German troops marched into Vienna, but what was left of the country’s cultural and intellectual elite scattered into flight. Among those who had left their escape to the last was Erwin Schrödinger, one of the pioneers of quantum mechanics and Austria’s premier physicist. Schrödinger found a haven at the Institute for Advanced Studies of Trinity College, Dublin, where his contract required him to deliver a series of public lectures. He elected to discourse on a physicist’s view of life and published the lectures in 1944 in the form of a small sprightly volume boldly entitled What is Life? (1). It proved to be an enormously influential work that drew students and young scientists into a new biology. I read it as an undergraduate, understood the easier parts and remember that first encounter nearly half a century later.
Cells in Nature and in Theory
Authors: Harold Franklin M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All through the eighteenth century microscopes improved in magnification, resolving power and optical clarity. In the middle of the nineteenth century, a large volume of observations on the tissues of higher plants and animals coalesced into a grand unifying conception, the “cell theory,” rightly acclaimed in every textbook as a cornerstone of biological science. It states that all living things, notwithstanding their exuberant diversity, share a common architectural plan: every organism is composed of cells, either many or a single one, that constitute the fundamental units of life. It is a statement, not about the molecules of life and their chemical interactions, but about the spatial patterns into which these molecules are organized. In the hierarchy of biological order cells hold a special place, for they alone have the capacity to make themselves autonomously, and to multiply by division. Consequently, the cell represents the simplest level of organization that manifests all the features of the phenomenon of life. In the present chapter we shall examine how this conception arose, and how its meaning has evolved over the past century. For this purpose, our proper study is the world of microorganisms, whose manifold forms and lifestyles display the full range of options available to life in its most elementary mode.
The Great Apes
Authors: Morowitz Harold J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Between 20 and 30 million years ago, probably in Africa, a new group of primates evolved, branching off from the existing primates, the Old World monkeys. The second taxon, the great apes, emerged as a new type of animal in the world. That novelty has forever changed our planet. The most primitive of the great apes, the gibbons, branched from the main evolutionary line many million years after the first appearance of the apes. (Some biologists classify gibbons in a separate group, the lesser apes.) Some six million years after the gibbons, the orangutans, another group of treedwelling apes, appeared on the scene. Further evolution of the ape line starting about seven million years ago has resulted in present-day gorillas, bonobos, chimpanzees, and humans. The great apes are our branch on the tree of life.
Philosophy
Authors: Morowitz Harold J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The last series of emergences (toolmaking, language, agriculture, and technology) were related to survival in nature and competition with other hominids. The domains span the range from the biological to the cultural. Along the way something uniquely human was happening. As knowledge and understanding of the natural world expanded and deepened, much of it needed for urbanization, a nagging question began to rise in a variety of forms, all of which translate into “What does it all mean?” The earliest science must have related to the regularities of nature: the dawn each morning, the succession of the seasons, the periodicity of the moon, the apparent movement of the planets and stars across the skies.
The girl who sings
Authors: Fontijn Claire 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the dedication to her first compilation of pieces, the composer identified herself as a noble Venetian brought by an unnamed person to Paris, as a pensioner supported by Louis XIV to live at Notre Dame de Bonne Nouvelle, and as a singer with some talent (doc.). Effectively serving as an autobiography gleaned from her six manuscripts of music, these details long remained the sole source of information about her; apparently no further testimony survives in France. In 1992 the discovery of a packet of documents at the Archivio di Stato in Venice corroborated her words and launched the biography of the person now known by her full name, Antonia Padoani Bembo 1 Thanks to the careful preservation of further documents held in several more Italian institutions, dozens of new archival findings have since surfaced. The vital interplay between the emergence of her story and the analysis of her compositions makes possible a reconstruction of her extraordinary career.
Penitence
Authors: Fontijn Claire 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The manuscript that Bembo called her “third opus” suggests its association with the Battle of Tortosa (doc. ), a calculation that squares with an estimate of – for the first manuscript and – for the second. The three remaining manuscripts preserved in the Bibliothèque Nationale do not easily continue the chronology. That all three bear a dedication to Louis XIV provides a terminus ante quem of 1697-1701. Even though the year 1707 appears on the title page of the first of two volumes containing L’ Ercole amante (F-Pn, Rés. the date cannot be accepted without question, especially as it subverts Bembo’ s claim that the manuscript containing the Latin motets constitutes her “third opus” (the second Duke of Brittany was not born until early in 1707.
Hercules In Love
Authors: Fontijn Claire 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the Bibliothèque Nationale acquired the two volumes containing Bembo’ s opera L’ Ercole amante in the 1930, its collection of her works became complete.1 Although dedicated to Louis XIV, the opera had not previously belonged to the royal library as had the four other manuscripts. Instead of the red morocco leather binding her in-quarto volumes, these in-folio volumes were bound in brown leather and stamped with a nineteenth-century owner’ s coat of arms .
White Matter Structure and Function
Authors: Filley Christopher M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The white matter forms a major constituent of the brain. In the adult human, white matter makes up more than 40% of the brain’s cross-sectional area (Morel and Norton, 1980), and 40%-50% of the adult cerebral volume is occupied by white matter (Miller et al., 1980). The remainder of the brain parenchyma comprises the cerebral cortex, a number of subcortical and posterior fossa gray matter structures, and the blood vessels. White matter is made up of axons invested with myelin, mil¬ lions of which combine to form the many tracts that travel within and between the hemispheres as well as to more caudal brainstem and cerebellar regions. Militated fibers perform a critical role in normal brain function by virtue of this vast and intricate connectivity. Although the great majority of the white matter is located within these tracts, militated fibers can also be found in gray matter areas. Smaller numbers of white matter fibers course within cortical and subcortical gray matter structures en route to their final destinations. Thus, the distinction between gray and white matter is only relative, and disorders of myelin can affect gray matter regions to some extent. This chapter reviews clinically relevant details of the structure and function of the brain white matter.
Genetic Disorders
Authors: Filley Christopher M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To begin a survey of white matter disorders of the brain, the category of genetic disorders serves as an appropriate departure. These disorders fall largely within the province of child neurology, but in some cases they come to the attention of the adult neurologist as well. At any age, however, neurobehavioral manifestations are prominent. Genetic white matter disorders highlight the importance of myelinated tracts in the ontogeny of behavior because they demonstrate how defective white matter can profoundly disrupt the development of cognition and emotion. This group of disorders is now considered with special attention to the neurobehavioral syndromes that are regularly encountered.
Demyelinative Diseases
Authors: Filley Christopher M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In contrast to dysmyelination, demyelination refers to a stripping away of myelin from the axon. The demyelinative diseases target the normal myelin only after it is fully formed, and these diseases are characterized by an inflammatory attack on the myelin sheath. The most familiar demyelinative disease is multiple sclerosis (MS), and several related disorders with similar clinical and neuropathology features are also recognized. This category is undoubtedly the most intensely investigated group of white matter disorders. Multiple sclerosis is the most common nontraumatic disabling neurologic disease of young adults, and the processes of inflammatory demyelination have generated much interest as a key to understanding basic pathophysiologic mechanisms that could apply to many other neurologic disorders. The demyelinative diseases are discussed with an emphasis on their many neurobehavioral manifestations.
Infectious Diseases
Authors: Filley Christopher M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The white matter of the brain can be affected by a number of infectious diseases. The majority of these infections are caused by viruses, and many clinical and immunopathology similarities to demyelinative diseases have invited comparison with multiple sclerosis (MS) and related diseases. As is often the case with white matter disorders, infectious diseases may also involve gray matter regions, and the selectivity for white matter may only be relative. Nevertheless, consideration of these diseases will serve to point out that infection prominently affecting the white matter can have important neurobehavioral consequences.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Dementia Complex
Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HN-1), commonly known as HIV, has come to be one of the most publicized medical problems of the last 2 decades. Since its recognition in 1981, the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) has become a major public health problem worldwide. Despite rapid progress on determining its etiology, prevention, and treatment, AIDS continues to be an incurable disease.
Metabolic Disorders
Authors: Filley Christopher M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A number of disorders in the general category of metabolic dysfunction can result in white matter disease of the brain. Although there is considerable overlap be¬ tween metabolic and toxic disturbances (Chapter 9), the disorders considered in this chapter can be seen as stemming from a metabolic derangement in which clinical, neuroimaging, or neuropathology evidence of leukoencephalopathy has been observed. The pathophysiology of these diverse disorders is unclear in most cases, but a disturbance of brain metabolism, based on nutritional or other factors, is present in each. Highlighting a theme that recurs in the white matter disorders, many of these conditions are reversible if the metabolic derangement is corrected before irreversible damage develops. Neurobehavioral aspects of these disorders have been gradually characterized and consistent findings have emerged, although precise correlations between white matter lesions and neurobehavioral features are largely unavailable as yet.
Neoplasms
Authors: Filley Christopher M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A discussion of brain tumors that selectively damage white matter may appear to be very limited. Brain tumors do not as a rule affect one discrete region, and in¬ stead show a tendency to involve widespread areas of both gray and white matter. This characteristic, combined with the associated edema and mass effect that frequently occur, often render correlations of tumor location with neurobehavioral status tentative at best. Even early in the clinical course, when the more limited ex¬ tent of the tumor might predict a more focal location, correlations of lesion site with clinical status can be problematic. However, many neoplasms actually arise from white matter structures, and exert major effects on white matter throughout their clinical course. These tumors, both diffuse and focal, are discussed in this chapter to illustrate that neoplastic white matter involvement can be a source of neurobehavioral dysfunction.
The Behavioral Neurology of White Matter
Authors: Filley Christopher M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The foregoing chapters of this book are intended to elucidate various aspects of brain white matter and the afflictions to which it is vulnerable. The final remaining task is to assemble this diverse collection of details into a coherent whole. At present, the information at hand is essentially descriptive, derived as it is from basic scientific and clinical aspects of individuals with white matter disorders. As such, little detail regarding functional aspects of white matter is available. Much of this chapter, therefore, will necessarily be speculative. However, a large amount of clinical data can be invoked to inform a preliminary framework for developing more sophisticated understanding. The intent is to present a broad portrait of the white matter and its role in human behavior that can foster further interest and investigation. The many gaps in existing knowledge can serve to generate a wealth of testable hypotheses to stimulate further study of brain—behavior relationhips.
Sudden Thigh Pain on Coumadin
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Several months ago, a 49-year-old woman was placed on anticoagulant therapy because of pulmonary embolism. While she was on therapy, pain, numbness, and paresthesias developed from the left anterior thigh extending to the medial leg, plus weakness of knee extension and hip flexion. She denied back pain and change by Valsalva’s maneuver. A retroperitoneal hematoma was removed surgically with no effect on her symptoms.
Floppy Three-Month-Old Boy
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Marked hypotonia was noted since birth in a 3-month-old boy. Perinatal history was normal: he was born alert with a good suck reflex. During the following 3 months, however, he failed to develop head control. Familial history was negative, including a normal 3-year-old sibling.
Mononucleosis and Bilateral Arm Weakness
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A 19-year-old man complained of headache, photophobia, nausea, and fever and was found to have enlarged spleen and axillary nodes. He developed pneumonitis and transient mild hepatitis. The diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis was confirmed by an increasingly positive Paul-Bunnell test. Because of an exudative tonsillitis that cultured beta-hemolytic streptococci, he was treated initially with prednisone and then penicillin. During the next week, the lymphadenopathy and tonsillitis resolved. Subsequently, he complained of ache in his shoulders and weakness of his right ann. Three months later, he noticed right scapular winging.