bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differential expression of the skeletal muscle proteome in mdx mice at different ages
Authors: Ge Yue , Molloy Mark P. , Chamberlain Jeffrey S. , Andrews Philip C. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe mdx mouse is the most commonly used animal model for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), a disease caused by the absence of dystrophin. Although much has been done to elucidate the structure and function of dystrophin and the dystrophin‐associated glycoprotein complex (DGC), little is known about the cascade of molecular events triggered by the absence of dystrophin that lead to muscle degeneration. To study the molecular basis of DMD, we decided to systematically study the skeletal muscle proteome in mdx mice at different ages. By using two‐dimensional (2‐D) gel electrophoresis, we defined changes in the protein expression pattern between mdx and control muscles. Approximately 46 differentially expressed proteins from the cytosolic fraction of mdx hindlimb muscles at three months of age were detected by 2‐D gel analysis, of which 24 were identified by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization‐ mass spectrometry. Most of the proteins fell into five groups of functionally related proteins. These functional categories are (i) metabolism and energy production, (ii) serine protease inhibitor family, (iii) growth and differentiation, (iv) calcium homeostasis, and (v) cytoskeletal reorganization and biogenesis. The potential roles of the differentially expressed proteins are discussed in the context of the mdx phenotype. Finally, we analyzed alterations of protein expression in mdx mice at one and six months of age to determine how protein expression changes with disease progression.
Contribution of oligosaccharides to protection of the H,K‐ATPase β‐subunit against trypsinolysis
Authors: Crothers James M. , Asano Shinji , Kimura Tohru , Yoshida Ayumi , Wong Aline , Kang Jung Wook , Forte John G. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe proton‐pumping H+,K+‐adenosinetriphosphatase (H,K‐ATPase), responsible for acid secretion by the gastric parietal cell, faces a harshly acidic environment, with some pepsin from neighboring chief cells, at its luminal surface. Its large catalytic α‐subunit is mostly oriented cytoplasmically. The smaller β‐subunit (HKβ), is mainly extracellular, with one transmembrane domain and a small cytoplasmic domain. Seven N‐linked oligosaccharides in the extracellular domain of HKβ are thought to contribute to protection of the H,K‐ATPase, since previous work has shown that their complete removal, by peptide N‐glycosidase F (PNGase F), greatly increased susceptibility of HKβ to proteolysis. The possibility of graded protection by different numbers of oligosaccharides was investigated here with the use of mutant HKβ cDNA, having various N‐glycosylation sites mutated (Asn to Gln), transfected into HEK‐293 cells. Membrane preparations, two days after transfection, were solubilized in 1% Triton X‐100 and subjected to trypsinolysis (pH 8, 37°C, trypsin:protein 1:10–1:25). Relative amounts of HKβ remaining after 20 min trypsin were determined, after sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE) and probing of Western blots with an antibody to the HKβ extracellular domain, by chemiluminescent development of blots and densitometry of resulting films. Maturely glycosylated HKβ was made significantly more susceptible to trypsin than wild type when at least five oligosaccharides were deleted, while the high‐mannose form (pre‐β), from the endoplasmic reticulum, became significantly more susceptible than wild‐type pre‐β with removal of only two or more oligosaccharides. For each mutant, and wild type, pre‐β was consistently more susceptible than the mature form. While the number, and kind, of oligosaccharides seem to affect protection for HKβ against trypsinolysis, other aspects of protein maturation, including proper folding of peptide domains and possible subtle alterations of conformation during Golgi processing, are also likely to contribute to this protection.
Detection of CFTR mutations using temporal temperature gradient gel electrophoresis
Authors: Wong Lee‐Jun C. , Alper Özgül M. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractCystic fibrosis (CF), caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene, is one of the most common autosomal recessive diseases with variable incidences and mutation spectra among different ethnic groups. Current commercially available mutation panels designed for the analysis of known recurrent mutations have a detection rate between 38 to 95%, depending upon the ethnic background of the patient. We describe the application of a novel mutation detection method, temporal temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TTGE), to the study of the molecular genetics of Hispanic CF patients. TTGE effectively identified numerous rare and novel mutations and polymorphisms. One interesting observation is that the majority of the novel mutations are splice site, frame shift, or nonsense mutations that cause severe clinical phenotypes. Our data demonstrate that screening of the 27 exons and intron/exon junctions of the CFTR gene by TTGE greatly improves the molecular diagnosis of Hispanic CF patients.
Detection of mitochondrial DNA mutations using temporal temperature gradient gel electrophoresis
Authors: Wong Lee‐Jun C. , Chen Tian‐Jian , Tan Duan‐Jun 
Published: August 2004

AbstractMitochondrial disorders are a group of clinically and genetically heterogeneous diseases. Common recurrent mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) point mutations account for the molecular defects of a small proportion of patients. In order to identify mtDNA mutations, comprehensive mutational analysis of the entire mitochondrial genome is necessary. We developed the temporal temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TTGE) method to screen for mutations in mtDNA. The entire mitochondrial genome was amplified using 32 pairs of overlapping primers followed by TTGE analysis of the DNA fragments. TTGE method was first validated on 200 DNA fragments containing known mutations or polymorphisms. On TTGE, homoplasmic nucleotide substitutions show a single band shift and heteroplasmic mutations show multiple banding patterns. The known mutations or polymorphisms were correctly identified. TTGE was then used to screen for unknown mutations in the mitochondrial genome. DNA banding patterns, deviated from wild‐type, suggestive of either homoplasmic or heteroplasmic mutations, were followed by direct DNA sequencing to identify the mutations. Numerous mutations and polymorphisms were detected. The results demonstrated that TTGE detects and distinguishes heteroplasmic mutations from homoplasmic polymorphisms. It also detects heteroplasmic changes in the background of a homoplasmic polymorphism. Overall, TTGE was proven to be a simple, rapid, sensitive, and effective mutation detection method.
Cross‐reactivity of antibodies to actin‐ depolymerizing factor/cofilin family proteins and identification of the major epitope recognized by a mammalian actin‐depolymerizing factor/cofilin antibody
Authors: Shaw Alisa E. , Minamide Laurie S. , Bill Christine L. , Funk Janel D. , Maiti Sankar , Bamburg James R. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractMembers of the actin‐depolymerizing factor (ADF)/cofilin family of proteins are expressed in all eukaryotic cells. In higher vertebrates, cells often express as many as three different ADF/cofilin genes and each of these proteins may be phosphorylated on serine 3, giving rise to up to six different species. Also, many avian, amphibian, and invertebrate systems have been useful in studying different aspects of ADF/cofilin function. Antibodies have been prepared against different members of the ADF/cofilin family, but no systematic examination of their cross‐reactivity has been reported. Although ADF and cofilins within a single vertebrate species have about a 70% sequence homology, antibodies often differentiate between these proteins. Here, Western blotting was used with chemiluminescence substrates of different sensitivities to determine the relative immunoreactivities of different polyclonal rabbit antibodies and a mouse monoclonal antibody to purified ADF/cofilins from plants, protists, nematodes, insects, echinoderms, birds, and mammals. From immunocross‐reactivities and sequence alignments, the principal epitope in mammalian ADF and cofilin‐1 recognized by an antibody raised against avian ADF was identified. The specificity of an antibody to the phosphopeptide epitope of metazoan ADF/cofilins was confirmed by two‐dimensional (2‐D) immunoblot analysis. Futhermore, this bank of antibodies was used to identify by Western blotting a putative member of the ADF/cofilin family in the sea slug, Aplysia californica.
Transaction allocation symbolic analysis method
Authors: Škokljev Ivan , Maksimović Viktor 
Published: August 2004

AbstractTransaction allocation aims at pin‐pointing the responsibility and incurred costs for the transactions in the transmission network operating in the open access mode. The basic question for the operation and planning in this changing industry is who is paying for what and through which line? As an answer to that problem, this paper offers the transaction allocation symbolic analysis based method. The symbolic analysis approach here introduces a bilateral transaction of active power as a compact, analytical expression, which could further be exposed to sensitivity analysis as with linear networks. The multilateral transaction analysis is also conveyed. The novel approach is demonstrated on a five‐node popular test network. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Current controlled line converter using direct torque control method
Authors: Tarkiainen Antti , Pöllänen Riku , Niemelä Markku , Pyrhönen Juha 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe control system of a current controlled line converter is implemented using the direct torque control (DTC) method. Implementation of the converter flux linkage orientated control system combines the DTC method with the conventional field orientated vector control principle. The same physical structure of the control system as in DTC motor control can be used with the line converter without extra measurements. Both L‐ and LCL‐topologies are used as line filters. Experimental results demonstrate the validity and the high dynamic performance of the control system. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydro turbine speed control using robust cascade governor controllers
Authors: Eker İlyas 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis paper presents a cascade control approach to the design of governors for speed control of hydro turbines in power generation units. The key issues include the problems of model uncertainty, inner and outer loop disturbances, load rejections and attenuation of measurement noise. Gate position deviation signal is used as a supplementary inner loop manipulated variable in the proposed cascade control. The effect of water hammer, travelling waves and inelastic water penstocks is included in the hydro turbine model. The polynomial H∞ design method is used to design cascade governor controllers. Dynamic weighting functions of the H∞ design method provide the required control actions. A cascade robust governor ensures that the overall system remains asymptotically stable for all permissible norm‐bounded uncertainties and system oscillations. The results presented in the time and frequency domains are compared with conventional PID and PID cascade designs. The results show that the performance of the system is significantly improved by the proposed cascade governor design. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Load estimation for distribution systems with minimum information
Authors: Borozan Vesna P. , Rajakovic Nikola L. J. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe operation of distribution systems requires a rather high number of planned or forced switching operations. In order to prepare them, it is necessary to estimate loads at different levels in the system. This paper proposes a load estimation method for distribution systems with minimum information available. The purpose of the load estimation method presented in this paper is the economic and efficient use of the available remote measurements in the distribution system considering typical measurements from the past and knowledge of load composition and load behaviour at the distribution transformers' level. The method is load‐flow based, and its capability, efficiency and accuracy are demonstrated by application on a practical distribution system. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Observing the performance of distribution systems with embedded generators
Authors: Ciric Rade M. , Padilha‐Feltrin Antonio , Denis Iara Fernanda E. D. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractIn this paper, a multi‐objective approach for observing the performance of distribution systems with embedded generators in the steady state, based on heuristic and power system analysis, is proposed. The proposed hybrid performance index describes the quality of the operating state in each considered distribution network configuration. In order to represent the system state, the loss allocation in the distribution systems, based on the Z‐bus loss allocation method and compensation‐based power flow algorithm, is determined. Also, an investigation of the impact of the integration of embedded generators on the overall performance of the distribution systems in the steady state, is performed. Results obtained from several case studies are presented and discussed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A novel three‐phase time domain load modelling technique using instantaneous symmetrical components
Authors: Gul O. , Kaypmaz A. , Tanrioven M. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis paper presents a new time domain load modelling technique based on the method of Instantaneous Symmetrical Components (ISC) for three‐phase unbalanced and distorted power system loads. ISC is used here to obtain instantaneous symmetrical voltage and current components and these components are used in the calculation of the symmetrical component model parameters, resistance (R(0,1,2)), inductance (L(0,1,2)), capacitance (C(0,1,2)) and a harmonic instantaneous current source (j(t)), which are all connected in parallel. The results cover four cases of the system operation and the load parameters are found for each case, even in the presence of harmonic distortion. Consequently, it is shown that the developed method is a very powerful modelling technique to model time varying, unbalanced and distorted three‐phase loads, such as general loads: i.e. residential and commercial buildings. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Constrained economic dispatch by deterministic tabu search approach
Authors: Ongsakul W. , Dechanupaprittha S. , Ngamroo I. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis paper presents a deterministic tabu search (DTS) algorithm for solving ramp rate constrained economic dispatch (ED) problems for generating units with non‐monotonically and monotonically increasing incremental cost (IC) functions. The proposed DTS uses proper tabu list, aspiration level, and reference unit rotation strategy to yield a high‐quality solution. The developed DTS is tested on the systems with the number of generating systems in the range of 10 to 80 units over the entire dispatch periods. The obtained solutions are near the optimal solutions of the unconstrained DTS (UDTS) and more economical than those obtained from the micro‐genetic algorithm based on migration and merit order loading solutions (MGAM‐MOL), the genetic algorithm based on simulated annealing solutions (GA‐SA), simulated annealing (SA), genetic algorithm (GA), and merit order loading (MOL) approaches, thereby leading to substantial generator fuel cost savings. Furthermore, DTS can be easily parallelized to compromise the solution quality and computational speed‐up for the best performance. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Composition of the volatile constituents of the aerial parts of an endemic plant of Ivory Coast, Monanthotaxis capea (E.G. & A. Camus) Verdc
Authors: Mevy J. P. , Bessiere J. M. , Pelissier Y. , Masotti V. , Ruzzier M. , Rabier J. , Viano J. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractBoth essential oils and solvent extracts of leaves, stems and fruits of Monanthotaxis capea were studied by GC and GC‐MS. The main constituents identiﬁed in the different organs studied were phenylbutane derivatives in range of 97–57%. While (E)‐4‐phenylbut‐3‐en‐2‐ol was shown as the main component of the hydrodistillates, the parent ester (E)‐4‐phenylbut‐3‐en‐2‐yl acetate was shown as the major compound of the solvent extracts. Thus some of the phenylbutane derivatives in the hydrodistillates of the aerial parts of Monanthotaxis capea would appear to be artifacts. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemical composition of the leaf and fruit essential oils of Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack. (Syn. Murraya exotica Linn.)
Authors: Olawore Nureni O. , Ogunwande Isiaka A. , Ekundayo Olusegun , Adeleke Kasali A. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe essential oils from the leaves and fruits of Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack. grown in Nigeria were analysed by means of gas chromatograph and gas chromatograph interfaced with mass spectrometry. Both oils were rich in sesquiterpenoids. The principal constituents of the leaf oil were β‐cyclocitral (22.9%), methyl salicylate (22.4%), trans‐nerolidol (11.7%), α‐cubebene (7.9%), (−)‐cubenol (6.8%), β‐cubebene (5.8%) and isogermacrene (5.7%). The most abundant constituent of the fruit essential oil was β‐caryophyllene (43.4%). Other major components were (−)‐zingiberene (18.9%), germacrene D (8.3%), α‐copaene (5.5%) and α‐humulene (5.1%). The compositions of both oils varied qualitatively and quantitatively. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of harvest time on the yield and composition of Tunisian myrtle oils
Authors: Jamoussi Bassem , Romdhane Mehrez , Abderraba Abdelmenef , Hassine Bechir Ben , Gadri Abdellatif EL 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe yield and composition variation of the leaf essential oil from Myrtus communis L, an aromatic wild plant which grows in the area of Tabarka (north‐western Tunisia) were investigated. Essential oil was obtained by steam distillation at atmospheric pressure of the dried, ground herbal material. The yield of essential oil reached a peak at the beginning of the ﬂowering stage (0.54%) and a minimum after the ﬂowering period (0.27%). Thirty‐nine components were identiﬁed in the essential oil by GC and GC–MS. The major constituent of the oil was found to be a‐pinene. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Untangling Gordian knots: improving tuberculosis control through the development of ‘programme theories’
Authors: Coker R. , Atun R. , McKee M. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractWe argue that if the lessons from tuberculosis control programmes are to be drawn effectively then a more nuanced understanding is needed that takes account of the complex health system environment within which they sit. We suggest that a conceptual framework that draws upon the World Health Organization's DOTS strategy can be harnessed to assist the systematic analysis of programmes in a way that links this vertical, disease specific strategy to horizontal health system factors so that comparisons can be made. This multi‐disciplinary, multi‐method approach to the evaluation builds upon the work of others including Pawson and Tilley and their ‘programmes theories’. This work has informed the application of an evaluation toolkit which has been successfully applied in a number of settings and assisted in the sustainable implementation of a DOTS strategy in Russia. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A model for effective involvement of private medical practitioners in TB care
Authors: Zafar Ullah A. N. , Lubben Marianne , Newell James N. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to propose a process to help to develop a new model for partnerships in tuberculosis (TB) control, based on experiences to date. We start by identifying the essential service components needed in order to deliver quality care. Secondly, we identify the main partners in a collaboration or partnership. We describe a generic model linking the partners and the components. This model is then used to describe and analyse successful partnerships currently in existence, identifying those features that produced a successful outcome regarding increased access, coverage and quality for TB control. Finally, we illustrate how the process and generic model has been used to develop a locally appropriate model for partnerships in TB control, taking Bangladesh as our example. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Factors affecting the implementation of health legislation and its impact on the rural poor in China: A case study of implementation of the maternal and infant health care law in two poor counties
Authors: Tolhurst Rachel , Zhang Tuohong , Yang Hui , Gao Jun , Tang Shenglan 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis paper presents and discusses a case study of health legislation in China. In the transition to a market economy, legislation has been developed to offset the weakening in the central planning mechanism and political control that have historically influenced the behaviour of institutions and individuals in the Ministry of Health. There has been relatively little empirical examination of the implementation and impact of legislation as a tool for influencing health service provision in low‐income countries. The study aimed to contribute towards filling this gap by exploring the factors affecting the implementation and impact of the Maternal and Infant Health Care Law, through a case study of two poor, rural counties in Chongqing municipality, China. The study found that key local actors perceive health legislation to be an important tool for safeguarding access to essential health care. However, the implementation of health legislation is inevitably a political process. The study illustrates the difficulties involved in efforts to influence provider behaviour through a national level legislative framework in a situation of decentralization of control over those providers, due to extreme regional variation in economic situations and limited resource inputs from the centre. Lessons are drawn for Chinese and international policy makers. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reduction in experimental peridural adhesion with the use of a crosslinked hyaluronate/collagen membrane
Authors: Shih Hsin‐Nung , Fang Jen‐Feng , Chen Jui‐Hsiang , Yang Chiung‐Lin , Chen Yu‐Hua , Sung Tseng‐Hwa , Shih Lih‐Yuann 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe research goals were to fabricate a crosslinked hyaluronate (HA)/collagen membrane and study its efficacy in preventing peridural adhesion. Different weight ratios of HA/collagen membranes crosslinked with carbodiimide were tested for biocompatibility and biodegradability first. Forty‐eight adult New Zealand white rabbits underwent an L6 laminectomy. Sixteen rabbits each received a weight ratio of HA/collagen = 60/40 membrane (Membrane A) or a 40/60 membrane (Membrane B) on the exposed dura. The last 16 rabbits received no treatment and served as controls. No adverse reaction of the membranes was noted. Magnetic resonance images revealed a hyposignal space between the dura and the scar tissues at Membrane B‐treated laminectomy site 3 months after surgery. Histological examination showed that the amount of scarring decreased with time in all groups. Amount of scarring decreased significantly at laminectomy sites treated with either membrane. Compared with the control group, the extent of peridural adhesion decreased significantly in the Membrane B‐treated group at 3 months after surgery; while it decreased substantially, but not significantly, in the Membrane A‐treated group. The carbodiimide‐crosslinked HA/collagen membrane is a safe and effective antiadhesive material in vivo. When placed onto the laminectomy site, the membrane with a weight ratio of HA/collagen = 40/60 appears to reduce peridural scar adhesion. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 71B: 421–428, 2004