bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical assessment
Authors: Gibson Rosalind S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Conventionally, clinical assessment consisted of a routine medical history followed by a physical examination to detect and record symptoms (manifestations reported by the patient) and physical signs (observations made by a qualified examiner) associated with malnutrition. These assessment procedures are most useful during advanced nutritional depletion, when overt disease is present. Some specific nutrient deficiencies, along with protein-energy malnutrition, are known to be associated with loss of immune function, muscle weakness, impaired strength, mobility, and cognitive dysfunction (Jeejeebhoy 1998; Windsor and Hill, 1988). Increasingly, therefore, in hospitalized patients and in institutionalized and independently living elderly tests designed to assess deficits in physiological and cognitive function are included as additional components of clinical assessment. These assessment procedures are used both in clinical and community studies. Protein-energy undernutrition still occurs among medical and surgical hospitalized patients (Coats et al., 1993; McWhirter and Pennington, 1994; Wyszynski et al., 1998; Sullivan et al., 1999; Edington et al., 2000) and among institutionalized elderly in several industrialized countries (Keller, 1993; Ham, 1994; Morley, 1998; Azad et al., 1999). Micronutrient deficiencies also develop among hospital patients with multiple disease states but are less common. Increasingly, obesity and cases of micronutrient toxicity induced by excessive use of dietary supplements are gaining importance in clinical assessment.
Classic nonlinear models built into Prism
Authors: Motulsky Harvey , Christopoulos Arthur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This equation describes the equilibrium binding of a ligand to a receptor as a function of increasing ligand concentration. X is the concentration of the ligand, and Y is the specific binding. Bmax is the maximum number of binding sites, expressed in the same units as the Y-axis (usually radioactive counts per minute, sites per cell, or fmol of receptor per mg of tissue). Kd is the equilibrium dissociation constant, expressed in the same units as the X-axis (concentration). When the drug concentration equals Ki, half the binding sites are occupied at equilibrium.
Putative Brain Mechanisms of the Various Memory Functions
Authors: Dash Pramod K , Runya JAson D , Blum Sonja , Hebert April E , Simos Panagiotis G , Papanicolao Andrew C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As was noted in the previous chapter, a distinction may be drawn between memories (mnemonic phenomena) on the one hand and memory functions or operations on the other. The latter may be conceived as sets of procedures or algorithms embodied in and expressed by neuronal activity in different sets of brain structures, referred to as mechanisms of the respective functions. In this chapter, we will review the putative mechanisms of the basic functions of primary and secondary memory. First, the gross anatomical units constituting these mechanisms and their interconnections will be presented. Second, the “microscopic” biochemical events, starting with those constituting neurotransmission and including those that partake in operations like encoding, consolidation, and retrieval of memories will be discussed.
Traumatic Amnesia
Authors: Kosmidis Mary H , Giazkoulidou Aikaterini , Bozikas Vasilis P , Papanicolaou Andrew. C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Any impact of sufficient magnitude to result in even momentary alteration in consciousness constitutes a traumatic brain injury (TBI). A blunt injury with no penetration of the skull is considered a closed head injury. Due to the nature of the mechanical forces involved in a closed head injury, the associated pattern of cognitive deficits is distinct from that observed in penetrating head injuries. Closed head injuries generally result in pervasive and diffuse deficits in addition to any focal impairment. In contrast, penetrating injuries (e.g., from a gunshot wound) may or may not lead to alteration or impairment of consciousness, depending on the severity and the location of the trauma. In this chapter, we will primarily discuss the impact of closed head injuries, as these are both more prevalent and more likely to affect memory.
Imprinting: The Hidden Genome
Authors: Ashe Alyson , Whitelaw Emma 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Even in diploid organisms, many genes are expressed in a monallelic fashion, as if the organism were haploid at that locus. In some cases, such as the expression of one allele at the immunoglobulin locus, monoallelic expression enables a cell to experience direct selection based upon the properties of the expressed allele. Perhaps the most intriguing example of monoallelic expression is the silencing of many alleles in a parent-of-origin specific manner. Parental imprinting effectively leaves the affected loci “hidden” for a generation. The understanding of parental imprinting will require a more thorough understanding of the role of chromosomal context and of epigenetics in control of gene expression.
Autopsy of a Suicidal Mind
Authors: Shneidman Edwin S . 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Autopsy of a Suicidal Mind is a uniquely intensive psychological analysis of a suicidal mind. In this poignant scientific study, Edwin S. Shneidman, a founder of the field of suicidology, assembles an extraordinary cast of eight renowned experts to analyze the suicidal materials, including a ten-page suicide note, given to him by a distraught mother looking for insights into her son's tragic death. The psychological autopsy centers on the interviews conducted by Shneidman with Arthur's mother, father, brother, sister, best friend, ex-wife, girlfriend, psychotherapist, and attending physician. To gain some understanding of this man's intense psychological pain and to examine what may have been done to save his tortured life, Shneidman approached the top suicide experts in the country to analyze the note and interviews: Morton Silverman, Robert E. Litman, Jerome Motto, Norman L. Farberow, John T. Maltsberger, Ronald Maris, David Rudd, and Avery D. Weisman. Each of the eight experts offers a unique perspective on Arthur's tragic fate, and the sum of their conclusions constitutes an extraordinary psychological autopsy. This book is the first of its kind and a remarkable contribution to the study of suicide. Mental health professionals, students of human nature, and persons whose lives have been touched by this merciless topic will be mesmerized and enlightened by this unique volume. An epistemological tour de force, it will speak to anyone who is concerned with human self-destruction.
An Atheist’s Fundamentalism
Authors: Tappenden James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I am an atheist. In particular, I don’t accept the truth of the Christian religion. Nor do I believe any other doctrine positing the existence of a supremely powerful intelligent being that intervenes in the course of nature, but I will be solely concerned with Christianity here. In fact, when I consider the truth of (say) the story of the resurrection as a factual question to be assessed according to the canons of evidence we use with more worldly questions of fact, I find it hard to take the question seriously. That’s not, however, what this essay is about. The essay is about a different point that I learned about myself, somewhat to my surprise: I am a fundamentalist. What I mean by that is that I have a firm, though not altogether clear, conception of what it is that I am refraining from believing when I refrain from belief in the Christian religion. My aim in this essay is to indicate why I think it is important to pay Christianity the respect of rejecting precisely that conception rather than some hermeneutically cleansed, ecumenical surrogate.
An Aristotelian Life
Authors: Homiak Marcia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I know many good people who are religious. I consider them to be good people because they are disposed to respond with kindness, comfort, and help when others are in distress or in need. They are warm, outgoing, and compassionate, taking a genuine interest in others’ lives. They are optimistic, disposed to see the good in others and to see what’s right with the world. They are resilient, able to bounce back from setbacks, disappointments, or personal tragedy. And because they are warm, cheerful, resilient, and kind, others appreciate them, admire them, and love them. They have strong ties of connection with other people, in their families, in their religious communities, and with friends. And I know that their fine qualities of character are forged in their religious involvement. There are many other religious people whom I have never met but whom I deeply admire. I think of many, both famous and obscure, who fought in the civil rights struggles of the 1960s in the American South. I know that their fight for justice and equality, their fight against bigotry and hatred, was motivated by a sense of purpose that is properly described as religious. For they fought for an ideal—the values of freedom and justice—that they saw as a sacred, Judeo-Christian ideal. Their devotion to this ideal gave them the courage and determination to face jeering and hostile mobs, to suffer imprisonment and beatings.
Meta-atheism: Religious Avowal as Self-Deception
Authors: Rey Georges 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
when I was very young, I attended a Methodist church for several years, and, purchasing the little books offered for the purpose, prayed morning and night, confessing my peccadilloes and asking for happier times. I found particularly compelling the singing of the chorales by the congregation: the combination of the simple tunes with complex inner harmonies being sung by ordinary folk struck me as simultaneously sublime and democratic and aroused in me a sense of good will toward people and much of the world that still plays a significant role in my life (among other things, making me particularly vulnerable to the religious music of Bach and the moral writings of Kant).
Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 (HTLV-1)–Associated Diseases
Authors: Bangham Charles R M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
HTLV-1 causes two distinct types of disease: an aggressive leukemia of CD4+ T-cells, known as adult T-cell leukemia (ATL), and a range of chronic inflammatory diseases, of which HTLV-1–associated myelopathy=tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM=TSP) is the best studied. The risk of inflammatory disease is strongly correlated with the proportion of HTLV-1– infected cells in the blood—the ‘‘proviral load,’’ which is stable in each infected person but differs among people by more than 1,000-fold. Because of the high and stable proviral load, the relative lack of immune suppression, and the strong HTLV-1–specific T-cell response, HTLV-1 infection is proving a very useful system to identify and quantify the genetic and cellular determinantsofthe’’efficiency’’ oftheantiviralimmune response. This chapter addresses the evidence that genetic factors determine two important measures of the outcome of HTLV-1 infection: the risk of HAM=TSP and the proviral load.
Malaria
Authors: Kwiatkowski Dominic P , Luoni Gaia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Each year, malaria kills more than a million children in Africa alone and is a significant cause of illness and poverty in hundreds of millions of people worldwide. Of the four species of malaria parasite that infect humans, Plasmodium falciparum is the most virulent, accounting for almost all deaths due to malaria, and has a remarkable ability to develop resistance against commonly used antimalarial drugs. Despite initiatives such as the World Health Organization’s Roll Back Malaria campaign, there is no evidence that the global malaria problem is coming under control. Promising results from recent malaria vaccine trials have given an important boost to vaccine developers (Alonso et al. 2005), but we still have a very long way to go before we have a vaccine—or any other intervention—that is capable of achieving a radical reduction in the global burden of malaria.
The Recitative “Erbarm es Gott” from Bach’s St. Matthew Passion
Authors: Schenker Heinrich 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The recitative introduces an alto aria in G minor. Connecting to the last key of the Evangelist’s preceding recitative, E minor, it begins with a C major triad, which should immediately be understood as I of the key of C major, because of the first motive in bars – 1-2 and because of the seventh b that enters at once.2 Now it necessary to modulate from C major to G minor, which can of course be done only with the help of a mixture of G major and G minor. The reinterpretation of I of C major as IV of G major occurs in the very first bar (see Fig. 1a), after which the root of IV is raised, in bar 10, and then V and I follow in bars 11-12–
Haydn: Austrian National Anthem
Authors: Schenker Heinrich 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Austrian national anthem, which confesses to political synthesis in a deep and sincere manner, is paid homage by Haydn with an incomparable artistic synthesis. Never again will such a song be sung to this nation—therefore they should at least know what a treasure they possessed in their proud past, so that they may forever be edified by it in a more troubled future.
Schubert’s Impromptu, D. (Op. 90), No. 3
Authors: Schenker Heinrich 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The peculiar form of the first section can only be grasped by means of the Urlinie and its voice-leading prolongations (Fig. 1). The Urlinie descends in the space of a third, b–g, in bars 1– 32 (see Fig. 1a).
Slayer Slang
Authors: Adams Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Michael Adams begins his book with a synopsis of the programme’s history and a defence of ephemeral language. He then moves to the main body of the work: a detailed glossary of slayer slang, annotated with actual dialogue and recorded in the style accepted by the American Dialect Society. The book concludes with a bibliography and a lengthy index, a guide to sources (novels based on the show, magazine articles about the show, and language culled from the official posting board) and an appendix of slang-making suffixes. Introduced by Jane Espenson, one of the show’s most inventive writers (and herself a linguist), Slayer Slang offers a quintessential example of contemporary youth culture serving as a vehicle for slang. bitca n [AHD4 bitch n in sense 2.a + a] Bitch 1997 Sep 15 Whedon When She Was Bad “[Willow:] ‘I mean, why else would she be acting like such a b-i-t-c-h?’ [Giles:] ‘Willow, I think we’re all a little old to be spelling things out.’ [Xander:] ‘A bitca?’” break and enterish adj [AHD4 sv breaking and entering n + -ish suff in sense 2.a] Suitable for crime 1999 Mar 16 Petrie Enemies “I’ll go home and stock up on weapons, slip into something a little more break and enterish.” [B] carbon-dated adj [fr. AHD4 carbondating + -ed] Very out of date 1997 Mar 10 Whedon Welcome to the Hellmouth “[Buffy:] ‘Deal with that outfit for a moment.’ [Giles:] ‘It’s dated?’ [Buffy:] ‘It’s carbon-dated.’” cuddle-monkey n [AHD4 cuddle v + monkey n in sense 2, by analogy fr. RHHDAS (also DAS3 and NTC) sv cuddle bunny ‘an affectionate, passionate, or sexually attractive young woman’] Male lover 1998 Feb 10 Noxon Bewitched, Bothered, and Bewildered “Every woman in Sunnydale wants to make me her cuddle-monkey.” [X]
Categories of Art
Authors: Walton Kendall L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Paintings and sculptures are to be looked at; sonatas and songs are to be heard. What is important about such works of art is what can be seen or heard in them. This apparent truism has inspired attempts by aesthetic theorists to purge from criticism of works of art supposedly extraneous excursions into matters not available to inspection of the works and to focus attention narrowly on the works themselves. Circumstances connected with a work ‘s origin, in particular, are frequently held to have no essential bearing on an assessment of its aesthetic nature. Thus, critics are advised to ignore how and when a work was created, the artist ‘s intentions in creating it, his philosophical views, psychological state and personal life, the artistic traditions and intellectual atmosphere of his society, and so forth. Once produced, it is argued, a work must stand or fall on its own; it must be judged for what it is, regardless of how it came to be as it is.
Style and the Products and Processes of Art
Authors: Walton Kendall L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A curious fact about our concept of style is that we seem unable to make up our minds about what sorts of things have styles. Works of art—paintings, plays, buildings, sculptures, operas—are said to be in one or another style, and so are objects such as bathing suits, neckties, and automobiles. But we often think of styles as ways of doing things, ways of performing actions. There are styles of teaching, styles of travel, styles of chess playing, and styles of selling insurance. Are styles attributes of objects, or of actions? James Ackerman regards them as attributes of objects, of works of art:
Treatment Approaches for Men Who Batter Their Partners
Authors: Hamberger L Kevin , Lohr Jeffrey M , Parker Lisa M , Witte Tricia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A number of models have evolved to help male batterers end intimate partner violence (IPV). Research has shown that treatment to end IPV has a beneficial but weak impact. Research has only recently begun to compare the effectiveness of different batterer treatment models. Matching type of batterer with type of treatment approach may improve treatment effectiveness.
“Restructuring” and the Order of Aspectual and Root Modal Heads
Authors: Cinque Guglielmo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If functional affixes and particles are interpreted as the overt realization of distinct functional heads (Baker 1985, Pollock 1989, Ouhalla 1988, 1991a, Chomsky 1995: chap. 2, among others), there is reason to posit the existence of a substantial number of distinct aspectual heads (ordered among each other): Having no cross-linguistic evidence at my disposal concerning the relative orders of the corresponding affixes or particles, I made no systematic attempt there to integrate in this order such aspectual heads as Asppredispositional, Aspdelayed (or “finally”), Aspinceptive, Aspfrutrative/success, and Aspconative. The positions occupied by root modals with respect to the other heads of (1) were also left partly open. In what follows, I would like to present some facts, internal to just one language, Italian, which appear to offer some evidence for ordering these heads among one another and within the larger hierarchy in (1) (at least under the analysis of “restructuring” proposed in chapter 1, the main features of which will be sketched directly).2 No existing analysis of “restructuring” offers, it seems, a natural account of why the transparency effects characteristic of this phenomenon occur across languages with just the classes of modal, aspectual, and movement verbs (all analyses assume some form of arbitrary lexical specification or arbitrary semantic condition). The analysis sketched in chapter 1 centers instead on the fact that these verbs are the only verbs whose meaning happens to correspond to a particular functional head of the universal hierarchy proposed in Cinque (1999) independently of the “restructuring” phenomenon.
Responsibility And Alternative Possibilities
Authors: Fischer John Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is a set of challenges to the intuitive and natural picture of ourselves as having a certain sort of control. This sort of control implies that we have various genuinely open pathways branching into the future. The basic problem with this picture is that it may require us to have an implausible power over the past or natural laws. Thus, it is not clear that we do in fact have the sort of control that implies alternative possibilities. And if moral responsibility and personhood require this sort of control, it is not clear that we can legitimately hold each other morally responsible for our behavior and indeed conceive of each other as persons. Because of the power and persistence of the skeptical challenges to our having the sort of control that involves alternative possibilities, perhaps it is advisable to ask whether we really do require this sort of control, after all.
Bisphenol-A Polysulfone
Authors: Wu Sizhu , Madkour Tarek M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Major Applications Medical and household appliances that are sterilizable by hot air and steam such as corrosion-resistant piping and injection molded engineering parts. Also used in electric and electronic applications and as membranes for reverse gas streams and gas separation. Properties of Special Interest High-performance thermoplastic of relatively low flammability. Amorphous, high-creep resistance, and stable electrical properties over wide temperature and frequency ranges. Transparent with good thermal and hydrolytic resistance. High alkaline stability.
Cellulose Acetate
Authors: Yang Yong 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Major Applications Textile fibers, cigarette filters, plastics for molding and extrusion, films for photography and recording tape, LCD display, drug release modifier, sheeting, lacquers, protective coatings for paper, metal, and glass, adhesive for photographic film, ink reservoirs for fiber tip pens, absorbent cloths, and wipes. Preparative Techniques Cellulose acetate is made from processed wood pulp (cellulose). The pulp is processed using acetic anhydride to form acetate flake from which products are made. Another technique for producing cellulose acetate involves treating cotton with acetic acid, using sulfuric acid as a catalyst.
Cyclic Poly(dimethylsiloxane)
Authors: Clarson Stephen J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cyclic poly(dimethylsiloxanes) and their Properties Polymer molecules may have a variety of architectural structures such as linear, ring, star, branched and ladder chains, and also three-dimensional network structures. The first synthetic cyclic polymers to be prepared and characterized were the poly(dimethysiloxanes) PDMS which were reported in 1977. Since then, a number of other cyclic polymers have been synthesized which include cyclic polystyrene, cyclic poly(phenylmethylsiloxane), cyclic poly(2-vinylpyridine), cyclic polybutadiene, and cyclic poly(vinylmethylsiloxane). The preparation of cyclic poly(dimethysiloxanes) is achieved by isolating the distribution of cyclic PDMS [(CH3)2SiO]x from PDMS ring–chain equilibration reactions carried out either in the bulk state or in solution. The successful utilization of such reactions for preparing large ring molecules is largely due to the extensive experiments performed on characterizing this system. Also, there is a good theoretical understanding of the reactions through the Jacobson–Stockmayer cyclization theory when used in conjunction with the rotational isomeric state model for PDMS. After attaining an equilibrium distribution of rings, vacuum fractional distillation and preparative gel permeation chromatography (GPC) may be used to prepare sharp fractions of the cyclic siloxanes having narrow molar mass distributions. Such methods allow the preparation of cyclic PDMS samples containing up to 1000 skeletal bonds, on average, on a gram scale. The molar mass for each polymer and the polydispersity may then be characterized using techniques such as gas chromatography (GC), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), analytical gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and other methods.