bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Lambert Code: Can We Define Best Practice?
Authors: Shattock Michael 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe article explores the proposals put forward in the Lambert Report for reforms in university governance. It compares the recommendation for a Code with the analogue Combined Code which regulates corporate governance in companies and draws a distinction between attempts, from the Cadbury Report in 1992 to the Higgs Review in 2003, to create board structures which will reduce the prospect of misgovernance, and the underlying aim of Lambert to improve university performance through governance change. It argues that analogies between university governing bodies and company boards are misleading and that university governing bodies, on their own, are almost by definition unable to fulfill the criteria of an ‘effective board’ laid down in the DTI Report on TransTec. It suggests that a Guide on Governance which encourages institutional self determination is a better basis for sustaining institutional autonomy, which is a key ingredient to encouraging high levels of performance, than a Government backed Code which risks reducing institutional diversity and cutting across existing legal instruments. It concludes that the proposed Code is a distraction from serious consideration of what factors encourage improved institutional performance.
Changing Internal Governance: A Discussion of Leadership Roles and Management Structures in UK Universities
Authors: Middlehurst Robin 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA series of reviews over the past six years – from Dearing (NCIHE, 1997) to Lambert (Lambert, 2003) – have addressed the question of whether the structure and process of ‘governance’ in higher education is fit for modern times. This is a proper question to ask as operating environments change and pressures on institutional resources increase. Indeed, it is not coincidental that both the recent government‐sponsored reports and those of the previous decade (Jarratt, 1985; NAB, 1987) were associated with significant financial changes in the sector. There are further parallels in that both the reports of the 1980s and those of the later period heralded legislative changes that produced – or will produce – new patterns of higher education provision in the UK (Education Reform Act, 1988; Further and Higher Education Act, 1992; Higher Education Act, 2004).The messages from the reports and White Papers (DES, 1987; DES, 1991; DfES, 2003) published in this twenty‐year period have remained broadly similar, even though the wider environment has altered significantly. ‘Increase efficiency, find new sources of income and improve performance across an ever‐widening range of activities and services’ have been the watchwords of successive governments. Given the consistency of the message, it is useful to analyse the changes that universities have been making to meet these requirements and to consider what further changes may be needed in the light of new external challenges. The first part of the paper offers a historical perspective before addressing the evolution of leadership roles and management structures from the late 1980s. The second part considers some of the current drivers of internal and external change before discussing the kind of changes in internal governance that are emerging and that should be considered for the future. I conclude by arguing for a shift in focus from structure and roles to people and processes in the task of leading change in universities.
The Probability of Rapid Climate Change
Authors: Challenor Peter 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
If you look at a map of the air temperature of the surface of the Earth, you will see that North West Europe, including the UK, is warmer than Alaska, which is at the same latitude but on the Pacific rather than Atlantic Ocean. At school you were probably told that this was because of the Gulf Stream. However, there is a very similar current in the Pacific—the Kuroshio—which takes warm water north past Japan and then out into the Atlantic. Peter Challenor asks: What is the unique feature of the Atlantic that keeps us warm and could it change in the next few years?
Purposes, Methods, Philosophies
Authors: Armitage Peter 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Peter Armitage has enjoyed a long and distinguished career in biostatistics, and has also given considerable thought to the way in which statistics is taught to non-mathematicians, perhaps because, he says jokingly, he always found maths a bit difficult himself. Now in retirement, he is still communicating statistical ideas in his rôle as Editor of the Encyclopedia of Biostatistics.
Evidence for the formation of sodium hassate(VIII)
Authors: von Zweidorf André , Brüchle W. , Bürger S. , Hummrich H. , Kratz Jens Volker , Kuczewski B. , Langrock G. , Rieth U. , Schädel M. , Trautmann N. , Tsukada K. , Wiehl N. 
Published: December 2004

SummaryHassium, element 108, was produced in the fusion reaction between26Mg and248Cm. The hassium recoils were oxidizedin-situto a highly volatile oxide, presumably HsO4, and were transported in a mixture of He and O2to a deposition and detection system. The latter consisted of 16 silicon PIN-photodiodes facing a layer of NaOH, which served, in the presence of a certain partial pressure of water in the transport gas, as reactive surface for the deposition of the volatile tetroxides. Six correlated α-decay chains of Hs were detected in the first 5 detectors centred around detection position 3. In analogy to OsO4, which forms Na2[OsO4(OH)2], an osmate(VIII), with aqueous NaOH, HsO4presumably was deposited as Na2[HsO4(OH)2], a hassate(VIII).
Uranium(VI) complexes with sugar phosphates in aqueous solution
Authors: Koban A. , Geipel Gerhard , Roßberg A. , Bernhard G. 
Published: December 2004

Summary
The complex formation in the aqueous systems of uranium(VI) with glucose 6-phosphate (G6P) and fructose 6-phosphate (F6P) were studied using potentiometric titration, TRLFS, and EXAFS. Two complexes with a uranyl-to-ligand ratio of 1:1 and 1:2 for both sugars were observed. Complex stability constants were determined by potentiometric titration for both complexes to be log β11(G6P)=5.89±0.40, log β12(G6P)=9.45±0.08, log β11(F6P)=5.72±0.21, and log β12(F6P)=9.54±0.09. Stability constants could be determined with TRLFS under the specific experimental conditions only for the 1:1 complexes: log β11(G6P)=6.35±0.28, and log β11(F6P)=5.66±0.17.
The TRLFS measurements results show the UO2G6P complex to exhibit no fluorescence properties. For this system, only a decrease of the fluorescence intensity with increasing ligand concentration was observed. For the UO2F6P system, a red shift of the fluorescence emission bands of about 8 to 9 nm compared to the free uranyl ion was observed. The fluorescence emission wavelengths of the UO2F6P complex were determined to be 483, 496, 518, 542, and 567 nm, and the lifetime of this complex is 0.13±0.05 μs.
Uranium L
III-edge EXAFS measurements at pH 3.5, 4.0, and 5.5 yielded a shortened U–Oeq bond distance (2.30±0.02 to 2.37±0.02 Å), compared to the UO2
2+(H2O)5 ion (2.40±0.02 Å), due to a monodentate coordination via the oxygen atoms of the phosphate group.
Synthesis of malonic acid-functionalized Amberlite XAD-4 and its use in solid phase extraction/preconcentrative separation of thorium(IV)
Authors: Metilda P. , Gladis J. Mary , Prasada Rao T. 
Published: December 2004

Summary
A new chelating polymer has been developed wherein Amberlite XAD-4 has been functionalized by coupling it with diethylmalonate after acetylation. The resulting resin has been characterized by IR spectral and microanalysis studies and has been used for preconcentrative separation of thorium(IV) in the presence of alkali, alkaline earth, transition elements and lanthanides. Various physico-chemical parameters influencing the sorption of thorium(IV) onto the polymeric matrix was investigated and optimized by both batch and column methods. Quantitative extraction of thorium(IV) was obtained in the pH range 6.0–8.0. The sorption capacity of the malonic acid functionalized resin is 19.28 mg per g of polymer with an enrichment factor of 500. Moreover, the system showed faster exchange kinetics for extraction of thorium(IV) thus resulting in quantitative enrichment at flow rates as high as 16.0 cm3/min using 0.2 g of resin packed column (7 mm dia). Five replicate determinations of 10 μg of thorium(IV) present in 2.5 dm3 of sample solution gave a mean absorbance of 0.160 with a relative standard deviation of 2.54%. The detection limit corresponding to 3 times the standard deviation of the blank was found to be 0.2 μg dm3. The developed procedure has been successfully utilized for the estimation of thorium(IV) content of pure rare earth chloride solution collected from Indian Rare Earths Limited, Alwaye, India.
Determination of natural radioactivity in building materials used in the Karachi area by γ-ray spectrometry and INAA
Authors: Zaidi Jamshed H. , Arif M. , Fatima I. 
Published: December 2004

Summary
Samples of sand, stone and manufactured building materials collected from Karachi area have been analyzed for the primordial natural radionuclides 238U, 232Th and 40K using γ-ray spectrometry. The uranium and thorium contents have also been determined by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). The specific activities in these materials, having a radium equivalent activity less than 370 Bq kg–1, when evaluated for radiological effects show that all materials meet the external γ-ray dose limitation of 1.5 mSv y–1. The γ-ray spectrometric and INAA techniques complemented each other well in this study.
Improved targetry and production of iodine-124 for PET studies
Authors: Glaser Matthias , Mackay D. B. , Ranicar A. S. O. , Waters S. L. , Brady F. , Luthra S. K. 
Published: December 2004

Summary
Iodine-124 (T
1/2=4.18 d) is an important radionuclide for preclinical research in positron emission tomography (PET). We describe an improved method to produce and extract 124I from a solid [124Te]TeO2 target efficiently using the dry distillation technique. Our process is based on remote hot cell handling and was optimised to achieve efficiencies better than 90% with an average thick target yield of 9.0±1.0 MBq/μAh (n=47, corrected for decay). The technology is safe and reduces the dose to the operator.
Picolinic Acids as Inhibitors of Dopamine β‐Monooxygenase: QSAR and Putative Binding Site
Authors: Dove Stefan 
Published: December 2004

AbstractDopamine β‐monooxygenase (DBM, EC 1.14.17.1) catalyzes the oxidation of dopamine into (R)‐noradrenaline. DBM inhibitors may act as antihypertensive drugs. A series of 22 picolinic acids substituted in 4‐ and 5‐position was previously synthesized and tested for inhibition of DBM from bovine adrenal medulla. The QSAR of these compounds were investigated by Hansch analysis and comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA). The correlation of pI50 values with electronic (nucleophilic substituent constant σp—, oxygen net charges and highest occupied molecular orbital energy calculated by AMPAC‐AM1), hydrophobic (π values of R4) and steric descriptors (molar refraction and Sterimol parameters of R5) indicated that a more negatively charged carboxylate moiety, more lipophilic R4 groups as well as wider bulk and higher molar refraction of 5‐substituents increase DBM inhibition. The CoMFA approach generally reproduced these QSAR in terms of steric and electrostatic field variables, the latter restricted to the carboxylate area. To predict a putative binding site, dopamine and fusaric acid were docked into a partial homology model of DBM derived from a crystal structure of peptidylglycine α‐hydroxylating monooxygenase (EC 1.14.17.3). The inhibitor is suggested to interact by its carboxylate group with the copper site CuB and the protonated amino group of dopamine according to the uncompetitive type of inhibition. R4 points to a tyrosine side chain. R5 protrudes into the fringe of the catalytic crevice. It may “freeze” to the solvated surface of polar amino acids and additionally contact an isoleucine residue. Taken together, the model explains the QSAR results by corresponding types of interaction.
Analysis of Drug Action on Tumor Cell Metabolism Using Electronic Sensor Chips
Authors: Otto Angela M. , Brischwein Martin , Motrescu Elena , Wolf Bernhard 
Published: December 2004

AbstractChemotherapeutic drugs affect the metabolism of tumor cells regardless of the specific target of action. Basic parameters of cell metabolism are extrusion of acids into the microenvironment and oxygen consumption. To analyze these changes on living cells in real‐time, a test system based on multiparametric chips with an array of sensors for monitoring pH and O2 as well as electric impedance has been developed. Cells are cultivated on these chips and supplied with medium by a fluid perfusion set‐up which mimics microphysiological conditions and allows for drug addition and removal. Human colon carcinoma cells LS174T were used as a model to test the effect of drugs. Cells growing on chips were monitored for 24 h and longer. Untreated cells showed a continuous increase in the rate of acidification, while the rate of respiration remained fairly constant. Addition of chloroacetaldehyde (50 μM) rapidly attenuated O2 consumption with a gradual decrease in acidification following. In contrast, with cisplatin (16.7 μM) a delayed and gradual decrease in both the rates of acidification and respiration effect occurred over 2—3 days. These results provide insights to the mechanisms of action of these drugs, which are coherent with those already known. Thus, multiparametric sensor chips provide elementary information on drug action.
Team‐based learning in a medical gross anatomy and embryology course
Authors: Nieder Gary L. , Parmelee Dean X. , Stolfi Adrienne , Hudes Patricia D. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe application of team‐based learning (TBL) as a major component of a medical gross anatomy course was evaluated. TBL is a method of small group instruction that addresses some of the shortcomings of other small‐group teaching approaches. The core components of TBL were instituted in 12 small group sessions in the course. Each session included objective‐oriented assignments, an individual readiness assurance test, a group readiness assurance test and a group application problem. Peer evaluation was carried out on a regular basis. Scores from TBL session activities and course examinations were analyzed and compared to previous years' course performance. Student course evaluation data and faculty feedback were also collected. Student evaluation data and faculty response indicated strong support for the TBL method as it was implemented in the course. Faculty noted improvements in students' day‐to‐day preparedness and group problem solving skills. Students' mean scores on exams were not significantly different from those of previous years. There was, however, a significantly smaller variance in examination scores that was reflected in a lower course failure rate compared to previous years. Correlation analyses of TBL and examination performance suggested that individual readiness assurance test performance is a good predictor of examination performance. TBL proved to be a superior method for small group learning in our anatomy course. Student performance suggested that TBL may most benefit academically at‐risk students who are forced to study more consistently, are provided regular feedback on their preparedness and given the opportunity to develop higher reasoning skills. Clin. Anat. 18:56–63, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Decharging of Globular Proteins and Protein Complexes in Electrospray
Authors: Catalina M. Isabel , van den Heuvel Robert H. H. , van Duijn Esther , Heck Albert J. R. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractElectrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS) is a valuable tool in structural biology for investigating globular proteins and their biomolecular interactions. During the electrospray ionization process, proteins become desolvated and multiply charged, which may influence their structure. Reducing the net charge obtained during the electrospray process may be relevant for studying globular proteins. In this report we demonstrate the effect of a series of inorganic and organic gas‐phase bases on the number of charges that proteins and protein complexes attain. Solution additives with very strong gas‐phase basicities (GB) were identified among the so‐called “proton sponges”. The gas‐phase proton affinities (PA) of the compounds that were added to the aqueous protein solutions ranged from 700 to 1050 kJ mol−1. Circular dichroism studies showed that in these solutions the proteins retain their globular structures. The size of the proteins investigated ranged from the 14.3 kDa lysozyme up to the 800 kDa tetradecameric chaperone complex GroEL. Decharging of the proteins in the electrospray process by up to 60 % could be achieved by adding the most basic compounds rather than the more commonly used ammonium acetate additive. This decharging process probably results from proton competition events between the multiply protonated protein ions and the basic additives just prior to the final desolvation. We hypothesize that such globular protein species, which attain relatively few charges during the ionization event, obtain a gas‐phase structure that more closely resembles their solution‐phase structure. Thus, these basic additives can be useful in the study of the biologically relevant properties of globular proteins by using mass spectrometry.
Crystal Overgrowth on Gold Nanorods: Tuning the Shape, Facet, Aspect Ratio, and Composition of the Nanorods
Authors: Song Jae Hee , Kim Franklin , Kim Daniel , Yang Peidong 
Published: December 2004

AbstractElectrochemically prepared Au nanorods were used as seeds for the overgrowth of thin shells of gold, silver, and palladium by using a mild reducing agent, ascorbic acid, in the presence of surfactants at ambient condition. The unique crystal facets of the starting nanorods results in anisotropic crystal overgrowth. The overgrowth rates along different crystallographical directions can be further regulated by adding foreign ions or by using different metal reduction methods. This overgrowth study provides insights on how different metal ions could be reduced preferentially on different Au nanorod surfaces, so that the composition, aspect ratio, shape, and facet of the resulting nanostructures can be rationally tuned. These surfactant‐stabilized bimetallic AucoreMshell (M=Au, Ag, Pd) nanorod colloids might serve as better substrates in surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy as well as exhibiting enhanced catalytic properties.
The impact of socioeconomic status and race on trial participation for older women with breast cancer
Authors: Gross Cary P. , Filardo Giovanni , Mayne Susan T. , Krumholz Harlan M. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDOlder women, and older minorities in particular, are under represented in breast cancer trials. Although socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with both race and age, to the authors' knowledge little is known regarding the impact of SES on trial enrollment among older women with breast cancer.METHODSThe authors performed a case–control study comparing women who were participants in National Cancer Institute cooperative group breast cancer trials (cases) with a population‐based sample of breast cancer patients (controls) obtained from the linked Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)‐Medicare data base. The sample was restricted to women age ≥ 65 years who were living in SEER areas. Proxies for SES included the proportion of the population below poverty level (by zip code) and unemployed (by county) as well those with Medicaid insurance coverage. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to test the association of SES with trial participation after accounting for other patient and county characteristics.RESULTSIn bivariate analysis, trial participants were significantly less likely than community cancer patients to reside in high‐poverty zip codes (20.9% vs. 24.9%, respectively; P < 0.001) or to have Medicaid insurance (2.0% vs. 10.0%; P < 0.0001). After adjusting for race, age, and county, trial participation remained inversely related to residing in areas with high poverty (odds ratio [OR] vs. residents of remaining counties, 0.78; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.62–0.98), high unemployment rates (OR vs. residents of residents of counties in the lowest quartile, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.35–0.71), and having Medicaid insurance (OR vs. women without Medicaid, 0.22; 95% CI, 0.13–0.37); black race was not found to be related to trial participation (OR for black vs. white, 1.0; 95% CI, 0.67–1.47).CONCLUSIONSLow SES was associated inversely with trial enrollment for older women with breast cancer and appeared to account for the enrollment disparities between black patients and white patients. Future efforts to enhance enrollment of elderly women in cancer research should identify specific barriers related to SES that may be amenable to intervention. Cancer 2005. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Wiring Enzymes in Nanostructures Built with Electrostatically Self‐Assembled Thin Films
Authors: Calvo Ernesto J. , Wolosiuk Alejandro 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe construction of electrostatically self‐assembled intelligent nanostructures on electrodes with redox enzyme layers and redox polymer molecular wires defined in space allowed the analysis of redox charge transport from the redox enzyme to the electrode along nanometric distances. Recent results on the electrical connection of enzymes to electrodes and perspectives of generating electrical signals from molecular recognition in integrated enzyme electrodes are discussed.
Magnetic Circular Dichroism Study of Directly Fused Porphyrins
Authors: Muranaka Atsuya , Yokoyama Masaki , Matsumoto Yotaro , Uchiyama Masanobu , Tsuda Akihiko , Osuka Atsuhiro , Kobayashi Nagao 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectra of doubly and triply linked fused bisporphyrins (2MDand2MT, M=Ni, Zn, Cu, Pd, and H2) and triply linked higher oligomers (3ZnTand4ZnT) have been measured, and their Q‐bands assigned based on the results of INDO/s calculations. In contrast to the FaradayAterm observed for the Q(0,0) band of NiIItetraphenylporphyrin, a single positive FaradayBterm was observed for the lowest energy transition of the fused systems. The calculations indicated that the molecular orbitals (MOs) of the directly fused porphyrins consist of linear combinations of the constituent monomeric MOs, and that the effect of lowering the symmetry is always larger on the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) than on the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO). On the basis of Michl's perimeter model, these features can be correlated with the observed positive MCD signs in the near infrared region. A weak absorption band at 600–700 nm for the fused dimers can be assigned to a short‐axis polarized Q transition.
Alkali‐Metal Salts of Aromatic Carboxylic Acids: Liquid Crystals without Flexible Chains
Authors: Van Deun Rik , Ramaekers Jan , Nockemann Peter , Van Hecke Kristof , Van Meervelt Luc , Binnemans Koen 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe alkali‐metal salts of meta‐substituted benzoic acids exhibit a smectic A mesophase at high temperatures. These compounds are examples of liquid crystals without terminal alkyl chains. The influence of the metal ion and of the type of substituents on the transition temperatures is discussed. Compounds with the substituent in the ortho‐ and para‐positions are non‐mesomorphic. The crystal structures of the compounds Rb(C7H4ClO2)(C7H4ClO2H), Na(C7H4IO2)(H2O), K(C7H4ClO2)(C7H4ClO2H) and Rb(C7H4BrO2)(C7H4BrO2H) have been determined by X‐ray crystallography. These compounds possess a layerlike structure in the solid state. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)