bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Context
Authors: Fossel Michael B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This bald statement, shorn of caveats and qualifications, is a simplistic (and so inaccurate) statement of the cell senescence model of aging. While reflecting the central tenet of this book, the model as proposed is complex, misunderstood, and ardently disputed and has little direct, confirming data. Despite this, a growing body of experimental work and the powerful implications of the hypothesis (Fossel, 1996; Liu, 1999) make it imperative that the model be defined, allowing it to become understood, testable, and perhaps even disproved.
Nervous System
Authors: Fossel Michael B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The human nervous system is ignorant when young, stores a great deal of information as it matures, but has considerable problems with access and processing that information as it grows older. The basis of this failure is known in outline, but the causes of aging and age-related disease in the central nervous system largely escape us. The bulk of our clinical interest lies in the central nervous system, most attributable to two major categories of disease: the dementias and cerebral infarcts.
Basic Research and Observations
Authors: Wenegrat Brant 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The theatrical model is rooted in research and observations from social psychology, sociology, and anthropology. First, modern studies show that human behavior is strongly controlled by social cues. Since people may be unaware of the causes of their behavior, they may be unaware that they are responding to cues. People also enact social roles, sometimes in response to cues. Researchers have shown that enacting a particular social role can change beliefs and attitudes so that these become consistent with the role enacted. Finally, individuals differ with respect to their propensities to enact new social roles in general and illness roles in particular. To lay the foundation for the study of illness behaviors, I briefly describe some research from social psychology and sociology that pertains to each of these points. Anthropological research is cited in chapter 3.
Recovered Memory Roles
Authors: Wenegrat Brant 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the past two decades, increasing numbers of patients have reported recovering memories of severe abuse or trauma that no one else, except, presumably, the perpetrators, had known about previously. In most cases, the trauma recalled was child sexual abuse, but in some cases the trauma was ritual abuse by satanic covens. Therapists who treat such patients theorize that memories of extremely traumatic events, especially of early sexual molestation, are so painful that they are barred from awareness by repression or dissociation.1 “Repressed” memories are those that are strictly forbidden to surface, while “dissociated” memories are allowed expression only when the patient is in an alternate state of mind, as in MPD. Whether in the context of MPD or another disorder, repressed or dissociated memories are thought to cause various symptoms, both mental and physical. Patients with repressed memories of childhood rape, for example, may fear intimacy with others or have undiagnosable pelvic pain.
Discovering and Documenting the Life of a Community
Authors: Hardcastle David A , Powers Patricia R , Wenocur Stanley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How enjoyable it is to learn what makes a town tick—whether a quiet town with one grain elevator or a toddlin’ town like Chicago. The process takes us into libraries (research) and along thoroughfares (experience). A library provides facts and analyses about urban areas. We can learn that the largest concentration of Filipinos in the United States is near San Francisco (Eljera, 2000). We can analyze what underlies changes in the urban neighborhood of Kibby Corners in Lima, Ohio (Li, 1996). However, conventional publications do not convey daily life for new Hispanic residents along the thoroughfares of Wisconsin and New Jersey—that entails footwork and a reading of ethnic newspapers. Similarly, libraries allow us to delve into rural areas (Homan, 1994, p. 100). For instance, nonmetropolitan areas can be classified; they can be manufacturing dependent, mining dependent, persistent poverty counties, retirement destinations, and so forth. Certainly, we want to identify a place’s economic base and population characteristics (Davenport & Davenport, 1995, p. 2077). On the other hand, we want details about how this rural place functions and affects people, and that entails probing. Question: What is the current concern of the local planning board? Answer: Whether sidewalks should be added downtown. Question: How does local law enforcement plan to mount an antidrug program here? Answer: By asking residents to write down the names of suspected users and dealers and slide the paper under the town hall door (R. V. Demaree, personal communication, January 2, 1995).
Using Self in Community Practice: Assertiveness
Authors: Hardcastle David A , Powers Patricia R , Wenocur Stanley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Consider how dancers and social workers are alike. Both respect highly developed use-of-self1 abilities that contribute to professional accomplishments and benefits for others. Initiative and persistence also are basic to any success. While ballet and modern dance both require the same mastery over the body and an ability to relate to an audience, each requires specialized abilities; similarly, clinical work and community work draw on the same aptitudes while requiring the refinement of specific proficiencies.
Using Your Agency
Authors: Hardcastle David A , Powers Patricia R , Wenocur Stanley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Organizations are necessary and important because they enable people to accomplish collectively what cannot be accomplished by individuals acting on their own. The maintenance of complex industrial societies is inconceivable without the existence of large-scale organizations, together with a great number of very small organizations. As social workers, we will likely spend most of our professional lives practicing in human service organizations—governmental (public), nongovernmental nonprofit agencies, and proprietary organizations. These organizations profoundly affect our personal and professional well-being. Regardless of our talents and skills, organizational structure, culture, and management strongly influence how well and in what manner we are able to deliver services, that is, how well we are able to do the professional work for which we were trained. At the same time, our work organizations affect our self-image, our livelihoods, and our sense of accomplishment and worth as human beings. For these reasons, understanding how organizations operate is critical. We need organizational knowledge to create a personally and professionally more satisfying and capable work environment.
Using Networks and Networking
Authors: Hardcastle David A , Powers Patricia R , Wenocur Stanley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Clients with multiple problems and needs are increasing. An abusive mother may require income assistance, job training, day care, psychosocial therapy, parenting education and skills, and other social supports to change her behavior. If the father is present, family therapy may be needed. If not, she may need assistance in obtaining absent parent financial and social supports. Rarely are all needed services available from a single agency; usually they must be obtained from many autonomous organizations. The social worker and the client will need to construct and manage a service network. Whittaker, Garbarino, and associates (1983) and others (Payne, 2000; Travillion, 1999) hold that assessing, developing, and managing social networks and assisting clients in their assessment, development, and management of social networks is the crux of social work practice. Client needs generally do not coincide with a single agency’s service packets. The sheer number of agencies with varying service arrangements and regulations and a client’s informal social supports generates management complexity for the individual client and social worker and demands commensurate network management skills. Networks are equally important to macro community practice, which largely consists of building and managing social networks. Social workers network when they refer clients to other agencies, help clients develop social supports, and work with social action coalitions.
Using the Advocacy Spectrum
Authors: Hardcastle David A , Powers Patricia R , Wenocur Stanley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Economic goods are not the only kind of goods that are subject to considerations of justice; a minimal amount of a wide variety of social and psychological goods is also owed to each member of society as a matter of justice. As agents for change, we need to explore where we want to go and how to get there—ends and means. Therefore, this chapter will cover different types of advocacy available to practitioners. Advocacy and action have been conceptualized here in a variety of ways to illustrate the far-reaching nature and flexibility of these practice tools. Empowerment is a secondary focus. Another purpose of the chapter is to facilitate better communication between microand macropractitioners by spotlighting language and leaders of importance to change agents.
Training Eight-to Fourteen-Year-Old Children to Sing
Authors: Bartle Jean Ashworth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To build an outstanding children’s choir, the conductor must understand the basic tenets of singing. Exquisite tone, effective breath support, clear diction, musical phrasing, and perfect intonation are among the concepts that need to be nurtured during every rehearsal. When these concepts have been mastered, children should be introduced to a variety of musical styles and the communication needed to interpret and perform them. The selection of suitable repertoire is of paramount importance if the children are going to succeed in all of these areas.
A Developmental Perspective on Developmental Instability: Theory, Models, and Mechanisms
Authors: Klingenberg Christian Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The study of fluctuating asymmetry (FA) has become a burgeoning field in evolutionary biology (reviewed, for example, by Palmer and Strobeck 1986; Palmer 19966; Moller and Swaddle 1997). Most of these studies use FA as a measure of “developmental instability,” “developmental stability,” or “developmental noise,” but usually are less than explicit about the specific meaning of these concepts. Although these three key terms all contain the modifier “developmental,” it is unclear how the notions of instability, stability, or noise in theories of FA relate to the mechanisms that are the central issue of developmental biology. Indeed, it is unsettling to realize how little is known on the actual processes that generate FA. How can we rely on FA if we do not know exactly how it works? Empirical studies of FA for the most part are phenomenological rather than mechanistic. Even those studies that explicitly address the development of asymmetry in particular traits are mostly descriptive or infer from patterns of morphological variation to the processes that generated them. A number of these are longitudinal studies following the asymmetry of individual organisms through a number of growth stages (Chippindale and Palmer 1993; Moller 1996; Collin 1997; Swaddle and Witter 1997; Aparicio 1998; Tomkins 1999), whereas others base inferences on within- or between-species relationships between FA and age or size (Hallgrimsson 1993; Teather 1996; Hallgrimsson 1998, 1999). Even a study that used experimental manipulation to generate asymmetry did not unambiguously identify the specific mechanisms involved (Klingenberg and Nijhout 1998).
“ .. It Is Imperative to Advance Russian Nationalism as the First Priority” Debates within the Stalinist Ideological Establishment, 1941-1945
Authors: Brandenberger David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Faced With The Threat Of War and the need for societal mobilization, Soviet ideologists assumed an increasingly pragmatic, populist posture during the mid-to late 1930s. Prerevolutionary historical imagery was deployed to popularize the reigning Marxist-Leninist ideology, something that led in 1937 to the rehabilitation of Peter the Great, Aleksandr Nevskii, and other beloved heroes, myths, and iconography from the Russian national past. An initiative that at times threatened to compromise the regime’s commitment to internationalism and class consciousness, such a volte-face was viewed within the party hierarchy as the most expedient way to mobilize popular patriotic sentiments and loyalty among the USSR’s poorly educated citizenry.
Measurement of Trend (a 2 by c Table)
Authors: Selvin Steve 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To compare the frequency of infants with a single congenital malformation to that of infants with multiple congenital malformations, focusing on evaluating changes over time. DATA Extensive data on infants with major congenital malformations are routinely collected as part of a state surveillance system called the California Birth Defects Monitoring Program. Records of infants identified as having a single major malformation or more than one major malformation were obtained from this program. A selection of these infants was made from the years 1983 to 1991 in two Bay Area counties (San Francisco and Santa Clara). A total of 9119 sampled infants were tabulated by the number of birth defects (rows: more than one major birth defect and only one major birth defect) and the year of birth (columns: year of birth-1983, 1984, ... , 1991), forming a 2 by 9 table. Since no population at risk is recorded, it should be kept in mind that these data cannot be used to compute rates of birth defects (estimate risk) but were collected to study the trends in the frequency of multiple defects over time.
Odds Ratio and Relative Risk
Authors: Selvin Steve 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Individuals with Alzheimer’s disease were randomly divided into two groups. One group received a placebo (26 patients), and the other received a treatment of lecithin (25 patients). However, three patients refused the treatment. It was hoped that the treated group would show a slower rate of cognitive loss. Each subject participated in the trial for six months. A memory recall test was administered to all 48 participants at the beginning of the trial period and at the end of the period, producing two scores for each participant.
Survival Analysis (Cox’s Proportional Hazards Model)
Authors: Selvin Steve 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The San Francisco Men’s Health Study is based on a sample of 1034 single men ages 24 to 54 years. These men were recruited using a multistage prob­ ability sample and were followed from July 1984 to December 1987. Mem­ bers of the cohort were interviewed and examined every six months. The vital status of 88.5% of these men was known. Other studies have noted an association of initial low CD4 lymphocyte counts and high /32-microglobulin levels with a poor prognosis and increased severity of AIDS. A group of 88 HIV-positive homosexual/bisexual men were identified among the partici­ pants of the Men’s Health Study. The progression time experiences of these men were analyzed to describe the role of these two measures in predicting the time from the diagnosis of HIV-positive status to the conversion to AIDS, referred to as survival time. By December 1987, there were 37 HIV-positive study participants and 51 participants with AIDS available for analysis.
Air Column
Authors: Debost Michel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In my terminology, the air column is not only the air inside the instrument, nor is it the flow of air from the lungs to the lips. The air column is a continuous unit from the inner part of the body to the tip of the foot joint. Thereafter it unfortunately escapes our control, even if the medium (air) keeps resonating. The physical definition of musical sound is a vibration carried by a medium (air). I define the air column as every part of the body or of the instrument in contact, directly or indirectly, with air. This includes the air not only in the lungs and in the mouth, but also in the cavities of the nose, forehead, and inner ear that singers, with good reason, call resonators. Everyone’s voice or flute tone is unique, due in great part to the characteristic sound components of these resonators. Resonance of the sound implies that none of the various elements of the air column counteracts the others: diaphragm, throat, mouth, nose, and nose cavities.7 Moyse used to compare the air column to a fountain. If it is well set, the flow is smooth and regular. If it is too weak, it breaks. If it is too strong, it splashes.
Attacks
Authors: Debost Michel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This word has an aggressive connotation, but is well understood by most wind players. Singing coaches prefer to use the word “onset.” The French language’s idiomatic tu attack cannot be reproduced in English. At best, a tu replica would be too, a muddy attack, or worse yet, tew. Both, however, are better than the ta or da jaw-dropping sound that some people advise, to disastrous effect: there is no direction in the tone, no follow-through with the airstream. Yet, the ta or da can be useful on some dark long notes. Therefore we are left with the ti (pronounced “tea” in English.) At least it slightly pulls back the corners of the lips, to me more necessary than relaxing the cheeks. It contributes to focusing the tone and to reliable articulation. Doesn’t that remind you of the flute? “Throughout all this, the tongue plays an essential part, but it must be remembered that it is simply a kind of spring valve that contains and releases the appropriate impulse of pressure of air behind it.”19 In other words, tone production does not involve the tongue. Moreover, you must keep in mind that whatever syllable is used for attacks, the actual sound is carried by the vowel, not by the consonant, which provides the attack or articulation. So get rid of the consonant and sing the vowel. If you try to make the consonant coincide with the piano’s attack, your tone and balance will be killed and the apparent ensemble will be problematic.
Beginners
Authors: Debost Michel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Common sense at an early stage will bear flute fruit in the long term. Semiadvanced flutists and their teachers lose many hours correcting bad habits that early care could have avoided. Past the first six months of playing, my principles are not dogmatic: efficiency, comfort, pleasure, and beauty. If it works, do it and teach it. Do what you preach, and preach what you do. Those first six months, however, are crucial. Teacher and beginner should not be afraid of proceeding very slowly at first. Impatience, as well as family pressure, wants to jump ahead and hear results. But the future can be jeopardized by haste. Look how slowly and carefully young violinists start out. The method chosen should reflect this concern. My preference goes to the most progressive, not to the fastest.
Breathing1: Generalities
Authors: Debost Michel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Breathing is such an obsession with wind players that it is seen as a mechanism distinct from instrumental playing and as an entity that you could practice outside of a musical context. We have a psychological hang-up about breathing. We are afraid of silence. Upon taking a breath, we leave the last note almost with regret, as if the sound of the flute should always be heard without interruption. It is true that we have a handicap compared to reed players, who often have too much air. I have trouble believing that one can buy machines to improve breathing. It is as if exercise machines advertised with beautiful models were the secret of eternal health. Breathe as you would without a flute on your lips. Go back to simplicity. When you read a bulletin board, do you lift your shoulders? Do you stand at attention? Breathe as you would when you wait for the bus.
Diaphragm
Authors: Debost Michel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The diaphragm is a reflex muscle. It does not respond to willpower, try as we may. Its cycles, like those of most of the vital organs that operate when we sleep, dream, or play the flute, are beyond our control. Basically, it goes down upon breathing (inhaling) and up while blowing (exhaling). Should it do otherwise, flute playing and all other activities would just stop: death would ensue in short order. Since there is no sensory perception of the movements or position of the diaphragm, at any time, there is no way that we can control them. I remember very well feeling dumb and insensitive, as a student almost as much as now, when I could neither feel nor respond to professors’ commands regarding my friend the diaphragm. Only when studying medicine, a project quickly aborted by my acceptance to the Paris Conservatory, did I understand that the playing concept of diaphragmatic technique was scientifically incorrect. It was a well-meaning approach to the phenomena of breathing and blowing. Involuntary, the movements of the diaphragm are conditioned, freed, or hindered by all the muscles, lower or upper, surrounding it. Inhalation on a tuckedin tummy has the abdominal muscles compressing the viscera. They will prevent the diaphragm from its full normal downward movement. Efficient breathing should actually imply the release of all tension in the abdomen. A purely thoracic inhalation will result in high shoulders and constricted throat and airway. An overly extended rib cage will tend to collapse under its own gravity and elasticity. The act of yawning gives a good feeling for correct breathing procedure: wide-open throat, abdominal relaxation, fullness of air, and a perception of pleasure.
Finger Phrasing
Authors: Debost Michel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All too often we tend to identify phrasing with sound and technique with fingers, articulation being somewhere in between. Our practice to emphasize sound as an entity to itself, relevant to the domain of musicality, whereas fingers are the attributes of virtuosity, an unavoidable and cumbersome necessity. Yet many difficult passages are lost to poor control of the tone, because we are preoccupied only with the rapid succession of notes. On the other hand, faulty phrasing of slow lines can often be attributed to uncoordinated fingerings. Even in a succession of descending intervals, as in the first movement, Adagio ma non tanto, of the Bach Sonata in E Minor, BWV 1034, we should be careful not to let the sheer weight of the falling fingers reinforce the second note. Finally, when an interval needs to be smoothed out, before trying to lip it, we should visualize a seamless track of air going from one note to the next. A perfect slur is one where the sound wave between the two notes is not interrupted. This is achieved not by slamming fingers, but by smoothly synchronizing the connection between lifting and lowering fingers.