bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The UK Gas Industry
Authors: Price Catherine Waddams 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The UK gas industry epitomizes a general shift in policy towards the regulated utilities over the last 10 years. It was one of the first three to be privatized (in late 1986) and alone has required major new primary legislation to redefine its competitive role. This new Gas Act in 1995 paved the way for competition in the residential market which was certainly not envisaged in the original privatization Act. Gas has also been subject to perhaps the most intensive discussion on the appropriate form of its structure and liberalization, and has been assessed by regu latory authorities not merely on its conduct, but on the effect of that conduct in the market. In this section we record the main events in the gas industry since privatization, and in the next section identify some of the key issues. Section 3 discusses access pricing and section 4 the develop ment of competition to date. In section 5 we assess the regulator’s role, and in section 6 discuss price discrimination and some distributional aspects of competition. Section 7 concludes and considers future regula tory strategy.
The PLA and Chinese National Security Policy: Leaderships, Structures, Processes*
Authors: Swaine Michael D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
China’s rise as a major power constitutes one of the most significant strategic events of the post-Cold War period. Many policy-makers, strategists and scholars express significant concern over the implications of China’s growing military and economic capabilities for the future security environment in Asia and beyond. Such concern derives in part from an anticipation of the systemic security problems that have historically accompanied the emergence of a new power. In the Chinese case, however, these anxieties are greatly compounded by the rapidity of internal change under way in China, the general lack of knowledge about Chinese strategic ambitions, the existence of many unresolved Chinese territorial claims, the intense suspicion and even hostility toward the West harboured by China’s leadership, and China’s internal political and social instabilities.
Regulatory Framework, Government Intervention and Investment in Postwar Japan The Structural Dynamics of J-Type Firm-Government Relationships
Authors: Miyajima Hiueakl 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The rapid growth of the Japanese economy during the 1950s and 1960s (over 10 per cent of annual GDP growth) was spurred by fierce investment competition among large firms in the manufacturing sector. The investment ratio accelerated 20 per cent in the late 1950s; to 30 per cent in the early 1960s; and to nearly 35 per cent in the late 1960s—among the highest of advanced nations and far beyond prewar levels in Japan. Heavy investment in plant and equipment was one of the main reasons why the international competitiveness of Japanese industries increased. Such investment led to greater productivity, the advancement of rapid import substitution, and the rapid growth of exports.
Investment in Shanghai: Central Policy and Provincial Implementation
Authors: Li Linda Chelan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The industrialization and commercialization of the Shanghai economy earlier in the century has led to descriptions of Shanghai as the ‘other China’. Its modern and cosmopolitan orientation was a stark contrast to the agrarian and inward-looking orientation of most parts of the country. Its wealth also caused hostility and suspicion within both the bureaucratic and the revolutionary forces of China, especially since its economy flourished largely under the protection of the foreign treaty powers (Bergere 1981). After 1949, this ‘one-step-ahead’ economic development nevertheless gave Shanghai a peculiarly important place in the construction of a socialist economy. As a result of the nationalization of Shanghai’s industry between 1955 and 1956,1 this previously most developed hub of capitalism and private enterprise had became the centre of gravity of the central planning system.
Learning, Managing, and Organizing: The continuing contribution of group relations to management and organization
Authors: French Robert , Vince Russ 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The importance of this book about group relations is in the collective contribution that the chapters make to the concepts of learning, managing, and organizing. The book represents a continuation of the fifty-year history of group relations, but it is also published at a turning-point, a period when the field is itself broadening and transforming. As group relations as an approach is transformed, the possibility of the impact that it can make in management education, in influencing the practice of consultation and organization development, and in providing institutions and organizations with strategies for sustainable organizational learning is also enhanced.
After the Conference is Over
Authors: Ramsay Sheila 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I have a vivid memory from the first time I was a member of the Leicester conference on ‘Leadership, Authority and Organization’ sponsored by the Group Relations Training Programme of the Tavistock Institute of Human Relations. Sitting in my room at the end of a long day I had the sudden realization that ‘I can’t unlearn this’, although at that point I could not articulate exactly what ‘this’ was. I realized however that my understanding of how organizations worked, and how I related to them and to the roles I held within them, was irrevocably changed. This realization was both exciting and frightening because it meant that my way of working and being in those organizations would also change, with unknowable consequences. Sixteen years on from that conference, with considerably more experience both of group relations work and of being in different roles in organizations, including senior management roles, I am aware of how that learning is integral to how I go about my daily business and take up my role in my work situation. And yet, trying to relate exactly how I have used the learning from my conference experiences feels like an elusive and complex task.
Small Business in America: An Historical Overview
Authors: Blackford Mansel G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In1994 a decade-old campaign against Wal-Mart, America’s largest retailer, exploded. Protesters chanting ‘One, two, three, four-we don’t want your Wal-Mart store’, opposed the building of new stores in Oceanside, California; Gaithersburg, Maryland; Quincy, Massachusetts; East Lam peter, Pennsylvania; Lake Placid, New York; Gallatin, Tennessee; and other com munities. One opponent-a self-employed clothing designer in Fort Collins, Colorado-summarized what was on the minds of many: ‘I really hate Wal Mart. Everything’s starting to look the same, everybody buys all the same things-a lot of small-town character is being lost. They disrupt local com munities, they hurt small businesses’ (Wall Street Journal, 11 Oct. 1994). Op position became so vocal that it attracted the pen of cartoonist Gary Trudeau, who devoted a week of his comic strip ‘Doonesbury’ to the controversy.
The Social Structuring of Work Systems
Authors: Whitley Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As has been shown in a considerable number of studies, the organization and control of work processes and of workplace relations in capitalist societies are complex, systemic phenomena that vary substantially between institutional contexts (e.g. Boyer 1991, 1994; Kristensen 1997; Lane 1989). While Taylorism or scientific-management principles were once thought to represent the only efficient way of structuring work activities, they are now seen to be historically and societally contingent patterns of work organization that depended on a number of circumstantial factors to become established in the USA, and that by no means dominated industrial organizations in Europe or Japan (Guillen 1994; Merkle 1980). It is also apparent that Fordist production systems have had many variants and have not always proved as effective as some adherents claimed (Boyer and Durand 1997; Hounshell 1995; Wood 1989).
Continuity and Change in East Asian Capitalisms
Authors: Whitley Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The distinctive patterns of economic organization established in post-war Korea and Taiwan that were described in the previous chapter have been seen by some as changing significantly in the 1990s. In combination with the extended recession in Japan, the growing internationalization of Korean and Taiwanese firms, democratization, and other institutional changes have raised questions about the continued internal homogeneity and external distinctiveness of East Asian business systems. For example, the growth of intra-regional trade and investment in the 1990s (Chu 1995; Gangopadhyay 1998) and the increasing amount of Japanese and Korean investment in North America and Europe have encouraged suggestions that the nature and behaviour of firms in these societies are changing. Additionally, the internal economic and political changes in many East Asian countries, together with shifts in the regional geo-political environment, can be seen as heralding substantial and systematic changes in the nature of East Asian capitalisms (see e.g. Clark and Kim 1995). The combination of increasing external interdependence and growing internal differentiation could encourage greater variability in organizational forms within these economies, on the one hand, and reduced contrasts between them, on the other hand. Finally, the financial crises of the late 1990s in some regional economies could be viewed as intensifying and extending these pressures for change.
The Attenuation of Mortality Fluctuations in British Punjab and Bengal, 1870-1947
Authors: Osona Jose Antonio Ortega 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The study of mortality fluctuations in South Asia is a topic that has received surprisingly little attention in the demographic literature. It is surprising since the study of famines has been one of the main focuses of Indian economic and political historiography.There are detailed studies of particular famines, but surprisingly little work to establish the broad picture with regard to mortality fluctuations. This is a particularly relevant task for the period 1870-1947, when very intense fluctuations connected with famines and epidemics were very much attenuated from 1910 onwards. This chapter is the first exploration of this issue for the case of British Bengal and Punjab.
Values and Entrepreneurship in the Americas
Authors: Upset Seymour Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Discussions of the requisites of economic development have been concerned with the relative importance of the appropriate economic conditions, rather than the presumed effects on varying rates of economic growth of diverse value systems. Much of the analysis which stems from economic thought has tended to see value orientations as derivative from economic factors. Most sociological analysts, on the other hand, following in the tradition of Max Weber, have placed a major independent role on the effect of values in fostering economic development. 1 Although the evaluation of the casual significance of economic factors and value orientations has often taken the form of a debate pitting one against the other, increasingly more people have come to accept the premise that both sets of variables are relevant. Many economists now discuss the role of “noneconomic” factors in economic growth, and some have attempted to include concepts developed in sociology and psychology into their over-all frame of analysis.
Common Agricultural Policy
Authors: Tarditi Secondo , Zanias George 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) has been, and still is, the sectoral policy of the EU generating the largest redistribution of income among European citizens. The Guarantee Section of EAGGF (the European Agricultural Guarantee and Guidance Fund) absorbed 46 per cent of the total EU budget in 1997, while a substantial share of the Strnctural Funds, which account for an extra 36 per cent of the EU budget, are designated for rural areas and agricultural firms. Moreover, the price support policy transfers a similar amount of household income to fanners by creating a price wedge between domestic and world market prices.
The European Securities Industry under a Single Currency
Authors: Smith Roy c. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the competitive dynamics of the securities industry in Europe and seeks to identify the major sources of competitive advantage for firms participating in the European industry in the future. The future of the European securities industry will be affected not only by the forthcoming conversion to a single currency but also by a variety of developments and powerful forces that have been reshaping the global securities industry over the past fifteen years. Indeed, these developments have already changed the European securities industry more, perhaps, than have any other broad environmental changes throughout its long history.
Learning Through Strategic Alliances
Authors: Child John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of salient issues concerning learning through strategic alliances. The term ‘strategic alliance’ refers to cooperation between firms for the purpose of improving the partners’ ability to achieve their strategic objectives. Such alliances can range from equity and contract-based joint ventures to consortia and less formal collaborations (see Child and Faulkner 1998; Lorange and Roos 1992). Some strategic alliances are between firms occupying similar positions in a value chain, where the prime motivation often is to achieve scale economies or reduce the financial risk of costly new projects rather than to acquire knowledge. Other strategic alliances are formed between firms that occupy different positions in a value chain; in this case the acquisition of new competencies may be an important motive behind their cooperation (Garrette and Dussauge 1996).
Introduction
Authors: Dierkes Meinolf , Antal Ariane Berthoin , Child John , Nonaka Ikujiro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The growing interest in organizational learning concepts and theories has generated a rapid proliferation of approaches, tools, and techniques of learning. Thus, the common objective of all the authors in this part is to draw on theories, empirical research, and authors’ practical experience to provide practitioners with an ‘architecture’ of organizational learning practices. Each chapter elaborates on this architecture and suggests corresponding tools and techniques of learning to develop and apply.
Creating Conditions for Organizational Learning
Authors: Friedman Victor J , Lipshitz Raanan , Overmeer Wim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite the rapidly growing interest in organizational learning, there remains a fundamental dichotomy between visionaries and skeptics regarding its practice. The visionaries (e.g. Garrat 1987; Howard and Haas 1993; Nonaka 1991; Senge 1990) advocate organizational learning as a process with the potential to transform organizations and organizational life. They take a prescriptive, normative stance, viewing organizational learning as both attainable and essential to meeting the need for continual innovation and change (Tsang 1997). The skeptics (e.g. Brehmer 1980; Levitt and March 1988; March and Olsen 1976; Weick and Westley 1996) focus on the limitations and failings of organizational learning, which they attribute to the relatively unchangeable features of people and organizations.
Applying Theory to Organizational Transformation
Authors: Krebsbach-Gnath Camilla 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The theories and concepts of organizational learning, as they have been described and discussed in numerous articles in this handbook and other volumes (Albach, Dierkes, Antal, and Vaillant 1998; Argyris and Schon 1978; Garrat 1990; Krebsbach-Gnath 1996; Moingeon and Edmondson 1996; Pedler, Burgoyne, and Boydell 1991; Senge 1990), certainly sound convincing and promising. But they hardly provide a framework for action. As Garvin (1993) pointed out, ‘the recommendations are far too abstract, and too many questions remain unanswered’ (p. 78). Managers who want to prepare their companies for the future often ask questions such as ‘How does it work? How do I make it happen? Do you know of any learning organi-zations that we can learn from?’ How can the existing knowledge about organizational learning be applied to the real life of companies?
Results: Through a Glass Darkly
Authors: Pollitt Christopher , Bouckaert Geert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The question of what has resulted from all the many reforms is obviously an absolutely fundamental one. Yet it is not at all simple. The label ‘result’ can be applied to many different aspects, and may incorporate a variety of concepts. As Brunsson says, talk and decisions, as well as actual actions, may be considered as important types of outputs.
Statistical Properties of the Asymmetric Power ARCH Process
Authors: He Changli , Terasvirta Timo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The temporal properties of power-transformed returns, rt, from speculative assets have recently received considerable attention. Clive Granger, whose interest in commodity and stock markets can be traced back to Granger and Morgenstern (1963, 1970), has discussed them in a series of papers: see Ding, Granger and Engle (1993), henceforth DGE, Granger and Ding (1995a, b, 1996) and Ding and Granger (1996). In DGE the authors reminded the reader of the fact which Taylor (1986, pp. 52-6) first observed, namely, that Irt is positively autocorrelated even at long lags.
Who’s in Control: Designers, Managers—or Technology? Infrastructures at Norsk Hydro
Authors: Hanseth Ole , Braa Kristin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents and discusses globalization and the definition and implementation of corporate information infrastructures within Norsk Hydro. Standards are widely considered as the most basic features of information infrastructures-public as well as corporate. This view is expressed by a high-level IT manager: ‘The infrastructure shall be roo per cent standardized.’ Such standards are considered universal in the sense that there is just one standard for each area or function, and that separate standards should fit together-there should be no redundancy and no inconsistency. All actors within a use domain are assumed to share all the standards, and the standards are equal for all of them. Our study illustrates that the reality is different. The idea of the universal standard is an illusion, just like the treasure at the end of the rainbow.
From Alignment to Loose Coupling: From MedNet to www.roche.com
Authors: Ciborra Claudio u. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The previous chapter has already described the pharmaceutical industry as characterized more than ever by alliances, mergers, and acquisitions, followed by costcutting exercises and externalization of different activities at an increasing pace. The big pharmaceutical companies are struggling to increase their size in certain functions, by seeking economies of scale. Moreover, they are seeking further economies by combining traditional pharmaceutical R & D, production, and distribution with the acquisition of complementary technologies such as diagnostics and new R & D biotechnology firms. The deployment of IT and process infrastructures takes place in such turbulent industrial and organizational contexts that it cannot be considered in isolation from them. In general, the strategic intent of the major industry players is to further enhance globalization, recombination, and consolidation of activities.
How to Invite Prosperity from the Global Economy Into a Region
Authors: Ohmae Kenichi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The world, economically and in management terms, has become a network of prosperous regions, prosperous city-regions. It is particularly interesting to note that in today’s world, countries or regions the size of cities are prospering, while at the same time there are cities the size of countries having problems. I summar ize the critical economic success factors in this new globalized world (which dates from about 1985) into the “Four Cs”: Communication/information, Capital/ investment, Corporation/industry, and Consumers/individuals.
Quebec in an Era of Global City-Regions
Authors: Bouchard Lucien 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Let us, first of all, define the subject. Global city-regions are metropolitan areas where local economic activity and political issues are closely related to the world system. The theme you have chosen for your conference is a clear indication that the challenges posed by the globalization of the economy and the emergence of planetary cultural references involve each and every one of us. These challenges range from adjusting to countless changes in our daily lives to having to con template the prospect of world government. This conference is a major step in the understanding of the issues and challenges raised by the emergence of a global world.
Human Rights and the Third Pillar
Authors: Peers Steve 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Is the ‘free movement’ of prosecutions and investigations compatible with the protection of human rights? This is the fundamental question underlying co-operation in the field of Justice and Home Affairs (JHA) in the European Union (EU). It can be answered by analysing first the potential role of the European Court of Justice (ECJ) in ensuring human rights protection in the third pillar, and then by critically examining the practice of the Council of the EU. The Amsterdam Treaty has transformed the approach to JHA co-operation in the European Union. Such co-operation, initially agreed informally, outside the scope of the Community institutions, was formalized by the Maastricht Treaty on European Union (TEU), placed at first largely in the intergovernmental Title VI of that Treaty. Pre-Maastricht JHA co-operation was arranged through various working groups reporting to immigration or interior ministers, ultimately through a ‘Coordinators Group’ of senior national interior ministry officials.
Information about the Debtor
Authors: Kennett W A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The problem of obtaining information about a debtor may be a suitable starting point for a consideration of the need to promote compatibility between legal systems in Europe. If a debtor is to be worth suing, and if the resulting judgment is to be capable of enforcement in another jurisdiction, access to information is essential—and the earlier in the process helpful information can be acquired, the better the creditor is placed to make appropriate decisions.
Conclusions
Authors: Kennett W A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I suppose that the main conclusion to be drawn from the comparisons in the foregoing chapters is the very obvious one that in relation to enforcement matters European legal systems are widely divergent. On some issues there is little common ground between them. On many issues there is a shared purpose, but divergent approaches. Sometimes there seems to be a similarity of approach, but it would be dangerous to assume that similarities in the wording of legislation, or in the views expressed in cases, are evidence of similar practices.
The CPT and Turkey
Authors: Gemalmaz Semih 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to the 1982 Turkish Constitution, duly enacted international agreements have the authority of law and are not subject to challenge before the Constitutional Court on the ground that they are unconstitutional. The position was the same under the 1961 Constitution. This has two consequences. First, since international conventions ratified by Turkey automatically become an integral part of Turkish law, all relevant domestic authorities must apply them as if they were domestic legislation.