bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Movement Disorder Society Task Force report on the Hoehn and Yahr staging scale: Status and recommendations The Movement Disorder Society Task Force on rating scales for Parkinson's disease
Authors: Goetz Christopher G. , Poewe Werner , Rascol Olivier , Sampaio Cristina , Stebbins Glenn T. , Counsell Carl , Giladi Nir , Holloway Robert G. , Moore Charity G. , Wenning Gregor K. , Yahr Melvin D. , Seidl Lisa 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe Movement Disorder Society Task Force for Rating Scales for Parkinson's disease (PD) prepared a critique of the Hoehn and Yahr scale (HY). Strengths of the HY scale include its wide utilization and acceptance. Progressively higher stages correlate with neuroimaging studies of dopaminergic loss, and high correlations exist between the HY scale and some standardized scales of motor impairment, disability, and quality of life. Weaknesses include the scale's mixing of impairment and disability and its non‐linearity. Because the HY scale is weighted heavily toward postural instability as the primary index of disease severity, it does not capture completely impairments or disability from other motor features of PD and gives no information on nonmotor problems. Direct clinimetric testing of the HY scale has been very limited, but the scale fulfills at least some criteria for reliability and validity, especially for the midranges of the scale (Stages 2–4). Although a “modified HY scale” that includes 0.5 increments has been adopted widely, no clinimetric data are available on this adaptation. The Task Force recommends that: (1) the HY scale be used in its original form for demographic presentation of patient groups; (2) when the HY scale is used for group description, medians and ranges should be reported and analysis of changes should use nonparametric methods; (3) in research settings, the HY scale is useful primarily for defining inclusion/exclusion criteria; (4) to retain simplicity, clinicians should “rate what you see” and therefore incorporate comorbidities when assigning a HY stage; and (5) because of the wide usage of the modified HY scale with 0.5 increments, this adaptation warrants clinimetric testing. Without such testing, however, the original five‐point scales should be maintained. © 2004 Movement Disorder Society
Risk and incidence of dementia in a cohort of older subjects with Parkinson's disease in the United Kingdom
Authors: Hobson Peter , Meara Jolyon 
Published: June 2004

AbstractTo determine the incidence and possible risk factors for dementia in patients with clinically probable Parkinson's disease (PD), a cohort (n = 86) of nondemented patients over 65 years of age with PD fulfilling the PD Brain Bank clinical diagnostic criteria were determined from community records. A similarly aged group of control subjects (n = 102) were recruited from the same area. Both groups were assessed at baseline and approximately 4 years later for cognition, mood, and motor function (PD patients only). The presence and severity of cognitive impairments was based on subject and informant interview, neuropsychological assessment based on the Cambridge Cognitive Examination (CAMCOG) and the application of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM‐IV). At 4 years, 51 (59%) of the PD and 72 (71%) of the control cohort were available for reassessment. Of the PD cohort, 18 (35.3%) had developed dementia and 5 (9.4%) had evidence of mild cognitive impairments. In the control group, 5 (7%) had developed dementia. The incidence of dementia per 1,000 person‐years in the PD cohort was 107.1 (95% confidence interval [CI], 59.9–159.8) and in the control group was 17.9 (95% CI, 5.8–31.9). The relative risk of patients developing dementia was 5.1 times that of the controls (95% CI, 2.1–12.5). Increasing age, later age of onset of PD, longer duration of PD symptoms, the presence of hallucinations, and impairment of memory and language function were all predictive factors for the development of dementia (P < 0.05). Dementia was also found to be a significant predictor for institutional placement in the PD group. Compared with similarly aged controls, patients with clinically probable PD have a fivefold‐increased risk of developing dementia. This finding has significant implications for successful clinical management of this condition. © 2004 Movement Disorder Society
Inherited myoclonus‐dystonia and epilepsy: Further evidence of an association?
Authors: O'Riordan Sean , Ozelius Laurie J. , De Carvalho Aguiar Patricia , Hutchinson Michael , King Mary , Lynch Tim 
Published: June 2004

AbstractEpilepsy and electroencephalogram (EEG) abnormalities have been considered exclusion criteria for the clinical diagnosis of myoclonus‐dystonia (M‐D). We report on the second M‐D family in which several clinically affected ϵ‐sarcoglycan gene (SGCE) mutation carriers have seizures in addition to myoclonus and dystonia, adding to the evidence that epilepsy and EEG abnormalities may form part of the phenotypic spectrum of the condition. A nonsense mutation in exon 3 (289C→T) of SGCE resulting in the insertion of a premature stop codon (R97X) was detected in affected members of this family. © 2004 Movement Disorder Society
An autopsy case of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy with respiratory failure
Authors: Sasaki Miho , Ohara Shinji , Oide Takashi , Hayashida Kensuke , Hayashi Ryoichi 
Published: June 2004

AbstractAn 85‐year‐old Japanese woman presented with progressive symmetrical proximal and distal muscle weakness, numbness in the distal extremities, and sudden onset of hemifacial weakness. The results of laboratory studies fulfilled the American Academy of Neurology criteria for chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP). She died of respiratory failure after two courses of intravenous immunoglobulin treatment, each resulting in transient improvement in strength and sensory symptoms. Autopsy revealed multifocal demyelinative or axonal lesions of varying severity affecting the cranial and peripheral nerves and including the phrenic nerve. These findings suggest that the clinical phenotype of CIDP depend on distribution and severity of the anatomical lesions. Muscle Nerve 30:382–387, 2004
Galvanic vestibular stimulation alters the onset of motor unit discharge
Authors: Kennedy Paul M. , Cresswell Andrew G. , Chua Romeo , Inglis J. Timothy 
Published: June 2004

AbstractWe have previously shown that galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) can modulate the amplitude of the passive soleus H‐reflex. This study examined whether the response resulted from a general change in excitability of the motoneuron pool or a specific modulation of individual motor units (MUs). Subjects performed slow isometric plantarflexor actions in a prone lying and kneeling position until the discharge of a single gastrocnemius MU was detected. During randomly selected trials, a 1‐mA bipolar, binaural galvanic stimulus was triggered just prior to the start of plantarflexor activity. With the knee extended and the medial gastrocnemius (MG) at a long muscle length, GVS did not have an effect on MU activity. However, when the knee was flexed and the MG muscle was shortened, GVS significantly modified the onset of activation and the initial firing frequency of MUs. This may reflect a change in the gain of the presynaptic inhibitory mechanisms that act on the motoneuron pool once a muscle reaches a shortened, nonoptimal force‐producing length. Thus, GVS may provide an important research tool for activating descending vestibulospinal pathways that act on lower‐limb motoneurons and may be applied to test the integrity of the spinal cord. Muscle Nerve 188–194, 2004
Morvan's syndrome: Clinical, laboratory, and in vitro electrophysiological studies
Authors: Löscher Wolfgang N. , Wanschitz Julia , Reiners Karlheinz , Quasthoff Stefan 
Published: June 2004

AbstractMorvan's syndrome is a rare disorder characterized by neuromyotonia, hyperhidrosis, and central nervous system dysfunction. We report a patient with features of this syndrome, but who initially presented with breathing difficulties. Concentric needle electromyography showed an abundance of myokymic and neuromyotonic discharges. Exercise tests and repetitive nerve stimulation showed a decrement–increment response of compound muscle action potentials. Antibodies against voltage‐gated potassium channels were not detected on repeated testing, but the presence of oligoclonal bands in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) suggested an autoimmune etiology. At follow‐up over 3 years, no cancer was found. Electrophysiological in vitro studies of effects of patient serum and CSF on rat nerves provided no evidence of altered voltage‐gated sodium or potassium conductances. We conclude that putative humoral factors do not block ion channels acutely but may cause channel dysfunction with chronic exposure. Muscle Nerve 30: 157–163, 2004
Ischemia sensitivity and motoneuron afterhyperpolarization in human motor units
Authors: Gossen E. Roderich , Ivanova Tanya D. , Garland S. Jayne 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to examine whether motor units, grouped by speed of contraction in the human first dorsal interosseous muscle, differed in their sensitivity to ischemia and motoneuron afterhyperpolarization (AHP) time‐course. Motor units were recorded while subjects held an abduction force for approximately 10 min. Subsequently, subjects abducted for 4–5 min under ischemic conditions. Motor unit twitches derived using spike‐triggered averaging were allocated into “fast” or “slow” contracting groups based on twitch time to peak (TTP) force. Motor units in the “slow” group had a greater sensitivity to ischemia than the “fast” group. When upper and lower quartiles of TTP were compared, motor units with slow TTP had long AHP time‐constants (as estimated by an interspike interval histogram transform). Thus, motor units grouped by speed of contraction differed in both their sensitivity to ischemia and motoneuron AHP time‐course. This provides preliminary evidence that the estimated AHP time‐constant may be used to deduce motor‐unit type in humans. Muscle Nerve 30: 195–201, 2004
Muscle molecular phenotype after stroke is associated with gait speed
Authors: De Deyne Patrick G. , Hafer‐Macko Charlene E. , Ivey Frederick M. , Ryan Alice S. , Macko Richard F. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe disability of patients after stroke is generally attributed to upper motor neuron defects, but secondary changes in paretic muscle may enhance the disability. We analyzed the molecular phenotype and metabolic profile of the paretic and nonparetic vastus lateralis (VL) and we measured the severity of gait deficit in 13 patients at least 6 months after ischemic stroke. The results showed a significant increase in the proportion of fast myosin heavy chain (MHC, 68 ± 14%) in the paretic compared to the nonparetic VL (50 ± 13%). The specific activity of citrate synthase and glyceraldehyde phosphodehydrogenase was not significantly different between the two sides. The proportion of fast MHC was inversely associated with severity of gait deficit indexed by self‐selected walking speed in the paretic leg, but not the nonparetic leg. Our findings demonstrate significant and potentially modifiable secondary biologic changes in hemiparetic muscle phenotype that may contribute to the disability of stroke. Muscle Nerve 30: 209–215, 2004
Monocyte/macrophage differentiation in dermatomyositis and polymyositis
Authors: Rostasy Kevin M. , Piepkorn Martin , Goebel Hans‐Hilmar , Menck Sylvia , Hanefeld Folker , Schulz‐Schaeffer Walter J. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractRecent advances have revealed significant differences in the pathogenesis of inflammatory myopathies. To determine whether different patterns of macrophage differentiation are a useful tool to delineate the major groups of inflammatory myopathies, the muscle biopsies of 11 patients with dermatomyositis and 12 patients with polymyositis were studied using different macrophage markers. In polymyositis, the early‐activation markers MRP14 and 27E10 stained the majority of macrophages, which were recognized by the pan‐macrophage marker Ki‐M1P and which were located primarily in the endomysium. In dermatomyositis, macrophages predominantly expressed the late‐activation marker 25F9 and were found mainly in the perimysium. Thus, the location and presence of different subsets of macrophages distinguish dermatomyositis and polymyositis. The predominance of early‐activated macrophages in polymyositis indicates a more acute disease process. The findings in dermatomyositis, by contrast, suggest a role of persistent monocytes/macrophages in the disease process. Muscle Nerve 30: 225–230, 2004
Prediction of voluntary activation, strength and endurance of elbow flexors in postpolio patients
Authors: Allen Gabrielle M. , Middleton J. , Katrak P. H. , Lord S. R. , Gandevia S. C. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractTo examine the long‐term effects of polio, maximal voluntary strength and voluntary activation of elbow flexor muscles of 177 patients from a postpolio clinic were investigated using twitch interpolation. Muscle endurance was studied in 142 patients during 45 min of submaximal exercise, and predictors of impaired muscle performance were investigated. Twenty‐nine of 177 patients (16.4%) had impaired voluntary drive to their elbow flexor muscles, but only 16 (9.0%) had markedly reduced elbow flexor strength, despite 74 (41.8%) reporting they were initially affected in their tested limb and 172 (97.2%) patients reporting new generalized symptoms. Seven patients had impaired muscle endurance in the tests of strength and voluntary drive. During the submaximal exercise, 16 patients (11.3%) had impaired peripheral muscle endurance with normal voluntary activation. These results confirm a low incidence of impaired upper‐limb muscle performance in postpolio patients, despite many patients having subjective symptoms consistent with postpolio syndrome. There was an increased relative risk for impaired muscle function in those patients with a subjective decrease in strength in the tested limb, a recent decline in activities of daily living in their tested limb, and who used orthotic devices in their tested limb. Monitoring of function in prior‐polio patients with impaired muscle performance may be useful, particularly when combined with investigation of other potential contributory factors to the functional impairment. Muscle Nerve 30: 172–181, 2004
Double‐blind randomized controlled trial of low‐level laser therapy in carpal tunnel syndrome
Authors: Irvine Jamie , Chong Su L. , Amirjani Nasim , Chan K. Ming 
Published: June 2004

AbstractSeveral studies have suggested that low‐level laser therapy (LLLT) is effective in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). In a double‐blind randomized controlled trial of LLLT, 15 CTS patients, 34 to 67 years of age, were randomly assigned to either the control group (n = 8) or treatment group (n =7). Both groups were treated three times per week for 5 weeks. Those in the treatment group received 860 nm galium/aluminum/arsenide laser at a dosage of 6 J/cm2 over the carpal tunnel, whereas those in the control group were treated with sham laser. The primary outcome measure was the Levine Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Questionnaire, and the secondary outcome measures were electrophysiological data and the Purdue pegboard test. All patients completed the study without adverse effects. There was a significant symptomatic improvement in both the control (P = 0.034) and treatment (P =0.043) groups. However, there was no significant difference in any of the outcome measures between the two groups. Thus, LLLT is no more effective in the reduction of symptoms of CTS than is sham treatment. Muscle Nerve 30: 182–187, 2004
Encoding of tensile stress and strain during stretch by muscle mechano‐nociceptors
Authors: Khalsa Partap S. , Ge Weiqing 
Published: June 2004

AbstractGroups III and IV muscle mechano‐nociceptors (MNs) can be stimulated during noxious stretch, as may occur during hyperextension of a joint. However, the mechanical state (characterized by stress and strain) encoded by MNs during stretch has not previously been determined. The current study used an ex vivo gracilis muscle–nerve preparation in a rat model to apply either a uniform uniaxial or pseudo–shear‐loading paradigm. Single mechanically sensitive group III or IV MNs were mechanically stimulated while plane stress and strain were measured at the location of the MN's receptive field. Linear regression was used to evaluate the relationships between neural response and mechanical stress and strain. The mean neural response (threshold, 47.2 kPa; sensitivity, 0.05 Hz/kPa) was highly correlated to tensile stress, tensile strain, and in‐plane compressive strain but was significantly and substantially less correlated with shear strain. Although the overall stress and strain relationship was nonlinear, it was reasonably linear (r2 = 0.92) for levels suprathreshold for MNs. Hence, at tensile loads sufficient to stimulate MNs, the muscle was acting as a pseudo‐elastic tissue. Thus, muscle MNs encode noxious stretch differently than compression and exhibit different encoding of stretch than cutaneous MNs. Muscle Nerve 30: 216–224, 2004
Species differences in the regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase in Cnemidophorus whiptail lizards
Authors: Woolley Sarah C. , Crews David 
Published: June 2004

AbstractEvolution of behavioral phenotype involves changes in the underlying neural substrates. Cnemidophorus whiptail lizards enable the study of behavioral and neural evolution because ancestral species involved in producing unisexual, hybrid species still exist. Catecholaminergic systems modulate the expression of social behaviors in a number of vertebrates, including whiptails, and therefore we investigated how changes in catecholamine production correlated with evolutionary changes in behavioral phenotype by measuring the size and number of catecholamine producing (tyrosine hydroxylase‐immunoreactive, or TH‐ir) cells across the reproductive cycle in females from two related whiptail species. Cnemidophorusuniparens is a triploid, parthenogenetic species that arose from hybridization events involving the diploid, sexual species C. inornatus. Prior to ovulation, females from both species display femalelike receptive behaviors. However, after ovulation, only parthenogenetic individuals display malelike mounting behavior. In all nuclei measured, we found larger TH‐ir cells in the parthenogen, a difference consistent with species differences in ploidy. In contrast, species differences in the number of TH‐ir cells were nucleus specific. In the preoptic area and anterior hypothalamus, parthenogens had fewer TH‐ir cells than females of the sexual species. Reproductive state only affected TH‐ir cell number in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), and C. uniparens individuals had more TH‐ir cells after ovulation than when previtellogenic. Thus, species differences over the reproductive cycle in the SNpc are correlated with species differences in behavior, and it appears that the process of speciation may have produced a novel neural and behavioral phenotype in the parthenogen. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 60: 360–368, 2004
6‐hydroxydopamine lesions in anuran amphibians: A new model system for Parkinson's disease?
Authors: Endepols Heike , Schul Johannes , Gerhardt H. Carl , Walkowiak Wolfgang 
Published: June 2004

AbstractWe investigated the effects of dopamine depletion on acoustically guided behavior of anurans by conducting phonotaxis experiments with female gray treefrogs (Hyla versicolor) before and 90 min after bilateral injections of 3, 6, or 12 μg 6‐hydroxydopamine (6‐OHDA) into the telencephalic ventricles. In experiments with one loudspeaker playing back a standard artificial mating call, we analyzed the effects of 6‐OHDA on phonotactic response time. In choice tests we measured the degree of distraction from the standard call (20 pulses/s) by three different variants with altered pulse‐rate (30/s, 40/s, 60/s). Five days after experiments, brains were immunostained for tyrosine hydroxylase. Labeled neurons were counted in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, posterior tuberculum, interpeduncular nucleus, and locus coeruleus, and correlation between neuronal numbers and behavioral scores was tested. Response times increased together with 6‐OHDA concentrations, which was mainly due to longer immobile periods before the animals started movement. In choice tests the most irrelevant stimulus (60/s) distracted 6‐OHDA injected females from the standard stimulus, while sham injected controls were undistracted. The number of catecholaminergic neurons decreased with increasing 6‐OHDA concentration in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, posterior tuberculum, and interpeduncular nucleus. The normalized number of immunoreactive neurons in the posterior tuberculum was positively correlated with phonotaxis scores in the one‐speaker test, demonstrating that motor deficits are a function of tubercular cell loss. We conclude that bilateral 6‐OHDA lesions in anuran amphibians cause motor (difficulty to start movements) as well as cognitive symptoms (higher distraction by irrelevant stimuli) that have also been described for human Parkinson patients. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 60: 395–410, 2004
A freeform shape optimization of complex structures represented by arbitrary polygonal or polyhedral meshes
Authors: Shen Jie , Yoon David 
Published: June 2004

AbstractIn this paper we propose a new scheme for freeform shape optimization on arbitrary polygonal or polyhedral meshes. The approach consists of three main steps: (1) surface partitioning of polygonal meshes into different patches; (2) a new freeform perturbation scheme of using the Cox–de Boor basis function over arbitrary polygonal meshes, which supports multi‐resolution shape optimization and does not require CAD information; (3) freeform shape optimization of arbitrary polygonal or polyhedral meshes. Numerical experiments indicate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.