bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
War, Exile, Moral Knowledge and the Limits of Psychiatric Understanding: A Clinical Case Study of a Bosnian Refugee in London
Authors: Summerfield Derek 
Published: April 2004

Background: This paper describes a Bosnian refugee, a survivor of war and ethnic cleansing, during a 3-year follow-up in a psychiatry clinic. Discussion: This case throws light on the tension between medicotherapeutic and sociomoral ways of understanding the effects of such experiences, and of the limitations of morally and politically neutral psychiatric categories and technologies. Suffering always invokes questions of values: in this case the clinical picture represented a moral protest at what had been done with such impunity, and a refusal to accommodate to a world which now seemed unintelligible. The clinical picture also embodied the collective outrage, and sense of unfinished business, which many back in Bosnia itself were carrying in the wake of the 1995 Dayton peace accords which effectively legitimised the lines of ethnic cleansing. Conclusions: DSM or ICD diagnoses of depressive disorder or post-traumatic stress disorder turned out to lack validity and explanatory power. Claims that victims of war and atrocity typically have an unmet need for mental health services are overstated. Recovery from the effects of war may depend on reestablishing a sense of intelligibility, a task that must primarily go on in social space rather than mental space.
Measuring Community Mental Health in Developing Societies: Evaluation of a Checklist Format in Nepal
Authors: Tausig Mark , Subedi Sree , Broughton C. L. , Subedi Janardan , Williams-Blangero Sarah 
Published: April 2004

Background: There is growing recognition of the importance of mental health problems in developing countries. In large part, however, we have very limited epidemiological data at national and/or community levels about the prevalence of mental illnesses. Aims: The purpose of this paper is to describe the reliability and validity characteristics of an assessment tool that may be useful for conducting community-level surveys (particularly in rural communities of developing countries) to obtain prevalence rates of mental illnesses. Methods: We used a sample of adults residing in a rural village in Nepal to assess disorders with a modified version of the DSM-III-R Checklist. We evaluated construct validity, scale reliability, convergent validity and discriminant validity. Results: There is strong evidence for the construct validity of generalized anxiety and depression in our sample. By contrast, the symptoms associated with mania and schizophrenia were not empirically distinct. Convergent validity is acceptable. As a test of validity characteristics, the pattern of sociodemographic correlations suggests that the specific social origins of disorder in Nepal will require further investigation. Conclusion: The first step in obtaining high quality information on the distribution of mental illness in developing countries is to establish some reliable and valid indicators of disorder. The checklist format for assessing disorder appears to meet this objective and offers the possibility that community-level prevalence studies can be reasonably conducted.
Laser Transmission Welding of Semicrystalline Thermoplastics - Part II: Analysis of Mechanical Performance of Welded Nylon
Authors: Kagan V. A. , Pinho G. P. 
Published: April 2004

Selecting thermoplastics for a wide industrial application (automotive, appliances, lawn and garden, power tools, etc.) strongly depends on the plastic material composition, part design, processing (molding and welding) conditions. The structure of used thermoplastics, mechanical properties and composition (reinforcements, fillers, additives, pigments, etc.) may have the greater influence and need to be characterized for optimum material selection for the laser transmission welding (LTW) application. To provide a guide to nylon based thermoplastics selection for LTW applications we have evaluated the influence of specific material composition factors and properties, such as fiber-glass, mineral filler, impact modifier content, and color/pigment version on the Near InfraRed (NIR) transmission characteristics, including the laser wavelength (1.06 mm). The results of an optical characterization of nylon 6 based thermoplastics are discussed in the Part I of this report to ANTEC’ 2000 (Kagan, V. A., Bray, R. B. and Kuhn, W. P., ‘‘Laser Transmission Welding of Semi-Crystalline Thermoplastics - Part I: The Magical Solution, Proceedings of the SPE 58th Annual Technical Conference and Exhibits (ANTEC’2000)). The mechanical performance (tensile strength at room temperature conditions) of nylon welded joints was evaluated in terms of the influence of transmission laser welding technology parameters (laser power, welding speed, laser beam spot sizes, clamp pressure, etc.) and thermoplastic composition (reinforcements, fillers, additives, pigments, etc.). Technical results of this comprehensive evaluation (optical properties of nylon 6 based plastics and mechanical performance of welded joints) will assist plastic parts designers and technologists in selecting nylon based thermoplastics and developing new products using LTW technology. The purpose of Part II of this report is to increase understanding within the plastics engineering community regarding the usefulness and possible applicability of LTW technology for nylon made components.
Relationship between Optical Properties and Optimized Processing Parameters for through-Transmission Laser Welding of Thermoplastics
Authors: Grewell David , Rooney Paul , Kagan Val A. 
Published: April 2004

In previous studies, the results of an optical characterization (laser energy transmission, absorption, etc.) at a wide range of infrared wavelength for various nylon based plastics (unfilled and reinforced) with the influence of various colorants have been reported. In conjunction with these results, an analysis on optimized mechanical performance of the laser welded joints was also reported. In this current paper, we will try to increase the understanding of the plastics engineering community regarding the relations between optical properties of thermoplastics and optimized processing parameters of through-transmission laser welding (simultaneous welding mode).
Moisture Distribution Profiles in RT-Cured Glass/Epoxy Laminates of Different Thicknesses
Authors: Revathi A. , Srihari Shylaja , Rao R. M. V. G. K. 
Published: April 2004

Investigations were carried out on the moisture absorption behavior of RT-cured glass/epoxy composite specimens subjected to 333 K/Immersion in distilled water. Different laminate thicknesses (i.e., 0.25-2.25 mm) were studied for comparative evaluation of their moisture diffusion and distribution profiles across the thickness of the composite as a function of the exposure period. Moisture absorption data showed that the equilibrium moisture levels (Mm) remained practically the same for different laminates of the same fiber weight fraction (i.e., 0.62). Further, the times of saturation (tm) increased with the laminate thickness, while the absorption rates (slopes of the absorption curves) showed a reverse trend. It was also found that the Diffusion Coefficient (Dc) values of different thicknesses specimens ranged between 0.28 and 7.81(10 7)mm2/sec, indicating a negligible thickness effect on this diffusion parameter. The small variations of Dc (all of the order 10 7 mm2/sec) are attributed mainly to the variations in the edge areas for different thickness laminates.
Influence of Different Sterilization Procedures and Partial Demineralization of Screws Made of Bone on their Mechanical Properties
Authors: Actis A. B. , Obwegeser J. A. , Rupérez C. 
Published: April 2004

Since 1992, screws made of allogenic, autoclaved human cortical bone have been employed as osteosynthesis materials. Autoclaving at 134 C for 5 min makes them microbiologically safe, but on the other hand it reduces both their mechanical properties and osteoconductive capacity. The aim of this in vitro study was to determine if the mechanical properties of these screws could be improved after receiving different autoclaving procedures and partial inner demineralization, the latter additionally tending to increase their osteoconductive potential. 132 screws made of bovine cortical bone were employed. Some of them were partially demineralized with 0.6 N HCl from an inner canal performed following their longitudinal axis. All the specimens were autoclaved at 134 C but under different vacuum conditions and sterilization time (A1–A2). They were then subjected to tension, shear and torque tests. A difference between both sterilization procedures was observed. Samples sterilized at 134 C, 2–2.4 mbars for 5 min (A1) showed better mechanical properties than those autoclaved for longer time and higher vacuum conditions (A2). Demineralization also influenced their mechanical properties, being less resistant with increasing time. Based on these results, a standard screw made of bone and autoclaved at 134 C, 2–2.4 mbars, 5 min seems to be the most appropriate, from a biomechanical point of view, to be used as osteosynthesis material.
Stress Distribution of Post–Core Applications in Maxillary Central Incisors
Authors: Yaman S[UNKNOWN]s Darendel[UNKNOWN]ler , Karacaer Özgül , Sahin Melin 
Published: April 2004

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the stress distribution in a maxillary central incisor restored with various post–core applications. The study used a three-dimensional finite element method. The tooth was assumed to be endodontically treated with a porcelain crown. Two different sizes of Flexi-post, Cera-post, and Composipost were compared for 200 N palatal and incisal loads. It was determined that, purely from the point of view of strength considerations, core material was determined to be of greater importance than post material or size. Higher elastic moduli of the posts resulted in lower stresses throughout the tooth.
Resistance to Tensile Stress of a Bioadhesive Utilized for Medical Purposes: Loctite 4011
Authors: Páez J. M. García , Herrero E.Jorge , Rocha A. , Maestro M. , Castillo-Olivares J. L. , Millán I. , Sanmartin A. Carrera , Cordon A. 
Published: April 2004

Sutures are the materials presently employed to secure and give shape to the valve leaflets of cardiac bioprostheses. Their high resistance and low degree of elasticity in comparison with the calf pericardium of which the leaflets are made generates internal stresses that contribute to the failure of the bioprostheses. Biological adhesives are bonding materials that have begun to be utilized in surgery, although there is a lack of experience in their use with inert tissues or bioprostheses. We report our study of Loctite 4011, a biological glue composed of a cyano-acrylate that has been employed for medical purposes, in which samples of pericardium bonded with this adhesive were subjected to uniaxial tensile stress. The samples were glued in such a way as to leave an overlap of 1 cm2 between the surfaces of the tissue. The series included 83 samples: 12 tested 24 h after bonding, 17 after 45 days, 17 after 90 days, 19 after 106 days and 18 after 152 days. The samples subjected to deferred trials were preserved using three types of chemical substances: glutaraldehyde, glycerol or saline plus antibiotics. The mean resistance to rupture of the series tested 24 h after gluing was 0.15 MPa (1.47 machine kg). This resistance remained nearly unchanged, regardless of the preservation solution employed, for at least 152 days, the time at which the study ended. The stress strain curves demonstrated a high degree of elasticity throughout the 152 days, a finding that was not influenced by the preservation solution. This adhesive showed a considerable resistance to tensile stress, although probably insufficient to replace sutures. However, it maintained a surprisingly high degree of elasticity in the samples. Perhaps the time has come to combine these two elements, sutures and adhesives, to improve the elasticity of the structure without a loss of resistance, and increase the durability of bioprostheses.
Is Your Source Ever Really Safe?
Authors: Crook Tim 
Published: April 2004

Doctor David Kelly told the House of Commons Foreign Affairs Select Committee that one lesson he had learned was never to talk to journalists. But the political violence of the battle between the Government and the BBC forced Kelly to surrender the confidentiality he had hoped for when doing so. The actions and words of journalists, civil servants and politicians destroyed the self-esteem of one of the world's foremost experts on weapons of mass destruction. A basic principle in law has been in the background to this affair, writes Crook. Scribbled in a Downing Street minute when politicians and civil servants scrambled to deal with the implications of Dr Kelly's death was the expression "duty of care". Had Government properly executed its duty of care to Dr Kelly? Had journalism fulfilled its duty of care to the scientist who had been prepared to speak out and whistle-blow on the misuse of intelligence? Again with the benefit of hindsight, could the practice of journalism have done more to protect Dr Kelly? Is confidentiality so absolute an obligation that journalists should not surrender that confidentiality to their editors and proprietors? And does confidentiality extend beyond the grave? Media academic Crooks on the ethical questions of the affair on which the Hutton Inquiry will soon report.
Public and be Damned
Authors: Cox David 
Published: April 2004

Surveys show that we nowadays regard broadcasting as our primary provider of information, and in Britain broadcast journalism is a quite different proposition from its print equivalent. Its purpose is not to sell anything, even airtime. Britain's biggest journalistic operation, the BBC, pursues not profit but a tax-funded mission to advance the public weal. The belief that broadcast news is therefore to be trusted more than newspapers ensures that the nation turns to it automatically in times of crisis. But it is not only Alastair Campbell who considers the BBC to have strayed from its proper path in its dealings with the late doctor. Some of the BBC's Governors have apparently been wondering whether the corporation "should stick to reporting news, instead of trying to make it". Yet broadcast news chiefs have thus become understandably determined to enhance the popular appeal of their output. Endless visual rejigs, an influx of nubile newsreaders and the prioritisation of celebrity gossip bear witness to this ambition. The kind of engagement and sensation which seem to work in print have seemed another obvious way to put bums on sofas. If this has had to mean sacrificing central features of the traditional order, that has been considered a price worth paying.
Colonial Psychiatry, Magic and Religion. The Case of Mesmerism in British India
Authors: Ernst Waltraud 
Published: April 2004

This article is concerned with the development of early nineteenth-century Western medicine and psychiatry in relation to religion and magic during British colonial rule in India. The case of mesmerism is taken to illustrate that ‘colonial medicine/psychiatry in India’ itself was plural in nature, being made up of a variety of different, at times competing, strands. Religious connotations and references to spiritual enlightenment increasingly posed a peculiar problem to emerging Western science-based medicine in the nineteenth century. Mesmerism was met with as much hostility by an emerging Western medical orthodoxy as indigenous medical systems. The affiliation of mesmerism with Indian magical practices and religious customs contributed to its marginalization – despite or, rather, because of its popularity among members of the Indian nobility and middle classes, Indian patients and practitioners. The case of mesmerism also shows that awareness both of the domineering power of a gradually emerging medical ‘imagined’ mainstream and an analysis of the complex challenges faced by heterodoxy (as much as by orthodoxy) facilitate a more critical understanding of the development of colonial medicine and psychiatry in the East as well as, arguably, of medicine and psychiatry in Britain itself.
Haizmann’s Madness: the Concept of Bizarreness and the Diagnosis of Schizophrenia
Authors: Otsuka Kotaro , Sakai Akio , Dening Tom 
Published: April 2004

Christoph Haizmann, a seventeenth-century Bavarian painter, suffered from abnormal religious experiences. Our study considers whether Haizmann’s case fits the model of schizophrenia through the concept of ‘bizarreness’. Haizmann’s words and actions were discordant and bizarre even within the religious framework of the seventeenth century. We propose that ‘bizarreness’ is an expression of relative deviation from the social and cultural norms of a particular epoch and that ‘bizarreness’ may be an important concept as an indicator of schizophrenia. In this sense, Haizmann was likely to have suffered from schizophrenia. Haizmann’s case may offer a good example for the investigation of schizophrenia in history through the concept of ‘bizarreness’, an approach that can indicate deviation from ordinariness and commonness even in religious models.
Fort-de-France: Pratiques Textuelles et Corporelles D’une Ville Coloniale
Authors: Loichot Valérie 
Published: April 2004

Interweaving Patrick Chamoiseau and René Ménil’s representations of the city of Fort-de-France, Martinique, with notes and photographs from my personal peregrinations in the city, I show that the urban space, like a resisting text, cannot be seized, fixed, and ultimately read by the alien walker. It is precisely through the polyrhythmic movements of the urban dwellers, which Chamoiseau calls ‘djobeurs’, that the city resists and escapes the grid and other colonialist marks imposed by Metropolitan France on the cityscape. These perambulations, I argue, create an ‘oralcity’ contrasting with the city written by colonialism. I complement Michel de Certeau and Henri Lefebvre’s theorizing of the city by Frantz Fanon and Jamaica Kincaid’s postcolonial texts, which help articulate gendered and racialized body constructions and positioning within the space of the postcolonial city.
Literacy Activities in Half- and Whole-Day Greek Kindergarten Classrooms
Authors: Tafa Eufimia 
Published: April 2004

The purpose of the study discussed in this article was: to record the types of literacy activities in whole-day and half-day kindergarten classrooms, initiated either by teachers during the instructional time or by children during the free-choice center time; to examine the amount of time spent on teacher-initiated literacy activities; and to determine the effect of whole-day and half-day kindergarten programs on children’s literacy achievement. To record the types of literacy activities, two whole-day and two half-day kindergarten classrooms were observed for five continuous days (a week). Accordingly, five children from each classroom (a total of20) were selected randomly as subjects for the examination of literacy activities that engaged them during the free-choice center time activities and for the analysis of their literacy achievement. The results showed that: (a) teachers in both programs initiated literacy activities related to: knowledge about print; phonological awareness; writing and storybook reading; (b) the percentage of instructional time per day on teachers’ initiated literacy activities in half-day kindergarten classrooms was higher than in whole-day classrooms; (c) children in both programs did not engage in several literacy activities during the free-choice center time, and (d) children in half-day kindergarten classrooms made better progress in literacy development than children in whole-day classrooms.
Effects of p27Kip1 on cell cycle status and viability in A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells
Authors: Ishii T. , Fujishiro M. , Masuda M. , Goshima Y. , Kitamura H. , Teramoto S. , Matsuse T. 
Published: April 2004

p27Kip1 is a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, it negatively regulates G1 progression and is reported to modulate apoptosis. Phosphorylation of this protein is thought to regulate its intracellular localisation and affect its stability.The aim of this study was to regulate p27Kip1 expression levels, and to examine how this protein affects cell cycle status and modulates viability in A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells. In addition, the association between phosphorylation status of p27Kip1 and its intracellular localisation was investigated, using expression vectors with cDNA of p27Kip1 or mutants in which the phosphorylation sites had been mutated.Although overexpression of p27Kip1 reduced cell cycle progression, its removal did not change cell cycle status. Modest induction of p27Kip1 rescued adenovector-induced apoptosis and its removal with short interfering RNA increased spontaneous cell death. It was also observed that p27Kip1 localised mainly in the cytoplasm, and forced expression of p27Kip1 cDNA with the substitution of serine (S) 10, threonine (T) 157 and T198 to glutamate (phosphor-mimetic) induced its cytoplasmic localisation.In conclusion, p27Kip1, when expressed physiologically, exists mainly in the cytoplasm, has little effect on cell cycle status and contributes viability in A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells. It was also surmised that intracellular localisation of p27Kip1 dominates its function and that its localisation was partly determined by its phosphorylation.
Ultraprecision grinding technologies in silicon semiconductor processing
Authors: Ahearne E , Byrne G 
Published: April 2004

The production of silicon substrates for integrated circuits continues to set standards in levels of precision form and finish tolerances required of surface generation processes. Extreme tolerances are specified for a range of parameters such as total thickness variation, global and local planarity, and surface finish over substrate dimensions of up to 300mm in diameter (current-generation silicon wafer). These tolerances are related to the ‘design rule’ for each generation of microprocessor and memory unit. The economic and technological environment of an industry that demands such precision is reviewed. The general production process is then described with particular reference to surface grinding as an enabling technology. The context of developments in ultraprecision machine tool technology is delineated, requirements for assuring the indicated tolerances are set out and machine solutions representing the ‘state-of-the-art’ and ‘next-generation’ machine technologies reported.
Management of laryngeal amyloidosis
Authors: Alaani A. , Warfield A. T. , Pracy J. P. 
Published: April 2004

Amyloidosis of the upper aerodigestive tract is rare. However, the larynx is the commonest site within the upper airways to be affected.Three cases of uncomplicated primary amyloidosis of the larynx and one case of laryngeal amyloidosis with more generalized dissemination throughout the head and neck are presented.In this article the different presentations of laryngeal amyloidosis and principles of management of this condition at that site are highlighted.