bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ultrasound Transducers
Authors: Cobbold Richard S C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The history of transducer development for medical imaging and therapeutic applications is closely coupled with the invention of transduction mechanisms and the development of transducer materials. Six transduction mechanisms can be identified as originating in the 19th century: Electromagnetic: In the presence of a static or quasi-static magnetic field, a current flowing in a conducting wire or plane results in a Lorentz force. This causes a displacement of the conducting surface. The inverse effect corresponds to an emf being induced in a conducting wire or plane that moves in a static or quasi-static magnetic field. Faraday in the United Kingdom and Henry in the United States discovered this around the same time (1831). Both the normal and inverse effects were made use of by Alexander Graham Bell [1] and described in his celebrated paper of 1876 on “Researches in Telephony.” Electrostatic: A time-varying Coulomb force acting on a pair of conducting planes is produced by a time-varying electric field.
Principles of Doppler Ultrasound
Authors: Cobbold Richard S C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a paper given in 1842 before the Royal Bohemian Society of Learning, Christian Doppler (1803-1853) [1] proposed that when a wave source is moving with respect to an observer, the frequency perceived by the observer will differ from that transmitted by an amount proportional to the relative velocity and the transmitted frequency. A full account of this work was published in the society’s proceedings in the following year [2]. Three years later a young Dutch scientist confirmed the application of this theory to acoustic waves. As recounted by Jonkman [3], Buys-Ballot (1817-1890) arranged for a locomotive to transport brass horn players through a station where musicians recorded the change in pitch. Within the experimental errors, the results corresponded well with the predictions made by Doppler’s theory.
Parenting Expectations and Concerns of Fathers and Mothers of Newborn Infants
Authors: Fox Greer Litton , Bruce Carol , Combs-Orme Terri 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As reflected in the small but rapidly growing professional literature on fathers’ roles in early infant development, recognition of the potential importance of fathers in caring for newborns is itself in its infancy. The nature of father involvement and its impact on child outcomes have dominated the attention of researchers (Lamb, 1997a). There is less evidence of focus on the motivations, values, and beliefs that lead men to construct their father role in various ways. Role theory would suggest that the expectations of significant others are of great importance in shaping the enactment of one’s role (LaRossa & Reitzes, 1993a).
From Grandparent to Caregiver: The Stress and Satisfaction of Raising Grandchildren
Authors: Waldrop Deborah P , Weber Joseph A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
American society has witnessed growing numbers of middle-aged and older adults who have assumed the primary responsibility for raising their grandchildren (Fuller-Thompson, Minkler, & Driver, 1997; Lugaila, 1998; Roe & Minkler, 1999). Grandparents take on the caregiver role following a traumatic event or as the result of long-term problems that render their adult child unable to function as a parent. Grandparents act as parents temporarily in some families and permanently in others. They face both challenges and opportunities during these difficult times.
Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms Following Near-Death Experiences
Authors: Greyson Bruce 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
More than half of all Americans are exposed to a life-threatening traumatic event at least once, and one-quarter of Americans more than once (Kessler, Sonnega, Bromet, Hughes, & Nelson, 1995). Although there are many possible psychological and biological responses to traumatic events, almost half of those exposed to such events may develop the particular avoidance and hyperarousal symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Kessler et al., 1995). Many of the symptoms of PTSD overlap with those of depressive and anxiety disorders. What distinguishes PTSD is a biphasic pattern of reliving the trauma through intrusive memories, alternating with avoidance of reminders and numbing (Davidson, 1997).
Cultural Determinants in the Treatment of Arab Americans: A Primer for Mainstream Therapists
Authors: Nobles Anna Y , Sciarra Daniel T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the United States, 50% of the minority group members, compared to 30% of whites, terminate counseling after the first session (Sue & Sue, 1990). The difference is significant and due in part to minority clients’ negative experiences stemming from counselors’ lack of sensitivity to the client’s culture (Fukuyama, 1990; Gladding, 1992). However, with a burgeoning of multiculturalism—referred to as the “fourth force in counseling” (Pedersen, 1991)— awareness, knowledge, and skills are now acknowledged as the three broad areas in which competence is needed for working effectively across cultures (Sue et al., 1982; Sue, Arredondo, & McDavis, 1995).
Biracial Sensitive Practice: Expanding Social Services to an Invisible Population
Authors: Hall Ronald E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Social work practitioners are faced with the task of providing services to clients characterized as biracial. Biracial clients comprise a group they may have had little or no practice experience with as a separate entity. Although the literature acknowledges the existence of a biracial population, there has been minimal discussion of the significant differences and similarities indicative of biracial clients and how these difference and similarities might impact the provision of services. Instead, discussions regarding services tend to incorporate biracial clients into groups on the basis of skin color and/or racial criteria rendering them invisible. In the aftermath, practitioners ask: What are the comprehensive criteria for service delivery to biracial clients? In what ways are biracial clients diverse, and in what ways are they similar? Finally, what are the implications for biracial clients perceived as members of something other than their native group based on racial attributes? In the backdrop of these queries, biracial clients pose increasing challenges to social work practitioners.
Mental Health and Social Justice: Gender, Race, and Psychological Consequences of Unfairness
Authors: Sheppard Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the face of it, social justice and mental health are strange bedfellows. Social justice is concerned, as its name would suggest with the “social.” Its focus is on the distribution of, in particular, material goods as between different groups. Mental health, or at least mental ill health, some conventional wisdom might suggest, is an individual issue. The state of mental ill health resides within the individual, and the proper focus of treatment is on the person with the mental illness. Some views from the antipsychiatric movement, which, however, tend to have rather less currency among the most influential circles than in the past, would indicate that mental ill health is less a property of the individual than of groups, which create rules whose transgression is labeled as mental illness.
The Use of Crisis Teams in Response to Violent or Critical Incidents in Schools
Authors: Fanolis Verba 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Increased public awareness of violent incidents in America’s schools has prompted a call for school districts to prepare themselves for unthinkable events. School systems have developed an array of plans that include procedures to enhance the flow of communication, the installation of metal detectors or other security devices, and the formation of collaborative relationships between educational institutions and law enforcement agencies. This paper will first define the types of violent or critical incidents that may affect schools, and then discuss why schools must develop plans for responding to such events. Proactive responses include forming school crisis teams to plan interventions, developing action plans that make it possible to respond quickly and effectively to a variety of crisis situations, and establishing criteria for selecting team members.
George Bancroft
Authors: Scheleringer Arthur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Vaguely remembered today as the first consequential American historian-remembered but not read-George Bancroft was also in his own time a political boss, a cabinet officer, a diplomat, a presidential ghostwriter, a parlor radical, and a vivant. His grand achievement was his ten-volume History of the United States-an epic of democracy that vitally shaped Americas conception of itself. Based on diligent archival research, it was written, alas, in a rhetorical style that fatigues modern eyes and ears. An admirer of Andrew Jackson, Bancroft dispensed federal patronage in Massachusetts in the 183os. As secretary of the navy in the 1840s, he founded the Naval Academy at Annapolis and issued the orders in the Mexican War that led to the annexation of California. After Lincolns assassination, he was chosen to give the official eulogy before Congress. He was minister to Germany during the Franco-Prussian War in 1870, and his pro-Prussian sympathies prMokedVictor Hugo to write a scathing poem denouncing him.
Sterling A. Brown
Authors: Olds Sharon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sterling A. Browns poems strike me as being among the most alive of American poems. His fwy holds steady and sings; his humor cuts true; his music compels, by its formal inevitabilities and its free-wheel improvisations. How many poems in English have the moral.force, the balance, the irony, the brilliant metric change of pace of “Old Lem”? And, with all their fierceness-clothed in it, and in their stringent,jlexible rhythms and harmonics-his poems embody so much love for courage, and for the sensual, and for human honor.
Handsome Lake
Authors: Mankiller Wilma 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Handsome Lake, a Seneca chief and prophet known as the Peacemaker, brought a message of peace to the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries and helped the Haudenosauneefigure out a way to live with the new Americans. Handsome Lake said he had been visited by four spiritual messengers who gave him instructions on how the people were supposed to live- to be thankful and continue the thanksgiving ceremonies, to respect other humans and everything in the natural world, to honor the family and refrain from abuse of spouses, the children, or the elderly. Even into the twenty-first century, almost two hundred years after his death, the good words of Handsome Lake are still used extensively by the Haudenosaunee. andsome Lake, Seneca prophet, was born probably in what is now western New York State. He was the half brother of Cornplanter and the nephew of Guyasuta. Although he served as a warrior against the Cherokees in the 1760s and aided the British during the Revolution, he does not seem to have particularly distinguished himself. Apparently during the 1790s he received the title Handsome Lake (Ganeodiyo, the name traditionally borne by one of the sachems chosen to represent the Seneca at the national Iroquois council), and in that capacity he signed the treaty of Big Tree (1797), by which the Iroquois of New York were left with eleven reservations. The name used by Handsome Lake before acquiring his title is not known. In 1799 he was living an intemperate life in Cornplanter’s town on the Allegheny River in one of the Iroquois reservations.
Herman Haupt
Authors: Mcpherson James M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mr.Jerman Haupt, hardly a household name even to informed people (except Civil War historians), is one of the genuine giants in the history of American engineering and railroading. Perhaps his chief claim to fame was his eighteen-month stint as chief of construction and transportation on the US Military Railroads, 1862-1863. In this post he managed what became the largest railroad in the world at that time, consisting of the patchwork of captured southern railroads in conquered Confederate territory. Haupt transformed these lines into an efficient network of logistics and transportation that was an important factor in Union military success. A graduate of West Point (class of 1835), he spent most of his antebellum and postwar career as chief engineer for various railroads. In 1851 he wrote a treatise on bridge construction that became the Bible for such projects, and he superintended the drilling of the Hoosac Tunnel, inventing a new type of pneumatic drill in 1858 that vastly improved the safety and accuracy of tunneling. During the Civil War he developed techniques for the rebuilding of railroad bridges and trestles destroyed by the enemy that enabled the US Military Railroads to keep trains running over trestles that appeared to be, as Lincoln lightheartedly expressed, “nothing but bean-poles and corn-stalks.” Born in 18r7, Haupt lived a long and productive life, dying in 1905 of a heart attack suffered, appropriately enough, while he was riding a train in New Jersey.
DuBose Heyward
Authors: Sondheim Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
DuBose Heyward has gone largely unrecognized as the author of the finest set of lyrics in the history of the American musical theater-namely, those of Porgy and Bess. There are two reasons for this, and they are connected. First, he was primarily a poet and novelist, and his only song lyrics were those that he wrote for Porgy. Second, some of them were written in collaboration with Ira Gershwin, a full-time lyricist, whose reputation in the musical theater was firmly established be.fore the opera was written. But most of the lyrics in Porgy-and all of the distinguished ones-are byHeyward. I admire his theater songs for their deeply felt poetic style and their insight into character. It’s a pity he didn’t write any others. His work is sung, but he is unsung.
Henry Hornbostel
Authors: Graves Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mr.Jenry Hornbostel was a Pittsburgh-based architect and Beaux- Arts exponent who has, unfairly, been little recognized outside his immediate circle, or beyond the time of his practice, which spanned the first four decades of the last century. Despite receiving an Honorable Mention in the prestigious Chicago Tribune Competition and being selected to design the Pennsylvania Pavilion for the 1915 Panama-Pacific Exposition in San Francisco, Hornbostel has remained an architect known chiefly to the cognoscenti. I first came upon his works at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, for whose new campus he had completed a master plan in1915, ultimately constructing only a few palazzo-like Florentine buildings of his total vision. To me, the quadrangle that Hornbostel was able to realize approaches in quality Thomas Jefferson s much lauded and appreciated designs for the University ofVirginia in Charlottesville.
Blind Lemon Jefferson
Authors: Swados Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
First of all, theres his name-Blind Lemon Jefferson. Growing up in Buffalo as I did, I’d never heard a name even close to “Blind Lemon Jefferson.” I loved saying it. The sound was so much like a lick on a fat blues guitar. And it also evoked the South and the history of old men scratching out improvised versions of songs passed on from man to woman to man.
I first heard Blind Lemon Jefferson when I was in college. My next-door neighbor had the odd Bennington-like major in Economics and The Blues. He played records all night long while tap-taptapping term papers on his portable. Blind Lemon Jefferson was the blues singer who opened up music and drums for me. There were hardly any studio recordings of him -just happenstance traces of an outdoor festival or a jam session on someone ‘.s porch.
Murray Kempton
Authors: Shapiro Walter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the second half of the twentieth century, Murray Kempton gloriously championed two vital American traditions that were on a sad, seemingly inevitable, arc of decline-liberalism and the art of crafting a newspaper column on searing daily deadlines. The fate of liberalism left Kempton writing elegiacally about the inevitable ordeal of political losers from Adlai Stevenson and Hubert Humphrey at the top of the ticket to a rogues roster of nowforgotten New York politicos at the bottom. But it was the 700-word columns, written for tabloid newspapers that Kempton proudly boasted were not quite “respectable,” that were his shining epitaph.
Walter Lippmann
Authors: Roony Andy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My choice of an American, the memory of whose greatness is fading, is Walter Lippmann. He is called a journalist but there is no recognized profession for what he really was: Thinker. His book A Preface to Morals,published in 1929, is better than the Bible and easier to understand. Walter Lippmann, journalist and author, was born in New York City, the son of Jacob Lippmann, an investor, and Daisy Baum. Born into a family of wealth and leisure, Lippmann traveled yearly to Europe with his art-loving parents, attended private schools in New York City, and entered Harvard in the illustrious class of 1910. Among his classmates were Heywood Broun, T. S. Eliot, and John Reed, who hailed him, to no one’s surprise, as a future president of the United States. An idealistic young man, Lippmann worked with the poor of Boston, founded the student Socialist Club, and wrote for college journals pledged to social reform.
Fairfield Porter
Authors: Kramer Hilton 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fai,field Porter’s was one of the most unusual careers in the American art of his time, for it was a career haunted by a sense of belatedness. The advantages he enjoyed in his early life-an elite education in the best schools, European travel, a family that supported his vocation, and a wide acquaintanceship with men of talent and accomplishment in many fields-had the paradoxical effect of postponing the development of his own artistic gifts. When he first emerged as a painter whose work commanded attention and criticism in the 19Sos, he was a generation older than most of the painters he exhibited with at the TI’bor de Nagy Gallery in New York and the poets who then formed the principle circle of his admirers. Beyond that circle, he still found himself an odd man out on the art scene as a painter who was too traditional for the modernists and too modern for the traditionalists. It would be another twenty years before he began to receive the critical and public acclaim that were his due. Even as late as the 1970s, a curator at the Whitney Museum of American Art characterized his work as “too tame” to be of interest to the museum. It wasn’t until 1984, nearly a decade after hz’s death, that he began to attain the status of an American classic with a retrospective exhibition at the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, “Fai, field Porter (1907-1975): Realist Painter in an Age of Abstraction.” By that time, I had been writing about and praising Porter’s paintings for nearly a quarter of a century, mainly in the New York Times.
Sequoyah
Authors: Heat-Moon William Least 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sequoyah, although lackingaformal education, endowed his nation, the Cherokees, with an eighty-six-character alphabet
that allowed an entire people to become literate and record their history and culture in a way more lasting than the oral tradition.
The only individual, working alone, ever to invent and perfect an entire syllabary, one successfully adopted ya whole society, Sequoyah is so invisible today few people know that the largest tree in North America bears his name (in a variant spelling).
Sequoyah, inventor of the Cherokee syllabary, was born in the Cherokee town of Tuskegee in present-day eastern Tennessee, of uncertain parentage. He married Sally (maiden name unknown) in 1815, and they had four children. According to Emmet Starr’s History of the Cherokee Indians (1921), Sequoyah also married Utiyu at an unknown date; they had three children. Sometimes referred to as George Guess, or Gist, he was a silversmith by trade, but he had been a warrior. During the Creek War (1813-1814), he enlisted in Colonel Gideon Morgan’s Cherokee regiment and served three months.
Accounts of the inspiration for committing Cherokee to writing vary, but Sequoyah revealed to Samuel Lorenzo Knapp in 1827 that his interest stemmed from the capture of a white soldier in a late-eighteenth-century campaign. His war party discovered a letter in the soldier’s possession, and the warriors debated
1elvin B. Tolson
Authors: Dove Rita 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Levin was born in the right place-the United States of America, grand melting pot and Democratic experiment-but at the wrong time: Melvin B. Tolson, black poet and.fiery intellectual, had the grave misfortune of publishing his seminal work-Harlem Gallery, Book I: The Curator-in Ig65, at the height of the Black Power movement. A book-length poem centered around the struggles of three artists and their snooty clientele, Harlem Gallery eschews the easy sentiment of unilateral ethnic identity and pride but instead seeks to examine the contradictions and glorious ambivalences that being human embodies per se. Divided into twenty-four sections corresponding to the letters in the Greek alphabet, Harlem Gallery contains allusions ranging from Vedic gods to Tintoretto and pre- Columbian pottery, as well as snippets in Latin and French. Spliced into this highly stylized ode are vignettes and dramatic monologues; the extravagant verbiage pays homage to a variety of dictions, with irony and pathos, slapstick and pontification maneuvering side-by-side. Such a complex poetic meditation was unlikely to be a hit in the American social climate of the midsixties, with. fires raging in Watts, students taking over university buildings, and long-haired youths sticking .flowers in the rifle barrels of the National Guard while the war inVietnam escalated and claimed more and more American lives. The country had no time for subtlety and was in no mood for irony; allegiance and moral rectitude were all too often a matter of black and white.
The Ordeal of Herbert Hoover
Authors: Kennedy David M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As early as December 1930 Hoover claimed that “the major forces of the depression now lie outside of the United States.” His statement may at that moment have been overly self-protective and premature, but events soon gave the president’s words the chill ring of prophecy, as shock waves from the collapsing international economic system smote the United States with lethal wallop. Until early 1931, midway through his presidency, Hoover had been aggressive and self-confident, a frontline fighter taking vigorous offensive against the economic crises. Now international events remorselessly pushed him back onto the defensive. His overriding goals became damage control and even national economic self-preservation. In late 1931 he starkly announced: “We are now faced with the problem, not of saving Germany or Britain, but of saving ourselves.”
From the spring of 1931 onward, this became Hoover’s constant theme: that the calamity’s deepest sources originated beyond American shores. From this time, too, it began to be clear that this depression was not just another cyclic valley but a historic watershed, something vastly greater in scale and more portentous in its implications than anything that had gone before. An unprecedented event, it must have extraordinary causes. Hoover found them in the most momentous episode of the century.