bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
River Water Quality Calibration
Authors: Ng Anne , Perera B. J. C. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Management of river water quality has become increasingly important due to its decline caused by human activities, and this decline in river quality can be managed through implementation of effective strategies. Water quality models can be used as tools to simulate and assess the cause and effect relationships of river water quality and then to implement appropriate management strategies to improve river water quality. In order to use river water quality models effectively, it is necessary to estimate model parameters when they cannot be measured physically. This process is often referred as model calibration. Manual and automatic methods are the two main techniques used in model calibration. It has been proven that automatic methods are better than manual methods as it provide some measured of objectivity to parameter estimation. Genetic algorithms are one such automatic method and it has been proven as one of the promising calibration method in efficiently identifying the optimum parameter set in many water related applications. The paper will begin with an overview on different calibration methods. A case study on the overall development of a river water quality model on Yarra River, Australia will then be provided.
Review of River Water Quality Modeling Software Tools
Authors: Ng Anne , Perera B. J. C. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractRiver water quality has generally declined due to many human activities. In order to prevent or to control the degradation of river water quality, an appropriate management strategies must be considered. To manage river water quality in the most effective and efficient way, the cause and effect relationship of the river system must be identified. This can be done with a river water quality modelling tool. Many of these modelling tools are generic and are available in the public domain at no cost. However, it is necessary to review available river water quality software modelling tools, so that the most appropriate tool can be selected for the specific application. This paper will concentrate on the review of river water quality modelling tool. Then a case study on the selection of a suitable tool for the development of a river water quality model for Yarra River, Australia will be discussed. Based on the investigation, QUAL2E was identified as the most suitable software for the development of a Yarra River water quality model.
Sorptive Filtration
Authors: Matis K. A. , Lazaridis N. K. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
A typical recent example of sorption is the removal of copper by suspended particulate matter from river water (5). Iron, silicon, and aluminum oxides were used as adsorbents, serving as models of naturally occurring suspended particles. On the other hand, sorption upstream of filtration constitutes a solution; the combined process has been also termed adsorptive filtration (6). In this module (offered by Separation Technologies), fundamental aspects of the process are illustratively given, such as inertial impaction and diffusional interception; however, the latter is effective only in gas filtration. Sorption, in general, is defined as a surface process irrespective of mechanism, adsorption or precipitation (7).
Batch and column sorption studies of zinc, cadmium, and chromium were conducted on calcite to determine its retention capacity for these elements common in industrial effluents and to explore its behavior as a purification filter in a continuous flow system.
Water Quality Management in an Urban Landscape
Authors: Clayshulte Russell N. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Urban landscape broadly defines a built environment influenced by different combinations of land uses. Residential and commercial development, industrial areas, parks, open space, and roadways are examples of urban land uses. The construction of wastewater, water, and stormwater pipelines, and power lines, generally called utility infrastructure, also change the natural environment and help shape the urban landscape. Land use patterns strongly influence surface water quality and to a lesser extent groundwater. Land use choices are interactive parts of water quality management, restoration, or enhancement programs. Urban land use decisions must consider water quality management strategies and goals. Conversely, water quality must be considered in zoning and plotting processes used by local governments. A goal in shaping urban areas is to produce a sustainable urban landscape that incorporates reasonable and effective water quality strategies to restore, protect, or enhance the urban environment.
Water Quality Models: Mathematical Framework
Authors: Chau K. W. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractIn recent decades, accompanying agricultural and industrial development and population growth, it has often been observed that an increasing tendency exists for some water bodies to exhibit increases in the severity and frequency of algae blooms. Water quality models are employed to describe the balance of mass and energy within an aquatic ecosystem. The input of polluting materials includes organic and inorganic nutrients into a water body that stimulate the growth of algae or rooted aquatic plants resulting in the interference with desirable water uses. Temporal simulation of phytoplankton growth in a coastal water system is complicated, resource demanding, and computationally intensive because several chemical, biological, and biochemical processes interact, and the reaction rates and external inputs vary with time. Furthermore, the flow and associated circulation are also functions of time, with time scales ranging from minutes to months, even years. With the advances in computing resources, water quality models are capable of addressing this problem efficiently and flexibly because of their grid system and good numerical performance.
Sustainable Water Management On Mediterranean Islands: Research and Education
Authors: Lange Manfred A. , Poszig Dörte , Donta Antonia A. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract

Considering the long‐term perspectives for sustainable water use in the European Union, the Mediterranean in general and its islands in particular deserve special attention for a number of reasons:

Island water resources are largely influenced by the (non‐)existence, timing, and amount of precipitation. In some parts of the Mediterranean, the amount of (winter) precipitation has decreased (2), and the main precipitation period has shortened during the last few decades. This trend may continue as a result of regional climate change, thus exacerbating the problem (2, 3).

Of aquifers, in many instances, has led to lowering of the water table and the deterioration of water quality, primarily through saltwater intrusion in coastal areas. In some cases, this has resulted in exploitation of lower lying aquifers, thereby further reducing the remaining reserves of the islands.

The demand for water is expected to increase on Mediterranean islands because of, among others, an expected increase in the population and the number of tourists. Conflicts between competing users of water will inevitably intensify.

Agriculture is the predominant consumer of water on most Mediterranean islands (Fig. 1). Agricultural activities threaten the availability (quantity) but also the quality of water due to the use of fertilizers, pesticides, and the release of olive‐oil‐mill wastes. During the summer months, tourism also becomes a major water consumer, and competition between agriculture and tourism can lead to serious stakeholder conflicts.
Water Managed in the Public Trust
Authors: Phoenix Laurel 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Managing water in the public trust requires considering the water demand of current and future citizens as well as that of ecosystems, fish, and wildlife. This presumes that water will be managed sustainably for human and ecosystem benefit, despite the fact that ecosystems have no voice in the political process. To understand how complicated it is to accomplish this, the definition and history of the public trust is examined. Next, water management is briefly described to contrast current water management methods with the finesse that managing water in the public trust would require. Finally, some of the difficulties of achieving this in a world of rising demand and finite resources are highlighted, followed by the principles of “respect, protect, fulfill” that describe how government can fulfill its obligations to its citizens to uphold human rights.
Primitive and Advanced Water Harvesting Technology
Authors: Oweis Theib , Hachum Ahmed 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Rainwater harvesting is the process of concentrating precipitation through runoff and storing it for beneficial use. It differs from traditional soil‐water conservation where runoff is prevented. Water harvesting is mostly applicable for agriculture in regions where direct precipitation cannot support economical rainfed production. It is also used to collect rainwater for domestic, livestock, and environmental uses. It involves inducing runoff, collecting or directing it to the inrended use. In arid environments, where ecosystems are fragile and no other water resources exist, rainwater harvesting can make farming possible and economical, can improve water productivity, and can combat desertification. A wealth of indigenous knowledge exists about this ancient practice. Water‐harvesting methods are classified based on the type of use or storage, but mostly on the size of the catchment generating the runoff. Microcatchment systems are on farms where macrocatchment systems extend beyond farmers control.
Water—Here, There, and Everywhere in
C
anada
Authors:   Environment Canada
Published: July 2005

Abstract

How much water is there in the world? Scientists estimate over one billion cubic kilometers (one cubic kilometer of water would fill 300 Olympic‐sized swimming pools). Water covers nearly three quarters of the earth's surface in oceans as well as rivers, lakes, snow and glaciers. There is water in the atmosphere and water underground. Water evaporates and returns to the land surface in what is known as the
hydrologic cycle
.

In the hydrologic cycle, water evaporates from the ocean into the atmosphere, from there it can precipitate back into the ocean, or onto the land surface. From the land, it can evaporate or transpire back into the atmosphere, or flow overland or percolate underground before flowing back into the ocean. The distribution of the water around the globe varies from season to season and year to year, but the total quantity of water on the earth's surface remains essentially constant.
Water Conservation—Every Drop Counts in
C
anada
Authors:   Environment Canada
Published: July 2005

Abstract

The quantity, quality and economic problems we face as a result of our use of water are complex but, at least
one
of the causes of these problems is easy to manage—the way we waste water. And, the solution is straight forward—
water conservation
. Simply stated, water conservation means doing the same with less, by using water more efficiently or reducing where appropriate, in order to protect the resource now, and for the future. Using water wisely will reduce pollution and health risks, lower water costs, and extend the useful life of existing supply and waste treatment facilities.
River Basin Decisions Support Systems
Authors: Howard Charles D. D. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe interacting components of water resource systems incorporate physical, biological, chemical, and institutional constraints and objectives (Fig.). Water projects are difficult to manage efficiently within potentially conflicting objectives and constraints on water quality, river flows, and lake levels. There are many types of decisions, and these must be made on a timely and reliable basis. Decisions vary from timescales of minutes for assigning loads to hydroelectric generating units to weeks and months for managing water quality, reservoir levels, and pumping from groundwater. On shorter timescales, decisions are based on deterministic analyses. On longer timescales, decisions are dominated by consideration of probabilities.Planning can benefit from decision support systems developed for actual operations. Sound plans require realistic analysis that these systems provide for changes in operating parameters, capacity expansion, and the benefits and costs of potential new environmental objectives.
Water Resources Systems Analysis
Authors: Simonovic Slobodan P. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Water resources planning and management process is a search for the solution of how to meet the needs of a population with the available resources (1). Water resources planning and management is as old as humanity. However, with knowledge and technology development, a change in the living standard of people, and further economic development, the analysis procedure changes.

An example of the principal water resources planning and management objectives for industrialized countries is based on the
Principles and Standards for Planning Water and Related Land Resources
used in the United States and introduced by the U.S. Water Resources Council in 1973 and modified in 1979 and 1980 (2). According to them the overall purpose of water resources planning and management is improvement of the quality of life through contributions to national economic development, environmental quality, regional economic development, and other social effects.
Globalization of Water
Authors: Hoekstra A. Y. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
People in Japan can affect the hydrological system in the United States. People in Europe can affect regional water systems in Thailand or Brazil. There are basically two mechanisms that make global connections between seemingly local water systems. First, the climate system connects different places on earth, because evaporation in one place results in precipitation in another place. The climate system is inherently global: local emissions of greenhouse gases contribute to a changing global climate, thus affecting temperature, evaporation, and precipitation patterns elsewhere. In this way, human activities in the economic centers of the world affect base and peak flows in rivers throughout the world. There is, however, a second mechanism through which people can affect water systems in other parts of the world. A European consumer of Thai rice raises rice demand in Thailand and subsequently the use of water for rice irrigation in Thailand. Globally, roughly one‐fifth of the water used in agriculture is applied in areas used for producing export commodities. This fraction is increasing in line with the increase of global trade. Scientists have known for several decades that human activities within a river basin strongly impact on the water flows and water quality in such a river basin. It is more recent that scientists have started to realize that local water problems are often, in their roots, problems that cannot be solved locally or regionally, because the driving forces lay outside the region. The gradual disappearance of the Aral Lake in Uzbekistan–Kazakhstan, for instance, is directly linked to the global demand for cotton.
Macrophytes as Biomonitors of Polychlorinated Biphenyls
Authors: Miglioranza Karina S.B. , Menone Mirta L. , Aizpún De Moreno Julia E. , Moreno Víctor J. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractBiomonitoring is the use of organismsin situto identify and quantify toxicants in an environment. This technique takes advantage of the ability of organisms to accumulate contaminants in their tissues through bioaccumulation and bioconcentration. In general, three historical stages exist in the biomonitoring with plants, based on the use of different parameters: (a) various physiological, morphological, and community parameters; (b) environmental concentrations of pollutants in plant tissues; and (c) early warning systems or biomarkers (histological, biochemical, or genetic).Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are one of the more ubiquitous and toxic organic pollutants. PCBs are very hydrophobic contaminants and preferentially adsorb onto sediment particles. Depending on their morphology, aquatic macrophytes grow at the interface of distinct environments, such as water, sediment, and air. Despite not many studies being conducted using aquatic macrophytes for biomonitoring PCBs in freshwater ecosystem—as evidenced by a lack of literature reports—research under field conditions have demonstrated that rooted macrophytes play a crucial role in the removal of PCBs from the environment, not only accumulating but transforming them. For this reason, phytoremediation has been proposed as an alternative or complementary technique to treat sediment polluted by PCBs, but still needs much basic research.
Introduction to Wastewater Modeling and Treatment Plant Design
Authors: Russell David L. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
There are many ways of approaching the design of a wastewater treatment plant. Of the many methods, the field of practice generally uses three or four: design codes, rules of thumb, simple Monod calculations; and rigorous mathematical modeling. Most states still subscribe to variants of the first two methods because they work and are written in code documents. Depending on the backgrounds of designers, they may or may not have been exposed to the Monod equation and/or mathematically rigorous approaches to development of a static or dynamic model.
We confine this article to discussing readily available activated sludge and related models. Anaerobic digestion or film type of biological treatment systems is not discussed because the modeling effort for film modeling is not well enough defined to permit accurate modeling, and anaerobic modeling is still relatively new and has not become widely available. Another reason is that many of the models would require a full book to summarize adequately, and their use and calibration are often the subject of Ph.D. theses.
Basics of Underground Water and Sewer Pipeline Assessment, Repair, and Rehabilitation
Authors: Gokhale Sanjiv 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Traditionally, municipalities have constantly been a “step behind” in managing the municipal, and this is especially true of sewer systems. Municipalities have addressed the design, construction, maintenance, and rehabilitation of sewer systems by a “crisis‐based” approach. Sewers are not built and/or rehabilitated until a major failure (i.e., overflow, collapse) occurs. This reactive management practice has led to inefficient use of funds and causes more frequent sewer failures, which end in difficult and costly repairs. For municipalities to be a “step ahead” in managing sewer systems, they need to have a better understanding of the existing condition of the network, which in turn will help them plan and manage maintenance to prevent major failures.
Trenchless Repair and Rehabilitation Techniques
Authors: Gokhale Sanjiv 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Trenchless technology (TT) consists of a wide range of methods, materials, and equipment for installing new or rehabilitating existing underground pipelines and utility systems with minimal excavation of the ground. According to the North America Society of Trenchless Technology (NASTT), trenchless construction is “a family of methods, materials, and equipment capable of being used for the installation of new or replacement or rehabilitation of existing underground infrastructure with minimal disruption to surface traffic, business, and other activities.”
The development and use of trenchless techniques has expanded rapidly over the past 10 years. The reason for this exceptional growth is the desire to install or rehabilitate underground pipeline systems with minimum impact on society and the environment. The benefits of trenchless technology are quite apparent compared to the conventional open‐cut process. However, it is necessary to evaluate the suitability and appropriateness of any rehabilitation system, trenchless or otherwise, on a project‐by‐project basis with due consideration of all project criteria, such as size and material of pipe, level of deterioration, hydraulic capacity, etc.
The Role of Organoclay in Water Cleanup
Authors: Alther George R. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractOrganophilic clays, also called organoclays, have been used in the wastewater industry since 1985. Their main purpose is as a prepolisher to activated carbon. Their utility arises from the fact that their chemistry permits partitioning into organic hydrocarbon compounds of low solubility, particularly oil and grease. Those types of compounds cause activated carbon to become blinded quickly because their molecular size is equal or larger than the pores of activated carbon. Prepolishing water for activated carbon makes the carbon last seven times longer than when used in a stand‐alone mode and can save the end users 50% or more of their operating costs.This article describes organoclays in detail and provides some case histories.
Effluent Limitations and the
NPDES
Permit
Authors: Donald Duke L. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) is the mechanism developed in the CWA to specify numeric limitations for effluent from both industrial facilities and POTWs. In the 1972 CWA, Congress authorized the newly‐organized Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to develop, promulgate, and enforce NPDES requirements.
Uniform numeric limitations for industry are specified in two forms. The first is by substance: EPA is directed to develop a list of allowable limitations for both “conventional pollutants,” which were widely recognized as of 1972, and “priority pollutants,” consisting largely of toxic substances about which information was and is still emerging. The second is by industrial category: numeric limitations are listed for each of a range of industry groups (categories) selected by EPA according to facility types likely to have similar wastewater characteristics and problems, and similarity of the treatment technologies likely to be successful in removing pollutants from wastewater typical of that industry's characteristics. These categorical standards within a given industry recognize two types of discharges: direct discharges into waters of the United States and indirect discharges into municipal wastewater systems, known as “pretreatment” standards, because after onsite treatment, the discharges are intermingled and treated again by the receiving POTW. For some substances in some industry categories, the specified numeric limitations are somewhat different for direct and for indirect discharges.
Inadequate Treatment of Wastewater: A Source of Coliform Bacteria in Receiving Surface Water Bodies in Developing Countries—Case Study: Eastern Cape Province of South Africa
Authors: Momba M. N. B. , Mfenyana C. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractIn developing countries, most people do not have access to adequate water supply services, and the receiving water bodies are used for various purposes. Treated sewage effluent should therefore comply with a standard of nil fecal coliforms/100 ml before its discharge into the receiving surface water body, and this standard can only be achieved by disinfection. The present study aimed at evaluating the efficiency of four wastewater treatment plants for the removal of coliforms in order to establish the relationship between the microbiological quality of the final effluent and that of the receiving water body, which may influence infections and diseases in the community of the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. The disinfection practice in terms of chlorine residual concentrations was found not to be sufficient for the removal of coliforms from the effluent. The Dimbaza plant removed coliform organisms at 85.71%. In Alice, Fort Beaufort, and East London wastewater treatment plants, 62.5%, 60%, and 43% of the organisms found in treated final effluents were also prevalent in receiving water bodies, respectively. The results suggest that the microbiological quality of the effluents examined pose a serious health risk to the communities because various potentially pathogenic organisms were identified.