bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fludarabine and cyclophosphamide using an attenuated dose schedule is a highly effective regimen for patients with indolent lymphoid malignancies
Authors: Tam Constantine S. , Wolf Max M. , Januszewicz E. Henry , Prince H. Miles , Westerman David , Seymour John F. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDPreclinical data have supported the use of fludarabine and cyclophosphamide (FC) in combination for the treatment of indolent lymphoid malignancies. Previously reported schedules were highly effective, but were complicated by significant myelotoxicity and infectious complications. In the current study, the authors analyzed their experience with an attenuated dose regimen to determine whether equivalent efficacy could be achieved with reduced toxicity.METHODSSixty‐four patients with indolent lymphoid malignancies were treated with intravenous fludarabine at a dose of 25 mg/m2 and cyclophosphamide at a dose of 250 mg/m2, each given on Days 1–3 for a median of 4 cycles. The median age of the patients was 60 years. Nineteen percent of the patients were previously untreated, and 45% had refractory disease; the patients had received a median of 2 prior therapies. With regard to histology, 41% of the patients had chronic lymphocytic leukemia or its variants, whereas the remainder of patients had low‐grade non‐Hodgkin lymphoma, predominantly follicule center cell lymphoma.RESULTSA total of 237 cycles were delivered. The principal toxicities reported were neutropenia (NCI CTC Grade 4 in 17% of cycles) and infection (Grade ≥ 3 in 6% of cycles). The overall response rate and complete response rate were 86% and 29%, respectively. No significant difference could be discerned with regard to response rates for patients with untreated, recurrent, or refractory disease.CONCLUSIONSThe FC schedule used in the current study was found to be highly effective in patients with indolent lymphoid malignancies. Toxicity was lower compared with higher dose schedules, whereas efficacy appeared to be equivalent. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Urinary bladder biopsy with denuded mucosa: Denuding cystitis—Cytopathologic correlates
Authors: Parwani Anil V. , Levi Angelique W. , Epstein Jonathan I. , Ali Syed Z. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractDenuding cystitis is often encountered in tissue biopsies of bladder mucosa performed by either cold‐cup forceps or wire loop electrocautery to evaluate hematuria or to rule out recurrent urothelial carcinoma. Lack of urothelium in these biopsies is often a frustrating experience, leading to a nonspecific interpretation. In this study, 151 cases of denuding cystitis were retrieved from the surgical pathology files of The Johns Hopkins Hospital over a 4‐year period (1996–1999). Patients under the age of 40 years and outside consultation material were excluded. Of the 151 cases of denuding cystitis, 48 patients were identified who had concurrent urinary cytologic studies. Of these patients, 35 were male (73%) and 13 were female (27%). Patient ages ranged from 43 to 85 years (mean, 67). Twenty‐six of these 48 patients (54%) had at least one concurrently positive urinary cytology, which was histologically confirmed. All except three cases were high‐grade urothelial carcinoma with the following histologic subtypes: flat carcinoma in situ (n = 11), noninvasive papillary (n = 9), and invasive urothelial carcinoma (n = 3). We conclude that urinary cytology is a sensitive modality that detects exfoliated carcinoma cells in patients with a histologic diagnosis of denuding cystitis. An inconclusive diagnosis of denuding cystitis on tissue might be related to biopsy method and technique, small sample size, or biopsy of cystoscopically abnormal urothelium that is denuded. A cytologic diagnosis of high‐grade urothelial carcinoma in these cases leads to a timely clinical intervention for optimal patient management. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2004;30:297–300. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Amelioration of the β‐cell dysfunction in diabetic APA hamsters by antioxidants and AGE inhibitor treatments
Authors: Takatori Atsushi , Ishii Yoshiyuki , Itagaki Shin‐ichi , Kyuwa Shigeru , Yoshikawa Yasuhiro 
Published: April 2004

AbstractBackgroundIn our recent report, probucol treatment ameliorated glucose intolerance and increased the insulin‐positive area in the pancreas of streptozotocin (SZ)‐induced diabetic APA hamsters. The data suggested that the beneficial effects of probucol treatment on β‐cell function might result from its additive effect as an antioxidant. Here, we examined the antioxidant effects on the β‐cell function in SZ‐induced diabetic APA hamsters treated with three different agents, N‐acetyl‐L‐cysteine (NAC), aminoguanidine (AG) and pyridoxamine (PM).MethodsThe control (CB group) and diabetic (SZ group) hamsters were treated with NAC, AG or PM for four weeks from several days after SZ injection.ResultsNon‐fasting plasma glucose and glycoalbumin levels were significantly reduced in SZ animals by NAC or PM treatment. Glucose tolerance test revealed that fasting plasma glucose levels of SZNAC and SZPM animals were low, similar to the corresponding control animals. Thirty minutes after glucose injection, amelioration in the plasma glucose levels of SZNAC and SZPM animals was observed. Immunohistochemistry revealed that the pancreata of SZNAC, SZAG and SZPM animals showed significantly higher percentages of insulin‐positive area than those of non‐treated SZ animals. The plasma 8OHdG and malondialdehyde plus 4‐hydroxy‐2‐nonenal (4HNE) levels were significantly decreased especially in SZNAC and SZPM animals. 4HNE‐positive cells stained by anti‐4HNE antibody were reduced in the islets of each agent‐treated animal. SZNAC and SZPM animals showed significantly increased β‐cell proliferation determined by insulin and BrdU double staining. All SZ groups treated with NAC, AG or PM had the high expression levels of Reg and INGAP, which are known to be expressed in regenerating islets.ConclusionsThese data suggest that NAC and PM treatment of SZ‐injected diabetic hamsters reduces oxidative stress and restores β‐cell function, but that AG treatment has little beneficial effect on the diabetic conditions of SZ‐injected hamsters. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mortality in type 2 diabetic subjects prescribed metformin and sulphonylurea drugs in combination: cohort study
Authors: Gulliford Martin , Latinovic Radoslav 
Published: April 2004

AbstractBackgroundIn the UK Prospective Diabetes Study, treatment with sulphonylurea and metformin in combination was associated with increased mortality. We compared mortality in subjects treated either with metformin or sulphonylurea drugs alone, or in combination.MethodsCohort study in 263 general practices in the United Kingdom. Subjects were aged ≥30 years. Outcome was survival from first prescription of oral hypoglycaemic drugs till death from any cause. Transfer to metformin and sulphonylurea in combination was modelled as a time‐dependent covariate. Hazard ratios were adjusted for age, sex, year of treatment, presence of coronary heart disease or prescription of cardiovascular drugs. Analyses were also stratified by propensity score.ResultsThere were 8488 subjects who were initially prescribed sulphonylureas with a total of 20 783 person years of follow‐up and 1157 deaths. The crude mortality rate was 58.56 per 1000 person years during suphonlyurea as sole treatment. In 1868 subjects who were prescribed additional metformin, the mortality rate was 39.75 per 1000. The adjusted hazard ratio was 1.06 (95% confidence interval 0.85 to 1.31, P = 0.616). There were 3099 subjects initially treated with metformin with a total of 7306 person years of follow‐up and 176 deaths. During metformin‐only treatment, the mortality rate was 25.48 per 1000. After addition of sulphonylurea in 867 subjects, mortality was 19.35 per 1000. The adjusted hazard ratio was 0.95 (0.64 to 1.40, P = 0.801).ConclusionsIn this large non‐randomized study, there was no evidence of increased mortality risk following prescription of sulphonylurea and metformin in combination, as compared to either drug prescribed singly. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
One‐Pot Synthesis of Superparamagnetic CoO‐MCM‐41 Nanocomposites with Uniform and Highly Dispersed Magnetic Nanoclusters
Authors: Haskouri Jamal El , Cabrera Saúl , Guillem Carmen , Latorre Julio , Beltrán Aurelio , Marcos M. Dolores , Gómez‐García Carlos J. , Beltrán Daniel , Amorós Pedro 
Published: April 2004

AbstractSuperparamagnetic CoO‐MCM‐41 mesoporous nanocomposites, with variable cobalt amounts, in the form of well‐dispersed CoO‐like clusters, were prepared in a large compositional range by a one‐step reproducible procedure employing co‐hydrolysis and co‐condensation of the inorganic precursors in a water/triethanolamine medium. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Treatment of pharmaceutical industry process wastewater using the extractive membrane bioreactor
Authors: dos Santos L. M. Freitas , Biundo G. Lo 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThis paper describes the performance characterization of the Extractive Membrane Bioreactor (EMB) when treating pharmaceutical industry process wastewater contaminated with Dichloromethane (DCM). EMB technology, which employs extraction and biodegradation in a single step, has proved a potential alternative for the treatment of harsh inorganic waste streams contaminated with organic compounds. It is particularly successful for the destruction of toxic Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) such as DCM without incurring air‐stripping. A mixed culture was enriched to achieve complete biodegradation of DCM and total mineralization was confirmed by measurement of stoichiometric chloride release. The laboratory scale EMB was fed the process wastewater without any pre‐treatment or dilution and was operated for 16 days with removals >95%for the entire period of operation. The applicability of the EMB to treatment of a range of pharmaceutical industry wastewaters and its costs are discussed.
Estimates of air emissions from asphalt storage tanks and truck loading
Authors: Trumbore David C. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractTitle V of the 1990 Clean Air Act requires the accurate estimation of emissions from all U.S. manufacturing processes, and places the burden of proof for that estimate on the process owner. This paper is published as a tool to assist in the estimation of air emissions from hot asphalt storage tanks and asphalt truck loading operations. Data are presented on asphalt vapor pressure, vapor molecular weight, and the emission split between volatile organic compounds and particulate emissions that can be used with AP‐42 calculation techniques to estimate air emissions from asphalt storage tanks and truck loading operations. Since current AP‐42 techniques are not valid in asphalt tanks with active fume removal, a different technique for estimation of air emissions in those tanks, based on direct measurement of vapor space combustible gas content, is proposed. Likewise, since AP‐42 does not address carbon monoxide or hydrogen sulfide emissions that are known to be present in asphalt operations, this paper proposes techniques for estimation of those emissions. Finally, data are presented on the effectiveness of fiber bed filters in reducing air emissions in asphalt operations.
Sustainability: Waste minimization, green chemistry and inherently safer processing
Authors: Mulholland Kenneth L. , Sylvester Robert W. , Dyer James A. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractWebster's New Collegiate Dictionary defines sustainable as “maintain, or cause to continue, in existence or a certain state.” The word “sustainable” is now used to define a world that is able to “maintain in existence” all life that now exists. To attain that goal, human activities will need to change. Waste Minimization, Green Chemistry, and Inherently Safer Processes all seek to manufacture chemicals in an environmentally sustainable way by reducing waste generation, minimizing the impact of chemicals and chemical processes on the environment and the public, and minimizing any hazards to the workers. In this paper, we discuss the synergies among these concepts. The three disciplines must better coordinate their efforts to capitalize on the total teachings, develop and retrofit manufacturing processes using the best technologies, and ensure the highest return projects. In the end, the ultimate chemical process will produce a non‐toxic, recyclable or easily biodegradable product that meets society's needs, produces no waste, is inherently safer, and uses renewable feed materials.
A pilot‐scale demonstration of a membrane‐based absorption‐ stripping process for removal and recovery of volatile organic compounds
Authors: Majumdar S. , Bhaumik D. , Sirkar K. K. , Simes G. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractA new membrane‐based continuous absorption‐stripping process has been developed to separate gas/vapor mixtures, such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs), from a nitrogen/air stream. Two different hollow fiber membrane modules are needed in this process to remove the VOCs. In the first module, VOC‐laden nitrogen/air stream flows through the bore of the hollow fibers. A suitable absorbent liquid with a high solubility for the VOC and essentially no solubility for nitrogen/air is pumped countercurrently over the outside of the fibers. This liquid is an inert, nontoxic, and essentially nonvolatile, organic solvent. The VOCs are effectively removed from nitrogen/air to a very low level and are concentrated in the absorbent for recovery, while the absorbent is regenerated by heating and subjecting it to vacuum in a separate hollow fiber membrane module called the stripping module.A pilot‐scale membrane‐based absorption‐stripping unit was located next to a paint spray booth at Robins Air Force Base, Warner Robins, GA. Tests were performed on slip‐streams of real‐time air emissions from scheduled intermittent painting operations, so the concentration of VOC in the exhaust air fluctuated with time. The VOC removal efficiency was determined as a function of the feed air flow rate and the absorbent (silicone oil) flow rate. Depending on the gas/liquid flow rates and the inlet VOC concentration, the process successfully removed as much as 95+% of the VOC present. The experimental results have been compared with theoretical predictions.
Process analysis via waste minimization: Using DuPont's methodology to identify process improvement opportunities
Authors: Mulholland Kenneth L. , Dyer James A. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractWaste is an expense, and thus costs money. Traditional problem‐solving approaches often miss process improvement opportunities, resulting in unnecessary wastes. This leads to less profitable businesses. DuPont has developed a methodology that identifies the technologies and practices that reduce waste generation. The methodology examines the process starting with the waste streams, and works back to the source of these wastes, asking questions about how it can be eliminated or minimized. This technique asks different questions about the same process information, so new improvement opportunities are identified. This paper defines waste and waste minimization, and how it impacts chemical processes. Case studies are included that show how this approach saves money and develops ideas for improving existing processes.
Air regulatory impacts of the use of tire‐derived fuel
Authors: Karell Marc A. , Blumenthal Michael H. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractAs a fuel, scrap tires are an economically viable choice to supplement existing sources. In addition, policies promoting the use of scrap tires as a fuel can reduce their potential for creating environmental hazards. For example, when in stockpiles, scrap tires cause emissions of toxic compounds from arson‐caused fires, and can be a breeding ground for disease‐carrying insects. The growing number of industrial applications where scrap tires can serve as a supplemental fuel includes cement kilns, the pulp and paper industry, and utility boilers.Over the past decade, there have been a number of emissions studies on scrap tire and tire‐derived fuel (TDF) supplemented combustion. In many cases, co‐combustion with TDF has been shown to decrease emissions. This paper summarizes how supplementing combustion with TDF affects emissions of different pollutants.Scrap tire and TDF combustion are not currently regulated by a specific New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) or Most Achievable Control Technology (MACT) standard because they typically regulate an emission unit, not a fuel type. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is currently debating how to regulate facilities that supplement their combustion with scrap tires. This paper discusses some of those options.
Destruction of benzene with non‐thermal plasma in dielectric barrier discharge reactors
Authors: Cal Mark P. , Schluep Martin 
Published: April 2004

AbstractVolatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted to the atmosphere can cause adverse effects on human health and participate in photochemical smog formation reactions. Title III of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) requires that the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) promulgate emission standards for 188 hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) associated with about 300 major source categories. Many industrial facilities throughout the U.S. will need pollution abatement systems for HAPs in order to be in compliance.Non‐thermal plasma can be used to generate gas‐phase free radicals (O(1D), O(3P), OH•) at low temperature (293 K), which can then be used to destroy pollutants, such as benzene. The destruction of benzene was examined in planar dielectric barrier discharge plasma reactors as a function of applied voltage, benzene concentration, residence time and relative humidity. Near complete destruction of benzene (> 99%) was achieved in both wet and dry gas streams.
Absorption of H2S in NaOCl caustic aqueous solution
Authors: Chen Luke , Huang James , Yang Chen‐Lu 
Published: April 2004

AbstractPilot plant experimental data were collected to study the feasibility of H2S removal from air streams utilizing aqueous solutions. Solutions of NaOCl/NaOH were tested in a packed bed scrubber and found to be effective. An efficiency of 99.2% H2S removal was achieved at a gas flow rate of 790 lb/f2 ‐hr and liquid‐gas ratio of 5.06. Sodium hydroxide was found to be the active ingredient in the absorption process. A minimum alkalinity of pH 11 in the scrubbing solution was required for the H2S to be efficiently absorbed in the packed bed scrubber. For gas flow rates up to 2,100 lb/f2 hr, the height of a transfer unit (HTU) varied from 1.8 ft to 2 ft with different proportions of NaOCl and NaOH in the solution.
High VOC loadings in multiple bed biofilters: Petroleum and industrial applications
Authors: Stewart William C. , Barton Tracy Ashlock , Thom Randall R. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractTo meet the demands of existing and upcoming Federal air regulations more cost‐effective alternative technologies a re needed. Bio‐Reaction Industries, Inc. (BRI) has developed a patented, modular, high‐rate, vapor‐phase biofilter that has provided such a solution for a major oil company for the past four years. This compact system has adsorbed and digested high VOC surge concentrations (over 90,000 ppmv) from a glycol dehydrator in a high CO2, corrosive environment. The article presents system design changes, operation/maintenance costs, process economics and performance data. The system's capabilities for a variety of low flow (≈ 10 cfm) petroleum/natural gas process and storage tank vents will also be covered.In addition, a higher flow system with a new bed design has undergone extensive research and development. Performance results for the system when installed at a paint manufacturing facility will be briefly described. An excellent and up‐to‐date compendium on vapor phase biofilters has recently been published by Devinny, Deshusses and Webster [1], and should be referred to for an in‐depth analysis of the technology.
Removing volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from a printed circuit board manufacturing facility using pilot‐ and commercial‐scale biofilters
Authors: Shareefdeen Zarook , Herner Brian , Webb Derek , Polenek Sophia , Wilson Steve 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThis paper describes a new application of biofiltration technology to treat emissions from a printed circuit board manufacturing facility. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), primarily Propylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether Acetate (PGMEA), di‐ Propylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether (di‐PGME), and 1‐3‐5 triazine‐2‐4‐6 triamine, are emitted during solder masking and drying of printed circuit boards. These VOCs are odorous and, hence, require treatment prior to discharge. Recently, based on data from a laboratory‐pilot biofiltration study, a 7,500 cfm capacity commercial biofilter (BASYS™) system was installed to treat odorous VOCs at a printed circuit board facility located in the Greater Toronto area. The biofilter system, which consists of two units, was packed with wood‐based (BIOMIX™) and inorganic (BIOSORBENS™) media, respectively. The biofilter system commenced operation in August of 2000. Air and media samples have been continuously collected and analyzed for monitoring and fine‐tuning of the biofilter (BASYS) system. As predicted from the laboratory‐pilot tests, results from the commercial system indicate that the biofilter unit, which contains propriety inorganic media, outperforms wood based media. While completely eliminating targeted odorous compounds such as PGMEA, the biofilter system is also shown to remove non‐target VOCs.
Performance of a full‐scale biotrickling filter treating H2S at a gas contact time of 1.6 to 2.2 seconds
Authors: Gabriel David , Deshusses Marc A. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractEmission of objectionable odors is a major problem for wastewater treatment and other processing facilities. Biological treatment is a promising alternative to conventional control methods, such as chemical scrubbing, but historically, biotreatment has always required significantly larger reactor volumes than chemical scrubbers.In this paper, we present several aspects of the operation and performance of a chemical scrubber, retrofitted to operate as a biotrickling filter treating 16,000 m3 h−1 of foul air with the original gas contact time of 1.6 to 2.2 seconds. In continuous operation for more than a year, the biotrickling filter has shown stable performance and robust behavior for H2S treatment, with pollutant removal performance comparable to using a chemical scrubber. Reclaimed water was used as a nutrient source for the process, and to maintain the pH in the biotrickling filter between 1.5 and 2.2. At a gas contact time of 1.6 seconds, H2S removal was in excess of 95% for sustained inlet H2S concentrations as high as 30 ppmv. This corresponds to volumetric elimination rates of 95 to 105 g H2S m−3 h−1. Efficiencies of about 90% were observed under transient conditions at 2.2 seconds gas contact time for inlet concentration peaks up to 60 ppmv. The biotrickling filter also removed significant amounts of reduced sulfur compounds, ammonia, and volatile organic compounds present in traces in the air, which is important in practical applications.Selected experiments, such as intermittent trickling operation and a one‐month operation period at neutral pH, are also presented. Results indicate that the intermittent trickling operation does not have a significant effect on H2S removal. However, when operated at neutral pH, biotrickling filter performance clearly decreased, probably due to an excessive chlorine supply to the reactor through the make‐up water. The study demonstrates that biotrickling filters can replace chemical scrubbers as a safer, more economical technique for odor control.