bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intravenous Itraconazole followed by Oral Itraconazole for the Treatment of Amphotericin-B-Refractory Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis
Authors: Caillot D. 
Published: April 2003

The efficacy and safety of 2 weeks of intravenous itraconazole (200 mg twice daily for 2 days, then 200 mg once daily for 12 days) followed by 12 weeks of oral itraconazole capsules 200 mg twice daily were evaluated in a multicentre, open trial in 31 immunocompromised patients with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA). We report on a subset of 21 patients who had amphotericin-B-refractory IPA. All patients had haematological malignancies, 10 patients had failed prophylaxis, 12 patients had failed empirical therapy and 2 patients had failed treatment of confirmed infection with amphotericin B. By the second day of treatment, all patients assessed (n = 12) had trough plasma concentrations of itraconazole greater than 250 ng/ml. Mean trough plasma concentrations increased throughout the intravenous and oral treatment periods. Of the 10 patients who completed the 14 weeks of therapy, 9 (90%) had a complete or partial response and the remaining patient had stable disease. Overall, 11 of the 21 patients (52%) had a complete or partial response at their last assessment and three additional patients had stable disease. During intravenous treatment, 18 patients (86%) experienced adverse events; during oral treatment, 11 patients (52%) experienced adverse events. Most adverse events were not related to itraconazole treatment and all were expected in this patient population. In conclusion, intravenous itraconazole followed by oral itraconazole is an effective and well-tolerated treatment for amphotericin-B-refractory IPA.
The Effect of Cingulate Cortex Lesions on Task Switching and Working Memory
Authors: Rushworth M. F. S. , Hadland K. A. , Gaffan D. , Passingham R. E. 
Published: April 2003

Abstract
Anatomic interconnections between the prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortices suggest that these areas may have similar functions. Here we report the effect of anterior cingulate removal on task switching, error monitoring, and working memory. Neuroimaging studies have implicated the cingulate cortex in all these processes. Six macaques were taught task switching (TS) and delayed alternation (DA) paradigms. TS required switching between two conditional response tasks with mutually incompatible response selection rules. DA required alternation between two identically covered food-well positions. In the first set of experiments, anterior cingulate lesions did not consistently impair TS or DA performance. One animal performed worst on both TS and DA and in this animal the cingulate sulcus lesion was most complete. In the second set of experiments, we confirmed that larger anterior cingulate lesions, which included the sulcus, consistently impaired TS but only led to a mild and equivocal impairment of DA. The TS error pattern, however, did not suggest an impairment of TS per se. The consequence of a cingulate lesion is, therefore, distinct to that of a prefrontal lesion. TS error distribution analyses provided some support for a cingulate role in monitoring responses for errors and subsequent correction but the pattern of reaction time change in TS was also indicative of a failure to sustain attention to the task and the responses being made.
The Right Hemisphere Involvement in the Processing of Morphologically Derived Words
Authors: Marangolo Paola , Incoccia Chiara , Pizzamiglio Luigi , Sabatini Umberto , Castriota-Scanderbeg Alessandro , Burani Cristina 
Published: April 2003

Abstract
It is widely documented that the left hemisphere is dominant in all complex linguistic tasks, including the processing of inflectional morphology. Both in Italian and in other languages, patients with brain damage with a selective deficit in derivational morphology have never been reported. Here we present the unusual case of two patients with very similar right-hemisphere lesions, who in the absence of aphasic disorders showed a selective inability in producing derivational morphology. Although both patients were unimpaired in producing verb infinitives, they both showed a selective deficit in producing nouns derived from verbs. This difficulty was not present in deriving nouns from other grammatical categories, such as adjectives. Interestingly, both patients mostly substituted the derived noun with the past participle of the verb. This pattern of results documents for the first time a right-hemisphere contribution in the domain of derivational morphology.
Marked Potentiation of the Dominant Negative Action of a Mutant Thyroid Hormone Receptor β in Mice by the Ablation of One Wild-Type β Allele
Authors: Suzuki H. , Zhang X.-Y. , Forrest D. , Willingham M. C. , Cheng S.-Y. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractMutations in the thyroid hormone receptor (TR) β gene result in resistance to thyroid hormone (RTH), characterized by reduced sensitivity of tissues to thyroid hormone. To understand which physiological TR pathways are affected by mutant receptors, we crossed mice with a dominantly negative TRβ mutation (TRβPV) with mice carrying a TRβ null mutation (TRβ−/−) to determine the consequences of the TRβPV mutation in the absence of wild-type TRβ. TRβPV/− mice are distinct from TRβ+/− mice that did not show abnormalities in thyroid function tests. TRβPV/− mice are also distinct from TRβPV/+ and TRβ−/− mice in that the latter shows mild dysfunction in the pituitary-thyroid axis, whereas the former exhibit very severe abnormalities, including extensive papillary hyperplasia of the thyroid epithelium, indistinguishable from that observed in TRβPV/PV mice. Similar to TRβPV/PV mice, TRβPV/− mice exhibited impairment in weight gain. Moreover, the abnormal regulation patterns of T3-target genes in the tissues of TRβPV/− and TRβPV/PV mice were strikingly similar. Using TR isoforms and PV-specific antibodies in gel shift assays, we found that in vivo, PV competed with TRα1 for binding to thyroid hormone response elements in TRβPV/− mice as effectively as in TRβPV/PV mice. Thus, the actions of mutant TRβ are markedly potentiated by the ablation of the second TRβ allele, suggesting that interference with wild-type TRα1-mediated gene regulation by mutant TRβ leads to severe RTH.
A New Open Metal-Organic Framework [Zn8(GeO4)(C8H4O4)6]n, Constructed by Heterometallic Cluster Zn8(GeO4) Secondary Building Units
Authors: Chen Jinxi , Liu Zhicheng , Yu Ting , Chen Zhenxia , Sun Jinyu , Weng Linhong , Tu Bo , Zhao Dongyuan 
Published: April 2003

Abstract
A new interpenetrating three dimensional open metal–organic framework [Zn8(GeO4)(C8H4O4)6]n, constructed by Zn8(GeO4) secondary building units is reported. It is a rare example of metal–organic frameworks based on the heterometallic cluster secondary building units. Thermogravimetric analysis shows that it is thermally stable up to 320 °C.
The Iberian Peninsula thermal low
Authors: Hoinka Klaus P. , Castro Manuel DE 
Published: April 2003

AbstractStatistics of the thermal low above the Iberian Peninsula are presented for the period between 1979 and 1993, based on gridded data from the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts reanalysis project. The sample of days with a thermal low above the Iberian Peninsula was selected objectively using criteria applied to mean‐sea‐level pressure and 925 hPa geopotential fields. The synoptic‐ and regional‐scale horizontal structure is characterized by the climatology of the 500 hPa geopotential and mean‐sea‐level pressure distributions. The diurnal evolution of the mean‐sea‐level pressure is portrayed by mean fields at 00, 06, 12 and 18 U TC. The climatological vertical structure of the thermal low is shown by relation to meridional and zonal cross‐sections passing through the thermal low's centre. The diurnal evolution of the divergence, relative vorticity, potential temperature and vertical velocity is investigated. Statistics are presented also for the monthly frequency, geographical location, vertical extent and intensity of the Iberian thermal low. Copyright © 2003 Royal Meteorological Society
Assimilation of GOME total‐ozone satellite observations in a three‐dimensional tracer‐transport model
Authors: Eskes H. J. , Velthoven P. F. J. Van , Valks P. J. M. , Kelder H. M. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractA data‐assimilation scheme to assimilate the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) total‐ozone data is described. The corresponding software (called TM3DAM) has been operational since early 2000 and is used to produce daily ozone analyses and five‐day ozone forecasts. The model is a tracer‐transport model with a parametrized description of stratospheric gas‐phase and heterogeneous ozone chemistry. It is driven by operational meteorological fields from the ECMWF numerical weather‐prediction model. TM3DAM analyses near‐real‐time level‐2 ozone data from the GOME instrument on the ESA ERS‐2 satellite. The focus of this paper is on the data‐assimilation aspects and the analysis results. The assimilation approach is based on the Kalman‐filter equations and provides detailed and realistic maps of the forecast error. The analysis scheme is nevertheless computationally efficient. The forecast‐minus‐observation statistics, accumulated over a two‐year period, are described in detail. A comparison with TOMS and Brewer observations shows good agreement. Copyright © 2003 Royal Meteorological Society
Fine‐needle aspiration of synovial sarcoma: Criteria for diagnosis: Retrospective reexamination of 37 cases, including ancillary diagnostics. A Scandinavian sarcoma group study
Authors: Åkerman Måns , Ryd Walter , Skytting Björn 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe cytologic criteria of synovial sarcoma in fine‐needle aspirates were defined by a retrospective examination of 37 primary tumors. Irrespective of subtype, a typical pattern at low power was found, provided the yield was rich. The typical pattern was a mixture of dispersed cells with the presence of striped nuclei and cell‐tight tumor tissue fragments with irregular borders. Often a branching network of vessels was present in the fragments, imitating a true vascular tumor. Except in poorly differentiated synovial sarcomas, the tumor cells were, small to medium in size, with rounded, ovoid, or fusiform bland nuclei with inconspicuous nucleoli. In the biphasic variant, small glandular‐ or acinar‐like structures were present, although not in all cases. In the poorly differentiated type, however, the cellular pleomorphism was marked with the presence of cells with irregular nuclei and rhabdomyoblast‐like cells, corresponding to the pleomorphic variant. The Ewing's sarcoma‐like and the atypical spindle cell variants of poorly differentiated synovial sarcoma were not diagnosed in the material. An unequivocal diagnosis of sarcoma is possible when the yield is rich. However, ancillary diagnostics are necessary for a correct diagnosis, to avoid important pitfalls, such as other sarcomas with bland tumor cells and vessel‐rich tumor fragments, in particular, solitary fibrous tumor and true hemangiopericytoma. Electron microscopic and/or molecular genetic analyses were better diagnostic adjuncts than immunocytochemistry. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2003;28:232–238. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Scrape cytology of the ovaries: Potential role in intraoperative consultation of ovarian lesions
Authors: Khunamornpong Surapan , Siriaunkgul Sumalee 
Published: April 2003

AbstractIntraoperative diagnosis of ovarian lesions can be achieved by gross examination with the help of frozen sections and/or cytologic examination. Various cytologic techniques, including imprint, fine‐needle aspiration, and scrape, may be used. In this study, we evaluated the application of scrape cytology in the diagnosis of ovarian lesions occurring during a 16‐mo period at one institution. The cytologic diagnosis was primarily based on findings in air‐dried, Diff‐Quik‐stained smears in correlation with clinical and intraoperative findings. In total, 131 histologically proven ovarian lesions, including 13 nonneoplastic lesions, 47 benign tumors, 17 epithelial tumors of low malignant potential (LMP), and 54 malignant tumors (35 primary, 1 leukemia, and 18 metastases), were cytologically examined. The accuracy of scrape cytology was 95% in the benign, 47% in the LMP, and 98% in the malignant group. In the LMP group, the false‐negative rate was 12%, while the deferred rate and false‐positive rate were 24% and 18%, respectively. There was no misdiagnosis between the benign and malignant categories. The histologic subtypes were correctly predicted in 78% of cases. There were limitations of scrape cytology in the diagnosis of LMP and mucinous tumors, which require histologic architectural evaluation and adequate histologic sampling. Scrape cytology is a simple, rapid, and inexpensive adjunctive technique that should be used in intraoperative consultation for ovarian lesions. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2003;28:250–257. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Study of the Rh2(OAc)4‐ or BF3·OEt2‐Mediated Reaction of Thioacetic S‐Acid with α‐Diazocarbonyl Compounds
Authors: Yao Wengang , Liao Mingyi , Zhang Xiaomei , Xu Hao , Wang Jianbo 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe Rh2(OAc)4‐catalyzed reaction of methyl aryldiazoacetates with thioacetic S‐acid gives exclusively the S−H insertion products in high yields, while the corresponding reaction mediated by BF3·OEt2 gives O‐esters. The mechanism of the reaction is discussed. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003
Protective effect of a polyherbal formulation (Immu‐21) against cyclophosphamide‐induced mutagenicity in mice
Authors: Jena G. B. , Nemmani Kumar V. S. , Kaul C. L. , Ramarao P. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe object was to evaluate the effects of a polyherbal formulation, Immu‐21, against cyclophosphamide (CP)‐induced chromosomal aberrations (CA) and micronuclei (MN) in mice. CP alone (40 mg/kg, i.p.) produced classical as well as non‐classical chromosomal aberrations in mice, and the incidence of CA was signiﬁcantly more in the CP treated group when compared with that of the control group. Immu‐21, which contains extracts of Ocimum sanctum, Withania somnifera, Emblica officinalis and Tinospora cordifolia, was given at 100 mg/kg, daily, over 7 days, and 30 mg/kg daily over 14 days and inhibited both CP‐induced classical and non‐classical chromosomal aberrations (∼40%–60% of control). A significant increase in MN was also observed in bone marrow erythrocytes of mice treated with CP, and pretreatment with Immu‐21 also signiﬁcantly reduced these. Cytotoxicity was evaluated by estimating the ratio of polychromatic erythrocytes (PCEs) to normochromatic erythrocytes (NCEs). The present results indicate that chronic treatment with Immu‐21 prevented CP‐induced genotoxicity in mice. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Trypsin inhibitory effect of wedelolactone and demethylwedelolactone
Authors: Syed Samiulla D. , Deepak Mundkinajeddu , Yogisha Shivanna , Chandrashekar Arun P. , Muddarachappa Keerthi A. , D'Souza Prashanth , Agarwal Amit , Venkataraman B. V. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractWedelolactone (WL) and demethylwedelolactone (DWL) isolated from Eclipta alba were tested in the trypsin inhibition bioassay (in vitro). Both compounds showed potent activity. IC50 values of WL and DWL were found to be 2.9 and 3.0 µg/mL respectively. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High ciliary neuronotrophic specific activity in rat peripheral nerve
Authors: Williams Lawrence R. , Manthorpe Marston , Barbin Gilles , Nieto‐Sampedro Manuel , Cotman Carl W. , Varon Silvio 
Published: April 2003

AbstractCiliary neuronotrophic factors (CNTFs) are proteins defined by their ability to promote the survival in tissue culture of chick embryo ciliary ganglionic neurons. CNTF activity has been reported in several source materials. Among these sources, the highest specific activity, i.e. 16,000 TU/mg, has been found in the intraocular tissue innervated by the ciliary ganglionic neurons. We now report that extracts of adult rat peripheral nerve and spinal nerve roots contain CNTF at a specific activity equal to or greater than the intraocular tissue. Equally high concentrations of CNTF activity are found in both motor and sensory nerves. The possible cellular source(s) of this mammalian CNTF is discussed.
A culture model for age‐related human neurofibrillary pathology
Authors: Cole Gregory M. , Wu Ken , Timiras Paola S. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractCloned human neuroblastoma cells have been induced to differentiate with retinoic acid whereupon they form an extensive network of processes and pseudoganglia. Ultrastructural examination shows these processes often contain assembled neurofilaments arranged parallel to microtubules in orderly arrangements characteristic of normal neurons. Perturbation of these differentiated, ganglion like cells with agents such as aluminum, zinc, and possibly leupeptin results in apparent neurofibrillary pathologies as evidenced by neurofilament specific immunofluorescent microscopy. A quantitative increase in neurofilament‐specific antibody binding induced by aluminum and leupeptin were verified by flow cytometry with a fluorescence activated cell sorter. The utility of this system in screening agents for their capacity to produce neurofibrillary lesions characteristic of age‐related human disorders is discussed.
Topological correlation between the cell‐recognition protein, R‐cognin and α‐bungarotoxin receptor in retinal plasma membrane
Authors: Hausman R.E. , Christie T. , Gliniak B.C. , Rosenkrans W.A. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe amount of the neural retina cell recognition protein, R‐cognin, in the plasma membrane of chick embryo neural retina cells declined 43% between 10 and 17 days of embryonic development. Over this period there was a 27% increase in the plasma membrane content of the α‐bungarotoxin receptor. Plasma membranes of both these ages were sonicated into vesicles and these vesicles partitioned on α‐bungarotoxin agarose beads into those which contained detectable α‐bungarotoxin receptor and those which did not. At 10 days, approximately 6% of the plasma membrane vesicles contained receptor. At 17 days, <2% did. At 10 days, 60% of the R‐cognin was found in the α‐bungarotoxin receptor‐containing vesicles, at 17 days 86%. At 17 days, 6% of the retina membrane with a high concentration of both α‐bungarotoxin receptor and R‐cognin was of a density indicative of it being of synaptic origin. These results suggested that R‐cognin and α‐bungarotoxin receptor occurred close together in the plasma membrane of retina cells. However, the lack of competition between R‐cognin gamma globulin and specific α‐bungarotoxin binding indicated that the α‐bungarotoxin receptor and R‐cognin were not the same protein. Thus, R‐cognin and the α‐bungarotoxin receptor appear to be separate proteins which occur in close proximity on the retina plasma membrane.
Postnatal development of transmitter systems: Sexual differentiation of the gabaergic system and effects of muscimol
Authors: Flügge G. , Wuttke W. , Fuchs E. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe development and sex differences of the central nervous GABAergic system were examined by measuring GABA (γ‐aminobutyric acid) in discrete brain nuclei of the hypothalamus, as well as the nigrostriatal and the limbic systems of male and female rats on the day of birth and on days 5, 10, and 15. The highest concentrations were found in the hypothalamic and nigrostriatal nuclei; the lowest in the limbic system. Sex differences were observed only on day 10 in the medial preoptic area, with GABA being higher in males than in females; and also in the substantia nigra, where female GABA levels were higher than male. These results suggested an involvement of GABA in the sexual differentiation of the brain. As a control, concentrations of the GABA precursor glutamate were determined. No sex differences in glutamate concentrations were found in any brain region during the first 15 days postnatally.Since a GABA mimetic substance applied during the critical period of brain differentiation could disturb the development of the GABAergic system, the consequences of a perinatal treatment with the GABA agonist muscimol were investigated. Significant reduction of GABA concentrations by muscimol were observed in the hypothalamic and nigrostriatal systems at specific times postnatally. On day 5, GABA concentrations were diminished only in the medial preoptic area, then on day 10, in the anterior hypothalamus and the substantia nigra and still later, on day 15, in the caudato putamen. In contrast, the effects of muscimol on glutamate concentrations could be observed over a longer postnatal period. Glutamate was already diminished on day 5 in 7 areas of the hypothalamic, nigrostriatal and limbic systems.
Corticosterone therapy during gestation: Effects on the development of rat cerebellum
Authors: Velazquez P. N. , Romano M. C. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractCorticosterone (1 μg/g) was administered to the pregnant rat mother at 17, 18 and 19 days of gestation. The pups were killed at birth or at 6 or 12 days of age and the morphological and biochemical development of the brain, with special emphasis in the cerebellum was studied. The brain and cerebellar weight was slightly diminished in the corticosterone treated animals. Corticosterone produced changes in the pattern of development of the cerebellar layers, causing an accelerated decrement of the external granular layer at 12 days of life. The total protein content of the cerebellum was increased in the hormone treated pups at birth, 6 and 12 postnatal days. Newborn corticosterone treated animals showed a decreased DNA content, but this phenomenon was completely reversed at 12 days. It was concluded that corticosterone given to the pregnant mother influences the time pattern of the development of the brain and the cerebellum.
Immunolocalization of dipeptidyl aminopeptidase (DAP IV) in the developing human brain
Authors: Bernstein Hans‐Gert , Schön Eckhard , Ansorge Siegfried , Röse Ingeborg , Dorn Alfred 
Published: April 2003

AbstractBy means of immunohistochemical techniques we have investigated the presence of dipeptidyl aminopeptidase IV immunoreactivity in brain material derived from human fetuses, new‐borns and aged persons. It was revealed that the enzyme protein is abundantly present in the immature human CNS. On the contrary the adult human brain contains much less dipeptidyl aminopeptidase immunoreactivity. It is speculated that the enzyme might play an important role in neuronal proliferation and/or differentiation especially with regard to its possible action on certain neuronotrophic peptides (IGF II, growth hormone).