bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vibration Of Strings And Bars
Authors: Fletcher Neville H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Synopsis. A perfectly flexible string stretched between two fixed points is the simplest example of an extended system, and by studying it we can understand many of the properties of more complex systems. The behavior of the string is described by a wave equation according to which any disturbance of the position of the string moves with a characteristic velocity Cs as shown in Fig. 3.2. We defer detailed discussion of such wave-like behavior to a later chapter. The stretched string can vibrate only in patterns that are combinations of certain characteristic vibrations or normal modes, sometimes referred to pictorially as standing waves, and known mathematically as eigenfunctions. The first four normal modes for a stretched string are shown in Fig. 3.3. The points on the string at which the amplitude of a normal mode is zero remain fixed when the string vibrates in that mode, and are known as nodes of the motion. The frequencies of the normal modes of a string are integer multiples n = 2, 3, 4, ... of the frequency of the first mode or fundamental. Such a sequence is called a harmonic series, though this term properly refers to the wavelengths on the string, which vary as 1/n.
Cotton and Evangelical Christianity
Authors: Ford Lacy K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the halcyon years of the Age of Exploration, Christopher Columbus purportedly declared that ‘‘the best thing in the world is gold . . . it can even send souls to heaven.” Three hundred and fifty years later, when James Henry Hammond rose to defend his native South before the United States Senate, the eloquent South Carolinian claimed only sovereignty, not divinity, for cotton. ‘‘No, you dare not make war on cotton. No power on earth dares to make war upon it,” Hammond declared. “Cotton is King.”1 Tendentious as their claims appear at first glance, probably neither Columbus nor Hammond was guilty of anything more than slight metaphoric exaggeration. The mercantilist lust for gold bullion certainly saved no souls, and probably damned more than a few, but the precious metal provided the foundation for an unparalleled expansion of world commerce and international trade during the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries. Later, in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century, the cotton trade became the mainstay of the burgeoning industrial revolution in Great Britain and the catalyst for a smaller industrial boom in the northern United States. “The traditional view which has seen the history of the British Industrial Revolution primarily in terms of cotton is correct,” argues Eric Hobsbawm. “If cotton flourished, the economy flourished, if it slumped so did the economy. “2
‘‘To Die like Freemen Rather than Live like Slaves”: The Problem of South Carolina Reconsidered
Authors: Ford Lacy K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Writing to his nephew, J. Calvin Hemphill, the editor of the Charleston News and Courier, in the early 1890s, James Hemphill, a prominent Upcountry lawyer-planter, passed along a sarcastic bit of folk wisdom deploring the violent political convulsions which seemed to grip South Carolina periodically during the nineteenth century. “An old-fashioned, sensible farmer here,” the Chester native recounted, “says that South Carolina has a crazy fit every thirty years, and instances Nullification—1832, Secession—1861, and Tillmanism, 1891.” Doubtless, James Hemphill, a man with a considerable reputation for wry humor and political conservatism, was himself the author of the statement which he attributed to an anonymous farmer-sage. He hoped his influential relative would publish the observation in the News and Courier, but wished to avoid, for political reasons, becoming the target of the public outrage the remark was sure to provoke. In 1892, James Hemphill’s son, John J. Hemphill, was embroiled in a bitter campaign to defend his seat in Congress from the challenge of Thomas Jefferson Strait, the candidate backed by the increasingly powerful Farmers’ Alliance and Ben Tillman. Doubtless the prospect that his son’s ten-year Congressional career might be ended by a group of yeomen insurgents determined to wrest control of the Democratic party away from the “Conservative Regime” colored Hemphill’s view of nullification and secession, but the Hemphill family, with the exception of James’s renegade half-brother John, had long opposed political radicalism in South Carolina. “The idea of nullification,” James Hemphill opined in retrospect, “is so absurd that to my mind it is utterly inconceivable.” The Chester lawyer dismissed the idea “that we [South Carolinians] were the most down-trodden, wretched, oppressed people in the world” as “all imagination and exaggeration.”
Transportation and Commerce
Authors: Ford Lacy K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Upcountry entrepreneurs, including both planters looking for easier methods of transporting their staple to market and village merchants eager to increase the commercial traffic in their locales, had long been interested in internal improvements. The canal system constructed during the 1820s had proven both expensive and ineffective. By the late 1830s, when railroad technology became generally available to South Carolina boosters, the state was locked in the grip of a deep recession. Between 1837 and 1848, general economic stagnation dried up local sources of private capital and stymied the efforts of promoters to begin a rail system in the Upcountry. Since the principal obstacle to railroad development was the lack of investment capital, Upcountry promoters were encouraged in 1845 when Governor William Aiken suggested in his message to the legislature that the state’s surplus revenue fund of $1,051,000, money received by South Carolina when the federal government decided to distribute the surplus in the federal treasury to the states in 1836, be used as a revolving fund to supply capital to private railroad companies.
“Resist . . . King or Capital”: The Economic Tensions of the 1850s
Authors: Ford Lacy K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Prior to 1850, the South Carolina legislature generally cultivated a reputation for stinginess, but occasionally savaged that reputation with extravagant spending, such as the canal building mania of the 1820s, support for the Louisville, Cincinnati and Charleston Railroad in the 1830s, and aid given to rebuild Charleston after the disastrous fire there in 1837. Internal improvement expenditures were usually financed through bond sales, and interest payments were made with BSSC profits, so that no tax increases were necessary. Proposals for even small increases in state spending often triggered loud cries of protest from legislators. In 1828, public outrage over a $10,000 appropriation made to help relieve the indebtedness of Thomas Jefferson’s daughter enabled Alexander Speer, a representative from Edgefield and a tight-budget crusader, to cut the next year’s spending by 20 percent. In 1846, the ordinarily pragmatic Upcountryman James L. Orr worked hard to defeat a modest $30,000 appropriation earmarked to buy food for those districts ravaged by the severe drought of the previous year, even though his native Anderson was one of the hardest hit areas. Successful in his efforts to kill the measure, Orr publicly deplored “the dangerous consequences which may result from adopting the principle of going to the public crib to supply sufferers from any and every calamity.’’
“Great Love and Good Brotherhood”: Sodomy and Male Sociability
Authors: Rocke Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1476, an informer denounced the carpenter Piero di Bartolomeo for his sexual relations with Bartolomeo di Jacopo, son of a grocer behind Piero’s workshop near the Old Market. When interrogated, fifteen-year-old Bartolomeo confessed not only that Piero had sodomized him “many times, both day and night” in his shop, but that during the past year he had also been sodomized at various times and in different places by thirteen other men, among whom were artisans and shopkeepers, a priest, a notary, a doctor, and a man from the prominent Aldobrandini family. Little in these details sets this case apart, but what is remarkable is how the informer explained Piero’s erotic interest in Bartolomeo: “This he did out of great love and good brotherhood, because they are in a confraternity together, and he did as good neighbors do.”
“Great love” and “good brotherhood,” fraternity and neighborly ties—to this particular Florentine, the outlawed behavior of sex between males seemed a natural outgrowth of and complement to the intense bonds of affect and obligation among males in his society, bonds that were nourished in part through formal associations and neighborhood.
Nazi Doctors, German Medicine, and Historical Truth
Authors: Pross Christian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One purpose of research during the past decade has been to destroy German postwar legends of Nazism. This work has contributed to a better and deeper understanding of health policy in Nazi Germany, and of the motives and actions of Nazi physicians, by uncovering new, hitherto unknown material and by putting old material into a new context. Anti-Semitism and racism can no longer be identified as the sole driving forces behind Nazi politics, nor can the Nazi power elite be viewed as a small group of deviant monsters who misled a supposedly passive constituency. What for us today appears contradictory in the nature of Nazism was the reason for its success: the connection between destruction and modernization. Auschwitz cannot be seen without the Volkswagen plant in Wolfsburg, or the SS regime of terror without the social security, health, and recreation programs provided by the Nazi trade union Deutsche Arbeitsfront. The so-called Neue deutsche Seelenheilkunde (new German psychotherapy) for the “superior” members of the Volk complemented the mass sterilizations of the “inferior.” The destruction of the latter created social guarantees for the former, and thus secured the standard of living of the productive community of a conformist petit burgeoisie and working class at the expense of excluded minorities.
The Mengele Twins and Human Experimentation: A Personal Account
Authors: Mozes-Kor Eva 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To look back at my childhood is to remember my experiences as a human guinea pig in the Birkenau laboratory of Dr. Josef Mengele. To recount such painful memories is to relive the horrors of human experimentation, where people were used as merely objects or means to a scientific end. I envision the chimneys, the smell of burning flesh, the medical injections, the endless blood taking, the tests, the dead bodies all around us, the hunger, and the rats. Nothing that is close to human existence existed in that place.
The Nuremberg Code: An International Overview
Authors: Perley Sharon , Fluss Sev S , Bankowski Zbigniew , Simon Françoise 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Nuremberg Code has often been cited as one of the leading influences on the subsequent development of international and national codes governing the ethical aspects of research involving human subjects.2 Indeed, the Encyclopedia of Bioethics, in the appendices presenting “Directives for Human Experimentation,” starts with the Nuremberg Code, as do most compilations of codes of conduct in this area.3 Many regulations or guidelines governing human experimentation refer to the Nuremberg Code as one of their sources. Countless articles and books written about the ethics of biomedical research note the Code’s importance in the development of the field.
The Nuremberg Principles in International Law
Authors: Drinan Robert F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I lived through the Nuremberg trials years ago when Father Edmond Walsh, a distinguished Jesuit from Georgetown University, spent several months at Nuremberg investigating all of the atrocities against priests, ministers, and nuns. I learned at that time of the potential impact that Nuremberg would have on international human rights law. This chapter addresses the legal background of Nuremberg, the difference between the Nuremberg Principles and the Nuremberg Code, the impact the Nuremberg Principles have had on protecting human rights in world law, and, most importantly, what we can do to construct a permanent Nuremberg.
Eunuchs, Children, and Time
Authors: Marmon Shaun 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Hijaz, and especially Madina, should, of all places in “the two worlds” of heaven and earth, be untouched by change. Bia a (“innovation,” but often mistranslated as “heresy”) has always been seen by the pious as a potential threat to the community of Islam. Traditionally, while all but the most conservative I:Ianballs have conceded that there might be such a thing as a good bid a, given certain specific conditions, the word itself is pejorative and loaded with negative connotations, not the worst of which is summed up in the statement that “bid’a is a cause of fitna.”226
The α-Amylase Genes: AmyA, AmyB
Authors: Maroni Gustavo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
α-Amylase is a monomeric enzyme of Mr 54.5 kD, which acts in the hydrolysis of starch. The mature protein is thought to be 476 amino acids long, with its N terminus, a derivatized Gin, being the 19th amino acid of the translation product. The first 18 amino acids of the translation product are thought to constitute the transport signal peptide. There is 55% identity between Drosophila α-amylase and α-amylase of the mouse pancreas (Fig. 4.1) (Boer and Hickey 1986).
The Andropin and Cecropins Gene Cluster: Anp, CecAl, CecA2, CecB, CecC
Authors: Maroni Gustavo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sequence analysis suggests that each polypeptide may fold into two amphipathic α-helices separated by a four-amino-acid loop (Samakovlis et al. 1991). By analogy to the better-characterized cecropins of the moth Hyalophora cecropia, processing is predicted to include the removal of the signal peptide and of an additional dipeptide at the N-terminus, and cleavage of the terminal Gly plus amidation at the C-terminus. These changes would give rise to mature cecropins 39 amino acids long (Kylsten et al. 1990, see Sequences).
Blastoderm-Specific Gene at 25D: Bsg25D
Authors: Maroni Gustavo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Unidentified. Codon translation yields a 741-ammo-acid protein with two regions of similarity to known products. A 95-amino-acid stretch (positions 250-344) shows significant similarity (22%) to a portion of the product of the fos oncogene. The other segment is 21 amino acids long (509-529) and shows similarity to the repeating segments of rabbit tropomyosin that are thought to bind F actin molecules (Boyer et al. 1987).
Hairy: h
Authors: Maroni Gustavo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sequence comparisons indicate that the HLH motif extends from Ala-45 to Arg-90 (h Sequence), with 26% identity to a region of the mammalian oncogene myc. The helices have the amphipathic nature characteristic of dimer-forming regulatory proteins such as the products of the genes daughterless (da), Enhancer of split [E(spl)j, extramacrochaetae (emc), twist and of the achaetescute complex genes ac, sc, Isc and ase. In the h and E(spl) proteins, the sequences of the basic regions, adjacent to and upstream of the HLH domain are more closely related to each other than to those in the da and AS-C proteins (Rushlow et al. 1989; Harrison 1991; Van Doren et al. 1991).
Aggression as a Well-integrated Part of Primate Social Relationships: A Critique of the Seville Statement on Violence
Authors: Waal Frans B M De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The message of the Seville Statement on Violence (see Appendix, this volume) is summed up in one of its closing lines: “The same species who invented war is capable of inventing peace.” The emphasis is on the verb, to invent. While welcoming the spirit of the Statement (SSV), I shall use this space to question the wisdom of its signatories in downplaying the importance of biology (read: genetics) relative to other influences on human behavior. Admittedly, biologists have promoted a rather narrow view of human and animal nature, with great emphasis on competition. Their world is filled with winners and losers. The risks and costs associated with overtly aggressive competition are often ignored, and it is only recently that principles of peaceful coexistence are beginning to be studied. Partly as a result of this one-sidedness in biology, the self-image of our species is often quite cynical. A more balanced and moderate view can be achieved, however, without abandoning previous valuable insights.
Dominance Hierarchies as Partial Orders. A New Look at Old Ideas
Authors: Sade Donald Stone 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When agonism is observed among individual monkeys living in social groups, the observer can rank any two monkeys by the frequency of wins over losses in their fights, the most frequent winner being termed dominant. An overall pattern of interaction often becomes apparent in which all animals come to be ranked in order of such wins and losses of fights. The monkey who usually beats each other monkey is called the alpha (or dominant) animal. The monkey who usually loses to each other monkey is the omega (or most subordinate) animal. The order itself, the agonistic network, is often called a dominance hierarchy.
The Arab Federation
Authors: Mayers David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Abdel Nasser was dragged into the union with Syria by the momentum created by Ba’thi jitters in reaction to Ba’thi rhetoric. Based on his rational convictions, he would have preferred a Syria whose Arab and global affairs he could control, without also having to manage Syria’s domestic politics. However, once Abdel Nasser had allowed himself to be involved, his self-view or his vanity and lust for power were introduced, and so he committed to his role as president of the United Arab Republic (UAR) all the resources of his position, prestige, and person. This propensity to let himself be swept to the head of the current is a recurring pattern in Abdel Nasser’s career.
In the Sign of the PLO
Authors: Mayers David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The day came when Shuqayri answered Hussein’s customary assertion, “Jordan is Palestine, Palestine is Jordan,” with the counterclaim that the annexation of the West Bank after 1948 had in fact annexed the East Bank to Palestine.1 It was malicious repartee, but it also made it clear how well the contestants understood what separated them. At that time, Shuqayri complained in an interview to a Lebanese paper that “certain Arab states” had as yet done nothing for the PLO; the context pinpointed Jordan.2 This combination of resentment with an unwillingness to advertise the break was a significant stage on the road downhill. The ambiguity was not based on courtesy on either side.
Introduction:A Different Kind of War
Authors: Mosse George L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is about how men confronted modem war and the political consequences of that confrontation. The encounter with mass death is perhaps the most basic war experience; it stands at the center of this confrontation and of our analysis as well. Through modem war many met organized mass death for the first time face to face. The history of that encounter is crucial to an understanding of attitudes toward the large-scale taking of life-through war or state-sanctioned mass murder-which has repeatedly scarred our century. The consequences of this confrontation are more far-reaching still, penetrating and polarizing much of public life, marking a new stage in the history of nationalism.
Youth and the War Experience
Authors: Mosse George L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much has been written about the “generation of 1914,” the young men who joined the armies at the outbreak of the First World War with enthusiasm and high hopes. They were conscripted in France and Germany, though there were many volunteers among them who joined up before they were called. However, whether young men in 1914 were conscripted or volunteered, most of them in their enthusiasm stood in the tradition of earlier volunteers. The motives we have discussed before were operative once more: patriotism, the search for a purpose in life, love of adventure, and ideals of masculinity. Yet among these themes which run throughout the history of volunteers we find specific emphases which were either not present earlier or not so strongly expressed as in 1914. Through their writings the volunteers of 1914 determined many of the myths which would emerge from the war, and therefore their state of mind and reasons for enlistment are of special importance.
Building on War
Authors: Mosse George L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
That the war played a crucial role in the memory of people between the wars needs no demonstration. Whether such memory led to a glorification of war, or sheer indifference and resignation, it was frequently based on a feeling that the First World War had not really ended at all. That feeling was strongest in those nations where normalcy was slow to return. This sense of continuing war could be shared by friend and enemy alike, those who abhorred war and those who held to the Myth of the War Experience. Thus in 1934, after the Nazis’ seizure of power, the newly exiled German theatre critic Alfred Kerr wrote that what he was witnessing was not war once more, but a mental confusion and universal chaos which were an extension of the First World War.1 A few years later one of his Nazi persecutors wrote that the war against the German people continued.2
Getting There
Authors: Vogel Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Before penetrating further into the mechanics of circulation, let’s take a brief look at how we got to know about a few of these things. While this isn’t a book about the history of science, there’s no denying that it’s about hard-won knowledge gained by some impressive people. Giving them a little attention gives me a chance to say some things about how science actually happens. The process is a great deal less steady and stodgy and far more fraught with human foibles than one might judge from its results.
How Blood Moves
Authors: Vogel Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fluid mechanics is the branch of physical science that ;assures us that airplanes can fly, that flags must flap, and that you’ll fall no faster after a 1-mile drop than after just a few hundred feet. The subject treats both gases and liquids and thus the two fluids, air and water, that are of special concern to biologists. In particular, it’s the source of the rules that constrain the ways blood can flow.