bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Particle Physics: A Very Short Introduction
Authors: Close Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Particle Physics: A Very Short Introduction takes a journey into the atom and presents an overview of the fundamental particles and forces that make up the universe. The VSI discusses the features and functions of particles such as quarks, electrons, and neutrinos, and of gluons and bosons. It includes the key role and significance of the Higgs boson in moulding these foundational elements and giving structure to matter. It highlights how discoveries in particle physics were made and have radically changed understanding of the material universe. The book concludes by considering the implications of the discovery of the Higgs boson, and asks whether massive neutrinos might be key to resolving the mystery surrounding the absence of antimatter.
Beyond the tropicalization of concepts: theorizing digital realities with and from the Global South (introduction to a special issue)
Authors: Gómez-Cruz Edgar , Horst Heather , Siles Ignacio , Soriano Cheryll 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this introductory section of the special issue titled “Beyond the Tropicalization of Concepts: Theorizing Digital Realities With and From the Global South,” the editors present a critical examination of the unquestioned adoption of theoretical frameworks from dominant regions of power and knowledge in the context of the Global South. This process, referred to as the “tropicalization of concepts,” is scrutinized for its consequences, which include the unequal significance of concepts, the naturalization of certain realities, the one-sided flow of ideas, and their solidification in public policies. In response to these challenges, the eight articles included in this special issue contribute valuable insights into innovative approaches for studying, theorizing, and engaging with the unique digital realities of the Global South. These articles shed light on diverse aspects of digital media use in different regions and offer fresh perspectives on how to conceptualize and address the associated issues.
Effectiveness of Cerebral Embolic Protection in Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement with High Aortic Valve Calcium Burden
Authors: Gupta A , Koren O , Patel V , Nagasaki T , Patel D , Golwala K , Chakravarty T , Al-Jilaihawi H , Nakamura M , Makkar R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract

Background
The use of a cerebral embolic protection device (CEPD) during transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) has not been shown to be effective in preventing stroke in the PROTECTED-TAVR randomized controlled trial. However, whether CEPD may specifically benefit patients with high aortic valve calcium burden has not been studied.

Purpose
This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of CEPD in preventing cerebrovascular events during TAVR in patients with high aortic valve calcium scores (AVCS) (&gt;2000 AU in men and &gt;1300 AU in women) detected on baseline computed tomography.

Methods
We retrospectively analyzed 3505 patients who underwent transfemoral TAVR at a single center between 2016-2020 (Figure 1a). Baseline demographic, clinical, and procedural characteristics were stratified by CEPD use and AVCS (high vs. low). We performed Cox Proportional Hazards regression analysis to examine whether the use of CEPD in patients with high AVCS was associated with a lower rate of cerebrovascular events (stroke or transient ischemic attack) within 30 days (primary outcome) after adjusting for baseline characteristics.

Results
We stratified our study cohort into four subgroups: low AVCS without CEPD (n=1163), low AVCS with CEPD (n=633), high AVCS without CEPD (n=1081), and high AVCS with CEPD (n=628). Patients for whom CEPD was used in high AVCS group had lower prevalence of peripheral arterial disease compared with no CEPD use. Otherwise, there were no significant differences in the baseline characteristics between patients with and without CEPD in either the low or high AVCS subgroups (Table). In adjusted analysis, CEPD use (HR 1.30 [95% CI, 0.64-2.65)] or high AVCS (HR 1.16 [95% CI, 0.64-2.02)] were not associated with a decreased rate of primary outcome (Figure 1b).

Conclusion
This study indicates that CEPD use is not associated with lower cerebrovascular events after TAVR, even in patients with a high aortic valve calcium burden. Further research is needed to identify effective stroke prevention strategies for this patient population.Study design and Cox regression analysesBaseline Characteristics and Outcomes
Do financial hardships affect health? A study among older adults in Switzerland
Authors: Dumontet Magali , Henchoz Yves , Santos-Eggimann Brigitte 
Published: November 2023

Abstract

Background
A growing number of studies have underlined the relationship between socioeconomic status and health. Following that literature, we explore the causal effect of financial hardships on changes in health at older ages. Rather than traditional measures of socioeconomic variables, we study the role of financial hardships. The declarative measurement of financial hardships is particularly relevant for assessing the impact of short-term financial difficulties on health among older adults.

Methods
In this study, we use data from the Lausanne cohort 65+. Participants are community-dwelling older adults representative of the population aged 65–70 years in 2004 and living in Lausanne (Switzerland) (n = 1352). We use longitudinal annual data with 11 years of follow-up (2006–16) to estimate dynamic panel models on several indicators measuring older adults’ health (self-rated health, number of medical conditions, depressive symptoms, difficulties with daily living activities).

Results
We find evidence of causal effects of financial hardships on self-rated health (coef. = 0.059, P &lt; 0.10) and on depressive symptoms (coef.=0.060, P &lt; 0.05). On the other hand, we find no evidence of causality running from financial hardships to the number of medical conditions and the difficulties in daily living activities.

Conclusion
These results make a contribution to the literature where nearly all previous research on associations between financial hardship and health does not establish causal relationships. Our results support the need to integrate health policies that mitigate the potential adverse health effects of financial hardship for older adults.
Comparative Trophic Levels of Phragmocone-Bearing Cephalopods (Nautiloids, Ammonoids, and Sepiids)
Authors: Ward Peter , Barord Gregory J , Schauer Andrew , Veloso Job 
Published: November 2023

Synopsis
Cephalopods are among many marine animals that through some combination of habit and/or habitat have proven difficult to study, especially understanding their trophic positions in marine communities. Stable isotope analyses have provided powerful tools for discovering quantitative aspects about the ecology and food sources of many cephalopod species. Here, we present new gut content and isotopic data (carbon and nitrogen isotopes) from phragmocone-bearing cephalopods (both ectocochleates, as well as those with internal, hard part buoyancy maintenance apparatuses). To this, we also include observations from baited remote underwater video systems to describe feeding habits and potential prey types to correlate with gut contents analyses. These data come from extant Allonautilus, Nautilus, and Sepia species, as well as from extinct nautiloids and ammonites. Extant nautiloids occupy a different isotopic niche than all other cephalopod groups where such data have been published to date. We conclude that these species are obligate scavengers rather than predators on any living species in their environments. Extant Nautilus and Allonautilus also demonstrate different patterns of functional allometry of nitrogen isotope values over ontogeny than do most other cephalopods (or animals in general), by showing decreasing nitrogen isotope levels during ontogeny. This pattern is shown to be different in Sepia and the yet small number of ammonite cephalopods studied to date, supporting the increasingly accepted view that ammonites were far closer to coleoids in basic biology than nautiloids. Overall, phragmocone-bearing cephalopods appear fundamentally different ecologically than cephalopods without this kind of buoyancy system. Of these groups, nautiloids appear to live a low-energy existence that allows them to subsist on energy-poor food sources, such as crustacean molts, as well as being able to scavenge in low oxygen basins where rare food falls, such as dead fish, remain unobtainable by most other animals.
Co-pyrolysis of pinewood and HDPE: pyrolysis characteristics and kinetic behaviors study
Authors: Luo Guanqun , Wang Weimin , Zhao Yuan , Tao Xuan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Co-pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass and hydrogen-rich petroleum-based polyolefin plastics is a promising to way to improve bio-oil quality and alleviate the waste plastic pollution issues. In this study, co-pyrolysis of pinewood and HDPE was systematically investigated. The addition of HDPE decreased yield of char and gas while increased that of bio-oil, enhancing the selectivity to alcohols and hydrocarbons. The most obvious synergistic effect was observed at the HDPE mixing proportion of 0.25, at which hydrocarbon selectivity derived from co-pyrolysis experiments was 41.19% higher than the calculated weighted average values. As pyrolysis temperature increased from 500°C to 700°C, the yield of bio-oil from co-pyrolysis at the HDPE mixing proportion of 0.25 decreased from 69.11 wt.% to 50.33 wt.%, alkanes selectivity decreased from 27.41% to 3.67% and olefins selectivity increased from 14.96% to 47.12%. At 700°C, aromatics started to produce with a selectivity of 15.50%. The surface morphologies of char were not significantly affected by the HDPE mixing proportion and pyrolysis temperature. The thermogravimetric analysis results revealed that the global co-pyrolysis process can be divided into two major degradation stages, based on which multi-step method was adopted to analyze the kinetics of the process. The average apparent activation energies of stage I and stage II were 167.73 kJ/mol and 274.74 kJ/mol, respectively. The results from this work provide a theoretical guide for further development of co-pyrolysis of pinewood and high-density polyethylene (HDPE).
An experimental evaluation on thermal comfort and fatigue of human wearing mascot costumes in summer
Authors: Liu Zijian , Wang Rui , Guo Zifa , Liu Zixi , Gao Yanna , Pang Feng 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Staffs wearing mascot costumes are quite common in performances and commercial promotions, but the internal thermal environment is usually poor in summer due to the high heat resistance of clothes and low ventilation efficiency, which increase the fatigue and discomfortable level of staffs greatly. In this study, thermal sensation and fatigue of human wearing mascot costumes in summer were explored. The three physiological indicators, including oral temperature, skin temperature and weight loss percentage, were measured, while the subjective indicators including thermal sensation, moisture sensation, air movement sensation, thermal comfort and fatigue level were inquired by a survey questionnaire. The results showed that compared volunteers dressed normal cloths, the average oral and skin temperatures of volunteers wearing mascot costumes was increased by 0.15°C and 0.60°C and their weight loss percentage was increased by 20.5%. Through the 40-minute experiment, the thermal discomfort votes of two groups are 3.22 (higher than ‘very uncomfortable (+3)’) and 1.51 (between ‘a little uncomfortable (+1)’ and ‘uncomfortable (+2)’), respectively, while their fatigue votes are 13.07 and 7.02, respectively. It showed wearing mascot costumes increased thermal discomfort and fatigue greatly.
The Maximal Length of q-ary MDS Elliptic Codes Is Close to
Authors: Han Dongchun , Ren Yuan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Determining the maximal length of MDS codes with certain dimension is one of the central topics in coding theory and finite geometry. The MDS Main Conjecture states that the maximal length of a non-trivial $q$-ary MDS code of dimension $k$ is $q+1$ except when $q$ is even and $k=3$ or $k=q-1$. We prove that the maximal length of non-trivial $q$-ary MDS elliptic codes is close to $\frac{q}{2}$, which gives an affirmative answer to a conjecture of Li, Wan, and Zhang. Moreover, we apply our result to derive an answer to a question on subset sums in finite abelian groups from elliptic curves.
Lack of antiviral activity of probenecid in vitro and in Syrian golden hamsters
Authors: Box Helen J , Sharp Joanne , Pennington Shaun H , Kijak Edyta , Tatham Lee , Caygill Claire H , Lopeman Rose C , Jeffreys Laura N , Herriott Joanne , Neary Megan , Valentijn Anthony , Pertinez Henry , Curley Paul , Arshad Usman , Rajoli Rajith K R , Jochmans Dirk , Vangeel Laura , Neyts Johan , Chatelain Eric , Escudié Fanny , Scandale Ivan , Rannard Steve , Stewart James P , Biagini Giancarlo A , Owen Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract

Objectives
Antiviral interventions are required to complement vaccination programmes and reduce the global burden of COVID-19. Prior to initiation of large-scale clinical trials, robust preclinical data to support candidate plausibility are required. This work sought to further investigate the putative antiviral activity of probenecid against SARS-CoV-2.

Methods
Vero E6 cells were preincubated with probenecid, or control media for 2 h before infection (SARS-CoV-2/Human/Liverpool/REMRQ0001/2020). Probenecid or control media was reapplied, plates reincubated and cytopathic activity quantified by spectrophotometry after 48 h. In vitro human airway epithelial cell (HAEC) assays were performed for probenecid against SARS-CoV-2-VoC-B.1.1.7 (hCoV-19/Belgium/rega-12211513/2020; EPI_ISL_791333, 2020-12-21) using an optimized cell model for antiviral testing. Syrian golden hamsters were intranasally inoculated (SARS-CoV-2 Delta B.1.617.2) 24 h prior to treatment with probenecid or vehicle for four twice-daily doses.

Results
No observable antiviral activity for probenecid was evident in Vero E6 or HAEC assays. No reduction in total or subgenomic RNA was observed in terminal lung samples (P &gt; 0.05) from hamsters. Body weight of uninfected hamsters remained stable whereas both probenecid- and vehicle-treated infected hamsters lost body weight (P &gt; 0.5).

Conclusions
These data do not support probenecid as a SARS-CoV-2 antiviral drug.
Who Is a Refugee in Jordan? Hierarchies and Exclusions in the Refugee Recognition Regime
Authors: Turner Lewis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This article dissects the refugee recognition regime in Jordan. It argues that refugee recognition, despite being conducted by UNHCR, is a heavily politicized process shaped by intersecting racial and national hierarchies, restrictive government regulations, and UNHCR policies. Despite Jordan hosting the ‘second highest share of refugees per capita in the world’, relatively few protection seekers gain refugee status, and when they do, it is almost always as part of the resettlement process. Many remain asylum seekers for years or decades, while others cannot even register their claim for international protection with UNHCR. This article contributes to refugee studies by demonstrating how UNHCR policies are changing RSD in non-signatory states, the importance of asylum/refugee registration, how state and humanitarian policies lead to some protection seekers being missed in academic analyses, and highlighting the ever-growing gap between the legal and ‘everyday’ uses of the term ‘refugee’.
Fadh, Sharaf and Respectable Passing as New Frameworks for Understanding Transmasculinity in the MENA Region: Case Studies of Transmasculine Refugees in Lebanon
Authors: Chaer Nisrine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Centring transmasculine refugees in Lebanon as a case study, this article examines the role of the state and the patriarchal family in regulating the lives of transmasculine subjects. It does so by introducing and elaborating on the concept of fadh, defined as the practices of scandal and shameful outing, a move that provides new ways of understanding transmasculinity through analysing the imposition of womanhood onto transmasculine subjects living under fadh, in tandem with an attention to class, as well as citizenship status, instead of a narrow focus on sex/gender. The article offers the concept of ‘respectable passing’ as a way to account for how transmasculine refugees ‘pass’ by investing in markers of class, citizenship, and age over those of gender and offers fadh as a potential framework for understanding anti-trans violence and trans passing. The framework of fadh is an attempt to afford more complexity to transmasculinity as a simultaneously classed, raced, and gendered formation, avoiding the limited and often deceitful framing as complicit with hegemonic masculinity (or lack thereof), a narrative common in existing scholarship on transmasculinity and in recent debates in feminist/LGBT circles globally.
Cortico-Cortical Communication through the Thalamus
Authors: Javadzadeh Mitra , Hofer Sonja B. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Trans-thalamic pathways are neural pathways connecting neocortical areas indirectly through the thalamus. Based on cortico-thalamocortical connectivity, 3 types of trans-thalamic circuit motifs have been described: recurrent loops between a cortical and a thalamic area, and feedforward and feedback trans-thalamic pathways from a hierarchically lower to a higher cortical area and vice versa. This chapter describes current evidence for these connectivity motifs and interactions between them in different neural systems and modalities. The authors then introduce the diverse functions attributed to trans-thalamic pathways such as the maintenance and regulation of cortical activity within cortical areas, as well as communication between them. Moreover, some trans-thalamic circuits may constitute information-processing pathways in their own right, carrying sensory as well as non-sensory signals important for perceptual inference, decision-making, and action selection.
The Connections of the Prefrontal Cortex and Thalamus and Plasticity Within This Circuitry
Authors: Mitchell Anna S. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The cortex and the thalamus are anatomically interconnected, sharing a common developmental trajectory. Cortico-thalamocortical interactions between different subdivisions of the mediodorsal thalamus (MD) and distinct parts of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) are essential in cognition. The anterior thalamic nuclei (ATN) and nucleus reuniens (NRe) are also vital for cognitive processes and connect with the PFC. The cortico-thalamocortical connections of the MD, ATN and NRe, along with other thalamic nuclei (e.g., the pulvinar, intralaminar, and motor thalamic nuclei, not covered in this chapter) will each uniquely influence the cortex, including with neural oscillatory activity in relation to how the cortex governs cognitive processes. Each thalamic nucleus also receives distinct potent subcortical glutamate, GABAergic, and neuromodulator inputs that will additionally influence oscillatory patterns within the cortex. Given that the connectivity of these thalamic nuclei is heterogeneous but has some overlap in the PFC, further studies need to identify how these cortico-thalamocortical neural networks together support cognitive processes and neuroplasticity. In turn, this knowledge may offer avenues to develop effective treatment strategies to improve the debilitating cognitive deficits observed in various neurodevelopmental disorders and neurodegenerative diseases that uniquely affect the MD, ATN, NRe, and other thalamic nuclei and their cortico-thalamocortical neural networks.
Evolution of Frontal Cortex and Thalamus in Primates
Authors: Baldwin Mary K. L. , Wise Steven P. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The frontal cortex and thalamus changed during primate evolution, both in size and composition. New, primate-specific areas include the granular prefrontal cortex (PFC) and several premotor areas, and an emphasis on vision increased the size and complexity of cortical visual areas, which directly influenced the frontal cortex. When they first evolved, visual inputs to the PFC guided foraging, while those to premotor areas improved reaching and leaping. A key development occurred during the Miocene, when the frontal lobe enlarged independently in New World monkeys, Old World monkeys, and hominoids (the ape-human lineage). Parallel developments occurred in thalamic nuclei connected to the PFC. The magnocellular division of the mediodorsal nucleus (MDmc) functions like sensory and cerebellar relay nuclei, but—unlike its homolog in other mammals—some of its outputs go to new, primate-specific orbitofrontal areas. These thalamocortical projections relay information from the amygdala about the current desirability of hidden food items, which improves foraging choices. In early primates, these specializations enhanced fitness as they foraged among the terminal branches of rainforest trees in dim light. Like the granular PFC, the medial pulvinar (PulM) and most of the lateral mediodorsal nucleus (MD) are primate specializations. These nuclei, which include the parvocellular division of MD (MDpc), integrate inputs from several cortical areas, including many primate-specific ones. MDpc and PulM expanded during anthropoid evolution, in parallel with the granular PFC; and, during human evolution, MD and the pulvinar became the largest thalamic nuclei as the granular PFC came to dominate the frontal lobe.
Corticothalamic Network Abnormalities Underlying Absence Seizures
Authors: Leresche Nathalie , Crunelli Vincenzo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Absence seizures (ASs) are genetic generalized seizures and one of the critical neurological phenotypes that originate from abnormalities in corticothalamic (CT) networks. Genetic analyses of cohorts with only ASs have identified 2p16.1 and 2q22.3 as significant loci and a few genes related to intrinsic and synaptic membrane channels. In normal animals, the genetic mutation of a single voltage- or ligand-gated channel in a single cortical or thalamic neuronal population can lead to spontaneous ASs. The electrographic activity of ASs invariably initiates from a localized cortical area, but the full expression of these seizures’ clinical symptoms requires interactions between cortical and thalamic networks. In contrast to focal and other genetic generalized seizures, the ictal activity of cortical and thalamic neurons during ASs is predominantly characterized by a decreased, but highly synchronized firing, with individual neurons often showing a different firing pattern from one seizure to the next. The high remittance rate of children with ASs indicates that CT networks, and/or their modulatory inputs from the basal ganglia and brainstem, have the inherent capacity to compensate for the developmental abnormalities that lead to ASs, but the mechanisms of remittance have not been investigated since all available models lack this feature of human ASs.
A new tidal scenario for double bar formation
Authors: Semczuk Marcin , Łokas Ewa L , de Lorenzo-Cáceres Adriana , Athanassoula E 
Published: November 2023

ABSTRACT
Double bars make up a significant fraction of barred galaxies. We propose a new formation scenario for double bars that involves tidal interactions. We demonstrate the viability of this scenario using two examples of simulated galaxies from run TNG50-1 of the IllustrisTNG project. In the proposed scenario the inner bar forms first, either in isolation, via instabilities, or through previous tides. The outer bar forms later from the material that is tidally distorted by a strong interaction. The inner and outer bars formed this way rotate with different pattern speeds and can be mistaken for a single bar when their phases align. The double-barred structure is stable and can last for at least 3 Gyr. The inner bars of the tidally induced double bars can also have big sizes, which can possibly explain the origin of sizable inner bars recently found in some galaxies.