bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Brief communication: Measurement size, precision, and reliability in craniofacial anthropometry: Bigger is better
Authors: Jamison Paul L. , Ward Richard E. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractIn this paper we examine the results of an intraobserver measurement error study involving 49 craniofacial variables that ranged in size from less than 1 cm to approximately 20 cm. Repeat measurements were taken on 10 male and 10 female adult subjects (19–59 years old). Our focus is on the relationship between measurement size and measurement error across the 49 variables. We found that the size of the variable showed no relationship with the magnitude of the error as measured by the technical error of measurement. When the error was expressed as a coefficient of relative variation (Malina et al.: Vital and Health Statistics, Series 11, No. 23. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services, 1973), this quantity was negatively associated with the size of the measurement. Conversely, reliability (Fleiss: The Design and Analysis of Experiments. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1986) was positively correlated with measurement size. We did not find effects of scale (Marks et al.: Am. J. Epidemiol. 130:578–587, 1989) within the individual measurements. Thus, for the range of size of the craniofacial measurements in this study, measurement size must be added to the list of factors such as ease of locating landmarks, measurement technique, and systematic bias in the application of the technique that can affect precision and reliability in anthropometry. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Temporal trends in stable isotopes for Nubian mummy tissues
Authors: White Christine D. , Schwarcz Henry P. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractFrom Meroitic to Christian times (350B.C.–A.D. 1400), Sudanese Nubia experienced political, economic, cultural, and environmental upheaval. Change in any one of these aspects of ancient lifeways can affect subsistence. Dietary patterns from this period are reconstructed by measuring stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios in tissue samples from 146 mummies excavated from five sites in the Wadi Halfa area. On average, δ13C values of bone collagen, muscle, and skin indicate high consumption levels of C3plants (presumably wheat or barley staples, mixed vegetables, and fruits) throughout the sequence. However, during the X‐Group period (A.D. 350–550), there is a statistically significant increase in consumption of C4plants (millet or sorghum), which are predominant in both the archeological record and in modern crop production for most of the Northern Sudan. The X‐Group period was also associated with a low Nile and political and economic restructuring. Increased use of C4plants on a seasonal basis is also indicated by shifting δ13C values along hair shafts for both X‐Group and Christian periods. δ15N values suggest that the major source of protein for all time periods came from herbivorous animals. A small, but significant increase in15N over the 1,000‐year sequence could be the result of fertilization. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Variability at the carpometacarpal and midcarpal joints involving the fourth metacarpal, hamate, and lunate in catarrhini
Authors: Marzke M. W. , Wullstein K. L. , Viegas S. F. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractIntraspecies variability is investigated in two regions of the wrist, for the purpose of determining whether patterns may be discerned in the variability that may be compared in the functional and phylogenetic analysis of living and fossil catarrhines. In the midcarpal joint region, two lunatohamate configuration patterns are found, and at the fourth carpometacarpal joint four types of configuration are identified. These two sites previously were reported to show almost continuous variability in humans, thus precluding comparison with other species. The different types of configuration in our study are delineated on the basis of their relation to differences in joint function. At the lunatohamate site there is a strong tendency in each species examined for one type to dominate in frequency. At the fourth carpometacarpal joins there is a tendency for one type or for two related types to predominate in each species. The chimpanzee sample exhibits the least variability of all species studied in joint configuration at the two sites. Australopithecus afarensis has a combination of joint types in these regions likely to be found today in only a small percentage of living Hominoidea. We conclude that patterns may be discerned at some joints in what was formerly considered to be a continuum of variation. Since these patterns (joint types) differ in their relative frequencies among living species, the frequency differences may be useful as a guide to the reconstruction of phylogenetic relationships and of potential wrist functions in fossil species. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Multivariate analysis of the sexual dimorphism of the hip bone in a modern human population and in early hominids
Authors: Arsuaga Juan Luis , Carretero José Miguel 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA large sample of hip bones of known sex coming from one modern population is studied morphologically and by multivariate analysis to investigate sexual dimorphism patterns. A principal component analysis of raw data shows that a large amount of the hip bone sexual dimorphism is accounted for by size differences, but that sex‐linked shape variation is also very conspicuous and cannot be considered an allometric consequence of differences in body size between the sexes. The PCA of transformed (“shape”) variables indicates that the female hip bones are different in those traits associated with a relatively larger pelvic inlet (longer pubic bones, a greater degree of curvature of the iliopectineal line, and a more posterior position of the auricular surface), as well as a broader sciatic notch. The analysis of nonmetric traits also shows marked sexual dimorphism in the position of the sacroiliac joint in the iliac bone, in the shape of the sciatic notch, in pubic morphology, and in the presence of the pre‐auricular sulcus in females. When the australopithecine AL 288‐1 and Sts 14 hip bones are included in the multivariate analysis, they appear as “ultra‐females.” In particular these early hominids exhibit extraordinarily long pubic bones and iliopectineal lines, which cannot be explained by allometry. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Additional cranial remains from Vindija cave, Croatia
Authors: Smith Fred H. , Ahern James C. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractTwo additional cranial specimens from Vindija cave, Croatia, are described. One specimen is a zygomatic, providing the first information about the midfacial anatomy of the Vindija hominids. The other specimen is a frontal/supraorbital torus fragment. Both specimens exhibit morphology typically associated with Neandertals. They derive from level G1 and provide further indication that both the level G3 and G1 hominids at Vindija represent Neandertals. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Further analysis of mandibular molar crown and cusp areas in Pliocene and early Pleistocene hominids
Authors: Suwa Gen , Wood Bernard A. , White Tim D. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractCrown and cusp areas of mandibular molars were measured and analyzed on a sample of 249 specimens attributed to Australopithecus afarensis, A. africanus, A. (Paranthropus) robustus, A. (P.) boisei, and early Homo. In addition to intertaxon comparisons, we compared data that had been collected independently by two of the authors using methods that differ slightly in technique of measurement. Interobserver differences were evaluated by the t‐test of paired comparisons, method error statistic, percent differences, and principal component analysis. Results suggest that between‐technique error of measurement of overall crown area is small. Error estimates for individual cusp area measurements were of larger relative magnitude. However, these were not sufficient to detract from the conclusions derived from comparative analyses. Our results are in general agreement with previous assessments of early hominid dental size. Crown areas of A. africanus, however, exhibit a mosaic pattern, with M1 similar in size to that of A. afarensis and early Homo, and M2 and M3 similar in size to that of A. robustus. Intertaxon comparisons of relative cusp area were undertaken by univariate statistics and principal component analysis. These analyses revealed that while A. (P.) robustus and A. (P.) boisei both possess mandibular molars with cusp proportions significantly different from the ‘non‐robust’ taxa, these differences are substantially greater in A. (P.) boisei. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Relationship of squamosal suture to asterion on external skull surfaces versus endocasts of pongids: Implications for Hadar early hominid AL 162‐28
Authors: Falk Dean , Hildebolt Charles , Vannier Michael 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe relationship between the squamosal suture and asterion was quantified in 15 hemispheres of eight chimpanzee endocasts that were aligned in the conventional lateral view (i.e., with frontal pole [FP]–occipital pole [OP] horizontal). Using a three‐dimensional digitizer, x, y, and z coordinates were collected for the highest and lowest points of the squamosal suture, and the most rostral point of the suture approximate to the coronal suture. Our results were compared to a similar study of the squamosal suture on the external surfaces of chimpanzee skulls that were oriented in the Frankfurt horizontal (Holloway and Shapiro, 1992). The relationship between the squamosal suture and asterion differs markedly between the outsides of skulls and endocasts. Whereas the squamosal suture is very rarely below asterion on the external skull, we found that most of the squamosal suture is located inferior to asterion on endocasts. We also found that the squamosal suture courses approximately 2.0 mm lower on the right side than the left. (An asymmetry of the same magnitude was reported for the external skull but, curiously, in the opposite direction.) It may be that a lowered right squamosal endosuture on chimpanzee endocasts is associated with earlier closure on that side. The discrepancy in results for the external skull versus endocast is partially attributable to orienting chimpanzee skulls in the Frankfurt horizontal, which usually results in the endocasts being tilted so that FP is above OP, i.e., FP‐OP is not parallel with the Frankfurt horizontal. Falk's (1985) orientation of the early hominid endocast from Hadar (AL 162‐28) is consistent with data determined from endocasts of chimpanzees. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic data on Alghero population (Sardinia): Contrast between biological and cultural evidence
Authors: Moral P. , Marogna G. , Salis M. , Succa V. , Vona G. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractData on 20 genetic polymorphisms (61 alleles) in the Algehero population on the northwestern coast of Sardinia are presented and discussed in relation to its linguistic peculiarity inside the island. Since the Aragonese (Spain) conquest of Sardinia in the 13th century, the Catalan language, the same as that spoken in Northeastern Spain and certain districts of Southern France, has been used in Alghero even until today. Analysis for heterogeneity of gene frequency distributions indicates that the genetic information obtained on Alghero is adequate to discriminate Sardinians from other neighbouring populations. Genetic variation between populations measured through genetic distances and principal‐component analysis shows that the present‐day population of Alghero is much closer genetically to Sardinians than to Catalonians. Our genetic results do not support any interpretation of the linguistic affinities between Alghero and Catalonia at present as indicative of biological kinship. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sexual dimorphism in canine shape among extant great apes
Authors: Kelley Jay 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThere have been numerous attempts to sex fossil specimens using the canine dentition. Whether focused on canine size or canine shape, most of these efforts share two deficiencies: lack of quantification of male‐female differences in the adopted criteria and a failure to adequately explore among extant species the discriminatory power of these criteria. Here, canine shape indices relating to relative canine height, upper canine root/crown proportionality, and relative length of the lower canine mesial ridge were calculated for males and females of all species and subspecies of extant great apes and two species of gibbons. The accuracy of these indices for identifying the sex of the extant ape specimens was investigated through discriminant analysis and the use of bivariate plots of the two upper and two lower canine indices. The indices were found to be highly accurate in identifying the sex of great ape individuals, not only in single‐species and subspecies samples but in mixed‐species samples as well; assignment error rates were mostly between 0 and 4%. Accuracy was lowest in Pan (error rates as high as 15%) and highest in Pongo (one error). In most cases, error rates were lower in the upper canines. The effectiveness of these shape indices for sexing might be related to the degree of absolute canine size dimorphism; the indices did not effectively segregate males and females among minimally canine‐dimorphic gibbons. The mixed‐species results reveal that same‐sex index values are remarkably concordant across great ape species, as are the patterns of spatial segregation of males and females in the bivariate plots. Results suggest that, while the indices can be used with some confidence to sex individual fossil specimens, their greatest utility will be for identifying the sex of groups of canines united by size and morphology. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Borinium, Borenium, and Boronium Ions: Synthesis, Reactivity, and Applications
Authors: Piers Warren E. , Bourke Sara C. , Conroy Korey D. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractBoron cations are elusive and highly electrophilic species that play a key role in the chemistry of boron. Despite early interest in the chemistry of boron cations, until recently they have largely remained chemical curiosities. However, hints at harnessing their potential as potent electrophiles have begun to appear and developments in weakly coordinating anion technology suggest that this is an area of research that is ripe for exploration. It has been nearly 20 years since the last major review on boron cations; herein we summarize the progress in the area since that time.
Adult and developmental myosin heavy chain isoforms in soleus muscle of aging Fischer Brown Norway rat
Authors: Snow Leann M. , Mcloon Linda K. , Thompson Ladora V. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractFiber type shifts in aging skeletal muscle have been studied with myofibrillar ATPase histochemistry and gel electrophoresis, but less commonly with immunohistochemistry. Immunohistochemical study of myosin heavy chains (MHCs) in single myofibers yields additional information about aged skeletal muscle. Furthermore, many studies of aging rodent skeletal muscle have been performed on fast‐MHC‐predominant muscle and in several different strains. The aim of this study was to evaluate immunohistochemically MHC characteristics in the slow‐MHC‐predominant soleus muscle in the Fischer Brown Norway F1 hybrid aging rat (FBN). Three age groups of FBN rats were studied: 12 months, 30 months, and 36 months. Soleus muscles were excised, quick‐frozen, and stained immunohistochemically for slow, fast, developmental, and neonatal MHC isoforms. Cross‐sections were evaluated for the number and cross‐sectional areas of fibers expressing each isoform. Single myofibers in soleus muscles of the aged rats showed significantly greater amounts of coexpression of slow and fast MHC than did younger animals. This change began by 30 months of age, but did not reach statistical significance until 36 months of age. The soleus from 36‐month‐old rats also expressed greater amounts of developmental MHC than did the other groups. These developmental MHC‐positive myofibers also coexpressed either slow or slow and fast MHC. The age‐related increase in MHC coexpression of slow with fast isoforms may indicate a fiber type shift suggestive of denervation that outpaces reinnervation. The developmental MHC‐positive fibers provide evidence of ongoing myofiber remodeling in the oldest rats in the midst of the fiber degeneration of aging. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Vitamin A storage in hepatic stellate cells in the regenerating rat liver: With special reference to zonal heterogeneity
Authors: Higashi Nobuyo , Sato Mitsuru , Kojima Naosuke , Irie Toshiaki , Kawamura Koichi , Mabuchi Ayako , Senoo Haruki 
Published: August 2005

AbstractUnder physiological conditions, hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) within liver lobules store about 80% of the total body vitamin A in lipid droplets in their cytoplasm, and these cells show zonal heterogeneity in terms of vitamin A‐storing capacity. Vitamin A is essential for the growth and differentiation of cells, and it is well known that liver cells including HSCs show a remarkable growth capacity after partial hepatectomy (PHx). However, the status of vitamin A storage in HSCs in the liver regeneration is not yet known. Therefore, we conducted the present study to examine vitamin A storage in these cells during liver regeneration. Morphometry at the electron microscopic level, fluorescence microscopy for vitamin A autofluorescence, and immunofluorescence microscopy for desmin and α‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA) were performed on sections of liver from male Wistar strain rats at various times after the animal had been subjected to 70% PHx. The mean area of vitamin A‐storing lipid droplets per HSC gradually decreased toward 3 days after PHx, and then returned to normal within 14 days after it. However, the heterogeneity of vitamin A‐storing lipid droplet area per HSC within the hepatic lobule disappeared after PHx and did not return to normal by 14 days thereafter, even though the liver volume had returned to normal. These results suggest that HSCs alter their vitamin A‐storing capacity during liver regeneration and that the recovery of vitamin A homeostasis requires a much longer time than that for liver volume. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The role of negative features in joint and separate evaluation
Authors: Willemsen Martijn C. , Keren Gideon 
Published: August 2005

AbstractSeparate and joint evaluations differ in the manner in which attribute information is processed. We propose that negative attributes weigh more in separate compared to joint ratings. To assess the relative weights of positive and negative attributes, stimuli were employed containing mixed attribute valence, with good and poor attributes. In three experiments it was demonstrated empirically that, using such mixed valence options, the negative attributes indeed weighed more than the positive ones in separate compared to joint ratings. Direct evidence for the increased weight of negative attributes in separate ratings was provided by showing preference shifts between joint and separate ratings for options with mixed attribute valence. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mass transfer contributions of solid particles to gas permeation in viscous laminar tube flow
Authors: Haase Brigitte , Bauckhage Klaus 
Published: August 2005

AbstractWhile two‐ and multiphase flows find more and more application in chemical engineering practice, and the demand for theoretical information about mass and heat transfer processes in such systems is increasing, such data or at least experimental results which could be generalized are still lacking. The following pages are concerned with mass transfer in laminar suspension tube flows normal to the main direction of flow due to the individual motions of small, inert spherical particles. On the basis of a large number of experimental data, an interpretation is attempted of the role of nearly neutrally‐buoyant particles in mass transfer enhancement, and a model for a semi‐empirical description is suggested. The experimental arrangement uses the mass transfer of carbon dioxide in laminar flow of salt water during the process of gas permeation through a permeable membrane tube wall.
Effect of enzyme inhibition on the performance of packed‐bed biological reactor ‐ a theoretical study
Authors: Hassan M. M. , Beg S. A. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe performance characteristic of a packed bed reactor has been analyzed by considering diffusional resistance of the biofilm. Model equations were solved by the method of orthogonal collocation for various classical enzyme inhibition kinetics, including partially non‐competitive, partially competitive, partially uncompetitive, partially mixed and fully mixed. For all considered modes of inhibition, an increase in the inlet substrate concentration decreases the steady state conversion in the reactor. However, an increase in the Peclet number has been found to improve the conversion. The effects of various other process variables of physical importance were also investigated parametrically.
A robust pole‐placement self‐tuning controller for chemical process control: Theoretical studies and simulation
Authors: Rohani Sohrab , Quail Douglas W. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA single variable pole‐placement self‐tuning controller (PPSTC) is used to simulate examples typical of chemical processes; i.e., open‐loop stable, unstable, and unstable non‐minimum phase systems with unknown varying process dead time. The PPSTC is shown to be effective in each case. Set‐point tracking and rejection of randomly occurring deterministic disturbances for all three types of processes are achieved. Simultaneous estimation of process parameters and process time delay is realized by using a recursive extended least squares method.
Experimental results from a plate‐column wet scrubber with gas‐atomized spray
Authors: Fan Xiaolun , Schultz Tilman , Muschelknautz Edgar 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA pilot wet scrubber was examined experimentally. It is constructed like a plate column. Its plates are designed to set the gas into a whirling motion with tangential velocities of up to 25 m/s and to ensure a uniform distribution of the liquid throughout the gas flow. Particles suspended in the waste gas are collected by gas‐atomized droplets to yield cut diameters between one and two microns. Energy consumption is lower than in the case of other scrubbers. The scrubbing mechanisms are analyzed by examining the measured pressure drops. Finally, methods of determining the collection efficiency are discussed and an empirical approach to its calculation is presented.
The stability of crude oil residues and factors affecting their decomposition during mild thermal treatment
Authors: Pilcher Kenneth A. , Winterbottom John M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA number of topped crude oil residues were subjected to mild thermal cracking in the temperature range between 613 and 673K at N2 pressure of one atmosphere. It was found that the thermal stability of the six topped crude oils decreased in the order Brent < Piper < Auk < Saudi Arabian < Romashkinskaya < Tia Juana Pesado. This was measured in terms of light end production (C1–C5 hydrocarbons). The asphaltene, sulphur and metal (nickel and vanadium) contents were also determined. The production of light ends, exemplified by methane, was found to be related to the metal asphaltene content of the crude oils, but the sulphur content exerted a moderating influence upon the extent of cracking. Hence, metal asphaltenes, probably as metal porphyrins, catalyse cracking but the presence of sulphur reduces that catalytic activity and can inhibit cracking. If cracking of long chain hydrocarbons is to be minimized, metal asphaltenes should be removed (preferably) or reduced in concentration or poisoned, in order to decrease their catalytic activity.