bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kinetic studies of removal of ammonia from seawater by ozonation
Authors: Tanaka Junko , Matsumura Masatoshi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA simplified mathematical model for the estimation of the rate of removal of ammonia during the ozonation of seawater was developed, considering the kinetics of the interactions between ozone and both the chloride and bromide ions in seawater during oxidant formation and oxidation of ammonia. The model also considered effects of the rate of ozone mass transfer and the pH. The rates of removal of ammonia in the pH range between 6.5 and 9.0 coincided well with the values estimated by this model. It was also shown that stripping of ammonia during air/ozone treatment considerably affected the rate of removal of ammonia when the pH was higher than 8.5. The chloride ion, which is the dominant ion in seawater, showed a negligible contribution to the oxidation of ammonia during ozonation. The formation of BrO3−, classified as a carcinogen did not occur as long as ammonia was still present.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Ultrastructural studies define soluble macromolecular, particulate, and cellular transendothelial cell pathways in venules, lymphatic vessels, and tumor‐associated microvessels in man and animals
Authors: Feng Dian , Nagy Janice A. , Dvorak Harold F. , Dvorak Ann M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe present de novo studies and review published efforts from our laboratory, spanning 12 years (from 1988 to 2000), where we have used ultrastructural approaches to study the functional anatomy of the microvasculature in man and animals in health and disease. These efforts have defined a new endothelial cell organelle, termed the vesiculo‐vacuolar organelle (VVO), which participates in the regulated transendothelial cell passage of soluble macromolecules. The studies defining this organelle utilized ultrathin serial sections, three‐dimensional computer‐assisted reconstructions, and ultrastructural electron‐dense tracers to establish luminal to abluminal transendothelial cell continuity of VVOs. Commonality of VVOs and caveolae is suggested by the ultrastructural anatomy of individual units of VVOs and caveolae, the presence of caveolin in both structures, and a mathematical analysis of morphometric data, all of which suggest that VVOs form from fusions of individual size units equivalent to vesicles of caveolar size. Ultrastructural studies have localized potent permeability factors and their specific receptors to VVOs in in vivo tumor and allergic inflammation models. Regulation of permeability through VVOs has been quantified and shown to be increased in tumor microvessels and in control vessels exposed to potent permeability‐inducing mediators. The transendothelial cell passage of particulate macromolecules occurs by vacuolar transport in tumor vessels; in permeability factor‐exposed control vessels, colloidal carbon traversed endothelial cells via the development of pores that did not communicate with or disrupt intercellular junctions by gap formation. Serial section and computer‐assisted reconstructions established these findings and suggested the possible development of transendothelial cell pores from VVOs. Serial sectioning and computer‐assisted three‐dimensional reconstructions of ultrastructural samples of an acute inflammation model revealed a transendothelial cell traffic route for motile neutrophils and platelets in the absence of classical ultrastructural criteria for regulated secretion from either cell. Microsc. Res. Tech. 57:289–326, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role of microglia in glioma biology
Authors: Badie Behnam , Schartner Jill 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMicroglia, a type of differentiated tissue macrophage, are considered to be the most plastic cell population of the central nervous system (CNS). In response to pathological conditions, resting microglia undergo a stereotypic activation process and become capable of phagocytosis, antigen presentation, and lymphocyte activation. Considering their immune effector function, it is not surprising to see microglia accumulation in almost every CNS disease process, including malignant brain tumors or malignant gliomas. Although the function of these cells in CNS inflammatory processes is being studied, their role in malignant glioma biology remains unclear. On one hand, microglia may represent a CNS anti‐tumor response, which is inactivated by local secretion of immunosuppressive factors by glioma cells. On the other hand, taking into account that microglia are capable of secreting a variety of immunomodulatory cytokines, it is possible that they are attracted by gliomas to promote tumor growth. A better understanding of microglia‐glioma interaction will be helpful in designing novel immune‐based therapies against these fatal tumors. Microsc. Res. Tech. 54:106–113, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Drosophila as a focus in olfactory research: Mapping of olfactory sensilla by fine structure, odor specificity, odorant receptor expression, and central connectivity
Authors: Stocker Reinhard F. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis review intends to integrate recent data from the Drosophila olfactory system into an up‐to‐date account of the neuronal basis of olfaction. It focuses on (1) an electron microscopic study that mapped a large proportion of fruitfly olfactory sensilla, (2) large‐scale electrophysiological recordings that allowed the classification of the odor response spectra of a complete set of sensilla, (3) the identification and expression patterns of candidate odorant receptors in the olfactory tissues, (4) central projections of neurons expressing a given odorant receptor, (5) an improved glomerular map of the olfactory center, and (6) attempts to exploit the larval olfactory system as a model of reduced cellular complexity. These studies find surprising parallels between the olfactory systems of flies and mammals, and thus underline the usefulness of the fruitfly as an olfactory model system. Both in Drosophila and in mammals, odorant receptor neurons appear to express only one type of receptor. Neurons expressing a given receptor are scattered in the olfactory tissues but their afferents converge onto a few target glomeruli only. This suggests that in both phyla, the periphery is represented in the brain as a chemotopic map. The major difference between mammals and fruitflies refers to the numbers of receptors, neurons, and glomeruli, which are largely reduced in the latter, and particularly in larvae. Yet, if activated in a combinatorial fashion, even this small set of elements could allow discrimination between a vast array of odorants. Microsc. Res. Tech. 55:284–296, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of genic substitution at the pink‐eyed dilution locus on the proliferation and differentiation of mouse epidermal melanocytes in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Hirobe Tomohisa , Kawa Yoko , Mizoguchi Masako , Ito Shosuke , Wakamatsu Kazumasa 
Published: August 2002

AbstractCells positive to the dopa reaction (melanocytes) as well as to the combined dopa–premelanin reaction (melanoblasts and melanocytes) in the epidermis of C57BL/10JHir‐p/p (pink‐eyed dilution) mice were fewer and less reactive than in C57BL/10JHir (black, P/P) mice, suggesting that the proliferation and differentiation of p/p melanocytes are inhibited. To confirm the inhibitory effects of p gene on the proliferation and differentiation of epidermal melanocytes, we cultured epidermal cell suspensions of neonatal skins from P/P and p/p in a serum‐free medium. The proliferation and differentiation of p/p melanoblasts/melanocytes in primary culture were greatly inhibited as compared to P/P melanoblasts/melanocytes. The morphology of p/p melanoblasts/melanocytes cultured in melanocyte growth medium, though non‐pigmented, was similar to P/P melanocytes; namely, dendritic, polygonal, or epithelioid. About 8% of p/p cells cultured in melanocyte growth medium were positive to the dopa reaction, and about 25% were reactive to the combined dopa–premelanin reaction. Eumelanin content in p/p was extremely reduced compared to P/P. The immunocytochemical staining of p/p melanoblasts/melanocytes revealed that they are negative to tyrosinase, but reactive to tyrosinase‐related protein (TRP)‐1, TRP‐2, and c‐kit. However, the reactivities in p/p were lower than in P/P. Although the differentiation of p/p melanoblasts was not induced by endothelin (ET)‐1, ET‐2, and ET‐3, the proliferation of p/p melanoblasts was stimulated by them. These results suggest for the first time that p gene exerts its influence on the proliferative activities of mouse epidermal melanoblasts by affecting the regulatory mechanisms dependent on the function of ETs. J. Exp. Zool. 292:351–366, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preparation of metal ion buffers for biological experimentation: A methods approach with emphasis on iron and zinc
Authors: Aslamkhan Amy G. , Aslamkhan Abubakr , Ahearn Gregory A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTransition metal ions are a challenge to study in physiology because of problems associated with solubility, oxidation, binding, and attaining appropriate free activities in solution. This review discusses these problems and potential ways of accommodating them. Special attention is given to iron and zinc ions, but many of the concepts can be applied for studying other transition metals. Selection of reagents appropriate for metal work (including water, salts, noncomplexing pH buffers) is briefly discussed. Calculation of the solubility product (Ksp) for common iron and zinc precipitates is covered, as well as techniques used to solubilize Fe3+ with organic chelates. Factors that affect Fe2+ oxidation are mentioned, and the use of ascorbate as a reducing agent is considered. Measurement of the rate of Fe2+ oxidation (or Fe3+ reduction) with the Fe2+ chromophores ferrozine and BPS is also discussed. Generation of a free metal ion activity through use of metal buffers (chelators) is discussed. Theoretical problems associated with this technique are explored, and selected shareware metal ion buffer calculators are described. Finally, techniques for measuring and minimizing nonspecific binding of iron and zinc ions to biological membranes are considered. J. Exp. Zool. 292:507–522, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential induction of branchial carbonic anhydrase and NA+/K+ ATPase activity in the euryhaline crab, Carcinus maenas, in response to low salinity exposure
Authors: Henry Raymond P. , Garrelts Elizabeth E. , McCarty Melissa M. , Towle David W. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe time course of induction of activity of carbonic anhydrase (CA) and Na/K ATPase, two enzymes that are central to osmotic and ionic regulation in the eyryhaline green crab, Carcinus maenas, was measured in response to a transfer from 32 to 10 ppt salinity. CA activity was low in all gills in crabs acclimated to high salinity. Activity was induced in the posterior three gills (G6–G9) starting at 96 hr following transfer to low salinity, with activity peaking at seven post‐transfer. Na/K ATPase activity in posterior gills was already high in crabs acclimated to 32 ppt salinity, and it did not increase as a result of transfer to 10 ppt. Acclimation of crabs to hypersaline (40 ppt) conditions resulted in uniformly low levels of Na/K ATPase activity, and transfer from 40 ppt to 10 ppt stimulated a four‐fold induction of activity in the posterior gills that was evident by seven days of low salinity exposure. Low salinity stimulates the activity of both enzymes, but a different degree of salinity change appears to be necessary to cause the induction of each enzyme. The Na/K ATPase activity is already high at a salinity (32 ppt) at which the crab is still an osmotic and ionic conformer. CA activity, however, even when expressed in low levels, is still present in excess of what is needed to supply counterions at a rate adequate to match the rate of active ion transport. It is possible that two strategies exist for the regulation of these two enzymes that coincide with the crab’s intertidal and estuarine lifestyle: short‐term modulation of activity of highly expressed enzyme (Na/K ATPase) and long‐term modulation of enzyme concentration by changes in gene expression (CA). For all ranges of low salinity exposure, crabs undergo hemodilution, cell swelling, and subsequent cell volume readjustment as evidenced by the increase in concentration of TNPS in the hemolymph. This response takes place before the induction of enzyme activity, and it could serve as the initial signal in the induction pathway. J. Exp. Zool. 292:595–603, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sex reversal in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) using a nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitor
Authors: Afonso Luís Orlando Bertolla , Wassermann Gustavo Javier , Terezinha de Oliveira Rosemari 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSeveral studies have demonstrated that steroid hormones can influence sex differentiation in nonmammalian vertebrates and it has been hypothesized that male and female sex differentiation are driven by androgen and estrogen hormones, respectively. Estrogen biosynthesis is mediated by the steroidogenic enzyme cytochrome P450 aromatase, which converts androgens to estrogens. In the present study we examined the efficacy of a potent nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitor incorporated into the food, on sex reversal of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) larvae. Nile tilapia larvae were divided in seven groups, which were fed with diets containing different amounts of the aromatase inhibitor Fadrozole (0, 50, 75 and 100 mg/kg) during 15 and 30 days, starting 9 days after hatching. Independent of the period, the proportion of males was significantly higher in the treated groups. Treatment with the highest doses (75 and 100 mg/kg) for 30 days produced 100% males. Histological examination revealed no differences in gonadal tissues between control males and treated fish. Furthermore, one intersex fish was identified in the group treated with 50 mg Fadrozole/kg for 30 days. This study reports that a 100% Nile tilapia male population can be obtained by suppressing aromatase activity and suggests that besides steroid hormones, nonsteroidal compounds, such as aromatase inhibitors, have potential for production of monosex population in tilapia. J. Exp. Zool. 290:177–181, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sustained delivery of therapeutic concentrations of human clotting factor IX – a comparison of adenoviral and AAV vectors administered in utero
Authors: Schneider Holm , Mühle Christiane , Marie Douar Anne , Waddington Simon , Jiang Qiu‐Jie , von der Mark Klaus , Coutelle Charles , Rascher Wolfgang 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackgroundPrenatal somatic gene therapy has been considered for genetic disorders presenting with morbidity at birth. Haemophilia is associated with an increased risk of catastrophic perinatal bleeding complications such as intracranial haemorrhage, which could be prevented by gene transfer in utero. Prenatal gene therapy may be more promising than postnatal treatment, as the fetus may be more amenable to uptake and integration of therapeutic DNA and the immaturity of its immune system may permit life‐long immune tolerance of the transgenic protein, thus avoiding the dominant problem in haemophilia treatment, the formation of inhibitory antibodies.MethodsAdenovirus serotype 5‐derived or AAV serotype 2‐derived vectors carrying human clotting factor IX (hfIX) cDNA or a reporter gene were administered intramuscularly, intraperitoneally or intravascularly to late‐gestation mouse fetuses. Both vector types were evaluated with respect to the kinetics of hfIX delivery to the systemic circulation and possible immune responses against the vector or the transgene product.ResultsMice treated in utero by intramuscular injection of an adenoviral vector carrying hfIX cDNA exhibited high‐level gene expression at birth and therapeutic – albeit continuously decreasing – plasma concentrations of hfIX over the entire 6 months of the study. Adenoviral vector spread to multiple organs was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Intramuscular, intraperitoneal or intravascular application of AAV vectors carrying hfIX cDNA led to much lower plasma concentrations of hfIX shortly after birth, which appeared to decline during the first month of life but stabilized in some of the mice at detectable levels. No signs of immune responses were found, either against the different viral vectors or against hfIX.ConclusionThis study demonstrates for the first time that sustained systemic delivery of a therapeutic protein can be achieved by prenatal gene transfer. It thus shows the feasibility of gene therapy in utero and provides a basis for considering this concept as a preventive therapeutic strategy for haemophilia and perhaps also for other plasma protein deficiencies. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Use of a lentiviral flap vector for induction of CTL immunity against melanoma. Perspectives for immunotherapy
Authors: Firat Hüseyin , Zennou Véronique , Garcia‐Pons Francisco , Ginhoux Florent , Cochet Madeleine , Danos Olivier , Lemonnier François A. , Langlade‐Demoyen Pierre , Charneau Pierre 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackgroundA central triple‐stranded DNA structure created during HIV‐1 reverse transcription, the central flap, acts as a cis‐active nuclear import determinant of the HIV‐1 DNA genome. Insertion of the sequences responsible for formation of the central DNA flap into an HIV‐1‐derived vector strongly enhances its transduction efficiency.MethodsHIV‐1 vectors with or without inclusion of the DNA flap and encoding the same melanoma polyepitope were constructed to transduce dendritic cells (DCs) and to evaluate their capacity for induction of melanoma‐specific cytotoxic T‐lymphocyte (CTL) responses ex vivo and in vivo.ResultsHIV‐1 vectors including the DNA flap transduced up to 100% of immature mouse and human DCs. Inoculation of HLA‐A2.1 transgenic mice with this flap vector elicited vigorous and multi‐specific long‐term anti‐melanoma CTL responses, whereas the parental vector lacking the flap sequence was less efficient. Furthermore, human DCs transduced ex vivo with the recombinant DNA flap vector displayed efficient multi‐specific primary human CTL responses against melanoma.ConclusionLentiviral vectors including the DNA flap should be powerful tools both for active immunization and for the ex vivo priming of CTL for tumor immunotherapy. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Introducing psychology as an academic discipline in France: Théodule Ribot and the Collège de France (1888–1901)
Authors: Nicolas Serge , Charvillat Agnès 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper describes the context in which the teaching of psychology as an autonomous discipline was introduced in France, and reproduces the first psychology lecture given in France by Théodule Ribot on 9 April 1888 at The Collège de France. In France, this recognition was delayed because of the negative influence of spiritualist philosophy. It took both the acknowledged status of a man (Ribot) and a minister's decision for this new type of teaching to be accepted in France. After describing the events that took place at the Collège de France and at the Academy of Moral and Political Sciences, we reproduce in full Ribot's inaugural lecture at the Collège, an important document for the history of French psychology. We conclude by describing the circumstances in which this teaching came to its end in 1901. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The consultation practice of Northern NGOs: a study of British organizations in Guatemala
Authors: Lister Sarah 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper presents the findings of research carried out in 1998–99 into the practices of seven British NGOs and solidarity organizations in consulting with local partner organizations in Guatemala. It considers this practice in the context of both the academic literature and the statements and intentions of the NGOs studied. The research found that while there was consultation on country‐specific issues, there was limited consultation on their broader programmes, strategies or advocacy work. Although the British NGOs claimed that they consulted for their own effectiveness, to strengthen local organizations and strengthen their partnership with these organizations, there was little evidence to suggest that their actual practice of consultation achieved these aims. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Information literacy needs of local staff in cross‐cultural development projects
Authors: McMahon Camille , Bruce Christine 
Published: August 2002

AbstractInformation literacy is about people's information practices in their information and communication technology (ICT) environment. Increasing access to ICTs to bridge the digital divide has implications for the information literacy needs of people in developing communities. The research described in this paper investigated development workers' perceptions of information literacy needs amongst local staff participating in community development projects in cross‐cultural situations. A phenomenographic approach was used to elicit five hierarchically related, qualitatively different understandings of information literacy needs within the development context. The results reveal possible directions for those involved in bringing ICTs into workplace settings within developing communities. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Explaining bank regulatory failure in Zambia
Authors: Maimbo Samuel Munzele 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper discusses regulatory failure within the context of the 1995 and 1997–98 bank failures in Zambia. It starts by acknowledging the difficulties that exist in establishing credible techniques for measuring the quality of on‐going bank regulation and supervision performance and criterion for distinguishing between regulatory failure and regulatory success. It then proceeds to detail the choice of instruments the Bank of Zambia employed in responding to increasing financial distress amongst local banks. Using ‘excessive regulatory forbearance’ as an indicator of ‘regulatory failure’, the paper examines why regulatory forbearance occurred; why the Bank of Zambia failed to enforce the required corrective action in a timely and consistent manner, even at the risk of encouraging and permitting fraudulent and wrongful trading. Through in‐depth interviews and documentary analysis, the paper concludes that delays in regulatory decision‐making were not always the result of direct political interference, but rather bureaucratically institutionalised regulatory forbearance. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of 3‐[(2S)‐azetidin‐2‐ylmethoxy]‐5‐[11C]‐methylpyridine, an analogue of A‐85380, via a Stille coupling
Authors: Karimi Farhad , Långström Bengt 
Published: August 2002

Abstract3‐[(2S)‐azetidin‐2‐ylmethoxy]‐5‐[11C]‐methylpyridine (5d), which might be a novel ligand for nicotinic receptors, was synthesized via coupling [11C]iodomethane with tert‐butyl (2S)‐2‐({[5‐(trimethylstannyl)pyridin‐3‐yl]oxy}methyl) azetidine‐1‐carboxylate (4) at 80°C for 5 min with tri‐o‐tolylphosphine‐bound, unsaturated palladium(0), followed by deprotection using trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). The previous problem (solid‐phase extraction before injection on semi‐preparative LC) with automation of Stille coupling reactions has been overcome. In a typical experiment, 0.46 GBq of 5d was obtained from 5.2 GBq of [11C]iodomethane. The decay‐corrected radiochemical yield was 39% (based on the quantity [11C]iodomethane trapped). The synthesis time was 43 min from end of radionuclide production. During a production condition using 36 μAh of proton beam irradiation, a specific radioactivity of 50 GBq/μmol of the final product was obtained in biological buffer. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.