bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“All Aboard For Natchez, Cairo And St. Louis” The Journey of the Exile in Ash- Wednesday
Authors: Schuchard Ronald 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
How odd that a conductor’s final call for a rail journey to St. Louis should have provided the original title for the early drafts of “Perch’ io non spero,” the opening section of Ash-Wednesday (1930).Eliot had recently delighted in hearing this familiar call of his youth on an immensely popular phonograph record of 1927, “The Two Black Crows,” by the American blackface vaudeville team known as Moran and Mack.“Their phonograph records sell prodigiously,” reported the New Republic in March 1928, “their first disc being more popular, it is claimed, than any other ever made. They are quoted more freely than any other personages today. Everywhere one hears people making foolish attempts to imitate Mr. Mack, pathetic efforts to recapture the mood of serenity into which his voice and manner had insinuated them.” Eliot owned their first disc and likely attended a performance during their sensationally successful, fourteen-week run in London in 1927. He certainly became one of their imitators, foisting Moran’s rendition of the conductor’s call on his London friends. “What struck us,” wrote I. A. Richards, in describing Eliot’s formal demeanor, dress, and conduct at the time, was that they “went along with delighted and highly critical immersion in records of ‘The Two Black Crows’, especially of a record involving ‘All aboard for St. Louis.’ I don’t know how often we were patiently taught how to say this right. I do know very well that I have never got it right.”
Minia, Egypt
Authors: Tinker Irene 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Minia study was one of those in which the EPOC study itself helped spark the formation of a local group devoted to assistance, advocacy, and intervention on behalf of the street food vendors. Thus a substantial part of this chapter focuses on the creation, organization, strengths, and weaknesses of the Street Food Vendors Organization (SFVO), which differs from the vendors’ groups discussed in other chapters in that nonvending community members play an important role in its administration and policy making. Before the study, Minia government officials tried to enforce regulations so strict that many vendors were forced to violate them simply to make a living. Today many of those same officials have become supportive members of the SFVO.
Foods on the Street and the People Who Eat Them
Authors: Tinker Irene 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The fact that people eat what street food vendors sell distinguishes this trade from most other microenterprises. All cultures attach powerful meanings to individual foods, as well as to cooking and mealtime practices; thus patterns of street food consumption are shaped not just by what foods are locally available, but also by local norms about what kinds of food are appropriate to consume, where, when, and by whom. That people eat the vendors’ products, usually without any further processing, obviously also raises a number of health and safety issues.
Retreat and Consolidation April 1949–November 1949
Authors: Mastny Vojtech 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Once NATO had been established, there was little Stalin could do to reverse American ascendancy in Western Europe; what he could do to rectify the lopsided correlation of forces was to tighten the screws in Eastern Europe while retreating in the two places where he had played for high stakes and failed—Berlin and Yugoslavia. The manner in which he would proceed would be an indication of whether he preferred accommodation to further confrontation. The actual decision about which course to take, however, depended upon other factors as well, not all of them within Soviet control.
Of Stalin’s two entanglements, the German one was easier to disentangle. Unlike Tito’s dissidence, which, if tolerated, threatened to set a dangerous example in Eastern Europe, the Berlin blockade could be disposed of without unacceptable damage to Soviet security. In mid December 1948 Stalin began to prepare a retreat by admonishing the East German leaders to moderate their conduct, which had proved so plainly counterproductive. Exempting their part of Germany, for the time being, from the sovietization drive he had been pushing elsewhere, he shared with them his confidence that the country could be reunified in accordance with his wishes once the Berlin problem has been settled.
Cities and Citizenship
Authors: Dagger Richard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Education and participation, the subjects of the preceding chapters, are of obvious importance to the attempt to promote republican-liberal citizenship. A less obvious but no less important subject is the city: the site or context in which citizenship historically has been thought to develop. Nor is the city important only for its historical connections to citizenship. For better or worse, urbanism is apparently becoming the way of life of more and more people around the world. If republican liberalism is to prove a plausible and persuasive theory of politics, it must attend to cities as well as citizenship.
Difference, Excellence, and Republican Liberalism
Authors: Dagger Richard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In Part I of this book I tried to show how a concern for individual rights and autonomy, properly understood, is not inimical to the bonds of community and concern for the common good. In Part II I tried to show how a theory that marries these concerns-republican liberalism-is possible in practical as well as in conceptual terms. Chapters 8, 9, and 10, in particular, comprise an attempt to indicate the directions in which republican liberalism would take a body politic. Now that there is some practical flesh on the theoretical bones, I shall turn in this chapter to two final challenges to republican liberalism.
Church and State
Authors: Camp Roderic Ai 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Social scientists have proffered numerous methodological strategies in pursuit of understanding the secular role of religion in society. This literature, much of it originally advanced by political historians, focused on institutional analysis, as did the study of politics in general. That emphasis led to an examination of religious and secular society’s two major institutional representatives, church and state. As the discipline developed, scholars reached out for broader and deeper topics, exploring issues involving mass religion and politics-in short, how popular religious beliefs affect a citizen’s political behavior. North American and European scholarship led the way because religious affiliation was deemed a significant variable in political partisanship in societies where a diversity of religious beliefs and institutions prevailed.
Historical Underpinnings and Reform
Authors: Camp Roderic Ai 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In contrast to the lack of literature analyzing religion, religious institutions, and the Church’s political role in recent decades, historians have provided a far more complete picture of the institution during various periods prior to the 1970s. It is not the purpose of this work to go over ground well cultivated by others, or to provide a historical narrative, readily available and detailed in other works. Although references to specific historical circumstances, national and international, occur throughout the remaining chapters, it is useful to summarize briefly some important internal conditions that have a specific relevance to religion and politics, and more narrowly, church and state, at the end of the 20th century.
A Note to the Reader
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain , Moisès Carlos Felipe 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When Counselor Aires died, seven notebooks in manu-script were found in his desk, firmly bound in cardboard. Each one of the first six was numbered in order, with roman numerals I, II, III, IV, V, VI penned in red ink. The seventh bore this title: “Last.”
That Man Aires
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The man Aires who just appeared still retains some of the virtues of the times, and almost none of the vices. Do not attribute such qualities to any motive. Nor should you believe that homage is intended to that person’s modesty. No sir, it is the pure truth and a natural attribute. In spite of his 40 years, or 42, and perhaps because of this, he was a fine specimen of a man. A career diplomat, he had arrived just a few days before from the Pacific, on a six-month leave.
The Lesson of the Pupil
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
“Stay, please stay, counselor,” said Santos, gripping the diplomat’s hand. “Learn the eternal truths.”
That fellow Aires was not easy to convince. Pl:icido spoke to him about scientific laws to avoid any taint of sectarianism, and Santos followed suit. All the spiritist terminology came out, and also the cases, phenomena, mysteries, testimonies, written and verbal affidavits. Santos offered an example: two spirits might return together to this world. And, if they fought before they were born?
Everything that I Leave Out
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The twins, having nothing else to do, nursed. This job they performed without rivalry, except when the wet nurses were on good terms with each other, and they nursed side by side. Each one would then seem to want to prove to the other that he will leave them to their own devices. Let them open their own ways to life and to the world, whether it be with weapons or words, or simple elbowing.
How They Grew Up
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
And here they are, growing up. The similarity between them was still great, although the tendency to confuse one with the other was now less frequent. The same pale, alert eyes, the same pleasing smile, the fine hands and high color in their cheeks which made it seem as if they were painted with blood. They were healthy. Except for their teething crises, they had no other ailments, because I will not tell about the occasional indigestion from candy which their parents gave them or they sneaked. They both had a sweet tooth, Pedro more than Paulo and Paulo more than anyone.
The Retiree
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
By this time, this ex-diplomat was retired. He returned to Rio de Janeiro after a last look at the many things he had seen, to live here for the rest of his days. He could have done it in any city, he was a man for all seasons, but he had a particular love for his country, and possibly was also tired of other places. He did not admit to the many calamities attributed to his country. Yellow fever, for example, because he had denied it so often to the outside world, he had lost his belief in it; and when the cases were reported, he was already infected by the belief that all diseases were first a list of names. Perhaps it was because he was a healthy man.
Evaristo’s Inkwell
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
“This case proves that one can love anything well, even a piece of old wood. Believe me, it was not just the expense that he naturally felt, it was also that he longed for the old sign. Nobody lets go of such an intimate object, which becomes an integral part of your house and your skin, because the sign was never taken down even for one day. Cust6dio never had a chance to notice it was rotten. It lived there, like the doors and the wall.” It was dinner time, in Botafogo. Just four people, the two sisters, Santos, and Aires. Pedro had gone to dine in Sao Clemente, with the Batista family.
The Shopping Trip
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
I would not write this chapter if it were really about the shopping trip, but it is not. Everything is an instrument in the hands of Life. The two left the house, one with a light step, the other melancholy, and they went to choose a quantity of items for travel and personal use. Dona Claudia thought of the dresses for the first reception and the official visits. She also thought about what to wear on disembarking from the ship. She had an order from her husband for a few ties. The hats, however, were the principal article on the list. In Dona Cliudia’s opinion it was the hat that gave the true indication of a woman’s taste, of the manners and culture of a society.
The Night of the 14th
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Everything was explained that evening at the Santos family home. The ex-governor of the province confessed his hopes for a new appointment. His wife affirmed the importance of the act. Thus the public announcement of the news which a little before Dona Cláudia had only spoken of in secret. Now there were no more secrets to hide.
A New Sign
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Having recounted what had just transpired, Cust0dio confessed everything he was losing with the name and the expense, the damage that keeping the name of the house would do, the impossibility of finding another, an abyss, in sum. He did not know what he was looking for. He lacked resourcefulness and peace of mind. If he could, he would sell the teashop.
Morning
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Flora opened the eyes of both and vanished so quickly that they could hardly see the hem of her dress and hear a little soft, remote word. They glanced at each other, without apparent rancor. The fear of one and the hope of the other set a truce. They ran to the newspapers. Paulo, a little dizzy, feared a betrayal at dawn. Pedro had a vague idea of restoration and hoped to read in the papers of an imperial amnesty decree. Neither a betrayal nor a decree. Hope and fear fled from this world.
Lest I Forget
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is necessary to say one thing before I forget. You know that the twins were both handsome and still looked alike. On that score they had no reason to envy each other. On the contrary, each found in himself something that accentuated, if not enhanced, their common charms. It was not true, but it is not truth that prevails, but conviction. Convince yourself of an idea, and you will die for it, wrote Aires around this time in the Memoirs, and he added: “The greatness of sacrifice is none other, but if truth coincides with conviction, then the sublime is born, and after it, the useful … “He did not finish or explain that sentence.
No, No, No
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
They, wherever they were at that moment, could speak or not. The truth is that, if neither one was willing to let go of the young woman, neither felt sure to win her, as much as he thought she might be inclined to accept him. They had already reached an agreement that the rejected one would accept his fate and would leave the field to the victor. If victory were not achieved, they did not know how to resolve the battle. It would be easiest to wait, if passion did not grow stronger, but passion did.
The Dragon
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Let us see what they negotiated. They had been to the theater with Aires one evening, killing time. You know this dragon. Everyone has given him the hardest blows they can; he kicks, expires, and revives. So it went, that night. I don’t know which theater it was, nor which play, nor which genre. Whatever it was, the purpose was to kill time, and the three left him stretched out on the floor.
The Return Home
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
“They were. They take office on Thursday. If they were not my sons, I would say that you will find them even more handsome than you left them, a year ago.” Aires had just returned from Europe, where he had gone with the promise of staying just six months. He broke his promise. He spent eleven. Natividade was the one who rounded out his absence to a year, which she had truly felt, as had Dona Rita. Blood, in one of them, habit in the other, made it difficult for them to withstand the separation. He had gone on the pretext of taking the waters, and as much as those in Brazil were recommended to him, he did not want to try them. He was not used to the local denominations. He had the impression that the waters of Carlsbad or Vichy, without those names, would not cure as well. Dona Rita insinuated that he was going to check on the young ladies he had
The Poetics of Contradiction: Religious and Political Emblems in ‘‘The American Scholar’’
Authors: Patterson Anita Haya 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Technology discloses man’s mode of dealing with Nature,” wrote Marx, “the process of production by which he sustains his life, and thereby also lays bare the mode of formation of his social relations, and of the mental conceptions that flow from them. Every history of religion ... that fails to take account of this material basis, is uncritical.” A truly scientific description of material culture should not simply discover, by analysis, “the earthly core of the misty creations of religion.” Instead, Marx prescribes that we systematically deduce the connection between our various modes of association and the content of our religious beliefs-the development, as he puts it, “from the actual relations of life the corresponding celestialised forms of those relations.”
“Self-Reliance”: The Ethical Demand for Reform
Authors: Patterson Anita Haya 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In an early version of the essay “Politics,” first delivered as part of an 1837 lecture series, “The Present Age,” Emerson promised that “the philosophy of property if explored in its foundations would open new mines of practical wisdom which would in the event change the face of the world It would go deep into the ethics and touch all the relations of man” (EL, II, 79). Whereas in previous chapters I discussed Emerson’s deliberation over the meaning of “ownership,” in this chapter I consider the ethical consequences of his critique. The transformed meaning for property Emerson arrives at in his writings also results in a new way of thinking about the “obligations” or relations that bring individuals together in society.
Martin Luther King fr.: Publicity, Disobedience, and the Revitalization of American Democratic Culture
Authors: Patterson Anita Haya 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
On Forty-seventh Street, on the south side of Chicago, there is a large graffiti mural that depicts an undulating series of sea-green waves. Below this striking image are spray-painted letters that spell out the following words, attributed to Emerson: OUR Greatest Glory Consists Not In Ever Falling But In Rising Everytime We Fall [sic].’ The graffiti serves as a reminder of the various ways language performs the cultural work of inventing and perpetuating values-values to which we, in tum, find ourselves deeply and naturally committed. The creation of the graffiti mural¬ the spray-painting of Emerson’s words and name on the wall-is a form of cultural practice that also points out the uses of philosophy as a response (however meaningful or thoughtless that response might be) to social crisis. Taken in its literally concrete context, the graffitied epigram establishes a cohesive group identity for individuals involved in an ongoing struggle for social justice-a collectivity or “we” whose glory consists in rising every time it falls.
Wealth Accumulation, 1840 –1860
Authors: Ferrie Joseph P 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Antebellum immigrants to the United States clearly experienced a great deal of geographic and occupational mobility in the years after their arrival. But what was the value of this mobility? How did the material circumstances in which antebellum immigrants lived change as their time in the United States increased? And how did their material circumstances compare to those of the native born as their time in the United States increased? Up to now, we have considered where immigrants went and what they did when they got there. But the sample allows us to say more. It allows us to say how immigrants fared in financial terms as a result of these experiences. The U.S. censuses of 1850 and 1860 provide a unique measure of the economic progress of immigrants and natives: individuals were asked the value of their wealth. The linked immigrant and native data thus makes it possible to examine immigrants’ and natives’ accumulation of property.
The Impact of Immigration on Natives, 1850 –1860
Authors: Ferrie Joseph P 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The arrival of immigrants in the years before the Civil War did more than simply transform the immigrants themselves. As we have already seen, the immigration process resulted in substantial geographic, occupational, and financial changes among arrivals, but that process also had profound effects—both positive and negative—on the population of native-born Americans. The net benefits of immigration remain a contentious topic of debate today; they were no less an issue in the antebellum period. In the political realignment that occurred in the 1850s, immigration’s role was seen by many as central.
The Blocked Society
Authors: Roberts Paul Craig , Araujo Karen Lafollette 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
By 1980, development planning in Latin America had reached a dead end. This was not instantly recognized. As late as 1982, Mexican President Jose Lopez Portillo was still praising public spending as “the fundamental instrument of the State to direct the economy,” as “the instrument by which plan targets are attained,” and as “the best mechanism to achieve the redistribution of income for social development.”‘ Lopez Portillo’s eulogy to the government-controlled economy was the last gasp of Mexican socialism. He himself was to shortly ride away with a billion dollars of redistributed income in his pocket. Within a few years, his successor would say that “the state took all the properties, leaving the people with all the needs.” The system was crumbling. Mexico had built up a redistribution system that funneled revenues supplied by foreign loans and high petroleum prices to elites. When oil prices fell and foreign loans dried up, Mexico could not finance the payments that kept the government-controlled system afloat. The only thing Mexico had to show for its $100 billion foreign debt was 1,000 deficit-ridden state enterprises.
Implications of Latin American Capitalism for the United States
Authors: Roberts Paul Craig , Araujo Karen Lafollette 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the postwar period, the absence of competitors other than the Japanese and West Germans meant that U.S. policymakers could hamstring our economy with tax and regulatory burdens without dire effect. Not even state subsidies could offset the inefficiencies of socialized industries, and American industrial and agricultural products faced little competition. Moreover, there were few other places for people to invest their capital or pursue business careers. The growth of government under New Deal and Great Society policies was very costly to the economy, but other countries were much more mired in socialism and political favoritism than the United States. Now, an entire region is opening up to the south that welcomes foreign capital and ingenuity and is creating world-class competitive conditions to attract investment and entrepreneurs.
As Latin America and much of the rest of the world shed the policies that insulated U.S. business from suffering the competitive consequences of ill-considered government policies, our own policies will have to change. The implications of U.S. tax, entitlement, regulatory, and legal policies are inconsistent with the ability of the United States to be a global competitor. The current tax system raises the cost of labor with payroll taxes while reducing labor productivity with capital taxation.