bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Early and late complications in the recipient of an adult living donor liver
Authors: Broelsch Christoph E. , Frilling Andrea , Testa Giuliano , Cicinnati Vito , Nadalin Silvio , Paul Andreas , Malago Massimo 
Published: October 2003

Key points
1. Adult-to-adult living donor liver transplantation has been established as a means of overcoming the cadaveric organ shortage.
2. The anatomic situation of right-liver grafts and additional factors, i.e., underlying liver disease of the recipient, are responsible for different results in pediatric and adult recipients.
3. In transplant recipients, small-for-size grafts, vascular problems, and biliary tract complications contribute to surgical morbidity.
4. Management of biliary leakages needs additional attention to achieve better overall survival rates.
Donor and recipient outcomes after adult living donor liver transplantation
Authors: Humar Abhinav 
Published: October 2003

Key points
1. When looking at outcomes after adult living donor (LD) liver transplantation, both donor and recipient outcomes must be examined.
2. The estimated risk for mortality after right-lobe donation is 0.5%. The risk for complications is approximately 10% to 20%.
3. Current national data show slightly inferior patient and graft survival rates with LD versus deceased donor transplantation. The difference may be caused by a greater incidence of surgical complications after LD liver transplantation.
4. The main surgical complication in the donor and recipient remains biliary leak.
Regulation and oversight of adult living donor liver transplantation
Authors: Miller Charles M. 
Published: October 2003

Key points
1. Ethical principles and informed consent standards should be implemented for all living donors.
2. Institutions that perform living donor transplantation should provide an independent donor advocate to ensure that informed consent standards and ethical principles are applied to the practice of all live organ donor transplantation.
3. A database of health outcomes for all live donors should be established and funded through and under the auspices of the US Department of Health and Human Services.
4. Serious consideration should be given to the establishment of a separate resource center for living donors and their families.
5. The present preference in Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network allocation policy, given to previous living organ donors who subsequently need a kidney, should be extended so that any living organ donor would be given preference as a candidate for any organ transplant, should one become needed.
6. A process should be established to verify qualifications of a center to perform living donor liver or lung transplantation.
Selection of donors for living donor liver transplantation
Authors: Trotter James F. 
Published: October 2003

Key points
1. The donor evaluation is performed in three staged phases to disqualify inappropriate candidates as early as possible in the process.
2. Approximately half the potential transplant recipients are unable to identify a suitable donor for evaluation.
3. Approximately half the individuals evaluated for living donation are found suitable.
4. The donor pool in many parts of the country is significantly limited by the high prevalence of obesity.
Evaluation of the donor liver for living donor liver transplantation
Authors: Brandhagen David , Fidler Jeff , Rosen Charles 
Published: October 2003

Key points
1. Accurate assessment of the donor liver is an important component of the living donor liver evaluation and is critical to ensure a successful outcome for both donor and recipient.
2. Liver biochemistry tests, viral hepatitis serological tests, tests to exclude chronic liver disease, and volumetric computed tomographic or magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of the liver are performed routinely as part of the donor evaluation.
3. Liver biopsy should be a standard component of the donor evaluation in all donors, with the possible exception of those with a body mass index less than 25 who have normal liver test and abdominal imaging study results and no risk factors for chronic liver disease or hepatic steatosis.
4. The maximum acceptable percentage of steatosis in the donor liver is unknown, but most centers use an upper limit of 10% to 30%.
5. A graft-recipient body weight ratio of at least 0.8% provides the recipient with adequate hepatic mass in most situations.
6. Anatomic variants in donor biliary and hepatic vascular anatomy are common.
7. Evaluation of donor vascular anatomy varies among centers and includes MR or computed tomographic angiography and hepatic angiography.
8. Evaluation of biliary anatomy is performed most commonly using intraoperative cholangiography. Some centers use MR cholangiography or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in selected situations.
The impact of the model for end-stage liver disease on recipient selection for adult living liver donation
Authors: Freeman Richard B. 
Published: October 2003

Key points
1. The Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) system can be used to assess recipient pre-transplant risks and help select appropriate candidates for the adult to adult living donation liver transplant procedure.
2. Selection of candidates for the adult to adult living donation liver transplant procedure requires assessment of candidate risk of death without a transplant, risk of death with a transplant, and donor risk of death.
3. Understanding of the risks involved allows for development of clinical decision models to inform the risk benefit analyses.
4. MELD provides a useful, objective, and universal tool for clinicians around the world to estimate risks for clinical decision making in all forms of liver transplantation.
Role of adult living donor liver transplantation in patients with hepatitis C
Authors: Everson Gregory T. , Trotter James 
Published: October 2003

Key points
1. Living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) is an option for patients with end-stage liver disease or hepatoma caused by chronic hepatitis C.
2. Reports from some, but not all, transplant centers indicate that hepatitis C may recur earlier, recurrence may be more severe, and graft loss caused by recurrent hepatitis C may be more frequent in LDLT compared with cadaveric transplantation.
3. Several unique characteristics of LDLT (versus cadaveric transplantation) may favor severe recurrence of hepatitis C. These include an increase in genetic similarity between donor and recipient, higher degree of HLA matching, greater systemic bioavailability of immunosuppressive agent, and hepatic regeneration.
4. Hepatic regeneration may promote the acceleration and severity of recurrent hepatitis C by enhancement of hepatitis C viral uptake by hepatocytes through stimulation of the low-density lipoprotein receptor and increase in activity of the internal ribosomal entry site.
Psychosocial assessment of adult living liver donors
Authors: Shrestha Roshan 
Published: October 2003

Key points
1. Adult-to-adult living donor liver transplantation is used increasingly to treat patients with end-stage liver disease.
2. Donor selection limits the use of living donor liver transplantation. Psychosocial assessment is a critical component of the donor evaluation.
3. There are no strict guidelines for the psychosocial assessment of potential living liver donors before and after donation.
4. The attitude toward living liver donation remains high.
5. Both short-and long-term psychosocial assessment of living liver donors is necessary after donation.
Surgical techniques used in adult living donor liver transplantation
Authors: Belghiti Jacques , Kianmanesh Reza 
Published: October 2003

Key points
1. The main goal of hepatectomy for adult living donor liver transplantation (ALDLT) is to provide a graft with sufficient volume and adequate vascular inflow and outflow.
2. Although the risk is increased in the donor, right grafts, which provide maximum liver volume, are used by a majority of transplant teams.
3. Although right grafts are easily positioned in the donor, facilitating the right hepatic vein anastomosis, the venous drainage is not always complete because the anterior sector is drained through the middle hepatic vein.
4. The harvesting of the middle hepatic vein, which allows the optimal venous drainage for the recipient, is debated with the fear of adverse effects for the donor.
5. The back-table procedure is essential for vascular reconstruction of the hepatic veins and for portal and arterial reconstruction in case of dual vessels.
6. There is a tendency to perform duct-to-duct biliary anastomosis.
7. The use of left grafts, which are an anatomical entity with single inflow and outflow orfices, is limited by the small volume of the grafts.
8. In order to overcome the small-for-size syndrome, some promising technical procedures (partial porto-systemic shunt and splenic artery ligation) are under evaluation.
Role of adult living liver donation in patients with hepatocellular cancer
Authors: Roberts John Paul 
Published: October 2003

Key points
1. Transplantation represents the best therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) as compared with resection.
2. On an intention-to-treat basis, living donor transplantation (LDLT) represents a better alternative to cadaveric transplantation (CLT).
3. Current criteria for transplantation for patients with HCC using cadaveric organs may be appropriate for living donor transplantation.
Financial impact of adult living donation
Authors: Russo Mark W. , Brown Robert S. 
Published: October 2003

Key points
1. Cost analyses of living-donor liver transplantation (LDLT) and deceased-donor liver transplantation should capture costs incurred during the pretransplantation time period because benefits of LDLT likely result from reducing complications and cost pretransplantation.
2. Cost analyses should capture the costs associated with donor evaluation in LDLT since these costs are specific to LDLT and not associated with deceased-donor liver transplantation.
3. Indirect costs, such as time lost from work for donor and recipient, are difficult to estimate and frequently are not incorporated in cost-effectiveness analyses. However, they are important, particularly from a societal perspective.
Hepatic regeneration in living donor liver transplantation
Authors: Olthoff Kim M. 
Published: October 2003

Key points
1. Active hepatocyte replication occurs after cadaveric transplantation to replace cells lost to ischemic and immunologic damage. Significantly more regeneration is also required after adult-to-adult living donor transplantation because of the small size of the graft.
2. The molecular mechanisms initiating regeneration are well described in animal models, which include priming with cytokines, activation of transcription factors, and expression of immediate early genes, which then cause the hepatocyte to progress through the cell cycle.
3. Certain factors have been shown to affect liver regeneration and recovery. These include ischemic injury, graft size, immunosuppression, steatosis, and donor age. Other factors that have been implicated are venous flow and gender.
4. Active regeneration in the living donor setting may affect other processes, including viral replication, the alloimmune response, drug metabolism, and recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma. More investigation is needed in these areas. Adult-to-adult living donor transplantation provides a unique opportunity to study human liver regeneration and return of normal liver function after resection.
Future of adult living donor liver transplantation
Authors: Ghobrial Mark R. , Busuttil Ronald W. 
Published: October 2003

Key points
1. Future application of adult living donor liver transplantation (ALDLT) will be determined by accurate assessment of hazards imposed on the donor and documentation of potential benefits for the recipient.
2. Definition of the risks imposed on living donors can be elucidated only by the adoption of a standardized uniform method for adverse-event reporting that defines the severity of complications and assessment of living donor health-related quality of life after donation.
3. Recipient survival outcomes after ALDLT should be risk adjusted to allow valid comparison to outcomes achieved by whole-organ transplantation.
4. Short-and long-term transplant recipient complications must be compared with those of whole-organ recipients by using standardized approaches.
5. The use of living donor grafts in patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) must be investigated because advantages of early transplantation in HCV-infected transplant recipients may be offset by risks for graft loss caused by rapid recurrence, whereas early transplantation of patients for HCC may not provide additional survival benefits because shorter waiting times may negate evaluation of tumor biological characteristics, as is possible by longer waiting times for cadaveric transplant recipients.
Early and late complications in the right-lobe adult living donor
Authors: Pomfret Elizabeth A. 
Published: October 2003

Key points
1. Reported complication rates for right-lobe liver donors vary widely, but are estimated to be approximately 35%, with a surgical mortality rate of approximately 0.3%.
2. Biliary complications, including leak, biloma, or stricture, are the most commonly reported morbidity in right-lobe living donors.
3. Other significant donor morbidity includes portal vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolus, bowel obstruction, bleeding requiring reoperation or transfusion, and incisional hernia.
4. These data underscore the reality that living donation is associated with a small, but real, possibility of death and potentially significant morbidity, emphasizing the need for a comprehensive database to precisely define true living donor morbidity and mortality.
Structures of feeling and socio‐cultural formations: the significance of literature and experience to Raymond Williams's sociology of culture
Authors: Filmer Paul 
Published: October 2003

ABSTRACTWilliams elaborates the concept of structures of feeling in different ways at important points in his writings. This gives it a particular methodological significance in relating the extraordinariness of imaginative literature to the ordinariness of cultural process. It is employed particularly to show the significance of literature for the articulation of alternatives to dominant world views, and thus to the politics of social change. Williams's different formulations of the concept are discussed in terms of their ways of relating reflexive experience to institutional structures and in relation to the genetic structuralism of Goldmann and Bourdieu's concepts of habitus and cultural field. Three types of criticisms are considered, which have in common the contention that the concept is unclear. Operationalized in analysing literature and its symbols, it can contribute towards clarification of the complexity of the processes of reflexive communication of experience which are at the root of social order and change.
Of Jewels and Horses: The Career and Patronage of an Iranian Merchant under Shah Jahan
Authors: Lambourn Elizabeth 
Published: October 2003

“Seeing that cAli Akbar is a merchant and knowledgeable about jewels and horses it i s probable that he will be able to administer ports in a fitting manner.”Events of 1056/1646, Lahawrī's Pādshāh NāmahThough Cambay is Now a Provincial Backwater, for Over Five Centuries—between the late tenth and the mid-sixteenth centuries A.D.—it was the main port of western India, home to a cosmopolitan population of merchants and traders from all over India and the Islamic world, and a major center of architectural and artistic patronage. Cambay is probably best known among Islamic art historians for its monumental fourteenth-century Friday mosque, the adjacent Kazaruni tomb complex (d.734/1333), and the large body of thirteenth- and fourteenth-century Islamic inscriptions and tombstones that survives there. However, the port conceals many Islamic remains that have not been published.
Personality characteristics ascribed to young women who drink alcohol
Authors: JONES SANDRA C. , ROSSITER JOHN R. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis study employs an implicit personality rating methodology from marketing research (the “shopping list” method) to investigate young adults' perceptions of young women who drink alcoholic beverages. Whereas there were some differences in perceptions of young women drinkers across the alcohol brands, the greatest differential in the personality ratings was caused by the mere presence or absence of alcohol. Young women who drink alcohol were described as being more “interesting” and “self‐assured” than young women who do not drink. These positive traits were reliably ascribed to young women drinkers by both young adult men and young adult women and more strongly by those who themselves drink. Although it is possible that young women drinkers really are differentially interesting and self‐assured, a more likely contributor to these perceptions is advertising aimed at the female drinker.
‘It was a nice day … a beautiful day’: an analysis of relapse into substance misuse among Indigenous drinkers
Authors: ALATI ROSA , LIAMPUTTONG PRANEE , PETERSON CHRIS 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis paper presents results from a study investigating relapse prevention options for indigenous clients of alcohol and drug intervention services. The study has 63 ‘stories’ collected through a survey of nine substance misuse services. An adapted version of the Marlatt Relapse Prevention Model was developed to interview clients who had quit drinking but later relapsed into heavy use. The study identified situations influencing the decision to quit, obstacles and dilemmas arising during periods of abstinence, and major triggers associated with relapse into substance misuse. The paper analyses these major triggers and discusses the crucial issues of motivation to quit and maintenance of abstinence. The community environments where indigenous drinkers use alcohol strongly influence successful or unsuccessful attempts to quit. Relapse prevention should be part of a range of public health strategies for tackling substance misuse problems with Indigenous drinkers, and should be included at the minimal intervention level.
Distribution of the persistent organic pollutants, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, between water, sediments and biota
Authors: Kirso U. , Paalme L. , Voll M. , Irha N. , Urbas E. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic compounds continue to be regarded as a major environmental threat, especially in the aquatic environment. To gather further information on the distribution and levels of these persistent organic compound in natural waters, the current analytical study was carried out. Material collected from multiple sites within the coastal and open sea areas of several surface water bodies had different levels of polycyclic aromatic compounds.
Concentrations of dissolved, particle- and biota-associated compounds (i.e., benzo (a)pyrene, benzo(e)pyrene, pyrene, chrysene and so on) were measured by multiple analytical techniques. The sediment and biota samples were extracted using Soxhlet extraction followed by analysis using reverse-phased liquid chromatography with ultraviolet and fluorescence detection and high resolution luminescence spectroscopy. This group of pollutants was significantly enriched in particulate matter, sediments and biota material at all sites relative to water concentrations. On the basis of data obtained, the enrichment factors of 10 to 105 for different carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic compounds in the particulate material and biota are reported. Higher concentrations of the more hydrophobic compounds were found in sediments. Thus, the bottom biota may be exposed to higher levels of hydrophobic pollutants than organisms residing in the upper sediment-water interface.
Water toxicity assessment using medicinal leeches
Authors: Petrauskienë Laima 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The medicinal leech (Hirudo medicinalis) is sensitive to various environmental changes. However, investigations on these leeches are restricted because of their scarcity in natural waters. Artificial of leeches makes possible the use of these animals in laboratory research. The aim of the present study to investigate changes of feeding behaviour and excretion rate following feeding in medicinal leeches exposed to different samples of water from Lake Drukshiai which provides the cooling waters for the Ignalina Power Plant (NPP). The following behavioural and physiological responses of medicinal leech exposed to of the Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant sampled in May and July 1997 were recorded: 1) feeding behaviour, that prolongation of the attachment process or a completely suppressed attachment reflex; 2) the size of blood meal; excretion rate after feeding. The most harmful changes of indices under study were caused by water from rain sewage: the highest percent of individuals with prolonged attachment process or completely attachment reflex; the smallest size of blood meal; the slowest excretion rate after feeding. Less severe were recorded after exposure to water from a waste water treatment plant. Water from Station 1, the remote monitoring station from Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant, showed the lowest effect on the medicinal in the majority of trials. The medicinal leech, due to its sensitivity, simplicity of measured indices and ease of maintenance can be used as a test-organism in studies of toxicity of polluted water.
Dissolved Oxygen, Chlorophyll a and Nutrients: Seasonal Cycles in Waters of the Gulf of Aquaba, Red Sea
Authors: Badran Mohammad Ismail 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Seawater samples were collected weekly over fourteen months at 25 m intervals between the surface and 200 m from the offshore waters of the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea. Water temperature and dissolved oxygen concentration and percent saturation were measured in situ. Within two hours of sampling, samples were analysed for chlorophyll a, ammonia, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate and silicate. The temperature field depicted a well defined seasonal pattern of winter mixing from December to April and summer stratification from May to November. All other analysed parameters were intimately related to this pattern. Dissolved oxygen showed a maximum and homogeneous distribution in winter and a minimum in summer. Chlorophyll a showed a seasonal pattern close to that of dissolved oxygen, but with a distinct summer peak between 50 and 75 m. Ammonia was absent from the entire water column during summer and relatively abundant and homogeneously distributed in winter. Nitrite had a seasonal pattern similar to that of chlorophyll a and exhibited a summer subsurface maximum just below that of chlorophyll a. Nitrate, phosphate and silicate had similar seasonal patterns characterised by high concentrations in deeper water during summer overlaid by vanishingly low concentrations of nitrate and phosphate and relatively low in the case of silicate. In winter the three nutrients exhibited relatively high concentrations homogeneously distributed in the entire water column. These findings are analysed and discussed with reference to previous records from the Gulf of Aqaba and other oligotrophic water bodies.