bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Patient information leaflets for people with learning disabilities who take psychiatric medication
Authors: Strydom A. , Forster M. , Wilkie B. M. , Edwards C. , Hall I. S. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryEuropean Community directives require that patient information leaflets should be supplied with all dispensed medications. The present authors could not identify suitable leaflets for people with learning disabilities and set out to produce leaflets on psychiatric medications. This paper describes the design process, which involved service users throughout the development of draft leaflets. A service‐user questionnaire (21 participants) identified gaps in medication knowledge and information sources. People had difficulties in reading and understanding medication labels and manufacturers' inserts, and overwhelmingly requested a readable leaflet about their medication. They also had limited access to information resources. These results informed a draft leaflet design. Consultation with users prompted a number of changes. A larger leaflet with pictures rather than symbols was preferred, and words and concepts needed adjustment. The present authors conclude that service‐user consultation during development of resources enables the content to focus on the needs of users. Word, concept and symbol comprehension should not be assumed, but tested. Further resources need to be developed.
Through the eye of the Cyclops: evaluating a multi‐sensory intervention programme for people with complex disabilities
Authors: Mitchell Jillian R. , Van Der Gaag Anna 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe aim of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of Odyssey Now (ON), a multi‐sensory programme designed for use with people with learning disabilities. A combination of qualitative and quantitative methods was used to assess levels of interaction and engagement in two individuals with severe/profound learning disabilities. Increases in interaction and engagement were observed during the ON sessions. Both individuals interacted more with their environments during these sessions than they did during other, ‘routine’ activities. Staff also observed positive changes in the participants over time. These results suggest that the ON programme does have observable benefits for individuals with severe/profound learning disabilities. The methods used in the present study appear to be sensitive to subtle changes in communication which are often difficult to measure. Replication of this methodology on a larger scale would be beneficial, not only in terms of evaluating this programme, but also in determining the effectiveness of other programmes for individuals with severe/profound learning disabilities.
A parent training programme for chronic food refusal: a case study
Authors: Brown J. F. , Spencer Kate , Swift Stella 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe present paper describes the successful implementation of a training programme for the parents of a child with moderate learning difficulties presenting with chronic food refusal and provides an example of how professionals can work with families to manage clinical problems in the home. The parents were taught to use the Premack principle to motivate their child in the consumption of previously refused foods. A multiple baseline design across three foods demonstrated the efficacy of the programme and the dietary changes were maintained at the 3‐month follow‐up.
An exploration of the role of the community nurse, learning disability, in England
Authors: Mobbs Caroline , Hadley Samantha , Wittering Rosemary , Bailey Nicola M. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryCommunity learning disability nursing has been faced with considerable changes over recent years. In the early part of the 1990s, some commentators believed that it was a specialism in decline. The aim of the present study was to describe the way in which community nurses, learning disabilities (CNLDs), work within National Health Service (NHS) trusts in England, the other professionals whom they relate to, the client group whom they serve, their qualifications and their working practices. A postal questionnaire enquiring about these themes was returned by CNLD managers from 136 out of the 170 NHS trusts which were identified (81%).
Parents with learning disabilities: a study of gender and cultural perspectives in East London
Authors: O'Hara Jean , Martin Hemmie 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe rights of people with learning disabilities to marry and have a family is at the heart of the Government's new strategy (Valuing People), yet there are few integrated and co‐ordinated services to meet their needs. All too often, learning disability is the sole reason why children are removed from their biological parents. Whilst there is a small but growing literature on the quality and extent of the social supports available, little attention has been paid to culture and gender. This study analyses data on parents who came into contact with the specialist community learning disability health team in East London over a 5‐year period in respect of culture, gender and outcomes.
Origin of deep saline groundwaters in the Vienne granitic rocks (France): constraints inferred from boron and strontium isotopes
Authors: Casanova J. , Négrel PH. , Kloppmann W. , Aranyossy J. F. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAs part of a preliminary geological characterization programme to assess the feasibility of an underground laboratory in granitic rock, a series of 17 deep boreholes (maximum depth, 900 m) was drilled by ANDRA in the Vienne district, France. A salinity gradient was demonstrated in the granitic waters with concentrations varying from approximately 1 g L−1 at 150 m depth at the top of the basement (beneath the sedimentary cover) to 10 g L−1 in the deeper part (from 400 to 600 m depth). Sr and B isotope ratios were measured in order to better understand the origin of the salinity and to evaluate the degree of water–rock interaction in the system. The results obtained were compared to those of mineral spring waters emerging from the granitic basement in the Massif Central. Evidence in support of a significant marine contribution include: (i) the Cl–Br investigations agree with a marine origin for the saline groundwaters without evolution from seawater; (ii) the 87Sr/86Sr ratio of the Vienne deep groundwaters (0.7078–0.7084) is in agreement with a palaeo‐seawater isotopic signature; (iii) measured δ11B values for the deepest brine samples are enriched in 11B (up to 36.1‰) relative to the granitic springs. The combined use of δ11B, Cl, B, Br, Sr contents and 87Sr/86Sr ratios makes it possible to define and quantify a mixing model between marine and crustal end‐members in order to explain the origin of the deep saline groundwaters in the Vienne granitic rocks.
Numerical models of petroleum migration via buoyancy‐driven porosity waves in viscously deformable sediments
Authors: Appold M. S. , Nunn J. A. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe apparent ability of petroleum to migrate rapidly through low permeability sediments in sedimentary basins has led to many questions about the manner of its transport. One possible explanation is suggested from observations of the compaction of viscously deformable porous media. These systems have been found in some cases to give rise to regions of locally elevated liquid fraction, in the form of fluid‐filled porosity waves that can ascend at rates much greater than that of the background flow. Previous research on the phenomenon has focused on its implications for magma transport, but recognition of the fact that the compaction of viscous porous media can take place in sedimentary basins has suggested the possibility that porosity waves could similarly be important for hydrocarbon transport. The purpose of the present study was to test this hypothesis by quantifying the transport that would occur as the result of porosity waves initiated during the conversion of kerogen to petroleum.A one‐dimensional numerical model was constructed solving equations for the mechanics of viscous compaction and for the kinetics of reactions describing the formation of petroleum from kerogen. The results showed that porosity waves would develop readily in viscously deformable regions of sedimentary basins, but would not necessarily provide enhanced transport over that of the background flow regime. In order for the waves to achieve this enhanced transport, they must develop high amplitudes, i.e. high porosities relative to the background porous medium. To achieve the high wave amplitudes, the background porosity must be very low in absolute terms. In addition, high kerogen contents are needed in the source layer, and the source layer needs to be buried rapidly to a high temperature region of the oil window. Considerable uncertainty exists as to the value of the matrix shear viscosity of sediments in basins. However, the wave volumetric transport capacity was not found to be significantly altered as a result of variations in the value of this parameter. The physical form of the waves was strongly altered by the matrix shear viscosity, with higher values leading to lower amplitudes and generation frequency, but higher wavelengths. Thus the waves become less recognizable physically at higher values of the matrix shear viscosity. As the waves ascend to higher stratigraphic levels, where the porosity is higher, they gradually lose their physical definition and become absorbed into the background.
Effect of cooking method and variety on the sensory quality of rice
Authors: Crowhurst Daniel G. , Creed Philip G. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThis study aimed to determine the effects of different cooking methods on white, milled rice. Two methods were evaluated (the Excess, or American method, and the Pilaf method, also known as the Oriental, or calculated‐water method), which are commonly used, both domestically and in the catering industry. The effects of the two cooking methods were assessed on four varieties of rice, American Long Grain, American Long Grain Easy Cook, Basmati, and Thai Jasmine rice. The study used sensory evaluation techniques and terminology previously used in the field of rice research. The aim of the study was to assess potential differences in sensory attributes and overall acceptability. Affective testing techniques (hedonic and relative‐to‐ideal scales) were used to measure consumer preference. A consumer questionnaire also investigated the effects of rice eating, buying and cooking behaviour on the preferred cooking method. The subjects taking part in the study were taken from a typical student population at Bournemouth University. In general, the Pilaf method resulted in rice products that were stickier, firmer and drier in texture, with a more acceptable flavour. Overall acceptability and preference for the Pilaf method was higher, except in the case of Basmati rice. Models of acceptability accounted for up to half the variation so sensory attributes could not be used to predict the acceptability of rice products reliably.
The effects of rainforest canopy loss on arboreal dung beetles in Borneo: implications for the measurement of biodiversity in derived tropical ecosystems
Authors: Davis Andrew J. , Sutton Stephen L. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryWe examine the effect of selective timber extraction, and corresponding forest canopy loss, on arboreal dung beetles in the tropical rainforests of Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. Changes in vertical distribution of beetles are measured through differences in the abundance of beetles in ground‐based pitfall traps in primary, logged and plantation forest. Previous research has demonstrated that arboreal dung beetles are not generally collected in pitfall traps in primary forest, but are present in large numbers above the ground in canopy vegetation: the presence of arboreal beetles in pitfalls in areas of reduced or modified canopy cover may therefore reflect a response to the absence or modification of their usual habitat, and the proliferation of these beetles nearer to the ground. In this paper, statistically significant differences are found in the abundance of beetles in ground pitfall traps from logged forest compared to primary forest. Results show that virtually no arboreal dung beetles are recorded in primary forest traps, with an increased abundance of arboreal dung beetles in traps from logged and plantation forest, with 1.72% of the total number of arboreal beetles recorded from primary forest, 22.32% from logged forest, and 75.96% from plantation forest. The presence of arboreal dung beetles in plantations demonstrates that arboreal dung beetles can survive outside their normal habitat, and we relate these observations to adaptations to upper rainforest canopy conditions, and proliferation of these microclimatic conditions in man‐made habitats. Results are also discussed in terms of their relevance to the measurement of species richness and diversity in logged and other derived ecosystems, where mixing of the ground‐based and arboreal faunas occurs.
Ecological diversity and resilience of Mediterranean vegetation to disturbance
Authors: Lavorel Sandra 
Published: March 2003

SummaryIn the Mediterranean region, plant communities are highly diverse with high total and local species richness, and a high spatial heterogeneity. They are also highly resilient to disturbance, which has been related to their evolutionary history of disturbance, and conceptually, although without formal proof, to their high ecological diversity. These ideas take on a new importance in the context of global change. In order to predict potential effects of future land use change, mechanisms underlying the resilience of ecosystems need to be understood. However, a review of the recent literature shows that confusion abounds as to the nature and measurement of resilience. In this paper we present a brief conceptual and methodological clarification and propose avenues for the analysis of mechanisms underlying the relationships between diversity and resilience, using Mediterranean ecosystems as an example.In Mediterranean ecosystems, rapid recovery from fire, soil disturbance and grazing has been attributed to two complementary causes. Firstly, disturbances often modify species relative abundances rather than composition, and recovery only involves the return to initial abundances. Secondly, life histories of dominant life forms in Mediterranean communities include efficient regeneration strategies that allow for recovery from dormant seeds or buds. In this paper, I use experimental results obtained in abandoned agricultural fields of southern France to investigate the mechanisms underlying the resilience of Mediterranean herbaceous communities to soil disturbance. These suggest that ecological diversity contributes to resilience in at least three ways.1.Post‐disturbance dynamics involve shifts in abundances of response groups to disturbance.2.Within response groups, processes of lottery competition account for the dynamic maintenance of numerous species.3.At the landscape scale, the fine grained distribution of communities at different successional stages allows for patch dynamics to operate with dispersal of species between patches.Further progress in the understanding of the relationships between ecological diversity and resilience of Mediterranean ecosystems can be achieved along two main avenues. Firstly, resilience of experimentally manipulated communities with differing levels of diversity needs to be assessed. Secondly, comparisons of those experiments across mediterranean‐climate regions with different evolutionary disturbance histories need to be coordinated.
Intraspecific abundance–occupancy relationships: case studies of six bird species in Britain
Authors: Gaston Kevin J. , Blackburn Tim M. , Gregory Richard D. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryAlthough acknowledged to be common, intraspecific relationships between local abundance and site occupancy have been examined in detail for few species. Here we report such analyses for six widespread species of breeding birds in Britain, using data from the Common Birds Census. These exhibit a range of temporal trends, including different combinations of increase and decrease in abundance and occupancy. Overall, two species have a statistically significant positive abundance–occupancy relationship on farmland but no relationship in woodland (collared dove, tree sparrow), one a significant positive relationship on farmland and in woodland (magpie), two a significant positive relationship on farmland and a negative one in woodland (redstart, song thrush), and one a significant negative abundance–occupancy relationship on farmland but no relationship in woodland (sparrowhawk). The population dynamics associated with these patterns are used to discern their underlying mechanisms.
Charles S. Elton and the dissociation of invasion ecology from the rest of ecology
Authors: Davis Mark A. , Thompson Ken , Grime J. Philip 
Published: March 2003

Abstract.Despite several decades of research, the field of invasion ecology has not been very successful in developing reliable generalizations regarding the mechanisms and predictability of invasions. In this essay, we argue that one impediment in the field’s development has been that the field of invasion ecology has largely dissociated itself from other subdisciplines of ecology, particularly succession ecology. Taking an historical approach, we suggest that this dissociation began with Charles S. Elton, the generally acknowledged father of invasion biology. We argue further that, despite periodic calls to end what some have regarded as a spurious distinction between native colonizers and introduced invaders, invasion ecology has continued to pursue its own generalizations with limited success. We suggest this dissociation may be exacerbated further by incentives produced by the realities of publishing and securing funding for research and also by the use of electronic search engines to identify related articles. We offer several examples of how invasion ecology has benefited from research on succession and regeneration conducted on native species and conclude that the field of invasion ecology would do well to do more of this type of communication and collaboration among subdisciplines.
Prediction of bird community composition based on point‐occurrence data and inferential algorithms: a valuable tool in biodiversity assessments
Authors: Feria A. T. Patricia , Peterson A. Townsend 
Published: March 2003

Abstract.Local biological communities are made up of species, each of which has its own particular relationship with the environment. To the extent that these autecological niches limit species’ distributions, and by extension community composition, models of species’ ecological niches can predict species composition at particular sites, or at least provide a null hypothesis of potential species composition in the absence of effects of species interactions. We developed distributional predictions (ecological niche models) for 89 species occurring in dry tropical forest in the Balsas Basin of south‐western Mexico using an interpolation technique, and predicted the species likely to occur at 8 sites across the region. Onsite field inventory data were then used to test the community predictions, all of which were statistically significant. These results suggest that inventory efforts can be made more efficient by development beforehand of hypotheses that focus onsite collecting and inventory.
Climatic stress, food availability and human activity as determinants of endemism patterns in the Mediterranean region: the case of dung beetles (Coleoptera, Scarabaeoidea) in the Iberian Peninsula
Authors: Verdú José R. , Galante Eduardo 
Published: March 2003

Abstract. A study to assess the influence of abiotic (climatic conditions) and biotic factors (food resources, habitat preference and human activity) on endemism patterns of dung beetles in the Mediterranean region was conducted in the Iberian Peninsula and the Balearic Islands. The Thermicity Index (It), the Mediterraneity Index (Im3) and the Aridity Index (Ia) were used to assess the influence of abiotic factors. Relative rabbit density (DR), the proportion of landscape used historically for grazing by sheep and goats and the nature of the food resource were used to assess the influence of biotic factors. Relative endemism (EN) of dung beetle assemblages was positively and significantly related with all of the factors considered. However, the Aridity and Mediterraneity Indices are the best predictors of EN. The predicted endemism (EN = 0.017 Ia + 0.004 Im3 + 0.422) was highly positively and significantly related with the observed endemism. Dung beetle assemblages with the highest relative endemism were observed in the south‐eastern part of the Iberian Peninsula. This distribution corresponded to the highest Aridity and Mediterraneity. In contrast, dung beetle assemblages with lower endemism were located in more humid and temperate areas. Assemblages of dung beetles with the highest endemism comprise many species adapted to aridity and the exploitation of dry dung pellets. Conservation of traditional grazing activity by pellet‐dropping sheep and goats might benefit the maintenance of dung beetle biodiversity in Mediterranean ecosystems.
A double blind parallel group placebo controlled comparison of sedative and amnesic effects of etifoxine and lorazepam in healthy subjects
Authors: Micallef J. , Soubrouillard C. , Guet F. , Le Guern M. E. , Alquier C. , Bruguerolle B. , Blin O. 
Published: March 2003

This paper describes the psychomotor and amnesic effects of single oral doses of etifoxine (50 and 100 mg) and lorazepam (2 mg) in healthy subjects.Forty‐eight healthy subjects were included in this randomized double blind, placebo controlled parallel group study. The effects of drugs were assessed by using a battery of subjective and objective tests that explored mood and vigilance (Visual Analog Scale), attention (Barrage test), psychomotor performance (Choice Reaction Time) and memory (digit span, immediate and delayed free recall of a word list).Whereas vigilance, psychomotor performance and free recall were significantly impaired by lorazepam, neither dosage of etifoxine (50 and 100 mg) produced such effects.These results suggest that 50 and 100 mg single dose of etifoxine do not induce amnesia and sedation as compared to lorazepam.
Isoniazid pharmacokinetics in children according to acetylator phenotype
Authors: Rey Elisabeth , Gendrel Dominique , Treluyer Jean Marc , Tran Agnès , Pariente‐Khayat Ann , D'Athis Philippe , Pons Gérard 
Published: March 2003

The pharmacokinetics of isoniazid (INH) was studied in children (0–196 months old) according to their acetylator phenotype, estimated from the metabolic acetyl INH/INH molar plasma concentration ratio (MR) measured 3 h after INH oral administration. There were 17 slow (MR < 0.48) and 17 fast acetylators (MR ≥ 0.48). The mean apparent plasma clearance was significantly lower, the mean apparent volume of distribution higher and the half‐life longer in the slow acetylator group (C1, 0.298 ± 0.099 L/h/kg; Vd, 1.56 ± 0.65 L/kg; t1/2, 3.88 ± 01.89 h) than in the fast acetylator group (Cl, 0.528 ± 0.234 L/h/kg; Vd, 1.06 ± 0.45; t1/2, 1.64 ± 1.1 h). The half‐life decreased with age.An impaired isoniazid elimination was suggested in children less than three months old, which may be in favour of an individual dose adjustment in this population.