bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Post‐glacial vegetation reconstruction and a possible 8200 cal. yr BP event from the low arctic of continental Nunavut, Canada
Authors: Seppä Heikki , Cwynar Les C. , MacDonald Glen M. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractClimate models suggest that the global warming during the early to mid‐Holocene may have partly resulted from the northward advance of the northern treeline and subsequent reduction of the planetary albedo. We investigated the Holocene vegetation history of low arctic continental Nunavut, Canada, from a radiocarbon‐dated sediment core from TK‐2 Lake, a small‐lake ca. 200 km north of the limit of the forest‐tundra. The pollen and loss‐on‐ignition data indicate the presence of dwarf shrub tundra in the region since the beginning of organic sedimentation at ca. 9000 cal. yr BP with dominance of Betula, especially since 8700 cal. yr BP. At 8100–7900 cal. yr BP the dominance of the shrub tundra was punctuated by a transient decline of Betula and coincident increases of Ericaceae undiff., Vaccinium‐type, and Gramineae. This suggests an abrupt disturbance of the Betula glandulosa population, approximately simultaneously with the sudden 8200 cal. yr BP event in the North Atlantic. However, in the absence of other sites studied in the area, linkage to the 8200 cal. yr BP event remains tentative. The lack of any evidence of forest‐tundra in the region constrains the northern limit of the mid‐Holocene advance of the forest‐tundra boundary in central northern Canada. Consequently, our results show that the climate models imposing a mid‐Holocene advance of the limit of the forest‐tundra to the arctic coast of Canada may have overestimated the positive climatic feedback effects that can result from the replacement of tundra by the boreal forest. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Syntheses and UV–visible spectroscopic properties of two new hydrophilic 2,6‐di(carbamoyl)‐substituted solvatochromic pyridinium N‐phenolate betaine dyes
Authors: Reichardt Christian , Röchling Andreas , Schäfer Gerhard 
Published: September 2003

AbstractSyntheses and negative solvatochromism of t wo 2,6‐di(carbamoyl)‐substituted pyridinium N‐phenolate betaines dyes, 3 and 4, are described for the purpose of obtaining more hydrophilic zwitterionic dyes which are better soluble in water and other aqueous media (such as binary water–solvent mixtures or aqueous ionophore solutions) than the rather hydrophobic standard betaine dyes 1 and 2, which have been used to establish an empirical scale of solvent polarity, called the ET(30) or $E_{\rm{T}}^{\rm{N}}$ scale. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cowden Syndrome
Authors: Eng Charis 
Published: September 2003

AbstractCowden syndrome is an autosomal dominant inherited cancer syndrome characterized by multiple hamartomas which may develop in any organ. Mucocutaneous papillomas and trichilemmomas are hallmarks of the syndrome. Affected individuals are at high risk of developing both benign and malignant disease of the thyroid and breast. Epithelial thyroid carcinoma occurs in 3–10% of affected individuals while women have a 25–50% lifetime risk of developing adenocarcinoma of the breast. Because of the cancer risk, it is imperative that health care providers recognize Cowden syndrome. The susceptibility gene has been localized to 10q22‐23 and preliminary studies demonstrate no genetic heterogeneity.
Clinical course of chronic periodontitis
Authors: Heitz‐Mayfield Lisa J. A. , Schätzle Marc , Löe Harald , Bürgin Walter , Ånerud Åge , Boysen Hans , Lang Niklaus P. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractAim: The purpose of this study was to assess the initiation and progression of periodontal disease during adult life.Materials and Methods: In a 26‐year longitudinal investigation of the initiation and progression of chronic periodontitis that started in 1969 and included 565 men of Norwegian middle class, 223 who had participated in some, but not all, intermediate examinations presented at the last survey in 1995. Fifty‐four individuals were available for examination in all seven surveys.Results: Covering the age range from 16 to 60 years, the study showed that at 16 years of age, 5% of the participants had initial loss of periodontal attachment (ILA2 mm) at one or more sites. Both the subject incidence and the site incidence increased with time, and by 32 years of age, all individuals had one or more sites with loss of attachment. As age progressed, new lesions affected sites, so that as these men approached 60 years of age approximately 50% of all available sites had ILA.An assessment of the intraoral distribution of the first periodontal lesion showed that, regardless of age, molars and bicuspids were most often affected. At and before the age of 40 years, the majority of ILA was found in buccal surfaces in the form of gingival recession. By 50 years, however, a greater proportion of sites presented with attachment loss attributed to pocket formation or a combination of pocket formation and gingival recession. As individuals neared 60 years of age, approximately half of the interproximal areas in posterior teeth had these lesions.Conclusion: This investigation has shown that, in a well‐maintained population who practises oral home care and has regular check‐ups, the incidence of incipient periodontal destruction increases with age, the highest rate occurs between 50 and 60 years, and gingival recession is the predominant lesion before 40 years, while perio‐dontal pocketing is the principal mode of destruction between 50 and 60 years of age.
The Experience of Recovery from Schizophrenia: Towards an Empirically Validated Stage Model
Authors: Andresen Retta , Oades Lindsay , Caputi Peter 
Published: September 2003

Objective: The consumer movement is advocating that rehabilitation services become recovery-orientated. The objectives of this study are to gain a better understanding of the concept of recovery by: (i) identifying a definition of recovery that reflects consumer accounts; and (ii) developing a conceptual model of recovery to guide research, training and inform clinical practice. Method: A review was conducted of published experiential accounts of recovery by people with schizophrenia or other serious mental illness, consumer articles on the concept of recovery, and qualitative research and theoretical literature on recovery. Meanings of recovery used by consumers were sought to identify a definition of recovery. Common themes identified in this literature were used to construct a conceptual model reflecting the personal experiences of consumers. Results: The definition of recovery used by consumers was identified as psychological recovery from the consequences of the illness. Four key processes of recovery were identified: (i) finding hope; (ii) re-establishment of identity; (iii) finding meaning in life; and (iv) taking responsibility for recovery. Five stages were identified: (i) moratorium; (ii) awareness; (iii) preparation; (iv) rebuilding; and (v) growth. Conclusion: A five-stage model compatible with psychological recovery is proposed, which offers a way forward for attaining recovery-orientated outcomes. After further empirical investigation, a version of this model could be utilized in quantitative research, clinical training and consumer education.
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Combined Type: Better Executive Function Performance With Longer-Term Psychostimulant Medication
Authors: Vance Alasdair L. A. , Maruff Paul , Barnett Rebecca 
Published: September 2003

Objective: Executive function deficits are evident in primary school-age children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, combined type (ADHD-CT) and are possibly improved by longer-term psychostimulant medication. In contrast, a substantial subgroup of children with ADHD-CT become symptomatic despite longer-term psychostimulant medication use. We investigated the hypothesis that better executive function performance is associated with the use of longer-term psychostimulant medication in primary school-age children with ADHD-CT who are again symptomatic of ADHD-CT, despite its use. Method: A cross-sectional study of 40 primary school-age psychostimulant medicationnaïve children with ADHD-CT, 26 with symptomatic ADHD-CT and treated with psychostimulant medication, and 26 control children without ADHD-CT was conducted. Nonverbal tasks of executive function were compared across the three groups. Results: The longer-term psychostimulant medication-treated group had a better executive function performance, despite being symptomatic for ADHD-CT, than the psychostimulant medication-naïve group. Conclusion: Improved executive function may be a marker of psychostimulant medication effect in children with ADHD-CT treated in the longer term. This improvement may not correlate with that of the ADHD-CT symptoms. Longitudinal studies are required.
Novel
bis
-Tetrahydrofuranylurethane-Containing Nonpeptidic Protease Inhibitor (PI) UIC-94017 (TMC114) with Potent Activity against Multi-PI-Resistant Human Immunodeficiency Virus In Vitro
Authors: Koh Yasuhiro , Nakata Hirotomo , Maeda Kenji , Ogata Hiromi , Bilcer Geoffrey , Devasamudram Thippeswamy , Kincaid John F. , Boross Peter , Wang Yuan-Fang , Tie Yunfeng , Volarath Patra , Gaddis Laquasha , Harrison Robert W. , Weber Irene T. , Ghosh Arun K. , Mitsuya Hiroaki 
Published: September 2003

ABSTRACT

We designed, synthesized, and identified UIC-94017 (TMC114), a novel nonpeptidic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) protease inhibitor (PI) containing a 3(
R
),3a(
S
),6a(
R
)-
bis
-tetrahydrofuranylurethane (
bis
-THF) and a sulfonamide isostere which is extremely potent against laboratory HIV-1 strains and primary clinical isolates (50% inhibitory concentration [IC
50
], ∼0.003 μM; IC
90
, ∼0.009 μM) with minimal cytotoxicity (50% cytotoxic concentration for CD4
+
MT-2 cells, 74 μM). UIC-94017 blocked the infectivity and replication of each of HIV-1
NL4-3
variants exposed to and selected for resistance to saquinavir, indinavir, nelfinavir, or ritonavir at concentrations up to 5 μM (IC
50
s, 0.003 to 0.029 μM), although it was less active against HIV-1
NL4-3
variants selected for resistance to amprenavir (IC
50
, 0.22 μM). UIC-94017 was also potent against multi-PI-resistant clinical HIV-1 variants isolated from patients who had no response to existing antiviral regimens after having received a variety of antiviral agents. Structural analyses revealed that the close contact of UIC-94017 with the main chains of the protease active-site amino acids (Asp-29 and Asp-30) is important for its potency and wide spectrum of activity against multi-PI-resistant HIV-1 variants. Considering the favorable pharmacokinetics of UIC-94017 when administered with ritonavir, the present data warrant that UIC-94017 be further developed as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of primary and multi-PI-resistant HIV-1 infections.
PCR and Restriction Endonuclease Assay for Detection of a Novel Mutation Associated with Sulfonamide Resistance in
Neisseria meningitidis
Authors: Bennett Désirée E. , Cafferkey Mary T. 
Published: September 2003

ABSTRACT

We identified a previously undocumented mutation in the dihydropteroate synthase (
folP
) gene associated with
Neisseria meningitidis
sulfonamide resistance. A PCR-based assay to detect this mutation, which is 100% predictive of sulfonamide resistance, was developed.
Liposomal Amphotericin B, and Not Amphotericin B Deoxycholate, Improves Survival of Diabetic Mice Infected with
Rhizopus oryzae
Authors: Ibrahim Ashraf S. , Avanessian Valentina , Spellberg Brad , Edwards John E. 
Published: September 2003

ABSTRACT

The efficacies of liposomal amphotericin B (LAmB) and amphotericin B deoxycholate (AmB) were compared in a diabetic murine model of hematogenously disseminated
Rhizopus oryzae
infection. At 7.5 mg/kg of body weight twice a day (b.i.d.), LAmB significantly improved overall survival compared to the rates of survival in both untreated control mice (
P
= 0.001) and mice treated with 0.5 mg of AmB per kg b.i.d. (
P
= 0.047). These data indicate that high-dose LAmB is more effective than AmB in treating murine disseminated zygomycosis.
Ciprofloxacin Transport by Chemoattractant-Activated Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes: Regulation by Priming and Protein Kinase C
Authors: Walters John D. , Nakkula Robin J. 
Published: September 2003

ABSTRACTAt infection sites, polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) function is enhanced (“primed”) by granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and activated by formyl peptides. In this study, GM-CSF or LPS alone had no significant effects on PMN ciprofloxacin transport. Through a mechanism involving protein kinase C, activation byformyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP) significantly decreased theKmof ciprofloxacin transport and enhanced ciprofloxacin accumulation. This effect was dramatically enhanced when PMNs were primed with GM-CSF or LPS prior to activation by fMLP.
Gas stove use and respiratory health among adults with asthma in NHANES III
Authors: Eisner M D , Blanc P D 
Published: September 2003

Background:Gas stoves release respiratory irritants, such as nitrogen dioxide and other combustion by-products. Adults with asthma may be susceptible to the effects of gas stove exposure because of their underlying airway hyperresponsiveness, but this association has been difficult to establish.Aims:To examine the association between gas stove use and respiratory health.Methods:The analysis used data from the US Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey among 445 adults with asthma (representing 4.8 million persons with the condition).Results:Nearly half of the adults with asthma had a gas stove in their home (47.1%). There was no association between gas stove use and FEV1(mean change 146 ml; 95% CI −50 to 342 ml), FVC (0 ml; 95% CI −151 to 152 ml), or FEF25%–75%(357 ml; 95% CI −7 to 722 ml). There was also no relation between gas stove use and the risk of self reported cough (OR 0.8; 95% CI 0.4 to 1.7), wheeze (OR 1.5; 95% CI 0.7 to 3.2), or other respiratory symptoms. Controlling for sociodemographic, smoking, housing, and geographic factors did not appreciably affect these results.Conclusions:Among adults with asthma, there was no apparent impact of gas stove use on pulmonary function or respiratory symptoms. These results should be reassuring to adults with asthma and their health care providers.
Workplace bullying and the risk of cardiovascular disease and depression
Authors: Kivimäki M , Virtanen M , Vartia M , Elovainio M , Vahtera J , Keltikangas-Järvinen L 
Published: September 2003

Aims:To examine exposure to workplace bullying as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and depression in employees.Methods:Logistic regression models were related to prospective data from two surveys in a cohort of 5432 hospital employees (601 men and 4831 women), aged 18–63 years. Outcomes were new reports of doctor diagnosed cardiovascular disease and depression during the two year follow up among those who were free from these diseases at baseline.Results:The prevalence of bullying was 5% in the first survey and 6% in the second survey. Two per cent reported bullying experiences in both surveys, an indication of prolonged bullying. After adjustment for sex, age, and income, the odds ratio of incident cardiovascular disease for victims of prolonged bullying compared to non-bullied employees was 2.3 (95% CI 1.2 to 4.6). A further adjustment for overweight at baseline attenuated the odds ratio to 1.6 (95% CI 0.8 to 3.5). The association between prolonged bullying and incident depression was significant, even after these adjustments (odds ratio 4.2, 95% CI 2.0 to 8.6).Conclusions:A strong association between workplace bullying and subsequent depression suggests that bullying is an aetiological factor for mental health problems. The victims of bullying also seem to be at greater risk of cardiovascular disease, but this risk may partly be attributable to overweight.
Selective inactivation of p27Kip1 in hematopoietic progenitor cells increases neointimal macrophage proliferation and accelerates atherosclerosis
Authors: Díez-Juan Antonio , Pérez Paloma , Aracil Miguel , Sancho David , Bernad Antonio , Sánchez-Madrid Francisco , Andrés Vicente 
Published: September 2003

Abstract
Excessive proliferation of immune cells and vascular smooth myocytes (VSMCs) contributes to atherosclerosis. We have previously shown that whole-body inactivation of the growth suppressor p27 exacerbates atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-null mice (apoE–/–), and this correlated with increased proliferation of arterial macrophages and VSMCs. In the present study, we postulated that targeted disruption of bone marrow (BM) p27 is sufficient to enhance arterial macrophage proliferation and atherosclerosis. To test this hypothesis, sublethally irradiated apoE–/– mice with an intact p27 gene received a BM transplant from either apoE–/– or p27–/–apoE–/– doubly deficient donor mice and challenged with a high-cholesterol diet. Compared with mice that received an apoE–/– BM transplant, reconstitution with p27–/–apoE–/– doubly deficient marrow increased the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen in neointimal macrophages and accelerated aortic atherosclerosis, and this correlated with augmented aortic expression of the inflammatory cytokines CCL2/MCP-1 (monocyte chemoattractant protein 1) and CCL5/RANTES (regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted). Overall, these findings provide evidence that p27 deficiency in hematopoietic progenitor cells enhances the inflammatory/proliferative response induced by dietary cholesterol and accelerates atherosclerosis.
Prostaglandin E2in the expired breath condensate of patients with asthma
Authors: Kostikas K. , Papatheodorou G. , Psathakis K. , Panagou P. , Loukides S. 
Published: September 2003

Inhaled prostaglandin (PG)E2has been found to cause bronchodilation in asthmatics, although it does not have bronchodilative effects in normal subjects. The aim of this study was to investigate the levels of PGE2in the expired breath condensate of patients with asthma, the possible contribution of smoking habit to its levels and the possible relationship between PGE2and the degree of bronchial hyperresponsiveness, as assessed by the provocation dose of histamine causing a 20% fall in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) (PD20).A total of 30 mild asthmatics (15 smokers, all steroid-naive, FEV188±6 (%±sd)) and 20 healthy control subjects (10 smokers) were studied. Histamine challenge testing was performed in all subjects and the PD20was determined.The results showed that asthmatic smokers had significantly higher values of PGE2compared to asthmatic nonsmokers and control subjects (40±21versus14.5±4.5versus11.7±3 pg·mL−1, respectively). Further analysis showed that PGE2levels were significantly higher in asthmatic smokers compared to smoker and nonsmoker controls (40±21versus11.6±2versus11.7±4 pg·mL−1, respectively). No significant difference was observed between asthmatic nonsmokers and both control smokers and control nonsmokers. No significant correlation was found between PGE2levels and PD20in all groups of asthmatics, irrespective of smoking habit.In conclusion, the elevation of prostaglandin E2in the expired breath condensate of patients with asthma is mainly attributed to smoking habit and prostaglandin E2levels do not predict the degree of bronchial hyperresponsiveness.
Trends in antimalarial drug deployment in sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Bloland P. B. , Kachur S. P. , Williams H. A. 
Published: September 2003

SUMMARYAntimalarial drug resistance is forcing newly developed pharmaceuticals into widespread use at an accelerating pace. To have the greatest public health impact, new pharmaceuticals will need to be deployed effectively in sub-Saharan Africa. Achieving effective antimalarial drug deployment over the short- to medium-term will require an appreciation of how drugs are currently used in Africa and the development of innovative approaches to optimize that use. Over the long-term, fundamental changes in the way that drugs are deployed will probably be required. There are many new strategies and initiatives that, to a greater or lesser degree, will influence how drugs are used. These influences may have a positive or negative effect on reducing malaria morbidity and mortality. The concept of analyzing and monitoring programmatic effectiveness allows for a more holistic understanding of these influences and allows for more unbiased, evidence-based decision making related to drug policy and deployment.
Rationale and plans for developing a non-replicating, metabolically active, radiation-attenuatedPlasmodium falciparumsporozoite vaccine
Authors: Luke Thomas C. , Hoffman Stephen L. 
Published: September 2003

SUMMARYAnnually, malaria causes &gt;300 million clinical cases and 1 million deaths, is responsible for the loss of &gt;1% of gross domestic product (GDP)in Africa and is a serious concern for travelers. An effective vaccine could have a dramatic impact on the disease. For 20 years, scientists have tried to develop modern, recombinant `subunit' malaria vaccines. This has been difficult. In fact, there is only one recombinant protein vaccine on the market for any disease, and no vaccines based on synthetic peptides,recombinant viruses, recombinant bacteria or DNA plasmids. Most vaccines are based on attenuated or inactivated whole pathogens or material derived directly from the infectious agent. It is in that context that our recent report summarizing the protection of humans with attenuated Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) sporozoites produced at four different sites over 25 years is important. In studies utilizing live mosquitoes as the vaccine delivery mechanism, there was complete protection against malaria in 93% of volunteers (13/14) and 94% of challenges (33/35). Sanaria's goal is to develop and commercialize a non-replicating, metabolically active Pfsporozoite vaccine.Three practical questions must be addressed before manufacturing for clinical trials: (1) can one administer the vaccine by a route that is clinically practical; (2) can one produce adequate quantities of sporozoites;and (3) can sporozoites be produced with the physical characteristics that meet the regulatory, potency and safety requirements of regulatory authorities? Once these questions have been answered, Sanaria will demonstrate that the vaccine protects &gt;90% of human recipients against experimental challenge with Pf sporozoites, can be produced with an efficiency that makes it economically feasible, and protects &gt;90% of African infants and children from infection, and thus from severe morbidity and mortality. By producing a vaccine for travelers, Sanaria will provide the infrastructure,regulatory foundation and funds necessary to speed licensure, manufacturing and deployment of the vaccine for the infants and children who need it most.