bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Microwave Heating for Sintering of Al/SiC and for in‐situ Synthesis of TiC
Authors: Leparoux S. , Vaucher S. , Beffort O. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractThis work describes sintering of SiC‐reinforced Al‐matrix composites and in‐situ synthesis of TiC in a powder mixture of Ti and C. In the first case, microwave energy is absorbed by SiC grains, heating the metal matrix to sintering and even melting temperature. The composite is processed at <1 kW microwave power. Microwave absorption and the heating rate increase with decreasing SiC particle size. Composites with high SiC content (70 vol.‐%) are processed at 650 °C/1 h in the microwave furnace, whereas conventional resistive heating at the same temperature did not allow sintering of the sample. In the second case, radiative energy allowed the heating of Ti/C samples up to 950 °C, and microwave assistance enhanced the reaction sintering of Ti/C powder mixtures forming TiC at the border of the Ti particles. The results are compared with conventional processing. Optical images and XRD patterns confirmed the formation of TiC for both techniques.
Reactive Extraction In Stirred Columns – A Review
Authors: Bart H.‐J. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractThe use of liquid ion exchangers enables one to perform selective separations with reactive extraction of species such as metal ions or acids. For the simulation of countercurrent column performance, three major outstanding issues have to be tackled: The first step is in a description of reactive equilibria, based on Gibbs excess modeling, taking into account complex formation involving aqueous electrolytes and organic species. In addition to physical extraction, the mass transfer co‐efficient must be determined by taking into account diffusional and/or chemical reaction resistances. Finally, the column hydrodynamics have to be considered, where the state of the art design is to consider the deviation from plug flow with one parameter (e.g. the axial dispersion co‐efficient). The development of droplet population methods, and the helpful information from CFD‐calculations for the improvement of the physical understanding of complex flows, will be discussed. The use of lab‐scale equipment to estimate all necessary design parameters involving a minimum of matter, is also presented.
The Dawn of X‐Ray Astronomy (Nobel Lecture)
Authors: Giacconi Riccardo 
Published: July 2003

AbstractRiccardo Giacconi joined the American Science and Engineering Corporation (AS & E) after leaving Princeton University in 1959, and in 1962 his group there detected the first extrasolar Xray source. Prof. Giacconi was subsequently responsible for the launch and use of the satellite UHURU (1970) and the EINSTEIN observatory (1978). He was appointed Associate Director of the High Energy Astrophysics Division of the Harvard‐Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics in 1973 and was also appointed Professor of Astronomy at Harvard University that same year. In 1981 he became the first Director of the Space Telescope Science Institute and was also appointed Professor in the Department of Physics and Astronomy at Johns Hopkins University. In 1992 he was appointed Director General of the European Southern Observatory, an intergovernmental organization of eight nations. Prof. Giaconni is currently President of Associated Universities, Inc., and Research Professor at Johns Hopkins University. He was awarded the Wolf Prize in 1987, and the Nobel Prize for Physics in 2002.
Electrocatalysis of Some Biomacromolecules at C60 / DDAB Films
Authors: Li Meixian , Li Nanqiang , Gu Zhennan , Zhou Xihuang 
Published: July 2003

AbstractElectrochemically stable fullerene films made from cationic surfactant DDAB containing C60 on a glassy carbon electrode were produced in an aqueous solution, and electrocatalysis of some biomacromolecules at C60 / DDAB films was studied.
Genetic variability among serotype G6 human rotaviruses: Identification of a novel lineage isolated in Hungary
Authors: Bányai Krisztián , Gentsch Jon R. , Griffin Dixie D. , Holmes Jennifer L. , Glass Roger I. , Szücs György 
Published: July 2003

AbstractRotavirus serotype G6 has been demonstrated to be a rare cause of gastroenteritis in man. To date, only a few well characterized strains have been described from Italy, Australia, and the United States. Nucleotide sequencing of G6 VP7 genes shows that these strains belong to two distinct G6 lineages, one for strains of serotype P11[14],G6 (PA169‐like strains) and one for strains of serotype P3[9],G6 (PA151‐like strains). In this study, we sequenced the VP7 genes and VP8* gene fragments of human rotavirus G6 strains detected in Hungary. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the VP7 genes of Hungarian G6 strains fell into three lineages, represented by a single PA169‐like strain, three PA151‐like strains, and two novel G6 strains, respectively. The amino acid sequence identity of VP7 was 97.2–100% within each lineage and 92–93.9% between any two lineages. The sequence analysis of VP8* revealed that the single PA169‐like Hungarian G6 strain belonged to genotype P[14] and was phylogenetically closely related to P11[14],G6 strains characterized previously. In contrast, the VP8* of PA151‐like Hungarian G6 strains clustered in accordance with their VP7 genes representing genetically distinguishable variants of genotype P[9]. This finding raises the possibility that Hungarian genotype P[9],G6 strains might have been generated through independent reassortment events. Serotype G6‐specific primers for each human G6 lineage were also developed. The use of these primers in reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction genotyping may help determine the epidemiological role of G6 strains in humans. J. Med. Virol. 71:124–134, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detection and identification of Toscana and other phleboviruses by RT‐nested‐PCR assays with degenerated primers
Authors: Sánchez‐Seco María‐Paz , Echevarría José‐Manuel , Hernández Lourdes , Estévez Domingo , Navarro‐Marí José‐María , Tenorio Antonio 
Published: July 2003

AbstractPhleboviruses are a large and widespread group of viruses that are transmitted by arthropods. Toscana virus is one of the principal agents that causes meningitis in humans during the summer in Italy and, possibly, in other Mediterranean countries. Rift Valley Fever virus can cause serious illness in both animals and humans, leading to high morbidity and mortality, and is considered to be a potential agent for epizootics and human epidemics. Since information on this group of viruses is still scant, reliable laboratory tools for diagnosis and epidemiological surveillance must be developed, in order to ascertain their real impact on Public Health. Sequence data obtained from Spanish isolates of Toscana virus and other phleboviruses confirmed that natural genome variability may hamper the diagnosis of these agents by molecular methods, so this must be borne in mind when developing reliable assays. In view of the above, a novel and useful protocol has been developed for the detection and specific identification of every member of the phlebovirus genus present in a sample, including Toscana virus, based on a generic RT‐nested‐PCR, followed by sequencing of the amplified fragment. A change in this method also allowed specific direct detection and identification of wild isolates of Toscana virus of different geographical origin, using newly designed primers. Testing clinical samples with these assays confirmed the role of Toscana virus as an agent that causes acute aseptic meningitis in the central region of Spain. J. Med. Virol. 71:140–149, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Global existence of solutions for non‐small data to non‐linear spherically symmetric thermoviscoelasticity
Authors: Gawinecki J. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractWe consider some initial–boundary value problems for non‐linear equations of thermoviscoelasticity in the three‐dimensional case. Since, we are interested to prove global existence we consider spherically symmetric problem. We examine the Neumann conditions for the temperature and either the Neumann or the Dirichlet boundary conditions for the elasticity equations. Using the energy method, we are able to obtain some energy estimates in appropriate Sobolev spaces enough to prove existence for all time without any restrictions on data. Due to the spherical symmetricity the constants in the above estimates increase with time so the existence for all finite times is proved only. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Platelet Chemokines and Chemokine Receptors: Linking Hemostasis, Inflammation, and Host Defense
Authors: GEAR ADRIAN R.L. , CAMERINI DAVID 
Published: July 2003

ABSTRACTBlood platelets play critical roles in hemostasis, providing rapid essential protection against bleeding and catalyzing the important slower formation of stable blood clots via the coagulation cascade. They are also involved in protection from infection by phagocytosis of pathogens and by secreting chemokines that attract leukocytes. Platelet function usually is activated by primary agonists such as adenosine diphosphate (ADP), thrombin, and collagen, whereas secondary agonists like adrenalin do not induce aggregation on their own but become highly effective in the presence of low levels of primary agonists. Current research has revealed that chemokines represent an important additional class of agonists capable of causing significant activation of platelet function. Early work on platelet α–granule proteins suggested that platelet factor 4, now known as CXCL4, modulated aggregation and secretion induced by low agonist levels. Subsequent reports revealed the presence in platelets of messenger RNA for several additional chemokines and chemokine receptors. Three chemokines in particular, CXCL12 (SDF‐1), CCL17 (TARC), and CCL22 (MDC), recently have been shown to be strong and rapid activators of platelet aggregation and adhesion after their binding to platelet CXCR4 or CCR4, when acting in combination with low levels of primary agonists. CXCL12 can be secreted by endothelial cells and is present in atherosclerotic plaques, whereas CCL17 and CCL22 are secreted by monocytes and macrophages. Platelet activation leads to the release of α‐granule chemokines, including CCL3 (MIP‐1α), CCL5 (RANTES), CCL7 (MCP‐3), CCL17, CXCL1 (growth‐regulated oncogene–α), CXCL5 (ENA‐78), and CXCL8 (IL‐8), which attract leukocytes and further activate other platelets. These findings help to provide a direct linkage between hemostasis, infection, and inflammation and the development of atherosclerosis.
Food, Shelter and Half a Chance: Assessing the Needs of Unaccompanied Asylum Seeking Children   I Did Not Choose to Come Here: Listening to Refugee Children   Supporting Refugee Children in 21st Century Britain: A Compendium of Essential Information   Working with Refugees and Asylum Seekers: A Social Work Resource Book
Authors: Warren‐Adamson Chris 
Published: July 2003

Food, Shelter and Half a Chance: Assessing the Needs of Unaccompanied Asylum Seeking Children

Selam Kidane  British Association for Adoption and Fostering, London, 2001(a), 30 pp. £6.50. ISBN 1 903699 02 9 I Did Not Choose to Come Here: Listening to Refugee Children

Selam Kidane  British Association for Adoption and Fostering, London, 2001(b), 40 pp. £6.95. ISBN 1 903699 03 7 Supporting Refugee Children in 21st Century Britain: A Compendium of Essential Information

Jill Rutter  Trentham Books, Stoke on Trent, 2001, 304 pp. £15.95. ISBN 1 85856 292 9 Working with Refugees and Asylum Seekers: A Social Work Resource Book

R. Torode, T. Walsh and M. Woods with T. Galvin and A.F. Keogh  Department of Social Studies, Trinity College, Dublin, 2001, 122 pp. ISBN 0 951576 87 9
Excitation energy flow at 77 K in the photosynthetic apparatus of overwintering evergreens
Authors: GILMORE A. M. , MATSUBARA S. , BALL M. C. , BARKER D. H. , ITOH S. 
Published: July 2003

ABSTRACTThe flow of excitation energy from the antennae to photosynthetic reaction centre complexes at 77 K was studied in leaves of two evergreen species, namely, snow gum (Eucalyptus pauciflora Sieb. ex Spreng.) and a hemiparasitic mistletoe (Amyema miquelii, Lehm. ex Miq.). The leaves that were naturally acclimated to winter conditions of freezing temperatures and high irradiance displayed the recently discovered cold‐hard‐band or CHB feature of the chlorophyll a fluorescence spectra (Gilmore & Ball, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 97:11098–11101, 2000). A streak‐camera‐spectrograph was used and the double convolution integral method for global analysis was applied to simultaneously acquire and simulate, respectively, the time‐ and wavelength‐dependence of all major chlorophyll a components (Gilmore et al. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. B‐London 355:1371–1384, 2000). The CHB coincided with changed amplitudes and decreased excited state lifetimes for the main F685 nm and F695 nm emission bands from the photosystem II (PSII) core‐inner‐antenna. The CHB dissipates energy as heat separate from PSII while also reducing the PSII quantum yield by competing for both photon absorption and antenna excitation. The CHB did not correlate with changes in the decay kinetics of the PSI antenna F740 nm band. The spectral‐kinetic features of the altered energy flow were similar in the unrelated evergreen species. These results are consistent with a functional association between the CHB, PSII energy dissipation and protective storage of chlorophyll in overwintering evergreens.
AtMYB103 regulates tapetum and trichome development in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Higginson Trudi , Li Song Feng , Parish Roger W. 
Published: July 2003

SummaryThe AtMYB103 gene is a member of the R2R3 MYB gene family in Arabidopsis thaliana. Using the GUS reporter gene, AtMYB103 expression was found to be restricted to the tapetum of developing anthers. Employing RT‐PCR and in situ hybridisation, we now show that AtMYB103 is also expressed in trichomes. GUS expression in trichomes was obtained by incorporating the coding and 3′‐untranslated regions of AtMYB103 into the promoter‐GUS constructs. Sense and antisense technologies were used to downregulate AtMYB103 expression. In transgenic lines with reduced AtMYB103 transcript levels, pollen, tapetum and trichome development were altered. The majority of the pollen grains were distorted in shape and had reduced or no cytoplasmic content. Tapetal degeneration occurred early, and large opaque bodies appeared in the tapetal cytoplasm. In transgenic plants, trichomes on cauline and rosette leaves produced additional branches. These overbranched trichomes contained more nuclear DNA than the wild‐type trichomes. The results indicate that AtMYB103 is required for tapetal development and microsporogenesis, and negatively regulates trichome endoreduplication linked to the trichome branching.
Endoscopic ultrasonography for assessment of medical treatment in patients with gastric mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma
Authors: Yoshida Shigeto , Haruma Ken , Tanaka Shinji , Mitsuoka Yutaka , Hara Mutsuhiro , Masuda Hiroshi , Kamada Tomoari , Kusunoki Hiroaki , Kitadai Yasuhiko , Hata Jiro , Hayakawa Norihiko , Chayama Kazuaki 
Published: July 2003

Background:  Although gastric mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma often regresses after medical treatment, it is not known whether submucosal lymphomatous involvement persists. Because sampling error is a problem associated with histological evaluation and endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) is appropriate for assessing the depth of infiltration in cases of gastric lymphoma, we investigated the value of EUS for assessing the effectiveness of medical treatment.Methods:   Twelve patients with gastric MALT lymphoma were treated with Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy and/or chemotherapy. Endoscopic ultrasonography was done at initial staging and after treatment. We used EUS to measure the distance from the surface layer to the deepest part of the hypoechoic area; a distance of less than 1.3 mm was considered normal.Results:   The mean depth of the hypoechoic area in MALT lymphoma‐positive biopsy specimens was significantly greater than that in MALT lymphoma‐negative biopsy specimens. In many cases in which MALT lymphoma disappeared after treatment, the depth of the endoscopic ultrasonographic hypoechoic area also decreased to normal. In two cases, however, in which the MALT lymphoma biopsy results were negative but there was no decrease to normal depth, recurrence occurred during follow up.Conclusion:  Our results show that measurement of the depth of the hypoechoic area via EUS is useful in assessing the response of gastric MALT lymphoma to treatment. When the depth of the hypoechoic area does not decrease to normal, careful follow up and frequent biopsies are required.
Laparoscopic cholecystectomy for asymptomatic cholelithiasis
Authors: Yano Hiroshi , Kinuta Masakatsu , Iwazawa Takashi , Kanoh Toshiyuki , Monden Takushi 
Published: July 2003

Background:  Laparoscopic clolecystectomy is now the most appropriate treatment for most patients with symptomatic cholelithiasis (S‐Chole). However, the management of patients with asymptomatic cholelithiasis (A‐Chole) remains controversial. Our research is aimed at determining whether laparoscopic cholecystectomy for patients with A‐Chole is safer, more effective and more convenient than laparoscopic cholecystectomy for patients with S‐Chole.Methods:  We retrospectively conducted a review of 254 patients with A‐Chole who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy in an effort to compare the intraoperative course, postoperative recovery and morbidity and mortality with 432 patients with S‐Chole who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy.Results:  The mean operative time in the A‐Chole group was significantly shorter than that in the S‐Chole group at 92.1 min versus 106.0 min, respectively. The mean intraoperative blood loss was not significantly different between the two groups. There were no significant differences between the two groups, regarding the postoperative recovery. Conversion rate to open laparotomy in the A‐Chole group was significantly lower than that in the S‐Chole group, at 1.57% versus 4.6%, respectively. The morbidity rates were 4.72% in the A‐Chole group and 8.80% in the S‐Chole group, the morbidity rate in the A‐Chole group being significantly lower than that in the S‐Chole group. There was no death in the A‐Chole group. Gallbladder cancer was incidentally diagnosed in two patients with A‐Chole after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. They underwent an additional operation and were alive with no recurrence. Conclusion:  Laparoscopic cholecystectomy for patients with A‐Chole is a safe procedure with a low rate of morbidity and mortality.
Disease-Dependent Adhesion of Lactic Acid Bacteria to the Human Intestinal Mucosa
Authors: Ouwehand Arthur C. , Salminen Seppo , Roberts Peter J. , Ovaska Jari , Salminen Eeva 
Published: July 2003

ABSTRACT

Their adhesion to the intestinal mucosa is considered one of the main reasons for the beneficial health effects of specific lactic acid bacteria (LAB). However, the influence of disease on the mucosal adhesion is largely unknown. Adhesion of selected LAB to resected colonic tissue and mucus was determined in patients with three major intestinal diseases (i.e., diverticulitis, rectal carcinoma, and inflammatory bowel disease) and compared to healthy control tissue. All strains were observed to adhere better to immobilized mucus than to whole intestinal tissue. Two strains (
Lactobacillus rhamnosus
strain GG and
L. reuteri
) were found to exhibit disease-specific adhesion to intestinal tissue. All tested strains, with the exception of
L. rhamnosus
strain GG, displayed disease-specific adhesion to intestinal mucus. These results suggest that strains with optimal binding characteristics for a particular intestinal disease can be selected.
Materials Flow Accounting in Sweden Material Use for National Consumption and for Export
Authors: Palm Viveka , Jonsson Kristina 
Published: July 2003

SummaryThis article presents Swedish economy‐wide material flow accounts for the period 1987‐1998. It also shows possibilities for enhancing the international comparability of aggregated data on material use, by distinguishing between materials used for consumption and export purposes. The direct material input (DMI) is used as an aggregate measure to estimate the amounts of natural resources (except water and air) that are taken from nature into the economy within a year, including imports to and production within the region in question. The division of materials used for consumption and export purposes avoids double counting trade flows when DMI is applied to a group of countries.The annual DMI in Sweden for 1997‐1998, including production and imports, amounts to 24 to 27 metric tons per capita (t/c). The fossil fuel input varies only slightly over the period, from 3.2 t/c in 1991 to 3.6 t/c in 1996, a level deemed unsustainable by the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency. The input of renewable raw materials varies between 8 and 9 t/c. Ores and minerals vary between 11 and 15 t/c. The DMI puts Sweden above estimates made for Germany, the United States, and Japan and in the same range as the Netherlands. The differences in these values can mainly be explained by the relative importance of exports as compared to the size of the economy and by the variation in system boundaries for the data on natural resources. The system boundaries and data sources for natural resources need to be further defined to make the measures fully comparable. Around 5 t/c is exported, whereas the rest, around 20 t/c, is national consumption.The aggregate direct material consumption (DMC), which is the DMI minus exports, communicates the magnitude of resource use. Comparisons of the input with solid waste statistics indicate that quantity of waste (excluding mining waste) in Sweden is equal to about 10% relative of the total resource use. Material collected for recycling by the waste management system is equal to about 5% of the amount of virgin resources brought into society each year.
Writing, Reading, Storytelling - The Love Story of Sinhá, Malhado, Carybé and Jorge Amado
Authors: Pereira Cláudia Sousa 
Published: July 2003

Writing for children is a difficult genre. Though they do not appear so, they are more demanding readers than the grownups who read our novels and essays. To satisfy those adult readers we just need to recount the lives and day-to-day reality of people and places or put some message across. We do not have to go beyond the realm of the real. But children demand more: they demand imagination.This passage by Jorge Amado appeared in an article entitled ‘Livros para crianças’ 13 years before he wrote O Gato Malhado e a Andorinha Sinhá.
Filtrate Quality from Different Filter Operations
Authors: Mackie Robert I. , Zielina Michał , Dabrowski Wojciech 
Published: July 2003

AbstractA brief review of the literature on filtrate quality obtained in constant and variable declining rate operation systems is presented, with the general conclusion that both systems usually produce filtrate of similar quality, assuming the flow‐rate controllers in the constant flow rate system operate properly. A mathematical model of CR (constant rate) filters and VDR (variable declining rate) filters based on the model by Mackie and Zhao (1999) has been described and used to investigate filtrate quality under different operating conditions. A similar quality of filtrate was achieved in computations carried out for both modes of operation, while the total head loss was much lower in the VDR mode. For the same time of filter runs slightly better filtration quality resulted from CR operation, but for different filter runs resulting from the same head loss of flow just before a backwash, the VDR control system produced lower turbidity filtrate.