bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Macroeconomic Policy and the Role of the State in a Changing World
Authors: Stern Nicholas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the Keynesian era a broad consensus emerged on the role of government in an industrial economy. On the macroeconomic front the government had the responsibility of controlling overall demand, using primarily fiscal policy, to secure full employment. Its duty to control inflation was recognized in the 1950s and 1960s, though not seen as the primary challenge. The balance of payments was regarded as a constraint on macroeconomic policy, but one that could be handled, if necessary, by exchange rate devaluations and direct controls on both capital and current transactions. Indeed, capital controls were fairly universal. On the microeconomic and sectoral, or industrial, fronts the tasks included providing basic infrastructure, which was seen as a public responsibility because it was both essential and a natural monopoly; promoting or protecting strategic sectors; and correcting or regulating mark.et failures, such as the establishment or abuse of monopoly positions.
Industrial Policy in Developing Market Economies
Authors: Suzumura Kotaro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An industrial policy is an economic policy that is designed to improve the long-run welfare performance of a national economyby intervening in the allocation of resources between industrial sectors, or in the industrial organization of a specific sector, if the competitive market mechanism fails to function efficiently. Because market failures often arise from imperfect information; the cost of information acquisition, transmission and coordination; factors generating Marshallian externalities; and imperfections in risk and capital markets, the relevance of industrial policy as a strategy for developing market economies and economies in transition seems to be beyond dispute. Indeed, industrial policies have played a substantial part in the economic development of Japan, the Republic of Korea and other countries of east Asia, where the government has actively complemented the market mechanism. As Stieglitz emphasized in chapter 3 of this book, the government simply cannot replace the market-or any significant part of it. [But it] can play a critical role through marketsin promoting economic growth” (Stiglitz. 1997, p. 1). The purpose of this chapter is to evaluate the role of industrial policy as a development strategy, paying due.
A Framework for a Development Strategy in a Market Economy
Authors: Stern Nicholas , Stiglitz Joseph E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A wel1-functioning economy requires a mix of government and markets. The balance, structure and functioning of that mix is at the heart of a development strategy. The mix is not simply assigning certain areas to one or the other domain. The more appropriate analogy is that of a partnership, in which each partner is given certain areas of responsibility. The political process makes the assignments. The task of this book is to provide an analytic basis to help examine how those assignments should be made.The first ingredients of a development strategy are its basic objectives, together with an analysis of the long-term assignments in light of those objectives. The nature of those assignments is altered by changes in the world economic environment and country circumstances, as well as with changes in, and emphasis among, the objectives that government sees as falling within its purview. These are the issues to which we tum in the first section. The second section then focuses on institutions and instruments. The details of these institutions and the precise nature of the instruments employed by government are as crucial a part of the development strategy determining how the partnerships actually function-as the assignments themselves.
Financial Security, Welfare Regimes, and the Governance of Work Systems
Authors: Morgan Glenn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
European societies are currently undergoing profound transformations as they attempt to adapt to the challenges arising from international competition. Central to this process of adaption is the creation of forms of work system which are competitive against those arising in other parts of the world. As other chapters in this collection reveal, this process of transfor¬mation is structured by underlying forms of institutions and social relations. The direction and outcome of change processes within national systems under pressure from international competition is dependent on these underlying institutions and the capacities and capabilities of these institutions and key actors to produce new ways of working.
Bargaining for the Future 1ne Changing Habitus of the Shop Steward System in the Pulp and Paper Mills of Finland
Authors: Pulp Kari Lilja , Action Paper Mills As Fields Of 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A distinctively Finnish feature of community development is that it has been formed imconnection with a saw mill, pulp mill, and/or a paper mill or coevolved with the establishment and growth of such mills and mill com¬ bines. Thus, for instance, Tarmo Koskinen has characterized Finland as an ‘archipelago of forest industry communities ‘ scattered in the backforests along the water ways and along the coastline (Koskinen 1987b). Looking from this ‘Braudelian ‘ perspective, industrial Finland was clearly invented by its geography: availability of forests, water ways, and water power. They constitute the foundation upon which the economic, social, and political institutions of the Finnish society have evolved. This foundation has remained the same for over 100 years while the economic, social, and politi¬cal institutions have been transformed several times, mainly due to exter¬nal political and economic pressures. Thus the economic and social field which emerges from the availability and refinement of the wooden raw material is an obvious key to the understanding of the functioning of the Finnish society. It provides a sectoral cross-cutting of the whole society (cf. Raumolin 1984; Lilja et al.1992).
China’s Defence Finance: Content, Process and Administration
Authors: Ding Arthur S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The defence budget helps outside analysts to understand a country’s defence policy and future defence plans. The size of the budget, how it is distributed, the degree to which it has been increased or reduced and in what areas, all help to explain that country’s conception of security, its military arrangements, its future plans and its development goals. It is indeed an instrument whereby countries learn about each other’s intentions and capabilities. Many nations openly publish such data in consider able detail in order to enhance transparency and build confidence.
The PLA’s Evolving Warfighting Doctrine, Strategy and Tactics, 1985-95: A Chinese Perspective*
Authors: Li Nan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Defence doctrine is an important indicator of armed forces’ intentions and capabilities. Since the policy of defence modernization was introduced in China in 1973,the war-fighting doctrine and strategic principles of the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) have undergone two major changes. The first change came in the late 1970s. The Maoist doctrine of the “people’s war,” which had been prevalent in the late 1960s and 1970s, was replaced by a new doctrine of the “people’s war under modem conditions.” This change stressed the strategic aspects of how to fight the war rather than what type and nature of war the PLA should be prepared to fight. There are several differences in strategic aspects of “people’s war” and “people’s war under modem conditions.” First, rather than fighting a classic “people’s war” by drawing enemy forces into the interior of China, under “people’s war under modem conditions” the PLA now sought to defeat the adversary close to the border. Secondly, early battles were deemed more significant in influencing the course of war, a modification if not a total rejection of the notion of a protracted war of attrition associated with “people’s war.”
The Military Balance in the Taiwan Straits
Authors: Lin Chong-Pin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The 1994 book The Intercalary August 1995, a fictional account of a surgical-strike invasion of Taiwan by China, sold a record 200,000 copies between August and December 1994.The huge sales volume reflected a growing sense of insecurity among Taiwan’s residents, despite a visitor’s observation months earlier that the two sides had “rarely been more peaceful.”In the latter half of 1994, China staged its largest military exercise in years and Taiwan followed suit as if in response. Concurrently, Taiwanese emigration reached a six-year peak, which many perceived to have resulted from residents fleeing in fear. By early 1995, some U.S. officials admitted publicly that one had to take seriously the threat that “the mainland could invade” Taiwan. This statement represents a shifting post-Cold War perception from marginalizing China’s attack on Taiwan almost as a non-issue to reckoning such conflict as a possibility bordering on probability. Beginning in late July 1995, China reinforced this shift by testing missiles and artilleries in waters with unprecedented proximity to Taiwan, imposing in effect a series of temporary blockades on the island.
Industrial Policy and the Development of the Synthetic Fibre Industry Industrial Policy as a Means for Promoting Economic Growth
Authors: Suzuki Tsuneo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The nylon industry exhibited impressive growth, compared to the cotton and rayon industries, which began large-scale production in 1883 and 1918 respectively. Nylon production began substantially in 1951, reaching mid-growth in 1963-4 and peak growth in 1973 (see Table 3.1). Several factors contributed to the rapid post-Second World War development of nylon and other synthetic fibre industries.
Competition and Industrial Policy in Britain, 1945-1973
Authors: Tomlinson Jim D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter will develop three themes about British competition and industrial policy from the end of the Second World War to OPEC 1. First, the weakness of domestic competition policy was coupled to a high level of international protection until the 1960s. This has led to the common view that British industry languished in a non-competitive environment, with disastrous consequences for long-run competitiveness (Allen, 1979; Caves, 1968; Crafts, 1988). However, this picture is oversimplified because of the large-scale entry of multinational (especially American) firms into Britain which competed with British-owned firms in many key sectors. The policy of welcoming multinationals is an unduly neglected feature of British policy affecting the level of competition in the economy.
Regulation American Style, 1933-1989
Authors: Vlftor Richard H K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Government regulation of business in America has reflected a unique mix of policies and institutional arrangements. In Europe, Japan, Canada, and Latin America, combinations of state-owned enterprise and discretionary administrative supervision were the normal forms of governmental control of business. In the United States, by contrast, semi-autonomous bureaucracies with formalized procedures and close judicial oversight developed detailed control over a substantial segment of private enterprise. With access to the world’s largest market, most domestic firms did not worry about international competition—and nor did public policy. In fact, one of the central points of this chapter is how different postwar America was from most other countries, in terms of industrial policy. It really did not have any. Its policies were primarily regulatory, formulated to stabilize and serve the domestic market.
Efficient Climate Policy in the Presence of Free-Riders
Authors: Hoel Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As long as there is no international law to force countries to participate in an international climate agreement, each country may have an incentive to be a free-rider, i.e. to stay outside the agreement instead of participating in it. This free-rider incentive remains even if the agreement is such that all countries are better off with the agreement than without. A country may be better off participating in an agreement than it would be without any agreement. But it will usually be even better off if the other countries cooperate, while it itself stays outside the agreement and pursues its self-interest.
Carbon Taxes and Industrial Location: Evidence from the Multinationals Literature
Authors: wang Zhen kun , winters l. Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The fear, if not the fact, of global warming is well established, and economists and other policy advisers have been called upon to suggest ways of averting or alleviating its dangers. Prominent in the economists’ toolkit is a carbon tax to discourage the use of carbon-based energy sources. A major concern about using carbon taxes, however, is that, if only a subset of countries impose them, those countries’ industries will become uncompetitive. As a result their sales will fall, to be replaced, at least partially, by those of similar industries located in non-taxing countries. This fear is most frequently expressed in the OECD countries, when policy-makers consider the difficulties of binding the developing countries into a global CO2 abatement agreement or enforcing the terms of such an agreement.
Economic Policy and the Manufacturing Base: Hysteresis in Location
Authors: Venables Anthony J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Discussion of industrial policy often refers to the importance of maintaining a ‘manufacturing base’, and suggests that there may be some level of activity below which contraction of manufacturing may be difficult to reverse. In simple economic models it is difficult to make sense of this line of reasoning. An adverse shock to industry in one country may cause exit or relocation of firms, but if the shock is reversed then those remaining earn a higher return than in the original equilibrium; entry will occur, and the equilibrium will revert to the initial position.
Under Different International Agreements: Can a Small Nation Gain from Introducing a Carbon Tax Early?
Authors: Lund Diderik 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some authorities, e.g. the Ministry of Finance of Norway (1992, pp. 133 f.), are considering whether the introduction of a carbon tax may have an important incentive effect on firms’ research and development (R&D). In that case, it may even pay to introduce such a tax before it is required by international agreements in order to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. This chapter examines such a possibility in a theoretical model.
Environmental Policy and International Trade when Governments and Producers Act Strategically
Authors: Ulph A List Air 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the recent debates over the Uruguay Round, the Single European Market, and NAFTA, some environmentalists raised concerns that trade liberalization might damage the environment. One concern is that the consequent expansion of consumption, production, and trade will lead to increased pollution and use of scarce natural resources unless corrective policies are taken. A second concern, which will be the focus of this chapter, is that in the absence of trade policy governments may relax their environmental policies to give their domestic producers an advantage in the more competitive international markets (so called ‘eco-dumping’). This leads to policy recommendations that environmental regulations should be harmonized across countries, or, if that is not achieved, that countries who impose tighter environmental regulations than their rivals should be able to impose countervailing tariffs on imports from countries with slacker environmental regulations. Not surprisingly, such policies frequently find favour with industries in the traded sector.
Strategic Environmental Policy, International Trade, and the Single European Market
Authors: Ulph A List Air 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The recent moves to further liberalize trade both at a global level, through the Uruguay Round, and regionally, through NAFTA and the Single European Market, have prompted an extensive debate on the implications of such trade liberalizations for the environment, with suggestions from some environmentalists that some forms of trade restrictions may be justified in order to protect the environment (see Anderson and Blackhurst, 1992, and Low, 1992, for good recent overviews of some aspects of this debate). Many of the contributions from economists to this debate have been framed, explicitly or implicitly, in the context of the conventional competitive model of international trade. But the debate has also prompted some new research, which has exploited the literature on strategic international trade with imperfectly competitive markets (see e.g. Helpman and Krugman, 1989) to reassess the links between environmental policy and international trade.
Innovation Networks: The View from the Inside
Authors: Oliver Nick , Blakeborough* Michelle 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent years have seen many claims that new models of industrial organization are emerging. These models encompass both operations and innovation, and have been variously labelled ‘flexible specialisation’ (Piore and Sabel, 1984) ‘the Japanese model’ (Schonberger, 1982) and ‘lean production’ (Womack, Jones, and Roos, 1990), to name but three. The basic tenets of these models vary, but they share certain common features. Of particular interest here are the interfirm relationships claimed by the new models.
Innovation in Consumption and Economic Growth*
Authors: Swann G M Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Economic analysis of the effects of innovation on economic growth has focused almost exclusively on the supply side. Most of the literature examines the effects of innovative activity by producers, whether in the form of process innovations or product innovations. How do process innovations impact on productivity? What is the value of product innovations? But we argue in this chapter that the consumer is also an innovator, and we need to have an understanding of how innovation in consumption impacts on economic growth. While the traditional literature looks at innovation and the production function, the aim of this chapter is to take a very preliminary look at the effects on innovation on the utility function. While there are some pioneering analyses of consumer innovation in the literature, this chapter is written in the spirit that these need to be gathered into a more coherent theory of innovation in consumption.
Innovation and Corporate Structures: USA and Japan
Authors: Dore Ronald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The 1980s was a decade of burgeoning Japanese self-confidence. Especially after the Plaza agreement made it cheaper for Japanese companies to register patents in the USA, their share of total US-registered patents rose steadily to over 20 per cent. Technological performance became a hot academic subject and numerous attempts to count national contributions to scientific journals, to use citations to measure the quality of contributions and the importance of patents, to conduct Delphi studies on ‘who’s ahead’ in a given number of fields of science and technology, concluded—in Japan with glee, and in the USA with alarm—that Japan was catching up fast and destined in many fields soon to overtake the USA. Particularly disturbing for Americans was the fact that some of their smartest weaponry depended on bought-in Japanese components. The effect of the technological news was magnified by the economic news. The Japanese economy was booming in the second half of the 1980s; the USA was a byword for productivity stagnation and the triple deficit.
Introduction
Authors: Li Linda Chelan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book examines central-provincial politics regarding investment implementation in post-Mao China. Tensions between the centre and the provinces have been riding high since the commencement of economic reform in the late 1970s. Central government officials blamed provinces for their ‘Machiavellian’ shrewdness in getting around, if not ignoring, central directives and policies. Provincial officials, on the other hand, complained that the centre was often unreasonable in its demands and unsympathetic to their needs and difficulties. The consequence was that both parties blamed one another for their difficulties, and in the process various problems in the economy were aggravated. The pursuit of economic gain led to ‘trade wars’ between different provinces as well as massive wastage as a result of inefficient investment. The centre was largely ineffective in its efforts in controlling the problems, as its control instruments, outdated relative to the new requirements of reform, were increasingly evaded and ignored by the provinces. The extent of the crisis was so great that at times the very integration of the Chinese state was called into question.
Investment in Guangdong: Central Policy and Provincial Implementation
Authors: Li Linda Chelan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The objective of this chapter is to provide the context for answering the question: what does investment implementation in Guangdong tell us about central—provincial relations? Two sets of questions are involved here. First, what characterized Guangdong’s investment after 1980? Was there an ‘implementation gap’ in investment policy in the centre-Guangdong interface, and what were its characteristics? Secondly, with respect to the factors behind the investment problem identified in Chapter 2, in particular the reforms in the fiscal system and in the administration of investment, what were the developments in Guangdong? This discussion of the institutional context is a prerequisite to understanding the politics of the process, the subject of discussion in Chapters 5 to 7.
Discretion and Strategies in Shanghai
Authors: Li Linda Chelan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As the largest economic centre and the number one contributor to total national revenue until 1991,1 Shanghai was in a policy and economic environment very different from that of Guangdong. Notwith-standing the fact that the same five categories of discretionary behaviour were apparent in both Guangdong and Shanghai, such beaviour had entirely different emphases. The details of these differences, as well as the context, are discussed comparatively in terms of Guangdong in the next chapter. This chapter discusses the development of Shanghai’s discretion in detail, following the typology of discretion outlined in Fig. 1.2.
Centre and Provinces: Interactive Processes
Authors: Li Linda Chelan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the linkage between the institutional context posed by the centre and the resultant discretionary behaviour of the Guangdong and Shanghai governments. Specifically, this chapter seeks to examine the mediating process whereby central policies influenced and constrained the choices and behaviour of Guangdong and Shanghai, as well as the process whereby provincial discretion influenced central policies. Fig. 7.1 depicts the interactive relationship between the centre and the provinces.