bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of event context on children's recall of non‐experienced events across multiple interviews
Authors: Jones Carolyn H. , Powell Martine B. 
Published: March 2005

Purpose. The current study examined whether young children's willingness to assent to, and provide details about, a false (non‐experienced) activity differs depending on whether the activity was allegedly embedded within (a) a specific event or (b) a broad (non‐specified) time frame.Method. Ninety‐nine children aged 4–5 years (from both low and high socio‐economic backgrounds) either (a) participated in a staged event that consisted of two activities or (b) did not participate in the staged event. One or two days later, all children were given false suggestions about a non‐experienced (false) activity that had either high or low plausibility. Approximately 8, 15, and 22 days after the event, children were asked to recall the activities, and to answer a series of specific cued‐recall questions.Results. There was no effect of event context on assent rates, and the rate at which children reported interviewer suggestions. However, children who participated in the staged event provided fewer details about the false activity. Further, among those children who assented to the false activity, fewer subjects, objects, actions, temporal markers, locations, fantastic/improbable details, and confabulation errors were reported when the activity was embedded within the specific staged event.Conclusion. The degree of error in children's accounts of a completely false activity is reduced when the activity is suggested to have occurred within a specified event as opposed to a broad (non‐specified) time frame.
Evidence for controlled heroin use? Low levels of negative health and social outcomes among non‐treatment heroin users in Glasgow (Scotland)
Authors: Shewan David , Dalgarno Phil 
Published: March 2005

Objectives. This longitudinal study focused on 126 long‐term heroin users who had never been in specialist treatment for use of any drug. The primary aim of the study was to assess whether this ‘hidden’ population resembled heroin users identified with drug treatment agencies, or alternatively, to test whether heroin could indeed be used in a controlled, non‐intrusive fashion for an extended period of time.Design and methods. Recruitment was achieved through chain‐referred purposive sampling methods, and data were collected through two semi‐structured interviews. 67% of participants were re‐recruited for follow‐up.Results. Participants had levels of occupational status and educational achievement comparable to that in the general UK population, and considerably higher than typically found in heroin research. At the conclusion of the study, six participants had entered treatment. While there was evidence of intensive risky patterns of drug use among the sample, there was equal evidence for planned, controlled patterns of use. Some drug‐related negative health and social outcomes had occurred on a lifetime basis, but ongoing problems were rare, and heroin was not a significant predictor in either context. In contrast to typical samples of heroin users, high levels of negative health and social outcomes did not appear to be inevitable within this sample. Frequency of heroin use was predicted by attributional items, indicating the importance of psychological factors in drug use and addiction.Conclusions. Drug research should more fully incorporate previously hidden populations to more fully inform theory and practice. The pharmacological properties of specific substances should not be assumed to inevitably lead to addictive and destructive patterns of drug use.
Gallium and Gallium Compounds
Authors: Gray Floyd , Kramer Deborah A. , Bliss James D. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractGallium is a scarce but not a rare element. It is found most commonly in association with its immediate neighbors in the Periodic Table, ie, zinc, germanium, and aluminum. The concentration of gallium in the earth’s crust, 10–20 g/t (10–20 ppm), is comparable to that of lead and arsenic. There is an abundance of aluminum ores and alumina plants, and less importantly to gallium production zinc ores and plants; these are the main sources of gallium. The physical properties of gallium, especially its thermal properties, are exceptional. It is easily supercooled. In accordance with its normal potential, gallium is chemically similar to zinc and is somewhat less reactive than aluminum. A minor amount of gallium is extracted as a by‐product from the zinc industry. The significant amount of primary gallium is recovered from the alumina industry. The main source is the sodium aluminate liquor from Bayer‐process plants that produce large quantities of alumina.A large part of the wastes from the gallium arsenide industry is recovered for both economical and environmental reasons. Several processes are effective and are being used to recover both the gallium either as a metal, a salt, or a hydroxide for recycling, and the arsenic in some form for recycling or disposal. Gallium either comes from mining sources or is recycled from scrap.Gallium has complete miscibility in the liquid state with aluminum, indium, tin, and zinc. No compounds are formed.Numerous intermetallic gallium–transition element compounds have been reported. The toxicity of metallic gallium or gallium salts is very low. Gallium is used in the production of electronics and magnets, in medicine, as a petroleum industry catalyst, and in the solar reactions experiment.
Hydrogen Energy
Authors: Grégoire Padró Catherine E. , Keller Jay O. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe world relies on energy to power industry, move people and products, and keep us safe and comfortable. Scientists and engineers are pursuing many pathways to clean and sustain energy systems. One of the most promising solutions is a system using hydrogen and electricity as primary energy carriers. The simplest element, hydrogen, has the potential to provide all of our energy services with little or no impact on the environment, both locally and globally. It can be made from domestic resources, offering opportunities for energy independence. Hydrogen can be used in many applications that currently use more familiar hydrocarbon fuels.Hydrogen is an energy carrier, in the same way that electricity is an energy carrier. Both can provide energy services to meet our needs. Like electricity, hydrogen can be produced from many sources, including fossil fuels, renewable resources, and nuclear energy. Unlike electricity, hydrogen can be stored for long periods of time. This characteristic is important, especially when we consider storage of large amounts of renewable energy, and distribution of large quantities of hydrogen from one region to another. If hydrogen is to be considered as an energy carrier on a par with electricity, we will need to develop and commercialize a number of hydrogen production, storage, delivery and end‐use processes, and products.
Lead and Lead Alloys
Authors: King Michael , Ramachandran Venkoba , Prengaman R. David , DeVito Stephen C. , Breen Joseph ,   Updated by Staff
Published: March 2005

AbstractOn a weight basis lead is the fifth most used metal in the world. As a metal, lead is prized for properties such as high density, ease of fabrication, chemical stability in air and water, ability to absorb high energy radiation, and for its electrochemistry, especially the reaction with sulfuric acid. The lead–acid storage battery is used worldwide. Lead also forms alloys and compounds.Lead is generally recovered from ores containing 2–6% lead sulfide. After concentration, the sulfide is smelted to metal, refined to remove impurities, and the valuable by‐products such as silver and gold recovered. Refining and by‐product recovery are achieved by traditional pyrometallurgical and electrolytic methods. These primary production methods are described.Recycling of the lead in scrap lead–acid batteries is steadily increasing and, in the United States, accounts for two‐thirds of the lead consumed annually. Secondary production methods are described, including technologies under development to improve recycling capabilities.The principal metals alloyed with lead are antimony, arsenic, calcium, copper, tin, tellurium, and silver. Minor alloying elements are cadmium, bismuth, selenium, indium, aluminum, and strontium.Lead alloys are generally melted and cast into molds to produce useful shapes. The alloys are also rolled, extruded, and forged. The primary use for lead alloys is in the production of battery parts for lead–acid batteries. Smaller but significant uses are ammunition, cable sheathing, sheet for roofing and construction, insoluble anodes, solders, and special low melting point materials.Lead is toxic to the kidney, cardiovascular system, developing red blood cells, peripheral and central nervous systems, testes, and fetus. Exposure to lead may occur from a variety of occupational and nonoccupational sources. Exposure, toxicity, and detection of lead in humans is discussed as is the treatment of lead poisoning.
Polymers of Higher Olefins
Authors: Kissin Yury V. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis article describes polymeric materials derived from higher olefins, α‐olefins with carbon atom numbers 4 and higher, and from cycloolefins. Both higher α‐olefins and cycloolefins can produce homopolymers and copolymers with lighter olefins, mostly with ethylene. Crystalline polymers of higher α‐olefins belong to two classes of stereoregular polymers, isotactic and syndiotactic. Isotactic polymers are produced with two types of catalysts, heterogeneous Ziegler–Natta catalysts and some bridged metallocene catalysts. Other types of metallocene catalysts produce either crystalline syndiotactic polymers or amorphous atactic polymers. Higher α‐olefins can also be polymerized with cationic initiators to amorphous oligomeric materials. Cycloolefins are polymerized via two different mechanisms: the ring‐opening metathesis reaction catalyzed with tungsten, ruthenium, or molybdenum compounds, and polymerization reactions without cycle opening catalyzed with metallocene complexes.Several types of polymers and copolymers of higher α‐olefins and cycloolefins are produced commercially:Isotactic crystalline poly(1‐butene) (PB) and poly(4‐methyl‐1‐pentene) (PMP).Oligomers of linear α‐olefins, viscous liquids.Copolymers of cycloolefins, such as cyclopentene or norbornene, and ethylene, tough amorphous transparent plastics.Polymers of cycloolefins, poly(dicyclopentadiene), poly(cyclooctene), and poly(norbornene).Copolymers of higher α‐olefins with ethylene containing from 6 to 50 wt% of higher α‐olefins. Due to high commercial significance of these materials, they are described in a separate article, “Polyethylene, Linear Low Density”.Crystalline PB is used to manufacture pipe, tubing, and blown film. Crystalline PMP is a highly transparent plastic. It is used for the manufacture of medical equipment, chemical laboratory equipment, and a variety of injection‐molded articles. Liquid oligomers of higher linear α‐olefins produced with cationic initiators have found wide applications as base oils in the formulation of various industrial lubricants. They are used in synthetic lubricating oils for cars, transformer oils, transmission and crankcase fluids, etc. Copolymers of cycloolefins and ethylene are amorphous materials with high glass points. They are used as transparent specialty plastics with high toughness. Polymer of cyclooctene is an elastic material of low crystallinity; it is mostly used as a component in rubber, poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC)‐ and poly (styrene) (PS)‐based compositions. Cured liquid‐molding resins based on poly(dicyclopentadiene) are used for the manufacture of automotive parts for trucks, snowmobiles, wheel loaders, and recreational vehicles.
Water soluble copolymers for calcium carbonate and calcium sulphate scale control in cooling water systems
Authors: Shakkthivel P. , Ramesh D. , Sathiyamoorthi R. , Vasudevan T. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractMineral scales are formed in cooling water systems and they cause heat transfer problems. Much research has been carried out to reduce the carbonate and sulphate scales of calcium. To inhibit the scale formation in cooling water systems, vinyl acetate–acrylic acid (VA–AA) and vinyl acetate– methacrylic acid (VA–MAA) copolymers were synthesized, characterized, and the ability of the polymers to mitigate the calcium carbonate and calcium sulphate scale formation was tested through chemical screening, constant potential electrolysis, and electrochemical impedance techniques. XRD (X‐ray diffraction) and SEM (scanning electron microscope) studies were performed to understand the morphological changes of the scales in the presence of the polymers. The biocidal, gelation, and iron dispersion ability of the polymers were also noted. Among the two threshold inhibitors, VA–AA shows slightly better antiscaling properties even at higher temperatures and pH for both CaCO3 and CaSO4 scales compared to the methacrylic copolymer. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 1451–1459, 2005
C‐reactive protein co‐expresses with tumor necrosis factor‐α in the myocardium in human dilated cardiomyopathy
Authors: Satoh Mamoru , Nakamura Motoyuki , Akatsu Tomonari , Shimoda Yudai , Segawa Ikuo , Hiramori Katsuhiko 
Published: March 2005

AbstractBackgroundC‐reactive protein (CRP) has recently been reported to be present in cardiac tissue and to stimulate the production of proinflammatory cytokines. Cardiac expression of tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM).AimsTo determine whether CRP co‐expresses with TNF‐α in the myocardium and to examine its association with clinical features in patients with DCM.Methods and resultsEndomyocardial biopsy tissues were obtained from 41 DCM patients and 16 controls by right ventricular endomyocardial biopsy. Levels of CRP and TNF‐α mRNA were measured by real‐time RT‐PCR. Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization were performed to identify the cellular sources of CRP and TNF‐α. Both CRP and TNF‐α mRNA were expressed in myocardium obtained from DCM patients, but not in controls. A positive correlation was found between CRP and TNF‐α levels. CRP/TNF‐α double staining was found to be colocalized in the cardiomyocytes of DCM patients. Both forms of mRNA were also expressed in cardiomyocytes. Both CRP and TNF‐α mRNA levels were negatively correlated with systolic function and positively correlated with left ventricular volume in DCM patients. These mRNA levels were lower in DCM patients treated with a combination of spironolactone and either angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) or angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers (ARBs) than in patients not treated with these drugs.ConclusionCardiac expression of CRP with TNF‐α may function as a proinflammatory mediator in DCM and may be related to the clinical severity of DCM. Expression of both of these proteins was decreased in DCM patients receiving spironolactone and either ACEIs or ARBs.
Do climate and fishing influence size-based indicators of Celtic Sea fish community structure?
Authors: Blanchard Julia L. , Dulvy Nicholas K. , Jennings Simon , Ellis James R. , Pinnegar John K. , Tidd Alex , Kell Laurence T. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Ecosystem-based management requires the development of indicators that allow anthropogenic impacts to be detected against the background of natural variation. Size-based community metrics are potentially useful indicators because of their theoretical foundation and practical utility. Temporal and spatial patterns in size-based community metrics for Celtic Sea fish are described and calculated using data from the English groundfish survey of the area (1987–2003). The results reveal that the size structure of the community has changed over time, and that a decrease in the relative abundance of larger fish was accompanied by an increase in smaller fish (4–25 g). Temporal analyses of the effects of fishing and climate variation suggest that fishing generally has had a stronger effect on size structure than changes in temperature. Therefore, size-based metrics respond clearly to the effects of fishing even in variable environments, reflecting the ubiquity of size-based processes in defining community structure and responses to mortality. Spatial analyses were inconclusive, probably owing to the limited area for which fishing effort, temperature, and survey data were all available.
Assembly rules and community models for unicellular organisms: patterns in diatoms of boreal streams
Authors: HEINO JANI , SOININEN JANNE 
Published: March 2005

Summary1. Many studies have addressed either community models (e.g. Clementsian versus Gleasonian gradients) or assembly rules (e.g. nestedness, checkerboards) for higher plant and animal communities, but very few studies have examined different non‐random distribution patterns simultaneously with the same data set. Even fewer studies have addressed generalities in the distribution patterns of unicellular organisms, such as diatoms.2. We studied non‐randomness in the spatial distribution and community composition of stream diatoms. Our data consisted of diatom surveys from 47 boreal headwater streams and small rivers in northern Finland. Our analytical approaches included ordinations, cluster analysis, null model analyses, and associated randomisation tests.3. Stream diatom communities did not follow discrete Clementsian community types, where multiple species occur exclusively in a single community type. Rather, diatom species showed rather individualistic responses, leading to continuous Gleasonian variability in community composition.4. Although continuous variability was the dominating pattern in the data, diatoms also showed significant nestedness and less overlap in species distribution than expected by chance. However, these patterns were probably only secondary signals from species’ individualistic responses to the environment.5. Although unicellular organisms, such as diatoms, differ from multicellular organisms in several biological characteristics, they nevertheless appear to show largely similar non‐random distribution patterns previously found for higher plants and metazoans.
Invertebrate seedbanks: rehydration of soil from an unregulated river floodplain in the south‐eastern U.S.
Authors: TRONSTAD LUSHA M. , TRONSTAD BRYAN P. , BENKE ARTHUR C. 
Published: March 2005

Summary1. We investigated the responsiveness of aquatic invertebrates to rehydration of floodplain soil in a south‐eastern U.S. river floodplain. Non‐inundated soil divots containing invertebrate seedbanks were collected from three floodplain elevations with different inundation histories (inundated for 2, 38, and 78% of a year), and subjected to rehydration (experimental inundation) in aquaria for 10 weeks.2. Before rehydration, samples were collected to assess the initial density and composition of invertebrates in non‐inundated soil at each elevation. After rehydration, benthic samples were collected biweekly and emergence of aquatic insects was collected weekly from aquaria.3. The surviving invertebrates were classified as aquatic, semi‐aquatic and terrestrial. Some aquatic invertebrates survived the non‐inundated period in an active state (e.g. Chironomidae and Ceratopogonidae), while others appeared to be dormant (e.g. Heptageniidae, microcrustaceans and Chironomidae). The response for several invertebrates (e.g. Chironominae, Oligochaeta, Collembola and terrestrial invertebrates) depended on the length of rehydration and inundation history.4. The capacity of aquatic invertebrates to survive and recover was greatest at the most frequently inundated site. Despite variation in floodplain environments, both active and dormant invertebrates persisting in non‐inundated floodplain soil contributed to the floodplain assemblage during flooding. Thus, maintaining the connection between river and floodplain appears to be important in sustaining the invertebrate seedbank and its capacity to recover during inundation. River channelisation and regulation that severs this connection may result in a loss of diversity and abundance.
Uterine rupture after induction of labour in women with previous caesarean section
Authors: Kayani Salma Imran , Alfirevic Zarko 
Published: March 2005

Background  The issues related to safety of induction of labour in women with previous caesarean section remain controversial. The main adverse outcome fuelling this debate is a ‘small’ risk of uterine rupture that is potentially devastating for both the mother and the fetus.Objective  To estimate the risk of uterine rupture or dehiscence in women who require induction of labour with previous caesarean sections.Design  Five year retrospective review of computerised hospital records and case note review of index cases.Setting  Large inner city teaching hospital.Population  Two hundred and five women who had their labour induced with history of one lower segment caesarean section.Methods  This study was conducted at Liverpool Women's Hospital, a tertiary referral centre, with approximately 6000 births per annum. We searched the hospital's computerised records of deliveries from June 1997 to June 2002 and reviewed all indications and outcomes of induction of labour in women with one previous caesarean section. Women with singleton pregnancy and cephalic presentation were then divided into three groups: those with one previous caesarean section and no previous vaginal deliveries, those whose last delivery was a caesarean section but had delivered vaginally before and those whose last delivery was by vaginal route, but had had one caesarean section in the past.Main outcome measures  Uterine rupture or dehiscence, adverse neonatal outcome.Results  Two hundred and five women were included. There were four cases of uterine rupture and one dehiscence (2.4%, 95% CI 0.8–5.6%). Two babies were profoundly acidotic at birth, but all five neonates were healthy when discharged from hospital with no long term morbidity. All five cases occurred in the group of women with no previous vaginal deliveries. The intrauterine pressure catheter recordings had contributed to the diagnosis of uterine rupture/dehiscence in three out of five cases.Conclusion  In women with previous caesarean section and no vaginal deliveries, induction of labour carries a relatively high risk of uterine rupture/dehiscence despite all precautions, including intrauterine pressure monitoring.
A randomised controlled trial of vitamin E in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhoea
Authors: Ziaei S. , Zakeri M. , Kazemnejad A. 
Published: March 2005

Objective  To study the effect of vitamin E in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhoea.Design  A randomised, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial.Setting  A secondary school in Tehran, Iran.Population  Two hundred and seventy‐eight girls aged 15–17 years who suffered from primary dysmenorrhoea.Methods  Participants were given 200 units of vitamin E or placebo twice a day, beginning two days before the expected start of menstruation and continued through the first three days of bleeding. Treatment was continued over four consecutive menstrual periods.Main outcome measures  The severity and duration of pain, and the amount of menstrual blood loss, at two and four months. A visual analogue scale (VAS) was used to record pain, and a validated Pictorial Blood Loss Assessment Chart (PBLAC) to measure menstrual loss.Results  In the vitamin E group, pain severity was lower with vitamin E at two months (median VAS score 3 vs 5, P > 0.001) and four months (0.5 vs 6, P > 0.001), pain duration was shorter at two months (mean 4.2 [7.1] hours vs 15 [17], P > 0.001) and at four months (1.6 [4.0] hours vs 17 [18] hours, P > 0.0001), and blood loss assessed by PBLAC score was lower at two months (54 [31] vs 70 [40], P > 0.0001) and at four months (46 [28] vs 70 [37], P > 0.0001).Conclusion  Vitamin E relieves the pain of primary dysmenorrhoea and reduces blood loss.