bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Women as Sources of Redemption and Knowledge In Early Christian Traditions
Authors: Streete Gail Corrington 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Christianity developed within a matrix of religious traditions, nearly all of which promised what they defined as salvation. For Judaism and the other Greco Roman religious traditions that influenced formative Christianity in the period from the first through the fourth and early fifth centuries of the Common Era, the term “salvation” could be understood as embracing three general categories. In the first, salvation denoted safety, rescue, or being made secure by a powerful force that overcame other powerful and hostile forces rendering one’s existence in this world and the next powerless and helpless. Salvation could also mean “salvage,” the restoration of the person or the world to some original but lost perfection or, at the very least, the removal of the restrictions of suffering, limit and death that hedged about the human situation.
Helping others speak better
Authors: Bailey Edward P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Perhaps you have people working for you who give presentations. Or there’s a co-worker or friend who needs some help. How can you help them become better speakers? Too often, those helping with a presentation simply look through the other person’s transparencies and then offer suggestions. However, that’s often too late in the process. And, because there’s no rehearsal, it doesn’t show what will happen when the person actually stands up.
The Aesthetics of Suffering
Authors: Ross Ellen M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter sets before us the visual world of medieval reflection on the figure of the suffering Jesus. I consider images of the suffering Jesus in two media: medieval church wall paintings and manuscript illuminations, particularly illuminations from Psalters and Books of Hours. My analysis of representative set tings in which artistic depictions of the suffering Jesus appear demonstrates that for medieval Christians, the portrayal of the suffering Jesus made tangible and palpable the mercy of God. The suffering Jesus was the primary expression of the deep and abiding love of the medieval God for the world, a love so great that it foreordained the death of God’s son.
The Social Principle
Authors: Wigger John H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like all popular religious movements, American Methodism was, at heart, a local event. Its itinerant plan ensured both that each community would have some direct connection with the movement as a whole and that lay members would have a remarkable degree of input in shaping the character of the church. On the standard four weeks’ circuit, an itinerant might visit each society only twice a month, and then only rarely on a Sunday. At all other times the administration of the church was in the hands of local preachers, lay exhorters, stewards, and class leaders. The continuity of the class meetings, quarterly meetings, love feasts, and camp meetings, and the constancy of Methodist discipline, all acted as a counter weight to the transience of the itinerancy. Together, these community events did much to define the “movement culture” of Methodism’s connectional system. They prevented American Methodism from either splintering into a se ries of disjointed revivals or turning to congregationalism. No other religious movement of the period, including the Baptists, could call on such a uniform set of nationally recognized institutions. No labor association could match the national scope of Methodism’s appeal among artisans and middling folk of the early republic.
Quincas Borba
Authors: Machado De Assis Joaquim Maria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Along with The Posthumous Memoirs of Br's Cubas and Dom Casmurro, Quincas Borba is one of Machado de Assis' major works and indeed one of the major works of nineteenth-century fiction. With his uncannily postmodern sensibility, his delicious wit, and his keen insight into the political and social complexities of the Brazilian Empire, Machado opens a fascinating world to English-speaking readers. When the mad philosopher Quincas Borba dies, he leaves to his friend Rubiao the entirety of his wealth and property, with a single stipulation: Rubiao must take care of Quincas Borba's dog, who is also named Quincas Borba, and who may indeed have assumed the soul of the dead philosopher. Flush with his newfound wealth, Rubiao heads for Rio de Janeiro and plunges headlong into a world where fantasy and reality become increasingly difficult to keep separate. We encounter roses that speak to each other, discussing the character and actions of their owner, Sofia; even the stars above occasionally comment, sarcastically, on the humans below. When Rubiao falls in love with the wife of his best friend, we see adultery as yet another betrayal of reality. Rubiao's own hold on reality becomes ever more tenuous as he makes elaborate plans for his marriage, even though he has no bride, and fantasizes that he has become Napoleon III. The very nature of reality, the novel seems to be saying, is an agreed-upon fiction told by an unreliable narrator. Brilliantly translated by Gregory Rabassa, Quincas Borba is a masterful satire not only on life in Imperial Brazil but the human condition itself.
Introduction
Authors: Farber Daniel A , Sherry Suzanna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Robert Bork was nominated for the U.S. Supreme Court, one of his former colleagues at Yale explained why the Senate shouldn’t worry about Bork’s somewhat intemperate scholarship. Since becoming a judge, the colleague explained, Bork had changed his reasoning style. Then came the zinger: This eminent professor testified that Bork’s “abandonment of his slashing and extreme style in favor of a judicious incremental approach to thinking about the law ... disqualifies him for a reappointment at Yale Law School.” Apparently, only extremists make good legal academics. Reason, moderation, and common sense may be positive traits in a judge, but nowadays they are fatal flaws in a legal scholar.
Winds of Change
Authors: Vasoli Robert H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although America’s exponential leap in annulments happened suddenly, it did not develop out of nothingness. No single event or idea accounts for the seismic change in the production of decrees of nullity. Several factors were at work simultaneously, some with more impact than others. Cumulatively, however, their effect on traditional Church teaching on the permanance and indissolubility of marriage was devastating. In this chapter we shall examine some precursors to change that predate Vatican II and the impetus to change provided by the Council itself.
Building on the Groundwork
Authors: Vasoli Robert H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If in the hierarchy of influences on annulment in America the “spirit of Vatican II” and the new pastoralism vie for top honors, Gaudium et Spes, is not far behind. This section of the Council’s Pastoral Constitution of the Church in the Modem World deals with the sanctity of marriage and the family. The text appearing on those few pages, it is repeatedly alleged, signals a shift in Church teaching on the nature or essence of marriage. Before examining No. 48, it is instructive to note some prefatory remarks in No. 47. Pointed reference is made to such marital and familial “blemishes” as polygamy, the “plague of divorce,” and free love.
Psychologizing Annulment
Authors: Vasoli Robert H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Perhaps no modem society is more thoroughly smitten with psychology than the United States. A society that prizes individualism and the discipline that specializes in the study and treatment of individual behavior were made for each other. Psychology’s influence runs broad and deep. Psychologists pontificate with total aplomb on innumerable facets of human behavior. Their pronouncements are taken quite seriously, despite frequent gaping chasms between what they say and what they really know. Psychotherapy (“talk-therapy”) has ta pered off in popularity in recent years, but counseling is a leading growth industry, surprisingly resistant to vagaries of the business cycle.
Respondents and the Right of Defense
Authors: Vasoli Robert H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Virtually every facet of the American tribunal system examined thus far bespeaks an orientation toward petitioners and nullity. The proannulment hydra rears its heads even in what should be unlikely places, for example, in the role of the respondent. In practical terms, respondents fit a variety of molds. Tribunals often differentiate between “cooperative” and “uncooperative” respondents. The former are those who participate in the tribunal’s investigation, usually by testifying and perhaps by tendering names of witnesses. Many re act to a petition for annulment with equanimity, relief, or even ill-disguised glee.
Appellate Review
Authors: Vasoli Robert H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Canon law affords the opportunity to appeal a tribunal’s ruling to a higher Church court when “a party ... considers him or herself to be injured by a judgement. “ The wording of the canon, it might be noted, gives no support to the view that in an annulment proceeding only the marriage is on trial. Marriages are metaphysically incapable of considering themselves injured parties. Marriages are subject to injury sacramentally, canonically, and in terms of spousal interaction, but only petitioners, respondents, and those who might be scandalized can rightly perceive themselves as aggrieved. However that may be, let us examine the mechanics of appeal within the American tribunal system. It will be seen that appeals can take some fascinating twists and turns.
African Scripts, Graphic Practices, and Contexts of Learning and Use
Authors: Gundaker Grey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter briefly reviews some of the transatlantic resources that may inform African American vernacular practices and interact with conventional literacy. It also lays groundwork for several case studies in later chapters. Resources, as I use the term, include African writing and graphic systems, individual signs and sign complexes (see chapter 4), remnants of Arabic literacy and Muslim magic, functions and contexts of use and learning, and ideologies of inscription. Assessing the relevance of resources involves examining both the geographic distribution of sign systems-and people who use/d them-in West and Central Africa and the diaspora, and the recurrence of certain configurations of signs, functions, and contexts of acquisition and use. The claim that a “resource” has been “used” depends on configurations, not mere resemblances.
Narratives of Literacy Acquisition and Use
Authors: Gundaker Grey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter draws on autobiographical narratives and historical accounts in which African Americans describe how they learned to read and write outside school settings in the eighteenth, nineteenth, and twentieth centuries. I will not survey the history of African American literacy or literacy as a theme in African American autobiography; others have already done so.2 However, I will look at several scholars’ interpretations of the role of literacy in particular narratives. The purpose of this chapter is to trace one pattern that emerges from the interaction of conventional and vernacular approaches to reading and writing in these accounts: the relation ship of reading and writing to pointedly not reading or writing in circumstances that the narrator deems greatly significant for his or her life.
The Childish
Authors: Carter John Ross , Palihawadana Mahinda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Long (is the night for one awake): dfgha ( jagarato ratti) What is called “night” is only three watches ( yii.ma), [but] to one who stays awake it is long-that is, it seems [to be] three or four times [its actual length]. Neither the very lazy person who sleeps rolling about till sunrise, making himself food for the multitude of bedbugs, nor the sensualist who sleeps on a luxurious couch after consuming a rich meal, knows its length. [But] the one engaged in contemplation, exerting all through the night, knows its length, and the exponent of dhamma who “speaks the speech of dhamma,” the one who listens to dhamma, seated close to [such a speaker’s] seat, the one affected by ailments of the head, and so forth, the one afflicted by pain, having suffered mutilation of hands and feet, and so on, and the traveler who has set out on the road at night.
The Thousands
Authors: Carter John Ross , Palihawadana Mahinda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Here “thousand” is a word signifying a [numerical) specification. Suppose there are words that are [numerically] specified in thousands [as, e.g.,] one thousand or two thousand [words], and they are&lt;J composed of phrases that are of no avail, that do not illumine the way to transcendence, that serve [only] as descriptions of skies and mountains and forests, and so forth. [Then], as numerous as they be, so [are they] surely detrimental. This is the meaning.
The Wrong
Authors: Carter John Ross , Palihawadana Mahinda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Wholesome deeds should be performed by the layperson when the thought arises. “Let me do some wholesome act such as offering salaka alms, and so forth; [they should be performed] promptly, very promptly, thinking: “Let me be ahead, let me!” so that no one else may get the chance. And also [wholesome deeds] should be performed promptly, very promptly indeed, by the bhikkhu who attends to duties relating to preceptor, and the like, without giving the chance to another, thinking: “Let me be ahead, let me!” From wrong (hold back your) thought: papa cittamµ ( nivaraye) Hold back the mind with all might from detrimental acts like physical misconduct, and so on, or from allowing unwholesome thoughts to arise.
The Rod
Authors: Carter John Ross , Palihawadana Mahinda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
And they are indeed frightened of death too. In this discourse the wording admits of no exception, but the sense does. When a king proclaims by drum beat that all should assemble, all do assemble except the princes and ministers of the state. In the same way, even though it is said that all fear [the rod and death], it must be understood that all are frightened except the following four; the thoroughbred horse, the thoroughbred elephant, the thorough bred bull, and the influx-extinct [Arahant]. Of these, the influx-extinct does not fear [death, and the like], not seeing a “being” that can die, due to the fact that the notion of a substantial being [or self] is extinct [in such a one]. The other three are not frightened, not seeing a being [that can] become an adversary to them, due to the fact that the notion of self is very strong [in them].
The Firm in Dhamma
Authors: Carter John Ross , Palihawadana Mahinda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Were one to settle a case capriciously, One thereby does not become firm in dhamma. But the one who would discriminate Both what is and what is not the case-the sagacious one-(19.1) Who leads others impartially With dhamma, not capriciously, The intelligent one, guarded by dhamma, Is called “one firm in dhamma.” (19.2) A king does not become “firm in dhamma” even though he stays on [the task of] adjudication incumbent upon him, By that reason alone. A matter to which [he has] got down, that is to be adjudicated.
Hell
Authors: Carter John Ross , Palihawadana Mahinda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Only their exit [from this world] is qualified [by this “equality”]. Their life span [in the world beyond] is not qualified [by that]. For, having done much detrimental action, they are tormented long in hell; having done little, [they suffer] for only a short time. Because the action of both of them is indeed childish, it has been said:&lt;2l”People of base deeds, in the beyond” [Dhp., v. 306d]. The syntactical connection with the word pecca is before the word parattha [i.e., read pecca parattha to get the sense].
American Legal Thought from Prernodernisrn to Postrnodernisrn
Authors: Feldman Stephen M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
American legal thought has progressed remarkably quickly from premodernism to modernism and into postmodernism in little over two hundred years, running from the nation’s founding through today. This book tells the story of this mercurial journey through jurisprudence by showing the development of legal thought through these three intellectual periods. Feldman’s narrative revolves around two broad interrelated themes: jurisprudential foundations and the idea of progress. Comprehensive and accessible, the book draws on significant cases from Supreme Court history to provide a handy one-volume overview for law students, practitioners, and legal scholars.
Postmodern American Legal Thought
Authors: Feldman Stephen M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
America of the 1950s and early 1960s was a nation characterized by consensus and confidence.1 Many Americans, including most legal process scholars and political theorists, had believed throughout the 1950s that the nation was joined in a consensus celebrating democracy and the rule of law. Moreover, they were confident that because of American knowhow, prosperity, and power, these noble principles could not only suffuse the lives of all Americans but also could beneficently shape the entire world. Yet, this period of consensus was, perhaps, “a fool’s paradise … a time of false complacency and of hubristic and dangerous illusions.” The early civil rights movement suggested the flaws in the idea of consensus, but then widespread support for the movement itself became part of the consensus—reflecting ostensibly the American commitments to liberty and equality. And the successes of the early movement only fueled American confidence: most Americans believed that Southern racism could be defeated so that all citizens would have an equal chance to share in the American dream.
Conclusion: A Glimpse of the Future?
Authors: Feldman Stephen M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The voyage of American legal thought has here been traced from one stage to another, from one substage to another. Much of this story has turned on the interrelated ideas of foundations and progress. In the premodern era, natural law principles seemed to undergird the legal system. During the earliest decades of the nation’s history, legal and political thinkers were largely concerned with preserving the republic and its commitment to eternal and universal principles. From approximately 1820 through the Civil War, though, jurisprudents combined their conviction in the existence of natural law principles with a belief in a premodern idea of progress. Natural law still provided the foundation for the legal system, but America apparently could progress by instrumentally and pragmatically implementing those principles. As such, natural law seemingly provided both the goals and the limits for American jurisprudents and jurists as they sought to perfectly realize the eternal and universal principles. After the Civil War, American legal thought entered its modernist period with the onset of positivism: for the most part, jurisprudents repudiated natural law. Consequently, the idea of progress was unleashed from the natural law limits that inhered during the premodern era. Progress came to be seen as potentially endless, dependent solely on human ingenuity. Even with the rejection of natural law principles, though, modernist jurisprudents retained a desire for grounding the legal system on a firm foundation. Without such a foundation, modernists feared, the law would be overly subjective and relative—even nihilistic.
the church history of rufinus of aquileia, books 10 and 11
Authors: Amidon Philip R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is known of the life of T yrannius (or T urranius) Rufinus is well set out in F. X. Murphy’s authoritative biography.I He was born around 345 C.E. in Iulia Concordia (west of Aquileia). His parents were noble and wealthy, to judge from his education, which he completed in Rome. While a student there he became close friends with Jerome. Athanasius had popularized monasticism in the West during his long exile there, a year of which was spent in Aquileia around the time of Rufinus’s birth. By 370 there was an ascetic community in Aquileia that Rufinus joined upon his return from Rome. He was baptized in 369 or 370. His enthusiasm for the monastic life inspired him, as it did other Western Christians, to visit its birthplace, and he made his way to Egypt at the end of 372 or early in 373.
Book 10
Authors: Amidon Philip R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Alexander received the episcopal office after Achillas, who had succeeded the martyr Peter in Alexandria, and it was then that since our people were enjoying peace and a respite from persecution, and the glory of the churches was crowned by the merits of the confessors, the favorable state of our affairs was disturbed by strife within. A presbyter of Alexandria named Arius, a man religious in appearance and aspect rather than in virtue, but shamefully desirous of glory, praise, and novelties, began to propose certain impious doctrines regarding the faith of Christ, things which had never before been talked about. He tried to sever and divide the Son from the eternal and ineffable substance or nature of God the Father, something which upset very many in the church. Bishop Alexander, by nature gentle and reserved, desired to recall Arius from his impious enterprise and teaching by unceasing admonitions, but did not succeed, because by then the contagion of his pestilential doctrine had infected so many not only in Alexandria, but also in the other cities and provinces to which it had spread. He therefore, thinking it would be disastrous to ignore the situation, brought it to the notice of very many of his fellow priests.
Only in America? Illicit Drugs and the Death Rate from Violence
Authors: Zimring Franklin E , Hawkins Gordon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Conventional wisdom is firm in the belief that the use and marketing of illicit drugs in the United States is a major cause of homicide. Indeed, the belief that illegal drugs generate violence is one of the very few propositions that commands the agreement of both those who support the intensified prohibition of presently illicit drugs and those who urge complete decriminalization.
Introduction
Authors: Schweiger Beth Barton 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1836, the self educated son of a Virginia overseer received a call to First Baptist Church in Richmond. Jeremiah Jeter’s congregation soon moved into an elegant Greek Revival church designed by the architect of the addition to the U.S. Capitol. Jeter’s position in Richmond society led him to fault his wife for her plain dress, telling her it stung his pride for her to appear in public in dress “out of keeping with her position.” The style of his new life bred open distaste for the simple religious practices of his youth. After less than a decade in Richmond, he visited several “country meetings” and publicly proclaimed his great disappointment in them as “one accustomed to the almost perfect order of city meetings.”
City Pastors
Authors: Schweiger Beth Barton 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the 1840s, the experiences of pastors in Virginia’s towns and cities had begun to differ sharply from those in the countryside. Rural churchgoers continued to worship in simplicity and self-denial, while those in the city began to link religion with social respectability. Rural congregations consisted overwhelmingly of farmers, but urban churches attracted a growing number of merchant and professional families. Free and slave families mixed in country churches, while city congregations began to segregate.