bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cultural Adaptation and the Integration of Immigrants: The Case of Quebec
Authors: Carens Joseph H. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Considers what sorts of cultural adaptations may be expected of immigrants to a liberal democratic state by looking at the case of Quebec. Quebec is an interesting test case for this issue because it has an explicit political project of protecting and promoting a culturally distinct society. Nevertheless, Quebec's announced expectations of immigrants are remarkably modest: learn French and accept pluralism and democracy as the norms of public life. The chapter contends that Quebec's language policies and its official expectations of immigrants are morally defensible from the perspective of justice as evenhandedness because these are the sorts of demands that go hand in hand with a commitment to providing immigrants and their children with equal opportunities in Quebec and with the other rights and freedoms that a liberal democratic political community should provide to its members.
Muslim Minorities in Contemporary Democracies: The Limitations of Liberal Toleration
Authors: Carens Joseph H. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAsks how liberal democratic states should respond to immigrants whose cultural commitments are (or are alleged to be) at odds with liberal democratic norms and practices. The chapter takes Muslim immigrants as its focus because in both Europe and North America, this is the group that has most often been portrayed as a cultural threat to liberal democracy. In particular, the chapter addresses the claim that Islamic beliefs and practices are incompatible with the liberal democratic commitment to gender equality. It considers the assertion that Islam requires or warrants female genital mutilation, wife‐beating, polygamy, and a form of dress (hijab) that subordinates women. It argues that the critics of Islam misconstrue the normative issues or misrepresent Islamic norms and practices or criticize Islam for practices and beliefs that liberal democracies (rightly) tolerate in other religious traditions.
Citizenship and the Challenge of Aboriginal Self‐Government: Is Deep Diversity Desirable?
Authors: Carens Joseph H. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractExplores the possibilities of reconciling the demands of aboriginal peoples in Canada for forms of self‐government that will reflect and protect their distinct cultural traditions with the idea of a shared Canadian citizenship based on equality and political unity. It outlines the long history of the use of Canadian citizenship as a tool of coercive assimilation of First Nations people in Canada and argues that this history justifies considerable wariness on their part toward any project of civic integration. It also considers the question of whether the cultural differences between aboriginal people and other Canadians would warrant some limitations on the application of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms (Canada's Bill of Rights) to aboriginal people. Finally, the chapter argues that a unitary model of citizenship is bound to fail to achieve the civic integration of aboriginal people. It contends that a version of differentiated citizenship that makes dialogue over justice and cultural difference central is the best hope for achieving civic integration, though it is an approach that carries its own risks.
Democracy and Respect for Difference: The Case of Fiji
Authors: Carens Joseph H. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractDiscusses the case of Fiji where efforts to protect the cultural traditions of Fijians (the descendants of the indigenous population) have led to conflicts with Indo‐Fijians (the descendants of indentured workers from India), who constitute the largest other group of inhabitants of Fiji. The chapter defends the claims of Indo‐Fijians to equal citizenship in the name of democracy and criticizes efforts at political domination and exclusion that some have attempted to justify in the name of culture and history. At the same time, it defends some of the efforts to protect Fijian culture against the pressures of modern liberal institutions and values. In particular, it argues that the creation of a system of collective, inalienable land rights and the institutional reinforcement of deference to Fijian chiefs were methods of preserving Fijian culture that were compatible with a conception of justice as evenhandedness. The chapter takes up a number of questions about cultural authenticity and about the moral relevance of history.
Introduction Plotinus' Life and Works
Authors: O'Meara Dominic J. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Sketches Plotinus’ life (his education in Egypt and teaching in Rome) on the basis of a critical discussion of the biography written by his pupil Porphyry. Porphyry's method in editing Plotinus’ works (an edition known as the Enneads) is explained and conclusions drawn concerning how Plotinus wrote his works and how we might approach them.
The Relation Between Sensible and Intelligible Reality
Authors: O'Meara Dominic J. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The relation of presence or participation between sensible and intelligible reality is discussed in terms of Plotinus’ explanation of how soul is present in body (as distinct from the presence of body in body) and present to itself, the presence of soul in body signifying body's dependence on soul. How soul acts on body is also discussed.
Intellect and the One
Authors: O'Meara Dominic J. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Plotinus’ position that an (Aristotelian‐type) transcendent Intellect cannot be a first principle is presented in this chapter by means of a discussion of Plotinus’ theory of the priority of what is simple (non‐composed) as constitutive cause, and of his argument that transcendent Intellect is composite, presupposing therefore a prior cause that is absolutely non‐composite, the ‘One’.
Speaking of the One
Authors: O'Meara Dominic J. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The One, as first constitutive cause of all things, is prior to (‘beyond’) the highest form of thought and determinate being (Intellect). As such, it is not a possible object of thought and discourse. Plotinus establishes this transcendence and ineffability of the One very clearly, but also deals, as shown in this chapter, with the question as to how it is still possible to think and speak ‘about’ the One.
The Derivation of All Things from the One (I)
Authors: O'Meara Dominic J. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Discusses Plotinus’ ways of dealing with the question as to how reality derives (‘emanation’), by stages, from its first constitutive cause, the One, with regard to the derivation of the first stages, those of Intellect and of soul. The question as to whether the One necessarily produces is also discussed.
Evil
Authors: O'Meara Dominic J. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Plotinus identifies matter as absolute evil and as the principle of (secondary) evil – i.e. natural evil and moral evil (vice). This much‐disputed theory of evil is presented in its main lines, as are some of the difficulties it involves and some possible solutions. The world, as containing matter, contains evil, but this evil is integrated in a whole that is good.
Beauty
Authors: O'Meara Dominic J. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Concerns Plotinus’ interpretation of Plato's understanding of beauty, as a subjective experience (love) and as a real feature of things. Plotinus identifies beauty with form, which means that intelligible reality as a whole is beauty. The relation between beauty and the One (identified as the absolute Good) is also discussed: beauty is the light, the ‘grace’ of the Good.
The Return of Soul: Philosophy and Mysticism
Authors: O'Meara Dominic J. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Discusses ethical themes in Plotinus: the human good (happiness) and the means for attaining it. As the return of the soul to the One (the absolute Good), this involves the practice of virtue and of philosophical argument, soul thus becoming Intellect, a state that must be transcended in a union with the One. Plotinus’ ‘mysticism’ is discussed, as is an ethics of giving, in which soul, united to the Good, gives of its goodness to others.
The Minimal Theory
Authors: Horwich Paul 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The book begins by noting that the sense of mystery surrounding truth stems from the fact that we insist on an answer to the question ‘What is truth?’, and are perplexed when no decent one can be found. But once the mundane generalizing function of this concept is appreciated, we can see that a reductive analysis of truth should never have been expected. The chapter continues with brief discussions of such theories (correspondence, coherence, pragmatist, and primitivist). It ends with a summary of the objections to minimalism that are addressed in subsequent chapters.
The Proper Formulation
Authors: Horwich Paul 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe purpose of this chapter is to specify the adequacy conditions for a complete account of truth, to suggest that these desiderata are satisfied by the deflationary conception known as ‘minimalism’, and to make sure that this proposal is not confused with various superficially similar views, such as Tarski's and the redundancy/performative account. The axioms of the minimal theory are all the propositions of the form, ‘&lt;p&gt; is true ↔ p’—at least, those that do not fall foul of the ‘liar’ paradoxes. It is argued that this theory—weak as it is—is nevertheless strong enough to account for the conceptual utility of truth, and to explain the facts in which truth is a constituent. Moreover, the single unattractive feature of the theory—its infinite list‐like character—is not mitigated by accounts of truth in terms of reference or substitutional quantification. Thus, the chapter goes some way towards justifying the minimalist conception—the view that the minimal theory is the theory of truth, to which nothing more should be added.
The Explanatory Role of the Concept of Truth
Authors: Horwich Paul 
Published: October 2003

AbstractIt is argued here that the existence of various explanatory principles, couched in terms of truth, does not call for an analysis of truth—a theory of its underlying nature. In particular, minimalist accounts are given of three such principles: (1) that true beliefs tend to facilitate the achievement of practical goals; (2) that beliefs obtained as a result of certain methods of inquiry tend to be true; and (3) that the truth of a scientific theory accounts for its empirical success.
Methodology and Scientific Realism
Authors: Horwich Paul 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Insofar as the notion of truth is legitimately deployed in metaphysics and the philosophy of science, it can play no more than its minimalistic function. This idea is illustrated here via discussion of (1) the contrast between deflationism and relativism; (2) the thesis that science progresses towards the truth; (3) various debates between realism and anti‐realism (which are shown not to concern the concept of truth—rather, a single notion, fully captured by minimalism, is deployed on each side to help articulate its position).
Meaning and Logic
Authors: Horwich Paul 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe idea that truth serves merely as a device of generalization, and that this must constrain its role in philosophical theorizing, is further illustrated in discussions of a range of semantic issues: (1) the nature of understanding (including the viability of Davidson's truth‐conditional approach); (2) definitions of falsity and negation; (3) foundations of logic; (4) the existence of truth‐value gaps; (5) the import of empty names; (6) the proper treatment of vagueness and sorites paradoxes; and (7) the status of ethical assertions.
The ‘Correspondence’ Intuition
Authors: Horwich Paul 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe correspondence conception of truth involves two claims: (1) that truths correspond to reality; and (2) that such correspondence is what truth essentially is. And the minimalist response, urged in this chapter, is to concede the first of these theses (properly understood) but to deny the second. The rationale for this response is that the minimalistic equivalence biconditionals can easily be supplemented with characterizations of correspondence and fact to show that, indeed, for any true proposition or sentence, there is a corresponding fact. However, it is shown that there are no advantages—and substantial disadvantages—in supposing that this entire construction constitutes the basic theory of truth. One merely imaginary benefit is that a correspondence account, by reducing truth to reference and reference to causation, would leave us with a finite, naturalistic model—and thereby make the concept of truth scientifically respectable. It is argued, however, that reference, satisfaction, correspondence, and fact are just as non‐naturalistic, and in need of infinite, deflationary theories, as truth is.
Development Microeconomics
Authors: Bardhan Pranab , Udry Christopher 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Development Microeconomics looks at a broad spectrum of topics in development economics, combining the strength of conventional developmental thought with the insights of contemporary mainstream economics. This book intends to provide illustrations of microeconomic analyses of economic development by utilizing simple, theoretical, micro models of some of the key economic issues in poor countries. In particular, it draws upon the breakthrough in economic theory that has taken the form of an explicit treatment of information, including information in the sense of human capital and technical knowledge. Much of the analysis in this book applies the theory of asymmetric information and in the process helps explain why perfect competition models are inadequate when dealing with developing economies. Several of the chapters thus explore issues of information‐based market failures and fragmentation, incomplete and imperfect markets, dynamic externalities, multiple equilibria, and self‐reinforcing mechanisms that cause dysfunctional institutions to persist. The authors stress the necessity of balance when looking at some of the classic developmental questions—the importance of both the individual as economic agent and of cultural norms in socio‐economic interactions, the dual relationship between equity and efficiency, the importance of market rivalry, and the potential for information‐based market breakdown and coordination failure. There is also a focus on the rural and the agrarian, with chapters on rural land and labour markets, and on rural credit and insurance institutions. There are also chapters on household economics, demography, and on migration in which behavioral assumptions play a central role. Other issues studied include the environment, trade, the dual economy, intersectoral complementarities, and institutional economics.
Introduction
Authors: Bardhan Pranab , Udry Christopher 
Published: October 2003

AbstractLists some of the issues explored through micro models in subsequent chapters of the book. Also discusses the general economic methodology followed throughout the book. In particular, the assumption of maximization in household behaviour and its place in the micro analysis of farm households is examined. While there is substantial evidence of peasant rationality, there is no denying the fact that individual decision‐making is influenced by social norms and the evidence that it is prone to errors and biases. The assumption of rationality is best seen as a not untenable working hypothesis or benchmark.
Population
Authors: Bardhan Pranab , Udry Christopher 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe conventional household model of family planning focuses on the trade‐offs that households face between the number of children, investment in the children, and consumption. While the model provides insights into the fertility behaviour of families, it is incomplete because it ignores the fact that preferences of men and women regarding the number and treatment of children may differ, and because it does not consider the social context. If preferences are socially influenced, then an externality involving strategic complementarities comes into play, and this may lead to multiple fertility equilibria. Another possibility of multiple equilibria, of special relevance to economic development, arises in models where fertility decisions, the demographic structure of the society, and relative prices are linked through child labour. Poor countries may thus remain in sub‐optimal equilibria, owing to coordination failure.
Fragmented Markets: Labour
Authors: Bardhan Pranab , Udry Christopher 
Published: October 2003

AbstractOutlines models that tackle the puzzle of wage rigidity existing under conditions of severe unemployment or underemployment in developing countries. It begins with efficiency wage models of agricultural labour markets in which employers pay wages above market‐clearing levels for reasons of nutrition, morale, or the prevention of shirking and absenteeism. Next, a repeated game‐based formalization of implicit cooperation among workers that prevents wage undercutting is presented. A discussion of other, mainly social reasons for segmented labour markets follows. The last section considers rationales for labour‐tying, such as seasonality and heterogeneity in tasks.
Migration
Authors: Bardhan Pranab , Udry Christopher 
Published: October 2003

AbstractBegins with a discussion of why industrialization is usually accompanied by the concentration of industries in urban areas. It then introduces the Harris–Todaro model, which has been the dominant model of migration in the subject of economic development. In this model, a relatively high, exogenously fixed manufacturing wage pulls rural workers to the urban formal sector, migration ceasing only when the urban informal sector is large enough to equalize the rural wage with the expected urban wage. A subsequent model uses the fact of asymmetric information between employers and employees that leads to adverse selection to make the high manufacturing wage endogenous. The concluding model incorporates forward‐looking behaviour, selection, job search in the city, and the role of immigrant worker network in this search.
The Rural Land Market
Authors: Bardhan Pranab , Udry Christopher 
Published: October 2003

AbstractCommences with some comments on the evolution of property rights in land and on reasons for rural land markets being relatively ‘thin’; the rest of the chapter then analyzes the more active land‐lease market. First, a principal‐agent model of tenancy under uncertainty and private information is presented. It is shown how sharecropping may be used to deal with the trade‐off between risk‐sharing and incentive that arises in the presence of moral hazard. An extension of the model that allows the tenant to decide on a non‐labour input as well throws light on the ‘equal share’ rule in input costs. In the last section, a principal‐agent model with a limited liability constraint is used to study the inefficiency associated with tenancy when credit markets are imperfect and also to point to the possibility of a ‘tenancy ladder’ emerging for tenants with differing wealth constraints.
Fragmented Credit Markets
Authors: Bardhan Pranab , Udry Christopher 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
One aspect of financial markets that is of great relevance to economic development is the study of credit mechanism design by lenders facing private information. This chapter first develops a model of moral hazard in a rural credit market, beginning with the benchmark case of perfect competition under complete information. It then compares the loan contract offered by non‐local lenders who cannot monitor payoff‐relevant actions of borrowers with that offered by an informed local monopolistic moneylender and examines what happens in a fragmented market where villagers can choose between either contract. The next section develops, along similar lines, a model of adverse selection. The inefficiencies arising in these contracts, the potential mitigating role of collateral, and the possibility of local moneylenders earning informational rent are lessons that emerge from these models.
Risk and Insurance in an Agricultural Economy
Authors: Bardhan Pranab , Udry Christopher 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter first characterizes Pareto‐efficient allocation of risk within a community. A discussion of the documented existence of ex post insurance mechanisms within communities in less developed countries, and of quantitative studies of community‐level risk‐sharing follows. Next, the theory, including the permanent income hypothesis, and the empirics of consumption‐smoothing over time through savings and credit are studied. The two complementary mechanisms of consumption‐smoothing over time and full cross‐sectional insurance are then compared, followed by the result that if either mechanism exists and is efficient, household production is separable from preferences. In the absence of an ex post insurance mechanism, households may employ ex ante strategies of reducing income fluctuation such as choosing conservative production activities.
Interlinkage of Transactions and Rural Development
Authors: Bardhan Pranab , Udry Christopher 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Studies the economics behind the agrarian institutional arrangement of interlinked transactions. First, a model of credit‐labour interlinkage in which a landlord‐employer provides a loan to a peasant in the slack season as part of a contract that entails the latter working for him at a discount in the peak season is presented. This contract enables the landlord to extract the entire consumer surplus even though the effective interest rate charged is the landlord's opportunity cost of credit. Next, a model in which a lender‐trader obtains a farmer‐borrower's crop at a pre‐agreed price discount in exchange for providing the latter with capital, with the interlinkage in this case providing a way out of the credit market imperfection faced by the farmer, is studied. The last section of the chapter furthers this discussion on efficiency and surplus extraction by looking at some other studies of interlinked transactions, including a model of sharecropping‐cum‐credit under production uncertainty.
Human Capital and Income Distribution
Authors: Bardhan Pranab , Udry Christopher 
Published: October 2003

AbstractExplores the idea that there is joint causation between income and human capital and that this may generate a poverty trap. It first looks at empirical results on this two‐way causality, namely, at estimates of the income elasticity of demand for calories and of the effect of education on productivity. It then presents a model of income distribution in an economy with a feedback between income and human capital. The model illustrates how this joint causation, when accompanied by increasing returns in human capital investment and capital market imperfections, may result in persistent income inequality.
Technological Progress and Learning
Authors: Bardhan Pranab , Udry Christopher 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter first presents a model of learning‐by‐doing and learning from others in which farmers learn about the optimal target input for a new technology by observing the input choice and yield on their own and on neighbouring farms. Because of this ‘social learning’, dynamic considerations become relevant to the technology adoption decision. It is shown how, in the presence of information spillovers, adoption by a farmer is part of a dynamic game in which the expected level of experimentation by neighbours matters. The next section presents a model of technological change where training is complementary to the new technique. The model illustrates how imperfections in the labour market result in an under‐investment in training, and how an economy may get trapped in a poor equilibrium in which insufficient training and insufficient adoption reinforce each other.