bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Meanings of Gardens
Authors: Cooper David E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A familiar complaint one hears these days is that, for all the modern explosion of interest in gardens, an older aspect of garden appreciation has been forgotten: that of the garden’s role as a bearer of meaning. The historian, John Dixon Hunt, associates the origins of this amnesia with eighteenth-century enthusiasm for gardens that aspired to look like natural landscapes instead of providing, as Renaissance gardeners did, ‘emblems’ of nature. ‘The major loss was an idea of the garden as representing in its own way the worlds of nature’, both ‘wild’ and agrarian (1998: 273).
Civilian Immunity, Forcing the Choice, and Collective Responsibility
Authors: Miller Seumas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I explore the implications of notions of collective moral responsibility for civilian immunity in war. I do so in the context of a human rights-based just war theoretical account of the moral justification for waging war. Specifically, I argue that there are two neglected categories of civilians that ought not to enjoy civilian immunity in war. The first category consists of the members of civilian groups who have a share in the collective moral responsibility for non-life-threatening rights violations, yet are not morally responsible for the enforcement of these rights violations. Such persons are neither combatants nor their leaders; nor do they necessarily assist combatants qua combatants, as do, for example, munitions workers. The second category consists of members of civilian groups who are collectively morally responsible for culpably refraining from assisting those who have a moral right to assistance from them.
Civilian Immunity in the Precision-Guidance Age
Authors: White Hugh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Allied strategic bombing of Germany and Japan in World War II still provides the key test cases for thinking about civilian immunity in war. For good reason: sixty years on, they are still the most sustained and most lethal campaigns ever waged on civilian populations by Western democratic states. They have been extensively studied, so we have a wealth of data and interpretation to draw on. And because we mostly agree about the justice— in the sense of jus ad bellum — of the Allies’ commitment to the wider war in which these campaigns took place, they offer a kind of laboratory situation in which questions of jus in bello can be isolated and explored with greater clarity.
Content and Justification
Authors: Boghossian Paul A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Content and Justification presents a series of essays by Paul Boghossian on the theory of content and on its relation to the phenomenon of a priori knowledge. Part one comprises essays on the nature of rule-following and its relation to the problem of mental content; on the intelligibility of eliminativist views of the mental; on the prospects for a naturalistic reduction of mental content; and on the currently influential view that meaning is a normative notion. Part two includes three widely discussed papers on the phenomenon of self-knowledge and its compatibility with externalist conceptions of mental content. Part three concerns the classical but ill-understood phenomenon of knowledge that is based upon knowledge of meaning or conceptual competence. Finally, part four turns its attention from general issues about mental content to an account of a specific class of mental contents. It contains two widely discussed papers on the nature of colour concepts, and colour properties.
The Status of Content
Authors: Boghossian Paul A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An irrealist conception of a given region of discourse is the view that no real properties answer to the central predicates of the region in question. Any such conception emerges, invariably, as the result of the interaction of two forces. An account of the meaning of the central predicates, along with a conception of the sorts of property the world may contain, conspire to show that, if the predicates of the region are taken to express properties, their extensions would have to be deemed uniformly empty. The question then becomes whether the predicates are best understood as expressing properties, and hence as founded on error, or whether they ought to be understood along non-factualist lines.
Is Meaning Normative?
Authors: Boghossian Paul A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The claim that meaning is a normative notion has become very ifluential in recent philosophy: in the work of many philosophers it plays a pivotal role. Although one can trace the idea of the normativity of meaning at least as far back as Kant, much of the credit for its recent influence must go to Saul Kripke who made the thesis a centerpiece of his much-admired treatment of Wittgenstein’s discussion of rule-following and private language.
Content and Self-Knowledge
Authors: Boghossian Paul A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
1. This paper argues that, given a certain apparently inevitable thesis about content, we could not know our own minds. The thesis is that the content of a thought is determined by its relational properties.
The problem can be stated roughly, but intuitively, like this. We sometimes know our thoughts directly, without the benefit of inference from other beliefs. (Indeed, given a plausible internalism about justification, this claim is not merely true but necessary.) This implies that we know our thoughts either on the basis of some form of inner observation, or on the basis of nothing. But there is a difficulty either way. On the one hand, given that the content properties of thoughts are individuated in terms of their relational properties, we could not know what we think merely by looking inwards. What we would need to see, if we are to know by mere looking, is not there to be seen. And, on the other, there appear to be serious objections to the suggestion that we may know our thoughts on the basis of nothing.
The Primacy of God’s Will in Christian Ethics
Authors: Quinn Philip L , Miller Christian B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this paper I argue that some form of theological voluntarism ought to be the ethical theory of choice for Christian moral philosophers. The audience I hope my argument will convince consists of Christians of a fairly traditional cast of mind, and so my assumptions are things I take to be widely shared in conservative Christian communities. They will not be shared by all communities of moral inquiry. Those who do not share them may be persuaded that they cohere well with theological voluntarism; they are not likely to be convinced of its truth by my argument. It should therefore be read as a contribution to a debate within a distinctively Christian tradition of moral reflection and as an attempt to promote progress internal to that tradition. It does not aim to convince the adherents of rival traditions that are not Christian.
Introduction
Authors: Smith Virginia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In our hall hangs a nineteenth-century framed handbill, handblocked in red and blue, printed by the ‘Inmates at the Prevention and Reformatory Institute, 237 Euston Rd, London’. It used to hang in the parlour of a farmhouse near Louth in Lincolnshire, close by the chair in which, according to family legend, John Wesley sat when he came to tea one memorable afternoon.
Will I have Tourette syndrome for ever?
Authors: Robertson Mary M , Cavanna Andrea E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As we have seen, the generally accepted international diagnostic criteria for TS include multiple motor tics and one or more phonic (vocal) tics or noises, lasting longer than a year. In addition, the age at onset of TS ranges from 2 to 21 years. In the natural history of TS, the motor tics often begin 44 between the ages of 3 and 8 years, some years before the onset of the vocal or phonic tics or noises.
Which therapies are most useful for Tourette syndrome?
Authors: Robertson Mary M , Cavanna Andrea E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Both counselling and medication have proved useful in treating people with TS. Explanation and reassurance may be sufficient for many adult patients with a mild form of the condition. Similarly, parents of mildly affected children may feel that the diagnosis and an explanation about the nature of TS, plus information about self-help groups and booklets for teachers, are sufficient. The management for severely affected patients, who may have the associated features of OCB, ADHD, self-injury, or aggressive behaviour, is more complex.
A Council For All Seasons: The Creation Of The Security Council And Its Relevance Today
Authors: Luck Edward C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is commonplace to observe that the range of threats to international peace and security being addressed by the UN Security Council today is far broader than that envisioned by the founders of the world body at Dumbarton Oaks, Yalta, and San Francisco more than six decades ago. For instance, according to the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty, ‘the issues and preoccupations of the 21st century present new and fundamentally different types of challenges from those that faced the world in 1945, when the United Nations was founded.’1 Likewise, the High-level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change convened by Secretary- General KoW Annan contended that ‘the preoccupation of the United Nations founders was with State security.
The Security Council And The Great Powers
Authors: Krisch* Nico 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
International institutions and great powers often coexist in an ambivalent relationship. From the perspective of powerful states, institutions tend to appear as unwelcome constraints, as a ‘strategy of the weak’ intended to tie them down. For weak states, international institutions often represent precisely the opposite: tools of the powerful that are intended to conceal or even legitimate dominance. In a different form, these two perspectives are replicated in international relations scholarship, with realists (and Marxists) regarding institutions as mere reflections of the distribution of material power, and idealists (and to some extent constructivists) seeing in them civilizing forces in and through which fairness and justice can Xourish.
Grammatical Relations
Authors: Aikhenvald Alexandra Y , Ala Jacklyn Yuamali , Agnes Pauline , Laki Yuaneng Luma 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Understanding grammatical relations in Manambu is pivotal for understanding its grammar. A member of any major word class can head an intransitive predicate, or be a modifier in an NP. A verb as head of either transitive or intransitive predicate takes tense- and topicality-sensitive verbal cross-referencing suffixes, to mark subject (A/S) and non-subject. In contrast, if a member of most other classes is head in an intransitive predicate, it takes person-marking enclitics (§3.1). Grammatical relations are also marked by cases on nouns, on subject-non-subject basis (§3.2), and through a set of demonstratives, on an absolutive basis (§3.3).
Case Marking
Authors: Aikhenvald Alexandra Y , Ala Jacklyn Yuamali , Agnes Pauline , Laki Yuaneng Luma 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Manambu has a system of nine case forms. One can distinguish nine cases each corresponding to a form. By their functions and meanings, one can distinguish eighteen cases. At the end of this chapter, we argue for an intermediate solution. Core cases mark grammatical relations on a basic object–non-object principle (see §3.2). Table 3.5 summarizes the principles of dependent marking on nouns, and how these correlate with the cross-referencing of arguments on verbs as heads of predicates. All cases, except for the comitative, can only be marked once per NP.
Derivation and Compounding
Authors: Aikhenvald Alexandra Y , Ala Jacklyn Yuamali , Agnes Pauline , Laki Yuaneng Luma 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fully productive action nominalizations are derived through full reduplication of the verb’s root. These are discussed in §9.1.1, in the light of other functions of reduplicated verbal root. Non-productive deverbal nominalizations and a partially productive adjectivizing derivation are addressed in §9.1.2. There are no morphological means for deriving a verb from a noun. One adjective, vyak@t ‘good, beautiful’, is related to a verb vyakanaku-‘correct, improve’ via a unique process. (Neither has cognates in other Ndu languages.)
Mood and Modality
Authors: Aikhenvald Alexandra Y , Ala Jacklyn Yuamali , Agnes Pauline , Laki Yuaneng Luma 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The imperative is the main means of marking directive speech acts, including orders and requests. The subject of the imperative is marked with affixes listed in Table 13.1. The resulting forms are partially inflected. Second person imperative is unusual in that it does not distinguish number or gender. As we will see in 13.3–5 below, number and gender meanings can be disambiguated through personal pronouns. First person imperative distinguishes three numbers, but no genders; and third person imperative distinguishes two genders in the singular and no genders in dual or plural, just as expected.
Verb Compounding
Authors: Aikhenvald Alexandra Y , Ala Jacklyn Yuamali , Agnes Pauline , Laki Yuaneng Luma 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Manambu has a wide variety of compound verbs which can consist of two or three roots. Their meanings include cause-effect, sequence of sub-events, and aktionsart. One or two components can undergo full reduplication (see §12.8.2). Verb compounds form one grammatical and one phonological word. Their components are strictly contiguous: no other element can intervene between them. The components cannot have separate value of tense, aspect, mood, action focus, modality, or polarity. A compound is marked just once for each of the appropriate categories. All compounds have fused argument structure: that is, they share all the core and peripheral arguments. Two identical verbs cannot occur in one compound. Compounds account for about 20 per cent of verbs in texts and conversations. The productivity of compounds varies, depending on their type. Components of a compound always occur in a fixed order. The only exception in the corpus is the pair taka-t@p-(put-close) ‘prevent (from seeing), block’ and t@p@-taka-(close-put) ‘cover (the surface of something); prevent from seeing’: these only partly overlap in their meanings (see §15.3 (A7 and A8) ).
Clause Types and Discourse-Pragmatic Devices
Authors: Aikhenvald Alexandra Y , Ala Jacklyn Yuamali , Agnes Pauline , Laki Yuaneng Luma 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A noun phrase in Manambu is composed of a head—usually, a noun—and one or more modifiers. If the noun head is omitted, a modifier can be used in headless noun phrases. Closed classes differ in terms of whether they can occur as NP heads—this is summarized in Table 10.11 in §10.7. If a noun phrase is headed by a pronoun, no further modifiers can be used. Inflected verbs within relative clauses, nouns, adjectives, and a number of closed classes (personal pronouns, indefinite pronoun n@k@-‘other, another’, quantifiers, and numbers) can all be modifiers in a noun phrase. We recall (§4.1.1) that prehead modifiers take a linker which is only partially predictable. The most frequent order of modifiers in a noun phrase is in Scheme 20.1.
Measuring habitat
Authors: Babbitt Kimberly J , Veysey Jessica S , Tanner George W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Understanding wildlife–habitat relations is fundamental to sound management and conservation and provides important basic information on species’ ecology. Obtaining accurate information on amphibian habitat associations can be challenging as many species have complex life cycles requiring very different habitat types during different life-history stages, and many species are highly cryptic during much of the year. However, numerous amphibian species are experiencing significant threats from habitat loss and degradation. Better information on habitat requirements and habitat use is necessary to understand how these changes affect habitat suitability for different species and to improve management targeted at enhancing amphibian habitat.
Physiological ecology: field methods and perspective
Authors: Lillywhite Harvey B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Both public and scientific awareness of the phenomenon of “amphibian declines” (Blaustein and Wake 1995) have focused the importance of understanding the physiological underpinnings of amphibian diversity, distribution, and survival in varied and challenging environments. Contributions to understanding of ecology have been important goals of physiologists and integrative biologists interested in the structure, function, and behavior of amphibians (Feder and Burggren 1992). Such studies are rich in history and possibilities considering the biological diversity and evolutionary responses of amphibians to varied and extensive environments. These range from caves and subterranean burrows to high tree canopies, from forests to scrub and deserts, and from tropical lowlands to mountain tops. For many species complex life cycles connect developmental stages with both aquatic and terrestrial environments.
Genetics in field ecology and conservation
Authors: Beebee Trevor J C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The genetic analysis of wild populations has become increasingly popular with the advent of techniques based on large-scale and non-destructive sampling. Nevertheless, using molecular methods remains one of the most expensive and time-consuming aspects of ecological research. It is therefore important to consider carefully when it is useful to acquire genetic data. Certainly there are such circumstances for amphibian researchers (Beebee 2005). Areas in which genetics can be invaluable include the following. Identification of cryptic species or life stages. There are many examples among the amphibia of difficulties with identification based on morphology alone. This can be true for adults, but is a more common problem with larvae. Molecular genetic markers permit species identification in virtually all situations.
Disease monitoring and biosecurity
Authors: Green D Earl , Gray Matthew J , Miller Debra L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Understanding and detecting diseases of amphibians has become vitally important in conservation and ecological studies in the twenty-first century. Disease is defined as the deviance from normal conditions in an organism. The etiologies (causes) of disease include infectious, toxic, traumatic, metabolic, and neoplastic agents. Thus, monitoring disease in nature can be complex. For amphibians, infectious, parasitic, and toxic etiologies have gained the most notoriety. Amphibian diseases have been linked to declining amphibian populations, are a constant threat to endangered species, and are frequently a hazard in captive breeding programs, translocations, and repatriations. For example, a group of viruses belonging to the genus Ranavirus and the fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis are amphibian pathogens that are globally distributed and responsible for catastrophic population die-offs, with B. dendrobatidis causing known species extinctions (Daszak et al. 1999; Lips et al. 2006; Skerratt et al. 2007). Some infectious diseases of amphibians share similar pathological changes; thus, their detection, recognition, and correct diagnosis can be a challenge even by trained veterinary pathologists or experienced herpetologists.
Conservation and management
Authors: Dodd C Kenneth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Considering the large number of amphibian species and the diversity of life histories, potential conservation strategies are likewise diverse and may be complex. Beyond a few guiding principles, such as the need for planning and setting objectives, understanding life-history constraints, and protecting existing habitats and ecosystem function, there are no standardized approaches that will be applicable to all situations. In the brief discussion that follows, I outline some important considerations and various management approaches that have proved successful in particular instances, and I provide references that contain more extended discussions. Specific information on management options for amphibian conservation are available in Beebee (1996), Gent and Gibson (1998), Scoccianti (2001), Kingsbury and Gibson (2002), Semlitsch (2003), Bailey et al. (2006), and Mitchell et al. (2006).
The Use Of Callous-Unemotional Traits To Define Important Subtypes Of Antisocial And Violent Youth
Authors: Frick Paul J , Petitclerc Amelie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Research has consistently indicated that serious and violent adult offenders often show histories of antisocial and aggressive behaviour dating back to early childhood (Marshall & Cooke, 1999). Similarly, within juvenile samples, serious and violent offenders often show a history of conduct problems that pre-date their illegal acts (Vermeiren, 2003). Thus, understanding serious and violent offending is intertwined with understanding broader patterns of antisocial and aggressive behaviour in children and adolescents. Given their link to violence, it is not surprising that there is rather extensive research literature investigating the development, assessment, prevention, and treatment of serious of conduct problems in youth (Loeber & Farrington, 2000; Raine, 2002; Dodge & Pettit, 2003; Vermeiren, 2003; Frick, 2006).
Aggression In Young Children With Concurrent Callous-Unemotional Traits: Can The Neurosciences Inform Progress And Innovation In Treatment Approaches?
Authors: Dadds Mark R , Rhodes Tracy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Violence and antisocial behaviour (VAB) are a consistent and central feature of human history. Approaches to understanding their causes, manifestations, and remediation cover all aspects of human endeavour: religious, sociological, medical, legal, and ethological. The focus of this chapter is the use of the emerging tools of neuroscience and psychology to present a speculative discussion of one particular type of VAB: the individualistic type that characterizes the life histories of a small but significant number of people, usually males, in all societies. By this, we mean a chronic pattern of self-interested behaviour that offends the rights of and thus causes harm to other people, and society in general.
Effective Psychological Interventions For Child Conduct Problems: Current Evidence And New Directions
Authors: Mccrory Eamon , Farmer Elly 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Conduct Disorder (CD) is a diagnostic category defined by a persistent pattern of antisocial and aggressive externalizing behaviours, including fighting, lying, stealing, cruelty, and a variety of violations of other people’s rights. Often, the disorder is preceded by the Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD). This chapter uses the term conduct problems to span the array of child behaviour problems that might be regarded as ‘undercontrolled’ (Achenbach, 1985). The societal impact of CD is enormous. Children presenting with CD are often impaired across multiple domains, showing poor social skills, educational underachievement, and psychopathology (Frick, 1998). These personal costs occur alongside the significant economic costs to society in relation to residential care, policing, prosecution, and poor social, educational, and health outcomes (Scott et al., 2001). These factors do not take into account either lost productivity nor the emotional and psychological impact of antisocial behaviour on victims.