bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physiotherapy, Steroid Injections, or Rest for Lateral Epicondylosis? What the Evidence Suggests
Authors: Nimgade Ashok , Sullivan Meaghan , Goldman Rose 
Published: August 2005

AbstractObjective:  To identify effective lateral epicondylosis interventions and assess the quality of research over time.Methods:  Relevant MEDLINE and EMBASE searches respectively yielded 226 and 187 potential studies. Additional citations were extracted from bibliographies. Thirty controlled trials met inclusion criteria. The Cochrane Collaboration guidelines “quality score” served to rate studies.Results:  In the short term (<2 to 3 months) steroid injections and physiotherapy outperformed relative rest. Physiotherapy appears efficacious regardless of time frame. After 3 months, active physiotherapy outperforms injections, but does not appear significantly better than rest. Evidence was neutral or insufficient regarding ultrasound, splinting, or manipulation. Nonsignificant correlations between publication year and study quality score were found.Conclusions:  Overall research quality has not improved with time. Steroid injections appear the most successful short‐term intervention for pain relief. Active physiotherapy appears efficacious regardless of time frame.
In vitro cell‐type specific biological response of human periodontally related cells to platelet‐rich plasma
Authors: Annunziata M. , Oliva A. , Buonaiuto C. , Di Feo A. , Di Pasquale R. , Passaro I. , Guida L. 
Published: August 2005

Objectives:  Platelet‐rich plasma is a blood‐derived fraction containing high concentrations of platelets and growth factors. Applied in the form of a gel on surgical wounds, it is able to stimulate hard and soft tissue repair and has been proposed for use in the field of periodontal regeneration. However to date, little is known about the biological interactions between platelet‐rich plasma and periodontally related cells. In this study, we investigated the effects between platelet‐rich plasma and cell populations involved in periodontal regeneration, namely primary human periodontal ligament cells, gingival fibroblasts and keratinocytes.Material and methods:  The proliferation of human periodontal ligament cells, gingival fibroblasts and keratinocytes by [3H]thymidine incorporation was assessed. The alkaline phosphatase activity and type I collagen levels of human periodontal ligament cells were also evaluated by a spectrophotometric assay and western blot analysis, respectively.Results:  Incubation of human periodontal ligament cells with platelet‐rich plasma resulted in time‐dependent growth stimulation (up to fourfold of control at 72 h). Likewise, an increase in the specific activity of alkaline phosphatase (fourfold at 6 days) and collagen (twofold at 7 days) was observed. Platelet‐rich plasma also enhanced human gingival fibroblasts proliferation by twofold, whereas it inhibited human keratinocytes growth by 40%, with respect to their own controls at 72 h.Conclusion:  Cell populations related to periodontal tissue were differently affected by platelet‐rich plasma. In fact, a strong stimulation of human periodontal ligament cells proliferation, a minor increase in the growth rate of human gingival fibroblasts and a marked decrease of human keratinocytes proliferation were evident. In addition, in human periodontal ligament cells increased collagen and alkaline phosphatase activity levels were observed. These findings appear interesting in view of platelet‐rich plasma utilization in periodontal regeneration.
Dynamic soft tissue mobilisation increases hamstring flexibility in healthy male subjects
Authors: Hopper D , Deacon S , Das S , Jain A , Riddell D , Hall T , Briffa K 
Published: August 2005

Objectives:The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of dynamic soft tissue mobilisation (STM) on hamstring flexibility in healthy male subjects.Methods:Forty five males volunteered to participate in a randomised, controlled single blind design study. Volunteers were randomised to either control, classic STM, or dynamic STM intervention. The control group was positioned prone for 5 min. The classic STM group received standard STM techniques performed in a neutral prone position for 5 min. The dynamic STM group received all elements of classic STM followed by distal to proximal longitudinal strokes performed during passive, active, and eccentric loading of the hamstring. Only specific areas of tissue tightness were treated during the dynamic phase. Hamstring flexibility was quantified as hip flexion angle (HFA) which was the difference between the total range of straight leg raise and the range of pelvic rotation. Pre- and post-testing was conducted for the subjects in each group. A one-way ANCOVA followed by pairwise post-hoc comparisons was used to determine whether change in HFA differed between groups. The α level was set at 0.05.Results:Increase in hamstring flexibility was significantly greater in the dynamic STM group than either the control or classic STM groups with mean (standard deviation) increase in degrees in the HFA measures of 4.7 (4.8), −0.04 (4.8), and 1.3 (3.8), respectively.Conclusions:Dynamic soft tissue mobilisation (STM) significantly increased hamstring flexibility in healthy male subjects.
Results of compartment decompression in chronic forearm compartment syndrome: six case presentations
Authors: Zandi H , Bell S 
Published: August 2005

Background:There are few reports concerning chronic compartment syndrome producing symptoms in the forearm, although in the lower limb this is a well recognised condition. The objective was to demonstrate that chronic compartment syndrome is a cause of exercise induced forearm pain and transient upper limb dysfunction and that forearm compartment decompression can reliably relieve the associated symptoms.Methods:Six patients with a flexor compartment chronic compartment syndrome, documented by pressure studies, had forearm compartment decompression.Results:All patients had good relief of their exercise associated forearm pain following the decompression. Widening of the incisional scar was frequently reported.Conclusion:Forearm compartment decompression is effective in relieving the symptoms related to chronic forearm compartment syndrome.
IGFBP-3, a sensitive marker of physical training and overtraining
Authors: Elloumi M , El Elj N , Zaouali M , Maso F , Filaire E , Tabka Z , Lac G 
Published: August 2005

Objective:To investigate the response of the somatotrope axis (insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3)) to intense exercise in relation to tiredness.Methods:The study involved 11 rugby players who completed a questionnaire intended to evaluate fitness or, conversely, overtraining and who agreed to plasma samples being taken before and after an international rugby match.Results:The main finding of our study is that we observed strong negative correlations between IGF-1 (r = 0.652) and IGFBP-3 (r = 0.824) levels and the overtraining state estimated using the French Society of Sport Medicine questionnaire. In particular, there was a fall (of up to 25%) in IGFBP-3 levels after the match in the more fatigued subjects compared to an increase (of up to 40%) in fit subjects.Conclusions:A fall in IGFBP-3 in response to an intense bout of exercise may represent an index of tiredness in highly trained sportsmen, as indicated by the scores obtained from the overtraining questionnaire.
Nutritional supplement practices in UK junior national track and field athletes
Authors: Nieper A 
Published: August 2005

Methods:The nutritional supplementation practices of 32 national track and field athletes competing at the 2004 World Junior Championships were studied using an anonymous questionnaire. Information was sought on the prevalence and type of supplement used, the reasons for use, knowledge of supplements, and sources of information.Results:Use of supplements was widespread with 62% of respondents declaring supplement use. Prevalence in female athletes (75%) was higher than in males (55%) but was not statistically significant. No differences were found for age, training volume, or type of event. Seventeen different supplements were taken, with each athlete using an average of 2.4 products, multivitamins and minerals being the most popular. Reasons for using supplements were for health (45%), to enhance the immune system (40%), and to improve performance (25%). Of all respondents 48% believed they had an average knowledge of supplements, but three quarters felt that they required further information. Those not using supplements were more likely to think supplements were associated with health risks than those taking them (p = 0.03). Most athletes (72%) have access to a sports dietician but underutilise this resource. Coaches (65%) had the greatest influence on supplementation practices, with doctors (25%) and sports dieticians (30%) being less important.Conclusions:Supplementation practices were widespread among the population studied. The findings of this investigation could be used to enable the sports dietician and physician to identify common misconceptions held by adolescent athletes regarding nutritional supplements and to implement educational programs, which should include members of the non-medical support team.
An evaluation of mouthguard requirements and dental injuries in New Zealand rugby union
Authors: Quarrie K L , Gianotti S M , Chalmers D J , Hopkins W G 
Published: August 2005

Objectives:To document the effects of compulsory mouthguard wearing on rugby related dental injury claims made to ACC, the administrator of New Zealand’s accident compensation scheme.Methods:An ecological study was conducted. Estimates of mouthguard wearing rates were available from prospective studies conducted in 1993, 2002, and 2003. Rugby related dental injury claims were available for the period 1995–2003. Player numbers were available from 1998. Mouthguard wearing was made compulsory during match play for rugby players at under 19 level and below at the beginning of the 1997 season, and for all grades of domestic rugby at the beginning of the 1998 season. Greater powers of enforcement were provided to referees at the beginning of the 2003 season.Results:The self reported rate of mouthguard use was 67% of player-weeks in 1993 and 93% in 2003. A total of 2644 claims was reported in 1995. There was a 43% (90% confidence interval 39% to 46%) reduction in dental claims from 1995 to 2003. On the reasonable assumption that the number of players and player-matches remained constant throughout the study period, the relative rate of injury claims for non-wearers versus wearers was 4.6 (90% confidence interval 3.8 to 5.6). The cumulative savings in claim costs compared with the cost per year if claim numbers had remained constant from 1995 is $1.87 million NZD.Conclusion:Although ecological studies have acknowledged weaknesses, the findings provide evidence that mouthguard use is a simple and effective injury prevention strategy for rugby players. The use of mouthguards for all players in both matches and contact practice situations is strongly recommended.
Elucidating determinants of the plateau in oxygen consumption at o2max
Authors: Astorino T A , Willey J , Kinnahan J , Larsson S M , Welch H , Dalleck L C 
Published: August 2005

Background:A plateau in oxygen consumption (o2) is the primary means of confirming that maximal oxygen uptake (o2max) is attained during incremental exercise to fatigue. However, it is still unresolved what causes expression of a plateau ino2at the end of incremental exercise.Objectives:To elucidate incidence and identify determinants of theo2plateau in subjects of varying fitness.Methods:Thirty subjects (mean (SD) age ando2max26.9 (9.8) years and 3.4 (0.8) litre/min respectively) were separated into three groups: endurance trained (ET; n  =  9), recreationally active (Rec; n  =  11), and strength/sprint trained (STR; n  =  10). During three separate visits, subjects completed incremental treadmill exercise during which breath by breath gas exchange data were obtained. Body composition was measured using a three site skinfolds model. Force production of the knee extensors and flexors was assessed using isokinetic dynamometry.Results:o2maxwas significantly higher (p<0.05) in the ET group vs STR and Rec. The change ino2(Δo2) ato2maxwas not different (p>0.05) in the ET group (33.0 (27.3) ml/min) compared with the Rec group (30.3 (24.1) ml/min) and the STR group (44.4 (23.8) ml/min). No correlations (p>0.05) were evident between Δo2ato2maxando2max(r =  0.05), fat-free mass (r =  0.12), and muscular strength (r =  −0.12).Conclusions:The incidence of a plateau ino2ato2max(from correlation data) is not due to factors related to training status or physical fitness of subjects, but is altered by analysis and interpretation of gas exchange data.
Influence of ultra-endurance exercise on immunoglobulin isotypes and subclasses
Authors: McKune A J , Smith L L , Semple S J , Wadee A A 
Published: August 2005

Background:Strenuous exercise is associated with tissue damage. This activates the innate immune system and local inflammation. Interaction between innate and adaptive immunity is essential for maintaining health, suggesting that the adaptive immune system may also be altered by exercise.Objectives:To determine exercise induced changes in the adaptive immune system by measuring the immunoglobulin isotype and subclass response to an ultra-marathon.Methods:Venepuncture was performed on 11 experienced volunteers (six men, five women; mean (SD) age 43 (9.8) years) 24 hours before the projected finishing time and immediately after and 3, 24, and 72 hours after an ultra-marathon (90 km). Serum was stored at −80°C. IgM, IgD, IgA, IgG, IgG1, 2, 3, and 4, and total IgE were measured.Results:The following immunoglobulins were significantly (p⩽0.05) altered after the race: IgD, immediately (−51%) and 24 hours (−41%) after; IgM 24 hours after (−23%); total IgG immediately after (+12%). There were no reports of symptoms of upper respiratory tract infections after the ultra-marathon.Conclusions:In experienced ultra-endurance runners, alterations in immunoglobulin concentrations after a race suggest an enhanced immune response, including isotype switching, interactions with the innate immune system, and a secondary antibody response. These alterations may have a role in the maintenance of subject health after an ultra-marathon.
Does living in urban or rural settings affect aspects of physical fitness in children? An allometric approach
Authors: Tsimeas P D , Tsiokanos A L , Koutedakis Y , Tsigilis N , Kellis S 
Published: August 2005

Objective:The aim of this study was to investigate physical fitness in relation to fatness in urban and rural Greek children by means of allometric scaling.Methods:The sample consisted of 360 (189 urban and 171 rural; age 12.3±0.42 years) boys and 247 (125 urban and 122 rural; age 12.3±0.43 years) girls. The sample was highly representative (32–64%) of all 12 year old children registered in the prefecture of Trikala, Greece. All volunteers were assessed for BMI and % body fat, as well as sit and reach, basketball throw (BT), vertical jump (VJ), handgrip strength (HG), 40 m sprint, agility run, and 20 m shuttle run. To correct for possible associations between fatness and fitness, a single cause allometric scaling was employed using the natural logarithms (ln) of fitness parameters that were significantly correlated with the ln body fat.Results:Independent-samplesttests revealed that VJ (p<0.05) was significantly higher in boys living in urban settings compared to their rural counterparts. Similarly, BT was found to be significantly better (p<0.05) in urban girls, whereas HG was significantly higher (p<0.05) in rural girls.Conclusion:Considering that (a) only three out of the 14 possible cases (seven fitness parameters for boys and seven for girls) were significantly different between urban and rural children, and (b) these differences were not uniformly distributed in children living in either urban or rural environments, it is concluded that the place of residence has no clear impact on physical fitness as studied herein.
Exploratory Data Analysis of the Multilevel Anthropogenic Zinc Cycle
Authors: Graedel T.E. , Bertram Marlen , Reck Barbara 
Published: August 2005

SummaryA comprehensive multilevel contemporary cycle for stocks and flows of zinc is analyzed by the tools of exploratory data analysis. The analysis is performed at three discrete organizational levels—country (53 countries and 1 country group that together comprise essentially all anthropogenic stocks and flows of zinc), world region (9 world regions), and the planet as a whole. The results demonstrate the following: (1) Exploratory data analysis provides valuable and otherwise unobtainable information about material flows, especially those across multiple spatial levels. (2) All distributions of countrylevel zinc stock and flow data are highly skewed, a few countries having large magnitudes, many having small magnitudes. Rates of fabrication of zinc‐containing products for the countries are poorly correlated with rates of extraction, reflecting the fact that many countries that extract zinc do not fabricate products from zinc to any significant degree, and vice versa. (4) Virtually all countries are adding zinc to stock in the use phase (in galvanizing applications, zinc castings, etc.). These rates of addition are highly correlated with rates of zinc entering use in all regions, and are higher in regions under vigorous development. (5) With weak confidence, the rate of zinc landfilling by countries appears to be highly correlated with the rate of discard. (6) The statistical distributions of regional‐level zinc cycle parameters are approximately log normal. (7) The extremes of normalized statistical distributions of zinc flow values are broader at lower spatial levels (country versus region, for example), but regional interquartile ranges for zinc entering use and zinc discards are higher at regional level then at country level.
Glycosaminoglycans modulate C6 glioma cell adhesion to extracellular matrix components and alter cell proliferation and cell migration
Authors: Mendes de Aguiar Claudia Beatriz Nedel , Lobão-Soares Bruno , Alvarez-Silva Marcio , Trentin Andréa Gonçalves 
Published: August 2005

Abstract

Background
Adhesion to extracellular matrix (ECM) components has been implicated in the proliferative and invasive properties of tumor cells. We investigated the ability of C6 glioma cells to attach to ECM components in vitro and described the regulatory role of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) on their adhesion to the substrate, proliferation and migration.

Results
ECM proteins (type IV collagen, laminin and fibronectin) stimulate rat C6 glioma cell line adhesion in vitro, in a dose-dependent manner. The higher adhesion values were achieved with type IV collagen. Exogenous heparin or chondroitin sulfate impaired, in a dose-dependent manner the attachment of C6 glioma cell line to laminin and fibronectin, but not to type IV collagen. Dextran sulfate did not affect C6 adhesion to any ECM protein analyzed, indicating a specific role of GAGs in mediating glioma adhesion to laminin and fibronectin. GAGs and dextran sulfate did not induce C6 glioma detachment from any tested substrate suggesting specific effect in the initial step of cell adhesion. Furthermore, heparin and chondroitin sulfate impaired C6 cells proliferation on fibronectin, but not on type IV collagen or laminin. In contrast, both GAGs stimulate the glioma migration on laminin without effect on type IV collagen or fibronectin.

Conclusion
The results suggest that GAGs and proteoglycans regulate glioma cell adhesion to ECM proteins in specific manner leading to cell proliferation or cell migration, according to the ECM composition, thus modulating tumor cell properties.
The therapeutic effect of clinical trials: understanding placebo response rates in clinical trials – A secondary analysis
Authors: Walach Harald , Sadaghiani Catarina , Dehm Cornelia , Bierman Dick 
Published: August 2005

Abstract

Background and purpose
Placebo response rates in clinical trials vary considerably and are observed frequently. For new drugs it can be difficult to prove effectiveness superior to placebo. It is unclear what contributes to improvement in the placebo groups. We wanted to clarify, what elements of clinical trials determine placebo variability.

Methods
We analysed a representative sample of 141 published long-term trials (randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled; duration > 12 weeks) to find out what study characteristics predict placebo response rates in various diseases. Correlational and regression analyses with study characteristics and placebo response rates were carried out.

Results
We found a high and significant correlation between placebo and treatment response rate across diseases (r = .78; p < .001). A multiple regression model explained 79% of the variance in placebo variability (F = 59.7; p < 0.0001). Significant predictors are, among others, the duration of the study (beta = .31), the quality of the study (beta = .18), the fact whether a study is a prevention trial (beta = .44), whether dropouts have been documented (beta = -.20), or whether additional treatments have been documented (beta = -.17). Healing rates with placebo are lower in the following diagnoses; neoplasms (beta = -.21), nervous diseases (beta = -.10), substance abuse (beta = -.14). Without prevention trials the amount of variance explained is 42%.

Conclusion
Medication response rates and placebo response rates in clinical trials are highly correlated. Trial characteristics can explain some portion of the variance in placebo healing rates in RCTs. Placebo response in trials is only partially due to methodological artefacts and only partially dependent on the diagnoses treated.