bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tuning the Electronic Configuration of Oxygen Atom in Engineering Non‐Self‐Limited Nanozyme for Portable Immunosensor
Authors: Qileng Aori , Liu Weipeng , Liang Hongzhi , Chen Mengting , Shen Haoran , Chen Shizhang , Liu Yingju 
Published: November 2023

AbstractNanozymes are conceived to replace natural enzymes to avoid expensive processing techniques and fragile reservation conditions. Unfortunately, the self‐limited reaction has run counter to the desire for sustainable catalysis as natural enzymes. Herein, the universal mechanism to overcome the self‐limitation of nanozymes caused by the absorption of ions on the active sites is explored. Therefore, the dual noble metals (Au/Pt) are introduced as the center to synthesize two kinds of nanozymes with different types of central metal elements (Cu and Ce) and also compounds (metal‐organic framework and metallic oxide), showing a similar bond between a central metal and oxygen atom. The morphology characterization and density functional theory calculations demonstrate that the improvement in the electronic environment of neighboring oxygen atoms by inducing the charge redistribution via the bond between noble metals and compounds is crucial for enhancing catalytic activity and avoiding the adsorption of the nontarget substrate. This work not only experimentally proves that the adjustment on the electronic environment of adjacent atoms in the catalytic center is a feasible and universal approach to overcome the self‐limited reaction, but also achieves the application of self‐powered and portable immunosensor to broaden nanozymes in sensitive detection of illegal addition in food.
Aggregation‐Induced Emission Photosensitizer‐Armored Magnetic Nanoparticles for Sepsis Treatment: Combating Multidrug‐Resistant Bacteria and Alleviating Inflammation
Authors: Wang Jia‐Li , Chen Yuan , Song Jia‐Xing , Guo Bing‐Wei , Xia Feng‐Wei , Wan Yu , Wu Wan‐Xia , Zhang Chungu , Feng Shun , Wu Ming‐Yu 
Published: November 2023

AbstractSepsis, a life‐threatening condition stemming from an uncontrolled host immune response to bacterial infections, continues to impose a significant global burden with high morbidity and mortality. Addressing the challenges posed by antimicrobial resistance and uncontrollable inflammation remains a challenge in sepsis treatment. Moreover, traditional antibacterial materials have low bacterial trapping efficiency and inevitable prolonged circulation within the bloodstream, resulting in suboptimal antibacterial effects, metabolic complications, and undesirable side effects. In this study, an innovative solution is introduced through the development of Fe3O4@SH@TBTCP‐PMB, an aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) photosensitizer (PS)‐armored magnetic nanoparticles (NPs). It has high reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation efficiency and an exceptional ability to capture Gram‐positive bacteria with over 80% enrichment efficiency within just 1 h, even at low bacterial concentrations. Under white light illumination, 100 µg mL−1 of Fe3O4@SH@TBTCP‐PMB effectively eliminated more than 99.9% of methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Furthermore, its magnetic separation properties efficiently prevent systemic blood circulation and associated side effects. Most importantly, Fe3O4@SH@TBTCP‐PMB demonstrates superior anti‐inflammatory effects by regulating cytokines, reducing adhesion molecule expression, and managing oxidative stress levels. This multifunctional approach significantly enhances sepsis survival rates, offering a promising strategy for combating multidrug‐resistant (MDR) bacterial infections in sepsis patients while addressing inflammation‐related complications.
Toward Compact Motorized Lens: Switch and Focus a Filter Wheel with Single Piezoelectric Tube
Authors: Wang Yingzhi , Chen Weishan , Deng Jie , Li Jing , Liu Yingxiang 
Published: November 2023

AbstractMultispectral cameras (MSCs) have the capability of detecting and analyzing features invisible to human eyes and are of interest for many applications. However, the traditional MSC suffers from bulkiness since the light filtering and optical focusing mechanisms are independent. Herein, it proposed an integrated strategy that implements two functions through a tunable filtering‐focusing mechanism (TFFM), driven by two degrees of freedom (two‐DOF) piezoelectric tube actuator (PTA). The TFFM can realize light filtering and optical focusing through the rotary and linear motions of PTA. The configuration of PTA is presented, and the working principle is discussed. Then, prototypes of PTA and TFFM are developed, weighing merely 5.5 and 8 g, sizing of Ø7 × 21.4 mm and Ø35 × 7 mm, demonstrating the merits of lightweight and miniaturization. Experiments validate the effectiveness of TFFM, including multispectral images acquired with 0.1 s through rotary motion, focused images obtained with a linear speed of 60.2 mm−1s, and a series of images with different sharpness and wavelengths. The sharpness evaluation algorithms are adopted to determine the sharpest image. The work contributes to reducing the volume of MSC systems with multifunctionalities while keeping the devices simple, providing a practical and effective solution for the integrated design of MSC.
Developing Bright Afterglow Materials via Manipulation of Higher Triplet Excited States and Relay Synthesis in Difluoroboron β‐Diketonate Systems
Authors: Li Junbo , Xia Wen , Li Jiuyang , Wang Guangming , Wang Xuepu , Mo Zhe , Chen Xuefeng , Zhang Kaka 
Published: November 2023

AbstractAfterglow brightness represents one of the most important characteristics in the application of afterglow materials. High molar absorption coefficient, high afterglow efficiency, and long afterglow lifetimes are required to achieve intense afterglow. However, current strategies cannot simultaneously fulfill these requirements due to specific intrinsic problems. Here, based on the understanding of difluoroboron β‐diketonate systems, the manipulation of higher triplet excited states is conceived to selectively enhance intersystem crossing with phosphorescence lifetimes remaining long. Aromatic substrates, which possess specific HOMO levels and T1 levels, are selected for relay synthesis to form difluoroboron β‐diketonate compounds with very close‐lying S1 and T2 levels; according to the energy gap law, such systems exhibit strong intersystem crossing. Upon doping into rigid matrices, the resultant difluoroboron β‐diketonate systems display the brightest ambient afterglow that has ever been observed.
Automated, High‐Throughput Phenotypic Screening and Analysis Platform to Study Pre‐ and Post‐Implantation Morphogenesis in Stem Cell‐Derived Embryo‐Like Structures
Authors: Shankar Vinidhra , van Blitterswijk Clemens , Vrij Erik , Giselbrecht Stefan 
Published: November 2023

AbstractCombining high‐throughput generation and high‐content imaging of embryo models will enable large‐scale screening assays in the fields of (embryo) toxicity, drug development, embryogenesis, and reproductive medicine. This study shows the continuous culture and in situ (i.e., in microwell) imaging‐based readout of a 3D stem cell‐based model of peri‐implantation epiblast (Epi)/extraembryonic endoderm (XEn) development with an expanded pro‐amniotic cavity (PAC) (E3.5 E5.5), namely XEn/EPiCs. Automated image analysis and supervised machine learning permit the identification of embryonic morphogenesis, tissue compartmentalization, cell differentiation, and consecutive classification. Screens with signaling pathway modulators at different time windows provide spatiotemporal information on their phenotypic effect on developmental processes leading to the formation of XEn/EPiCs. Exposure of the biological model in the microwell platform to pathway modulators at two time windows, namely 0–72 h and 48–120 h, show that Wnt and Fgf/MAPK pathway modulators affect Epi differentiation and its polarization, while modulation of BMP and Tgfβ/Nodal pathway affects XEn specification and epithelialization. Further, their collective role is identified in the timing of the formation and expansion of PAC. The newly developed, scalable culture and analysis platform, thereby, provides a unique opportunity to quantitatively and systematically study effects of pathway modulators on early embryonic development.
Snapping for 4D‐Printed Insect‐Scale Metal‐Jumper
Authors: Yang Yang , Wang Yongquan 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThe replication of jumping motions observed in small organisms poses a significant challenge due to size‐related effects. Shape memory alloys (SMAs) exhibit a superior work‐to‐weight ratio, making them suitable for jumping actuators. However, the SMAs advantages are hindered by the limitations imposed by their single actuator configuration and slow response speed. This study proposes a novel design approach for an insect‐scale shape memory alloy jumper (net‐shell) using 4D printing technology and the bistable power amplification mechanism. The energy variations of the SMA net‐shell under different states and loads are qualitatively elucidated through a spring‐mass model. To optimize the performance of the SMA net‐shell, a non‐contact photo‐driven technique is employed to induce its shape transition. Experimental investigations explore the deformation response, energy release of the net‐shell, and the relationship between the light power density. The results demonstrate that the SMA net‐shell exhibits remarkable jumping capabilities, achieving a jump height of 60 body lengths and takeoff speeds of up to 300 body lengths per second. Furthermore, two illustrative cases highlight the potential of net‐shells for applications in unstructured terrains. This research contributes to miniaturized jumping mechanisms by providing a new design approach integrating smart materials and advanced structures.
The Cycling Mechanism of Manganese‐Oxide Cathodes in Zinc Batteries: A Theory‐Based Approach
Authors: Herrmann Niklas J. , Euchner Holger , Groß Axel , Horstmann Birger 
Published: November 2023

AbstractZinc‐based batteries offer good volumetric energy densities and are compatible with environmentally friendly aqueous electrolytes. Zinc‐ion batteries (ZIBs) rely on a lithium‐ion‐like Zn2+‐shuttle, which enables higher roundtrip efficiencies and better cycle life than zinc‐air batteries. Manganese‐oxide cathodes in near‐neutral zinc sulfate electrolytes are the most prominent candidates for ZIBs. Zn2+‐insertion, H+‐insertion, and Mn2+‐dissolution are proposed to contribute to the charge‐storage mechanism. During discharge and charge, two distinct phases are observed. Notably, the pH‐driven precipitation of zinc‐sulfate‐hydroxide is detected during the second discharge phase. However, a complete and consistent understanding of the two‐phase mechanism of these ZIBs is still missing. This paper presents a continuum full cell model supported by density functional theory (DFT) calculations to investigate the implications of these observations. The complex‐formation reactions of near‐neutral aqueous electrolytes are integrated into the battery model and, in combination with the DFT calculations, draw a consistent picture of the cycling mechanism. The interplay between electrolyte pH and reaction mechanisms is investigated at the manganese‐oxide cathodes and the dominant charge‐storage mechanism is identified. The model is validated with electrochemical cycling data, cyclic voltammograms, and in situ pH measurements. This allows to analyze the influence of cell design and electrolyte composition on cycling and optimize the battery performance.
High‐Quality Pure‐Phase MA‐Free Formamdinium Dion‐Jacobson 2D Perovskites for Stable Unencapsulated Photovoltaics
Authors: Ahmad Sajjad , Guan Ming , Kim Jinwook , He Xinjun , Ren Zhilin , Zhang Hong , Su Haibin , Choy Wallace C. H. 
Published: November 2023

AbstractIt is generally difficult to achieve high quality in low‐n‐value (MA‐free) FA‐based Dion‐Jacobson (DJ) 2D perovskites due to their low crystallinity, random well‐width distribution of multiple quantum wells (QWs) with disordered orientation, which has seriously hindered further advances in photovoltaics. Meanwhile, pure‐phase DJ 2D perovskites with uniform QWs width and fixed low‐n values are highly desirable for high efficiency and stability. Herein a novel 4APP(FA)3Pb4I13‐based quasi‐DJ‐2D perovskite is presented first, where 4APP is 4‐aminopiperidinium. The remarkable rigidity of 4APP and its strong hydrogen bonding with the perovskites prolong the perovskite intrinsic stability. the tri‐solvent engineering approach is further established by matching solvent properties to achieve pure‐phase DJ‐2D perovskites with uniform QWs width structure and finely oriented crystal grains, which enhance the power conversion efficiency of unencapsulated solar cells by 48%, representing one of the highest values in MA‐free DJ 2D perovskite with n≤4. Remarkably, the unencapsulated devices retain 95% of their initial PCE after 2000 h of operation under 1‐sun illumination at 40 °C, and 3000 h exposure in the air at 85 °C and 60–90% relative humidity (RH). The simultaneous control of rigidity and phase purity in DJ‐2D perovskites will open up new directions for fundamental research and application exploration.
The more things change the more they stay the same: Factors influencing emergency medicine residency selection in the virtual era
Authors: Li‐Sauerwine Simiao , Weygandt Paul Logan , Smylie Laura , Williamson Kelly , Burns William , Ordonez Edgar , Hartman Nicholas D. , Chung Arlene S. , Ketterer Andrew R. , Jordan Jaime 
Published: November 2023

AbstractBackgroundInterviews for emergency medicine (EM) residency positions largely transitioned to a virtual‐only format in 2020–2021. The impact of virtual interview factors on applicants’ rank of programs is unknown.ObjectiveWe sought to assess the impact of modifiable factors in virtual interviews on applicants’ rank of EM residency programs.MethodsWe conducted a cross‐sectional mixed‐methods survey of students applying to at least one of seven study authors’ EM residency programs in the United States during the 2020–2021 application cycle. The survey was developed using an interactive Delphi process and piloted prior to implementation. The survey was administered from May to June 2021 with up to four email reminders. Quantitative analysis included descriptive statistics. Three authors performed a thematic qualitative analysis of free‐text responses.ResultsA total of 664 of 2281 (29.1%) students completed the survey, including 335 (50.5%) male, 316 (47.7%) female, and six (0.9%) nonbinary. A total of 143 (21.6%) respondents identified as underrepresented in medicine and 84 (12.7%) identified as LGBTQIA+. Respondents participated in a median of 14 interviews and ranked a median of 14 programs. Most respondents (335, 50.6%) preferred a choice of in‐person or virtual, while 183 (27.6%) preferred all in‐person, and 144 (21.8%) preferred all virtual. The program website and interview social were the most important factors influencing respondent ranking. Qualitative analysis revealed several positive aspects of virtual interviews including logistical ease and comfort. Negative aspects include technical issues, perceived interview hoarding, and barriers to applicant assessment and performance. Demonstrated effort by the program, effective information delivery, communication of resident culture, and a well‐implemented interview day positively influenced respondents’ rank of programs.ConclusionsThis study identified characteristics of the virtual interview format that impact applicants’ rank of programs. These results can inform future recruitment practices.
Spawning interactions between hatchery‐reared and wild naturalized rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum, 1792) in high‐altitude tropical streams, Kenya
Authors: Njue Justus N. , Ngugi Charles C. , Muchiri Mucai , Opiyo Mary A. 
Published: November 2023

AbstractRainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is among the most widely translocated fish species in the world. The current study evaluated the spawning interactions between naturalized and wild rainbow trout from two high‐altitude second‐order streams, in Kenya. Data on total length, weight, condition factor, fecundity, fertilization, egg diameter and fry survival were collected on spawning rainbow trout between March and December 2021. Length–weight relationship showed parabolic equations as W = 0.0144L2.900, W = 0.0069L3.0285 and W = 0.00027L3.175 for wild fish stock, hatchery‐reared and wild × hatchery‐reared rainbow trout, respectively. Total fecundity differed significantly among the hatchery‐reared, wild fish and the cross of the two (p < 0.05). The fertilization rate showed significant differences (p < 0.05), with no discernable difference observed between the hatchery‐reared and crossed (wild × hatchery‐reared). There was a positive correlation among the total fecundity to female egg weight, female body weight, fertilization rate and eyed egg survival in all the populations. Relative fecundity was significantly different among the three groups of fish (p < 0.05), but the differences between the hatchery and the crossed (wild × hatchery‐reared) fish showed no significant differences. We recommend the use of crossed (wild × hatchery‐reared) populations for fry production for use in aquaculture as they presented the highest fecundity and gave the best outcome of fry with high survival.
Statement on the effects of law enforcement in school settings
Authors: Tocci Charles , Stacy Sara T. , Siegal Rachel , Renick Jennifer , LoCurto Jamie , Lakind Davielle , Gruber Jennifer , Fisher Benjamin W. 
Published: November 2023

AbstractSchool‐based law enforcement (SBLE) have become increasingly common in U.S. schools over recent decades despite the controversy surrounding their presence and lack of consensus around their associated benefits and harms. Drawing on the history and evidence base regarding SBLE, we advocate for an end to SBLE programs. Grounding our argument in principles of Community Psychology and positive youth development, we outline how the presence and actions of SBLE negatively affect individual students as well as school systems, with particularly harmful outcomes for students with minoritized and marginalized identities. Research on SBLE and school crime does not provide consistent evidence of positive impacts, and many studies find null effects for the relationship between SBLE and school crime or increases in crime and violence in schools. Though funding for SBLE is often prompted by high‐profile acts of gun violence in schools, evidence suggests that SBLE neither prevents these incidents, nor lessens the severity when they do occur. Thus, we advocate for removing law enforcement from school settings and redirecting resources into inclusive, evidence‐informed responses that are generally safer and more effective than SBLE. We close by outlining the policy landscape governing SBLE programs and ways communities can lobby for change.
Integrating Host Design and Tailored Electronic Effects of Yolk–Shell Zn−Mn Diatomic Sites for Efficient CO2 Electroreduction
Authors: Pei Jiajing , Yang Li , Lin Jie , Zhang Zedong , Sun Zhiyi , Wang Dingsheng , Chen Wenxing 
Published: November 2023

AbstractModulating the surface and spatial structure of the host is associated with the reactivity of the active site, and also enhances the mass transfer effect of the CO2 electroreduction process (CO2RR). Herein, we describe the development of two‐step ligand etch–pyrolysis to access an asymmetric dual‐atomic‐site catalyst (DASC) composed of a yolk–shell carbon framework (Zn1Mn1‐SNC) derived from S,N‐coordinated Zn−Mn dimers anchored on a metal–organic framework (MOF). In Zn1Mn1‐SNC, the electronic effects of the S/N−Zn−Mn−S/N configuration are tailored by strong interactions between Zn−Mn dual sites and co‐coordination with S/N atoms, rendering structural stability and atomic distribution. In an H‐cell, the Zn1Mn1‐SNC DASC shows a low onset overpotential of 50 mV and high CO Faraday efficiency of 97 % with a low applied overpotential of 343 mV, thus outperforming counterparts, and in a flow cell, it also reaches a high current density of 500 mA cm−2 at −0.85 V, benefitting from the high structure accessibility and active dual sites. DFT simulations showed that the S,N‐coordinated Zn−Mn diatomic site with optimal adsorption strength of COOH* lowers the reaction energy barrier, thus boosting the intrinsic CO2RR activity on DASC. The structure‐property correlation found in this study suggests new ideas for the development of highly accessible atomic catalysts.
0D Pyramid‐intercalated 2D Bimetallic Halides with Tunable Electronic Structures and Enhanced Emission under Pressure
Authors: Liu Yang , Liang Jiayuan , Deng Zeyu , Guo Songhao , Ji Xiaoqin , Chen Congcong , Canepa Pieremanuele , Lü Xujie , Mao Lingling 
Published: November 2023

AbstractHybrid metal halides are emerging semiconductors as promising candidates for optoelectronics. The pursuit of hybridizing various dimensions of metal halides remains a desirable yet highly complex endeavor. By utilizing dimension engineering, a diverse array of new materials with intrinsically different electronic and optical properties has been developed. Here, we report a new family of 2D‐0D hybrid bimetallic halides, (C6N2H14)2SbCdCl9 ⋅ 2H2O (SbCd) and (C6N2H14)2SbCuCl9 ⋅ 2H2O (SbCu). These compounds adopt a new layered structure, consisting of alternating 0D square pyramidal [SbCl5] and 2D inorganic layers sandwiched by organic layers. SbCd and SbCu have optical band gaps of 3.3 and 2.3 eV, respectively. These compounds exhibit weak photoluminescence (PL) at room temperature, and the PL gradually enhances with decreasing temperature. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that SbCd and SbCu are direct gap semiconductors, where first‐principles band gaps follow the experimental trend. Moreover, given the different pressure responses of 0D and 2D components, these materials exhibit highly tunable electronic structures during compression, where a remarkable 11 times enhancement in PL emission is observed for SbCd at 19 GPa. This work opens new avenues for designing new layered bimetallic halides and further manipulating their structures and optoelectronic properties via pressure.
A Refined Quasi‐Static Method for Precise Determination of Piezoelectric Coefficient of Nanostructured Standard and Inclined Thin Films
Authors: Garcia Manuel Pelayo , Gibson Desmond , Hughes Dave Allan , Nuñez Carlos Garcia 
Published: November 2023

AbstractPiezoelectric materials are key components for applications including non‐destructive testing, medical imaging, energy harvesting, ultrasonic sensors, and actuators. Among different materials exhibiting piezoelectricity, crystalline thin films are proposed as alternative candidates to replace ceramics due to their high integrability in micro‐/nano‐scale devices and compatibility with non‐conventional flexible/wearable substrates. To measure the piezoelectric response, Berlincourt (BC) quasi‐static method is proposed as one of the simplest, however for thin films this method has not yet been explored in sufficient detail. This paper reports the effects of measuring BC parameters on the resulting piezoelectric coefficient (d33) of sputter deposited ZnO with the shape of standard and inclined nanostructured thin films. Results provide comprehensive, reliable and repeatable information about true piezoelectric coefficient of thin films (6.0 ± 0.1 pC N−1 for standard; 24 ± 1 pC N−1 for inclined films) by selecting optimized parameters in BC measurements, including dynamic force (0.45 Npp), static force (1 N) and frequency (110 Hz), utilizing the protocol here named Method 2 for clamping the film, and measuring after the stage of high variability has passed (t >1200 s). Additionally, this modified BC has allowed the indirect estimation of stress accumulated in the ZnO lattice during measurements, offering a reliable and repeatable method for the determination of true d33 in crystalline thin films.