bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The University as the (Common) Good Place
Authors: Pampel Robert J. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the historical purposes and present realities of the college campus to assert its essential role in fostering vocational discernment and care for the common good. By drawing on student development theory and campus ecology models, it identifies the distinctive qualities of a campus that facilitate these goals. It describes and evaluates the broader responsibilities of the college campus to its surrounding community and to the wider world. Digital, transcendent spaces that foster students’ vocational growth and care for one another are also discussed. While recognizing how and where colleges fall short of these lofty goals, the chapter ultimately aims to reclaim the ideal of the campus as a “common good place” where students from various backgrounds share in collective intellectual pursuits, discern their vocations in community with one another, and build social networks across ideological and cultural divides.
Puruṣa
Authors: Robertson Matthew I. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Puruṣa: Personhood in Ancient India is a study of ancient Indic theories of personhood. It relies on an extensive historical and textual analysis to trace the development of Indic thinking about persons (puruṣas) from the earliest beginnings in Vedic India through the first centuries ce. Puruṣa discerns a sustained, paradigmatic understanding that persons are deeply confluent with the world. Personhood is worldhood. It argues for the centrality of this “worldly” thinking about personhood to Indic traditions, and identifies a host of techniques developed by traditions to expand a person to an ever-greater scope. Ritualized expansions of sovereigns to match the scope of their realm find complement in ascetic meditations on the intersubjective nature of perceptually delimited person-worlds, which in turn find complement in yogas of sensory restraint, the dietary regimens of Ayurvedic medicine, and the devotional theologies by which persons “share” and “eat” the expansive divinity of God. Whether in the guise of a king, an ascetic, a yogi, a buddha, or a patient in the care of an Ayurvedic physician, fully realized persons know themselves to be coterminous with the horizons of their world. Puruṣa is the story of ancient India’s continual quest for this realization. It challenges us to re-examine the goals of ancient Indian religions and yields new insights into the interrelated natures of religious persons and the worlds in which they live.
The Blissful Recursion of Personhood in the Upaniṣads
Authors: Robertson Matthew I. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter traces various theories of personhood contained in the early and middle period Upaniṣads. Personhood is here democratized, individualized, and framed according to a variety of themes that deploy in two successive phases. In the earlier phase, personhood is conceived by logics of light, food, prāṇa, dreaming, perception, and reproduction. Persons so conceived are spatially enigmatic—embodied yet universal, beyond dichotomies of inner and outer or self and other, coterminous with the sensible world. The latter phase introduces yoga as an organizing paradigm, according to which persons are beings seeking to master their perceptual engagement with the world in order to end their distraction, their disjunct with the world, and so become blissfully united with the cosmos in its recursive rhythms of expansion and contraction.
Theorizing Music Evolution
Authors: Piilonen Miriam 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Theorizing Music Evolution is a critical examination of ideas about musical origins, emphasizing nineteenth-century theories of music in the evolutionist writings of Charles Darwin and Herbert Spencer. What did Darwin and Spencer have to say about music? What role did music play in their evolutionary theories? What were the values and limits of these evolutionist turns of thought, and in what ways have they endured in present-day music research? The book argues for the significance of Victorian music-evolutionism in light of its ties to a recently revitalized subfield of evolutionary musicology. Taking an interdisciplinary approach to music theorizing, Piilonen explores how historical thinkers constructed music in evolutionist terms and argues for an updated understanding of music as an especially fraught area of evolutionary thought. Historical evolutionists such as Darwin and Spencer developed and applied a concept of music that served as a boundary-drawing device, used to trace or obscure the conceptual borders between human and animal. For Darwin, music served as a kind of proto-language common to humans and animals alike. Spencer viewed music as a specifically human stage of evolutionary advance, beyond language acquisition. These competing views established radically different perspectives on the origin and function of music in human cultural expression, while at the same time being mutually constitutive of one another. A groundbreaking contribution to music theory and histories of science, Theorizing Music Evolution turns to the idea of music evolution with an eye toward disrupting and intervening in these questions as they recur in the present.
Edmund Gurney’s Darwinian Music Formalism
Authors: Piilonen Miriam 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Chapter 5 turns to Edmund Gurney’s The Power of Sound (1880), one of the first examples of a post-Darwinian music theory, significantly as an instance of ideal theory in Charles Mills’s sense. Using music analysis, in the form of score studies, Gurney offers a kind of music formalism grounded in Darwinian evolution. Having developed Darwin’s ideas into an evolutionary account of musical pleasure, and having combined this with studies of form in the music of composers such as Ludwig van Beethoven, Gurney argues that “impressive” music (music with a powerful emotional affect) evokes an unanalyzable feeling that dimly recalls primal scenes of erotic courtship. This chapter critically examines Gurney’s Darwinism formalism from historical and music-analytical angles. The chapter concludes with a synthesis of current thinking about formalism in music studies in order to reflect on the ongoing implications of Gurney’s Darwinian music formalism.
What’s at Stake?
Authors: Nathan Marco J. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Chapter 1 introduces and summarizes the book. A first theme is the centrality of the concept of human nature to philosophical theory, scientific practice, and our sociopolitical agenda. A second theme is the popular sentiment seeking to replace traditional humanistic inquiries with empirical approaches. The first half of the book surveys scientific discoveries from the past five decades. Despite groundbreaking progress in the sciences, a firm grip on our nature still eludes us. The second half examines whether a robust notion of human nature is indeed required to pursue scientific and philosophical research. The answer is positive. Human nature constitutes the necessary backdrop for much discussion in both the humanities and the sciences, natural and social alike. My overarching goal is to reconcile these seemingly contrasting conclusions. Human nature is indeed an indispensable scientific construct. Nevertheless, it is a concept that science cannot explain.
Should We Be Concerned about Enhancing Our Nature?
Authors: Nathan Marco J. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Chapter 9 deals with the prospects and disquietment of artificially enhancing our human nature. Theoretical and technological advancements have progressed immensely, bestowing upon us powers unimaginable just a few years ago. These possibilities make people anxious. Are there reasons for concern? We can distinguish two families of reactions. On the one hand, bioliberals see no decisive moral or prudential considerations against the use of human enhancement technologies and their broad availability. On the other hand, bioconservatives worry about the prospects of modifying or transcending our nature by pharmaceutical, genetic, synthetic-biological, or other biotechnological means. The overarching fear is that enhancements may be “dehumanizing.” After surveying the debate, the chapter asks whether we can have a meaningful discussion of these positions without some substantive assumptions about human nature. The chapter suggests a negative answer. Both stances, at heart, presuppose a robust notion of human nature, albeit one that has eluded us thus far.
Environmental Ethics and Medical Reproduction
Authors: Richie Cristina 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Medicalized reproduction (MR) is a phrase this book will use to summarize the intervention of technology into human reproduction, from pre-conception gamete retrieval, to in-vitro fertilization (IVF), to birthing suites. It is broader than assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) and includes any form of human reproduction that relies on medical resources. MR is, very often, a lifestyle procedure that is given to meet a reproductive project. Its purpose is not necessarily to address, cure, or treat infertility but to provide options in reproduction for both infertile and fertile. MR is thus poised for environmental evaluation not only as a procedure which increases population and uses resources, but also as a healthcare offering with clinically unnecessary carbon expenditure, and a reproductive choice in a time of climate change. The book offers an applied ethics at the nexus of environmental ethics, medical ethics, and sexual ethics. The introduction situates the modern advent of MR within climate change ethics. Part I details the numerous natural resources used by medical reproduction in all its forms, emphasizing the aspects that are used by fertile people to demonstrate that it is a voluntary lifestyle choice. Part II offers policy suggestions for sustainable MR, with a particular sensitivity to the desires that some people have to be parents and the global claim for medical and climate justice. The conclusion recognizes the obligation for environmental sustainability in all areas of life, leaving the reader with a broader understanding of climate ethics.
Medical Reproduction and Gamete Retrieval
Authors: Richie Cristina 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The early stages of MR, such as fertility drugs which support gamete retrieval, are significant. Given the purpose of gamete retrieval is further resource use through storage, medical reproduction prior to insemination indicates numerous ecological concerns. In biomedical ethics, the lack of clinical indication for MR use by fertile people highlights a disjuncture between the goals of medicine and actual MR use. The elective nature of MR as a procedure which does not treat or cure a disease demands a critical reassessment from the medical industry. MR as an elective mode of reproduction, which may be used by fertile people, renders it subjected to criticism from sexual and parental ethics, ranging from fairness to children who need to be adopted, impact on women who bear the brunt of medical interventions related to MR, and the additional human carbon footprint, which contributes to both population growth and resource consumption.
Why, Even in Highly Competitive Districts, Are Candidate Positions So Different?
Authors: Merrill III Samuel , Grofman Bernard , Brunell Thomas L. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Empirically, winning Congressional candidates of the two parties from ideologically comparable districts tend to be at least as ideologically divergent in competitive districts as in noncompetitive ones. A spatial model, accounting for party loyalty and the threat of abstention, implies that positions similar to those observed in Conclusion 3.1 constitute optimal strategies for office-seeking candidates. When a party wins more seats in Congress, the overall median moves in the expected direction (left for Democrats and right for Republicans), but the party median of the winning party typically moves in the opposite direction (rightward for Democrats and leftward for Republicans).
Discussion and Conclusions
Authors: Merrill III Samuel , Grofman Bernard , Brunell Thomas L. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Tight national party discipline of House candidates in both parties generates district elections that choose party delegations to Congress that are ideologically widely separated from one another, while each party delegation separately is ideologically narrowly distributed. Most of the growth in polarization in the House is due to one link in the feedback loop: the dramatic increase in the divergence between party platforms at the district level. Winning candidates of the two parties for seats in the House, especially in recent decades, tend to be at least as ideologically divergent from the median voter in their district in competitive districts as in noncompetitive ones. Polarization between the party bases, party loyalty, and the threat of voters’ abstention all tend to lead not to Downsian convergence but to divergence toward the medians of the respective party bases, incentivizing parties and their candidates to mobilize their base rather than appeal to centrists. In conclusion, polarization generates reinforcing and exacerbating forces, and thus, even without conscious intent of political actors, polarization generates more polarization.
The Science and Public Ethics of Neuro-Chimeric Animals and Human-Brain Organoids
Authors: Evans John H. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter describes the public’s long fascination with human-animal chimeras and disembodied brains before turning to recent scientific developments. The human-animal neuro-chimeras that have been developed to date are mice and rats with some human brain components. Human brain organoids are five-millimeter pieces of a human brain grown from stem cells taken from an existing human’s body, and organoids from different parts of the brain have been connected in a dish to achieve more of the complexity of actual human brains. The chapter lays out the public’s role in deciding what technologies should be developed and describes the ethical concerns of bioethicists and scientists, which will be contrasted with the public’s views in later chapters.
The Public’s View of Human-Brain Organoids and Neuro-Chimeric Animals
Authors: Evans John H. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter begins with a description of the methods used to evaluate the public’s attitudes. In order to determine what the public thinks, as distinct from what they will agree with when explicitly asked by the researcher, experimental design vignettes were used. The vignettes for the two technologies are described, and in-depth interviews reveal what the respondents were thinking when they answered particular survey questions. The general approval and disapproval of each technology are also described, revealing broad support for research on human brain organoids but split views regarding neuro-chimeric animals.
Rethinking Our Lives
Authors: Andrews Molly 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter applies the framework of narrative imagination to an analysis of the psychological challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic. Narrative imagination brings into focus three key issues: temporal fluidity or “time traveling” in which the past, present, and future are intricately and repeatedly interwoven; the relationship between the real, the not-real, and the not-yet-real; and the complexity of constructing “the other.” The dynamic nature of the temporal includes a revisiting of the past, reimagination of present lives, and a recognition of new hoped for and feared futures. Different policy decisions and political implications are examined in terms of their status as real, not real, and not-yet-real. Finally, the pandemic revealed and exacerbated already blistering chasms of inequality—racial, socioeconomic, geopolitical—while at the same time troubling conventional discourses of “otherness.” The chapter concludes by identifying the post-pandemic task as one of (re)imagination: our once hoped for future depends on a rethinking of our past.
Introduction
Authors: Laursen Ole Birk 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This introduction provides an overview of the contents of this biography of the Indian anticolonial anarchist M. P. T. Acharya. Explaining its rationale and major arguments, the chapter situates the book within existing literature and intellectual histories of anticolonialism and anarchism, accounting for its fresh contributions to these fields. Laying out the theoretical and methodological approaches, the chapter reflects on the process of writing a biography and the search for archives. Throughout, the chapter raises several important research questions that are central to understanding the multifarious and complex nature of Acharya’s trajectory through the underbelly of global political events: nationalism, anticolonialism exile, war, revolution, communism, anarchism, pacifism, freedom, and independence. These issues preoccupy this intellectual biography of Acharya, which accounts for the complex and entangled histories of anticolonialism and anarchism through a detailed exploration of his actions, wanderings, thoughts, and connections with key actors of the time.
Anti-Communist Activities
Authors: Laursen Ole Birk 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In Chapter Eight, the book follows M. P. T. Acharya’s association with anti-Bolshevik dissidents and anarchists in Russia. Acharya worked as a journalist, writing critical articles about the Bolshevik regime for Indian papers, and started working for the American Relief Administration (ARA) alongside his comrade M. A. Faruqui as well as the Russian anarchist Abba Gordin. Indeed, it was in Russia that Acharya first turned to anarchism, having worked with Nicolai Ragdaev in Tashkent and attended Peter Kropotkin’s funeral in Moscow in February 1921, and developed a deep engagement with anti-statist politics that set him on a new path towards freedom. Acharya found love in Moscow, marrying the Russian artist Magda Nachman in 1922, but also found that his critical stance towards the Bolshevik regime was no longer tolerated, prompting the newly married couple to flee into exile. Ultimately, the chapter illuminates how the Bolshevik promises of self-determination for colonial peoples turned into brutal repression for dissidents like Acharya.
Ultra-Leftists and Outsiders
Authors: Laursen Ole Birk 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines M. P. T. Acharya’s travels among Berlin’s ultra-leftists and extensive engagement with questions of gender and sexual relations in the French anarchist periodical L’En Dehors. While Acharya had joined the ranks of the anarchists, he also associated with anti-Bolshevik dissenters and council communists, mainly through his connection with Karl Korsch’s Kritischer Marxismus reading group, and he remained friends with revolutionaries he had met in Russia. In 1928, he published his key article ‘Les Trusts et la Démocratie’ in L’En Dehors, laying out the case for autonomous communes in India. As the chapter tackles these issues, it also offers a sustained reading of Acharya’s thoughts on sex and gender relations. In L’En Dehors, he wrote extensively about women’s freedom from the bonds of marriage and submission to men, he defended homosexuality, and the labor of sex workers. His thoughts open a window onto the entangled world of anarchism and free love, thoughts that extended to conversations across Europe and Asia.
Alleged Violations of Sovereign Rights and Maritime Spaces in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Colombia)
Authors: Tanaka Yoshifumi 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The Nicaragua v. Colombia judgment of 21 April 2022 is rich in its content, examining both jurisdictional and substantive issues of international law. In the Nicaragua v. Colombia case, the International Court of Justice (ICJ), for the first time, examined the question of whether the Court’s jurisdiction ratione temporis covers facts or events that allegedly occurred after the lapse of the title of jurisdiction. Furthermore, the Court made some important statements with regard to the customary law nature of relevant provisions of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea. In this regard, the Court declared that Nicaragua’s straight baselines are contrary to customary international law as reflected in Article 7(1) of the Convention. The Nicaragua v. Colombia judgment provides a crucial precedent on this matter. In light of its importance, this article examines key issues of the judgment, inter alia: (1) jurisdiction ratione temporis of the ICJ, (2) Colombia’s contested activities in Nicaragua’s maritime zones, (3) the legality of Colombia’s “integrated contiguous zone,” (4) the artisanal fishing rights of the inhabitants of the San Andrés Archipelago, in particular the Raizales, and (5) the legality of Nicaragua’s straight baselines.
Introductory Note
Authors: Gomula Joanna 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The year 2021 was the first year in which no WTO Appellate Body report was issued. Although in this year seven panel reports were issued, notices of appeal were filed in five of these disputes, thus blocking their timely finalization. Only one panel report was adopted. The parties to the seventh dispute in which a panel report was circulated agreed to appellate review in accordance with the multi-party interim appeal arbitration arrangement pursuant to Article 25 Dispute Settlement Understanding (award issued in 2022). There was a mutually agreed solution notified with respect to another dispute. By 31 December 2021, there were twenty-three disputes pending in which a panel report had been circulated and a notice of appeal filed.
Introductory Note
Authors: Lenaerts Koen 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This introductory note looks back at the main highlights of events occurring at the Court of Justice of the European Union. The year 2021 was marked by continued efforts to adapt to the successive waves of the COVID-19 pandemic. The implementation of efficient crisis plans meant that the Court could return to pre-COVID levels of uninterrupted activity. The Court continued to set the pace rendering judgments notably in the fields of the rule of law, the environment, personal data protection, social protection, and state aid. This introductory note provides an overview of the most important judgments in each of these fields.
Introductory Note
Authors: Seatzu Francesco 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The year 2021 was for the international administrative courts and tribunals largely characterised by the following four elements: the UN Dispute Tribunal (UNDT)’s delivery of the judgment in the case Banaj v. Secretary-General of the United Nations, reviewing the lawfulness of a decision of the UN Office on Drugs and Crime to temporarily reassign the applicant; the decision in the case Gharagozloo Pakkala v. Secretary-General of the United Nations, where the UNDT approached the issue concerning the revision of a decision imposing administrative sanctions on the applicant; the decision in the case Paul Ories v. Secretary-General of the United Nations, where the UNDT held that there is no UN staff rule mandating a right to reassignment on medical grounds; and the decision in the case G. (Nos. 7) and V. (No. 8) v. EPO, where the ILOAT focused on the unlawful limitations of the right to strike of IOs staff.