bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Artificial rearing of pigs
Authors: Newport M. J. 
Published: September 2005

1. Pigs (twenty-one/diet) were weaned at 2 d of age and given liquid diets (200 g dry matter/l) at hourly intervals during a 26 d experiment. The pigs were fed on a scale based on live weight. The diets contained (g/kg DM): dried skim-milk 730 (diet A), dried whey 508·5, isolated soya-bean protein 218, DL-methionine 3·5 (diet S), and soya-bean oil 270 (diets A and S). Diet T contained equal proportions of diets A and S. Soya-bean supplied 0, 370 and 740 g crude protein (nitrogen × 6·25)/kg total crude protein in diets A, T and S respectively.2. Performance was similar for both diets A and T (P > 0·05). Pigs given diet S scoured severely, and fourteen died. The survivors grew very poorly. Nitrogen retention (g/d per kg live weight) was greater for diet A compared with diet T (P < 0·0r), and decreased with age (P < 0·01).3. Protein digestion was examined in the pigs killed at 28 d of age. The amount of soya-bean protein in the diet did not affect the amount of digesta in the stomach, but soya-bean protein decreased the pH, DM and total N content of the digesta (P < 0.01), and increased, though not significantly (P < 0·05), pepsin activity in the digesta and stomach tissue. Acid secretion into the stomach appeared to be enhanced in pigs given a diet containing soya-bean protein.4. Amounts of trypsin, chymotrypsin, total N and proportion of non-protein-N in the digesta from the small intestine were similar for both diets A and T. The amounts for both diets were greater in the distal compared with the proximal region of the small intestine (P < 0·05). Chymotrypsin activity in the pancreas was reduced (P < 0·05) in pigs given diet T, although this reduction did not seem to impair digestion in 28-d-old pigs. Trypsin activity in the pancreas was similar for both diets A and T.5. It seems likely that the neonatal pig does not have the digestive capacity to tolerate the large daily intakes of soya-bean protein when dried skim-milk was totally replaced in the diet (diet S). When half the dried skim-milk was replaced, protein digestion was not impaired in 28-d-old pigs.
Effect of neonatal undernutrition on serum follicle-stimulating hormone levels and ovarian development in the female rat
Authors: Schenck P. E. , Slob A. Koos , Uilenbroek J. TH. J. , Van Der Werff Ten Bosch J. J. 
Published: September 2005

1. Female rats were undernourished from birth through replacement for 12 h/d of the lactating mother by a nipple-ligated mother. This resulted in slow growth so that at 22 d of age the body-weights equalled those of well-nourished animals at 14 d.2. At 14, 17, 20 and 22 d groups of eight to ten animals each of undernourished and well-nourished rats were autopsied, serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) concentration was determined by radioimmunoassay, utersuses were weighed and ovaries examined by light microscopy.3. Undernutrition caused a 3–4 d delay in the third-week drop in serum FSH and in ovarian development as indicated by the number of antral follicles and by the maximal diameter of the ovaries and of the largest follicles.4. It is postulated that the effect of undernutrition on serum FSH may be due to delayed increase in ovarian feedback effectiveness, which may be the result of either the retardation in ovarian development or a continued high level of serum oestrogen-binding protein. It remains uncertain through which mechanism(s) undernutrition brings about delayed onset of puberty.
The effect of dose rate of 1-α-hydroxycholecalciferol on calcium and phosphorus metabolism in sheep
Authors: Braithwaite G. D. 
Published: September 2005

1. A combination of a mineral balance and a radioisotope technique has been used to study the relationship between dose rate of 1-α-hydroxycholecalciferol (1α-OH-D3) and the magnitude and duration of its effect on the various processes of calcium and phosphorous metabolism in adult wether sheep.2. The rate of absorption of Ca was markedly increased by treatment and maximum response occurred at the lowest dose rate.3. Although sheep were already Ca-replete, the extra Ca absorbed was all retained and increased retention was brought about by a combination of an increase in bone accretion and a decrease in bone resorption. This finding conflicts with the generally-held belief that bone resorption is increased by cholecalciferol treatment.4. The rates of absorption and retention of P were increased by 1α-OH-D3treatment and maximum response occurred at the lowest dose rate.5. That P absorption could be increased by treatment suggests that not all the available dietary P was absorbed in the control period.6. Although the loss of endogenous P in the faeces was unaltered by treatment, the secretion of P into the gut was increased, and the increase was directly related to increased serum inorganic P concentration.7. Nearly all the extra P absorbed was retained and increased retention was achieved by a combination of an increased incorporation into and a decreased loss from the non-exchangeable pools of bone and soft tissues.8. The time interval taken for absorption rates of Ca and P to return to normal after the end of each treatment was related to the dose rate of 1α-OH-D3. Although higher dose rates had little effect on the magnitude of response, they did prolong slightly the duration of response.
Total body glucose metabolism in the conscious, unrestrained piglet and its relation to body- and organ weight
Authors: Flecknell P. A. , Wootton R. , John Muriel 
Published: September 2005

1. Neonatal hypoglycaemia is a relatively common clinical problem in children but ethical constraints limit the investigations that may be made in the newborn.2. As a preliminary step to assess the suitability of the piglet as a model for glucose metabolism in man, whole-body glucose turnover and glucose pool size were measured using [2-3H]glucose in forty piglets from ten litters.3. Glucose pool size was linearly related to brain weight. However, multiple regression showed that the most useful predictors of pool size were body-weight and resting plasma glucose concentration.4. Glucose turnover was related to both brain weight and body-weight alone, but multiple regression showed that better predictors of turnover were liver weight, spleen weight and pancreas weight.5. Similarities between our own results in piglets and those obtained in human neonates by Bieret al.(1977) extend not only to glucose turnover, but also to its relationship with body-and brain weight. These findings suggest that the piglet may be a useful model for the study of glucose metabolism in babies.
Factors affecting the absorption of iron from Fe(III)EDTA
Authors: MacPhail A. P. , Bothwell T. H. , Torrance J. D. , Derman D. P. , Bezwoda W. R. , Charlton R. W. , Mayet Fatima 
Published: September 2005

1. The modification of iron absorption from Fe(III)EDTA by agents known to promote or inhibit absorption was examined in 101 volunteer multiparous Indian women. Fe absorption from Fe(III)EDTA was compared with absorption of intrinsic food Fe in a further twenty-eight subjects. Finally the urinary excretion of radio-Fe after oral administration of59Fe(III)EDTA was studied in twenty-four subjects and evidence of intraluminal exchange of Fe was examined.2. Fe absorption from maize porridge fortified with Fe(III)EDTA was more than twice that from porridge fortified with FeSO4. 7H2O.3. Although bran decreased Fe absorption from FeSO4. 7H2O approximately 11-fold, it had no significant effect on Fe absorption from Fe(III)EDTA. Nevertheless tea, which is a more potent inhibitor of Fe absorption, decreased absorption from Fe(III)EDTA 7-fold.4. Fe absorption from Fe(III)EDTA given in water was only increased 40% by addition of 3 mol ascorbic acid/mol Fe but by 7-fold when the relative proportions were increased to 6:1. This enhancing effect was blunted when the Fe(III)EDTA was given with maize porridge. In these circumstances, an ascorbate:iron value of 3:1 (which doubles absorption from FeSO4. 7H2O) produced no significant increase in Fe absorption, while a value of 6:1 produced only a 2.5-fold increase.5. Fe absorption from Fe(III)EDTA was not altered by addition of maize porridge unless ascorbic acid was present.6. Less than 1% of59Fe administered as59Fe(III)EDTA was excreted in the urine and there was an inverse relationship between Fe absorption and the amounts excreted (r0.58,P> 0.05).7. Isotope exchange between55Fe(III)EDTA and59FeSO4. 7H2O was demonstrated by finding a similar relative value for the two isotopes in urine and erythrocytes when the two labelled compounds were given together orally. This finding was confirmed by in vitro studies, which showed enhanced59Fe solubilization from59FeSO4. 7H2O in maize porridge when unlabelled Fe(III)EDTA was added.8. Although Fe absorption from Fe(III)EDTA was marginally higher it appeared to form a common pool with intrinsic food iron in most studies. It is postulated that the mechanism whereby Fe(III)EDTA forms a common pool with intrinsic food Fe differs from that occurring with simple Fe salts. When Fe is present in the chelated form it remains in solution and is relatively well absorbed because it is protected from inhibitory ligands. Simple Fe salts, however, are not similarly protected and are absorbed as poorly as the intrinsic food Fe.9. It is concluded that Fe(III)EDTA may be a useful compound for food fortification of cereals because the Fe is well absorbed and utilized for haemoglobin synthesis. The substances in cereals which inhibit absorption of simple Fe salts do not appear to inhibit absorption of Fe from Fe(III)EDTA.
Effect of intramuscular vitamin A injection on plasma levels of vitamin A and retinol-binding protein in malnourished children
Authors: Reddy Vinodini , Mohanram M. 
Published: September 2005

1. Serum levels of retinol-binding protein (RBP), total vitamin A and retinyl ester were measured in twenty-four malnourished children with corneal lesions and nine normal children.2. Initially, the RBP and vitamin A levels were significantly lower in malnourished children than in normal children.3. After intramuscular injection of 30000 μg of aqueous vitamin A, serum levels of total vitamin A were increased significantly at 24 h and tended to fall within 5 d of treatment in both groups.4. Before treatment, retinyl ester accounted for less than 10% of the vitamin in circulation. After vitamin A injection, it increased to 30%, a level much lower than that reported in patients with hypervitaminosis A.5. There was no significant difference between the two groups of children and none of them showed clinical signs of toxicity. These observations indicate that administration of massive doses of vitamin A over a short period will not produce toxic effects even in malnourished children.
Reproductive performance in rats with different histories of malnutrition
Authors: Galler Janina R. , Zartarian Gary 
Published: September 2005

1. Reproductive competence, as measured by weight gain during pregnancy, duration of pregnancy and foetal outcome, was assessed in primiparous rats (4–6 months of age) with various histories of malnutrition.2. Although weight gain during pregnancy was reduced in rats with intergenerational malnutrition, the duration of pregnancy and number of live births did not differ from well-fed controls, suggesting adaptation of these measures to long-term dietary deprivation.3. Rats malnourished from birth through pregnancy (one generation of malnutrition) had fewer live births than did rats with chronic, intergenerational malnutrition or well-fed control rats.4. Gestation was prolonged and weight gain accelerated among female rats with histories of intergenerational malnutrition, who had been provided with an adequate diet from birth through pregnancy.
Influence of mild cold on 24 h energy expenditure, resting metabolism and diet-induced thermogenesis
Authors: Dauncey M. J. 
Published: September 2005

1. It has been suggested previously that people in developed countries do not expose themselves to cold severe enough to induce a metabolic response. The energy expenditure, as both heat production and total heat loss, of nine women was therefore measured continuously while each lived for 30 h in a whole-body calorimeter on two occasions, one at 28° and the other at 22°. All subjects followed a predetermined pattern of activity and food intake. The environmental conditions were judged by the subjects to be within those encountered in everyday life. In the standard clothing worn, 28° was considered to be comfortably warm but not too hot, while 22° was judged to be cool but not too cold.2. Heat production for 24 h was significantly greater at the lower temperature, by (mean ± SE) 7.0 ± 1.1%. The range was between 2 and 12%. Total heat loss was also significantly greater, by 6%, and there was a large change in the partition of heat loss. At the lower temperature sensible heat loss increased by 29% while evaporative heat loss decreased by 39%.3. Resting metabolism measured in the morning 12–13 h after the last meal was significantly greater at 22° than at 28°, whereas there was no difference when the resting measurement was made for 2.5 h following a meal.4. In conclusion: (a)environmental temperature may play a more important role than was previously recognized in the energy balance of those living in this country, and (b) there is an indication of at least a partial replacement of cold-induced by diet-induced thermogenesis in man.
Inhibition of kynureninase (L-kynurenine hydrolase,EC3.7.1.3) by oestrone sulphate: an alternative explanation for abnormal results of tryptophan load tests in women receiving oestrogenic steroids
Authors: Bender David A. , Wynick David 
Published: September 2005

1. A partial purification of kynureninase (L-kynurenine hydrolase,EC3.7.1.3) from rat liver and a total resolution of the apoenzyme have been achieved. The hypothesis that conjugates of oestrogenic steroids compete with pyridoxal phosphate for the cofactor binding site of the enzyme, and so disturb tryptophan metabolism, leading to apparent vitamin B6deficiency, has been tested.2. Kynureninase from rat liver was partially purified, and the cofactor-free apoenzyme was prepared. Oestrone sulphate inhibited the enzyme uncompetitively with respect to pyridoxal phosphate, and competitively with respect to kynurenine, with a mean (±SE) inhibitor constant (Ki) of 82 ± 6 μM.3. The addition of a saturating concentration of pyridoxal phosphate to unfractionated liver homogenates led to an approximately fivefold increase in kynureninase activity, indicating the presence of a relatively large amount of apo-kynureninase in the tissue.4. It is suggested that the abnormal results of tryptophan load tests in women receiving oestrogens are the result of inhibition of kynureninase by oestrogen conjugates, and that there is no evidence for oestrogen-induced vitamin B6deficiency in such cases.
A trial of the effects of soya-bean flour and soya-bean saponins on plasma lipids, faecal bile acids and neutral sterols in hypercholesterolaemic men
Authors: Calvert G. D. , Blight Lesley , Illman R. J. , Topping D. L. , Potter J. D. 
Published: September 2005

1. The hypothesis that soya-bean saponins, by binding bile salts in the gastrointestinal lumen, are responsible for some of the plasma-cholesterol-lowering effect of soya-bean preparations, was tested. In a double-blind crossover study 50 g soya-bean flour/d, containing either 22 or 4 g saponins/kg (adjusted by ethanol extraction) was incorporated in biscuits as a substitute for biscuits or bread into the diet of ten outpatient hypercholesterolaemic men over two consecutive 4-week study periods. The diet was monitored to ensure constancy, saponin-rich foods excluded, faeces collected for bile acid and neutral sterol analysis, and blood taken for plasma lipoprotein lipid analysis.2. Neither diet had any effect on cholesterol in any plasma lipoprotein fraction, on fasting plasma triglyceride, or on faecal bile acids and neutral sterols.3. These results suggested that soya-bean saponins are not responsible for the hypocholesterolaemic effect of soya-bean products.
The non-random distribution of copper within the liver of rats
Authors: Haywood S. 
Published: September 2005

1. Two groups of weanling male rats were fed on a powdered proprietary diet for up to 6 weeks. The diet of one group was supplemented with 2 g Cu/kg and the other group received the unsupplemented diet.2. The livers in the supplemented group accumulated more Cu within the right vascular compartment than the left. This difference was observed in the unsupplemented group after 6 weeks but not at 4 weeks.3. The distribution of Cu between the different lobes of the livers of the supplemented groups displayed a characteristic pattern, the median lobe containing the most Cu and the omental lobe the least.4. The distribution of Cu within the liver is thought to reflect the site of its absorption from the gastointestinal tract and a consequence of portal streaming.
Digestion in the pig between 7 and 35 d of age
Authors: Wilson R. H. , Leibholz Jane 
Published: September 2005

1. One hundred and fourteen pigs between 7 and 35 d of age were given diets containing milk or soya-bean proteins in four separate experiments.2. The substitution of milk protein by soya-bean meal (SBM) to 75% of the total dietary protein reduced the weight gains and food conversion efficiencies of the pigs by 85% between 7 and 14 d of age and 31% between 21 and 28 d of age.3. The treatment of soya-bean protein with alkali did not improve the performance of the pigs.4. The substitution of milk protein by two different isolated soya-bean proteins (ISP) resulted in weight gains of 34 and 60% of the gains of pigs given milk protein diets.5. Supplementation of the soya-bean-protein diets with methionine to 13.7 g/kg (5 g/16 g nitrogen) resulted in reduced food intakes and weight gains of the pigs and a 20-fold increase in the concentration of methionine in the blood plasma.6. Supplementation of soya-bean-protein diets with lysine to 22 g/kg (8g/16 g N) in addition to methionine doubled the concentration of lysine in the blood plasma.7. The apparent digestibility (AD) of dry matter (DM) and N of the diets containing soya-bean protein increased with increasing age of the pigs, but the AD of the milk-protein diet was not affected by the age of the pigs. The retention of N as a percentage of the N intake increased from 57–67% for soya-bean protein over the duration of the experiments while the average value for the milk-fed pigs was 85% at all ages.8. At 35 d of age, the fat content of the carcasses of the pigs given the ISP diet was 249 g/kg DM compared to 164 g/kg DM for the pigs given the milk diets.
Digestion in the pig between 7 and 35 d of age
Authors: Wilson R. H. , Leibholz Jane 
Published: September 2005

1. In two separate experiments, forty-four pigs weaned at 4–5 d of age were fed on diets containing milk or soya-bean protein until slaughtered at 14, 28 or 35 d of age.2. Daily amounts of nitrogen flowing through the stomach and proximal small intestine of pigs were similar with both sources of protein fed.3. Endogenous N flows in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum of pigs given an N-free diet were 22.9, 7.4 and 4.6 g N/kg dry matter (DM) intake. Endogenous N in faeces was 0.970 g N/kg DM intake.4. The apparent and true digestibility of N to the ileum of 28-d-old pigs was 0.86 and 0.92 for the pigs given the milk-protein diets, 0.80 and 0.86 for the pigs given the isolated soya-bean protein (ISP; Promine D) diets and 0.51 and 0.62 for pigs given the soya-bean meal (SBM)-protein diet. These values over the entire gastro-intestinal tract were 0.98 and 1.00 for milk, 0.92 and 0.95 for ISP and 0.82 and 0.85 for SBM.5. The apparent and true digestibility of N to the ileum of 14-d-old pigs given a liquid milk diet was 0.92 and 0.94, while the values for the pigs given a pelleted milk diet were 0.86 and 0.87. At 35 d of age there were no differences in the apparent digestibility of the N in the liquid and pelleted milk diets.6. The apparent digestibility of N to the ileum and over the entire gastro-intestinal tract of pigs given ISP (Supro 610) increased with increasing age of pigs from 0.83 at 14 d of age to 0.88 at 35 d of age.7. Of the N in the stomach 14–32% could not be precipitated by trichloroacetic acid (TCA; 30 g/l).8. In the jejunal and ileal contents an average of 46 and 24% of the N was precipitated by TCA in pigs given soya-bean proteins and milk proteins respectively.
Metabolism of zinc and copper in the neonate: accumulation and function of (Zn, Cu)-metallothionein in the liver of the newborn rat
Authors: Mason R. , Bakka A. , Samarawickrama G. P. , Webb M. 
Published: September 2005

1. Measurements were made of the hepatic concentrations and contents of total and thionein-bound zinc and copper in late foetal and newborn rats and of the distribution of these metals between the particulate and soluble components of the liver.2. The decrease in the hepatic concentration of thionein-bound Zn, which occurred with age after birth, was proportional to the increase in liver weight until the 16th day post partum; thereafter it was greater.3. Throughout the period from birth to 25 d of age the Zn concentration remained constant in the cytosolic non-thionein fraction (i.e. total cytoplasmic Zn – thionein-bound Zn). but decreased in other compartments of the liver.4. The same constant concentration of cytoplasmic non-thionein-bound Zn also was observed in animals with reduced total hepatic Zn contents, but normal body-weights, and in 20-d-old Zn-deficient pups.5. The concentration of thionein-bound Cu exhibited two maxima, one at 2 d of age and the second at 14 d.6. The total hepatic content of Cu increased significantly only between the 6th and 14th day post partum. The age-related variations in Cu contents of the particulate components closely paralleled those in the whole liver, whereas the Cu contents of the cytosolic thionein and non-thionein fractions did not increase appreciably until after the 10th day.7. It is concluded that the cytosolic non-thionein fraction of newborn rat liver may contain particularly important metabolic sites that require Zn and a major function of Zn-thionein is to regulate is to regulate the supply of the metal to these sites. As, from birth to 26 d of age, the sum of the concentrations of thionein-bound Zn and Cu was correlated with whole liver Zn, the accumulation of Cu as a soluble metallothionein seems to be a secondary event, dependent on the hepatic Zn concentration.