bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Natural course of gestational diabetes mellitus: long term follow up of women in the SPAWN study
Authors: Linné Yvonne , Barkeling Britta , Rössner Stephan 
Published: December 2003

Objectives
Long term follow up women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).Design
Case–control study.Setting
Academic obesity unit.Population
Women earlier identified as having gestational diabetes mellitus.Method
Twenty‐eight women diagnosed with GDM in 1984–1985, and a control group (n= 52) who gave birth at the same time performed a 2‐h oral glucose tolerance test 15 years later. Basic anthropometry and questions about various aspects of eating and exercise habits were furthermore obtained.Results
Ten women (35%) in the GDM group were diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus and none in the control group (P < 0.001). Mean BMI in the diabetic group was 27.4 kg/m2 and in the non‐diabetic GDM group 24.6 kg/m2 (P < 0.05). The mean weight gain since the first child was 8.4 kg in all GDM versus 8.1 kg in controls (ns). The women who developed type 2 diabetes mellitus, however, gained 15.1 kg since the birth of their first child (P < 0.05).Conclusions
Women who are diagnosed with GDM have a considerably higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus later in life. Despite a close medical monitoring during pregnancy, the further follow up within the health care system and information about long term consequences of GDM for later type 2 diabetes mellitus development seems to be generally lacking. More active strategies for future weight control and lifestyle advice after delivery might therefore be indicated for women with GDM.
Fetuses with Down's Syndrome detected by prenatal screening are more likely to abort spontaneously than fetuses with Down's Syndrome not detected by prenatal screening
Authors: Leporrier Nathalie , Herrou Michel , Morello Rémy , Leymarie Pierre 
Published: December 2003

Objective
Pregnancy with Down's Syndrome is often terminated by miscarriage. We have investigated whether prenatal screening would lead preferentially to the identification of fetuses with Down's Syndrome prone to abort spontaneously.Design
A comparison between the observed and the expected decrease in the prevalence of Down's Syndrome at term following extensive prenatal screening.Setting
A study from 1990 to 1998 in a limited and well controlled area of western France (Basse Normandie), with a birth rate close to 20,000 a year.Population
Women under 38 years of age among whom prenatal screening for Down's Syndrome using biochemical tests and ultrasound findings became progressively extensive in this era.Methods
Our study was based on the registration of Down's Syndrome cases detected prenatally from screening, and live births with Down's Syndrome. Fetal loss rate in the population of prenatally detectable Down's Syndrome was evaluated by comparing the increase in detection of cases of Down's Syndrome following prenatal screening with the expected decrease in the number of cases of Down's Syndrome at birth. The results obtained were compared with published data on the rates of fetal losses postulated to occur among fetuses with Down's Syndrome.Main outcome measures
Comparison of the potential fetal loss rate in a population in whom Down's Syndrome was detected prenatally with the expected fetal loss rate of unselected ones.Results
Prenatal screening resulted in a significant (42%) decrease (P < 0.001) in the prevalence at term of the disorder. Among the 53 fetuses with Down's Syndrome detected prenatally during the last three years of the study, about 50% would have aborted spontaneously if the pregnancy had been allowed to continue. This figure was significantly higher (P < 0.002) than expected on the basis of results from the literature, indicating that current estimates of miscarriage rates among fetuses with Down's Syndrome do not apply to the selected group of cases detectable from prenatal screening.Conclusions
Our results suggest that fetuses with Down's Syndrome detectable prenatally from screening are more likely to abort spontaneously than fetuses with Down's Syndrome which are not detected.
Forearm blood flow in pre‐eclampsia
Authors: Bowyer Lucy , Brown Mark A. , Jones Mike 
Published: December 2003

Objective
1. To characterise the forearm vascular reactivity of women with pre‐eclampsia in the third trimester of pregnancy and compare it with that in normal or gestational hypertensive pregnancies. 2. To document female sex steroid (oestradiol, progesterone, oestriol and βhCG) levels in the three groups of women.Design
Forearm blood flow was measured by venous occlusion plethysmography during intra‐arterial infusion of saline and vasoactive substances: angiotensin II, sodium nitroprusside, acetylcholine and NG‐monomethyl‐l‐arginine (l‐NMMA).Setting
Research laboratory at St George Hospital, Kogarah, Sydney, Australia.Sample
Fifteen non‐pregnant women in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, 15 third trimester normal pregnant women, 13 women in the third trimester with gestational hypertension and 15 women with pre‐eclampsia.Main outcome measures
Changes in forearm blood flow in response to vasoactive substances.Results
Normal pregnant women had higher baseline forearm blood flow than non‐pregnant women, decreased vasodilator responses to sodium nitroprusside and reduced vasoconstrictor responses to angiotensin II. No difference in response to angiotensin II, sodium nitroprusside or l‐NMMA was found among normal pregnant, pre‐eclampsia or gestational hypertension women, but vasodilatory responses of pre‐eclamptic women to acetylcholine were reduced compared with normal pregnant women. Higher serum progesterone levels were found in women with pre‐eclampsia and gestational hypertension than in normal pregnancy.Conclusion
The hyperdynamic circulation of normal pregnancy is characterised by refractoriness to angiotensin II but this is not altered in pre‐eclampsia. Pre‐eclamptic women demonstrate a reduced vasodilator response to acetylcholine which, in the absence of any alteration in response to l‐NMMA, implies that factors other than nitric oxide deficiency mediate the vasoconstriction of pre‐eclampsia.
Outcomes of pregnancies in women with type 1 diabetes in Scotland: a national population‐based study
Authors: Penney Gillian C. , Mair Grant , Pearson Donald W.M. ,   On behalf of the Scottish Diabetes in Pregnancy Group listed on page 318
Published: December 2003

Objective
To determine the outcomes of pregnancies in women with pre‐existing, type 1 diabetes.Design
Prospective, population‐based cohort.Setting
Scotland.Population
All 273 women with type 1 diabetes with a pregnancy ending (in miscarriage, abortion or delivery) during the 12 months (from April 1, 1998 to March 31, 1999).Methods
Pregnancies identified prospectively by clinicians in each hospital; outcome data collected from case records and from Scottish national data sets.Main outcome measures
Perinatal and infant mortality, congenital anomaly and birthweight.Results
Of the 273 pregnancies, 40 (14.7%) ended in miscarriage, 20 (7.3%) in abortion and 213 (78%) in delivery. Three deliveries were twin births, thus 216 babies were born. Stillbirth rate (4/216): 18.5 (95% CI 5.1–46.8) per 1000 total births; perinatal mortality rate (6/216): 27.8 (95% CI 10.2–59.4) per 1000 births. There were 13 verified congenital anomalies (in six abortions and seven live births), anomaly rate: 60 (95% CI 32–101) per 1000 total births. Among 208 singleton, live born infants, the mean birthweight was 3427 g. Standardised birthweight scores, relative to a reference population, showed a unimodal distribution, shifted to the right (mean, 1.57 SD).Conclusions
In an unselected population, adverse outcomes remain more common among the infants of mothers with type 1 diabetes than in the general population. The targets of the St Vincent Declaration of 1989 have not been met. Improvements may be gained by increases in provision of prepregnancy care and in the proportion of pregnancies that are planned. However, further research is needed to clarify the root causes of adverse outcomes in the pregnancies of women with diabetes.
Cling film as a barrier against CJD in Goldmann‐type applanation tonometry
Authors: Davies Leon N. , Bartlett Hannah E. , Dunne Mark C. M. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractPurpose:  To determine the feasibility of taking intra‐ocular pressure (IOP) readings with Goldmann‐type applanation tonometer probe covered with cling film to avoid transmission of Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD).Methods:  Data were collected on two occasions from the right eyes of 30 healthy subjects using a Perkins applanation tonometer. On each occasion, a single tonometry measurement was made with and without cling film covering.Results:  Cling film covering brought about a statistically significant IOP bias (−0.8 mmHg on first occasion and −1.17 mmHg on second occasion). The 95% limits of agreement, between readings made with and without cling film covering, were ±3.4 mmHg on first occasion; ±2.5 mmHg on second occasion. A statistically significant reduction of inter‐sessional repeatability was observed for readings taken with cling film (±5.2 mmHg) compared to those made without (±3.9 mmHg).Conclusions:  Even if the above findings are found to be acceptable, given the known intra‐subject variations of this type of tonometry (±4 mmHg), ethical and legal considerations relating to the barrier properties of cling film are likely to prevent its routine use by optometrists.
How big does a coloured overlay have to be?
Authors: Waldie Michelle , Wilkins Arnold 
Published: December 2003

AbstractColoured overlays and coloured lenses can both increase reading speed, but when they do their colour is not necessarily the same, suggesting that the beneficial effects of a coloured filter might depend upon the area of the visual field that it colours. We investigated the effects of overlays on reading speed and varied the size of the overlay and the colour of the surround. Children who had been assessed with coloured overlays were required to read a passage of randomly ordered common words. The words were printed in black ink as a block of text positioned centrally on an A4 page of white paper in landscape orientation. The speed of reading was compared under four conditions: (1) without an overlay; (2) with an overlay of the chosen colour covering the entire page; (3) with the overlay cut so that it just covered the text but left the margin white; (4) with the overlay of the chosen colour covering the text but with the margin coloured a complementary colour, using a second overlay. The children who were using an overlay read more quickly with the overlay; those who were no longer using the overlay did not. Although the block of text covered less than half the page, the colour and nature of the margin did not affect reading speed significantly. These findings suggest that in order to be effective at improving reading speed an overlay needs to cover the text, but not necessarily the remainder of the page, which means that smaller overlays may sometimes be sufficient.
Tissue‐Engineered Human Nasal Septal Cartilage Using the Alginate‐Recovered‐Chondrocyte Method
Authors: Chia Stanley H. , Schumacher Barbara L. , Klein Travis J. , Thonar Eugene J.‐M.A. , Masuda Koichi , Sah Robert L. , Watson Deborah 
Published: December 2003

AbstractObjectives Tissue engineering of nasal septal cartilage has numerous potential applications in craniofacial reconstruction. Chondrocytes suspended in alginate gel have been shown to produce a substantial cell‐associated matrix. The objective of this study was to determine whether cartilage tissue could be generated using the alginate‐recovered‐chondrocyte (ARC) method, in which chondrocytes are cultured in alginate as an intermediate step in tissue fabrication.Methods Nasal septal chondrocytes from five patient donors were isolated by enzymatic digestion, then expanded in monolayer culture. At confluency, a portion of those cells were seeded at high density onto a semipermeable membrane and cultured for 14, 21, or 28 days (monolayer group). The remaining cells were suspended in alginate and cultured until a cell‐associated matrix was observed (10–17 days). Cells and their associated matrix were released from alginate (ARC group), seeded onto a semipermeable membrane, and cultured as already described. DNA (Hoechst 33258 Assay), glycosaminoglycan (GAG; dimethylmethylene blue assay), and collagen (hydroxyproline assay) were analyzed biochemically. Immunohistochemistry was performed to assess expression of collagens type I and type II. Histochemistry was performed to localize cells accumulating sulfated GAG (Alcian blue stain).Results The ARC constructs, in contrast to the monolayer constructs, had substantial structural stability and the histologic and gross appearance of cartilaginous tissue. ARC constructs demonstrated significantly greater GAG and collagen accumulation than monolayer constructs (P < .05). Histologic analysis revealed substantial GAG and collagen type II production and only moderate collagen type I production. The composition of the matrix was thus similar to that of native human septal cartilage.Conclusions Tissue‐engineered human nasal septal cartilage using the ARC method has the histologic and gross appearance of native cartilage and has biochemical composition more like that of native cartilage than monolayer constructs. This is the first report of human nasal septal neocartilage formation without the use of biodegradable scaffolds.
Internal Jugular Vein Thrombosis and Deep Neck Infection from Intravenous Drug Use: Management Strategy
Authors: Lin Doris , Reeck Jay B. , Murr Andrew H. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractObjective Internal jugular vein thrombosis (IJVT) manifests in multiple clinical scenarios including traumatic, neoplastic, and infectious processes. No clear management algorithm exists for IJVT in the setting of deep neck infections. This study examines the cause, diagnosis, and treatment strategy for IJVT in the setting of deep neck infections caused by intravenous drug use (IVDU).Study Design Retrospective chart reviewMethods The clinical, radiographic, and laboratory data of 11 IVDU patients with deep neck infections and IJVT are reviewed in a retrospective fashion. The patients were seen in a university tertiary care facility.Results Eleven patients with deep neck infections, recent history of IVDU, and concurrent IJVT were identified. All patients underwent computed tomography (CT) scanning. Antibiotic therapy was instituted in all cases, abscesses were treated invasively with aspiration or incision and drainage, and no veins were ligated or resected. Three patients received anticoagulation. One patient had bilateral IJVT with thrombus extension through the sigmoid sinus to the lateral sinus. This patient received anticoagulation and developed bacteremia. No further IJVT complications have been diagnosed at an average of 14 months postintervention.Conclusion IJVT and deep neck infection caused by IVDU constitute a clinical entity present even in the modern day era of antibiotic therapy. Aggressive antibiotic therapy and surgical intervention for the deep neck infection is recommended. The indications for anticoagulation remain variable. Although anticoagulation is often recommended in the presence of thrombus progression or septic emboli, the very presence of IJVT does not mandate the need for anticoagulation. Ligation or resection of the thrombosed vein may be reserved for selected cases, but was not necessary in our series.
Prothrombotic Factors in Children with Otitis Media and Sinus Thrombosis
Authors: Oestreicher‐Kedem Yael , Raveh Eyal , Kornreich Liora , Yaniv Isaac , Tamary Hannah 
Published: December 2003

AbstractObjective Venous sinus thrombosis (VST) is the second most common intracranial complication of acute otitis media (AOM). There is some evidence that hereditary and acquired prothrombotic disorders are risk factors for VST. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether children with AOM complicated VST have a prothrombotic tendency, which might have important therapeutic and preventive implications.Study Design Retrospective.Methods The files of children hospitalized at Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, a tertiary referral center, from 1999 to 2002, because of AOM complicated by acute mastoiditis and VST were reviewed. All children underwent laboratory work‐up for hypercoagulability.Results Seven children met the study criteria. Of these, five had prothrombotic disorders, namely elevated levels of lipoprotein apolipoprotein (Lp[a]) (n = 4), antibodies to beta 2‐glycoprotein and to cardiolipin (markers of antiphospholipid syndrome) (n = 4), and heterozygosity for factor V Leiden mutation (n = 1). One child had three abnormalities, two children had two abnormalities, and two children had one abnormality.Conclusions A prothrombotic tendency may exist in children with AOM complicated by mastoiditis and VST. Further studies are needed to evaluate its extent.
Distribution of 3‐Nitrotyrosine in the Nasal Polyps Of Atopic Patients
Authors: Ruffoli R. , Ursino F. , Fattori B. , Scavuzzo M. C. , Paparelli A. , Gesi M. , Rocchi V. , Giambelluca M. A. , Giannessi F. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractObjective To investigate whether formation of nitrotyrosine in the nasal polyps of atopic patients occurs.Study Design A nonrandomized, retrospective, controlled qualitative and quantitative study.Methods Nasal polyp tissue samples were acquired from 12 atopic patients. Control fragments of nasal mucosa were taken from 10 patients undergoing corrective surgery of the nasal septum. For routine histologic examinations, hematoxylin‐eosin staining was used. Low‐magnification microscopy was designed to yield pathologic characteristics and high magnification to quantify the number of eosinophils in the subepithelial connective tissue. Presence of nitrotyrosine was assessed by immunohistochemical method.Results Hematoxylin‐eosin staining revealed presence of numerous eosinophils in the epithelium and in the subepithelial connective tissue. All polyps were characterized by epithelial damage. Nitrotyrosine was present in the eosinophils, in the ciliated cell, and in cells of the damaged epithelium. Goblet cells, glands, and vessels were found to be negative. No significant differences concerning the localization of nitrotyrosine were recognized among the examined nasal polyps.Conclusions Nitrotyrosine immunohistochemical staining in nasal‐polyp tissues suggested the existence of progressive epithelium injury caused by peroxynitrite. Consequences of peroxynitrite formation in eosinophils remain to be precisely established. The lack of nitrotyrosine in glands and blood vessels indicated that peroxynitrite does not have a significant role in the vascular and glandular dysfunction of nasal polyps.
Microbiology of Recurrent Acute Rhinosinusitis
Authors: Brook Itzhak , Frazier Edith H. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractObjective We undertook to evaluate the microbiology of recurrent acute rhinosinusitis.Methods Repeated aspirations of maxillary sinus secretions by endoscopy were performed in eight patients over a period of 98 to 185 days.Results Bacteria were recovered for all 25 aspirates. A total of 31 isolates—14 Streptococcus pneumoniae, 11 Haemophilus influenzae, 5 Moraxella catarrhalis, and 1 Staphylococcus aureus—were recovered. The organism persisted in consecutive cultures in 13 instances and were eliminated in 8, and new organisms emerged in 6 instances. An increase in antimicrobial resistance was noted in 5 instances (3 in S. pneumoniae and 2 H. influenzae).Conclusions This study illustrates the microbial dynamics of recurrent acute rhinosinusitis, with the changes in microbial findings and increased bacterial resistance that occurs over time.
Orbitozygomatic Resection of Meningiomas of the Orbit
Authors: Ducic Yadranko 
Published: December 2003

AbstractObjective To review our experience with the surgical treatment of orbital meningiomas.Methods A retrospective review of all patients presenting to the author for treatment of orbital meningiomas over a 5 year period with a minimum of 1 year follow‐up were included in this review. Demographic data, surgical approaches, and recurrence rates were documented.Results A total of seven patients were treated for this condition. Complete surgical resection was achieved with the outlined technique in 71% of the patients, and gross tumor removal was achieved in the remaining 29% of patients. This latter group received postoperative gamma‐knife treatment, and only a single patient has evidence of persistent disease that is nonprogressive at 3‐year follow‐up.Conclusions Meningioma of the orbit, whether primary (ectopic) or secondary. should be treated as at other sites with complete surgical excision if possible. Gamma knife or intensity modulated radiotherapy may be useful for residual microscopic disease. Surgical clearance is facilitated with the broad field exposure afforded by the orbitozygomatic approach outlined in the article, with particular attention directed at positive identification of key landmarks particularly in retro‐orbital and cavernous sinus extension.
Feature Review Section
Authors: House John , Borchardt‐Hume Achim , Strupp Joachim 
Published: December 2003

Neret, Gilles (ed.) Monet: Catalogue RaisonnéBeudert, Monique (ed.) The Froelich Foundation. German and American Art from Beuys and WarholLuchs, Alison Tullio Lombardo and Ideal Portrait Sculpture in Rennaissance Venice, 1490–1530
Feature Reviews
Authors: Pollock Griselda , Steer John , Hopkins Andrew , Lynton Norbert 
Published: December 2003

Van Heughten, Sjraar Vincent Van Gogh Drawings. Volume 1: The Early Years 1880&ndash;1883Rewald, John, in collaboration with Walter Feilchenfeldt and Jayne Warman The Paintings of Paul C&eacute;zanne: A Catalogue Raisonn&eacute;Rewald, John C&eacutezanne: A BiographyMarder, T.A. Bernini&aposs Scala Regia at the Vatican PalaceBarral i Altet, Xavier and others Sculpture &mdash; From Antiquity to the Present
Masterpieces in Little: The Portrait Miniature
Authors: Binnie Margaret 
Published: December 2003

Books reviewed in this article:Katherine Coombs The Portrait Miniature in EnglandEdited by Jeffrey M Muller and Jim Murrell Edward Norgate: Miniatura or the Art of LimningGraham Reynolds British Portrait Miniatures: Fitzwilliam Museum HandbooksRichard Walker Miniatures: a selection of miniatures in the Ashmolean MuseumRichard Walker Miniatures: 300 Years of the English Miniature illistrated from the Collections of the National Portrait Gallery