bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Causal and metaphysical necessity
Authors: Shoemaker Sydney 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There was a time, within the memory of some of us, when it was widely accepted that there are just two kinds of necessity. There was logical necessity, which was generally construed as including the necessity of analytic truths. This was assumed to be something to which we have an a priori access. And there was causal necessity, to which our only access is empirical. Since the dominant views about causality then current were Humean in inspiration, there was some question as to how so-called causal necessity, the distinctive status of causal laws and their consequences, deserved the name of “necessity” at all. But that was what it was frequently called.
The Legacy of Simone de Beauvoir
Authors: Grosholz Emily R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The legacy of Simone de Beauvoir has yet to be properly assessed and explored. The 50th anniversary of the publication of The Second Sex inspired this volume which brings together philosophers and literary critics, some of whom are well known for their books on Beauvoir (Bauer, Le Doeuff, Moi), others new to Beauvoir studies though long familiar with her work (Grosholz, Imbert, James, Stevenson, Wilson). One aim of this collection is to encourage greater recognition of Beauvoir’s philosophical writings through systematic reflection on their place in the canon and on her methods. The Second Sex played a central role in the profound shift in philosophy’s self-understanding that took place in the latter half of the twentieth century, and today offers new problems for reflection and novel means for appropriating older texts. Its reflective iconoclasm can be compared to that of Descartes’ Meditations; its enormous, directly discernible impact on our social world invites comparison with Locke’s Two Treatises of Government. The collection also examines the relationship between Beauvoir’s literary writing and her philosophical thought. Deeply concerned with the critical and creative powers of reason as well as with the betterment of our suffering world, Simone de Beauvoir wrote in a variety of genres in addition to the philosophical essay: the novel, political journalism, and the memoir. The multiplicity of her voices was closely related to her philosophical project. Since Beauvoir’s method (like that of W. E. B. du Bois) proceeded from her own immediate experience, her reflections had to find expression sometimes as narrative, sometimes as autobiography, sometimes as argument. The Legacy of Simone de Beauvoir demonstrates the many ways in which Beauvoir’s writings, in particular The Second Sex, can serve as resources for thought, for the life of the mind which is as concerned with the past and future as it is with the present.
Must We Read Simone de Beauvoir?
Authors: Bauer Nancy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Given that daughters tend to have ambivalent relationships with their mothers, it should come as no surprise that fifty years down the road feminist academics still don’t know quite what to do with The Second Sex.When Simone de Beauvoir’s Jandmark work on women appeared in English in 1953 there were n’t feminist scholars around to love it or hate it. Feminist theory would not invent itself for another couple of decades; once it did, it took its intellectual nourishment, at least initially, primarily from Marxism rather than from Beauvoir. By the time feminist theory began to take off, Betty Friedan’s The Feminist Mystique(1963) and Kate Millett’s Sexual Politics(1971) had superceded The Second Sexas rallying cries for women’s liberation.
What is ‘good practice’ in historical linguistics: aims and methods
Authors: Fischer Olga 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The primary tasks of the historical linguist are to give a description of the historical linguistic facts at particular moments in time, to show how linguistic utterances change when they are compared over a period of time, to describe what general mechanisms are involved in or underlie these changes, and, finally, to provide an explanation of the changes that take place in these linguistic utterances. This must be done with reference to the communicative situation and with reference to language users, who, after all, interpret and produce the utterances and are thus in some way responsible for the changes.
From discourse to (morpho)syntax and vice versa: the case of clause fusion
Authors: Fischer Olga 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The approach in this chapter and the next will be a little different from the one taken in the previous chapters, in that I will concentrate on a number of problems in the grammaticalization approach, which I will discuss from a more formal point of view. In other words, I will use a formal approach more as a perspective on grammaticalization than as one contrasted with it. The reason for this is that some of the issues presented in these chapters are simply not part of the core concern in formal models. Where possible, however, the formal treatment of the topics will also be presented.
Burma/Myanmar
Authors: Watkins Justin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like much of Southeast Asia, the territory of the state formerly known as Burma, now officially renamed Myanmar, is an area of considerable ethnic and linguistic diversity. At least seventy languages are spoken in the country (Bradley 1994, Gordon 2005), and these are associated with a similar number of ethnicities and identities. Within the range of such variety, a broad and important distinction can be made between the largely monolingual, ethnically Burman central area and the multilingual, ethnically diverse border areas. Since independence from British colonial power in 1948, the rulers of Burma/Myanmar – a military government since 1962 – have been concerned with maintaining control over the entire country, and government forces have periodically engaged in armed conflict with up to twenty insurgent groups comprising the larger of the minority ethnicities around the country’s border areas. The languages of the larger groups, in particular Karen, Mon, Shan, and Kachin, have at times been used as a means of dissimilating from the ethnic Burman/Bamar majority, in some cases by organizations seeking political separation. For the government, the Burmese language functions as an important element of its general effort to consolidate control over the country and has accordingly been promoted and spread throughout the nation with considerable effort.
Presentism and Truthmaking
Authors: Keller Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Saint Augustine ‘s boyhood teachers told him that there are three types of time: past, present, and future. Are we then to say, Augustine asks in his Con/ essions, that the past and future exist? At first, he thinks that they do. It seems, he says, that “when the present emerges from the future, time comes out of some secret store, and then recedes into some secret place when the past comes out of the present “. If the past and future are in some secret place, then they must exist in that secret place. Further, Augustine says, we can remember the past and predict the future, and “to see that which has no existence is impossible “.
Conflicting Causalities: The Jesuits, their Opponents, and Descartes on the Causality of the Efficient Cause
Authors: Hattab Helen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is causality? This was a stock question for Scholastic Aristotelians of the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, as it is posed, again and again, in well-known commentaries on Aristotle’sPhysics, and in commonly used textbooks of Scholastic philosophy. It forms part of a standard set of questions philosophers at the time raised with respect to Aristotle’s discussion of the efficient cause. To be precise, the question concerns the exact nature of the causality of the efficient cause and usu-ally appears right after treatments of Aristotle’s definition of the efficient cause, and the various kinds of efficient causes.
Aristotle’S Definition of Nature
Authors: Kelsey Sean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aristotle’s definition of nature suggests that the special mark of natural things (by contrast with artefacts) is that they have an internal principle of movement. In this paper I ask what this doctrine really amounts to: what does Aristotle think is the difference between natural things and artefacts? This is not usually felt to be very difficult: ‘The difference is that natural things have an internal principle of movement.’ But the question is really about this idea of an internal principle: about what Aristotle is saying about natural things when he says that their movements have a principle, and that this principle is internal to them.
Calculating Machines or Leaky Jars? The Moral Psychology of Plato’s Gorgias
Authors: Carone Gabriela Roxana 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this essay I propose to address a putative tension in the Gorgias between what has sometimes been called ‘ Socratic intellectualism’ on the one hand, and the concession that the soul may have irrational motivations on the other. Common interpretations of this phenomenon have consisted in taking the Gorgias as a transitional dialogue, the ‘Socratic intellectualism’ part of it portraying the views of the historical Socrates (and/or Plato’s earlier views, as expounded e.g. in the Apology and Prntagoras), and the, so to speak, ‘irrationalist’ part of it portraying views that Plato himself (as opposed to Socrates) is starting to consider in a way that anticipates the further developments of the Republic (with its recognition of sou1 division, psychic conflict, and allegedly, the possibility of akmsia).
Non-Substantial Individuals In Aristotle’S Categories
Authors: Erginel Mehmet M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aristotleistotle ‘s C’ategories1 classifies entities by using two predication relations, being ‘said of’ a subject and being ‘in’ a subject.2 Four kinds of entity emerge from this classification: (i) things that are neither ‘said of nor ‘in’ a subject; (ii) things that are ‘said of a subject but not ‘in’ a subject; (iii) things that are both ‘said of’ a subject and ‘in’ a subject; and (iv) things that are ‘in’ a subject but not ‘said of’ a subject.3
From Republic to Laws’.
Authors: Kahn Charlesk 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No reader of Plato’s Laws can miss the striking contrast, in both form and content, between this dialogue and the Republic. But different readers evaluate the contrast in different ways. Lord Acton, for example, seems to have preferred the later work; he reported that the books from which he learnt ‘the most about the principles of politics’ were the Laws of Plato and the Politics of Aristotle. 2 And several passages in the Laws might well serve as the source for Acton’s famous observation that a11 power corrupts, and absolute power corrupts absolutely. In these passages Plato argues for the rule of laws rather than men, on the grounds that human nature is too weak to bear political authority that is unbridled and uncontrolled by law.
What and About What is Internalism?
Authors: Fumerton Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Internalism/externalism controversies rage on in both epistemology and the philosophy of mind. Obviously, it is critical to any satisfactory discussion of these issues that we get clear about just exactly what constitutes an internal state and what constitute the targets of one‘s internalist/externalist analyses. So, for example, Conee and Feldman (2004) often identify their epistemic internalism with the thesis that all evidence is identical with the mental states of a believer—they call this thesis mentalism. But in an afterword to ‘Internalism Defended ‘ they acknowledge that the existence of the internalism/externalism debate in the philosophy of mind might require a more subtle characterization of their epistemological internalism.
Externally Enhanced Internalism
Authors: Conee Earl 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Refinements aside, epistemic internalism holds that justification is wholly determined inside of us. Refinements aside, content externalism holds that the contents of some mental states are partially determined outside of us. Content externalism can seem to threaten epistemic internalism. The justification of attitudes toward propositional contents is a main topic of internalism. According to content externalism, some attitude contents are differentiated externally. Those contents might appear to be too remote from internal factors for justification to be determined internally. In short, since content externalism seems to imply that we cannot always distinguish on a purely internal basis which proposition we have in mind, it can seem doubtful that the appropriate attitude toward a proposition is always determined internally.
Entitlement, Opacity, and Connection
Authors: Majors Brad , Sawyer Sarah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Central to debate over the nature of representational content is the question whether such content can be individuated without essential reference to nonintentional relations between the thinker and the objects or properties represented. Semantic externalism is the view that it cannot be so individuated. Its proponents hold that part of what it is to be a perceptual representation is to bear causal or other sorts of nonrepresentational relations to the relevant subject matter.1 Semantic internalism denies this claim, and thus insists that a thinker‘s representational properties, states, and events supervene upon the intrinsic nature of the thinker. Physically type-identical subjects, on this view, necessarily share all the same semantic or representational attributes.
If you Know what is Best, you Do it: Socratic Intellectualism in Xenophon and Plato
Authors: Seel Gerhard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the following, I shall do something most scholars consider senseless: putting the question of Socrates again. This question is exactly the opposite of the other great question of ancient scholarship, i.e. the question of Homer. What the latter is about is best expressed in the following joke: Someone in Oxford has discovered that it was not Homer who wrote the Iliad; it was somebody else who happened to have the same name. Obviously such a story could not be told about Socrates at all. In the case of Homer, we are familiar with the work; what we do not know is the identity of the author. In the case of Socrates, it is the other way around.
Socrates and Hedonism
Authors: Kahn Charles H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Protagoras is a puzzling dialogue in many respects, but none more puzzling than the apparent endorsement of hedonism by Socrates in the Final refutation of Protagoras. Since Aristotle clearly takes some of the views expressed by Socrates in this dialogue to be the views of the historical Socrates (notably the denial of akrasia), some scholars have been tempted to see the identification pleasure as the good as in fact a view defended by the historical character Socrates, and not just by Socrates in the dialogue. But most of us Find it difficult to believe that the Socrates we know from the Apology and the Crito—the Socrates who claimed that the only consideration for a good man is whether a proposed action is or is not just—could ever have identified the good with the pleasant.
Socrates and Euthyphro: The Argument and its Revival
Authors: Irwin Terence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the Euthyphro (10a–11b) Socrates argues against Euthyphro’s suggestion that piety is what all the gods love. His argument, sometimes known simply as ‘the Euthyphro Argument’, is the source of a long sequence of philosophical reXexions on definition, and on related issues in met ethics . The continuing prominence of these issues in contemporary philosophy demonstrates the depth and breadth of the questions raised by the Euthyphro Argument.
Sharing a Property
Authors: Scaltsas Theodore 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Socratic discussion in the Hippias Major 300–303, is not a passing comment on plural reference; it is a theory of plural subject hood. It has escaped attention because it is a small part of a larger complex argument on the topic of which pleasures are fine. Socrates’ theory is further concealed by the fact that it is presented as an antithesis between Hippias and himself, whereas in fact Hippias’ position shares much with Socrates’ theory.
The Early Christian Reception of Socrates
Authors: Frede Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book commemorates Socrates’ death some 2,400 years ago. Socrates plays a pivotal role in the history of philosophy. This role is reXected by the fact that scholars have come to distinguish between the Presocratics, as we now call them, on the one hand, and Socrates and the philosophers who followed him, on the other. This distinction is not as clear cut as one might wish when it comes to the details, but it does capture the enormous diVerence in character between the sort of philosophy we Find in the Presocratics and philosophy as it emerges in the fourth century under the inXuence of Socrates and his immediate followers.
Desire And Reason In Plato’S Republic
Authors: Lorenz Hendrik 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In book 4 of Plato’s Republic,as is well known, Socrates offers a complicated and somewhat problematic argument for the conclusion that the human soul, in its embodied state, has three parts. One question is what Socrates commits himself to in arguing, in the way he does, that the soul is composed of parts—never mind the further questions how many parts there are, and how they are to be characterized. Might it be that his commitment is just to the position that human motivation comes in a number of distinct and specifiable kinds or forms? There are, moreover, questions about how Plato conceives of the various parts of the soul that the argument is designed to bring to light. For instance, it has seemed to several commentators that even the lowest part of the soul, as Plato thinks of it, is equipped with cognitive resources that we, at least, regard as rational, such as the capacity for means—ends reasoning. Closely related, as it turns out, is the further question whether Plato’s argument succeeds in establishing precisely the three parts that it is meant to establish, rather than generating indefinitely more parts than three. The worry that I want to focus on in this connection is whether Plato’s argument requires not only a partition of the soul into a rational part (or reason), a spirited part (or spirit), and an (intensely) desiderative part (or desire), but also a subpartition of at least one of these parts.
Cartesian Dualism
Authors: Hawthorne John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this short paper, I shall examine some key structural features of Descartes’s metaphysics, as it relates to mind–body dualism. The style of presentation will partly be one of rational reconstruction, designed to present the Cartesian system in a way that will be of maximal interest to contemporary metaphysicians. Section 1 focuses on five key Cartesian theses about principal attributes. Sections 2 and 3 examine how those theses play themselves out in Descartes’s discussion of mind–body dualism.
Editions and Translations of the Text
Authors: Mccabe Anne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Hippiatrica First appeared in print in a Latin translation by Jean Ruel (Ruellius), published in Paris by Simon de Colines in 1530.1 Ruel (1474– 1537), a native of Soissons, was dean of the faculty of medicine in Paris and personal physician to King François I. He had previously made a Latin translation of the De materia medica of Dioscorides (Paris, H. Estienne, 1516), an edition that was reprinted many times: the Hellenist Guillaume Budé called him’ ‘aigle des interprétes’. Ruel also produced editions of Celsus and John Actuarius; the plant genus Ruellia is named after him.
Studies of the Hippiatrica
Authors: Mccabe Anne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Hippiatrica has been in print for more than four and a half centuries, but has attracted relatively little scholarly attention in this time. That is not to say the text has languished unread. Isaac Casaubon’s copy of Grynaeus’ edition bears copious annotations in his hand, including the deduction that Hierocles was not the compiler of the Hippiatrica. Nicolas Rigault (Rigaltius), Casaubon’s successor as one of the keepers of the royal library in Paris, pointed out in the introduction to his edition of the Greek works on falconry that the Hippiatrica is also an anonymous compilation.
Hierocles
Authors: Mccabe Anne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Moreover, there was a long tradition in Greek literature of amateurs writing practical handbooks with other amateurs in mind, usually by putting someone else’s material into more attractive literary form. The best-known examples are the Phaenomena of Aratus and the Theriaca and Alexipharmaca of Nicander, paraphrases of the manuals of Eudoxus and Apollodorus of Alexandria, respectively, into hexameter verse. Varro, too, put his compilation on agriculture into the form of a dialogue, and Columella’s De re rustica is not without rhetorical Xourishes. The Latin veterinary treatise of Vegetius, which consists of a reworking of Columella, the Mulomedicina Chironis, and Pelagonius, provides an analogy to Hierocles’ work.
Conclusions
Authors: Mccabe Anne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A number of tendencies may be discerned in the evolution of what we may call the major recensions of the Hippiatrica, M, B, C, and L. The First is in the presentation of the excerpts. In M, the identities of the authors are distinct and prominent: indeed, the text is arranged according to their names. Excerpts from the source treatises are transcribed, as far as one can tell, without alteration, and no anonymous excerpts figure in the compilation. In B, the reordering of the compilation gives more weight to the subjects of the excerpts. Many excerpts have lost their identifying lemmata, and anonymous sources are also introduced. In C, the individual source- treatises are no longer treated as sovereign entities, and excerpts from different authors are run together without scruple.
Philosophical Background
Authors: Hampshire Stuart 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘I do not presume to have discovered the best philosophy’, Spinoza wrote (Letter LXXVI), ‘but I know that I understand the true one.’ Spinoza is the most ambitious and uncompromising of all modem philosophers, and it is partly for this reason that he is supremely worth studying. He exhibits the metaphysical mind and temperament at its purest and most intense; he is the perfect example of the pure philosopher. No other modern philosopher of equal stature has made such exalted claims for philosophy, or had such a clear vision of the scope and range of pure philosophical thinking.