bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Primary molar pulp therapy – histological evaluation of failure
Authors: Waterhouse P.J. , Nunn J.H. , Whitworth J.M. , Soames J.V. 
Published: March 2003

Objectives. Qualitative comparison of the clinical, radiographic and histological outcomes in a small sample of cariously exposed primary molars, extracted after unsucessful pulp treatment by two vital pulpotomy methods. Subjects and methods. The primary molars were extracted, because of treatment failure, during a longitudinal clinical investigation of the relative efficacy of 20% Buckley’s Formocresol versus calcium hydroxide powder as pulp dressings in vital pulp therapy (in press). Fifty‐two child patients were sequentially enrolled in the longitudinal clinical investigation, 26 boys and 26 girls. Primary molar teeth requiring vital pulp therapy were randomly allocated to either the formocresol group (F) or the calcium hydroxide group (C). Coronal pulp amputation was prescribed only in teeth with vital, cariously‐exposed pulp tissue. All cases were reviewed using predefined clinical and radiological criteria. Seventy‐nine cariously‐exposed primary molars required vital pulp therapy. Forty‐four teeth were included in group F and 35 in group C. Five per cent (n = 2) of teeth in group F and 11 per cent of teeth (n = 4) in group C were terminated from the trial due to clinical and/or radiographic failure. Of the six teeth extracted, five were sufficiently intact to be retained for histological evaluation. Results. Post‐extraction radiographs taken before specimen preparation showed reactionary dentine barrier (bridge) formation in teeth treated with calcium hydroxide. However, the narrowing of root canals, indicative of appositional reactionary dentine deposition, was seen in both groups (F and C). Histological examination confirmed these findings and revealed that pus cells were evident in all specimens examined. There was also histological evidence of resorption of reactionary dentine within the root canal and that forming the calcified barrier (dentine bridge). Conclusion. The clinical and radiographic outcomes for the five teeth correlate well with the reported findings from decalcified histological section. Although numbers are small, the histological findings may indicate possible reasons for treatment failure. There are few reports of this sort in the literature of this under‐researched treatment modality.
Variations in number and morphology of permanent teeth in 7‐year‐old Swedish children
Authors: Bäckman B. , Wahlin Y.B. 
Published: March 2003

Summary.
Objectives. To establish the prevalence of numerical and morphological variations of permanent teeth in Swedish 7‐year‐olds and to accept or reject the hypothesis of a higher prevalence for these conditions in northern Sweden compared to other areas. Design. Cross‐sectional. Setting. Department of Odontology/Pedodontics, Umeå University, Sweden. Sample and methods. A total of 739 healthy Caucasian 7‐year‐olds residing in the city of Umeå, northern Sweden in 1976. The children were examined clinically and radiographically. Results. The prevalence of hypodontia (excluding third molars) in girls was 8·4%, in boys 6·5%, and in both sexes combined 7·4%. Of the children with hypodontia, the majority (90·9%) lacked one or two teeth. Lower second premolars were the teeth most frequently missing. The prevalence of hyperdontia was 1·9%; 11 girls and three boys were affected; 78% of the supernumerary teeth were mesiodenses. Of the morphological variations, peg‐shaped upper lateral incisors were found in 0·8% of the children, double‐formation (gemination) in 0·3%, taurodontism in 0·3% and dens invaginatus in 6·8%. One diagnosis was found in 18% of the children, and in almost 8% of them more than one diagnosis was found. Conclusions. The results agree with those obtained in similar populations and are considered representative of this ethnic group. The hypothesis of a genetically determined higher prevalence of numerical and morphological variations in the study population was not verified.
Betel quid chewing among Bangladeshi adolescents living in East London
Authors: Prabhu N.T. , Warnakulasuriya K. , Gelbier S. , Robinson P.G. 
Published: March 2003

Summary.
Objectives. Ascertain level and predictors of betel quid (pan) chewing in Bangladeshi adolescents. Design. Cross sectional questionnaire study. Setting. Bangladeshi cultural centres in East London. Sample. Consecutive adolescents attending 4 randomly selected centres. Method. Self‐completed questionnaire. Results. 204 (70%) of 290 teenagers invited to participate did so. Fifty‐eight (28%) chewed pan; 30 (51%) of whom chewed on most days. The median age of first chewing was 9 years. Only 7 (2%) added tobacco to their quids. Pan chewers tended to come from lower socio‐economic status families, liked the taste of pan and were less inclined to think that it adversely affected their appearance or that it could cause cancer. Conclusions. The prevalence of pan chewing was lower than that found among adults reported in earlier studies in the UK. This reduction in the level of pan chewing could be attributed to acculturation. Few teenagers knew about the association between pan chewing and cancer but the widespread concern about the effect of pan chewing on the appearance of their mouth suggests this is a useful health promotion message within common risk/health factor approach.
A review of clinical features in 13 cases of impacted primary teeth
Authors: Otsuka Y. , Mitomi T. , Tomizawa M. , Noda T. 
Published: March 2003

Summary.
Aim. The aim of this study was to review clinical findings in 14 impacted primary teeth in 13 cases treated at a Paediatric Dental Clinic over a period of 18 years. Method. The retrospective study used clinical records, radiographs and oral photographs. Data included age, gender, presenting complaints, location, radiographic findings, aetiological factors, treatment and prognosis of impacted primary teeth and their permanent successors. Results. The patients included five males and eight females aged from one year two months to seven years five months. One case had impacted bilateral, mandibular primary central incisors and the remaining 12 cases each had one impacted tooth. The maxillary second primary molar was the tooth most frequently involved. Permanent successor tooth germs were identified in 12 teeth but not in two. Five cases were impacted because of odontomas, in the case with bilaterally affected mandibular primary central incisors these were malpositioned and were erupting ectopically. In seven cases, aetiology was unknown. Four impacted primary teeth were extracted because eruption was unlikely. In four cases, odontomas were surgically removed and the teeth kept under observation. The remaining six were surgically exposed. Traction was applied in two of the six. Eight of the teeth erupted. In two teeth in which traction was used, one was subsequently extracted, and one erupted. In the cases of seven, permanent successors erupted. These were hypoplastic teeth and were delayed in development and eruption. Conclusions. Impacted primary teeth may be associated with defects in development and eruption of their permanent successors, long‐term observation is therefore necessary until the permanent successors erupt.
Tuberculous osteomyelitis of the mandible: a case report
Authors: Bhatt A. P. , Jayakrishnan Amrita 
Published: March 2003

Osteomyelitis of jaws caused by infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis is uncommon, especially in children. We present a case of tuberculous osteomyelitis in a young child. Its clinical presentation, with features similar to a dento‐alveolar abscess, underline the importance of considering it in the differential diagnosis of jaw lesions.We discuss of the diagnostic techniques, management and preventive measures, and stress the importance of history taking during clinical examination.
Oral health behaviour of schoolchildren and parents in Jordan
Authors: Rajab L. D. , Petersen P. E. , Bakaeen G. , Hamdan M. A. 
Published: March 2003

Summary. Objectives.  The objectives of the study were: (i) to assess the level of dental knowledge and attitudes towards child dental care among parents in Jordan, (ii) to analyse the oral health care habits of schoolchildren and parents, and (iii) to evaluate the oral hygiene habits and use of professional dental services of children in relation to socio‐demographic conditions.Design.  Cross‐sectional, self‐administered questionnaires for parents.Sample and methods.  National representative sample of 6–16‐year‐olds living in urban areas (n = 1556, children and parents, response rate 92%, 48·7% boys, 51·3% girls).Results.  In all, 80% of the parents knew about the harmful effect of sugar and 79% thought that poor oral hygiene may induce dental caries. In addition to proper oral hygiene (79%) and restriction of sugar/sweets (42%), 36% of the parents emphasized regular dental visits for the prevention of dental disease in children. However, most children saw a dentist for symptomatic reasons only (86%), while 11% attended for dental check‐ups. At their last visit to the dentist, 49% of the children had tooth extraction and only 8% had preventive services (fissure sealing). Toothbrushing at least twice a day was reported for 31% of the children; 14% of children aged 6–9 years had assistance from adults in brushing. Dental care habits of children were highly affected by dental visiting habits of parents, and variations by level of education of parents were also found.Conclusions.  The discrepancy between dental knowledge and attitudes of parents and oral health care practices indicate the need for oral health education. School‐based oral health promotion programmes should be established in Jordan to influence the oral health behaviour of children and parents and to avoid further deterioration in their oral health.
Investigation of the effect of FK506 (tacrolimus) and cyclosporin on gingival overgrowth following paediatric liver transplantation
Authors: McKaig S. J. , Kelly D. , Shaw L. 
Published: March 2003

Summary. Introduction. Gingival overgrowth associated with immunosuppression following liver transplantation is a commonly recognized clinical problem. The aims of this study were to determine the incidence of gingival overgrowth in a group of children post liver transplantation and to compare gingival overgrowth in children receiving FK506 with those receiving cyclosporin.Methods. Seventy‐nine children (aged 15–196 months) undergoing liver transplantation at Birmingham Children's Hospital between October 1998 and October 2000 were studied. Gingival overgrowth was assessed in a blinded fashion and scored in a previously validated manner. Gingival overgrowth scores of the patients on each immunosuppressant drug were then compared.Results. Fifty‐two patients were treated with cyclosporin and 27 treated with tacrolimus. Eighteen children were also receiving nifedipine (also known to cause gingival overgrowth) and were considered separately. Of the 41 children receiving cyclosporin alone, 26 exhibited gingival overgrowth compared to zero of 20 patients receiving tacrolimus alone. Those children treated with immunosuppression plus nifedipine developed gingival overgrowth, however, this was much less marked in the tacrolimus group.Conclusion. Tacrolimus, unlike cyclosporin, is not associated with gingival overgrowth when used for immunosuppression following liver transplantation in children, and may be the drug of choice for children.
The evaluation of the `stages of change' model for use in counselling client's undergoing predictive testing for Huntington's disease
Authors: Houlihan Gary D. 
Published: March 2003

The evaluation of the `stages of change' model for use in counselling client's undergoing predictive testing for Huntington's disease Nurses are increasingly working in new and novel situations which may be outside the realms of traditional nursing practice. Therefore when evaluating theories and models that may be utilized in these situations it may be necessary to look beyond established nursing theories and concepts. This paper therefore attempts to evaluate Prochaska & DiClemente's (1983) stages of change model for its goodness of fit when counselling people as part of the predictive testing programme for Huntington's disease. The model demonstrates that in order to provide effective communication it is important to recognize the particular stage a client is at in his/her decision‐making process concerning predictive testing. The relevance of the model to generic genetic counselling in nursing practice is discussed and the importance of stage‐matched nursing interventions is emphasized. The model's non‐reliance on the medical model or the concept of illness means that it may also be a useful model when applied to other nursing situations.
An exploration of psychiatric nurses' and patients' opinions regarding in‐patient care for suicidal patients
Authors: McLaughlin Columba 
Published: March 2003

An exploration of psychiatric nurses' and patients' opinions regarding in‐patient care for suicidal patients This study explores psychiatric nurses' and patients' opinions regarding the care provided for in‐patients who were admitted following: (i) depression as a result of psychosocial difficulty, (ii) suicidal ideation, or (iii) an overt suicidal behaviour. It also explores how care for such patients could be improved. A total of 20 psychiatric nurses and 17 in‐patients were interviewed. The results show that nurses and patients believe that communicating with patients about their difficulties is the most important skill in psychiatric nursing. Most nurses were disappointed with the limited time they had available to communicate with patients and they were constructively critical of their pre‐registration training in communication skills. Patients suggested that nurses should spend more time in helping to problem‐solve their difficulties. Both nurses and patients suggest that situational factors impinge on the time available for psychotherapeutic care. Findings have implications for pre‐ and post‐registration education and practice. Responses from both cohorts suggest how care could be improved.
Correlates of expected success at adherence to health regimen of people with IDDM
Authors: Lo Ruth 
Published: March 2003

Correlates of expected success at adherence to health regimen of people with IDDM Patient non‐adherence is a well‐recognized although poorly understood phenomenon that affects patients in all areas of health care. Failure to comply with health regimens is extremely costly both in economic terms and the health status of individuals. This study assesses factors which correlate with the expected success of health regimen adherence in 146 insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) subjects. The results indicate that success in complying with a health regimen is associated with good family support and rapport with health professionals, an absence of chronic stress and the capacity to take up the challenges posed by the disease. Health professionals have a role in engendering optimism, in maintaining enthusiasm, and facilitating and encouraging maintenance in health behaviours.
Fatigue in chronic illness: the experience of individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and with asthma
Authors: Small Sandra , Lamb Marianne 
Published: March 2003

Fatigue in chronic illness: the experience of individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and with asthma Although fatigue has been identified as a major problem for individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and with asthma, no research was found in which the symptom was directly studied in persons with these conditions. From studies carried out on various patient populations, it appears that fatigue has some specificity to disease state. Thus, it is important to describe the experience of fatigue within patient populations. To expand theoretical understanding of fatigue, qualitative research methods need to be applied. The purpose of this study therefore was to describe and compare the fatigue experiences of persons with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (n=17) and with asthma (n=19). Data were obtained by use of a semi‐structured questionnaire and were content analysed for categories and themes. There were many similarities between the fatigue experiences of the two groups. Fatigue is inextricably linked to laboured breathing. Although it interferes with their ability to carry out meaningful activities, the majority of individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma cope well with it. The informants identified two types of coping strategies they use to manage their situation, which may be categorized as: problem‐focused, including energy conservation, utilization and restoration; and emotion‐focused, including being positive, accepting the physical limitations, distracting and normalizing.
Understanding dissatisfied users: developing a framework for comprehending criticisms of health care work
Authors: Coyle Joanne 
Published: March 2003

Understanding dissatisfied users: developing a framework for comprehending criticisms of health care workRecent government proposals have underlined the importance of ascertaining users’ views of health care. Traditionally these have been obtained through satisfaction surveys. However, researchers argue that the focus of attention should now shift to exploring dissatisfaction because it highlights more clearly any problems in lay‐practitioner relationships. Research has shown that dissatisfaction is a complex social construct which is underpinned by a range of values, beliefs, attitudes and experiences. The aim of this paper is to provide insights into the meaning of dissatisfaction by exploring how dissatisfied users attribute cause, responsibility and blame for their untoward experiences. Forty‐one people were identified from a household survey of user views as experiencing problems with their health care. They were interviewed in depth, and a grounded theory approach was used to construct a framework inductively from their accounts. This identified a number of normative expectations through which health work was routinely criticized; these included respondents casting aspersions on the professional integrity of health care practitioners and preserving their own moral identity through demonstrating competence, knowledge, rationality, reasonableness and concern for others. Moreover, it is argued that these patterns help practitioners to understand how dissatisfied users’ perceive subsequent health care encounters.
Training for transformation: reorientating primary health care nurses for the provision of mental health care in South Africa
Authors: Petersen Inge 
Published: March 2003

Training for transformation: reorientating primary health care nurses for the provision of mental health care in South AfricaUsing programme research, this paper reports on the evaluation of a programme designed to orientate primary health care nurses towards the provision of a comprehensive approach to care. In addition to training in psychiatric care, this was deemed necessary in order to facilitate comprehensive integrated primary mental health care in South Africa. Nurse–patient consultations were evaluated on indicators of comprehensive care before and after the programme. Interviews were also conducted with the participants individually and in a group. The results indicate that there are several factors which mediate the provision of comprehensive care by primary health care nurses. These include individual factors as well as contextual factors,inter alia, the structure and organization of the health care system, which historically has been organized to promote biomedical care. Furthermore, biomedicine has dominated training models in South Africa, instilling in nurses a biomedical approach to patient care.
A conceptual treadmill: the need for ‘middle ground’ in clinical decision making theory in nursing
Authors: Thompson Carl 
Published: March 2003

A conceptual treadmill: the need for ‘middle ground’ in clinical decision making theory in nursing This paper explores the two predominant theoretical approaches to the process of nurse decision making prevalent within the nursing research literature: systematic‐positivistic approaches as exemplified by information processing theory, and the intuitive‐humanistic approach of Patricia Benner. The two approaches’ strengths and weaknesses are explored and as a result a third theoretical stance is proffered: the idea of a cognitive continuum. According to this approach the systematic and intuitive theoretical camps occupy polar positions at either end of a continuum as opposed to separate theoretical planes. The methodological and professional benefits of adopting such a stance are also briefly outlined.
Validation of the Sign and Symptom Check‐List for Persons with HIV Disease (SSC‐HIV)
Authors: Holzemer William L. , Henry Suzanne B. , Nokes Kathleen M. , Corless Inge B. , Brown Marie‐Annette , Powell‐Cope Gail M. , Turner Joan G. , Inouye Jillian 
Published: March 2003

Validation of the Sign and Symptom Check‐List for Persons with HIV Disease (SSC‐HIV) Symptom management for persons living with HIV disease is recognized as an extremely important component of care management. This article reports the validation of a new sign and symptom assessment tool designed to assess the intensity of HIV‐related symptoms using two samples (study 1: n=247; study 2: n=686) of people living with HIV disease. Study 1 data were collected between 1994 and 1996 before the initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Study 2 data were collected between 1997 and 1998 after the wide adoption of HAART therapy. The initial version of the Sign and Symptom Check‐List for Persons with HIV Disease (SSC‐HIV) included 41 signs and symptoms. This scale was submitted to a principal components factor analysis with a varimax rotation. The final solution reports six factors explaining 68·9% of the variance. The six symptom clusters (factors), the number of items in the factor, and the Cronbach alpha reliability estimates were: malaise/weakness/fatigue (six items, alpha=0·90); confusion/distress (four items, alpha=0·90); fever/chills (four items, alpha=0·85); gastrointestinal discomfort (four items, alpha=0·81); shortness of breath (three items, alpha=0·79); and nausea/vomiting (three items, alpha=0·77). These six factors have strong reliability estimates and a stable factor structure that supports the construct validity of the 26‐item instrument. Additional evidence supports the concurrent validity of the scale as well as its sensitivity to change over time. The final version of the SSC‐HIV is a 26‐item scale available for use by clinicians and researchers to measure the patient’s self‐report of HIV‐related signs and symptoms.