bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Treatment of the “on‐off” phenomenon in parkisnonism with lithium carbonate
Authors: Coffey C. Edward , Ross Donald R. , Ferren E. L. , Sullivan John L. , Olanow C. Warren 
Published: January 2005

AbstractSix patients with severe parkinsonism complicated by the “on‐off” phenomenon were treated with lithium carbonate in addition to regular antiparkinsonian medications. A randomized double‐blind crossover trial of lithium versus placebo was conducted, followed by an open trial of lithium therapy. Five patients had marked reductions in akinesia (mean, 70%) and improved by one grade in parkinson staging. This result was more striking in male than in female patients, and in all responders benefit has been maintained during the open phase of lthium treatment (mean follow‐up of 36 weeks). In no patient was reduction in akinesia observed during placebo treatment. Lithium carbonate appears to offer a new and potentially effective approach to treatment of the on‐off phenomenon.
Tomographic mapping of human cerebral metabolism: Sensory deprivation
Authors: Mazziotta John C. , Phelps Micael E. , Carson Richard E. , Kuhl David E. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractLocal cerebral glucose metabolism was measured in 22 right‐handed, normal volunteers using 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose and positron computed tomography. Three states consisting of selective or combined auditory or visual deprivation were examined. Results demonstrated a progressive decline in overall glucose metabolism with reduced sensory inputs. The relative metabolism of the frontal cortex compared to that of the parietal and occipital cortex progressively increased from the eyes‐closed to the ears‐closed to the both‐closed states. Left‐right symmetry was found throughout the distribution of structures within the region of brain sampled for both the selective auditory and visual deprivation test conditions, but a relative decrease in right‐sided metabolism occurred in the combined audiovisual deprivation state. The most significant metabolic asymmetries occurred in the perisylvian, inferior prefrontal, and lateral occipital cortex. The relative metabolic rates of the medial occipital cortex, measured as a percentage of the hemispheric mean, doubled bilaterally with eye opening. The results demonstrate the difficulties inherent in defining a stable and reproducible “resting” state for the human brain.
Selective reduction of blood flow to white matter during hypotension in newborn dogs: A possbile mechanism of periventricular leukomalacia
Authors: Richard S. K. Young , Hernandez Milton J. , Yagel Susan K. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe cerebrovascular response of newborn animals to hypotension has not been defined on a regional basis. Using an autoradiographic technique employing 14C‐iodoantipyrine as indicator, we studied the cerebral physiological responses of newborn dogs to hypotension induced by exsanguination or by administration of Escherichia coli endotoxin. Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) to all gray matter structures was preserved, even at mean arterial pressures as low as 20 mm Hg. In contrast, rCBF to periventricular and occipital white matter decreased significantly during severe hypotension. The selective hypoperfusion of cerebral white matter during severe hypotension may provide a mechanistic explanation for the pathogenesis of periventricular leukomalacia.
Neonatal‐onset adrenoleukodystrophy in a girl
Authors: Haas Joel E. , Johnson Edward Stidworthy , Farrell Donald L. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA 4‐year 11‐month‐old girl developed cerebral degeneration with onset in the neonatal period. Postmortem examination showed gross, microscopic, ultrastructural, and biochemical changes identical to those associated with adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD), a sex‐linked disorder of boys beginning in the first decade of life. Cytoplasmic inclusions ultrastructurally identical to those in brains and adrenal glands of ALD patients were present not only in this girl's adrenal glands and brain but also in reticuloendothelial cells of the liver, lymph node, spleen, thymus, and hepatic lysosomes. Thin‐layer and gas‐liquid chromatographic analysis of cerebral tissues demonstrated abnormal long‐chain fatty acids in the cholesterol ester fraction, identical to those present in affected tissues of males with ALD. The documentation of abnormal long‐chain fatty acids in cerebral tissues of a female patient supports the concept that infantile‐onset ALD is a clinically and pathologically distinctive entity characterized by prominent visceral storage abnormalities and occurrence in both sexes. These findings also suggest that ALD and related entities are either phenotypic variants of a specific enzyme deficiency or separate diseases resulting from different mutations in a common metabolic pathway.
Mood, vegetative disturbance, and dexamethasone suppression test after stroke
Authors: Finklestein Seth , Benowitz Larry I. , Baldessarini Ross J. , Arana George W. , Levine David , Woo Elaine , Bear David , Moya Kenneth , Stoll Andrew L. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAssessments of mood disturbance and “vegetative” (appetite or sleep) disturbance as well as a single‐dose dexamethasone suppression test (DST) were carried out in 25 randomly selected stroke patients and in 13 nonstroke control patients hosptalized in a rehabilitation center. Prevalence rates of moderate‐to‐sever depression of mood and vegetative disturbance were significantly higher in stroke patients than controls (48% and 52% versus 0% and 8%, respectively), as was the prevalence of abnormal DST results (52% versus 8%). Abnormal DST results were associated with the occurrence of moderate to severe mood, appetite, and sleep disturbances among all patients. In 2 stroke patients, repeated DST results paralleled the clinical course. The DST may be useful as an adjunct to the diagnosis and in monitoring the progress of the common and potentially reversible mood and vegetative disturbances occurring after stroke.
Effect of folic acid and vitamin B12 deficiencies on 5‐hydroxyindoleacetic acid in human cerebrspinal fluid
Authors: Botez M. I. , Young Simon N. , Bachevalier Jocelyne , Gauthier Serge 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIndoles were measured in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from control patients, from patients suffering from folate deficiency, and from patients with vitamin B12 deficiency. The folate‐deficient patients were classified according to whether they exhibited a neuropsychiatric syndrome, consisting of organic mental changes, polyneuropathy, and depression, which responded to folate administration. CSF 5‐hydroxyindoleacetic acid was low in the vitamin B12‐deficient patients and in those folate‐deficient patients whose neuropsychiatric signs were responsive to folate administration, but was normal in the folate‐deficient patients whose symptoms were not related to folate deficiency. CSF 5‐hydroxyindoleacetic acid returned to normal with folate treatment in the patients exhibiting folate‐responsive neuropsychiatric signs. The data indicate a close association between folate‐responsive neuropsychiatric symptoms and change in 5‐hydroxytryptamine metabolism in the central nervous system.
Intravascular malignant histiocytosis mimicking central nervous system vasculitis: An immunopathological diagnostic approach
Authors: Krieger C. , Robitaille Y. , Jothy S. , Elleker G. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA 53‐year‐old man presented with a lumbosacral polyradiculoneuropathy and developed fluctuating encephalopathy suggestive of multifocal small vessel disease. Postmortem examination demonstrated multifocal vascular occlusions by undifferentiated cells confined to the intravascular space. Extravascular spread was found only in spleen and liver. The presence of lysozyme and absence of factor VIII in the cytoplasm of the malignant cells confirmed their histiocytic nature. This patient had an unusual intravascular form of malignant histiocytosis that must be included in the differential diagnosis of multifocal vascular disease.
Superior sagittal sinus thrombosis associated with androgen therapy for hypoplastic anemia
Authors: Shiozawa Zenji , Yamada Hideo , Mabuchi Chiyuki , Hotta Tomomitsu , Saito Masaru , Sobue Itsuro , Hunag Yun Peng 
Published: January 2005

AbstractOf 27 patients with hypoplastic anemia treated between 1971 and 1974 with male hormone and protein‐assimilating hormone, 3 developed superior sagittal sinus thrombosis (SSST). The clinical symptoms and signs and angiographic findings of SSST were characteristic enough to allow an early diagnosis. Signs related to SSST were seizures, hemiplegia, facial palsy, stupor, and coma, with the most important prodrome and consistent subjuective complaint being headache. Following discontinuation of the hormone therapy, neurological signs and symptoms related to SSST gradually subsided. In all cases, the hematological picture improved with discontinuation of the hormone therapies. It appears that administration of male hormone or protein‐assimilating hormone can be associated with the development of SSST. If neurological symptoms and signs of SSST appear, administration of the hormones should be discontinued.
Extracranial vascular changes and the source of pain in migraine headache
Authors: Drummond Peter D. , Lance James W. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe extracranial circulation of 66 migrainous patients was assessed during unilateral headache by recording the pulse amplitude of the superficial temporal artery and its main frontal branch, by facial thermography, and by changes in the intensity of headache when temporal or carotid arteries were compressed.Amplitude of pulsation of the superficial temporal artery did not differ between headache and headache‐free sides but the amplitude of its frontal branch was increased on the headache side, specifically in a subgroup of patients whose headache was relieved by compressing the superficial temporal artery (“extracranial vascular” group). Facial thermograms demonstrated significant differences in heat loss from the temples and orbits between migrainous patients and controls, frontotemporal changes being more conspicuous in the extracranial vascular group. It was concluded that dilatation of the superficial temporal artery and its branches contributes substantially to migraine headache in only a minority of patients.
Pupil sparing in oculomotor palsy: A brief review
Authors: Nadeau Stephen E. , Trobe Jonathan D. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe clinical dictum that pupil sparing in oculomotor nerve palsy predicts an extraaxial ischemic lesion while pupil involvement predicts an extraaxial compressive lesion has some important exceptions. Two case reports and a review of the literature disclose that pupil sparing occurs in a small proportion of intraaxial and compressve subarachnoid oculomotor nerve lesions and in a large proportion of compressive cavernous sinus oculomotor nerve lesions. Careful examination is also necessary to separate examples of apparent pupil sparing in cases of aberrant regeneration and in some instances of cavernous sinus compression.
Central nervous system excitatory effects of meperidine in cancer patients
Authors: Kaiko Robert F. , Foley Kathleen M. , Grabinski Patricia Y. , Heidrich George , Rogers Ada G. , Inturrisi Charles E. , Reidenberg Marcus M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe analgesic meperidine has been reported to produce signs of central nervous system excitation in human beings. To determine the relationship between signs and symptoms of central nervous system excitation and plasma levels of meperidine and normeperidine, we studied 67 patients receiving meperidine for the relief of postoperative or chronic pain. In 48 patients, excitatory effects ranging from mild nervousness to tremors, twitches, multifocal myoclonus, and seizures were directly correlated with accumulation of normeperidine in plasma. Evidence of compromised renal function occurred in only 14 of the 48 symptomatic patients, suggesting that renal dysfunction may contribute to but is not the sole factor in the accumulation of normeperidine or its relation to adverse neurological signs. In a second study we surveyed mood alterations in 47 patients receiving meperidine and 29 receiving other narcotic analgesics for postoperative pain. The repeated administration of meperidine was associated with adverse alterations in various elements of mood (e.g., apprehension, sadness, restlessness).
Central pontine myelinolysis following rapid correction of hyponatremia
Authors: Laureno Robert 
Published: January 2005

AbstractCentral pontine and extrapontine myelinolysis was experimentally produced in dogs by the rapid correction of severe, sustained, vasopressin‐induced hyponatremia. Hyponatremia alone or slowly corrected hyponatremia did not produce the disease. Affected dogs showed rigid quadriparesis. The central pons, lateral aspects of the thalamus and adjacent internal capsules, deep layers of cerebral cortex and subjacent white matter, cerebellum, and other regions were symmetrically involved. Myelin and oligodendroglia were affected out of proportion to axons and neurons. Thus, the clinical features, the distribution of the lesions, and their histological features closely resemble the human disease. These experiments document an electrolyte manipulation that can cause permanent neuropathological lesions. Taken with the available clinical data on human patients, the experimental results indicate that human myelinolysis may be due to a rapid increase in serum sodium from previously low levels, and that rapid normalization of severe, sustained hyponatremia should therefore be avoided.
Computerized tomography as a diagnostic aid in acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis
Authors: Rothstein Ted L. , Shaw Cheng‐Mei 
Published: January 2005

AbstractComputerized tomography (CT) in a pathologically proven case of acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis (AHL) showed a mass effect and increased absorption coefficient in the right hemisphere within 18 hours of the onset of neurological symptoms. The changes corresponded to the site of white matter edema, necrosis, and petechial hemorrhages demonstrated postmortem. The early changes on CT reflect the hyperacute nature of AHL and differ from those of herpes simplex encephalitis.
Intracerebral hemorrhage and vasculitis related to ephedrine abuse
Authors: Wooten Marvin R. , Khangure Makhan S. , Murphy Martin J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntracerebral hemorrhage occurred in a 20‐year‐old man following self‐administration of ephedrine. Changes seen on cerebral angiography were typical of vasculitis, and immune complex deposition was found in a skin biopsy. This combination has not previously been reported with ephedrine abuse although it is well known with amphetamine abuse.
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: A burnt‐out case
Authors: Price Richard W. , Nielsen Surl , Horten Bruce , Rubino Michael , Padgett Billie , Walker Duard 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA patient with Hodgkin's disease developed progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), documented by brain biopsy to be associated with JC virus infection. His disease progressed over several months, resulting in severe neurological deficit, but then stabilized with little or no further clinical progression during the remaining year of his life. Histopathological evaluation of the brain at autopsy supported the clinical impression that brain infection was arrested. Whereas the brain biopsy exhibited the histological features of active PML including giant bizarre astrocytes, at postmortem examination brain lesions appeared inactive, with regression of astrocytic changes and elimination of oligodendroglial inclusions. Similarly, JC virus antigen, present in the brain biopsy, was not detected in the autopsied brain. This case provides further evidence that PML is not invariably fatal and that clinical and cytological remission can occur.
Somatostatin is increased in the basal ganglia in Huntington disease
Authors: Aronin Neil , Cooper Paul E. , Lorenz Linda J. , Bird Edward D. , Sagar Stephen M. , Leeman Susan E. , Martin Joseph B. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractHuntington disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant hereditary disorder characterized by premature cell death, predominantly in the neostriatum. Decreased concentrations of several neurotransmitters and neuropeptides have been reported in the basal ganglia in Huntington disease. We now report that concentrations of radioimmunoassayable somatostatin are increased in extracts of the caudate (mean ± standard error of the mean, ng/gm net weight; 247± 24 versus 85 ± 11), putamen (275 ± 48 versus 74 ± 11), external globus pallidus (100 ± 10 versus 27 ±6), and internal globus pallidus (108± 21 versus 21 ± 8) in the disease. The concentrations of immunoreactive substance P measured in the same extracts were markedly reduced in caudate (mean ± standard error of the mean, pmol/gm wet wight; 25 ± 3 versus 109 ± 20), putamen (28 ± 7 versus 88 ± 28), external globus pallidus (39 ± 9 versus 196 ± 62), and internal globus pallidus (60 ± 17 versus 263 ± 39), as well as in both subdivisions of the substantia nigra. Gel permeation chromatography and high‐performance liquid chromatography showed radioimmunoassayable somatostatin to include peptides with physicochemical properties of the tetradecapeptide somatostatin and larger substances, including somatostatin‐28‐like material. A single peak of immunoreactive substance P corresponding to synthetic substance P was found by high performance liquid chromatography.These results suggest that immunoassayable somatostatin‐containing neuronal elements in the neostriatum and globus pallidus in Huntington disease are affected differentially by the disease process from neurons that contain immunoreactive substance P.
Facial recognition and brain asymmetries: Clues to underlying mechanisms
Authors: Gazzaniga Michael S. , Smylie Charlotte S. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA series of similar faces was presented to either the left or right visual field of three adults with brains surgically split along the corpus callosum. The left hemisphere displayed a marked and persistent deficit in performing a match‐to‐sample task, whereas the right hemisphere performed the task well. Additional test results suggest that the superiority is not specific to faces and is also not caused by specialized differences in sensory processes, but rather is related to differences in each hemisphere's ability to encode stimuli that cannot be adequately differentiated with a verbal description.
Induction of brain edema following intracerebral injection of arachidonic acid
Authors: Chan Pak Hoo , Fishman Robert A. , Caronna John , Schmidley James W. , Prioleau George , Lee Janie 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids on brain edema formation have been studied in rats. Intracerebral injection of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), including linolenic acid (18:3) and arachidonic acid (20:4), caused significant increases in cerebral water and sodium content concomitant with decreases in potassium content and Na+‐ and K+‐ dependent adenosine triphosphatase activity. There was gross and microscopic evidence of edema. Saturated fatty acids and monounsaturated fatty acid were not effective in inducing brain edema. The {125I}‐bovine serum albumin spaces increased twofold and threefold at 24 hours with 18:3 and 20:4, respectively, indicating vasogenic edema with increased permeability of brain endothelial cells. Staining of the brain was observed five minutes after injection of Evans blue dye followed by arachidonic acid perfusion. A major decrease in brain potassium content was evidence of concurrent cellular (cytotoxic) edema as well. The induction of brain edema by arachidonic acid was dose dependent and maximal between 24 and 48 hours after perfusion. Dexamethasone (10 mg/kg) was effective in ameliorating the brain edema, whereas a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, indomethacin (10 mg/kg), was not. These data indicate that arachidonic acid and other PUFAs have the ability to induce vasogenic and cellular brain edema and further support the hypothesis that the degradation of phospholipids and accumulation of PUFAs, particularly arachidonic acid, initiate the development of brain edema in various disease states.
Endocrine function following complex partial seizures
Authors: Pritchard P. B. , Wannamaker B. B. , Sagel J. , Nair R. , Devillier C 
Published: January 2005

AbstractPrevious studies have demonstrated hyperprolactinemia following generalized tonic‐clonic seizures and after electroconvulsive therapy. We found transient hyperprolactinemia following complex partial seizures but little change in serum gonadotropins, thyroid‐stimulating hormone, growth hormone, or cortisol. Serum prolactin was invariably normal interictally. Postictal elevation of serum prolactin may represent a biochemical marker of complex partial seizures, and it offers a potential pathogenic mechanism for the sexual dysfunction that often complicates temporal lobe epilepsy.
Plasma concentrations of sodium valproate: Their clinical value
Authors: Turnbull D. M. , Rawlins M. D. , Weightman D. , Chadwick D. W. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractPlasma valproate concentrations were monitored prospectively in 54 previously untreated adult patients with epilepsy. Dose and plasma concentration were highly correlated. Adverse effects were common in association with plasma levels above 100 μg/ml. In patients suffering tonic‐clonic seizures without focal symptoms, no seizures occurred when plasma levels were higher than 50 μg/ml. In patients with partial seizures, it was difficult to define a lower limit to a therapeutic range.
Cytoskeletal disorganization induced by local application of β,β′‐iminodipropionitrile and 2,5‐hexanedione
Authors: Griffin John W. , Fahnestock Kenneth E. , Price Donald L. , Cork Linda C. 
Published: January 2005

Abstractβ,β′‐Iminodipropionitrile and 2,5‐hexanedione are neurotoxins that produce neurofilamentous axonal swellings. The swellings produced experimentally with these agents are similar in structure but different in distribution. Neither the relationships between these agents nor the mechanisms of action are known. In this study local effects on nerve fibers were compared following injection of β′‐iminodipropionitrile and 2,5‐hexanedione beneath the perineurium of rat sciatic nerves. Soon after injection, 2,5‐hexanedione reproduced the distinctive cytoskeletal disorganization previously described with β′‐iminodipropionitrile: microtubules collected into a central channel, with neurofilaments segregated in a surrounding subaxolemmal ring. Later, the β′‐iminodipropionitrileinjected nerves developed local neurofilament accumulations, reproducing the neurofilamentous axonal swellings characteristic of systemic intoxication with these agents. The results indicate that both these agents have direct local effects on the axonal cytoskeleton and probably are similar in mechanism of action. Both these agents appear to segregate neurofilaments from the rest of the axonal cytoskeleton. This segregation may prevent the normal proximal‐to‐distal transport of neurofilaments, resulting in the formation of neurofilamentous axonal swellings.