bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predicting the survival of patients with breast carcinoma using tumor size
Authors: Michaelson James S. , Silverstein Melvin , Wyatt John , Weber Griffin , Moore Richard , Halpern Elkan , Kopans Daniel B. , Hughes Kevin 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDTumor size has long been recognized as the strongest predictor of the outcome of patients with invasive breast carcinoma, although it has not been settled whether the correlation between tumor size and the chance of death is independent of the method of detection, nor is it clear how tumor size at the time of treatment may be translated into a specific expectation of survival. In this report, the authors provide such a method.METHODSA Kaplan–Meier survival analysis was carried out for a population of 1352 women with invasive breast carcinoma who were treated at the Van Nuys Breast Center between 1966 and 1990, and the data were analyzed together with survival data published by others.RESULTSThe authors found that the survival of patients with invasive breast carcinoma was a direct function of tumor size, independent of the method of detection. The results showed that the correlation between tumor size and survival was well fit by a simple equation, with which survival predictions could be made from information on tumor size. For example, a comparison of three large populations studied over the last 5 decades revealed a marked improvement (≈ 35% absolute) in the survival of patients with invasive breast carcinoma diagnosed on clinical grounds that could be ascribed to a reduction in tumor size. However, the capacity of screening mammography to find smaller tumors remains the best way reduce breast carcinoma deaths, with the potential for adding an additional ≈ 20% absolute reduction in breast carcinoma deaths. The mathematic correlation between tumor size and survival is consistent with a biologic mechanism in which lethal distant metastasis occurs by discrete events of spread such that, for every invasive breast carcinoma cell in the primary tumor at the time of surgery, there is approximately a 1‐in‐1‐billion chance that a lethal distant metastasis has formed.CONCLUSIONSThe correlation between tumor size and lethality is well captured by a simple equation that is consistent with breast carcinoma death as the result of discrete events of cellular spread occurring with small but definable probabilities. Cancer 2002;95:713–23. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10742
Onset of Tlx‐3 expression in the chick cerebellar cortex correlates with the morphological development of fissures and delineates a posterior transverse boundary
Authors: Logan Cairine , Millar Cassie , Bharadia Vinay , Rouleau Katherine 
Published: October 2002

AbstractRecent studies have shown that the mammalian cerebellar cortex can be subdivided into a reproducible array of zones and stripes. In particular, discontinuous patterns of gene expression together with mutational analysis suggest that there are at least four distinct transverse zones along the rostrocaudal axis in mouse: the anterior zone (lobules I–V), the central zone (lobules VI and VII), the posterior zone (lobules VIII and IX), and the nodular zone (lobule X). Here we show that the divergent homeobox‐containing transcription factor, Tlx‐ 3 (also known as Hox11L2 or Rnx) is transiently expressed in external granule cells in a distinct transverse domain of the developing chick cerebellar cortex. Expression is first detected at Hamburger and Hamilton (HH) stage 35. Interestingly, Tlx‐3 mRNA expression is initially confined to, and coincident with, the morphological development of fissures. Slightly later, at HH stage 38, expression extends throughout the developing external granular layer (EGL) of lobules I–IXab. Notably, no Tlx‐3 expression was detected in lobules IXc and X at any developmental time point examined. Expression is noticeably stronger in nonproliferating cells located in the deep layer of the EGL. Tlx‐3 expression is downregulated as granule cells migrate inward to form the internal granule layer and is undetectable shortly after birth. These results suggest that Tlx‐3 is expressed as granule cells become postmitotic and suggest that Tlx‐3 may play a role in the differentiation of distinct neuronal populations in the cerebellum. J. Comp. Neurol. 448:138–149, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synaptic vesicle recycling at two classes of release sites in giant nerve terminals of the embryonic chicken ciliary ganglion
Authors: Nguyen Don , Sargent Peter B. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractRapid synaptic transmission in the embryonic chicken ciliary ganglion occurs through the activation of two distinct classes of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AChRs): those containing α3 subunits (α 3*‐AChRs) and those containing α7 subunits (α 7*‐AChRs). α3*‐AChRs are found on ciliary neurons in clusters at synaptic sites on the cell body, whereas α7* ‐AChRs are found on somatic spines, which historically were thought not to have release sites in the embryo. However, Shoop et al. (Shoop et al. [1999] J. Neurosci. 19:692–704) recently described release sites having pre‐ and postsynaptic densities on somatic spines. We used transmission electron microscopy to compare the structure of synaptic sites on spines with those on the smooth surfaced part of the cell. We find that the two populations of sites are similar in active zone length, number of vesicles, and distance between vesicles and active zone. To study the functional properties of these sites, we examined their stimulation‐dependent uptake and release of the extracellular tracer horseradish peroxidase (HRP). We found that each class of release sites both took up and released HRP in a stimulation‐ and calcium‐dependent manner. The mean fraction of synaptic vesicles labeled with tracer was similar for the two populations, both after loading (∼45%) and after unloading (∼ 7%). Thus we detect no differences between these two anatomically distinct classes of release sites, other than their incidence: sites on spines occurred only 12% as often as those on the cell body. The release sites on somatic spines presumably underlie synaptic responses attributable to α7*‐AChRs. J. Comp. Neurol. 448:128–137, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Application of adjunct techniques in cytologic material in the diagnosis of rhabdomyosarcoma: Case report and review of the literature
Authors: Bhattacharya Baishali , Sariya Dinesh , Reddy Vijaya B. , Kluskens Larry , Gould Victor E. , Gattuso Paolo 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA 4½‐yr‐old female presented with right‐sided pleural effusion and a retroperitoneal mass. Cytologic analysis of the pleural fluid yielded malignant small round blue cells, which were noncohesive, 3–4 times the size of lymphocytes. The malignant cells had hyperchromatic, pleomorphic nuclei with moderate amounts of vacuolated cytoplasm. A few fiber‐shaped cells were also seen. Immunostains for desmin, muscle‐specific actin were positive; ultrastructural findings of thick and thin actin‐myosin filaments confirmed the diagnosis of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma. This case illustrates the importance of performing appropriate immunohistochemical stains and ultrastructural studies on cytological material to arrive at a definitive diagnosis. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;26:384–386. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytohistologic correlations of 24 malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) in 17 patients: The Institut Curie experience
Authors: Klijanienko Jerzy , Caillaud Jean‐Michel , Lagacé Réal , Vielh Philippe 
Published: October 2002

AbstractCytomorphological patterns of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) are insufficiently documented in the literature. Cytological and histological specimens in 24 tumors in 17 patients were correlated. The review of the original cytology reports showed that four (16.6%) tumors were correctly diagnosed, eight (33.3%) were diagnosed as sarcoma not otherwise specified, four (16.7%) as fibrosarcoma, three (12.5%) as synovial sarcoma, three (12.5%) as leiomyosarcoma, and one (4.2%) case each as malignant fibrous histiocytoma and rhabdomyosarcoma. At the review tumors were histologically reclassified as well‐differentiated MPNST in 11 (45.9%) cases, anaplastic MPNST in 11 (45.9%) cases, and epithelioid MPNST and malignant Triton tumor in one (4.2%) case each. Cytologically, well‐differentiated MPNST were composed of polymorphous oval to round cells, small spindle‐shaped cells with wavy and comma‐like naked nuclei, and a fibrillary, delicate stroma. Anaplastic MPNST, moreover, were composed of anaplastic giant and polymorphous cells. The malignant Triton tumor was composed of oval to round rhabdomyoblastic cells with eccentric nuclei and the epithelioid MPNST of polymorphous and round, epithelial‐like cells. The cytological diagnosis of MPNST may be difficult, especially in anaplastic tumors. The correlation between the cytological features and the clinical information—origin of the tumor from a nerve trunk, a preexisting neurofibroma, patients with known history of neurofibromatosis 1—could be indicative of an MPNST diagnosis. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;27:103–108. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Subchronic methylphenidate administration has no effect on locomotion, emotional behavior, or water maze learning in prepubertal mice
Authors: McFadyen Melanie P. , Brown Richard E. , Carrey Normand 
Published: October 2002

AbstractMethylphenidate hydrochloride (Ritalin, MPH) is frequently prescribed as a treatment for children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), yet little research has been conducted to determine its potential long‐term neurobehavioral effects. We assessed the effects of subchronic MPH administration (2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40, or 80 mg/kg) on male CD‐1 mice treated from 26 to 32 days of age. When tested at 33 days of age in the open field and elevated plus maze, there were no significant differences in spontaneous locomotion, exploration, or fear‐ and anxiety‐related behaviors. Testing from 34 to 37 days of age in a water maze task revealed no significant effects of any dose of MPH on learning in this simple paradigm. While it is difficult to extrapolate directly from these results to clinical effects in humans, our results indicate that preexposure of mice to MPH late in the postnatal developmental period does not appear to alter later behavior. We are currently conducting additional studies to further probe the potential effects of MPH administration during development and to examine various contributing factors including stage of development, duration of MPH administration, complexity of the task used to assess behavioral changes, and type of cognitive process being analyzed (attention, nonspatial working memory, etc.). © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 41: 123–132, 2002. Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/dev.10059
Relative right versus left frontal EEG in neonates
Authors: Field Tiffany , Diego Miguel , Hernandez‐Reif Maria , Schanberg Saul , Kuhn Cynthia 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAlthough infants have been noted to have greater relative right or left frontal EEG as early as the neonatal period, other ways in which these newborns differ have not been reported. In this study, 48 newborns were divided on the basis of greater relative right versus greater relative left frontal EEG to determine whether these groups differed in other ways at the neonatal period including behavior, physiology, and biochemistry. We also were interested in whether these EEG patterns were related to any prenatal maternal variables including mood states (depression, anxiety, anger) and biochemistry as well as fetal activity. The greater relative right frontal EEG newborns had mothers with lower prenatal and postnatal serotonin and higher postnatal cortisol levels. The mothers of the greater relative right frontal EEG newborns also had greater relative right frontal EEG activation and lower vagal tone. The greater relative right frontal EEG newborns themselves had elevated cortisol levels, showed a greater number of state changes during sleep/wake behavior observations, and performed less optimally on the Brazelton Neonatal Behavior Assessment (T. B. Brazelton, 1973) including the habituation, motor, range of state, excitability, and depressive symptoms scales. These data suggest that greater relative right frontal EEG newborns may be at greater risk for developmental problems than those with greater relative left frontal EEG activation. In addition, a discriminant function analysis correctly classified 67% of the newborns' EEGs by prenatal maternal variables, suggesting that these might be used to target pregnant women for prenatal intervention. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 41: 147–155, 2002. Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/dev.10061
Insulin resistance in type 1 diabetes
Authors: Greenbaum Carla J. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractInsulin resistance plays a larger role in the type 1 diabetes disease process than is commonly recognized. The onset of type 1 diabetes is often heralded by an antecedent illness and/or the onset of puberty, both conditions associated with insulin resistance. In the face of a damaged β‐cell and thus reduced insulin secretion, this change is enough to manifest hyperglycemia. During the first year of clinical disease, considerable evidence suggests that the occurrence of clinical remission or ‘honeymoon period’ is due to a temporary resolution of the insulin‐resistant state present at diagnosis. Intensive diabetes management is associated with both improved insulin sensitivity and β‐cell function. This indicates that the historical data on the changes in insulin secretion post‐diagnosis may be inappropriate when designing current studies. The known physiological relationship between β‐cell function and insulin sensitivity complicates interpretation of insulin secretion data obtained as part of prevention or intervention trials. While it is recommended that at least a subset of subjects participating in these trials undergo formal measurements of insulin sensitivity to evaluate effects of therapy on this parameter independent of effects on the β‐cell, the sample size must be sufficient to determine an effect if present. Finally, one could speculate that it is possible that subsets of people with mild manifestations of the type 1 autoimmune disease process could benefit from treatments aimed at improving the insulin‐resistant state. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Regulation of cadherin junctions during mouse submandibular gland development
Authors: Menko A. Sue , Zhang Liping , Schiano Frank , Kreidberg Jordan A. , Kukuruzinska Maria A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractSubmandibular gland (SMG) development involves branching morphogenesis of the salivary epithelium into the surrounding mesenchyme, accompanied by proliferation and differentiation of immature salivary cells along acinar and ductal cell lineages. During development, salivary cell sorting and cell–cell adhesion are likely to be directed by cadherin adhesion receptors. We show that two classic cadherins, N‐ and E‐cadherin, participate in SMG development. Early in embryonic morphogenesis, both cadherins displayed diffuse staining with regionalized localization to cell–cell borders. At this stage, significant pools of N‐ and E‐cadherins were Triton‐soluble, suggesting that fractions of these molecules were not localized to stable junctional complexes associated with the actin cytoskeleton. With cytodifferentiation, cadherins became progressively Triton‐insoluble, and this correlated with their organization at cell–cell interfaces. In the cytodifferentiated SMG, N‐cadherin was absent, whereas E‐cadherin remained at cell–cell interfaces. Early in morphogenesis, β‐catenin was also primarily Triton‐soluble, and its association with the actin cytoskeleton and localization to the adherens junctions increased with cytodifferentiation. Greater recruitment of cadherins and β‐catenin to cell–cell borders was paralleled by changes in membrane association of two Rho GTPases, Cdc42 and RhoA. N‐cadherin was detected only at early stages of postnatal development, whereas E‐cadherin and β‐catenin became progressively Triton‐insoluble during differentiation. Our results indicate that N‐cadherin functions transiently in SMG development. On the other hand, E‐cadherin and β‐catenin appear to play different roles during tissue organization and cytodifferentiation. In early morphogenesis, E‐cadherin and β‐catenin are likely to participate in SMG remodeling, whereas during cytodifferentiation, they form stable cell–cell contacts, and may collaborate with Rho GTPases in the establishment and maintenance of salivary cell polarity. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Craniofacial abnormalities resulting from targeted disruption of the murine Sim2 gene
Authors: Shamblott M.J. , Bugg E.M. , Lawler A.M. , Gearhart J.D. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractSim2 is a member of the basic helix‐loop‐helix PAS transcription factor gene family and is evolutionarily related to the Drosophila single‐minded gene, a key regulator of central nervous system midline development. In an effort to determine the biological roles of Sim2 in mammalian development, we disrupted the murine Sim2 gene through gene targeting. Mice homozygous for the disrupted allele (Sim2 ‐/‐) exhibit a cleft of the secondary palate and malformations of the tongue and pterygoid processes of the sphenoid bone. These craniofacial malformations are the most probable cause of aerophagia (air swallowing with subsequent accumulation of air in the gastrointestinal tract) and postnatal death exhibited by Sim2 ‐/‐ mice. The developing palates of the Sim2 ‐/‐ mice are hypocellular, and at embryonic day 14.5 contain excess extracellular matrix component hyaluronan (HA) compared with heterozygotes and homozygous wild‐type littermates. HA plays an important role in the regulation and mechanics of palate development. Its premature accumulation in Sim2 ‐/‐ animal palates suggests a regulatory role for Sim2 in HA synthesis and in the establishment of craniofacial architecture. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of the ankyrin repeat domain 6 gene (Ankrd6) during mouse brain development
Authors: Tissir F. , Bar I. , Goffinet A.M. , Lambert De Rouvroit C. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe structure and developmental expression pattern of the ankyrin repeat domain 6 (Ankrd6) gene, initially named Diversin, were studied in the mouse. Ankrd6 is transcribed as a 5.8‐kb mRNA composed of 15 exons that encodes a 712 amino acid protein with 6 ankyrin repeats. Ankrd6 is expressed prominently in the developing brain from E12 to maturity, suggesting a role during brain development. In embryos, expression is maximal in ventricular zones of neuronal proliferation and intermediate zones of neuronal migration and extends to postmigratory neuronal fields during the postnatal period. In the mature brain, the Ankrd6‐related signal is highest in cortical layer II, granule cells of the dentate gyrus, olfactory granules and a subset of Purkinje cells in the vestibulocerebellum. Ankrd6 is related to the Drosophila gene Diego, which interacts with Flamingo in the regulation of planar cell polarity (Feiguin et al., 2001). However, the canvas of Ankrd6 expression does not match closely that of the three mouse Flamingo homologs, Celsr1–3 (Tissir et al., 2002). These data suggest that Ankrd6 may be involved in brain development in interaction with Celsr/Flamingo but also other signaling pathways. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A large‐scale survey of eating disorder symptomatology among female adolescents in the People's Republic of China
Authors: Huon Gail F. , Mingyi Qian , Oliver Kylie , Xiao Guanglan 
Published: October 2002

AbstractObjectivesThis study was designed to document comprehensively the prevalence of the signs, symptoms, and associated features of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa among schoolgirls in the People's Republic of China.MethodsFemale participants were recruited from both junior and senior high schools with varying levels of academic performance in six cities (Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Zunyi, Xin Xiang, and Yinchuan) that are representative of different geographical regions in China (North East, Central East, South East, South West, North West, and North). In each school, girls were recruited across all grades, in order to cover ages 12–19 years. The final sample comprised 1,246 participants whose mean age was 15.76 years. The questionnaire, developed specifically for the purpose of this research, assessed the diagnostic criteria and associated features of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa outlined in the 4th ed. of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.Results and DiscussionOur results have shown a surprisingly high level of weight‐related concerns among schoolgirls across mainland China. There would seem to be few cases of anorexia or bulimia, although some girls satisfy criteria for partial diagnoses. Our findings highlight the difficulty of identifying girls who are underweight, at least by applying the standard Western procedure for categorizing body mass index. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 32: 192–205, 2002.
An all‐solid‐state pulsed power generator using a high‐speed gate‐turn‐off thyristor and a saturable transformer
Authors: Sakugawa Takashi , Akiyama Hidenori 
Published: October 2002

AbstractRecently, high‐repetition‐rate pulsed power generators using a magnetic pulse compression circuit (MPC) and semiconductor switches have been developed. We have developed a new all‐solid‐state pulsed power generator for use with a high‐repetition‐rate excimer laser and in an ozonizer. The all‐solid‐state generator consists of a semiconductor switch and an MPC with saturable inductors (SI) and a saturable transformer (ST). The semiconductor switch is a high‐speed gate‐turn‐off (GTO) thyristor. The switching speed of the GTO thyristor was improved, decreasing the switching loss. The ST with an Fe‐based nanocrystalline magnetic core has two functions, those of step‐up transformer and magnetic switch. The high‐speed GTO thyristor and the new MPC can be used to realize a high‐performance, simple all‐solid‐state pulsed power generator. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 140(4): 17–26, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.2006
A study of robust generation mix under uncertain environments
Authors: Yasuda Keiichiro , Tsunematsu Mitsuaki , Watanabe Takao 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn recent years, the trend has been toward factors (e.g., demand for load, energy cost) becoming more and more uncertain in power system expansion planning. Thus, it has become necessary to take this uncertainty into account in determining generation plans. In this paper, a robust generation plan is defined explicitly as a plan that ensures fixed performance (economy) despite deviations in these factors. In addition, a new formulation of the robust generation mix problem, whose purpose is to determine the most robust combination of plants in a target year, is proposed. It is generally difficult to solve the formulated problem with parameters. However, by analyzing a proposed formulation from the viewpoint of optimization, we show that the proposed formulation is transformed into the conventional optimization problem without parameters. The simulation results on a typical model show that the generation mix produced by the proposed formulation is more robust than that produced by the conventional formulation. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 141(1): 26–35, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.2009