bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Thing from Inner Space: John W Campbell, Robert E. Howard, Cordwainer Smith
Authors: Elms Alan C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1938, John W Campbell, Jr. published a SO-page novella under the pseud­ onym Don A. Stuart. “Who Goes There?” is now widely regarded as one of the best science fiction stories ever written.I The 1951 film version, ‘The Thing from Another World,” is often referred to as a classic. John Carpenter’s 1982 remake is nowhere close to classic, but it does feature one of the most disgusting monsters in all of science fiction film.
Nabokov Contra Freud
Authors: Elms Alan C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1973 I wrote a letter to Vladimir Nabokov. What I wanted, I told him, was “information which may assist me in writing a fairly serious essay, tentatively titled ‘Nabokov’s Anti-Freudianism.”‘ I then explained, in what I thought of as a semi-Nabokovian style: I have admired your work intensely since my first reading, as a college freshman, of that racy novel Lolita. I have admired Sigmund Freud’ work intensely since my first reading, at about the same time, of the equally racy Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis. I am well aware of your extreme distaste for Freud and his followers; and according to the currently popular psychological theory of “cognitive consistency,” such an imbalanced situation (Elms admires Nabokov; Elms admires Freud; Nabokov abhors Freud) will not permit me to rest until I somehow convert the perceived inconsistency into consistency.
Carter and Character
Authors: Elms Alan C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Psychobiography is largely a postdictive enterprise. It looks backward over the course of a person’s life and tries to sort out why things happened as they did. That’s usually hard enough; predicting the forward course of a single life is a far trickier business. Even predicting the average behavior patterns of a large group of individuals is often more than psychologists can manage. As Sigmund Freud noted at the end of his Leonardo book, the individual’s personality constantly intersects with chance occurrences, in ways that set substantial “limits ... to what psycho-analysis can achieve in the field ofbiography.”1 These limits apply to psychobiography in general, not just to psychoanalytic biography.
The Existence of God
Authors: Goodman L E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By God we mean an absolute being, a being of infinite perfection. The synthesis that purges the idea of God of all projections of evil allows the goodness in all things to be understood in relation to God’s goodness. All reality, conceived as a value, and all truth, conceived as the adequacy of things to their projects, can then be seen as God’s work, expressing his will and idea. The idea of God readily conjures up folklore and mythic images, enriching, diluting, clarifying, or muddying its content. The core idea, I think, is not very far from what many myths and fables seek to convey. Thus the Midrash characteristically brackets its parables of God in an “as it were” (ke-ve-yakhol), focusing on a single point but barring implication to or from the contexts that familiar images might suggest—as if to say: “This sets no precedent.” When visions stray from the idea of perfection, however, it is the work of imagination that must yield. For absolute perfection is the sole coherent outcome of the dialectical and moral honing of the idea of divinity. This, then, is the concept that philosophers must address, much as Abraham dismissed all deities that proved to be the mere work of human hands or were subject to diminution. Religiously, our matter must be more than a narrative or natural history of human fears and wishes.
Status Relations in Marriage Alliances
Authors: Milner Murray 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How the caste system emerged, and which aspect of it came first, is shrouded in uncertainty.1 But there is little doubt about what serves as the core of this system in the modern period; it is the maintenance of some degree of endogamy through marriage alliances. If most Indians ever carried out their “traditional” caste occupations, this time has long past. While some continue to participate in the traditional division of labor, the modern economy has severely eroded this part of the caste system; this trend is almost certain to continue. Radical changes have also occurred with respect to the norms of commensuality. In urban areas intercaste dining is common. Even in rural areas, the rigor of these norms has been greatly relaxed.
Eschatology
Authors: Milner Murray 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 14 focused on salvation and conceptualized it as a form or analogue of social mobility. But salvation, like all mobility, occurs in a context. For worldly social mobility, that context is the societal stratification system. For salvation that context is an other world.1 Just as an adequate analysis of social mobility, and status transformation must be linked to the social context in which it occurs, an analysis of the means and types of salvation needs to be linked to the broader characteristics of the other world in which it occurs. Hence it is necessary to describe some of the features of this other world and its relation to salvation. For lack of a better term I use the admittedly Western concept of eschatology to refer to this other world.2
Vowels in Medial and Final Syllables in Latin
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In initial syllables L preserves the quality and quantity of PIE vowels reasonably intact, likewise the diphthongs “ay and “aw; but in medial and final syllables short vowels undergo far-reaching coalescences and even loss, and some Pita!. diphthongs have different reflexes depending on their position in the word. The traditional term for these phenomena, especially as they apply to the changes in the short vowels, is weakening. Reduction in contrast between vowels, or their complete loss, is generally a concomitant of weak stress in languages in which different syllables are pronounced with significant differences in prominence. In L, however, the location of the stress in the historical period-familiar from school grammars of the language and vouchsafed by the location of the accent in the Romance languages-has no bearing on the sound laws governing the weakening of L vowels. That is, in foetus and refectus the Pltal. “a of the root shows two different reflexes, even though the root vowel has the tonic stress in both L forms. If it is true that vowels weaken chiefly in unstressed syllables, then we must infer that in a prehistorical phase of L the system of word accent was different from the historically attested one, namely, that it always fell on the initial syllable of the word.
Phonetics of Long and Short Vowels
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Spurious Diphthongs (Greek secondary E and o). In many dialects, including Att.-Ion., Greek E and o differed in tongue height from ‘Y/ and w. This is unremarkable in itself, indeed it is the norm. But for mid and high vowels, most commonly, the long vowels are HIGHER than the corresponding short ones, such as was the case in L for instance, whereas in Greek it is evident that the inherited long mid vowels written ‘Y/ and w were LOWER than the short ones. The long vowels which came from E and o by contraction with a like vowel (86.1) or by compensatory lengthening (79.1) retained in some dialects the tongue position of the short vowels, and therefore did not merge with ‘Y/ and w. In Attic and the KOLV these new long vowels were written EL and ov. In the former case, for a time, the diphthong [ey] and the long mid front vowel higher than ‘Y/ (E in effect) remained distinct, but eventually they merged. In the case of the back vowel, the inherited diphthong ov and the new higher mid long vowel quite a bit earlier fell to­ gether (61.1), and the result soon became [u:]. Eventually, once the new long vowels and the original diphthongs had fallen together, they were both written EL and ou. The new long mid vow­ els, written like diphthongs, are traditionally if infelicitously called spurious diphthongs.
Lengthening of Vowels in Latin
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
1. Certain consonant groups, such as medial sn and sId and final ns, simplify with lengthening of the preceding vowel (225.1). 2. Vowels were regularly lengthened before a nasal plus a fricative (ns, nf), and before net, as in consul, ‘fnjrii, iunctus. Similar lengthening before nx is but vaguely attested; on the one hand there is the epigraphic evidence of forms like CONIVNXIT, while on the other hand Priscian expressly states that the first vowel of vinx’f is short. LACHMANN’s RULE. As Roman authorities themselves point out, in some few verbs the past participle (and similar forms, like action nouns intio) had a long vowel when the pres. stem had a short one; and that this phenomenon was typical of roots ending in a voiced stop. Thus to roots ending in g;. lectus, rectus, tectus, iictus, tiictus, piictus but pres. legii, regii, tango, ago, tegii, pango; and to those ending in d, v’fsus, fiisus, esus, ciisum, but video, [undo, edii, cado. This antique rule of thumb has latterly been promoted to a phonological principle, whereby the lengthening is regarded as resulting from the change of the voiced root-final voiced consonant to a voiceless one. However, lengthening is not invariable with devoicing, as is proved by stn”ctus (stringii), passum (pandii), ftssus (ftndii), scissus (scindii), sessum (sfdii), ingressus (ingredior), and others.
Consonants
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The PIE consonants fell into four natural classes, according to manner of articulation: STOPS, RESONANTS, the single FRICATIVE “s, and LARYNGEALS. Of these the stops (131-64) comprise the most complex system. The resonants (175-207; known interchangeably as the semivowels) are the six elements that are sometimes syllabic and sometimes consonantal. The syllabic forms “i, “u, “r, “!, “1t1, and ““:, have been discussed under vowels, above (37-9, 93-109); the consonantal forms “y, “w, “r, “l, “m and “n will be treated here. The PIE consonant system has an oddly meager ration of fricatives (168-74) in view of its overall elaborateness. English, for example, has some 24 consonants, of which eight are fricatives and two are affricates; a ninth fricative /x/ was only recently lost. By contrast, PIE had some 25 consonants, more or less (the extreme views range from 20 to about 50), but only a single fricative and no affricates. Owing to the indirect nature of most of the evidence, the number, occurrence, arid phonetic properties of the larynageals (165-7) are still the subject of debate. There are almost as many ‘laryngeal theories’ as there are Indo-Europeanists, though there are of course schools of thought.
Bilabial Stops
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
PIE “bis virtually unreconstructable. An example of forms which might point to *bis the following array: L labia, labea, labium, labrum all ‘lip’; OE lippa, MDu. lippe (NHG Lippe a loan from Low German). The following observations are true not only of these forms, they are typical of sets seeming to point to “b: (1) *b is found in nominal forms (rather than verbal roots), which are (2) usually shared only by two or three (usually adjacent) languages; and (3) there are many problems about the details of the forms: in the case of the ‘lip’ example, L -a- cannot be brought into accord with Gmc. -i-, and the variability within L itself is patternless and eccentric. Such sets of words are probably not in fact PIE, but come from such sources as slang and regional loan-words from non-IE sources. For all that, there can be little doubt that the language we call PIE had a • b, at least in a few loan-words, perhaps the clearest being •kan(n)abis ‘hemp’&gt; G K&vva(3ic;, OE hceep, MHG hanef (L cannabis, whence VL canabum, is a lw. from G.) All the things that are true of lip above are true of this comparison, but there can be little serious doubt that we are dealing here with an actual item of (Western) PIE vocabulary; and it is equally evident that it is a loan word from some non-IE language. That is probably the story with most instances of bin PIE, but it is manifestly so in the case of the name of a plant which was probably not native to the PIE world.
Dorsal Stops
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In considering the relations of the PIE dorsals-the general term for all kinds of k-sounds-it is necessary to distinguish two main series and, as regards their reflexes, to divide the IE languages into two groups (11). One series, known as the palatals and denoted here by *k, *i,, and *i,h --other notations are met with-is represented by simple dorsals in the more conservative IE languages. These are the western group (Greek, Italic, Celtic, and Germanic, and unattested strains of BS); Tocharian in the extreme east of the range; and Anatolian in the extreme south of it. In the innovative (‘satem’) subgroup, the palatals are reflected as sibilants; these languages are Armenian, Albanian, Indo-lranian, and the historically attested members of BS (132). The other series, the !abiove!ars, are denoted here by *kw, *gw, and *gwh; other notations are common, especially in the older literature. In the satem languages these stops reveal no trace of a labial coarticulation. Instead, they split into affricated or palatal articulation before front vowels (PIE front vowels, that is), while remaining dorsal stops elsewhere. The ‘centum languages’ without exception attest to labialized articulation, though it is manifested in various ways (cf. 155, below, on P- and .Q:dialects).
Liquids and Nasals
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
PIE “r and “/ are unchanged in both G and L. PIE “rewdh- (various grades and suffixes) ‘red’ &gt; G epv0po&lt;; (e- prothetic, 89), L ruber: Ved. r6hita- and l6hita- (dh sporadically &gt; Skt. h, 144.3), OE read, Lith. raiidas. PIE “bher- ‘carry’ &gt; G ¢ipw, L faro : Ved. bhdrati, NE bear, Oir. Berith /bep’d0’/. PIE “klew- ‘hear’; “klu-t6- ‘famous’ &gt; G KAvro&lt;;, L inclutus: Ved. frutd-, OE hlysnan ‘listen’; full grade in OCS slava ‘glory’. PIE “plew- ‘flow, float’ (a commonplace polysemy) &gt; G 1rAi(f)w ‘swim’, L pluit ‘is raining’ : Ved. pravanta 3Pl. aor. midd. ‘they swim’ (the usual Epic and Classical form of the root is plu-, 175.3), NE flow, flood.
Changes in Groups of Consonants
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The majority of changes in groups of consonants fall under the head of assimilation. The assimilation may be of the first consonant to the second (anticipatory assimilation, also called regressive), as in L accipio ‘receive’ from “ad-kapio; or of the second to the first (lag assimilation, also called progressive), as in L ferre ‘to carry’ from “fer-si. It may be in the features of voicing and aspiration only, as in L strictus ‘drawn together’ from “strig-to- (stn’ngo) or G E1rAh-0r,v ‘was plaited’ (aor.pass. of 1rAEKw); or it may involve point of articulation, as in L aggredior ‘approach’ from “ad­ grad-; or it may involve both, as in accipio. In G and L, as was also the case in PIE, voicing and aspiration adjustments in clusters are routine, unlike changes in point of articulation. And as in all languages, anticipatory as­ similation is far more general than lag assimilation. However, in certain combinations a particular consonant may dominate regardless of relative position. Thus “dl, “ldboth give L ll, as do “nl and “ln (223,1).
Groups of Three or More Consonants
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Note that the development of u5, written i, is the same: to PIE ‘werg- ‘work’ are built G °Epl,w ‘do, make’, fut. °Ep w, and a doublet peiw of the same meaning. The starting point was the PIE stem ‘wr;g-y’/o-, a formation reflected in Av. varazyeiti, Go. waurkeip. The first stage, PreG ‘wragyo and ‘wargyo, became PG ‘wrefo and ‘werfo per 200 (somewhere along the line the vocalism of both was altered, partly owing to the prevailing pattern of thematic presents but probably also influenced by specific forms like ‘wergon ‘work’). Thus straightforwardly Miw; but as i stood for [zd] (201), ‘werzdo &gt; fEp5w, °Epl,w in accord with the sound law governing u between consonants.
Latin
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Latin is the only Italic language for which we have any information regarding accent, and the occurrence of tonic syllables in L is un­ related to PIE accentuation. Furthermore, it appears that between the PIE system of free accent and the historical L accent there intervened a period when all words were stressed on the first syllable; see 65. It was during this interim accentual system that most of the syncope and weakening of vowels described in 65-75 took place. In numerous cases, like dexter from”deksiteros or perfectus from “perfaktos, the vowels affected by weakening stand in what under the historical system would have been the accented syllables. The older system must have prevailed when such G forms as r&A.cxvrov ‘scales; talent’, EA.mfi5t. ‘olive’ (42.5), (Dor.) µi5t.xcxvfi ‘machine’, and the place name ‘AKp&”(i5t.c;, -cxvroc; were borrowed, as these developed into L talentum, olfva, miichina, and Agrigentum. The historical L accent resembled the G in that it could not stand farther back than the third syllable from the end of the word, but beyond this general restriction the resemblances cease. In L the penult (a syllable which plays almost no role in the G system) determined the position within these limits; in G the governing syllable was the ultima (a syllable which plays no role in the L system).
Declension
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The familiar classification of the parts of speech is based on a description worked out over time by Greek philosophers and grammarians, from whom it was borrowed by Roman grammarians; and still later it pro­ vided the framework for the grammatical analysis of most European lan­guages. But the longevity of Greek grammatical theory is no warranty of fundamental truth. It was based upon a hodge-podge of criteria-a word’s meaning, its form (case markers as part of the definition of noun), its relation to other words, or even mere location (thus 1rpo0wa;/ praepositi— though thanks to a shift to a vaguely functional notion of the term, we may speak without real absurdity of a postpositive preposition). Partly owing to the mixture of criteria, there are difficulties of precise definition-for the category pronoun, for example-which increase when the analysis is applied to languages of different structure from the one it was devised for. It is a very poor framework for describing English, for example. But with all its defects it is a fairly workable system, and other classifications have never attained currency.
Declension of Nouns
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is one stem-class which is prevailingly masculine and neuter, the a-stems (258-61); and two which are prevailingly feminine, the eH2- stems (that is, a-stems, 262-6) and the “iH2/yeHz-stems (that is, f/ya-stems, 268-9; note a, below). In both G and L, but unique to them among IE groups, there are a fair number of feminine a-stems, not formally different from a-stem masculines in any way; and in G a new and productive type of masculine a-stems grew up, with distinctive forms for a few cases (267). The antiquity of these cross-gender types is disputed. Indic, for example, has no feminine a-stems (= the a-stems of G and L) or masculine a-stems at all; and of the seven masculine nouns in -f (268) which occur in the RV, five are names. In any case, in all IE languages the reflexes of “eH2- and “yeHrstem ADJECTIVES are purely feminine.
I-Stems
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In PIE, i-stems formed nouns of all genders, and adjectives. Adjectives and nouns inflected alike, and the genders differed only as regards the details characteristic of the neuter, namely no ending in the nom./acc.sg., and the special endings of the nom./acc.du. (257.16) and pl. The neuter i-stem nouns, however, are few in the IE languages that have any at all; and it is not possible to trace any specific lexical items to PIE with confidence. The attested relationship-attested is the operative word, here between stem and ending in PIE was as follows, taking “m’f}-ti- ‘thought’ for the singular and “tri- ‘three’ for the pl. Note particularly the ablaut gradation in the stem:
u-Stems and u-Stems
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In PIE, nouns and adjectives were built to an ablauting u-stem exactly parallel to the i-stems (302-3), that is, having u or w where the i­ stems have i or y, respectively. Thus nom.sg. “-us like “-is, nom.pl. “-ewes like •-eyes, and so on. But in both G and L the i- and u-stem paradigms sharply diverged: in L, sound laws were the main cause; in G, the i-stems apart from rpE”i&lt;; ‘three’ were radically remodeled (304) along lines largely unparalleled by anything in the u-stem paradigm. To be sure, a certain parallelism is found in Att., where there was a shared tendency for -E- to spread as a stem vowel, especially in the du. and pl.; thus -Ewv gen., -EL&lt;; ( &lt; -Ev&lt;;) acc., -EUL dat. are endings found in both stem types, replacing both -vwv, -vv&lt;;, -vm in the u-stems and -Lwv, -Lv&lt;;, -LUL in the i-stems. Note how- ever that the i-stem development in question is Attic only, whereas in the u-stems the spread of -Ef- is at least Att.-lon. (The situation in the other dialects is imperfectly known.)
Consonant Stem Adjectives
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Root Adjective. The declension of G µi-yac; ‘big’ continues the only primary root adjective of PIE, “megH2-. Thus “megIJ2-s nom.sg.m.f., “meglf2 nom./acc.n. by regular sound laws yield G µi-yot&lt;; (m. only), µi-yot n. (= Ved. mdhi). The expected “µi-yot acc.sg.m. &lt; “megH21!1is replaced by or remodeled as µi-yotv, while all the other forms are from the elaborated stem µE-yot-&gt;-.o-, µE-yot-&gt;-.cx-. Ved. too shows enlarged stems-a number of them in fact (mahdnt-, mahds-, mahd-, mahiid-)-and other peculiarities, such as no nom.sg.m. built directly to the root; but neither Ved. nor any other IE language has forms which correspond to G µE-yot&gt;-.o-, for which various explanations have been attempted.
Demonstrative, Interrogative, Indefinite, and Relative Pronouns
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Compared to the personal pronouns (360-71), the other pronouns agree more nearly with nouns and adjectives overall, but nevertheless present a number of peculiarities. Some of these are typical of the whole class; others are found only in certain paradigms. They are as follows: 1. SuPPLETION. Many pronouns, some would say all true pronouns, are characterized by being built from more than one stem in the same paradigm. This is radical in the personal pronouns: “egoH (nom.sg.), “m- (oblique); “we- (nom.pl.), “n- (oblique). It is similarly radical in the deictic *so (nom.sg.m.), “seH2 (nom.sg.f.), *to- (elsewhere); but it is no less salient in say the interrog. “kwi- (nom. and acc. all numbers), “Pe- (elsewhere). As the latter examples show, the distributional details vary, but the common thread is a distinctive root or stem for the nom. In attested IE languages, suppletion in pronouns is general not only because it is their patrimony but also as the result of subsequent conflation of different paradigms, as in NE he vs. they; and the appearance of suppletion can result from sound changes,