bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EMI Scanning Tubing at the Wellhead: What it is, What it isn't, and is it Worth it
Authors: Allison A. P. , Richardson C. L. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Tubing integrity in artificially lifted wells declines over time, primarily due to corrosion and wear. Corrosion may occur internally or externally on the tubing; wear caused by the movement of sucker rods will occur internally. It is difficult to visually inspect the inner surface of the tubing during workover operations, so some form of inspection equipment is often used to evaluate the condition of the tubing. This equipment may use electromagnetic (EMI) or gamma-ray technology to determine wall thickness, detect holes or splits, and may attempt to categorize corrosion vs. rod wear. This equipment can be operated as a portable unit at the wellhead during workover operations or may be permanently installed in an inspection facility. A series of trials were conducted to evaluate the performance of the portable inspection equipment vs. the equipment used at an inspection facility.
Five wells were selected to evaluate the performance of multiple tubing inspection systems. Two portable systems were tested: one used only EMI, and the other used both EMI and gamma-ray technology. After inspecting the tubing with both systems at the wellhead, each joint was numbered and laid down for testing at the inspection facility. A joint-by-joint comparison was made between the inspection results of both portable systems and the inspection facility.
The performance of the inspection facility equipment was significantly better than both portable systems. The inspection facility equipment consistently detected more flaws and wall loss on most of the test wells. One test well was determined to be majority red band by the portable equipment and was planned to be scrapped. The inspection facility testing determined most of this well's tubing was instead yellow band, successfully recovering this tubing for future use. The results of this trial led to the operator ending the practice of portable wellhead scanning for most wells and shifting to a combination of inspection facility testing and hydrostatic testing at the wellhead when necessary.
The comparison between portable and permanently installed equipment shows that portable scanning at the wellhead gives inferior results. Differences in the technology used between the portable and inspection facility equipment, along with differing operating practices, will be discussed to explain the significantly poorer performance of the portable equipment. The justification for ending portable wellhead scanning in most cases will be explained.
Pleito Creek: A Commercial Demonstration of a High-Pressure, In-Situ Combustion Process Using Enriched Air for Near Miscible Displacement of Heavy Oil to Horizontal Production Wells
Authors: Fraim F. M. , McGee R. A. , Dobson D. S. , Turta A. T. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Body Over the life of the Pleito Creek heavy oil reservoir in California, it was produced by primary recovery, by huff-n-puff air injection, stripper gravity drainage, and finally in-situ steam and carbon dioxide generation. The purpose of this thermal recovery review is to help the reservoir engineer choose an optimal thermal recovery method for deep heavy oil that has lower carbon dioxide emissions.
Maximizing Reservoir Contact Using Memory Quality LWD Logs in Real-Time from High-Bandwidth Wired Drill Pipe Telemetry Technology
Authors: Fakolujo K. M. , Mamman H. , Sobowale A. , Arab R. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Objectives of this technical paper is to share the outcome of how deployment of high-speed high-bandwidth unconventional wired drill pipe telemetry transmission of logging while drilling (LWD) to maximize reservoir contacts in an ultra-deep clastic gas reservoir. Real-time visualization and interpretation of images from higher bandwidth (57,600 bits per second) delivered memory quality formation evaluation logs in real time for timely critical decision-making and better well placement.
High-end drilling and logging technologies were used to optimize well placement in a challenging environment, including gamma ray (GR), resistivity, and density images enabling timely and full (360 deg) view of reservoir properties. The real-time near-bit GR image provided a clear stratigraphic interpretation that has been used for well placement. The deep azimuthal resistivity measurement and inversion provided critical reservoir vertical distribution away from the wellbore and guided well placement lookahead of time. The real-time density image provided hole shape information for mud weight adjustment on top of the stratigraphic information for well placement. The combination of all the above-mentioned measurements and high-speed telemetry was used for minimizing the risk associated with critical well placement decision-making and improving net to gross.
The above-mentioned technologies have been successfully applied to a well placement job. The memory quality data was transferred through wired drill pipe (WDP) to the surface in real time while geo-steering through a relatively heterogeneous sandstone reservoir with lateral facies variations. The real-time data was transferred to a centralized server for advanced processing and interpretation by team members to enable critical decision-making. As a result, more than 30% net-to-gross increase was achieved compared to the average net-to-gross from existing nearby horizontal laterals drilled in the same reservoir but with mud pulse telemetry (MPT) and basic logs.
The ability of WDP to transmit significantly extra images from log curves ensures higher bedding visualization and improves formation evaluation qualities, technical reliability and confidence. Real time high speed LWD data streams enhanced interpretation and subsurface geological mapping, minimizes bit trip through increase in ROP and maximizes well placement. This technology opens the gateway for any other advanced high-end LWD technology tool in the future.
Enhancing the Resolution of Micro-CT Images of Rock Samples via Unsupervised Machine Learning based on a Diffusion Model
Authors: Ma Zhaoyang , Sun Shuyu , Yan Bicheng , Kwak Hyung , Gao Jun 
Published: October 2023

Objectives/Scope
X-ray Micro-Computer Tomography (μ-CT) has been widely adopted in earth science and petroleum engineering due to its non-destructive characteristic. Meanwhile, this three-dimensional-imaging method can be integrated with computer simulation to investigate petrophysical properties of reservoir rocks at pore scales. However, the application of μ-CT is limited by the trade-off between field of view and resolution, and it is challenging to indicate the pore structure of rocks, especially for shale or carbonate rocks. To address this issue, deep-learning-based super-resolution techniques have rapidly developed in the past few years.

Methodology
In this study, a super-resolution algorithm based on the state-of-the-art (STOA) diffusion model is proposed to generate super-resolved CT images for carbonate rocks. The proposed method adapts denoising diffusion probabilistic models to conditional image generation and performs super-resolution through a stochastic denoising process. Cascaded diffusion model is utilized to increase the training speed and generate high fidelity CT images. This method exhibits superior performance in the resolution-enhancement of CT images at various magnification factors (with a large scaling factor of up to 16) without the occurrence of image-noise and image-blurring issue, and the super-resolved CT images performs well for the calculation of petrophysical properties of carbonate rocks.

Results
This algorithm is applied to the carbonate rock and the performance of the diffusion model is evaluated by quantitative extraction and qualitative visualization. In addition, this method is compared with other methods, such as GAN, Variational Autoencoder, and Super-Resolution Convolutional Neural Networks (SRCNN). The results indicate that the built model shows excellent potential in enhancing the resolution of heterogeneous carbonate rocks. To be specific, the super-resolved images exhibit clear and sharp edges and a detailed pore network. In addition, it performs well on different upscaling factors (up to 16) and is superior to the existing super-resolution approaches (for both supervised and unsupervised algorithms). This study provides a novel deep-learning-based method using a diffusion model to enhance the resolution of μ-CT images of carbonate rocks (up to 16).

Novelty
The novelty of this study is three-fold. First, this method belongs to unsupervised learning, indicating that pairs of high-resolution and low-resolution CT images are no longer needed. Second, a large scaling factor (up to 16) is reached without an image-blurring issue, which normally occurs in other deep-learning-based super-resolution algorithms. Third, the quality of super-resolved images is promising and faithful when compared with other generated learning methods, such as Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN).
Deep Learning Based Upscaling of Geomechanical Constitutive Behavior for Lithological Heterogeneities
Authors: Ma Z. , Zhang B. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Large-scale coupled reservoir-geomechanical simulation is becoming a necessity for an in-depth assessment of subsurface energy developments such as hydrocarbon recovery and geological carbon storage, while a robust and efficient upscaling technique for the geomechanical constitutive behavior of heterogeneous reservoir is still missing to push forward the application of time-consuming coupled reservoir-geomechanical simulation. Here, we focus on the impact of lithological heterogeneity on the shear strength and stress-strain behavior and propose a deep learning-based upscaling technique that can provide the upscaled shear strength and stress-strain behavior from facies models and geomechanical parameters. The objectives of the proposed upscaling technique lie in the following two aspects: 1) bridge the gap between the fine-scale geological models and computationally efficient reservoir-geomechanical models used for large-scale subsurface energy development; 2) provide the upscaled realizations needed for geomechanical assessments considering geological uncertainties. The first step of the deep learning-based upscaling technique is generating a dataset that contains a sufficient number of data samples. Each sample consists of a randomly generated spatial correlated sand-shale realization (input) and the computed macroscopic shear strength and stress-strain behavior via finite element simulations (outputs). Using the assembled dataset, convolutional neural network (CNN) models are trained to build proxy models as an alternative for numerical upscaling. The trained CNN models can provide the upscaled shear strength (R2 &gt; 0.95) and stress-strain behavior (R2 &gt; 0.93) that highly agree with that from the computationally extensive numerical upscaling method in a much shorter time frame. The proposed deep learning-based upscaling technique can promote the application of large-scale reservoir-geomechanical simulation for geomechanical assessment and quantify the impact of geological uncertainties by conducting coupled simulations on a variety of reservoir realizations.
Deployment of Novel Optimized Multizone Single-Trip Gravel-Pack System
Authors: Mogga E. J. , Ismail A. , Adeyeba A. , Sanni I. , Kolakalapudi M. , Lopez M. , Lim C. , Yun M. , Zou C. , Moses N. , Barretto G , Goh K. , Lim Jia Yii , Gil J. , Chua D. , Razali R. , Dada O. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Brunei Shell Petroleum (BSP) constructs many wells that require active sand control for multiple zones in cased hole environment with the option for zonal selectivity and allowing watered out zones to be isolated through well intervention. The most frequently used tubing in these wells is 3½-in. tubing which poses selectivity challenge when used in the standard 9⅝-in. multizone single-trip (MZST) gravel-pack system because the standard system uses 5½-in. modular screens and screen valves which are operated using 4.5-in. hard OD shifting tool which cannot be ran through the 3½-in. tubing. An innovative optimized MZST gravel-pack system alternative was developed and implemented successfully in Brunei and across the industry. This system offers:
Higher accessibility and cost efficiency of MZST gravel-pack using conventional gravel-pack equipment. Selectivity option between zones during production Fluid loss control post gravel pack Improved rig time efficiencies Gravel-pack and Well Architecture Standardization
The optimized system maintains critical zonal selectivity capabilities through use of standard screens and an internal string that features conventional sliding sleeve doors (SSD) connected through a three-way sub. This configuration simplifies installation, optimizes cost, and streamlines deployment. Additionally, the system design satisfies the unique well requirements of isolating, stimulating, producing oil and gas from the distinct zones in a single run, thereby enhancing overall well economics.
The Labor Dimension of the Oil and Gas Industry in the Gulf: Role of Migrant and Expatriate Labor Force
Authors: Retnanto Albertus , Mohsin Anto , Aloudeh Zaina , Kazim Tayyibah 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This paper highlights the role of the migrant and expatriate labor force and their contributions to the oil and gas industry in the Gulf. It would be instructive to acknowledge and learn from the working experiences and challenges faced by these migrant workers. Their backgrounds, skills, knowledge, and technical and managerial know-how have helped develop the oil and gas industry and, to a large extent, the economic development of the Gulf. Understanding their roles and contributions would serve at least two things. First, to appreciate the important part they took in the development of the Gulf oil and gas industry and hence to ensure the protection of their rights under local laws. Second, to tell a complete story of the Gulf's oil and gas industry and the country's development. In addition, multiple themes were examined, such as the challenges and rewards of working in the oil and gas industry in the Gulf, sustainability, and the work environment.
The main method used to acquire information regarding the labor dimension in the oil and gas industry in the Gulf was through semi-structured interviews. The interviewees were selected through a sampling technique known as snowball sampling. The interviews were then audio and video recorded with the interviewee's permission. After that, the interviews were transcribed and analyzed using a corpora analysis software, Lancsbox. The various themes were identified and used to write this research paper.
Some themes identified are the interviewees’ narratives and reasons for choosing to work in Gulf's oil and gas industry, their workplace challenges, their mentorship experiences, and their advice for young aspirant engineers. They also discussed and compared their professional and personal experiences in Gulf to other places they have worked. Knowing what they do and how they contribute would be beneficial for at least two reasons. First, to recognize the crucial part they play in the growth of the Gulf's oil and gas sector and, as a result, to ensure that their rights are protected by local legislation. Second, to provide a more thorough account of the country's gas and oil sector development.
Many international workers find satisfaction in the privileges and comfort their jobs, their host nation, and its thriving oil and gas industry offer them. They are drawn to the nation's multiculturalism, language, opportunities, and safety and want to keep giving back. That, however, does not come without the special difficulties highlighted in this research.
A Failsafe Method of Preventing Voltage Generation During Installation and Pulling of ESPs with Permanent Magnet Motors
Authors: Ken Saveth , Charles Booth , Mauricio Oviedo , Dennis Harris 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
With the increased use of permanent magnet motors (PMM) versus less efficient induction motors (IM) comes an increased safety risk. While both the IM and PMM can generate power themselves if their shaft is turned by external forces, the induction motor cannot generate enough power to require additional safety procedures. The PMM when spinning at 2,000 rpm can generate up to 240 volts to create a tremendous safety risk when one considers voltage over 50 volts can be lethal.
The objectives/scope of this paper is to present an alternative method of preventing the shaft of a Permanent Magnet Motor (PMM) from rotating during the install and pull process. The result of implementing this method is the creation of safer working conditions for the field technician. The alternative method presented here utilizes a mechanical lock to physically secure the shaft thereby preventing it from rotating while the lock is in place.
The mechanical lock mechanism is secured to the top end of the equipment string with the lock engaged during the installation of the Electric Submersible Pump (ESP) string. Once the motor is powered, the force generated automatically unlocks the shaft to allow for the normal operation of the ESP. To engage the lock for the pulling of the ESP string, a heavy weight is lowered on top of the shaft lock.
The two present methods to prevent the pump shaft from rotating while installing or pulling are shunting of the cable and plugging the production tubing. Shunting involves tying all three phases of the cable together to short circuit the electrical system. However, the potential to rotate still exists, but requires an extremely large force. Plugging the production tubing contains the fluid column's potential energy from flowing back through the ESP, but this too has its completion and operational issues. The mechanical shaft lock method described in this paper uses shear pins that physically lock the shaft to prevent it from rotating. Only the mechanical motor horsepower has enough force to shear the pins loose; downhole pressure is not enough. Utilizing a PMM mechanical lock mechanism will physically prevent the shaft from rotating while installing or pulling a PMM-ESP string to provide a failsafe method to prevent potentially fatal conditions.
Successful Milestones Achieved Towards High-Power Laser Drilling
Authors: Batarseh Sameeh I. , Alerigi Damian P. San Roman , Marshal Scott , Reduoane Kasri 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This paper presents the critical successes towards developing high-power laser (HPL) drilling applications. The accomplishment of the recent field trial in a live well demonstrated that it is possible to mobilize a high-power laser system from the lab to the field and perform the first high-power laser operations. HPLs can penetrate different rock types regardless of their compressive strength in a safe, efficient, and cost-effective manner, providing a long-term solution and alternatives to several conventional operations.
Our work developed a comprehensive and stage-gated roadmap to deploy the technology for several upstream applications, including descaling, perforation, and drilling. This strategy is broken into sequential milestones, where each success enables progress to the next level. High-power laser technology has been tested and proven to effectively penetrate all types of rocks, regardless of their strength and composition, such as carbonate, shale, and sandstones. The field-ready HPL system builds on two decades of intense research providing a unique tool that enables safe and environmentally friendly operations. The portable system comprises a laser generator, a nitrogen tank, coiled tubing, energy conveyance cables, and the optical Bottom Hole Assembly (oBHA).
A successful milestone has been accomplished by integrating high-power laser components in the field, including splicing the energy conveyance cable to the oBHA and the laser generator in an open space. The tool was deployed using coiled tubing, which carried the energy and telemetry conveyance cable. The test demonstrated that the tool could effectively penetrate casing, cement, and formation in a live well. This achievement is the second successful milestone after HPL surface descaling towards enabling high-power laser drilling.
The technology offers unique features to drilling, such as precise control and orientation of the HPL to drill in any direction and through any formation. HPL drilling is independent of the reservoir's stress orientation and magnitude. An HPL system for drilling would be compact, environmentally friendly, and could drill and case simultaneously.
A web-based psychological support program for caregivers of children with rare chronic diseases: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Tutus Dunja , Niemitz Mandy , Plener Paul L. , Fegert Jörg M. , Lehmann Christine , Weiss Christa , Knaevelsrud Christine , Biehl Lisa , Rassenhofer Miriam 
Published: October 2023

Abstract

Background
About 50% of rare diseases have symptom onset during childhood. A high level of nursing care and an often uncertain prognosis put caregivers of the affected children at high risk for psychological distress. At the same time, their caregivers have limited access to appropriate psychological care. Aim of this study was to evaluate a web-based psychological support program for caregivers of children with chronic rare diseases (WEP-CARE).
Methods
German-speaking parents (recruited between May 2016 and March 2018) caring for children aged 0–25 years with a rare disease, showing clinically relevant anxiety symptoms, were assigned to either WEP-CARE (n = 38) or a waitlist (n = 36) condition within a randomized controlled trial. Primary outcome measure was parental anxiety, assessed with the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Questionnaire (GAD-7). Secondary outcomes were: fear of disease progression, depression, coping, quality of life and user satisfaction. The group differences were tested through repeated-measures analyses of variance. The WEP-CARE group was additionally followed up three months after the treatment.
Results
A significant time-group interaction was found for anxiety (F(1,35) = 6.13, p = .016), fear of disease progression (F(1,331) = 18.23, p < .001), depression (F(1,74) = 10.79, p = .002) and coping (F(1,233) = 7.02, p = .010), suggesting superiority of the WEP-CARE group. Sustainability of the treatment gains regarding anxiety, fear of disease progression and coping was confirmed at the 6-month follow-up assessment (p < .01). A significant interaction effect could not be found for quality of life (F(1,2) = .016; p < .899). Both, participating parents and therapists were satisfied with WEP-CARE.
Conclusions
Our results underline efficacy and feasibility of WEP-CARE for parents of children with various rare diseases.