bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of wetness on the ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) of textiles: in vitro and in vivo measurements
Authors: Gambichler Thilo , Hatch Kathryn L. , Avermaete Annelies , Altmeyer Peter , Hoffmann Klaus 
Published: March 2003

Background/Purpose: Clothing is an important product for sunburn protection and skin cancer prevention. The moisture content of a fabric, which can increase during its wearing, may decrease the fabric's capability of protecting the skin from solar UV radiation, that is, lower its UPF (ultraviolet protection factor). Due to limited data about the effect of fabric wetness on UPF, this study was undertaken to investigate the following: (a) the effect of saturating a variety of fabrics with tap water and with salt water on fabric UPF and (b) whether wetted‐fabric UPF values reflect only the fact that the fabric is wet during testing or the fact that the skin is hydrated and the fabric is wet.Methods: For objective a, 69 summer fabrics were spectrophotometrically (in vitro) assessed when “dry” and when saturated with tap and salt water. In vitro UPFs, percent UVA transmission and percent UVB transmission values were calculated from the transmission data. For objective b, 100% cotton and 100% polyester fabrics were tested in vivo to determine in vivo UPF values. The minimal erythema dose (MED) was determined for each of the 12 subjects on unprotected “dry” skin and on “hydrated” unprotected skin. MEDprotected was determined when the subject's skin was covered with “dry” and with saturated fabric. In vivo UPFs were calculated using this data. Student's paired t‐tests were used to determine the effect of wetting.Results: With one exception, in vitro UPF values were the same when the fabrics were saturated with tap water and when they were saturated with salt water. However, saturating the fabrics with water had different effects on the UPF, UVA transmission, and UVB transmission values. For linen, viscose and polyester fabrics, UPF significantly increased. For the cotton fabrics and the polyester + TiO2 fabrics, UPF significantly decreased. For the modal + TiO2 fabrics and the polyester crepe + TiO2 fabrics, UPF significantly increased. From the in vivo testing, the MED of the “hydrated unprotected” skin was not different than the MED of “dry unprotected skin.” Values obtained from subtracting dry‐fabric in vivo UPF values from dry‐fabric in vitro values and subtracting wet‐fabric in vivo UPF values from wet‐fabric in vitro values are not different.Conclusion: Fabrics do not need to be tested when saturated with tap and with salt water. Testing fabrics wet and dry should be done, as the effect of saturating fabric on UPF value varies. Fortunately, UPF values for wetted fabrics reveal only the effect of increased moisture content in the fabric and have nothing to do with wetting of the skin by the fabric.
Melatonin attenuates kainic acid‐induced hippocampal neurodegeneration and oxidative stress through microglial inhibition
Authors: Chung Seung‐Yun , Han Seol‐Heui 
Published: March 2003

Abstract: The antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory effects of melatonin on kainic acid (KA)‐induced neurodegeneration in the hippocampus were evaluated in vivo. It has been suggested that the pineal secretory product, melatonin, protects neurons in vitro from excitotoxicity mediated by kainate‐sensitive glutamate receptors, and from oxidative stress‐induced DNA damage and apoptosis. In this study, we injected 10 mg/kg kainate intraperitoneally (i.p.) into adult male Sprague‐Dawley rats. This results in selective neuronal degeneration accompanied by intense microglial activation and triggers DNA damage in the hippocampus. We tested the in vivo efficacy of melatonin in preventing KA‐induced neurodegeneration, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in the hippocampus. Melatonin (2.5 mg/kg, i.p.) was given 20 min before, immediately after, and 1 and 2 hr after KA administration. Rats were killed 72 hr later and their hippocampi were examined for evidence of DNA damage (in situ dUTP end‐labeling, i.e. TUNEL staining), cell viability (hematoxylin and eosin staining), and microglial (isolectin‐B4 histochemistry) and astroglial responses (glial fibrillary acidic protein immunohistochemistry), as well as lipid peroxidation (4‐hydroxynonenal immunohistochemistry). A cumulative dose of 10 mg/kg melatonin attenuates KA‐induced neuronal death, lipid peroxidation, and microglial activation, and reduces the number of DNA breaks. A possible mechanism for melatonin‐mediated neuroprotection involves its antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory actions. The present data suggest that melatonin is potentially useful in the treatment of acute brain pathologies associated with oxidative stress‐induced neuronal damage such as epilepsy, stroke, and traumatic brain injury.
Hand and forearm skin: comparison of their respective responsiveness to surfactants*
Authors: Paye M. , Cartiaux Y. , Goffin V. , Pierard G. E. 
Published: March 2003

Background/aims: Skin compatibility of detergent products is usually evaluated using predictive tests where products are applied on the back or the forearm of the volunteers, even if those products come more readily into contact with consumers’ hands. The current study aimed at comparing the skin responsiveness of hands and volar and dorsal forearms to a surfactant solution.Method: Volunteers soaked simultaneously their forearms and hands in a solution of anionic surfactants, at 40 °C for 20 min, thrice a day and for 2 consecutive days. Skin condition on the hands, and the volar and dorsal forearms was evaluated by clinical examination and instrumental measurements.Results: Significant differences were observed at baseline for various skin parameters, especially those related to skin dryness. After repetitive contacts with the surfactant solution, a parallel evolution of most skin parameters was observed – i.e., an absence of change in instrumentally measured erythema and transepidermal water loss, a similar decrease in corneometry values, and a similar increase in staining of the stratum corneum strippings and in clinical dryness. However, an opposite effect of the soakings on the cohesiveness between corneocytes harvested by tape strippings from hand and forearm was observed.Conclusion: For most parameters, skin responsiveness to surfactants appears to be quite similar on the hands and forearms. It is inferred that forearms can be conveniently used to predict interaction of surfactants with hands.
Biomechanical measurements in microscopically thin stratum corneum using acoustics
Authors: Gardner T. N. , Briggs G. A. D. 
Published: March 2003

Background/aims: This study investigated whether a scanning acoustic microscope (SAM) could be developed to measure changes in the mechanical properties of the microscopically thin external layer of skin, the stratum corneum. The adapted microscope was used to determine the effects of various aqueous reagents, as compared with water, on the thickness, density, compression wave velocity and elastic constant, using 10 μm thin sections of human skin.Methods: Specimens were exposed to aqueous solutions of glycerol, sodium chloride and alpha‐hydroxy caprylic acid (HCA) to investigate permeation and to investigate the effect of these solutions on the above physical properties for signal transmission at a centre frequency of approximately 650 MHz in a path parallel to the epidermal layers.Results: The system of measurement was found to give repeatable results and to provide a reliable indicator of the change in mechanical properties of the stratum corneum that arise from imbibition with different substances. Acoustic measurements of untreated specimen thickness and density agreed well with optical measurements and with previously published measurements, respectively. The trend in change of elastic moduli, however, was not in agreement with the results of the large‐scale extensibility tests of Takahashi et al. and Hall & Hill, which used thicker specimens that contained additional epidermal or dermal layers.Conclusion: Disparate trends in elastic moduli were believed to be due to the strain rate dependence of the tissues and the different rates of loading applied during testing.
Utilization of a high‐resolution digital imaging system for the objective and quantitative assessment of hyperpigmented spots on the face
Authors: Miyamoto Kukizo , Takiwaki Hirotsugu , Hillebrand Greg G. , Arase Seiji 
Published: March 2003

Background/aims:  The aim of this study was to quantify and confirm the efficacy of cosmetic formulations for hyperpigmented spots over a wide area of the face using a high quality digital imaging system that we developed.Methods:  A total of 120 Japanese female volunteers aged 25–60 years with solar lentigines were treated for 6 months with a skin lightening moisturizer (SLM, thereafter) containing 3% magnesium ascorbyl phosphate on one side of the face and vehicle on the other side. During the course of the study, facial images were collected by the image analysis to measure facial skin colour and the total area of hyperpigmented spots. The evaluation was also conducted by visual grading. Measurements were made before and 1, 3, and 6 months after starting the application, and again 6 months after discontinuing the treatment. Three similar clinical studies using the same protocol were repeated for up to one‐month to confirm the reproducibility of the results and to examine seasonal variation.Results:  SLM significantly reduced the total area of hyperpigmented spots (P < 0.005) after one month of treatment compared to the vehicle, with no significant variation in facial skin colour tone in the areas outside the hyperpigmented spots. The results of the visual grading were consistent with those obtained by image analysis. The total area of hyperpigmented spots 6 months after discontinuing the treatment had returned to pre‐treatment levels. The reproducibility of these clinical results was demonstrated in three follow‐up studies.Conclusions:  A high‐resolution digital imaging method, combined with a split‐face clinical protocol is sensitive enough to prove that SLM readily reduces hyperpigmented spots, while maintaining normal facial skin colour.
Skin reflectance‐spectra and colour‐value dependency on measuring‐head aperture area in ordinary reflectance spectrophotometry and tristimulus colourimetry
Authors: Takiwaki H. , Miyaoka Y. , Skrebova N. , Kohno H. , Arase S. 
Published: March 2003

Background/aims:  Measurement of skin colour has become increasingly popular in the study of dermatology with the increased availability of portable instruments. However, different instruments have been reported as giving different results from measurement of the same skin region. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of differences in measuring‐head aperture area on skin reflectance spectra and colour values.Methods:  We measured both reflectance spectra and CIE‐L*a*b* values of the skin in five different anatomical regions on 10 subjects using two MINOLTA reflectance spectrometers that were identical apart from the aperture area of the measuring heads (diameters: 5 and 11 mm). For comparison, data were also obtained from a skin‐coloured tile.Results:  Skin reflectance values measured with the wider‐aperture instrument were higher than those measured with the other, irrespective of anatomical location. The differences between the two were near zero at an incident light wavelength of 400 nm, but increased to around 10% of the reflectance value at 700 nm, increasing exponentially with incident light of increasing wavelength. Skin colour was observed to be brighter, redder and yellower, in CIE‐L*a*b* expression, when measured with the wider‐aperture instrument. The differences between measurements obtained from the skin‐coloured tile were much smaller.Conclusion:  Skin reflectance and colour values measured with reflectance instruments are not absolute data but depend on the aperture area of the measuring head. This is probably due to variations in the proportion of longer‐wavelength light reflected from the skin and collected by the instrument.
Epidermal calcium release (ECR) in vivo sampled with a simple washout chamber technique
Authors: Said Lilian , Serup Jørgen , Rebel Carl 
Published: March 2003

Background/aims: Epidermis forms the protective barrier of the skin by its outermost layer, stratum corneum. The purpose of this study was to investigate the epidermal barrier in view of epidermal calcium release (ECR), phosphate release, transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and skin surface pH. Calcium is mainly an intracellular ion. Calcium was sampled introducing a new and simple washout chamber technique for the study of epidermal release in vivo.Methods: Test sites on forearms of 13 healthy subjects were pre‐treated with 24 h water occlusion, 24 h 2% sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) or tape stripped. Both untreated and pre‐treated test sites were exposed to a water washout chamber with 200µ deionized water as a solvent. Water washout chambers were removed after two hours and calcium and phosphate in the water was analyzed. Transepidermal water loss and pH were measured before and after the trial.Results: pH increased after tape stripping and after exposure to SLS. Transepidermal water loss increased significantly at all test sites. Calcium was significantly released from SLS‐treated sites but not from tape stripped sites. There was generally a correlation between ECR, phosphate release, TEWL and pH. In this study ECR is showed to be a barrier marker of high reproducibility.Conclusions: Epidermal calcium release or ECR is found useful as an indicator of skin barrier function. Calcium release and increase of pH appear mainly to illustrate direct and corrosive damage to epidermal cells and functions contrasting TEWL, in this experiment probably reflecting intercellular damage of fracturing as exemplified by mechanical damage resulting from surface stripping. This new distinction of skin barrier damage into cellular damage resulting from a corrosive chemical trauma and intercellular damage and fracturing resulting from a mechanical trauma is exemplified in SLS provocative testing and tape stripping, the former characterized by increased ECR. The washout chamber technique was deemed technically reliable and reproducible, and has a major potential in experimental dermatology and skin pharmacology for the study of in vivo epidermal release of a range of endogenous and exogenous substances.
Clinical study of disseminated intravascular coagulation in oral and maxillofacial regions – predictors of onset and prognosis
Authors: Morimoto Y , Ikeuchi M , Yamamoto K , Kirita T , Sugimura M 
Published: March 2003

OBJECTIVES: To examine disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) cases in detail to identify the predictors of onset and prognosis.STUDY DESIGN: The clinical records of eight patients with DIC were examined with regard to the patient’s background, underlying disease, direct inducers, duration, contents of treatments and outcome. The factors which controlled the onset and prognosis of DIC were examined in cases receiving surgery for malignant neoplasm compared with non‐DIC cases. Wilcoxon test was used for statistical analysis.RESULTS: There were seven males and one female, age range from 25 to 93 years. The underlying diseases were six malignant neoplasms, one severe infection, and one case of multiple injuries of the mandible. Seven patients had pretherapeutic complications, and six patients recovered. Reduction in platelet counts immediately after the operation revealed high values up to 36%, and patients with more than two pretherapeutic complications were more susceptible to DIC when major postoperative complications occurred. The operation time and blood loss may also have affected the outcome.CONCLUSION: Change of platelet counts, number of pretherapeutic complications, operation time and blood loss are important for predicting the onset and prognosis of DIC in the oral and maxillofacial regions.
A novel point mutation (C571T) in the tissue‐non‐specific alkaline phosphatase gene in a case of adult‐type hypophosphatasia
Authors: Watanabe H , Hashimoto‐Uoshima M , Goseki‐Sone M , Orimo H , Ishikawa I 
Published: March 2003

OBJECTIVE: Hypophosphatasia (HOPS) is an inheritable disorder characterized by defective skeletal mineralization, deficiency of tissue‐non‐specific alkaline phosphatase (TNSALP) activity and premature loss of deciduous teeth. The gene for TNSALP is located on chromosome 1p34‐36.1 and consists of 12 exons and 11 introns. In this study we analysed the genomic TNSALP gene from a patient with HOPS, her family, and unrelated normal controls.MATERIALS AND METHODS: The proband was a 52‐year‐old Japanese woman with adult onset HOPS. The patient showed deficiency in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, increased urinary excretion of phosphoethanolamine and severe periodontal disease. Genomic DNA was extracted from the peripheral leukocytes of the subjects. Based on published sequence data in the TNSALP gene, 11 pairs of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers were used to amplify the coding exons. The PCR amplified samples were subjected to PCR‐single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis and PCR‐allele specific oligonucleotide (ASO) analysis.RESULTS: By PCR‐SSCP analysis of the patient’s genomic DNA, fragments containing exon 5 revealed abnormal mobility. This abnormal mobility (exon 5) was also found in the genomic DNA in her mother’s sister, but were not detected in her father, brothers or sisters, and unrelated normal controls. Sequencing analysis of the abnormal band extracted from the SSCP gel revealed a C to T transition at nucleotide position 571 (C571T) in exon 5. This mutation resulted in a substitution of Ala‐115 with a Val in the mature TNSALP polypeptide. PCR‐ASO analysis also confirmed this missense point mutation. The result of this study showed that the proband has inherited the C571T mutation in exon 5 from her mother alone and the disease in this family was inherited as an autosomal dominant trait from the pedigree.CONCLUSIONS: The C571T mutation is a new missense point mutation and appears to cause significant changes in the structure and function of TNSALP because Ala‐115 is highly conserved in rat TNSALP and human tissue‐non‐specific, intestinal and placental ALPs.
Expression of cytokeratins (CKs) 8, 13 and 18 and their mRNA in epithelial linings of radicular cysts: implication for the same CK profiles as nasal columnar epithelium in squamous epithelial lining
Authors: Lu D‐P , Tatemoto Y , Kimura T , Osaki T 
Published: March 2003

OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to specify cytokeratin (CK) patterns in lining epithelia of radicular cysts which are sometime lined with ciliated columnar epithelia as seen in the nasal epithelia.MATERIALS AND METHODS: We examined the CK expression in 52 radicular cysts obtained from 32 maxillary and 20 mandibular lesions and investigated CK‐mRNA expression using in situ hybridization in 24 maxillary and 13 mandibular cysts and reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR) in 24 maxillary cysts.RESULTS: Of the maxillary cysts, 20, 29 and 19 squamous epithelial linings were positive for CK8, CK13 and CK18, respectively; of the mandibular cysts, 10, 20 and 11 linings were positive for these CKs, respectively. The expression patterns of CK18(+)‐CK13(−), CK18(+)‐CK13(+) and CK18(−)‐CK13(+) were observed in 3, 16 and 13 linings of the maxillary cysts and 0, 11 and 9 linings of the mandibular cysts, respectively. In situ hybridization revealed the expression of CK18‐mRNA in 9 and 4 linings of 24 maxillary and 13 mandibular cysts examined, respectively. With RT‐PCR, we explored that both CK18‐ and CK13‐mRNA were expressed not only in the normal nasal and gingival epithelia but also in the examined maxillary cyst linings although their expression levels differed correlating with the difference in CK staining.CONCLUSION: It is concluded that CK13‐ and CK18‐mRNA are constitutively expressed in columnar and squamous epithelial cells, respectively, and that the variant CK expression patterns with CK18‐mRNA expression in maxillary radicular cysts are indicative of the possibility of phenotypic transformation in the cyst linings.
Targeted Cytotoxic Analogue of Luteinizing Hormone‐Releasing Hormone (LH‐RH) Only Transiently Decreases the Gene Expression of Pituitary Receptors for LH‐RH
Authors: Kovacs M. , Schally A. V. , Csernus B. , Busto R. , Rekasi Z. , Nagy A. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractA cytotoxic analogue of LH‐RH, AN‐207, consisting of 2‐pyrrolinodoxorubicin (AN‐201) linked to carrier [D‐Lys6]LH‐RH, was developed for targeted therapy of cancers expressing LH‐RH‐receptors. To determine its possible side‐effects on the pituitary gland, we investigated the gene expression of pituitary LH‐RH‐receptors and LH secretion in ovariectomized female and normal male rats after treatment with the maximum tolerated dose of AN‐207. The effect of AN‐207 on the gene expression of the pituitary GH‐RH‐receptors and GH secretion was also assessed in male rats. Five hours after a single i.v. injection of AN‐207 at 175 nmol/kg, there was a 39–51% decrease in mRNA expression for the pituitary LH‐RH‐receptors in male and female rats. The carrier, at an equimolar dose, caused a similar reduction (37–39%), whereas the cytotoxic radical AN‐201, at an equitoxic dose (110 nmol/kg), produced only a 12–24% decrease (NS) in the mRNA expression of LH‐RH‐receptors. AN‐207 and the carrier analogue induced a comparable 90–100‐fold increase in serum LH concentrations in male rats, and the same 12‐fold elevation in OVX rats at 5 h. Seven days after treatment with AN‐207, the mRNA levels for the LH‐RH receptors and the serum LH concentration were back to normal in both sexes. AN‐207, the carrier, and AN‐201 had no significant effect on the expression of mRNA for GH‐RH‐receptors in the pituitary. In vitro, a continuous perfusion of pituitary cells with 10 nM AN‐207 did not affect the hormone‐releasing function of the targeted LH cells or the nontargeted GH cells. Our results demonstrate that cytotoxic LH‐RH analogue AN‐207, at the maximum tolerated dose causes only a transient decrease in the gene expression of the pituitary LH‐RH receptors, and the levels of mRNA for LH‐RH receptor fully recover within 7 days. Moreover, the carrier hormone moiety, and not the cytotoxic radical in AN‐207 is responsible for this transient suppression. Our findings suggest that the therapy with cytotoxic LH‐RH analogues will not inflict permanent damage to pituitary function.