bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Photoelectric Characteristics of n-ZnO/p-Si Heterojunction Photodetector
Authors: Zhang Caizhen , Dai Mingjiao , Yan Shengrong 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To solve the problems of the high experimental cost and single experimental result, the n-ZnO/p-Si heterojunction photodetector was simulated by TCAD software. Based on the established model, the photoelectric characteristics of n-ZnO/p-Si heterojunction photodetector were simulated and analyzed in terms of ZnO carrier concentration and thickness. The results show that the dark current is about 10−14 A, the photocurrent is about 10−8 A, and the photocurrent is at least three orders of magnitude larger than the dark current. The fast response time is 10−10 s. The maximum response of the device is 0.25 A/W in the ultraviolet band and the maximum response is 0.35 A/W in the visible light region. This simulated result establishes a theoretical foundation for further experimental research.
Thermal Crosstalk Analysis of Phase Change Memory Considering Thermoelectric Effect and Thermal Boundary Resistance
Authors: Tang Pu , Xiao Jing , Tao Ming 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Phase change memory (PCM) has emerged as a promising memory for next-generation applications due to its high-speed read and write capabilities as well as non-volatility. However, as PCM scales down to smaller feature sizes, it faces the challenge of thermal crosstalk. During the reset operation, a large amount of heat is generated and dissipated in the PCM array, potentially affecting adjacent memory cells, compromising device stability, and limiting high-density integration. To accurately investigate the thermal crosstalk in the PCM array, the conventional finite element model of the PCM array is improved by incorporating the thermoelectric effect and thermal boundary resistance. Under the 65, 45, 32, and 22-nm process nodes, the improved model reveals the occurrence of thermal crosstalk within the PCM array, whereas the conventional model is unable to detect this phenomenon at the 65-nm node. The improved model proposed in this paper incorporates more comprehensive considerations, providing a more precise analysis of the thermal crosstalk phenomenon in the PCM array, and thereby offering theoretical reference for high-density integration of the PCM.
The roles of community health workers in understanding COVID-19-related inequities among Black pregnant women
Authors: Donley Gwendolyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract

Background
US Black pregnant women have worse birth and maternal outcomes than their White counterparts, and these disparities were exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. We sought to examine community health workers’ roles in shaping low-income Black pregnant women’s experiences and perspectives on public health guidance during COVID-19.

Methods
Between December 2020 and September 2021, we conducted two to four semi-structured interviews and feedback sessions with each participant: community health workers or pregnant/postpartum women who self-identified as Black (thirty-five total interviews and twelve feedback sessions). Using a Longitudinal Qualitative Research approach, we looked at themes over time in perceptions of COVID-19 public health guidance, specifically related to vaccination, throughout pregnancy and the postpartum period.

Results
Community health workers were essential sources of information about the COVID-19 vaccine, risk and safety, and other related challenges. However, there was extensive distrust of science and of health providers. This was traced to historical and modern cases of medical and scientific abuse of Black Americans. Community health workers experienced much of the same distrust of public health guidance related to the pandemic as their clients.

Conclusions
Community health workers represent an important group for influencing perspectives of COVID-19 health and vaccine guidance among Black pregnant and postpartum women. Both groups’ views on public health guidance during the pandemic were shaped by complex historical, economic and cultural systems. To support trust- and rapport-building, healthcare providers should take an educated, empathetic approach to working with community health workers and understanding their patients’ histories and experiences.
Real-World Persistence of Successive Biologics in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Findings From ROTARY
Authors: Krugliak Cleveland Noa , Ghosh Sabyasachi , Chastek Benjamin , Bancroft Tim , Candela Ninfa , Fan Tao , Umashankar Kandavadivu , Rubin David T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract

Background
Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) may receive multiple successive biologic treatments in clinical practice; however, data are limited on the comparative effectiveness of biologics and the impact of treatment sequence on outcomes.

Methods
The ROTARY (Real wOrld ouTcomes Across tReatment sequences in inflammatorY bowel disease patients) study was a retrospective, observational cohort study conducted using data from the Optum Clinical Database between January 1, 2012, and February 29, 2020. Adult patients with Crohn’s disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC) who received 2 biologics successively were included. Biologic treatment sequences were analyzed descriptively. Cox proportional hazards models, adjusted for baseline demographics and clinical characteristics, were used to estimate the hazard ratio of switching or discontinuation for each first- and second-line biologic compared with first- and second-line adalimumab, respectively.

Results
In total, 4648 patients with IBD (CD, n = 3008; UC, n = 1640) were identified. Most patients received tumor necrosis factor α antagonist (anti-TNFα) treatment followed by another anti-TNFα treatment or vedolizumab. Vedolizumab and infliximab had 39.4% and 34.6% lower rates of switching or discontinuation than adalimumab, respectively, as first-line biologics in patients with CD and 30.8% and 34.3% lower rates as first-line biologics in patients with UC, respectively. Vedolizumab, infliximab, and ustekinumab had 47.2%, 40.0%, and 43.5% lower rates of switching or discontinuation than adalimumab, respectively, as second-line biologics in CD and 56.5%, 43.0%, and 45.6% lower rates as second-line biologics in patients with UC, respectively.

Conclusions
Although anti-TNFα treatments were most commonly prescribed, the adjusted rates of discontinuation for adalimumab as both a first- and second-line biologic were higher than for vedolizumab, infliximab, or ustekinumab.
Machine learning for zombie hunting: predicting distress from firms’ accounts and missing values
Authors: Bargagli-Stoffi Falco J , Incerti Fabio , Riccaboni Massimo , Rungi Armando 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this contribution, we propose machine learning techniques to predict zombie firms. First, we derive the risk of failure by training and testing our algorithms on disclosed financial information and nonrandom missing values of 304,906 firms active in Italy from 2008 to 2017. We then identify the highest financial distress conditional on predictions that lie above a threshold for which a combination of the false positive rate (false prediction of firm failure) and the false negative rate (false prediction of active firms) is minimized. Therefore, we identify zombies as firms that remain in financial distress, i.e., whose forecasts fall into the risk category above the threshold for at least three consecutive years. To this end, we implement a gradient boosting algorithm (XGBoost) that exploits information about missing values. The inclusion of missing values in our prediction model is crucial because patterns of undisclosed accounts are correlated with firm failure. Finally, we show that our preferred machine learning algorithm outperforms (i) proxy models such as Z-scores and the distance-to-default, (ii) traditional econometric methods, and (iii) other widely used machine learning techniques. We provide evidence that zombies are less productive and smaller on average and that they tend to increase in times of crisis. Finally, we argue that our application can help financial institutions and public authorities design evidence-based policies—e.g., optimal bankruptcy laws and information disclosure policies.
Anosov groups that are indiscrete in rank one
Authors: Douba Sami , Tsouvalas Konstantinos 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We exhibit Anosov subgroups of $\mathsf{SL}_{d}(\mathbb{R})$ that do not embed discretely in any rank-$1$ simple Lie group of noncompact type, or indeed, in any finite product of such Lie groups. These subgroups are isomorphic to free products $\Gamma * \Delta $, where $\Gamma $ is a uniform lattice in $\textsf{F}_{4}^{(-20)}$ and $\Delta $ is a uniform lattice in $\textsf{Sp}(m,1)$, $m \geq 51$.
Effects of nicotine on synaptic transmission in the brain
Authors: Fuxe Kjell , Andersson Kurt , Härfstrand Anders , Eneroth Peter , de la Mora Miguel Perez , Agnati Luigi F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In humans and in animals nicotine is known to produce an EEG and behavioural arousal, which may partly underly its reinforcing properties (see Jaffe and Jarvik 1978). In addition, nicotine, and exposure to cigarette smoke, have been found to markedly affect the endocrine system via actions within the hypothalamus (see Fuxe et al. 1977, 1987). The central effects of nicotine and exposure to cigarette smoke appear to be mediated via central nicotinic- cholinergic receptors, belonging to cholinergic neurons and participating in synaptic transmission in the brain (see Fuxe et al. 1977, 1987; Giorguieff- Chesselet et al. 1979; Larsson and Nordberg 1985; Larsson 1985; Morley et al. 1983; Schwartz et al. 1982; Schwartz and Kellar 1983; Westfall 1974). The powerful effects of nicotine on the brain are in part due to the ability of these receptors to control monoaminergic neurons, especially in the cerebral cortex, the basal ganglia, the hypothalamus, the preoptic area, the substantia nigra, and ventral tegmental area. The drug nicotine is highly efficient in performing a modulation of monoamine transmission, since nicotinic-cholinergic receptors probably are located inter alia on the nerve cell membrane of catecholamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) axon terminals (Balfour 1982; de Belleroche and Bradford 1978; Clarke and Pert 1985; Harfstrand et al. 1987; Rowell and Winkler 1984; Schwartz et al. 1984).
Nicotinic cholinergic receptors in Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Kellar Kenneth J , Wonnacott Susan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Differences in several neurotransmitter systems have been found in brains from Alzheimer’s disease victims compared with brains from controls. But it is not known whether these differences are primary changes in Alzheimer’s disease or sequelae of the disease process; nor is it known with certainty that these aberrations in neurotransmitter systems are specific to the disease or that they are responsible for any of the important symptoms, most notably the impaired cognition typical of Alzheimer’s disease. Despite this uncertainty about the specific roles of neurotransmitter system deficits in Alzheimer’s disease, it is a reasonable first assumption that severe deficits in neurotransmission contribute to the disease symptoms, if not the process. Thus these neurotransmission systems provide objectives for further study, and perhaps first targets for rational therapeutic approaches to Alzheimer’s disease and to a better understanding of the disease process.
Public health, preventive medicine, and professionalization: Britain and the United States in the nineteenth century
Authors: Fee Elizabeth , Porter Dorothy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Public health in both Britain and the United States began as a response to the social and health problems of rapid industrialization. In both countries the public health movement had initially been created by social reformers and included, but was not led by, the medical profession. As public health became professionalized, physicians came to play a more dominant role. Medicine began to dominate public health in Britain from the mid-Victorian period. In the United States, public health would retain a considerable independence from medicine; as the medical profession remained wedded to fee-for-service practice and displayed little interest in salaried public health positions, public health evolved as a somewhat separate professional specialty, staffed by biologists, statisticians, engineers, and others with specialized training. In both Britian and the United States, however, the professionalization of public health involved a certain distancing from the original social reform impulses which had given it birth. Scientific methods tempered, when they did not replace, the initial commitment to improving the lives and living standards of the poor.
The public’s health: philosophy and practice in Britain in the twentieth century
Authors: Lewis Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Public health in twentieth-century Britain has assumed a number of different guises. In the early part of the century its role as ‘preventive medicine’ was stressed, while in the 1940s and again in the 1970s, attempts were made radically to change its whole orientation, first through the practice of’social medicine’ and later through ‘community medicine’. In contrast to the United States, public health in Britain has always been seen as a medical specialty and this has been reflected in the various new labels that have been attached to it during this century.
Socioeconomic differentials
Authors: Smith George Davey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Socioeconomic differentials in mortality from many causes of death are seen in adulthood. There has been a long tradition of considering early life influences which contribute to this, but more recently the specific contribution of adverse socioeconomic conditions in infancy and childhood on cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality in adulthood has been investigated. Risk appears to accumulate over the life course, and independent contributions of childhood and adulthood socioeconomic circumstances to coronary heart disease incidence in adulthood are seen. Since exposures acting across the life course, together with the interactions between socially patterned exposures acting at different stages of life, contribute to disease risk, studies which have data concerning only one period of the life course are inadequate for further advancing our understanding of both disease aetiology and the production of socioeconomic differentials in health.
Anthropological Perspectives On Music And Emotion
Authors: Becker Judith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The study of anthropology is the study of the modes of being human, while the study of ethnomusicology is the study of the modes of music making as a means of cultural expression and as sources of meaning. Both are concerned with human behaviour and the cultural ideologies that inform behaviour; both tend to rely upon ethnographic research and techniques of participant observation, with the results later written and published as a monograph.Within each discipline there are ‘universalists’ who tend to look for commonalities of behaviour and beliefs, and ‘particularists’ who are more interested in how we differ one from another, one group from another group. Whatever the difference of perspective, nearly all anthropologists and ethnomusicologists subscribe to the dictum that one must attempt to understand behaviours and belief systems from within, that is, the necessity for making the effort to understand other musics and other styles of emotional expression from the perspective of their owners. This is related to, but not the same thing as, what is called ‘cultural relativism,’ which is taken to mean a refusal to make value judgments about beliefs and practices of peoples outside one’s own group. A commitment to trying to comprehend the motivations and underlying paradigms of another’s actions certainly delays or impedes a ‘rush to judgment’.
The Expeditions of Caesar
Authors: Salway Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the middle of the first century Bc the old Republican system of governing the Roman state was in an advanced state of decay. Theoretically, the Republic was still governed by annual magistrates, elected by the citizen body and advised by the senate. The latter was a body whose legal powers were limited but which had exercised enormous authority by virtue of its composition, since it was made up of men who had held major public office and led by those (‘consulars’) who had occupied one of the two annual consulships, the supreme office of state. Most of those elected to office came from families that had produced previous office-holders, and it was this ‘senatorial’ class that had come to dominate the state for generation after generation.
Civil War and its Aftermath
Authors: Salway Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The name of the governor who succeeded Pertinax in Britain is unknown, but by the end of 192 the province was under the command of Decimus Clodius Albinus, another aristocratic Roman provincial, this time from North Africa. He was in post when the murder of Commodus set off a train of events that were to alter the life of the Roman world irrevocably, mostly, it must be said, for the worse. The first consequence, however, was a false dawn of reform, for Pertinax attempted too much too quickly at Rome. He treated the senatorial order with scrupulous courtesy, and restrained both the imperial freedmen and the praetorian guard. Unfortunately, he had already proved incapable of winning the support of the legions in Britain for the discipline he imposed there, and the praetorians, accustomed to even greater privileges, liked his approach no better. The same praetorian prefect as had arranged the murder of Commodus induced his men to assassinate the new emperor. In perhaps the most cynical act in their history, the praetorians put up the throne for auction, whereupon it was purchased by the immensely wealthy senator Didius Julianus. However, the chain reaction of mutiny could not now be stopped. The legions in Pannonia proclaimed their commander, Septimius Severus, as emperor, also of North African origin. At almost the same moment Pescennius Niger was proclaimed in Syria and Clodius Albinus in Britain. All the ingredients for prolonged civil war were now present.
Stalin’s Last Years
Authors: Keep John L H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When cannon fired salutes across the land to celebrate VE-Day in May 1945, Soviet citizens had every ground for pride in their achievement and relief that the epic four-year struggle was at an end. Their armies had driven back the Nazi invaders and gone on to liberate most of eastern and central Europe. Internationally the USSR was at the zenith of its power and prestige.
Introduction
Authors: Nettle Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘We hold these truths to be self-evident, ‘ wrote Thomas Jefferson in the American Declaration of Independence in 1776, ‘that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness ‘. Of these three, it is the third that seems most able to imbue our lives with purpose. Without its guiding light, there would be no way of knowing what to do with life and liberty, or so it would seem.
Panaceas and placebos
Authors: Nettle Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It might be tempting to conclude, from the material surveyed thus far, that there is nothing much to be done about happiness. Of course, you can boost it for a few hours by going to a party, eating chocolate, or having sex, but these pleasures will fade and you will be back where you started. Larger life changes, however apparently desirable, are subject to adaptation in a few weeks or months. Personality factors, which are rather set for life, are strong determinants of basic happiness.
The universal language
Authors: Evans Dylan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After the first rehearsal, we sat around planning our careers in the music business. It was then that Tim told me how happy he was that I had joined the band. I can still remember vividly the intense reaction that comment produced in me. A warm wave spread outwards and upwards from my stomach, rapidly enveloping the whole of my upper chest. It was a kind of joy, but unlike any moment of joy I had felt before. It was a feeling of acceptance, of belonging, of being valued by a group of people whom I was proud to call my friends.
Making Meaning and Making Believe: Their Role in the Clinical Process
Authors: Slade Arietta 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is about playing and the clinical process. I began to think about the ideas presented here many years ago, while still in my training and working for the first time with young children in psychoanalytic psychotherapy. These ideas developed in the moments of my sitting with young patients whose play-or lack of it utterly stymied me. These children did not play in the ways I had expected, and I found myself struggling to make sense of what they were doing. Sometimes their play was highly disorganized, vague, and primitive; at other times, they couldn’t make-believe at all. Instead, they immersed themselves in barren, repetitive play that made any attempt at discussion or interpretation impossible. This was hardly how I’d imagined the work of child therapy. Even when there was a point of therapeutic entry, verbal interpretations often fell flat, were disorganizing, or were plainly and simply rejected (“Shut up, Dr. Slade!”). In many instances, I found myself left with no choice but to simply play1 with the child and-for the time being-to abandon my own need to deduce the meaning of the play and somehow communicate it to my little patient. Often this left me with the uneasy feeling that I somehow wasn’t acting like a therapist, nor was what I was doing really therapy.
Symbolic Development in Children with Down Syndrome and in Children with Autism: An Organizational, Developmental Psychopathology Perspective
Authors: Cicchetti Dante , Beeghly Marjorie , Weiss-Perry Bedonna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Goals of the Chapter
In this chapter, we argue that the study of atypical populations can enhance our understanding of the ontogenesis of normal symbolic processes. Specifically, we demonstrate that if a basic social-communicative system is in place, even if it is developing more slowly and somewhat aberrantly (as in Down syndrome), then it will yield a very coherent pattern of symbolic development in both linguistic and nonlinguistic domains. If this social-communicative system is disordered (as in autism), a very different picture emerges.
Learned Helplessness and Depression
Authors: Peterson Christopher , Maier Steven F , Seligman Martin E P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first reach outward for learned helplessness was toward depression, and to this day it remains the theory’s most thoroughly researched application. This chapter’s discussion of depression is divided into four parts. First, we describe it: what kinds there are and how to recognize them. Second, we take a look at the reformulated learned helplessness theory as it applies to depression. Third, we discuss the new evidence suggesting that modernity has brought an epidemic of depression in its wake. How does helpless­ ness theory illuminate this evidence? Finally, we describe several issues of controversy surrounding the application of learned helplessness to depression.
On The Relations Between Event-Related Potentials And Autonomic Responses: Conceptualization Within A Feedback Loop Framework
Authors: Rockstroh Brigitte , Elbert Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Human anatomy, from the perspective of the researcher interested in event-related potentials (ERPs), seems to consist of a huge brain surrounded by more or less negligible organs. The eyes and the skin are considered unwanted sources of artifact.