bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sensory conflict: perception of movement
Authors: Berthoz Alain 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Imagine you are sitting in a train. The train on the track beside you departs.Watching it move out your window, you have the illusion that your train is the one leaving. This illusion can also be felt on a bridge, looking at a river. The movement of a visual scene may be due either to movement of the body, or to movement of the world, in that case, with the body remaining still. How do we decide which interpretation is correct? We are in the same situation as Solomon, except that we cannot cut the solution in two.
Sometimes, a conflict is the result of several simultaneous movements in the visual world. For example, in the train, if you look out the window and a blizzard is raging, the clouds race by. The visual field consists of several contradictory movements: that of the environment in a sense contrary to the train, of the snowflakes, of the cloudshow does the brain decide that some elements of the environment are moving and others not? This decision is complex [2].
Music and how we became human—a view from cognitive semiotics Exploring imaginative hypotheses
Authors: Brandt Per Aage 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the evidence from palaeontology, our species, Homo sapiens, was biologically stable and physiologically modern 160,000 years ago (Stringer 2003). When glaciation stopped 150,000 years later, agriculture, writing, and history emerged—cultural life based on a symbolically represented shared past. Somewhere in the middle of this long period, perhaps about 50,000 years ago, humans apparently began to ‘make sense’ together—to symbolize, paint, speak, and form kinship systems that held communities together—and, according to the scenario I propose, perhaps first made music.
Voices of shared emotion and meaning: Young infants and their mothers in Scotland and Japan
Authors: Powers Niki , Trevarthen Colwyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A journey of cultural discovery has already begun when an infant is born—from the inborn powers of human expression and experience within the growing Self toward mastery of habits that have been cultivated by generations of forebears; they who have learned and taught their knowledge and skills so that their children may assimilate a history of many Others’ lives and meanings (Gomes-Pedro 2002). To discover what other people know, a child has to participate in feelings with them, not just exchange information about the world they are in together (Halliday 1975; Jahoda and Lewis 1988; Bruner 1996; Rogoff 2003; Rogoff et al. 2003).
The effects of maternal depression on the ‘musicality’ of infant-directed speech and conversational engagement
Authors: Marwick Helen , Murray Lynne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we look at the effect of the mental illness of depression on the ‘musicality’ of a mother’s voice as she talks with her young infant, and discuss the possible impact of this on the infant’s emotional and cognitive development. The term musicality has been used to capture fundamental characteristics of human vocal communication—the shared expressiveness in timing, phrasing, intonation and voice quality. All of these dimensions can be identified in the earliest caregiver–infant talk and play.We first summarize the characteristics of musicality—timing and expression—in human communication in general, and then consider its special place in the vocal expressiveness of adults talking to infants, and on the part of infants themselves. Finally, we review findings on the impact of depression on maternal expressiveness, their implications for how we should understand conversational engagements between depressed mothers and their infants, and the significance for diagnosis and therapy.
Between communicative musicality and collaborative musicing: A perspective from community music therapy
Authors: Pavlicevic Mercédès , Ansdell Gary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The marriage between communicative musicality and improvisational music therapy was ostensibly made in heaven. Music therapists in search of a new explanatory and legitimating theory came back from conferences in the 1980s with the fruits of Trevarthen and Stern’s work. They felt their search had ended. We, too, are among the many music therapists to admire the elegant synthesis Malloch and Trevarthen subsequently made in their theory of communicative musicality, which they described as ‘a foundation for a theory of music therapy’ (Trevarthen and Malloch 2000, p. 5) based on the belief that ‘Communicative Musicality is the source of the music therapeutic experience and its effects’ (p. 3).
Biology And Molecular Neuropathology Of β-Amyloid Protein
Authors: Lee Edward B , Lee Virginia M -Y 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A century ago, Alois Alzheimer described the post-mortem neuropathological findings from a woman who suffered from the disease which now bears his name (Alzheimer 1907). In addition to profound neuron loss, he found two major lesions in the cortex and hippocampus, now known as senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Until the biochemical purification of the building blocks of these two pathological lesions, the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of Alzheimer‘s disease (AD) were difficult to ascertain. Eight decades after the initial description of AD, the molecular era of AD research was ushered in with the isolation of the AP peptide, initially from cerebrovascular amyloid (Glenner and Wong 1984) and subsequently from senile plaques (Masters et al. 1985 ).
Presenilins
Authors: Vetrivel Kulandaivelu S , Thinakaran Gopal 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Alzheimer‘s disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia in the elderly. While the vast majority of AD occurs as an age-associated disorder, autosomal dominant inheritance of mutant genes APP, PSENl, or PSEN2, which encode the amyloid precursor protein (APP), presenilin 1 (PSl), or presenilin 2 (PS2), respectively, cause early-onset AD in several families (familial Alzheimer‘s disease (FAD)). Mutations in PSENl and PSEN2 account for the majority of cases of FAD. Since the first discovery of a genetic link between PSENl and PSEN2 with AD, several research groups have sought to unravel how pathogenic mutations in PSEN genes cause dysfunction of select populations of neurons in the brain leading to AD pathogenesis. PSl and PS2 are polytopic membrane proteins which function as the catalytic subunit of an enzyme complex, termed y-secretase.
Current Pharmacological Approaches To Treating Alzheimer‘s Disease
Authors: Wilcock Gordon K , Dawbarn David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pharmacological approaches to the treatment of Alzheimer‘s disease (AD) can be broadly grouped into those that aim for symptomatic treatment, those that attempt to modify the disease process, and those that may lower the risk or delay the onset of AD. The distinction between these approaches is not clear cut, as will become apparent. Symptomatic treatments have mainly centred on neurotransmitter systems. The well established deficits in the cholinergic system in AD provided an obvious focus for phar macological research, and led to the development of the first drugs to be licensed for the treatment of AD. However, numerous other neurotransmitter systems are affected in AD, including the noradrenergic, serotonergic, glutaminergic, and dopaminergic systems. These systems have physiological roles in normal cognitive functioning, and multiple neurotransmitter deficits probably contribute to the cognitive decline in AD.
Future Directions: The A Amyloid Pathway As The Target For Diagnosing, Preventing, Or Treating Alzheimer‘s Disease*
Authors: Masters Colin L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Future research into Alzheimer‘s disease (AD) will continue to be dominated by efforts to develop rational therapeutic strategies based on our progressive understanding of the molecular basis of synaptic degeneration in AD. In this chapter, the current status of dis covering targets and developing drugs for use in the amyloid precursor protein/amyloid beta (APP/AP) pathway (Fig. 18.1) is reviewed. The 2005-2006 literature is surveyed, which includes several useful reviews (Benson 2005; Bloom et al. 2005; Golde 2005; Higuchi et al. 2005; Pangalos et al. 2005; Selkoe 2005; Hilbush et al. 2005; Wisniewski and Frangione 2005). Also reviewed are two public data bases of clinical trials which enumer ate the current status of clinical activity in this area (Novartis International, maintained by Herrling and colleagues (Kwon and Herrling 2005) and the Clinical Trials registry sponsored by the NIH .
Sex, Sexes and Selfish Elements
Authors: Hurst Laurence D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was a chance conversation that led to me doing a DPhil (as they call their PhDs in Oxford) under Bill ’s supervision. In the summer of 1986, just prior to my final undergraduate year studying Zoology at Cambridge, I happened to talk to Nick Davies, our lecturer in behavioural ecology. We chatted about what I found interesting. The idea that male birds show off their parasite status to females was a really fascinating idea, I remarked. He suggested that I should therefore do a DPhil with Bill Hamilton in Oxford. Nick kindly wrote a letter of introduction and, sometime later that year, I found myself in Bill ’s office in the Zoology department, being interviewed by him and Alan Grafen for a DPhil position that they would jointly supervise.
Hamilton And Gaia (A preface to ‘Spora and Gaia: How microbes fly with their clouds ‘)
Authors: Lenton Tim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The story of my work with Bill unfolds with the spring of 1997, and I will tell it in his written words, where possible. I was in the third year of my PhD studies at the University of East Anglia in Norwich, and had been absorbed in an effort to reconcile what I was learning about the planetary effects of life and what I knew about the mechanism of natural selection. This was summarized in a review article I had written and (rather optimistically) submitted to Nature (eventually to be published as ‘Gaia and natural selection ‘1). I was eager to resolve what I saw as some long-held misunderstandings between ‘Gaiaists ‘, as Bill called them, and evolutionary biologists. I was aware of Bill ’s interest in Gaia from things he ’d written and through my friendship with Jim Lovelock. The two met in January 1997 and ‘a bit unhappy about the way the discussion ended, seemingly in deadlock ’, Bill then wrote Jim a long letter clarifying his views on Gaia.
Introduction
Authors: Bertuglia Cristoforo Sergio , Vaio Franco 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In our picture of reality, we almost always focus our attention on the description of the evolution over time of objects that we identify with respect to their surrounding environment and which we call systems, mostly in an attempt to predict their future behaviour. Systems are objects with varying degrees of complexity, although they are always acknowledged as containing different elements that interact with one other. Various kinds of relations may also exist between the system and the external environment, but these are either of a different nature or of a lesser intensity with respect to those that are encountered inside what we identify as ‘system’ and that contribute to its definition.
Linearity in models
Authors: Bertuglia Cristoforo Sergio , Vaio Franco 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A vast quantity of different system dynamics can be found in both natural and social sciences. However, they all have several common characteristics which enable them to be described in fairly simple and, above all, very general mathematical terms. We are referring to the dynamic processes typical of systems close to a configuration of stable equilibrium. Such systems tend towards equilibrium by means of a process that, to a good approximation, can be described by a so-called linear model. In other words, we can approximate the description of the evolution of these systems towards equilibrium by means of a calculable evolutive trajectory, if we know the initial conditions, using a law of motion expressed in the form of an extremely simple differential equation: a linear differential equation.
Dynamical systems and the phase space
Authors: Bertuglia Cristoforo Sergio , Vaio Franco 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Let us reconsider a point that was introduced in chapter 2, but specifying the terms better: we want to define what is meant by dynamical system. When we describe the evolution of a system we use several state variables, i.e. a set of magnitudes, chosen appropriately, functions of time, the values of which define everything we know about the system completely and unambiguously; let us indicate them, just to be clear, with x;(t). Thus the evolution of a system is given by the evolution of the set of n state variables, each of which evolves according to a specific deterministic law. In this sense, we can speak of a dynamical system, identifying a system of this nature with the system of equations that defines the evolution of all of the state variables.
The chaotic pendulum
Authors: Bertuglia Cristoforo Sergio , Vaio Franco 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this part we have discussed oscillations at some length. Whether we are examining a pendulum or a mass connected to a spring, an electrical current in a specific circuit or a wave broadcast by an antenna, economic cycles (real or assumed) or the listing of a stock, or further still, in a more general and abstract sense, the condition of dynamic equilibrium of a system that is interacting with other systems, the mathematical model of oscillations represents a basic schema that can be adapted, by making the appropriate corrections, to fit the case in question. A wide number of variants of the model of motion of an oscillating system can be constructed. These depend not so much on the nature of the specific system being studied, but rather on the different external conditions in which the system finds itself, or, to put it better, that we wish to be taken into account. The oscillations described by a linear model, for example, can be applied to the dynamics of a pendulum as well as to a mass attached to a spring, a current in an electric circuit, etc., as long as the disturbances to the state of stable equilibrium are smal1. This is precisely what the model does: it abstracts the common characteristics, in this case the dynamics of the motion close to the condition of stable equilibrium, ignoring the other characteristics that define the specific oscillating system. If the dynamics envisaged by the linear model do not successfully adapt to the description of the oscillations observed, this may be due to the fact that the oscillating system is not close to its stable equilibrium, or even that the oscillating system is so disturbed that it cannot find a stable equilibrium. In this case a new model of nonlinear oscillations, one of the many variants that can be conceived starting from the basic model of the harmonic oscillator, must be used to provide an acceptable description of the dynamics observed.
Linear models in social processes: the case of two interacting populations
Authors: Bertuglia Cristoforo Sergio , Vaio Franco 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After having presented, in the paragraphs above, several versions of one of the simplest and most important models in mathematical physics, the model of the oscillator, which has served as a basis for developments and extensions into other sectors, we will now look at another example of modelling that has become a classic theme in social science: the case of a system of two interacting populations. A number of different theories have been adopted in the approach to this subject which have given rise to a numerous family of models. In general these are models that are essentially of theoretical interest: they do not represent anything more than an initial attempt to model extremely complex phenomena such as social ones (in this context, naturally, the term social is intended in a broad sense, referring to any group of individuals, identifiable according to certain parameters, that interact with another group of individuals).
Chaos in real systems and in mathematical models
Authors: Bertuglia Cristoforo Sergio , Vaio Franco 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Phase space, orbit, basin of attraction and attractor are all mathematical concepts and as such are abstract; this means that they relate more to the abstract models that we construct of the processes observed, rather than to the processes themselves. In a certain sense, we imagine attractors and dynamical orbits on the basis of our mathematization of phenomena (when we succeed in doing so). But the passage from the real system, that we assume to be deterministic, despite the fact that its evolution might seem unpredictable to us, to the mathematical mode] that describes it, from a certain viewpoint, is an arbitrary passage, because a real system and its mathematical model are conceptually found in two completely different spheres. The correspondence between the two is based only on the fact that very often the mode] created ‘works well’ in predicting the behaviour of the real system, as we have already seen. The differential equations of the mode] are nonlinear (in general) and deterministic, so much so that often we call them the law that controls the real corresponding process; they give rise to deterministic chaos that seems to do a good job of reproducing the phenomenology observed. But it is still the chaos of a model, i.e. a chaos of a mathematical nature; the problem is linking this with the chaos observed. This passage, however, is not always easy to make.
The problem of measuring chaos in real systems
Authors: Bertuglia Cristoforo Sergio , Vaio Franco 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous sections we have mostly talked about the stability and chaos of dynamical processes in mathematical models. Now we would like to look at the problem of the stability and chaos (if any) in observed dynamical processes, i.e. referring to the analysis of historic data series observed in real systems. Definition (18.9) of the Lyapunov exponents does not have only a theoretical meaning, but can be used in important applications to real cases. The problem we are faced with is how to use a series of data in order to be able to calculate quantities such as Lyapunov exponents and to identify the presence, if any, of an attractor and its dimension (fractional or integer). This would enable us to establish, in particular, if the historic series of data is produced by a system that functions’ according to a deterministic law, regardless of whether we have chaos or not, or if the data observed are stochastic, i.e. if they are the result not of a law, but of that which is commonly ca11ed ‘chance’, and follow a probability distribution. The problem is anything but easy, in particular for systems in whose dynamics it is difficult, if not impossible, to observe regularities, as usuaUy happens in social sciences.
Some thoughts on the meaning of ‘doing mathematics’
Authors: Bertuglia Cristoforo Sergio , Vaio Franco 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this Chapter and in Chapter 32 and 33, to conclude the book, we would like to reflect for a moment on the fact that, as we have said on many an occasion, at the moment there is no formalization of complexity that enables it to overcome its current, rather confused state, which for now is known as the ‘complexity approach’, and to achieve the objective of first becoming a method and then a bona fide scientific theory. The complexity approach that has recently appeared in modern scientific circles is generally still limited to an empirical phase in which the concepts are not abundantly clear and the methods and techniques are noticeably lacking. This can lead to the abuse of the term ‘complexity’ which is sometimes used in various contexts, in senses that are very different from one another, or at times even erroneously, to describe situations in which the system does not even display complex characteristics.
Digression into the main interpretations of the foundations of mathematics
Authors: Bertuglia Cristoforo Sergio , Vaio Franco 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this section, we will be making a digression from the main theme of the book, to take a brief look at the main interpretations that scientific thought has given, at least in the last century and a half, to the foundations of mathematics, and more generally, to the meaning of working with mathematics. A reflection on the actual meaning that is attributed to mathematics and its limitations, in fact, is necessary in order to attempt to clarify the question of the applicability of mathematics (and of which mathematics) to complexity, i.e. if and in what way could it be possible to formulate mathematical laws to describe the complex phenomenology.
Felix Hausdorff’s Considered Empiricism
Authors: Epple Moritz 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
1 Introduction
This chapter presents some of the epistemological views of a rather unconventional mathematician, philosopher, and writer of the period around 1900, Felix Hausdorff. Hausdorff was born in 1868, and together with his wife, Lotte Hausdorff, née Goldschmidt, and her sister, he took his own life on 26th of January 1942 in order to avoid being sent to a concentration camp.Today, Hausdorff is mostly known for his ground-breaking monograph on set theory, the Grundzüge der Mengenlehre, published in 1914, shortly before the outbreak of World War I. Among other things, this monograph contained the first extended discussion of the notion of a topological space. In the interwar period that followed, Hausdorff’s Grundzüge and its successor, simply entitled Mengenlehre and published in 1927, became probably the most often cited book in this area of mathematics.
H. Weyl’s mature view of mathematical knowledge
Authors: Scholz Erhard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Introduction
Hermann Weyl’s views of mathematical knowledge went through various transformations. He described most of them himself in his retrospective (Weyl 1954). In 1905, at the beginning of his university studies, he was thrown (by Hilbert’s views on the foundations of geometry) from a youthful and naive Kantianism to a ‘positivism’ in the sense of H. Poincaré and E. Mach. Five years later, he came under the influence of Husserl’s phenomenology and turned away from positivism. At Zürich he came into close contact with F. Medicus, an expert in the philosophy of post-Kantian German idealism and an editor of J. G. Fichte’s works. After Weyl came back from service in the German army in 1916, his philosophical outlook turned radically towards realism in the sense of German idealist philosophy, formed under the impression of his way of reading Fichte and, a little later, under the personal influence of L.E.J. Brouwer. In 1926 he had the chance to rework his philosophical outlook when he wrote his contribution Philosophie der Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften for the handbook of philosophy edited by M. Schröter and A. Bumler (Weyl 1927a). During this work Weyl became more closely acquainted with Leibniz’ philosophy, among others. He broadened and refined his philosophical views and started to reconsider his earlier exaggerated rejection of Hilbert’s formalist views in the foundations of mathematics.