bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kandungan Mikroplastik Pada Air Minum Dalam Kemasan (AMDK) yang Beredar di Semarang, Jawa Tengah
Authors: Supriyo Edy , Noviana Siti Nurlaela 
Published: December 2023

Mikroplastik merupakan partikel plastik yang berukuran 1–5000 μm. Mikroplastik dapat ditemukan dimana saja dan salah satunya adalah pada air minum. Air minum dalam kemasan (AMDK) selama ini dianggap sebagai produk higienis sehingga aman dikonsumsi, dan menjadi andalan masyarakat untuk memenuhi asupan cairan tubuh. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kandungan mikroplastik yang terdapat dalam AMDK yang beredar di Semarang, Jawa Tengah. Sampel berupa AMDK merek A dan P dalam kemasan botol plastik bervolume 600 dan 500 mL serta gallon bervolume 19 Liter diambil dari distributornya di Kota Semarang, yang dipanaskan dengan sinar matahari pada suhu 28 dan 40oC. Air sampel kemudian disaring menggunakan membrane filter PTFE hydrophilic dengan pori 0,22 µm dan dikeringkan dalam desikator selama 24 jam, ditimbang serta diamati dengan mikroskop stereo dan dengan FTIR Spectometer. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa di semua sampel terdapat mikroplastik dalam bentuk fragmen dan fiber yang berturut-turut berukuran 1,91-44,85µm dan 2,94-130,02 µm. Mikroplastik berukuran 1–10 µm mempunyai angka Z-score terbesar yaitu 1,953. Jumlah dan berat mikroplastik tertinggi ditemukan pada air dalam kemasan botol P pada suhu 40oC yaitu 97 partikel/500 mL dan 0,0136 gr. Mikroplastik yang ada dalam AMDK merupakan plastic dengan gugus fungsi polyethylene terephthalate (PET), yang diperkirakan berasal dari kemasan AMDK tersebut. Microplastics are plastic particles measuring 1–5000 μm. Microplastics can be found anywhere, and one of them is in drinking water. Bottled drinking water (or Air Minum dalam kemasan/AMDK) has long been considered hygienic. Hence, it is safe for consumption and has become a mainstay for people to fulfill their body's fluid intake. This research aims to analyze the microplastic content in AMDK marketed in Semarang, Central Java. Samples in the form of AMDK brands A and P in plastic bottles of 600 and 500 ml and gallons with a volume of 19 liters were taken from the distributor in Semarang City, which were heated with sunlight at temperatures of 28 and 40oC. The sample water was then filtered using a PTFE hydrophilic membrane filter with 0.22 µm pores, dried in a desiccator for 24 hours, weighed, and observed with a stereo microscope and an FTIR Spectrometer. The results showed that there were microplastics in all samples in fragments and fibers measuring 1.91-44.85µm and 2.94-130.02µm, respectively. Microplastics measuring 1–10µm have the largest Z-score, i.e. 1.953. The highest number and weight of microplastics were found in P bottles of water at a temperature f 40oC, i.e. ,97 particles/500 mL and 0.0136 gr. The microplastics in AMDK are plastics with the polyethylene terephthalate (PET) functional group, which is thought to come from their packaging
Advances in diagnosis and treatment of perimenopausal syndrome
Authors: Chen Wanying , Chen Mengjuan , Tang Huimin , Wei Weiwei , Shao Panqiu , Dou Shulan , Wu Jia , Lu Bingying , Shi Ruxia , Chen Jiming 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
With the development and progress of society, people’s average life expectancy has increased, and relevant literature reports that the number of postmenopausal women in China continues to increase. With lifespans extended, the transition period and post-menopause period have become the longest essential period in every woman’s life. The life quality of women troubled by perimenopausal syndrome has been significantly reduced, which also places a burden on families and society. It is well known that hormone replacement therapy plays a vital role in improving women’s menopause-related symptoms and is the most effective medical measure. With research ongoing into the treatment of menopausal symptoms in different patients, dose size, treatment duration, and medication regimens for hormones are still hot topics of discussion. This article reviews the definition, clinical diagnosis, staging, clinical manifestations, and treatment of menopause and explores the current diagnosis and treatment scenarios of perimenopausal syndrome.
Prepositional Usage in Modern Irish: Range and Variation
Authors: Watson Seosamh 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Prepositional form and function in Irish, as in other Modern Celtic languages, are topics of much significance. In Modern Irish numerous simple prepositions not only form compounds with possessive forms of personal pronouns but additionally marshal an impressive array of ‘conjugated’ forms corresponding to the various grammatical persons. Prepositions also play a crucial role in indicating aspect and are involved in passive/ reflexive roles with the verbal noun. This paper offers an overview of the functioning of a selection of important prepositions in the language and provides examples by way of illustration.
Geographical Variation of Systems of Sibling Terms in Asia and Africa
Authors: Fukushima Chitsuko 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This paper provides an overview of geographical variation of sibling term systems used in Asia and Africa, which are categorized based on distinctions of (1) relative age, (2) sex, and (3) relative sex. Experts in languages/language groups of Asia and Africa have analyzed and mapped these systems; using their findings, I created summative maps showing the geographical distributions of the system types based on rates (percentages) of each type. Type A (undifferentiated sibling type) is conspicuous in Africa. Type B (relative age type) is used in many languages in Africa and Southeast Asia. Type C (skewed age type) commands an absolute majority in languages of Northeast Asia and is also found in Southeast Asia. The change of Type A > Type B > Type C is inferred from these systems’ distributions. Type D (age/sex type) is the only type in Sinitic, and has affected neighboring languages. Type E (brother/sister type) holds the vast majority in Semitic and South Asian languages and has affected surrounding languages. Type F (relative sex type) and its variations are found in peripheral languages in Asia and Africa; this might be the oldest type. This interpretation is supported by attested changes in Japonic.
Diversidad denominativa del Pisum sativum en español: una historia de variedad y confusión
Authors: Escobar Gonzalo Águila 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Spanish speakers use a great diversity of terms to refer to Pisum sativum, from the better known guisante and arveja, to other less common forms such as chícharo, bisalto, pésol, présules, pitos, titos, pedrolos, mánganos, garavanzos, fréjoles, etc. This work analyzes the great diversity of names that the species Pisum sativum receives in Spanish and it does it through the Spanish geolinguistic atlases and the lexicons of the cultured norms of the main cities of the Hispanic world. Through this analysis we will try to explain the reason for this diversity with the objective of understanding if this variety is due to a question of synonymy or to a confusion between species of legumes or between varieties within the Pisum species itself. We will explain that the history of the denominations of the pea, and of the legumes in general, is marked by its confusion from the beginnings of language; a confusion that comes motivated mainly by the similarity that possess all the species that conform the family Papilionoideae and that causes that the speakers confuse in many occasions some plants with others..
Preparation and characterization of magnetic microgels with linear thermosensitivity over a wide temperature range
Authors: Yang Yongqi , Ren Zekai , Li Xiawei , Yan Youjun , Liu Jun , Lian Meng , Liu Guangyao , Luo Xin 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Hybrid nanogels that are both thermosensitive and superparamagnetic, and have good biocompatibility are expected to have applications in the biomedical field. In this article, a linearly thermosensitive magnetic microgel was prepared by a radical copolymerization reaction in aqueous dispersion. In this reaction, poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate was used as a crosslinker, polyvinylpyrrolidone was used as a stabilizer, and 2-methoxyethyl acrylate, poly(ethylene glycol)methyl ether acrylate, and 2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl acetoacetate were used as copolymer monomers. The thermosensitive magnetic microgel displays a linear volume phase transition in water upon heating over a wide range of temperatures. Transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and dynamic light scattering were used to characterize the morphology and dimensions of the thermosensitive magnetic microgel. This material is expected to be used in magnetically targeted drug delivery systems that require linear drug release.
Printable active packaging film with Pelargonium graveolens oil
Authors: Arman Kandirmaz Emine , Ozcan Arif 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Due to the increasing demands of consumers from the food packaging, it enabled the improve of active packaging practices. Antimicrobial and antifungal coatings or films are an active packaging application. In such packaging materials, natural or synthetic antimicrobial material is added to the film or coating to help the packaging protect food. The use of biofilms produced from biopolymers in food packaging is more suitable than polymers with many damages such as PET, PE. Film production of many biopolymers such as cellulose derivatives, chitosan, PVA, starch PLA can be realized. Pelargonium graveolens plant is a natural source with strong antifungal and antimicrobial properties. For the reasons explained above, the experimental study aims to manufacture printable film with antimicrobial properties which is used in active packaging, using cellulose butyrate acetate and Pelargonium graveolens essential oil. For this purpose, cellulose butyrate acetate bio films, having variative ratios (0.1, 2.5, 5, 10 %) of Pelargonium graveolens oil, were produced with spin coating method. The transparency of prepared five different films were defined by UV–vis. spectroscopy. The antimicrobial properties of the produced films were measured against gram positive and negative bacteria. All produced biofilms were printed. The printability parameters of biofilms, (color, gloss) were determined. Consequently, cellulose butyrate acetate films loaded with Pelargonium graveolens oil were successfully produced. It is concluded that obtained all biofilms are with no color, transparent and printable with oil based inks. It was determined that the quantity Pelargonium graveolens oil raised in the biofilms had a strong inhibitory effect against gram positive and negative bacteria. With these features; produced films are considered to be suitable for active packaging applications.
Ideal and Practical Geometry in Romanesque Construction: The Renovated Baptistery of Ascoli Piceno
Authors: Williams Joseph C. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Scholars have long recognized that “practical geometry,” the shapes and proportional relationships used to regulate construction, played a key role in medieval architectural design. Within this rich discourse, an emphasis on Gothic texts and buildings has produced a general image that master masons used totalizing forms to control the relations of parts to whole (such as ad triangulum and ad quadratum schemes). But as James S. Ackerman noted more than seventy years ago, many medieval buildings do not conform to this idealized method. A detailed analysis of the Romanesque Baptistery of San Giovanni in Ascoli Piceno, Italy (an adaptation of an Early Christian baptistery) illustrates an alternative mode of practical geometry, applied not as strict, regulating forms but as patterns of action governed by consistent geometric relationships with the variables of the site. This approach proved singularly capable of “regularizing the irregular” during a period marked by the adaptive reuse of ancient buildings.
Hardware and software for automated examination of defects of hard tissues of teeth after endodontic intervention for fatigue and destruction
Authors: Dzundza B.S. , Yavorsky Y.S. , Fedoryuk V.V. , Rozhko M.M. , Pisklynets U.M. , Bulbuk O.I. 
Published: December 2023

The work developed circuit engineering, design and software of the loading machine for automated examination of dental hard tissue defects after endodontics intervention for fatigue and destruction. The advantage of this development is the combination as cyclic loading methods simulating chewing movements and force effects on compression in a compact small-sized case, with low power consumption and small noise level. Thanks to the use of a screw transmission and a stepper motor in combination with a sensitive tensoresistive force sensor, it was possible to achieve high accuracy and resolution of 0.1 microns.
A series of tests was conducted on real samples of endodontically treated teeth restored using fiberglass pins and cast metal stump inserts. It is shown that methods of restoring incisors and premolars of the upper jaw with the help of fiberglass pins have an advantage when the residual structure of the tooth is lacking due to a more uniform distribution of deformation stresses, since their elastic modulus is close to the elastic modulus of dentin.
Osmanlı’da Belâgat Ne İşe Yarar? El-Hâşiyetü’lCedîde ‘Alâ Şerhi ‘İsami’l-Ferîde’de İlmî Literatür ve Kavram Çeşitliliği
Authors: CENGİZ Osman 
Published: December 2023

Osmanlı düşüncesinin kaynaklarından olan belâgat ilmindeki klasik çalışmalardan biri Ebü’l-Kâsım es-Semerkandî (ö. 888/1483’ten sonra)’nin istiâreyle ilgili çalışması Risâletü’l-istiârât’dır. Bu esere İsâmüddin İsferâyînî (ö. 945/1538) tarafından şerh yazılmış ve bu şerhe de Filibeli Halil Fevzi Efendi (ö. 1301/1884) yaklaşık bin sayfalık bir hâşiye kaleme almıştır. Disiplinler arası metinlerden sayabileceğimiz bu kitap, Halil Fevzi Efendi üzerinden bir entelektüelin düşünce dünyasını resmetmektedir. Çalışma, elimizdeki eserin disiplinler arası yönüyle ilgilenmektedir. Bu ilmin diplomasi, siyaset, hukuk, usûl-i fıkıh, tefsir, kelam ve mantık gibi pek çok sahayla ilgili olması, entelektüel zihnin ondan müstağni kalamayacağını gösterdiği gibi niçin mecâz ve istiâreye yöneldiğimize de işaret etmektedir. Makale, Hâşiye’de yer aldığı şekliyle, istiâre yapılış biçimlerinin icmâlen veya tafsîlen Türkçe olarak verilmesi; mantıksal önermelerin veya metafizik yorumun belâgat ilmine tatbiki; ara cümle bahsinde olduğu gibi belâgat metodunun mantığa uyarlanması şeklindeki farklı takdim biçimlerini değerlendirmektedir. Ruh, kalp ve nefis kavramları için klasik metafizik metinlerinden yapılan iktibaslar; irâde, ilim ve kudret kavramları yanında tasavvurât ve tasdîkât bahislerinin, âdab-ı bahs konularının
ele alınması; zaman zaman Meşşâî ve İşrakî geleneğe, hukemâ ve mütekellimin mesleklerinin farkına dikkat çekilmesi eserin disiplinler arası özelliğini göstermektedir. Bunun yanında kuvve-i nazariyye ve ameliyye’ye, havâss-ı hamse-i bâtına ve araz-ı nisbî’ye, eyniyyet, keyfiyyet ve zaman-mekân tasavvurlarına yer veren çalışma, zihnî suretler konusunda da izahlarda bulunmuştur. Akıl ve idrak kavramlarını tıp ilmiyle iç içe ele alan
eserin mecâz ile hareket ilişkisini de fizik üzerinden örneklediği görülmektedir. Osmanlı’da özellikle 19. asırda yazılmış böyle bir belâgat kitabında nefs, rûh-ı insanî, rûh-ı hayvânî gibi konulara yer verilmesi dikkat çekicidir. Bu ve benzer öreklerden yola çıkarak söylemek gerekirse belâgatin, işlevsel bir vazife gördüğü; sadece edebiyatta işe yaramadığı söylenebilir. Halil Fevzi’nin yukarıdaki bakış açısı, eserin hemen bütün konularında
görülmektedir. Modern dönemde herhangi bir alanda bilimselliğin işareti sayılan matematiğin taşıdığı kimlik, İslam medeniyetinde uzun bir süre mantık ilmi tarafından taşınmıştır. Bir eserde mantık ilmine dair bahisler ve ona atıf ne kadar fazla ise ilgili metin o kadar bilimsel ve kabule şayan sayılmaktaydı. Hâşiye’de de yukarıda temas edildiği üzere metin örgüsü mantık ve felsefe ile harmanlanarak sunulmakta; eser bu bakımdan güçlü bir kültür takdim etmektedir. Bu makale, belâgat metinlerinde alan dışı literatür ve kavram çeşitliliği gibi konulara katkı sunmayı amaçlamaktadır.
Normal Values of High Resolution Anorectal Manometry in 132 Romanian Healthy People
Authors: Dimitriu Anca , Saizu Roxana , Oancea Dragos , Gheorghe Cristian 
Published: December 2023

Background and Aims: The primary method for assessing anorectal function is high resolution anorectal manometry (HRAM). It is a useful tool in the diagnosis of different anorectal functional disorders such as fecal incontinence or dyssynergia. The aim of the present study was to propose a new set of normal values to be used in practice for East-European individuals, as it was proven that the results are highly influenced by race and sociocultural status.
Methods: We conducted a study based on anorectal manometric values of healthy volunteers analyzed at Clinic Fundeni Institute, Bucharest, Romania, between 2017 and 2022. The anorectal manometry was performed using a solid-state catheter (Diversatek, 23 pressure sensors). All anorectal measurement values were analyzed using the Bioview Software Analysys, respecting the timing and the order from the standardized IAPWG protocol. Manometric measurements were summarized using mean, median, standard deviation, minimum and maximum values. The impact of age and gender on 8 different manometric parameters was further analyzed. Normal ranges for all numeric variables were estimated using the 5th and 95th percentiles of the measurements.
Results: A total of 132 subjects (97 females, 35 males) were enrolled in the study. Median age was similar between groups (54 vs. 55 years). The values for rectal propulsion, anal gradient and anal relaxation proved to be higher in females under 54 years as opposed to older women. The values for resting pressure, maximum squeeze pressure, incremental squeeze pressure were significantly higher in males younger than 54. Regardless of age, values for maximum squeeze pressure, incremental squeeze pressure, duration of squeeze and rectal propulsion were found to be significantly higher in males than in females. Normal values of HRAM in healthy volunteers are presented in a table at the end of the study.
Conclusions: The data presented in the current study are of high value and have a great impact on clinical practice, being the first study offering a spectrum of the normal values for HRAM in an Eastern Europe population.
Prophylactic Lactulose Therapy in Patients with Cirrhosis and Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Trials
Authors: Roy Akash , Giri Suprabhat , Singh Ankita , Vaidya Arun , Angadi Sumaswi 
Published: December 2023

Background and Aims: Lactulose is the first-line drug for both treatment and secondary prophylaxis for overt hepatic encephalopathy (HE). The use of lactulose for the primary prophylaxis of HE in patients with cirrhosis and acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding (AUGIB) has been debated. Hence, we conducted this meta-analysis to assess the role of lactulose in HE prophylaxis in patients with cirrhosis and AUGIB.
Methods: A comprehensive search of literature from inception to December 2022 was performed of three databases for randomized studies comparing lactulose and placebo in patients with cirrhosis and AUGIB. Risk ratios (RR) with 95% confidence intervals were calculated for all the dichotomous outcomes.
Results: A total of five studies were included in the final analysis, out of which three studies had a low risk of bias, and two had a moderate risk of bias. Lactulose therapy was associated with a significantly lower risk of OHE compared to placebo, with a RR of 0.38 (0.23-0.62) and a number needed to treat of 6. There was no difference in the risk of mortality between the groups, with a RR of 0.71 (0.29-1.76). The pooled incidence rates of overall adverse events (AEs) and diarrhea with the use of lactulose therapy were 53.2% (42.2- 64.2) and 34.7% (17.7-51.7), but a majority did not require drug discontinuation. The certainty of the evidence was moderate to low.
Conclusions: Prophylactic lactulose reduces the incidence of HE after AUGIB but has no effect on mortality. Diarrhea and abdominal discomfort are common AEs but do not need drug discontinuation.
A comparison of performances of Brazilian and Chinese Universities in academic and industrial products using the “U-Multirank”
Authors: Prado Antonio 
Published: December 2023

AbstractBackground and aimsThe present work studies the performances of Brazilian and Chinese Universities considering academic and industrial related products. A comparison of the behavior of Universities that belong to these two countries are important, because they have similar characteristics and both of them are considered to be emergent countries, being part of the group known as BRICS.MethodsThe data is obtained from the “U-Multirank” in the years from 2017 to 2020, which are recent, but not yet affected by the pandemic, since the results for the year 2020 were obtained in 2019. This ranking used 36 Indicators in those years, with some of them related to academic production (number of papers published, citations received by the papers, etc); while some others are related to industrial products (number of patents obtained, citations made in patents, etc). This analysis is made for the average performances of Brazilian, Chinese and all the universities listed in the “U-Multirank” in the years under study.ResultsThe results show the number of institutions listed every year and the average grades of Brazilian and Chinese institutions, as well as the world averages, in all the Indicators studied.ConclusionsThe results show that Chinese Institutions have a good balance in terms of quantity and quality of academic researches, with both numbers ahead of world averages. Brazil is better in quantity of publications compared to quality, having grades similar to China in number of publications and well above world averages, but the indicators “Citation Rate” and “Top-cited” publications are well below world and Chinese averages.