bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Women in Ancient Persia 559-331 BC
Authors: Brosius Maria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The exploits of the Persian kings are famous, but who has heard of Irdabama, a formidable landowner who controlled a huge workforce and ran her own wine and grain business? This book is the first to examine the economic and political importance of women in the first Persian empire (559-331 BC). Governed by Achaemenid kings and their satraps, the vast realm stretched from Asia Minor to India. Ancient Greek writers on Persian history give us a glimpse of the influential role played by some individual women at these courts, but these are sporadic and hardly reliable accounts of a few colourful femmes fatales in the royal family, designed to show up scandalous machinations of barbarian women gaining political control and causing the decline and effeminacy of the Perian kings. This book is the first to examine the true impotance of not only royal but non-royal women in Persia, with the benefit of contemporary Persian and Babylonian sources. By approaching the subject from a near eastern perspective, and thoroughly re-examining the Greek sources, the author brings to life a rich and much more detailed picture of the role of women in ancient Persia.
Royal Marriage Alliances
Authors: Brosius Maria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Any discussion of the marriage alliances of the Achaemenid royal house must examine the questions whether Achaemenid kings practised polygamy and to what extent they permitted next-of-kin marriages. Polygamy and certain kinds of incestuous marriages were unacceptable in Greek society. The Greeks noticed that the Persian royal family appeared to engage in both and described these practices to emphasize the monstrosity of the Persian king, his decadence, and his domination by women. What seems to have been less well understood by Greek writers were the political motivations that underlay these practices. Both polygamy and en dogamic marriages are excellent tools to help concentrate and preserve power; they restrict the families from which a royal wife can be selected, and help to secure male offspring (XPf 28-32; Young 1988b: 71-2; Burn 1984: 277-8).
Roman Kinship: Structure and Sentiment
Authors: Saller Richard P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the absence of developed impersonal institutions in the Roman world, individual social relationships had a special value and have a special importance in our understanding of Roman society. Over the past decade, historians have devoted their time to research of intimate family relationships on the one hand and patron-client and master-slave bonds on the other. Less attention has been given to bonds of extended kinship—that is, relationships with those who are related but live outside the household, particularly aunts, uncles, and cousins. This paper aims to analyse how Roman culture conceptualized the kinship universe and what social obligations kinship entailed.
Legal Stumbling-Blocks for Lower-Class Families in Rome
Authors: Gardner Jane F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The nuclear family of parents and children is not an institution of Roman civil law. It exists before and beyond the law, in the realm of instinct, what the Romans called ius naturale, natural law. Natural law, said Ulpian (D. r. r. r. 3 ), was common to all living creatures, on land, in the sea, in the air. From it came the joining together of male and female, ‘which we call matrimonium’, and the procreation and rearing of children.
Introduction
Authors: Goldsworthy Adrian Keith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is about the Roman army.s methods of waging war. In it I examine the army.s structure and organization and the effects of these on its military performance, placed in the context of the military institutions of some of its chief opponents. Building on this assessment, I then discuss the way the Roman army fought a campaign, the strategy it adopted, and the factors which decided the outcome of a conflict. In greatest detail of all I discuss the behaviour of the army during a battle, assessing how its members at every level of the command structure performed or failed to perform. In short this is a study of the Roman army as a military force.
Theseus of Trozen: Euripides’ Hippolytus and its Predecessors
Authors: Mills Sophie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Euripides’ Hippolytus of 428 BC is the earliest extant play in which Theseus appears, and its Theseus is strikingly different from the hero of the plays considered in previous chapters: the only other tragedy which treated him similarly was Euripides’ other version of the Hippolytus story. The presentation of Theseus in the Hippolytus is unique in that he is no longer the wise democrat, receiver of suppliants and champion of the oppressed, but a foolish and violent father who will not listen to pleas for clemency or even for a less hasty judgement; a father whose curses condemn his son to an agonizing and undeserved death. Although consistent characterization from play to play was no concern of the Greek tragedians, the unusually unflattering portrayal of a hero who normally personifies an idealized image of Athens for Athenians invites comment, especially as this play won Euripides one of his very few first prizes, and the favourable critical reaction to the play of 428 contrasts with the disgust felt by the audience at Euripides’ earlier version of the Hippolytus story.1 If, as I have argued through earlier chapters, it is true that the Theseus of tragedies other than the Hippolytus is so closely associated with Athens that he reaffirms the beliefs and national identity of the audience by what he says and does, then the high esteem of the Athenian judges for a play in which their ancestor and role model killed his blameless son demands exploration.
Mistress and Metaphor in Augustan Elegy
Authors: Wyke Maria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A pressing and persistent problem confronts work on the women of ancient Rome: a need to determine the relation between the realities of women’s lives and their representation in Latin literature. Several of the volumes on women in antiquity which appeared in the course of the 1980s exposed the methodological problems associated with any study of women in Greek and Roman literary texts.1 Twenty years later, moreover, the historian Susanne Dixon opens Reading Roman Women: Sources, Genres and Real Life (2001) with the admission that she finds herself more sceptical than ever about the possibilities of extracting substantive information about Roman women from the ancient sources.2
Meretrix regina: Augustan Cleopatras
Authors: Wyke Maria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Propertius asks the reader of his love elegies quid mirare, meam si versat femina vitam Ô et trahit addictum sub sua iura virum? (why are you astonished if a woman drives my life Ô and drags, bound beneath her own laws, a man? 3.11.1–2).1 A catalogue of dominating women of myth and history follows, culminating in a lengthy assault on Cleopatra’s ambition to rule Rome and praise for Augustus who alone has released the citizenry from such a fearful prospect. But at the poem’s close its narrator still remains in bondage to his elegiac mistress and, therefore, locked into the position not of a resistant Augustus but of a Mark Antony enslaved by the meretrix regina (‘whore queen’, 3.11.39). The narrator’s life should be no cause of astonishment because it replays the life that Antony had recently led.
Pump up the Volume: Juvenal, Satire 1. 1-21
Authors: Henderson John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Under the Flavians, the second dynasty of Caesars, poetry wrote its powers down, either virtually erasing all scope to signify and not bothering to count for more than a few seconds at a time (Martial’s myriad epigrams of nonchalance, filth, panegyric on a pin-head) or slickly celebrating momentary ingenuity in the rough in denial of both finish and authority (Statius’ instant lyrics gilding the social calendar, putting faces on power, gawping at the grandeur of Rome). Writers of the early second century, in the third dynasty of Nerva, Trajan, and Hadrian, bind the Flavians to their JulioClaudian predecessors in a diptych: in prose, Tacitus’ Histories had their prequel, the Annals, grafted on at their start; in poetry, the colossal Satires of Juvenal stalk Roman streets populated with Flavian ghouls under Domitian, promiscuously re-doubled with monster revenants back from the days of Nero, Claudius, Caligula … As these writers play late-comer, cordoning off for us the future as ‘post-classical’ appendix, still they both press us to ask why their writing eludes the present, whether obliquity was mandatory.
Beyond Chrysanthemums
Authors: Reckert Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Beyond Chrysanthemums assesses the relevance for the West of Eastern aesthetic and poetic principles in a lively discussion of over two hundred poems in seventeen Eastern and Western languages, ancient and modern, with parallel translations. The possibility of a world poetic canon is explored in the Introduction, which is followed by a detailed study of 'micropoems' from widely separated cultures and eras, but which are based on the same traditional myths and symbols. Poetic and iconographical versions of the universal myths of sacred space and the World Axis are examined in the book's next section, which looks closely at symbols such as the Taoist Isles and the Immortals, Camoes's Isle of Venus, Dante's Mount of Purgatory, and the Buddhist Mount Sumeru. The study concludes with a return to the micropoem in order to illustrate Eastern and Western ideas of liminality, personal identity and the divided self, as embodied in the Midsummer Night rite de passsage and the symbolic motifs of the mirror, the shadow, and the stone.
Lucan’s Bellum Ciuile: Epic In Extremis
Authors: Hershkowitz Debra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
That place held brothers, that place held fathers. This madness, this frenzy, these crimes were yours, Caesar. Flee this part of the war, my mind, and leave it in darkness. May no age, with me as prophet, learn of such evils, how much is permitted in civil war. Rather let these tears and lamentations vanish: whatever you did in this battle, Rome, I shall keep quiet.
Visual, written, decorum
Authors: Baines John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this volume I collect studies that focus around two overlapping major institutions of ancient Egyptian civilization. The present, introductory essay begins by setting a theoretical context and goes on to exemplify key questions through a review of the overarching symbolic institution of decorum together with selected domains of the ancient record in which it is manifest. The second part (‘Written culture’) explores the character and development of writing, its position and functions in society, and some related questions. In the third part (‘Visual culture’), I start by focusing on social and cognitive aspects of representational art and connected phenomena, subsequently siting them selectively in relation to institutional context, tradition, architecture, and verbal communication.
Four notes on literacy
Authors: Baines John , Eyre Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The four studies that follow in this chapter address progressively more detailed questions in an attempt to model a context for literacy in Egypt and to suggest orders of magnitude for the numbers of literate. They are not intended to give any spurious sense of precision as to how many people were literate in ancient Egypt. Some social implications of the figures that we suggest for the percentage of literate are explored in Chapter 2.
Neither there nor in the following studies do we attempt a narrow definition of literacy. Our calculations of the proportion of the population that was literate relate not to all those who ever trained to become literate but to those who completed their training and then exercised a literate function in adult life; implications of this restriction should be apparent from the studies themselves (see also summary: Baines 1984b).
Orality and literacy
Authors: Baines John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Material culture and oral culture in language are indispensable to human existence; the same is not true of writing. People communicate meaning through visual, acoustic, tactile, and material channels, all of which are affected by aesthetic and ethical as well as narrowly instrumental considerations. Speech, music, visual shaping, and finally writing are communicative systems that often overlap in usage, and sometimes in content (compare Michalowski 1990). Communication depends upon memory and socialization. Among other distinctive contributions of writing are temporal extensions of communication and memory, as well as a broadening of spatial impact through the transport of written materials from one place to another, and to a lesser extent through their public display.
Colour terminology and colour classification: ancient Egyptian colour terminology and polychromy
Authors: Baines John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Basic color terms, Brent Berlin and Paul Kay propose that ‘there exist universally for humans eleven basic perceptual color categories, which serve as the psychophysical referents of the eleven or fewer basic color terms in any language’ (1991[1969]: 104). Later research has not invalidated this claim, although their evolutionary ‘encoding sequence’ has subsequently been modified (Fig. 25). The ‘perceptual’ and ‘psychophysical’ component of their theory has been investigated in relation to ethnographic and other materials, and synthesized by Kay and Chad McDaniel (1978: esp. 617 n. 4, 620 n. 5; see further Cole and Scribner 1974: 43–50; Tornay 1978; von Wattenwyl 1979).
On the status and purposes of ancient Egyptian art
Authors: Baines John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The definition and evaluation of works of art, and of art as a phenomenon, continue to vex archaeologists, among others. What is intuitively seen as art looms large in the material and textual record of recent millennia and responds ill to analyses that ignore either its elite character or its symbolic and aesthetic meanings. The oldest, Palaeolithic contexts in which such meanings are at issue have been discussed, for example, by Robert Bednarik (1992), P. G. Chase and H. L. Dibble (1992), and Iain Davidson (1992).
Selectivity and Omission: Book I
Authors: Rood Tim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thucydides made his beginning at the point where Greek affairs began to decline. This should not have been done by a Greek and an Athenian, especially one who was not among the outcasts, but was counted by the Athenians among the foremost men and thought worthy of commands and other offices of state. And such is his malice that he actually attributes the overt causes of the war to his own city, though he could have attributed them to many other sources. He might have begun his narrative not with the events at.Corcyra, but with his country̓s splendid achievements immediately after the Persian Wars (achievements which he mentions later at an inappropriate point and in a rather grudging and cursory way).
Conclusion: The Ends of History
Authors: Rood Tim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I started with two oppositions: between Plutarch’s vivid Thucydides, an incomparable writer, and the Thucydides whom historians (like Plutarch himself) have to confront when they tell their own stories about the period of his war; and between. Thucydides’ claim simply to tell a story of what people did and said, and his ambition to satisfy those who want ‘a clear picture of the past and of the similar things which will happen again at some time, the human condition being what it is’ (i. 22. 4). I shall end by considering what light my analysis of the way Thucydides tells his story has shed on the tension between literature and history, and on the way modern historians try to use or surpass him; and by asking how modern rewritings affect our view of what Thucydides’ story was trying to achieve.
Imagery, Extortion, Exploitation
Authors: Lyne R O A M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
But the cave of Cacus and his vast palace were uncovered and visible; deep within the shadowy cavern lay open: even as if the earth should by some force gape deep within and unlock the infernal abode, opening up the pallid kingdom hated by the gods, and the Shades should tremble at the incoming light, as the vast abyss was descried above them.
Hercules tears open Cacus’ cave. The simile (deriving from Iliad 20.61 ff.) has a clear ‘narrative’ function: the Underworld imagery adds to the story an insinuation which Vergil makes in other ways,2 namely that Cacus has chthonic, Underworld affinities. A question occurs. Why is Cacus’ cave called a royal residence, a palace, a ‘regia’? ‘Quia ibi tyrannidem agitaret’, Tib. Claud. Donatus; ‘sicut Cacus putabat’, Servius; ‘with undertones of despotism, like arx and aula’, Eden, comparing (after Servius), Aen. 1.140, Aeolus’ ‘aula’; ‘hendiadys’ (with ‘specus’), Gransden.
Winchester
Authors: Horton Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I have written this post, to the Bishop & Dean of Winchester … having taken every possible shape in abusing your detestable talent & your unaccountable presumption in offering yourself as a Candidate [wrote Charles Knyvett]. I now wish you my dear Friend all success, but I much fear the result proving as I would wish, for there is a person nam’d Long. not only so nam’d, but measuring 6 ft without his night Cap, who has servd as Dr Chards Deputy for many years, & therefore may stand in your way.
Gloucester
Authors: Horton Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
WITH his appointment to Gloucester Cathedral Wesley’s career had turned almost full circle, and it must have been with mixed feelings that he returned so close to where he had embarked on the life of a cathedral organist nearly thirty-three years earlier. As if to emphasize how little had changed, he found himself succeeding Amott, who had been appointed in April 1832, some five months before his own arrival in Hereford, and whose long tenure was in such contrast to his own restless movement from place to place. In other respects, however, things were very different, and by the r 86os the relatively small city he had known had grown into an important port and centre of manufacturing, making such physical isolation as he had experienced in Hereford a thing of the past.
Composition and culture
Authors: Cook Nicholas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Stravinsky wrote Les Noces while staying in a small village in Switzerland. His friend and collaborator C. F. Ramuz, describing the house in which the composer lived, records
how Stravinsky turned one of the attic rooms into a studio, reached by a half-hidden wooden staircase well barricaded by doors, and how of a summer afternoon the sound of the composer at his piano and percussion instruments could be heard in the little square outside, where two or three women were usually to be found on a bench, knitting in the shade of the trees. These would raise their heads for a moment in bewilderment, and then with an indulgent ‘C’est le monsieur russe!’ resume their knitting.
And one can understand the women’s bewilderment, for the sounds that composers make as they compose at the piano (not to mention the battery of percussion) can be strange indeed.
The Musica of Erasmus of Höritz
Authors: Palisca Claude V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This article was first published in 1966 in Aspects of Medieval and Renaissance Music: A Birthday Offering to Gustave Reese, edited by Jan LaRue (New York: Norton, 1966), 628–48.
I first came across the treatise that is the subject of this essay in the spring of 1961 while leafing quite systematically through the unordered handwritten catalogue (No. 336) of the Regina collection of the Biblioceca Apostolica Vaticana. The name of the author, given in the catalogue as Erasmus Horicius Germanus, was at that time unfamiliar to me.
Peri and the Theory of Recitative
Authors: Palisca Claude V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This essay was prepared as a chapter, ‘Peri und die Theorie des Rezitativs’, in the section ‘Die Jahrzehnte um 1600 in Italien’ of volume 7 of the series Geschichte der Musiktheorie, ltalienische Musiktheorie in 16. and 17. Jahrhundert: Antikenrezeptionund Satzlehre, by F. Alberto Gallo, Renate Groth, Claude V. Palisca, Frieder Rempp, edited by Frieder Zaminer under the sponsorship of the Staatliches Institut for Musikforschung, Preu!3ischer Kulturbesitz, Berlin (Darmstadt: Wis senschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1989), 293–306.
The Development of the Violin and Bow, 1650-1700
Authors: Boyden David D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the art of violin making the extraordinary advances in violin music and technique were paralleled by an equal if not more spectacular advance. The three great makers just mentioned dominated the field: Nicola Amati, Jacob Stainer, and, at the end of the century, Antonio Stradivari, whose productive years extended well into the eighteenth century. While Stainer is the only figure outside Italy in a class with Amati and Stradivari, Hendrik Jacobs in Amsterdam may also be mentioned as an outstanding maker.
The Baroque Clarinet
Authors: Rice Albert R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Baroque Clarinet is a sourcebook for the historical study of the European clarinet during the first half of the eighteenth century. The book is based on a comprehensive study of the theoretical, musical, and iconographical evidence, and many conclusions are presented here for the first time. The opening chapter provides a general view of the precursors of the clarinet. The remainder of the book looks in detail at the baroque clarinet: its design and construction, its playing techniques, the music written for it, and its use by both amateur and professional players. Of particular interest is the author's investigation into aspects of performance practice at various points in the instrument's development. The book is generously illustrated with pictures and music examples, and the appendix provides an inventory and short description of extant baroque clarinets.
Gioachino Antonio Rossini
Authors: Tilmouth Michael , Kimbell David , Savage Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rossini is coming into fashion again; and the fashion will do no harm. The Rossini fever of the early nineteenth century infuriated musicians who could not make themselves heard above the mechanical noises of the laziest composer that ever wrote an opera once a fortnight. But Weber crowned his protestation with the admission: ‘The worst of it all is that I’m beginning to like this rubbish myself’; and Schubert not only emulated the Rossinian impudence in some ‘Overtures in Italian Style’ but was genuinely influenced by that style in one of his most serious and pathetic devices, the device of setting a melody in a minor key and falling into the tonic major before any dramatic action has had time to occur.
Heinrich Sch ütz
Authors: Tilmouth Michael , Kimbell David , Savage Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Heinrich Schütz (Henricus Sagittarius) was born in 1585, just a hundred years before Bach and Handel, and lived to a great old age. His work thus falls entirely within the longest and most turbulent period of transition in the history of music; and his profound and lively mind, though it could not evolve a mature style from elements partly embryonic, partly decadent and almost wholly incompatible, was sometimes inspired to produce an isolated work of art quite perfect in form and expression and, in the very nature of the case, utterly unlike anything else in classical music.