bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mass treatment with ivermectin for filariasis control in Papua New Guinea: impact on mosquito survival
Authors: Bockarie M. J. , Hii J. L. K. , Alexander N. D. E. , Bockarie F. , Dagoro H. , Kazura J. W. , Alpers M. P. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryField studies were carried out to determine the impact of mass human treatment with ivermectin on the survival of anthropophagic mosquitoes of the Anopheles punctulatus complex (Diptera: Culicidae), the vectors of lymphatic filariasis and malaria in Papua New Guinea. In a village where mass treatment had been given, using 400 μg/kg ivermectin plus 6 mg/kg diethylcarbamazine citrate (DEC), we performed pre‐ and post‐treatment collections of freshly blood‐engorged mosquitoes from the same nine bedrooms. All blood‐fed mosquitoes collected less than 4 days after mass treatment died within 9 days, whereas 67% of those collected before treatment survived for > 9 days. Comparison (using the log‐rank test) of the survival curves for mosquitoes collected (i) before treatment, (ii) < 4 days after treatment, and (iii) 28 days after treatment, showed the survival rate of group (ii) to be significantly lower than the other two (χ2 = 176, df = 2, P < 0.0001). Pre‐ and post‐treatment all‐night landing catches showed no reduction in human biting rates in the experimental village. In another village, where people were mass treated with ivermectin (400 μg/kg) only, the survival rates of freshly blood‐engorged An.punctulatus collected from bedroom resting‐sites less than 1 day after treatment, were compared to similar collections carried out at the same time in a nearby village where people were not treated with ivermectin. The 48‐h survival rate for the ivermectin‐treated village was 31% compared to 94% for the other; this difference was highly significant (χ2 = 32.42, df = 1, P < 0.0001). Mosquitoes fed 2 months post‐treatment with DEC or collected 38 days post‐treatment with ivermectin had normal survival rates. We conclude that the duration of the systemic lethal effect of ivermectin on mosquitoes is insufficient to be of epidemiological significance in filariasis control programmes that are based on biannual and annual single‐dose treatments, but might reduce vectorial capacity sufficiently to block epidemics of dengue or even malaria.
Survival, ovarian development and bloodmeal size for the horn fly Haematobia irritans irritans reared in vitro
Authors: Kuramochi K. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryHorn flies, Haematobia irritans irritans (Linneaus) (Diptera: Muscidae) were reared in vitro using cattle, pig, horse, rabbit, sheep, goat or chicken blood. The highest survival, bloodmeal size and rate of ovarian development were recorded for both female and male flies fed cattle blood. Flies fed pig, rabbit, sheep and goat blood showed intermediate survival. Flies fed chicken blood showed the lowest survival rates, ingested the smallest bloodmeals and did not develop ovaries. The relationship between dietary factors and host specificity of the horn fly, and the efficiency of vertebrate blood source of several animals for laboratory colonization of horn fly are discussed.
Feeding behaviour of Glossina pallidipes and G. morsitans centralis on Boran cattle infected with Trypanosoma congolense or T. vivax under laboratory conditions
Authors: Moloo S. K. , Sabwa C. L. , Baylis M. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryIn field studies, tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) feed more successfully on cattle infected with Trypanosoma congolense Broden (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) than on cattle infected with T. vivax Ziemann or uninfected cattle. Here we describe the first laboratory investigation of this phenomenon. In the first experiment, caged Glossina pallidipes Austen were fed for 1 and 5 min on a Boran steer infected with T. congolense clone IL 1180 and on an uninfected steer. Feeding success was recorded in this way five times over several weeks. The same protocol was subsequently used in three additional experiments with the following combinations: G. pallidipes and a steer infected with T. vivax stock IL 3913, G. morsitans centralis Machado and a steer infected with T. congolense, and G. morsitans centralis and a steer infected with T. vivax. The four experiments were replicated once, making eight experiments in total. In three experiments there was increased tsetse feeding success, measured at 1 min, after a steer became infected (T. congolense, two experiments and T. vivax, one experiment). Analysis of all data combined found no significant differences in tsetse feeding success on the different groups of cattle prior to infection, but after infection tsetse feeding success was significantly greater on the infected cattle (P < 0.001). Trypanosoma congolense infection led to a greater increase in tsetse feeding success than T. vivax infection. The increase in feeding success was not related to changes in the level of anaemia, skin surface temperature or parasitaemia. A possible explanation is the effects of trypanosome infection on cutaneous vasodilation and/or blood clotting in infected cattle. When allowed to feed for 5 min, nearly all tsetse engorged successfully and effects of cattle infection on feeding success were not found.
Disappearance of malaria vector Anopheles sundaicus from Chilika Lake area of Orissa State in India
Authors: Dash A. P. , Hazra R. K. , Mahapatra N. , Tripathy H. K. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryMalaria has declined around Chilika Lake (85°20′ E, 19°40′ N) in Orissa State, India, from hyperendemicity in the 1930s to hypoendemicity during recent decades. Six decades ago, 21 spp. of Anopheles mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) were recorded from this area, including the well known Indian malaria vectors An. culicifacies Giles, An. fluviatilis James, An. maculatus Theobald, An. stephensi Liston and An. sundaicus (Rodenwaldt), the last formerly regarded as the main vector locally. Surveys of Chilika area during 1995–96 found 8 spp. of culicine plus 14 spp. of anopheline mosquitoes, the latter comprising An. subpictus Grassi sensu lato, An. hyrcanus (Pallas) s.l., An. vagus Dönitz, An. annularis van der Wulp s.l., An. culicifacies Giles s.l., An. aconitus Dönitz, An. varuna Iyengar, An. barbirostris van der Wulp s.l., An. philippinensis Ludlow, An. ramsayi Covell, An. jeyporiensis James, An. pallidus Theobald, An. tessellatus Theobald and An. karwari James in decreasing order of abundance. Among indoor‐resting female mosquitoes, the anthropophilic index was 4–7% and some species (An. culicifacies, An. subpictus, An. vagus) tended to enter houses for resting after blood‐feeding outside. Females of potentially infective age (three‐parous) were obtained for An. culicifacies (11%) and An. annularis (< 2%), the more abundant established vector in this coastal area, but not for small samples of An. subpictus and An. vagus. Anophelines reported previously but not found in our survey were An. fluviatilis, An. jamesii Theobald, A. maculatus, An. splendidus Koidzumi, An. stephensi, An. theobaldi Giles and the former main vector An. sundaicus.
Zoophily of Anopheles arabiensis and An. gambiae in Madagascar demonstrated by odour‐baited entry traps
Authors: Duchemin J. ‐B. , Tsy J. ‐M. Leong Pock , Rabarison P. , Roux J. , Coluzzi M. , Costantini C. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryIn Madagascar we used odour‐baited entry traps (OBETs) for host choice tests of wild female anopheline mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) at representative localities on the East and West sides of the island (villages Fenoarivo and Tsararano, respectively) and at the southern margin of the central plateau (Zazafotsy village, 800 m altitude). No insecticide house‐spraying operations have been undertaken at these villages. Odours from a man and a calf of similar mass, concealed in different tents, were drawn by fans into separate OBETs set side by side. Traps were alternated to compensate for position effects, and different pairs of individual baits were employed for successive replicates. Totals of 266 An. funestus Giles sensu stricto and 362 An. gambiae Giles sensu lato were collected in 48 trap nights during March–June 1999. For each mosquito species the ‘index of anthropophily’ was defined as the proportion of females caught in the human‐baited trap. For An. funestus this index was found to be consistently greater than 0.5 (value for random choice between traps/hosts), indicating that this species ‘preferred’ human to calf odour (index = 0.83). Conversely, the index of anthropophily for An. gambiae s.l. indicated they ‘chose’ calf in preference to human odour (index = 0.26). No significant differences of relative preference for calf or man were detected between villages; geographical variance accounted for < 8% of the total experimental variance. Molecular identifications of 181 specimens of the An. gambiae complex (≈ 50% of the samples) revealed only An. arabiensis Patton at Tsararano and Zazafotsy, but > 97% An. gambiae Giles sensu stricto at Fenoarivo, in accordance with prior knowledge of the differential distributions of these sibling species on the island. Predominant zoophily (i.e. intrinsic ‘preference’ for cattle odours) by both An. arabiensis and An. gambiae s.s. in Madagascar contrasts with their greater anthropophily in continental Africa.
Service Increment for Teaching (SIFT): a review of its origins, development and current role in supporting undergraduate medical education in England and Wales
Authors: Clack Gillian B , Bevan Gwyn , Eddleston Adrian L W F 
Published: March 2003

ObjectivesTo describe the ways in which total resources available for the Service Increment for Teaching (SIFT) have been determined and related to numbers of undergraduate medical students; and the development and current arrangements for allocating SIFT to the providers of service support for teaching.DesignThe derivation of SIFT from excess costs of teaching hospitals over general hospitals is described. The official principles of organizing SIFT to reimburse the service costs of teaching undergraduate medical students are explained. The crucial development that is examined is the change from SIFT being a global subsidy to being related to educational contracts. This development has facilitated both the specification of standards and innovative uses of SIFT. These are illustrated with examples.SettingHospital and Community Health Services and Primary Care in the National Health Service (NHS) in England and Wales.SubjectsMedical students.ResultsThere is often confusion caused by SIFT being intended to cover the service costs of teaching but not having been derived in this way. This causes problems in deciding what providers should be paid through contracts for teaching of different kinds.ConclusionsThe new contractual basis has enabled medical schools to use contracts to improve the clinical teaching of undergraduate medical students in the NHS. These developments may offer useful models for other countries.
Are professional attitudes related to gender and medical specialty?
Authors: Batenburg V , Smal J A , Lodder A , Melker R A de 
Published: March 2003

ObjectivesThe importance of professional attitudes in medical care has long been recognized; however, medical training has not stressed attitude development until recently. In previous studies among medical students, we found that gender and specialty preference are important factors in attitudes. In this study, patient‐centredness of trainees in general practice and surgery and of final‐year clerks preferring one of these specialties was assessed in one medical school in The Netherlands. The effect of gender, specialty and training level on attitude was investigated.DesignIn 1995, attitudes of 37 general practice trainees, 31 surgery trainees and 120 clerks were measured anonymously using questionnaires containing the Doctor–Patient Scale. This attitude scale measures patient‐centredness vs. doctor‐centredness. Response rates were 78%, 58% and 84%, respectively.SettingUniversity of Utrecht.SubjectsMedical students.ResultsAttitudes were related to specialty. General practice trainees showed more patient‐centredness than surgery trainees. In accordance with previous findings among younger students, no differences were found between final‐year clerks and vocational trainees. In contrast to previous studies, gender was not related to patient‐centredness.ConclusionsProfessional attitudes, in particular patient‐centredness, seem to be related to specialty preference in the final year of graduate medical training and specialty as a career choice. It remains unclear whether professional socialization reinforces existing attitudes or whether existing attitudes result in specialty preference.
Host use evolution in Chrysochus milkweed beetles: evidence from behaviour, population genetics and phylogeny
Authors: Dobler Susanne , Farrell Brian D 
Published: March 2003

AbstractIn two sister species of leaf beetles with overlapping host associations, Chrysochus auratus and C. cobaltinus, we established diet breadth and food preference of local populations for evaluation together with genetic differentiation between populations. While C. auratus turned out to be monophagous on the same plant wherever we collected the beetles, the studied populations of C. cobaltinus fed on three different plant species in the field. Plant preference and ranking of the potential host plants significantly differed between these populations. The amount of genetic differentiation between populations was measured by a polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR–RFLP) assay of a 1300 bp mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence. In addition, the dominant genotypes of all populations were sequenced. No genetic differentiation between the populations of C. auratus could be detected in the RFLP assay and sequence divergence was low (= 0.3%). In C. cobaltinus, on the other hand, genetic differentiation between populations was high, revealing a lack of gene flow over a much smaller scale and a maximum of 1.3% sequence divergence. C. cobaltinus thereby has the prerequisites for host race formation on different plants from the original host spectrum. Our sequence‐based phylogeny estimate allows us to reconstruct historical diet evolution in Chrysochus. Starting from an original association with Asclepiadaceae, the common ancestor of C. auratus and C. cobaltinus included Apocynaceae in its diet. The strict specialization on Apocynum and the loss of acceptance of Asclepiadaceae observed in C. auratus could have resulted from a process similar to that displayed by C. cobaltinus populations.
Genetic divergence and phylogeographic relationships among European perch (Perca fluviatilis) populations reflect glacial refugia and postglacial colonization
Authors: Nesbø C. L. , Fossheim T. , Vøllestad L. A. , Jakobsen K. S. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractWe used the widely distributed freshwater fish, perch (Perca fluviatilis), to investigate the postglacial colonization routes of freshwater fishes in Europe. Genetic variability within and among drainages was assessed using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) D‐loop sequencing and RAPD markers from 55 populations all over Europe as well as one Siberian population. High level of structuring for both markers was observed among drainages and regions, while little differentiation was seen within drainages and regions. Phylogeographic relationships among European perch were determined from the distribution of 35 mtDNA haplotypes detected in the samples. In addition to a distinct southern European group, which includes a Greek and a southern Danubian population, three major groups of perch are observed: the western European drainages, the eastern European drainages including the Siberian population, and Norwegian populations from northern Norway, and western side of Oslofjord. Our data suggest that present perch populations in western and northern Europe were colonized from three main refugia, located in southeastern, northeastern and western Europe. In support of this, nested cladistic analysis of mtDNA clade and nested clade distances suggested historical range expansion as the main factor determining geographical distribution of haplotypes. The Baltic Sea has been colonized from all three refugia, and northeastern Europe harbours descendants from both eastern European refugia. In the upper part of the Danube lineages from the western European and the southern European refugia meet. The southern European refugium probably did not contribute to the recolonization of other western and northern European drainages after the last glaciation. However, phylogenetic analyses suggest that the southern European mtDNA lineage is the most ancient, and therefore likely to be the founder of all present perch lineages. The colonization routes used by perch probably also apply to other freshwater species with similar distribution patterns.
Discordant patterns of morphological and molecular change in broadtail madtoms (genus Noturus)
Authors: Bennetts R. Q. , Grady J. M. , Rohde F. C. , Quattro J. M. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractTwo morphologically distinct forms of an undescribed madtom catfish (Noturus sp.) occur in the rivers and lakes of southeastern USA. ‘Lake’ broadtail madtoms are endemic to Lake Waccamaw and are probably related to nearby ‘river’ broadtail populations. To investigate phylogenetic relationships, we surveyed mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence variation in ‘lake’ and ‘river’ broadtails and other members of the genus Noturus. Mitochondrial rDNA data suggest a sister group relationship between broadtail madtoms and N. insignis, not N. leptacanthus as posited previously. Population‐level analyses using additional mtDNA characters (NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 (ND2) and cytochrome b (Cytb)) identified two highly divergent genetic lineages within broadtail madtoms that do not correspond to the morphological designations ‘river’ and ‘lake’.
Evidence for male‐biased dispersal in Lake Malawi cichlids from microsatellites
Authors: Knight M. E. , Oppen M. J. H. van , Smith H. L. , Rico C. , Hewitt G. M. , Turner G. F. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThis study addressed within‐population dispersal patterns among the species‐rich Lake Malawi cichlids, specifically among the rock‐dwelling mbuna group. Relatedness values were calculated for 160 individuals belonging to two species from known locations in the field by screening six highly polymorphic microsatellite loci. The results from both species indicate that spatially adjacent females have higher average relatedness values than those separated by larger distances, but that this pattern is reversed in males. This therefore provides firm evidence for male‐biased dispersal within the Malawian cichlid flock.
Population, habitat and genetic correlates of mycorrhizal specialization in the ‘cheating’ orchids Corallorhiza maculata and C. mertensiana
Authors: Lee Taylor D. , Bruns Thomas D. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractUnlike photosynthetic plants, several distantly related nonphotosynthetic plants are highly specialized toward their mycorrhizal fungi. It is unknown whether this specialization varies geographically or is influenced by the environment. We have investigated these questions in the nonphotosynthetic orchids Corallorhiza maculata and C. mertensiana by amplifying fungal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) fragments from widespread mycorrhiza samples and then discriminating putative fungal species using ITS restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). Three fungal species were found across 27 plants representing seven populations of C. mertensiana; 20 species were found across 104 plants and 21 populations of C. maculata. All fungi belonged to the Russulaceae, an ectomycorrhizal family. Partitioning of Simpson’s diversity showed that 48% of the variance in occurrences of fungal species coincided with population boundaries in C. mertensiana, vs. 68% in C. maculata. This differentiation coincided with geography but not habitat in C. mertensiana. In contrast, likelihood ratio tests showed strong associations between fungal occurrence and both habitat and phenotype in C. maculata. For example, C. maculata populations growing under oaks had no fungi in common with nearby populations growing under conifers, and those above 2000 m had no fungi in common with those below 2000 m. However, plant genetic differentiation may underlie some of these patterns. C. mertensiana and C. maculata never shared fungal species, even when growing intermixed at the same site, demonstrating genetic control that was independent of habitat. Similarly, intermixed normal and pale‐coloured variants of C. maculata had no fungal species in common. These results demonstrate fine‐scale genetic influences and geographical mosaicism in a mycorrhizal interaction.
Amplification of oak DNA from ancient and modern wood
Authors: Dumolin‐Lapègue S. , Pemonge M.‐H. , Gielly L. , Taberlet P. , Petit R. J. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractA polymorphic noncoding region of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) was successfully amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from various oak wood samples, including recent and more ancient (about 600‐years‐old) samples from different oak species. Adaptation of DNA isolation and amplification protocols was necessary to obtain this result. Polymorphisms useful to distinguish species or geographical origin of these samples could be scored through sequencing. These polymorphisms include one substitution and two microsatellite‐type polymorphisms, due to a variable number of A/T repeats. Identical results were obtained independently in two separate laboratories.
First policy then science: why a management unit based solely on genetic criteria cannot work
Authors: Taylor B. L. , Dizon A. E. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractIn contrast to the goals of the symposium from which this series of papers originated, we argue that attempts to apply unambiguously defined and general management unit criteria based solely on genetic parameters can easily lead to incorrect management decisions. We maintain that conservation genetics is best served by altering the perspective of data analysis so that decision making is optimally facilitated. To do so requires accounting for policy objectives early in the design and execution of the science. This contrasts with typical hypothesis testing approaches to analysing genetic data for determining population structure, which often aspire to objectivity by considering management objectives only after the analysis is complete. The null hypothesis is generally taken as panmixia with a strong predilection towards avoiding false acceptance of the alternative hypothesis (the existence of population structure). We show by example how defining management units using genetic data and standard scientific analyses that do not consider either the specific management objectives or the anthropogenic risks facing the populations being studied can easily result in a management failure by losing local populations. We then use the same example to show how an ‘applied’ approach driven by specific objectives and knowledge of abundance and mortality results in appropriate analyses and better decisions. Because management objectives stem from public policy, which differs among countries and among species groups, criteria for defining management units must be specific, not general. Therefore, we conclude that the most productive way to define management units is on a case‐by‐case basis. We also suggest that creating analytical tools designed specifically to address decision making in a management context, rather than re‐tooling academic tools designed for other purposes, will increase and improve the use of genetics in conservation.