bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Age changes in the lumbar intervertebral disc studied with magnetic resonance and cryomicrotomy
Authors: Wagner Marvin , Sether Lowell A. , Yu Shiwei , Ho Peter S. P. , Haughton Victor M. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThis is an original evaluation made on the correlation between sagittal gross and histologic cryomicrotome sections and magnetic resonance (MR) images of the lumbar intervertebral discs according to age groups. Age‐related structural changes were recognized in the anatomic sections and MR images of the discs in cadavers from birth to 73 years of age. In T2‐weighted MR images, the nucleus and fibrocartilaginous inner anulus have a bright signal while the peripheral annular fibers have a low signal intensity. With aging the discs become progressively more fibrous: the peripheral anulus widens and becomes densely fibrous and the inner anulus extends centrally to encroach upon the nucleus, sometimes producing a bilobed nucleus. In the newborn the components of the disc are sharply demarcated with a large, centrally located nucleus pulposus and a relatively narrow anulus fibrosus. In the adult, the nucleus and inner anulus continue to have a relatively bright signal in MR images and characteristically contain a dark band of low signal intensity which does not correspond to clefts or tears of the disc but to increased fibrous tissue content. The thickened peripheral annular fibers have a very low signal intensity. By the eighth decade of life the discs have a very high fibrous content throughout, indicated in MR images by a decreased signal intensity with no sharp distinction between nucleus and anulus in the anatomic sections. The dark band in the central portion of the disc remains as a characteristic feature in MR images of the adult disc. Degenerative changes in the discs are identified in MR images by contrasting signal intensities.
Rotation‐plasty: Surgical technique of resection and reconstruction in the treatment of osteosarcoma about the knee in children
Authors: Frassica Frank J. , Schwartz Herbert S. , Pairolero Peter C. , Sim Franklin H. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractResection of malignant tumors about the knee, followed by reconstruction of the lower limb by rotating it through an arc of 180 degrees is becoming a popular method of treatment of osteosarcoma in growing children. Following rotation, the rotated ankle functions as the knee joint, powering a custom‐made prosthesis. The functional result is superior to above‐knee amputation with better propioceptive feedback and the absence of phantom limb pain. The children are able to climb stairs well and participate in running sports.The surgical technique is demanding, requiring a precise knowledge of the surgical anatomy. To be successful, the sciatic, peroneal, and tibial nerves must be preserved. The femoral and popliteal artery may be resected and reconstructed if necessary. The remaining growth of the child is determined so that the rotated ankle can be positioned at the level of the contralateral normal knee.
Anatomic variations of the phrenic nerve at the superior thoracic aperture (thoracic inlet): Implications for the cardiothoracic surgeon
Authors: LoCicero Joseph , Hoyne William P. , LoCicero Martha S. , Cochard Larry , Sanders John H. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractRoutine use of the internal thoracic (mammary) artery (ITA) in coronary revascularization has prompted surgeons to seek ways to increase its length and mobility while avoiding phrenic‐nerve (PN)injury related to dissection of the ITA to its origin. Because no clear anatomic description of the PN/ITA relationship exists, we investigated the course of the PN through the superior thoracic aperture (thoracic inlet) and its proximity to the origin of the ITA in 51 cadavers. The ITA coursed posterior to anterior as it crossed the subclavian vein and the PN, passing between the subclavian artery and vein, was lateral to the origin of the ITA (100%). The superior/inferior position of the PN to the ITA is variable. The PN passed superior and medial to the ITA (66%) but was not consistent from side to side in the same cadaver. The PN passed lateral and inferior to the IMA in the right hemithorax (27%) and in the left (40%). A bilateral superior/medial relationship was found in 50% of cadavers and a bilateral inferior/lateral one in 20%. The surgical implications of this anatomic finding are that the PN is vulnerable to injury when it is inferior to the ITA as it passes from lateral to medial through the superior thoracic aperture (thoracic inlet) and ITA dissection is carried past the posterior border of the subclavian vein; 1 cm of soft tissue will protect the PN if dissection ends at the anterior border of the vein.
Clinical anatomy for surgical residents: A 10‐week course
Authors: Osuch Janet R. , Dean Kimberly B. , Carrow Rexford E. , Dean Richard E. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe limited exposure of medical students to gross anatomy has significant bearing on those students who elect a surgical career. In an effort to address this deficiency, a 10‐week, 50 hour clinically oriented anatomy course was developed for third year surgical residents. The aim of the course was to provide clinical interpretation of anatomy in the regions of head/neck, thorax, abdomen, pelvis/inguinal and extremities as it pertains to the challenges facing a surgeon. Each of 20, 2‐hour laboratory experiences was preceded by a brief presentation from a clinician who identified the surgical complexities of the area, to include: unique blood supply, intraorganal lobular anatomy or problems of exposure as it relates to operations. The constant interface with the Anatomist facilitated the learning experience which occurred in the laboratory. The relationship between operative challenges and structural knowledge provided the optimal learning experience for course participants. Problems encountered were primarily logistical in nature and will be addressed in future courses.
Ruptures of the anulus fibrosus of cervical intervertebral discs studied by cryomicrotomy and magnetic resonance
Authors: Sether Lowell A. , Yu Shiwei , Haughton Victor M. , Wagner Marvin 
Published: February 2005

AbstractDegeneration of the anulus fibrosus in the cervical region has not been studied as systematically as in the lumbar intervertebral discs. We used cryomicrotomy and magnetic resonance (MR) to study the cervical discs in 18 cadavers. Three types of anular tears were identified: (1) a concentric tear due to delamination of the anulus, (2) a radial tear in which all layers of the anulus were disrupted, and (3) a transverse tear of the peripheral anulus. The latter two tear types could be demonstrated by MR. On the basis of their frequency the concentric and transverse tears are not likely symptomatic. Radial tears, which some investigators have suggested are symptomatic, may be studied clinically with MR.
Reliability and predictive capacity of examinations in anatomy and improvement in the reliability of viva voce (oral) examinations by the use of a structured rating system
Authors: Tutton P. J. M. , Glasgow E. F. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIn the present paper the reliability and predictive capacity of multiple‐choice, essay, and viva voce (oral) examinations in anatomy are compared. In an attempt to improve the reliability of the viva, a structured rating system was designed. In the latter system candidates were rated separately for achievement under the headings of Factual Recall, Analysis and Interpretation of Data, Problem Solving, and Verbal Presentation. The predictive capacity of examinations in anatomy was estimated by calculating the correlation between scores in anatomy and the score obtained by the same students in final‐year medicine. The reliability coefficients of the examinations were estimated using the split‐halves technique, together with Spearman‐Brown formula in the case of the viva and the essay exam, and using the Kuder‐Richardson formula 20 for the multiple‐choice tests. The correlations between scores in anatomy examinations and final‐year medicine examinations show that scores from essay and viva voce examinations are better predictors of success later in the medical course than are scores from multiple‐choice examinations. The reliability coefficient of viva voce ( < 0.4) examinations is clearly less than that of either essay examinations (around 0.65) or multiple‐choice tests (usually > 0.8). However, the use of the structured rating procedure elevated the reliability coefficient of the viva voce examination from between 0.3 and 0.4 in the case of the unstructured examination to between 0.7 and 0.8 in the case of the structured examination.
Carotid endarterectomy: Importance of cranial nerve anatomy
Authors: Basile Richard M. , Sadighi Parvis J. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA retrospective study of 100 consecutive cases of carotid endarterectomy was performed. Special attention was given to the incidence, clinical significance, and prevention of cranial nerve injury. The operative mortality was 1%, and there were no perioperative strokes. There was clinical evidence of 22 cranial nerve injuries. Nineteen injuries were temporary, resulting in a 3% incidence of permanent cranial nerve deficit.The clinical anatomy of cranial nerves encountered during carotid endarterectomy is reviewed. Technical suggestions to minimize cranial nerve injury based on a thorough knowledge of this anatomy are provided.The relationship of laryngeal physiology and vagus nerve anatomy indicates that unilateral vocal cord dysfunction may be asymptomatic. Bilateral nerve injury can cause potentially fatal airway obstruction, which may be unrecognized until after the second operation. Preoperative laryngoscopy prior to carotid endarterectomy is suggested in patients with a history of prior cardiac or neck surgery and those scheduled for the second of staged bilateral carotid procedures.
Course of the recurrent laryngeal nerve relative to the tracheoesophageal plane and the axis of the trachea
Authors: Lekacos N. L. , Tzardis P. J. , Sfikakis P. G. , Helmis E. P. , Vlassis T. A. , Kalogeracos K. P. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractAn awareness of the surgical anatomy and the possible dispositions of the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) is helpful in avoiding its injury during thyroidectomy.The relationship of the RLN to the trachea and its course relative to the tracheoesophageal plane were studied in 151 patients undergoing thyroidectomy. One hundred sixty‐six (166) nerves were identified, 95 on the right and 71 on the left.Most nerves, both on the right (59%) as well as the left (53.5%), ran posterior to the tracheoesophageal plane. Most right nerves (84.2%) had an oblique course in the frontal plane as related to the tracheal axis or midline (deviation); on the left, most nerves (57.8%) showed no significant deviation. The nerves were found to course from posterior to anterior in the sagittal plane as they ascended the neck in 52.5% of cases on the right (type II obliquity), whereas on the left, 50.7% of the nerves ran in this direction. Approximately 37.2% of the nerves on the right, and 40.8%, on the left, had no obliquity in the sagittal plane paralleling the tracheal axis.
Microcomputer reconstruction of pancreaticobiliary embryogenesis
Authors: Wind Gary , Allely Eric , Jenkins Donald 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe origin, approximation, and fusion of the dorsal and ventral pancreatic anlage were reconstructed using new microcomputer methodology. Representative human embryos of Carnegie stage 15–17 were studied by digitizing serial contours and creating three‐dimensional computer models. Solid surface color displays showing multiple views of each reconstruction demonstrated developmental relationships and changes between these three critical stages. This exercise demonstrates the power of this new technology for clarifying morphological concepts in research and education.
Electron microscopic demonstration of Langerhans cells in human tonsillar epithelium
Authors: Chandi Grace , Indrasingh Inbam , Chandi S. M. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractLangerhans cells are believed to play an important role in cutaneous immune responses. The tonsils likewise have been regarded as lymphoid tissue performing critical functions in the immune system. The present study was undertaken to determine whether Langerhans cells are present in tonsillar epithelium.Samples of epithelium from four tonsils were processed and examined with an electron microscope. Cells morphologically typical of Langerhans cells were found to be present in the tonsillar epithelium.
Anatomical study of the arterial blood supply of the skin of the lower leg
Authors: Bankoul S. , Kubik S. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe arteries leaving the intermuscular fissures of the lower leg form six constant rows. Two further vascular groups emerge from the lateral and the medial heads of the gastrocnemius muscle. The vessels form a fine epifascial network, the radial and longitudinal meshes of which anastomose together. The epifascial network is complemented by a weaker, subfascial one. The arteries can be subdivided into cutaneous, musculocutaneous, and cutaneomuscular groups, corresponding to their supplying areas. A significant difference in vessel pattern could not be found between the left and the right lower leg of the same person. The different areas of supply are constant in the middle one‐third of the lower leg, but vary considerably in the upper one‐third and moderately in the lower one‐third. The borders of the different areas show interlocking patterns.
Dissection study and mensuration of the pulmonary arteries in man
Authors: Wright N. L. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractDescriptions are given of the main pulmonary arteries and of their lobar branches in man. The numbers of lobar branches and certain dimensions (mainly external diameters) of parent vessels (at specified fixed points) and of branch vessels (at their origins) are also given. This information has been obtained from studies made in living subjects. Attention is drawn to the relative frequency of incidence of a large proximally sited branch to the upper lobe in both lungs, also to the site of origin of the lower lobe apical artery, relative to the middle lobe artery or lingular artery. Certain anomalous and small arterial branch arrangements are described.
Three‐dimensional reconstructions from serial X‐ray tomography of an Egyptian mummified head
Authors: Lewin Peter K. , Trogadis Judy E. , Stevens John K. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThree dimensional images of both the surface and the underlying skull of an Egyptian mummified head from the Greco‐Roman Period were obtained from the reconstruction of sequential computerized tomographic scans of the head.The images produced by this new technique provide morphological and pathological data previously available only through destructive measures. As a descriptive anatomical tool, this technique, as demonstrated by the reported Egyptian mummy example, is a valuable non‐destructive method of obtaining data from unique anatomical specimens.
Post‐traumatic stress among medical students in the anatomy dissection laboratory
Authors: Finkelstein Peter , Mathers Lawrence H. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe emotional and psychological responses of medical students to the human anatomy laboratory at Stanford University School of Medicine were studied over four successive years. Students' reactions to dissection were assessed by interview, questionnaire, recording of laboratory conversations, and analysis of dreams. Data were collected from approximately 175 of the 350 students enrolled in Human Anatomy over this period. Interviews were also conducted with faculty and staff. Approximately 5% of the students reported marked disturbances including nightmares, intrusive visual images, insomnia, depression, and learing impairments. A large fraction of the remaining students reported similar but less severe responses to dissection in the Anatomy laboratory. These reactions strongly resemble the psychological entity known as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). We suggest that the Anatomy laboratory represents a significant emotional challenge to many medical students, in that it may be the student's first intimate experience with illness and death. Further, the Anatomy laboratory may be compared to subsequent clinical encounters because it asks that a student concentrate on data collection and simultaneously deal with disturbing thoughts and feelings. Those involved in Anatomy instruction are in a unique position to help impart desirable professional values to young physicians as they adjust to these stresses.
Variations in the anatomic relationship of the left renal vein to the left renal artery at the aorta
Authors: Valentine R. James , MacGillivray Dougald C. , Blankenship Charles L. , Wind Gary G. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractAnatomic textbook descriptions imply that there is little variability in the relationships of the left renal vein, abdominal aorta, and left renal artery. However, previous studies of the renal pedicle have documented a significant amount of variability in the anatomy of the left renal vein, calling the consistency of the regional anatomy into question. To determine the validity of using the left renal vein as an anatomic landmark, the renal vessels of 57 postmortem subjects were examined. Seven subjects with anomalies or pathology which distorted the regional anatomy were excluded from the study group. In the remaining 50 subjects, the relationship of the left renal vein to the origin of the left renal artery was determined. The left renal artery was directly beneath the left renal vein in 52%, below (caudal to) the corresponding vein in 14%, and above (craniad to) the corresponding vein in 34%. The mean distance between the midpoint of the origin of the left renal artery and the cephalad margin of the left renal vein was 3.1 mm (P = 0.034). These data validate the assumption that the left renal vein is a reliable anatomic landmark for locating the left renal artery and juxtarenal aorta in cases where anomalous vascular anatomy or previous retroperitoneal dissection are not present.
Histology of mucous membrane of human inferior nasal concha
Authors: Trotter C. M. , Hall G. H. , Salter D. M. , Wilson J. A. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe light microscopic features of the mucous membrane of intact inferior nasal concha are described. A proposal is made to standardize the terminology of tissue deep to the basement membrane as superficial or deep tunica propria. The range of epithelia found and the distribution of the various cell types and fibers present in the conchae are described. The variability of the tissue is stressed, both at gross and cellular levels. Mast cells are stained by using an Alcian blue and safranin technique in which the critical electrolyte concentration is adjusted to 0.3M MgCl2 This demonstrates two sub‐types of mast cell. One is a relatively small, pale staining, spindle‐shaped, superficially located cell, containing turquoise granules, while the other is generally more deeply located, larger, round or ovoid, containing granules of dark purplish‐red. The variability of mast cell distribution shown in this study emphasizes the need for large tissue samples in any estimation of mast cell numbers.
Development of the human sacroiliac joint
Authors: Salsabili N. , Hogg D. A. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractTo provide further details of the development of the sacroiliac joint, which might help to explain some of its unusual adult features, the development of the bones, joint cavity, synovial membrane, articular cartilages, joint capsule, and ligaments has been examined by light microscopy in a series of 13 human embryos and fetuses ranging from 21 mm greatest length (G.L.) to 185 mm crown‐rump length (C.R.).Perichondral ossification of the ilium was first seen at 39 mm C.R. and led to the formation of bone on the external and internal surfaces of the ala of the ilium. In the sacrum, centers of endochondral ossification were first recognized at 100 mm C.R. within the bodies and arches of the sacral vertebrae.Cavitation commenced at around 39 mm C.R. as separate, small spaces within the middle layer of the interzone in the cranial region of the joint, which was avascular prior to the onset of cavitation and showed evidence of pyknotic cells around the sites of cavitation. The joint cavity spread caudally involving the entire joint by 185 mm C.R., but fibrous septa bridging across between the sacral and iliac articular surfaces were still present.Vascularization of synovial mesenchyme was first observed at 155 mm C.R. and synovial villi at 185 mm C.R. The outer layers of the interzone contributed fibrous layers to the articular surfaces of the sacrum and ilium, which were still present at 185 mm C.R., that on the ilium being the thicker and showing evidence of continuing proliferation and differentiation into cartilage, responsible for further bone growth of the ilium.
Anatomical mythology? A study of surface markings of the inguinal region
Authors: Scott P. D. , Willan P. L. T. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe surface markings used by authors for structures in the inguinal region were reviewed and differences noted. In this study of 40 cadaveric limbs the surface markings of both the deep inguinal ring and the femoral artery were found to lie closer to the midinguinal point than to the midpoint of the inguinal ligament, which lay lateral to both structures considered. Usually the femoral artery was located lateral to the medial margin of the deep inguinal ring, but occasionally lay medial. In some subjects poor definition of the bony features rendered precise localisation of the positions of the pubic tubercle and anterior superior iliac spine difficult. The origin of the inferior epigastric artery, often used to identify the medial margin of the deep inguinal ring, was subject to variation. A single surface marking, namely the midinguinal point, is suggested for both the femoral artery and the deep inguinal ring on grounds of accuracy, simplicity, and ease of identification.
Movements of the elbow and shoulder during pronation of the forearm
Authors: Barton B. A. , Evans E. J. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIt is known that medial and lateral movements of the lower end of the ulna occur during pronation and supination of the forearm, but there is little clear evidence as to where these movements originate. Twenty normal subjects pronated their forearm about either an undefined, lateral, or medial axis. Measurements were made from paired photographs taken at increments of 45° during the movement. Abduction of the ulna always occurred but its magnitude did not vary significantly with differing axes of pronation. During pronation about an undefined axis the abduction at the elbow produced a lateral movement of the ulna which was usually appropriate for the axis of pronation in use. Medial or lateral rotation of the humerus was used to increase or decrease the amount of lateral movement of the lower end of the ulna to suit the requirements of pronation about a medial or lateral axis.