bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Essence and Existence: Aquinas and Islamic Philosophy
Authors: Kenny Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The topic of this chapter presents a problem right at the outset. Neither Thomas Aquinas nor any Islamic philosopher spoke English, and it is not a trivial matter to decide what are the appropriate English translations of their technical terms. In the topic proposed, for instance, ‘existence ‘ is no doubt intended to be equivalent to esse, the infinitive form of the Latin verb for ‘to be ‘, and I shall interpret the first part of my task as being to discuss the relationship between essentia and esse in Aquinas. I shall, initially, leave the word esse untranslated because it has multiple meanings in Aquinas ‘s writing. It is possible to disambiguate these meanings by giving them different English paraphrases, and I have tried to do so in my book Aquinas on Being (OUP, 2002) where I claim to have identified twelve different senses in which Aquinas used the word. In this chapter I shall concentrate only on two of these, which I shall render as ‘existence ‘ and ‘being ‘. My initial point is simply that it is misleading and tendentious to use any one English word (e.g. ‘existence ‘) to correspond to the Latin esse. Later in the chapter, I will make some remarks about the analogous problem concerning the terminology of Islamic philosophers, in particular Ibn Sina.
Aquinas in America
Authors: Kenny Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The twenty-first century is proving fertile in philosophical studies of Aquinas in English. Two of the most interesting have come from the United States: Robert Pasnau ‘s Thomas Aquinas on Human Nature (CUP, 2002) and Eleonore Stump ‘s Aquinas (Routledge, 2003), the latest addition to the series The Arguments of the Philosophers, now thirty years old. The striking thing about recent studies is that the Aquinas who emerges from each of them is so different from the Aquinas in any of the others. There is a great difference between Aquinas as seen by Pasnau and Aquinas as seen by Stump, even though both of these authors were pupils, at Cornell, of the same teacher— the much lamented Norman Kretzmann.
Cognitive Scientism
Authors: Kenny Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Once upon a time it was easy to classify propositions. There were analytic propositions, true in virtue of their meaning, and there were synthetic propositions that contained information about the world. All analytic propositions were known a priori; empirical propositions, known a posteriori, were all synthetic. Out of respect for Kant philosophers would enquire whether any propositions were synthetic a priori but commonly the question was raised only to be answered in the negative.
Heraclitus’ Critique Of Pythagoras’ Enquiry In Fragment 129
Authors: Huffman Carl A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Heraclitus is famous for his harsh critiques of predecessors and contemporaries. Homer (frs. 56 and 42), Hesiod (frs. 57 and 40), Archilochus (fr. 42), Hecataeus (fr. 40), and Xenophanes (fr. 40) are all objects of his scorn. It was above all Pythagoras, however, whom Heraclitus singled out for abuse (frs. 40, 81, and 129). In this paper I shall argue that two standard assumptions about his attack on Pythagoras in fragment 129 are mistaken and have led to a false interpretation of the nature of Pythagoras’ philosophy.
Plato On The Possibility Of Hedonic Mistakes
Authors: Evans Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
most of us—philosophers and non-philosophers alike—accept that at least some pleasures are appropriate targets of ethical criticism. Even hedonists typically concede that there is something bad about taking pleasure in certain states or events, such as the undeserved suffering of other people.1 So it is not particularly surprising to find that Plato, the first philosopher to deal with this issue in any significant detail, holds a similar view. In three of his most celebrated dialogues—the Gorgias, the Phaedo, and the Republic—he gives lengthy arguments to the effect that part of what it is to be virtuous is to be pleased by the right sort of thing in the right sort of way.
The Private Theatres
Authors: Chambers E K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Dominicans, also called the ‘ preaching’ or ‘ black’ friars, came to England in 1221. Their first house was in Holborn. In 1275 they acquired a site on the sloping ground between St. Paul’s and the river, just to the east of Fleet ditch, and obtained leave to divert the walls of the City so as to furnish a north and north-west boundary to their precinct. Here grew up a very famous convent, the mother; house of all the Dominican settlements in the country. It received favours from several sovereigns, . notably from Edward I and his Queen Eleanor, who were regarded as its founders; and in return held its great buildings available for national purposes. In 1322–3 it furnished a depository for state records.
The Rational/Non-Rational Distinction in plato’s Republic
Authors: Ganson Todd Stuart 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Plato’s division of the soul in Republic 10 differs from the division in book 4 in a couple of obvious ways. First, the argument in book 10 is an argument for two parts of the soul, while the argument in book 4 defends a tripartition of the soul. Second, while the argument for tripartition at 436—41 focuses on strife among desires, the argument for bipartition at 602—3 introduces examples of conflict among beliefs. In spite of these differences, the two discussions seem to share the common goal of drawing a contrast between rational and non-rational psychological states. My concern here is with this common goal of the two discussions. I shall be defending an interpretation of Plato’s distinction between the rational and non-rational.
Stopping smoking
Authors: Falk Stephen , Williams Chris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
You have to decide that you want to stop smoking. Get all the help you need. Access the National Health Service (NHS) Stop Smoking Service. Encourage your friends and families to stop too. Reward yourself for being a non-smoker with the money you have saved. A healthier lifestyle We are constantly bombarded with information about our apparently unhealthy lifestyles with advice about the food we eat, quantity of alcohol we drink, and the amount of exercise we take. However, the reality is that for smokers, breaking this habit outweighs any other lifestyle change in prolonging length of life and improving health. It may sound as though it should be easy to give up smoking, but this is far from the case. Tobacco is a remarkably addictive drug. The most important first point—strength of will—comes from deciding for yourself that you want to stop, rather than just being pressured by your family and friends. If you do not believe there is sufficient reason to stop, it will be very difficult, if not impossible.
The Development of Ethics
Authors: Rwin Terence I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is a selective historical and critical study of moral philosophy in the Socratic tradition, with special attention to Aristotelian naturalism. It discusses the main topics of moral philosophy as they have developed historically, including: the human good, human nature, justice, friendship, and morality; the methods of moral inquiry; the virtues and their connexions; will, freedom, and responsibility; reason and emotion; relativism, subjectivism, and realism; the theological aspect of morality. The first volume discusses ancient and mediaeval moral philosophy. The second volume examines early modern moral philosophy from the 16th to the 18th century. This third volume continues the story up to Rawls’s Theory of Justice. A comparison between the Kantian and the Aristotelian outlook is one central theme of the third volume. The chapters on Kant compare Kant both with his rationalist and empiricist predecessors and with the Aristotelian naturalist tradition. Reactions to Kant are traced through Hegel, Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, and Kierkegaard. Utilitarian and idealist approaches to Kantian and Aristotelian views are traced through Sidgwick, Bradley, and Green. Mill and Sidgwick provide a link between 18th-century rationalism and sentimentalism and the 20th-century debates in the metaphysics and epistemology of morality. These debates are explored in Moore, Ross, Stevenson, Hare, C.I. Lewis, Heidegger, and in some more recent meta-ethical discussion. This volume concludes with a discussion of Rawls, with special emphasis on a comparison of his position with utilitarianism, intuitionism, Kantianism, naturalism, and idealism. Since this book seeks to be not only descriptive and exegetical, but also philosophical, it discusses the comparative merits of different views, the difficulties that they raise, and how some of the difficulties might be resolved. It presents the leading moral philosophers of the past as participants in a rational discussion in which the contemporary reader can participate.
Kan T: P Ractical Laws
Authors: Rwin Terence I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Kant’s attitude to rationalist intuitionism and sentimentalism in ethics may be compared with his attitude to rationalism and empiricism in metaphysics and epistemology. In the First Critique, he agrees with rationalists against empiricists in believing that there are true non-empirical principles in addition to the truths grasped by experience. But he does not simply assert that these are innate principles, or that they are grasped by rational intuition. He argues that they are true and non-empirical. In his view, we must recognize their truth and their non-empirical character if we admit any empirical knowledge, or even admit some basic truths about self-consciousness.
Kan T: F Reedom
Authors: Rwin Terence I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Kant has argued that if there is a categorical imperative of morality, it has the features he ascribes to it in the different formulations of the categorical imperative. He does not claim to have shown thereby that there is a categorical imperative, or that it is a supreme principle of morality, or that it requires the treatment of persons as ends. He still needs to prove both (1) that there is a categorical imperative, giving a reason to all rational agents as such, irrespective of their particular empirical motives and inclinations, and (2) that this is the principle of morality.
Mill: Earlier Utilitarianism and its Critics
Authors: Rwin Terence I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most influential and most widely read defence of utilitarianism is Mill’s short book Utilitarianism, published in 1861. This book is the result of Mill’s reflexions on utilitarianism over the previous thirty years.His reflexions make clear his views of the significant developments in controversy about utilitarianism from Bentham onwards. Since the developments explain some features of Mill’s statement of utilitarianism, it is useful to survey them before turning to Utilitarianism itself. We should look at these developments through Mill’s eyes, since his conception of the history of utilitarianism influences his view of what needs to be done. But we should also ask whether he is right about the main philosophical issues involved, and about the merits of the different sides.
Moore
Authors: Rwin Terence I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Principia Ethica is a critical essay on some of the main doctrines of Sidgwick, with a secondary focus on Kant. In the course of his examination of Sidgwick’s utilitarianism and Kant’s ‘metaphysical’ system, Moore also discusses Mill, Spencer, and some neo-Hegelian doctrines (e.g., about internal relations). But his main claims in moral philosophy are all directly relevant to Sidgwick. Moore follows Sidgwick and Price in their rejection of attempts to define all basic moral concepts. He agrees with their realist metaphysics of morality, and so he recognizes moral properties. He departs from Sidgwick in taking ‘good’, rather than ‘right’ and ‘ought’ to be the basic indefinable ethical term, but his arguments about ‘good’ are (as he points out) similar to those that Sidgwick uses for ‘right’ and ‘ought’.
Versions of Naturalism
Authors: Rwin Terence I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Conceptions of morality that appeal to facts about human nature have held a central place in the sequence of theories that we have considered in this book. It is fairly easy to see why they have a central place in a discussion of ancient moral theories; for Plato, Aristotle, Epicureans, and Stoics all support their moral conclusion by explicit claims to facts about the essential characteristics of human beings. It may be less obvious that this emphasis on appeals to nature is appropriate in a discussion of mediaeval theories; for one might argue that the theological starting points of these theories make claims about human nature relatively unimportant, or at least secondary. But we have found that this is not a good reason to deny that mediaeval theories are naturalistic.
In Vitro Labelling
Authors: Cunningham Martin W , Harris Dennis W , Mundy Christopher R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Radioactive tracers are uniquely suitable for labelling of biological molecules, because their behaviour in enzyme catalysed reactions mimics that of their non-radioactive isotopes. Progress in nucleic acid research has depended on the availability of suitable radioactive labels, and on methods for incorporating them into nucleic acids.
Solubilization, Purification, and Molecular Characterization of Receptors: Principles and Strategy
Authors: Haga T , Haga k. , Hulme E C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most hormone and neurotransmitter receptors are transmembrane glycoproteins. The exceptions are receptors for steroids and thyroid hormones, which are soluble DNA-binding proteins and will not be dealt with in this book. The function of transmembrane receptors is to communicate the information that hormones or neurotransmitter molecules are present on the outside of cells to the inside, so that there is a sense in which such receptors can be regarded as allosteric proteins, whose functions are elicited when they bind allosteric ligands, namely the cognate hormones and neurotransmitters.
Purification of the epidermal growth factor receptor from A431 cells
Authors: Yotou George N Pana , Gregoriou Mary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The EGF receptor is a 170 k Da membrane-spanning glycoprotein. An extracellular, EGF-binding domain is connected to the cytoplasmic catalytic domain by a single tran smembrane link of 23 amino acids (1). Binding of EGF results in a variety of events, including clustering and internalization of EGF-receptor complexes, phosphorylation of cellular proteins and of the receptor itself at tyrosine residues, changes in ion fluxes, increase in protein synthesis, and finally, upon prolonged stimulation, DNA synthesis and cell division (2,3).
Structure activity relationships of human IL-2: identification of residues that bind the IL-2 receptor
Authors: Ju G , Sauve K , Bailon P , Tsien W -H , Lin P , Hakimi J , Toome, V , Greene W C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The biological functions of human interleukin-2 (IL-2) are mediated through binding to specific receptors on the surface of target cells. These IL-2 receptors (IL-2R) exist in at least three forms that bind IL-2 with high, intermediate, or low affinity. The high affinity IL-2R is composed of at least two subunits, the IX chain, or p55, and the β chain, or p70. Molecular cloning and expression of these two subunits demonstrate that the α chain corresponds to the low affinity receptor,2−4 while the βchain corresponds to the intermediate affinity receptor. The complex of p55 and p70, with the addition of other components, gives rise to the high affinity receptor.
Approaches to immunotherapy with defined populations of IL-2-cultured NK cells, immune T cells, or tumour infiltrating lymphocytes
Authors: Herberman R B , Basse P , Jain R K , Melder R J , Goldfarb R H , Gorelik E , Ernstoff M S , Kirkwood, J M , Whiteside T L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the past several years, several preclinical and clinical studies have indicated that adoptive cellular immunotherapy, particularly in combination with interleukin 2 (IL-2), can have substantial therapeutic efficacy. In the clinical studies, complete or partial regressions of large, advanced metastatic lesions in some patients with malignant melanoma or renal cell carcinoma have been particularly encouraging. However, the results to date have been less than optimal. In many of the preclinical studies, significant decreases in the number of experimental metastases have often not been accompanied by cures or substantial prolongation of survival. Similarly, in the clinical studies, at least 70–80 per cent of the treated patients have not shown objective responses from such therapy. There clearly appears to be a pressing need to improve upon the promising first generation results and to devise approaches to increase the rate and duration of therapeutic responses. In addition, the use of very high numbers of adoptively transferred cells together with high doses of IL-2 has resulted in appreciable toxicity, and it would be very desirable to develop effective strategies that would be accompanied by decreased toxicity.
Characterization of RNA
Authors: Grabowski Paula J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Characterization of RNA is necessary to identify the transcripts of newly-described genes, to establish the pattern of splicing and 3’ end formation, to quantify levels of RNA species in differing cell types, or to test the functional importance of a sequence or secondary structure in an RNA molecule of interest. Thus, experimental tools that accomplish these goals have widespread usefulness in diverse areas of molecular biology, biochemistry, and cell biology. The purpose of this chapter is to present a concise series of experimental procedures that can be used for the rapid and decisive characterization of RNA. Due to recent advances in studies of nuclear pre-mRNA splicing, including remarkable growth in the identification of alternatively spliced genes, methods will be emphasized that are particularly useful in these areas. In addition, this chapter will address problems encountered in the detection of small sequence changes in otherwise long RNA chains, and the measurement of low abundance RNA species.
Extracellular steroid-binding proteins
Authors: Hammond Geoffrey l. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Steroid hormones in the blood and extracellular compartments of most vertebrate species interact with two high-affinity plasma proteins that are generally known as sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG). These proteins are structurally unrelated and do no resemble other plasma proteins that bind steroids with low affinity and limited specificity, such as albumin and orosomucoid, or any other steroid-binding proteins, including the intracellular steroid hormone receptors and enzymes responsible for steroid biosynthesis or metabolism. It is generally assumed that plasma SHBG and CBG function primarily as transport proteins and limit the metabolic clearance of biologically active steroids, but recent advances in our understanding of their structures indicate that they may act in much more sophisticated ways than previously considered (1, 2). It is the purpose of this review to highlight this information, and to provide a perspective on how these proteins may regulate the activities of steroid hormones.
Subcellular fractionation of mitochondria
Authors: Rice J E , Lindsay J G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mitochondria are ubiquitous organelles which are present in the cytoplasm of the vast majority of animal and plant cells. They are also one of the best characterized organelles and indeed were the first membrane-bound particles to be isolated in an intact functional state from living tissues. Together with chloroplasts, they are unique in containing the only sites of extranuclear DNA, both possessing small, separate genomes which are capable of independent transcription and translation.
Theories of gel electrophoresis of high molecular weight DNA
Authors: Southern E M , Elder J K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is about the practicalities of DNA analysis by pulsed field gel electrophoresis but there are a number of reasons to be concerned with theoretical aspects also. First, the main purpose of the method is to measure the size of large DNA molecules; there is no other convenient way of doing this, and to obtain accurate transformation of mobility to size it is important to understand the relationship between the two quantities. Second, understanding the physical basis of the process may lead to technical improvements; for example, more rapid separations, greater resolution, or separation of bigger sizes. Much has been written about the processes underlying the separation, and it is not the purpose of this chapter to review all of these treatments. Rather, it provides a relatively simple treatment designed to give the reader and practitioner some insight into the workings of the system.
Cloning from PFGE-purified genomic DNA fragments and YACs
Authors: Whittaker Paul A , Anand Rakesh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An important step in the analysis of complex genomes is the construction of physical maps at the level of overlapping cloned DNA. Such cloned DNA maps provide both positional information and access to DNA fragments in a form that can be used for molecular analysis (e.g. probe isolation, sequencing, etc.). As a result, they have become an important tool in the structural and functional characterization of large genes, or the identification of disease genes by positional cloning. Preparative pulsed field gels, from which genomic DNA or YAC DNA is recovered for subsequent cloning, can facilitate the construction of these cloned DNA maps.
Sedimentation equilibrium in the analytical ultracentrifuge
Authors: Winzor Donald J , Harding Stephen E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For many years analytical ultracentrifugation was the major source of information on the heterogeneity and molecular size of macromolecules. In the field of protein chemistry the question of solute heterogeneity is now usually addressed by gel electrophoretic and gel chromatographic techniques, and the molecular weight is either calculated from the amino acid sequence or obtained by mass spectrometry. Because such molecular weight values refer only to the covalently linked polypeptide chain(s), they provide no information about the macro molecular state of the functional protein or enzyme. In its simplest application molecular weight measurement by analytical ultracentrifugation is therefore used to characterize quaternary structure, which affords an example of a self-association equilibrium that has gone to completion.
Stopped-flow techniques
Authors: Eccleston John F , Hutchinson Jon P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are many methods for measuring the equilibrium binding constant of a protein with a ligand, where the ligand can be a small molecule or another macromolecule such as a protein or nucleic acid, as described in other chapters in this book. However, many biological processes are controlled not by equilibrium constants but by the kinetics of the interaction between protein and ligand and for this reason it is necessary to measure the association and dissociation rate constants in order to understand a system fully. Although this can be done using surface plasmon resonance techniques (see Volume 1, Chapter 6), and in certain cases by NMR measurements (see Chapter 10), rapid-reaction methods are generally the method of choice if a suitable intrinsic optical probe exists in the system or an extrinsic probe can be introduced.