bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Managing variability of self‐customizable systems throughcomposablecomponents
Authors: Şora Ioana , Creţu Vladimir , Verbaeten Pierre , Berbers Yolande 
Published: March 2005

AbstractSelf‐customizable systems must adapt themselves to evolving user requirements or to their changing environment. One way to address this problem is through automatic component composition, systematically (re‐)building systems according to the current requirements by composing reusable components. Our work addresses requirements‐driven composition of multi‐flow architectures.This article presents the central element of our automated runtime customization approach, the concept of composable components: the internal configuration of a composable component is not fixed, but is variable in the limits of its structural constraints. In this article, we introduce the mechanism of structural constraints as a way of managing the variability of customizable systems. Composition is performed in a top–down stepwise refinement manner, while recursively composing the internal structures of the composable components according to external requirements over the invariant structural constraints.The final section of the article presents our cases of practical validation. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of Northridge earthquake on precast concrete design practice
Authors: Englekirk Robert E. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe Northridge earthquake did not change precast concrete design practice per se—and this is unfortunate. Valid concerns regarding the performance of precast concrete members were overlooked in a rush to judgment that illogically imposed empirical constraints on design practice: this is all too characteristic of our approach to structural engineering and especially true in the recent codification of seismic design practice. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Unlimited Taxation, Public Credit, and the Strength of Government
Authors: Edling Max. M 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Provides the layout of the Federalist argument that Congress had to possess an unlimited power to raise men and money from American society without any intervention from the states. While the following chapter looks in greater depth at Antifederalist objections to the federal fiscal powers of the US Constitution, here the concern is solely with the restrictions to this power that they suggested in the form of amendments. The reasons are discussed as to why the Federalists refused to accept these Antifederalist amendments (and indeed any restrictions on the fiscal power of Congress other than those already written into the Constitution), repeatedly and forcefully making it clear why it was crucial that no restrictions be placed on the right of Congress to extract money from society by means of taxation. The different sections of the chapter argue that the need for an unbridled federal right to raise tax revenue arose from the conviction that Congress had to have full command over all the resources of the nation in times of crisis. Primarily, this was needed so that the government could borrow money abroad and at home, which suggests that the Federalists designed the Constitution as much for future challenges as for present problems, and that for this reason, they refused to let the powers of the national government be defined by the demands on the union existing in the late 1780s, but instead strove to create a government with powers sufficiently extensive to safeguard the union's future existence, in peace as well as in war.
A Government for Free
Authors: Edling Max. M 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Shows how the Federalists responded to the Antifederalist objections to a stronger national government in the “fiscal‐military” sphere, thereby creating an understanding of the kind of state that was proper to American conditions. In the debate over ratification of the US Constitution there was little discussion about the exact way in which the Federalists intended to organize the revenue administration, but nevertheless, it is the argument of this chapter that with the important exception of the assumption of the state debts, the general outline of Hamiltonian public finance was in place in 1787, and widely shared by the supporters of the Constitution. Thus, the idea that the least oppressive tax was also the most productive, the claim that adoption of the Constitution would mean a change in the structure of taxation from direct to indirect taxes and a reliance on the impost (customs duties), and the ideal of the federal government as a “waterfront state” hardly noticed by the people, were all among the most important points made in Federalist rhetoric on the fiscal powers of the Constitution. In the ratifying debate, the Federalists presented a solution to the equation of how to create a sufficiently powerful government without making unacceptable demands on society: the federal government had the right to mobilize the full resources of society at will, but in peacetime it would keep a very low profile while assuming the payment of the union's debts and the cost of defense using money raised by taxation. This federal assumption of expenses that had earlier been carried by the states, and the mode of raising the taxes to pay for it ensured that overall taxation would not increase, as the Antifederalists claimed, but would become less burdensome to the majority of the people.
Successful pregnancy, achieved by ovulation induction using a human menopausal gonadotropin low‐dose step‐up protocol in an infertile patient with Kallmann's syndrome
Authors: Nakagawa Koji , Iwasaki Wakako , Sato Mami , Ito Megumu , Kawachiya Satoshi , Murashima Atsuko , Kitagawa Michihiko , Natori Michiya , Saito Hidekazu 
Published: March 2005

AbstractA 25‐year‐old woman, diagnosed with Kallmann's syndrome and wanting to become pregnant, visited our hospital. Because her serum gonadotropin levels indicated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, a main symptom of Kallmann's syndrome, we attempted to induce ovulation using a low‐dose human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG) step‐up protocol. In this protocol, 75 IU of hMG was used as an initial dose and this was continued for the first 14 days because adequate follicular development was not achieved. The dose of hMG was subsequently increased to 150 IU for the next 7 days. After 22 days from the start of stimulation, two follicles had developed, and were ovulated using an injection of human chorionic gonadotropin. She became pregnant, and her pregnancy was uneventful during the first trimester; however, in the second trimester both uterine contractions and blood pressure could not be controlled, and at 27 weeks’ gestation she delivered a male infant weighing 830 g by cesarean section.
Clear‐cutting of a Norway spruce stand: implications for controls on the dynamics of dissolved organic matter in the forest floor
Authors: Kalbitz K. , Glaser B. , Bol R. 
Published: March 2005

SummaryClear‐cutting of forest provides a unique opportunity to study the response of dynamic controls on dissolved organic matter. We examined differences in concentrations, fluxes and properties of dissolved organic matter from a control and a clear‐cut stand to reveal controlling factors on its dynamics. We measured dissolved organic C and N concentrations and fluxes in the Oi, Oe and Oa horizons of a Norway spruce stand and an adjacent clear‐cutting over 3 years. Aromaticity and complexity of organic molecules were determined by UV and fluorescence spectroscopy, and we measured δ13C ratios over 1 year.Annual fluxes of dissolved organic C and N remained unchanged in the thin Oi horizon (∼ 260 kg C ha−1, ∼ 8.5 kg N ha−1), despite the large reduction in fresh organic matter inputs after clear‐cutting. We conclude that production of dissolved organic matter is not limited by lack of resource. Gross fluxes of dissolved organic C and N increased by about 60% in the Oe and 40% in the Oa horizon upon clear‐cutting. Increasing organic C and N concentrations and increasing water fluxes resulted in 380 kg C ha−1 year−1 and 10.5 kg N ha−1 year−1 entering the mineral soil of the clear‐cut plots. We found numerous indications that the greater microbial activity induced by an increased temperature of 1.5°C in the forest floor is the major factor controlling the enhanced production of dissolved organic matter. Increasing aromaticity and complexity of organic molecules and depletion of 13C pointed to an accelerated processing of more strongly decomposed parts of the forest floor resulting in increased release of lignin‐derived molecules after clear‐cutting. The largest net fluxes of dissolved organic C and N were in the Oi horizon, yet dissolved organic matter sampled in the Oa horizon did not originate mainly from the Oi horizon. Largest gross fluxes in the Oa horizon (control 282 kg C ha−1) and increased aromaticity and complexity of the molecules with increasing depth suggested that dissolved organic matter was derived mainly from decomposition, transformation and leaching of more decomposed material of the forest floor. Our results imply that clear‐cutting releases additional dissolved organic matter which is sequestered in the mineral soil where it has greater resistance to microbial decay.
Clinical experience of patients undergoing photodynamic therapy for Barrett's dysplasia or cancer
Authors: Wolfsen H. C. , Hemminger L. L. , Wallace M. B. , DeVault K. R. 
Published: March 2005

SummaryIntroduction : Barrett's oesophagus is the most important risk factor in the increase in incidence of oesophageal adenocarcinoma. Photodynamic therapy using porfimer sodium is the only approved endoscopic treatment for use in patients with Barrett's high‐grade dysplasia.Aim : To determine clinical characteristics, endoscopic findings and treatment complications in Barrett's high‐grade dysplasia patients undergoing photodynamic therapy.Methods : We reviewed our experience using porfimer sodium photodynamic therapy to treat patients with Barrett's oesophagus and high‐grade dysplasia or mucosal carcinoma. Data collected included patients characteristics, presentation symptoms, endoscopic findings, subsequent use of surveillance endoscopy and outcome after photodynamic therapy.Results : Since 1997, 102 patients with Barrett's high‐grade dysplasia (69 patients) or mucosal adenocarcinoma (33 patients) have been treated with photodynamic therapy using porfimer sodium as an alternative to oesophagectomy (median series follow‐up time = 1.6 years). Almost half (46%) of patients had high‐grade dysplasia or carcinoma detected on their first endoscopy and the remainder (54%) were found during surveillance of known Barrett's oesophagus. Symptoms typically associated with oesophageal disease were only found in 29 of 47 (62%) patients in whom dysplasia/carcinoma was detected on the initial endoscopy – chest pain in 13 patients, dysphagia in nine patients and chronic gastro‐oesophageal disease in seven patients. Comparison of endoscopic characteristics found the median Barrett's glandular segment length was significantly shorter in adenocarcinoma patients (median 3 cm; range: 1–12) vs. Barrett's high‐grade dysplasia patients (median 5 cm; range: 1–16, P < 0.001). Overall treatment results found complete ablation of glandular epithelium with one course of photodynamic therapy in most patients (56%). Stricture requiring dilation occurred in 20 patients (20%) was the most common serious adverse event. Photodynamic therapy failed to ablate dysplasia or carcinoma in four patients and subsequent oesophagectomy was curative in three of these patients.Conclusions : Approximately 40% of newly diagnosed patients with Barrett's associated dysplasia or carcinoma had no oesophageal symptoms and had carcinoma associated with short segment (3 cm or less). Photodynamic therapy is a highly effective, safe and minimally invasive first‐line treatment for patients with Barrett's dysplasia and mucosal adenocarcinoma.
Changes in surface reactivity and organic matter composition of clay subfractions with duration of fertilizer deprivation
Authors: Kleber M. , Mertz C. , Zikeli S. , Knicker H. , Jahn R. 
Published: March 2005

SummaryPreservation of organic matter in soils depends on the chemical structure of organic compounds and on the surface properties of the mineral matrix. We tested the effect of mineral surface reactivity on organic matter decomposition by (i) investigating changes of organic matter composition in clay subfractions of an illitic Haplic Chernozem along a time series of fertilizer deprivation and (ii) simultaneously characterizing the reactivity of mineral surfaces. The soil was subjected to fertilizer deprivation for 18, 44 and 98 years, respectively. Mineral surface properties were characterized by selective dissolution of pedogenic oxides. The number of hydroxyls released after exposure to sodium fluoride was taken as an index for mineral surface reactivity. Organic soil constituents were determined by 13C cross‐polarization magic‐angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (13C CPMAS NMR).Clay subfractions had different mineral surface properties. The coarse fractions have more reactive surfaces and contain more organic carbon than the fine clay fractions. Mineral surface properties are constant over time and are not affected by fertilizer deprivation. Surface reactivity is a function of iron oxide density and controls carbon concentrations in the clay subfractions. Within the time frame of our investigation, alkyl C and aromatic C responded to the duration of fertilizer deprivation, but were indifferent to mineral surface reactivity. O–alkyl C seems to be protected by interactions with pedogenic oxides.
Determination of soil depth inhabited by Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) and Thrips tabaci Lindeman (Thysan., Thripidae) under greenhouse cultivation
Authors: Deligeorgidis P. N. , Ipsilandis C. G. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract:The objectives of this study were to determine the depth of penetration into the soil by Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) and Thrips tabaci Lindeman (Thysan., Thripidae) in cucumber and tomato crops in greenhouses. A metal sampling apparatus sampled for the two species of thrips at five levels of soil depth (0–10 cm), over seven dates of sampling, each in eight replications. In general, thrips were found to be in greater numbers in the first 2 cm of soil, with the number of insects decreasing with depth increasing. In the depth of 8–10 cm, no insects were found. Number of thrips found in the soil under cucumber plants was greater in comparison with the tomato samplings. Frankliniella occidentalis was found in greater numbers in comparison with T. tabaci. The date of sampling showed a significant interaction with soil depth, with the number of insects found increasing from the first to the last date of sampling.
The control of leaf development
Authors: Fleming Andrew J. 
Published: March 2005

SummaryThe formation of a leaf is a basic aspect of plant development. This review provides an overview of our present understanding of the process from initiation to the final form of the leaf. Molecular genetic and cell biology approaches have yielded significant advances in this area, adding not only to our knowledge of leaf development but also to fundamental principles in plant biology. These principles will be highlighted, as well as areas where our understanding is still incomplete, in particular the problem of coordinating the multifaceted steps involved in the generation of the leaf structure.

Contents

Summary
9

I.
Introduction
9

II.
The shoot apical meristem: the creation of a field of cells from which leaves can be formed
10

III.
Patterning: the selection of leaf initiation site
10

IV.
Morphogenesis: the initial stages of leaf formation
12

V.
Differentiation and determination: transcriptional networks controlling determinancy
14

VI.
The elaboration of leaf form
14

VII.
Early steps in leaf histogenesis
15

VIII.
Later steps in leaf differentiation: epidermal cell fate
16

IX.
Compound and simple leaves: variation on a theme?
17

X.
Changes in leaf form: developmental and environmental influences
17

XI.
A model of leaf formation
17

Acknowledgements
18

References
18
Constraints on the evolution of adaptive phenotypic plasticity in plants
Authors: Van Kleunen Mark , Fischer Markus 
Published: March 2005

SummaryThe high potential fitness benefit of phenotypic plasticity tempts us to expect phenotypic plasticity as a frequent adaptation to environmental heterogeneity. Examples of proven adaptive plasticity in plants, however, are scarce and most plastic responses actually may be ‘passive’ rather than adaptive. This suggests that frequently requirements for the evolution of adaptive plasticity are not met or that such evolution is impeded by constraints. Here we outline requirements and potential constraints for the evolution of adaptive phenotypic plasticity, identify open questions, and propose new research approaches. Important open questions concern the genetic background of plasticity, genetic variation in plasticity, selection for plasticity in natural habitats, and the nature and occurrence of costs and limits of plasticity. Especially promising tools to address these questions are selection gradient analysis, meta‐analysis of studies on genotype‐by‐environment interactions, QTL analysis, cDNA‐microarray scanning and quantitative PCR to quantify gene expression, and two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis to quantify protein expression. Studying plasticity along the pathway from gene expression to the phenotype and its relationship with fitness will help us to better understand why adaptive plasticity is not more universal, and to more realistically predict the evolution of plastic responses to environmental change.
A modular concept of phenotypic plasticity in plants
Authors: De Kroon Hans , Huber Heidrun , Stuefer Josef F. , Van Groenendael Jan M. 
Published: March 2005

SummaryBased on empirical evidence from the literature we propose that, in nature, phenotypic plasticity in plants is usually expressed at a subindividual level. While reaction norms (i.e. the type and the degree of plant responses to environmental variation) are a property of genotypes, they are expressed at the level of modular subunits in most plants. We thus contend that phenotypic plasticity is not a whole‐plant response, but a property of individual meristems, leaves, branches and roots, triggered by local environmental conditions. Communication and behavioural integration of interconnected modules can change the local responses in different ways: it may enhance or diminish local plastic effects, thereby increasing or decreasing the differences between integrated modules exposed to different conditions. Modular integration can also induce qualitatively different responses, which are not expressed if all modules experience the same conditions. We propose that the response of a plant to its environment is the sum of all modular responses to their local conditions plus all interaction effects that are due to integration. The local response rules to environmental variation, and the modular interaction rules may be seen as evolving traits targeted by natural selection. Following this notion, whole‐plant reaction norms are an integrative by‐product of modular plasticity, which has far‐reaching methodological, ecological and evolutionary implications.
Thromboelastography: a tool for measuring hypercoagulability, hypocoagulability, and fibrinolysis
Authors: Donahue Suzanne M. , Otto Cynthia M. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractObjective: To describe the technique of thromboelastography (TEG) and review the applications of this coagulation test in humans and small animals.Data sources: Data sources included scientific reviews and original research publications.Human data synthesis: TEG in humans has been used for documentation of hypercoagulable and hypocoagulable states and has been shown to be beneficial in patient management.Veterinary data synthesis: Clinical evaluation of TEG in veterinary medicine is limited; however, recent reports have documented evidence of hypercoagulability in dogs with parvovirus and protein‐losing nephropathy. Additionally, many of the research models may be relevant to veterinary patients.Conclusions: TEG provides information about coagulation that is not available through routine coagulation tests. The application of TEG monitoring to veterinary patients shows promise; however, prospective clinical studies are needed.
Efficacy of Cranberry Juice on Helicobacter pylori Infection: a Double‐Blind, Randomized Placebo‐Controlled Trial
Authors: Zhang Lian , Ma Junling , Pan Kaifeng , Go Vay Liang W. , Chen Junshi , You Wei‐cheng 
Published: March 2005

ABSTRACTBackground.  Helicobacter pylori infection is a major cause of peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer. This study postulated that cranberry juice would be effective in the suppression of H. pylori in an endemically infected population at high risk for gastric cancer.Materials and methods.  A prospective, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial was conducted in Linqu County of Shandong Province, China, where 189 adults aged 48.9 ± 11.2 years (mean ± SD) with H. pylori infection were randomly divided into two groups: cranberry juice (n = 97) and placebo (n = 92). Participants were assigned to orally receive two 250‐ml juice boxes of cranberry juice or matching placebo beverage daily for 90 days. The degree of H. pylori infection was determined using the 13C‐urea breath test before randomization at 35 and 90 days of intervention to assess the efficacy of cranberry juice in alleviating infection.Results.  A total of 189 subjects with positive 13C‐urea breath test results prior to randomization completed the study. At day 35 of intervention, 14 of the 97 (14.43%) from the the cranberry juice treatment group and 5 of the 92 (5.44%) of the placebo recipients had negative 13C‐urea breath test results. After 90 days, the study concluded that 14 of the 97 subjects in the cranberry juice treatment group versus 5 of the 92 in the placebo group yielded negative test results. Eleven individuals from the cranberry juice treatment group and only two from the placebo group were negative at 35 and 90 days of experiment. These results are significant (p < .05).Conclusions.  Regular consumption of cranberry juice can suppress H. pylori infection in endemically afflicted populations.