bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mammalian Erp61
Authors: Marcus N , Green M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
ERp61 has also been identified as Grp58 (Lee, 1981), HIP- 70 (Mobbs et al., 1990), Q-2 (Srivastava et al., 1991), a thiol protease of 60 kDa (Urade et al., 1992), a 54 kDa carnitine medium/long chain acyltransferase (Murthy, Pande, 1993), a protein covalently associated with a metabolite of halothane (Martin et al., 1991) and, incorrectly, as form I phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (Bennett etal., 1988).
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cpr6
Authors: Chang H -C J , Lindquist S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cpr6 was isolated in a search for proteins that bind to Hsp90 in 5. cerevisiae (Chang and Lindquist, 1994). Nickel-affinity chromatography was employed to isolate histidine-tagged Hsp90 as well as Hsp90-associated proteins (Chang and Lindquist, 1994). Histidine-tagged Hsp90 possessed wild-type function in vivo, and, hence, the associated protein complexes are expected to be functionally relevant. Cpr6, a 45 kDa protein, was one of four proteins identified in this manner (Chang and Lindquist, 1994).
Mammalian cydophilin C
Authors: Trahey M , Weissman I L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
CypC was originally identified as an IL-1-induced transcript from a murine bone marrow stromal cDNA library (GenBank accession number M74227; Friedman and Weissman, 1991). The human cDNA was subsequently isolated from a kidney cDNA library (GenBank accession number S71018; Schneider et al., 1994). A complex of CypC and the immunosuppressant drug CsA was shown to bind to and inhibit the calcium and calmodulin-regulated serine/threonine phosphatase activity of calcineurin (Friedman and Weissman, 1991; Liu etal., 1991). In T cells, this block of calcineurin activity results in an inhibition of IL-2 transcription which is a key element in the immunosuppressive effect of CsA (Clipstone and Crabtree, 1992; O’Keefe etal., 1992).
Mammalian cydophilin 40 (Cyp40)
Authors: Hoffman K , Handschumacher R E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Estrogen receptor binding cyclophilin (ERBC; Ratajczak etal., 1993).
The open reading frame in a human pancreatic islet cell Cyp40 cDNA clone (Kieffer et al., 1993; GenBank acces number L11667) is 1110 nucleotides in length. Alignments of the deduced amino acid sequence reveal two structural domains (Fig. 1). The N-terminal region (amino acid residues 9-185) shares about 60% identity with Cyp18, the cyclophilin prototype, and includes the postulated CsA binding and isomerase activity sites.
Escherichia coli trigger factor
Authors: Moerschell R , Kandror O , Goldberg A L , Fischer G , Rahfeld J -U 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Escherichia coli cells trigger factor (TF) is a 42 kDa molecular chaperone which also has peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase) activity that is not inhibited by the immunosuppressants cyclosporin A and FK506. Thus, trigger factor is not an immunophilin. Its protein sequence shares only 18.2 and 28.3% overall identity with the conserved region of the amino acid sequences of cyclophilins and FKBPs, respectively. However, the enzymatic properties of trigger factor resemble those of the FKBPs. Trigger factor is found in E. coli as a free protein, in association with the 50S ribosome or in complexes with the molecular chaperone, GroEL. It was first discovered by its ability to bind to secreted proteins and facilitate their translocation into isolated membrane vesicles. When associated with GroEL, trigger factor can stimulate GroEL binding to many unfolded proteins in vitro. Formation of the TF-GroEL-substrate complex is also the rate-limiting step in the degradation of certain polypeptide substrates. In the ribosome, trigger factor is bound to nascent polypeptide chains. The relationship between the cochaperone function and PPIase activity is unclear at present.
Mammalian FKBP52
Authors: Toft D O , Faber L E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
FKBP59 (Tai et al., 1992), FKBP51 (Wiederrecht et al., 1992), Hsp56 (Sanchez, 1990), p59 (Tai etal., 1986), p50 (Smith et al., 1993), HBI (HSP-binding immunophilin) (Chambraud etal., 1993).
Nucleotide sequences encoding FKBP52 proteins from the rabbit (Lebeau et al., 1992; GenBank accession number M84474) and the human (Peattie et al., 1992; M88279) reveal an acidic protein of 459 amino acid residues with a molecular weight of 51 810 Da (human). A domain with homology to FKBP12 exists at the N-terminus.
Escherichia coli SurA
Authors: Gross C , Connolly L , Rouviere P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
SurA is a periplasmic protein with two tandem domains that exhibit similarity to the entire sequence of parvulin, the founding member of a family of peptidyl-prolyl isomerases (PPIases) . Purified SurA has low peptidyl-prolyl isomerase activity with synthetic substrates. Cells lacking SurA are defective in assembly and production of some outer membrane porins.
SurA was originally identified in a search for Escherichia coli genes essential for survival in stationary phase. A Tn10 insertion in surA leads to a pronounced loss in the viability of stationary phase cells; hence the name surA (Tormo et al., 1990).
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Sti1
Authors: Johnson J L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
STI1 was isolated as a transactivator of the promoter of SSA4, one of the cytosolic hsp70 genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. STI1 mRNA levels increase approximately tenfold upon heat induction. Cells carrying a disruption of the STU gene grow like wild-type cells at 30°C, but show impaired growth at higher and lower temperatures (Nicolet and Craig, 1989).
Proteinase A and its propeptide
Authors: Hazel J R Winther H B van den 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
ProPrA is encoded by the PEP4 gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae with a 22 residue signal peptide, a 54 residue propeptide and an enzyme part of 329 residues (Ammerer et al., 1986; Woolford et al., 1986; GenBank accession numbers M13358 and M13632). The signal sequence fulfils the conventional requirements (hydrophobicity, etc.) for directing the protein across the endoplasmic reticulum membrane, and the mature part of the protein is very similar to that of other aspartic proteases (e.g. 46% sequence identity to human cathepsin D). The propeptide, however, is not homologous to those of even closely related aspartic proteases (Ammerer et al., 1986; Jarai et al., 1995). PrA is modified with N-linked glycosylation at two positions in the enzyme part. Of these, one site is not always used, frequently giving rise to doublet bands on SDS-PAGE (Pedersen and Biedermann, 1993; Sorensen etal., 1994).
Signalling of the unfolded protein response from the endoplasmic reticulum to the nucleus
Authors: McNees C , Gething M -J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In eukaryotic cells, the accumulation of misfolded polypeptides in the ER lumen results in the transcriptional up-regulation of many of the genes that encode ER-resident chaperones and folding catalysts. This cellular response is called the ‘unfolded protein response’ (UPR). The transduction of the UPR signal to its final destination in the nucleus must proceed through a number of obligatory stages, when it is considered that even though their membrane surfaces are contiguous, the ER and the nucleus are distinct membrane bounded organelles. These stages include: the detection of the presence of unfolded proteins in the ER lumen, the transduction of this signal across the ER membrane, the transmission of this signal to the transcriptional machinery in the nucleus, and finally the activation of transcription of genes encoding UPR-regulated ER-resident proteins. In recent years a number of the components of the UPR signalling pathway in yeast have been identified and promoter elements involved in the transcriptional control of UPR-regulated genes have been defined in both yeast and mammalian cells.
Thermosome
Authors: Waldmann T , Lupas A , Baumeister W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
TF55/TF56 (thermophilic factor of 55 kDa) (Trent et al., 1991; GenBank accession number L34691). Archaebacterial, eukaryotic cytosolic chaperonins have been termed ‘group II chaperonins’ (Kubota etal., 1995).
Escherichia coli CIpA
Authors: Gottesman S , Wickner S , Maurizi M R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The dpA nucleotide sequence from E. coli (GenBank accession number M31045) predicts a protein of 758 amino acids, containing sequences that are highly conserved between CIpA, CIpB,, other HSP100 family members (Gottesman et al., 1990b, 1996; Squires, Squires, 1992; see also the overview of HSP100/Clp proteins, p. 231). The first highly conserved domain (amino acids 183-415) contains an ATP-binding site consensus; the second highly conserved domain (amino acids 421-608) contains a second consensus ATP-binding site motif (Gottesman etal., 1990b, 1996).
Escherichia coli CIpB
Authors: Squires C L , Squires C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
ClpB93 has also been called F84.1, E89 (VanBogelen etal., 1992; Fuge, Farr, 1993). ClpB79 has been called E72, F68.5,, ClpBz(Squires etal., 1991). The Escherichia coli CIpB heat shock protein (NCBI sequence identification number 147365) (Kitagawa etal., 1991; Squires et al., 1991) is a member of a recently discovered family (Gottesman et al., 1990; Squires, Squires, 1992), which has been referred to as the HSP100 family (Parsell et al., 1994). E. coli CIpB, other members of this family share two distinct ATP-binding regions (each about c. 200 amino acids in length) that possess very high sequence similarity.
Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942 CIpB
Authors: Clarke A K , Eriksson M -J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two clpB genes exist in the unicellular cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942. The first, clpB1 (GenBank accession number U20646), consists of an uninterrupted 2649 bp open reading frame coding for a polypeptide of 883 amino acids (92 kDa). The second gene, clpB2 (Genbank accession number U97124), is 2685 bp, codes for a predicted protein of 94 kDa.
Ammodytoxins (Vipera ammodytes ammodytes)
Authors: Gubenšek F , Križaj I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ammodytoxins (atx) A, B, and C (PIR accession numbers A00768, A25806, and 506853) and ammodytin (atn) L (PIR, S19570) are group II secretory phospholipases A2 (PLA2), having 122 amino acids and molecular weights around 13 800 Da. The protein (Ritonja and Gubensek 1985; Ritonja et al. 1986; Križaj et al. 1989) and cDNA sequences (Pungercar et al. 1991) of atx A, B, and C (EMBL accession numbers: X53471, X52241, and X15138) exhibit over 97 and 99 per cent indentity, respectively. Atn L (EMBL accession number: X53036) being less similar to atx A, exhibits only 74 per cent identity on the protein and 90 per cent identity on the DNA level (Krizaj et al. 1991; Pungercar et al. 1991). It is enzymatically inactive since Asp 49, essential for binding of Ca2+, is substituted by Ser.
Introduction
Authors: Chiamulera C , Ferraguti F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
AMPA-kainate receptors generally conduct monovalent cations, however, glutamate in certain neuronal cells can trigger the activation of Ca2+-permeable AMPA-kainate receptors. The different ionic selectivity depends on the combination of different subunits, and in particular on the presence of the GluR2 subunit. This subunit contains an arginine residue within the second transmembrane segment, whereas the other three subunits carry a glutamine residue at the corresponding position. This difference confers a very weak Ca2+ permeability thus determining the channel conductance and Ca2+ permeation (Verdoorn et al. 1991).
Conantokins (Conus spp.)
Authors: Olivera B M , Steel D J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The conantokins are peptides from the venom of fishhunting cone snails which interact with and inhibit the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, a subset of the glutamate receptor family (Olivera et al. 1990). Two conantokins have been described (Table 1), conantokin-G from Conus geographus venom (Rivier et al. 1987) and conantokin-T from Conus tulipa venom (Haack et al. 1990).
Applications and Extensions of Malecot’s Work in Human Genetics
Authors: Morton Newton E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Malecot profoundly influenced population genetics in the generation of Cockerham, Sved, Falconer, Kimura, Crow, and Nagylaki. His influence on human genetics was especially great in population structure, forensic use of DNA, and linkage disequilibrium. These contributions are described, together with recent developments that use his probabilistic approach.
Recent Applications of Diffusion Theory to Population Genetics
Authors: Stephan Wolfgang , Kim Yuseob 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the 1930s, diffusion theory has been used to find approximate mathematical solutions for a number of population genetic problems. The work of Wright, Malecot, and Kimura laid the foundation of theoretical population genetics. In this chapter, three examples are discussed that show how the theory of diffusion approximations has been expanded in the past decade by applying it to problems in molecular population genetics. These examples are typically multi allele or multi-locus models, for which approximate solutions can only be found if the underlying processes occur on different time scales such that dimensionality can be reduced. We focus on Muller’s ratchet, an infinite-allele model, and two 2-locus models: (i) the background selection model; and (ii) the model of genetic hitch-hiking.
The Travelling World
Authors: Higgins Peter M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dusk is the time when we are reminded that our world is adrift in space. As the sun sets, the brightest stars appear as faint and distant points of light piercing the twilight sky. As darkness settles the stars brighten, mysteriously they seem to draw nearer and, especially if the night sky is clear and without the moon, we are left standing beneath a heavenly sphere glowing with thousands of stars, gloriously bright. Away from city lights it is the most sublime sight in nature and in witnessing it we can understand why peoples the world over have imagined the night sky as the home of the gods.
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The Human Geography of Europe: A Prehistoric Perspective
Authors: Sherratt A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The cartographic images that confront us on the pages of a modem atlas give the Earth’s surface an impression of permanence; but it is a deceptive one. It is not just the brightly coloured political maps whose boundaries periodically change, but also the more subtly toned and naturally coloured maps of the physical landscape which alter over time. Between the last two editions of the Oxford Atlas, for instance, the Caspian Sea has altered its outline, and the .Aral Sea all but disappeared—the latter under human influence, to irrigate the cotton crops of Kazakhstan. Maps of settlement-distributions and popufation density require constant updating; but so, too, should ‘natural’ vegetation and coastlines, and on a longer timescale even the reassuring averages of precipitation and annual temperature. Every map represents only a sample snapshot, extracted from patterns which are continuously changing, each at its own characteristic ( though variable) rate. A historical geography is therefore an account of processes operating over a defined timescale, themselves encompassing briefer, event-like changes, and all set within longer and (on a human timescale) barely perceptible alterations which set the stage but do not interact in the way that human and natural processes have int1uenced each other over the last ten thousand years. To place these later phenomena in perspective, it is instructive to begin with the deep-seated rhythms of the Earth itself.
Geographical Knowledge and the Expansion of the European World after 1490
Authors: Butlin R A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The historical geography of Emope has never been self-contained: in prehistoric times and for most of its history it has had links with Asia, and North and South America, and in later periods with the more distant lands of Australasia and the remoter Arctic and Antarctic wastes. The processes whereby these links were initiated and modified were exceedingly complex, comprising kaleidoscopic mixe of cultures, racial attitudes, geographical knowledge and broader belief systems or cosmographies, geopolitical ambitions and failures, scientific understandings through experiment and ambition, and changing processes of resource evaluation and realization.
The Changing Political Map: Geography, Geopolitics, and the Idea of Europe since 1500*
Authors: Heffernan M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The political geography of Europe has been in a constant state of flux over the past 500 years. The continent’s borders and frontiers have changed so frequently that a substantial (and probably rather tedious) volume would be required to provide even a crude outline of the major events. Conceptually, such a project would be extremely challenging, for the idea of ‘Europe’ and the broader notion of ‘political space’ are not universal, transcendent concepts; rather, they are complex ideas whose meanings have changed enormously over the past half-millennium. The assumption that the political map of Europe in 1500 can be regarded simply as a different version of the comparable map today is thus ilieoretically and historically absurd.
Rural Europe since 1500: Areas of Innovation and Change*
Authors: Clout H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As in earlier times, Europe remained an emphatically rural continent in the age of the great discoveries. Human life was threatened by pestilence, war, and famine, hence the key imperative was to produce enough food for its population to survive. This meant ensuring a supply of grain for daily bread, since meat was a luxury for all except the urban elite (Braudel, 1981: 104). Agricultural systems varied according to physical circumstances, social organization, local traditions, and access to urban markets and trade routes. Despite important regional differences, cereal yields were low, with seed: yield averages for both wheat and rye standing at 1:4, and four-fifths of the workforce was involved, to a greater or lesser degree, in food production (Pounds, 1990: 225). Much of the landscape would have appeared relatively untamed to our eyes, with stretches of waste or forest surrounding cultivated areas (Darby, 1957: 20). More land was worked when population pressures increased, but the margin of cultivation retreated, and settlements declined or were abandoned when population numbers declined. As a result, the cultivated area had expanded between 1100 and 1300, then retreated until the sixteenth century when moors, marshes, heaths, and woods were reclaimed, only to contract in the seventeenth century, and be replaced by expansion from 1750 to 1850 (Grigg, 1980: 32). Towards the end of the nineteenth century the amount of cultivated land declined again, largely because cereals from the New World could be imported more easily than ever before. Such pulsations in land use were rein-forced by price fluctuations, with reclamation taking place especially when cereal prices were high, as during the sixteenth century and from 1750 to 1850 (Slicher van Bath, 1963: 199).
Changing Patterns of Trade a Interaction since 1500
Authors: Walton J R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1500 European trade was about to undergo a sea-change, both literally and metaphorically. Between 1460, ‘when the death of Prince Henry closed a chapter in Portugal’s tentative exploration of the West African coast, and Magellan’s achievement of the first global circumnavigation during the years 1519—22, European seafarers discovered the existence of continuous sea passages from ocean to ocean around the world, that ‘all the seas of the world are one’ (Parry, 1981; Boorstin, 1983; Living-stone, 1992). The discovery of the sea, largely by Iberians or by Iberian-sponsored expeditions, over such a short period of time is a measure of the extent of Europe’s existing level of development. Financial and business institutions, shipbuilding and military technology, and navigation science had already progressed, within a European frame of reference, to the point where they were capable of supporting European adventures overseas (Cipolla, 1965; Parker, 1988). The major lure was the prospect of profit from trade. Unlike E’xplorers of the late nineteenth and early twentieth Europeans of the age of reconnaisance did not seek unknown lands, but new and more profitable sea routes to known markets and known sources of tradable commodities.
Towards an Environmental History of Europe
Authors: Simmons G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To attempt an account of the last 10,000 years of the history of the European environment from Scandinavia to the Mediterranean and from the Dingle peninsula to the Urals, some broad generalizations of both time and space must be made. For the former, time with be divided according to the pre-dominant human economies which have occupied the European space and which are set out in Table 16.1. Each phase has left some traces of its existence in today’s landscapes but only in pockets are there functioning examples. For example, remnants of non-agricultural economies persisted until very recently in reindeer-herding cultures such as the Saami. In the case of solar-based agriculture, a fewpockets exist in the poorer parts of Europe, but all have to some extent been affected by access to industriai products and knowledge.
Inequality
Authors: Kingston Paul W , Holian Laura M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Matters of inequality go to the very heart of the argument for American exceptionalism. In much American public lore and some scholarly arguments America is above all the land of equality. Tocqueville, early on, famously noted the spirit of equality that permeated American life. Since then, stories of rags to riches have been commonly invoked, emblematic of the belief that in America social origins have little impact on economic achievements—and that the impact of individual talent and hard work is decisive. Even if the disparities between the successful and unsuccessful can be stark, this is often viewed as the price to be paid for having a dynamic system that generates great aggregate wealth and wide opportunities for individual success. This egalitarianism presumably flowed from America’s origins as the ‘first new nation’, unshackled by the weight of a feudal past with rigid hierarchies and social distinctions (Lipset 1979a).
Politics and Institutional Architectures
Authors: Martinelli Alberto 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are several studies comparing the political system of the United States with one or more nation-states of Europe which show significant diﬀerences both between the countries on the two sides of the Atlantic and great interstate diversity within Europe. These include diﬀerent types of electoral systems (majority vs. pro-portional), diﬀerent rates of voting behavior and political participation, diﬀerent forms of organized interests representation and pressure politics, diﬀerent party systems and diﬀerent party ideologies and organizational structures, diﬀerent institutional architectures in the form of the state (centralized vs. federal) and in the mechanisms of democratic accountability (parliamentary, semi-presidential, and presidential), diﬀerences in policymaking and policy implementation, diﬀerences in the structure and function of the judiciary, and diﬀerences in the role of the media.
Value change
Authors: Forse Michel , Parodi Maxime 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Shared values are part of what is needed to make up a society. Constituting a society certainly implies the establishment of collective institutions and norms but they would have little political, social, or moral legitimacy if they were not based on shared values. To take this into account, it is necessary to focus on the actors and their reasons; for example it is clear that there is no democracy in a country with no democrats. If we examine the social foundations of Europe in this way while allowing that it is not a society like, say, the United States, we can ask ourselves if Europe actually amounts to a society, or is at least on its way to becoming one.