bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Subclinical immunologic and physiologic responses in hexamethylene diisocyanate‐exposed auto body shop workers
Authors: Redlich Carrie A. , Stowe Meredith H. , Wisnewski Adam V. , Eisen Ellen A. , Karol Meryl H. , Lemus Ranulfo , Holm Carole T. , Chung Joyce S. , Sparer Judy , Liu Youcheng , Woskie Susan R. , Appiah‐Pippim James , Gore Rebecca , Cullen Mark R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackgroundDiisocyanates are potent sensitizing agents and currently the most commonly identified cause of occupational asthma in industrialized countries. However, diisocyanate asthma is difficult to diagnose and exposure and host risk factors are unclear. Auto body shops, one of the most common hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) exposure settings, are particularly difficult to study due to their small size and episodic exposures. Surveillance studies of such workers are limited.ObjectivesWe have initiated a cross‐sectional field epidemiologic study, Survey of Painters and Repairers of Auto bodies by Yale (SPRAY), to characterize the effects of diisocyanate exposures on actively employed auto body shop workers.Methods and ResultsWe present here questionnaire, physiologic, immunologic, and exposure data on 75 subjects enrolled in the study. No overt cases of clinically apparent diisocyanate asthma were identified based on spirometry, methacholine challenge, peak flows, and symptoms. HDI‐specific lymphocyte proliferation was present in 30% of HDI‐exposed workers and HDI‐specific IgG in 34% of HDI‐exposed workers, but they were not associated. HDI‐specific IgE was detected in two workers. HDI‐specific lymphocyte proliferation, increased methacholine responsiveness, and symptoms of chest tightness and shortness of breath were more common in the most heavily HDI‐exposed workers, the painters. More long‐term follow‐up of this cohort should clarify the significance of these HDI‐specific immunologic responses, physiologic changes, and symptoms.ConclusionsThese findings demonstrate the presence of HDI‐specific immune responses in a large proportion of healthy HDI‐exposed workers. Am. J. Ind. Med. 39:587–597, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
What is the most cost‐effective way to identify silica problem worksites?
Authors: Rosenman Kenneth D. , Hogan Andrew , Reilly Mary Jo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackgroundState based surveillance systems to identify cases of silicosis have been developed over the past 18 years to target worksite interventions to reduce the incidence of silicosis. Using data from the Michigan silicosis surveillance system, we conducted an analysis to determine the most cost‐effective way to identify problem worksites.MethodsThe initial reporting source of all 470 confirmed cases of silicosis reported to the Michigan surveillance system from 1989 to 1995 was identified. The cost of identifying confirmed cases, worksites, problem worksites, silica problem worksites, and the number of current silica‐exposed workers was determined for four reporting sources: hospitals; physicians; workers' compensations; and death certificates.ResultsHospital reports were the first to identify 67% of the confirmed cases, 74% of the worksites, and 58% of the problem worksites. Physician reports initially identified 17% of confirmed cases, 15% of worksites, and 26% of problem worksites. Workers' compensation records initially identified 11% of confirmed cases, 4% of worksites, and 8% of problem worksites. Death certificates initially identified 5% of confirmed cases, 7% of worksites, and 8% of problem worksites. Hospital reports were the most cost‐effective way to identify cases (US$ 143), worksites (US$ 313), and problem worksites (US$ 454).ConclusionsHospital discharge records identified the greatest number of confirmed cases and problem worksites and was the most cost‐effective approach to identify both individuals with silicosis and worksites with problems. Am. J. Ind. Med. 39:629–635, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Relationship between health services outcomes and social and economic outcomes in workplace injury and disease: Data sources and methods*
Authors: Mustard Cam , Hertzman Clyde 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackgroundUnderstanding the mediating role of health care in mitigating social, economic and occupational role disability is a complex task.MethodsNo single method of research will be successful in addressing all elements of this NORA research priority area. In this paper, we argue that research methods are needed which have the following components: (1) the detailed measurement of therapeutic intervention and the impacts of this intervention on clinical and functional health status using study designs which rule out competing explanations, (2) a longitudinal follow‐up component which measures social, economic, and occupational role function following the conclusion of therapy, and (3) a commitment to execute studies across multiple settings to observe the variations in health care and in social and occupational role function that arise as a result of differences in labor market factors and employer and government policies.ConclusionsMore comprehensive portraits of the longitudinal trajectory of individual workers, social, economic and occupational role function following an occupational injury or illness will have significance for a large number of policy sectors. Am. J. Ind. Med. 40:335–343, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Valuing the economic consequences of work injury and illness: A comparison of methods and findings
Authors: Weil David 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackgroundWorkplace injuries and fatalities in the US create significant economic costs to society. Although economic costs should measure the opportunity cost to society arising from injuries and fatalities, estimating them often proves difficult as a practical matter. This leads to a range of estimates for valuing these costs.MethodsThis paper compares methods of economic valuation, focusing in particular on how different methods diverge to varying degrees from measuring the “true” economic costs of injuries and illnesses. In so doing, it surveys the literature that has arisen in the past 25 years to measure different aspects of economic consequences.ResultsEstimates of the costs of injuries and fatalities tend to understate the true economic costs from a social welfare perspective, particularly in how they account for occupational fatalities and losses arising from work disabilities.ConclusionAlthough data availability often makes estimation of social welfare costs difficult, researchers should attempt to more fully integrate such approaches into estimation procedures and interpretation of their results. Am. J. Ind. Med. 40:418–437, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Behavioral phenotypic variation in autism multiplex families: Evidence for a continuous severity gradient
Authors: Spiker Donna , Lotspeich Linda J. , Dimiceli Sue , Myers Richard M. , Risch Neil 
Published: August 2002

AbstractRecent genetic investigations of autism have studied multiplex families, typically including families with multiple siblings who meet criteria for a diagnosis of autism. However, little is known about the specific behavioral characteristics of siblings with autism in these multiplex families. We investigated the behavioral phenotypic variability and similarity of 351 siblings with autism in 171 multiplex families using cluster analysis and correlations. The results of cluster analyses showed that the individuals with autism could be characterized on a severity gradient: a continuum based on severity of symptoms and impairment as measured by Autism Diagnostic Interview–Revised (ADI‐R) scores, verbal‐nonverbal status, and nonverbal IQ scores. Clusters based on scores from the ADI‐R for the autism diagnostic criteria of the DSM‐IV and nonverbal IQ scores still represented a severity gradient when the effects of verbal‐nonverbal status were removed. The severity gradient was shown to be heritable, with a sib correlation of 30% or a heritability of 60%. In summary, in a sample of 171 autism multiplex families, there was no evidence of discrete behaviorally defined subgroups of affected individuals or families characterized by distinct patterns of behavioral symptoms. Rather, the clusters could be characterized along a single, heritable, continuous severity dimension. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Family‐based and population study of a functional promoter‐region monoamine oxidase A polymorphism in autism: Possible association with IQ
Authors: Yirmiya Nurit , Pilowsky Tammy , Tidhar Sigal , Nemanov Lubov , Altmark Larissa , Ebstein Richard P. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAlthough the etiology of autism remains to be elucidated, genetic elements significantly contribute to this disorder, and genes on the X chromosome are of special interest because there is a 4:1 predominance of male probands in autism. In the current study, we therefore examined, using the robust transmission disequilibrium test (TDT), possible preferential transmission of variants of a functional monoamine oxidase A (MAO A) promoter region polymorphism for linkage to autism. In the 49 families examined (33 families with one proband and 15 families with two affected siblings), we did not find preferential transmission of MAO A from 33 heterozygous mothers to affected child (TDT chi‐square = 0.29, NS). Nor was any significant difference in MAO A allele frequency observed between 43 male autism subjects versus a group of 108 non‐autism control subjects (chi‐square = 1.23, P = 0.27, NS). However, a trend was observed for an association between IQ in the probands and the MAO A genotype that just attained significance (F = 3.5, P = 0.046, N = 28) in the small group of autism subjects recruited from families with two affected siblings. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Identification of de novo chromosome rearrangements: Five cases analyzed with differential chromosome painting
Authors: Ida Tomoko , Harada Naoki , Abe Kyōko , Kondoh Tatsuro , Yoshinaga Muneyoshi , Maki Takashi , Niikawa Norio 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe report on five cases of de novo structural chromosome rearrangements that were difficult to identify by conventional G‐banding analysis. In all five cases, differential chromosome painting (DCP) provided evidence for the presence of an additional segment and its origin. A combination of DCP with subsequent conventional fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis using adequate locus‐specific probes and reexamination of G‐banding patterns resulted in successful identification of the rearrangements. Their karyotypes were finally interpreted as 46,XY,der(1)(qter → q42.1::p36.3 → qter) in case 1; 46,XY,der(8)(8pter → 8q24.3::8q24.3 → 8q23.2::?p11.2 → ?ps) in case 2; 47,XY,+der(10)(pter → q11) in case 3; 46,XX,der(3)(17pter → 17p11.2::3p26 → 3qter) in case 4; and 46,XY,dup(1) (pter → q32::q25 → qter) in case 5. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evidence supporting WNT2 as an autism susceptibility gene
Authors: Wassink Thomas H. , Piven Joseph , Vieland Veronica J. , Huang Jian , Swiderski Ruth E. , Pietila Jennifer , Braun Terry , Beck Gretel , Folstein Susan E. , Haines Jonathon L. , Sheffield Val C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe examined WNT2 as a candidate disease gene for autism for the following reasons. First, the WNT family of genes influences the development of numerous organs and systems, including the central nervous system. Second, WNT2 is located in the region of chromosome 7q31–33 linked to autism and is adjacent to a chromosomal breakpoint in an individual with autism. Third, a mouse knockout of Dvl1, a member of a gene family essential for the function of the WNT pathway, exhibits a behavioral phenotype characterized primarily by diminished social interaction. We screened the WNT2 coding sequence for mutations in a large number of autistic probands and found two families containing nonconservative coding sequence variants that segregated with autism in those families. We also identified linkage disequilibrium (LD) between a WNT2 3′UTR SNP and our sample of autism‐affected sibling pair (ASP) families and trios. The LD arose almost exclusively from a subgroup of our ASP families defined by the presence of severe language abnormalities and was also found to be associated with the evidence for linkage to 7q from our previously published genomewide linkage screen. Furthermore, expression analysis demonstrated WNT2 expression in the human thalamus. Based on these findings, we hypothesize that rare mutations occur in the WNT2 gene that significantly increase susceptibility to autism even when present in single copies, while a more common WNT2 allele (or alleles) not yet identified may exist that contributes to the disorder to a lesser degree. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mitochondrial DNA haplogroups in Amerindian populations from the Gran Chaco
Authors: Demarchi Darío A. , Panzetta‐Dutari Graciela M. , Motran Cristina C. , De Los Angeles López De Basualdo María , Marcellino Alberto J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMitochondrial DNA from 141 individuals was typed for diagnostic restriction sites and the 9‐bp region V deletion to examine the distribution of the founding mtDNA lineage haplotypes in three Amerindian populations (Mataco, Toba, and Pilagá) who currently inhabit the Argentinian part of the Gran Chaco.All four lineages were identified in the three tribes and four population samples studied. Disregarding ethnic or geographic origin, haplogroups B and D exhibit high incidence among the Gran Chaco inhabitants, whereas haplogroups A and C are present in a lower frequency. Three individuals possess none of the characteristic markers and, therefore, could not be assigned to one of those lineages.A neighbor‐joining representation of FST distances reflects the current geographic location of the populations, and this also corresponds to their historic distribution. After separating South America into four major regions (Tropical Forest, Andes, Gran Chaco, and Patagonia‐Tierra del Fuego), the Gran Chaco populations present the highest average intragroup variability (Hs = 0.64) as well as the lowest intergroup diversity (G′ST = 0.06). These findings suggest high levels of gene flow among the Chaco tribes, as well as with neighbor populations from outside the region. Am J Phys Anthropol 115:199–203, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Craniodental variation in Paranthropus boisei: A developmental and functional perspective
Authors: Wood Bernard , Lieberman Daniel E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWhat levels and patterns of craniodental variation among a fossil hypodigm are necessary to reject the null hypothesis that only a single species is sampled? We suggest how developmental and functional criteria can be used to predict where in the skeleton of fossil hominins we should expect more, or less, within‐species variation. We present and test three hypotheses about the factors contributing to craniodental variation in extant primate taxa, and then apply these results to the interpretation of the P. boisei hypodigm. Within the comparative samples of extant Homo, Pan, Gorilla, Pongo, and Colobus, variables from the cranial base, neurocranium, and face that are not subject to high magnitudes of strain have consistently lower levels of intraspecific variation than variables from regions of the face subject to high levels of strain. Dental size variables are intermediate in terms of their reliability. P. boisei is found to have a low degree of variability relative to extant primates for variables shown to be generally useful for testing taxonomic hypotheses. Contrary to the claims of Suwa et al. ([1997] Nature 389:489–492), the recently discovered material from Konso falls within the range of variation of the “pre‐Konso” hypodigm of P. boisei for available conventional metrical variables. Those aspects of the Konso material that appear to extend the range of the P. boisei hypodigm involve regions of the skull predicted to be prone to high levels of within‐species variation. The approach used in this study focuses on craniodental data, but it is applicable to other regions of the skeleton. Am J Phys Anthropol 116:13–25, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Enamel hypoplasia in the deciduous teeth of great apes: Variation in prevalence and timing of defects
Authors: Lukacs John R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe prevalence of enamel hypoplasia in the deciduous teeth of great apes has the potential to reveal episodes of physiological stress in early stages of ontogenetic development. However, little is known about enamel defects of deciduous teeth in great apes. Unresolved questions addressed in this study are: Do hypoplastic enamel defects occur with equal frequency in different groups of great apes? Are enamel hypoplasias more prevalent in the deciduous teeth of male or female apes? During what phase of dental development do enamel defects tend to form? And, what part of the dental crown is most commonly affected?To answer these questions, infant and juvenile skulls of two sympatric genera of great apes (Gorilla and Pan) were examined for dental enamel hypoplasias. Specimens from the Powell‐Cotton Museum (Quex Park, UK; n = 107) are reported here, and compared with prior findings based on my examination of juvenile apes at the Cleveland Museum of Natural History (Hamman‐Todd Collection; n = 100) and Smithsonian Institution (National Museum of Natural History; n = 36). All deciduous teeth were examined by the author with a ×10 hand lens, in oblique incandescent light. Defects were classified using Fédération Dentaire International (FDI)/Defects of Dental Enamel (DDE) standards; defect size and location on the tooth crown were measured and marked on dental outline charts.Enamel defects of ape deciduous teeth are most common on the labial surface of canine teeth. While deciduous incisor and molar teeth consistently exhibit similar defects with prevalences of ∼10%, canines average between 70–75%. Position of enamel defects on the canine crown was analyzed by dividing it into three zones (apical, middle, and cervical) and calculating defect prevalence by zone. Among gorillas, enamel hypoplasia prevalence increases progressively from the apical zone (low) to the middle zone to the cervical zone (highest), in both maxillary and mandibular canine teeth.Results from all three study collections reveal that among the great apes, gorillas (87–92%) and orangutans (91%) have a significantly higher prevalence of canine enamel defects than chimpanzees (22–48%). Sex differences in canine enamel hypoplasia are small and not statistically significant in any great ape. Factors influencing intergroup variation in prevalence of enamel defects and their distribution on the canine crown, including physiological stress and interspecific dento‐gnathic morphological variation, are evaluated. Am J Phys Anthropol 116:199–208, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Some characteristics of arsenate transport in a marine cyanobacterium, Synechococcus sp.
Authors: Takahashi Akira , Kawakami Hidekazu , Iwakiri Katsuyuki , Matsuto Shigeki 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe mechanism of arsenate incorporation in the cells of a unicellular marine cyanobacterium, Synechococcus sp., was investigated. A lag period in arsenate incorporation, probably caused by an inhibitory effect of phosphate absorbed on the cell surface, was observed. Although arsenate incorporation into the cells of cyanobacterium was several times faster than that of phosphate, it was readily inhibited by addition of phosphate, also suggesting inhibition caused by phosphate. The Michaelis–Menten type of equation was employed for the simulation of incorporation, and a nonlinear fitting was applied for the estimation of the kinetic parameters in the equation. Analysis based on the assumption that arsenate is incorporated via the phosphate transport system in cells suggested that arsenate competes with phosphate for entry into cells and each species acts as a competitive inhibitor to each other. The affinity of arsenate with the transport system was much less than that of phosphate, but it was not low enough for elucidation of an almost complete inhibition of arsenate incorporation by phosphate, and another mechanism to block the approach of arsenate to the transport system was deduced to exist. The inhibitory effect of phosphate on arsenate incorporation seemed responsible for alleviation of the toxicity of arsenate in the cells. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis, and structural and morphological characterization of iron oxide–ion‐exchange resin and –cellulose nanocomposites
Authors: Suber Lorenza , Foglia Sabrina , Maria Ingo Gabriel , Boukos Nikos 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe synthesis and the comparative structural and morphological study of iron oxide nanoparticles in polystyrene‐based ion‐exchange resins and cellulosics are reported. The synthesis of magnetite was performed under nitrogen atmosphere by an in situ method in the presence of the matrix itself. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy measurements led to a detailed characterization of matrix morphology and of magnetic particle structure, size and morphology. The results show that the matrix influences the iron oxide particle size; the average size is about 7 nm in the resins and 25 nm in the celluloses. In the resins, particles are present inside the pores and as aggregates on the surface of the resin beads, whereas in the cellulose they are present on the surface and in the swollen network of the microfibers constituting the single fibers. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation and characterization of PSt‐b‐PHEMA metal hybrids
Authors: Wang Yanmei , Wu Jingshen , Yuan Jinying , Sun Guifen , Pan Caiyuan 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe block copolymer polystyrene‐b‐poly[2‐(trimethylsilyloxy)ethylene methacrylate] (PSt‐b‐PTMSEMA) was synthesized using atom‐transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). The hydrolysis of PSt‐b‐PTMSEMA led to the formation of an amphiphilic block copolymer, polystyrene‐b‐poly(2‐hydroxylethyl methacrylate) (PSt‐b‐PHEMA), which was characterized by GPC and 1H‐NMR. TEM showed that the PSt‐b‐PHEMA formed a micelle, which is PSt as the core and PHEMA as the shell. Under appropriate conditions, the nickel or cobalt ion cause chemical reactions in these micelles and could be reduced easily. ESCA analysis showed that before reduction the metal existed as a hydroxide; after reduction, the metal existed as an oxide, and the metal content of these materials on the surface is more than that on the surface of the copolymer metal ion. XRD analysis showed that the metal existed as a hydroxide before reduction and existed as a metal after reduction. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 2883–2891, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10278