bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Crystal size and distortion parameters in fibres using Wide-Angle X-ray Scattering (WAXS)
Authors: Somashekar R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Crystal size and paracrystalline disorder of the lattice, which exist in polymer crystals, contribute to the width of the diffraction peaks. Methods have been proposed for obtaining both quantities from the intensity profile (Hosemann and Bagchi, 1962; Guinier, 1963; Vainshtein, 1966). An excellent review of Fourier methods and integral breadth methods is given by Klug and Alexander (1974). The treatments used to estimate crystal size and distortion parameters are based on the Fourier analysis of line profiles (Warren and Averbach, 1952) or on variance analysis (Wilson, 1962b, 1963, 1968; Langford, 1965, 1968). A comparison of these two methods has been given by Balzar and Ledbetter (1993a). In fact, size-strain analysis in the case of high temperature superconductors has been carried out using these methods (Balzar, 1992; Petersen et al.,1992). Fourier methods that can be used with the profile of a single reflection have been proposed (Gangulee, 1974; Mignot and Rondot, 1975; Zocchi, 1980; Nandi et al.,1984), but these again rely heavily on low order coefficients. The integral breadth methods (Ramarao and Anantharaman, 1965; Nandi and Sen Gupta, 1978; de Keijser et al.,1982) are based on the assumption that the Cauchy function determines size and that the Gaussian function gives strain. The most widely used method of de Keijser et al.(1982) gives size and strain parameters from Cauchy and Gaussian parts of the Voigt function. It has been pointed out by Balzar and Ledbetter (1993b) that the Warren-Averbach method gives surface-weighted domain sizes and a mean square strain averaged over the same distance perpendicular to the diffracting planes, whereas integral breadth gives volume-weighted domain sizes and an upper limit of strain. Several attempts have also been made to estimate crystal size distribution using the statistical approximation method (Benedetti et al.,1988; Bonetto et al.,1990; Nicolae and Emil, 1990; Espinat et al.,1993). The extent of amorphous scattering in polymer fibres has been estimated by Narten et al.(1991) casting doubts on the accuracy of existing methods of crystal size determinations. Murthy and Minor (1990) and Dokter et al.(1994, 1995) have given general procedures for evaluating amorphous scattering from X-ray diffraction scans of semi-crystalline polymers. Recently, Lee et al.(1995) have estabilished the one-to-one relationship between the structure and property of fibres using wide-angle X-ray scattering studies.
Homogeneous Turbulence Approaching a Wavy Surface
Authors: Sajjadi S G , Hunt J C R , Wong H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An unidirectional turbulent shear flow over a wavy surface affects the turbulence by means of two mechanisms. First, the no-slip condition at the surface produces a mean velocity gradient which interacts with the velocity and the vorticity of the turbulence. Second, the velocity fluctuations of the turbulence must be zero at the wavy wall.
Mutual Transformation of Waves in Smooth Shear Flows
Authors: Rogava A D , Tevzadze A G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this report is to outline a new linear mechanism of mutual transformations of waves in smooth shear flows. The mechanism is closely related to non-normality of linear dynamics of waves in shear flows and is best interpreted in the framework of a nonmodal approach- by tracing of evolution of spatial Fourier harmonics (SFH’s) of waves in time. The core of the phenomenon may be specified as follows: Wave frequency is a certain function (specified by its’ dispersion) of the wave numbers. Mean flow velocity shear results (even in linear approximation) the variation of a wave number(s) of each SFH in time, due to the effect of the shearing background on the wave crest. With this variation it follows that the frequency of SFH varies in time - it “slides along” the dispersion curve of the wave mode. As a result, for definite parameters of the system, if the dispersion curves of the wave modes pass nearby one another, wave frequencies will be closely related in a limited time interval. It is this fact which causes the mutual transformation of the waves in case of a slow variation of waves frequencies. Phenomenon of linear transformation of waves should be realized in a wide variety of terrestrial and astrophysical shear flows and grant significant diversity to processes taking place in these flows.
Application of System Identification Techniques in Wind Wave Modelling
Authors: Cieślikiewicz Witold , Graff Jerzy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this paper the development of a parametric transformation linking the meteorological conditions with the sea response for the southern North Sea region is presented. The method of empirical orthogonal functions and system identification procedures are used to develop the parameterisation. The method of empirical orthogonal functions is applied to the wind velocity field and it is shown that the wind field time history can be adequately represented by the first few principal components. These wind field principal components are used to synthesise the meteorological input for system identification. The system identification procedures are then applied to develop a new efficient form of parametric model linking spatial meteoro logical data with the wind wave field response.
Effects of Waves in both the Surface and Bottom Boundary Layers
Authors: Davies A M , Jones J E , Kwong S C M , Xing J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A brief overview is presented of the influence of turbulence due to wind wave breaking upon wind induced surface currents. The sensitivity of computed surface currents to the parameterization of surface turbulence is initially illustrated using simulations of the wind induced movement of the Ebro plume off the coast of southern Spain, where an experiment is planned to measure surface currents using HF Radar. Subsequently the storm which occurred in the region of the Shetland Islands at the time of the Braer Oil spill, is used to examine surface currents during major storms. The role of wind waves in enhancing bottom stress in shallow water regions, and the effect on the near shore circulation, is illustrated using a high resolution three dimensional model of the Eastern Irish Sea.
Strong Turbulence at a Free Surface
Authors: Brocchini1 M , Peregrine D H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The behaviour of a free surface which is affected by strong turbulence is being studied. We summarise some of the salient points of our work. These include a derivation of averaged boundary conditions which include mass and momentum flows in the surface layer and the transfer to the bulk liquid. There is description of the various free surface regimes that occur and which need to be considered in order to determine suitable closures for the averaged terms.
Homogenization of multi-dimensional structures
Authors: Braides Andrea , Defranceschi Anneliese 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we describe some homogenization processes that may model the macroscopic properties of media whose microscopic behaviour takes lower dimensional or multi-dimensional structures into account. We will show that the method for homogenization described in Chapter 14 can be adapted to the asymptotic analysis of these functionals. In addition to this study, we also have to face the problem of the choice of a proper description of the small-scale functionals themselves, whose natural domain is not the usual Sobolev-space setting. In Sections 24.1 and 24.2 we deal with energies defined on lower-dimensional structures whose homogenization gives rise to integral functionals defined on full dimensional domains. We are going to describe two different and, to some extent, complementary approaches to this problem. We remark that while the limit analysis will be performed in detail, the description of the energies at length scale e is only outlined, leaving some details to the reader. In Section 24.3 we consider energies which describe structures as rods, plates or thin films, where one or more dimensions are negligible with respect to the others. These lower-dimensional energies are obtained by a ┌-limit procedure from (normalized) energies defined on full-dimensional domains contracting to lower-dimensional ones. We treat the case when the full dimensional structures possess in addition a (periodic) cellular structure. For the sake of illustration, we only deal with the simplified case when the period and the ‘thickness ‘ of the structure are on a comparable scale.
Cathepsin H (EC 3.4.22.16)
Authors: Kirschke Heidrun , Barrett Alan J , Rawlings Neil D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1976 Kirschke and co-workers [169] named a lysosomal peptidase cathepsin H. This enzyme was termed L20C21 in 1972 by the same authors [340] and later cathepsin B3 [ 343], because of similarities to cathepsin B (then known as cathepsin B1). Histochemical demonstration by Sylven in 1968 [718] of a thiol-dependent lysosomal enzyme active against Leu-NHNap is now attributable to cathepsin H. In 1975 Davidson and Poole [1372] partially purified an enzyme hydrolysing Bz-Arg-NHNap, but different from cathepsin B, from rat liver lysosomes. This enzyme obviously was cathepsin H. A BANA hydrolase from rat skin described by Jarvinen and Hopsu-Havu in 1975 [1385] was identified in 1985 by immunological methods as cathepsin H [1009]. A benz!ijlarginine-/3-naphthylamide hydrolase isolated from rabbit lung by Singh and Kalnitsky in 1978 [392] was reported to degrade collagen [264] and in 1983 was named cathepsin I by Kalnitsky et al. [1261]. However, in later work by Kirschke and co-workers in 1986 [171], preparations of this enzyme from rabbit lung and rat lung did not show collagenolytic activity, but showed high cross-reactivity with an antibody to cathepsin H from rat liver. There was therefore no reason to retain the name cathepsin I for the enzyme from rabbit lung. The name cathepsin H (EC 3.4.22.16) was recommended by the nomenclature committee of IUB in 1981.
Cathepsin S (EC 3.4.22.27)
Authors: Kirschke Heidrun , Barrett Alan J , Rawlings Neil D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1975 the name cathepsin S was given to a cysteine peptidase purified from bovine lymph nodes by Turnsek and co-workers [402] and in 1981 from spleen by Locnikar et a!. [355]. The enzyme showed similarities to cathepsin L, but differed in a number of respects, including pl, Mn pH stability, activity against synthetic substrates and sensitivity to inhibitors, as shown by Kirschke and Bromme and co-workers, 1984-1989 [93, 170, 172, 346]. In 1991 studies on the
amino acid sequences by Ritonja et al. and \'viederanders and co-workers [1190, 1213] confirmed that cathepsins S and L are different enzymes. The name cathepsin S (EC 3.4.22.27) was recommended by the nomenclature committee of International Cnion of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (IUBMB) in 1992.
Cathepsin S is one of the lysosomal cysteine proteinases known so far to show a restricted tissue distribution. The highest levels have been detected in spleen, sessile lung macrophages and heart [34, 172,295,346, 1141, 1195], but the occurrence of the enzyme has also been described in ileum, brain, thyroid and ovary [1180].
Cathepsin S has been shown to be preferentially expressed in cells of mononuclear-phagocytic origin [1710] and overexpressed in cortical neurones and glia in samples of brain from patients with Alzheimer's disease [1684]. Cells doubly transfected with both p-amyloid precursor protein and cathepsin S, but not with the other cathepsins, secreted high levels of amyloid p-peptides, indicating a function of cathepsin S in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease [1337]. Cathepsin S was also shown to be essential in B cells for effective proteolysis of the invariant chain necessary to render class II molecules competent for binding peptides [1345].
Legumain (EC 3.4.22.34)
Authors: Kirschke Heidrun , Barrett Alan J , Rawlings Neil D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has been known since the initial discovery of Csoma and Polgar in 1984 [1292] that the seeds of several legumes and other plants contain an endopeptidase specific for the hydrolysis of asparaginyl bonds. The enzyme has been termed asparagi!!JI endopeptidase [1259] and vacuolar processing enzyme [1305], but the name recommended by the nomenclature committee of the IUBMB is legumain. Kembhavi et al. [1389] in 1993 isolated legumain from moth bean (Vigna aconitifo!ia) and described a convenient fluorimetric assay in which the substrate was Z-Ala-Ala-Asn-NHMec. The cloning and sequencing of legumain from castor bean [1381] revealed some sequence identities with the 'haemoglobinase', from the blood fluke, Schistosoma mansoni. The parasite enzyme has now been shown also to be an asparaginyl endopeptidase and termed Schistosoma legumain [1638]. In reviewing the cysteine peptidases, Rawlings and Barrett [1187] assigned the number Cl 3 to the peptidase family containing the legume asparaginyl endopeptidase and the Schistosoma endopeptidase. This family shows no relationship to the papain family, Cl, to which all the other lysosomal cysteine proteinases belong. During 1995, the publication of human EST sequences made it clear that the human genome contains a form of legumain. This prompted Barrett and co-workers in 1997 [1783] to clone and sequence the cDNA for human legumain and to isolate and characterize the enzyme from pig kidney, using the assay that they had introduced earlier for the moth bean enzyme. The properties of the mammalian enzyme were so similar to those of the plant and Schistosoma forms that it seems appropriate to retain the same name, leJ,umain, for the mammalian enzyme.
Artefact
Authors: Dudai Yadin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Artefact stems from the Latin ‘something made with skill’, but occasionally, in science, the major skill at stake is how to distinguish an artefact from a natural to boring conclusions gain immortality in obscure journals. But if the news is smashing, for example, that specific memories can be transferred from one individual to another in brain extracts (Babich et al. 1965; Ungar and Oceguera-Navarro 1965), the scientific community does its best to sort the facts out, even if the causes of the artefact, or at least what appears to be an artefact to the contemporary eye, do not always become clear in the process (Byrne et al. 1966; Nicholls et al. 1967; Smalheiser et al. 2001).
Capacity
Authors: Dudai Yadin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pondering the capacity of our memory carries with it the risk of being enslaved to the common *metaphor of memory as a static storehouse (Roediger 1980). This misconception should be avoided at the outset. Furthermore, in the case of the nervous system, even the definition itself evokes cardinal issues: What is the meaning of ‘store’ (definition 1)? Are *internal representations stored as such, reactivated, or reconstructed anew each time they are *retrieved?1 If memory is reconstructed, then the capacity of the system should involve the ability to decompress and recreate information; however, something must eventually be stored as, clearly, the brain does not reconstruct memories from void.
Clever Hans
Authors: Dudai Yadin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hans was purchased by a retired German schoolteacher, Wilhelm von Osten, in 1900 with the aim of reproducing the remarkable behaviour originally noted by von Osten in an earlier Hans. Soon the feats of Hans II over-shadowed those of his predecessor, endowed him with the respectable title ‘Clever Hans’ (Pfungst 1911), and earned him an honourable position in the history of experimental psychology.
Context
Authors: Dudai Yadin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
constant in the course of the experiment, and is hence synonymous with apparatus, environment, and background stimuli (e.g. Lubow and Gewirtz 1995). In *real-life, the background often varies significantly from one moment to another, but still is not usually considered the target of learning or *retrieval. The information about the time and place in which the target was acquired is referred to as ‘source information’. The context itself could, however, become the experimental variable. This is illustrated in a study by Godden and Baddeley (1975), in which divers were instructed to learn word lists both on land and underwater, and subsequently *recall the lists either on land or underwater. After learning on land, recall was better on land, and after learning underwater, recall was better underwater (Figure 20).
Controls
Authors: Dudai Yadin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the Middle Ages ‘control’ meant a ‘duplicate register’, or ‘duplicate roll’ (contra–rotulus in Latin). Rolls were the standard material for writing administrative and financial records (Clanchy 1993), and the duplicate rolls were used by one officer of the law to check upon the rolls of another officer. The transition from the language of bureaucracy and commerce to that of scientific *culture has its roots in the Methods of experimentalinquiry proposed by the British philosopher John Stuart Mill.
Cue
Authors: Dudai Yadin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Cue’ originated in the medieval theatre, and is the spelled name of the letter q, the abbreviation of quand -o, Latin for ‘when’. For a while it was also spelled qu or cu. It meant a signal that prompts another event in the performance, such as the entrance of an actor (Harrison 1998). Cues fulfil fundamental roles in all the paradigms and assays of learning and memory.
Culture
Authors: Dudai Yadin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Culture in Latin meant tilling and husbandry, and cultor was a planter, inhabitant, and worshipper of gods (Cassell’s Concise Latin dictionary 1966). In modern society, the agricultural connotations of culture are largely gone, but the sense of belonging to a physical or virtual niche remains; some kind of worshipping, be it religious or secular, is also often retained. So versatile are the uses and implications of ‘culture’, that dictionaries give up on defining it in a comprehensive manner. ‘Culture’ is widely discussed from different points of views in anthropology, sociology, archaeology, history, political science, critical theory and aesthetics, philosophy, ethology, and socio-biology (Kroeber and Kluckhohn 1963).
Declarative memory
Authors: Dudai Yadin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term ‘declarative memory’, depending on the *context of the discussion, refers to a faculty and experience of memory (definition 1), the material stored and *retrieved (definition 2), and the relevant brain system(s) (definition 3). That part of our memory is directly accessible to conscious recollection but part is not, was first explicitly stated by philosophers (e.g. de Biran 1804; Bergson 1908). Ryle (1949) formulated it as the distinction between ‘knowing that’ and ‘knowing how’. ‘Knowing how’ refers to *skills and procedures, ‘knowing that’ to information that can be ‘declared’, i.e. declarative memory.
Dementia
Authors: Dudai Yadin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The common feature of all the dementias is multiple cognitive deficits that include severe memory impairment, and at least one of the following cognitive disturbances: aphasia (deterioration of language function); apraxia (impaired ability to execute motor activities despite intact sensorimotor function); agnosia (failure to identify objects despite intact sensory function); or disturbance in executive function (the ability to reason, *plan and execute complex behaviour) (DSM-IV 1994). Severe memory impairment in the absence of other cognitive disturbances is *amnesia.
Dimension
Authors: Dudai Yadin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Brains are considered to have evolved in evolution under pressures that were supposed to lead to the selection of faculties beneficial for survival in a limited niche of the universe.2 It is therefore likely, in spite of occasional sparks of unjustified hubris that claim otherwise, that the individual human brain perceives only limited dimensions of nature, in terms of both properties and magnitude. That segment of our physical ambience that is directly accessible to our senses and has shaped our intuition3 can be dubbed, based on its dimensions, as the ‘mesoworld’.
Engram
Authors: Dudai Yadin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The notion that *stimuli produce enduring physical changes in the brain, and that these changes are the basis for memory, has been with us since early times (e.g. see Plato’s etched wax tablets of memory, Theaetetus; *metaphor). About 100 years ago, a German scholar, Richard Semon, termed the material record engraved by a stimulus in living tissue as the ‘engram’ (Semon 1904). The etymological roots of the term are Greek, and it means ‘something converted into writing’. Semon had in mind a rather general theory of experience-experience dependent records in living organisms, which included not only neural but also *developmental and genetic memory in all types of tissue.
Fear conditioning
Authors: Dudai Yadin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Show me a man who is not a slave; one is a slave to lust, another to greed, another to ambition, and all men are slaves to fear’ (Seneca 63–65). Fear drives fundamental responses to the world in individuals and societies alike (Durkheim 1895; Freud 1908). James (1890), influenced by Darwin (1872), considered fear merely as an instinct. He even thought that the need to exercise this instinct had diminished in evolution, and in a some-what naive burst of trust in the virtues of human kind, remarked: ‘…the progress from brute to man is characterized by nothing so much as by the decrease in frequency of proper occasions for fear’ (James 1890).
Homeostasis
Authors: Dudai Yadin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Homeostasis’ stems from Greek, meaning same stand or same state. The term was coined by Cannon: ‘…The coordinated physiological processes which maintain most of the steady states in the organism are so complex and so peculiar to living beings … that I have suggested a special designation for these states, homeostasis. The word does not imply something set and immobile, a stagnation. It means a condition—a condition which may vary, but which is relatively constant’ (Cannon 1932). Antecedents of the concept of ‘homeostasis’ can be traced back to ancient Greece (Adolph 1961).
Homo sapiens sapiens
Authors: Dudai Yadin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Humans are a very popular species in memory research. Over the years, far more memory experiments have been published on humans than on *monkeys, or on all invertebrate species combined. Only rodents still keep an edge in popularity in labs that specialize in the neurobiology of memory, but this could change, with the widespread availability of *functional neuroimaging. And yet, human beings almost always identify themselves with the side of the experimenter, even in situations in which they themselves suffer the fate of the experimental *subject, be it involuntarily in evolution or disease, or voluntarily in the lab. This raises some additional doubts on whether Homo (from ‘earth’ in Latin, a reminder of old myths) is indeed always sapiens (from ‘to be wise to taste’ in Latin, another reminder of a biblical story).