bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exposure versus Susceptibility in the Epidemiology of "Everyday" Beliefs
Authors: Aunger Robert 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis paper shows that epidemiology, an approach developed to study the social communication of biological information, can be instructively applied to the diffusion of "endemic" cultural beliefs. In particular, I examine whether exposure to information (as determined by physical and social access), or susceptibility to belief (a variety of cognitive biases underlying belief adoption) is more important in determining the distribution of food taboos in an oral society from the Democratic Republic of Congo. Matrix regression techniques are used on optimally scaled cultural similarity data to infer which social and psychological characteristics of the participating individuals are correlated with a higher probability of taboo transmission between them. Results indicate that, despite a lack of mechanized transportation, access to information in this population is nearly universal. Constraints on belief adoption rather than on information flow are much more important in determining the intra-cultural distribution of food taboos. At least for one class of taboo, belief susceptibility is a function of an individual's social role rather than any intrinsic quality of the individual or the believability ("virulence") of the cultural trait. Nevertheless, the processes underlying the dissemination of both cultural traits and pathogens, considered as replicating units of information, appear close enough to justify using epidemiology as a common framework for investigating cultural and biological diffusion.
Mate grasping in drosophila pegasa by
Authors: Gronlund Carina , Deangelis Matthew , Pruett-Jones Stephen , Ward Philip , Coyne Jerry 
Published: October 2002

Abstract
Among all species in the genus Drosophila whose sexual behavior has been studied, D. pegasa is unique in that males exhibit no courtship behaviour before they mount females. Instead, the male simply climbs on top of the female and rides on her abdomen ('grasping') for long intervals, often an entire 8-h observation period. In this study we conducted a series of observations and experiments to quantitatively describe grasping behaviour in D. pegasa and examine its relationship to social environment and the reproductive biology of the species. All observed courtship bouts involved grasping behavior, and males always initiated copulation during a grasping bout. The frequency of grasping and the average duration of a single grasping bout increased with the number of flies present. Males often copulated several times during a single grasping bout, and such multiple copulations during a single mounting also appear unique in the genus. Unexpectedly, the number of sperm that a male transferred to a female during a single grasping bout was negatively correlated with the number of copulations. This relationship was apparently due to repeated copulations by males who were unsuccessful at transferring sperm. Multiple copulations without sperm transfer may result from cryptic female choice. Male grasping behaviour in this species appears to have evolved as a substitute for display and courtship behaviours, but possibly also as a mate-guarding behaviour since males continue to grasp after they have successfully transferred sperm. The tarsal claws and pulvillar pads of D. pegasa are disproportionately larger than those of related Drosophila species, evolutionary changes that may facilitate grasping by males.
DISCIPLINARY CONFLICT IN THE STUDY OF RELIGION: ANTHROPOLOGY, SOCIOLOGY, AND "LINES IN THE SAND"
Authors: Spickard James 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis article explores the differences between the anthropological and the sociological approaches to religion as they have developed in the last decades of the twentieth century. Both disciplines are divided between generalizing and particularizing schools—"ethnology" vs "ethnography" to use the anthropologists' preferred terms. Where once the disciplinary affiliation of particularizers/ethnographers determined the content of their studies—anthropologists studying "culture" and sociologists studying "structure"—this division no longer holds. It has been replaced by a division that is simultaneously ethical and epistemological: anthropological ethnography has become post-colonial, while sociological ethnography remains in a largely colonial mode. The article distinguishes these modes and traces their implicit epistemologies to different sets of regulative ideals. Recent anthropology's twin regulative ideals, "truth" and "equality", have led it away from the myth of the anonymous observer to a focus on intercultural dialogue.
The construction of the notion of religion in early modern Europe
Authors: Molnar Attila 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis article traces the construction and use of the notion of "religion" in early modern Europe. The argument is that the concept of "religion" evolved from the medieval ideas of universitas fidelium and conscientia. A look at the writings of Machiavelli and Bodin, as well as the ideas of the English Latitudinarians, reveals that they used the word without reference to theological content and with indifference to theological differences, but, instead, to convey ideas of a common morality for the building of a civil society and a functional statehood.
DEUX FAUSSES LETTRES DE JULIEN L'APOSTAT (LA LETTRE AUX JUIFS, EP. 51 [WRIGHT], ET LA LETTRE À ARSACIUS, EP. 84 [BIDEZ])
Authors: Van Nuffelen Peter 
Published: October 2002

AbstractPratiquement toute collection épistolaire ancienne contient de fausses lettres et le corpus de Julien l'Apostat (361-363) n'y fait pas exception. Deux catégories sont à distinguer. Les lettres inauthentiques sont des lettres originales d'un autre auteur qui ont été introduites plus tard dans la collection sous le nom de Julien. Les lettres de Julien à Jamblique furent, à cet égard, sans doute écrites par un inconnu dans les années 314-19. La lettre de Julien aux Argiens est de deux siècles plus ancienne qu'on ne le croyait en fonction de sa place dans le corpus de l'empereur. La deuxième catégorie comprend les faux purs et simples : un auteur postérieur a imité le style de Julien afin de faire passer un certain message comme étant de l'empereur. Nous étudierons deux cas de ce dernier. D'abord nous démontrerons que la fameuse lettre aux Juifs est fausse. L'authenticité en a été débattue depuis longtemps, sans qu'on ait vu qu'elle reflète la situation juridique d'après 429. Ensuite, alors que l'authenticité de la lettre au grand-prêtre Arsacius n'a jusqu'ici jamais été mise en question, nous croyons cependant être en mesure d'avancer suffisamment d'éléments pour au moins ouvrir le dossier. À notre avis elle trahit la main d'un chrétien de la première moitié du cinquième siècle.
Metastable Si-Fe phases in hydrothermal sediments of Atlantis II Deep, Red Sea
Authors: Taitel-Goldman N. , Singer A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAmorphous silicate sediments comprise most of the upper part of the sedimentary column of the Atlantis II Deep, whereas more crystalline phases are found in the lower part. The objective of this study was to focus on the newly-formed, metastable, hydrothermal phases, that eventually transform into clays or Fe oxides.Short-range ordered Si-Fe phases (Si/Fe = 0.2 0.6) rounded to elliptical in shape, and amorphous Si-Fe platy phases (Si/Fe = 0.09 pure Si) comprise some of the amorphous sediments in Atlantis II Deep. The rounded particles have distinct electron-dense (thicker, relatively ordered) margins and a less crystalline inner core. They have rhombohedral symmetry with unit-cell parameters of a= 0.504 nm and c= 1.08 nm. They presumably transform into crystalline clay minerals in statunascendi(at the formative stage) in the sediments. Synthesis in NaCl brines designed to simulate crystallization of the rounded particles, was performed successfully. Similar rounded phases (Si/Fe = 0.26) were synthesized under saline, neutral, hydrothermal conditions (40°C, pH 7, 2 M NaCl) with initial Si/Fe = 1.5. We suggest that the metastable rounded particles precipitate from the hot brine created by the encounter between Red Sea Deep Water and the hydrothermal brine underneath. Within a few thousands years they disintegrate and transform into clay minerals, probably nontronite.
Activation-induced cell death of aggressive histology lymphomas by CD40 stimulation: induction of bax
Authors: Szocinski Jamie L. , Khaled Annette R. , Hixon Julie , Halverson Douglas , Funakoshi Satoshi , Fanslow William C. , Boyd Ann , Taub Dennis D. , Durum Scott K. , Siegall Clay B. , Longo Dan L. , Murphy William J. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractCD40 is present on both normal and neoplastic B-lineage cells. CD40 stimulation of normal B cells has been shown to promote normal growth and differentiation, whereas aggressive histology B lymphomas are growth inhibited. The inhibition of neoplastic B-cell growth is believed to occur via activation-induced cell death in which stimuli that typically promote the growth of normal cells prevent the growth of their neoplastic counterparts. We show here that CD40 stimulation using either a soluble recombinant human CD40 ligand (srhCD40L) or anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody resulted in apoptosis of human Burkitt lymphoma cell lines. Additional studies examining the mechanism of CD40-mediated death revealed an increase in bax messenger RNA with a subsequent increase in Bax protein in the mitochondria of the treated cells. In vitro exposure of the cells to bax antisense oligonucleotides resulted in a significant decline in Bax protein levels and partial protection from CD40-mediated death, indicating that induction of Bax was at least one mechanism underlying this inhibitory effect of CD40 stimulation on lymphomas. When immunodeficient mice bearing Burkitt lymphoma were treated with srhCD40L, significant increases in survival were observed indicating a direct antitumor effect as a result of CD40 stimulation in vivo. Overall, these results demonstrate that CD40 ligation of aggressive histology B-lymphoma cells results in inhibition both in vitro and in vivo and thus may be of potential clinical use in their treatment.
Dendritic cells are functionally defective in multiple myeloma: the role of interleukin-6
Authors: Ratta Marina , Fagnoni Francesco , Curti Antonio , Vescovini Rosanna , Sansoni Paolo , Oliviero Barbara , Fogli Miriam , Ferri Elisa , Della Cuna Gioacchino Robustelli , Tura Sante , Baccarani Michele , Lemoli Roberto M. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe studied concentration, phenotype, and function of peripheral blood (PB) dendritic cells (DCs) from patients with multiple myeloma (MM). The absolute number of circulating precursors of myeloid and plasmacytoid DCs was significantly lower in MM patients than in healthy subjects. After maturation, PBDCs from MM patients showed significantly lower expression of HLA-DR, CD40, and CD80 antigens and impaired induction of allogeneic T-cell proliferation compared with controls. Remarkably, they were not capable of presenting the patient-specific tumor idiotype to autologous T cells. Conversely, DCs generated in vitro from CD14+ monocytes from the same patients, and PBDCs freshly isolated from healthy donors efficiently stimulated allogeneic and autologous T cells. To clarify the mechanism of PBDC deficiency in MM, we investigated the effects of the main plasma cell growth factor, interleukin-6 (IL-6), on the development of DCs from CD34+ cells. IL-6 inhibited the colony growth of CD34+ DC progenitors and switched the commitment of CD34+ cells from DCs to CD14+CD1a−CD86−CD80− CD40±HLA-DR ± monocytic cells exerting potent phagocytic activity but no antigen-presentation capacity. This effect was reversed by anti–IL-6 antibodies. Growing CD34+ cells in the presence of autologous serum (without IL-6) also suppressed the development of functional DCs. This study demonstrates that PBDCs from MM patients are functionally defective, partially because of IL-6–mediated inhibition of development. This brings into question the advisability of using PBDCs as antigen carriers for immunotherapy trials in MM. The results also suggest a novel mechanism whereby myeloma cells escape immune recognition.
Response of hairy cells to IFN-α involves induction of apoptosis through autocrine TNF-α and protection by adhesion
Authors: Baker Peter K. , Pettitt Andrew R. , Slupsky Joseph R. , Chen Hai J. , Glenn Mark A. , Zuzel Mirko , Cawley John C. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAlthough hairy cell leukemia is uniquely sensitive to interferon-α (IFN-α), the biologic basis for this phenomenon remains unclear. Here we examine the effects of IFN-α on cultured hairy cells (HCs), taking into account the possible modifying influence of cell adhesion. We make the novel observation that therapeutic concentrations of IFN-α kill nonadherent HCs by inducing apoptosis. In keeping with the persistence of HCs in tissues during therapy, such killing was inhibited by integrin-mediated adhesion to vitronectin or fibronectin. Exposure of HCs to IFN-α resulted in a marked increase in tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) secretion. Furthermore, blocking antibodies to TNF-RI or TNF-RII protected HCs from IFN-α–induced apoptosis, demonstrating that such killing was mediated by TNF-α. In the absence of IFN-α, exogenous TNF-α did not induce HC apoptosis, showing that IFN-α sensitized HCs to the proapoptotic effect of autocrine TNF-α. This sensitization to TNF-α–induced killing was attributable to suppression of IAP (inhibitors of apoptosis) production known to be regulated by the cytoprotective nuclear factor–κB–dependent arm of TNF-α signaling. Moreover, engagement of the receptors for fibronectin or vitronectin prevented this IFN-α–induced down-regulation of IAPs. Understanding of the signals involved in the combined effects of IFN-α and TNF-α and abrogation of those induced by integrin engagement offers the possibility of sensitizing other malignant cells to IFN-α–induced killing and thereby extending the therapeutic use of this cytokine.
Does treatment with intermittent infusions of intravenous anti-D allow a proportion of adults with recently diagnosed immune thrombocytopenic purpura to avoid splenectomy?
Authors: Cooper Nichola , Woloski B. Michael R. , Fodero Erin M. , Novoa Maria , Leber Melissa , Beer Juerg H. , Bussel James B. 
Published: October 2002

Abstract
This study explored whether repeated infusions of intravenous anti-D could allow adults with recently diagnosed immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) who had failed an initial steroid course to postpone and ultimately avoid splenectomy. Twenty-eight Rh+, nonsplenectomized adults with ITP diagnosed within 1 to 11 months and platelet counts 30 × 109/L (30 000/μL) or below were enrolled. Anti-D was infused whenever the platelet count decreased to 30 × 109/L (30 000/μL) or below. “Response” was defined as a platelet increase of more than 20 × 109/L (20 000/μL) to more than 30 × 109/L (30 000/μL) within 7 days of treatment. Patients were a median 3.5 months from ITP diagnosis at enrollment and had received a median of 2 previous therapies, including prednisone in 26 of 28 cases. They were followed for a median 26 months. A total of 93% responded to their initial infusion of anti-D, and 68% repeatedly responded with counts maintained above 30 × 109/L (30 000/μL) using anti-D alone. Currently, 12 (43%) of 28 patients have been off all treatment for more than 6 months without undergoing splenectomy, 6 maintaining counts above 100 × 109/L (100 000/μL). Seven continue on treatment, 8 underwent splenectomy, and 1 was lost to follow-up at 10 months. One patient discontinued anti-D because of toxicity. Patients with platelet counts at least 14 × 109/L (14 000/μL) at enrollment were more likely to discontinue treatment (P &lt; .05). Anti-D was an effective maintenance treatment for two thirds of Rh+, nonsplenectomized adults with ITP who had failed an initial steroid course. Intermittent infusions of intravenous anti-D allowed more than 40% of these adults to avoid splenectomy and to achieve stable platelet counts off all therapy, even after many months of treatment. Platelet count at study entry was the primary predictor of outcome.
Shear-dependent morphology of von Willebrand factor bound to immobilized collagen
Authors: Novák Levente , Deckmyn Hans , Damjanovich Sándor , Hársfalvi Jolán 
Published: October 2002

Abstract
We have developed an immunogold von Willebrand factor (VWF) detection method that permits almost complete coverage of individual VWF molecules, and by this unequivocal localization and morphologic analysis of collagen-bound VWF by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Perfusion of gel filtration–purified VWF in parallel plate perfusion chambers over glass coverslips coated with calf skin collagen, followed by AFM imaging in air, enabled us to assess possible morphologic differences between VWF bound at low (0.07 N/m2 = 0.7 dynes/cm2) and high (4.55 N/m2 = 45.5 dynes/cm2) shear stresses. No significant differences in VWF morphology were found, the molecules were oriented almost randomly, and there were no clear signs of VWF “uncoiling” either at a high or at a low shear regime. After perfusing 1 μg/mL VWF for 5 minutes, surface coverage at high shear was almost twice the one seen at low shear, and some larger and more irregularly shaped VWF molecules could be seen at high shear. This difference disappeared, however, at 15 minutes of perfusion and was probably caused by diffusion kinetics. Moreover, the presence of 68 × 109/L washed fixed platelets in the perfusate did not have any visible effect on VWF morphology at high versus low shear stress. These findings suggest that shear stress does not influence significantly the overall molecular morphology of VWF during its binding to collagen-coated surface and are consistent with a constitutively expressed affinity of collagen-bound VWF for glycoprotein Ib.
Identification of a tightly regulated hypoxia-response element in the promoter of human plasminogen activator inhibitor–1
Authors: Fink Trine , Kazlauskas Arunas , Poellinger Lorenz , Ebbesen Peter , Zachar Vladimir 
Published: October 2002

AbstractPlasminogen activator inhibitor–1 (PAI-1) plays a key role in control of coagulation and tissue remodeling and has been shown to be regulated by a number of cell stimuli, among those hypoxia. In this study we characterize the hypoxia-mediated induction of PAI-1 in human hepatoma cell line HepG2. We found that PAI-1 is tightly regulated in a narrow oxygen gradient. After incubation at oxygen concentrations of 1% to 2%, a 60-fold increase in PAI-1 messenger RNA levels was observed, whereas mild hypoxic conditions of more than 3.5% did not appear to induce transcription. Moreover, increased levels of PAI-1 protein were observed after incubation at low oxygen tensions. Through sequence analysis, several putative hypoxia-response elements (HREs 1-5) were identified in the human PAI-I promoter. Reporter gene assays showed that the HRE-2 (−194 to −187) was necessary and sufficient for the hypoxia-mediated response. By electrophoretic mobility assay we observed hypoxia-dependent binding of a protein complex to the HRE-2 motif. Further analysis demonstrated that HRE-2 was specifically recognized by the hypoxia-inducible transcription factor 1α–arylhydrocarbon nuclear translocator complex. Taken together, our data demonstrate that hypoxia-induced transcription is mediated through HIF-1 interaction with the HRE-2 site of the human PAI-1 promoter.
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)–C signaling through FLT-4 (VEGFR-3) mediates leukemic cell proliferation, survival, and resistance to chemotherapy
Authors: Dias Sergio , Choy Margaret , Alitalo Kari , Rafii Shahin 
Published: October 2002

AbstractSimilar to solid tumors, growth of leukemias may also be angiogenesis dependent. Furthermore, tyrosine kinase receptors specific to endothelial cells are expressed on certain subsets of leukemias. We have previously demonstrated the existence of a VEGF/VEGFR-2 autocrine loop on leukemic cells that supports their growth and migration. Here, we demonstrate that in response to leukemia-derived proangiogenic and proinflammatory cytokines such as basic fibroblast growth factor and IL-1, endothelial cells release increasing amounts of another vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family member, VEGF-C. In turn, interaction of VEGF-C with its receptor VEGFR-3 (FLT-4) promotes leukemia survival and proliferation. We demonstrate in 2 cell lines and 5 FLT-4+ leukemias that VEGF-C and a mutant form of the molecule that lacks the KDR-binding motif induce receptor phosphorylation, leukemia proliferation, and increased survival, as determined by increased Bcl-2/Bax ratios. Moreover, VEGF-C protected leukemic cells from the apoptotic effects of 3 chemotherapeutic agents. Because most leukemic cells release proangiogenic as well as proinflammatory cytokines, our data suggest that the generation of a novel paracrine angiogenic loop involving VEGF-C and FLT-4 may promote the survival of a subset of leukemias and protect them from chemotherapy-induced apoptosis. These results identify the VEGF-C/FLT-4 pathway as a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of subsets of acute leukemia.
Tumor cell dissemination in follicular lymphoma
Authors: Oeschger Sabine , Bräuninger Andreas , Küppers Ralf , Hansmann Martin-Leo 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe derivation of follicular lymphomas (FLs) from germinal centers is not only supported by their morphologic appearance with a nodular growth pattern and a germinal center–like cellular composition, but also by the presence of ongoing somatic hypermutation (a germinal center B cell–specific process) during their clonal expansion. The intraclonal sequence diversity of the tumor cells and their follicular growth pattern allows one to analyze lymphoma cell dissemination and the way the tumor “metastasizes” to distinct follicles. In the present study, we analyzed individual follicles of 3 FLs by micromanipulation of single cells from individual lymphoma follicles and amplification of immunoglobulin V region genes. Genealogical trees for the VH and the VL gene rearrangements were constructed to analyze the clonal relationship among individual cells of 3 distinct follicles of each case. In all 3 cases there is evidence that distinct tumor follicles are founded by many tumor cells, suggesting that there is extensive migration of the tumor cells among follicles. The observation that the tumor cells of FLs retain their follicular growth patterns despite this cellular migration supports the idea that they depend on the follicular microenvironment for their clonal expansion.
Regression of lymphoproliferative disorder after treatment for hepatitis C virus infection in a patient with partial trisomy 3, Bcl-2 overexpression, and type II cryoglobulinemia
Authors: Casato Milvia , Mecucci Cristina , Agnello Vincent , Fiorilli Massimo , Knight Glenn B. , Matteucci Caterina , Gao Lei , Kay Jonathan 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA patient with type II cryoglobulinemic vasculitis and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection presented with a leukemiclike proliferation of B cells bearing marginal zone B-cell phenotypic markers. A partial trisomy 3 (bands 3q11–29) and overexpression of Bcl-2 without t(14;18) translocation was detected in the monoclonal B cells that were classic rheumatoid factor–producing B cells bearing the WA cross-idiotype. Treatment with interferon-α produced a complete clinical remission and synchronous marked decreases in viremia and monoclonal B-cell prevalence. This is the first report of partial trisomy 3 and Bcl-2 overexpression in type II cryoglobulinemic vasculitis associated with HCV infection. Further studies of HCV-infected patients with and without type II cryoglobulinemia are required to determine the prevalence and possible physiologic and/or pathophysiologic significance of these findings.