bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oviposition behaviour and patch‐time allocation in two aphid parasitoids exposed to deltamethrin residues
Authors: Desneux Nicolas , Wajnberg Eric , Fauvergue Xavier , Privet Sophie , Kaiser Laure 
Published: September 2004

AbstractNeurotoxic insecticides are widely used for crop protection. One consequence is that changes in behaviour can be expected in surviving beneficial insects because of an impairment of host perception and motor abilities. Under laboratory conditions, we studied the impact of deltamethrin, a pyrethroid, on the oviposition behaviour of two hymenopterous parasitoids of aphids, Aphidius matricariae (Haliday) and Diaeretiella rapae (McIntosh) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). They both parasitize Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Homoptera: Aphididae), which is the preferred host of A. matricariae, regardless of the host plant, whereas D. rapae is a major parasitoid of aphids on Cruciferae crops, including M. persicae. After exposure to deltamethrin, the different items of oviposition behaviour and the total time spent on the patch were recorded. The results showed that the patch time allocation by both parasitoid species was not significantly affected by deltamethrin treatment, when compared with the controls. Nor were the frequencies and sequences of behavioural items modified (e.g., frequency of sting). It therefore appeared that the patch use of A. matricariae and D. rapae on new colonies of M. persicae was not disturbed by deltamethrin at the three doses tested. The possibility that parasitoid strains are partially tolerant to deltamethrin is discussed.
India's Silicon Valley or Silicon Valley's India? Socially Embedding the Computer Software Industry in Bangalore
Authors: Parthasarathy Balaji 
Published: September 2004

Since the 1980s, the changing character of the Indian state has allowed it to move away from a highly regulated, autarkic development model to pursue lighter regulation and closer integration with the global economy. This move created the incentives for India‚s emergence as a leading software exporter. Within India, Bangalore emerged as the leading software–producing region and the large number of domestic and foreign firms there has led to popular references to it as India‚s Silicon Valley. This essay, however, argues that referring to Bangalore as Silicon Valley‚s India is more appropriate, as it struggles to transform itself from a region that develops software for global markets to one that defines new products and technologies. Driving the growth of the Indian software industry is the export of labour–intensive services, while the relatively small and slow–growing domestic market has limited the nurturing of original ideas. The essay explains the limitations in terms of social constraints on the state despite its changed character. The analysis of how changing state–society relations have shaped the software industry in Bangalore provides a means of addressing debates on the importance of social embeddedness in agglomeration and late industrialization in newly industrializing countries.Depuis les années 1980 et le changement de nature de l'Etat indien, ce dernier s'éloigne d'un modèle de développement autarcique très réglementé, allant vers un contrô le allégé et une intégration plus étroite à l'économie mondiale. Cette évolution a suscité des mesures d'incitation favorisant l'émergence de l'Inde comme premier exportateur de logiciels. Dans le pays, c'est la région de Bangalore qui est en tête de la production de logiciels, et la concentration d'entreprises nationales et étrangères y est connue sous le nom de `Silicon Valley indienne'. Pourtant, `l'Inde de la Silicon Valley' conviendrait mieux, puisque la région s'efforce de passer du développement de logiciels destinés à des marchés mondiaux à la définition de nouveaux produits et technologies. La dynamique du secteur indien des logiciels tient a` l'exportation de services demandeurs de main‐d'uvre, tandis que le marché intérieur, relativement restreint et à croissance lente, a limité les sources d'idées originales. L'article explique les limitations en termes de contraintes sociales sur l'Etat malgré sa nouvelle nature. Analyser comment les relations Etat‐société et leur évolution ont modelé l'industrie des logiciels à Bangalore permet ainsi d'aborder le débat sur l'importance de l'intégration sociale dans une agglomération et une industrialisation tardive propres aux pays d'industrie récente.
Therapeutic and non‐therapeutic interpersonal interactions: the patient's perspective
Authors: Williams Anne M , Irurita Vera F 
Published: September 2004

Background.  This research arose from a concern that the recovery of patients was being hindered by a lack of understanding and emphasis on psychosocial care during hospitalization.Aims and objectives.  This paper describes some of the findings from a study that was undertaken to explore and describe, from the perspective of hospitalized patients in Western Australia, the perceived therapeutic effect of interpersonal interactions that were experienced during hospitalization.Design.  Grounded theory method.Methods.  Interviews were conducted with 40 patients who were, or who recently had been, hospitalized. Seventy‐eight hours of participant observation were also performed and during that time patients and nurses were observed and informally interviewed. Relevant documentation such as nursing care plans and patient notes were also reviewed.Results.  Emotional comfort was identified as a therapeutic state that patients perceived as enhancing their recovery. Personal control was found to be a central feature of emotional comfort and this accounted for the way in which patients interpreted therapeutic and non‐therapeutic interpersonal interactions that they encountered during hospitalization. This paper will describe the conditions that patients perceived had either promoted or inhibited their emotional comfort. These were identified as the level of security, level of knowing and level of personal value. These conditions had been affected by the interpersonal interactions that had been experienced. The characteristics of therapeutic and non‐therapeutic interpersonal interactions will be described.Conclusions.  The results from this study provide further insight into and understanding of the therapeutic effect of psychosocial aspects of patient care. Specifically, these results emphasize the importance that patients in hospital place on all the interpersonal interactions that they experience during hospitalization.Relevance to clinical practice.  The identification of the characteristics of interpersonal interactions that facilitated emotional comfort provides directions for enhancing the therapeutic potential of all interpersonal interactions experienced by patients in hospital.
Weed dynamics in the Mediterranean urban ecosystem: ecology, biodiversity and management
Authors: Benvenuti S 
Published: September 2004

SummaryThis paper presents a review of weed dynamics in the Mediterranean urban ecosystem, seen both in an ecological and biological perspective and also in relation to the interaction between human activity and the survival strategies of the various phytocoenoses. Although generalizations on urban weeds cannot easily be drawn on account of the wide range of microenvironments, anemochoric dissemination mechanisms (Asteraceae), resilience (grasses) and perennation are of particular importance. The reasons underlying the undesirability of weeds in the urban environment are investigated. Not only are weeds considered unsightly, but they may also give rise to ‘functional’ obstacles, damaging sidewalks or clogging storm drains. Furthermore, they may adversely affect human health by releasing allergenic pollen into the atmosphere. Management of urban weeds is based almost exclusively on mechanical control, as chemical measures may involve a toxicity risk for man. Paradoxically, certain weeds species may however have a positive effect if they are linked to fauna (butterflies, birds, etc.) considered to give a favourable impression in the cityscape. Finally, the possibility of favouring the biodiversity of the urban ecosystem by introducing some wildflowers typically associated with the degree of biodiversity of the surrounding environment is discussed.
Spatial distribution of Lolium rigidum seedlings following seed dispersal by combine harvesters
Authors: Blanco‐Moreno J M , Chamorro L , Masalles R M , Recasens J , Sans F X 
Published: September 2004

SummaryThis paper considers the relationships between the dispersal of seeds and the distribution pattern of an annual weed. A comparative study of seed dispersal by combine harvesters, with and without a straw chopper attached, was established using Lolium rigidum, a common weed in Mediterranean cereal crops. Seed dispersal distance was quantified and the relationships between dispersal and fine‐scale seedling distribution evaluated. Primary dispersal of L. rigidum seeds occurs in a very limited space around the parent plants, but the density of seed is low because most seeds do not fall from spikes spontaneously. In contrast, many seeds are spread by combine harvesters. In this study the maximum dispersal exceeded 18 m from established stands in cereal fields, although the modal distance was close to the origin. In addition, the action of the combine harvesters tended to accumulate L. rigidum seeds predominantly under the straw swath, with some lateral movement. This action could explain the fine‐scale banded pattern of L. rigidum in cereal fields. Although the treatment of straw by the standard and straw chopper combines differed, the resultant seed distribution showed few differences.
Epidemiology of childhood psoriasis: a study of 419 patients from northern India
Authors: Kumar Bhushan , Jain Rajesh , Sandhu Kamaldeep , Kaur Inderjeet , Handa Sanjeev 
Published: September 2004

AbstractBackground  We undertook this study in order to determine the pattern and prevalence of childhood psoriasis in northern India and to highlight the differences and similarities with previous studies.Materials and methods  In this retrospective epidemiologic study, the data from 419 children (less than 14 years of age) with psoriasis registered at the Psoriasis Clinic between January 1990 and December 2002 were included.Results  The 419 children registered at the Psoriasis Clinic constituted 0.3% of the dermatology outpatients and 12.5% of the total psoriasis patients seen over a period of 13 years in the department. There were 219 (52.2%) boys and 200 (47.7%) girls, with a male to female ratio of 1.09 : 1. The age of onset ranged from 4 days to 14 years. The mean age of onset was 8.1 ± 2.1 years in boys and 9.3 ± 2.3 years in girls. The peak age of onset in boys was in the 6–10‐year age group, whereas the majority of girls showed an onset of psoriasis between the ages of 10 and 14 years. A positive family history was present in only 19 (4.5%) patients. The extensors of the legs were the most common initial site affected [105 (25%) cases], followed by the scalp [87 (20.7%)]. Classical plaque psoriasis was the most frequent clinical presentation [254 (60.6%) patients], followed by plantar psoriasis [54 (12.8%)]. Nail involvement was observed in 130 (31%) cases. All types of nail changes described in psoriasis were seen in these patients. Pitting was the most common nail change, followed by ridging and discoloration. Five children (1.1%) (three girls and two boys) had psoriatic arthropathy. Precipitating factors that brought about the onset of the disease or were associated with exacerbation could be recalled in only 28 (6.6%) patients. Koebnerization was observed in 27.9% of patients. Pruritus was the most frequent symptom, reported by 365 (87.1%) children. Twenty‐seven (6.4%) children had other concurrent mucocutaneous diseases (vitiligo, pityriasis alba, alopecia areata, ichthyosis vulgaris, halo nevus, aphthous stomatitis, urticaria, pityriasis versicolor, nummular eczema, salmon patch, and verrucous epidermal nevus). Eighteen children had systemic disorders, including seizures, bronchial asthma, mitral regurgitation, scleroderma, Down's syndrome, high arched palate, cholelithiasis, anterior mongoloid slant, and prognathism; however, these conditions were possibly chance findings only and no correlation with the age of onset or severity of the disease was found.Conclusions  Our findings differ from those of previous studies in showing a delayed onset, equal sex distribution, less frequent facial involvement, uncommon guttate lesions, more frequent involvement of the soles, and a less frequent history of familial occurrence.
Invasion ofAgavespecies (Agavaceae) in south‐east Spain: invader demographic parameters and impacts on native species
Authors: Badano Ernesto I. , Pugnaire Francisco I. 
Published: September 2004

ABSTRACTSeveral mechanisms have been proposed to explain the success of invasive species in new environments. A species may become invasive when a new site provides the potential for positive rates of population growth. This may be the case of severalAgavespecies introduced to Spain in the 1940s. In this paper we document factors that promote large increases of populations of these species, and their effects on native plant communities in two sites of SE Spain. Results showed higher rhizome and bulbil production, and higher establishment rates by agaves in sandy soils than in clay soils. In their native habitats, agaves have low establishment rates and sandy soils are rare. This suggests that sandy soils are an opportunity which releases the clonal reproduction ofAgave. The effects of agaves on the physiological performance and reproduction of native species were negative, positive or neutral, depending on the size and rooting depth of neighbours. Assemblages of native species growing withinAgavestands had lower diversity than non‐invaded sites. Our data show thatAgavestands have positive growth rates in SE Spain, and suggest that sandy soils are a niche dimension enhancing the invasion in these new habitats.
Predicting rapid invasion of the Florida Everglades by Old World Climbing Fern (Lygodium microphyllum)
Authors: Volin John C. , Lott Michael S. , Muss Jordan D. , Owen Dianne 
Published: September 2004

ABSTRACT Lygodium microphyllum (Cav.) R. Br. (Lygodiaceae) is a climbing fern that is becoming one of the worst non‐indigenous invasive plant species in the greater Everglades ecosystem of southern Florida, USA. We examined the fern across a range of scales including the seasonality of its spore production, its height growth within infested sites and its community ecology. These attributes, combined with a series of aerial transects that identified L. microphyllum infestations across southern Florida, were used to develop a spatial model to predict its future spread in the Everglades landscape. The model shows that this non‐indigenous invader could become widely established throughout the Everglades by 2014. Although several factors, such as release from natural enemies, may help explain the invasion success of L. microphyllum, it appears likely that traits related to its reproduction, such as propagule pressure, and its ability to grow in a low‐light understorey environment, may be among the most important in explaining its ability to invade both disturbed and undisturbed areas far from source populations.
Predicting patterns of non‐native plant invasions in Yosemite National Park, California, USA
Authors: Underwood Emma C. , Klinger Rob , Moore Peggy E. 
Published: September 2004

ABSTRACTOne of the major issues confronting management of parks and reserves is the invasion of non‐native plant species. Yosemite National Park is one of the largest and best‐known parks in the United States, harbouring significant cultural and ecological resources. Effective management of non‐natives would be greatly assisted by information on their potential distribution that can be generated by predictive modelling techniques. Our goal was to identify key environmental factors that were correlated with the percent cover of non‐native species and then develop a predictive model using the Genetic Algorithm for Rule‐set Production technique. We performed a series of analyses using community‐level data on species composition in 236 plots located throughout the park. A total of 41 non‐native species were recorded which occurred in 23.7% of the plots. Plots with non‐natives occurred most frequently at low‐ to mid‐elevations, in flat areas with other herbaceous species. Based on the community‐level results, we selected elevation, slope, and vegetation structure as inputs into the GARP model to predict the environmental niche of non‐native species. Verification of results was performed using plot data reserved from the model, which calculated the correct prediction of non‐native species occurrence as 76%. The majority of the western, lower‐elevation portion of the park was predicted to have relatively low levels of non‐native species occurrence, with highest concentrations predicted at the west and south entrances and in the Yosemite Valley. Distribution maps of predicted occurrences will be used by management to: efficiently target monitoring of non‐native species, prioritize control efforts according to the likelihood of non‐native occurrences, and inform decisions relating to the management of non‐native species in postfire environments. Our approach provides a valuable tool for assisting decision makers to better manage non‐native species, which can be readily adapted to target non‐native species in other locations.
Beautés fatales: Acanthaceae species as invasive alien plants on tropical Indo‐Pacific Islands
Authors: Meyer Jean‐Yves , Lavergne Christophe 
Published: September 2004

ABSTRACTMost, if not all, alien plant species of the family Acanthaceae (acanths) found in tropical islands were intentionally introduced as garden ornamentals, because of their showy coloured flowers, bracts or leaves. Some have ‘escaped’ gardens and have naturalized in human‐disturbed areas as weeds, adventives, or ruderal species. A few species have successfully invaded secondary and relatively undisturbed native wet forests. This paper reviews the naturalized alien acanths in tropical islands, and focuses on the currently invasive and potentially invasive species. This study is based on recent (1994–2004) botanical surveys and field observations conducted in several tropical oceanic islands of the Pacific and Indian Oceans, and on bibliographical searches of other tropical islands and countries. A total of 52 acanth species are naturalized in the Indo‐Pacific islands; 26 of them are native to Asia, 18 to tropical America, and only 8 to Africa. The number of naturalized acanths in selected tropical oceanic and continental islands varied from 7 to 25 species and the rate of naturalized acanths (number of naturalized species/number of introduced species) from 27% to 62%. We recorded eight major invasive species: the erect herbs or shrubs Justicia carnea, Odontonema strictum, Phlogacanthus turgidus, Sanchezia speciosa and Strobilanthes hamiltonianus form dense monospecific thickets in the understorey of wet forests; the woody vine Thunbergia grandiflora smothers native trees; the creeping herb Hemigraphis alternata forms dense carpets that totally cover the ground; and the herb Ruellia brevifolia colonizes the understorey of closed‐canopy wet forest. We also discuss eight potentially or incipient invasive acanths which are subspontaneous or sparingly naturalized, but which are not yet considered invasive. Most of the currently invasive acanths are sterile, the lack of fruit production being explained by the absence of pollinators and/or to their particular floral structure and reproduction modes. They reproduce vegetatively by stem fragmentation or by root suckers, and their range expansion is thus relatively slow. Their success may be attributed to their long (50–100 years) residence times, and long‐distance dispersal by humans. Many potentially invasive acanths are newly introduced ornamentals that produce seeds, thus constituting potentially greater threats. The Acanthaceae is not yet recognized as an ‘aggressive’ plant family (e.g. compared to the Fabaceae, Melastomataceae, Poaceae, or Rosaceae). It is, however, one of the most popular ornamental families in the Tropics, and should receive more attention because of the increasing number of current and incipient invasive species found in tropical islands.
Conifers as invasive aliens: a global survey and predictive framework
Authors: Richardson David M. , Rejmánek Marcel 
Published: September 2004

ABSTRACTWe summarize information on naturalized and invasive conifers (class Pinopsida) worldwide (data from 40 countries, some with remote states/territories), and contrast these findings with patterns for other gymnosperms (classes Cycadopsida, Gnetopsida and Ginkgoopsida) and for woody angiosperms. Eighty conifer taxa (79 species and one hybrid; 13% of species) are known to be naturalized, and 36 species (6%) are ‘invasive’. This categorization is based on objective and conservative criteria relating to consistency of reproduction, distance of spread from founders, and degree of reliance on propagules from the founder population for persistence in areas well outside the natural range of species. Twenty‐eight of the known invasive conifers belong to one family (Pinaceae) and 21 of these are in one genus (Pinus). The Cupressaceae (including Taxodiaceae) has six known invasive species (4%) in four genera, but the other four conifer families have none. There are also no known invasive species in classes Cycadopsida, Gnetopsida or Ginkgoopsida. No angiosperm family comprising predominantly trees and shrubs has proportionally as many invasive species as the Pinaceae.Besides the marked taxonomic bias in favour of Pinaceae, and Pinus in particular, invasiveness in conifers is associated with a syndrome of life‐history traits: small seed mass (< 50 mg), short juvenile period (< 10 year), and short intervals between large seed crops. Cryptomeria japonica, Larix decidua, Picea sitchensis, Pinus contorta, Pinus strobus, and Pseudotsuga menziesii exemplify this syndrome. Many rare and endangered conifer species exhibit opposite characters. These results are consistent with earlier predictions made using a discriminant function derived from attributes of invasive and noninvasive Pinus species. Informative exceptions are species with small seeds (< 4 mg, e.g. Chamaecyparis spp., Pinus banksiana, Tsuga spp. — mostly limited to wet/mineral substrates) or otherwise ‘non‐invasive’ characters (e.g. large seeds, fleshy fruits, e.g. Araucaria araucana, Pinus pinea, Taxus baccata that are dependent on vertebrates for seed dispersal). Most conifers do not require coevolved mutualists for pollination and seed dispersal. Also, many species can persist in small populations but have the genetic and reproductive capacity to colonize and increase population size rapidly. The underlying mechanisms mediating conifer invasions are thus easier to discern than is the case for most angiosperms. Further information is needed to determine the extent to which propagule pressure (widespread dissemination, abundant plantings, long history of cultivation) can compensate for low ‘inherent invasiveness’.