bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Abstract Labour and Capital
Authors: Kay Geoffrey 
Published: July 2005

AbstractAs soon as he had observed labour to be ‘first of all, a process between man and nature', Marx turned to conscious determination. ‘Man not only affects a change of form in the materials of nature, he also realises his own purpose in these materials. And this is a purpose he is conscious of. It is purpose which distinguishes labour from the activities of animals. Marx called the purposive character of labour ‘an exclusively human characteristic’ and the term indicates its fundamental importance in his thought. As it is purposive activity, so labour is ‘a specific productive activity appropriate to its purpose, a productive activity that assimilate[s] particular natural materials to a particular human requirement'.3 Since ends are specific by definition, this has to be the case, and neither absence of skill nor indifference effect the issue one way or the other. Work does not cease to be particular (i) because it demands no special capacities - tightening screws and stacking shelves do not stop being different kinds of activity by virtue of the fact that anyone can perform them; or (ii) because no store its set by its distinctive qualities. In its accounts, capital may treat different kinds of labour uniformly as a cost of production, but this does not alter the fact that the labour it employs comprises different types of labour: ‘the fact that the production of use-values or goods is carried on under the control of a capitalist and on his behalf does not alter the general character of that production'.4 In which case, we ask, what is labour which is not particular? If labour is always and necessarily a specific productive activity, what is abstract labour — ‘homogenous labour’ which, by definition, is not specific?
The Outstanding Namibian Maritime Boundaries with Angola and South Africa
Authors:   Moller
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe main objective of this article is to give an overview of the outstanding Namibian maritime boundaries with South Africa and Angola. At present there are no disputes over these boundaries and a process of negotiation is ongoing between the governments to finalise these agreements. This process started after the independence of Namibia in 1990. However, so far, progress in the matter has been slow. Remarkably, the absence of formal agreements between these states have not deterred potential investors interested in the exploitation of the offshore natural resources (oil, gas and fisheries) in these areas. Various intergovernmental co-operation efforts have been entered into to regulate the offshore activities within these maritime areas. This article deals with the underlying issues of the delimitation process and the ongoing co-operation efforts between the countries in the absence of formal maritime delimitation agreements.
The Quiet Invasion: Legal and Policy Responses to Aquatic Invasive Species in North America
Authors:   Doelle
Published: July 2005

AbstractInvasive species are a serious threat to biological diversity and cause economic losses to such industries as agriculture, aquaculture, and forestry. The magnitude of the aquatic invasive species problem has increased exponentially with the expansion of world trade. In response, there have been some efforts made internationally and domestically to prevent, eradicate and control aquatic invasive species in recent years. This article provides an overview of those efforts. It is becoming clear, however, that the response to date has been inadequate, and much remains to be done. New pathways and new invasions are still being discovered, often at a stage when invaders have become well established, thereby making prevention, eradication and control very expensive and difficult to achieve. This study provides a survey of legal tools available to address aquatic invasive species, and suggests possible responses.
A European Approach to Human Rights? Universality Explored
Authors:   Leino
Published: July 2005

AbstractCountering the universalist tradition of rights, this paper examines a number of European jurisdictions from legal, historical and philosophical perspectives in order to determine whether there exists a common European conception of rights. Through a comparison of a number of specific rights the author observes that there are fundamental differences in the understanding of rights even within the Member States of the European Union. The assumption of rights as universal appears as unfounded as rights are not the same even in all parts of Europe. This conclusion has implications on issues like the Post-Nice Process, the limits of integration, EU enlargement and the use of human rights arguments in the EU external relations.
Changing Hands: Governance and Transformation in Hungary's Financial Sector
Authors:   Meagher
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe early 1990s in Hungary saw rapid institutional change and severe economic downturn. Credit relations and the financial system generally suffered from widespread corruption, including the exchange of loans for bribes, self-enrichment schemes, and manipulation of such procedures as bankruptcy, state-initiated debt restructuring programs, and banking supervision processes. The cost of this early rash of corruption and later episodes through the 1990s easily runs into the hundreds of millions of dollars.Many countries in similar circumstances have failed to come to grips with these problems, with disastrous results—the paradigm example being Russia's experience leading up to the crisis of 1998. There, rapid privatization (in the absence of functioning safeguards and market institutions) opened the door to massive self-enrichment by enterprise insiders, and a loosely supervised banking system facilitated the rise of the oligarchs. Hungary saw the beginnings of this in the early 1990s. Its experiments with market socialism had ushered in a complex and murky business environment. Hybrid (state-private) corporate groups, in many cases run by former state managers, linked enterprises, banks, and the state in a collusive mutual embrace.What could be done? Economic restructuring to transform heavily corrupt incentives had to take first priority. Thus, the choices confronting Hungary in the early 1990s were tough and the stakes high. In the event, Hungary escaped the trap of failed transition. The main steps in its reform were the implementation (and adjustment) of a legal reform package known as “legislative shock therapy”, a (highly flawed) debt restructuring process, and robust privatization—especially of state holdings in the banking sector. These reforms revolutionized ownership incentives and imposed transparency on the system. The influx of foreign owners, together with the growing strength of markets and public sector institutions, brought banks and enterprises under the effective discipline of corporate governance and regulation. This helped create one of the strongest financial sectors in the region, a vibrant economy, and a reasonably well-governed and competitive marketplace. Corruption in the financial system, nearly a way of life in 1991, became far more episodic and manageable. The disciplines imposed by the applicable international regimes, especially the EU, have played an important role. There are lessons here for policymakers around the world.
Transposing the “True and Fair View” Concept in the Legislation of Hungary and Poland in the Context of EU Enlargement
Authors:   Millan,   Dragneva
Published: July 2005

AbstractThis article examines the transposition of the “true and fair view” requirement of the Fourth and Seventh Company Law Directives into the legal systems of Hungary and Poland in the context of the preparation for accession to the European Union. In doing so, the study contributes to the general debate on the adoption of the acquis of the Union by the candidate member states by focusing on a concept which is distinguished by the lack of a common definition at the level of the EU, by significant divergence in its transposition in the different current member states, and by its close link with wider aspects of ancounting tradition, institutional development, and legal culture. At the same time, by drawing on previously conducted research on the transposition of the concept in the legislation of EU member states and in some candidate member states, we aim to contribute to the picture of the state of accounting harmonisation within the (enlarged) Union.
Russia's Constitutional Court and a Decade of Hard Cases: A Postscript
Authors: Simons William 
Published: July 2005

AbstractMuch attention has been focused on the promulgation of legislation as a bellwether of change in Russia since the beginning of perestroika in the mid-1980s; for a brief period at the beginning of the 1990s, there was even a "war of laws". In the 2000s, legislative activity continues unabated—albeit usually charged with less emotion and devoted to more thorough analyses, if not always wide-ranging discussions, of signifi cant policy issues. The implementation of transition-era legislation is also sharing the limelight in recent years. Dispositions of the USSR Committee of Constitutional Supervision (and, later, of the RF Constitutional Court) are prime examples of a prism through which to view the interpretation and implementation of reform-era legislation in the RF. The outcomes of the controversies resolved by the Court could themselves be a bellwether in ascertaining the degree to which reforms in the Russian legal, political, and economic systems are being anchored in the rule of law. For example, the banning of secret laws from the Russian landscape was the outcome of an early landmark Court case. Yet the hangover of an old policy of only partially disseminating information on the judicial interpretation of Russian legislation still remains. This, in turn, stymies further efforts to cement the pieces of the rule of law puzzle more firmly together. While citizens have been entitled for more than a decade to access the full texts of RF laws, they (or their representatives) can only view a part—albeit one that is far greater than in Soviet times—of the work of the judiciary. This is due to a distinctly narrow view of state acts that, alas, does not encompass the gamut of RF judicial dispositions. So, at the beginning of the 2000s, the RF Constitutional Court still applies a fine-line, technical distinction between its two classes of dispositions: postanovleniia and zakliucheniia , on the one hand (that are subject to mandatory publication), and opredeleniia (that are only selectively published) on the other hand. The use of this approach as a filter, limiting access to judicial information in the RF, is especially remarkable in light of the fact that the use of an analogous practice by the legislative branch has been declared unconstitutional. The Court's approach to accessing judicial information throws, in effect, a mantel of secrecy around a not-insignifi cant category of high-court dispositions. This puts the Court at loggerheads with attempts in other sectors of society to strengthen the evolving rule-of-law regime in Russia. This roadblock notwithstanding, the interpretation and application of reform legislation are not longer hidden from full view owing to a unique compilation of published—as well as unpublished—RF Constitutional Court dispositions from the fi rst decade of its operation. The present postscript outlines the research effort that has produced this compilation; it also argues for the rapid enactment of a full-publication policy at all levels of the RF judicial system.
A Note on the Protection of Intellectual Property on the Internet: A Russian Perspective
Authors: Motsnyi Igor 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe article deals with the fascinating and uneasy relationships between the Internet and intellectual property. The author intends to give a concise overview of this problem in light of Russian law and international legal standards. Some decisions of Russian courts will be examined. This problem is rather new for Russia; and the main difficulty is that neither judges nor other legal professionals have yet become used to working with IP on the Internet. This note will look into copyright in the Internet and analyze the controversy of domain names-trademarks. Special attention will be devoted to the issue of linking and technological measures for copyright protection. A draft law that aims to amend existing Russian copyright legislation will be analyzed. This draft, if adopted, will bring significant changes to the traditional copyright system of Russia. The author will argue that the approach used by the drafters is deficient and can, in fact, yield negative results for the parties concerned. The article compares the draft with the relevant provisions of US and the EU legislation and international treaties.
Clinical factors predictive of outcome with bortezomib in patients with relapsed, refractory multiple myeloma
Authors: Richardson Paul Gerard Guy , Barlogie Bart , Berenson James , Singhal Seema , Jagannath Sundar , Irwin David , Rajkumar S. Vincent , Hideshima Teru , Xiao Hugh , Esseltine Dixie , Schenkein David , Anderson Kenneth C. ,   for the SUMMIT Investigators
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Bortezomib, a potent and reversible proteasome inhibitor, affects the myeloma cell and its microenvironment, resulting in down-regulation of growth and survival signaling pathways and durable responses in patients with relapsed and refractory myeloma. Potential associations between baseline parameters and outcomes with bortezomib were explored in 202 patients who received bortezomib 1.3 mg/m2 twice weekly for 2 weeks every 3 weeks for up to 8 cycles in a phase 2 trial. Using European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation criteria, the response rate (complete or partial response) to bortezomib alone was 27% and was not associated with sex, race, performance status, isotype, chromosome 13 deletion, number or type of previous therapies, or concentration of hemoglobin or β2-microglobulin. By multivariate analysis, factors associated with lower response were being age 65 or older versus younger than 65 (19% vs 32%; P &lt; .05) and plasma-cell infiltration in bone marrow greater than 50% versus 50% or less (20% vs 35%; P &lt; .05). Factors that may be indicative of tumor burden (bone marrow plasma-cell infiltration greater than 50%, hypoalbuminemia, thrombocytopenia) were predictive of overall survival. Chromosome 13 deletion and elevated β2-microglobulin, generally considered poor prognostic factors, were not predictive of poor outcome with bortezomib in this study.
Quantitative analysis of EGR proteins binding to DNA: assessing additivity in both the binding site and the protein
Authors: Liu Jiajian , Stormo Gary D 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Background
Recognition codes for protein-DNA interactions typically assume that the interacting positions contribute additively to the binding energy. While this is known to not be precisely true, an additive model over the DNA positions can be a good approximation, at least for some proteins. Much less information is available about whether the protein positions contribute additively to the interaction.

Results
Using EGR zinc finger proteins, we measure the binding affinity of six different variants of the protein to each of six different variants of the consensus binding site. Both the protein and binding site variants include single and double mutations that allow us to assess how well additive models can account for the data. For each protein and DNA alone we find that additive models are good approximations, but over the combined set of data there are context effects that limit their accuracy. However, a small modification to the purely additive model, with only three additional parameters, improves the fit significantly.

Conclusion
The additive model holds very well for every DNA site and every protein included in this study, but clear context dependence in the interactions was detected. A simple modification to the independent model provides a better fit to the complete data.
Self-assembled coordination cage as a molecular flask
Authors: Yoshizawa Michito , Fujita Makoto 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Cavity-directed chemical transformations represent one of the most important features in 3-D host chemistry, yet they are unexplored as synthetic receptors. We are developing such functions with the large cavity of self-assembled cages, particularly an M6L4-type cage. The photodimerization of olefins within this cage shows remarkable rate enhancement, perfect regio- and stereoselection, and high pairwise selection (when two different olefins are used) giving only the cross [2+2] adduct. Another intriguing property of the cavity is the stabilization of labile molecules by encapsulation. We succeeded in trapping labile molecules by in situ preparation from small components coming through small portals of the cage. For example, hydrolysis and condensation of PhSi(OMe)3, which ordinarily provides a sophisticated Si-O 3-D network (so-called sol-gel condensation), selectively gave a cyclic trimer, [PhSi(OH)O]3, in a "ship-in-a-bottle" fashion. Cavity-sensitized photochemical oxidation of alkanes within the cage is also discussed.
Development of methods suitable for natural product synthesis: The azadirachtin story
Authors: Ley Steven V. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Our synthesis work on the insect antifeedant azadirachtin is described. Particular emphasis is placed on the key coupling of a left-hand decalin fragment with a right-hand hydroxydihydrofuran acetal unit via a Claisen rearrangement reaction of an intermediate propargylic enol ether. New chemistry has been developed leading to control of an endo-selective intramolecular Diels–Alder reaction using silicon, which was essential for the construction of the appropriately functionalized decalin fragment. In order to install the five-ring hemiacetal of azadirachtin, we also developed a new ring contraction protocol via an intermediate six-ring cyano ester.
Synthesis of leucascandrolide A
Authors: Wang Ying , Janjic Jelena , Kozmin Sergey A. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
This paper describes a convergent and stereocontrolled synthesis of leucascandrolide A, a marine natural product that exhibits potent growth inhibition of mammalian and yeast cells. The approach features a substrate-directed relay of the stereochemical information via a series of highly diastereoselective transformations. Spontaneous macrolactolization discovered during this synthetic exercise has provided an unprecedented access to this marine macrolide and demonstrates a new tactic for assembling large-ring systems based on the thermodynamic preference of hemiacetalization.
Multicomponent reactions based on nucleophilic carbenes and their applications in organic synthesis
Authors: Nair Vijay , Menon Rajeev S. , Sreekumar V. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Zwitterionic intermediates generated from the addition of nonprotic nucleophiles to activated acetylenes are intercepted with various third components constituting novel multicomponent organic transformations. Catalytic amounts of an organic base like pyridine were found to trigger reactions between an electrophilic acetylene and a variety of electrophiles. The reactions proceed through dipolar intermediates and show high stereoselectivity.
Annulation of propargylic dithioacetals leading to furan-containing oligoaryls
Authors: Luh Tien-Yau 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Reaction of propargylic dithioacetals with BuLi followed by treatment with dialdehydes yields the corresponding allenyl carbinols which can be cyclized to give the 2,3,5-trisubstituted furans. The use of this strategy for the synthesis of a range of alternating benzene-furan oligoaryls is described.
New catalytic methods for the synthesis of selectively substituted aromatics through palladacycles
Authors: Catellani Marta , Motti Elena , Faccini Fiorenza , Ferraccioli Raffaella 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Joint palladium and norbornene catalysis for selective aromatic functionalization via palladacycles is reported. Both alkylation and arylation of aromatics are considered after a brief outlook on the mechanism. These are multistep reactions that proceed in ordered sequences and are chemio-, regio-, and stereoselective. The study of the single steps with isolation of the organometallic species involved has allowed us to detect subtle steric and electronic effects which have been exploited to achieve catalytic reactions. Recent developments of aromatic alkylation and arylation are reported, in particular, condensed heterocyclic ring formation involving dialkylated arylpalladium complexes or both symmetrically and unsymmetrically substituted biphenylylpalladium complexes.
Combinatorial approach to the discovery of chiral catalysts for asymmetric reactions
Authors: Ding Kuiling 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
The powerfulness of a combinatorial approach in the discovery of novel chiral catalyst systems, particularly for the development of highly efficient, enantioselective, and practical catalysts for asymmetric reactions, was demonstrated by screening modular chiral catalyst libraries created by the strategy of two-component ligand modification of metal ions on the basis of molecular recognition and assembly.
Asymmetric catalytic addition of diorganozinc reagents to imines: Scope and application
Authors: Charette André B. , Boezio Alessandro A. , Côté Alexandre , Moreau Elaine , Pytkowicz Julien , Desrosiers Jean-Nicolas , Legault Claude 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
The copper-catalyzed diorganozinc addition to N-diphenylphosphinoylimines was shown to proceed with a very high degree of enantiocontrol if the reaction was run in the presence of Me-DuPHOS monoxide ligand (BozPHOS). The scope of the reaction is described as well as our efforts to identify the nature of the enantioactive metal complex responsible for the high asymmetric induction.
Enantioselective iodocyclization and mercuriocyclization of γ-hydroxy-cis-alkenes
Authors: Kang Sung Ho , Kang Suk Youn , Park Chul Min , Kwon Hyo Young , Kim Mihyong 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Asymmetric iodocyclization and mercuriocyclization of γ-hydroxy-cis-alkenes have been established. The iodocyclization has been attained with 1.2 equiv of iodine in the presence of the catalyst system prepared from 0.3 equiv of (R,R)-salen−Co(II) complex and 0.75 equiv of NCS to produce 2-substituted tetrahydrofurans with up to 90% ee. The mercuriocyclization has been achieved using 1.2 equiv of Hg(II) complexed with 4-(2-naphthyl)bisoxazoline (1:1 complex) in the presence of 5 equiv of K2CO3 and 10 equiv of MeOH to procure 2-substituted tetrahydrofurans with up to 95 % ee.
Biomimetic and organocatalytic approaches to oxidation catalysis
Authors: Berkessel Albrecht 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
The lecture summarized our recent work in the fields of (i) catalytic asymmetric epoxidation and cyclopropanation, (ii) C–C coupling reactions, and (iii) dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR). The first section describes the use of chiral Ru-porphyrins as catalysts for the asymmetric epoxidation and cyclopropanation of nonfunctionalized olefins, and of peptides and alkaloid-based phase-transfer catalysts for the asymmetric epoxidation of enones. The second section highlights the application of the DIANANE-salen ligands (DIANANE: endo,endo-2,5-diamino-norbornane) to the asymmetric Nozaki–Hiyama–Kishi coupling of aldehydes with allylic and vinylic electrophiles, and of N-tosyl proline amides for asymmetric aldol additions. In the final section, bifunctional urea-based organocatalysts for the DKR of azlactones to provide enantiomerically enriched amino acid esters are presented.