bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies on the nutrition of marine flatfish. The metabolism of glucose by plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) and the effect of dietary energy source on protein utilization in plaice
Authors: Cowey C. B. , Adron J. W. , Brown D. A. , Shanks Aileen M. 
Published: September 2005

1. The effects of dietary energy level and dietary energy source on protein utilization by plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) were examined by giving diets containing 400 g crude protein/kg to nine groups of fish. Five of these diets contained only lipid as a source of energy (in addition to protein) and their energy contents were varied by increasing the lipid level in a step-wise manner from 56 to 176 g/kg. The remaining four diets contained both lipid and carbohydrate (glucose+dextrin) together as energy sources: two levels of carbohydrate (100 and 200 g/kg) being used at each of two (56 and 86 g/kg) lipid levels2. Weight gains of plaice given the diets containing only lipid as an energy source did not differ significantly from each other. Weight gains of plaice given diets containing carbohydrate as well as protein and lipid were superior to those given diets lacking carbohydrate3. Values obtained for protein efficiency ratio (PER) and net protein utilization (NPU) increased with increasing dietary energy level in both those fish given the diets containing carbohydrate and those given diets lacking it. Both PER and NPU values were greater for plaice given diets containing carbohydrate than for fish diets without carbohydrate even when the total energy content of the diets was approximately the same4. Liver glycogen levels were significantly higher in plaice given diets containing 200 g carbohydrate/kg than in plaice given diets without carbohydrate. Blood glucose levels and hepatic hexokinase (EC2.7.I.I) levels were not significantly different in plaice given these diets. No glucokinase (EC2.7.I.2) was detected in plaice given either diet5. The metabolic fate of glucose carbon in plaice was investigated by injecting the fish intraperitoneally with [U-14C]glucose and examining, 18 h afterwards, the distribution of radioactivity in different biochemical fractions from the fish6. Glucose was respired much less rapidly in the carnivorous plaice, irrespective of dietary treatment, than in omnivorous mammals (mouse and rat). The rate of production of14CO2from [U-14C]glucose by plaice given diets containing carbohydrate was not significantly greater than that by plaice given diets lacking carbohydrate7. More glucose was incorporated into liver glycogen when plaice were given carbohydrate in their food than when it was absent. Otherwise no differences were apparent in the fate of glucose C by plaice which could be related to the diets used8. No mortalities occurred nor was any histopathology observed in the plaice as a consequence of the inclusion of carbohydrate in the food.
Twelve generations of marginal protein deficiency
Authors: Stewart R. J. C. , Preece R. F. , Sheppard Hilda G. 
Published: September 2005

1. Colonies of rats have been maintained for twelve generations on diets adequate (dietary-protein energy:total metabolizable energy (NDp:E) 0·I) or marginally deficient in protein (NDp:E 0·068)2. In the malnourished colony, the proportion of ‘small-for-gestational-age’ offspring was ten times as high as amongst the well-nourished colony, growth was slow, sexual maturation delayed, especially in the females, and, when adult, both sexes were significantly lighter and shorter than adults of the well-nourished colony. Organs, other than the eye, weighed less than those of well-nourished ‘age’ controls, but when expressed relative to body-weight, the brain, pituitary, thyroid, adrenals, testes, thymus and eyes were larger, the pancreas unchanged and the kidneys smaller than those of the well-nourished ‘age’ controls. The relative weight of the liver showed little change, being slightly increased in the males and, like the ovaries, slightly reduced in the females. On a body-weight basis, the brains were about 50% heavier than normal, but in absolute terms were 5–5·5% lighter than those of the well-nourished animals, the cerebellum (10·5% lighter in males and 12·9% lighter in females) being more severely affected than the cerebrum (4% lighter)3. The young malnourished rats showed increased exploratory activity, transient head tremors and an increased sensitivity to noise, the latter being long-lasting if not permanent. When adult, they showed marked differences in behaviour and learning patterns and it was difficult to attract and hold their attention. In situations demanding a choice the animals were very excited, emitted loud squeals and tried to escape from what was clearly a stressful situation. However, a casual examination of the malnourished adults revealed a rather small, badly groomed, excitable rat without gross abnormalities4. The findings are discussed in relation to changes found in malnourished human communities.
Nutritional studies on East African herbivores
Authors: Arman Pamela , Hopcraft D. 
Published: September 2005

1. A series of digestibility trials was done using four animals of each of the following species: Friesian cattle (Bos taurus), Boran zebu cattle (Bos indicus), Corriedale sheep, fattailed sheep, eland (Taurotragus oryx Pallas), Coke's hartebeest (Alcelaphus buselaphus cokei Günther), Thomson's gazelle (Gazella thomsonii Günther) and bush duiker (Sylvicapra grimmia L.)2. Two batches of pelleted food were prepared from ground maize cobs, cassava, wheat bran, maize bran and decorticated cottonseed cake. For each batch, five diets (A–E) were prepared containing 65 (A)–135 (E) g crude protein (nitrogen × 6·25)/kg dry matter. The crude-fibre contents of all the diets were similar (120–138 g/kg dry matter)3. The animals were given the high-protein diet (E), then given diets with decreasing protein contents finishing with the low-protein diet (A). The antelope and half the sheep were given diets from the first batch of pelleted food, the other four sheep and all the cattle were given diets from the second batch of food4. In sheep, there were significant differences in digestibility between the two batches of food5. There were no significant differences in the over-all mean digestibilities of all diets when given to cattle (both species) and sheep. However, with diet E, dry-matter digestibility was higher in sheep than in cattle (P < 0·05): the reverse was true with diet A (P < 0·001). Crude-fibre and crude-protein digestibilities followed a similar pattern. The differences between Corriedale and fat-tailed sheep were not significant. The only significant difference between the two species of cattle was the higher digestibility of crude protein in Borans given diet E (P < 0·05)6. The over-all mean digestibility of the dry matter was higher (P < 0·001) in hartebeest and duiker than in sheep; in Thomson's gazelle (P < 0·01) and eland (P < 0·001) it was lower than in sheep. The values for crude-fibre digestibilities varied in a similar way7. The mean apparent digestibility of crude protein was higher (P < 0·001) in eland, hartebeest and duiker than in sheep and gazelle8. The results are discussed in relation to the feeding habits and digestive physiology of the various species.
Effect of feeding pattern on the energy metabolism of rats given low-protein diets
Authors: McCracken K. J. 
Published: September 2005

1. The deposition of fat and protein and the utilization of energy by growing rats offered dietsad lib.or in controlled amounts by gastric intubation has been investigated. Diets contained 50, 75, 100 or 200 g protein/kg, mainly as caseinGain of body-weight and protein increased with increasing dietary protein concentration when animals received the same energy intake, although the reverse was true for fat deposition. However, the differences in live-weight gain were almost entirely due to changes in body water. The dry-matter content of the gain in animals given low-protein diets was 770 g/kg compared to 360 g/kg in those given the control diet2. Energy retention was unaffected by dietary protein level in groups given the same energy intake by gastric intubation. In Expt 1 daily heat production increased significantly (P< 0·05) with increasing protein level (50, 75 and 200 g protein/kg diet) when energy intake was constant, but in Expt 2 there was no significant effect of protein level (50, 100 and 200 g protein/kg diet). Problems arose in the selection of a suitable basis for comparison of heat production between groups because of the differences in body-weight and body composition3. The energy requirement for zero energy balance was approximately 10% lower for the low-protein groups than for those given the diet containing 200 g protein/kg when food intake was just above the maintenance level. When the requirement was expressed per unit metabolic body size (W0·75kg) dietary protein level had no significant effect. The mean values for Expts 1 and 2 were 452 and 436 kJ respectively4. The energy cost of weight gain increased as dietary protein level decreased in pairs of groups gaining at the same rate. The extra energy ingested by the animals given the lower protein level was converted to body tissue with an efficiency of at least 0·705. Striking differences were observed in body composition and energy retention of the two pairs of groups used for the comparison of tube-feeding andad lib.feeding. With the diet containing 50 g protein/kg, tube-fed rats gained significantly more weight (P< 0·01) and more fat, dry matter and energy (P< 0·001) than theirad lib.counterparts given an iso-energetic intake6. The results demonstrate that dietary protein level has little or no effect on the utilization of energy by growing rats when the pattern of intake is controlled by gastric intubation.
The effect of sodium chloride ingestion on food intake and on fat deposition in male rats
Authors: Drori D. 
Published: September 2005

1. A 21 d slaughter trial was done using weanling male rats offered sodium chloride added at 10, 20 and 30 g/kg to a nutritionally adequate, control diet containing 13 g NaCl/kg, or added to the drinking-water at 5, 10, or 15 g NaCl/l. Food and drinking-water with or without NaCl were offered ad lib. and their intakes were measured..2. NaCl in the food reduced food intake by 10–15%; NaCl in solution reduced food intake only when added at the 15 g/l level; the reduction was 25%..3. NaCl increased the fluid intake of the rats; for NaCl in the food the increments ranged from 23 to 44%; for NaCl in the drinking-water they ranged from 44 to 229%..4. Body fat was significantly reduced by 20 and 30 g NaCl/kg added to the control diet, indicating a reduction in the efficiency of fat synthesis. Comparable amounts of NaCl taken in the drinking-water had a negligible effect on fat deposition..5. It is suggested that NaCl in the food produces hypodipsia, i.e. a failure to drink an optimal amount of water, causing changes in the electrolyte balance which reduce food intake and progressively reduce the efficiency of fat synthesis.
Net utilization of roughage and concentrate diets by sheep
Authors: Wilke P. I. , Van Der Merwe F. J. 
Published: September 2005

1. Two diets, an all-roughage diet and a high-concentrate diet, were fed at two levels, a low level of estimated 1.5 times maintenance energy requirement and a higher level of estimated two times maintenance energy requirement, to South African Mutton Merino castrated male sheep, aged 13 months and in fairly lean condition at the start of the 93 d experimental period..2. Body composition and energy retention were determined using the comparative slaughter technique and two series of digestibility and balance studies were done during the course of the experiment. Metabolizability of each diet was estimated and corrected for fermentation heat using the fermentation balance approach..3. Although there were significantly different rates of energy gain on different diets and feeding levels, fat energy gained (% total energy gained) was similar for the four groups, i.e. 78–80..4. Regression of energy gain v. corrected metabolizable energy (ME) intake indicated that the maintenance energy requirements of sheep used in this experiment were 310.2 and 302.3 kJ ME/kg body-weight0.75 per d and the values for net utilization of ME for body energy gain were 0.411 and 0.479 with the roughage and concentrate diets respectively..5. It was concluded that the estimated maintenance energy requirements of sheep obtained in this study are realistic values and that the efficiency of utilization of surplus ME for the two diets did not differ significantly.
Food intake and energy expenditure of indian troops in training
Authors: Malhotra M. S. , Chandra Umesh , Rai R. M , Venkataswamy Y. , Sridharan K. 
Published: September 2005

1. Food intake and energy expenditure were determined on 500 soldiers drawn from infantry, artillery and engineer units of the Indian army, for 3 months during winter..2. The units were located in two different regions of India at altitudes varying from sea level to 2300 m..3. The energy requirements were assessed from the actual food intake as well as from energy expenditure and from the changes in body-weight and skinfold thickness..4. The nutritional adequacy of the diet was assessed from clinical examination and changes in blood haemoglobin concentration..5. The mean energy expenditure was found to be 15.39 MJ (3679 kcal) and on this basis the energy requirement was 16.61 MJ (3970 kcal); energy intake was found to be 16.47 MJ (3936 kcal)..6. The energy contributed by protein, fat and carbohydrate was 0.115, 0.240 and 0.645 of the total intake respectively..7. There was no significant change in body-weight, blood haemoglobin level and skinfold thickness on this mean daily intake.
The relationship between the zinc status of pigs and the occurrence of copper- and Zn-binding proteins in liver
Authors: Bremner I. 
Published: September 2005

1. A study has been made by gel filtration techniques of the soluble copper-and zinc-binding proteins in livers from pigs of different Zn status..2. The distribution of both Cu and Zn between the three fractions isolated was greatly influenced by the Zn status of the animal. In livers from pigs given a Zn-supplemented diet the proportion of either Cu or Zn found in the fraction with a molecular weight of about 12000 (fraction 3) was a direct function of the total liver concentration of the metal. In livers from pigs given a low-Zn diet, only small amounts of Cu or Zn were present in this fraction, regardless of liver Cu content..3. These results suggest that Zn may be essential for the stabilization of the metal-binding protein in this fraction.
Artificial rearing of pigs
Authors: Braude R. , Keal H. D. , Newport M. J. 
Published: September 2005

1. Diets containing different proportions of skim milk and fat, either beef tallow or soya-bean oil, supplemented with fat-soluble vitamins were given to 2-d-old pigs. Each fat source was used in three diets containing approximately 280, 350 and 420 g fat, and 260, 235 and 210 g protein/kg dry matter respectively..2. The diets were given as a milk containing 200 g solids/l during a 26 d experiment. The pigs were given the diet at hourly intervals according to a scale based on live weight..3. Increasing the energy content of the diet, with the accompanying decrease in protein content, had no effect on live-weight gain or feed: gain ratio (g feed dry matter/g live-weight gain) (other than a slight reduction in live-weight gain when beef tallow was used), or on nitrogen retention. However, the fat content of the carcass of the 28-d-old pig was increased, and its protein and ash content were decreased..4. The apparent digestibilities of the fatty acid ranged from 0.96 to 1.00. The faeces from pigs given the soya-bean-oil diets contained some eicosanoic, docosanoic and tetracosanoic acids, presumably of bacterial origin. In general, palmitic and stearic acids were slightly less well digested than oleic and linoleic acids.
The effect of methods of sterilization on the nutritive value of protein in a commercial rat diet
Authors: Ford D. J. 
Published: September 2005

1. The effect on protein quality of treating a commercial rat diet by autoclaving at various temperatures for different periods of time, or by irradiation with 2.5 or 10 Mrd, was studied. True digestibility (TD) and biological value (BV) were measured and the available and total amino acids in the diets were estimated using microbiological and chemical methods..2. Autoclaving at 121° for 60 min reduced BV, TD and net protein utilization (NPU) more than autoclaving at 134° for 3 min. Availability of amino acids was reduced by both treatments but to a greater extent by autoclaving at 121° for 60 min. Total amino acids were essentially unaffected. Irradiation had no effect on BV, TD, NPU or total amino acids, and the availability of amino acids was also unaffected, with the exception of lysine which was slightly reduced..3. When the diet was autoclaved at 115 or 121° for 15, 30 or 60 min, or at 134° for 3 min the availability of the amino acids was reduced with increasing time and temperature of treatment. Treatment at 134° for 3 min had an effect on available amino acids similar to treatment at 121° for 15 or 30 min..4. Ethylene oxide fumigation of the diet caused reduced availability of histidine, methionine and tryptophan but had negligible effect on arginine, leucine and lysine..5. It is concluded that from a practical point of view irradiation causes least damage to proteins in rodent diets. If such diets are to be autoclaved they should be supplemented with complete protein to counteract amino acid destruction.
Excessive vitamin D content of a standard iron-deficient diet for rats
Authors: Triggs Stella M. , Bailey R. 
Published: September 2005

1. The observation that thyroid C cell hyperplasia occurred in rats given the iron-deficient diet described by McCall, Newman, O'Brien, Valberg & Witts (1962) prompted a closer study of the preparation and constituents of this diet..2. It became apparent that there was a discrepancy between the amounts of fat-soluble vitamins in the dietary formulation reported and the supposed final content of the diet. A diet prepared as described by McCallet al.(1962) contains 1000 μg (40000 i.u.) ergocalciferol and 10 μg (14 500 i.u.) retinyl palmitate/kg..3. An experiment was designed to study the effect of Fe-deficient and Fe-supplemented, high-vitamin-D diets, and an Fe-supplemented, normal-vitamin-D diet, on thyroid C cell volume and serum calcium concentration..4. Thyroid C cell volumes and serum Ca concentrations were significantly higher in both groups given excess vitamin D than in the group given the Fe-supplemented, normal-vitamin-D diet. It is evident therefore, that hypervitaminosis D was the cause of the morphological and biochemical changes found in rats given the McCallet al.(1962) diet.
Studies in rats on the nutritional value of hydrogen peroxide-treated fish protein and the utilization of oxidized sulphur-amino acids
Authors: SjÖberg L. B. , BostrÖm S. L. 
Published: September 2005

1. The nutritional value of fish protein oxidized with different levels of hydrogen peroxide, and the utilization of oxidized sulphur-amino acids in the rat were investigated.2. The results showed that the biological value (bv) and protein efficiency ratio (per) of the fish protein were significantly decreased by the treatment with H2O2, and although there were no significant differences between samples treated with 20, 40 or 80 g H2O2/kg, there was a gradual decrease of BV at higher concentrations. Digestibility was not affected by the treatment.3. Supplementation with 1 g L-methionine/kg or 1 g L-cystine/kg significantly increased the BV for all H2O2-treated samples. With the exception of the sample treated with 80 g H2O2/kg, the BV was increased by L-methionine supplementation to the level for the untreated fish protein.4. Treatment with H2O2led to the formation of methionine sulphoxide, methionine sulphone and cysteic acid. The availability of these compounds was studied as supplements to the untreated fish protein as well as to the H2O2-treated fish protein. The results showed that L-methionine DL-sulphoxide was as available as methionine, but that L-methionine sulphone and cysteic acid had no supplementary effect.5. The availability of lysine in fish protein was not affected by treatment with 20 g H2O2/kg as judged by its effect as a supplement to wheat flour.6. The plasma amino acid pattern for rats given a diet with H2O2-treated fish protein was identical to that for rats given an untreated fish protein, with the exception of the presence of the two isomers of L-methionine DL-sulphoxide and L-methionine sulphone. The oxidized S-amino acids were also found in liver, kidney and gastrocnemius muscle from the rat.7. Only traces of L-methionine DL-sulphoxide were found in the urine. About half the ingested L-methionine sulphone was found in the urine and almost all was present as an acid-labile conjugate.
The effect of dietary protein deprivation on protein synthesis in the isolated liver parenchymal cell
Authors: Grant Anne G. , Hoffenberg R. 
Published: September 2005

1. Parenchymal cells were isolated from the liver of rats that had been deprived of dietary protein for 3 weeks.2. The cells were two-thirds the diameter of those derived from livers of normal animals and consumed oxygen at a rate of 16.2±2.7 μl/h per 106viable cells, half the normal value.3. Albumin and transferrin were synthesized at rates of 0.94±0.12 and 0.60±0.07 μg/h per 106viable cells respectively and urea at a rate of 0.77±0.12 μg/h per 106cells. This represents a 25-50% decrease in the rates of synthesis measured in cells isolated from normal livers.4. The results are discussed in relation to the long-term effects of malnutrition on liver cell function.