bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and polymerization of amphiphilic methacrylates containing permanent dipole azobenzene chromophores
Authors: Altomare Angelina , Ciardelli Francesco , Gallot Bernard , Mader Michele , Solaro Roberto , Tirelli Nicola 
Published: August 2002

AbstractNew amphiphilic photochromic methacrylates with the structures of 4‐[ω‐methacryloyloxyoligo(ethyleneglycol)]‐4′‐cyanoazobenzene (MEn) and 4‐methacryloyloxy‐4′‐{2‐cyano‐3‐oxy‐3‐[ω‐methoxyoligo(ethyleneglycol)]prop‐1‐en‐1‐yl}azobenzene (MEnMe) and oligo(oxyethylene) segments of different lengths were synthesized. These methacrylates were characterized by the presence of permanent dipole azobenzene chromophores and hydrophilic oligo (oxyethylene) segments. The methacrylates were obtained with six‐step and five‐step synthetic sequences, respectively, in 12–47% overall yields. The radical polymerization of the MEn monomers afforded a 50% yield of the corresponding polymers as orange solids with a number‐average molecular weight of about 40 kD. No solid polymer was obtained from the radical polymerization of the MEnME compounds. Two‐dimensional NMR spectra allowed the unequivocal assignment of the NMR signals and demonstrated a significant contribution of internal charge transfer to the electronic distribution of the azobenzene chromophore. Relaxation time measurements confirmed that the flexible polyether segment effectively decoupled photochromic groups from the polymer backbone. Optical microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry analysis, and X‐ray diffraction data demonstrated the presence of interdigitated smectic mesophases. The stability of mesophases showed a significant dependence on the chemical structure of the analyzed compounds. The glass‐transition temperatures of the polymers were rather low because of the plasticizing effect of the spacers. The monomers and polymers were used for the deposition of Langmuir films and Langmuir–Blodgett–Kuhn multilayers. A strong influence of the macromolecular structure on the film properties was observed. The photoresponsive properties of monomers and polymers were investigated with irradiation at different wavelengths. Isomerization kinetics were independent of both molecular weight and spacer length. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 39: 2957–2977, 2001
Lateral thermal expansion of cellulose Iβ and IIII polymorphs
Authors: Wada Masahisa 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMeasurements of the thermal expansion coefficients (TECs) of cellulose crystals in the lateral direction are reported. Oriented films of highly crystalline cellulose Iβ and IIII were prepared and then investigated with X‐ray diffraction at specific temperatures from room temperature to 250 °C during the heating process. Cellulose Iβ underwent a transition into the high‐temperature phase with the temperature increasing above 220–230 °C; cellulose IIII was transformed into cellulose Iβ when the sample was heated above 200 °C. Therefore, the TECs of Iβ and IIII below 200 °C were measured. For cellulose Iβ, the TEC of the a axis increased linearly from room temperature at αa = 4.3 × 10−5 °C−1 to 200 °C at αa = 17.0 × 10−5 °C−1, but the TEC of the b axis was constant at αb = 0.5 × 10−5 °C−1. Like cellulose Iβ, cellulose IIII also showed an anisotropic thermal expansion in the lateral direction. The TECs of the a and b axes were αa = 7.6 × 10−5 °C−1 and αb = 0.8 × 10−5 °C−1. The anisotropic thermal expansion behaviors in the lateral direction for Iβ and IIII were closely related to the intermolecular hydrogen‐bonding systems. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 40: 1095–1102, 2002
Brittle–ductile transition in high‐density polyethylene/glass‐bead blends: Effects of interparticle distance and temperature
Authors: Yuan Qiang , Jiang Wei , Zhang Huixuan , Yin Jinghua , An Lijia , Li R. K. Y. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe toughness of high‐density polyethylene (HDPE)/glass‐bead blends containing various glass‐bead contents as a function of temperature was studied. The toughness of the blends was determined from the notch Izod impact test. A sharp brittle–ductile transition was observed in impact strength–interparticle distance (ID) curves at various temperatures. The brittle–ductile transition of HDPE/glass‐bead blends occurred either with reduced ID or with increased temperature. The results indicated that the brittle–ductile‐transition temperature dropped markedly with increasing glass‐bead content. Moreover, the correlation between the critical interparticle distance (IDc) and temperature was obtained. Similar to the IDc of polymer blends with elastomers, the IDc nonlinearly increased with increasing temperature. However, this was the first observation of the variation of the IDc with temperature for polymer blends with rigid particles. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 39: 1855–1859, 2001
Chain dimensions and transport coefficients of sodium poly(isoprenesulfonate) in aqueous sodium chloride
Authors: Chisaka Shunsuke , Norisuye Takashi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSodium poly(isoprenesulfonate) (NaPIS) fractions consisting of 1,4‐ and 3,4‐isomeric units (0.44:0.56) and ranging in molecular weight from 4.9 × 103 to 2.0 × 105 were studied by static and dynamic light scattering, sedimentation equilibrium, and viscometry in aqueous NaCl of a salt concentration (Cs) of 0.5‐M at 25 °C. Viscosity data were also obtained at Cs = 0.05, 0.1, and 1 M. The measured z‐average radii of gyration 〈S2〉z1/2, intrinsic viscosities [η], and translational diffusion coefficients D at Cs = 0.5‐M showed that high molecular weight NaPIS in the aqueous salt behaves like a flexible chain in the good solvent limit. On the assumption that the distribution of 1,4‐ and 3,4‐isomeric units in the NaPIS chain is completely random, the [η] data for high molecular weights at Cs = 0.5 and 1 M were analyzed first in the conventional two‐parameter scheme to estimate the unperturbed dimension at infinite molecular weight and the mean binary cluster integral. By further invoking a coarse‐graining of the NaPIS molecule, all the [η] and D data in the entire molecular weight range were then analyzed on the basis of the current theories for the unperturbed wormlike chain combined with the quasi‐two‐parameter theory. It is shown that the experimental 〈S2〉z, [η], and D are explained by the theories with a degree of accuracy similar to that known for uncharged linear flexible homopolymers. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 39: 2071–2080, 2001
Oncologists' reactions to cancer patients' verbal cues
Authors: Butow P.N. , Brown R.F. , Cogar S. , Tattersall M.H.N. , Dunn S.M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe diagnosis and treatment of cancer cause considerable psychological distress and morbidity. Consequently, cancer patients have high needs for informational and emotional support and doctors vary in their ability to recognise and address these needs. This study investigated patients' attempts to gain informational and emotional support through the use of verbal cues. The sample consisted of 298 patients with heterogeneous cancers, seeing one of five medical and four radiation oncologists for the first time. Sociodemographic variables and patient anxiety and satisfaction ratings were obtained. Transcripts of the audiotaped consultations were analysed and question‐asking, use of indirect cues, cue type (informational or emotional), content categories in which questions and cues occurred and doctor response (responded to or not responded to), were recorded. Patients asked a median of 11 questions and gave two cues per consultation, usually during treatment discussions. Patients gave, and doctors responded to, more informational than emotional cues. Patients gave significantly more informational cues during longer consultations. Younger and female patients gave more cues for emotional support and asked questions. No demographic variables were associated with the doctors' response to emotional and informational cues; however, consultations in which more informational cues were responded to were shorter, even when controlling for the number of cues given. Satisfaction with the consultation and patient anxiety were unaffected by doctors' responses to cues. Overall, results showed that doctors effectively identify and respond to the majority of informational cues; however, they are less observant of and able to address cues for emotional support. Cues can be addressed without lengthening the consultation or increasing patient anxiety. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ethnic differences in quality of life among early breast and prostate cancer survivors
Authors: Gotay Carolyn Cook , Holup Joan L. , Pagano Ian 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis study assessed quality of life (QOL) in recently diagnosed breast and prostate cancer patients of European American and Asian Pacific Islanders (specifically, individuals of Filipino, Japanese, and Native Hawaiian ancestry) to investigate whether QOL varied according to ethnicity and the relative importance of ethnicity as a predictor of QOL. Participants were identified through consecutive registrations on the Hawaii Tumor Registry, based on a diagnosis of breast or prostate cancer 4–6 months previously. QOL was measured by the QLQ‐C30, a standardized questionnaire widely used in cancer patient populations. Two hundred and twenty‐seven individuals participated (101 prostate and 126 breast cancer patients). QOL was similar across ethnic groups in most areas of QOL. However, differences were found in several areas, all in the direction of Filipino patients reporting worse outcomes. Hierarchical stepwise regressions supported the importance of ethnicity, controlling for clinical and demographic predictors. We conclude that additional research is needed to understand the relationship between ethnicity and QOL in cancer survivors. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Late presentation of Bochdalek hernia: Clinical and radiological aspects
Authors: Öztürk Haluk , Karnak Ibrahim , Sakarya Mehmet Turgay , Çetinkurşun Salih 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThree infants with late presentation of Bochdalek hernia are presented. The presenting symptoms were cough, intermittent vomiting, dyspnea, and cyanosis. Initial diagnoses of isolated paravertebral mass and foreign material aspiration were made in two infants, based on plain chest x‐ray findings and history of the patients. Further radiological investigations, such as contrast upper gastrointestinal series or enema, computerized tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging of the chest, suggested the diagnosis of Bochdalek hernia. The hernia was found on the left side in two patients and on the right side in one. At operation, the stomach, small intestine, and spleen were found as herniated organs in one patient, ascending colon in one, and all of the small intestine together with ascending colon in the other.A congenital diaphragmatic defect should be suspected in every child presenting with unusual respiratory or gastrointestinal symptoms and with abnormal chest x‐ray findings. The radiological findings vary greatly from one case to another, and even in the same case at different times because of differences in herniated organs and intermittent spontaneous reduction. The possibility of congenital diaphragmatic hernia should be kept in mind to avoid a wrong diagnosis, undue delay in diagnosis, and inappropriate treatment. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2001; 31:306–310. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Relationship between bronchial hyperresponsiveness and development of asthma in children with chronic cough
Authors: Nishimura Hideko , Mochizuki Hiroyuki , Tokuyama Kenichi , Morikawa Akihiro 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTo evaluate the relationship between bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) and the development of asthma in children with chronic cough, we performed methacholine inhalation challenges and transcutaneous oxygen pressure (tcPO2) measurements in 92 children with chronic cough aged from 1–13 years (55 boys and 37 girls; mean, 5.3 years) and followed them for  ≥ 10 years. Forty‐four age‐matched children with asthma (24 males and 20 females; mean, 6.5 years) and 44 age‐matched children without cough or asthma served as controls (18 males and 26 females; mean, 4.6 years). Consecutive doubling doses of methacholine were inhaled until a 10% decrease in tcPO2 from baseline was observed. The cumulative dose of methacholine at the inflection point of the tcPO2 record (Dmin‐PO2) was considered to represent hyperresponsiveness to inhaled methacholine.After 10 years or more of follow‐up, 60 of the 92 subjects with cough answered our questionnaire, and 27/60 had been diagnosed with asthma. There was a statistical difference in Dmin‐PO2 between the children who presented with chronic cough originally and who developed asthma (asthma‐developed group) and those who did not develop asthma (asthma‐free group). There was no difference in the value of Dmin‐PO2 between the asthma‐developed group and the asthma group, or between the asthma‐free group and the age‐matched control group. Among the children with chronic cough, there was no difference in Dmin‐PO2 between girls and boys, either in the asthma‐developed group or in the asthma‐group.We conclude that 45% of the children with a chronic cough in early life developed asthma, and that BHR in children with chronic cough during the childhood period is a strong risk factor for the development of asthma. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2001; 31:412–418. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stat3 activation in prostatic carcinomas
Authors: Dhir Rajiv , Ni Zuyao , Lou Wei , DeMiguel Fernando , Grandis Jennifer Rubin , Gao Allen C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDActivated Stat3 is found in various types of immortal cell lines and cancers. We and others have previously demonstrated that Stat3 is constitutively activated in rat and human prostate cancer cell lines, and that Stat3 activation is involved in IL‐6‐mediated signaling transduction in prostate cancer cells. The aim of this study is to examine quantitative Stat3 activity in benign and malignant human prostate tissues and analyze the association between Stat3 activity levels and the clinical and pathologic parameters.METHODSStat3 activity levels were analyzed in a total of 104 human primary prostate tissues using electromobility shift assay and immunohistochemical staining for phosphorylated Stat3. The tissue samples used were 42 prostate carcinomas, 42 matched normal prostate tissues from patients with prostatic adenocarcinoma (normal adjacent to tumor), and 20 normal prostate tissues from organ donors.RESULTSSignificantly higher levels of constitutive Stat3 activity were detected in both prostate carcinomas and the matched normal prostate tissues adjacent to tumors compared to the normal prostates from donors without prostate cancer. There was no significant difference of Stat3 activity in foci of tumor and normal prostate tissue adjacent to tumor. No correlation was seen between Stat3 activity and Gleason grade or serum PSA levels in samples from prostate carcinomas.CONCLUSIONSThese results indicate that Stat3 is constitutively activated in prostate cancer. The high level of Stat3 activity in both the prostate carcinomas and the normal prostate tissues adjacent to tumors suggests that Stat3 activation may occur before detectable histological alterations of the prostate. Prostate 51: 241–246, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Identification of differentially expressed genes associated with androgen‐independent growth of prostate cancer
Authors: Mohler James L. , Morris Tammy L. , Ford O. Harris , Alvey Rudolf F. , Sakamoto Choitsu , Gregory Christopher W. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe human prostate cancer xenograft, CWR22, similar to most human prostate cancers, regresses after castration and recurs several months after the removal of androgen. Genes uniquely associated with proliferation were identified by comparison of tumors that exist in androgen absence but differ in proliferative capacity.METHODScDNA libraries from CWR22 tumors from 20‐day castrate mice (proliferation undetectable) and recurrent CWR22 tumors (proliferation rate similar to androgen‐dependent CWR22) were compared to evaluate the possibility that proliferation is triggered by either gain of function or loss of suppression. Differentially expressed genes were evaluated further for their temporal association with the onset of cellular proliferation using northern and western analysis and immunohistochemistry of a series of CWR22 tumors that spanned the transition from androgen‐dependent to recurrent growth.RESULTSSubtractive hybridization identified 11 candidate genes from among 1,057 clones examined. Northern analysis confirmed differential expression of 8 genes. Western analysis revealed an association between tomoregulin, translation elongation factor‐1α (EF‐1α), Mxi‐1, and thioredoxin‐binding protein 2/vitamin D up‐regulated protein, and the onset of recurrent growth. Immunohistochemistry revealed expression of tomoregulin, EF‐1α, Mxi‐1, and thioredoxin reductase‐1 coincidental with the onset of cellular proliferation on day 120 after castration.CONCLUSIONSOne or more of these genes may represent an appropriate target to prevent, delay or treat recurrent prostate cancer. Prostate 51: 247–255, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role of Ca2+ for the mechanical properties of fibrillin
Authors: Eriksen Tine A. , Wright David M. , Purslow Peter P. , Duance Victor C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractFibrillin‐rich microfibrils are important structural elements widespread throughout connective tissues. Genetic defects identified in the Ca2+ binding sites of fibrillin have severe effects and in addition Ca2+ has a marked effect on the microfibrillar structure. We have studied the role of Ca2+ on the mechanical behavior of fibrillin‐rich microfibrils using the micro‐needle technique. We find that Ca2+‐depletion results in a 50% decrease in rest length and reduces the stiffness of fibrillin‐rich microfibrils. At high strain, irreversible damage occurs. This behavior is consistent with Ca2+ stabilization of interactions between consecutive EGF‐like domains and breakdown in the quaternary structure upon over‐extension. Proteins 2001;45:90–95. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reading the three‐dimensional structure of lattice model‐designed proteins from their amino acid sequence
Authors: Broglia R.A. , Tiana G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWhile all the information required for the folding of a protein is contained in its amino acid sequence, one has not yet learned how to extract this information to predict the detailed, biological active, three‐dimensional structure of a protein whose sequence is known. Using insight obtained from lattice model simulations of the folding of small proteins (fewer than 100 residues), in particular of the fact that this phenomenon is essentially controlled by conserved contacts (Mirny et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995;92:1282) among (few) strongly interacting (“hot”) amino acids (Tiana et al., J Chem Phys 1998;108:757–761), which also stabilize local elementary structures formed early in the folding process and leading to the (postcritical) folding core when they assemble together (Broglia et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998;95:12930, Broglia & Tiana, J Chem Phys 2001;114:7267), we have worked out a successful strategy for reading the three‐dimensional structure of lattice model‐designed proteins from the knowledge of only their amino acid sequence and of the contact energies among the amino acids. Proteins 2001;45:421–427. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Persistence and translocation of a benzothiadiazole derivative in tomato plants in relation to systemic acquired resistance against Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato
Authors: Scarponi Luciano , Buonaurio Roberto , Martinetti Luca 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA reproducible and accurate procedure, based on HPLC analysis, has been developed to determine simultaneously acibenzolar‐S‐methyl (CGA 245 704) and its acid derivative (CGA 210 007) in tomato leaves. The limit of detection and quantification of the method are 0.015 and 0.15 mg litre−1 for CGA 245 704 and 0.030 and 0.30 mg litre−1 for CGA 210 007. In tomato plants treated with 250 µM CGA 245 704, it was found that the inducer rapidly translocates from treated leaves (cotyledons, 1st and 2nd) to untreated leaves (3rd to 5th), with the maximum translocation (40% of the total quantity found) occurring 8 h after the treatment. CGA 245 704 residues decreased as time elapsed in both treated and untreated tomato leaves, reaching negligible values 72 h after treatment. The acid derivative, CGA 210 007, was formed in tomato plants as early as 2 h after CGA 245 704 treatment, albeit only in the treated leaves. CGA 210 007 residues decreased in treated tomato leaves with a trend similar to that observed for CGA 245 704. Treatment of tomato plants with CGA 245 704 or CGA 210 007 at 250 µM systemically protected the plants against Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato attacks, the causal agent of bacterial speak disease. Evidence of this were reductions in the degree of infection, the bacterial lesion diameter and the bacterial growth in planta. Since neither CGA 245 704 nor CGA 210 007 inhibited bacterial growth in vitro and the protection against bacterial speak of tomato was observed when the two compounds were completely degraded, the protection must be due to the activation of the plant's defence mechanisms.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Stimulating effects of the insecticide chlorpyrifos on host searching and infestation efficacy of a parasitoid wasp
Authors: Rafalimanana Halitiana , Kaiser Laure , Delpuech Jean‐Marie 
Published: August 2002

AbstractHymenopterous parasitoids play an important role in the control of insect populations. During oviposition, Hymenopterous parasitoids use cues such as odours from their environment to locate their specific host. Leptopilina heterotoma (parasitoid of Drosophila larvae) locate their host by probing the substrate with the ovipositor. This behaviour can be induced by the odour of the host substrate alone. We analysed the sub‐lethal effects of chlorpyrifos at LD20 on the probing activity in response to a fruit odour (banana). The insecticide increased the percentage of females spontaneously probing in response to the odour. Parasitoid females were then conditioned to associate banana odour with the oviposition in host larvae. This conditioning enables parasitoids to memorise the odour and to increase their probing response to this odour. During the olfactory conditioning, females exposed to the insecticide found and oviposited in host larvae more quickly than control females. One hour after the olfactory conditioning, females exposed to the insecticide presented a higher increase of their probing response to the odour than controls. Twenty‐four hours after conditioning, the stimulation produced by chlorpyrifos was no longer perceptible, but the level of response of conditioned females was still higher than that of non‐conditioned females, showing that odour memory was not impaired by the insecticide treatment. These sub‐lethal effects, that stimulate host searching by parasitoids without impairing odour memorisation, could increase their parasitic efficiency.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry