bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The collaborative historical African rainfall model: description and evaluation
Authors: Funk Chris , Michaelsen Joel , Verdin Jim , Artan Guleid , Husak Greg , Senay Gabriel , Gadain Hussein , Magadazire Tamuka 
Published: January 2003

AbstractIn Africa the variability of rainfall in space and time is high, and the general availability of historical gauge data is low. This makes many food security and hydrologic preparedness activities difficult. In order to help overcome this limitation, we have created the Collaborative Historical African Rainfall Model (CHARM). CHARM combines three sources of information: climatologically aided interpolated (CAI) rainfall grids (monthly/0.5° ), National Centers for Environmental Prediction reanalysis precipitation fields (daily/1.875° ) and orographic enhancement estimates (daily/0.1° ). The first set of weights scales the daily reanalysis precipitation fields to match the gridded CAI monthly rainfall time series. This produces data with a daily/0.5° resolution. A diagnostic model of orographic precipitation, VDELB—based on the dot‐product of the surface wind V and terrain gradient (DEL) and atmospheric buoyancy B—is then used to estimate the precipitation enhancement produced by complex terrain. Although the data are produced on 0.1° grids to facilitate integration with satellite‐based rainfall estimates, the ‘true’ resolution of the data will be less than this value, and varies with station density, topography, and precipitation dynamics. The CHARM is best suited, therefore, to applications that integrate rainfall or rainfall‐driven model results over large regions.The CHARM time series is compared with three independent datasets: dekadal satellite‐based rainfall estimates across the continent, dekadal interpolated gauge data in Mali, and daily interpolated gauge data in western Kenya. These comparisons suggest reasonable accuracies (standard errors of about half a standard deviation) when data are aggregated to regional scales, even at daily time steps. Thus constrained, numerical weather prediction precipitation fields do a reasonable job of representing large‐scale diurnal variations. Published in 2003 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A simplified analysis method for piled raft foundations in non‐homogeneous soils
Authors: Kitiyodom Pastsakorn , Matsumoto Tatsunori 
Published: January 2003

AbstractA simplified method of numerical analysis based on elasticity theory has been developed for the analysis of axially and laterally loaded piled raft foundations embedded in non‐homogeneous soils and incorporated into a computer program “PRAB”. In this method, a hybrid model is employed in which the flexible raft is modelled as thin plates and the piles as elastic beams and the soil is treated as springs. The interactions between structural members, pile–soil–pile, pile–soil–raft and raft–soil–raft interactions, are approximated based on Mindlin's solutions for both vertical and lateral forces with consideration of non‐homogeneous soils. The validity of the proposed method is verified through comparisons with some published solutions for single piles, pile groups and capped pile groups in non‐homogeneous soils. Thereafter, the solutions from this approach for the analysis of axially and laterally loaded 4‐pile pile groups and 4‐pile piled rafts embedded in finite homogeneous and non‐homogeneous soil layers are compared with those from three‐dimensional finite element analysis. Good agreement between the present approach and the more rigorous finite element approach is demonstrated. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A study of the effect of driving on pre‐bored piles
Authors: Mabsout Mounir , Sadek Salah 
Published: January 2003

AbstractA finite element model for pile‐driving analysis is developed and used to investigate the behaviour of pre‐bored piles, which are then driven the last 1.25 or 2.25 m to their final design depth. The study was conducted for the case of saturated clays. The model traces the penetration of the pile into the soil and accommodates for large deformations. The non‐linear behaviour of the clay in this study is predicted using the bounding‐surface‐plasticity model, as applied to isotropic cohesive soils. The details of the 3‐D numerical modelling and computational schemes are presented. A significant difference was observed in the pile displacement during driving, and in the computed soil resistance at the pile tip, particularly at the earliest driving stages. No difference in soil resistance at the soil pile interface along the pile shaft was detected between the pre‐bored piles whether driven 1.25 or 2.25 m. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The stochastic U‐line balancing problem
Authors: Guerriero Franco , Miltenburg John 
Published: January 2003

AbstractA U‐line arranges tasks around a U‐shaped production line and organizes them into stations that can cross from one side of the line to the other. In addition to improving visibility and communication between operators on the line, which facilitates problem‐solving and quality improvement, U‐lines can reduce the total number of operators required on the line and make rebalancing the line easier compared to the traditional, straight production line. This paper studies the (type 1) U‐line balancing problem when task completion times are stochastic. Stochastic completion times occur when differences between operators cause completion times to vary somewhat and when machine processing times vary. A recursive algorithm is presented for finding the optimal solution when completion times have any distribution function. An equivalent shortest path network is also presented. An improvement for the special case of normally distributed task completion times is given. A computational study to determine the characteristics of instances that can be solved by the algorithms shows that they are able to solve instances of practical size (like the 114 Japanese and U.S. U‐lines studied in a literature review paper). © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2003
Block replacement policies for a two‐component system with failure dependence
Authors: Scarf Philip A. , Deara Mohammed 
Published: January 2003

AbstractBlock replacement and modified block replacement policies for two‐component systems with failure dependence and economic dependence are considered in this paper. Opportunistic maintenance policies are also considered. Where tractable, long‐run costs per unit time are calculated using renewal theory based arguments; otherwise simulation studies are carried out. The management implications for the adoption of the various policies are discussed. The usefulness of the results in the paper is illustrated through application to a particular two‐component system. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2003
Approximation schemes for ordered vector packing problems
Authors: Caprara Alberto , Kellerer Hans , Pferschy Ulrich 
Published: January 2003

AbstractIn this paper we deal with the d‐dimensional vector packing problem, which is a generalization of the classical bin packing problem in which each item has d distinct weights and each bin has d corresponding capacities. We address the case in which the vectors of weights associated with the items are totally ordered, i.e., given any two weight vectors ai, aj, either ai is componentwise not smaller than aj or aj is componentwise not smaller than ai. An asymptotic polynomial‐time approximation scheme is constructed for this case. As a corollary, we also obtain such a scheme for the bin packing problem with cardinality constraint, whose existence was an open question to the best of our knowledge. We also extend the result to instances with constant Dilworth number, i.e., instances where the set of items can be partitioned into a constant number of totally ordered subsets. We use ideas from classical and recent approximation schemes for related problems, as well as a nontrivial procedure to round an LP solution associated with the packing of the small items. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2003
Treatment of cast bronchitis with low‐dose oral azithromycin
Authors: Schultz Karen D. , Oermann Christopher M. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractCast or plastic bronchitis is an unusual disorder that is rarely encountered in the pediatric population. It is characterized by the expectoration of large, branching plugs of airway debris. These “casts” conform to the shape of portions of the tracheobronchial tree, and give the disorder its name. Cast bronchitis is typically seen in association with several primary pulmonary disorders and cyanotic congenital heart disease. It can be classified as inflammatory or acellular, based on the histologic characteristics of the casts. The presence of large, obstructive plugs filling the airways of lobes or entire lungs can result in a variety of clinical signs and symptoms, and may ultimately lead to respiratory failure and death. Conventional treatment of cast bronchitis has focused on the clearance of obstructing material from the airways combined with therapy for any underlying cardiopulmonary disease. Unfortunately, this approach has not proven very effective, and patient mortality remains high.We report on a case in which a patient with cast bronchitis was treated with long‐term, low‐dose oral azithromycin. This therapy resulted in clinical, spirometric, and radiographic improvement of the patient. Pediatr Pulmonol. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2003; 35:139–143. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Validation of shuttle tests in children with cystic fibrosis
Authors: Selvadurai Hiran C. , Cooper Peter J. , Meyers Nicholas , Blimkie Cameron J. , Smith Lucia , Mellis Craig M. , Van Asperen Peter P. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractShuttle tests are simple, inexpensive field tests that have been used to estimate the cardiorespiratory status of children. It has yet to be validated in children with CF. The aim of this study was to assess the reproducibility and criterion validity of shuttle tests in children with cystic fibrosis (CF).Ninety‐three CF patients aged 6 to 16 years of age with a wide range of disease severity performed the study. The 10‐m shuttle test was used for children 7 years of age and younger and those deemed too chronically ill by their physicians to perform the longer test (n = 35.) All other children performed the 20‐m shuttle test (n = 58). Reproducibility and criterion validity were assessed for each child over a two week period. Gas analysis was performed throughout testing using a polargraphic gas analyzer.The 10‐m shuttle tests were reproducible (mean difference between tests VO2 2.41 mL/kg/min, CI 3.46,−0.18) and the difference from treadmill testing was not statistically significant (mean difference VO2 5.30 mL/kg/min, CI‐7.46, 1.18). The 20‐m shuttle tests were reproducible (mean difference between tests VO2 2.07 mL/kg/min, CI‐3.90,0.60) and the difference from treadmill testing was not statistically significant (mean difference VO2 3.50 mL/kg/min, CI‐4.90, 1.60).We conclude that when formal exercise testing with treadmill or cycle ergometer cannot be performed, the shuttle tests provide a reproducible and valid alternative. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2003; 35:133–138. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Acute neurological deficits in a young adult with cystic fibrosis
Authors: Sritippayawan Suchada , MacLaughlin Eithne F. , Woo Marlyn S. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractAn abrupt onset of a neurological deficit is a rare occurrence in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). As many CF patients have indwelling intravenous catheters, one of the complications may be deep venous thrombosis. Cerebral thromboembolism through an intracardiac shunt should be considered in CF patients who develop unexplained acute neurological deficits. We report on the case of a 19‐year‐old CF patient with insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus who was on oral contraceptives and had a Port‐A‐Cath® in place.The patient developed an acute neurological deficit after pulmonary function testing. Radiologic investigations of her head and neck were unremarkable, except for bilateral maxillary and ethmoid sinusitis. An electroencephalogram showed epileptiform discharges primarily from the right hemisphere. A transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) revealed a small thrombus in the right atrium. A transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) demonstrated a left‐to‐right shunt through a patent foramen ovale (PFO) that was not found by TTE. Extensive investigation to rule out congenital and acquired thrombophilia was negative. Treatment consisted of aspirin and discontinuation of oral contraceptives and vitamin K supplementation. Spontaneous complete recovery of the neurological deficits occurred within 24 hr after onset of symptoms.We conclude that paradoxical embolism should be in the differential diagnoses of CF patients who have indwelling intravenous catheters and who develop an unexplained stroke. An extensive investigation to rule out intracardiac abnormalities and thrombophilia should be considered. The risks and benefits of PFO closure vs. prophylactic anticoagulant and antiplatelet aggregation treatment in this group of patients should be carefully weighed. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2003; 35:147–151. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Surgical treatment of pulmonary hydatid cysts in pediatric patients
Authors: Sivrikoz M. Cumhur , Tunçözgür Bülent , Nacak İbrahim , Elbeyli Levent 
Published: January 2003

AbstractHydatid cyst is a zoonotic infection that is caused by Echinococcus granulosus and alveolaris, and that can result in endemics in rural regions. Infections caused by Echinococcus granulosus are more commonly seen in our country. In this retrospective study, we aimed at discussing the experience we have accumulated on pediatric pulmonary hydatid cyst cases over the last 6 years. Between 1995–2001, in the Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery in Gaziantep University, 38 cases underwent 39 operations due to pulmonary and hepatic hydatid cysts. Of these, 24 were males and 14 were females, with an age range of 2–16 years. Operations were frequently performed via thoracotomy.Nineteen cysts were intact, and 26 were perforated. One case had sternotomy, another had sequential thoracotomy, and the rest of the cases underwent thoracotomy, which resulted in cystotomy‐capitonnage. In the postoperative period, 2 patients had sustained air leakage, and 2 other cases developed skin infections. Average hospital stay was 5 days. After the operation, the patients received chemotherapy (albendazole 10 mg/kg/day) for 1.5 months. Early or late deaths or recurrences were not observed.We conclude that cystotomy‐capitonnage is a successful treatment for pediatric pulmonary hydatid cysts, as it preserves the parenchyma. Chemotherapy in the postoperative period is beneficial in preventing the recurrences. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2003; 35:87–90. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The “wandering needle”
Authors: Brand Paul L.P. , Rosingh H. Jeroen 
Published: January 2003

AbstractSuspected aspiration of a radiopaque foreign body can easily be confirmed by a chest film. We report a case of a boy with chest‐film confirmed aspiration of a needle into his right main bronchus, in whom no needle was found during bronchoscopy. In retrospect, the boy had expectorated the needle without noticing it in the interval between making the diagnosis and the actual bronchoscopy. We propose to reconfirm aspiration of a radiopaque foreign body by fluoroscopy shortly before commencing bronchoscopy. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2003; 35:152–154. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Maximal static respiratory pressures in children and adolescents
Authors: Domènech‐Clar R. , López‐Andreu J.A. , Compte‐Torrero L. , De Diego‐Damiá A. , Macián‐Gisbert V. , Perpiñá‐Tordera M. , Roqués‐Serradilla J.M. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThis study was designed to establish reference values of maximal static respiratory pressures in children and adolescents in our community, and compare them with previous studies.Participants were recruited from three schools (randomly chosen from those located in the metropolitan area of the city of Valencia) after appropriate consent. None of the participants had a previous history of pulmonary, cardiac, and/or skeletal abnormalities, and all of them had normal spirometry.Forced spirometry (Spirotrac III, Vitalograph) and maximal inspiratory (PImaxRV) and expiratory (PEmaxTLC) pressure values (Sibelmed 163) were obtained by the same investigator, following national guidelines (SEPAR 1990).We studied 392 subjects (185 males, 207 females) whose ages ranged from 8–17 years. The reproducibility of measurements was investigated in a subgroup of 88 participants (randomly selected from the total sample, and stratified for age and gender) by means of the intraclass correlation coefficient (PEmaxTLC, 0.98; PImaxRV, 0.95). PEmaxTLC and PImaxRV values were significantly different between males and females (P < 0.0001) and were normally distributed. A stepwise, linear multiple regression model was built in each gender group (male/female) for the prediction of PImaxRV and PEmaxTLC values. Independent variables (weight, height, and age) and their potential interactions were forced to enter the model in order to maximize the square of the multiple correlation coefficient of the resultant equation. This model turned out to be applicable (homoscedasticity, independence, and normality requirements) for PImaxRV (in males and females) and for PEmaxTLC (in males but not in females). Variables included in the model were age and the product of weight and height. Their predictive power ranged between 0.21–0.51.In conclusion, PImaxRV and PEmaxTLC values increase with age from 8 until 17 years. In all age groups, values were higher in males than in females. Weight, height, and age are included in the predictive equations for PImaxRV (in males and females) and PEmaxTLC (in males). Their predictive value is similar to that reported by other authors and ranges between 0.21–0.51. This model is not suitable for the prediction of PEmaxTLC in females; the observed mean and range should be used instead. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2003; 35:126–132. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chronic Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia associated with extensive pneumatocele formation in a child with human immunodeficiency virus infection
Authors: Holland Eliza T. , Saulsbury Frank T. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractWe describe a 12‐year‐old boy with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia complicated by extensive pneumatocele formation as the presenting manifestation of human immunodeficiency virus infection. This report emphasizes the importance of considering Pneumocystis carinii infection in the differential diagnosis of pneumonia associated with pneumatocele formation in children. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2003; 35:144–146. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pathogenic Human Viruses in Coastal Waters
Authors: Griffin Dale W. , Donaldson Kim A. , Paul John H. , Rose Joan B. 
Published: January 2003

SUMMARY
This review addresses both historical and recent investigations into viral contamination of marine waters. With the relatively recent emergence of molecular biology-based assays, a number of investigations have shown that pathogenic viruses are prevalent in marine waters being impacted by sewage. Research has shown that this group of fecal-oral viral pathogens (enteroviruses, hepatitis A viruses, Norwalk viruses, reoviruses, adenoviruses, rotaviruses, etc.) can cause a broad range of asymptomatic to severe gastrointestinal, respiratory, and eye, nose, ear, and skin infections in people exposed through recreational use of the water. The viruses and the nucleic acid signature survive for an extended period in the marine environment. One of the primary concerns of public health officials is the relationship between the presence of pathogens and the recreational risk to human health in polluted marine environments. While a number of studies have attempted to address this issue, the relationship is still poorly understood. A contributing factor to our lack of progress in the field has been the lack of sensitive methods to detect the broad range of both bacterial and viral pathogens. The application of new and advanced molecular methods will continue to contribute to our current state of knowledge in this emerging and important field.
Membrane Association Facilitates the Correct Processing of pp220 during Production of the Major Matrix Proteins of African Swine Fever Virus
Authors: Heath Colin M. , Windsor Miriam , Wileman Thomas 
Published: January 2003

ABSTRACT
The African swine fever (ASF) virus polyprotein pp220 is processed at Gly-Gly-X sites by a virally encoded SUMO-like protease to produce matrix proteins p150, p37, p34, and p14. Four Gly-Gly-X sites are used to produce the matrix proteins, but the polyprotein contains an additional 15 sites potentially recognized by the protease. This study shows that cleavage occurs at many, if not all, Gly-Gly-X sites, and at steady state, p150 and p34 are minor products of processing. Significantly, only the final structural proteins, p150 and p34, were found in mature virions, suggesting that there is a mechanism for excluding incorrectly processed forms. ASF virus is assembled on the cytoplasmic face of the endoplasmic reticulum, and the distribution of pp220 products between membranes and cytosol was studied. Incorrectly processed forms of p34 were recovered from both the cytosol and membrane fractions. Interestingly, p34 was only detected in the membrane fraction, and of the many processed forms bound to membranes, only p34 was protected from trypsin, suggesting envelopment. The majority of the incorrectly processed forms of p150 were recovered from the cytosol. Again, the correct product of processing, p150, was selectively recruited to membranes. Sucrose density centrifugation showed that membrane-associated forms of p34 and p150 assembled into large structures suggestive of a viral matrix, while cytosolic and/or incorrectly processed forms of pp220 did not. Taken together, these results suggest that association with cellular membranes is important for regulating the correct processing of pp220 and the packaging of matrix proteins into virions.
Role of Plasma Membrane Lipid Microdomains in Respiratory Syncytial Virus Filament Formation
Authors: McCurdy Lewis H. , Graham Barney S. 
Published: January 2003

ABSTRACT

The fusion protein (F) of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the envelope glycoprotein responsible for the characteristic cytopathology of syncytium formation. RSV has been shown to bud from selective areas of the plasma membrane as pleomorphic virions, including both filamentous and round particles. With immunofluorescent microscopy, we demonstrated evidence of RSV filaments incorporating the fusion protein F and colocalizing with a lipid microdomain-specific fluorescent dye, 1,1-dihexadecyl-3,3,3,3-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate. Western blot analysis of Triton X-100 cold-extracted membrane fractions confirmed the presence of RSV proteins within the lipid microdomains. RSV proteins also colocalized with cellular proteins associated with lipid microdomains, caveolin-1, and CD44, as well as with RhoA, a small GTPase. ADP-ribosylation of RhoA by
Clostridium botulinum
exotoxin inactivated RhoA signaling and resulted in the absence of RSV-induced syncytia despite no significant change in viral titer. We demonstrated an overall decrease in both the number and length of the viral filaments and a shift in the localization of F to nonlipid microdomain regions of the membrane in the presence of C3 toxin. This suggests that the selective incorporation of RSV proteins into lipid microdomains during virus assembly may lead to critical interactions of F with cellular proteins, resulting in microvillus projections necessary for the formation of filamentous virus particles and syncytium formation. Thus, manipulation of membrane lipid microdomains may lead to alterations in the production of viral filaments and RSV pathogenesis and provide a new pharmacologic target for RSV therapy.