bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ralph Waldo Emerson, “The Transcendentalist” (23 December 1841)
Authors: Myerson Joel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
EMERSON’S LECTURE ON “The Transcendentalist,” delivered as part of his “The Times” series, is as close to an extended definition of the movement by a participant as we have. Facing an audience that has heard Transcendentalism described as an un-American fad (because of its interest in British and continental philosophy and other writings) with many odd and dangerous adherents (as witnessed by Alcott’s “Orphic Sayings” and the communal living style at Brook Farm), Emerson defuses the situation by two rhetorical strategies. First, he argues that Transcendentalism is “the very oldest of thoughts cast into the mould of these new times”; that is, the audience should not be afraid of the new dress worn by familiar ideas. Second, while he admits that many Transcendentalists “hold themselves aloof” because our “literature and spiritual history” are “in the optative mood,” nevertheless “the good and wise must learn to act, and carry salvation to the combatants and demagogues in the dusty arena below”; and he frankly admits that there will be “cant and pretension,” “subtilty and moonshine,” but these people are “of unequal strength, and do not all prosper.”
Margaret Fuller, “The Great Lawsuit. Man versus Men. Woman versus Women” (July 1843)
Authors: Myerson Joel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
FULLER’S FEMINIST MANIFESTO is a call for equality of the sexes. Rhetorically, Fuller does at lease two interesting things. First, as a woman writing in a male world, she envelops herself and her work in all of her considerable learning (hence the many allusions and citations of other writers) to demonstrate that even though she had been denied a college education, she was indeed well informed about literature, philosophy, and the ocher arts—she was, in other words, credentialed. Second, she sets forth her argument not just for the good of woman but for the good of man as well, recognizing chat self-interest may triumph where principles have failed. Her four types of marriages, like Emerson’s ascending order of chapters in Nature, go from the commonplace to the best: the “household partnership,” “mutual idolatry,” “intellectual companionship,” and the religious union, which includes the best of all the others.
William Ellery Channing, “Gifts,” “The River,” and “Sonnet XI”
Authors: Myerson Joel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A DROPPING shower of spray, Filled with a beam of light, — The breath of some soft day, — The groves by wan moonlight, — Some rivers flow, Some falling snow, Some bird’s swift flight; — A summer field o’erstrown With gay and laughing flowers, And shepherd’s clocks half blown, That tell the merry hours. —
John Sullivan Dwight, “Sweet is the pleasure” and “Music”
Authors: Myerson Joel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sweet is the pleasure, Itself cannot spoill Is not true leisure One with true toil? Thou that wouldst taste it, Still do thy best; Use it, not waste it, Else ‘t is no rest. Wouldst behold beauty Near thee? all round? Only hath duty Such a sight found.
Frederic Henry Hedge, “Questionings”
Authors: Myerson Joel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hath this world, without me wrought, Other substance than my thought? Lives it by my sense alone, Or by essence of its own? Will its life, with mine begun, Cease to be when that is done Or another consciousness With the self-same forms impress? Doth yon fireball, poised in air, Hang by my permission there? Are the clouds that wander by, But the offspring of mine eye, Born with every glance I cast, Perishing when that is past?
Ellen Sturgis Hooper, “I slept, and dreamed that life was Beauty” and “Better a sin which purposed wrong to none”
Authors: Myerson Joel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I slept, and dreamed that life was Beauty; I woke, and found that life was Duty. Was thy dream then a shadowy lie? Toil on, sad heart, courageously, And thou shalt find thy dream to be A noonday light and truth to thee.
Henry David Thoreau, “Inspiration,” “The Poet’s Delay,” “Rumors from an Æ lian Harp,” “Smoke,” “Haze,” “On fields oer which the reaper’s hand has passd,” “Brother where dost thou dwell?,” “Conscience is instinct bred in the house,” and “Low-anchored cloud” —
Authors: Myerson Joel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Always the general show of things Floats in review before my mind, And such true love and rev’rence brings That sometimes I forget that I am blind. But straight there comes unsought, unseen, Some clear divine electuary, And I who had but sensual been, Grow sensible, and as God is am wary. I hearing get, who had but ears, And sight, who had but eyes before, I moments live, who lived but years, And truth discern, who knew but learning’s lore.
Henry David Thoreau, “Resistance to Civil Government” (1849
Authors: Myerson Joel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THOREAU’S WORK, which appeared in the only issue of Elizabeth Peabody’s Aesthetic Papers, is arguably the most famous essay in American literature and certainly the most influential, having been cited by Mohandas Gandhi, Marcin Luther King, Jr., and others as having helped form their belief in nonviolent resistance. Although written as a lecture in response to the Mexican War, this essay has a timeless quality because it raises the question of what one should do when one feels, in opposition to the majority, that one is right, and it contextualizes the issue in an actual incident from Thoreau’s life to demonstrate that being in prison is not an embarrassment, but a privilege.
Theodore Parker, A Sermon of the Public Function of Woman (1853)
Authors: Myerson Joel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IF MARGARET FULLER calls for equality for woman, then Parker wants to define the roles that woman may play after she has achieved her independence. This sermon, part of a series on the “Spiritual Development of the Human Race,” is in turn one of four Parker gave in that series on “Woman,” the others being on the “historical Formation of the popular Idea of Woman,” the “peculiar Characteristics and the true Idea of Woman,” and the “Ideal Domestic Function of Woman.”
Ralph Waldo Emerson, “Seventh of March Speech on the Fugitive Slave Law, 7 March 1854”
Authors: Myerson Joel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
EMERSON’S RESPONSE to a law that requires citizens to help recapture fugitive slaves is a strong one, as are his comments on Daniel Webster, formerly highly regarded by Emerson, but now, because of his help in assisting the passage of the Fugitive Slave Law, an apostate. This law was part of the Compromise of 1850, which among other things, allowed New Mexico co be organized as a territory without restrictions on slavery and permitted California to be admitted as a free state. Webster’s defense of the package was seen by him as a way to avoid Southern secession and as part of a belief that the different soil and farming methods employed in the West would of themselves result in chose states being free states. But to have a New Englander empower the federal government co dictate chat citizens must crack down slaves was too much to bear, and Webster and the Fugitive Slave Law were roundly denounced. After the law was implemented on 18 September 1850, Emerson wrote in his journal “I will not obey it, by God.”
Henry David Thoreau, “A Plea for Captain John Brown” (30 October 1859)
Authors: Myerson Joel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
JOHN BROWN (1800 – 1859) had a long career as an abolitionist. He had been involved with the Free Soilers in Kansas trying to keep the state free, leading a guerilla company that eventually executed a number of proslavery men. More important, he launched an attack on the Union arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, Virginia, on 16 October 1859, with less than two dozen men, both black and white, in the hope that escaped slaves would join in the rebellion. He was unsuccessful and many of his supporters were killed. Brown was tried for treason and leading a slave revolt, and was sentenced to be hanged. In the time between his trial and execution, many northerners urged clemency for Brown, and he became a martyr for the antislavery cause.
Using Musical Activities
Authors: Maris Barbara English 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In earlier chapters, I presented “Concepts to Consider” and “Activities to Explore” as separate categories, reflecting the usefulness of responding to two aspects of learning in two different ways. In this chapter, however, instead of clustering activities at the end, I incorporated them throughout. I have grouped musical activities into the following categories: Organizing Information, Working with Rhythms, Verbalizing, Rehearsal Strategies, Working with Pitch Patterns, Refining Dynamics, Building Special Skills, and Closing Thoughts.
1974–1975
Authors: Hischak Thomas S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After a dismal season, the most mediocre of succeeding seasons might look appealing in comparison. But 1974–1975 was much better than mediocre, and optimism ran high on Broadway. The total number of entries rose perceptibly (sixtytwo offerings, forty-seven of them non-musicals and eighteen of those new American plays), ticket prices held steady, and a few more plays showed a profit than in several previous seasons. Even troubled Off Broadway offered thirty new American plays, thanks to the various non-profit theatre companies; the commercial entries numbered only ten, none of which paid back its investors.
1975–1976
Authors: Hischak Thomas S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With the approaching Bicentennial celebration, it was not surprising to find several revivals of American classics in New York. But there must have been more than patriotism behind all the theatrical looking back this season. One half of all the entries on and off the Street were revivals, and a good number of new works were nostalgic (or anti-nostalgic) pieces.
1979–1980
Authors: Hischak Thomas S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The appellation “worst season in years” was heard often as the decade came to a close, and it was difficult to dispute such naysayers when faced with the record. Not only were the best plays not all that good, but the dreadful plays were unusually awful. One third of all the new plays that opened on Broadway in 1979–1980 closed in a week or less. More disturbing, they (with the exception of one or two) deserved to close that quickly. In a season of such dismal offerings, the claim of “worst new play of the season” became the only contest of interest.
1981–1982
Authors: Hischak Thomas S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While a British import (Nicholas Nickleby)was the centerpiece of the theatre season, there were some American plays of quality to be found this year on and off the Street. Fifteen new native works (plus three transfers from Off Broadway) opened on Broadway, and forty-one appeared off Broadway, as compared to eighteen and thirtyseven the season before.
1997–1998
Authors: Hischak Thomas S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Once again box office on Broadway rose nearly 12 percent and attendance another 9 percent, but, also once again, non-musicals had little to do with it. The New Amsterdam Theatre and Ford Theatre Center, both musical houses, opened this season, so there were more seats to fill than in several decades past. Musicals provided most of the patrons while a handful of plays did nicely but hardly caused a ripple in the wave of prosperity on the Street. In reality, only five new American plays opened on Broadway this season, all commercial failures. The five foreign entries from England, Ireland, and France did better, and there were nine revivals, most of them quite noteworthy. Off Broadway, on the other hand, jumped up to thirty-four new American works and nineteen revivals (though many of those were foreign guests). Off Off Broadway provided more crossover productions than usual, and many of them were quite traditional in nature. The days when each of the three venues had a distinct character seemed to be gone.
1998–1999
Authors: Hischak Thomas S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Because musicals were scarce (and unimpressive) this season, plays seemed to dominate the theatre scene. It was not just an illusion. More plays (sixteen new works) opened on Broadway than in the previous season, and a good number of them stayed for noteworthy, if not always profitable, 1999–2000 439 Joe as the culprit. Joe is cleared by way of a blood test, Frank puts the stolen money away for Joe’s college education, and Ray heads to Chicago, where he writes a philosophy book no one will read—but, as Ray says, “that was the point.” Most reviews were favorable, if not “money” notices, and the drama ran two months.
Knowledge and Action
Authors: Sapp Jan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nothing was certain about the crown—of—thorns in the early 1970s. Were infestations occurring more or less simultaneously throughout the Inda—Pacific? Were they natural, or induced by human activities? How extensive were they? How soon would recovery occur? Did Acanthaster predation normally enhance coral diversity? All the evidence could be given alternative interpretations and all the hard facts made fluid.
Crossroads
Authors: Sapp Jan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The world was faced with a mass of urgent environmental problems by the late 1980s: global climatic change, acid rain, overfishing, destruction of tropical forests, effluent and pollution of all sorts, resistance of pests and pathogens, epidemics of new diseases. Ecologists were anxious because the public in general, and decision—makers in particular, still seemed to regard them “as fuzzy remnants of flower power, not really relevant to day.”1 Yet one of the results of studying community ecology, ecologists argued, was that one could have prior understanding of the likely environmental risks in a particular situation.
Animal Patienthood
Authors: Bernstein Mark H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To be considered a moral patient, an individual who has interests, is diametrically opposed to being considered a resource. Resources, or amoral patients, have no inherent value. The only value that they have is instrumental, value in the service of other individuals who themselves have value. In virtue of their nature, resources are not items toward which we can act morally correctly or incorrectly. Precisely unlike moral patients, they are not morally enfranchiseable. Although there may be moral limits regarding our dealings with resources, these boundaries are not prescribed by any inherent properties of the resource itself. Rather, behaviors concerning resources are restricted only by our moral relationships with (other) moral patients.
Building Choral Excellence
Authors: Demorest Steven M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Designed for both the practicing choral director and the choral methods student, this is a compact and comprehensive overview of the many teaching methods, strategies, materials, and assessments available for choral sight-singing instruction. Sight-singing is an important, if sometimes neglected, facet of choral music education that often inspires fear and uncertainty in student and teacher alike. Written in an accessible style, this book takes the mystery out of teaching music reading Topics covered include the history of sight-singing pedagogy and research, prominent methods and materials, and practical strategies for teaching and assessment. This is the only book to provide such a wealth of information under one cover and will become an essential part of every choral conductor’s library.
Systems and Methods of Instruction
Authors: Demorest Steven M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents an overview of systems and methods for teaching music reading along with some background on each. One often hears the terms method and system used interchangeably to describe sight-singing instruction, but in fact those terms can have very different meanings. For the purposes of this chapter, the terms will be defined as follows: method refers to a complete set of guidelines for teaching music reading that specifies sequence, content, and particular techniques; system refers to the means by which pitch or rhythm relationships are represented. For example, fixed “do” and movable “do” are two prevalent melody-reading systems and counting on numbers and reading syllables (e.g., ta-ti) are two popular rhythm-reading systems.
The War between Otho and Vitellius (March and April)
Authors: Morgan Gwyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Once Caecina emerged from the Alps toward the end of March, he swiftly overran much of the western half of the Transpadana, that part of Italy north of the River Po. He already had four good bases in the region, Eporedia, Vercellae, Novaria, and Mediolanum. Tacitus adds that the local inhabitants felt no loyalty to Otho or Vitellius and did not care who won the war, because a century of peace had schooled them to bow to superior force, no matter who applied it. The comment loses much of its sting as soon as we ask what else they could have done. Besides, Caecina took care not to alienate them. He kept his column on a tight rein as he moved south. And surprise appears to have been the tactic used by his advance forces, the auxiliaries sent on ahead, as they neutralized Othonian units in the area. Tacitus reports that a cohort of Pannonians was taken prisoner near Cremona, while 100 cavalry and 1,000 marines (drawn perhaps from the Ravenna fleet, perhaps from the squadron stationed earlier at Forum Julii) were captured as they made their way from Placentia on the southern bank to Ticinum (Pavia) on the northern. Tacitus does not say that Caecina’s advance guard occupied Cremona when they rounded up the Pannonians there. But if they did not, their activity was probably enough to persuade the inhabitants to open the gates as soon as Caecina himself appeared. Either way, Tacitus seems to have taken it for granted that his readers would know that Cremona and Placentia were the keys to north Italy. They had been founded in 219 B.C., the former on the northern bank of the Po and the latter on the southern, as bulwarks against invasions out of the Alps, and the Romans still viewed them as such in 69.
Diplomats and Reformers
Authors: Musto David F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the close of the nineteenth century, the Far East beckoned as a market for American investors. According to enthusiastic calculation, a pair of shoes sold to each Chinese would keep American shoe factories busy for years. American financial leaders coming out of the depression of 1893 believed that expanding markets were the key to future prosperity, blaming bad times on saturation of the home market.
The Federal Assault on Addiction Maintenance
Authors: Musto David F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Harrison Act became effective on 1 March 1915. Enforcement was assigned to the Bureau of Internal Revenue within the Treasury Department. The revenue agents had had long experience with smuggling, evasion of tax stamps, and so on, by manufacturers and retailers and were thus prepared to regulate physicians and the drug trades. By 30 June 1916, 124,000 physicians, 47,000 retail druggists, 37,000 dentists, 11,000 veterinarians, and 1,6oo manufacturers, importers, and wholesalers had been registered. The accumulation of information from records was large, and any systematic attempt to scrutinize the records was impossible. When violations came to the attention of the revenue agents, they moved in. After evidence had been gathered, a federal district attorney took charge of the cases and sought indictments.
Rationality and Rules
Authors: McClennen Edward F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I propose to explore to what extent one can provide a grounding within a theory of individual, rational, instrumental choice for a commitment to being guided by the rules that define a practice. The approach I shall take - already signalled by the use of the term “instrumental” - is Humean, rather than Kantian, in spirit. That is, my concern is to determine to what extent a commitment to such rules can be defended by appeal to what is perhaps the least problematic sense of rationality - that which is effectively instrumental with respect to the objectives that one has deliberatively adopted.
Objectivity And Practical Reason
Authors: Davidson Donald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One part of the brain, the amygdala, is responsible for emotional or evaluative responses to perceived facts. Another part of the brain, the hippocampus, as signs to those same facts a degree of belief or subjective probability. In other words, beliefs and desires, the main explainers of action and intention, employ quite different bits of gray matter. So striking is the effect that if the amygdala of a human adult is severely damaged, the emotive response to normally disagreeable stimuli (say a sudden loud noise) is suppressed, though the existence of the stimulus is accurately noted, while an adult whose hippocampus is damaged displays the appropriate emotion in response to the same stimulus, but fails to record its cause. It is somewhat surprising that a person can respond positively or negatively to a stimulus he or she apparently does not know to be present; it is more surprising that a person can know he or she is experiencing a normally painful stimulus and yet fail to respond appropriately. But however separable they may be as responses, the onset of belief and the onset of desire in such cases have a common cause, the stimulus itself. Furthermore, both beliefs and desires are, as we like to say, propositional. that is, they have the sort of content we attribute to declarative sentences. We desire it to be true that the loud sound stops (without necessarily believing there is a loud sound); we believe that there is a loud sound (without necessarily wanting it to stop).
When Practical Reason Plays Dice
Authors: Heyd David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
God, said Einstein, does not play dice with the universe. For metaphysical reasons, one may add that he should not or even cannot engage in such activity. Being omniscient, He knows in advance the way the dice will fall; being omnipotent, He can effect whatever outcome he wills. Human beings, however, neither know all nor enjoy full control over what happens in the world. Endowed with theoretical reason, they may strive to attain as much knowledge about the world as they can; but being aware of the frequent failure of cognition, they often have rational grounds for suspending judgment. Equipped with practical reason, human beings plan their behavior in the world; yet faced with the limitations of this power, they cannot always resort to a similar move of suspension. Action is more urgent than judgment, and deferment in the exercise of practical reason is often irrational in a way that avoidance of theoretical judgment is not.
Organic Expansion and Classical Structure in Bartók’s Sonata for Two Pianos and Percussion
Authors: Antokoletz Elliott 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bartók’s Sonata for Two Pianos and Percussion, composed in 1937, is an exemplar of the composer’s lifelong evolution toward synthesis of divergent folk and art music sources. While this trend toward synthesis reached its most intensive stage in Bartók’s piano works and string quartets of the mid-1920s, the Sonata marks yet another stage of development in his aesthetic approach. The Sonata contains the same remarkable musical energy of his most dissonant and intense works of the 1920s, but now, in the 1930s, a greater Classical concern is manifested in the meticulous design of his complex structures and in the clarity, distinction, and balance of the formal components on all levels of the music. The result is a new sense of rigorous structural control over the enormous dynamic energy concentrated within the compositional framework. It is in such works as the Sonata that we can observe an ideal relation between the highly synthesized musical language that Bartók had begun to evolve from the first decades of the century and the Classical forms that were being revitalized during the more conservative era of the 1930s and 1940s.