bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of hyaluronidase on aqueous outflow resistance in normotensive and glaucomatous eyes of dogs
Authors: Gum Glenwood G. , Samuelson Don A. , Gelatt Kirk N. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The anterior chambers in 16 dogs with normotensive eyes and 3 Beagles with glaucomatous eyes were treated with 0, 25, 50, or 100 IU of bovine testicular hyaluronidase. Aqueous outflow resistance was then determined by constant-pressure perfusion of 0.9% NaCl solution for 30 or 60 minutes. In normotensive eyes, 25, 50, or 100 IU of hyaluronidase significantly (P < 0.02) increased the rate of constant-pressure perfusion compared with that of untreated eyes during 30- or 60-minute perfusions. Treatment of glaucomatous eyes with 25, 50, or 100 IU of hyaluronidase did not significantly increase the rate of constant-pressure perfusion over controls during a 30-minute perfusion.
Bovine testicular hyaluronidase at all doses removed the staining of colloidal iron from the trabecular meshwork in normotensive eyes. In Beagles with glaucoma, the trabecular meshworks remained stained with colloidal iron when treated with the hyaluronidase, which suggested that some glycosaminoglycans were resistant to this enzyme's action.
In vitro comparison of equine granulocytes labeled with 99mTc-hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime or 111In-oxine
Authors: Daniel Gregory B. , Tucker Russell L. , Buckman Theresa , Daniel Sandra L. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Isolated equine granulocytes (wbc), radiolabeled with 99mTc-hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime (99mTc-hmpao) or 111In-oxine, were evaluated in vitro for their labeling characteristics, viability, and phagocytic function over a 6-hour postlabeling period. Mean ± sd labeling efficiency for 111In-oxine-wbc was 62.2 ± 15.3%, which was significantly (P < 0.001) higher than that for 99mTc-hmpao-wbc (32.0 ± 17.0%). In vitro elution of radiolabel from cells was significantly (P < 0.02) greater for 99mTc-hmpao-wbc at 0.5, 2, and 4 hours, but was not significantly different from elution of radiolabel for 111In-oxine-wbc at 6 hours. Viability, assessed by trypan blue dye exclusion, for 99mTc-hmpao-wbc, 111In-oxine-wbc, and nonlabeled control wbc ranged from 97 to 100%, and was not significantly different among groups. Cell function was assessed by use of a phagocytosis assay and was reported as phagocytic index. The phagocytic index ranged from 0.86 to 0.96 for 99mTc-hmpao-wbc, and from 0.76 to 0.97 for 111In-oxine-wbc. The phagocytic index was not significantly different at 0.5, 2, or 4 hours, but was significantly (P = 0.038) greater at 6 hours for 99mTc-hmpao-wbc. Because of the superior imaging characteristics of 99mTc-hmpao-wbc and equal or better labeling characteristics than those for 111In-oxine at 6 hours, 99mTc-hmpao-wbc appear to be a good alternative to 111In-oxine-wbc.
Use of tissue plasminogen activator for intraocular fibrinolysis in dogs
Authors: Gerding Paul A. , Essex-Sorlie Diane , Vasaune Steven , Yack Robert 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Fibrin clots were induced in eyes of dogs by injection of autogenous citrated plasma into the anterior chamber. Twenty-four hours after clot formation, 0.01 ml of tissue plasminogen activator at a concentration of 1 μg/100 μl (group 1, n = 5) or 25 μg/100 μl (group 2, n = 5) was injected into 1 anterior chamber of each dog. The contralateral eye served as a nontreated control. Serial photographs were taken of the fibrin clots after intracameral injection of tissue plasminogen activator. Computerized morphometric analysis was then used to evaluate changes in cross-sectional surface area of the fibrin clot. Significant (P < 0.001) fibrin-clot lysis was detected in treated eyes of group-2 dogs, but was not found in treated eyes of group-1 dogs. A mean decrease of > 90% in clot surface area was detected by 120 minutes after injection in treated eyes of group-2 dogs.
Anti-equine tumor necrosis factor (tnf) activity of antisera raised against human tnf-α and peptide segments of human tnf-α
Authors: MacKay Robert J. , Socher Susan H. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Antisera raised in rabbits against either purified recombinant-derived human tumor necrosis factor (tnf)- α (hutnf) or hutnf peptide-bovine thyroglobulin conjugates were evaluated for anti-equine tnf (eqtnf) activity. Binding and neutralizing anti-eqtnf activities were found in antisera raised against whole hutnf or against either of the peptides containing the N-terminal 15 amino acids of hutnf (hutnf[1-15] and hutnf[1-31]). Anti-eqtnf activity was not detected in antisera raised against hutnf[65-79], hutnf[98-111] or hutnf[124-141] peptides. The addition of excess hutnf[1-15] completely inhibited the ability of anti-hutnf[1-15] to bind eqtnf and reduced by approximately 25% the anti-eqtnf activity of an antiserum raised against whole hutnf. Nonconjugated hutnf[1-15] did not have eqtnf agonist or antagonist activity. Results were consistent with previous structural and functional data implicating the N-terminus of hutnf in receptor binding and indicate that the homologue of hutnf[1-15] on eqtnf may be a potentially important target for neutralizing anti-eqtnf antibodies.
Effects of prostaglandin F2α and leukotriene D4 on pupil size, intraocular pressure, and blood-aqueous barrier in dogs
Authors: Dziezyc Joan , Millichamp Nicholas J. , Keller Charlotte B. , Smith William B. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
In each of 5 groups of dogs, 0.05 ml of 1 of the following solutions was injected into the anterior chamber of both eyes: phosphate-buffered saline solution, 0.001 μg of prostaglandin F2α (pgf2α), 0.01 μg of pgf2α, 0.1 μg of leukotriene D4(ltd4), and 1 μg of ltd4. A 10% solution of sodium fluorescein was injected iv (14 mg/kg of body weight) at the same time, and pupil size, intraocular pressure, and anterior chamber fluorescence were measured for 1 hour after injections. In a dose-dependent manner, pgf2α was a potent miotic. A significant effect on intraocular pressure was not detected when the groups given pgf2α were compared with the control group. When compared with ltd4, pgf2α significantly (P < 0.05) increased the breakdown of the blood-aqueous barrier, as evidenced by increased fluorescein leakage into the anterior chamber. Leukotriene D4 caused a decrease in pupil size only at 5 minutes, compared with that of the control group. Intraocular pressure was greater (but not significantly) in the group given 1 μg of ltd4.
Susceptibility of dogs to infection with Ehrlichia chaffeensis, causative agent of human ehrlichiosis
Authors: Dawson Jacqueline E. , Ewing S. A. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Ehrlichia chaffeensis, the newly recognized agent of human ehrlichiosis, is closely related to E canis, the causative agent of canine ehrlichiosis. Eight pups were inoculated iv with E chaffeensis-, or with E canis-infected DH82 cells, or organisms released from these host cells. Two additional pups served as nonexposed controls. Marked thrombocytopenia was observed in the E canis-infected pups, but not in those infected with E chaffeensis. Homologous serologic response was observed in the E chaffeensis-exposed pups by postinoculation day (pid) 14 and in the E canis-exposed pups by pid 21. Ehrlichia chaffeensis and E canis were reisolated from the respective inoculated pups on each of 8 attempts from pid 7 to 26. One E chaffeensis-exposed pup that was challenge exposed with E canis via blood transfusion, developed fever, anorexia, and thrombocytopenia, suggesting lack of cross protection against E canis.
Comparison of intravenous and intramuscular routes of administering cosyntropin for corticotropin stimulation testing in cats
Authors: Peterson Mark E. , Kemppainen Robert J. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Plasma cortisol and immunoreactive (ir)-acth responses to 125 μg of synthetic acth (cosyntropin) administered iv or im were compared in 10 clinically normal cats. After im administration of cosyntropin, mean plasma cortisol concentration increased signficantly (P < 0.05) within 15 minutes, reached maximal concentration at 45 minutes, and decreased to values not significantly different from baseline concentration by 2 hours. After iv administration of cosyntropin, mean plasma cortisol concentration also increased significantly (P < 0.05) at 15 minutes, but in contrast to im administration, the maximal cortisol response took longer (75 minutes) and cortisol concentration remained significantly (P < 0.05) higher than baseline cortisol concentration for 4 hours. Mean peak cortisol concentration (298 nmol/L) after iv administration of cosyntropin was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than the peak value (248 nmol/L) after im administration. All individual peak plasma cortisol concentrations and areas under the plasma cortisol response curve were significantly (P < 0.05) higher after iv administration of cosyntropin than after im administration. Mean plasma ir-acth concentration returned to values not statistically different from baseline by 60 minutes after im administration of cosyntropin, whereas ir-acth concentration still was higher than baseline concentration 6 hours after iv administration. Peak plasma ir-acth concentration and area under the plasma ir-acth response curve also were significantly (P < 0.05) higher after iv administration of cosyntropin. Results of the study confirmed that iv adminstration of cosyntropin induces significantly (P < 0.05) greater and more prolonged adrenocortical stimulation than does im administration. The reason for this greater degree of stimulation of the adrenal cortex is presumably the result of the higher circulating acth concentration attained by iv, compared with im, administration.
Identification and categorization of the vascular patterns to muscles of the thoracic limb, thorax, and neck of dogs
Authors: Purinton P. Thomas , Chambers Jonathan N. , Moore James L. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Vascular patterns to thoracic limbs, thorax, and neck muscles were studied in 10 dogs (20 limbs) to identify muscles most suitable for transposition in the treatment of large wounds. Gross dissection of injected specimens and angiography were used to identify vascular pedicles. Size and location of pedicles were generally consistent, and any variations would not interfere with most muscle transfers. The cutaneous trunci, latissimus dorsi, sternothyroideus, sternohyoideus, deep pectoral, anconeus, ulnaris lateralis, and ulnar head of flexor carpi ulnaris muscles were identified as suitable for transfer. The cranial trapezius, caudal omotransversarius, cleidobrachialis, and caudal sternocephalicus muscles also had potential for use. Other muscles, because of inaccessibility or unfavorable vascular pattern, were not suitable candidates for transfer.
Invasion of enterocytes in cultured porcine small intestinal mucosal explants by Salmonella choleraesuis
Authors: Nietfeld Jerome C. , Tyler David E. , Harrison Lenn R. , Cole John R. , Latimer Kenneth S. , Crowell Wayne A. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Porcine small intestinal explants maintained in vitro were inoculated with Salmonella choleraesuis to study the characteristics of its invasion of enterocytes. The explants were fixed at selected intervals for up to 12 hours after inoculation and examined by conventional light microscopy, immunoperoxidase staining, and transmission electron microscopy. Although there was diffuse loss of villous enterocytes during the first hour of incubation, the villi were reepithelialized by the end of 2 hours of culture, and the mucosal epithelium remained intact and appeared to be viable through 12 hours of culture. Intraepithelial S choleraesuis were not detected before 6 hours after inoculation, but after 12 hours of incubation, bacteria were numerous within enterocytes. Ultrastructurally, penetration of the brush border by S choleraesuis resulted in focal loss of microvilli. Bacteria were endocytosed into membrane-bound vacuoles where most remained, but a few were free within the cytoplasm of enterocytes. Invasion of the explants closely resembled that described for live animal and cell culture models of Salmonella spp invasion.
Induction and enhancement of feline infectious peritonitis by canine coronavirus
Authors: McArdle F. , Bennett M. , Gaskell R. M. , Tennant B. , Kelly D. F. , Gaskell C. J. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Preexisting antibody to feline infectious peritonitis virus (fipv) causes acceleration and enhancement of disease on subsequent infection of cats with fipv. Other workers have shown that canine coronavirus (ccv) can infect cats subclinically, but have found no evidence of enhancement of, or protection against, subsequent fipv infection. With various isolates of ccv, we determined that 1 strain of ccv can induce transient mild diarrhea in cats and, furthermore, that previous infection with ccv causes acceleration and enhancement of subsequent infection with fipv. In addition, sequential inoculation of cats with another strain of ccv caused lesions indistinguishable from those of fip, without exposure at any time to fipv.
Experimentally induced infection of cats with Borrelia burgdorferi
Authors: Burgess Elizabeth C. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
To determine whether cats could be infected experimentally with Borrelia burgdorferi, 15 cats were inoculated with approximately 1,000 B burgdorferi. Seven cats were inoculated by the iv route, 2 by the oral route, 2 by the ocular route, and 4 by the oral-ocular route. Six control cats were inoculated with phosphate-buffered saline solution by the iv, oral, and ocular routes. Prior to the start of the study, all 21 cats were seronegative for B burgdorferi on the basis of results of the indirect fluorescent antibody (ifa) test and their blood was B burgdorferi culture negative. All of the iv, orally, and ocularly inoculated cats developed IgG antibodies to B burgdorferi as detected by ifa testing. Of 4 oral-ocularly inoculated cats, 2 developed ifa-detectable antibodies and the remaining 2 cats developed low-titer response (1:128) on postinoculation (pi)day 10 only. All control cats remained seronegative. The organism was detected in blood smears from 2 of the iv inoculated cats on pi days 10 and 24 and from 2 oral-ocularly infected cats, 1 on pi days 17 and 24 and 1 on Pl day 10. Spirochetes were not detected in the blood after pi day 24. The organism was isolated from tissues of only 1 cat (the lung of an ocularly inoculated cat necropsied at 7 months after inoculation). Spirochetes were not isolated from control cats. Neither clinical signs of infection nor gross or histologic abnormalities were found in any of the inoculated or control cats. Results indicate that cats are susceptible to infection with B burgdorferi, but clinically apparent disease may not be common.
Influence of arachidonic acid metabolites and steroids on function of bovine polymorphonuclear neutrophils
Authors: Hoedemaker Martina , Lund Lisa A. , Wagner William C. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (pmn) from 4 ovariectomized healthy cows were incubated with 0 (control), 10-8, 10-7, and 10-6M arachidonic acid metabolites of the cyclo- and lipoxygenase pathways for 30 minutes, and with steroids for 2 hours. Immediately after incubation, pmn were subjected to the following function assays: chemotaxis against zymosan-activated serum, chemotaxis against arachidonic acid metabolite or steroid at the doses given (only control pmn were tested), random migration, ingestion of 125I-iododeoxyuridine-labeled Staphylococcus aureus (125I-IdUR-S aureus), iodination of proteins, cytochrome C reduction, antibody-independent and -dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (aicc and adcc). Prostaglandin F2α was chemoattractant and stimulated ingestion of 125I-IdUR-S aureus. Prostaglandin E2 stimulated cytochrome C reduction, whereas prostacyclin inhibited iodination of proteins. Thromboxane B2 stimulated adcc. Leukotriene B4 was chemoattractant for bovine pmn and stimulated random migration and aicc. 5-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid was also chemoattractant, but inhibited ingestion of 125I-IdUR-S aureus. 15-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid was chemoattractant and decreased adcc. Lipoxin A4 stimulated random migration, whereas lipoxin B4 inhibited chemotaxis against zymosan-activated serum, but was chemoattractant and stimulated cytochrome C reduction. 12-Hydroxyhepadecatrienoic acid and 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid did not influence any of the pmn functions tested. Of the steroids tested, cortisol increased adcc, and progesterone stimulated cytochrome C reduction, but decreased adcc. 17β-Estradiol and estrone were chemoattractant and stimulated cytochrome C reduction. In addition, estrone also stimulated random migration. Those results suggest that eicosanoids and steroids directly influence function of bovine pmn in vitro in a stimulatory or inhibitory manner, or both, and may act as modulators of bovine pmn function in vivo.
Effects of general anesthesia on myoelectric activity of the intestine in horses
Authors: Lester G. D. , Bolton J. R. , Cullen L. K. , Thurgate S. M. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Myoelectric activity was monitored from the terminal ileum, cecum, and colonic pelvic flexure by use of Ag-pAgCl bipolar electrodes in 4 adult horses before, during, and after general anesthesia. Horses were anesthetized by way of 3 commonly used regimens, including xylazine (1.1 mg/kg of body weight) and ketamine hydrochloride (2.2 mg/kg); thiopental sodium (7.7 mg/kg), followed by halothane vaporized in oxygen; and thiopental sodium (2.5 g) in guaifenesin (100 mg/ml) solution given to effect, followed by halothane in oxygen. All 3 anesthetic regimens decreased intestinal spike-burst activity in the areas monitored. The slowest return to preanesthetic myoelectric activity was observed after xylazine and ketamine administration. After both of the barbiturate/halothane anesthetic regimens, there was a rebound increase in spike-burst frequency, without alteration in the proportion of propagative myoelectric events. All 3 anesthetic regimens appeared to reset the timing of the small and large intestinal migrating myoelectric complexes. By 9 hours after recovery from anesthesia, the effects of anesthesia, irrespective of regimen, had disappeared. Although anesthesia significantly (P < 0.05) altered intestinal myoelectric activity, no particular anesthetic regimen had a prolonged effect. Results of our study indicate that the particular chosen regimen of general anesthesia is unimportant in development of motility disturbances in horses after anesthesia.
Treatment of reperfusion injury in dogs with experimentally induced gastric dilatation-volvulus
Authors: Lantz Gary C. , Badylak Stephen F. , Hiles Michael C. , Arkin Terri E. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
In dogs, gastric dilatation-volvulus (gdv) is characterized by cardiogenic shock, with resulting hypoperfusion. Treatment goals include reperfusion of transiently ischemic tissues, which indicates that reperfusion injury may be a factor in the physiopathogenesis of gdv. Recently, we obtained data that indicate that reperfusion injury may be involved in experimentally induced gdv. Using this gdv model, we evaluated mortality in 24 dogs of 4 equal groups, treated with deferoxamine (an iron chelator), dimethylsulfoxide (a free radical scavenger), a combination of the 2 drugs, or isotonic saline solution. All 6 dogs that were given deferoxamine survived; however, 3 dogs of the dimethylsulfoxide-treated group, 2 dogs of the combination-treated group, and 4 dogs of the saline-treated group died. Results of the study indicate that mortality associated with experimentally induced gdv is reduced by appropriate and timely pharmacologic intervention to prevent or attenuate reperfusion injury, and that deferoxamine may be more effective than dimethylsulfoxide.
Comparison of standard and radionuclide methods for measurement of glomerular filtration rate and effective renal blood flow in female horses
Authors: Matthews Hilary K. , Andrews Frank M. , Daniel Gregory B. , Jacobs William R. , Held Jean-Pierre 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Comparison of standard and radionuclide methods for measuring glomerular filtration rate (gfr) and effective renal blood flow (erbf) was performed in 8 healthy female horses. Inulin and p-aminohippurate solutions were administered iv as a bolus, followed by sustained administration. Urine and plasma inulin and p-aminohippurate concentrations and urine volume were measured. Glomerular filtration rate and erbf were calculated on the basis of these measurements. Glomerular filtration rate and erbf were measured on the basis of plasma clearance of the radiopharmaceuticals, 99mTc-labeled diethylene-triaminepentaacetic acid (99mTc-dtpa) and [131I]-o-iodo-hippuric acid (131I-oih), respectively. Mean ± sem gfr, using inulin, was 1.83 ± 0.21 ml/min/kg of body weight. Mean gfr, using 99mTc-dtpa was 1.79 ± 0.18 ml/min/kg. Mean erbf, using p-aminohippurate, was 15.13 ± 1.28 ml/min/kg. Mean erbf, using 131I-oih, was 18.42 ± 1.57 ml/min/kg Analysis of variance indicated no significant difference between mean values for gfr and erbf. Radionuclide measurement of gfr and erbf compared well with standard methods and is an alternative technique to the cumbersome standard methods for determination of gfr and erbf in horses.
Pharmacokinetics and local tolerance of a long-acting oxytetracycline formulation in camels
Authors: Oukessou Mohamed , Uccelli-Thomas Valerie , Toutain Pierre-Louis 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Disposition and local tolerance of a new oxytetracycline (otc) long-acting formulation were evaluated in camels by measuring the dynamics of creatine kinase. Six camels (Camelus dromedarius) were administered otc by iv and im routes according to a 2-period cross-over, study design. Serum otc concentration was measured, using a microbiological assay procedure. After iv administration (5 mg/ kg of body weight), mean residence time was 7.7 ± 2.8 hours, steady-state volume distribution was 706.1 ± 168.6 ml·kg-1 and serum clearance was 75.3 ± 23.2 ml·kg-1·h-1. After im administration of the long-acting otc formulation (10 mg/kg), maximal otc concentration (3.49 ± 0.44 μg·ml-1) was observed after 7.3 ± 3.5 hours; the mean systemic availability was near 100%, and serum concentration > 0.5 μg>ml-1 was maintained for about 72 hours. After im administration, mean control serum activity of creatine kinase was multiplied by a factor of 3.36 ± 1.55; at 72 hours after otc administration, the serum creatine kinase activity returned to control values. It was concluded that otc is an antibiotic of potential interest in camels and that a dosage regimen of 10 mg>kg-1 deserves attention when using a long-acting formulation that has good local tolerance and near total systemic availability.
Maintenance energy requirement of llamas
Authors: Carmean Blair R. , Johnson Kristen A. , Johnson Donald E. , Johnson LaRue W. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Five castrated male llamas (mean body weight, 94 kg) were studied in an energy balance trial to determine maintenance energy requirement of llamas. Llamas were fed a 50% oat hay-50% pelleted concentrate diet (2.43 Mcal of metabolizable energy/kg of diet dry matter) at approximately 1.6% of body weight (bw). An 8-day total collection digestion trial was used to determine fecal and urine energy losses. Heat production and methane emissions were determined via indirect respiration calorimetry-measurements on each llama fed at the same level of intake as during the digestion trial and subsequently on days 3 and 4 of a period of nonfeeding. Fecal, urine, and methane energy losses of the llamas fed near-maintenance intake were 32.5, 3.5, and 7.1% of gross energy intake, respectively. The postabsorptive metabolic rate, commonly called nonfed (fasting) heat production, was 59.3 kcal/bw0.75. Using a linear relation between postabsorptive and maintenance energy requirement and efficiency of energy use below maintenance of 0.702, metabolizable energy requirement at maintenance was determined to be 84.5 kcal/bw0.75.