bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
NADPH diaphorase in the spinal cord of rats
Authors: Valtschanoff Juli G. , Weinberg Richard J. , Rustioni Aldo 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTo identify spinal neurons that may synthesize nitric oxide, cells and fibres histochemically stained for NADPH diaphorase (a nitric oxide synthase) were studied in the spinal cord of rats. The histochemical reaction gave an image similar to the best Golgi impregnations, staining cells down to their finest processes. Transverse, horizontal, and parasagittal 50 and 100 μ sections were used to follow dendritic and axonal arborizations of stained neurons. Major cell groups were identified in the superficial dorsal horn and around the central canal (at all spinal levels), and in the intermediolateral cell column (at thoracic and sacral levels). Scattered positive cells were also found in deeper dorsal horn, ventral horn, and white matter. In some cases, axons of cells in the dorsal horn could be traced into the white matter; many of these cells resembled neurons projecting to various supraspinal targets. Stained cells in the intermediolateral column, which sent their axons into the ventral root, were presumed to be preganglionic autonomic neurons. Dense plexes of fiberes were stained in laminae I and II and in the intermediolateral column.A large number of NADPH diaphorase‐positive neurons in the spinal cord appear to be involved in visceral regulation. Fibers of the intermediolateral system had a special relationship with vasculature, suggesting that nitric oxide may help to couple neural activity with regional blood flow in the spinal cord. The abundance of NADPH diaphorase‐positive neurons and fibres in the superficial dorsal horn suggests that nitric oxide may also be involved in spinal sensory processing. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Afferent projections to the mammillary complex of the rat, with special reference to those from surrounding hypothalamic regions
Authors: Gonzalo‐Ruiz A. , Alonso A. , Sanz J. M. , Llinás R. R. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTo better understand the functional organization of the mammillary nuclei, we investigated the afferents to this nuclear complex in the rat with iontophoretically injected wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase. Particular attention was paid to tracing local hypothalamic afferents to these nuclei.Injections into the medial mammillary nucleus (MMN) revealed strong projections from the subicular region, and weaker projections from the prefrontal cortex, medial septum, and the nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca. Other descending subcortical projections to the MMN arise from the anterior and the lateral hypothalamic area, the medial preoptic area, and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Ascending afferents to the MMN were found to originate in the raphe and various tegmental nuclei.Following all injections into the MMN, labelled neurons were found in nuclei surrounding the mammillary body. The lateral and posterior subdivisions of the tuberomammillary nucleus projected mainly to the pars medianus and pars medialis of the MMN. The dorsal and ventral premammillary nuclei projected to the pars lateralis of the MMN. The supramammillary nucleus at rostral level had a small projection to the pars medialis and lateralis of the MMN. However, the most obvious projection from this nucleus was to the pars posterior of the MMN, chiefly from the lateral part of the caudal supramammillary nucleus.Injections into the lateral mammillary nucleus revealed inputs from the presubiculum, parasubiculum, septal region, dorsal tegmental nucleus, dorsal raphe nucleus, and periaqueductal gray. In addition, the lateral mammillary nucleus was found to receive a moderate projection from the medial part of the supramammillary nucleus and stronger projections from the lateral part of the caudal supramammillary nucleus. A very light projection was also seen from the lateral and posterior subdivisions of the tuberomammillary nucleus.These findings add to our knowledge of the extensive and complex connectivity of the mammillary nuclei. In particular, the local connections we have demonstrated with the supramammillary and tuberomammillary nuclei indicate the existence of significant local circuits as well as circuits involving more distant brain regions such as the septal nuclei, subiculum, prefrontal cortex, and brain stem tegmentum. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Immunocytochemistry of dopamine in the brain of the locust Schistocerca gregaria
Authors: Wendt Beatrice , Homberg Uwe 
Published: January 2005

AbstractCatecholamine‐induced histofluorescence studies have suggested a rich innervation of the locust brain by dopamine‐containing neurons. To provide a basis for future studies on dopamine action in this insect, the location and morphology of neurons reacting with antisera against dopamine were investigated in the supraoesophageal ganglion of the locust, Schistocerca gregaria. In each brain hemisphere, about 100 interneurons in the midbrain and approximately 3,000 cells in the optic lobe show dopamine‐like immunoreactivity. All major areas of the brain except the calyces of the mushroom body, the antennal lobe, large parts of the lobula, and some areas in the inferior lateral protocerebrum contain immunoreactive neuronal processes. The arborization patterns of most dopamine‐immunoreactive cell types could be identified through detailed reconstructions.The central body exhibits the most intense immunostaining. It is innervated by at least 40 pairs of dopamine‐immunoreactive neurons belonging to three different cell types. Additional arborizations of these neurons are in the superior protocerebrum and in the lateral accessory lobes. A group of 4 immunoreactive neurons with ramifications in the antennal mechanosensory and motor center gives rise to a dense meshwork of varicose fibers in the pedunculus and parts of the α‐ and β‐lobes of the mushroom body. Other cell types innervate the ventrolateral protocerebrum, the inferior protocerebrum and the posterior optic tubercles. Three descending neurons originating in the tritocerebrum exhibit dopamine‐like immunoreactivity. In the optic lobe, about 3,000 columnar intrinsic neurons of the medulla and a group of centrifugal tangential cells with arborizations in the medulla and lamina are dopamine‐immunoreactive. The study extends previous histofluorescent investigations on the distribution of catecholamines in the locust brain and suggests homologies among dopamine‐immunoreactive cell groups in locusts, bees, and flies. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sex differences in neuron number in the binocular area of the rat visual cortex
Authors: Reid Silvia N. M. , Juraska Janice M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe have previously shown that the thickness of the binocular area of the primary visual cortex is sexually dimorphic in rats. In the present study, sex differences in the number of neurons in this cortical area were examined in nine littermate pairs of 90‐day‐old Long‐Evans hooded rats. Cytoarchitectonic characteristics were used to define the binocular visual cortex, and its volume was estimated through three‐dimensional reconstruction of serial coronal sections for each hemisphere. Neuronal and glial density as well as neuronal soma size were estimated from semithin sections through a stereological technique, the disector, in the same animals that were used to estimate volume. The volume of the binocular area was 19% greater in males than in females. While there were no sex differences in soma size or in neuronal density, the differences in the volume of the binocular area resulted in significant sex differences (male > female) in the number of neurons overall and in every layer, except layer IV. Glial density was not different between the sexes, but the total number of glial cells was higher in males than in females. These results demonstrate that the binocular visual cortex of the rat is sexually dimorphic in its volume and much of the difference is due to sex differences in the number of neurons and glial cells. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transneuronal labeling of cochlear nucleus neurons by HRP‐labeled auditory nerve fibers and olivocochlear branches in mice
Authors: Brown M. C. , Benson T. E. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAuditory nerve fibers were labeled by extracellular injections of horseradish peroxidase into the spiral ganglion in mice. The labeled fibers were traced in an anterograde direction through the auditory nerve into the cochlear nucleus. In almost half of the injections, the labeled endings of auditory nerve fibers contacted cochlear nucleus neurons that were also labeled with horseradish peroxidase and were presumably transneuronally labeled. Only darkly labeled endings were associated with transneuronally labeled neurons, but not all darkly labeled endings had targets that were transneuronally labeled. Transneuronal labeling occurred almost exclusively in the ventral cochlear nucleus, often between endbulbs and bushy cells. Both “modified” endbulbs and the larger endbulbs of Held transneuronally labeled the bushy cells that they contacted. At the ultrastructural level, transneuronal labeling was evident as a darkening of ribosomes and the membrane surfaces of mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and the nucleus. Transneuronal labeling occurred rarely in octopus, small, and stellate cells, and in neurons of the dorsal cochlear nucleus. Spiral ganglion injections also label olivocochlear fibers, efferent fibers that pass through the ganglion en route to the hair cells. These fibers give off branches to the cochlear nucleus that were rarely associated with transneuronal labeling. In eight instances, the targets of olivocochlear branches were stellate cells or small cells. We suggest that in our mouse preparation, horseradish peroxidase is effective as a transneuronal marker because the short distance from injection site to the cochlear nucleus results in a high concentration of horseradish peroxidase in the endings of the auditory nerve fibers. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Projections of leg proprioceptors within the CNS of the fly Phormia in relation to the generalized insect ganglion
Authors: Merritt D. J. , Murphey R. K. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe previously reported a modality‐specific layering of leg sensory axons in the CNS of the flies Phormia regina and Drosophila melanogaster with tactile and gustatory axons projecting into a ventral layer and the proprioceptive hair plate axons into an intermediate layer. Here the description is expanded to include the afferent projections of campaniform sensilla on the legs and wings of Phormia. The leg campaniform sensilla produce a number of patterns of projections within an intermediate layer of their ganglion, some of which project intersegmentally into the other thoracic ganglia. One of these patterns is shared by the hair plate sense organs. Selected wing campaniform sensilla were also stained and showed that there is little or no overlap between the projections of leg and wing campaniform sensilla. Similarities with the arrangement of campaniform sensilla and their central processes in Drosophila melanogaster are discussed. To apply the results of this study to a broader range of insects we provide an atlas of the fly CNS and compare it with the locust, which has been the model for much insect neuroanatomy and neurophysiology. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
All indoleamine‐accumulating cells in the rabbit retina contain GABA
Authors: Massey Stephen C. , Mills Stephen L. , Marc Robert E. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe indoleamine‐accumulating amacrine cells of the rabbit retina are wide‐field and numerous. They form a dense plexus in sublamina 5 of the inner plexiform layer where they make reciprocal synapses with rod bipolar cells. To provide a quantitative test for the colocalization of serotonin (5‐HT) and γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the rabbit retina, we designed two parallel double‐label experiments. In the first series, the indoleamine‐accumulating cells were labeled with 5,7‐dihydroxytryptamine (5,7‐DHT), which was subsequently visualized by photooxidation in the presence of diaminobenzidine. This was combined with autoradiography for 3H‐muscimol. In the second and complementary series, 3H‐5‐HT uptake was combined with postembedding GABA immunocytochemistry. These two experiments provided essentially identical results: over 98% of the indoleamine‐accumulating amacrine cells were double‐labeled. This means that, within the limit of experimental error, all the indoleamine‐accumulating amacrine cells are GABAergic. The indoleamine‐accumulating amacrine cells account for 15–20% of a large diverse group of GABA amacrine cells. In addition, the rare type 3 indoleamine‐accumulating cells and fine processes running in the optic fiber layer were double‐labeled. If there is insufficient 5‐HT to support a transmitter role in the rabbit retina, our results suggest that the indoleamine‐accumulating cells may use GABA as a neurotransmitter. Thus, rod bipolar cells, in common with other bipolar cell types, receive extensive negative feedback at GABA‐mediated reciprocal synapses. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distribution and characterization of cyclooxygenase immunoreactivity in the ovine brain
Authors: Breder Christopher D. , Smith William L. , Raz Amiram , Masferrer Jamie , Seibert Karen , Needleman Phillip , Saper Clifford B. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractEvidence from tissue culture studies suggests that glial cells are the principal source of prostaglandins in the brain. We have used immunohistochemistry, Western blot analysis, and enzyme activity assays to localize cyclooxygenase (COX), the enzyme responsible for the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins, in situ in the normal ovine brain. We observed very few immunoreactive glial cells. In contrast, an extensive distribution of COX‐like immunoreactive (ir) neuronal cell bodies and dendrites and a corresponding pattern of COX enzyme activity were observed. COXir neurons were most abundant in forebrain sites involved in complex, integrative functions and autonomic regulation such as the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, substantia innominata, dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus, and tuberomammillary nucleus. Moderate populations were observed in other regions of the central nervous system implicated in sensory afferent processing, including the dorsal column nuclei, spinal trigeminal nucleus, and superior colliculus, and in structures involved in autonomic regulation, such as the nucleus of the solitary tract, parabrachial nucleus, and the periaqueductal gray matter. We did not observe COXir axons or terminal fields, however. Our results suggest that neurons may use prostaglandins as intracellular or perhaps paracrine, but probably not synaptic, mediators in the normal brain. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Position of growth cones within the retinal nerve fibre layer of fetal ferrets
Authors: Fitzgibbon T. , Reese B. E. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractOptic axons are added to the retinal nerve fibre layer of fish along its vitreal border in a chronotopic manner. Likewise, the optic tract of all vertebrate species acquires axons preferentially along the superficial surface of the pathway. We have examined the developing retina of fetal ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) aged between embryonic day 27 (E27) and E34 to see whether a similar segregation of growth cones is apparent within the mammalian retinal nerve fibre layer. The distributions of growth cone, “wrist” (thick trailing portion of the growth cone), axonal, and glial profiles were determined from electron micrographs, and expressed as a percentage of neural profiles for several retinal locations.The retinal nerve fibre layer of fetal ferrets contains radially elongated bundles of fibres composed of axonal, wrist, and growth cone profiles. Glial processes of varying density divide the adjacent bundles, occasionally subdividing them in the plane of the retina, and give rise to endfeet lining the basal lamina and separating the optic axons from the latter. Growth cones within the developing fibre layer represented about 2.4% of profiles at E28, while at later developmental stages (E34), this value fell to about 0.6%. During this period of axonal outgrowth, growth cones were not preferentially segregated toward the vitreal basal lamina or the glial endfeet within the nerve fibre layer. Rather, they were found scattered throughout the axon bundles of the fibre layer. While there were differences in the proportion of immature profiles found within the vitreal half compared to the scleral half of the fibre layer, such that more growth cones and wrists were found vitreally, there was no clear accumulation of them in association with features of the vitreal margin.The present results show that young and old optic axons course together throughout the depth of the nerve fibre layer. A chronotopic mode of pathway genesis such as seen in the optic fibre layer of fish or in the optic tract of mammals is not present in the nerve fibre layer of ferrets. Differences in growth cone behaviour in the optic fibre layer and tract indicate that the mechanisms governing pathway formation differ along its course. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Immunocytochemical localization of DARPP‐32, a dopamine and cyclic‐ AMP‐regulated phosphoprotein, in the primate brain
Authors: Ouimet Charles C. , Lamantia Anthony S. , Goldman‐Rakic Patricia , Rakic Pasko , Greengard Paul 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe localization of DARPP‐32, a dopamine and cAMP‐regulated phosphoprotein, has been studied in monkey brain by immunocytochemistry. This study indicates that DARPP‐32 is enriched in neurons in regions receiving a dense dopamine input from the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area. Thus, the majority of somata in the anterior olfactory area, nucleus accumbens, caudate nucleus, and putamen are immunoreactive for DARPP‐32. In the caudate nucleus, immunoreactive spines receive asymmetric contacts from unlabeled axon terminals. Immunoreactive somata have diameters of 10–15 μm. In regions known to receive projections from these nuclei, immunoreactivity is confined to small puncta that represent axons and axon terminals. Regions in which immunoreactivity is present in puncta include the ventral pallidum, globus pallidus, and substantia nigra pars reticulata. Dopaminergic neurons themselves are not immunoreactive.Neurons containing moderate to weak immunoreactivity for DARPP‐32 are observed in portions of the cerebral cortex, particularly in the temporal cortex (layer VI). DARPP‐32‐positive neurons are also present in the cerebellum, in the medial habenula, and in portions of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and amygdaloid complex. DARPP‐32 immunoreactivity is also present in astrocytes in the subcortical white matter and in tanycytes in the arcuate nucleus and median eminence.DARPP‐32 may be an effective marker for dopaminoceptive neurons in which the actions of dopamine on the D‐1 dopamine receptor are mediated through cAMP and its associated protein kinase. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tyrosine hydroxylase‐immunoreactive neurons in the nucleus basalis of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)
Authors: Wisniowski L. , Ridley R. M. , Baker H. F. , Fine A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn the course of characterizing the distribution of putative catecholaminergic neurons in the brain of the common marmoset, we encountered a population of such cells in the basal forebrain. Tyrosine hydroxylase‐immunoreactive neurons are abundant within the nucleus basalis magnocellularis throughout its entire rostrocaudal extent, but not in other cholinergic basal forebrain nuclei. Most tyrosine hydroxylase‐immunoreactive cells are large and multipolar. Double staining with antibodies to choline acetyltransferase or nerve growth factor receptor confirmed that these tyrosine hydroxylase‐immunoreactive neurons are cholinergic, and compose at least 40% of the nucleus basalis cholinergic cells. The presence of a catecholamine‐synthesizing enzyme in the neurons that provide the major cholinergic input to the neocortex may have important consequences for cortical function, and may be relevant to the vulnerability of the nucleus basalis in certain neurodegenerative disorders. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Giant neurons in the caudal pontine reticular formation receive short latency acoustic input: An intracellular recording and HRP‐study in the rat
Authors: Lingenhöhl Kurt , Friauf Eckhard 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe reticular formation is composed of heterogeneous cell populations with multiple functions. Among these multiple functions is the processing of sensory information in the context of behavior. The purpose of the present study was to identify and characterize neurons in the reticular formation of the rat that receive auditory input. In order to do so, we combined intracellular electrophysiology in vivo with intracellular injection of horseradish peroxidase, enabling us to correlate electrophysiology unequivocally with anatomy at the single cell level.We found that many neurons in the caudal pontine reticular nucleus (PnC), which we analyzed intracellularly, responded to acoustic stimuli and were excited at short latency (mean EPSP latency: 2.6 ms; mean spike latency: 5.2 ms). This short latency suggests a direct input from the cochlear nucleus, the first central nucleus of the auditory pathway. The morphology revealed that the acoustically driven PnC neurons have very large somata (mean diameter: 44.0 m̈m). They can therefore be referred to as “giant PnC neurons.” Complex dendritic arbors extended from these neurons into the reticular formation and thus formed a large membrane surface for the integration of multimodal inputs. Most of the giant PnC neurons sent their axons caudally into the medial longitudinal fasciculus and can therefore be regarded as reticulospinal neurons.The results demonstrate that the giant reticulospinal PnC neurons are in a position to transmit acoustic information very quickly to spinal cord neurons and to receive converging input from other parts of the brain. They are thus good candidates for participation in the mediation and modulation of acoustically elicited behaviors, such as the short latency acoustic startle response. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neuronal associations in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus demonstrated by immunoelectron microscopy
Authors: Daikoku Shigeo , Hisano Setsuji , Kagotani Yasuaki 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe synaptic associations of neurons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of rats were examined by single immunolabeling for somatostatin (SRIH) and arginine vasopressin (AVP), and double immunolabeling for SRIH plus AVP and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) plus AVP. Single immunolabeling showed that SRIH neurons, which displayed some somatic and dendritic spines, formed synaptic contacts with immunonegative and positive axon terminals. AVP neurons also formed synaptic contacts with both immunonegative and positive axon terminals. The immunonegative terminals contained small, spherical clear vesicles or flattened clear vesicles. A few immunopositive AVP fibers made synapses with immunonegative somatic or dendritic spines. Double immunolabeling showed synaptic associations between SRIH axons and AVP cell bodies or dendritic processes, and between AVP axons and the somata or dendrites of SRIH neurons. These findings suggest a reciprocal relation between the two types of neurons. Synaptic contacts between AVP neurons and VIP axon terminals were also demonstrated. Previously, we found synapses between SRIH axons and VIP neurons. Thus SRIH neurons appeared to regulate AVP and VIP neurons. On the basis of these findings, two possible oscillation systems of the SCN are proposed. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.