bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Individuals and Individuation in Aristotle
Authors: Gill Mary Louise 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is an Aristotelian individual, and what makes the individual numerically one? These questions cover several different issues, which we should begin by setting apart. One side of the debate insists that all individuals are non-repeatable; the other allows that some entities are individual and numerically one, because they are fully determinate; but they are none the less repeatable because they can inhere in more than one subject. To allow for the possibility that some Aristotelian individuals are repeatable, I shall use the word 'indivisible' to specify a fully determinate type that divides a wider determinable kind, and I shall confine the word 'particular' to things that are non-repeatable.
Parts, Compounds, and Substantial Unity
Authors: Haslanger Sally 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the Metaphysics, Aristotle articulates and defends two profound, though difficult, theses: (i) sensible substances are composites of matter and form, and (ii) primary substance is substantial form. I am concerned in this paper with two questions: first, in what sense is a sensible substance composite: How are we to understand the relevant notion of ‘part’, and the corresponding unity that results in the sensible individual? Second, how are Aristotle’s views about parts and unity related to his views about priority: Will an understanding of the composite nature of sensible substances lend insight into the priority of form? It is perhaps easiest to enter the tangle of issues motivating these questions throught the problem of unity.
Aristotle on the Relation between a Thing and its Matter
Authors: Lewis Frank A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Conspicuous entries in the early ontology of Aristotle’s Categories and Topics include individual substances, for example a, and their accidents, for example Φ. If some accounts are right, his ontology also makes room for accidental compounds of individual substances with their various accidents, for example a + Φ: in English, Socrates seated, musical Coriscus, and the like.
Aristotle Versus Protagoras on Relatives and the Objects of Perception
Authors: Gottlieb Paula 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Protagoras is famous for the claim that man is the measure of all things. As explained in Plato’s Theaetetus and Aristotle’s Metaphysics Ꭲ, Protagoras’ doctrine of the measure is supported by a striking theory of perception: Each individual perceiver is the measure of what is perceived, and the relationship between perception and what is perceived is a symmetrical one, with neither term of the relation taking precedence over the other. Thus perception and the objects of perception are correlatives. The thesis has a startling consequence; none of the objects we perceive exists prior to our perceptions.
The Primacy of Self-Love in the Nicomachean Ethics
Authors: Politis Vasilis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to Aristotle, each person ought to love himself above everything else (Nicomachean Ethics 9. 8). There are, certainly, other things that one can love besides oneself, above all one’s friends, whom one can love almost as much as oneself (see 8. 7,1159*11-12, for a first indication of the ‘almost’). It would be mistaken to suppose that because one ought to love oneself most, therefore one ought to love oneself only; Aristotle is not an advocate of that kind of egoism.
Carneades’ Pithanon: A Reappraisal of its Role and Status
Authors: Rett Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A perennial complaint against ancient sceptics, both Academic and Pyrrhonean, is that, if they really had adopted the attitude which they claimed to adopt, it would be impossible for them to act. Ancient sceptics claim to suspend judgement about everything, to refuse to commit themselves positively to the truth of any proposition; but this tends immediately to provoke the question ‘How, then, is any kind of human life possible for you and your kind?’ In antiquity this was known as the charge of apraxia, ‘inaction’, and a version of it was levelled at the earliest Academic sceptic, Arcesilaus.
The Unity of Plato’s Phaedrus
Authors: Heath Malcolm 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN the opening pages of his paper on the structure of Plato’s Phaedrus Christopher Rowe observes—quite correctly—that in it Plato ‘makes unity a sine qua non of excellence in written compositions’; but he proceeds at once to raise the question ‘whether there is any way of interpreting the strategy of the Phaedrus which provides for the proper integration of Socrates’ second speech into the structure of the whole’,1 without stopping to consider first what should be counted as proper integration in one of Plato’s dialogues. This is the question that I want to raise in this article.
The Unity of the Phaedrus: a Postscript
Authors: Heath Malcolm 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
christopher rowe has shown himself well able to come to the aid of his discourse; and I, certainly, have learnt much from the extended process of questioning and response that has produced these papers.1 That process is properly open-ended; the following notes are merely pointers, therefore, to some directions in which the discussion might be developed further.
Scientific Explanation and Empirical Data in Aristotle’s Meteorology
Authors: Freeland Cynthia A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this paper I shall examine certain significant aspects of Aristotle’s scientific practice as recorded in his Meteorology. I shall not here pursue important questions concerning these first principles-in particular whether this treatise employs the deductive explanatory structure recommended in the Posterior Analytics.3 Instead, my focus will be on certain steps recorded in this treatise which are not mentioned in Aristotle’s model of pure science-steps which precede and follow upon his core explanations (definitions) of meteorological phenomena.
Plato and Nominalism
Authors: Bostock David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Terry Penner’s book is designed as the first of two volumes, the second to be entitled Plato and the Philosophers of Language. Its structure is complex. In the centre are two dialogues between Plato and Frege, first ‘The Nominalist’ (81 pages) and then ‘Aristotle’s Dilemma’ (39 pages). The first dialogue introduces Plato’s argument for the existence of Forms at Phaedo 74 B–C, and aims to clear away some preliminary difficulties that it confronts (sects. 1–5). It then turns to the task of arguing that all those who interpret Plato as committed to the literal self-predication of Forms are mistaken (sects. 6–11). The second dialogue returns to the argument of Phaedo 74 B–C and introduces what appears to be the main problem for it, viz. that it attempts to argue from the existence of mental states to the existence of the objects of those states
William Whewell’S Odyssey: From Mathematics to Moral Philosophy
Authors: Becher Harvey W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
William Whewell was born on 24 May 1794, and died on 6 March 1866. What the ‘ruddy strapping divine’ crowded into his life brought forth from Sidney Smith, the satirist, a breakfast-party quip: ‘Science is his forte and omniscience is his foible.’ Smith’s epigram was clever, but it provided little insight into the object of his barb. Even today the name Whewell is ubiquitous in historical literature while the man himself remains an unresolved nebula, a testimonial to the difficulty of placing Whewell’s wide-ranging interests into some kind of fathomable pattern. Since Whewell was both a significant influence, and a reliable mirror, on his age, bringing him into focus is of historical importance, and the direction of this essay is towards that end.
Normative Logic
Authors: Gibbard Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I use the term “logic” in this chapter broadly. My aims are to state the norm-expressivistic analysis more explicitly and to correct some of its defects. In its first, rough formulation, the analysis was this: to call an act, belief, or emotion rational is to express one’s acceptance of a system of norms that permits it. Much more needs to be said. In the last chapter I argued for the psychological reality of the state of mind accepting a system of norms. So far, though, I have said little about what a “system of norms” is supposed to be. Many questions are left. How can we talk about systems of norms and their properties? What is it to express one’s acceptance of a system of norms, and what is it for a system of norms to permit or require something? What can be said about the structure of systems of norms? What it is for one norm to override another, or outweigh it? Then too, how can we cope with problems of information? In virtually any context, there are things the subject does not know and things the observer does not know.
Communities of Judgment
Authors: Gibbard Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The crucial puzzles in life are more or less local. What we need from day to day is not a global rationality, not a rationality all conceivable discussants could recognize, if only they were coherent. Our problem is what to treat as rational among neighbors and other conversants. A person needs to ask what to treat as rational or irrational within the small communities that most engage him. He needs also to ask how to regard the awkward large groups that bear on his life and the lives of those around him. Sometimes cooperation with them is vital. Some times he can enjoy other groups and learn from them. With them he can hope to enjoy a partial community, and so to reap some of the benefits of normative consensus. He cannot, though, hope for any thing like the full community of judgment he can look to with fellow spirits.
Aristotle on the Subjecthood of Form
Authors: Granger Herbert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The subjecthood of form as a criterion of its substantiality has come more to the foreground of discussion in recent years, in the belief that it is an important criterion in Aristotle’s development of his later metaphysics. In its subjecthood form is taken to be a subject of properties, of the sort that belong to things (concrete, particular objects), the first-order properties of, for example, colour, weight, size, and the like. In the Categories subjecthood was at the forefront of Aristotle’s thought about substance, but the tradition of Aristotelian scholarship holds that subjecthood was shunted aside in the Metaphysics, when, under the regime of hylomorphism, Aristotle came to think that matter met best the criterion of subjecthood, but for other reasons could not be substance in the primary sense. Frede, in ‘Substance in Aristotle’s Metaphysics’, and Frede and Patzig, in their commentary on Metaphysics Zeta, have recently endeavoured to reinstate the importance of subjecthood in Aristotle’s thought, and Shields has also recently mounted a vigorous deference of the importance of the subjecthood of form.
Meaning and Truth Theory
Authors: Foster J A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A speaker of English hears the sounds ‘the sun is hot’ and knows that they mean that the sun is hot. This episode of semantic insight is part of the general competence of an English speaker to interpret the expressions of his language on the basis of their physical makeup. Given the epistemic character of this competence, we may be led to seek for an explicit statement of the knowledge which sustains it. What facts about English does one who has mastered it thereby know? Since his competence spans an infinite number of expressions, the knowledge cannot be stated by listing his separate interpretations of each. Rather, we have to ascribe to him some general theory from which these intepretations flow, some finitely stated corpus of know ledge from which the meaning of each expression can be extracted.
Two Theories of Meaning
Authors: Loar Brian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The leading question in the general theory of meaning is what the form of a theory of meaning for a particular language should be. What is the empirical status of the semantical description of a language? How does it fit into our other empirical theories? What kind of apparatus is sufficient to do the job? There is no general agreement about these matters.
The account which I am going to give locates semantical notions within the general framework of propositional attitudes, and, hence, makes essential use of in tensional entities. But there is, these days, a not uncommon idea that empirical semantics can be done within a wholly extensional framework, without in tensional entities. This is due, in large part, to Davidson, who has claimed1 that the apparatus of (what we might call) extensional truth-condition semantics is sufficient for theories of meaning for natural languages.
Language-Mastery and the Sorites Paradox
Authors: Wright Crispin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Throughout Frege’s writings are scattered expressions of the con ception that the vagueness of ordinary language, and especially the occurrence of predicates for which it is not always determinate whether or not they may truly be applied to an object, is a defect. His reason for such a view seems to have been that orthodox logical principles fail when applied to sentences containing expressions whose range of application has been defined only partially.1 Thus Frege seems not to have considered, or not to have thought worth considering, the possibility that vague terms might require a special logic.
Internal Clocks and the Representation of Time
Authors: Wearden J H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Time is represented in many ways. Our language, with its structure of tenses, and prepositions such as ‘before’ and “after’, embodies some temporal codes into its very structure (and different languages do this differently, see Bree, 1992). Language also employs temporal metaphors (‘time flies’ etc.) to give flavour to written and spoken discourse (see Jackson and Michon, 1992, for many examples).
Out of the Past: Episodic Recall as Retained Acquaintance
Authors: Martin M G R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When John Dean, fonner counsel to President Nixon, gave testimony before the House on the Watergate affair, his recall of particular incidents and the contents of conversations that had taken place in the Oval Office was so detailed and so complete that one of the senators dubbed him in disbelief ‘the human tape recorder’. Dean denied this, explaining that he claimed no accuracy for the words he used, but merely that he could recount what had gone on and the import of what had been said.
Apperception and the Unreality of Tense
Authors: Moore A W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My concern is with the issue whether tense is real. Broadly speaking, what this means is that I shall be investigating the metaphysics of tensed thought and talk. The sort of question on which I hope to cast light is this: can one and the same fact account both for the truth of a memory I have today, about how things were yesterday, and for the truth of a thought that I had yesterday, about how things were then? Eventually I shall be concerned with how such questions relate to various aspects of what Kant calls ‘the deduction of the categories’ in his Critique of Pure Reason.1 More specifically, I hope to see how the answers to such questions might depend on the answers to questions about (to use Kant’s phrase) the unity of apperception.
The Chinese Room from a Logical Point of View
Authors: Copeland B Jack 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
John Searle has complained—and not without justice—that stock responses to his 1980 paper ‘fail to come to grips with the actual Chinese room argument’ (1990: 24). This chapter looks closely at various versions of the Chinese Room Argument (CRA). There are four principal versions of the argument: the vanilla version, the outdoor version, the simulator version, and the gymnasium version1 The vanilla and outdoor versions (Searle 1980a) are directed against traditional symbol-processing AI; the simulator and gymnasium versions (Searle 1990) are directed against connectionism.
Change in the Rules: Computers, Dynamical Systems, and Searle
Authors: Wheeler Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Chinese Room Argument (described elsewhere in this volume) is directed against what John Searle calls stronB artificial intelliBence ( StronB AI), an intellectual position according to which ‘the computer is not merely a tool in the study of the mind; rather, the appropriately programmed computer really is a mind, in the sense that computers given the right programs can be literally said to understand and have other cognitive states’ (Searle 1980: 4171 (B67), emphasis in original). Searle is thus famously opposed to the view that computation is sufficient for mind. Recently, some equally vocal opposition to the computational orthodoxy in AI and cognitive science has come from another quarter, namely the emerging dynamical systems approach to COBnition (henceforth DSC), which is the view that ‘[natural] cognitive systems are dynamical systems and are best understood from the perspective of dynamics’ (van Gelder and Port 1995: 5).
Dancing with Pixies: Strong Artificial Intelligence and Panpsychism
Authors: Bishop Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1994 John Searle stated (Searle 1994: 11-12) that the Chinese Room Argument (CRA) is an attempt to prove the truth of the premise: led him to the conclusion that ‘programs are not minds’ and hence that computationalism, the idea that the essence of thinking lies in computational processes and that such processes thereby underlie and explain conscious thinking, is false. The argument presented in this chapter is not a direct attack or defence of the CRA, but relates to the premise at its heart, that syntax is not sufficient for semantics, via the closely associated propositions that semantics is not intrinsic to syntax and that syntax is not intrinsic to physics.1 However, in contrast to the CRA’s critique of the link between syntax and semantics, this chapter will explore the associated link between syntax and physics.
James Barr’s Quest for Sound and Adequate Biblical Interpretation
Authors: Balentine Samuel e. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1961, at the age of 37, James Barr published his first book, The Semantics of Biblical Language. In the second sentence of the preface to this book Barr set forth the objective that has guided his career through more than three decades of biblical scholarship: ‘It is a main concern of both scholarship and theology that the Bible should be soundly and adequately interpreted.’ Over the next seven years he pursued this objective in two further publications, Biblical Words for Time (1962) and Comparative Philology and the Text of the Old Testament (1968), arguing persuasively that if the Bible was to be adequately and soundly interpreted, the regnant approach to biblical language and theological exegesis would have to change. By the end of the decade of the 1960s James Barr had taken a leading role in the reconstructive effort which he saw as necessary.
Biblical Scholarship in the Seventeenth Century: A Study in Ecumenics
Authors: Childs Brevard s. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is a pleasure to offer an essay in honour of Professor James Barr, who has been actively engaged in ecumenical discussions as a biblical scholar for well over forty years.
Upon first glance few centuries of the Christian era seem less suited for a study in ecumenics than the seventeenth century. The lines dividing Catholic and Prostestant had become sharply drawn by the end of the sixteenth century, and the long, bitter struggle from entrenched positions had begun. The seventeenth century is usually remembered as the age of the great religious wars and the harshest theological controversies. It is the era par excellence of the theological polemic. Of course, there were a few people who tried to overcome the impasse.
Prophecy and the Biblical Prophets
Authors: Sawyer John F A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Professor Sawyer first studies the phonemenon of prophecy in a wide context, the prophetic literature represented in the Bible, and the message of the prophets, and then he surveys all the prophets from Moses to Huldah, and the prophetic books from Isaiah to Malachi. He pays especial attention to legends about the propetis, both canonical and apocryphal, many of which have been considerably more influential in the history of western civilization than the prophets' original words. A final chapter in this revised edition continues the story of biblical prophecy into the early Church, and considers Jewish, Christian, and Muslim interpretation and the matter of fulfilment of prophecy. It also contains a new section on feminist interpretation. The revised bibliography supplements the brevity of discussion of so wide a range of topics in a small volume, and there is an index of passages discussed as well as a useful general index. Professor Sawyer has new things to say, as well as covering familiar ground authoritatively. Prophecy and the Prophets can be used as a basic text-book as well as a source of interest and suggestions for further research.
Augustine’s City Of God
Authors: O’Daly Gerard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The City of God is the most influential of Augustine's works, which played a decisive role in the formation of the Christian West. This book is the first comprehensive modern guide to it in any language. The City of God's scope embodies cosmology, psychology, political thought, anti-pagan polemic, Christian apologetic, theory of history, biblical interpretation and apocalyptic themes. This book is, therefore, at once about a single masterpiece and at the same time surveys Augustine's developing views through the whole range of his thought. The book is written in the form of a detailed, running commentary on each part of the work. Further chapters elucidate the early fifth century political, social, historical, and literary background, the work's sources, and its place in Augustine's writings. The book should prove of value to Augustine's wide readership among students of late antiquity, theologians, philosophers, medievalists, Renaissance scholars, and historians of Art and iconography.
‘Where Were the Gods?’: Books I-5
Authors: O’Daly Gerard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although Augustine repeatedly refers to the first five books of the City of God as a distinct part of the work (5. 26, 6. pref.), dealing with the alleged benefits of Roman state religion, the first book stands apart from the others and from the rest of the work .1 It is more closely related to the sack of Rome and the issues which the sack and its aftermath raise. In that respect, it has a specific apologetic purpose. Yet it is also a prelude or overture to the whole work, and contains several of the motifs to be developed in the later books. It is the clearest indication that by the time Books r-3 were ready for publication Augustine had elaborated the overall plan of the City of God.
The History of the Two Cities: Books 15-18
Authors: O’Daly Gerard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Books 15-18 deal with the course (‘excursus’, ‘procursus’) of the two cities in human history. Augustine’s parameters are defined by the sequence of events in biblical narrative from Genesis 4 onwards. His selective exegesis continues, in effect, what has begun in City 11. His book shadows the books of the Bible.2 Augustine makes it clear from the outset that he is talking about kinds of human individual, and that the members of the city of God are those who live ‘according to God’s plan’ (‘secundum deum’), whereas the members of the other city live ‘according to human criteria’ (‘secundum hominem’).