bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Academic Laurels and Empty Pockets: Peters’s Early Years (1856—1883)
Authors: Perras Arne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As a young boy, Carl Peters encountered Africa in shape of a large map which was kept in his parents’ living room. His father was fascinated by Livingstone’s accounts. He was a friend of the German African traveller Carl Klaus von der Deeken, whose relatives lived not far from Peters’s home. From time to time von der Deeken came to visit the Peters family; Peters’s father, who had never travelled very far, was keen to hear the stories of his expeditions. In 1865 the family were shocked when they learned that von der Deeken had been killed in Somaliland. If we can believe Carl Peters’s memories, it was this incident which first stimulated his imagination about Africa.
Colonial Scandal (1892—1897)
Authors: Perras Arne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In late 1892 Peters returned to Berlin. He continued his work on the Kilimanjaro boundary negotiations with the British representatives which were concluded by the summer of 1893. Peters’s social activities indicate that he again drew closer to government circles. Along with other officials, Peters repeatedly dined in Kayser’s house, and the young Kaiser invited Peters as well.2 Obviously the government was keen to secure Peters’s loyalty, but this did not solve the issue of his future position. In fact, his career was on ice. In the summer of 1893 Peters took a four—month holiday in the United States, leaving Kayser with the same problem he had faced back in 1890: what should the government do with a difficult person like Peters? They considered sending him back to Africa again, but the new governor, Schele, refused to accept Peters as an subordinate officer. Schele, like his predecessor, believed that Peters would be a threat to his own position in the colony.
Towards New Glory(1919—1945)
Authors: Perras Arne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Carl Peters did not witness Germany’s final defeat and the Treaty of Versailles, which sealed the loss of the colonies. However, an oversize replica of the colonizer survived the war. It lay hidden in a hangar in Dar es Salaam, 2.3 metres high and made of bronze. In 1913 a group of colonialists including Arendt, von der Heydt, and Bley, had collected money for a Peters monument to be put up at the harbour of Dar es Salaam. The statue was made by the sculptor Kurt Mobius and was shipped in boxes to East Africa, where it arrived in the summer of 1914. However, fighting broke out before the monument was unpacked. When British ships shelled the harbour, a few workers rescued the statue and stored it in the warehouse of the German district office.2 There it remained throughout the war, unnoticed by British forces.
The Operation of Milling
Authors: Langdon John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to look at mills as they actually functioned during the later Middle Ages. This gives rise to a number of questions that have only been examined peripherally by historians to date. How much grain per day were individual mills capable of processing? How effectively did they process this grain in terms of the quantity and quality of products yielded? How much grain was the entire industry capable of processing? What ancillary services and specialities might mills have offered? What supply networks did they have to establish? All of these are just as important to the understanding of the functioning of mills as the technological issues discussed in the previous chapter. We can also investigate how closely estimates of grain processed matched up with population levels during the period. In terms of organizing the chapter, I shall consider, first, the actual operation of mills in terms of capacity and efficiency and the range of services they offered and, secondly, the role of suppliers, particularly for timber and millstones.
Roman Britain
Authors: Gee Austin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
958. Allen, John R.L.; Bell, Martin G. ‘A late-holocene tidal palaeochannel, Redwick, Gwent: late Roman activity and a possible early medieval fish trap’, Archaeology in the Severn Estuary, 10 (1999), 53-64. 959. Armit, Ian. ‘Prehistory’ [Of Scotland], A200, 1-27. [Includes the Roman period.] 960. Arnold, Christopher J. Roman and early medieval Wales. Stroud: Sutton, 2002. viii, 216p. 961. Banks, Iain. ‘Excavation of an Iron Age and Romano-British enclosure at Woodend Farm, Johnstonebridge, Annandale, 1994 & 1997’, Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, 130 (2000), 223-81.
England and Wales 1500–1714
Authors: Gee Austin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
1927. Brennan, Michael G. English civil war travellers and the origins of the western European grand tour. London: Hakluyt Society, 2002. 32p. 1928. Creed, Richard. Richard Creed’s journal of the grand tour, 1699-1700; ed. Alice Thomas. Oundle: Oundle Musuem, 2002. 68p. 1929. Eurich, S. Amanda. ‘Huguenot self-fashioning: Sir Jean Chardin and the rhetoric of travel and travel writing’, A382. 1930. Tomalin, Claire. Samuel Pepys: the unequalled self. London: Penguin, 2002. xxxii, 499p.
Scotland Before The Union
Authors: Gee Austin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
8458. Armit, Ian. Scotland’s hidden history. Stroud: Tempus, 1998. 160p. 8459. Atkinson, John Andrew. ‘Excavation of 10th-century burials at Chapelhall, Innellan, Argyll, 1994’, Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, 130 (2000), 651-76. 8460. Barrell, Andrew D.M. Medieval Scotland. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. xiii, 298p. 8461. Brown, Keith M. ‘Reformation to Union, 1560-1707’, A200, 182-275. 8462. Clancy, Thomas Owen; Crawford, Barbara E. ‘The formation of the Scottish Kingdom’, A200, 28-95.
Languages of New Guinea
Authors: Aikhenvald Alexandra Y , Stebbins Tonya N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The New Guinea region (as defined below) is one of the most linguistically diverse and complex areas in the world, with over 1,000 languages spoken in an area of about 900,000 square km. About three to four hundred languages spoken there belong to the Austronesian family. Other, non-Austronesian, languages are often referred to as “Papuan “ (see Foley 1986: 1–3, 8; 1997a; Dixon 1991: 245). The term “Papuan “ is a rough denomination subsuming over sixty language families, which are not demonstrably related, and a fair number of isolates in the area.
Languages of California
Authors: Hinton Leanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
California has more indigenous languages than almost any area in the world of comparable size (only New Guinea has more). It is what Johanna Nichols has called a “residual area “ (Nichols 1992), where languages tend to accumulate over time rather than replace each other. This is due in large part to the geography and ecology of California—rich and varied food resources, mild climate, and travel barriers (the Sierra Madre mountain range to the east, and the Pacific Ocean to the west, broken up here and there by swamps, rivers, and deserts). These factors all combine to allow people to survive well in relatively small territories, not be able to maintain dominion over large expanses of land, and benefit instead from good trading relations. Thus in the time that California has been populated (12,000–30,000 years, depending on which claim we believe in), 80 to 100 languages settled here and survived until European contact and well beyond.
Epistemic Modals in Context
Authors: Egan Andy , Hawthorne, John , Weatherson Brian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the 1970s David Lewis argued for a contextualist treatment of modals (Lewis, 1976, 1979a). Although Lewis was primarily interested in modals connected with freedom and metaphysical possibility, his arguments for contextualism could easily be taken to support contextualism about epistemic modals. In the 1990s Keith DeRose argued for just that position (DeRose, 1991, 1998). In all contextualist treatments, the method by which the contextual variables get their values is not completely specified. For contextualise treatments of metaphysical modality, the important value is the class of salient worlds. For contextualist treatments of epistemic modality, the important value is which epistemic agents are salient.
A Tall Tale In Defense of Semantic Minimalism and Speech Act Pluralism
Authors: Cappelen Herman , Lepore Ernie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Insensitive Semantics (2005), we argue for two theses—Semantic Minimalism and Speech Act Pluralism. In this chapter, we outline our defense against two objections often raised against Semantic Minimalism. We begin with five stage-setting sections. These lead to the first objection, namely, that it might follow from our view that comparative adjectives are context insensitive. We defend our view against that objection (not, as you might expect, by denying that implication, but by endorsing it). Having done so, we address a second objection, namely, that Semantic Minimalism makes it difficult to see what role semantic content plays in communicative exchanges.
A Hostile Cardinal: Reginald Pole and his Apologia
Authors: Anglo Sydney 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the end of 1538, well into 1539, Cardinal Reginald Pole was composing a work which he intended for the Emperor Charles V. It is known as the Apologia Reginaldi Poli ad Carolum V. Caesarem super quatuor libris a se scriptis de unitate ecclesiaethe title bestowed by its eighteenth-century editor-though, as far as we know, it was never actually presented to the Emperor; and it was not published until some 200 years after its composition.1 In the course of this Apologia, it became expedient to attack Il Principe in a section which has given Pole some claim to be considered as Machiavelli’s first serious adversary. But Pole’s views on Machiavelli are only incidental to the purpose of the work in which they occur. In order to understand the attack on Machiavelli, we must understand what the Apologia is about; and to understand that we must consider the sequence of events which led to its composition.
Introduction
Authors: Harrison Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1945 Field-Marshal Bernard Montgomery declared that the contribution of the military medical services to Allied victory had been ‘beyond all calculation’.¹ In an age of total war, with manpower at a premium, all resources had to be used to their fullest extent and good medical services were essential if the maximum benefit was to be derived from Britain’s forces. But though the importance of medicine was generally acknowledged in wartime, it has been strangely ignored ever since. With the sole exception of the official histories,²; there have been no books on medicine in any of the British armed services. It is hard to think of any other aspect of military life that has been so poorly served.
Medicine in Retreat, 1940–1942
Authors: Harrison Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The German invasion of Scandinavia in April 1940 put an end to the ‘Phoney War’ that had lasted since September 1939. Pushing up through Denmark, the Germans landed 2,000 troops at the Norwegian port of Narvik on 9 April, marking the start of their conquest of that country and of open hostilities with Britain. The British response to this unexpected invasion was, at first, a naval one. Several destroyers, which arrived too late to prevent the German landing, succeeded in eliminating the German naval force in the area. A few days later an Allied force landed at three points along the Norwegian coast, at Narvik, Namsos, and Andalsnes. At Narvik a combined force of Norwegian, British, French, and Polish troops attempted to oust the Germans, and succeeded in doing so by the end of May. The other two landings were intended as a pincer movement for the capture of Trondheim, but these never came close to achieving their objectives. The latter operations were frustrated by poor planning and organization, as well as by a hostile climate and mountainous terrain. Indeed, the whole campaign, including its medical aspects, suffered from a singular combination of poor preparation and bad luck.¹
North Africa, Sicily, and Italy
Authors: Harrison Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With the second battle of Alamein over but a few days, a combined Allied force landed further west along the African coast in Morocco and Algeria. The first landing in November 1942 (operation TORCH) was primarily an American affair, under the overall command of Lieutenant-General Eisenhower. But the Americans were soon reinforced by a British contingent that became the British 1st Army, under the command of Lieutenant-General K. A. N. Anderson. The objective of 1st Army was to push into Tunisia in order to sever the forces of General Arnim from those of Rommel, who was then withdrawing into southern Tunisia. The ensuing battle for Tunisia took the form of a series of engagements fought by 1st Army and American formations in the north, and a push northwards through Tunisia by the British 8th Army under Montgomery. Having been reinforced by some 17,000 men, Axis forces mounted a formidable defence and inflicted a number of heavy defeats on the Allies, but their position became steadily weaker as Allied naval superiority enabled an effective blockade against vital supplies.
Burma and North-East India
Authors: Harrison Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The campaign in Burma and North-East India was the longest of any fought by British and Imperial forces during the Second World War. Beginning with the Japanese invasion of southern Burma in December 1941, and ending with the Japanese surrender in August 1945, it epitomized the miltary fortunes of the British Empire. An early, ignominious defeat had been transformed, as Field-Marshal Viscount Slim was to put it, into victory.¹ Some of the tactical and logistical innovations made during the campaign were of enduring importance, not least the large-scale use of air transport to supply ground forces. In the densely forested hills of Assam and Arakan the movement of supplies by road and rail was often impossible, and transportation by air was frequently the only means available. This was true not only of the long-range penetration columns formed by Brigadier Orde Wingate and immortalized as the ‘Chindits’, but also of regular forces involved in operations in such decisive engagements as those around Imphal and Kohima.
The Old World
Authors: Toledo Cayetana Alvarez De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Palafox’s illegitimacy in no way precluded his access to the foremost education of his day. Although as the son of an Aragonese nobleman he was more likely to receive tutoring at home or at the nearby university of Zaragoza, following a brief sojourn at Huesca and Alcala de Henares, he transferred to the prestigious Castilian university of Salamanca, from where he graduated in canon law on 27 April 1620. The years spent in Salamanca proved decisive for Palafox’s education and career. There he learnt to master the art of casuistry, an extremely Yaluable instrument to the aspiring politician, and was encouraged to attend lectures on a wide variety of subjects, from international law and history to philosophy and political economy. More importantly, Salamanca provided him with the opportunity to participate in the main intellectual debates of his day and to discover the political issues that most preoccupied his contemporaries, foremost amongst these the question of determining what form of government best suited the multinational structure of the Spanish Monarchy.
The Reform of the Church
Authors: Toledo Cayetana Alvarez De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Looking back upon his reforming endeavour in New Spain, Palafox classified his objectives and achievements under two headings: the ecclesiastical and the secular. At first sight, this distinction appears unduly simple. In the first place because, for Palafox, as for the overwhelming majority of his Spanish contemporaries, there were no boundaries separating religion from politics. In their view, the secular and the ecclesiastical hierarchies shared the same ultimate goal: to advance the eternal welfare of souls and to guarantee the survival and, if possible, the supremacy of the Spanish Monarchy, which had been chosen by God to further His cause in the world. In addition, the exercise of politics and the practice of ecclesiastical power were very closely interrelated in the Indies. The ability to control available human and material resources to the advantage of an individual or interest group was conditional on the capacity to manipulate both secular and ecclesiastical forces in society.
The Reform of the Government
Authors: Toledo Cayetana Alvarez De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gloomily looking back upon his efforts to reform the government of New Spain, Palafox observed that ‘during those nine years I sailed and rowed against the current of the will of men and with the current of the will of God’. He was convinced that his mission was crucial to the survival of the Spanish Monarchy, and miserably watched the failure of his project for reform as one who bears witness to the prelude of political disaster. Comparable to the lone sailor who struggles to steer his sinking vessel amid prowling pirates and turbulent winds, the story of Palafox’s experience in viceregal politics was ultimately a sad one. Perhaps the ship was not actually sinking—almost two centuries would pass before Spain’s overseas empire finally foundered—and this image was just the product of his troubled imagination.
Taking Control
Authors: Toledo Cayetana Alvarez De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
News of the Portuguese revolt reached New Spain in April 1641, and with it, a dismayed Palafox observed, ‘the entire monarchy shuddered’. He was not exaggerating. The rebellion had important ramifications in the overseas territories of the empire, most obviously in Brazil, but also in Spanish America, where many Portuguese citizens had chosen to settle, especially after the annexation of 1580. The government in Madrid decided to allow them to remain in the Indies, but forbade them from trading with their countrymen or with foreigners abroad. In addition, the king instructed Viceroy Escalona to remove all Portuguese settlers from the coastline of New Spain and have them relocated inland; to seize any vessel from the rebel nation that should appear on the Mexican shores; and to conduct a secret inquiry to determine whether there was reason to fear a conspiracy or insurrection by the Portuguese community and, if so, to nip it swiftly in the bud. Hence, although the Spanish crown requested maximum vigilance from its officials in America and asked them to take precautionary measures to avoid any further misfortune, its position regarding the Portuguese question was neither precipitate nor extreme.
The Aftermath of Conflict
Authors: Toledo Cayetana Alvarez De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In September 1647 news from Madrid reached New Spain: the count of Salvatierra had been appointed viceroy of Peru; the bishop of Yucatán, don Marcos de Torres y Rueda, had been designated interim governor of New Spain, and don Juan de Palafox had been ordered to cut the visita general short. Still in his hideaway, the bishop was notified of the latest developments in a brief message signed by Pedro Melián but brought to him by one of his assistants. He waited to hear that Salvatierra’s successor was on his way to the Mexican capital and, on 10 November 1647, after five months in exile, finally abandoned Chiapas and returned to Puebla, where he was received with such revelry that an angry Archbishop Manozca informed Madrid that there was reason to fear a fresh wave of unrest. His enemies had little choice but to let him take possession of his diocese, yet only agreed to do so on condition that he submit publicly to the viceroy and ratify the licences to preach and confess bestowed on the Jesuits.
The Hymn Tune Index
Authors: Temperley Nicholas , Manns Charles G , Herl Joseph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This work is meant to serve both practical and scholarly purposes. It can be used to look up tunes for information about them, to find tunes used with particular texts, or to search for tunes by a given composer. It also embraces a history of early British and American psalm and hymn tunes, their use, and their publication.
Historical Introduction
Authors: Temperley Nicholas , Manns Charles G , Herl Joseph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The printing of hymn tunes, which is the defining activity chronicled by this Index, is generally motivated by someone’s desire to change hymn-singing behaviour in some way. This essay will explore the questions of who printed hymn tunes and why; whose behaviour was to be changed and in what ways; how, in detail, the published sources attempted to achieve their goals; and how far they were successful.
Technical Introduction
Authors: Temperley Nicholas , Manns Charles G , Herl Joseph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Hymns’. A hymn is simply a religious lyric, and is probably as old as religion itself. The principal form of hymn recognized today in Western Christianity, however, is a metrical, strophic religious lyric in language of a simple and popular kind. It is generally rhymed as well, but that is not a necessary part of our definition. Historically, the hymn in this form originated with St. Ambrose in the fourth century.
The Jarawara Language of Southern Amazonia
Authors: Dixon R M W , Vogel Alan R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is the first account of Jarawara, a Southern Amazonia language of great complexity and unusual interest, and now spoken by less than two hundred people. It has only two open lexical classes, noun and verb, and a closed adjective class with fourteen members which can only modify a noun. Verbs have a complex structure with three prefix and some twenty-five suffix slots. There is an eleven-term tense-modal system with an evidentiality contrast (eyewitness/non-eyewitness) in the three past tenses. Of the two genders, feminine and masculine, feminine is unmarked. There are at least eight types of subordinate clause constructions, including complement clauses, relative clauses, coreferential dependent clauses, and ‘when’, ‘if’, ‘due to the lack of’ and ‘because of’ clauses.There are only eleven consonants and four vowels but an extensive set of ordered phonological rules of lenition, vowel assimilation and unstressed syllable omission. There are four imperative inflections (with different meanings) and three explicit interrogative suffixes within the mood system. The book is entirely based on field work by the authors.
Noun Phrase Structure
Authors: Dixon R M W , Vogel Alan R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Noun phrase structure is less complicated than predicate structure and, as a rule, fewer of the possibilities are taken up. More than half the NPs in the corpus consist of a single mono- morphemic noun, whereas the average predicate includes about five morphemes. Nevertheless, longer NPs are encountered and there are considerable structural possibilities, which are described and explained in this chapter and the next.
Structure of a Verbal Main Clause
Authors: Dixon R M W , Vogel Alan R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A sentence has a main clause which may be followed and/or preceded by dependent clauses (described in chapter 18). As stated in 3.4, a clause may include the following elements (note that only the predicate is obligatory): Core NPs in 0, A, S, or CS function are coreferential with pronominal markers within the predicate. A post-predicate NP repeats or expands on the reference of a pre-predicate core NP (in 0, A, S, or CS function), or on reference within the predicate ( 10.3). The corpus does not include an example of a clause including more than one post-predicate NP.