bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
5‐HT1Areceptors couple to activation of Akt, but not extracellular‐regulated kinase (ERK), in cultured hippocampal neurons
Authors: Cowen Daniel S. , Johnson‐Farley Nadine N. , Travkina Tatyana 
Published: April 2005

Abstract5‐HT1Areceptors have been hypothesized to mediate some of the neuronal plasticity and behavioral responses stimulated by serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors. Although the cellular signaling pathways required for inducing these actions have not yet been determined, roles for the neuroprotective extracellular‐regulated kinase (ERK) mitogen‐activated protein (MAP) kinase and Akt pathways have been suggested. In the current studies we have utilized primary cultures to directly determine whether hippocampal 5‐HT1Areceptors couple to activation of Akt and ERK. We found that E18 hippocampal neurons exhibit a twofold activation of Akt when exposed to nanomolar concentrations of 5‐HT. The 5‐HT1/7receptor‐selective agonist 5‐carboxamidotryptamine maleate (5‐CT) and the 5‐HT1A/7receptor‐selective agonist 8‐hydroxy‐N,N‐dipropyl‐aminotetralin (8‐OH‐DPAT) maleate were found to activate Akt with equal efficacy, and similar potency, to 5‐HT. p‐MPPI and WAY‐100635, antagonists selective for 5‐HT1Areceptors, completely inhibited 5‐CT‐ stimulated Akt activation. Activation of Akt was also inhibited by pretreatment with pertussis toxin as well as the phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase inhibitors, wortmannin and LY294002. In contrast, the 5‐HT selective antagonist, SB269970, caused no inhibition. Although the density of 5‐HT1Areceptors expressed by cultured neurons was sufficient to activate Akt, no activation of ERK was observed. These findings suggest that Akt, and not ERK, may be relevant to previous reports of hippocampal 5‐HT1Areceptors mediating neurotrophic responses.
Induction of aquaporin 1 but not aquaporin 4 messenger RNA in rat primary brain microvessel endothelial cells in culture
Authors: Dolman Diana , Drndarski Svetlana , Abbott N. Joan , Rattray Marcus 
Published: April 2005

AbstractAquaporins (AQPs) are a family of proteins that mediate water transport across cells, but the extent to which they are involved in water transport across endothelial cells of the blood–brain barrier is not clear. Expression of AQP1 and AQP4 in rat brain microvessel endothelial cells was investigated in order to determine whether these isoforms were present and, in particular, to examine the hypothesis that brain endothelial expression of AQPs is dynamic and regulated by astrocytic influences. Reverse‐transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR) and immunocytochemistry showed that AQP1 mRNA and protein are present at very low levels in primary rat brain microvessel endothelial cells, and are up‐regulated in passaged cells. Upon passage, endothelial cell expression of mdr1a mRNA is decreased, indicating loss of blood–brain barrier phenotype. In passage 4 endothelial cells, AQP1 mRNA levels are reduced by coculture above rat astrocytes, demonstrating that astrocytic influences are important in maintaining the low levels of AQP1 characteristic of the blood–brain barrier endothelium. Reverse‐transcriptase–PCR revealed very low levels of AQP1 mRNA present in the RBE4 rat brain microvessel endothelial cell line, with no expression detected in primary cultures of rat astrocytes or in the C6 rat glioma cell line. In contrast, AQP4 mRNA is strongly expressed in astrocytes, but no expression is found in primary or passaged brain microvessel endothelial cells, or in RBE4 or C6 cells. Our results support the concept that expression of AQP1, which is seen in many non‐brain endothelia, is suppressed in the specialized endothelium of the blood–brain barrier.
A new method to calculate end‐member thermodynamic properties of minerals from their constituent polyhedra I: enthalpy, entropy and molar volume
Authors: VAN HINSBERG V. J. , VRIEND S. P. , SCHUMACHER J. C. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe thermodynamic properties of silicate minerals can be described as a linear combination of the fractional properties of their constituent polyhedra. In contrast, given the thermodynamic properties of these polyhedra, the thermodynamic properties of minerals can be estimated, where only the crystallography of the mineral needs to be known. Such estimates are especially powerful for hypothetical mineral end‐members or for minerals where experimental determination of their thermodynamic properties is difficult. In this contribution the fractional enthalpy, entropy and molar volume for 35 polyhedra have been determined using weighted multiple linear regression analysis on a data set of published mineral thermodynamic properties. The large number of polyhedra determined, allows calculation of a much larger variety of phases than was previously possible and the larger set of minerals used provides more confident fractional properties. The OH‐bearing minerals have been described by partial and total hydroxide coordinated components, which gives better results than previous models and precludes the need of a S–V term to improve estimates of entropy. However, the fractional thermodynamic properties only give adequate results for silicate minerals and double oxides, and should therefore not be used to estimate the properties of other minerals. The thermodynamic properties of ‘new’ minerals are calculated from a linear stoichiometric combination of their constituent polyhedra, resulting in estimates generally with associated uncertainty of <5%. The quality of such data appears to be of sufficient accuracy for thermodynamic modelling as shown for meta‐bauxites from the Alps and the Aegean, where the effect of Zn on the P–T stability of staurolite can be both qualitatively and quantitatively reproduced.
Neocortical and Hippocampal Changes after Multiple Pilocarpine‐induced Status Epilepticus in Rats
Authors: Valotta da Silva Alexandre , Regondi Maria Cristina , Cipelletti Barbara , Frassoni Carolina , Cavalheiro Esper Abrão , Spreafico Roberto 
Published: April 2005

Summary: Purpose:Multiple episodes of pilocarpine‐induced status epilepticus (SE) in developing rats (P7–P9) lead to progressive epileptiform activity and severe cognitive impairment in adulthood. The present work studied possible underlying abnormalities in the neocortex and hippocampus of pilocarpine‐treated animals.Methods:Wistar rats were submitted to pilocarpine‐induced SE at P7, P8, and P9, and were killed at P35. Immunocytochemistry was performed on 50‐μm vibratome sections, by using antibodies against nonphosphorylated neurofilament (SMI‐311), parvalbumin (PV), calbindin (CB), calretinin (CR), and glutamate decarboxylase (GAD‐65). Ten‐micron cryostat sections were processed for immunohistoblot by using antibodies against GluR1, GluR2/3, and GluR4 α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor subunits and NR2abN‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunit.Results:Adult rats submitted to SE at P7–9 showed: (a) altered distribution of neocortical interneurons; (b) increased cortical and reduced hippocampal GAD‐65 expression; and (c) altered expression of hippocampal AMPA and NMDA receptors.Conclusions:We conclude that multiple SE episodes during P7–9 generate long‐lasting disturbances that underlie behavioral and electrographic abnormalities later in life.
Time Course of Adverse Events in Patients with Localization‐related Epilepsy Receiving Topiramate Added to Carbamazepine
Authors: Majkowski Jerzy , Neto Walter , Wapenaar Robert , Van Oene Joop 
Published: April 2005

Summary:  Purpose: To explore the time course of treatment‐emergent adverse events (AEs) during topiramate (TPM) adjunctive therapy. Methods: Post hoc analyses were performed by using data from a large (264 subjects) multicenter, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial in which 200 mg/day TPM was added to carbamazepine (CBZ) with or without another antiepileptic drug (AED) in adults with treatment‐resistant partial‐onset seizures. The daily incidence and mean duration of the most common (≥5% incidence) AEs were calculated for patients completing the 12‐week study. Results: The daily incidence of somnolence, headache, loss of appetite, nervousness, fatigue, dizziness, upper respiratory tract infection, and vertigo peaked during titration and declined to rates similar to that of placebo after the target TPM dose had been reached. In contrast, the daily incidence of paresthesia increased during titration and was maintained for the study duration. Relatively few patients had cognitive symptoms (9% with TPM, 5% with placebo), but these were the most common AEs associated with treatment discontinuation. Patient/investigator reports of weight loss increased gradually over the course of the trial, corresponding with the pattern of change in weight measured at study visits. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that most of the more common AEs with TPM adjunctive therapy are transient. Patients can be counseled that most AEs emerging when TPM is initially added to CBZ can be expected to diminish with continued therapy.
Development of a Validated Clinical Case Definition of Generalized Tonic–Clonic Seizures for Use by Community‐based Health Care Providers
Authors: Anand Krishnan , Jain Satish , Paul Eldho , Srivastava Achal , Sahariah Sirazul A. , Kapoor Suresh K. 
Published: April 2005

Summary:  Purpose: To develop and test a clinical case definition for identification of generalized tonic–clonic seizures (GTCSs) by community‐based health care providers. Methods: To identify symptoms that can help identify GTCSs, patients with history of a jerky movements or rigidity in any part of the body ever in life were recruited from three sites: the community, secondary care hospital, and tertiary care hospital. These patients were administered a 14‐item structured interview schedule focusing on the circumstances surrounding the seizure. Subsequently, a neurologist examined each patient and, based on available investigations, classified them as GTCS or non‐GTCS cases. A logistic regression analysis was performed to select symptoms that were to be used for case definition of GTCSs. Validity parameters for the case definition at different cutoff points were calculated in another set of subjects. Results: In total, 339 patients were enrolled in the first phase of the study. The tertiary care hospital contributed the maximal number of GTCS cases, whereas cases of non‐GTCS were mainly from the community. At the end of phase I, the questionnaire was shortened from 14 to eight questions based on statistical association and clinical judgment. After phase II, which was conducted among 170 subjects, three variables were found to be significantly related to the presence of GTCSs by logistic regression: absence of stress (13.1; 4.1–41.3), presence of frothing (13.7; 4.0–47.3), and occurrence in sleep (8.3; 2.0–34.9). As a case definition using only three variables did not provide sufficient specificity, three more variables were added based on univariate analysis of the data (incontinence during the episode and unconsciousness) and review of literature (injury during episode). A case definition consisting of giving one point to an affirmative answer for each of the six questions was tested. At a cutoff point of four, sensitivity was 56.9 (47.4–66.0) and specificity, 96.3 (86.2–99.4). Among the 197 GTCS and 26 new non‐GTCS patients recruited from hospitals from select SEAR Member Countries, in phase III, the sensitivity of this clinical case definition was 72% and specificity, 100%. A stratified analysis by gender in all the three phases did not show any differences between the sexes. Conclusions: Based on these criteria, we recommend that all patients with a history of two or more episodes of jerking or rigidity of limbs, having a score of ≥4 in the case definition, be identified as having GTCSs and started on antiepileptic medications. This clinical case definition can be very useful for community‐based health care providers to identify and manage cases of GTCSs in the community. This should play a major role in the reduction of treatment gap for epilepsy in developing countries.
Depression and Anxiety Disorders in Pediatric Epilepsy
Authors: Caplan Rochelle , Siddarth Prabha , Gurbani Suresh , Hanson Rebecca , Sankar Ramen , Shields W. Donald 
Published: April 2005

Summary: Purpose:This study examined affective disorders, anxiety disorders, and suicidality in children with epilepsy and their association with seizure‐related, cognitive, linguistic, family history, social competence, and demographic variables.Methods:A structured psychiatric interview, mood self‐report scales, as well as cognitive and language testing were administered to 100 children with complex partial seizures (CPSs), 71 children with childhood absence epilepsy (CAE), and 93 normal children, aged 5 to 16 years. Parents provided behavioral information on each child through a structured psychiatric interview and behavior checklist.Results:Significantly more patients had affective and anxiety disorder diagnoses (33%) as well as suicidal ideation (20%) than did the normal group, but none had made a suicide attempt. Anxiety disorder was the most frequent diagnosis among the patients with a diagnosis of affective or anxiety disorders, and combined affective/anxiety and disruptive disorder diagnoses, in those with suicidal ideation. Only 33% received some form of mental health service. Age, verbal IQ, school problems, and seizure type were related to the presence of a diagnosis of affective or anxiety disorder, and duration of illness, to suicidal ideation.Conclusions:These findings together with the high rate of unmet mental health underscore the importance of early detection and treatment of anxiety disorders and suicidal ideation children with CPSs and CAE.
Deep EEG Recordings of the Mammillary Body in Epilepsy Patients
Authors: Van Rijckevorsel Kenou , Abu Serieh Basel , De Tourtchaninoff Marianne , Raftopoulos Christian 
Published: April 2005

Summary:  Purpose: To our knowledge, the epileptic and nonepileptic electroencephalographic (EEG) discharges recorded within the human mammillary body (MB) and mammillothalamic tract (MTT) areas have never been published. Herein, we present the EEG recordings from these structures in patients with refractory epilepsy (RE). Methods: Three men (ages 41–43 years) were enrolled in a clinical trial for deep brain stimulation (DBS) of MB‐MTT in RE. Previous evaluations had demonstrated a low likelihood of successful response to medication or resective surgery. DBS macroelectrodes were bilaterally implanted within the MB‐MTT under general anesthesia and their location checked by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We obtained a surface‐depth EEG for a 2‐ to 4‐day period, including monitoring of the cardiorespiratory and mnemonic functions. Results: The background pattern of EEG recorded from MB‐MTT was low‐amplitude (usually <25 μv for MB and <20 μv for MTT) waves with a variable combination of theta–beta rhythms. In two patients, pseudoperiodic slow spikes were unilaterally recorded with or without clinical signs. For one patient, several focal ictal discharges were recorded in the right MB without scalp EEG changes. Conclusions: The analysis of our depth EEG revealed that the theta–beta pattern represents the predominant physiologic profile of MB. Paroxysmal epileptiform discharges can be observed in human MB. These data supplement those available from animal observations.
Screening for Major Depression in Epilepsy with Common Self‐report Depression Inventories
Authors: Jones Jana E. , Hermann Bruce P. , Woodard John L. , Barry John J. , Gilliam Frank , Kanner Andres M. , Meador Kimford J. 
Published: April 2005

Summary:  Purpose: Major depression is a common psychiatric comorbidity in chronic epilepsy that is frequently unrecognized and untreated. A variety of self‐report mood inventories are available, but their validity as well as ability to detect major depression in epilepsy remains uncertain. The purpose of this study was to determine the ability of two common depressive symptom inventories to identify major depression in people with epilepsy. Methods: In total, 174 adult patients with epilepsy underwent standardized psychiatric interview techniques [Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) and Mood Disorders module of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM‐IV Axis I Disorders–Research Version (SCID‐I)] to determine the presence of current major depression. Subjects completed two self‐report depression inventories [Beck Depression Inventory‐II (BDI‐II), Center for Epidemiological Study of Depression (CES‐D)]. The ability of these self‐report measures to identify major depression as identified by the gold standard structured interviews was examined by using diagnostic efficiency statistics. Results: Both the BDI‐II and the CES‐D exhibited significant ability to identify major depression in epilepsy. All ROC analyses were highly significant (mean area under the curve, 0.92). Mean sensitivity (0.93) and specificity (0.81) were strong, with excellent negative predictive value (0.98) but lower positive predictive value (0.47). Conclusions: Common self‐report depression measures can be used to screen for major depression in clinical settings. Use of these measures will assist in the clinical identification of patients with major depression so that treatment can be initiated.
Predictors for Negative Attitudes toward Subjects with Epilepsy: A Representative Survey in the General Public in Austria
Authors: Spatt Josef , Bauer Gerhard , Baumgartner Christoph , Feucht Martha , Graf Martin , Mamoli Bruno , Trinka Eugen ,   Austrian Section of the International League Against Epilepsy
Published: April 2005

Summary:  Purpose: To assess knowledge of and attitudes toward epilepsy in the Austrian general public and to identify independent predictors of negative attitudes. Methods: A survey consisting of a representative sample of 2,128 Austrian adults was commissioned. A questionnaire similar to the ones used in earlier studies in other countries was used. The independent influence of socioeconomic variables and of knowledge and concepts about epilepsy on attitudes were analyzed by using logistic stepwise regression procedure. Results: Nearly 10% of respondents expressed negative attitudes toward people with epilepsy. These figures are similar to those of other studies performed in comparable societies. In addition to being male and of low socioeconomic background, having little theoretical knowledge about epilepsy, misconceptions of epilepsy as a form of insanity, and no personal acquaintance with someone with epilepsy independently predispose to unfavorable attitudes toward epilepsy. Conclusions: Information campaigns on epilepsy are likely to improve attitudes toward epilepsy when they target misconceptions about epilepsy and when they offer opportunities for personal acquaintance with people with epilepsy.
Levetiracetam Concentrations in Serum and in Breast Milk at Birth and during Lactation
Authors: Johannessen Svein I. , Helde Grethe , Brodtkorb Eylert 
Published: April 2005

Summary:  Purpose: To study the pharmacokinetics of levetiracetam (LEV) at birth, during lactation, and in the nursed infant. Methods: Eight consecutive breast‐feeding women with epilepsy treated with LEV twice daily and their infants were studied. Results: The mean umbilical cord serum/maternal serum ratio was 1.14 (range, 0.97–1.45) (n = 4). The mean milk/maternal serum concentration ratio was 1.00 (range, 0.76–1.33) at 3 to 5 days after delivery (n = 7). At sampling 2 weeks to 10 months after delivery (n = 5), it was similar (range, 0.85–1.38). At 3 to 5 days after delivery, the infants had very low LEV serum concentrations (<10–15 μM), a finding that persisted during continued breast‐feeding. No malformations were detected, and in none of the infants did signs of adverse effects develop. Conclusions: Our data indicate an extensive transfer of LEV from mother to fetus and into breast milk. However, breast‐fed infants had very low LEV serum concentrations, suggesting a rapid elimination of LEV.
Self‐reported Seizure Frequency and Time to First Event in the Seizure Monitoring Unit
Authors: Eisenman Lawrence N. , Attarian Hrayr , Fessler A. James , Vahle Victoria J. , Gilliam Frank 
Published: April 2005

Summary:  Purpose: To compare seizure frequency reported in the clinic with time to first diagnostic event during video‐EEG monitoring. The effect of the artificial environment of the monitoring unit on self‐reported seizure frequency was explored. Methods: The 155 consecutive patients were seen in the Washington University Epilepsy Center and subsequently underwent video‐EEG monitoring during 2001. Of these, 112 had a diagnostic event during monitoring; 31 left without having a definite event; and 12 could not provide an estimate of seizure frequency in the clinic. The time to first event was compared with self‐reported seizure frequency. The patients were then divided into three equal groups (tertiles) based on mean seizure frequency, and time to first seizure was compared between groups. Then the numbers of patients staying >7 days without ever having an event were compared between the low and high seizure‐frequency groups. Finally, Kaplan–Meier survival curves were calculated. Results: No correlation was found between self‐reported seizure rate and time to diagnostic event (r= 0.18; p = 0.06). Time to first event was 2.8 days in the low seizure‐frequency group (mean, 2.2/month), 2.1 days in the medium (mean, 8.8/month), and 2.1 days in the high (mean, 24.1/month) groups, which were not significantly different (p = 0.19). Of patients in the low‐frequency group, 79% had an event within 7 days. Conclusions: In the artificial environment of the monitoring unit, self‐reported outpatient seizure frequency is not an accurate predictor of duration of video‐EEG monitoring required to make a definitive classification of clinical events and should not contribute to the decision as to whether to refer a patient for monitoring.
Hematologic and lymphocyte immunophenotypic reference values for normal rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) umbilical cord blood; gravidity may play a role in study design
Authors: Rogers Linda B. , Kaack M. Bernice , Henson Michael C. , Rasmussen Terri , Henson Elizabeth , Veazey Ronald S. , Krogstad Donald J. , Davison Billie B. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract:  Hematology and flow cytometry reference values for rhesus umbilical cord blood (UCB) were established in 17 healthy infant rhesus monkeys delivered by elective cesarean section 10 days preterm. The infants were born to age matched, singly caged primigravid or secundigravid dams. The hematology and flow cytometry values were determined by automated cell counter and by FACS. No significant differences were observed with respect to infant gender. With respect to gravida, the primigravid infants had a significantly higher percentage (P= 0.05) of CD20+ B lymphocytes in UCB.These results provide useful reference values for future studies of maternal – fetal disease transmission, vaccine and drug evaluation in non‐human primate pregnancy, as well as fetal programming and immune modulation, gene therapy and the use of UCB as a source of stem cells for research and transplantation. Importantly, our results suggest that maternal gravidity may be an important variable to consider.