bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Tragedy of the Oresteia: Response to van Erp Taalman Kip
Authors: Garvie A F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In her paper on ‘The Unity of the Oresteia’, Dr van Erp Taalman Kip argues that ‘the true dividing-line runs [not between Choephori and Eumenides but] between Agamemnon and Choephori’. She stresses, quite correctly, that the Oresteia is our only surviving trilogy, and it is indeed hazardous to speculate about the rules that normally determined the unity of the Aeschylean trilogy. Aristotle’s Poetics is singularly unhelpful to anyone trying to make such an attempt. The unity of the Oresteia can be discussed in terms of that trilogy alone. Especially problematic is the reconciliation in the final play. In what sense can a trilogy that ends ‘happily’, whether or not Aeschylus normally wrote trilogies of this kind, be described as ‘tragic’? Are we to say that the Oresteia consists of two tragedies and a non-tragedy, so that the unity of the whole becomes immediately suspect, or that the happy ending negates, or at least cancels out, the genuine tragedy that has preceded, so that the trilogy as a whole is no longer ‘tragic’, or that, despite the happy ending, the suffering which the first two plays present is sufficient to impose a sense of tragedy on the whole composition?
Introductory Note
Authors: Easterling P E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The authors of the papers in this second section are concerned to locate Greek tragedy in its Greek context, theatrical, cultural, or socio-political. A series of contextual co-ordinates present themselves.
Taplin and Gredley place tragedy against its Attic ‘twin’, Aristophanic Old Comedy. Refining an earlier (1986) argument, and with a glance at metatheatrical self-reference and (rather differently from Lee) at tragic laughter, Taplin pinpoints three important indicators that distinguished the two theatrical forms and so helped to establish their self-definition: chorus, gods, and closures. The tragic chorus (‘not unlike the tragic mask’) is distinctively ‘serious but blank’; the tragic gods are distinctively inhuman; the tragic closure (and here Taplin stands apart from Segal in the first section) is characteristically and distinctively open-ended, with Eumenides a striking exception under all three headings. Finding (like van Erp Taalman Kip) a solution, therefore a closed ending, in Eumenides, Taplin sees in the final procession that incorporates the Erinyes into the city of Athens a comic-like anomaly to be explained.
Law
Authors: Mcdowell A G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most of the surviving legal records from Deir el-Medina were drawn up for individuals and most are on ostraca. They do not seem to have carried any particur legal weight in themselves but were kept primarily as reminders for future reference; at any rate, no such document is ever produced in the course of a later proceeding, though litigants are evidently drawing on their family archives when they cite names, dates and events from many years in the past and even several generations before their own. The function of these legal records is reflected in their contents. They are relatively laconic, concentrating on the plaintiffs statement of the case, the court ‘s verdict, and the names of judges and witnesses; moreover, they generally concern private disputes over economic transactions or property, or property arrangements such as wills and testaments. Crimes against individuals such as murder, assault, and rape are hardly documented in our sources, not because they did not occur, but because no one had an interest in keeping a record of the event and its aftermath.
Epilogue
Authors: Mcdowell A G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Towards the end of the Twentieth Dynasty, when work in the Valley of the Kings was repeatedly interrupted by the proximity of hostile Libyan and Meshwesh nomads (see above No. 176), the situation of the workmen and their families in their isolated valley became increasingly precarious. It was presumably for this reason that they eventually abandoned the village inhabited by their ancestors for over 400 years and moved down to more more densely populated areas, some settling within the massive walls of Medinet Habu and others going as far as East Thebes. No document refers to the decision to leave or the move itself, and the date can only be estimated to fall in the early years of Ramesses XI. The following letter to the deputy of the Estate of Amen-Re, Hori in East Thebes from the scribe of the Necropolis Djehutymose and the scribe of the army of Medinet Habu, Pen-ta-hut-nakhte (the very title suggests the unsettled conditions of the times), indicates to what extent the gang had already been dispersed by the second half of that king ‘s reign.
Warfare in Roman Europe, AD 350-425
Authors: Elton Hugh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite the importance of warfare in the collapse of the Roman Empire, there is no modern, comprehensive study available. This book discusses the practice of warfare in Europe, from both Roman and barbarian perspectives, in the late fourth and early fifth centuries. It analyses the military practices and capabilities of the Romans and their northern enemies, at policy, strategic, operational, and tactical levels, and covers civil wars, sieges, and naval warfare. Dr Elton analyses in depth the issue of barbarization, and shows that it did not affect the efficiency of the Roman army. Other sections of the book discuss organization, fortifications, and equipment.
Introduction
Authors: Elton Hugh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In AD 350 the Roman Empire was ruled by two Augusti, the surviving sons of Constantine the Great, Constans (in the West except Thrace) and Constantius II (Thrace and the East). The army was divided into three major field armies, in Gaul under Constans, in Illyricum under the magister militum Vetranio, and in the East under Constantius. During the previous decade there had been little hostility by barbarians in Europe, with only a Frankish attack in 341/2 and an attack on Britain in 342/3 being known.
Introduction
Authors: Rawson Beryl , Weaver Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The concept of the ‘Roman family’ is of strategic importance in the study of Roman society. This applies whether the focus is on social structure, or the legal framework of Roman institutions, or cultural, moral, and emotional sensibilities, or quantitative economic questions. This importance is reflected in the vast expansion of scholarship devoted to the field and in the increase in serious attention to ‘the family’ over the last two decades. The field has expanded to embrace areas of study as diverse as the Roman aristocracy, municipal elites, the familial roles of women and children and slaves and freedmen, and housing. There have also been fertile contributions from cognate disciplines such as anthropology, sociology, archaeology, art history, and legal scholarship.
Out of Sight, Out of Mind: Elderly Members of the Roman Family
Authors: Parkin Tim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While the nuclear family has been the focus of most recent work on the Roman family, scholarly attention is beginning to turn again towards less central figures. But one group which has received very little attention has been the elderly. Full treatment would require, among other things, consideration of general social attitudes towards the elderly. Here I wish to consider only a few aspects of one sector of this age group within the family: the status of elderly parents and their means of livelihood, and their degree of dependence in differing circumstances. What ties of affection and duty existed between adult offspring and their aged parents? How different was the life of the aged male head of a wealthy family, for example, from that of an impoverished, elderly widow with no surviving descendants? I will first consider the expectations and rights people had with regard to forms of support or welfare in their old age, and then the effect old age itself might have had on such rights.
Conflict in the Roman Family
Authors: Dixon Suzanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, I consider how conflict in the Roman family was viewed in the Roman moral system and how it might be analysed from modern theoretical perspectives. Debates and programmes emanating from the International Year of the Family have highlighted some changing perceptions of family life. In some senses, the family as an institution has been increasingly exposed in recent years as the site of violence and abuse, rather than the idyllic haven constructed in the nineteenth century and propagated in modern representations such as situation comedies and advertisements for processed food. Yet families are still perceived as the vital building blocks of any society and social workers are now more reluctant than their fore-runners to destroy families by removing children or gaoling errant parents, because they acknowledge the symbolic and emotional significance of the family unit to all its members, including victims, oppressors, and accomplices. This emotional emphasis coexists with the persistent state perspective of the family as a core social unit for producing and rearing citizens, workers, and soldiers.
Interpreting Epithets in Roman Epitaphs
Authors: Nielsen Hanne Sigismund 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent research has placed much emphasis on the interpretation of epitaphs to clarify important problems concerning the structure of the Roman family. But only isolated pieces of information from each inscription have been registered and used in these quantitative studies. Inscriptions, like the one quoted above, consist of many different elements, and our interpretation of each epitaph depends on how these are interrelated. I have been interested to see what happened if a sample of inscriptions was made taking into consideration all possible information—or as much as possible—from each epitaph, and thus combining the advantages of the quantitative approach to the epigraphic material with the interpretation made on the basis of a reading of each epitaph.
Hanno’s Punic Heirs: Der Poenulus-Neid des Plautus
Authors: Henderson John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If you like a right mess, then Plautus’ Poenulus (The Dear/Little Carthaginian) is the play for you. It is normally written off as ‘One of the least successful … ‘—and remarked on for the curiosity of its inclusion of passages of (more, or less genuine?) Punic. Otherwise, scholarship writes the play down, with ‘logical’ analysis of the unacceptability of the structuring of the plot, and ‘archaeological’ dialysis of the text as botched, contaminated, interpolated miscegenation. Take everything that can hardly be a Greek dramatist’s fault-Alexis, if it was his lost 200-years young Karchedonios that Plautus was abusing: see how first the raw Roman public of the early second-century gathered for the kill as their scriptwriter mauled the play, then theatre-companies thrashed it into the first century, and scribes sliced and stitched it into the schoolrooms and libraries of Rome and the West.
Introduction: Writing In Other Languages
Authors: Reckert Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So Me definitions are called for at the outset. Is ‘writing’ the act of putting signs on paper? Or the signs themselves, as organized in texts? Or both? And ‘other’ —but other than what? The missing antecedent only becomes clear when we remember that ‘languages’ are sign systems—which, as structural anthropology has taught us, are not confined to the linguistic, but shape entire cultures. The ‘other’ is thus whatever falls outside one’s own cultural frame of reference, or canon.
A Minimalist Poetics
Authors: Reckert Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is sobering to reflect that the oldest and westernmost body of lyric poems in any continental European vernacular (for the even older and metrically more sophisticated verse of the Celtic bards belongs to a very different cultural world, insular and Atlantic) is written not in a European script but in Hebrew and Arabic characters, and has an Arabic name. Though the kharjas, as they are called, were all transcribed on what is today Spanish soil, the earliest of them date from a time when it was not yet possible to speak of such a thing as a Spanish language.
Structure, Style, and Symbol
Authors: Reckert Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The word structure has by now lost most of its power either to charm or to alarm, and no longer raises hackles even in the remoter Common Rooms of Cambridge. The sense in which I use it here has less to do with any orthodox structuralist definition than with that of Umberto Eco, for example, to whom it means not the physical consistency of a work—its form—but rather that aspect of it that makes it possible to break the work down into a system of relations and then isolate, among these, the ones that are common to other like systems. Thus, for Eco (1968: 29), ‘the structure … of a work is what it has in common with other works’.
ĺnsulas Extrañas
Authors: Reckert Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘LAS ínsulas extrañias’, St John of the Cross explains in the commentary to his Cantico Espiritual, are so called because ‘they are seagirt, and beyond the seas, and very far away’. Half a century earlier in Gil Vicente’s Lusitania, Venus—herself daughter and mistress of divine ínsulas—had commanded the marriage of Portugal and the daughter of the Sun to be solemnized to the tune of a villancico which, she said, ‘we use in Greece’ (and with which we too are already acquainted).
The Isle Of Venus (Iconography Of An Archetype)
Authors: Reckert Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Yes—oh, dear, yes (to paraphrase Forster’s wry comment on the other main narrative genre), the epic, too, tells a story. To be sure, the epic of the Lusiads, and even those of Odysseus and Aeneas, in so far as they are the stories of voyages regarded—or at least represented—as belonging to History, differ in principle from Dante’s professedly allegorical pilgrimage or that of the Soul in Gil Vicente’s eponymous play,1 in both of which the poet uses the story to say something else (or something more). In the purportedly historical epic, that is, the narrative of the journey does not set out to do more than give an account of that journey as such, which is thus in the strictest sense the meaning—in semiotic terms, the signified—of the narration (though not, as we shall see, of the poem).
Beyond Chrysanthemums
Authors: Reckert Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Borges (iii. 299) confesses to a ‘culto de! Oriente’ which, in his view, the peoples of that ‘miscellaneous Orient’ do not themselves share (whether with him or with each other, he omits to say). Among those who do not share it one could safely include the poet Ō-oka, whose purposely demystifying line I have appropriated for my title.
The Madness of Epic
Authors: Hershkowitz Debra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Madness plays a vital role in many ancient epics: not only do characters go mad, but madness also often occupies a central thematic position in the texts. In this book, Debra Hershkowitz examines from a variety of theoretical angles the representation and poetic function of madness in Greek and Latin epic from Homer through the Flavians, including individual chapters devoted to the Iliad and Odyssey, Virgil's Aeneid, Ovid's Metamorphoses, Lucan's Bellum Civile, and Statius' Thebaid. The study also addresses the difficulty of defining madness, and discusses how each epic explores this problem in a different way, finding its own unique way of conceptualizing madness. Epic madness interacts with ancient models of madness, but also, even more importantly, with previous representations of madness in the literary tradition. Likewise, the reader's response to epic madness is influenced by both ancient and modern views of madness, as well as by an awareness of intertextuality.
Virgil, Christianity, and the Myth of Venice
Authors: Kallendorf Craig 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Not long after it came off the presses in I 5 37, a copy of the large folio edition of Virgil published by Lucas Antonius Junta came into the hands of an unknown scholar whose annotations reveal unusually wide reading, ranging from Diodorus Siculus (Pt. II, fo. 183r) and Aulus Gellius (Pt. II, fo. 124r) to Jerome (Pt. II, fo. 38’) and Lactantius (Pt. II, fo. 195’) to Boccaccio (Pt. I, fo. ro8v; Pt. II, fos. 195v, 242v) and Politian (Pt. II, fo. 54r; Pt. III, fo. 39’). This scholar’s favourite point of reference in his study of Virgil, however, was Augustine, and his notes show a constant concern with the religious content of the poetry, particularly as it could be used to distinguish the false gods of antiquity from the true God of Christianity.
Afterword
Authors: Kallendorf Craig 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the guiding premisses of this study has been that the meaning of a literary work is socially constructed, a protean, evolving negotiation between a text and its readers. What readers see in a text is in part determined by the basic paradigm through which they view the world around them, so that there is no privileged position from which literature can be interpreted objectively. From this premiss, it follows logically that if Venetian Renaissance readers viewed Virgil through the filter of their values and beliefs, we must in turn be viewing their acts of reading through our own ideological filter(s). In other words, if the myth of Venice in part determined what Venetian readers could and could not see in Virgil’s poetry, then the assumptions and principles underlying my interpretive community will partially shape my observations about Renaissance readers encountering a classical text.
Narrative through Imagery
Authors: Lyne R O A M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some of Vergil’s characteristic techniques are extreme, and elicit violent metaphors from me. Others are discreet and guileful. Among these is his use of the traditional epic simile. This 1 shall look at in the present chapter, from one particular point of view. I shall also show, in this and subsequent chapters, how his technique with simile intersects most interestingly with other techniques that I analyse. First, some background is necessary. Since Homer’s practice conditions later epic and most if not all of Vergil’s methods with simile derive from him, it will be illuminating to approach Vergil through his most important predecessor.
Exploitation: II
Authors: Lyne R O A M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Vergil’s narrative involves much military action. It was desirable that this should strike his readers as real and immediate. In particular, the second half of the poem sees a war that illustrates many of the agonies and dilemmas of the civil wars of recent Roman history, and Vergil could not want these to be distanced, much less glamorized. To keep reality present in his war narrative, Vergil exploits some of the language characteristic of military prose, the language used for example by Caesar to report the reality and facts of war at the front. Such diction had become prosaic because of its assertive association with a topic deemed properly to be prose’s: everyday, mundane warfare (cf. Ch. I, pp. 10 f.). For the same reason it could be of service to Vergil. I shall give some illustration of his tactics in this respect, especially in subsections i. and iv.
The Morality Of Political Violence
Authors: Lintott Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The previous chapter has shown that a Roman’s decisive criterion for the propriety of violence was expediency, provided that the victims did not have their dignitas infringed. Moreover in heated partisan strife he regarded his opponent as a personal enemy against whom he had every right to defend himself. If a man of sensibility felt any pangs of conscience, they could be quelled by the belief that his personal enemy was in fact the enemy of the state. Therefore, if he was asked to justify morally an act of political violence, it would not be surprising if he simply answered that the violence was necessary to achieve a certain political objective. He would not feel bound to produce any special ethical or political argument to defend his abandonment of peaceful constitutional methods.
Legislation Against Violence
Authors: Lintott Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Laws against political violence arrive late on the scene in the Republican period. From 63 onwards there are a number of references to accusationsde vi,some of which state the law under which the accusation was brought. Most accounts, including the earliest, are of alex PlautiaorPlotia;one passage (Cicero,pro Caelio,70) mentions a lawquamQ.Catulus tulit;there was also a special law passed by Pompeius in 52 to deal with Milo’s murder of Clodius on the via Appia and the riots which followed it. We have no complete account in the Digest of the provisions of these laws, since they were completely superseded by alex Julia de vi publicaandde vi privata,perhaps separate laws, perhaps passed together, it is impossible to decide.
Britain 1815-1914
Authors: Gee Austin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bloomfield, Mark A. Sir John Ballinger: an annotated bibliography. (Stoke-on-Trent: The author, 1998), xii, 107p. Bradwell, Jabez. The Jabez Bradwell diary. ([Derbyshire]: Bradwell Historical Society, 1996), 72p. Carre, Jacques. La Grande-Bretagne au XIXe siecle. (Paris: Hachette), 160p. Crane, David. Lord Byron’s jackal: a life of Edward John Trelawney. (London: HarperCollins, 1998), 398p.
Britain Since 1914
Authors: Gee Austin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Brothers, Barbara; Gergits, Julia M. (eds.) British travel writers, 1910-1939. (Detroit (WA): Gale, 1998), xxi, 465p. (Dictionary of literary biography, 195.) Wurm, Clemens August. ‘Britain and European integration, 1945-63’, Contemporary European History 7 (1998), 249-61. Wylie, Neville. ‘Marcel Pilet-Golaz, David Kelly and Anglo-Swiss relations in 1940’, Diplomacy and Statecraft 8:1 (1997), 49. Yearwood, Peter J. ‘ “Real securities against new wars”: official British thinking and the origins of the League of Nations, 1914-19’, Diplomacy and Statecraft 9:3 (1998), 83-109.
Medieval wales
Authors: Gee Austin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Davies, R.R. ‘A medieval Merioneth album: troi dalennau’r gorffennol’ [turning the pages of the past], Journal of the Merioneth Historical and Record Society 13:1 (1998), 1-18. James, Terrence. ‘Bleddri ap Cadifor ap Collwyn, lord of Blaencuch and Cil-sant: fabulator of Arthurian romance?’, The Carmarthenshire Antiquary 33 (1997), 27-42. Thomas, Charles. Christian celts: messages and images. (Stroud: Tempus, 1998), 224p. Wada, Yoko. ‘Gerald on Gerald: self-presentation by Giraldus Cambrensis’, Anglo-Norman Studies 20 (1997), 223-46.
Scotland Before The Union
Authors: Gee Austin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Armit, Ian. Celtic Scotland. (London: Batsford, 1997), 128p. Bourke, Cormac. ‘Cilline Pontifex’ [14th Abbot of Iona], Innes Review 49 (1998), 77-80. Breeze, David J. Historic Scotland: 5000 years of Scotland’s heritage. (London: Batsford, 1998). Broun, Dauvit. ‘Defining Scotland and the Scots before the Wars of Independence’, A26, 4-17.
Street-fighting Years (I): Baudelaire in 1848
Authors: Burton Richard D E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To those on the left in France, wrote Gustave Lefrançais in 1886, the years 1845, 1846, and 1847 were worse even than the Jong ‘cauchemar’ of the Second Empire to which, by the middle 1860s, an end, sooner or later, could be foreseen. As it approached the end of its second decade, the Bourgeois Monarchy seemed, in contrast, destined to linger on ad infinitum, sclerosed and anaemic, but, for that very reason, apparently capable of withstanding indefinitely all challenges to its being from both within and without: to be young and radical at such a time was, said Lefrarnçais, quite simply ‘la mart’.