bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Resistance to antimicrobial agents and prevalence of R plasmids in Pasteurella multocida from swine
Authors: Coté Sandra , Harel Josée , Higgins Robert , Jacques Mario 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Twenty-nine field isolates of porcine Pasteurella multocida were characterized for their capsular and somatic types and were evaluated for their susceptibility to 10 antimicrobial agents. Plasmid dna-screening experiments were conducted to determine whether a relationship existed between the presence of plasmids and antibiotic resistance. Field isolates of P multocida were susceptible to most of the antimicrobials tested, but all isolates were resistant to clindamycin. Eleven isolates of serogroup D were resistant to 1 or 2 antimicrobial agents. Resistance to sulfonamides and streptomycin was observed in 7 isolates. These isolates contained R plasmids conferring resistance to streptomycin and sulfonamides. The R plasmids belonged to 2 groups, one of 5.6 kilobase and the other of 5.9 kilobase. Restriction endonuclease mapping and dna hybridization revealed that these R plasmids were related to RSF1010 from Salmonella panama, which also confers resistance to streptomycin and sulfonamides.
Mass screening of cattle sera against 14 infectious disease agents, using an ELISA system for monitoring health in livestock
Authors: Behymer D. E. , Riemann H. P. , Utterback W. , D-Elmi C. , Franti C. E. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Mass screening elisa methods were developed for testing cattle serum for antibodies against 14 common livestock diseases simultaneously. The absorbance values were transformed to a %elisa (spectrophotometric antibody end point) by a computer interfaced with a microplate reader. A histogram indicating a cutoff point and a report for the veterinarian also was generated. The computer program produced a print-out of the antibody profile for each animal tested, the antibody concentration against each disease, and a histogram (antibody profile) showing the prevalence of each disease in the herd. Serum samples were obtained from 1,953 cattle, including 880 dairy cattle from 10 herds and 1,073 beef cattle from 20 herds. These samples were obtained from June 1988 through June 1989. The highest antibody prevalence was against bluetongue virus. Of the 1,953 cattle tested, 1,223 (63%) were seropositive for bluetongue virus, including 502 (57%) of the dairy cattle and 721 (67%) beef cattle. Other antibody prevalences, in descending order, were: rotavirus (44%), Pasteurella spp (25%), Leptospira spp and Haemophilus spp (22%), Mycoplasma spp (18%), parainfluenza virus (17%), Campylobacter spp (16%), Anaplasma marginale (15%), bovine leukosis virus (13%), Brucella spp (8%), Mycobacterium paratuberculosis (8%), bovine viral diarrhea virus (3%), and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (3%). Major differences in antibody prevalence between dairy and beef cattle were that only 4% of the dairy cattle were seropositive for A marginale, compared with 25% of the beef cattle, and conversely, 29% of the dairy cattle were seropositive for bovine leukosis virus, compared with 1% of the beef cattle. Further development of the elisa is advocated for mass screening of livestock sera for the application in epidemiologic methods for disease control in food animals.
Multivariable prediction model for the need for surgery in horses with colic
Authors: Reeves Mathew J. , Curtis Charles R. , Salman Mo D. , Stashak Ted S. , Reif John S. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
A survey of 1,965 equine colic cases was conducted from August 1985 to July 1986 at 10 equine referral centers located throughout the United States. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a multivariable model for the need for surgery. Two-thirds of the cases were randomly selected for model development (1,336), whereas the remaining cases (629) were used only for subsequent validation of the model. If a lesion requiring surgical correction was found at either surgery or necropsy, the case for the horse was classified as surgical, otherwise the case was classified as medical. Only variables that were significant (P < 0.05) in an initial bivariable screening procedure were considered in the model development. Because of the large number of missing values in the data set, only variables for which there were < 400 missing values were considered in the multivariable analysis. A multivariable logistic regression model was constructed by use of a stepwise algorithm. The model used 640 cases and included variables: rectal findings, signs of abdominal pain, peripheral pulse strength, and abdominal sounds. The likelihood ratio for surgery was calculated for each horse in the validation data set, using the logistic regression equation. Using Bayes theorem, the posttest probability was calculated, using the likelihood ratio as the test odds and the prevalence of surgery cases (at each institution) as an estimate of the pretest odds. A Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit χ2 statistic indicated that the model fit the validation data set poorly, as demonstrated by the large χ2 value of 26.7 (P < 0.001). However, when the expected proportion of surgical cases was compared with the observed proportion of surgical cases in each of 10 increments of risk, the model's performance appeared satisfactory.
Evaluation of atropine, glucagon, and metoclopramide for facilitation of endoscopic intubation of the duodenum in dogs
Authors: Matz Michael E. , Leib Michael S. , Monroe William E. , Davenport Deborah J. , Nelson Laura P. , Kenny James E. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Modification of gastroduodenal motility has been proposed to aid endoscopic examination of the duodenum in dogs. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of the following pharmacologic agents for facilitation of endoscopic intubation of the duodenum in 6 clinically normal dogs: metoclopramide HCl (0.2 mg/kg of body weight), atropine sulfate (0.045 mg/kg), glucagon (0.06 mg/kg), and isotonic saline solution.
In a randomized, blinded, crossover design, the ease of endoscopic duodenal intubation was qualitatively scored by 3 endoscopists (in random order), using the following scale: immediate entry; rapid entry—moderate manipulation; difficult entry—multiple attempts; and no entry after 2 minutes. Anesthesia was induced with thiopental and maintained with halothane. The 4 agents were diluted to a fixed volume and randomly administered. Duodenal intubation was attempted 2 minutes after iv injection of 1 of the agents. Four endoscopic procedures (1 for each agent) were performed on each dog with a minimum of 5 days between each procedure.
In this study, no agent facilitated endoscopic duodenal intubation at the dose used. Instead, atropine and metoclopramide made duodenal intubation significantly more difficult, compared with use of saline solution. Difference between intubation after administration of glucagon and saline solution was not seen. On the basis of our findings, the use of these agents for facilitating endoscopic duodenal intubation is not recommended.
In addition, in this study, we found that experience in endoscopic intubation is an important factor in determining the ease of duodenal intubation.
Serum liver enzyme and histopathologic changes in calves with chronic and chronic-delayed Senecio jacobaea toxicosis
Authors: Craig A. M. , Pearson E. G. , Meyer C. , Schmitz J. A. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Progressive changes in serum enzyme activity and liver histologic features were monitored in calves fed tansy ragwort (Senecio jacobaea)-contaminated pellets. The experiments were designed to simulate natural intoxicant ingestion conditions in relationship to the dose and duration of exposure to the toxic plant to correlate early laboratory diagnostic changes with the natural progression of the disease, thereby facilitating early diagnosis and intervention by veterinary clinicians. Eight calves were fed tansy ragwort and 4 additional calves served as controls. In group 1, 4 calves were continuously fed dried tansy ragwort mixed in a pelleted feed at a 5% concentration by dry weight until terminal liver disease developed. Serum liver enzyme (alkaline phosphatase, glutamate dehydrogenase, and γ-glutamyltransferase) activities were monitored at weekly intervals in these calves and in the 2 controls. In group 2, 4 calves were fed the same contaminated feed for only 60 days, with return to normal feed for the duration of the trial. Two additional calves served as controls. Their liver enzyme activities were monitored every other week in conjunction with percutaneous liver biopsies.
All 8 calves fed tansy ragwort-contaminated pellets developed terminal hepatopathy in either a chronic pattern (n = 6) or a chronic-delayed pattern (n = 2), with the onset of a moribund state or sudden death at 11 to 17 weeks and 27 to 51 weeks, respectively. The calves were euthanatized when classic terminal signs of hepatic encephalopathy first became evident. The clinicopathologic patterns of chronic and chronic-delayed toxicoses were typical of over 5,000 cases of field tansy toxicosis diagnosed at the diagnostic laboratory. Serum glutamate dehydrogenase was the first enzyme to increase in most animals, with a short-term increase to peak values followed by a rapid return to normal. This enzyme change was followed by increases in alkaline phosphatase and γ-glutamyltransferase. Serum enzyme changes preceded development of recognizable histologic lesions. Vacuolar changes in hepatocyte nuclei, biliary hyperplasia, and fibrosis sequentially developed in liver biopsy specimens from each animal, whereas megalocytosis was not a predominant feature until necropsy. On the basis of our findings, we suggest that the optimal tests for diagnosis of pyrrolizidine alkaloid intoxication should consist of liver biopsy and determination of concurrent serum liver-enzyme activities.
Platelet function, antithrombin-III activity, and fibrinogen concentration in heartworm-infected and heartworm-negative dogs treated with thiacetarsamide
Authors: Boudreaux M. K. , Dillon A. R. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Platelet aggregation and release, platelet number, mean platelet volume, antithrombin-III activity, and fibrinogen concentration were evaluated in heartworm-negative and heartworm-infected dogs at baseline and on days 3, 10, and 21 after treatment with thiacetarsamide.
Platelet reactivity was enhanced in a group of dogs naturally infected with Dirofilaria immitis, compared with 2 groups of heartworm-negative dogs, but platelet reactivity was not further enhanced after treatment with thiacetarsamide. A significant decrease in antithrombin-III activity was detected 21 days after treatment.
The platelets from a group of laboratory Beagles implanted with 50 adult D immitis displayed enhanced reactivity 6 months after implantation, but by 18 months, platelet reactivity had returned to near, or less than, baseline. Platelet reactivity was enhanced after thiacetarsamide treatment in this group. Thiacetarsamide-associated changes were not observed in platelet number or size; antithrombin-III activity decreased, but the change was not significant. Fibrinogen concentration was increased significantly (P < 0.05) on day 10.
Enhanced adenosine diphosphate (adp)-induced platelet aggregation was observed on days 3, 10, and 21 after treatment in heartworm-negative dogs. This change was not observed in 6 control Beagles not treated with thiacetarsamide. Although antithrombin-III activity was decreased on day 3 and fibrinogen concentration was increased on day 10, paralleling changes observed in the heartworm-infected dogs, the changes were not statistically significant.
In this study, thiacetarsamide was procoagulatory in heartworm-negative dogs and may be an important contributing factor to the thromboembolism observed with adulticidal therapy.
Effects of treatment with ticlopidine in heartworm-negative, heartworm-infected, and embolized heartworm-infected dogs
Authors: Boudreaux Mary K. , Dillon Allen R. , Sartin Eva A. , Ravis William R. , Spano Joseph S. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Ticlopidine hydrochloride was evaluated for its effectiveness in inhibiting platelet aggregation and serotonin release in 5 laboratory Beagles before and after heart-worm implantation with 7 adult Dirofilaria immitis, and after embolization with 7 dead heartworms to mimic what happens after heartworm adulticide treatment. Five other laboratory Beagles, similarly implanted and embolized with heartworms, were used as nonmedicated controls. During the heartworm-negative stage, the dosage of ticlopidine that inhibited adenosine diphosphate (adp)-induced platelet aggregation in 5 dogs by at least 50% after 5 days of treatment was 62 mg/kg of body weight once a day. In the same dogs implanted with 7 adult heartworms 21 days previously, mean (± sd) ticlopidine dosage required to obtain similar results was 71 (± 13) mg/kg given once daily. During the 21 days after dead heartworms were implanted in heartworm-infected dogs, mean ticlopidine dosage was 108 (± 35) mg/kg (range, 62 to 150 mg/kg). Ticlopidine treatment was associated with increased platelet numbers in all 5 dogs during the heartworm-negative stage and in 4 of 5 dogs during the heartworm implantation and heartworm embolization stages. Mean platelet volume tended to decrease as platelet numbers increased. At necropsy, gross and histologic pulmonary lesions were less severe in ticlopidine-treated dogs than in nonmedicated control dogs.
Prophylactic and therapeutic effects of phosphonoformate against feline leukemia virus in vitro
Authors: Swenson Cheryl L. , Polos Phyllis J. , Cheney Carolyn M. , Kociba Gary J. , Mathes Lawrence E. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Phosphonoformate (pfa), a noncompetitive inhibitor of reverse transcriptase (rt), inhibited feline leukemia virus (FeLV) infection of 2 feline cell lines and inhibited progeny virus rt activity in a chronically FeLV-infected cell line. Feline leukemia virus infection of 3201 cells, an FeLV-negative lymphoma cell line, was inhibited by > 70% at a concentration of only 1 μM pfa and by > 90% at concentrations of 64 to 256 μM pfa, as evidenced by rt activity. However, FeLV antigen expression by 3201 cells remained relatively constant over noncytotoxic concentrations of pfa. Because the persistence of viral antigen expression with concomitant suppression of rt activity appears to be unique and because 3201 cells express small amounts of an endogenous retrovirus (RD-114) and contain endogenous FeLV proviral sequences, a possible role of endogenous retroviruses acting as helper viruses was suggested. Feline leukemia virus infection of 81C cells, a sarcoma-positive, leukemia-negative fibroblast cell line, was inhibited by > 50% at a concentration of 64 μM pfa and by > 98% at concentrations of 256 to 512 μM pfa, as indicated by suppression of focus formation. The feline lymphoid cell line FL-74 is a large producer of FeLV. When FL-74 cells were cultured in the presence of 256 μM pfa, virus production (virus budding and viral antigen) was not affected, but progeny virus lost rt activity and infectivity. Direct addition of pfa (256 μM) to FeLV also reduced rt activity and infectivity. These data indicate that pfa can directly and rapidly inactivate retrovirus independent of cellular processing, presumably by inhibiting rt. Long-term pfa administration may curtail spread of retroviral infections within and between hosts via extracellular inactivation of newly produced virus particles. Results of this study also suggest that pfa might be used prophylactically to treat materials potentially contaminated with retroviruses.
Absorption of an alternate source of immunoglobulin in pups
Authors: Bouchard Guy , Plata-Madrid Hernando , Youngquist Robert S. , Buening Gerald M. , Ganjam Venkataseshu K. , Krause Gary F. , Allen Gary K. , Paine Allyson L. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Newborn pups from 4 large litters were allotted to 6 groups to determine effect of time and route of administration on absorption of an alternate source of immunoglobulin. Selective absorption of specific classes of immunoglobulins was also investigated. The alternate source of immunoglobulin consisted of pooled serum that was administered either po or sc. Control groups were either left with the dam (group C1) or fed milk replacer (group C2). Blood samples were collected from pups at birth and 24 hours. Immunoglobulin (IgA, IgG, IgM) concentrations were determined by use of radial immunodiffusion on samples of pooled serum, colostrum, and pups’ serum (birth and 24 hours).
Serum IgA concentration was less than the sensitivity of the procedure and was not included in the statistical analysis. Pups fed 8 ml of pooled serum at birth and 12 hours later (group T1) absorbed more (P< 0.05) IgG and IgM than did group-C2 pups, but less (P < 0.05) than did group-C1 pups. Pups fed 8 ml of pooled serum at 12 hours only had significant (P < 0.05) increase of IgG concentration, but no absorption of IgM (P > 0.05) at 24 hours, compared with control pups (group C2). Pups administered 8 ml of pooled serum SC at birth (group SC1) had similar (P > 0.05) absorption of IgG and higher (P < 0.05) absorption of IgM than did pups of group T1. Pups administered 16 ml of pooled serum sc at birth had the highest increase of IgG and IgM concentrations of all treatment groups, but immunoglobulin concentrations were lower (P < 0.05) than those for group-C1 pups. Absorption of IgG was favored, compared with IgM, when pooled serum was fed.
Results indicate clearly that intestinal absorption of immunoglobulins is minimal after 12 hours and thus, another route of administration should be used. Pups in groups SC1 and T1 had similar absorption of IgG, despite lower IgM absorption in pups of group T1. This lower IgM concentration in group-T1 pups may have been the result of selective intestinal absorption or the consequence of low number of pups per group. Subcutaneous administration of 16 ml of pooled serum was the most successful alternative to colostrum, with minimal pain to pups if serum was administered slowly. Serum IgG concentration in Cl pups was higher than expected and probably was attributable to the amount of colostrum available to the pups.
Furcation anatomy of the first mandibular molar in dogs
Authors: Smith Mark M. , Massoudi Lisa M. , Nunes Jack D. , McCain Wilfred C. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Tooth surface and interradicular area (furcation) measurements were taken of 20 first mandibular molar teeth obtained randomly from canine cadavers. The lingual furcation entrance had a mean width of 1.2 ± 0.3 mm. The buccal furcation entrance had a mean width of 1.3 ± 0.4 mm. There was no significant difference between mean furcation entrance measurements. The horizontal attachment area between the cementoenamel junction and the coronal roof of the lingual furcation was 1.1 ± 0.4 mm. The horizontal attachment area between the cementoenamel junction and the coronal roof of the buccal furcation (0.5 ± 0.3 mm) was significantly different from the lingual horizontal attachment area. Distal root length and mesial root length were 16.0 ± 1.5 mm and 16.1 ± 1.6 mm, respectively. The mean coefficient of variation for variables measured was 14.0%. Tooth size did not have a significant effect on furcation entrance measurement. All teeth had a concavity coronal to the furcation area, which extended apically for a mean distance of 65.6% of the distal root length and 83.8% of the mesial root length. Furcation anatomy of the first mandibular molar is complex and may be a contributing factor in periodontal disease involving the interradicular area.
Epidemiologic factors involved in perinatal lamb mortality on four range sheep operations
Authors: Rowland J. P. , Salman M. D. , Kimberling C. V. , Schweitzer D. J. , Keefe T. J. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Four shed-lambing operations in western Colorado were monitored during the 1984 spring lambing season to determine the causes and rates of perinatal lamb mortality. The number of lambing ewes per flock ranged from 513 to 1,712, and lambing percentages ranged from 131 to 180%. Overall perinatal lamb mortality ranged from 8.2 to 12.2%. Most lamb deaths occurred during parturition or within 24 hours after parturition. More than 85% of all lamb deaths were in lambs born to ewes having 2 or more lambs. The leading causes of lamb death were starvation, dystocia, stillbirth (unknown cause), and infectious diseases. A wheel model was used to categorize factors causing lamb deaths into 4 groups: physical, social, host, and biological, and to present data on perinatal lamb mortality in a simple visual model. In all flocks, social and biological factors resulted in most of the lamb deaths. On the basis of our findings, we suggest that interventions designed to improve ewe-lamb bonding and to reduce infectious agents and the incidence of prolonged parturition may reduce lamb mortality.
Fungal flora of the healthy camelid conjunctival sac
Authors: Gionfriddo Juliet R. , Gabal Moustafa A. , Betts Daniel M. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Swab specimens for fungal isolation were collected from the healthy conjunctival sacs of 3 species of captive camelids (Lama glama, L guanicoe, L pacos) and llamaguanaco hybrids. Fungi were collected from over half the animals in winter (53%) and summer (56%). Fungal species of 10 genera were isolated. In both seasons, Aspergillus was the most commonly isolated genus; at least 9 species of Aspergillus were found. The fungal organisms isolated were similar to those found in healthy eyes of other domestic animals and may represent a random seeding from the environment where they are ubiquitous.
Effects of lithium carbonate administration to healthy cats
Authors: Dieringer Therese M. , Brown Scott A. , Rogers Kenita S. , Lees George E. , Whitney Marlyn S. , Weeks Brad R. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Lithium carbonate administration to healthy cats was evaluated in 2 controlled studies (a dose-response study and a bone marrow evaluation study) to determine the effectiveness of lithium as a bone marrow stimulant. Lithium carbonate was administrated at dosage ranging from 300 to 1,050 mg/m2 of body surface/d. Complete blood count, serum lithium concentration determination, serum biochemical analysis, urinalysis, and bone marrow aspiration and biopsy were periodically performed.
Serum lithium concentration > 2 mEq/L was associated with significant decrease in numbers of circulating segmented neutrophils (< 1,200 cells/μl; P < 0.01) and lymphocytes (< 1,300 cells/μl; P < 0.0001), as well as significant (P < 0.05) decrease in urine specific gravity. Bone marrow evaluation revealed apparent maturation arrest of the neutrophil cell line.
Coincident with the changes in laboratory values, the lithium-treated cats became ill. Changes in behavior and vocalization were seen, followed by anorexia, vomiting, and diarrhea. In later stages of intoxication, cats became hyperexcitable and manifested coarse muscular tremors. It was concluded that lithium carbonate does not have potential value as a bone marrow stimulant and is toxic to cats at serum concentration > 2 mEq/L.