bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficacy and Costs of Two Forms of Stress Management Training for Cancer Patients Undergoing Chemotherapy
Authors: Jacobsen Paul B. , Meade Cathy D. , Stein Kevin D. , Chirikos Thomas N. , Small Brent J. , Ruckdeschel John C. 
Published: October 2002

PURPOSE: Professionally administered psychosocial interventions have been shown to improve the quality of life of cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. The present study sought to improve access to psychosocial interventions during chemotherapy treatment by evaluating the efficacy and costs of a patient self-administered form of stress management training that requires limited professional time or experience to deliver. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Four hundred eleven patients about to start chemotherapy were randomly assigned to receive usual psychosocial care only, a professionally administered form of stress management training, or a patient self-administered form of stress management training. Quality-of-life assessments were conducted before randomization and before the second, third, and fourth treatment cycles. Intervention costs were estimated from both payer and societal perspectives. RESULTS: Compared with patients who received usual care only, patients receiving the self-administered intervention reported significantly (P ≤ .05) better physical functioning, greater vitality, fewer role limitations because of emotional problems, and better mental health. In contrast, patients who received the professionally administered intervention fared no better in terms of quality of life than patients receiving usual care only. Costs of the self-administered intervention were estimated to be 66% (from a payer perspective) to 68% (from a societal perspective) less than the average costs of professionally administered psychosocial interventions for patients starting chemotherapy. CONCLUSION: Evidence regarding the efficacy and favorable costs of self-administered stress management training suggests that this intervention has the potential to greatly improve patient access to psychosocial intervention during chemotherapy treatment.
Pyothorax-Associated Lymphoma: A Review of 106 Cases
Authors: Nakatsuka Shin-ichi , Yao Masayuki , Hoshida Yoshihiko , Yamamoto Satoru , Iuchi Keiji , Aozasa Katsuyuki 
Published: October 2002

PURPOSE: Pyothorax-associated lymphoma (PAL) is a non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma developing in the pleural cavity after a long-standing history of pyothorax. Full details of PAL are provided here. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Clinical and pathologic findings were reviewed in 106 patients with PAL collected through a nationwide survey in Japan. RESULTS: Age of the patients with PAL was 46 to 82 years (median, 64 years), with a male/female ratio of 12.3:1. All patients had a 20- to 64-year (median, 37-year) history of pyothorax resulting from artificial pneumothorax for treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis (80%) or tuberculous pleuritis (17%). The most common symptoms on admission were chest and/or back pain (57%) and fever (43%). Laboratory data showed that the serum neuron-specific enolase level was occasionally elevated (3.55 to 168.7 ng/mL; median, 18.65 ng/mL), suggesting a possible diagnosis of small-cell lung cancer. Histologically, PAL usually showed a diffuse proliferation of large cells of B-cell type (88%). In situ hybridization study showed that PAL in 70% of the patients was Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-positive. PAL was responsive to chemotherapy, but the overall prognosis was poor, with a 5-year survival of 21.6%. CONCLUSION: This study established the distinct nature of PAL as a disease entity. PAL is a non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma of exclusively B-cell phenotype in the pleural cavity of patients with long-standing history of pyothorax, and is strongly associated with EBV infection. Development of PAL is closely related to antecedent chronic inflammatory condition; therefore, PAL should be defined as malignant lymphoma developing in chronic inflammation.
Quality of Life of Long-Term Survivors of Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Sarna Linda , Padilla Geraldine , Holmes Carmack , Tashkin Donald , Brecht Mary Lynn , Evangelista Lorraine 
Published: October 2002

PURPOSE: To describe the quality of life (QOL) among survivors of non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). PATIENTS AND METHODS: One hundred forty-two 5-year minimum self-reported disease-free survivors of NSCLC completed QOL instruments (QOL-Survivor and Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short Form [SF-36]) and assessments of emotional distress (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale [CES-D]), comorbid disease, and tobacco use. Pulmonary function was assessed with a hand-held spirometer. Multivariate regression methods were used on total QOL-Survivor scores and physical (PC) and mental (MC) component scores of the SF-36. RESULTS: The majority (71%) of survivors described themselves as hopeful, and 50% viewed the cancer experience as contributing to positive life changes (QOL-Survivor). Comorbidity was common (60% ≥ one condition); 22% had distressed mood (CES-D ≥ 16). Most were former smokers (76%); 13% continued to smoke. Half had moderate/severe pulmonary distress (forced expired volume in 1 second [FEV1] < 70% of predicted). Regression models including the set of variables (age, sex, living alone, education, smoking status, pulmonary function category, distressed mood, time since diagnosis, and comorbidity) accounted for 37%, 48%, and 29% in the QOL-total, MC, and PC scores, respectively. Primary predictors of lower QOL scores were white ethnicity and distressed mood (CES-D ≥ 16) (34% of the variance explained). The primary predictor of lower MC scores was distressed mood (R2 = 0.45). Lower PC scores were associated with older age, living alone, FEV1 less than 70% of predicted, distressed mood, time since diagnosis, and more comorbid diseases (R2 = 0.28). CONCLUSION: These findings provide the first description of the QOL of long-term survivors of lung cancer. Risk factors for poorer QOL are strongly linked to distressed mood, which is a potential target for intervention.
Combined-Modality Treatment and Selective Organ Preservation in Invasive Bladder Cancer: Long-Term Results
Authors: Rödel Claus , Grabenbauer Gerhard G. , Kühn Reinhard , Papadopoulos Thomas , Dunst Jürgen , Meyer Martin , Schrott Karl M. , Sauer Rolf 
Published: October 2002

PURPOSE: To evaluate our long-term experience with combined modality treatment and selective bladder preservation and to identify factors that may predict treatment response, risk of relapse, and survival. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between 1982 and 2000, 415 patients with bladder cancer (high-risk T1, n = 89; T2 to T4, n = 326) were treated with radiotherapy (RT; n = 126) or radiochemotherapy (RCT; n = 289) after transurethral resection (TUR) of the tumor. Six weeks after RT/RCT, response was evaluated by restaging-TUR. In case of complete response (CR), patients were observed at regular intervals. In case of persistent or recurrent invasive tumor, salvage-cystectomy was recommended. Median follow-up was 60 months (range, 6 to 199 months). RESULTS: CR was achieved in 72% of patients. Local control after CR without muscle-invasive relapse was maintained in 64% of patients at 10 years. Distant metastases were diagnosed in 98 patients with an actuarial rate of 35% at 10 years. Ten-year disease-specific survival was 42%, and more than 80% of survivors preserved their bladder. Early tumor stage and a complete TUR were the most important factors predicting CR and survival. RCT was more effective than RT alone in terms of CR and survival. Salvage cystectomy for local failure was associated with a 45% disease-specific survival rate at 10 years. Cystectomy because of a contracted bladder was restricted to 2% of patients. CONCLUSION: TUR with RCT is a reasonable option for patients seeking an alternative to radical cystectomy. Ideal candidates are those with early-stage and unifocal tumors, in whom a complete TUR is accomplished.
Results of a Phase II Study With Doxorubicin, Etoposide, and Cisplatin in Patients With Fully Characterized Small-Cell Carcinoma of the Prostate
Authors: Papandreou Christos N. , Daliani Danai D. , Thall Peter F. , Tu Shi-Ming , Wang Xuemei , Reyes Adriana , Troncoso Patricia , Logothetis Christopher J. 
Published: October 2002

PURPOSE: To determine the activity and toxicity of doxorubicin in combination with cisplatin and etoposide in patients with small-cell prostate carcinoma (SCPCa) and to characterize the clinicopathologic features of SCPCa. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with SCPCa (pure or mixed), measurable disease, good organ function, and no prior treatment with doxorubicin, etoposide, or cisplatin were treated every 4 weeks with doxorubicin 50 mg/m2 as a 24-hour intravenous (IV) infusion followed by etoposide 120 mg/m2/d and cisplatin 25 mg/m2/d IV on days 2 to 4. RESULTS: Thirty-eight patients (36 assessable for response) were treated for a median of four cycles. Twenty-nine (81%) of 36 patients had prior hormonal therapy. Study patients had visceral metastases, lytic bone disease, and relatively low serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA). We observed 22 partial responses (response rate, 61% in an intent-to-treat analysis); toxicity was severe (grade 3 or 4 neutropenia 100%, thrombocytopenia 66%, mucositis 21%, and infection 68%). Three patients died of toxicity. Median time to progression and overall survival time were 5.8 months and 10.5 months, respectively. Performance status, serum albumin, and number of organs involved (but not PSA, carcinoembryonic antigen, or neuroendocrine markers) were predictors of survival. CONCLUSION: SCPCa presents unique clinicopathologic features. Addition of doxorubicin to the etoposide/cisplatin regimen caused higher toxicity in this patient population and failed to improve outcome. Given these results, we do not recommend further development of this regimen for patients with SCPCa. Improvement in therapy will come from understanding the biology of SCPCa progression and integrating new targeted therapies into the treatment of SCPCa.
Phase III Study of Concurrent Versus Sequential Thoracic Radiotherapy in Combination With Cisplatin and Etoposide for Limited-Stage Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Results of the Japan Clinical Oncology Group Study 9104
Authors: Takada Minoru , Fukuoka Masahiro , Kawahara Masaaki , Sugiura Takahiko , Yokoyama Akira , Yokota Soichiro , Nishiwaki Yutaka , Watanabe Koshiro , Noda Kazumasa , Tamura Tomohide , Fukuda Haruhiko , Saijo Nagahiro 
Published: October 2002

PURPOSE: To evaluate the optimal timing for thoracic radiotherapy (TRT) in limited-stage small-cell lung cancer (LS-SCLC), the Lung Cancer Study Group of the Japan Clinical Oncology Group conducted a phase III study in which patients were randomized to sequential TRT or concurrent TRT. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We treated 231 patients with LS-SCLC. TRT consisted of 45 Gy over 3 weeks (1.5 Gy twice daily), and the patients were randomly assigned to receive either sequential or concurrent TRT. All patients received four cycles of cisplatin plus etoposide every 3 weeks (sequential arm) or 4 weeks (concurrent arm). TRT was begun on day 2 of the first cycle of chemotherapy in the concurrent arm and after the fourth cycle in the sequential arm. RESULTS: Concurrent radiotherapy yielded better survival than sequential radiotherapy (P = .097 by log-rank test). The median survival time was 19.7 months in the sequential arm versus 27.2 months in the concurrent arm. The 2-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates for patients who received sequential radiotherapy were 35.1%, 20.2%, and 18.3%, respectively, as opposed to 54.4%, 29.8% and 23.7%, respectively, for the patients who received concurrent radiotherapy. Hematologic toxicity was more severe in the concurrent arm. However, severe esophagitis was infrequent in both arms, occurring in 9% of the patients in the concurrent arm and 4% in the sequential arm. CONCLUSION: This study strongly suggests that cisplatin plus etoposide and concurrent radiotherapy is more effective for the treatment of LS-SCLC than cisplatin plus etoposide and sequential radiotherapy.
Impurity profiling of pholcodine by liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS)
Authors: Denk Oliver M , Skellern Graham G , Watson David G 
Published: October 2002

Abstract
Previously, a dimorpholinoethyl pholcodine manufacturing impurity was reported to be present in some samples of pholcodine. Apart from this impurity and morphine, other unknown impurities were detected in all the samples analysed by HPLC and micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography. In this study, liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis of samples of pholcodine showed that two of the previously unidentified compounds had mass spectra with molecular ions which differed from pholcodine by 16 amu. From this observation and other experimental data it was concluded that they are hydroxy derivatives of pholcodine. 10-S-hydroxy-pholcodine, which was synthesized by the oxidation of pholcodine with chromic acid, had the same chromatographic properties as one of these compounds. An early eluting compound in the LC-MS chromatograms of pholcodine was identified as pholcodine-N-oxide by matching chromatographic and mass spectral data of a synthesized pholcodine-N-oxide standard. The reaction of pholcodine with m-chloroperoxy-benzoic acid not only produced the mono N-oxide, but also pholcodine-di-N, N′-oxide.
The effects of creatine on the retrogradely perfused isolated rat heart
Authors: Kilian G , Jana A-K , Grant G D , Milne P J 
Published: October 2002

Abstract
Although the role of creatine in muscle metabolism is well understood, there is still uncertainty as to its effects at supplemented levels. With this in mind, this study was designed to investigate the direct effects of commercially available creatine on the isolated rat heart, retrogradely perfused and infused with varying concentrations of creatine (1.25, 2.5, 5 and 10 mM) to determine its effects on heart rate, coronary flow and ventricular pressure. Furthermore, tissue from these hearts was used to investigate the cardiotoxic potential of supplemented levels of creatine. Results indicate that creatine directly improves the functioning of the heart under normal conditions with respect to heart rate and ventricular pressure, but may be detrimental to the functioning of energy-deprived hearts. It also showed no cardiotoxic properties since it increased the baseline levels of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and decreased the levels of isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICD), indicating a decrease in cellular death compared with non-supplemented control hearts.
The effect of Clonidine on the naltrexone-induced withdrawal response in morphine-treated guinea-pigs
Authors: Jungnickel Sebastian , Chahl Loris A 
Published: October 2002

Abstract
Rapid opioid withdrawal induced by naltrexone is now used as a treatment for heroin addiction. The α2-adrenoceptor agonist, clonidine, is currently used in clinical practice to reduce opioid withdrawal in humans. However, few studies have been reported on its effectiveness for this purpose. Guinea-pigs were made dependent and tolerant to morphine using a 3-day chronic morphine regimen (total 410 mg kg−1 morphine base), and injected with eitherclonidine(0.1 mg kg−1, s.c.) or saline, 1 h before induction of withdrawal with naltrexone (15 mg kg−1, s.c.). Withdrawal behaviours were measured for 90 min and animals were then euthanased and the brains removed. The presence of the immediate early gene protein product, c-Fos, was detected using immunohistochemical techniques. Clonidine reduced the number of head/body shakes, but had no effect on the total withdrawal behaviour score. In the CNS, clonidine increased the number of Fos-LI neurons in the central amygdala. In conclusion, the modest effect of clonidine in the present experiments suggests that the efficacy of clonidine in humans undergoing naltrexone-induced opioid withdrawal requires further investigation.
Effect of 7-day exposure to midazolam on electroencephalogram pharmacodynamics in rats: a model to study multiple pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationships in individual animals
Authors: Laurijssens Bart E , Greenblatt David J 
Published: October 2002

Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the concentration-electroencephalogram (EEG) relationships for midazolam, a full-agonist benzodiazepine ligand, on multiple occasions in individual rats, and to examine the effect of chronic midazolam exposure on that relationship. Rats were chronically instrumented with venous and arterial cannulas, and cortical EEG electrodes. The rats received either: 7 days of midazolam 10 mg kg−1 intravenously once a day (midazolam group); or midazolam on days 1 and 7 and vehicle on days 2–6 (vehicle group). Concentration-effect relationships were determined on days 1, 4 and 7 from multiple blood and EEG samples before and after the administration of the midazolam dose. The concentration-EEG effect relationships were consistent with a sigmoidal Emax (maximal effect) model. No differences in pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic parameters were found between day 1 and day 7 in either group. However, in the midazolam group, both the fraction unbound of midazolam in serum and the EC50 (concentration at half-maximal effect) for free midazolam increased from days 1–7 by 35 ± 3% and 54 ± 25%, respectively (means ± s.d., P &lt; 0.05). This may be related to decreased serum albumin levels in the midazolam group (–19 ± 5%, P &lt; 0.05) which, in turn, could be explained by the sedation associated with daily midazolam treatment. We concluded that concentration-EEG effect relationships can be studied on multiple occasions in individual animals, reducing animal use and variability. A modest degree of tolerance to midazolam was found with this paradigm, the effect only being evident after correction for the fraction unbound of midazolam.
FR183998, a Na+/H+ exchange inhibitor, suppresses both IL-8 content and myocardial infarct size in a cardiac ischaemia-reperfusion model in rats
Authors: Ohara F , Ohkubo K , Maeda K , Seki J , Goto T 
Published: October 2002

Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of FR183998 (5-(2,5-dichlorothiophen-3-yl)-3-[(2-dimethylaminoethyl)carbamoyl]benzoylguanidine dihydrochloride), an Na+/H+ exchange inhibitor, on myocardial interleukin-8 (IL-8) content and myocardial infarct size in a rat ischaemia and reperfusion model. Rats underwent30 min of ischaemia followed by 1 to 24 h of reperfusion. IL-8 content rapidly increased in reperfused rat hearts. The maximum increase in IL-8 was obtained after 3 h of reperfusion. Intravenous administration of FR183998 at 1 and 3.2 mg kg−1, 5 min before ischaemia, significantly reduced the IL-8 level after 3 h of reperfusion (122 ± 16 and 149 ± 23 pg mg−1 protein, respectively), compared with that of the saline-treated group (258 ± 27 pg mg−1 protein). Myeloperoxidase activity after 3 h of reperfusion was also reduced by FR183998 (from 0.83 ± 0.19 unit g−1 weight of tissue in the saline-treated group to 0.36 ± 0.09 and 0.33 ± 0.06 unit g−1 weight of tissue in FR183998-treated groups at 1.0 and 3.2 mg kg−1, respectively). Myocardial infarction induced by 30 min of ischaemia and 24 h of reperfusion was significantly suppressed by the same doses of FR183998 (14.0 ± 1.5,13.5 ± 1.9% at 1.0 and 3.2 mg kg−1), compared with 22.2 ± 2.7% in the saline-treated group. These results suggest that IL-8 may contribute to the generation of myocardial infarction in an ischaemia and reperfusion model in rats.
Influence of the composition of in-vitro azo-reducing systems on the degradation kinetics of the model compound amaranth
Authors: Maris B , Verheyden L , Samyn C , Augustijns P , Kinget R , Van den Mooter G 
Published: October 2002

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of the composition of in-vitro azoreducing systems on the degradation kinetics of the model compound amaranth. The degradation kinetics of amaranth were determined under anaerobic conditions both in rat caecal content (ex-vivo) and in a variety of in-vitro degradation media derived from rat caecal content. It was observed that the reducing activity was highly dependent on the preparation method and composition of the degradation medium. In pure rat caecal content, the degradation of amaranth was apparent first order (k = 0.044+0.002 min−1), while dilution of the rat caecal content resulted in an apparentzero-orderdegradation. Both apparentzero- and first-order degradations were also observed in media made up of diluted rat caecal content to which cofactors such as NADP, D-glucose-6-phosphate, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and Bz were added. This study demonstrates that in-vitro azo-reducing kinetics are dependent on the composition and mode of preparation of the in-vitro media used. This has to be taken into account when evaluating the degradability of azo-aromatic drug delivery systems in-vitro.
Involvement of peripheral cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 in inflammatory pain
Authors: Martinez Rosa Ventura , Reval Ma Irene Díaz , Campos Myrna Déciga , Terrón José Antonio , Ramírez Adriana M Domínguez , López-Muñoz Francisco J 
Published: October 2002

Abstract
Pain-induced functional impairment in the rat (PIFIR) is a model of inflammatory and arthritic pain similar to that of clinical gout. Nociception is induced by the intra-articular injection of uric acid into the right hind limb, inducing its dysfunction. Animals then receive analgesic drugs and the recovery of functionality over time is assessed as an expression of antinociception. We have examined the role of peripheral prostaglandins synthesized by cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in inflammatory pain using the PIFIR model. Rofecoxib (a selective COX-2 inhibitor) and SC-560 (a selective COX-1 inhibitor) both produced dose-dependent effects. When the inhibitors were administered before uric acid, they showed similar potency, but the antinociceptive efficacy of SC-560 was lower than rofecoxib; the best antinociceptive effects were obtained with the dose of 100 μ g/articulation of each inhibitor (pre-treatment). In post-treatment (inhibitors administered after the uric acid), rofecoxib showed the least antinociceptive effect and SC-560 was more potentthan rofecoxib. The inhibition of both COX-1 and COX-2 produced a more profound analgesic effect than the inhibition of either COX-1 or COX-2 alone. The present data support the idea that both COX isoforms contribute to the development and maintenance of local inflammatory nociception. Thus, it could be expected that inhibition of both COX-1 and COX-2 is required for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID)-induced antinociception in the rat. These findings suggest that the therapeutic effects of NSAIDs may involve, at least in part, inhibition of COX-1 and COX-2.