bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of a cryogenic DC transformer using for the measurement of large current
Authors: Zhang Shuqing , Zhang Jingfeng , Liu Fang , Zhou Chao , Liu Huajun , Shi Yi , Xu Peng , Wang Chengtao , Xu Qingjin , Gao Peng 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Superconducting transformer is a typical facility used for
inducing ultra-high current for large-scale scientific measurement
systems, such as SULTAN-facility at the Centre de Recherches en
Physique des Plasma (CRPP) in Switzerland, FRESCA-facility at CERN
in Switzerland etc. A new program has been launched at the Institute
of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (ASIPP) to build a
new conductor test facility to investigate the transverse pressure
dependence of critical current of various superconducting cables
using a compact superconducting transformer and cryogenic
electromagnetic press systems. The superconducting transformer can
induce a secondary current up to 60 kA, at a background magnetic
field up to 15 T at 4.2 K. To measure the induced secondary
current at cryogenic temperature precisely, three types of NbTi
superconducting coils are designed based on the zero-flux principle
to characterize the variation of the measured current. In this
paper, the design principle of the cryogenic DC transformer and its
commissioning results in a preliminary prototype test device are
presented. The measurement results show achievements on accuracy of
±0.6% or less and nonlinearity of better than ±0.25%,
which demonstrates the feasibility of the cryogenic DC transformer
and provides a reliable technology for the secondary current
measurement of a 100 kA superconducting transformer used in the
program of Super-X test facility at ASIPP.
Picosecond programmable delay line using commercial components for precision timing signal alignment
Authors: Freeborn T.J. , Owings H.B. , Griffin S.J. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
A picosecond precision programmable digital delay line with
10 ps average resolution and 200 ns range using low-cost,
commercially available integrated circuits (MC100EP195 and DS1023)
is presented. This design is integrated into an existing product
(AOG-110 from Microchip Technology Inc.) to facilitate alignment
between 1 PPS and 5 MHz output waveforms based on user
selected features (e.g. zero-crossings or peak amplitudes) for
precision-timing applications. The performance of this design is
experimentally validated using logarithmic stepped delays from
10 ps to 200 ns with a median deviation of 1.9% from the
ideal. The largest deviations are observed in the range from
10 ps to 100 ps, attributed to the non-linear behavior of the
MC100EP195 in the design. Overall, this design is a low-cost,
digital delay option that can be easily integrated into any
microcontroller based system and does not require additional complex
design revisions. Further, this highlights the increased range and
precision options available by cascading commercially available
digital delay line integrated circuits.
Impacts of terrestrial vegetation on surface ozone in China: from present to carbon neutrality
Authors: Lei Yadong , Yue Xu , Wang Zhili , Tian Chenguang , Zhou Hao , Liu Quan 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Despite many efforts to control anthropogenic sources, high ambient ozone (O3) concentrations remain a serious air pollution problem in China. Terrestrial vegetation can remove surface O3 through dry deposition but also enhance surface O3 through biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions. However, the net impacts of terrestrial vegetation on surface O3 remains unclear. Here, we perform simulations using a chemistry-vegetation coupled model to assess the impacts of terrestrial vegetation on surface daily maximum 8 h average (MDA8) O3 in China through biogeochemical processes, including BVOC emissions and stomatal uptake. The results show that vegetation biogeochemical processes increase summer mean surface MDA8 O3 by 1.3 ppb in the present day in China, with 3.7 ppb from BVOC emissions but −2.7 ppb from stomatal uptake. However, the enhanced summer mean surface MDA8 O3 from vegetation biogeochemical processes decreases from 5.4 to 2.7 ppb in the North China Plain (NCP), from 7.2 to 0.8 ppb in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD), from 8.7 to 1.8 ppb in the Sichuan Basin (SCB) and from 4.2 to 0.4 ppb in the Pearl River Delta by the period of carbon neutrality. Our study highlights that carbon neutrality-driven emission reductions can greatly mitigate the enhanced surface O3 related to terrestrial vegetation, though there is still a positive impact of terrestrial vegetation on surface O3 in some hotspots, including the NCP and the SCB.
Wear and friction behaviour of Cu-Gr-B4C composites and correlating to the topographical characteristics
Authors: Kumar Manish , Ankit  , Majhi Manas Ranjan , Chaturvedi R K 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The mechanical and tribological characteristics are important in applications such as bearing linings, bushings, and electrical contacts. In the current experiment, copper-chromium matrix composites reinforced with graphite (Gr.)-boron carbide (B4C) [at 1.5, 3, and 4.5 wt%] were made using powder metallurgy (P/M) process. As reinforcements, equal amounts of Gr and B4C were utilized. The microstructural characteristics of the sintered composites have been investigated using analytical techniques such as EDS mapping analysis, x-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The composites with a copper matrix displayed a homogeneous distribution of the reinforcement phase within the material. The pin-on-disc tribometer was used to conduct dry sliding wear tests with loads ranging from 10 to 40 N, sliding speeds of 1–3 m s−1, and fixed sliding distances of 2 km. The hardness is 97.3 HV with 3 wt% of each graphite and B4C reinforcement, which is 70.1% harder than pure copper (57.2 HV). It has been discovered that the wear rate and COF of composites decrease as the quantity of reinforcing rises—the composite with 4.5 wt% graphite and 4.5 wt% B4C exhibits the least amount of wear. The wear rate showed a rising trend with the applied load and sliding velocity across every material. The study of the deteriorated surface also reveals that delamination is the primary wear mechanism for pure Cu specimens. B4C and graphite-reinforced composites have been subjected to abrasives, oxidative and delamination wear modes.
RD-OCT net: hybrid learning system for automated diagnosis of macular diseases from OCT retinal images
Authors: Prabha A Jeya , Venkatesan C , Fathimal M Sameera , Nithiyanantham K K , Kirubha S P Angeline 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Macular Edema is a leading cause of visual impairment and blindness in patients with ocular fundus diseases. Due to its non-invasive and high-resolution characteristics, optical coherence tomography (OCT) has been extensively utilized for the diagnosis of macular diseases. The manual detection of retinal diseases by clinicians is a laborious process, further complicated by the challenging identification of macular diseases. This difficulty arises from the significant pathological alterations occurring within the retinal layers, as well as the accumulation of fluid in the retina. Deep Learning neural networks are utilized for automatic detection of retinal diseases. This paper aims to propose a lightweight hybrid learning Retinal Disease OCT Net with a reduced number of trainable parameters and enable automatic classification of retinal diseases. A Hybrid Learning Retinal Disease OCT Net (RD-OCT) is utilized for the multiclass classification of major retinal diseases, namely neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD), diabetic macular edema (DME), retinal vein occlusion (RVO), and normal retinal conditions. The diagnosis of retinal diseases is facilitated by the use of hybrid learning models and pre-trained deep learning models in the field of artificial intelligence. The Hybrid Learning RD-OCT Net provides better accuracy of 97.6% for nAMD, 98.08% for DME, 98% for RVO, and 97% for the Normal group. The respective area under the curve values were 0.99, 0.97, 1.0, and 0.99. The utilization of the RD-OCT model will be useful for ophthalmologists in the diagnosis of prevalent retinal diseases, due to the simplicity of the system and reduced number of trainable parameters.
Supervised and unsupervised learning of
(1+1)
-dimensional even-offspring branching annihilating random walks
Authors: Wang Yanyang , Li Wei , Liu Feiyi , Shen Jianmin 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Machine learning (ML) of phase transitions (PTs) has gradually become an effective approach that enables us to explore the nature of various PTs more promptly in equilibrium and nonequilibrium systems. Unlike equilibrium systems, non-equilibrium systems display more complicated and diverse features because of the extra dimension of time, which is not readily tractable, both theoretically and numerically. The combination of ML and most renowned nonequilibrium model, directed percolation (DP), led to some significant findings. In this study, ML is applied to

(
1
+
1
)

-d, even offspring branching annihilating random walks (BAW), whose universality class is not DP-like. The supervised learning of

(
1
+
1
)

-d BAW via convolutional neural networks (CNN) results in a more accurate prediction of the critical point than the Monte Carlo (MC) simulation for the same system sizes. The dynamic exponent z and spatial correlation length correlation exponent

ν

⊥

were also measured and found to be consistent with their respective theoretical values. Furthermore, the unsupervised learning of

(
1
+
1
)

-d BAW via an autoencoder (AE) gives rise to a transition point, which is the same as the critical point. The latent layer of AE, through a single neuron, can be regarded as the order parameter of the system being properly re-scaled. Therefore, we believe that ML has exciting application prospects in reaction-diffusion systems such as BAW and DP.
The Gulf Migrant Archives in Kerala
Authors: Karinkurayil Mohamed Shafeeq 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The south Indian state of Kerala has a five-decade long history of large-scale circular labour migration to the Gulf. The Gulf migration has immensely changed the cultural and material scapes of Kerala. However, there is also a prevalent understanding that it is only now that we begin to understand the heavy personal and social costs to the migrants and their families at which this transformation has taken place. This work argues that the hitherto ignorance regarding the reality of the Gulf is an effect of the specific historical and structural conditions in Kerala and the Gulf which forced the Gulf experience into the realm of the private. The historical and structural conditions which consigned the Gulf as an experience to silence in public is a local manifestation of bordering that is characteristic of late capitalism. This volume takes a host of literary and visual texts by Gulf migrants, beginning in the late 1970s, to read in them the contradicting forces of staging borders on the one hand, and how the migrants sought to translate their private experience of the Gulf into a public idiom that could form affective ties with other migrants to the Gulf and the non-migrants back home. The Gulf migrant archives this work studies includes memoirs, novels, films, and personal photographs.
The Thrills of Migrant Photography
Authors: Karinkurayil Mohamed Shafeeq 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter outlines the changing order of visuality in Muslim households with the coming of photo albums. While wall-mounted photographs were consecratory in nature, a series of developments displaced this function of photographs. The reform movements questioned the reverence to one’s ancestors, and image-making was understood to be one of the ways in which this reverence was manifested. The coming of cheap cameras in the Gulf displaced the rarity of the photographic occasion. And the coming of photo albums from the Gulf changed the corpothetic engagement with the photographs. Migrant photographs became a media for imposturing, thus deploying it along the axis of narrative and desacralizing its inherent iconicity. The first half of the chapter details the changes in visual culture, while the second half reads a migrant photo to see both its imposturing nature and what it says about the Gulf migrant self-representation in photographs.
Conclusion
Authors: Karinkurayil Mohamed Shafeeq 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter concludes the book recapitulating the main points made in the book and gesturing towards future directions of study and action. The first part of the conclusion draws out the crucial intervention of the book as the emphasis on the cultural work of migration. The chapter then moves on to highlighting the salience of the paradigm of the epistemic border that has informed the book throughout. The last part focuses on rearticulating the migrant, and the ways in which it can be done. Such a rearticulation involves archiving of extant migrant cultural production, and an extensive study into Gulf migration as providing the affective, emotional, and sensorial present of Kerala.
Early breast development in girls: the power of greyscale sonography and sonoelastography
Authors: Keçeli Merter , Akyürek Nesibe 
Published: February 2024

Abstract

Objective
Accurate distinction between central pubertal precociousness (PP) and premature thelarche (PT) is important to guide treatment. Both greyscale ultrasonography (US) and sonoelastography can be used to examine breast tissue. The aim of this study is to investigate the performance of breast US and strain elastographic (SE) in the diagnosis of increased breast volume in girls.

Methods
Sixty-three girls with breast development up to 8 years of age and diagnosed with PP and PT were included in the prospective study. Basal luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and estradiol (E2) values were obtained. Each bud was considered as a unit in US. Mediolateral (ML) and anteroposterior diameters (AP) were measured, and US grading was performed. Breast SE was examined, and strain index (SI) was calculated. US and laboratory findings were compared.

Results
Of the 121 buds examined, 39 (32.2%) were with PP (6.97 ± 2.44 years) and 82 (67.8%) were with PT (6.51 ± 2.52 years). Diameters were correlated with bone age, LH, FSH, and US grade. The mean AP showed a moderate difference in favour of PP between the groups (P &lt; .06). The mean ML was higher in PP (P &lt; .01). There was a difference in mean SI values (P &lt; .004). Sensitivity and specificity were 71% and 61% for ML and 72% and 56% for SI, respectively.

Conclusion
Both ML and US grading may help discriminate PP from PT. The role of sonoelastography requires further investigation.

Advances in knowledge
Ultrasound and SE show significant differences between PP and PT, but these are not sufficiently reliable to be of clinical use. The contribution of sonoelastography requires further study before it can be recommended. However, SI of breast tissue can be helpful in distinguishing PP and PT from other causes of early increase in breast volume.
3. OBJECTIVE ANALYSIS AND COMPARISON OF STRESS LEVEL DURING ROBOTIC AND CONVENTIONAL LAPAROSCOPIC SURGERY
Authors: Pérez Salazar M J , González Nuño F M , Sánchez Margallo J A , Kappel M , Sánchez Margallo F M 
Published: February 2024

Abstract

Introduction
The aim of this study is to objectively analyse the stress experienced by surgeons during the performance of training tasks in robotic and conventional laparoscopic surgery.

Methods
For the parameters related to stress level, an electrodermal activity sensor (EDA) from the company Movisens was used. This sensor is placed on the subject's ankle using two electrodes that measure the impedance of the skin in the area in order to evaluate the surgeon's level of alertness in micro-siemens (µS). The surgical robot used was the Versius Platform from CMR Surgical. A group of 4 surgeons with different levels of experience (novice or expert) were evaluated under a series of 7 tasks on a physical laparoscopic simulator, with tasks progressively increasing in difficulty.

Results
Regarding the difference between the two surgical modalities, significantly lower values were obtained when using the robotic platform, with the difference being more pronounced among the less experienced surgeons. In the instance of the expert with prior surgical robotics experience, stress levels were found to be 100 times lower compared to the expert solely experienced in conventional laparoscopy.

Conclusion
The results show that not only do subjects with superior experience in robotic surgery exhibit lower stress levels, but that novices maintain lower stress levels than experts in conventional laparoscopic surgery due to their lack of predisposition towards a specific surgical discipline.
5. DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY OF EX-VIVO FUSION CONFOCAL MICROSCOPY IN BREAST CANCER
Authors: Humaran Cozar D , Pérez Anker J , Fernández Ruiz P , Blay Aulina L , Pascual Miguel I , Puig Sardà S , Malvehy Guilera J , Julián Ibáñez J F 
Published: February 2024

Abstract

Introduction
Ex-Vivo fusion confocal microscopy (EVFCM) provides a fast examination of breast tissues with the potential to reduce the rate of positive surgical margins and the need for additional interventions. This is an observational study aimed at verifying the diagnostic accuracy of EVFCM in diagnosing neoplasia and histologic subtypes.

Methods
Thirty-six breast tissue samples, including non-neoplastic (n=20) and neoplastic (n=16), underwent scanning using EVFCM. These samples were also processed through routine histopathological examination with hematoxylin and eosin, and the two techniques were subsequently compared. The assessment was performed by a Mohs surgeon dermatologist familiar with EVFCM (evaluator A) and two breast pathology experts (evaluators B and C) without experience in EVFCM, in a blinded diagnosis analysis.

Results
The ability to recognize neoplasia in the EVFCM images obtained a high level of concordance, as indicated by all kappa values (κ) presenting a p-value &lt;0.001. Investigator A demonstrated a sensitivity and specificity of 100% in diagnosing neoplasia. Evaluators B and C exhibited a sensitivity &gt;87% and a specificity &gt;94% in diagnosing neoplasia, with positive predictive values (PPV)&gt;95% and the negative predictive values (NPV) of 81% and 94%, respectively. The accuracy in recognizing the histological subtype was &gt;86,1%, with a sensitivity &gt;82%, specificity &gt;88%, PPV&gt;75% and NPV&gt;92%.

Conclusion
EVFCM demonstrates excellent diagnostic accuracy for breast cancer, with high levels of concordance, sensitivity and specificity. Based on our data, we suggest and propose that EVFCM will be an excellent tool for intra-operative and definitive margin assessment, guiding breast conserving surgeries.
10. COMPARISON OF ERGONOMICS BETWEEN ROBOTIC AND CONVENTIONAL SURGERY: A STUDY OF MUSCLE ACTIVITY AND BODY POSTURE
Authors: Kappel M , Sánchez-Margallo J A , Pérez-Salazar M J , González-Nuño F M , Sánchez-Margallo F M 
Published: February 2024

Abstract

Introduction
The objective of this study is to compare the ergonomics of surgeons during surgical procedures using the Versius robot (CMR Surgical) and conventional laparoscopic surgery. The study assesses surgeons' body posture and muscle activity to objectively identify ergonomic distinctions between the two surgical approaches.

Methods
A set of surgeons were asked to perform both tasks in a box trainer and surgical procedures in an experimental model. Laparoscopic tasks and procedures were performed both with the robotic platform and conventionally. During the study, surgeons wore electromyography sensors to measure the activity of 14 muscles. Participants also wore inertial sensors to record body movements. Postures were compared with ergonomic guidelines for conventional and robotic laparoscopic surgery.

Results
In terms of muscle activity in box trainer and in vivo surgeries, the activity distribution of the gastrocnemius, vastus lateralis, erector spinae and medial trapezius muscles was concentrated around a lower median in robotic procedures compared to conventional ones. However, for the brachioradialis, triceps and upper trapezius, the distribution was concentrated at a higher median for robotic procedures. Regarding surgeon posture, a more ergonomically suitable posture is obtained for ﬂexion-extension of the knee and ulnar-radial deviation of the wrist during robotic surgery.

Conclusion
The study concludes that the use of robotic surgery improves certain aspects of ergonomics in laparoscopy.
17. TUMOR SIZE IN ADRENAL TUMORS. SIGNIFICANCE IN THE INDICATION FOR ADRENALECTOMY AND SURGICAL OUTCOMES
Authors: Mínguez Ojeda C , Gómez Dos Santos V , Araujo Castro M , Lorca Alvaro J , Tagalos Muñoz A , Sanjuan Benito Dehesa A , Burgos Revilla F J 
Published: February 2024

Abstract

Introduction
This study aims to assess the relevance of tumour size in adrenal tumours concerning the estimation of malignancy risk and its impact on the outcomes of adrenalectomy.

Methods
Histological results and surgical outcomes were assessed in a retrospective cohort of patients without a history of active extra-adrenal malignancy but with adrenal tumours. The study included individuals who underwent surgery at a third-level hospital between 2010 and 2020.

Results
Of 131 patients with adrenal tumours who underwent adrenalectomy, 76 (58.0%) had adrenal masses measuring ≥40 mm; 47 were &gt;50 mm and 28 &gt;60 mm. The final diagnosis was adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) in 7 patients, pheochromocytoma in 35, and benign lesions in the remaining. All patients with ACC had adrenal masses &gt; 50 mm, with Hounsfield units &gt;40 and low lipidic content in the CT. The risk of ACC and pheochromocytoma increased as tumour size did. The diagnostic accuracy of tumour size was quite good for the prediction of ACC (AUC-ROC 0.883). Nevertheless, when only adrenal tumours with HU &lt;40 were considered, the risk of ACC was 0% independent of tumour size. For pheochromocytomas, the risk was of 8.6% independent of tumour size for lesions with &lt;20HU. The risk of intraoperative and postoperative complications was independent of tumour size.

Conclusion
The risk of malignancy and pheochromocytoma increased with tumor size. However, in pre-surgical assessments of malignancy risk, considerations should extend beyond tumor size to include lipidic content and other radiological features. The risk of complications was independent of tumour size, but hospital stay was longer in patients with complication or open approach.