bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Class, Schools and the State, 1870–1902
Authors: Stray Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I turn from the universities to the secondary schools. The period opens with Forster’s Act of 1870, which introduced State elementary schooling (free after 1891), and ends with Balfour’s Act of 1902, which extended the principle into secondary education. It was this intervention of the State in secondary schooling which prompted the organized defence of classics, conducted by the Classical Association, which is dealt with in Chapter 9. The two previous chapters were concerned with institutional and ideological changes in the relatively coherent and bounded arenas of Oxford and (especially) Cambridge. With the schools, we are dealing with a more fluid and larger-scale social and political context. The relationships on which I concentrate in this chapter are those of State intervention, class distinction, and curricular content. The educational legislation of this period was powerfully affected by the contemporary advance of social incorporation through which the working classes were admitted to civil society. In a straight-forward sense, Forster’s Act of 1870 was a response to the enlargement of the franchise in 1867: in Robert Lowe’s much-quoted words, ‘It will be absolutely necessary to teach our future masters to learn their letters.’
Redefining the Classical: Varieties of Hellenism and the Rise of Discipline
Authors: Stray Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter deals with the ideological reformulations produced in response to the changes and challenges described in the last three chapters. Two general points need to be made about the reworking of such idealistic formulations. The first is that the challenges which provoked them were very often made within social and institutional arenas, and were in fact challenges to specific institutional variants of classics. Reformulated notions of the classical were often the products of situated strategies which were linked not only to the symbolic field and its conflicts and competition, but also to the defence of jobs, hierarchies, and institutional status; in short, to social interests. The second point is a related one: that ‘ideal’ formulations—cultural absolutes detached from the everyday world of action and interest—are in fact often the product of precisely such action and interest. The detachment of the absolute reflects the detached status of absolutism. Thus, as we have seen already, the ‘free play of the critical intellect’ advocated by Arnold became, in the hands of the humanistic civil servants of the later Victorian decades, a crucial legitimating device for the dominance of their own Oxbridge culture over the ‘crabbed routine’ of municipal officialdom. This ‘freedom’ went with a generalizing authority which had very specific social and institutional roots.
Ancestors at the Funeral: The Pompa Funebris
Authors: Flower Harriet I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE primary use of the imagines, which it is the concern of this chapter to examine, was in the funeral procession of a Roman office-holder. Their raison d’ être was to allow the ancestors to be represented as living and breathing Roman magistrates at the height of their careers, who had reappeared in the city to accompany their newly-dead descendant on his last journey. On this occasion they welcomed and received him as one of their number.1 Polybius (6. 53−4 = T61) is our main source for the Roman funeral. For him the masks of the ancestors are the most characteristic and important part of the funeral spectacle. He repeatedly stresses the realism of the masks themselves and the dramatic quality of the ancestors appearing as magistrates in procession. Their parade was the largest group of magistrates, accompanied by their symbols of office and rank, which a Roman citizen was ever likely to see.
Conclusions
Authors: Flower Harriet I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE present study has attempted to explore the role played by traditional imagines which contributed to the social standing and influence of office-holding families. A striking feature of the Roman republican constitution was the consistency with which certain leading families could be elected to the highest magisterial offices over several generations. Any student of Roman life must try to account for this pattern, which shaped the character of Roman oligarchy. In a basic sense political power depended on a series of election victories, which defined rank and precedence within the nobility of office. These victories, in turn, were influenced by the impression of a candidate’s family created by the masks of his ancestors, which explained and justified his election to Roman citizens of all social levels.
Royal Bastardy
Authors: Ogden Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have seen that pickings were meagre in the field of common bastardy at Sparta, albeit instructively so; by contrast pickings are quite rich in the field of royal bastardy, with bastardy allegations clustering round the figures of Cleomenes I and the Leotychidas whose throne was usurped by Agesilaus I I. While it may initially appear odd that royal succession should work to principles that differ from those of the common succession that surrounds it, it must be remembered not only that royal families develop all sorts of customs to differentiate themselves from the common herd, but also that in each royal family only one man can succeed to the throne at a time: the pressure on succession could not therefore be greater.
Bastardy in the Cities of the Classical Period
Authors: Ogden Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aristotle, writing at the end of the classical period and the eve of the hellenistic, implies that the double civic ascendance requirement was the rule in the cities of his day: ‘For practical purposes they define a citizen as he that is born of parents that are both citizens, not just one of the two, be it the father or the mother, and some take this requirement even further, such as to two or three or more generations’ (Aristotle Politics 1275b22–4).
The Hellenistic Relaxation
Authors: Ogden Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
These people did not dream of returning to live in their original home state and worried little about the political rights which had lost much of their significance and prestige; these strangers married amongst themselves, formed a stock, and tended to constitute a homogenous class of Greeks bearing their original ethnic by tradition, but in reality being citizens of the world, because they no longer belonged to any city.
Greeks and Barbarians
Authors: Ogden Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before turning to the Egyptian material, however, it will be well to conduct a very brief survey of the background of Greek–barbarian intermarriage. It has recently become fashionable among archaeologists to study the interface of Greek and barbarian culturet using, for the most part, evidence other than the written variety: Descreudres’ Greek Colonists and Native Populations ( 1990) is an example of this trend. Although this kind of work can indeed tell us much about the mixing of cultures, it can rarely tell us anything about intermarriage: it is significant that the index to Descreudres’ massive volume contains only five meagre references to the subject, while it is somewhat alarming that Coldstream can write of mixed marriage at Pithecusae on the basis of the non-verbal archaeological record. Only written evidence can tell us whether intermarriage took place, and even this has to be treated with the utmost care. This is a point that will become particularly clear when we attempt to chart Greek–Egyptian intermarriage. For these reasons, I shall not waste time on the consideration of archaeological material, but shall confine the investigation to written sources.
Hellenistic Egypt: The Cities
Authors: Ogden Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As in early days in the chora, Alexandria used a system of double documentation for marriages, but the Alexandrian system differed importantly from the enchoric one, it seems, in that one contract documented the marriage privately and the other documented it publicly, with the city-state taking a traditional interest in the lines of descent. The few surviving Alexandrian marriage contracts, known as synchōrēseis (BGU 1050–2 and 1098–1101), all derive from the Augustan period, but by this stage the Ptolemaic marital system is unlikely to have been drastically altered. The Roman system which was to take over from the Greek was very different from it, as can be seen from the marital provisions of the Roman Gnomon of the Idios Logos, and was dependent upon the census, but the earliest Roman census of Egypt did not occur until AD 19/20 or possibly even AD 33/4.
Conclusions
Authors: Fear A T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As will have become clear, no one simple model adequately explains urban development in Baetica in the early imperial period. This should not be surprising, given the geographical and cultural diversity of the province, and the fact that Rome does not appear to have attempted actively to impose a standard pattern on the region. The province was much less influenced by Roman cultural patterns at the beginning of our period than is commonly assumed, and this too must be borne in mind when assessing its overall development.
Introduction
Authors: Smith Christopher John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is an attempt by a historian to interpret and analyse the evidence for a particular region across a number of centuries, beginning with a period which can only be understood from its material remains and continuing into a period when the literary record possesses a degree of truth which may be discovered with caution and due scepticism. One aspect of such a work is that it is a study of the longue duree. This book covers over seven centuries of human endeavour and, without wishing to underplay the contribution of individuals within the period, it is necessarily focused on the contribution of such factors as geography, trade systems, and the long-term development of society.
Latia! Period IVB
Authors: Smith Christopher John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Period IVB is a vital phase of transition between the pre-urban society of IVA and the urban society of the later sixth century; this aspect of transition is not particularly well illustrated by the material remains, which are far less impressive than those of IVA, and do not yet have the monumentality which marks, as well as anything, the urban period. The nature of this transition will be discussed from the other side in Part II, and what follows is an attempt to follow the process through chronologically.
Introduction
Authors: Laks André , Most Glenn W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If the Derveni papyrus has been surrounded by an aura of mystery ever since its discovery a third of a century ago, this has been due not only to its contents-theological, eschatological, allegorical, cosmological-but also to the circumstances of its delayed diffusion. For the first two decades after its discovery, no text of the papyrus was generally available at all; the unauthorized publication of a transcription in Zeitschrift Jilr Papyrologie und Epigraphik 47 (1982) after p. 300 strained relations within the scholarly community but provided a basis-albeit one whose correctness could not be checked-for a growing number of published studies and for a far greater number of research projects. This situation may help to explain why, despite the obvious need for a public forum in which scholars who shared interests and questions could discuss their views with one another and foster the understanding of the Derveni papyrus, there were, as far as we know, no conferences on this extraordinary document during these years.
Figures of Sexuality and Initiatory Transition in the Derveni Theogony and its Commentary
Authors: Calame Claude 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whatever their position and their philosophical premises, scholars agree that the commentary in the Derveni papyrus bears upon one of the most ancient versions of the Orphic cosmo-theogony we know. After a brief description of the sacrificial rites performed by the followers of Orpheus-which perhaps form the cultic circumstances of enunciation of the poem commented upon (col. v1)the interpreter proceeds to state an essential premise: the poem is ‘enigmatic ‘ (alviyµ,a7 ‘W07JS, col. VII. 4, 5, cf. IX. 10, XIV. 6, XVII. 13). To this extent it requires explanations, or rather decipherment, for the commentator thinks that its formulations are metaphoric and allegorical. And in fact his reading often refers to the knowledge of those who ‘know ‘, that is, of the initiates who hold the keys of this allegorical epic diction (cols. IX. 2, XII. 5, xvm. 5, xx.2-3 and 8, xvrn. 2 and 5, xxv1. 8).
Thracian Narratives
Authors: Carpenter Thomas H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Elements of Thracian dress appear during the first half of the fifth century in a distinct group of narrative scenes about Dionysos including the Gigantomachy, the Return of Hephaistos, the madness of Dionysos and the encounter with Lykourgos. Before the middle of that century those Thracian elements seldom appear in other Dionysian scenes, which suggests that they should be understood as visual links connecting the episodes. Through the imagery, then, some vase painters make a clear distinction between Thracian and ‘Greek’ narratives about the god.
Aegean and Orient
Authors: West M L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Culture, like all forms of gas, tends to spread out from where it is densest into adjacent areas where it is less dense. For some six thousand years, from the seventh millennium BC to the first, a steady succession of arts, crafts, and comforts found their way from south-western Asia, the cradle of the Neolithic revolution, to south-eastern Europe and to that gnarled outpost of Europe that we call Greece: the cultivation of cereals, of flax, of the olive and the vine; pottery, first hand-made and later wheel-made; the working of copper, then bronze, then iron; the protection of property by means of stamped or rolled seals; the art of writing on clay tablets, waxed wooden boards, papyrus, and skins; the walling of towns; the music of harp, lyre, and double oboe—these are only some of the more important items that spring to mind. }dost of those millennia lie outside the purview of the present work, which is concerned with the contribution of the Near East—more specifically the Semitic area and Anatolia-to Greek poetry and myth as we know them in the period 750–450 BC. Of course we cannot restrict our attention to those three centuries, since the literature of that time may well contain eastern elements that reflect earlier contacts.
The Lyric Poets
Authors: West M L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term ‘the lyric poets’ is here used in the conventional, practically meaningless but frequently convenient catch-all sense in which it covers an authors of non-hexameter and non-dramatic poetry down to Pindar and Bacchylides. The poets with whom I shall have occasion to deal will be disposed under the broad headings of iambus, elegy, and melic poetry. l[n terms of literary history these are not completely satisfactory terms, because there is some overlap between them; but there is no need to go into that. The review of these poets will extend the inquiry in two ways. The first is chronological. In considering myths in the last chapter we were dealing with material of often uncertain age, some of it clearly going back to the eighth century or before, some of it not much, if at all, earlier (in Greece) than 500. Now we shall be proceeding in an orderly fashion through reasonably well dated texts that take us from the mid seventh to the mid fifth century. The other extension is in register. Certain popular forms of utterance that were excluded from epic, or at any rate under¬ represented in it, such as proverb and fable, will come more clearly into view in the less elevated types of poetry that we shall be concerned with here.
Aeschylus
Authors: West M L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aeschylus? Aeschylus? Was this not the man who fought at Marathon and Salamis against the forces of the East? The poet who first articulated the antithesis of Hellene and barbarian, and posited the all-round inferiority of the latter to the former? Pioneer of the most quint¬ essentially and autonomously Greek of literary forms, Attic tragedy? Is even he now to be found prey to these insidious oriental influences that seem to reach everywhere? The fact is that his plays do yield a further body of evidence for the penetration of West Asiatic motifs into Greece, as the plays of Sophocles and Euripides do not. It is not a question of Aeschylus’ personal access to eastern sources or receptivity to eastern ideas. It is just that he happens to be the author from the first half of the fifth century whose work is most extensively preserved; indeed, we have more of it than we have of any earlier Greek writer apart from the poets of the Iliad and Odyssey.
Imported Luxuries And Their Meaning
Authors: Archibald Z H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gold vessels rarely survive. Three golden phialai from Daskal Atanassovo, south-east of Stara Zagora, are of the ‘open lotus’ form, with a high omphalos and thirty-six narrow pointed petals ham mered in relief onto the exterior, with a supplementary row of thirty-six behind. Originating in ninth-century Assyria, this shape had become popular in various parts of Greece by the fifth century (see App. 2). Each phiale had a hole in the centre of the omphalos for the insertion of an applique. These two bowls were probably made at an Aegean centre; they are found principally in east Greece and at mainland sites with strong east ern connections.
The Warrior’s Image: Arms and the Artist’s Projection
Authors: Archibald Z H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Wealthy Male Thracian Burials Of A Pre Dominantly martial character form a limited but distinctive group in this period. The burial of weapons with their owners is not new and the overall increase in the number and quality of weapons deposited reflects increased access to such goods, both in social and geo graphical terms. The ‘warrior’ burials of Odrysian Thrace contain a carefully selected panoply, though the form of each article is not standard. ‘Princely’ or ‘warrior burial’ is a term applied to male graves containing weapons and sometimes armour at different times and in different parts of Europe. The status associations of these panoplies have long been recognized. Arms as grave goods may indicate a social role as physical protector and, by extension, guarantor of social cohesion and security.
Lyric Discourses
Authors: Lowrie Michéle 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The degree zero of lyric discourse is utterance, a dramatic speaking out grounded in occasion (Heinze 1923; Johnson 1982: 4, 30; Nussbaum 1981: 2099 et al.). This said, we must qualify. Occasion and speech are always subject to fiction, and thereby fail to provide more than a semblance of origins. Utterance, within its realm, is all-encompassing, and all-empowering, so that narrative (the formal category) is one possible speech act among others. Narrative, what we do when we order words into sense, is utterance. How then does it relate to lyric? History, with the help of poets, creates different ways of lyric speaking out at different times. Sappho reads differently from Horace, or Marvel, or Keats, or Ashbury. Each poet reinvents a way to speak out that in turn requires us to reconfigure our own notion of lyric utterance. This chapter sets up a formal distinction between lyric and narrative in the attempt to show why narrative poses a disruptive threat to Horace’s version of lyric, that is, lyric narrowly defined as the small, private space of aesthetics. In the larger picture, it could rather turn out that lyric as an aesthetic category poses a distinct threat to a narrative desire to make sense.
Forbidding Mourning
Authors: Lowrie Michéle 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Memory in Odes I — 3 looks forward: the monumentum does not so much preserve the past as project Horace’s future immortality. Death, for Horace, has no sting. How then to cope with the death of others, particularly with the primary impulse arising from death and memory that is mourning? Can poetry compensate for death? Does a place exist for mourning in a poetics of presence? The usual threat to the ethics of carpe diem arises from anxiety about the future (death); less frequent, but no less disruptive, is brooding over the past (mourning). The injunction of C. I. 24, I. 33, and 2. 9 offers a simple answer: ‘don’t mourn’. But — there is always a ‘but’ — the very injunction not to mourn inscribes others’ mourning on the tombstone of the monumentum. Furthermore, the alternative Horace offers in C. 2. 9, praise Augustus Caesar, disturbs (Putnam 1990).
The Programmatic Statements of the Lives
Authors: Duff Tim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Plutarch claims, through his Parallel Lives, to reveal his subjects’ character and thereby improve his readers’ character. In this chapter, I shall consider Plutarch’s conception of the moralizing function of his biographies. We should note first, however, that the concept of moralism, like its content, is not transcultural. Ancient Greek has no term equivalent to our abstract ‘moralism’ or ‘morality’.
The Lives of Phokion and Cato Minor
Authors: Duff Tim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Pyrrhos-Marius is a pair of Lives with a fairly straightforward moral message, which runs across both Lives of the pair. More complex, and providing more difficulties for a moral reading, is the Phokion-Cato Minor. Here Plutarch confronts the issue of whether there is, in the reality of political life, such a thing as absolute good and absolute evil.
The Lives of Lysander and Sulla
Authors: Duff Tim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Plutarch’s treatment of Lysander and Sulla forms the second example of Lives in which Plutarch seems to problematize the moral status of the subject. Christopher Pelling recognized the problem posed by these Lives when he labelled the moralism here as ‘ descriptive’ rather than evaluative, as more concerned with pointing to a truth in human nature than with presenting a model for imitation or avoidance. In fact, although there is no simple didacticism in the text, evaluative judgements are nevertheless encouraged; the subjects are viewed from an ethical perspective. But these judgements are contradictory, and the ethical status of the pair seems to remain deliberately ambiguous right through to the end. Frederick Brenk, discussing the ambivalence in Plutarch’s presentation of Sulla, attributed it to the contradictory nature of the sources, which he saw as pulling Plutarch in opposite directions: the moral ambiguity of the Life is the result of a lack of reflection, of an inadequate harmonization of sources. But, as we have already noted, Plutarch does not usually simply follow the emphases of his sources. The lack of moral clarity in this pair does not result from the sources; rather, Plutarch seems to be making it deliberately difficult to extract simple moral lessons from this text.