bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A multivariate approach to fingerprint variation in Papua New Guinea: Perspectives on the evolutionary stability of dermatoglyphic markers
Authors: Froehlich J. W. , Giles Eugene 
Published: August 2005

AbstractIn the Markham Valley of Papua New Guinea, multivariate graphical displays of serological, anthropometric, and dermatoglyphic population structures are compared pursuant to the hypothesis that fingerprints have a slower velocity of evolutionary change and, therefore, are preferable biological markers for prehistorical reconstructions. Samples from nine villages, which represent three geographical and linguistic populations, are plotted in two dimensions using appropriate multivariate techniques for maximally portraying between sample variability. Both the serological and morphometric displays are found lacking in close clusters, which demonstrates a lack of congruence with the shared languages and, presumably, the ethnohistorical origins of the three populations. These discrepancies between biology and prehistory appear to reflect recent environmental and stochastic perturbations. On the other hand, fingerprint displays conform closely to language affiliations, relatively undisturbed by environmental variation and genetic drift.The relative congruence between ethnohistorical affiliation and fingerprint diversity is further corroborated by comparing the three measures of population structure with geographical distances, using partial rank correlations. In terms of explained variance, the level of association with fingerprints is more than twice than with anthropometry, and 13 times greater than with serology. Whereas metric and serological data provide distorted portrayals of known biohistorical relationships among the study populations, fingerprint data mirror these relationships. The theoretical foundations and consequences of this observation are discussed with respect to the broader question of polygenic versus monogenic biological markers.
Morphological features of Jat dentition
Authors: Kaul V. , Prakash S. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractObservations on morphological characters of milk and permanent teeth, based on 648 pairs of dental casts of 356 male and 292 female Jat children of Haryana (India) are reported. Deciduous teeth show high frequencies of bilateral winging of maxillary central incisor, Carabelli's cusp of maxillary second molar, and deflecting wrinkle of mandibular second molar. Reduction of maxillary molar cusps is more marked in males than in females. Y pattern is very common in deciduous molars. Permanent teeth have high frequencies of grooved cingulum of incisors, cingular nodule of lateral incisors and canines, and distal accessary ridge of canines. Low frequencies of Carabelli's cusp and winging are also common. The tendency towards faintly developed shovelling in milk incisors occurs more often than in the permanent teeth.
A reassessment of demographic estimates for Pecos Pueblo
Authors: Ruff Christopher B. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe original demographic estimates for Pecos Pueblo, New Mexico (Hooton, 1930) indicated a 60/40 male/female adult sex ratio and an average life expectancy at birth of 42.9 years. A reanalysis of sexes and ages for a subsample of the Pecos collection as well as a reevaluation of a more recent report suggests that the adult sex ratio for Pecos is probably closer to 50/50 and that the mean age at death should be greatly reduced, perhaps by as much as 15 to 20 years.
Chromosome evolution in the owl monkey, Aotus
Authors: Ma Nancy Shui Fong 
Published: August 2005

AbstractWe have reported nine distinct karyotypes for Aotus, of four pelagic phenotypes, and suggest that this single species has undergone extensive subspeciation. We reconstruct the mechanism of chromosomal evolution and propose a hypothesis about the events of subspeciation in Aotus. We speculate that isolated groups of ancestral individuals living in several confined areas have separately accumulated a fusion or inversion pair as a result of inbreeding. A subsequent reassociation of descendants from these individuals led to the formation of offspring with mixtures of fusion or inversion pairs in their complements. They, in turn, radiated into different ecological niches accompanied by adaptive genetic changes and eventually gave rise to the present forms of Aotus distinguishable by their karyotypes, but not easily recognizable by ordinary taxonomic criteria.
Growth of rural and urban children in the Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico
Authors: Malina Robert M. , Himes John H. , Stepick Carol Dutton , Lopez Francisca Gutierrez , Buschang Peter H. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractWeight, stature, arm circumference, and the triceps skinfold were measured in 1,410 school children, 6 through 14 years of age, from two urban colonias in the city of Oaxaca de Juarez (n = 479), and from two rural Ladino (n = 467) and two rural Zapotec (n = 464) communities in the Valley of Oaxaca in southern Mexico. Children from rural Ladino communities and urban colonias are significantly taller, heavier, and more muscular than children in rural Zapotec communities. The differences between rural Ladino and urban colonia children favor the former, particularly for weight and stature. These observations thus suggest (1) that children in the rural, indigenous communities in the Valley of Oaxaca are relatively undernourished compared to children in Ladinoized and urban communities, and (2) that rural‐to‐urban migration does not necessarily result in improved growth status.
Torus mandibularis among Icelanders
Authors: Axelsson Gudjón , Hedegård Björn 
Published: August 2005

AbstractNine hundred and seventy‐six Icelandic schoolchildren (489 ♂ and 487♀) were surveyed for occurrence of torus mandibularis. No sexual dimorphism was observed but there was a statistically significant difference between areas. A highly significant positive association between age and frequency of occurrence and size was also observed. Single tori were more prevalent than multiple ones and also appeared earlier. Symmetrical occurrence predominated, but when unilateral, tori were more often found on the right side. Secular changes in the incidence of torus mandibularis among Icelanders suggest the strong influence of environmental factors.
Body height, weight, and skeletal maturation in Hottentot (Khoikhoi) children
Authors: Singer Ronald , Kimura Kunihiko 
Published: August 2005

AbstractGrowth of body height and weight and skeletal maturation are discussed, based on 49 male and 61 female Hottentot children aged 3 to 17 years from Warmbad, Namibia (South West Africa) and 124 boys and 113 girls aged 1 to 21 years of related populations, the Rehoboth Basters of Namibia and Cape Coloreds from Cape Town, South Africa. The related populations are taller and heavier than the Hottentots, and have almost the same body height as American blacks and whites at least after the age of 18 years. In the Hottentots and Rehoboth Basters, the mean TW2 skeletal age is always less than the British standard by one or two years in both sexes. In general, the Rehoboth Basters have a skeletal age that is intermediate between Hottentot and British children. In both Hottentots and Rehoboth Basters, the increase in body height shows a linear relation to the skeletal age, and the regression curves are almost parallel in both sexes. The differences in body height and weight between the Hottentots and Rehoboth Basters become greater after the skeletal ages of 15 years for boys and 13 years for girls.
Cortical surface patterns in human and nonhuman primates
Authors: Oyen Ordean J. , Rice Robert W. , Enlow Donald H. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAn analysis of skulls from several primate species shows that a “worm‐track” surface pattern, first identified in the brow region in fossil adult hominids and subsequently in olive baboons, chimpanzees, and macaques, is also present in numerous other species. Fine cancellous bone and its attendant vermiculate surface pattern have been observed in subadult and adult gelada baboons, gibbons, gorillas, and orangutans as well as in modern Homo sapiens and several Plio‐Pleistocene fossil hominids. In contemporary primates, fine cancellous bone has been identified not only in the brow region, but also along the zygomatic arch, on the pterygoid plates, on the maxilla, along the temporal line, on the mastoid process, and in the region of inion. Given the widespread distribution of this trait, caution is advised when using it as a diagnostic indicator of the evolutionary or functional significance of craniofacial morphology.
A morphometric study of limb proportions in leaping prosimians
Authors: Oxnard Charles E. , German Rebecca , Jouffroy Francoise‐K. , Lessertisseur Jacques 
Published: August 2005

AbstractStudy of individual limb proportions—most notably, for instance, of the intermembral index—distinguishes from most other primates those various prosimians capable of leaping. The present investigation analyzes 24 measures of limb proportions (taken by F.‐K. Jouffroy and J. Lessertisseur) from 161 specimens representing 12 species of prosimians, using the multivariate statistical method of multiple discriminant analysis (carried out by R. German and C.E. Oxnard). The results indicate that there are three major gradients: (1) indriids, (2) cheirogaleines, and (3) galagines plus Tarsius, radiating from a fourth centrally located group of species, Lemur, Lepilemur, and Hapalemur.It is likely that the morphometric relationships displayed here can be associated with behavioral (locomotor) parallels among these various forms. Though leaping is a most important adaptation among prosimians, it seems clear that it has evolved separately a number of times, and it seems at least likely that the biomechanical nature of the adaptation differs in different groups. The results, therefore, present certain new hypotheses about prosimian locomotion that can only be tested with further field and laboratory studies.This study also emphasizes the fact that anatomical adaptation is complex. Though the analysis of each anatomical region separately provides a similar qualitative picture of the variation among genera, it is only in the analysis of all measures taken together that the complete pattern described above appears. Though no new variables have been added in that analysis, new information is obviously contained within the results. Since this information stems from the interactions of the variables, it must be due to associations between these anatomical areas.
An argument for the use of total side frequencies of bilateral nonmetric skeletal traits in population distance analysis: The regression of symmetry on incidence
Authors: Ossenberg N. S. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractIn population studies based on frequencies of bilateral nonmetric skeletal traits, the choice between sampling by individuals or by sides should depend less on the exigencies imposed by fragmentary remains than on fundamental assumptions about the biological meaning of symmetry/asymmetry. Though the latter has been interpreted in various ways, little attention has focused on the possibility that bilateral correlation is meaningful in quantifying genetic liability for a trait.Analysis of two independent mandibular features, mylohyoid bridge and suppressed third molar, in Indian and Eskimo population samples (total N ⋍ 1,200) reveals a statistically significant pattern of increasing bilateral occurrence with increasing population incidence. This pattern is consistent with the theory that liability for a “quasi‐continuous” variant is normally distributed with constant increment between thresholds on an underlying scale. According to theory, phenotypes with more pronounced expression (bilateral occurrence) have greater genetic potential than those with less pronounced expression (unilateral occurrence). Therefore, scoring traits in total left and right sides, by giving greater weight to bilaterally affected individuals, may provide a better estimate of the liability for the trait in the population. Viewed in a theoretical context broader than that of the sampling debate, this pattern of positive regression of symmetry on incidence means that prevalence of unilateral occurrence probably cannot be used to assess the relative strength of genetic versus nongenetic control of threshold variants.
The effect of changes in muscle function and bone growth on muscle migration
Authors: Grant Philip G. , Buschang Peter H. , Drolet Don W. , Pickerell Christina 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe elastic sleeve model of the periosteum of a long bone presents the periosteum as a structure which, because it is attached to the epiphyses rather than the diaphysis, expands interstitially and equally at all points as the bone grows at its ends. Structures attached to the periosteum are seen as essentially passive hitchhikers on the expanding periosteum. Two corollaries of this model are tested here. First, that changes in the magnitude or direction of the force that an attached structure exerts on the periosteum do not affect the migration of the structure. Second, that changes in the proportion of growth that occur at each end of the bone do not affect the migration of attached structures. Experiments performed on rabbits to test these corollaries include muscle paralysis, muscle transection, changes in the direction pull of a muscle, and epiphysiodesis. The results are in agreement with the hypotheses. This model should have applicability to functional and comparative anatomy, since it postulates that differences in positions of attachment of muscles and ligaments to bones reflect underlying genetic differences (phylogeny) rather than the effects of differences in behavior of the animal (ontogeny).
Sole dermatoglyphics in the forest Nentsy, Nganasans, and Chukchi: Dermatoglyphic distances
Authors: Lemza S. V. , Galaktionov O. K. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractSole dermatoglyphics of the aborigines of Northwestern Siberia, Taimir, and Kamchatka are presented in this paper. The distance coefficients based on various combinations of dermatoglyphic traits depending on their heritability were estimated. These were compared with the overall dermatoglyphic distance coefficients as well as with the genetic (dermatoglyphic) distance coefficients based on six blood groups (ABO, MNSs, P, Fy, Jk, Kp). Genetic interpretation of the distances was attempted in connection with analysis of differences or similarities between these populations.
Interpopulation variation in fluctuating asymmetry of the palmar A‐B ridge‐count
Authors: Jantz R. L. , Webb R. S. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractFluctuating asymmetry was measured by the Pearson correlation coefficient between a‐b ridge‐counts of the right and left hands. Such data were available for 38 samples, which were grouped by major geographical regions. Significant heterogeneity exists within some of the geographical groups but the between geographical group component is highly significant in both sexes. Our results show that a sizable fraction of variation in fluctuating asymmetry is related to geographical race. There is no evidence that it follows environmental or ecological lines. The variation between geographical races suggests that there is a genetic component in the magnitude of fluctuating asymmetry.
Finger ridge‐count variation among various Subsaharan African groups
Authors: Jantz R. L. , Hawkinson C. H. , Brehme H. , Hitzeroth H. W. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis paper addresses the question of the extent to which finger ridge‐count data are useful features with which to study population variation in Subsaharan Africa. Each subject was represented by a vector of 20 ridge‐counts, a radial and an ulnar count for each digit. Such data were available from 11 African groups, nine of which were indigenous Africans, and two, the South African Colored and South African Indians, contained a portion of non‐African ancestory. The ridge‐counts were first transformed to principal component scores and these were subjected to multivariate analysis of variance and distance analysis to elucidate intergroup variation. The primary findings were that ridgecounts provide a good reflection of variation on at least two levels, that of African versus non‐African, and variation among Africans. Also, the principal components that reveal variation at these two levels are very different. We conclude that ridge‐counts can only be useful in population studies if full account is taken of their multicomponent nature.
Pliocene hominids from the Hadar formation, Ethiopia (1973–1977): Stratigraphic, chronologic, and paleoenvironmental contexts, with notes on hominid morphology and systematics
Authors: Johanson Donald C. , Taieb Maurice , Coppens Yves 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe large collections of fossil hominid remains from Hadar, Ethiopia, derive from the Afar Triangle of the continental East African Rift. The fossils constitute much of the paratype series of Australopithecus afarensis (Johanson, White, and Coppens, 1978*).Citations for starred (*) references appear in Appendix 2, Publications.
The primitive morphology exhibited by these hominids is consistent with their chronologic placement between 3.0 and 4.0 m.y. This paper provides the geographic, historic, stratigraphic, paleoenvironmental, and systematic background for Hadar fossil hominids described in this volume.
Pliocene hominid cranial remains from the Hadar formation, Ethiopia
Authors: Kimbel William H. , Johanson Donald C. , Coppens Yves 
Published: August 2005

AbstractFossil hominid cranial remains recovered from the Pliocene Hadar Formation, central Afar, Ethiopia (1974–1977) are described in detail. Descriptions are accompanied by selected measurements and illustrations.
Subocclusal morphology and alveolar process relationships of hominid gnathic elements from the Hadar formation: 1974–1977 collections
Authors: Ward Steven C. , Johanson Donald C. , Coppens Yves 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAnatomical descriptions of dental root systems, topographic relations of the alveolar processes, and periodontal pathology are reported for gnathic elements recovered by the International Afar Research Expedition during field seasons 1974–1977.
Hominid carpal, metacarpal, and phalangeal bones recovered from the Hadar formation: 1974–1977 collections
Authors: Bush Michael E. , Lovejoy C. Owen , Johanson Donald C. , Coppens Yves 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe fossil hominid hand bone collection from the Pliocene Hadar Formation, Ethiopia, is described anatomically. These hand bones, all from A.L. (Afar Locality) 333 and 333w, constitute the largest sample of hominid manus remains thus far recovered from the Plio‐Pleistocene of Africa.
Gc subtypes in the middle east: Report on an Arab Moslem population from Israel
Authors: Nevo Sarah , Cleve Hartwig 
Published: August 2005

AbstractGc subtypes were determined by isoelectrofocusing and immunofixation on 342 blood samples from an Arab Moslem population in Israel. Observed allele frequencies were: Gc1F 0.2120, Gc1S 0.6023, and Gc2 0.1857. Those are similar to formerly reported frequency data for other Middle Eastern populations. A discriminant analysis, performed on data from 35 populations, resulted in a satisfactory classification of population groups related through geographic and racial origin.
Pubertal origin of the larger sex dimorphism for adult stature of a Chilean population
Authors: Valenzuela Carlos Y. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractStudents aged 6 to 20 years attending the public schools in the Northern Area of Santiago, Chile, were examined to search for the developmental origin of the large sex dimorphism in adult stature found in this population. Stature, biacromial diameter, and signs of sexual maturation were studied and comparisons were made with European samples. All of the variables showed that Chilean females reach puberty earlier than, and cease growth before Europeans, while males mature at the same pace as Europeans. It is concluded that the large sex dimorphism in adult stature found in this sample is mainly due to this earlier cessation of growth in Chilean females.
Vertebral pathology in the Afar australopithecines
Authors: Cook Della Collins , Buikstra Jane E. , DeRousseau C. Jean , Johanson D. Carl 
Published: August 2005

AbstractTen vertebral elements from the AL‐288 partial hominid skeleton and 11 elements from the AL‐333 collection are described. The AL‐288 column presents a marked kyphosis at the level of thoracic vertebrae 6 through 10, with pronounced new bone formation on the ventral surfaces of these vertebrae. These features, associated with narrowed disc space and minor osteophytosis, resemble Scheuermann disease in the human. Even though this diagnosis is consistent with a basically human, bipedal locomotor repertoire, the presence of Scheuermann disease suggests that lifting, climbing, or acrobatic activities may have been important in early hominids.
Estimation of body weights from craniometric variables in baboons
Authors: Dechow Paul C. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractBody weights of adult baboons (genera Papio, Mandrillus, and Theropithecus) were gathered from notes of collectors and museum records. However, these data were insufficient to establish mean body weights for all baboon groups. Thus, log cube roots of mean body weights were regressed as functions of the logs of several cranial and dental variables. The resulting least squares regression coefficients were used to estimate weights for 503 adult baboons from cranial measurements. The ability of the various regression functions to assess baboon body weight was determined by comparing reported and estimated mean and individual body weights. The best estimator of baboon body weights was the function derived from the factor scores of a principal components analysis of seven craniometric variables regressed on body weight. However, each of these craniometric variables singly was nearly as precise an estimator of body weight as the multivariate combination of all seven. Other measurements such as dental dimensions and foramen magnum area estimated weight less accurately. Body weight estimates derived from the regression analyses coupled with museum and literature records allowed an assessment of size relationships among all baboon groups.
Variation in the convexity of the human maxillary incisor labial surface
Authors: Nichol Christian R. , Turner Christy G. , Dahlberg Albert A. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractLabial surface convexity of the maxillary central incisors (ILC) is classified with a new five grade ranked scale. More than 2,000 individuals representing 20 worldwide populations were studied. Principle findings are 1) sexual dimorphism is not significant, 2) antimere asymmetry is moderate, 3) labial convexity is negatively associated (r = −0.48) with labial surface double‐shovelling, and 4) significant differences occur between several populations. Convexity is most marked in African and Asiatic Indian populations, particularly Bushmen. Europeans have intermediate degrees of convexity, and American Indians the least; Eskimos have the highest amount of convexity among Native Americans. Pacific Islanders are intermediate; Melanesians show the strongest expression of incisor labial convexity in the Pacific.