bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Novel rapid immunochromatographic test based on an enzyme immunoassay for detecting nucleocapsid antigen in SARS‐associated coronavirus
Authors: Kogaki Hiroyuki , Uchida Yoshiaki , Fujii Nobuyuki , Kurano Yoshihiro , Miyake Kazushige , Kido Yasuji , Kariwa Hiroaki , Takashima Ikuo , Tamashiro Hiko , Ling Ai‐Ee , Okada Masahisa 
Published: July 2005

AbstractA novel severe acute respiratory syndrome‐associated coronavirus (SARS‐CoV) has been discovered. The detection of both antigens and antibodies in SARS‐CoV from human specimens with suspected SARS plays an important role in preventing infection. We developed a novel rapid immunochromatographic test (RICT) based on the sandwich format enzyme immunoassay (EIA) with an all‐in‐one device for detecting the native nucleocapsid antigen (N‐Ag) of SARS‐CoV using monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs), which we produced by immunizing recombinant N‐Ag to mice. RICT is a qualitative assay for respiratory aspirates and serum specimens. With this assay, a positive result can be judged subjectively by the appearance of a blue line on the device 15 min after the sample is applied. RICT with several pairs of MoAbs showed a high sensitivity for the detection of recombinant N‐Ag as well as viral N‐Ag of SARS‐CoV. rSN122 and rSN21‐2 were the best MoAbs for immobilized antibody and enzyme labeling, respectively. With regard to analytical sensitivity, RICT detected N‐Ag at 31 pg/mL for recombinant N‐Ag, and at 1.99×102 TCID50/mL for SARS‐CoV. The specificity of RICT was 100% when 150 human sera and 50 nasopharyngeal aspirates (NSPs) were used. RICT based on an EIA using the rSN122/rSN21‐2 pair is a sensitive, specific, and reliable rapid assay for detecting N‐Ag in SARS‐CoV treated with either heat or Triton X‐100. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 19:150–159, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Low utility of CYFRA 21‐1 serum levels for diagnosis and follow‐up in bladder cancer patients
Authors: Fatela‐Cantillo Daniel , Fernández‐Suárez Antonio , Menéndez Violeta , Galán Juan Antonio , Filella Xavier 
Published: July 2005

AbstractWe evaluated serum levels of soluble fragments of cytokeratin 19 (CYFRA 21‐1) by immunoassay (ES‐700; Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany) to assess its usefulness in the diagnosis and follow‐up of bladder cancer. The study included 39 patients with a diagnosis of transitional cell carcinoma (group 1) and 190 patients (group 2) with no evidence of tumor. In group 2, 180 patients had a history of bladder cancer, and 10 had benign prostatic hyperplasia. Significant differences in CYFRA 21‐1 concentrations between groups 1 and 2 (P<0.01) were noted. However, CYFRA 21‐1 levels did not significantly differ between the patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia and those with bladder cancer (P=0.274). CYFRA 21‐1 values were higher in invasive bladder cancer compared to that detected in superficial stages (P=0.011). Setting the optimal cutoff value at 2.5 ng/mL resulted in a sensitivity of 43.6% and a specificity of 82.1%. No statistical differences were found when we compared disease‐free time among the 66 patients with recurrences (30.7 months with levels <2.5 ng/mL vs. 41.2 months with levels >2.5 ng/mL; P=0.248). The risk of recurrence in patients with levels lower than 2.5 ng/mL (0.79) was no different (P=0.097) from that found in patients with higher levels (1.69). CYFRA 21‐1 serum levels do not provide enough sensitivity to justify its application in routine protocols for the detection and follow‐up of bladder cancer. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 19:167–171, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Urinary N‐acetyl‐β‐D‐glucosaminidase (NAG) in lupus nephritis and rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Erdener Dilek , Aksu Kenan , Biçer İlhan , Doğanavşargil Eker , Kutay Fatma Z. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractIncreased activity of urinary N‐acetyl‐β‐D‐glucosaminidase (NAG) can be used as an early indicator of damage to the tubular epithelium. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multisystem autoimmune rheumatic disease. Nephritis is known as the most serious complication of SLE and the strongest predictor of poor outcome. In this study urinary NAG excretion was investigated in 24 SLE patients with normal renal function (serum creatinine ≤1.2 mg/dL) and the results were compared with those from 26 untreated patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and 27 healthy controls. The SLE patients were divided into two groups according to their urinary total protein levels: group A consisted of 16 patients with ≤3.5 g/day proteinuria, and group B consisted of eight patients with nephrotic‐range proteinuria (>3.5 g/day). Serum and urinary creatinine, total urinary protein levels, and urinary NAG excretion were measured in patients with SLE and RA. In addition, serum C3 and C4 levels were determined in the SLE patients. Renal biopsies were performed in all of the SLE patients. Glomerular lesions were classified according to WHO criteria for lupus nephritis (LN) I–V. The Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) was used to assess disease activity. Urinary NAG excretion was significantly higher in the SLE groups than in the healthy controls (P<0.001). In urinary NAG excretion there was also significant difference between SLE groups and RA patients (P<0.001). However, there was no significant difference in NAG excretion between the RA and control groups (P=0.062). Urinary NAG excretion was significantly higher (P<0.05) in group B compared to group A. There were no differences in SLEDAI scores, ages, and serum creatinine levels between study groups (P=0.601, P=0.285, P=0.669, respectively). Elevated SLEDAI values and hypocomplementemia were detected more often in younger patients (P<0.010, r=–0.529 and P<0.010, r=–0.569, respectively). There was a strong positive correlation between proteinuria and urinary NAG activity (P<0.001, r=0.759). These results suggest that the determination of urinary NAG activity may be a useful supplement to the routine biochemical analysis performed on the urine in cases of SLE. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 19:172–176, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Policy entrepreneurship for poverty reduction: bridging research and policy in international development
Authors: Court Julius , Maxwell Simon 
Published: July 2005

AbstractBridging research and policy is a topic of growing practical and scholarly interest in both North and South. Contributions by four experienced practitioners and in four papers by researchers illustrate the value of existing frameworks and add four new lessons: the need for donors and research foundations to foster research capacity and to protect it from political interference; the need for researchers to use detailed case material in order to inform high‐level policy debates within and across national boundaries, often by working in cross‐country teams; the importance of presenting research results in such a way that they cannot be over‐simplified; and the value of creating alliances between researchers and civil society advocacy groups. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Research, policy and practice: why developing countries are different
Authors: Young John 
Published: July 2005

AbstractBetter utilization of research and evidence in development policy and practice can help save lives, reduce poverty and improve the quality of life. However, there is limited systematic understanding of the links between research and policy in international development. The paper reviews existing literature and proposes an analytical framework with four key arenas: external influences, political context, evidence and links. Based on the findings of stakeholder workshops in developing countries around the world, the paper identifies four key issues that characterize many developing countries. These are: (i) troubled political contexts; (ii) problems of research supply; (iii) external interference; and (iv) the emergence of civil society as a key player. Despite these challenges, two institutional models seem to be particularly effective: (i) think tanks and (ii) regional networks. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Poverty and economic policy: what happens when researchers disagree?
Authors: Sumner Andrew , Tiwari Meera 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThis paper is concerned with disagreements between researchers over economic policy and poverty and the implications for policy makers. It sets out to show that on three selected policy questions the ‘conventional wisdom’ is in fact highly contested. It then discusses why this might be and what the implications are for policy makers. The three policy questions chosen are: Is growth good for the poor? Is public expenditure good for the poor? And is globalization good for the poor? It is argued that policy makers need some criteria to judge the ‘appropriateness’ of competing ‘evidence’ in a particular context. Some such criteria are tentatively proposed. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bridging research and policy on education, training and their enabling environments
Authors: King Kenneth , Palmer Robert , Hayman Rachel 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThis paper revisits the research origins of one well‐known claim which has been used in policy documents over the past 25 years, namely that four years of education increase agricultural productivity. The oversimplification of the original research findings has influenced funding patterns of aid agencies, leading to a concentration on primary education in Africa. While this demonstrates a ‘successful’ case of research leading to policy change, it also highlights the way in which simple policy ‘narratives’ can result in inappropriate policy positions. We argue that policy positions on this link between education and the environment are also based on commonsense without sufficient research into what appears to be not a one‐way but a two‐way inter‐relationship between quality education and training and the wider environment. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sex differences in glycolysis during brief, intense isometric contractions
Authors: Russ David W. , Lanza Ian R. , Rothman Douglas , Kent‐Braun Jane A. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractWe have previously observed less muscle fatigue in women than men under conditions of intact circulation, but similar fatigue across the sexes during local ischemia. Thus, we hypothesized that women utilize their aerobic metabolic pathways to a greater extent than do men. To test this hypothesis, we examined the extent to which different pathways of intramuscular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production were utilized by men and women during maximal voluntary isometric contractions. Force production during 15‐s and 60‐s contractions were recorded in parallel sessions. In one session, central activation was assessed with electrical stimulation. In the other, phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to quantify muscle oxidative capacity, and the contributions of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation to ATP synthesis during the 60‐s contraction. Fatigue and central activation were similar in men and women during both the 15‐s and 60‐s contractions. The rate constants of phosphocreatine recovery following the 15‐s contraction were similar in men and women, indicating similar oxidative capacities. Men exhibited greater acidosis and peak glycolytic rates compared with women during the 60‐s contraction, with no differences observed in creatine kinase flux or the percent of oxidative capacity utilized. We conclude that men exhibit greater in vivo glycolysis during brief, intense isometric contractions. Although this metabolic difference did not contribute to any observable differences in fatigue in the present study, these results highlight a potentially important mechanism to explain sex‐related differences in muscle function. Muscle Nerve, 2005
A model of muscle atrophy using cast immobilization in mice
Authors: Frimel Tiffany N. , Kapadia Fatema , Gaidosh Gabriel S. , Li Ye , Walter Glenn A. , Vandenborne Krista 
Published: July 2005

AbstractWe describe a new cast‐immobilization protocol to induce muscle atrophy in the lower hindlimb muscles of mice. Bilateral cast immobilization for 2 weeks in a shortened position resulted in a significant loss of muscle size and strength in the soleus and extensor digitorum longus. The availability of a model of cast immobilization in mice may benefit future studies targeting genetic or cell therapy interventions of muscle atrophy in transgenic and mutant mice strains. Muscle Nerve, 2005
The relationship of obesity, age, and carpal tunnel syndrome: More complex than was thought?
Authors: Bland Jeremy D. P. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractPrevious reports have shown that obesity is a risk factor for carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). This study was performed to investigate whether this could be confirmed in a large, existing cohort of patients and to explore the interaction between age and body mass index (BMI) as risk factors. Demographic and clinical data were collected from 6096 patients referred to a subregional neurophysiology service for diagnosis of possible CTS. Patients presenting with their second CTS and those with diabetes or thyroid disease were excluded. Subjects in whom nerve conduction studies (NCS) confirmed CTS were compared with those having normal NCS. After exclusions, there were 4166 patients for analysis of whom 11 had incomplete data. A total of 2408 of 4155 proved to have definite neurophysiological evidence of CTS. Of these patients, 1150 were over the age of 63 years. Univariate and multivariate analyses demonstrated that increased BMI is a significant independent risk factor for CTS in patients under the age of 63 years, but is less important in older patients. Patients over the age of 63 years have a different pattern of risk factors for CTS than younger patients. This suggests that CTS in the elderly population may have different underlying pathogenetic mechanisms. Muscle Nerve, 2005
Different proportions of aneusomic cells in ovarian inclusion cysts associated with serous borderline tumours and serous high‐grade carcinomas support different pathogenetic pathways
Authors: Körner Meike , Burckhardt Elisabeth , Mazzucchelli Luca 
Published: July 2005

AbstractOvarian serous tumours may arise from the ovarian surface epithelium or from ovarian cortical epithelial inclusion cysts. However, little is known about the pathogenetic mechanisms involved in the progression from ovarian surface epithelium or inclusion cysts to neoplastic disease. In the present study, chromosomal aberrations typical of ovarian serous tumours were studied in ovarian surface epithelium and inclusion cysts. Ten ovaries with inclusion cysts obtained from patients without a gynaecological tumour, as well as 15 serous borderline tumours and 16 invasive high‐grade serous carcinomas with inclusion cysts either in the ipsi‐ or in the contralateral ovary, were investigated by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using centromere enumeration probes directed against chromosomes 1, 6, 7, and X. The proportions of aneusomic cells were assessed. Trisomies 1 and 7 and monosomies 6 and X were present in the surface epithelium, inclusion cysts, and tumours, providing evidence for a link between the surface epithelium, and inclusion cysts, and serous neoplasia. Inclusion cysts generally harboured more aneusomic cells than the associated surface epithelium, suggesting an influence of the ovarian stroma on the development of chromosomal instability. Moreover, inclusion cysts associated with borderline tumours displayed a higher proportion of aneusomic cells than inclusion cysts associated with invasive high‐grade carcinoma and than inclusion cysts in ovaries without neoplastic disease. These results suggest a genetic field defect of the inclusion cyst epithelium in serous borderline tumours. Invasive high‐grade serous carcinomas, by contrast, may arise from single cell clones subject to a different set of genetic events. Copyright © 2005 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Methotrexate induces cell swelling and necrosis in renal tubular cells
Authors: Grönroos Marika , Chen Ming , Jahnukainen Timo , Capitanio Arrigo , Aizman Roman I. , Celsi Gianni 
Published: July 2005

AbstractBackgroundThe present study was carried out to investigate if methotrexate (MTX) has a direct lethal effect in renal tubular cells, and if so, to further clarify the mechanisms of cell death.Materials and MethodsRenal tubular cells (LLC‐PK1 cells) were incubated with MTX (0.01 µM, 0.1 µM, and 1 µM), either alone or in combination with 0.1 µM amiloride (Na+/H+ antiporter inhibitor) or 1 µM carbachol (M‐cholinergic agonist). Cell viability was then determined by means of trypan blue (TB) exclusion tests and MTT assays.ResultsAfter 4 hr incubation with 0.1 µM MTX the number of viable cells was decreased by 18% in comparison with control cells, and the proportion of dead cells was increased by 38%. Cell death induced by MTX was time‐dependent and did not show apoptotic features. On the contrary, cell swelling was discovered. This cell death was prevented by co‐incubating the cells with amiloride or carbachol.ConclusionsMTX induces cell swelling and cell death in renal tubular LLC‐PK1 cells. The tubular cell death induced by MTX is time‐dependent. Cell death can be prevented by co‐incubating with amiloride, thus indicating that the Na+/H+ antiporter and possibly other volume regulatory factors in renal tubular cells are involved in MTX‐induced renal failure. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis of monodisperse nonporous crosslinked poly(glycidyl methacrylate) particles with metal affinity ligands for protein adsorption
Authors: Ma Zhi‐Ya , Guan Yue‐Ping , Liu Hui‐Zhou 
Published: July 2005

AbstractMonodisperse nonporous crosslinked poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA) particles with immobilized metal affinity ligands were prepared for selective recovery of proteins. The PGMA particles, with an average size of 2.2 µm, were prepared by a simple dispersion polymerization of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA). The particles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The epoxy groups of the particles were modified with the metal chelating agent iminodiacetic acid (IDA), which forms metal–IDA chelates at the active sites. After charging with copper ions, the particles were used to recover a model protein, bovine hemoglobin (BHb), in a batchwise manner. The particles had the adsorption capacity of 218.7 mg g−1 with little nonspecific adsorption. The adsorption behavior could be described with the Langmuir equation. The effect of pH on the adsorption was also studied. Regeneration of the metal‐chelated particles was easily performed with 50 mmol L−1 ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), followed by washing with water and reloading with Cu2+. The particles could be very useful as an affinity separation adsorbent. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Surface‐initiated atom‐transfer radical polymerization (SI‐ATRP) of methyl methacrylate from carbon fibre
Authors: Liu Peng , Su Zhixing 
Published: July 2005

AbstractSurface modification of carbon fibre (CF) by well‐defined polymer brushes was carried out using the ‘grafting from’ method. Poly(methyl methacrylate)‐grafted carbon fibre (CF‐PMMA) was successfully prepared by surface‐initiated atom‐transfer radical polymerization (SI‐ATRP) of methyl methacrylate (MMA) from the macro‐initiator, bromo‐acetic ester‐modified carbon fibre (CF‐BrA), with the complex of 1,10‐phenanthroline and Cu(I)Br as catalyst. The percentage of grafting (PG%) and the conversion of monomer (C%) increased linearly with increasing of polymerization time, and reached 24.0 % and 6.7 %, respectively, after a polymerization time of 6 h, calculated from the elemental analyses (EA). The structural and surface morphological analyses were conducted with Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Exponentially accurate quasimodes for the time‐independent Born–Oppenheimer approximation on a one‐dimensional molecular system
Authors: Hagedorn George A. , Toloza Julio H. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractWe consider the eigenvalue problem for a one‐dimensional molecular‐type quantum Hamiltonian that has the form

equation image

where h(y) is an analytic family of self‐adjoint operators that has a discrete, nondegenerate electronic level ℰ(y) for y in some open subset of ℝ. Near a local minimum of the electronic level ℰ(y) that is not at a level crossing, we construct quasimodes that are exponentially accurate in the square of the Born–Oppenheimer parameter ϵ by optimal truncation of the Rayleigh–Schrödinger series. That is, we construct an energy Eϵ and a wave function Ξϵ, such that the L2‐norm of Ξϵ is 𝒪(1) and the L2‐norm of (H(ϵ) − Eϵ)Ξϵ is bounded by Λ exp(−Γ/ϵ2) with Γ > 0. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005
Robustness improvement of a nonlinearH∞controller for robot manipulators via saturation functions
Authors: Ortega Manuel G. , Vargas Manuel , Vivas Carlos , Rubio Francisco R. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractIn this paper, previous works on nonlinearH∞control for robot manipulators are extended. In particular, integral terms are considered to cope with persistent disturbances, such as constant load at the end‐effector. The extended controller may be understood as a computed‐torque control with an external PID, whose gain matrices vary with the position and velocity of the robot joints. In addition, in order to increase the controller robustness, an extension of the algorithms with saturation functions has been carried out. This extension deals with the resulting nonlinear equation of the closed‐loop error. A modified expression for the required increment in the control signal is provided, and the local closed‐loop stability of this approach is discussed. Finally, simulation results for a two‐link robot and experimental results for an industrial robot are presented. The results obtained with this technique have been compared with those attained with the original controllers to show the improvements achieved by means of the proposed method. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fruit shape variation in Fraxinus mandshurica var. japonica characterized using elliptic Fourier descriptors and the effect on flight duration
Authors: Goto Susumu , Iwata Hiroyoshi , Shibano Shinsaku , Ohya Kazumi , Suzuki Akira , Ogawa Hitomi 
Published: July 2005

AbstractFruit shape variation in Fraxinus mandshurica var. japonica was characterized using principal component analysis of elliptic Fourier descriptors (EFDs), and experimental release of the fruits from a 8.3‐m tower was conducted to examine the effect of fruit shape on flight ability. The differences in the first five components of symmetrical variation in fruit shape, area and weight were highly significant among individual trees. Experimental release of fruits indicated that three principal components of fruit shape, area and weight were significantly related to flight duration. Thus, intraspecific morphological variation of fruits will affect the dispersion potential of individual trees.