bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Second Law of Gravitics and the Fourth Law of Thermodynamics
Authors: Stewart Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is a fundamental difference between galaxies and systems that are normally dealt with in statistical mechanics, such as molecules in a box. This difference lies in the nature of the forces that act between the constituent particles. The force between two gas molecules is small unless the molecules are very close to each other, when they repel each other strongly. Consequently gas molecules are subject to violent and short-lived accelerations as they collide with one another, interspersed with longer periods when they move at nearly constant velocity. The gravitational force that acts between the stars of a galaxy is of an entirely different nature ... the net gravitational force acting on a star in a galaxy is determined by the gross structure of the galaxy rather than by whether the star happens to lie close to some other star.
From Anthropic Design to Self-Organized Complexity
Authors: Gregersen Niels Henrik 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Around 1980 a fascinating new species of scientific exploration emerged: the computer-aided studies of complex, self-organizing systems. Complex systems consist of a huge number of variegated and constantly interacting elements. Their elements and agents are too many and too different to be appropriately analyzed in a bottom-up way, and unexpected properties emerge as the concerted result of the interactions within the systems. Think of the circularity between RNA and DNA in cells, the interaction of ants in their communities, neurons in brains, or the myriads of interactions in modem city life. Even though complex systems are highly different in nature and scope, the general lesson is that more comes out of less. While the material constituents remain the same, the organization of matter grows exponentially, and does so by self-organization.
Citizens’ Democracy and Citizen Disempowerment
Authors: Gans Herbert J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to the American Dream, American democracy belongs to its citizens and America might therefore be called a “citizens’ democracy. “ The country is formally considered a representative democracy, but the representatives are supposed to be guided by the citizenry, through voting and participating in other ways. Elected officials from the president on down may ultimately make the decisions, but they are still seen as doing the citizens’ bidding: acting as surrogates for them between elections. Although elected representatives stand in for the citizenry, they too are supposed to “belong “ to the citizens. Journalists also follow the Dream, but they add an informational provision. The country’s democracy may belong directly or indirectly to its citizens, but the democratic process can only be truly meaningful if these citizens are informed. Journalism’s job is to inform them.1 As New York Times columnist Anthony Lewis ended his last column before retirement, “The most important office in a democracy, Justice Louis Brandeis said, is the office of citizen. “2 In an earlier column, he defined the journalist’s role: “The theory of democracy is that the citizens are the ultimate sovereign. But in today’s world, individuals cannot personally observe events and reach decisions in a forum, as in ancient Athens. They necessarily depend on the press to be informed.
The Peculiar Present of American Capital Punishment
Authors: Zimring Franklin E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The United States Government was about to make history in the spring of 2001, and it looked like a public relations bonanza for capital punishment. The pending execution of Timothy McVeigh seemed like an ideal case to launch a program of lethal injections as criminal punishment by the national government of the United States. The McVeigh case combined a terrible crime with a defiantly guilty defendant and none of the problems of discrimination and uncertainty that bedevil most executions. McVeigh had detonated the bomb that killed 168 occupants of the Oklahoma City Federal Building in 1995. The defendant had planned to kill hundreds of people he did not know to express his anger at the U.S. government’s behavior two years before in Waco, Texas. He was adequately defended at trial by a team of competent lawyers, at a cost to government that exceeded 100 times what states such as Texas and Virginia pay for defense services in death cases. McVeigh had publicly acknowledged his guilt and moved up the date of his execution by abandoning legal appeals, thus providing a grateful federal government with a mass murderer of women and children for the first federal execution since 1963. Even better, this defendant was not retarded and was not a member of a disadvantaged minority.
The No-Win 1990s
Authors: Zimring Franklin E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The 1990S should have been the decade when the death penalty was restored as a normal part of the criminal justice process. The decade began in the fifteenth year after the Supreme Court of the United States had authorized a resumption of executions in its 1976 decisions. All the major systemic constitutional challenges to the death penalty had been rejected by 1988, and a steady stream of death sentences since the 1970s had built up a backlog of more than 2000 prisoners awaiting execution. By 1990, thirty-seven states had recent death penalty legislation, and thirty-four of those states had prisoners on death row. Yet only thirteen of the thirty-seven death penalty states had conducted an execution by the end of 1989. It appeared that a determined U.S. Supreme Court and strong pro–death penalty public opinion would end this log jam in the 1990s.
Ralph Ellison, 1913-1994 A Brief Biography
Authors: Graham Maryemma , Mack Jeffery Dwayne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When one thinks of the African-American writers who began writing in the period just before the flowering of the Civil Rights movement in the mid-r95os, one most often thinks of Richard Wright, Ralph Ellison, and James Baldwin. Of the three, it was Ellison who found through language a way of encompassing the strange and the familiar and who inspired a new confidence in the infinite possibilities of black folk expression. Although he could trace his lineage, like Wright, to the black belt South, he was decidedly not one of its products. Neither was he descended, like Baldwin, from the great mass of African Americans who headed north during the Great Migration. Ralph Ellison, with the telltale middle name of Waldo, was a midwesterner, a lineage he very proudly claimed, one that by his own admission gave new and by no means unproblematic meaning to the categories ‘black” and ‘:American.” A staunch advocate of the rugged individualism he inherited from his Oklahoma childhood, Ellison brought a unique perspective to the literature he began to create in the r93os. It was a perspective he honed while living in Harlem, the place that took him in when he had to leave a southern black college penniless, forsaking his degree.
Daily Heterothermy by Temperate Bats Using Natural Roosts
Authors: Willis Craig K R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Periods of heterothermy, or torpor, can save mammals and birds substantial amounts of energy. Temperate-zone insect-eating bats often use torpor to accommodate the thermoregulatory challenges associated with their large surface area to volume ratio and dependence on food that fluctuates within and between seasons. Torpor associated with hibernation has been well studied, but heterothermy during summer has received less attention, especially in free-ranging bats. Roosting ecology almost certainly influences patterns of daily heterothermy, but, to date, the majority of studies have focused only on individuals roosting in buildings, as opposed to those roosting in naturally occurring sites (e.g., tree cavities, rock crevices). In this chapter I review a number of predictions about torpor use and roost selection by bats as suggested by the costs and benefits of torpor in different circumstances. I evaluate these predictions with examples from the literature on bats in buildings and natural roosts, and with new data on bats roosting in natural sites. I also suggest avenues for future research addressing this important aspect of the physiological ecology of bats.
INTRODUCTION
Endothermic animals rely on behavioral, physiological, and morphological adaptations to reduce thermoregulatory costs (Pough et al., 1996). These adaptations are especially important for animals in temperate regions where food resources fluctuate within and between seasons (McNab, 1982). A number of birds and many mammals reduce thermoregulatory costs by using periods of heterothermy, or torpor (Geiser, 1996; Wang, 1989), defined as a state of inactivity and reduced responsiveness to stimuli during which metabolic rate (MR) and body temperature (Tb) fall below normothermic levels, and from which animals can actively arouse in the absence of an exogenous heat source (Barclay et al., 2001; Bligh and Johnson, 1973; Geiser, 1998).
Heterothermy in temperate insect-eating bats is common (Audet and Fenton, 1988; Brigham, 1987; Geiser and Ruf, 1995;
The Correlated Evolution of Cranial Morphology and Feeding Behavior in New World Fruit Bats
Authors: Dumont Elizabeth R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Plant-visiting phyllostomids exhibit remarkable diversity in cranial design. This chapter seeks to explain the functional basis of this diversity by evaluating the correlated evolution of cranial morphology and feeding behavior within the lineage. Several significant associations between morphology and behavior are documented using two modern comparative techniques: independent contrasts and squared-change parsimony. Based on models of mammalian mastication and results of previous experimental studies, variation in the magnitude of masticatory stress is a common theme in the evolution of the morphology/behavior associations. Inspection of reconstructed ancestral character states suggests that the evolution of fig-feeding is associated with shifts to morphologies and behaviors that reflect increased masticatory stress. This conclusion is provisional and requires testing with additional fig-feeding clades. Ultimately, explicitly evolutionary analyses such as this one are powerful tools for elucidating patterns of morphological and behavioral integration in chiropteran evolution.
INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND
Functional studies are fundamentally comparative, focusing on associations expressed by species that are closely related and/or fill similar ecological niches. In accordance with modern thoughts concerning the fundamental importance of phylogeny (e.g., Brooks and McLennan, 1991; Felsenstein, 1985; Harvey and Pagel, 1991), comparative biologists are increasingly accounting for phylogenetic structure in analyzing these associations (e.g., Eggleton and Vane-Wright, 1994; Martins, 1996; Wainwright and Reilly, 1994). Prior to the development of modern comparative methods, functional morphologists lacked adequate tools for evaluating the evolution of continuous morphological and behavioral data.
Is America Still a Republic? Sovereignty, Corruption, Civic Virtue, and Liberty
Authors: Hart Gary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
it was never an issue whether America—loosening itself from the colonial tentacles of the English monarchy—would be a republic. Its founders outdid each other in acclamations of their dedication to the wisdom of Cato and Cicero, to the genius of Polybius and Livy, and to the republican ideal. Madison, Hamilton, and Jay collectively wrote the Federalist Papers as “Publius.” The country’s first president was an American Cincinnatus. Political structures were constructed on the foundations of representative government. The oligarchical “few” of the mixed republics were replaced by a “natural aristocracy.” Property ownership was recognized to be critical to the stability of the new republic and became a condition of participatory citizenship in most new States. In almost every way, structures and procedures were designed to emulate those of the traditional republic. “Reading the political pamphlets and private correspondence of the 1790s, one gets the impression that ‘republican’ was a label to be fought over, a prized appellation to claim for one’s own views.”1
Introduction
Authors: de Duve Christian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If I were to tell you the words were typed separately by five different monkeys, would you believe me? Not if you have taken more than a passing glance at them. “All five words end with WNGP,” you would point out to me, “and for monkeys hitting keyboards independently, this cannot be.” Actually it can. But the probability of such a coincidence is one in 655 billion billions. You would need a pretty large number of monkeys for five of them to have a reasonable chance of coming up with the same word ending. Surely, a more likely possibility is that the monkeys cheated.
The Invisible World of Bacteria
Authors: de Duve Christian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To most of us, the word “bacteria” conjures up specters of plague, cholera, diphtheria, tuberculosis, and all the other scourges from which we were delivered by the genius of Pasteur and his contemporaries. But pathogenic bacteria are only a small minority. Most bacteria are harmless. Many are useful, even indispensable, for the economy of the living world. There are bacteria everywhere, adapted to an enormous variety of different environments.
The Riddle of the Brain
Authors: de Duve Christian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years, this question has become a central topic of research, sometimes referred to as the “last frontier,” involving some of the best neurobiologists, psychologists, cognitive scientists, computer experts, and philosophers in the world. The field is actively fermenting, and I can give only an interested but unspecialized onlooker’s view of its dynamic state.
How About God in All That?
Authors: de Duve Christian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This question was reportedly asked by emperor napoleon the First of the physicist Pierre-Simon de Laplace, who had just explained to him the strictly deterministic principles of his Mecanique celeste. “Your Majesty,” the famous French scientist is said to have replied, “I have no need for that hypothesis.” Often denounced for its superbly disdainful assertiveness, this answer does, in fact, sum up the scientific attitude.
Introduction
Authors: Golden Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whether observing the annoyance of a two-year-old demanding to We have his way or responding to the hostile, rejecting rage of a distraught adolescent seeking greater independence, dealing with a child’s anger is one of the most frustrating and challenging tasks a parent faces. Such anger usually arouses in parents a variety of intense emotions, including hurt, guilt, rejection, frustration, confusion, and, yes, even anger. Through words and by their behavior, consciously and unconsciously, parents greatly influence how their child thinks about and handles anger. At the same time, children and teens receive a wide variety of messages about anger from peers, siblings, teachers, others in the community, and the media.
What Does Your Child Real1y Want or Need?
Authors: Golden Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Your anger tells you more about yourself than it does about the target of your anger. It informs you about what is uniquely important to you. When examined closely, your anger gives you information about your core motivations, including your wishes and needs. It also helps you recognize your values and attitudes. The comprehensive management of anger involves both understanding your core motivations and managing the energy aroused by anger. As a parent, the more you are able to recognize anger as providing information about motivations, the more you can help your child clearly make sense of and manage anger. This chapter provides guidelines and specific skills for achieving this task.
Making Sense of Anger in the World Around Us
Authors: Golden Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So far I have focused on ways you can teach your children about anger by applying the model of anger to their emotions and to those of others in their life. I also encouraged you to model anger management for your children. In contrast, this chapter focuses on looking at anger in literature, movies, television, news reports, music, games, and the school curriculum. These are rich resources that offer you numerous opportunities for discussion of anger, whether at home or in school.
I Need to Think About It
Authors: Golden Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Critical thinking is essential for effectively making sense of and managing anger, and helping children and teens develop skills in how to think is crucial for effective critical thinking. While a variety of thinking skills are fundamental for learning, only in recent years have schools begun to recognize the importance of teaching these skills, including problem solving, analyzing information, and generating alternative solutions. At the same time, studies emphasize that children who are taught specific skills in thinking are more effective in their learning and develop an increased sense of mastery and competence. Developing a broad range of thinking skills is as important for your child’s management of anger as it is for meeting any of life’s challenges.
Introduction
Authors: O’Brien Ruth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is it like to use a wheelchair? What happens when you are deaf, hospitalized, and about to undergo surgery? What transpires when you tell your boss you are HIV-positive? How does it feel to tell—or not to tell— your supervisors and colleagues that you have a serious neurological disease? What runs through your mind when, for the umpteenth time, you hear that patronizing “compliment” about how well you appear to cope with your impairment? The stories in this collection reveal what it is like to live in such a world.
Defining Moments (Dis)ability, Individuality, and Normalcy
Authors: O’Brien Ruth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aleshire’s story raises the pivotal issue in both disability studies and disability rights: what is a disability? Scholars in disability studies address the subject by exploring questions of the self and identity. How does a physical or mental impairment affect one’s development? What influence does it have on other people’s view of this person? Are persons with disabilities normal, abnormal, aberrant, deviant, or just different? Aleshire’s story reveals just how fortunate she feels about being raised by a loving and caring family that appreciated her individuality.
Revealing Workplaces
Authors: O’Brien Ruth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All three of these stories reveal how much their protagonists want to work. Most persons with disabilities have the same aspiration. Indeed, Title I of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) was passed to protect persons with disabilities from employment discrimination. Democrats and Republicans alike supported its passage. As disability rights activist Marta Russell explains, “We got our civil ‘rights’ in exchange for getting disabled people off entitlements.” One of the best tests of the ADA’s effectiveness is whether people with invisible disabilities rely on it. Nowak’s and Atkins’s stories explore this issue.
Whack!
Authors: O’Brien Shawn Casey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I thought I was being a good neighbor, picking up my friend and neighbor Sal for the long ride down the 405 freeway to Long Beach and the Coastal Commission, where, for next to nothing, I’d do a little legal research on some beachfront property he was hot on last night, over drinks. “We have to move fast,” Sal had said with slurred urgency. “Seven in the morning, pick me up. We’ll get in before they open up.” Not quite possible, but I knew what he meant. Next morning, having given him the benefit of doubt, I was there at8 A.M., and he still wasn’t ready. Apparently, last night’s urgency had given way to this morning’s hangover. As he showered, I decided to have a little breakfast at a small café across the alley.
Private Places And Public Spaces
Authors: O’Brien Ruth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The parking space, with the wheelchair insignia embossed in blue on the tarmac, constitutes arguably the most recognizable sign of a public accommodation in the United States. That blue spaces are ubiquitous, however, does not eliminate or even reduce the controversies involved with gaining this accommodation. O’Brien’s story offers a good illustration of this point. The parking problem that he faces revolves around enforcement. O’Brien perceives controversies about enforcement as a battle, and he fights the good fight for himself and his neighbors. O’Brien is very aware of his rights, buying coffee to show that he’s a paying customer and entitled to parking, yet he knows that not all persons with disabilities are the same. Some disabled people are not conscious of their rights. Others might get discouraged by the bureaucratic run-around following the initial confrontation with a recalcitrant owner like Mr. Daar.
Afterword
Authors: O’Brien Ruth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The eloquent contributions in this volume give readers a look into the lives of persons with disabilities. By letting each contributor use his or her own voice, the volume opens doors of imagination in many diverse locations. It restores some balance to the overall narrative about disability by having people with impairments speak for themselves. In the past, it has been able-bodied authors like William Shakespeare and Victor Hugo, just to name a few, whose stories have shaped our views of disability. “Nondisabled people have had, and largely continue to have, ‘absolute power’ over narratives,” explains social policy specialist Jenny Morris, “when it comes to the representation of impairment in literature, film, television, [and] art.” This volume also advances legal narration as a genre by moving its application from the lives of people of color to the lives of persons with disabilities.