bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microvascular circulation of the cecum in horses
Authors: Dart Andrew J. , Snyder Jack R. , Julian Dolores , Hinds Dave M. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The microvascular circulation of the cecum was studied in 15 adult horses, using microangiography and light microscopy combined with gross studies and scanning electron microscopy of vascular replicas. After heparinization, the horses were euthanatized and the cecum was transected at the cecocolic junction. Blood was flushed free of the circulation with isotonic NaCl and the cecal lumen was slightly distended. In 6 horses, the vascular system was injected with a modified radiopaque medium and evaluated radiographically. Sections evaluated radiographically were also prepared for histologic examination by standard methods. Eight horses were injected with 1 of 2 types of plastics and studied grossly or by scanning electron microscopy. In 1 additional horse, the lateral and medial arteries were injected with different colored plastic for gross studies.
The lateral and medial cecal arteries appear to supply the respective areas of the cecum with minimal mixing of the 2 circulations. The major vascular supply to the cecal apex appeared to be through the medial cecal artery. Both the lateral and medial cecal arteries gave rise to cecal retia, which formed a mesh-like network around the respective veins. Vessels from these retia supplied the cecal tissue and the cecal lymph nodes. The continuation of the retia was through long terminal arteries that coursed around the circumference in the submucosa, forming an extensive submucosal plexus. This plexus supplied both the mucosa, and the tunica muscularis and serosa. Vessels within the longitudinal and circular muscle layers of the muscularis externa ran parallel to the muscle fibers, and consequently, perpendicular to each other. Arteries supplying the mucosa branched into a capillary network as they penetrated the muscularis mucosa at the base of the cecal glands. These capillary networks anastomosed with the networks around adjacent glands at the luminal surface, forming a honeycomb-like pattern. Drainage was facilitated by more sparsely distributed venules that united with venules from adjacent areas and descended to the submucosal veins. These veins were characterized by regular helical smooth muscle constrictions.
Serum tumor necrosis factor activity in horses with colic attributable to gastrointestinal tract disease
Authors: Morris Debra Deem , Moore James N. , Crowe Natalie 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Over a 24-month period, serum tumor necrosis factor (tnf) activity was determined in 289 horses with colic attributable to gastrointestinal tract disease. Serum tnf activity was quantitated by use of a modified in vitro cytotoxicity bioassay, using WEHI 164 clone-13 murine fibrosarcoma cells. Causes for colic, determined by clinical and laboratory evaluation, exploratory celiotomy, or necropsy included: gastrointestinal tract rupture (gtr); ileal impaction; small intestinal strangulating obstruction (sio); proximal enteritis (pe); transient small intestinal distention; large-colon displacement; large-colon vovulus; large-colon impaction; colitis; small-colon obstruction; peritonitis; and unknown. Each diagnosis was placed into 1 of 3 lesion categories: inflammatory disorders (gtr, pe, colitis, peritonitis); strangulating intestinal obstruction (sio, large-colon volvulus); and nonstrangulating intestinal obstruction (ileal impaction, transient small intestinal distension, large-colon displacement, large-colon impaction, small-colon obstruction, unknown). The prevalence of high serum tnf activity and/or mortality were evaluated. Differences were tested at significance level of P < 0.05.
Approximately 20% of the 289 horses has serum tnf activity greater than that found in clinically normal horses (> 2.5 U/ml). Twenty-three horses (8%) had marked increase in serum tnf activity (≥ 10 U/ml) which was more prevalent among horses with sio and pe than in horses of other diagnostic groups, except those with gtr. Mortality and marked increase in serum tnf activity were greater in horses with intestinal inflammatory disorders or strangulating intestinal obstruction than in horses with nonstrangulating intestinal obstruction. Similarly, a greater proportion of the horses that died had markedly high serum tnf activity than did horses that lived. Mortality of horses with serum tnf ≥ 10 U/ml was greater than that of horses with serum tnf activity < 10 U/ml. Results indicate possible association between colic and serum tnf activity in horses and that high mortality may be associated with horses with markedly increased serum tnf activity.
Growth hormone concentrations in plasma of healthy pigs and pigs with atrophic rhinitis
Authors: Ghoshal Nani G. , Niyo Yosiya , Trenkle Allen H. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Plasma concentrations of porcine growth hormone (pgh) were similar in healthy pigs and those with atrophic rhinitis (ar), therefore, observed reduced growth rates and feed efficiency in naturally infected pigs with ar were not attributed to low concentrations of plasma pgh. Also, pituitary glands in both groups of pigs were responsive to growth hormone-releasing hormone (ghrh) challenge by increasing pgh secretion. Administration of clonidine hydrochloride to pigs naturally infected with ar failed to elicit any significant change (5.3 ± 1.4 ng/ml) in the plasma concentration of pgh within a 45-minute bleeding interval. The pretreatment concentrations of pgh were similar in specific-pathogen-free toxin-treated and specific-pathogen-free control groups, but they increased significantly in toxin-treated pigs (20.7 ± 8.2 ng/ml) within 15 minutes after ghrh injection. Porcine growth hormone release in toxin-treated pigs was variable; however, all pigs did not respond to ghrh administration: 3 responded with an increase in pgh release (35.6 ± 10.6 ng/ml), 2 did not respond (6.7 ± 0.5 ng/ml), and 1 had a decrease in pgh release (3.9 ng/ml).
Therefore, the observed reduced growth rates reported in the literature may be attributed to factors at the target level of pgh action, such as insufficient or down-regulation of pgh receptors, changes or impaired ability in the pgh receptor-binding characteristics, and inability of pgh receptor complex to transduce signal. Toxins are known to modulate signal transduction pathways. It has been speculated that serotype-D Pasteurella multocida toxin may influence growth by its effect on signal transduction from pgh receptor complex on the cell membrane to the interior of the cell. This would account for the presence of high concentrations of pgh in the plasma and a functionally competent hypophysis cerebri, which responded to ghrh injection that have retarded growth in pigs affected with ar.
Effects of diet on acidic and neutral goblet cell populations in the small intestine of early weaned pigs
Authors: Dunsford B. R. , Haensly W. E. , Knabe D. A. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Effects of dietary manipulation on Alcian blue-positive (ab +) and periodic acid-Schiff-positive (pas+) goblet cell populations were determined for the villi and intestinal crypts in the small intestine of early weaned pigs. Pigs were weaned at 21 days of age and samples from the distal portion of the duodenum and the middle and distal portions of the jejunum were obtained when pigs were 21, 24, 27, 30, 33, and 36 days old. Pigs were assigned to 1 of 3 dietary treatments; all diets contained 20% protein, on the basis of hydrolyzed casein, soybean meal, or corn-soybean meal. By day 24, three days after weaning, the populations of ab+ and pas+ goblet cells were markedly decreased, regardless of diet. Goblet cell populations in the villi tended to increase from 3 to 15 days after weaning, whereas those in the intestinal crypts remained low throughout the study. Differences between any of the dietary treatments were not apparent for ab+ or pas+ goblet cell populations in the villi or in the intestinal crypts. It appeared that early weaning per se, and not diet, was the primary cause for decreases in goblet cell populations.
Antibody response to glycoprotein I in maternally immune pigs exposed to a mildly virulent strain of pseudorabies virus
Authors: van Oirschot J. T. , Daus F. , Kimman T. G. , van Zaane D. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
To study the antibody response to glycoprotein I (gI) of pseudorabies virus (prv) in maternally immune pigs, 3 groups of 6 pigs were given low doses of the mildly virulent Sterksel strain of prv at 3 and 11 weeks of age. Group A consisted of seronegative pigs; groups B and C consisted of pigs with maternal antibodies deficient of antibodies to gI. At 3 weeks of age, 3 pigs of each group were inoculated intranasally with 102.5 plaque-forming units (groups A and B), or with 103.5 plaque-forming units (group C) of prv. The 3 other pigs in each group were contact-exposed to the inoculated pigs.
In group A, 4 of 6 pigs shed virus and all developed antibodies to gI of prv and produced prv-specific IgM and virus-neutralizing antibodies. In groups B and C, 10 pigs shed virus and all developed low and inconsistent titers of gI antibodies, whereas only 3 pigs produced prv-IgM antibodies with low titers. Thus, after prv infection of pigs with high concentrations of maternal antibodies deficient of gI antibodies, the antibody responses to prv were severely inhibited.
The pigs were reinoculated with 103 plaque-forming units of the same virus 8 weeks after the first inoculation. The pigs in group A did not respond at all, as they were immune. The pigs in groups B and C shed considerable amounts of virus. Three pigs had a clear secondary antibody response to gI, whereas the others developed an early to normal antibody response to gI. None of the pigs mounted a secondary neutralizing antibody response to prv.
We concluded that inoculation of pigs having high titers of gI-deficient maternal antibodies with low doses of a mildly virulent prv, induced low to undetectable concentrations of antibodies to gI.
Use of polymerase chain reaction to detect latent channel catfish virus
Authors: Boyle John , Blackwell Jeanne 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Polymerase chain reaction was used to detect an economically important herpesvirus, channel catfish virus (ccv). A segment of the viral dna was sequenced and oligonucleotide primers were produced from that sequence. After the primers were tested for the possibility of hybridization to catfish dna, they were used to prime the polymerase chain reaction, using pure ccv dna, ccv dna added to catfish dna, and dna from catfish infected and not infected with ccv. In all cases, the method proved to be simple and sensitive in its detection of ccv dna. When catfish dna was present, < 0.1 pg of ccv dna was detectable. Channel catfish virus dna in a latent carrier of ccv was readily detectable.
Evaluation of a topically administered carbonic anhydrase inhibitor (MK-927) in normotensive and glaucomatous Beagles
Authors: King Tracey C. , Gum Glenwood G. , Gelatt Kirk N. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
A new topically administered anhydrase inhibitor, MK-927, was evaluated for its ocular hypotensive activity in normotensive and glaucomatous Beagles. Single- and multiple-dose studies were performed. Six concentrations of the drug were evaluated in the single-dose study and the 2% solution was used for multiple-dose evaluation. The decrease in intraocular pressure (iop) was greater in glaucomatous Beagles at the higher concentrations of the drug. The 2 and 4% solutions of MK-927 significantly lowered iop (mean, 5 mm of Hg; sem ± 1.6 and sem ± 1.2, respectively) in normotensive and glaucomatous Beagles. In the multiple-dose study, iop was significantly decreased in the normotensive (mean, 4 mm of Hg; sem ± 0.74) and glaucomatous Beagles (mean, 9 mm of Hg; sem ± 1.2). The maximal effect was observed by day 4. A contralateral effect was found in glaucomatous Beagles, with the maximal effect on day 4.
Clinical and pathologic effects of oral administration of transmissible gastroenteritis vaccine to gnotobiotic pigs
Authors: Waxier G. L. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Pigs from 3 fitters kept under gnotobiotic conditions were inoculated orally with virulent transmissible gastroenteritis (tge) virus, a tge vaccine, or Hank’s balanced salt solution at 2 days of age and then euthanatized at intervals ranging from 1 to 7 days after inoculation. Pigs exposed to the vaccine had clinical evidence of diarrhea and weakness. Lesions resembling those of tge were revealed grossly, microscopically, and by scanning electron microscopy. Viral antigen was seen in intestinal epithelial cells by the direct fluorescent antibody technique. The disease induced by the vaccine virus had a longer incubation period and lesions were less severe than that induced by the virulent virus.
Measurements of left and right ventricular pressures and their derivatives by transcutaneous puncture in rats
Authors: Hamlin Robert L. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Eighteen rats were anesthetized with xylazine/ketamine and placed in right lateral recumbency, and a small incision was made in the skin of the left hemithorax. A 21-gauge, 1-inch, short-beveled hypodermic needle, attached directly to a pressure transducer filled with degassed saline solution, was advanced through the incision into the left ventricle and then advanced through the septum into the right ventricle. High-fidelity tracings of right and left ventricular pressures and their derivatives were obtained through this approach in 13 rats. In 5 rats, measurements of right ventricular pressures were obtained by additional right ventricular puncture through the incision in the left hemithorax. Right and left ventricular pressures were recorded on single occasions in 18 rats, twice at 2-week intervals in 6 rats, and 3 times at 2-week intervals in 3 rats. Minimal hemopericardium was observed, but most rats had evidence of hemorrhage on the visceral pericardium. Left and right ventricular pressures can be measured rapidly, safely, and repeatedly in anesthetized rats by this method.
Vaccination of Lewis rats against Mycoplasma arthritidis- induced arthritis
Authors: Washburn Leigh Rice , Hirsch Shannon , McKenzie Matt , Voelker LeRoy L. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The nature of Mycoplasma arthritidis antigens responsible for eliciting protective immunity in rats was studied by inoculation of rats with mycoplasmal components that had been subjected to a variety of physical and chemical treatments. All inocula tested induced good protection against development of clinical illness, as assessed by changes in body weight and appearance of joint swelling and/or temporary hind limb paralysis. Although all preparations stimulated development in inoculated rats of high titer of antimycoplasmal antibodies measured by elisa, the complement-fixation antibody response was poor and, in some cases, lacking altogether. This indicated that completion-fixation antibodies may not be involved in protecting rats against M arthritidis-indaced illness.
Protective antigens were stable to heat (100 C for 10 minutes), formalin, and denaturation by sodium dodecyl sulfate (sds). Inoculation with membrane and soluble cytoplasmic fractions was protective, as was inoculation with 5 M arthritidis fractions separated according to molecular weight by sds-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page). For this latter experiment, rat antisera obtained after vaccination, but prior to challenge exposure, were tested by immunoblot analysis against electrophoretically separated M arthritidis membrane proteins. Interestingly, all antisera from these rats recognized antigens migrating far outside the molecular weight range of the cell fractions with which rats were inoculated. This indicated either that the protective antigens may be composed of numerous antigenically related subunits that separated by sds-page into a variety of molecular weight ranges or that a few major antigens may exist in several forms or phases within a given population of M arthritidis.
Evaluation of peritoneal fluid following intestinal resection and anastomosis in horses
Authors: Hanson R. Reid , Nixon Alan J. , Gronwall R. , Meyer D. , Pendergast J. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Postoperative abdominal fluid changes were compared in 2 groups of horses; those undergoing double small-colon resection and anastomosis (n = 10) and those undergoing exploratory celiotomy alone (n = 5). Peritoneal fluid was collected before surgery and on postoperative days 1, 3, 5, and 7. Total and differential nucleated cell counts, rbc numbers, and total protein and fibrinogen concentrations were evaluated. In both groups, all values were significantly higher than normal on the first postoperative day (after small-colon resection and anastomoses, wbc = 130,350 ± 23,310 cells/µl, rbc = 7,389,000 ± 6,234,000 cells/µl, total protein = 3.63 ± 0.16 g/dl; after exploratory celiotomy alone, wbc = 166,620 ± 34,340 cells/µl, rbc = 295,000 ± 86,070 cells/µl, total protein 4.38 ± 0.54 g/dl). The number of total peritoneal nucleated cells and rbc significantly decreased after the first postoperative day, whereas total protein and fibrinogen concentrations, percent neutrophils, and percent mononuclear cells remained unchanged. None of the values had returned to normal by postoperative day 7 (after small-colon resection and anastomoses, wbc = 45,600 ± 8,765 cells/µl, rbc= 95,390 ± 53,380 cells/µl, total protein = 4.39 ± 0.23 g/dl; after exploratory celiotomy alone, wbc= 43,340 ± 7,746 cells/µl, rbc = 12,860 ± 11,790 cells/µl, total protein = 3.92 ± 2.20 g/dl.) The resection and anastomosis group had a significantly lower total protein concentration on the first postoperative day and a significantly higher mean total rbc count over the entire 7-day postoperative evaluation than did horses that underwent celiotomy alone. Other values in the 2 groups of horses did not differ significantly. As a result, there was insufficient evidence to conclude that resection and anastomosis of the small colon in healthy horses causes a different inflammatory response than does manipulation of the intestine alone.
Effect of experimentally induced endotoxemia on serum interleukin-6 activity in horses
Authors: Morris Debra Deem , Moore James N. , Crowe Natalie , Moldawer Lyle L. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
A study was conducted to determine whether serum interleukin-6 (il-6) activity increased in horses during experimentally induced endotoxemia and whether serum il-6 activity correlated to changes in clinical or laboratory data. Six clinically normal horses were given endotoxin iv (30 ng/kg of body weight) in 0.9% NaCl solution over 1 hour. Five of these and 1 additional horse served as controls and were given only 0.9% NaCl solution. Venous blood, for determination of serum il-6 activity and wbc count, was collected before and at various times through 8 hours after the start of endotoxin or NaCl infusion. Rectal temperature and heart and respiratory rates were recorded throughout the study period. Serum il-6 activity was determined by bioassay of proliferation of the B13.29 clone B.9 hybridoma cell line. From 1.5 through 5 hours after start of the infusion, serum il-6 activity was significantly (P < 0.05) increased in horses given endotoxin. Mean peak serum il-6 activity was observed between 3 and 4 hours. In response to endotoxin infusion, horses became lethargic, tachycardic, and febrile. Leukopenia developed by 1 hour, followed by leukocytosis at 8 hours. Significant (P < 0.05) positive association and linear correlation were apparent between mean serum il-6 activity and mean rectal temperature in the group of horses that were given endotoxin. Changes from baseline were not evident in any of the clinical or laboratory values in horses given only NaCl solution.
Evaluation of a single injection of 99mTc-labeled diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid for measuring glomerular filtration rate in horses
Authors: Walsh Donald, M. , Royal Henry D. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Glomerular filtration rate (gfr) was measured in 12 clinically normal horses, using the standard inulin clearance method, and values were compared with values for 2 methods, using a single rapid iv injection of 99mTc-la-beled diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (99mTc-dtpa). The first 99mTc-dtpa method used a 2-compartment model to calculate gfr blood clearance of the tracer. The second method used sequential digital gamma camera images of the kidneys to determine fractional accumulation of the total dose of the tracer in the kidneys (percentage of injected dose, gamma camera) from 0 to 10 minutes after radionuclide administration. Linear correlation among the 3 methods was determined.
Mean (± SD) gfr, using the inulin clearance method, was 154.67 ± 42.28 ml/min/100 kg of body weight. Mean gfr, using the 2-compartment blood clearance curve, was 146.92 ± 27.49 ml/min/100 kg. Mean gfr, using percentage of injected dose (gamma camera method) was 154.7 ± 22.00 ml/min/100 kg. The percentage of injected dose (gamma camera method) did not correlate significantly to the inulin clearance results. However, a significant (r = 0.666, P < 0.018) correlation was observed between the inulin method and the 99mTc-dtpa blood clearance method. Significant (P < 0.0001) difference also was observed in the split function of the equine kidneys, with gfr of the right kidney contributing 60.1 ± 9.12% of the total function, as determined by 99mTc-dtpa gamma camera imaging.
Because the 99mTc-dtpa blood clearance method does not require urine collection, it may be a more practical procedure to measure gfr in the horse.
Lymphoscintigraphy in healthy dogs and dogs with experimentally created thoracic duct abnormalities
Authors: Hodges Carlos C. , Fossum Theresa W. , Komkov Andrea , Hightower Dan 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Lymphoscintigraphic evaluation of the thoracic duct (td) was performed in 10 healthy and 12 dogs with experimentally created td abnormalities (6 dogs with td lacerations and 6 dogs with cranial vena ligations). Complete imaging took 4 hours and caused no adverse effects or complications. Lymphoscintigraphy of healthy dogs failed to image the td; however, background activity in the abdomen and thorax, and radioactivity in the kidneys, bladder, liver, and heart were noticed.
Lacerations and transections of the td were experimentally created in 6 dogs to ascertain whether td rupture could be detected with lymphoscintigraphy. Lymphoscintigraphy was performed within 48 hours of creating the td defect. There was no significant difference in the scintigraphic pattern of healthy dogs and those with experimentally created td defects.
Ligation of the cranial vena cava was performed in 6 dogs; 3 dogs developed chylothorax. In those 3 dogs, diffuse radioactivity was imaged in the thorax and was compatible with thoracic lymphangiectasia. In one of these dogs, linear activity consistent with the td and localized regions of radioactivity cranial to the heart (compatible with the mediastinal lymph nodes) were noticed. Lymphoscintigraphic findings in these dogs correlated with lymphangiographic findings.