bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficacy and Safety of Oral Tadalafil in the Treatment of Men in Canada with Erectile Dysfunction: A Randomized, Double–Blind, Parallel, Placebo–Controlled Clinical Trial
Authors: Carrier Serge , Brock Gerald B. , Pommerville Peter J. , Shin Janey , Anglin Greg , Whitaker Steven , Beasley Charles M. 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a highly prevalent, often undertreated condition.

Aim
This 12–week, double–blind, parallel, placebo–controlled study was conducted at 25 sites in Canada to evaluate the efficacy and safety of oral tadalafil, a phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor, for the treatment of ED.

Methods
Men with ED of organic, psychogenic, or mixed etiology were stratified by baseline ED severity then randomly assigned to placebo (N = 50), tadalafil 10 mg (N = 103), or tadalafil 20 mg (N = 100), taken as needed (maximum, once daily).

Main Outcome Measures
Efficacy was assessed by the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF), a Sexual Encounter Profile diary, and a global assessment question (GAQ).

Results
Tadalafil 10 mg and tadalafil 20 mg significantly improved erectile function compared with placebo (P &lt; 0.001, all measures). At end point, the mean IIEF erectile function (EF) domain scores were 14.5, 21.2, and 23.3 of a possible score of 30 for placebo, tadalafil 10 mg, and tadalafil 20 mg, respectively. Patients treated with tadalafil reported greater change from baseline on the IIEF EF domain score compared with placebo, regardless of baseline ED severity. During treatment, the mean per–patient proportion of successful intercourse attempts was higher for tadalafil 10 mg and 20 mg than for placebo (placebo, 31.9%; tadalafil 10 mg, 56.7%; and tadalafil 20 mg, 61.5%), and a greater proportion of patients reported improved erections with tadalafil (GAQ; placebo, 22.0%; tadalafil 10 mg, 67.0%; tadalafil 20 mg, 79.0%). Fifty percent and 62% of patients treated with tadalafil 10 mg and 20 mg, respectively, achieved successful sexual intercourse after their first dose, compared with 31% with placebo. Treatment–emergent adverse events were generally mild or moderate.

Conclusion
Tadalafil was an effective, well–tolerated therapy for ED of broad–spectrum etiology and severity.
Bicycle Riding and Erectile Dysfunction: An Increase in Interest (and Concern)
Authors: Huang Vincent , Munarriz Ricardo , Goldstein Irwin 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACT

Introduction
From 1999 to 2004, there had been 21 publications from multiple medical specialties (sexual medicine, urology, neurology, cardiology, biomedical engineering, sports medicine, emergency medicine, and officials from the National Institute for Safety and Occupational Health) investigating the relationship between bicycle riding and erectile dysfunction (ED). In the previous 18 years, there have been 14 such studies.

Aim
The primary aim was to summarize accumulating data on the safety of bicycle riding based on medical evidence categorized by levels of evidence, including case reports, observational studies, case control studies, mechanistic studies, and population–based epidemiologic investigations. The secondary aim was to address the concerns of bicyclists and propose measures to minimize the risk of ED associated with bicycle riding.

Methods
An English–language medical literature review was made of publications in peer review journals from 1981 to 2004, including published abstract presentations at major medical meetings.

Main Outcome Measure
Ranked published epidemiologic data on bicycle riding and ED.

Results
Bicycle riding more than 3 hours per week was an independent relative risk (RR = 1.72) for moderate to severe ED. In case control studies, the prevalence of moderate to severe ED in bicyclists was 4.2% and 4% vs. age–matched runners 1.1% (P ≥ 0.018) and swimmers 2% (P = 0.05), respectively. Therefore, bicycle riders should take precautionary measures to minimize the risk of ED associated with bicycle riding: change the bicycle saddle with a protruding nose to a noseless seat, change the posture to a more upright/reclining position, change the material of the saddle (GEL), and tilt the saddle/seat downwards.

Conclusions
The mechanism is hypothetically related to the rider interaction with the bicycle saddle at the perineum–saddle interface. Straddling bicycle saddles with a nose extension is associated with suprasystolic perineal compression pressures, temporarily occluding penile perfusion and potentially inducing endothelial injury and vasculogenic ED.
Idiopathic Stuttering Priapism Treated Successfully with Low–Dose Ethinyl Estradiol: A Single Case Report
Authors: Shamloul Rany , Nashaar el Abdelrahman 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Chronic priapism represents a challenging therapeutic dilemma. Inadequate or deferred treatment can result in impaired quality of life and permanent erectile dysfunction. The etiology of stuttering priapism is speculated to be initially an ischemic injury that damages the neurologic and/or endothelial–mediated mechanisms that normally regulate detumescence and maintain penile flaccidity.

Aim
We report a case of stuttering priapism successfully treated with low–dose ethinyl estradiol.

Methods
A 51–year–old man presented with idiopathic stuttering priapism. Treatment was given in the form of low–dose ethinyl estradiol for six consecutive weeks.

Results
Moderate lowering of testosterone level and effective prevention of priapism for at least 6 months with retaining of erectile function.

Conclusion
The use of low–dose estrogen shows a potential to be an effective and relatively rapid treatment option for some cases of idiopathic stuttering priapism.
The Impact of Intralesional Interferon α–2b Injection Therapy on Penile Hemodynamics in Men with Peyronie’s Disease
Authors: Kendirci Muammer , Usta Mustafa F. , Matern Richard V. , Nowfar Sepehr , Sikka Suresh C. , Hellstrom Wayne J.G. 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Penile duplex Doppler ultrasound (PDDU) is currently the preferred method for the functional evaluation of penile hemodynamics. PDDU may be used to monitor objectively changes in penile vascular parameters in men who undergo treatment for Peyronie’s disease (PD), including intralesional interferon alpha–2b (IFN α–2b).

Aim
To investigate the impact of intralesional IFN α–2b therapy for PD on penile hemodynamics by using PDDU and to assess the objective role of PDDU in monitoring treatment outcomes.

Materials and Methods
Thirty–nine patients (20 in the placebo and 19 in the IFN α–2b treatment arm) were enrolled in this prospective, placebo–controlled, parallel study. Patients received either 10 mL saline or 5 × 106 units of IFN α–2b intralesional injections every other week for a total of six injections. Patients in each group were evaluated at baseline and after completion of treatment regarding changes in penile hemodynamic parameters, penile curvature, plaque size and density, pain on erection, and erectile function. Specific published criteria were used for PDDU measurements. Outcomes were statistically compared between each group by using Mann–Whitney U and chi–square tests.

Results
The mean age of the patients and the duration of PD were similar in both groups. The improvement in penile blood flow was significantly greater in IFN α–2b–treated patients than those in the placebo group. The number with the nonvascular classification increased significantly in the IFN α–2b arm from 31.5% to 57.8%. Additionally, improvements in penile curvature, plaque size and density, and pain on erection were better in the IFN α–2b group compared with the control. No significant improvement was observed in the erectile function domain in either group.

Conclusion
This study reveals that intralesional IFN α–2b injections have a significant benefit on penile hemodynamic parameters. Moreover, intralesional IFN α–2b is an effective, minimally invasive treatment for PD, and PDDU is a useful adjunct to monitor objectively changes in penile vascular parameters.
T–Type (α1G) Low Voltage–Activated Calcium Channel Interactions with Nitric Oxide–Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate Pathway and Regulation of Calcium Homeostasis in Human Cavernosal Cells
Authors: Zeng Xiangbin , Keyser Brian , Li Ming , Sikka Suresh C. 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Nitric oxide–cyclic guanosine monophosphate (NO–cGMP)–mediated relaxation of cavernosal smooth muscle during erection is accompanied by a decrease in intracellular calcium concentrations ([Ca2+]i). However, it is not known whether and how an increase in [Ca2+]i is responsible for (i) initiating smooth muscle contraction/detumescence following relaxation; and (ii) maintaining the penis in a flaccid state under nonstimulating conditions.

Aim
To elucidate (i) the mechanism(s) of [Ca2+]i homeostasis regulation in human cavernosal smooth muscle cells (HCSMC); and (ii) how NO–cGMP interacts with such [Ca2+]i homeostasis.

Methods
We evaluated the expression and function of both T–type and L–type Ca2+ channels in HCSMC by employing selective probes/inhibitors using various cellular and molecular techniques (e.g., reverse transcriptase and real–time polymerase chain reaction, cell proliferation assay, fura–2 Ca2+ fluorescence spectroscopy, enzyme–linked immuno–absorbent assay (ELISA)).

Main Outcome Measure
We have demonstrated for the first time significant interactions of NO–cGMP with the T–type (α1G) Ca2+ channel in HCSMC.

Results
Our results suggest that in addition to NO–induced rapid and transient decrease in [Ca2+]i that results in smooth muscle relaxation, NO–cGMP also enhanced mRNA expression of the T–type (α1G) Ca2+ channel resulting in delayed elevation of [Ca2+]i. This could be abolished by a selective T–channel blocker, NNC 55–0396. Another unique finding of this study is that dose–dependent HCSMC proliferation in vitro by NO is associated with the activation of the T–type (α1G) Ca2+ channel that regulates [Ca2+]i homeostasis in these cells.

Conclusions
Human cavernosal cells express T–type (α1G) Ca2+ channels that are involved in maintaining [Ca2+]i homeostasis and regulation of NO–cGMP–induced smooth muscle relaxation–contraction responsible for penile erection, flaccidity, and tonicity. Targeting these Ca2+ channels may (i) associate various comorbidities with the onset of erectile dysfunction; (ii) provide a biochemical basis for differences between therapeutic profiles of various phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors, especially in nonresponders to current therapy; and (iii) provide biochemical basis in understanding mechanism(s) of drug tolerance.
Improving the Sexual Quality of Life of Couples Affected by Erectile Dysfunction: A Double–Blind, Randomized, Placebo–Controlled Trial of Vardenafil
Authors: Fisher William A. , Rosen Raymond C. , Mollen Martin , Brock Gerald , Karlin Gary , Pommerville Peter , Goldstein Irwin , Bangerter Keith , Bandel Tiemo-Joerg , Derogatis Leonard R. , Sand Michael 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Erectile dysfunction (ED) has a dual negative impact on men and their female partners; both are likely to face a drop in sexual quality of life and challenges to their intimate relationship as couples’ sexual activities are curtailed by the loss of erectile function.

Aim
The primary objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of vardenafil vs. placebo in terms of success of maintenance of erection in men with ED and improvement of their female partner’s sexual quality of life.

Methods
This was a randomized, double–blind, multicenter, flexible–dose, parallel–group comparison of vardenafil vs. placebo for 12 weeks in men (≥18 years) with ED of ≥ 6 months duration, and their female partners.

Main Outcome Measures
Changes in patient’s overall response rate to Sexual Encounter Profile question 3 (SEP3) “Did your erection last long enough for you to have sexual intercourse?” and female partner’s response to the quality of life domain of the modified Sexual Life Quality Questionnaire (mSLQQ–QOL) at last observation carried forward (LOCF) were considered the primary efficacy measures. In addition, patient’s response to SEP2 “Were you able to insert your penis into your partner’s vagina?,” the erectile function domain of the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF–EF) and patient’s mSLQQ–QOL score were also assessed.

Results
Compared with placebo, vardenafil significantly improved overall least square (LS) mean per–patient SEP3 success rate (28% vs. 68%; P &lt; 0.0001) and partner’s LS mean (standard error [SE]) mSLQQ–QOL score at LOCF (32.14 [3.24] vs. 65.80 [3.10]; P &lt; 0.0001). In addition, compared with placebo, vardenafil also improved overall LS mean per–patient SEP2 success rate (47% vs. 80%; P &lt; 0.0001), LS mean (SE) IIEF–EF scores at LOCF (12.7 [0.8] vs. 22.8 [0.8]; P &lt; 0.0001) and patient’s LS mean (SE) mSLQQ–QOL (28.37 [3.46] vs. 63.85 [3.28]; P &lt; 0.0001) at LOCF.

Conclusions
Vardenafil improved erectile function in men with ED and improved the sexual quality of life of the couple.
Assessment of Cerebrocortical Regions Associated with Sexual Arousal in Premenopausal and Menopausal Women by Using BOLD–Based Functional MRI
Authors: Jeong Gwang-Woo , Park Kwangsung , Youn Gahyun , Kang Heoung-Keun , Kim Hyung Joong , Seo Jeong-Jin , Ryu Soo-Bang 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACT

Purpose
The aim of this study was to compare the cerebral regions associated with sexual arousal between premenopausal and menopausal women by using functional magnetic resonance imaging (f MRI).

Materials and Methods
Ten premenopausal and 10 menopausal women underwent fMRI on a 1.5T MR scanner using the blood oxygen level dependent technique. To identify the activated brain regions associated with sexual response, brain activation was assessed during 1 minute of a nonerotic film, followed by 4 minutes of an erotic film.

Results
The overall activation ratios of the premenopausal women were greater than those of the menopausal women by approximately 8% on average. The limbic, temporal association areas, and parietal lobe showed greater enhancement of signal intensities in premenopausal women. However, signal enhancement in the genu of the corpus callosum and superior frontal gyrus was dominant in menopausal women.

Conclusions
The activated brain center associated with visually evoked sexual arousal showed qualitative and quantitative differences between premenopausal and menopausal women.
Volumetric Quantification of Global and Regional Left Ventricular Function From Real-Time Three-Dimensional Echocardiographic Images
Authors: Corsi Cristiana , Lang Roberto M. , Veronesi Federico , Weinert Lynn , Caiani Enrico G. , MacEneaney Peter , Lamberti Claudio , Mor-Avi Victor 
Published: August 2005

Background—Real-time 3D echocardiographic (RT3DE) data sets contain dynamic volumetric information on cardiac function. However, quantification of left ventricular (LV) function from 3D echocardiographic data is performed on cut-planes extracted from the 3D data sets and thus does not fully exploit the volumetric information. Accordingly, we developed a volumetric analysis technique aimed at quantification of global and regional LV function.Methods and Results—RT3DE images obtained in 30 patients (Philips 7500) were analyzed by use of custom software based on the level-set approach for semiautomated detection of LV endocardial surface throughout the cardiac cycle, from which global and regional LV volume (LVV)–time and wall motion (WM)–time curves were obtained. The study design included 3 protocols. In protocol 1, time curves obtained in 16 patients were compared point-by-point with MRI data (linear regression and Bland-Altman analyses). Global LVV correlated highly with MRI (r=0.98;y=0.99x+2.3) with minimal bias (1.4 mL) and narrow limits of agreement (±20 mL). WM correlated highly only in basal and midventricular segments (r=0.88;y=0.85x+0.7). In protocol 2, we tested the ability of this technique to differentiate populations with known differences in LV function by studying 9 patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and 9 normal subjects. All calculated indices of global and regional systolic and diastolic LV function were significantly different between the groups. In protocol 3, we tested the feasibility of automated detection of regional WM abnormalities in 11 patients. In each segment, abnormality was detected when regional shortening fraction was below a threshold obtained in normal subjects. The automated detection agreed with expert interpretation of 2D WM in 86% of segments.Conclusions—Volumetric analysis of RT3DE data is clinically feasible and allows fast, semiautomated, dynamic measurement of LVV and automated detection of regional WM abnormalities.
The Greek of Codex Vaticanus in the Second Gospel and Marcan Greek
Authors: Voelz James 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis study seeks to describe in some detail the characteristics of the Greek of ms. B, Vaticanus, in the Gospel of Mark (including features of orthography, vocabulary, morphology, and syntax) and then to compare them to the characteristics of the Greek of that gospel, as determined on the basis of a much greater range of ms. evidence. It finds that the relationship between ms. B's characteristics and those of Mark is complex; the two are largely but not completely congruent. Of special interest is the fact that the Greek of both exhibits a great "shift" in the latter half of the book; from chapter 8 onward it is more "Hellenic," new linguistic patterns emerge, and inconsistencies of usage begin to make a strong appearance.
Technique for Identifying Flavobacterium columnare Using Whole-Cell Fatty Acid Profiles
Authors: Shoemaker Craig A. , Arias Cova R. , Klesius Phillip H. , Welker Thomas L. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Isolates of Flavobacterium columnare (29 from diseased fish and three American Type Culture Collection cultures [ATCC 23463, 49512, 43622]) were identified by use of biochemical characteristics prior to generating whole-cell fatty acid profiles. The microbial identification system (MIS; Microbial ID, Newark, Delaware), a gas chromatography system, was used to generate the fatty acid profiles of F. columnare. The MIS contains databases of clinically and environmentally important bacteria that are represented by over 100 genera, including Flavobacterium spp. (F. aquatile [ATCC 11947] and F. mizutaii). Flavobacterium columnare is not included in the databases because it does not grow on standard media. Fatty acid profiles of F. columnare were generated with the CLIN40 protocol established by MIS after growth of the bacteria in modified Shieh broth. The fatty acid composition of F. columnare isolates determined by the CLIN40 method consisted of 10 major fatty acids (those present at levels &gt; 1%): 11-methyl-dodecanoic acid (13:0 iso [the term “iso” designates the methyl group at the penultimate carbon atom]), 13-methyl tetradecenoic acid isomer G (15:1 iso G), 13-methyl tetradecanoic acid (15:0 iso), 12-methyl tetradecanoic acid (15:0 anteiso [the term “anteiso” designates the methyl group at the third carbon atom from the end]), pentadecanoic acid (15:0), 14-methyl pentadecanoic acid (16:0 iso), 3-hydroxy-13-methyl tetradecanoic acid (15:0 iso 3OH), 15-methyl cis-9-hexadecenoic acid (iso 17:1 ω9c), 3-hydroxy-14-methyl pentadecanoic acid (16:0 iso 3OH), and 3-hydroxy-15-methyl hexadecanoic acid (17:0 iso 3OH) (94.8% of profile). Five fatty acids found in the highest percentages from all isolates (CLIN40 method) included 15:1 iso G (16.12%), 15:0 iso (46.54%), 15:0 iso 3OH (6.81%), iso 17:1 ω9c (7.32%), and 17:0 iso 3OH (9.42%). Fatty acid profiles were also established by means of the MIS rapid protocol (RCLN50) in which identifications can be completed in 7 min instead of 20 min. Fatty acids found in the highest percentages for the RCLN50 protocol included 15:1 iso G (15.36%), 15:0 iso (43.03%), 15:0 iso 3OH (7.43%), iso 17:1 ω9c (6.83%), and 17:0 iso 3OH (10.17%). Both methods will allow reliable identification of F. columnare.
The Effects of Exercise on Behavior and Reproductive Success of Captively Reared Steelhead
Authors: Berejikian Barry , Van Doornik Donald , LaRae Anita , Tezak Skip , Lee Joy 
Published: August 2005

AbstractSteelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss collected as eyed eggs from the Hamma Hamma River, Washington, and reared in high (∼1 body length/s) or low current velocity (∼0.25 body lengths/s) were tested for differences in reproductive behavior in both an experimental spawning channel and their natal river. We conducted continuous (24‐h/d) behavioral observations in the spawning channel and applied DNA pedigree analyses to explain the variation in individual reproductive success. Female steelhead reared in high and low current velocities did not exhibit differences in reproductive behavior in the spawning channel, but females reared in low current velocity were more frequently observed constructing nests in the Hamma Hamma River. Males reared in low‐velocity tanks were more frequently observed courting females in the spawning channel and in the river. A pedigree analysis revealed no significant differences in reproductive success between the rearing treatments. Male reproductive success in the spawning channel was significantly correlated (r2 = 0.602; P < 0.001) and the dominant male was identified by the frequency of spawning in both treatments. There was no apparent effect of male or female body mass on breeding behavior or reproductive success in the spawning channel. All 24 females and 23 out of 24 males produced free‐swimming offspring in a 5.5% subsample of the fry population. This study suggests that releasing captively reared steelhead reared under conventional (i.e., low current velocity) culture conditions should be considered (along with other options) as a potentially viable component of captive rearing and breeding programs.