bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Power of Tiananmen: State–Society Relations and the 1989 Beijing Student Movement. By Dingxin Zhao. [Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001. 433 pp. ISBN 0-226-98260-2.]
Authors: Brook Timothy 
Published: January 2005

The ghost of Tiananmen stubbornly refuses to leave the mansion of Chinese politics. Since Deng Xiaoping mobilized the PLA against the demonstrators in Tiananmen Square in 1989, the Chinese government has refused to review the event or its suppression. A brief flurry of publications and public gestures affirmed the correctness of the decision in the months after 4 June until all official acknowledgments of the incident were withdrawn from circulation in November 1989: Tiananmen was best forgotten. The 15th-year anniversary in June 2004 might have been an appropriate moment to lay the ghost to rest. Jiang Yanyong, the PLA doctor who publicized China's failure to deal with SARS in 2003, attempted to puncture the silence by calling for an official re-evaluation, but he achieved little beyond being made to disappear for seven weeks. The power of silence is strong, but so too is the power of memory. Tiananmen will remain an unexploded mine on the battlefield of Chinese politics until it is properly defused.Dingxin Zhao's study of the sociology of knowledge and action during the democracy movement provides a rich and persuasive portrait of how this power came into being. The core of his argument is that the democracy movement arose at a particular moment of alienation – a naively idealistic but disillusioned intelligentsia facing a post-ideological regime of dwindling legitimacy – within a particular ecology of social interaction – a poorly organized society facing a state that could penetrate from above but not inspire investment from social actors below. By astutely blending structural and contingent factors, Zhao is able to show how student activists and state representatives produced effects or forced reactions that neither could anticipate or control. This interplay generated emotional expectations and disappointments that each side consistently misread, thereby pushing the terms of debate onto a moral ground from which there could be no retreat.
In the Shadow of the Rising Sun: Shanghai under Japanese Occupation. Edited by Christian Henriot and Wen-Hsin Yeh. [Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. xii +392 pp. £50.00. ISBN 0-521-82221-1.]
Authors: Mitter Rana 
Published: January 2005

Henriot and Yeh have produced a rich and highly readable volume on Shanghai during the 1937–1945 Japanese occupation period. Many of the path-breaking essays are based on primary sources from newly accessible Shanghai archives.The volume is divided into three sections, broadly on economic, political and cultural history. In the first section, Christian Henriot and Parks Coble both demonstrate that the Shanghai capitalists left in the city were caught in a tight situation: they had little choice but to co-operate with the Japanese, who wanted to make Shanghai into another economic powerhouse in their Co-Prosperity Sphere but who were also exploitative and driven by military rather than commercial needs. On the other hand, the exiled Nationalists considered Chinese businessmen who co-operated with Japan to be collaborators, rendering them vulnerable to assassination during the war and condemnation after it. Frederic Wakeman explores the way in which smuggling became part of the economic and cultural landscape in supplying wartime Shanghai, and Sherman Cochran looks at a “fixer,” Xu Guanqun, who played for high stakes selling medicines across enemy lines, demonstrating that the neutral “island” of the foreign concessions in Shanghai from 1937 to 1941 was hardly an impermeable one. Allison Rottmann completes this section by rethinking the rural narrative of Communist Revolution, showing that Shanghai helped to supply and shape the politics of the central China base area.
Between Shanghai and Hong Kong: The Politics of Chinese Cinemas. By Poshek Fu. [Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2003. 288 pp. £14.95. ISBN 0804745188.]
Authors: Zhang Yingjin 
Published: January 2005

Despite its short length (152 pages excluding reference matters), this pioneering study in English of “the Shanghai–Hong Kong nexus” in Chinese cinema succeeds in placing wartime Shanghai and Hong Kong cinemas in specific (albeit not always “proper” as Poshek Fu claims (p. xvi)) institutional and industrial contexts, bringing to light the “humanity” of the filmmakers, the “multiplicity of the historical situations,” and the “complexity of the cultural politics” of filmmaking and film criticism (p. xv). Most impressive of all is Fu's dedication to primary research, reading hard-to-find print materials as well as conducting interviews and watching rare films. The book's incredibly rich information (e.g. studio assets, production costs, ticket prices) will certainly interest scholars of modern Chinese history and culture, and Fu's accessible stories should attract general readers as well.After a preface outlining Fu's aims, chapter one, “Mapping Shanghai cinema under semi-occupation,” traces the rise of Zhang Shankun's Xinhua Company in Shanghai and reveals the ambiguities, contradictions and ironies of “Solitary Island cinema” between 1937 and 1941 – a cinema that defied political boundaries and thrived against odds. Chapter two, “Between nationalism and colonialism,” based on Fu's similarly-titled previous study (in The Cinema of Hong Kong: History, Arts, Identity, edited by Fu and David Desser (2000)), discusses Hong Kong's “double marginality” between “Sinocentric” nationalism and British colonialism, and critiques the “Central Plains syndrome” in Shanghai filmmakers stranded in Hong Kong in the late 1930s. Against the Chinese syndrome, Fu asserts, Cantonese films like Southern Sisters (1940) articulated “a both/and hybridity” constitutive of a new “local consciousness” or emergent identity (p. 87). Chapter three, “The struggle to entertain,” derives from Fu's previous article (“The ambiguity of entertainment: Chinese cinema in Japanese-occupied Shanghai, 1942 to 1945,” Cinema Journal, 37.1 (Fall 1997)) and argues against a binary view of either/or (e.g. resistance/collaboration, patriots/traitors). Fu depicts “occupation cinema” as a space of entertainment for the colonized to “escape from Japanese propaganda” (p. xiv), although the both/and logic also compels him to note the paradox that occupation cinema ultimately “helped normalize and naturalize the everyday violence of the occupation” (p. 131). In an epilogue, “Filming Shanghai in Hong Kong,” Fu goes through the changing political–economic situations in post-war Shanghai and Hong Kong.
Street Culture in Chengdu: Public Space, Urban Commoners, and Local Politics, 1870–1930. By Di Wang. [Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003. 376 pp. £48.50. ISBN 0-8047-4778-4.]
Authors: Esherick Joseph W. 
Published: January 2005

The last 15 years have witnessed a small flood of books on the physical, political, social and cultural transformation of the modern Chinese city covering paved streets and sewers, rickshaws and streetcars, public parks and meeting halls, monuments and museums, theatres and markets, police and gangsters, municipal government and public hygiene, bankers and businessmen, factories and publishing houses, newspapers and movies, law suits and protests, workers, students and prostitutes. Most of this literature has focused on the coastal cities (especially Shanghai), and the approach has usually been top–down: how the state and urban elites have constructed a new Chinese version of modernity.Wang's book stands out as a careful historical ethnography of a provincial capital in the Chinese interior, Chengdu, at the turn of the 20th century. In contrast to previous top–down studies of urban elites and the rise of urban governance and police, this provides a bottom–up view from the street, and the richness of street culture pervades the entire book. Superbly researched and aided by a wonderful collection of illustrations, the book shows us peddlers and artisans patrolling the neighbourhoods, beggars and hooligans harassing residents, religious rituals and entertainment, and, above all, the vibrant life of the teahouse. In a similar book on coastal Shanghai, Lu Hanchao (Beyond the Neon Lights) unforgettably describes the housing projects known as Stone Portals (shikumen) as a locus for the daily life of Shanghai urbanites. In this book, the Chengdu teahouse repeatedly appears as a critical venue of social interaction, popular entertainment, dispute mediation, political discussion and police surveillance.
Framing the Bride: Globalizing Beauty and Romance in Taiwan's Bridal Industry. By Bonnie Adrian. [Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003. xiii +297 pp. Hard cover £36.95; $55.00, ISBN 0-520-23833-8; paperback £14.95; $21.95, ISBN 0-520-23834-6.]
Authors: Finnane Antonia 
Published: January 2005

In this engaging study of weddings in contemporary Taiwan, anthropologist Bonnie Adrian documents a rite of passage recognizable across the world from its major visual representation: the wedding photograph. Photographs prompted her early questions and provided her with the point of departure for her research. Why do couples have so many wedding photos? Why do they wear so many different costumes in the photos? Where are the photos of family members? What precisely is the cultural content of such photos, overtly Western – the bride usually in white dress and veil, the groom in morning or evening suit – yet puzzlingly different?Answers to these questions are suggested in the course of many small journeys through the strange, theatrical world of the Taipei wedding: the bridal salons, which rent out the clothes and take the photographs; the wedding rites and wedding banquet, where the bride changes from one gown to another; the marital home, where the massive photo album is kept, to be drawn out for the admiration of guests or, in later years, for a woman to recall her youth and beauty at the moment she passed from single to married life. The typical photo session is described in fascinating detail. The session occurs before the wedding, and usually takes a whole day. At the wedding banquet guests can look at the photos, which typically contain an astonishing range of images of bride and groom in a variety of poses, places and costumes. Thousands might be spent on a good collection of wedding photos, none of which record the actual wedding.
Effect of some factors on the fusion rate of bovine–rabbit interspecies reconstructed eggs
Authors: Xiao-Rong Zhang , Ya Liu , Yun-Hai Zhang , Da-Yuan Chen , Li Lian , Jin-Song Li , Ren-Tao Jin , Zhi-Guo Zhang , Mei-Ling Zhang , Cun-Li Wang 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTests were conducted to highlight the effects of donor cell treatment (bovine G0- and non-G0 phase somatic cells refrigerated for 1–5 or 12–14 days at 4°C), fusion solution (with or without cytochalasin B) and age of the rabbit (young, 3–5-months old; or multiparous, 10–12 months old) as oocyte donor on the fusion and mortality rates of bovine–rabbit interspecies reconstructed eggs. Results showed that there were no significant differences (P>0.05) in fusion and mortality rates of eggs reconstructed with G0 cells or non-G0 cells as nuclear donor somatic cells. The same was also true when nuclear donor somatic cells (G0 cells or non-G0 cells) were treated at low temperature (4°C) for 1–5 or 12–14 days. The fusion rate of reconstructed eggs did not change significantly (P>0.05) when adding cytochalasin B into the fusion solution, but the mortality rate increased significantly (P<0.05). No significant effect (P>0.05) was found in fusion rate of the eggs reconstructed with young rabbits' and multiparous rabbits' oocytes as recipient, but the mortality rate decreased significantly (P<0.01) for young rabbit oocytes compared with multiparous rabbit ones.
Identification of oxalate oxidase in rice defence system against rice blast
Authors: Jie Feng , Makoto Takano 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA rice cDNA library was screened using OSK3 protein kinase as bait in a yeast two-hybrid system. The gene encoding oxalate oxidase was one of the positive clones interacting with OSK3 protein kinase. The interactions were verified by detecting expression of the reporter gene lacZ. The results suggest that oxalate oxidase is a downstream element in the disease resistance signal cascade mediated by OSK3 protein kinase in rice.
Variation analysis of the ORF5 gene of Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus
Authors: Zhi-Qiang Gao , Xin Guo , Zhen-Lin Cha , Yan-Hong Chen , Han-Chun Yang 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThree Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) isolates (HB-1(sh)/2002, HB-2(sh)/2002 and JX-1/2002) were obtained from pig farms in Hebei and Jiangxi provinces, China. The complete ORF5 gene of the isolates was amplified using RT-PCR and sequenced. It was shown that ORF5 genes of all isolates encoded 200 amino acids. Comparing ORF5 genes of the three isolates and published sequences for five other PRRSV isolates in China, variation analysis showed that all of the isolates were of the American genotype, with 88.2–99.0% amino acid identity. ORF5 genes among BJ-4, S1 and J1 had higher similarity, sharing 98–99% identity of the deduced amino acids. HB-1(sh)/2002, HB-2(sh)/2002 and JX-1/2002 and CH-1a presented 92–96% identity among their ORF5 genes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these isolates could be divided into two subgroups based on the genetic distance of their ORF5 gene: the first subgroup comprised BJ-4, S1 and J1 and was closer to VR2332 and vaccine strains; the second included HB-1(sh)/2002, HB-2(sh)/2002, JX-1/2002 and CH-1a.
Linear difference equations with transition points
Authors: Wang Z. , Wong R. 
Published: January 2005

Two linearly independent asymptotic solutions are constructed for the second-order linear difference equation

y

n
+
1

(
x
)
−
(

A
n

x
+

B
n

)

y
n

(
x
)
+

y

n
−
1

(
x
)
=
0
,

\begin{equation} y_{n+1}(x)-(A_nx+B_n)y_n(x)+y_{n-1}(x)=0, \nonumber \end{equation}

where

A
n

A_n

and

B
n

B_n

have power series expansions of the form

A
n

∼

∑

s
=
0

∞

α
s

n
s

,

B
n

∼

∑

s
=
0

∞

β
s

n
s

\begin{equation} A_n\sim \sum ^\infty _{s=0}\frac {\alpha _s}{n^s}, \qquad \qquad B_n\sim \sum ^\infty _{s=0}\frac {\beta _s}{n^s}\nonumber \end{equation}

with

α
0

≠
0

\alpha _0\ne 0

. Our results hold uniformly for

x
x

in an infinite interval containing the transition point

x
+

x_+

given by

α
0

x
+

+

β
0

=
2

\alpha _0 x_++\beta _0=2

. As an illustration, we present an asymptotic expansion for the monic polynomials

π
n

(
x
)

\pi _n(x)

which are orthogonal with respect to the modified Jacobi weight

w
(
x
)
=
(
1
−
x

)
α

(
1
+
x

)
β

h
(
x
)

w(x)=(1-x)^\alpha (1+x)^\beta h(x)

,

x
∈
(
−
1
,
1
)

x\in (-1,1)

, where

α
\alpha

,

β
>
−
1

\beta >-1

and

h
h

is real analytic and strictly positive on

[
−
1
,
1
]

[-1, 1]

.
On standardized models of isogenous elliptic curves
Authors: Siksek Samir 
Published: January 2005

Let

E
,

E
′

E,~E^\prime

be isogenous elliptic curves over

Q

{\mathbb Q}

given by standardized Weierstrass models. We show that (in the obvious notation)
\[

a
1
′

=

a
1

,

a
2
′

=

a
2

,

a
3
′

=

a
3

a_1’ =a_1, \qquad a_2’ = a_2, \qquad a_3’ = a_3

\]
and, moreover, that there are integers

t
,

w

t,~w

such that
\[

a
4
′

=

a
4

−
5
t

and

a
6
′

=

a
6

−

b
2

t
−
7
w
,

a_4’ = a_4 - 5t~\text {and}~ a_6’ = a_6 - b_2 t - 7w,

\]
where

b
2

=

a
1
2

+
4

a
2

b_2=a_1^2+4 a_2

.
Adapting training for older employees
Authors: Armstrong‐Stassen Marjorie , Templer Andrew 
Published: January 2005

PurposeThe workforce is aging in all industrialized nations and the retention of older workers will become one of the dominant issues in the coming decades. Training is an important component of retention and the availability of training is critical for retaining older workers. Design/methodology/approachStudies conducted in 2001 and 2003 assessed the extent to which Canadian organizations are adapting their training practices to respond to the aging workforce. Human resource executives were asked the extent to which their organization was currently engaging in training practices targeting older managerial and professional employees.FindingsOrganizations were most likely to be providing access to training and retraining, but fewer than 10 percent of the organizations in 2003 were highly engaged in doing this. Organizations were less likely to be adjusting training methods to accommodate the needs of older employees. There was little attempt to provide age awareness training to managers of older employees.Practical implicationsThe challenge for organizations will be to close the gaps that currently exist between the practices that are important in retaining older managerial and professional employees and the extent to which organizations are engaging in these practices. Ensuring access to training, customizing training methods, and providing age awareness training require immediate attention.Originality/valueLittle research has been conducted on older workers in Canada. The findings raise some serious concerns about the response of Canadian organizations to the aging workforce and identify areas of training and development that need to be addressed.
Automotive crashworthiness design using response surface‐based variable screening and optimization
Authors: Craig K.J. , Stander Nielen , Dooge D.A. , Varadappa S. 
Published: January 2005

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to provide a methodology with which to perform variable screening and optimization in automotive crashworthiness design.Design/methodology/approachThe screening method is based on response surface methodology in which linear response surfaces are used to create approximations to the design response. The response surfaces are used to estimate the sensitivities of the responses with respect to the design variables while the variance is used to estimate the confidence interval of the regression coefficients. The sampling is based on the D‐optimality criterion with over‐sampling to improve noise filtering and find the best estimate of the regression coefficients. The coefficients and their confidence intervals as determined using analysis of variance (ANOVA), are used to construct bar charts for the purpose of selecting the important variables.FindingsA known analytical function is first used to illustrate the effectiveness of screening. Using the finite element method (FEM), a complex vehicle occupant impact problem and a full vehicle multidisciplinary problem featuring frontal impact and torsional modal analysis of the vehicle body are modeled and parameterized. Two optimizations are conducted for each FEM example, one with the full variable set and one with a screened subset. An iterative, successive linear approximation method is used to achieve convergence. It is shown that, although significantly different final designs may be obtained, an appropriately selected subset of variables is effective while significantly reducing computational cost.Practical implicationsThe method illustrated provides a practical approach to the screening of variables in simulation‐based design optimization, especially in automotive crashworthiness applications with costly simulations. It is shown that the reduction of variables used in the optimization process significantly reduces the total cost of the optimization.Originality/valueAlthough variable screening has been used in other disciplines, the use of response surfaces to determine the variable screening information is novel in the crashworthiness field.
Looking through and beyond the TQM horizon
Authors: Gomes Da Silva Jonas , Tadashi Ohfuji , Kikuo Nezu 
Published: January 2005

PurposeThe paper aims to investigate the best common management practices of the world‐class companies identified in Brazil and Japan; and propose a business model aimed at helping companies to achieve world‐class level of excellence.Design/methodology/approachA cross‐sectional survey is the methodology employed. The balanced scorecard and seven categories with 80 key elements focusing on the Malcolm Baldrige Award were some approaches used to achieve the research's aims.FindingsThe main conclusion is that senior managers are positively leading successful top companies with a high focus on customer satisfaction and are continuously improving the six dimensions of their total quality process – as some managers do; but through a systematic self‐management process, they have effectively refined it more than others.Research limitations/implicationsThe paper investigated only the internal best practices that permeate the Brazilian and Japanese top companies and manufacturing industries. Further research should be done in order to investigate the works outside those companies; to study the top service companies; and also to apply the statistical inference instead of descriptive cross‐sectional method of analysis.Practical implicationsIt is recommended that senior managers continuously find ways to update and improve their daily leadership skills; clearly define their business areas; and reinforce the quality assurance system and support the integration of TQM with other management systems.Originality/valueIt provides a benchmark of excellence practices and valuable suggestions to senior managers interested in implementing or improving their TQM process; and proposes a new business measurement model and conceptual ways for companies to achieve a world‐class level of excellence.
An alternative model for measuring the success of IS projects: the GPIS model
Authors: Saleh Yasser , Alshawi Mustafa 
Published: January 2005

PurposeAims to present an alternative holistic measurement model, the general practitioner IS (GPIS) measurement model, which assists managers in determining the organisation's state of readiness prior to IS investment.Design/methodology/approachThe model is based on assessing four organisational key elements: IT infrastructure, processes, people and work environment.FindingsPresents a classification of the current IS success measurement approaches. The existing approaches were classified into three categories: product‐based, process‐based, and general maturity‐based. The paper highlighted their shortcomings and explained the need for an alternative holistic model to measure IS success in contributing to the business objectives. This has led to the development of a quick reference model “GPIS” to enable organisations to determine their current and required state of readiness for a particular IS project.Originality/valueThe paper presents a novel categorisation of the literature in this field.
Understanding the role of communication and conflict on reengineering team development
Authors: Choudrie Jyoti 
Published: January 2005

PurposeAims to investigate the importance of communication and conflict on the development of reengineering teams and attempts to answer the following research questions: is the team development of a reengineering team affected by conflict and communication, and if so, what are the types of communication and conflict that do affect it?Design/methodology/approachPresents a theoretical perspective with a literature review of such aspects as conflict and communication. Details research methodology and then utilises evidence from a single in‐depth case study. Explains how the analysis occured and discusses the findings.FindingsIt was found that conflicts are not productive for the organisation and therefore conflict resolution is sought. In order to resolve the conflicts existent within the teams, the role of face‐to‐face communication was considered to be pertinent.Originality/valueFor industry that is always searching for ways to curtail excessive costs, an understanding of the issues of conflict, team development and communication is offered. This means that by examining the guidelines offered within this paper, a convenient method of identifying and solving these issues is provided.