bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Ministry Required By The Age
Authors: Johnson Dale A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
For the orderly and harmonious development of the life and energy of the Church, faith must find a satisfactory intellectual expression. The great periods of growth and organisation are those in which this satisfactory intellectual expression of spiritual truth has been reached. The mischief is that when any really great theological system has for a long time met the necessities of the intellectual and spiritual life of the Church, its authority becomes excessive. What at best can be only a provisional statement of the contents of the Christian revelation is regarded as final, and the schemes of theologians come between the Church and Christ. Then the hour for revolution has come. But periods of revolution are disastrous when most necessary. There are “compensations”-immense “compensations”-in our present transitional condition, but the disadvantages of it are very severe. A large, strong, and generous theology, widely accepted, but holding its true secondary position, leaving the soul free access to Christ, and insisting urgently on Christ’s supremacy, would be more favourable to the spiritual life than the present chaotic condition of theological thought. But anything is better than to be under the power of a theology, however noble, that practically asserts an authority rivalling the authority of Christ Himself.
Nonconformity And Identity Beyond the Chilling Mists of Controversy
Authors: Johnson Dale A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
If any one had uttered it, it would have been a prediction equally incredible, that the Nonconformist “Meeting house” and the Wesleyan “Chapel” would, in many instances, give place to buildings to all appearance Churches; that structures for people other than Episcopalians, should on every side rise up, in observable situations, in spires, towers, architectural elaboration, chancels, transepts, painted windows, and other Gothic or medieval attributes; and that, in many places, the worship should increase in richness, variety, depth, devotion; while “the service of song” should expand and rise, taking in chant and anthem, and be distinguished by skill and culture, instead of, as before, being discordant, harsh, somnolent, or boisterous, as the case might be. Each of the parties referred to has learnt something from its opponents. The one has been taught to understand that a principle, once dreaded and repudiated, may be conservative of the spiritual independence of the Church; and the other has learnt that some things formerly regarded as the signs of worldliness, the off spring of mere secular taste, may be so used as to contribute to the power of the religious element, and may be advocated and practised without any departure from or violation of the true spirit of apostolical institutions. In some points, and to some extent, the controversialists have influenced, if not converted, each other.
Introduction
Authors: Dohrenwend Bruce P 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Over the years, assumptions about the causes of most of the behaviors that we now describe as “psychiatric disorders” have tended to change more with the Zeitgeist than with scientific evidence (see Dohrenwend & Dohrenwend, 1981a, pp. 131-133). In 1855, for example, when Edward Jarvis published his groundbreaking epidemiological research on the unusually high rates of “insanity” in the “pauper” class compared to rates in the “independent” class in Massachusetts, his assumption and that of other experts was that factors resulting from genetic inheritance were more important than social environmental factors in causing both the psychological problems and the poverty. Jarvis took particular note of the fact that disproportionately large numbers of the poor and insane were new Irish immigrants. As Grob (1971) pointed out in his historical introduction to the re-publication of Jarvis’s study: Like others coming from the same background, Jarvis saw the genteel New England society that he loved being eroded. In a very real sense, therefore, some of the points that he attempted to make . . . were a reflection of his own ideology. What Jarvis did was to take a series of statistics and read them in the light of his own moral assumptions. (p. 56)
Divorce and Psychopathology
Authors: Bruce Martha L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Divorce ranks high on most lists of life stressors, from those found in tabloids to those used in scientific research. The hypothesis that divorce leads to mental health problems seems almost a truism and is consistent with studies in psychiatric epidemiology that report disproportionately high rates of depression, depressive symptoms, and other mental health problems among separated and divorced adults in many epidemiological samples (e.g., Blazer et al., 1994; Robins & Regier 1991; Srole et al., 1962; Warheit et al., 1976; Weissman & Myers, 1978). These results from crosssectional epidemiological research find further support from numerous longitudinal and case-control studies (Aseltine & Kessler, 1993; Briscoe et al., 1973; Bruce & Kim, 1992; Menaghan & Lieberman, 1986). This proliferation of evidence suggesting that divorce may affect the risk of psychopathology obscures how little is known either about the direction of any causal relationships between divorce and psychiatric disorders or about their underlying mechanisms. Three aspects of the divorcepsychopathology relationship underline the complexity of the problem: (1) divorce is a single term representing a long process generally characterized by multiple stressful events and chronic strains; (2) while most epidemiological studies address the impact of divorce on psychopathology, there is also evidence suggesting that psychopathology can itself affect (as well be affected by) any or all of the components of the divorce process, and (3) the impact of divorce on psychopathology can be direct or indirect and affects not only the divorcing spouses but also their children.
Personality and Coping as Stress-Attenuating or -Amplifying Factors
Authors: Skodol Andrew E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The effects of life events and chronic stressors on people experiencing them are far from uniform. Many studies reveal a relatively weak effect of psychosocial stressors on production of psychopathology (Rabkin & Struening, 1976), and some studies suggest that stressors may lead to personal growth and improved functioning (Baltes, 1987; Masten et al., 1991; Schaefer & Moos, 1992). These observations have prompted examination of individual differences among people experiencing stress, in an attempt to understand why some experience distress or disability and others exhibit resiliency in the face of adversity (Rutter, 1985).
Some Characteristics of Occupations as Risk or Protective Factors for Episodes of Major Depression and Nonaffective Psychotic Disorder
Authors: Link Bruce G , Lennon Mary Clare , Dohrenwend Bruce P 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Perhaps the most important legacy of the descriptive epidemiological studies of mental disorder is the consistency with which such studies show associations between socio demographic factors such as gender and socioeconomic status (SES) and the prevalence of various types of mental disorders (Dohrenwend & Dohrenwend, 1974; 1980;
Introduction
Authors: Geisst Charles R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Millions of people have played the popular board game Monopoly. Millions of others have played the real-life version in the business world. The rules are simple: Accumulate as much property as possible and win. The principles have not changed since Monopoly was first marketed in 1935-an unfortunate roll of the dice and the aspiring game monopolist can spend some time in jail. The rules and stakes for monopolists in real life have not changed substantially, either. Unlike in the board game, how ever, those accused of monopoly rarely ever spend time in jail.
The “Monopolist Menace” (1860-1890)
Authors: Geisst Charles R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Monopolies have a long and colorful history in the United States. They have usually been associated with industry, especially in the post-Civil War period. But their history is much older, originating in Elizabethan England. By the time the American colonies became independent, the terms monopoly and antimonopolist were already well established. Yet nothing was written about monopolies in the Constitution, and no mention was made of them in the writings of the founding fathers. However, several states felt strongly enough about them to prohibit them in their constitutions in the months following independence. Less than century later, they were the most discussed topic in the country.
Research
Authors:   Aaas
Published: October 2023

Abstract
What Knowledge Is Needed to allow the ideas in Science for All Americans (American Association for the Advancement of Science [AAAS], 1989) to become common practice? What kinds of research are needed to ensure informed decision making that will lead to the kind of science literacy for all envisioned by Project 2061 and other science reform efforts? These are .critical questions for a research agenda. The definition of science literacy in Science for All Americans and Benchmarks for Science Literacy (AAAS, 1993) is not limited to the natural sciences; mathematics, technology, and the social sciences are also included. Adding to the complexity of a broad definition of science literacy is the deeper understanding of curriculum that has developed during the last two decades. Correspondingly, educational research has also become far more complex. Together, these factors all contribute to the challenge of developing a blueprint for needed research.
Teacher Education
Authors:   Aaas
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Teacher Education plays an important role in science education reform. Some reformers say that changing teacher education is the first step to dramatic change in science education. Equipping teachers to bring about science literacy for all is certainly an intellectual and practical challenge of great societal importance. But sweeping reform of the teacher education system requires the same tremendous level of effort as reforming other components, such as standards, curriculum, and assessment. Building on the visions and principles of the Holmes Group (1990), many colleges and universities are beginning to respond to this challenge. Partnerships between colleges and K-12 schools, in forming professional development schools, show promise. Another promising initiative is the Science and Mathematics Teacher Education Collaborative Program, which addresses the broad, systemic work needed from teacher educators, scientists, and schools (National Science Foundation, 1995). However, we are still a long way from implementing effective models in the thousands of teacher education programs across the country.
Business and Industry
Authors:   Aaas
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This Chapter Defines Ways for the business community to help implement reform in science, mathematics, and technology education. It discusses business’ current involvement in K-12 reform, and examines ways for business to become involved in the reforms and to help foster an environment in which reforms can succeed. It identifies barriers to successful business involvement in education in general and science reform in particular, and suggests ways for science education reformers to address those barriers and develop and maintain useful relationships with business. Business involvement in pre-college education in America dates to the mid-19th century, when many members of the Whig Party saw economic success and desirable socialization skills, such as punctuality and good work habits, as key goals of education. Business involvement in education reform began early in the 20th century, when the National Association of Manufacturers led a lobbying campaign that resulted in the 1917 passage of the Smith-Hughes Act- legislation that called for standardized testing, guidance counseling, and tracking in the nation’s schools. More recently, business reacted to the Soviet launch of Sputnik and to the Cold War by demanding more engineers and scientists. In the 1980s, reports like A Nation at Risk (National Commission on Excellence in Education, 1983) justified for many business people the idea that education was both a root cause of many economic and social problems and the best hope to remedy these problems.
Track 3: Confronting an ‘‘Alien Race”
Authors: Lewy Guenter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
On December 8, 1938, Himmler issued a decree entitled Combating the Gypsy Plague that spoke of a need to tackle the Gypsy problem in terms of the “inner characteristics of that race.” This was the first decree directed against Gypsies that made explicit reference to race, but, of course, Himmler’s introducing racial terms into the debate over what to do about the “Gypsy nuisance” was hardly surprising. Many Gypsies had a dark complexion, which had long given rise to charges that they represented a foreign element. Hence, it was only a question of time before the Nazis’ policy of cleansing Germany of non-Aryan elements would come to include the Gypsies. Although they were originally from India and therefore presumably of Aryan origin, Gypsies certainly did not resemble the typical “Germanic” (Nordic) type. As I have noted, for the first few years of the Nazi regime, anti-Gypsy measures had been justified primarily on social grounds. Gypsies and Gypsy like itinerants, it had been asserted, were given to crime and generally represented an asocial element. Now the notion that Gypsies constituted an alien and inferior race was added, introducing a powerful new catalyst for anti-Gypsy agitation.
Victims and Perpetrators
Authors: Lewy Guenter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The end of the war found the Gypsy community of Germany and Austria in a seriously weakened condition. Of the more than 13,000 persons deported from the Reich to Auschwitz perhaps as many as 90 percent had failed to return alive. All of the 5,000 Austrian Gypsies sent to Litzmannstadt had perished in the ghetto or had been killed in the gas vans of Chelmno. Survivors were traumatized by the ordeal of camp life, which not only had left them destitute but also deeply demoralized. The routine of the concentrtion camps had violated basic Gypsy customs such as the requirements of ritual purity or the prohibition against being seen naked in public. Many of the elders, who had been models of conduct, were no longer alive. Those who had been sterilized had lost much of their sense of self-worth, for the standing of Gypsy men and women in their families as well as in the larger community depends heavily on fertility. To make things worse, Gypsies often encountered the same treatment at the hands of the new authorities that they had suffered before and during the first years of the Nazi regime.
The Reforms of the I 990s
Authors: Tuohy Carolyn Hughes 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As discussed in chapter 1, the last three decades of the twentieth century saw an evolution of the health policy agenda in which governments became increasingly concerned with controlling the costs of health care, or at least the proportion of those costs borne by public treasuries. The much less buoyant economic and fiscal climates that characterized advanced industrial nations after the oil price shocks of the 1970s and the rise of global competition constrained the ability of governments to meet the level of public expectations for public programs established in more bountiful times—not only in the health care arena, but more generally. Moreover, over the course of this period governments, to varying degrees in different nations, became dissatisfied with blunt budgetary limits as mechanisms of cost control and considered ways in which the incentive structures of public programs, including health insurance programs, could be changed to ensure that public funds were being spent to the greatest effect.
Canada : The Logic of the Single-Payer System
Authors: Tuohy Carolyn Hughes 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In Canada, more than perhaps in any other nation in the late twentieth century, the health care system functioned according to the logic of an accommodation between the medical profession and the state. It was, in economic terms, the logic of an agency relationship in a bilateral monopoly. Under the terms of Canadian medicare, provincial governments were the “single payers” for most medical and hospital services; a single government plan in each province covered a comprehensive range of medical and hospital services; and no private insurance alternatives for coverage of those services existed. Provincial governments, that is, were essentially monopsonists in the medical and hospital services sector. But they exercised their monopsony power in very gross terms. Decisions about the allocation of resources were made through negotiations with the monopoly providers of services, most particularly with the medical profession. And those negotiating relationships left great discretion in the hands of the organized profession to govern the behavior of its members.
Protectibility Of Foreign Works
Authors: Goldstein Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As a rule, a country’s obligation to protect foreign works-a work by a foreign national, for example, or a work first published in another countrywill turn on the terms of its copyright relations with the country in which the work originated. Only rarely, and selectively, will a country extend copyright or neighboring rights protection to a foreign work in the absence of some general or reciprocal treaty relationship with the work’s country of origin. One example is the unconditional and universal extension, as in France and Germany, of protection for at least some of an author’s moral rights.
Miscegenated America
Authors: Samuels Shirley 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter enacts the stresses of what it tries to explicate: competing identities for the American nation between the revolution and the Civil War. Such competitions draw on racial and sexual embodiments even when the text or institution under discussion—such as the Declaration of Independence or the Bank of the United States—appears to be removed from race or sex or body. Such an occlusion may be illustrated by Mark Twain’s description of pulling Those Extraordinary Twins from Pudd’nhead Wilson, an act he calls a “‘literary Caesarean.” Haunted by Twain s image, I want to trace the competing identities within the composite body of America as it moves toward an uncertain gestation.
Women at War
Authors: Samuels Shirley 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The terrifying specter of such heroism may have affected the difficulty warrior women who survived faced in receiving antebellum pensions. However many cases may eventually be documented, the murderous intentions behind such a rampage were hardly confined to participation in battle. The Northern Gail Hamilton’s “A Call to My Country-Women,” for example, complains that “stitching does not … hew traitors in pieces before the Lord.”
School Desegregation
Authors: Klarman Michael J . 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the spring of 1951, black students at segregated Moton High School in Prince Edward County, Virginia, commenced a strike against overcrowding and other unequal conditions in their school. This sort of youthful black militancy, though it was not uncommon in the postwar South, was a stunning departure from white expectations of black subservience in rural Southside, Virginia. Black teachers and parents implicitly supported the students’ activism by not attempting to stifle it. NAACP leaders in Virginia initially tried to discourage the protest because Prince Edward County seemed like such an inhospitable environment in which to challenge Jim Crow education. When the students would not be dissuaded, however, the association’s lawyers agreed to sponsor a lawsuit, but only on the condition that the students and their parents directly attack segregation, which had not been their initial intention. This lawsuit became one of the five consolidated cases that became known to history as Brown v. Board of Education.
Infectious and Noninfectious Inflammatory Diseases Affecting the Spine
Authors: Byrne Thomas N , Benzel Edward C , Waxman Stephen G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Inflammatory diseases of the spine include both infectious and noninfectious causes. In this chapter, we have chosen to discuss infectious causes that generally cause space-occupying lesions, such as epidural and intramedullary abscesses, tuberculosis, and fungal disease. In addition, we discuss noninfectious inflammatory diseases of the vertebral column, such as ankylosing spondylitis and rheumatoid arthritis. Noninfectious inflammatory diseases of the spinal cord, such as demyelinating disease, and viral infections are reviewed in Chapter 8.
Bacterial infections of the spinal cord and its coverings (meningitis excluded) may be classified according to location. An abscess may occur in the epidural space or may be subdural or intramedullary.
Indicators of Shifting Performance
Authors: Miringoff Marc , Miringoff Marque-Luisa 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Much can be learned about the nation’s social health from indicators whose performance has shifted significantly over time. For some indicators this has occurred at one critical point; for others there have been periodic shifts. These course changes have been brought about by a number of factors, including social policy interventions, attitudinal changes in the society, and the cyclical nature of the economy. The indicators showing shifting performance are: Teenage drug use Teenage births Alcohol-related traffic fatalities Affordable housing Unemployment Both teenage drug use and teenage births have experienced several shifts caused by social policy and changes in attitude. Teenage drug use, at its peak during the late 1970s, was addressed by a variety of interventions, and improved during the 1980s. With fewer interventions during the 1990s, it has begun to worsen once again. In contrast, the rate of teenage births rose during the 1980s but has fallen during each of the past six years.
The Politics of Alcohol
Authors: Herlihy Patricia 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
That politics was at the heart of the temperance movement is shown by the fact that physicians and liberals hailed the October Manifesto of 1905, which created the Duma and guaranteed civil rights, as the instrument that freed them from silence on the causes of alcoholism. As Dr. A. M. Korovin exulted in October 1905: “Words were straining to be free but were held back in vices. We spoke earlier of drunkenness but not in connection with the circumstances that generated it.” Up until now, he said, one could thunder against alcoholism as an evil, as a sickness, but one could not identify the causes, such as insufficient education, inadequate food, low wages, or the long working day and unhygienic working conditions. Korovin had been blocked by the authorities from delivering a paper entitled “The Alcohol Problem and the Working Class,” but he boldly asserted that it was the fault of Tsar Nicholas II himself that he had been muzzled. He railed against the arbitrariness of the censorship that would not allow him to connect alcoholism with indigence or, more pointedly, with the regime:
It is not permitted to say that alcohol becomes one of the tools of oppression, namely, that it helps keep the working class in the state of being deceived and in penury, and weakens the mind and will that they patiently bear their yoke with little material security.