bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Convectively generated gravity waves observed from radiosonde data taken during MCTEX
Authors: Lane Todd P. , Reeder Michael J. , Guest Fiona M. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe properties of gravity waves generated by deep tropical convective systems are analysed from radiosonde soundings taken during the Maritime Continent Thunderstorm Experiment, and the results compared against recent cloud‐scale numerical modelling of convectively generated waves. Fluctuations in the ascent rate of the radiosonde are used to characterize the high‐frequency waves, whereas the zonal‐wind fluctuations are used to determine the properties of the inertia–gravity waves. The density‐weighted vertical‐velocity variance shows a pronounced diurnal cycle with the largest‐amplitude gravity waves developing during the early afternoon following the development of deep convection. In contrast, the density‐weighted horizontal‐velocity variance (and, by implication, the inertia–gravity wave activity) shows no diurnal variation. Simple theoretical analysis shows that the observations on 27 November 1995 are consistent with a westward propagating gravity wave with a horizontal wavelength of 17 km and a source frequency equal to 0.007 rad s−1. These findings are consistent also with a high‐resolution numerical model simulation for the same day. Nonetheless, the character of the high‐frequency gravity waves cannot be uniquely determined from a single radiosonde sounding. Copyright © 2003 Royal Meteorological Society
The cost-effectiveness of patient-applied treatments for anogenital warts
Authors: Williams Paul , von Krogh Geo 
Published: April 2003

A model was developed to estimate the cost-effectiveness of podophyllotoxin and imiquimod for self-treatment of anogenital warts. The effectiveness endpoint was sustained clearance after treatment and a subsequent follow-up period of approximately 12 weeks. Effectiveness of podophyllotoxin was estimated from a quantitative summary of nine placebo-controlled trials, while effectiveness of imiquimod was based on a quantitative summary of six placebo-controlled trials. Costs were considered from a UK health service provider perspective; drug acquisition costs were obtained from the British National Formulary and health service costs of clinic attendance were based on a recent survey of GUM clinics. The impact of uncertainty was explored in a wide range of one-way and probabilistic (multi-way) sensitivity analyses. The cost per sustained clearance was 313 for podophyllotoxin and 606 for imiquimod. The modest and statistically insignificant incremental effectiveness of imiquimod was purchased at high cost—2476 per additional sustained clearance. Sensitivity analyses showed the economic superiority of podophyllotoxin to be robust and statistically very significant.
Emulsion polymerization of styrene under pulsed microwave irradiation
Authors: Zhu Xiulin , Chen Jianying , Cheng Zhenping , Lu Jianmei , Zhu Jian 
Published: April 2003

AbstractWe performed the emulsion polymerization of styrene successfully with potassium persulfate (KPS) as an initiator and sodium dodecylsulfonate as an emulsifier under high‐power pulsed microwave irradiation (PMI). We investigated the effects of the temperature, the concentration of initiator, and various parameters of PMI (i.e., irradiation power, duty cycle, irradiation energy, and pulse width) on the polymerization. The results indicated that PMI, compared to conventional heating (CH), caused a significant increase in the decomposition rate of KPS (2.4 times higher than that under CH at about 70°C) and in the amount of particles (5 times higher than that under CH); consequently, the polymerization rate was effectively enhanced. For initiator concentrations of 0.10 and 0.20 wt %, the enhancement of the polymerization rate under PMI was 129 and 38% greater, respectively, than that under CH. The glass‐transition temperature and the regularity composition of the polymers under PMI and CH showed no difference, which indicated that PMI had little effect on the physical properties and microstructure of the polymer. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 28–35, 2003
Equivariant wave maps in two space dimensions
Authors: Struwe Michael 
Published: April 2003

AbstractSingularities of corotational wave maps from (1 + 2)‐dimensional Minkowski space into a surface N of revolution after a suitable rescaling give rise to nonconstant corotational harmonic maps from 𝕊2 into ℕ. In consequence, for noncompact target surfaces of revolution, the Cauchy problem for wave maps is globally well‐posed. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Unsaturated cyclic α‐hydroxyphosphonates
Authors: Shi De‐Qing , Sheng Zi‐Liang , Liu Xiao‐Peng , Wu Hong 
Published: April 2003

AbstractIn an attempt to find novel plant growth regulators, a series of unsaturated cyclic α‐hydroxyphosphonates were synthesized by the addition reactions of 4‐aryl‐5,5‐dimethyl‐1,3,2‐dioxaphosphinane 2‐oxides with 5‐aryl‐2E,4E‐pentadienaldehydes. The cis and trans isomers of the products were isolated. The structures of all products were confirmed by elemental analyses and by NMR and IR spectroscopy or MS. The results of preliminary bioassay indicate that the title compounds possess potential inhibitory activity on the elongation of wheat coleoptile. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 14:266–268, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10039
Budding as a useful prognostic marker in pT3 well‐ or moderately‐differentiated rectal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Okuyama Takashi , Oya Masatoshi , Ishikawa Hiroshi 
Published: April 2003

AbstractBackgroundBudding along the invasive margin is reported to be associated with greater malignant potential in colorectal adenocarcinoma. We examined the prognostic significance of budding in patients with pT3 rectal carcinoma, particularly in comparison to other routine pathological findings.MethodsSurgically resected specimens from 83 well‐ or moderately‐differentiated pT3 rectal adenocarcinomas were studied. All resections were curative (R0), and the median postoperative follow‐up was 47 months. We examined the presence of budding according to Morodomi's criteria, using hematoxylin‐eosin stained sections.ResultsBudding was found in 48 patients (57.9%). The incidence of budding was significantly higher in lesions displaying lymphatic invasion and lymph‐node metastasis than in those without (P < 0.0001). Both local recurrence and liver metastasis were more frequent in patients with budding‐positive lesions (P < 0.002 and 0.02, respectively). Moreover, postoperative survival was significantly decreased in patients with budding‐positive lesions than in those with budding‐negative lesions (cumulative 5‐year survival rate were 51.8 and 85.0%, respectively: P < 0.002). Multivariate proportional hazard model revealed that the presence of budding was the only significant co‐factor of postoperative survival.ConclusionsBudding is a pathological marker suggesting high malignant potential and decreased postoperative survival in patients with well‐ or moderately‐differentiated pT3 rectal adenocarcinoma. J. Surg. Oncol. 2003;83:42–47. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Duodenal ulcer prevalence: research into the nature of possible protective dietary lipids
Authors: Paul Jayaraj A. , Tovey Frank I. , Hobsley Michael 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe varying geographical prevalence of duodenal ulceration has suggested a relationship to staple diet. Previous experiments on animal peptic ulcer models showed that certain foods, particularly the lipid fraction, are ulceroprotective. This paper reports experiments on animal models further to investigate the nature of the protective substances in the most active lipid, that of horse gram. The free fatty acids and triglycerides, sterols, sterol esters and phospholipids from horse gram were extracted and tested for protective activity on rat peptic ulcer models: the pyloric ligation model which is chronic, involving 14 days pre‐feeding, and two acute models using ethanol or cysteamine to induce ulceration. The results showed that sterol esters, but not sterols, were protective in the pyloric ligation model. Sterols were protective in the acute models using ethanol‐induced and cysteamine‐induced ulceration. Phospholipids were protective in both types of model. The free fatty acids and triglycerides gave no protection using the pyloric ligation model.The presence of sterols, sterol esters and phospholipids in the lipid fraction of foods in staple diets may account for the low prevalence of duodenal ulcer in certain geographical areas, despite a uniformly high prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Infrastructure and flexible manufacturing technology: Theory development
Authors: Maffei Mary Jo , Meredith Jack 
Published: April 2003

AbstractMany firms have installed flexible manufacturing technologies but have not achieved the expected benefits. While considerable research has been conducted on the difficulty of implementing advanced forms of technology, this study investigated the operational infrastructure required to benefit from the routine use of such technology. Six in‐depth case studies were conducted to ascertain the performance impact of three areas of the operational infrastructure: the operator's role, the production planning systems and the integration of technology with the organization. Performance was evaluated in terms of quality, marketing, responsiveness, cost/productivity, inventory and on‐time delivery. Based on the insights from the case studies, eleven propositions and three conceptual models identifying the impact of specific infrastructure elements on the benefits attained from the use of flexible manufacturing technology were developed.
Scheduling outpatient appointments in a dynamic environment
Authors: Klassen Kenneth J. , Rohleder Thomas R. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe primary issue addressed in this research is how to schedule clients as they call for appointments, without knowing which “types” of clients will call at a later time. The main goal is to compare various scheduling rules in order to minimize the waiting time of the clients as well as the idle time of the service provider. Interviews with receptionists verified that they have knowledge regarding differences between clients' service time characteristics. This information is used both to differentiate between clients and to develop various scheduling rules for those clients. A simulation model of a dynamic medical outpatient environment is developed based on insight gained from the interviews and from prior research.Two decision variables are analyzed (“scheduling rule” and “position of appointment slots left unscheduled for potential urgent calls”) while two environmental factors are varied (“expected mean of the clients' service time”, and “expected percentage of clients with low service time standard deviation compared to those with high service time standard deviation”). This resulted in 30 combinations of decision variables, each tested within 15 combinations of environmental factors. By using multiple performance measures, it is possible to improve considerably on some of the “best” rules found in the current literature. The “best” decisions depend on the goals of the particular clinic as well as the environment it encounters. However, good or best results can be obtained in all cases if clients with large service time standard deviations are scheduled toward the end of the appointment session. The best positioning of slots left open for urgent clients is less clear cut, but options are identified for each of a number of possible clinic goals.
Effects of gangliosides on the in vitro development of neuroblastoma cells: An ultrastructural study
Authors: Spoerri P. E. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe role of gangliosides in neuronal differentiation was studied by adding a mixture of bovine brain gangliosides to mouse neuroblastoma cells which were induced to differentiate through the application of γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) or sodium bromide (NaBr). GABA or NaBr was applied to 5‐day‐old cultures at concentrations ranging from 10−4 to 10−5M. The cells were exposed to these substances over short periods of time (2 days). A mixture of bovine brain gangliosides was added to the 7‐day‐old cultures for 24–28 h. Electron microscopy revealed that ganglioside‐induced morphological differentiation was accompanied by a significant number of mature synapse‐like contacts. The GM1 gangliosides fraction apparently plays an important role in the formation of mature synapses, since none were observed when the GM1 was removed from the ganglioside mixture.
Fine structure of the human fetal cervical ganglia
Authors: Helén Pauli , Hervonen Antti 
Published: April 2003

AbstractCervical sympathetic ganglia from nine human fetuses in the second trimester were studied by light‐, fluorescence‐ and electronmicroscopy. Within ganglia granule‐containing cells, corresponding to the small intensely fluorescent (SIF) cells, were sparsely distributed along capillaries. Satellite cells were interspersed among neuronal cell types. All stages of the developing sympathetic ganglion cells were present. Primitive sympathetic ganglion cells (PSC) had dark nuclei and scanty cytoplasm in which the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) was not organized. These cells often contacted each other vs the more mature pattern of satellite cell support. Neuroblasts had more voluminous cytoplasm, RER was more apparent than in the PSCs and dense‐cored vesicles and mitochondria were more frequently seen. Their diameter was between 5 and 20 μm. The most mature neuronal cell type, the young sympathetic ganglion cell, was often covered by satellite cells, but synaptic contacts often appeared on the somata. Maturity of the cells was underscored by an abundant RER and ribosomes organized as Nissl bodies. Indeed all the organelles typical of an adult ganglion cell were present and fully developed, although in smaller amounts. However, the diameter (20–30 μm) of the cells was smaller than in adult ganglia. All ganglia examined possessed mature axodendritic and axosomatic synapses. Large dense‐cored vesicles were found in some neuroblasts and in young sympathetic ganglion cells. However, neither cytoplasmic nor synaptic small dense‐cored vesicles were seen. These morphological results correlate with pharmacological and immunohistochemical data on human fetal tissue which show that both cholinergic and adrenergic receptors, catecholamine‐synthesizing enzymes and enkephalin are developed by the end of the first trimester.
Long‐term reduction in spontaneous alternations after early exposure to phenobarbital
Authors: Pick Chaim G. , Yanai Joseph 
Published: April 2003

AbstractSpontaneous alternation behavior is related to the integrity of the hippocampus. Our earlier studies demonstrated hippocampal deficits after early phenobarbital (PhB) exposure. In the present study, we examined spontaneous alternation of mice who had been exposed to PhB prenatally or neonatally. Prenatal PhB was administered transplacentally: pregnant females were fed 3 g PhB/kg milled food on gestation days 9–18. Neonates were treated directly with daily injections of 50 mg PhB/kg on postnatal days 2–22. The animals were tested for spontaneous alternation in a T maze at the ages of 22, 28, 35 and 42 days. The test was conducted at each age for two consecutive days. A maximum of four alternations were allowed on the first day, and one alternation on the second day. Animals treated neonatally had reductions in alternation from the control group for every age group. Looking at the mean of the four trials on the first day there was a reduction of 35% at age 22 (P < 0.001), 8% at age 28, 21% at age 35 (P < 0.05) and 36% at age 42 (P < 0.02). On the second day the respective reductions were 32, 19, 24 and 36% (P < 0.05). The differences in alternation between animals treated with PhB prenatally and the control group were too small to reach statistical significance. Subsequently a more sensitive test, delayed spontaneous alternation (30 s), was applied to an additional group of animals at age 42 which had been prenatally exposed to PhB: 31% reduction from the control group was found on day 1 (P < 0.001), and 34% on day 2 (P < 0.02). The greater differences after neonatal as opposed to prenatal administration could be related to the more extensive hippocampal damage that was found in adults after neonatal treatment.
Neurogenesis in the olfactory tubercle and islands of Calleja in the rat
Authors: Bayer Shirley A. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractNeurogenesis in the rat olfactory tubercle and islands of Calleja was examined with [3H]thymidine autoradiography. Animals in the prenatal groups were the offspring of pregnant females given an injection of [3H]thymidine on two consecutive gestational days. Ten groups of embryos (E) were exposed to [3H]thymidine on E12–E13, E13–E14 4 E21–E22, respectively. Three groups of postnatal animals (P) were given four consecutive injections of [3H]thymidine on P0–P3, P2–P5, and P4–P7, respectively. On P60, the percentage of labeled cells and the proportion of cells originating during either 24 or 48 h periods were quantified at several anatomical levels. Three populations of neurons were studied: (1) large cells in layer III, (2) small to medium‐sized cells in layers II and III, and in the striatal bridges, (3) granule cells in the islands of Calleja. Neurogenesis is sequential between these three populations with No. 1 oldest and No. 3 youngest. The large neurons in layer III originate mainly between E13 and E16 in a strong lateral‐to‐medial gradient. Neurons in population No. 2 are generated between E15 and E20, also in a lateral‐to‐medial gradient; neurogenesis is simultaneous along the superficialdeep plane. Granule cells in the smaller islands of Calleja are generated between E17 and E22 in combined lateral‐to‐medial and superficial‐to‐deep gradients. Neurons in the large island of Calleja are generated mainly between E19 and E22 in a strong rostral‐to‐caudal gradient. Neurogenesis is reduced to < 10% in both populations No. 2 and No. 3, occurring mainly between P0 and P4. The neurogenetic patterns in populations No. 2 and No. 3 are similar to those in the striatum, while neurogenesis in population No. 1 fits into the pattern of the globus pallidus and substantia innominata. These developmental patterns indicate that the olfactory tubercle is a mixed striato‐pallidal system rather than an olfactory cortical area. The lateral‐to‐medial neurogenetic gradient shown in each neuronal population in the olfactory tubercle correlates with both differential anatomical projections and differential neurochemical characteristics along the lateral‐medial plane.
Effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on neural cells in mice
Authors: Blakley Patricia M. , Fedoroff Sergey 
Published: April 2003

AbstractPregnant DBA/1J mice were treated orally with 1.0 or 2.0 g/kg ethanol from days 11–17 of gestation to determine whether ethanol can perturb normal brain development. On gestational day 18 the fetuses were removed and fetal growth parameters were determined. The cerebrums from one group of fetuses were subsequently analyzed for cell number and protein content. The remaining cerebrums were assayed for their ability to grow in an in vitro cell culture system. Prenatal ethanol exposure decreased fetal body and brain weights and crown‐rump length. The brain was particularly affected as indicated by a decreased brain: body wt ratio. The percentage of affected and marginally affected fetuses increased in a dose‐dependent manner. While the number of cells/brain was unaffected, the number of cells/g cerebrum and the number of cells/mg cerebral protein was increased. Prenatal ethanol exposure decreased the ability of cerebral cells to grow in culture as demonstrated by the reduced plating efficiency and reduced colony size.The data from the present study suggest that ethanol induces a two‐fold effect on mouse brain development. First, since the total number of cells/brain was not appreciably affected by prenatal ethanol treatment, it is possible that the reduction in brain size is due to a decreased amount of neuropil. This putative effect on the neuropil was manifested in vitro by decreased colony area. Second, the decreased plating efficiency of cells from brains of affected fetuses suggests that these cells are not functionally normal. These effects may be important in the pathogenesis of central nervous system anomalies associated with the Fetal Alcohol Syndrome.
Postnatal development of glutamate metabolizing enzymes in hippocampus from mice
Authors: Kvamme E. , Svenneby G. , Torgner I. AA. , Drejer J. , Schousboe A. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe specific activity profiles of the glutamate synthesizing enzymes, phosphate activated glutaminase (EC 3.5.1.2), aspartate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.1), glutamate dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.1.2) and ornithine aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.13) have been followed postnatally for 28 days in mouse hippocampus and compared to corresponding profiles in cerebellum and cerebral cortex (cf. refs 10 and 18). Phosphate activated glutaminase and glutamate dehydrogenase showed activity patterns similar to those found for cerebellum and glutamatergic granula cells cultured from cerebellum, whereas the aspartate aminotransferase activity pattern was found to be more similar to that previously observed for cerebral cortex as well as cultured cerebral interneurons which are likely to be GABAergic. The specific activity of ornithine aminotransferase was essentially unaltered during postnatal development, which is similar to what has been found for cerebellum and cerebral cortex.
Nerve growth factor in medium conditioned by embryonic chicken heart cells
Authors: Norrgren Gunilla , Ebendal Ted 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe present report demonstrates that embryonic chicken heart cells in culture release different nerve growth promoting factors to their culture medium, one which is biologically and immunologically similar to mouse gland βNGF. Serum‐free heart cell conditioned medium thus promoted neurite outgrowth from sympathetic and ciliary ganglia and supported survival of dissociated ciliary neurons. The addition of affinity purified antibodies against mouse βNGF does substantially but not completely inhibit the fibre outgrowth from sympathetic ganglia, but does not to any extent diminish the effects on the parasympathetic neurons. The chicken NGF recovered from polyacrylamide gels after electrophorcsis greatly enhanced sympathetic fibre outgrowth, an activity completely suppressive by anti‐βNGF antibodies. We conclude that a chicken NGF is being produced by the embryonic heart cells in culture and that this factor may be produced also in the embryo to fulfill a role in heart innervation.
Embryonic development of mevalonate metabolism by sterol and nonsterol pathways in chick brain and liver
Authors: Marco C. , González‐Pacanowska D. , Garcia‐Peregrin E. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe embryonic development of the sterol and nonsterol mevalonate metabolism has been investigated in chick brain and liver. The shunt pathway of mevalonate was negligible in both tissues throughout 10–21 days of embryo development. Mevalonate incorporation into nonsaponifiable lipids was higher in liver than in brain. A pronounced peak was found in liver at 12 days of incubation, while only small differences were observed in brain. Lanosterol and cholesterol were the major sterols synthesized in brain, followed by desmosterol and squalene. Their relative percentages did not change significantly during 10–16 days and slightly decreased thereafter. In liver, cholesterol and equalene were the major sterols observed during the first days of incubation with a developmental pattern similar to that found in the mevalonate incorporation into nonsaponifiable lipids, while relative percentage of squalene oxides sharply increased between 12 and 16 days of embryonic development. The importance of cholesterol esters accumulation in the inhibition of cholesterogenic activity is discussed.