bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Between the Agile East and the Apathetic West: Central Europe, 1935-1937
Authors: Lukes Igor 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the spring of 1935 Joseph Stalin’s Kremlin had established itself as one of the busiest centers of power in Europe. Anthony Eden visited the Soviet Union in late March, Pierre Laval followed him in May, then came the Czechoslovak delegation. Minister Edvard Benes’s entourage had barely left Moscow when an altogether different group of foreign visitors arrived on official business. Some five hundred foreign communists representing sixty-five parties descended on the city to attend the 7th Congress of the Communist International (Comintern). The meeting was long overdue. Despite enormous organizational endeavors orchestrated from Moscow, the international communist movement was adrift. Intuitively, communists were inclined to resist the growth of Nazi power, but the Kremlin was playing a high-stakes strategic game in which the rules tended to change quite abruptly. Even the most weathered members of the international movement found Moscow’s instructions, as well as the periods of its occasional silence, unfathomable. The Kremlin’s orders to the foot soldiers of organized communism in Europe seemed sometimes so counterintuitive that many parties were broken into factions, a serious violation in the eyes of the Moscow center. It was not hard to understand why Moscow had failed to instruct its legions regarding Nazism. Stalin and his colleagues could not make up their minds: Was Hitler a mortal enemy? Was he a potential ally? Or could he be used to prepare the ground for a communist offensive? For a long time, no one had an answer.
Beneš and the Tukhachevsky Affair: New Evidence from the Archives in Prague and Moscow
Authors: Lukes Igor 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In September 1936 military diplomats and invited specialists from around the world watched large-scale Red Army maneuvers in Byelorussia. They were favorably impressed. The climax of the war games involved a parachute deployment and the reassembly, in battle formation, of more than a thousand men armed with machine guns and equipped with light artillery pieces. This was received as a sensation by the large group of foreign military observers. Even at the height of World War II the event was still viewed as groundbreaking. If the Red Army was found to be a considerable fighting force in the fall of 1936, Western specialists’ views changed dramatically within eight months. Between 1937 and 1938, the officer corps of the Soviet armed forces was more than decimated in a gigantic purge. One by one, the leaders of the Red Army confessed, according to laconically formulated newspaper articles, to high treason; they were spies for Nazi Germany. The purge weakened the Red Army and caused its perceived importance in European affairs to decline sharply.
Lord Runciman and Comrade Zhdanov: Western and Soviet Policies toward Czechoslovakia from June to Early September 1938
Authors: Lukes Igor 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The partial mobilization of the Czechoslovak army in May turned, at least for a fleeting moment, into a near triumph for the Prague government. It seemed that Hitler had lost initiative. Rumors started to circulate in Berlin that the Fuhrer was in one of his ‘‘black moods’’ and that he would try to regain momentum by occupying the Sudetenland before the opening of the Nazi party congress scheduled to take place at Nuremberg in September. The leadership of the Czechoslovak army responded to this threat by requesting that the Prague government pass a law adding another twelve months to the existing two-year military service obligation. Meanwhile, an additional forty thousand reservists were called up, and the Goebbels propaganda machine appeared to have stalled when confronted with units of the Czechoslovak army deployed along the fortified borders. The tension between Prague and Berlin was such that a few cannon shots fired in error could have set in motion what many had come to fear: another war in Europe.
The Medieval Church as a Multidivisional Finn
Authors: Ekelund Robert B , Hébert Robert F , Tollison Robert D , Anderson Gary M , Davidson Audrey B 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
For the first three centuries of its corporate existence, Christianity thrived as a kind of underground movement, loosely organized and highly decentralized. The formal character of the Catholic Church, the single institution that came to embody Christianity in its official capacity, emerged as a result of the Edict of Milan in A.D. 313. In its early organizational structure, the primary authorities within the Church were bishops, who appointed and supervised priests at the parish level. By the time of Charlemagne, bishops were normally selected, or “invested,” by monarchs of the countries in which their dioceses were located.
Attempts to Maintain Market Dominance
Authors: Ekelund Robert B , Hébert Robert F , Tollison Robert D , Anderson Gary M , Davidson Audrey B 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As a monopolist, the Church had to protect its “market” against entry by competitive firms. The product—assurances of eternal salvation—was sur rounded by doctrinal characteristics and conditions that had to be met in order to attain the final good. The power to interpret the Bible and to estab lish dogma, a set of principles that defined the product, was therefore of necessity accompanied by forms of entry control to protect the Church’s monopoly position. Those who challenged the medieval Church’s authority in this regard were considered to be transgressors, and the medieval Church wielded two major threats of punishment. Both involved exclusion, or expulsion, from the ranks of the “saved.” The first, excommunication, was fearsome and broadbased. The second, sanctions against heresy and witchcraft, was narrower in scope and more violent in practice.
High Stakes and Low Stakes in Assigning and Responding to Writing
Authors: Elbow Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The goal of low-stakes assignments is not to produce excellent pieces of writing but to get students to think, learn, and understand the course material. Low-stakes writing is usually informal and tends to be graded informally. In a sense we get to throw away the low-stakes writing itself, but keep the neural changes it produced in students’ heads. High-stakes assignments also produce learning, but they are more fraught because students know they are writing to be judged—and we have to do the judging.
Introduction: The Cold War as History
Authors: Mastny Vojtech 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Rarely has the present receded into the past more quickly than in the years that followed the end of the Cold War. Normally, people sense a continuity; even after great wars that break it do they feel an urge to come to grips with their recent experience by relating it to their new condition. No such urge has grown out of the sudden and unexpected denouement of the East-West conflict, breeding instead the bizarre notion that history itself may have ended. Although a proliferation of crises soon exposed the fallacy of such a notion, the forty-year rivalry has continued to fade from memory. That a contest of such intensity and magnitude could safely be relegated to oblivion would seem too good to be true; even if it were so, the reasons why would all the more cry for an explanation.
This book would long have been finished if the disappearance of its protagonist—the Soviet Union—had not intervened while the research was in progress, thus changing the perspective, though not necessarily the substance, of the argument. What used to be an open-ended development became closed, thus allowing us to see not only how the Cold War started but also how it ended. At the same time, our ability to tell what really happened and why has vastly increased. The partial opening of Russian archives and the eagerness of Soviet witnesses to testify have added the inside dimension that was previously missing. It has become possible not only to conceive of the Cold War as history but also to study it as such.
Stalin’s Quest for Soviet Security
Authors: Mastny Vojtech 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Created by a minority coup rather than by exertion of popular will, the Soviet state was always intrinsically insecure. It was the product of momentary confusion during an avoidable war rather than of any insoluble internal crisis of the tsarist regime it replaced. Its founders did not consider it secure unless the revolution they promoted to keep themselves in power would triumph abroad as well. Although they tried their best to spread it, they did not succeed; disunity among their enemies nevertheless allowed their state to survive and grow. All the same, as taught by Marxist doctrine, they continued to insist that the outside world remained implacably hostile. Whether this was true or not, their constant perception of a threat prevented Soviet leaders from ever feeling sufficiently secure. This made them different from other leaders, and Stalin more different than most.
The Specter of Communism September 1947–June 1948
Authors: Mastny Vojtech 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Never since Karl Marx had invoked the specter of communism in 1848 were its devotees so numerous, self-confident, and responsive to a single command than one hundred years later—in 1947. The Soviet victory in World War II and the resulting rise of the “fatherland of socialism” to a great power had bolstered the worldwide appeal of the idea, convincing even some of its adversaries that it might be the wave of the future. No less crucial had been the growth of Stalin’s personal prestige, making him more capable than ever before or after of advancing the communist cause—if he wanted to—by imposing his leadership upon willing followers. It was a unique opportunity to use or to lose.
Once Moscow had damned the Marshall Plan and made its Eastern European clients follow suit, its trusted man on the French party politburo, Jacques Duclos, expected its new directives to come soon. By the end of July, however, they still had not arrived; what came instead was an invitation to a conspiratorial meeting of representatives of Europe’s main communist parties at the Polish resort of Szklarska Port!ba on September 22.
A Harvest of Blunders June 1948–April 1949
Authors: Mastny Vojtech 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
While in fomenting the German crisis Stalin had largely been reacting, he was in full control of the Yugoslav one, which was of his own creation. Planning showdowns in two different places simultaneously showed how badly he needed a success. In Berlin, the prize was inflicting a diplomatic defeat upon the Americans that would shatter their credibility as protectors of Western Europe; in Belgrade, Stalin’s credibility as the undisputed master of Eastern Europe was at stake. If successful, he would be able to achieve in two bold strokes Soviet supremacy in both parts of the Continent—something that had eluded him after World War II. If he were to fail, however, the result would be bolstering American ascendancy in the Cold War even more while breaking the unity of international communism, with potentially disastrous consequences for the integrity of his own empire.
The Berlin blockade started surreptitiously; from contemporary documents, it even is difficult to tell exactly when it did. Ever since May 1948, Soviet authorities had been harassing Western traffic in and out of the city; the lack of a firm response did not discourage them from trying more. On June 17, the Soviet walkout from the Berlin Kommandatura signaled a desire for confrontation, though not necessarily a definite plan of action.
On the Defensive January 1951–March 1952
Authors: Mastny Vojtech 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The incipient Korean stalemate, reassuring though it may have been for Stalin in the short run, was hardly suited to allay his concern about the war’s possible long-term repercussions. From his perspective, even if the Americans felt too weak to expand the hostilities beyond the Far East, for that very reason they might want to compensate for their weakness in that area by increasing pressure on his vulnerable Eastern European periphery. In anticipating their challenge, should he try to appease them by facilitating a negotiated peace in Asia? Or should he rather do his best to lock them in a prolonged confrontation with the Chinese, while preparing for a perhaps inevitable showdown in Europe? These were Stalin’s unappealing strategic choices in early 1951.
As long as the Chinese appeared to be capable of winning despite having been pushed out of South Korea in early February, Stalin shunned his choices. On the 16th he told Pravda that the United States was going to lose and should accept the terms demanded by Beijing.
Turning Culture into News: Literature
Authors: Sommerville C John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
By the time that the Tatler was dismissing science, it would have been widely understood that the public was moving on to other interests. For the interval had seen the development of literary periodicals. More surprising, it would not be long before England saw the development of an imaginative literature that turned news discourse into an art form.In July 1691, four months after the appearance of the Athenian Mercury, a general review appeared in London. The Works of the Learned, or An Historical Account and Impartial Judgment of Books newly printed, both Foreign and Domestic was edited monthly by a Huguenot immigrant, Jean de la Crose, who had experience in this line on the continent. In fact, it was de la Crose whose translations had been marketed in the unsuccessful Universal Historical Bibliotheque (1687), noted earlier. So it was his own experience that made him lament that his adopted England was behind Europe in the matter of reviews: “The great Encouragement they have received in Holland, France, Germany, etc.... seems to reproach us for having so long neglected it.”‘ Science might be well served in England, but the other areas of scholarship—history, literary criticism, theology, travel, for example-were not.
Issues Facing the Church
Authors: Camp Roderic Ai 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The primary issues facing the Mexican Catholic Church cannot easily be separated into temporal and spiritual or political and nonpolitical issues. Most of the significant problems for the Church since the 1970s have important, secular implications, often of a political nature. Nevertheless, the Church’s posture on human rights, liberation theology, and Protestantism, which are grouped together for rea sons of convenience rather than for scholarly logic, do share stronger theological foundations than the more temporal political issues such as elections and voting analyzed in chapter 3. One of the most important moral issues, one that places the Church squarely in the political arena in Mexico, is that of human rights.
Human rights and the clergy’s role first received attention in South and Central America. In the region south of Mexico, where repressive military regimes dominated during most of the 1970s, many bishops and clergy were sensitized to the “close relationship between the existing unequal arrangement of economic and political power and the systematic violation of civil rights of individuals and groups.”
Becoming a Priest
Authors: Camp Roderic Ai 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A primary theme of this book is to explain how Church leaders and prominent politicians view each other. I believe that the experiences that form both politicians and bishops contribute to their attitudes and values in general and to their social, political, and religious beliefs in particular. One of the variables that explains some personal qualities is why an individual chooses to make a life career out of one profession versus another. Comparisons between politicians and bishops are especially revealing because these two groups of individuals exercise, or have the potential for exercising, enormous influence over society, and despite their obvious differences of emphasis, share many leadership skills.
Educating the Clergy
Authors: Camp Roderic Ai 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Well-developed institutions, regardless of purpose or profession, generate for mal and informal patterns for selecting and promoting future leaders. In Mexico, informal qualities such as kinship ties or personal friendships often exercise greater influence in both the choice and progress of future public leaders. Formally, education plays a significant role, not just in terms of level and quality of education but where it occurs. A politician’s education, therefore, brings that individual in contact with present and future public figures. Among Mexican entrepreneurial elites, family is overwhelmingly the determining variable in arriving at the post of chief executive officer of a major corporation.In the Mexican military, which shares more similarities with the Church, given its in-house training structures, than do the private and public sectors, educational experiences establish lifelong linkages among officers, and certain levels have become a sine qua non for achieving the rank of general.3
The Color of Money
Authors: Campos Paul F 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In their majestic equality our laws forbid the rich and poor alike to sleep under bridges, to beg in the streets, and to steal their bread. This is supposed to strike the audience as absurd: Ralph can hardly be praised for resisting the temptation to be what he cannot be in order to remain what he surely is-an Englishman. Today, when we have come to accept that so much of reality is socially constructed rather than being a reflection of some objectively immutable order of things, there is no longer anything absurd about the idea of choosing to remain a member of one nationality rather than becoming something (or someone) else.
Leaving Las Vegas
Authors: Campos Paul F 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A crowd of 150 men is gathered around a huge television screen, shouting at the top of its collective lungs. The scene is the sports book at a gigantic Las Vegas casino, the eponymous Mirage, and the occasion is the final minute of a college football game. Coming upon this display of unbridled passion a naive visitor assumes the contest must truly be hanging in the proverbial balance. He is in fact correct, but not in the sense he imagines.
Toward A General Theory of Unicorns
Authors: Campos Paul F 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Once upon a time people believed that unicorns, like owls, doves, and salamanders, lived deep in the vernal gloom of the forest. Because unicorns were reputed to be especially clever and shy creatures, they were very difficult to find; indeed they were rarely ever spotted except in poor light, flitting between the shadows of mossy trees, or disappearing behind the sudden bend of a glittering stream. Despite these impediments to their systematic study, elaborate accounts nevertheless developed concerning their habits, appearance, and likely whereabouts. The biology and psychology of the unicorn were subjects of immense learning; comprehensive treatises were composed; competing theories jostled for attention; and scholars argued in heated conventicles, disputing the value of each other’s evidence, interpretations, and methods.
Introduction: Enduring Imprints of the Longer Past
Authors: Gordon Andrew 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The rulers who took power in 1868 initiated changes that amounted to a modern revolution in Japan. To understand this time of transformation one must first pay close attention to the political, social, and cultural order that came together in the 1600s and to the many changes of the 1700s and 1800s. That history, of what is called the Tokugawa era (after the name of the ruling family), is the focus of Part 1. Before examining this fascinating period, however, newcomers to the study of early modern and modern Japan must be introduced to key features of geography, politics and international relations, and culture stretching back much further in time, all of which remained important in the modern era.
The Tokugawa Polity
Authors: Gordon Andrew 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The tumultuous changes of modern times in Japan unfolded against the backdrop of more than two centuries of unprecedented peace and social order. This era, called the Tokugawa period after the family name of Japan’s military rulers between 1600 and 1868, has left a variety of images for later ages. The Tokugawa order was bolstered by harsh laws and restrictions on social and geographic mobility. Officials are said to have ruled by the motto, “Sesame seeds and peasants are very much alike.
The Overthrow of the Tokugawa
Authors: Gordon Andrew 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the decades around 1800, whalers, merchant ships, and gunboats from Europe and the United States appeared in Japanese waters with alarming frequency, pressing their claims with increasing persistence. They were powerful symbols and emissaries of the capitalist and nationalist revolutions that were just then transforming Euro-American societies and reaching beyond to transform the world. In Japan they turned a chronic low-grade crisis into an acute, revolutionary situation.
The Samurai Revolution
Authors: Gordon Andrew 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
However, if we compare this situation of 1868 in any aspect—political, economic, social, cultural—to that of just a decade later, the changes are breath taking and fully merit the term revolution. Of course, no society ever totally severs itself from its past, and Japan was no exception. But the range and depth of change were astonishing to observers at the time. It remains so when looking back after 150 years. One of the most insightful contemporaneous observers was a British scholar named Basil Hall Chamberlain.
The Depression Crisis and Responses
Authors: Gordon Andrew 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
From the 1890s through the 1920s a hybrid politics of imperial democracy had emerged in Japan. The political order was anchored by a modernized imperial institution, which looked to the British monarchy as a model and anxiously offered space for a significant degree of pluralism. Organizations of landlords and businessmen, factory workers and tenant farmers, and women and men pursued their goals in a messy politics of confrontation and compromise.
Economic and Social Transformations
Authors: Gordon Andrew 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Japanese economy expanded at a stunning pace from 1950 through the early 1970s. These two decades, beginning with the Korean War boom, have come to be called the “era of high speed growth” by historians. At unprecedented speed, Japan changed from a site of destruction and poverty to a place of prosperity. How did this happen? The so-called economic miracle was in part produced through the transforming magic of the market. But in important and distinctive ways, it was a managed miracle guided by the Japanese state.
Global Power in a Polarized World: Japan in the 1980s
Authors: Gordon Andrew 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The emergence of Japan as a prosperous, confident, and peaceful nation was a striking development of postwar global history. At home, from the 1970s through the 1980s, some people swelled with pride bordering on arrogance at national achievements. They chafed at the jealous criticism of foreigners. Some spoke nostalgically of the vanishing of older ways of life. They worried that the younger generation had lost the focused commitment of their seniors. Others argued for a greater openness to the world, more tolerance of variety, or more equality in the worlds of men and women.