bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New Recruits for the Cult of Thinness: Young Girls, Men, and Ethnic Women
Authors: Hesse-Biber Sharlene 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The average fashion model is white, S feet 10 inches tall, and weighs 110 pounds. She is approximately 30 pounds less than the average American teenage girl, and almost six inches taller. Her looks are relatively rare, yet her image is so pervasive that it is difficult for girls to see themselves as anything but “wrong” in comparison.
Size, shape, and genetic variation in feral pigeons
Authors: Johnston Richard F , Janiga Marián 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Body size is one of the most important qualities of birds, and it dictates the range of activities of any species as well as the manner in which any activity is under taken. Shape, whether of the body or any of its parts, similarly permits and constrains activities. Size and shape thus are sufficiently fundamental that specialists claim information on body mass allows accurate prediction of any aspect of a bird’ s natural history--flight speed, territory size, the size of body organs, energy requirements, age at maturity, lifespan, incubation period, heart rate and so on (Calder 1985; Jones 1991; Peters 1983). Moreover, the way in which activities are undertaken is likewise influenced by body size.
Development: fledglings
Authors: Johnston Richard F , Janiga Marián 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Body weights of juvenile feral pigeons tend to be similar from different localities. The average weight of juvenile ferals from Ithaca, New York (Edrich and Keeton 1977) was not significantly different from that of juveniles at Manchester, England (Murton et al. 1972b). In such a study, comparisons must be made only of samples from the same seasonal periods, because body weights of pigeons of any age vary through the year. For example, at Montreal, Canada, juveniles weighed 253 to 283 g (n = 96) in July and August and 330 to 350 g in winter (Levesque and McNeil 1986).
Fligh
Authors: Johnston Richard F , Janiga Marián 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Birds are capable of flying in various ways. Such capabilities may be due to variation in the basic structure of birds an albatross does not fly like a falcon, nor like a sparrow (and none fly like an airplane, as Rayner notes in the quote above). But even within a species, manner of flight varies, and hovering differs from cruising flight, fast flight from slow, and so it goes. Specialists now speak of “flight gaits” (Rayner 1986) in much the same way as they refer to mammalian locomotory gaits.
Orientation and navigation
Authors: Johnston Richard F , Janiga Marián 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
You might suppose that in summarizing what is known about orientation and navigation in pigeons we would be forced to rely on information from studies of domestic homing pigeons. But, you would be right only up to a point. Beyond that point, the uncanny truth about orientation and navigation of pigeons is that not only are feral pigeons reasonably good at it (Edrich and Keeton 1977) but wild Rock Pigeons have just about the same abilities (Visalberghi et al. 1978). As we have noted elsewhere in this volume for other aspects of biology, the differences between wild and feral pigeons and homing pigeons in orientation and navigation are largely ones of degree.
The Description and Meaning of Insight in Psychosis
Authors: Amador Xavier F , Kronengold Henry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Clinicians treating individuals with schizophrenia and other psychoses have long been struck by the seeming indifference or unawareness many of these patients display in regard to their own illness. People diagnosed with psychotic disorders have similarly been frustrated with their friends, family members, and doctors who insist they have a serious mental illness when they know that they do not. Owing to its prevalence and to disruption of the therapist-patient relationship, this type of discrepancy in perspective-or what we in the mental health field have labeled “poor insight” -has become integral to our conception of particular psychoses. Poor insight often frustrates attempts by clinicians and concerned family members to render assistance and treatment. Such patients, feeling coerced into accepting medications for an illness they don’t believe they have, understandably resist cooperating with prescribed treatments.
On the Potential for a CO2 Fertilization Effect in Forests: Estimates of the Biotic Growth Factor Based on 58 Controlled-Exposure Studies
Authors: Wullschleger Stan D , Post W M , King A W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is little question that terrestrial ecosystems have a potentially pivotal role in determining both the direction and the rate of future changes in atmospheric CO2 concentrations. There is some question, however, whether terrestrial ecosystems will contribute to global warming by releasing additional CO2 into the atmosphere as a result of increasing respiration in a warming climate, or whether they will instead sequester additional carbon in response to the enhancing effects of atmospheric CO2 on plant growth (Soloman and Cramer 1993). This latter response, the so-called CO2 fertilization effect, has been advanced as an important negative feedback that has the potential for limiting increases in atmospheric CO2 concentrations. The mechanism has often been invoked as an explanation of the 1.6-petagram (Pg = 1015 g)-carbon-per-year imbalance or “missing sink” in calculations of the global carbon budget.
Global Climate Change: Disturbance Regimes and Biospheric Feedbacks of Temperate and Boreal Forests
Authors: Kurz Werner A , Apps Michael J , Stocks Brian J , Volney W Jan A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
General circulation models that predict large-scale climatic changes at present account neither for the effects of these changes on terrestrial and aquatic biota nor for feedbacks associated with the effects. This chapter reviews some of the feedback mechanisms through which temperate and boreal forest ecosystems could affect future climatic changes. The effects of changes in forest distribution and changes in growth and decomposition rates are addressed by others in this volume. This chapter emphasizes the role of disturbance regimes and their effects on forest structure and function. We show that changes in climatic conditions have affected forest disturbance regimes in the past and that these changes in disturbance regimes must be considered when assessing biospheric feedbacks to future climate changes.
Effects of Land-Use Change, Surface Temperature, and CO2 Concentration on Terrestrial Stores of Carbon
Authors: Houghton R A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two questions are addressed in this chapter. First, are there feedbacks between the earth’s environment and the amount of carbon held in terrestrial ecosystems? More specifically, will a warmer earth with higher concentrations of CO2 in its atmosphere store more or less carbon in vegetation and soil than the current earth? The time frame of interest is years to decades, and consideration is given to metabolic processes (productivity and respiration) rather than to migration of species or ecotones. The question is addressed from the perspective of the global carbon balance over the last 140 years. The answer is tentative: it appears as though there may have been both positive and negative biotic feedbacks.
Measurement of Cardiovascular Responses
Authors: Krantz David S , Falconer Jennifer J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The cardiovascular system is highly responsive to a variety of psychological and behavioral states. This observation was first noted by ancient Egyptian physicians and philosophers who believed that the heart was the seat of emotion (Hassett, 1978), and promoted by many generations of romantic writers who observed cardiac changes associated with intense emotions such as love, fear, joy, and sadness (Dunbar, 1947). Only in the seventeenth century was the primary function of the heart of pumping blood throughout the body discovered by William Harvey (Willis, 1965).
The History of Political and Social Concepts
Authors: Richter Melvin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book outlines and illustrates a new approach to intellectual history - the history of “concepts”. In distinction to the study of more traditional units of analysis, (authors, texts, traditions, discourses) conceptual history systematically combines the history of ideas and language with social history in such a way as to illustrate how changes in language both registered and shaped great transformations of government, society, economy, and mentality. With its origin in German social thought, and now gaining popularity in the US, this approach has affinities with some British intellectual history (Pocock, Skinner) and French discourse analysis, yet Richter carefully demonstrates how conceptual history makes important advances over each by focusing on the range of a terms’s meaning, its changes, and its continuities, while avoiding pitfalls of deconstruction. This volume will be indispensable for historians of political and social thought, political and social philosophers, and those interested in the history of ideas.
Pocock, Skinner, and Begriffsgeschichte
Authors: Richter Melvin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter compares the programs and findings of recent German conceptual history to the work of J. G. A. Pocock and Quentin Skinner. Within the English-speaking world, they have become the most admired and imitated historians of what others call political thought, but which they designate as “discourses” and “ideologies” respectively. Often treated together because their methods were developed at Cambridge University, Pocock and Skinner offer instructive objections and alternatives to Begriffsgeschichte. Yet they share with German historians of concepts a common concern with political language treated historically, and the insistence on both sides that political thought and behavior, now and in the past, cannot be understood without reference to the distinctive vocabularies used by agents in given contexts.
The Psychological Underpinnings of Cognitive Science
Authors: Dodwell Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Five main paths of inquiry, developing sometimes in isolation but often connecting in strong and useful ways, define the discipline of cognitive science: (1) the experimental psychology of cognition; (2) neuroscience, particularly its application of sophisticated new techniques to the detailed study of the anatomy and physiology of the brain and the rest of the cental nervous system; (3) those fields of computing science that study artifical intelligence (Al) and robotics in relationship to human thought and action; (4) linguistics, especially in its imaginative treatment of language competence and in its biological and developmental aspects; and (5) the philosophy of mind, insofar as it concerns the study of the ontogeny and epistemology of cognition. In this chapter I shall survey briefly the presuppositions, methods, and findings of the first of these paths. In the next chapter I shall do the same for the remaining four, and show how, despite their differences, the five paths have each come to embrace a common view of the mind. I call this the standard model of the mind.
What Is Aphasia?
Authors: Benson D Frank , Ardila Alfredo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aphasia is the loss or impairment of language function caused by brain damage. Despite considerable variation in wording reflecting attempts at greater precision, this basic definition is accepted by virtually all clinicians and investigators dealing with aphasia. The appearance of fundamental agreement is illusory, how ever. Aphasia was born of controversy, has a history of ongoing disagreements about appropriate approaches and remains a contentious topic. Rather than cooly discussed, viewpoints on aphasia are often hotly argued and the debate has some times become downright acrimonious. In recent years, investigators appear increasingly willing to accept and utilize distinctly different approaches; a tendency remains, however, for viewpoints on aphasia to be both diverse and contested.
Historical Background
Authors: Benson D Frank , Ardila Alfredo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Writings on the history of aphasia naturally tend to be slanted toward the views of their authors. Some reveal a strong national prejudice, some emphasize the contributions of specific investigators and others have a particular theoretical bias. Especially recommended reviews are those of Freud (1891/1953), Head (1926), Weisenburg and McBride (1935/1964), Benton and Joynt (1960), Brain (1961), Quadfasel (1968), Hécaen and Albert (1978), Benson (1979a), Arbib, Caplan, and Marshall (1982), Lecours and colleagues (1983), and Goodglass (1993).
The modern conception of aphasia can be said to have commenced with the 1861 presentation by Broca of a case of aphasia associated with a focal brain lesion. Acquired language loss following brain injury had been reported far earlier, however, and a critically important historical prodrome preceded the 1861 presentation. The surveys of pre-Broca reports by Benton and Joynt (1960), Ben ton (1964), Boller (1977), and others showed that acquired language disorders had been noted for many centuries. Benton and Joynt (1960) asserted that “almost all the clinical forms of aphasia—complete motor aphasia, paraphasia, jargon aphasia, agraphia and alexia—had been described before 1800.”
Neural Basis of Language Functions
Authors: Benson D Frank , Ardila Alfredo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At least since the time of Gall, a focal neuroanatomical basis for language has been conjectured. Gall’s view of a specific cortical locus for language was sub stantiated, in spirit if not in precise anatomy, by the clinical studies of Broca, Wernicke, and their followers. However, his full premise that a cortical mosaic consisting of discrete organs (centers), each performing a specific cognitive function, was not substantiated. The brain-as-a-whole interpretation (that all higher mental functions such as language are performed as a single operating unit—the mind) remained standard before and after the nineteenth-century language localization efforts, the holistic explanation has proved equally unsuccessful. Cur rent views, borrowing on information theory and the mechanistic designs of electronic computers but featuring both neuroanatomical and neurophysiological demonstrations, hold that language is a product of cognitive networks with pro cesses distributed over a complex neuroanatomical architecture (Edelman, 1989; Goldman-Rakic, 1990; Mesulam, 1990). The distributed-network concept has considerable potential; to establish a neural basis for language, however, the neural networks underlying language function must be defined. This chapter will attempt to outline parameters of language-dedicated cortical networks based on clinical observations and apply this information to individual language functions.
Recovery from Aphasia
Authors: Benson D Frank , Ardila Alfredo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Almost from the first observations of language loss due to brain injury, clinicians have been concerned with recovery and rehabilitation. There have been reports of spontaneous or directed language recovery in aphasic patients since at least the sixteenth century (for historical review, see Benton, 1964; Sarno, 1981). It was not until immediately after World War II, however, that hospital units were developed for the rehabilitation of brain-injured patients. A few fundamental observations about aphasia were made in patients injured during World War I, but formal language therapy was not instituted then.
Introduction and Plan of the Book
Authors: Dingle Hugh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Migration is one of the most fascinating of all behaviors. For sheer drama and beauty it is hard to match the movements of millions of individuals over what are often sizable portions of the surface of our planet. For sheer intrigue it is hard to match the question: Why do they do it? It is little wonder that migration in all its spectacular variety is a perpetual subject for coffee-table books, television programs, and even the daily press. Its “mystery” and its “marvels” are responsible for attracting much of the attention the public devotes to matters of natural history. The conspicuousness of migration in the lives of organisms also signals the importance of its role in life histories, and it is this role that is the focus of this book. In view of the many books written about migration, a word is due here regarding why I have written another one. Broadly, there are two reasons. First, with but only one or two exceptions, previous books on migration have focused on a single taxon. Biologists have as a result tended to view migration from the perspective of a single group and indeed have often defined migration in terms of its properties within that group. Thus ornithologists and other vertebrate biologists have stressed migration as a round-trip movement, even though round-trips are characteristic only of long-lived organisms like vertebrates; the vast majority of migrants, with insects being a prime example, migrate only one way. One of the major points I make is that if one compares across a spectrum of organisms, it is apparent that physiological and behavioral characteristics define migration, not the particular route followed. A reason for writing this book then, is to consider migration across a range of taxa to determine its common properties and the way natural selection has molded those properties to fit the life histories of the organisms concerned.
Optical Wavefront Sensors
Authors: Hardy John W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The development of adaptive optics has fostered a new generation of wavefront sensors, instruments with speeds and sensitivities that are orders of magnitude greater than anything known before 1970. Compensation for atmospheric turbulence requires the measurement of randomly distorted wavefronts in real time, using only a faint star as the reference source. A totally new approach to optical wavefront measurement was needed to solve this problem. The wavefront sensors used in adaptive optics are different in almost all respects from the optical interferometers used to measure lenses and mirrors in the laboratory. In the laboratory environment, lasers provide abundant coherent illumination and measurement times are not critical, so the optical efficiency of the instruments is irrelevant. The adaptive optics environment is the exact opposite, with very low photon flux available and measurement times counted in milliseconds. Together, these requirements dictate the need for high optical efficiency. In addition, adaptive optics wavefront sensors are required to operate with incoherent light and extended reference sources. On the other hand, the spatial resolution and accuracy requirements for adaptive optics are modest compared with those for laboratory instruments.
The Neuropsychiatry and Neuropsychology of Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome
Authors: Robertson Mary M , Baron-Cohen Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we review the neuropsychiatric and neuropsychological literatures on Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome (GTS). Whereas the former is quite extensive, the latter is still fairly undeveloped and, in our opinion, represents an important area for future research. The diagnostic criteria for GTS include the presence of multiple motor tics and one or more vocal tics, both ,of which must exceed a year’s duration (ICD-10, World Health Organization, 1992, 4th edition, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders [DSM-IV], American Psychiatric Association, 1994). The anatomical location, number, frequency, complexity and severity of the tics characteristically change over time. Although the exact prevalence of GTS is unknown, a currently accepted figure is 0.5 per thousand (approximately 110,000 patients in the United States and 25,000 in the United Kingdom) (Bruun, 1984), but even this may now prove to be an underestimate (Robertson, 1944).
The Mechanistic Bases of Behavioral Evolution: A Multivariate Analysis of Musculoskeletal Function
Authors: Lauder George V , Reilly Stephen M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Of the many approaches that one might take to studying animal behavior, the comparative and phylogenetic analysis of physiological traits has been one of the least utilized. On the one hand, the discipline of neuroethology has had spectacular success in investigating the neural basis of behavior in individual species, but only rarely have such studies ventured into phylogenetic territory (e.g., Arbas et al. 1991; Hoy et al. 1988; Katz 1991). For the most part, neuroethologists have focused on understanding the mechanistic basis of behavior in individual species and on clarifying the motor and sensory systems involved in generating behavior.
Phylogenetic Interpretations of Primate Socioecology: With Special Reference to Social and Ecological Diversity in Macaca
Authors: Chan Leslie K W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Socioecological explanations have dominated discussion of primate social diversity since the pioneering work of Crook and Gartlan (1966). The authors suggest in this highly influential paper that the social organization of diverse primate species can be predicted on the basis of a number of key ecological variables, most notably predation pressure and food distribution.
Why Phylogenies Are Necessary for Comparative Analysis
Authors: Nee Sean , Read Andrew F , Harvey Paul H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Constraints of time and space have meant that astronomy has developed largely as a nonexperimental science. Nevertheless, observations backed by appropriate theory have led to some remarkable predictions, such as the existence of the planet Neptune. Nowadays, evolutionary biologists face only one of the astronomer’s constraints, that of time. It is frequently impractical to do experiments that will test ideas about why organisms have come to be as they are. But we can make observations on living organisms, and the patterns we find can often be used to test ideas about process.
A Basic Topological Problem
Authors: Jonckheere Edmond A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides just one of the many possible ways to motivate the use of algebraic topological tools in robust control. This avenue of approach is the most intuitive one. It deals with the behavior of the boundary under the Nyquist map. This problem is easily motivated by practical robust stability issues. In this chapter, we present a blending of examples, borrowed from both robust control and traditional mathematics, from which the “boundary problem” emerges.
Structural Stability Of Crossover
Authors: Jonckheere Edmond A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we address some potentially “catastrophic” sensitivity issues in robustness analysis in the best of the tradition initiated by Whitney, Thom, Zeeman, and Arnold. While some results overlap with those of Chapter 21, the latter are nevertheless worth rephrasing in the very specific context of the theory of stability of maps and the structural stability of solutions to equations.