bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Substances which modulate leukocyte migration are present in CSF during meningitis
Authors: Wyler David J. , Wasserman Stephen I. , Karchmer Adolf W. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe studied the effects on in vitro leukocyte migration of cerebrospinal fluid from 14 patients with and 7 patients without meningitis. Meningitic CSF, but not control CSF, contained activity that was chemotactic for peripheral blood leukocytes. In an unusual case of staphylococcal meningitis associated with a blunted CSF pleocytosis and a poor clinical response to antibiotics, an inhibitor of leukocyte chemotaxis was identified in the CSF. This inhibitor may have diminished local leukocyte accumulation in vivo and thereby adversely affected host defence mechanisms and clinical outcome. No inhibitors were found in other CSF samples tested. Soluble mediators present in CSF may modulate the local accumulation of leukocytes and therefore affect host defenses in meningitis.
Dermatomyositis and toxoplasmosis
Authors: Hendrickx G. F. M. , Verhage J. , Jennekens F. G. I. , van Knapen F. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn a patient with childhood dermatomyositis, high toxoplasma antibodies were found at the time of diagnosis. A direct immunofluorescence technique demonstrated active toxoplasmosis in the muscle biopsy. The response to treatment and follow‐up in this patient suggest that toxoplasmosis could have caused the dermatomyositis.
Activity of 2′,3′‐cyclic nucleotide 3′‐phosphohydrolase in human cerebrospinal fluid
Authors: Banik Naren L. , Mauldin Lawrence B. , Hogan Edward L. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractActivity of the myelin marker enzyme 2′,3′‐cyclic nucleotide 3′‐phosphohydrolase (CNP) was assayed in cerebrospinal fluid samples obtained from patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and other neurological diseases. The enzyme activity was found to be elevated in acute cases of MS and reduced during remission. It was present in other demyelinating diseases, and no activity was detected in normal CSF. CNP may be released into CSF from any insult to myelin. The level of activity appears to reflect demyelination and the rate of breakdown of the myelin sheath.
Endoneurial fluid pressure in wallerian degeneration
Authors: Powell H. C. , Myers R. R. , Costello M. L. , Lampert P. W. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractEndoneurial fluid pressure (EFP) was recorded by an active, servo‐null pressure system after a glass micropipette was inserted into rat sciatic nerve undergoing wallerian degeneration. The lesions were produced by crushing the left sciatic nerve of the anesthetized animal at its point of entry into the thigh. Eighty‐four animals were employed in this experiment, in which EFP was recorded from sham‐operated rats and other controls as well as from rats with wallerian degeneration. The experiment was designed so that EFP could be recorded from 2 or more experimental animals at daily intervals starting at day 0 and concluding on day 28. Pressure progressively increased during the first week, reaching a peak elevation four to five times normal. The subsequent decline in EFP was more gradual, with values approaching normal during the third week after injury. Linear regression analysis showed the progressive increase in EFP to be statistically significant (p ≤ 0.01). To determine the time at which EFP was maximum, we used the Marquardt computer algorithm for least‐squares estimation of nonlinear variables. By this procedure the peak value for EFP occurred at six days. These biophysical observations were correlated with subsequent microscopic examination of 1 μ thick sections of Araldite‐embedded sciatic nerve. Microscopy confirmed the presence of wallerian degeneration associated with edema, which was observed in every instance of elevated EFP.
The CSF‐FTA test and the significance of blood contamination
Authors: Davis Larry E. , Sperry Sally 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAlthough the fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTA‐ABS) test has found wide application in the diagnosis of syphilis, the cerebrospinal fluid fluorescent treponemal antibody (CSF‐FTA) test is still controversial in the diagnosis of neurosyphilis. We found the CSF‐FTA test extremely sensitive to contamination with FTA‐ABS‐reactive blood at concentrations in CSF that could not be detected by visual inspection. Interpretation of a reactive test should be made with caution if red cells are present in CSF.
Visual evoked potentials in the evaluation of “cortical blindness” in children
Authors: Frank Yitzchak , Torres Fernando 
Published: January 2005

AbstractVisual evoked responses (VERs) to brief light flashes were recorded from occipital regions in a group of 30 “cortically blind” children aged 4 months to 15 years and were compared with those of 31 children of similar age range who had the same type of central nervous system diseases but without signs or symptoms of blindness. The VERs were analyzed for amplitude, number of peaks, and morphology, follwing a method used previously by other authors. All the responses had some degree of abnormality, but there were no significant differences between the two groups. The findings suggest that recording of VERs is not always an accurate method for diagnosis of cortical blindness in children since the presence of abnormal responses in not incompatible with normal vision. Only 1 patient with cortical blindness showed no response.
Presence of lymphocyte membrane surface markers on “small cells” in a pineal germinoma
Authors: Neuwelt Edward A. , Smith R. Graham 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA 16‐year‐old boy was operated on via an occipital transtentorial craniotomy for a pineal tumor. Routine histological examination of the tissue revealed it to be a germinoma, as characterized by the presence of two cell populations: large cells and small, lymphoidappearing cells. The cells were evaluated in a singlecell suspension for the peresence of lymphocyte membrane surface markers; small cells exclusively were found to have such markers; A T‐lymphocyte membrane marker was present in 81% of the small cells, whereas 15 to 18% of the small cells had a Blymphocyte membrane marker.
High‐dose barbiturate therapy in humans: A clinical review of 60 patients
Authors: Rockoff Mark A. , Marshall Lawrence F. , Shapiro Harvey M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractOver the past three years, high‐dose barbiturate therapy has been used in the treatment of 60 patients with head injury (N = 45), encephalitis (N = 8), acute focal cerebral ischemia (stroke, N = 4), and global anoxia secondary to drowning (N = 3). High‐dose barbiturates appear to be useful adjuncts in the control of intracranial hypertension refractory to other methods of therapy. Administration of barbiturates to patients with this problem will often reduce the requirement for osmotic agents, thereby facilitating medical management by avoiding hyperosmolality and fluid and electrolyte depletion. In a carefully controlled intensive care setting the risk of barbiturate therapy is low, though the costs and demands on personnel are great. Survival appeared to be improved in patients with head injury and encephalitis. Although the ultimate outcome was not altered in patients with stroke or near‐drowning, intracranial hypertension did not occur until barbiturate therapy was withdrawn. This experience provides an ethical basis to justify further randomized studies for determining whether or not barbiturates materially improve the neurological outcome following cerebral ischemic and traumatic insults.
Effects of physostigmine and lecithin on memory in Alzheimer disease
Authors: Peters Bruce H. , Levin Harvey S. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractBecause there is evidence that central cholinergic mechanisms are depleted in dementia, we studied the effects of central cholinergic augmentation on the memory of 5 patients with Alzheimer disease. Patients received placebo, lecithin, physostigmine, or lecithin plus physostigmine in a double‐blind study using titrated doses of the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor physostigmine. Memory was evaluated with alternate forms of the selective reminding procedure. Compared with lecithin alone, the combination of physostigmine and lecithin consistently enhanced memory storage and retrieval; physostigmine without lecithin produced no memory facilitation. The strategy of combining a cholinergic agonist and precursor holds promise, although a larger clinical trial is needed.
Adult type neuronal storage disease with neuraminidase deficiency
Authors: Miyatake Tadashi , Atsumi Tetsushi , Obayashi Taminori , Mizuno Yoshikuni , Ando Susumu , Ariga Toshio , Matsui‐Nakamura Kyoko , Yamada Takamichi 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe describe a patient with adult‐onset neuronal storage disease characterized by myoclonus, cerebellar ataxia, convulsive seizures, cherry‐red spots, skeletal dysplasia, mild gargoyle features, inguinal hernia, and angiokeratoma. Cytoplasmic inclusions consistent with lysosomal storage disease were demonstrated in neurons of the autonomic nervous system. Accumulation of GM3 and GM2 gangliosides was found in sympathetic ganglia but a catabolic disturbance of these gangliosides was ruled out by normal levels of GM3 ganglioside sialidase and N‐acetyl‐β‐hexosaminidase A activities. β‐Galactosidase activity was decreased in leukocytes and fibroblasts, but not in serum. GM1 gangliosidosis was ruled out by lipid analyses, and mucopolysaccharidosis by normal excretion of mucopolysaccharide in urine.Sialyl oligosaccharides were increased in urine and α‐neuraminidase was deficient in fibroblasts. This disorder is considered to be an inherited metabolic disorder of sialyl glycoproteins and oligosaccharides due to deficiency of an α‐neuraminidase.
Disturbances of rapid‐eye‐movement sleep in 3 brothers with Pelizaeus‐Merzbacher disease
Authors: Niakan Enayatolah , Belluomini Joseph , Lemmi Helio , Summitt Robert L. , Ch'ien Lawrence 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe electrophysiological features of 3 brothers with the classic form of Pelizaeus‐Merzbacher disease (PMD) were studied. Two consecutive overnight polygraphic sleep recordings indicated a gross distortion of rapid‐eye‐movement (REM) sleep for all patients. A lower than normal percentage of REM sleep in these patients was consistent with their retarded intellectual development, which supports current thinking that REM sleep may be a sensitive index of brain function integrity.Non‐rapid‐eye‐movement (NREM) sleep, in contrast to reported findings in 1 patient with PMD, was uniformly characterized by distinct stages in which the electroencephalograms contained frequent vertex waves and spindles. Tests of peripheral nerve conduction velocity, acoustic brainstem reflexes, and visual and auditory evoked potentials did not indicate any abnormalities, nor did electroencephalograms obtained during wakefulness. One patient did have epileptifrom spikes and spike waves recorded during an all‐night EEG, an unusual finding in a child with cerebral white matter disease.
Brainstem auditory evoked response in adrenoleukodystrophy
Authors: Black James A. , Fariello Ruggero G. , Chun Raymond W. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractClinical, laboratory, and electrophysiological data, including brainstem auditory evoked responses, are reported in a case of adrenoleukodystrophy. A striking asymmetry was noted in wave VI of the brainstem auditory evoked potential, followed by absence of any recognizable wave on the abnormal side. The presumed site of origin of wave VI is the medial geniculate body, a structure severely involved in adrenoleukodystrophy. It is suggested that the brainstem auditory evoked response may promise noninvasive diagnostic aid in this disorder and that absence of wave VI may emerge as a clinically useful finding in diseases of the central nervous system.
Dementia in Parkinson disease
Authors: Lieberman Abraham , Dziatolowski Marie , Kupersmith Mark , Serby Michael , Goodgold Albert , Korein Julius , Goldstein Menek 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn 520 patients with parkinsonism seen over eight years, 168 (32%) had moderate to marked dementia. Although the demented patients were older than the nondemented patients (70.4 versus 65.5 years), the incidence of dementia in Parkinson's disease (PD) was tenfold higher than among controls (similarly aged spouses of PD patients), and dementia is held to be related more to the disease than to age.Demented patients, in addition to being older, developed PD later, were more severely involved in a shorter time, and responded less well to levodopa. It is suggested that PD with dementia may represent a different disorder from PD without dementia.
Midbrain asterixis
Authors: Bril Vera , Sharpe James A. , Ashby Peter 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAsterixis is usually a manifestation of metabolic encephalopathy. It was the only skeletal motor sign in a patient with ophthalmoplegia caused by midbrain infarction; no metabolic abnormality was present. The asterixis was accompanied by signs of damage to the mesencephalic reticular formation. We propose that episodic lapses of postural control by the reticular formation are responsible for midbrain asterixis and suggest that this asterixis is a segmental form of drop attack.
Incomplete versus complete cerebral ischemia: Improved outcome with a minimal blood flow
Authors: Steen Petter A. , Michenfelder John D. , Milde James H. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIt has been reported that incomplete cerebral ischemia with cerebral blood flow less than 10% of control may be more damaging than an equal period of complete ischemia. In this study, the effects of severe, incomplete cerebral ischemia on neurological outcome and cerebral metabolism were studied in dogs anesthetized with nitrous oxide. The results were compared with those of a previous study concerned with the effects of complete ischemia. Dogs could sustain only 8 to 9 minutes of complete ischemia with return of normal neurological function, whereas maintenance of a cerebral blood flow rate less than 10% of control extended this limit to 10 to 12 minutes. Following a 10‐minute exposure, only dogs undergoing incomplete ischemia regained a normal cerebral oxygen consumption within 90 minutes; similarly, animals subjected to incomplete ischemia enjoyed a faster return of EEG activity than dogs exposed to complete ischemia of the same duration. Cerebral metabolite levels did not prove to be a good index of return of neurological function. Within periods of cerebral ischemia in which meaningful neurological recovery might be expected, we conclude that some blood flow is better than no flow.
Chronic progressive myelopathy: Investigation with CSF electrophoresis, evoked potentials, and CT scan
Authors: Paty D. W. , Blume W. T. , Brown W. F. , Jaatoul N. , Kertesz A. , McLnnis W. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractChronic progressive myelopathy (CPM) is difficult clinical problem. Many patients who present with CPM turn out to have a spinal form of multiple sclerosis (MS), but until there is clear lesion dissemination, a definite clinical diagnosis cannot be made. We have looked for MS‐related abnormalities in 72 patients with CPM. The mean age of onset was 42 years, mean duration was ten years, and mean Kurtzke disability rating was 4.5. Studies performed were cerebrospinal fluid electrophoresis for oligoclonal banding, pattern‐reversal visual evoked respones, blink reflex latencies, and computerized axial tomography.Oligoclonal banding was found in 32 patients (44%), patterned visual evoked responses were abnormal in 32 (44%), and blink reflex latencies were abnormal in 40 (56%). At least one of these studies was abnormal in 61 patients (85%) and at least two in 48 (66%). The CT scan was abnormal in 38 (53%), 36 with atrophy and 3 with low‐density or enhancing lesions. These results suggest that at least 44% of patients with CPM may have MS that could be diagnosed by oligoclonal bands. Other physiological tests suggesting diffuse or disseminated disease bring the total to 85%. Only autopsy follow‐up will tell us the exact diagnostic accuracy of these studies in this complex syndrome.
Cerebellar degeneration due to chronic phenytoin therapy
Authors: William McLain L. , Martin J. True , Allen Joseph H. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractFive patients developed cerebellar degeneration while being treated with phenytoin. All had high plasma levels of the drug, and none was having seizures of a type that could have caused systemic hypoxia at the time the cerebellar syndrome appeared. Cerebellar degeneration was confirmed by the finding of atrophy on CT scan and by persistence of cerebellar signs when plasma phenytoin levels were decreased. We suggest that chronic phenytoin therapy can cause cerebellar degeneration.The question of whether phenytoin or the cumulative effect of hypoxia from repeated convulsions causes cerebellar degeneration should not be posed as one of exclusive alternatives, since hypoxia is a well‐known cause of cerebellar atrophy. Instead, the question should be whether or not phenytoin can also be responsible. The cases reported here suggest that it can.
Molecular features of immunoreactive myelin basic protein in cerebrospinal fluid of persons with multiple sclerosis
Authors: Bashir Rifaat M. , Whitaker John N. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe molecular weight of the myelin basic protein (BP)‐like material appearing in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 2 persons with active‐phase multiple sclerosis (MS) and 3 with recent cerebral infarctions was determined by gel filtration chromatography under acidic conditions. Column fractions were examined by radioimmunoassay for BP peptide 43‐88 antigen as well as for binding activity to BP. Material cross‐reactive with BP peptide 43‐88 eluted over a wide spectrum of molecular weights. Greater representation of lower molecular weight species occurred in MS. Fractionated CSF from 2 patients with MS and 2 with cerebral infarction contained binding activity, presumably antibody, to BP which was greater than that in unfractionated CSF. Binding to BP was also examined in unfractionated CSF from 70 persons, including 16 with MS and 36 with other neurological diseases. Although CSF from MS patients showed higher binding, the presence of BP binding activity was not specific for MS. Our findings suggest that the antigen cross‐reacting with BP and its fragments in CSF appears in a spectrum of molecular weight species, with lower forms predominating in MS. The detection of binding activity to BP as well as its enhancement by treatment at low pH suggest that the BP‐like antigen in CSF may exist in free as well as in complexed forms.
Mechanisms underlying epileptiform burst discharge
Authors: Schwartzkroin P. A. , Wyler A. R. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractStudies of hyperexcitable cells in alumina‐gel and penicillin epileptogenic foci suggest that epileptic neurons have intrinsic burst‐generating properties. The burst mechanism may be released or triggered by a number of extrinsic factors which disrupt the normal depolarizing‐hyperpolarizing balance. This paper presents the hypothesis that the most important influence for burst discharge is influx of calcium ions. This excitatory effect is modulated by synaptic inputs, hyperpolarazing conductances, cell morphology and membrane characteristics, and the extracellular milieu. The hypothesis incorporates findings from both penicillin and alumina models of epilepsy and provides experimentally testable concepts for further investigation.
Intraventricular hemorrhage in the high‐risk preterm infant: Incidence and outcome
Authors: Ahmann Peter A. , Lazzara Anthony , Dykes Francine D. , Brann Alfred W. , Schwartz James F. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTo determine the incidence of subependymal (SEH) or intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and its short‐term outcome, infants of less than 35 weeks' gestation who required intensive care were evaluated and computerised tomographic scans obtained. If the scans showed blood, serial scans were followed until the hemorrhage had resolved and ventricle size was stable. Hemorrhage was quantitated.Seventy‐seven of 191 (40.3%) infants were shown to have SEH, IVH, or both; 22 of them (28%) died, and hemorrhage was thought to be the primary cause of death in 17. Fifty‐five survivors (71%) with SEH, IVH, or a combination of the two had serial follow‐up scans. Six had SEH alone; 49 had IVH. Severe progressive hydrocephalus developed in 12 (22%) infants. Thirty‐seven (75.5%) did not show progressive hydrocephalus. The degree of hemorrhage in these 37 was mild in 14, moderate in 13, and marked in 10. Of those with progressive hydrocephalus, hemorrhage was marked in 8 and moderate in 4. Hydrocephalus resolved spontaneously in 4 of the 12. Medical treatment (repeated lumbar punctures) was successful in 3, but failed in 4. Hydrocephalus was managed by shunt surgery in 5.This study revealed that the quantity of blood is prognostically important with regard to both survival (p < 0.001) and development of progressive hydrocephalus (p < 0.05). Furthermore, hydrocephalus, even if progressive, may not necessitate surgical management.
Cerebellar involvement in multifocal eosinophilic granuloma: Demonstration by computerized tomographic scanning
Authors: Adornato Bruce T. , Eil Charles , Head Gordon L. , Loriaux D. Lynn 
Published: January 2005

AbstractCentral nervous system involvement outside the hypothalamus or pituitary in multifocal eosinophilic granuloma (MEG) is unusual. Eleven patients with MEG have been examined with cranial computerized axial tomograms (CT). Four patients with moderate to severe cerebellar dysfunction, 3 of whom had no detectable lesions by other neuroradiological techniques, were found to have cerebellar abnormalities. All of the remaining 7 patients with normal neurological examinations had normal CT scans. Computerized axial tomography is a useful technique in the evaluation of patients with MEG and neurological impairment.
Sarcoid polyneuropathy: A histologically proved case
Authors: Oh Shin Joong 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA 58‐year‐old patient had subacute polyneuropathy Electrophysiological studies showed inexcitability of the distal portion of the peroneal and posterior tibial nerves and minimal reduction in amplitude of the muscle potential with minimal slowing in motor nerve conduction velocity. The sural nerve biopsy showed multiple sarcoid granulomas in the epineurial and perineurial spaces, periangiitis and panangiitis, and axonal degeneration. Remarkable clinical improvement followed corticosteroid treatment.
Absence of REM and altered NREM sleep in patients with spinocerebellar degeneration and slow saccades
Authors: Osorio Ivan , Daroff Robert B. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe pontine tegmentum contains the neurons responsible for generation of saccadic eye movements and certain phases of sleep. We studied two genetically unrelated patients with spinocerebellar degeneration and slow saccadic eye movements. Multiple all‐night sleep studies in both patients disclosed absence of REM and stage 4 sleep with an extremly short stage 3 and long stage 2. Both patients had a sleep stage (X) not previously reported. These are the first awake and ambulatory humans in whom consistent abscence of REM sleep has been demonstrated. Both behaved appropriately during wakefulness and showed no overt psychological abnormalities.