bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Psychosocial aspects of the organ transplant experience: What has been established and what we need for the future
Authors: Engle David 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThis article briefly describes the current status and limitations of the organ transplant process that has now become a routine medical procedure. The article discusses how transplantation is not a cure for end‐stage organ disease but an alternative form of treatment with both potential medical and psychosocial problems. Both transplant candidates and recipients encounter psychosocial problems. The article examines how these psychosocial problems affect transplant patients prior to transplant, immediately following surgery, and posttransplant. The psychosocial problems include psychiatric diagnoses, individual and family adjustment and relationship problems, sexual dysfunction, return‐to‐work (RTW) difficulties, and compliance problems and variables related to noncompliance. The article also reviews the special problems of pediatric and adolescent transplant recipients. The need for empirically supported interventions is noted in each of the problem areas. The author outlines problems with previous research studies that hamper solid interpretations of the data, and discusses literature suggesting that the psychosocial problems of transplant candidates and recipients are likely to be underreported. The article concludes with recommendations about the need to switch research efforts toward intervention studies in the problem areas already solidly identified by the literature. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Psychol 57: 521–549, 2001
Pain and emotion: New research directions
Authors: Keefe Francis J. , Lumley Mark , Anderson Timothy , Lynch Thomas , Carson Kimi L. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractRecently, there has been growing interest in the relation between pain and emotion. Numerous recent studies have been conducted in this area. This article provides an introduction to this interesting area by highlighting selected research topics including studies on: stress and pain, negative emotional states and pain, catastrophizing and pain, the fear of pain, emotional regulation processes and pain, the effects of enhancing emotional regulation on pain, and the relation of emotional distress to treatment seeking in persons having pain. The article concludes with a discussion of important directions for future research in this area. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Psychol 57: 587–607, 2001.
Prediction of aqueous phase pH for enzymatic synthesis of peptides in aqueous–organic biphasic systems
Authors: Fan Ke‐Ke , Ouyang Pingkai , Wu Xijun , Lu Zuhong 
Published: September 2002

AbstractAn approach has been developed for predicting the change of the aqueous phase pH due to the partition of amino acid substrates in aqueous–organic biphasic systems. In the model reaction of papain‐catalyzed synthesis of N‐benzyloxycarbonyl‐glycine‐L‐phenylalanine methyl ester (ZGPM) in an aqueous–ethyl acetate system, the effects of the initial aqueous phase pH and phase volume ratio on the final aqueous phase pH, and the change of the final aqueous phase pH during the course of ZGPM synthesis, are investigated. The results suggest that the approach is useful for selecting optimum reaction conditions for peptide synthesis not only in the aqueous–organic biphasic systems with free or immobilized enzymes but also with an immobilized enzyme in an organic solvent.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Non‐invasive detection of the metabolic burden on recombinant microorganisms during fermentation processes
Authors: Bachinger Th , Mandenius C ‐F , Striedner G , Clementschitsch F , Dürrschmid E , Cserjan‐Puschmann M , Doblhoff‐Dier O , Bayer K 
Published: September 2002

AbstractHeterologous protein production is an important source of therapeutic products. Optimisation of such bioprocesses by adjustment of the expression rate of the heterologous protein to the biosynthetic capacity of the cell metabolism would benefit from an online method for monitoring the metabolic burden. In this study we evaluated the use of a chemical multi‐sensor array for this purpose. Fermentations with a recombinant Escherichia coli strain expressing human superoxide dismutase (rhSOD) were monitored by the sensor array. The results of isopropyl‐thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG)‐induced expression were compared with fermentations with a plasmid‐free strain. The overproduction of rhSOD, imposing a high metabolic burden on the plasmid‐carrying cells, was distinctly and reproducibly observed by the multi‐sensor array. The potential of this non‐invasive method of non‐specific metabolic burden monitoring is demonstrated by the results of the study.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Stabilisation of a ferro‐industry waste in various solid matrices
Authors: Potgieter J Herman , Potgieter Sanja S , Loubser Maggi , Kearsley Elsabé , Strydom Christien A 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThis paper describes various ways of stabilising a ferro‐vanadium waste. In each case a combination of the ferro‐vanadium waste together with fly ash was employed. The methods investigated ranged from physical encapsulation in different matrices to high temperature immobilisation in solid products.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Pure zeolite synthesis from silica extracted from coal fly ashes
Authors: Moreno Natàlia , Querol Xavier , Plana Felicià , Andres José Manuel , Janssen Maria , Nugteren Heng 
Published: September 2002

AbstractPure zeolites can be synthesised from silica extracted from fly ash by alkaline leaching. If the process is optimised the solid residue arising from this extraction may also contain a relatively high content of zeolitic material mixed with residual fly ash components. Both the pure and the impure zeolitic material have a high potential for application in waste‐water and flue gas‐cleaning technologies. The silica extraction potential of 23 European coal fly ashes covering most of the possible fly ash types is investigated in this study. Optimisation of leaching processes, by varying temperature, time and alkali/fly ash rates, permitted extraction yields up to 140 g of SiO2 per kg using a single step process, but the extraction yields may reach up to 210 g kg−1 by applying thermal pre‐treatments prior to the extraction. The solid residue arising from the silica extraction experiments shows a high NaP1 zeolite content. A high Si/Al ratio of the glass matrix, the occurrence of easily soluble silica phases in the original fly ash and a high reactive surface area were found to be the major parameters influencing silica extraction. High purity 4A and X zeolitic material was obtained by combining the silica extracts from the Meirama fly ash and a waste solution from the Al‐anodising industry. The results allowed conversion of the silica extraction yields to an equivalent 630 g of pure 4A–X zeolite per kg of fly ash with a cation exchange capacity of 4.7 meq g−1.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Zeolitic material synthesised from fly ash: use as cationic exchanger
Authors: Juan R , Hernández S , Querol X , Andrés J M , Moreno N 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe potential use as a ‘once through’ cation exchanger of a zeolitic material (NaP1 zeolite as the main active component) synthesised from fly ash has been evaluated and compared with a commercial weak acid exchanger, Amberlite IRC‐50. The cationic exchange has been tested for different cations present in sewage: NH4+ (urban sewage) and Pb2+, Zn2+ and Cr3+ (waste from electrolytic baths). The NH4+ retention capacity was higher in the zeolite (0.7 meq g−1) than in Amberlite IRC‐50 (0.21 meq g−1). The retention capacities of metallic cations obtained for NaP1 zeolite (1.16 meq Pb2+ g−1, 1.45 meq Zn2+ g−1 and 1.57 meq Cr3+ g−1) were also higher than in Amberlite IRC‐50 (0.32 meq Pb2+ g−1, 0.25 meq Zn2+ g−1 and 0.35 meq Cr3+ g−1). When solutions containing all the metallic cations were used, lower retention capacities were obtained for both exchangers.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Novel products from combustion ash – legislative and marketing issues
Authors: Barnes D Ian 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe production of novel products from combustion ash poses great technical challenges. Nevertheless, significant progress has been made in this area in recent years, and a number of novel products are at an advanced stage in the laboratory, or even at the pilot‐scale stage, en route to the marketplace. This paper sets out the issues that impact on the passage of novel products from research stage, through pilot stage, to the commercial marketplace. The importance of product standards is presented and discussed, and important legislation on health and safety and environmental matters considered. The roles of national and local taxation on the commercial prospects for new materials from ash are considered, and the barriers that can impede successful marketing of the products (eg customer perception) set out. The paper concludes with comments on how the market for ash products is developing and what remains to be done in the future.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Removal of heavy metals from fly ash and the impact on its quality
Authors: Nugteren Henk W , Janssen‐Jurkovícová Maria , Scarlett Brian 
Published: September 2002

AbstractMost coal fly ashes currently produced in The Netherlands contain leachable trace elements in amounts higher than allowed by Dutch law for its free application as a granular building material. To improve their technical and environmental quality, these ashes were subjected to forced leaching using water, citrate, oxalate, EDTA and carbonate solutions. With water alone, the free lime and substantial amounts of Mo (30%), Se (20–40%) and SO42− (40–50%) are removed. Using the extraction agents, these percentages increase to 60–90% and in addition 15–20% Cr, V and Sb are removed. Most of the extraction agents used form stable complexes or compounds with Ca2+, thus prewashing with water followed by treatment with extraction agents resulted in higher removal and/or lower reagent consumption. The environmental quality of the washed fly ash was evaluated using the Dutch standard leaching test (NEN7343). Leachability of oxyanions decreased by a factor of 2–4 after washing with water and by between 2 and 18 after washing with extraction agents. However, combined washing did not further decrease leaching but in some cases caused increased leaching. Selection of the washing procedure thus depends on the subsequent application of the ash, that is whether low concentrations or low mobility of trace elements are required. Removing extractants and metals remaining in the moisture after filtration will further decrease leaching. For a feasible process reduction of reagent consumption and simple methods for process water recycling are needed.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Biological treatment of saline wastewaters from marine‐products processing factories by a fixed‐bed reactor
Authors: Gharsallah Neji , Khannous Lamia , Souissi Nabil , Nasri Moncef 
Published: September 2002

AbstractWastewaters generated by a factory processing marine products are characterized by high concentrations of organic compounds and salt constituents (>30 g dm−3). Biological treatment of these saline wastewaters in conventional systems usually results in low chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency, because of the plasmolysis of the organisms. In order to overcome this problem a specific flora was adapted to the wastewater from the fish‐processing industry by a gradual increase in salt concentrations. Biological treatment of this effluent was then studied in a continuous fixed biofilm reactor. Experiments were conducted at different organic loading rates (OLR), varying from 250 to 1000 mg COD dm−3 day−1. Under low OLR (250 mg COD dm−3 day−1), COD and total organic carbon (TOC) removal efficiencies were 92.5 and 95.4%, respectively. Thereafter, fluctuations in COD and TOC were observed during the experiment, provoked by the progressive increase of OLR and the nature of the wastewater introduced. High COD (87%) and TOC (99%) removal efficiencies were obtained at 1000 mg COD dm−3 day−1.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Novel lipase isolated from a Pseudomonas strain and its application in the synthesis of S(+)‐2‐O‐benzylglycerol‐1‐acetate
Authors: Kanwar L , Hazarika S , Goswami A , Dutta N N , Hazarika A K , Goswami Pranab 
Published: September 2002

AbstractIsolation of a novel microbial lipase (EC 3.1.1.3) having specific catalytic activity for the synthesis of optically pure 2‐O‐benzylglycerol‐1‐acetate, the building block for the preparation of many β‐blockers, phospholipase A2 inhibitors and other biologically active compounds was the aim of this investigation. A Pseudomonas (strain G6), recently isolated from soil, produced an extracellular lipase. SDS–PAGE analysis showed that the lipase protein was a hexamer. The molecular weight of the sub‐units of the lipase protein were 10, 19, 29, 30, 47 and 53. The catalytic activity of the lipase was exploited for the synthesis of 2‐O‐benzylglycerol‐1‐acetate from 2‐O‐benzylglycerol through transesterification using vinyl acetate as acylating agent. High selectivity of the lipase towards the monoacetate product was demonstrated. A 97% enantiomeric excess (ee) of S(+)‐2‐O‐benzylglycerol‐1‐acetate was obtained when the reaction was carried out at room temperature with shaking. The lipase was highly active in anhydrous organic microenvironments and in non‐polar organic solvents with log P values above 2.5.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of ozone and ozone/activated carbon treatments on genotoxic activity of naphthalenesulfonic acids
Authors: Rivera‐Utrilla J , Sánchez‐Polo M , Mondaca M A , Zaror C A 
Published: September 2002

AbstractNaphthalenesulfonic compounds are widely used, mainly by the textile industry in the synthesis of azoic colorants. The presence of the sulfonic group is known to endow these compounds with high water‐solubility and low biodegradability, although its influence on their genotoxic activity is unknown. The use of energetic oxidants is recommended for the degradation of organic compounds which are refractory to biological treatment. Ozone and ozone/activated carbon have been proposed as the best alternatives to remove these compounds. The results showed that the more sulfonic groups there are on the aromatic ring of this family of contaminants, the lower is their genotoxic activity. All the compounds studied presented genotoxic activity at elevated concentrations. Ames test results indicate that DNA damage was produced by substitution of nitrogenated bases. The system based on the combined use of ozone and activated carbon was the most efficacious in the depuration of water containing these contaminants. This approach rapidly degraded the naphthalenesulfonic acids, eliminated their genotoxic activity and reduced their organic material content using low doses of ozone.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Removal of toxic metal ions from aqueous systems by biosorptive flotation
Authors: Zouboulis Anastasios I , Lazaridis Nick K , Matis Kostas A 
Published: September 2002

AbstractBiosorptive flotation was used as a combined operation for the simultaneous abstraction of nickel, copper and zinc ions from aqueous streams. Laboratory‐scale batch experiments, as well as pilot‐scale continuous experiments, have been conducted. Grape stalks, a by‐product of the winery industry, were used as sorbent material. The experimental procedure consisted of two consecutive stages: (i) biosorption, and (ii) flotation. The possibility of reusing biomass, after appropriate elution, was also examined. The main parameters examined were biomass concentration, particle size of sorbent, surfactant concentration, pH and flocculation. Flotation removals, following laboratory‐scale experiments, were found to be in the order of 100, 85 and 70% for copper, zinc and nickel, respectively. In pilot‐scale experiments, biomass sorption capacities were determined as 25 for copper, 81 for zinc and 7 µmol dm−3 for nickel. The order of biomass affinity regarding the studied metals was Cu > Zn > Ni. Short retention time and high effectiveness suggest that biosorptive flotation is a promising treatment process for the removal of toxic metals from contaminated aqueous solutions.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Cationic lipids derived from glycine betaine promote efficient and non‐toxic gene transfection in cultured hepatocytes
Authors: Gilot David , Miramon Marie‐Laure , Benvegnu Thierry , Ferrieres Vincent , Loreal Olivier , Guguen‐Guillouzo Christiane , Plusquellec Daniel , Loyer Pascal 
Published: September 2002

AbstractBackgroundThe low efficiency and toxicity of transfection in a primary culture of hepatocytes using cationic lipids remains a limiting step to the study of gene function and the setting up of non‐viral gene therapy.MethodsA novel class of cationic lipids (GBs) derived from natural glycine betaine compounds covalently linked to acyl chains by enzymatically hydrolysable peptide and ester bonds, a structure designed to reduce cytotoxicity, was used to improve transfection efficiency in a primary culture of rat hepatocytes. The relationship between lipid structure, lipoplex formulation and transfection efficiency was studied using six GBs (12‐14‐16, 22‐24‐26) varying in their spacer and acyl chains.ResultsGB12, characterized by short [(CH2)10] acyl chains and spacer, allowed plasmid uptake in all cells and reporter gene expression in up to 40% of hepatocytes with a low cytotoxicity, a much higher efficiency compared with transfections using other reagents including Fugene6™and Lipofectin™. We also showed that numerous cells accumulated high amounts of plasmids demonstrating that GB12 promoted a very efficient DNA transfer through plasma membrane leading to an increase in nuclear plasmid translocation, allowing a much higher gene expression. Moreover, GB12‐transfected hepatocytes survived to injection in normal livers and were found to express the LacZ reporter gene.ConclusionsThe non‐toxic GB12 formulation is a powerful vehicle for plasmid delivery in cultured hepatocytes with relevance in liver gene therapy. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Toward a racial abyss: Eugenics, Wickliffe Draper, and the origins of The Pioneer Fund
Authors: Kenny Michael G. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe Pioneer Fund was created in 1937 “to conduct or aid in conducting study and research into problems of heredity and eugenics…and problems of race betterment with special reference to the people of the United States.” The Fund was endowed by Colonel Wickliffe Preston Draper, a New England textile heir, and perpetuates his legacy through an active program of grants, some of the more controversial in aid of research on racial group differences. Those presently associated with the Fund maintain that it has made a substantial contribution to the behavioral and social sciences, but insider accounts of Pioneer's history oversimplify its past and smooth over its more tendentious elements. This article examines the social context and intellectual background to Pioneer's origins, with a focus on Col. Draper himself, his concerns about racial degeneration, and his relation to the eugenics movement. In conclusion, it evaluates the official history of the fund. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis of [N‐methyl‐11C]mianserin: a tetracyclic, atypical antidepressant
Authors: Marthi K. , Bender D. , Smith D.F. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractAs part of our program to develop PET tracers for investigating monoaminergic processes in the brain, mianserin, a tetracyclic, atypical antidepressant, was selected as a candidate for labelling with 11C for in vivo evaluation. [N‐methyl‐11C]Mianserin was produced by the alkylation of N‐desmethyl mianserin with [11C]methyl iodide followed by HPLC purification and formulation. [N‐methyl‐11C]Mianserin was obtained with a radiochemical purity >93% in a 16% decay corrected radiochemical yield. For a typical production starting with 40 GBq [11C]CO2, 1.9 GBq [N‐methyl‐11C]mianserin was obtained as a formulated solution in a synthesis time of 35 min (counted from EOB). Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The synthesis of labelled forms of cipemastat
Authors: Wiltshire H R , Prior K J , Dhesi J , Maile G 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe development of the collagenase inhibitor, cipemastat (Ro 32‐3555), required the synthesis of both carbon‐14 labelled and deuteriated material for the measurement of the parent drug and drug‐related material in biological fluids. In addition, labelled metabolites were needed for both in vitro metabolism and analytical studies. This paper describes the synthesis of labelled forms of cipemastat and its amide (Ro 32‐4778) and glucuronide (Ro 32‐6414) metabolites. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation of carbon‐14 labelled guazatine
Authors: Hudson Harry R. , Ismail Fatima , Powroznyk Lubomira 
Published: September 2002

AbstractA method is described for small‐scale laboratory simulation of the industrial process for the manufacture of guazatine, an agrochemical fungicide comprising a mixture of guanidated di‐, tri‐, and poly‐amines derived from octamethylenediamine. The product has been prepared with carbon‐14 labelling of the terminal positions of the octamethylene chains. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and 11C‐labelling of (E,E)‐1‐(3′,4′‐dihydroxystyryl)‐4‐(3′‐methoxy‐4′‐hydroxystyryl) benzene for PET imaging of amyloid deposits†
Authors: Wang Yanming , Mathis Chester A. , Huang Guo‐feng , Holt Daniel P. , Debnath Manik L. , Klunk William E. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractCarboxylic acid derivatives of the amyloid‐binding dye Congo red do not enter the brain well and are thus unable to serve as in vivo amyloid‐imaging agents. A neutral amyloid probe, (E,E)‐1‐(3′,4′‐dihydroxystyryl)‐4‐(3′‐methoxy‐4′‐hydroxystyryl)benzene (3), devoid of any carboxylate groups has been designed and synthesized via a 12‐step reaction sequence with a total yield of 30%. The unsymmetric compound 3 has also been labelled with C‐11 via [11C]methyl iodide ([11C]CH3I) methylation of a symmetric 4,4′‐dimesyl protected precursor followed by deprotection. Preliminary evaluation indicated that compound 3 selectively stained plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in post‐mortem AD brain, and exhibited good binding affinity (Ki=38±8 nM) for Aβ(1–40) fibrils in vitro. In vivo pharmacokinetic studies indicated that [11C]3 exhibited higher brain uptake than its carboxylic acid analogs and good clearance from normal control mouse brain. [11C]3 also exhibited specific in vivo binding to pancreatic amyloid deposits in the NOR‐beta transgenic mouse model. These results justify further investigation of 3 and similar derivatives as surrogate markers for in vivo quantitation of amyloid deposits. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.