bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Higher Education
Authors:   Aaas
Published: October 2023

Abstract
THE PROGRESS of K-12 science and mathematics education reform has been steady, sometimes accelerating since the publication of A Nation at Risk (National Commission on Excellence in Education, 1983). To maintain this progress, future science and mathematics teachers will need deep and interconnected knowledge of their subjects and of cultural and social issues with implications for teaching the subjects. Higher education has recently acknowledged its need for significant reform (Boyer, 1994), and colleges and universities have undertaken substantial efforts to change the ways they organize teaching and learning. These efforts are especially noticeable in the science, mathematics, and technology related disciplines and bode well for the support and institutionalization of K-12 science education reform. Nonetheless, these reforms are only a beginning. It is clear that higher education must become a more active and visible participant if the reform process is to succeed in schools, colleges, and universities.
Family and Community
Authors:   Aaas
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Families1and the Community have a great influence on children’s learning. Families are valuable resources in educational reform, and children benefit when schools recognize and encourage parents’ roles in reform efforts. Research has shown that a robust, highly interactive network of parents, community members, peers, and educators stimulates a child’s learning and development (Bronfenbrenner, 1989). The task of creating a network to support children’s science learning and development is becoming more difficult. However, changes in social structures and increased economic pressures have reduced the time and energy some families can devote to school involvement: single parents are often working more than one job, and in many two-parent house holds both parents are working. Also, many households are changing configuration, as when extended families raise children.
Much Ado About Mutton: An Ethical Review of the Cloning Controversy
Authors: Green Ronald M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
I begin this discussion with the conviction that 10 or 20 years from now around the world a modest number of children (several hundred to several thousand) will be born each year as a result of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) cloning. I further assume that within the same period cloning will have come to be looked on as just one more available technique of assisted reproduction among the many in use: in vitro fertilization (IVF), egg and sperm donation, intracytoplasmic sperm injection, surrogacy. I hope to show why this outcome is both predictable and ethically acceptable.
The Legal Traditions
Authors: Goldstein Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Copyright and author’s right are the two great legal traditions for protecting literary and artistic works. The copyright tradition is associated with the common law world-England, where the tradition began, the former British colonies, and the countries of the British Commonwealth. The tradition of author’s right is rooted in the civil law system and prevails In the countries of the European continent and their former colonies In Latin America, Africa, and Asia.
The Face of the Nation
Authors: Samuels Shirley 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter addresses the category of memory through an analysis of some familiar territory: visual accounts of the Civil War. These accounts appear in narratives that sought to produce, as if through photographic development, the blurred outlines of bodies and to bring them into focus. The relationship between the early use of photographs and the production of a visible subject forms the background to my treatment of looking and memory. The act of looking by the twenty-first-century scholar engages a mnemonic device developed in the nineteenth century: photographs keep war visible.
The Progressive Era
Authors: Klarman Michael J . 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In 1908, Alonzo Bailey, a poor black agricultural laborer, signed a contract in Alabama to work for a white planter for one year at wages of twelve dollars per month. For unknown reasons, Bailey subsequently left the plantation, thus breaching his contract. He was arrested under a state law criminalizing the fraudulent undertaking of a labor contract that paid advance wages. The law made a breach prima facie evidence of fraudulent intent—a presumption that state evidence law did not permit defendants to rebut with their testimony. Bailey was tried, convicted, and sentenced to serve 136 days at hard labor.
The Interwar Period
Authors: Klarman Michael J . 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In 1919, black tenant farmers and sharecroppers in Phillips County, Arkansas, tried to organize a union and to hire white lawyers to sue planters for peonage practices. Local whites cracked down with a vengeance. When whites shot into a church where black unionists were meeting, blacks returned the gunfire. A white man was killed. Mayhem quickly ensued. Marauding whites, some from adjoining states, supported by federal troops ostensibly dispatched to quell the disturbance, went on a rampage. They tracked down blacks throughout the countryside and killed dozens of them. Seventy-nine blacks, and no whites, were prosecuted and convicted for their actions during this “race riot,” and twelve received the death penalty. The trials of those twelve lasted only an hour or two each, and the juries, from which blacks had been systematically excluded, deliberated for only a few minutes. Huge mobs of angry whites surrounded the courthouse, menacing the defendants and the jurors and threatening a lynching. Six of the defendants appealed their death sentences to the Supreme Court, arguing that mob-dominated trials violate the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
Brain Tumors
Authors: Greenberg Harry S , Chandler William F , Sandler Howard M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Written for neurologists and other physicians who participate in the diagnosis and treatment of brain tumors, this book synthesizes the authors' clinical experiences. The first seven chapters provide a foundation for tumor pathology, biology, radiology, and the treatment modalities of surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. The remaining eight chapters have a common format, reviewing the history, epidemiology, biology, pathology, clinical symptoms, differential diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, and complications of specific tumors.
The Tasks of Visibility:
Authors: Miringoff Marc , Miringoff Marque-Luisa 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
AN We Direction for Social Reporting Beyond the task of creating new indicators, concepts, tools, and language for the field, lies the need to make information about social conditions more available and accessible to the public. Social reporting helps to fulfill a basic requirement of a democratic society; it enriches public discourse and encourages political and civic involvement. In order to contribute to this very fundamental process, information must be consistently reported and it must be made available in a form that is useful to the general public and to those who make policy.
The Precursors of Pan-Islamism: Peripheral Islam and the Caliphal Center
Authors: Karpat Kemal H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The idea of Islamic unity remained an alien concept to Muslim rulers until the nineteenth century, despite the pervasive feeling of religious communality and brotherhood among the mass of believers. Prior to the nineteenth century, in spite of a few vague and isolated calls for unity, the Islamic states failed to develop a concept of unity or to achieve a military alliance against the West or Christendom, or even against the Crusaders who occupied the heartland of the Middle East from the eleventh to the thirteenth centuries. The Muslim rulers used the call to cihad, or holy war, to fight each other instead of the perceived enemies of Islam. They were far more concerned with their personal economic, political, and military power than with the fate of Islam or of their Muslim subjects, although the faith gave them their legitimacy and the subjects furnished them with taxes and manpower. The famous Timur (Tamerlane, Timurlenk), who claimed to be a good Muslim, crushed the Golden Horde in 1395 and thus indirectly helped the Muscovy principality to annihilate and annex the Kazan hanate in 1552; and he also nearly put an end to the Ottoman state by defeating and incarcerating Beyazit I in 1402.
The Caliphate and Ottoman Foreign Policy in Africa
Authors: Karpat Kemal H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The maintenance of authority over the Hicaz was dependent on controlling the land and sea approaches to this vital province. Although the north was securely in Ottoman hands, the east and even the south consisted of wide stretches of desert; and the western border, formed by the Red Sea, remained very vulnerable to outside attacks. Defense of the Red Sea acquired greater importance after the French occupied Tunisia in 1881 and the English occupied Egypt in 1882, especially as Paris seemed determined to move further south and east toward the Hicaz. North and Central Africa then emerged as a primary line of defense for the Ottoman possessions in the Middle East, especially Arabia. Ottoman strategic interests in Africa and Abdulhamid’s Islamist policy, therefore, became mutually interdependent and inseparable.
The Reconstruction of State, Community-Nation, and Identity
Authors: Karpat Kemal H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Sultan Abdulhamid developed and implemented his Islamism with two key purposes in mind. His first goal was to achieve unity among Ottoman Muslims and thus prevent the fragmentation of his country into national territorial states. Domestically, therefore, he employed every economic, educational, and financial means available to strengthen the Ottoman state internally, although in the process he inadvertently accelerated its structural transformation and helped change the very meaning of “state.” His second purpose, to maintain peace at all costs, stemmed from his knowledge that both the integration of the Muslim population and the maintenance of the Empire’s territorial integrity were vitally dependent on peace. In his foreign policy he tried to remain on friendly terms with the big powers, yet prevent their interference in Ottoman domestic affairs, even accepting the loss of eastern Rumili to Bulgaria in 1885 in order to avoid a possible war and subsequent Russian or English interference. At the same time, the sultan constantly, though subtly, used the threat of cihad to prevent such interference and balanced the ambitions of one European power against another.
Household Income: Its Composition and Growth
Authors: Khan Azizur Rahman , Riskin Carl 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The household is the basic unit of estimation in this study. Household income includes the earnings of each individual member as well as the collective earnings of the household from enterprises, property, and transfer. Each member of a household is assumed to have the same income, the per capita income of the household. As have other studies of this kind, we have found it impossible to address the issue of intra-household difference in income.
Trends in the Incidence of Poverty
Authors: Khan Azizur Rahman , Riskin Carl 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 1, we argued that there was a major shift in China’s development policy around the middle of the 1980s. Before that time, China’s reform program was focused on the rural economy, and the growth of the latter was the principal element of China’s economic growth. Since the middle of the 1980s, China’s development strategy has increasingly been focused on a closer integration with the rapidly globalizing world economy, and China’s growth has been concentrated in non-agricultural activities. The distributional consequences of growth on China’s poor have been very different in the two periods. During the initial period of reform, until about 1985, China achieved a rapid reduction in the incidence of poverty. After the mid-l980s, the rate of reduction in poverty drastically slowed and arguably was halted or even reversed. There is a broad agreement among all analysts about a break in the trend in poverty reduction in the mid-1980s, although there is some disagreement, especially between the official sources and the rest, about the nature and extent of the slowdown in the rate of poverty reduction after that date.
Gender, Health, and Education Human Development Dimensions of Inequality
Authors: Khan Azizur Rahman , Riskin Carl 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is now time to discuss some broader aspects of distribution, with respect to both subjects and objects of distribution. Examined over the global population, income is far from perfectly correlated with other aspects of human well-being, such as longevity, health, education, and a clean natural environment. The concept of “sustainable human development” (SHD), promoted by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), was designed to examine directly the impact of economic growth (or its absence) on the human capabilities embodied in these and other important aspects of well-being. Inevitably, a new index emerged: UNDP’s Human Development Index (HDI), which encompasses the most easily quantified and measured factors that contribute to SHD—longevity, educational status, and income. Special indices were also developed to measure other factors not included in HD I, such as the empowerment of women and the extent of poverty. Still others, such as human freedom and environmental health, have not yet been subject to convincing quantification.
Summary and Conclusions
Authors: Khan Azizur Rahman , Riskin Carl 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Unlike many other countries in transition from a regime of central planning to one of market coordination, China has experienced almost uninterrupted economic growth since its reforms began in the late 1970s. Between 1988 and 1995, the years of our two surveys, real per capita GDP increased at an annual rate of 8.1% per year—which amounts to an aggregate growth of 72% when compounded over seven years. Accumulated rapid growth has transformed the appearance of the country, especially the coastal cities and their surrounding farm belts. Changes have been qualitative as well as quantitative, with substantial shifts in popular attitudes and behavior, a proliferation of retail shops and restaurants, and a mushrooming of foreign direct investment and trade; the last has brought imported consumer durables, including all the accouterments of modern information technology.
What Happens at a Musculoskeletal Examination?
Authors: Lane Nancy E , Wallace Daniel J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Something is not right. It’s not that you don’t feel well, but something different is going on. It could be that you are newly stiff, achy, or have noticed a deformity on your hand. What needs to be done? Who should you see? This chapter will guide you to a physician who can evaluate musculoskeletal complaints, initiate a diagnostic workup, and recommend treatment. I Hurt. Who Should I See To Evaluate My Complaint? There is a seemingly bewildering array of musculoskeletal specialists. Some are physicians; others are not. (Chapter 22 reviews the responsibilities of these practitioners.) However, for all practical purposes, a primary care physician should be your starting point. These doctors are general practitioners, family practitioners, or internal medicine specialists, depending on the amount of training and expertise they have. For patients who have Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) or Point of Service (POS) plans, there is often no choice. These physicians serve a “gatekeeper” function, and evaluate initial complaints.
The Lower Body
Authors: Lane Nancy E , Wallace Daniel J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The major joints involved in osteoarthritis of the lower extremity are in the hip, knee, ankle, and feet. Although the general principles of taking a history, performing a physical examination, and making a diagnosis are similar, each joint complex has its own unique pathology and characteristics. We’ll cover these regions from top to bottom. LET’S Get Hip The hip joint represents a meeting of two of the largest bony structures of the body. A ball-and-socket joint four inches deep under the skin that cannot be felt, this joint connects the femur with the pelvis (Figure 21). The femur is the longest bone in the body and connects to the pelvis in a cavity known as the acetabulum, formed by the fusion of three pelvic bones: the ilium, ischium, and pubis. The joint is extremely stable. Anchored by strong ligaments and bursae, the femoral head is two thirds of a perfect sphere, 40% of which is enclosed by the acetabulum.
But Doctor, I’m in Pain!
Authors: Lane Nancy E , Wallace Daniel J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Pain is the most common symptom which brings osteoarthritis to a patient’s (and doctor’s) attention. It is far more frequently noted than fatigue, stiffness, or muscle weakness. There are many causes of osteoarthritis pain, and its management depends on the source. This chapter will review the reasons why osteoarthritis patients experience pain and what can be done about it. Why Do I Hurt? The International Association for the Study of Pain has defined pain as an unpleasant sensory and cultural experience. Some patients with osteoarthritis have no symptoms, yet others complain of mild to severe pain. Why is this the case? Pain is usually experienced with joint loading and relieved with rest. A variety of factors contribute to the perception of pain in osteoarthritis (shown in Figure 51). The synovial membrane or joint lining might not get enough oxygen, limiting the blood flow.
Special Cases
Authors: Lane Nancy E , Wallace Daniel J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
We’ve been asked at times if children can develop osteoarthritis. After all, most people think of osteoarthritis as a disease of aging. Although there are forms of arthritis evident in childhood, such as juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile spondylitis, lupus, and Kawasaki’s disease, osteoarthritis, per se, is not present in children. Nevertheless, certain formative features of bone which become evident during growth ensure or greatly increase the risk of osteoarthritis in later life. These will be reviewed here, along with a consideration of what happens when pregnancy occurs in osteoarthritis patients. Can People Be Born With Osteoarthritis Or Develop It As Children? Collagen is a form of loose connective tissue that is responsible for certain aspects of bone formation. Hyaline cartilage consists of large amounts of Type II collagen. Gene mutations have been described in families that result in the underproduction of Type II collagen. These individuals tend to develop early osteoarthritis with an onset during adolescence, and it tends to involve weight-bearing joints. Trying to identify the genes that can program the body towards developing osteoarthritis is the focus of intense scrutiny.
New Directions
Authors: Lane Nancy E , Wallace Daniel J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The standard treatments for osteoarthritis available today include non-pharmacologic and pharmacologic remedies. Nonpharmacologic therapies involve losing weight, exercising to improve muscle strength and endurance, and improving an overall sense of well-being. Drug treatments include pain and anti-inflammatory medications as well as corticosteroid injections. Surgical and complementary approaches have also been reviewed. Despite these often effective treatments, osteoarthritis is associated with an unacceptably high risk of causing loss of function and disability, and with poor self-esteem and societal dependency. Fortunately, researchers are looking into a variety of creative and innovative therapies. This chapter will review some of these promising avenues. Making What We Already Have, Better The introduction of selective cox-2 blocking drugs in 1998 was a major step in making arthritis therapy effective and safer. Newer selective cox-2 blockers and related cox-3 and nitric oxide inhibitors will be on the market in the next few years. Tramadol (Ultram) blocks the excitatory amino acid pathway, which may be an important mediator of osteoarthritis as
The Choice of Specific Clauses in the Constitution
Authors: Mcguire Robert A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Despite the hundreds of studies on the formation of the Constitution and the importance of its specific design, none has formally and systematically analyzed the factors explaining the choices of specific clauses in the Constitution. Accordingly, this chapter presents an economic analysis of voting on specific issues at the Philadelphia Constitutional Convention of 1787, concentrating on the choices the framers made in Philadelphia.
Another Look at the Choice of Specific Clauses
Authors: Mcguire Robert A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
For some scholars, a potential difficulty with the estimation of voting behavior in chapter 3 might be that the personal interests of the framers were treated as primary motivating factors in the choices they made at the Philadelphia convention. For some, the interests of the citizens (the framers’ constituents) should have been paramount in explaining the choices made at Philadelphia. As the historiography on the Constitution indicates, the role of constituent interests versus personal interests in the creation of the Constitution can be viewed as an issue of competing hypotheses about the framers’ behavior.
The Choice of the Basic Design of the Constitution
Authors: Mcguire Robert A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The examination of the Philadelphia convention presented so far offers an economic explanation for voting on interest-specific clauses considered for inclusion in the Constitution. The examination relied on the theory of self interested, partisan behavior among constitutional actors. An alternative hypothesis in constitutional economics that has recently emerged suggests that disinterested, nonpartisan voting behavior may better explain the choice of the basic design of a constitution than a presumption of self interested, partisan behavior. Yet the issue of disinterested, nonpartisan voting has not heretofore been formally analyzed.
The Law Of Sanctuary
Authors: Helmholz R H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The medieval law of sanctuary permitted any person who had committed a serious crime to take refuge in a church, churchyard, or other designated place of asylum. It was a valuable privilege. In theory, and normally in practice as well, anyone who reached a place of asylum escaped vengeance at the hands of his enemies and punishment at the hands of his rulers. Sanctuary meant everything the term implied—a refuge where a person in real danger would be safe from harm. This source of refuge was widely available in medieval Europe. Places where sanctuary might be sought could come into existence by the grants of emperors, popes, and kings and in most places by prescription as well. They could be located virtually anywhere, although churches were al- ways regarded as the most natural sites for sanctuary, just as they have proved to be in attempts to bring the concept back to life in our own day. Churches were certainly the most numerous of the places available for asylum. Indeed, by both the canon and the Roman laws, all churches were automatically entitled to this privileged status. English lawyers commonly said that a criminal “fled to church” as a shorthand way of saying that he had taken sanctuary, and this expression was fully in line with what was done in life.