bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trophic state, fish community and intensive production of salmonids in Alicura Reservoir (Patagonia, Argentina)
Authors: Temporetti P. F. , Alonso M. F. , Baffico G. , Diaz M. M. , Lopez W. , Pedrozo F. L. , Vigliano P. H. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe Governments of the Provinces located in Patagonia, Argentina, promote the intensive breeding of salmonids in the Andean Patagonian region. Although annual production is low (450 ton ha–1 year–1), some effects are significant. Waste produced by salmonid breeding (feed losses, faeces and excretion) increases nutrient and organic matter concentrations, which cause modifications of water quality, sediments and biota. A consequent risk is the elevation of eutrophication levels. Possible changes in water composition, sediments, algae and wild fish populations were studied. Sites affected by fish farming showed increased nutrient concentration, and phytoplankton and periphyton biomass. Chlorophyll a was similar at both sites (affected and unaffected by fish farm sites). Sediments clearly reflect fish farm waste inputs: total phosphorus and organic matter increased 12‐fold and fourfold, respectively. The species present in the gill‐net catches were the autochthonous Percichthys trucha, Odontesthes hatcheri, Diplomystes viedmensis, and the introduced salmonids Oncorhynchus mykiss, Salmo trutta, Salmo salar sebago and Salvelinus fontinalis. About 50% of the total catch was salmonids. A major portion of the catch per unit weight was composed of rainbow trout, followed by perch. The catch per unit weight obtained for this reservoir agrees with the range of values previously determined (Quiros 1990) for Patagonian reservoirs. Compared with previous studies by Freyre et al. (1991), a variation in catch composition exists. This consists mainly of an increase in the numbers and condition of O. mykiss and a decrease in P. trucha. Presence of fish that escaped from hatcheries, recognizable by their eroded fins, was observed; particularly in a sampling station near the fish cage systems. Variations in catches could be caused by cyclical changes in fish populations (Wooton 1991), by direct and indirect effects of intensive fish farming, or by a combination of both events, and can only be understood through long‐term studies of catch variation.
Application of integrated environmental management through the preparation of an environmental action programme: Case study from the Songkhla Lake Basin in southern Thailand
Authors: Chufamanee Pakawan , Lønholdt Jens 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe concepts and principles for integrated environmental management (IEM), which is based on a strategic and participatory approach to environmental and regional planning, has been successfully applied to a large lake system in the southern region of Thailand. The application was achieved through the Danish Cooperation for Environment and Development funded project ‘Environmental Management in the Songkhla Lake Basin’ (EmSong Project) in the Office of Environmental Policy and Planning within the Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment. Through the application of the methods and tools for IEM, including the use of a participatory and strategic planning approach, and the establishment of a comprehensive database and an integrated surface water model for the lake system, an environmental action programme (EAP) has been developed. This action programme, which is based on a broad consensus at the local and regional level, includes vision and mission statements, resource objectives and strategies for management from an economically and ecologically important lake system in Thailand. The operational part of the EAP is a project catalogue, which contains immediately needed projects described to an international pre‐feasibility level. The former is the tangible output of the EmSong Project. A more intangible output from the EmSong Project is committed and informed local and regional government and community‐based organizations.
Six years’ (1992–1997) evolution of phytoplankton communities after recovery by liming in Lake Orta, northern Italy
Authors: Morabito Giuseppe 
Published: March 2003

AbstractLake Orta became heavily polluted in 1926 by ammonium sulphate and copper. After a couple of years the biological communities became extremely simplified and were composed of a few resistant species. This acute copper pollution was followed by a chronic acidification of the water, brought about by in‐lake biochemical oxidation of ammonium. Since the 1960s, heavy metals discharged from some plating factories became an additional source of pollution. After the reduction of ammonium discharge in 1982 and from May 1989 to June 1990 the lake was limed: the pH at overturn increased from pH 4.4 to 5.9, the metals’ concentration decreased and the number of planktonic taxa rapidly increased.The present paper deals with the recent (1992–1997) evolution of the phytoplankton communities analysed by sample clustering: the cluster analysis indicates the separation of two large groups of samples (1992–1993 and 1995–1997). Such clustering is because of the gradual decline of the chlorophytes (for a long period the most important group in Lake Orta) between 1992 and 1994, followed by their marked decrease between 1995 and 1997, during which they were replaced by blue–green algae.Also noticeable was the increase in diatoms, which had disappeared from the phytoplankton community from the 1930s until 1994, but during spring and summer 1997 they amounted to 40% of community abundance. Although it is now possible to describe a phytoplanktonic seasonal succession in Lake Orta, the dissimilarities shown by the cluster analysis seem to indicate the existence of a certain year‐to‐year variability inside the dominant species assemblage, meaning that the phytoplankton community is still evolving.In spite of the phytoplankton’s fast recovery after liming, it is only since 1994 that the algal community started to change toward a phytoplankton assemblage more typical of deep subalpine lakes.
Institutional arrangements for managing the great lakes of the world: Results of a workshop on implementing the watershed approach
Authors: Borre Lisa , Barker David R. , Duker Laurie E. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe conceptual framework for lake management has evolved at an accelerating rate in recent years to include the basic principles of a watershed approach: (i) citizen and stakeholder involvement is important throughout the planning and management process; (ii) the geographic focus for management activities includes the lake and its entire watershed; and (iii) mechanisms need to be in place to promote cooperation among different government jurisdictions and organizations in the watershed. Creating effective institutional arrangements for implementing this watershed approach in lake regions is perhaps the most challenging and important issue facing the world’s lakes. LakeNet organized a workshop at the 8th International Conference on the Conservation and Management of Lakes in May 1999. This article is a synthesis of the results of the workshop and the eight case reports prepared by the workshop participants published in this special issue. Seven major threats to lakes were identified: (i) accelerated eutrophication; (ii) invasive species; (iii) toxic contamination; (iv) overfishing; (v) water diversion, (vi) acidification; and (vii) climate change. Institutions and institutional arrangements for addressing these issues and for implementing a watershed approach are just beginning to emerge on lakes around the world. All of the institutions described in the case reports were established or formalized during the 1980s and 1990s. The legal mechanisms creating these institutions range from cooperative agreements among jurisdictions for purposes of policy and planning to national laws and international treaties with full regulatory powers. The knowledge base, political will and financial resources for these activities were very small in comparison with the complexity of the task at hand.
Role of catchment area in the transport of nutrients to lakes in the Wielkopolska National Park in Poland
Authors: Szyper Halina , Gołdyn Ryszard 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe external loading of 14 lakes in the Wielkopolska National Park was calculated, including nitrogen and phosphorus loads from point, diffuse and dispersed sources, precipitation and recreation. The basic source of nitrogen and phosphorus for most lakes in the Park is the export of diffuse pollution from the catchment area. Only four lakes are contaminated by sewage, which accounts for 0.1–61.2% of total nutrient loading. Annual unit area loads of phosphorus and nitrogen estimated for each lake were 2–51 times higher than Vollenweider’s critical loading levels. Estimated mass loading and annual unit area loads of nutrients for each lake were compared with lake water quality, expressed as the trophic state index. Analysis of the physico‐geographical structure of the catchment area and natural resistance of lakes to external input of nutrients allowed us to assess the role of the catchment in the deterioration of water quality and to indicate the protective measures required.
Development and use of a wetlands information system for assessing wetland functions
Authors: Wolfson Lois , Mokma Del , Schultink Ger , Dersch Eckhart 
Published: March 2003

AbstractA wetlands information management system was developed to assess various wetland functions and values in two townships in Michigan, USA. The goals of the study were to determine the effectiveness of a wetland‐assessment method integrated with a geographical information system (GIS) to assess appropriate environmental criteria, potential effects of wetland size and type on function, and to develop a user–friendly interface that local officials might use in decision‐making related to wetland preservation and land‐use planning. In order to assess seven wetland functions and two values, quantitative measures were incorporated using GIS techniques to derive some of the needed information from existing spatial databases. However, on‐site investigation was required for all assessments. Of 65 wetlands evaluated through the system, no significant difference (P > 0.05) was found between wetland size and its ability to perform a given function. No single wetland type (e.g. forested, shrub/scrub, emergent, open water) had a higher probability of performing all wetland functions or values significantly more than another type. However, the combined application of on‐site evaluation and GIS technology might offer a more efficient method to assess wetland functions and values, with the latter providing an educational tool for local wetland planning and management.
Bacterioplankton production in a water column of Lake Biwa
Authors: Gurung Tek Bahadur , Urabe Jotaro , Nozaki Kentaro , Yoshimizu Chikage , Nakanishi Masami 
Published: March 2003

AbstractSeasonal production of bacterioplankton in a water column of Lake Biwa was examined based on cell‐specific growth rates at above (surface layer) and below the thermocline (deep layer). The growth rates were estimated by incubating bacterioplankton in situ with a dilution technique. The rates ranged from 0.05 per day in winter to 0.89 per day in summer, generally with much higher rates in the surface layer than in the deep layer. In an entire water column, bacterial production (in terms of carbon [C]) ranged from 0.217 to 0.811 gC/m2 per day with a mean of 0.451 gC/m2 per day, which, on average corresponded to 43% of primary production. However, no significant correlation was detected between bacterial production and primary production rates. Although the bacterial production rate correlated positively to water temperature, surface and deep layer rates were comparative for some dates because the deep layer shared a large fraction of the water column. These results suggest that, although specific bacterial activity was low in the deep layer due to the low temperature, bacteria in that layer play substantial roles in consumption of organic matter and material flows in Lake Biwa.
Forecasting and assessing the impact of urban sprawl in coastal watersheds along eastern Lake Michigan
Authors: Pijanowski Bryan C. , Shellito Bradley , Pithadia Snehal , Alexandridis Konstantinos 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe Land Transformation Model (LTM), which has been developed to forecast urban‐use changes in a grid‐based geographical information system, was used to explore the consequences of future urban changes to the years 2020 and 2040 using non‐urban sprawl and urban‐sprawl trends. The model was executed over a large area containing nine of the major coastal watersheds of eastern Lake Michigan. We found that the Black‐Macatawa and Lower Grand watersheds will experience the most urban change in the next 20–40 years. These changes will likely impact the hydrological budget, might reduce the amount of nitrogen exported to these watersheds, result in a significant loss of prime agricultural land and reduce the amount of forest cover along the streams in many of these watersheds. The results of this work have significant implications to the Lake Michigan Lake Area Management Plan (LaMP) that was recently developed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency.
Hypercalcaemia following renal transplantation: A common problem of limited clinical consequence?
Authors: Walker Patrick C , Bannister Kym M , Clarkson Anthony R , Faull Randall J 
Published: March 2003

SUMMARY:Tertiary hyperparathyroidism, manifesting as hypercalcaemia, is common after renal transplantation. It often resolves within the first few years, but in previous studies has been associated with bone, renal and cardiovascular pathology. There have been no large studies in the last 10 years, or in patients treated predominantly with Cyclosporin A, that have examined the long‐term effect of this condition on patient or transplant outcomes. A retrospective analysis was conducted of 171 consecutive renal transplant recipients with at least 1 year of graft survival from 1984 to 1996. Measurement was made of current and past incidence of hypercalcaemia, the natural history of post‐transplant hypercalcaemia, and its effect on graft survival and function, and patient mortality. The incidence of hypercalcaemia was 26% and did not change significantly during the time frame of the study. The average serum calcium increased until 6 months post‐transplantation, and then steadily decreased over the next 7 years. There was a significant variation in the rate of decrease between subjects. No long‐term effect on patient or graft survival or function was detected. Post‐transplant hypercalcaemia usually represents a benign condition that resolves with time. A conservative approach is recommended in the management of most patients in this group.
Renal disease and the environment: lessons from Aboriginal Australia*
Authors: Hoy Wendy , Vanbuynder Paul , Mathews John D , Pugsley David J , Wang Zhiqiang 
Published: March 2003

SUMMARY:Aborigines in remote Australia are living in profound socio‐economic disadvantage and epidemiological transition. They are also experiencing an epidemic of cardiovascular disease, with deaths increased > threefold and renal failure increased > 20‐fold. Dialysis costs pose a crisis, but premature death is the greater human catastrophe. In one high‐risk group, we identified renal disease through the urinary albumin/creatinine ratio and assessed it distribution, its correlations, its associations with other morbidities and overall mortality and its natural history. We later introduced systematic antihypertensive and renal‐protective treatment for afflicted persons. Albuminuria was detected in 55% of adults. It was inversely correlated with glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and generally progressed over time. It was strongly correlated with cardiovascular risk, and its intensity predicted not only renal failure but also all‐cause natural death. Factors correlated with renal disease included increasing age, low birthweight and infant malnutrition, adult weight gain and its syndrome X metabolic accompaniments, skin infections, post‐streptococcal glomerulonephritis, heavy drinking, multiparity and a family history of renal disease. Nephron endowment probably also influences risk, with birthweight being one important driving force. Ironically, improved health services have probably contributed to the epidemic of renal failure in at least two ways: increased survival of low‐birthweight infants and increased longevity in adults, allowing the full progression or renal disease to its terminal state. The treatment programme was associated with swift and massive reductions in end‐stage renal failure, overall mortality and costs. Renal disease is multideterminant, with the simultaneous operation of several risk factors amplifying the increase in albuminuria and decrease in GFR that accompany increasing age. While many risk factors and mechanisms remain to be identified, our findings provide ample grounds for immediate intervention in similarly afflicted communities, with expectation of excellent outcome. Improved services will probably result in additional ascertainment of disease and more opportunity for its expression, so that disease prevention and modification become even more pressing obligations. Major shifts in our political, social, academic and clinical priorities are needed to effectively address these issues for all Aboriginal communities.
Nephropathy in type 2 diabetes: current therapeutic strategies
Authors: Gilbert Richard E. , Kelly Darren J. 
Published: March 2003

SUMMARY:Diabetic nephropathy is currently the commonest cause of end‐stage renal failure in most countries with a Western lifestyle. In addition to progressing to end‐stage renal disease, patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy are at especially high risk of cardiovascular death. A multifaceted approach, aiming not only to slow the progression of renal dysfunction but also to reduce the risk of associated complications, particularly cardiovascular disease, is advocated. Current evidence‐based guidelines serve a useful adjunctive role in providing target levels for therapeutic intervention.
‘It comes together at the end’: the impact of a one‐year subject in Nursing Inquiry on philosophies of nursing
Authors: Francis Dawn , Owens Jan , Tollefson Joanne 
Published: March 2003

‘It comes together at the end’: the impact of a one‐year subject in Nursing Inquiry on philosophies of nursingThis paper reframes an interpretive study as critical inquiry as the researchers interrogate their roles and authority in the ‘reading’ of what is valued as reflective. Working from data collected in written philosophies and interviews within the context of a one‐year subject aimed at developing reflective practice and an appreciation of ways of knowing, this paper examines the change in philosophies of nursing perceived by three university‐based educators and their students. The study reveals a growing appreciation of the complexity of nursing but a limited consideration of the dialectic of critical theorising and everyday engagement necessary to critical reflection and reconstruction of action. More importantly, the process of research collaboration raises questions of the soul‐searching necessary for university educators to act against the institutionalised political context that determines what is seen to be of value in student learning.
Privileged position: preparing nurses to work in the community
Authors: Carberry Clare 
Published: March 2003

Privileged position: preparing nurses to work in the communityNurses nurse, end of story, but is it? Is nursing any one thing? Nursing is many things and the positions that nurses occupy in any particular setting are multiple. In an educational project aimed at facilitating student learning, I set out to expose the multipositionality of community nursing and to acknowledge that discursive pressures shape and limit practice.A set of resources using story method was produced for use in educational settings. Story method was chosen as an emancipatory vehicle for learning. A worrisome question that arose from reflection on the project was that although the educational aim of the project was emancipatory, did the singularity of the professional voice offered through the stories sabotage that goal?
Nursing leadership and health sector reform
Authors: Borthwick Chris , Galbally Rhonda 
Published: March 2003

Nursing leadership and health sector reformThe political, technological and economic changes that have occurred over the past decade are increasingly difficult to manage within the traditional framework of health‐care, and the organisation of health‐care is seen to need radical reform to sweep away many of the internal barriers that now divide one form of health‐care, and one profession, from another. Nursing must equip itself with skills in advocacy and political action to influence the direction the system will take. Nursing currently suffers from a weakness in self‐concept that goes hand in hand with a weakness in political status, and nursing leadership must build the foundations for both advocacy for others and self‐advocacy for the nursing movement.The profession faces tensions between different conceptions of its role and status, its relationship to medicine, and its relationship to health. Health indices are tightly linked to status, and to trust, hope, and control of one’s own life. Can nurses help empower others when they are not particularly good at empowering themselves? What will the role of the nurse be in creating the information flows that will guide people toward health? Nursing’s long history of adaptation to an unsettled and negotiated status may mean that it is better fitted to make this adaptation than other more confident disciplines.
Folate levels in psychiatric outpatients
Authors: Herrán A. , García‐Unzueta M. T. , Amado J. A. , López‐Cordovilla J. J. , Díez‐Manrique J. F. , Vázquez‐Barquero J. L. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThis study examines folate in psychiatric outpatients. Fifty‐three outpatients with schizophrenia and 24 outpatients with depressive disorder assessed with the Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry interview are included. Patients with schizophrenia had lower serum folate levels than age‐ and sex‐matched controls, while red cell folate levels did not differ. Serum folate levels showed a negative correlation with the Clinical Global Impression, disorganized dimension, and total Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale score. Patients with depressive disorder had lower serum folate levels than healthy controls, but showed no differences in red cell folate levels. Only two patients with schizophrenia had red cell folate levels below the normal range.
Risk factors for psychopathology among Chinese children
Authors: Liu Xianchen , Kurita Hiroshi , Sun Zhenxiao , Wang Fuxi 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe present study was designed to examine the family environment and child characteristics associated with psychopathology among Chinese children. A large epidemiological sample of 1695 children aged 6–11 was drawn from 12 elementary schools in Linyi Prefecture of China. Parents completed the Child Behaviour Checklist, the Family Environment Scale, and a self‐administered questionnaire including a number of items with regard to family, parental, and child characteristics. Results indicated that the overall prevalence of child psychopathology was 17.2%. Logistic regression analyses showed that a number of family and parental, as well as prenatal, perinatal and postnatal risk factors had significant association with child psychopathology. The most notable risks were derived from poor parental rearing with regard to the child’s misbehaviour, low birthweight, and poor marital relations of the parents after controlling for other factors. These findings are consistent with previously reported risk factors for child psychopathology, highlighting the importance of family and early childhood intervention as a measure to prevent child psychopathology in China.