bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Successful strategies to increase the consumption of fruits and vegetables: results from the Danish ‘6 a day’ Work-site Canteen Model Study
Authors: Lassen Anne , Thorsen Anne Vibeke , Trolle Ellen , Elsig Mette , Ovesen Lars 
Published: March 2004

AbstractObjective:To investigate changes in the consumption of fruits and vegetables in work-site canteens using the tools of continuous quality improvement, and to gain knowledge of practical strategies being effective in increasing the consumption.Design:Study design included baseline data collection, an 8 h training session for all canteen staff, goal setting, strategy development and implementation for each canteen, end-point data collection and a follow-up data collection 4 months from the end-point (1 year from baseline). The main outcome measurement was average grams of fruits and vegetables per lunch meal served per customer (net weight; potatoes not included).Setting:Five workplaces in Denmark: a military base, an electronic component distributor, a bank, a town hall and a waste-handling facility.Subjects:Work-site canteen managers, staff and customers.Results:There were significant increases in the total consumption of fruits and vegetables for all five work-site canteens from baseline to end-point, 70 g per customer on average (67, 54, 39, 88 and 103 g, respectively). The follow-up data collection showed that the canteens either maintained or significantly increased consumption, the average increase being 95 g per customer compared with baseline (77, 60, 86, 70 and 183 g, respectively).Conclusions:This study demonstrates a large potential for work-site canteens to increase customers' intake of fruits and vegetables at lunch and suggests a broad spectrum of strategies to compose meals that are both rich in fruits and vegetables and attractive to customers.
Stability of body mass index in Australian children: a prospective cohort study across the middle childhood years
Authors: Hesketh Kylie , Wake Melissa , Waters Elizabeth , Carlin John , Crawford David 
Published: March 2004

AbstractObjective:To investigate the prevalence and incidence of overweight and obesity, the frequency of overweight resolution and the influence of parental adiposity during middle childhood.Design:As part of a prospective cohort study, height and weight were measured in 1997 and 2000/2001. Children were classified as non-overweight, overweight or obese based on standard international definitions. Body mass index (BMI) was transformed into age- and gender-specific Z-scores employing the LMS method and 2000 growth chart data of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Parents self-reported height and weight, and were classified as underweight, healthy weight, overweight or obese based on World Health Organization definitions.Setting:Primary schools in Victoria, Australia.Subjects:In total, 1438 children aged 5–10 years at baseline.Results:The prevalence of overweight and obesity increased between baseline (15.0 and 4.3%, respectively) and follow-up (19.7 and 4.8%, respectively; P < 0.001 for increase in overweight and obesity combined). There were 140 incident cases of overweight (9.7% of the cohort) and 24 of obesity (1.7% of the cohort); only 3.8% of the cohort (19.8% of overweight/obese children) resolved to a healthy weight. The stability of child adiposity as measured by BMI category (84.8% remained in the same category) and BMI Z-score (r = 0.84; mean change = −0.05) was extremely high. Mean change in BMI Z-score decreased with age (linear trend β = 0.03, 95% confidence interval 0.01–0.05). The influence of parental adiposity largely disappeared when children's baseline BMI was adjusted for.Conclusions:During middle childhood, the incidence of overweight/obesity exceeds the proportion of children resolving to non-overweight. However, for most children adiposity remains stable, and stability appears to increase with age. Prevention strategies targeting children in early childhood are required.
The F-Box Protein ZEITLUPE Confers Dosage-Dependent Control on the Circadian Clock, Photomorphogenesis, and Flowering Time[W]
Authors: Somers David E. , Kim Woe-Yeon , Geng Ruishuang 
Published: March 2004

Abstract
As an F-box protein, ZEITLUPE (ZTL) is involved in targeting one or more substrates for ubiquitination and degradation via the proteasome. The initial characterization of ZTL suggested a function limited largely to the regulation of the circadian clock. Here, we show a considerably broader role for ZTL in the control of circadian period and photomorphogenesis. Using a ZTL-specific antibody, we quantitated and characterized a ZTL dosage series that ranges from a null mutation to a strong ZTL overexpressor. In the dark,ztl null mutations lengthen circadian period, and overexpression causes arrhythmicity, suggesting a more comprehensive role for this protein in the clock than previously suspected. In the light, circadian period becomes increasingly shorter at higher levels of ZTL, to the point of arrhythmicity. By contrast, hypocotyl length increases and flowering time is delayed in direct proportion to the level of ZTL. We propose a novel testable mechanism by which circadian period and amplitude may act together to gate phytochrome B–mediated suppression of hypocotyl. We also demonstrate that ZTL-dependent delay of flowering is mediated through decreases in CONSTANS and FLOWERING LOCUS T message levels, thus directly linking proteasome-dependent proteolysis to flowering.
A New Arabidopsis Gene,FLK, Encodes an RNA Binding Protein with K Homology Motifs and Regulates Flowering Time viaFLOWERING LOCUS C [W]
Authors: Lim Mi-Hye , Kim Joonki , Kim Youn-Sung , Chung Kyung-Sook , Seo Yeon-Hee , Lee Ilha , Kim Jungmook , Hong Choo Bong , Kim Hie-Joon , Park Chung-Mo 
Published: March 2004

AbstractPosttranscriptional RNA metabolism plays versatile roles in the regulation of gene expression during eukaryotic growth and development. It is mediated by a group of RNA binding proteins with distinct conserved motifs. In this study, an Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) gene, designated FLK, was identified and shown to encode a putative RNA binding protein with K homology motifs. A mutant in which FLK was inactivated by T-DNA insertion exhibited a severe late flowering phenotype both in long and short days. The late flowering phenotype was reversed by gibberellin and vernalization treatments. The FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) transcription was greatly upregulated, whereas those of FLOWERING LOCUS T and SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS1 decreased in the mutant. These observations demonstrate that FLK regulates the autonomous flowering pathway via FLC. It is now evident that a battery of different RNA binding proteins are involved in the posttranscriptional regulation of flowering time in Arabidopsis.
Identification of Multivesicular Bodies as Prevacuolar Compartments inNicotiana tabacumBY-2 Cells[W]
Authors: Tse Yu Chung , Mo Beixin , Hillmer Stefan , Zhao Min , Lo Sze Wan , Robinson David G. , Jiang Liwen 
Published: March 2004

AbstractLittle is known about the dynamics and molecular components of plant prevacuolar compartments (PVCs). We have demonstrated recently that vacuolar sorting receptor (VSR) proteins are concentrated on PVCs. In this study, we generated transgenic Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) BY-2 cell lines expressing two yellow fluorescent protein (YFP)-fusion reporters that mark PVC and Golgi organelles. Both transgenic cell lines exhibited typical punctate YFP signals corresponding to distinct PVC and Golgi organelles because the PVC reporter colocalized with VSR proteins, whereas the Golgi marker colocalized with mannosidase I in confocal immunofluorescence. Brefeldin A induced the YFP-labeled Golgi stacks but not the YFP-marked PVCs to form typical enlarged structures. By contrast, wortmannin caused YFP-labeled PVCs but not YFP-labeled Golgi stacks to vacuolate. VSR antibodies labeled multivesicular bodies (MVBs) on thin sections prepared from high-pressure frozen/freeze substituted samples, and the enlarged PVCs also were indentified as MVBs. MVBs were further purified from BY-2 cells and found to contain VSR proteins via immunogold negative staining. Similar to YFP-labeled Golgi stacks, YFP-labeled PVCs are mobile organelles in BY-2 cells. Thus, we have unequivocally identified MVBs as PVCs in N. tabacum BY-2 cells. Uptake studies with the styryl dye FM4-64 strongly indicate that PVCs also lie on the endocytic pathway of BY-2 cells.
Monitoring the dynamics of orchard colonisation by Anthonomus pomorum in spring
Authors: Hausmann Claudia , Samietz Jörg , Dorn Silvia 
Published: March 2004

AbstractOverwintered adult apple blossom weevils, Anthonomus pomorum (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), colonise apple trees, Malus domestica Borkh. (Rosaceae), in early spring. Information gained from a suitable monitoring technique could serve as a guide to determining the accurate timing for control measures. To assess tree colonisation by flight and crawling, Plexiglas flight traps and commercial screen traps developed for different curculionid species were used. Refuges were mimicked by a newly designed shelter trap based on transparent bubble wrap. The trap catches were contrasted to the limb jarring technique. Microclimate and weather conditions were determined over a trial period of one and a half months. The shelter traps caught a high number of weevils irrespective of weather conditions, and thus performed better than both flight and screen traps. The temperature level within the shelter traps was slightly, but significantly, higher than on the trunk, indicating that weevils exploit microclimatic differences and occupy thermally favourable refuges. The seasonal culmination of colonisation as determined by shelter traps coincided with that as determined by the two methods used to monitor weevil movement towards host trees (flight traps and screen traps). The data indicated that not only flight, but also crawling as quantified by the screen traps contributes substantially to spring colonisation. Captures by all three types of traps over the spring season were significantly positively correlated with each other, but in most respects not with the results of the limb jarring. We conclude that the newly designed shelter trap will be useful for accurately monitoring the seasonal course of colonisation and holds promise for determining the timing of interventions.
Geographic variation in oviposition choice of a leaf beetle: the relationship between host plant ranking, specificity, and motivation
Authors: Gotthard Karl , Margraf Nicolas , Rahier Martine 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe degree of adaptation of herbivorous insects to their local flora is an important component of the evolutionary processes that lead to host plant specialization in insects. In this study we investigated geographic variations in the oviposition preference of the leaf beetleOreina elongataSuffrian (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Chrysolini) in relation to differences in host plant specialization, in the field. We focused on the mechanisms of host choice and asked whether potential differences among populations are due to variations in host plant ranking and/or host plant specificity. We performed a combination of simultaneous choice and sequential no‐choice experiments with two of the major host plants of the beetle [Cirsium spinosissimum(L.) andAdenostyles alliariae(Gouan) (Asteraceae)]. The results suggested that spatial variation in host plant specialization has resulted in differences between populations in some aspects of the oviposition choice ofO. elongata, while other aspects seem unaffected. We found no variation in host plant ranking among populations, as estimated in simultaneous choice tests. In contrast, the sequential no‐choice test indicated that host plant specificity was lower in a population that never encountered the highest ranked plant in the field. This finding agreed with our expectations, and we discuss our results in relation to the commonly used hierarchical threshold model. The results suggested that the mechanism for the differences in specificity is the variation among populations in the general motivation to oviposit, rather than quantitative differences in relative preference for the two hosts. We stress that it is essential to establish which of the two mechanisms is most important, as it will affect the probability of evolutionary change in host plant ranking.
Effects of post‐teneral diet on foraging success of sterile male Mediterranean fruit flies
Authors: Maor M. , Kamensky B. , Shloush S. , Yuval B. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractPost‐teneral diets containing protein have been shown to enhance the copulatory success of sterile male Mediterranean fruit flies, Ceratitis capitata (Wied.) (Diptera: Tephritidae). However, ingesting protein was also found to negatively affect male survival, in particular when males faced starvation following release in the field. Accordingly, the objective of the present study was to determine the effects of various post‐teneral diets, presented to sterile males prior to release, on their subsequent ability to forage for carbohydrates and protein in the field. Using mark‐release recapture and analytic biochemical methods, we found that both protein‐fed and protein‐deprived males foraged successfully for protein and sugar in a field enclosure when these resources were available. We conclude that protein‐fed sterile males are able to exploit sources of nutrition in the release environment, and their inability to overcome starvation is not a concern for control operations using the sterile insect technique.
Is spatial density‐dependent parasitism necessary for successful biological control? Testing a stable host–parasitoid system
Authors: Matsumoto Takashi , Itioka Takao , Nishida Takayoshi 
Published: March 2004

AbstractOne of the most famous examples of successful, classical biological control in Japan is the introduction of the parasitoidsCoccobius fulvusandAphytis yanonensisagainst the citrus pest arrowhead scaleUnaspis yanonensis. Together, they comprise a host‐parasitoid system that has been demonstrated to be stable. To test the conventional theory that successful biological control of pests occurs through the establishment of a low stable equilibrium, brought about by the density‐dependent responses of natural enemies to the pest species, sampling was carried out at five sites in the field during 2000 and 2001 to examine the relationship between the rate of parasitism byC.fulvusand the density of its host. The data were analysed using three statistical techniques at nine spatial scales.Contrary to conventional theoretical predictions, each method of analysis detected very little density‐dependence at any spatial level in this study. Parasitoid aggregations independent of host density were not sufficient to stabilise host–parasitoid interactions. Our results suggest that neither spatial density‐dependent nor density‐independent parasitism is necessary for successful biological control, or for the stability of the host–parasitoid system. We propose an alternative mechanism: a spatial refuge induced by parasitoid introduction may stabilise a system.
Waxy bloom in peas influences the performance and behavior ofAphidius ervi, a parasitoid of the pea aphid
Authors: Chang Gary C. , Neufeld Jeff , Durr Daniel , Duetting Patrick S. , Eigenbrode Sanford D. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractLeaf surface waxy bloom can influence the predator–prey interactions that take place on peas. We tested whether the interaction between the pea aphidAcyrthosiphon pisumHarris (Homoptera: Aphidae) and a parasitoid,Aphidius erviHaliday (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae), is affected by reduced wax. We performed greenhouse experiments comparing aphid parasitism by individualA. ervion two varieties of reduced wax peas to two normal wax sister varieties. We also observed the behavior of individualA. erviin the greenhouse and measured field parasitism in small plots of reduced wax and normal wax peas. In the greenhouse, individualA. erviparasitized more aphids on the reduced wax varieties than on their normal wax counterparts. Wasps spent more time actively foraging on reduced wax pea plants, which may contribute to the higher parasitism observed on those varieties. The greenhouse results suggested that the improved performance of individualA. ervion reduced wax peas might contribute to a higher parasitism on reduced wax peas in the field. Field parasitism was significantly higher in reduced wax pea plots during 2000. Overall parasitism was higher in 2000 than in 2001 and 2002. In the latter years, parasitism was higher on reduced wax plants, but not significantly different from normal wax plants. Improved foraging by individualA. erviresembles improved foraging by other carnivorous insects on reduced wax peas. The advantages of reduced wax for biological control of the pea aphid may hold when any of several different natural enemies is abundant.
The influence of temperature on size as an indicator of host quality for the development of a solitary koinobiont parasitoid
Authors: Li Baoping , Mills Nick 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe influence of aphid size on the host quality assessment and progeny performance of aphidiine parasitoids was examined using the mealy plum aphid parasitoid, Aphidius transcaspicus Telenga (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and the black bean aphid, Aphis fabae Scopoli (Homoptera: Aphididae), as a readily acceptable alternate host. Aphid size in relation to stage of development was manipulated by rearing synchronous aphid cohorts at either 15 or 30 °C. At 15 °C, 2nd instar aphids were approximately the same size as 4th instar aphids reared at 30 °C. Cohorts of 30 aphids from each instar, reared at each temperature, were exposed to parasitism by a single parasitoid female for a period of 5 h. Overall susceptibility to parasitism did not vary between aphid cohorts, but the parasitoid response to aphid size differed significantly between rearing temperatures for both progeny sex ratio (parent female assessment of host quality) and larval growth and development (host suitability for parasitoid development). For aphids reared at 15 °C, the proportion of female progeny and emerging adult size for the parasitoid increased linearly with aphid size at the time of attack, while development time remained constant. In contrast, for aphids reared at 30 °C, the proportion of female progeny, emerging adult size, and the development time of the parasitoid all declined with aphid size at the time of attack. The contrasting responses of the parasitoid to host size for aphids reared at the two temperatures suggest that host quality is only indirectly related to aphid size among aphidiine parasitoids. The possible effects of higher temperatures on nutritional stress, obligate endosymbionts, and future growth potential of the aphids are discussed as explanations for the variation in host quality for parasitoid development.
The Sale of Two Cities: A Semiotic Comparison of Disneyland with Marriott's Great America
Authors: Mechling Elizabeth Walker , Mechling Jay 
Published: March 2004

Much is revealed through the contrast of two related but divergent forms. In this essay, Elizabeth Mechlingand Jay Mechlingcontrast Disneyland with a later but more loosely themed park, Marriott's Great America in Santa Clara, California.Using the perspectives and methods of semiotics in Louis Marin's Marxist reading, this essay asks, “What are the stories that Disneyland and Marriott's Great America tell?…the ways in which popular culture both teaches and evokes stories that ‘think themselves’ in our minds.”These two parks, though allied in the theme format and rooted in a common bourgeois capitalist culture, are found to promote very different attitudes and values.
Eight Ways of Looking at an Amusement Park
Authors: Nye Russel B. 
Published: March 2004

The amusement park is solidly part of the national experience as a pleasure of the multitudes, and has been many things to many people— escape, fantasy, otherworldliness, illusion, drama, total theater, spectacle; a safety zone of enjoyment, absurdity and release from the habits, norms and rules of everyday life.The dangerous, the absurd, the erotic, the hilarious and the weird invite the participant into a world of role‐playing and the glories of play in its purest form, in modes both ancient and futuristic.Perhaps no single subject affordsso many aspects and approaches for study as the amusement park; from the most avant‐garde technological problems of engineering attractions to the manifold psychological impact of those attractions and their ambience on the mood and motivation of the patron. The variety of departure‐points is as dazzling and overwhelming as those to be found within the magic territory of the parks themselves.In exploring the possibilities of subject and theme for the study of the amusement park, Russel Nye provides a broad spectrum of park history and a generous taste of the many delights parks have provided to millions since their beginnings in the last century.
Immunoglobulin superfamily receptors in protochordates: before RAG time
Authors: Du Pasquier Louis , Zucchetti Ivana , De Santis Rosaria 
Published: March 2004

Summary:  Urochordates and cephalochordates do not have an adaptive immune system involving the somatic rearrangement of their antigen receptor genes. They do not have antigen‐presenting molecules of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)‐linked class I and II types. In the absence of such a system, the status of their genes reflects perhaps a primitive pre‐recombination‐activating gene (RAG) stage that could suggest the pathway leading to the genesis of the T‐cell receptor (TCR) and antibodies.In the genome of Ciona intestinalis, genes that encode molecules with membrane receptor features have been found among many members of the immunoglobulin superfamily (Igsf). They use the domains typical of vertebrate antigen receptors and class I and II: the V, and C1‐like domains. These genes belong to two families with recognizable homologs in vertebrates: the junctional adhesion molecule (JAM)/cortical thymocyte marker of Xenopus (CTX) family and the nectin family. The human homologs of these genes segregate in a single unit of four paralogous segments on chromosomes 1q, 3q, 11p, and 21q. These regions contain nowadays several genes involved in the adaptive immune system, and some related members are present in the MHC paralogs as well. They also contain receptor‐like genes without homologs in Ciona but with related members in the protostome Drosophila.It looks as if in Ciona one detects what looks like the ‘fossil’ of one group of genes bound to duplicate and give rise to many crucial elements of the adaptive immune system. The modern homologs of these JAM, CTX, and nectins are all or almost all virus receptors, and the hypothesis is formulated that this property was taken advantage of during evolution to participate in the elaboration of either or both the somatically generated antigen‐recognizing receptors and the antigen‐presenting molecules.