bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immune responses against tetracycline‐dependent transactivators affect long‐term expression of mouse erythropoietin delivered by a helper‐dependent adenoviral vector
Authors: Lena Anna Maria , Giannetti Patrizia , Sporeno Elisabetta , Ciliberto Gennaro , Savino Rocco 
Published: March 2005

AbstractBackgroundHelper‐dependent adenoviral (HD‐Ad) vectors give rise to sustained gene expression after delivery in a variety of organisms. In particular, we previously documented persistent expression of erythropoietin (EPO) in mice after a single intramuscular (i.m.) injection of a HD‐Ad vector harboring the mouse EPO cDNA.MethodsWe use the same vector harboring the tetracycline (tet)‐dependent transactivator (rtTA2S‐M2) and silencer (tTS) and mouse EPO cDNA to analyze the capacity of the dual tet‐dependent transactivator system to control long‐term EPO gene expression and to study the effect of an eventual immune response against these artificial proteins after i.m. delivery in immuno‐competent mice.ResultsIn the present study we demonstrate that i.m. injection of this vector in immuno‐competent mice generates a cellular immune response to the rtTA2S‐M2 transcription factor. This response curtails the duration of mouse EPO expression in mice, presumably by destroying the cells that co‐express transcription factors and the therapeutic gene. Nonetheless, regulation of mouse EPO secretion was maintained during the entire experimental period, both when the vector dosage was reduced and when the tet‐dependent transcription factors were put under the control of a muscle‐specific promoter.ConclusionsDelivery of the tet transactivators using as vehicle a HD‐Ad vector induced an immune response directed against the transactivators themselves, causing short‐term therapeutic transgene expression. Regulated, long‐term therapeutic transgene expression was, however, obtained by reducing the vector dose or expressing the transactivators under the control of a muscle‐specific promoter. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Charge‐ and Size‐Based Separations of Polyelectrolytes by Heart‐Cutting Two‐Dimensional Capillary Electrophoresis
Authors: Cottet Hervé , Biron Jean Philippe 
Published: March 2005

AbstractSummary: This work reports the separation of polyelectrolytes according to their charge density and their molecular mass by two‐dimensional capillary electrophoresis (2D‐CE). The two dimensions of the separation are performed in the same capillary using a heart‐cutting approach. The first dimension of the separation is performed in free‐solution CE (i.e. in the absence of sieving matrix) and allows separating the polyelectrolytes according to their charge density. A selected fraction stemming from the first dimension is next submitted to a second separation medium that is introduced in the capillary by electro‐osmotic flow. The second dimension of the separation is performed in the presence of an entangled polymer solution and allows the size‐based separation of the polyelectrolytes. The interest of heart‐cutting 2D‐CE in comparison with one‐dimensional separations is clearly demonstrated using a model mixture containing ten synthetic polyelectrolytes. Good repeatability on migration times (RSD from 0.12% to 0.33%, calculated on 5 successive runs) and relative peak areas (RSD from 0.74% to 3.6%) was obtained using this new methodology.Two‐dimensional capillary electrophoresis separation of ten polyelectrolytes.magnified imageTwo‐dimensional capillary electrophoresis separation of ten polyelectrolytes.
Compatibilization Efficiency of Organoclay in an Immiscible Polycarbonate/Poly(methyl methacrylate) Blend
Authors: Sinha Ray Suprakas , Bousmina Mosto 
Published: March 2005

AbstractSummary: This communication describes the compatibilization efficiency of organically modified montmorillonite (OMMT) in immiscible polycarbonate (PC)/poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) blends for the first time. The size of the dispersed PC particles was reduced significantly upon the addition of OMMT (6 wt.‐%) to the blend. The compatibilization effect of the OMMT was also assessed by differential scanning calorimetry, mechanical properties and thermal stability analysis of the modified blend.SEM images of the fracture surfaces.imageSEM images of the fracture surfaces.
A new discontinuous upper bound limit analysis formulation
Authors: Krabbenhoft Kristian , Lyamin Andrei V. , Hjiaj Mohammed , Sloan Scott W. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractA new upper bound formulation of limit analysis of two‐ and three‐dimensional solids is presented. In contrast to most discrete upper bound methods the present one is formulated in terms of stresses rather than velocities and plastic multipliers. However, by means of duality theory it is shown that the formulation does indeed result in rigorous upper bound solutions. Also, kinematically admissible discontinuities, which have previously been shown to be very efficient, are given an interpretation in terms of stresses. This allows for a much simpler implementation and, in contrast to existing formulations, extension to arbitrary yield criteria in two and three dimensions is straightforward. Finally, the capabilities of the new method are demonstrated through a number of examples. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Angiogenin is up‐regulated in the nucleus and cytoplasm in human primary breast carcinoma and is associated with markers of hypoxia but not survival
Authors: Campo Leticia , Turley Helen , Han Cheng , Pezzella Francesco , Gatter Kevin C , Harris Adrian L , Fox Stephen B 
Published: March 2005

AbstractAngiogenin, a 14.2 kD polypeptide that was originally noted for its angiogenic activity, is now increasingly recognized to have a multiplicity of biological roles in both physiological and pathological conditions. In breast cancer, there are conflicting studies questioning the role of angiogenin. Here, the pattern of expression of angiogenin during the transition from normal breast tissue to ductal carcinoma in situ and invasive carcinoma is reported together with the correlates between the level of angiogenin in 239 invasive carcinomas and standard clinicopathological parameters, hypoxia‐inducible factor (HIF)‐1α and the HIF‐1α target gene DEC‐1. This study shows that angiogenin expression is up‐regulated in the cytoplasmic and nuclear compartments in in situ carcinoma and invasive carcinoma compared with normal breast tissue and that angiogenin expression in invasive carcinomas is significantly positively associated with high tumour grade (p = 0.03), positive oestrogen receptor (ER) status (p = 0.01), HIF‐1α (p = 0.001) and DEC 1 (p = 0.001), but not with patient age (p = 0.8), tumour size (p = 0.25), lymph node status (p = 0.69), epidermal growth factor receptor (p = 0.56) or microvessel density (p = 0.32). No difference in relapse‐free (p = 0.26) or overall (p = 0.63) survival was observed in patients stratified by angiogenin expression. This study suggests that angiogenin may be important in breast cancer progression and that, through its relationship with ER, it may be a target for tamoxifen. Copyright © 2005 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Computer‐based detection of neonatal changes to branching morphogenesis reveals different mechanisms of and predicts prostate enlargement in mice haplo‐insufficient for bone morphogenetic protein 4
Authors: Almahbobi Ghanim , Hedwards Shelley , Fricout Gabriel , Jeulin Dominique , Bertram John F , Risbridger Gail P 
Published: March 2005

AbstractEarly changes to branching morphogenesis of the prostate are believed to lead to enlargement of the gland in adult life. However, it has not been possible to demonstrate directly that alterations to branching during the developmental period have a permanent effect on adult prostate size. In order to examine branching morphogenesis in a quantitative manner in neonatal mice, a combination of imaging and computational technology was used to detect and quantify branching using bone morphogenetic protein 4 haplo‐insufficient mice that develop enlarged prostate glands in adulthood. Accurate estimates were made of six parameters of branching, including prostate ductal length and volume and number of main ducts, branches, branch points, and tips. The results show that the prostate is significantly larger on day 3, well before the emergence of the phenotype in older animals. The ventral prostate is enlarged because the number of main epithelial ducts is increased; enlargement of the anterior prostate in mutant animals occurs because there are more branches. These lobe‐specific mechanisms underlying prostate enlargement indicate the complex nature of gland pathology in mice, rather than a simple increase in weight or volume. This method provides a powerful means to investigate the aetiology of prostate disease in animal models prior to emergence of a phenotype in later life. Copyright © 2005 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A University‐based Six Sigma Program
Authors: Montgomery Douglas C. , Burdick Richard K. , Lawson Cathy A. , Molnau Wade E. , Zenzen Fran , Jennings Cheryl L. , Shah Harry K. , Sebert David M. , Bowser Mark D. , Holcomb Don R. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractSix Sigma has been successful in industry, but until very recently almost all training for Six Sigma was done after graduation in the business environment. Arizona State University has implemented an education program providing fundamental Six Sigma Black Belt skills and experiences. Graduate students enrolled in either MS or PhD programs can pursue this 15 semester‐credit program as part of their regular graduate degrees. Students completing the program earn the ASU Graduate Certificate in Statistics in addition to the Black Belt certification. We describe the course work and project activities required for this program. The program can be completed in a calendar year as part of a regular graduate program, or students can also pursue the Graduate Certificate in Statistics and the Black Belt certification independently from the MS or PhD program. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of acidification on the determination of organic carbon, total nitrogen and their stable isotopic composition in algae and marine sediment
Authors: Kennedy Paul , Kennedy Hilary , Papadimitriou Stathis 
Published: March 2005

AbstractWe investigated the effects of sample acidification on the stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic composition (δ13C and δ15N), as well as the organic carbon (OC) and total nitrogen (TN) composition, of an algal culture and a marine sediment. Replicate measurements of untreated and acid‐treated samples were made using 1 M, 2 M and 6 M HCl, 6% H2SO3 and 1 M H3PO4. For all treatments the precision of the analysis for the acid‐treated sample was equal to or less than that in the non‐acidified sample. For the algae, analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated no significant differences in the mean OC and TN concentration, or δ13C and δ15N composition, between any acid treatment and non‐acidified samples. For the sediment sample a comparison could only be made between the different acid treatments because the untreated contained significant amounts (∼30%) of carbonate carbon. ANOVA indicated that the mean OC determined in sediment samples after the 1 M HCl treatment and the mean δ13C values after the 6% H2SO3 and 1 M H3PO4 treatments were significantly different (p < 0.013 and <0.05, respectively) from all other treatments. Mass balance calculations indicate that in some instances δ13C values were biased due to a contribution from unreacted carbonate carbon. There were no significant differences in the mean TN between any acid‐treated and non‐acidified samples. The mean δ15N values after 6 M HCl, 6% H2SO3 and 1 M H3PO4 treatments were significantly different from the untreated sediment sample (p < 0.044). Based on the significant bias observed for the δ15N and δ13C values, a weak (1–2 M) HCl solution is confirmed as the most appropriate acid for the removal of inorganic carbon from natural materials requiring elemental and isotopic analysis. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Increased gray-matter volume in medication-naive high-functioning children with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: PALMEN SASKIA J. M. C. , HULSHOFF POL HILLEKE E. , KEMNER CHANTAL , SCHNACK HUGO G. , DURSTON SARAH , LAHUIS BERTINE E. , KAHN RENÉ S. , VAN ENGELAND HERMAN 
Published: March 2005

Background. To establish whether high-functioning children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have enlarged brains in later childhood, and if so, whether this enlargement is confined to the gray and/or to the white matter and whether it is global or more prominent in specific brain regions.Method. Brain MRI scans were acquired from 21 medication-naive, high-functioning children with ASD between 7 and 15 years of age and 21 comparison subjects matched for gender, age, IQ, height, weight, handedness, and parental education, but not pubertal status.Results. Patients showed a significant increase of 6% in intracranium, total brain, cerebral gray matter, cerebellum, and of more than 40% in lateral and third ventricles compared to controls. The cortical gray-matter volume was evenly affected in all lobes. After correction for brain volume, ventricular volumes remained significantly larger in patients.Conclusions. High-functioning children with ASD showed a global increase in gray-matter, but not white-matter and cerebellar volume, proportional to the increase in brain volume, and a disproportional increase in ventricular volumes, still present after correction for brain volume. Advanced pubertal development in the patients compared to the age-matched controls may have contributed to the findings reported in the present study.
Self-devaluative dysphoric experience and the prediction of persistent first-episode major depressive disorder in adolescents
Authors: PARK R. J. , GOODYER I. M. , TEASDALE J. D. 
Published: March 2005

Background. The quality of subjective experience of dysphoria may predict persistence of depression, independently of severity. This is tested in a clinic sample of adolescents with first episode of major depression using the Depressed States Checklist adapted for adolescents.Method. Ninety-four adolescents with DSM-IV major depressive disorder (MDD) were followed up at 12 months. Self-devaluative components of dysphoric experience, ruminative style, overgeneral autobiographical memory, and self-reported and observer-rated measures of depression severity were assessed at presentation and evaluated as predictors of persistent MDD.Results. Persistent MDD was predicted by the independent additive effects of the higher self-devaluative component of dysphoria, lower general intelligence and greater observer-rated severity of depression at presentation. Neither self-reported depression score, overgeneral memory retrieval nor ruminative style contributed.Conclusions. High levels of self-devaluative dysphoric experience increase the liability for persistence of first-episode MDD. Other affective-cognitive components also contribute. The adolescent version of the Depressed States Checklist is a useful brief measure of cognitive vulnerability for persistence in currently depressed young people.
Deliberative Libertarian Accounts
Authors: Clarke Randolph 
Published: March 2005

AbstractDeliberative libertarian accounts allow that basic free actions may be causally determined by their immediate causal antecedents; indeterminism is required only at earlier points in the processes leading to free actions. Accounts of this type proposed by Daniel Dennett, Laura Ekstrom, and Alfred Mele are examined here. Given the assumption of incompatibilism, deliberative accounts fail to provide for the sort of difference-making that is distinctive of free action. Further, they fail to evade the problem of diminished control that they are meant to evade.
The Problem of Value
Authors: Clarke Randolph 
Published: March 2005

AbstractHere I examine the charge that the indeterminism required by event-causal accounts is at best superfluous; if free will is incompatible with determinism, then, it is said, no event-causal libertarian account adequately characterizes free will. The distinction between broad incompatibilism and merely narrow incompatibilism is brought to bear. If the latter thesis is correct, then an event-causal account can secure all that is needed for free will. However, if broad incompatibilism is correct, then no event-causal account is adequate, though such views can still secure some things of value that cannot exist given determinism, such as distinctive types of difference-making and attributability, and the truth of the presumption of open alternatives that we commonly make while deliberating.
The Freedom of Decisions and Other Actions
Authors: Clarke Randolph 
Published: March 2005

AbstractLibertarian accounts commonly hold that only certain acts of will, such as decisions (or choices), can be directly free, with the freedom of actions of other types—whether mental or overt, bodily actions—deriving from that of these acts of will. Here this willist view of freedom is rejected in favor of an actionist view. Event-causal libertarian accounts (and agent-causal accounts that employ an event-causal theory of action) can do as good a job of characterizing the freedom of actions other than decisions as they can in the case of decisions.
An Integrated Agent‐Causal Account
Authors: Clarke Randolph 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis chapter begins an assessment of agent-causal libertarian accounts, which require causation by agents, where this is construed as causation by enduring substances and not reducible to event causation. Timothy O’Connor’s agent-causal view is examined. Like most such accounts, it does not require, in any case of acting freely, that events such as the agent’s having certain reasons cause the event that the agent is required to directly cause; the view consequently fails to provide for the reason-explanation of free actions. An alternative agent-causal account is advanced, one that integrates agent causation (as a requirement for free action) with an event-causal theory of action.
nietzsche* ad hominem
Authors: Solomon Robert C. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Nietzsche often employs ad hominem arguments, usually considered fallacies by most philosophers and logic teachers. But I argue that Nietzsche makes good use of these on the grounds that in philosophy, at least, a person’s character is certainly relevant to his or her moral claims and theories. Ad hominem arguments have also bee used against Nietzsche, but I argue that he would have to accept this as proper to his theory of perspectivism and what he explains as the varying perspectives of morality (for example, “slave morality”).
Nietzsche's Passions
Authors: Solomon Robert C. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Nietzsche is obviously a very passionate philosopher. He also has a good deal to say about the passions. In particular, he distinguished between two sorts of passions, life-enhancing and life-stultifying. For good reason, he was cited by Freud and Adler as the progenitor of “Depth Psychology.” I explore Nietzsche views on emotions and offer a defense of the passions. I suggest that Nietzsche anticipates not only Freud but contemporary physiological theories of emotion. I also discuss Nietzsche’s conception of the “Will to Power” suggesting that the idea is both exaggerated in Nietzsche interpretation and disastrous in terms of Nietzsche’s own aims. I do defend a version of the will to power as the passionate life.
Nietzsche's Affirmative Ethics
Authors: Solomon Robert C. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Nietzsche is often considered “the great destroyer,” a harsh critic with nothing positive to put in the place of what he tries to destroy (morality, Christianity). In other words, he is considered a “nihilist.” I suggest that he is not this at all but rather an affirmative philosopher who, like the ancients, takes living well as the highest value. I suggest that Nietzsche resembles Aristotle in many important respects, especially his emphasis on character and the virtues. I discuss the various meanings of morality (and thus the different meanings of Nietzsche's attack on morality and insistence that he is an “immoralist”).
Reclaiming the Sacred Commons
Authors: Gatta John 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Wendell Berry’s creative nonfiction has been chiefly inspired by the author’s longstanding relation to his home place in Kentucky. It embodies his religious conviction that land should be understood not as commodity but as divine gift and sacrament, and that human community is organically wedded to the rest of nature’s ecological household. Confronting the problem of theodicy raised by the apparent cruelty and waste of Creation, Annie Dillard endeavors to combine traditional practice of meditation on the creatures with spiritual understanding gleaned from modern science. John Cheever, in his final work of fiction, produced a scathing critique of the pastoralism fancied to persist in suburban America—yet affirmed that this world we inhabit can indeed be revered as a marvelous and holy “paradise.” By contrast, Marilynne Robinson’s novelistic tale of a mountain-rimmed lake in the Pacific Northwest images not paradise, but the holy terror of the abyss inspired by untamed nature.
Learning to Love Creation
Authors: Gatta John 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Unlike most environmental prose, present-day “ecopoetry” centers its imaginative attention on praise rather than protest, love of earth rather than rage. It reflects newfound awareness of nature’s violence, as seen in Mary Oliver’s poems; or of what science discloses about nature’s unseen and unfathomable intricacy, as seen in Pattiann Rogers’s poetry. Surprisingly, though, the meditative temper of contemporary ecopoetry often sustains a religious impulse of wonder concerning humanity’s relation to the nonhuman world. Varied forms of this earth-centered religious disposition can be witnessed in Wendell Berry’s Sabbath Poems, Gary Snyder’s Mountains and Rivers Without End, and Denise Levertov’s late series of meditations on the near-presence of Mount Rainier in Seattle.
Themes in Marxist Social Theory
Authors: Katznelson Ira 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe first of the two main sections of this chapter discusses Marx's goal and the elements of a Marxist tradition, and presents the views of various later scholars (David Little, Steven Lukes, Alvin Goulder, Edward Thompson, Leonard Krieger, Georg Lukács, Antonio Gramsci, and others) on these elements. The three distinctive but inter‐related projects elaborated in Marx's aim of reconstructing the post‐capitalist world are examined in detail: the construction of a theory of history to account for the change between epochs on the largest possible scale, which focuses on the struggles between social classes within the twin frame of the development of the forces of production, and the nature of the relationships joining people in the social features of the production process; the building of a model of the economy within the capitalist epoch; and the construction of a social theory capable of inventing explanations about specific capitalist societies (the focus of most of this book). Gramsci elaborated on the most promising lines of inquiry embedded in Marx's historical writings to develop the base–superstructure distinction as a complex web of relations in which the economic, political, and cultural elements of a situation are interconnected, and in which the historicity of social structure is made central. The final section of the chapter explores these issues of Marxist social theory in the work of Edward Thompson, Raymond Williams, Eric Hobsbawm, and G. A. Cohen (who demonstrate the repertoire of alternative theoretical moves developed since Gramsci), and points out that the capacity of Marxism to provide an attractive alternative to the differentiation problematic in studies of the city hinges on the character and persuasiveness of these linkages. In the concluding discussion, the author returns to the issue of the capaciousness of Marxist theory.