bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ecological Genetics
Authors: Powell Jeffrey R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter will address studies bridging ecology and genetics, that is, relating issues discussed in the previous chapter to those discussed in chapters 2, 3, and 4. Much of the work discussed in chapters 2 and 3 regarding levels of genetic variation in populations was done with little or no regard to ecological context. The populations surveyed simply came from nature with little concern about the actual ecological setting. Chapter 4 did touch on some ecological issues (e.g., habitat choice in the laboratory and competition), but most of the work discussed in this chapter deals with wild populations, although when relevant, laboratory work will be mentioned.
Development
Authors: Powell Jeffrey R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The relationship between the development of organisms and their evolutionary history has long been a focus of biologists; witness Haekel’s (1879) famous dictum “ontogeny is a recapitulation of phylogeny.” Such concerns were part of mainstream biology well into the present century, most notably in de Beer’s (1930, 1940) books. De Beer transcended Haekel’ s work in not only relating development to the history of life, but using development to understand mechanisms of evolution. (The notion that development could provide any meaningful insights into evolutionary history fell into disrepute by the mid-20th century [Gould, 1977].) While some attention continued to be paid Ito development and evolution, it is only the last 20 years that have witnessed a flourishing of experimental work attempting to connect rules of development to mechanisms and patterns of evolution.
Arms Sales
Authors: Blechman Barry M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To the foreign policy professional, the evaluation of arms sales involves complicated calculations of military, political, and economic pros and cons. Arms sales are business ventures, of course-big business. They are said to be indirect means of ensuring the nation's defense, making it possible for friendly nations to defend their security (and, presumably, American interests) without risk to American lives. Arms sales are also instruments of diplomacy, used either to develop closer relations between the United States and foreign nations or to avoid their deterioration. Sometimes there are direct military benefits of arms sales, as when the United States agrees to make available a certain value of weapons in exchange for the lease of military facilities abroad, but more often the benefits are more subtle. Arms sales are said to buy influence and unseen leverage, which is banked for use at critical times when the United States needs the support of foreign powers.
Forms of Memory in Pavlovian Conditioning
Authors: Holland Peter C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Psychologists have made few compelling generalizations about memory as a whole, but a variety of satisfying statements about performances on particular memory tasks. The conventional psychological approach to this state of affairs was to view memory as a single system and each task as a way of illuminating a small set of its attributes. More recently psychologists have taken the view that there are several memory systems, which may serve different purposes and follow different rules of operation. Furthermore, it has been tempting to suggest that those systems have separate neural mechanisms and evolutionary histories. A plethora of “divisions of memory” has been proposed, many based on exciting new evidence from neuropsychology and animal conditioning. These forms of memory are distinguished along many attributes, such as content (e.g., semantic vs. episodic), type of processing (e.g., working vs. reference), capacity (limited or unlimited), and endurance (transient vs. permanent). Considerable experimentation shows that memory tasks thought to engage these different systems are differentially sensitive to certain variables and manipulations.
Introduction
Authors: Rosenzweig Mark R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A major theme that runs through this section is differential changes and differential activities in the nervous system in relation to learning and memory, and often in relation to specific kinds of learning and memory. These changes can occur during learning and formation of memory and during development and self-organization of the nervous system; morever, differential changes in the brain caused by diseases lead to predictable changes in specific abilities to learn and remember.
Functions of Neuronal Networks in the Hippocampus and of Backprojections in the Cerebral Cortex in Memory
Authors: Rolls Edmund T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is known that damage to certain regions of the temporal lobe in humans produces anterograde amnesia, manifested as a major deficit following the damage in learning to recognize new stimuli (Milner, 1972; Scoville & Milner, 1957; Squire, 1986, 1987). The anterograde amnesia has been attributed to damage to the hippocampus, which is within the temporal lobe, and to its associated pathways such as the fornix (Gaffan, 1974, 1977; Milner, 1972; Scoville & Milner, 1957; Zola-Morgan, Squire, & Amaral, 1986), but this has been questioned, and it has been suggested that damage to both the hippocampus and the amygdala is crucial in producing anterograde amnesia, in that combined but not separate damage to the hippocampus and amygdala produced severe difficulty with visual and tactual recognition tasks in the monkey (Mishkin, 1978, 1982; Murray & Mishkin, 1984). In investigations of the particular aspects of memory for which the hippocampus may be essential, it has been shown that monkeys with damage to the hippocampofornical system have a learning deficit on memory tasks that requires them to make associations between a stimulus, for example, a picture, and a spatial motor response such as touching one part of a screen (Gaffan, 1985; Rupniak & Gaffan, 1987); they are also impaired on memory tasks that require combinations of stimulus attributes with their locations in space to be processed together, such as memory not only for which object was shown but where it was shown (Gaffan & Saunders, 1985). Further, humans with right temporal lobe damage are also impaired in conditional spatial response and object-place memory tasks (Petrides, 1985; Smith & Milner, 1981 ).
The Neocortex and Memory Storage
Authors: Killackey Herbert P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this brief chapter, I will outline some of the major themes appearing in neocortical research since the early 1960s, how these themes are currently being modified, and how they relate to the involvement of the neocortex in learning and memory. The focus will be on memory processes. I use this term in the lay sense of facts or data about the everyday world that one can (consciously or unconsciously) store and recall on demand. Good examples are telephone or social security numbers or, most wondrously, the name to match the face of a colleague seen but once a year at a scientific meeting.
Neural Networks: Test Tubes to Theorems
Authors: Cooper Leon N , Bear Mark F , Ebner Ford F , Scofield Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When interest in neural networks revived around 1970, few people believed that such systems would ever be of any use. Computers worked too well; it was felt that they could be programmed to perform any desired task. But limitations of current computers in solving many problems involving difficult to define rules or complex pattern recognition now are widely recognized; if anything, expectations for neural networks may be too high. The problem is no longer to convince anyone that neural networks might be useful but rather to incorporate such networks into systems that solve real-world problems economically.
A Neural Architecture for the Representation of Scenes
Authors: Malsburg Christoph Von Der 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Learning and memory deal with the process by which knowledge and skills are absorbed and stored in the brain. To understand them it is important to have precise ideas about the stuff that is being stored: What is its nature? How is it organized? How is it implemented in neural hardware? The neuroscience of learning and memory is at present conditioned by a set of concepts based on specific answers to these questions. In this chapter I will raise a number of issues that are not solved in this framework. These issues have come up during attempts at model reconstructions of elementary capabilities of the brain, such as pattern recognition, perceptual segmentation, and scene representation. Back-engineering is an important window to the brain. It is true that if a given functional problem had a million technical solutions, the construction of any one of them would say nothing about nature’ s solution. However, there is good reason to believe that relevant functional problems have very few solutions, and any one of them will suggest important constraints to the neuroscience of brain function. Backengineering is a fruitful exercise because it necessitates whole-system solutions. This puts it in contrast to many studies that limit their view to small subtasks and subsystems, thus leaving out essential aspects.
Interactions Within Neuronal Assemblies: Theory and Experiment
Authors: Gerstein George L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Models of neuronal networks have been with us since the mid-fifties, starting with the work of Rochester (Rochester, Holland, Haibt, & Duda, 1956) and of Farley (1964; Farley & Clarke, 1961) and their associates. After years of steady growth, the field has become extremely active, as exemplified by the chapters by Cooper and co-workers, Kohonen, von der Malsburg, and Sejnowski and Tesauro in this volume. In contrast, direct experimental access to real neuronal networks in the brain has been possible only since the early eighties. It is the purpose of this chapter to juxtapose some of the ideas and assumptions made in modeling networks to recent experimental results on real neurons.
Antoine Lavoisier and Hans Krebs: Two Styles of Scientific Creativity
Authors: Holmes Frederic L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The study of creative scientific activity belongs to no single discipline. History of science, philosophy of science, sociology of science, and cognitive psychology are all prominent among the fields that claim to provide accounts of the processes involved. Despite their shared goals, practitioners in these fields are not yet fully engaged in a collaborative enterprise. They have approached problems of scientific creativity from different points of view, examined such activity at different levels, on different time scales, and have employed in commensurable criteria of evaluation. There are, nevertheless, encouraging signs that the barriers which have separated their respective endeavors are beginning to recede.
Fields of Enterprise: On Michael Faraday’s Thought
Authors: Tweney Ryan D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Michael Faraday, the English physicist (1791-1867), is best known for his discovery of electromagnetic induction. He was one of the first thinkers to break from classical physics and to move toward modern field conceptions in physics (see, e.g., Berkson, 1974; Einstein & Infeld, 1938; Miller, 1984; Ner sessian, 1984). The recent surge of interest in Faraday also rests on the fact that his diaries, notebooks, and correspondence form a historical record that is perhaps more complete than that left by other scientists. Faraday is thus a natural testing ground for understanding the process of scientific thought from historical, philosophical, sociological, and psychological points of view (Tweney, Doherty, & Mynatt, 1981). The richness of the surviving Faraday documents is exemplified well in the collection of papers edited by Gooding and James (1985). My own approach to Faraday has been based on cogni tive psychology. In other articles, I explored the nature of his experimental strategy (Tweney, 1984), his use of an organized knowledge base (Tweney, 1985), the procedural underpinnings of his thought (Tweney, 1987), the microstructure of some of his research (Tweney & Hoffner, 1987), and, using Faraday as a case study, presented a general framework for a cognitive analysis of science (Tweney, 1985, 1988).
Believing in Magic
Authors: Vyse Stuart A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When it comes to hitting, Wade Boggs is an expert. The New York Yankees third baseman has won the American League batting title five times, and he is the only player in this century to get two hundred hits in seven consecutive seasons. At the plate, Boggs is one of baseball’s most methodical workmen. Firmly rooted in the left hand batter’s box, he leans in, anticipating the pitch, and fixes the mound with a hardened stare. His bat is cocked tightly behind his left shoulder, vibrating more rapidly as the pitcher begins his motion. When the ball finally comes to the plate, a translucent streak on a field of green, he measures its path with instantaneous accuracy and adjusts his stance and swing to meet it. He rarely swings at a bad pitch, and never at the first pitch, good or bad. Down in the count at 1-and-2 or 2-and-2, he can foul off a dozen pitches before finding one to put in play. And when he hits (on average, approximately every third trip to the plate), he can place the ball at will: launching a flare into an unprotected patch of short right center or drilling it down the line to disappear into a shadowy corner of left field. Destined to join the hallowed figures of baseball history, Boggs is one of the greatest hitters ever to play the game.
The Neopatriarchal Discourse
Authors: Sharabi Hisham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Language, as Barthes has described it, is simultaneously a social institution and a system of values.1 In its narrow sense discourse is a form of language: larger than a sentence but smaller than a total language.2 The term discourse, as I use it here, includes this denotation but goes beyond it to assimilate the objective realities of language emphasized in Barthes’ definition. As in Frederic Jameson’s precise terms, these objective realities refer to “ ‘realities’ or objects in the real world, such as the various levels or instances of a social formation: political power, social class, institutions, and events themselves.”3 The “language” of the neopatriarchal discourse is classical Arabic, in which the knowledge (beliefs, concepts, substantive information) and self-knowledge (modes of self-understanding and of self-relating) of neopatriarchal culture get formulated and produced in the shape of discourse. One of the most striking characteristics of what we call classical Arabic (fusha) is the radical dichotomy it presupposes between the everyday colloquial and formal language: the division is not merely that between literate and vulgar tongues found in all class societies, but between two distinct languages, structurally related but essentially different.
Radical Criticism of Neopatriarchal Culture
Authors: Sharabi Hisham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The period of the 1970s and 1980s, which marks neopatriarchal society’s highest material prosperity and the beginning of its social and political stagnation, coincides with the emergence of an impressive body of scholarly and critical works forming the first radical critique of neopatriarchy. Grounded in the various disciplines of the humanities and social sciences, these writings are all inspired by modes of thinking derived from three basic trends: critical Anglo-American social science, Western Marxism, and French structuralist and post-structuralist thought.1
The Final Phase
Authors: Sharabi Hisham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The third quarter of the twentieth century (the postindependence period) saw the maturation of a social process that had its origins in the interwar period: the transformation of neopatriarchal society into a mass society. Now the social structure of neopatriarchal society began to assume the character of a mass-made up, however, not of proletarians or peasants and workers in a clear sense but of a featureless amalgam, best expressed in Lenin’s observation about Czarist Russia before the revolution, a transitional society at the point of internal disintegration: “There is no people-yet there is a mass of people.”
Problems Involving Large Strains and Rotations
Authors: Chandra Abhijit , Mukherjee Subrata 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter begins with a brief review of the fundamentals of continuum mechanics for solid mechanics problems with large strains and large rotations. The review is limited to material that is relevant to the rest of the discussion in this book. This is followed by a presentation of boundary element formulations for hypoelastic materials subjected to small elastic strains but arbitrarily large inelastic strains and rotations. Finally, finite element formulations for the same class of problems are briefly reviewed. Since this book is devoted to boundary element methods, the purpose of the last section of this chapter is not to discuss details of various finite element formulations but to present a brief comparison between boundary element and finite element formulations for this class of problems.
Axisymmetric Forming Processes
Authors: Chandra Abhijit , Mukherjee Subrata 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As discussed in chapter 5, interface conditions at the tool-workpiece interfaces play crucial roles in various forming operations. Axisymmetric upsetting and ring compression tests provide useful means for analytically investigating the interfacial friction conditions and validating them against experimental observations. A unique feature of deformation in ring compression, as well as in rolling and forging, is the existence of a neutral point (or region) along the toolworkpiece interface where the tangential relative velocity between the deforming material and the die becomes zero. The frictional stresses usually change direction across a neutral point (or region). The location of this point (or region), however, is not known a priori and this causes considerable difficulty in modeling such processes. This chapter discusses the applicability of BEM to this class of problems. Numerical results are presented for axisymmetric ring compression and extension problems. Salient features of these processes are then discussed in view of the numerical results.
Integral Equations for Ceramic Grinding Processes
Authors: Chandra Abhijit , Mukherjee Subrata 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Strength degradation of the finished part due to surface and subsurface damage is a critical issue in grinding of ceramic materials. In this chapter, the chip formation process is modeled as a two-dimensional system of radial and lateral cracks, and an integral equation approach is developed to investigate the interactions of these radial and lateral cracks with various distributions of planar microcracks. The effects in the vicinity of the free surface are modeled explicitly. The amplification and shielding effects on stress intensity factors due to various microcrack distributions are studied in detail. Numerical results are presented for crack systems representing single-grit as well as multi-grit grinding, and the implications of crack interactions on the strength degradation of finished products are discussed. Effective elastic properties for workpieces containing microcrack distributions are obtained and their ramifications on the grinding process are investigated. Some benevolent microcrack distributions that will facilitate chip formation as well as suppress surface and subsurface damage evolution are also presented.
Children, Mind, and Language: An Introduction
Authors: Bartsch Karen , Wellman Henry M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Adults often talk about the mind. Sometimes we talk about the mind directly: “It slipped my mind.’’ ‘‘He must have lost his mind.’’ More often we talk about the contents of our minds, that is, about someone’s mental states and activities: “He thinks that there is life on Mars.” “I just imagined it.” “She was daydreaming.” This sort of talk is shaped by and reveals our understanding of persons’ internal mental lives. Not only do adults talk about the mind, so do children. The conversation that begins this chapter provides one example. Children’s talk about the mind reveals their thoughts about this intriguing subject, just as adult talk reveals adult thinking. But what, exactly, do children understand about the mind, and when does an understanding of mind first emerge? In this volume we attempt to answer this question. In constructing our answer, we advance three arguments and provide extensive new findings to use in forging a comprehensive account of children’s developing theories of mind.
Desires and Beliefs
Authors: Bartsch Karen , Wellman Henry M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the two previous chapters, we have considered children’s talk about desires and beliefs separately. Here we consider them together. Substantively, our everyday mentalism involves appeals to both beliefs and desires, the core constructs of a theory of mind. Furthermore, children talk about both these states; the children talking about thoughts and beliefs in Chapter 3 are the same children talking about desires in Chapter 4. At times, children talk about beliefs and desires in the same breath, as in the example above. So an important question is how children’s developing understanding and talk about these two constructs relate. When and how does reference to thought and b!,!lief emerge in relation to reference to desire? There are theoretical and methodological reasons to address this question.
Ordinary Talk about Persons and Minds: Questions and Conclusions
Authors: Bartsch Karen , Wellman Henry M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Adam’s simple observation reflects a remarkable but common insight. In this ut terance, as in others, Adam reveals an intriguing understanding of mental states as distinct from reality. He is in good company; all 10 children in our study comment regularly on mental states and make distinctions between mental states and actions, between mental states and reality, between one sort of state and another, and be tween the states of different persons. They do so first in their talk about desires and then later in their talk about thoughts and beliefs, and they do so at an early age. In three or four short years, children who began life as speechless infants become able to conceive of and comment on mental life.
Warren Court, 1953-1969
Authors: Schwartz Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There have been two great creative periods in American public law. The first was the formative era, when the Marshall Court laid down the foundations of American constitutional law, giving specific content to the broad general terms in which the Constitution is written. The judicial task at that time was to work out from the constitutional text a body oflegal doctrines adapted to the needs of the new nation and the new era into which it was entering.