bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Love—A Higher Form of Human Energy in the Work of Teilhard de Chardin and Sorokin
Authors: King Ursula 
Published: February 2004

AbstractContemporary debates concerning a universal theory about the praxis of love in human society and culture can benefit greatly from the works of two twentieth‐century thinkers, the French paleontologist and religious writer Pierre Teilhard de Chardin and the Russian‐American sociologist Pitirim A. Sorokin. Although from very different personal and disciplinary backgrounds, they share amazingly similar views on the power of love as transformative energy for transcending the individual self and for creating radically new, collaborative, and cooperative ways of acting that will transform whole societies, indeed the planet. Traditionally, ideas of love have been associated with religion, but these two thinkers advocate systematic scientific research on the production and application of “love‐energy” for the change of culture, social institutions, and human beings. The article is organized in five parts: (1) altruism, science and love: what is love energy? (2) Teilhard's understanding of the phenomenon of love; (3) Sorokin's approach to creative, altruistic love; (4) comparison of Teilhard's and Sorokin's ideas; and (5) performing works of love. As far as I am aware, this is the first article comparing the remarkable parallels as well as distinctive differences between Sorokin's and Teilhard's ideas on love as the highest form of human energy.
Continuity, Naturalism, and Contingency: A Theology of Evolution Drawing on the Semiotics of C. S. Peirce and Trinitarian Thought
Authors: Robinson Andrew J. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe starting point for this article is the question of the relationship between Darwinism and Christian theology. I suggest that evolutionary theory presents three broad issues of relevance to theology: the phenomena ofcontinuity, naturalism, andcontingency. In order to formulate a theological response to these issues I draw on the semiotics (theory of signs) and cosmology of the American philosopher Charles Sanders Peirce. Peirce developed a triadic theory of signs, underpinned by a threefold system of metaphysical categories. I propose a semiotic model of the Trinity based on Peirce's semiotics and categories. According to this model the sign‐processes (such as the genetic “code”) that are fundamental to life may be understood as vestiges of the Trinity in creation. I use the semiotic model to develop a theology of nature that addresses the issues raised by evolutionary theory. The semiotic model amounts to a proposal for a new metaphysical framework within which to understand the relationship between God and creation and between theology and science.
Evolution, Ethics, and Equivocation: T. H. Huxley's Conflicted Legacy
Authors: Goslee David 
Published: February 2004

AbstractRecent debates over evolutionary ethics have often circled around T. H. Huxley's late claim that “Social progress means a checking of the cosmic process at every step.” In writing “Evolution and Ethics” and its long Prolegomena, however, Huxley may instead be wrestling with the nature and origin of human agency. Early in his career he saw evolution and social progress as converging, but as he came to find cosmic process alien to human welfare, he found moral agency more essential but more problematic. Within “Evolution and Ethics,” evolution retreats into a cyclical stasis while ethical challenges end up submitting to it. Huxley implies, however, that in acknowledging these cycles as “natural,” ancient sages begged the question of whether resistance to them were possible. And when evolutionary ethicists delimit humanity's potential by its simian origins, Huxley invokes Hume's “naturalistic fallacy,” asking them how factual evidence can support their prescriptive conclusions. Both his naturalist and idealist reviewers then drove him to turn his Prolegomena into a rebuttal to the original essay. Here, advocating a balance between altruism and selfishness, Huxley works to relegate agency to a question of degree. In both essays, Huxley's epigrammatic prose demarcates the dead ends of much Victorian thought and points toward alternate paths not explored until the twentieth century.
Emergent Monism and the Classical Doctrine of the Soul
Authors: S.J. Bracken Joseph A. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractTraditional Christian belief in the existence of human life after death within a transformed material universe should be capable of rational justification if one chooses carefully the philosophical scheme underlying those claims. One should not have to appeal simply to the power of a loving God to justify one's beliefs. A revision of Whitehead's metaphysical scheme is proposed that allows one to render these classical Christian beliefs at least plausible to a broad range of contemporary thinkers as a consequence of a cosmology based on the principle of universal intersubjectivity and the need for a common ground between opposing subjectivities.
Intelligent‐Design Theory: An Argument for Biotic Laws
Authors: Zylstra Uko 
Published: February 2004

AbstractA central thesis of intelligent‐design theorists is that physical and chemical laws and chance are insufficient to account for irreducibly complex biological structures and that intelligent design is necessary to account for such phenomena. This assertion, however, still implies a reductionist ontology. We need to recognize that reality displays multiple modes of being beyond simply chemical and physical modes of being, each of which is governed by laws for that mode of being. This essay argues for an alternate framework for understanding life phenomena that is neither philosophical materialism nor intelligent‐design theory.
Embodied and Embedded Morality: Divinity, Identity, and Disgust
Authors: Looy Heather 
Published: February 2004

AbstractOur understanding of human morality would benefit from an integrated interdisciplinary approach, built on the assumption that human beings are multidimensional unities with real, irreducible, and mutually interdependent spiritual, relational, emotional, rational, and physiological aspects. We could integrate relevant information from neurobiological, psychosocial, and theological perspectives, avoiding unnecessary reductionism and naturalism. This approach is modeled by addressing the particular limited role of disgust in morality. Psychosocial research reveals disgust as a universal emotion that enables evaluation and regulation of certain moral behaviors and is involved in cultural identity. Theologically, many religious traditions, including the Judeo‐Christian, use disgust in conjunction with moral codes designed to preserve purity and communal identity as the people of God. The concept of natural moral law suggests that morality is embodied in human nature. Neurobiology is beginning to trace the neural circuitry involved in disgust and in moral evaluation, suggesting that emotions are a necessary basis for moral judgment and revealing intriguing relationships between disgust, morality, and other aspects of the psyche. Several problems that arise within these disciplines and at their intersections are identified. Extension of the model to other aspects of human morality would further illuminate our understanding of morality without sacrificing its complexity and richness.
Response of the
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Mpk1 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathway to Increases in Internal Turgor Pressure Caused by Loss of Ppz Protein Phosphatases
Authors: Merchan Stephanie , Bernal Dolores , Serrano Ramón , Yenush Lynne 
Published: February 2004

ABSTRACT

The Mpk1 pathway of
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
is a key determinant of cell wall integrity. A genetic link between the Mpk1 kinase and the Ppz phosphatases has been reported, but the nature of this connection was unclear. Recently, the Ppz phosphatases were shown to be regulators of K
+
and pH homeostasis. Here, we demonstrate that Ppz-deficient strains display increased steady-state K
+
levels and sensitivity to increased KCl concentrations. Given these observations and the fact that K
+
is the major determinant of intracellular turgor pressure, we reasoned that the connection between
PPZ1
and -
2
and
MPK1
was due to the combination of increased internal turgor pressure in Ppz-deficient strains and cell wall instability observed in strains lacking
MPK1
. Accordingly, the
MPK1
gene was up-regulated, the Mpk1 protein was overexpressed, and the phosphorylated active form was more abundant in Ppz-deficient strains. Moreover, the expression of genes previously identified as targets of the Mpk1 pathway are also up-regulated in strains lacking
PPZ1
and -
2
. The transcriptional and posttranslational modifications of Mpk1 were not observed when the internal K
+
concentration (and thus turgor pressure) was lowered by disrupting the
TRK1
and -
2
K
+
transporter genes or when the cell wall was stabilized by the addition of sorbitol. Moreover, we present genetic evidence showing that both the Wsc1 and Mid2 branches of the Mpk1 pathway contribute to this response. Finally, despite its role in G
1
/S transition, increased levels of activated Mpk1 do not appear to be responsible for the cell cycle phenotype observed in Ppz-deficient strains.
The Ras/Protein Kinase A Pathway Acts in Parallel with the Mob2/Cbk1 Pathway To Effect Cell Cycle Progression and Proper Bud Site Selection
Authors: Schneper Lisa , Krauss Alicia , Miyamoto Ryan , Fang Shirley , Broach James R. 
Published: February 2004

ABSTRACT

In
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
, Ras proteins connect nutrient availability to cell growth through regulation of protein kinase A (PKA) activity. Ras proteins also have PKA-independent functions in mitosis and actin repolarization. We have found that mutations in
MOB2
or
CBK1
confer a slow-growth phenotype in a
ras2
Δ background. The slow-growth phenotype of
mob2
Δ
ras2
Δ cells results from a G
1
delay that is accompanied by an increase in size, suggesting a G
1
/S role for Ras not previously described. In addition,
mob2
Δ strains have imprecise bud site selection, a defect exacerbated by deletion of
RAS2
. Mob2 and Cbk1 act to properly localize Ace2, a transcription factor that directs daughter cell-specific transcription of several genes. The growth and budding phenotypes of the double-deletion strains are Ace2 independent but are suppressed by overexpression of the PKA catalytic subunit, Tpk1. From these observations, we conclude that the PKA pathway and Mob2/Cbk1 act in parallel to determine bud site selection and promote cell cycle progression.
Candida albicans
Csy1p Is a Nutrient Sensor Important for Activation of Amino Acid Uptake and Hyphal Morphogenesis
Authors: Brega Elisa , Zufferey Rachel , Mamoun Choukri Ben 
Published: February 2004

ABSTRACT

Candida albicans
is an important human pathogen that displays a remarkable ability to detect changes in its environment and to respond appropriately by changing its cell morphology and physiology. Serum- and amino acid-based media are known to induce filamentous growth in this organism. However, the mechanism by which amino acids induce filamentation is not yet known. Here, we describe the identification and characterization of the primary amino acid sensor of
C. albicans
, Csy1. We show that Csy1p plays an important role in amino acid sensing and filamentation. Loss of Csy1p results in a lack of amino acid-mediated activation of amino acid transport and a lack of induction of transcription of specific amino acid permease genes. Furthermore, a
csy1
Δ/
csy1
Δ strain, lacking Csy1p, is defective in filamentation and displays altered colony morphology in serum- and amino acid-based media. These data provide the first evidence that
C. albicans
utilizes the amino acid sensor Csy1p to probe its environment, coordinate its nutritional requirements, and determine its morphological state.
Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Catalytic Subunits Have Divergent Roles in Virulence Factor Production in Two Varieties of the Fungal Pathogen
Cryptococcus neoformans
Authors: Hicks Julie K. , D'Souza Cletus A. , Cox Gary M. , Heitman Joseph 
Published: February 2004

ABSTRACT

Our earlier findings established that cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase functions in a signaling cascade that regulates mating and virulence of
Cryptococcus neoformans
var.
grubii
(serotype A). Mutants lacking the serotype A protein kinase A (PKA) catalytic subunit Pka1 are unable to mate, fail to produce melanin or capsule, and are avirulent in animal models, whereas mutants lacking the PKA regulatory subunit Pkr1 overproduce capsule and are hypervirulent. Because other mutations have been observed to confer different phenotypes in two diverged varieties of
C. neoformans
(
grubii
variety [serotype A] and
neoformans
variety [serotype D]), we analyzed the functions of the PKA genes in the serotype D
neoformans
variety. Surprisingly, the Pka1 catalytic subunit was not required for mating, haploid fruiting, or melanin or capsule production of serotype D strains. Here we identify a second PKA catalytic subunit gene,
PKA2
, that is present in both serotype A and D strains of
C. neoformans
. The divergent Pka2 catalytic subunit was found to regulate mating, haploid fruiting, and virulence factor production in serotype D strains. In contrast, Pka2 has no role in mating, melanin production, or capsule formation in serotype A strains. Our studies illustrate how different components of signaling pathways can be co-opted and functionally specialized during the evolution of related but distinct varieties or subspecies of a human fungal pathogen.
Chromatin Rearrangements in the
prnD-prnB
Bidirectional Promoter: Dependence on Transcription Factors
Authors: García Irene , Gonzalez Ramón , Gómez Dennis , Scazzocchio Claudio 
Published: February 2004

ABSTRACT

The
prnD-prnB
intergenic region regulates the divergent transcription of the genes encoding proline oxidase and the major proline transporter. Eight nucleosomes are positioned in this region. Upon induction, the positioning of these nucleosomes is lost. This process depends on the specific transcriptional activator PrnA but not on the general GATA factor AreA. Induction of
prnB
but not
prnD
can be elicited by amino acid starvation. A specific nucleosomal pattern in the
prnB
proximal region is associated with this process. Under conditions of induction by proline, metabolite repression depends on the presence of both repressing carbon (glucose) and nitrogen (ammonium) sources. Under these repressing conditions, partial nucleosomal positioning is observed. This depends on the CreA repressor's binding to two specific
cis
-acting sites. Three conditions (induction by the defective PrnA80 protein, induction by amino acid starvation, and induction in the presence of an activated CreA) result in similar low transcriptional activation. Each results in a different nucleosome pattern, which argues strongly for a specific effect of each signal on nucleosome positioning. Experiments with trichostatin A suggest that both default nucleosome positioning and partial positioning under induced-repressed conditions depend on deacetylated histones.
A Non-Long Terminal Repeat Retrotransposon Family Is Restricted to the Germ Line Micronucleus of the Ciliated Protozoan
Tetrahymena thermophila
Authors: Fillingham Jeffrey S. , Thing Trine A. , Vythilingum Nama , Keuroghlian Alex , Bruno Deanna , Golding G. Brian , Pearlman Ronald E. 
Published: February 2004

ABSTRACT

The ciliated protozoan
Tetrahymena thermophila
undergoes extensive programmed DNA rearrangements during the development of a somatic macronucleus from the germ line micronucleus in its sexual cycle. To investigate the relationship between programmed DNA rearrangements and transposable elements, we identified several members of a family of non-long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons (retroposons) in
T. thermophila
, the first characterized in the ciliated protozoa. This multiple-copy retrotransposon family is restricted to the micronucleus of
T. thermophila
. The REP (
Tetrahymena
non-LTR retroposon) elements encode an ORF2 typical of non-LTR elements that contains apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease (APE) and reverse transcriptase (RT) domains. Phylogenetic analysis of the RT and APE domains indicates that the element forms a deep-branching clade within the non-LTR retrotransposon family. Northern analysis with a probe to the conserved RT domain indicates that transcripts from the element are small and heterogeneous in length during early macronuclear development. The presence of a repeated transposable element in the genome is consistent with the model that programmed DNA deletion in
T. thermophila
evolved as a method of eliminating deleterious transposons from the somatic macronucleus.
An
Entamoeba histolytica
LINE/SINE Pair Inserts at Common Target Sites Cleaved by the Restriction Enzyme-Like LINE-Encoded Endonuclease
Authors: Mandal Prabhat K. , Bagchi Anindya , Bhattacharya Alok , Bhattacharya Sudha 
Published: February 2004

ABSTRACT

The non-long-terminal-repeat (non-LTR) retrotransposons (also called long interspersed repetitive elements [LINEs]) are among the oldest retroelements. Here we describe the properties of such an element from a primitive protozoan parasite,
Entamoeba histolytica
, that infects the human gut. This 4.8-kb element, called EhLINE1, is present in about 140 copies dispersed throughout the genome. The element belongs to the R4 clade of non-LTR elements. It has a centrally located reverse transcriptase domain and a restriction enzyme-like endonuclease (EN) domain at the carboxy terminus. We have cloned and expressed a 794-bp fragment containing the EN domain in
Escherichia coli.
The purified protein could nick supercoiled pBluescript DNA to yield open circular and linear DNAs. The conserved PDX
12-14
D motif was required for activity. Genomic sequences flanking the sites of insertion of EhLINE1 and the putative partner short interspersed repetitive element (SINE), EhSINE1, were analyzed. Both elements resulted in short target site duplications (TSD) upon insertion. A common feature was the presence of a short T-rich stretch just upstream of the TSD in most insertion sites. By sequence analysis an empty target site in the
E. histolytica
genome, known to be occupied by EhSINE1, was identified. When a 176-bp fragment containing the empty site was used as a substrate for EN, it was prominently nicked on the bottom strand at the precise point of insertion of EhSINE1, showing that this SINE could use the LINE-encoded endonuclease for its insertion. The nick on the bottom strand was toward the right of the TSD, which is uncommon. The lack of strict target site-specificity of the restriction enzyme-like EN encoded by EhLINE1 is also exceptional. A model for retrotransposition of EhLINE1/SINE1 is presented.
Genetic Evidence for Interaction between η- and β-Tubulins
Authors: Ruiz F. , Dupuis-Williams P. , Klotz C. , Forquignon F. , Bergdoll M. , Beisson J. , Koll F. 
Published: February 2004

ABSTRACT

The thermosensitive allelic mutations
sm19-1
and
sm19-2
of
Paramecium tetraurelia
cause defective basal body duplication: growth at the nonpermissive temperature yields smaller and smaller cells with fewer and fewer basal bodies. Complementation cloning of the
SM19
gene identified a new tubulin, eta-tubulin, showing low homology with each of the other five tubulins, α to ε, characterized in
P. tetraurelia
. In order to analyze η-tubulin functions, we used a genetic approach to identify interacting molecules. Among a series of extragenic suppressors of the
sm19-1
mutation, the
su3-1
mutation was characterized as an E288K substitution in the
β-PT2
gene coding for a β-tubulin, while the mutation

noc
r

1
conferring nocodazole resistance and localized in another β-tubulin gene,
β-PT3
, was shown to enhance the mutant phenotype. The interaction between η-tubulin and microtubules, revealed by genetic data, is supported by two further types of evidence: first, the mutant phenotype is rescued by taxol, which stabilizes microtubules; second, molecular modeling suggests that η-tubulin, like γ- and δ-tubulins, might be a microtubule minus-end capping molecule. The likely function of η-tubulin as part of a complex specifically involved in basal body biogenesis is discussed.
A WD40 Repeat Protein Regulates Fungal Cell Differentiation and Can Be Replaced Functionally by the Mammalian Homologue Striatin
Authors: Pöggeler Stefanie , Kück Ulrich 
Published: February 2004

ABSTRACT

Fruiting body development in fungi is a complex cellular differentiation process that is controlled by more than 100 developmental genes. Mutants of the filamentous fungus
Sordaria macrospora
showing defects in fruiting body formation are pertinent sources for the identification of components of this multicellular differentiation process. Here we show that the sterile mutant pro11 carries a defect in the
pro11
gene encoding a multimodular WD40 repeat protein. Complementation analysis indicates that the wild-type gene or C-terminally truncated versions of the wild-type protein are able to restore the fertile phenotype in mutant pro11. PRO11 shows significant homology to several vertebrate WD40 proteins, such as striatin and zinedin, which seem to be involved in Ca
2+
-dependent signaling in cells of the central nervous system and are supposed to function as scaffolding proteins linking signaling and eukaryotic endocytosis. Cloning of a mouse cDNA encoding striatin allowed functional substitution of the wild-type protein with restoration of fertility in mutant pro11. Our data strongly suggest that an evolutionarily conserved cellular process controlling eukaryotic cell differentiation may regulate fruiting body formation.
ADAM Family Protein Mde10 Is Essential for Development of Spore Envelopes in the Fission Yeast
Schizosaccharomyces pombe
Authors: Nakamura Tomohiro , Abe Hiroko , Hirata Aiko , Shimoda Chikashi 
Published: February 2004

ABSTRACT

We report the identification of
Schizosaccharomyces pombe mde10
+
as a gene possessing a FLEX element, which forms a binding site for the meiosis-specific transcription factor Mei4. In fact,
mde10
+
is transcribed only in diploid cells that are induced to meiosis in a Mei4-dependent manner. Western blot analysis indicated that the epitope-tagged Mde10 protein accumulates transiently during meiosis and then rapidly decreases. Mde10 is a multidomain protein containing a metalloprotease catalytic domain, a disintegrin domain, a cysteine-rich domain, and membrane-spanning regions, all of which are shared by members of the mammalian ADAM family. A fusion protein of Mde10 and green fluorescent protein localized to the endoplasmic reticulum during meiosis and was located at the peripheral region of spores at the end of meiosis. An
mde10
Δ deletion mutant showed no apparent defects in meiosis, sporulation, or spore germination. However, the mutant spores exhibited an aberrant surface appearance, in which the ragged outer spore wall was lost to a large extent. Furthermore,
mde10
Δ spores were found to be less tolerant to ethanol and diethyl ether than were wild-type spores. The mutagenic replacement of the conserved glutamic acid in the putative protease active site with an alanine residue did not affect the surface morphology or the resistance of spores to environmental stress. Our observations indicate that Mde10 is important in the development of the spore envelope, although this function of Mde10 seems to be independent of its metalloprotease activity.