bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A BIOCHEMICAL STUDY ON NUCLEIC ACIDS AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN THE HUMAN FETUS AND ITS CORRELATION WITH RELEVANT EMBRYOLOGICAL DATA
Authors: Kapeller‐Adler R. , Hammad W. A. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryAlthough concentrations of nucleic acids have been determined by various workers in some animal embryonic organs, reports on similar studies in human material are scarce. This communication describes some biochemical investigations in regard to nucleic acid and protein concentrations in various organs and membranes of human fetuses obtained by therapeutic abortion. The pattern of nucleic acid and protein concentrations at various stages of the first half of gestation appears to be characteristic of each organ. The recorded results are related to known embryological data such as the differential rates of development in individual organs, and the relevant biochemical aspects of human embryonic and fetal growth are discussed.
A CASE CONTROL STUDY INTO THE POSSIBLE EFFECTS OF BIRTH CONTROL PILLS ON PRE‐CLINICAL CARCINOMA OF THE CERVIX
Authors: Worth A. J. , Boyes D. A. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryThis paper reports a study of the possible relationship between oral contraceptives and preclinical squamous carcinoma of the cervix in women in their third decade in the Province of British Columbia. A total of 310 cases of preclinical carcinoma of the cervix and 682 matched controls were evaluated. The mean interval between first use of contraceptives and entry into the study was 5·3 years for the 25‐29‐year‐old patients with preclinical carcinoma of the cervix, while the interval for the 20‐24‐year‐old patients was 2·9 years. No significant difference in the pattern or duration of contraceptive usage was found between the case and control groups. The use of the different contraceptive methods in the screened population of the entire province of British Columbia paralleled that of the selected case control study group with the exception of a less frequently reported use of sequential preparations. In terms of the social data, however, there did appear to be a significantly greater number of pregnancies and of atypical marital situations among the women with preclinical carcinoma of the cervix. This suggested a different pattern of social behaviour in the two groups.
HUMAN PLACENTAL LACTOGEN LEVELS IN PRE‐ECLAMPSIA
Authors: Letchworth A. T. , Chard T. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryA prospective study has been carried out on human placental lactogen (HPL) levels in pre‐eclampsia. The general conclusions were as follows: (1) the levels were lower than those in normal subjects; (2) the levels in mild pre‐eclampsia were lower than those in the moderate and severe cases; (3) the levels were lower in multipara than in primipara. The influence of severity and parity may partly explain the discrepancies encountered in earlier studies. Low levels of HPL were found in patients with fetal complications. However, since similar levels may be found in pre‐eclampsia without such complications, it was not possible to reach definite conclusions on the value of HPL determinations as a predictor of fetal well‐being. The results indicate the need for further investigation of the prognostic significance of HPL levels within sub‐groups of patients with pre‐eclampsia.
COMPARISON OF MATERNAL RESPONSE IN FIRST AND SECOND PREGNANCIES IN RELATION TO BABY WEIGHT
Authors: Campbell Doris M. , MacGillivray Ian 
Published: August 2005

SummaryTwenty‐one normal women were studied in their first and second pregnancies. The plasma volume continued to expand to term in second pregnancies compared to the slight drop near term in first pregnancies. This may have been due to the postural difference when making the measurements in the two pregnancies. There was a significant correlation between the plasma volume at 30 weeks gestation and birthweight of the baby in both pregnancies. The total protein concentration was the same in both pregnancies, but the serum albumin concentration was significantly lower at 38 weeks gestation in second pregnancies. The total intravascular protein mass was greater at 38 weeks gestation in second pregnancies whereas the intravascular albumin mass remained constant in both pregnancies. The total body water was less but the women's body weight was greater at the corresponding maturity of gestation in second pregnancies, suggesting that there is a change in fat deposition. There was no correlation between total body water and birthweight in second pregnancies. There was no difference between the two pregnancies in the red cell volume, urinary oestriol excretion, serum electrolytes and osmolality.
THE EFFECT OF FETAL HEART MONITORING BY ULTRASOUND ON MATERNAL AND FETAL CHROMOSOMES
Authors: Watts P. Looby , Stewart C. R. 
Published: August 2005

SummarySince the initial report that ultrasound radiation at diagnostic frequencies and power levels causes chromosome damage in vitro several investigators have tried unsuccessfully to confirm this. The purpose of the present study was to determine if chromosome damage could be demonstrated following fetal heart monitoring in vivo. White blood cells from ten mothers and from the cords of their newborn infants after 2 to 10 hours of fetal heart monitoring during labour were cultured and scored for chromosome damage. When the irradiated samples were compared to controls no increase in chromosome damage was found.
THE VALUE OF HISTOLOGICAL GRADING IN THE MANAGEMENT OF HYDATIDIFORM MOLE
Authors: Elston C. W. , Bagshawe K. D. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryStudy of material from a selected group of 70 patients with hydatidiform mole in 21 per cent of whom choriocarcinoma developed showed no relationship between the histological grade of a hydatidiform mole and subsequent malignancy. Every patient who aborts a hydatidiform mole should be given an adequate follow‐up.
ACCIDENTAL ADMINISTRATION OF SYNTOMETRINE TO A NEWBORN INFANT
Authors: Kenna A. P. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryA case is described in which one ml. of Syntometrine was inadvertently administered to a newborn infant instead of Vitamin K. Profound respiratory depression and convulsions occurred as a result, necessitating prolonged ventilatory assistance. Recovery was complete. It is recommended that the routine administration of Vitamin K be deferred until the infant is admitted to a postnatal ward or a nursery.
PLASMA BIOCHEMISTRY IN RELATION TO OEDEMA OF PREGNANCY
Authors: Robertson E. G. , Cheyne G. A. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryBiochemical changes were measured serially throughout pregnancy in 83 women. The fall in total osmolality observed was unrelated to the development of oedema and there was little change in the levels of major electrolytes and urea with pregnancy. Decreased colloid osmotic pressure values were found, and they closely followed the changes in both total protein and serum albumin values. The degree of fall of these values appeared to be more important in the genesis of oedema than the absolute level reached. Changes in haematological indices were unrelated to the presence of oedema but a change in red cell fragility was found which appeared to be related to variations in colloid osmotic pressure. This change seemed to be of physiological rather than pathological significance.
NITROGEN RETENTION IN PREGNANCY
Authors: Johnstone F. D. , MacGillivray I. , Dennis K. J. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryNitrogen balance studies were performed in 21 primigravida who were eating their usual diets in the third trimester. The mean apparent nitrogen retention was 1.17 g. per day. This figure tends to contradict the belief that large amounts of protein are laid down as stores by the mother in pregnancy.
DISTRIBUTION OF 9‐H3‐PROSTAGLANDIN F2α, IN PREGNANT AND NON‐PREGNANT SUBJECTS
Authors: Beazley John M. , Brummer Hilary C. , Kurjak Asim 
Published: August 2005

SummaryStudy of three pregnant and two non‐pregnant women showed no differences in distribution or elimination of injected 9‐H3‐prostaglandin F2α. There was no selective uptake by the uterus. Measurement of radioactivity in fetal tissue samples indicated that the transfer of PGF2α or its radioactive metabolites occurred freely.
PLACENTAL FUNCTION IN PROSTAGLANDIN INDUCED LABOUR
Authors: Keller P. J. , Ruppen M. , Gerber C. , Schmid J. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryThe effects of prostaglandin F2α on the function of the human placenta has been studied during induction of labour in prolonged pregnancies. The serum levels of human chorionic somatomammotrophin, human chorionic gonadotrophin, progesterone and heat‐stable alkaline phosphatase were estimated at short intervals. There were no significant changes during the administration of various doses of PGF2α when compared with spontaneous labour. No adverse effects of this compound on placental function have been observed.
THE COMBINED USE OF CARDIOTOCOGRAPHY AND FETAL BLOOD SAMPLING IN MONITORING THE FETUS IN LABOUR
Authors: Simmons S. C. , Lieberman B. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryThe use of cardiotocography for screening high risk and clinically distressed fetuses during routine work in a busy department is described. When abnormal patterns appeared the decision whether to interfere was determined by fetal blood sampling. Two years' results have been analyzed. Although there was a high degree of accuracy in the diagnosis of fetal distress there are still limitations of monitoring methods for routine application.
THE EFFECT OF PULSED AND CONTINUOUS WAVE ULTRASOUND ON THE ENZYME HISTOCHEMISTRY OF PLACENTAL TISSUE IN VITRO
Authors: Robinson Hugh P. , Sharp Frank , Donald Ian , Young Hamish , Hall Angus J. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryEnzyme histochemical studies were made on placental fragments maintained in vitro and insonated for 8 hours with pulsed and continuous wave ultrasound at 2 MHz, and at intensities substantially above those used in clinical apparatus. No difference was observed in the activity of eleven enzymes examined in the insonated fragments compared with a control series.
OVARIAN CHANGES DURING PROGESTOGEN AMENORRHOEA
Authors: El‐Mahgoub S. , Ammar R. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryOvarian tissue was studied from 19 women who developed prolonged amenorrhoea (6–21 months) after Depomedroxyprogesterone acetate or norethisterone enanthate injections for contraception for 18 to 33 months. The ovarian specimens were obtained in 11 of the patients during progestogen medication and in the other eight 2 to 6 months after stopping treatment. In four cases withdrawal bleeding was induced by oestrogen before examination of the ovaries.The ovarian tissue showed either follicular suppression, when only primordial follicles were detected, or a multicystic pattern with many non‐luteinized cystic follicles or follicular cysts in different stages of development and degeneration. This multicystic pattern was seen mainly in women with amenorrhoea persisting after stopping therapy. Oestrogen administration to induce withdrawal bleeding produced no change in the ovary other than increased congestion.
THE AMINOACIDURIA OF PREGNANCY
Authors: Hytten F. E. , Cheyne G. A. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryThe concentration of free amino acids in plasma and their excretion in urine was measured serially in ten healthy women during pregnancy and again postpartum. Almost all amino acids were excreted in greater amounts during pregnancy than in the non‐pregnant state and there appeared to be three definable patterns. The excretion of the five amino acids lost in greatest amount, glycine, histidine, threonine, serine and alanine, increased rapidly in early pregnancy to three or four times the non‐pregnant rate and continued to increase as pregnancy proceeded. For seven others: lysine, cystine, taurine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, valine and leucine, there was also a greatly increased excretion in early pregnancy, but there after excretion tended to fall. The remaining six amino acids measured showed little or no increase in excretion.Renal clearance increased commensurately, approximately 30 ml. per minute for histidine and glycine, and it could be calculated that an average of some 20 per cent of filtered glycine and histidine was lost in the urine.The pattern of excretion is not related to plasma levels, which for most amino acids are somewhat below non‐pregnant levels; nor does it appear to be related to the chemical structure or biological function of the amino acids. The picture is of a variable failure of normal reabsorptive mechanisms, cause unknown.
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC EVALUATION OF LIQUOR AMNII
Authors: Fairweather D. V. I. , Millar M. D. , Whyley G. A. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryFactors influencing the spectrophotometric examination of liquor amnii have been investigated. Various methods of clarification and handling of liquor samples are compared, and their effects upon results obtained by seven currently used methods of assessment of bilirubin content are described. It is essential to follow the exact method originally described for each method of expression of liquor bilirubin content when using prediction graphs or tables to indicate severity of rhesus haemolytic disease.
HYPOTHALAMO‐PITUITARY‐ADRENAL FUNCTION DURING ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE THERAPY WITH COMBINED PREPARATIONS OESTROGEN‐PROGESTOGEN AND PROGESTOGEN‐ONLY PREPARATIONS
Authors: Daly J. R. , Elstein Max 
Published: August 2005

SummaryPlasma corticosteroid levels and the urinary excretion of 17‐0x0 and 17‐oxogenic steroids have been determined in a group of healthy women taking combined oestrogen‐progestogen oral contraceptives. The results have been compared with those obtained in untreated patients and in a group taking preparations containing only progestogens (the mini pill). The marked changes produced by the combined preparations are not seen with the mini pill which does not appear to affect cortisol metabolism. Dynamic tests of hypothalamo‐pituitary‐adrenal function (the assessment of the nyctohemeral rhythm of plasma corticosteroids and urinary free cortisol, ACTH stimulation, insulin‐hypoglycaemia and dexamethasone suppression tests) showed no abnormality in patients taking either the combined pill or the mini pill.
BABIES BORN ALIVE AFTER INTRAUTERINE TRANSFUSIONS FOR SEVERE RHESUS HAEMOLYTIC DISEASE
Authors: Girling D. J. , Scopes J. W. , Wicglesworth J. S. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryFifty‐two babies born alive after intrauterine transfusions for severe rhesus haemolytic disease during a seven‐year period are described. There was a diagnostic error in one case in which the fetus proved to be rhesus negative. Thirty fetuses (58 per cent) survived. Most of the 22 deaths occurred during the early neonatal period.The main problems encountered at birth were severe birth asphyxia, hydrops fetalis, anaemia and hypothermia. Thirty‐four of the babies were asphyxiated at birth, 24 of these required abdominal paracentesis before adequate ventilation could beachieved. Of 21 babies born in a frankly hydropic condition 6 survived. Cord haemoglobin levels of less than 10 g. per 100 ml. were found in 29 infants; the lowest value was 3·4 g. per 100 ml. Twenty‐one babies became hypothermic. Undue trauma resulted from intrauterine transfusion in 9 babies, and one suffered liver injury during paracentesis after birth.The main problems encountered during the neonatal period were those of prematurity. The most important was respiratory distress which carried a very poor prognosis, due in part to pulmonary hypoplasia in hydropic babies. Other important problems were hypoglycaemia, enterocolitis, neurological abnormalities, protracted jaundice, congestive heart failure, infections and bleeding diathesis. Of the survivors old enough to be adequately assessed, all except three have developed normally.The implications of these findings are discussed.
ANAEMIA AND FOLATE STATUS IN LATE PREGNANCY IN A MIXED ASIATIC POPULATION
Authors: Hibbard Bryan M. , Hibbard Elizabeth D. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryA haematological survey was carried out on 545 women in late pregnancy in Singapore, with particular reference to differing patterns in the three principal ethnic groups (Chinese, Malay and Indian).Anaemia during pregnancy does not constitute such a major problem as in many other Asian communities and haemoglobin levels below 9 0 g. per 100 ml. were found in only 1·7 per cent of patients.Folate depletion and megaloblastic anaemia occurred most frequently among Indian patients, whilst iron deficiency was found most often in Malay women.The haematological status of the Chinese was superior to that of both Malays and Indians.Multigravidae in all ethnic groups showed higher incidences of anaemia and of folate depletion, but the changes with increasing gravidity were most marked amongst Indian patients.The bias towards high gravidity in the Malays and Indians only partly accounts for the poorer haematological status in these ethnic groups. Even when allowance is made for gravidity, ethnic differences persist which can probably be accounted for by differences in diet and methods of food preparation.
SERUM LEVELS OF OESTRADIOL‐17β DEHYDROGENASE IN NORMAL AND ABNORMAL PREGNANCIES
Authors: Plotti G. , Menini E. , Bompiani A. 
Published: August 2005

SummarySerum levels of oestradiol‐l7β dehydrogenase have been determined in 113 normal pregnant women. The mean level increases ten‐fold from the 8th to the 40th week. Serum levels of this enzyme have been determined in women with threatened abortion in the first trimester and in women with intrauterine death of the fetus. Low or declining levels of the enzyme activity were associated with abortion, but the serum levels in cases of intrauterine fetal death corresponded to those of normal pregnancy.
DIURNAL VARIATIONS IN OESTROGEN EXCRETION IN PREGNANCY
Authors: Salvadori B. , Vadora E. , Coppola F. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryIn 20 normal pregnant women the excretion of oestrogen and creatinine during four fractions of a 24‐hour period was determined. For each urine specimen the total oestrogen content, the oestrogen concentration, the total creatinine content and the oestrogen‐creatinine ratio were studied.A peak of oestrogen excretion was found in the first fraction. The oestrogen‐creatinine ratio of the second fraction was most closely correlated to the 24‐hour oestrogen‐creatinine ratio.
THE EFFECTS OF DIAZEPAM ON THE FETUS
Authors: Scher J. , Hailey D. M. , Beard R. W. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryDiazepam causes loss of beat‐to‐beat variation of the fetal heart rate pattern within two minutes of the intravenous administration of 20 mg. This effect lasts an average of 65 minutes. This is not associated with a significant alteration of fetal pH or Apgar score at birth, High fetal plasma levels do not appear to affect the fetus adversely in labour or at birth. Rapid placental transfer occurs and the maternal and fetal blood ratios are variable.
THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE POSTPARTUM RISE IN SEROMUCOID TO PRIMIGRAVID PLACENTAL WEIGHT
Authors: Good W. , Hancock K. W. , Macdonald H. N. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryThe postpartum rise in seromucoid, which is an heterogenous acid‐soluble glycoprotein sub‐fraction, is related to placentalweight in primigravidae but not in multigravidae. This observation supports the view that primigravidae, who have had no previous exposure to paternal histocompatibility antigens, depend on glycoprotein to mask the trophoblast from the cellular immune response. With previous exposure to paternal histocompatibility antigens, as in multigravidae, the maternal antibodies so formed may coat the trophoblast and thus reduce the need for a covering of nonspecific glycoprotein.
THE EFFECTS OF HYPOXIA ON HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASE ACTIVITY IN PLACENTAL VILLI MAINTAINED IN ORGAN CULTURE
Authors: Sharp Frank , Carty MatthewJ. , Young Hamish 
Published: August 2005

SummaryHydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) enzyme activity has been studied histochemically in placental villi maintained in organ culture, some under fully oxygenated conditions and some under conditions of hypoxia. HSD activity was diminished in hypoxia. The process is apparently selective, with trophoblastic activity more sensitive than that in villous core, and 3β‐HSD more so than 17β‐HSD. Also, with 17β‐HSDs, activity using oestradiol‐17β as substrate was more sensitive than that using testosterone as substrate. The possible correlation with the clinical picture in placental insufficiency is discussed.
THE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF HUMAN TROPHOBLAST IN SPONTANEOUS AND INDUCED HYPOXIA USING A SYSTEM OF ORGAN CULTURE
Authors: MacLennan Alastair H. , Sharp Frank , Shaw‐Dunn John 
Published: August 2005

SummaryThe ultrastructural changes in normal trophoblast maintained in organ culture are described. In well oxygenated conditions the fine structural integrity of the trophoblast is maintained up to 96 hours, and the tissue appears to function normally. Hypoxia quickly damages the syncytium and marked changes occur throughout the trophoblast, including apparent attempts at regeneration. These experimentally produced changes in hypoxia are very similar to the ultrastructural placental bnormalities already described in pre‐eclampsia, and more so to the placental abnormalities in placental insufficiency, which are described here for the first time. These similarities suggested that hypoxia is a primary aetiological factor in these conditions rather than an effect of the primary disease process.
CONCENTRATION OF CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN AND CHORIONIC SOMATOMAMMOTROPHIN IN MATERNAL SERUM, AMNIOTIC FLUID AND CORD BLOOD SERUM AT TERM
Authors: Crosignani P. G. , Nencioni T. , Brambati B. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryThe mean concentration of chorionic gonadorophin in maternal serum at term was 9.45±0.93 LU. per ml. and that of chorionic somatomammotrophin was 6.34±0.39μg. per ml. In the amniotic fluid the levels were respectively 0.380±0.048 I.U. per ml. and 0.547±0.067 μg. per ml. In the cord blood serum mean values of 0.027±0.003 I.U. per ml. of HCG and 0.027±0.003 μg. per ml. of HCS were found.The barrier‐effect of the amnion and placenta to the passage of these hormones is shown by the ligh ratio between concentrations in maternal serum (MS), amniotic fluid (AF) and cord blood serum (CS). The ratios between mean values (±SE) MS/AF and MS/CS for HCG is 41.62±3.49 and 440±46.33 respectively, while for HCS are 12.21±2.37 and 281±33.95 respectively. The transfer through the amniotic barriers of albumin, transferrin, IgG anf HCS is inversely related to the molecular weight, while HCG crosses the membranes as in amounts proportional to IgG.The amniotic fluid concentrations of both these hormones are positively correlated with corresponding maternal serum and amniotic fluid HCG concentration were found when the fetus was female than when it was male.Significantly high maternal serum and amniotic fluid HCG concentration were found when the fetus was female than when it was male.
SERUM HEAT STABLE ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE IN NORMAL PREGNANCY AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO URINARY OESTRIOL AND PREGNANEDIOL EXCRETION, PLACENTAL WEIGHT AND BABY WEIGHT
Authors: Pirani B. B. K. , MacGillivray I. , Duncan R. O. 
Published: August 2005

SummarySerial estimations of serum heat stable alkaline phosphatase (HSAP) were performed in 28 normal healthy primigravidae at 16, 20, 25, 30, 34 and 38 weeks gestation, during labour and in the puerperium. Serum HSAP was measured on a further 15 normal primigravidae at 30, 34 and 38 weeks. Urinary pregnanediol output was measured at 20, 25, and 30 weeks and urinary oestriol estimations made at 30, 34 and 38 weeks.There was a progressive increase in the level of serum HSAP with advancfing pregnancy, the peak being reached during the second stage of labour followed by a gradual fall ink the puerperium. There was no correlation between serum HSAP level and urinary pregnanediol output, crude baby weight or placental weight. Significnat degrees of correlation were demonstrated between serum HSAP level and urinary oestriol output at 30, 34 and 38 weeks.