bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Great Lakes Water Quality Initiative
Authors: Millano Elsie F. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
The Great Lakes Water Quality Initiative (the “Initiative”) is a program to improve the quality of the waters in the Great Lakes system.
The main objective of the Initiative is to reduce the discharge of bioaccumulative compounds of concern (BCCs) into the Great Lakes system. The first phase of the Initiative consisted of the development of a consistent set of water quality criteria to be applied throughout the Great Lakes system by the Great Lakes States and by any Indian Tribes that have jurisdiction over portions of the Great Lakes system.
The second phase of the Initiative, called the Great Lakes Toxic Reduction Effort (GLTRE), is under development. The GLTRE focuses on reducing BCCs contributed to the Great Lakes system by nonpoint sources.
The Safe Drinking Water Act
Authors: Von Oppenfeld Rolf R. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract

The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) was enacted in 1974 and subsequently amended in 1986 and 1996 to protect the public from risks posed by drinking water contamination. The Act required the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to establish standards or treatment techniques for contaminants that could adversely affect human health, establish requirements for monitoring the quality of drinking water supplies and for ensuring the proper operation and maintenance of water systems, and protect groundwater from subsurface injection of polluting liquids. EPA posted a general guide to the SDWA provisions at
http://www.epa.gov/OGWDW/SDWAsumm.html
and posted its general approach for implementing the provisions at
http://www.OGWDW/sdwa/sdwa.html
.

The 1996 Amendments are important because Congress gave the EPA greater flexibility under the SDWA and emphasized the cost/benefit analytical approach to regulation. For an overview of the program, see the Office of Groundwater and Drinkingwater at
http://www.epa.gov/safewater.html
. The SDWA regulations can be found at 40 C.F.R. Parts 141–149 and may be accessed on the internet at
http://www.water.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr
or
http://epa.gov/OGWDW.regs.html
.
Oil‐Field Brine
Authors: Miskovic Dusan P. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe separation of oil and OFB is a logical consequence of the oil production process due to the fact that much more OFB than oil is more often produced, especially in older oil wells. However, until recently neither the oil drillers nor any governmental agency paid much attention to disposal of OFB as a by‐product of crude oil production. A simple procedure for OFB was diluting it in streams, rivers, and natural fresh and marine waterbodies. That practice took place until interest in crude oil production and consequently consumption of derivatives dramatically increased. Widespread oil production worldwide is constantly increasing, but the pollution aspects came to a focal point of environmental concern. To keep a high profit margin in the industry and satisfy strict environmental quality regulations, more sophisticated technologies for OFB treatment are becoming viable alternatives to the conventional OFB management practice.
Water Quality Models: Chemical Principles
Authors: Ji Zhen‐Gang 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Water quality represents the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of water resources and is used to measure the ability of a waterbody to support beneficial uses. Eutrophication is a process of nutrient overenrichment of a waterbody, resulting in accelerated biological productivity (growth of algae and weeds). Symptoms of eutrophication include algal blooms, reduced water clarity, and oxygen depletion. In modeling studies, water quality and eutrophication are sometimes used interchangeably to represent the processes of waterbody enrichment by nutrients. Key state variables in water quality models include algae, nutrients, and dissolved oxygen (DO).

This entry focuses on water quality models. Information on applications of water quality models is provided in
WATER QUALITY
—
CASE STUDIES
.
Biodegradation
Authors: Frazar Christian D. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe beginnings of life on this planet arose during a time of extreme conditions. For life to arise in an inhospitable world, the first organisms needed to be simple but hearty. The life forms of today considered most similar to those early ancestors of life are bacteria and archaea—simple, primitive organisms. Despite their primitive nature, these organisms have a diverse and powerful metabolic potential.Microorganisms are at the base of the food chain and play a key role in both secondary production and in decomposition. The ability of microorganisms to decompose or breakdown compounds is known as biodegradation. This term is often used to refer to the degradation of environmental pollutants by bacteria or fungi. This discussion will focus on the degradation process itself and the factors that influence and limit biodegradation.
Planning and Managing Water Infrastructure
Authors: Grigg Neil S. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Water infrastructure consists of the constructed elements that control water for water supply, wastewater service, flood control, hydropower, recreation, navigation, and environmental protection. Generally, these constructed elements involve conveyance systems, including channels, canals, pipes, and bridges; diversion structures; dams; reservoirs; locks; treatment plants for water supply and wastewater management; pumping stations; hydroelectric plants; spillways, valves, and gates; and wells. Planning and managing water system capital assets require provisions for capital investment, operations, and maintenance.
Water Markets: Transaction Costs and Institutional Options
Authors: Lee Terence R. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
The costs involved in the transfer of property, or transaction costs, can significantly affect the capacity of any market to operate efficiently. If water marketing is to achieve its full potential, markets must be designed to minimize transaction costs. Water marketing may lead, however, to efficiency gains, even if transaction costs are high. Moreover, increasing water scarcity will raise the welfare gains from trade relative to these costs, as the value of water rights increases. Transaction costs can be lowered by technological advance and by institutional design. It can also be expected that transactions costs will fall as the market matures, as learning by doing has its effect.
Water Resources Management
Authors: Grigg Neil S. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract

Water resources management controls
water resources systems
, that are combinations of constructed water control facilities and natural, or environmental elements that work together to achieve water management. A constructed water resources system, consisting of structural facilities, provides control of water flow and quality and includes facilities for water supply and wastewater management; for drainage of land and control of floods; and for water control in rivers, reservoirs, and aquifers. Examples include conveyance systems (channels, canals, and pipes), diversion structures, dams and storage facilities, treatment plants, pumping stations and hydroelectric plants, wells, and all appurtenances.

Natural water resource systems comprise sets of environmental or hydrologic elements in nature that include the atmosphere, watersheds, stream channels, wetlands, floodplains, aquifers and groundwater systems, lakes, estuaries, seas, and the ocean.
The Provision of Drinking Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries
Authors: Lee Terence R. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
The U.S. National Academy of Engineering includes drinking water supply as one of the great engineering achievements of the twentieth century. For those fortunate to live in a developed country, it was. However, the failure to provide universal safe drinking water and adequate sanitation is amongst the gravest contradictions of our world at the beginning of the twenty‐first century. The necessary technology has existed for at least two millennia, but there remain serious obstacles to its application. The result is that at least 1 billion people remain without access to a reliable and safe source of water, and more than 2.5 billion lack safe sanitation. This population is concentrated in countries at the lowest levels of development.
Integrated Water Resources Management (
IWRM
)
Authors: Babel Mukand Singh 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Compared to traditional approaches to water resources problems, integrated water resources management (IWRM) takes a broader holistic view and examines a more complete range of solutions. It looks outside the narrow water sector for policies and activities to achieve sustainable water resources development. It also considers how different actions affect and can reinforce each other. IWRM has attracted particular attention since the International Conferences on Water and Environmental in Dublin in 1992. IWRM can be defined as follows:
“IWRM is a process which promotes the coordinated development and management of water, land and related resources in order to maximize the resultant economic and social welfare in an equitable manner without compromising the sustainability of vital ecosystems” (2).

IWRM principles place its overriding importance over economic, social, and natural facets. It draws its inspiration from the Dublin principles, culminating from the International Conference on Water and the Environment in Dublin, 1992. These are the four Dublin principles:

Freshwater is a finite and vulnerable resource, essential to sustain life, development and the environment.

Water development and management should be based on a participatory approach, involving users, planners, and policy makers at all levels.

Water has an economic value in all its competing uses and should be recognized as an economic good.

Women must play a central part in the provision, management and safeguarding of water.
Meeting Water Needs in Developing Countries with Tradable Rights
Authors: Lee Terence R. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
The most serious current issue in water management is not water scarcity, but the allocation of water among competing uses and users. The issue of allocation overshadows all other aspects of water management. Unfortunately, almost everywhere, the methods used for water allocation are woefully inadequate to achieve an effective, efficient, and timely distribution of water among uses and users. This failure to allocate water efficiently is the root cause of the widespread perception that water is becoming so scarce as to amount to a crisis. Almost everywhere, water is allocated either according to tradition or by bureaucratic processes subject to political pressures. Economists have long argued that water should be treated as an economic good. If it is treated as an economic good, then its use can be allocated by creating water rights through a market.
Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse Research
Authors: Drewes Jorg E. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractWater reclamation is the treatment of wastewater to make it reusable. Water reuse is the beneficial use of the treated water and can serve either nonpotable or potable applications. Nonpotable water reuse includes all water applications other than augmenting drinking water supplies. Nonpotable reuse is occurring as agricultural and landscape irrigation, recreation, wildlife habitat maintenance (stream‐flow augmentation), in‐building applications (such as toilet flushing), industrial cooling, and groundwater recharge. Potable water reuse refers to the use of highly treated reclaimed water to augment drinking water sources. Direct potable reuse, where reclaimed water after advanced treatment is piped directly into the potable water system, is limited to rare cases. For indirect potable reuse, reclaimed water can either be discharged into a surface water or infiltrated into the subsurface to augment, in part, a drinking water supply source. Infiltration into the subsurface can be accomplished by either direct injection into the aquifer or by surface spreading which provides additional soil–aquifer treatment (SAT) when water percolates through the subsurface. The majority of research activities in wastewater reclamation and reuse reflects the main concerns about potable and nonpotable water reuse, such as (1) protection of public health, (2) reliable treatment of wastewater to meet strict water quality requirements for the intended reuse, and (3) gaining public acceptance.
Wastewater Treatment—Small Scale
Authors: Langergraber Guenter 
Published: April 2005

Abstract

Small wastewater treatment plants are defined as those to which fewer than 2'000 people are connected or those whose flow is less than 200 m
3
/d. These are treatment plants for small communities, villages, institutions, hotels, and camping resorts.

There are a tremendous number of small wastewater treatment plants worldwide. Small treatment works are needed mainly in rural areas to treat municipal wastewater. However, technologies to treat wastewater from industry are also important. The separate treatment of wastewater from certain processes provides opportunities to reuse water and to reduce the overall consumption of freshwater.
In rural areas and also in large cities that are not yet provided with sewers, sanitation requirements can be met at a reasonable price and on a reasonable timescale by constructing small but highly compact and efficient plants to serve clusters of dwellings.
Small wastewater treatment plants are required to satisfy very different needs which can be integrated into infrastructures at very different stages of development and sophistication. Engineers are called upon to provide technologies that are reliable, easy to operate and control, and tolerant of variations in the influent. The task is difficult and needs an interdisciplinary approach that takes into account local conditions.
Methodology for modeling detailed imperfect mixing effects in complex reactors
Authors: Wells Gary J. , Ray W. Harmon 
Published: April 2005

AbstractA powerful new modeling technique is presented for exploring mixing effects in reactive flow systems. The technique combines the detailed mixing representation of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations with the simplicity and computational efficiency of stirred‐tank compartment models. The method can be generally applied to many reactive systems, and requires only that appropriate criteria be specified to select compartment models from a single converged CFD simulation. A 1000‐fold increase in computational speed is achieved by the new compartment model/CFD technique when modeling steady‐state operation of low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) autoclave reactors, making broad studies of operating conditions and stability possible. Results from compartment models are shown to capture the accuracy and detail of CFD simulations over a wide range of LDPE reactor operation, and the new technique provides a combination of modeling detail and computational ease not previously available for this type of reactor. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2005
Identifying particles in industrial systems using MRI susceptibility artefacts
Authors: Robson Philip , Hall Laurie 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe potential uses of magnetic susceptibility effects in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to identify particles in industrial systems is explored. It is both a practical demonstration, and a review of the literature for experts in both MRI and in industry. The theory of magnetic susceptibility artifacts in MRI is briefly illustrated. Experimental imaging of simplified systems that have relevance to real world processes are explored, and features of those images are related to properties of the system. Data are presented for different sized objects with identical dipole moments, for sub‐pixel sized particles for which their potential use as magnetic labels are shown, and, finally, for agglomerations and powders of particles. Given the unique ability of MRI to probe complex, opaque systems, this qualitative interpretation of MRI images, demonstrates that MRI is an important technique for the investigation of material distributions within industrial systems. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2005
Effect of reactor configuration on nitric oxide conversion in nitrogen plasma
Authors: Zhao Gui‐Bing , Garikipati S. V. B. Janardhan , Hu Xudong , Argyle Morris D. , Radosz Maciej 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe configuration of a nonthermal plasma reactor strongly affects the rate of electron collision reactions. Experiments involving the decomposition of NO in N2 were performed in a reactor in which the number of parallel reactor tubes varied from 1 to 10 at a constant pressure of 147.6 kPa and ambient temperature. A previously developed lumped model of the reactions accurately predicted the effects of varying the initial concentrations of NO (from 240 ppm to 593 ppm) and gas residence time (from 1.93 to 7.42 s). With an increasing number of parallel reactor tubes, the rate of electron collision reactions decreases because the energy input per unit reactor volume at unit time decreases, while the energy consumption per molecule of NO converted to N2 and O2 decreases due to electrical and geometric effects associated with the decreasing peak width of the discharge voltage pulses and increasing reactor capacitance. Therefore, increasing the number of parallel reactor tubes provides a viable scale‐up method for constructing more efficient pulsed corona discharge reactors. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2005
Midline raphé, sternal cleft, and other midline abnormalities: A new dominant syndrome?
Authors: Forzano Francesca , Daubeney Piers E.F. , White Susan M. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractSternal fusion defects are malformations that often present as an isolated finding. An association with multiple malformations has been reported, in particular with midline raphé and craniofacial hemangiomas and as part of the pentalogy of Cantrell. Most syndromic cases were sporadic with a few families reported with recurrence in sibs. We describe a mother and two daughters with midline raphé and sternal defects. Affected members also had double central incisors, congenital heart defect, neck webbing, bicornuate uterus and minor anomalies including long face with hypotelorism. None of the three affected relatives had hemangiomas. The manifestations of these patients do not fit any previously described condition, and we propose they represent a new syndrome. This family is also important as it points to a possible genetic cause for at least some cases of this disorder of the ventral midline. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and variable clinical expression of Aarskog–Scott syndrome due to a novel FGD1 gene mutation (R408Q)
Authors: Orrico Alfredo , Galli Lucia , Buoni Sabrina , Hayek Giuseppe , Luchetti Anna , Lorenzini Stefania , Zappella Michele , Pomponi Maria Grazia , Sorrentino Vincenzo 
Published: April 2005

AbstractMutations of the FGD1 gene are responsible for a significant proportion of patients with Aarskog–Scott syndrome (AAS), an X‐linked disorder characterized by short stature, brachydactyly, urogenital abnormalities, and a typical dysmorphic facial appearance. Although mental retardation does not occur significantly in AAS, this condition has been described associated with various degrees of mental impairment and/or behavioral disorders in some patients. In particular, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is reported as a common characteristic of AAS. However, AAS/ADHD reported patients have been only clinically described, and diagnosis never has been confirmed on molecular basis. We present here a unique case of a 16‐years‐old patient presenting with ADHD, lower intelligence quotient, and dysmorphic features. Although the clinical features were not completely typical of AAS, genetic analysis demonstrated a novel FGD1 missense mutation (R408Q). The case we report confirms the highly variable expressivity of AAS and first documents that the FGD1 gene may play a role in ADHD susceptibility. We suggest that FGD1 analysis may be adequate in ADHD patients who exhibit dysmorphic features suggestive of AAS, also in the absence of the full phenotypical spectrum. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Familial recurrence rates and genetic models of multiple sclerosis
Authors: Lindsey J. William 
Published: April 2005

AbstractSusceptibility to multiple sclerosis (MS) is determined by both inherited and non‐inherited factors. The importance of genetic factors is demonstrated by the increased risk of disease in relatives of MS patients. Our objective was to determine the implications of the observed familial recurrence risks for the genetic basis of MS. We developed a computer program which calculates recurrence risks for monozygotic (MZ) twins, siblings, and second degree relatives, and used it to calculate recurrence risks for a wide variety of genetic models. We investigated models with different numbers of genes, different patterns of interaction between the genes, and dominant or recessive inheritance. The models that best reproduced the observed values had multiple loci with strongly synergistic interaction and autosomal dominant (AD) inheritance. At least six loci were required, and we found no upper limit on the number of loci. Models with genetic heterogeneity, where only a fraction of the risk loci are required for disease, are possible. In models with large numbers of loci the “abnormal” alleles conferring risk of disease are the most common allele. We conclude that a variety of genetic models with multiple genes, dominant inheritance, and synergistic interaction between risk genes are consistent with the observed familial recurrence rates in MS. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reduced tumor necrosis factor signaling in primary human fibroblasts containing a tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily 1A mutant
Authors: Siebert Stefan , Amos Nick , Fielding Ceri A. , Wang Eddie C. Y. , Aksentijevich Ivona , Williams Bryan D. , Brennan Paul 
Published: April 2005

AbstractObjectiveTumor necrosis factor receptor–associated periodic syndrome (TRAPS) is an autoinflammatory syndrome associated with mutations in the gene that encodes tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily 1A (TNFRSF1A). The purpose of this study was to describe a novel TNFRSF1A mutation (C43S) in a patient with TRAPS and to examine the effects of this TNFRSF1A mutation on tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)–induced signaling in a patient‐derived primary dermal fibroblast line.MethodsTNFRSF1A shedding from neutrophils was measured by flow cytometry and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Primary dermal fibroblast lines were established from the patient with the C43S TRAPS mutation and from healthy volunteers. Activation of NF‐κB and activator protein 1 (AP‐1) was evaluated by electrophoretic mobility shift assays. Cytokine production was measured by ELISA. Cell viability was measured by alamar blue assay. Apoptosis was measured by caspase 3 assay in the fibroblasts and by annexin V assay in peripheral blood mononuclear cells.ResultsActivation‐induced shedding of the TNFRSF1A from neutrophils was not altered by the C43S TRAPS mutation. TNFα‐induced activation of NF‐κB and AP‐1 was decreased in the primary dermal fibroblasts with the C43S TNFRSF1A mutation. Nevertheless, the C43S TRAPS fibroblasts were capable of producing interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) and IL‐8 in response to TNFα. However, TNFα‐induced cell death and apoptosis were significantly decreased in the samples from the patient with the C43S TRAPS mutation.ConclusionThe C43S TNFRSF1A mutation results in decreased TNFα‐induced nuclear signaling and apoptosis. Our data suggest a new hypothesis, in that the C43S TRAPS mutation may cause the inflammatory phenotype by increasing resistance to TNFα‐induced apoptosis.