bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Selection of the optimal option for the transformation of the “Shelter” object into an environmentally safe system using the factor-criterion model of scenario analysis
Authors: Skiter I , Saveliev M , Molitor N , Derenhovskyi V , Kaftanatina O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The paper presents a comprehensive analysis of potential scenarios for Shelter Object transformation into an environmentally safe system after the commissioning of the New Safe Confinement. The analysis of scenarios is based on the developed factor-criteria model, which includes two groups of indicators in the scenario assessment: groups of factors and sets of criteria for each factor. The assessment of a separate scenario is carried out using the global value indicator. The global value of the scenario is determined taking into account the criterion content of all assessment factors. Characteristics of groups of factors and their criteria were determined by means of peer review. The assessment of the global values of scenarios allowed us to rank them. Based on the analysis, the most reasonable and realistic strategy for the phased removal/transfer to a controlled state of fuel-containing materials was proposed. The strategy also includes processes for further management of these materials and associated radioactive waste. As well as “Shelter” Object transformation processes in the process of its transformation into an environmentally safe system and determination of its final state. Based on the results of the comparative analysis of scenarios, it was found that the scenario that provides for the removal of known accumulations of fuel-containing materials during the life cycle of the New Safe Confinement is optimal if the activities on the phased retrieval of fuel-containing materials are properly financed.
Neural network model of investment process of biogas production
Authors: Dzhedzhula V V , Yepifanova I Yu 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The paper forms a neural network model of the investment process of biogas production, which allows increasing the efficiency of the management decision-making process on the feasibility of investing in biogas plants. Biogas plants are becoming widespread in the world, although natural climatic conditions are not favorable for biogas production. But modern technological solutions for insulation of bioreactors, their automation and thermal stabilization, allow obtaining biogas in different latitudes. The construction of biogas plants requires significant capital investment. Therefore, these investments require a detailed feasibility study, including consideration of both technical and economic aspects of biogas production. The authors propose to use the mathematical apparatus of shallow neural networks and create a ten-neuron shallow neural mathematical model with the MATLAB mathematical package, which can serve as a tool to support investment decisions in the implementation of the biogas plant project. The proposed model, in contrast to existing approaches, allows us to take into account both quantitative and qualitative factors, which are obtained analytically, expertly and experimentally. In addition, the proposed model allows combining both economic and technical criteria that affect the decision-making process for investing in the process of biogas production. The calculation of investment attractiveness of introduction of biogas utilization unit for the researched enterprise is given. According to the simulation results, it is determined that the investment attractiveness of the introduction of a biogas plant for the given set of input factors indicates the feasibility of implementing a biogas plant.
Characteristic investigations on bio-silica gel prepared from teff (Eragrostis tef) straw: effect of calcination time
Authors: Tessema Belete , Gonfa Girma , Hailegiorgis Sintayehu Mekuria , Venkatesa Prabhu Sundramurthy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bio-based silica gel is having many commercial significances in various sectors, such as medical, cleansing agents in industries, laboratory analysis, cosmetics, food additives, and so forth. In view of crucial requirements, this study aimed to synthesize and characterize the silica gel from Ethiopia’s primary post-harvest biomass residue, known as teff straw. The present study has been emphasized to investigate on the influence of calcination time for teff straw ash [Joshi et al 2022 Investigation of bamboo leaves as an alternative source of silica: extraction, characterization and its application as an adsorbent for methylene blue sequestration Chem. Select.
7, e202200011] preparation between 2 to 5 h. Further, the specific surface area of the resultant TSA samples was examined for preliminary understandings of processing time. By adopting the standard procedures through template-mediated sol–gel process, acquired TSA samples were subjected to treatment with NaOH to result sodium silicate solution and the amorphous silica. From the findings, it was apparent that the yield of silica gel has significantly influenced by calcination time. Accordingly, the maximum yield (90.0%) was attained at the calcination time of 4 h at 900 °C. Further, physiochemical and morphological characteristics of acquired silica gels were ascertained using sophisticated instrumental techniques such as BET, FTIR, XRD, SEM, and EDX. The XRD analysis of the crystallographic characteristics showed that the silica extracted from TSA at 900 °C for 2, 3, 4, and 5 h was found to be in amorphous state. The surface morphological studies of silica gel samples have been carried out using SEM studied. the EDX spectra showed the negligible amount of other impurities, nevertheless a larger amount of silica was found with highest purity of 99.77% e silica gel was obtained in TSA calcinated at 3 h. FTIR spectrum confirmed the presence of siloxane (Si–O–Si) vibrations of amorphous silica that are responsible for the strong bend observed at 1070 cm−1. It was found that the silica gel prepared at 3 h of calcination time had the largest specific surface area of 739.242 m2 g−1, pore volume of 0.32 cm3 g−1, and a pore diameter of 1.68 nm.
Extended Nullstellensatz proof systems
Authors: Krajíček Jan 
Published: November 2023

For a finite set

F

\mathcal {F}

of polynomials from

F

p

[

x
¯

]

{\mathbf {F}_{p}[\overline x]}

(

p
p

is a fixed prime) containing all polynomials

x
2

−
x

x^2 - x

, a Nullstellensatz proof of the unsolvability of the system

f
=
0
,
all
f
∈

F

\begin{equation*} f = 0, \text { all } f \in \mathcal {F} \end{equation*}

in

F

p

\mathbf {F}_{p}

is an

F

p

[

x
¯

]

{\mathbf {F}_{p}[\overline x]}

-linear combination

∑

f
∈

F

h
f

⋅
f

\sum _{f \in \mathcal {F}} \ h_f \cdot f

that equals to

1
1

in

F

p

[

x
¯

]

{\mathbf {F}_{p}[\overline x]}

. The measure of complexity of such a proof is its degree:

max
f

d
e
g
(

h
f

f
)

\max _f deg(h_f f)

.

We study the problem to establish degree lower bounds for some extended NS proof systems: these systems prove the unsolvability of

F

\mathcal {F}

(in

F

p

\mathbf {F}_{p}

) by proving the unsolvability of a bigger set

F

∪

E

\mathcal {F}\cup \mathcal {E}

, where the set

E

⊆

F

p

[

x
¯

,

r
¯

]

\mathcal {E}\subseteq {\mathbf {F}_{p}[\overline x, \overline r]}

contains all polynomials

r
p

−
r

r^p - r

and satisfies the following soundness condition: Any

0
,
1

0,1

-assignment

a
¯

\overline a

to variables

x
¯

\overline x

can be appended by an

F

p

\mathbf {F}_{p}

-assignment

b
¯

\overline b

to variables

r
¯

\overline r

such that for all

g
∈

E

g \in \mathcal {E}

it holds that

g
(

a
¯

,

b
¯

)
=
0

g(\overline a, \overline b) = 0

. We define a notion of pseudo-solutions of

F

\mathcal {F}

and prove that the existence of pseudo-solutions with suitable parameters implies lower bounds for two extended NS proof systems ENS and UENS defined by Buss et al [Comput. Complexity 6 (1996/97), pp. 256–298]. Further we give a combinatorial example of

F

\mathcal {F}

and candidate pseudo-solutions based on the pigeonhole principle.
The inhibition of inner mitochondrial fusion in hepatocytes reduces non-alcoholic fatty liver and improves metabolic profile during obesity by modulating bile acid conjugation
Authors: Da Dalt Lorenzo , Moregola Annalisa , Svecla Monika , Pedretti Silvia , Fantini Francesca , Ronzio Mirko , Uboldi Patrizia , Dolfini Diletta , Donetti Elena , Baragetti Andrea , Mitro Nico , Scorrano Luca , Norata Giuseppe Danilo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract

Aims
Mitochondria are plastic organelles that continuously undergo biogenesis, fusion, fission, and mitophagy to control cellular energy metabolism, calcium homeostasis, hormones, sterols, and bile acids (BAs) synthesis. Here, we evaluated how the impairment of mitochondrial fusion in hepatocytes affects diet-induced liver steatosis and obesity.

Methods and results
Male mice selectively lacking the key protein involved in inner mitochondrial fusion, optic atrophy 1 (OPA1) (OPA1ΔHep) were fed a high fat diet (HFD) for 20 weeks. OPA1ΔHep mice were protected from the development of hepatic steatosis and obesity because of reduced lipid absorption; a profile which was accompanied by increased respiratory exchange ratio in vivo, suggesting a preference for carbohydrates in OPA1ΔHep compared to controls. At the molecular level, this phenotype emerged as a consequence of poor mitochondria-peroxisome- endoplasmic reticulum (ER) tethering in OPA1 deficient hepatocytes, which impaired BAs conjugation and release in the bile, thus impacting lipid absorption from the diet. Concordantly, the liver of subjects with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) presented an increased expression of OPA1 and of the network of proteins involved in mitochondrial function when compared with controls.

Conclusion
Patients with NAFLD present increased expression of proteins involved in mitochondrial fusion in the liver. The selective deficency of OPA1 in hepatocytes protects mice from HFD-induced metabolic dysfunction by reducing BAs secretion and dietary lipids absorption as a consequence of reduced liver mitochondria-peroxisome-ER tethering.
Nicotine dependency: animal studies
Authors: Swedberg Michael D B , Henningfield Jack E , Goldberg Steven R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A central requirement in definitions of drug dependence is that a dependence- producing drug will engender behaviour aimed at securing additional quantities of the drug for consumption (Edwards et al. 1982; Meisch and Thompson 1974; Spealman and Goldberg 1978). Other concomitants may include the development of tolerance to effects of the drug, and withdrawal syndromes that occur when drug administration is discontinued. Strategies developed in behavioural pharmacology have led to the development of experimental animal models for human drug taking behaviour; such models have been used to generate a substantial body of data on the major pharmacological groups of dependence-producing drugs. An important distinction to be made is that physiological dependence (characterized by onset of a withdrawal syndrome when drug administration is discontinued) may be present, but is not a necessary component in the maintenance of self-administration behaviour. For example, even drugs which are capable of producing severe physiological dependence when high enough doses are taken (such as the opiates, alcohol, and barbiturates) may maintain self-administration behaviour when drug doses and frequency of access are employed which prevent the development of demonstrable physiological dependence (Goldberg 1976). This chapter will review and discuss recent studies of nicotine self- administration with emphasis on methodological and interpretive issues, studies which have led to variable interpretations of data regarding the efficacy of nicotine in maintaining self-administration behaviour in animals. The potential of nicotine to produce tolerance with chronic exposure, and withdrawal symptoms upon termination of chronic exposure, will also be reviewed.
Direct Reactions
Authors: Gadioli E , Hodgson P E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Direct reactions begin immediately the incident particle encounters the target nucleus, and occur in the time it takes to traverse the nuclear field. The simplest direct process is elastic scattering, and this is described briefly in Section 4.2. It is also possible for the incident particle to give energy to the target nucleus, leaving it in an excited state. This is inelastic scattering, described in Section 4.3. Next in order of increasing complexity are the nucleon transfer reactions (Section 4.4) and the knock-out reactions (Section 4.5).
Experimental approaches for the development of pharmacological therapies for erectile dysfunction
Authors: Foreman Mark M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the past fifteen years, both academic and pharmaceutical laboratories have targeted major research efforts in the physiology, pathophysiology, and pharmacology of sexual response. The discoveries stemming from this research have in turn resulted in a variety of clinical trials using different therapeutic strategies for sexual disorders in both men and women. These sexual disorders include dysfunctions of the desire, arousal, and orgasmic phases of the sexual response cycle as described by Kaplan (1979). These phases cover the full range of sexual responses starting with the integration of sensory inputs with cognitive, emotional, and desire components for the initiation of sexual activity; progressing to the vasocongestion of the genitalia; and terminating with the physiological and perceptual changes associated with orgasm. The following review will focus on one of these disorders, erectile dysfunction in the male, and will outline some of the characteristics of the pathophysiology, the patient population, and the experimental approaches for the development of pharmacotherapies.
The nature of human sexual desire and its modification by drugs
Authors: Kellett John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are various ways of classifying sexual desire, and even more ways of attempting to measure it. Intrapsychically it is manifest by a sensitivity to sexual stimuli, preoccupation with sexual fantasies, and/or a longing to be with the preferred partner. Physiologically there is a lowered threshold for genital engorgement which may only be relieved by orgasm. The relation between physical and psychological changes is complex, which prevents one making any clear assessments of the libido from physical arousal. Certainly the physical and psychological changes react with each other in the manner of a feedback loop, the feeling of genital engorgement leading to psychic arousal and vice versa. There are several difficulties in assessing sexual desire.
Psychiatric drugs and sexuality
Authors: Barnes Thomas R E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Knowledge about the effects of psychiatric drugs on sexual function is relevant for two main reasons. First, familiarity with the possible sexual side-effects of a particular drug is necessary if the adverse effects are to be adequately monitored in an individual patient or clinical trial. Second, if a patient presents with a sexual dysfunction, information on drug-induced sexual problems is required in order to assess the possible contribution of their current medication and drug history.
Natural calcium-sensitizing compounds of the heart
Authors: Mil/er D J , Lamont C , O’dowd J J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Calcium sensitivity’ is the term used to describe the apparent relationship between [Ca2+] and the state of activity (usually reported as relative force) produced by the contractile system of the heart. The sensitivity of the contractile proteins to calcium is strictly apparent since it is defined by a plethora of conditions prevailing inside the cell. Some, such as the intracellular colligative properties, are essentially invariant in vivo.
The effects of caffeine on cardiac muscle
Authors: O’Neill S C , Donoso P , Lamont C , Eisner D A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Work on skeletal muscle has shown that caffeine at low concentrations (less than 5 mmol/1) potentiates the twitch while at higher concentrations it causes a maintained contraction. Various actions of caffeine have been reported in the heart It has been found, for example, that caffeine can prolong the twitch while reducing its magnitude or increase the size of the twitch while still prolonging the duration. Caffeine has also been found to cause a wholly or partially transient increase in the size of the twitch with, in the former case, no effect on the duration of the underlying calcium transient. As in skeletal muscle, caffeine can cause a contraction in unstimulated cardiac muscle although this is not always seen. In this review it is shown that these very different effects of caffeine can all be explained in terms of the mechanisms listed above.
Fetal growth and development: the role of nutrition and other factors
Authors: Perry Ivan J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is hypothesized that the risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes in adult life is programmed in utero by specific patterns of abnormal fetal growth associated with maternal undernutrition. This hypothesis raises fundamental questions about patterns of fetal growth in utero and about the role of factors other than nutrition in fetal growth and development. An unambiguous concept of nutrition that relates to the mother’s diet, growth, and development in childhood, and her diet during pregnancy, facilitates the testing of precisely formulated hypotheses in work on nutrition, fetal growth and adult disease. Different patterns of fetal growth retardation in pregnancy form a continuum that depends mainly on the severity and timing of thenutritional or other insult. Growth failure in the third trimester tends to be asymmetrical, with weight loss but a relative sparing of fetal length. The hypothesis that nutritional insults in early pregnancy set the fetus on a low growth trajectory leading to symmetrical growth retardation is less securely based. The concept of nutritional programming is undoubtedly plausible in biological terms. However, a less discrete and deterministic model of programming is proposed, involving interactions between the maternal and fetal genotype, the mother’s environment and life style (including diet), her prepregnancy nutritional status, metabolism and physiology, the hormonal, metabolic and circulatory milieu which sustains fetal growth and the infant’s postnatal environment. The effects of prenatal nutrition on fetal growth in man depend on the timing of nutritional exposures in relation to critical periods of development and on interactions with the mother’s prepregnancy nutritional status and aspects of the mother’s metabolism and physiology such as glucose tolerance and blood pressure.
Social pathways between childhood and adult health
Authors: Kuh Diana , Power Chris , Blane, David , Bartley Mel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are two main ways that socioeconomic factors throughout the life course affect adult health and disease risk. First, they affect exposures to known or suspected causal factors during gestation, infancy, childhood, adolescence, or young adulthood which are part of long term biological chains of risk. Second, they form part of social chains of risk that begin with a socially compromised start to life, operate throughout the life course partly via educational and other learning experiences, and lead to adult socioeconomic circumstances which affect disease risk through exposures to causal factors in later life. Causal factors at each life stage include physical hazards and behaviours with known or suspected biological pathways, but may also include stressful life conditions which affect biological resources through psychosocial processes which are only beginning to be understood. Thus evidence from two types of studies are reviewed in this chapter: (1) aetiological studies which have examined how variations in adult disease are related to social factors at different stages of the life course in order to understand biological chains of risk, and; (2) studies of social chains of risk, which have investigated either the extent to which individuals experience continuity in their socioeconomic environment or how they interact with their environment in ways that lead to socially patterned exposures which may damage or protect health capital.
Time trends
Authors: Strachan David P , Perry Ivan J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Analyses of time trends offer intriguing but inconclusive evidence relating to life course influences on adult disease. There appears to be a combination of linear and non-linear components which are not readily combined and quantified in terms of period and cohort effects. Furthermore, the major identifiable cohort effect, the effect of cigarette smoking on respiratory mortality, cannot be attributed to programming effects in early life. Age–period–cohort analyses thus provide a limited basis for inference regarding the relative importance of factors acting in childhood or adult life. Attempts to explain trends in mortality and morbidity from ischaemic heart disease, stroke and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases have focused on recent documented changes in established risk factors related to adult life style. These explain some but not all of the observed trends, suggesting that a life course approach embracing factors acting in early as well as later life may be appropriate. Predictions of future mortality rates and disease burden need to acknowledge our uncertainties about the nature of many of the underlying cohort influences, the unpredictability of future changes in environment and life style, and the potential for changes in case-fatality resulting from advances in medical care.
Geography and migration
Authors: Elford Jonathan , Ben-Shlomo Yoav 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Geographic variations in the risk of coronary heart disease have been widely reported. Such variations may be genetic in origin, influenced by factors acting early in life, later in life or a combination acting throughout the life course. Two epidemiological approaches to investigating geographic variations in disease are considered here-ecological studies and migrant studies. Ecological studies within countries have shown strong associations between past measures of early life conditions as well as current measures of deprivation and cardiovascular disease. Other conventional risk factors showed weak effects or no associations. Current birthweight distribution was also not associated with cardiovascular disease. At an international level, both early life and adult risk factors showed moderate associations, although these were greater for cerebrovascular disease rather than ischaemic heart disease. Migrant studies conducted in the Pacific region, Israel, Kenya, China and Britain showed that people moving from a low blood pressure to a high blood pressure community experienced a rise in blood pressure not seen in those who remained behind. This appeared to occur soon after moving and could not be explained by selective migration. For example, islanders from Tokelau (in the Pacific) who migrated to New Zealand experienced a faster annual rise in blood pressure during follow up than non-migrants, the differential being 1 mmHg/yr for males and 0.4 mmHg/year for females. Factors acting after migration were clearly of aetiological importance for blood pressure. Ecological and migrant studies confirm that factors acting throughout the life course, and not simply at one stage, influence the geographic distribution of coronary heart disease and its risk factors.