bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Isolation of an agent affecting the development of an internal parasitoid
Authors: Hotchkin Phyllis G. , Kaya Harry K. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe development of an internal braconid parasitoid, Glyptapanteles militaris, is adversely affected when its host, Pseudaletia unipuncta, is infected with the Hawaiian strain of granulosis virus. A plasma‐derived agent, isolated from virus‐infected hosts, was shown to elicit developmental aberrations in the parasitoid similar to those observed in virus‐infected hosts. This agent was isolated by ammonium sulfate precipitation, gel filtration, and anion exchange chromatography, and its molecular weight, established by gel filtration and SDS‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, was determined to be about 64,000. The dilution end point of the agent and some stability properties were also established.
Identification of male‐specific exocrine secretions from predatory stink bugs (Hemiptera, pentatomidae)
Authors: Aldrich J. R. , Oliver J. E. , Lusby W. R. , Kochansky J. P. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIn the nearctic predaceous stink bugs (Asopinae), Perillus bioculatus and Stiretrus anchorago, and the neotropical asopine, Oplomus severus, males possess conspicuous sternal glands that are absent in females. In each of these species, the male sternal gland secretion contains predominantly a single compound; 6,10,13‐trimethyltetradecyl isovalerate in the allopatric species, P. bioculatus and O. severus, and 6,10,13‐trimethyltetradecanol in S. anchorago, a species sympatric with P. bioculatus. The function of the sternal gland secretions from asopine hemipterans is unknown.
Feedback inhibition of ecdysone production by 20‐hydroxyecdysone during pupal—adult metamorphosis of Mamestra configurata wlk
Authors: Bodnaryk Robert P. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractLarge peaks of ecdysone (E, 2,875 ng/g live wt) and 20‐hydroxyecdysone (20‐HE, 2,150 ng/g live wt) occur on days 8 and 12, respectively, of postdiapause pupal‐adult metamorphosis at 20°C in the bertha armyworm, Mamestra configurata, and then decline to low levels (< 100 ng/g live wt) prior to eclosion of the moth (50% eclosion at day 31.8). These peaks of E and 20‐HE can be suppressed by treating the developing pupae with a physiological dose (2,500 ng/g live wt) of 20‐HE. Suppression of E and 20‐HE by 20‐HE treatment was dose dependent, rapid (within 24 h of treatment) and permanent. The peaks of E and 20‐HE were suppressed by 20‐HE treatment on days 1, 3, 5, and 7 but the 20‐HE peak was not suppressed by treatment on days 9 or 11.It is proposed that the mechanism by which 20‐HE suppresses the production of E and thereby its own production forms a negative feedback loop that operates during the first 0.4 units of pupal‐adult development in M. configurata. The function of the transitory peaks of E and 20‐HE that form this feedback loop is currently unknown. Since most adults from pupae that had their ecdysteroid levels experimentally suppressed by 20‐HE treatment were morphologically normal, it seems that the peaks of E and 20‐HE have little or no function in controlling morphological development in pupae of M. configurata.
Cuticular lipids for species recognition of mole crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae): II. Scapteriscus abbreviatus, S. acletus, S. vicinus, S. sp., and Neocurtilla hexadactyla
Authors: Castner James L. , Nation James L. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractQualitative analyses were made from whole‐body cuticular extracts of Scapteriscus abbreviatus, Scapteriscus acletus, Scapteriscus vicinus, and Neocurtilla hexadactyla by isothermal and temperature‐programmed gas chromatography. Adults of both sexes and nymphs of each species were collected in Florida. The chromatographic profiles of peaks were distinct and easily recognizable for each species, regardless of sex or developmental stage. Distinct sexual differences were found in S. acletus and S. abbreviatus. Specimens of S. abbreviatus from Puerto Rico and S. vicinus from Bolivia produced gas chromatography (GC) traces very similar to those of conspecifics collected in Florida. Evidence is presented to illustrate the potential importance of volatile cuticular lipid analysis as a tool for mole cricket identification. Cuticular extracts of an undescribed short‐winged species of Scapteriscus from Bolivia were also examined and produced GC traces unlike those of any other species analyzed to date.
Isolation and characterization of Brush border fragments from mosquito mesenterons
Authors: Houk Edward J. , Arcus Yvonne M. , Hardy James L. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractBrush border fragments were isolated from homogenates of mesenterons from the mosquito, Culex tarsalis, by a combination of Ca2+ precipitation and differential centrifugation. These preparations were routinely enriched seven‐ to eightfold for the brush border marker enzyme, leucine aminopeptidase. Alkaline phosphatase, a putative brush border marker for both vertebrate and invertebrate brush borders, was found to be unsuitable for Cx. tarsalis. Isoelectric focusing electrophoresis coupled with histochemical enzyme detection was used to enumerate isozymic species of nonspecific esterases [3], leucine aminopeptidase [1], and alkaline phosphatase [1] in isolated brush border fragments. Leucine aminopeptidase activity was solubilized by papain digestion, suggesting an extrinsic active site for this membrane‐bound enzyme. The predominant nonspecific esterase isozyme remained membrane‐bound. Conventional staining (ie, Coomassie Blue and silver) of proteins separated by isoelectric focusing, sodium dodecylsulfate, and two‐dimensional electrophoresis indicated a simple pattern for brush border fragments, with two proteins predominating among the 11–14 routinely detected.
Ecdysteroids in Developing ovarian follicles of Hyalophora cecropia
Authors: Rubenstein Elaine C. , Kelly Thomas J. , Culbert Laura , Woods Charles W. , Weeks Benjamin 
Published: February 2005

AbstractDeveloping ovarian follicles of the silkmoth Hyalophora cecropia accumulate large amounts of ecdysteroids during oogenesis. As measured by an ecdysteroid radioimmunoassay (RIA), this accumulation begins near the end of vitellogenesis, just prior to nurse cell collapse, and continues through the beginning of chorion formation. Analysis of ovarian ecdysteroids by a combination of high‐performance liquid chromatography and RIA demonstrates that the major proportion of these are present in a highly polar form, most likely as conjugates; ecdysone and 20‐hydroxyecdysone were present as well, in much lower proportions. Light microscopic autoradiographs of photoactivated follicles after in vivo incubation with [3H]ecdysone indicate that within the oocyte ecdysteroids are associated with the yolk sphere membranes.
Qualitative and quantitative changes in hemolymph proteins during an ovarian cycle and after insemination in Thermobia domestica (packard) (thysanura, lepismatidae)
Authors: Rousset André , Lapalisse Jacques 
Published: February 2005

AbstractQualitative and quantitative investigations on the hemolymph proteins in the adult firebrat Thermobia domestica were performed during an ovarian cycle in inseminated and noninseminated females. Variations of hemolymph protein concentration were determined by Lowry's method. In addition, the proteins were studied by gradient slab gel electrophoresis using nondenaturing conditions and microdensitometry. Besides five major protein fractions, which are present in both sexes, three female‐specific protein bands (vitellogenins) are found in the hemolymph and in maturing oocytes. These vitellogenins have molecular masses of 430, 300 and 240 kiloDalton. In fact, associated with the main 300‐kD band, there were two smaller bands (320 and 280 kD) indistinguishable by densitometric measurement. Quantitative changes of vitellogenins are linked to oocyte maturation. These proteins appeared in the hemolymph before ecdysis, at the same time as the first yolk granules in the basal oocytes. They increased after ecdysis during the intense vitellogenic phase and decreased during chorion formation. In noninseminated females, in which all maturing oocytes are resorbed before chorion formation, the level of the 300 kD vitellogenins remained lower than in inseminated females. The quantity of vitellogenins fell only after complete oosorption. Thus insemination caused changes in the relative quantities of the different vitellogenic proteins.
Isolation and in vitro synthesis of trypsin from the biting fly, Stomoxys calcitrans
Authors: Borovsky Dov 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe synthesis of [3H]trypsinlike enzyme by the fat body was followed in Stomoxys calcitransin vitro using a radioimmunoassay (RIA) developed against mammalian trypsin. Using high specific activity [3H]valine, trypsinlike activity was followed in midgut epithelial cells, thoracic muscle, and fat body removed from sugar‐fed flies. Excreta protease of S. calcitrans was partially purified using charge and hydroxylapatite gel chromatography. Seventy‐five percent of the enzyme eluted from these gels was inhibited by tosyl‐L‐lysine chloromethyl ketone HCI (TLCK) and was classified as trypsinlike. Electrophoresis of the trypsinlike enzyme indicated that it was only 50% pure. Trypsinlike activity from S. calcitrans bound to α1‐globulin IV‐I and formed a complex that was dissociated on a P‐100 Bio‐Gel column. Binding between the protease and the α1‐gobulin IV‐I caused a 1.4‐fold increase in the apparent molecular weight of the protease on the P‐100 Bio‐Gel column. Trypsinlike activity was characterized in the midgut and excreta by affinity binding to covalently linked TLCK and tosyl‐L‐lysine chloromethyl ketone HCI (TAME)Sepharose 4B gels. Between 50% and 55% of the excreta protease and 5669% of the midgut protease bound to the affinity gels and was trypsinlike. Protease activity that did not bind to the gels was not inhibited by TLCK and did not have the esterolytic activity of trypsin.
[N‐Methyl‐3H]Scopolamine binding sites in the central nervous system of the cockroach Periplaneta americana
Authors: Lummis Sarah C. R. , Sattelle David B. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe binding of [N‐methyl‐3H]scopolamine to a cockroach nerve cord preparation has been investigated. Specific [N‐methyl‐3H]scopolamine binding was found to be saturable and of high affinity (Kd = 13.9 nM). Muscarinic ligands were found to displace [N‐methyl‐3H]scopolamine binding more effectively than nicotinic ligands. The distribution of these [N‐methyl‐3H]scopolamine binding sites was examined in the metathoracic ganglion at the light microscope level by autoradiographical techniques. Specific binding was found to be localized to distinct regions of the neuropile. This pattern showed certain similarities to that seen when the ganglion was stained for acetylcholinesterase, suggesting a functional role for these insect muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.
Utilization of Δ5,7 ‐ and Δ8‐sterols by larvae of Heliothis zea
Authors: Ritter Karla S. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractLarvae from two populations of Heliothis zea were reared on artificial diets containing various sterols, which supported suboptimal growth, and their tissue sterols were characterized in order to determine how these dietary sterols are utilized by this insect. The sterols studied included Δ5,7‐sterols (7‐dehydrocholesterol or ergosterol), Δ8‐sterols (lanosterol and/or 24‐dihydrolanosterol), and a Δ5‐sterol (4,4‐dimethylcholesterol). Although larvae did not develop on 4,4‐dimethylcholesterol, those fed primarily Δ8‐4,4,14‐trimethylsterols developed to the third instar. When the latter sterols were spared with cholesterol, the larvae reached the sixth instar and contained 4,4,14‐trimethylsterols as well as cholesterol in their tissues. When larvae were fed 7‐dehydrocholesterol, <1% of the larvae from one population developed to the sixth instar and these larvae contained 7‐dehydrocholesterol as their principal sterol. The other larvae successfully completed their larval stage when they were transferred from the diet containing 7‐dehydrocholesterol (or no sterol) to a diet containing cholesterol within at least 9 days. The sterol composition of larvae transferred from a diet containing cholesterol to a diet containing 7‐dehydrocholesterol, after they had reached 60% of their final weight, was 54% cholesterol and 46% 7‐dehydrocholesterol. The major sterol isolated from the tissues of the larvae fed ergosterol was also 7‐dehydrocholesterol. Therefore, although the larva of H. zea can dealkylate and saturate the side chain of the Δ5,7,22‐24β‐methylsterol, it carries out little metabolism of the B ring of the nucleus. These studies demonstrate that, when Δ5,7‐ or Δ8‐sterols are the principal sterols in the diet of H. zea, they are absorbed and incorporated into its tissues, although they slow the rate of growth and may prevent complete development of the larva.
Presence and regulation of trehalose in the body of adult Phormia regina
Authors: Anelli Carol M. , Friedman Stanley 
Published: February 2005

AbstractTrehalose, the major blood sugar of Phormia regina, is present within its tissues in an amount exceeding that in the total blood volume. A major part of the reserve is found in the abdominal fat body. An investigation of trehalose regulation, pursued with the use of a trehalose tolerance test, indicates that within a period of 4 h the adult fly can remove from its blood amounts of this sugar in excess of twice its normal level. The surplus is dealt with in an as yet unknown way, being either sequestered in the tissues (not as trehalose or glucose), metabolized, or excreted in a form other than trehalose or glucose. The process is regulated by the head, and a link between the body and the head must be maintained throughout the entire period of activity.
Larval development, developmental arrest, and hormone levels in the couple Galleria mellonella (lepidoptera‐pyralidae)—Pseudoperichaeta nigrolineata (diptera‐tachinidae)
Authors: Plantevin G. , Grenier S. , Richard G. , Nardon C. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractDuring their growth on the substitution host Galleria mellonella, about onethird of Pseudoperichaeta nigrolineata larvae undergo a developmental arrest in the middle of the second stage. To assess the extent of endocrine involvement, juvenile hormone (JH) and ecdysteroid (ECD) determinations by radioimmunoassays were made both on G. mellonella and P. nigrolineata throughout the larval development of this parasitoid. The transfer of G. mellonella larvae from the usual rearing temperature (27.5°C) to that required for infestation (21°C) significantly affects hormone titers: the JH level increases 10 to 20 times, while the ECD level becomes 10 times lower. The JH levels are lower in hosts with parasitoids in developmental arrest than in those with P. nigrolineata in continuous growth, but the high variability makes it seem unlikely that the titer of this hormone is critical in regulating development of the parasitoid. ECD levels are depressed in the hosts with parasitoids in developmental arrest and are increased when the parasitoids resume growth. Therefore, we propose that the main cause of the developmental arrest of P. nigrolineata is the low ECD levels characterizing some G. mellonella larvae for which the transfer to 21°C has induced some physiological disturbances.
Disinhibition of oocyte growth in adult, virgin Periplaneta americana by corpus allatum denervation: Age dependency and relatedness to mating
Authors: Pipa Rudolph 
Published: February 2005

AbstractUnilateral section of the nervi corporis allati I (NCA‐1) of isolated, starved, adult, virgin Periplaneta americana disinhibited oocyte growth during a specific period following their adult emergence. The effect required that the corpus allatum (CA) be free of NCA‐1 innervation for 4 days beyond the time the females were 7–8 days old. The onset of this sensitive period corresponds to when most isolated, starved virgins become sexually receptive. The results suggest that NCA‐1 inhibition of CA activity, initiated about 7 days, is relieved by mating. When done on sexually receptive, starved virgins, unilateral NCA‐1 section was as effective as insemination for stimulating growth and chorionation of the first generation of oocytes. Neural inhibition of juvenile hormone (JH) secretion by the CA may also explain diminished production of oocytes by isolated, fed virgins, for during 30 days following unilateral NCA‐1 section they produced 2.6 to 5 times more oothecae than did controls with a single CA removed or after the sham operation. The number of oothecae deposited by fed virgins was similarly increased after bilateral NCA‐1 section, but to a lesser extent than when the operation was done on fed, inseminated females of the same age.Specificity of the response of the CA to denervation was substantiated by experiments in which the CA were extirpated and reimplanted, by topically applying C16JH, and by experiments in which the nervus corporis cardiaci 1 and 2 on the right or left side were severed.
Effect of conditioned media on three genotypes of Drosophila melanogaster: Physical, chemical, and biological aspects
Authors: Castro J. A. , Botella L. M. , Ménsua J. L. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe uric acid contents in larvae, pupae, and culture media were studied during larval and pupal development in three genotypes of Drosophila melanogaster reared in both crowded and noncrowded conditions. The uric acid content and the response of genotypes in media supplemented with 10 and 15 mg/ml of uric acid were correlated with the outcome obtained in conditioned media. In addition, the behavior of genotypes in conditioned media is explained in terms of the physicochemical properties of the conditioned media, which include uric acid content, the amount of food ingested, the degree of free water, the physical disturbance within the cultures, and the particular response of each genotype to uric acid.
Studies on binding and uptake of vitellogenin by follicles of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta
Authors: Osir Ellie O. , Law John H. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractAn in vitro system for the uptake of 125l‐vitellogenin (VG) or vitellin into isolated follicles of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, is described. After incubation with 125l‐VG, follicles were disrupted and the internal yolk contents separated from the follicle membranes. The results showed that 125l‐VG was associated principally with the membranes (92%) after incubation at 4°C. However, at 27°C, 125l‐VG was mainly in the yolk (92%). Furthermore, trypsin treatment removed approximately 70% of VG bound to the follicles at 4°C. Labeled VG was shown to bind to sonicated follicle membranes with high specificity and affinity (KD ⋍ 1.3 × 10−8 M). This binding was sensitive to pH and calcium concentration. The total binding sites were estimated at 4 × 1014 sites/g of membrane protein. Competition studies showed that binding of 125l‐VG to follicle membranes was blocked by excess unlabeled vitellin and deglycosylated vitellogenin but not by lipophorin (the major hemolymph lipoprotein), microvitellogenin, a female‐specific protein (Mr ∼ 31,000) found in both hemolymph and eggs, and the smaller vitellogenin subunit, apovitellogenin‐II (Mr ∼ 45,000). These results suggest that selective uptake of M. sexta VG from the hemolymph involves binding to specific receptors located on the follicle membranes.
Neural correlates of flight activation and escape behavior in houseflies recovering from pyrethroid poisoning
Authors: Bloomquist J. R. , Miller T. A. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractRecovery from pyrethroid poisoning was studied in groups of adult female houseflies treated with LD50 doses of trans‐permethrin or deltamethrin. The first overt sign of recovery was the appearance of normal posture, which was followed by jumping behavior and finally, coordinated flight when the flies had fully recovered. Prior to full recovery, treated houseflies were able to maintain normal posture and usually jump, but they could not fly. When tethered, these flightless houseflies responded to loss of tarsal contact by initiating normal patterned activity in the dorsolongitudinal flight muscles, yet the wings did not move. In flightless flies displaying jumping behavior, electrical stimulation of the brain evoked responses in the pleurosternal muscle, which controls thoracic tension during flight. Thus, many of the motor systems responsible for flight behavior seemed to be functional in flightless flies. Carbofuran, a carbamate anticholinesterase known to initiate spontaneous flight behavior from within the central nervous system, failed to elicit this response in flightless flies. These results suggested that the flightless condition was due to a disruption in central nervous pathways, and not to peripheral neuromuscular block. The pattern of recovery of different behaviors analyzed in this study was found to be consistent with the Jacksonian Hierarchy Principle, and the utility of this principle in guiding the design of new behavior‐modifying compounds is discussed.
Partial characterization of a major gut thiol proteinase from larvae of Callosobruchus maculatus F.
Authors: Kitch L. W. , Murdock L. L. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractMuch of the proteolytic activity in the digestive tract of Callosobruchus maculatus larvae can be attributed to a thiol proteinase(s) that hydrolyzes [3H]methemoglobin optimally at pH 5.0. Maximal hydrolysis of [3H]methemoglobin, [3H]alpha‐casein, and N‐benzoyl‐DL‐arginine napthylamide‐(BANA) required the presence of thiol reducing agents. Larval gut proteinase activity was strongly inhibited by p‐hydroxymercuribenzoic acid (pHMB), Nethylmaleimide (NEM), and iodoacetic acid (IAA) but was unaffected by the Bowman‐Birk and Kunitz proteinase inhibitors from soybeans or by lima bean trypsin inhibitor. L‐Trans‐epoxysuccinyl‐leucylamido‐(4‐guanidino)‐butane (E‐64), a specific inhibitor of thiol proteinases, potently inhibited proteolysis of [3H]methemoglobin by larval gut homogenates. Proteolytic activity in the larval gut was located in the lumen contents and thus appears to play a major role in extracellular digestion. The pH of the larval midgut is slightly acidic, and midgut contents exhibit a negative redox potential, conditions supporting the activity of a thiol proteinase. The significance of these findings is discussed with reference to the vulnerability of this digestive proteinase as a target for existing or genetically engineered plant chemical defenses.
The polypeptide structure of Vitellogenin and Vitellin from the cockroach, Leucophaea maderae
Authors: Brookes Victor J. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractVitellogenin (Vg) synthesized by the fat body of Leucophaea maderaeis made up of four polypeptides with molecular weights of 160,000, 105,000, 98,000, and 57,000. Other polypeptides previously reported as part of Vg are associated with other proteins. Vitellin (Vt), the yolk protein (YP) isolated from mature oocytes and from newly formed oothecae, is a protein with a sedimentation coefficient of 28s and consists of three polypeptides with molecular weights of 105,000, 85,000, and 57,000. During vitellogenesis, the YP of developing oocytes contains both Vt and a 14s component. The 14s component is made up of four polypeptides with molecular weights of 105,000, 90,000, 85,000, and 57,000. The data suggest that 14s may not be a discrete protein but rather a form in transition between Vg and Vt in which the 98,000 dalton polypeptide is converted to the 85,000 dalton polypeptide of Vt through a 90,000 dalton intermediate. The 160,000 dalton peptide of Vg does not appear to be a part of Vt. Under alkaline conditions, both the 14s component and Vt are reduced to a polypeptide with a lower sedimentation rate in sucrose gradients. When acid conditions are restored, a protein resembling 14s is obtained. This suggests that the YP is a loosely held aggregate of similar or identical proteins with a molecular weight of about 250,000.