bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rents and Exchange Rates: Redistribution through Trade Liberalization in Madagascar
Authors: Dorosh Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Madagascar, as in a number of countries, IMF stand-by agreements in the early 1980s were followed by a succession of World Bank and bilateral structural adjustment and sectoral loans designed to restore macroeconomic balances and liberalize markets. No representative household survey data exists with which to trace the actual evolution of household incomes and expenditures in Madagascar during the 1980s. Using available information on prices, household income and expenditure patterns, Dorosh, Bernier, and Sarris (1990) provided evidence suggesting that in Madagascar, the adverse effects of adjustment policies, per se, were more limited. This study, based on computable general equilibrium (CGE) model simulations of external shocks and policy changes, attempts to shed more light on the important linkages between macroeconomic adjustment and welfare of lower-income households in Madagascar.
Do Cheap Imports Harm the Poor? Rural-Urban Tradeoffs in Guinea
Authors: Arulpragasam fehan , Ninno Carlo del 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The markets for food commodities have been profoundly affected by structural adjustment in Guinea. Trade, exchange, and price reform have jointly altered both the quantities of food items available on domestic markets and the prices at which they are sold. The reform of Guinea’s exchange regime, together with concurrent liberalization of trade, have led to a massive influx of food imports into the country. Between 1983 and 1992 the volume of rice imports increased by 227 percent, the volume of wheat flour increased by 81 percent, sugar by 472 percent, and cooking oil by 517 percent. In the five years between 1987 and 1992 alone, the volume of rice imports increased by 109 percent, the volume of wheat flour by 18 percent, sugar by 18 percent, and cooking oil by 125 percent. Data on foreign exchange sales show that the value of total food imports increased by 16 percent between 1989 and 1992. Food import purchases accounted for approximately 50 percent of total private sector foreign exchange demand during this period.
The Course of my Accounting Research
Authors: Someya Kyojiro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It wasn’t something I planned at the outset, but looking back over the course my accounting research has followed, I find that-almost inevitably-my research is deeply rooted in the economic development of Japan over the past half century, beginning with economic reconstruction in the post-war period and continuing through the surge in economic inter nationalization beginning in the latter half of the 1960s.
The Use of Funds Statements in Japan
Authors: Someya Kyojiro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In July 1959 we conducted a survey of selected Japanese companies under the sponsorship of the Sangyo Keiri Kyokai (The Industrial Management and Accounting Institute) in an attempt to determine how funds statements are used in this country. A total of 563 companies were chosen for the survey, as shown in Table 16.1, from the 601 incorporated companies whose stocks were listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange on 1 April 1959. Two companies in liquidation and thirty-six banking and insurance companies were excluded. The survey was conducted by mailing a questionnaire to the companies and later sending interviewers for replies. In designing the questionnaire, we considered it most important to make it structurally comparable to those employed in similar surveys in the United States and Canada. However, Japanese companies were in such peculiar circumstances that cash flow statements had to be treated separately from other funds statements. This necessitates caution in comparing the results with those of similar studies conducted in the United States and Canada.
The Babcock & Wilcox Company: Strategic Alliance, Technology Development, and Enterprise Control, circa 1860-1900
Authors: Bruland Kristine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The late nineteenth century was a period of major technological change—the so-called ‘Second Industrial Revolution’, during which some of the major technologies of the modern era emerged, and in which new industries were created to exploit them. These technologies included electrical technologies, new chemical products and processes, and transport systems. This period was also one in which technologies developed in the early nineteenth century, particularly those to do with mechanization and the application of power systems, were widely applied, and widely diffused internationally. The impact of steam and mechanical technologies on early industrialization is often overstated, but during the later nineteenth century their promise was realized.
Changes in the Industrial System I: Administrative Reforms and Industrial Reorganization
Authors: Chai Joseph C H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Early attempts to reform the Chinese industrial system centred on administrative streamlining and industrial reorganization. The measures introduced included simplification of the industrial hierarchy, the delegation of industrial enterprises to key cities, and the promotion of inter-enterprise lateral linkages. Most of these reforms were implemented in the period from 1981 to 1985 (Xie and Luo, 1990: 218). This chapter examines the pressures that brought about these changes and analyses the nature, limit, and impact of these changes.
Changes in the Industrial System Ill: Incentive Reforms
Authors: Chai Joseph C H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Changes in the decision-making structure necessitate corresponding changes in the incentive system. Since both theory and practice suggest that in a decentralized decision-making environment proper incentives to allocate resources efficiently over time exist only under private ownership (Blommestein and Marrese, 1991: 50) decentralization of decision making needs to be accompanied by privatization. However, privatization of state industrial enterprises is ideologically unacceptable in China. Hence, an alternative incentive system needs to be found. Since the late 1970s China has experimented with numerous new incentive systems in an attempt to enhance the financial discipline of its state industrial enterprises. This chapter analyses these incentive changes and evaluates how effective they have been in motivating enterprise management and workers to strive for greater industrial efficiency.
Reforms of the Financial System
Authors: Chai Joseph C H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Prior to the reforms financial resources in China were highly centralized. The mobilization and allocation of financial resources was done mainly through the state budget in conjunction with the state plan. This is evident from Table 7.1 which shows that household savings accounted for only 3 per cent whereas the state budget accounted for 46 per cent of total national savings on the eve of the reforms in 1978. Since the government was the main saver and investor financial intermediaries were neither necessary nor allowed. Hence, financial markets were closed, financial instruments were prohibited, and all financial institutions had been either confiscated or nationalized and were merged with the Peoples’ Bank of China (PBC) (Jao, 1989: 2).
China’s Transition: Overview and General Assessment
Authors: Chai Joseph C H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
China’s strategy of transition to a market economy is often held up as superior to the one adopted by the Central and Eastern European countries (Gordon, 1992). For it seems that China, in contrast to the latter, was able not only to improve the standard of living of its population while it was undergoing reforms but to achieve rapid economic growth as well as a reasonable degree of political and social stability. This chapter assesses China’s relative success up to the early 1990s in its transition from a centrally planned to a market economy. An objective evaluation of the relative success of China’s transition would ideally require a point by point comparison of the strategies adopted by the Central and Eastern European countries and China. However, such a detailed comparison is beyond the scope of this book. Instead this chapter will focus only on the differing initial conditions of the Central and Eastern European countries and China and their short run transition costs. It will attempt to explain why China was able to avoid some of the short-run transition costs that the Central and Eastern European countries have incurred.
Social Development in High-Achieving Countries: Common Elements and Diversities
Authors: Mehrotra Santosh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ultimate objective of state action in all countries should be the enhancement of human capabilities. This is so for all countries, but more so for developing countries. Capability consists of the basic capacity to avoid ignorance, undernutrition, disease, and early mortality and lead a fuller, longer life, and be able to participate in decision-making in the community (Sen, 1985; Dreze and Sen, 1989). The capability to avoid undernourishment may depend not only on a person’s intake of food, but also on the person’s access to health care, medical facilities, basic education, drinking-water, and sanitary facilities. The notion of capabilities goes beyond a person’s command over income, and in that sense comes much closer to the concept of human development that has recently influenced development thinking (UNDP, 1990).
Health and Education Policies in High-Achieving Countries: Some Lessons
Authors: Mehrotra Santosh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the preceding chapter, we analysed the common elements which help to explain the remarkable achievements of the selected countries in social development, while recognizing the considerable diversities between them. These common elements were: public provision of basic social services for all; investment in health and education early in the development process; public health and education expenditures well above their regional average; and elimination of male—female differentials in social indicators and enabling conditions which favoured the ‘agency’ role of women. In addition, among these common elements are specific kinds of intervention in the health and education sectors. This chapter looks more closely at these specific health and education interventions and policies with a view to deriving some lessons of policy significance from the experience of these countries. The discussion avoids contextual factors which explain improvements in the social indicators since that can be found in the case-studies in Part II, and tends to focus on the policy related variables. The first section is devoted to health policies and includes discussion of nutritional and water and sanitation interventions. The second section discusses education policies. The chapter closes with some policy lessons which seem to emerge from the case-studies.
Botswana: Social Development in a Resource-rich Economy
Authors: Duncan Tyrrell , Jefferis Keith , Molutsi Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Botswana is a landlocked country traversing the Tropic of Capricorn. The country is largely arid or semi-arid and is prone to droughts that are often prolonged. With a land area of 582,000 sq. km. (roughly the same size as France) and a population of 1.3m. in 1991, it is one of the world’s most sparsely populated countries. More than two-thirds of the country is covered with the thick sand layers of the Kgalagadi (Kalahari) Desert; only 5 per cent of the land area is arable. Most of the population lives in the eastern part of the country, along the line of the north-south railway, where rainfall and soil conditions are moderately better.
Malaysia: Social Development, Poverty Reduction, and Economic Transformation
Authors: Heng Leong Choon , Hoey Tan Siew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Malaysia has recorded impressive achievements in both social and economic development, especially when seen in relation to the situation at the time of independence in 1957. The country then was beset with deep communal and religious differences and wide economic disparities, which divided its population and threatened the viability of the new nation. The major ethnic groups were the Malay (Bumiputra or indigenous) population (49.5 per cent), Chinese (37.2 per cent), and Indian (11.7 per cent).
Barbados: Social Development in a Small Island State
Authors: Bishop Myrtle D , Corbin Rosalyn , Duncan Neville C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The World Summit in Copenhagen in March 1995 defined social development as the improvement and enhancement of the quality of life for all people, requiring democratic institutions, respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, increased and equal economic opportunities, the rule of law, promotion of respect for cultural diversity and rights of persons belonging to minorities, and an active involvement in civil society. It is manifested in the active involvement of all members of society in the affairs of the communities in which they live; gender equality and equity in all economic, social, and political activities; full access to education, health-care services, and decision-making processes; productive employment; recreational enjoyment, and spiritual expression.
Introduction
Authors: Freyssenet Michel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ‘received wisdom’ about the history of the automobile industry is common to those who study it and those who work in it. Between 1920 and 1950, following a primarily ‘craft’ -based phase, both American and European automobile companies are said to have adopted the mass production system, characterized by a search for economies of scale, a sequential and segmented organization of design and production, and the utilization of an unskilled workforce. Because of this system’s inherent rigidity, it is said to have been thrown into crisis by the transition to a diversified and unstable replacement market increasingly open to international competition. Conversely, Japanese companies are deemed to have learned early how to rapidly adapt design and production to market changes and make profits in any conditions, thanks to a trained workforce who participate in cost reduction and quality improvement.
The Globalization of Honda s Product-Led Flexible Mass Production System
Authors: Mair Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Honda became the world’s largest motorcycle producer twelve years after it was founded in 1948. The company entered the automobile industry during the early 1960s. It then grew continuously for three decades, overtaking established auto mobile producers to rank tenth in the world and become one of a Japanese ‘Big Three’ alongside Toyota and Nissan. During this period Honda developed an image as a ‘different’ company with an idiosyncratic trajectory led by innovative products (Mair forthcoming a). Growth was seriously challenged in the 1990s. Yet by now Honda had deepened and globalized an industrial model of ‘flexible mass production’. Accordingly, Honda remained profitable during the 1990s Japanese recession. At the same time the crisis forced a rethink of the product innovation strategy.
The Unique Trajectory of Mitsubishi Motors
Authors: Shimizu Koichi , Shimokawa Koichi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Mitsubishi Motors Corporation (MMC) is a member of the Mitsubishi group (formerly zaibatsu), so most of the company’s investments have been financially supported by members of the group. However, this means that interest payments have sometimes weighed heavily on MMC’s profitability. MMC produces all types of vehicles: passenger cars, commercial vehicles, and industrial vehicles as well as minicars. The company’s diversity saved MMC when it ran into difficulties during the transition to mass production of passenger cars. From the latter half of the 1980s, MMC pursued a balanced course of development having at last discovered how to combine technological and commercial innovation in the design of its products so as to meet market demands.
Introduction
Authors: Michie Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With the end of the long post-war boom in the early 1970s, the world economy has experienced varying degrees of relatively large-scale unemployment. From an assumption that the ‘unemployment problem’ had been solved, and that a state of full employment could be maintained through demand management techniques, we now live in an entirely different world. Any suggestion of a return to full employment is immediately met with questions of whether such a thing is really possible, whether it would not lead to inflation or to excessive trade union power, or in the case of individual economies, to unsustainable balance of payment deficits. It is asked whether the economic policies required for a return to full employment would be affordable, or would they not inevitably lead to yawning fiscal deficits, which in turn would in the end require a U-turn in policy with unemployment reappearing.
Expansionary Policy for Full Employment in the United States: Retrospective on the 1960s and Current Period Prospects
Authors: Pollin Robert , Zahrt Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As is by now thoroughly documented, the material well-being of the majority of people in the United States has been stagnating or declining for roughly a quarter-century. The USA has become an increasingly difficult place to find a secure job and to earn a living wage. Permanent jobs offering good benefits and training opportunities, organized mostly through internal labour markets, have increasingly been supplanted by contingent work arrangements established through employment contractors or leasing firms. Average incomes have correspondingly fallen and poverty has increased. At the same time, income and wealth have soared for the richest 1 per cent of households, as inequality has also risen sharply.
Economic Policy, Accumulation, and Productivity
Authors: Harcourt Geoff 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We live in an increasingly competitive environment, nationally and internationally, both with regard to industrial and commercial capital, and to financial capital. One consequence of attempts to cope with this situation has been the emergence of sustained mass unemployment in the advanced capitalist economies. Yet inflation still remains stubbornly persistent in most countries and there has also been a decline in the rate of growth of productivity in some of them. We have witnessed as well instability in major markets-those for foreign exchange, labour, property, and financial assets-and great variability in the rate of accumulation around unsatisfactory average levels in many industries and in economies as wholes.
Demographic Consequences of Structural Adjustment: The Case of Brazil
Authors: Rios-Neto Eduardo , Carvalho Jose Alberto Magno De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Brazilian economy has experienced numerous economic cycles during this century. These have occurred in the larger context of an expansionary secular trend marked by different phases of industrialization and economic development. Al though the century has witnessed several periods of ‘stabilization crises’-the slowdown of economic activity induced by anti-inflationary policies-it has been, on the whole, a century characterized by industrialization and economic development. Although the interactions between population and the economy can be studied both in the short and in the long run, the short-term analysis pursued here has the advantage that the relations can be evaluated without ambiguity with respect to the possibility of reverse causality, something that cannot be controlled for in the long’ term studies. One classical theoretical framework, well suited to the analysis of the impact of annual fluctuations in the vital rates, is the Malthusian model. This framework postulates a positive check whereby real wages and mortality are negatively associated, and a preventive check that implies a positive correlation between real wages and fertility. The Malthusian framework was first applied to the study of short-term fluctuations in pre-industrial Europe (Lee 1981; Galloway 1985; 1986; 1988; and others). This chapter intends to apply the Malthusian framework to the study of short-term fluctuations in the contemporary reality of a developing country. in order to assess the demographic consequences of crises and structural adjustments in modem Brazil. In this contemporary context, other economic variables in addition to price fluctuations are included in the model, such as aggregate production and the unemployment rate.
Structural Adjustment and Family Labour Supply in Latin America
Authors: LAM DAVID , LEVISON DEBORAH 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Labor markets play a critical role in connecting macroeconomic fluctuations to the living conditions and demographic behaviour of households. Understanding how family labour market activity was affected by short-term economic fluctuations provides evidence about both the impact of the economic crisis and the economic responses made within the family. In analyzing family labour supply during Latin America’s economic crisis of the 1980s it is important to look beyond the usual measures of labour force participation and unemployment, such as those for prime age males, and consider the effects of macroeconomic fluctuations on the labour supply of different types of family members. Labour supply responses of married women, children and adolescents, and older people may provide indirect evidence about the flexibility of labour markets and the role that labour market adjustments play in periods of large macroeconomic changes, especially those caused by deliberate policy interventions.In particular, we are interested in the extent to which negative welfare effects of macroeconomic ‘shocks’ on individuals are lessened by a change in households’ strategies regarding labour force activity of household members. That is, are families able to buffer the impact of macro shocks via a reallocation of the time of family members, presumably from other activities into market work? If so. then evidence on the magnitude of changes in the labour supply of household members is one indirect indicator of the magnitude of the shocks felt by individual house holds.
Economic Recession and Changing Determinants of Women’s Work
Authors: Brigida Garcia , Oliveira Orlanoina de 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1982, Mexico, like other Latin American countries, began to experience a severe economic recession. Since the mid-1970s the country’s economic development, which was based on import substitution, had begun to face difficulties. Public and private investment were at a minimum; fiscal imbalance, inflation and capital flight began to be pronounced. The currency was devalued for the first time in two decades. In spite of the above, Mexico experienced economic growth towards the end of the 1970s, but this was mainly due to a transitory oil boom. The government began to rely heavily on spending and borrowing in world capital markets; the foreign debt consequently reached unprecedented levels.
The Role of Government in the Economies of Developing Countries
Authors: Stiglitz Joseph E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The collapse of the Soviet/socialist economies and the economic successes of the countries of east Asia have had a profound effect on thinking about both the development process and the role of government in that process. Several lessons are particularly relevant to this chapter:development is possible. Four decades ago the Republic of Korea had a per capita income less than that of India and today has one that is many times greater than that of India. China has been experiencing growth at a rate that has exceeded 12 per cent for the past 17 years-compounded, this rate implies that GDP has increased by a factor of eight.