bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using within-populational variability to measure environmental optimality and adaptability
Authors: Schmitt L H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Understanding the nature and significance of variability within and between human populations is a primary concern of biological anthropology. A difficult but commonly encountered problem is trying to determine the influence of genes and environment on interpopulational differences. Biometrical genetic models are concerned with assessing variability within populations and are not designed for determining the origins of differences between populations. This chapter illustrates that, by making an assumption about the nature of genetic variability within populations, the effects of the environment on population differences can be assessed.
Child-care strategies in Nepal: responses to ecology, demography, and society
Authors: Panter-brick C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Child-care strategies are a fundamental component of human behaviour, for they have significant consequences for maternal and child health and vary enormously within and between populations. Thus many studies from the fields of social and biological anthropology, sociology, demography, psychology, or evolutionary biology have taken child-care patterns as a focus of enquiry. Arguably, the particular contribution of biological anthropology is to document the range of human life-styles and explain patterns of population variation, adopting an interdisciplinary and comparative approach to data collection, and applying the concept of adaptation to explain behaviours as responses to specific natural or social environments.
Development, Modernisation and Health Intervention
Authors: Ulijaszek Stanley J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Health is a logical indicator of development, since it reflects improved well-being of individuals and populations; however, most economists do not use it. In this chapter, the relationship between health, development, modernisation and intervention are examined, starting with a brief overview of what intervention, development and modernisation are, and how development is measured. This is followed by descriptions of development models for health improvement. Subsequently, the health impacts of development, modernisation and intervention are examined in two settings in Papua New Guinea, one in the Highlands, the other, the Highlands fringe. This analysis is then extended to consider to what extent health changes have been due to economic development and the process of modernisation which has accompanied it, and to what extent they may be attributable to specific health interventions such as primary health care and immunisation.
On the origin and dispersal of east Asian populations as viewed from HLA haplotypes
Authors: Tokunaga Katsushi , Imanishi Tadashi , Takahashi Koki , Juji Takeo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) or the HLA (human leukocyte antigen) system plays an important role in the regulation of the immune response to various pathogens. The system also controls major transplantation antigens and contributes to susceptibility or resistance to various diseases. Two outstanding features of the HLA system are its very high degree of genetic poly morphism and ethnic differences in its gene distribution. Because of these fea tures HLA becomes a powerful marker in the field of human population genetics and physical anthropology.
Statistical analysis of genetic toxicology test data
Authors: Lovell D P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Genetic toxicology is the branch of toxicology which investigates the action of chemicals and physical agents on the genetical material of organisms. Ultimately, it is concerned with whether such agents may pose a risk to the human population. This chapter will briefly review the history of statistical involvement in genetic toxicology, outline David Williams’ contributions to the field both through the UKEMS guidelines and his wider influences, discuss some of the more recent statistical developments, and outline some potential areas for statistical influence in the future.
Making defense decisions: what role might a statistical perspective play?1
Authors: Chu David S C , Spruill Nancy L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite the vast amount of data that informs decision making in the American defense community, there is surprisingly little statistical thinking at the decisionmaking level. Reflecting the concern about the absence of a statistical perspective, the Committee on National Statistics recently organized a workshop on the matter (Rolph and Steffey 1994).
Statistical Aspects of Failure Processes in Ceramics
Authors: Singpurwalla N D , Wilson S P , Jr. E R Fuller 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is an expository paper. It highlights some matters pertaining to the failure processes in ceramic materials. The fundamental processes of crack initiation and crack growth are described, and the relevant statistical issues put forth. The aim is to highlight a new and important area of statistical research, and to emphasise the point that a statistician’s choice of probability model should be made with regard to the relevant physical laws that govern failure rather than a purely mechanistic analysis of failure data. Accordingly, a routine use of the Weibull for describing the time to ceramic failure is questioned and reasons for this outlined.
Influence Diagrams under Partial Information
Authors: Bielza C , íos-Insua D R , íos-Insua S R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We consider influence diagrams in which only partial information is available about probabilities and utilities. Algorithms for computation of optimal alternatives in ID’s may be generalised to compute non-dominated alternatives in ID’s under partial information. Typically, the set of nondominated alternatives is too big so we introduce additional criteria to select one of those alternatives.
Functional models, duality theory, and invariant subspaces
Authors: Laursen Kjeld B , Neumann Michael M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter centres around certain characterizations and applications of Bishop’s property (β) and the decomposition property (δ) for bounded linear operators on an arbitrary complex Banach space. Our main goal is to show that property (β) describes precisely the restrictions of decomposable operators to closed invariant subspaces, that property (δ) characterizes the quotients of decomposable operators by closed invariant subspaces, and that there is a complete duality between the two properties. These results fulfill the aspirations of an inquiry originated by Bishop (1959), and were obtained only recently by Albrecht and Eschmeier (1997).
Connections to automatic continuity
Authors: Laursen Kjeld B , Neumann Michael M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The theory of automatic continuity deals with the extent to which certain algebraic conditions on linear mappings imply their continuity. Typical results in this theory establish the continuity of all multiplicative linear functionals on Banach algebras and of all positive linear operators on Banach lattices. The theory is particularly well developed in the context of Banach algebras. In fact, the automatic continuity problem for homomorphisms and derivations on certain classes of Banach algebras is intimately related to the structure of general and particular Banach algebras, and has led, over the last four decades, to remarkable new insight into the theory of Banach algebras. The state of the art is well documented in the comprehensive account of Dales (2000).
Piero Della Francesca’S Perspective Treatise
Authors: Field J V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Piero della Francesca’s perspective treatise is the first of its kind-as far as we know and, it would seem, as far as Piero knew also. It is called On perspective.for painting to nuke clear that we are con cerned not with ordinary natural optics, which at this time was sometimes known as ‘common perspective’ (pcrspectiva communis), but with the special kind used by painters. As we shall see, Piero takes care to show that this new part of perspective should be seen as a legitimate extension of the older established science.
Density Estimation for Exploring Data
Authors: Bowman Adrian W , Azzalini Adelchi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The concept of a probability density function is a central idea in statistics. Its role in statistical modelling is to encapsulate the pattern of random variation in the data which is not explained by the other structural terms of a model. In many settings this role, while important, is a secondary one, with the principal focus resting on the nature of covariate or other effects. However, there are also situations where the detailed shape of the underlying density function is itself of primary interest. In this chapter, a number of examples of this are given and the ideas behind the construction of a smooth estimate of a density function are introduced. Some of the main issues associated with using these estimates are raised.
Time Series Data
Authors: Bowman Adrian W , Azzalini Adelchi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The entire discussion so far has been conducted assuming that the data are generated independently of each other. While in many situations one can safely believe that dependence is absent or negligible, it can often be the case that the assumption of independence is untenable. A typical, quite common situation where dependence is, at least potentially, a prominent feature is represented by time series, and similar data collected over time. In these circumstances, one might well question the appropriateness of the methods discussed in previous chapters. For example, some readers may have noticed that the geyser data used in Section 1.4 fall into this category, and may have objected to the fact that serial correlation has not been taken into account.
An Introduction to Semiparametric and Additive Models
Authors: Bowman Adrian W , Azzalini Adelchi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapters of this book a variety of data structures have been considered. In regression problems, these have usually involved one or two covariates with possible comparisons across groups. However, it is important that any approach to modelling allows considerable generality and flexibility in the data which can be handled. In fact, many of the techniques discussed so far form the building blocks of more general tools for regression, known as semi parametric, additive and generalised additive models. Texts such as Hastie and Tibshirani (1990) and Green and Silverman (1994) provide excellent descriptions of these models. This chapter therefore aims to provide only a brief introduction, principally by illustration, to establish a link with the techniques discussed earlier.
On load balancing in Erlang networks
Authors: Alanyali Murat , Hajek Bruce 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter summarizes our recent work on the dynamic resource allocation problem. The question of interest is the performance of simple allocation strategies which can be implemented on-line. The chapter focuses on the least load routing policy. The analysis is based on fluid limit equations and the theory of large deviations for Markov processes with discontinuous statistics.
Contemporary human diets and their relation to health and growth: overview and conclusions
Authors: Garbe R , Glazebrook K D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent work by Bertsimas and Nio-Mora has demonstrated the power of approaches to the analysis of controlled stochastic systems based on (generalised) conservation laws. This work is described. The utility of this theoretical framework is in part founded on its capacity to obtain the total expected return from any policy in closed form. Work is described which exploits this capacity, firstly to obtain a range of suboptimality bounds for discounted and undiscounted branching bandits (and thereby a simple dynamic programming proof of the optimality of Gittins index policies for such processes). Secondly, we obtain characterisations of the optimal return functions of controlled systems satisfying conservation laws and with linear objectives. This work suggests the use of greedy approaches to the development of solutions for a range of job selection/scheduling problems.
Steps toward the explanation of adult age differences in cognition
Authors: Salthouse Timothy A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Age-related differences have been documented in a wide variety of cognitive variables. Typical results are illustrated in Fig. 2.1 with data from a recent study involving 259 adults between 18 and 94 years of age (Salthouse, et al. 1996a). Note that roughly comparable age-related declines of about I to 1.5 standard deviation units are evident in variables representing perceptual speed (letter comparison and pattern comparison), episodic memory (paired associates and free reca11), inductive reasoning (series completion and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test number of categories), and spatial visualization (object assembly and block design) abilities. Similar patterns are apparent in many different data sets (e.g. Baltes and Lindenberger 1997; Horn 1982; Horn et al. 1981; Salthouse 1992b, 1993a, 1994a, 1996d; 1998; Salthouse et al. 1998; Schaie and Willis 1993), and thus these negative age relations can be viewed as the principal phenomenon in need of explanation by theories of cognitive aging. That is, any satisfactory theory in this area will ultimately need to account for the negative relations of age on a range of different cognitive variables. In order to be comprehensive, the theory should probably also explain why there are few or no age relations on other cognitive variables (e.g. those reflecting crystallized or product aspects of cognition largely reflecting knowledge acquired in the past), but at minimum it will need to provide an explanation for the age-related declines that have been reported across several kinds of cognitive variables.
The Hidden Structure
Authors: Mazzarello Paolo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Camillo Golgi (1843-1926) is widely regarded as one of the founders of modern neuroscience. In 1873 he discovered the 'reazione nera' - the black reaction - a histological stain which was to prove to be a revolutionary method for studying the structure of the nervous system. To this day, the Golgi stain is still widely used. For every student of medicine or biology, Golgi's name is synonymous with one of the basic structures in the cell: Golgi Apparatus, a cellular structure involved in protein glycosylation and transport. Golgi discovered the apparatus in 1898, and as a result of which, he is probably the most widely cited biologist in the scientific literature. But this is only one of Golgi's many contributions to scientific research. Amongst other things, he devised a system for the classification of neurons on the basis of axonal distribution, and identified a type of cell in the cerebellum. He identified and described the malarial cycle in the human. His discoveries were both basic, and rich with therapeutic implications. His remarkable achievements earned him a Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1906. It is enough to open any book of biology or medicine to realize that Golgi is one of the giants of 19th Century scientific endeavour. Despite this, Golgi remains a relatively unknown figure in the history of neuroscience and cell biology. This long-awaited biography, in a new translation from the Italian, is a fascinating analysis of Golgi's experiments, ideas, and personal life. It will be welcomed by anyone who has ever wondered about this brilliant Italian scientist and his seminal contributions to the fields of neuroscience, cytology and cell biology, pathology, and biochemistry today.
A small circle of Dante
Authors: Mazzarello Paolo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Golgi’s precarious economic situation was especially disheartening for his father, who had made many sacrifices to support him through medical studies and was following the vicissitudes of his son’s career with trepidation, worried about his future prospects. On 24 May 1871 Alessandro Golgi wrote to his brother-in-law and cousin Giulio Gioacchino Golgi, who was a civil servant at the Central Treasury Office in Florence:
Finding a way out of the labyrinth
Authors: Mazzarello Paolo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the more surprising aspects of his 1873 paper in the Gazzetta Medica Italiana is the cautious and vague description of the new method. There is no information about the duration of exposure to the two reagents, the optimal temperature, or how to prepare the tissues. However, Golgi had presented his study as a ‘preliminary report’. The brevity of the methods section can be explained in part by the fact that in this early phase he was still unable to master satisfactorily the black reaction and therefore could not be precise about the optimal procedure. Two years later, in evaluating various techniques for the study of the nervous system, he wrote (italics added):
Seemingly a matter of priority
Authors: Mazzarello Paolo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Golgi conceived of histology as a’science of organization’. For him, however, the rigorous description of living forms was not an end in itself, but a necessary precondition of a physiological interpretation of life phenomena, following the motto ‘the structure unveils the function’. Thus, he could not content himself with the resounding international recognition of his discovery of ‘facts’ (which, on the other hand, he worshipped in the most classical Pavian tradition).
Visual attention mediated by biased competition in extrastriate visual cortex
Authors: Desimone Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to conventional neurobiological accounts of visual attention, attention serves to enhance extrastriate neuronal responses to a stimulus at one spatial location in the visual field. However, recent results from recordings in extrastriate cortex of monkeys suggest that any enhancing effect of attention is best understood in the context of competitive interactions among neurons representing all of the stimuli present in the visual field. These interactions can be biased in favour of behaviourally relevant stimuli as a result of many different processes, both spatial and nonspatial and both bottom—up and top—down. The resolution of this competition results in the suppression of the neuronal representations of behaviourally irrelevant stimuli in extrastriate cortex. A main source of top—down influence may derive from neuronal systems underlying working memory.
Converging levels of analysis in the cognitive neuroscience of visual attention
Authors: Duncan John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Experiments using behavioural, lesion, functional imaging, and single neuron methods are considered in the context of a neuropsychological model of visual attention. According to this model, inputs compete for representation in several visually responsive brain systems—sensory and motor, cortical and subcortical. Competition is biased by advance priming of neurons responsive to current behavioural targets. Across systems competition is integrated such that the same, selected object tends to become dominant throughout. The behavioural studies reviewed concern divided attention within and between modalities. They implicate within-modality competition as one main restriction on concurrent stimulus identification. In contrast to the conventional association of lateral attentional focus with parietal lobe function, the lesion studies show attentional bias to be a widespread consequence of unilateral cortical damage. Although the clinical syndrome of unilateral neglect may indeed be associated with parietal lesions, this probably reflects an assortment of further deficits accompanying a simple attentional imbalance. The functional imaging studies show joint involvement of lateral prefrontal and occipital cortex in lateral attentional focus and competition. The single unit studies suggest how competition in several regions of extrastriate cortex is biased by advance priming of neurons responsive to current behavioural targets. Together, the concepts of competition, priming and integration allow a unified theoretical approach to findings from behavioural to single neuron levels.
Neural representation of objects in space: a dual coding account
Authors: Humphreys Glyn W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I present evidence on the nature of object coding in the brain and discuss the implications of this coding for models of visual selective attention. Neuropsychological studies of task-based constraints on: (i) visual neglect; and (ii) reading and counting tasks reveal the existence of parallel forms of spatial representation for objects: within-object representations, where elements are coded as parts of objects, and between-object representations, where elements are coded as independent objects. Aside from these spatial codes for objects, however, the coding of visual space is limited. We are extremely poor at remembering small spatial displacements across eye movements, indicating (at best) impoverished coding of spatial position per se. Also, effects of element separation on spatial extinction can be eliminated by filling the space with an occluding object, indicating that spatial effects on visual selection are moderated by object coding. Overall, there are separate limits on visual processing reflecting: (i) the competition to code parts within objects; (ii) the small number of independent objects that can be coded in parallel; and (iii) task-based selection of whether within-or between-object codes determine behaviour. Between-object coding may be linked to the dorsal visual system while parallel coding of parts within objects takes place in the ventral system, although there may additionally be some dorsal involvement either when attention must be shifted within objects or when explicit spatial coding of parts is necessary for object identification.
Detection and characterization of enzyme intermediates: utility of rapid chemical quench methodology and single enzyme turnover experiments
Authors: Anderson Karen S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Key insights into protein structure-function studies and structure-based drug design can be provided by an understanding of how enzyme catalysis is occurring at the enzyme active site. This, in turn, requires knowledge of the structure(s) of enzyme transition states along the reaction pathway in the conversion of substrate(s) to product(s). Although steady-state kinetic studies are informative in providing an initial characterization of the enzyme, these studies cannot be used to derive detailed mechanistic information. A more informative approach that will allow one to directly examine events occurring at the enzyme active site, involves the use of rapid transient kinetic techniques (1). In order to examine these catalytic processes directly, one must look on a millisecond time scale since enzymes often turn over many molecules of substrate per second. A common transient kinetic approach used to directly examine the formation of an enzyme intermediate is the utilization of rapid chemical quench methodology.