bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hardening of the Cold War, 1945-1948
Authors: Patterson James T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In coping with the Soviet Union between 1945 and 1948, Truman’s foreign policies went through three interrelated phases. The first, lasting until early 1946, exposed a good deal of floundering and inconsistency as Truman sought to find himself. The second, dominant through the end of 1946, revealed a little more floundering and uncertainty but also a stiffening of purpose. Although Truman and his advisers still hoped to ameliorate gathering tensions, they made only half-hearted efforts to accommodate the Soviets, or even to negotiate seriously with them. In the third phase, clear by February 1947, the administration hit on a more consistent, clearly articulated policy: containment. The essential stance of the United States for the next forty years, the quest for containment entailed high expectations. It was the most important legacy of the Truman administration.
Domestic Politics: Truman’s First Term
Authors: Patterson James T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The shadow of Roosevelt fell heavily on Truman early in his first term. Jonathan Daniels, one of FDR’s White House aides, remembers seeing Truman in the Oval Office shortly after Roosevelt died. “He swung around in the President’s chair as if he were testing it, more uncertain than even I was about its size.”, Truman’s uncertainty was entirely understandable, for to millions of Americans, especially the poor, Roosevelt had been an almost saintly father figure. Liberals had regarded him as the very model of strong presidential leadership in battles for social change. Although FDR had lost most of these battles after 1937, progressive Americans blamed Congress and “the interests,” not the President. As recently as 1944 Roosevelt had rallied reformers—and raised popular expectations—by calling for an “Economic Bill of Rights” after the war. It is not too much to say that liberals were shattered when FDR died in April 1945. For them and many other Americans, no man could have filled Roosevelt’s chair.
World Affairs, 1953-1956
Authors: Patterson James T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On March 1, 1954, the United States tested the world’s first hydrogen bomb at Bikini Atoll in the Marshall Islands. More awesome than scientists anticipated, it proved to be 750 times more powerful than the A-bomb dropped at Hiroshima. Radioactive debris from the blast spread across 7,000 square miles of the Pacific, including inhabited islands, and enveloped a small Japanese fishing boat, Fukuryu Maru (the Lucky Dragon) that was some ninety miles east of Bikini at the time. Radioactive ash rained down on the fishermen. Some lost their appetites and grew nauseous. Their skin turned darker, and sores broke out on their fingers and necks, which had been most exposed to the radiation. When the boat got back to Japan two weeks later, twenty-three of the crew were said to be suffering from radiation sickness. Fishermen on other Japanese boats returned to port and also complained of contamination. An outcry arose, peaking six months later when Aikichi Kuboyama, a Lucky Dragon fisher­ man, died. American authorities said he had been felled by hepatitis acquired from a blood transfusion, but his organs revealed pronounced effects of radiation. Admiral Lewis Strauss, chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission, stated that the fishermen had belonged to a “Red spy outfit.”,
The Biggest Boom Yet
Authors: Patterson James T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Widely used words and phrases evoke the dynamism and quest for “fun” that pervaded the remarkably buoyant years of the mid-195os, especially for the ever more numerous and steadily better-off middle classes. Hear a few: gung ho, cool jazz, hot rod, drag strip, ponytail, panty raid, sock hop, cookout, jet stream, windfall profit, discount house, split-level home, togetherness, hip, hula hoops, Formica, and (in 1959) Barbie Dolls. The whole world, many Americans seemed to think by 1957, was turning itself over to please the special, God-graced generation-and its children-that had triumphed over depression and fascism, that would sooner or later vanquish Communism, and that was destined to live happily ever after (well, almost) in a fairy tale of health, wealth, and happiness.
Race
Authors: Patterson James T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Color-consciousness has always blighted life in the United States. Light- skinned people, fearful of “pollution” from “coloreds,” historically erected formidable barriers against “non-white” Americans. Between the late 1940s and 196o these barriers opened up a bit, and a few outsiders crept through the cracks. But only for a little way. The vast majority of non-whites-including not only African-Americans but also American Indians, Asians, and many Hispanics--could not get through. In matters of color and of racial consciousness the United States held firm.
A Center Holds, More or Less, 1957-1960
Authors: Patterson James T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Public opinion polls in the late 1950s and in 196o, one historian reminds us, reported that the American people were “relaxed, unadventurous, comfortably satisfied with their way of life and blandly optimistic about the future.” A few writers, however, have perceived a more restless citizenry. The scholar Morris Dickstein, a college student at the time, recalled these years as “a fertile period, a seedbed of ideas that would burgeon and live in the more activist, less reflective climate that followed.” Richard Pells, a historian, adds, “Beneath the ordinary American’s placid exterior, there seemed to lurk a hunger for corrosive wit, jangling sounds, disruptive behavior, defiant gestures, a revival of passion and intensity. ”
The Polarized Sixties: An Overview
Authors: Patterson James T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The year 1960, one historian writes, marked “the definitive end of the Dark Ages, and the beginning of a more hopeful and democratic period” that lasted until the early 1970s. Another historian calls the 196os a modern Great Awakening which ignited a “Burned-Over Decade” of cultural change akin to the turbulent 1840s. William Braden, a contemporary observer, labeled the era an Age of Aquarius that heralded “a new American identity-a collective identity that will be blacker, more feminine, more oriental, more emotional, more intuitive, more exuberant— and, just possibly, better than the old one.”
The Approach Adopted in This Commentary
Authors: Brodie Thomas L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The initial problem in developing a commentary is to find an appropriate method of approaching the text. Where does one begin? A glance at existing commentaries shows there is no agreed format, and this uncertainty is aggravated by recent discussion about exegetical method in general. The very role of commentaries is uncertain (Anderson, 1982). To some extent, of course, uncertainty is appropriate. Interpretation, in many ways, is a circular process-the proverbial “hermeneutical circle” -and in that process “we can only comprehend the details of a work by projecting a sense of the whole, just as conversely, we can only achieve a view of the whole by working through its parts” (Armstrong, 1983, 341). Thus, there is no escape from a procedure of trial and error.
An Outline of the Essence of John’s Theology: Jesus as the Spirit-Giving Healer of Human Dividedness
Authors: Brodie Thomas L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
John’s theology is not a single coherent system. Rather it is a map of the progress of life and of faith, and such progress, by its nature, is beset with changes, set backs, and surprises. To inquire about John’s theology is like asking about the meaning of a symphony. The meaning, Beethoven would say, is not in talking about it but in listening to it. In the case of the gospel, the meaning lies in living it. What follows, therefore, is not the meaning; it is an abstraction-an abstraction, it is to be hoped, which is useful and which prepares the way for meaning.
The Translation
Authors: Brodie Thomas L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The translation is based on the United Bible Societies Greek New Testament (3d ed., corrected). As far as possible, important individual Greek words have been rendered by a single English term. Occasionally the word order is strained to reflect the original. The oldest Greek manuscripts do not contain punctuations, quotation marks, capitalizations, or parentheses, and so the presence of these markers in translations gives the gospel text a clarity which originally it did not have. This clarity is generally an advantage, but occasionally it hides the rich ambiguity of the original-an ambiguity which is sometimes heightened by the ambivalence conveyed by specific words. In the present translation the ambiguity of certain significant words is reflected by a slash (for example, “overcome/grasped’’ in 1:5).
Part 3A □The Third Year
Authors: Brodie Thomas L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From its opening verse, this part of the gospel (chaps. 7-12) is shadowed by the threat of death. The Jews seek to kill Jesus, and so he stays away from Judea (7:1). Death had been referred to before, but it had never had such an immediate influence on Jesus’ decisions. In subsequent episodes the threat of death increases. During the feast of Tents (chaps. 7-8) Jesus alludes to his departure, and thus to his death (7:33-34; 8:21). At Dedication, when the Jews surround and almost stone him (10:22—39), the threat comes even closer. Then he loses a friend, Lazarus (chap. 11). And finally his own death is decided and, at Passover, it closes in (11:49-55; 12:7,16,23— 27).
Reading Sarmiento Once More, with Passion
Authors: Alonso Carlos J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is Perhaps no better representative figure of the relentless drive toward modernity in Spanish America than the Argentine writer Domingo Faustino Sarmiento. Conceived, as he claimed in his autobiographical text Recuerdos de provincia, in the same year that the struggle for in­ dependence from Spain began, Sarmiento’s life and writings would seem to mobilize at one moment or another all of the topoi of the modernizing program that in its various manifestations characterized political and cultural life in nineteenth-century Spanish America. He despised the indigenous element in all its variations, branded it “barbarous” and opposed it to a concept of civilization that was firmly anchored in European circumstances and ideology. He read widely from metropolitan sources and used them indiscriminately to analyze Spanish American reality in a dramatic and Procrustean fashion. He espoused incentives to entice European immigrants, whom he thought would transform the Argentine landscape for the better through their habits and ethnic composition.
Strange Fruit
Authors: Alonso Carlos J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This Chapter is unconventional in its articulation and rhetorical procedure because the argument that will be presented in it thwarts the customary evidentiary process deployed in critical discourse. Most of what will be adduced here revolves around conveying the existence of a problematics that is exceedingly hard to describe, much less grasp in all its ramifications. But I believe that the object identified and delimited by this critical approach may lead to a novel understanding of one of the most important textual productions of the Spanish American nineteenth century: the Cuban antislavery discourse.
Oedipus in the Pampas
Authors: Alonso Carlos J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As a Cultural Movement, romant1c1sm manifested itself in Spanish America primarily as a multifaceted enterprise to express a nature that was understood to be in need of articulation, a nature that was alternately and variously conceived in linguistic, geographic, historical, or literary terms. But this need did not arise from the perception that this was a suppressed essence with roots in a remote past-as was the case in European romanticism-but rather from the understanding (and the conceit) that this essence was thoroughly new and distinct. Spanish American intellectuals and writers of the nineteenth century embraced romanticism because they (mis)interpreted it as constituting a quintessentially modern phenomenon, and not especially or necessarily on account of the specific programs or ideological constructs advanced by that movement.
The Closing of the Circle: The End of Modernity in Spanish America
Authors: Alonso Carlos J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Present Postmodern Moment, with its heady promises of deliver­ ance from the ideological and political programs of modernity, has been both benevolent and unkind to the so-called developing nations. The new dominant cultural configuration has reassured intellectuals of marginalized states that the goals their societies were striving for were illusory and that they should release themselves from the self-imposed pressures and concomitant frustrations under which they labored for countless years. Nonetheless, there is a lingering suspicion in peripheral intellectual circles about the concept of the postmodern, a suspicion that is articulated in a number of fashions but that invariably revolves around the issue of historical timing: why is it that at the precise moment in which developing cultures and oppressed groups seem to be poised to stake a claim for participation in history, history is declared to have ended and the individual subject is discarded as a philosophical phantasm? Neil Larsen gives voice to these concerns when he says poignantly that “I, at least, have often found myself wondering in private whether we ought even to bother with the question at all, whether just consenting to raise the ‘issue’ of ‘Latin America and postmodernism’ is already to fall into a clever sort of neocolonizing trap.”1 Yet the many variegated possibilities delineated by the rhetoric of the postmodern still beckon, with their suspicion of rigid ideological commitment, their affirmation of local circumstance, and their depiction of a heterogeneous sphere for political agency.
Introduction
Authors: Freedman Jonathan , Millington Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At a certain moment, early in Shadow of a Doubt, the two lumpish detectives who have been trailing Uncle Charlie-whom they, and we, know to be the infamous Merry Widow Murderer-pay a call on the home of Charlie’s sister Mrs. Newton, in the hypernormal town of Santa Rosa, California. The detectives disguise themselves as reporters for a major American magazine, there to pay tribute to the perfection of the “average” American home. It is all a cover, of course, for their attempts to get to the back of the house and learn all they can about Charlie, who has taken refuge there; but before they are able to do so, they are forced to watch Mrs. Newton-whose husband is obsessed with homicide, whose brother is a psychopath-eagerly pose for their cameras, breaking eggs for an iconic American cake. The perfect American wife, in other words, is being shown by the fllm to be a perfectly clueless ditz whose obtuseness about her male relations mimics the willed ignorance of human desires enacted throughout her self-idealized small town. But something more is at work here as well. Her very normativeness is being demonstrated to be wholly simulacral, both a pose for and the creation of the media who ostensibly record it-and, it hardly needs to be added, a pose for and a creation of Hitchcock’s self-conscious, self-mocking camera as well.
Love, American Style: Hitchcock’s Hollywood
Authors: Fried Debra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hitchcock responds to American culture in his use of the filmmaking institutions that were put at his disposal when he crossed the Atlantic in 1940. When they begin to be made in Hollywood, Hitchcock’s films join a large body of major studio releases, with their constellation of conventions, techniques, and genres. By looking at how Hitchcock turns these devices to his own account, we can see not only how his American films inflect and enrich the possibilities of such conventions but also how such conventions become a shorthand in his commentary on American culture. This is not to deny that the British studios (Ealing, Gainsborough) had their own, often similar, conventions and procedures, which are to some degree reflected in Hitchcock’s British films. But the power, scale, and rigidity of the institutions of movie-making were markedly greater in America than in Britain.
American Shame Rope, Lames Stewart, And The Postwar Crisis In
American Masculinity
Authors: Lawrence Amy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Of all Hitchcock’s American films, the one that has benefited the most from the shifting tides of theory is Rope (1948). Upon its rerelease in the mid1980s, Rope emerged from decades of critical and popular obscurity into the powerful embrace of “high theory” exemplified by the endless play of language a la Derrida in Thomas Hemmeter’s “Twisted Writing” and the bracing heights of “queer theory” in D. A Miller’s “Anal Rope.”
Hitchcock’S Washington: Spectatorship, Ideology, Andthe “Homosexual Menace” In Strangers On A Train
Authors: Corber Robert J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A curious freemasonry exists among underground workers and sympathizers [of the Communist party]. They can identify each other (and be identified by their enemies) on casual meeting by the use of certain phrases, the names of certain friends, by certain enthusiasms and certain silences. It is reminiscent of nothing so much as the famous scene in Proust where the Baron de Charlus and the tailor Jupien suddenly recognize their common corruption.
Hitchcock and American Character: The Comedy of Self-Construction in North by Northwest
Authors: Millington Richard H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At least since Tocqueville, the nature and condition of the “American character” has been an irresistible subject to analysts, both imported and domestic, of American culture. Hitchcock’s strongest American films can best be seen as an extraordinary contribution-arguably, the richest twentieth-century contribution to this enterprise. Indeed, the issues defined in Democracy in America-the relation between the configuration of a culture and the inner life of its inhabitants; the possibilities for freedom a community makes possible; the ways in which, despite the manifest protection of political freedoms, authority is exercised and inhibition generated-seem also to quicken Hitchcock’s richest American movies, which attempt to arrive at an account of the distinctive condition of American middleclass culture by examining the forms of emotion and behavior that give shape to character. Movies like Shadow of a Doubt, Notorious, Rear Window, The Wrong Man, Vertigo, and Psycho explore the varieties of middle-class entrapment, following their troubled protagonists as they negotiate a terrain configured by the interlinked authority structures-psychic, familial, social, sexual-that endanger pleasure and freedom. In this essay I will look at a work that provides a comic counterweight to this tragic or admonitory strain within Hitchcock’s films, that sets out to rescue its American characters from their capacity for self-entrapment and from the culture that so successfully invites them to it. North by Northwest, in dialogue, we might say, with the films that precede and follow it, proposes a strategy for recovering imaginative agency, for reclaiming the pleasures of being a subject.
The Deputyship of the Shfite Imams
Authors: Sachedina Abdulaziz Abdulhussein 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The worldview of the faithful in Imami Shlism is dominated by the question of the leadership of the Muslim community-the Imamate-that guides and maintains authoritative perspectives of the faithful in Shrite Islam. The question of the Imamate becomes the focal point of Shi’i religious belief system, especially when the Imam of the Age is in occultation.
The Deputyship of Jurists in wiliiyat al-qadii’ (Administration of Juridical Authority)
Authors: Sachedina Abdulaziz Abdulhussein 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapter, on the lmamite theory of political authority, I have alluded to the relationship of saltana (exercise of legal and moral authority through the demand of obedience) and the concept of justice in Twelver Shi’ism when I discussed jihad, the struggle to create just order on earth. I have also dealt with the question of al-wilayat al-ilahiyya (the divine sovereignty) and the way it was invested in the Prophet and the Imams for the purpose of creating just social order under the guidance of Islamic revelation.
Conclusion
Authors: Sachedina Abdulaziz Abdulhussein 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The earth shall not remain but there will always be a learned authority (‘iilim) from among us, who will distinguish the truth from falsehood. The prophecy of Imam al-Sadiq, as the present study has demonstrated, has been fulfilled for the Shi”‘i community throughout their history following the occultation of their last Imam, al-Mahdi, during which there has always been an ‘iilim to direct the community to its goal. The presence of a learned authority has, moreover, generated confidence in the Shi’a community to manage its socio-political affairs through the contingencies that have occurred since the occultation of the Imam.
What Would It Mean To Have A “First Amendment” For Sexual Orientation?
Authors: Mcconnell Michal W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As the essays in this volume confirm, reasonable thinkers from a wide spectrum of belief systems and communities of conscience disagree about the morality and legality of homosexual acts. The disagreements are deep and seemingly irreconcilable. If the gay rights position is correct, then the teachings of a number of venerable and beloved religious and philosophical traditions—and maybe the Bible itself—must be rejected as bigoted and ignorant. If these teachings are correct, however, then the gay rights movement is committed to the defense of immorality.
The Revitalization of Bruderhof Piety
Authors: Rubin Julius H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Eberhard Arnold routinized his charismatic community by seeking financial assistance in 1931 from the Hutterian churches and by adopting their traditional, patriarchal, and hierocratic doctrine and community organization. The Bruderhof became an authoritarian sect and thus achieved the doctrinal and organizational stability 11ecessary to survive the episodic crises and deracinations of the 1930s and World War II.
The Chronologies of Genesis 5 and 11
Authors: Hendel Ronald S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The problem of the ages of the ancestors in Genesis 5 and 11 is hinted at by Josephus in an intriguing aside: “The reader should not examine the ages of the individuals at death, for their lifetimes extended into those of their sons and of their sons’ descendants, but should confine his attention to their dates of birth” (Ant 1.88; trans. Thackeray). If one examines the ages of these individuals at death, one discovers the scandal that in G (and its congeners) Methuselah survives the flood by 14 years (see §4.2 on Josephus’s biblical Vorlage). Further, as Eusebius of Caesarea first observed in his Chronicle, the chronlogies of Genesis 5 and 11 diverge significantly among M, S, and G. Jerome notes in his Hebrew Questions on Genesis: “this is a celebrated question, and one which has been publicly aired in argument by all the churches” (Hayward 1995: 35). For Jerome, this problem provided a prime opportunity to argue for the hebraica veritas, against the sins of G. Augustine defended G as inspired Holy Writ, though even he felt compelled to admit: “One thing remains certain: Methuselah did not live on after the Flood” (City of God 15.11; trans. Bettenson [Penguin]), reluctantly following Min this instance.