bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inhibitors of cytokine processing
Authors: Mantovani A , Dinarello C A , Ghezzi P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A classical approach in pharmacology has always been to identify and develop inhibitors of enzymes. Enzyme inhibitors are powerful therapeutic tools for diseases ranging from cancer to infection and inflammation. In the field of inflammation, suffice it to mention acetylsalicylic acid and cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors, which have been revisited in the light of the recognition of cyclo-oxygenase-2 as the main prostaglandin-producing enzyme induced in inflammation. Proteolytic enzymes are involved in processing TNFa and IL- 1 /3 to the mature soluble protein. Therefore, considerable effort has focused on inhibiting TNF processing and IL-1 converting enzyme. As discussed in the chapter on chemokines (Chapter 7), these molecules may be processed extracellularly by dipeptidyl peptidase IV/CD26 and by other undefined proteases.
Cohomology of profinite groups
Authors: Wilson John S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we lay the foundations for the cohomology theory of profinite groups. The basic results have much in common with the cohomology of finite groups, and readers with some experience of this will be prepared to take Section 9.3, and possibly much more, on trust. In Chapter 6, we defined some low-dimensional cohomology groups connected with profinite modules. However, the best-developed aspects of the cohomology theory of profinite groups concern discrete modules. The class of discrete modules is a natural one to consider in this context: it is closed for direct limits, and cohomology behaves well with respect to direct limits.
Further cohomological methods
Authors: Wilson John S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter further cohomological tools are developed for use in Chapter 11 and Chapter 12. After proving the Eckmann-Shapiro lemma, we establish the existence of the five-term cohomology sequence, an exact sequence which relates the cohomology of a profinite group G to the cohomology of a normal subgroup K and the quotient group G / K.
Silicon(IV) reagents
Authors: Hosomi Akira , Miura Katsukiyo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Organosilicon compounds are one of the most widely and frequently used organometallics in organic synthesis. They are easy to handle and synthesize due to their thermal and aerial stability, and exhibit a variety of reactivities derived from the electropositive nature of silicon as well as the steric and electronic effects of the silyl group.1-2 Silicon reagents play important roles as not only protecting agents and masked nucleophiles but also Lewis acids. The Lewis acidity of alkyl- and alkoxysilanes is much weaker than that of the corresponding group III metal compounds. However, when one of the four ligands on silicon is changed to a soft Lewis base such as triflate (OTf) or iodide (I), the acidity becomes strong enough for synthetic use as Lewis acid catalyst.3-8 Trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (TMSOTf) and iodotrimethylsilane (TMSI), bearing one Lewis-acidic co-ordination site, interact strongly to various heteroatoms, particularly oxygen, to activate the carbonheteroatom bond. Although it is also known that five co-ordinated silicates and angle strained silanes have moderate Lewis acidity, these types of Lewis acids are only utilized to intramolecularly assist the addition of silylated nucleophiles as shown in the reactions of allylsilicates9.1° and enoxysilacyclobutane.11 The synthetic reactions mediated by TMSOTf3-5 and TMSI6-8 have been extensively developed in the last two decades.
Silver and gold reagents
Authors: Mura Masaya Saw a 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Owing to their weak Lewis-acidity, reagents involving a silver(!) or gold(I) ion have attracted little attention as a Lewis-acid reagent to date. As described in this chapter, however, phosphine-co-ordinated silver(!) and gold(I) complexes have been successfully applied to the aldol-type condensation of isocyanides with aldehydes, where the silver(I) and gold(I) complexes activate the isocyanide through 111-co-ordination of the isocyano carbon (see Section 2). Although these complexes show rather low affinity to an oxygen functional group such as a carbonyl group, an example of carbonyl group activation can be seen in the silver(I)-catalysed allylation of aldehydes with allyltin reagents as a Lewis acid catalyst (see Section 3).
Preparation and use of organozinc halides
Authors: Jackson Richard f. W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Organozinc halides have a very significant place in the development of organic synthesis. Ethylzinc iodide was first prepared by Edward Frankland in work reported in 1849, and the preparation and use of simple organozinc compounds (organozinc halides and diorganozincs) was explored during the latter half of the 19th century. However, the discovery of Grignard reagents, which possessed higher reactivity and (at that time) were easier to prepare, pushed organozinc compounds into the background. It was very much later that it was realized that the lower reactivity of organozinc halides might be a significant advantage, and raised the possibility of incorporating reactive functional groups into the zinc reagent.
Transport properties
Authors: Clifford Tony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The three transport properties that will be discussed in this chapter, in order of their importance in supercritical fluids, are diffusion, viscosity and thermal conductivity. Diffusion is the transport of mixture components down a concentration gradient. Viscosity is the transport of transverse momentum along a transverse velocity gradient, which requires pressure gradients to cause fluid flow. Thermal conductivity is the transport of energy down a temperature gradient. As the critical point is approached closely, these transport properties can exhibit interesting behaviour. This is a subject much researched (e.g. Sengers 1994), but will not be discussed here. However, even in supercritical fluids in general, and particularly in the region around the critical point, there is some notable behaviour, which will be discussed.
Reactions of selenones
Authors: Toshimitsu Akio , Uemura Sakae 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Various diorganyl selenones, R2SeO2, including diaryl, dialkyl, alkyl aryl, aryl vinyl and aryl cyclopropyl derivatives, have been prepared mostly by oxidation of the corresponding selenides or selenoxides (Equation 13.1).1-5 MCPBA and H2&lt;OrPhSeO2H are the oxidants of choice. Compared with the fruitful synthetic use of selenoxides in selenoxide eliminations, giving alkenes (see Chapter 2), the study of the chemistry and synthetic uses of selenones is still limited. However, the excellent leaving-group properties of the benzene selenonyl group (PhSeO2) should be synthetically useful for intermolecular nucleophilic substitutions, as shown in Equation 13.2. When selenides are employed as starting materials, it is not always necessary to isolate the selenones to obtain the corresponding substitution products. This chapter deals with several useful procedures for such substitution reactions.
Seagrasses
Authors: Tomascik Tomas , Mah Anmarie Janice , Nontji Anugerah , Moosa Mohammad Kasim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Seagrasses have a wide distribution throughout the world’s oceans, being absent only from the polar seas, although the genera Phyllospadix and Zostera are present as far north as the Bering Sea and as far south as the Tasman Sea. From the cold subpolar regions to the equator, seagrasses inhabit a variety of shallow-water coastal habitats where they play a key ecological role (Hartog 1970). These marine phanerogams (i.e., seed-bearing plants) are well-known components of temperate intertidal “salt-marsh” communities (e.g., Zostera marina), recognized for their ability to help stabilize coastlines and to provide food and shelter for a host of marine organisms (Chapman 1974).
The Cuckoos
Authors: Payne Robert B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The cuckoos are the most variable birds in social behavior and parental care: a few cuckoos are among the most social of all birds and rear their young in a common nest; most cuckoos are caring parents that rear their own young with some females laying a few eggs in the nests of others; while many cuckoo species are brood parasites who leave their eggs in the nests of other birds to rear, with their young maturing to kill their foster nestmates. In The Cuckoos, Robert B. Payne presents a new evolutionary history of the family based on molecular genetics, and uses the family tree to explore the origins and diversity of their behaviour. He traces details of the cuckoos’ biology to their original sources, includes descriptions of previously unpublished field observations, and reveals new comparisons of songs showing previously overlooked cuckoo species. Lavishly illustrated with specially commissioned colour plates and numerous maps, halftones, and line drawings, The Cuckoos provides the most comprehensive and up-to-date account of this family yet available.
A molecular genetic analysis of cuckoo phylogeny
Authors: Payne Robert B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Historically, taxonomists organized the diversity of life into a system of names (or taxonomy) that reflected the general similarities and differences among different kinds of organisms. As information became available, the many species of cuckoos were recognized as belonging to a single avian family (or order) on the basis of the similarities in their behavior and morphology. Early taxonomists used a qualitative approach, in which species with similar appearance were grouped together. Systematists now agree that taxonomy should explicitly reflect the evolutionary relationships among organisms. Grouping species together in the family Cuculidae, for example, implies that they are descended from a single common ancestor that is more recent in time than the common ancestor of cuckoos and other more distantly related birds. Cuculidae also includes every species that is descended from their most recent common ancestor.
The Wittig and related reactions
Authors: Abell Andrew D , Edmonds Michael K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The synthesis of alkenes, by replacement of the carbonyl oxygen of an aldehyde or a ketone with a ==CRR ’ group, was first developed by Georg Wittig in 1953. Over the ensuing years, this reaction has been modified and refined to provide one of the most powerful carbon–carbon bond forming reactions in organic synthesis. The classic Wittig reaction involves the nucleophilic attack on a carbonyl carbon by a phosphorane (phosphorus ylide) to give an oxaphosphetane, which then undergoes loss of triphenylphosphine oxide to give an alkene product (Scheme 1). It was long assumed that a diionic betaine intermediate was the initially formed species in this reaction but little or no evidence for its formation has come forth. On the other hand, much evidence for the intermediacy of an oxaphosphetane has been obtained, primarily from low temperature P NMR studies.
Phospho-transfer processes leading to [P − C] bond formation
Authors: Fletcher Matthew D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A phospho-transfer process is the transfer of a phospho group, [(RO)2P=O] or derivative thereof, between chemical sites. When this process results in the formation of a new [P − O] bond it is called phosphorylation, a ubiquitous biological process, and the product is a phosphate ester, 1 (or derivative thereof) (Scheme 1). Phospho-transfer leading to [P − C] bond formation is termed phosphonylation, the product of which is a phosphonate, 2 (or derivative thereof) (Scheme 1).
Biological roles of oligosaccharides
Authors: Osborn Helen M I , Khan Tariq H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Oligosaccharides are fascinating biomolecules which are gaining in importance at a phenomenal pace compared with other well-studied biomolecules such as proteins and oligonucleotides. The current interest in oligosaccharides is a consequence of recent developments in sensitive and informative analytical techniques such as matrix-assisted laser-desorption ionisation-time of flight MALDI-TOF spectroscopy, 3D-nuclear magnetic resonance (n.m.r.), and capillary electrophoresis. Furthermore, this interest is driven by the constant need to further understand the biological roles of oligosaccharides, since they are reported to be involved in many fundamental processes including immune defence, fertilisation, viral replication, parasite infection, cell growth, cell-cell adhesion, degradation of blood clots and inflammation. One major obstacle in the study of biologically important oligosaccharides is the low availability of stereo-chemically pure samples from natural sources. However, with the exciting development of synthetic strategies which allow access to comparatively large quantities of natural and unnatural oligosaccharides, further advances in glycobiology are anticipated in the future.
Assembly of oligosaccharides
Authors: Osborn Helen M I , Khan Tariq H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Now that we have learnt how to synthesise specific donors and acceptors, we are in a position to consider the combination of these species to allow formation of oligosaccharides. A number of points must be considered for efficient synthesis of oligosaccharides. Suitable donor and acceptor molecules must be synthesised for each step of the reaction and care must be taken to ensure that any protecting groups incorporated within the molecules will remain intact until deprotection is required. Specific reagents are employed to activate the donor molecule and the reactive species thus formed is subsequently intercepted by the free hydroxyl group of an acceptor molecule, allowing formation of a glycosidic bond.
Partitions
Authors: Hirschfeld J W P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A spread ℱ of PG(n, q) by r-spaces is a set of r-spaces which partitions PG(n, q); that is, every point of PG(n, q) lies in exactly one r-space of ℱ. Hence any two r-spaces of ℱ are disjoint. Here it is convenient to write θ (n, q) for ϕ (0;n, q).
Ovals
Authors: Hirschfeld J W P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As in Section 3.3 a k-arc in PG(2,q) is a set of k points no three of which are collinear. It is also called an arc of degree two. A k-arc is complete if it is not contained in a (k+l)-arc. The maximum value of k for a k-arc to exist is denoted by m(2, q), and a k-arc with this number of points is an oval.
Unsteady Forced Convective Heat Transfer About a Sphere in a Porous Medium
Authors: Yan B , Pop I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this paper comprehensive numerical computations are carried out for the unsteady forced convective flow past a sphere which is embedded in a porous medium. The sphere is suddenly heated and subsequently maintained at a constant temperature which is greater than the ambient temperature. The velocity field is given by the Darcy’s law, whilst the temperature distribution around the sphere is governed by the unsteady energy equation. The evolution of the isotherms with time for different values of the Peclet number are presented.
The drug discovery process: towards a new paradigm
Authors: Cabri Walter , Fabio Romano Di 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By definition, a pharmaceutical company is a risky business. Its existence depends on the identification and marketing of drugs that are able to acquire a significant share of the market in a highly competitive environment. Failure of projects at any stage of the drug discovery process is common. It has been estimated that only one in a thousand of the new chemical entities synthesized and tested reaches the phase of ‘first administration in man’, and only one in ten of the potential drugs developed is registered and marketed. Remarkably, only one in three drugs is able to make a sufficient return to compensate the total research and development costs, which have arisen steeply in the last decades. Today, the estimated average expenditure to bring a new chemical entity to the market is at least US $500 million, at least ten times more than 20 years ago.
Singular Vortex Patches
Authors: Chemin Jean-Yves , Gallagher Isabelle , Iftimie Dragos 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this final chapter, we are interested in the case when the geometric structure degenerates, which in Chapters 3 and 5 enabled us to prove that the divergence free vector field associated with a vorticity which was bounded and tangentially, smooth with respect to that structure, was Lipschitzian. We have encountered this case before, when we considered vortices that were constant in squares. The corners of those squares are of course singularities of the geometry. The aim of this last chapter is to study this type of situation in a general way. The examples of sections 3.2 and 5.3 seem to indicate that the derivatives of the vector field increase in the neighbourhood of the singular point as the logarithm of the distance to the singular point. One can easily prove, from Theorem 3.3.1, that this fact is general. This logarithmic increase will be one of the key points in the proof of the persistence of the singular geometric structures, whose statement is the aim of this section.
Games and Numbers
Authors: Holland John H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We were working in a room filled with hulking boxes, each bigger than a large refrigerator. Most were filled with glowing vacuum tubes. One box displayed an array of glowing cathode-ray tubes, much like small television screens, each showing row upon row of dots. Another had a large control panel filled with toggle switches and little orange diode lights. All the boxes were interconnected by large cables, accessible through panels in the false floor.
Introduction
Authors: Buttazzo Giuseppe , Giaquinta Mariano , Hildebrandt Stefan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the first 200 years of the history of the calculus of variations the prevalent approach was what we may call the classical indirect approach. This approach is based on the optimistic, but somewhat na’ive, idea that every minimum problem has a solution. In order to determine this solution, one first looks for conditions which have to be satisfied by a minimizer; they are called necessary conditions.
Scholia
Authors: Buttazzo Giuseppe , Giaquinta Mariano , Hildebrandt Stefan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Variational problems such as the isoperimetric problem were already discussed in antiquity. However, the beginning of the calculus of variations is usually set in the year 1696 when Johann Bernoulli formulated the brachistochrone problem in the Acta Eruditorum Lipsiae. Actually Newton had already posed a true variational problem in 1686: his celebrated problem of determining the shape of a rotationally symmetric body of least resistance. The first textbook on the variational calculus was Leonhard Euler’s Methodus inveniendi lineas curvas maximi minimive proprietate gaudentes which appeared in 1744. Here Euler treated notoriously difficult questions such as variational problems with differential equations as subsidiary conditions.
Tool-use in wild chimpanzees
Authors: Boesch Christophe , Boesch-Achermann Hedwige 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Forest scene; April 1985: Early morning — Héra and her two sons Haschich and Eros are on their own quietly foraging. At 8.00, they arrive at the large Parinari exselsa tree that they have been visiting for the last few days. Its load of nuts covers the ground. Hera immediately gathers some nuts in her hands and settles down at the large anvil with a big granite stone. The 2½-year-old Eros is already waiting there to be fed. He begs for nuts from the start, his mother is generous and he gets many of the nuts she pounds. Haschich, 6 years old, also settles down at the same anvil and stone he has used before. A heavy stone is a great help in opening the hard-shelled Parinari nuts. It would be possible to pound them with a wooden club, but it would take more effort. Haschich has two fingers of both hands paralysed, but is nevertheless a very keen nut-cracker. He is not begging at all from his mother. Cracking about eight to ten nuts in a row before gathering some more, the two of them are eating large amounts of this highly nutritious food. Despite his young age, Haschich cracks without interruption for five hours and fifteen minutes.
Piecewise fractional linear maps
Authors: Schweiger Fritz 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The main purpose of this chapter is to introduce some basic notions which will be used repeatedly. Definition 1 The pair (B, T), Ba set, T : B → B, is called a fibred system if there exists a partition {B(i) : i ∈ I} of the set B, where I is finite or countable, such that the restriction of T to B(i) is injective. The set I will be referred to as the set of digits.If Ω: = I ℕ denotes the set of all infinite sequences ω = (i1, i2, … ) with values in/ then the operator σ defined by σ ω= (i1, i2, … ) is the shift operator.
Ergodic theory of fibred systems
Authors: Schweiger Fritz 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we collect some results which are used in the ergodic theory of fibred systems. Let ℬ(s) be the σ-algebra generated by the cylinders of orders. Let d be a metric of B and : ℱ be the σ-algebra of Borel sets. If for any admissible sequence ω = (k1, k2, … ) the relation
The Poincaré algorithm
Authors: Schweiger Fritz 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We consider the following map on B = (ℝ+)n+1 (Poincaré 1884, Nogueira 1995). Let x = (x 0 , x 1 , … , Xn) ∈ (ℝ+) n+1 and let π be a permutation such that x π0 ≥ x π1 ≥ … ≥ xπn. Then the Poincaré map p is defined by
How to be a spy: the mathematics of codes and ciphers
Authors: Budd C J , Sangwin C J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is not too far from the truth to say that without the use of pure and abstract mathematics there is a very good chance that the Allies would have lost the Second World War. Mathematics had many uses during the war ranging from the design of radar sets to the use of operational research to improve the way that bombers were serviced. But the most significant of all of its applications was its use in breaking the German ciphers. The main cipher used by the Germans during the war was called Enigma and they considered it to be unbreakable. The Enigma cipher used an automatic machine (the Enigma machine) to encipher the many complex orders issued to the German Army, Air Force, and Navyespecially the U-Boat submarines. This machine had been developed before the war and it resembled a typewriter. As a typewriter key was depressed (say for the letter E) then a light illuminated to give the enciphered version of the letter (say this is A). The design of the machine was such that if E was pressed again then a different letter (say H) would light up. It was this feature that made the Enigma cipher so hard to crack. In the Enigma machine, as shown in Figure 6.1, there were three wheels (or in the U-boat version four wheels) with 26 contacts on each side. Each contact on one side was wired in a random manner to a contact on the other side. If a button for the letter E was pressed then an electrical contact was made sending an electric current through the first wheel. This would then be scrambled by the internal wiring and passed on to the next wheel. This would scramble it in tum for the next wheel and so on. Having passed through three (or four wheels) the path of the current was then reversed through a ‘reflector’ at the back of the machine, and passed through the wheels again. It would emerge fully scrambled to light the letter which was the enciphered form of E. When the next key was pressed for the next letter then the wheels moved round a bit, making the path of the current different on the next go. This is why the same letter would be enciphered in different ways on two successive presses of the same key. Every day the position of the wheels at the start of the message would be changed, making the ciphers different. Thus any attempt to break the Enigma cipher would have to start afresh each day. The Germans considered this unbreakable.