bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Accumulation of Capital in a Two-Class Life-Cycle Model in Continuous Time
Authors: Baranzini Mauro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the preceding chapter we considered a two-class life-cycle model in which we explicity derived the value of the equilibrium variables of the model, namely the optimal interest rate and rate of profit by which both a steady growth and individuals’ utility maximization are achieved. In order to obtain explicit analytical solutions we considered a very simple two-period model based on some restrictive assumptions which we proceed now to relax in order to observe the effects of the various parameters on a few relevant variables (like initial consumption-, saving-, and accumulation-rates) in a more generalized life-cycle model of income and wealth distribution. Additionally this analysis, with particular reference to the saving- and consumption-rates, will allow us to compare the results obtained in a deterministic life-cycle model with those valid for a corresponding stochastic model (see Chapter 7) in order to observe the effects of uncertainty in a life-cycle model under optimality.
The Dynamic of Capital Accumulation in a Stochastic World
Authors: Baranzini Mauro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The topic of this short chapter is only partially connected with the main argument of this volume, since it does not deal with the issue of profit determination and income distribution in a macro-economic framework. It is however connected with the issue of the dynamic of capital accumulation at the micro-level in a stochastic world. More precisely we shall be concerned with: the dynamics of capital accumulation in a stochastic world where individuals or families have the choice between consumption and saving over a given time-horizon; the choice of individuals or families with respect to the kind of financial investment chosen, i.e. risky or safe assets; the conditions under which uncertainty, via the portfolio choice, may give rise to class differences, thus reinforcing the hypothesis of a society characterized by the presence of different socio-economic classes as in the case of the classical, post-Keynesian (as well as neoclassical) models of growth and income distribution analysed in the earlier chapters.
Niels Banke, 1955. On Adam Smith’s Connections to Norway and Denmark
Authors: Johansen Hans 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hans Degen stresses in his article “On the Danish translation of Adam Smith and contemporary opinion concerning it”2 that Dra-.bye was attached to the Christiania (Oslo) merchant James Collett. The importance of the Norwegians has also been emphasized by professor Axel Nielsen in some comments he gave to the Glasgow professor W R. Scott in connection with two letters from Adam Smith to two Norwegians, Peter Anker and Andreas Holt, about the Danish translation of the Wealth of Nations. These letters, which will be referred to later, and Axel Nielsen’s comments have given rise to this investigation into Adam Smith’s relations with .”Jonvegian merchant families and Denmark.
Steel to Stone
Authors: Clark Jeffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this book the late Jeffrey Clark subjects the history of colonialism among the Wiru of Papua New Guinea to a fresh and subtle examination. He reflects upon his own fieldwork as an anthropologist as he scrutinizes the cultural construction of encounters and exchanges between New Guineans and Australians from the 1930s on. Colonized and colonizers alike are the focus of an analysis that draws upon theories of culture, temporality, discursive representation, and anthropology in the postcolonial era. Steel to Stone offers an original critique of several different theories and perspectives and, in its ensemble of frameworks, constitutes a highly innovative contribution to anthropological thinking about history and culture. Of especial interest is Clark’s application, in a New Guinean context, of Foucault’s analysis of ‘the way in which new regimes of power and knowledge are inscribed on the body’. The Wiru, faced with the impact of a colonizing culture, are shown to inscribe their own history on the body, and to read in it their understanding of particular events. Overall, Clark provides a compelling picture of a contemporary Melanesian culture, at the critical point at which the Wiru people are interpreting, invoking, and reinventing their history in the context of a developing nation state.
The Present in the Past
Authors: Clark Jeffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When I returned to Pangia in 1989 I brought with me a pair of small but powerful binoculars whose purchase I could not resist in the duty-free shop. Much of my time was spent in walking between settlements, as much for pleasure as for any incidental data collection, usually in the presence of young men with varying degrees of education and experience of the world.
The Genesis of the Learner’s Dictionary
Authors: Cowie A P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At various times during its sixty-year history the learner’s dictionary has been strengthened and enriched by programmes of lexical research with an applied linguistic focus. This chapter traces the multiple connections between research carried out from the late 1920s onwards — chiefly in the Far East — and four pioneering English dictionaries compiled specifically for foreign learners a decade or so later. Significantly, the three sole or principal authors of those dictionaries— Michael West, Harold E. Palmer, and A. S. Hornby — were all centrally involved in major research activity, but the projects mounted by the Tokyo Institute for Research in English Teaching (IRET), of which, as we have seen, Palmer was director from 1923 till 1936, and where Hornby succeeded him as head of research, addressed so many issues of crucial importance to language teaching and dictionary development, that they will have pride of place in this critical survey.
The Third Generation of Learners’ Dictionaries
Authors: Cowie A P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The 1980s were a major watershed in learner lexicography. It was clear early in the decade that the next phase in dictionary development would be dominated by the computer, and that it would be affected by the increasing professionalism of lexicography, with its own specialist publications and conferences, and influenced by the growing body of research into dictionary users and dictionary use (Tomaszczyk 1979; Bejoint 1981; Hartmann 1987). ⊥ Furthermore, the opportunities of an expanding, worldwide market, especially for general-purpose learners’ dictionaries, were sharpening competition between the two major publishers already involved (Oxford University Press and Longman), and would lead to the entry of a third (Collins), significantly in collaboration with a research team at the University of Birmingham (Cowie 1989d).
Anaphora
Authors: huang Yan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Understanding any communication depends on the listener or reader recognizing that some words refer to what has already been said or written (his, its, he, there, etc.). This mode of reference, anaphora, involves complicated cognitive and syntactic processes, which people usually perform unerringly, but which present formidable problems for the linguist and cognitive scientist trying to explain precisely how comprehension is achieved. Anaphora is thus a central research focus in syntactic and semantic theory, while understanding and modelling its operation in discourse are important targets in computational linguistics and cognitive science. Yan Huang provides an extensive and accessible overview of the major contemporary issues surrounding anaphora and gives a critical survey of the many and diverse contemporary approaches to it. He provides by far the fullest cross-linguistic account yet published: Dr Huang's survey and analysis are based on a rich collection of data drawn from around 550 of the world's languages. Topics covered include binding and control, null subjects and objects, long distance reflexivisation, logophoricity, bridging-cross reference, switch-reference, and discourse anaphora. Written by a leading expert on anaphora, the book will be the standard point of reference for all those interested in this important topic in theoretical linguistics. It will be a vital reference for advanced undergraduate and graduate courses in syntax, semantics, and pragmatics, on the interfaces between them, on linguistic typology, and on computational linguistics.
Pragmatic Approaches to Anaphora
Authors: huang Yan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most encouraging developments in the study of anaphora in the last decade has been the increasing awareness of the important role played by pragmatics in regulating anaphora. The main aim of this chapter is twofold. In the first place, I shall reinforce the two important arguments I have made in Huang (1987, 1989, 1991a, 1991b, 1994, 1995, 1997), namely, (i) syntax, semantics, and pragmatics are interconnected to determine many of the processes of anaphora that are thought to fall within the province of grammar, and (ii) the extent to which syntax, semantics, and pragmatics interact varies typologically. Secondly, I shall advance the neo-Gricean pragmatic theory of anaphora I have constructed in Huang (1987, 1989, 1991a, 1991b, 1994, 1995, 1997) against a wide variety of genetically unrelated and structurally diverse languages. In addition, I shall survey a number of other pragmatic/cognitive/ functional analyses of anaphora.
Markup Systems
Authors: Nelson Gerald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Markup is the first level of annotation applied to the component corpora in ICE. It may be divided into two distinct types: textual markup, which is added to the texts themselves, and bibliographical and biographical markup, which is stored extern ally in the form of a file header for each text. The system for textual markup is based on a proposal by Rosta (1990) and is fully described in two manuals, one each for spoken and written texts (Nelson, 1991a, 1991b). The system for encoding bibliographical and biographical information is described in Nelson (1991c). In this paper I will discuss both markup types in tum, giving examples from the British ICE corpus (ICE-GB). Finally, I will discuss some of the ways in which markup is used in text retrieval.
Second-Language Corpora
Authors: Schmied Josef 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the number of corpus-linguistic publications has increased dramatically in the last few years (e.g. Svartvik, 1992), the special problems and the potential of second-language corpora have not been given adequate systematic treatment. In sociolinguistic textbooks or in overviews of English as a world language the distinction between English as a Native Language (ENL), English as a Second Language (ESL), English as an International Language (BIL), and English as a Foreign Language (EFL) has been widely recognized as one of the special assets of English (cf. Asher, 1994 s.v.), but the implications of this have not penetrated to the heart of corpus linguistics. Corpus linguistics began in the ENL context. The Survey of English Usage Corpus, the Lancaster-Oslo/Bergen (LOB) Corpus, and the Brown Corpus were the pioneering models of the first generation, combining a strong empirical data-based approach with a sensitivity for systematic (socio-)stylistic contextualism and variationism. In the EFL context (and its modem expansion the BIL context) the data based approach has been used since the heyday of error and contrastive analyses in the 1960s. The International Corpus of Learner English (ICLE, cf. Ch. 2 this volume) is a logical continuation of these approaches, providing a more systematic account than individual collections by schoolteachers or publishers. ENL and EFL corpora are linked rather closely: in the development of ENL corpora the direct applications in target-language grammars (such as the Oxford English Grammar, 1996) and dictionaries (such as the COBUILD Dictionary, 1987) have played a driving role, as EFL texts are measured against these models.
The Corpus as a Research Domain
Authors: Kennedy Graeme 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The design and development of machine-readable corpora and tools for their analysis has been a major preoccupation of corpus linguistics for more than three decades. During this period there have been massive changes in the capacity and speed of computers, an increasing use of microcomputers with CD-ROM as the basis for storage, the development of new and faster means of text capture through optical scanning, and the development of more sophisticated software packages for the analysis of corpora. At the same time there have been continuing issues in the design and use of corpora. How big should a corpus be to provide a valid and reliable picture of how a language is structured and used? What aspects of a language can be validly and reliably described using a corpus of a particular size? Can a corpus be designed to be a representative sample of a language ‘as a whole’? Should particular genres be represented in a corpus and, if so, which genres? What are the respective roles of automatic and manual analysis in corpus-based research?As Quirk (1992) has noted, machine-readable corpora have grown in size from the one-million-word standard of the Survey of English Usage (SEU) Corpus and the Brown Corpus of the early 1960s to the 100-million-word British National Corpus (BNC) of the 1990s. The most recent developments, including vast monitor corpora of potentially unlimited size and the International Corpus of English (ICE), promise to open up new directions in the use of corpora. Although there have been numerous corpus-based studies of English completed since 1960, the changes in technology mentioned above and issues in the design and development of corpora have in a sense been necessary prerequisites for systematic corpus-based research. It is just such systematic research, involving comprehensive lexical and grammatical description and comparisons across genres, registers, and major regional varieties which the ICE project will encourage and facilitate. The purpose of this paper is to outline some matters which might be considered part of a research agenda for the ICE corpus.
Introduction
Authors: Müller Nicole 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is written with readers from a variety of linguistic, philological, and literary backgrounds in mind, sharing an interest in the texts of medieval Ireland and Wales. Among its aims are the presentation of specific data sets in their context, and the analysis of specific syntactic and semantic structures within their textual environments. What ties data from texts of various genres and two languages together are two closely linked common concerns: the types and use of constructions in which the participant most usually expressed by the subject of an active, finite clause is expressed by other means —for example, a prepositional phrase.
Welsh
Authors: Müller Nicole 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Section 1.3 briefly introduced the various Welsh constructions that involve the expression of P1 and P2 by means other than the subject and object, respectively, of a finite verb. The greater part of this chapter is devoted to verbal noun constructions, their structure and behaviour in context. As pointed out above, verbal noun constructions can be said to replace finite verb clauses, in that constructions that contain a verbal noun as process element, but no finite verbal element, are grammatical. In the following discussion, such constructions will be referred to as verbal noun clauses (or VN clauses), a clause being defined for the present purposes as a construction that contains a verbal (i.e. a process) element, either finite or nonfinite. The first section (2.1) of this chapter analyses VN clauses with overt P1 in Welsh fictional narrative texts. Welsh legal material forms the basis of Section 2.2. In Section 2.3 we shall consider the question whether we can speak of a productive passive construction with overt P1 in medieval Welsh. Finally, Section 2.4 examines the expression of the categories IAG, INST, and CAUSE in medieval Welsh.
Collocation and Chunking
Authors: Moon Rosamund 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Corpus evidence demonstrates clearly that language is strongly patterned: many words occur repeatedly in certain lexicogrammatical patterns. This ties in with psycholinguistic research, which suggests that language is processed in chunks, at least part of the time, and with psycholinguistic–phonological arguments ‘that the tone-group is the usual unit of neurolinguistic pre-preparation’ (Laver 1970: 69), rather than individual sounds or words. The basic unit for encoding and decoding may therefore be the group, set phrase, or collocation, rather than the orthographic word. This is relevant to FEIs, as it may shed light on how they are processed and how they fossilize, as well as on their functions within discourse.
Cohesion and FEIs
Authors: Moon Rosamund 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cohesion makes texts into text. It is the enabling system of ties or links within a text that makes it possible to interpret its elements as meaningful and relevant; it is both meaning-oriented and text-oriented. In Cohesion in English, Halliday and Hasan (1976) describe how first the grammatical system and then the lexical system provide the cohesive ties which enable text. Hasan presents reorganized models of cohesion in Hasan (1984) and in Halliday and Hasan (1989: 70–96). These later models blur the 1976 distinction between grammatical and lexical cohesion, and redefine the notion of lexical cohesion in terms of ‘general’ and ‘instantial’, and of ‘identity chains’ and ‘similarity chains’ (1984: 201 ff. and 1989: 84ff.).
Anaphora and discourse
Authors: Cornish Francis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In order to make sense of the complex functioning of discourse anaphora, we wilt need to introduce some important distinctions and concepts. This is the purpose of the present chapter, which will examine the complementary discourse procedures of deixis and anaphora(§ 2.2), argue in favour of a theoretical distinction between text and discourse and its relevance for the study of (discourse) anaphora and deixis (§ 2.3), introduce some basic concepts and distinctions for the analysis of instances of discourse anaphora (§ 2.4), and finally isolate the specific discourse-referential properties of a subset of different types of indexical expression in the two languages under study in this book(§ 2.5).
Acquisition of the Lexicon
Authors: deuchar Margaret , Quay Suzanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapter we addressed the question of whether the developing bilin gual has one or two phonological systems. A similar question has been raised in relation to the lexicon of developing bilinguals-that is, whether they have one or two lexical systems from the beginning oflexical development. In practice, this question has involved establishing how early developing bilinguals are able to pro duce two words with the same meaning, one from each language. Or, in other words, how early are they able to produce translation equivalents? The answer to this question is also of theoretical interest in that it will help us to test a par ticular hypothesis about lexical acquisition, the idea that children avoid synonymy in the early stages of lexical development. One formulation of this idea is known as the Principle of Contrast. In this chapter we shall focus on M’s lexical acquisi tion from the first words until age 1;10, in order to determine at what point and to what extent M was able to produce translation equivalents.
The Emergence of Syntax
Authors: deuchar Margaret , Quay Suzanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 4 we showed that our data did not support the Principle of Contrast, or the idea that children avoid synonymous terms in early acquisition. We also discussed the difficulties involved in raising the question of whether a develop ing bilingual has one or two lexical systems from the beginning. In the case of syntax, a similar question is raised, but it has meant different things to different researchers. In this chapter we shall identify two versions of the question, Version and Version 2. Version 1 asks whether there are early mixed utterances, and, if so, attributes this to a single initial system. Version 2 asks whether the utterances containing words from one of the child’s languages exhibit the same syntax as the utterances containing words from the child’s other language.
Control and Event Structure: The View from the Center
Authors: Hudson-D’zmura Susan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes some preliminary work on specifying the relation ship between lexical semantics and discourse structure in order to show how these types of linguistic representations restrict or control inference making (Joshi and Weinstein 1981; Chapter 2). Previously researchers have examined what features of surface utterances contribute to the prominence of entities within an utterance. The present chapter asks what is a plausible, pragmatic principle of organization and how would such a principle affect (1) the structure of lexical representations, and (2) what may be projected to surface structure and in what configuration.
Centering Theory and the Givenness Hierarchy: Towards a Synthesis
Authors: Gundel Jeanette K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gundel, Hedberg, and Zacharski ( 1993) propose a theory which aims to explain the distribution and interpretation of noun phrase forms in natural language discourse. A major premise of this work is that different deter miners and pronominal forms signal different cognitive statuses (information about location in memory and attention state), thereby serving as processing signals which assist the addressee in restricting the set of possible referents. The present chapter attempts to integrate this framework (GHZ) with centering theory. GHZ and centering theory make similar predictions about the distribution and interpretation of pronouns and full NPs in naturally occurring discourse. The two theories also complement one another in that GHZ is more general, covering a broader range of forms and statuses.
Word Order, Information Structure, and Centering in Turkish
Authors: Hoffman Beryl 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter investigates the interaction between centering and word or der in a ‘free’ word order language, Turkish. Word order in Turkish is used to express the information structure of a sentence, i.e., pragmatic notions such as topic, focus, and backgrounding. In a corpus study, I show that the Cb is often placed in the sentence-initial topic position in Turkish regard less of whether this topic is the subject or a scrambled object. However, l argue that centering and information structure play different roles in dis course processing.
The Place of Centering in a General Theory of Anaphora Resolution
Authors: Roberts Craige 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Centering presupposes some type of locality between utterances, and of firs principles for characterizing the preferred patterns of pronoun use which anaphorically relate utterances that are local in that sense. This chapter argues that integrating the theory of the structures of discourse of Grosz and Sidner with a dynamic theory of semantic interpretation related to those of Heim and Kamp makes possible a more precise characterization of the locality relevant for centering. and of the related notion of salience, than has heretofore been possible. while also capturing logical constraints on anaphora. The primitives of the resulting theory are dis course referents. not syntactic NPs, so that the focus is on information about discourse structure, not on syntactic structure or relations. Data involving definiteness and pronouns without linguistic antecedents are used to argue for the proposed integrated theory.