bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
At the macdowell colony: “solitude in silence”
Authors: Block Adrienne Fried 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Only Sounds That Penetrated the silence at the MacDowell Colony were the sounds of nature. One morning soon after Beach’s arrival at the colony in Peterborough, New Hampshire, that first summer of 1921, one of nature’s sounds was so insistent that she stopped her work to have a conversation-with “a most voluble thrush.” A longtime collector of bird songs, she decided to record his “lonely but appealing” music. “I took the songs down at the bird’s dictation, and oh, how hard I worked!” she said, “Even the most expert stenographer would have had difficulty keeping up with him! I took them exactly, even as to key (except for a few intervals too small to be transcribed) and rewrote and corrected as he sang them over and over. Then I played them back to him and he would answer.” Out of his songs Beach then fashioned “A Hermit Thrush at Eve” and “A Hermit Thrush at Morn,” op. 92, among her most original and successful piano pieces. Soon thereafter Beach played the “Hermit Thrush” pieces for fellow colonists, first telling the story of her morning’s conversation. The hermit thrush became Beach’s metaphor for the MacDowell Colony, a place where she could hear her own musical thoughts, could “learn a little more than what she knew” to quote the poet, friend, and fellow colonist Edwin Arlington Robinson. It was “through the innermost silence,” Beach wrote, that we receive communication “from some source outside ourselves.”4 The colony also offered her a place to heal after the wrenching early deaths of Ethel Clement and Arthur Hyde, to work through her grief in her music, and to find respite from concern over her aunt’s deteriorating condition.
The Physical Environment of Great Plains Grasslands
Authors: Bragg Thomas B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From head-high prairie cordgrass in eastern Nebraska valleys to carpet-short buffalo grass in western Kansas plains, the North American prairies represent a diversity of life that we are only now beginning to understand and enjoy. This great diversity reflects thousands of years of selection for plant and animal characteristics that allow them to survive in the fire-frequented, climatically variable conditions that support grasses and that are variously affected by an array of geologic and climatological conditions. This chapter focuses on three principal factors-soil, climate, and fire each of which is an important part of any explanation about differences in the grass lands of North America. Each grassland differs from others and each contains its own diversity, a con sequence of non uniform conditions throughout its range. Some differences provide sharp contrasts, such as those between the tallgrass and shortgrass prairies, while other differences are more subtle, such as those between north-facing and south-facing slopes within the Nebraska sand hills prairie. To explain these differences, we must first look to the nonliving, or abiotic, environment, for it is in an understanding of features such as soil and climate that we can find explanations for differences between and within prairies.
Soil Systems and Nutrient Cycles of the North American Prairie
Authors: Seastedt Timothy R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Beneath the sea of grass is a much larger sea of roots, soil animals, and microbes. The Great Plains still contain some great soils, something worth boasting about. And while Aldo Leopold in his essay ‘‘Odyssey’’ correctly depicted the cycling of nutrients within and through the prairie system, he underemphasized the power of the prairie to accumulate and store both nutrients and organic matter. Over the past 10,000 years, the prairie has accrued a vast store of soil wealth; its annual losses of nutrients and organic matter seldom exceeded its gains in these materials. Agricultural practices have destroyed much of this accumulated reserve, but restoration, albeit slow, is possible. Plants require water, nutrients, and light energy for growth; soils provide all but the last resource. We therefore need to understand those processes associated with creation, maintenance, and limitations of soil fertility if we are to understand the prairie ecosystem. Jenny (1941, 1980) showed us how to do this; the interactions of climate, biota, parent material, and time since last disturbance explain patterns within and between sites. My goal here is first to identify the unique features of the North American grassland soils and then to show how these unique features both influence and have been influenced by the prairie biota. I emphasize four points. First, the rich soils we associate with the mesic regions of the North American grasslands are as new or newer than the biotic components of the biome, and these soils are not static. Second, comparisons with adjacent soils beneath forests suggest that the grasses, themselves, have strongly modified soil features.
The Persistence Of Matter
Authors: Hirsch Eli 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
EarlieR i expressed the opinion that any continuous portion of matter, even one which does not come under any sortal (and which does not, therefore, constitute a standard object), can perhaps be called an ‘‘object’‘ in one very broad, ordinary sense of that word. This is certainly a debatable point, and I do not intend to presuppose it in anything that follows. What seems less debatable, however, and more important, is the following proposition. Our ordinary concept of identity through time applies, in at least many typical cases, to portions of matter (whether or not these be called ‘‘objects’‘) that do not come under any sortals. And this immediately presents a difficulty, since sortal-coverage is, according to the foregoing account, an operative condition for the application of our full-blown identity concept.
Natural Kinds And Natural Units
Authors: Hirsch Eli 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A Natural kind, as this notion has been employed in some recent literature, is a class of things that it seems in some sense natural to bring together under a general concept. As Quinton puts this: ‘‘[T]he members of some of the collections of things which it is formally possible to construct must have a natural affinity for each other, there must be some collections of things which it is natural to class together in contrast to other collections whose association is arbitrary.’‘ Otherwise it seems that we could never even learn how to use a general term, for we would have no basis to extrapolate from old cases to new cases.
Enzyme Histochemical Detection of Neuronal mRNA
Authors: Baldino Frank , Robbins Elaine , Lewis Michael E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In situ hybridization histochemistry is a uniquely powerful tool for the study of gene expression in single neurons. Although this technique has often been used to confirm immunoreactive neurons as the actual site of biosynthesis of a specific peptide or protein, its greatest power is evident in studies of altered gene expression in development, pathology, or due to physiological or pharmacological manipulations. This chapter is designed to provide the reader with straightforward methods for carrying out in situ hybridization histochemistry with either chemically synthesized DNA probes or biosynthesized cRNA probes, using routine enzyme histochemical methods for detecting hybridized neurons. In addition, some recent advances in methodology and applications will be discussed briefly.
Characterization of the Receptor Complement of Individual Neurons Using Dual-Label In Situ Hybridization Histochemistry
Authors: Petersen Sandra L , McCrone Sue 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The availability of nonisotopic methods to detect specific mRNA sequences has facilitated the development of dual-label in situ hybridization histochemistry (ISHH). In this chapter we describe a very sensitive dual-label ISHH method which uses a combination of cRNA probes prepared by in vitro transcription of two different cDNA fragments, one in the presence of S-UTP and the other in the presence of digoxigenin-UTP. Our focus is on how dual-label ISHH can be used in conjunction with other methods to determine how individual neurons or specific populations of cells are regulated transsynaptically.
Quantitative Fish Dynamics
Authors: Quinn II Terrance J , Deriso Richard B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book serves as an advance This book serves as an advanced text on fisheries and fishery population dynamics and as a reference for fisheries scientists. It provides a thorough treatment of contemporary topics in quantitative fisheries science and emphasizes the link between biology and theory by explaining the assumptions inherent in the quantitative methods. The analytical methods are accessible to a wide range of biologists, and the book includes numerous examples. The book is unique in covering such advanced topics as optimal harvesting, migratory stocks, age-structured models, and size models.d text on fisheries and fishery population dynamics and as a reference for fisheries scientists. It provides a thorough treatment of contemporary topics in quantitative fisheries science and emphasizes the link between biology and theory by explaining the assumptions inherent in the quantitative methods. The analytical methods are accessible to a wide range of biologists, and the book includes numerous examples. The book is unique in covering such advanced topics as optimal harvesting, migratory stocks, age-structured models, and size models.
A New Home for a Career
Authors: Holmes Frederic Lawrence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hans Krebs arrived at Victoria Station in London at 7:45 a.m. on June 20, 1933. He had his books and his personal possessions, but very little money. Under German regulations he was permitted to bring less than 10 marks with him, and he had smuggled an additional 200 marks between the pages of his books.Hermann Blaschko met Krebs at the train and took him to the home of his aunt, Helene Nauheim, where he could stay for several days while he began to pursue the contacts he had made in advance. Krebs brought Blaschko up to date on the last stages of his departure from Freiburg and discussed the possibilities he had in Cambridge and Oxford. There was also time to talk shop.
The First Amendment and Its Interpretation
Authors: Greenawalt Kent 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this third part of the book, I explore constitutional principles for freedom of speech and press. What has been said up to now has relevance for any modern government, or at least any liberal democratic government. The remainder of the study directly concerns the law in the United States of America, though it has powerful implications for other constitutional regimes. This chapter outlines factors that are relevant when the First Amendment is interpreted and explores briefly the understanding of freedom of speech held at the time the amendment was adopted. The next chapter is a longer but still fairly summary account of the development of First Amendment law. These chapters are background for the analysis that follows, first of competing general approaches to First Amendment adjudication, and then of particular problems that have been the subject of discussion in Part II.
Agreements, Offers, Orders, Implementation, and Training
Authors: Greenawalt Kent 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter mainly concerns communications that I claim fall outside the cover­ age of the First Amendment because they are too far removed from ordinary statements of fact and value to deserve even moderately stringent constitutional protection. Utterances that aim for agreement to commit crimes, that order crimes, or that constitute part of an ordinary criminal effort, are outside the range of the free speech and free press clauses. I begin with kinds of communications that are strongly situation-altering, in the sense of that term developed in Chapters 3 and 4, and then turn to words that are used to implement criminal aims. As an adjunct to the last discusson, I also inquire whether actions that are concededly constitutionally protected, standing alone, may be used to count as overt acts in conspiracies or as evidence of a criminal purpose.
Anti-Realism, Inference, and the Logical Constants
Authors: Skorupski John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Complex sentences, and the sentential operators by means of which they are formed, are of great importance in the debate about ‘realist’ and ‘anti-realist’ conceptions of meaning. It is on the anti-realist’s ability to give an account of our understanding of complex sentences of various types that the most serious questions about the coherence of his position turn. This applies to tensed sentences and to those which describe psychological attitudes; most centrally, it applies to compound sentences formed by means of the truth-functional connectives, ‘not’, ‘and’, ‘if … then’, and ‘or’.
Realism, Quasi, or Queasy?
Authors: Blackburn Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I have often introduced the position I call quasi-realism by a kind of flow chart. We start with a division. On the one hand there is theorizing about some area of our commitments (moral, aesthetic, conditional, causal, or whatever) by seeing them in terms of beliefs, answering to facts or possessed of truth conditions. We may say that this is the realist path, at this choice point, leaving it open whether later on there is room for anti-realist theorizing within this option. On the other hand there is theorizing about the same commitments by seeing them as something different: expressions of attitude, or of other dispositions, or of modes of acceptance of propositions, or of preparedness to adjust other beliefs in various ways, and so on. One voicing such a commitment is certainly expressing a facet of his cognitive or conative make-up, but it is one best theorized about in contrast with the more ordinary case of strict belief. In this scenario the word ‘commitment’ is of course intended to be entirely neutral. It is the word for whatever it is that might turn out to be best thought of as belief, or might turn out to be best theorized about as something else. Someone might be annoyed at this blanket use of the term: is it permissible to use it so that beliefs may turn out to be a proper subset of commitments? That will be decided by finding whether the division between attitudes and the rest on the one hand, and beliefs, can be sustained, so we should accept the term provisionally, in order to conduct just that enquiry.
A Modernized Edition
Authors: Weamys Anna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If I had not observed that the greatest humility reigns in the bosoms of the noblest personages, I should not presume to dedicate this most unworthy fabric to Your Honors, especially when I consider the poorness of my endeavors and admire the learned Sidney’s pastimes; whereof I beseech you charitably to believe that my ambition was not raised to so high a pitch, as the title now manifests it to be, until I received commands from those that cannot be disobeyed.
Biological Implications of Rugged Fitness Landscapes
Authors: Kauffman Stuart A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have now investigated in some detail the structure of multipeaked fitness landscapes. The present chapter begins to discuss the biological implications of such landscapes, for it is the fixed or deforming structures of fitness landscapes which are the nexus of adaptive evolution. The first sections of the chapter take up a number of phylogenetic implications of the fact that adaptive evolution occurs on rugged fitness landscapes. The second half of the chapter discusses the implications of rugged fitness landscapes for the flow of a population under the drives of mutation, recombination, and selection.
The Architecture of Genetic Regulatory Circuits and Its Evolution
Authors: Kauffman Stuart A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cellular differentiation in plants and animals is a consequence of the capacity of genes to modify the activity of other genes. Thus different cell types, as noted in the introduction to Part III, differ largely because different sets of genes are active in them. As known since Jacob and Monod published their seminal work on the lactose operon (1961, 1963), however, and as stressed by Monod in his elegant Chance and Necessity (1971), the existence of allosteric interactions allows a molecule to control the activity of enzymes or other effector molecules bearing on the synthesis of molecules entirely unrelated to the controlling molecule. That is, this freedom allows the “cybernetic” aspect of genomic control systems to achieve arbitrary complexity.
Almost Pragmatism: The Jurisprudence Of Richard Posner, Richard Rorty, and Ronald Dworkin
Authors: Fish Stanley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In The Problems of Jurisprudence,1 Richard Posner announces that he is a pragmatist, by which he means that he rejects many if not most of the goals of legal theory, and especially the chief goal of offering an account of the law that is at once comprehensively abstract, strongly normative, and predictive of outcomes, that is, of decisions and holdings. He begins by declaring that he will “argue against ‘artificial reason,’ against Dworkin’s “right answer’ thesis, against formalism, against overarching conceptions of justice such as ‘corrective justice,’ ‘natural law,’ and ‘wealth maximization’ ... against ‘strong legal positivism’ “ (26), and he ends by pro claiming that the search for “ an overarching principle for resolving legal disputes” (302) has failed and that “no keys were found” (455). The process of finding no keys gives the book its structure. In other treatises on jurisprudence the argument is built up step by step into what promises to be a magnificent edifice (or empire), but here “there is no edifice” (69), only the repeated attempt to lay still another foundation that is almost immediately found to be as “rotten” as the last one (392).
Milton, Thou shouldst Be Living At This Hour
Authors: Fish Stanley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a career marked by what some might describe as a succession of acts of hubris, let me remain in character by suggesting a connection between this moment and the moment of our profession as a whole. This is, to be sure, a glorification and a romanticization of the present occasion; but as my wife will tell you, it is an occasion I have been hoping for and preparing for ever since I saw the first televised presentation of the American Film lnstitute’s Lifetime Achievement Award. You know the one I mean: Jimmy Stewart or Jimmy Cagney or Bette Davis or Kirk Douglai; is honored by a series of embarrassing tributes by Jimmy Stewart or Jimmy Cagney or Bette Davis or Kirk Douglas. It turns out, every time, that this actor is the actor’s actor, the true professional, the one that every other actor wants to work with, the one every director wants to direct, the one without jealousy or temperament or unreasonable demands. These obligatory and unlikely characterizations of a virtue no one possesses are punctuated by film clips from the honoree’s greatest performances-loving close-ups of a face known to every American, moments of high drama cut and edited so as to produce an intensity even greater than that achieved in the “original” ten or twenty or forty years ago. and finally, the centerpiece of it all: the newly canonized or newly recanonized luminary is ushered to the podium amidst tumultuous applause; there he or she stands, head slightly bowed (you have to be able to see enough to extract from the occasion all the pleasure it affords), burdened by praise, overcome by emotion (one thinks of Julius Caesar three times breaking down in tears as he-because he?-refuses the crown), and faced with the sternest challenge of a long career, the challenge of responding to hyperbolic adulation with the appropriate measure of humility, an impossible task that is usually accomplished, when it is accomplished, by the substitution for humility of wit.
The Unbearable Ugliness Of Volvos
Authors: Fish Stanley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On a day in the mid-seventies-it may have varied in different parts of the country and at different universities-American academics stopped buying ugly Volkswagens and started buying ugly Volvos, with a few nonconformists opting for ugly Saabs. Now on the surface there would seem to be an obvious explanation for this shift in preference: on the one hand, graduate student stipends gave way to the more generous salaries of assistant and associate professorships; on the other, growing families required more than a rudimentary back seat. But the question remains, why Volvos? why not Oldsmobiles, or Chryslers, or Mercury station wagons? The answer, I think, is that Volvos provided a solution to a new dilemma facing many academics-how to enjoy the benefits of increasing affluence while at the same time maintaining the proper attitude of disdain toward the goods affluence brings. In the context of this dilemma, the ugliness of the Volvo becomes its most attractive feature, for it allows those who own one to plead innocent to the charge of really wanting it. There must be another reason for the purchase, in this case a reason provided conveniently by the manufac turer in an advertising strategy that emphasizes safety. We don’t buy these big expensive luxurious cars because we want to be comfortable or (God forbid) ostentatious; we buy them because we want to be safe. (I can only guess how many academics are now gobbling up overpriced Michelin tires reassured by a recent advertising campaign that they are purchasing family security rather than performance or glamour.)
Deciding the Undecidable: Wrestling with Hilbert’s Problems
Authors: Feferman Solomon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the year 1900, the German mathematician David Hilbert gave a dramatic address in Paris, at the meeting of the Second International Congress of Mathematicians-an address which was to have lasting fame and importance. Hilbert was at that point a rapidly rising star, if not superstar, in mathematics, and before long he was to be ranked with Henri Poincare as one of the two greatest and most influential mathematicians of the era. Like Poincare, Hilbert worked in an exceptional variety of areas. He had already made fundamental contributions to algebra, number theory, geometry, and analysis. After 1900 he would expand his researches further in analysis, then move on to mathematical physics and finally turn to mathematical logic. In his work, Hilbert demonstrated an unusual combination of direct intuition and concern for absolute rigor. With exceptional technical power at his command, he would tackle outstanding problems, usually with great originality of approach.