bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Common Mitochondrial DNA Deletion Associated With Sudden Natural Death in Adults
Authors: Polisecki EY , Schreier LE , Ravioli J , Corach D 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
One of the most frequent causes of death in developed countries is sudden natural death (SND), which is the most common indication for medico-legal autopsies. Cardiac diseases are frequently detected among SND. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is easily damaged by reactive oxygen species, and it may cause dysfunction in tissues, leading to early events in cardiovascular disease. A specific mtDNA deletion of 4977 bp is associated to aging, myocardial dysfunction, and bioenergetic deficit. The potential link between mtDNA damage and SND has not been investigated before. Our aim was to evaluate the accumulation of the common mtDNA4977-deletion in cardiac muscle samples from autopsies of SND in adults (n = 14) in comparison to control samples from unnatural deaths (n = 12). Serial dilution-polymerase chain reaction method was performed to estimate the proportion of the total mtDNA harboring the mtDNA4977-deletion. Coefficient variation intra-assay was 8%, and inter-assay was 12%. MtDNA4977-deletion percentage was higher in samples obtained from victims of SND than in those from subjects who died of unnatural causes (p &lt; 0.05). No differences in mtDNA4977-deletion were found between SND victims 39–51 years old, and no correlation was found between these samples and age, r = 0.30, p = 0.29 while it was significant among control samples, r = 0.68, p &lt; 0.05. The association between mtDNA4977 deletion with SND victims might offer a tool to provide additional information to clarify complex SND investigations.
Population Genetic Data at Two Minisatellites (D19S20 and APOB 3' VNTR) Between Two Tribal Populations From Central India
Authors: Das B , Seshadri M 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Two minisatellites (D19S20 and ApoB 3' VNTR) have been analyzed among two anthropologically distinct tribal populations from Bastar district of Madhya Pradesh in Central India, namely Bison Horn Maria and Muria. DNA typing was carried out on a total of 54 individuals for D19S20 minisatellite and 79 individuals for ApoB 3' VNTR.
Nitrogen Transformation Processes Taking Place During the Intensive Phase of Composting
Authors: Alexa László , Füleky Gy. 
Published: August 2004

N transformation
processes taking place during the intensive phase of composting were analyzed
for characteristic compost raw materials in an adiabatic composting bioreactor
by analyzing composts (in various stages of maturity), emitted gases and
leakage water. Temperature exhibited a
similar curve for all raw materials, with a gradual decrease in compost
temperature from day 11-13 on. Measurements of NH
3
indicated a
significant difference between the various raw materials, sometimes amounting
to an order of magnitude, in the quantitative data of NH
4

volatilization. Analysis of leakage water indicated that ammonification and
nitrification processes could be traced satisfactorily, but the quantity of
leakage water formed in the adiabatic drum composter and the associated N
losses were negligible compared to the total N cycle of compost formation.
Analysis of the composts showed that the organic matter content of the samples
declined during composting as the result of biodegradation.
Specific Weed Tolerance of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Varieties - A Key to Non-chemical Weed Control
Authors: Kassai Katalin M. , Szentpétery Z. , Hegedüs Z. ,   et al.
Published: August 2004

Six
wheat varieties representing different genotypes were tested under exposed and
protected conditions in a three year herbicide provocation field trial at Nagygombos,
Hungary. Three types of herbicide treatments (fluroxipir, bromoxynil and dicamba
ai.) were applied in comparison with untreated and mechanical treated controls.
Weed populations were sorted into two major groups according to the level of
their occurrence. The result of experimental treatments were evaluated and weed tolerance of varieties was determined. The
magnitude of weed populations has shown significant differences. All weed
control treatments, including chemical and mechanical applications, had an
influence on weed development. Herbicide treatments had about fifty per cent,
while mechanical applications had a nearly hundred per cent effect concerning
weed reduction. The latter can be considered as a level of total weed extinction.
High weed canopies were observed in the case of untreated controls only. Wheat
cultivars have shown a variety specific yield response. The results obtained suggest
varietal differences concerning weed tolerance. The extent of yield losses
between wheat cultivars ranged from 4 to 18 per cent of grain yield. In the
trial Martonvásári 19 and Martonvásári 21 wheat varieties were proven to have
the best weed tolerance abilities.
Compilation of a Watershed Level, Complex Land Information System for Internet Service
Authors: Szabó József 
Published: August 2004

Rearrangement of land resources following the political changes in
Hungary has not ended yet. It is almost impossible to collect information
necessary for planning activities on outer areas of settlements. The data are
either distributed among various organizations where they can be found in
diverse forms, or are not available at all.
Water quality protection, however, has become legally ordered concerning
municipal activities around the Lake Balaton. This region is considered as the
most important recreation area and tourist target in Hungary and is also
affected by a number of factors providing sources to environmental conflicts.
Settlements of a watershed (Tetves Creek) on the southern shoreline of Lake
Balaton (Central Hungary) tendered a complex task for collecting the sources of
the authentic data of the Hungarian rural areas along with systematizing and
saving these data in a uniform GIS. An application using Autodesk MapGuide has
been developed for Internet realization. The implemented web based GI system
can be used in Internet and Intranet environment.
Characterization of the Nutrient Buffer Capacity of K, Ca, Mg in Two Hungarian Soils
Authors: Filep Tibor 
Published: August 2004

Changes in the K,
Ca and Mg contents of the soil solution were examined during the growing period
to characterize the nutrient buffer capacity of sandy and clay loam soils in
pot experiments set up with Italian ryegrass as indicator plant.
K,
Ca and Mg concentrations in the soil solution decreased during the growth due
to the nutrient uptake by plants. The
normalized values of decrease

(expressing the change in the concentration of the given element during unit
time) were close to each other for Ca and Mg, while there was a significant
difference between the sandy and clay loam soil in the case of K (0.65 and
0.11, respectively). We assumed that the normalized value was inversely
proportional to the nutrient buffer capacity of soils. For the comparison of experiments conducted
under different conditions the
UPI (uptake index) values
were
introduced. The UPI value shows to what extent the amount of the given ion
calculated from concentration decrease in the soil solution accounts for the
amount of element taken up by the plant. The amount of K depleted from the soil
solution was 19% of the K amount taken up on the sandy soil, while on the clay
loam this value was only 0.8%. Because the UPI values from experiments under
different environments are comparable, they characterized the nutrient buffer
capacity of soils better than the normalized values of decrease.
Műtrágyázás hatása a mustár termésére és elemfelvételére
Authors: Kádár Imre 
Published: August 2004

Karbonátos vályog csernozjom talajon, egy műtrágyázási tartamkísérlet 12. évében vizsgáltuk az eltérő N-, P- és K-ellátottsági szintek és kombinációik hatását a dán eredetű (Budakalászi sárga fajta) mustár szerveinek ásványi összetételére a tenyészidő és a talaj NPK-kínálata függvényében. Javaslatokat fogalmaztunk meg a növény tápláltsági állapotát jellemző diagnosztikai határkoncentrációkra, valamint a tervezett termés elemszükségletét kifejező fajlagos elemtartalmakra. A termőhely talaja a szántott rétegben 3 % humuszt, 5 % CaCO3-ot és 20 % agyagot tartalmazott. A kísérlet 4Nx4Px4K = 64 kezelést x 2 ismétlést = 128 parcellát foglalt magában. Műtrágyaként 25 %-os pétisót, 18 %- os szuperfoszfátot és 50 %-os kálisót alkalmaztunk. Főbb eredményeink:
A mustár szerveinek tömege átlagosan 2,5-szeresére emelkedett a kontrollhoz viszonyítva a kiegyensúlyozott NxP-trágyázással. Optimális ellátottságot az évenként adott 200 kg/ha N-, valamint a talaj szántott rétegének 140–150 mg/kg ammónium-laktát (AL)-oldható P2O5-, ill. 150–200 mg/kg AL-oldható K2O-tartalma biztosította A magtermés itt 2,4 t/ha-ra emelkedett az abszolút kontrollon mért 1,0 t/ha-ról.A javuló N-kínálattal nőtt a növényi szervek N %-a, valamint a főbb kationok (K, Ca és Mg) koncentrációja. A P-ellátás javulása serkentette a P, Ca és Mg, ill. gátolta a Zn beépülését a P–Zn antagonizmus nyomán. A K-trágyázás a vegetatív növényi részek K-akkumulációjához, valamint a K–Ca és K–Mg antagonizmus eredményeképpen a Ca- és Mg-koncentrációk mérsékléséhez vezetett.A tőrózsáskorú hajtás összetétele képes kielégítően tükrözni a növények tápláltsági állapotát és alkalmas diagnosztikai célokra. Optimális összetételt a 4,0–4,5 % N és K, a 0,35–0,45 % P, illetve a 8–12 körüli N/P és K/P, valamint a 0,8–1,2 N/K arány jelentheti. Adataink iránymutatóul szolgálhatnak a szaktanácsadásban, a tavaszi fejtrágyaigény megállapításában.A mustár trágyaigényes kultúra. Érés kezdetén a föld feletti biomassza 255 kg N, 194 kg Ca, 192 kg K és 26 kg Mg felvételét mutatta. Betakarításig azonban a leszáradó lombbal elvesztette tömegének 20, a felvett foszfornak 16, nitrogénnek 22, kalciumnak 39, magnéziumnak 42, K-készletének 75 %-át. A K 3/4-e az elszáradó lombbal és a kimosódással visszakerült a talajba.Az 1 t mag + a hozzá tartozó szár és becőtermés fajlagos elemigénye 81 kg N-, 46 kg Ca- (64 kg CaO), 18 kg K- (22 kg K2O), 11 kg P- (25 kg P2O5), 6 kg Mg- (9,4 kg MgO), 2 kg Na-, 2 kg Fe-, 122 g Mn-, 67 g Zn- és 18 g Cumennyiséget jelzett ha-onként. Amennyiben csak a magtermés kerül el a tábláról kombájnoláskor, a 3 t/ha körüli kielégítő magterméssel 135 kg N-, 38–40 kg K2O-, 48 kg P2O5-, 21 kg Ca- és 14 kg Mg-veszteséggel számolhatunk haonként. Kötöttebb és meszes talajon a K-, Ca- és Mg-veszteség elhanyagolhatóvá válik. Ezzel szemben a savanyú és káliumban szegény talajokon a növény bőséges K-, Ca- és Mg-pótlást igényelhet.
Néhány nyugat-dunántúli talaj könnyen oldható nehézfémtartalmának hosszú idő alatti változása
Authors: Szűcs Mihály , Szűcs Mihályné 
Published: August 2004

Légszáraz állapotban tárolt talajminták és mintavételi helyeinek 25–27 év elteltével végzett ismételt mintavételezése után vizsgáltuk a Marcal-medencében és a Nyugat-magyarországi-peremvidéken a KCl–EDTA-oldható nehézfémtartalom változását üzemi viszonyok között. A jellemzett időtartam magába foglalja azt az időszakot, amikor viszonylag nagyobb műtrágyaadagokat alkalmaztak az üzemek. A vizsgálat a természetes és a humán eredetű környezeti tényezők együttes, hosszú távú hatása törvényszerűségeinek tanulmányozására irányult.
A vizsgált, döntően barna erdőtalajok által borított régióban a talajok kémhatása az expozíciós idő alatt általában 1 pH-értékkel csökkent, a szervesanyagtartalom viszont nem változott.
Az oldható Cd- és Cr-tartalom a homok mechanikai összetételű területen szignifikánsan csökkent a megfigyelés 26–28 éve alatt, a kötöttebb talajokon nem történt igazolható változás. A homoktalajokon megfigyelt változást a savanyodás hatására fokozódó kilúgozódásnak tulajdonítjuk.
Közlekedési eredetű szennyezést nem tudtunk kimutatni. A szilárd burkolatú közlekedési utak 200 m-es környezetében és az attól nagyobb távolságra mért oldható nehézfémtartalom nem különbözött szignifikánsan.
Nem volt kimutatható összefüggés a talajok oldható nehézfémtartalmának változása és a műtrágyázás hatására változó oldható P- és K-tartalom között.
A vizsgált régióban a talajok oldható Co- és Pb-tartalma szignifikánsan növekedett a megfigyelési idő alatt. A növekedés 70–80 %-ban magyarázható az oldódási és redoxi folyamatok során keletkező könnyen oldható Mn-, Fe- és Altartalommal. Az összefüggésben a meghatározó szerepet a mangán játszotta.
Összességében megállapítható, hogy a vizsgált területen a talajok könnyen oldható nehézfémtartalmának változásait nem külső szennyezés, hanem a talajhasználat által befolyásolt mállási folyamatok és a talajkomponensek közötti átrendeződés okozza.
Néhány nitrogéntartalmú gyomirtó szer fotobomlásának vizsgálata GC-MS módszerrel
Authors: Lányi Katalin , Dinya Zoltán 
Published: August 2004

Összehasonlító vizsgálatokat végeztünk 13 gyomirtó szer hatóanyagán azok fotobomlási folyamatainak tanulmányozására. Mivel a spontán alapfolyamatok megfigyelése volt a célunk, nem használtunk adalékanyagokat. Bár a természetben a növényvédő szerek számtalan, a bomlásukat befolyásoló anyaggal találkoznak, a kutatás e fázisában ezeknek a hatásoknak a vizsgálata nem volt célunk. A vizsgálatok alapján felvázoltuk az egyes hatóanyagok bomlási sémáját és a bomlás időbeli lefutását. Megállapítottuk, hogy valamennyi vizsgált vegyület jól mérhető fotoaktivitást mutatott vizsgálati körülményeink között, valamint hogy a legtöbb vegyület bomlásterméke kevésbé környezetidegen, mint az eredeti vegyület volt.
Nem hagyhatjuk azonban figyelmen kívül, hogy természetes körülmények között a talajban számos egyéb folyamat is lejátszódik, a vizsgált vegyületek — elsősorban bázikus jellegű — nitrogénatomján a mikrobiális folyamatok hatására N-oxidáció is bekövetkezhet. Ez egyrészt közvetlenül nitrozovegyületek kialakulásához vezethet, amelyek már magukban is igen toxikusak és karcinogének. A talajban előforduló nitrit- és különösen a nagy mennyiségű nitrátionokkal ezek a nitrozovegyületek tovább is reagálhatnak, és ez a folyamat a fokozottan agresszív karcinogén N-nitrózaminok keletkezéséhez vezethet. Mivel ezek a folyamatok talajtípus függőek, további vizsgálatuk elengedhetetlen.
Lengths of runs and waiting time distributions by using Pólya-Eggenberger sampling scheme
Authors: Sen K. , Agarwal Manju L. , Chakraborty S. 
Published: August 2004

In this paper, joint distributions of number of success runs of lengthkand number of failure runs of lengthk'are obtained by using combinatorial techniques including lattice path approach under Pólya-Eggenberger model. Some of its particular cases, for different values of the parameters, are derived. Sooner and later waiting time problems and joint distributions of number of success runs of various types until first occurrence of consecutive success runs of specified length under the model are obtained. The sooner and later waiting time problems for Bernoulli trials (see Ebneshahrashoob and Sobel [3]) and joint distributions of the type discussed by Uchiada and Aki [11] are shown as particular cases. AssumingLnandSnto be the lengths of longest and smallest success runs, respectively, in a sample of sizendrawn by Pólya-Eggenberger sampling scheme, the joint distributions ofLnand Snas well as distribution ofM=max(Ln,Fn)n, whereFnis the length of longest failure run, are also obtained.
Immunomodulation and Disease Resistance in Postyearling Rainbow Trout Infected with Myxobolus cerebralis, the Causative Agent of Whirling Disease
Authors: Densmore Christine L. , Ottinger Christopher A. , Blazer Vicki S. , Iwanowicz Luke R. , Smith David R. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Myxobolus cerebralis, the myxosporean parasite that causes whirling disease, has a number of deleterious effects on its salmonid host. Although it is well established that juvenile salmonids in the active stages of whirling disease mount an immune response to the pathogen, the occurrence and longevity of any related immunomodulatory effects are unknown. In this study, postyearling rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss infected with M. cerebralis were examined for leukocyte functions and for resistance to Yersinia ruckeri, a bacterial pathogen of salmonids. Compared with uninfected controls, M. cerebralis-infected fish showed lower proliferative lymphocyte responses to four mitogens (concanavalin A, pokeweed mitogen, phytohemagglutinin, and lipopolysaccharide). Conversely, M. cerebralis-infected fish displayed greater bactericidal activity of anterior kidney macrophages than did uninfected fish. After bath challenges with Y. ruckeri, M. cerebralis-infected fish had slightly lower survival and a more rapid onset of mortality than did the control fish. Renal tissue and fecal samples from M. cerebralis-infected and uninfected survivors were cultured for the presence of Y. ruckeri, and no difference in prevalence was noted between the two groups. Because immunomodulatory changes in the M. cerebralis-infected fish involved functional enhancement and suppression of different leukocyte populations, disease resistance among M. cerebralis-infected fish in the later stages of whirling disease will probably vary with the secondary pathogen and the nature of immune response the pathogen evokes.
Ichthyophoniasis: An Emerging Disease of Chinook Salmon in the Yukon River
Authors: Kocan Richard , Hershberger Paul , Winton James 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Before 1985, Ichthyophonus was unreported among Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. from the Yukon River; now it infects more than 40% of returning adult Chinook salmon O. tshawytscha. Overall infection prevalence reached about 45% in the Yukon River and about 30% in the Tanana River between 1999 and 2003. Mean infection prevalence was greater in females than males in the main-stem Yukon River during each of the 5 years of the study, but the infection prevalence in males increased each year until the difference was no longer significant. Clinical signs of ichthyophoniasis (presence of visible punctate white lesions in internal organs) were least at the mouth of the Yukon River (∼10%) but increased to 29% when fish reached the middle Yukon River and was 22% at the upper Tanana River. However, clinical signs increased each year from 7% in 1999 to 27% in 2003 at the mouth of the river. As fish approached the upper reaches of the Yukon River (Canada) and the spawning areas of the Chena and Salcha rivers (Alaska), infection prevalence dropped significantly to less than 15% in females on the Yukon River and less than 10% for both sexes in the Chena and Salcha rivers, presumably because of mortality among infected prespawn fish. Age was not a factor in infection prevalence, nor was the position of fish within the run. The source of infection was not determined, but Ichthyophonus was not found in 400 Pacific herring Clupea pallasi from the Bering Sea or in 120 outmigrating juvenile Chinook salmon from two drainages in Alaska and Canada. Freshwater burbot Lota lota from the middle Yukon River were subclinically infected with Ichthyophonus, but the origin and relationship of this agent to the Chinook salmon isolate is unknown.
Synthesis and characterization of grafting β‐cyclodextrin with chitosan
Authors: Zhang Xueyong , Wang Yuting , Yi Ying 
Published: August 2004

AbstractTwo new adsorbents [β‐cyclodextrin–chitosan (β‐CD–CTS) and β‐cyclodextrin‐6–chitosan (β‐CD‐6‐CTS)] were synthesized by the reaction of β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD) with epoxy‐activated chitosan (CTS) and the sulfonation of the C‐6 hydroxyl group of β‐cyclodextrin with CTS, respectively. Their structures were confirmed by IR spectral analysis and X‐ray diffraction analysis, and their apparent amount of grafting was determined by ultraviolet spectroscopy. The adsorption properties of β‐CD‐CTS and β‐CD‐6‐CTS for p‐dihydroxybenzene were studied. The experimental results showed that the two new adsorbents exerted adsorption on the carefully chosen target. The highest saturated capacity of p‐dihydroxybenzene of β‐CD‐CTS and β‐CD‐6‐CTS were 51.68 and 46.41 mg/g, respectively. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 94: 860–864, 2004
Solvent effects in butyl acrylate and vinyl acetate homopolymerizations in toluene
Authors: Jovanović R. , Dubé M. A. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractA series of butyl acrylate (BA) and vinyl acetate (VAc) homopolymerizations in toluene was conducted to investigate the effect of solvent at different solvent and chain transfer agent (CTA) concentrations. Because the experimental determination of the individual propagation and termination rate constants for these systems is challenging, experimental observations were limited to the lumped rate constant (kp/k). Differences in the lumped rate constant, at different solvent and CTA concentrations, were assumed to be attributed to the effect of solvent on the termination rate constant. Our hypothesis was that the termination rate constant kt was affected by the presence of solvent. At higher solvent concentrations, chain transfer to solvent occurs more frequently and leads to the formation of shorter chains, which move more easily and are able to terminate more quickly compared to longer chains. Thus, kt will increase, leading to a decrease in the lumped rate constant. The experimental results confirmed the presence of a solvent effect on the lumped rate constant. This effect was more pronounced in the case of VAc compared to BA solution homopolymerizations. Under the investigated conditions, increased CTA concentrations did not substantially affect the rate of BA homopolymerizations, whereas a slight synergistic effect between the CTA and solvent at higher CTA and solvent concentrations was apparent for VAc homopolymerizations. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 94: 871–876, 2004
Rheology, structure, and properties of ethylene–vinyl acetate/metallocene‐catalyzed ethylene–α‐olefin copolymer blends
Authors: Kontopoulou Marianna , Huang Leo C. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe rheology, morphology, thermal, mechanical, and adhesive properties of blends containing ethylene–vinyl acetate and metallocene‐catalyzed ethylene–α‐olefin copolymers, containing butene and octene comonomers, were investigated. On the basis of the thermal and rheological properties and scanning electron microscopy observations, we deduced that these blends were immiscible, both in the solid and melt states over the whole range of compositions. Rheological properties were correlated to blend morphology with the Palierne emulsion model. The butene‐based blends had better mechanical properties, which was attributed to their finer morphology, lower interfacial tension, and better adhesive properties. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 94: 881–889, 2004
Graft polymerization of methacrylic acid onto polytetrafluoroethylene initiated by alkyllithium/electron‐donating solvents
Authors: Okuda Yasuhiro , Hayashi Fumihiro , Sakurai Hiroshi , Shiotani Masaru 
Published: August 2004

AbstractGraft polymerization of methacrylic acid (MAA) onto polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), initiated by the mixed solution of alkyllithium/hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA) at low temperature, was studied. Using electron spin resonance (ESR), nuclear magnetic resonance, X‐ray photoelectron and vibrational (infrared) spectroscopies, the chemical structure of the grafted poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA) onto the PTFE (PTFE‐g‐PMAA) was investigated. The grafted PMAA was found to be located deeper than 2.5 nm from the surface of the PTFE. The molecular motion of the PTFE‐g‐PMAA was also studied by means of the temperature‐dependent ESR spectra of the spin‐labeled PTFE‐g‐PMAA. The results suggested that the molecular motion of the grafted PMAA chain was mainly controlled by that of the principal PTFE chain, and the evaluated activation energy was lower for the grafted PMAA chain (e.g., 6.5 kJ/mol at temperature range below 295 K) than that for the PMAA homopolymer (13.2 kJ/mol). © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 94: 923–931, 2004