bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of lymphocytes on hormonal secretion by autologous thyrocytes cultured in monolayers
Authors: Massart C , Gibassier J , Genetet N , Raoul M L , Baron M , Le Gall F , Lucas C 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACT
We studied the lymphocyte-induced alterations in hormonal metabolism and the production of tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α) during coculture of thyrocytes and autologous lymphocytes from 20 patients with Graves' disease and from five normal subjects. Thyroglobulin (Tg) mRNA was assessed by slot-blot analysis under TSH stimulation. Tg, tri-iodothyronine (T3) and cAMP secretion in the presence of TSH were measured by RIA after 3 or 5 days of coculture. TNF-α levels produced after 5 days incubation were also assayed in lymphocyte culture and coculture media.
Lymphocytes isolated from peripheral blood (PBLs) altered the production of Tg, T3 and cAMP in autologous thyrocytes. Intrathyroidal lymphocytes (ITLs) decreased Tg and cAMP secretion but had no effect on T3 secretion. The reductions in Tg and cAMP levels obtained with mechanically isolated ITLs (M-ITLs) were generally higher than those obtained with ITLs isolated by dispase (D-ITLs). No difference was seen between Graves' disease and normal cocultures. PBLs secreted large concentrations of TNF-α, larger than those obtained with M-ITLs whereas D-ITLs produced low amounts of this cytokine. In coculture, TNF-α levels were lower than those observed in lymphocyte culture. Significant correlations were obtained between TNF-α levels and the decrease in Tg, T3 and cAMP concentrations. The percentage of T lymphocytes was higher in PBLs and D-ITLs than in M-ITLs. B lymphocytes levels were higher in ITLs, especially M-ITLs, than in PBLs. TNF-α production by B lymphocytes was maximal in M-ITLs.
In conclusion, lymphocytes induced a decrease in hormonal thyroid metabolism when cocultured with autologous thyrocytes. These perturbations may be attributed, at least partly, to TNF-α secreted by lymphocytes. TNF-α interacts via the adenylate cyclase pathway of TSH signal transduction.
Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I A- and B-domain analogues with altered type 1 IGF and insulin receptor binding specificities
Authors: Shooter G K , Magee B , Soos M A , Francis G L , Siddle K , Wallace J C 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACT
Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) analogues were produced with the aim of identifying IGF-I residues that contribute to the specificity of binding to the type 1 IGF receptor as opposed to the insulin receptor. Receptor binding properties of a series of A- and B-domain analogues were compared using rat L6 myoblasts, soluble human IGF type 1 receptors and soluble human insulin receptor isoforms HIR-A (−Ex11) and HIR-B (+Ex11). IGF-I analogues, [Leu8] IGF-I and [Phe59] IGF-I, were shown to exhibit respectively, a 28- and 17-fold decrease in affinity for the HIR-A with only a 6- and 5-fold decrease in affinity for the human IGF type 1 receptor. In contrast, the analogue [His4] IGF-I was equipotent to IGF-I in binding to the soluble type 1 IGF receptor while showing 7-fold and 4-fold increases in HIR-A and HIR-B binding respectively. Furthermore, [Leu62] IGF-I was 8-fold less potent than IGF-I in soluble IGF type 1 receptor binding but only showed a 2-fold decrease in HIR-A and HIR-B binding. Our study supports the conclusion that the co-evolution of the IGF-I and insulin receptor/ligand systems has resulted in subtle structural differences in the A- and B-regions of each ligand important for defining receptor binding specificity.
Ontogeny of FSH receptor messenger ribonucleic acid transcripts in relation to FSH secretion and testicular function in sheep
Authors: Yarney T A , Fahmy M H , Sairam M R , Khan H , Macdonald E A 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACT
The role of alternative splicing of the FSH receptor gene in the generation of FSH receptor proteins and testicular function remains an enigma. To address this issue, this investigation was conducted to determine variations in the expression of alternate FSH receptor mRNA transcripts in relation to changes in FSH release, hormone binding activity and testicular function during pubertal development of ram lambs from two genotypes of sheep (Romanov and a cross between Booroola × DLS) with different sexual precocity. Serum 17β-estradiol and testosterone concentrations were used as indices of Sertoli cell and testicular function. The results indicated that increases in Sertoli cell and testicular function normally seen during pubertal development are accompanied by age-dependent reductions in concentration of functional FSH receptors, as determined by binding of iodinated FSH to testicular membrane preparations. During the course of these changes, FSH release was either maintained at a steady level in Romanov lambs or it was gradually reduced in the Booroola × DLS cross, thus indicating that the testis had become more responsive to hormonal signal. This acquisition of heightened sensitivity was also associated with contrasting changes in the level of expression of FSH receptor mRNA transcripts. For both genotypes of sheep, 5 distinct species of mRNA transcripts of approximately 1·1, 1·5, 2·0, 2·5 and 6·5 kb were highly expressed from 11 to 22 weeks of age. Amongst these transcripts, the 1·1 kb molecular species was the most abundant. Specific probing for a previously cloned transcript called 151A1 representing the first 4 exons of the FSH receptor gene revealed a paradoxical increase in the level of expression from 11 weeks up to a maximum at 18-22 weeks of age for both genotypes. Collectively, the results indicated that contrasting changes in the production of specific alternatively spliced mRNA transcripts may mediate changes in FSH receptor expression which apparently accounts for the augmentation in sensitivity and function of the testis during pubertal development. Furthermore, the data provide the first important indication that the novel truncated transcript (151A1), which predictably encodes a soluble protein of either intra- or extracellular fate, could be physiologically relevant.
Cloning of the human orphan receptor germ cell nuclear factor/retinoid receptor-related testis-associated receptor and its differential regulation during embryonal carcinoma cell differentiation
Authors: Lei W , Hirose T , Zhang L-X , Adachi H , Spinella M J , Dmitrovsky E , Jetten A M 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACT
We have cloned a cDNA encoding the full-length coding region of the human homologue of the germ cell nuclear factor (GCNF)/retinoid receptor-related testis-associated receptor (RTR), from a human testis cDNA library. The amino acid sequence of human GCNF/RTR is highly homologous to that of the mouse GCNF/RTR. The largest difference between the two homologues is a 15 amino acid deletion in the human GCNF/RTR at amino acid 47. The GCNF/RTR gene was localized on human chromosome 9. Northern blot analysis using poly(A)+ RNA from different human tissues showed that GCNF/RTR mRNA is most abundantly expressed in the testis. GCNF/RTR was also highly expressed in embryonic stem cells and embryonal carcinoma cells but repressed in its differentiated derivatives. Induction of differentiation of mouse embryonal carcinoma F9 cells and human embryonal carcinoma NTERA-2 clone Dl (NT2/D1) cells by all-trans retinoic acid was accompanied by a down-regulation of GCNF/RTR. Our observations suggest that GCNF/RTR plays a role in the control of gene expression in early embryogenesis and during spermatogenesis.
Downregulation of IGF-I mRNA expression during postnatal pancreatic development and overexpression after subtotal pancreatectomy and acute pancreatitis in the rat pancreas
Authors: Calvo E L , Bernatchez G , Pelletier G , Iovanna J L , Morisset J 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACT
Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are important peptides involved in the regulation of cell growth and differentiation in many tissues. The ontogeny of IGF-I was examined in pancreata from 19-day rat fetuses, newborns and 5-, 11-, 26- and 70-day-old rats. For the regeneration studies two models were used: (i) 90% pancreatectomy was carried out and the rats were killed at 1, 2, 3 and 6 days after resection; (ii) acute pancreatitis was induced with caerulein (12μg/body weight three times a day every 8 h for 2 days) and the rats were killed at 1, 2, 5, 7 and 9 days after the first injection. Total RNA was extracted by the guanidinium isothiocyanate method and Northern blots were performed using total RNA and labeled cRNA probes. Abundance of the different mRNA transcripts was estimated by densitometric scanning and normalized to the abundance of 18 S rRNA for each time point. Northern blot analysis during ontogeny showed four (0·8–1·2, 1·9, 4·7 and 7·5 kb) major transcripts in the rat pancreas and liver. Total IGF-I mRNA was 40-fold higher in the adult liver than in the adult pancreas. Moreover, in the liver, IGF-I mRNA levels were higher in the adult than in the fetus, whereas in the pancreas, the highest levels were observed around birth. During the first 3 days after pancreatectomy, a peak of maximal expression was observed after the second day. Densitometric analysis of each IGF-I mRNA species showed concomitant increases in all transcripts. After 6 days, all transcripts had returned to near-control values. IGF-I mRNA expression 2 days after pancreatectomy was 3·5-fold higher than in the newborn. During the first 2 days of acute pancreatitis induction, overexpression of IGF-I mRNA was observed. However, soon after the second day of caerulein treatment, the 7·5 kb transcripts remained elevated whereas those of the others regressed toward control values. Our results show that IGF-I mRNA is overexpressed in both models of pancreatic regeneration but downregulated in the normal adult pancreas.
Homodimer formation by the individual subunits of bovine lutropin as determined by sedimentation equilibrium
Authors: Peng K-C , Puett D , Brewer J M 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACT
Although differing in their amino acid sequences, the folding patterns of the α and β subunits of human choriogonadotropin are similar in the crystal structure of the HF-treated glycoprotein hormone. Each subunit forms a cystine-knot motif like that found in several growth factors that form homodimers and heterodimers. In order to ascertain if the α and β subunits can self-associate, e.g. to form homodimers, sedimentation equilibrium at various glycoprotein concentrations and temperatures was used to study the subunits of bovine lutropin, which are expected to exhibit conformations like those of the choriogonadotropin subunits. Each subunit was found to form homodimers with Kd values of 0·3 and 0·1 mm for α and β respectively at 37 °C. Self-association was weakly exothermic for α and endothermic for β; entropic factors made a major contribution for each. It is unlikely that homodimer formation of either subunit would be physiologically important, although homodimers may form to some extent intracellularly because of the relatively high concentrations during biosynthesis.
The interaction of CGRP and adrenomedullin with a receptor expressed in the rat pulmonary vascular endothelium
Authors: Han Z-Q , Coppock H A , Smith D M , Van Noorden S , Makgoba M W , Nicholl C G , Legon S 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACT
An abundant, seven trans-membrane domain receptor related to the calcitonin receptor has been studied by a number of groups without identification of its ligand. A recent report claimed that the receptor was a type 1 CGRP receptor (Aiyar et al J. Biol. Chem. 271 11325-11329 (1996)). We have studied the equivalent rat sequence in transfected cells. When expressed in 293 cells the receptor interacts with CGRP and adrenomedullin with KD values of 1.2 nM for CGRP and 11 nM for adrenomedullin. Both ligands cause an elevation of intracellular cAMP with EC50 values of 4 nM and 20 nM respectively and these effects are inhibited by the antagonist CGRP8-37. The receptor is expressed at high levels in the pulmonary vascular endothelium. Both the pharmacological data and the localisation are consistent with the conclusion that the orphan receptor is a type 1 CGRP receptor. However, when expressed in COS-7 cells, no receptor activity could be demonstrated suggesting that 293 cells contain a factor necessary for functional receptor expression.
Nutritional regulation of insulin-like growth factor-I mRNA expression in barramundi, Lates calcarifer
Authors: Matthews S J , Kinhult A K K , Hoeben P , Sara V R , Anderson T A 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
The effect of nutritional status on IGF-I mRNA expression in the liver and brain of juvenile barramundi (Lates calcarifer) was investigated. Fish were either fed a satiety ration (SAT) or starved (STV) for 6 weeks. Starved fish demonstrated significantly lower condition factor and hepatic IGF-I mRNA expression at 3 and 6 weeks, when compared with the SAT group. IGF-I mRNA expression in the brain was 10 fold lower than the liver and was not affected by ration size. These results suggest the liver is the major site of IGF-I mRNA synthesis and hepatic but not brain IGF-I mRNA expression is regulated by food availability in juvenile barramundi.
Cloning of cDNA for goldfish activin βB subunit, and the expression of its mRNA in gonadal and non-gonadal tissues
Authors: Ge W , Miura T , Kobayashi H , Peter R E , Nagahama Y 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACT
We have cloned a full length cDNA coding for activin βB subunit from the goldfish ovary. Sequence analysis of the goldfish activin βB shows that this peptide is extremely conserved across vertebrates. The mature region of goldfish activin βB has 93 and 98% amino acid identity with that of human and zebrafish βB subunit respectively. The identity of the cloned goldfish activin βB was further confirmed by expressing the protein in the Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells followed by detection of the specific activity of activin in the culture medium using F5-5 cell assay. mRNA of goldfish activin βB is expressed in a variety of goldfish tissues including ovary, testis, brain, pituitary, kidney and liver, suggesting a wide range of physiological roles for activin in the goldfish.
IGF, type I IGF receptor and IGF-binding protein mRNA expression in kidney and liver of potassium-depleted and normal rats infused with IGF-I
Authors: van Neck J W , Flyvbjerg A , Schuller A G P , Rosato R R , Groffen C , van Kleffens M , Lindenbergh-Kortleve D , Dørup I , Drop S L S 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACT
Dietary potassium (K) depletion is known to reduce body weight gain and organ growth, except for kidney which increases in weight. This renal hypertrophy is preceded by increased renal IGF-I levels. In the present study, we investigated IGF-I and -II, type I IGF receptor and IGF-binding protein (IGFBP) mRNA expression in liver and kidney of K-depleted and normal rats infused with vehicle or recombinant human IGF-I. Body weight gain was almost completely arrested in K-depleted rats without any stimulatory effect of IGF-I infusion. Both absolute and relative kidney weight (kidney weight/body weight) were significantly increased in K-depleted rats and this was further enhanced by IGF-I infusion. In contrast, relative liver weight was comparable in the different groups and unaffected by IGF-I infusion.
IGF-I mRNA expression was significantly lower in kidney and liver of K-depleted animals whereas type I IGF receptor levels were unchanged. In contrast, in kidney, K depletion increased IGFBP-1 and -2 mRNA expression with no additional effect of IGF-I infusion. In liver of K-depleted animals, IGFBP-1 mRNA expression was increased whereas increased IGFBP-1 and -2 mRNA expression was observed when these animals were infused with IGF-I. These observations may point towards a differential mode of action of the IGFBPs. In kidney increased IGFBP-1 and -2 mRNA expression may enhance IGF-I bioavailability with subsequent kidney growth. In liver, with clearly detectable type I IGF receptor mRNA expression, increased IGFBP levels may protect from IGF-I-induced organ growth by decreasing IGF-I bioavailability.
Cloning of mouse islet amyloid polypeptide gene and characterization of its promoter
Authors: Ekawa K , Nishi M , Ohagi S , Sanke T , Nanjo K 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACT
Islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) was isolated from islet amyloid deposits in patients with insulinoma and pancreatic islets of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and several reports suggested that it may contribute to the development of NIDDM. IAPP is mainly expressed and synthesized in pancreatic B cells and cosecreted with insulin, so analysis of the transcriptional regulation of the IAPP gene would be helpful for the elucidation of pancreatic B cell specific gene expression. The mouse IAPP gene spans about 5·8 kb and, like the human and rat genes, it consists of three exons, and analysis of the promoter/enhancer activity of mouse IAPP gene reveals the region from − 171 to − 87 bp to be essential. Within this region, an E-box like sequence, CACCTG (− 122 to − 117 bp), and a TAAT-box like sequence, TTAATG (− 139 to − 134 bp), are thought to be important. The disruption of each sequence resulted in a severe decrease in promoter activity, although the decrease was less in the disruption of the E-box than that of TAAT-box like sequence, suggesting the latter is more important for IAPP gene transcription. Like the rat IAPP gene, the CCAAT-box, which does not exist in the human gene, was identified in the mouse gene, indicating the possibility of species difference in the IAPP gene transcriptional mechanism. An enhancer-like activity was also identified within intron 1, although further elucidation is necessary.
Expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 in the human corpus luteum after luteal rescue
Authors: Duncan W C , McNeilly A S , Illingworth P J 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) is a specific inhibitor of a group of proteolytic enzymes known as matrix metalloproteinases. These enzymes have been widely implicated in the process of tissue remodelling.
Extensive remodelling occurs in the corpus luteum during luteolysis unless human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) is produced by the early conceptus. This study aimed to investigate the expression and localisation of TIMP-1 in human corpora lutea during the luteal phase of the cycle and after luteal rescue with exogenous hCG to mimic the changes of early pregnancy. Human corpora lutea from the early (n = 4), mid- (n=4) and late (n=4) luteal phases and after luteal rescue by hCG (n=4) were obtained at the time of hysterectomy. Expression of TIMP-1 was investigated in these tissues by Western blotting, immunohistochemistry, Northern blotting and in situ hybridisation. Luteal cells of thecal origin were distinguished from those of granulosa origin by immunostaining for 17α-hydroxylase. A 30 kDa protein consistent with TIMP-1 was detected in human corpora lutea. This protein was localised to the granulosa lutein cells in all tissues examined. TIMP-1 mRNA was found in large quantities in all glands examined and this again localised to the granulosa lutein cells. The expression and localisation of TIMP-1 did not change throughout the luteal phase and was not altered by luteal rescue. The function of this uniform expression of TIMP-1 in the corpus luteum is not clear but these data suggest that the inhibition of structural luteolysis during maternal recognition of pregnancy is not mediated by regulation of TIMP-1 expression.
Journal of Endocrinology (1996) 148, 59–67
Evidence for androgen receptor gene expression in human thyroid cells and tumours
Authors: Rossi R , Franceschetti P , Maestri I , Magri E , Cavazzini L , degli Uberti E C , del Senno L 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Androgen-binding activity has been identified in normal and pathological thyroids, but evidence for the expression of the canonic androgen receptor (AR) in the thyroid has not been provided so far. In this study we have used reverse transcription (RT)-PCR to examine RNA expression of the canonic AR gene in human thyroid tissues, in primary cultures of human thyrocytes and in a variety of neoplastic thyroid cell lines (NPA, TPC and WRO). An AR cDNA fragment with the expected size of 262 bp was detected in normal tissues and cultured thyrocytes as well as in neoplastic cell lines, demonstrating that the gene for AR is indeed expressed in thyroid follicular cells. Immunocytochemical analysis revealed the presence of the AR protein in cancer cell lines and androgen treatment increased nuclear positivity to AR. In a survey of 35 thyroid tissues AR cDNA was detected in all the non-neoplastic samples (6 normal and 3 goitrous) and in 19 of 26 neoplastic samples. AR cDNA was not detected in 4 of the 9 follicular adenomas and in 3 of the 12 papillary carcinomas. AR was revealed by immunohistochemistry in 1 of 2 normal thyroids, in 1 goiter and in 1 of 2 neoplastic thyroids. These findings show the presence of the canonic AR in the human thyroid.
Journal of Endocrinology (1996) 148, 77–85
Opioid receptor activation resets the hypothalamic clock generating growth hormone secretory bursts in the rat
Authors: Willoughby J O , Medvedev A 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Plasma growth hormone (GH) concentrations were measured serially every 20 min for 6 h in unrestrained chronically-catheterised male rats to define physiological GH pulsatile secretory patterns. Bursts of GH secretion lasted 69 ± 5 min and occurred every 177 ± 4 min. Intravenous administration of the opioid receptor agonist morphine (200 μg/kg) caused an immediate GH burst of normal duration (63 ± 3 min) in all animals. This burst of secretion occurred whatever the phase of the background GH cycle and was followed by normal trough GH levels; a second GH burst occurred 177 ±6 min later, an inter-burst period not different from controls. Opioid receptor blockade with naloxone (5 mg/kg) administered i.v. every 20 min during spontaneous GH bursts significantly lengthened the interburst interval from 177 ± 4 to 200±9 min (P=0·015). Naloxone did not affect synchronisation of the GH rhythm induced by morphine but lengthened the duration of GH secretory bursts from 69 ± to 94 ± 9 min (P=0·017).
The findings indicate that opioid receptor activation resets the hypothalamic mechanism generating pulsatile GH secretion and that both the period of the GH rhythm and duration of the GH burst is normally shortened by opioid mechanisms.
Journal of Endocrinology (1996) 148, 149–155