bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of Headache Within a College Student Population: A Preliminary Analysis
Authors: Andrasik Frank , Holroyd Kenneth A. , Abell Theresa 
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS1161 college students were surveyed to provide information about headache prevalence. Virtually all students reported experiencing some headache pain. Females reported headaches that were more frequent, more painful, and of longer duration than males. Information regarding suspected causes, onset characteristics, presence of migraineous symptoms, and nature and localization of experienced pain was also collected. The significance and implications of these findings, as well as suggestions for future research, are discussed.
Use of CT Scans in an Out‐patient Headache Population: An Evaluation
Authors: Sargent Joseph D. , Lawson Robert C. , Solbach Patricia , Coyne Lolafaye 
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSISA total of 177 consecutive patients with either tension or migraine headaches were examined with unenhanced CT Scans. For the overall group 28% were abnormal while 26% of the patients with migraine and 33% of those with tension headaches had abnormal scans. Our findings were similar to several smaller studies in more seriously disabled patients. Follow‐up studies are planned to determine if our CT Scan results are indicative of a progressive disorder.
The Management of Non‐traumatic Headache in a University Hospital Emergency Room
Authors: Dickman Robert L. , Masten Thomas 
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSISOne hundred twenty‐four consecutive records of adults presenting to a univerity hospital emergency room between February 1‐May 31, 1978 with the chief complaint of non‐traumatic headache were analyzed. Although the vast majority of these patients had benign problems, the charts revealed poor documentation of a data base sufficient to evaluate this complaint. Further, relatively few unreferred patients received followup care in the hospital's ambulatory care center. Although corroborating previous work on the benign nature of this problem as seen in emergency room settings, this study additionally documents major deficiencies in the use of an emergency room as a setting in which to manage this problem.
A Double‐blind Placebo‐controlled Prophylactic Study of Flunarizine (Sibelium®) in Migraine
Authors: Louis Paul 
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSISThe potential prophylactic value of a daily dose of 10 mg flunarizine, a calcium antagonist with anti‐vasospastic properties was studied in a 3‐month double‐blind placebo‐controlled trial in 58 migraineurs. With an almost perfect mutual correlation, both the patients' overall appreciation of the treatment and the reduction of migraine attacks proved flunarizine to be effective (p<0.001). Half of the flunarizine‐patients considered the treatment certainly beneficial in contrast to none of the placebo‐patients. In 21 of the 29 flunarizine‐patients the attack rate was lower than expected in 20 of the 29 controls it was not. Younger patients appeared to respond better to the treatment. Flunarizine displayed a gradually increasing effect; during the third month 83% of the treated patients were completely attack‐free. The drug did not appear to influence the severity and duration of attacks, however. Treatment was very well tolerated. Flunarizine, therefore, appears to be a very suitable agent for migraine prophylaxis but it should be given for more than two months in order to obtain full effectiveness with this dosage.
Tolfenamic Acid and Ergotamine Abuse
Authors: Ala‐Hurula V. , Myllylä V.V. , Hokkanen E. , Tokola O. 
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSISThirteen migraine patients using ergotamine tartrate on a daily basis for their headaches were found to have developed the so called “ergotamine headache,” a dull constant headache always reappearing if the patient did not take their daily doses. They were treated with tolfenamic acid, an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis and action, combined with chlordiazepoxide during the acute withdrawal phase after discontinuing their daily habit of taking ergotamine. As a whole, the results of the discontinuation of the use of ergotamine were encouraging in the group of these patients showing a serious medical problem. None of the patients relapsed into ergotamine abuse, and during the subsequent 3–6 months nine of the patients also treated their migraine attacks solely with tolfenamic acid.
Temporal Relationship of EEG Abnormalities in Migraine to Headache and Medication
Authors: Slevin John T. , Faught Edward , Hanna George R. , Lee Soo Ik 
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSISEEGs of 55 subjects with classic or common migraine were correlated with headache subtype, age of onset, duration of illness, family history, and time span either from last headache or medication. Eleven patients (20%) had abnormal EEGs: five were diffusely slow, one demonstrated bitemporal slowing, one generalized spikes, and two each showed either a photoconvulsive response or excessive buildup to hyperventilation. EEG abnormalities did not correlate chronologically with medication or headache. Six of 30 patients with headache andor medication within 48 hours of the EEG had abnormal records, a number not statistically different from the five of 25 who had abnormal EEGs in the absence of headache or medication in the previous 48 hours. EEG abnormalities in migraine, while varied and nonspecific, do persist during asymptomatic intervals. This suggests more permanent alterations of cerebral physiology than can be accounted for by transient vascular changes during migraine attacks themselves.
Cluster Headache in One Year Old Infant?
Authors: Terzano M.G. , Manzoni G.C. , Maione R. 
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSISCluster headache is a type of essential headache affecting young or middle‐age patients, whereas it is highly rare in children.The case we are reporting here concerns a child who since the very first days after his birth appeared to suffer from severe attacks of agitation and sudden fits of weeping twice a day on average. When 21 months old, while in the hospital, he was found during the fits of weeping to complain of severe pain in the forehead, right temple and around the right eye. The examination carried out on him revealed no lesions of any type. The characteristics of 213 attacks were recorded up to the age of 27 months, when the crises disappeared spontaneously. The nature, duration and location of pain and the associated phenomena, as well as their regular occurrence every day make this type of headache affecting this patient fall within the category of cluster headache. The possibility of this type of headache appearing at such an early age seems to bear out the hypothesis that it may derive from a congenital biochemical disorder.
Short‐term Psychotherapy and Refractory Headache
Authors: Barnat Michael R. 
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSISAs seemed necessary, short‐term exploratory psycho‐therapy was offered to patients seeking treatment for refractory headache. The reasons for their psycho‐therapeutic referral included patient request, refractoriness to all medication, emotional traumatization at the time they were seen, or suspected family or marital triggers for headache. An attempt was made to sample the responses of these patients. Patients were asked via a specially devised form to state why they thought they were referred for psychotherapy, what they perceived they derived from the process and how they perceived it from a cost‐benefit standpoint. Preliminary findings suggest that patients do see a general rationale to referrals and rate the effort more positively than negatively in cost‐benefit terms. Their written interpretation however does not reflect some of the subtle and specific effects of psychotherapeutic intervention.
Relationship Between Headaches and Depression
Authors: Cox Daniel , Thomas Douglas 
Published: June 2005

ABSTRACTPrevious research has documented the therapeutic effects of antidepressant medications on chronic headaches, implying the etiological role of depression in some headache. Clinical experience indicates patients suffering from chronic headaches frequently become depressed because of the refractory head pain. The current study demonstrated that reduction of headaches leads to reduction of depression, implying the etiological role of headaches in depression. The need to further clarify the relation between depression and headaches is emphasized.
Effect on Non‐steroidal Anti‐inflammatory Drugs on Arachidonic Acid Metabolism
Authors: Siegel Marvin I. 
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSISThe enzymes of arachidonic acid metabolism via the lipoxygenase pathway in human platelets have been characterized and partially purified. Two separable lipoxygenase activities can be detected by chromatography on Sephadex G‐150 and DEAE‐Sephadex. One of these has an apparent molecular weight (Mr ) of 100,000. A second enzyme species behaves as an Mr 160,000 entity containing, in addition to lipoxygenase, a peroxidase activity that catalyzes the conversion of 12L‐hydro‐peroxy‐5,8,10,14‐icosatetraenoic acid (HPETE) to 12L‐hydroxy‐5,8,10,14‐icosatetraenoic acid (HETE). Aspirin, indomethacin, sodium salicylate, phenylbutazone, ibuprofen, naproxen, and sulindac, but not acetaminophen or phenacetin, give rise to increased levels of HPETE in the lipoxygenase pathway. This increase in HPETE levels is the result of the ability of these drugs to directly inhibit the enzymatic conversion of HPETE to HETE. The labile lipoxygenase produced HPETE stimulates its own production by increasing lipoxygenase activity; HETE does not share this activity. In addition, HPETE strongly suppresses prostaglandin and thromboxane production by inhibiting cyclo‐oxygenase (prostaglandin synthetase). The ability of sodium salicylate, which does not inhibit cyclo‐oxygenase in vitro, to elevate levels of HPETE may account for its ability to inhibit prostaglandin production in vivo. Moreover, since HPETE's are precursors of slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis, the acute responses to aspirin and other anti‐inflammatory drugs observed in certain sensitive individuals may be the result of these patients' extreme sensitivity to HPETE peroxidase inhibition or the resultant rise in HPETE concentration.
Headache: An Epidemiological Survey in a Dutch Rural General Practice
Authors: Post Doeke , Gubbels Jan W. 
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSISAn epidemiologic study of headache in a rural general practice was carried out by delivering questionnaires to the houses of the target population and collecting them personally in two weeks. All persons between 16 and 65 years of age, 2,450 in all, were asked to participate in the survey; there was a response of 92%.Headache has been an underrated problem in Holland. The impact of headache on an individual patient can be assessed by the duration of the headache, the severity of the headache, and the extent to which usual daily work is interfered with. In this survey, 12% of the persons questioned had a headache at least once a week and in 4% the headache lasted longer than a day. However, only 15% of the people with headache visited a G.P. and less than 1% had specialist treatment. Women were more likely to seek medical assistance than men.
USING DECISION FRAMES IN NAFTA INTRANATIONAL CONFLICTS
Authors: Ley‐Borras Roberto 
Published: June 2005

ABSTRACTThe regular commercial trade among North American countries involves many issues. To foster free trade, NAFTA provides a legal and political framework for resolving commercial conflicts among its three signatory countries. However, there are also intranational conflicts among the economic actors in each country.Within a given country, participants in a NAFTA deal include individual firms or groups of firms, industry representatives, national commerce officials, state political leaders, and national political leaders, among others. Differences in decision frames and actor objectives can lead to controversy in many NAFTA deals.This article suggests making explicit the decision frame of each actor, or category of actors, and using a unified decision frame for obtaining national agreements on particular NAFTA‐related issues. Unified decision frames should include a common time frame and shared objectives, alternatives and information. This approach can promote agreement on the scope of a trade issue, help identify additional opportunities, reduce actors = uncertainties, clarify prefernces, and promote trust.
CRITICAL ISSUES IN URBAN TECHNOLOGIES FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT:
Authors: Zoreda‐Lozano Juan J. , Castañeda Victor 
Published: June 2005

ABSTRACTThis paper presents a general approach to the structural links between urban technologies for water use and sustainable development in Mexico City. These links belong to the public domain and are sufficiently generalizable so as to be expanded and modified to suit other technologies in similar contexts. They offer a convenient backdrop against which to meaningfully address critical technological issues that affect the performance of urban settlements as well as their biophysical environments.
IT WORKERS SHORTAGE: Implications for Education Policy
Authors: Wilson Clay 
Published: June 2005

ABSTRACTThis article examines the information technology (IT) worker shortage by comparing the rate of salary increase for IT workers from 1995 to 1998 to the rate of inflation for those same years. Findings show that the median salary for IT workers has increased at twice the rate of inflation. Universities and businesses form partnerships to develop innovative products. Continuous innovation has meant that both industry and universities require workers, students and faculty to continuously change their skill sets. At every point as technology changes there is a shortage of the newest combination of required skill sets. A recommendation is made to change education strategy so IT workers have easier access to continuous education via the Internet, funded by their employers.
FEDERAL POLICY IN LOCAL CONTEXT:PUZZLING THROUGH THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF PARADIGMATIC POLICY REFORM
Authors: Wallis Joe 
Published: June 2005

ABSTRACTAlthough comprehensive reform programs (CRPs) have been influenced by theories of government failure, they pose some puzzles for these theorists. My purpose is to address puzzles that relate to observed characteristics of the timing, radicalism, implementation, rhetoric and democratic consequences of reforms. The long period of paradigm stability which typically precede them is explained in terms of the institutional and political risks associated with radical policy reform while the reforms themselves are explained in terms of factors that generated opportunities for new sources of policy leadership. This leadership was collectively supplied by a network that sought to break the hold of a fragmented structure of policy communities over the policy process.
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CHILD SAFETY SEAT LAWS IN THE FIFTY STATES
Authors: Houston David J. , Richardson Lilliard E. , Neeley Grant W. 
Published: June 2005

ABSTRACTThis study evaluates the effectiveness of state child safety seat laws in the United States. Data for all fifty states for the period 1975 to 1994 are used. Pooled time series analysis is employed to estimate a model of the rate of fatalities suffered by children ages 0–5 years as occupants in automobile crashes. The occupant fatality rate for children 6–11 years of age is used as a comparison group to control for other trends not introduced in the estimated models. The results show that child safety seat policies have significantly reduced fatality rates among children 0–5 years of age. For each additional year of age covered by a state statute, this fatality rate drops 4.8%. A similar reduction in the fatality rate of the older age cohort (6–11 years old) was not observed.
Synthesis of Li4SiO4 by a Modified Combustion Method
Authors: Cruz Daniel , Bulbulian Silvia 
Published: June 2005

We report for the first time the synthesis of Li4SiO4 by the modified combustion method, a rapid chemical process that takes 5 min for completion. This method uses nonoxidizer compounds instead of nitrate mixtures, which are not always commercially available. The effects of the following parameters on the production of Li4SiO4 were studied: (1) different lithium hydroxide:silicic acid:urea (LiOH:H2SiO3:CH4N2O) molar ratios; (2) the presence of air flow in the furnace chamber; and (3) the furnace heating temperature. It was found that LiOH:H2SiO3:CH4N2O molar ratios 6:1:3 heated at 1100°C in the presence of additional air in the muffle chamber formed the best precursors to produce Li4SiO4.
The changing balance of government and family in care for the elderly in Sweden and other European countries
Authors: Sundström Gerdt , Johansson Lennarth 
Published: June 2005

Patterns of care for the elderly have changed dramatically in Sweden over the post‐war years, and new trends have emerged in the last decade. Relatively fewer elderly are institutionalised or use public Home Help and more are helped by family members. The family structure of the elderly in Sweden is more favourable today than before for providing help: more elders are married (or cohabit) and stay married longer and more of them have children and other kin than previously. Although old parents and their offspring very seldom live together, they often do not live far apart. Social services increasingly target elders who are short on kin, very frail and live alone, a pattern that is common in European countries. Both carers and cared‐for elderly persons want shared responsibility, that state and family together provide for frail elders. Paradoxically, more elders are cared for longer and more by their families, but eventually also a larger proportion of elders than before use public services; in particular, more elderly persons now use institutional care for some period before the end of their life than previously. This paper draws on evidence across 50 years of shifting patterns in Swedish old age care and makes comparisons with living arrangements and patterns of care in several western European countries. ‘Cast me not off in the time of old age; forsake me not when my strength faileth’.
Text on a gravestone from 1702 at Fiskebäck chapel, Sweden, from the King James Bible, Psalm 71 Verse 9.
Functional ankle control of rock climbers
Authors: Schweizer A , Bircher H-P , Kaelin X , Ochsner P E 
Published: June 2005

Objective:To evaluate whether rock climbing type exercise would be of value in rehabilitating ankle injuries to improve ankle stability and coordination.Methods:A group of 25 rock climbers was compared with a group of 26 soccer players. All were male, uninjured, and exercised three to four times a week. Active ankle stability was evaluated by one leg stand stabilometry (measurement of migration of the centre of gravity) and measurements of maximum strength of ankle isokinetic concentric flexion and extension (Cybex).Results:The rock climbers showed significantly better results in the stabilometry and greater absolute and relative maximum strength of flexion in the ankle. The soccer players showed greater absolute but not relative strength in extension.Conclusion:Rock climbing, because of its slow and controlled near static movements, may be of value in the treatment of functional ankle instability. However, it has still to be confirmed whether it is superior to the usual rehabilitation exercises such as use of the wobble board.
Risk of cervical injuries in mixed martial arts
Authors: Kochhar T , Back D L , Mann B , Skinner J 
Published: June 2005

Background:Mixed martial arts have rapidly succeeded boxing as the world’s most popular full contact sport, and the incidence of injury is recognised to be high.Objective:To assess qualitatively and quantitatively the potential risk for participants to sustain cervical spine and associated soft tissue injuries.Methods:Four commonly performed manoeuvres with possible risks to the cervical spine were analysed with respect to their kinematics, and biomechanical models were constructed.Results:Motion analysis of two manoeuvres revealed strong correlations with rear end motor vehicle impact injuries, and kinematics of the remaining two suggested a strong risk of injury. Mathematical models of the biomechanics showed that the forces involved are of the same order as those involved in whiplash injuries and of the same magnitude as compression injuries of the cervical spine.Conclusions:This study shows that there is a significant risk of whiplash injuries in this sport, and there are no safety regulations to address these concerns.
Lactate threshold responses to a season of professional British youth soccer
Authors: McMillan K , Helgerud J , Grant S J , Newell J , Wilson J , Macdonald R , Hoff J 
Published: June 2005

Objective:To examine the changes in aerobic endurance performance of professional youth soccer players throughout the soccer season.Methods:Nine youth soccer players were tested at six different time points throughout the soccer season by sub-maximal blood lactate assessment, using an incremental treadmill protocol. Whole blood lactate concentration and heart frequency (Hf) were determined at each exercise stage. Running velocities at the first lactate inflection point (v-Tlac) and at a blood lactate concentration of 4 mmol l−1(v-4mM) were determined.Results:Running velocity at the two lactate thresholds increased from the start of pre-season training to the early weeks of the competitive season, from 11.67 (0.29) to 12.96 (0.28) km h−1forv-Tlac, and from 13.62 (0.25) to 14.67 (0.24) km h−1forv-4mM (p<0.001). However,v-Tlacandv-4mM when expressed relative to maximum heart frequency (Hfmax) remained unchanged. The Hf to blood lactate concentration relationship was unchanged after the pre-season training period. The two expressions of lactate threshold did not reveal differences between each other.Conclusion:Running velocity atv-Tlacandv-4mM increased significantly over the pre-season period, butv-Tlacandv-4mM were unchanged when expressed relative to Hfmax. This finding may indicate that increased endurance performance may be mainly attributable to alterations in Vo2max. Although lactate assessment of soccer players is useful for determining endurance training adaptations in soccer players, additional assessment of the other two determinants of endurance performance (Vo2maxand running economy) may provide more useful information for determining physiological adaptations resulting from soccer training and training interventions.