bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE PRODUCTION AND PREVENTION OF DIETARY HEPATIC INJURY IN RATS
Authors: György Paul , Goldblatt Harry 
Published: June 2004

The present report on experimental hepatic injury is based on observations amassed during the last 9 years, comprising 1922 rats.
It has been shown that there are several dietary factors which may intervene, singly or in combination, in the development of massive or zonal hepatic necrosis. Deficiency of sulfur-containing amino acids is only one of them. From the present studies, tocopherol emerges as an additional protective dietary factor. With regard to the development of massive hepatic necrosis tocopherol may compensate for the absence of sulfur-containing amino acids (cystine, methionine) and vice versa. As a further factor, the quality of dietary fat should be taken into consideration. Fats, like lard and cod liver oil, with a high content of unsaturated fatty acids enhance, whereas fats low in unsaturated fatty acids, such as crisco and butter, retard or prevent the development of massive hepatic necrosis.
It is questionable whether with all these dietary factors the etiology of massive hepatic necrosis is completely defined.
The interchangeability of sulfur-containing amino acids (cystine, methionine) and vitamin E as leading etiologic factors makes it difficult to accept pure deficiency as the basis of massive hepatic necrosis. The rôle of possible endogenous hepatotoxic substances and their neutralization by cystine (methionine) or tocopherol are discussed.
Diffuse hepatic fibrosis is a regular occurrence in rats kept for 100 to 150 days on a diet low in lipotropic factors. Cystine, and, among the fats, lard and especially cod liver oil, have an enhancing effect on the production of hepatic cirrhosis. In rats fed rations free from cod liver oil, and with vegetable shortening such as crisco as source of fat, the incidence and severity of cirrhosis are reduced.
Ceroid deposit accompanies cirrhosis only in rats which have been kept on a cirrhosis-producing diet containing fats with a high content of unsaturated fatty acids (cod liver oil, lard). Tocopherol, even when given in excessively large doses (30 mg. daily) will not prevent the formation of ceroid, and will reduce only slightly its total quantity. Under the same treatment the incidence and intensity of cirrhosis remain uninfluenced.
Cellular injury in the form of degenerated or necrotic hepatic parenchymal cells, found singly or in small groups in and around the fibrous bands in the cirrhotic liver of rats, is a common occurrence. The fibrotic changes seem to begin, not in the portal spaces, but close to the central vein, although they are not as distinctly and exclusively pericentral as, for instance, in cardiac cirrhosis. Thus, experimental dietary cirrhosis is non-portal.
The role of fat infiltration is discussed with special reference to the other microscopic changes found in hepatic cirrhosis.
Acute necrotizing nephrosis or various stages of healing of this process are often found with great frequency in rats kept on a cirrhosis-producing diet.
INDUCTION OF METASTASIS OF FROG CARCINOMA BY INCREASE OF ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE
Authors: Lucké Balduin , Schlumberger Hans 
Published: June 2004

Metastasis of the kidney carcinoma of leopard frogs (Rana pipiens) has been induced by exposing tumor-bearing animals for approximately 50 days to a constant temperature of 28°C. Under these conditions 54 per cent of the frogs developed secondary growths, whereas in groups kept at 18° or at 7° metastatic dissemination was found in only 6 per cent. Moreover, at the elevated temperature the metastases were usually more numerous and more widely disseminated; they were also fairly uniform in size, suggesting that they had developed at nearly the same time.
Dissemination of the kidney tumors was influenced by the nutritional state of the frogs, occurring more readily in well nourished than in poorly nourished animals.
Periodic Roentgen ray examinations showed that the size of the primary tumors was not significantly or uniformly affected during the course of the experiments. No correlation was found between change in size of the kidney tumors and the incidence of their metastasis.
Although the mechanism by which temperature induces metastasis of frog carcinoma cannot as yet be elucidated, previous experiments with this tumor indicate that certain factors at least may be involved: Elevation of temperature has been found to cause more ready detachment of cells of frog carcinoma in tissue culture; to bring about increased velocity of locomotion of the detached cells; to lead more promptly and efficiently to vascularization of transplants; and to effect their greater invasiveness.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE PREGNANT RAT INJECTED WITH NEPHROTOXIC RABBIT ANTI-RAT PLACENTA SERUM AND DESOXYCORTICOSTERONE ACETATE
Authors: Loeb Emily N. , Knowlton Abbie I. , Stoerk Herbert C. , Seegal Beatrice C. 
Published: June 2004

1. Pregnancy enhances the susceptibility of the rat to intercurrent renal damage produced by anti-placenta serum. This is manifested by the development of renal hypertrophy and nephritis in a number of these animals. Both renal hypertrophy and nephritis are consistently intensified by the concomitant administration of DCA.
2. Hypertension develops in both pregnant and non-pregnant rats treated with the anti-placenta serum employed together with the daily administration of DCA.
3. Termination of pregnancy, in the face of continued DCA administration, fails to lower the blood pressure or to arrest the nephritic process.
QUANTITATIVE STUDIES ON THE TOTAL PLASMIN AND THE TRYPSIN INHIBITOR OF HUMAN BLOOD SERUM
Authors: Todd Edgar W. 
Published: June 2004

The total plasmin and the trypsin inhibitor were titrated separately in samples of serum taken at weekly intervals from three different groups of scarlet fever patients: (a) those who did not develop any complications, (b) those who developed purulent complications, and (c) those who developed rheumatic fever.
When these determinations were plotted, it was found that the resulting curves showed characteristic patterns for each of the diseases investigated.
The uncomplicated cases had plasmin curves which were considerably higher on the charts than the inhibitor curves.
The septic cases had plasmin and inhibitor curves which were closer together on the charts.
The rheumatic cases had plasmin and inhibitor curves which were close together and which crossed at the time of rheumatic activity so that the inhibitor curve reached a higher level than the plasmin curve.
DIETARY EFFECTS ON ANEMIA PLUS HYPOPROTEINEMIA IN DOGS
Authors: Robscheit-Robbins F. S. , Whipple G. H. 
Published: June 2004

Casein (purified or commercial) in this type of experiment falls in the top bracket as a protein consistently favorable for maximal new hemoglobin and plasma protein production in doubly depleted dogs (anemic and hypo-proteinemic).
Lactalbumin is less favorable for total blood protein production and the ratio of plasma protein to hemoglobin is high—that is lactalbumin favors plasma protein production as compared with casein, or is less favorable for hemoglobin production.
Peanut flour (purified or commercial) is less than half as effective as casein in promoting new blood protein production. The ratio of plasma protein to hemoglobin is about the same as casein.
Wheat gluten as tested is distasteful to dogs. It is neither very good nor very poor for blood protein production when it is eaten. There is nothing unusual about the response. Weight loss usually confuses the picture.
Liver stands as a control base line for the above experiments. Its capacity to further hemoglobin and plasma protein production is well established. The production of hemoglobin was about 3 times that of plasma protein in the experiments.
IMMOBILIZATION OF TREPONEMA PALLIDUM IN VITRO BY ANTIBODY PRODUCED IN SYPHILITIC INFECTION
Authors: Nelson Robert A. , Mayer Manfred M. ,   With the Assistance of Judith A. Diesendruck, Sc.D., and John T. Eagan
Published: June 2004

Treponema pallida were extracted from rabbit testicular syphilomas and suspended in a special medium in which the organisms remain motile and infectious for several days. On incubation of such suspensions with syphilitic rabbit or human sera and guinea pig complement, the treponemes became non-motile and lost their capacity to infect rabbits. Various factors affecting this immobilization have been investigated.
In a preliminary survey of individual sera, immobilizing antibody could be detected in the majority of sera from syphilitic animals and human beings, but was absent in almost all the normal sera examined.
It could be demonstrated that the immobilizing and reagin activities of syphilis sera are due to separate antibodies.
ADDITIVE EFFECTS OF CERTAIN TRANSFORMING AGENTS FROM SOME VARIANTS OF PNEUMOCOCCUS
Authors: Taylor Harriett E. 
Published: June 2004

It has proved possible to transform an extreme rough variant of pneumococcus back to the rough state by the action of the desoxyribonucleate fractions of either rough or Type III smooth pneumococci. In a second step, the rough pneumococci produced by this transformation were further changed to the Type III smooth state by means of the desoxyribonucleate fraction of Type III smooth organisms. With use of the Type III desoxyribonucleate, the two steps could be accomplished successively, but not simultaneously, during the growth of a single inoculum of the extreme rough form.
These findings have been interpreted as indicating that the desoxyribonucleic acid fraction of Type III smooth pneumococci contains two transforming principles of differing specificity, while the same fraction of rough pneumococci contains but one of these principles.
Two distinct spontaneous variants of Type III smooth pneumococci have been isolated which seem to differ from normal Type III smooth pneumococci in synthesizing smaller amounts of the specific polysaccharide. Tests have indicated that these variant Type III races differ from the normal in possessing altered Type III transforming principles. Each of the new transforming agents when influencing rough bacteria, is strictly specific in its action, inducing as it does the formation of the corresponding variant Type III pneumococci.
Interaction between the two new transforming principles and rough pneumococci can lead to the production of normal Type III organisms, although neither principle alone can do it. This is interpreted as indicating that the two mutated Type III transforming principles are qualitatively different from each other.
Another kind of two-step transformation was accomplished by converting rough pneumococci first into the variant Type III pneumococci which produced very little specific polysaccharide, and then by transforming these latter into normal Type III organisms.
After the two-step transformation of the extreme rough pneumococcus, both transforming principles used to effect this can be recognized in the Type III smooth pneumococci finally recovered. By contrast, in the two-step transformation of the rough pneumococcus by way of an intermediate smooth form, only the second transforming principle can be obtained from the resulting fully smooth organisms.
The meaning of these facts is discussed.
ACQUISITION OF M PROTEIN BY PNEUMOCOCCI THROUGH TRANSFORMATION REACTIONS
Authors: Austrian Robert , MacLeod Colin M. 
Published: June 2004

Acquisition by pneumococcal variants of M protein and of capsular polysaccharide different from those present in the parent strain has been effected in vitro by means of transforming reactions with extracts of heterologous encapsulated pneumococci. Similar transformations have been accomplished in vivo with heat-killed vaccines as the transforming agents.
Independent variation of pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide and M protein observed in nature can be brought about also in the laboratory. By means of transforming reactions, it has been demonstrated that inheritable characters of three distinct pneumococcal strains can be combined within a single strain.
It is suggested that acquisition of M protein through transformation reactions occurs in cells deficient in that character.
THE RÔLE OF THE "WAX" OF THE TUBERCLE BACILLUS IN ESTABLISHING DELAYED HYPERSENSITIVITY
Authors: Raffel Sidney , Arnaud Louis E. , Dukes C. Dean , Huang Jwo S. 
Published: June 2004

Guinea pigs sensitized with egg albumin along with the purified wax fraction of the human tubercle bacillus respond with delayed hypersensitive reactivity to the protein antigen. Previous publications have reported a similar activity of the wax with respect to tuberculoprotein and picryl chloride. The effect is not referable to an ordinary adjuvant activity of the bacillary wax, since antibody titers are not increased in animals which receive it, and since a known adjuvant, water-in-oil emulsion, has no effect with respect to the induction of delayed hypersensitivity.
This report further extends the rôle of the tubercle bacillary wax in the induction of delayed hypersensitive states.
ISOLATION FROM CASES OF INFANTILE DIARRHEA OF A FILTRABLE AGENT CAUSING DIARRHEA IN CALVES
Authors: Light Jacob S. , Hodes Horace L. 
Published: June 2004

From instances of diarrhea of the newborn in four separate hospital outbreaks a filtrable agent was isolated which regularly produced diarrhea in calves. This agent appeared to have the characteristics of a filtrable virus.
The four strains of virus isolated in the outbreaks studied appeared to be identical or very closely related.
The virus was not found present in the stools of any of eight normal newborn infants or five normal calves.
Evidence is presented that the virus may be one of the causes of epidemic diarrhea of the newborn.
HISTOCHEMICAL CHANGES IN LYMPHOCYTES DURING THE PRODUCTION OF ANTIBODIES IN LYMPH NODES OF RABBITS
Authors: Harris T. N. , Harris Susanna 
Published: June 2004

Following the injection of various antigenic and non-antigenic materials into the foot-pads of rabbits, the draining (popliteal) lymph nodes were removed on successive days and studied histologically, chemically, and serologically. On the 2nd day after injection of antigen, nucleoli and cytoplasmic granules and crescents stained with pyronine began to appear. They were found first in somewhat altered reticulum cells, later in transitional forms, then in young lymphocytes, and finally in more mature lymphocytes. The identity of this pyronine-stained material as ribonucleic acid was demonstrated by specific digestion with protease-free ribonuclease.
The concentration of ribonucleic acid was determined in aqueous extracts of the lymph nodes. It was observed that the concentration had risen to more than twice its normal value by the 2nd to 5th day following the injection of antigens into the foot, and then it declined. The peak of this change occurred at or slightly before the appearance of the maximal concentration of antibodies in the same node.
Non-antigenic materials, when injected into the foot, did not give rise to an increase in the ribonucleic acid content of the lymph node.
The concentration of desoxyribonucleic acid was constant in all lymph nodes, within the limits of experimental variation.
CANINE HEMOPHILIA
Authors: Graham John B. , Buckwalter Joseph A. , Hartley L. J. , Brinkhous Kenneth M. 
Published: June 2004

A study was made of the clotting defect and the course of the malady in a group of male dogs with an inherited, sex-linked bleeding disease. The clotting defect is characterized by a prolonged clotting time and a delayed prothrombin utilization, and is corrected by the addition either of thromboplastin or of normal plasma. A plasma protein fraction, fraction I, also corrects the defect. The defect appears to be due to a deficiency of a plasma factor, which normally, in the presence of platelets, makes thromboplastin available in shed blood. The clotting anomaly appears to be identical with that found in human hemophilia.
The hemostatic defect is characterized by repeated hemorrhages, usually without obvious relationship to trauma. Hemarthroses occur frequently and may result in permanent joint deformity. The animals usually die early in life from massive hemorrhage.
Transfusions with normal blood or plasma correct the clotting defect and readily control the hemorrhagic phenomena. By the use of transfusions, these dogs have been reared to maturity.
PROTEIN METABOLISM AND EXCHANGE AS INFLUENCED BY CONSTRICTION OF THE VENA CAVA
Authors: McKee Frank W. , Hyatt Robert E. , Wilt William G. , Tishkoff Garson H. , Whipple George H. 
Published: June 2004

Further studies of ascitic fluid production and related factors in dogs with constriction of the vena cava above the diaphragm are reported.
Whole dog plasma given intravenously to such animals produces a rise in circulating plasma protein to normal levels, but increases the output of ascitic fluid with a loss of protein via the ascites equivalent to 72, 76, and 65 per cent respectively, of the injected protein.
Forced ingestion of water in excess of the test animal's normal needs and desires produces no significant changes in the circulating plasma protein level or in ascitic fluid production.
Amino acid growth mixtures given intravenously in distilled water cause weight loss, elevation of circulating plasma proteins, a slightly negative nitrogen balance, but no ascitic fluid production.
Amino acid growth mixtures given intravenously in normal saline cause depression of the circulating plasma proteins, negative nitrogen balance, and significant ascitic fluid production.
Ascitic fluid given intravenously to the test animals causes a marked depression of circulating plasma proteins, a marked increase in ascitic fluid production containing the equivalent of 116 and 98 per cent of the injected protein, and a negative nitrogen balance.
Ascitic fluid given orally produces a marked depression of circulating plasma proteins, and a marked increase in ascitic fluid secretion, containing the equivalent of 66, 66, and 54 per cent respectively, of the ingested protein.
Sodium chloride is a dominant factor in some of these experiments where abundant ascites production is recorded. Protein levels and intake are important, but take second place to sodium.
Ascitic fluids show electrophoretic patterns which are almost identical to the plasma patterns. The A/G ratios are often equal in ascitic fluid and plasma, sometimes even lower in the ascitic fluid. This emphasizes the ease with which globulins pass cell or other membrane barriers in these experiments.
LACK OF IDENTITY IN NEUTRALIZING AND HEMAGGLUTINATION-INHIBITING ANTIBODIES AGAINST INFLUENZA VIRUSES
Authors: Walker Duard L. , Horsfall Frank L. 
Published: June 2004

There is an exponential linear relationship between the quantity of influenza virus neutralized and the quantity of immune serum employed in in ovo neutralization. The slope of the neutralization line is extremely steep. The concentration of neutralizing antibody can be measured with considerable precision in ovo if the constant virus-varying serum technique is utilized.
The amounts of hemagglutination-inhibiting and neutralizing antibodies which are absorbed by a given quantity of influenza virus (PR8) were found to be predictable and the degree of reactivity of these two antibodies was shown to be directly related to the extent of immunization. It was demonstrated that there are marked discrepancies in correlation between antibody titers obtained by in vitro hemagglutination-inhibition and in vivo neutralization techniques and that neutralizing antibody is preferentially absorbed by a given quantity of virus. Inasmuch as the results were found not to be attributable to peculiarities of the techniques employed, it appears that the antibodies measured by hemagglutination-inhibition in vitro and by neutralization in vivo are not identical.
THE CIRCULATION OF ASCITIC FLUID
Authors: McKee Frank W. , Wilt William G. , Hyatt Robert E. , Whipple George H. 
Published: June 2004

After plasma containing labeled plasma protein has been given intraperitoneally to dogs with experimental ascites a steady and rather rapid movement takes place of the labeled protein into the circulating blood.
When plasma containing labeled plasma protein has been injected intravenously into the ascitic dog the labeled protein steadily disappears from the circulating blood and appears promptly and steadily in the ascitic fluid.
The period of complete exchange or turnover in either instance is measured in days (2 to 7), but many factors enter in and make for variation.
Lysine labeled with radio carbon is incorporated into the plasma proteins by feeding the donor dog.
These experiments emphasize the ready exchange of proteins in the plasma with those in the ascitic pool and vice versa. This exchange may be termed circulation of ascitic protein.
STUDIES ON THE VIRULENCE OF TUBERCLE BACILLI
Authors: Bloch Hubert 
Published: June 2004

The bacillary cords characteristic for virulent tubercle bacilli are readily disrupted when wet bacilli are suspended in hydrocarbons such as paraffin oil or petroleum ether.
The disruption of cords is due to the removal of a material coating the surface of the bacilli and causing them to adhere to each other.
This material can be obtained from virulent bacilli by extracting them with petroleum ether. It is a lipid. Avirulent variants of tubercle bacilli do not yield a similar material after extraction in the same manner; only little of it is obtained from BCG bacilli.
The following properties of the fraction obtained by petroleum ether extraction are described:
(a) It inhibits the migration of leukocytes in vitro.
(b) If repeatedly injected in small doses into mice, it is toxic, whereas a single high dose does not give rise to toxic manifestations.
(c) The susceptibility of mice to the toxic action of repeated injections parallels to some extent their degree of susceptibility to infection with the strain of tubercle bacilli from which the fraction was obtained.
(d) The injection of the extracted material into guinea pigs does not induce a state of allergic reactivity toward tuberculin.
Likewise, tuberculin-positive guinea pigs do not show hypersensitivity against injections of the extracted substance.
Bacilli extracted with petroleum ether do not lose their viability. They grow out normally in vitro, and they are still pathogenic. However, the removal of the petroleum ether-soluble lipid from the bacilli results in a loss of the ability of the organisms to inhibit the migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Moreover, mice and guinea pigs infected with extracted bacilli may develop tuberculosis considerably slower than animals injected with comparable amounts of unextracted organisms.
The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to the problem of the virulence of tubercle bacilli.
DETERMINATION OF DIFFERENCES IN VIRULENCE OF STRAINS OF SALMONELLA TYPHOSA
Authors: Batson H. C. , Landy Maurice , Brown Martha 
Published: June 2004

An investigation is reported of a comparison by three methods of the degree and certainty of differentiation of strains of S. typhosa of different virulence for mice. These methods were (a) intracerebral injection, (b) intraperitoneal injection of saline suspensions, and (c) intraperitoneal injection of mucin suspensions of the test organisms.
With the strains of S. typhosa employed, differentiation was questionable by the intracerebral method, somewhat more marked by the intraperitoneal-saline suspension method, and most definite by the intraperitoneal-mucin suspension method.
Differentiation of the strains employed was found to be independent of the presence or absence of Vi antigen and apparently was more dependent upon the method of testing than upon any known differences in biological characteristics of the organisms.