bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Love and Respect in the Doctrine of Virtue
Authors: Baron Marcia W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In speaking of laws of duty (not laws of nature) and, among these, of laws for human beings’ external relations with one another, we consider ourselves in a moral (intelligible) world where, by analogy with the physical world, attraction and repulsion bind together rational beings (on earth). The principle of mutual love admonishes them constantly to come closer to one another; that of the respect they owe one another, to keep themselves at a distance from one another; and should one of these great moral forces fail, ‘then nothingness (immorality), with gaping throat, would drink up the whole kingdom of(moral) beings like a drop of water’ (if l may use Haller’swords, but in a different connection). (MS 6:449)
Free Will and Illusion
Authors: Smilansky Saul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Saul Smilansky presents an original treatment of the problem of free will, which lies at the heart of morality and human self-understanding. He maintains that we have most of the resources we need for a proper understanding of the problem; and the key to it is the role played by illusion. The major traditional philosophical approaches are inadequate, Smilansky argues: their partial insights need to be integrated into a hybrid view, which he calls Fundamental Dualism. Common views about justice, responsibility, human worth, and related notions are radically misguided, and the absurd looms large. We do, however, find some justification for enlightened moral views, and grounding for some of our most cherished views of human nature. The bold and perhaps disturbing claim of Free Will and Illusion is that we could not live adequately with a complete awareness of the truth about human freedom: illusion lies at the centre of the human condition. The necessity of illusion is seen to follow from the basic elements of the free will issue, helping keep our moral and psychological worlds intact. Smilansky offers the challenge of recognizing the centrality of illusion and trying to free ourselves to some extent from it; this is not only a philosophical challenge, but a moral and psychological one as well.
Options for Consequentialism
Authors: Mulgan Tim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are many ways Consequentialists might respond to the Demanding- ness Objection. We can introduce these by breaking the objection down into a cluster of separate arguments of the following form: Consequentialism makes demand D; D is an unreasonable demand for a moral theory to make; therefore, Consequentialism makes unreasonable demands. For any argument of this form, Consequentialists can deny either premiss. Faced with any alleged demand, they can either deny that Consequentialism makes that demand, or deny that this is unreasonable. As we shall see, most Consequentialist responses to the Demandingness Objection combine these two moves.
The Morality of Reciprocity
Authors: Mulgan Tim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter revisits the discussions of Part Two in the light of the distinction between the two moral realms. This discussion will play three roles. It serves: to illustrate the significance of the different realms; to explain why Collective Consequentialism fails; and to show how Collective Consequentialist theories can nonetheless be successfully incorporated into the new Consequentialist moral theory to be developed in the final chapter.
The Messalian Controversy: History And Texts
Authors: Stewart Columba 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The history of the Messalian controversy up to 431 can be divided into three phases. First, there is the emergence into public view of groups labelled as ‘Messalian’, described in sources datable to the 370s. It should be noted at the outset that the term ‘Messalian’ will be used in this study below when and as it appears in the sources, without suggesting a uniform taxonomy for all groups labelled as such. During the initial period these ‘Messalians’ were active in Mesopotamia, perhaps particularly in Osrhoene. Second, there are condemnations of Messalian ideas and leaders by local councils c.380-90. The trial of a Messalian leader at Antioch is the major event noted in the sources, but there is also clear evidence of the spread of people and ideas described as Messalian to Armenia and Pamphylia. Third, in the 420s and 430s there is the most intense period of anti-Messalian activity, directed by Asian bishops and ratified at the highest levels of ecclesiastical authority.
Frequencies and Forms of Phrasal Lexemes in English
Authors: Moon Rosamund 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter reports some of the findings of research into English phrasal lexemes and their behaviour as evidenced in corpus text. This research was carried out in 1992–3, while I was working for Oxford University Press on a research collaboration, the Hector Project, with Digital Equipment Corporation’s Systems Research Center in Palo Alto, California.
Modern Lexicography: An Introduction
Authors: Béjoint Henri 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dictionaries of the national language of a country are an essential and quite frequently controversial part of social life and learning. This is an account of how such dictionaries are made, how they are used, and the issues and problems that face their writers and editors. It is wide-ranging, scholarly, and readable. The author gives a concise history of the general-purpose dictionary, describing both the main approaches to dictionary making and the main kinds of dictionary . After comparing the different lexicographical traditions of Great Britain and the USA, and considering the roles of dictionaries in those countries, Dr Béjoint explores the linguistic problems in such matters as distinguishing meanings, writing definition, providing synonyms, etc. He ends with a discussion of current lexicographical trends.
Null Subjects and Control
Authors: Gary Miller D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The standard, albeit problematical, assumption that PRO and pro are distinct is retained as a working hypothesis. Safir (1996: 84ff.) discusses criteria to differentiate PRO and pro: (i) pro, but not PRO, can be a resumptive pronoun in relative clauses in null subject languages; (ii) pro, but not PRO, can be an expletive; (iii) the same arbitrary interpretation of PRO is required in each member of a conjoined clause (type to raise the rent is to irritate the tenants). Moreover, PRO does not show weak crossover effects, in contrast to pro and lexical subjects. Also, pro has inherent phi features, PRO does not, which explains why pro is associated with person agreement in languages with inflected infinitives but PRO is not. Finally, pro behaves like a lexical D/NP in needing case, while PRO requires only licensing.
A Typology of Evidential Markers in Sinitic Languages
Authors: Chappell Hilary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this study, I argue that the experiential aspect marker in Sinitic languages should be reclassified as an evidential marker based on its semantic characteristics. The analysis shows that the relevant marker in each Sinitic language is used to express the speaker os commitment to the truth of the proposition, specifically, certainty about prior occurrence of an event in its core use. Furthermore, this is founded on either direct observation or knowledge, if not an inference from an observable result state which is made by the speaker.1 On the basis of data from eight Chinese languages, I first discuss why the experiential aspect is, in essence, an evidential marker; next, I outline the two main paths of grammaticalization in Sinitic languages; and finally, I address core and non-core semantic features as a reflection of morphosyntactic and semantic variation within Sinitic languages. I use the framework of prototype theory to analyse the evidential in terms of a radial category (Jurafsky 1997). This is the first study to analyse this grammatical category in Sinitic languages as a whole.
Verb Complement Constructions in Chinese Dialects: Types and Markers
Authors: Lamarre Christine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This study of verb complement (or buyu ;ff!iil\!f ) constructions in Chinese dialects deals particularly with the postverbal markers introducing these complements from the point of view of comparative dialectal grammar. The discussion thus includes most of the complements (C) introduced by particle DE 1f in Standard Mandarin, such as the complements describing the manner of the action expressed by the verb (V), or the complements that express the extent reached by this action (or state).
Markers of Predication in Shang Bone Inscriptions
Authors: Djamouri Redouane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this analysis, I examine five markers in the Shang bone inscriptions of the Pre-Archaic Chinese period which enable us to formally identify a predicate. The definition adopted here for the notion of predicate is that proposed by the struc turalist point of view, notably in the tradition of Tesniere (1959) and Reichenbach (1966).
Aspects of Historical Comparative Syntax: Functions of Prepositions in Taiwanese and Mandarin
Authors: Li Ying-Che 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this analysis of the comparison of major categories of prepositions in Taiwanese Southern Min and Mandarin, I discuss three main areas: (1) syntactic functions and membership; (2) certain observed differences in the historical development of these prepositions in the two languages; and (3) observations from the perspectives of competing change (W. S.-Y. Wang 1969). The third topic includes consideration of syntactic re-analysis, degree of refinement through expansion and other means, special diachronic incorporation processes, and distance in historical relationship due to genetic subgrouping and syntactic differences. The Min dialects are spoken by forty million people in Fujian province; Taiwan; and other parts of southern coastal China, while Mandarin is spoken by more than 700 million people in northern, central, and south-western China (Ramsey 1987).
Phonology, Phonetics, and Cognition
Authors: Durand Jacques , Laks Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Phonetics and phonology have emerged as independent disciplines during the twentieth century. For somebody who does not know the field of language studies, the existence of two disciplines which are so similar and yet so different, both dedicated to the study of sounds, is rather strange. At least two types of explanation are possible for this state of affairs: one consists in invoking the accidental juxtaposition of historical persons and events, the other in invoking substantive issues and research programmes.
Fossil Markers of Language Development: Phonological ‘Deafnesses’ in Adult Speech Processing
Authors: Dupoux Emmanuel , Peperkamp Sharon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent research has demonstrated that language acquisition begins at a very early age and proceeds at an amazingly fast pace. During the first year of life, infants find out important parts of the phonological structure of their maternal language and begin to recognize and store frequent words. One crucial question for models oflanguage acquisition concerns the mechanisms underlying these developments. The names of the authors are in alphabetic order. Research for this chapter was supported by a Fyssen grant to the second author. We would like to thank Leticia Maria Sicuro Correa, Anne Christophe, Frarn;:ois Dell, Jacques Mehler, Marina Nespor, and Franck Ramus for comments and discussion.
Syllabic Constraints and Constraint Conflicts in Loanword Adaptations, Aphasic Speech, and Children’s Errors
Authors: Paradis Carole , Béland Renée 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a longitudinal case study, Beland and Paradis (1997) compared the syllabic errors-defined as segment insertion and deletion (as opposed toWe would like to thank the audience at the ‘Current Trends in Phonology II’ Conference, held at the Abbey of Royaumont near Paris in 1998, where a preliminary version of this chapter was presented. We are particularly grateful to Steve Anderson, John Goldsmith, Janet Pierrehumbert, Jean-Frarn;:ois Prunet, and Annie Rialland for their illuminating comments and challenging questions. We are also deeply indebted to Isabelle McClish and Joel Macoir for their work with the second aphasic patient of our study, to Claudine Blouin, Andre Courcy, Yannique Laplame, and Myriam Baba’i for their work with the children of our study, and to Darlene LaCharite for her feedback on this version of the article vis-a-vis both substance and exposition. We acknowledge SSHRC grants 4ro-97-r446 (C.P.) and 4ro-96-r467 (R.B.) and FCAR grant 98-ER-2305 (C.P. and R.B.).
Phonology in a Theory of Perception-for-Action-Control
Authors: Schwartz Jean-Luc , Abry Christian , Boë Louis-Jean , Cathiard Marie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The whole story told in this book is likely to be a story of boundaries and links. The cognition programme was basically based on links between disciplines, while the phonology programme, on the contrary, started with the elaboration of boundaries . . . hence the interest of the present book. In fact, it is our deep belief that the whole story of speech itself is a story of links, and we shall attempt here to present an integrated framework in which it is the relationships between perception, action control, and phonology which are at the core of the study, rather than perception, action, or phonology independently of each other.
Lexicalist Connectionism
Authors: Macwhinney Brian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Linguistic behaviour is governed by a rigid set of social conventions or ‘rules’. If we wake up one morning and decide deliberately to throw all these conventions to the wind, no one would understand us. Indeed, even our best friends might think we had gone quite insane. In everyday language, we could say that we had decided to ‘break the rules’ of English grammar. Of course, force of habit keeps us from striking off on this iconoclastic course. Having spent so many years of our lives cooperatively following ‘the rules’, it is easier to continue to follow them, rather than wandering off into new territory. This view of linguistic rules as social conventions and habits is grounded firmly on everyday experience and common sense. I think it is a view that virtually everyone accepts.
Mechanisms of landmark use in mammals and birds
Authors: Cheng Ken , Spetch Marcia L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many animals face the problem of returning to a place that they have visited before. The place may be a home, a food site or a nest for one’s offspring. The female digger wasp, for example, digs nests in the ground in which she lays eggs. The future larvae must be provisioned with food, and thus the wasp faces the problem of returning to her nests after foraging for food. For the digger wasp, reproductive success depends heavily on place finding. Food-storing birds must return to a number of places at which they have stored food (see Sherry and Healy, Chapter 8). And any home-based animal that ever ventures forth faces the problem of returning home. Diverse place-finding mechanisms are thus commonly found in the animal kingdom.
Places and landmarks: an arthropod perspective
Authors: Collett Thomas S , Zeil* Jochen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many arthropods lead complex lives in which they need to travel regularly between several familiar places. Significant places for an arthropod include those where it can gather food, water and nest material, sites for mating and aggregation, perching sites, communal sleeping sites and, most importantly, nest sites. The variety of activities and resources associated with these different places emphasises that it is not sufficient to know and to remember topography. In some way there must be an association of particular sites with the resources that they offer. We start with a brief survey of the arthropods’ use and knowledge of places. We then go on to consider how arthropods employ landmarks for finding and recognising places.
Ammonium, oxonium and sulfonium ylides
Authors: West Frederick G , Clark J Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Generation of ammonium ylides from tertiary amines and metallocarbenes offers several advantages over other methods. In contrast to stepwise approaches involving initial N-quaternization followed by either deprotonation or desilylation, the carbenoid method furnishes the desired ylide intermediates directly. Moreover, there is no ambiguity as to the site of ylide formation, whereas deprotonation of quaternary ammonium salts may occur at more than one site. On the other hand, carbene-based methods lead to chemoselectivity concerns, as addition to heteroatom lone pairs is only one of many possible reaction pathways. In this regard, metallocarbenes are superior to thermally or photochemically generated ‘free’ carbenes, as their reactivity is moderated sufficiently to permit selective reaction with the most electronrich moiety available (typically the basic amine).
Pharmacology of cytokines
Authors: Mantovani A , Dinarello C A , Ghezzi P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cytokines are polypeptide mediators which act as communication signals among cells of the immune system as well as among other cells and tissues in the body. They are a heterogeneous and complex group and include interferons, tumor necrosis factor and chemokines. They play a key role in homeostasis and in host defence and are involved in such inflammatory and autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis as well as infectious diseases such as HIV infection and septic shock. Modulation of the production and action of cytokines, as well as their exploitation as therapeutic agents, has been the object of intense and competitive research. This book overviews the field of cytokine research and describes the various approaches that have been taken to develop the pharmacology of these novel mediators. The pharmacology of cytokines is an exploding area which is entering the clinical arena. The book, in the framework of the immunobiology of cytokines, examines the interactions with the cytokine system of a variety of compounds ranging from simple synthetic chemicals to biotechnological products. In addition to examining individual agents and approaches, the book examines the pathophysiology of individual body systems and analysis specific contexts for the pathophysiology of these mediators as well as pharmacological approaches for their control.
The Molecular and Supramolecular Chemistry of Carbohydrates: Chemical Introduction to the Glycosciences
Authors: David Serge 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is currently a great deal of interest in carbohydrate research among chemists and biologists, in both academic and industrial laboratories. One reason is the involvement of oligosaccharide molecules in many recognition phenomena in the living world. Another reason is the growing demand for chiral synthesissugars are an amazingly cheap source of chirality but must be efficiently processed. Thirdly the role of conformation in carbohydrate interactions has stimulated much experimental and theoretical work. There are causal links between advances in each of these fields, from molecular orbitals to immunochemistry, so that no research worker in his narrow specialisation can afford to ignore what is going on elsewhere. Thus a body of knowledge has been built from what is now called the 'glycosciences'. This book attempts to describe glycosciences in their true perspective. Organic chemistry is the backbone of the presentation, but carbohydrate chemistry offers a wealth of supramolecular associations. This book is unique, among similar texts on carbohydrates, in that half its content is devoted to the description of important examples of such interactions. The opening chapters deal with the problems of configuration, conformation, derivatization, and modifications of monosaccharides, with examples on their utilization in total synthesis. The anomeric effectthe most popular of all stereoelectronic effects, and a gift to carbohydrate chemists and chemists in generalis discussed at length. The following chapters deal with oligosaccharides; the essentials of enzymic synthesis, with its high performances; and the sialic acids, which are at the forefront of carbohydrate research. The author describes recognition reactions, including blood group phenomena, interactions involving sialic acids, the active site of heparin, tumour markers, and selectins. The association of sugars with small molecules, notably with inorganic species, is the subject of another chapter. Throughout the book, great attention has been given to practical details especially in the description of experiments involving unfamiliar techniques. Many tables, figures, diagrams, experimental protocols and a survey of the literature up to March 1996 will help the reader to understand the salient facts and visualize a broad spectrum of ideas.
Profinite Groups
Authors: Wilson John S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is the first book to be dedicated entirely to profinite groups, an area of algebra with important links to number theory and other areas of mathematics. It provides a comprehensive overview of the subject; prerequisite knowledge is kept to a minimum, and several major theorems are presented in an accessible form. The book would provide a valuable introduction for postgraduate students, or form a useful reference for researchers in other areas. The first few chapters lay the foundations and explain the role of profinite groups in number theory. Later chapters explore various aspects of profinite groups in more detail; these contain accessible and lucid accounts of many major theorems. Prerequisites are kept to a minimum with the basic topological theory summarized in an introductory chapter.
Zinc(II) Reagents
Authors: Oguni Nobuki 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are two kinds of organozinc compounds: Grignard-type reagents and dialkylzincs. Organozinc reagents have been used for the carbon-carbon bond-forming reactions, for example, Reformatsky and Simmons-Smith re actions. Nevertheless dialkylzinc compounds have been little used for organic reactions except organometallic component of Ziegler catalyst. After our first report of the discovery in 1883 on the enantioselective addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde catalyzed by chiral 13-aminoalcohols, this field of asymmetric carbon-carbon bond forming catalytic reaction was developed largely by many researchers. Also the asymmetric amplification, that is extreme amplification in enantioselectivity was found in this reaction and gave the extensive effect for all enantioselective catalytic reactions.
Chiral titanium complexes for enantioselective catalysis
Authors: Mikami Koichi , Terada Masahiro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Enantioselective catalysis is an economical and environmentally benign process, since it achieves ‘multiplication of chirality’1 thereby affording a large amount of the enantio-enriched product, while producing a small amount of waste material, due to the very small amount of chiral catalyst used. Thus, the development of enantioselective catalysts is a most challenging and formidable endeavour for synthetic organic chemists.2 3 Highly promising candidates for such enantioselective catalysts are metal complexes bearing chiral organic ligands. Thus, the choice of the central metal and the molecular design of the chiral organic ligand are most crucial for the development of enantioselective catalysts.