bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Home‐range use and intergroup encounters in western gorillas (Gorilla g. gorilla) at Lossi forest, North Congo
Authors: Bermejo M. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractI present data on home‐range use and types of intergroup encounters for one group (Apollo) of western gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) from a new study site in the Republic of Congo. The total home‐range size of the focal group, which I calculated by superimposing a 100 m × 100 m grid over the mapped daily path traveled, was 11 km2. The majority (73%) of the group's home range was used exclusively, although at the periphery it overlapped with the ranges of three other groups. Most encounters (86%) with other groups (n = 14) took place in the periphery of the home range, and appeared to involve access to fruit trees. The focal group silverback's encounters with solitary silverbacks occurred throughout the focal group's home range, did not involve access to fruit, and typically resulted in aggressive or avoidance behavior. The focal group silverback's response to other group males was more varied: it included tolerance (64%), avoidance (14%), and aggression (21%), and was dependent upon the identity of the extragroup male. The focal group exhibited an unusual form of tolerant behavior toward some other groups by occasionally forming “nesting supergroups” (two groups nested together overnight at distances of 30–50 m). The western gorillas at Lossi were somewhat fluid in their grouping. Subgrouping and supergrouping occurred, although more infrequently than reported previously, and with a new twist: subgrouping did not necessarily require a silverback's presence. I stress the need for intraspecific comparisons and more complete data sets on western gorilla social organization. Am J Primatol 64:223–232, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Connexin 32 promoter P2 mutations: A mechanism of peripheral nerve dysfunction
Authors: Houlden Henry , Girard Mathilde , Cockerell Charles , Ingram David , Wood Nicholas W. , Goossens Michel , Walker Rodney W. H. , Reilly Mary M. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractWe identified a large Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease family with a novel mutation in the Connexin 32 (Cx32) P2 promoter region at position −526bp. This mutation was in a highly conserved SOX10 binding site. Functional studies were conducted on the Cx32 promoter that showed that this mutation reduced the activity of the Cx32 promoter and the affinity for SOX10 binding. These data suggest that interaction between the Cx32 P2 promoter, SOX10, and EGR2 highlight a mechanism of peripheral nerve dysfunction. Ann Neurol, 2004
Prolongation of levodopa responses by glycineB antagonists in parkinsonian primates
Authors: Papa Stella M. , Auberson Yves P. , Greenamyre J. Timothy 
Published: October 2004

AbstractTo examine the antiparkinsonian effects of blocking glycineB receptors, we designed a pilot study testing the potent and selective antagonist, PAMQX, in 1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine‐treated primates. PAMQX had no intrinsic effects but markedly potentiated the antiparkinsonian action of levodopa. In a dose‐dependent fashion, coadministration of the glycineB antagonist with levodopa extended the response duration by nearly 60%. It is noteworthy that PAMQX, within a considerable dose range, did not cause ataxia or other side effects. These data indicate that blocking N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptors selectively to manipulate dopaminergic‐mediated motor responses may be produced effectively by glycineB antagonists. Ann Neurol 2004
High solid simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of wet oxidized corn stover to ethanol
Authors: Varga Enikõ , Klinke Helene B. , Réczey Kati , Thomsen Anne Belinda 
Published: October 2004

AbstractIn this study ethanol was produced from corn stover pretreated by alkaline and acidic wet oxidation (WO) (195°C, 15 min, 12 bar oxygen) followed by nonisothermal simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF). In the first step of the SSF, small amounts of cellulases were added at 50°C, the optimal temperature of enzymes, in order to obtain better mixing condition due to some liquefaction. In the second step more cellulases were added in combination with dried baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) at 30°C. The phenols (0.4–0.5 g/L) and carboxylic acids (4.6–5.9 g/L) were present in the hemicellulose rich hydrolyzate at subinhibitory levels, thus no detoxification was needed prior to SSF of the whole slurry. Based on the cellulose available in the WO corn stover 83% of the theoretical ethanol yield was obtained under optimized SSF conditions. This was achieved with a substrate concentration of 12% dry matter (DM) acidic WO corn stover at 30 FPU/g DM (43.5 FPU/g cellulose) enzyme loading. Even with 20 and 15 FPU/g DM (corresponding to 29 and 22 FPU/g cellulose) enzyme loading, ethanol yields of 76 and 73%, respectively, were obtained. After 120 h of SSF the highest ethanol concentration of 52 g/L (6 vol.%) was achieved, which exceeds the technical and economical limit of the industrial‐scale alcohol distillation. The SSF results showed that the cellulose in pretreated corn stover can be efficiently fermented to ethanol with up to 15% DM concentration. A further increase of substrate concentration reduced the ethanol yield significant as a result of insufficient mass transfer. It was also shown that the fermentation could be followed with an easy monitoring system based on the weight loss of the produced CO2. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Robust control of initiation of prokaryotic chromosome replication: Essential considerations for a minimal cell
Authors: Browning Samuel T. , Castellanos Mariajosé , Shuler Michael L. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractA genomically and chemically detailed mathematical model of a “minimal cell” would be useful to understand better the “design logic” of cellular regulation. A “minimal cell” will be a prokaryote with the minimum number of genes necessary for growth and replication in an ideal environment (i.e., preformed precursors, constant temperature, etc.). The Cornell single‐cell model of Escherichia coli serves as the basic framework upon which a minimal cell model can be constructed. A critical issue for any cell model is to describe a mechanism for control of initiation of chromosome replication. There is strong evidence that the essence of chromosome replication control is highly conserved in eubacteria and even extends to the archae. A generalized mechanism is possible based on binding of the protein DnaA‐ATP to the origin of replication (oriC) as a primary control. Other features, such as regulatory inactivation of DnaA (RIDA) by conversion of DnaA‐ATP to DnaA‐ADP and titration of DnaA by binding to other DnaA boxes on the chromosome, have emerged as critical elements in obtaining a functional system to control initiation of chromosome synthesis. We describe a biologically realistic model of chromosome replication initiation control embedded in a complete whole‐cell model that explicitly links the external environment to the mechanism of replication control. The base model is deterministic and then modified to include stochastic variation in the components for replication control. The stochastic model allows evaluation of the model's robustness, employing a low standard deviation of interinitiation time as a measure of robustness. Four factors were examined: DnaA synthesis rate; DnaA‐ATP binding sites at oriC; the binding rate of DnaA‐ATP to the nonfunctional DnaA boxes; and the effect of changing the number of nonfunctional binding sites. The observed DnaA synthesis rate (2000 molecules/cell) and the number of DnaA binding sites per origin (30) are close to the values predicted by the model to provide good control (low variance of interinitiation time), with a reasonable expenditure of cell resources. At relatively high binding rates for DnaA‐ATP to the DnaA boxes (1016 M−1 s−1), increasing the number of DnaA binding sites to about 300, improved control (but little further improvement was seen by extension to 1000 boxes); however, at a low binding rate (1010 M−1 s−1), an increase in DnaA boxes had an adverse effect on control. The combination of all four factors is probably necessary to obtain a robust control system. Although this mechanism of replication initiation control is highly conserved, it is not clear if simpler control in a minimal cell might exist based on experimental observations with Mycoplasma. This issue is discussed in this investigation. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Volumetric measurements of bacterial cells and extracellular polymeric substance glycoconjugates in biofilms
Authors: Staudt C. , Horn H. , Hempel D. C , Neu T. R. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractIn this study an enrichment culture developed from activated sludge was used to investigate the architecture of fully hydrated multispecies biofilms. The assessment of biofilm structure and volume was carried out using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Bacterial cell distribution was determined with the nucleic acid‐specific stain SYTO 60, whereas glycoconjugates of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) were stained with the Alexa‐488‐labeled lectin of Aleuria aurantia. Digital image analysis was employed for visualization and quantification of three‐dimensional CLSM data sets. The specific volumes of the polymeric and cellular biofilm constituents were quantified. In addition, gravimetric measurements were done to determine dry mass and thickness of the biofilms. The data recorded by the CLSM technique and the gravimetric data were then compared. It was shown that the biofilm thicknesses determined with both methods agree well for slow‐growing hetorotrophic and chemoautotrophic biofilms. In addition, for slow‐growing biofilms, the volumes and masses calculated from CLSM and the biomass calculated from gravimetric measurements were also comparable. For fast‐growing heterotrophic biofilms cultivated with high glucose concentrations the data sets fit to a lesser degree, but still showed the same common trend. Compared with traditional gravimetric measurements, CLSM allowed differential recording of multiple biofilm parameters with subsequent three‐dimensional visualization and quantification. The quantitative three‐dimensional results recorded by CLSM are an important basis for understanding, controlling, exploiting, and modeling of biofilms. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A method for the determination of flux in elementary modes, and its application to Lactobacillus rhamnosus
Authors: Poolman M.G. , Venkatesh K.V. , Pidcock M.K. , Fell D.A. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractIn this article we address the question of how, given information about the reaction fluxes of a system, flux values can be assigned to the elementary modes of that system. Having described a method by which this may be accomplished, we first illustrate its application to a hypothetical, in silico system, and then apply it to fermentation data from Lactobacillus rhamnosus. This reveals substantial changes in the flux values assigned to elementary modes, and thus to the internal metabolism, as the fermentation progresses. This is information that could not, to our knowledge, be obtained by existing methods. The relationship between our technique and the well‐known method of Metabolic Flux Analysis is also discussed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pioglitazone and rofecoxib combined with angiostatically scheduled trofosfamide in the treatment of far‐advanced melanoma and soft tissue sarcoma
Authors: Reichle Albrecht , Bross Klaus , Vogt Thomas , Bataille Frauke , Wild Peter , Berand Anna , Krause Stefan W. , Andreesen Reinhard 
Published: October 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDCombined treatment approaches targeting tumor cells as well as stromal cells may control chemorefractory malignancies. In the current study, the authors sought to test one such combined approach in the treatment of chemorefractory melanoma and soft tissue sarcoma.METHODSA Phase II trial was initiated to analyze the activity of a continuously administered molecularly targeted treatment regimen (daily pioglitazone [45 mg administered orally] and rofecoxib [25 mg administered orally]) combined with sequentially added angiostatic chemotherapy for patients with previously treated metastatic melanoma (n = 19) or soft tissue sarcoma (n = 21). Angiostatic chemotherapy consisted of trofosfamide (50 mg) administered orally 3 times daily beginning on the 15th day after the start of molecularly targeted therapy.RESULTSForty patients were evaluable for response and toxicity. Major side effects (World Health Organization Grade 3 or 4) were not observed. Objective responses and disease stabilization lasting longer than 6 months were noted in 11% and 11%, respectively, of all patients with melanoma and in 19% and 14%, respectively, of all patients with soft tissue sarcoma. Complete remission was noted in one patient with melanoma and in three patients with sarcoma. Both normal C‐reactive protein (CRP) levels and CRP levels that decreased by > 30% during the 14‐day biomodulator pretreatment period were found to be predictive of prolonged progression‐free survival.CONCLUSIONSTo our knowledge, the current study is the first to demonstrate that a novel, completely orally administered combined biomodulator/metronomic chemotherapy regimen may be active and well tolerated in patients with chemorefractory malignancies. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Mortality associated with daily bolus 5‐fluorouracil/leucovorin administered in combination with either irinotecan or oxaliplatin
Authors: Delaunoit Thierry , Goldberg Richard M. , Sargent Daniel J. , Morton Roscoe F. , Fuchs Charles S. , Findlay Brian P. , Thomas Sachdev P. , Salim Muhammad , Schaefer Paul L. , Stella Philip J. , Green Erin , Mailliard James A. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDIntergroup Trial N9741 evaluated 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU)/leucovorin (LV) administered in conjunction with either irinotecan or oxaliplatin in the first‐line treatment of advanced colorectal carcinoma (CRC). The current report describes two treatment arms that were withdrawn from the protocol due to unexpected treatment‐related toxicities and a high mortality rate. The complications observed in these arms highlight the importance of aggressive and immediate supportive care in the management of digestive toxicity.METHODSIn Trial N9741, patients were randomly assigned to receive one of the following six regimens: 1) irinotecan plus bolus 5‐FU/LV (Arm A); 2) sequential irinotecan plus bolus 5‐FU/LV (Arm B); 3) bolus 5‐FU/LV only (Mayo Clinic regimen; Arm D); 4) oxaliplatin plus bolus 5‐FU/LV (Arm E); 5) oxaliplatin plus infusional 5‐FU/LV (Arm F); or 6) oxaliplatin plus irinotecan (Arm G). In the current study, the authors investigated treatment‐related toxicity in patients who received either of the two combination regimens containing daily bolus 5‐FU (i.e., patients in Arm B or Arm E).RESULTSSixty‐one and 47 patients were enrolled in Arm B and Arm E, respectively. Diarrhea and neutropenia were the most common toxicities in both groups. Five patients in Arm B (8.2%) and 4 patients in Arm E (8.5%) died within 60 days of study entry. All fatal toxicities occurred within 15 days of treatment administration, and all deaths were associated with the simultaneous occurrence of multiple symptoms, which were dominated by Grade ≥ 3 diarrhea.CONCLUSIONSCombination regimens containing daily bolus 5‐FU/LV and oxaliplatin or irinotecan can be associated with severe gastrointestinal toxicity and high mortality rates. Therefore, the authors recommend the use of more tolerable infusional 5‐FU–based regimens in the treatment of metastatic CRC. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Small cell astrocytoma: An aggressive variant that is clinicopathologically and genetically distinct from anaplastic oligodendroglioma
Authors: Perry Arie , Aldape Kenneth D. , George David H. , Burger Peter C. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDSmall cell glioblastoma (GBM) is a variant with monomorphous, deceptively bland nuclei that often is misdiagnosed as anaplastic oligodendroglioma.METHODSTo elucidate its clinicopathologic and genetic features, the authors studied 71 adult patients (median age, 57 years), including 22 patients who were identified from a set of 229 GBMs (10%) that had been characterized previously by epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)/EGFR‐vIII variant immunohistochemistry. Tumors also were analyzed by fluorescence in situ hybridization for 1p, 19q, 10q, and EGFR copy numbers.RESULTSRadiologically, 37% of tumors that were not selected for grade showed minimal to no enhancement. Similarly, 33% of tumors had no endothelial hyperplasia or necrosis histologically, qualifying only as anaplastic astrocytoma (Grade III) using World Health Organization criteria. Nevertheless, such tumors progressed rapidly, with mortality rates that were indistinguishable from their Grade IV counterparts. The median survival for 37 patients who were followed until death was 11 months. Oligodendroglioma‐like histology included chicken‐wire vasculature (86%), haloes (73%), perineuronal satellitosis (58%), and microcalcifications (45%), although mucin‐filled microcystic spaces were lacking. No small cell astrocytomas had 1p/19q codeletions, whereas EGFR amplification and 10q deletions were present in 69% and 97% of small cell astrocytomas, respectively. The tumors expressed EGFR and EGFR‐vIII more commonly than nonsmall cell GBMs (83% vs. 35% [P < 0.001]; 50% vs. 21% [P < 0.001] respectively).CONCLUSIONSSmall cell astrocytoma is an aggressive histologic variant that behaved like primary GBM, even in the absence of endothelial hyperplasia and necrosis. Despite considerable morphologic overlap with anaplastic oligodendroglioma, clinicopathologic and genetic features were distinct. Fifty percent of small cell astrocytomas expressed the constitutively activated vIII mutant form of EGFR, and molecular testing for 10q deletion improved the diagnostic sensitivity over EGFR alone. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Does the fine‐needle aspiration diagnosis of “Hürthle‐cell neoplasm/follicular neoplasm with oncocytic features” denote increased risk of malignancy?
Authors: Giorgadze Tamar , Rossi Esther D. , Fadda Guido , Gupta Prabodh K. , LiVolsi Virginia A. , Baloch Zubair 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe thyroid fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) diagnosis of Hürthle‐cell neoplasm (HCN)/follicular neoplasm with oncocytic features (FNOF) does not differentiate between Hürthle‐cell adenoma and carcinoma. A majority of cases diagnosed as HCN undergo surgical excision for definite characterization. The aim of this study was to determine the risk of malignancy in cases diagnosed as HCN and identify clinical features that may help in predicting malignancy in patients with FNA diagnosis of HCN.We reviewed a cohort of 206 cases of thyroid FNA diagnosed as HCN; histological follow‐up was available in 169 (82%) cases. The cases were evaluated for patient's age, sex, and size of the nodule and histological diagnosis. One hundred and sixty‐six were female patients and 40 were male patients (age range, 12–83 yr). The histological diagnoses were benign in 93 (93/169, 55%) cases and malignant in 76 (76/169, 45%) cases. The malignant histological diagnoses were Hürthle‐cell carcinoma (HCC), 53 cases; papillary thyroid carcinoma, 19 cases; follicular carcinoma, 3 cases; and medullary carcinoma, 1 case. The risk of malignancy was greater in nodules measuring ≥2 cm (55% vs. 45%; P value < 0.0001) in patients who were ≥40 yr old (82% vs. 18%, P value < 0.0001) than in patients <40 yr. The risk of malignancy was found greater in male patients than in female patients (61% vs. 43%); however, the difference was not statistically significant.The diagnosis HCN/FNOF carries a higher risk of malignancy as compared with a diagnosis of follicular lesion/neoplasm (20% malignancy rate from previously published studies). Clinical features including size of the nodule, age, and possibly sex of the patient can be a part of the decision analysis in selecting a patient for surgery. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2004;31:307–312. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Diagnosis of nonprimary pancreatic neoplasms by endoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration
Authors: Mesa Hector , Stelow Edward B. , Stanley Michael W. , Mallery Shawn , Lai Rebecca , Bardales Ricardo H. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractEndoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration (EUS‐FNA) is a proven modality for the diagnosis of primary pancreatic neoplasms. We describe our experience in diagnosing nonprimary pancreatic tumors by EUS‐FNA. Cytology files were searched for all EUS‐FNA of the pancreas for the period 2000–2002. All cases diagnosed as neoplasms were selected and those diagnosed as nonprimary pancreatic tumors were reviewed and analyzed. One hundred ninety‐one of 468 cases were diagnosed as neoplasms. Eleven of these cases were diagnosed as nonprimary pancreatic tumors (2.4% of all diagnoses and 5.7% of all neoplasms). The diagnoses were supported by clinical history (n = 7), cytological findings (n = 11), cell block histology (n = 11), cell block immunohistochemistry (n = 6), and flow cytometry (n = 1). EUS‐FNA is a safe and minimally invasive method for the diagnosis of nonprimary pancreatic neoplasms. Evaluation of clinical history, cytomorphology, and ancillary techniques, especially those applied to cell block material, are essential for accurate diagnoses. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2004;31:313–318. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A simple method to determine the need for glacial acetic acid treatment of bloody ThinPrep Pap tests before slide processing
Authors: Rowe Leslie R. , Bentz Joel S. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThinPrep (TP) Papanicolaou (Pap) samples containing excessive blood often result in unsatisfactory preparations, possibly leading to undetected gynecologic disease, and added inconvenience to patients and clinicians. Reprocessing of these samples with a glacial acetic acid wash is effective at eliminating blood, providing satisfactory preparation and detection of lesions. However, it increases laboratory costs and decreases work flow efficiency. We report the use of a color standard for gauging the necessity of performing a glacial acetic acid wash before TP processing. This “preprocessing” was found to reduce the costs associated with reprocessing by 48%, while maintaining high preparation quality by improved sample adequacy. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2004;31:321–325. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reactions of the Aluminum(I) Monomer LAl [L = HC{(CMe)(NAr)}2; Ar = 2,6‐iPr2C6H3] with Imidazol‐2‐ylidene and Diphenyldiazomethane. A Hydrogen Transfer from the L Ligand to the Central Aluminum Atom and Formation of the Diiminylaluminum Compound LAl(N=CPh2)2
Authors: Zhu Hongping , Chai Jianfang , Stasch Andreas , Roesky Herbert W. , Blunck Torsten , Vidovic Denis , Magull Jörg , Schmidt Hans‐Georg , Noltemeyer Mathias 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe solid‐state reaction of LAl and imidazol‐2‐ylidene at elevated temperature (120 °C) yielded the aluminum monohydride N‐heterocyclic carbene adduct [{HC[C(CH2)NAr] (CMeNAr)}AlH‐{CN(R)C2Me2N(R)}] [R = iPr (1), Me (2)]. Compounds 1 and 2 have been characterized by spectroscopic (IR, and 1H and 13C NMR), mass spectrometric, and elemental analyses, and 1 was further characterized by X‐ray structural analysis. These experimental data indicate that the Al−H bond is formed by hydrogen migration from one of the methyl groups of the β‐diketiminato ligand backbone. The reaction of LAl with two equivalents of diphenyldiazomethane afforded the diiminylaluminum compound LAl(N=CPh2)2 (3), while an excess of diphenyldiazomethane resulted in the formation of Ph2C=N−N=CPh2. This suggests that Ph2C=N−N=CPh2 is initially generated and then reacts further by oxidative addition to yield 3. The X‐ray structural analysis reveals that compound 3 contains the shortest Al−Niminyl bond among those with a four‐coordinate aluminum center. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)