bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
LYMPHATIC CONTRACTILITY
Authors: Smith Ralph O. 
Published: June 2004

The most peripheral lymphatic vessels of rats, mice, and guinea pigs were found to possess a spontaneous intermittent contractility. (a) The rate of contraction was shown to be directly proportional to the rate of formation of lymph and contractions were apparently initiated by an increase in intraluminal pressure. (b) Epinephrine and pituitrin caused an increased contractile rate, or lymphatic spasm, whereas novocaine caused cessation of movement and lymphatic dilatation. (c) Section or electric stimulation of femoral and sciatic nerves did not alter the contractile rate of popliteal lymphatics.
This spontaneous lymphatic contractility was not observed in rabbits and dogs although the lymphatic vessels did contract when irritated. Epinephrine, pituitrin, and novocaine produced the same effects as observed in the smaller mammals. Dilatation of lymphatic vessels produced by intradermal injection of fluid, massage, or passive motion was followed by a rapid return of the vessel to normal caliber.
The frequency of valves in lymphatic vessels, the distensibility of the lymphatics, and their ability to return to normal caliber against an increased gradient of pressure are considered to be the essential elements of an intrinsic mechanism contributing to the transport of lymph.
THE NEOPLASTIC POTENTIALITIES OF MOUSE EMBRYO TISSUES
Authors: Smith William E. 
Published: June 2004

The lung tissue of mouse embryos of the C strain proliferates to some extent after implantation in adult hosts of the same breed and rapidly differentiates, forming a parenchyma remarkably like the normal. The grafts persist long. When methylcholanthrene dissolved in olive oil has been introduced with them much more growth of them occurs. The carcinogen induces a pronounced metaplasia of the epithelium of the bronchial tree, and the altered cells are often aggressive, multiplying, invading, and largely replacing the parenchyma about them. So closely do they resemble malignant elements in aspect and behavior that it is frequently difficult to tell whether carcinomatous change is not actually present. Genuine tumors soon arise, multiple benign adenomas sometimes appearing within 3 weeks, and indubitable carcinomas a few weeks later. Not a few of the cancers are of transitional cell type, that is to say are expressive of an intermediate stage in the metaplasia.
Under the influence of methylcholanthrene the cells lining the alveolar spaces of the graft sometimes undergo metaplasia also, with result in stratified squamous epithelium. It follows that there is reason to doubt the current assumption that all squamous cell carcinomas of the lung necessarily arise from the bronchial tree. The findings, taken with others previously reported, make it difficult to suppose, furthermore, that the generality of lung tumors can be due to neoplastic viruses entering the organism in postnatal life and having no broader scope than those thus far discovered.
THE EFFECT OF INJURY BY TOXIC AGENTS UPON OSMOTIC PRESSURE MAINTAINED BY CELLS OF LIVER AND OF KIDNEY
Authors: Opie Eugene L. 
Published: June 2004

As shown in a previous paper the cells of the liver and of the kidney maintain an osmotic pressure approximately twice that of blood and of erythrocytes, exceeding this slightly in the case of liver and being slightly less in that of kidney.
When liver cells are injured by chloroform or by carbon tetrachloride the osmotic pressure they maintain falls to the level of the medium that surrounds them but is promptly restored when recovery from the injury, with some regeneration of liver cells, occurs.
When nephrosis is caused by potassium chromate or by chloroform the osmotic pressure maintained by parenchymatous cells of the renal cortex falls to that of the medium about them but returns to its normal level with recovery from the injury.
ASSOCIATION OF A SPECIAL STRAIN OF PLEUROPNEUMONIA-LIKE ORGANISMS WITH CONJUNCTIVITIS IN A MOUSE COLONY
Authors: Nelson John B. 
Published: June 2004

An outbreak of conjunctivitis, unaccompanied by involvement of the respiratory tract, is reported in a colony of white mice.
A special strain of pleuropneumonia-like organisms was regularly isolated from the eyes and nasal passages of affected mice but not from the lungs or middle ears.
Ocular carriage of these organisms in the absence of an inflammatory reaction occurred in at least 50 per cent of the adult mice.
Transmission to the young was presumably initiated by parental contact, the organisms being recoverable after the eyes were open, and was continued after weaning by direct contact between cage mates.
These organisms were repeatedly established on the conjunctiva of normal Swiss mice by direct contact with infected animals and subsequently maintained there for ten successive passages.
Multiplication of the pleuropneumonia-like organisms, which was largely limited to the eye and its appendages, was accompanied by a low rate of conjunctivitis.
The multiple conjunctival instillation of ocular washings from infected mice was the only additional method of implantation of the organisms which was successful.
INFLUENZA
Authors: Greiff Donald , Blumenthal Herman T. , Pinkerton Henry 
Published: June 2004

Allantoic fluid from embryonated eggs infected with influenza A virus contains a toxic agent which can be demonstrated and quantitatively measured by its rapid effect on oxygen consumption when it is introduced in new series of fertile eggs.
The effects were measured 90 minutes after the injection of the infected fluid, and were seen following both intra-allantoic injection and injection into the yolk sac.
This toxin, in concentrations resulting from the injection of 0.5 cc. or less of the infected fluid, has no effect on oxygen consumption. The injection of 0.75 to 2.0 cc. of the fluid strikingly increases the oxygen consumption of the fertile eggs, while the injection of 3.0 cc. markedly depresses respiration. A similar reversal and eventual loss of the effect of the toxin on respiration were noted when the concentration of toxin was progressively diminished by heat inactivation.
The toxic agent is slowly inactivated by heating at 56°C., but is effective long after infectivity and hemagglutinating ability have been destroyed. In this respect the agent differs from rickettsial and lymphogranuloma venereum virus toxins.
The method described may be of value in studying the physiological effects of other toxic agents.
FACTORS IN PLASMA CONCERNED IN NATURAL RESISTANCE TO AN AVIAN MALARIA PARASITE (PLASMODIUM LOPHURAE)
Authors: Trager William , McGhee R. Barclay 
Published: June 2004

The plasma of adult chickens, when injected into young chicks or chick embryos infected with Plasmodium lophurae, lessened the parasitemia. The substances responsible for this effect were inactivated or removed by the heating of adult chicken plasma for ½ hour at 65°C., followed by centrifugation to remove the coagulated material; but they were not affected by heating for ½ hour at 56°C. The active materials were present in the euglobulin fraction of hen plasma.
In similar experiments with ducks, the plasma from each of a series of adult ducks was tested for its effect on the course of infection in young ducklings. The adult ducks were then inoculated with a large dose of parasites. There was a positive correlation between the effectiveness of a plasma in lessening the parasitemia of ducklings treated with it and the resistance on infection exhibited by the duck from which the plasma had been obtained. More than half of the adult female ducks with an active ovary which were tested, but only one of the males, had effective plasmas and also showed relative resistance to the infection.
STUDIES OF THE HEMOLYSIS OF RED BLOOD CELLS BY MUMPS VIRUS
Authors: Chu Liang-Wei , Morgan Herbert R. 
Published: June 2004

The conditions for the production of extra-embryonic fluids with hemolytic activity from chick embryos infected with mumps virus have been investigated. Infected fluids with strong hemolytic activity can be obtained by harvesting the fluids of 6- to 8-day-old chick embryos inoculated by the amniotic route after 5 to 6 days' incubation at 35°C. Under such circumstances, the hemolytic capacity of amniotic fluids is usually much higher than that of the allantoic fluids.
The hemolytic activity and infectivity of the virus have been found to be reduced or destroyed by heat, formaldehyde, and ultraviolet irradiation under conditions which leave the hemagglutinating capacity practically unchanged. Ultraviolet irradiation appeared to have a greater deleterious effect on the infectivity of the virus than on its hemolytic capacity. The marked reduction or destruction of hemolytic activity of the virus produced by certain treatments with these various agencies was not accompanied by loss of the ability of the virus to elute following its adsorption on red blood cells during the process of hemagglutination. This test for hemolytic activity, which measures a more labile property of the virus than do determinations of virus hemagglutination or virus elution, may be useful in detecting changes which occur early during degradation of the virus.
CARBOHYDRATE HISTOCHEMISTRY STUDIED BY ACETYLATION TECHNIQUES
Authors: McManus J. F. A. , Cason Jane E. 
Published: June 2004

An acetic anhydride pyridine mixture acetylates hydroxyl groups in tissue sections. The acetyl groups can be removed from tissue sections by weak alkali.
Sections acetylated by acetic anhydride pyridine no longer produce aldehydes after oxidation by periodic acid. Acetylated sections subjected to weak alkali regain the ability to produce aldehydes after oxidation by periodic acid. Acetylation of tissue sections and the removal of acetyl groups by weak alkali can be used as histochemical confirmation of the carbohydrate nature of materials coloring with Schiff's reagent after periodic acid.
THE ROLE OF ACIDURIA IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF HEMOGLOBINURIC NEPHROSIS IN DEHYDRATED RABBITS
Authors: Lalich Joseph J. , Schwartz Seymour I. 
Published: June 2004

The effect of acid diets, fasting, and dehydration on the urine pH and the kidneys was determined in 11 control animals. Hyaline casts in the collecting tubules and interstitial medullary edema were observed in the 8 that survived. The test rabbits were subjected to the same treatment as the controls but, in addition, received 1.8 gm./kilo of intravenous homologous hemoglobin. Eleven of 18 animals died of hemoglobinuric nephrosis. The rabbits which died of hemoglobinuric nephrosis exhibited significant alterations in two or more of the following: kidney weight, pigment cast accumulation, and elevations of NPN.
The theories which have been advanced to explain the pathogenesis of hemoglobinuric nephrosis are evaluated in the light of the present observations. It is proposed on the basis of them that antecedent tubular damage is of primary importance in the pathogenesis of hemoglobinuric nephrosis.
THE ACTIVATING EFFECT OF CALCIUM ON A BACTERICIDAL SUBSTANCE FOR BACILLUS SUBTILIS IN HUMAN SERUM
Authors: Jacox Ralph F. 
Published: June 2004

An enhanced bactericidal activity of human serum for B. subtilis develops during many different forms of illness, e.g. carcinoma, virus and bacterial infections, and during acute coronary occlusion.
This increased bactericidal effect cannot be related to leucocytosis, fever, serum complement, C-reactive protein, or a specific antibody reaction.
The serum bactericidal factor becomes inactive in decalcified serum, but active again when optimal concentrations of calcium are added. Magnesium does not cause reactivation.
LESIONS CAUSED IN SUCKLING MICE BY CERTAIN VIRUSES ISOLATED FROM CASES OF SO CALLED NON-PARALYTIC POLIOMYELITIS AND OF PLEURODYNIA
Authors: Pappenheimer Alwin M. , Daniels Joan B. , Cheever F. S. , Weller T. H. 
Published: June 2004

A study has been made of the lesions produced in suckling mice by the following viruses: Powers, Matulaitis, DeMole, Kine, McCarthy, Conn. 5, Ohio R, High Point, WS No. 4, EMC, and Col. SK.
Pathologic alterations have been found in myocardium, lungs, liver, pancreas, thymus, brain and spinal cord, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscles.
A comparison of the lesions produced by the individual strains has disclosed certain differential features which are discussed in detail. Within the group of so called Coxsackie viruses, myositis has not proved to be a constant finding, and it may occur in suckling mice infected with other types of virus.
THE PURIFICATION AND PROPERTIES OF STREPTOLYSIN S
Authors: Cinader Bernhard , Pillemer Louis 
Published: June 2004

Considerable purification of streptolysin S has been achieved by fractionation of crude bacterial filtrates with methanol, under controlled conditions of pH, ionic strength, and temperature. The final material (P III) consisted of two electrophoretic components.
The purified material was employed for kinetic studies, the results of which were confirmed with hemolysin isolated electrophoretically from P III.
The heat of activation (temperature characteristic) of streptolysin S was found to be 17,900 calories per mole.
Time dilution curves of the hemolysin were found to be sigmoid.
The influence of certain ions and lipids on the course of hemolysis was investigated.
The significance of the prolonged lag period and of the deviation in the behavior of streptolysin S from Ponder's equation has been discussed.
IMMUNOLOGICAL REACTIONS OF THE COXSACKIE VIRUSES
Authors: Kraft Lisbeth M. , Melnick Joseph L. 
Published: June 2004

The preparation of complement-fixing antigens for the Coxsackie group of viruses (C virus) is described. This includes the manufacture of crude antigens, their subsequent treatment with protamine sulfate to remove non-specific interfering substances, and their concentration by ultracentrifugation.
The plate complement fixation technique of Fulton and Dumbell is described in detail as it has been used for the Coxsackie viruses.
Seven strains of C virus have been cross-tested in the plate complement fixation test and have been found to belong to six immunologically distinct types.
The temporal pattern of complement-fixing antibodies in human beings infected with two types, Ohio-1 and Easton-2, respectively, has been studied. In the former the antibodies rise to a peak rather late in convalescence (3rd month) and in the latter, complement-fixing antibodies are already present at high levels in the acute phase serum. The problems of serodiagnosis are briefly discussed.
THE LYMPHOCYTIC ORIGIN OF A PLASMA FACTOR RESPONSIBLE FOR HYPERSENSITIVITY IN VITRO OF TUBERCULIN TYPE
Authors: Miller Joseph M. , Favour Cutting B. ,   With the Technical Assistance of Merle A. Umbarger and Barbara A. Harrison
Published: June 2004

Methods are described for the evaluation in vitro of the effect of tuberculin on the leucocytes of peripheral blood.
Washed leucocytes from a tuberculin sensitive host suspended in normal plasma are not lysed by tuberculin until after several hours of contact.
Washed leucocytes from a tuberculin-sensitive host slowly release into normal plasma a factor which will cause the lysis of normal leucocytes exposed to tuberculin.
Dialysis of normal plasma containing shed plasma factor causes the latter to precipitate with the euglobulins.
Shed plasma factor can be recovered from normal plasma which has been incubated with lymphocytes from tuberculin-sensitive hosts. Suspensions of neutrophils do not yield shed plasma factor.
THERAPY OF INFECTION WITH PNEUMONIA VIRUS OF MICE (PVM)
Authors: Ginsberg Harold S. , Horsfall Frank L. 
Published: June 2004

Inhibition of the multiplication of PVM by the capsular polysaccharide of Friedländer bacillus, type B, is associated with restriction in the development of pneumonia induced with the virus in the mouse lung. The extent of the pneumonic process appears to be a function of the degree of viral multiplication; the greater the inhibition of multiplication, the less extensive is the pneumonia and the more probable is the recovery of animals treated with the polysaccharide. Effective therapy of pneumonia induced in mice with PVM is obtained with a single injection of 0.02 mg. of the substance given intranasally either 2 or 3 days after inoculation. Under appropriate conditions, treated animals recover completely from a viral infection which is, in control animals, uniformly fatal.
The polysaccharide produces inhibition if given in the first two-thirds of the latent period of the multiplication cycle, i.e., within 10 hours, but is ineffective when given at 12 hours or later. However, the second cycle and subsequent cycles are inhibited irrespective of the time the substance is injected during the first cycle of multiplication. The findings are discussed in relation to a theory regarding the mechanism of action of the polysaccharide.
THE BEHAVIOR OF RESIDUAL AXONS IN PARTIALLY DENERVATED MUSCLES OF THE MONKEY
Authors: Edds Mac V. , Small Wilfred T. 
Published: June 2004

Leg muscles of the monkey have been studied following partial denervation produced by surgical elimination of from 25 to 90 per cent of the axons entering the sciatic nerve from the lumbosacral plexus. The investigation included observations on function, rate and degree of muscle atrophy, and neurohistological appearance of the affected muscles.
In most of the cases, from 83 to 90 per cent of the residual nerve fibers in the peroneal and tibial nerves were destroyed and a severe paresis of the leg muscles was produced. No functional improvement was noted up to 160 days after operation, and the affected muscles became markedly atrophic. Histological examination of these muscles failed to reveal more than sporadic collateral regeneration of the residual axons.
In two cases 50 and 75 per cent of the peroneal and tibial nerve fibers remained intact 63 and 200 days, respectively, after operation. The legs operated upon in these cases functioned almost normally and all muscles weighed within 11 per cent of those of the contralateral, normal leg. Histological study and counts of end-plate: nerve fiber ratios showed that many residual axons had regenerated collateral branches which entered denervated end-plates. Collateral regeneration was incomplete, however, and many end-plates remained without innervation.
These results indicate that residual axons in paretic muscles of a primate do not regenerate collaterally as readily as do those of other previously studied mammals.
DETERMINATION OF INHERITED TRAITS OF H. INFLUENZAE BY DESOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID FRACTIONS ISOLATED FROM TYPE-SPECIFIC CELLS
Authors: Alexander Hattie E. , Leidy Grace 
Published: June 2004

Change of non-typable (R) strains of H. influenzae into the specific type of origin or new types (S) has been effected in vitro in a predictable fashion within a single 24 hour growth period, by a desoxyribonucleic acid-containing fraction isolated from type-specific cells of the type desired.
Only a small proportion of the population of R cells are susceptible to the change induced in inherited characteristics by the desoxyribonucleic acid fraction. The data suggest that the number of susceptible cells present in any given population size varies with the specific type of origin of the R cells; a lesser degree of variation in different independent cultures of the same strain and population size has been demonstrated. The results suggest that the R H. influenzae cells which are susceptible to transformation arise as the result of mutation.
It has been demonstrated that the reaction necessary for transformation takes place virtually immediately if susceptible cells are present. Furthermore it has been shown that the change which enables an R cell to form a colony of type-specific organisms has been completed within 15 minutes in an environment which does not permit cell multiplication.
RADIOAUTOGRAPHIC VISUALIZATION OF SULFUR-35 DISPOSITION IN THE ARTICULAR CARTILAGE AND BONE OF SUCKLING RATS FOLLOWING INJECTION OF LABELED SODIUM SULFATE
Authors: Dziewiatkowski Dominic D. 
Published: June 2004

The localization of sulfur-35 administered intraperitoneally as sodium sulfate to 7-day-old rats was determined by radioautography of sections of humeri and tibia-knee-femur combinations removed 24, 48, 96, 216, and 290 hours after injection of this isotope.
Radioautography of sections of bone and cartilage that had been fixed in formalin indicated that the tracer isotope was present throughout the entire epiphysis. Its concentration therein was highest initially at the epiphyseal-diaphyseal junction where the more mature cartilage cells were present.
By the 96th hour post injection the sulfur-35 had become more uniformly distributed in the epiphyses and an even distribution of it throughout the epiphyseal cartilage was almost attained by the 216th hour post injection.
As centers of secondary ossification arose in the epiphyseal cartilage, the sulfur-35 appeared to diminish in concentration and disappear from these loci. However, radioautographs of cartilage fixed in formalin saturated with barium hydroxide, instead of in formalin only, disclosed the fact that the tracer isotope was still present in these loci.
When bone and bone marrow were fixed in formalin the autographs indicated the presence of sulfur-35 primarily in the periosteum. Only a negligible amount appeared to be present in the bone shaft and marrow. However, when these tissues were fixed in formalin saturated with barium hydroxide it was possible to demonstrate the presence of the tracer isotope in both bone and bone marrow.
CONVERSION OF PLASMA PROTEIN TO TISSUE PROTEIN WITHOUT EVIDENCE OF PROTEIN BREAKDOWN
Authors: Yuile C. L. , Lamson B. G. , Miller L. L. , Whipple G. H. 
Published: June 2004

Labeled plasma proteins obtained from donor dogs, previously fed ϵ-C14-dl-lysine, have been given intravenously to recipient dogs.
The disappearance of labeled globulin from the plasma at a rate considerably faster than albumin has been confirmed.
Evidence suggesting that the mass of protein in solution in the extravascular, extracellular fluid is approximately equal to the plasma proteins in circulation has been derived from a study of the dilution of labeled plasma protein by repeated injections of non-labeled plasma protein.
In a period of 7 days the transfer of C14 from plasma to tissue proteins amounted to between 30 and 40 per cent of the activity in the labeled plasma protein injected intravenously. The conversion was accompanied by a very small loss of activity in the urine and expired air and the activity remained in the lysine residue of the liver and probably of other tissues.
The data presented favor the view that plasma proteins are utilized in the body economy after partial catabolism within the cell area and provide no evidence of complete breakdown to the amino acid level.
STUDIES ON ENDEMIC PNEUMONIA OF THE ALBINO RAT
Authors: Nelson John B. 
Published: June 2004

A colony of albino rats was developed from three breeders (not germ-free) originally delivered by Cesarian section and artificially reared in the laboratories of Professor James A Reyniers.
The colony has been maintained under quarantine since June, 1948, in the absence of any demonstrable involvement of the respiratory tract or of the middle ears.
At autopsy pleuropneumonia-like organisms, Streptobacillus moniliformis, and the virus-like agent associated with endemic pneumonia were not recoverable from the lungs or the nasal passages of 81 young and adult rats.
During the same time interval the morbidity rate of pneumonia in another rat colony known to be free from infectious catarrh was 51 per cent while the incidence of infection with the virus-like agent approached 100 per cent.