bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
STUDIES CONCERNING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PNEUMOCOCCI AND STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Reimann Hobart A. 
Published: June 2004

Morgenroth and his collaborators grew pneumococci in a medium containing optochin and derived variant forms of bacteria therefrom which were considered to be streptococci of the viridans group. We have repeated these experiments and have also derived variant forms. These atypical races, however, we have found to be identical with the R form of pneumococci which have been obtained by various other methods. That these R cultures are still pneumococci and do not belong in the Streptococcus viridans group is supported by the following observations:
1. These strains are not bile-insoluble, but are more resistant to the lytic action of this agent than are type-specific pneumococci.
2. R strains behave like pneumococci and not like streptococci in the readiness with which cultures spontaneously autolyze and saline suspensions disintegrate during freezing and thawing.
3. Immunological reactions of the variant pneumococci derived by Morgenroth's method are identical with the immunological reactions of R forms of pneumococci derived by various other means.
The observations of Morgenroth and his associates in regard to the transformation of Streptococcus hæmolyticus into Streptococcus viridans by treatment with rivanol could not be repeated in this laboratory. No explanation is at hand for our failure to produce the change. It is of course possible that none of the twenty-six strains tested had suitable tendencies to variation or that the technic or reagents employed varied from those of Morgenroth.
EFFECT OF REPEATED FREEZING (–185°C.) AND THAWING ON COLON BACILLI, VIRUS III, VACCINE VIRUS, HERPES VIRUS, BACTERIOPHAGE, COMPLEMENT, AND TRYPSIN
Authors: Rivers T. M. 
Published: June 2004

Colon bacilli, Virus III, vaccine virus, herpes virus, bacteriophage, complement, and trypsin are either killed or inactivated by repeated freezing (–185°C.) and thawing. As might be expected, some of the agents are more resistant than others.
Hence it may be concluded that destruction or inactivation of an active agent by repeated freezing (–185°C.) and thawing is not proof that it was possessed of life.
EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS ON IRRADIATED, NORMAL, AND PARTIALLY PARATHYROIDECTOMIZED RABBITS
Authors: Gates Frederick L. , Grant J. H. B. 
Published: June 2004

No significant differences were found in the reactions of irradiated, normal, or partially parathyroidectomized rabbits to injections of calcium chloride or disodium hydrogen phosphate.
Intravenous injections of calcium chloride caused only a transient rise in blood calcium, which returned to its former level within a few hours. The upper level of blood calcium concentration is independent of parathyroid control.
Subcutaneous injections of disodium hydrogen phosphate caused, in all three groups of rabbits, a similar depression of the blood calcium level. After large doses of the phosphate solution, all of the rabbits showed signs of acute tetany in which many of them died. Death or survival was not determined, apparently, by the absolute depression of blood calcium. The rabbits that died were those, in all three groups, in which a phosphorus retention carried the initial rise in serum phosphorus to even higher levels in the hours preceding death, and so changed the normal calcium-phosphorus ratio to a small fraction of its former value.
EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS ON IRRADIATED, NORMAL, AND PARTIALLY PARATHYROIDECTOMIZED RABBITS
Authors: Gates Frederick L. , Grant J. H. B. 
Published: June 2004

The experiments described in the three papers of this series were undertaken to determine if possible the significance of the parathyroid hypertrophy that has repeatedly been found in rabbits after exposure to ultra-violet light. The fact that the hypertrophy was not accompanied by a corresponding increase in blood calcium led us to infer that the upper level of blood calcium concentration is governed by factors independent of parathyroid control, and that the gland hypertrophy under the influence of ultra-violet light might represent a potential functional capacity, or increased factor of safety, to protect the calcium level under conditions of stress or emergency. Partial parathyroidectomy in irradiated rabbits, compared with the same operation in normal controls, resulted in a similar immediate drop in blood calcium; but a more rapid restoration of the calcium level in the irradiated rabbits indicated a more prompt and active response to the emergency on the part of the remaining glands. In the second group of experiments no significant differences were found in the reactions of irradiated, normal, or partially parathyroidectomized rabbits to injections of calcium chloride or of disodium hydrogen phosphate. All three groups of rabbits rapidly eliminated the excess calcium from the blood. Their reactions to large doses of sodium phosphate, given subcutaneously, appeared to be related to phosphate elimination or retention in the individual animals. Those in each group which had phosphate retention in the blood died in acute tetany.
So also in the fasting experiments, reported in this paper, no distinctions could be drawn between normal, irradiated, and partially parathyroidectomized rabbits on the basis of their calcium and phosphorus metabolism. Blood calcium was reduced in a similar manner in all three groups of rabbits, and wide individual variations in serum phosphorus levels preclude significant deductions.
But the irradiated rabbits suffered disproportionate losses of weight during the fasting period and four of five of them died during the course of the experiment. The deaths of these rabbits are attributed to this more rapid consumption of their own tissues and possibly also to suprarenal injury caused both by fasting and by exposure to ultra-violet light.
THE RELATIVE REACTION WITHIN LIVING MAMMALIAN TISSUES
Authors: Drury D. R. , Beattie W. W. , Rous Peyton 
Published: June 2004

Breathing an atmosphere that contains the normal amount of oxygen but a large excess of carbon dioxide results in a tissue acidosis as well as one of the blood. The extravascular changes in reaction take place with far greater speed than when acidosis is induced with hydrochloric acid, and they do not persist as in the case of this latter but swiftly disappear when the animal breathes ordinary air once again. The changes parallel closely in magnitude and time those occurring in the blood. The same matrix tissues are rendered acidotic is when hydrochloric acid is administered.
The blood alkalosis that results from a blowing off of carbon dioxide is accompanied by an extravascular alkalosis. Under the circumstances of our experiments the connective tissue became more alkaline than ordinary but no change was noted in the cartilage, a fact to be explained by the slight degree of the alkalosis and its brief duration.
EXPERIMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY OF TUBERCULOSIS
Authors: Perla David 
Published: June 2004

1. Normal guinea pigs exposed to tuberculous cage mates infected intraperitoneally and with no cutaneous ulceration readily contract spontaneous tuberculosis.
2. The incidence of spontaneous tuberculosis increases with the intensity and with the duration of exposure.
3. Spontaneous tuberculosis acquired from infected cage mates has with few exceptions the characters of an infection which has entered by way of the digestive tract, disease of mesenteric and cervical lymph nodes being conspicuous.
4. Guinea pigs exposed to tuberculous animals in the same room but not in the same cage may acquire tuberculosis which has the characters of a bronchiogenic infection associated with lesions of the lungs and tracheobronchial lymph nodes.
A SPECIFIC FLOCCULATION REACTION OCCURRING BETWEEN ALCOHOLIC EXTRACTS OF PNEUMOCOCCI AND ANTIPNEUMOCOCCUS SERUM
Authors: Jungeblut C. W. 
Published: June 2004

1. A flocculation reaction has been described which occurs between alcoholic extracts of pneumococci and antipneumococcus serum.
2. The reaction appears to be species-specific. It is not strictly type-specific, as slight or moderate cross-reactions occurred between Type I serums and Type II and Type III extracts.
3. The flocculating power of the serum from five horses undergoing immunization with pneumococcus, Type I, did not develop to any extent before the end of the 4th or 5th month.
4. In the case of two of these horses in which it was possible to carry out parallel tests on a larger number of subsequent bleedings until the end of immunization, some relationship was suggested between the flocculating power and the protective titer as ascertained by the routine method of standardization in mice.
A FILTERABLE YEAST-LIKE MICROORGANISM (SCHIZOSACCHAROMYCES FILTRANS, N. SP.)
Authors: Lewis Paul A. 
Published: June 2004

A microorganism cultivated in the course of experiments with the virus of hog cholera shows the following points of interest.
It is pleomorphic in extreme degree.
Among the forms are coccoid and bacillary bodies at the lower limits of visibility.
The culture can be completely regenerated after filtration through some Berkefeld N filters although these retain Bacillus abortus (Bang).
The culture is carried forward by multiplication of forms of easy visibility (1.5µ).
Associated with these at times are still larger forms bearing a striking general resemblance to those yeasts which develop abortive mycelia.
Motile bacillary forms appear to arise as buds or branches from round or ovoid cocci.
While cognizance is taken of possible alternatives the microorganism is provisionally classified with the yeasts and recognizing its filterability is named Schizosaccharomyces filtrans.
The culture is not pathogenic for swine.
THE BACTERICIDAL PROPERTY OF COW'S MILK
Authors: Jones F. S. , Little Ralph B. 
Published: June 2004

The bactericidal activity of fresh raw milk from a number of cows has been tested with the non-hemolytic mastitis streptococcus. By using this organism and other means we were able to rule out the action of agglutinin. The milk of all cows examined inhibited the growth of the streptococcus for definite periods. The length of the inhibition period varied; the milk from some cows prevented growth for 8 hours, that of others for only 4 or 6 hours. The inhibitory action may be as strong in the milk of a young cow in its first lactation period as in that of an old cow known to be resistant to udder infection. It is possible to absorb the streptococcus inhibitory substance by first inoculating the milk with B. bovisepticus. We were unable to show that the substance was increased by artificial immunization of cows with the streptococcus.
Whey obtained by the action of sterile rennet solution inhibited the growth of the streptococcus to about the same extent as the milk from which it was obtained.
We infer that the substance originates in the udder since it differs from blood alexin in its resistance to heat, it is not increased in the whey although the blood proteins are more concentrated, and it is not increased in the milk when the cows are artificially immunized or repeatedly exposed to natural infection.
BLOOD FIBRIN IN UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT OBSTRUCTION
Authors: Haden Russell L. , Orr Thomas G. 
Published: June 2004

After high gastrointestinal tract obstruction the blood fibrin increases rapidly.
The change is more marked in animals with obstruction of the cardiac end of the stomach.
The rise in fibrin parallels closely the toxemia characteristic of such conditions.
These results indicate that liver insufficiency cannot be the cause of death in such obstructions.
ETIOLOGY OF OROYA FEVER
Authors: Noguchi Hideyo 
Published: June 2004

The pathological changes observed in the organs in Macacus rhesus monkeys which have succumbed to severe infection with Bartonella bacilliformis are similar to those found in human organs in persons dying of Oroya fever.
The characteristic changes in the liver are the zonal necrosis of the cells around the hepatic veins, involving active macrophagocytosis of invading polymorphonuclear leucocytes in the necrotic areas, and a marked endothelial hyperplasia in the sinusoids or around the portal veins. In some instances there is fatty infiltration of hepatic cells.
In the spleen persistent hyperplasia of the endothelial cells of the capillaries leads to the formation of minute foci of infarction, owing to occlusion of the lumina. The follicles are dispersed or reduced, and there is an active macrophagocytosis of cellular débris, polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and erythrocytes. In some specimens an increase in normoblasts is noted. Pigment is sometimes present.
The lymphatic system shows general progressive endothelial hyperplasia, with active invasion of macrophages which contain polymorphonuclear leucocytes, erythrocytes, and greenish or dark pigments.
In the bone marrow there is increased activity of macrophagocytes. Numerous normoblasts are found in some instances.
In one monkey, sacrificed during the course of infection, small, verruga-like nodules were found in the lungs and spleen.
Bartonella bacilliformis has been detected microscopically, though in small numbers, in all tissues showing histological changes. Parallel cultural determinations of the presence of Bartonella bacilliformis in the blood, liver, spleen, lymphatic glands, bone marrow, and local lesions established the relationship between the pathological conditions and the presence of the parasite. The organism seems to persist longest in the lymphatic glands. Cultural methods offer a simple and conclusive means for the determination of the presence or absence of the infecting organism.
ETIOLOGY OF OROYA FEVER
Authors: Noguchi Hideyo 
Published: June 2004

Bartonella bacilliformis failed to induce lesions when merely rubbed on the surface of the intact skin of a chimpanzee, an ourang-utan, and numerous Macacus rhesus monkeys, although when applied to the scarified skin of the same animals it gave rise to extensive lesions.
Application of infectious material to the scarified skin did not always induce verruga lesions, but intradermal inoculation almost invariably gave rise to nodule formation.
The localization of Bartonella bacilliformis in the skin is not, in experimental animals, determined by mechanical factors, since scarification of the skin or intradermal injection of foreign substances in monkeys infected with Bartonella bacilliformis does not give rise to verruga formation.
The degree of susceptibility of the skin tissues appears to be considerably diminished during the course of experimental infection with Bartonella bacilliformis. Inoculation of the scarified skin of infected animals gave uniformly negative results, and intradermal inoculation induced only a mild local reaction. In a few exceptional instances, however, of animals previously infected with the strain of Bartonella bacilliformis derived from a human verruga nodule, reinoculation with the same strain gave rise to unusually marked reactions.
The evolution of the skin lesion induced in experimental animals by Bartonella bacilliformis may be divided into four stages, the period of incubation, the initial stage, the mature and vascular stage, and the regression. In the initial stage the lesion is a pure angioendothelioma, but in the stage of full development the histological picture is complicated by connective tissue proliferation and occasionally also by penetration of epidermis into the lesion. The demonstration of Bartonella bacilliformis in the endothelial cells distinguishes the lesion from others which simulate it.
The cutaneous lesions known as verruga nodular, verruga mular, and verruga miliar have been reproduced in monkeys.
EXPERIMENTS ON THE PRODUCTION OF WASSERMANN REAGINS BY MEANS OF TRYPANOSOMES
Authors: Landsteiner K. , van der Scheer J. 
Published: June 2004

Since it is known that positive Wassermann reactions prevail in trypanosomiasis of rabbits, similar to those in syphilis, trypanosomes were used for an inquiry into the cause of this reaction.
Injections with dead trypanosomes into rabbits proved that these microbes are highly active antigens and suffice in themselves to produce strongly positive Wassermann sera, in analogy to the findings reported by F. Klopstock with Spirochæta pallida.
Although a number of questions require further study, yet it seems likely that this antigenic activity of the microbes or their products plays a part in the production of the Wassermann reagins in infections with spirochetes and trypanosomes.
INFLUENCE OF LIGHT ON THE GROWTH AND MALIGNANCY OF A TRANSPLANTABLE NEOPLASM OF THE RABBIT
Authors: Pearce Louise , Van Allen C. M. 
Published: June 2004

An experiment is reported in which an environment of constant and continuous light excluding the shorter ultra-violet rays, and one of constant darkness, have influenced the course and character of a malignant disease of rabbits induced by a transplantable neoplasm.
Under the influence of constant light the level of malignancy was observed to be low; under the influence of constant darkness the level of malignancy was somewhat lower than in the control animals living under ordinary indoor light conditions, but the level was not as low as among the animals constantly illuminated.
These observations furnish experimental evidence in support of the idea that there is a correlation between the external factor of light on the one hand and the manifestations of an experimental malignant disease on the other.
AN INFECTIOUS GRANULAR VAGINITIS OF COWS
Authors: Jones F. S. , Little Ralph B. 
Published: June 2004

A disease of cows characterized by swelling of the vulva, acute inflammation of the vaginal mucosa, accompanied by a more or less profuse mucopurulent exudate is described. After the acute inflammation subsides the mucosa becomes studded with tiny, round, raised, red nodules which persist 2 or 3 months or longer. The acute lesion consists in necrosis of the epithelium and accumulations of leucocytes and round cells in the edematous submucosa. The nodules in the later stages are made up of densely packed masses of lymphocytes in the submucosa which force the epithelial layer outward.
A Gram-negative bacillus with tiny polar granules was found in the exudate. It measures I to 2µ in length and stains with difficulty. The organism was obtained in pure culture by inoculating the exudate into tubes of slanted agar to which defibrinated horse blood had been added. Growth occurs only in sealed tubes. The organism possesses slight pathogenicity for guinea pigs. When freshly isolated cultures were introduced into the vagina of heifers or young calves, acute inflammation resulted which terminated in the characteristic granular stage of the disease.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS OF THE RABBIT
Authors: Webster Leslie T. 
Published: June 2004

The spread of Bact. lepisepticum infection throughout a population of thoroughbred rabbits at a farm in New City, N. Y., was studied over a period of 2 years. The following observations are noteworthy.
1. 50 to 75 per cent of the total mortality was due to Bact. lepisepticum infection.
2. About 50 per cent of the stock was affected locally with Bact. lepisepticum "snuffles."
3. "Snuffles" and mortality rates showed spring and fall rises and low points during the summer.
4. Carrier, morbidity, and mortality rates of various special breeds differed consistently and to a marked degree. All reflected the same seasonal fluctuations as the total population.
5. Individuals within each breed differed in their response to the presence of Bact. lepisepticum; some died of penumonia and septicemia; others developed the local nasal infection, "snuffles"; others became "healthy" carriers; and a few remained uninfected.
ON THE COLLECTION OF THE ENTIRE EXTERNAL SECRETION OF THE PANCREAS UNDER STERILE CONDITIONS AND THE FATAL EFFECT OF TOTAL LOSS OF PANCREATIC JUICE
Authors: Elman Robert , McCaughan John M. 
Published: June 2004

It has been possible by appropriate intubation of the main pancreatic duct of the dog to collect the total external secretion of the pancreas under sterile conditions. When all of the secretion is thus collected exitus occurs in a characteristic way in about a week with anorexia, gastric irritability, vomiting and asthenia. The significance of this finding has been briefly discussed.
A method is also described for the "altercursive" intubation of the pancreas whereby the secretion may be collected or allowed to flow back to the duodenum at will.
COMPARATIVE PATHOLOGY OF SOUTH AFRICAN JAGZIEKTE AND MONTANA PROGRESSIVE PNEUMONIA OF SHEEP
Authors: Cowdry E. V. , Marsh Hadleigh 
Published: June 2004

As long as the exact etiology of jagziekte and of progressive pneumonia remains unknown, it cannot be said that they are identical, although on the basis of the observations detailed above, they certainly appear to be. It is extremely doubtful whether it is possible to distinguish between them. In the localities in which they occur, each is recognized as an infection quite distinct and apart from other better known pneumonias. Predisposing factors which lead to bacterial invasion are presumably of great importance in both. We have no precise information regarding the organisms concerned, but in both diseases, the initial changes are alike and occur in the interalveolar tissue and the subsequent proliferations of epithelium and the pneumonia are of the same character and apparently follow in exactly the same sequence. Finally, in both diseases, there is much fibrosis and the animals inevitably die through depletion of respiratory area and pneumonia.
The view hitherto held, that jagziekte is a disease definitely restricted to the Union of South Africa, is thus rendered improbable. Nor does it appear likely that jagziekte is due to a single specific virus acting primarily upon the epithelial cells of the lungs, which is is likewise a conception widely accepted in South Africa.
ON THE TRANSPLANTATION OF THE GUINEA PIG SUPRARENAL AND THE FUNCTIONING OF THE GRAFTS
Authors: Jaffe Henry L. ,   With the Assistance of Alma Adler.
Published: June 2004

1. The suprarenal cortex of the guinea pig can be transplanted autoplastically into the abdominal wall and may remain for months, growing to fairly large size.
2. The suprarenal cortex of the guinea pig can be transplanted homoplastically but these transplants usually degenerate after a few months.
3. Small autoplastic transplants are capable of maintaining the life of a completely suprarenalectomized guinea pig for weeks and large transplants maintain the animal indefinitely in good condition.
4. Irritation phenomena follow the grafting of suprarenal cortex due to the entrance of epinephrine into this tissue during the manipulation involved in removal of the gland.
THE RELATION OF THE RETICULO-ENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM TO THE FORMATION OF AMYLOID
Authors: Smetana H. 
Published: June 2004

The facts presented suggest strongly that reticulo-endothelial cells are actively concerned in the formation of amyloid. Points in favor of this theory are as follows:
1. The appearance of amyloid in places where reticulo-endothelial cells are normally present, sometimes in very large number.
2. The formation of early amyloid in the small solitary patches, which suggests its local formation.
3. The occurrence of solitary patches of amyloid apparently located within the capillaries of the liver.
4. The manifold relations between reticulo-endothelial cells marked out by phagocytized ink granules, loose ink particles and amyloid, described in the text.
5. The impossibility of demonstrating reticulo-endothelial cells in areas of forming amyloid by intravenous injections of India ink.
6. The delayed appearance of amyloid in animals after blockage of the reticulo-endothelial cells by repeated intravenous injections of India ink.