bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The skin of primates. XL. The skin of the cottontop pinché Saguinus (=Oedipomidas) oedipus
Authors: Perkins Edwin M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe skin of Saguinus (= Oedipomidas) oedipus Linnaeus, is basically similar to that of the red‐mantled tamarin, Saguinus (= Tamarinus) fuscicollis Spix; it has several peculiarities: (1) a circumscribed tuft of vibrissae on the ulnar aspect of the wrist; (2) an accumulation of apocrine glands over the sternum; and (3) an extensive posterior abdominal field of gigantic sebaceous glands admixed with large apocrine glands, better developed in the female. The epidermis, dermis, hair follicles, sebaceous ducts, and apocrine excretory ducts are all heavily pigmented. Hairs are arranged in linear perfect sets; the epithelial sac of quiescent follicles is devoid of glycogen and phosphorylase. Eccrine sweat glands are restricted to the volar friction surfaces and contain no glycogen. Only the coiled excretory ducts of the eccrine glands contain phosphorylase. All cutaneous nerve fibers are more reactive for acetylthan butyrylcholinesterase.
The relation of canine size to pattern and extent of attrition in baboons
Authors: Smith Patricia 
Published: August 2005

AbstractFor most genera of animals the association between dental morphology and diet is such that inferences concerning the diet can be made on the basis of the dentition alone. The canine is the one tooth that appears exempt from such generalisation and exhibits a wide range of variability of size and shape in all groups. In order to determine the effect of dimorphism of the canine on the dental apparatus, male and female specimens of Theropithecus and Papio baboons were examined. Occlusal relationships and dental pathology for 21 Theropithecus and 40 Papio skulls were recorded, and crown height measurements obtained for maxillary incisors, buccal and lingual molar cusps. Attrition was the most common and severe cause of abscess formation in older animals: the pattern of attrition differed in adult males and females, the latter showing more wear of the incisor and lingual molar cusps. Partial correlations for incisor, buccal and lingual molar cuspal crown height show a significant correlation between incisor and lingual cusp attrition in juveniles of both sexes and adult females (p < 0.01). Adult males show no correlation of attrition. It is proposed that the correlation of incisor and lingual molar cusp attrition is associated with anterior‐posterior grinding movements, such as take place during incision, that the large canine present in the male limits such movements, the sharp blade‐like canine being employed as a cutting tool. This use of the canine by reducing functional demands on other teeth, prolongs the utility of the dental apparatus, and hence the lifespan of its possessor.
Lesions of the frontal bone in American Indians
Authors: Stewart T. D. , Quade Lawrence G. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractOver 1,400 adult skulls from archeological sites along the Atlantic Seaboard, in the Midwest and in the Southwest were examined for frontal lesions. A late prehistoric site in Delaware yielded the highest frequency. Next was a late prehistoric site in Illinois, but here the high frequency may reflect in part the collector's special interest in bone pathology. By contrast, the historic and early prehistoric sites yielded the lowest frequencies.Like Hooton and Snow, the only previous American investigators who have recorded frontal lesions in detail, the present authors agree that most of the occurrences in skulls from Archaic and early Pueblo sites are due to trauma. However, in the other groups studied most of the lesions appear to be inflammatory and to have a rather constant location on the frontal. Some are accompanied by lesions on the parietals and on certain long bones. After healing bone remodelling gradually eliminates much of the original disfigurement. Examples of lesions in different stages are illustrated.The appearance of some of the inflammatory lesions suggests syphilis, but satisfactory proof of this is not yet forthcoming. Hopefully, these findings will rekindle interest in the problem and stimulate further efforts to reach correct diagnoses.
The A‐B‐O blood groups of baboons
Authors: Wiener Alexander S. , Moor‐Jankowski J. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA new series of 188 baboons, Papio papio, Senegal, have been tested for the human type A‐B‐O groups with the following results: 2 group O, 27 group A, 93 group B and 66 group AB. This distribution fits the Hardy‐Weinberg formula perfectly, using the allele frequencies O = 10.3%, A = 29.0%, and B = 60.8%. Up to date, five series of baboons comprising a total of 684 animals have been tested for their A‐B‐O groups. On these 684 baboons, from three different species, only three belonged to group O. Nevertheless, there is convincing indirect evidence that in most of the baboon species tested so far the frequency of gene O is about 10%. There are significant differences in the distribution of the blood groups in the various baboon species, comparable to the differences in racial distribution of the A‐B‐O blood groups in man, e.g., the frequency of gene A ranges from 18.2% in Papio ursinus, South Africa, to 48.3% in Papio cynocephalus.The usefulness of the methods of population genetics, viz, allele frequency analysis, for studies of blood groups in primates is demonstrated. The differences and similarities between the A‐B‐O blood groups in man and baboons are discussed.
The genetic‐determination of ossification sequence polymorphism
Authors: Hertzog Keith P. , Falkner Frank , Garn Stanley M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractSerial hand‐wrist x‐rays of 81 pairs of twins were examined to investigate the genetics of ossification sequence polymorphism. Discordance in ossification sequence was 3.5 times more common between like‐sex dizygotic twins than between monozygotic twins, with the difference being significant at the 0.01 level of confidence. These findings support the contention that the major part of variation in ossification sequence is genetically determined.
Artificial interproximal grooving of the teeth in American Indians
Authors: Ubelaker Douglas H. , Phenice T. W. , Bass William M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractArtificial grooves about 2 mm in width have been observed on the cervical region of teeth of American Indian populations which come from widespread localities and which extend through considerable time depth. The grooves appear to have been made ante‐mortem and to show a close relationship with interproximal caries and peridontal bone resorption. It is conjectured that the grooves represent efforts of a therapeutic or, at least, palliative nature.
Hemoglobins, haptoglobins, and transferrins in indigenous populations of Kenya
Authors: Buettner‐Janusch John , Buettner‐Janusch Vina 
Published: August 2005

AbstractHemoglobin, haptoglobin, and transferrin phenotypes were determined by means of starch‐gel electrophoresis for a sample of 226 Kenya hospital patients. Allele frequencies were: HbβS=0.081; Hp1=0.057; TfD=0.038. Hemoglobin S was the only aberrant hemoglobin found in this sample. Transferrins C and D were the only transferrins found. Hemoglobin and transferrin phenotypes were also determined for a sample of 201 newborn Kenya infants. One of these infants had hemoglobins F, S, and C, eight had hemoglobins A, F, and S, and the remainder had hemoglobins A and F. Transferrins C, B, and D were found in this sample. Allele frequencies were: TfB=0.008; TfD=0.019.
Frequency of forks in epidermal‐ridge minutiae in the finger print
Authors: Okajima M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe frequency of minutia types was studied in finger prints of 77 males and 82 females. Dermal ridges were clearly printed by a revised method for this purpose.The fork index, which represents the frequency of forks in minutiae, is higher in females for each finger than in males. It differs on each finger, i.e., low on the digit I, high on the digits, III, IV and V, and intermediate on the digit II. The mean of the index for each finger distributes from about 15 to 24. Bilateral difference is not evident. The correlation coefficient between right and left hands ranges from 0.52 to 0.79. Forks appear more frequently in ulnar loops than in whorls. It is revealed that the occurrence of forks differs in dermal regions.
Associations between the rates of elongation of the short bones of the hand
Authors: Roche Alexander F. , Hermann Rochelle F. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractData from serial radiographs of 40 children were used to study the rates of total, diaphyseal and epiphyseal elongation of the bones of the hand from 3–13 years. Communality indices were calculated from complete correlation matrices for each sex. These indices tended to be lower for boys than girls. Communality indices for distal phalanges were lower than for the other bones and those for epiphyseal elongation were lower than those for total or diaphyseal elongation. Correlations between groups of bones in their rates of elongation were higher in rows of bones than in rays. There were statistically significant neighborhood effects and a slight tendency to marginal effects in the correlations between rates of elongation in rows of bones; neither of these effects was present in rays.
Variability of postnatal ossification timing and evidence for a “dosage” effect
Authors: Garn Stanley M. , McCreery Lawrence D. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAlthough absolute variability in postnatal ossification timing is generally larger in boys than in girls, relative, conception‐corrected variability is significantly larger in girls, suggestive of a “dosage” effect and consistent with the hypothesis of partial X‐linkage. These findings, together with the excess of sister‐sister over brother‐brother timing similarities are inconsistent with the hypothesis of selective inactivation of either the paternal or the maternal X chromosome.
Biphalangia of the lateral toes. A study on the incidence in a Swedish population together with some observations on digital sesamoid bones in the foot
Authors: Sandström Björn , Hedman Gunnar 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe incidence of a two‐phalangeal fifth toe in a Swedish population has been investigated in a series of 496 persons.The incidence is about 35% without significant differences between sexes or between age groups. The figure coincides with that found in studies on German, English and Danish populations but differs from that of American and that of Japanese populations. It is concluded that the cause of this anomaly is genetic and that the two‐phalangeal fifth toe may be an important parameter in racial studies and for the identification of an individual. Each phalanx in the two‐phalangeal toe is on the average almost 5 mm longer than its counterpart in the three‐phalangeal variety, resulting in the paradoxic fact that the three‐phalangeal toe is shorter on the average than the two‐phalangeal one.The numbers of sesamoid bones in various locations of the toes are presented.
Comparison of the mortality profiles of Archaic, Middle Woodland, and Middle Mississippian skeletal populations
Authors: Blakely Robert L. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractMortality profiles were constructed for four American Indian skeletal populations for the purpose of comparing the frequencies of deaths at given ages between and within the populations. An interpretation of the differential mortality frequencies is then possible. Selected for study were the Archaic population from Indian Knoll, Kentucky, an Illinois Archaic series and a Middle Woodland Hopewellian population, both from the Klunk Mounds in southwestern Illinois, and a Middle Mississippian population from Dickson Mounds, Illinois.It was found that in the Archaic populations there were significantly higher percentages of deaths throughout the first three decades than among either the Hopewell or Middle Mississippian populations. Although the mortality profiles of the latter two groups more closely approximated each other, the average age at death was greater for the Hopewellian population. Suggested are different behavioral adjustments to stress.However, with a few notable exceptions, the fluctuations in the frequencies of death follow similar profiles in the mortality curves, indicating that common to all four populations were certain ages at which time death was more likely to occur. Various interpretations are offered to explain these periods of greater mortality.
Bipedal behavior and the emergence of erect posture in man
Authors: Sigmon B. A. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractBipedal behavior is present to some degree in most of the higher primates. Field studies of living pongids have shown that an upright stance and various types and degrees of bipedal progression are not uncommon and are thus presumably advantageous. Bipedal behavior similar to that in living pongids could also have been, and probably was, present in pre‐hominids.As the environment of the pre‐hominids changed, the increased use of bipedalism was of survival value. That is, it was a behavioral response to environmental circumstances and not just a random event. Once bipedal behavior became habitual, it formed part of a pattern of natural selection which shaped a physical type adapted for erect, bipedal posture.
Adaptive growth changes of the gonial region in Macaca mulatta
Authors: Michejda Maria , Weinstein Sam 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAn experimental study of functional and adaptive growth changes of the gonial region associated with removal of all anterior teeth is being carried out through the life span of the Macaca mulatta monkeys. Radiographic cephalometry, using metallic implants as consistent points of reference and histological methods using in vivo tetracycline bone labeling, are the principal experimental techniques in the study. The present paper covers the results obtained from the longitudinal observations of the infant group from two to 24 months of age.The angular measurements of the gonial angle, linear measurements of the horizontal and vertical rates of growth in the gonial region were made in experimental and control groups. The data obtained from the angular measurements showed negative regression trends in both groups. The data from linear measurements of horizontal and vertical rate of growth exhibited positive linear regression trends with age.The histological findings, however, indicate differences between the two groups. Sections from the control group show some bone apposition in the gonial region, while experimental animals show extensive resorption. The results of this study show the inadequacy of standard anthropometric methods in the determination of adaptive growth changes of the gonial region at that early age.
The mixed cell agglutination method for typing mummified human tissue
Authors: Lippold Lois K. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA, B, and O(H) antigens have been demonstrated in mummified epidermal tissue by means of the mixed agglutination method. This mixed erythrocyte‐epidermal cell agglutination is possible since both cell types possess a common antigen.Tissue samples derived from prehistoric aboriginal populations of the Aleutian Islands, the Southwestern United States and Peru and Chile were subjected to testing using this technique. The continuity in ABO type between these aboriginal specimens and those of living populations is remarkable. A, B, AB and O(H) types were found to be represented in the 30 Aleut specimens while the Southwestern United States materials revealed just antigens A and O. Only the O antigen was recorded from specimens from Peru and Chile.
Spontaneous cleft lip and palate in a living nonhuman primate, Macaca mulatta
Authors: Swindler Daris R. , Merrill O. Monte 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA description of the first known cleft lip and palate in a living nonhuman primate is presented. The palatal defect extends from the uvula to the incisive foramen where it passes to the right side to continue through the alveolus between the right lateral incisor and canine teeth. The cleft is similar to the complete unilateral cleft found in man.
A method for estimation of cranial capacity from cephalometric roentgenograms
Authors: Haack Donald C. , Meihoff Edward C. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA method of estimating cranial capacity of either living subjects or cadavers or dry skulls has been developed and tested. This method requires a lateral and a frontal (A‐P) cephalogram. The area of the projection of the cranial cavity on the lateral cephalogram, AL, is determined by use of a planimeter and the breadth, b, is determined by direct measurement of its projection on the frontal cephalogram. These data are applied to a formula, V = KALb, where K is a constant which has been determined by tests of a similar population of skulls of known volume. Ten or 12 skulls should be sufficient for the purpose of determining K. The method is simple and direct, and offers accuracy and reliability as good or better than the best methods presently employed.
Progesterone values in monkeys near term
Authors: MacDonald Gordon J. , Yoshinaga Koji , Greep Roy O. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe serum progesterone of peripheral, ovarian, uterine and umbilical blood from six Macaca mulatta and two M. fascicularis was determined by radioimmunoassay in late pregnancy. Peripheral progesterone values fell to lower levels the day after delivery, a decrease indicating placental progesterone secretion. The concentration of progesterone in the ovarian vein associated with the presence of a corpus luteum was greater than that in the contralateral vein, a difference denoting active progesterone secretion by the corpus luteum. In most cases the uterine vein on the side associated with the placement of the primary and secondary placentae contained more progesterone than its opposite counterpart, a condition that suggests some synthesis of progesterone by the placenta. The umbilical vein/artery progesterone ratio showed fetal metabolism of this steroid and also greater metabolism of progesterone by the female fetus. The progesterone concentration in the ovarian vein associated with the corpus luteum in mothers who bore female fetuses was greater than that of the same vein in those mothers who bore male fetuses. Peripheral progesterone levels were high the day before cesarean section and fell to lower levels the day after delivery. The decline was more rapid in mothers who bore male fetuses.
Oral implantology and oral carcinogenesis in primates
Authors: Hamner James E. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe projection of basic clinical research into practical application for the patient's benefit is one of the prime goals of biomedical research. The non‐human primate, by its close proximity to man, affords an ideal experimental model to meet the needs of such scientific research.Our dentally orientated investigations have encompassed the fields of oral implantology and oral carcinogenesis. The former has delved into reimplantation of natural teeth and implantation of a variety of artificial substances such as: plastics, ceramics, and pyrolite carbons, which have been utilized for bone and/or tooth replacement in a variety of forms.The chemical carcinogenesis research effort has been directed toward identifying the carcinogenic substance in betel quid chewing, which is thought to be a major cause of the high incidence of oral cancer in India.
Gastric emptying time and absorption of simple and complex carbohydrates in Macaca mulatta
Authors: White William J. , Lang C. Max , Markle William H. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractRecent studies of nonhuman primates have shown that the amount and type of dietary carbohydrate influences the development of atherosclerotic lesions. In an effort to examine the gastrointestinal handling of simple and complex carbohydrates, measurements of gastric emptying times and uptake of C14 labeled carbohydrates were made for six female Macaca mulatta.A significantly smaller volume of sucrose solutions remained in the stomach after 60 minutes than solutions containing an equal amount by weight of dextrin. Similarly, when solutions of equal osmotic pressures but unequal weights of sucrose and dextrin were used, a significantly smaller volume of the sucrose solution remained in the stomach after 60 minutes. These findings are consistent with the idea that breakdown of dextrin by pancreatic amylase results in an increase in osmotic pressure of the intestinal contents and a slowing of gastric emptying. No significant differences in the levels of glucose or total C14 labeled carbohydrates were found in the peripheral blood following ingestion of C14 labeled sucrose or dextrin. This finding suggests that although an initial difference in the rate of gastric emptying of these carbohydrates exists, other factors, such as the rate of production and activity of pancreatic amylase, activity of intestinal disaccharidases, and intestinal mucosal transport, tend to equalize the rate of absorption of these sugars.
Visual sensitivity in the squirrel monkey
Authors: Jacobs Gerald H. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractSeveral indices of visual sensitivity have been obtained from behavioral experiments conducted on the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus). In this species, the photopic spectral sensitivity functions determined by increment‐threshold and flicker discrimination procedures are substantially different; the involvement of two different neural processes in the two tasks is suggested. When tested similarly, the thresholds for rod and cone‐based vision are not substantially different for squirrel monkeys and humans; however, above cone threshold, for a 500 nm test light, increment threshold is some 0.3 to 0.4 log10 units higher for the squirrel monkey. Rod saturation has also been demonstrated to occur in the squirrel monkey.
Efferent connections of area 17 in Galago
Authors: Tigges J. , Tigges Margarete , Kalaha Cathy S. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractLesions were made in dorsal area 17 of ten Galago. Subsequently degenerating efferent fibers were traced to their termination sites with the Fink‐Heimer silver impregnation method. The supragranular layers of area 17 send a strong projection onto the underlying layer V and onto the ipsilateral area 18. Area MT, the superior colliculus, the pulvinar, and the pons also receive a projection from the ipsilateral area 17.
Observations on spontaneous pathological lesions in Chacma baboons (Papio ursinus)
Authors: Weber H. W. , Greeff M. J. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractSome pathological findings made in more than 3000 autopsies on Chacma baboons (Papio ursinus) are reviewed. Diarrhea is frequent among newcomers in the Primate Colony at the University of Stellenbosch and is possibly related to the stress of adaptation to captivity. Strict control of the water balance of sick animals prevents losses. In 63% of diarrheic baboons cortical adrenal necroses were found. About 10% of the autopsied baboons had a cardiomyopathy. In 50% of the baboons with necrotizing cardiomyopathy adrenal cortical necroses were found. In contrast to man, the Chacma baboon deposits inhaled inert dust in small granulomata similar to early cellular lesions of silicosis. Pyelonephritis unrelated to experimental procedures was found in 0.3%. Six cases of chronic glomerulonephritis were encountered. The inclusion of the lower parathyroids in the thyroid must be considered as a normal finding in Chacma baboons; thymic inclusions in the thyroid are more common than in man. On the whole, there are only minor differences in pathological reactions between Chacma baboon and man, but the former is much less resistant to stress than the latter.