bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Target degradation specificity of phytoplasma effector phyllogen is regulated by the recruitment of host proteasome shuttle protein
Authors: Suzuki Masato , Kitazawa Yugo , Iwabuchi Nozomu , Maejima Kensaku , Matsuyama Juri , Matsumoto Oki , Oshima Kenro , Namba Shigetou , Yamaji Yasuyuki 
Published: December 2023

AbstractPhytoplasmas infect a wide variety of plants and can cause distinctive symptoms including the conversion of floral organs into leaf‐like organs, known as phyllody. Phyllody is induced by an effector protein family called phyllogens, which interact with floral MADS‐box transcription factors (MTFs) responsible for determining the identity of floral organs. The MTF/phyllogen complex then interacts with the proteasomal shuttle protein RADIATION SENSITIVE23 (RAD23), which facilitates delivery of the MTF/phyllogen complex to the host proteasome for MTF degradation. Previous studies have indicated that the MTF degradation specificity of phyllogens is determined by their ability to bind to MTFs. However, in the present study, we discovered a novel mechanism determining the degradation specificity through detailed functional analyses of a phyllogen homologue of rice yellow dwarf phytoplasma (PHYLRYD). PHYLRYD degraded a narrower range of floral MTFs than other phyllody‐inducing phyllogens, resulting in compromised phyllody phenotypes in plants. Interestingly, PHYLRYD was able to bind to some floral MTFs that PHYLRYD was unable to efficiently degrade. However, the complex of PHYLRYD and the non‐degradable MTF could not interact with RAD23. These results indicate that the MTF degradation specificity of PHYLRYD is correlated with the ability to form the MTF/PHYLRYD/RAD23 ternary complex, rather than the ability to bind to MTF. This study elucidated that phyllogen target specificity is regulated by both the MTF‐binding ability and RAD23 recruitment ability of the MTF/phyllogen complex.
Entomological, parasitological and molecular investigations in a new focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Youssoufia region, Morocco
Authors: Amane Mounia , El Mazini Sara , Echchakery Mohamed , Hafidi Mohamed , Lemrani Meryem , Boussaa Samia 
Published: December 2023

AbstractBackground and AimsLeishmaniasis is a neglected tropical infection caused by Leishmania parasite that affect human and animal. In Morocco, the cutaneous leishmaniasis has spread substantially to the new areas. The surveillance limited to active foci may underestimate the occurrence of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). This study aims to investigate the local transmission of CL in rural districts of Youssoufia province, central Morocco, as a potential focus of CL.MethodsFor this purpose, parasitological, molecular and entomological investigations were carried out in this area. Data collection concerns potential vectors and human cases. Thus, 402 patients were examined for suspected leishmaniasis lesions in three localities of the province of Youssoufia. In these same localities, 983 sand flies were collected by CDC light traps and sticky paper during one‐night per month during 6 months. These sand flies were all identified morphologically using the Moroccan identification key.ResultsThe results showed that among the 25 skin lesions detected in a population of 402 individuals, 18 were confirmed by kDNA nested PCR as CL positive patients, of which only 25% were positive by direct examination. Leishmania tropica and Leishmania major were identified as causative agents of CL in the study area. Direct parasitological examination showed a low sensitivity (27.78%), especially for L. major, although its specificity was evaluated at 100%. Regarding entomological results, both genera of the Moroccan sand fly were collected in the study area: Genus/Phlebotomus (75.28%) and Sergentomyia (24.72%). Phlebotomus (P) papatasi, the proven vector of L. major, was the most abundant species (33.98%), followed by Paralongicollum sergenti (22.58%), the confirmed vector of L. tropica; while Sergentomyia (S) minuta, P. longicuspis, S. fallax and P. kazeruni were collected with, respectively, 17.60%, 16.99%, 7.12% and 1.73%.ConclusionThis study constitutes the first report of CL in the study areas, as well as the coexistence of L. tropica and L. major in these rural localities. Local transmission of CL is highly probable, as indicated by the prevalence of the two proven vectors of L. major and L. tropica. To control the spread of this disease, our results suggest the use of highly sensitive molecular methods to detect CL cases in potential leishmaniasis foci, which will improve surveillance.
Multilocus phylogeography of Italian Moorish geckos adds insights into the evolutionary history of European populations
Authors: Belluardo Francesco , Pellitteri‐Rosa Daniele , Cocca Walter , Liuzzi Cristiano , Rato Catarina , Crottini Angelica , Bellati Adriana 
Published: December 2023

AbstractGeckos of clade III of the Tarentola mauritanica species complex are widespread throughout southern Europe and northern Africa. We investigated the genetic variability of the Italian populations by performing a widespread sampling throughout the mainland and the two main islands of Sicily and Sardinia. We analysed 199 newly generated sequences of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene and 269 nuclear genotypes inferred from nine microsatellite loci from 307 individuals. We found 13 new mitochondrial haplotypes in Italy, whereas previous findings reported a single haplotype widespread throughout the country and in the rest of Europe, which currently make Italy the centre of genetic diversity of this taxon. There was no evidence of mitochondrial DNA structuring with geographic correlation. At the population genetic level, our multilocus approach based on nuclear markers returned a shallow genetic structure. Nonetheless, we disclosed the presence of at least four distinct genetic clusters (namely the Adriatic, two Tyrrhenian and the Calabrian clusters). Our findings do not support the two hypotheses proposed to explain the low level of mitochondrial polymorphism in this taxon, namely the genetic hitch‐hiking due to selective sweep and the historical human‐mediated colonization hypotheses. Based on the fossil record, the presence in Italy of this taxon since the Pleistocene Epoch is plausible. Given the discordance in genetic structure between mitochondrial and nuclear DNA, the exact role of the Italian Peninsula in shaping the observed patterns of genetic diversity during the Pleistocenic climatic oscillations needs further investigation.
The Public Interest as the Bed Rock of Professional Practice
Authors: Cooke Morris Llewellyn 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The object of this paper is to determine what has been, and apparently continues to be, the attitude of engineering organizations toward society as expressed in their rules of conduct. This, according to the author, is a time of stock taking and of a critical examination of the orders under which society and its constituent elements are operated. Within the church, among labor organizations, in government, in the educational field and in the professions, — everywhere, in fact, the same searching inquiry is going on as to aims and methods, and it is his belief that there can be no better time for a review of the codes of ethics designed to regulate the professional practice of engineers. It is further sought to develop the engineer’s concept of his public relationship and responsibilities as contrasted with such relatively minor obligations as those to the profession of engineering, to a client, to fellow-engineers, and to himself.
Refrigerating Plant Efficiency
Authors: Azbe Victor J. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The paper deals with the conditions prevailing in the majority of ice plants and makes suggestions in regard to increasing the efficiency of their operation.
The variations of the load factor should be considered in selecting the size of boiler. High boiler efficiency depends more upon design and intelligent operation than upon the quality of fuel used.
The author condemns the practice of using a Corliss non-condensing engine for the prime mover on account of its large steam consumption when operated at fractional loads. He recommends the uniflow steam engine and the Diesel oil engine.
It should be aimed to reduce the auxiliary power to one-half horsepower per ton of ice. Wet compression is preferable to dry. Plate ice frozen from one side takes loo long to freeze solid; cell-plate ice frozen from two sides freezes solid in one-fourth of the time.
Several curves illustrate the rate of heat transmission in brine coolers and ammonia condensers.
Ice storage is profitable, and with a reasonably large production of ice throughout the year it contributes greatly to the economical operation of the plant. The effects of various features of condenser installations are indicated in several curves obtained from actual cases.
The proper means to conserve ammonia are pointed out and the usual bonus systems are outlined.
The Work of the British Engineering Standards Association on Screw Threads and Limit Gages
Authors: Glazebrook Richard 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
In the following notes the author gives the résumé of the work done by the British Engineering Standards Association in connection with limits and limit gaging, dealing more especially with the case of screw threads.
Report No. 20 of the Committee on Screw Threads and Limit Gages gives the standard dimensions of the two series of screw threads, British Standard Whitworth and British Standard Fine, and also of the British Association Series.
With reference to securing interchangeability the Committee has arrived at the conclusion that the fit at crest and root is in most cases unimportant and that the elements which do matter are the pitch, the effective diameter and, to a less degree, the angle.
As to the form of thread, the evidence collected showed that, provided no close limits are placed on the exact curvature at crest and root, the rounded Whitworth form has distinct advantages from the manufacturing standpoint. All tolerances are defined in terms of the pitch.
Much attention has been given by the Committee to the design and provision of gages for the full and core diameters, the effective diameter, the pitch, the angle and the radius. Satisfactory forms have been developed for all of these, except for the effective diameter, for which no simple device has been found as yet.
Six classes of gages are recognized: Standard gages, for depositing with a recognized authority; reference gages, for use by manufacturers; inspection gages, to check the accuracy of the work; shop gages, used in the workshop to control manufacture; check gages, for verifying the accuracy of other gages; and master gages, used only in the manufacture of, or for the purpose of verifying, check gages.
Tests of Uniflow Steam Traction Engines
Authors: Marquis F. W. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This paper presents the results of two series of tests of Baker uniflow steam traction engines, many of them being shown graphically in the form of curves. The steam consumptions of these engines are compared with those representative of the older or counterflow type of engines, and the conclusion is reached that the simple uniflow engine operating non-condensing with saturated steam has a lower steam consumption than the compound counterflow engine under like conditions; and that when operating non-condensing but with superheated steam it will have approximately the same steam consumption as a compound counterflow engine operating condensing on saturated steam.
Preventable Waste of Coal in the United States
Authors: Myers David Moffat 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
By employing proper operating methods in boiler plants it is easily possible, according to the author, to save at least 10 per cent of the coal now burned for steam-making purposes. Such a saving would release cars for other service equivalent, say, to the coal-carrying capacity of the Pennsylvania Railroad lines east of Pittsburgh, equal to 1,000,000 fifty-ton carloads per year, and the direct money saving to the industries would be around a quarter of a billion dollars, figuring the coal at $5 a ton.
The object of the paper is to open a discussion which, it is hoped, will lead to the formulation by the Society of definite recommendations of means for the reduction of the present great preventable waste of fuel in our industries, largely through faulty, careless and uninformed operation of boiler plants, and to the offering of the services of the Society to the Government for the organization, furthering, and, as far as possible, execution of the plan which may as a consequence be adopted.
The Transfer of Heat between a Flowing Gas and a Containing Flue
Authors: Fry Lawford H. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The work on which the paper is based began as a study of the locomotive boiler, the object sought being a practical working formula for determining the drop of temperature between firebox and smokebox. The experiments studied covered, however, a wider range of conditions, and the final formula is of more general application. It applies equally well to the cooling of products of combustion from high temperatures, and to the warming of gases at atmospheric temperatures. It can be used with confidence with flues of circular or of annular section up to 2 in. in diameter and can probably be applied to larger flues of irregular section such as the gas passages in a water-lube boiler.
The general formula is most simply expressed as follows: If a gas flow x ft. through a flue of which the mean wall temperature is t, the, change in temperature of gas from T1 to T2 is given by the expression
lolog T1/t – lolog T2/t = Mx
when the gas is hotter than the flue, or by the expression
lolog t/T1 – lolog t/T2 = Mx
when the flue is hotter than the gas. In either case “lolog” means “the logarithm of the logarithm” and M is a coefficient dependent on the flue dimensions and on the rate of flow of gas. The three temperatures T1, T2, and t are to be measured from the absolute zero in any scale. If the gas flow at the rate of W lb. per hour, and if p be the perimeter of the flue in inches, the coefficient M has the form given by the equation
log M = B – m log W/p
In flues of irregular section the perimeter p is found by dividing the heat-transfer surface in contact with the gas by the length of travel of gas, all dimensions being in inches.
The coefficients B and m depend on the mean hydraulic depth of the flue. For convenience in dealing with flues of circular section, which are those most usually met with, the diameter (which in a circular flue is four times the hydraulic depth) is used below instead of the hydraulic depth. The relation between the flue diameter d and the coefficients B and m is given by the lines in Fig. 23. The equations to these lines are:
log (B – 1.3) = 1.71 – 0.54 log d
log m = 1.36 – 0.37 log d
For flues of sections other than circular the value of d is found by multiplying the mean hydraulic depth by four. Mean hydraulic depth is equal to area of cross-section divided by perimeter.
The equations given for B and m in the paper give accurate results for flues up to 2 in. in inside diameter, but those shown above can be applied to larger flues.
Expenses and Costs
Authors: Gantt H. L. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Mr. Gantt claims that there are in every manufacturing enterprise expenses which do not contribute either directly or indirectly to the production of goods. He claims that such expenses should not be considered as a part of the legitimate cost of the goods, but should be kept in a separate account.
He further claims that the expenses in this account should be classified according to their various causes, and that strenuous efforts should be made to eliminate these causes and thereby reduce this non-productive expense.
This is particularly important in time of war, when we need all of our energy for productive purposes.
On the Laws of Lubrication of Journal Bearings
Authors: Hersey M. D. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This paper deals with the physics of lubrication. The principal purpose is to set up certain general relations which may be taken as a guide in the planning and interpretation of experiments to secure data for design. Readers interested only in results available for immediate use are referred to the discussion of the Ideal Bearing in Section V. That part of the paper is intended merely as an illustration of the way in which the foregoing general relations may be applied to particular cases, but the results are doubtless applicable as a first approximation to bearings of whatever type.
Current Rehabilitation Practices and Return to Sports Criteria After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Survey of Physical Therapists in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Alshehri Yasir S. , Aljohani Marwan M.A. , Alzahrani Hosam , Alzhrani Msaad , Alkhathami Khalid M. , Alshahrani Adel , Khaled Osama A. 
Published: December 2023

Context: With the high prevalence of anterior cruciate ligament rupture among young and active individuals, rehabilitation after the injury and surgery should meet the current evidence-based recommendations to restore knee function and reduce the risk of further injury. This study aimed to investigate the current rehabilitation practices and return to sports (RTS) criteria after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) among physical therapists in Saudi Arabia. Design: Online cross-sectional survey-based study. Methods: A total of 177 physical therapists in Saudi Arabia participated in this survey. The survey included questions about the preferred postoperative timing and frequency of rehabilitation, current views on the importance of preoperative and postoperative rehabilitation to the overall outcomes, the timeframe of RTS, and the decision-making process to RTS. Results: Most therapists (96.6%) believed preoperative rehabilitation was essential/important to postoperative outcomes. Two-thirds encouraged patients to start rehabilitation program within 1 to 4 days immediately post-ACLR. RTS was permitted 6 to 9 months post-ACLR by 60% of therapists if satisfied with patient progress and capacity. Factors considered before RTS included knee strength (72.9%), functional capacity (86.4%), lower limb and trunk mechanics (62.7%), and psychological readiness (42.2%). Knee strength was assessed by manual muscle testing (39%), handheld dynamometry (15.3%), and isokinetic dynamometer (13.6%). While 60% of the therapists used single-limbed hop for distance for evaluating functional capacity, only 27.1% used a hop test battery. Conclusions: The surveyed physical therapists in Saudi Arabia demonstrated variations in the current rehabilitation practices and RTS criteria post-ACLR. Over half of the surveyed therapists considered preoperative rehabilitation essential to postoperative outcomes. However, the therapists should update their perspective with current evidence-based practice regarding the RTS timeframe, psychological readiness assessment for RTS, and knee strength evaluation using objective measurements.
Monte-carlo simulation of the effective lunar aperture for detection of ultra-high energy neutrinos with LOFAR
Authors: Krampah G. K. , Buitink S. , Bray J. D. , Corstanje A. , Desmet M. , Falcke H. , Hare B. M. , Hörandel J. R. , Huege T. , Jhansi V. B. , Karastathis N. , Mulrey K. , Mitra P. , Nelles A. , Pandya H. , Scholten O. , ter Veen S. , Thoudam S. , Winchen T. 
Published: December 2023

AbstractUltra-high-energy (UHE) cosmic neutrinos interacting with the Moon’s regolith generate particle showers that emit Askaryan radiation. This radiation can be observed from the Earth using ground-based radio telescopes like LOFAR. We simulate the effective detection aperture for UHE neutrinos hitting the Moon. Under the same assumptions, results from this work are in good agreement with previous analytic parameterizations and Monte Carlo codes. The dependence of the effective detection aperture on the observing parameters, such as observing frequency and minimum detection threshold, and lunar characteristics like surface topography have been studied. Using a Monte Carlo simulation, we find that the detectable neutrino energy threshold is lowered when we include a realistic treatment of the inelasticity, transmission coefficient, and surface roughness. Lunar surface roughness at large scales enhances the total aperture for higher observation frequencies ($$\nu \ge 1~\textrm{GHz}$$

ν
≥
1

GHz

) but has no significant effect on the LOFAR aperture. However, roughness at scales small compared to the wavelength reduces the aperture at all frequencies.
A Micromagnetic Study of the Influences of DMI on Spin-Cherenkov Effect
Authors: Yang Mingming , Yan Ming 
Published: December 2023

The Spin-Cherenkov effect (SCE) refers to the Cherenkov-type excitation of spin waves (SWs). The Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction (DMI) can cause chiral-symmetry breaking of the magnetization dynamics in magnetic systems, resulting in asymmetric dispersion relations and relevant effects. Here, we report a correlated phenomenon for Cherenkov SW excitations in a transversely magnetized nanostrip. In the presence of DMI, when a moving source exceeds the propagation velocity of SWs, coherent SWs are excited with different velocities in opposite directions. The minimum phase velocity of SWs is significantly reduced in one direction and increased in another. It is shown that the Cherenkov emission of SWs exhibits directional dependence, manifesting nonreciprocity which is related to the values of DMI constant D. Micromagnetic simulations along with analytical calculations are presented.
Mapping deformation: the map representation of geological structure
Authors: Markwick Paul J. , Paton Douglas A. , Cavalcanti de Araújo Mário Neto 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Faults and folds are the clearest expressions of deformation we can observe directly in the rock record. This is visualized on 2D maps through the geometry of outcrop patterns and lines or polygons with marker symbols indicating different kinematics. But the record of deformation is 4D, and faults and folds represent only the products of deformation, not the processes responsible. Understanding the evolution of the 3D structural framework through time is fundamental for all forms of subsurface exploration across the energy transition. The aim of this paper is to show how 2D geospatial databases can represent the 4D deformational record. This is by capturing the three components of deformation: the initial state of the crustal architecture to be deformed (the pre-deformational crustal facies and structural framework), the processes responsible for the deformation (geodynamics), and the products of the deformation (folds, faults, magmatism and crustal facies). Deformation is not limited to a single tectonic cycle. Within each cycle, it is time-transgressive and highly variable spatially. By evolving these 2D geospatial databases through time using restoration and plate modelling, we can better understand the 4D complexity of deformation and how this impacts exploration.
Allogeneic CAR T Cell Therapy for Cancer
Authors: Sasu Barbra Johnson , Lauron Elvin James , Schulz Thomas , Cheng Hsin-Yuan , Sommer Cesar 
Published: December 2023

Autologous chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy, produced from the patient's own T cells, has changed the treatment landscape for hematologic malignancies but has some drawbacks that prevent large-scale clinical application, including logistical complexities in supply, patient T cell health, treatment delays, and limited manufacturing slots. Allogeneic, or off-the-shelf, CAR T cell therapies have the potential to overcome many of the limitations of autologous therapies, with the aim of bringing benefit to all patients eligible for treatment. This review highlights the progress and challenges of allogeneic cell therapies for cancer and the various approaches that are being evaluated preclinically and in clinical trials to enhance the persistence and antitumor efficacy of allogeneic CAR T cells, including new strategies to avoid immune rejection.