bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE: Clinical Epidemiology of Cardiac Disease in Dialysis Patients: Left Ventricular Hypertrophy, Ischemic Heart Disease, and Cardiac Failure
Authors: Foley Robert N 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACTPatients with end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) are at extreme cardiovascular risk. At least half of all patients starting dialysis therapy have overt cardiovascular disease (CVD). In addition, recent studies suggest annual incidence rates for new‐onset cardiac failure, peripheral vascular disease, ischemic heart disease (IHD), and stroke of approximately 7%, 7%, 5%, and 1%, respectively. High‐level exposure to traditional risk factors, such as smoking and dyslipidemia, hemodynamic overload factors, such as anemia and hypertension, and a myriad of metabolic factors related to uremia are all likely to play a role. There has been explosive growth in observational studies and a heartening, if less dramatic, increase in risk factor intervention trials, suggesting that risk factor modification can lead to meaningful benefit.
THE CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE: Traditional Cardiac Risk Factors in Individuals with Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Uhlig Katrin , Levey Andrew S. , Sarnak Mark J. 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACTIndividuals with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are at increased risk for the development and progression of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The increased risk is due to a higher prevalence of both traditional risk factors as well as nontraditional risk factors. In this review we focus on individuals at all stages of CKD and discuss modifiable traditional risk factors, namely hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus and poor glycemic control, smoking, and physical inactivity. The prevalence of each risk factor and its relationship with CVD is described. Treatment recommendations are provided using evidence available from populations with CKD or evidence extrapolated from the general population when there are insufficient data on individuals with CKD.
Short‐Term and Long‐Term Effects of Plasmapheresis on Serum Proteins and Immunoglobulins
Authors: Friedman B. A. , Schork M. A. , Mocniak J. L. , Oberman H. A. 
Published: December 2004

In order to evaluate the short‐term and long‐term effects of plasmapheresis on serum proteins and immunoglobulins, the levels of α1, α1, β, and γ globulins, and IgG, IgA, and IgM were measured and statistically evaluated in 41 active plasmapheresis donors donating 500 to 1,000 ml of plasma weekly for up to three years. During the initial four months of plasmapheresis, the percentage of α1 and α2 globulins manifested a statistically significant rise and the IgG, IgA, and IgM concentrations declined. By the end of ten months, only the IgM continued to be depressed. Although the concentration of IgM continued to show a statistically significant decline for three years, it remained well within the normal range of values for our laboratory. Although no statistically significant difference existed between the baseline value of albumin and the level reached at the end of the third year, a gradual rise was followed by a decline in this interval.Most of the statistically significant alterations of serum protein and immunoglobulins occurring in plasmapheresis donors are seen in the initial six months of plasmapheresis. A falling serum protein in this time period is most likely an indication of declining immunoglobulins. It is feasible and appropriate to measure the donor's total serum protein at the time of each plasmapheresis. Any untoward reduction in this value necessitates quantification of the serum immunoglobulins. Routine measurement of the immunoglobulins in the face of normal total serum protein can be performed on a less frequent basis as is presently recommended by accrediting agencies, although this study should be performed more often during the first six months of a serial plasmapheresis program.
Ionized Calcium During Plateletpheresis
Authors: Szymanski I. O. 
Published: December 2004

The concentration of ionized calcium (Ca++) during platelepheresis was monitored when donors received 461 ± 95 (mean ± S.D.) ml of anticoagulant acid‐citrate‐dextrose (ACD), N.I.H. formula A. Most donors experienced mild subjective symptoms (perioral tingling) during reinfusion of autologous blood. The concentration of serum Ca++ before the procedure was 4.19 ± 0.203 (mean ± S.D.) mg/dl and it decreased to 3.27 ± 0.391 (mean ± S.D.) mg/dl after the procedure. Two of the 79 donors experienced more severe symptoms (nausea, lightheadedness) while ionized calcium was lower than 3 mg/dl. Mild hypocalcemic effects could be demonstrated by electrocardiography in most donors.When donors received 414 ± 28 (mean ± S.D.) ml of ACD, N.I.H. formula B, only some of them experienced perioral tingling during reinfusion of the autologous blood. The concentration of Ca++ before the procedure was 4.18 ± 0.14 (mean ± S.D.) mg/dl and it decreased to 3.66 ± 0.14 (mean ± S.D.) mg/dl after the procedure. These data indicated that ACD N.I.H. formula B promotes greater donor comfort and safety than does ACD, formula A.The data showed that hemodilution occurred immediately following the withdrawal of one unit of blood, prior to infusion of any intravenous fluids. The analysis of the data revealed also that both magnesium and calcium entered the intravascular compartment during plateletpheresis. Although the origin of the calcium ion entering the plasma could not be established, it appeared that at least part was derived from calcium‐citrate complexes.
Description and use of the CS‐3000 blood cell separator for single‐donor platelet collection
Authors: Buchholz D. H. , Porten J. H. , Menitovea J. E. , Rzad L. , Bucheger R. R. , Aster R. H. , Lin A. T. , Smith J. 
Published: December 2004

A new computer‐controlled seal less continuous flow blood cell separator has been developed to harvest platelets, plasma, or leukocytes and perform plasma exchange. One hundred seven platelet collection procedures were performed using an instrument prototype during developmental evaluation of a number of differently configured platelet collection chambers. An average of 3.6 (range 2.6‐5.5) × 1011 platelets was collected during a 90‐minute period (blood withdrawl rate, 32 ml/minute) with the best chamber. Only a small number of other cells, from 0.1 to 0.2 times 109 white blood cells and 0.7 to 1.0 times 109 red cells was collected with the platelets. Total procedure time averaged 115 to 120 minutes and included 5 minutes to install the blood processing pathway, 10 minutes to prime the system under computer control, 5 minutes to return donor erythrocytes at the completion of the procedure, and 5 minutes to remove the processing set and resuspend the platelets. The average donor platelet count declined 48 times103per μ (19%) by the completion of the procedure, and, with the exception of a decline in inorganic phosphorus from 3.4 to 2.5 mg per dl, no unexpected changes in serum chemistry levels were seen.Use of either of two larger separation chambers in a production version of the instrument permitted more rapid blood processing rates (≃45 ml/minute); an average of 4.2 (range 2.1–7.8) × 1011 platelets was collected in 90 minutes using a larger chamber designed for platelet separation (n = 164). Platelets could also be collected using the chamber designed for white blood cell collection by omitting the use of hydroxyethyl starch and by selecting the platelet collection computer program rather than the white cell collection program. Using that chamber, an average of 4.3 ± 1.8 times 1011 platelets was collected in 90 minutes (56% collection efficiency; n = 31). Leukocyte contamination of platelets was greater using the larger chambers. Infusion of autologous platelets labeled with 51Cr demonstrated a 70 percent average recovery and a mean survival of 9.1 days (n = 10). Seven nonalloimmunized thrombocytopenic patients were transfused with platelets collected using the prototype cell separator and an average of 86 percent of the expected number of platelets was present in the circulation 2 hours after transfusion with 63 percent of the cells remaining in the circulation at 24 hours. Template bleeding times were corrected in six of seven recipients following transfusion, and hemostasis was achieved in three bleeding recipients. Therapeutically useful numbers of functionally effective platelets can be collected using this blood processing instrument.
Simian foamy virus infection in a blood donor
Authors: Boneva R.S. , Grindon A.J. , Orton S.L. , Switzer W.M. , Shanmugam Vedapuri , Hussain A.I. , Bhullar V.B. , Chamberland M.E. , Heneine Walid , Folks T.M. , Chapman L.E. 
Published: December 2004

BACKGROUND: Infections with simian foamy virus (SFV) are widely prevalent in nonhuman primates. SFV infection was confirmed in a worker, occupationally exposed to nonhuman primates, who donated blood after the retrospectively documented date of infection. Human‐to‐human transmission of SFV through trans‐ fusion and its pathogenicity have not been studied. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Recipients of blood from this donor were identified and blood samples from such recipients were tested for SFV infection by Western blot and PCR assay. RESULTS: One recipient of RBCs and another recipient of FFP had died; retroviral infections were not implicated. One platelet recipient could not be tested. Recipients of RBCs (two), a WBC‐reduced RBC unit (one), and a platelet unit (one) tested SFV‐negative 19 months to 7 years after transfusion. Tested recipients had transfusions 3 to 35 days after blood donation. Samples of one lot of albumin and three lots of plasma protein fraction (manufactured from recovered plasma from two donations) tested negative both for antibodies and for viral RNA. CONCLUSION: SFV transmission through transfusion was not identified among four recipients of cellular blood components from one SFV‐infected donor. Derivatives containing plasma from that donor tested negative for SFV.
Absence of HBV and HCV, HTLV‐I and ‐II, and human herpes virus‐8 activation after allogeneic RBC transfusion in patients with advanced HIV‐1 infection
Authors: Asmuth David M. , Kalish Leslie A. , Laycock Megan E. , Murphy Edward L. , Mohr Beth A. , Lee Tzong‐Hae , Gallarda James , Giachetti Cristina , Dollard Sheila C. , Van Der Horst Charles M. , Grant Robert M. , Busch Michael P. ,   for the Viral Activation Transfusion Study Group
Published: December 2004

BACKGROUND: The Viral Activation Transfusion Study was a prospective, randomized, double‐blind comparison of transfusion with WBC‐reduced versus non‐WBC‐reduced RBCs to HIV+ patients. The primary study characterized the effect of transfusion on HIV and CMV activation by monitoring viral load changes. The present study analyzed HBV, HCV, HTLV‐I and ‐II, and human herpes virus‐8 (HHV‐8) viral load before and after transfusion to evaluate the further hypothesis that global immune stimulation following allogeneic RBC transfusion results in activation and increased viral proliferation of chronic viral infections other than HIV and CMV. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Baseline samples from 519 to 523 subjects were screened for HBV, HCV, HTLV‐I and ‐II, and HHV‐8 infection, and baseline, serial weekly, and quarterly blood samples from infected subjects in the non‐WBC‐reduced arm were evaluated for changes from baseline in viral nucleic acid and ALT levels. RESULTS: Seroprevalence of HBV, HCV, HTLV‐I and ‐II, and HHV‐8 was 68, 25, 5, and 30 percent, respectively. No significant induction of HBV, HCV, HHV‐8, or HTLV‐I and ‐II viral replication following allogeneic transfusion of non‐WBC‐reduced blood was observed. A significant, albeit small, association was observed between transfusion and ALT. CONCLUSIONS: Based on these results and our previous finding that no adverse effect on HIV and CMV viral load and disease progression results from allogeneic transfusion, no evidence is found to support the selective use of WBC‐reduced blood components for HIV‐infected patients.
Temporal trends in the prevalence of HIV and other transfusion‐transmissible infections among blood donors in northern Thailand, 1990 through 2001
Authors: Nantachit Niwes , Robison Valerie , Wongthanee Antika , Kamtorn Nuonchuen , Suriyanon Vinai , Nelson Kenrad E. 
Published: December 2004

BACKGROUND: Thailand's epidemic of HIV infection, which began in 1988, has primarily involved heterosexual transmission of the virus. This study describes changes in prevalence of HIV and other infectious diseases among blood donors in northern Thailand from 1990 through 2001. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Serologic screening results and demographic data were analyzed from 276,066 donors screened at two blood collection facilities in Chiang Mai, Thailand, from 1990 through 2001. RESULTS: The HIV prevalence peaked in 1991 to 1993 at 4.04 percent and then declined to 0.38 percent in 2001. The overall prevalence of HIV infection was 2.16 percent; HIV prevalence was higher among male (2.24%) than among female (0.64%) donors, in first‐time donors, and in replacement volunteer donors. The majority of the donors were men and first‐time donors throughout this study. The prevalence of antibodies to syphilis decreased significantly in both men and women. However, the prevalence of antibodies to HCV and HBsAg were stable. CONCLUSIONS: The declining HIV prevalence from 1990 through 2001 among blood donors in two large blood banks in northern Thailand indicates significant progress toward recruitment of a safer donor population in a developing country despite a major HIV and AIDS epidemic involving the general population.
Circulatory arrest during PBPC apheresis in an unrelated donor
Authors: Cassens Uwe , Baumann Claudia , Hillmann Hartmut , Reinecke Holger , Silling Gerda , Booke Michael , Wawer Angela , Sibrowski Walter 
Published: December 2004

BACKGROUND: Nowadays, the collection of PBPCs by apheresis from healthy donors is a routine method. The mobilization with rHu G–CSF and the apheresis procedures are usually well tolerated without severe side effects. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: We report a severe complication in a 41‐year‐old unrelated female donor who was allowed to donate PBPCs and was mobilized with 10 μg of G–CSF per kg per day. During PBPC apheresis, she experienced a circulatory arrest after 132 minutes and processing of 7078 mL of blood (twice the donor's blood volume). RESULTS: Immediate cardiopulmonary resuscitation restored sinus rhythm and regulatory respiration without sequelae. Subsequent cardiologic examinations (heart catheterization, electrophysiologic testing, tilting table test) resulted in the diagnosis of a neurocardiogenic syncope. Other cardiac or circulatory disorders could be excluded. The implantation of a cardiac pacemaker was recommended to the donor. The 4‐year‐old recipient was successfully transplanted with the partial product collected until the arrest occurred. The patient received a total of 2.54 × 106 CD34+ cells per kg of body weight. CONCLUSION: After exclusion of other cardiac diseases, the diagnosed neurocardiogenic syncope probably induced the circulatory arrest during apheresis rather than the administration of G–CSF.
The effect of methylene blue photoinactivation and methylene blue removal on the quality of fresh‐frozen plasma
Authors: Garwood Margaret , Cardigan Rebecca A. , Drummond Olive , Hornsey Valerie , Turner Craig P. , Young David , Williamson Lorna M. , Prowse Chris V. 
Published: December 2004

BACKGROUND: T he effects of using fresh or frozen‐thawed plasma, WBC reduction of plasma before freezing, and the use of two different methylene blue (MB) removal filters on the quality of MB‐treated plasma were compared.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS:  In a paired study (n = 11/arm) plasma was frozen within 8 hours of collection, thawed, MB photoinactivated, and then filtered using one of two MB removal filters. Fresh plasma (n = 16) and plasma WBC reduced before freezing (n = 19) were MB inactivated.RESULTS:  Freeze‐thawing resulted in loss of activity of FXII and VWF of 0.06 and 0.04 units per mL, respectively, but no significant loss of activity of factors II through XI or fibrinogen. Further loss of activity occurred after MB treatment: FII (0.07 IU/mL), FV (0.11 U/mL), FVII (0.08 IU/mL), FVIII (0.28 IU/mL), F IX (0.12 IU/mL), FX (0.16 IU/mL), FXI (0.28 U/mL), FXII (0.15 U/mL), VWF antigen (0.05 IU/mL), VWF activity (0.06 U/mL), and fibrinogen (0.79 g/L). Losses due to this step were significantly (5‐10%) lower in fresh plasma compared to frozen‐thawed plasma. Neither MB removal filter resulted in significant loss of activity of any factor studied.CONCLUSION:  MB removal, by either of the available filters, has little impact on the coagulation factor content of plasma, but freezing of plasma before MB treatment results in a small additional loss.
On the Inverse Problem for Scattering of Electromagnetic Radiation by a Periodic Structure
Authors: Castellano Pérez L. O. , Zubelli Jorge P. 
Published: December 2004

We consider a smooth perturbation δε(x, y, z) of a constant background permittivity ε=ε0 that varies periodically with x, does not depend on y, and is supported on a finite‐length interval in z. We investigate the theoretical and numerical determination of such perturbation from (several) fixed frequency y‐invariant electromagnetic waves.By varying the direction and frequency of the probing radiation a scattering matrix is defined. By using an invariant‐imbedding technique we derive an operator Riccati equation for such scattering matrix. We obtain a theoretical uniqueness result for the problem of determining the perturbation from the scattering matrix.We also investigate a numerical method for performing such reconstruction using multi‐frequency information of the truncated scattering matrix. This relies on ideas of regularization and recursive linearization. Numerical experiments are presented validating such approach.
All Politics is Not Local: National Forces in State Abortion Initiatives*
Authors: Roh Jongho , Haider‐Markel Donald P. 
Published: December 2004

Objective. Although research suggests that national forces can play a role in local and state elections, most of this work has only recently begun to examine the potential role of national forces in state or local ballot initiative or referenda elections.Methods. Our research addresses this gap in the literature by exploring the influence of national forces, such as the timing of elections, Supreme Court rulings, the activities of interest groups, and public opinion, on state direct legislation elections. We incorporate national forces into the morality politics framework and derive specific hypotheses. We then test these hypotheses by conducting a multivariate analysis of county‐level voting patterns across 16 abortion‐related direct legislation elections.Results. Our results confirm most of the hypotheses derived from the morality politics framework, including those concerning the role of national forces.Conclusions. Voting patterns on abortion tend to be influenced by the presence of presidential elections, Supreme Court rulings, interest‐group activity, public opinion, partisanship, college education, and conservative religious forces. We discuss the implications of our findings for research on elections, abortion policy, and morality politics.
Geochemical and isotopic studies of aeolian sediments in China
Authors: Honda Masatoshi , Yabuki Sadayo , Shimizu Hiroshi 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe Sr and Nd isotopic, rare earth element (REE) and major element compositions, together with mineral and grain‐size proportions, are reported for aeolian loess deposits and desert sands from several Chinese localities. The study was carried out in order to examine regional variations in the isotopic and geochemical features of these aeolian sediments, and to constrain the provenance of Chinese loess. Samples include loesses from the Tarim and Junggar basins and desert sands from the Taklimakan desert in north‐west China, loess from the Ordos area and desert sands from the Tengger and Mu‐us deserts in north‐central China, as well as loess and desert sands from the Naiman area, north‐east China. REE distributions show minimal variation among the Chinese loess deposits, whereas those for the desert sands show regional variations. New isotopic data document a latitudinal variation in Sr and Nd isotopic features for the loesses and desert sands. The Naiman and Junggar loesses have distinctly lower 87Sr/86Sr ratios and higher εNd(0) values than the loesses from the Tarim Basin, the Ordos area and the Loess Plateau. Among the desert sands, the Naiman samples have higher εNd(0) values than the Taklimakan, Tengger and Mu‐us samples. Isotopic data suggest that loesses of the Loess Plateau were supplied from the Tarim Basin loesses and Taklimakan Desert sand, and that the Naiman loesses were supplied from the Junggar Basin loesses. The latitudinal variation in the loesses and desert sands may be partly explained by isotopic variations reported previously for moraines from the Tianshan and west Kunlun Mountains, which are possible sources for the loesses and desert sands. These inferences on the provenance of the loesses and desert sands are consistent with the dust transport pattern over East Asia.
Moral Development: The Association between Maltreatment and Young Children's Prosocial Behaviors and Moral Transgressions
Authors: Koenig Amy L. , Cicchetti Dante , Rogosch Fred A. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIn this investigation, the moral development of physically abused (N = 28), neglected (N = 26), and nonmaltreated (N = 28) five‐year‐old children from low socioeconomic backgrounds was examined through observational measures of prosocial behaviors, moral transgressions, and emotions associated with moral development. Findings showed that physically abused children engaged in more stealing behaviors, whereas neglected children engaged in significantly more cheating behavior and less rule‐compatible behavior compared to nonmaltreated children. In addition, maltreatment status differences interacted with gender on several of the moral paradigms. Physically abused girls displayed significantly less guilt and fewer donation behaviors than neglected girls. The clinical implications for maltreated children's moral development are discussed, and targeted interventions are suggested.
PREFERENTIAL POLYMERIZATION OF 5-(AMINOMETHYL)-2-FURANCARBOXYLIC ACID (AMFC) INTO A CYCLIC TRIPEPTIDE
Authors: SINGH HARJINDER , ARORA KARUNESH , TAPADAR SUBHASISH , CHAKRABORTY TUSHAR K. 
Published: December 2004

Theoretical justification for the preferential formation of an 18-membered cyclic oligopeptide 1 based on 5-(aminomethyl)-2-furancarboxylic acid (AMFC, 2), is attempted using ab initio quantum chemical calculations. The free energy values obtained from Hessian calculations show that while the formation of the higher order cyclized oligopeptides [ HN – H 2 C –( furan )– CO ]n with n=3,4, is energetically favorable, the formation of the cyclic dipeptide 3 is thermodynamically unfavorable. Inclusion of the solvent in calculations enhances this preference further. A plausible explanation for this is the proximity of repulsive charges on the furan O atoms in the dimer 3. Details of geometric parameters and Mulliken charges support this possibility. The repulsion is enhanced, as low frequency modes of nuclear motion that bring these O atoms closer are active at room temperature. [Formula: see text]
Soluble Oligo‐ and Polyphenylenes
Authors: Tour James M. 
Published: December 2004

Soluble main chain phenylene polymers and oligomers are much less well studied than their intractable relative poly(p‐Phenylene). This review considers the synthesis and properties of poly(o‐phenylene)s, poly(m‐phenylene)s, and substituted polyphenylenes with alkyle‐, aryl‐, carbonyle‐, nitro‐, halo‐, fused aromatic, and ladder containing substituents, together with related compounds. The figure shows a planar polyphenylene derivative that can be obtained as a flexible free‐standing film. magnified image