bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transitivization
Authors: Stassen Leon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the preceding chapters we have discussed various processes of reanalysis that predicative possessive constructions may undergo. Thus, the process of adnominalization may in some cases lead to a rearrangement of the constituent structure of an erstwhile Locational Possessive or Topic Possessive. The process of predicativization changes the category status of the possessee phrase in a With-Possessive or a Topic Possessive, and, in its slipstream, it changes the syntactic structure of the construction as well.
Summary of Part I
Authors: Stassen Leon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapters I have developed the contours of the typology of Predicative Possession through a number of sometimes rather intricate discussions. At the end of this exposition it may be useful to give a brief summary of the main results of our typological investigation. Thus, the main features of the typology that has been proposed here are the following: The concept of possession constitutes a conceptual space or domain, which is defined by the intersection of two independent parameters, namely permanent contact and control. Depending on the values of these two parameters, the domain of possession can be divided .
Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV)
Authors: Conn David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONY) is common. It may affect up to 35% of patients after day case surgery. Although rarely life­ threatening, it is distressing and debilitating, and can lead to delays in returning to normal oral intake, delayed discharge from hospital, increased bleeding, wound dehiscence, and aspiration pneumonia. Although PONY is usually short-lived, many patients find it the most distressing part of their hospital stay. Nausea and vomiting is mediated through central and peripheral pathways, with a number of neurotransmitters involved. Central structures include the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) in the area postrema, which lies outside the blood-brain barrier. The nucleus of the tractus solitarius (NTS) and the vagal nuclei receive afferent impulses from the vagus nerve and interconnect with the CTZ.
Universal precautions against blood-borne viruses
Authors: Searle John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Blood-borne viruses (BBVs) can be transmitted from infected patients to health care workers and may cause serious illnesses, some of which are fatal. The prevalence in the population of the viruses which are particularly important in the UK are given in Table 19.1. Transmission of BBVs to health care workers is well documented. The commonest cause is by blood-to-blood contact by a ‘sharps’ injury (usually a hollow needle). The risk of transmission by contamination of broken skin or mucous membranes with infected blood is rare but it does occur. The seroconversion rate following percutaneous inoculation is as follows: HBV: 1 in 3 if source patient is ‘e’ antigen positive and contact is not immune.
Teamwork on the surgical ward
Authors: Authers Alison 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Understanding how to work in a team will help you with the demands of your job. As you establish your role and appreciate that of others, your confidence and job satisfaction will increase. Be at the right place at the right time for lists and ward rounds. Late arrival can cost you your confidence. Make a good impression on your colleagues. Most of them will notice. Do the basics well: sloppiness is never tolerated. An efficient junior doctor attracts support from all areas when it is needed. Efficiency can carry you through the inevitable difficult times, which are usually not your fault. Patients value effort, and even in the fast turnover of surgical wards they still have time to observe and respond to efficiency. You will find you work better when people thank you, remember to do the same.
Respiratory disorders
Authors: Sheldon Chris , Wilson lain 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Upper abdominal operations are associated with pulmonary complications in 20-40% of a general surgical population. The incidence with lower abdominal surgery is 2-5%. Following general anaesthesia for upper abdominal or thoracic surgery, there is a reduction in lung volumes, shallow respiration, and a reluctance and inability to cough effectively. These changes often result in inadequate basal air entry and sputum retention, which may be complicated by atelectasis and/or infection. Effective postoperative analgesia and physiotherapy may reduce their severity. Patients with underlying respiratory disease are at increased risk of developing problems during and after surgery. Complications are minimized if the underlying condition is optimally controlled pre­ operatively.
Alcohol intoxication and chronic alcoholism
Authors: Berry Colin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Alcoholism is drinking which results in impairment of physical and social health. Alcohol consumption contributes to 15-30% of male and 8-15% of female hospital admissions in the UK. Equivalent figures in the USA are slightly higher. The causes of hospital admission are physical complications of excessive drinking, alcohol-related trauma, or neuropsychiatric illness related to alcohol consumption. Additionally, alcohol withdrawal symptoms commonly arise in patients admitted for unrelated medical or surgical problems. Many of the physical complications of alcohol abuse have implications for surgical and anaesthetic care, particularly after trauma. Usually treated conservatively. Prevent airway obstruction and aspiration of vomit. May require ICU admission.
Introduction
Authors: Stock Kathleen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This volume presents ten contributions to the philosophy of music, nearly all wholly new, from leading thinkers in the analytic tradition. Some are well known for work in aesthetics, while others are better known for work elsewhere in philosophy. Indeed, it is striking that the art form of music seems like no other to attract philosophers from diverse areas of analytic philosophy. One part of the explanation is undoubtedly that, given the love many philosophers have for music, and in particular for classical music, their attention is specially drawn to its philosophical possibilities. Perhaps equally significantly, though, analytic philosophers in general have an urge to keep things tidy, and are drawn to music because of the suspicion that it cannot be easily tidied away.
Sounds, Instruments, and Works of Music
Authors: Dodd Julian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A satisfying account of the ontology of works of music must do two things. First of all, it must enlighten us as to musical works’ ontological nature: that is, tell us to which ontological category such works belong. Building on this, it must then explain how musical works are individuated: that is, provide an informative account of when we have one and the same work of music and when we have numerically distinct such works. What I shall term the simple view does just this. Its first component— what I shall call the type/token theory — has it that works of music are types whose tokens are sound sequence-events: datable, locatable patterns of sounds.
What are the symptoms of polycystic ovary syndrome?
Authors: Elsheikh Mohgah , Murphy Caroline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
PCOS affects women in different ways, with some having severe symptoms whereas others may only be mildly affected. Symptoms often develop at the time of puberty or late teens, following weight gain or after coming off the contraceptive pill, but can occur at any time. If you have PCOS you may have some or all of the following symptoms.
Controlling insulin resistance
Authors: Elsheikh Mohgah , Murphy Caroline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Insulin resistance plays an important role in the development of symptoms associated with PCOS and also increases the risk of developing diabetes, high blood pressure, abnormal blood fats, and heart disease (Chapter 4). If you have PCOS and insulin resistance then you are up to seven times more likely to develop diabetes than other women your age, particularly if you are over- weight.
Introduction
Authors: Elsheikh Mohgah , Murphy Caroline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the time the majority of women with PCOS get round to attending a specialist clinic, they have usually tried every single ‘diet’ there is. These women will report either that the diet ‘didn’t work’ or that they lost a couple of stone before putting that couple of stone back on along with a little bit more. The following chapters aim to remove the myths about losing weight and give you the information you need to lose weight and, most importantly, to keep it off.
The physics of weight loss
Authors: Elsheikh Mohgah , Murphy Caroline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Imagine you have an identical twin sister, who is the same weight and height as you and who does the same level of activity as you everyday. She is identical to you in every way except that she does not have PCOS. What you would find is that, if you both ate exactly the same number of calories as each other every day for a year, if your twin sister’s weight remained the same, yours would increase by 4 lb in that year. Therefore women with PCOS have a very slightly slower metabolism than their non-PCOS counterparts. An accumulation of 4 lb of fat in a year equates to an excess of only 38 calories per day, less than two teaspoons of sugar.
Preliminaries
Authors: Carnie Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is about the shape of nouns in Modern Irish. However, it should be noted that there is no single ‘ ‘Irish language. ‘ ‘ The language has three major spoken dialects (and even more smaller variants within these dialects), and a standard written form. The dialects all differ from one another not only in how they pronounce words but also in how they inflect and form nouns.
The Translation: Authorship, Date, and Style
Authors: Malcolm Noel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is nothing surprising, then, about the idea that an English translation of a difficult Latin text of the late 1620s, found among Mansfield’s papers, should be the work of Thomas Hobbes. The particular reasons for the attribution may now be considered. They are threefold: the handwriting, the nature of the alterations in the manuscript, and some stylistic features of the English. The volume that contains this manuscript is not unknown to Hobbes scholars: among the other items in it relating to Mansfield are seven holograph letters sent to him by Hobbes in 1634–6.
On Knowledge and Convention
Authors: Burge Tyler 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Language, we all agree, is conventional. By this we mean partly that some linguistic practices are arbitrary: except for historical accident, they could have been otherwise to roughly the same purposes. Which linguistic and other social practices are arbitrary in this sense is a matter of dispute. Some of the early disputants claimed as nonconventional certain practices which we now consider obvious cases of convention. And such mistakes sometimes held vague but wide-spread popular sway, owing to provincial or religious prejudices.1 Whereas it is easy to spot errors of our predecessors, it remains an open question whether some of our own activities are conventional or ‘natural’.
Kaplan, Quine, and Suspended Belief
Authors: Burge Tyler 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In ‘Quantifying In’, David Kaplan gives an argument that Quine’s notation for representing relational contexts is inadequate for certain cases of suspension of belief. The argument has a general interest. For if it were sound, it would undermine any theory which did not represent relational (or de re) belief as a special case of notional (or de dicto) belief. I think that relational belief is more basic than notional belief. But I shall not argue that here. My present purpose is to show that Kaplan’s argument is not sound.1
Two Thought Experiments Reviewed
Authors: Burge Tyler 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The issues raised by the arguments in Hilary Putnam’s “The Meaning of ‘Meaning’ “ and my ‘Individualism and the Mental’ (Ch. 5 above) are various and complicated. I shall be able to touch on only a few of these issues in this space. What makes matters more complicated is that Putnam’s interests and viewpoint differ from mine. Although a comparison of our views would be useful, I will have to concentrate entirely on those of Fodor’s remarks that concern my work. I begin by setting out two thought experiments, which I formulate in ways that raise a minimum of issues that are extraneous to my primary interests. Then I will state what I take the thought experiments to show. Finally, I will discuss Fodor’s criticisms.1
Cartesian Error and the Objectivity of Perception
Authors: Burge Tyler 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Individualism as a theory of mind derives from Descartes. It dominates the post-Cartesian tradition—Locke, Berkeley, Leibniz, Hume—up until Kant. And it has re-emerged in the writings of Husserl and of many English-speaking behaviorists and functionalists. Although a generic similarity of standpoint is discernible in this motley, it is difficult to state clearly and succinctly what these philosophers hold in common. Roughly, they all think that the nature and individuation of an individual’s mental kinds are ‘in principle’ independent of the nature and individuation of all aspects of the individual’s environment.
Social Anti-individualism, Objective Reference
Authors: Burge Tyler 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Donald Davidson taught me in graduate school. I have learned from him ever since. Quine and Hempel dealt the deathblows to the restricted approach to philosophy embodied in logical positivism. Davidson helped show how philosophy can say new and valuable things about traditional philosophical problems, including issues of fundamental human concern. His work is systematic and subtle. I think that on many basic matters it is right. Disagreement will occupy most of my remarks. But agreement looms largest in the broader scheme of things.
Intentional Properties and Causation
Authors: Burge Tyler 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In “A Modal Argument for Narrow Content”a Jerry Fodor tries to show that psychological properties typed by ordinary intentional propositional content (which he calls ‘broad content’) cannot be associated with distinctive causal powers for purposes of psychological taxonomizing. Causal powers are relevantly distinctive insofar as they are distinguished from twin-earth psychological properties. Thus Fodor attempts to show that ordinary intentional propositional content cannot be basic for taxonomizing causal powers in psychology. I think that he does not succeed.
Two Kinds of Consciousness
Authors: Burge Tyler 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I want to develop some ideas about consciousness that derive from reflection on a distinction between phenomenal consciousness and access consciousness drawn by Ned Block.1 I accept a version of such a distinction, and I think that Block’s drawing it is a significant contribution. But I believe that Block has not drawn it quite right. I will maintain three primary points. First, access consciousness—indeed, any sort of consciousness—in an individual presupposes the existence of phenomenal consciousness in that individual. Second, the relevant notion of access consciousness is not captured by the idea of a state’s being poised for use in rational activity, even if it is assumed that the individual is phenomenally conscious.
How the brain works and how it is damaged
Authors: Daisley Audrey , Tams Rachel , Kischka Udo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is much easier to cope with things that we understand. However, the effects of head injuries can be difficult to understand because the brain is such a highly complex organ. As stated in the four principles in Chapter 1, becoming knowledgeable about how the brain works and how it is typically damaged after a head injury is an important first step in understanding your relative’s particular difficulties.
Changes in physical functioning
Authors: Daisley Audrey , Tams Rachel , Kischka Udo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we focus on the physical problems that arise directly from injuries to those areas of the brain that are involved in movement control, balance, and processing of incoming information from the senses. Our movements are orchestrated by the brain in a highly complex manner which is usually quite reliable. This is achieved by a sophisticated interaction of several diverse centres in the brain. Each centre is specialized to a certain aspect of our movements: to keep us upright, to walk automatically, to start a movement, to stop it, to move powerfully or gently, or smoothly rather than jerkily. After severe head injury, difficulties with moving different body parts are frequently found because of damage to areas such as the cerebellum and the motor cortex, leading to weakness, spasticity of limbs, reduced balance/coordination, and involuntary movements.
Semantics, Pragmatics, and the Role of Semantic Content (with Jeffrey C. King)
Authors: Stanley Jason 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Followers of Wittgenstein allegedly once held that a meaningful claim to know that p could only be made if there was some doubt about the truth of p. The correct response to this thesis involved appealing to the distinction between the semantic content of a sentence and features attaching (merely) to its use. It is inappropriate to assert a knowledge-claim unless someone in the audience has doubt about what the speaker claims to know. But this fact has nothing to do with the semantic content of knowledge-ascriptions; it is entirely explicable by appeal to pragmatic facts about felicitous assertion (that is, a kind of use of a sentence).
Introduction
Authors: Hatfield Gary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Assuming that sensory perception has the function of representing the world in the service of action and cognition, there is much to explain. Focusing on vision, we can ask about the physical means by which objects affect the eyes as sense organs, about the physiological processes that take place in the nervous system, about the psychological processes that yield visual experience (as well as nonconscious representations), about the character of that experience itself, and about the ways vision guides action and yields knowledge and other cognitive or affective states.
Making incisions
Authors: Tulloh Bruce , Lee David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Making that first incision is one of the most stressful moments in a surgical trainee’s career. A surgical wound is like a signature, and patients do judge their surgeon by the quality of the final scar. Thought must therefore be given not only to the position, direction and length of the incision, but also to the possibility that the incision may have to be extended. While the primary aim of an incision is to provide access for the operation, cosmesis is also very important. Scissors are no good for cutting skin, except perhaps in the paper-thin skin of the very young or the very old. Whether you use the scalpel or diathermy, careful planning is required to provide good access through a cosmetically acceptable incision.
Retracting
Authors: Tulloh Bruce , Lee David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In every operation, the surgeon must be able to see clearly what he or she is doing. Working in the depths of a deep wound with tissues collapsing into the operating field is difficult and stressful, while lack of visibility is dangerous for both patient and surgeon. Good retraction to expose things clearly may be vital in determining the success of an operation. This can be provided by the surgeon alone, by an assistant, or by mechanical self-retaining devices.
The Riverboat Puzzle
Authors: Lycan William G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Let us turn at last to Gibbard‘ s (1981) riverboat cases. I shall speak of the Simple Version and the Anomalous Version. The Simple Version (p. 226) is as follows:
Sly Pete nnd Mr. Thonws Stone are pbying poker nbonrd a Mississippi River boat. Both Pete and Stone are good poker players, and Pete, in addition, is unscrupulous. Stone has bet up to the limit for the hand, and it is now up to Pete to call or fold. Zack has seen Stone‘ s hand, which is quite good, and signalled its contents to Pete. (Call this moment Stone, suspecting something, demands that the room be den red. Five minutes later, Zack is stnnding by the bar, confident that the hand has been played out but ignornnt of its outcome. (Call this moment t 1) He now entertains these two conditionals.
The Secret Doctrine: Plato’S Defence of Protagoras in the Theaetetus
Authors: Lee Mi-Kyoung 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
1. Introduction
Why does Plato introduce the so-called Secret Doctrine in his examination of Protagorean relativism in the Theaetetus? I argue
(1) that the relation between Protagoras’ claim and the Secret Doctrine is not one of mutual implication, but that the Secret Doctrine has the status of an independent hypothesis which Plato uses to defend Protagoras, (2) that the Secret Doctrine is not simply a doctrine of constant flux, but a collection of loosely related theses, and (3) that it is introduced to explain what it means for things to have properties only relative to perceivers. Plato’s discussion of Protagoras in the Theaetetus is the most careful and perceptive examination of relativism in antiquity. It is, however, highly problematic, for in order to explain what Protagoras meant by his claim that ‘man is the measure of all things: of what is, that it is, and of what is not, that it is not’ (Theaet. 152A 2-4; see also S.E. M. 7. 60=80 B 1 DK; D.L. 9. 51 =80 A 1 DK), Plato introduces a theory which is even more contentious and obscure. He calls this theory a ‘Secret Doctrine’, presumably to acknowledge that Protagoras himself never espoused any such
Probability as a Guide to Life; Co-authored with Helen Beebee
Authors: Papineau David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Let us assume that people’s degrees of belief conform to the probability calculus. This is an idealization, but it will not matter for the purposes of this essay. In line with normal usage, we will refer to these degrees of belief as subjective probabilities. Then we can say that agents are subjectively rational if they choose those actions which their subjective probabilities imply are most likely to achieve what they want. More precisely, given that agents normally attach different utilities to a number of different ends (another useful idealization), subjectively rational agents will choose those actions which will maximize their subjective expected utility.
Causation as a Guide to Life
Authors: Papineau David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this essay, I want to re-examine the debate between evidential and causal decision theory. My immediate motivation for returning to this familiar issue derives from two recent papers, by Christopher Meek and Clark Glymour (1996), and by Christopher Hitchcock (1996). I shall argue that these papers are seduced by a plausible line of thought into a mistaken sympathy for evidentialism. A second motivation is to extend an account of non-causal probabilistic rationality developed earlier with Helen Beebee (Beebee and Papineau, 1997) to deal with causal contexts as well. By the end of the paper, I hope to have deepened our understanding of exactly why rational decision theory needs to attend to causes.