bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Correlations between physiological variables and performance in high level cross country off road cyclists
Authors: Impellizzeri F M , Marcora S M , Rampinini E , Mognoni P , Sassi A 
Published: September 2005

Objectives:To examine the relations between maximal and submaximal indices of aerobic fitness and off road cycling performance in a homogeneous group of high level mountain bikers.Methods:12 internationally competitive mountain bikers completed the study. Maximum oxygen uptake (V˙o2max), peak power output (PPO), power output (PO), and oxygen uptake (V˙o2) at first (VT) and second (RCT) ventilatory thresholds were measured in the laboratory, and correlated with race time during a cross country circuit race.Results:The only physiological indices of aerobic fitness correlated with off road cycling performance were PO and V˙o2at RCT when normalised to body mass (r = −0.63 andr = −0.66, respectively; p<0.05). VT, V˙o2max, and PPO were not correlated to performance in this homogeneous group of high level mountain bikers.Conclusions:The results of this study suggest that submaximal indices of aerobic fitness such as PO and V˙o2at RCT are more important determinants of off road cycling performance than maximal indices such as PPO and V˙o2max. This study confirms the importance of body mass for mountain biking performance. As aerobic fitness explained only 40% of the variance, other physiological and technical factors should be investigated, as they may be important determinants of cross country performance among elite mountain bikers.
Rye grass is associated with fewer non-contact anterior cruciate ligament injuries than bermuda grass
Authors: Orchard J W , Chivers I , Aldous D , Bennell K , Seward H 
Published: September 2005

Objective:To assess the contribution of ground variables including grass type to the rate of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury in the Australian Football League (AFL), specifically which factors are primarily responsible for previously observed warm season and early season biases for ACL injuries.Methods:Grass types used at the major AFL venues from 1992 to 2004 were established by consultation with ground managers, and ground hardness and other weather variables were measured prospectively.Results:There were 115 ACL injuries occurring in matches during the survey time period, 88 with a non-contact mechanism. In multivariate analysis, use of bermuda (couch) grass as opposed to rye grass, higher grade of match, and earlier stage of the season were independent risk factors for non-contact ACL injury. Ground hardness readings did not show a significant association with ACL injury risk, whereas weather variables of high evaporation and low prior rainfall showed univariate association with injury risk but could not be entered into a logistic regression equation.Discussion:Rye grass appears to offer protection against ACL injury compared with bermuda (couch) grass fields. The likely mechanism is reduced “trapping” of football boots by less thatch. Grass species as a single consideration cannot fully explain the ACL early season bias, but is probably responsible for the warm season bias seen in the AFL. Weather variables previously identified as predictors are probably markers for predominance of bermuda over rye grass in mixed fields.
Epidemiology of injuries in English professional rugby union: part 2 training Injuries
Authors: Brooks J H M , Fuller C W , Kemp S P T , Reddin D B 
Published: September 2005

Objectives:To undertake a detailed epidemiological study of training injuries sustained by professional rugby union players in order to define their incidence, nature, severity, and causes.Methods:A two season prospective design was used to study training injuries associated with 502 rugby union players at 11 English Premiership clubs. Team clinicians reported all training injuries on a weekly basis and provided details of the location, diagnosis, severity, and mechanism of each injury. Training exposures for individual players were recorded on a weekly basis. Loss of time from training and match play was used as the definition of an injury.Results:The overall incidence of injury was 2.0 per 1000 player-hours, and each injury resulted on average in 24 days lost time. Recurrences, which accounted for 19% of injuries, were more severe (35 days) than new injuries (21 days). Twenty two per cent of all training occurred during the preseason but 34% of all injuries were sustained in this period. Hamstring, calf, hip flexor/quadriceps, and adductor muscle injuries were the most common for backs, whereas hamstring, lateral ankle ligament, and lumbar disc/nerve root injuries predominated for forwards. Lumbar disc/nerve root, shoulder dislocation/instability, and hamstring muscle injuries for forwards and hamstring muscle and anterior cruciate ligament injuries for backs caused the greatest number of days absence. Running was the predominant cause of injury for both forwards and backs, although the overall incidence and severity of injuries sustained during skills training were significantly greater than those sustained during conditioning training.Conclusions:On average, a club will have 5% of their players unavailable for selection as a consequence of training injuries.
Hyponatraemic encephalopathy despite a modest rate of fluid intake during a 109 km cycle race
Authors: Dugas J P , Noakes T D 
Published: September 2005

Objective:To report a case of exertional hyponatraemic encephalopathy that occurred despite a modest rate of fluid intake during a 109 km cycling race.Methods:Men and women cyclists were weighed before and after the race. All subjects were interviewed and their water bottles measured to quantify fluid ingestion. A blood sample was drawn after the race for the measurement of serum Na+concentration.Results:From the full set of data (n  =  196), one athlete was found to have hyponatraemic encephalopathy (serum [Na+] 129 mmol/l). She was studied subsequently in the laboratory for measurement of sweat [Na+] and sweat rate.Conclusions:Despite a modest rate of fluid intake (735 ml/h) and minimal predicted sweat Na+losses, this female athlete developed hyponatraemic encephalopathy. The rate of fluid intake is well below the rate currently prescribed as optimum. Drinking to thirst and not to a set hourly rate would appear to be the more appropriate behaviour.
H19 expression in hepatic metastases from a range of human carcinomas
Authors: Fellig Y , Ariel I , Ohana P , Schachter P , Sinelnikov I , Birman T , Ayesh S , Schneider T , de Groot N , Czerniak A , Hochberg A 
Published: September 2005

Aims:To investigate the expression of the imprinted oncofetal H19 gene in hepatic metastases derived from a range of human carcinomas and assess its prognostic value with the view of developing a DNA based treatment for such metastases.Methods:Non-radioactive in situ hybridisation for H19 RNA was performed on paraffin wax embedded sections of liver biopsies or partial hepatectomy specimens, taken from 80 patients with hepatic metastases derived from carcinomas from several medical centres in Israel. The degree of expression was graded qualitatively according to the number of cells expressing H19 and the intensity of staining. The medical files were searched for demographic data and survival times before and after diagnosis of hepatic metastases.Results:H19 expression was found in the hepatic metastases of 64 of 80 patients. High expression (higher staining grades) of H19 in the metastases was found in 43 of 80 patients. However, H19 expression status in the hepatic metastases did not correlate with either the length of time to development of metastasis or overall survival.Conclusions:H19 is highly expressed in more than half of hepatic metastases derived from a range of carcinomas. Thus, these metastases may be suitable candidates for H19 DNA based treatment. Further studies are needed to determine whether H19 expression has prognostic value in metastatic liver disease using larger numbers of specific subtypes of primary carcinomas.
Augmented expression of secondary lymphoid tissue chemokine and EBI1 ligand chemokine in Crohn’s disease
Authors: Kawashima D , Oshitani N , Jinno Y , Watanabe K , Nakamura S , Higuchi K , Arakawa T 
Published: September 2005

Background:A dominant T helper type 1 (Th1) immune response is thought to be involved in Crohn’s disease (CD). SLC/CCL21 and ELC/CCL19, chemokines that regulate T cell homing and promote recirculating T and dendritic cell (DC) interactions, help control antigen specific T cell responses.Aims:To investigate the Th1 response and SLC and ELC in CD pathogenesis.Methods:Surgically resected intestine and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) from controls and patients with CD and ulcerative colitis (UC) were investigated. CD3, CD83, HECA452, VEGFR3, SLC, ELC, and CCR7 expression was studied immunohistochemically. CCR7 mRNA was quantified using real time RT-PCR.Results:ELC was almost undetectable in intestinal samples. SLC was found sporadically in lymphoid follicles, lymphoid aggregate venules, and lymphatic vessels. In MLNs, SLC was highly expressed in high endothelial venules (HEVs), lymphatic vessels, and stromal DCs, predominantly in T cell areas. ELC was highly expressed in mature DCs. There were significantly more SLC positive HEVs and ELC positive mature DCs, important components of T cell areas, in CD. SLC, ELC, and CCR7 mRNA was significantly higher in CD MLNs compared with UC. CD MLNs had increased expression of SLC and ELC, mainly in HEVs, mature DCs, and lymphatic vessels, inducing T cell hyperplasia. CCR7 mRNA was increased in T cell areas.Conclusion:The dominant Th1 immune response is facilitated by interaction of SLC positive HEVs/lymphatic vessels, ELC positive mature DCs, and CCR7 positive T cells in hyperplastic T cell areas. In CD, memory T cells and mature DCs may home to MLN.
Proliferating fibroblasts at the invading tumour edge of colorectal adenocarcinomas are associated with endogenous markers of hypoxia, acidity, and oxidative stress
Authors: Sivridis E , Giatromanolaki A , Koukourakis M I 
Published: September 2005

Background:Stroma frequently forms at sites of active tumour invasion, and may be important for tumour growth and progression. The term “stromatogenesis” is used to describe this unique process that involves host peritumorous fibroblasts and is very different to reactive fibrosis.Aims/Methods:To investigate the activation status of host fibroblasts at the invading tumour edge, assessed as MIB1 proliferation index and thymidine phosphorylase (TP) expression. Results were related to vascular density and certain properties of invading cancer cells—MIB1 proliferation activity, TP expression, expression of endogenous markers of hypoxia (hypoxia inducible factor-1α; HIF1α) and acidity (lactate dehydrogenase-5; LDH5). Standard immunohistochemical techniques were applied to 150 colorectal adenocarcinomas.Results:Normal fibroblasts at the tumour edge had a median MIB1 index of 2%—significantly higher than normal submucosal fibroblasts (0.3%) and significantly lower than cancer cells (40%). Normal peritumorous fibroblasts with a proliferation rate above the median strongly expressed TP and were supported by an increased vascular network. Cancer cells close to these fibroblasts had a high MIB1 proliferative index, high HIF1α and LDH5 reactivity, and a clear trend to extramural extension. All associations were significant.Conclusions:These results suggest that activated fibroblastic status at the invading tumour front sets the stage for stromatogenesis and new blood vessel formation, facilitating deep transmural invasion in colorectal adenocarcinomas. This complicity of peritumorous fibroblasts in the overall aggressiveness/invasive and metastatic ability of colorectal tumours, occurring within the framework of cancer–stromal cell interactions, is probably favoured by the altered microenvironmental conditions of hypoxia and acidity.
Canalicular immunostaining of aminopeptidase N (CD13) as a diagnostic marker for hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Röcken C , Licht J , Roessner A , Carl-McGrath S 
Published: September 2005

Background:Aminopeptidase N (CD13) is expressed in normal and neoplastic liver tissue, where it exhibits a characteristic canalicular pattern (CD13can), similar to that seen for CD10 and when antibodies crossreact with biliary glycoprotein I (p-CEA).Aim:To compare the putative diagnostic use of CD13canin differentiating between hepatocellular (HCC) and non-hepatocellular carcinomas metastatic to the liver (non-HCC).Methods:A retrospective study comparing 53 HCC specimens with 32 non-HCC specimens. Immunostaining was performed with HepPar1 and antibodies directed against CD10, CD13, p-CEA, and α fetoprotein (AFP).Results:In the HCC group, a canalicular staining pattern was found for CD13, p-CEA, and CD10 in 51, 43, and 33 specimens, respectively. HepPar1 was positive in 29 and AFP in 17 HCC specimens. In the non-HCC group, canalicular immunostaining for CD10 and p-CEA was confined to non-neoplastic liver tissue. One poorly differentiated cholangiocarcinoma showed apical expression of CD13, resembling to some extent CD13can. Sensitivity and specificity were 96.2% and 97.0%, respectively, for CD13can, 81.1% and 100% for p-CEAcan, 62.3% and 100%, for CD10can, 54.7% and 99.9% for HepPar1, and 32.1% and 100% for AFP.Conclusions:These results show that CD13canis more sensitive in differentiating between HCC and non-HCC than CD10can, p-CEAcan, HepPar1, and AFP.
FAST SIMILARITY SEARCH FOR PROTEIN 3D STRUCTURES USING TOPOLOGICAL PATTERN MATCHING BASED ON SPATIAL RELATIONS
Authors: PARK SUNG-HEE , RYU KEUN HO , GILBERT DAVID 
Published: September 2005

Similarity search for protein 3D structures become complex and computationally expensive due to the fact that the size of protein structure databases continues to grow tremendously. Recently, fast structural similarity search systems have been required to put them into practical use in protein structure classification whilst existing comparison systems do not provide comparison results on time. Our approach uses multi-step processing that composes of a preprocessing step to represent geometry of protein structures with spatial objects, a filter step to generate a small candidate set using approximate topological string matching, and a refinement step to compute a structural alignment. This paper describes the preprocessing and filtering for fast similarity search using the discovery of topological patterns of secondary structure elements based on spatial relations. Our system is fully implemented by using Oracle 8i spatial. We have previously shown1 that our approach has the advantage of speed of performance compared with other approach such as DALI. This work shows that the discovery of topological relations of secondary structure elements in protein structures by using spatial relations of spatial databases is practical for fast structural similarity search for proteins.
A NEW APPROACH FOR AUDIO CLASSIFICATION AND SEGMENTATION USING GABOR WAVELETS AND FISHER LINEAR DISCRIMINATOR
Authors: LIN RUEI-SHIANG , CHEN LING-HWEI 
Published: September 2005

Rapid increase in the amount of audio data demands an efficient method to automatically segment or classify audio stream based on its content. In this paper, based on the Gabor wavelet features, an audio classification and segmentation method is proposed. This method will first divide an audio stream into clips, each of which contains one-second audio information. Then, each clip is classified as one of two classes or five classes. Two classes contain speech and music; pure speech, pure music, song, speech with music background, and speech with environmental noise background are for five classes. Finally, a merge technique is provided to do segmentation. In order to make the proposed method robust for a variety of audio sources, we use Fisher Linear Discriminator to obtain features with the highest discriminative ability. Experimental results show that the proposed method can achieve over 98% accuracy rate for speech and music discrimination, and more than 95% for a five-way discrimination. By checking the class types of adjacent clips, we can also identify more than 95% audio scene breaks in audio sequence.
CONTENT-BASED AUDIO RETRIEVAL BASED ON GABOR WAVELET FILTERING
Authors: LIN RUEI-SHIANG , CHEN LING-HWEI 
Published: September 2005

Rapid increase in the amount of audio data and especially music collections demand an efficient method to automatically retrieve audio objects based on its content. In this paper, based on the Gabor wavelet features, we will propose a method for content-based retrieval of perceptually similar music pieces in audio documents. It allows the user to select a reference passage within an audio file and retrieve perceptually similar passages such as repeating phrases within a music piece, similar music clips in a database or one song sung by different persons or in different languages. The proposed method will first divide an audio stream into clips, each of which contains one-second audio information. Then, the frame-based features of each clip are extracted based on the Gabor wavelet filters. Finally, a similarity measuring technique is provided to perform pattern matching on the resulting sequences of feature vectors. Experimental results show that the proposed method can achieve over 96% accuracy rate for audio retrieval.
PERFORMANCE MEASURES OF THE TOMOGRAPHIC CLASSIFIER FUSION METHODOLOGY
Authors: WINDRIDGE DAVID , KITTLER JOSEF 
Published: September 2005

We seek to quantify both the classification performance and estimation error robustness of the authors' tomographic classifier fusion methodology by contrasting it in field tests and model scenarios with the sum and product classifier fusion methodologies. In particular, we seek to confirm that the tomographic methodology represents a generally optimal strategy across the entire range of problem dimensionalities, and at a sufficient margin to justify the general advocation of its use. Final results indicate, in particular, a near 25% improvement on the next nearest performing combination scheme at the extremity of the tested dimensional range.
Social Justice, Voluntarism, and Liberal Nationalism
Authors: Green Michael 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe view that social justice takes priority over both global justice and the demands of sub-groups faces two critics. Particularist critics ask why societies should have fundamental significance compared with other groups as far as justice is concerned. Cosmopolitan critics ask why any social unit short of humanity as a whole should have fundamental significance as far as justice is concerned. One way of trying to answer these critics is to show that members of societies have special obligations to one another. This paper considers voluntarist and liberal nationalist accounts of such special obligations. It is especially concerned with developing a strong, sympathetic case for the less familiar nationalist position. Nonetheless, in each case the best arguments against the cosmopolitan critic require important concessions to the particularist critic. This suggests that there is a general problem with defending social justice against both critics at the same time.
The Difference Principle, Equality of Opportunity, and Cosmopolitan Justice
Authors: Brock Gillian 
Published: September 2005

AbstractWhat kinds of principles of justice should a cosmopolitan support? In recent years some have argued that a cosmopolitan should endorse a Global Difference Principle. It has also been suggested that a cosmopolitan should support a Principle of Global Equality of Opportunity. In this paper I examine how compelling these two suggestions are. I argue against a Global Difference Principle, but for an alternative Needs-Based Minimum Floor Principle (where these are not co-extensive, as I explain). Though I support a negative version of the Global Equality of Opportunity Principle, I argue that a more positive version of the ideal remains elusive.
The Law of Peoples: The Old and the New
Authors: Naticchia Chris 
Published: September 2005

AbstractJohn Rawls produced two versions of the law of peoples: an article, published in 1993, and a book, published in 1999. Both versions defend basic human rights as a minimum requirement of a just law of peoples. However, in an apparent effort to strengthen his defense of this requirement, the argument changed. This paper examines the apparent difficulties that forced the changes and maintains that they still do not succeed in justifying basic human rights. The source of the difficulty, I argue, is Rawls’s reluctance to impose liberal values on nonliberal societies, and the imposition of such values, I suggest, is unavoidable if basic human rights are to be justified. Hence, if our best attempts to justify basic human rights ultimately show that appeals to liberal values are unavoidable, then we should regard such appeals as no more of an imposition than the expectation that all societies must protect basic human rights. Even more significantly, if such appeals justify liberal freedoms that go beyond basic human rights, then arguments in support of basic human rights would also justify international efforts to advance further liberal reforms within nonliberal societies.
Scleromyxedema: role of high-dose melphalan with autologous stem cell transplantation
Authors: Donato Michele L. , Feasel Adrienne M. , Weber Donna M. , Prieto Victor G. , Giralt Sergio A. , Champlin Richard E. , Duvic Madeleine 
Published: September 2005

AbstractScleromyxedema, the most severe manifestation of the spectrum of lichen myxedematosus, is characterized by cutaneous mucinosis, extracutaneous manifestations, and a monoclonal gammopathy. Seven of 8 patients evaluated at our center were treated with high-dose melphalan (180 mg/m2 intravenously) and autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation, with marked improvement of gastrointestinal, central nervous system, pulmonary manifestations, and Karnofsky performance status. Five patients obtained a cutaneous complete remission and 2 patients had partial remissions. Three patients with slight progression in the skin at 12, 8, and 4 months after treatment received a second cycle of high-dose melphalan and had further symptomatic improvement. The lichen myxedematosus–scleromyxedema spectrum appears to be a continuum that requires the presence of a serum paraprotein and differs in severity of skin lesions, extracutaneous manifestations, and performance status. High-dose melphalan followed by autologous transplantation appears effective for improving the symptoms and systemic manifestations of scleromyxedema.
Seasonal variation of pretransfusion hemoglobin levels in patients with thalassemia major
Authors: Borgna-Pignatti Caterina , Ventola Mariela , Friedman David , Cohen Alan R. , Origa Raffaella , Galanello Renzo , Lindeman Robert , Francis Sally , Reverberi Roberto , Volpato Stefano 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Patients with thalassemia major often report that they do not maintain their usual pretransfusion hemoglobin concentration during the summer season. We collected 3977 pretransfusion hemoglobin values, amount of blood transfused, and intertransfusion intervals for 94 patients with thalassemia major from 4 centers worldwide. We also assessed the hematocrits of blood donors, the hemoglobin content of units transfused in one center, and the local mean monthly temperatures during the periods of data collection. Pretransfusion hemoglobin levels were significantly lower during the summer in all centers except the one center where monthly temperatures have the least variation throughout the year. A similar relationship to temperature was observed for the hematocrits of blood donors and the hemoglobin content of donor units. This study confirms that pretransfusion hemoglobin levels in patients with thalassemia major are lower in the summertime. Possible mechanisms include expansion of plasma volume with resultant hemodilution in the patient and lower hemoglobin content in donor blood.