bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
COMPARISON OF THE HEMACYTOLOGICAL CONSTITUTION OF MALE AND FEMALE RABBITS
Authors: Rosahn Paul D. , Pearce Louise , Hu Ch'uan-K'uei 
Published: June 2004

1. The blood cytology of 41 pairs of virgin rabbits was studied, each pair consisting of a buck and a litter mate sister. A comparison of the values for each blood factor of the two groups was made by obtaining the mean difference and the standard error of the mean difference. In addition, correlation coefficients, both zero order and first order eliminating age, and regression equations were calculated for each of the blood cell elements of the bucks and does.
2. It was found that the male values for both the red cell count and the hemoglobin content were higher than the corresponding female values, and these differences were of statistical significance. No differences were observed between the two groups with respect to other cells. Significant positive correlations were obtained between the two sexes for the following blood constituents: Red blood cell count, white blood cell count, hemoglobin content, lymphocytes in both absolute and relative numbers, and neutrophils, basophils, and monocytes in relative numbers.
3. Since all known variables had been held constant, it was concluded that the higher red cell count and hemoglobin value for the male group were the results of constitutional differences between the sexes. Moreover, the significant correlations between the blood cells of male and female litter mates were ascribed to hereditary influences, and thus the female as well as the male rabbit is available for studies on the mechanism involved in the inheritance of the blood formula. In addition, since high correlations were obtained for cells which have been found to be the most reliable indices of the natural immunity of the male host to subsequent inoculation with tumor or syphilis, it was concluded that these cells should give dependable information concerning the natural resistance of the female host to these two diseases.
THE PROBLEM OF THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE INCLUSION BODIES FOUND IN THE SALIVARY GLANDS OF INFANTS, AND THE OCCURRENCE OF INCLUSION BODIES IN THE SUBMAXILLARY GLANDS OF HAMSTERS, WHITE MICE, AND WILD RATS (PEIPING)
Authors: Kuttner Ann G. , Wang Shao-Hsun 
Published: June 2004

1. Acidophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies occur in the salivary glands of Chinese infants dying from miscellaneous causes. The lesion is similar to that previously described in infants in Europe and America.
2. Attempts to prove that this lesion is due to an infectious agent by its production in animals have been unsuccessful.
3. Acidophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies have been found in the submaxillary glands of hamsters, white mice, and wild rats.
4. Evidence is presented to show that the lesion in hamsters, white mice, and wild rats is due to a virus, which is specific for each species, being transmissible to normal individuals of this breed, and which is very similar to the submaxillary gland virus of guinea pigs.
THE EFFECT OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS TOXIN ON THE KIDNEY
Authors: VonGlahn William C. , Weld Julia T. 
Published: June 2004

1. The hemolytic Staphylococcus aureus elaborates a toxin in vitro that when injected intravenously produces lesions in the kidneys of rabbits and cats.
2. The toxin injures primarily the blood vessels of the kidney.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON ENCEPHALITIS
Authors: Webster Leslie T. , Fite George L. 
Published: June 2004

1. Mice of special strains injected intracerebrally with a 10 per cent emulsion of bacteria-free brain tissue from fatal cases of encephalitis in St. Louis and Kansas City develop a characteristic and fatal encephalitis.
2. Transmission of the disease can be continued indefinitely by injecting the bacteria-free brain tissue from the infected mice into healthy mice.
3. In the injected mice there is a 3 to 4 day incubation period, followed by hyperesthesia, coarse tremors, convulsions, prostration, and death in from 4 to 6 days.
4. The lesions in the mice with experimental encephalitis consist chiefly of perivascular accumulations of mononuclear leucocytes throughout the brain, stem, cord, and the pia, and destruction of pyramidal cells in the lobus piriformis and cornu Ammonis.
5. The human encephalitis brain tissue preserved in glycerine from the time of death of the patient apparently loses its infectivity for mice in about 32 days.
I. BARTONELLA INCIDENCE IN SPLENECTOMIZED BILE FISTULA DOGS
Authors: Knutti R. E. , Hawkins W. B. 
Published: June 2004

Splenectomized bile fistula dogs in this laboratory have regularly exhibited spontaneous periods of anemia, which are associated with excessive bile pigment production.
In three out of four dogs, such periods have been shown to be associated with the presence in the blood of bodies morphologically indistinguishable from descriptions of Bartonella canis.
Simple splenectomized dogs have not shown such periods of anemia arising spontaneously. Inoculations of blood containing Bartonella bodies into two splenectomized dogs have resulted in intervals of blood destruction associated with the presence in their blood of bodies similar to those in the inoculated blood. Injection of such blood into a splenectomized biliary-renal fistula dog has resulted in a similar picture.
Efforts to cultivate Bartonella bodies in artificial culture media have so far been unsuccessful.
Neosalvarsan appears to have a specific sterilizing effect on the condition.
Spleen extract feeding appears to have an inhibiting effect upon the periods of anemia and bile pigment overproduction.
THE ASSOCIATION OF BARTONELLA BODIES WITH INDUCED ANEMIA IN THE DOG
Authors: Rhoads C. P. , Miller D. K. 
Published: June 2004

On feeding to splenectomized dogs a diet producing black tongue, severe anemia developed associated with the presence of small bodies in or on the erythrocytes. The bodies were morphologically similar to Bartonella muris and Bartonella canis. The addition of lean beef to the diet, a material prophylactic against its effects, was followed by improvement of the blood levels, the presence of increased numbers of reticulocytes in the circulating blood, and the disappearance of the bodies.
When the blood containing Bartonella-like bodies was injected into other splenectomized dogs fed a normal or a black tongue-producing diet, anemia developed in them and the bodies appeared in large numbers. Similar injections into non-splenectomized animals fed in the same way had anemia alone as its result. Injections into normal animals fed a normal diet caused not even anemia.
ON THE PRESERVATION OF TYPHUS FEVER RICKETTSIAE IN CULTURES
Authors: Nigg Clara 
Published: June 2004

1. Cultures of typhus fever rickettsiae were as a rule found to remain viable and virulent after being stored at 37° and –20°C. for several months, whereas they failed to survive when stored at the intermediate temperatures of 20° and –4°C. for 4 weeks and 10 days respectively. In one instance cultures were stored at 37°C. for 8 months without having been transferred, and were subsequently found to be viable and infectious.
2. The conditions influencing such long survival of an organism which seems to require living tissue for multiplication (as filterable viruses do in general) are discussed.
3. Typhus-infected tissues (minced guinea pig tunica) suspended in a serum-Tyrode mixture in sealed flasks remained infectious at 37°C. for at least 10 weeks.
4. Additional evidence for the etiological significance of the rickettsiae in typhus fever is obtained from the experiments described.
PROPERTIES OF THE CAUSATIVE AGENT OF A CHICKEN TUMOR
Authors: Claude Albert 
Published: June 2004

The fractionation of active chicken tumor extracts has been continued.
1. By a rapid method of dialysis the diffusible fraction of the treated extract, representing about 75 per cent of the solids, has been eliminated without reducing the tumor-producing activity.
2. Combined methods of fractionation have resulted in the elimination of as much as 95 per cent of the total solids of the extract as inactive constituents. Since there was some concomitant enhancement of the activity of the agent the results were equivalent to a 25-fold concentration of it in terms of dry weight.
3. The chemical content of the undiffusible fraction has been determined in terms of total nitrogen, reducing substances, sulfur, phosphorus, and lipoids.
4. The evidence points to a protein and a phospholipoid as the principal constituents of the active residue. Further fractionation is being attempted with a view to connecting the tumor-producing activity with one of its remaining constituents.
PRESSOR SUBSTANCES FROM THE BODY FLUIDS OF MAN IN HEALTH AND DISEASE
Authors: Page Irvine H. 
Published: June 2004

1. Extracts of human blood plasma, ascitic and cerebrospinal fluids have been shown to contain a substance or substances which have a prolonged and powerful pressor action when injected into test animals.
2. The chemical properties of the substance suggest those of an organic base. It is extracted with alcohol, soluble in water and acetone, extracted from water by chloroform, and probably is but slightly heat-stable. The plasma colloids seem to hold the substance in a bound state since it does not appear in the ultrafiltrate and is liberated on coagulation of the colloids by alcohol. Coagulation alone of the blood does not cause the substance to be formed.
3. Its action suggests that its pressor effect is brought about by mediation of the central nervous system. This inference was drawn from the following observations. (a) The functional intactness of the central nervous system is essential in order that pressor responses be obtained. Unanesthetized animals exhibit greater vascular responses than do anesthetized. (b) Pithing animals completely abolishes the response. Progressive ablation of the brain to the level of the hind brain does not alter the response, but below this level, injury abolishes the activity of the extract. (c) Some substance in the extract sensitizes the mechanism responsible for the carotid sinus reflex. (d) There is no parallelism between the response to peripherally acting drugs and pressor extracts. (e) Removal of the adrenal glands does not affect its character.
4. The rise in blood pressure appears to be due especially to constriction of the arteries in the splanchnic region.
5. Assay of the pressor extracts is made difficult because of the dependence of the vascular response on the functional state of the central nervous system. The carotid sinus reflex and stimulation with carbon dioxide-air mixtures have proved most useful means for the estimation of this functional state. It has been pointed out that the vascular responses to extract, stimulation of the carotid sinus, and inhalation of carbon dioxide-air vary greatly during the course of an experiment on anesthetized animals. This natural history of the vascular responses has been described.
6. No evidence has been produced by the method employed that the amount of this pressor substance is increased in the blood or spinal fluid of patients with hypertension of varied pathogenesis (nephritic hypertension, essential hypertension, malignant hypertension, eclampsia, and pituitary basophilism).
CORTIN PROTECTION AGAINST ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK IN GUINEA PIGS
Authors: Wolfram J. , Zwemer R. L. 
Published: June 2004

Studies have been made on a possible protective action of cortin in the prevention of anaphylactic shock induced by crystallized egg albumin.
Of sixteen control guinea pigs only two survived.
Sixteen of thirty-three cortin-treated animals received hormone at the optimum period of from 2 to 6 hours before the shocking dose. Nine survived and two others showed some protection. In groups treated at other time intervals the evidence of protection is inconclusive.
2 weeks after the first test the cortin-treated survivors succumbed to a second antigen dose, which was not preceded by cortical extract.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE DEPRESSOR EXTRACTS OF HUMAN BLOOD AND ON THE VASCULAR ACTION OF EXTRACTS OF RABBIT AND DOG BLOOD
Authors: Page Irvine H. 
Published: June 2004

1. Alcoholic extracts of the plasma of rabbits obtained from arterial or venous blood differ from those of human plasma in having a marked depressor action on the blood pressure of anesthetized cats. This action is unantagonized on atropinization. Extracts of the plasma of dogs, on the other hand, are almost without vascular effect.
2. Ultrafiltrates of the plasma of rabbits are actively vasodepressor, while those of human and dog plasma are without action.
3. Extracts of the plasma of rabbits reduce the renal volume greatly and they have a relatively weak dilator action on the arteries of the periphery. These effects resemble those of adenylic acid more than those of histamine.
4. It is possible that the pressor-depressor substances of the blood are species-specific.
5. Human plasma, ascitic and spinal fluid which have been allowed to stand, yield extracts that are depressor and in their pharmacological action resemble closely extracts prepared from red blood cells and acetic acid extracts of tissues. Their constrictor effect on the kidneys is marked.
6. Histamine, choline, and adenosine depress the level of the blood pressure more effectively than they constrict the volume of the kidneys, while the reverse is true when adenylic acid is employed.
SALT AND WATER LOSSES IN DIURETIN DIURESIS AND THEIR RELATION TO SERUM NON-PROTEIN NITROGEN AND ELECTROLYTE CONCENTRATIONS
Authors: Kerpel-Fronius Edmond , Butler Allan M. 
Published: June 2004

The losses of sodium, potassium, chloride, nitrogen, and water following the administration of diuretin to rabbits over 5 to 9 day periods together with the changes in serum concentrations of sodium, chloride, N. P. N., and total protein occurring simultaneously with these losses are described.
The circumstances responsible for the presence of azotemia in the animals were investigated in particular and the dependence of nitrogen retention upon dehydration and the modification of this dependence by variation in urine volume were demonstrated. It was clearly shown that no direct relationship exists between the azotemia and the coincident hypochloremia. It was found that nitrogen retention can be removed by the administration of water without salt, and the extent to which serum electrolyte and protein concentrations can be lowered by this procedure was also observed.
The withdrawal from the body of large amounts of potassium as well as of sodium and chloride following the administration of diuretin, and also the inefficacy of sodium chloride solution in preventing the potassium loss was demonstrated.
FURTHER STUDIES ON KALA-AZAR
Authors: Forkner Claude E. , Zia Lily S. 
Published: June 2004

The summary of our experiments (Table V) including data previously reported is as follows:
1. Twenty-two patients were studied, in all of whom the diagnosis of kala-azar was confirmed by puncture of the spleen or liver, with recovery of Leishman-Donovan bodies.
2. Microscopic examination of the nasal secretions revealed typical parasites in twelve (54.5 per cent) of the twenty-two cases.
3. Microscopic examination of smears from the pharyngeal tonsils of ten patients showed parasites in three (30 per cent).
4. The results of intraperitoneal inoculation into hamsters of nasal discharge from fourteen patients proved that the parasites were present and had retained their infectivity in thirteen (92.8 per cent).
5. Intraperitoneal inoculation into animals of sputum or saliva killed many animals before sufficient time had elapsed for the presence or absence of infection with leishmania to be demonstrated. However, in eight cases animals survived and in two of these (25 per cent) transmission of the disease had occurred.
6. Material obtained from the pharyngeal tonsils of two patients, when inoculated intraperitoneally into hamsters resulted in infection with leishmania in both instances.
7. Single inoculations, into the oral and nasal cavities of hamsters, of nasal discharge from five patients have resulted in transmission of leishmaniasis in one instance only, but these experiments are incomplete.
8. Repeated inoculations by the oral and nasal routes of hamsters and of two human volunteers with nasal secretions from patients with kala-azar have not yet been concluded, but to the present date have resulted negatively.
9. Emulsions of material from the pharyngeal tonsil of one patient, when fed to three hamsters in amounts of from 0.1 to 0.2 cc. on one occasion only, resulted in generalized infection with leishmania in each of the animals.
10. Evidence as obtained from the medical literature both for and against the transmission of kala-azar by direct or indirect contact and by means of the bite of the sand-fly is presented.
A STUDY OF REPEATED ATTACKS OF EXPERIMENTAL PNEUMOCOCCUS LOBAR PNEUMONIA IN DOGS
Authors: Coggeshall Lowell T. , Robertson O. H. 
Published: June 2004

A study has been made of repeated attacks of experimental lobar pneumonia in the dog produced by the intrabronchial injection of Pneumococcus Type I. Twenty-five individual dogs were given 78 infections in all at intervals of 3 days to 19 months. The number of attacks to which a single animal was subjected varied from two to eleven. It was found that recovery from this experimental disease conferred on the animal increased resistance against subsequent infections as shown by the fact that such animals regularly survived doses of culture which in the dog infected for the first time produced a fatal outcome. The recurrent attacks of pneumonia were uniformly mild in character; the febrile course was brief; the pulmonary lesion was usually confined to a single lobe, and bacteremia seldom occurred. There was no detectable difference between the second and the subsequent infections, which could be produced whenever desired, nor did the time intervals between attacks appear to bear any relationship to the severity of the experimental disease. Tests for acquired antipneumococcal immune substances in the blood after recovery showed their presence in some animals and not in others, yet dogs without demonstrable humoral immunity appeared to be just as resistant to reinfection as those possessing it.
A comparison of the pathogenesis of these secondarily induced lesions with those of the initial infection revealed certain striking differences between the two. Secondary lesions produced in the lobe previously affected tended to evolve much more rapidly than did the primary ones. They were characterized by the early appearance of a generalized macrophage reaction and a marked diminution in the numbers of pneumococci in the tissues or their complete absence. These changes occurred more slowly in secondary lesions initiated in hitherto uninvolved lobes. The macrophage reaction, which consists of a swelling of the fixed tissue cells (histiocytes) and a subsequent liberation of macrophages into the alveolar exudate, is regarded as a significant evidence of increased antipneumococcal resistance, since it has been observed to occur regularly at the time of recovery from the first infection and is accompanied by the local disappearance of the invading microorganisms.
TESTS FOR PNEUMOCOCCUS HYPERSENSITIVENESS IN DOGS AFTER RECOVERY FROM EXPERIMENTAL PNEUMOCOCCUS LOBAR PNEUMONIA
Authors: Coggeshall Lowell T. 
Published: June 2004

The data derived from the above described investigations indicate that dogs do not develop hypersensitivity to the pneumococcus as the result of experimental lobar pneumonia. This inference is based on the following findings:
1. Fifteen dogs were given Type I and Type II pneumococcus lobar pneumonia and following recovery were tested for hypersensitiveness by means of intrabronchial and intracutaneous injections of the autolysate made from the homologous pneumococcus.
2. Seven dogs showed a pulmonary lesion discernible with the X-ray at site of the autolysate inoculation; three of these dogs were normal controls.
3. No evidence of a positive skin reaction was found in any of the fifteen dogs, many of which received repeated infections and intradermal autolysate injections.
4. Subsequent infections in the same animals were definitely milder than the initial infection.
5. The infections following the administration of intrapulmonary and cutaneous autolysate were practically of the same intensity as the initial infection.
6. Temperature, pulse rates, white blood counts and differential blood pictures showed no significant variations following intrapulmonary injection of autolysate.
7. Tests for the acquisition of humoral immune bodies following autolysate injection and recovery from the experimental disease showed the presence of these substances in some of the dogs and their absence in others.
8. Study of the pathology of the pulmonary lesions produced by the autolysate failed to reveal histological changes characteristic of an allergic reaction. However, the presence of perivascular accumulations of large mononuclear cells observed in the lesions of the recovered dogs does suggest a locally accelerated reactivity of the fixed tissue cells to the products of the pneumococcus.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF PURE CULTURES OF FIBROBLASTS FROM SINGLE MONONUCLEAR CELLS
Authors: Moen Johannes K. 
Published: June 2004

1. Most isolated guinea pig mononuclear exudative cells in tissue culture become typical migrating macrophages, but a small proportion take on fibroblastic characteristics, and produce pure colonies of fibroblasts. These fibroblasts maintain their morphological characteristics through repeated subcultures.
2. It is suggested that the subsequent development of individual mononuclear cells in tissue culture is conditioned at the time of explantation.
3. Apposition with other cells is not necessary for the initiation of mitotic cellular division.
4. There is a definite optimal relationship between the bulk of the medium, the number of explanted cells and the extent of proliferation. The presence of other cells in the vicinity enhances cellular division.
5. Mitosis in the isolated explanted cell is preceded by a latent period. The rate of division varies in different colonies of fibroblasts.
6. Admixed erythrocytes in the mononuclear suspension definitely inhibit proliferation of fibroblasts in tissue culture. The inhibiting factor in disintegrating erythrocytes is apparently present in the stroma.