bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Urinary steroid evaluations to monitor ovarian function in exotic ungulates: II. Comparison between the giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) and the Okapi (Okapia johnstoni)
Authors: Loskutoff Naida M. , Walker Leslie , Ott‐Joslin Janis E. , Raphael Bonnie L. , Lasley Bill L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractOvarian activity in the female giraffe was evaluated during the nonfertile ovarian cycle and during the terminal stages of gestation. Progesterone metabolites, in the form of pregnanediol‐3‐glucuronide (PdG), were measured in daily random urine samples collected from four adult parous giraffes. The follicular phase averaged 4.0 ± 0.1 days in length (N = 12; range 3–5 days) and peak PdG levels in the postovulatory period averaged 30.9 ± 1.7 ng/mg Cr (N = 12). PdG levels during the latter half of gestation greatly exceeded average luteal phase levels, which is in contrast to domestic ruminants. Prior to parturition, a marked decline in PdG excretion was evident, which may be useful for anticipating this event. These data serve to elucidate ovarian function in the mature female giraffe and to provide information concerning the physiologic role of certain anomalous ovarian structures. In addition, observed similarities in the pattern of PdG excretion during the nonfertile cycles of the giraffe and the okapi indicate similar underlying physiologic processes.
Floor‐coverings and hanging screens alter arboreal monkey behavior
Authors: McKenzie Susan M. , Chamove Arnold S. , Feistner Anna T. C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe use of floor‐covering has been shown to substantially alter the behavior of captive terrestrial primates. Experiments with two large family groups of common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) and two of cotton‐top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) have shown that the type of floor‐covering also beneficially alters the behavior of arboreal monkeys, increasing use of the floor and decreasing inactivity. These effects increased over 2.5 mo, and appeared to be due to the reduced aversiveness of the floor. Hanging screens also produced beneficial effects.
Urinary steroid evaluations to monitor ovarian function in exotic ungulates: III. Estrone sulfate and pregnanediol‐3‐glucuronide excretion in the Indian rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis)
Authors: Kasman Lonnie H. , Ramsay E. C. , Lasley B. L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA study was undertaken to identify urinary estrogen and progesterone metabolites in the female Indian rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis). Measurements of these metabolites were then used to monitor ovarian function and establish normal levels and patterns of steroid excretion during the estrous cycle and pregnancy. Urine samples were analyzed for estrone sulfate and pregnanediol‐3‐glucuronide (PDG) by direct radioimmunoassays. Both hormones produced discrete profiles reflecting ovarian activity in nonconceptive cycles. The estrous cycle was observed to be 48 days (range 39–64) with a mean follicular phase of 14.8 days (range 13–19), followed by a mean luteal phase of 19 days (range 17–21). Of the single gestation monitored, PDG levels rose above luteal phase levels by the third month after breeding and remained elevated throughout gestation. The combined estrogen and progesterone metabolite profiles present a complete evaluation of ovarian steriod production in the mature female Indian rhinoceros.
Study of morphological and cytological parameters indicating oestrus in Lemur fulvus mayottensis
Authors: Cranz Claudine , Ishak Bassam , Brun Bernard , Rumpler Yves 
Published: June 2005

AbstractLemur fulvus mayottensis females were presented each day to vasectomized males. A simultaneous study of parameters of vaginal smears, external genital organs, and the cervix was carried out on the same females. Results from the two methods allow the determination of oestrus, that is, the best period for artificial insemination.
Twenty‐four‐hour variations in activity, core temperature, metabolic rate, and respiratory quotient in captive chinese pangolins
Authors: Heath Martha E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe circadian rhythms in activity, core temperature (Tc), O2 consumption, CO2 production, and respiratory quotient (RQ) were monitored in four captive Chinese pangolins (Manis pentadactyla). The pangolins were strictly nocturnal, never emerging from their nest before 1600 h, and their intermittent activity continued no later than 0230. As is usual in nocturnal mammals, the highest values observed in Tc, O2 consumption, and CO2 production occurred during the night; the lowest values occurred during the day. The magnitude of the variation in Tc, O2 consumption, CO2 production, and RQ averaged 1.2°C, 1.3 ml O2 kg−1 min−1, 1.2 ml CO2 kg−1 min−1, and 0.24, respectively. The circadian pattern in RQ was independent of activity, Tc, and the metabolic parameters and was of a different character than the patterns exhibited in the other variables. RQ remained constant at either a high or low level for long periods (8–10 h) and then increased or decreased relatively rapidly (1–2h) to the other level as in a square wave, whereas the rhythms in the other variables are similar to sine waves. The sharp increase in RQ was followed by a slow decline in Tc, and the sharp decline in RQ was followed by a slow increase in Tc.
Mother‐young relationships in captive ungulates: Spatial and temporal patterns
Authors: Ralls Katherine , Lundrigan Barbara , Kranz Karl 
Published: June 2005

AbstractUngulates are often divided into two groups—the followers and the hiders—characterized by differing spatial and temporal patterns of mother‐young behavior. We assessed the relative roles of mother and young in maintaining these patterns by recording standardized quantitative measures on 37 mother‐young pairs representing eight species. We found no differences between followers and hiders on any of our measures. The mother was largely responsible for maintaining the species characteristic spacing distances between mother and young, although young sometimes contributed. The mother usually initiated activity bouts of the young. Activity bouts of young were longer and more frequent when the mother was active than when she was lying down. Young often stood when their mother was lying, but these activity bouts were brief. Young usually terminated their own activity bouts. Hinde's measure, a measure designed to quantify the relative roles of primate mother and young in maintaining proximity, proved less satisfactory for ungulates, due to the multiple interpretations possible for low values of the measure and the difficulty of adequately defining approaches and departures.
Evidence for African origins of founders of the asiatic lion species survival plan
Authors: O'Brien S. J. , Joslin P. , Smith G. L. , Wolfe R. , Schaffer N. , Heath E. , Ott‐Joslin J. , Rawal P. P. , Bhattacharjee K. K. , Martenson J. S. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe Asiatic lion (Panthera leo persica) exists in the wild as a single relict population of approximately 250 individuals in the protected Gir Forest Sanctuary in western India. In 1981, a species survival plan (SSP) for the Asiatic lion was established by the American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums to manage the 200 + descendants of Asiatic lions in captivity in western zoological facilities. This captive population was derived from seven founders. In order to compare the genetic structure of the Gir Forest population with that of the captive SSP population, a genetic survey of 46 electrophoretic allozyme systems resolved from extracts of lion blood was undertaken by using 29 SSP Asiatic lions and 28 wild‐caught or captive‐bred lions maintained at the Sakkarbaug Zoo in India but originally derived from the Gir Forest. The Gir lion population was found to be genetically monomorphic at each of 46 allozyme loci. This was in contrast to several African lion (Panthera leo leo) populations, which show moderate levels of allozyme variation at the same loci. The SSP lion population was polymorphic at three allozyme loci (IDHI, TF, and PTI) for alleles that were previously found only in African lion populations. Pedigree analysis of the genetic transmission of these three biochemical loci demonstrated that two of the five primary founder animals of the SSP Asiatic lion population (a breeding pair originally imported from the Trivandrum Zoo in southern India) were descendants of the African subspecies. Three other founder animals were pure Asian. A retrospective SSP pedigree analysis of two morphologic characters (prominent abdominal fold and pairing of infraorbital foramen) that are partially diagnostic for persica vs leo was consistent with this conclusion as well. The implications for the management of small captive populations of threatened species and of the Asiatic lion SSP population are discussed.
Cover‐seeking behavior in red spitting cobras (Naja mossambica pallida): Effects of tactile cues and darkness
Authors: Chiszar David , Radcliffe Charles W. , Boyer Thomas , Behler John L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractEleven red spitting cobras, Naja mossambica pallida, used clear Plexiglas hiding boxes as frequently as they used dark ones in a successive discrimination paradigm (experiment 1), which indicated that thigmotaxic cues can satisfy the cover‐seeking needs of the snakes. In simultaneous discrimination tests, however, dark places were always preferred by the snakes (experiments II, III). Therefore, although thigmotaxic cues are sufficient, these plus darkness constitute a more favorable alternative for N m pallida. The husbandry advantages associated with clear hiding boxes, together with their sufficiency for the snakes, argue strongly for their use in many captive environments.
Genetic variability in a captive herd of Speke's gazelle (Gazella spekei)
Authors: Templeton Alan R. , Davis Scott K. , Read Bruce 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA captive herd of Speke' gazelle was screened for genetic variability at 28 enzyme‐coding loci, the nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA), and the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). There is one variable restriction site out of 52 in the rDNA and three variable sites out of 41 in the mtDNA. This amount of mitochondrial diversity is low for a mammal, but is about the maximum to be expected given that the entire herd is derived from three females. However, 14% of the enzymecoding loci were polymorphic, a figure typical for mammals. Hence, despite the fact that the herd was founded by one male and three females, much genetic variation is still present. It is therefore important to continue breeding programs designed to maintain genetic diversity.MtDNA is maternally inherited, so tracing back from the current animals through females allowed us to infer that each founding female had a distinct mtDNA haplotype. Hence, the founding females could not have shared the same mother.The nuclear variability could also be traced back through the pedigrees to the founders. One female was found to have contributed none of the assayed genetic variability to the current herd. “Gene drop” simulations of the herd indicated that this was the only founder for which much genetic variability had already been lost because of breeding decisions made during the early history of the herd. This illustrates the importance of implementing breeding programs designed to preserve genetic variability as soon as possible.
Management and husbandry of ruffed lemurs, Varecia variegata, at the San Diego Zoo. I. Captive population, San Diego Zoo housing and diet
Authors: Brockman Diane K. , Willis Mary S. , Karesh William B. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe captive history of the ruffed lemur is presented with concentration on taxonomy, captive population and husbandry of the San Diego Zoo population. At the conclusion of 1985, the living population of black and white ruffed lemurs numbered 358; red ruffed lemurs totaled 125. The San Diego Zoo population, established between 1965 and 1970, began with two pairs of each subspecies. Intensive breeding at the Primate Propagation Center resulted in the birth of 135 black and white ruffed lemur infants and 95 red ruffed lemur infants as of January 7, 1986. Housing specifications are presented for the off‐exhibit 96‐unit breeding facility, describing enclosure size, material, nest box composition, and enclosure furniture. The diet is described, which emphasizes high‐protein, high‐fiber foods and leaves.
Parental care in captive siamangs (Hylobates syndactylus)
Authors: Alberts Susan 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSiamangs exhibit paternal care to the extent that the male of a monogamous unit carries its infant offspring beginning late in the infant's first year of life. Field studies have documented this but without behavioral detail. It has been hypothesized that the transfer is facilitated by a desertion of the infant by the female. An infant siamang born in captivity at the Washington Park Zoo, Portland, Oregon, was observed through its first year of life. The infant transfer to the male was documented in captivity and was associated with a high rate of infant‐initiated contact with the male and a high rate of infant retrieval by the female. The study concludes that the infant probably played a key role in facilitating the transfer to the male.
Responsiveness of a male Mueller's gibbon to his own species‐song, that of a lar gibbon, and a synthetic song of similar frequency
Authors: Haraway M. M. , Maples E. G. , Tolson J. S. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe study compared the responsiveness of a captive male Mueller's gibbon to audio recordings of dawn songs of wild‐living male Mueller's gibbons and lar gibbons, and to a synthetic song constructed from screech owl vocalizations. Though wild‐caught, the subject had not been exposed to songs of his own species for at least 10 years, and in fact, only rarely performed the dawn song himself. Initially, the subject responded vigorously to all three recordings, with no preference being shown for the recording of his own species. However, a very strong preference for Mueller's vocalizations did develop following a period of concentrated and exclusive exposure to Mueller's songs.
Activity budgets and use of enclosed space by wild boars (Sus scrofa) in captivity
Authors: Blasetti A. , Boitani L. , Riviello M. C. , Visalberghi E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis research was conducted on a captive group of eight wild boars: Four wildborn adults (one male and three females) and four piglets (one male and three females), born in captivity two months before the beginning of the study. They were housed in the Rome Zoo in a 1,000 sq m enclosure furnished with trees, mud pools, a water basin, and two small barns.Data on eight behavioral states (sleeping, resting, rooting, eating, walking, standing, scratching, and nursing) were collected by instantaneous sampling at 10‐minute intervals. The spatial location of each subject was also noted, as well as closeness to conspecifics.Results showed that adults and piglets differed in their activity budgets. Activity patterns showed a significant correlation with the mean temperatures. Furthermore, there was a significant difference in the use of the exhibit areas between adults and piglets.This study suggests a social structure in which the core is constituted by females and their yearlings. The nonbreeding female has a more marginal position than the breeding ones. Finally, the male tends to be even more peripheral and solitary. Our results are partly consistent with the data obtained in studies on free‐ranging wild boars (Mauget, 1980; Dardaillon, 1984).
Microbiological characterization of three Atlantic whiteside dolphins (Lagenorhynchus acutus) from stranding through captivity with subsequent rehabilitation and release of one animal
Authors: Buck John D. , Bubucis Patricia M. , Spotte Stephen 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThree live Atlantic whiteside dolphins (Lagenorhynchus acutus) were found beach‐stranded on Cape Cod in Massachusetts and were shipped to Mystic Marinelife Aquarium in Connecticut and held in captivity. Swab samples were collected routinely from the anus and blowhole of live animals and from internal organs at necropsy for microbial culture. Despite antibiotic therapy, one animal died on day 9 of captivity, and one died after 110 days. The survivor was released after 126 days of captivity. Klebsiella pneumoniae septicemia and staphylococcal pneumonia were likely responsible for the two deaths. A total of 26 different organisms (or groups of organisms) were recovered from the three dolphins, including several (e.g., Pseudomonas spp, Streptococcus faecalis Candida albicans, Proteus‐Morganella spp, Vibrio spp) that, in addition to the above organisms, could be potentially pathogenic for debilitated animals. Newly rescued marine mammals should be segregated from healthy animals if possible.
Aggression with mixed age‐sex groups of bolivian squirrel monkeys following single animal introductions and new group formations
Authors: Williams L. E. , Abee C. R. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe social organization of the Bolivian squirrel monkey (Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis) is thought to be sexually segregated, with males and females forming separate social groups during the nonbreeding season. To investigate the influence of this social order on patterns of aggression, controlled single animal introductions within established groups and establishment of new groups were studied in a systematic manner. Behavioral observations were made using an all‐occurrences technique to sample all agonistic interactions. In study I, 4 animals of each age‐sex class (adult males and females, juvenile males and females) were introduced one at a time into 4 different social groups composed of 1 adult male and 8 to 10 adult females. Behavioral observations were made prior to and after the introductions. Newly introduced adult males received significantly more contact aggression than other age classes. Only the adult females increased aggression after the introduction of new animals. In study II, new social groups were formed and behavioral observations were made following formation. One group was formed from 7 pairs of familiar females and an unfamiliar adult male. This group had a high frequency of aggression during the first half hour, with contact aggression rising to peaks at 3 and 5 h. The second group consisted of 10 familiar females, 2 pairs of familiar females and an unfamiliar male. There was a significant peak in contact aggression 3 h into the observation.
Circulating levels of vitamin E in captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus)
Authors: Dierenfeld Ellen S. , Dolensek Emil P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractCirculating levels of α‐tocopherol (vitamin E) were examined via high‐performance liquid chromatography in four female Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) at the New York Zoological Park between 1983 and 1987. Plasma vitamin E averaged 0.08 μg/ml in 1983, and was considered deficient. Over a four‐year period of dietary supplementation ranging from 0.7 to 3.7 IU vitamin E/kg body mass (approximately 50 to 250 IU/kg diet as fed), mean plasma α‐tocopherol increased to 0.6 μg/ml. Plasma and dietary vitamin E were found to be significantly correlated (p < 0.025) in these animals. Serum or plasma vitamin E measured in an additional 20 elephants from eight other zoological institutions in the United States and Canada averaged 0.5 μg/ml, but values were not significantly correlated (p > 0.05) with calculated dietary levels of the vitamin. To achieve the mean value for circulating α‐tocopherol in captive elephants (0.5 μg/ml), feed must provide at least 1.0, and more likely 2.0 to 2.5 IU vitamin E/kg body mass (approximately 130 to 167 IU/kg diet).
Genetic variation in the zoo population of the red panda subspecies Ailurus fulgens fulgens
Authors: Princée Frank P. G. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractGenetic variation present in the global and regional zoo populations of the red panda is estimated by computer simulations. In this study it is demonstrated that inbreeding depression could occur on the short term in the regional populations. Migration between regional populations is recommended to ensure the future survival of the red panda in captivity. More genealogical lineages should be represented in the breeding program.
Management and husbandry of ruffed lemurs, Varecia variegata, at the San Diego Zoo. III. Medical considerations and population management
Authors: Brockman Diane K. , Willis Mary S. , Karesh William B. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMedical aspects of maintaining the ruffed lemurs, Varecia variegata, at the San Diego Zoo and recommendations for population management of the species are presented. Common clinical problems include diarrhea, hair balls, chapped feet in young animals, and canine‐tooth abscesses. Congenital abnormalities in animals at San Diego involve scoliosis, incomplete skull formation, internal organ anomalies, and neuromuscular disease, all of which may be related to the small number of founders. Population‐management recommendations vary in complexity with the subspecies. Of primary importance for Varecia v. variegata is equalization of founder contributions and controlled breeding. Critical issues for Varecia v. rubra include acquisition of wild‐born stock, equalization of founder representation, increased population, and the location of captive habitat. The creation of four or five major breeding centers for Varecia is proposed; the centers would be designed to house wild‐born and underrepresented founder lines that could be genetically manipulated and rapidly expanded over a short time period. The creation of a self‐sustaining population of ruffed lemurs in captivity depends on international cooperation and the development of a ruffed lemur master plan.
An evaluation of supplementing bacterial filtration with algae scrubbers in a recirculating marine aquarium
Authors: Pryor Warren W. , Morris Daniel J. , Simmons Lee G. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe 4.5 m2 algae scrubbers were shown to have no significant impact on the amount of attached or suspended algae in the 30,000 liter display or on the concentrations of ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, or dissolved oxygen in the water. Algae scrubbers significantly raised the water's copper concentration. The month‐long experiment was conducted in the Coral Reef Tank at the Omaha Zoo.
Behavior of the mayotte lemur, Lemur fulvus mayottensis, in captivity
Authors: Hosey Geoffrey R. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA group of one male and two female Mayotte lemurs was observed at Chester Zoo, and their behaviors compared with published observations of wild populations of this and related forms of the brown lemur. It was found that the captive animals were active by both day and night, but that the pattern of activity was different from wild lemurs. The captive lemurs were less active than their wild counterparts and showed different timing of activity because of the feeding regimen at the zoo. The animals did not ignore the public at the zoo, but, on the contrary, directed some behaviors at the zoo visitors, particularly if the zoo visitors attempted to interact with the lemurs; under these conditions there was also an increase in the movements of the lemurs in the cage. Levels of aggression in the zoo lemurs were higher than those reported for wild populations, and aggression appeared to occur predominantly in the birth season. Levels of affiliative behaviors, particularly allogrooming, were comparable with those in the wild. Olfactory behaviors such as scent marking and anogenital sniffing also showed seasonal peaks and again appeared to occur at higher rates than in the wild.