bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Information programs for primatologists: Wisconsin Regional Primate Research Center
Authors: Jacobsen Larry 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFour outreach programs of the WRPRC Library are: (1) the International Directory of Primatology, (2) Primate‐Talk, (3) Primate Info Net (PIN), and (4) the Audiovisual Service. The first International Directory of Primatology, published in 1992, is intended to promote resource sharing among a wide variety of organizations involved in the field. Primate‐Talk is an electronic mail‐based network for communications among primatologists worldwide. It currently includes over 600 primatologists from 30 countries and allows for the rapid electronic transmission of information. The WRPRC Audiovisual Service promotes the collection and lending of audiovisual resources in primatology. This collection includes 500 videotapes, 5,500 slides, and a variety of audiotapes and films. A description of these services and information about how to access them is reviewed. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Social and reproductive patterns in neotropical primates: Relation to ecology, body size, and infant care
Authors: Tardif Suzette D. , Garber Paul A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe papers in this issue stem from a symposium presented at the 1992 International Primatological Congress in Strasbourg, France. Due to the paucity of information on social organization, reproduction, and the relation of these to ecology in neotropical primates, we organized this symposium, which included researchers conducting comparative studies and those examining aspects of socioecology in single platyrrhine species. The papers in the symposium are organized around three issues: (1) the relation between body size, ecology, and reproduction (papers by Dietz et al., Tardif, and Williams et al.); (2) ranging and dispersal patterns as determinants of social structure (papers by Boinski and Mitchell, Norconk and Kinzey, and Kinzey and Cunningham); (3) phylogenetic and comparative analyses of behavioral and anatomical traits (Ford and Garber). Within these areas, the papers provide new information and new syntheses of existing information on platyrrhine socioecology. In addition, many detail innovative methodological approaches which could fruitfully be applied to other primates. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Relative energetic cost of infant care in small‐bodied neotropical primates and its relation to infant‐care patterns
Authors: Tardif Suzette D. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSmall neotropical primates display an array of infant‐care patterns, including maternal care, paternal care, and care by non‐mothers, both male and female. The high energetic cost of infant care has frequently been proposed as the primary determinant of the need for caregivers other than the mother in these species. This report examines the evidence regarding cost associated with infant care inAotus, Callicebus, Saimiri, Callimico, SaguinusandCallithrixgenera with adult weights of less than 2 kg. The energetic costs of lactation (estimated from infant growth data) and transport (estimated from relative infant weight and travel patterns of each species) are lowest forAotusandCallicebus, highest forSaguinusandCallithrix(when they rear twins), and intermediate forSaimiriandCallimico. When these costs are compared to the extent that mothers relinquish care to others, there is no clear relation; that is, the energetic cost of infant care is a relatively poor predictor of the apparent “need” for additional caregivers. Additional factors are proposed which better explain the infant‐care patterns displayed by these species; these factors include (1) differences in the relative cost that infant care places on foraging efficiency. These differences are proposed to relate to differences in need for concealment as an anti‐predator strategy; (2) differences in availability of suitable helpers; (3) differences in nursing frequency, such that the smallest, fastest growing species are more limited in the extent to which mothers may relinquish infant carrying to others. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Variability in platyrrhine social organization
Authors: Kinzey Warren G. , Cunningham Elena P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractGreater intraspecific and intrageneric variability exists in the social organization of platyrrhine primates than has previously been recognized. Although this is most marked and already recognized in the callitrichins, it also appears in many other neotropical species. One area of striking variability is the degree of troop fragmentation. Fission‐fusion and cohesion are ends of a continuum of social organizations in which troop fragmentation is greatest among the former and least among the latter. Troop fragmentation appears to be a facultative adjustment to environmental, demographic, and social conditions among New World primates. A hallmark of the non‐monogamous platyrrhines, and possibly of all neotropical primates, is flexibility in their social systems, and the occurrence, to a greater or lesser extent, of troop fragmentation. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Incidence of atresia or of luteinization without rupture of the dominant ovarian follicle in rhesus monkeys treated with estradiol‐17β on day 8 of the menstrual cycle
Authors: Dierschke Donald J. , Golos Thaddeus G. , Durning Maureen , Hutz Reinhold J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPrevious results have established that 17β‐estradiol (E2) administered in capsules for 24 h on Day 6 of the menstrual cycle results in atresia of the dominant follicle (DF). The present experiment was designed to determine if atresia could be induced similarly as late as Day 8, when the DF is presumably larger, to facilitate biochemical analyses. On the morning of Day 8, laparoscopy was used to confirm the presence of the DF, and 4, 6, or 8 Silastic capsules containing E2 were placed s.c. for 12 or 24 h. Treatment with E2 for 12 h resulted in atresia of the dominant follicle: 2/4,4/5, and 2/5 with 4, 6, and 8 capsules, respectively. Increases in luteinizing hormone (LH) usually occurred following removal of E2 after 12 h; similar increases resulted previously from treatment on Day 6, and are interpreted as the result of removal of E2‐induced negative feedback rather than an effect of positive feedback. In contrast to the efficacy of treatment for 12 h, treatment with E2 for 24 h resulted in a lower incidence of atresia (2/5,1/6, and 1/4 with 4, 6, and 8 capsules), and premature LH surges were seen during treatment in almost all animals, especially with 6 or 8 capsules, initiating luteinization of the DF without ovulation. Regarding intrafollicular changes, E2 treatment resulted in a 10‐fold reduction in follicular fluid concentrations of estrogen, while progesterone (P) levels were augmented; the output of P by granulosa cells in culture was also enhanced by E2 treatment. We conclude that the DF in monkeys remains susceptible to the atretogenic effects of E2 as late as Day 8 of the cycle, but the amount of follicular material recoverable is not increased with the later treatment. Furthermore, the similarity between the luteinized unruptured follicles induced in this study and those occurring spontaneously in women suggests that this model may be valuable in elucidating the factors involved in this source of infertility in women. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Correlation between urinary pregnanediol glucuronide and basal body temperature in female orangutans, Pongo pygmaeus
Authors: Asa Cheryl S. , Fischer Frank , Carrasco Emilee , Puricelli Cynthia 
Published: June 2005

AbstractChanges in basal body temperature (BBT) in relation to the menstrual cycle were investigated in three adult female orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus). In particular, the relationships of BBT to urinary estrone conjugates (EC) and to pregnanediol glucuronide (PDG) were examined using two of the females during two cycles each. Radiotelemetry transmitters were implanted peritoneally to record core body temperatures. Radio signals were received approximately every 2 min, 24 h per day. Because temperatures during the period 0300–0400 h were most stable (i.e., were less likely to be affected by confounding variables such as activity), a mean of these values was used to calculate daily BBT. BBT showed a highly significant positive correlation with PDG but not with EC. Menstrual phases were associated with declining or trough levels of BBT. Although changes in BBT were not sufficiently distinct to predict or to preclsely identify the time of ovulation, the strong association between BBT and PDG suggests that radiotelemetry of BBT may be useful in monitoring ovarian cycles, especially the luteal phase, in this species. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chimpanzee tool use for honey and termite extraction in Central Africa
Authors: Fay J. Michael , Carroll Richard W. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractObservations are presented primarily from two study sites located in the extreme southwestern tip of the Central African Republic. The use of flexible stalks and rigid sticks to extract termites from mounds and pounding, prying, and digging tools to penetrate melipone, honey bee, and ground‐dwelling bee hives by Pan t. troglodytes are documented or inferred from circumstantial evidence. Functionally, termite extraction tools were similar to other locations in west and central Africa, but the plant species used were considerably different. Extraction of bees using large pieces of wood as pounding tools has not been recorded elsewhere in wild chimpanzees. No environmental factor that differs between the east and west of the range of P. t. troglodytes that would cause the difference in tool use was identified. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Avoidance of close consanguineous inbreeding in captive groups of rhesus macaques
Authors: Smith David Glenn 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn three captive groups of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatto) the intensity of inbreeding avoidance was directly correlated with the closeness of kinship. The incidence of inbreeding between matrilineal relatives was lower than expected were mating to occur randomly with regard to matrilineal affiliation. The avoidance of mating between sons and their mothers and between matrilineal sibs contributed about squally to this outcome. The incidence of mating between more remote matrilineal relatives was lower than, but could not be shown to differ significantly from, that expected at the 0.05 level of probability. Familiarity fostered by interactions among matriline members probably provides a focus for avoidance of matrilineal inbreeding, and might influence male dispersal. Results of this study are consistent with reports of female rhesus macaques' avoidance of sexual activity with matrilineal male relatives as predicted by parental investment theoryThe observed incidence of inbreeding between patrilineal relatives was not different from that expected, but significantly fewer of the patrilineally inbred matings involved father/daughter matings than expected were mating random. Recognition of phenotypic similarities might provide a focus for avoidance of inbreeding between fathers and their daughters, but is loss reliable than strategies for avoiding matrilineal inbreeding. Adaptations for avoiding matrilineal inbreeding that are more effective than those for avoiding patrilineal inbreeding might have evolved because the risk of patrilineal inbreeding, and hence the resulting loss in fitness, is marginal compared to that for matrilineal inbreeding in free‐ranging groups. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Social and menstrual cycle phase influences on the behavior of group‐housed Cebus apella
Authors: Linn G. S. , Mase D. , Lafrancois D. , O'Keeffe R. T. , Lifshitz K. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis study examined sexual and other social behavior in relation to menstrual cycle phase in four mixed‐sex social groups of Cebus apella. Groups consisted of two adult males and either six or nine adult females. Menstrual cycles of high (rank 1–2) and low (rank 3–7) dominance‐rank females from each group were monitored via vaginal swabs, and correlated with data collected from ongoing behavioral observations. Only cycles bounded by positive detection of menstrual blood were included in this analysis (n = 15 females, 182 cycles; mean ± s.d., cycle length = 20.8 ± 1.2 days). Rates of copulation and female solicitation of males varied significantly with cycle phase, with highest rates at midcycle. While total rates of solicitation and copulation did not vary with female dominance rank, copulation rates with the dominant male were significantly greater for high ranking females than for low ranking ones. Variance observed in affiliative and agonistic behaviors, including those with males, was attributable to female rank rather than cycle phase. Females and males were also observed attempting to interfere with copulations of lower ranking same‐sex individuals. Although further study, particularly of wild populations, is needed, these results indicate that female‐female reproductive competition should be included as a component of the capuchin breeding system. As in other primate species, both social and hormone‐related factors influence the sexual behavior of Cebus apella. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Menopause in female rhesus monkeys
Authors: Walker Margaret L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFifteen female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatto), ranging in age from 8 to 34 years, were studied for one year to characterize the endocrine and menstrual changes associated with menopause in this species. Five monkeys were premenopausal; these younger monkeys, ages 8–11 years, menstruated and showed cyclic ovarian activity during the 12–month study period, as evidenced by menses and periodic elevations of serum estradiol (E2) and luteinizing hormone (LH) concentrations. Four females, ages 24–26 years, were in transition to menopause. Two of these perimenopausal females menstruated and secreted E2 and LH in a periodic fashion; the other two females showed elevated LH concentrations, consistently low E2 levels, and no evidence of menstruation. Six females, ages 27–34 years, were clearly postmenopausal; LH concentrations were high, whereas E2 concentrations were uniformly low. There was a significant inverse correlation between basal E2 concentrations and age, and a significant positive correlation between age and LH concentrations across all 15 animals. Hormonal changes indicative of ovulation, when they occurred, were generally restricted to the winter and early spring months. Histological analysis of ovaries from four postmenopausal females revealed little or no evidence of active folliculogenesis. These data indicate that menopause in female rhesus monkeys does not occur until the second half of thethird decade of life. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Behavioral effects of enrichment on singly‐housed, yearling rhesus monkeys: An analysis including three enrichment conditions and a control group
Authors: Schapiro Steven J. , Bloomsmith Mollie A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThree cohorts of yearling rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were maintained in single cages for one year as part of a derivation program to produce a breeding colony of specific pathogen‐free (SPF) monkeys. During this year of social restriction, subjects were provided with three different types of environmental enrichment (physical, feeding, and sensory) to counteract the known effects of social restriction and to quantify the effects of these different conditions of enhancement on their behavior. Focal animal observations were conducted on enriched and control subjects for all cohorts. Enrichment conditions were presented in a different order to each cohort. Monkeys provided with enrichment spent significantly more time playing and less time self‐grooming than did control monkeys in unenriched cages, suggesting that the overall enrichment program was of some benefit to the monkeys, because these changes in behavior were in species‐typical directions. Among enriched subjects only, there were significant differences in the amount of time spent drinking, grooming, feeding, playing, exploring, and using enrichment across the three enrichment conditions. Both the physical and feeding enrichment conditions led to species‐appropriate changes in behavior, therefore enhancing psychological well‐being as some define it. Sensory enrichment was of little benefit. The first cohort was housed indoors, received less stimulation from the environment outside of the single cage, and used enrichment more than did the other two cohorts housed outdoors. This suggests that the external environment influences behavior in the single cage and that enrichment may be most effective for animals housed indoors. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Wild squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) “caregiver” calls: Contexts and acoustic structure
Authors: Boinski Sue , Mitchell Carol L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA field study of the vocal behavior of 22 wild adult female squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) in Parque Nacional del Manu, Peru, found that 21% of vocalizations were “caregiver” calls. Caregiver calls are brief, low frequency calls, often with numerous harmonics, that are addressed by caregivers to their own infants in three contexts: 1) prenurse, signalling the caregiver's location and willingness to nurse; 2) nurse, while nursing; and 3) end nurse, indicating the end of the nursing bout. Three measures (start, end, and peak frequency) of the acoustic structure of the fundamental frequency of the caregiver calls significantly differed across the contexts. Duration of caregiver calls, however, was not distinguished by context. Compared to other primate taxa, the specificity and importance of caregiver calls in squirrel monkey vocal behavior appears unusual, if not unique. That S. sciureus caregiver calls are highly developed and employed so extensively probably follows from an unusual combination of ecological and life history factors. These factors include delayed weaning and large infant body size, high levels of indirect foraging competition which encourages spatial separation, susceptibility to predation, and specialization on a densely foliated, branch‐end microhabitat in which visual contact is often impeded. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of gut proportions in four small‐bodied Amazonian cebids
Authors: Ferrari Stephen F. , Lopes M. Aparecida 
Published: June 2005

AbstractGut proportions in four small‐bodied Amazonian cebids (Callicebus caligatus, Callicebus moloch, Pithecia irrorata, and Saimiri madeirae) are reported and compared in the context of known differences in feeding ecology. The gastrointestinal tracts of both Callicebus and Pithecia were found to be relatively undifferentiated, as expected from their predominantly frugivorous diets. In Saimiri, the marked dominance of the small intestine correlates with a highly insectivorous diet. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Interleukin‐1 induces sleep‐like behavior and alters call structure in juvenile rhesus macaques
Authors: Friedman Elliot M. , Boinski Sue , Coe Christopher L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractTo date, there have been no investigations of the behavioral effects of interleukin‐1 (IL‐1) in nonhuman primates. In this study the locomotor behavior and vocalizations of juvenile rhesus monkeys were monitored for 45 minutes following intravenous injections of recombinant human IL‐1 alpha. In addition, their reaction to a broadcasted recording of infant monkey distress calls was determined 20 minutes after the beginning of each test session. IL‐1 induced sleep‐like inactivity and significantly diminished the monkey's behavioral and vocal responses to the broadcasted calls. The coo calls uttered by the monkeys following IL‐1 treatment also had a longer duration and lower fundamental frequency than calls during the control condition. As several studies have indicated that behavioral effects of IL‐1 may be mediated by corticotropin‐releasing hormone (CRH), a second group of rhesus monkeys was given injections of CRH. CRH did not alter behavior or call structure at the dose administered. These results extend previous research on the behavioral effects of IL‐1 to include the nonhuman primate and provide the first evidence that cytokines can affect vocal communication in rhesus monkeys. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Delayed dispersal and elevated monoaminergic activity in free‐ranging rhesus monkeys
Authors: Kaplan Jay R. , Fontenot M. Babette , Berard John , Manuck Stephen B. , Mann J. John 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMale rhesus monkeys typically disperse from their groups of birth when they are between 3 and 5 years of age. Some males, however, delay dispersal from their natal groups until after they are 5 years old. The current study evaluated central monoaminergic neurotransmitter activity as a potential correlate of such “delayed” dispersal among 54 randomly selected adolescent and adult male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) captured on Cayo Santiago during an annual trapping season. Specifically, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of 5‐hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5‐HIAA, a serotonin metabolite), 3‐methoxy‐4‐hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG, a norepinephrine metabolite), and homovanillic acid (HVA, a dopamine metabolite) were compared in monkeys 60 months of age or more that had either dispersed (n = 33) or were still in their natal groups (n = 5). The monkeys still in their natal groups had higher CSF concentrations of both 5‐HIAA and HVA (but not MHPG) than did the animals that had emigrated (Ps < 0.05). Subsequent analysis indicated that only 5‐HIAA independently differentiated dispersing monkeys from delayed dispensers. Of monkeys less than 60 months of age (n = 16), only two had dispersed from their natal groups; in this age class, there were no significant differences between dispersing and natal individuals in any CSF monoaminergic metabolite (all Ps = NS). Finally, there was no difference in the CSF 5‐HIAA concentrations of the five delayed dispersers and those of younger animals (P = NS), suggesting a failure to experience the frequently reported adolescent decline in serotonergic activity. In contrast, the CSF 5‐HIAA concentrations of the dispersing animals were lower than those of the younger animals (P < 0.05), consistent with either an agerelated decline or an effect of dispersal per se. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Group size, composition, and reproductive success in wild common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus)
Authors: Koenig A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractData from published sources about size and composition of wild common marmoset groups (Callithrix jacchus) were analyzed to see if the number of juveniles in a group is closely related to the number of other group members. Mean group size was 8.7 members including 4.4 adults (1.8 females, 2.5 males), 2.9 subadults, and 1.4 juveniles. The number of juveniles was significantly positively correlated to the number of adult males. Groups with one or two adult males had significantly fewer juveniles (mean: 1:1 juveniles) than groups containing more than two adult males (mean: 2.0 juveniles). Apart from a different number of subadults, results showed obvious similarities between common marmosets and tamarins of the genusSaguinusin size and composition of subgroups of adults as well as the key role of adult males in mediating the reproductive success of a breeding female. Common marmoset females seem to gain direct fitness benefits in increased reproductive success from the presence of a larger number of adult males. Whether or not other group members get fitness benefits depends on the reproductive strategy of adult males (monogamy vs. polyandry), their kinship, and on the genetic relationship of nonbreeders to the offspring of the breeding female. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.