bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The War of 1812
Authors: Wood Gordon S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The War of 1812 is the strangest war in American history. It was a war in its own right but also a war within a war, a part of the larger war between Britain and France that had been going on since France’s National Convention declared war on Britain in February 1793. Although the total American casualties in the war were relatively light—6,765—far fewer in the entire two and a half years of war than those killed and wounded in a single one of Napoleon’s many battles, it was nonetheless one of the most important wars in American history. It was, said Virginia’s John Taylor, the philosopher of agrarian Republicanism, a “metaphysical war, a war not for conquest, not for defense, not for sport, ” but rather “a war for honour, like that of the Greeks against Troy, ” a war, however, that “may terminate in the destruction of the last experiment in . . . free government. ”
Introduction
Authors: Deak Istvan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In March 1848, the Habsburg monarchy consisted of a myriad of kingdoms, principalities, duchies, margravates, counties, baronies, and lordships. This conglomerate of territorial entities, and the varied peoples inhabiting them, were presided over by a sickly, somewhat retarded, and benevolent monarch. Like the Habsburg rulers before him, Emperor-King Ferdinand was theoretically absolute in his authority yet bound by the historical rights and privileges of each of his domains. Before his throne paraded continual delegations of national politicians, each demanding a greater share of rights for his own constituency. All professed undying loyalty to His Imperial and Apostolic Royal Majesty, while casting covetous eyes on the lands of their neighbors in the realm and furtive glances at whatever foreign power might be enlisted to support their aspirations.
No Duty to Retreat in Law and the American Mind
Authors: Brown Richard Maxwell 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As far back as the thirteenth century, English common law dealt harshly with the act ofhomicide. The “right to kill in self-defense was slowly established, and is a doctrine of modern rather than medieval law,” wrote one authority. On this issue Sir William Blackstone looked not to the future but to the past in his eighteenth-century summation of the English common law of homicide. At the core of Blackstone ‘s view was the centuries-long English common-law tradition that supported “the idea of all homicides as public wrongs.” In England the burden was on the one accused of a homicide to prove his innocence. The plea of self-defense was eyed most skeptically. The presumption against the accused killer stemmed from the fear, as Blackstone put it, that “the right to defend may be mistaken as the right to kill.” Before the court in the English common-law tradition would countenance killing in self-defense two essential tests had to be met: that of retreat or avoidance and that of “reasonable determination of necessity.” The latter test meant that the accused must prove in open court his necessity to kill in order to prevent his own There were two types of Western gunfighters: grassroots gun fighters and glorified gunfighters.3 The glorified gunfighters were those who became regionally and nationally famous: Wild Bill Hickok, Wyatt Earp, John Wesley Hardin, Billy the Kid.
California Conflict and the American Dream
Authors: Brown Richard Maxwell 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On May 1 1, 1880, a long-simmering conflict came to a violent climax in the Central Valley of California. Before the day was over, seven were dead or dying in the outcome of a deadly gun fight in a wheat field six miles northwest of Hanford, the small town metropolis of the Mussel Slough area. The gunfight was savage. All those who exchanged shots would lose their lives.
Rare me at: Adding reach to power
Authors: Beisner Robert L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before the State Department On 11 April 1893, when Dean Gooderham Acheson was born in Middletown, Connecticut, around thirty miles south of Hartford, Grover Cleveland was president. When Acheson finished his undergraduate education at Yale, Woodrow Wilson was in the White House. In between, insulated from depression and war, young Acheson lived a mostly charmed life, wrapped in a mother’s love and steeled for later tests by a father’s rigor. His mother, born Eleanor Gooderham, was the daughter of a wealthy banker and distiller in Toronto, where she met Dean’s father, E. (Edward) Campion Acheson, a Scottish-Irish immigrant who became an Episcopal clergyman, Middletown’s rector, and Bishop of the Connecticut Diocese. Son of a professional soldier who fought in the Crimean War, Edward distinguished himself in combat in the 1883 Riel Rebellion and fighting Indians in 1885. After this University of Toronto graduate married Miss Gooderham, they moved to Connecticut, where Dean, his younger brother Edward, and sister Margot lived their early days.
Keeping the americans in, the russians out, and the germans down, 1949
Authors: Beisner Robert L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The event in 1949 that assured Acheson’s place as Truman’s primary guide and adviser in foreign policy was not the conclusion of the North Atlantic alliance in April. Instead, it was the four-power discussion of Germany in May and June at the Council of Foreign Ministers (CFM) in Paris. Acheson’s success at the CFM session greatly solidified his authority in the administration and his leadership in foreign affairs. The measure he took of the Soviets’ intentions in Paris reinforced his view that there was really no point in talking to them. The conference also sealed his conversion to the view that the west could not risk losing the western occupation zones of Germany but must integrate them into the west, making West Germany part of the western alliance. Finally, it marked a further evolution of Acheson’s overall cold war strategy. He not only wanted the west to be strong enough to contain the Kremlin. To win the cold war, he thought the west must have superior strength. Continuing discord with Moscow, he came to believe, was less risky than ongoing negotiations with it.
Plunge into the unknown: the united states, indochina, and china on the eve of the korean war
Authors: Beisner Robert L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Examined many years later, Dean Acheson’s labors in Asia in the first half of 1950, other than in Japan, seem phantasmal. The avalanche of the Korean War soon buried efforts now difficult to unearth. Under attack by the Republican right, challenged by the Pentagon and his own aides, and sensitive to Truman’s enmity toward the Chinese communists, his control of policy for East Asia was on the wane, but more freedom of action would hardly have improved the out-come. He did dominate policy toward Southeast Asia, partly because few others were paying attention. There, in recognizing Bao Dai’s “national” Vietnamese government, he unfurled an American umbrella under which France waged an old-style colonial war. The Korean War deepened the commitment, and the United States plunged into the unknown in Indochina.
Scope for the exercise of every vital power
Authors: Beisner Robert L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Farewells The tension that produced George Kennan’s ignominy bred support for Acheson’s projects, but he was dismayed that relations with Moscow had turned so sour. Dreary, teeth-gritting antagonism eliminated all civil diplomatic discourse or any chance the USSR might help resolve the Korean POW dispute. Worse, coupled with the languishing of the European Defense Community and “Lisbon,” tensions pushed defense strategy farther down the nuclear roadway. Eisenhower’s “New Look” sat on top of the Truman administration’s growing dependence on atomic arms, delays in the NATO buildup, and the relative cheapness of nuclear weapons. In February 1952, the United States tested its first tactical nuclear weapons. Shipments to Europe of these projectiles in the spring caused the British to be even less eager to fulfill their Lisbon obligations. Aware that a conventional European deterrent was some time off, Acheson gave tempered support to greater nuclear weapons production.
Race, Riots, and Law
Authors: Slaughter Thomas P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Watershed Changes In The Number and kind of riots reported to Lancaster’s courts began in 1834. The twenty-year period between 1834 and 1853 saw a tripling of the riot complaints over any comparable period up to that time, while the ratio of prosecutions to accusations remained about the same as during the previous century.1 Even more striking is the fact that only three out of the seventy-four complaints—about 4 percent—during the entire twenty years resulted in convictions, which represents a significant decline from the 25 percent conviction rate of the eighteenth century and the 31 percent of the first thirteen years of the nineteenth century. Something was new, something was different, in the relationship between this community and the collective violence that occurred within its territorial boundaries.2 At first glance, the nature, meaning, and possible cause of the changes are elusive, and surviving evidence seems to point in contradictory directions. The court received far more complaints about rioting from individuals and grand juries than it ever had in the past but let the vast majority of the alleged rioters go; the defendants in six of the nine cases that actually went to trial over the course of twenty years were found innocent by petit juries for reasons not revealed in the records. On closer observation, several patterns emerge that help to explain the apparent anomalies in this judicial behavior.
Population, Degeneration, and Reproduction
Authors: Nye Robert A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I have now explored in detail at least one meaning of Foucault’s notion that the blood of the nineteenth-century bourgeoisie was its “sex,” in which were embedded the “themes” of the “caste manners” of the old nobility. This was sex in the sense of a difference between the sexual natures of men and women that consigned them to fulfill separate but complementary functions in the civil and domestic domains.
Honor and the Duel in the Third Republic: 1860—1914
Authors: Nye Robert A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When they set a new republic on its constitutional foundations in 1875, the French could rightly claim to be living in Europe’s most democratic society. That the triumph of the Third Republic also invigorated the ancient ideal of honor and its ritual combats does not signal the existence of a contradiction at the heart of the new regime.
Conclusion: Courage
Authors: Nye Robert A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the eve of World War I, Georges Breittmayer, a Parisian socialite and fencer, was in the midst of preparing what was destined to be the last French dueling manual. When he finally brought out his little book in 1918, the terrible suffering and death he had witnessed led Breittmayer to conclude that “… after a war in which the French race has demonstrated such indomitable courage and energy,
In the City
Authors: Kusmer Kenneth L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Experience Of Being “On The Road” represented only one side of the world of the homeless. Equally important was the urban dimension. The increase in the number of homeless men (and, to a much lesser extent, women) in cities in the decades before World War I created a growing need for housing for such individuals. Like African Americans and other racial minorities, the homeless became increasingly segregated, residentially, within urban areas.
Adoption Disruption: Rates and Correlates
Authors: Festinger Trudy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Adoption disruption commonly refers to the removal of a child from an adoptive placement before the adoption has been legalized. The term came into use some years ago (Donley, 1978; Unger, Dwarshuis, & Johnson, 1977) as a substitute for such harsh words as “breakdown” or “failure,” reflecting a viewpoint that a child’s removal from a particular adoptive placement signified an interruption in the path to a goal, rather than a final outcome. A distinction has also been made between adoption disruption and dissolution, the latter referring to situations where a legalized adoption has been annulled.
The Treatment of “Shell shock” Cases in the AEF: A Microcosm of the War Welfare State
Authors: Schaffer Ronald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the first weeks of the Great War, an apparently new kind of casualty appeared on the battlefield, a soldier with staring eyes or a terrified look accompanied by violent tremors and cold, sometimes blue, extremities. Some of the victims had become deaf; others, dumb; some were blind or paralyzed or had combinations of several of these symptoms. At first their syndrome was attributed to shelling. People called it “shell shock” because they believed concussion of high explosives had shocked the patient’s brain.
Quakers on Top
Authors: Levy Barry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Not every immigrant was charmed by the social and political ar­rangements dictated by the Quakers’ familial tendernesses. In 1695, Mr. Robert Suder, an Anglican gentleman, arrived in Philadelphia from Jamaica. “I not having my health there, transported myself and estate here,” he repined, “in hopes to find the same wholesome laws here as in other of his Majesty’s plantations; and a quiet moderate people, but found quite contrary…”
Conversations and Listeners
Authors: Fitzpatrick Sheila 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Soviet regime was wary of allowing citizens to express uncensored opinions about matters of public import in public. At the same time, it was extremely anxious to know what people were thinking. This is a contradiction that all repressive, authoritarian regimes must try to resolve. For regimes that consider it too dangerous to allow organized opposition, a free press, or elections in which voters have a real choice of candidates, kt alone use the techniques of mass opinion polling that were developing in the capitalist West, the options are limited. The Soviet regime had two ways of finding out about popular opinion: secret police reports and politicians’ mail.
Conceptual Issues in the Design and Analysis of Longitudinal Surveys of the Health and Functioning of the Oldest Old
Authors: Suzman Kenneth G Manton,Richard M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The amount of nationally representative longitudinal data on the oldest old (i.e., the population aged 85 and over) has increased considerably over the past decade. Be cause of their longitudinal structure and linkage to administrative records, however, it is not easy to exploit fully the potential of these data for addressing the scientific and policy-relevant issues affecting the oldest old. In this chapter we identify a variety of sampling, survey design, and other methodological issues affecting the use of these data sets. We draw mainly on three nationally representative longitudinal surveys specifically relevant to the oldest old: (I) the National Long Term Care Survey (NLTCS: 1982, 1984, 1989), (2) the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) Supplement on Aging (SOA: 1984) and the Longitudinal Study of Aging (LSOA: 1986, 1988, 1990), and (3) the National Nursing Home Survey (NNHS: 1985). In discussing these issues, we focus on alternatives to designs developed initially for cross-sectional study of young and rniddle-aged populations and discuss strategies specific to longitudinal surveys of the oldest old.
Epidemiology of Disability in the Oldest Old
Authors: Cornoni-Huntley Joan C , Foley Daniel J , White Lon R , Suzman Richard M , Berkman Lisa F , Evans Denis A , Wallace Robert B , Branch Laurence G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The rapid growth of the U.S. population 65 years of age and older has been frequently noted. Less well known is that, among this elderly group, the proportion of persons 85 years and older has grown at an unprecedented rate, increasing 165 per cent from 1960 to 1982 (Taeuber 1983). In addition, we know the least about existing health problems and impairments for this group; few studies are available that include representative samples of persons aged 85 years and older from which estimates of prevalence and incidence of illness and disability might be derived.
The Oldest Old and “Intergenerational Equity”
Authors: Binstock Robert H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1984 the National Institute on Aging launched a major research initiative focused on the oldest old, persons aged 85 years and older (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 1984). The initiative has proven to be a timely measure for better understanding the implications of population aging because it has generated valuable studies of a swiftly growing group in which the prevalence of chronic illnesses and disabilities is very high compared with that of other age groups within the older population.
Deriving a Formula
Authors: Adams Thomas Mcstay 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ambiguities in the mission of the depots nourished a corresponding set of uncertainties concerning their management and control. Utility and economy at first seemed to dictate a radically simple arrangement. A concierge would be responsible for all the day-to-day operations of the depot, with the assistance of inmates who would be paid minimal wages for performing menial tasks. Laverdy especially praised the intendant of Chalons for suggesting that the marechaussee be quartered within the depots in order to simplify the task of guarding inmates. The work of the concierge would be overseen by the subdelegate of the intendant, who would review the concierge’s records and reports, inspect the depot in person, and make recommendations to the intendant on all matters that required his authorization, including discipline, release of inmates, transfer to hospitals, and all business dealings, con tracts, and payments. The intendant would simply review the subdelegate’s reports, give the appropriate orders, regulate the pace of arrests, and serve as the essential link with Bertier and the controller-general.
Fundamental Genetic Concepts and Approaches
Authors: Khoury Muin J , Beaty Terri H , Cohen Bernice H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To understand the role of genetic factors in the occurrence of disease in human populations, it is important to have a basic knowledge of the structure and function of the genetic material as well as the principles underlying its transmission in families and populations. Only a brief outline of genetics is presented here; the reader is referred to several excellent textbooks for more details (Hartl, 1983; Thompson and Thompson, 1986; Vogel and Motulsky, 1986; Levitan, 1988; Sutton, 1988; Gelehter and Collins, 1990). In the past 15 years there has been remarkable progress in human genetics. Today we can examine the genetic material directly, and, consequently, we have a better understanding of the structure and function of genes. This information permits greater insight into the role of genes in disease processes in both individuals and populations.
Fundamental Epidemiologic Concepts and Approaches
Authors: Khoury Muin J , Beaty Terri H , Cohen Bernice H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Epidemiology is concerned with the patterns of disease occurrence in human populations and of the factors that influence these patterns” (Lilienfeld and Lilienfeld, 1980). In genetic epidemiology, genetic factors are explicitly considered along with environmental factors in the search for determinants of disease occurrence in populations. This search necessitates combining traditional epidemiologic methods with those of genetic analysis, and incorporating genetic and other biologic markers into epidemiologic studies. This chapter presents a brief overview of basic epidemiologic concepts and approaches, specifically relating these concepts to the study of genetic factors in disease. As this overview of epidemiology is far from comprehensive, the reader is referred to other textbooks for further details (e.g., Lilienfeld and Lilienfeld, 1980; Mausner and Kramer, 1985; Kelsey et al., 1986; Rothman, 1986; Kahn and Sempos, 1989).
Study of Genetic Traits
Authors: Khoury Muin J , Beaty Terri H , Cohen Bernice H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on epidemiologic concepts and methods for studying genetic traits as outcomes. Here, “genetic traits” are broadly defined to include any variation in the human genome that can be detected at the molecular, biochemical, or clinical levels. These comprise classical Mendelian disorders and traits, structural or numerical chromosomal abnormalities, and genetic polymorphisms regardless of their association with clinical disease. A genetic trait may represent a genotype at a single locus but often is not so limited. This chapter presents (section 4.2) an overview of methods of ascertaining and measuring genetic traits, methods for quantifying the distribution of genetic traits in populations (section 4.3), and approaches for identifying factors that influence the occurrence of new genetic mutations (section 4.4). Finally, section 4.5 deals with approaches to studying determinants of the genetic structure of populations.
Applications of Genetic Epidemiology in Medicine and Public Health
Authors: Khoury Muin J , Beaty Terri H , Cohen Bernice H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Throughout this book the approaches of genetic epidemiology have been discussed in terms of the contributions of the individual disciplines of genetics and epidemiology. Both population and family studies seek to identify the role of genetic factors in disease etiology and pathogenesis, and to quantify the impact of genetic factors along with environmental factors on disease distribution in human populations. This chapter is concerned with the applications of genetic epidemiology in medicine and public health, including the evaluation of diagnostic tests, disease heterogeneity, disease natural history, therapeutic efficacy, and safety, as well as disease prevention in families and populations, and in public health surveillance. With continuing advances in DNA technology, ethical considerations will assume an increasingly significant role in applications of genetic epidemiology in human populations. Because of the current burgeoning of knowledge in this area, only an introduction to these complex topics can be presented here. The reader is encouraged to consult other sources (e.g., Emery and Rimoin, 1983; Holland et al., 1984; Lappe, 1986; Last, 1986; Murray, 1986; Porter, 1986; Vogel and Motulsky, 1986; Weiss, 1986; Gordis, 1988c; Holtzman, 1989; Suzuki and Knudston, 1989).
White Legend: The Jesuit Missions in Maryland
Authors: Axtell James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Biggest surprise I Received in Researching The Invasion Within was to learn that, deprecating Puritan opinion notwithstanding, the Jesuits of New France were the best prepared, most adaptable, and most successful missionaries in eastern North America. They clearly outshone their English Protestant rivals and their Catholic rivals in Canada and Louisiana. I was there fore interested in comparing them with their English brethren in Maryland, about whom precious little had been written.
I soon discovered why when I wrote the essay that follows for delivery at a conference on “Maryland: A Product of Two Worlds,” held in St. Mary’s City in May 1984.