bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Arthroscopic Mosaic Arthroplasty in the Equine Third Carpal Bone
Authors: Hurtig Mark , Pearce Simon , Warren Stacey , Kalra Manpreet , Miniaci Anthony 
Published: August 2002

Objective—To investigate survival and function of autogenous heterotopic osteochondral grafts in a site where injuries are common.Study Design—Three osteochondral grafts were harvested arthroscopically from the femoropatellar joint and transplanted to the third carpal bone (C3). Nine months later, histologic, histomorphometric, and biochemical comparisons were made between the transplanted grafts in C3and tissue adjacent to the recipient site, the opposing radial carpal bone (Cr), the donor site in the femoropatellar joint, and the sham‐operated contralateral C3.Animals—One mixed‐breed pony and 5 Standardbred horses aged 3 to 8 years old.Methods—Using instruments modified for equine use, four 4.5‐mm‐diameter osteochondral grafts were harvested arthroscopically from the distal aspect of the lateral trochlea of the right femur and inserted into the radial facet of the right third carpal bone. The fourth graft was kept as a donor‐site control sample. Three months later, regular exercise was started and at 6 months, repeat arthroscopy was conducted to evaluate healing. The horses were euthanatized 9 months after transplantation, and comparisons were made between the grafts, opposing radial carpal bone, and contralateral third carpal bone. The assessment criteria included paravital staining, a modified Mankin scoring system, and biochemical analyses for collagen type, total collagen content, and sulfated glycosaminoglycan concentration.Results—All horses were sound 21 days' postoperatively. At 6 months, all 18 grafts were intact but somewhat soft and opaque compared with surrounding carpal cartilage. Nine months' postoperatively, the bony portions of the grafts were well integrated with the recipient sites, but 6 grafts had histologic evidence of cartilage degeneration. From biochemical analysis of grafts, there was little or no new repair tissue invading the experimental sites, but sulfated glycosaminoglycan (proteoglycan) loss from the transplanted cartilage was marked.Conclusions—Heterotopic transfer of osteochondral grafts from the distal aspect of the lateral femoral trochlea to the third carpal bone is feasible with minor modifications of human mosaic arthroplasty instruments. The bony portion of the osteochondral grafts was quickly remodeled to provide subchondral support to the transplanted articular cartilage. The loss of proteoglycan from the transplanted cartilage indicates that the grafts might have been injured during harvesting or insertion, or, more likely, did not remodel to meet the demands of a new biomechanical environment.Clinical Relevance—These findings suggest that arthroscopic resurfacing of focal osteoarticular defects will not be successful in the long term unless donor and recipient sites can be matched with respect to cartilage thickness, biochemical constituents, and physical properties. Mosaic arthroplasty may be indicated in selected cases in which no other options exist to create a confluent cartilage‐covered surface.
Canine Pubic Symphysiodesis: Investigation of Electrocautery Dose Response by Histologic Examination and Temperature Measurement
Authors: Patricelli Alison J. , Dueland R. Tass , Lu Yan , Fialkowski James , Mathews Kyle G. 
Published: August 2002

Objectives—To determine thermal necrosis zone and the maximal temperature achieved with various electrocautery doses applied to the pubic symphysis of immature dogs, and to establish the minimal electrocautery dose needed to affect thermal necrosis of the germinal chondrocytes of the immature canine pubis.Study Design—A randomized, controlled, prospective study.Animals—Twelve puppies, 15 to 17 weeks of age.Methods—Each treated puppy was randomly selected to receive 3 of 33 possible doses of electrical current applied at uniform intervals along the pelvic symphysis. Three treatment sites were sham‐operated controls. All treatment zones were biopsied 7 days after application of electrocautery. Confocal laser microscopy with calcein green and ethidium homodimer red stains were used to determine cell type and viability within treatment and control zones. The physeal diameter and thermal necrosis zone were measured. Thermal necrosis zone and dose, and temperature and dose were compared using regression analysis. Prediction equation analysis was used to establish dose recommendations.Results—Doses of 40 W produced a highly significant linear relationship (R2= .88,P< .01) with thermal necrosis zone, and a significant linear relationship (R2= .76,P< .02) with maximal temperature.Conclusions—The thermal necrosis zone within the pelvic symphysis and maximal temperature achieved can be reliably predicted using electrocautery doses of 40 W. For application of electrocautery to induce pubic symphysiodesis, doses should be chosen based on measured or estimated physeal size. Using prediction equation analysis, the surgeon can plan mean thermal necrosis zone with acceptable variance.Clinical Relevance—Unipolar needle electrocautery can be used to reliably achieve symphyseal necrosis. Prediction equation analysis can be used to determine 40‐W doses.
Analgesic Effect of the Transdermal Fentanyl Patch During and After Feline Ovariohysterectomy
Authors: Glerum Leigh E. , Egger Christine M. , Allen Sheila W. , Haag Michelle 
Published: August 2002

Objective—To evaluate the efficacy of the transdermal fentanyl patch in relieving perioperative pain and stress associated with ovariohysterectomy in cats.Study Design—Prospective laboratory trial.Animals—Twenty‐four female, purpose‐bred cats.Methods—Each cat was randomly assigned to groups 1–3. Group 1 received a 25‐μg/h transdermal fentanyl patch only. Group 2 received the patch and anesthesia. Group 3 received anesthesia only. Patches were left in place for 72 hours. Rectal temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, indirect blood pressure, blood glucose, serum cortisol concentration, plasma fentanyl concentration, pain score, and excitement/sedation score were monitored at prescribed intervals over an 81‐hour period. Cats from groups 1–3 were reassigned to groups 4 and 5. Group 4 received the patch, anesthesia, and an ovariohysterectomy. Group 5 received anesthesia and an ovariohysterectomy only. The study period and monitored parameters were the same as for groups 1–3.Results—Serum cortisol concentrations were significantly lower in group 4 than group 5 during the surgical and early postsurgical time periods. A similar effect was noted in blood glucose concentrations during the surgical period. Rectal temperature was significantly higher in group 2 when comparing all anesthetized groups during the early postsurgical period. Pain scores were significantly higher in groups 4 and 5 than in groups 2 and 3 during the early postsurgical period. There was no significant difference in pain scores between groups 4 and 5 during this period, however.Conclusions—The transdermal fentanyl patch affects biochemical markers of perioperative pain and stress associated with ovariohysterectomy in cats, attenuating rises in serum cortisol and blood glucose concentrations during the surgical and early postsurgical periods.Clinical Relevance—The transdermal fentanyl patch is effective in alleviating perioperative pain and stress associated with ovariohysterectomy in cats as evidenced by attenuated rises in cortisol and blood glucose concentrations in cats that were operated on and treated with the patch.
Sensitivity of Radiographic Evaluation of Radio‐Ulnar Incongruence in the Dog In Vitro
Authors: Mason David R. , Schulz Kurt S. , Samii Valerie F. , Fujita Yukihiro , Hornof William J. , Herrgesell Eric J. , Long Craig D. , Morgan Joe P. , Kass Phillip H. 
Published: August 2002

Objective—To determine the sensitivity and specificity of radiographic evaluation of radio‐ulnar incongruence in canine elbow joints in vitro.Study design—Radiographic evaluation of induced radio‐ulnar incongruence in canine cadaveric forelimbs by radiologists blinded to study design.Sample population—Six cadaveric canine left forelimbs.Methods—Extended lateral, 90° flexed lateral, and cranio‐caudal projections were taken of the elbow joint of six cadaveric canine forelimbs. A four‐pin, type I external skeletal fixator (ESF) with a linear motor side bar was attached to the medial aspect of the radius, and a 2‐cm segment of bone was removed from the mid‐diaphysis. A 3.5‐mm cortical bone screw placed from the medial to lateral styloid processes prevented relative movement between the distal radius and ulna during radial shortening. The ESF was used to progressively shorten the radius in increments of 0.5 mm to a total of 4 mm. The three radiographic projections were repeated after each incremental change of length. After the study, each elbow joint was disarticulated to confirm the presence of a step defect. The original radiographs and three copies were randomized and then evaluated by four radiologists blinded to the study design. Radiologists were asked to evaluate whether the joint was normal or abnormal and if there was evidence of radio‐ulnar incongruence. The ability of each radiologist to correctly identify congruent elbows (specificity) and incongruent elbows (sensitivity) was calculated.Results—The median specificity was 86% using the lateral projection and 82% using the cranio‐caudal projection. The median sensitivities using the lateral and cranio‐caudal radiographic projections were 78% and 79%, respectively. The degree of radial shortening required for individual radiologists to achieve a sensitivity of 90% ranged from 1.5 mm to greater than 4 mm.Clinical relevance—Standard radiographic evaluation for radio‐ulnar incongruence in the dog may be associated with relatively poor sensitivity and specificity. Invasive surgical procedures and screening programs that rely on radiographic diagnosis of radio‐ulnar incongruence should be discouraged until a more reliable method of diagnosis of this type of elbow joint incongruence is available.
Temporal Localization of Immunoreactive Transforming Growth Factor β1 in Normal Equine Skin and in Full‐Thickness Dermal Wounds
Authors: Theoret Christine L. , Barber Spencer M. , Gordon John R. 
Published: August 2002

Objective—To describe the localization of immunoreactive transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β1 in both normal skin and full‐thickness dermal wounds of the limb and the thorax of the horse.Study design—Six full‐thickness excisional wounds were created on the lateral aspect of one metacarpal region and on the midthoracic area of each horse. Sequentially collected tissue specimens from wound margins were assessed for TGF‐β1 expression by immunohistochemistry.Animals—Four horses (2 to 4 years of age).Methods—A neutralizing monoclonal anti‐human TGF‐β1 antibody was used to detect the spatial expression of TGF‐β1 protein by immunohistochemical localization in biopsies obtained before wounding and at 12 and 24 hours, and 5, 10, and 14 days.Results—No differences in localization of immunoreactive TGF‐β1 were detected between limb and thorax, for either intact skin or wounds. Unwounded epidermis stained moderately for TGF‐β1 protein throughout all layers, whereas the dermis was relatively devoid of immunoreactivity. During the acute stage of repair, migrating epithelium lost its stain, whereas cells of epidermal appendages remained strongly immunoreactive. The epithelium recovered its TGF‐β1 immunoreactivity during wound remodeling, although cells of the stratum corneum remained negative. Macrophages of the inflammatory exudate had positive cytoplasmic staining that diminished with time. Immunoreactivity of granulation tissue fibroblasts was evident early on and increased throughout the repair process.Conclusions—TGF‐β1 is constitutively expressed in normal, unwounded equine epithelium. Its expression is upregulated within the skin on injury and is associated with the cells involved in wound repair.Clinical relevance—A more precise understanding of the temporal and spatial expression of TGF‐β1 during wound repair in horses should provide the groundwork for possible future manipulations of both normal and aberrant tissue repair.
A Biomechanical Comparison of Equine Third Metacarpal Condylar Bone Fragment Compression and Screw Pushout Strength between Headless Tapered Variable Pitch and AO Cortical Bone Screws
Authors: Galuppo Larry D. , Stover Susan M. , Jensen David G. 
Published: August 2002

Objectives—To compare bone fragment compression and the mechanical pushout strength and stiffness of 6.5‐mm Acutrak Plus (AP) and 4.5‐mm AO cortical (AO) bone screws after stabilization of a simulated equine third metacarpal (MC3) bone complete lateral condylar fracture.Study design—In vitro biomechanical paired study of screw insertion variables, bone fragment compression, and screw pushout tests using a bone screw stabilized simulated lateral condylar fracture model.Sample population—Six pairs of cadaveric equine MC3s.Methods—Metacarpi were placed in a fixture and centered on a biaxial load cell in a materials testing system to measure torque, compressive force, and time for drilling, tapping, and screw insertion. Fragment compression was measured with a pressure‐sensing device placed between the simulated fracture fragments during screw insertion for fragment stabilization. Subsequently, screws were pushed out of the stabilized bone fragments in a single cycle to failure. A pairedttest was used to assess differences between site preparation, screw insertion, fragment compression, and screw pushout variables, with significance set atP< .05.Results—Measured drilling variables were comparable for AO and AP specimens. However, the AP tap had significantly greater insertion torque and force. Mean maximum screw insertion torque was significantly greater for AO screws. For fragment compression, AP screws generated 65% and 44% of the compressive pressure and force, respectively, of AO screws. AP screws tended to have higher overall pushout strength. Pushout stiffness was similar between both screw types.Conclusion—The 6.5‐mm tapered AP screw generated less interfragmentary compressive pressure and force but had similar pushout stiffness. Evaluation of failure patterns demonstrated that AP screws had greater pushout strength compared with 4.5‐mm AO screws for fixation of a simulated complete lateral condylar fracture.Clinical relevance—The 6.5‐mm tapered AP screw should provide ample holding strength but would provide less interfragmentary compression than 4.5‐mm AO screws for repair of complete lateral condylar fractures in horses.
Recombinant Equine Growth Hormone does not Affect the In Vitro Biomechanical Properties of Equine Superficial Digital Flexor Tendon
Authors: Dowling Bradley A. , Dart Andrew J. , Hodgson David R. , Rose Reuben J. , Walsh William R. 
Published: August 2002

Objective—To evaluate the effect of recombinant equine growth hormone (rEGH) on the in vitro biomechanical properties of normal adult equine superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT).Study design—Completely randomized design.Sample population—Nine Standardbred horses, 6 to 9 years of age with ultrasonographically normal forelimb SDFT.Methods—Six horses were administered intramuscular (IM) rEGH at 10 μg/kg/day for 1 week, and then 20 μg/kg/day for another 5 weeks; 3 horses (control subjects) were administered an equivalent daily volume of sterile water IM. Horses were killed at the end of the 6‐week treatment period, and both forelimb SDFT were harvested and stored at −70°C. In vitro biomechanical testing was performed under uniaxial tension. Results were analyzed using a general linear model of analysis of variance; significance was set atP < .05.Results—There were no differences in cross‐sectional area, maximal load at failure, yield load, ultimate and yield tensile strain, ultimate and yield tensile stress, or stiffness between tendons from control and treated horses.Conclusions—Administration of rEGH to adult Standardbred horses for 6 weeks had no detectable effect on the in vitro biomechanical properties of normal SDFT.Clinical relevance—Administration of rEGH does not modulate the in vitro biomechanical properties of SDFT from adult Standardbred horses.
The Use of Porcine Small Intestinal Submucosa as a Biomaterial for Perineal Herniorrhaphy in the Dog
Authors: Stoll Melissa R. , Cook James L. , Pope Eric R. , Carson William L. , Kreeger John M. 
Published: August 2002

Objectives—To develop an in vivo perineal hernia model, to develop a technique for using small intestinal submucosa (SIS) in perineal hernia repair, to further elucidate the biological behavior of SIS, and to compare SIS herniorrhaphy with the internal obturator muscle transposition (IOT) technique.Study design—Prospective evaluation comparing SIS herniorrhaphy with IOT.Animals—Twelve adult castrated male, large‐breed dogs.Methods—All dogs had bilateral pelvic diaphragm defects created by complete excision of the levator ani muscle. Each dog had one side repaired using SIS and the other by IOT. Pain and inflammation were subjectively scored. Dogs were killed 2 weeks (n =4), 12 weeks (n =4), or 16 weeks (n =4) after surgery. Each pelvic diaphragm was biomechanically tested to failure. The pelvic diaphragms from 2 normal dogs (n =4sides) were also biomechanically tested. Failure site, maximum pressure, displacement at failure, and initial linear stiffness values were determined. Histologic assessment was performed. Statistical analysis was performed with significance set atP< .05Results—No significant postoperative complications were noted. There were no significant differences in maximum pressure to failure, displacement, or stiffness when comparing normal, SIS, and IOT at any time point. The SIS group had significantly less displacement (P=.004) at 2 weeks than at weeks 12 or 16. For all herniorrhaphy techniques, the failure site was central (n =22) or at the suture line (n =2). At 2 weeks, histologic evaluation of tissues from the IOT group showed inflammation, mineralization, and necrosis, which were not present in tissues from the SIS group. Histologic examination at 12 and 16 weeks showed no microscopic differences in cell population or tissue characteristics between the IOT and SIS groups.Conclusions—SIS herniorrhaphy was successfully performed in this in vivo model of perineal hernia in the dog.Clinical relevance—This study suggests that SIS can be used as a primary means of repair, as augmentation when the internal obturator muscle is thin and friable, or as a salvage procedure in cases of recurrence in dogs with perineal hernia.
The Effects of Femur and Implant Position on the Radiographic Assessment of Total Hip Femoral Implants in Dogs
Authors: Jehn Carl T. , Manley Paul A. 
Published: August 2002

Objective—To determine the effect of femur positioning and femoral implant placement on the radiographic assessment of total hip femoral implants in dogs.Study design—Cadaveric study.Animals—Five canine femurs.Methods—Five canine femurs were fitted with total hip implants, in predetermined locations, postmortem. Each femur was moved through a defined range of motion and radiographed at specific intervals. Radiographs were then digitized, and implant position was measured using previously described methods. Regression analysis was conducted to determine whether varied femoral position resulted in a consistent (linear) pattern of change in the value of each particular measurement.Results—Change in the position of the femur relative to the film cassette caused significant variation in the perceived position of the implant. The placement of the implant within the femur determined which measurements were affected and to what degree.Conclusions—The information obtained from standard clinical radiographs and conventional methods of quantitative analysis does not consistently provide an accurate assessment of the placement of the femoral implant within the femoral canal. Such data cannot be used to correlate implant position with implant failure.
Two-dimensional analysis of the nuclear relaxation function in the time
domain: the program CracSpin
Authors: W P Weglarz  , H Haranczyk  
Published: August 2002

The analysis of the NMR relaxation function for
microheterogenous systems usually starts with the decomposition of the
relaxation function to discrete components, or finding a continuous
distribution of the components. Several approaches can be applied to do
this: linear least-squares fitting, non-linear least-squares fitting or
inversion of the data, based on the Laplace transformation. The
spin-grouping technique - a correlated analysis of the spin-lattice
relaxation function (recovery or decay) and spin-spin relaxation decay
(free induction decay or Carr-Purcell decay) - usually enables a
decomposition of relaxation data into a proper set of discrete components.
In our paper, we present CracSpin, a program for one and/or
two-dimensional analysis of the relaxation function in the time domain. It
uses Marquardt's algorithm for non-linear least-squares fitting. The
results of analyses of simulated data containing discrete as well as
continuous distributions of the components are shown. CracSpin resolves
the components of FID even if the ratio of their relaxation times is as
small as 2, for comparable component magnitudes (at least about 10% of
total signal) and for signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) >100. If the ratio of
component relaxation times is higher than ~3, the decomposition is
satisfactory for S/N >10, even for a component magnitude of about 1%.
The noise level is defined here as equal to the three standard deviations
of the normal distribution. The two-dimensional analysis significantly
improves the quality of the multicomponent decomposition, for composed
decays or in the case of close values of the relaxation time of the
components. The representative examples of the analysis, starting from
spin-lattice relaxation curves, as well as from spin-spin relaxation
curves, are presented and discussed.
Space and Time Coherence of Acoustic Field in Shallow Water
Authors: Guo Liang-Hao  , Gong Zai-Xiao  , Wu Li-Xin  
Published: August 2002

New experimental measurements of signal coherence in shallow water are
presented. For signals with low frequencies of about 500 Hz in
iso-velocity shallow water with a silt-sand bottom and a water depth of about
45 m, the vertical coherence has no distinct depth dependence at ranges of
18.5, 55.5 and 92.5 km, but it has obvious range dependence. The horizontal
coherence lengths are all greater than 40 wavelengths, and the time
coherence lengths are all greater than 510 s at these ranges.
These experimental results show that a low-frequency acoustic
field has strong spatial coherence and temporal stability in iso-velocity
shallow water.
Isostructural Transition of MgB2Under High Pressure
Authors: Sun Li-Ling  , T. Kikegawa  , Wu Qi  , Zhan Zai-Ji  , Wang Wen-Kui  
Published: August 2002

The high-pressure behaviour of the superconductor MgB2with a hexagonal structure has been investigated by thein situsynchrotron radiation x-ray diffraction method under pressures up to 42.2 GPa in a diamond anvil cell. An abrupt decrease of about 7% in the unit cell volume of this material occurs in the pressure range of 26.3-30.2 GPa. A split of the Raman spectrum was also observed. The jump of the compression curve and Raman spectrum are ascribed to an isostructural transition in MgB2at a pressure of 30.2 GPa.