bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Central Biochemical Molecules and Processes
Authors: Lahav Noam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Catalysis is especially important in biology, because living organisms normally cannot tolerate the high temperatures that may be needed to overcome the activation energy of a reaction. Biology’s solution to this problem has been to use catalysts (fig. 8.2), where in addition to biocatalysts, various metals such as magnesium, iron, zinc, and molybdenum can also catalyze biological reactions. Most of the processes in the cell depend on complex biocatalysts, each of which is specific to just one reaction. Moreover, there is no known natural way by which contemporary biocatalysts could have formed, except through evolution. This is a central issue in the study of the origin of life and will be discussed in part IV.
Biological Conservatism and Continuity and the Phylogenetic Tree
Authors: Lahav Noam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was Louis Dollo who concluded, based on paleontological observations, that evolution is unidirectional. The irreversibility of evolution, also known as Dollo’s Law (see also Huxley, 1953, pp. 31-32), was recently treated statistically at the molecular evolution level by Marshall et al. (1994). As noted by Dawkins (1986, p. 94), Dollo’s Law is really just a statement about the statistical improbability of following exactly the same evolutionary trajectory twice (or indeed any particular trajectory), in either direction. A single mutational step can easily be reversed. But for larger numbers of mutational steps ... the chance of two trajectories ever arriving at the same point becomes vanishingly small.
Basic Assumptions and Strategies
Authors: Lahav Noam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The study of the origin deals with hypothetical chemical entities and primordial creatures that presumably do not exist today. It focuses on central attributes of the interactions among these primordial entities, that is, the physicochemical reactions of their gradual organization into more and more complex forms in the prebiotic evolution process. The latter encompasses catalysis, template-directed synthesis of oligomers and polymers, mutability, selection, establishment of primordial reaction cycles, compartmentation, and the buildup of complexity, all of which are manifested as evolutionary processes at the molecular level.
Bottom-Up Biogeochemical Reconstruction:Starting from Organic Scratch in the Absence of Minerals
Authors: Lahav Noam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The biogeochemical approach is based on specific environments, without which the reactions undergone by organic oligomers and polymers would not be understood in the context of the molecular evolution process (Miller and Orgel, 1974). The present chapter focuses on the study of prebiotic geochemical environments, including primordial energy sources and some important reactions and processes of prebiotically plausible organic molecules. The establishment of hypothetical pathways and scenarios based on laboratory experiments as well as on computer-modeling simulations of the origin-of-life processes will be discussed in the following chapters.
Tramps Like Us
Authors: Cavicchi Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Based on three years of ethnographic research with Bruce Springsteen fans, and informed by the author ‘s own experiences as a fan, Tramps Like Us is an interdisciplinary study of the ways in which ordinary people form special, sustained attachments to Springsteen and his music and how those attachments function in people ‘s daily lives. An insider ‘s narrative about Springsteen fans--who they are, what they do, and why they do it--this book also explores the phenomenon of fandom in general. The text oscillates between fans ‘ stories and ideas and the author ‘s own anecdotes, commentary, and analysis. Cavicchi challenges the stereotypes of fans as obsessive, delusional, and even mentally ill, and explores fandom as a normal cultural and social phenomenon. He argues that music fandom is a useful and meaningful behavior that enables people to shape identity, create community, and make sense of the world.
Musically shaping the self
Authors: Cavicchi Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At first glance, Springsteen fans seem an unlikely group. When I distributed questionnaires to fans through an ad in Backstreets, I received answers from more than fifty people, aged fifteen to fifty-seven, with widely varied educational levels and occupations, from all over the United States and Canada. While meeting and talking with specific fans, I have likewise encountered people with many different backgrounds and concerns—professors, insurance clerks, part-time cashiers, housewives, students, musicians, the unemployed, men and women, teenagers and golden-aged adults, citizens of many states and countries—most of whom have not met and probably never will.
Constraining Organic Matter Cycling With Benthic Fluxes
Authors: Jahnke Richard A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Significant advances have been made in quantifying the rates and understanding the processes of solute exchange across the sediment-water interface through the recent, increased, widespread use of in situ benthic flux chambers (chapter 10) and microelectrodes (chapter 8). Because net solute exchange rates are determined by particle deposition rates and the rates of sedimentary chemical, biological, and physical processes, these measurements are providing important new insights and constraints on the biogeochemical cycling of marine particles and biologically active elements. The strengths and limitations of the techniques used to estimate seafloor exchange are discussed in chapter 10. The purpose of this chapter is to review selected areas of study that demonstrate the advances made in marine biogeochemistry through the study of seafloor fluxes. Specifically, recent advances in the study of seafloor solute exchange mechanisms and the cycling of organic matter on the continental shelf, slope, and deep seafloor are reviewed.
Some Other Early Lieder: Opuses 27, 30, 31, and 49
Authors: Miller Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No particular significance attaches to the date of composition for most of the songs written by Schumann in 1840 and 1841. But because of the nature and extent of critical comment regarding the merit of early versus late Lieder, it is well to keep in mind which ones were written in 1840 and which were of later composition. Publication dates and sequential opus numbers may be misleading as to when the songs were written. Now that the major cycles have been considered, it is appropriate to turn to other early Lieder.
Opus 127 and Opus 142
Authors: Miller Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As mentioned earlier, it is a mistake to assume that high opus numbers indicate late composition dates. Some songs written in 1840 bear late opus numbers. Among these are four Lieder originally intended for inclusion in Dichterliebe No particular significance attaches to the date of composition for most of the songs written by Schumann in 1840 and 1841. But because of the nature and extent of critical comment regarding the merit of early versus late Lieder, it is well to keep in mind which ones were written in 1840 and which were of later composition. Publication dates and sequential opus numbers may be misleading as to when the songs were written. Now that the major cycles have been considered, it is appropriate to turn to other early Lieder.
Opus 77
Authors: Miller Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Opus 77 contains songs written in the years 1840 and 1850. Der frohe Wandersmann, #1, comes from the Spring of 1840. It was originally intended as the first song of the Eichendorff Liederkreis, op. 39, but was wisely removed by Schumann from the 1850 edition. It is hard to understand how Schumann could have initially considered Der frohe Wandersmann appropriate to Liederkreis. The setting matches Eichendorff’s boisterous expression but comes close to the banal. It goes beyond the confines of a folk song and should be sung and played in exuberant fashion.
Drei Gesange (Byron), Opus 95, and Opus 96
Authors: Miller Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The three Byron poems set in December 1849 to German translations by Theodor Komer were originally conceived for voice and harp. Schumann altered that scheme, recasting them for voice and pianoforte. They were published as appropriate for either harp or pianoforte. Experimental in nature, the pianoforte scoring of Die Tochter Jephthas, #l, sounds not far removed from a Stephen Heller etude. It cannot be considered one of Schumann’s best successes at a new form of song. Yet a soprano will find it vocally gratifying.
Dissection of Frogs: The Jenifer Graham Case
Authors: Orlans F Barbara , Beauchamp Tom L , Dresser Rebecca , Morton David B , Gluck John P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In April 1987, Jenifer Graham, a 15-year-old student in Victorville, California, refused to dissect a frog in her biology class. She said it was not squeamishness but moral objections and respect for animal life that led her to refuse. Jenifer offered to do an alternative study in place of dissection that would not involve killing an animal, but this offer was not accepted by the school: if Jenifer failed to perform this requirement, then she would have to suffer the consequences, the principal said. The school lowered Jenifer’s grade from an A to a D, but later raised it to a C. As a potentially punitive measure, they added a notation on her official transcript for the purpose of college admission stating, “This student refused to participate in the dissection portion of this class.”
Force-Feeding of Geese
Authors: Orlans F Barbara , Beauchamp Tom L , Dresser Rebecca , Morton David B , Gluck John P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Foie gras (literally, “fat liver”) is an expensive food created for French restaurants and the gourmet food market. Foie gras comes from the livers of specific breeds of domesticated geese raised on a carbohydrate-rich diet. Various preprations of fresh foiegras and pate de foiegras are the most popular and the most profitable items on the menus of many French restaurants, but the way the geese are raised and fed has generated international controversy.
Fowl Deeds
Authors: Orlans F Barbara , Beauchamp Tom L , Dresser Rebecca , Morton David B , Gluck John P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If someone said, “This must constitute, in both magnitude and severity, the single most severe, systematic example of man’s inhumanity to another sentient animal,”‘ what would you think he or she was talking about? The person who made this claim went on to reveal that in the United Kingdom alone, one-quarter of the heavy strains of these animals are in chronic pain for one third of their short, six-week lives, only 10% are able to walk normally, up to 6% die during rearing, 4% have chronic arthritis, 3% break their bones, and 2 million of them die during transport each year. In 1994 some 7 billion of these animals were eaten in the United States, 4 billion in Europe, and 719 million in the United Kingdom. We are, in fact, discussing broiler chickens, and the person who made these statements is John Webster, professor of animal husbandry at the University of Bristol’s School of Veterinary Science.
Where should research scientists get their dogs?
Authors: Orlans F Barbara , Beauchamp Tom L , Dresser Rebecca , Morton David B , Gluck John P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 3 July 1965, Fay Brisk, a dedicated humanitarian who had worked for reform of the Pennsylvania dog dealers, called the Animal Welfare Institute for help.1 A Dalmatian dog, named Pepper, had been stolen from his owners, the Lakavage family, and they were seeking his return. Mr. Lakavage had seen Pepper in a photograph taken of the temporary unloading of animals from a Pennsylvania dog dealer’s overcrowded truck. The family, which included three children, set off to find their pet. Pepper allegedly had been taken to a big New York dog dealer, named Nersesian. When the exhausted family arrived at Nersesian, they were refused admission.
Animal Sacrifice as Religious Ritual: The Santeria Case
Authors: Orlans F Barbara , Beauchamp Tom L , Dresser Rebecca , Morton David B , Gluck John P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the spring of 1987, a controversy arose in the city of Hialeah, Florida. It began when Ernesto Pichardo, the president and priest of the Church of the Lukumi Babalu Aye, issued a public statement on the church’s plan to build a worship and education center on city land that the church previously had leased. The announcement triggered discussion and debate among residents of Hialeah, some of whom were opposed to the church’s plan. Before the controversy subsided, the US Supreme Court had become involved. The case raises issues about balancing the interests of nonhuman animals against the interests of humans, in particular, the human interests incorporated in First Amendment protection of the free exercise of religion. The opposition originated in concerns about the sacrifice of animals, a practice associated with the Church of the Lukurni Babalu Aye. Members of the church practice a religion called Santeria. This religion began in the sixteenth century, among Cuban slaves who had been removed from their East African homes. The slaves belonged to the Yoruba people, who practiced a traditional religion in Africa. In Cuba, the Yoruba were not permitted to practice their religion openly. They were often baptized as Christians without their consent before being forced onto the Spanish ships that took them to Cuba.
The Epidemiologic Basis for Prevention
Authors: Barss Peter , Smith Gordon S , Baker Susan P , Mohan Dinesh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To the control of events (Last, 1990). The usefulness of epidemiology is far-reaching and not limited to public health professionals (Gordon, 1940, 1949). The epidemiologic approach is distinguished from the clinical approach in that the focus of epidemiologic investigation and prevention is a group (i.e. a community or population) rather than an individual. An injury is damage to an organism (host) and is defined by the following two factors: Sub-acute exposures to energy over long periods of time cause many chronic diseases and disabilities. It is the acuteness of exposure that differentiates injury from disease. Thus, acute smoke inhalation is generally classified as an injury, while chronic damage from substances such as lead and cigarette smoke are excluded as injuries because toxic effects occur slowly. This distinction is somewhat arbitrary and not rigid, but is conceptually useful for classification, research, and policy purposes. The establishment of a well-developed theoretical and practical framework for the science of injury prevention has led to replacing the concept of accidents with an etiologic definition of injury events as a health problem (Haddon, 1968; Waller, 1987). Instead of considering injuries as acts of God or unexpected random events with out apparent cause, modern epidemiologic concepts of injury control emphasize that injuries result from exposures to specific hazards and affect certain high risk groups more than others.
Assessing the Community Impact of Injuries: Costs
Authors: Barss Peter , Smith Gordon S , Baker Susan P , Mohan Dinesh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While measures of morbidity and mortality are most familiar to the public health community, economic indicators are often of greater interest for politicians, policymakers, and business leaders. Although the focus of this book is on the use of epidemiology and policy in the study and control of injuries, a brief overview of certain economic aspects is included here, since no one who is seriously interested in injury control can afford to ignore the costs of injuries or economic strategies for prevention. Cost estimates show the impact of injuries on the following: Data on the health costs and economic impact of injuries that can be provided are often crude estimates that may range widely, depending upon the methods and assumptions used for the calculations. Nevertheless, such information is needed to persuade policymakers and politicians that expenditure on injury control is an appropriate and worthwhile investment, compared to other demands competing for scarce resources.
Traffic Injuries: Introduction
Authors: Barss Peter , Smith Gordon S , Baker Susan P , Mohan Dinesh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There has been a rapid increase in exposure to motor vehicles in many parts of the world. Nevertheless, traffic injuries need not be an inevitable consequence of development, since motor vehicles are a man-made hazard and subject to control or modification. Un fortunately, few countries, in both the developed and developing world, have made deliberate efforts to favor alternate methods of transport (Lowe, 1989). In the absence of explicit government policy to favor safer methods of transport, rapid motorization can be expected to continue as demand is stimulated by local pressure from users, by external marketing activities of vehicle exporting countries, and by policies of international lending institutions (Replogle, 1991;Orski, 1990;J. Wong, 1994b).
Injury Treatment and Rehabilitation: The Role of Health Services and Other Sectors
Authors: Barss Peter , Smith Gordon S , Baker Susan P , Mohan Dinesh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Preventing injury-causing events or their adverse effects on the human body is clearly preferable to attempting to repair the ensuing damage. Moreover, deaths from certain types of injuries often occur before there is any opportunity for medical intervention. Examples include many drownings, suicides, severe traffic injuries, and smoke intoxication from carbon monoxide poisoning in house fires. Nevertheless, for many types of injuries, treatment and rehabilitation, or tertiary prevention, is an important part of injury control. Timely, appropriate treatment of injuries prevents many deaths and permanent disabilities and minimizes pain, suffering, and economic losses from inability to work. Tertiary prevention works not only by repairing damage and restoring function, but also by preventing an escalation in the extent and severity of the initial injury. Immediate control of hemorrhage from a penetrating wound prevents the rapid progression of a localized injury to systemic shock and death. Adequate early cleaning and covering of open wounds avoids entry of destructive bacteria into the adjacent structures and bloodstream during the hours and days after the initial injury. Infected wounds can escalate to systemic septicemia and death, or smoulder on to permanent disability by destruction, atrophy, and scarring.
Democracy, Risk, and Community
Authors: Hiskes Richard P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This controversial book explores the connection between technological risk and basic concepts of liberal political theory and practice. Arguing that modern risks are emergent and therefore not reducible to individual actors or events, Hiskes demonstrates how risks challenge the most basic concepts of liberal political theory and democratic politics, including the ideas of consent, authority, rights, and moral responsibility. He argues forcefully that successful policy for risk depends on understanding the dynamic between risk and liberal concepts.
Unfoldings
Authors: Schachter Carl 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Carl Schachter is, by common consent, one of the three or four most important music theorists currently at work in North America. He is the preeminent practitioner in the world of the Schenkerian approach to the music of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, which focuses on the linear organization of music and now dominates discussions of the standard repertoire in university courses and in professional journals. His articles have appeared in a variety of journals, including some that are obscure or hard to obtain. This volume gathers some of his finest essays, including those on rhythm in tonal music, Schenkerian theory, and text setting, as well as a pair of analytical monographs, on Bach's Fugue in B-flat major from Volume 1 of the Well-Tempered Clavier and Chopin's Fantasy, Op. 49.
Analysis by Key
Authors: Schachter Carl 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Until fairly recently, most musicians thought of Heinrich Schenker (if they thought of him at all) as the theorist who reduced whole pieces to three notes and denied that they modulated to different keys. Nowadays anyone familiar with music theory knows that Schenker did more than analyze the first movement of the Eroica as “Three Blind Mice” with a college education. But many still believe that he rejected outright the concept of key change, and indeed there is more justification for this misconception than for the other. Schenker was, to say the least, highly critical of the way the concept had been generally formulated and applied, and his own theory greatly reduces its scope.
Motive and Text in Four Schubert Songs
Authors: Schachter Carl 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Music set to words can reflect them in many different ways. Perhaps the most fascinating and greatest settings are those where the tonal and rhythmic structure, the form, and the motivic design embody equivalents for salient features of the text: grammar and syntax, rhyme schemes and other patterns of sound, imagery, and so forth. Structural connections between words and music occur frequently in the art-song repertory-above all, in the songs of Schubert. Yet they seem to have attracted less attention, at least in the published literature, than prosody, tone painting, and affect.
A Theory of Rape
Authors: Burgess-Jackson Keith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is rape? This may seem an odd question to ask for at least two reasons. First, scientists are busy investigating the causes and consequences of rape, hoping thereby to gain a better understanding of it as a biological, psychological, and social phenomenon. Much of this work is conducted with an air of urgency because of the assumption (which I share) that rape is seriously wrong. It is thought that the more thoroughly rape is understood, the more amenable it will be to individual and social control.4 Second, our legal system tries, convicts, and punishes individuals-sometimes quite harshly-for committing rape. The assumption is that rapists, no less than murderers or thieves, are free, responsible agents. The punishment is designed to pay them back for their misdeeds, incapacitate them, and deter others from engaging in similar conduct. Neither the scientist nor the lawyer pauses for very long (if at all) to inquire into the nature of rape.
Sexual Harassment, Rape, and Criiminal Sanctions
Authors: May Larry , Soule Edward 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter raises the question: How should various forms of sexual harassment, especially those that resemble cases of rape and battery, be treated in law? We do not argue for wholesale legal reform. Rather, we believe the present statutory framework is probably adequate if we properly frame what takes place in the context of sexual harassment offenses and if we are willing to include sexual harassment offenses in standard legal categories. We will argue that some forms of sexual harassment should be given the status of criminal offenses and treated like cases of rape, intimidation, attempted rape, and battery. And we will argue that the law should recognize and hold sexual harassers responsible for causing emotional distress and for creating harmful nuisances. At the moment, most sexual harassment is treated as sex discrimination. We do not think this is wrong but see it as overly broad. We believe that this “one treatment fits all cases” approach glosses over other crucial aspects of sexual harassment that might deserve more severe punishment. Indeed, it is surprising to us that there have been so few criminal legal remedies attempted in sexual harassment cases.