bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Visual hallucinations in psychiatric conditions: Appraisals and their relationship to distress
Authors: Gauntlett‐Gilbert Jeremy , Kuipers Elizabeth 
Published: March 2005

Objectives.Visual hallucinations (visions) associated with psychiatric conditions are poorly understood. This study tested the hypothesis that appraisals of visions would predict distress associated with visions. It also aimed to describe typical appraisals of visions.Design.A cross‐sectional interview study of people with visual hallucinations.Method.Participants (N=20) who had experienced visions caused by their psychiatric condition (i.e. not by additional pathology such as epilepsy or substance abuse) completed a semi‐structured interview and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Possible associations between appraisals of visions (e.g. of controllability or outcome) and distress were examined. Novel categories of appraisal were generated in an attempt to reflect individuals' experiences as closely as possible.Results.Appraisals of negative outcome, but not control, predicted distress. Thus, if individuals believed that the persistence of their visions would result in unpleasant consequences, they experienced more distress. Neither the form nor content of the visions predicted distress, nor was current mood predictive. Five categories of appraisal were generated, and independent raters could assign these reliably. Preliminary analyses showed that where individuals appraised a vision as indicating a special task, gifts or powers, they experienced less distress.Conclusions.Appraisals of visions predicted the distress associated with visions. ‘Objective’ characteristics of visions were poorer predictors of distress, and appraisals did not simply follow from the content of the vision. However, current mood may partially determine appraisals. The novel categories of distress require replication but may help to guide clinical practice. Therapeutic interventions aimed at altering appraisals may reduce distress.
Neuropsychological correlates of the YAQ‐S and YAQ‐I self‐ and informant‐reported ADHD symptomatology, emotional and social problems and delinquent behaviour
Authors: Young Susan , Gudjonsson Gisli H. 
Published: March 2005

Objectives. The objective was to evaluate the relationship between self‐ and informant‐rated symptoms of ADHD and performance on neuropsychological tests of attention and impulsivity (Letter Cancellation Test [LCT], Continuous Performance Test [CPT] and Matching Familiar Figures test [MFF]).Design. Participants were clinical referrals for assessment of ADHD in adulthood and healthy controls.Method. ADHD adults were compared with individuals with mild psychiatric disorders (including attention problems), a healthy control group on neuropsychological measures of attention (CPT and LCT) and on impulsivity (MFF). Secondly, the scores obtained on these measures were correlated with the Young ADHD Questionnaire‐S (YAQ‐S) and Young ADHD Questionnaire‐I (YAQ‐I) self‐ and informant‐reported scales of ADHD symptomatology, emotional problems, delinquency, and social functioning.Results. The ADHD group were more impaired than the healthy controls on neuropsychological measures, but only the MFF differentiated them from the psychiatric controls. Tests of attentional control positively correlated with the self‐reported functioning of the ADHD group but not among the psychiatric or normal controls. There was a positive correlation between tests of attention (but not impulsivity) and self‐ratings of ADHD symptomatology for the ADHD group, suggesting that ADHD adults are better at recognizing attentional problems than impulse control. A positive correlation was found between the Delinquency scale and a test of impulsivity for the ADHD group only.Conclusions. The findings suggest that there are neuropsychological underpinnings of the ADHD syndrome but neuropsychological tests may discriminate poorly between ADHD and mild psychiatric disorders. ADHD adults may be more reliable informants of adult functioning than their parents, although they may underreport impulsive behaviour.
Plasma diagnostics by laser spectroscopic electric field measurement
Authors: Czarnetzki U. , Luggenhölscher D. , Kadetov V. A. , Döbele H. F. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Laser spectroscopic electric field measurements have the potential to become a versatile tool for the diagnostics of low-temperature plasmas. From the spatially and temporally resolved field distribution in the sheath close to electrodes or surfaces in general, a broad range of important plasma parameters can be inferred directly: electron temperature; ion density distribution; displacement-, ion-, electron-diffusion current density; and the sheath potential. Indirectly, the electron and ion energy distribution functions and information on the ion dynamics in the sheath can also be obtained. Finally, measurements in the quasi-neutral bulk can also reveal even the plasma density distribution with high spatial and temporal resolution. The basic concepts for analysis of the field data are introduced and demonstrated by examples in hydrogen discharges.
Three-dimensional modeling of inductively coupled plasma torches
Authors: Bernardi D. , Colombo V. , Ghedini E. , Mentrelli A. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
A 3D model for the simulation of inductively coupled plasma torches (ICPTs) working at atmospheric pressure is presented, using a customized version of the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) commercial code FLUENT®. The induction coil is taken into account in its actual 3D shape, showing the effects on the plasma discharge of removing the axisymmetric hypothesis of simplification, which characterizes 2D approaches. Steady flow and energy equations are solved for optically thin argon plasmas under the assumptions of local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) and laminar flow. The electromagnetic field equations are solved on an extended grid in the vector potential form. In order to evaluate the importance of various 3D effects on calculated plasma temperature and velocity fields, comparisons of our new results with the ones obtainable from 2D models and from an improved 2D model that includes 3D coil effects are presented. 3D results are shown for torches working under various geometric and operating conditions and with different coil shapes, including conventional helicoidal, as well as planar, elliptical, and double-stage configurations.
Laminar plasma jets: Generation, characterization, and applications for materials surface processing
Authors: Pan W. X. , Li G. , Meng X. , Ma W. , Wu C. K. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Nontransferred direct current (dc) laminar plasma jets of pure argon were generated at atmospheric pressure, with a generator having an interelectrode insert. Associated with the experimental investigation, similarity theory was adopted to examine the arc voltage characteristics, thermal efficiency, and jet length change of the laminar plasma. Jet flow temperature and velocity were evaluated by various methods. The jet shows good stability, reproducibility, and regular flow field change as functions of generating parameters. Applications of laminar plasma jets for ZrO2 ceramics spray coating and remelt strengthening of metal surface were attempted. The results indicated favorite process efficiency and controllability of the laminar plasma heating.
Exploration of the deposition limits of microcrystalline silicon
Authors: Mataras D. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
The effect of various process parameters on the deposition rate of microcrystalline hydrogenated silicon is presented. The various pathways leading to high deposition rates involve the optimization of a combination of parameters, while maintaining the crystalline character of the film and avoiding the presence of particles. The deposition rate increases in conditions that enhance and at the same time “cool down” the electron population. Such conditions are: moderately higher frequencies, higher pressures, and the presence of larger molecules (like disilane) even in small quantities. There is an optimum pressure, determined by primary dissociation, for a certain silane fraction. In addition, silane fraction and power density must also increase up to the limit of transition to amorphous growth and before attachment becomes too important. In all of these cases, there is a need for optimizing the distance of the deposition substrate to the source of radical generation, especially at higher pressures, to further increase the already important contribution of higher silicon radicals. It is shown that similar deposition rates can be obtained via radical fluxes with very different compositions. In every case, there is a need for sufficient H atom fluxes to ensure crystalline growth.
Control of deposition profile of Cu for large-scale integration (LSI) interconnects by plasma chemical vapor deposition
Authors: Takenaka Kosuke , Shiratani Masaharu , Takeshita Manabu , Kita Makoto , Koga Kazunori , Watanabe Yukio 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
H-assisted plasma chemical vapor deposition (HAPCVD) realizes control of deposition profile of Cu in trenches. The key to the control is ion irradiation to surfaces. With increasing the flux and energy of ions, the profile changes from conformal to subconformal and then to an anisotropic one, for which Cu material is filled from the bottom of the trench without deposition on the sidewall. H3
+ and ArH+ are identified as the major ionic species which contribute to the control, and hence the deposition profile also depends on a ratio R = H2/(Ar + H2).
Deposition mechanism of nanostructured thin films from tetrafluoroethylene glow discharges
Authors: Milella A. , Palumbo F. , Favia P. , Cicala G. , d’Agostino R. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Nanostructured polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)-like thin films can be deposited, in certain experimental conditions, by modulated discharges fed with tetrafluoroethylene (TFE). These coatings are characterized by a unique morphology consisting of highly twisted micron-long ribbons, which leads to an extremely high water repellency of the surface. In the present work, the diagnostics of the plasma phase is presented, coupled with that of the coating, in order to understand the film growth mechanism in different discharge regimes. When the duty cycle (DC) is increased in modulated C2F4 plasmas, the monomer depletion increases, too, and many recombination reactions take place at progressively higher rates, resulting in the formation of CF4, C2F6, C3F6, C3F8, and C4F10; the formation of powders in the homogeneous phase, however, was never evidenced. The modulation of C2F4 plasmas strongly affects the morphology of the resulting coating, as revealed by atomic force microscopy (AFM), ranging from bumpy to ribbon-like structures. The latter, moreover, are found to be more PTFE-like with respect to the remaining part of the film. In the last part of the paper, a deposition mechanism is proposed, where low radical densities in the plasma and surface migration of the precursors are the keys for the growth of ribbon-like structures.
Complex (dusty) plasmas: Examples for applications and observation of magnetron-induced phenomena
Authors: Kersten H. , Thieme G. , Fröhlich M. , Bojic D. , Tung D. H. , Quaas M. , Wulff H. , Hippler R. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Low-pressure plasmas offer a unique possibility of confinement, control, and fine tailoring of particle properties. Hence, dusty plasmas have grown into a vast field, and new applications of plasma-processed dust particles are emerging.
During the deposition of thin amorphous films onto melamine formaldehyde (MF) microparticles in a C2H2 plasma, the generation of nanosized carbon particles was also studied. The size distribution of those particles is quite uniform.
In another experiment, the stability of luminophore grains could be improved by coating with protective Al2O3 films that are deposited by a plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) process using a metal-organic precursor gas. Coating of SiO2 microparticles with thin metal layers by magnetron sputtering is also described. Especially the interaction of the microsized grains confined in a radio frequency (rf) plasma with the dc magnetron discharge during deposition was investigated. The observations emphasize that the interaction between magnetron plasma and injected microdisperse powder particles can also be used as a diagnostic tool for the characterization of magnetron sputter sources.
Three-dimensional transition map of flattening behavior in the thermal spray process
Authors: Fukumoto M. , Shiiba M. , Kaji H. , Yasui T. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Many kinds of both metallic and ceramic powder particles were plasma-sprayed onto the mirror-polished metallic substrate surface, and the effect of both substrate temperature and ambient pressure on the flattening behavior of the particle was systematically investigated. In the flattening behavior of the sprayed particle onto the substrate surface, critical conditions were recognized both in the substrate temperature and ambient pressure. That is, the flattening behavior changed transitionally on that critical temperature and pressure range, respectively. We defined and introduced a transition temperature, T
t, and transition pressure, P
t, respectively, for those critical conditions. The role of the related factors (such as solidification of the bottom surface of the splat, desorption of adsorbates on the substrate surface and wetting at interface) on the transition behavior in the flattening was clarified from several points of views. The fact that the dependence both of transition temperature and transition pressure on the sprayed particle material had a similar tendency indicated that the wetting of the substrate by the molten particles seemed to be a domination in the flattening. A three-dimensional transition map by combining both transition temperature and transition pressure dependence was proposed as a controlling principle of the thermal spray process.
Diagnostics for advanced materials processing by plasma spraying
Authors: Moreau C. , Bisson J.-F. , Lima R. S. , Marple B. R. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Advanced coatings deposited by plasma spraying are used in a large variety of industrial applications. The sprayed coatings are employed typically in industry to protect parts from severe operating conditions or to produce surfaces with specific functions. Applications are found in many industrial sectors such as aerospace, automobile, energy generation, and biomedical implants.
Coatings are built by the successive deposition of molten or partially molten particles that flatten and solidify upon contact on the substrate, forming lamellae. The coating properties are intimately linked to the properties of these lamellae, which in turn depend on in-flight particle properties as well as substrate temperature during spraying. Consequently, the development of diagnostic tools for monitoring and controlling these spray parameters will help provide the necessary information to study the coating formation process, optimize the coating properties, and, eventually, control the spray process in production.
In this paper, a review of some recent developments of optical diagnostic techniques applied to monitor plasma-sprayed particles is presented. In the first part of the paper, two different sensing techniques for in-flight particle measurement are described. First, time-resolved diagnostics on individual particles is described. This technique is used to study the instabilities of the particle characteristics associated with the plasma fluctuations. Secondly, a technique adapted for use in an industrial production environment for measuring the particle jet characteristics as an ensemble is presented. In the second part of the paper, the use of an optical system to study the influence of the substrate temperature on the flattening and solidification of sprayed particles impacting on a flat substrate is described. The last part of this paper describes the optimization of nanostructured coatings based on a tight control of the temperature and velocity of the plasma-sprayed particles.
Spectroscopic and electrical study of rare-gas-based, hollow cathode luminescent discharges: Application to the lifetime and efficiency enhancement of mercury-free signs
Authors: Robert E. , Sarroukh H. , Cachoncinlle C. , Viladrosa R. , Hochet V. , Eddaoui S. , Pouvesle J. M. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
This work deals with the potentialities of mercury-free mixtures for the efficient operation of luminous signs used for publicity lighting. The experimental study of rare-gas-based, cold hollow cathode, low-pressure luminescent discharges is reported. Electrical and spectroscopic measurements are presented with a special emphasis on the radiation properties of the positive column. The best mixtures for phosphor excitation are described in terms of composition and pressure together with their sensitivity to potential fluctuations of the operating conditions during sign lifetime. Aging studies are presented, showing evidence of a strong trade-off between the output power and the sign lifetime. The selective trapping of the heavier gas present in the gas mixture is presented and proven to be at present the main reason for the sign lifetime limitation. The limitation of commercial (sinusoidal or square waveform) ballasts for the excitation of such mercury-free discharge is presented. Finally, preliminary measurements, performed using a lab-developed short rise time and low duty-cycle driver, are reported, showing a significant increase of the illuminance and efficiency (up to a factor three) of mercury-free signs as compared to the values obtained with conventional excitation.
Thermal plasma deposition from thick to thin coatings and from micro- to nanostructure
Authors: Fauchais P. , Vardelle M. , Coudert J. F. , Vardelle A. , Delbos C. , Fazilleau J. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
This paper is devoted to the presentation of our actual knowledge in plasma spraying. It presents successively: the parameters controlling the impact of the molten particles onto the substrate and resulting splat formation followed by splats layering and coating formation; the engineering of nano- or finely structured coatings with different possible routes; and the actual possibilities for the on-line control of the spray process.
Atmospheric pressure plasma of dielectric barrier discharges
Authors: Chirokov A. , Gutsol A. , Fridman A. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
The dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) has a number of industrial applications and has been a subject of research for many years. Many studies have been carried out to understand the underlying DBD physics. Despite the fact that much progress has been made, some important issues are still far from being clear. In this work, we summarize the basics of DBD physics and introduce innovative concepts of discharge behavior that were discovered recently.
Practical guide to measurement and interpretation of magnetic properties (IUPAC Technical Report)
Authors: Hatscher S. , Schilder H. , Lueken H. , Urland W. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Rules are pointed out to protect the magnetochemist from pitfalls in both measurement and interpretation of magnetic data. Carefully chosen magnetic field strengths during magnetic susceptibility measurements guarantee the recording of genuine data. With the help of examples, the effect of too strong applied fields is demonstrated producing magnetic saturation and, for example, quenching of weak ferro- or antiferromagnetic spin–spin couplings. In consequence, the data run the risk of being misinterpreted unless model susceptibility equations are applied that take the field dependence of χ
m into consideration. Recommendations are given for the presentation of experimental and theoretical data. The limited applicability of the most overworked formula in paramagnetism, the Curie–Weiss law χ
m = C/(T–θ), is clearly presented (magnetically condensed systems, pure spin magnetism). While rough and ready susceptibility formulae are applicable to specific 3d and 4f systems, the complex situation for the remaining d and f centers, including actinides, demands computer programs which consider simultaneously interelectronic repulsion, ligand field potential, spin-orbit coupling, interatomic exchange interactions, and applied magnetic field.
Solubilities and thermophysical properties of ionic liquids
Authors: Domańska Urszula 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
This report presents the systematic study on the solubilities of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate [e, or bmim][PF6], 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium methylsulfate [almim][CH3SO4], 1-hexyloxymethyl-3-methylimidazolium ionic liquids (ILs) [C6H13OCH2mim][BF4], or [C6H13OCH2mim][(CF3SO2)2N] in aliphatic hydrocarbons (heptane, octane), cyclohydrocarbons (cyclopentane, cyclohexane) and aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, o-xylene, m-xylene, p-xylene), and in alcohols (methanol, ethanol, propan-1-ol, propan-2-ol, butan-1-ol, butan-2-ol, tert-butyl alcohol, and 3-methylbutan-1-ol) as well as of 1-alkyl-3-methyl-imidazolium chloride [C4, C10, or C12mim][Cl] in alcohols. The solubilities have been measured by a dynamic method from 290 K to the melting point of IL or to the boiling point of the solvent. The solubility of [emim][PF6] and [bmim][PF6] in aromatic hydrocarbons decreases with an increase of the molecular weight of the solvent. The difference on the solubility in o-, m-, and p-xylene is not significant. The solubility of [emim][PF6] in alcohols decreases with an increase of the molecular weight of the solvent and is higher in secondary alcohols than in primary alcohols. In every case, with the exception of methanol, the mutual liquid–liquid equilibrium was observed. The shape of the equilibrium curve is similar for [emim][PF6] in every alcohol. The observations of upper critical solution temperatures were limited by the boiling temperature of the solvent. For example, for [emim][PF6], solubilities in methanol and ethanol are higher than that in aromatic hydrocarbons. The miscibility gap for C3 alcohols is higher than that in benzene, but comparable with the solubility in toluene; solubility in 3-methyl-butan-1-ol is very similar to ethylbenzene and o-, m-, and p-xylene.
The data were correlated by means of the UNIQUAC and modified nonrandom two-liquid (NRTL) equations utilizing parameters derived from the solid–liquid equilibrium (SLE). The root-mean-square deviations of the solubility temperatures for all calculated data depend on the particular system and the equation used.
The solubilities of [C4, C10, or C12mim][Cl] and alkyl-(2-hydroxyethyl)-dimethyl-ammonium ILs in octan-1-ol and water have been measured and used to calculate the octan-1-ol/water partition coefficients as a function of temperature and alkyl substituent. Experimental partition coefficients (log P) are negative for imidazoles, 1,3-dialkylimidazolium chlorides, and investigated ammonium salts. Good knowledge of ILs permits the elimination of volatile organic compounds and makes chemistry cleaner and greener.
Modification of the glass transitions of polymers by high-pressure gas solubility
Authors: Boyer Séverine A. E. , Grolier Jean-Pierre E. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
The newly developed VW-pVT technique for simultaneously measuring the solubility of a gas in a polymer and the concomitant change of volume of the polymer has been used to estimate the solubilities of N2, CO2, and two hydrofluorocarbons, HFC-134a and HFC-152a, in polystyrene (PS). In conjunction with these solubility data, Chow’s model has been used to calculate the change of the glass-transition temperature of the polymer resulting from gas sorption. The performance of this model for predicting the glass-transition temperature shift is then discussed.