bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thin films of peroxopolytungstic acids: applications to optical waveguide components
Authors: Itoh Kiminori , Okamoto Tohru , Wakita Shuhei , Niikura Hiroshi , Murabayashi Masayuki 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThin films of peroxohetero(carbon)polytungstic acid (CW‐HPA) and carbon‐free isopolytungstic acid (W‐IPA) were prepared, and examined in terms of optical and etching properties. Thermal decomposition was found to give good results in removing excess hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) during the preparation of CW‐HPA and W‐IPA. It was shown for the first time that thin films of CW‐HPA and W‐IPA have very high refractive indices (larger than 2.0) when sufficiently dried. Optical waveguide (OWG) characteristics of these films were examined using a slab‐type OWG structure and ARROW (Antiresonance Reflection Optical Waveguide)‐type structures. An embossing technique was applied to make diffractional grating couplers.
Physicochemical properties of dimethylzinc, dimethylcadmium and diethylzinc
Authors: Kuniya Yasuo , Deguchi Yuichi , Ichida Masanori 
Published: December 2004

AbstractPhysicochemical properties of dimethylzinc, dimethylcadmium and diethylzinc have been investigated by means of vapor pressure measurement, mass spectroscopy and gas chromatography. The saturated vapor pressure‐temperature dependence of these alkyl organometallics was determined to be as followsmagnified imageThe temperature ranges for vapor phase decomposition for deposition of each metal were clarified, and vapor‐phase species released in the decompositions were investigated. These investigations on the organometallics are to provide basic material data for the establishment of organometallic chemical vapor deposition techniques for Group IIB‐VI compounds.
Organometallic materials for nonlinear optics
Authors: Nalwa Hari Singh 
Published: December 2004

AbstractAlmost three decades ago, the field of nonlinear optics evolved with the discovery of lasers. In the beginning, nonlinear optical (NLO) phenomena were investigated in inorganic materials, leading to the development of traditional NLO materials such as lithium niobate, potassium titanyl phosphate, quartz and gallium arsenide. In the 1970s, the importance of organic materials was realized because of the promise of large NLO responses, high laser damage thresholds, fast optical responses, architectural flexibility and ease of fabrication. Following work with organic materials, the scrutiny of organometallics also began recently. In organometallics, the metal‐ligand bonding is expected to display large molecular hyperpolarizability because of the transfer of electron density between the metal atom and the conjugated ligand system. In organometallics, the diversity of central metals, oxidation states and ligands fosters in optimization of the charge‐transfer interactions. Keeping this in view, second‐ and third‐order NLO properties of organometallics have been reviewed here, highlighting new materials that are emerging. Organometallics may have a wide range of applications in opto‐electronics including integrated optics, optical switching, telecommunications, bistability and modulation.
A mechanism of photo‐oxidative destruction for polythylene polymers in the presence of ferrocene derivative additives
Authors: Kalennikov E A , Kuzina S I , Yuran V S , Mikhailov A I , Popova L V 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe effect of ferrocene additive concentrations on the stability of polythylene polymers under atmospheric ageing and ultraviolet irradiation is reported. At concentrations under ca 5 × 10−3 mol kg−1 polymer the ferrocene compound is shown to diminish polymer resistance to light, whereas above this concentration such a compound stabilizes the polymeric matrix. Another purpose of the work is to look into the photo‐oxidative destruction of polyethylene doped with ferrocene compound by using an EPR technique. A mechanism of photo‐oxidative destruction of polyethylene polymers in the presence of ferrocene compounds is proposed.
Fluorescent humic substances–arsenic complex in well water in areas where blackfoot disease is endemic in Taiwan
Authors: Lu Fung‐Jou , Hsieh Hung‐Pin , Yamauchi Hiroshi , Yamamura Yukio 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe relationship between the four components, (1) fluorescence intensity, (2) arsenic concentration, (3) pH and (4) total dissolved solids, (TDS) measured in well waters from areas in Taiwan where blackfoot disease (BFD) is endemic was studied, as well as the relationships between the four degrees of BFD and each of the above four symptomatic components, in order to evaluate the etiological factors of BFD more progressively. The following 95% confidence intervals were obtained in well water samples (n = 1189): fluorescence intensity, 26.837–32.570; arsenic concentration, 0.103–0.127 mg dm−3; pH, 7.466–7.519; and TDS 733.063–801.647 mg dm−3. Fluorescence intensities of the four degrees of BFD were not all the same (F = 64.54, P < 0.001), and nor were arsenic concentrations (F = 72.03, P < 0.001), pH values (F = 7.30, P < 0.001), nor TDS values (F = 10.76, P < 0.001). In addition, multiple comparisons indicate that the higher the epidemical degree, the higher the fluorescence intensities, arsenic concentrations and pH values become; however, such a relationship is not found for TDS values. Moreover, the fluorescence intensities have positive linear correlations with arsenic concentrations (r = 0.49, P < 0.001), pH (r = 0.25, P < 0.001), and TDS (r = 0.18, P < 0.001), as do the arsenic concentrations with pH (r = 0.22, P < 0.001). Of the four epidemical degree groups, pairs are not significantly different from one another in correlation coefficients between fluorescence intensity and arsenic concentration, which implies a steady relationship between fluorescent compounds and arsenic. We conclude that fluorescent compounds in well water, as possible etiological factors of BFD, are closely related to arsenic along with pH and TDS values in the areas where BFD is endemic. In addition, we infer that a complex is formed by fluorescent compounds, arsenic and other metals.
Tin in pharmacy and nutrition
Authors: Tsangaris John M , Williams David R 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe occurrence of tin in plants, animals and humans is discussed in relation to its abundance in the lithosphere and hydrosphere and the range of different tin(II) and tin(IV) complexes formed. A reasoned consideration of the essentiality or otherwise of tin for living species is given and it is concluded that tin is beneficial even if not yet proved to be an essential element.After reference to the chemistry of tin compounds, there is a detailed discussion of their toxicity in animals and humans. Feasible routes for tin intake and uptake into humans are described.The use of tin pharmaceuticals in previous and current times is reviewed and areas for which they are currently permitted for use in man as dentifrices and mouth washes, as radiopharmaceuticals and for the treatment of jaundiced newborns are described. A detailed review of tin‐coating antitumour agents as representative tin pharmaceuticals is given.Finally, a range of tin compounds having other specific pharmaceutical applications and which are currently being investigated are listed.
Biotransformation of [3H]methylarsonic acid in a static seawater system containing Mytilus californianus
Authors: Cullen William R , Pergantis Spiros A 
Published: December 2004

AbstractMytius californianus exposed for 9 days to a seawater system containing [3H]methylarsonic acid, was found to contain [3H]methylarsonic acid along with [3H]arsenobetaine and two unknown 3H‐labeled compounds in the tissue parts of the mussel. A linear increase with time in the specific activity present in the flesh of Mytilus californianus was also observed. The highest specific activity was found in the visceral mass and the gills of the mussel.
The extrapyramidal systems of the spinal cord. II. Results of combined pyramidal and extrapyramidal lesions in the macaque
Authors: Goldberger Michael E. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractUnilateral spinal lesions were made in six Macaques; in two, the bulbar pyramid was sectioned contralaterally. In four Macaques with chronic pyramidal section, contralateral spinal lesions were made. The effect of each lesion separately and of the combined lesions upon the locomotor status of the animals was evaluated behaviorally, by electromyography and the lesions studied histologically after two years' survival.Spinal lesions provoked changes in resistance to passive stretch and tendon reflexes primarily, and changes in movement secondarily: when hypertonus appeared, movements in opposing muscles were restricted, whereas movements opposing muscles were restricted, whereas movements opposed by muscles with decreased tone were hypermetric. Spinal lesions greatly altered the paresis provoked by pyramidotomy: small ventrolateral lesions restored “contact” placing, improved stepping and hopping and made the hypotonic (“pyramidal”) limb hypertonic. Execution of movements was poor, however, poorest in an animal with combined pyramidal and ventral funiculus lesion. The importance of extrapyramidal tracts in return of function following pyramidotomy was demonstrated in relation (a) to the size of the spinal lesion and (b) to its cross‐sectional location.Gross sequential movement of muscles normally fixating the limb appears when the pyramid is cut. These movements are greatly impaired when spinal lesions are added, and the usual grouping of synergists is disrupted. Fixation of the limb represents the integration of extrapyramidally activated, pyramidally inhibited synergistic contractions upon which discrete usage of distal muscle depends.
The foetal sheep: Morphogenesis of the nervous system and histochemical aspects of myelination
Authors: Barlow R. M. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe development of the central nervous system of the sheep foetus with particular reference to myelin forming cells and myelination has been studied by morphological and histochemical methods. The development of the spinal cord resembles that described for other species and broadly similar patterns of development have been found for the other major regions. Differentiation of definitive cell types is marked by the appearance of cytochrome oxidase activity in their cytoplasm. In gray matter strong cytochrome oxidase activity persists into post‐natal life whereas in white matter activity declines following commencement of myelination.Lipids having the histochemical reactions of myelin first appear in a particular region as the capillary circulation of that region develops. It is suggested that phospholipid elements of perivascular lipid may be rapidly incorporated into the developing myelin sheath whilst galactolipids from the same location are more slowly utilized. The implications of the findings are discussed.
Developmental aspects of intracranial arterial supply in the alligator brain
Authors: Burda Doris J. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIntracranial arterial patterns were studied in injected Alligator adults and in serially sectioned Alligator embryos ranging in body length from 4.0 mm to 180 mm. The embryos show extensive developmental modifications involving in particular the posterior cerebral artery anterior cerebral artery, ophthalmic artery, and mesencephalic artery. The posterior cerebral arteries of both sides fuse to form the common ethmoidal artery, which forms a connection with the anterior cerebral artery. A portion of the latter then degenerates posterior to the common ethmoidal artery; the posterior cerebral arteries thus become the sole intracranial source of supply for the naso‐olfactory regions. The ophthalmic artery functions only during early embryonic stages and is later replaced by the orbital artery. The formation of flexures in the brain influences the development of the embryonic mesencephalic artery and causes the posterior ramus of this vessel to become the stem of the definitive mesencephalic artery.
Projections from the cerebral cortex to intralaminar nuclei in monkey
Authors: Devito June L. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe distribution of degenerating fibers within the intralaminar nuclei was studied following lesions of the cerebral neocortex in Macaca mulatta, M. nemestrima, M. irus, Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus and Saimiri sciureus. Degenerating fibers were revealed by the Nauta silver method.The cortex rostral to the central sulcus appeared to be the principal source of cortical fibers projecting to intralaminar nuclei. Very few degenerating fibers were observed in intralaminar nuclei following parietal, temporal or occipital lobe lesions. Efferent fibers of the prefrontal lobe terminated predominantly in paracentral and parafascicular nuclei. Premotor cortex projected mainly to central lateral and parafascicular nuclei. Motor cortex projected to central lateral and centromedian nuclei. The projection from motor cortex to the ventrolateral centromedian nucleus was topographically distributed, with fibers from leg area terminating lateral to those from arm area.
The accessory optic system in Erinaceus (Insectivora) and Galago (primates)
Authors: Tigges Johannes , Tigges Margarete 
Published: December 2004

AbstractAfter unilateral eye removal in Erinaceus and Galago, Nauta‐gygax and Fink‐Heimer silver impregnation methods were used to study the accessory optic system. In Erinaceus the accessory optic fibers terminate contralaterally in the dorsal lateral and medial terminal nuclei of the accessory optic system; in Galago only the dorsal and lateral terminal nuclei are seen.Hayhow's nomenclature of the accessory optic fibers in modified in such a way that they are now classified according to their terminations. The D‐fibers terminate in the dorsal terminal nucleus, the L‐fibers in the lateral terminal nucleus, and the M‐fibers in the medial terminal nucleus. Accordingly, D‐, L‐ and M‐fibers are found in Erinaceus, while only D‐ and L‐fibers are present in Galago.As in the two monkey species recently studied, but contrasting sharply with the findings in all non‐primate mammals, the M‐fibers and the medial terminal nucleus are absent in Galago. It is hypothetized that the accessory optic system is similarly reduced in all other primates.No retinal fibers terminate in the preoptic region, lamina terminalis, hypothalamus, subthalamic nucleus or substantia nigra.
Descending nerve tracts in the spinal cord of the rat. I. Fibers from the midbrain
Authors: Waldron H. A. , Gwyn D. G. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractUnilateral stereotaxic lesions were made in the superior colliculus, the inferior colliculus, the red nucleus or the reticular formation of the midbrain of rats. The descending fibers from these sites were studied using the method of Nauta ('57).One crossed and two uncrossed tracts descend from the superior colliculus. These tracts terminate mainly in the reticular formation of the medulla oblongata. Only a small number of tecto‐spinal fibers were found. These were confined to the upper contralateral cervical segments of the cord. The tecto‐spinal fibers terminate on cells in the ventral gray matter of the cord, corresponding in position to those in Rexed's lamina VIII in the cat.One uncrossed descending tract passes from the inferior colliculus and terminates in the reticular formation of the medulla oblongata. No fibers were contributed to the tecto‐spinal tract by the inferior colliculus.Rubro‐spinal fibers decussate completely in the ventral tegmental decussation and descend in the lateral funiculus of the cord into lumbar segments and on interneurons which correspond in position to those in Rexed's laminae V and VI in the cat.From the reticular formation of the midbrain, ipsilateral fibers course in the ventral funiculus of the cord, descending to the ninth or tenth thoracic segments. These fibers terminate on cells corresponding in position to those in Rexed's lamina VIII in the cat. Considerable preterminal degeneration, mainly ipsilateral, was found in the brain stem of the animals with lesions in the midbrain reticular formation.The findings are discussed in relation to what has been reported previously in the rat, and in other animals.
A light and electron microscopic study of the normal and the degenerating corticospinal tract in the rat
Authors: Dunkerley Gary B. , Duncan Donald 
Published: December 2004

AbstractMotor and adjacent cortex of the right hemisphere was removed from 30 adult male rats and the animals were sacrificed at intervals between 1 and 360 days thereafter. Primary fixation was by perfusion with buffered 4% paraformaldehyde followed by preparation of blocks from the medulla and the mid‐cervical region for light and electron microscopy by conventional methods. The normal pyramidal tract contained approximately 100,000 myelinated fibers at the level of the medulla, with 89–99% of these fibers under 3.7 μ in diameter and 29–43% less than 1.0 μ. Shrinkage in the degenerating tract occurred gradually and progressively from the third day on and amounted to 70% in the medulla and 72% in the mid‐cervical region by 260 days. In the degenerating tract, throughout the entire period of degeneration, no mitotic figures or positively phagocytic cells were noted and there was no numerical increase or decrease in neuroglia or blood vessels. The rows of interfascicular oligodendrocytes were not altered in any manner except that adjacent rows became close together due to shrinkage. The degenerating fibers were replaced by astrocytic processes oriented in a longitudinal direction. The neuroglia displayed no observable role in the breakdown or removal of the degenerating fibers. Numerous alterations in the fine structure of axoplasm and myelin previously reported by others were confirmed.
Distribution and termination of spinoreticular afferents in the brain stem of sheep
Authors: Rao Gadde S. , Breazile James E. , Kitchell Ralph L. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA total of 13 adult sheep where utilized in this study. The spinoreticular afferents were traced to the following nuclei of the brain stem and thalamus employing Guillery et al modification of the Nauta‐Gygax silver impregnation technique: Nuclei supraspinalis, retroambigualis, medullae oblongatae centralis, lateralis reticularis, interfascicularis hypoglossi, raphe pallidus, Roller, parvocellularis, paramedium reticularis, tractus solitarii, gigantocellularis, pontis centralis caudalis and rostralis, subcoeruleus, central mesencephalic gray substance, reticularis thalami, centralis medialis, paracentralis, centralis lateralis and parafacicularis.The ascending spino‐reticular afferents were observed to form a large medial fiberbundle terminating in the midline nuclei of bulbar recticular formation and a smaller lateral bundle terminating in the lateral ret cular nucleus.
Innervation ratios for large and small limb muscles in the baboon
Authors: Wray Shirley H. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe innervation ratio has been calculated for the abductor pollicis brevis muscle in the hand, and for the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle in the leg of the baboon.The data presented includes results of the total myelinated nerve fibre counts in the intact, de‐afferented and de‐efferented muscle nerves. The innervation ratio for each muscle has been calculated from the number of large efferent nerve fibres in the muscle nerve, and the total number of muscle fibres present in the muscle. It was calculated that there were 43 motor units in the abductor pollicis brevis muscle and 292 in the medial head of the gastroenemius muscle. The mean number of muscle fibres per motor unit was approximately 220 in the former muscle and 790 in the latter.The calculation was complicated by the inability to section the muscle nerve above the level of axon branching, and by the difficulties encountered in attempting to produce complete de‐afferentation of the muscle.
The effects of environmental complexity on the histology of the rat hippocampus
Authors: Walsh R. N. , Budtz‐Olsen O. E. , Penny J. E. , Cummins R. A. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractOne group of rats was reared under conditions of environmental complexity, while their littermates served as isolation controls. The occipital cortex was 4.9% (p < 0.01) and the hippocampus 5.7% (P < 0.05) thicker in the environmental complexity rats than in the isolation control animals. Differntial cell counts demonstrated significant differences in neuroglia in the hippocampus.
The olfactory bulb and medial hemisphere wall of the rat‐fish, Chimaera
Authors: Faucette John R. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe Chimaerae are phylogenetically old cartilagenous fish which are included in the class Chondrichthyes with the sharks and rays. The telencephalon of these fish is connected to the diencephalon by a unique fibrous stalk. The telencephalic hemispheres are united only ventrally at midhemisphere levels in the region of the hippocampal and anterior commissures. The lateral ventricles join the midline ventricle through the interventricular foramen at this level.Each olfactory bulb is divided into a dorsal and ventral part and each has a dorsal and a ventral accessory olfactory bulb. A dorsal and a ventral olfactory nerve unite the respective parts of the bulb with a nasal sac. The cup‐shaped mitral cell laminae share a common granular cell layer where they are in apposition. The granular lamina is replaced caudally by the anterior olfactory nucleus.The medially situated primordial hippocampal formation consists of the anterior continuation, the primordial subiculum, the cornu ammonis and the dentate gyrus. Septal nucleu recognizable in this form include: a medial and a lateral septal nucleus, a septohippocampal nucleus, a nucleus triangularis, an accumbens nucleus, and a nucleus of the diagonal band. The medial zone of the olfactory tubercle occupies the ventromedial hemisphere wall. Major fiber connections of the medial limbic lobe include: the medial olfactory tract, the fornix, the medial forebrain bundle and the medial corticohabenular tract.
The accessory olfactory bulbs and the lateral telencephalic wall of the rat‐fish, Chimaera
Authors: Faucette John R. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe lateral telencephalon of Chimaera possesses several unique features but also has nuclei and fiber systems homologous with those of other sub‐mammalian vertebrates. Ventricular ridges, similar to those of reptiles, are quite evident. Accessory olfactory bulbs are associated with the dorsal and ventral parts of each olfactory bulb. These contribute to the lateral olfactory tract.The internal granular layer caudal to the olfactory and the accessory bulbs blends with the anterior olfactory nucleus. Caudal to this nuclear area, the nuclei of the rostral telencephalon are well differentiated.Nuclear areas distinguishable in the lateral hemisphere include: the primordial dorsal pallium, the primordial piriform cortex, the primordial striatal and amygdaloid nuclei, and the lateral zone of the olfactory tubercle. These areas replace dorsal, dorsolateral, ventrolateral and ventral parts of the anterior olfactory nucleus, respectively. The primordial striatum is subdivided into hyperstriatum, neostriatum, paleostriatum augmentatum and paleostriatum primitivum. The amygdaloid area has anterior, corticomedial and basolateral nuclear groups. The basolateral area is best differentiated. The hyperstriatum forms a rostral ventricular eminence; the basolateral amygdaloid nucleus is present in a larger caudal ventricular ridge.Fiber tracts of the lateral wall include the lateral olfactory tract, the lateral corticohabenular tract, the lateral forebrain bundle and the stria terminalis. Nuclei of medial and lateral walls are interrelated through the hippocampal and the anterior commissures.