bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intellectual Accomplishments
Authors: Budin Stephanie Lynn 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This is the only chapter in this book that will not touch upon the Bronze Age. This is not because the Bronze Age Greeks had no literature, science, or philosophy. Quite to the contrary; the divine names in the Linear B texts suggest a full pantheon ripe with mythic content, just as the fabulous items of gold, silver, and bronze from that era show great familiarity with aspects of metallurgy. Likewise, the lavish funerary architecture and the vast supplies furnishing the tombs of the rich and famous hint strongly at an elaborate conception of the afterlife, thus of humanity’s place in the cosmos.
The problem is that none of this has been recorded for us. The Linear B tablets that tell us the names of the deities do not record the actual myths associated with these deities. Although we know that bronzesmiths understood the working of copper and tin, we have no way of knowing why they thought these metals combined as they did to produce arms and armor. And although we may look at possible parallels in Egypt or the Levant to try to understand what the Bronze Age Minoans and Greeks believed the afterlife to be like, we have none of their own words to describe their view of these concepts. In short, we have no extensive writings, the only real means for understanding the mental workings of a society—the workings expressed through literature, science, and philosophy. The fact that this chapter begins with Homer instead of Minos does not imply that the Minoans and Mycenaeans had no intellectual accomplishments, only that they failed to record them in a way available to a twenty-first-century public.
Growing Up White in Mississippi
Authors: Lambert Frank 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
For his thirteenth birthday, Willie Morris got the gift of his dreams. On a crisp autumn day, November 29, 1947, his parents took him to Starkville, Mississippi, for the annual football classic between Ole Miss and Mississippi State. This year was special because Willie’s two favorite players would go head-to-head in the contest. Tom “Shorty” McWilliams was State’s star player, a triple threat tailback in the single-wing formation. He had transferred from the United States Military Academy at West Point, where he had received All America recognition while playing in the same backfield as the great Doc Blanchard and Glenn Davis. Charlie Conerly led Ole Miss. He had first entered the university in 1941, but left shortly after the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor. After fighting on Guam and Iwo Jima during World War II, he returned to Ole Miss and became an outstanding passer, runner, and punter. Ole Miss was Willie’s favorite team, and this season had been particularly thrilling because the Rebels were on top of the powerful Southeastern Conference.
Effects
Authors: Mueller John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Beyond doubt, nuclear weapons are the most effective devices ever fabricated for killing vast numbers of people in a short period of time. This does not mean, however, that the explosion of a nuclear bomb or two—or even quite a few of them—will necessarily justify characterizing the destruction wreaked as total annihilation, vaporization, or societal extinguishment. Accordingly, it is important at the outset to assess the effects—and the limits—of nuclear weapons.
Likelihood
Authors: Mueller John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In his thoughtful, influential, and well-argued 2004 book, Nuclear Terrorism: The Ultimate Preventable Catastrophe—a work Nicholas Kristof of the New York Times finds “terrifying”—Graham Allison relayed his “considered judgment” that “on the current path, a nuclear terrorist attack on America in the decade ahead is more likely than not.” He repeated that judgment in an article published two years later—albeit without reducing the terminal interval to compensate—and he had presumably relied on the same inspirational mechanism in 1995 to predict: “In the absence of a determined program of action, we have every reason to anticipate acts of nuclear terrorism against American targets before this decade is out.”
Nonpharmacological options for managing nonadherence
Authors: Buckley Peter F , Foster Adriana , Patel Nick C , Wermert Anastasia 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Assessment of medication adherence is inconsistent even in clinical drug trials, with only 19% of clinical trials measuring drug adherence in 1974 and up to 47% in 1997–1999. Although research data on nonadherence are mounting (Chapters 2, 3, and 4), adherence assessment in clinicians’ offices is inconsistent and adherence is rarely measured formally. Those who pursue measuring, monitoring, and understanding treatment nonadherence encounter complex issues that may involve changes in personal attitudes and beliefs and acute awareness of their own countertransference, stereotypes, and cultural and scientific biases. When preparing this book, we asked mental health services consumers in Georgia, in the United States, to give us their input on the topic of adherence. Some of the responses we received are included in this chapter, and we are particularly grateful for their insights into this issue. Before presenting the findings from literature on the psychosocial methods that enhance medication adherence in psychiatric illnesses, we will go over basic issues that are at the core of understanding these nonpharmacological measures and could help clinicians develop their own adherence “toolkit.”
Early Modernism
Authors: Butler Christopher 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
From the advent of Fauvism to the development of Dada, the early part of this century saw a series of avant-garde movements in European literature, music, and painting, which fundamentally re-examined the languages of the arts. Early Modernism is a uniquely integrated introduction to the great movements of this period. In contrast to the overly literary bias of previous studies of Modernism it highlights the interaction between the arts and the interlinking nature of the developments made by Matisse, Picasso, Schoenberg, Eliot, Apollinaire, Marinetti, Benn and many others. The resulting changes and radical new techniques such as atonality, cubism, and collage, are set in the context both of the art that preceded them and a profound shift in ideas. Theories of the unconscious, the association of ideas, primitivism, and reliance upon upon an expressionist intuition led to a reshaped conception of personal identity, and the book examines the representation of the Modernist self in the work of figures including Joyce, Mann, Conrad, and Stravinsky. Lavishly illustrated, Early Modernism provides an elegant and incisive guide to this momentous period in the history of European art.
English Drama 1586-1642
Authors: Hunter G K 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Shakespeare is usually set apart from his contemporaries, in kind no less than quality. This book sees Elizabethan drama as drawn together by a shared need to deal with contradictory pressures from heterogeneous audiences, censorious authorities, profit driven managers, and authors looking for classic status and social esteem. The power of poetry gives these contradictory purposes an intensity and scope that speaks directly to our own motives, aspirations, and evasions. But this connection must be shallow if we do not face the strangeness as well as the accessibility of this repertory. Starting from texts rather than systems, experience rather than explanation, Hunter argues that only by treating the unfamiliar and even the distasteful with equal seriousness can we allow the familiar in Shakespeare its historical separateness as well as its imaginative intimacy.
Preconditions of Elizabethan Drama
Authors: Hunter G K 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The key figures in establishing a sophisticated popular drama in sixteenth-century London were not, as we tend to think, the actors or playwrights, for actors and authors and actor-authors had flour is hed in the period of strolling players, without producing work of literary significance, as the strolling player told Robert Greene (see Chapter 3). The key figures were the entrepreneurs who used the semi-criminal methods of early apitalism (raising loans and then using the law’s confusions to avoid repayment) to finance specific theatre buildings, so constructed that the audience would be required to pay for admission and thus generate profit. And profit was essential if plays of sufficient length and complexity were to be developed. Such an entrepreneur was James Burbage, actor and joiner, who in 1576 (with the aid of his brother-in-law John Brayne) leased a plot of land in Shoreditch, just outside the city walls, and on it raised the first purpose-built playhouse in London (the Theatre),2 an enterprise so obviously profitable that it spawned an imitation (the Curtain), built on a neigh bouring lot almost immediately after. Burbage did not long remain content simply to accumulate profits, however, but with typical entrepreneurial restlessness, invested them in new enterprises: in 1596.
The Emergence of the University Wits: Early Tragedy
Authors: Hunter G K 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The possibilities made available to the playwrights who, in the 1580s, transformed English popular drama from a crude folk art to a sophisticated literary system can be seen as the product of economic, social, and cultural factors which had appeared (for the first time in English history) in the preceding decades. The so-called ‘University Wits’-*Lyly, *Greene, *Peele, *Lodge, *Marlowe, *Nashe (and perhaps we should give the non-university “‘Kyd and Shakespeare at least associate memberships)-belonged to a new breed of secular intellectuals. As such they were able, drawing on their Humanistic education, to create a complex commercial drama, using the nationalization of religious sentiment (banned in any explicit presentation) to reach out to a population similarly caught in the contradictions and liberations that history had imposed drama being the genre most responsive to the tastes and demands of society.
French Cinema in the I990s
Authors: Powrie Phil 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Following on from Phil Powrie's French Cinema in the 1980s: Nostalgia and the Crisis of Masculinity (Clarendon Press, 1997), this collection of essays, which brings together scholars in the UK and the USA, is the first on French films in the 1990s. The collection focuses on continuity with the 1980s in terms of genres and preoccupations, such as definitions of a national cinema, the heritage film, gay/lesbian issues, and ethnic issues. But it also focuses on key differences: new types of heritage film, whether postcolonial or heritage pastiche; the newly-emerging genre of cinéma de banlieue; and the focus on community and political reflection. Films examined in detail are Les Amants du Pont-Neuf, Le Bonheur est dans le pré, Bye Bye, Chacun cherche son chat, Le Cinquième élément, Douce France, Etat des lieux, Gazon maudit, Germinal, La Haine, Indochine, Irma Vep, Jai pas sommeil, Krim, Merci la vie, Métisse, Mon Père ce héros, Les Nuits fauves, RaÏ, Ridicule, Romuald et Juliette, Les Roseaux sauvages, Trois Couleurs: Blanc, Trois Couleurs: Bleu, Trois Couleurs: Rouge, Un héros très discret, Les Visiteurs. This collection of closely-argued essays will help students and film lovers alike to understand where French cinema has been going in the 1990s.
Alaska: Star of Stage and Screen and Optimistic Punk
Authors: Allinson Mark 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This essay analyses the iconic status of punk figure and pop star Alaska (Olvido Gara) as used by Pedro Almodóvar in his first commercial feature, Pepi, Luci, Bom y otras chicas del montón [Pepi, Luci, Bom, and Other Girls on the Heap] (1980). Measuring the persona of Alaska against the model of star study (and quickly acknowledging its limitations here), the aim of the essay is to situate Alaska as a representative icon of the subcultural forms of punk and Madrid’s movida, using a cultural studies theoretical framework. The work of the Birmingham Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies of the 1970s will be applied to Spain’s (sub)cultural scene of the late 1970s and 1980s. The comparison of Almodóvar’s use of Alaska as cultural icon with British film maker Derek Jarman’s use of UK punk figures Jordan and Toyah in his 1978 film Jubilee both contextualizes the British born cultural debates, and offers explanations for Spain’s relationship to them.
Palace Chapels
Authors: Fernie Eric 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A chapel is a space reserved for religious services concerning, for example, saints’ anniversaries, devotions to the Virgin, or private devotion alone, as opposed to a church, which has multiple functions. The largest number of chapels are those which form part of a church and those which are dependent on parish churches. Apart from these, the majority of chapels with architectural pretensions are to be found in the castles and other dwellings of royalty and the aristocracy, in palaces in the widest sense. While no palace chapels have survived from the Anglo-Saxon period, they are known to have existed. Alfred’s church at Athelney in Somerset, for example, may have been one, given its royal patron and what appears from William of Malmesbury’s description to have been its centralized plan.
The Perfection of the Pentangle and of Sir Gawain in ‘Sir Gawain and the Green Knight!’
Authors: Morgan Gerald 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The progress of the romance of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is commonly taken to be a progress from absolute perfection to relative perfection. Thus John Burrow refers to ‘the geometric absolutism of the pentangle passage’ and subsequently observes that ‘Gawain is not, as the poet claimed in the pentangle passage, “faultless” absolutely, like refined gold or a perfect pearl; but he is so relatively, in comparison with other men.” 1
Estate, Wealth, And Household
Authors: Moreton C E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The everyday life of gentry like the Pastons and Townshends was naturally centred upon their estates and the households these supported, because the most unambiguous, though by the later Middle Ages not the only, qualification for gentility was the ownership of land. To keep his social status the landowner had to keep his land and, as McFarlane pointed out, this required more than a passing interest in its management and economic well-being. Few gentlemen could afford to be disinterested rentiers, and even the greatest lords involved themselves in the day-to-day business of their estate and household.
Scaffold Culture And Flash Ballads
Authors: Gatrell V A C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When the wretched man came forward on the scaffold, he looked pale and ghastly; but his bearing was insolent, and he died with the apparent insensibil ity of a dog. ‘Bravo!’ cried his mother, as the drop fell, and the murderer was launched into eternity: ‘I knew he would die game.’ A woman who had lived in adulterous intercourse with the malefactor was with her in the crowd; they had made up a party to come and see the last of ‘poor Tom’; and when the tragedy was over, sallied off to a public house and made a day of it.
Lender and Landlord
Authors: Grassby Richard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Dudley had combined commodity trading with currency exchange, banking, and insurance even before he made the transition from com mission agent to general merchant. When established in London, public office and a lucrative marriage extended even further the range of his income and financial interests. Once his initial fortune had been made, an increasing proportion of his capital was placed in safe passive investments. His wife ‘s fortune both added land and urban property to his assets and imposed new responsibilities of estate management.
Introduction
Authors: Clarke Peter A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The study of the late-Anglo-Saxon aristocracy as a group is possible only because of the survival of a single source: Domesday Book. Other sources for the period which might be expected to shed some light on the landholders in England at this time-in particular narrative sources and charters-give almost no information about laymen other than those who became earls. There is, for example, no large body of private charters from this period. The wills which have survived are interesting in themselves, but are too few in number to establish what general conditions existed. On the other hand the royal charters, although largely concerned with gifts to the Church, are generally witnessed by a number of laymen, who are usually described as ‘ministri’. But in the absence of other information, these charters provide little more than a list of names.
What Is Man’ in Seventeenth-Century Philosophy? Subject, Individual, Citizen
Authors: Balibar Etienne 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
My aim in this chapter is to read again the metaphysicians of the classical period (I have selected Descartes, Hobbes, Spinoza, Leibniz, and Locke) by focusing on their conceptions of individuality, inasmuch as these can be compared with contemporary developments in law and political institutions. A judgement by Friedrich Nietzsche in The Will to Power, however questionable it may appear, can introduce us to the interest and difficulty of the task: It proves difficult indeed to classify the authors of the great ‘systems’ in the history of ideas. Many of them are mathematicians or physicians, but they are no longer primarily theologians, logicians, moralists as were their predecessors, nor are they lawyers (with the remarkable exception of Leibniz), or writers, or natural scientists as would be their successors.
The State and the Individual, Seventeenth-Eighteenth Centuries: Theorizing the Challenge of Subjective Individualism in Britain
Authors: Hampsher-Monk lain 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The rise and decline of those great European exemplars of the successful polity, the cities of Greece and Rome, were for a long while, and indeed often still are, associated with the promotion and subsequent erosion of codes of ethical restraint on individuals’ subjectivity. The development of the modem European State, on the contrary, has been marked by a long-term disintegration of the ethical codes that had been believed hitherto to sustain European civilization. There was a gradual acceptance, eventually even a celebration, of those subjective aspects of individuality which previous political moralities—Graeco-Roman republicanism and its Renaissance revivals, as well as Christianity—had for the most part, seen it as their business to vanquish, suppress, or control for the greater good of the community. The perception of’subjectivist’ threats to social stability derived from the belief that unconstrained or unmoralized individuals’ desires were limitless, their personal interests conflicting, and their emotional susceptibility destabilizing.
The City Community as an Instance in the European Process of Individualization
Authors: Dilcher Gerhard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A person exists, as do animals and plants, from birth to death as an independent being, as an individual. This is a banal biological fact. On the other hand, men and women are social beings, zoon politikon, as was recognized in the very beginnings of European thought. As such, men and women change in their social relationships, as individuals in their own understanding of themselves as well as in the way they are viewed by their environment. These changes take place for the individual throughout his or her life; for groups, societies, and nations—in the course of long historical developments. Incidentally, these processes have determined the gender-specific factors in the relationships between men and women up to the present day. For the first of these processes, the family, childhood, and the initial socialization that occurs there, with the succeeding generations, remains the most important point of reference.
Individuals, Groups and States: A Comparative Overview
Authors: Black Antony 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is commonly held that the development of European states was accompanied and facilitated by ‘individualism’ in the sense of a conception of the moral and legal rights of individuals, a view that individual autonomy ought to be maximized, and perhaps an ever-increasing individual self-awareness. The story as often told is one of ties of familial obligation and corporate regulation becoming relaxed and so making space for greater dependence on central court or civic authority. The State itself is said to have undermined or abolished corporate privileges and feudal jurisdictions. Thus it became a partner to commercial and industrial capitalism, by providing freer movement of goods, services, and labour. Legal liberty and social mobility, alongside and interdependent with increased control by the State, were enshrined in the bourgeois-capitalist ethos. This picture is supported by our perception of powerful trends in political philosophy, which sought increasingly to justify state authority on the grounds that it alone promoted true self-interest.
The Integration of Western Europe
Authors: Hanhimäki Jussi , Westad Odd Arne 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Whereas France and Germany, for example, had previously been bitter rivals, they became, starting in the early 1950s, the two countries driving the integration process on. Already in the l 950s the six-nation European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) of 1951 was transformed into the European Economic Community with the Rome Treaty of 1957. In the early l 970s the EEC expanded its membership to nine (with Great Britain, Ireland, and Denmark joining in), and in the l 980s the EEC became a group of twelve (as Portugal, Spain, and Greece became members). Along the way, European integration was also deepened through such schemes as EURATOM, the introduction of a Common Agricultural Policy, and the gradual withdrawal of all existing tariff barriers between member states. In 1985 the Single European Act (SEA) marked the beginning of another wave of further integration that would, in the post-Cold War years, transform the EEC into the European Union. All in all, the process of West European integration during the Cold War seemed to have succeeded in uniting at least one half of Europe.
The Causes of the English Civil War
Authors: Russell Conrad 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
What were the causes of the English Civil War? In recent years, traditional explanations involving the struggle for sovereignty and the bourgeois revolution have been increasingly questioned. Conrad Russell's new analysis brings into focus fundamental religious and constitutional issues of vital importance to contemporaries, but until now neglected by historians. Basing his study on extensive research among both printed and unpublished sources, Professor Russell highlights the constitutional problems of multiple kingdoms within Britain; the religious problem of competing theologies within and outside a state church; and the economic problem of the inadequacy of royal revenue to meet the needs of the monarchy. In order to understand the events of the 1640s, he traces the story of the church and state back over the previous century. This is the fullest account yet available of the origins of one of the most significant events in British history. It will be essential reading for all students of the seventeenth century. Contents: The Corpus Delicti 1637-1642; The problem of Multiple Kingdoms c. 1580-1630; The Church, Religion, and Politics: The Problem of the Definite Article; The Church of England 1559-1625: A Church Designed by a Committee?; Religious Unity in Three Kingdoms and in One 1630-1642; The Rule of Law: Whose Slogan?; The Poverty of the Crown and the Weakness of the King; The Man Charles Stuart; Conclusion; Appendix.