bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Umbilical artery Doppler velocimetry waveform abnormality in fetal gastroschisis
Authors: Robinson J. N. , Abuhamad A. Z. , Evans A. T. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractTwo cases of notching in the umbilical artery Doppler waveform in a pregnancy with gastroschisis are reported. The etiology of the abnormal Doppler pattern in relation to the displacement of the fetal stomach in this congenital abnormality is discussed. Copyright © 1997 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
A case of partial mole associated with trisomy 13
Authors: Jauniaux E. , Halder A. , Partington C. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe majority of second‐trimester partial moles are found in association with triploidy. Rarely are they associated with tetraploidy or other aneuploidies and, to our knowledge, this is the first reported case of the prenatal diagnosis of partial mole in a pregnancy presenting with trisomy. The patient was referred at 21 weeks of gestation after a routine ultrasound examination had shown fetal and placental features suggesting a partial mole triploidy. Owing to the severe structural malformations and poor prognosis, the parents requested termination. Prenatal and postnatal cytogenetic investigations demonstrated an additional chromosome 13. Histopathological examination of the placenta showed focal areas of villous edema but no evidence of trophoblastic dysplasia. The maternal serum human chorionic gonadotropin level was within the normal range at all times. This case shows that trisomy can resemble a triploid partial mole in utero without the potential long‐term risk to the mother of persisting trophoblastic disease, as villous molar changes can obviously develop without trophoblastic dysplasia. Copyright © 1998 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Prospective non‐invasive monitoring of pregnancies complicated by red cell alloimmunization
Authors: Iskaros J. , Kingdom J. , Morrison J. J. , Rodeck C. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractOur purpose was to evaluate the impact of non‐invasive assessment of fetal anemia and anti‐D antibody quantification on the timing and frequency of invasive procedures in pregnancies complicated by rhesus alloimmunization. Nineteen consecutive non‐hydropic pregnancies referred to the fetal medicine center were assigned a prior risk category (none/mild, moderate or severe) and monitored by: (1) serial fetal measurements of umbilical vein maximal flow velocity (UVVmax), liver length and spleen perimeter measurements; and (2) serial anti‐D antibody concentration. Invasive tests for fetal anemia (amniocentesis or fetal blood sampling) were deferred in the absence of abnormal ultra‐sound findings and/or rising antibody levels. In six cases serial non‐invasive tests were normal with stable antibody levels, and no invasive tests were performed; four infants were mildly affected, one was unaffected and one required postnatal exchange transfusion. In the remaining 13 affected cases, amniocentesis was performed in nine cases for: elevated UVVmax alone (n = 3), elevated UVVmax and an increased antibody level (n = 2), or normal UVVmax with an increased antibody level (>15 IU/ml) and severe prior risk category (n = 4). Six fetuses underwent fetal blood sampling (initial hematocrit 9–29%), and five of these had an elevated UVVmax. Liver length and spleen perimeter measurements were increased in only one anemic fetus (hematocrit 13%). Of 17 infants born alive, an elevated UVVmax prior to delivery was predictive of the need for exchange transfusion (six of seven cases with an elevated UVVmax vs. one of ten with a normal UVVmax; χ2 = 5.73, p = 0.017 with Yates' correction).These preliminary data suggest that pregnancies with a mild or no history of fetal anemia may be monitored by a combination of serial antibody quantification and Doppler monitoring of UVVmax. Copyright © 1998 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Trisomy 10: first‐trimester features on ultrasound, fetoscopy and postmortem of a case associated with increased nuchal translucency
Authors: Schwärzler P. , Moscoso G. , Bernard J. P. , Hill L. , Senat M.‐V. , Ville Y. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractWe report a case of the prenatal diagnosis of trisomy 10 in a fetus presenting with an increased nuchal translucency thickness (5 mm) on a routine first‐trimester anomaly scan at 12 weeks' gestation. Multiple abnormalities were diagnosed by ultrasound and fetoscopy. Karyotyping on chorionic villus sampling led to the diagnosis of homogeneous trisomy 10 which was confirmed by in situ hybridization on fetal tissue samples. Postmortem examination confirmed major anatomical malformations, including facial cleft, arthrogryposis of the upper and lower limbs and bilateral diaphragmatic hernia, and also revealed hypoplastic lungs, right renal agenesis and a complex cardiac malformation.Trisomy 10 is an uncommon chromosomal abnormality that is likely to be associated with increased fetal nuchal translucency. This case also emphasizes the value of a detailed anomaly scan in high‐risk patients in the first trimester of pregnancy. Copyright © 1999 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Accuracy of sonographic estimates of fetal weight in very small infants
Authors: Kaaij M. W. , Struijk P. C. , Lotgering F. K. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjectiveFetal outcome is inversely related to gestational age and birth weight. Therefore, in very small fetuses, estimated weight may play an important role in clinical management. Our aim was to determine the accuracy of sonographic estimates of fetal weight in very small infants.DesignRetrospective chart review.SubjectsWe retrospectively studied 100 consecutive infants with a birth weight of < 1000 g, at a gestational age between 24.0 and 34.0 weeks, in which biometric data < 2 weeks prior to delivery were available for analysis.MethodsWe estimated fetal weight with the use of two methods ‐ by those of Hadlock and colleagues3 and Scott and colleagues4 ‐ and compared the estimated values with measured birth weights.ResultsThe infants had a mean birth weight of 742 ± 173 (SD) g, at a gestational age of 28.1 ± 2.0 (SD) weeks. With Hadlock's method, the mean estimated fetal weight (EFW) was 736 ± 186 (SD) g, which was not significantly different from birth weight; the mean EFW error was 0.8 ± 12.7 (SD) %. With Scott's method, the mean EFW was 780 ± 185 (SD) g, which was significantly increased above birth weight; the mean EFW error was 5.7 ± 12.5 (SD) %. The accuracy of the weight estimates was not significantly affected by the period between ultrasound examination and delivery if < 2 weeks, or by fetal growth restriction.ConclusionIn our population of small fetuses, Hadlock's estimates of fetal weight correlated well with measured birth weight, whereas Scott's method tended to overestimate. Copyright © 1999 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Maternal age‐ and gestation‐specific risk for trisomy 21
Authors: Snijders R. J. M. , Sundberg K. , Holzgreve W. , Henry G. , Nicolaides K. H. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjectiveTo provide estimates of maternal age‐ and gestational age‐related risks for trisomy 21.MethodsThe prevalence of trisomy 21 was examined in 57 614 women who had fetal karyotyping at 9–16 weeks of gestation for the sole indication of maternal age of 35 years or more. On the basis of the maternal age distribution and the reported maternal age‐related risk for trisomy 21 at birth, the expected number of trisomy 21 cases was calculated for each gestational age subgroup (9–10 weeks, 11–14 weeks and 15–16 weeks). The ratio of the observed to expected number of cases of trisomy 21 was then calculated and regression analysis was applied to derive a smoothened curve. The formula for maternal age‐ and gestational age‐related risk was then applied to a population of 96 127 pregnancies that were examined at 10–14 weeks to calculate the expected number of trisomy 21 pregnancies, and this number was compared to the observed number of 326.ResultsIn the 57 614 pregnancies there were 538 cases of trisomy 21. The relative prevalences of trisomy 21, compared to a prevalence of 1.0 at 40 weeks, was 10 exp(0.2718 × log10(gestation)2 − 1.023 × log10(gestation) + 0.9425). On the basis of the estimated maternal age‐ and gestational age‐related risks, the expected number of trisomy 21 cases at 10–14 weeks of gestation in the 96 127 pregnancies was 329 (95% confidence interval 291–361), which was not significantly different from the observed number of 326 cases (χ2 = 0.02).ConclusionThe risk for trisomy 21 increases with maternal age and decreases with gestation. The prevalence of trisomy 21 at 12 and 16 weeks of gestation is higher than the prevalence at 40 weeks by 30% and 21%, respectively. Copyright © 1999 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
The ‘Mickey Mouse’ sign and the diagnosis of anencephaly in early pregnancy
Authors: Chatzipapas I. K. , Whitlow B. J. , Economides D. L. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjectivesTo assess the sonographic screening for anencephaly in the first trimester in a low‐risk obstetric population.MethodsSince 1994, 5388 women attended our clinic for a first‐trimester scan (11–14 weeks of gestation) and screening for structural and chromosomal abnormalities. The patients underwent transabdominal scanning, and transvaginal scanning if necessary.ResultsThe ultrasonographic appearances of anencephaly in the first trimester are different from the familiar second‐trimester signs. The cerebral hemispheres are present and exposed to the surrounding amniotic fluid. The ultrasound appearances in the coronal section of the head are best described as ‘Mickey Mouse face’. There were six cases of anencephaly (incidence 1.1 : 1000). All cases were diagnosed in the first trimester and five demonstrated this sign. There were no false‐positive diagnoses. The crown‐rump length was significantly reduced in all affected fetuses.ConclusionFirst‐trimester ultrasonographic diagnosis of anencephaly is accurate, but sonographers should be familiar with the ultrasound appearances that are different from those in the second trimester. Copyright © 1999 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Prenatal sonographic features of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma
Authors: Önderoğlu L. S. , Yücel A. , Yüce K. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractWe describe a case of fetal rhabdomyosarcoma detected during the third trimester of pregnancy by prenatal sonography. At 33 weeks' gestation, sonography performed because of suspected polyhydramnios showed a solid mass of 120 × 54 mm arising from the anterior wall of the fetal thoracic cage. Another mass within the left maxillary area which originated from the left orbital floor was also detected. In the abdomen, there were multiple round masses in and around the liver. As the previous scan at 28 weeks had appeared normal, the multiple masses which became visible and enlarged rapidly in different locations led us to believe that there was fetal cancer. The most likely diagnosis was rhabdomyosarcoma (which was later con‐firmed), because it is the most prevalent soft‐tissue tumor in children and may develop within or outside muscle anywhere in the body and at any age. Two other reported cases which were detected by prenatal ultrasound examination are also discussed. Copyright © 1999 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
First‐trimester determination of fetal gender by ultrasound
Authors: Efrat Z. , Akinfenwa O. O. , Nicolaides K. H. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the accuracy of fetal sex determination at 11–14 weeks of gestation.MethodsFetal gender assessment by ultrasound was prospectively carried out in 172 singleton pregnancies at 11–14 weeks of gestation immediately before chorionic villus sampling for karyotyping. The genital region was examined in a midsagittal plane and the fetal gender was assigned as male if the angle of the genital tubercle to a horizontal line through the lumbosacral skin surface was greater than 30° and female when the genital tubercle was parallel or convergent (less than 30°) to the horizontal line.ResultsThe accuracy of sex determination increased with gestation from 70.3% at 11 weeks, to 98.7% at 12 weeks and 100% at 13 weeks. In the male fetuses, there was a significant increase in the angle of the genital tubercle from the horizontal with crown‐rump length. Male fetuses were wrongly assigned as female in 56% of cases at 11 weeks, 3% at 12 weeks and 0% at 13 weeks. In contrast, only 5% of the female fetuses at 11 weeks were incorrectly assigned as male and this false‐positive rate was 0% at 12 and 13 weeks.ConclusionThe clinical value of determination of fetal sex by ultrasound is in deciding whether to carry out prenatal invasive testing in pregnancies at risk of sex‐linked genetic abnormalities, because invasive testing would be necessary only in pregnancies with male fetuses. Our results suggest that a final decision on invasive testing for sex‐linked conditions should be undertaken only after 12 weeks of gestation. Copyright © 1999 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Sonographic evaluation of antepartum development of fetal gastric motility
Authors: Sase M. , Tamura H. , Ueda K. , Kato H. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjectiveLittle is known about the development of fetal gastric motility and emptying. The aim of this study was to evaluate the development of gastric motility sonographically in the human fetus.MethodsThe motility and peristalsis of the fetal stomach were sonographically studied in 76 normal fetuses at 12–39 weeks of gestation. Fetal gastric motility was assessed by videotaping real‐time ultrasonic images of the stomach for periods of 60 or more minutes.ResultsGastric peristalsis appeared as early as 14 weeks of gestation, and was detected in all fetuses by 23 weeks. The frequency of peristaltic waves was constant, and was 2.2–3 times per minute at 14–39 weeks of gestation. The onset of fetal gastric peristalsis was sporadic and the period with no peristaltic waves was dominant before 24 weeks of gestation. Fetal gastric peristalsis increased and consolidated into long‐term clusters from 24 weeks of gestation. The mean duration of peristalsis increased from 4.1 ± 1.2 min (n = 6) at 20–23 weeks to 14.1 ± 3.2 min (n = 14) at 32–35 weeks of gestation, and remained constant thereafter.ConclusionsFetal gastric motility was quantified and its development during pregnancy was assessed in this study. There was a critical point of development at around 24–25 weeks of gestation when grouped peristalsis was observed in all fetuses. Copyright © 1999 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
First‐trimester ultrasound diagnosis of holoprosencephaly: three case reports
Authors: Wong H. S. , Lam Y. H. , Tang M. H. Y. , Cheung L. W. K. , Ng L. K. L. , Yan K. W. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractWe present three cases of fetal holoprosencephaly diagnosed by transabdominal and transvaginal ultrasound examinations at 10 and 13 weeks' gestation. The diagnosis was based on two sonographic criteria: first, the intracranial finding of a single ventricle with a cerebral mantle and no visible midline structures but fusion of the thalami and corpus striatum; and, second, facial abnormalities, including hypotelorism. The ultrasound findings were confirmed by embryoscopy before abortion in one case and by pathological examination after abortion in two cases. Chromosome study of the three fetuses showed trisomy 18, triploidy and mosaic 18p deletion and duplication. Copyright © 1999 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Sonographic features of fetal trisomy 18 at 13 and 14 weeks: four case reports
Authors: Lam Y. H. , Tang M. H. Y. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractFetal trisomy 18 is the second most common multiple malformation syndrome. We present four cases of trisomy 18 with multiple sonographic abnormalities at 13 and 14 weeks of gestation. These cases demonstrated that fetal hand deformities can be a tell‐tale sign of trisomy 18 with or without increased nuchal translucency at this gestation. Copyright © 1999 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Prenatal assessment of Wharton's jelly in umbilical cords with single artery
Authors: Raio L. , Ghezzi F. , Di Naro E. , Franchi M. , Brühwiler H. , Lüscher K. P. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate whether the amount of Wharton's jelly in non‐malformed fetuses with a single umbilical artery is different from that of fetuses with a normal umbilical cord.MethodsWe evaluated patients with singleton pregnancies, non‐malformed fetuses and single umbilical artery undergoing sonographic evaluation at a gestational age ranging from 19 to 41 weeks' gestation. The cross‐sectional areas of the umbilical cord and of the umbilical vessels were measured. The amount of Wharton's jelly was calculated by subtracting from the total cross‐sectional area of the umbilical cord the areas of the artery and of the vein. The umbilical cord cross‐sectional area, the umbilical artery and vein areas as well as the amount of Wharton's jelly were plotted on previously published nomograms.ResultsTwenty‐two patients met the inclusion criteria. The umbilical cord cross‐sectional area was within the normal range in 20 (90.1%) cases. The umbilical artery and vein areas were above 2 standard deviations from the mean in 20 cases and in 11 cases (50%), respectively. The amount of Wharton's jelly was below 2 standard deviations from the mean in all cases. An abnormal insertion of the umbilical cord (marginal, velamentous) was present in five cases (22.7%).ConclusionsA reduction of Wharton's jelly is frequently present in cases of single umbilical artery. The increased perinatal morbidity and mortality observed in cases of single umbilical artery, even in the absence of congenital or chromosomal abnormalities, could be in part the consequence of a reduced amount of Wharton's jelly. Copyright © 1999 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Evaluation of cerebral perfusion pressure changes in laboring women: effects of epidural anesthesia
Authors: Williams K. P. , Wilson S. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjectiveTo compare the effect of epidural anesthesia on cerebral perfusion pressure in laboring women.Studydesign Maternal cerebral blood flow velocity was assessed in seven laboring patients with continuous epidural anesthesia and 15 without, using transcranial Doppler. Maternal cerebral blood flow velocity was assessed during the first stage at the trough of a contraction, at the peak of a contraction and at the second stage during pushing over the course of four contractions. Calculated estimated cerebral perfusion pressure: eCPP = Vmean /(Vmean − Vdiastolic ) × (mean BP − diastolic BP), where V is velocity and BP is blood pressure; modified from Aaslid and colleagues. An index of cerebrovascular resistance, the resistance area product, was calculated: RAP = mean BP/mean velocity. We calculated an index of cerebral blood flow (cerebral blood flow index): CBF index = eCPP/RAP.ResultsIn non‐epidural patients, the eCPP fell significantly at the peak of a contraction and during pushing. Cerebrovascular resistance, RAP, rose significantly during the peak of a contraction, although cerebral blood flow did not change. In patients undergoing epidural anesthesia, the stages of labor had no significant effect on eCPP or RAP; however, these values were lower than those in patients without epidural anesthesia.ConclusionsThe epidural group had a lower eCPP and RAP and cerebral blood flow index compared to the non‐epidural group. In the non‐epidural group, the mean arterial pressure was higher in all stages of labor with a trend towards an increase in eCPP and cerebral blood flow index. Copyright © 1999 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
WS02: Prenatal diagnosis WS02‐01Sonographic measurement of fetal subcutaneous tissue of gestational diabetic mothers: a new criteria for therapy
Authors: Ferrazzi E. , Cetin I. , Rigano S. , Radaelli T. , Taricco E. , Bozzo M. , Lanzani C. , Pardi G. 
Published: March 2003

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to compare sonographic measurements of subcutaneous tissue (SQ) in fetuses of gestational diabetic mothers (GDM), and in normal fetuses.MethodsSQ was measured as the subcutaneous tissue area of mid upper arm (FMA), mid‐thigh (FMT) (cross sectional area minus bone and muscle area), abdominal (FA) and subscapular fat (FS), thickness. Fifty‐six GDM were enrolled in the study. Normal values were obtained from fetuses of normal pregnancies (BMI 21.3 ± 0.64 Kg/m2; one hour glucose test < 140 mg/dL) (30 patients). Treatment was based on diet alone, or diet plus insulin according to postprandial glicemia. Longitudinal ultrasound examinations were performed every four weeks, in normal pregnancies, and in GDM pregnancies.ResultsFetal SQ measurements were significantly correlated to gestational age both in normal and GDM fetuses (P < 0.05). At the time of diagnosis GDM fetuses had significantly higher values for all SQ measurements compared to AGA fetuses; these differences were not found during therapy.

26–32 weeks diagnosis
32–36 weeks therapy

normal
GDM

normal
GDM
p

FA
0.32 ± 0.01
0.38 ± 0.01
Ns
0.45 ± 0.02
0.47 ± 0.02
0.001

FS
0.28 ± 0.01
0.36 ± 0.17
Ns
0.41 ± 0.36
0.44 ± 0.02
0.001

FMA
1.97 ± 0.12
2.55 ± 0.19
Ns
3.83 ± 0.33
4.24 ± 0.21
0.01

FMT
3.12 ± 0.20
4.10 ± 0.37
Ns
5.91 ± 0.42
6.94 ± 0.43
0.01

ConclusionsGDM is associated with increases in fetal SQ from the second trimester. A strict glycemic control can reduce these differences to negligible values. These new measurements can be adopted to monitor the efficacy of therapy in GDM pregnancies.
Fetal compensatory renal hypertrophy with a unilateral functioning kidney
Authors: Hill L.M. , Nowak A. , Hartle R. , Tush B. 
Published: March 2003

Objective To evaluate the possibility of fetal compensatory renal hypertrophy with a unilateral functioning kidney.Methods A nomogram of renal length was established from 254 normal fetuses. Renal length was also obtained in 14 fetuses with unilateral renal agenesis and 22 fetuses with a unilateral multicystic kidney.Results Compensatory renal hypertrophy, defined as a renal length > 95th percentile for gestational age, occurred in 16 of 36 cases (44.4%).Conclusions Compensatory renal hypertrophy is detectable in utero and may occur as early as 22 weeks' gestation.