bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Beyond The Question of Color
Authors: Ortega Debora M , Mixon Mitchell Debra A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Discussions about diversity issues in supervision occur in a variety of child welfare arenas. Diversity in child welfare most often refers to culturally responsive services delivered by workers when engaging families of color or the need for a diverse workforce. This chapter focuses on a third area that tends to receive less attention, which is the presence of complex inter and intracultural processes that occur in the supervisory relationship. These processes include communication styles, expectations, dynamics of power, and roles. The processes are influenced by organizational values, community values, and individual experience. In addition, the context of child welfare, which is fraught with high levels of stress, short timelines, and the possibility of hostility at multiple levels, further increases the stakes in an already high-stakes social service environment. This chapter will make a case for the value of a diverse workforce, highlight communication frameworks for individual and group supervision, and provide best-practice examples for effective supervision with diverse workers and work groups. While entire books have been written about aspects of diversity in child welfare practice (Everett, Chipungu, & Leashore, 2004; Thoburn, Chand, & Procter, 2004), this chapter specifically addresses the supervisor–supervisee relationship (see Box 9.1).
Getting and Keeping The Best People
Authors: Dickinson Nancy , Comstock Anne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Children and families served by the public child welfare system face complex and life-changing conditions. These clients deserve the best qualified and most committed staff possible that can provide the intensive, comprehensive services families need to ensure their children’s safety and well-being as they become more resilient. Yet those most committed to helping children and families often do not apply for public child welfare jobs, and the most capable staff members do not always continue working in child welfare (see Box 10.1). Child welfare supervisors are key to the development of a competent, stable child welfare workforce (American Public Human Services Association [APHSA], 2001; Dickinson & Perry, 2002; McCarthy, 2003; U.S. Government Accountability Office [GAO], 2003). However, the training and professional development of supervisors— as well as their job descriptions—typically focus on the general process of supervision and not on specific skills of staff recruitment, selection, and retention. The purpose of this chapter is to help child welfare supervisors value their critical role in the development of a qualified and committed child welfare workforce and learn effective strategies for getting and keeping the best people.
Etiological Theories of Somatoform Disorders
Authors: Lamberty Greg J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite the fact that diagnostic systems and epidemiologists seek to avoid messy issues of etiology in neuropsychiatric disorders, there is considerable interest in the developmental underpinnings of somatization. There is a wide range of opinion regarding the origins of somatization, some of which have been alluded to in the first several chapters. Among psychiatric disorders, however, somatoform disorders are unique. With most DSM diagnostic categories, there is an implicit expectation that the symptoms comprising a given diagnosis have some biological foundation. For example, it is widely believed that depression involves problems with serotonin and norepinephrine availability, and that schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder relate to abnormalities in the dopaminergic system. In somatization, symptoms ‘‘are not fully explained by a general medical condition, by the direct effects of a substance, or by another mental disorder’’ (American Psychiatric Association, 1994, p. 445). In other words, the symptoms are primarily psychological. The DSM-IV acknowledges that somatoform disorders are not grouped together based on a presumed shared etiology, but rather on the need to rule out medical or substance-use–related factors. In other words, they are diagnoses by exclusion. Perhaps the major problem with diagnoses by exclusion is that this often prolongs or increases the number of contacts with specialists and primary care providers. In somatization, persistent doctor shopping is at the heart of the clinical problem, and the notion that an acceptable diagnosis will be found often seems to be the somatizing patient’s Holy Grail.
After a Child’s Death: A Family Disrupted
Authors: Silverman Phyllis R , Kelly Madelyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When a child dies, he does not stop being your child or your other children’s sibling. Even though this child no longer fills your living space or makes daily demands on you, there is still a place for him or her in your family. You must learn to live with this painful paradox at the center of your life: you are a parent and yet not able to parent that child; a vital member of your family is missing, never to return, yet at the same time is still very present. The death of a child is a cataclysmic blow to body and soul, and it presents unique challenges, from the simple fact of your own devastating loss, to the turmoil it can create in your relationship with your spouse, to the special needs of your surviving children. These are three enormous burdens to carry at what is already probably the lowest point of your life. You’ll need strategies to deal with this new reality of irremediable loss.
The Proof Paradigm And The Moral Discovery Paradigm
Authors: Talbott William J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To say that some basic human rights should be universal is to make a normative moral claim. It is different from the purely descriptive (and false) claim that basic human rights are universally respected; and it is different from the purely descriptive (and also false) claim that everyone agrees that basic human rights should be universally respected. In making the normative moral claim that certain basic human rights should be universal, I am not under the illusion that human beings always act on their moral beliefs. However, I do believe that most people’s choices are based in part on moral considerations. Nonmoral factors also play a role. I refer to these nonmoral factors as pragmatic factors.
Conclusion
Authors: Talbott William J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I have proposed a list of nine basic rights that should be universal. It would be absurd to claim that these rights are self-evident or that they are timelessly universal. They had to be discovered. I have tried to explain why, in light of discoveries about human beings and human societies, they should be universal. In previous chapters I have reconstructed the history of their discovery. An important step in the process was Las Casas’s discovery of a group right to freedom of religion. The example of Las Casas opened up the possibility of a universal moral standpoint from which it is possible to make reliable judgments of the rightness or wrongness of particular acts. The Harsanyi-Rawls idea of an original position helps to explain what the moral stand-point is and how we are able to attain it. Our ability to attain a universal moral standpoint is what makes progress in moral discovery possible.
Annotated Print and Nonprint Resources
Authors: Ashkenazi Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aston, William George. 1905. Shinto: The Way of the Gods. London: Longmans, Green, and Co.
An early and rather laudatory description of Shintō. Aston was one of the earliest foreign scholars in Japan. The book is an excellent exposition of the Great Tradition view of one aspect of Japanese religion.
Aston, William G., trans. Nihongi. 1956 London: Allen and Unwin.
A translation of the second of the major works on Shinto mythology. Unfortunately, Aston’s translation is both abridged (he did not include elements that he found repetitious or conflicting, or perhaps just boring) and bowdlerized (he steers well clear of all sexual and scatological words).
Batchelor, John. 1971. Ainu Life and Lore: Echoes of a Departing Race. Tokyo, Kyobunkwan, and New York: Johnson Reprint Corp.
A description of the vanished way of life of the forest-dwelling Ainu of Hokkaido. Batchelor was a doctor in Hokkaido at the turn of the century, and his report, though somewhat colored by his missionary zeal, is sympathetic and authentic.
Demographic Toxicity: Assessing the Population-Level Impacts of Contaminants
Authors: Akçakaya H Reşit , Stark John D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Demographic toxicity” is the ecological impact of a pollutant or toxicant on the population(s) of a plant or animal species. Demographic toxicity is measured in terms of population-level endpoints, including decreased population size, decreased population growth rate, increased risk of decline or extinction, increased time to recovery, and decreased probability of recovery. In recent years, ecological impacts of chemical toxicants have been increasingly assessed using population-level methods. This shift from studying effects on individuals to populations is gaining momentum with increasing emphasis on population-level assessments by regulatory agencies such as the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. However, there are relatively few applications of population models in ecological risk assessments. One of the major difficulties assessors face is lack of case studies that they can use as a template or guide to aid in developing their own models. Our goal in organizing this book was to bring together a diverse array of applications of population models for assessing demographic toxicity.
Water Flea Daphnia pulex: Population Recovery after Pesticide Exposure
Authors: Stark John D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cladocerans such as Daphnia species are an important component of aquatic ecosystems because they are primary consumers feeding on algae and bacteria and serve as a food source for other aquatic organisms, including fish and invertebrates. Although Daphnia species are not threatened or endangered, they are often used as indicator species for estimating the effects of pollutants on aquatic ecosystems. The most commonly generated toxicity data for Daphnia and other aquatic organisms are acute mortality estimates (LC50, the concentration of a chemical that kills 50% of a population). The advantage of short-term toxicity data such as LC50 is that it costs much less to produce than do longer term data. However, short-term toxicity data may not provide enough information about potential effects on populations because chronic exposures can sometimes result in much higher mortality levels than predicted by acute exposures and because sublethal effects can occur that may affect populations at several levels most notably by decreasing fecundity (Forbes and Calow 1999; Stark and Banks 2003).
Pollution, Stochasticity, and Spatial Heterogeneity in the Dynamics of an Age-Structured Population of Brown Trout Living in a River Network
Authors: Chaumot Arnaud , Charles Sandrine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Present assessment of potential impacts of pollution on natural populations mainly calls upon the extrapolation of exposure experiments performed on small groups of individuals (bioassays). But toxicological perturbations of the environment occur in complex landscapes, so the development of pertinent ecotoxicological decision-making tools requires taking into account the spatial dimension. That is to say, both the spatial heterogeneity of the environmental contamination and the spatial dynamics of exposed populations must be taken into account. Such a change of scale is a necessary step because refuge or “action at distance” processes in spatially fragmented populations can emerge (Sherratt and Jepson, 1993; Spromberg et al., 1998), because some areas or patches of the habitat could be key locations for the endangered population (Chaumot et al., 2003a) or because migratory and spatial behaviors could be disturbed by the presence of a toxin (Woodward et al., 1995; Hansen et al., 1999). That is why Caswell (1996) underlines the importance of integrating the spatial dimension into ecotoxicological population models. Therefore, focus on a larger spatial scale is required in order to study toxic effects on population dynamics. Spatial modeling in a metapopulation approach is a way to address this issue. From an ecotoxicological point of view, it is also necessary to use age-structured models because fish, like many other species, exhibit age-dependent sensitivity to toxicants (Sorensen, 1984; Buhl and Hamilton, 1991).
on Two Sibling Species of the Polychaete Capitella capitata
Authors: Palmqvist Annemette , Forbes Valery E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Assessing the ecological risks of toxic chemicals is generally based on individual-level responses such as survival, reproduction, or growth, even though the aim of ecological risk assessment is most often to prevent adverse effects of chemicals at population, community, and ecosystem levels. In this context, life table response experiments can provide a powerful tool for analyzing the responses of life-history variables to pollutants and to explore demographic consequences of sublethal toxic effects on populations (Levin et al. 1987; Caswell 1989, 1996; Hansen et al. 1999). Specifically, impacts on population dynamics can be estimated by integrating the life-history variables (or vital rates) via an appropriate demographic model to calculate, for example, population growth rate,. Changes in in response to changes in individual life-history traits depend on the life-history type of the study organism, on the severity of the toxicant effect on each life-history trait, and on the sensitivity of to changes in the life-history traits contributing to it (e.g., Levin et al. 1987, 1996; Caswell 1989; Kammenga et al. 1996; Hansen et al. 1999).
Application of Population Modeling to a Causal Analysis of the Decline in the Cherry Point Pacific Herring (Clupea pallasi) Stock
Authors: Landis Wayne G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A recent Pellston workshop sponsored by the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) focused on the issue of risk assessments at the population scale (Barnthouse, Muns and Sorenson, 2007) and discussed the issues and problems of performing risk assessments upon valued populations. Populations provide important ecological services and are often the focus of watershed and regional-scale ecological risk assessments (Landis 2006). Recent discussions have underlined the importance of populations in risk assessment and have attempted to defene a population for this application (Landis 2002; Munns et al. 2002). Populations can also be regarded as the stressor in a risk assessment, especially if an invasive species or disease organism is under consideration (Deines et al. 2005). A fundamental question is how to evaluate risks upon populations. Extrapolations using models and concentration responses from laboratory toxicity tests have been conducted (Forbes et al. 2001; Calow and Forbes 2003; Lin et al. 2005; Stark and Banks 2003). Stark et al. (2004) used extrapolations from laboratory chronic toxicity tests to evaluate the importance of life-history characteristics at the population scale.
Malaysian Islam in the Twenty-First Century: The Promise of a Democratic Transformation?
Authors: Bakar Osman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Issues and Challenges for Malaysian Islam in the Twenty-First Century In both geographical and demographic terms, Malaysia is not a big country. It is much smaller in physical and population size than many other Muslim countries. In the domain of modern nation building, however, this multiethnic and multireligious Southeast Asian country—with just 12 million Muslim inhabitants, who constitute barely half of the total population—is a ‘‘towering figure’’ in the Islamic world. From its architectural feat of having the tallest twin towers in the world to its political feat of championing global Muslim interests in international forums Malaysia, especially under the twenty-two-year rule of controversial former Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamed, has attracted considerable attention from the worldwide Muslim ummah.
A Provincial Islamist Victory in Pakistan: The Social Reform Agenda of the Muttahida Majlis-i-Amal
Authors: Weiss Anita M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In October 2002, national and provincial elections were held throughout Pakistan. While little changed as a result of the national election, a decidedly Islamist political coalition, the Muttahida Majlisi-Amal (MMA), was voted into office in the provincial election in the Northwest Frontier Province (NWFP). It was also able to share power in a coalition government in the province of Baluchistan and came to head the opposition in the National Assembly. This unprecedented outcome was the first time in Pakistan’s fifty-five-year history that an Islamist political party had won a significant election.
The Land of Sanctuary: The Catholic Immigrant Experience
Authors: Joselit Jenna Weissman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On a bright sunny day in late May of 1879, Catholics from across the country gatheredin NewYork City to dedicate St. Patrick’s Cathedral. Built at a cost of more than $2 million (at the time a staggering amount of money), the “greatest Temple in the New World dedicated to God” took more than twenty-one years to construct and was still not finished at the time of its dedication: it had no steeples. Even so, the spirits of those present soared that May morning. Thousands of Catholic faithful clogged Fifth Avenue, eager to show their support, while just as many took their seats inside the beautifully proportioned Gothic cathedral, where they spent the better part of the day. There was so much to do and say, apparently, that the dedication ceremony lasted for nearly five hours (the sermon alone ran to one hour and forty minutes), making it clear to all that American Catholicism had finally come of age.
In the Promised Land: The Jewish Immigrant Experience
Authors: Joselit Jenna Weissman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On or about eleven o’clock on a muggy July morning in 1902, traffic in lower Manhattan ground to a halt. Tens of thousands of New Yorkers-perhaps as many as fifty thousand; the police were not sure-had taken to the streets to participate in the funeral of Jacob Joseph, their chiefrabbi. The entire Lower East Side, recalled an eyewitness, referring to the city’s immigrant Jewish neighbourhood, “was streaming with people, hurrying and scurrying” to get a glimpse of the coffin. Even the fire escapes were packed with men, women, and children closely watching what journalist Abraham Cahan called the “largest Jewish procession of its kind ever held on American soil.” Ever so slowly, the procession wound its way up one gray, scowling street and down another, accompanied by an honor guard of three hundred young boys and what the New York Times described as a “cavalcade of mourners.”
The legancy of immigration
Authors: Joselit Jenna Weissman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Exposed to America and all of its material things, Asian immigrants in turn have radically transformed this nation. Its religious landscape, once shaped and defined by the great religious traditions of the West, by Christianity and Judaism, has had to make room for the great religious traditions of the East, whose belief systems, architecture, music, and way of life are a far cry from what most Americans have traditionally associated with religion. And as the landscape expanded to accommodate Hindus and Sikhs, Muslims and Buddhists, and their respective traditions, so too did the nation’s religious vocabulary: Gurus and imams, mosques and temples are now as much a part of the language as rabbis, priests and pastors, churches and synagogues.
Reviving Colonial Religion
Authors: Butler Jon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In “Rip Van Winkle,” Washington Irving’s 1819 short story, Rip awakens from a twenty-year sleep to ﬁnd himself a stranger to almost everything he had known. The story contains nothing about religion. But if it did, and if Rip had slept ninety years starting in 1680, his astonishment would have been even greater. Upon awakening in 1770, he would have discovered that America was now awash in extraordinary religious pluralism; but he might have been even more startled by how religious activity itself had changed in crucial ways. All the religious denominations, old and new, formed more congregations and constructed far more church buildings in those years than they ever had in the seventeenth century. Revivalism, an intense campaign for religious renewal, changed the style of colonial religion. And women became increasingly prominent in colonial religious activity, even if men still exercised the authority in most religious groups. These changes, made hand in hand with the growth of religious pluralism, gave colonial religion much of the ﬂavor characterizing it as uniquely American.
Buddhism Comes to America
Authors: Mann Gurinder Singh , Numrich Paul David , Williams Raymond B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Three religions stand out today as truly global in scope, with hundreds of millions of followers from many nationalities and ethnic groups. The majority of Americans belong to the largest of these three world religions, Christianity. Americans typically know something about the second largest of the three, Islam, however shaped their knowledge may be by the often strained relations between the Western world and the Middle East, Islam’s birthplace. The third truly global religion, Buddhism, presents a more complex puzzle to Americans.
Hindus Come to America
Authors: Mann Gurinder Singh , Numrich Paul David , Williams Raymond B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Arvind Mehta graduated with top scores in chemical engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology in Bombay, now called Mumbai, in the early 1970s. By that time, he had already received a job offer from a company in Houston, Texas. Mehta traveled by train to Bombay to apply at the U.S. consulate for a visa for permanent resident status in the United States and for the coveted “green card” that would permit him to live and work there legally. With official school records and the formal job offer letters in his briefcase, he entered the building nervously for his interview with the consular officer. He considered this the most important conversation of his life, because it would open or close the door to all the opportunities that America promises to immigrants.
The Sikh Identity
Authors: Mann Gurinder Singh , Numrich Paul David , Williams Raymond B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At Camps, Young U.S. Sikhs Cling to Heritage,”proclaims the title of a July 1998 New York Times front-page article. The story is about the Sikhs, members of a religion that originated five hundred years ago in northwestern India and is now part of the religious landscape of the United States. It describes the Sikh community’s efforts to pass on its religious heritage to the younger generation growing up in North America. Like other religious communities, Sikhs have learned that summer camps are an effective way to achieve this goal. At camps where young people live, learn, and play, older Sikhs make a concerted effort to immerse the young in the Sikh way of life, to teach them Sikh beliefs and his tory, and to fill them with pride in the richness of the Sikh background. The Times reporter noted that Sikh parents had grown concerned when they realized that “their children could chant rap songs but not Sikh scriptures, could name the Ten Commandments but not the ten Sikh gurus.