bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Personality Unified by Reason’s Rule in Plato’s Republic
Authors: Gill Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So far in this book, the focus has been on the patterns of thinking about personality embodied in Greek epic and tragedy. When Greek philosophical theories have been introduced, the aim has been to elucidate poetic patterns of thinking by comparison with philosophical ones. In the remaining chapters, this procedure is reversed. My focus is on Greek philosophy, and, when poetic material is introduced, the aim is to underline certain connections with philosophical patterns of thinking.
Craftsman of Words
Authors: Vaggione Richard Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the later fourth century, Antioch was already reckoned along with Rome, Alexandria, and Constantinople as the empire’s fourth largest city. With a population approaching 200,000 and as capital of the civil diocese of Oriens,it was an obvious choice for anyone seeking a governmental or administrative career, especially as at this time Antioch was frequently the residence of the emperor. In choosing Antioch, therefore, Eunomius was joining a continuous stream of job-seekers converging on the former Seleucid capital.
Courtier
Authors: Vaggione Richard Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Antioch to which Aetius and Eunomius returned shortly before 350 differed significantly from the one they had left only a few years before. Over most of the previous decade Persian pressure on the eastern frontier had made this city the principal imperial residence. During that time Constantius had spent most of the winters in a sumptuous ‘new city’ built by Diocletian on an island in the Orontes,and summers in the field. The reason was that, militarily, the East differed strikingly from the West. The long stretches of sparsely inhabited river and woodland that made the western frontiers so hard to defend were absent in the East. There, a daunting combination of desert and mountain came together to limit strategic access to a few points. Chief among these was the city of Nisibis in Roman Mesopotamia. Long a centre of commerce between Rome and Persia,this city had already survived two sieges (in 338 and 346) and, by the spring of 350, was expecting another.
Troglodyte
Authors: Vaggione Richard Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tacitus portrays the Rome of the early principate as the common sink into which ‘all things infamous and shameful pour like a torrent’ from every quarter of the world,and he was referring specifically to Christians. From a somewhat different point of view, the New Rome of the first few years after Adrianople could have been described in similar terms. Indeed, even before there was any sign of who, if anyone, would replace Valens, it was clear that the equilibrium of the previous reign had been disrupted. And, just as the Emperor Jovian fifteen years before had scarcely had time to adjust to his new status before finding Athanasius camped at his doorstep, so now too the leaders of the competing factions converged on Constantinople. The scope of Gratian’s decree of toleration had given almost all of them cause for hope.
From Hesiod to the Fifth Century
Authors: Cairns Douglas L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the literature which survives from the period between c. 700 BC and the beginning of the fifth century there are certainly instances enough of aidōs and its relatives, but these are largely heterogeneous, and many are uninformative, either replicating commonplace uses of the terms which we have met before, employing them in contexts too general to be of any interest, or, because of the fragmentary nature of the context, failing to provide necessary additional information. In general, we shall find that our best evidence for aidōs and similar concepts comes from literature in which we have the opportunity to observe fictional representations of human beings whose motives are discoverable from the texts in which they are portrayed; not all the archaic poets are moralists or social commentators, but the majority of the relevant instances of aidōs, etc. come from those who are, and all too often these tell us merely that a1diis is considered a good thing, or sketch a situation in which it is appropriate. There are, however, a few passages of sufficient interest to warrant our attention, and in these we shall observe a limited number of significant developments and modifications of the standards found in the Homeric poems.
Euripides
Authors: Cairns Douglas L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Euripides offers the student of aidōs a range of occurrences which can only be paralleled by the Homeric poems. This is not simply a consequence of the fact that he survives in greater bulk than do the other tragedians, for even within individual plays aidōs and its relatives often occur with considerable frequency. The relative domesticity of setting in many of his plays means that Euripides is often as useful a source of sociological data on aidōs as is Homer, but in general the data which emerge regarding the contexts in which aidōs is at home rarely make a significant difference to the conclusions we have been able to glean from Homer and others. In the following, then, I have attempted to concentrate on that which is new, significant, or of great thematic importance in the interpretation of individual plays. Thus while I begin by discussing, in turn, self- and other-regarding uses of aidōs (and the ways in which these are inextricably linked) and conclude with a survey of passages which extol the value of aidōs, the most important sections of this chapter focus on new, retrospective usages of the verbs aideomai and aischunomai and their relationship to concepts of conscience (5.3), and on the place of aidōs in attitudes towards sex and sexuality (5.4), in which connection many interesting questions are raised by the Hippolytus in particular.
The Poet as Hero
Authors: Lefkowitz Mary R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The old proverb πολλα ψεν´δονται αοιδοí (‘poets tell a lot of lies’) can still more accurately be applied to their biographers. Even the more plausible and psychologically tempting details in the lives of ancient literary figures derive from these authors’ fictional works, poems, and dramas, and not from the kind of source material biographers use today, letters, documents, eyewitness testimony. Critics and readers eager to establish some historical correlation between any ancient poet’s life and his work should expect to be disappointed. But even if the ancient Hves are useless to the historian or critic trying to explain what in Euripides’ experience compelled him to write about Medea, these stories are of interest to mythologists. If we stop being angry with the Lives for failing to be historical, and look at them rather as myths or fairy tales, some informative patterns begin to emerge.
Autobiographical Fiction in Pindar
Authors: Lefkowitz Mary R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Who is the Tin Pindar’s odes? In ‘The First Person in Pindar’ I had intended to prove ‘conclusively’ that the T in the victory odes could never represent any speaker other than the poet; that passages where the scholia said the chorus spoke in its own person could always be better understood as statements in the person of the poet. I suggested that in lyric poetry who was speaking where could be distinguished on the basis of style: statements by the poet always pertained to his art and tended to be expressed in particular recurring metaphors; but statements made by the chorus had a strikingly different subject-matter. The members of the chorus talked about themselves in their choral role; they described who they were, how they looked, what they were doing at the moment. I did not realize at the time that my attempt to describe the characteristics of the poet’s ‘I’ was simply another way of saying that poets’ statements about themselves followed defined conventions. And it was more than a decade later when I realized that what poets said about themselves and their role represented a virtual mythology of poetic behaviour.
Pindar’s Pythian 5
Authors: Lefkowitz Mary R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pindar never wrote a ‘typical’ ode that would suit one occasion and could then be quickly reapplied to another. Even in odes written in the same year for brothers-in-law who won at Olympia, when he uses the same analogy about the preeminence of water and gold, he manages to leave the distinct impression that Hieron, who won what would have been regarded as a lesser victory than Theron’s, has achieved the greater degree of success (0. 1. 1-7, 3. 42-5). In none of the extant odes does Pindar make more precise reference to the customs and topography of the city he celebrates than in P. 5, or offer more praise to a man who was not the official victor. He gives comparatively little space to the narration of the myth, and his choice of metaphor throughout seems far less daring than in some of his more famous odes.
Introduction
Authors: Hutchinson G O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book aspires to further a little the growing interest in a major and magnificent period of Latin literature. Of recent years, most of the texts have been splendidly edited; on individual works, and parts of them, excellent commentaries and valuable studies have been produced. There remains a place, perhaps, for criticism which seeks to take both a larger and a closer view, both exploring the similarities and differences between various kinds of literature in the period, and bringing out in detail some of the artistry and the basic aesthetic concerns that underlie it. Classicists tend to be more familiar with some authors of this time than with its literature in general; and undergraduates, and even scholars, often dwell insufficiently on the extraordinary manner of writing iri many of the authors, which so crucially affects the character of their works.
Wit
Authors: Hutchinson G O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Verbal ingenuity and paradox are central to the literature of this period, and particularly to the high poetry .If we largely ignored this element, we would make the works more accessible and straightforward, but we would be false to the whole texture and feel of the writing. If we treated it with amused contempt, we would merely create an obstacle to enjoying properly this unusual and brilliant literature. It will become apparent that often wit, even in high genres, plainly modifies or disrupts seriousness and elevation. When this happens regularly in an author obviously in command of his technique, we cannot plausibly suppose him oblivious to the effect; nor can we ascribe that effect to a lower order of intention, as if his real purpose to write straightforwardly moving literature were constantly thwarted by the obtrusion of a base but unresisted urge to be clever. If we suppose in him a unitary intention to produce a complicated sort of writing, we could still deplore it, and indict the perversity of the age; but it would be humbler and more interesting to discover whether we might not ourselves widen our literary experience and pleasure by attempting (however provisionally) a more sympathetic understanding.
Death In Prose
Authors: Hutchinson G O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The subject of death brings the non-comic genres to their nearest contact. As we have seen elsewhere, significant death serves more than anything to mark out high literature, and it offers it supreme opportunities for sublimity. Furthermore, the literature of this period is especially pervaded and perfused by shared conceptions of noble death: conceptions not of the relation of death to an afterlife, a subject on which even the philosopher offers no fixed doctrine, but of violent death, resolutely faced, as an achievement and a victory over fortune, slavery, physical power. The origins of these conceptions are manifold; the reasons for their importance in this literature arc also manifold, and the relative weight and the connections of those reasons can hardly be determined at all closely. Our object here will be to consider some individual treatments of death.
Typology of Growth Disorders
Authors: Dasen Véronique 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dwarfism is commonly defined as an abnormally short stature over three standard deviations below the mean height of a population of the same age and sex.1 In western countries this includes persons of 1.50 m. and under; most affected people are between 1 m. and 1.40 m. in height, but some can be as short as 70 cm.2 Disorders of the growth process may have many causes, ranging from genetic defects to hormone deficiencies, metabolic and nutritional diseases, which induce a great variety of skeletal abnormalities.3 Since the mid-1970s about a hundred forms of dwarfism with distinct etiology and physical features have been identified.
Physical Minorities
Authors: Dasen Véronique 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We may begin to understand the position of dwarfs in Egyptian society through a survey of Egyptian attitudes towards other categories of physical deviance, at birth and later in life. There is little evidence on the occurrence of congenital anomalies in ancient Egypt. Monstrous births were not recorded in long lists as in the ancient Mesopotamian omen series summa izbu ‘if a foetus . . .’.1 This may be due to the fact that Egyptians generally did not fear abnormal births as inauspicious. As evil was usually banished from language, they may also have been reluctant to report misfortunes.
Conclusion
Authors: Dasen Véronique 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The image of short-statured people in Egypt is essentially positive. Their physical anomaly was not only tolerated, but accepted and valued as a divine mark for its religious associations. On a mythical level, dwarfs were closely associated with solar and rejuvenating powers. Their abnormal bodies with short bent limbs were equated with that of the sacred scarab-beetle Khepri, one of the main hypostases of the sun-god Re. They stand on the side of humans, especially of children and women, in the crucial times of transition between life and death, repelling evil and bringing regeneration. Yet these benevolent deities remained marginal to the conventional pantheon and to systems of representation. Ptah-Pataikoi appear mostly in amuletic forms, while Bes is not shown in the main areas of temple relief, but in more specialized contexts associated with Hathor.
Ars Medicinae: Man’s Use of Nature in Medicine
Authors: Beagon Mary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The centrality of man in Pliny’s universe suggests that Nature’s most important task is to support the existence of the human race. Much praise is lavished on her provision of remedia which ensure humana salus. Here. it would seem. is a promising field for man̎s activity in nature. To be skilled in the art of healing fellow men should earn Pliny’s highest praise. After all, for man to aid man is, by his own definition. godlike (2. 18). Instead, medici are the victims of a lengthy tirade. initiated by quotation from Cato and embellished by Pliny himself (29. 13 ff.). However, this passage makes two things clear: Pliny says that it is the ars, not medicina itself. which is under attack. By this. he means not so much the body of theory. as the body of people who practise it. the medical profession. who consisted mostly of Greeks. Pliny’s criticism of medicine is. in fact. criticism of the way man’s activity can misuse Nature̎s most basic gifts. a theme by now familiar from the preceding studies of Pliny’s thought. Indeed. by examining how the ars can be said to have corrupted medicina. we encounter many of the Plinian ideas on the use and abuse of ratio, such as the questions of false ingenuity, caeca subtilitas, and the balance of theory and practice. The motivation both of the practitioners and of the patients themselves brings up familiar ideas on the right attitude to life generally. These include the contrast between idle luxury and the independent self-sufficiency of the individual. and Pliny’s humanitarian ideal.
Introduction: Literature and Rhetoric 1n the Second Century CE
Authors: Rutherford Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The subject of this study is the relationship between a literature and a stylistic theory. The literature is the Greek literature of the so-called Second Sophistic, the renaissance of Greek culture which began in the first century CE and flourished through the second century CE, reaching a peak in the reigns of Hadrian (117–38 CE), Antoninus Pius (138–61 CE), and Marcus Aurelius (161–80 CE).1 The literary masters of this era are the great epideictic orators, the ‘sophists’ who gave the movement its name, such as Dio of Prusa, Herodes Atticus, Aelius Aristides, Polemo of Laodicea, Dionysius of Miletus, Scopelion of Clazomenae, or Lollianus of Ephesus. Few of their rhetorical works survive, with the exception of the extant speeches of Aelius Aristides, and most of our evidence for their careers and their works comes from Flavius Philostratus whose Lives of the Sophists dates from the early third century CE.
Politikos and Panegurikos: The Reading List in PerIIdean
Authors: Rutherford Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A statement at the end of the section indicates that Hermogenes sees Demosthenes and all the orators mentioned in 2. 11 except for Critias as belonging to a traditional group of ten (Antiphon of Rhamnous and Antiphon the Sophist apparently count as one for this purpose) (403. 13 ff.). This is one of the first clear statements of the existence of a canon of ten orators. This testimony can be set alongside a passage from Lives of the Sophists, according to which the associates of Herodes Atticus flattered him with the observation that he belonged in the canon of the ten, and Herodes modestly replied that he was at any rate better than Andocides (suggesting that Andocides is tenth in the canon of ten, as he is in Hermogenes’ list). The notion of a canon of ten may well not go back much before the period of these authors.
Aelius Aristides
Authors: Rutherford Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The figure of Aelius Aristides looms large in the background of literary rhetoric of the second century CE. There are three main connections between him and idea-theory: (a) he is one of only two contemporary authors mentioned in Peri ldeon, and is cited twice; (b) excerpts from his works appear in Peri Politikou Logou—hence the former attribution of Peri Politikou Logou and Peri Aphelous Logou to Aristides; (c) a passage from Peri Tou Paraphthegmatos, which happens to be one of the passages cited in Peri Politikou Logou and which I have already discussed in Chapter II, does in fact have a great deal in common with idea-theory. I should also repeat (d) that, as I mentioned in Chapter IV, there is an intriguing parallel between the encomium of prose in the Hymn to Sarapis and the implication of Hermogenes’ reading list that prose is a superior medium to poetry.
The Sources
Authors: Forbes Irving P M C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before attempting to classify and interpret the myths themselves I shall consider the literary sources in which they appear.1 This will serve two functions. First, it seems helpful for the understanding of the myths to have some general idea of the contexts in which they appear and the sort literary uses to which they are put. Secondly, there is the more specific question of their date of origin. It is often suggested that the stories of meta-morphosis, most of which do not appear before the Alexandrian period, are largely the invention of the Hellenistic poets. As we have little evidence for the meta morphosis myths apart from the literary sources it is difficult to draw any conclusions on external grounds, and one can only attempt to answer the question by examining the nature and purpose of these poems and of the earlier works that neglected these stories. It is necessary to consider both whether these stories are late inventions and whether this means they are myths of a different status from the earlier ones.
Birds
Authors: Forbes Irving P M C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In many ways the stories of mammals form a group of their own. The great mass of transformation stories describe the change of men into birds, plants, and stones; they tend to be first of all terminal, in the sense that transformation ends the story in which it occurs and the transformed person remains permanently in his new state, and secondly, and more basically, aetiological, in that they explain the creation not merely of one animal but of a whole species. Unlike, for instance, Io, the heroes of the bird stories live on in the birds around us. The transformation of Lycaon was, of course, of this type, hut most animal changes are not.
Plants
Authors: Forbes Irving P M C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are certain features common to all or most of the stories of transformations into plants. Heroes of these stories are often early or primitive men. Natural forces and natural symbolism tend to play a much more important part than in the stories of birds or animals. The heroines are often daughters of rivers or the earth; the sun, winds, or water are often important characters in these stories; and the transformation is most usually worked by the earth. But in spite of these common elements the stories fall into certain obvious groups.
The Oxyrhynchite Nome
Authors: Rowlandson Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Almost all the texts used in this study come from finds at the site of Oxyrhynchus itself; but their subject matter concerns the agricultural area of the nome, stretching from over 40 km to the north of the metropolis to about 25 km to the south. This territory contained about a hundred villages, some evidently quite large, as well as numerous smaller settlements. In principle, a distinction existed between komai (villages) and epoikia (‘tied’ estate villages); however, some of the latter tended to develop into ordinary villages, and were sometimes eventually officially recognized as komai. The annual inundation necessitated a highly nucleated pattern of settlement, with villages situated on higher ground than the surrounding arable fields, although vineyards and orchards, which were not inundated, could have buildings associated with them.
Purification: A Science of Division
Authors: Parker Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the longest extant analysis of the activity called katharmos, Plato in the Sophist presents it as an aspect of the ‘science of division’. ‘Of the kind of division that retains what is better but expels the worse, I do know the name … every division of that kind is universally known as a purification.’ The purifications envisaged here by Plato are purely physical - washing, carding of wool, and the like - but such physical acts of division are readily and unconsciously exploited to create divisions of a different kind. We see this from Dickens’s lawyer Mr Jaggers:
I embrace this opportunity of remarking that he washed his clients off, as if he were a surgeon or a dentist. He had a closet in his room, fitted up for the purpose, which smelt of scented soap, like a perfumer’s shop … When I and my friends repaired to him at six o’clock next day, he seemed to have been engaged on a case of a darker complexion than usual, for we found him with his head butted into this closet, not only washing his hands, but laving his face and gargling his throat…
Sacrilege
Authors: Parker Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A chapter on sacrilege in a book about pollution perhaps requires justification. In contrast to murder, there is, it might be argued, nothing dirty about temple-robbing; the temple-robber seeking cleansing in a foreign home is not among the standard personnel of mythology, and sacred laws, or exegetic traditions, relating to the purification of the sacrilegious are not attested. Sacrilege has sometimes, therefore, been excluded, implicitly or explicitly, from the possible categories of pollution even in serious and significant discussions.