bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Systematic protection mechanism design
Authors: Jones Douglas W. 
Published: July 2004

This work describes an attempt to systematically design a hardware resource protection mechanism when given the requirements of a particular language as a target. The design process is formalized as a structured walk through the multidimensional computer design space towards a hypothetical class of optimal machines. Each step in this walk involves a change in the distribution of work between the compiler and run-time system but no change in the source language semantics. The starting point for this walk is the result of a semantic analysis of the language to be implemented; typically, this produces a very high level machine where the compiler, if any, is trivial. The walk ends when no changes result in a net improvement. This does not guarantee that the result is even locally optimal, since the changes tried depend on the ingenuity and persistence of the designer.
This design approach has been used to arrive at a practical, general purpose protection mechanism oriented towards the needs of the Ada language (preliminary version). This architecture was evaluated by comparing it with the PDP-11/45. For the purpose of this comparison, the protection mechanism was incorporated into a partially specified PDP-11 like instruction set. The number of bits making up the processor state and the number of operations involved in address computation were evaluated. On this basis, the result appears to be competitive and worth further investigation.
On a general property of memory mapping tables
Authors: Reed Karl 
Published: July 2004

The paper shows that memory mapping tables can be used to implement the display registers used in providing architectural support for block-structured languages such as Algol 60. This allows full lexical level addressing to be implemented on so-called von-Neuman machines.
The problems of fragmentation of the paged address space are explored, and machines with memory mapping schemes capable of supporting the proposals identified.
Attention is drawn to the similarity between segmented and paged schemes, and it is suggested that the latter may be used to support the former.
Architectural support for the efficient generation of code for horizontal architectures
Authors: Rau B. R. , Glaeser C. D. , Greenawalt E. M. 
Published: July 2004

Horizontal architectures, such as the CDC Advanced Flexible Processor [I] and the FPS APi20-B [2}, consist of a number of resources that can operate in parallel, each of which is controlled by a field in the wide instruction word. Such architectures have been developed to perform high speed scientific computations at a modest cost: Figure 1 displays those characteristics of horizontal architectures that are germane to the issues discussed in this paper. The simultaneous requirements of high performance and low cost lead to an architecture consisting of multiple pipelined processing elements (PEs) such as adders and multipliers, a memory (which for scheduling purposes may be viewed as yet another PE with two operations: a READ and a WRITE), and an interconnect which ties them all together. The interconnect allows the result of one operation to be directly routed to another PE as one of the inputs for an operation that is to be performed there. The required memory bandwidth is reduced since temporary values need not be written to and read from the memory. The final aspect of horizontal processors that is of interest is that their program memories emit wide instructions which synchronously specify the actions of the multiple and possibly dissimilar PEs. The program memory is sequenced by a conventional sequencer that assumes sequential flow of control unless a branch is explicitly specified.
As a consequence of the simplicity of such an architecture, it is inexpensive relative to the potential performance of the multiple pipelined PEs. However, if this potential performance is to be realized, the multiple resources of a horizontal processor must be scheduled effectively. The scheduling task for conventional horizontal processors is quite complex and the construction of highly optimizing compilers for them is a difficult and expensiw3 project. The polycyclic architecture [3- 6] is a horizontal architecture with architectural support for the scheduling task. The cause of the complexity involved in scheduling conventional horizontal processors and the manner in which the polycyclic architecture addresses this issue are outlined in this paper.
Supporting ada memory management in the iAPX-432
Authors: Pollack Fred J. , Cox George W. , Hammerstrom Dan W. , Kahn Kevin C. , Lai Konrad K. , Rattner Justin R. 
Published: July 2004

In this paper, we describe how the memory management mechanisms of the Intel iAPX-432 are used to implement the visibility rules of Ada. At any point in the execution of an Ada® program on the 432, the program has a protected address space that corresponds exactly to the program's accessibility at the corresponding point in the program's source. This close match of architecture and language did not occur because the 432 was designed to execute Ada—it was not. Rather, both Ada and the 432 are the result of very similar design goals.
To illustrate this point, we compare, in their support for Ada, the memory management mechanisms of the 432 to those of traditional computers. The most notable differences occur in heap-space management and multitasking. With respect to the former, we describe a degree of hardware/software cooperation that is not typical of other systems. In the latter area, we show how Ada's view of sharing is the same as the 432, but differs totally from the sharing permitted by traditional systems. A description of these differences provide some insight into the problems of implementing an Ada compiler for a traditional architecture.
A multi-microprocessor architecture with hardware support for communication and scheduling
Authors: Ahuja Sudhir R. , Asthana Abhaya 
Published: July 2004

We describe a multiprocessor system that attempts to enhance the system performance by incorporating into its architecture a number of key operating system concepts. In particular:
— the scheduling and synchronization of concurrent activities are built in at the hardware level,
— the interprocess communication functions are performed in hardware, and,
— a coupling between the scheduling and communication functions is provided which allows efficient implementation of parallel systems that is precluded when the scheduling and communication functions are realized in software.
Associative/parallel processors for searching very large textual data bases
Authors: Bird R. M. , Tu J. C. , Worthy R. M. 
Published: July 2004

This paper describes an approach to solving a major problem in the information processing sciences— that of searching very large (5-50 billion characters) data bases of unstructured free-text for random queries within a reasonable time and at an affordable price.
The need by information specialists and knowledge workers for large, fast low-cost text and document retrieval systems is growing rapidly. Conventional approaches to the problem have usually depended upon expensive, general purpose computers, upon special pre-preprocessing of the textual data (e.g. file inverting, indexing, abstracting, etc.), and upon elaborate, costly software. The resulting retrieval systems often cost hundreds of dollars per query and the full scanning of an uninverted, unstructured billion byte textual data base could take hours of computer services. However, in spite of these restrictions, such full text search systems have proved useful and even indispensible for many applications.
Computer technology of the late 1960's and the 1970's, in both hardware and software (e.g., minicomputers, low-cost, high density disk storage, “chip” electronics, natural language query systems, etc.), have made i t practical to build special purpose, low-cost text retrieval systems. Such a system has been built, tested, and is now in a production stage. The system called the Associative File Processor (AFP), utilizes a conventional minicomputer (DEC's PDP-11/45) for control, off-the-shelf high density disks for storage, a special purpose parallel search module as a text term detector, and query and retrieval software. The AFP is currently being field tested at two sites. Full text, parallel searches on un-preprocessed textual data bases are being performed at the effective matching rates of 4 billion bytes per second (8K byte key memory times 500 Kbyte/second data stream). Estimated costs are 10 to 25 cents per query for a one billion byte data base. The costs per query and the time for searching increase in a linear fashion as data base increases. A basic architecture for the AFP is described and an implemented version is discussed. A more powerful term detector module is also under development. This system is designed around a finite state automaton algorithm.
Microprocessors for non-numeric processing
Authors: Zaky S. G. 
Published: July 2004

The problem of processing of non-numeric data has received considerable attention in the last few years. This is primarily motivate by the pressing needs in the are a of data base management. It has long been recognized that the parallel processing capabilities of an associative processor are fundamentally well suited to this environment. However, the complexity and cost of truely associative memories make this approach impractical. In this paper, the demands that non-numeric processing place on memory and processor hardware are discussed. Some emerging trends are presented, and a suggestion is given regarding the development of a “general purpose” microprocessor that is suited to this environment.
Basically, the microprocessor discussed here is capable of performing simple search and update functions on a high speed, serial data stream. Therefore, it is suited to any application where such a situation is encountered, such as in digital communications.
Ulisse
Authors: Cerretti R. , Jasilli D. , Matteucci D. R. 
Published: July 2004

The paper describes a project conducted in collaboration between CNUCE, an Institute of the Italian National Research Council, and a private research center, concerning a multifunctional system (Ulisse) capable of operating both as a stand alone unit for office administration and automation (word processsing, file management and retrieval) and as an intelligent terminal with local facilities for text editing, text formatting and storage.
The first results of the application of Ulisse in the environment of the scientific users of CNUCE are illustrated.
A comparison of sequential and associate computing of priority queues
Authors: Landson Barry M. , Sargent Robert G. 
Published: July 2004

A comparison of priority queues on four different types of computer memories are made by ring a model to determine the total time to do comparable tasks. The four types of memories compared are random access (RAM), associate (AM), hybrid consisting of an associate memory and a random access memory (AM/RAM), and the hybrid memory with an auxiliary memory having the @@@@pability to perform Lewin's Associate algorithm @@@@], (AM/RAM/AML).
The model used for the comparisons is an extension of the MIX model developed by Knuth [1]. The MIX model was extended to include the four types of memories and the instruction set expanded include @@@@ instructions for the memories added. This @@del allows direct comparisons to be made of the different architectures and different software algorithms in performing the same tasks.
Geometric Message-Filtering Protocols for Distributed Multiagent Environments
Authors: Goldin Alexander , Gotsman Craig 
Published: July 2004

Message filtering is important for distributed multiagent systems, where a large number of dynamic agents participate in the system activity, but a typical agent is interested in only a very small dynamic subset of the other agents. The agent must be constantly informed on the status of this subset, and this is achieved by message passing between relevant agents. Message filtering is required to reduce the communications load on the system, which could be prohibitive if each agent must communicate with all others in order to obtain the information it needs. This paper deals with the case of a multiagent virtual environment, where each agent has a location in 2D space, and is interested in a small subset of the other agents, either those within a fixed range—as treated by previous authors, or the k other agents nearest to it—treated here for the first time. Furthermore, we treat the case of a fully distributed system, where no central server(s) are available to coordinate between the agents. The main challenge is then to design protocols that perform significant message filtering, yet enable each agent to maintain a consistent image of the other agents it is interested in. These protocols are useful in multi-agent games, simulations, and other virtual environments in which the geometric relationships between agents are important. They could also be useful for mobile-commerce and cellphone-based gaming applications.
Captives, Children and Conversion: A Case from Late Naṣrid Granada
Authors: el Hour Rachid , Marín Manuela 
Published: July 2004

AbstractAround 894/1488-89, a legal opinion on the case of a child living in the Naṣrid Kingdom of Granada, who came under the double threat of captivity and forced conversion to Christianity, was demanded by its father from jurists in Tlemcen. The text of this case is presented here and analysed from two points of view: the historical context of Muslim captives in Christian Spain, and the legal theory applied in the North African answer to the question posed by the Andalusi father. In the historical part of the article, cases of Andalusi Muslim captives (from the 6th/12th century to the 9th/15th century) are examined. Special attention is given to the possible ways used to put an end to captivity: ransoms and those who paid for them, bequests and pious fundations, etc., as well as tales of escape from Christians. Finally, the Muslim religious view of captivity is considered. In the second part, the case posed to the North African jurists is reviewed in detail. The two responses given by Ibn Zakarīyāʾ (d. 899/1493) and al-Sanūsī (d. 895/1490) both agree that the child could be separated from its mother and removed to a safe country. The motives given by both jurists to justify their opinions differ, but they follow the Mālikite school of law and reflect the historical and social developments of their time.
On (mis)interpreting Plato's Ion
Authors: Stern-Gillet Suzanne 
Published: July 2004

AbstractPlato's Ion, despite its frail frame and traditionally modest status in the corpus, has given rise to large exegetical claims. Thus some historians of aesthetics, reading it alongside page 205 of the Symposium, have sought to identify in it the seeds of the post-Kantian notion of 'art' as non-technical making, and to trace to it the Romantic conception of the poet as a creative genius. Others have argued that, in the Ion, Plato has Socrates assume the existence of a technē of poetry. In this article, these claims are challenged on exegetical and philosophical grounds. To this effect, Plato's use of poiētēs and poiēsis in the Symposium is analysed, the defining criteria of technē in the Ion and other dialogues are identified and discussed, and the 'Romantic' interpretation of the dialogue is traced to Shelley's tendentious translation of it. These critical developments lead to what is presented as a more faithful reading of the dialogue. In the Ion, it is claimed, Plato seeks to subvert the traditional status of poetry by having Socrates argue that poetry is both non-rational and non-cognitive in nature. In the third part of the article, suggestions are offered as to the contribution made by the Ion to the evolution of Plato's reflections on poetic composition, and particularly as to the reasons which later induced Plato to substitute the concept of mimesis for that of inspiration in his account of poetry.
Socrates' Avowals of Knowledge
Authors: Wolfsdorf David 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe paper examines Socrates' avowals and disavowals of knowledge in the standardly accepted early Platonic dialogues. All of the pertinent passages are assembled and discussed. It is shown that, in particular, alleged avowals of knowledge have been variously misinterpreted. The evidence either does not concern ethical knowledge or its interpretation has been distorted by abstraction of the passage from context or through failure adequately to appreciate the rhetorical dimensions of the context or the author's dramaturgical interests. Still, six sincere Socratic avowals or assumptions of ethical knowledge occur among the early dialogues. Moreover, it is maintained that in a number of these texts Socrates is committed to the epistemological priority of definitional knowledge of excellence for pertinent non-definitional knowledge (for example, that knowledge of the definition of justice is necessary for knowledge of instances of justice). Thus, there are inconsistencies among Socrates' avowals and disavowals of ethical knowledge. It is argued that the most important recent attempts to resolve Socrates' avowals and disavowals of knowledge (for example, Vlastos's) fail. A novel interpretation is then offered that depends upon a fundamental adjustment in the interpretation of Socrates' utterances in the texts. The practice of assembling all of Socrates' topic-relevant utterances, divorced from context, and attempting to distill from these consistent philosophical principles is rejected as naïve. In contrast, it is argued that Plato uses Socrates in various ways in various texts in order to achieve certain pedagogical objectives. Accordingly, Socrates' utterances do not all have the same hermeneutic status. On this depends the correct interpretation of Socrates' occasional avowals of ethical knowledge as well as the general epistemological, specifically ethical epistemological commitments that Plato intended to advance in the early dialogues. The paper concludes with an explanation of the function of Socrates' occasional avowals of ethical knowledge as well as an account of the ethical epistemological commitments that Plato intended to advance among the early dialogues.
Piracy and law in medieval Genoa: the consilia of Bartolomeo Bosco
Authors: Tai Emily 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThis essay contextualizes a series of learned legal opinions, or consilia, authored primarily by the Genoese jurist Bartolomeo Bosco (d. 1437) on the subject of maritime theft, or piracy, by referring to contemporaneous records for the practice of maritime theft in the Mediterranean, archival records in the Archivio di Stato for Bosco's career, and related consilia authored by Bosco. It argues that Bosco's opinions on matters related to the practice of piracy, overlooked despite revived scholarly interest in his work, illustrate the applications and limitations of consilia as practical documents in medieval civic governance, and suggest a divide between commercial and administrative perspectives in the maritime republics of late medieval Europe. Finally, it proposes that Bartolomeo Bosco be numbered among the "economic humanists" of the fifteenth century.
A protease activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) activating peptide, tc-LIGRLO-NH2, induces protease release from mast cells: role in TNF degradation
Authors: Alshurafa Hashem N , Stenton Grant R , Wallace John L , Hollenberg Morley D , Dean Befus A , Vliagoftis Harissios 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
Background
Mast cell (MC)-derived serine proteases have been implicated in a variety of inflammatory processes. We have previously shown that rat peritoneal MC (PMC) express mRNA for protease activated receptor 2 (PAR-2), a G-coupled receptor activated by trypsin-like proteases. Recent evidence also suggests that MC-induced inflammation can be mediated through PAR. Therefore, we hypothesized that specific PAR-2 agonist peptides (PAR-2ap) induce protease release from PMC.

Results
Western blot analysis of PMC supernatants revealed that a PAR-2ap, tc-LIGRLO (10 μM), stimulated the release of rat MC protease (RMCP)-1, RMCP-5 and carboxypeptidase-A. The release was evident by 20 min but further increased up to 8 h. To study the biological effects of protease release we tested supernatants from tc-LIGRLO, tc-OLRGIL (inactive control peptide) and antigen-activated PMC for proteolytic activity by seeding with TNF (150 pg/ml), incubating for 8 h at 37°C, and measuring TNF remaining in the supernatants. Supernatants from tc-LIGRLO-stimulated PMC degraded 44 % of seeded TNF (n = 5). Moreover, this TNF proteolysis was dependent on the concentration of tc-LIGRLO used to stimulate PMC, and was significantly inhibited (94 %) by soybean trypsin inhibitor. Antigen and tc-OLRGIL induced no significant release of such proteolytic activity.

Conclusions
These data indicate that a PAR-2ap induces the release of proteases from mast cells, which may degrade extracellular cytokines and other substrates thus modulating the inflammatory response.
Treatment of mechanically-induced vasospasm of the carotid artery in a primate using intra-arterial verapamil: a technical case report
Authors: Coon Alexander L , Colby Geoffrey P , Mack William J , Feng Lei , Meyers Philip , Sander Connolly E 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
Background
Despite improvements in the safety and efficacy of endovascular procedures, considerable morbidity may still be attributed to vasospasm. Vasospasm has proven amenable to pharmacological intervention such as nitrates, intravenous calcium channel blockers (CCBs), and intra-arterial papaverine, particularly in small vessels. However, few studies have focused on medium to large vessel spasm. Here we report the use of an intra-arterial CCB, verapamil, to treat flow-limiting mechanically-induced spasm of the common carotid artery (CCA) in a primate. We believe this to be the first such report of its kind.

Case presentation
As part of a study assessing the placement feasibility and safety of a catheter capable of delivering intra-arterial cerebroprotective therapy, a female 16 kg baboon prophylaxed with intravenous nitroglycerin underwent transfemoral CCA catheterization with a metallic 6-Fr catheter without signs of acute spasm. The protocol dictated that the catheter remain in the CCA for 12 hours. Upon completion of the protocol, arteriography revealed a marked decrease in CCA size (mean cross-sectional area reduction = 31.6 ± 1.9%) localized along the catheter length. Intra-arterial verapamil (2 mg/2cc) was injected and arteriography was performed 10 minutes later. Image analysis at 6 points along the CCA revealed a 21.0 ± 1.7% mean increase in vessel diameter along the length of the catheter corresponding to a 46.7 ± 4.0% mean increase in cross-sectional area. Mean systemic blood pressure did not deviate more than 10 mm Hg during the procedure.

Conclusions
Intraluminal CCBs like verapamil may constitute an effective endovascular treatment for mechanically-induced vasospasm in medium to large-sized vessels such as the CCA.