bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cerebrospinal fluid γ-aminobutyric acid and glutamate values in dogs with epilepsy
Authors: Podell Michael , Hadjiconstantinou Maria 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objectives
To investigate changes in CSF concentrations of inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitters in dogs with confirmed idiopathic epilepsy, and to evaluate them with regard to the clinical characteristics of the sample population and of the seizures.

Animals
13 (8 male and 5 female) drug-naive dogs with an initial generalized seizure, 6 (4 male and 2 female) drug-naive dogs with an initial partial seizure, and 10 clinically normal (5 male and 5 female) control dogs.

Procedure
At least 24 hours after the last observed seizure, CSF was collected aseptically from the cisterna cerebellomedullaris, and a portion was immediately aliquoted into vials, placed on dry ice, then stored at −80 C. The CSF glutamate (GLU) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) concentrations were estimated by use of HPLC with electrochemical detection. Cerebellomedullary cisternal CSF glutamate and GABA values were analyzed in dogs with noninduced idiopathic epilepsy. Comparisons were determined for differences attributable to weight, sex, age at first seizure, seizure type, and total time of past seizure history.

Results
Mean (range) age at onset of the first seizure was 3.33 (0.1 to 11), 3.5 (0.1 to 11 ), and 3.25 (0.5 to 9) years for all dogs, dogs with initial partial seizure, and dogs with initial generalized seizure, respectively. Low GABA and high GLU values were found in the CSF of epileptic dogs, and were independent of time elapsed between the first observed seizure and CSF sample collection. The GABA value was inversely related to body weight in epileptic dogs, independent of age. Changes in GABA and GLU concentrations were not related to seizure type.

Conclusions
Altered GABA and GLU values in CSF might be indicative of a state of chronic overexcitation in the brain of dogs with primary or idiopathic epilepsy.

Clinical Relevance
CSF GABA and GLU may serve as important markers in epileptic dogs for potential response to antiepileptic drugs. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:451–456)
In vitro effects of an acidic by-product feed on bovine teeth
Authors: Rogers G. M. , Poore M. H. , Ferko B. L. , Kusy R. P. , Deaton T. G. , Bawden J. W. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate in vitro erosive effects of sweet potato cannery waste (SPCW) on bovine incisor enamel.

Sample Population
20 bovine mandibles.

Procedure
Mandibles were collected and incisors were classified into 3 categories: lacking observable wear advanced normal wear, or abnormal wear associated with feeding SPCW. Intact mandibles were radiographed. Contralateral normal teeth from the same jaw were used to compare Ca2+ loss (etching) with SPCW, lactic acid (pH 3.2), or SPCW neutralized with NaOH to pH 5.0 or 5.5. Scanning electron microscopy was performed to compare etched and unetched specimens. Two abnormally worn teeth were evaluated histologically. Knoop hardness testing was conducted on unexposed areas of surface enamel and enamel exposed to SPCW.

Results
Radiography revealed large periapical abscesses in the mandibles exposed to SPCW. Nearly identical amounts of Ca2+ were removed by SPCW and lactic acid solution at the same pH. Scanning electron microscopy did not indicate consistent differences between etch patterns resulting from exposure to SPCW or lactic acid. Mean rate of calcium removal was 56% higher in deciduous than permanent teeth. Knoop hardness data suggested that softening occurred in enamel exposed to SPCW. Neutralizing SPCW to pH 5.5 eliminated calcium removal. Histologic examination of sections indicated that SPCW degraded and removed some dentin matrix proteins.

Conclusions
Exposure to SPCW results in enamel erosion in vitro; low pH is the most likely cause of erosion. Neutralizing SPCW to pH 5.5 eliminated erosive effects.

Clinical Relevance
Confirmation of SPCW's erosive effects on enamel in vitro supported the field diagnosis. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:498–503)
Resazurin reduction as a function of respiratory burst in bovine neutrophils
Authors: Fang Weihuan , Myllys Vesa , Sandholm Markus 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine whether the respiratory burst of neutrophils from bovine blood and milk can be analyzed by use of a fluorometric resazurin reduction assay.

Sample Population
Neutrophils were obtained from EDTA-anticoagulated blood of 7 dairy cows. Neutrophils also were isolated from milk samples of a cow intramammarily challenge exposed with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide.

Procedure
The respiratory burst of neutrophils was analyzed in parallel, using the conventional luminol-enhanced luminometric procedure and a novel fluorometric procedure with resazurin as the fluorogenic substrate. Opsonized zymosan and phorbol myristate acetate were used as stimulants. The mechanism of the fluorescent response was analyzed, using metabolic inhibitors to various cell functions. Luminometry and fluorometry were carried out in parallel, using microtitration tray-reading instruments.

Results
Stimulation of neutrophils induced resazurin reduction to resorufin and a fluorescent response. The luminescent response was transient, but the fluorescent response (build-up of fluorescent resorufin) was cumulative. Therefore, a single end-point measurement can be used for the fluorometric assay.

Conclusions
The proposed fluorometric microtitration tray technology is simple and has a high throughput capacity. The fluorometric and luminometric assays seem to have similar potential in the analysis of phagocyte functions. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:601–607)
Effect of furosemide and subsequent intravenous fluid administration on right atrial pressure of splenectomized horses
Authors: Rivas L. J. , Hinchcliff K. W. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To investigate the effect of IV administration of fluids on the furosemide-induced reduction in right atrial pressure (RAP) and relative change in blood volume (BV) of splenectomized mares.

Animals
5 splenectomized mares.

Procedure
RAP was measured by use of a micromanometer placed in the right atrium. Jugular venous blood was collected for measurement of hematocrit, plasma total protein concentration, and hemoglobin concentration. Right atrial pressure was recorded and blood samples were collected immediately before furosemide (1 mg/kg of body weight, IV) administration, then every 15 minutes for 240 minutes. Beginning 120 minutes after furosemide administration, polyionic fluids (lactated Ringer's solution) were administered (2 L q 15 min) for 120 minutes.

Results
Furosemide induced a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in mean RAP (7.6 ± 1.5 and 3.2 ± 1.2 mm of Hg before and 15 minutes after furosemide administration, respectively), and BV (8.4 ± 1.1 % by 15 minutes). Polyionic fluid administration restored RAP and BV The volume of polyionic fluids administered (32 ± 2 ml/kg) was not significantly different from the volume of urine produced (38 ± 7.8 ml/kg). Difference was not apparent in the relation between change in BV and RAP before or after fluid administration.

Conclusions
The effect of furosemide on RAP of horses is mediated in large part by furosemide-induced reduction in BV. However, an effect of furosemide on venous compliance cannot be excluded as contributing to the reduction in RAP. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:632–635)
Effects of training on the development of exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia in horses
Authors: Christley Robert M. , Hodgson David R. , Evans David L. , Rose Reuben J. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objectives
To compare the development of exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia in horses before and after training, and to determine whether increases in maximum oxygen uptake (V˙O2max) following training results in a greater degree of exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia.

Animals
13 three- to five-year-old Standardbred geldings without clinical signs of respiratory or cardiovascular disorders.

Procedure
Horses were rested for 4 months prior to commencing a 16-week training program. Arterial blood was collected from the transverse facial artery during standardized exercise tests performed before and after 8 and 16 weeks of training. Variables measured during exercise tests included arterial blood gas tensions and V˙O2max. Training and testing was performed on a treadmill set at a 10% slope.

Results
Minimum arterial partial pressures of oxygen (PaO2) during exercise decreased from 83.3 ± 1.5 mm of Hg before training to 77.8 ± 1.0 mm of Hg after 16 weeks of training. Maximum arterial oxygen content increased from 239.2 ± 3.1 to 257.9 ± 3.8 ml/L, which resulted from an increase in hemoglobin concentration. The V˙O2max increased by 19% following training. Minimum values of PaO2 and arterial oxygen saturation were significantly correlated with V˙O2max when data from each stage of training were pooled. Calculated values for minimum alveolar oxygen tension decreased after 8 weeks of training, and alveolar ventilation increased at the end of training. Alveolar-arterial oxygen tension difference increased by 4 mm of Hg following training.

Conclusions
In trained horses, an increase V˙O2max is associated with a decrease in minimum PaO2 during intense exercise and is mostly attributable to an increase in the alveolar-arterial oxygen tension difference. Therefore, interpretation of blood gas data from exercising horses should take into consideration V˙O2max. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:653–657)
Characterization of anatomic communications of the fetlock in cattle, using intra-articular latex injection and positive-contrast arthrography
Authors: Desrochers André , St-Jean Guy , Cash Walter C. , Hoskinson James J. , DeBowes Richard M 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate the frequency and sites of communication between the lateral and medial synovial sacs of the metatarsophalangeal or metacarpophalangeal joints in cattle.

Animals
188 limbs were obtained from 55 fresh bovine cadavers submitted for necropsy because of problems unrelated to the fetlocks.

Procedure
In each ox, lateral or medial synovial sacs of each fetlock were randomly assigned. Joints were injected with a mixture of latex and barium sulfate. Communication between 2 joints was determined by presence of latex and contrast material in a joint adjacent to the injected joint by examining frozen sections and use of positive-contrast arthrography.

Results
Communication between the 2 synovial sacs existed in 186 of 188 (98.9%) specimens. The communication site between lateral and medial synovial sacs was located at the level of the proximal sesamoid bones, between the distal aspect of the interdigital band of the axial branch of the interosseus muscle and the metacarpal or metatarsal bone.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
Although communication between the lateral and medial synovial sacs did not exist in 2 specimens, the fetlock in cattle can be treated as 1 compartment. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:710–712)
Distribution of technetium 99m-labeled red blood cells during isoflurane anesthesia in ferrets
Authors: Marini Robert P. , Callahan Ronald J. , Jackson Lynn R. , Jyawook Shireen , Esteves Maria I. , Fox James G. , Wilkinson Robert A. , Strauss H. William 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To address the physiologic mechanism of isoflurane-associated reduction in hematologic variables in ferrets.

Animals
6 young adult female ferrets.

Procedure
Distribution of 99mTc-labeled autologous erythrocytes was measured by serial in vivo imaging. Data were recorded in 4 ferrets, using a gamma camera, immediately prior to anesthesia, 15 minutes after 2% isoflurane anesthesia in O2 via endotracheal tube, 1 minute prior to and throughout a 10-minute phenylephrine infusion, 20 and 40 minutes after termination of the phenylephrine infusion, and 45 minutes after termination of anesthesia. Blood indices were also measured at times that paralleled those for imaging. One ferret served as a conscious control (no anesthetic administration), and another as an isoflurane control (no phenylephrine administration).

Results
In ferrets under anesthesia, splenic radioactivity increased from baseline of 10.2 ± 2.0% to 38.4 ± 3.2% (mean ± SEM; P < 0.05) of the injected dose. Splenic radioactivity decreased to 13.4 ± 3.8% of the injected dose during phenylephrine infusion and to near baseline for the recovery image. Splenic radioactivity in the conscious control remained constant throughout the study, whereas that of the anesthetized control was persistently increased throughout administration of isoflurane. Percentage reduction of the 15-minute sample values, compared with baseline values for all hematologic indices, was: RBC count, 33% (P < 0.05); hemoglobin concentration, 34% (P < 0.05); hematocrit, 35% (P < 0.05); and plasma protein concentration, 20% (P < 0.05). All RBC variables returned to within 7 to 14% of baseline by 45 minutes after termination of anesthesia.

Conclusion
Isoflurane anesthesia causes splenic sequestration of RBC in ferrets that is partially reversed by phenylephrine infusion or termination of anesthesia. Thus, investigators and clinicians should be cautious when interpreting hematologic findings in isoflurane-anesthetized ferrets, and accordingly, fluid treatment and transfusion should be planned. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:781–785)
Craniad migration of differing doses of new methylene blue injected into the epidural space after death of calves and juvenile pigs
Authors: Lopez Mandi J. , Johnson Rebecca , Hendrickson Dean A. , Kruse-Elliott Kris T. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine the relation between epidural injectate volume (ml/kg of body weight) and its craniad migration in calves and pigs.

Animals
23 neonatal calves and 26 feeder pigs.

Procedure
Animals were randomly assigned to receive different volumes of new methylene blue (NMB, 1.2 mg/ml in 0.9% saline solution). Injections were made into the sacrococcygeal intervertebral space in calves and the lumbosacral intervertebral space in pigs, immediately after euthanasia. Sagittal sections of the spine were made at necropsy, and craniad migration of NMB was determined and rounded to the nearest intervertebral space.

Results
In calves treated with 0.05, 0.1, or 0.15 ml of NMB/kg, mean ± SEM number of stained spinal segments was 5 ± 0.3, 8 ± 0.6, and 8 ± 0.6, respectively. Craniad migration of NMB was significantly greater for 0.15 and 0.1 ml/kg volumes versus 0.05 ml/kg. In pigs treated with 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, or 0.3 ml of NMB/kg, mean number of stained spinal segments was 8 ± 1.1, 8 ± 0.9, 10 ± 1.2, and 18 ± 2.0. Craniad dye migration was significantly greater in the 0.3 ml/kg group versus the 3 lower volume groups. Linear regression performed on both sets of data after logarithmic transformation of spaces migrated to correct for non-normality was significant (P < 0.05), and R2 values of 0.49 and 0.55 were obtained for calves and pigs, respectively.

Conclusions
There is a significant correlation between volume (ml/kg) of NMB injected in the epidural space and its craniad migration in calves and pigs.

Clinical Relevance
Results provide a basis for determination of volume of injectate to be given to reach a minimal desired level and should be a useful baseline for future investigations of epidural drug administration. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:786–790)
Comparative pharmacokinetics of caffeine and three metabolites in clinically normal horses and donkeys
Authors: Peck K. , Mealey K. L. , Matthews N. S. , Taylor T. S. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine whether clearance of capacity-limited drugs in horses differs from that in donkeys by comparing the serum disposition of caffeine and its metabolites, theophylline, theobromine, and paraxanthine after IV administration of caffeine to horses and donkeys.

Animals
4 healthy horses and 5 healthy donkeys.

Procedure
Blood samples were collected from each animal at time 0. (before) and 5,10, 15, 20, 30, and 45 minutes, and 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 30, 36, 48, 54, 60, 72, and 96 hours after IV administration of a bolus of caffeine. Serum was analyzed in triplicate by high-performance liquid chromatography to determine caffeine, theophylline, theobromine, and paraxanthine concentrations. The serum concentration-time curves for each animal were analyzed separately to estimate model-independent pharmacokinetic variables.

Results
Mean pharmacokinetic values for caffeine, theophylline, and paraxanthine did not differ significantly in horses, compared with donkeys. Mean peak serum concentration of theobromine was significantly higher in donkeys, compared with horses.

Conclusion
Clearance of the capacity-limited drug caffeine does not appear to differ in horses, compared with donkeys.

Clinical Relevance
For some drugs that undergo hepatic metabolism, the dose and dose interval used for horses may be appropriate for use in donkeys. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:881–884)
Cardiorespiratory and metabolic effects of walking, standing, and standing with a splint during the recuperative period from maximal exercise in horses
Authors: Hubbell J. A. E. , Hinchcliff K. W. , Muir W. W. , Robertson J. T. , Sams R. A. , Schmall L. M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine the effects of walking, standing, or standing with a splint on 1 forelimb on rate of recuperation of horses after a brief, intense bout of exercise.

Animals
6 adult Thoroughbreds (435 to 542 kg).

Procedure
Horses were preconditioned by exercise on a treadmill to establish a uniform level of fitness. Once fit, the treadmill speed causing each horse to exercise at 120% of its maximal oxygen consumption was determined and was used in simulated races at 14-day intervals. Horses were instrumented for collection of arterial and mixed venous blood samples for measurement of acid-base status, concentrations of metabolites, and cardiopulmonary indices. The horses were exercised at a speed inducing 120% of their maximal oxygen consumption until fatigued or for a maximum of 2 minutes. Three recuperative interventions were evaluated: walking at 1.8 m/s for 30 minutes, then standing for the remainder of the 90-minute trial; standing stationary for 90 minutes; and standing stationary for 90 minutes with a splint on the right forelimb.

Results
Walking significantly increased cardiac output during the recuperative phase and hastened recovery of normal acid-base status and return of blood lactate concentration to baseline values.

Conclusion
Limiting movement of horses during the recuperative period delays recovery from maximal exercise. Most measured indices returned to baseline by 60 minutes after exercise. All measured cardiopulmonary indices returned to baseline values by 90 minutes after exercise.

Clinical Relevance
Horses that are not allowed to walk during recuperation from exercise may have a prolonged recovery period. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:1003–1009)
Effects of acute endotoxemia on serum somatotropin and insulin-like growth factor I concentrations in prepubertal gilts
Authors: Hevener William , Almond Glen W. , Armstrong Jeff D. , Richards R. Gregg 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate effects of endotoxemia on serum somatotropin (ST) and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) concentrations in finishing pigs.

Animals
Eight female pigs (98 ± 2 kg) randomly assigned to IV administration (time 0) of saline solution (n = 4) or Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 5 μg/kg of body weight; n = 4).

Procedure
Serum ST concentration was determined in serum samples obtained at 20-minute intervals for 6 hours after treatment. Serum IGF-I concentration was determined in samples collected at 1-hour intervals for 6 hours and at 12, 15, 18, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours after treatment.

Results
One distinct pulse of ST (peak 10.5 ± 0.5 ng/ml) was observed at 40 minutes in each pig after administration of LPS. Control pigs had 2.25 ± 0.48 ST pulses during the 6 hours of frequent sample collection; however, magnitude of the ST pulses was similar between gilts given LPS and control gilts. A temporal association between ST pulses and saline administration was not evident. Serum IGF-I concentration was similar between gilts of the LPS and control groups prior to treatment. The IGF-I concentration was lower (P < 0.01) in gilts of the LPS group (44 ± 5 ng/ml) than in gilts of the control group (157 ± 4 ng/ml) at 24 hours. The difference in IGF-I concentrations between groups was evident for 96 hours.

Conclusions
Immediate release of ST was attributed to stress associated with acute endotoxemia and stimulation of the pituitary gland; immune stimulation by LPS may have contributed to the changes in IGF-I concentration. Because feed consumption was similar between the 2 groups of pigs, suppression of IGF-I concentration for 96 hours after administration of LPS was attributable to factors in addition to transient feed restriction. Thus, acute endotoxemia altered the positive association between ST and IGF-I, and provided evidence for a potential mechanism of impaired growth in endotoxemic animals. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:1010–1013)
Cardiopulmonary and anesthetic effects of propofol in wild turkeys
Authors: Schumacher Juergen , Citino Scott B. , Hernandez Kelly , Hutt Julie , Dixon Brandon 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine safety, anesthetic variables, and cardiopulmonary effects of IV infusion of propofol for induction and maintenance of anesthesia in wild turkeys.

Animals
10 healthy, adult wild turkeys.

Procedure
Anesthesia was induced by IV administration of propofol (5 mg/kg of body weight) over 20 seconds and was maintained for 30 minutes by constant IV infusion of propofol at a rate of 0.5 mg/kg/min. Heart and respiratory rates, arterial blood pressures, and arterial blood gas tensions were obtained prior to propofol administration (baseline values) and again at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 minutes after induction of anesthesia. All birds were intubated immediately after induction of anesthesia, and end-tidal CO2 concentration was determined at the same time intervals. Supplemental oxygen was not provided.

Results
Apnea was observed for 10 to 30 seconds after propofol administration, which induced a decrease in heart rate; however, the changes were not significant. Compared with baseline values, respiratory rate was significantly decreased at 4 minutes after administration of propofol and thereafter. Systolic, mean, and diastolic pressures decreased over the infusion period, but the changes were not significant. Mean arterial blood pressure decreased by 30% after 15 minutes of anesthesia; end-tidal CO2 concentration increased from baseline values after 30 minutes; PO2 was significantly decreased at 5 minutes after induction and thereafter; PCO2 was significantly (P< 0.05) increased after 15 minutes of anesthesia; and arterial oxygen saturation was significantly (P < 0.05) decreased at the end of anesthesia. Two male turkeys developed severe transient hypoxemia, 1 at 5 and the other at 15 minutes after induction. Time to standing after discontinuation of propofol infusion was 11 ± 6 minutes. Recovery was smooth and unremarkable.

Conclusion
Propofol is an effective agent for IV induction and maintenance of anesthesia in wild turkeys, and is useful for short procedures or where the use of inhalational agents is contraindicated. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:1014–1017)