bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Crisis-Conversion: Its Scope and Characteristics
Authors: Lowenstein Steven M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Changes in cultural orientation and in general style of life not only affected the traditional structure of the Jewish family and its mores but also caused a large number of Berlin Jews to abandon their association with the Jewish community altogether. The growing tendency of Jews in Berlin to convert to Christianity has been noticed both by contemporaries of the event and by later historians. It seemed to some that the very continuation of the Jewish community was threatened. Some historians have referred to this phenomenon as a Taufepidemie (epidemic of baptisms), though others have questioned whether this term is appropriate. In any case the tendency to convert was viewed as a danger by many members of the Jewish community. The followers of the Jewish Enlightenment, perhaps even more than the traditionalists, were very concerned about the phenomenon of conversion. Even David Friedlander, despite his letter to Dean Teller in 1799, was a strong opponent of conversion to Christianity. The Taufepidemie is a commonplace in Jewish historiography of the Enlightenment, but it has only been in recent years that attempts have been made to get a picture of the magnitude of the wave of baptisms and of its precise chronological dimensions. Early work was done by Abraham Menes on official government records,3 but the first systematic attempt to quantify the main features of the Taufepidemie was undertaken in the 1980s by Deborah Hertz.Based on an analysis of the Judenkartei, Hertz gives a picture of the dimensions, chronology, gender distribution, and (in outline) the social distribution of the wave of baptisms. The overall number of Jews baptized in Berlin is extremely large (1,582 between 1770 and 1830 according to the Judenkartei), which would seem at first glance to confirm the opinion of those who see an epidemic of baptisms.
Introduction :The Chronicler’s Art
Authors: Davis Robert C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Sometime around 1669 or 1670 a Venetian essayist set out to write an account of the festivities that the Republic of Venice had put on in 1574 to honor the visit of the French king Henry III. His identity remains unknown: possibly he was a gentleman, but more likely he made his living as a lawyer, notary, or professional writer.2 His commemorating an event nearly a century old was not unusual: cultivated men and women of his era were fond of reading and writing such histories, and this royal visit had certainly been ostentatiously splendid enough to tempt a patriotic Venetian to invoke it yet again. What was odd about this anonymous narrator was that he skipped altogether over the events that had fascinated most earlier writers-the sumptuous regattas, floats, masqued balls, and theatrical performances put on for the king’s three-day visit-and fixed instead on a single event: the great war with sticks, or guerra di canne, staged the final day by two opposing factions of Venetian artisans on a city bridge.3 It was rough, burlesque entertainment for a king: a mock battle, or battagliola, in which mobs of working men, decked out in helmets and shields, pummeled each other with wooden sticks for about two hours in a chaotic brawl. For our narrator, however, this melee represented the high point of the entire celebration, an event “so famous, memorable and without precedent” that it deserved recounting in every detail: not just the clash itself, but also all the elaborate preparations and strategems necessary for collecting, organizing, and sending to battle the hundreds of combatants. To tell the whole story took him perhaps twenty-five thousand words, crammed (with numerous amendments, additions, and cancellations) into nearly fifty-three quarto pages.
Prologue
Authors: Semmel Bernard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
At the time of her death at age sixty-one in 1880, George Eliot was mourned by her admirers, who compared her accomplishments to those of Sophocles, Dante, and Goethe. Justin McCarthy, a contemporary Irish journalist, described the veneration of Eliot by much of the liberal reading public as “a kind of cult, a kind of worship.”1 Lord Acton, one of the most respected historians of the period, pronounced her “the greatest genius among women known to history.” In his classic portrait of Victorian England, written more than a half century later, the historian G. M. Young observed that in carrying to an agnostic age “the Evangelical faith in duty and renunciation,” George Eliot had fixed her place “in the history of ideas.” Young added that she had been chief among those who “transposed [ethics] from a Christian to a Stoic key’’ and had thereby almost single handedly “saved us from the moral catastrophe which might have been expected to follow upon the waning of religious conviction.” The reverence for Eliot as a writer spanned nearly a generation during her lifetime. Very soon after her death, however, her literary reputation went into rapid decline. In the past thirty years the critical view of her works has once again become favorable-almost worshipful in some quarters-in part because of the women’s movement, which applauded Eliot’s achievement and her defiance of sexual conventions while regretting her failure to take a more feminist position.
The Disinherited Races
Authors: Semmel Bernard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
InMiddlemarch Eliot depicted the sixteenth-century Spanish Saint Theresa going to her martyrdom at the hands of the Moors with a heart “already beating to the national idea” (“Prelude”). For Eliot, as for many of the European writers of the nineteenth century, the national idea possessed a new significance. In Germany, Herder had written extensively on its im portance in the lives of the people, and Hegel had described the national spirit, the Volksgeist, as the guiding motif of historical development. Hegel had even argued that individuals wishing to realize themselves fully must identify with the national idea and work out its implications in the shaping of their own lives. In England not only social conservatives like Coleridge but “many-sided” liberals like Mill had stressed the critical role of the national tradition and heritage. In the 1840s, as we shall see, Disraeli wrote of these matters in terms that originally repelled Eliot, though later she embraced many of his ideas. We know that the German writer Riehl addressed these questions in the 1850s in terms that gained Eliot’s sympathy and contributed to the shaping of her politics of national inheritance. In the nineteenth century nationalism seemed to be the most vital motive in European life. Groups previously content to be obedient subjects of continental Europe’s dynastic monarchies, and willing to accede to the dynasty’s state language and uphold its culture in order to participate in political and intellectual life, began to insist on their separate identities and dialects and thereby laid the groundwork for establishing their own distinctive national literatures and cultures; folktales and folk music were recovered by means of the previously neglected study of peasant lore.
The OCF Scenario
Authors: Lange Fayeduchin Glenn-Marie 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The content of the OCF scenano was developed in the course of carrying out ten case studies that provide the bulk of the data for this project. In order to examine likely future changes in emissions of carbon dioxide and oxides of sulfur and nitrogen, we focused on the most energy-intensive sectors. The technologies of greatest interest to us would promote development by their efficient use of energy and materials and their potential for low pollution and commercial implementation on a significant scale. Data collection for a case study covers one or several related sectors (e.g., iron and steel) and requires identifying the technological choices faced both in producing the output (in the iron and steel sector itself) and in using it (in the metal-fabricating sectors). The description of each technological alternative (e.g., electric arc technology) involves quantifying the major inputs per unit of output.
Household Energy Conservation
Authors: Duchin Faye , Lange Glenn-Marie 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Future energy use by households will depend on the level and specific mix of energy services that are utilized and on the energy required to deliver those services in the future. For most developed regions, where the population is growing very slowly and a relatively high standard of living has already been achieved, we assume relatively little change in per capita energy services; the change in energy requirements will reflect primarily the changing energy needed to deliver these services. In developing regions, by contrast, average per capita energy services will increase substantially, although these increases will be to some extent offset by expected gains in energy efficiency. New technologies in developed regions, and factors affecting energy use in developing regions, are discussed below and are the basis for new projections of fossil fuel and electricity input coefficients to consumption. Because the household consumption vector includes petroleum used for private transportation, this chapter draws on work reported in Chapter 13 to project future oil input coefficients.
The Origins of Franklin D. Roosevelt’s “Court-packing” Plan
Authors: Leuchtenburg William E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
No event of twentieth-century constitutional history is better remembered than Franklin D. Roosevelt’s ill-fated “Court-packing” scheme of 1937; yet the origins of the plan remain obscure and are often misstated. The proposal has been variously attributed to Felix Frankfurter, who had nothing at all to do with it; to “two brilliant young brain-trusters,” Benjamin Cohen and Thomas Corcoran, who favored a different remedy and had almost no hand in shaping this one; and to Samuel I. Rosenman, who played only a minor role after the decision had already been made. Among those who have been said to have helped frame the plan were James M. Landis, who had heard only rumors of it before it was announced, and Robert H. Jackson, who first learned of the legislation when he read about FDR’s message of February 5 in a Philadelphia newspaper. The project has been described either as an impulsive act born of the bubris created by FDR’s landslide victory in 1936 or as a calculated plot hatched many months before in angry resentment at the Schechter decision striking down the National Industrial Recovery Act. A widely circulated columnist wrote that the scheme resulted from the influence on the President of a “junta” of radicals, some of them “sympathetic to theories from Russia.” Roosevelt himself never said anything to clear up the confusion. Three weeks after the President launched the proposal, Senator Hiram Johnson of California wrote a friend: “He has been beaten from pillar to post upon when he conceived the brilliant idea, and how he conceived it.”
A Klansman Joins the Court
Authors: Leuchtenburg William E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
On August 12, 1937, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, rebounding from the worst setback of his long Presidency, took the first of a series of steps toward creating what historians would one day call “the Roosevelt Court.” Galling defeat had come less than a month before when the Senate had killed his “Court-packing” scheme, amid loud rejoicing from his opponents. The President was not finished yet, however, for one legacy of the protracted struggle was the creation of a vacancy on the Supreme Court, and it was FDR’s prerogative to nominate a successor. The choice he finally made would trigger an acrimonious controversy and would have a momentous impact on the disposition of the Court. The vacancy may have resulted from FDR’s Court-packing plan. Roosevelt had advanced his bold proposal in February because he was frustrated by the performance of the Supreme Court, particularly the “Four Horsemen,” Willis Van Devanter, Pierce Butler, James McReynolds, and George Sutherland. In May, during the heated Congressional battle, Van Devanter had announced his retirement in what some thought was a well-timed move to dispose of the plan, though his action may instead have come in response to more favorable retirement legislation or other considerations.
Japan: Development and Structural Change of the Financial System
Authors: Teranisid Juro 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the first three decades after World War II Japan can be regarded as a developing economy that, starting as a middle-income economy with chronic balance of payment pressures and Lewisian surplus labor, accomplished a successful transformation into a highly industrialized economy. This chapter examines the interaction between this development and the financial system. A brief summary of Japan’s macroeconomic performance between 1955 and 1990 forms the first section. The second section discusses the formation of the basic framework of the financial system of the high-growth period (1956 - 70) with special reference to the economic problems and financial conditions of the early 1950s. It also explores how and why the need to fill the gap between the demand and the supply of long-term funds, as well as for information, resulted in a highly regulated financial system based on indirect finance instead of a system of competitive money and capital markets.
Japan: Development and Structural Change of the Banking System
Authors: Kitagawa Hiroshi , Kurosawa Yoshitaka 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Maximization of capital investment was a goal shared by all three major groups of players in Japan-large industrial corporations, banks, and the central government-during the 1950s and 1960s as the nation sought to rebuild in the wake of World War II (see Nakamura 1980). Big businesses and major banks were closely tied by means of a main bank and cross-shareholding relationships. The corporate sector was able to borrow at relatively low interest rates from the banking sector, while small business paid much higher interest rates. There was little left in the way of loanable funds for households that wanted to engage in housing investment or consumer finance.
Korea: Development and Structural Change of the Financial System
Authors: Park Yung Chol 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
After almost 15 years of uninterrupted rapid growth fueled by export expansion, Korea was running into an economic crisis of major proportions late in the 1970s. The crisis was precipitated by unfavorable external developments, but was certainly exacerbated by domestic economic mismanagement by an interventionist government that exercised tight control over the financial regime. The sheer size and growing complexity of the economy unquestionably reduced the government’s ability to administer a system of rigid controls. Skepticism toward interventionist government grew deeper because of the massive investment in the heavy and chemical industries between 1975 and 1979 (which resulted in huge idle capacity in some of the targeted industries), accelerating inflation, and a growing current account deficit. In retrospect, it appears these macroeconomic developments, more than anything else, gave impetus to a surge of economic liberalism that culminated in a major stabilization program and in 1980-81 set in motion an attempt at economic liberalization.
Korea: Development and Structural Change of the Banking System
Authors: Park Yung Chol , Kim Dong Won 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Commercial banks are business firms engaged in the production and supply of intermediation services between savings-surplus units and spending-deficit units by combining labor, capital, and intermediate inputs. As financial intermediaries, they transform assets and serve as brokers of information. Like their counterparts in advanced economies, Korean commercial banks have undergone financial innovation and structural change in the process of deregulation. They have been transformed into multifaceted institutions supplementing their traditional role with securities business and a variety of fee-based activities considered outside the purview of commercial banking only a few years earlier.
Watching Ourselves: The Thomas Hearings and National Character
Authors: Nagel Robert F 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
For three days in October 1991, millions of Americans watched in appalled fascination as the Senate Judiciary Committee considered Anita Hill's charges against Clarence Thomas. Given the mystifying nature of the confrontation between two apparently honest, capable individuals and given the public's normal interest in all things sexual, widespread attention to the televised hearings was to be expected. But our absorption had qualities of intensity and seriousness that suggest a deeper explanation. Certainly many viewers thought that they saw in the hearings a drama conveying something significant about our moral circumstances and political institutions. Thus, citizens across the country discussed the disturbing symbolism of fourteen white male senators sitting in judgment on a black man and a black woman. Many women found common ground in the angry thought that ‘they just don't get it.’ For their part, incredulous men for the first time began to take seriously the claim that coping with vulgar sexual advances is a pervasive problem for working women.
Double Bind Number Three: Sameness/Difference
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
If everyone everywhere woke up tomorrow assuming that men and women ought to be treated in the same way in the same situations, a lot would change. Teachers would call on girls as often as boys. Women would earn the same salaries as men with comparable degrees. Ken would have joined Barbie in claiming that “math is tough”-or neither would have uttered the phrase. Women would be licensed to leer at the anatomy of men or no longer be subject to similar scrutiny. A First Gentleman would be as likely to be found at the side of the president as a First Lady. And 60-year-old women would be cast in the role of lovers in Oscar-winning fihns as often as 60- year-old men. Fathers would be found in the laundry as frequently as mothers. Fathers and mothers would not assume that sons are born with a carburetor gene and daughters with a chromosomal disposition to bake cakes.
Newsbinds
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Dubbed the “czarina,” Helen Kushnick reigned over Hollywood as Jay Leno’s manager and executive producer of his late-night show. Then the woman widely considered the most important female in the entertainment industry was deposed, dethroned by a double standard holding that locking Tonight Show guests out of the competition was ruthless-even though ruthlessness was business as usual for others booking shows. A male competitor practicing the Kushnick technique had a firm hand; Kushnick had a strong arm. So the woman who guided Leno’s career for eighteen years and had positioned him to assume the Tonight Show mantle was fired by NBC.
Introduction
Authors: Gallarotti Giulio M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Few periods in the history of the international monetary system evoke such positive sentiments among economic historians as the classical gold standard (1880-1914). At the same time, perhaps few periods have been as misunderstood or, until recently, neglected. It was an epoch which was not just acknowledged for a set of favorable monetary developments at both the international and domestic levels, but often venerated as a crowning achievement in monetary relations. Strange (1988, p. 97) states that “never since then has there been so long a period of financial stability, both in the credit system and in the relations of major trading currencies.” Cleveland (1976, pp. 26, 27) notes, “No monetary system is likely again to prove its equal in satisfying the criterion of international monetary order.” Interwar attempts to resuscitate the prewar system treated the gold standard more as an act of faith than a discretionary act of policy. Even more recently, the current problems of the international monetary “non-system” have generated a renewed interest in the study of the gold standard.
Cooperation under the Gold Standard
Authors: Gallarotti Giulio M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
How much were both the origins and stability of the gold standard a product of cooperation? What form did cooperation take? Did the cooperation take place between central banks or was it diplomatic in nature (i.e., between nations themselves)? These questions have yet to be adequately answered as an integrated set. In other words, there has yet to be a detailed analysis of cooperation under the gold standard that encompasses all the possible forms of cooperation. Events and historiography on the period lead us to wonder about the role of cooperation. First, the International Monetary Conference of 1867, called originally by the French to consider the extension of the Latin Monetary Union into a global bimetallist regime, actually turned into a discussion on creating a monetary union based on a gold standard and the French franc. The conference ended with a unanimous call, among the twenty most industrially advanced nations in the world, for a gold union based on French currency. The conference adjourned with the delegates bringing an international consensus to their legislatures to institute an international monetary union based on gold.
The Gold Standard and Regime Theory
Authors: Gallarotti Giulio M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In returning to the distinction made in Chapter 1 with respect to the typology of regime origin and stability (hegemonic, cooperative, and diffuse regimes), we find that the classical gold standard showed elements of all three, but not in the way that has normally been espoused in the historical work on the period and the general literature on international relations. The origin and stability of the gold standard carry implications for the study of international order under all three regime structures. The first section considers the implications of the regime dynamics of the gold standard with respect to hegemonic regimes, the second section considers the implications with respect to cooperative regimes, and the last considers the implications with respect to diffuse regimes.
Engineering Consideration
Authors: Bradley Betsy Hunter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In 1869 an engineer made recommendations for the construction and arrangement of a wood-working establishment. The building, constructed of stone, brick, iron, and slate, had to be strong and should contain no wood so it would be fireproof. The three- or four-story structure, with brick walls at least 18 inches thick, was to have door and window openings as large as possible without compromising the strength of the walls. The first floor, where the heaviest machinery would be placed, should be flush with the ground.