bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Use of Folk Remedies Among Children in an Urban Black Community: Remedies for Fever, Colic, and Teething
Authors: Smitherman Lynn C. , Janisse James , Mathur Ambika 
Published: March 2005

Background. Folk remedy use is universal, occurring in all cultures. Folk remedies have been and still are relied on in the black community. In this study, folk remedies refer to herbs, over-the-counter medications, and items traditionally used for cooking that are used to treat a variety of ailments.Objective. To identify folk remedies used to treat fever, colic, and teething among black children in Detroit, Michigan.Methods. Structured interviews were conducted with caregivers of healthy black children &lt;2 years of age who were patients of the general pediatric clinic at Children's Hospital of Michigan. Descriptive analysis of the frequency distribution of the responses was performed.Results. One hundred seven caregivers agreed to participate. All participants were familiar with the use of folk remedies. Most caregivers learned of these remedies from their mothers or grandmothers. Older parents were more likely to use folk remedies, but there was no difference in remedy use among different levels of maternal education.Conclusions. The knowledge and use of folk remedies were active in this black community. Their use seems to be cultural, rather than attributable to decreased access to health care. Physicians should be aware of these remedies, to educate families about remedies that may be harmful. Most remedies used pose no threat to health. In some cases, remedies may be blended with traditional medical treatments to ensure better patient compliance.
Effects of Seating Position and Appropriate Restraint Use on the Risk of Injury to Children in Motor Vehicle Crashes
Authors: Durbin Dennis R. , Chen Irene , Smith Rebecca , Elliott Michael R. , Winston Flaura K. 
Published: March 2005

Background. Currently, many states are upgrading their child restraint laws to include provisions for the use of age-appropriate restraints through 6 to 8 years of age, with some also requiring rear seating for children, enabling the laws to be in closer alignment with best-practice recommendations.Objective. To evaluate the relationships of seating position and restraint status to the risk of injury among children in passenger vehicle crashes.Methods. This was a cross-sectional study of children &lt;16 years of age who were involved in crashes of insured vehicles in 15 states, with data collected via insurance claims records and a telephone survey. A probability sample of 17980 children in 11506 crashes, representing 229106 children in 146613 crashes, was collected between December 1, 1998, and November 30, 2002. Parent reports were used to define restraint status, seating position, and occurrence of clinically significant injuries, with the use of a previously validated instrument.Results. Approximately 62% of the children used seat belts, 35% used child restraints, and 3% used no restraint. Nearly 4 of 5 children sat in the rear seat, with one half of all children being restrained appropriately for their age in the rear, although this varied according to the age of the child. Overall, 1.6% of children suffered serious injuries, 13.5% had minor injuries, and 84.9% did not have any injury. Unrestrained children in the front were at the highest risk of injury and appropriately restrained children in the rear were at the lowest risk, for all age groups. Inappropriately restrained children were at nearly twice the risk of injury, compared with appropriately restrained children (odds ratio [OR]: 1.8; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.4–2.3), whereas unrestrained children were at &gt;3 times the risk (OR: 3.2; 95% CI: 2.5–4.1). The effect of seating row was smaller than the effect of restraint status; children in the front seat were at 40% greater risk of injury, compared with children in the rear seat (OR: 1.4; 95% CI: 1.2–1.7). Had all children in the study population been appropriately restrained in the rear seat, 1014 serious injuries (95% CI: 675–1353 injuries) would have been prevented (with the assumption that restraint effectiveness does not depend on a variety of other driver-related, child-related, crash-related, vehicle-related, and environmental factors).Conclusions. Age-appropriate restraint confers relatively more safety benefit than rear seating, but the 2 work synergistically to provide the best protection for children in crashes. These results support the current focus on age-appropriate restraint in recently upgraded state child restraint laws. However, it is important to note that considerable added benefit would be realized with additional requirements for rear seating.
Association of Race/Ethnicity with Emergency Department Wait Times
Authors: James Catherine A. , Bourgeois Florence T. , Shannon Michael W. 
Published: March 2005

Objective. To determine whether wait times for children treated in emergency departments (EDs) nationally are associated with patient race/ethnicity.
Methods. Data were obtained from the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, which collects information on patient visits to EDs throughout the United States. We examined data for patients ≤15 years of age who presented to EDs during the 4-year period of 1997–2000. Sample weights were applied to the identified patient records to yield national estimates. For the purposes of this study, race/ethnicity was analyzed for 3 major groups, ie, non-Hispanic white (NHW), non-Hispanic black (NHB), and Hispanic white (HW).
Results. During the 4-year study period, 20633 patient visits were surveyed, representing a national sample of 92.9 million children ≤15 years of age. The race/ethnicity distribution included 9019 NHW children (59.5%), 3910 NHB children (23.9%), and 2991 HW children (16.6%). The wait time for all groups was 43.6 ± 1.7 minutes (mean ± SEM). There were significant unadjusted intergroup differences in wait times (38.5 ± 1.6 minutes, 48.7 ± 0.5 minutes, and 54.5 ± 0.1 minutes for NHW, NHB, and HW children, respectively). Visit immediacy (triage status), when reported, was categorized as &lt;15 minutes for 2203 children (17.1%), 15 to 60 minutes for 5324 (41.4%), 1 to 2 hours for 3010 (25.1%), and &gt;2 to 24 hours for 1910 (16.4%). There were significant unadjusted differences in triage status according to race, with 14.6% of NHW patients being placed in the &gt;2-hour immediacy range, compared with 18.8% of NHB patients and 20.0% of HW patients. In a linear regression analysis with logarithmically transformed wait time as a dependent variable and with adjustment for potential confounders, including hospital location, geographic region, and payer status, both NHB and HW patients waited longer than NHW patients, although the results were statistically significant only for HW patients.
Conclusions. These nationally representative data suggest that children who come to EDs have wait times that vary according to race/ethnicity. There are several potential explanations for this observation, including discrimination, cultural incompetence, language barriers, and other social factors. These data and similar data from the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey are useful in identifying nonclinical influences on the delivery of pediatric emergency care.
National Hospitalization Impact of Pediatric All-Terrain Vehicle Injuries
Authors: Killingsworth Jeffrey B. , Tilford John M. , Parker James G. , Graham James J. , Dick Rhonda M. , Aitken Mary E. 
Published: March 2005

Objective. All-terrain vehicle (ATV) injuries among children represent a significant and growing problem. Although state-level analyses have characterized some aspects of pediatric ATV-related injuries, little information on the national impact on hospitalization is available. This study was designed to characterize more fully the patterns of injury, hospital length of stay, and hospital charges associated with ATV-related injuries, with a nationally representative sample.Methods. Analyses were based on the 1997 and 2000 Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Kids' Inpatient Database (KID). The KID is the only national, all-payer database of hospital discharges for children. KID data were weighted to represent all discharges from general hospitals in the United States. Discharges with external cause-of-injury codes consistent with off-road ATV-related injuries were selected, and the affected population was described. Nationally representative rates of ATV-related injuries were calculated, and changes between 1997 and 2000 were documented.Results. An estimated 5292 children were hospitalized because of ATV-related injuries during the 2-year period, and hospitalizations increased 79.1% between 1997 and 2000. Rates of ATV-related hospitalization were highest among adolescent white male subjects, consistent with previous studies. Most patients had hospital lengths of stay of &lt;4 days (68%), but 10% had stays of &gt;8 days. Injury severity varied considerably, with more than one third of patients sustaining moderate to severe injuries. Approximately 1% of hospitalizations resulted in in-hospital deaths. Total hospital charges for this injury mechanism were $74367677 for the 2-year study period. Most of these charges were paid by private insurers.Conclusions. This study provides evidence supporting recent substantial increases in childhood ATV-related injuries. The hospitalization impact of ATV-related injuries among children is considerable. Our data support the need for ongoing creative attempts to identify effective strategies to decrease ATV injuries among children.
National Autism Prevalence Trends From United States Special Education Data
Authors: Newschaffer Craig J. , Falb Matthew D. , Gurney James G. 
Published: March 2005

Objective. Reports of large increases in autism prevalence have been a matter of great concern to clinicians, educators, and parents. This analysis uses a national data source to compare the prevalence of autism with that of other disabilities among successive birth cohorts of US school-aged children.
Design. Comparison of birth cohort curves constructed from administrative data.
Setting and Population. US children 6 to 17 years of age between 1992 and 2001.
Main Outcome Measures. A disability category classification of autism, mental retardation, speech and language impairment, traumatic brain injury, or other health impairment, as documented by state departments of education and reported to the Office of Special Education Programs, US Department of Education.
Results. Prevalences of disability category classifications for annual birth cohorts from 1975 to 1995 were calculated by using denominators from US Census Bureau estimates. For the autism classification, there were birth cohort differences, with prevalences increasing among successive (younger) cohorts. The increases were greatest for annual cohorts born from 1987 to 1992. For cohorts born after 1992, the prevalence increased with each successive year but the increases did not appear to be as great, although there were fewer data points available within cohorts. No concomitant decreases in categories of mental retardation or speech/language impairment were seen. Curves for other health impairments, the category including children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, also showed strong cohort differences.
Conclusions. Cohort curves suggest that autism prevalence has been increasing with time, as evidenced by higher prevalences among younger birth cohorts. The narrowing in vertical separation of the cohort curves in recent years may mark a slowing in the autism prevalence increase.
Severe Staphylococcal Sepsis in Adolescents in the Era of Community-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Gonzalez Blanca E. , Martinez-Aguilar Gerardo , Hulten Kristina G. , Hammerman Wendy A. , Coss-Bu Jorge , Avalos-Mishaan Anna , Mason Edward O. , Kaplan Sheldon L. 
Published: March 2005

Objective. More than 70% of the community-acquired (CA) staphylococcal infections treated at Texas Children's Hospital are caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Since September 2002, an increase in the number of severely ill patients with S aureus infections has occurred. This study provides a clinical description of severely ill adolescent patients and an analysis of their isolates using molecular methods.
Methods. We identified adolescent patients meeting criteria for severe sepsis requiring admission to the PICU. Patient records were reviewed, and isolates were obtained for susceptibility testing and DNA extraction. Isolates were tested for the presence of virulence genes (cna, tst, lukS-PV, and lukF-PV) and enterotoxin genes (sea, seb, sec, sed, seh, and sej) by polymerase chain reaction. Genomic fingerprints were determined by repetitive-element polymorphism polymerase chain reaction and pulse-field gel electrophoresis. SCCmec cassette type was determined.
Results. Fourteen adolescents with severe CA S aureus infections were identified between August 2002 and January 2004. All were admitted to the PICU with sepsis and coagulopathy. Twelve patients had CA-MRSA infections; 2 had CA methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) infections. The mean age was 12.9 years (range: 10-15 years). Thirteen patients had pulmonary involvement and/or bone and joint infection; 10 patients had ≥2 bones or joints infected (range: 2-10); 4 patients developed vascular complications (deep venous thrombosis); and 3 patients died. All isolates were identical or closely related to the previously reported predominant clone in Houston, Texas (multilocus sequence type 8, USA300), and carried lukS-PV and lukF-PV genes as well as the SCCmec type IVa cassette (12 MRSA isolates) but did not contain cna or tst. Only 1 strain carried enterotoxin genes (sed and sej).
Conclusions. Severe staphylococcal infections in previously healthy adolescents without predisposing risk factors have presented more frequently at Texas Children's Hospital since September 2002. CA MRSA and clonally related CA MSSA characterized as USA300 and sequence type 8 have been isolated from these patients.
Tobacco, Alcohol, and Other Drugs: The Role of the Pediatrician in Prevention, Identification, and Management of Substance Abuse
Authors: Kulig John W. ,   and the Committee on Substance Abuse
Published: March 2005

This Clinical Report was retired July 2017.
Substance abuse remains a major public health concern, and pediatricians are uniquely positioned to assist their patients and families with its prevention, detection, and treatment. The American Academy of Pediatrics has highlighted the importance of such issues in a variety of ways, including its guidelines for preventive services. The harmful consequences of tobacco, alcohol, and other drug use are a concern of medical professionals who care for infants, children, adolescents, and young adults. Thus, pediatricians should include discussion of substance abuse as a part of routine health care, starting with the prenatal visit, and as part of ongoing anticipatory guidance. Knowledge of the nature and extent of the consequences of tobacco, alcohol, and other drug use as well as the physical, psychological, and social consequences is essential for pediatricians. Pediatricians should incorporate substance-abuse prevention into daily practice, acquire the skills necessary to identify young people at risk of substance abuse, and provide or facilitate assessment, intervention, and treatment as necessary.
Relative Abundance, Growth, and Mortality of Suwannee Bass in Four Florida Rivers
Authors: Bonvechio Timothy F. , Allen Micheal S. , Cailteux Richard L. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
In an effort to aid in the conservation of black basses, the relative abundance, growth, and mortality of Suwannee bass Micropterus notius and largemouth bass M. salmoides were estimated from four Florida rivers. Fish were collected by electrofishing in the four rivers during 2001 and 2002. Electrofishing catch per unit effort of Suwannee bass was highest in the Wacissa River (95.1 fish/h), intermediate in the Santa Fe River (22.6 fish/h), and lowest in the Withlacoochee (5 fish/h) and Ochlockonee rivers (1.9 fish/h). Catch per unit effort for largemouth bass was also highest in the Wacissa River (50 fish/h), intermediate in the Santa Fe (19.8 fish/h) and Ochlockonee rivers (17.1 fish/h), and lowest in the Withlacoochee River (9.9 fish/h). Mean total length (TL) at age across the four Suwannee bass populations was described by von Bertalanffy growth curves as TL = 386.1 · (1 − e−0.3733(age+0.7772)) for females and as TL = 324.1 · (1 − e−0.4735(age+0.6543)) for males. Mean TL at age across the three largemouth bass populations was also described by von Bertalanffy growth curves as TL = 644.2 · (1 − e−0.2064(age+0.9840)) for females and TL = 427.8 · (1 − e−0.3164(age+0.9991)) for males. Suwannee bass exhibited sex-specific growth rates similar to those of largemouth bass, females experiencing more rapid growth and attaining larger sizes than males (F1, 564 = 20.39; P &lt; 0.01). Suwannee bass total annual mortality (A) averaged 40%, ranging from 28% to 46%. Similarly, largemouth bass total A averaged 40%, ranging from 35% to 46%. The current Florida minimum length limit on Suwannee bass directs fishing mortality almost solely to females, but estimates of fishing mortality are needed to determine whether this is a concern for black bass with a small native range.
Seasonal Movement Patterns, Habitat Use, and Home Range of Flathead Catfish in the Lower St. Joseph River, Michigan
Authors: Daugherty Daniel J. , Sutton Trent M. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Few studies have examined the seasonal movement patterns, habitat use, and home range of flathead catfish Pylodictis olivaris in lotic systems throughout the northern United States. We used ultrasonic telemetry on 39 flathead catfish (range, 430–1,132 mm total length) in the lower St. Joseph River, Michigan, to increase our understanding of these behaviors in northern populations of flathead catfish and to provide important information for the development of appropriate management strategies in this system. Transmitters were surgically implanted into the peritoneal cavity of selected individuals captured by means of low-voltage AC electrofishing during 2002 and 2003. Habitat use of flathead catfish was dominated by large woody debris and riprap at water depths less than 3 m during all seasons except winter, when fish utilized main-channel pool habitats associated with coarse substrates at water depths greater than 4 m. Flow rates at fish locations were not significantly different among seasons (range, 0.1–0.7 m/s). The mean seasonal movement distance and home range of flathead catfish were greatest during spring (1,045 and 1,513 m, respectively) and fall (1,146 and 1,296 m, respectively), when fish transitioned between summer and winter habitats, while movement distance and home range during summer months averaged 218 and 596 m, respectively. No movement was observed during the winter season. Our study results indicate that seasonal differences exist in the movement patterns, habitat use, and home range of flathead catfish in the lower St. Joseph River and that the availability of structure and main-channel pool habitats are important considerations in the management of this species.
The Use of Two New Portable 12-mm PIT Tag Detectors to Track Small Fish in Shallow Streams
Authors: Cucherousset Julien , Roussel Jean-Marc , Keeler Rachel , Cunjak Richard A. , Stump Roland 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
This paper describes two prototypes of portable detectors based on radio frequency identification modules and antennas commercially available in Europe and North America for reading small (2.1-mm × 11.5-mm) passive integrated transponder tags. Maximum tag detection distances ranged from 17 to 36 cm, depending on the system and orientation of the tag to the antenna. The efficiency of the detectors was field-tested with both wild juvenile brown trout Salmo trutta and adult slimy sculpin Cottus cognatus that had been marked by injection of a tag into the peritoneal cavity. By probing the water with the antenna, we were able to detect, on average, 69% of age-1 trout (fork length, 148 ± 26 mm (mean ± SD)), 82% of age-0 trout (fork length, 72 ± 8 mm), and 82% of adult sculpin (total length, 74 ± 9 mm). We did not conduct a formal study to compare the performances of the two prototypes or to determine how habitat characteristics may alter their efficiency.
Delayed Mortality of Tournament-Caught Walleyes
Authors: Graeb Brian D. S. , Shepherd Jamie L. , Willis David W. , Sorensen Jason S. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
We quantified the delayed mortality of walleyes Sander vitreus during three tournaments (April–June 2003) on Lake Francis Case, South Dakota. Weigh-in procedures (e.g., air exposure of fish during weigh-in, distance traveled, and so forth) and lake conditions (wind speed and wave height) were also measured to investigate how these factors affected delayed mortality. Delayed mortality was similar for control and tournament fish during the April tournament but increased for tournament fish as lake water temperature increased. Delayed mortality was 0% for control fish, even when tournament fish experienced high mortality; thus, the mortality of tournament fish was attributed to the tournament. Tournament procedures were generally similar for all tournaments, except that anglers traveled farther during later tournaments. The higher mortality experienced by tournament-caught walleyes during the June tournament was probably due to warmer water temperatures (18–20°C). These results will allow fisheries managers to better predict the effects of delayed mortality on walleyes caught in tournaments.
Chemical and Spectroscopic Investigation on the Plaster of a Byzantine Church
Authors: Alfano Davide , Scarabino Carla , Inverso Donato , Proto Antonio 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe discovery of a Byzantine church under the floor of one of the oldest churches of Salerno (Italy) has given us the opportunity to investigate the fine composition of the plaster through chemical and spectroscopic methods. In particular, considering that plasters are generally formed by a carbonate phase (carbonates) and an inert phase (silicates), the characterization, performed on the carbonate phase by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), has revealed the presence of dolomite minerals. This information indicates that, during the building process, some accessory minerals of marble were added in the mortar to be used like fillers. The carbonate phase makes too difficult the spectroscopic characterization of the inert phase. Only by acid attack of the plaster the inert phase has been isolated and its characterization, by XRD and optical microscopy, has indicated the presence of olivine minerals and other typical silicates of river sands.
Marbles in the FaÇade of the “Certosa di Pavia”: a Physico‐Chemical Study
Authors: Ferloni Paolo , Chierichetti Andrea , Tomasi Corrado , Ricci Oronzo 
Published: March 2005

AbstractIn the framework of an interdisciplinary research project on the well known monastery “Certosa di Pavia”, the thermal and structural properties of marbles employed in the construction of the façade of the basilica were investigated in order to detect the main decomposition phenomena occurring on the monument surface. The results obtained by means of thermogravimetric and differential thermal analyses, as well as by means of X‐ray diffraction and IR spectroscopy, allowed one to characterize samples taken from various sculptures of the façade and to bring out the degradation phenomena occurring in some of them, in particular the formation of “black crusts” with a high content in gypsum. The present findings are in fair agreement with those reported by other research groups which also studied with different techniques the construction materials of this monument.