bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relativistic effects in the optical response of HgSe by time‐dependent density functionals theory
Authors: de Boeij P. L. , Kootstra F. , Snijders J. G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe treat the dominant relativistic effects in the optical response properties of mercury selenide using time‐dependent density functional theory (TDDFT). The scalar relativistic effects have been included within the zeroth‐order regular approximation (ZORA) in both the ground‐state DFT calculations and in the time‐dependent response calculations. Within this approximation the HgSe crystal is found to be a semimetal. In a previous study [J Chem Phys 2001, 114, 1860] we have shown that TDDFT/ZORA can be applied successfully to narrow‐gap semiconductors, such as indium antimonide, that become semimetallic within the local density approximation when scalar relativistic effects are included. Results are given for the band structure, the static dielectric constant ϵ∞, and the dielectric function ϵ(ω) of HgSe, and these results are compared with the similar ones for InSb. We find considerably improved results for the dielectric function of HgSe when relativistic effects are included. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2001
Development of a method based on accelerated solvent extraction and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry for determination of arylphenoxypropionic herbicides in soil
Authors: Marchese Stefano , Perret Daniela , Gentili Alessandra , Curini Roberta , Marino Aldo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA sensitive and specific analytical procedure for determining arylphenoxypropionic herbicides in soil samples, using Ionspray ionization (ISI) liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS), is presented. Arylphenoxypropionic acids are a new class of herbicides used for selective removal of most grass species from any non‐grass crop, commercialized as herbicide esters. Previous studies have shown that the esters undergo fast hydrolysis in the presence of vegetable tissues and soil bacteria, yelding the corresponding free acid. The feasibility of rapidly extracting arylphenoxypropionic herbicides from soil by accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) techniques was evaluated. Four different soil samples were fortified with target compounds at levels of 5 and 20 ng/g by following a procedure able to mimic weathered soils. Herbicides were extracted by a methanol/water (80:20 v/v) solution (0.12 M) of NaCl at 90 °C. After clean‐up using graphitized carbon black (GCB) as absorbent, the extract was analyzed by HPLC/ISI‐MS. The effect of concentration of acid in the mobile phase on the response of ISI‐MS was investigated. The effects of varying the orifice plate voltage on the production of diagnostic fragment ions, and on the response of the MS detector, were also investigated. The ISI‐MS response was linearly related to the amounts of analytes injected between 1 and 200 ng. The limit of detection (signal‐to‐noise ratio = 3) of the method for the pesticides in soil samples was estimated to be less than 1 ng/g. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the maximum number of Hamiltonian paths in tournaments
Authors: Adler Ilan , Alon Noga , Ross Sheldon M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBy using the probabilistic method, we show that the maximum number of directed Hamiltonian paths in a complete directed graph with n vertices is at least (e−o(1)) (n!/2n−1). © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 18: 291–296, 2001
GPRS random access channel performance over the Geostationary Mobile Satellite Standard
Authors: Voce Daniel A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe performance of the General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) random access channel as applied to the newly proposed Geostationary Mobile Satellite Standard (GMSS) is analysed. This standard adapts the GSM air interface to a geostationary satellite network. The channel is studied using analytical techniques. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multidirectional associative memory with a hidden layer
Authors: Kobayashi Masaki , Hattori Motonobu , Yamazaki Haruaki 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMAM (Multidirectional Associative Memory) is an extended BAM (Bidirectional Associative Memory), and an associative memory model which can deal with multiple associations. If the training set has common terms, the conventional MAM often recalls the convolutional patterns. IMAM (Improved Multidirectional Associative Memory) can store them, but the structure is complex and the storage capacity is extremely small because it must use correlation matrix. In this paper, we propose a MAM with a hidden layer and its learning method. The structure is as simple as MAM and can store the training set which includes common terms. By computer simulation, we show the storage capacity is far larger than correlation learning and it is robust against noise. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 33(6): 1–9, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.10105
Statistical filter for multiple test noise on fMRI
Authors: Takada Takahiro , Hasegawa Takemitsu , Ogura Hisakazu , Tanaka Masato , Yamada Hiroki , Komuro Hiroyuki , Ishii Yasushi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractEPI‐based fMRI technology, with a capability for high‐speed imaging, is expected to make possible the analysis of brain activation states in vivo. However, actual functional images acquired by fMRI contain much noise, which is a problem for detailed analysis, and improvement of image quality remains an important task. Such noise in fMRI images includes not only components related to fluctuations of signal intensity, but also those related to image processing. In functional brain images acquired by fMRI, the signals are weak; although activated states can be detected at the pixel level, the activation images thus obtained include test errors caused by multiple testing. Such errors might be reduced to some extent by the usual noise filters, but in reality statistical filters using statistical properties of noise should be employed. The statistical filter proposed in this study uses the binomial distribution to decide whether the activation states in a certain region occur at random or not. The proposed filter is evaluated by computer simulation. In addition, the paper presents the results of applying the filter to brain activation images acquired by fMRI during stimulation by finger tapping. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Syst Comp Jpn, 32(12): 16–24, 2001
A tracking algorithm for extracting ridge lines in three‐dimensional gray images using curvature of four‐dimensional hypersurface
Authors: Hirano Yasushi , Shimizu Akinobu , Hasegawa Jun‐ichi , Toriwaki Jun‐ichiro 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper proposes a thinning algorithm for tracking ridge lines in three‐dimensional (3D) gray images. A characteristic of this algorithm is that input 3D gray images can be used directly without preprocessing such as binarization or separation of background. This algorithm obtains thin lines by tracking ridge lines, starting at points where the intensity has its local maximum. Combinations of three principal curvatures of a 4D hypersurface are used for the condition of continuation of tracking. It has been verified that lines considered to be ridge lines can be extracted when the proposed algorithm is applied to artificial images and real images. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Syst Comp Jpn, 32(12): 25–37, 2001
The source of poor policy: controlling learning drift and premature consensus in human organizations
Authors: Hines Jim , House Jody 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAs system dynamicists, we spend our days finding and patching up faulty policies, giving surprisingly little thought to the origin of these poor decision rules. And yet, if we understood their origin, we might be able to attack the problem of faulty policy at its source. This article presents a theory of policy formation that is consistent with what is known about evolutionary processes and human psychology. The theory is translated into a computer simulation model, which is used to illuminate several “handles” on policy creation. The handles influence two potential failure modes in policy creation: (1) “learning drift”, a process in which people learn unselectively and, hence, learn without improving; and/or (2) “premature consensus”, a process in which managers agree on a policy before the “best” one has emerged. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Toward a synthesis of the resource‐based and dynamic‐capability views of rent creation
Authors: Makadok Richard 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTwo distinct causal mechanisms—resource‐picking and capability‐building—have been proposed in the strategic management literature about how firms create economic rents. Under the resource‐picking mechanism, managers gather information and analysis to outsmart the resource market in picking resources, similar to the way that a mutual fund manager tries to outsmart the stock market in picking stocks. Under the capability‐building mechanism, managers design and construct organizational systems to enhance the productivity of whatever resources the firm acquires. These two rent‐creation mechanisms are certainly not mutually exclusive, and it is likely that firms generally use both of them. It is therefore important to consider the interaction between these two rent‐creation mechanisms: Do they complement each other? Or are they substitutes for each other? In other words, do they enhance each other's value, or detract from each other's value? Answering these questions is a necessary precondition to understanding how firms should allocate their time and effort between these two rent‐creation mechanisms. The present paper develops a basic theoretical model to address these questions, and derives testable hypotheses from the model. The model predicts that the two rent‐creation mechanisms are complementary in some circumstances but substitutes in others. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A reexamination and extension of international strategy–structure theory
Authors: Wolf Joachim , Egelhoff William G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractUsing a sample of 95 German firms, the study finds general support for the traditional fits of international strategy–structure theory. Employing an information‐processing perspective, the study conceptually and empirically extends existing theory (1) to address strategy–structure fit for various types of matrix structure, and (2) by adding two new elements of international strategy to the existing international strategy–structure model: the level of international transfers and level of foreign R&D. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysing, modelling and improving workflow application development processes
Authors: Weske Mathias , Goesmann Thomas , Holten Roland , Striemer Rüdiger 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe success of workflow projects to a large extent depends on how workflow application development processes are planned, organized and conducted. Based on lessons learned from problems encountered during real‐world workflow projects, this paper presents a development methodology for workflow application development processes, which guides project managers and developers through the complex structure of these processes, aiming at developing more adequate, usable and reliable workflow applications. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Current status of total mesorectal excision and autonomic nerve preservation in rectal cancer
Authors: Murty Murali , Enker Warren E. , Martz Joseph 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTwo decades have passed since the late 1970s, which witnessed the introduction of total mesorectal excision (TME)‐based operations for rectal cancers on both sides of the Atlantic. Since the introduction of TME, clinical experience has been reported widely in the form of single‐ and multisurgeon reports from wide geographic regions with multiple participants, and from specialty services with narrow focus and high levels of expertise. All of these published results conclude that in comparison with conventionally practiced blunt surgery for rectal cancer, TME‐based (i.e., anatomically correct, sharply performed) operations are associated with significantly lower rates of pelvic (local) recurrences, a significantly higher rate of survival, and significantly lower long‐term morbidity. The latter is accomplished through dramatically higher rates of sphincter preservation, and the preservation of both sexual and urinary functions. Overall, there is a remarkable similarity in the clinical results that have been reported from diverse centers. TME now forms the basis of large randomized clinical trials in which the role of adjuvant therapy is being reexamined. The current status of TME is reviewed, and the authors’ clinical results of a consecutive series of 544 TME‐based operations performed through 1998 are updated. Semin. Surg. Oncol. 19:321–328, 2000. © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Long‐term impairment of anterograde axonal transport along fiber projections originating in the rostral raphe nuclei after treatment with fenfluramine or methylenedioxymethamphetamine
Authors: Callahan Brian T. , Cord Branden J. , Ricaurte George A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTo further evaluate the serotonin (5‐HT) neurotoxic potential of substituted amphetamines, we used tritiated proline to examine anterograde transport along ascending axonal projections originating in the rostral raphe nuclei of animals treated 3 weeks previously with (±)fenfluramine (FEN, 10 mg/kg, every 2 h × 4 injections; i.p.) or (±)3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, 20 mg/kg, twice daily for 4 days; s.c.). The documented 5‐HT neurotoxin, 5,7‐dihydroxytryptamine (5,7‐DHT, 75 μg; ICV; 30 min after pretreatment with pargyline, 50 mg/kg; i.p., and desipramine 25 mg/kg; i.p.), served as a positive control. Along with anterograde axonal transport, we measured two 5‐HT axonal markers, 5‐HT and 5‐hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5‐HIAA). Prior treatment with FEN or MDMA led to marked reductions in anterograde transport of labeled material to various forebrain regions known to receive 5‐HT innervation. These reductions were associated with lasting decrements in 5‐HT axonal markers. In general, decreases in axonal transport were less pronounced than those in 5‐HT and 5‐HIAA. However, identical changes were observed after 5,7‐DHT. These results further indicate that FEN and MDMA, like 5,7‐DHT, are 5‐HT neurotoxins. Synapse 40:113–121, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Vesicular acetylcholine transporter in the rat nucleus accumbens shell: Subcellular distribution and association with μ‐opioid receptors
Authors: Svingos Adena L. , Colago Eric E.O. , Pickel Virginia M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractCholinergic interneurons in the nucleus accumbens shell (AcbSh) are implicated in the reinforcing behaviors that develop in response to opiates active at μ‐opioid receptors (MOR). We examined the electron microscopic immunocytochemical localization of the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) and MOR to determine the functional sites for storage and release of acetylcholine (ACh), and potential interactions involving MOR in this region of rat brain. VAChT was primarily localized to membranes of small synaptic vesicles in axon terminals. Less than 10% of the VAChT‐labeled terminals were MOR‐immunoreactive. In contrast, 35% of the cholinergic terminals formed symmetric or punctate synapses with dendrites showing an extrasynaptic plasmalemmal distribution of MOR. Membranes of tubulovesicles in other selective dendrites were also VAChT‐labeled, and almost half of these dendrites displayed plasmalemmal MOR immunoreactivity. The VAChT‐labeled dendritic tubulovesicles often apposed unlabeled axon terminals that formed symmetric synapses. Our results indicate that in the AcbSh MOR agonists can modulate the release of ACh from vesicular storage sites in axon terminals as well as in dendrites where the released ACh may serve an autoregulatory function involving inhibitory afferents. These results also suggest, however, that many of the dendrites of spiny projection neurons in the AcbSh are dually influenced by ACh and opiates active at MOR, thus providing a cellular substrate for ACh in the reinforcement of opiates. Synapse 40:184–192, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Selection of technical risk responses for efficient contingencies
Authors: Kujawski Edouard 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe primary goal of good project risk management should be to successfully deliver projects for the lowest cost at an acceptable level of risk. This requires the systematic development and implementation of a set of Risk Response Actions (RRAs) that achieves the lowest total project cost for a given probability of success while meeting technical performance and schedule. We refer to this set as the “efficient RRA set.” This work presents a practical and mathematically sound approach for determining the efficient RRA set. It builds on some of Markowitz's portfolio selection principles and introduces several conceptual and modeling differences to properly treat project technical risks. The set of RRAs is treated as whole and not just individual risks. The efficient RRA set is determined based on “Outcome Cost vs. Probability of Success.” The risks and RRAs are characterized using scenarios, decision trees, and cumulative probability distributions. The analysis provides information that enables decision‐makers to select the efficient RRA set that explicitly takes their attitude toward project risk into account. Decision‐makers should find it both useful and practical for sound decision‐making under uncertainty/risk and efficiently optimizing project success. The computations are readily performed using commercially available Monte Carlo simulation tools. The approach is detailed using a realistic but simplified case of a project with two technical risks. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng 5, 194–212, 2002
The systems engineering started in the middle process: A consensus of systems engineers and project managers
Authors: Bahill A. Terry , Briggs Clark 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe systems engineering process often begins somewhere in the middle of a project. Naturally, the systems engineering process should be different for a project where systems engineering starts in the middle versus a project where it starts at the beginning of the project. This article presents a consensus of senior systems engineers and project managers at the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory and Raytheon Missile Systems about how systems engineering is done when it starts in the middle of a project. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Syst Eng 4: 156–167, 2001
Using a requirement management tool for verification management
Authors: Hamann R. J. , Oort M. J. A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis article discusses the experiences at a medium‐sized space industry with the application of both custom‐made and commercial tools for requirements and verification management. It lists the advantages and disadvantages of the different implementations and concludes that none of them are fully satisfactory. Possible reasons for this outcome are suggested. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Syst Eng 4: 169–178, 2001
Assessment of DNA damage in spleen, bone marrow, and peripheral blood from malnourished rats by single cell gel electrophoresis assay
Authors: Cortés Edith , González Cristina , Betancourt Miguel , Ortiz Rocío 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSevere malnutrition is widely distributed throughout the world and exhibits a high prevalence in developing countries. Experimental malnutrition models have been useful to study the effects of malnutrition at early ages. The purpose of this study was to determine if severe malnutrition induced during lactation in rats increases DNA damage in spleen, peripheral blood, and bone marrow cells, as well as in isolated lymphocytes or lymphoid cells from the same tissues. These cells were obtained from malnourished rats at weaning (21 days of age). DNA damage was estimated by using the alkaline single cell electrophoresis assay. The results obtained in this study indicate that malnutrition is associated with a significant increase in DNA damage in all cell types that were studied in malnourished rats. The analysis of the length of DNA migration and dispersion coefficient showed that some cell types were more susceptible to DNA damage related with malnutrition. The damage observed could be due to the deficiency of several essential nutrients required for protein synthesis that are associated with DNA integrity, impaired DNA repair mechanisms, and/or to the unavailability of molecules necessary to protect the cells against DNA oxidative damage. This damage may produce negative effects for the further development of the organism, since bone marrow is the main site of hematopoiesis and spleen is an important lymphopoietic organ. Also, the increased level of DNA damage in peripheral blood lymphocytes and leukocytes could be related to negative effects such as a deficient immune response. Teratogenesis Carcinog. Mutagen. 21:231–247, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Variation in toxin compositions of two harmful raphidophytes, Chattonella antiqua and Chattonella marina, at different salinities
Authors: Mahean Haque Shahroz , Onoue Yoshio 
Published: August 2002

AbstractToxin compositions of the two species of raphidophytes, Chattonella antiqua (Hada) Ono and Chattonella marina (Subrahmanyan) Hara et Chihara, were investigated at different salinities under laboratory conditions. C. antiqua contained toxin components CaTx‐I, CaTx‐II, CaTx‐III, and CaTx‐IV, which corresponded to brevetoxin components PbTx‐1, PbTx‐2, PbTx‐3, and oxidized PbTx‐2. Similarly, C. marina included CmTx‐I, CmTx‐II, CmTx‐III, and CmTx‐IV corresponding to PbTx‐2, PbTx‐9, PbTx‐3, and oxidized PbTx‐2. Toxin yields in both species varied markedly with a change in salinity concentration. In C. antiqua CaTx‐I, CaTx‐II, and CaTx‐III peaked at 25 P.P.t. with yields of 0.99, 0.42, and 2.90 pg/cell, but the highest yield (2.35 pg/cell) of CaTx‐IV was attained at 30 P.P.t. The yields of all CaTx components decreased sharply at salinities exceeding 30 P.P.t. On the other hand, C. marina yielded higher proportions of CmTx‐I (0.55 pg/cell) and CmTx‐III (2.50 pg/cell) at 25 P.P.t. However, CmTx‐IV was present in its highest amount (1.65 pg/cell) at 30 P.P.t., as seen in C. antiqua. A small amount of CmTx‐II was also detected at 20 P.P.t.–35 P.P.t. Both species showed the highest ichthyotoxicities at 25 P.P.t., at which the maximum cell division rate was obtained. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 17: 113–118, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/tox.10039