bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distribution of neurons expressing neurokinin B in the rat brain: Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization
Authors: Marksteiner Josef , Sperk Günther , Krause James E. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractNeurokinin B (NKB) belongs to the family of neuropeptides named tachykinins. Members of this family such as substance P or neurokinin A have been proposed to function as neurotransmitters or neuromodulators. Searching for possible sites of action of NKB in the central nervous system, we have now investigated its distribution within the rat brain by immunohistochemical techniques and in situ hybridization. For immunohistology two different antisera directed against amino acid sequences within preprotachykinin B were used. One antiserum had been raised against a synthetic derivative of NKB; the other one was directed towards the amino acids 50–79 of preprotachykinin B, which are referred to as peptide 2.Essentially the same distribution of immunoreactive perikarya was obtained with both antisera and it closely corresponded to the cellular localization of preprotachykinin B mRNA. Neurons containing NKB immunoreactivity and mRNA were present in many areas including cerebral cortex, hippocampal formation, amygdaloid complex, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, ventral pallidum, habenula, medial preoptic area, arcuate nucleus, and lateral mammillary bodies. Dense immunoreactive fibers were observed in various parts of the brain and were most prominent in the olfactory bulb and tubercle, the lateral olfactory tract, medial hypothalamus, around blood vessels of the median eminence and interpeduncular nucleus, amygdaloid nuclei, stria terminalis, subbrachial nucleus, and medial geniculate nucleus. Fibers of less intense staining were seen among other brain areas in the substantia nigra, the reticular formation, and the area of the nucleus of the solitary tract. Surgical lesion of the fasciculus retroflexus revealed that the dense fiber network observed in the interpeduncular nucleus originates from the ventral and dorsal parts of the medial habenula. Our data suggest a widespread and distinct distribution of neurons expressing NKB within the central nervous system, suggesting possible neuromodulatory roles of this neuropeptide for various brain functions.
Immunocytochemical localization of androgen receptors in the male songbird and quail brain
Authors: Balthazart Jacques , Foidart Agnes , Wilson Elizabeth M. , Ball Gregory F. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe distribution of androgen receptors was studied in the brain of the Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica), the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata), and the canary (Serinus canaria) by immunocytochemistry with a polyclonal antibody (AR32) raised in rabbit against a synthetic peptide corresponding to a sequence located at the N‐terminus of the androgen receptor molecule. In quail, androgen receptor‐immunoreactive cells were observed in the nucleus intercollicularis and in various nuclei of the preoptic‐hypothalamic complex, namely, the nucleus preopticus medialis, the ventral part of the nucleus anterior medialis hypothalami, the nucleus paraventricularis magnocellularis, the nucleus ventromedialis hypothalami, and the tuberal hypothalamus. In the two songbird species, labeled cells were also observed in various nuclei in the preoptic‐hypothalamic region, in the nucleus taeniae, and in the nucleus intercollicularis. Additional androgen receptor‐immunoreactive cells were present in the androgen‐sensitive telencephalic nuclei that are part of the song control system. These immunoreactive sells filled and outlined the boundaries of the hyperstriatum ventrale, pars caudalis, nucleus magnocellularis neostriatalis anterioris (both in the lateral and medial subdivisions), and nucleus robustus archistriatalis. The immunoreactive material was primarily present in cell nuclei but a low level of immunoreactivity was also clearly detected in cytoplasm in some brain areas. These studies demonstrate, for the first time, that androgen receptors can be detected by immunocytochemistry in the avian brain and the results are in general agreement with the binding data obtained by autoradiography with tritiated dihydrotestosterone. Immunocytochemical methods offer several advantages over autoradiography and their use for the study of the androgen receptor will greatly facilitate the analysis of steroid‐sensitive systems in the avian brain.
Distribution of nigrothalamic projections in the dog
Authors: Sakai Sharleen T. , Smith André 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe distribution of nigrothalamic projections was studied in the dog by using the autoradiographic tracing method. On the basis of a systematic series of tritiated amino acid injections into different portions of the substantia nigra, we found that the rostral three‐fourths of the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) gives rise to widespread thalamic projections. The nigrothalamic label, occupied a longitudinal band extending from rostral ventral anterior nucleus (VA) through to caudal mediodorsal nucleus (MD). In the dog, VA is histochemically identified as an acetylthiocholinesterase (AChE)‐negative region and is distinct from the adjacent ventral lateral nuclei which stain positively for AChE. In rostral thalamus, the dense autoradiographic label was observed in rostral VA within the AchE‐negative region lying alongside the mammillothalamic tract (MT). The adjacent AChE‐positive ventral lateral nuclei did not contain autoradiographic label. In addition, homogeneously distributed silver grains were observed throughout the ventromedial nucleus (VM) bilaterally. More caudally, as the ventral lateral thalamic compartment emerges, label was also observed within the internal medullary lamina region, including the paralaminar portion of VA, the central lateral nucleus (CL), and the paralaminar portion of MD. Finally, in caudal thalamus, the central portion of MD, as well as the parafascicular nucleus (Pf), contained autoradiographic label. The overall nigrothalamic distribution observed in the dog was similar to the distribution of nigrothalamic projections in monkeys with one exception. Unlike that of primates, the distribution of nigral efferents is to the whole extent of VM in the dog as in other non‐primate species. Overall, we found that nigral efferents primarily project to three main thalamic targets: the VA/MD region, VM, and the internal medullary lamina region, which includes dorsal CL and paralaminar VA and MD. We propose that these three nigrothalamic territories may constitute critical links subserving different functional channels.
Differential cholinergic innervation within functional subdivisions of the human cerebral cortex: A choline acetyltransferase study
Authors: Mesulam M.‐Marsel , Hersh Louis B. , Mash Deborah C. , Geula Changiz 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe distribution of cholinergic fibers in the human brain was investigated with choline acetyltransferase immunocytochemistry in 35 cytoarchitectonic subdivisions of the cerebral cortex. All cortical areas and all cell layers contained cholinergic axons. These fibers displayed numerous varicosities and, on occasion, complex preterminal profiles arranged in the form of dense clusters. The density of cholinergic axons tended to be higher in the more superficial layers of the cerebral cortex. Several distinct patterns of lamination were identified. There were also major differences in the overall density of cholinergic axons from one cytoarchitectonic area to another. The cholinergic innervation of primary sensory, unimodal, and heteromodal association areas was lighter than that of paralimbic and limbic areas. Within unimodal association areas, the density of cholinergic axons and varicosities was significantly lower in the upstream (parasensory) sectors than in the downstream sectors. Within paralimbic regions, the non‐isocortical sectors had a higher density of cholinergic innervation than the isocortical sectors. The highest density of cholinergic axons was encountered in core limbic structures such as the hippocampus and amygdala. These observations show that the cholinergic innervation of the human cerebral cortex displays regional variations that closely follow the organization of information processing systems.
Distribution of neuropeptide Y, substance P, and Choline acetyltransferase in the developing visual system of the pigeon and effects of unilateral retina removal
Authors: Bagnoli Paola , Fontanesi Gigliola , Alesci Roberto , Erichsen Jonathan T. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe distribution of three neuroactive substances, neuropeptide Y, substance P, and choline acetyltransferase, was studied by immunocytochemical methods in central visual regions of adult, developing, and ablated pigeon brains. In normal adult brains, neuropeptide Y‐positive cells and processes were present in the nucleus pretectalis, the nucleus of the basal optic root, the nucleus of the marginal optic tract, and the visual Wulst. Substance P‐positive cells and processes were found in the optic tectum and in the visual Wulst. Stained fibers and terminal‐like processes, but no cells, were also observed in several visual thalamic nuclei. Choline acetyltransferase‐positive cells and processes were located in the optic tectum, visual Wulst, the nucleus isthmo opticus, nucleus isthmi and certain visual thalamic nuclei. Cholinergic fibers and processes, but no cells, were present in the nucleus principalis precommissuralis, the supraoptic decussation, and the nucleus lentiformis mesencephali, pars magnocellularis. In the course of development, the distribution of immunoreactivity for all three substances was found to vary. These changes often involved either progressive increases or decreases in the density of labeled cells, neuropil and/or terminal‐like profiles. Experiments with retina ablated pigeons clearly demonstrated that changes in the normal pattern of immunoreactivity distribution only occurred if the retina was removed immediately after hatching, i.e., before retinofugal connections have been established. The adult pattern of immunoreactivity for all three substances appears to be reached at about the same time that the anatomical and functional maturation of the pigeon visual system is completed. The present results suggest that this temporal correlation reflects the important role that retinal afferents play in the development of these putative peptidergic and cholinergic systems.
Parvalbumin‐containing nonpyramidal neurons in intracortical transplants of rat hippocampal and neocortical tissue: A light and electron microscopic immunocytochemical study
Authors: Plaschke Martina , Nitsch Robert , Wenzel Jürgen , Frotscher Michael 
Published: January 2005

AbstractPrevious immunocytochemical studies have shown that GABAergic nonpyramidal neurons of the rat hippocampus survive in intracerebral transplants. However, information is still lacking about the dendritic organization and the input synapses of these cells as well as their capacity to express the calcium‐binding protein parvalbumin (PARV) under transplant conditions.In the present study, a monoclonal antibody against PARV was used to examine the dendritic morphology and the synaptic organization of parvalbumin‐containing GABAergic neurons in hippocampal and dentate transplants. In addition, parvalbumin‐containing nonpyramidal neurons were studied in neocortical transplants to compare the differentiation of grafted allocortical and neocortical nonpyramidal neurons.Tissue blocks of hippocampus and fascia dentata and of the parietal neocortex were taken from late embryonic rats (E 21 and E 16, respectively) and were transplanted into a cavity in the somatosensory cortex of young adult rats. After 3.5 or 7 months survival, the recipient brains were fixed by perfusion and immunostained for PARV. As in the hippocampal formation in situ, PARV‐containing neurons in the hippocampal transplants were observed within and in the vicinity of the pyramidal and granule cell layer. In neocortical transplants, PARV‐immunoreactive cells were distributed in all parts of the transplant with dendrites extending in various directions. In both hippocampal and neocortical transplants, immunoreactive dendrites were smooth and displayed the characteristic regular varicosities known from in situ studies of these cells. Numerous unlabeled terminals as well as a few immunoreactive boutons established synapses on the immunoreactive dendrites. PARV‐positive terminals formed the typical pericellular baskets around the immunoreactive cell bodies of pyramidal neurons and granule cells in the transplants. They established symmetric synapses with cell bodies and proximal dendrites. Synapses on axon initial segments were absent or rare.Our results demonstrate that allocortical as well as neocortical nonpyramidal neurons transplanted to the neocortex of adult recipients survive transplantation, express the calcium‐binding protein parvalbumin, and develop a cell‐specific morphology. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The localization of nerve growth factor‐like immunoreactivity in the adult rat basal forebrain and hippocampal formation
Authors: Conner J. M. , Muir D. , Varon S. , Hagg T. , Manthorpe M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe role of nerve growth factor (NGF) as a target derived neurotrophic agent for specific cell populations in the peripheral nervous system has been well documented and much evidence suggests that NGF may serve a similar neurotrophic role in the CNS supporting the cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain. Previous attempts to localize NGF by immunocytochemical methods, however, have not yielded evidence confirming the regional distribution expected based upon reported levels of extractable NGF. In the present study, affinity purified polyclonal antibodies to β‐NGF and a modified immunohistochemical protocol were used to demonstrate specific NGF‐like immunoreactivity in the adult rat hippocampal formation and basal forebrain. In the hippocampal formation, NGF‐like immunoreactivity was localized primarily within the hilus of the dentate gyrus and within stratum lucidum of the CA3 and CA2 hippocampal subfields. Staining appeared to be associated with cell processes and was similar to the reported distribution of mossy fibers suggesting that granule cells may either serve as a primary source of hippocampal NGF or that mossy fibers selectively accumulate NGF produced by other cell populations. In the basal forebrain, NGF‐like immunoreactivity was localized within neuronal cell bodies of the medial septum, diagonal band, and nucleus basalis of Meynert and was further demonstrated to colocalize exclusively with LNGF‐R positive neurons. These findings demonstrate the presence of an NGF‐like antigen in association with cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain and strongly support the hypothesis that NGF may serve as an endogenous trophic factor for this adult neuronal population. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Galanin immunoreactivity in the primate central nervous system
Authors: Kordower Jeffrey H. , Le Hieu K. , Mufson Elliott J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractGalanin‐immunoreactive profiles were localized within the monkey and human central nervous system. In the monkey telencephalon, galanin‐immunoreactive perikarya were seen within the anterior olfactory nucleus, basal forebrain, endopiriform nucleus, hippocampus, and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. The caudate nucleus and putamen contained galanin‐immunoreactive perikarya whereas the nucleus accumbens displayed only galanin‐immunoreactive fibers. In the diencephalon, galanin‐immunoreactive profiles were seen within the medial preoptic area, periventricular, suprachiasmatic, paraventricular, and arcuate nuclei as well as the lateral hypothalamic area. Within the thalamus, only galanin‐immunoreactive fibers were seen within the midline paraventricular, reuniens, and rhomboid nuclei. In the mesencephalon, scattered galanin‐immunoreactive fibers were seen in the periaquaductal gray, ventral tegmental area, and midbrain reticular formation. In the metencephalon, galanin‐immunoreactive neurons were observed in the medial vestibular nucleus and nucleus prepositus. In the myelencephalon, galanin‐immunoreactive perikarya were seen within the nucleus of the tractus solitarius and hypoglossal nucleus. Dense collections of galanin‐immunoreactive fibers were found in the spinal descending tract of V, nucleus of the tractus solitarius, and dorsal motor nucleus of X. Galanin immunoreactivity was also observed within all circumventricular organs. Spinal anterior horn neurons expressed galanin immunoreactivity, and immunopositive fibers were seen within the tract of Lissauer and the substantia gelatinosa. Although the distribution of galanin immunoreactivity was generally similar between monkeys and humans, there were a few striking exceptions. The human supraoptic nucleus contained galanin‐immunoreactive neurons, whereas the monkey supraoptic nucleus displayed only immunopositive fibers. Similarly, galanin‐immunoreactive perikarya and fibers were seen in the human locus coeruleus and subcoeruleus, whereas in monkeys these regions contained only fibers. These data demonstrate a widespread distribution of galanin‐containing profiles in primates, suggesting that galanin may modulate cognitive, sensory, motor, and autonomic processes. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development of catecholaminergic, Indoleamine‐accumulating and NADPH‐diaphorase amacrine cells in rabbit retinae
Authors: Mitrofanis John , Robinson Stephen R. , Ashwell Ken 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe have investigated the ontogeny of four classes of amacrine cells in the rabbit retina. In particular, the distribution, number, soma diameter, dendritic field diameter, and pattern of dendritic stratification were studied in catecholaminergic (CA) and indoleamine‐accumulating (IA) amacrines and in two classes of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) diaphorase amacrine cells. The first CA and IA cells are observed on the 27th postconceptional day (27PCD) and the first NADPH‐diaphorase cells on 28PCD. These first cells are concentrated in the central part of the visual streak, and at subsequent ages, cells in this part of the streak have larger somata and more mature dendritic fields than those elsewhere, supporting the notion that the peak density region is a developmentally advanced part of the retina.Throughout development, amacrine cells of all classes are concentrated in the visual streak, with their density reaching minima at the superior and inferior retinal margins. As their total number increases, the difference in cell density between the streak and the periphery decreases, presumably because proportionately more cells are added at the periphery. Their total number peaks around 42PCD, followed by a decline of 12–31% to adult values. Once the peak number of cells has been reached, the difference in cell density between the streak and periphery begins to increase. The rate of this increase is closely correlated with the increase in retinal area. This redistribution of amacrine cells, as well as a greater expansion of their dendritic fields in peripheral retina, is almost certainly the product of nonuniform retinal expansion. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A unique morphological subtype of horizontal cell in the rabbit retina with orientation‐sensitive response properties
Authors: Bloomfield Stewart A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntracellular recordings were obtained from horizontal cells in the rabbit retina to assess the orientation sensitivity of their visual responses to moving and stationary rectangular slits of light. Cells were subsequently labeled with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) for morphological identification. The responses of A‐type horizontal cells and those of the somatic and axon terminal endings of B‐type horizontal cells (with the exception of one cell) were found to be insensitive to the orientation of light stimuli. However, 20 horizontal cells encountered within or just superior to the visual streak displayed clear orientation‐sensitive response properties. These cells were divided into two groups: the majority (70%) showed preference for light stimuli oriented parallel to the visual streak, whereas the remainder preferred stimuli oriented orthogonal to the visual streak. Analysis of the shape of the receptive fields of these cells by means of a narrow, displaced slit of light revealed an anisotropy with the major or elongated axis of the receptive field of each cell aligned along the same angle as its physiological preferred orientation.Morphologically, the orientation‐sensitive horizontal cells formed a homogeneous group with an architecture corresponding to that of elongated A‐type or Ae‐type horizontal cells reported previously in the rabbit retina. These cells showed a marked elongation of their dendritic arbors with the major axes oriented either parallel or orthogonal to the visual streak. Furthermore, the orientation of the dendritic arbor of each cell matched that of its physiological preferred orientation. The present results, then, suggest strongly that the orientation sensitivity of Ae‐type horizontal cells results directly from the asymmetry in their dendritic arbors. The spatial location and specialized physiology of Ae‐type horizontal cells suggest that they play a role in the formation of orientation‐sensitive properties exhibited by more proximal neurons in the rabbit retina.
Inhibitory synaptic input to identified rubrospinal neurons in Macaca fascicularis: An electron microscopic study using a combined immuno‐GABA‐gold technique and the retrograde transport of WGA‐HRP
Authors: Ralston Diane Daly , Milroy Antonia M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractRubrospinal neurons of the magnocellular division of the red nucleus of Macaca fascicularis were retrogradely labeled following spinal cord microinjections of wheat germ agglutinin‐horseradish peroxidase, as demonstrated by the chromagen tetramethylbenzidine, identifying the mesencephalic cells of origin of this descending motor pathway. The tissue was processed for electron microscopy and subsequently tested on the electron microscope grid for immunoreactivity of gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) in presumed local circuit neuronal somata, in dendrites, and in axonal terminals. Results demonstrate the presence of retrogradely labeled rubrospinal neurons of medium and large diameters (30–90 μm) and immunoreactive neurons of small size (> 20 μm in diameter) within the nucleus. In addition, there are substantial numbers of GABAergic, presumably inhibitory, synaptic structures contacting somata and primary, medium, and small sized dendrites, as well as spineheads of rubrospinal neurons. The immunoreactive presynaptic profiles exhibit two different morphological appearances: one axonal and the other dendritic. Axonal terminals contain densely packed pleomorphic to flattened vesicles and form primarily symmetrical synapses with somata and all regions of the dendritic arbor. GABAergic profiles resembling presynaptic dendrites (PSDs) are also present. These profiles possess scattered flattened to pleomorphic synaptic vesicles in a translucent cytoplasm and are often postsynaptic to axonal terminals of unknown origin, or to GABAergic profiles. GABAergic local circuit neurons (LCNs), the neurites of which remain within the confines of the nucleus, appear to be contacted primarily by cortical and cerebellar afferents. These LCNs may or may not possess axons and thus may represent both the source of the GABAergic axonal terminals as well as that of the PSDs. Inhibitory afferents from other sources, such as the mesencephalic reticular formation, may also account for GABAergic terminals involved in this inhibition. We propose that the level of excitability of rubrospinal neurons and their subsequent activation of spinal motor neurons and interneurons is significantly regulated by the local circuit GABAergic inhibitory interneuronal population of the nucleus proper and probably by axons entering the nucleus from an extranuclear source.