bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Firearms
Authors: Baker Susan P , O’Neill Brian , Ginsburg Marvin J , Li Guohua 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Firearm deaths are usually analyzed separately as unintentional, suicidal, or homicidal. Often, however, it is appropriate to consider them as a whole in order to clarify the magnitude of the problem and to identify preventive measures that may be effective regardless of the intent and circumstances of injury (Christoffel 1985; Wintemute et al. 1987). This chapter presents data for unintentional firearm injury and for firearm deaths as a whole; in addition, some of the similarities and differences between rates of intentional and unintentional firearm deaths will be pointed out. Additional details on firearm suicide can be found in Chapter 5 and on homicide in Chapter 6.
Conclusion
Authors: Baker Susan P , O’Neill Brian , Ginsburg Marvin J , Li Guohua 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Injuries impose a greater burden on modern societies than any disease. Unlike many other major health problems, a variety of effective preventive measures are available that are well within the state of the art and inexpensive in relation to their potential benefits (Rice, MacKenzie, and associates 1989). These measures often are not applied. Too commonly, efforts to reduce the injury problem have utilized unproductive approaches. The results of neglect and misdirected efforts are reflected in the death rates reported in the preceding chapters.
Marriage, Sexuality, and Marginality
Authors: Karras Ruth Mazo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Popular attitudes toward the practice of prostitution and other variations on feminine sexuality were not necessarily the same as the attitudes inscribed in the law. Those who made and enforced the law enshrined their views in the records, where they are much easier to discover than the views of prostitutes themselves and those among whom they lived. Even though the law of church and state treated their profession as a crime and a sin, individual prostitutes may not have felt degraded but may simply have felt that they were earning a living as best they could. Still, it would not be fair to assume that to the prostitutes and those around them, prostitution was just another trade. A prostitute was encumbered with moral and ideological baggage as a baker or an embroiders was not. Some historians consider the medieval and early modern prostitute a figure on the margins of society, along with those who lived by other shady means such as gambling, begging, or theft. Others argue that brothels, especially legalized ones, were central to town life, and that prostitutes only became marginal later, as they lost official sanction. Official recognition and some degree of protection under law, however, need not imply inclusion in the community.
Initial Ambiguities
Authors: Roshwald Aviel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On June 16, 1940, in the last days of the Battle of France, Prime Minister Reynaud resigned and was replaced by the aged World War I hero, Marshal Petain. The Petain Government immediately requested armistice terms from the German military command and the final document was signed at Compiegne on June 24. Hostilities were thus brought to a halt and France entered a prolonged period of domination by and collaboration with the occupying forces. Despite the juridical legitimacy of the new regime, the situation did not immediately appear clear-cut from the perspective of some of the French colonies. Hardly any of the colonial administrators were willing at this stage to follow the example of General de Gaulle’s intransigent repudiation of Petain’s political authority.
The Unseemly Denouement
Authors: Roshwald Aviel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Foreign Office had little occasion to celebrate its victory over Spears. His departure from the scene came at a time when it could no longer contribute to the peaceful resolution of differences in the Levant. The French and Syrians were already locked in a stalemate over the related issues of the troupes speciales and the negotiation of treaties. Both sides became more unyielding in reaction to Spears’ fall-the French because they interpreted the development as a green light for a more aggressive stance on their part and the Syrians because they realized that, with the end of the war imminent, time was no longer on their side and they had to get rid of the French before the British withdrew the protective buffer of their forces.
Núčiu, The Northern Ute People
Authors: Lewis David Rich 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Utes (Nú˘iu) are a culturally self-identifying group of affiliated bands which inhabited the eastern Great Basin and Rocky Mountain parks of Colorado, Utah, and northwestern New Mexico. They are Southern Numic speakers of the Numic (Shoshonean) family within the Uto-Aztecan language stock.1 Once ranging widely throughout this region in search of food, trade, and resources, the modern Utes retain only a vestige of their extensive estate: the Uintah-Ouray Reservation in northeastern Utah, Southern Ute in southwestern Colorado, and Ute Mountain along the western Colorado-New Mexico border.
The Tohono O’Odham And Agricultural Change
Authors: Lewis David Rich 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Spanish missionaries and Mexican soldiers asserted their colonial dominance over the land and native peoples of the Papagueria long before American officials arrived to dispense their own brand of “civilization.” At first the Tohono O’odham continued to live much as they always had, selectively incorporating and interpreting the social, material, and subsistence resources offered by these foreigners. Their environment served as a buffer, allowing them a certain amount of cultural autonomy long after they were politically surrounded. Even after Americans acquired the Papagueria in 1854, the majority of Tohono O’odham remained beyond the control of government agents. The people continued as before but found themselves defending their land and water resources from intrusive miners and grazers. Their cattle herds grew and became an important symbol and economic resource, ultimately to the detriment of their fragile ecosystem and to farming itself. Environmental change chased changing subsistence patterns in a cycle ending with the loss of precious water resources and the abandonment of irrigated and akchin fields as people moved into the marketplace to sell their labor.
What Has Jazz to Do with Aeslhelirs?
Authors: Gioia Ted 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The mystery of art lies not so much in its beauty or hideousness but in the fact that it should communicate with us at all. It is something approaching a miracle that a piece of canvas covered with paint or a succession of musical tones of set duration can communicate emotions and sensations of immense power, even when continents or centuries-or both-separate artist and audience.
Jazz as Song
Authors: Gioia Ted 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We should perhaps be thankful for second-rate art. The poorest practitioners of any craft are often, like clumsy magicians Gr awkward liars, more revealing than their betters. Even more than the masterpiece, the worst art serves as a crucible in which a period’s superficial veneer is melted away to reveal the bald assumptions, the prevalent ideologies, the crassest commonplaces of the times. Shakespeare is universal; it is with a Thomas Kyd or a Cyril Toumeur that we encounter a true Eliza bethan.
Illegal Immigration before World War II
Authors: ofer Dalia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Jewish clandestine, illegal entry into and residence in Palestine prior to the establishment of the state of Israel in 1948 has its roots in the earliest days of Zionist immigration to Palestine. Even prior to the first Zionist Congress in 1898 and its adoption of the political goal of establishing a Jewish state in Palestine, Jews had established settlements in Ottoman-ruled Palestine-at times legally, but more often illegally.
The Mossad and the Kladovo Darien Incident
Authors: ofer Dalia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
News of the outbreak of the war reached most of the Mossad agents in Paris. There they gathered following the Zionist Congress in Geneva in late August. The Congress had left a profound impression. Katznelson’s resounding plea on behalf of aliyah bet stirred them, and their encounters with aliyah activists from Germany, Austria, and Czechoslovakia rekindled their sense of urgency. They began to discuss new efforts, both to initiate additional operations and to persuade potential funders, in order to launch the largest aliyah campaign possible. Even as they spoke, the Tiger Hill was en route to Palestine carrying several hundred refugees from Poland and Romania.
Nazi Policy from Deportation to Genocide: Closing the Gates to Jewish Emigration, 1943 to 1944
Authors: ofer Dalia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1941, Jewish policy of Germany entered its most radical phase-that of the Final Solution. From that point on, the trend toward giving precedence to ideological considerations above all others became more pronounced. The S.S., the dominant force in anti-Jewish policy since 1939, became virtually the sole executive authority in this area as it took on the task of coordinating the various official bodies operating in countries under German occupation and in Germany, to implement the Final Solution. Approaches to the issue that offered alternatives to genocide were nullified.
A Time of Transition: Aliyah bet, FalI 1944
Authors: ofer Dalia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Autumn of 1944 is the final segment of our story. Although many of the features that characterized the aliyah effort throughout the war continued to shape events in late 1944, several important new factors appeared. The changes they introduced make it necessary to devote a separate examination to this brief period of several months. Apart from the interest that their impact on aliyah and rescue work may have for us, these changes also indicate a transition process that led to postwar illegal immigration, starting one year later.
Sex-Roles and Stereotypes in Health Care
Authors: Mahowald Mary Briody 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most stereotypes contain an element of truth. The profession of medicine, for example, may be seen stereotypically as an inegalitarian relationship between doctors, who are mainly 1Uen, and patients, who are mainly women. The term “inegalitarian” describes a relationship in which differences between parties are such that one is regarded as, or is superior to, the other in one or more respects. The differences provide a rationale for one party having power over the other. Such inequality may be temporary, as in the parent-child relationship in which the child is dependent on the adult for a limited period of time; or permanent, where disparities are not subject to change. In either view, an inegalitarian relationship involves a ranking based on differences. The ranking can vary according to differences among the parties being ranked; for example, children generally rank lower than adults in terms of experience, strength, and knowledge, but higher than adults in terms of their expected life span and capacity for further development.
Gender Socialization And Adolescents
Authors: Mahowald Mary Briody 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 2, I examined the relationship between sex-role stereotypes and health care, and in Chapter 11, the capacity of children for exercising moral agency in the health care setting. In this chapter, I draw these themes together through a focus on two issues that particularly affect adolescents. One is the possibility of providing growth hormone therapy to those who have no medical need for it; the other is the growing incidence of anorexia nervosa among young adults and teenagers. Preliminarily, however, I provide a brief account of sexrole or gender socialization among adolescents as influences on their need or desire for health care.
Introduction
Authors: Arnold Dieter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This comparatively late appearance of stone building when brick architecture was already flourishing had important consequences for the development of Egyptian building forms. Practically all principal features of Egyptian architecture, such as the battered walls, the Egyptian cornice, screen walls, false doors, and the different types of columns, were distinctive marks of building in a different material, which was translated into stone. This process of translation also influenced the new building dimensions, which were comparable with those of brick architecture and did not—at least during a transitional period—surpass human proportions.
Beethoven: Fifth Symphony
Authors: Schuller Gunther 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is no work in the entire literature which is more popular and more often recorded-some 160 recordings to date-than the Fifth Symphony of Beethoven. It is also, alas, one of the least understood and most consistently misinterpreted.1 It has become so popular and, therefore, such a mandatory component of any conductor’s repertory, that it is virtually taken for granted, both by conductors (and orchestras) and audiences, too often heard and performed perfunctorily if not mechanically, and worse, in self-indulgent distorted versions that bear little or no relation to the reality of the score. The Beethoven Fifth has become a musical commodity, a musical platitude, which hardly anyone hears with fresh ears, which hardly anyone performs with a sense of discovery, and which hardly anyone treats with the respect this monumental masterpiece de serves-although everyone, of course, claims to do so.
It is thus doubly ironic that the Beethoven Fifth is one of the most difficult works to conduct, one of the most problematic to perform and fulfill all of its creative aspirations. The difficulties begin in multiple fashion in the very first measure, and by the sixth measure the conductor and orchestra have encountered problems that, certainly unprecedented in 1808, present formidable technical and interpretive performance issues to this day.
Brahms: Fourth Symphony
Authors: Schuller Gunther 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although it took Brahms more than twenty years of painstaking, often struggling effort to complete his First Symphony, the Second Symphony appeared almost instantaneously and was premiered within a year of the First’s premiere. The Third Symphony followed in another six years and the Fourth two years later; a mere 30 opus numbers separate it from the First. Thus the three last symphonies were created in less than half the time of the prolonged gestation period re quired for the First Symphony.
This is remarkable enough, especially if one considers that in the same nine year period Brahms also wrote some ninety-five other compositions, including the staggering number of sixty-eight songs. But perhaps even more remarkable and interesting is the fact that his four symphonies are at once totally original, and in mood and conception completely different from one another. As uniquely distinctive as each of the four symphonies is, all are quintessentially Brahmsian and could, by no stretch of the imagination, have been written by anyone else, not even by Dvorak, Brahms’s closest artistic colleague and musical soulmate.
This uniqueness is particularly appreciable in Brahms’s Fourth Symphony, a work which, even more than the First, combines the most astonishingly ‘mod ern’ and intrinsically complex musical ideas with a fundamental adherence to classical and pre-classical models, as particularly manifested in the Passacaglia Finale movement.
Strauss: Till Eulenspiegel
Authors: Schuller Gunther 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Strauss’s Till Eulenspiegel is unquestionably one of the composer’s most popular works, and has been so since its premiere under Franz Wtillner’s direction in 1895. Indeed, both Till and Don Juan, that wondrously exuberant, slightly earlier 1889 masterpiece, were not only outrageously popular right from the start with audiences and critics alike, but had a profound impact on the course of music in that both works, having more or less abandoned the classical sonata and variation forms, successfully explored the new freer narrative form of the ‘tone poem.’ While Liszt was the real inventor of the tone poem and Wagner contributed-for all his respect and love for Beethoven’s symphonies-enormously through his operas to the break-up of the classical symphonic forms, it was Strauss, in Don Juan, Till Eulenspiegel, and some of his other tone poems, who brought this literary-oriented genre to world center-stage. The tone poem clearly stood in direct opposition to Brahms and his classical forms, and led the revolution, along with other brilliant break-through works, like Debussy’s L’Apres-Midi d’unfaune (1892-94), and the virtual decimation of the symphonic form(s) by Mahler in his symphonies and Das Lied van der Erde, that eventually brought down the entire house of classical forms.
Interpretations of the Compromise
Authors: Woodward C Vann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN THE SUMMER of 1878 two figures of unhappy notoriety in Louisiana legend faced each other for three days before a congressional investigating committee. One was bluff Ben Butler, celebrated as the insulter of New Orleans womanhood and a pilferer of silver spoons. The other was Major E. A. Burke, more justly accused somewhat later of pilfering New Orleans silver on a grander scale. One was the man of Radicalism and Reconstruction-the old order.
Revolution And Rejection
Authors: Johnson Richard R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The bloodless, Protestant, constitutionally decorous, and hence, in English eyes, ever-to-be-revered-as-Glorious revolution of 1688 that overthrew James II brought lasting changes to John Nelson’s Atlantic world. In England, William of Orange assumed the throne, but under the terms of a constitutional settlement that led towards an enduring and fruitful balance of royal and parliamentary authority. On the larger European stage, the events of 1688 cemented a diplomatic coalition intent upon curbing the overweening ambitions and militant Catholicism of “that Great Leviathan,” Louis XIVe of France. Two centuries in which Eng¬land and France had been more often allies than enemies gave way to a century and a quarter of bitter rivalry and war. In North America, likewise, the Glorious Revolution transformed the intermittent frictions of adjacent colonial expansion into a violent clash of imperial ambitions not resolved until England’s conquest of French Canada in the 1760s. For Englishmen in America, the image of the mother country would assume a new reality and significance as they found themselves inextricably swept up in Europe’s worldwide contest for supremacy.
‘‘Your very l o v i n g f a t h e r’’
Authors: Johnson Richard R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
John Nelson’s homecoming to Boston during the summer of 1698 excited neither official fanfare nor the attention of the province’s diarists. But a story still told in the nineteenth century recalled a great banquet held for him by his family and friends on Long Island, one so memorable that fragments of the tablecloth remained as relics to illustrate the tale.1 How Elizabeth Tailer Nelson and her four young children had passed the seven years since John’s capture remains obscure. The Long Island property had been used-and damaged-by soldiers of an English ex¬pedition of 1693 that arrived in Boston shattered by diseases contracted in Caribbean waters, damage for which Elizabeth Nelson received some two hundred pounds in compensation from the Massachusetts govern¬ment. In 1695, she was on the island when a woman seeking to pay off a mortgage owed to the Nelsons confronted her there, with frustrating results: “Mrs Nelson said she could not meddle with it nor doe nothing about it til Mr Nelson comes.”2 The combined Tailer and Nelson family property holdings were substantial-her younger brother’s guardians managed five grain mills on his behalf-and Elizabeth and her daughters seem to have managed comfortably enough.
Introduction
Authors: King Richard H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Where the civil rights movement in the United States once seemed to herald an historical “break” of major proportions, the 1980s saw the appearance of several works in black intellectual and cultural history identifying what V. P. Franklin has called a tradition of “core values”-freedom, resistance, self-determination, and education which formed during slavery and upon which the movement of the 1950s and 1960s drew for intellectual sustenance. Moreover, historically oriented sociological studies have reconstructed the dense institutional matrix of Southern black colleges and churches, NAACP chapters, and”movement centers” staffed by independent white and black activists from which the civil rights movement emerged and by which it was sustained. Even before the bus boycott in Montgomery in 1955/56, there had been a mass campaign against bus segregation in Baton Rouge in 1953. And as Taylor Branch points out in his 1988 book Parting the Waters, the Greensboro sit-ins of February 1960, which touched off the direct action phase of the movement in earnest, had been preceded by “similar demonstrations in at least 16 other cities” in the “previous three years.”
SNCC, Participatory Politics, and the People
Authors: King Richard H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When David Halberstam was a young journalist on the Nashville Tennesseean in the late 1950s and early 1960s, Richard Whalen, then a Time magazine correspondent, came to Nashville to gather material for a cover story about the civil rights activists there. Whalen contacted Halberstam to see if a meeting could be arranged with the young students, whose names are now familiar-James Lawson, John Lewis, Diane Nash, and others. After checking, Halberstam re ported that the students were reluctant and also very busy but that they could meet Whalen at 6:00 A.M. the next morning. Whalen, according to Halberstam, did a double-take, then fell silent. After a few seconds, his response was, “They’re going to win, aren’t they.”
New Ways of Knowing
Authors: Tick Judith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ruth and Clara picked Djane (Dee-ann) Lavoie Herz as the “best teacher to be found” because of the success of her pupil, Gitta Gradova, at bril liant recitals in New York and Chicago in 1923 and 1924. The Crawfords un doubtedly read the superlative reviews that mentioned Herz by name as the artistic force behind the bravura pianist’s “virility and great power.” If the young Gradova was being touted as the “greatest interpreter” of Scriabin, then surely her teacher deserved some of the credit.I Djane Herz (1888-1982) was more than a teacher with authentic artistic ties to the late Russian master; she was a disciple of his esoteric aesthetic mysticism. Coming back to Toronto (her birthplace) in 1914, after two years in Brussels among Scriabin’s circle, Herz wrote that she was “initiated in his philosophy of life, which his music so perfectly expresses, a philosophy which could satisfy the most advanced thinker:’-which she believed she was. Not only did she dedicate herself to promoting Scriabin’s music, she and her husband followed his religion of theosophy.
"Trees of Sound and Color": Music, 1924-1929
Authors: Tick Judith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Crawford’s music written between 1924 and 1929 constitutes her first dis tinctive style period. Her “trees of sound and color”-her magical phrase for her own music-stood in a dense forest of early American modernism, where new idioms crowded in on one another, competing for their place in the sun.