bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influenza
Authors: Pouliot Yannick 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Influenza (“flu”) is a highly infective respiratory virus. Because of the severity of its symptoms, it is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Flu epidemics occur yearly, and sporadic pandemics can be highly destructive, as was the case for the 1918 flu epidemic, the most devastating infective event in history. Influenza also causes substantial economic losses due to its ability to infect economically important animal species. Notwithstanding its lack of weaponization or consideration by terrorist organizations, the likelihood of synthetic strains of influenza created for nefarious purposes is increasing, as voluminous influenza sequence data are now widely available. Combined with novel genetic techniques which obviate the need to obtain viral isolates, these developments facilitate the creation of artificial influenza strains with substantial destructive potential.
Intelligence Collection and Analysis
Authors: Marrin Stephen 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
The Director of Central Intelligence's (DCI's) Counterterrorist Center (CTC), located at Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Headquarters in Langley, Virginia, provides a focal point for the U.S. foreign intelligence community's efforts to prevent, deter, disrupt, and destroy the bioterrorist threat. The CTC contributes to bioterrorism defense by coordinating the U.S. intelligence community's efforts to collect and analyze intelligence on terrorist groups and state sponsors of terrorism. The CTC contributes to bioterrorism defense by providing decision makers involved in bioterrorism defense policymaking and implementation with information that enables them to use their military, economic, and political power with greater effectiveness and precision.
Islamism
Authors: Bale Jeffrey M. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractIslam is a radically anti‐Western political current of contemporary thought with both revolutionary and restorationist characteristics. This article gives details on the background of Islamism and its ideological characteristics. Islamic terrorists groups have displayed few qualms about carrying out mass casualty attacks and have already engaged in obtaining weapons of mass destruction (WMD). Since they believe that they are doing God's bidding, virtually any action that they decide to undertake can be considered justified. However, there is not necessarily any direct correlation between religious extremism and any particular group's decision to employ WMDs. Extreme religious beliefs, however, could cause the group's rationalization to use WMDs. A recent series of toxic terror arrests in Europe could suggest that this is a possibility.
K
orea,
D
emocratic
P
eople's
R
epublic of
Authors: Pinkston Daniel A. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
North Korea acceded to the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention in 1987, but the country is suspected of having an active biological weapons program. According to South Korea's Ministry of National Defense, former North Korean leader Kim ll Sung issued a directive that poisonous gas and bacteria could be used in war. One source reported that Kim ordered the development of biological weapons in the early 1960s.
Little is known about the current status of the North Korean biological weapons program. It does have the infrastructure to produce these weapons, but it is unclear as to whether any agents have been made into weapons and if any of its rockets, aircraft, etc., are equipped to deliver such agents. North Korea does not appear to have significant, if any, ties to international terrorist organizations, but its dismal economic performance may be an incentive to sell its technology.
Laboratory Response to Bioterrorism
Authors: Zerwekh Tyler , Emery Robert 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Laboratory response to bioterrorism is used to describe a single laboratory or network of laboratories equipped to quickly and efficiently identify biological agents (bacteria, viruses, or toxins) that might be used in a bioterrorism event. To respond to such an event, laboratories rely on rapid diagnostic techniques such as microscopy, agglutination, culturing, antibiotic susceptibility, and polymerase chain reaction. The necessity for a systematic cohesive response is critical for a successful response to an attack. Rapid laboratory recognition and confirmation of bioterrorism agents expedites the medical response. Not much attention was paid to develop a laboratory response to attacks until 2001 and the anthrax letters incidents. It was then that the conceptual need for a rapid laboratory response became a reality. This article gives details on the basic types of laboratories, categories of biological agents, laboratory response network, and the importance of early detection and surveillance.
L
os
A
lamos
N
ational
L
aboratory
Authors: Resnick Gary 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Los Alamos National Laboratory develops multidisciplinary science‐based solutions to national security challenges. The national laboratory is focused on anticipating, characterizing, and addressing the biological threat posed by natural and anthropogenic sources in partnership with Federal, state, local, and private sector partners. Advances in basic sciences are sought that will transform how the nation prepares for and responds to current and future biological threats. This strategy has resulted in significant fielded advances in biosurveillance and bioforensics. Continued scientific innovation and technology application in such fields as predictive, biological, pathomics, and material sciences will pave the way for future capabilities to address the dynamic biological threat.
Media and Bioterrorism
Authors: Warrick Joby 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Much of the pre‐2001 news coverage of biological terrorism emphasized the potentially catastrophic consequences of an attack, yet the first deadly bioterrorism episode in U.S. history found most newspapers and broadcasters woefully unprepared. A dearth of reliable information during the initial days of the October 2001 anthrax attack was followed by weeks of frenzied, saturation coverage—particularly on cable news channels—which likely contributed to a climate of confusion and fear. The incident highlighted the need for a new approach to bioterrorism coverage, one that emphasizes planning, patience and restraint
Modeling the Public Health Response to Bioterrorism
Authors: Hupert Nathaniel 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Over the past three years, the United States has been faced with three separate epidemic outbreaks that have demonstrated the importance of a system‐wide preparedness for public health emergencies. The 2001 anthrax attacks, the 2002–2003 SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) epidemic, and the 2003 monkey pox outbreaks have all demonstrated the nation's vulnerability to infectious diseases of both natural and deliberate origins. The limited capacity for hospital‐based treatment of patients in response to these outbreaks has been highlighted. Preparedness for epidemics has been studied only minimally in any standardized way.
This article, therefore, reviews alternative approaches to the modeling and assessment of health system preparedness and response in order to provide a foundation for future standardized study.
NATO
and Bioterrorism Defense
Authors: Cellino Andrea 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is a relative newcomer to the field of bioterrorism defense. Only after September 11, 2001 did the Alliance launch specific initiatives to address terrorism. Before this event, NATO did address the threat of biological attacks as part of the Cold War focusing on aggression from the former Soviet Union.
This article discusses the goals of NATO in the past and in the present. NATO'S Defense Ministers decided in 2002 to enhance Alliance forces' ability to defend against nuclear, biological and chemical weapons (NBC). Initiatives adopted in Prague include: a disease surveillance system; an NBC event response team, a prototype deployable NBC analytical laboratory; a NATO biological and chemical defense stockpile, and a virtual training center.
N
ational
I
nstitutes of
H
ealth and
N
ational
I
nstitute of
A
llergy and
I
nfectious
D
iseases
Authors: Harrison Lauren 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is one of the largest supporters in the United States of biomedical research and also operates a substantial number of research establishments dedicated to preventing, detecting, diagnosing, and treating diseases. It operates under the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and is constituted by 27 different institutes and centers, including the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID). The NIH's mission is to improve worldwide health by uncovering new knowledge. The NIH conducts research in its own facilities, teams with researchers in universities, hospitals, and medical schools. NIAID carries out research to better understand and prevent infectious, allergic and immunologic diseases including those diseases and agents considered primary threats with respect to bioterrorism. Strategic plans for research address each of the following areas: Biology of the microbe, host response, vaccines, therapeutics, diagnostics, and research resources.
NORTHCOM
(
U
.
S
.
N
orthern
C
ommand)
Authors: Savidge Charlotte 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
The article provides an overview of the history, current efforts, and future plans of the U.S. Northern Command's biodefense‐related activities. It covers NORTHCOM's exercises to demonstrate operational capacity in 2003 and its role in federal simulation exercises. The article outlines NORTHCOM's geographic and operational areas of responsibility and its work with federal, state, and local agencies. Future simulation exercises are also discussed
O
range
O
ctober: A Case Study
Authors:   Monterey WMD‐Terrorism Database Staff
Published: July 2005

Abstract
In 1993, a group calling itself Orange October mailed letters containing syringes allegedly contaminated with an undifferentiated hepatitis virus to a large number of companies in the United Kingdom. Some employees did suffer needle sticks, but forensic tests showed the needles had not been contaminated.
P
alestinian
I
slamic
J
ihad
Authors: Sinai Joshua 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
The Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) is a radical Sunni Muslim group that portrays Palestine as vital to the Muslim world and contends that anti‐Zionism is the key to Islam's success. PIJ believes that carrying out terrorist attacks against Israel will weaken it in preparation for military confrontation by the “great Islamic Arabic army.” It also opposes pro‐Western Arab governments. PIJ is headquartered in Damascus, Syria. The group is allied with HAMAS, the Lebanese Hizballah, and the Iranian Revolutionary Guards stationed in Lebanon. The group conducts fundraising through Islamic charities. It receives logistical assistance from Syria and financial and material resources from Iran.
P
alestine
L
iberation
O
rganization
Authors: Cranmer Skyler J. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Although the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) draws upon Islam to some extent as a means to inspire its members, it is basically a secular organization. The PLO is an umbrella organization divided into diverse sections whose goal is to liberate Palestine from Israeli occupation. It listed Jerusalem as its capitol and was recognized by 100 nations despite the fact that the PLO has no sovereign territory. It never has been able to control Jerusalem so it operates out of other areas, most recently, the city of Ramallah on the West Bank. The PLO currently denounces terrorism and does not officially sponsor terrorist operations. The exact number of members is unknown. The PLO is considered currently active despite the fact that it has not been regarded by the U. S. State Department as a terrorist group since 1988.
P
ine
B
luff
A
rsenal
Authors: Urrea Joseph 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
The Pine Bluff Arsenal has served as a manufacturing center for the production of both chemical and biological weapons. Today the facility remains a storage site for a portion of the U.S. chemical defense stockpile. In 2001, Congress supported the Arsenal Support Program Initiative to help maintain the viability of army arsenals. This allows arsenals to enter in cooperative partnerships with private companies. Programs at Pine Bluff teach emergency responders how to choose, operate, and maintain, their radiological, chemical, and biological response equipment. Pine Bluff is expected to play a role in homeland security in the years to come.
Prion Diseases
Authors: Zilinskas Raymond A. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Prion stands for proteinaceous infectious particle. Prion diseases are infectious diseases of the brain and occur in both animals and people. The disease is given a different name according to the species it affects. Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy is a general term encompassing all prion diseases. Prion diseases are transmissible between species and bring about slow degeneration of the central nervous system, which leads to death.
This article discusses the prion pathogen and diagnostic methods for detection. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy prions are considered one of the 80 select agents requiring special attention under the Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act of 2002. Use of prions as terrorists' agents is questionable due to the fact that these agents have long incubation times.
R
epublic of
T
exas: A Case Study
Authors:   Monterey WMD‐Terrorism Database Staff
Published: July 2005

Abstract
In July 1998, Johnnie Wise, Jack Abbott Grebe, Jr., and Oliver Dean Emigh, all members of the separatist militia, The Republic of Texas, were arrested in Wise's home in Olmito, Texas and charged with conspiracy to use weapons of mass destruction. The Republic of Texas believes that Texas was not properly annexed in 1845 and is therefore not a part of the United States. The trio belongs to a splinter faction and the Republic of Texas issued a statement denouncing any connection to the trio.
Biological Simulants
Authors: Kosal Margaret E. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Simulants are nonpathogenic microbes or biological substitutes used as model organisms in place of more lethal biological agents. Simulants, or surrogates, have been widely used in the past to study potential biological warfare (BW) scenarios. Current use of simulants is for defensive biological programs, including biomolecular studies and as model organisms for detector development.
S
udan,
R
epublic of
Authors: Nelson Gail H. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Sudan offers exceptional terrain for insurgent groups in transit and concealment of international terrorist organizations in hiding. Solidarity with other Arab countries is a main feature of Sudan's foreign policy. Sudan's support for regional insurgencies and extremist groups generates international concern. There is no firm evidence that the Sudanese government ever engaged in the production of chemical or biological weapons. However, Sudan remains a region vulnerable to extremist‐terrorist activities. It requires close monitoring for the potential that extremist groups and front enterprises backing terrorist networks would resort to WMD development.
Suicide Terrorism
Authors: Dolnik Adam 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
In recent years, suicide bombings have become the most lethal and the most popular operational method for terrorist groups worldwide. The scope of advantages of suicide terrorism for tactical as well as strategic purposes is vast, as the act itself combines an ultimate demonstration of commitment, a pragmatic military tactic, the prevention of interrogation, and an unignorable form of protest into a single operation. Over the last 25 years, we have witnessed more then 500 suicide bombings carried out by at least 25 different terrorist organizations in 26 different countries, and counting. This entry focuses on providing the background on definitions, motivations, history and operational characteristics of modern suicide terrorism, followed by an assessment of the potential use of suicide bombers as delivery vehicles for biological agents in the future.
S
yria
Authors: Binder Markus , Vadlamudi Sundara 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
The article discusses Syria's biological weapons capability, its support to terrorism, and finally the chances of providing biological weapons‐related information to terrorist groups. Based on the available information, the article concludes that Syria does not possess an offensive biological weapons capability even though it probably possesses the technical wherewithal to develop, produce, and deploy biological weapons. The article also concludes that in spite of its support to terrorism in the region, Syria has not transferred any biological‐weapons related information or material to terrorist groups
Terrorist Group Identification
Authors: Hartzell Richard W. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
In the United States, the identification of domestic terrorist organizations is coordinated by the local and state governments in conjunction with the Department of Homeland Security. Foreign terrorist organizations (FTOs) are designated in the basis of the United States Code (USC). Those organizations found to meet the qualifying criteria are included on a master list maintained by the U.S. Department of State. Relevant USC specifications are summarized in this article as well as the U.S. Department of State criteria for designation of FTOs.
DianeThompson: A Case Study
Authors:   Monterey WMD‐Terrorism Database Staff
Published: July 2005

AbstractIn 1996, Diane Thompson, a laboratory technician in Dallas, Texas provided a number of fellow hospital workers with pastries contaminated withShigella dysenteriae. This attack lead to 12 illnesses and four hospitalizations. Thompson was arrested for food tampering and is serving a 20‐year prison sentence.
Threat Reduction in the Former
S
oviet
U
nion
Authors: Harrington Anne 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Containing the proliferation of former Soviet biological weapons expertise and materials from Russia and Eurasia is a high priority nonproliferation objective shared by the United States, Russia, and other countries. Various aspects of the U. S. efforts in this area have been reviewed independently by the U.S. General Accounting Office and the National Academy of Sciences and are generally viewed as successful. The reasons for launching these efforts continue to be seen as valid. Many of the scientists who worked on weapons projects still have productive work time ahead of them. Economic conditions do not ensure that long term meaningful employment will be available. Other countries support overall nonproliferation of former Soviet biological warfare expertise and materials, but the United States has played the lead role. This article gives an overview of weapons of mass destruction engagement, discusses the efforts to counter bioterrorism as an element of engagement, making engagement work, and the attempts to secure and contain highly dangerous pathogens.
Toxins: Overview and General Principles
Authors: Poli Mark A. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
The threat of bioterrorism or biological warfare (BW) by terrorist groups and rogue states is very real. While the threat needs to be continuously evaluated, the description of biological agents as “the ultimate terrorist weapon” is likely overstated, at least for toxins. The realistic number of potential toxin weapons is relatively low due to limitations stemming from potency, stability, and availability. Effective weaponization and dissemination are not trivial. Although gaps exist in our knowledge base, research programs are in place to address these needs.
Tularemia (Francisellatularensis)
Authors: Forsman Mats , Johansson Anders 
Published: July 2005

AbstractTularemia is a zoonosis, a disease of animals transmissible to humans, and is caused by the facultative intracellular bacterium Francisella tularensis. F. tularensis is considered a potential agent of biological warfare and bioterrorism and as such has been rated among the top 6 category A agents. Formerly, F. tularensis was included among agents developed and used by state‐sponsored bioweapons programs. In fact, F. tularensis is one of the most infectious pathogenic bacteria known, requiring inoculation or inhalation of as few as 10 organisms to cause human infection. At present there are four recognized subspecies of F. tularensis: tularensis, holarctica, mediasiatica, and novicida. The natural reservoirs of F. tularensis still await complete delineation. Little is known about the virulence mechanisms of F. tularensis. In a bioterrorism scenario, respiratory tularemia (acquired through inhalation) is judged to be the greatest threat. Natural outbreaks of human respiratory type A or type B tularemia have repeatedly been recorded in farmers and landscape workers illustrating the potential of effective F. tularensis transmission by dry aerosols. The clinical expression of tularemia largely depends on the route of entrance of the infectious agent and the prognosis in tularemia is highly dependent on the causative subspecies of F. tularensis. There is currently no licensed and widely available tularemia vaccine. Tularemia warrants antibiotic treatment and is not transmitted from person to person. Currently, there is a reawakened interest in tularemia and a rapid development of new diagnostics, prophylactics and therapies.
UnitedStates Legislation and Presidential Directives
Authors: Jacobs Leslie Gielow , Parker Elizabeth Rindskopf 
Published: July 2005

AbstractLawmaking is event driven. Lawmakers constructed the complicated mosaic that is the current bioterrorism defense policy. What had begun as a single idea, to eliminate biological weapons as a threat, has grown into a broad and complex body of laws that make up the bioterrorism defense legal regime. The process of creating the many components of bioterrorism defense policy is ongoing. Defense policies are mushrooming in the federal statue books and in the code of federal agency regulations. Presidential directives, programs, and proposals also address multiple aspects of terror threats. This article tries to give a snapshot of this enormous undertaking. The structure and substance of the bioterrorism defense in the United States is discussed. The defense policy is divided into three general categories: defining and punishing biological weapon offenses; expanding laws and enforcement tools and methods; and preventing access to biological weapons materials, equipment and expertise.
Weather Underground: A Case Study
Authors:   Monterey WMD‐Terrorism Database Staff
Published: July 2005

Abstract

In November 1970, Jack Anderson reported in the
Washington Post
that the radical leftist group, the Weather Underground. Know to be responsible for numerous bombings in protest of the Vietnam War, had attempted to obtain an unknown biological agents from the Untied States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Disease at Fort Detrick, Maryland No evidence was found to support this accusation.
Glanders (Burkholderia mallei)
Authors: Carr Bridget K. , Eitzen Edward 
Published: July 2005

AbstractGlanders once was a common malady of horses and rarely of humans. It has largely been eradicated around the globe since the 1960s. The recent interest in biological warfare (BW) has placed this ancient disease back in the spotlight as a potential weapon. This chapter presents a detailed account of this near‐forgotten disease, and offers a current biological defense perspective.