bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Purine nucleosides protect injured neurons and stimulate neuronal regeneration by intracellular and membrane receptor‐mediated mechanisms
Authors: Di Iorio Patrizia , Caciagli Francesco , Giuliani Patricia , Ballerini Patrizia , Ciccarelli Renata , Sperling Oded , Zoref‐Shani Esther , Benowitz Larry , Traversa Ugo , Bombi Giulia , Florio Tulio , Virgilio Antonella , Andrew Craig M. , Crocker Candice E. , Werstiuk Eva S. , Middlemiss Pamela J. , Rathbone Michel P. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractLike adenine‐based purines, extracellular nonadenine‐based purines have a multitude of trophic effects on the growth, differentiation, and survival of target cells. The nonadenine‐based purines, which include guanosine, inosine, and GTP, apparently exert their trophic effects by interacting with both intercellular targets as well as those on the cell surface. Specifically, guanosine and inosine target the protein kinase N‐kinase, in promoting remarkable nerve process extension, even in long tracts of the central nervous system after injury. In contrast, GTP may exert its effects via a cell surface receptor coupled to the release of calcium from internal stores. In other cases trophic effects may be mediated by the enhancement of release of adenine‐based purines by guanosine. Additionally, evidence is presented for the existence of a high‐affinity binding site for guanosine with receptor‐like characteristics on the plasma membranes of astrocytes and brain tissue. This site may be G‐protein‐coupled and exert its effects through activation of the MAP kinase cascade. One effect apparently mediated through this mechanism is the production and release by astrocytes of trophic protein growth factors such as NGF and TGFβ. These have substantial neuroprotective effects. Additionally, this pathway is apparently involved in modulating the expression of P2Y1 and P2Y2 receptors in response to extracellular guanosine. Extracellular nonadenine‐based purines can interact with other growth factors, but these interactions are not always synergistic. For example, combinations of guanosine and FGF are antagonistic and reduce the growth of microvascular cells in vitro. Some of the properties of the nonadenine‐based purines likely derive from their unique intracellular metabolism in which conversion of guanine to xanthine is the final catabolic step. This step is catalyzed by guanase, the activity of which varies markedly in different brain regions, raising the possibility that guanine or guanosine are involved in neurotransmission. Together these data suggest several potentially useful pharmacological approaches involving nonadenine‐based purines to modulate trophic effects in the central nervous system. Drug Dev. Res. 52:303–315, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New insights into adenosine receptor modulation of myocardial ischemia‐reperfusion injury
Authors: Lasley Robert D. , Narayan Prakash , Mentzer Robert M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe cardioprotective effects of adenosine in numerous experimental models have been well described and there is evidence that adenosine is beneficial in the clinical setting. However, the exact mechanism by which adenosine exerts its beneficial effects in reversibly and irreversibly injured myocardium has not been determined. In addition, with the exception of the A1 receptor, there is not universal agreement on the involvement of adenosine receptor subtypes. This review summarizes recent findings in our laboratory on the role of the A3 and A2a receptors in adenosine cardioprotection and compartmentation of cardiomyocyte adenosine receptor signaling. Drug Dev. Res. 52:357–365, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Adenosine mediates the antiinflammatory effects of methotrexate as well as its toxicities
Authors: Cronstein Bruce N. , Montesinos M. Carmen , Chan Edwin 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMethotrexate remains the mainstay of therapy for rheumatoid arthritis yet its mechanism of action remains unclear. Recent work from our laboratory indicates that methotrexate promotes increased adenosine release from cells and tissues and that the anti‐inflammatory actions of methotrexate are mediated by adenosine, acting at its receptors on inflammatory and other cells. Similarly, evidence from our laboratory suggests that such toxicities as methotrexate‐accelerated nodulosis and methotrexate‐induced hepatic fibrosis are mediated by adenosine acting at its receptors. Drug Dev. Res. 52:394–396, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Convergence of psychological and biological development
Authors: Posner Michael I. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe special issue provides an opportunity to assess the degree of integration that has been achieved between studies of psychological and biological development. This commentary uses the material in the special issue to address integration of the two fields and to suggest some future developments. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 40: 339–343, 2002. DOI 10.1002/dev.10037
Autoantibodies to GAD, IA‐2 and insulin in ICA‐positive first‐degree relatives of children with type 1 diabetes: a comparison between parents and siblings
Authors: Korhonen Sari , Knip Maria M. , Kulmala Petri , Savola Kaisa , Åkerblom Hans K. , Knip Mikael ,   The Finnish Study Group for ICA Screening
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackgroundIslet cell antibodies (ICA) represent a heterogenous group of autoantibodies to diabetes‐associated antigens, including glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and the IA‐2 protein. The objectives of the present study were to compare the prevalence of autoantibodies to known biochemically characterized autoantigens between ICA‐positive non‐diabetic parents and siblings of children with type 1 diabetes and to evaluate how such antibodies explain ICA reactivity.MethodsThe presence and levels of GAD antibodies (GADA), IA‐2 antibodies (IA‐2A) and insulin autoantibodies (IAA) were analyzed in the sera of 184 ICA‐positive first‐degree relatives (79 parents and 105 siblings).ResultsThe prevalences of GADA (61.9% in siblings vs 32.9% in parents), IA‐2A (55.2% vs 15.2%) and IAA (41.0% vs 0%) were increased among ICA‐positive siblings relative to ICA‐positive parents (p<0.001). The siblings had higher ICA titers (p<0.001) than the parents but tended to have lower GADA levels (p=0.12). IA‐2A levels did not differ between the two groups. IA‐2A levels explained a higher proportion of the ICA reactivity in the siblings than in the parents (44% vs 12%, p=0.004), and GADA levels had the same tendency (27% vs 10%, p=0.11). In a multiple regression analysis, GADA and IA‐2A were found to explain together 16% of the ICA reactivity in parents and 49% in siblings (p=0.003 for the difference).ConclusionsThese results indicate that the increased frequency of additional diabetes‐associated autoantibodies in ICA‐positive siblings when compared to their ICA‐positive parents may reflect the increased risk of progression to clinical type 1 diabetes previously reported in young ICA‐positive relatives. We conclude that ICA immunofluorescence is not only due to GADA and IA‐2A, but there are other additional antigens contributing to the ICA reactivity. Antibodies to such antigens appear to be more common among adults than in children. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Green fluorescent protein expression in germ‐line transmitted transgenic zebrafish under a stratified epithelial promoter from Keratin8
Authors: Gong Zhiyuan , Ju Bensheng , Wang Xukun , He Jiangyan , Wan Haiyan , Sudha Putter Mudumana , Yan Tie 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA zebrafish cDNA encoding a novel keratin protein was characterized and named keratin8, or krt8. krt8 expression was initiated at 4.5 hr postfertilization, immediately after the time of zygotic genome activation. The expression is limited to a single layer of envelope cells on the surface of embryos and, in later stages, it also appears in the innermost epithelial layer of the anterior‐ and posteriormost portions of the digestive tract. In adult, its expression was limited to the surface layer of stratified epithelial tissues, including skin epidermis and epithelia of mouth, pharynx, esophagus, and rectum but not in the gastral and intestinal epithelia. By using a 2.2‐kb promoter from krt8, several stable green fluorescent protein (gfp) transgenic zebrafish lines were established. All of these transgenic lines displayed GFP expression in tissues mentioned above except for the rectum; therefore, the pattern of transgenic GFP expression is essentially identical to that of the endogenous krt8 mRNAs. krt8‐GFP fusion protein was also expressed in zebrafish embryos under a ubiquitous promoter, and the fusion protein was capable of assembling into intermediate filaments only in the epithelia that normally expressed krt8 mRNAs, indicating the specificity of keratin assembly in vivo. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Constructing the hindbrain: Insights from the zebrafish
Authors: Moens Cecilia B. , Prince Victoria E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe hindbrain is responsible for controlling essential functions such as respiration and heart beat that we literally do not think about most of the time. In addition, cranial nerves projecting from the hindbrain control muscles in the jaw, eye, and face, and receive sensory input from these same areas. In all vertebrates that have been studied, the hindbrain passes through a segmented phase shortly after the neural tube has formed, with a series of seven bulges—the rhombomeres—forming along the anterior‐posterior extent of the neural tube. Our current understanding of vertebrate hindbrain development comes from integrating data from several model systems. Work on the chick has helped us to understand the cell biology of the rhombomeres, whereas the power of mouse molecular genetics has allowed investigation of the molecular mechanisms underlying their development. This review focuses on the special insights that the zebrafish system has provided to our understanding of hindbrain development. As we will discuss, work in the zebrafish has elucidated inductive events that specify the presumptive hindbrain domain and has identified genes required for hindbrain segmentation and the specification of segment identities. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Induction of ureter branching as a response to Wnt‐2b signaling during early kidney organogenesis
Authors: Lin Yanfeng , Liu Aiping , Zhang Shaobing , Ruusunen Tarja , Kreidberg Jordan A. , Peltoketo Hellevi , Drummond Iain , Vainio Seppo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractEpithelial–mesenchymal tissue interactions play a central role in vertebrate organogenesis, but the molecular mediators and mechanisms of these morphogenetic interactions are still not well characterized. We report here on the expression pattern of Wnt‐2b during mouse organogenesis and on tests of its function in epithelial– mesenchymal interactions during kidney development. Wnt‐2b is expressed in numerous developing organs in the mouse embryo, including the kidney, lung, salivary gland, gut, pancreas, adrenal gland, and genital tubercle. Additional sites of expression include the branchial arches and craniofacial placodes such as the eye and ear. The data suggest that the expression of Wnt‐2b is associated with organs regulated by epithelial–mesenchymal interactions. It is typically localized in the capsular epithelium or peripheral mesenchymal cells of organ rudiments, e.g., the perinephric mesenchymal cells in the region of the presumptive renal stroma in the developing kidney at E11.5. Functional studies of the kidney demonstrate that cells expressing Wnt‐2b are not capable of inducing tubule formation but instead stimulate ureter development. Incubation of isolated ureteric buds on such cells supports bud growth and branching. In addition, recombination of Wnt‐2b‐pretreated ureteric bud tissue with isolated nephrogenic mesenchyme results in a recovery of organogenesis and the expression of epithelial genes within the reconstituted organ explant. Lithium, a known activator of Wnt signaling (Hedgepeth et al. [1997] Dev Biol 185:82–91), is also sufficient to promote ureter branching in the reconstituted kidney in a comparable manner to Wnt‐2b signaling, whereas Wnt‐4, which induces tubules, neither supports the growth of a ureteric bud nor leads to reconstitution of the ureteric bud with the kidney mesenchyme. We conclude that Wnt‐2b may act in the mouse kidney as an early mesenchymal signal controlling morphogenesis of epithelial tissue, and that the Wnt pathway may regulate ureter branching directly. In addition, Wnt signals in the kidney differ qualitatively and are specific to either the epithelial ureteric bud or the kidney mesenchyme. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pre‐gut endoderm of chick embryos is regionalized by 1.5 days of development
Authors: Matsushita Susumu , Ishii Yasuo , Scotting Paul J. , Kuroiwa Atsushi , Yasugi Sadao 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this study, we set out to test the ability of endoderm from 1.5‐day‐old chick embryos (just before digestive tube formation) to develop region‐specific characteristics when cultured heterotopically. Various parts of the 1.5‐day endoderm were cultured in combination with the flank somatic mesoderm of 3‐ to 3.5‐day chick embryos, and these cultures were analyzed for the expression of several transcription factors and the differentiation of the endoderm. By 1.5 days of normal development, the transcription factors, which are expressed in specific digestive organs, cSox2, CdxA, and cHoxb9/a13 were already expressed in the endodermal cells of the presumptive areas of their later expression domains. When 1.5‐day pre‐gut endoderm was cultured for 14–15 days, it showed specific differentiation into appropriate organ structures. In general, the more anterior part of the pre‐gut endoderm formed the more rostral digestive organ structures while the posterior part became the caudal gut. The differentiation of these regions of endoderm matches their normal fate as recently elucidated (Matsushita [1996a] Rouxs Arch. Dev. Biol. 205:225–231; Matsushita [1999] Dev. Growth Differ. 41:313–319). Expression of cSox2, CdxA, and cHoxb9/a13 in endoderm cultured for 4–5 days is also consistent with their normal fate. Thus, each part of the pre‐gut endoderm appears to be already regionally committed to some extent, in accordance with its fate by 1.5 days of development. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Self‐esteem, personality, and eating disorders: Baseline assessment of a prospective population‐based cohort
Authors: Gual Pilar , Pérez‐Gaspar Marta , Martínez‐González Miguel Angel , Lahortiga Francisca , Irala‐Estévez Jokin de , Cervera‐Enguix Salvador 
Published: August 2002

AbstractObjectiveTo study the relationship of self‐esteem and personality factors with eating disorders (ED).MethodsA region‐wide representative sample of 2862 girls 12–21 years old from Navarre (Spain) participated in the baseline assessment of a prospective study. A two‐stage procedure was used, consisting in a first screening phase followed by a psychiatrist interview (DSM‐IV criteria). Multivariable logistic regression models were used to examine the association of self‐esteem (36‐item scale) and personality characteristics (Eysenck inventory) with psychiatrist‐diagnosed ED while controlling for potential confounders.ResultsStrong associations for ED were found with low self‐esteem (adjusted odds ratio [adjOR] for the lowest quartile: 7.98, 95% CI: 3.4–18.8) and high levels of neuroticism (adjOR for the highest quartile: 9.49, 95% Cl: 3.7–24.5).DiscussionOur results, although based on a cross‐sectional design, support the potential role of neuroticism and low self‐esteem in the onset of ED. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 31: 261–273, 2002; DOI 10.1002/eat.10040
Exposure to westernization and dieting: A cross‐cultural study
Authors: Gunewardene Anoushka , Huon Gail F. , Zheng Richang 
Published: August 2002

AbstractObjectivesThe study aimed to establish whether an index of exposure to westernization would predict dieting behavior over and above the predictors of body mass index (BMI) and social influences. The study also sought to compare dieting behaviors among adolescents from three different cultural backgrounds.MethodA total of 100 females from Beijing, China, 60 females of Chinese heritage living in Sydney, Australia, and 100 female Australians of no Chinese background were assessed. The exposure to westernization index incorporated the country of birth, the predominant language spoken at home, the country of birth of one's parents, and the country of residence.ResultsExposure to westernization was found to be a significant predictor of dieting status. The westernization index remained an important predictor when BMI and social influences to diet were taken into account. Interestingly, the Chinese Australian girls dieted the least, although the Chinese girls living in China perceived more influence from their peers to diet, despite their lower BMI.ConclusionThe exposure to westernization index provides a useful assessment of important influences on dieting in adolescent females. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 29: 289–293, 2001.
Family functioning in anorexia nervosa differs by subtype
Authors: Casper Regina C. , Troiani Maryann 
Published: August 2002

AbstractObjectiveThis study investigated family functioning in adolescents with the restricting and bulimic type of anorexia nervosa (AN) and in healthy controls.MethodFifty‐one parents and their children (17 with AN and 34 healthy adolescents) completed the Family Assessment Measure, a self‐report instrument that provides information about the functional strengths and weaknesses of the family and each family member.ResultsAN patients with the bulimic subtype and their mothers were significantly more likely to perceive family functioning as impaired than were healthy adolescents or restricting AN patients. Restricting AN patients and their families did not differ from healthy control families.ConclusionThe results suggest that the problems faced by bulimic patients color their and their parents' view of each other and the family. Symptomatic and personality differences between the subtypes of AN with better control, fewer symptoms, and denial of conflict characterizing restricting AN families may be reflected in family interaction styles. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 30: 338–342, 2001.
Administering cognitive‐behavioral therapy for bulimia nervosa via telemedicine in rural settings
Authors: Bakke Bette , Mitchell James , Wonderlich Steve , Erickson Ron 
Published: August 2002

AbstractObjectiveThis report describes the therapy of 2 women with bulimia nervosa who were treated using cognitive‐behavioral therapy delivered via telemedicine.MethodThe telecommunication link was established using a 128‐Kbps ISDN switchable data line.ResultsBoth cases were treated successfully and were doing well at 1‐month follow‐up.DiscussionThese cases illustrate that this methodology may make it possible to deliver manual‐based psychotherapies to patients with eating disorders in remote areas. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. Int J Eat Disord 30: 454–457, 2001.
Bulimia nervosa and misuse of orlistat: Two case reports
Authors: Fernández‐Aranda Fernando , Amor Alejandro , Jiménez‐Murcia Susana , Giménez‐Martínez Laura , Turón‐Gil Vicente , Vallejo‐Ruiloba Julio 
Published: August 2002

AbstractObjectiveOrlistat (tetrahydrolipstatin) is an intestinal lipase inhibitor that was approved recently for the management and treatment of obesity. This is the first report of the misuse of orlistat in two normal‐weight purging bulimia nervosa (BN) patients.Method and ResultsWe report two diagnosed cases of BN in two Spanish women who used orlistat as a purging mechanism after binge episodes. In both cases, the onset of the eating disorder was in adolescence. From the beginning, a restrictive diet, binging, and purging behavior (vomiting and using laxatives) were present. Both patients misused this substance as their only purging mechanism after every binge episode.ConclusionBN patients have used many substances and bizarre behaviors as purging mechanisms. Nevertheless, to the authors' knowledge, these are the first reported cases of orlistat misuse as the only purging mechanism in two BN patients. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 30: 458–461, 2001.
Which provides better utility for users, best‐effort service or reservation‐based service?
Authors: Watanabe Akira , Takine Tetsuya , Murata Masayuki , Miyahara Hideo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractRecently, on the Internet, only best‐effort service has been provided, in which communication quality (QoS) aspects such as throughput and delay are not guaranteed. There is an increasing demand, however, for real‐time transfer of voice and video data, and reservation‐based service is being considered in which the communication quality is guaranteed by reserving network resources. Reservation‐based service, however, has problems such as the overhead of packet processing, as well as scalability. There is an ongoing basic discussion as to whether best‐effort service is sufficient or reservation‐based service is necessary. This paper defines the communication quality which is obtained when the user uses a network application as the utility for the user. The user utility for the real‐time application is derived and comparatively evaluated for the two service models, that is, best‐effort service and reservation‐based service. The following results are obtained quantitatively. Best‐effort service can provide sufficient utility if a sufficient channel capacity is available, for which, however, sufficient channels must be provided by adequate network design. If not, reservation‐based service is necessary. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 85(1): 11–21, 2002
Dependence of radio wave reflection and transmission characteristics of reinforced concrete slabs on frequency and angle of incidence
Authors: Chiba Hajime , Miyazaki Yasumitsu 
Published: August 2002

AbstractFor effective use of mobile communication systems within a building, it is crucial to know the electromagnetic properties of the materials composing the floors, ceilings, walls, and so on. This paper considers RC (reinforced concrete) slabs, a major component of large buildings, and attempts to develop techniques for predicting and for measuring radio wave reflection and transmission characteristics in various environments. The frequency range considered in the analysis is approximately from 0.3 to 3.5 GHz, which is often used in mobile communications. As the first step, a slab with single‐plane iron bar mesh buried in the concrete is assumed as the basic model for the analysis. A simulation experiment is performed with a 1/10 scale model, using microwaves or millimeter waves. A simulation calculation is also performed with a multiply stratified model, in which the iron mesh plane is replaced by an equivalent dielectric layer. The reflection and transmission characteristics are investigated as functions of the frequency and angle of incidence of the radio waves. The calculation results and measurements agree well, and the effectiveness of the method is verified. The characteristics of the basic analytical model are elucidated. A real floor consisting of metal mesh embedded in concrete is examined. The reflection characteristics for 2.0‐GHz incident waves are examined by simulation calculation and by measurement with a network analyzer. The measurement technique is established and the dependence of the reflection characteristics on the incident polarization and angle of incidence is elucidated. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 85(1): 69–81, 2002