bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interleukin‐1β induces cyclo‐oxygenase‐2 expression in gastric cancer cells by the p38 and p44/42 mitogen‐activated protein kinase signaling pathways
Authors: Fan Xiao Ming , Wong Benjamin Chun Yu , Lin Marie Chia Mi , Cho Chi Hin , Wang Wei Ping , Kung Hsiang Fu , Lam Shiu Kum 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground and Aims: Cyclo‐oxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) is the inducible enzyme in the gastric mucosa responsible for prostaglandin production during inflammation and ulcer healing. The regulation of COX‐2 gene expression in gastric epithelial cells is not well understood. In this study, we investigated the effect of interleukin (IL)‐1β on COX‐2 expression in the human gastric cancer cell, and explored the signaling pathways involved.Methods: Gastric cancer cell line AGS was treated with IL‐1β or the inhibitors of mitogen‐activated protein‐Erk kinase (MEK) and p38 mitogen‐activated protein (MAP) kinase prior to the addition of IL‐1β. The COX‐2 mRNA or protein levels were measured by using RT‐PCR or western blot analysis, respectively. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production/secretion was determined by using the prostaglandin E2 EIA assay. The phosphorylation/activation of p44/42 and p38 MAP kinases were determined by using western blot analysis and using phospho‐specific antibodies.Results: Interleukin‐1β treatment dose‐ and time‐dependently increased COX‐2 mRNA and protein expression levels, and enhanced PGE2 production/secretion in AGS cells. In contrast, IL‐1β had no effect on the level of the constitutively expressed COX‐1. In parallel to the increase of COX‐2, we showed that p44/42 and p38 MAP kinase activities were also upregulated by IL‐1β treatment. To demonstrate the cause–effect relationship, we showed that inhibition of MEK and p38 MAP kinase with specific inhibitors suppressed IL‐1β‐mediated increases in COX‐2 mRNA and protein levels, and the PGE2 production.Conclusions: Our results demonstrated that in human gastric cancer cells, IL‐1β upregulates the COX‐2 gene expression through the activation of MEK/p44/42 and p38 MAP kinases pathway.
N‐Acetylglucosaminyltransferase V as a possible aid for the evaluation of tumor invasiveness in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Yanagi Masahiko , Aoyagi Yutaka , Suda Takeshi , Mita Yuhsaku , Asakura Hitoshi 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground:A close relationship has been shown to exist between the metastatic potential and β1–6 branched oligosaccharides in human and rodent cells. N‐acetylglucosaminyltransferase V (GnT‐V) catalyzes this process. Although this phenomenon has been reported, little is known about the clinical usefulness of the determination of GnT‐V in the evaluations of tumor invasiveness in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In this study, we measured the GnT‐V activity in serum of patients with HCC, together with its activity and gene expression in HCC tissues, and elucidated the clinical usefulness of the GnT‐V level in evaluating tumor invasiveness.Methods:Seventy‐three serum samples from 38 patients with HCC, 11 with chronic hepatitis, eight with hepatic cirrhosis and 16 healthy controls were used. Twenty‐one liver tissues were obtained by surgical resection from 17 patients with HCC, three with colorectal cancers and one with gallbladder cancer metastatic to the liver. The GnT‐V activity was determined by using high performance liquid chromatography. The GnT‐V mRNA was quantified by using competitive RT‐PCR.Results:There were statistically significant correlations between GnT‐V activity in sera of HCC, and GnT‐V activity and GnT‐V mRNA expression in tumor tissue. The mean GnT‐V activity in the sera of patients with HCC increased in accordance with the degree of tumor invasion. The HCC group with intrahepatic and extrahepatic metastases showed the highest serum GnT‐V‐value.Conclusions:The present study demonstrated that there was a close association between tumor invasiveness and GnT‐V activity in sera, and that the measurement of GnT‐V may improve prognostic estimates and therapeutic outcomes for patients with HCC.
Reinfection rate following effective therapy against Helicobacter pylori infection in Japan
Authors: ADACHI MASAYASU , MIZUNO MOTOWO , YOKOTA KENJI , MIYOSHI MASATSUGU , NAGAHARA YASUHIRO , MAGA TOSHIROU , ISHIKI KUNIHARU , INABA TOMOKI , OKADA HIROYUKI , OGUMA KEIJI , TSUJI TAKAO 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground and Aim: In developed countries, reinfection of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) after
eradication of the bacterium is unusual, while the reinfection rate in developing
countries is variable. In this study, we determined the reinfection rate after successful
H. pylori eradication in Japan, a country with a high prevalence of H.
pylori infection.Methods: After successful eradication, 377 patients were followed up by endoscopy and urea breath test annually. In reinfected patients, H. pylori strains isolated initially and after reinfection were compared by using random amplification of polymorphic DNA fingerprinting.Results: H. pylori became positive in four of 337 patients (1.2%) 1 year after eradication and in two of 133 patients (1.5%) 2 years after eradication. One patient experienced an ulcer relapse 2 years after eradication therapy. Random amplification of polymorphic DNA fingerprinting of the isolated strains from four of the six patients showed two had identical strains (at 1 year) while the other two had different strains (one at 1 year and one at 2 years). When infection in the two patients reinfected with identical strains is considered a recrudescence, the true reinfection rate is < 0.8% per patient year.Conclusions: The reinfection rate after eradication of H. pylori is low in Japan despite
the country’s high prevalence of H. pylori infection.
Incidence and clinical outcome of icteric type hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: HUANG JEE‐FU , WANG LIANG‐YEN , LIN ZU‐YAU , CHEN SHINN‐CHERN , HSIEH MING‐YUH , CHUANG WAN‐LONG , YU MING‐LUNG , LU SHENG‐NAN , WANG JING‐HOUNG , YEUNG KWOK‐WAN , CHANG WEN‐YU 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground To elucidate the incidence of the rare cases of icteric type hepatocellular carcinoma (IHCC), we conducted a retrospective study. The clinical outcomes of IHCC cases were also analyzed.Methods From January 1986 to December 1997, newly diagnosed HCC cases were evaluated and reviewed from an admission registration database in a medical center. Patients who had HCC tumors which were located within biliary tracts, and caused obstructive jaundice as the initial clinical manifestation of HCC, were defined as cases of IHCC. Besides clinical manifestations, the outcomes and survival times of various treatment strategies among the IHCC cases were compared retrospectively.Results The incidence of IHCC was 0.53% (10/1897). The median age of the 10 IHCC patients (seven men, three women) was 56.1 years (range = 41–72 years). Most primary HCC lesions (80%) were of expansive type: either single nodular type or multinodular type. All the patients eventually died of cholangitis and sepsis. Besides biliary drainage, seven patients of moderate to good liver reserve function received transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) for palliative treatment, and three of these received additional radiotherapy (R/T) because of the limited effect of TACE (total dosage ranged from 1600 to 5000 cGy). One patient received only radiotherapy (total dosage 1600 cGy) because of having a single tumor and poor liver reserve function. The median survival time among those eight patients who received palliative treatment was 13.4 months (range = 8–26 months), which was significantly longer than for the other two patients without treatment (2 and 4 months).Conclusions Icteric type hepatocellular carcinoma (IHCC) is a rare presentation of HCC. Palliative treatment strategies, including TACE and/or R/T showed a beneficial effect in improving the survival time.
Strongyloides stercoralis infestation associated with septicemia due to intestinal transmural migration of bacteria
Authors: GHOSHAL UDAY C , GHOSHAL UJJALA , JAIN MANOJ , KUMAR ARVIND , AGGARWAL RAKESH , MISRA ASHA , AYYAGARI ARCHANA , NAIK SUBHASH R 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
Strongyloides stercoralis
infestation is common in the tropics and is usually asymptomatic. Patients with immunocompromised states may develop hyperinfection and fulminant disease. It has been suggested that bacteria accompany
S. stercoralis
during its passage across the bowel wall, resulting in systemic sepsis. Herein is a report on a 30‐year‐old man with
S. stercoralis
infestation and small bowel bacterial overgrowth presenting as malabsorption syndrome. He developed extensive duodenojejunal ulceration, septicemia and fatal hypokalemia. Blood and jejunal fluid grew
Escherichia coli
with the same antibiotic sensitivity patterns. This supports the hypothesis of migration of bacteria from the intestinal lumen as a cause of septicemia in patients with fulminant
S. stercoralis
infestation
. © 2002 Blackwell Publishing Asia Pty Ltd
Influences of Helicobacter pylori on gastric angiogenesis and ulcer healing in mice
Authors: Gunawan Edhi , Tsuji Shingo , Tsujii Masahiko , Kimura Arata , Sun Wei‐Hao , Sawaoka Hitoshi , Sasayama Yoshiaki , Sasaki Yutaka , Kawano Sunao , Hori Masatsugu 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground and Aims: Helicobacter pylori
infection is associated with peptic ulcers; however, it is unclear whether the bacterium delays ulcer healing. We investigated the influence of
H. pylori
on ulcer healing in mice. We also examined the influence of
H. pylori infection on angiogenesis.Methods: An acetic acid ulcer was made in male BALB/c mice. Three days later (day 0), the animals were inoculated with H. pylori SS1 strain. The healing process of the ulcer was examined macroscopically and microscopically on days 0, 6 and 9. The index of angiogenesis was also determined using carmine dye injection.Results: On day 0, angiogenesis began at the ulcer margin while the mucosal epithelia had not yet regenerated. On days 6 and 9, angiogenesis and epithelial regeneration developed and ulcer size reduced. These phenomena were significantly suppressed in mice infected with H. pylori.Conclusion: Helicobacter pylori
infection significantly suppressed angiogenesis and delayed ulcer healing. These results indicate that
H. pylori plays an important role in ulcer healing.© 2002 Blackwell Publishing Asia Pty Ltd
Gastric fundic gland polyps in south‐east Scotland: Absence of adenomatous polyposis coli gene mutations and a strikingly low prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection
Authors: Shand Alan G , Taylor Andrew C , Banerjee Mala , Lessels Alastair , Coia John , Clark Caroline , Haites Naiva , Ghosh Subrata 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
Background and Aim:
Fundic gland polyps (FGP) were originally described in association with familial polyposis syndromes, but it is now accepted that the majority of FGP are picked up incidentally in up to 1.9% of routine endoscopies in dyspeptic patients. The familial adenomatous polyposis phenotype arises from germline mutations of the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene. We aimed to see if there was any association between the presence of FGP, Helicobacter pylori, and two common APC gene mutations.
Methods:
From a search of histopathology records in our unit, 85 consecutive patients were identified with a definite histological diagnosis of FGP between 1989 and 1997. Case notes could be retrieved in 48 cases to show the indication for endoscopy and endoscopic findings. Twenty‐six patients (mean age 61 years, range 40–83 years) were tested for H. pylori status, and for the 1306 and 1061 bp deletions of the APC gene by the use of an enzyme‐linked immunoassay and polymerase chain reaction techniques, respectively.
Results:
Eighty‐nine percent of patients underwent an endoscopy because of dyspepsia; 4.2% were anaemic, 4.2% had hematemesis and 1.2% had dysphagia. Only one patient was seropositive for H. pylori and no patient carried either APC gene deletion.
Conclusions:
This genetic information on those with FGP confirms previous phenotypic studies in that the majority of FGP are not associated with familial polyposis syndromes. The significance of such a strikingly low incidence of H. pylori infection in a dyspeptic population remains unclear.© 2002 Blackwell Publishing Asia Pty Ltd
Cost of community gastroenteritis
Authors: HELLARD MARGARET E , SINCLAIR MARTHAI , HARRIS ANTHONY H , KIRK MARTYN , FAIRLEY CHRISTOPHER K 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground and Aim: Gastroenteritis is a common illness that causes considerable morbidity in developed countries. Endemic gastroenteritis that is not associated with outbreaks causes the greatest number of cases, but information is limited about the burden of this disease, and the resources required to manage its impact on society. In the present study, we estimated the rate of endemic gastroenteritis, the number of visits to the local doctor, use of medication, and the cost of gastroenteritis in Australia.Methods: Data from a community‐based study of gastroenteritis, a general practice surveillance network, the Australian Bureau of Statistics and the Health Insurance Commission were used to measure endemic gastroenteritis and other study outcomes. The results were then extrapolated to the Australian Community.Results: There were an estimated 0.8 cases of gastroenteritis per person per year in Australia. This equated to 15 173 430 cases of gastroenteritis in Australia annually. The age‐standardized estimate of the total number of visits to the general practitioner (GP) for gastroenteritis was 1024 214 at a cost of A$26 722 691. The average cost of prescribed medication per visit was A$6.83; the estimated total cost of prescribed medication was A$6995 381. The estimated cost of over‐the‐counter medication was A$14 587 477. It was estimated that people working full or part‐time had 0.13 days‐off per person per year because of gastroenteritis, at a cost of A$137 924 170. The estimated total cost of endemic gastroenteritis in Australia was A$342 855 616 of which $75 908 274 was direct medical costs and $266 947 342 was time costs and the costs for time off work to care for a sick family member.Conclusions: Endemic gastroenteritis is an important illness in both developed and developing countries. Although in developed countries, the majority of individual cases are mild to moderate in their severity; the overall costs are significant. The results highlight the need for ongoing research to identify the main causes of endemic gastroenteritis.
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the newborn intensive care unit
Authors: BARR P , COURTMAN SP 
Published: March 2003

Objectives:To determine the outcome for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) following cardiac arrest, and the predictors of response to CPR, in newborn infants with a diverse range of medical, surgical and cardiological problems cared for in a tertiary level newborn intensive care unit (NICU).Methodology:Infants who had suffered a cardiac arrest and received CPR were identified by retrospective review of the NICU medical records.Results:Thirty‐five (1%) of 3624 infants admitted to the NICU during a six‐year period received CPR because of a cardiac arrest. Twenty (57%) of the infants did not respond to CPR and died within 2.5 h (non‐responders), eight (23%) responded to CPR but died before discharge from hospital (short‐term responders), and seven (20%) responded to CPR and were discharged from hospital (long‐term responders). The arterial pH was significantly lower in non‐responders to CPR compared with responders. Non‐responders to CPR were not significantly different from responders with regard to gestational age, birth weight, age at arrest, systolic blood pressure, blood gases, severity of respiratory failure, or renal function. In 24 infants (68%), the precipitating cause for the cardiac arrest was either irreversible (20), or not known (4) and all died prior to discharge from hospital. In 11 infants (32%), the cardiac arrest was considered to have been precipitated by an acute and reversible event, and seven (64%) survived to discharge from hospital. All six infants with septicaemic shock were non‐responders to CPR. Three of 15 infants with complex congenital heart disease were long‐term responders to CPR but none survived without a major physical and psychomotor disability.Conclusion:The present study offers support for the recommendation that CPR may be withheld in infants who do not have a reversible cause for their cardiac arrest but are dying or will die soon from the inexorable progress of their illness.
Clonidine overdose in childhood: Implications of increased prescribing
Authors: KAPPAGODA C , SCHELL DN , HANSON RM , HUTCHINS P 
Published: March 2003

Objective:To highlight the increase in the number of cases of clonidine overdose admitted to a specialist paediatric hospital, with particular reference to the clinical features, clinical course and circumstances surrounding the incident.Methods:Cases of clonidine overdose were identified by review of the emergency department attendance register, the intensive care unit database and inpatient statistics collection. Case notes were reviewed to determine the clinical features, history and clinical course in each case.Results:Fifteen patients experienced 16 overdoses during the period 1990–97 inclusive. Only one case occurred before 1994. Depressed level of consciousness and bradycardia were the most common clinical manifestations, and were observed in 75 and 88% of cases respectively. There were no fatalities. Five patients received naloxone. Other treatment modalities included gastrointestinal decontamination, atropine, ventilation and inotropic support. Fourteen cases occurred in association with medication prescribed for attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).Conclusion:Clonidine overdose is a potentially serious condition, often requiring intensive care management. Our experience suggests that it is a growing problem, related in part to its increased use in the treatment of ADHD. Preventive strategies, including raising the level of awareness of risks, changes to packaging and appropriate selection of patients for treatment, need consideration if further overdoses are to be prevented.
The value of parents’ concerns to detect and address developmental and behavioural problems
Authors: Glascoe FP 
Published: March 2003

Abstract: Half of all children with disabilities are not identified before school entry. This precludes their participation in early intervention programs that have known benefit. Although screening tests can greatly improve detection rates, these have not been popular in primary care due to test length and time constraints, and difficulty managing children's behaviour. An alternative is to rely on information from parents. This review describes existing research on parents’ concerns about children's development and behaviour.Hand‐ and electronic‐searches were made of journals indexed in the EMBASE, Medline and Psych‐lit data bases between 1980 and 1998. Key words included ‘parents’ concerns’ and ‘parents’ complaints’. These terms were intersected with ‘development’ and ‘behaviour’.The search identified 30 articles which were grouped into the following categories: frequency of concerns, concerns about development/behavioural/emotional status, the meaning of concerns, influences on concerns including children's ages, health, and parents’ mental health status, eliciting concerns, how parents’ respond to concerns questions, and the accuracy of parents’ concerns.Parents, regardless of differences in education, socioeconomic status, and child‐rearing experience, are able to raise concerns that accurately reflect children's developmental and behavioural status. However, concerns must be carefully and systematically elicited and interpreted according to available evidence. When this occurs, concerns have a high degree of accuracy in detecting developmental and behavioural problems and do so at levels that represent a substantial improvement over disability detection rates usually found in medical settings.
Respiratory morbidity of hospitalized children with Trisomy 21
Authors: Hilton JM , Fitzgerald DA , Cooper DM 
Published: March 2003

Objective: To review the respiratory morbidity in children with Trisomy 21 admitted to a teaching hospital. Methodology: A retrospective chart review of 232 admissions to John Hunter Children’s Hospital during a 6.5‐year period (1991–98). The primary outcome measures included: (i) primary reason for admission, (ii) concomitant respiratory pathology, (iii) admission to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU), (iv) length of stay and (v) costs of admission. Results: Fifty‐four per cent of admissions were primarily for respiratory tract pathology, dominated by pneumonia, bronchiolitis and croup. Admission to the ICU was required for 10% of admissions, most commonly for pneumonia (10/23). Congenital heart disease (CHD) was present in 33% of patients. The median length of stay and cost of admission for a child with Trisomy 21 (without CHD) with common respiratory conditions such as bronchiolitis, asthma or pneumonia was two to three times greater than in patients without Trisomy 21. Conclusions: Lower respiratory pathology is most common cause for acute hospital admission in children with Trisomy 21. The presence of CHD did not influence admission rates to hospital. However, patients with CHD had longer lengths of stay, appeared to have more severe illness, were more likely to require admission to an ICU and were more likely to require ventilatory support.
Survival, cranial ultrasound and cerebral palsy in very low birthweight infants: 1980s versus 1990s
Authors: Doyle LW , Betheras FR , Ford GW , Davis NM , Callanan C 
Published: March 2003

Objective: To determine the changes in the rates of survival, cranial ultrasound abnormalities and cerebral palsy in very low birthweight (VLBW) (birthweight 500–1499 g) infants between the early 1980s and the early 1990s. Methodology: A cohort study of consecutive VLBW live births in one tertiary perinatal hospital during two distinct eras was performed at The Royal Women’s Hospital, Melbourne, a level‐III perinatal centre. Consecutive VLBW infants born over the 18‐month period from 1 October 1980 (n = 222), and over the 12‐month period from 1 January 1992 (n = 202) were identified. The main outcome measures were the proportions of live births surviving to 5 years of age, rates of cranial ultrasound abnormalities, and rates of cerebral palsy at 5 years of age. Results: Over the 18 months from 1 October 1980, 68% (150/222) VLBW live births survived to 5 years of age. The survival rate rose substantially to 82% (165/202) during 1992 (odds ratio 2.1, 95% confidence interval 1.4–3.2). The survival rate increased over time more for those of 500–999 g birthweight than for those of 1000–1499 g birthweight. The rates of cerebroventricular haemorrhage (CVH) were similar in live births and survivors from both eras, as were the rates of cerebral palsy (7.5% in 1980–82; 7.8% in 1992) in survivors seen at 5 years of age. The positive predictive value of CVH for cerebral palsy was low, but cystic periventricular leucomalacia was followed by cerebral palsy in seven of eight survivors from the 1992 cohort. Conclusions: Despite the increasing survival rate with improvements in perinatal care, including more antenatal steroid therapy and the introduction of exogenous surfactant, the rates of CVH and of cerebral palsy in survivors have not diminished.