bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Concepts of Transmission and Dynamics
Authors: Halloran M Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Transmission from one host to another is fundamental to the survival strategy of most infectious agents. Each microbe has its own life cycle, modes of transmission, population dynamics, evolutionary pressures, and molecular and immunologic interaction with its host. The transmission cycle may involve a particular insect or other vector, and consequently its ecology. Studies and interventions need to take the particular transmission, dynamics, and biology of each infectious agent into account. Some underlying principles of transmission and dynamics, however, are common to many infectious diseases. These principles are captured in a wide variety of mathematical and statistical models. Since the human host population is the ecological niche for the infectious agent, some of the principles come from general theories of populations, evolution, and ecology (see Burnet and White 1972, McNeill 1976). Other principles have their origins in infectious disease. epidemiology.
Disease Surveillance
Authors: Chorea Terence L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1348, the Republic of Venice erected its first quarantine station at which all travelers from plague stricken ships were detained to monitor for signs of disease (Moro 1988). The term “surveillance” was introduced into English at the time of the Napoleonic wars, and in public health terms was restricted until 1949 to such monitoring of contacts of persons with serious communicable diseases (Langmuir 1971). As numerous disease surveillance systems have evolved in many cultures, various definitions have been offered for surveillance in its application to human morbidity and mortality data.
Clinical Trials
Authors: Guess Harry A , Calandra Gary B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter outlines aspects of clinical trial methodology that are particularly relevant to evaluating the safety and efficacy of new antibiotics and vaccines. The focus is on the sequence of clinical trials needed either to support initial licensing approval of a new investigation antibiotic or vaccine or to provide the safety and efficacy data needed for regulatory approval of a new indication for an existing antibiotic or vaccine. We do not discuss special considerations applicable to trials of HIV vaccines or of therapies for HIV infections. For further information on the design, conduct, and analysis of clinical trials in general, the reader should consult one of the many excellent textbooks (Friedman et al. 1998, Hulley and Cummings 1988) on clinical trial methodology. Also of interest are recent articles providing criteria for judging the validity of clinical trials (Guyatt et al. 1993), guidelines for what information should be provided in papers reporting results of clinical trials (Begg et al. 1996), guidelines for the design and analysis of trials to demonstrate therapeutic equivalence of two treatments (Jones et al. 1996), and regulatory standards for clinical trials (Food and Drug Administration 1998a).
Community Intervention Studies
Authors: Thomas James C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most of the chapters in this book describe methods for observational research on infectious diseases, research in which the investigators do not manipulate any of the variables. This chapter and the chapter on clinical trials focus primarily on methodologic issues in studies where a factor affecting an infection is altered in the hope of decreasing the risk or duration of the infection. The two most common rubrics for intervention research in epidemiology are clinical trials and community trials. Typically, a clinical trial is a study of a clinical intervention among individuals, while community trials are characterized by an emphasis on whole communities as the unit of analysis. However, the distinction between clinical and community trials can be blurred, as when the evaluation of a clinical intervention, such as a new vaccine, entails implementation in a community. or comparison between different communities. While recognizing the absence of a clear distinction, this chapter focuses predominantly on study methods in those situations where evaluation of an intervention entails the prevalence or incidence of disease in a community.
Research in Out-of-Home Child Care
Authors: Cordell Ralph L , Pickering Larry k. , Lawson M Louise 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The increase in both the number and proportion of children in out-of-home child care over the last 30 years (Hofferth et al. 1991, Thacker et al. 1992, Casper 1997) has had both economic and public health consequences. The economic impact results from indirect costs, including parental absence from work because of child care-associated illness (Haskins 1989, Hofferth et al. 1991), and from direct medical costs associated with the illness (Avendano et al. 1993, Hardy 1994, Carabin et al. 19996). The public health impact results from the child care contribution to the emergence of a number of infectious diseases (Holmes 1996) and from the widespread use of antimicrobial agents and resultant increase in antimicrobial resistance among a number of pathogens (Reves 1990).
Infections Among the Elderly
Authors: Hanson Laura C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The proportion of the U.S. population that is aged 65 and older is growing faster than any younger age group. Elderly citizens made up 12% of the U.S. population in the 1980s, but will be 22 % of the population by the year 2030. Improvements in nutrition, sanitation, and the management of some common chronic diseases have combined to permit more people to live into their seventies, eighties, and nineties. Among the elderly, the numbers of the oldest old, people aged 85 and older, are growing at the fastest rate. This demographic trend will change the epidemiology of many diseases, including infections. As the population ages, the public health impact of infections that are more frequent or more severe among the elderly will increase. More research focused on the specific manifestations of infectious diseases in elderly patients will be needed. In addition, the design and interpretation of epidemiologic research will be affected by the inclusion of more elderly subjects.
Research Collaborations in Developing Countries
Authors: Wawer Maria J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are compelling reasons to conduct infectious disease epidemiologic research in developing countries. Many conditions (such as malaria or leprosy) affect populations primarily or almost exclusively in such settings. The epidemiology of some infections differs substantially between developing and developed countries (for example, in sub-Saharan Africa, a far higher proportion of HIV transmission occurs through heterosexual contact than is the case in North America or Europe), and control measures need to be tested in the appropriate context. Conversely, lessons learned in developing regions can have substantial relevance to developed countries; for example, in the design and evaluation of outreach strategies to underserved segments of the population, or by spearheading the testing of interventions such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccines or short course chemotherapy to prevent maternal-child HIV transmission. Growing cadres of highly trained clinicians, epidemiologists, and other public health specialists residing in developing countries are actively pursuing research agendas and seeking collaborations.
Quantitative Genetic Variation in Populations of Darwin ‘s Finches
Authors: Grant Peter R , Grant B Rosemary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some populations of organisms are much more variable than others in genetic characteristics and quantitative phenotypic traits. Theories explaining genetic variation focus on a balance between mutation on the one hand and stabilizing selection and drift on the other. Additional factors are needed to explain why some populations are more variable than others. These factors include introgression of genes and nonstabilizing forms of selection (directional and diversifying). A long-term field study of Darwin ‘s Finches on the Galapagos island of Daphne Major shows that differential introgressive hybridization is partly responsible for the higher levels of additive genetic variance in the medium ground finch (Geospiza fortis), an ecological generalist species comprising specialist phenotypes, than in the cactus finch (G. scandens), a specialist species. The two species hybridize, rarely, and in addition, the medium ground finch hybridizes with the small ground finch (G. fuliginosa). There is little or no fitness loss in the hybrids and backcrosses. Additive genetic variances of the medium ground finch and cactus finch are approximately at equilibrium. Equilibrium implies that the medium ground finch is subjected to stronger forces of selection than the cactus finch, balancing the stronger genetic input.
Laboratory and Field Heritabilities Some Lessons from Drosophila
Authors: Hoffmann Ary A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The narrow-sense heritability of a trait is defined as the proportion of the phenotypic variance in the trait that is passed on to the next generation. If the phenotypic variance is given by Vp, and the additive genetic variance by VA, then the narrow-sense heritability is defined as VA/Vp. This parameter provides an indication of how much of the variability in a trait among individuals is genetic. It also provides an indication of how quickly a trait will respond to selection, and it is widely used to model microevolutionary change and processes maintaining variability in natural populations.
Adaptive Genetic Variation in the Wild
Authors: Endler John A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After many decades of neglect, we are finally considering seriously the extent and causes of adaptive genetic variation in natural populations. One of the reasons for the neglect until recently is that, in order to address this problem, we need to use extensive, complex, and time-consuming techniques of several poorly integrated fields: ecology, genetics, functional morphology, physiology, and behavior, and we need to use methods ranging from difficult field work to advanced molecular laboratory work. It is a rare person who can do all of these and integrate disparate fields. The chapters in this book are a good sample of the elegant, clever, and original approaches to understanding adaptive genetic variation, and they show that significant progress is now being made in understanding it. In this chapter I summarize the general patterns that are emerging and make some tentative suggestions about where we should go from here. To avoid long-standing arguments about the meaning of “adaptation; ‘ I use the term “adaptive genetic variation” in the sense of genetic variation that is correlated with variation in lifetime or total fitness of individuals.
Injury Epidemiology Research and Control Strategies
Authors: Robertson Leon S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This text presents epidemiologic methods for studying injuries and evaluating interventions to prevent them. It explains the formation of research questions, the sources of reliable and valid data, and the choice of research methods. The difficulties of applying rates and ratios to the evaluation of programs are discussed, and the use of economic concepts and policy analysis is covered. The Second Edition provides specific objectives for research needed in the various stages of injury control planning and implementation, including the types of data needed to reach the objectives. In a progressive, step-by-step analysis, the posing of research questions and the research designs that best answer those questions are illustrated. Examples of the use of surveillance systems to direct allocation of countermeasures of known effectiveness are updated. The false nexus between causation and prevention is clarified and the notion of the causal web is demystified. New studies of the effects of behavioral interventions, laws, and regulations are reviewed. The increasing gap between what is known and what is assumed in regulatory and cost-benefit analyses is discussed.
Evaluation of Post injury Treatment and Rehabilitation
Authors: Robertson Leon S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Research questions regarding the treatment of injuries and rehabilitation range from the profound issue of who survives trauma to the more mundane estimates of costs and payment. Only a small minority of physicians and other professionals delivering care to traumatized patients conduct research, but because of their familiarity of the treatment and rehabilitation scene, these persons are usually in a better position to ask good research questions than are academic epidemiologists (Findley, 1989).
The TSC2 Gene and Tuberin
Authors: Sampson Julian R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When a novel gene such as TSC2 is identified, a fundamental point in the associated disease process is defined. Using the gene as a resource, many areas of research can move from descriptive to experimental phases. Analysis of the sequence of the predicted protein product may reveal clues to the molecular and cellular processes that are perturbed in the disease state. In the case of tuberous sclerosis, descriptive research has been undertaken for over a century but experimental research is still in its infancy. With the progress that has been made in our understanding of the molecular basis of tuberous sclerosis, this area is now likely to grow and develop rapidly.
Nature and Purpose of Long-Term Care
Authors: Kane Rosalie A , Kane Robert L , Ladd Richard C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Starting at the beginning demands a definition of long-term care, the subject of this book. Long-term care is an odd term, which emerged to mark a distinction from acute health care. To define long-term care clearly, therefore, we must first define acute care. Acute care presumes an active illness or health problem that needs attention. The term acute care refers to health care typically offered in hospitals and doctors’ offices to diagnose and treat health conditions. Primary health care (a component of acute care) refers to the overall, first-order responsibility for managing an individual’s health, usually in an outpatient setting; primary care providers have responsibility for performing periodic health maintenance activities as well as treating or arranging for the treatment of active or acute illnesses. Typically, those who receive acute care, whether from hospital personnel or primary care practitioners, view themselves and are viewed as patients. To make the distinction between long-term care and acute care more complicated, most acute care for older people is directed at managing chronic, long-term health problems.
Managed Care and Long-Term Care
Authors: Kane Rosalie A , Kane Robert L , Ladd Richard C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Managed care is discussed more often than it is defined, perhaps because the term is used so variously and widely that it eludes clear definition. Some sort of management is, after all, part of any health or human service endeavor. In some ways, we have been talking about managing long-term care throughout this book. But managed care, as the new watchword of health care reform, and as a movement that has been sweeping the country, deserves a more precise definition.
Population-Level Models
Authors: Clark Colin W , Mangel Marc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most of the dynamic state variable models described in this book pertain to individual optimization: What is optimal for one individual is assumed to be independent of the way other individuals are behaving. In this chapter we indicate briefly how dynamic state variable modeling can be extended to deal with population-level phenomena by using the example of state-dependent ideal free distributions. We also discuss an alternative approach to dynamic optimization based on the method of genetic algorithms.
Molecular Genetics: Tissue Samples in the Laboratory
Authors: Weir Robert F , Olick Robert S , Murray Jeffrey C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Clinical laboratories and research laboratories have a long history of handling biological materials derived from patients or participants in research studies. Extensive quality control procedures established over many years of experience ensure that samples are logged in, analyzed, and tracked in a way that helps generate high quality information and also ensures, when samples remain identified or identifiable, that results are identified with the originating patient with close to 100% accuracy.
An Agenda for the Near Future
Authors: Weir Robert F , Olick Robert S , Murray Jeffrey C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Throughout this book we have made the case for greater disclosure and more appropriately informed consent concerning the collection, storage, and scientific uses of human tissue samples. Our clarion call for policy and practice reforms that will better empower research participants in the exercises of choice in no way diminishes our steadfast support for biomedical research. We know how essential the use of human tissues is to that research and have great hope that biomedical investigators doing research with stored DNA samples will continue to lead the way toward patient-specific treatments and the promise of better health for all of us in the era of genomic medicine.
From Conservation to Coevolution
Authors: Thiele Leslie Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Faced with nearly two billion acres of land available for westward expansion, the early settlers of America eyed a vast resource awaiting exploitation. The rapid development of much of this land was to be expected. Within relatively short order, signs of widespread degradation were evident. By the mid-1700s, a Swedish naturalist traveling in America could complain bitterly about the depletion of the soil’s fertility and the lack of concern for natural and agricultural science among the colonists. He observed that “since the arrival of great crowds of Europeans, things are greatly changed; the country is well peopled, and the woods are cut down. The people, increasing in this country, have by hunting and shooting in part extirpated the birds, in part frightened them away. In spring the people steal eggs, mothers and young indifferently, because no regulations are made to the contrary. And if any had been made, the spirit of freedom which prevails in the country would not suffer them to be obeyed.” The naturalist concluded his account: “I found everywhere the wisdom and goodness of the Creator; but too seldom saw any inclination to make use of them or adequate estimation of them among men.” The problem, evidently, was not simply that the European colonists of America cared less for the land than did the native peoples. Even relative to European standards, American settlers acted irresponsibly in their relationship to the land.
Full Circle with the Dead
Authors: L.Gleason Ralph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
short time ago the Grateful Dead played a four-night engagement at the Berkeley Community Theater. a hall that seats 3.500 when the orchestra pit is used. The entire series of four performances-14.000 tickets-was sold out by the end of the second day the tickets went on sale. There was no spe cial advertising campaign. just the usual announcements in the stan, &lt;lard Bill Graham ads.
Now That We’ve Got a Moment to Stand...
Authors: Hunted Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Now that we’ve got a moment to stand what have we got do we like it or not? Kindly King of Light will explain the fine details in the long run but for the short run the usual ambition, greed and just a touch of goodwill we put what faith we can muster there not much and not often but not Never. this far.
An Aged Deadhead
Authors: Mayer Milton 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Dead had packed them in at a Quaker college in southern Indiana. I had heard all the rock:nroll I wanted to-and more. much more-on records. since Ms. Baby Mayer. the companion of my sorrows. was a true-blue Deadhead. (My son the manager.) I didn’t cotton to the thunderous tom-tom of the music. I was the genteel Dixieland/Mozart type. Ms. Baby said that you had to hear the Dead live. in the flesh. to under Mary Eisenhart has a particular affinity for Hunter’s entire body of work, which shows in her perceptive questions during the following interview published in Golden Road, Fall1984. Although the interview precedes the top-ten success of “Touch of Grey” by three years, Hunter does talk about that song and about the “new album” that was even then in process, which would include the song. And Hunter conveys a sense of a band in a period of stagnation that is coming to an end. Eisenhart is the co-founder of the Grateful Dead conference (and many of its spinoffs, including the literary conference “Deadlit”) on the WELL, as well as the Grateful Dead Forum on m. She is the former editor of MicroTimes magazine and she is presently the editor/webmaster of valleypeople.com, an on-line magazine for and about people in the high-tech industry.
This Darkness Got to Give: Some Thoughts on Problems in the Dead Scene
Authors: Jacksod Blair 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Well. the Dead have just about made it to their 25th anniversary milestone! Wa-hoo! We should all be cheering. slapping high-fives. singing Beethoven’s “Ode to Joy” and generally eel. ebrating this momentous occasion. Instead. our joy is tempered by the sobering realization that the fragile Grateful Dead eco-system is still perilously threatened. There have been improvements on some fronts. regression on others. but the sum total of all the tweaking and adjust‘ ments is that it’s not enough-the Dead are still unwelcome many places and the wretched excesses of Deadheads coast to coast continue to generate bad publicity and bad feelings. What’s being done? What’s to be done? Who’s going to do it? And is it already too late? Let’s take a few moments to examine a few of the issues and areas of concern. Last fall was the first time the Dead banned camping and vending outside their shows. and the feedback we’ve received from Deadheads tell us that this definitely cut down on the number of people hanging out in the parking lots before shows. Cameron Sears. the Dead’s road manager. had this to say about the situation when we spoke to him recently: 1 felt that aspect of it was a success. by and large. and by a success I mean that most people were fairly cooperative with us. There was a strong amount of resistance from some people. and a strong amount of resistance from some Paddy Ladd can lay claim to writing from two unusual perspectives about the Dead: first, he is British: and second, he is Deaf. Both factors have made him acutely anentive to certain kinds of details that escape the scrutiny of other writers-and his writing displays a propensity for psychological speculation that is rewarding for its own sake, simply because Ladd thought to write about it.The following article by Ladd published in a slightly different form in the October 1992 issue of Spirallight, is somewhat prescient, which makes me wonder if we shouldn’t all pay attention in the way Ladd does. Ladd conceived of and organized the special section for Deaf Deadheads at concerts, the Deaf Zone. He recently completed his doctoral dissertation. In Search of Dea/hood-Towards an Understanding of Deaf Cu/cure. The British Deadhead-oriented fanzine Spiral light. ceased publication shortly after Garcia’s death.