bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Audition and the Competition
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Thomas Alma 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Auditions and competitions give singers the closest approximation to the real experience of competing in a sporting event where the competitor gets only one shot at the target. Just as in competitive sports, if you fail or are not up to the required standard you will not often get a second chance. To perform very well while coping with an audition/competition scenario makes demands on your performance thinking.
Fear in Performance
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Thomas Alma 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mental toughness almost guarantees a good performance, and lack of fear is one of the essential elements of mental toughness. Peak performance cannot exist alongside fear. But, as we all know, experiencing fear during our performances is very common for most, if not all, of us at some time. Yet Franklin D. Roosevelt’s statement: “The only thing we have to fear is fear itself” is not only inspiring but also absolutely accurate. You must learn how to deal with your fears and use them in a positive manner, because fear is one of the biggest obstacles to successful performing.
Postperformance Management
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Thomas Alma 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All performances have an outcome: successful or unsuccessful, a laudable achievement or a stressful experience. It is important to plan your performances, and most of you will do this, even if just in a general way, such as what to do before your performance and what to do during your performance. However, the plan for the period after the performance, called postperformance, is just as important as the other two plans. At the conclusion of your performance, you will need to devise and utilize some way to relieve the excess emotion caused by performing. The postperformance evaluation phase is critical and should be ongoing. Psychological research (Maslach, 1982; Morgan, 1984) says that performers give themselves a better chance of repeating a good performance or enhancing a poor performance when they are able to evaluate it in an objective manner. After every performance, take time to reflect upon what happened before and during the performance. This is just as important for successful as for unsuccessful performances. A performance is usually unsuccessful in the head before the body fails.
Staleness and Burnout in Performers
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Thomas Alma 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Staleness occurs frequently in performance. There are very intense pressures placed on performers in all fields today, and singing is no exception. Often the people around you, your voice teacher, your coaches, your fitness guru, and even you yourself may have difficulty in recognizing and diagnosing what is happening, quite apart from preventing or treating it. Once the process of staleness begins and is left unchecked, it can result in what is known as burnout. Staleness and burnout are interrelated.
Opening of Drake Passage and Its Impact on Cenozoic Ocean Circulation
Authors: Lawver Lawrence A , Gahagan Lisa M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1977, an article concerning the “Cenozoic evolution of Antarctic glaciation, the Circum-Antarctic Ocean and their impact on global paleoceanography” was published by Kennett. He correctly deduced many of the tectonic causes of the Cenozoic evolution of both Antarctic glaciation and global paleoceanography. Even without an absolute plate tectonic framework and direct knowledge of opening of Drake Passage between South America and Antarctica (Fig. 10.1), the conclusions in his paper are still valid. In the interim, compilation of a global database of marine magnetic anomalies and fracture zone lineations based on satellite derived gravity has enabled us to produce an absolute plate tectonic framework for the Cenozoic (Muller et al., 1993).
General Principles of Expression—concluded
Authors: Darwin Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We now come to our third principle, namely, that certain actions, which we recognize as expressive of certain states of mind, are the direct result of the constitution of the nervous system, and have been from the first independent of the will, and, to a large extent, of habit. When the sensorium is strongly excited nerveforce is generated in excess, and is transmitted in certain directions, dependent on the connection of the nerve-cells, and, as far as the muscular system is concerned, on the nature of the movements which have been habitually practised. Or the supply of nerve-force may, as it appears, be interrupted. Of course every movement which we make is determined by the constitution of the nervous system; but actions performed in obedience to the will, or through habit, or through the principle of antithesis, are here as far as possible excluded. Our present subject is very obscure, but, from its importance, must be discussed at some length; and it is always advisable to perceive clearly our ignorance.
Low Spirits, Anxiety, Grief, Dejection, Despair
Authors: Darwin Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After the mind has suffered from an acute paroxysm of grief, and the cause still continues, we fall into a state of low spirits; or we may be utterly cast down and dejected. Prolonged bodily pain, if not amounting to an agony, generally leads to the same state of mind. If we expect to suffer, we are anxious; if we have no hope of relief, we despair.
Joy, High Spirits, Love, Tender Feelings, Devotion
Authors: Darwin Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Joy, when intense, leads to various purposeless movements – to dancing about, clapping the hands, stamping, etc., and to loud laughter. Laughter seems to be the expression of mere joy or happiness. We clearly see this in children at play, who are almost incessantly laughing. With young persons past childhood, when they are in high spirits, there is always much meaningless laughter. The laughter of the gods is described by Homer as ‘the exuberance of their celestial joy after their daily banquet’. A man smiles – and smiling, as we shall see, graduates into laughter – at meeting an old friend in the street, as he does at any trifling pleasure, such as smelling a sweet perfume. Laura Bridgman, from her blindness and deafness, could not have acquired any expression through imitation, yet when a letter from a beloved friend was communicated to her by gesture-language, she ‘laughed and clapped her hands, and the colour mounted to her cheeks’. On other occasions she was seen to stamp for joy.
Hatred and Anger
Authors: Darwin Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If we have suffered or expect to suffer some wilful injury from a man, or if he is in any way offensive to us, we dislike him; and dislike easily rises into hatred. Such feelings, if experienced in a moderate degree, are not clearly expressed by any movement of the body or features, excepting perhaps by a certain gravity of behaviour, or by some ill-temper. Few individuals, however, can long reflect about a hated person, without feeling and exhibiting signs of indignation or rage. But if the offending person be quite insignificant, we experience merely disdain or contempt. If, on the other hand, he is all-powerful, then hatred passes into terror, as when a slave thinks about a cruel master, or a savage about a bloodthirsty malignant deity. Most of our emotions are so closely connected with their expression, that they hardly exist if the body remains passive – the nature of the expression depending in chief part on the nature of the actions which have been habitually performed under this particular state of the mind. A man, for instance, may know that his life is in the extremest peril, and may strongly desire to save it, yet may exclaim as did Louis XVI, when surrounded by a fierce mob, ‘Am I afraid? feel my pulse.’ So a man may intensely hate another, hut until his bodily frame is affected he cannot be said to be enraged.
Surprise –Astonishment – Fear – Horror
Authors: Darwin Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Attention, if sudden and close, graduates into surprise; and this into astonishment; and this into stupefied amazement. The latter frame of mind is closely akin to terror. Attention is shown by the eyebrows being slightly raised; and as this state increases into surprise, they are raised to a much greater extent, with the eyes and mouth widely open. The raising of the eyebrows is necessary in order that the eyes should be opened quickly and widely; and this movement produces transverse wrinkles across the forehead. The degree to which the eyes and mouth are opened corresponds with the degree of surprise felt: but these movements must be co-ordinated; for a widely opened mouth with eyebrows only slightly raised, results in a meaningless grimace, as Dr Duchenne has shown in one of his photographs. On the other hand, a person may often be seen to pretend surprise by merely raising his eyebrows.
The Thesis and Its Refinement
Authors: Keita Maghan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What does such a statement as the epigraph to this chapter mean? What is its import and implications? It is in the consequence of writing this work a provocative declaration. It is also a fundamental starting point for understanding much of what has emerged as Afrocentric or Africa-centered thought and discourse in the United States. It implies, as Roth has pointed out, that this discourse is international in scope; it is dynamic and diverse in its formation, perspectives, and interpretations. To declare oneself a “Diopian” is also a statement of declaration as to where one believes the critical theory begins.
The Gastropods
Authors: Chase Ronald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The phylum Mollusca is second only to the Anthropoda in number of species. The molluscan lineage has been extremely plastic, and a great variety of structural plans have appeared. Of the seven classes of molluscs (Fig. 1.1), the largest is Gastropoda, which accounts for about 80% of the extant fauna. Estimates of the total number of living gastropod species is at least 40,000 and perhaps more than 100,000, with about 13,000 named genera (Bieler, 1992); the range of uncertainty indicates our substantial ignorance of this major taxonomic group.
Locomotion
Authors: Chase Ronald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Not all gastropods are slow moving. The pelagic species, such as the pteropod Clione, are strong swimmers that can swim at speeds up to 50 cm/second. However, the vast majority of gastropods locomote not by swimming, but by crawling, and they are indeed slow. The fastest of the crawlers, Lymnaea peregra, has been clocked at speeds up to 17.5 cm/second. Crawling is accomplished by two different mechanisms, depending on the animal. Cilia are present on the soles of all gastropods, and their use for crawling is probably primitive, but ciliary locomotion is generally limited to small animals that carry light loads or larger marine animals that are buoyant in water.
Coronary Heart Disease Rates among Adventists and Others
Authors: Fraser Gary E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Deaths from coronary heart disease have decreased by half or more in the United States over the last 30 years (Gillum, 1993; Havlik and Feinleib, 1979). Despite this, it is still a major killer in the United States and most Western countries, as well as being leading cause of morbidity. Among the manifestations of this disease are myocardial infarction (heart attack), sudden death, congestive heart failure, serious arrhythmia, and angina pectoris.
Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a consequence of the atherosclerotic process as it affects the coronary arteries and thus diminishes the blood and oxygen supply to the heart muscle. Atherosclerosis is an accumulation of cholesterol, cholesterol esters, collagen, and inflammatory cells beneath the lining of arteries (Ross, 1993). We now understand that this process depends on higher values of LDL cholesterol and a relatively oxidizing environment (Witztum, 1994). The oxidized LDL cholesterol filters into the artery wall and tends to remain there, forming a plaque that may protrude into the open space (lumen) of the artery.
Social Support, Religiosity, Other Psychological Factors, and Health
Authors: Lee Jerry , Stacey, Graham , Fraser Gary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rather than providing a comprehensive analysis of psychosocial and religious commitment variables and their effects on mortality rates, we will focus here on the roles that some of these factors might play in distorting our dietary analyses. For instance, vegetarian Adventists may have better social support or attend church more regularly. If social support or church attendance are independent predictors of mortality, the apparent influence of vegetarianism would involve a mixture of effects of the related psychosocial variables and of any true effect of vegetarianism. In other words, the dietary and psychosocial variables would then be confounded and both would need to be included in the statistical models if their independent effects were to be estimated. Some possible interrelations between different kinds of variables are shown in Figure 9–1.
A confounding variable needs to be related to both the variable of interest (say, meat consumption) and the endpoint it affects (say, CHD mortality). Hence, in the sections that follow, we provide definitions of some of the psychosocial and religious variables of interest and describe mechanisms by which they may influence mortality. To the extent that the Adventist data allow, associations between psychosocial variables and dietary factors, and between psychosocial factors and mortality, are explored separately to decide if confounding is likely.
Changing a Population’s Diet: A Behavioral View of the Adventist Experience
Authors: Hopp-Marshak Helen , Freier Kiti , Fraser Gary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although Americans, on average, have made definite changes toward a more healthful diet over the last 20 to 30 years, these have been relatively modest, despite the strong media and governmental focus on diet and its health effects. Recently, for instance, the U.S. Surgeon General declared obesity to be a national epidemic. As described in Chapter 1, Adventists tend to make food choices that are quite different from those of their non-Adventist neighbors. Moreover, they began doing this many decades before there was any credible scientific evidence to demonstrate the benefits.
What made this behavioral change possible in a diverse and geographically dispersed group? Are there lessons here that may be helpful for others who wish to make similar changes? It is possible to find explanations for Adventists’ success with dietary changes and maintenance that are based on theories from the behavioral sciences. While there are no data that directly address this question in regard to Adventists, research on similar issues in other study groups provide some likely explanations.
Shifting to a Vegetarian Diet: Practical Suggestions from a Nutritionist
Authors: Haddad Ella 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With a new understanding and appreciation of the health benefits of vegetarian diets, some are motivated to make changes in this direction. How is this accomplished? Is it difficult?
The term vegerarian encompasses a range of dietary practices. Although “vegetarian” is not consistently defined in the scientific literature, the following definitions are commonly used:
It is not difficult or complicated to plan appealing and nutritionally adequate vegetarian meals. The same steps of food selection, preparation, and presentation that are used in conventional diets are necessary for vegetarians. Meals should be both tasty and nutritionally adequate. Here are some useful guidelines that are generally consistent with the most recent position paper issued by the American Dietetic Association (Messina and Burke, 1997).
Basic Principles of Immunology and Genital Tract Immunity
Authors: Crowley-Nowick Peggy A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides an introduction to the basic concepts of immunology and immunity in the reproductive tract of women. Immunology is a complex field, and our understanding of the intricate mechanisms used by the immune system to protect individuals from the massive onslaught of pathogens in our environment expands each day. Therefore, it is impossible to cover all aspects of immunity in a single chapter. This chapter is meant only to be an overview of a field that is reviewed in more detail elsewhere. 1,2 To simplify the immunologic concepts, it is divided into four sections: (1) antigens; (2) the humoral and cellular aspects of innate immunity; (3) the humoral and cellular factors of adaptive immunity; and (4) immunology of the female genital tract.
Autoimmune Diseases
Authors: Manzi Susan , Ramsey-Goldman Rosalind 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Under normal conditions, the immune system distinguishes the body’s own tis sues from external invaders. In autoimmune diseases the immune system inappropriately targets the body and this results in tissue injury. Autoimmune responses may be directed toward a specific organ or towards components of cells. Organ-specific autoimmune conditions include autoimmune thyroiditis and bullous dermatologic conditions, including pemphigoid. In contrast, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is characterized by the production of autoantibodies directed against the nucleus, cytoplasm, or membrane of cells. This generalized autoreactivity in SLE results in multi-organ involvement.
Red Arctic
Authors: Mccannon John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A work of refreshing originality and vivid appeal, Red Arctic tells the story of Stalinist Russia’s massive campaign to explore and develop its Northern territories during the 1930s. Author John McCannon recounts the dramatic stories of the polar expeditions--conducted by foot, ship, and plane--that were the pride of Stalinist Russia, in order to expose the reality behind them: chaotic blunders, bureaucratic competition, and the eventual rise of the Gulag as the dominant force in the North. Red Arctic also traces the development of the polar-based popular culture of the decade, making use of memoirs, films, radio broadcasts, children’s books, and cultural ephemera ranging from placards to postage stamps to show how Russia’s “Arctic Myth” became an integral part of the overall socialist-realist aesthetic that animated Stalinist culture throughout the 1930s.
Introduction
Authors: Mccannon John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One summer day in Moscow, as I was bringing my dissertation research to a close, I decided to combine business with pleasure by visiting the Druzhba (“Friendship”) Theater. Showing that afternoon was a matinee of The Two Captains, the film adaptation of the famous novel by Veniamin Kaverin. In what was by far his most popular work, Kaverin depicts the adventures of a young man who grows up to become an Arctic pilot during the Stalin era.1 The story itself was inspired directly by the central subject of my research: the real-life exploits of the Soviet polar heroes who stormed their way into the hearts and imaginations of citizens throughout the USSR during the 1930s. It was only natural, then, that I should take some time off from the archives and the Lenin Library to spend the day at the movies.
Days Of Glory:The Major Expeditions, 1932-1939
Authors: Mccannon John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the 1930s, there were, in effect, two Arctics that existed in the USSR. The first was the Arctic described in the previous chapters: the Arctic of blunders, crime, and substandard living conditions. This was the grim Arctic of prison-camp labor. It was a rough-hewn region in which the Soviets could-and did-inch forward, but only by means of trial, error, and painstaking effort. It was also a behind-the-scenes Arctic that remained very much hidden from the Soviet public.
Between Rhetoric And Reality:Manufacturing The Arctic Myth
Authors: Mccannon John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the evening of 21 May 1937, a play opened at the Variety Theater in Moscow. The offering that night was Mikhail Vodopianov’s A Pilot’s Dream (Mechta pilota), a melodrama depicting a squadron of Soviet pilots landing at the North Pole. The remarkable thing about A Pilot’s Dream has nothing to do with its literary qualities (which are meager) but rather the timing of the play’s premiere. When the curtain went up, the author of the play had actually arrived at the pole only hours beforehand, having piloted the lead aircraft of the SP-1 expedition to the top of the world. In other words, the opening of the play was deliberately staged to coincide with the real-life fulfillment of the fantasy portrayed on stage.
Polestar descending:glavsevmorput in decline, 1936-1939
Authors: Mccannon John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In July 1937, in the wake of his successful expedition to the North Pole, Otto Shmidt gave a public address at Moscow’s Regional Council of Professional Labor Unions. Afterward, Shmidt was asked by a reporter why Levanevsky had not yet made a transpolar flight to America. After all, both Chkalov and Gromov had done so. Why not a Glavsevmorput pilot? Shmidt answered by repeating the question: “Why, indeed, has Levanevsky not flown this year?” He paused, allowing a grin to appear on his face: “Remember, my comrades, the year is not yet out.” In other words, bigger and better things were yet to come from GUSMP.
Paleontology and Macroevolution On the Theoretical Conflict between an Expanded Synthesis and Hierarchic Punctuationism
Authors: Szalay Frederick S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is difficult to define where macroevolution begins and microevolution ends (Levinton, 1988), and therefore who is or is not a proper macroevolutionist is equally contentious. Since a zenith of macroevolutionary understanding provided by the Modem Synthesis, and well represented by Simpson’s two tomes (1944, 1953) and subsequent writings (also by Rensch’s 1947 and 1959 independent contributions), enormous amount of new data has surfaced, along with new subdisciplines, all of which continue to demand theoretical treatment in the framework of taxic and other macroevolutionary perspectives. In Fitch and Ayala (1995), based on a 1994 symposium paying homage to G. G. Simpson’s (1944) “Tempo and Mode,” widely ranging contributions examined the change in the past 50 years. Opinions varied a great deal on the relevance of the Synthesis, although it is probable that advances in genetics, molecular, and developmental biology went beyond even of what Simpson might have fantasized. Basic theoretical issues put forward in “Tempo and Mode” about the evolutionary dynamic, however, have not been shown to be wrong or even “outdated”. Subsequent to what was then merely called punctuated equilibrium, S. J. Gould declared in 1980 that the Synthesis was dead (see Mayr & Provine, 1980). The simple question then and now remains: Beyond a far more detailed knowledge of patterns in the fossil record, have we learned enough about causal explanations and evolutionary process through time to justify Gould’s declarative statement? In particular, is the claim justified that macroevolution can and should be causally decoupled (beyond the important and unique description of various processes and interactions of organisms and environment) from the basic mechanisms that affect population level change (Gould, 1982a,b)? I briefly reexamine here some theoretical positions that surround the issue of decoupling versus continuity and mutual dependency of micro- and macroevolutionary analysis. In spite of its earlier rhetoric, punctuationism claims to retain most if not all the tenets of the Synthesis, while paradoxically it claims to replace its foundations with a new ontology and advocates the practice of methods based on the latter (Eldredge, 1995). Interesting quasi-Darwinian claims about autocatalytic evolution (Kauffman, 1993, 1995; Weber & Depew, 1996) add other issues to future theoretical examinations of macroevolution.