bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Flavohaemoglobin HmpX from Erwinia chrysanthemi confers nitrosative stress tolerance and affects the plant hypersensitive reaction by intercepting nitric oxide produced by the host
Authors: Boccara Martine , Mills Catherine E. , Zeier Jürgen , Anzi Chiara , Lamb Chris , Poole Robert K. , Delledonne Massimo 
Published: July 2005

SummaryHost cells respond to infection by generating nitric oxide (NO) as a cytotoxic weapon to facilitate killing of invading microbes. Bacterial flavohaemoglobins are well‐known scavengers of NO and play a crucial role in protecting animal pathogens from nitrosative stress during infection. Erwinia chrysanthemi, which causes macerating diseases in a wide variety of plants, possesses a flavohaemoglobin (HmpX) whose function in plant pathogens has remained unclear. Here we show that HmpX consumes NO and prevents inhibition by NO of cell respiration, indicating a role in protection from nitrosative stress. Furthermore, infection of Saintpaulia ionantha plants with an HmpX‐deficient mutant of E. chrysanthemi revealed that the lack of NO scavenging activity causes the accumulation of unusually high levels of NO in host tissue and triggers hypersensitive cell death. Introduction of the wild‐type hmpX gene in an incompatible strain of Pseudomonas syringae had a dramatic effect on the hypersensitive cell death in soya bean cell suspensions, and markedly reduced the development of macroscopic symptoms in Arabidopsis thaliana plants. These observations indicate that HmpX not only protects against nitrosative stress but also attenuates host hypersensitive reaction during infection by intercepting NO produced by the plant for the execution of the hypersensitive cell death programme.
Strengths and weaknesses of museum and national survey data sets for predicting regional species richness: comparative and combined approaches
Authors: Guralnick Robert , Van Cleve Jeremy 
Published: July 2005

ABSTRACTWe compiled three independent data sets of bird species occurrences in northeastern Colorado to test how predicted species richness compared to a combined analysis using all the data. The first data set was a georeferenced regional museum data set from two major repositories — the Denver Museum of Nature, and the Science and University of Colorado Museum. The two national survey data sets were the Breeding Bird Survey (summer), and the Great Backyard Bird Count (winter). Resulting analyses show that the museum data sets give richness estimates closest to the combined data set while exhibiting a skewed abundance distribution, whereas survey data sets do not accurately estimate overall richness even though they contain far more records. The combined data set allows the strengths of one data set to augment weaknesses in others. It is likely some museum data sets display skewed abundance distributions due to collectors’ potentially self‐selecting under‐represented species over common ones.
High incidence of recurrence and hematologic events following liver transplantation for Budd–Chiari syndrome
Authors: Cruz Elizabeth , Ascher Nancy L , Roberts John P , Bass Nathan M , Yao Francis Y 
Published: July 2005

Abstract:  Background:  Most cases of Budd–Chiari syndrome (BCS) in Western countries are related to underlying hematologic diseases with inherent thrombogenic propensity. We evaluated the long‐term outcome, risks for recurrent disease, and other hematologic complications following orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) for BCS.Methods:  Clinical data from 11 consecutive patients with BCS who underwent OLT were retrospectively reviewed. Four patients had a prior transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt and one had a surgical shunt procedure. All patients were started on intravenous heparin within the first 24 h following OLT. All except one patient who had protein C deficiency were maintained on long‐term oral anticoagulation.Results:  The Kaplan–Meier survival rates at 1, 5 and 10 yr were 81, 65 and 65%, respectively. Three patients developed BCS recurrence, including two who died as a consequence of rapid graft failure within days after OLT. Three patients developed other thrombotic events, including splenic vein thrombosis associated with gastric variceal hemorrhage requiring splenectomy, portal vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Four patients experienced severe bleeding complications within 7 d after OLT requiring exploratory laparotomy. One patient died after transformation of polycythemia vera to acute myelogenous leukemia at 2.1 yr after OLT.Conclusion:  We observed a high incidence of recurrent BCS and complications related to the underlying hematologic disorder or anticoagulation after OLT for BCS. The present series also included the first two cases of rapid recurrence of BCS and graft failure within days after OLT.
Thymoglobulin induction protects liver allografts from ischemia/reperfusion injury
Authors: Bogetti Diego , Sankary Howard N , Jarzembowski Tomasz M , Manzelli Antonio , Knight Peter S , Thielke James , Chejfec Gregorio , Cotler Scott , Oberholzer Jose , Testa Giuliano , Benedetti Enrico 
Published: July 2005

Abstract:  Background:  Interventions that minimize hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) can expand the donor organ pool. Thymoglobulin (TG) induction therapy has been shown to ameliorate delayed graft function and possibly decrease IRI in cadaver renal transplants recipients. This controlled randomized trial was designated to assess the ability of TG to protect against IRI in liver transplant recipients.Patients and methods:  Twenty‐two cadaveric liver transplant recipients were randomized to receive either TG (1.5 mg/kg/dose) during the anhepatic period and QOD ×2 doses or no TG. No differences in recipients’ demographics were present and donor characteristics were similar in terms of age, cause of death, and cold ischemia time. Maintenance immunosupression consisted of Tacrolimus (or Cyclosporine) and steroids for both groups. Donor biopsies were obtained during organ procurement, cold storage and 1 h after re‐vascularization. Post‐operative liver function tests were monitored. Early graft function, length of stay, patient and graft survival rates, incidence of primary non‐function and rate of rejection were assessed. Results: Patient and graft survival at 3 months was 100%. There was no incidence of primary graft non‐function and no need for re‐transplantation. The incidence of acute rejection was similar between the two groups. Patients in the TG group had significant decreases in alanine aminotransferase test at day 1 compared to the control group (p = 0.02). There were also near significant decreases of total bilirubin at day 5 and shorter length of hospitalization. Liver biopsy (at procurement, when cold, and post‐reperfusion) of TG group demonstrated a trend for increased central ballooning.Conclusion:  The TG allowed for more compromised liver grafts to be transplanted with less clinical evidence of IRI and improved function. Further studies on the degree of apoptosis in the liver biopsy post‐reperfusion are underway.
Evaluation of MR‐angiography for pre‐operative assessment of living kidney donors
Authors: Prosst Ruediger L , Fernández Emilio Domínguez , Neff Wolfgang , Braun Claude , Neufang Thomas , Post Stefan 
Published: July 2005

Abstract:  Introduction:  Pre‐operative magnetic resonance tomography (MR) and MR‐angiography (MRA) have rendered favorable results for the assessment of renal anatomy preceding living‐related kidney transplantation. However, limited value of MRA in the detection of accessory renal vasculature is reported.Methods:  We compared the results of pre‐operative contrast‐medium‐enhanced MRA of the last 30 consecutively performed nephrectomies in living kidney donors with the intraoperative findings of vascular, parenchymal, and ureteral anatomy.Results:  Pre‐operative MRA diagnosed a solitary renal artery in 24 cases (80%) and a normal venous, ureteral and parenchymal anatomy in all cases. Intraoperatively, the surgeon confirmed the normal pre‐operative MRA findings of ureter and parenchyma. Yet, in 6 out of 30 patients (20%) vascular architecture differed from the pre‐operative imaging: four of them, who had a radiologically regular anatomy, were found to have accessory vessels upon surgical preparation. In the fifth patient, MRA revealed an accessory lower polar artery, which was confirmed during surgery. An undiagnosed third arterial vessel, located behind the renal vein, led to an aortic bleeding. In the sixth case, the adrenal gland artery was misinterpreted as an accessory superior polar artery of the kidney in MRA. Additionally, a radiologically undetected inferior polar artery was dissected during nephrectomy and led to partial hypoperfusion of the graft. Subsequent retrospective reevaluation of the MRA by experienced radiologists was unable to identify the intraoperative anatomical discrepancies. Hence, sensitivity of MRA was 60% (6 out of 10 cases) for accessory renal vessel detection and 80% (24 out of 30 cases) for overall sensitivity in determining renal vessel number.Discussion:  MRA is a reliable method for the non‐invasive investigation of living kidney donors and provides valuable information required by the surgeon. But, as the technique misses small diameter vessels, it cannot be recommended as sole diagnostic tool in unclear cases.
Influence of cumulative number of marginal donor criteria on primary organ dysfunction in liver recipients
Authors: Pokorny H , Langer F , Herkner H , Schernberger R , Plöchl W , Soliman T , Steininger R , Muehlbacher F 
Published: July 2005

Abstract:  Background:  The aim of this cohort study was to assess the cumulative effect of marginal donor criteria on initial graft function and patient survival after liver transplantation.Methods:  We included 734 consecutive patients who underwent orthotopic liver transplantation at the Vienna General Hospital between January 1993 and December 2003. We employed the local registry of the Department of Transplant Surgery, where variables of all patients are routinely and prospectively recorded. Primary outcome was initial graft function, secondary outcome was patient survival.Results:  Cumulative number of marginal donor criteria was significantly and linearly associated with an increased rate of primary dysfunction (PDF; p = 0.005). In patients with more than three cumulative marginal donor criteria the rate of PDF was 36%. Patient survival was not influenced by the cumulative number of donor criteria (log‐rank test, p = 0.81). Independent marginal donor criteria to predict PDF were cold ischemia time >10 h [odds ratio (OR) 0.56; 95% CI 0.32–0.98] and donor peak serum sodium >155 mEq/L (OR 0.44; 95% CI 0.26–0.77), as assessed in a multivariate regression model.Conclusions:  The use of marginal liver donors with more than three marginal donor criteria shows deleterious effects on initial graft function. Noteworthy, patient survival was not associated with marginal donor criteria, which may be explained by early and successful retransplantation of liver recipients with primary non‐function.
Up‐regulation of cyclooxygenase‐2 during acute human renal allograft rejection
Authors: Rangel Érika B , Moura Luiz A , Franco Marcello F , Pacheco‐Silva Álvaro 
Published: July 2005

Abstract:  Background:  Cyclooxygenases‐1 and ‐2 (COX‐1 and COX‐2) are important in renal physiology and in many abnormal states. However, there is poor information about them during renal allograft rejection. The purpose of this study was to analyze cyclooxygenases expression in renal tissue allograft during acute rejection.Methods:  COX‐1 and COX‐2 transcripts and proteins were analyzed by semi‐quantitative RT‐PCR and immunohistochemistry in samples from human renal allografts obtained from nephrectomy because of irreversible acute rejection.Results:  In samples with acute rejection, we detected higher expression of COX‐2 mRNA in comparison with COX‐1 (p < 0.001) being COX‐2 expression not different from COX‐1 in samples from renal allografts without acute rejection. COX‐1 and COX‐2 localization was in accordance with data described in literature, however COX‐2 protein was higher in interstitial cells in the group with rejection than in the group without rejection (p = 0.04). In addition, in samples with acute rejection COX‐2 immunoreactivity was more prominent in podocytes (p < 0.001), in proximal tubules (p < 0.001), in collecting duct cells (p = 0.003) and in interstitial cells (p < 0.001) when compared with COX‐1.Conclusions:  Our data show that there is an increased production of COX‐2 during acute renal rejection.
The Changing Values of Children and Preferences Regarding Family Size in South Africa
Authors: Sam David Lackland , Peltzer Karl , Mayer Boris 
Published: July 2005

Cette recherche élargit à un contexte africain avec la problématique suivante les études en cours sur les relations entre les générations et les valeurs attribuées aux enfants: dans quelle mesure la structure des valeurs projetées sur les enfants (VOC) repérée dans des études antérieures peut‐elle être retrouvée en Afrique du Sud et quelles sont les préférences des femmes concernant la taille des familles petite, nombreuse et idéale. L’échantillon était constitué de trois cohortes de femmes noires sud‐africaines originaires de la province de Limpopo. Des analyses factorielles ont montré que les dimensions de la VOC apparue en Afrique du Sud étaient un agrégat de différentes valeurs. Ont été isolées comme dimensions relatives au désir d’enfants Social/Emotionnel et Traditionnel/Utilitaire. Pour ce qui est des motifs expliquant le choix de ne pas avoir d’enfants sont apparus l’enfant comme source de contraintes et les contraintes que constitue le fait d’avoir un enfant. Les comparaisons entre les générations montrent des variations dans l’importance des dimensions des valeurs accordées aux enfants et dans les préférences concernant la taille de la famille. Les valeurs dont les enfants sont porteurs pour les jeunes mères étaient liées au nombre d’enfants que ces femmes avaient et à leurs préférences relatives à la taille de la famille. La discussion sur les résultats tient compte de l’évolution du contexte sociopolitique de l’Afrique du Sud.This study extends the ongoing studies on values of children and intergenerational relations into an African context with the following key questions: To what extent can the structure of values of children (VOC) identified in previous studies be found in South Africa and what are women's preferences regarding the size of small, large, and ideal families? The sample consisted of three cohorts of Black South African women from the Limpopo Province. Factor analyses showed that the dimensions of VOC found in South Africa are a conglomeration of different values. Identified dimensions were Social/Emotional and Traditional/Utilitarian with respect to reasons for wanting children. Regarding reasons for not wanting children, Child as Source of Constraints and Constraints to Have a Child were identified. Intergenerational comparisons showed variations in the importance of value of children dimensions and in preferences regarding family size. Values of children of younger mothers were related to the number of children these women had and to their preferences regarding family size. The findings are discussed within the changing socio‐political context of South Africa.
Adult Parent–Child Relationships: Relationship Quality, Support, and Reciprocity
Authors: Schwarz Beate , Trommsdorff Gisela , Albert Isabelle , Mayer Boris 
Published: July 2005

A partir du modèle de la solidarité intergénérationnelle de Bengston (Bengston & Roberts, 1991), on a étudié, chez 265 femmes entre deux âges vivant en Allemagne, les interrelations entre leurs valeurs familiales, leur perception de qualité de la relation avec leurs parents, le soutien qu’elles disent leur apporter et recevoir de leur part, ainsi que leur appréhension de l’entraide entre les générations. On s’est aussi demandé si l’aide apporté aux parents et la réciprocité perçu étaient en rapport avec la charge que les filles ressentaient suite au soutien accordé. Les données des diverses rubriques, fournies par les sujets, ont été traitées avec des analyses de régression logistiques multiple et multinomiale. Les analyses ont débouché sur des liaisons positives entre les valeurs familiales, la qualité des relations et le soutien aux parents. La réciprocité perçue était reliée aux aides mutuelles entre les générations et un soutien déséquilibré avait des effets négatifs sur la qualité de la relation. La charge ressentie pouvait ­être prédite à partir de la réciprocité perçue et de l’importance de l’aide. Cependant, sont apparus des modèles corrélationnels spécifiques dépendant à la fois du type d’aide et du niveau d’importance relatif du père et de la mère. Les résultats sont discutés dans le contexte du sens de la réciprocité et des obligations familiales dans une culture occidentale.In accordance with Bengtson's model of intergenerational solidarity (e.g. Bengtson & Roberts, 1991), the interrelations between adult daughters’ family values, their perception of the relationship quality with their parents, the support they reported to give to and to receive from their parents, and their perception of reciprocity in intergenerational support exchange were investigated for N= 265 middle‐aged women in Germany. It was also asked whether the support given to parents and perceived reciprocity are related to daughters’ felt burden as a result of their support. Cross‐sectional, self‐report data were examined with multiple and multinomial logistic regression analyses. The analyses revealed positive relations between family values, relationship quality, and support to parents. Perceived reciprocity was associated with the exchange of intergenerational support, and imbalance in support had negative effects on the relationship quality. Felt burden was predicted by the extent of support and the perceived reciprocity. However, specific correlational patterns depending on the kind of support as well as differences in the importance of mother and father occurred. The findings are discussed against the background of the meaning of family obligations and reciprocity in a Western culture.
The Differential Role of Comprehension and Production Practice
Authors: DeKeyser Robert M. , Sokalski Karl J. 
Published: July 2005

In the last 10 years, the ideas that second language learning requires a certain amount of focus on form, and that form should to some extent be learned explicitly, have been steadily gaining ground (see, e.g., Doughty & Williams, 1998; Norris & Ortega, 2000). What exact instructional activities this implies, however, remains the subject of considerable controversy.In the early 199Os, VanPatten and his collaborators published several studies suggesting that a type of form‐focused input activities called processing instruction were all that was necessary, and that form‐focused output activities were not useful, given that students who had had either input or output practice performed similarly on subsequent production tasks, whereas students used to input practice performed better on comprehension tasks than the output practice group. In a study published around the same time as the present one, VanPatten and Oikkenon (1996) even argued that not only output practice but even grammar explanation is not necessary provided students receive processing instruction.The vast majority of studies carried out by VanPatten and his collaborators, however, including the (1996) study just mentioned, dealt with the problem of learning the morphology and word order of Spanish clitic pronouns by English speakers. In our (1996) article we argued‐and we still do‐that the results of studies by VanPatten and collaborators are to some extent due t o this choice of structure and therefore not generalizable.Our results with 82 first‐year students of Spanish as a second language indicated that the relative effectiveness of production versus comprehension practice depended on the morphosyntactic complexity of the structure in question as well as on the delay between practice and testing. The findings basically reflected the predictions of skill acquisition theory that input practice is better for comprehension skills, and output practice for production skills, but these patterns were obscured when both testing time and the morphosyntactic nature of the structure in question favored one skill or the other.Not much research has been published since 1996 that addresses these specific issues empirically. Allen (2000), however, in a study on the learning of causative structures in French, reached the same conclusion we had in 1996. In that study, traditional instruction was found as effective as processing instruction in enabling learners to comprehend and more effective than processing instruction in enabling learners to produce the French causative. It appears again, then, that which kind of instructional activity is most effective at bringing about comprehension or production skill depends on the morphosyntactic nature of the structure at issue, and that the advantage of (specific forms of) input practice over output practice for learning Spanish clitic pronouns cannot be generalized to other structures.
Negotiation of Form, Recasts, and Explicit Correction in Relation to Error Types and Learner Repair in Immersion Classrooms
Authors: Lyster Roy 
Published: July 2005

This study investigated specific patterns of a reactive approach to form‐focused instruction: namely, corrective feedback and its relationship to error types and immediate learner repair. The database is drawn from transcripts of audio recordings made in four French immersion class‐rooms at the elementary level, totaling 18.3 hours and including 921 error sequences. The 921 learner errors were coded as grammatical, lexical, or phonological, or as unsolicited uses of L1. Corrective feedback moves were coded as explicit correction, recast, or negotiation of form (i.e., elicitation, metalinguistic clues, clarification requests, or repetition of error).In contrast with previous studies of error treatment in L2 classrooms, which showed that teachers' use of corrective feedback was relatively unsystematic, this study revealed a certain degree of systematicity in the teachers' treatment of specific types of oral errors. First, the proportion of error types receiving corrective feedback from the teachers reflected the rate at which these various error types actually occurred. Second, the teachers tended to provide feedback on phonological and lexical errors with a certain amount of consistency (at rates of 70% and 80%, respectively); grammatical errors received corrective feedback at a lower rate, but accounted for the highest number of corrective feedback moves in the database nonetheless. Third, the teachers tended to select feedback types in accordance with error types: namely, recasts after grammatical and phonological errors and negotiation of form after lexical errors.Overall, the negotiation of form proved to be more effective at leading to immediate repair than recasts or explicit correction, particularly in the case of lexical errors and also in the case of grammatical errors and unsolicited uses of L1, but not in the case of phonological errors; the latter clearly benefit from recasts. This pattern suggests (a) that the teachers were on the right track in their decisions to recast phonological errors and to negotiate lexical errors and (b) that perhaps teachers could draw more frequently on the negotiation of form in response to grammatical errors, because almost two thirds of all grammatical repairs resulted from this type of feedback. A preference for providing feedback in this way is supported by de Bot's (1996) argument that language learners are likely to benefit more from being “pushed” (Swain, 1995) to retrieve target language forms than from merely hearing the forms in the input, because the retrieval and subsequent production stimulate the development of connections in memory.