bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fertility in the male gorilla (Gorilla gorilla): Relationship to semen parameters and serum hormones
Authors: Gould K. G. , Kling O. R. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractCirculating levels of steroid and protein hormones were measured in 17 adult male lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla). The population included both fertile and infertile males as identified by previous siring of offspring and presence or absence of spermatozoa in the ejaculate obtained by rectal probe electrostimulation.Correlations were sought between levels of testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, androstenedione, estrone, estradiol, progesterone, 170H‐progesterone, dihydroepiandrosterone, luteinizing hormone, follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH), and potential fertility status.The results identify normal circulating levels of these hormones, and indicate that aspermatogenesis and infertility are not necessarily associated with any alteration in levels of gonadal steroids. There is an association of aspermatogenesis with elevation of FSH. Levels of adrenal androgens are more similar to other non‐human primates than to the human, which is of interest because in other aspects of reproductive physiology so far investigated the gorilla has proved to resemble the human more closely than it does the other nonhuman primates.
Survey and census of howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata) in the rain forest of “Los Tuxtlas,” Veracruz, Mexico
Authors: Estrada Alejandro 
Published: June 2005

AbstractHowler monkey troops were censused at the biological reserve “Los Tuxtlas” in Veracruz, Mexico. The reserve includes 700 ha of rain forest. Twenty howler monkeys were also trapped, measured, marked, and released. Censuses were conducted for a period of 26 months, and they indicated the existence of 17 troops. The mean troop size was 9.12 (SD ± 2.93), and mean troop composition was 3.0 adult males, 4.12 females, 1.56 juveniles, and 1.54 infants. Ecological density was 0.23 howlers/ha or 23.29 howlers/km2. The male to female ratio was 1:1.37. No discrete seasonality in births was noted. Howler monkeys in this locality inhabit the northernmost limit of the neotropical rain forest. The population parameters fall within those reported for Alouatta palliata at other sites.
Baboon sleeping site preferences and relationships to primate grouping patterns
Authors: Hamilton William J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractBaboons choose sleeping sites in the following descending order of preference: (1) steep cliff faces and caves, (2) taller emerging trees in continuous forests, (3) the canopy of contiguous forest without emerging trees, and (4) open woodland trees. Choice of sleeping sites in an order appearing to agree with degree of inaccessibility to most predators suggests the hypothesis that predation avoidance is the major basis for use and choice of particular sleeping sites. If this preference order for kinds of sleeping sites is applicable to other large primates, it suggests that spacing of adequate sleeping sites relative to the distribution and density of food resources is one factor contributing to group size and possibly other features of primate social structure. The relatively even distribution of numerous adequate sleeping sites in tropical forests may be one factor permitting evolution of small social units. By contrast, sparse distribution of sleeping sites relative to resource field may permit the development of large social groups.
Variations in fecundity with age and environment in olive baboons (Papio anubis)
Authors: Strum Shirley C. , Western Jonah D. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractTen years of reproductive data on a troop of savanna baboons (Papio anubis) demonstrated that females had an age‐specific fecundity pattern similar to that of other mammals. Average yearly fecundity has also varied over the period of study and can be explained by variations in food abundance with interspecific competition from ungulate competitors, rather than by female age structure or density‐dependent factors. The implications of age‐specific fecundity for primate ecology, behavior, reproduction, and life‐history strategies are discussed. The need to consider primate ecology within a broader community framework which includes human activity is also considered.
Identification of cynomolgus T lymphocytes by acid alpha‐naphthyl acetate esterase staining and spontaneous erythrocyte rosette formation
Authors: Tatsumi Masashi , Morita Chiharu , Fujiwara Tooru , Hayami Masanori 
Published: June 2005

AbstractCell surface markers and cytochemical characteristics of cynomolgus lymphocytes were studied. The proportion of lymphocytes with spot‐like distribution of acid alpha‐naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) activity was similar to that of lymphocytes which form spontaneous rosette with sheep erythrocytes (E rosette) in individual monkeys. Fractionation by E rosette formation or passage through nylon wool column selectively enriched ANAE‐spot‐positive (ANAE+) lymphocytes and resulted in twofold increase in blastogenic response when stimulated with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) or concanavalin A (Con A). In contrast, treatment of lymphocytes with rabbit anticynomolgus thymocyte serum (ATS) plus complement resulted not only in the depletion of both E rosette forming and ANAE+ lymphocytes, but also in the reduction of lymphocyte blastogenic response to PHA or Con A. In cryostat sections of lymphoid tissues. ANAE+ lymphocytes were found to reside in T dependent areas such as paracortical areas and periarterial lymphatic sheaths but not in T independent areas. ANAE activity was absent, however, in cortical thymocytes and lymphoblasts transformed by phytomitogens, suggesting that immature T lymphocytes are ANAE negative. These findings indicate that the histochemical demonstration of ANAE activity and E rosette formation serve useful markers for T lymphocytes in cynomolgus monkeys as in human.
Behavior and plasma cortisol following brief peer separation in juvenile squirrel monkeys
Authors: Hennessy Michael B. , Mendoza Sally P. , Kaplan Joel N. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe effects of 30‐min separation from peers on behavior and plasma cortisol levels were studied in juvenile, mother‐reared, female squirrel monkeys, housed in triads. Juveniles vocalized much more frequently when isolated in a novel room than they did when either undisturbed, handled only, placed with both peers in a novel room, or separated from one peer and housed with the other in the home cage. When separated from one peer in the home cage, the monkeys engaged in putative scent‐marking behaviors more frequently than when undisturbed. Exposure to the novel room resulted in increased vocalizing, and decreased locomotor activity and scent marking, regardless of whether the subject was isolated or with peers. Plasma cortisol levels were elevated following all manipulations and no effects could be attributed specifically to separation or exposure to novelty. These results demonstrate that brief separation from peers can evoke a behavioral reaction in juvenile squirrel monkeys that resembles the behavioral “protest” response of maternally‐separated infants, and that the response of juveniles, like that of infants, varies greatly with the separation procedure employed.
Clinical hematology of the common marmoset Callithrix jacchus
Authors: Hawkey C. M. , Hart M. G. , Jones D. M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractHematological studies have been carried out on a group of 96 common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) on which full clinical histories were available. The group included both healthy and sick animals. Reference values for red‐cell, white‐cell, and platelet counts; hemoglobin levels; packed cell volumes; red‐ and white‐cell absolute values; reticulocyte counts; and fibrinogen levels were calculated from results obtained in 43 clinically normal individuals. These reference values have been used to identify hematological abnormalities in sick animals so that relationships between the blood picture and the clinical findings could be defined. Leucopenia, raised platelet counts, and high fibrinogen levels were found in animals with bacterial infections and carried poor prognosis. Heinz bodies occurred in a significant number of the group as a whole, and were associated with a variety of hematological and clinical abnormalities. These findings illustrate the diagnostic and prognostic value of clinical hematology in C. jacchus.
Growth and developmental body composition of the cebus monkey (Cebus albifrons)
Authors: Ausman Lynne M. , Powell Elizabeth M. , Mercado Donna L. , Samonds Kenneth W. , el Lozy Mohamed , Gallina Daniel L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe carcasses of 37 Cebus albifrons, Colombia (19 male, 17 female, 1 unknown) with ages ranging from premature stillborn to 8 yr, were analyzed for body composition. The absolute content of water, protein, fat, and ash were determined by standard techniques and were analyzed as functions of carcass weight and age. The weight of the carcass was directly proportional to the whole body weight over the entire range of weights studied. All parameters but fat were linearly related to carcass weight; the relationships of protein and water to age were best described by exponential equations, whereas that of ash to age was linear. Variability in the fat content of the carcass precluded the fitting of predictive equations on the basis of either weight or age. Analysis of the relative (percent) composition of both the whole and fat‐free carcass provided exponential equations to describe the pattern of development of protein, water, and their ratio. Using these mathematical models, it was calculated that chemical maturity, with regard to water and protein, probably occurred by 8 wk of age. Percent ash composition of whole carcass and fat‐free carcass was described by linear equations.Longitudinal growth data from 89 male and 76 female C. albifrons, born and reared in the departmental breeding colony, were obtained over 12 yr. An exponential equation relating body weight to age (R2 = 0.999) described the patern of growth for the first 2 yr of life; thereafter, the pattern was more varied as the animals approached and reached sexual maturity.
Mental retardation and neurological deficits in a twin orangutan
Authors: Savage Anne , Snowdon Charles T. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe second born of a pair of twin orangutans displayed marked behavioral disabilities. To evaluate these disabilities, a series of cognitive, learning, and neurological tests were administered to both twins. The disabled twin showed marked retardation in delayed response and oddity problems and an inability to use tools. The neurological evaluation demonstrated a variety of deficits consistent with damage to the pyramidal motor system. Karyotyping of the twin showed no evidence of chromosomal abnormality. The neurological and behavioral disorders suggested an etiology of perinatal hypoxia. A simple battery of cognitive and neurological tasks is suggested that could be used in evaluating behavioral disabilities in other primates.
Grooming behavior in the titi monkey (Callicebus torquatus)
Authors: Kinzey Warren G. , Wright Patricia C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractObservations on a family group of four free‐ranging Callicebus torquatus are reported for 235 hours on 18 complete days. Grooming sessions usually contained more than one grooming bout, and the longest grooming sessions occured on the sleeping bough, prior to dusk. On 12 days continuous observations were made on all grooming activity on the sleeping bough. The total time spent grooming, and the number and length of grooming bouts were recorded. Results suggest that grooming in C. torquatus is both a form of parental investment especially by the monogamous male, and a means of sustaining the male‐female pair bond.
Successful treatment of an esophageal stricture in a chimpanzee
Authors: Harper J. S. , Johnston M. R. , Sly D. L. , London W. T. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAn esophageal stricture was noted in a 10‐yr‐old chimpanzee who presented with dysphagia, vomiting, and weight loss. After radiographic, esophagoscopic, and histopathologic evaluation of the stricture, antegrade bougienage was performed. The animal began eating solid food again without regurgitating after the third dilation and since that time has been asymptomatic. Additional dilations were performed at 3 and 6 months post‐stricture.
Sexual dimorphisms in the overall proportions of primates
Authors: Oxnard Charles E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMorphometric analysis of Professor A.H. Schultz's data on the overall proportions of primates reveals differences between the sexes. Univariate examinations of these data confirm the existence of the spectrum of sexual dimorphism already well known. This spectrum relates mainly to differences in the proportions of the trunk. It has a differential expression with largest differences between the sexes in species such as orangutans and boboons, and smallest in species such as spider monkeys and douroucoulis.Multivariate statistical study of these same data reveal, however, further unsuspected sexual dimorphisms. Although differences between the sexes are only small when measures of the relative lengths of bodily parts are examined, they are big when bodily breadths are studied. Investigation of breadths alone reveals that the primates display two major patterns of sexual dimorphisms and seven unique sexual dimorphisms among the 18 genera examined.Such findings mean that sexual dimorphism of bodily structure is not a single phenomenon with differential expression, a concept widely noted in the literature and most recently associated with social organization. There are several different sexual dimorphisms and this suggests that their causation is likely to be multifactorial with multiple complex interactions among the factors. Some of the sexual dimorphisms must have evolved in parallel a number of times, and, given that chimpanzees, gorillas, and humans each display a different sexual dimorphism, at least some of the evolutionary changes in different sexual dimorphisms must be very recent. The findings even imply the possibility of further unique patterns of sexual dimorphism in some fossils. By further extension, the findings may have some implications for our understanding of nonstructural dimorphisms in humans.
Red‐bellied tamarins (Saguinus labiatus): Hematologic reference values and hemopathologic responses
Authors: Hawkey C. M. , Knight J. A. , Taffs L. F. , Appleton H. , Hart M. G. , Jones D. M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractHematologic reference values have been established for captive adult red‐bellied tamarins (Saguinus labiatus) by carrying out full blood counts and fibrinogen estimations on 25 clinically normal animals. The only significant sex difference detected was in the reticulocyte count which was higher in females than in males. The reference values were used to identify abnormal changes in the blood of nine clinical cases. Hypochromic anemia, neutrophilia, and raised fibrinogen levels were found in animals with self‐inflicted injuries, dermatitis, and ileocecal intussusception. Target cells and jaundiced plasma were noted in a case of yersiniosis. Two animals in which generalized muscle wasting was the main abnormal clinical sign were severely anemic, and in one of these cases a significant number of Heinz bodies was present. The findings in these two animals were compared with those in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) with possible wasting marmoset syndrome.
Perinatal hypothermia and maternal temperature declines during labor in pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina)
Authors: Ruppenthal Gerald C. , Goodlin Beth L. , Sackett Gene P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractBody temperature, respiration, and heart rate were recorded for 90 perinatal pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina) within the first hour after birth. Hypothermia and corresponding depressed respiration and heart rate were evident in all animals. Regression analysis revealed that time‐since‐birth accounted for most of the observed variance in all measures. Temperatures of three pregnant females were monitored during labor and delivery. Declines in maternal temperature during labor suggested that depressed maternal temperature influenced the observed hypothermia in newborns. Increases in ambient (cage) temperatures during labor indicated that the females were emitting heat while declining in temperature.
Constitutive heterochromatin polymorphism in Lagothrix lagothricha cana, Cebus apella, and Cebus capucinus
Authors: Garcia M. , Miró R. , Estop A. , Ponsà M. , Egozcue J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWe describe the C‐bands in the karyotypes of Lagothrix lagothricha cana, Cebus apella and Cebus capucinus. The C‐banding patterns show both a high degree of polymorphism as well as the presence of terminal and interstitial C‐bands. Varying amounts of heterochromatin result in dimorphism of some chromosome pairs. The high incidence of chromosome rearrangements found in the Cebidae may be due to the presence of terminal and interstitial C‐bands.
Maintenance of high‐density lipoprotein blood levels prior to spontaneous abortion in pig‐tailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina)
Authors: Schiller Harvey S. , Sackett Gene P. , Frederickson W. Timm , Risler Linda J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractBlood was drawn throughout the first half of the pregnancies of 24 pig‐tailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina) to evaluate longitudinal high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) changes. In all 15 normal pregnancies, HDL decreased at least 50%; the mean value for the group fell from 0.45 gm/liter to 0.17 gm/liter. HDL began to fall after about four weeks of pregnancy. However, no comparable HDL change occurred in nine pregnancies that terminated in spontaneous abortions. This lack of an HDL decrease was unexpected. Subsequent studies showed that the predominant decrease was in the HDL2 subfraction. The data indicate that the normal physiologic metabolism or utilization of HDL is aberrant early in pregnancies ending in spontaneous abortions and may be due to a dysfunctional fetal‐placental unit.
Parturition in Macaca nemestrina
Authors: Goodlin Beth L. , Sackett Gene P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMeasures were taken on 187 pregnancies of 104 pig‐tailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina) to document the normative course of parturition and to identify factors correlated with high risk for poor pregnancy outcomes. Analyses involved weekly physical examinations and diurnal sleep‐wake‐fulness patterns during trimester three; behavior during labor and delivery; and newborn sex, Apgar ratings, birthweight, and reflexes. Onset of labor was estimated at three–four hours before delivery, the time when circadian activity level first deviated from its predelivery pattern. Active labor averaged 92 minutes, and was characterized by increased uterine contractions and manipulation of the vaginal area. The modal delivery time was 2200 hr through 2400 hr. Most infants emerged from the vulva in a cranial‐anterior‐anterior presentation, with only a brief pause between head expulsion and complete emergence. Females with histories of poor pregnancy outcomes were more likely to deliver after midnight and showed less labor‐unique behavior than females with good outcome histories. Infants of high‐risk females that were delivered after midnight had lower Apgar scores and more bruising than infants of low‐risk females delevered before of after midnight, suggesting that high‐risk females may have more difficult deliveries. Overall, the results show that simple direct observations of parturition can yield important quantitative normative information that is correlated with reproductive risk factors.
Ontogenic development of dyadic social relationships: Assessing individual roles
Authors: Deputte B. L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSocialization processes lead to creation and differentiation of social relationships. It is often difficult to qualify them, especially due to ontogenic changes of social behavior. In this paper, an attempt is made to assess the role of each partner in a dyad by defining the quality of their overall relationship. A Social Investment Index (SII) was devised to describe these roles throughout ontogeny. SII is expressed as (G% — R%)/2, where G% and R% represent the difference between the sum of cohesive behaviors and that of disruptive behaviors divided by the overall sum of these behaviors given (G%) or received (R%) by one individual in a dyad. Results from a longitudinal study of the development of social behavior in one infant mangabey (Cercocebus albigena albigena) are used as an example. The developmental changes of the SII are presented in three dyads in a single‐male group: mother‐infant; “aunt”‐infant; and juvenile male‐infant.
Comparability of methods used in the sampling of primate behavior
Authors: Rhine Ramon J. , Ender Philip B. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractTwo measures of a behavior are defined as comparable if one is predictable from the other. The comparability of one‐zero, instantaneous, actual‐frequency, and actual‐duration sampling was investigated using a Monte Carlo simulation to extend the range of sampling intervals beyond those ordinarily found in the literature. Several combinations of bout time, rate of response, and observation interval were simulated. Comparability between one‐zero or instantaneous scores and actual frequency or actual duration was higher for higher behavior rates, decreased with longer observation intervals, and was usually higher for longer bout times. Curves of β2s from multiple regression analyses revealed a fundamental difference in the source of one‐zero and instanteous predictability. Both actual frequency and actual duration contributed substantially to one‐zero predictability, indicating high comparability between one‐zero scores and a weighted combination of actual frequency and actual duration. Once the contribution of actual duration to instantaneous scores was accounted for, actual frequency contributed virtually nothing additional. Long‐standing meanings of validity, reliability, and comparability were applied to the findings, resulting in the conclusion that all of the sampling methods are useful, depending upon the researcher's approach, resources, and problem.
The effect of peer separation in young chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)
Authors: Bard Kim A. , Nadler Ronald D. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractTen chimpanzees (Pan troglogytes), aged 18–24 months, housed without mothers as two dyads and two triads, were subjected to social separation. Two issues were addressed: the effects of peer separation in chimpanzees; and differential responses by subjects living in dyads compared with those living in triads. Chimpanzees that were alone during separation reacted with high levels of “protest” alternating with “despair” throughout the separation period. The continued presence of one cagemate, during separation from a third, was a strong mitigating factor. Even when the primary attachment was formed with the absent cagemate, the remaining chimpanzees clung to each other and the levels of protest and despair, when present, were low. Upon reunion, neither “detachment” nor heightened levels of clinging were conspicuous, but there was increased social interaction. The data on separation of chimpanzees are intermediate between those of humans and monkeys separated from mothers or peers. The increased social interactions during reunion, including looking, are comparable to the visual vigilance reported for humans.