bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
99mTC‐tetrofosmin scintigraphy in lung carcinoma staging and follow‐up evaluations
Authors: Buccheri Gianfranco , Biggi Alberto , Ferrigno Domenico , Francini Antonella 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBACKGROUND99mTC‐tetrofosmin recently has emerged as a new radiopharmaceutical for cancer visualization. In this study, the authors have investigated, for the first time in a comprehensive way, its ability to assess lung carcinoma dissemination and progression.METHODSA 99mTC‐tetrofosmin scan was incorporated into the pretreatment and posttreatment diagnostic workup of all lung carcinoma patients seen in a second referral institution for a province of 500,000 inhabitants during the years 1998 and 1999. Sixty‐one patients, strongly suspected of lung carcinoma were photon‐scanned; 21 of them were rescanned after completion of their front‐line treatment. Eleven patients eventually underwent surgery, and 3 others underwent mediastinoscopy. Both planar and single photoemission computed tomography thoracic views were obtained. Images for the whole body also were acquired.RESULTSAll 57 patients whose lung carcinoma was pathologically confirmed showed accumulation of the radiotracer (100% sensitivity). However, three of the four nonmalignant lesions were also 99mTC‐tetrofosmin positive. 99mTC‐tetrofosmin scan was highly sensitive for the detection of the T0–T2 disease (97% sensitivity) and highly specific for the N0–N1 disease (83% specificity). In the 16 pathologically staged mediastina, sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy rates were 73%, 100%, and 81%, respectively. 99mTC‐tetrofosmin scan correctly detected most skeleton (9 of 10) and brain (5 of 7) metastases. The treatment response evaluation made with 99mTC‐tetrofosmin corresponded to the clinical estimate in almost half of the sample.CONCLUSIONSThis study shows that 99mTC‐tetrofosmin scan is a relatively accurate method for lung carcinoma evaluation. The authors' preliminary data exclude, however, that noninvasive diagnostic efficiency might be substantially increased by a scintigraphy with 99mTC‐tetrofosmin. More studies are needed for a better understanding of the real value of this technique. Cancer 2002;94:1796–807. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10394
Soft tissue sarcoma brain metastases
Authors: Espat N. Joseph , Bilsky Mark , Lewis Jonathan J. , Leung Denis , Brennan Murray F. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDBrain metastases from soft tissue sarcoma (STS) are uncommon. To the authors' knowledge limited information is available regarding the influence of the initial STS site, the significance of parenchymal versus leptomeningeal metastases, and the role of surgical resection.METHODSSTS patients evaluated between July 1982 and March 1999 who presented with or developed brain metastases were identified from a prospective database. Association between factors was determined using the Fisher exact test. Survival was estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method. The influence of factors on the endpoint (disease specific survival [DSS]) was analyzed using the log‐rank test. Significance was defined at P ≤ 0.05.RESULTSA total of 3829 STS patients were evaluated during the study interval; 21 patients presented with and 19 patients subsequently developed brain metastases, accounting for < 1% (40 of 3829 patients) of the total patient group. The STS presentation status for this group of patients (n = 40) included 15 patients with primary STS, 1 patient with local recurrence, and 24 patients with metastatic disease. The most frequent types of STS metastasizing to the brain were leiomyosarcoma (eight patients), liposarcoma (five patients), rhabdomyosarcoma (four patients), and malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH) (four patients). Fourteen other sarcoma types were determined in the remaining 19 patients. Of the 19 patients who developed subsequent brain metastases, 18 had lung metastases as the immediate prior site of disease. The median overall follow‐up for the 40 patients was 14 months (range, 1–128 months); for survivors (n = 5), the median overall follow‐up was 18 months. During follow‐up, 34 patients died of disease and 1 patient died of other causes. Brain metastasectomy was performed in 27 of the 40 patients and was highly associated with the initial site of STS; 20 of the 27 patients who underwent resection versus 2 of the 13 patients who did not undergo resection initially had extremity or trunk STS (P < 0.001). No association was observed between parenchymal versus leptomeningeal site of metastases and any outcome factor. The 1‐year and 2‐year overall DSS for the 40 patients was 55% and 25%, respectively, with a median survival of 15 months. The 1‐year and 2‐year postmetastasis survival rates were 34% and 20%, respectively, with a median survival of 7 months. Metastasectomy (n = 27) was associated with an improved median postmetastasis survival (9.6 months vs. 2.7 months for unresected patients; P < 0.01). The 2‐year postmetastasis survival was 27% for those patients who underwent resection and 0% for the unresected patients.CONCLUSIONSAlthough brain metastases from STS are rare, vigilance is warranted. Symptomatic patients should be examined neurologically and investigated thoroughly for metastases. Surgical resection may be an appropriate treatment for selected patients; however, survival is dismal. Cancer 2002;94:2706–11. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10554
Prognostic significance of intrahepatic lymphatic invasion in patients with hepatic resection due to metastases from colorectal carcinoma
Authors: Sasaki Atsushi , Aramaki Masanori , Kawano Katsunori , Yasuda Kazuhiro , Inomata Masafumi , Kitano Seigo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDIntrahepatic spread from liver metastases of colorectal carcinoma has been well described; however, its prognostic value after hepatectomy is controversial. To clearly determine factors predicting survival after hepatectomy in such patients, the authors evaluated 14 clinicopathologic factors of liver metastasis from colorectal carcinoma with special reference to intrahepatic lymphatic invasion.METHODSThe authors retrospectively analyzed data obtained from 67 consecutive patients who underwent hepatectomy for liver metastasis from colorectal carcinoma. Intrahepatic spread was classified into discreet categories that were evaluated separately: invasion to the portal vein, hepatic vein, bile duct, and lymphatic or perineural space. Overall survival and disease free survival periods were examined as functions of clinicopathologic determinants by univariate and multivariate analyses.RESULTSIntrahepatic spread was found in a total of 28 (43.1%) of the 65 evaluable cases. Portal vein invasion was found in 15 (23.1%) of these cases, hepatic vein invasion in 3 (4.6%), bile duct invasion in 10 (15.4%), and intrahepatic lymphatic invasion in 10 (15.4%). Five year overall and disease free survival rates after hepatectomy were 33.4% and 28.5%, respectively. A short interval (< 12 months) from treatment of primary colorectal carcinoma to liver metastasis and the presence of intrahepatic lymphatic invasion significantly and adversely affected the overall and disease free survival rates.CONCLUSIONSIntrahepatic lymphatic invasion was shown statistically to be an independent predictor of recurrence and death after hepatectomy in patients with liver metastases from primary colorectal carcinoma. Cancer 2002;95:105–11. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10655
Neuronal organization of the melanin‐concentrating hormone system in primitive actinopterygians: Evolutionary changes leading to teleosts
Authors: Baker Bridget I. , Bird David J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractHypothalamic melanin‐concentrating hormone (MCH) neurones occur in all vertebrates and have an apparent neuromodulatory role. In teleost fish, however, MCH is used also as a neurohypophysial hormone, controlling skin color, and as a hypophysiotrophic peptide. This work describes the central location of immunoreactive MCH perikarya and their projections to the pituitary in a range of ancestral fish to determine the phylogenetic stage when the peptide adopted these roles. In all actinopterygians examined, including polypteriformes, chondrosteans, holosteans, and teleosts, immunoreactive fibers were abundant in the median eminence or, in the case of teleosts, within the pars distalis itself, suggesting MCH acquired a hypophysial regulatory role early in vertebrate evolution. MCH fibers appeared to be absent from the posterior neurohypophysis of the polypteriform Calamoichthys but were evident in this region in the chondrostean Acipensor, the holosteans Lepisosteus and Amia, and all teleosts, suggesting its use as a neurohypophysial hormone. The ability of MCH to induce skin pallor seems to have arisen at a later stage, probably in the preholosteans. This hormonal role coincides with the migration of MCH perikarya away from the ventricular surface and their enlargement into magnocellular neurones. In the higher teleosts, magnocellular hypothalamo‐neurohypophysial neurones predominate in size and number, whereas smaller periventricular MCH neurones associated with the paraventricular organ, that are prominent in lampreys, early actinopterygians and tetrapods, are reduced in teleosts. The data suggest that, in teleost fish, earlier functions of the peptide may have become subordinate to its novel pigmentary role. J. Comp. Neurol. 442:99–114, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Morphology and projection pattern of medial and dorsal pallial neurons in the frog Discoglossus pictus and the salamander Plethodon jordani
Authors: Westhoff Guido , Roth Gerhard 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn the frog Discoglossus pictus and the salamander Plethodon jordani, the morphology and axonal projection pattern of neurons in the medial and dorsal pallium were determined by intracellular biocytin labeling. A total of 77 pallial neurons were labeled in the frog and 58 pallial neurons in the salamander. Within the medial pallium (MP) of the frog, four types of neurons were identified on the basis of differences in their axonal projection pattern. Type I neurons have bilateral projections into telencephalic and diencephalic areas; type II neurons have bilateral projections to telencephalic areas and ipsilaterally descending projections to diencephalic regions; type III neurons have only intratelencephalic connections, and a single type IV neuron has ipsilaterally descending projections. The somata of the four types occupy four nonoverlapping zones. Neurons of the dorsal pallium (DP) project exclusively to the ipsilateral MP and to the dorsal edge of the lateral pallium. In the ventral MP of the salamander, neurons have mostly intratelencephalic projections. Neurons in the dorsal MP project bilaterally to diencephalic and telencephalic regions. Neurons in the medial DP project ipsilaterally to the MP, lateral septum, nucleus accumbens, medial amygdala, and the internal granule layer of the olfactory bulb. In five cases, fibers were found in the commissura hippocampi, but in only two cases could these fibers be followed toward the contralateral MP and septum. Neurons in the lateral DP had no contralateral projections; they projected to the ipsilateral MP and in eight cases to the ipsilateral septum as well. Based on similarities of cytoarchitecture and projection pattern in neurons of the MP and DP, it is proposed that both frogs and salamanders have an MP subdivided into a ventral and dorsal portion, and a DP subdivided into a medial and a lateral portion. J. Comp. Neurol. 445:97–121, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sublaminar organization of the mouse olfactory bulb nerve layer
Authors: Au Winnie W. , Treloar Helen B. , Greer Charles A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractOlfactory sensory neuron (OSN) axons coalesce to form the olfactory nerve (ON) and then grow from the olfactory epithelium to the olfactory bulb (OB), enter the olfactory nerve layer (ONL), reorganize extensively, and innervate specific glomeruli. Within the ON and ONL a population of glial cells, the olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), surround OSN axon fascicles. To better understand the relationship between OECs and axon fascicles in the ONL of the adult mouse, we used confocal microscopy and antibodies to the low affinity nerve growth factor receptor p75 (p75), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), and S‐100 to identify glia. Antibodies to olfactory marker protein (OMP) and neuronal cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) were used to identify OSN axons. Electron microscopy characterized the ONL ultrastructure. We found that glial processes were not uniformly distributed in the ONL of the mouse. The p75+ OEC processes were restricted to the ON and the outer ONL sublamina, and oriented parallel to the plane of the OB layers. In the inner ONL NPY+ OEC‐like processes were seen. GFAP+ processes were restricted to the inner ONL sublamina, the ONL/GL boundary, and the GL, where they delineated loosely aggregated axon fascicles that entered the glomeruli obliquely. S‐100+ processes and somata were distributed throughout the ONL; the outer and inner ONL were equivalent in their S‐100 staining. Ultrastructural studies showed that, although OECs could be identified in both the outer and inner ONL, in the latter, their relationship to bundles of OEC axons appeared less orderly than seen in the outer ONL. Our data demonstrate a differential organization of the ONL that could subserve distinct functions; axon extension may occur predominately in the outermost ONL, whereas glomerular targeting occurs in the inner sublamina of the ONL. J. Comp. Neurol. 446:68–80, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Postnatal development of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate‐diaphorase‐positive neurons in the retina of the golden hamster
Authors: Tay David , Diao Yun‐Cheng , Xiao Yue‐Mei , So Kwok‐Fai 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe histochemical method was used to investigate the postnatal development of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate‐diaphorase (NADPH‐d) ‐positive neurons in retinas of the golden hamster. NADPH‐d‐positive neurons were discernible in the retina at postnatal day (P)1. From P4 onward to adulthood, when the retina acquired its laminated characteristics, NADPH‐d‐ positive neurons were observed in the inner nuclear layer (INL) and the ganglion cell layer (GCL). Results showed that NADPH‐d‐positive neurons in INL and GCL followed different time courses and patterns in their development. NADPH‐d‐positive neurons in INL underwent a sharp increase from P4 to P8 (3.6‐fold), followed by a decrease to 46% of the maximum at P12. This value was maintained relatively constant to the adult level. The mean diameters of NADPH‐d‐positive neurons in INL, which were smaller than those in the GCL for all ages, increased from P8 to P12 and from P20 to adulthood. As for neurons in the GCL, the increase in cell number was not so apparent for the earlier postnatal days until P20; thereafter, an obvious increase to the adult level was observed. The mean diameters of the NADPH‐d‐positive cell bodies in the GCL increased with age, except for P16–P20, during which time there was a slight and insignificant decrease. The tendency of changes in cell density was basically similar to that of the total number for both the INL and the GCL. Between P12 and P20, the density distribution map of the NADPH‐d‐positive neurons underwent dramatic changes: The highest density shifted from the upper central retina at the earlier postnatal days to the lower central retina in the adult. The two waves of increase in NADPH‐d‐positive neurons coincide with the process of axonal elongation and synaptogenesis and the acquisition of visual function and experience. It is suggested that these NADPH‐d‐positive neurons are related to these two developmental events. J. Comp. Neurol. 446:342–348, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Subcellular distribution of 5‐HT1b and 5‐HT7 receptors in the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus
Authors: Belenky Michael A. , Pickard Gary E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), a circadian oscillator, receives glutamatergic afferents from the retina and serotonergic (5‐HT) afferents from the median raphe. 5‐HT1B and 5‐HT7 receptor agonists inhibit the effects of light on SCN circadian activity. Electron microscopic (EM) immunocytochemical procedures were used to determine the subcellular localization of 5‐HT1B and 5‐HT7 receptors in the SCN. 5‐HT1B receptor immunostaining was associated with the plasma membrane of thin unmyelinated axons, preterminal axons, and terminals of optic and nonoptic origin. 5‐HT1B receptor immunostaining in terminals was almost never observed at the synaptic active zone. To a much lesser extent, 5‐HT1B immunoreaction product was noted in dendrites and somata of SCN neurons. 5‐HT7 receptor immunoreactivity in γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), and vasopressin (VP) neuronal elements in the SCN was examined by using double‐label procedures. 5‐HT7 receptor immunoreaction product was often observed in GABA‐, VIP‐, and VP‐immunoreactive dendrites as postsynaptic receptors and in axonal terminals as presynaptic receptors. 5‐HT7 receptor immunoreactivity in terminals and dendrites was often associated with the plasma membrane but very seldom at the active zone. In GABA‐, VIP‐, and VP‐immunoreactive perikarya, 5‐HT7 receptor immunoreaction product was distributed throughout the cytoplasm often in association with the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi complex. The distribution of 5‐HT1B receptors in presynaptic afferent terminals and postsynaptic SCN processes, as well as the distribution of 5‐HT7 receptors in both pre‐ and postsynaptic GABA, VIP, and VP SCN processes, suggests that serotonin plays a significant role in the regulation of circadian rhythms by modulating SCN synaptic activity. J. Comp. Neurol. 432:371–388, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Functional and anatomical localization of mu opioid receptors in the striatum, amygdala, and extended amygdala of the nonhuman primate
Authors: Daunais James B. , Letchworth Sharon R. , Sim‐Selley Laura J. , Smith Hilary R. , Childers Steven R. , Porrino Linda J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe subregional distribution of mu opioid receptors and corresponding G‐protein activation were examined in the striatum, amygdala, and extended amygdala of cynomolgus monkeys. The topography of mu binding sites was defined using autoradiography with [3H]DAMGO, a selective mu ligand. In adjacent sections, the distribution of receptor‐activated G proteins was identified with DAMGO‐stimulated guanylyl 5′(γ‐[35S]thio)triphosphate ([35S]GTPγS) binding. Within the striatum, the distribution of [3H]DAMGO binding sites was characterized by a distinct dorsal–ventral gradient with a higher concentration of binding sites at more rostral levels of the striatum. [3H]DAMGO binding was further distinguished by the presence of patch‐like aggregations within the caudate, as well as smaller areas of very dense receptor binding sites, previously identified in human striatum as neurochemically unique domains of the accumbens and putamen (NUDAPs). The amygdala contained the highest concentration of [3H]DAMGO binding sites measured in this study, with the densest levels of binding noted within the basal, accessory basal, paralaminar, and medial nuclei. In the striatum and amygdala, the distribution of DAMGO‐stimulated G‐protein activation largely corresponded with the distribution of mu binding sites. The central and medial nuclei of the amygdala, however, were notable exceptions. Whereas the concentration of [3H]DAMGO binding sites in the central nucleus of the amygdala was very low, the concentration of DAMGO‐stimulated G‐protein activation in this nucleus, as measured with [35S]GTPγS binding, was relatively high compared to other portions of the amygdala containing much higher concentrations of [3H]DAMGO binding sites. The converse was true in the medial nucleus, where high concentrations of binding sites were associated with lower levels of DAMGO‐stimulated G‐protein activation. Finally, [3H]DAMGO and [35S]GTPγS binding within the amygdala, particularly the medial nucleus, formed a continuum with the substantia innominata and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, supporting the concept of the extended amygdala in primates. J. Comp. Neurol. 433:471–485, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cochlear electrical stimulation: Influence of age of implantation on Fos immunocytochemical reactions in inferior colliculi and dorsal cochlear nuclei of the rat
Authors: Hsu Wei‐Chung , Campos‐Torres Antonio , Portier Frederic , Lecain Eric , Van Den Abbeele Thierry , De Waele Catherine , Tran Ba Huy Patrice 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe influence of age at the time of implantation of a stimulating electrode unilaterally in the inner ear on central auditory pathways was investigated in rats deafened shortly after birth. Immunoreactivity for Fos served as a functional marker of neuronal activity. Electrodes were implanted in the left cochlea of rats aged 3 weeks or 4 months. Stimulation lasted 45 minutes, then rats were sacrificed and tissues processed for immunocytochemistry. The younger animals showed significantly more neurons with Fos immunoreactivity bilaterally in the dorsal cochlear nuclei (DCN) and inferior colliculi (IC) than the older rats or control animals with normal hearing receiving the same stimulation. Activity was more prominent in the left DCN and right IC. The results show that electrical stimulation of the inner ear is more effective in younger animals in eliciting gene expression associated with development of a functional network in the auditory pathways. This suggests that deaf children should be provided with cochlear implants as early as possible. J. Comp. Neurol. 438:226–238, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Three‐dimensional mapping of brain neuropils in the cockroach, Diploptera punctata
Authors: Chiang Ann‐Shyn , Liu Yee‐Chien , Chiu Shu‐Ling , Hu Shu‐Hsia , Huang Chih‐Ying , Hsieh Chang‐Huain 
Published: August 2002

AbstractHerein, we present a complete three‐dimensional (3D) map of major neuropil structures in the central brain of the cockroach Diploptera punctata. The positions of the structures have been ascertained by confocal microscopy, which, until now—for reasons of tissue opacity and nonhomogeneity—has been thought impractical in imaging fluorescently labeled structures thicker than 150 μm. In this report, however, we have used digestive enzymes and microwave‐aided fixation to stain, clear, and optically section, in its entirety, an intact central brain more than 500 μm thick. The central brain from an adult female cockroach was stained thoroughly with the membrane probe NBD‐ceramide and the DNA probe propidium iodide. The central brain as well as such neuropil regions as mushroom bodies, central complex, antennal glomeruli, and lobus glomerulati were individually outlined, segmented, and reconstructed in three dimensions to a spatial resolution of approximately 1 μm in the X‐Y plane and 3 μm in the Z plane. The volume and surface area of each neuropil compartment were determined, and Kenyon cells of the mushroom bodies were counted. We determined that each brain hemisphere contains about 230,000 Kenyon cells, 99 antennal lobe glomeruli, and 40 lobus glomerulatus glomeruli. Segmented compartments were assigned as separate channels and merged into a single data base to reconstruct a 3D central brain containing eight different channels. This is the first 3D map at submicron resolution of an entire animal's brain that measures more than 500 μm in thickness. J. Comp. Neurol. 440:1–11, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.