bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Camp
Authors: Duberly Frances Isabella , Kelly Christine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
News of the death of Tsar Nicholas (on 2 March) reached the Crimea in mid-March, prompting hopes for an end to hostilities; these were crushed when his successor Alexander II declared that he ‘would rather perish than surrender’. Nicholas was widely believed to have died of chagrin soon after learning that the formidable mid-February Russian assault on Eupatoria, led by Menshikov, had been repulsed by the newly arrived Turkish commander-in-chief, Omar Pasha. (Allied control of Eupatoria threatened the Russian supply route to Sebastopol via the Sea of Azov and Simpheropol; see map, p. 328.) Leaving Turkish troops to garrison the port, Omar Pasha and a combined Turkish-Egyptian force of some 20,000 men moved south to Balaclava in preparation for the Allied spring offensive.
The Lisbon Process and Economic Reform: Learning by Benchmarking?
Authors: Marcussen Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A set of Europe-wide reform discourses underpins the institutions and policies that comprise European economic governance.1 One major example is the stabilization discourse promoting the European stabilization state (Dyson 2002b: 251ff). A key element of this discourse is a perceived division of function between the market and the state. By engaging in excessive or misdirected intervention, so the argument goes, state actors risk destabilizing market balances. Therefore, measures should be taken to shelter markets from what is seen to be short-term- and narrow-minded politicians. These measures include de-politicizing key policy areas by establishing autonomous regulatory agencies that help to ensure long-term stability, foster credibility on the financial markets, and guarantee regularity in the private sector’s planning environment. Indeed, certain policy areas and functions are entirely privatized. In policy content, this discourse argues for stability-oriented macroeconomic policies based on sound money (low inflation and stable exchange rates), sound finances (budget surplus and low external debt), and sound institutions (independent central banks). Clearly, the German-inspired, ECB-centric EMU project with its convergence criteria, Stability and Growth Pact, and inbuilt asymmetry between monetary and economic policymaking fits well with the overall thrust of the stabilization discourse (see Dyson’s Chapter 7 and Chapter 3 by Umbach and Wessels).
Welfare Reform
Authors: Wincott Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Convergence is a keyword of European monetary union. At least since the Maastricht ‘convergence criteria’, EMU’s sponsors have pressed for national economic policies and performance to become more similar across Europe. Moreover, EMU seemed to rest on convergence towards a particular substantive orthodox vision, focused on stable, sustainable public finances and sound money, with the welfare state typically depicted as burden. In contrast, Martin Rhodes’s striking and provocative ‘welfare state’ chapter for European States and the Euro suggested that EMU might prove ‘good’ for the welfare states, emphasizing EMU’s (perhaps paradoxical) potential to strengthen both states’ welfare capacities (focusing particularly on ‘social pacts’) and EU-level policy coordination, thereby ‘re-embedding’ European liberalism rather than imposing neo-liberalism. Rhodes (2002: 309) also hinted that today’s welfare state was best understood from a revisionist perspective on post-war embedded liberalism, or the ‘Keynesian welfare state’. Particularly in its third section, this chapter re-addresses these questions in the light of the implementation and operation of EMU—as well as EU enlargement—and asks whether this subsequent experience has caused European welfare states to converge.
Minimalism versus Contextualism in Semantics
Authors: Borg Emma 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I think it is fair to say that not so long ago in philosophy of language formal semantic theories occupied the central ground: not everyone pursued a formal approach to theories of meaning, but lots of people did.¹ These days, the natural descendant of the formal approach, known as minimalism, has been consigned to the margins: not everyone rejects minimalism, but lots of people do. Minimalism is rejected in favour of contextualism: roughly, the idea that pragmatic effects are endemic throughout truth-evaluable semantic content. In Insensitive Semantics (henceforth IS) Herman Cappelen and Ernie Lepore (henceforth CL) try to redress this balance by presenting a robust defence of minimalism. I agree with lots of what they write: I too would like to defend minimalism against the contextualist hoard and I think, as do CL, that the way to do it is to reject things like the contextualist’s context-shifting arguments. Furthermore, I think the reasons for rejection are, broadly speaking, the reasons CL give. So, it might seem that there is little for me to say in this chapter. Unfortunately, however, even though advocates of minimalism are thin on the ground and even though I believe we ought to present a united front to the opposition, I do have some concerns about the way in which CL frame the debate.² So, in this chapter I’m going to suggest that CL fail to locate the core of the debate between the two semantic programmes and that, as a result, the kind of minimalism they end up advocating concedes too much to the contextualist camp. However, despite the negative aims of this chapter, it should be remembered that, overall, I believe CL are on the right side in semantics.
The rise of Darwinism
Authors: Desmond Adrian , Moore James , Browne Janet 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Origin of Species was applauded by Lyell, Hooker, Huxley, and others, and it impressed many younger men of science. Huxley’s secular professionals and the literary radicals welcomed its thoroughgoing naturalism. For these reformers the Origin provided a dynamic biology to replace the old static, creationist hierarchy, while its progress through open competition defied Anglican–Oxbridge privilege.
Darwin’s legacy
Authors: Desmond Adrian , Moore James , Browne Janet 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Agnostic scientists, Liberal politicians, and broad- churchmen joined in paying homage to one who, though an unbeliever, symbolized Britain’s success in conquering nature and civilizing the globe during Victoria’s reign. They consolidated Darwin’s most enduring image. In their speeches, sermons, and memoirs, the Kentish squire and patriarch became the iconic scientist—detached, objective, a lone seeker after truth, released by personal wealth and stoic dedication in the face of long-continued illness to bestow priceless truths on humanity.
The Grammar of Goodness
Authors: Foot Philippa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dhilippa Foot was born in 1920 and was educated mainly at home before going to Somerville College, Oxford in 1939 to study Politics, Philosophy, and Economics. She graduated in 1942 and worked as a government economist during the remainder of the Second World War, before returning to Somerville to take her M.A. In 1949, she became a Fellow of the college. In the 1960s and 1970s, she was an itinerant philosopher, holding visiting professorships at Cornell, MIT, UCLA, Berkeley, and the City University of New York, before settling at UCLA in 1976. She is now an Honorary Fellow of Somerville.
Really Seeing Another
Authors: Velleman David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Love is a puzzling emotion. We want to be loved and, in being loved, we want to be treasured for who we are and regarded as irreplaceable. But a puzzle arises when we ask what the basis for such love is. People who want us to feel loved say they love us because ‘we’re special’ and because ‘there is no one quite like us’; they also say they love us for particular characteristics: for our red hair, for our quirky sense of humour, for ‘being the baby of the family’, and so on. It might seem natural to conclude that others’ love of us is based on our uniquely valuable personal characteristics.
The Emergence of Pidgin and Creole Languages
Authors: Siegel Jeff 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book provides explanations for the emergence of contact languages, especially pidgins and creoles. It assesses the current state of research and examines aspects of current theories and approaches that have excited much controversy and debate. The book answers questions such as: How valid is the notion of a pidgin-creole-postcreole life cycle? Why are many features of pidgins and creoles simple in formal terms compared to other languages? And what is the origin of the grammatical innovations in expanded pidgins and creoles - linguistic universals, conventional language change, the influence of features of languages in the contact environment, or a mix of two or more factors? In addressing these issues, the author looks at research on processes of second language acquisition and use, including simplification, overgeneralization, and language transfer. He shows how these processes can account for many of the characteristics of contact languages, and proposes linguistic and sociolinguistic constraints on their application in language contact. His analysis is supported with detailed examples and case studies from Pidgin Fijian, Melanesian Pidgin, Hawai'i Creole, New Caledonian Tayo and Australian Kriol, which he uses as well to assess the merits of competing theories of language genesis. Professor Siegel also considers his research's wider implications for linguistic theory.
Introduction
Authors: Siegel Jeff 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When people who speak different languages come into sustained contact, new varieties of language sometimes emerge. These are called ‘contact varieties’. This book deals primarily with contact varieties that have emerged in the Australia-Pacific region within the last 150 years as the result of colonialism. Although the focus is on two particular types of contact varieties, pidgins and creoles, other types are mentioned as well, including ‘indigenized varieties’ and ‘language shift varieties’. Since all these terms are used in a variety of ways in the literature on language contact, I begin with some definitions.
Morphological Simplicity and Expansion in Creoles
Authors: Siegel Jeff 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although there is no consensus on a precise definition of creole languages, most creolists would agree on the following points. First, creoles like pidgins emerge as a result of language contact. Second, as opposed to pidgins, they have communities of native speakers. And third, they are more complex grammatically than pidgins. Despite the third point, however, the assumption still exists that creoles in general are overall ‘simpler’ than other languages, as reported by Muysken and Smith (1995: 9) and DeGraff (2001a : 57). As already mentioned, this position has been explicitly taken up by McWhorter (2001, 2003), the title of his 2001 article saying it all: ‘The world’s simplest grammars are creole grammars.’ In opposition to McWhorter, DeGraff (2001a , 2001b) has argued vigorously that Haitian Creole is not simpler than other languages, by demonstrating, for example, the existence of extensive derivational morphology. What leads to the impression that creoles are so simple? And can creoles be said to be simpler overall than other languages? The answers to these questions are considered in the first two sections of this chapter. The third section goes on to discuss the process of morphological expansion that leads to creoles being more complex than pidgins.
Multiple Party Identifications
Authors: Schmitt Hermann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Party identification (PID) is a central concept in many models of voting behavior. The basic and now classic notion is from the American Voter in which partisanship was conceived as individuals’ psychological identification with, or affective orientation toward, an important group object in their environment (Campbell et al. 1960: 121). This “psychological party membership” was thought to be acquired through primary political socialization (i.e. parental transmission), and to crystallize into stable alignments as a consequence of growing electoral experience (i.e. repeated voting for the same party; Converse 1969, 1976).
‘I get around’: sadism, desire, and metonymy on the streets of Rome with Horace, Ovid, and Juvenal
Authors: Miller Paul Allen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘How’s a fellow supposed to get around in Rome?’ ‘Where’s the action?’ ‘Nights can be dangerous. Watch out for muggers!’ ‘Things aren’t like they used to be.’ ‘In the good old days, the streets were safe, a man could speak his mind, and sex was easy.’ ‘Even a moral reformer like the princeps should appreciate that.’ Roman elegy and satire are the two urban genres par excellence. Each of them is self-consciously staged in a cityscape. Their pages teem with the life of the urbs aeterna: drunken young men crooning by torch light outside their beloved’s windows and beating up passers-by, dinner parties with exotic dishes and sexual escapades, temples that double as singles bars, and the bustle of the street crowded with slaves, lictors, courtesans, bauds, and pimps. It is no wonder that both formal verse satire and erotic elegy have no precise analogues in the Greek tradition—they are genres that presume both a large cosmopolitan urban environment and a tradition of personal libertas (freedom of speech): a combination not to be found in Athens, Alexandria, Pergamum, or Jerusalem.1 Yet the genres themselves, while they are profoundly related in their urban thematics, their manifest ironic even satirical aims, and their subjective modes of presentation, ultimately portray very diVerent 1 Miller (2005: Introduction).
Holes in the body: sites of abjection in Juvenal’s Rome*
Authors: Larmour David H J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I am but a farce, a satire of stability Trivium, ‘SuVocating Sight’ from the album Ascendancy (2005) The Satires of Juvenal have frequently received praise for their vivid depiction of Rome in his era, but what exactly are the sites of Rome presented to us in these poems? Many well-known locations are mentioned en passant throughout the corpus—the Forum (1.128; 2.142; 4.7; 6.58; 7.132; 10.25; 11.50; 16.47), the Capitol (1.116; 6.47–8; 10.65; 14.91), the Campus Martius (2.131–2; 6.153–4, 524–5, 529) and numerous temples1—so that, when these are combined with references to the hills, the Tiber, the Embankment, and the three main roads out of the city (Flaminian, Latin, and Appian), they give a sense of the topographical highlights of the imperial Urbs, both those * I am most grateful to my co-editor, Diana Spencer, for reading various versions of this paper and oVering many helpful comments along the way; I would also like to thank Paul Allen Miller and Donald Lavigne who gave me numerous suggestions for improvements and additions.
The Gates of Janus: Bakhtin and Plutarch’s Roman meta chronotope*
Authors: Banta Jason 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The erosion of the boundaries between the past and present is a very real concern in many of the articles in this volume. Rome, as a temporal entity, is not easily contained and seeps through the walls that writers and readers of the city have attempted to construct. Plutarch’s formation of an Archaic Roman topography in his biographies of Romulus and Numa is saturated with chronotopal irregularities and problems of temporal seepage. In this article I tackle the narratological strategies which embed the Romulus and Numa ideologically as well as three-dimensionally, in Plutarch’s archaic vistas. These Lives are less about their ostensible subjects than how the tension between the respective agendas of Romulus and Numa creates the backdrop of Archaic Rome. Plutarch utilizes them to create, in Bakhtin’s words, a chronotopicnarrative.1 For Bakhtin, the chronotopeis a speciWc intersection of time and space coordinates in a literary work that are the prime determinants of its generic qualities. According to Pam Morris, at the centre of this chronotopicperception * I would like to thank both Diana Spencer, for her critical and encouraging read of the essay, and David Larmour, for his long-time involvement in this project as well as paving the way for my interest in Plutarch. The essay itself is based on a chapter of my dissertation, ‘Imperium cum Wnibus: Plutarch’s Archaic Roman Chronotope’. Finally, I would like to extend thanks to my dissertation committee, in both its incarnations, for their thoughtful comments. 1 Bakhtin’s theory of the literary chronotopeis enunciated in ‘Forms of Time and the Chronotope in the Novel’ in Bakhtin (1981: 258).
Sizing up Rome, or theorizing the overview*
Authors: Vout Caroline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
hinc septem dominos uidere montis et totam licet aestimare Romam . . . From here it is possible to see the seven sovereign hills and to gauge the whole of Rome . . . Martial, Epigrams4.64.11–12 Are we as conWdent as Martial about man’s capacity to ‘measure the whole of Rome’? Not just elements of the city. All of her: what she is and what she stands for. Not simply scanning but surveying, so as to gain the knowledge to feel in control. What does it mean to ‘know’ a city anyway, whether Rome, Venice, or Naples? Does each place and people shape our education diVerently, or is there a basic rule-book about being a visitor? For the Classicist, Rome is a special case, even colloquially it is ‘la citta` eterna’. How do we make sense of her shifting landscape and her vast historical sway, capture her essence without fragmentation? * This chapter represents my Wrst foray into a new project on Rome and her hills. I thank Catharine Edwards, David Larmour, Katharina Lorenz, Elizabeth Speller, Diana Spencer, Susanne Turner, and the members of the Classics Department in St Andrews and the Latin seminar in the Institute of Classical Studies, London, for their helpful comments on various aspects. I also thank the anonymous readers. As the bulk of this research was done while at the University of Nottingham, I would like to take this opportunity to thank my Classics colleagues there. This is for them. All translations are from the Loeb Classical Library unless otherwise stated.
Becoming a writer
Authors: Milton John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
John Milton (1608–1674), poet and polemicist, was born at 6.30 a.m. on Friday 9 December 1608 in the house at the sign of the Spread Eagle, Bread Street, London, and baptized in nearby All Hallows Church on 20 December, the third child of John Milton (1562–1647), and his wife, Sara, née Jefirey (c .1572–1637). The house in Bread Street accommodated the scrivener’s business of Milton’s father, and was also the family home. The most remark- able feature of the domestic life of Milton’s childhood was music: Milton’s father was a composer, and the music that he wrote was designed for performance in private houses, without an audience.
Can Hunter-Gatherers Hear Color?
Authors: Hurley Susan , Noë Alva 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Philip Pettit (2003) argues that color looks should be explained in terms of manifest powers. He indicates that his view is broadly allied with our own dynamic sensorimotor approach to conscious experience (O‘Regan and Noë 2001a,b,c; Hurley 1998; Hurley and Noë 2003; Noë 2004). Pettit finds support for his view in Ivo Kohler ‘s (1964) report of adaptation to color-distorting goggles. However, a potential objection to Pettit ‘s account of color looks derives from color experiences; this objection has also recently been pressed against our position by Jeffrey Gray (2003).
Conversability and Deliberation
Authors: Ferejohn John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Suppose that Congress is to decide whether to enact a statutory scheme, such as, for example, establishing a cabinet department for Homeland Security. Presumably the reasons in favor of the statute would be more or less directed to considerations of welfare or public safety. But the new department may be authorized to behave in ways that may sometimes infringe some people ‘s rights. Whether or not such an agency should be set up and authorized to suspend rights would seem to be a matter of balancing the advancement of a shared interest in public safety against the particular rights violations that such advancement may entail.
Pettit ‘s Molecule
Authors: Waldron Jeremy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most striking thing in Philip Pettit ‘s political philosophy is his attempt to replace the standard liberal conception of negative freedom with a conception of freedom as non-domination, which he associates with the republican rather than the liberal tradition of political thought. Since I first read Pettit ‘s book Republicanism: A Theory of Freedom and Government,1 I have had my doubts about this contrast, and about the appeal of the Pettit ‘s conception. But I never could quite put my finger on these misgivings. Now I think I can.
The Evolution of Morality
Authors: Hinde Robert A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The last chapter contained a brief summary of how we gradually assimilate the rules by which we live as we grow up. The moral choices we make, the precepts that govern our behaviour, and the virtues we admire are influenced by the rules incorporated in our personalities as the result of earlier experience. While we feel that we ‘should’ act according to the moral principles and precepts that we have acquired, this begs the question how it has come about that this behaviour and this virtue are to be admired and emulated, and not those. There are really two questions here, one biological/cultural and the other sociological/psychological.
Ethics and Medicine
Authors: Hinde Robert A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The development of poisonous gases, nuclear weapons, and other twentieth-century scientific advances has brought the ethical problems associated with research in the physical sciences into prominence only relatively recently. Ethical issues associated with the practice of medicine have been a matter of public concern for millennia and biomedical research, while opening up possibilities for curing previously incurable diseases, is also raising new and important ethical problems. Opinions differ as to whether some of its applications are desirable.
Ethics and Politics
Authors: Hinde Robert A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although politicians are only human, they must take part in momentous decisions affecting the lives of millions. They may even have to decide whether or not their country should go to war, with the inevitable suffering that that will mean both to their own countrymen and women and to the perceived enemy. Most of the decisions they take must be made with inadequate evidence. Dilemmas involving both practical issues and moral principles are intrinsic to the life of most politicians. They raise the question of how politicians justify to themselves the decisions they take.
What Does All This Mean for the Future?
Authors: Hinde Robert A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the early chapters of this book I sketched an approach to understanding the nature of morality that involved asking how moral intuitions develop in individuals, what causes people to decide to act ethically, how morality evolved, and how it functions in the life of individuals and society. As a heuristic device, I focused on two basic propensities, prosociality and selfish assertiveness: both are the product of natural and cultural selection. Prosociality, roughly wanting to do good to at least some others, is as much part of being human as selfish assertiveness.