bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Membranpotentiale an Graphitoxydfolien
Authors: Clauss A. , Hofmann U. , Weiss Armin 
Published: October 2023

AbstractEs gelang mit Membranen aus Graphitoxyd bei 1–1‐wertigen Elektrolyten der Kationen H+, K+, Cs+, N(CH3)4+ Potentialdifferenzen von 58 mV je Zehnerpotenz Aktivitätsunterschied zu messen. Das Verhältnis der Aktivitäten rechts und links der Membran konnte > 102 betragen. Die Aktivität der Meßlösung konnte von 10−0,5 bis 10−4, bei H‐Ionen bis 10−5 variiert werden. Auch die Aktivitäten von Alkaloidionen konnten gemessen werden.Bei 2–1‐wertigen Elektrolyten der Kationen Ca2+ und Ba2+ reichte der entsprechende Meßbereich in Aktivitäten von 10−2 bis 10−4. Das starke Umbiegen der Kurven bei höheren Aktivitäten hat vielleicht die gleiche Ursache wie die Umladung von Tonsuspensionen in konzentrierten Erdalkalisalzlösungen.Die Ursache für die Eignung der Graphitoxydmembranen sind die innerkristalline Quellung und die hohe Dichte an dissoziierten (austauschfähigen) Kationen. Diese Kationendichte läßt sich aus den bekannten chemischen Eigenschaften des Graphitoxyds in der richtigen Größenordnung errechnen.
Über die Phasenendumsätze an einfachen Elektroden
Authors: Lange E. 
Published: October 2023

AbstractDie Stoffmengen‐Änderungen in jedem der beiden Phasenendräume einer stationär stromdurchflossenen einfachen Elektrode I/II rühren einerseits von der Elektrodenreaktion α in der Nähe der elektrochemischen Doppelschicht und andererseits von der Wanderung von Ionen (einschließlich Elektronen) durch eine Homogenfläche, die schon im homogenen Phaseninneren liegt, her. So ergibt sich für den stationären Transport von einer positiven Äquivalentladung F im Zählsinn durch die Elektrode im Phasenendraum I (II) die Phasenendumsatzzahl:

und im Phasenendraum II (I):

Wenn statt F die Ladung Δq=J.Δt im Zählsinn fließt, kommt für Δ nii des Phasenendumsatzes der Faktor J. Δt/F hinzu. Wichtige Sonderfälle sind τ = 0 und die ‐ bei ϑi = 0 ‐ in den historischen Grundgesetzen der Elektrolyse zum Ausdruck kommenden einfachen Phasenendumsatz‐Zahlen für τ, z.B. τ = 1 oder τ = 1/zi.
Der Zusammenhang zwischen dem spektralen, magnetischen und komplex‐chemischen Verhalten des gelösten Hämin‐Häm‐Systems
Authors: Rackow B. , Pröger H. , Junghähnel G. 
Published: October 2023

AbstractDie Arbeit stellt eine Fortsetzung der magnetochemischen Arbeiten von Haurowitz Rawlinson, sowie Pauling am Blutfarbstoff dar.Zunächst werden allgemeine Grundlagen über die Bildung von Normal‐ und Durchdringungskomplexen bei FeII‐ und FeIII‐Ionen und den damit verbundenen magnetischen Erscheinungen vorausgeschickt. Dabei wird auf die besondere Rolle des sechsten Liganden, „magnetokritischer Ligand”︁ genannt, hingewiesen. Besonderheiten an den an sich bekannten Versuchsmethoden werden skizziert.Als experimentelles Ergebnis wird mitgeteilt, daß sich vier Spektraltypen unterscheiden lassen, und daß sich jedem Spektraltyp eine oder zwei bestimmte Konfigurationen am Koordinationszentrum und damit verbundene magnetische Momente zuordnen lassen.Theoretisch lassen sich die spektralen Unterschiede auf Grund der Komplexstabilisierung, der effektiven Ladung des Komplexes und des Einflusses des starken magnetischen Momentes in der Großringebene bei fehlender 5. und 6. Koordination deuten.
Schabeffekte an aktiven und passiven Chromelektroden
Authors: Weidinger H. G. , Lange E. 
Published: October 2023

AbstractNach einer Erörterung einschlägiger thermodynamischer und kinetischer Gesichtspunkte und einer verwendeten Schabapparatur werden Herstellung und UH‐Werte einer schichtfreien, aktiven Chromelektrode, insbesondere UH‐t‐und UH‐I‐Kurven diskutiert. Anschließend wird die Schichtbildung auf zunächst aktiven Chromelektroden verfolgt. Ferner werden stationäre U‐i‐Kurven, die bis zum passiven und transpassivenZustand führen, mit entsprechenden Kurven am geschabten Chrom verglichen. Den Abschluß bilden einige allgemeine Gesichtspunkte zur Verwirklichungsmöglichkeit einer Wasserstoff‐elektrode.
Eine oszillographische Untersuchung der Elektrodenreaktionen am Stoffsystem Cd/wäßrige Lösung mit der intermittiert galvanostatischen Meßmethode
Authors: Ohse Roland W. 
Published: October 2023

AbstractDie bei Belastung von Cadmium [l, 2] in wäßrigen Lösungen auftretenden Elektrodenreaktionen wurden mit einer intermittiert galvanostatischen Meßmethode mit oszillographischer Registrierung dei Spannungs‐Zeitkurven untersucht. Bei anodischer Belastung mit bestimmten Stromdichten wurden zwei Spannungsniveaus unterhalb der Gleichgewichts‐Bezugsspannung der Sauerstoffelektrode beobachtet; die bei intermittierter Belastung gemessenen Ruhe‐Bezugsspannungen wurden der Bildung von Cd(OH)2 und CdO nach den Elektrodenreaktionen
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und
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zugeordnet. Die dadurch nachgewiesene zeitliche Folge der zunächst zur Bildung von Cd(OH), und dann von CdO führenden Elektrodenreaktionen wurde mit dem durch Strukturuntersuchungen anderweitig [3‐8] ermittelten Schichtaufbau mit einer örtlichen Reihenfolge Cd/CdO/Cd(OH)2/OH−‐Lösung verglichen.Neben diesen Befunden ergaben die oszillographischen Messungen Hinweise auf die Bildung eines höheren Cadmiumoxyds und eines Cadmiumhydrids. Der Reaktionsmechanismus bei kathodischer Belastung wurde durch die Messung der Niveauladungen und des Sauerstoffeinflusses naher erörtert.
Kinetik der Umwandlung des Ninhydrins im Alkalischen
Authors: Melkonian G. A. , Holleck L. 
Published: October 2023

AbstractDie Polarogramme des Ninhydrins im Alkalischen weisen eine Ähnlichkeit mit denen des Phenylglyoxals auf. Die Konzentration des Ninhydrins HBt sich auch bei höheren pΠ‐Werten, bei denen eine Umwandlung eintritt, polarographisch gut bestimmen und damit kinetisch auswerten. Wir finden eine Umwandlungsreaktion zweiter Ordnung. Die Arrheniussche Gleichung wird ermittelt und die thermodynamischen Daten der “Aktivierung” berechnet. Ein Vergleich mit den ebenfalls ermittelten Daten des Phenylglyoxals läßt die Umwandlung als eine dem Phenylglyoxal analoge intramolekulare Cannizzaro‐Reaktion erscheinen.
Diversity of Endophytic Fungi Isolated from the Bark of Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn., (Bombacaceae) and Antibacterial Potential of Secalonic Acid A Produced by Diaporthe searlei EC 321
Authors: Dominique Sagou , Alex Pakora Gilles , Christiane Essoh You , Dodehe Yeo , Adèle Kacou N'douba 
Published: October 2023

AbstractThe objective of this study was to study the diversity of endophytic fungi isolated from Ceiba pentandra and to isolate their bioactive chemical compounds. The methodology used during this study consisted in isolating endophytic fungi from the bark of C. pentandra on Potato Agar. The isolates obtained were identified on the basis of the ITS regions of their ribosomal DNA. Antibacterial screening of the mycelium of endophytic fungi isolated was evaluated against multidrug‐resistant E. coli and S. aureus strains. This screening led to the selection of isolates EC 321 and EC 28 for their ability to effectively inhibit the growth of the bacterial strains tested. EC 321 was grown and fermented on rice medium. Secondary metabolites were extracted with ethyl acetate. From the crude extract, secalonic acid A was isolated and identified by chromatographic and NMR. The in vitro activity of secalonic acid A against the growth of multiresistant bacterial strains was evaluated. Secalonic acid A was active against all multidrug‐resistant bacterial strains E. coli 942, E. coli 4814, S. aureus 931, S. aureus 934, S. aureus MRSA 1872 and K. pneumonia 815 with respective MICs of 18.75; 18.75; 18.75; 4.7; 37.5 and 37.5 μg/mL.
5‐Ammonium‐4,4‐dimethylvaleryl (Amv) Group: Generation from Acryloyl Group through Decatungstate‐Catalyzed C(sp3)−H Addition and Removal by Base‐Triggered Cyclization
Authors: Song Jizhou , Torigoe Takeru , Kuninobu Yoichiro 
Published: October 2023

AbstractThe 5‐ammonium‐4,4‐dimethylvaleryl (Amv) group was generated by conversion of acryloyl group through decatungstate‐catalyzed addition of C(sp3)−H bond of i‐BuNH2⋅HCl under the irradiation of UV light (365 nm or 405 nm). Treatment of Amv‐protected alcohols and anilines with aqueous Na2CO3 promoted the efficient deprotection of Amv. This is a unique method for the efficient removal of acryloyl groups from phenols, alcohols, and anilines. The selective removal of acryloyl groups through Amv in the presence of another acetyl or benzoyl group was demonstrated. The base‐triggered intramolecular cyclization of Amv was monitored by the release of a fluorescent molecule, and it was found that cyclization by Na2CO3 was very rapid (within 1 min) and that some weak bases such as 2,6‐lutidine are sufficient to promote cyclization.
Determination of the Cricothyroid Membrane Height by Age and Sex and Optimal Tracheal Tube Size
Authors: Kokulu Kamil , Alkan Ender , Sert Ekrem T. , Mutlu Hüseyin , Turkucu Cagri , Akar Emin H. 
Published: October 2023

ObjectivesThe primary aim of this study was to determine the average cricothyroid membrane (CTM) height in healthy volunteers, and the secondary aim was to determine the hypothetical success rate for emergency cricothyrotomy with a tracheal tube with an 8.0 mm outer diameter.MethodsThis study included healthy volunteers aged 18 years and older. The participants' clinical characteristics were recorded, and their CTM height was measured using ultrasound, with their necks placed sequentially in the neutral and extension positions. The relationship between the CTM height and sex, age, height, weight, body mass index, and sternomental distance was evaluated using linear regression analysis. An equation that could estimate the height of the CTM was obtained with the parameters found significant in this analysis.ResultsOf the 340 participants, 208 (61.2%) were male. The mean (SD) height of the CTM in the extension position was 9.60 (1.54) mm, and it was significantly shorter in the women than in the men (8.72 [1.19] mm vs. 10.16 [1.48] mm, p < 0.001). Among the participants of short stature, the CTM was significantly shorter, regardless of sex. The hypothetical success rate for emergency cricothyrotomy was 93.3% for the males and 73.5% for the females. The equation for estimating the height of the CTM in the extension position was determined as −4.36 + 5.27 × height (m) + 0.32 × sternomental distance (cm).ConclusionsSince the CTM height may differ according to age, sex, and height, cricothyrotomy sets should be available in various outer diameters.Level of EvidenceNA Laryngoscope, 134:1825–1830, 2024
Extracting proteins from microscopic biominerals: A reproducible method development using oyster larvae
Authors: Carini Alessia , Gaitán‐Espitia Juan Diego , Thiyagarajan Vengatesen 
Published: October 2023

AbstractMicroscopic biominerals are ubiquitous in the ocean, and several major taxa secrete them during early life stages or as adults. Organisms secrete an extracellular proteome incorporated within the biomineral to guide biomineralization remotely and enhance its material properties. This proteome has attracted the attention of extensive scientific research, but its characterization is challenging due to methodological constraints that limit the overall insight, particularly in small organisms. Therefore, we propose this straightforward and reproducible method development for preparing microscopic biominerals before proteome extraction. The method development can be tailored to other microscopic biominerals, and, importantly, it aims to integrate biomineral cleanliness and integrity without sacrificing proteome completeness. First, we suggest running an in‐depth sample exploration to identify key sample characteristics and determine the magnitude of the sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) treatment. Then, we recommend running a multiple time points experiment for biomineral cleaning treatment with a fixed NaOCl concentration. The time points are evaluated using qualitative (visual assessment) and quantitative methods (biomineral loss, elemental composition, and organic structural components removal). Finally, critical time points are identified for method validation using shotgun proteomics. This approach was tested using Hong Kong oyster larval shells as a model organism. Our study discovered that surprisingly, longer treatments and partial biomineral damage are preferred for Hong Kong oyster larvae and do not lead to protein diversity loss but enrichment. This microscopic biomineral cleaning method development can facilitate harnessing information from increasingly diverse biomineral proteomes.
A case of acute submandibular sialadenitis caused by a fish bone that strayed into the submandibular gland duct
Authors: Yoshida Hisato , Yamamoto Satoshi , Matsuda Shinpei , Ozaki Kumi , Yoshimura Hitoshi 
Published: October 2023

AbstractBackgroundFish bones commonly stray into the tongue base, palatine tonsils, and pharyngeal mucosa but rarely into the submandibular gland duct.Case presentationA 74‐year‐old man developed acute sialadenitis after a fish bone strayed into the submandibular gland duct. Laboratory data revealed elevated S‐amylase level; computed tomography (CT) revealed linear opacification along the submandibular gland duct. Electron microscopic analysis confirmed the object to be a fish bone; the bone discharged spontaneously prior to a scheduled excision.ConclusionIdentification of foreign bodies is difficult with CT or other imaging modalities alone. Additional detailed examination, such as electron microscopy analysis, is required.
Toward an Effective Innovation Framework for Federal Grant-Making: an Exploration into OPA’s Teen Pregnancy Prevention Program
Authors: Hyman Mikayla , Philbrick Sarah 
Published: October 2023

AbstractStates, local, tribal, and territorial governments received almost 20% of all federal spending in fiscal year 2022, about $1.2 trillion dollars (US Office of Management and Budget, 2023a). For a strong, well-functioning democracy, the federal government must be able to disperse grant funds efficiently and effectively. Rates of teen pregnancy in the USA, while decreasing in recent years, are still consistently higher than that of other western industrialized nations (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2023). The Office of Population Affairs’ (OPA) Teen Pregnancy Prevention program combines cutting edge research with innovative grant distribution to creatively tackle this issue. In this commentary, we explore some of the strengths of OPA’s grant distribution program in the hope that others may emulate best practices from this program. Specifically, the special issue highlights how OPA’s grant program took a customer-centered focus by prioritizing work with end users and community. This evidence-based focus enabled the testing of ideas, which in turn could be iterated and scaled up. Through grantee innovation networks, they created space for external expertise, creative thinking, and diversity of thought. Other programs, policymakers, and their partners may learn from OPA’s success, which arises from three core characteristics: (1) their funding stature allows long-term and flexible allocation of funding toward innovation; (2) OPA focuses on creating and supporting local communities and networks of innovation; (3) OPA emphasizes evidence-based decision-making and rigorous evaluation throughout the grant process. With a fifth of the federal budget being dispersed through grant-making and teen pregnancy still at high rates, OPA offers an exciting avenue for innovation and success in both of these areas. This commentary concludes with some recommendations for future practice.
Evidentialism, Judgment, and Suspension: Meeting Sosa's Challenges
Authors: McCain Kevin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Ernest Sosa has recently presented three challenges for evidentialism. The challenges concern what is required for epistemically justified judging and suspending of judgment. The aim of this article is to respond to these challenges on behalf of the evidentialist. Importantly, responding to Sosa's challenges requires giving substance to the idea of appreciating what one's evidence supports. This idea has been mentioned by prominent evidentialists but not given adequate development. Hence, this article marks a significant move forward in the understanding of evidentialism as well as a defense of the theory from Sosa's prima facie serious objections.
Hezb-e Tudeh-ye Iran and Its Struggle Against the Challenges Posed Against It by the British, 1942–1946: An Analysis Based on Soviet Documents
Authors: Shahvar Soli 
Published: October 2023

AbstractArchival documents from Russia, which are becoming more accessible, help to provide a more accurate accounts of Iran's political past. Based on Soviet documents from the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History, as well additional primary and secondary sources in various languages, the focus of this article is on the challenges and obstacles which the Tudeh Party faced from the British and their proxies in Iran during the Allied occupation of Iran in Second World War (thus creating Tudeh's ‘British Problem’). The article delves not only on describing and analyzing those challenges and obstacles, but also on the way the Tudeh was able to overcome them, and its political breakthrough and success in the Fourteenth Majlis elections and later in introducing three of its members into Qavam's coalition government. Faced with such successes of the Tudeh, and worried about the future of their own interests in Iran, and especially the oil installations of the AIOC, the British sought American assistance. According to the Soviet view, it was only through an Anglo-American cooperation that Tudeh's political rise in Iran was checked.
Ownership psychology, its antecedents and consequences
Authors: Boyer Pascal 
Published: October 2023

AbstractCommentators discussed the coherence and validity of a minimalist approach to ownership intuitions, in ways that make it possible to clarify the model, re-evaluate its cognitive underpinnings, and sketch some of its implications. This response summarizes the model; addresses issues concerning the need for a special technical lexicon when describing cognitive semantics; the psychology involved in contexts of competitive acquisition and their consequences for possession and use of rival resources; the role of cooperative expectations in creating mutually beneficial allocation of resources; the consequences of ownership psychology for social interaction and the production of social norms of property; and the relations between psychological processes and legal institutions in the domain, before proposing some final thoughts.
The increase in the surface brightness of the night sky and its importance in visual astronomical observations
Authors: Wesołowski Marcin 
Published: October 2023

AbstractThe problem of sky pollution with artificial light currently affects practically all branches that are related to the broadly understood environment. This is especially true for astronomical observations. This paper presents the results of measurements of the surface brightness of the night sky for the city of Rzeszów and the surrounding area, which were made in 2015, 2018 and 2021 using the photometer Sky Quality Meter (SQM-L). The measurements show that the surface brightness of the night sky in Rzeszów in 2015 was in the range from 19.20 to 18.67 mag/arcsec2, in 2018 the value of brightness oscillated in the range from 18.53 to 16.47 mag/arcsec2, and in 2021 this value was in the range from 17.13 by 15.11 mag/arcsec2. Translating the obtained values on the Bortle scale, we can see an increase in the brightness of the night sky from class VI in 2015 to class IX in 2021. A similar trend applies to neighboring towns, for which an increase in brightness from class IV in 2015 to class VIII in 2021 was also observed. An increase in the surface brightness of the night sky causes a deterioration or even loss of visibility of astronomical objects in the night sky. This is especially true for comets and low-brightness stars. Based on the measurement results, a forecast of the development of light pollution was prepared for the study areas until 2025. This forecast shows that we will still have to deal with an increase in the surface brightness of the night sky. Due to the further projected increase in the brightness of the night sky, it should be expected that observers in small towns will experience changes in the quality of the sky over the coming years, which will undoubtedly make astronomical observations difficult, in particular for faint celestial bodies such as comets.
Organic polymer facilitated CO2 photoreduction: a minireview
Authors: Zhao Wenfeng , Ge Qinmei , Li Hu , Jiang Nan , Chen Shangwei , Yang Song , Cong Hang 
Published: October 2023

CO2 photoreduction with organic polymer as photocatalysts is an attractive strategy. This review highlights the recent advances in polymer-driven CO2 photoreduction, and discusses the opportunities and challenges for further development.
Mikrobiologische Diagnostik und Therapie bei Hautkrankheiten
Authors: Karthein Jutta M. 
Published: October 2023

ZusammenfassungDie Funktionen der Haut sind sehr komplex. Sie schützt und bewahrt den Menschen. Unsere Haut definiert uns nach außen und verleiht unserer Persönlichkeit einen Rahmen. Zudem beeinflusst die unbedeckte Haut den sog. ersten Eindruck. Sie kann Stimmungen wie leichtes Erröten anzeigen und dient nicht zuletzt der Repräsentation (z. B. durch Schminken, Piercings und Tattoos). Der Artikel befasst sich mit den Funktionen und Störungen der Haut, geht auf die Mikroökologie und Immunologie unserer „Schutzschicht und Abgrenzung“ nach außen ein und gibt einen Überblick über Diagnostik und Therapiemöglichkeiten bei Störungen dieses Grenzflächenorgans. Ein Patientenfall zeigt, dass auch Dermatosen einer mikrobiologischen Therapie zugänglich sind.
Hautnah – Ayurveda bei Hauterkrankungen
Authors: Mittwede Martin , Rosenberg Theresa 
Published: October 2023

ZusammenfassungDer Zugang der traditionellen Ayurveda-Medizin zu Gesundheit und Krankheit ist systemisch. Dies trifft auch auf die Haut und ihre Erkrankungen zu. Neben lokalen Ursachen (die selbstverständlich auch vorkommen können) schaut der Ayurveda bei intensiveren Hautstörungen auf den Gesamtstoffwechsel und dessen Regulation. Gleichzeitig ist zu beachten, dass der Ayurveda von einer multifaktoriellen Genese ausgeht und die Patienten individuell betrachtet. Daher werden auch die Therapiemaßnahmen i. d. R. genau auf die vorhandene Störung, die individuelle Konstitution und die Lebensumstände inkl. der Ernährung abgestimmt. Der Beitrag geht auf die psychosomatischen und organischen Ursachen ein und beschreibt dies anhand eines klinischen Praxisbeispiels aus dem Rosenberg Kur- und Gesundheitszentrum in Birstein.
Update on Pediatric Spine Imaging
Authors: Schatteman Stijn , Jaremko Jacob , Jans Lennart , Herregods Nele 
Published: October 2023

AbstractThe spine is often difficult to evaluate clinically in children, increasing the importance of diagnostic imaging to detect a wide variety of spinal disorders ranging from congenital abnormalities to severe infections. Clinical history and physical examination can help determine whether imaging is needed and which imaging technique would be best. The most common cause for back pain, even in children, is muscular strain/spasm that does not require any imaging. However, red flags such as pain at age < 5 years, constant pain, night pain, radicular pain, pain lasting > 4 weeks, or an abnormal neurologic examination may require further investigation. Imaging can be of great value for diagnosis but must be interpreted along with the clinical history, physical examination, and laboratory findings to achieve an accurate diagnosis. We discuss imaging for the most common and/or important spine pathologies in children: congenital and developmental pathologies, trauma, infectious processes, inﬂammatory causes, and tumors.