bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Archaebacteria
Authors: Battistuzzi Fabia U , Hedges S Blair 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Extremophiles are common among species in the Super kingdom Archaebacteria (also called “Archaea”, Fig. 1) (1). For example, the species referred to as “Strain 121” can survive temperatures up to 121°C, higher than any other organism (2), and hyperacidophiles are found in the Family thermoplasmataceae, where two species (Picrophilus oshimae and Picrophilus torridus) are the only known organisms capable of living at a pH as low as zero (3, 4). Archaebacteria show many other phenotypes including the unique ability to produce methane (methanogenesis). 7ey have cell wall structures formed either by pseudopeptidoglycan (i.e., a material similar to the peptidoglycan of eubacteria), polysaccharides, or glycoproteins (S-layer) (5), which resemble the single-layer structure (i.e., cell membrane plus cell wall) present in gram-positive eubacteria. Furthermore, archaebacteria have a unique cell membrane structure composed of ether-linked glycerol diethers or tetraethers that confer a higher stability to extreme conditions (5). Chemotrophy is the most widely used metabolism, although phototrophic members of the Halobacteriaceae can use light to produce ATP (6). Six families also have the unique ability of obtaining energy by combining carbon dioxide (or other carbon compounds) and hydrogen into methane (5).
Arthropods (Arthropoda)
Authors: Pisani Davide 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With more than 1 million described species (1), arthropods are a marvelous evolutionary success. 7is phylum of animals includes one extinct subphylum (Trilobita, 4000 described species) and four living subphyla: Myriapoda (e.g., centipedes and millipedes, 11,500 species), Chelicerata (e.g., spiders, mites, and horseshoe crabs, 70,000 species), Hexapoda (e.g., insects, 948,000 species), and Crustacea (e.g., shrimps and crabs, 68,000 species). thePhylum Arthropoda is characterized by species having an articulated chitinous exoskeleton divided into thick areas, corresponding to segments, joined by thin “rings” (2). Each segment typically carries a pair of articulated legs, and a number of anterior segments are fused into a cephalon. In most groups the cephalon carries eyes, and two or more pairs of limbs (2). Arthropods have been treated as a single animal group essentially since 1753, when Linnaeus called them Insecta in the Arst edition of the Systema Naturae (3). However, their monophyly has long been debated because of their morphological disparity (4–6). Molecular data eventually conArmed arthropod monophyly (7) and to date arthropods are classiAed into one extinct subphylum (the Trilobita) and four extant subphyla: Crustacea, Hexapoda, Myriapoda, and Chelicerata (Fig. 1). Each subphylum is further divided into classes (8). Here, I will review the relationships and divergence times among the arthropod classes and subphyla.
Holometabolous insects (Holometabola)
Authors: Wiegmann Brian M , Kim Jung-wook , Trautwein Michelle D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The insect clade Holometabola (850,000 species) includes 11 living orders that together comprise the vast majority of all insect diversity and therefore also represent a signiAcant fraction (&gt;60%) of all terrestrial animals (1). Holometabola includes the four largest orders of insects: Coleoptera (beetles, Fig. 1), Hymenoptera (bees, ants, and wasps), Diptera (true Pies), and Lepidoptera (moths and butterPies), as well as the Neuroptera (lacewings), Megaloptera and Raphidioptera (dobsonPies and alderPies), Trichoptera (caddisPies), Mecoptera (scorpionPies), Siphonaptera (Peas), and Strepsiptera (twisted-wing insects). thename of the group rePects their deAning characteristic—they undergo complete metamorphosis. 7eir life history is divided into discrete developmental stages, including a distinct larval (feeding) and pupal (quiescent) stage. themajor developmental, morphological, and behavioral modiAcations that led to the holometabolous larva are thought to have arisen through extension of the prenymphal stage of hemimetabolous insects (2, 3). Metamorphosis from larval to adult morphology occurs in the pupal stage where the larval structures are broken down and adult features (legs, wings, antennae, genitalia) then develop from specialized internal regions of subcuticular epidermal cells called imaginal discs (4). thelarval cuticle is reduced or entirely lost and an adult cuticle is newly formed. theinternal development of the wings is denoted in the other common name of the group, the Endopterygota.
Advanced birds (Neoaves)
Authors: Tuinen Marcel van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Neoavian birds are included in the Subclass Neornithes, and most broadly can be deAned as those orders with advanced Pight capabilities. Such birds include the arboreal songbirds, cuckoos, parrots, and woodpeckers, the nocturnal owls and nightjars, aerial Piers such as swiJs and hummingbirds, as well as several other distinct lineages including pigeons, raptors, shorebirds, wading birds, and marine birds (Fig. 1). Excluded from Neoaves are the primitive Pightless paleognath landbirds (ratites), the primitive paleognath and neognath volant landbirds (tinamous and landfowl), and primitive neognath waterbirds (waterfowl). Approximately 9000 living species of Neoaves have been described and placed in 16–24 orders. Traditionally, neognath orders with limited aerial Pight capability (penguins, loons, grebes) were thought to be primitive and placed ahead of other bird orders in classifications (1–3). theunit Neoaves was Arst described from molecular data from the 1970s and 1980s (4, 5), and its monophyly continued to gain support from DNA sequence data (6–11).
Passerine birds (Passeriformes)
Authors: Cracrafta Joel , Barkerb F Keith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Order Passeriformes is the largest clade of its rank in birds, encompassing from roughly 40–100 families depending on the classification. In recent years molecular systematic data have greatly clarified interfamilial relationships, although many nodes remain poorly supported and it is clear that numerous traditional families are not monophyletic. Passeriformes is an old group, and most molecular dating studies estimate its age of origin to be late Cretaceous (100–66 million years ago, Ma) on Gondwana, with early lineages being partitioned among New Zealand, Australasia, and South America. The major lineages arose in the Paleogene (66–23 Ma) and then diversified in the Neogene (23–0 Ma).
Whales and even-toed ungulates (Cetartiodactyla)
Authors: Gatesy John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whales (Cetacea) and even-toed ungulates (“Artiodactyla,” not a natural group) are represented by 290 extant species (1), and have been grouped into 20–25 families within the placental Order Cetartiodactyla (Fig. 1). Extinct diversity is well represented in the clade, with about six extinct genera for every genus that contains extant species (2). 7is rich fossil record has facilitated molecular clock analyses (3–14), but phenotypic diversity in the group is extensive and has confounded systematic studies. Cetartiodactylans range in body size from the tiny 4 kg mouse deer, Tragulus javanicus, to the enormous 190,000 kg Blue Whale, Balaenoptera musculus (1). It is oJen di1cult to assess homology of structures in organisms that are as divergent as these in terms of anatomical organization, mass, and ecological specialization. Among taxa with living representatives, McKenna and Bell (2) recognized 11 families of Cetacea and 10 families of “Artiodactyla.” 7ree additional family-level groups (Eschrichtiidae, Neobalaenidae, and Kogiidae) are commonly accepted. Here I review the phylogenetic relationships and divergence times of the families of Cetartiodactyla (Fig. 2).
Contextual restrictions on indefinites: Spanish algunos vs. unos
Authors: Martÿ Luisa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I argue that the Spanish plural indefinite algunos, an existential quantifier (see Martÿ (2008) and cf. Gutiérrez-Rexach (1999a), Gutiérrez-Rexach (1999b), Gutiérrez-Rexach (2001) and others), introduces a contextual variable. I blame alg-for the context dependence of algunos, absent with unos. The chapter builds on the analysis of unos and algunos that I propose in Martÿ (2008) and adds an additional layer to the ‘indefinite hierarchy’ defended there.
Nominal voices*
Authors: Siloni Tal , Preminger Omer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two questions are prominent in modern minimalist discussions: how abstract are the principles which govern grammar, and how far do syntax and the lexicon penetrate one another? We argue that very sharp data reveal the presence of a passive operation for ability nominalizations which (a) entails covert phrasal movement, (b) a ‘long-distance’ connection to an Edge, (c) LF sensitivity, and (d) the Chain Condition (following Chomsky (2001), Pesetsky (2000), as well as Frampton & Gutman (2000), Fu et al.
The Successor Function + LEX = Human Language?
Authors: Hinzen Wolfram 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What in syntax do so-called “interface conditions,” in current minimalist conceptions of the language faculty, explain? Virtually everything, to the extent that the Strong Minimalist Thesis (SMT) holds, which stipulates that language is an optimal response to interface conditions externally imposed on the language faculty prior to its insertion into a language-ready but prelinguistic brain. The idea is that prior to and independent of the evolution of language, systems of “thought” or semantics were in place that the emerging language system had to “interface” with. Clearly, then, the language system will have to satisfy certain minimal conditions on usability imposed by these non-linguistic systems (“bare output conditions”): conditions the language system has to satisfy to be usable at all.
Fitting Attitudes and Welfare
Authors: Heathwood Chris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to present a new argument against so-called fitting-attitude analyses of intrinsic value, according to which, roughly, for something to be intrinsically good is for there to be reasons to want it for its own sake. The argument is indirect. First, I submit that advocates of a fitting-attitude analysis of value should, for the sake of theoretical unity, also endorse a fitting-attitude analysis of a closely related but distinct concept: the concept of intrinsic value for a person, that is, the concept of welfare. Then I argue directly against fitting-attitude analyses of welfare. This argument, which is the focus of the paper, is based on the idea that whereas whether an event is good or bad for a person doesn’t change over time, the attitudes there is reason to have towards such an event can change over time. Therefore, one cannot explain the former in terms of the latter, as fitting-attitude analyses of welfare attempt to do.
Cats, Dogs, and so on
Authors: Burgess John P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The discovery of the note cards for Quine ‘s previously unpublished 1946 lecture on nominalism provides an obvious occasion for commenting on the differences between the issue of nominalism as Quine first publicized it to a wide philosophical audience and the issue of nominalism as debated among Quine ‘s successors today. Yet as I read and reread the text of Quine ‘s lecture, I found myself struck less by the differences between Quine ‘s position there and the positions of present-day writers than by differences between Quine ‘s position there and the positions of Quine himself in later writings — and not his writings from many years later but his writings from the next few years, and especially one of his writings from the very next year, his notorious joint paper with Goodman.
A World of Concrete Particulars
Authors: Melia Joseph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is not going to be a defence of Nominalism, but it is going to defend Nominalism from some Quinean worries. Like Quine, I find Nominalism congenial. Quine eventually abandoned the position. I shall urge that this was hasty. Quine characterizes Nominalism as the view that there are no universals, only particulars. Nowadays, Nominalism is frequently identified with the view that there are no abstract objects, only concrete ones and it is this aspect of Nominalism that I will mainly focus on in this chapter. Since Quine takes particulars, in both his Mental and Physical versions of Nominalism, to be concrete objects, it seems that the Quine of that time was partial to both views.
Sociolinguistic typology and complexification
Authors: Trudgill Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In previous work in sociolinguistic typology (e.g. Trudgill 1983, 1989, 1992, 1996a, b, 1998, 2002) I have suggested that it might be possible to argue that the distribution of linguistic features over languages may not be just random or areal.1 Rather, it may be the case that certain types of society, or social structure, tend to produce certain types of language, or linguistic structure. In the context of the present volume, therefore, the suggestion is that certain types of social factor may predispose languages to demonstrate greater or lesser degrees of complexity.
Layering of grammar: vestiges of protosyntax in present-day languages
Authors: Progovac Ljiljana 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this section I identify two sets of data available in present-day languages, which clearly defy the rules and principles of present-day morphosyntax: Root Small Clauses (RootSCs), and verb-complement exocentric compounds (ExCs).1 In section 2 I show that these data instantiate a grammar/syntax measurably simpler than that of more typical sentential speech, leading to the proposal in section 3 that they can be seen as vestiges/“living fossils” of a protosyntax stage in language evolution. This (evolutionary) approach starts to shed light on the very nature of clausal derivation: modern syntax analyses even finite clauses/sentences as being built upon the layer of the small clause. Metaphors of evolutionary layering have been invoked in various other domains, as discussed in section 4. Section 5 offers some corroborating evidence for the proposal, including language acquisition.
The Question of Ontology
Authors: Fine Kit 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Philosophers ask ‘do numbers exist?’, ‘do chairs and tables exist?’, ‘do elementary particles exist?’. But what are they asking when they ask such questions? There is an answer to this meta-question that derives from Quine [1984]and is commonly accepted in contemporary ontology (it is accepted in one form or another by all of the other contributors to the present volume,for example).
The Metaontology of Abstraction
Authors: Hale Bob , Wright Crispin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We can be pretty brisk with the basics. Paul Benacerraf famously wondered how any satisfactory account of mathematical knowledge could combine a face-value semantic construal of classical mathematical theories, such as arithmetic, analysis and set-theory — one which takes seriously the apparent singular terms and quantifiers in the standard formulations — with a sensibly naturalistic conception of our knowledge-acquisitive capacities as essentially operative within the domain of causal law. The problem, very simply, is that the entities apparently called for by the face-value construal — finite cardinals, reals and sets — do not, seemingly, participate in the causal swim. A refinement of the problem, due to Field, challenges us to explain what reason there is to suppose that our basic beliefs about such entities, encoded in standard axioms, could possibly be formed reliably by means solely of what are presumably naturalistic belief-forming mechanisms. These problems have cast a long shadow over recent thought about the epistemology of mathematics.
Ontology and Alternative Languages
Authors: Hirsch Eli 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rudolph Carnap said that issues of ontology amount to nothing more than choosing one language or another. My position is roughly Carnapian, but with three qualifications. First, whereas Carnap ‘s formulation sometimes seems to suggest an anti-realist or verificationist perspective, my position is robustly realist. I take it for granted that the world and the things in it exist for the most part in complete independence of our knowledge or language.
Metaphysics after Carnap: The Ghost Who Walks?
Authors: Price Huw 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Imagine a well-trained mid-twentieth-century American philosopher, caught in a rare traffic jam on the New Jersey Turnpike, one still summer afternoon in 1950. He dozes off in his warm car ... and awakes in the same spot on a chill Fall evening in 2008, remembering nothing of the intervening years.
The Theoretical Practices of Physics
Authors: Hughes R I G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
R.I.G Hughes presents a series of eight philosophical essays on the theoretical practices of physics. The first two essays examine these practices as they appear in physicists' treatises (e.g. Newton's Principia and Opticks) and journal articles (by Einstein, Bohm and Pines, Aharonov and Bohm). By treating these publications as texts, Hughes casts the philosopher of science in the role of critic. This premise guides the following 6 essays which deal with various concerns of philosophy and physics such as laws, disunities, models and representation, computer simulation, explanation, and the discourse of physics.
Evidence-based health care: What roles for patients?
Authors: Thornton Hazel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The optimistic foreword by Richard Grol to the first edition of this book, published in 2001, ended with the words ‘And, it manages to show us the way to a potential future: health care provision where patients and professionals operate as real partners with shared goals, playing an equal music in deciding on the best management of the health problems’ (Grol, R. 2001). Forging and maintaining real partnerships of any kind requires a settled environment in which to develop them, continued desire and determination of both parties to make them work, a shared set of values, good communication, and constant hard work. I will examine the changing nature of health care consultations in this chapter, starting first with a broader view of health care developments and of research in particular, as I believe these are important contexts and influences on the everyday business of patients seeing clinicians in consultations.
Using decision-making theory to inform clinical practice
Authors: Bekker Hilary L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Strategy to process information: heuristic processing (intuitive, ‘rules-of-thumb’, unconscious, and system 1) and systematic processing (analytic, conscious, and system 2) (see Chaiken, 1980; Eagly and Chaiken, 1993; Payne and Bettman, 2004; Hammond, 2007; Acker, 2008). The latter requires the decision maker to exert a considerable amount of conscious effort in evaluating completely the details of the decision information; the former is a simpler strategy, requiring less cognitive effort, as the decision maker evaluates a part of the decision information that initiates a general, often subconscious, rule to guide the choice. Although heuristic processing tends to lead to satisfactory decisions being made most of the time, it is more likely to result in the wrong choice being made if a systematic strategy is employed (Chaiken, 1980; Baron, 1994; Payne and Bettman, 2004).
Measuring ‘decision quality’: Irresolvable difficulties and an alternative proposal
Authors: Elwyn Glyn , Elwyn, Benjamin , Miron-Shatz Talya 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the task of involving patients in decision-making tasks has become the focus of increasing attention over the last decade, there is also a realization that we struggle to measure what would constitute success in this area. Important questions remain, such as what constitutes a good decision or a high-quality decision and how to measure decision quality. We recognize that definitions of decision quality and other similar terms have been put forward. In this paper, it is our intention to examine these definitions, to highlight the ways in which they converge, and to explain why we have some concerns about their emphasis on post hoc evaluations. We proceed to offer an alternative, which parses ‘decisions’ into a pre-decisional process and a post-decisional outcome.
A practical approach to measuring the quality of preference-sensitive decisions
Authors: Sepucha Karen R , Mulley Albert G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A patient with knee osteoarthritis and her doctor schedule surgery to replace her knee. A decision has been made but not yet enacted, and one might ask whether this is a good decision. This decision and many like it have certain features worth highlighting. First, there is a decision to be made because more than one reasonable alternatives are available to the patient and her doctor. Second, clinical evidence and clinical information, such as results of x-rays or even patient-reported symptoms scores though necessary, are not sufficient to determine the best alternative. Third, patients feel differently about the impact of the illness in their lives and the importance of the potential good and bad outcomes of the options. In these situations, the best treatment is the one that reflects what is most important to patients who are well informed about the options and potential outcomes.
Examining the theoretical foundation of decision support technologies
Authors: Durand Marie-Anne , Elwyn Glyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many decision-making theories exist and their applications have improved our understanding of how individuals make decisions, but the association between decision-making theories and decision support tools is relatively rare in practice. This chapter is based on a theoretical review of existing decision support technologies (DSTs) for patients facing treatment or screening decisions (Durand et al., 2008) and examines the current use of theory in designing and evaluating DSTs.
Should patient stories be used in decision aids?
Authors: Winterbottom Anna , Bekker Hilary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The use of patient stories in decision aids is popular yet the evidence base supporting their use is less clear. Many questions remain about the optimal way of presenting such stories in decision aids. This chapter explores how their inclusion might bias the decision-making process and how research in this area is hampered by a lack of a cohesive definition or guidelines on their usage. To date, four reviews of the literature exist providing mixed evidence of the persuasive effect of patient stories on decision-making. More research into the impact of using patient stories is needed and the use of real world settings to explore such ideas is discussed. We recommend that until there is a greater understanding of how patient stories might affect decision-making processes, decision aids that include patient stories should be implemented in practice with caution.
‘It’s what we do around here’: Shared decision-making as a future organizational competence
Authors: Elwyn Glyn , Edwards Adrian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
You tend to know when someone takes you seriously. They listen and they indicate that they are doing so. They signal that they have understood. They might disagree but at least they have bothered to take your views seriously. It may not lead to better outcomes or to decisions which you would make yourself but it feels like a good process and is a clear mark of respect. Something similar may be said of involving patients in decisions and doing so with genuine intent (Edwards et al., 2001).