bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Complete Genome Sequence and In Planta Subcellular Localization of Maize Fine Streak Virus Proteins
Authors: Tsai Chi-Wei , Redinbaugh Margaret G. , Willie Kristen J. , Reed Sharon , Goodin Michael , Hogenhout Saskia A. 
Published: April 2005

ABSTRACT

The genome of the nucleorhabdovirus maize fine streak virus (MFSV) consists of 13,782 nucleotides of nonsegmented, negative-sense, single-stranded RNA. The antigenomic strand consisted of seven open reading frames (ORFs), and transcripts of all ORFs were detected in infected plants. ORF1, ORF6, and ORF7 had significant similarities to the nucleocapsid protein (N), glycoprotein (G), and polymerase (L) genes of other rhabdoviruses, respectively, whereas the ORF2, ORF3, ORF4, and ORF5 proteins had no significant similarities. The N (ORF1), ORF4, and ORF5 proteins localized to nuclei, consistent with the presence of nuclear localization signals (NLSs) in these proteins. ORF5 likely encodes the matrix protein (M), based on its size, the position of its NLS, and the localization of fluorescent protein fusions to the nucleus. ORF2 probably encodes the phosphoprotein (P) because, like the P protein of
Sonchus yellow net virus
(SYNV), it was spread throughout the cell when expressed alone but was relocalized to a subnuclear locus when coexpressed with the MFSV N protein. Unexpectedly, coexpression of the MFSV N and P proteins, but not the orthologous proteins of SYNV, resulted in accumulations of both proteins in the nucleolus. The N and P protein relocalization was specific to cognate proteins of each virus. The subcellular localizations of the MFSV ORF3 and ORF4 proteins were distinct from that of the SYNV sc4 protein, suggesting different functions. To our knowledge, this is the first comparative study of the cellular localizations of plant rhabdoviral proteins. This study indicated that plant rhabdoviruses are diverse in genome sequence and viral protein interactions.
ATPγS Disrupts Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Virion Core Integrity
Authors: Gurer Cagan , Höglund Anders , Höglund Stefan , Luban Jeremy 
Published: April 2005

ABSTRACTHeat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) is incorporated within the membrane of primate lentiviral virions. Here we demonstrate that Hsp70 is also incorporated into oncoretroviral virions and that it remains associated with membrane-stripped human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) virion cores. To determine if Hsp70 promotes virion infectivity, we attempted to generate Hsp70-deficient virions withgagdeletion mutations, Hsp70 transdominant mutants, or RNA interference, but these efforts were confounded, largely because they disrupt virion assembly. Given that polypeptide substrates are bound and released by Hsp70 in an ATP-hydrolytic reaction cycle, we supposed that incubation of HIV-1 virions with ATP would perturb Hsp70 interaction with substrates in the virion and thereby decrease infectivity. Treatment with ATP or ADP had no observable effect, but ATPγS and GTPγS, nucleotide triphosphate analogues resistant to Hsp70 hydrolysis, dramatically reduced the infectivity of HIV-1 and murine leukemia virus virions. ATPγS-treated virions were competent for fusion with susceptible target cells, but viral cDNA synthesis was inhibited to an extent that correlated with the magnitude of decrease in infectivity. Intravirion reverse transcription by HIV-1, simian immunodeficiency virus, or murine leukemia virus was also inhibited by ATPγS. The effects of ATPγS on HIV-1 reverse transcription appeared to be indirect, resulting from disruption of virion core morphology that was evident by transmission electron microscopy. Consistent with effects on capsid conformation, ATPγS-treated viruslike particles failed to saturate host antiviral restriction activity. Our observations support a model in which the catalytic activity of virion-associated Hsp70 is required to maintain structural integrity of the virion core.
Recruitment of CBP/p300, TATA-Binding Protein, and S8 to Distinct Regions at the N Terminus of Adenovirus E1A
Authors: Rasti Mozhgan , Grand Roger J. A. , Mymryk Joe S. , Gallimore Phillip H. , Turnell Andrew S. 
Published: April 2005

ABSTRACT
The N-terminal region of the adenovirus (Ad) 12S E1A gene product targets several cellular proteins that are essential for the induction of S phase, cellular immortalization, cellular transformation, transcriptional repression, and transcriptional activation. The precise binding sites for these proteins, however, remain to be resolved. We therefore undertook an extensive site-directed mutagenesis approach to generate specific point mutants and to precisely map the binding sites for CBP, p300, TATA-binding protein (TBP), S4, S8, hGcn5, P/CAF, and Ran within the first 30 amino acids of the Ad5 12S E1A protein. We determined that although common residues within the N-terminal region can form partial binding sites for these proteins, point mutants were also generated that could discriminate between binding sites. These data indicate that AdE1A can target each of these proteins individually through distinct binding sites. It was evident, however, that the mutation of specific hydrophobic residues typically had the greatest effect upon AdE1A's ability to bind individual partners. Indeed, the mutation of L at positions 19 and 20 eliminated the ability of AdE1A to interact with any of the N-terminal binding proteins studied here. Interestingly, although TBP and S8 or CBP/p300 can exist as functional complexes, RNA interference revealed that the recruitment of either TBP, S8, or CBP/p300 to AdE1A was not dependent upon the expression of the other proteins. These data further indicate that AdE1A can target individual partner proteins in vivo and that it does not necessarily recruit these proteins indirectly as components of larger macromolecular complexes. Finally, we took advantage of the fine-mapping data to ascertain which proteins were targeted during the transformation process. Consistent with previous studies, CBP/p300 was found to be targeted by AdE1A during this process, although our data suggest that binding to other N-terminal proteins is also important for transformation.
Early T-Cell Responses to Dengue Virus Epitopes in Vietnamese Adults with Secondary Dengue Virus Infections
Authors: Simmons Cameron P. , Dong Tao , Chau Nguyen Vinh , Dung Nguyen Thi Phuong , Chau Tran Nguyen Bich , Thao Le Thi Thu , Dung Nguyen Thi , Hien Tran Tinh , Rowland-Jones Sarah , Farrar Jeremy 
Published: April 2005

ABSTRACTT-cell responses to dengue viruses may be important in both protective immunity and pathogenesis. This study of 48 Vietnamese adults with secondary dengue virus infections defined the breadth and magnitude of peripheral T-cell responses to 260 overlapping peptide antigens derived from a dengue virus serotype 2 (DV2) isolate. Forty-seven different peptides evoked significant gamma interferon enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay responses in 39 patients; of these, 34 peptides contained potentially novel T-cell epitopes. NS3 and particularly NS3200-324were important T-cell targets. The breadth and magnitude of ELISPOT responses to DV2 peptides were independent of the infecting dengue virus serotype, suggesting that cross-reactive T cells dominate the acute response during secondary infection. Acute ELISPOT responses were weakly correlated with the extent of hemoconcentration in individual patients but not with the nadir of thrombocytopenia or overall clinical disease grade. NS3556-564and Env414-422were identified as novel HLA-A*24 and B*07-restricted CD8+T-cell epitopes, respectively. Acute T-cell responses to natural variants of Env414-422and NS3556-564were largely cross-reactive and peaked during disease convalescence. The results highlight the importance of NS3 and cross-reactive T cells during acute secondary infection but suggest that the overall breadth and magnitude of the T-cell response is not significantly related to clinical disease grade.
Inhibition of Lysosome and Proteasome Function Enhances Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection
Authors: Wei Bangdong L. , Denton Paul W. , O'Neill Eduardo , Luo Tianci , Foster John L. , Garcia J. Victor 
Published: April 2005

ABSTRACTWe previously reported that inhibition of endosomal/lysosomal function can dramatically enhance human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infectivity, suggesting that under these conditions productive HIV-1 infection can occur via the endocytic pathway. Here we further examined this effect with bafilomycin A1 (BFLA-1) and show that this enhancement of infectivity extends to all HIV-1 isolates tested regardless of coreceptor usage. However, isolate-specific differences were observed in the magnitude of the effect. This was particularly evident in the case of the weakly infectious HIV-1SF2, for which we observed the greatest enhancement. Using reciprocal chimeric viruses, we were able to determine that both the disproportionate increase in the infectivity of HIV-1SF2in response to BFLA-1 and its weak infectivity in the absence of BFLA-1 mapped to its envelope gene. Further, we found HIV-1SF2to have lower fusion activity and to be 12-fold more sensitive to the fusion inhibitor T-20 than HIV-1NL4-3. Proteasomal inhibitors also enhance HIV-1 infectivity, and we report that the combination of a lysosomal and a proteasomal inhibitor greatly enhanced infectivity of all isolates tested. Again, HIV-1SF2was unique in exhibiting a synergistic 400-fold increase in infectivity. We also determined that inhibition of proteasomal function increased the infectivity of HIV-1 pseudotyped with vesicular stomatitis virus G protein. The evidence presented here highlights the important role of the lysosomes/proteasomes in the destruction of infectious HIV-1SF2and could have implications for the development of novel antiviral agents that might take advantage of these innate defenses.
Homologous Crossovers among Molecules of Brome Mosaic Bromovirus RNA1 or RNA2 Segments In Vivo
Authors: Urbanowicz Anna , Alejska Magdalena , Formanowicz Piotr , Błażewicz Jacek , Figlerowicz Marek , Bujarski Jozef J. 
Published: April 2005

ABSTRACT

Previously we demonstrated frequent homologous crossovers among molecules of the RNA3 segment in the tripartite brome mosaic bromovirus (BMV) RNA genome (A. Bruyere, M. Wantroba, S. Flasinski, A. Dzianott, and J. J. Bujarski, J. Virol.
74:
4214-4219, 2000). To further our knowledge about mechanisms of viral RNA genome variability, in this paper we have studied homologous recombination in BMV RNA1 and RNA2 components during infection. We have found that basal RNA-RNA crossovers could occur within coding regions of both RNAs, although recombination frequencies slightly varied at different RNA sections. In all cases, the frequencies were much lower than the rate observed for the intercistronic recombination hot spot in BMV RNA3. Probability calculations accounted for at least one homologous crossover per RNA molecule per replication cycle. In addition, we have demonstrated an efficient repair of mutations within the conserved 3′ and 5′ noncoding regions, most likely due to error-prone BMV RNA replication. Overall, our data verify that homologous crossovers are common events a during virus life cycle, and we discuss their importance for viral RNA genetics.
Coat Protein Activation of Alfalfa Mosaic Virus Replication Is Concentration Dependent
Authors: Guogas Laura M. , Laforest Siana M. , Gehrke Lee 
Published: April 2005

ABSTRACT
Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) and ilarvirus RNAs are infectious only in the presence of the viral coat protein; therefore, an understanding of coat protein's function is important for defining viral replication mechanisms. Based on in vitro replication experiments, the conformational switch model states that AMV coat protein blocks minus-strand RNA synthesis (R. C. Olsthoorn, S. Mertens, F. T. Brederode, and J. F. Bol, EMBO J. 18:4856-4864, 1999), while another report states that coat protein present in an inoculum is required to permit minus-strand synthesis (L. Neeleman and J. F. Bol, Virology 254:324-333, 1999). Here, we report on experiments that address these contrasting results with a goal of defining coat protein′s function in the earliest stages of AMV replication. To detect coat-protein-activated AMV RNA replication, we designed and characterized a subgenomic luciferase reporter construct. We demonstrate that activation of viral RNA replication by coat protein is concentration dependent; that is, replication was strongly stimulated at low coat protein concentrations but decreased progressively at higher concentrations. Genomic RNA3 mutations preventing coat protein mRNA translation or disrupting coat protein's RNA binding domain diminished replication. The data indicate that RNA binding and an ongoing supply of coat protein are required to initiate replication on progeny genomic RNA transcripts. The data do not support the conformational switch model's claim that coat protein inhibits the initial stages of viral RNA replication. Replication activation may correlate with low local coat protein concentrations and low coat protein occupancy on the multiple binding sites present in the 3′ untranslated regions of the viral RNAs.
Scavenger Receptor Class B Type I and Hepatitis C Virus Infection of PrimaryTupaiaHepatocytes
Authors: Barth Heidi , Cerino Raffaele , Arcuri Mirko , Hoffmann Marco , Schürmann Peter , Adah Mohammed I. , Gissler Bettina , Zhao Xiping , Ghisetti Valeria , Lavezzo Bruna , Blum Hubert E. , von Weizsäcker Fritz , Vitelli Alessandra , Scarselli Elisa , Baumert Thomas F. 
Published: April 2005

ABSTRACTHepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of chronic hepatitis worldwide. The study of early steps during HCV infection has been hampered by the lack of suitable in vitro or in vivo models. PrimaryTupaiahepatocytes (PTH) have been shown to be susceptible to HCV infection in vitro and in vivo. Human scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) represents an HCV receptor candidate mediating the cellular binding of E2 glycoprotein to HepG2 hepatoma cells. However, the function of SR-BI for viral infection of hepatocytes is unknown. In this study, we used PTH to assess the functional role of SR-BI as a putative HCV receptor. Sequence analysis of cloned tupaia SR-BI revealed a high homology between tupaia and human SR-BI. Transfection of CHO cells with human or tupaia SR-BI but not mouse SR-BI cDNA resulted in cellular E2 binding, suggesting that E2-binding domains between human and tupaia SR-BI are highly conserved. Preincubation of PTH with anti-SR-BI antibodies resulted in marked inhibition of E2 or HCV-like particle binding. However, anti-SR-BI antibodies were not able to block HCV infection of PTH. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that SR-BI represents an important cell surface molecule for the binding of the HCV envelope to hepatocytes and suggest that other or additional cell surface molecules are required for the initiation of HCV infection. Furthermore, the structural and functional similarities between human and tupaia SR-BI indicate that PTH represent a useful model system to characterize the molecular interaction of the HCV envelope and SR-BI on primary hepatocytes.
Effect of Antiviral Treatment with Entecavir on Age- and Dose-Related Outcomes of Duck Hepatitis B Virus Infection
Authors: Foster Wendy K. , Miller Darren S. , Scougall Catherine A. , Kotlarski Ieva , Colonno Richard J. , Jilbert Allison R. 
Published: April 2005

ABSTRACT

Entecavir (ETV), a potent inhibitor of the hepadnaviral polymerases, prevented the development of persistent infection when administered in the early stages of duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) infection. In a preliminary experiment, ETV treatment commenced 24 h before infection showed no significant advantage over simultaneous ETV treatment and infection. In two further experiments 14-day-old ducks were inoculated with DHBV-positive serum containing 10
4
, 10
6
, 10
8
, or 5 × 10
8
viral genomes (vge) and were treated orally with 1.0 mg/kg of body weight/day of ETV for 14 or 49 days. A relationship between virus dose and infection outcome was seen: non-ETV-treated ducks inoculated with 10
4
vge had transient infection, while ducks inoculated with higher doses developed persistent infection. ETV treatment for 49 days did not prevent initial infection of the liver but restricted the spread of infection more than ∼1,000-fold, a difference which persisted throughout treatment and for up to 49 days after withdrawal. Ultimately, three of seven ETV-treated ducks resolved their DHBV infection, while the remaining ducks developed viremia and persistent infection after a lag period of at least 63 days. ETV treatment for 14 days also restricted the spread of infection, leading to marked and sustained reductions in the number of DHBV-positive hepatocytes in 7 out of 10 ducks. In conclusion, short-term suppression with ETV provides opportunity for the immune response to successfully control DHBV infection. Since DHBV infection of ducks provides a good model system for HBV infection in humans, it seems likely that ETV may be useful in postexposure therapy for HBV infection aimed at preventing the development of persistent infection.
Aged BALB/c Mice as a Model for Increased Severity of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome in Elderly Humans
Authors: Roberts Anjeanette , Paddock Christopher , Vogel Leatrice , Butler Emily , Zaki Sherif , Subbarao Kanta 
Published: April 2005

ABSTRACT
Advanced age has repeatedly been identified as an independent correlate of adverse outcome and a predictor of mortality in cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). SARS-associated mortality may exceed 50% for persons aged 60 years or older. Heightened susceptibility of the elderly to severe SARS and the ability of SARS coronavirus to replicate in mice led us to examine whether aged mice might be susceptible to disease. We report here that viral replication in aged mice was associated with clinical illness and pneumonia, demonstrating an age-related susceptibility to SARS disease in animals that parallels the human experience.
Endoplasmic Reticulum-Localized Human Papillomavirus Type 16 E5 Protein Alters Endosomal pH but Not
trans
-Golgi pH
Authors: Disbrow Gary L. , Hanover John A. , Schlegel Richard 
Published: April 2005

ABSTRACT

The human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) E5 protein is a small, hydrophobic polypeptide that is expressed in virus-infected keratinocytes and alters receptor signaling pathways, apoptotic responses, and endosomal pH. Despite its ability to inhibit endosomal acidification, the HPV-16 E5 protein is found predominantly in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), suggesting that its effect may be indirect and perhaps global. To determine whether E5 alters the pHs of additional intracellular compartments, we transduced human keratinocytes with a codon-optimized E5 vector and then quantified endosomal and
trans
-Golgi pHs using sensitive, compartment-specific, ratiometric pHluorin constructs. E5 protein increased endosomal pH from 5.9 to 6.9 but did not affect the normal
trans
-Golgi pH of 6.3. Confirming the lack of alteration in
trans
-Golgi pH, we observed no alterations in the acidification-dependent processing of the proH3 protein. C-terminal deletions of E5, which retained normal expression and localization in the ER, were defective for endosomal alkalization. Thus, E5 does not uniformly alkalinize intracellular compartments, and its C-terminal 10 amino acids appear to mediate interactions with critical ER targets that modulate proton pump function and/or localization.
Pathological Prion Protein in the Tongues of Sheep Infected with Naturally Occurring Scrapie
Authors: Casalone Cristina , Corona Cristiano , Crescio Maria Ines , Martucci Francesca , Mazza Maria , Ru Giuseppe , Bozzetta Elena , Acutis Pier Luigi , Caramelli Maria 
Published: April 2005

ABSTRACT

Tongue involvement by prion spreading was shown to be a common outcome after oral or intracranial experimental challenge with scrapie and transmissible mink encephalopathy sources in rodent models. It is also known that bovine spongiform encephalopathy, which is pathogenic for humans, is experimentally transmissible to sheep and can lead to a disease indistinguishable from scrapie. A recent European Food Safety Authority opinion recommended research into PrP
sc
accumulation in the tongues of ruminants. We report on the detection of PrP
sc
in the tongues of seven scrapie-infected sheep by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting.
Nearby Clusters of Hemagglutinin Residues Sustain SLAM-Dependent Canine Distemper Virus Entry in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells
Authors: von Messling Veronika , Oezguen Numan , Zheng Qi , Vongpunsawad Sompong , Braun Werner , Cattaneo Roberto 
Published: April 2005

ABSTRACTSignaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM, CD150) is the universal morbillivirus receptor. Based on the identification of measles virus (MV) hemagglutinin (H) amino acids supporting human SLAM-dependent cell entry, we mutated canine distemper virus (CDV) H and identified residues necessary for efficient canine SLAM-dependent membrane fusion. These residues are located in two nearby clusters in a new CDV H structural model. To completely abolish SLAM-dependent fusion, combinations of mutations were necessary. We rescued a SLAM-blind recombinant CDV with six mutations that did not infect ferret peripheral blood mononuclear cells while retaining full infectivity in epithelial cells.
Viral RNA Is Required for the Association of APOBEC3G with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Nucleoprotein Complexes
Authors: Khan Mohammad A. , Kao Sandra , Miyagi Eri , Takeuchi Hiroaki , Goila-Gaur Ritu , Opi Sandrine , Gipson Clay L. , Parslow Tristram G. , Ly Hinh , Strebel Klaus 
Published: April 2005

ABSTRACT
APOBEC3G (APO3G) is a host cytidine deaminase that is incorporated into human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) particles. We report here that viral RNA promotes stable association of APO3G with HIV-1 nucleoprotein complexes (NPC). A target sequence located within the 5′-untranslated region of the HIV-1 RNA was identified to be necessary and sufficient for efficient APO3G packaging. Fine mapping revealed a sequence normally involved in viral genomic RNA dimerization and Gag binding to be important for APO3G packaging and association with viral NPC. Our data suggest that packaging of APO3G into HIV-1 NPC is enhanced by viral RNA.
Induction of Lytic Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) Infection by Synergistic Action of Rituximab and Dexamethasone Renders EBV-Positive Lymphoma Cells More Susceptible to Ganciclovir Cytotoxicity In Vitro and In Vivo
Authors: Daibata Masanori , Bandobashi Kentaro , Kuroda Masayuki , Imai Shosuke , Miyoshi Isao , Taguchi Hirokuni 
Published: April 2005

ABSTRACTThe purposeful induction of the lytic form of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection combined with ganciclovir (GCV) treatment has been advocated as a novel strategy for EBV-positive B-cell lymphoma. We demonstrated that rituximab had a synergistic effect with dexamethasone on induction of the lytic EBV infection in CD20-positive lymphoma cells. Addition of GCV to the dexamethasone/rituximab-treated cells was more effective than dexamethasone/rituximab alone in killing EBV-positive lymphoma cells in vitro and in lymphoma-bearing nude mice but not in EBV-negative cells. These data suggest that induction of the lytic EBV infection with dexamethasone/rituximab in combination with GCV could be a potential virally targeted therapy for EBV-associated B-cell lymphoma.