bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diagnosis and management of ischaemic heart disease in end-stage renal failure
Authors: Chesser Alistair M S , Savage Tessa 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Despite advances in dialysis and transplantation therapy, the prognosis of patients with end stage renal failure (ESRF) remains poor. Data from the United States Renal Data System reveal that the 5-year survival of all patients commencing dialysis is 29.4%. Of these deaths, 47.2% are of cardiac origin. Acute myocardial infarction is the cause of death in 10.5% of all ESRF patients, and ‘cardiac arrest’ the cause of death in 20.2%. The prognosis for diabetic patients is less good still. Twenty-seven per cent of diabetic patients commencing dialysis treatment fail to survive 1 year. Irrespective of transplantation status, 44.5% of all deaths in diabetic patients with ESRF are secondary to cardiac causes.
Management of peripheral arterial disease among end-stage renal failure patients
Authors: Koskas Fabien , Cluzel Philippe , Deray Gilbert , Petitelere Thierry , Barrou Benoît , Bitker Marc-Olivier , Kieffer Edouard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Peripheral arterial complications of end-stage renal failure (ESRF) are the non-coronary arterial lesions that occur because of ESRF or are worsened by its presence. The attribution of peripheral arterial lesions to ESRF alone is questionable compared with their representing the complication of well-defined vascular risk factors commonly present in ESRF patients, including diabetes mellitus and hypertension (HT). Although ESRF alone is able to induce arterial lesions, hints towards arterial lesions existing before the development of uremia should evolve more rapidly than among non-ESRF patients. This explains the importance of a steady arterial surveillance among ESRF patients using non-invasive methods. Preventive detection of arterial lesions through complete clinical examination, duplex scanning, and computed tomography (CT) scanning in selected cases offers a unique opportunity for earlier management of such lesions.
Specific cognitive enhancers
Authors: Friedman Joseph I 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Although typical neuroleptics are effective in the management of positive symptoms associated with schizophrenia, they do not address the cognitive dysfunction (Cleghorn et al., 1990; Seidman et al., 1993; Verdoux et al., 1995). Most patients experience cognitive deficits despite having achieved remission of positive symptoms (Nuechterlein and Dawson, 1984; Bilder et al., 1992), Therefore, cognitive symptoms have emerged as an independent feature of schizophrenia that needs to be targeted for remediation independently of positive symptoms.
Immunotherapy Of Bladder Cancer
Authors: Hall David , Battin John , Nseyo Unyime O , Lamm Donald L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the United States the incidence of bladder cancer increased 26% from 1956 to 1990, nevertheless mortality has declined by 8% following the introduction, of bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) immunotherapy and effective cisplatinum-based combination chemotherapy. Intravesical immunotherapy has reduced disease progression and may have contributed to observed decline in mortality. The antineoplastic effect of the live attenuated tuberculosis vaccine, BCG, was reported by Pearl in 1929. However, Morales, in 1976 was the first to report the results of intravesical BCG in the management of early stage bladder cancer. Many clinical investigations have demonstrated the superior benefit of intravesical BCG in the management of superficial bladder cancer, and currently BCG remains the gold standard by which treatments of aggressive superficial bladder cancer must be compared. This chapter contains highlights of the recent advances in intravesical immunotherapy of bladder cancer, summarizes the mechanisms of action of BCG, and reviews the important role of intravesical BCG immunotherapy as well as other immunotherapeutic agents in the therapy and prophylaxis of superficial transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the urinary bladder.
Novel Therapeutic Strategies For Bladder Cancer
Authors: Papamichael D M , Syrigos K N 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The most widely employed chemotherapy programmes in the advanced as well as adjuvant disease setting are the M-VAC (methotrexate, vinblastine, adriamycin, cisplatin) (1) and CMV (cisplatin, methotrexate, vinblastine) (2) regimens. Their toxicities are predictable, with neutropenic fever and mucositis being the most serious (3). However, peripheral neuropathy, renal function impairment as well as diminished auditory acuity are also observed. In a number of trials the treatment-related mortality had been of the order of 3–4% (2,3). Although overall response rates achieved with combination chemotherapy regimens range from 50% to 70%, long-term survival figures are very disappointing; 10% of patients with metastatic disease and 20–30% of patients with nodal involvement at presentation, are expected to live long term (3–6). Patients with a poor performance status and visceral or bony metastatic disease tend to fare worse, with a median survival of 6 months.
How Your Back and Neck are Built and Work
Authors: Burn Loïc 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Before discussing the huge and growing problem of back and neck pain it is essential to have some idea of how the whole system is built and works. We will show you what an extraordinarily complicated structure it is. This may help you to appreciate some of the problems clinicians face when trying to make an accurate diagnosis. We will also demonstrate how some positions put you at greater risk of developing pain, and how if specific neck structures are damaged, manipulation can be dangerous.
Your Neck And Back Pain Diagnosis
Authors: Burn Loïc 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
More than for any other medical problem, it is difficult to say what causes neck and back pain and also to define what exactly it is. On the other hand, the CSAG guidelines (see Chapter 1) include a system of case analysis to be used by doctors which greatly clarifies matters not only for them but also for you. This is particularly important with the existence of literally hundreds of confusing diagnostic labels. This chapter explores the issues and, hopefully, reassures you.
People Who May Help You
Authors: Burn Loïc 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we look at the different people who could treat your back or neck. In each case we try to answer some of the following questions: Many of the professions listed in this chapter have umbrella organizations (addresses of which are given in Appendix 3) to which any reputable practitioner will belong. They can advise you about the relevant complementary therapists in your area; your doctor will advise you about other orthodox practitioners that you may see. In addition, you can always contact the NBPA for information and advice.
Helpline Queries: Specific Questions And Answers
Authors: Burn Loïc 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the last chapter we considered the groups of problems that concern you most and how to set about tackling them. Here we discuss those specific back and neck questions that are most often asked. Some of the questions seek only further information; but in three quarters of cases advice is wanted. In a third of cases the problems are so individual that no book can give dogmatic answers. For example, with regard to surgery, each situation has to be assessed on its merits and you will have to rely essentially on your surgeon’s experience and judgement. On the other hand we can direct you to where you can find the information you need and indicate how you should approach the problem.
Fatigue in lay conceptualizations of health and illness
Authors: Krishnasamy Meinir , Field David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In Chapters 1 and 2 the incidence and prevalence of fatigue as a facet of the cancer experience has been clearly stated. Its complex, multidimensional nature has been explored and challenges inherent to its management will be alluded to in Chapter 12. Nevertheless, despite an acknowledgement of its multifaceted nature and its propensity to impact on numerous domains of quality of life (see Chapters 6 and 13) little has been written of lay conceptualizations of fatigue within the context of cancer and cancer treatment.
The experience of cancer-related fatigue
Authors: Armes Jo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Fatigue is a common complaint, experienced both in health and in illness, as indicated by Hotopf (see Chapter 1) and Krishnasamy and Field (see Chapter 5). Among cancer patients it has been identified as one of the most common symptoms experienced (Nail 2002), and over the last 15 years there has been a growing recognition of its deleterious impact on those affected.
Carers, caring, and cancer-related fatigue
Authors: Krishnasamy Meinir , Plant Hilary 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Despite an acknowledgement of the prevalence of fatigue as a facet of the lives of individuals living with and caring for people with cancer (Zarit 1994; James 1998), little is known of the ways in which carers experience or articulate the physical and emotional dimensions of fatigue associated with their caring role. In addition, ways in which family members perceive and interpret fatigue as a manifestation of cancer, and its treatment, have largely been overlooked.
The experience of cancer-related fatigue in children, adolescents, and their families
Authors: Hockenberry Marilyn , Hinds Pamela , Barrera Patrick , Burleson Cindy , Gattuso Jami , Kline Nancy , Bottomley Sarah , Alcoser Patricia , O’Neill Jill Brace 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Living with cancer may affect every aspect of a child’s or adolescent’s life, disrupting relationships with family members and friends and having a negative impact on a young person’s future development of important social skills (Green 1998; Weinblatt 1998).
The assessment and measurement of fatigue in people with cancer
Authors: Wu Horng-Shiuann , McSweeney Maryellen 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Cancer-related fatigue (CRF) is a pervasive subjective experience that can affect all aspects of a person’s life. Assessment of CRF is the key to recognizing and managing this distressing symptom (Bender et al. 2002; Patrick et al. 2002; Ressel 2003). Research on the assessment and measurement of CRF has many encouraging aspects. These include the initial formulation and preliminary testing of a diagnosis of CRF within the framework of ICD-10 diagnoses and the development of Cancer-Related Fatigue Guidelines (Mock et al. 2003) that incorporate evidence-based fatigue assessment and evaluation.
Fukuyama congenital muscular dystrophy
Authors: Saito Kayoko , Kobayashi Makio 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Fukuyama congenital muscular dystrophy was accepted as an entity by many Japanese investigators following this first report (Fukuyama et al. 1981; Kamoshita et al. 1975; Nonaka and Chou 1979), but not internationally as the prevalence of FCMD outside of Japan is extremely low. FCMD was first registered under the OMIM number 253800 in the 7th edition of McKusick ‘Mendelian Inheritance in Man2019 in 1986. Subsequently, it was included formally as an independent subtype of muscular dystrophy in the 10th revision of the Neurological Adaptation of the International
Emery—Dreifuss muscular dystrophy
Authors: Toniolo Daniela 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Emery–Dreifuss musculardystrophy (EMD) is an inherited disorder characterized by early onset contractures, progressive weakness in humero-peroneal muscles, and cardiomyopathy with conduction block. The disease may have been described for the first time in 1902 (Cestan and Lejonne 1902). However, in 1966, Emery examined a large Virginian family affected with an X-linked muscular dystrophy (Emery and Dreifuss 1966) whose members had been reported earlier by Dreifuss and Hogan (1961) as having a possible benign form of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). and intellectual impairment (Emery 1989; Emery and Dreifuss 1966; Emery and Emery 1995). Similar symptoms were later described in other families and in 1979 Rowland suggested the term ‘Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EMD)2019 for this distinctive disease (Rowland et al. 1979).
Distal muscular dystrophy
Authors: Udd Bjarne , Somer Hannu 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Distal myopathy has prevailed as the main general term used for this group of primary myopathies. Since they are progressive and genetic disorders, the use of distal dystrophies as the collective term is also correct. In fact, much of the pathology in affected muscles shows findings compatible with dystrophic changes, including fibre necrosis, regeneration, splitting and replacement by fat and connective tissue. During the past decade distal myopathies have entered the new field of molecular genetic clarification. All major entities previously defined on clinical grounds have proved to be distinct categories also by molecular genetic resolution.
Key legal issues
Authors: Dickens Bernard M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Kidneys are paired in the human body, like lungs, to serve highly particularized and distinctive functions, but legal issues related to kidney function and replacement affect the entire body of legal regulation of human life. Legal issues extend beyond cradle to grave or ‘womb to tomb’ concerns, since they arise before individuals are conceived, and extend to posthumous use of their remains.
Genetics: Ethical issues in kidney disease
Authors: Kielstein Rita , Sass Hans-Martin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
We are witnessing a revolution of Copernican dimension in medicine and health care, which is based on the rapid and enormous progress in molecular genetics. These revolutionary forces have already entered and soon will influence even more patient care, carrier typing and consultation, and molecular genetic and pharmacogenetic research in nephrology. The new understanding of the genetic origin of some disorders and of the genetic predisposition to many diseases and health disorders creates controversies in the ethical assessment of the new forms of information and intervention; this will be controversial for some time. (Sass, 1996).
Special issues in the care of children
Authors: Trachtman Howard , Grijnsztein Mark , Frank Rachel , Gauthier Bernard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Ethical conduct is mandatory in all medical disciplines and it must be exercised in all patients regardless of their underlying disease or their age. Therefore, it might appear superfluous to discuss ethical issues specifically in pediatric patients with renal dis ease. However, this entire volume reflects the fact that special ethical problems occur in the practice of nephrology. Some of these difficulties reflect the variable nature of medical progress in different areas, for example the development of renal transplantation, and the impact of political developments, for example the decision to reimburse the costs of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) therapy in many countries with national funds.
China
Authors: Li Lei-Shi , Yao Xiao-Dan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
China has a long cultural history of more than 5000 years, and traditional medicine has been an important part of this ancient civilization. In the long run of medical practice, traditional Chinese medicine has developed a classic system of its own (‘ YIN YANG WU-XING’ theory), which is still widely accepted and practised among the vast population of China. In the practice of traditional medicine, ethical disciplines have been established and generally accepted. Confucianism and Buddhism exert prominent influence on medical practice as well as medical ethics. All these combine to form the unique aspect of Chinese medical ethics, which is distinctly different from that of the Western world.
Femoral neck fractures: epidemiology and results and controversies in treatment
Authors: Tsigaras Hany , MacDonald Steven J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Hip fractures are a major public health issue globally. The morbidity and mortality associated with these injuries exacts a significant economic and social cost to the patient, the health care provider, and the community.’ Hip fracture is a universal problem with an escalating incidence.2 As longevity continues to increase, the proportion of the population at greatest risk, the elderly, grows.
Criteria for implant selection in revision total hip arthroplasty: a North American perspective
Authors: Rorabeck David A Parker,Cecil H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Total hip arthroplasty (IBA) has become one of the most successful and cost-effective orthopaedic interventions.1 However, despite improved long-term results, the large number of arthroplasties performed has predictably led to an increased number of revision procedures which make up a significant proportion of all THA surgery (60).
Bearing surfaces in total hip replacements: state of the art and future development
Authors: McKellop Harry A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
To understand and compare the wear performance of bearing materials, it is convenient to define some key terms relating to the tribology of artificial joints. For joint replacements, it is most meaningful to define wear as the removalof material from the bearing surfaces in the form of wear particles, since the intensity of the biological reaction is a function of the rate of release of this debris.
Depression and burden in dementia carers: the role of behavioural and psychological symptoms
Authors: Ballard Clive , O’Brien John , James Ian , Swann Alan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The majority of people with dementia live in the community, usually supported by one main informal carer giver, on whom the greatest share of responsibility falls. Indeed, the day-to-day rigours of caregiving are extremely demanding, a point made very well in the publication The 36 Hour Day (Mace and Rabins 1981). Caregivers have important mental health needs in their own right, their well-being has a key impact upon the quality of life of the person that they are looking after and they represent the cornerstone of any community care package, without whom institutional care would become necessary for many more dementia sufferers.
Pharmacotherapy of depression
Authors: Ballard Clive , O’Brien John , James Ian , Swann Alan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The focus of this chapter will be on the pharmacological management of depression in dementia. Even when a clear diagnosis of clinically significant depression has been made, similar caveats outlined in the previous chapter apply with regard to the need for pharmacological treatment. Careful assessment needs to be made of the distress experienced by the patient and the care givers, the time for which the symptom has been present, and the duration and past history (treated or otherwise) of similar episodes. We saw in Chapter 4 that longitudinal assessment of depression occurring in the context of dementia reveals that only one in five patients experience depression lasting longer than 6 months.
Judgement and science
Authors: Downie R S , Macnaughton Jane , Randall Fiona 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Any account of what makes a good doctor must have something to say on scientific medicine. The good doctor, whatever else he may be, must at least be some sort of scientist. Now, whereas it is impossible to dissent from this view, it is a much more complex view than might seem to be the case. There are two complexities. First, the assimilation of science by medicine is relevant in different ways to medicine; the impact of science in medical research is different from its impact on clinical practice. In this chapter, we are concerned with science and medical research, and in the next chapter, with science and clinical practice. Second, different sorts of activities count in medical opinion as scientific.
Judgement in public health
Authors: Downie R S , Macnaughton Jane , Randall Fiona 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
We have so far concentrated on the complex ways in which the evidence-base of medicine is modified by judgement in clinical practice. Thus, patient anecdotes and patient consent or refusal of given treatments affect the options available in a clinical situation. Moreover, the doctor’s scientific attitude is modified by his ability to interpret and to have insights about the individual patient. But, as distinct from clinical practice, there is another domain of medicine with its own distinctive evidence-base and its own need for judgements of a different sort—this is the domain of public health medicine, formerly called ‘community medicine’.
Measuring pain
Authors: Moore Andrew , Edwards Jayne , Barden Jodie , McQuay Henry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Pain is a personal experience which makes it difficult to define and measure. It includes both the sensory input and any modulation by physiological, psychological and environmental factors. Not surprisingly there are no objective measures – there is no way to measure pain directly by sampling blood or urine or by performing neurophysiological tests. Measurement of pain must therefore rely on recording the patient’s report. The assumption is often made that because the measurement is subjective it must be of little value. The reality is that if the measurements are done properly, remarkably sensitive and consistent results can be obtained. There are contexts, however, when it is not possible to measure pain at all, or when reports are likely to be unreliable. These include impaired consciousness, young children, psychiatric pathology, severe anxiety, unwillingness to co-operate, and inability to understand the measurements. Such problems are deliberately avoided in trials.
Size
Authors: Moore Andrew , Edwards Jayne , Barden Jodie , McQuay Henry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
One of the single most important factors we have to get to grips with when evaluating evidence is size. We all occasionally meet people who will maintain that a clinical trial in which a new treatment used in 10 patients is statistically better than placebo in 10 other patients is sufficient evidence to take that new treatment into clinical practice, but that is wrong. Even conventional statistical significance is not very convincing. We conventionally use a 5% significance level, meaning that only one time in 20 should a particular result occur by chance. Yet when we play monopoly we are hardly surprised if we throw a double-six, one chance in 36.
Analgesics for Dysmenorrhoea
Authors: Moore Andrew , Edwards Jayne , Barden Jodie , McQuay Henry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Clinical bottom line. NSAIDs are effective for treating dysmenorrhoea, with NNTs of 2–3 compared with placebo. They also reduce restriction on daily living and reduce absence from work or school. Dysmenorrhoea affects many women of reproductive age, and is a frequent cause of time lost from work or school as well as interfering with daily living. Treatment is usually with NSAIDs and minor analgesics.
Do NSAIDs inhibit bone healing?
Authors: Moore Andrew , Edwards Jayne , Barden Jodie , McQuay Henry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Clinical bottom line. The only evidence that NSAIDs inhibit bone healing comes from animal experiments (of unknown relevance), and in humans from a retrospective series using high doses of intramuscular ketorolac after spinal fusion, plus a small case control study looking at failure of fractured femurs to heal. NSAIDs are effective in reducing postoperative heterotopic bone formation, with an NNT of 3. NSAIDs do not affect risk of fracture in any significant way. Some orthopaedic centres do not allow the use of NSAIDs for postoperative analgesia after fractures or orthopaedic surgery because they are thought to interfere with bone healing. The purpose of this section is to examine the evidence we found for the effects of NSAIDs on bone healing.