bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Suspension and Removal of Chief Officers by Police Authorities and the Secretary of State
Authors: Beggs John , Davies Hugh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The powers of removal and suspension reflected in this chapter relate to chief constables, deputy chief constables, and assistant chief constables of police areas listed in Sch 1 of the Police Act 1996, and the Commissioner, Deputy Commissioner, Assistant Commissioners, and Commanders of the Metropolitan Police Service (MPS).
The Police (Conduct) Regulations 2004
Authors: Beggs John , Davies Hugh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Police (Conduct) Regulations 2004 are reproduced as Appendix C and came into force on 1 April 2004. They revoked equivalent predecessor provisions as set out in reg 2—in particular, the Police (Conduct) Regulations 1999 and the Police (Conduct) (Senior Officers) Regulations 1999. The 2004 Conduct Regulations are supplemented by detailed Home Office Guidance on Police Unsatisfactory Performance Complaints and Misconduct Procedures issued under s 87 of the Police Act 1996. The interrelationship between the 2004 Regulations and the Guidance is set out in Table 9.1.
Chief Officer Reviews, Internal Appeals, and Police Appeals Tribunals
Authors: Beggs John , Davies Hugh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is relatively straightforward to identify the right of review or appeal under any particular set of Conduct or Performance Regulations. Less straightforward is the nature of discretion exercised by a particular review or appellate body, which varies, and is less easy to define than the appellate jurisdiction exercised in civil or criminal proceedings. The nature of the discretion differs significantly for the police appeals tribunals as between matters determined under the Police Appeals Tribunals Rules (PAT Rules) 1999 from those under the PAT Rules 2008.
Probationers
Authors: Beggs John , Davies Hugh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As has been set out, there are only a limited number of bases on which a police constable of any rank may be compelled to lose office. Not every police recruit will pass the training programme and graduate to the office. Subject to that type of failure, the chief officer has discretion to dispense with the services of a proba-tioner for reasons not restricted to proven acts of misconduct or incompetence.
Choler a Goes into Analysis, and Dies
Authors: Hamlin Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
̎It might be presumed that the contest against epidemics is waged on scientific principles… but unfortunately this is not universally the case; and especially with regard to cholera such a firm basis is wanting. So wrote Robert Koch in 1884.1 When cholera struck Egypt in 1883, he sought to change that. When he looked down the barrel of his microscope, Koch knew what he was looking for and quickly found it: the comma bacillus, since relabeled (in honor of an earlier observer) Vibrio cholerae.
choler a’s Last Laugh
Authors: Hamlin Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1991 cholera popped up in the western hemisphere for the first time in more than a century. Beginning in coastal Peru, it overspread most of the continent, and moved northward into Mexico. A handful of food-borne or travellers’ cases occurred in the USA. In most places the response was rapid and effective. And yet the familiar pattern of spread was proof that scientific sophistication and extraordinary technical power were ill-matched where the problems were poverty or even racism. Cholera can now be cured and prevented. One may ask why it is not always prevented and why rates of cure are uneven. Such questions take us back to earlier eras; they are central themes of cholera’s history.
Epilepsy in women
Authors: Betts Tim , Clarke Harriet 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Women with epilepsy have different needs to men with epilepsy, especially at various stages in their life cycle. Epilepsy and its treatment can affect or compromise the menstrual cycle, contraception, fertility and pregnancy, child development in the womb, child care and the menopause. Conversely the menstrual cycle, contraception, pregnancy and the menopause can all affect epilepsy and its management. Epilepsy in Women: The Facts adopts the female perspective and describes in detail the special problems that epilepsy can cause. It offers information and practical advice on the symptoms, diagnosis and management of the different types of epilepsy, providing an invaluable resource that will empower women with the knowledge that they need to take control of their health and to cope with their condition. The book contains numerous case histories, which provide surprising insights into the experiences of women with epilepsy, and 'Myths' and 'Facts' boxes which help the reader sort the valuable information from the misleading.
Contraception, epilepsy, and epilepsy treatment
Authors: Betts Tim , Clarke Harriet 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Contraception is still (largely) a woman's issue.
Choice of contraceptive method should be reliable and suit you, but some methods are not advisable if you have epilepsy (e.g. 'safe period').
There are four questions for you (and your advisor) to consider (see below).
If you have epilepsy, every pregnancy should (as far as possible) be planned.
Childcare if you have epilepsy
Authors: Betts Tim , Clarke Harriet 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Make sure, whatever the distractions, that you take your medication on time.
Make sure you have the right priorities (keep the baby clean, rather than the piano).
Mood swings are normal in the first week or two (nothing to do with the epilepsy).
Get enough sleep (if breastfeeding, express enough for your partner to do night feeds).
Make kitchens especially (but everywhere) childproof and safe.
Teach child from the age of 2 years what to do if you have a seizure (i.e. stay with you).
Teach child from about the age of 3 years how to summon help.
Canada
Authors: Finch1 Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Canadian law with respect to security over receivables is largely a function of statute. Accordingly, the question of what constitutes a ‘receivable’ can be answered quite simply by reference to the relevant governing legislation. For those familiar with the American model of the Uniform Commercial Code (the UCC), the Canadian landscape will be very recognizable. As a preliminary matter, it should be noted that Canada is comprised of 10 provinces and three territories, each of which has its own legislation with respect to security over personal property. This chapter will focus only upon the laws of the Province of Ontario, and its Personal Property Security Act (the Act). The other common law jurisdictions in Canada (ie the territories and every Province other than Quebec) have also each enacted a Personal Property Security Act, which for most purposes is substantively identical to the Act. The lone civil law jurisdiction is the Province of Quebec, and its treatment of receivables under its Civil Code can differ somewhat.
Chile
Authors: Armas Marcelo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The concept of a security on receivables appears as an attractive alternative of financing for companies (especially small and mid-size business) that have a relevant portfolio of collection accounts arising from their normal operations. In order to be effective, such security should cover not specific receivables but an inventory of such receivables, in the form of a floating charge. However, its implementation in Chile faces several obstacles created by restrictions that Chilean law imposes on the existing forms of security, which usually take the form of the traditional pledge on assets. These legal restrictions are currently being eliminated with the implementation of new regulations that permit the creation of pledges (including floating charges) on a wide variety of assets, without transferring the possession of such assets.
Denmark
Authors: Falbe-Hansen Niels Walther-Rasmussen anad Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Under Danish law, a receivable means any kind of claim that a creditor has against a debtor. A distinction is made between ordinary claims, which are not related to possession of an instrument, and negotiable claims which are related to possession of an instrument. This chapter deals only with ordinary claims that are transferable by nature, including but not limited to claims resulting from the sale of goods and services.
Israel
Authors: Shaw Keith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The concept of receivables in Israel is usually understood to mean book debts or accounts receivable, in keeping with the English precedent from which it derives. For example, section 178 of the Companies Ordinance 1983 (the Companies Ordinance), which lists assets over which fi xed charges can be created, includes in such list a charge over accounts receivable (literally ‘debts from customers’). While no defi nition is given in the statute itself, Lerner, in the leading text ‘Charging Corporate Assets’ explains the phrase to mean:
Italy
Authors: Curran Lisa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Italian law does not distinguish between book debts and other types of receivable. On the contrary, a receivable is understood to be simply the right to performance of an obligation owed to a party. The essential characteristics of a receivable are ‘relativity’ and that the performance owed must be ‘patrimonial’ in nature. ‘Relativity’ refers to the fact that a receivable embodies an in personam right as opposed to a right in rem. Notwithstanding this subjective quality, receivables are protected by Italian law against interference by third parties, as further described in this chapter. The ‘patrimonial’ nature of receivables refers to the fact that the claim in question must be capable of economic valuation, even in circumstances where it will protect a personal interest of the party to whom it is owed.
New York
Authors: Roff 1 Elizabeth A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In New York, like other states in the United States of America, Article 9 of the Uniform Commercial Code is the primary source of law related to consensual security interests in personal property, including receivables. The Uniform Commercial Code provides that there are two key elements involved in taking a security interest over receivables: attachment and perfection. As an analytical matter, it is important to keep these elements separate. Attachment involves the creation of an effective lien over the debtor’s property in favour of the secured party. Perfection involves the taking of those steps that are necessary to ensure that the attached security interest has priority over subsequent judgment lien creditors. Perfection is important because, in a bankruptcy scenario, a secured party with a non-perfected security interest will be treated, through the operation of various Bankruptcy Code provisions, as if it does not have a secured claim.
New Zealand
Authors: Yarnell Matt , May Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
New Zealand law has its roots in the laws of England, and it remains closely related to the laws of other jurisdictions with that heritage. Because of this, the concept of ‘receivables’ in New Zealand is closely linked to concepts used in such other jurisdictions, and is generally understood to mean book debts. However, in 1999 New Zealand enacted legislation that fundamentally reformed the law concerning security over (and certain other dealings with) personal property. The New Zealand Personal Property Securities Act 1999 (PPSA) provides a detailed set of rules governing the creation, priority, and enforcement of security interests in personal property. The PPSA is a code based on equivalent North American legislation—(loosely) Article 9 of the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) of the United States, and more particularly the equivalent Canadian provincial statutes. The PPSA governs all transactions that ‘in substance’ secure obligations by recourse to personal property. In this context, the ‘substance’ of a transaction is its practical or economic effect as distinct from its form, which may well be based on concepts of title or equitable interests. For example, a fl oating charge under a company debenture, and a supplier’s title retention arrangement will each create a ‘security interest’ for the purposes of the PPSA.
South Korea
Authors: Hong Suhn-Kyoung , Kim Jang-Ho 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term ‘receivable’ is not a legal term used in Korea. For the purposes of this article, the term ‘receivable’ is understood to refer to the ‘account receivable’ which is defi ned in the Uniform Commercial Code as ‘any right to payment for goods sold or leased or for services rendered which is not evidenced by an instrument or chattel paper, whether or not it has been earned by performance’. The concept of ‘receivable’ in Korea is subsumed under the broader concept of ‘claim’ (Chae Kwon). A claim can be either monetary or non-monetary. Monetary Chae Kwon refers to the right to payment, whether or not such right arises under a contract, in tort, or otherwise and whether or not such right is liquidated or unliquidated, contingent, matured, unmatured, secured or unsecured.
The structure and process of the medical interview
Authors: Washer Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From very early in your undergraduate studies you will start to meet patients and talk with them about various aspects of their health. As you progress, you will start to take more formal records of what they tell you to help your learning. Eventually, you will learn to take structured medical histories, initially to help your learning. Later, as you become integrated into the healthcare team, you will ‘clerk’ your own patients, for example when they are first admitted to hospital.
Giving presentations
Authors: Woolf katherine , Kavanagh, Jayne , Gardner Melissa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Presenting information orally is a key professional skill for medical students and doctors. Throughout your career, you will present information in a number of different contexts and situations, from the very formal (Grand Round presentations) to the informal (presentation to a friendly junior doctor). As you become more experienced, you will also begin to teach more junior students and, later, other doctors and healthcare professionals. However, giving oral presentations can be a terrifying experience for some; research shows that public speaking is often people’s greatest fear (Cunningham et al., 2006). This chapter will begin by describing some general presentation tips and will then provide you with some strategies for dealing with presentation anxiety. Finally, you will learn how to give a case presentation to your colleagues based on the medical history you learned how to take and write up in the previous two chapters.
Risk Andnegligence In Wills, Estates, and Trusts
Authors: Frost Martyn , Reed Penelope , Baxter Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years, there has been a dramatic increase in litigation against those who draft wills and trusts. There is significant potential for client dissatisfaction and for claims to arise out of drafting errors; failure to follow instructions; delays and missed critical dates; failure to anticipate risks and to protect the client; errors and omissions in examining and reporting on documentation; incorrect advice as to the law; fraud and dishonesty; and loss of documents. In addition, the book examines how far is it appropriate to ensure that an estate is administered properly. This book offers a detailed examination of the law relating to negligence as it applies to the preparation and administration of wills, trusts, and estates, as well as offering extensive coverage of the relevant taxation issues. This work contains indispensable practical guidance, tailored to meet the demands of contentious solicitors and barristers involved in resolving disputes, and non-contentious solicitors and trust practitioners who want to establish best practice to prevent disputes over wills, trusts, and estates. It includes advice on best practice, explaining how to undertake this work effectively and to maintain an adequate control of risk, in the form of procedures or actions broken down into step by step processes, checklists, and example forms and controls. It contains an overview of the principles and procedure relating to these actions. It also provides appendices of forms, precedents, and checklists. The book expands on Martyn Frost and Penelope Reed's previous book, With the Best Will in the World, (Legalese, January 2002) which was shortlisted for the 2004 High Nets' Private Client Book of the Year.
Other Aspects of The Duty of Care
Authors: Frost Martyn , Reed Penelope , Baxter Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is reasonably clear that if there is evidence that the testator̓s intention did not remain fixed and that therefore he cannot be shown with sufficient certainty to wish to benefit the claimant, a claim on a White v Jones basis (for the failure to prepare a will) is going to fail.
The Will Draftsman
Authors: Frost Martyn , Reed Penelope , Baxter Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Both taking instructions and drafting require a sufficient degree of up-to-date knowledge and training for the complexities of the will in question. To undertake either task with a lack of knowledge, qualification or recent experience, is to accept a level of risk that should normally be regarded as unacceptable by a practice.1 There is, however, no legal restriction on who may prepare a will for profit.
Distributions
Authors: Frost Martyn , Reed Penelope , Baxter Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The obvious risks in making distributions are that either they are for too great an amount or that they are to the wrong beneficiary. The former can be guarded against by accuracy of the estate or trust accounts and the careful calculation of outstanding liabilities. Comment is made later on the identification of beneficiaries. There are, however, other aspects of policy and planning concerning distributions that should be considered in order to control risk.
What is ‘working time’?
Authors: McLynn Lucy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the various activities that are classified as working time under the Working Time Regulations 1998 (WTR), considers the problems that may arise when a contract makes provision for payment for an hourly rate for working time, summarises the cases on on-call work and the principles which can be drawn from them, and compares the position of working time under the National Minimum Wage (NMW) legislation.
Unfair Dismissal, Detriment And Enforcement
Authors: McLynn Lucy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In addition to a worker’s ability to enforce various individual rights under the Working Time Regulations 19981 (WTR) in the employment tribunals, there is specific protection for workers who are treated badly by their employer as a consequence of raising WTR issues. Employees (but not workers) have the protection of automatically unfair dismissal provisions, and workers (including employees) are protected from suffering detriment. This chapter also deals with settling WTR complaints and the regime for enforcement of a number of the WTR protections by the relevant statutory bodies.
Complex Arbitration: Issues in Enforcement and Annulment Actions of Arbitral Awards Under French Law
Authors: Hascher Dominique T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The problems of complex arbitration are notably addressed by French courts in annulment or enforcement proceedings of arbitral awards, pursuant to Article 1502 of the code de procédure civile (Code of Civil Procedure; “NCPC”), on the following grounds: (1) the absence of an arbitration agreement;(2)the irregular constitution of the arbitral tribunal;and (3) the violation of international public policy.
Markets as Networks, Groups, and Communities
Authors: Preda Alex 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After having discussed passes and dribbles in the previous chapter, I will focus now on the teams entering the Weld of transactions, and engaging in plays of games. Players on a team know each other; very often, they know players on the competing team as well: they meet; they exchange stories; they have a common social life. In short, they have relationships. In the present chapter, I discuss relationships in plays of transactions.
Markets, Information, and Economic Expertise
Authors: Preda Alex 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A soccer match involves not only teams on the Weld, but also commentators; sports journalists and the public observing the play make incessant comments upon what is going on in the Weld, before the play, while this latter unfolds, and after the play. Not only that, the players themselves make comments upon the play while playing and also before and after the play. The play of the game always includes the comments upon the play. Similarly, plays of competitive transactions include comments and judgements upon what is going on, comments which very often are clad in the mantle of expertise.
Technology and Market Information
Authors: Preda Alex 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In her book on the Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT), Caitlin Zaloom (2006, pp. 54–5, 74) describes how the traders fought over (and resisted) the introduction of computerized trading, only to and themselves later in an environment which didn’t resemble at all the trading pits of the CBOT: impersonal office spaces with rows of computer screens, where the deafening noise of the trading pit had been replaced by computer clicks. Instead of facing each other standing, traders now sat next to each other facing computer screens. While this shift is meant to illustrate the growing role of computers in transactions, it also highlights the fact that markets have technology as an intrinsic component. This has led scholars to argue that markets can be conceived as ‘socio-technical agencements’ (MacKenzie 2009, pp. 20–1; Callon 2007 b, p. 140) or as scopic systems (e.g. Knorr Cetina 2005; Knorr Cetina and Preda 2007). Distinctions such as that between network markets and flow markets (Knorr Cetina 2005, p. 39) are meant to emphasize, among others, the role played by technology, a role which cannot be easily grasped in terms of networks.
Retail Competition: The Use of Ex-Ante and Ex-Post Remedies
Authors: Gorrie* Alastair 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter looks at remedies in merger cases involving the supermarkets and groceries sectors and goes on to consider other ex-ante remedies (market investigations) and ex-post remedies (Articles 81 and 82). The plan of this chapter is to consider first remedies in merger cases (Section A), then other ex-ante remedies arising out of market investigations (Section B), then remedies in Article 81/Chapter 1 cases (Section C), other ex-post remedies (Section D) and drawing a few conclusions in Section E.
Finland
Authors: Holmila Marja , Warpenius Katariina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the basis of statistics and official records this chapter examines changing rates of violence in Finnish restaurants, bars, pubs, and nightclubs over a ten-year period. The period in question was characterized by rapid rises in the number of licensed premises and increased use of alcohol. However, data shows that the number of violent assaults in licensed premises did not increase during this period, although rises were recorded in public places and private homes. We argue that one likely reason for this is that, whilst the country’s total consumption of alcohol reached new peaks, the proportion of alcohol sales from on-licensed venues remained static. Another explanation could be that the harm-reduction initiatives targeting on-licensed premises, including campaigns of licensing-law enforcement, proved successful. In the concluding section we discuss the potential for using situational crime-prevention measures as part of an overall strategy for reducing alcohol-related harm.