bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surgical treatment of non‐functioning pancreatic islet cell tumors
Authors: Kouvaraki Maria A. , Solorzano Carmen C. , Shapiro Suzanne E. , Yao James C. , Perrier Nancy D. , Lee Jeffrey E. , Evans Douglas B. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractPancreatic endocrine tumors (PETs) are rare neoplasms originating from the amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation (APUD) stem cells. Although the majority of PETs are sporadic, they frequently occur in familial syndromes. PETs may cause a variety of functional syndromes or symptoms of local progression if they are non‐functional. General neuroendocrine tumor markers are highly sensitive in the diagnostic assessment of a PET. Imaging studies for tumor localization and staging include computer tomography (CT) scan, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), In111‐octreotide scan, MIBG, and endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS). Treatment of PETs often requires a multi‐modality approach; however, surgical resection remains the only curative therapy for localized (non‐metastatic) disease. Treatment of metastatic disease includes biologic agents, cytotoxic chemotherapy, and liver‐directed therapies. J. Surg. Oncol. 2005;89:170–185. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
From incidentaloma to adrenocortical carcinoma: The surgical management of adrenal tumors
Authors: Shen Wen T. , Sturgeon Cord , Duh Quan‐Yang 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIn this article we review the management of benign and malignant adrenal tumors, with an emphasis on oncologic concerns. Concise, logical guidelines for the diagnosis and operative treatment of incidentalomas, aldosteronomas, adrenal Cushing syndrome, virilizing and feminizing adrenal tumors, isolated adrenal metastases, and adrenocortical carcinoma are provided. We also discuss the choice of optimal surgical approach for performing adrenalectomy (laparoscopic, open, hand‐assist). J. Surg. Oncol. 2005;89:186–192. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1
Authors: Doherty Gerard M. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractMultiple endocrine neoplasia‐1 (MEN‐1) is an autosomal dominant inherited syndrome that occurs due to inactivating mutations of the MEN1 gene locus, coding for a tumor‐suppressor protein, menin. The components of MEN‐1 are hyperparathyroidism due to multiple parathyroid adenomas, pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, and pituitary adenomas, in addition to some less common neoplastic manifestations. Care of people with MEN‐1 requires knowledge of the problems that may arise, and the best approaches to detect and care for the manifestations of this incurable, but manageable, disease. J. Surg. Oncol. 2005;89:143–150. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role of 131I in the treatment of well differentiated thyroid cancer
Authors: Woodrum Derek T. , Gauger Paul G. 
Published: February 2005

Abstract131I is an integral component in postsurgical management of well‐differentiated thyroid cancer (WDTC), which includes papillary and follicular types. 131I is used postsurgically to either destroy remaining thyroid tissue (thyroid ablation) or to treat recurrence and metastases (radioiodine therapy). 131I is no longer a routine diagnostic modality, but it is widely used for remnant ablation after thyroidectomy for WDTC > 1 cm, under conditions of thyroxine withdrawal. It is generally—though not unanimously—accepted that postsurgical radioiodine is the most powerful method by which to lengthen disease‐free survival. 131I cannot be used if the residual thyroid remnant is large; many surgeons therefore perform near‐total or total thyroidectomy for all WDTC > 1 cm. Since 1997, radioiodine treatment has been performed in outpatient settings, where side effects are common, but mild and transient. Secondary screening is by physical exam, thyroglobulin measurements, and 131I diagnostic whole‐body scans. This is performed under conditions of thyrotropin stimulation, which is accomplished either by thyroxine withdrawal or administration of recombinant human thyrotropin. While most cancers are well treated with radioiodine, some advanced cancers may no longer take up radioiodine, rendering them resistant to treatment. For these cancers, redifferentiation therapy and molecular target‐specific medicines hold future promise for improved treatment. J. Surg. Oncol. 2005;89:114–121. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Use of Alemtuzumab and Tacrolimus Monotherapy for Cadaveric Liver Transplantation
Authors: Calne Roy Y. 
Published: February 2005

Abstract

We have proposed that the mechanisms of alloengraftment and variable acquired tolerance can be facilitated by minimum posttransplant immunosuppression. It was further suggested that the efficacy of minimalistic treatment could be enhanced by preoperative recipient conditioning with an antilymphoid antibody preparation. A total of 76 adults (38 hepatitis C virus [HCV], 38 HCV) were infused with 30 mg alemtuzumab before primary cadaveric liver transplantation and maintained afterward on daily monotherapy unless breakthrough rejection mandated additional agents. In stable patients, the intervals between tacrolimus doses were lengthened (“spaced weaning”) after approximately 4 months. Eighty-four contemporaneous nonlymphoid-depleted liver recipients (58 HCV, 26 HCV) were treated with conventional postoperative immunosuppression. The overall incidence of rejection was similar with the two strategies of immunosuppression. With follow-ups of 14 to 22 months, patient and primary graft survival in HCV cases are 97% and 90%, respectively, with alemtuzumab depletion plus minimal immunosuppression versus 71% and 70%, respectively, under conventional immunosuppression. In HCV recipients, current patient and graft survival in the alemtuzumab-pretreated group are 71% and 70% versus 65% and 54%, respectively, under conventional treatment. With both strategies of immunosuppression, the adverse effect of preexisting HCV on survival parameters and graft function already was significant at the 1-year milestone, but its extent was not evident until the second year. With or without HCV, 62% of the 64 surviving lymphoid-depleted patients are on spaced immunosuppression, and four patients receive no immunosuppression. Lymphoid depletion with alemtuzumab and minimalistic maintenance immunosuppression is a practical strategy of liver transplantation in HCV recipients but not HCV recipients. Transplantation. 2004 Oct 15;78(7):966–71.
New Spiro‐Functionalized Polyfluorenes: Synthesis and Properties
Authors: Grisorio Roberto , Mastrorilli Piero , Nobile Cosimo Francesco , Romanazzi Giuseppe , Suranna Gian Paolo , Acierno Domenico , Amendola Eugenio 
Published: February 2005

AbstractSummary: The synthesis of several new spirocycloalkane functionalized polyfluorenes is described. Poly[2,7‐(9,9‐dioctylfluorene)‐alt‐2′,7′‐spiro(cyclohexane‐1,9′‐fluorene)] (PF1), poly[2,7‐(9,9‐dioctylfluorene)‐co‐2′,7′‐spiro(cyclohexane‐1,9′‐fluorene)] (PF2), poly{2′,7′‐bis[(9,9‐dioctylfluoren‐2‐yl)]‐spiro(cyclohexane‐1,9′‐fluorene)‐7,7‐diyl} (PF3), poly[2,7‐(9,9‐dioctylfluorene)‐alt‐2′,7′‐spiro(cyclopropane‐1,9′‐fluorene)] (PF4) and poly[2,7‐(9,9‐dioctylfluorene)‐co‐2′,7′‐spiro(cyclopropane‐1,9′‐fluorene)] (PF5) were synthesized by Pd(0) and Ni(0) mediated coupling reactions. All polymers were characterized by NMR, UV‐vis, DSC‐TGA and PL. Efficient prevention of interchain interactions by the spirocyclohexane moieties guarantees pure blue emission from pristine PF1–3 as revealed by solid state PL spectra. On the other hand, solid state PL spectra of PF4 and PF5 are characterized by an additional emission band in the green region. Thermal annealing on PF1–3 at 150 °C under nitrogen atmosphere does not cause any substantial changes in their solid state PL spectra, whereas after carrying out the same treatment for 20 h at 110 °C under air the polymers show a low‐energy emission band in the green region which is presumably brought about by chemical modifications.Structure of spiro‐functionalized polyfluorenes synthesized in this study.magnified imageStructure of spiro‐functionalized polyfluorenes synthesized in this study.
Modification of Polyacrylonitrile Particles and Grafted Films with Oxazolines
Authors: Cabrera Andrés , Böhme Liz M. , Schmidt‐Naake Gudrun 
Published: February 2005

AbstractSummary: Oxazoline functionalities were introduced onto the surface of polyacrylonitrile particles and polyacrylonitrile‐grafted films by the catalyzed reaction of a substituted aminoalcohol with the nitrile groups. The resulting oxazoline group was reacted with methyl triflate to use the resulting oxazolinium salt as initiator for the ring opening grafting of 2‐ethyl‐2‐oxazoline. The products were characterized with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), elemental analysis, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The modification of polyacrylonitrile with the substituted aminoalcohol achieves high conversions. Conversely, the amount of grafted 2‐ethyl‐2‐oxazoline is low. The results show that controlled levels of 2‐oxazolines or polyoxazolines can be incorporated onto the surface of polyacrylonitrile.Reaction of a nitrile group to form an oxazoline functionality.magnified imageReaction of a nitrile group to form an oxazoline functionality.
In vivo assessment of absolute perfusion and intracapillary blood volume in the murine myocardium by spin labeling magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Streif Jörg U. G. , Nahrendorf Matthias , Hiller Karl‐Heinz , Waller Christiane , Wiesmann Frank , Rommel Eberhard , Haase Axel , Bauer Wolfgang R. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe absolute perfusion and the intracapillary or regional blood volume (RBV) in murine myocardium were assessed in vivo by spin labeling magnetic resonance imaging. Pixel‐based perfusion and RBV maps were calculated at a pixel resolution of 469 × 469 μm and a slice thickness of 2 mm. The T1 imaging module was a segmented inversion recovery snapshot fast low angle shot sequence with velocity compensation in all three gradient directions. The group average myocardial perfusion at baseline was determined to be 701 ± 53 mL (100 g · min)−1 for anesthesia with isoflurane (N = 11) at a mean heart rate (HR) of 455 ± 10 beats per minute (bpm). This value is in good agreement with perfusion values determined by invasive microspheres examinations. For i.v. administration of the anesthetic Propofol, the baseline perfusion decreased to 383 ± 40 mL (100 g · min)−1 (N = 17, P < 0.05 versus. isoflurane) at a mean heart rate of 261 ± 13 bpm (P < 0.05 versus isoflurane). In addition, six mice with myocardial infarction were studied under isoflurane anesthesia (HR 397 ± 7 bpm). The perfusion maps showed a clear decrease of the perfusion in the infarcted area. The perfusion in the remote myocardium decreased significantly to 476 ± 81 mL (100 g · min)−1 (P < 0.05 versus sham). Regarding the regional blood volume, a mean value of 11.8 ± 0.8 vol % was determined for healthy murine myocardium under anesthesia with Propofol (N = 4, HR 233 ± 17 bpm). In total, the presented techniques provide noninvasive in vivo assessment of the perfusion and the regional blood volume in the murine myocardium for the first time and seem to be promising tools for the characterization of mouse models in cardiovascular research. Magn Reson Med 53:584–592, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Implementation issues of multivoxel STEAM‐localized 1H spectroscopy
Authors: Théberge Jean , Menon Ravi S. , Williamson Peter C. , Drost Dick J. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractSingle‐voxel STEAM‐localized spectroscopy studies of neuropsychiatric patients yield high‐quality data at short echo times, but are often limited to only a few regions of interest due to the linear increase of acquisition time with the number of regions examined. A multivoxel STEAM approach increases the number of regions of interest examined with a less than linear increase in acquisition time. Several implementation issues were considered, especially the signal contribution of outer voxel stimulated echoes (OVSE), which can lead to systematic errors in the quantification of relative metabolite concentrations. The relative signal contribution of OVSEs was found to be as great as 30% in phantoms. Gradient polarity switching completely canceled the contribution of OVSEs. A two‐voxel STEAM approach produces phantom and in vivo data quality comparable to single‐voxel STEAM in practically half the time. Quantification precision and accuracy are preserved in phantoms and in vivo. Magn Reson Med 53:713–718, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sodium magnetic resonance imaging of diuresis: Spatial and kinetic response
Authors: Maril Nimrod , Margalit Raanan , Mispelter Joel , Degani Hadassa 
Published: February 2005

AbstractRenal function is highly correlated with the sodium concentration gradient along the corticomedullary axis. The application of 3D high‐resolution sodium magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provided a means to quantify in vivo the spatial and temporal changes in renal tissue sodium concentration under normal and diuretic conditions. A detailed, pixel‐by‐pixel analysis of the intact rat kidney sodium MR images yielded a quantitative measure of the corticomedullary sodium gradient before and at early and later times after the administration of two distinct diuretic agents, furosemide and mannitol. Furosemide, a loop diuretic, induced a fivefold reduction in the cortical‐outer medullary sodium gradient, whereas mannitol, an osmotic diuretic, did not affect this gradient. Both diuretics induced a 50% decrease in the sodium concentration of the inner medulla; however, mannitol exerted its effect twice as fast as furosemide with a 2.5‐min exponential decay constant. These specific changes were attributed to the different mechanism of action and site of activity of each diuretic agent. Thus, high‐resolution 23Na MRI offers a unique, noninvasive tool for functional imaging of the kidney physiology. Magn Reson Med 53:545–552, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gradual changes in the apparent diffusion coefficient of water in selectively vulnerable brain regions following brief ischemia in the gerbil
Authors: Lythgoe Mark F. , Thomas David L. , King Martin D. , Pell Gaby S. , van der Weerd Louise , Ordidge Roger J. , Gadian David G. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractAlthough selective vulnerability and delayed neuronal death following global ischemia have been recognized in both the human and animal brain, the underlying mechanisms of cell damage are not fully understood. In this study we investigated the time‐dependent changes of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) of water and cerebral blood flow (CBF) in a classic animal model of selective vulnerability and delayed neuronal death, using magnetic resonance (MR) diffusion‐ and perfusion‐weighted imaging. CBF was monitored using the noninvasive MR arterial spin labeling method called flow‐sensitive alternating inversion recovery (FAIR). Bilateral common carotid occlusion was induced for 5 min, followed by 10 hr of reperfusion in a gerbil model. The most notable finding was that the lateral portion of the striatum in the basal ganglia exhibited a prolonged and gradual ADC decrease throughout the study following reperfusion. This pattern was not exhibited within the cortex. It is suggested that regions known to exhibit so‐called delayed cell death progress to infarction via a gradual process that can be monitored by MR diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI). Magn Reson Med 53:593–600, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In vivo method for correcting transmit/receive nonuniformities with phased array coils
Authors: Wang Jinghua , Qiu Maolin , Constable R. Todd 
Published: February 2005

AbstractPhased array coils are finding widespread applications in both the research and the clinical setting. However, intensity nonuniformities with such coils can reduce the potential benefits of these coils, particularly for applications such as tissue segmentation. In this work, a method is described for correcting the nonuniform signal response based on in vivo measures of both the transmission field of body coil and the reception sensitivity of phased array coils, separately. For a uniform phantom, the reception sensitivity can be calculated using both Bloch equations and transmission field maps. For a heterogeneous object such as a brain, a minimal contrast acquisition must be obtained to map the receiver nonuniformities. This transmit field/receiver sensitivity (TFRS) approach is compared with the standard methods of using the body coil to obtain a reference scan and low‐pass filtering. The quantitative comparison results shows that the TFRS approach provides superior results in correcting intensity nonuniformities for a uniform phantom. This approach reduces the ratio between signal intensity SD of an image and its mean intensity from approximately 21% before correction to 13% after correction. Results are also shown demonstrating the utility of this approach in vivo with human brain images. The method is general and can be applied with most pulse sequences, any coil combination for transmission and reception, and in any anatomic region. Magn Reson Med 53:666–674, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Vessel size imaging in humans
Authors: Kiselev V. G. , Strecker R. , Ziyeh S. , Speck O. , Hennig J. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe relation of contrast‐enhanced transverse relaxation rates R2* and R2 provides in vivo mapping of the mean caliber of cerebral vessels. This technique is referred to as vessel size imaging (VSI). Here a quantitative assessment of the vessel caliber in brain tumor patients is presented. The obtained mean vessel size shows sensitivity to the tumor type. A theoretical analysis is given to elucidate the morphological information content of VSI in the context of vessel architecture. The simplification of the theory underlying the data processing results in a systematic overestimation of the vessel caliber. An increase in the magnetic susceptibility of the contrast agent allows for quantitatively more accurate measurements. Quantitative VSI must include measurements of the regional diffusion coefficient and absolute determination of the regional cerebral blood volume. Magn Reson Med 53:553–563, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Theory of susceptibility‐induced transverse relaxation in the capillary network in the diffusion narrowing regime
Authors: Frøhlich A. F. , Østergaard L. , Kiselev V. G. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe transverse relaxation effect of deoxyhemoglobin compartmentalization in erythrocytes in the capillary network is investigated using an analytical approach. The capillaries are modeled as long arrays of paramagnetic spheres, simulating the individual red blood cells. Calculations are performed in the diffusion narrowing regime, which holds for the native blood paramagnetism at moderate fields up to about 1.5 T, for the free induction decay, the Hahn spin‐echo, and the Carr–Purcell–Meiboom–Gill sequence. The commonly used model of capillaries as homogeneously magnetized cylinders is shown to underestimate the capillary contribution to the susceptibility‐induced relaxation rate by up to 55%. This results in a noticeable change in the predicted deoxyhemoglobin concentration needed to cause the variation in the transverse relaxation rate observed in functional MRI and may affect subsequent quantification of physiological parameters derived from the BOLD signal. Furthermore, the model for the individual red blood cells (RBCs) represents a framework for investigating the effects of interspecies and intersubject variations in hematocrit, RBC deoxyhemoglobin concentration, and cell size on the relaxation rate. The results agree within their validity domain with previous Monte Carlo simulations. Magn Reson Med 53:564–573, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
MR imaging of biodegradable polymeric microparticles: A potential method of monitoring local drug delivery
Authors: Chen Hunter H. , Le Visage Catherine , Qiu Bensheng , Du Xiangying , Ouwerkerk Ronald , Leong Kam W. , Yang Xiaoming 
Published: February 2005

AbstractGadolinium diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (Gd‐DTPA) was encapsulated into biodegradable, bioadhesive polymeric microparticles to enable noninvasive monitoring of their local intravesical delivery with MRI. The microparticles were characterized by contrast agent encapsulation and release kinetics, T1 relaxation rates, and contrast enhancement in vivo. The level of Gd‐DTPA loading into microparticles was 14.3 ± 0.6 μg/mg polymer. The measured T1 relaxation rates of the microparticles showed a direct dependence on Gd‐DPTA content. Both 1.5T and 4.7T MR scanners were used to image murine bladders instilled intravesically with Gd‐DTPA‐loaded particles in vivo. MR images showed ring‐shaped regions of enhancement inscribing the bladder wall, which were attributed to the microparticles that were preferentially adherent to the mucosa lining the urothelium. The images of controls exhibited no such enhancement. The normalized signal intensities measured from post‐instillation images were significantly greater (P < 0.05) than those in the pre‐instillation images. Contrast enhancement was observed for at least 5 days after the initial instillation, although the enhancement decreased due to microparticle degradation or mucosa renewal. The localized distribution of biodegradable, bioadhesive microparticles encapsulating Gd‐DTPA was successfully visualized with MRI in vivo, allowing particle‐mediated delivery to be temporally and spatially monitored noninvasively. Magn Reson Med 53:614–620, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Particle conservation in the hot‐carrier solar cell
Authors: Würfel P. , Brown A. S. , Humphrey T. E. , Green M. A. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIn conventionalp–njunction solar cells, carrier multiplication by impact ionisation, is negligible, owing to the low temperature of the electron–hole pairs. This leads to particle conservation between the net number of absorbed photons and the number of electron–hole pairs withdrawn from the cell. In hot‐carrier solar cells, in which electrons are at a high temperature by assuming suppression of electron–phonon scattering, such particle conservation leads to peculiar results. Numerical calculations show that entire current–voltage characteristics with meaningful values of temperature and chemical potential do not exist. If the energy at which electron–hole pairs are extracted is smaller than the average energy of absorbed photons, the temperature of the electrons and holes becomes much larger than the tem perature of the sun. When the extraction energy is larger than the average energy of the absorbed photons, an entire current–voltage curve cannot always be obtained. It follows that impact ionisation and Auger recombination cannot be neglected when the thermal energy of the electron–hole pairs is comparable to the bandgap of the absorber. Accounting for these processes results in current–voltage characteristics that are well behaved. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Results of flight demonstration of terrestrial solar cells in space
Authors: Imaizumi Mitsuru , Sumita Taishi , Kawakita Shirou , Aoyama Kazuhiro , Anzawa Osamu , Aburaya Takashi , Hisamatsu Tadashi , Matsuda Sumio 
Published: February 2005

AbstractRadiation resistance of six types of solar cells developed for terrestrial use has been demonstrated in space by the MDS‐1 Tsubasa satellite which flew in a geostationary transfer orbit where the radiation environment is severe. Open‐circuit voltage and short‐circuit current of the cells were monitored for duration of about 400 days after launch. Super radiation tolerance of the CuInGaSe2solar cell was demonstrated in actual space. Also, most of the cells were determined to have capability or applicability for space use. A comparison of the degradation trend of the flight data with that of ground irradiation test results using the displacement damage dose method demonstrated good agreement, indicating sufficient validity of ground‐test techniques and accuracy of the end‐of‐life prediction. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.