bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prognostic Significance of Molecular Upstaging of Paraffin-Embedded Sentinel Lymph Nodes in Melanoma Patients
Authors: Takeuchi Hiroya , Morton Donald L. , Kuo Christine , Turner Roderick R. , Elashoff David , Elashoff Robert , Taback Bret , Fujimoto Akihide , Hoon Dave S.B. 
Published: June 2004

Purpose Detection of micrometastases in sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) is important for accurate staging and prognosis in melanoma patients. However, a significant number of patients with histopathology-negative SLNs subsequently develop recurrent disease. We hypothesized that a quantitative realtime reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT) assay using multiple specific mRNA markers could detect occult metastasis in paraffin-embedded (PE) SLNs to upstage and predict disease outcome. Patients and Methods qRT was performed on retrospectively collected PE SLNs from 215 clinically node-negative patients who underwent lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymphadenectomy for melanoma and were followed up for at least 8 years. PE SLNs (n = 308) from these patients were sectioned and assessed by qRT for mRNA of four melanoma-associated genes: MART-1 (antigen recognized by T cells-1), MAGE-A3 (melanoma antigen gene-A3 family), GalNAc-T (β1→4-N-acetylgalactosaminyl-transferase), and Pax3 (paired-box homeotic gene transcription factor 3). Results Fifty-three (25%) patients had histopathology-positive SLNs by hemotoxylin and eosin and/or immunohistochemistry. Of the 162 patients with histopathology-negative SLNs, 48 (30%) had nodes that expressed at least one of the four qRT markers, and these 48 patients also had a significantly increased risk of disease recurrence by a Cox proportional hazards model analysis (P < .0001; risk ratio, 7.48; 95% CI, 3.70 to 15.15). The presence of ≥ one marker in histopathology-negative SLNs was also a significant independent prognostic factor by multivariate analysis for overall survival (P = .0002; risk ratio, 11.42; 95% CI, 3.17 to 41.1). Conclusion Molecular upstaging of PE histopathology-negative SLNs by multiple-marker qRT assay is a significant independent prognostic factor for long-term disease recurrence and overall survival of patients with early-stage melanoma.
Ion-pairs of ibuprofen: increased membrane diffusion
Authors: Sarveiya Vikram , Templeton John F , Benson Heather A E 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to determine the influence of pH and ion-pairing on the permeation of ibuprofen across polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membrane. The solubility of ibuprofen sodium was determined at a range of pH values. Saturated solutions were then used to determine the influence of pH on diffusion across PDMS as a model membrane. The apparent partition coefficient of ibuprofen sodium between n-octanol and phosphate buffer at various pH values was also investigated. Organic salts of ibuprofen using ethylamine, diethylamine, triethylamine and ethylene diamine as counter-ions were synthesized and the influence of these counter-ionson the permeation of ibuprofen was studied. The presence of ion-pairing was confirmed using 1H NMR and 13C NMR. Diffusion studies at different pH values (4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0 and 8.0) indicated that ibuprofen sodium flux increased significantly with increasing pH from 4.0 to 7.0. Above pH 7.0 a decrease in diffusion was observed. The permeability coefficient increased with an increase in the amount of unionized acid. The apparent partition coefficient was directly related to the steady-state flux. The steady-state flux of ibuprofen increased up to 16-fold using different counter-ions. The highest flux was measured from ibuprofen triethylamine. The flux of ibuprofen salts across a lipophilic membrane can be increased by formation of ion-pairs. The extent of enhancement is associated with the lipophilicity, extent of ion-pairing and reduction in charge over the drug molecule.
Synthesis of (2E)-2-methyl-3-(4-{[4-(quinolin-2-ylmethoxy)phenyl]sulfanyl}phenyl)prop-2-enoic acid (VUFB 20609) and 2-methyl-3-(4-{[4-(quinolin-2-ylmethoxy)phenyl]sulfanyl}phenyl)propanoic acid (VUFB 20584) as potential antileukotrienic agents
Authors: Jampílek J , Doleẑal M , Kuneŝ J , Víchová P , Jun D , Hanika Jir̂í , O'Connor R , Clynes M 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
The Synthesis of (2E)-2-methyl-3-(4-{[4-(quinolin-2-ylmethoxy)phenyl]sulfanyl}phenyl) prop-2-enoic acid (VUFB 20609) and racemic 2-methyl-3-(4-{[4-(quinolin-2-ylmethoxy) phenyl]sulfanyl}phenyl)propanoic acid (VUFB 20584) as new potential antileukotrienic drugs are described. Due to a low reactivity of the 4-substituted aryl bromides (coupling of the 4-substituted aryl bromides do not provide an activating functional group with 4-methoxybenzene-1-thiol), special conditions, in particular specific heterogeneous copper catalysts, were used. Catalytic hydrogenation of the conjugated double bond on Pd/C in the presence of the sulfanyl group is discussed. In-vitro cytotoxicity testing was performed using a microplate colorimetric acid phosphatase assay. Antiplatelet activity was evaluated using an in-vitro test in human platelet-rich plasma. Some substances inhibited arachidonic acid-induced platelet aggregation.
Hypoglycaemic effect of Calamintha officinalis Moench. in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats
Authors: Lemhadri A , Zeggwagh N-A , Maghrani M , Jouad H , Michel J B , Eddouks M 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a water extract from the aerial parts of Calamintha officinalis Moench., after either a single dose or daily oral administration for 15 days, on plasma blood glucose concentrations and basal insulin levels in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (STZ diabetic rats). The results clearly demonstrated the hypoglycaemic effect of this plant extract in both normal and STZ diabetic rats. In addition, no changes were observed in basal plasma insulin concentrations after treatment with this plant in normal or STZ diabetic rats, indicating that the underlying mechanism of the plant's pharmacological action seems to be independent of insulin secretion. We conclude that the aqueous C. officinalis extract exhibits a significant hypoglycaemic effect in normal and STZ diabetic rats without affecting basal plasma insulin concentrations, and supports, therefore, its traditional use by the Moroccan population.
In-vitro metabolism of isotetrandrine, a bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid, in rat hepatic S9 fraction by high-performance liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Wu Wu-Nan , McKown Linda A , Gopaul V Sashi 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the in-vitro metabolism of isotetrandrine, a bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid, using rat hepatic S9 fraction and to profile and identify its metabolites using high-performance liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Isotetrandrine was incubated at a concentration of 100 μg mL−1 with male rat hepatic S9 fraction in the presence of an NADPH generating system (Tris buffer, pH 7.4, 37°C). Samples were removed at 60 min after reaction initiation. Unchanged isotetrandrine (∼63% of the sample) and four metabolites were profiled, characterized and tentatively identified using solvent extraction, methyl derivatization, and HPLC-MS and MS/MS techniques. Isotetrandrine metabolites were mainly formed via two main pathways, N-demethylation and isoquinoline ring oxidation. The first pathway produced a major metabolite, N-desmethyl isotetrandrine (∼16% of the sample). The second pathway produced three minor oxidized metabolites, hydroxy-isotetrandrine (∼6% of the sample), oxo-isotetrandrine (∼7% of the sample), and oxo-hydroxy-isotetrandrine (∼7% of the sample). Diazomethane treatment of these metabolites did not produce any methyl derivatives and therefore the hydroxylated sites of the metabolites were tentatively assigned at the heterocyclic moieties of the isoquinoline rings. In conclusion, isotetrandrine is substantially metabolized in this in-vitro rat hepatic system.
Influence of dissolution media composition on drug release and in-vitro/in-vivo correlation for paracetamol matrix tablets prepared with novel carbomer polymers
Authors: Parojĉić J , Durić Z , Jovanović M , Ibrić S , Jovanović D 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
The influence of dissolution media composition on drug release kinetics and in-vitro/in-vivo correlation (IVIVC) for hydrophilic matrix tablets based on Carbopol 971P and Carbopol 71G was investigated. A number of buffered and unbuffered media differing with respect to their pH value, ionic strength and ionic species was evaluated. The observed in-vitro drug release profiles were compared with the hypothetical drug release profiles in-vivo calculated by numerical deconvolution from the results of an in-vivo study. The obtained IVIVC plots were examined using linear and non-linear (proportional odds, proportional hazards and proportional reversed hazards) mathematical models. Although the studied sustained release agents were chemically identical, they exhibited pronounced differences in drug product behaviour both in-vitro and in-vivo. The use of non-linear modelling resulted in an improved level of correlation, especially in the case of Carbopol 71G matrices. The obtained results indicated the susceptibility of drug release kinetics and hence IVIVC in the case of anionic polymer matrices to media composition, and emphasized the need for thorough evaluation of applied media during the development of biorelevant dissolution methodology. Although the use of non-linear modelling could be advantageous, the need for a simple and meaningful nonlinear relationship is pointed out.
5‘-Deiodinase type 1 activity in liver and brain of the thyroxine-treated dystrophic hamster
Authors: Singh Yadhu N , Gleysteen Allison L , Ganschow Stephanie L 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
Dystrophic hamsters (DH), as well as dystrophic patients, exhibit alveolar hypoventilation (AH) and low plasma thyroid hormone levels. Thyroxine (T4) treatment of young DH retards AH development, and improves respiratory function and contractility of skeletal muscles. However, the mechanism responsible for the hypothyroidism in DH is not known. One possible cause of the hypothyroidism is reduced activity of the 5′-deiodinase enzyme system, which converts T4 to the more active triiodothyronine (T3). This study tested the above hypothesis by measuring the serum T3 and T4 levels and the activity of the enzyme type 1 5′-deiodinase (D1) in the liver and brain of normal and dystrophic hamsters before, and 8 weeks after, placebo or T4 treatment. There was no significant difference in T4 level between normal and dystrophic hamsters before or after treatment. However, the T3 level was lower in DH before treatment and 8 weeks after placebo and T4 treatment. Both in the liver and brain, D1 activity in DH was depressed compared with normal hamsters. In the liver, T4 supplementation restored enzyme activity to normal level, while in the brain there was no significant difference. The data indicate that the hypothyroidism in DH may be, in part, due to reduced activity of D1 enzyme, which could be partially reversed by T4 treatment.
Finite element and neural network models for process optimization in selective laser sintering
Authors: Boillat E , Kolossov S , Glardon R , Loher M , Saladin D , Levy G 
Published: June 2004

An iterative method to optimize non-linear production processes is described. In contrast to classical design-of-experiment methods, it starts with a small number of experiments, based on which a preliminary data-based model is developed. From this model a vector of process parameters with (potentially) improved performance is calculated. The results of the experiment carried out with these new process parameters enlarge the database and result in an improved process model. The iteration is stopped if the requirements of the product properties are fulfilled. The method is applied to the selective laser sintering process of titanium powder. The goal of the optimization is to produce a ring with a prescribed geometry. One innovation of this approach is to feed the database with experimental results obtained from process simulation. The purpose of the simulation is to use the sintering machine only once to produce a part that is ‘right first time’. The simulation is based on a three-dimensional finite element model of the selective laser sintering process. The input data are the various process parameters and the model is sufficiently detailed to predict the density and the bounding quality (sintering potential) of the manufactured part.
First Transition Metal Complex of 1,8-Bis(dimethylamino)naphthalene (proton sponge)
Authors: Yamasaki Tomoki , Ozaki Nobutaka , Saika Yasunari , Ohta Kozo , Goboh Kenji , Nakamura Fumiko , Hashimoto Masato , Okeya Seichi 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
First transition metal complexes of 1,8-bis(dimethyl-amino)naphthalene (proton sponge), N,N′-chelated Pd(II) complexes, were prepared and the strong coordination ability of the proton sponge was demonstrated. The high transition energy for the coordination could be lowered by the existence of the intermediate charge-transfer complex which was isolated.
A Novel Approach for the Preparation of Silver–silica Nanocomposite
Authors: Mitra Atanu , Imae Toyoko 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
A novel route for the synthesis of silver–silica nanocomposite has been explored. We have employed dendrimer-protected silver nanoparticles, which act as a template to synthesize silica from its precursor on sol–gel processes. It has been observed that in the composite the nanosize silver particles are homogeneously dispersed in the silica matrix.
Valence Electron Rules for Three- and Four-membered Atomic Rings: High-row Representative Elements
Authors: Ding Yi-hong , Takeuchi Kunihiro , Inagaki Satoshi 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
Valence electron rules are proposed for the stability and instability of three- and four-membered atomic rings of high-row representative elements in the singlet states. Regular polygons with 4N + 2 and 8N + 6 valence electrons are the ground states of three- and four-membered rings, respectively. The rules are not necessarily applicable out of the range of the number of valence electrons (Nve): 4m ≤ Nve ≤ 6m for the groups 14–16 and 3m + [1 − (−1)m]/2 ≤ Nve ≤ 6m for the group 13 where m is the number of the ring members.
Optimization of Allocation and Noise Reduction on Multi-Noises System by Using Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Yeh Long-Jyi , Chang Ying-Chun , Chiu Min-Chie 
Published: June 2004

An optimization of a layout plan and noise reduction on multi-noises system is considered. In this paper, a novel approach, a genetic algorithm (GA) based on the principles of natural biological evolution, is used as an optimizer. [1] By GA optimization in adjusting the locations and the required noise reduction for each piece of noisy equipment, the deviation with respect to the targeted noise value along the system's boundary line specified by EPA (Environment Protection Authority) can thus be minimized. In addition, the techniques of binary genetic algorithms (BGA), reproduction, crossover mutation and elitism are applied in GA searching. The numerical cases of multi-noise systems are exemplified. Results show that the correctness of the GA method is acceptable. The optimal design of noise control by adjusting the location and choosing the proper noise reduction measures on equipment proposed in this study offers a quick and economic approach.
Unilateral Coronal Synostosis: A Histomorphometric Study
Authors: Vastardis H. , Mulliken J. B. , Glowacki J. 
Published: June 2004

Objective This histomorphometric study compared the open and prematurely fused side of the coronal suture in subjects with unilateral coronal synostosis (UCS). Methods Sutures and parasutural bone were obtained from seven subjects with nonsyndromic UCS during operative correction at 3 to 24 months of age. Histological and cellular analyses were performed for the affected and open sutures. Specimens were examined by light and polarizing microscopy. Sutural patterns, osseous morphology, calvarial thickness, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive cells, and marrow spaces were evaluated histomorphologically, qualitatively, and semiquantitatively. Histomorphometry was performed to determine total projected area of marrow space as a percentage of unit area, total number of TRAP-positive cells per specimen, and perisutural cranial thickness. Results Polarizing microscopy showed that affected sutures were composed of more lamellar bone than the normal sutures. By light microscopy, the clinically fused sutures were 1.7-fold thicker (p < .02), had twofold larger marrow spaces (p < .0006), and contained sixfold more TRAP-positive osteoclasts in marrow spaces near the suture (p < .04) than the normal sutures. Quantitative analysis of the normal sutures revealed that calvarial thickness was greater with age and that there was an inverse correlation between medullary area and age. For the affected sutures, there was also an age-related increase in calvarial thickness. There were also trends for age-related declines in numbers of osteoclasts in both open and affected sides. Conclusions These results question the hypothesis that defective osteoclastic activity is pivotal in the pathogenesis of UCS and support the hypothesis that this condition results from abnormally active bony remodeling.
Anencephalic Infant with Cleft Palate and Natal Teeth: A Case Report
Authors: Marakoglu Kamile , Percin E. Ferda , Marakoglu Ismail , Gursoy Ulvi Kahraman , Goze Fahrettin 
Published: June 2004

Objective Natal/neonatal teeth are very common in children with complete unilateral and bilateral cleft lip and palate. This article outlines a patient with intrauterine growth retardation, anencephaly, atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, two maxillary first natal incisor teeth, cleft palate, short neck, low-set ears, hypertelorism, retrognathia, and simian-line on the right hand. There is no conclusive evidence of a correlation between these findings and a known syndrome, suggesting that this case may be a hitherto undefined clinical combination with neonatal teeth.
Transforming Growth Factor-α and Nonsyndromic Cleft Lip with or without Palate in Brazilian Patients: Results of a Large Case-Control Study
Authors: Passos-Bueno Maria Rita , Gaspar Dinamar A. , Kamiya Tânia , Tescarollo Graziela , Rabanéa Daniel , Richieri-Costa Antonio , Alonso Nivaldo , Araújo Belmino 
Published: June 2004

Objective Transforming growth factor-α (TGFA) was the first gene suggested to be associated with nonsyndromic cleft lip, cleft palate, or both (CL/ P). There are, however, still controversies of the effect of TGFA on the predisposition of this malformation. To contribute to a better understanding of the role of this gene in the occurrence of CL/P we undertook a case-control study including patients and controls ascertained in different regions of the country. Design We examined the C2/TaqI variant of the TGFA gene in 536 patients with nonsyndromic CL/P and 412 controls. The TGFA genotype frequencies in patients were compared with controls using chi-square or Fisher exact test. DNA, obtained from peripheral blood or buccal swabs, was genotyped for the TaqI polymorphism of TGFA. Setting The probands and corresponding controls were ascertained in different centers of Brazil, partly representing the ethnic admixture of our population. Results The TGFA genotype distribution was very similar in patients with CL/P ascertained in the three different regions of Brazil. However, a discrete difference was observed between controls of Säo Paulo and Ceará (chi-square = 3.605; p = 0.058), with a lower value of the C2/Taq allele frequency in controls of CE (0.04). These data reinforce that this polymorphic system is heterogenous among different ethnic groups. In addition, no evidence was found for an association of TGFA with CL/P in this case-control study. Conclusion These data further suggest that TGFA is not a relevant modifier locus for the occurrence of CL/P.
Surgical Significance of Abnormal Internal Carotid Arteries in Velocardiofacial Syndrome in 43 Consecutive Hynes Pharyngoplasties
Authors: Mehendale Felicity V. , Sommerlad Brian C. 
Published: June 2004

Objectives To determine: (1) the incidence of surgically significant, abnormal internal carotid arteries (ICAs) in velocardiofacial syndrome (VCFS); (2) the implications for a Hynes pharyngoplasty; (3) the reliability of preoperative investigations in detecting surgically significant abnormal ICAs. Design Prospective data collection with blind reassessment of nasendoscopy recordings. Setting Two-site, tertiary referral cleft unit. Patients Forty-three consecutive patients with VCFS who underwent a Hynes pharyngoplasty (six had a subsequent revision). Interventions Intraoral examinations, lateral videofluoroscopy, nasendoscopy when possible, and intraoperative palpation of the posterolateral pharyngeal walls. Only one patient had a magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). Main Outcome Measures Incidence of surgically significant pulsations; modifications to surgical procedure; and correlation of surgical findings with preoperative nasendoscopy and MRA. Results Five patients (11.6%) had abnormal pulsations noted at the time of the Hynes. In no patient was the decision to perform a Hynes altered as a result of abnormal pulsations. Two patients had minor adjustments to the Hynes flaps to avoid exposing/damaging the ICA. In one patient an abnormal ICA was exposed during elevation of the left Hynes flap. This was covered uneventfully by routine closure of the secondary defect. Pulsations were noted in only 3 of 24 assessable preoperative nasendoscopies. Conclusions A Hynes pharyngoplasty is not contraindicated in VCFS, even if abnormal pulsations are present. Examination and palpation of the pharyngeal walls after the patient is positioned for surgery appear to be reliable in detecting abnormal pulsations and allow accurate surgical planning. Routine vascular imaging, even in patients with pulsations on preoperative nasendoscopy is not essential and may not always be reliable, as shown by the variation in endoscopic, MRA, and intraoperative findings. This further re-emphasizes the importance of palpating the pharyngeal walls once the patient is positioned for surgery.
15 Years of Advanced Materials: Past and Future
Authors: Levy E. 
Published: June 2004

Abstract2003 marks 15 years of publication of Advanced Materials—the journal’s crystal anniversary. Crystals of all types—from liquid to photonic—have long occupied materials scientists, making this anniversary a particularly relevant one. The events and innovations that have contributed to the present success of Advanced Materials are highlighted in this Editorial and a glimpse is given of what this year holds in store.
Molecular Engineering of Peripherally And Axially Modified Phthalocyanines for Optical Limiting and Nonlinear Optics
Authors: O’Flaherty S.M. , Hold S.V. , Cook M.J. , Torres T. , Chen Y. , Hanack M. , Blau W.J. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractPhthalocyanines have remarkable chemical and thermal stability and offer tremendous architectural flexibility in their structure, facilitating the tailoring of physical, optoelectronic, and chemical parameters. In this paper, we summarize experimental measurements of nonlinear optical absorption in a comprehensive representative series of modified phthalocyanines substituted with various central metals and peripheral functional groups. Rate equations are used to analytically solve the static‐state conditions that simulate the excited‐state dynamics that result from the nonlinear excited‐state absorption, and this solution is fitted to the experimental data. General molecular engineering trends relating the optical limiting performance of these compounds to their structural characteristics are also explored and discussed.