bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Extensive Perineural Invasion vs Nerve Caliber to Assess Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma Prognosis
Authors: Massey Paul R. , Wang David M. , Murad Fadi , Mulvaney Patrick , Moore Kevin , Okhovat Jean-Phillip , Russell-Goldman Eleanor , Lin William M. , Piris Adriano , Huilgol Shyamala C. , Ruiz Emily S. , Schmults Chrysalyne D. 
Published: October 2023

ImportancePerineural invasion (PNI) is an adverse risk feature in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) that affects patient prognosis and disease management. However, research comparing different PNI patterns on patient outcomes is limited.ObjectiveTo compare 4 assessments of PNI in CSCC, their associations with poor outcomes, and implications for their inclusion in the Brigham and Women’s Hospital (BWH) staging system.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis retrospective cohort study was performed at a single tertiary care institution and compared 4 PNI assessments: nerve caliber, number of involved nerves per section, PNI maximal depth, and PNI location with respect to tumor. Patients with primary, localized, invasive CSCC with PNI diagnosed between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2017, were identified via an electronic in-house database. Available pathology slides were secondarily reviewed by study authors. Relevant patient and tumor characteristics and outcomes were abstracted from the medical record. Data analysis was performed between September 6 and October 20, 2022.Main Outcomes and MeasuresRisks of recurrence, disease-specific death, and a composite end point (any poor outcome) were calculated via multivariable stepwise Fine and Gray competing-risks regression. Considered revisions to the BWH staging system were assessed via receiver operating characteristic curves and test characteristics.ResultsThis study included 140 patients with CSCC, with a mean (SD) age of 75.1 (11.2) years. More than half of the patients were men (93 [66.4%]), and most identified as White (132 [94.3%]). Of the 4 PNI assessments studied, only involvement of multiple nerves was associated with poor outcomes. Perineural invasion of 5 or more distinct nerves (extensive PNI [ePNI]) was independently associated with local recurrence (subhazard ratio [SHR], 13.83 [95% CI, 3.50-54.62]; P &amp;lt; .001), disease-specific death (SHR, 6.20 [95% CI, 1.59-24.21]; P = .009), and any poor outcome (SHR, 10.21 [95% CI, 2.88-36.15]; P &amp;lt; .001). A revised BWH staging system with substitution of ePNI for large-caliber PNI resulted in improved area under the curve and test characteristics compared with current BWH staging criteria that use nerve caliber as the measure of PNI.Conclusions and RelevanceThe findings of this cohort study suggest that ePNI is the best prognostic measure of PNI. Because ePNI obviated the need for a micrometer and had superior prognostic capacity to nerve caliber in this cohort, ePNI should be considered for inclusion in CSCC tumor staging. Inclusion of ePNI as a high-risk factor in CSCC staging systems may optimize patient selection for primary treatment and adjuvant interventions.
Inward and Outward Allomorph Selection
Authors: Rolle Nicholas 
Published: October 2023

AbstractThis entry provides an overview of directionality relations in allomorphy selection. One type is ‘inward conditioning’, where the trigger is in a structurally outer position compared to the target of allomorphy (i.e. it is further away from the lexical head of the construction). This type can also be referred to as ‘outward sensitivity’. Its counterpart is ‘outward conditioning’, where it is the trigger which is in an inner position and the target in an outer position (it can also be referred to as ‘inward sensitivity’). A number of typologically diverse cases are presented to illustrate directional asymmetries in allomorphy selection. One robust generalization involves ‘grammatically conditioned allomorphy’, in which the trigger is a morphosyntactic feature (e.g. [plural]), feature bundle (e.g. [3.sg.fem]), or category (e.g. [tense]). In this type of allomorphy, both inward conditioning and outward conditioning are widespread, showing a clear directional symmetry. In contrast, other types of allomorphy such as ‘lexically conditioned’ (the trigger is a particular lexical root), ‘morphologically conditioned’ (a purely morphological feature, e.g. conjugation class) and ‘phonologically conditioned allomorphy’ show a clear directional asymmetry. Here, allomorph selection almost always involves outward conditioning, in other words, the trigger is in an inner position. Cases of inward conditioning are rare and controversial. Taken all together, the propensity for triggers to be inward compared to targets is called the ‘directional asymmetry in allomorphy selection’.
Morphological Manifestations of Aspect in Slavic
Authors: Borik Olga 
Published: October 2023

AbstractThis entry is a survey on aspectual distinctions that are usually assumed to be morphologically encoded in Slavic languages. While it is true that morphology seems to bear an intimate connection with aspect, the precise nature of this connection is very difficult to formulate as a strict generalization without any exceptions (or even with a few well‐defined ones). In fact such a generalization is still absent after many decades of research dedicated to aspectual morphology, as this entry demonstrates. The existing attempts to capture the role of morphology in Slavic aspect suffer from empirical imprecision and resist a systematic explanation. In this entry, after a brief introduction in Section 1, the reader will be reminded of the main morphological processes that are usually considered to be aspectual in nature, that is, are taken to affect the aspectual value of the lexical verb they are attached to (Section 2). After that, the entry will discuss in more detail two main morphological processes that seem to influence directly the aspectual value of a verb: prefixation (Section 3.1) and suffixation (Section 3.2). Section 4 will reassess the fundamental question of whether morphology really reflects aspectual differences at a semantic level and discuss an alternative to the well‐established view that certain morphological processes directly encode aspectual distinctions. Section 5 concludes the entry.
Morphology of Pro‐Drop
Authors: Neeleman Ad , Szendrői Kriszta E. 
Published: October 2023

AbstractSome languages allow subjects and even other arguments to be null, while others do not. This entry explores the role morphology plays in the licensing of pro‐drop. There are two ways in which morphology has been implicated. First, Taraldsen's generalization stated that languages that allow null subjects have rich verbal agreement morphology. Although this generalization seems to have stood the test of time, it is less clear what richness of agreement exactly means. In addition, there is also no consensus on what the exact grammatical mechanisms are that account for this generalization. We explore these issues by looking at languages with somewhat syncretic paradigms that nevertheless allow null subjects, languages with rich paradigms that do not, partial pro‐drop languages and the loss of null subject over time in languages like French. On the other hand, Neeleman and Szendrői proposed that in radical pro‐drop languages the personal pronominal paradigm must be agglutinating for case, number or some other nominal feature. Languages with non‐transparent, fusional pronominal paradigms do not allow radical pro‐drop. We discuss this proposal in detail as well as some challenges it faces, including a potential counter‐example. The final part of the entry explores the blocking effects that arise from languages having different pronominal inventories and how these contribute to the availability of null subjects. We conclude that overall morphology plays a substantial role in the licensing of null subjects and other arguments and that our understanding of null subject licensing is enhanced by exploring the role of morphology in this domain.
Phrases Inside Words
Authors: Härtl Holden , Schlechtweg Marcel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract

The occurrence of phrases inside words poses a challenge for theorizing about the boundaries of the domain of word formation as well as the architecture of morphology in general. This entry focuses on phrasal compounds, such as
over‐the‐fence gossip
, as the most typical and productive set of data and examines the structural characteristics and configurational factors playing a role in phrasal compounding. In the first part of this entry, grammatical generalizations in the field of phrasal compounding will be addressed in some detail, laying out the various types of phrasal compounds identified in the literature and highlighting their properties from a typological vantage point. The second part, based on empirical reasoning, investigates configurational and relational aspects and links them to syntactic, semantic and pragmatic traits of phrasal compounds. Lastly, different models of the boundary between the word‐building component of language and syntax are outlined, with examples of how insights from the domain of phrasal compounding are implemented in different accounts. The entry closes with a short conclusion.
Polysynthesis
Authors: Compton Richard , Bliss Heather 
Published: October 2023

AbstractThe study of polysynthesis has a long history; but defining it remains a challenge and many researchers have suggested that polysynthesis is not an absolute or unified phenomenon. In this entry, drawing largely on examples from Inuktut and Blackfoot, two Indigenous languages of Canada, we describe the range of grammatical properties that have been proposed to characterize polysynthetic languages. We show that both languages possess all the properties canonically associated with polysynthesis – holophrasis, rich phi‐marking, noun incorporation, lexical affixes, morphological complexity and non‐configurationality; yet they exhibit variation in these properties, as well as in their morphological organization. The entry highlights this variation by contrasting Blackfoot and Inuktut, and also other languages often described as polysynthetic, including Kanien'kéha (Mohawk). We outline theoretical approaches to polysynthesis, focusing on analyses of rich phi‐marking and wordhood and drawing on data from a diverse range of languages. The entry concludes with a discussion of practical challenges for polysynthetic languages, with a focus on Indigenous language revitalization. We suggest that, despite not having a clear and unified theoretical definition, the notion of polysynthesis is useful in language revitalization, particularly for language teachers and learners and those involved in language resource development.
Possessor Agreement
Authors: Kiss Katalin É. 
Published: October 2023

AbstractThis entry summarizes the basic facts and the prevalent analyses of the type of possessive construction where the possessive relation is indicated by a possessive suffix on the possessum cross‐referencing the phi‐features of the possessor. The possessor can be caseless, case‐marked or represented by a silentpro. This type of possessive construction is best known from the Uralic and Turkic languages, and the entry focuses on analyses of Hungarian and Turkish. It surveys accounts of the distribution of case‐marked, caseless andpropossessors. The discussion of the morphological make‐up of the possessum centers on the question whether the possessive suffix is a simple morpheme or a sequence or fusion of a possessedness suffix and an agreement suffix. The entry presents the morphosyntactic structures assigned to the Hungarian and Turkish possessive construction and their impact upon the structure of the determiner phrase in generative theory. The discussion also extends to a type of postpositional phrase and to various types of non‐finite clause in the Uralic and Turkic languages that display features of a possessive construction, with possessor agreement respectively on the postposition and on the non‐finite verb. In some Uralic languages and to some extent in Turkish, too, the possessive suffix has also undertaken a partitive–determinative role, and in Udmurt, a language with differential object marking, it has developed into an accusative case marker.
Reduplication
Authors: Kennedy Robert 
Published: October 2023

AbstractReduplication is a cross‐linguistically frequent morphological phenomenon. Despite robust morphosyntactic and phonological tendencies across reduplicative systems, an exploration of reduplicative morphology indicates its potential functions are as broad and varied as the functions of any other non‐reduplicative affix, and its phonological manifestation is often nuanced and complex. This entry provides an overview the morphological properties of reduplication and how it interacts with phonology and syntax. In this entry a descriptive overview of the phenomenon is presented, highlighting its definitive properties; a summary of reduplicative morphology is also provided, demonstrating the full range of potential function encodable with reduplication. This leads to a thorough description of a number of compelling interactions between reduplicative morphology and phonology. The entry concludes with a broad review of typological and theoretical perspectives on reduplication.
Avoidance of Unintended Repetition
Authors: Faust Noam 
Published: October 2023

AbstractGrammars often employ the tool of repetition (reduplication) in word formation. But repetition cannot be allowed to occur accidentally. Cross‐linguistically, when word formation producesunintendedrepetition, construction‐specific strategies to avoid this repetition develop. These strategies include allomorphy, haplology and sheer avoidance of the offending construction. This entry concentrates on several aspects of repetition avoidance (also known as ‘the repeated morph constraint’) that have not been central to previous treatments. First, it reveals how repetition avoidance is relevant to the root–affix asymmetry, showcasing phenomena from Modern Hebrew that draw a parallel between templates and affixes. Second, repetition avoidance is shown to motivate the recruitment of ‘interfixes’ – featurally empty or not – that intervene between the repeated entities. Third, the phenomenon of repetition avoidance is argued to be active both in the phonology and prior to it, which makes the case for pre‐phonological optimization. Finally, a listener‐oriented model is put forth that describes the possible scenarios for the emergence of repetition avoidance.
Synthetic Compounding
Authors: ten Hacken Pius 
Published: October 2023

AbstractSynthetic compounds are words that consist of two words and an affix. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, their analysis was one of the most discussed phenomena in generative morphology. This prominence was the result of developments in grammatical theory that made it harder to formulate an account of the meaning of compounds in general. For synthetic compounds with a verb as the second word, the argument structure of the verb gives important clues about the semantic interpretation. The seminal paper by Roeper and Siegel (1978) set the stage for the debate. Levi's (1978) generative semantic account serves as a useful counterpart to understand their proposal. Allen (1978), Selkirk (1982) and Lieber (1983) were important contributions to the debate. On the basis of a critical presentation of these papers, a general assessment is presented. It is followed by a brief presentation of the other types of synthetic compound and the place of synthetic compounding in languages other than English.
Ultrasound Nanobubble Coupling Agent for Effective Noninvasive Deep‐Layer Drug Delivery
Authors: Han Xiaoyu , Wang Fan , Shen Jieliang , Chen Shuyu , Xiao Pengcheng , Zhu Ying , Yi Weiwei , Zhao Zhengyu , Cai Zhengwei , Cui Wenguo , Bai Dingqun 
Published: October 2023

AbstractConventional coupling agents (such as polyvinylpyrrolidone, methylcellulose, and polyurethane) are unable to efficiently transport drugs through the skin's dual barriers (the epidermal cuticle barrier and the basement membrane barrier between the epidermis and dermis) when exposed to ultrasound, hindering deep and noninvasive transdermal drug delivery. In this study, nanobubbles prepared by the double emulsification method and aminated hyaluronic acid are crosslinked with aldehyde‐based hyaluronic acid by dynamic covalent bonding through the Schiff base reaction to produce an innovative ultrasound‐nanobubble coupling agent. By amplifying the cavitation effect of ultrasound, drugs can be efficiently transferred through the double barrier of the skin and delivered to deep layers. In an in vitro model of isolated porcine skin, this agent achieves an effective penetration depth of 728 µm with the parameters of ultrasound set at 2 W, 650 kHz, and 50% duty cycle for 20 min. Consequently, drugs can be efficiently delivered to deeper layers noninvasively. In summary, this ultrasound nanobubble coupling agent efficiently achieves deep‐layer drug delivery by amplifying the ultrasonic cavitation effect and penetrating the double barriers, heralding a new era for noninvasive drug delivery platforms and disease treatment.
Nanoscale Surface Photovoltage Spectroscopy
Authors: Yalcinkaya Yenal , Rohrbeck Pascal N. , Schütz Emilia R. , Fakharuddin Azhar , Schmidt‐Mende Lukas , Weber Stefan A.L. 
Published: October 2023

AbstractUnderstanding electron and ion dynamics is an important task for improving modern energy materials, such as photovoltaic perovskites. These materials usually have delicate nano‐ and microstructures that influence the device parameters. To resolve detailed structure–function relationships on the relevant micro‐ and nanometer length scales, the current macroscopic and microscopic measurement techniques are often not sufficient. Here, nanoscale surface photovoltage spectroscopy (nano‐SPV) and nanoscale ideality factor mapping (nano‐IFM) via time‐resolved Kelvin probe force microscopy are introduced. These methods can map nanoscale variations in charge carrier recombination, ion migration, and defects. To show the potential of nano‐SPV and nano‐IFM, these methods are applied to perovskite samples with different morphologies. The results clearly show an improved uniformity of the SPV and SPV decay distribution within the perovskite films upon passivation and increasing the grain size. Nevertheless, nano‐SPV and nano‐IFM can still detect local variations in the defect density on these optimized samples, guiding the way for further optimization.
Effect of donor age in patients with acute myeloid leukemia undergoing haploidentical hematopoietic cell transplantation vary by conditioning intensity and recipient age
Authors: Saliba Rima M. , Kanakry Christopher G. , Gadalla Shahinaz , Kebriaei Partow , Rezvani Katayoun , Champlin Richard E. , Shpall Elizabeth J. , Weisdorf Daniel , Mehta Rohtesh S. 
Published: October 2023

AbstractWe investigated the impact of donor age (younger [≤35 years] vs. older [>35 years]) after accounting for other non‐HLA and HLA factors on outcomes of patients with acute myeloid leukemia undergoing HLA‐haploidentical hematopoietic cell transplantation (n = 790). The effect differed by conditioning—partly related to the differences in the recipient age in myeloablative (MAC; median 46 years) versus reduced‐intensity/non‐myeloablative conditioning (RIC/NMA; median 61 years) groups. With MAC (n = 320), donor age had no impact on acute graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD), but older donors were associated with a significantly higher risk of chronic GVHD (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.6, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.10–2.30, p = .02) independent of recipient age and other factors. Donor age had no impact on either relapse or non‐relapse mortality (NRM). The impact of donor/recipient age on overall survival changed over time. Older donors were associated with significantly higher late overall mortality (>6 months) in younger recipients (≤ 50 years; HR: 2.2, 95% CI: 1.03–4.6, p = .04) but not older recipients. With RIC/NMA (n = 470), neither recipient's nor donor's age influenced the risk of GVHD. Donor age had no significant impact on the risk of relapse, but older donors were associated with a significantly higher risk of NRM (HR: 1.6, 95% CI: 1.02–2.6, p = .04) independent of recipient age. Older donor age was associated with significantly higher late overall mortality (>9 months) in older recipients (>50 years; HR: 1.66, 95% CI: 1.0–2.67; p = .049) but not in younger recipients. Donor selection based on donor age may require a tailored approach for a particular recipient.
Electron‐Transfer Protocol for the Hydroxyalkenylation of Alkenes Using 1,2‐Bis(phenylsulfonyl)ethylene
Authors: Tsai Chen‐Yang , Jhang Yin‐Jia , Wu Yen‐Ku , Ryu Ilhyong 
Published: October 2023

AbstractWe report a protocol for alkene hydroxyalkenylation. Using a persulfate anion as a one‐electron‐oxidation reagent and 1,2‐bis(phenylsulfonyl)ethylene as a radical acceptor in the presence of water, alkenes were converted into the corresponding 1‐phenylsulfonyl‐4‐hydroxyalkenes in good to high yields. The hydroxyalkenylation process involves the nucleophilic hydroxylation of alkene radical cations to give β‐hydroxyalkyl radicals, which, after a radical addition/β‐elimination sequence, provide the products. We also report a photocatalytic protocol for alkoxyalkenylation.
Coding Intrinsic Disorder into DNA Hybridization Probes Enables Discrimination of Single Nucleotide Variants over Wide and Tunable Temperature Ranges
Authors: Guo Chen , Deng Hui , Yang Qianfan , Huang Dan , Shen Chenlan , Wang Guan Alex , Li Feng 
Published: October 2023

AbstractDNA hybridization probes are commonly used tools to discriminate clinically important single nucleotide variants (SNVs) but often work at elevated temperatures with very narrow temperature intervals (ΔT). Herein, we investigated the thermodynamic basis of the narrow ΔT both in silico and experimentally. Our study revealed that the high entropy penalty of classic hybridization probe designs was the key attributor for the narrow ΔT. Guided by this finding, we further introduced an entropy‐compensate probe (Sprobe) design by coding intrinsic disorder into a stem‐loop hybridization probe. Sprobe expanded ΔT from less than 10 °C to over 30 °C. Moreover, both ΔT and the optimal reaction temperature can be fine‐tuned by simply altering the length of the loop domain. Sprobe was clinically validated by analyzing EGFR L858R mutation in 36 pairs of clinical tumor tissue samples collected from lung cancer patients, which revealed 100 % clinical sensitivity and specificity. We anticipate that our study will serve as a general guide for designing thermal robust hybridization probes for clinical diagnostics.
Streamlined Protein‐Protein Interface Loop Mimicry
Authors: Mi Tianxiong , Siriwibool Siriwalee , Burgess Kevin 
Published: October 2023

AbstractCyclic peptides comprising endocyclic organic fragments, “cyclo‐organopeptides”, can be probes for perturbing protein‐protein interactions (PPIs). Finding loop mimics is difficult because of high conformational variability amongst targets. Backbone Matching (BM), introduced here, helps solve this problem in the illustrative cases by facilitating efficient evaluation of virtual cyclo‐organopeptide core‐structure libraries. Thus, 86 rigid organic fragments were selected to build a library of 602 cyclo‐organopeptides comprising Ala and organic parts: “cyclo‐{‐(Ala)n‐organo‐}”. The central hypothesis is “hit” library members have accessible low energy conformers corresponding to backbone structures of target protein loops, while library members which cannot attain this conformation are probably unworthy of further evaluation. BM thereby prioritizes candidate loop mimics, so that less than 10 cyclo‐organopeptides are needed to be prepared to find leads for two illustrative PPIs: iNOS ⋅ SPSB2, and uPA ⋅ uPAR.