bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Politics of Spirituality
Authors: Hornsby-Smith Michael P , Fulton John , Norris Margaret 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book provides the first in-depth case study of ‘Renew’ – a pastoral programme of religious revitalization. The programme originated in the United States in 1976 and has been widely adopted throughout the Roman Catholic world. Initiated from the top down in a hierarchically-structured church, it can be seen as an example of clerical attempts to stimulate and control lay spirituality in an organizationally controlled manner (as opposed to grass-roots movements, such as those associated with liberation theology). The authors look at the history of religious organizations in the Roman Catholic Church and the affects of modernity on religious practice, and the decline in the latter which prompted the diocese to adopt ‘Renew’. Their findings show that the effects of ‘Renew’ were limited and short-lived, an inevitable consequence of the ambiguous and often contradictory aims. In analysing these findings they suggest some ways in which the church might reform itself – by decentralization and a reform of the papacy, for example – to meet the challenges of the modern age.
An Assessment of the Diocesan Experience
Authors: Hornsby-Smith Michael P , Fulton John , Norris Margaret 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this and the following chapter we commence the analysis of the experience of the five RENEW seasons in the diocese as a whole and in the parishes. We will report a wide range of findings, using a variety of data collection methods, about the actual experiences of Catholics, whether they were actively involved as members of parish core teams or committees, or as participants in the small groups, or simply as regular Mass attenders. We will also refer to the reported findings from the official diocesan ‘evaluation’ reports at the end of each season of RENEW and point to some inconsistencies and biases in these. We wish to stress the complexity of the experiences of RENEW and suggest that they did not conform to an easily summarized, coherent, and consistent pattern. Rather, in reality, there was a great deal of contradiction, ambiguity, and conflict.
The Experience of Unemployment
Authors: Gallie Duncan , Marsh Catherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the 1980s unemployment in Britain rose to levels that were unprecedented since the great inter-war recession of the 1930s. Levels of unemployment were historically low in the 1950s and 1960s, began to rise in the early 1970s, and, then climbed very steeply after the second ‘oil shock’ of 1978–9. Since the mid- 1980s a period of decline in the official rate was followed by another sharp upturn in unemployment. While the underlying similarity of pattern between many of the advanced societies suggests that global forces were at work, making unemployment an issue over which market economies may not have full control, the rise in unemployment in Britain during the early 1980s was particularly steep. Britain moved from being a country with one of the lowest unemployment rates in the OECD to one with among the highest rates in a very short period of time.
Unemployment in Work Histories
Authors: Gershuny Jonathan , Marsh Catherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are two possible views of the social distribution of unemployment. In the first there is an unemployment ‘underclass’, made up of those who experience repeated periods of unemployment, starting from their first entry to the work-force, and spanning the whole of their working lives. The Social Change and Economic Life Initiative (SCELI) surveys do not suggest the existence of a substantial group of people who fall into this category.
The Relationship between a Husband’s Unemployment and his Wife’s Participation in the Labour Force
Authors: Davies Richard B , Elias Peter , Penn Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is a well-replicated observation (e.g. Greenhalgh 1980; Layard et al. 1980; Joshi 1984) that there is an inverse relationship between husbands’ unemployment and the labour force participation of married women; wives of unemployed men in Britain are less likely to be engaged in paid work than the wives of employed men. For example, in the Women and Employment Survey (Martin and Roberts 1984) 33 per cent of wives with unemployed husbands were working compared with 62 per cent of wives with working husbands. One interpretation of this result is that if wives of unemployed husbands had behaved exactly as the wives of working husbands, an additional 29 per cent of them would have been in paid employment
Canon Barnett: Ethical Socialist
Authors: Parker Julia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Samuel Barnett has a special claim to a place in the tradition of British ethical socialism, not so much as a thinker nor as a writer nor as a teacher but as a man who lived out his ‘practicable socialism’ in the East End of London during the last thirty years of the nineteenth century. A university man, though without a notably distinguished academic career; a writer and preacher without marked originality or eloquence, it was the force of his moral conviction and his particular vision of the good society and the means of reaching it that made him an inspiring influence on those who knew him and an important, if idiosyncratic, figure in the late Victorian movement for social reform.
From Social Research to Educational Policy 10/65 to the Education Reform Act 1988
Authors: Smith George , Smith Teresa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Future historians, reviewing the influence of social research on educational policy in England and Wales over the past twenty five years (1965-90), may well conclude that the first few years-from circular 10/65 on the reorganization of secondary schooling, to circular 11/72 on pre-school expansion-marked the high point. They would note the widespread consensus that research on selection at 11+, particularly that of Halsey and Floud on social class and educational opportunity, had made a key contribution to the policy shift in the 1960s from selective to comprehensive secondary education. They would note, too, the active networks linking researchers, administrators, and politicians, not least in the appointment in 1965 of Halsey as research adviser to Crosland, then secretary of state for education at the Department of Education and Science (DES), as circular 10/65 marking the first stage in this policy change was in preparation. And in confirmation they would be able to quote the views of participants, both politicians and civil servants, that they had been influenced by research, had taken it into account, though the exact nature of this influence would, no doubt, remain subject to continuing controversy.
Product-Market Pressures and Employers’ Responses
Authors: Wilkinson Frank , White Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the crisis which culminated in the recession of the early 1980s, increasing attention was given to the responsiveness of employers to product-market pressures and particularly their need to be more flexible. In this debate the early focus was mainly on the use of labour. Flexibility was regarded as synonymous with the close adjustment by the firm of the labour it employs, the way labour is utilized and the wages paid to changing levels of output, and the prices of products.
Level of Strategy and Regimes of Control
Authors: Rose Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Written from the perspective of an industrial sociologist, this chapter is concerned with changes in the social relations of workplaces and their relationship to employer strategy. Not only do firms produce goods and services, they can also be thought of as ‘producers’ of social structure. The immediate social ‘output’ of the firm is its own internal organization, which embodies specialist work-roles, authority relations, and ideas explaining and justifying these structures. The social relations of firms, however, have effects on social relations defined more broadly. Occupation remains the main determinant of social status and class. If such boundaries have been blurred, this is a reflection of blurring in work-roles in firms, of changes in reward-structures, in the styles of managing other people, and in the social values and beliefs current in the workplace.
Paternalism as an Employer Strategy, 1800-1960
Authors: Morris Bob , Smyth Jim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Employers rarely accept a labour market as a given set of supply functions to which they respond as they construct factor inputs and cost structures. The limited value of the neo-classical sense of a labour market seeking the equilibrium of a market-clearing wage has long been recognized (Wilkinson 1981). In the majority of specific historical situations such a notion is at best of normative value and at worst incomplete and misleading. Employers continually attempt to structure their labour markets to achieve management ends.
Employer Policies and Individual Life Chances
Authors: White Michael , Gallie Duncan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A central contrast between theories of the labour market is the role that they attribute to employer policies in determining the rewards that employees receive. In neo-classical theory, it is assumed that employers exercise little independent influence on the terms of employment. The market works in an impersonal way to reward employees in terms of their natural abilities or human capital. Employers merely constitute the passive intermediary through which the directives of the market are implemented. In contrast, segmentation theorists assign employers a major role in determining life chances, to the extent that the rewards of employment are sometimes held to be largely independent of the initial skills and experience of individual employees. In particular, such theories point to an important divide between ‘primary’ and ‘secondary’ employment practices, which are held to generate quite distinct labour-market segments, offering very different levels of reward to employees.
Introduction: The SCELI Skill Findings
Authors: Rose Michael , Penn Roger , Rubery Jill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The chapters of this book are based on the research carried out for the Social Change and Economic Life Initiative (SCELI) supported by the Economic and Social Research Council. SCELI was launched in 1985, just over a decade after Braverman’s (1974) influential publication on the degradation of work. This book had led to a continuing and intense debate over the direction and nature of change in the skill level of jobs, and perhaps more fundamentally over the meaning or social significance of the terms ‘skill’ and ‘skilled work’. Developing alongside this debate over deskilling was a second, over flexibility in work tasks and pressures for new systems of work to meet changing competitive conditions and new (especially electronic) technologies. Intermingling with both these debates, but always retaining its own dynamic, was yet another, over gender and the relationships between social and gender divisions and the meaning and concept of skill.
Patterns of Skill Change: Upskilling, Deskilling, or Polarization?
Authors: Gallie Duncan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A central concern of social scientific analysis of work and work organization has been with the way in which economic change affects the level of skill and the distribution of skills within the working population. We can distinguish three broad lines of argument in the literature. The first, which might be described as the ‘optimistic perspective’, postulates that the technological development of the advanced industrial societies implies steadily more complex types of work task and therefore higher levels of skill (e.g. Kerr et al., 1960; Blauner, 1964). This change both results in an upward shift in the overall occupational structure of the workforce (marked in particular by the relative growth of non-manual occupations and the decline of manual) and leads to skill increases within occupational categories. These changes in the character of work tasks and work skills, it is argued, have major implications for patterns of work organization. With higher levels of skill, employers become increasingly dependent upon the willingness of employees to use their initiative. As a result, it becomes counter-productive to manage work organizations in an authoritarian way. Rather, to be effective, they must be designed in a way that allows employees greater discretion at work, thereby increasing their motivation and making the best use of their knowledge and skill.
The Social Structure of SGI-UK
Authors: Wilson Bryan , Dobbelaere Karel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
MINORITY movements tend to manifest distinctive characteristics. They recruit differentially from the various sections of the general population, and, in so far as like attracts like (a hypothesis which had considerable immediate plausibility in these cases), it was reasonable to expect that the general demographic characteristics of the membership of SGI would be at marked variance with the population at large. To this end, our sample was compared with national statistics.
The Involvement of the Members
Authors: Wilson Bryan , Dobbelaere Karel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
RELIGIOUS organizations—and today this includes even the established churches which once could rely on blind or even coerced obedience—depend for their viability on their capacity to summon the allegiance of adherents to participate, to give, or perhaps to perform in one way or another. As voluntary bodies, they have little purchase over their following except to urge compliance on normative grounds and by the offer of present reassurance that— here or hereafter—in the experience of the believer, the untoward, however conceived, will thereby be avoided, overcome, or in some measure neutralized. The benefits of believing the required teachings, practising the prescribed exercises, and leading an appropriate life are the constitutent performances by which salvation (or the best help towards it) may be attained, in whatever way salvation is conceptualized.
What Chanting Achieved
Authors: Wilson Bryan , Dobbelaere Karel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As the fundamental activity and the focus of belief in Nichiren’s Buddhism, chanting epitomizes and encapsulates the teachings of Sōka Gakkai International. Faith in chanting is the indispensable element of commitment. It is time-taking, in itself highly repetitive, and an exacting routine. Members have to believe that it is effective or they would have little reason to remain Nichiren Buddhists. What, then, did members believe that chanting achieved? Of the 96 per cent of the membership who chant for particular goals, only 3 per cent said that those goals had not been realized. Thus, 93 per cent of the entire membership who chanted for particular goals believed that those goals were achieved: chanting proved itself.
The British Debate on Trade Unionism: Crisis and Continuity
Authors: Gallie Duncan , Rose Michael , Penn Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most studies of British industrial relations and trade unionism over the last decade have been characterized by the twin themes of crisis and discontinuity. During the 1980s, British trade union ism confronted its greatest challenge, and suffered its greatest reverses, since the inter-war period. After a decade of rapid growth, for much of which trade unions exercised significant influence in the corridors of power, they experienced a steep decline in their membership, a marked erosion of their ability to mobilize a depleted following, and, in national political affairs even in the affairs of the Labour Party itself at times-virtual marginalization. Once self-assured actors on the national scene, no less than in the industrial arena, trade unions seemed to have lost confidence in playing any role; indeed they appeared at times to have become increasingly confused over what their role could be, and should be, as the century drew to a close.
Growth and Decline in Trade Union Membership in Great Britain: Evidence from Work Histories
Authors: Elias Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the end of the Second World War until the late 1960s, the proportion of the employed population in the United Kingdom who were union members remained around the 40 per cent mark. Between 1969 and 1979, this proportion rose to an all-time peak of 53 per cent. Subsequently, union membership has declined to the rates which prevailed in the 1945–69 period.
A variety of explaanations has been proposed to account for this growth and decline in trade union membership.
The Experience of Trade Unions in Rochdale During the 1980s
Authors: Penn Roger , Scattergood Hilda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter deals with the experience of trade unions in Rochdale during the 1980s. The present analysis draws upon two sets of data: structured interviews conducted at thirty-two establishments in Rochdale during the period between June 1987 and February 1988; and a series of semi-structured interviews under taken with local trade union officers between July 1988 and January 1989, supplemented by additional information acquired in the summer of 1989.
Pathways to Social Class
Authors: Bertaux Daniel , Thompson Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Calling for a broader, new approach to social mobility research, Daniel Bertaux and Paul Thompson here move beyond pure statistics to use qualitative techniques - such as life stories and family case studies - to examine more closely the dynamics of mobility and address more fundamental sociological questions. Up to now, the extensive sociological literature on mobility has been based around the survey method. As a result, we have access to abundant statistical data, but there is little information available to explain how and why people follow particular life paths. To overcome these limitations, the authors have developed an alternative, complementary approach using life stories, case histories of whole families over several generations, or case studies of local communities. Employing the case-study approach does not prevent the identification of structural trends; on the contrary, it allows us to analyse those collective processes through their local effects, restoring the links with the classics of sociological thought. The authors, together with a group of researchers who have worked closely with them, tackle problems such as: - What exactly is transmitted between generations: is it wealth or land, occupational models or skills, social networks, or values and orientations? - What kind of assets can immigrants draw on? - How can a social elite survive the upheaval of a popular revolution? - What is the impact of marriage on the mobility of men and women? - How far can belonging to one locality rather than another, or choosing a particular house, shape mobility paths and aspirations? - Do dreams of mobility matter?
Women, Men, and Transgenerational Family Influences in Social Mobility
Authors: Thompson Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The currently dominant school of social mobility research has dug itself into a pit so deep and narrow that it has lost sight of what should undoubtedly be some of the principal themes in its field of investigation. Over the last twenty years social mobility researchers have developed increasingly impressive statistical methods, drawing on standardized questionnaires rather than in-depth inter viewing, for analysing one single issue, individual occupational mobility—and this mobility has been evaluated, essentially because of the difficulties in statistical analysis caused by the broken careers typical of women, primarily through the occupations of men.
Heritage and its Lineage: A Case History of Transmission and Social Mobility over Five Generations
Authors: Bertaux Daniel , Bertaux-Wiame* Isabelle 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At face level, this chapter is a case history of a French male lineage from a rural background, which was able over several generations to create a small family business, develop it, and eventually move into the ranks of the educated middle class: a pattern of slow upward mobility rather typical of French society. The chapter describes how this was achieved, focusing on the transmissions and reappropriations of family assets in successive generations. Through this analysis, the unexpected nature of this family’s cen tral asset is uncovered.
Transmission in Extreme Situations: Russian Families Expropriated by the October Revolution
Authors: Bertaux* Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In retrospect, the major social revolutions are seen in their historical truth: not so much as the achievement of the ideals of liberty and equity for which they were waged, and for which so many men and women gave their lives, but as the replacement of one hierarchical order by another. The old power structure crumbles, and with it vanish institutions, social relations, mores, the old social games, in short everything the members of the former ruling class and their allied classes called ‘society’ and whose foundations they thought to be eternal. A society dies, and the upper-class families, at least those that do not emigrate or are not liquidated by political repression, find themselves excluded a priori from the new society in the making.
Social Mobility in Hungary since the Second World War: Interpretations through Surveys and through Family Histories
Authors: Andorka Rudolf 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hungary is one of those European societies for which the statistical flows of father-to-son social mobility are best established. As the patterns of these flows appear to be rather similar to those of west European societies with market economies, it has led some scholars to the thesis that the forces unleashed by economic develop ment per se are much more influential on mobility patterns than the actual form of economic relations—whether planned or market based. But the collection of family histories, which give access to the concrete processes through which lives have been actually shaped, yields a picture with more nuances, as we will demonstrate in this paper.
The Wartime Institutional Reforms and Transformation of the Economic System*
Authors: Tetsuji Okazaki 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Studies of Japan’s wartime economy made rapid advances in the latter half of the 1980s, affording innovative accounts of the wartime economic system. New perspectives viewed Japan’s wartime economy as a planned economic system distinguished from a market economy, and analysed its structure and functions with a broad range of tools of economic analysis including comparative economic system theory.1 Alongside these developments, comparative institutional analysis (CIA) has in recent years been opened as a new field in economics, one which adds theoretical analysis of systems and structures to the objects of existing comparative system theory.
Japan as a Creditor Nation: What is Happening to its Net External Assets?*
Authors: Masahiro Kawai 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Japan experienced large and persistent current account surpluses throughout the 1980s and the first half of the 1990s while accumulating considerable amounts of net external assets. Based on the external asset-liability data, it became the world’s largest net creditor nation in 1986 and the world’s second largest gross creditor nation in 1988, surpassing the United States in the first category and the United Kingdom in the second. Japan’s ascendance to the status of a leading creditor nation was accompanied by a rapidly deteriorat¬ing net external asset position in the United States. According to the stock data based on market value, the United States became a net debtor nation in the late 1980s for the first time since the end of the First World War and is now the world’s largest net debtor.