bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The fall and rise of vowel length in Bantu
Authors: Hyman Larry M. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Although Proto-Bantu is reconstructed with a vowel length contrast on roots, many Bantu languages have modified the inherited system. This chapter distinguishes four different vowel length systems which (1) maintain the length contrast inherited from the proto language; (2) maintain the contrast, but have added restrictions which shorten long vowels in pre-(ante-)penultimate word position and/or on head nouns and verbs that are not final in their XP; (3) have lost the contrast with or without creating new long vowels; (4) have lost the contrast but have added phrase-level penultimate lengthening. The chapter proposes that the positional restrictions fed into the ultimate loss of the contrast in types (3) and (4), with a concomitant shift from root prominence (at the word level) to penultimate prominence (at the intonational and phrase level). In covering the historical developments in Bantu, the chapter describes some Bantu vowel length systems that may not be duplicated elsewhere in the world.
Typology and history of unusual traits in Nivaclé
Authors: Campbell Lyle 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Nivaclé (a Matacoan language spoken in Argentina and Paraguay) has a number of unusual typological traits, some of them unique. This chapter examines several of these unusual traits for their typological implications, attempts to reconstruct them to Proto-Matacoan or to determine their origins, and considers their implications for general claims about language typology and language change. The traits considered involve a unique speech sound unknown elsewhere; a valency-increasing morpheme that can be attached to several lexical categories, not just to verbs; nominal tense (and the total lack of verbal tense); the role of demonstratives in inferring tense and evidentiality; the rich directional/locative morphology, lack of oblique constructions, and their typological implications for general understanding of transitivity; genitive noun classifiers; and lexical suffixes and their implications for grammaticalization and typology.
The surface position of Hittite subordinating kuit
Authors: Melchert H. Craig 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
As elucidated by Gary Holland, the Hittite subordinating conjunction kuit ‘because’ developed in Middle Hittite from a relative construction with kuit (uttar) ‘(the matter) which,’ which by ellipsis of the head noun and omission of the contextually redundant resumptive pronoun of the main clause was reanalyzed as ‘as to the fact that, seeing that, because.’ This history predicts that kuit stands in C, like other subordinators (e.g. maḫḫan ‘when’). Its normal clause-second surface position is due to its prosodic weakness that leads to required hosting by one full constituent. However, there are a number of examples where kuit appears in a far later position. These may provisionally be explained as instances where a full nominal subject is in focus or topicalized, followed by another topicalized constituent.
PIE *meh2- ‘grow, be fruitful’ and Proto-Basque *ma, *maha ‘fruit’
Authors: Blevins Juliette 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Two well researched and widely accepted terms for ‘apple, apple tree’ are reconstructed for Proto-Indo-European. One, *h2éb(ō̆)l-, reflected in Celtic, Germanic, Baltic, and Slavic, has a phonological form that seems un-Indo-European, and is attributed by some to prehistoric borrowing from a non-Indo-European language. Another, *méh2l-o-, is based primarily on Greek, and, on this basis, its Proto-Indo-European ancestry has also been questioned. Even so, the similarity between the two roots is striking, and has led some researchers to attempt to derive one from the other, or both from a single parent term, with little success. In this note, data from an unlikely source lends potential support to a PIE root *meh2- ‘grow (big), flourish, be fruitful,’ and to a stem derived from this root that may refer to a culturally important plant. The unlikely source is Proto-Basque.
Paradigm structure in Sanskrit reduplicants
Authors: Steriade Donca 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Sanskrit reduplicants regulate their vocalism as a function of their size. CV reduplicants prefer high vowels, heavier ones opt for a. To meet this high-iff-light condition, certain light reduplicants adopt the vocalism of a reduced root allomorph. The latter is not a standard Base: it need not coexist in one word, or in one derivation, with the reduplicant itself. Neither the standard phonological cycle, nor Base-Reduplicant or Input-Output correspondence by themselves explain this pattern, but a variety of Optimal Paradigms (McCarthy 2005; Bjorkman 2010) does, in which reduplicants seek to achieve mutual identity, in a process where Markedness and Faithfulness interact.
Community-participatory orthography development in the Máíjùnà communities of Peruvian Amazonia
Authors: Beier Christine , Michael Lev 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes a model for community-participatory orthography development and a successful experience with this model among the Máíjùnà people of Peruvian Amazonia. The model is guided by two overarching goals: first, that all decisions about orthography design lie in the hands of community members; and second, that these decisions be made from the best-informed position possible, grounded in both linguistic expertise and an intimate knowledge of relevant local social and political concerns. We describe in detail the training of community linguists in relevant aspects of linguistics, and the collaborative analysis and deliberation process by which community linguists design an orthography. Both challenges and successes of using this model are described, including ideological issues surrounding language variation, challenges related to the phonoloɡical analysis of the language, and the endorsement of the new orthography by the Máíjùnà indigenous federation, and its subsequent recognition by the Peruvian Ministry of Education.
Child-directed speech as a potential source of phonetic precursor enhancement in sound change
Authors: Yu Alan C.L. , To Carol Kit-sun , Yao Yao 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Phonetically natural sound changes are often assumed to have articulatory, auditory, perceptual, or aerodynamic origins. Any account of sound change must reckon with enhancement of phonetic precursors in order to account for the emergence of categorical sound patterns. Recent studies have advocated viewing child-directed speech (CDS) as a form of hyperspeech. From the perspective of sound change, the child’s phonetic inputs, skewed by the enhancing characteristics of CDS, might led the child’s own production to reflect those enhanced features. To investigate the role of the linguistic inputs to child language acquisition as a potential engine of enhancement that propels (or hinders) sound change, we examined the production of 26 Hong Kong Cantonese-speaking mothers when speaking to their children and to another adult. While well-established sound changes in progress exhibit a “reversal to standard” pattern in CDS, gradient phonetic variation not only is not reduced in CDS, but, in some mothers’ cases, the variation is amplified.
Gradualness and abruptness in linguistic split
Authors: Bowern Claire 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
While the Nyulnyulan languages have long been identified as a clear family, two languages from the geographic center of the family have been difficult to classify. In this chapter, I use previously unutilized archival finds to discuss a conundrum long noted in linguistics, often characterized as the competition of gradualist diffusionist models versus abrupt splits that are typically represented on linguistic trees. The Nyulnyulan family has been claimed to form an old dialect continuum down the Dampier Peninsula, with overlapping changes that make it difficult to discern one “language” from another or to posit clear subgroups. I dispute this claim and argue that both linguistically and culturally, there are distinct language units. I use a combination of fieldwork data, historical reconstruction, and archival resources to show how changes have locally diffused, but subsequent population shifts and local realignments have created sharp junctures between varieties.
Disrupted development in the Congo
Authors: Radley Ben 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This introductory chapter sets out the book’s aims and contributions, outlines its main lines of argument, and details the theoretical foundations underpinning the African Mining Consensus, which holds that transnational mining corporations are best placed to drive structurally transformative processes of mining-based development on the continent. It then moves on to document how, in establishing this Consensus position, proponents have tended to misrepresent or disregard some of the classic critiques of peripheral development mounted by a pioneering group of early development economists. These critiques focused on the specific challenges and constraints faced by income-poor peripheral countries seeking development through deeper integration with the global capitalist economy. Returning to these earlier critiques provides helpful lenses with which to explore, with some adaptation, several axes of tension within the ongoing process of foreign corporate-led mining industrialization in low-income African countries that are overlooked by the absent or simplistic representation of these critiques by Consensus proponents.
Introduction
Authors: Eichler Alexander , Zilberberg Oded 
Published: December 2023

AbstractIn this introduction, we review historical examples of parametric phenomena and discuss why this topic is still at the focus of many research fields today. Parametric modulation can originate in various way, such as a change in the tension of a mechanical string, a child alternatively standing and squatting on a swing, the effect of waves hitting a ship to change its buoyancy center, a variation in the effective capacitance of an electrical resonator, or an increase of the polarization of an optical medium in response to electromagnetic waves. All of these seemingly disparate examples obey very similar equations, and many of them can be used for similar technological applications.
The Duffing Resonator
Authors: Eichler Alexander , Zilberberg Oded 
Published: December 2023

AbstractIn this chapter, we introduce the Duffing nonlinearity (a quartic potential) and study its effects, including an amplitude-dependent frequency shift, a reduction of the driven amplitude, and hysteresis. We then generalize the discussion to cubic potentials, whose effects are similar in nature to those of the Duffing nonlinearity. We present how to deal with the nonlinearity mathematically based on the van der Pol transformation and the averaging method to first and second order.
Parametric Resonators with Force Noise
Authors: Eichler Alexander , Zilberberg Oded 
Published: December 2023

AbstractIn this chapter, we apply the concept of force fluctuations to the parametric resonator. Force fluctuations have important consequences and lead to new phenomena below and above the parametric threshold. We revisit the characteristic exponent analysis that we encountered in chapter 3 and find that fluctuations lead to additional frequencies that depend on the nonlinear quasi-potential around a solution. If the force noise is large enough, it can activate hopping between varius quasi-potential extrema (attractors). To study these stochastic effects, the probability density approach introduced in chapter 4 is harnessed.
Coupled Harmonic Resonators
Authors: Eichler Alexander , Zilberberg Oded 
Published: December 2023

AbstractIn this chapter, we proceed from a single resonator to systems of linearly coupled harmonic resonators. The coupling induces beating and nondegenerate normal modes. Parametric (time-dependent) coupling between nondegenerate modes is discussed for the two important cases of driving at the frequency difference and the frequency sum. To conclude the chapter, we briefly discuss dissipative coupling and nonlinear coupling.
Introduction
Authors: Murphet Julian 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This introductory chapter tackles a problem in contemporary critical discourse about literary character. The return of a reader-friendly, moral, identificatory model of character in theory today overlooks both the poststructuralist account of character as fractured, artificial, inconstant, and makeshift, and the period of European literary history (1888–1905) from which these ideas originally derived. Joining a line of sophisticated historical accounts of literary personhood from Chaucer through to the present day, this chapter outlines how the book ahead approaches modern character as an aesthetic argument with the ‘ideology of the subject’. Freed from plots, demoted from the role of protagonist, internally fragmented and often arranged into group patterns, and played over by dissociated affects, modern characters broke from prevailing models to usher in entirely new aesthetic possibilities than those grounded in moral and sentimental reason.
Maeterlinck
Authors: Murphet Julian 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Maurice Maeterlinck, one of the great forgotten artists of this moment, took the decay of dramatic action in late Ibsen to extreme lengths. His theatre of stasis and androids, of non-events and curious abstractions, made ‘character’ a virtual impossibility and was launched explicitly as a campaign against ‘character studies’ and excessive ‘characterization’. In place of these conventional distractions were now posed the vague outlines and gestures of an exhausted stage tradition, rendered uncanny by the strong division of his stage into areas populated by weird groups of quasi-persons and residual romance types degraded into mere wisps. Between these witless personae depersonalized moods are transferred with difficulty, around the awful shape of some terrible Unknown trembling into theatrical presence. With character, action, and psychology banished from his stage, Maeterlinck proposed a post-characterological drama of anxious stultification.
Strindberg
Authors: Murphet Julian 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Chapter 3 finds August Strindberg in his post-Inferno period, pushing his earlier Naturalism in directions that would take it outside verisimilitude altogether. For Strindberg, a new kind of fatalism determined by genes, ideologemes, fixations, appetites, and a radical dividuality incapable of resolution, had already forced the abandonment of inherited ways of representing the human being by 1890. But after 1894, things took an even more radical turn inward. Dissolving the objective world of his stage into the hallucinated self-representation of a single morbid mind, Strindberg discovered an entirely new theatrical language for the deposition of the modern individual. His later plays are populated by dramatis personae composed of fractured manifestations and atavistic avatars of the Ego that is not One.
D’Annunzio
Authors: Murphet Julian 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 6, we scrutinize the sadly neglected novelistic corpus of Gabriele D’Annunzio, for evidence of what the leading Nietzschean artist of his time was doing to the literary category of character: namely, allowing it to decompose into its radiant subsidiary elements, as a ferocious and flailing subjective will comes to terms with the unhealthy fact that it is unequal to the henceforth impossible project of unification. Here, the disconnection between the will and the self is so extreme that the will effectively pulverizes and stultifies the ‘self’ into a molecular cascade of affective intensities. Allegorically weaving together social and psychological dynamics, D’Annunzio charts a feverish domain of multiplicity yearning for the lash of the One.
Deathbed Foolery
Authors: van Pelt Nadia T. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
When Katherine of Aragon was dying, the Imperial Ambassador, Eustace Chapuys, visited her, bringing with him a professional fool. This may seem odd, but the presence of a fool at Katherine’s deathbed was not unusual. Fools and jesters were a regular sight at the Tudor court, and beyond that, used to bring cheer and solace to the royal and noble sick across Europe. It is within the context of this widely spread custom that the legend arose of King Martin of Aragon laughing himself to death when his jester made rather too successful a joke at his sickbed. In this chapter, the presence of Chapuys’ fool is used to address wider questions regarding court foolery: the expectations people had of fools; what fools were assumed to be capable of; the kind of forms of entertainment they were expected to bring; the social or political licence that fools enjoyed to express themselves; but also how they were perceived to be related to their patrons, as demonstrated by the fools’ reception in their patrons’ absence. Could a fool ‘stand in’ for a patron or use their comic licence to make political or otherwise perilous statements on their patron’s behalf? And could they be employed for diplomatic purposes or, as was suspected of Chapuys’ Spanish fool, for espionage? Chapuys himself used the presence of the fool as a diplomatic tool, through which he was able to assert himself as the representative of Charles V, enabling him to voice objection against Henry VIII’s divorce from Katherine.
Justice and Remedies for Victims of Corruption
Authors: Olaniyan Kolawole 
Published: December 2023

AbstractChapter 7 discusses emerging directions and approaches for ownership of wealth and natural resources through legal instruments and jurisprudence. It explores and sketches the scope and content of the right to wealth and natural resources and the obligations that it imposes upon states, and then considers the application of these to UNCAC. It also examines the responsibilities of banks and financial institutions and the question of whether they can be directly held to account for their complicity in keeping proceeds of corruption, and whether haven-states have any legal obligations to hold such banks and financial institutions to account when they are complicit in the laundering of proceeds of corruption from victim-states. The chapter considers the potential of the ‘forgotten right’ right to wealth and natural resources for asserting accountability of states, and promoting access to justice and effective remedies for victims of human rights violations caused by corruption.
Algorithmic Institutionalism
Authors: Mendonca Ricardo Fabrino , Almeida Virgilio , Filgueiras Fernando 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Algorithmic Institutionalism uniquely conceives of algorithms as institutions in contemporary societies, focusing on different dimensions of how algorithms structure decision-making and enact power relations. This work addresses the need for new analytical lenses to make sense of algorithms’ rising ubiquity in decision-making and to foster democratically infused interactions between humans and algorithms. The book contains three sections. The first section (Chapters 1 and 2) explains the underlying concepts of algorithms as institutions. It uses the analytical lens of institutional theories as a framework for studying algorithms to comprehend their social implications properly. The second section (Chapters 3 to 5) applies the framework of Algorithmic Institutionalism to make sense of algorithms’ deployment in security, governments’ platformization, and recommendation systems. The third section (Chapter 6) addresses the challenge of developing approaches to democratize the new political order, even as that order experiences the churn of influence from algorithmic decision-making’s global expansion. This section points to key democratic values that are relevant for contemporary societies constructing legitimate decisions.
Reading Contemporary Issues via the Lens of Algorithmic Institutionalism
Authors: Mendonça Ricardo F. , Filgueiras Fernando , Almeida Virgílio 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Chapter 2 elaborates on the idea of Algorithmic Institutionalism. It advances the understanding of algorithms as institutions, reconstructing the foundations of institutional theories in four different approaches: sociological institutionalism, rational-choice institutionalism, historical institutionalism, and discursive institutionalism. It argues that each of these trends of New Institutionalism offers relevant contributions for comprehending how algorithmic systems sociopolitically impact on contemporary societies. Drawing from these four approaches, we then present an analytical framework for operationalizing institutional theories to make sense of algorithmic systems. Our framework focuses on six dimensions: institution building and design; historical processes; rules and norms; power relations; gaming; and discursive dimensions. Each of these dimensions is explained, and a set of questions is derived from each one. These questions frame the operationalization of the framework of Algorithmic Institutionalism for subsequent chapters.
Against a Treaty for Climate Refugees
Authors: Draper Jamie 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter sets out and critiques the main competitor to my own account of justice in climate displacement: the idea of a treaty for ‘climate refugees’. The first section of the chapter draws together a number of proposals for a climate refugee treaty that have been set out in the literature. The second section of the chapter explores the concept of the ‘climate refugee’ and argues that it obscures the heterogeneity and complexity of climate displacement. This means that a climate refugee treaty would exhibit two morally troubling forms of arbitrariness: it would fail to treat like cases alike and fail to treat relevantly different cases differently. The third section of the chapter introduces my alternative: the pluralist approach. I argue that the pluralist approach escapes the problems of the climate refugee treaty by disaggregating climate displacement and integrating it with non-climatic displacement.
Climate Change and Territorial Sovereignty
Authors: Draper Jamie 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the threats to territorial sovereignty created by sea-level rise in small-island states such as Kiribati, Tuvalu, the Maldives, and Vanuatu. In the first section of the chapter, I set out an interpretation of the value of self-determination which stresses both independence from arbitrary interference and a positive capacity to exercise collective control. I then leverage this conception of self-determination to critically assess three proposals for small-island states: territorial redistribution, de-territorialized statehood, and intra-state territorial autonomy. I give a cautious defence of intra-state territorial autonomy, arguing that a weak version of de-territorialized statehood cannot secure self-determination in any meaningful sense, and that both territorial redistribution and a strong version of de-territorialized statehood can do so only by creating morally unacceptable costs. Intrastate territorial autonomy, if implemented in ways that reflect the values of small-island peoples, can secure self-determination and at the same time minimize these costs.