bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Gift of Divine Life
Authors: Keating Daniel A. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Considers Cyril’s understanding of the manner in which the divine life in Christ is appropriated, or passed on, to us. It examines in turn: (a) the gift of the Holy Spirit in relation to baptism; (b) the Eucharist as participation in the life-giving flesh of Christ; and (c) the complex issues surrounding the dual means of reception. Concludes that Cyril presents a twofold path for the reception of divine life, centred around the notion of divine indwelling, and often depicted through the paired terms, ‘spiritually’ and ‘corporeally’. These two modes of indwelling are normally related to the sacramental events of baptism and the Eucharist respectively.
The Reception of Divine Life
Authors: Keating Daniel A. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Discusses Cyril’s understanding of how the divine life in Christ is appropriated by us. The first stage of investigation consists in a sketch of Cyril’s theology of grace, showing the interplay of faith, human freedom, and divine grace in the reception of divine life. The second stage asks whether (and in what sense) the Incarnate Word serves as the pattern for our reception of, and progress in, the divine life, and whether Cyril allows full play for the humanity of Christ. The third and final stage asks what the relation is between the divine life implanted in us and the fruits of that divine life worked out in us and through us in this present age. Concludes that in Cyril, our reception of the divine life is ordered to a distinctive way of life and to a progressive sanctification through which we are conformed to Christ.
Conclusions: Cyril's Narrative of Divine Life
Authors: Keating Daniel A. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Offers a critical summary, under the rubric of divinization, of Cyril’s account of salvation and offers a hypothesis for why Cyril made use of the technical vocabulary of divinization so infrequently. Explores the exegetical foundations of Cyril’s narrative and attempts to describe the theological shape of his account of divine life in the human race.
The UK—A Test Case for the Liberal Welfare State?
Authors: Taylor-Gooby Peter , Larsen Trine P. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe UK developed an innovative agenda of new social risk policies through the 1980s and 1990s. The Conservative government up to 1997 essentially pursued liberal market reforms with minimal provision for vulnerable minorities. After 1997, new labour developed a programme of work‐life balance and New Deal labour market reforms that represented a change of direction in the UK context. These policies relied heavily on market provision and on market incentives, with a state safety net for those on low incomes, but were more generous than the previous provision and were carefully and consciously structured to enhance work incentives for women with domestic responsibilities and others. They were influential in welfare state debate across Europe and at EU level. Reliance on a private sector, which government cannot directly control, created problems, most notably in childcare, elder care, and pensions. The UK is able to change policy rapidly due to its highly centralised ‘Westminster’ governmental system. Its reform experience has important lessons for other European countries.
Spain's Transition to New Risks: A Farewell to ‘Superwomen’
Authors: Moreno Luis 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Mediterranean welfare states, of which Spain is a major example, have traditionally relied on family support and in particular on the unwaged work of women to provide child and elder care and to support members who have a weak labour market position. During the 1980s and 1990s, social spending has increased and the regional system has played an important role in driving reform and welfare state expansion. However, greater labour market flexibility and demands on women to work have placed even more stress on the family system.
Diadochus of Photice
Authors: Plested Marcus 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
The work of Diadochus of Photice emerges as a profound synthesis of the Evagrian and (especially) Macarian legacies. Diadochus indubitably draws on Macarius for some of the key elements of his teaching, not least his anti-Messalian critique. Like Mark, he also ‘corrects’ Macarius on a number of key points, e.g. the coexistence of sin and grace in the intellect of the baptized – something Diadochus held to risk implying the deficiency of baptismal grace.
Introduction
Authors: Gavrilyuk Paul L. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Many modern theologians advocate the claim that God suffers and are convinced that divine impassibility is untenable on philosophical, exegetical, and broadly religious grounds. As a result, the scholars often interpret the patristic notion of divine apatheia as a Greek philosophical axiom the acceptance of which led to a distortion of the biblical image of the (allegedly) suffering God. This dominant interpretation is flawed. The problems with the unrestricted divine passibility are equally serious. Passibility and impassibility are correlative concepts, both of which must have their place in any sound account of divine agency. The introduction also provides a summary of the book.
1 The Case Against the Theory of Theology's Fall into Hellenistic Philosophy
Authors: Gavrilyuk Paul L. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
The standard modern approach to the patristic idea of the divine (im)passibility is to draw a sharp distinction between the unemotional and uninvolved God of the Greek philosophers and the passionate God of the Bible. The allegedly biblical vision of an emotional and suffering God is then taken as a norm by which the whole development of patristic theology is judged. The verdict is that on the whole, patristic theology was a departure from this vision. The author argues that this approach, the attraction of its simplicity notwithstanding, is fundamentally flawed and misleading both with regard to the opinions of the philosophers and with regard to the biblical material.
3 Docetism Resisted: Christ's Suffering is Real
Authors: Gavrilyuk Paul L. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
The christological hymns and creedal statements of the first three centuries are characterized by a tension between Christ’s divine status and his subjection to human suffering. The Docetic attempt to remove this tension was systematically opposed by the church. The reality of Christ’s suffering was especially emphasized in theological reflections upon the experience of martyrdom.
The Structure of Social Provision
Authors: Castles Francis G. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractSeeks to use disaggregated measures of social expenditure derived from the OECD Social Expenditure Database (SOCX) to measure the extent of recent change in the structure of social provision and to identify types and trajectories of welfare state development. The account shows that change in welfare spending priorities in OECD countries has been much more modest than is commonly thought. It also demonstrates that disaggregated expenditure measures can be used to generate a typology of provision that closely mirrors Esping–Andersen’s three regimes model, but in a way that permits more precise measurement of regime change over time.
Population Ageing and the Public Purse
Authors: Castles Francis G. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractExamines the supposed threat to the future trajectory of social spending posed by population ageing. An initial focus is on the contrast between the sense of crisis characterizing popular and governmental accounts with the more measured analysis of demographers and economists. Later sections examine a variety of welfare state programmes for the old and show that expenditure trajectories are only marginallyinfluenced by demographic considerations, but that what really influences expenditure outcomes is the differential generosity of pension provision in different families of nations. Differential generosity is also shown to be a further factor influencing aggregate patterns of social expenditure.
A Church in Peril
Authors: Lennan Richard 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Between the end of the nineteenth century and the end of the twentieth century, the Roman Catholic Church experienced not only a significant decline in its standing in Western societies, but also a loss of cohesion among its members; this chapter explores both developments. A particular focus is on how the church's response to ‘modernity’, which emerged in the wake of the Enlightenment, affected life within the communion of faith, especially the settled worldview that had developed after the Council of Trent (1545–63). The second half of the chapter examines the impact of the Second Vatican Council (1962–65), especially the upheaval that has accompanied the reception of that council. The goal of the chapter is to establish why the present‐day life of the church can validly be described as a state of ‘peril’.
This Church
Authors: Lennan Richard 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
The existence of the church as the symbol of the Holy Spirit means that the external reality of the church, its historical manifestation, has theological significance. Concentrates on the specifics of the church's identity; in particular, it focusses on the role that tradition plays in the church and on the church's institutional structures. In exploring ‘tradition’, the chapter investigates how dependence on tradition relates to faith in Jesus Christ and to the role of the Spirit. As an example of the dynamics of tradition, the chapter analyses the status and interpretation of Scripture in the church. The sections on ‘authority’ highlight the relationship between authority and the communion in faith of the whole church and outline possibilities for a positive reception of authority.
The Centre, Downs, and New Labour
Authors: Hindmoor Andrew 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
The median voter theorem states that political parties will move to the electoral centre to maximise their vote. This theorem has been routinely linked to Downs and An Economic Theory of Democracy. It is argued that Downs’ determination to develop a theory to predict party behaviour has led him to develop a spatial framework in a misleading way. It is further argued that the electoral centre can be on the political right, left, or centre.
Leadership, New Labour, and the Construction of the Centre
Authors: Hindmoor Andrew 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
This chapter examines the frequent claim in newspapers that Blair is a ‘Presidential’ leader. It argues that in describing Blair as such, journalists were making a claim about the way New Labour and Blair govern. The ways the Conservatives sought to undermine the political threat posed by New Labour, the way Blair’s political and personal past were used to advance New Labour’s bid for office, and the way in which this image was fought over by the parties are discussed.
Perceptions of Mortality Risk: Implications for Annuities
Authors: Sondergeld Eric T. , Drinkwater Matthew 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis chapter reviews research on how retirees and near-retirees view and manage mortality risks, and the implications for annuity buying behaviour. It is shown that the ownership of an annuity product is not synonymous with mortality risk transfer. People are becoming less protected over time from mortality risk, as evidenced by the decline in traditional pension plan coverage.
The European Court and Integration
Authors: Stone Sweet Alec 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Provides an introduction to the book by explaining its origin, purpose, approach, and structure. The first section presents the generic question posed by the book: how is a particular mode of governance, the judicial mode, consolidated as a stable set of practices; it explains that the approach taken combines three strains of theory – theory on judicialization and governance, on the courts as commitment devices, and on the dynamics of judicial rulemaking and precedent. The second section, European Integration and the Legal System, indicates that the book expands on previous efforts to elaborate and test a theory of European integration, and shows that its primary focus is on the impact of adjudicating European Community law on the institutionalization of the European Union (EU), rather than on the impact of EU law on national legal systems. The third section, Determinants of Judicial Discretion in the EU, looks at the question of how the European Court has been able to have such an impact on the course of European integration and the work of the national courts. The fourth section, Precedent and the Path Dependence of Legal Institutions, focuses on why legal institutions tend to develop in path dependent ways; it begins by conceptualizing precedent, and then attempts to show how legal systems can develop in path dependent ways, and discusses how the book goes about analysing precedent in Europe. The last two sections look at the case selection and data used in the book and give a brief outline of its structure.
Constructing a Supranational Constitution
Authors: Stone Sweet Alec 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
The evolution of the European Community (EC) towards a supranational constitution is charted by combining three different perspectives. First, an examination is made of the major features of the integration process since 1959, which argues that the European market and polity developed symbiotically, as the activities of economic actors, organized interests, litigators and judges, and the EC's legislative and regulatory organs became linked, to create a self‐sustaining, dynamic system. Second, the ‘constitutionalization’ of the treaty system is investigated, and the activities of the European Court of Justice (ECJ) surveyed; among other things, constitutionalization secured property rights for transnational market actors, expanded the discretionary powers of national judges, and reduced the EC's intergovernmental character. Third, the relationship between the ECJ and the national courts is considered, focusing on how intra‐judicial conflict and cooperation have shaped the production of specific constitutional doctrines; through these ‘constitutional dialogues’, the supremacy of EC law was gradually achieved, rendering it judicially enforceable. Overall, the chapter situates the development of the European legal system within the overall process of European integration.
Conclusion
Authors: Stone Sweet Alec 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
The conclusion addresses certain major features of the overall course of European integration in light of the book's priorities and findings, indicating that the book has pursued two main objectives: the first, to demonstrate that the course of European integration has been profoundly shaped by a system of adjudication managed by the European Court of Justice (ECJ); the second, to test a range of propositions about how the legal system operates, and to trace the effects of the ECJ's case law on policy outcomes, and on the policy‐relevant behaviour of nonjudicial actors. In some areas, including free movement of goods and sex equality, judges – not governments or legislatures or the Member States – have broadly determined the paths along which institutions evolved. Judicial supremacy partly inheres in the ECJ's status as trustee, partly in the dynamics of the constitutionalization process provoked by the ECJ in the mid‐1960s, and partly by the propagation and diffusion of specific techniques of judicial governance, such as those associated with precedent‐based balancing standards. Every chapter of the book presents evidence refuting claims that the ECJ and the national courts operate as relatively perfect ‘agents’ of the Member States or national governments, and shows that the activities of supranational organizations such as the ECJ routinely produce ‘unintended consequences, from the perspective of those who have designed and redesigned the EC. The author concludes that he does not see how theories that make predictions about how integration has proceeded from institutional design can be rescued.
Global Public Economics
Authors: Mirrlees James A. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
This chapter, together with chs. 2 and 11, approaches the question of development funding in a theoretical way, rather than by examining individual proposals for sources. One purpose of the book is to bring to bear on this accumulated knowledge in the field of national public finance, and more generally public economics. Consequently, a discussion of global public finance/economics is presented here that considers the lessons from optimal tax design when applied at a global level. The different sections of the chapter look at: global taxation; taxation for aid; the possibility of an international agreement whereby income taxation is applied to nationals (rather than residents) and countries report people's income to their country of nationality (international allocation of tax bases); supranational taxation; subsidies and transfers; voluntary contributions and taxation; and development assistance expansion. An appendix considers the conditions for marginal tax rates to be independent of the revenue requirement.
Partial Reconstruction of Flavonoid and Isoflavonoid Biosynthesis in Yeast Using Soybean Type I and Type II Chalcone Isomerases
Authors: Ralston Lyle , Subramanian Senthil , Matsuno Michiyo , Yu Oliver 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Flavonoids and isoflavonoids are major plant secondary metabolites that mediate diverse biological functions and exert significant ecological impacts. These compounds play important roles in many essential physiological processes. In addition, flavonoids and isoflavonoids have direct but complex effects on human health, ranging from reducing cholesterol levels and preventing certain cancers to improving women's health. In this study, we cloned and functionally characterized five soybean (Glycine max) chalcone isomerases (CHIs), key enzymes in the phenylpropanoid pathway that produces flavonoids and isoflavonoids. Gene expression and kinetics analysis suggest that the soybean type I CHI, which uses naringenin chalcone as substrate, is coordinately regulated with other flavonoid-specific genes, while the type II CHIs, which use a variety of chalcone substrates, are coordinately regulated with an isoflavonoid-specific gene and specifically activated by nodulation signals. Furthermore, we found that some of the newly identified soybean CHIs do not require the 4′-hydroxy moiety on the substrate for high enzyme activity. We then engineered yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) to produce flavonoid and isoflavonoid compounds. When one of the type II CHIs was coexpressed with an isoflavone synthase, the enzyme catalyzing the first committed step of isoflavonoid biosynthesis, various chalcone substrates added to the culture media were converted to an assortment of isoflavanones and isoflavones. We also reconstructed the flavonoid pathway by coexpressing CHI with either flavanone 3β-hydroxylase or flavone synthase II. The in vivo reconstruction of the flavonoid and isoflavonoid pathways in yeast provides a unique platform to study enzyme interactions and metabolic flux.
Impact of occupational stress and other psychosocial factors on musculoskeletal pain among Chinese offshore oil installation workers
Authors: Chen W Q , Yu I T-S , Wong T W 
Published: March 2005

Aims:To explore the relation between psychosocial factors and musculoskeletal pain in Chinese offshore oil installation workers.Methods:Half of all offshore workers (being a representative sample) in a Chinese oil company were invited to complete a self-administered questionnaire providing information on sociodemographic characteristics, occupational stressors, type A behaviour, social support, coping style, health related behaviour, past injuries, and musculoskeletal pain. Factor analysis was used to identify the sources of occupational stress and the domains of type A behaviour and coping style. Logistic regression analyses were used to study the relations between psychosocial factors and musculoskeletal pain in each body region.Results:The prevalence of musculoskeletal pain over the previous 12 months varied between 7.5% for elbow pain and 32% for low back pain; 56% workers had at least one complaint. Significant associations were found between various psychosocial factors and musculoskeletal pain in different body regions after adjusting for potential confounding factors. Occupational stressors, in particular stress from safety, physical environment, and ergonomics, were important predictors of musculoskeletal pain, as was coping by eating behaviour.Conclusions:These observations supported the widely accepted biopsychosocial model of musculoskeletal disorders and suggested that in future studies of work related musculoskeletal disorders, psychosocial factors must be given due consideration.
Computer based safety training: an investigation of methods
Authors: Wallen E S , Mulloy K B 
Published: March 2005

Background:Computer based methods are increasingly being used for training workers, although our understanding of how to structure this training has not kept pace with the changing abilities of computers. Information on a computer can be presented in many different ways and the style of presentation can greatly affect learning outcomes and the effectiveness of the learning intervention. Many questions about how adults learn from different types of presentations and which methods best support learning remain unanswered.Aims:To determine if computer based methods, which have been shown to be effective on younger students, can also be an effective method for older workers in occupational health and safety training.Methods:Three versions of a computer based respirator training module were developed and presented to manufacturing workers: one consisting of text only; one with text, pictures, and animation; and one with narration, pictures, and animation. After instruction, participants were given two tests: a multiple choice test measuring low level, rote learning; and a transfer test measuring higher level learning.Results:Participants receiving the concurrent narration with pictures and animation scored significantly higher on the transfer test than did workers receiving the other two types of instruction. There were no significant differences between groups on the multiple choice test.Conclusions:Narration with pictures and text may be a more effective method for training workers about respirator safety than other popular methods of computer based training. Further study is needed to determine the conditions for the effective use of this technology.