bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Classification of daily rainfall patterns in a Mediterranean area with extreme intensity levels: the Valencia region
Authors: Peñarrocha D. , Estrela M. J. , Millán M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe objective of this paper is to identify the spatial distribution patterns of heavy rainfall in the Valencia region, Spain. Rainfall in this area reaches one of the highest intensity levels in the Mediterranean, with daily precipitation values above 800 mm. Although high intensities characterize the region's precipitation, there is a zone situated in the south of the Gulf of Valencia that registers exceptionally high daily precipitation intensities.Our spatial analysis is based on two different perspectives and methods. In the first, we studied the most important torrential rain events in the period 1971–95 and obtained a classification based on the geographical distribution of the daily precipitation maxima. In the second, we applied statistical techniques to classify the distribution patterns of torrential rain by using principal components analysis and cluster analysis. This analysis was conducted for the 1981–90 period. The results of both methodologies are similar and reflect the main characteristics and sub‐types of the spatial distribution of the daily precipitation patterns. These spatial patterns are directly linked to the action of topographic factors in atmospheric situations of humid easterly flows. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society.
Late‐glacial to Holocene environmental changes and climate variability: evidence from Voldafjorden, western Norway
Authors: Sejrup H. P. , Haflidason H. , Flatebø T. , Kristensen D. Klitgaard , Grøsfjeld K. , Larsen E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSedimentological, micropalaeontological (benthic foraminifers and dinoflagellate cysts), stable isotope data and AMS 14C datings on cores and surface samples, in addition to acoustic data, have been obtained from Voldafjorden, western Norway. Based on these data the late glacial and Holocene sedimentological processes and variability in circulation and fjord environments are outlined. Glacial marine sedimentation prevailed in the Voldafjorden between 11.0 kyr and 9.2 kyr BP (radiocarbon years). In the later part of the Allerød period, and for the rest of the Holocene, there was deposition of fine‐grained normal marine sediments in the fjord basin. Turbidite layers, recorded in core material and on acoustic profiles, dated to ca. 2.1, 6.9–7.6, ca. 9.6 and ca. 11.0 kyr BP, interrupted the marine sedimentation. The event dated to between 6.9 and 7.6 kyr BP probably corresponds to a tsunami resulting from large‐scale sliding on the continental margin off Norway (the Storegga Tsunami).During the later part of the Allerød period, Voldafjorden had a strongly stratified water column with cold bottom water and warm surface water, reaching interglacial temperatures during the summer seasons. During the Younger Dryas cold event there was a return to arctic sea‐surface summer temperatures, possibly with year‐round sea‐ice cover, the entire benthic fauna being composed of arctic species. The first strong Holocene warming, observed simultaneously in bottom and sea‐surface temperature proxies, occurred at ca. 10.1 kyr BP. Bottom water proxies indicate two cold periods, possibly with 2°C lowering of temperatures, at ca. 10.0 (PBO 1) and at 9.8 kyr BP (PBO 2). These events may both result from catastrophic outbursts of Baltic glacial lake water. The remainder of the Holocene experienced variability in basin water temperature, indicated by oxygen isotope measurements with an amplitude of ca. 2°C, with cooler periods at ca. 8.4–9.0, 5.6, 5.2, 4.6, 4.2, 3.5, 2.2, 1.2 and 0.4–0.8 kyr BP. Changes in the fjord hydrology through the past 11.3 kyr show a close correspondence, both in amplitude and timing of events, recorded in cores from the Norwegian Sea region and the North Atlantic. These data suggest a close relationship between fjord environments and variability in large‐scale oceanic circulation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy as a versatile in situ probe of chemisorption in catalytic electrochemical and gaseous environments
Authors: Weaver Michael J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSome recent applications of surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) to the characterization of adsorbates at metal surfaces in electrochemical and ambient gaseous systems taken from studies in our laboratory are described with the objective of illustrating the virtues of SERS for examining catalytically relevant interfaces. Emphasis is placed on studies on Pt‐group metal surfaces, prepared by ultrathin film deposition on to SERS‐active gold substrates, reflecting their unique catalytic significance. The surface oxidation of Pt‐group metals in gaseous oxygen and aqueous electrochemical environments is compared, as exemplified for rhodium. The occurrence of a more facile oxidation pathway with gaseous O2 in the presence of water at near‐ambient temperatures is demonstrated, and shown to involve a catalytic electrochemical mechanism, as distinct from the thermal oxidation route in dry O2 which requires elevated temperatures. The central role of the surface potential in such oxidation pathways in both gaseous and conventional electrochemical systems is pointed out. The catalytic activity of such oxidized Pt‐group surfaces in gaseous and electrochemical systems towards the oxidation of methanol and other small organic molecules is outlined on the basis of related SERS data. The application of time‐dependent SERS as a means of diagnosing the presence of adsorbed reaction intermediates is exemplified for the case of carbon monoxide formed during formic acid electrooxidation on rhodium. The formation of reactive π‐bound ethylene, and also non‐reactive ethylidyne, on Pt‐group electrodes upon ethylene chemisorption is also briefly described. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Great mistakes in technology commercialization
Authors: Parker Kevin , Mainelli Michael 
Published: August 2002

Abstract
Annual global investment in technology is enormous. Research & Development (R&D) alone is 1 to 3% of gross domestic product (GDP) in OECD countries, approximately $250 to $350 billion in the 300 largest multinationals and uncounted billions in small organizations.
Advancement in technology transforms lives and without it improvements in productivity and GDP would be limited to increasing labour and material proficiency—finite sources of improvement.
Global GDP per person over the past millennium has risen thirty times and by seven times in the last century alone. This rise has been fuelled by the communication and information age technologies of the last 50 years but, just as importantly, include vaccines, remote sensing, biotechnology, antibiotics, power devices, optics and many others.
Copyright @ 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development and testing of a comprehensive chemical mechanism for the oxidation of methane
Authors: Hughes K. J. , Turányi T. , Clague A. R. , Pilling M. J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA comprehensive chemical mechanism to describe the oxidation of methane has been developed, consisting of 351 irreversible reactions of 37 species. The mechanism also accounts for the oxidation kinetics of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, ethane, and ethene in flames and homogeneous ignition systems in a wide concentration range. It has been tested against a variety of experimental measurements of laminar flame velocities, laminar flame species profiles, and ignition delay times. The highest sensitivity reactions of the mechanism are discussed in detail and compared with the same reactions in the GRI, Chevalier, and Konnov mechanisms. Similarities and differences of the four mechanisms are discussed. The mechanism is available on the Internet as a fully documented CHEMKIN data file at the address http://www.chem.leeds.ac.uk/Combustion/Combustion.html. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 33: 513–538, 2001
Some methodological problems concerning nonisothermal kinetic analysis of heterogeneous solid–gas reactions
Authors: Budrugeac P. , Segal E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIsoconversional methods, those using only one curve α = α(T) (α is the conversion degree and T is the temperature), and invariant kinetic parameter method were applied to estimate the kinetic parameters from the following nonisothermal data: (1) simulated TG curves for a single reaction; (2) TG curves for thermal degradation of PVC; and (3) TG curves for the dehydration of CaC2O4·H2O. The results obtained by applying various methods for the same system are compared and discussed. Finally, a procedure of kinetic analysis is suggested. Its application could lead to kinetic parameter values that can be used to predict either α = α(t) curves for other heating rates or α = α(T) curves for isothermal conditions. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J chem Kinet 33: 564–573, 2001
Assessments of landscape level degradation in southern Ethiopia: pastoralists versus ecologists
Authors: Oba G. , Kotile D.G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper compares land degradation assessment techniques using indigenous ecological knowledge (IEK) of the Booran pastoralists and techniques used by ecologists. The study was conducted at landscape and regional levels in southern Ethiopia, where the Booran pastoral production system comprised the Golbo (lowlands), the Dirre (Plateau) and the Liiban production systems (hereafter also referred to as regions). The study, by involving traditional range scouts in evaluating landscape and regional level environmental changes, challenges the notion that IEK is mythical and could not meet scientific rigour. We show that the use of common soil and vegetation indices allows comparisons of land degradation assessments between the IEK of the pastoralists and ecological techniques. Evaluation by traditional range scouts (TRSCs) and range ecologists (REs) on changes in range conditions and trends showed high correlations. Indigenous ecological knowledge was effectively used to determine landscape suitability and potential grazing capacity of individual landscapes and at regional levels. We show different perceptions in interpreting grazing suitability and potential grazing capacity. Management did not change the latter, which is an inherent property of individual landscapes, while the former could be altered. Both TRSCs and REs made comparable predictions on threats to range conditions and trends, but interpreted landscape stability differently. We suggest that integrating IEK in the ecological methods would help identify important perceptions of the pastoralists on effects of land use on local landscapes. Moreover, the value of IEK should also be considered when monitoring landscape level changes as well as when assessing degradation of the grazing lands. We hope the information in this paper will motivate policy‐makers to incorporate the IEK of the pastoralists into decisions on landscape level range rehabilitation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Histologic evaluation of skin damage after overlapping and nonoverlapping flashlamp pumped pulsed dye laser pulses: A study on normal human skin as a model for port wine stains
Authors: Koster Petra H.L. , van der Horst Chantal M.A.M. , van Gemert Martin J.C. , van der Wal Allard C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackground and ObjectiveIn the treatment of port wine stains (PWS) with the flashlamp pumped pulsed dye laser (FPPDL), no consensus exists about overlapping of pulses. The advantage of overlapping pulses is homogeneous lightening of the PWS; the risk is redundant tissue damage. The aim of this study was to determine the histopathologic effect on human skin of pulsed dye laser pulses with various degrees of overlap, with normal human skin as a model for PWS.Study Design/Materials and MethodsEighteen healthy white volunteers were irradiated with pulsed dye laser pulses with increasing radiant exposure and with different degrees of overlap. Biopsy samples were taken and histologically analysed.ResultsOverlapping of pulses on normal human skin enhances depth of vascular damage with approximately 30%. Adjacent pulses also show this effect. We found no histologic signs of serious damage to epidermis or dermal connective tissue by using radiant exposure levels of 6–8 J/cm2, regardless of pulse application.ConclusionsReasoning that the mechanism of tissue injury is comparable for normal and PWS skin, we conclude that it is safe to treat PWS with overlapping FPPDL pulses to achieve homogeneous lightening. Lasers Surg. Med. 28:176–181, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The interaction of reward contingencies and causality orientation on the introduction of cooperative tactics in buyer–seller negotiations
Authors: Pullins Ellen Bolman 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis article reports results of an experiment designed to see if reward contingencies and individual differences in causality orientation can interact to affect the frequency with which buyers and sellers introduce cooperative tactics into a sales negotiation. A face‐to‐face simulation is employed to consider these effects. A 2 × 2 ANOVA (task‐contingent/task‐noncontingent rewards × control/autonomy orientation) tests this interaction. These two factors interact to affect cooperation. A buyer or seller with an autonomous causality, in a situation with task‐noncontingent rewards, is most likely to introduce cooperative negotiation tactics. Task‐noncontingent rewards are more effective than task‐contingent rewards for autonomous causality buyers and sellers, but not for control causality buyers and sellers. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Improving an optimization‐based framework for sensitivity analysis in multi‐criteria decision‐making
Authors: Proll L.G. , Salhi A. , Rios Insua D. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe framework for sensitivity analysis in discrete multi‐criteria decision analysis developed by Rios Insua and French allows simultaneous variation of all parameters and applies to many paradigms for decision analysis. However, its computational load may inhibit use, particularly in the context of a decision conference where results are required in near real time. In order to improve on the current algorithm and its implementation, we investigate, on the one hand, an opportunistic approach aimed at reducing the number of optimization problems solved in the original framework and, on the other, an alternative framework based on distance analysis. Computational results on linear and bilinear models are reported. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Selective loss of striatal preprotachykinin neurons in a phenocopy of Huntington's disease
Authors: Richfield Eric K. , Vonsattel Jean‐Paul , MacDonald Marcy E. , Sun ZhiQiang , Deng Yun‐Ping P. , Reiner Anton 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPhenocopies of Huntington's disease (HD) are individuals with a family history, clinical symptoms, and occasionally pathological evidence of HD but without an expanded CAG repeat within the HD gene. We report on an HD phenocopy with selective loss of preprotachykinin (PPT) neurons, dysfunction of surviving PPT neurons, preservation of preproenkephalin (PPE) neurons within the striatum, and greater loss of immunohistochemical staining for substance P in terminals of striatal neurons projecting to the substantia nigra, than in those projecting to the internal pallidal segment. This case demonstrates the existence of one type of striatal lesion that may produce a clinical picture similar to HD, and raises the possibility of a rare hereditary disease that mimics HD. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society.
Dynamic balance function in phasic cervical dystonia following Botulinum toxin therapy
Authors: Müller Jörg , Ebersbach Georg , Wissel Jörg , Poewe Werner 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPrevious research by our group revealed normal dynamic balance function in pure tonic cervical dystonia (CD) with impaired equilibrium in phasic CD patients investigated at least 3 months following Botulinum toxin (BtxA) treatment. The current study was performed to determine whether impaired dynamic equilibrium in phasic CD is influenced by symptomatic treatment with BtxA. Dynamic balance was tested in 20 patients with phasic CD on a dynamic platform with a cylindrical curved base (stabilometer) 4 weeks following BtxA treatment. Balance was assessed by the linear displacement of the platform and the maximum amplitude of platform displacement with open and closed eyes and compared with pre‐BtxA data. Despite a clinically significant BtxA‐induced reduction of phasic head movements, none of the platform measures improved significantly. In addition, there was no correlation between the BtxA‐induced clinical improvement and changes in any of the dynamic balance measures pre‐ vs. post‐BtxA. In conclusion, the persistent dynamic balance impairment after effective BtxA therapy may indicate that disequilibrium in phasic CD does not simply reflect disturbed vestibular input from repetitive head oscillations, but argues in favour of different sensorimotor processing in tonic and phasic CD. © 2001 Movement Disorder Society.
Equivalent‐circuit model for slit discontinuity and its application to the filter in a CPW structure
Authors: Bae Joung‐Sun , Lee Jong‐Chul , Lee Byungje , Kim Jong‐Heon , Kim Nam‐Young 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this letter, a transverse slit within the signal line in a coplanar waveguide (CPW) structure is modeled as series inductance and parallel capacitance, and the simple formulas for the capacitance and the inductance are introduced. Also, a broadband harmonic‐suppressed filter (12.5–50 GHz), a band‐rejection filter, and a finite‐ground (FG)–CPW low‐pass filter (LPF) with this structure are demonstrated. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 31: 426–428, 2001.
Combination of antennas and solar cells for satellite communications
Authors: Vaccaro S. , Torres P. , Mosig J. R. , Shah A. , Skrivervik A. K. , Zürcher J.‐F. , de Maagt P. , Gerlach L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA new principle of antenna‐combining amorphous silicon solar cells and printed patches is presented. The antenna is designed, taking into account the solar cells that provide power to an MMIC amplifier. A 2×4 antenna array is presented, working at a frequency of 3.76 GHz with a bandwidth of 16% and a gain of 13 dBi (passive) and up to 30 dBi (active). The a–Si:H solar cells supply 5 V and 100 mW at AM1.5. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 29: 11–16, 2001.
Multiplex RT‐PCR assay for the detection of major fusion transcripts in Taiwanese children with B‐lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Liang Der‐Cherng , Shih Lee‐Yung , Yang Chao‐Ping , Hung Iou‐Jih , Chen Shu‐Huey , Jaing Tang‐Her , Liu Hsi‐Che , Chang Wan‐Hui 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackgroundThe classification of B‐lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) by specific chromosomal translocations may have prognostic implications. Reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) assay is a useful tool for the detection of fusion transcript resulting from specific chromosomal translocation of the leukemic cells. In general, fusion transcripts are determined individually, a process which is labor intensive in order to detect all major fusion transcripts.ProcedureWe use a multiplex RT‐PCR assay to detect both the CML‐ and ALL‐type BCR‐ABL transcripts of the t(9;22), all described variants of the E2A‐PBX1 transcripts of t(1;19), the MLL‐AF4 transcripts of t(4;11), and all described variants of TEL‐AML1 (also termed ETV6‐CBFA2) of the cryptic t(12;21) in 165 leukemic samples at diagnosis.ResultsThe study yielded a completely concordant result with those obtained by the individual RT‐PCR assay. In this cohort of Taiwan children, the relative frequencies of the four translocations of B‐lineage ALL were as following: 6% with ALL‐type t(9;22)/BCR‐ABL, 7% t(1;19)/E2A‐PBX1, 3% t(4;11)/MLL‐AF4, and 18% t(12;21)/TEL‐AML1, comparable to those in the Western countries.ConclusionMultiplex RT‐PCR assay is an efficient, sensitive, accurate, and cost‐effective diagnostic tool, which will likely improve our ability in accurately and rapidly risk‐stratifying children with ALL. Med Pediatr Oncol 2002;39:12–17. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Scedosporium infection in immunocompromised patients: Successful use of liposomal amphotericin B and itraconazole
Authors: Barbaric D. , Shaw P.J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackgroundInvasive fungal disease is a major cause of death in immunocompromised patients. The filamentous fungus Scedosporium consists of two species, S. prolificans and S. apiospermum, which can cause infections in immunocompromised patients that are often fatal. A significant feature of this pathogen is its broad resistance to many antifungal agents, including amphotericin B.Procedure and ResultsFive cases of infection with Scedosporium spp. occurred in patients with haematologic malignancies over a 10‐month period. Three patients with S. prolificans were severely immunosuppressed and neutropenic; two were in relapse and another was early post‐matched unrelated bone marrow transplant. All three died despite treatment with various combinations of amphotericin B and itraconazole. Two patients who were less immunosuppressed and had a normal neutrophil count developed S. apiospermum infection. Both were successfully treated with liposomal amphotericin B and itraconazole.ConclusionsDisseminated infection in immunocompromised hosts with Scedosporium spp. is often fatal. However, in patients with a lesser degree of immunocompromise and particularly in those infected with the less virulent S. apiospermum, intensive antifungal therapy with liposomal amphotericin B and itraconazole may be associated with complete eradication of infection. Med Pediatr Oncol 2001;37:122–125. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bacteraemia in a paediatric oncology unit in South Africa
Authors: van de Wetering M.D. , Poole J. , Friedland I. , Caron H.N. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractObjectivesTo identify the morbidity and mortality due to infections in a South African paediatric oncology unit, and to identify risk factors associated with first bacteraemic episodes in this unit.ProcedureA retrospective cohort study was done in a large regional referral paediatric cancer centre from 1991–1995, of all consecutive patients with culture proven bacteraemia. Eighty‐three oncology patients were studied (median age 4.0 years) in whom a total of 200 episodes of bacteraemia were recorded, of which 83 first bacteraemic episodes.ResultsOf the 200 episodes 70% were caused by Gram‐positive organisms, 20% by Gram‐ negative organisms and 10% by fungal organisms. Organisms associated with high mortality were Gram‐negative organisms (Acinetobacter spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella species), and fungal organisms, (Candida parapsilosis). Seventeen out of 200 episodes ended in death of the patient. In 59% of patients Hickman catheters were in situ. The mean incidence of catheter related bacteraemia's was 3.3 episodes per 1000 catheter days. Seventy percent of first bacteraemic episodes occured within 50 days after placement of the catheter. The generalized estimation equations model revealed that more Gram‐negative infections occurred in the presence of a Hickmancatheter (odds ratio 2.2, 95% CI 1.0–5.0). The presence of neutropenia and the use of parenteral nutrition were not associated with specific bacteraemic patterns.ConclusionsIncluding all bacteraemic episodes in this cohort study a high incidence of fungal infections occurred of which 64% occurred with a Hick‐mancatheter in situ. Candida parapsilosis had a higher incidence than reported in other centres. Secondly looking at first bacteraemic episodes a high incidence of Gram‐negative infections was observed especially in the presence of a Hickmancatheter. Med Pediatr Oncol 2001;37:525–531. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.