bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reasoning about Ultimate Causes of Behavior
Authors: Goldsmith Timothy H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the last chapter we saw that during the previous twenty-five years our understanding of biological evolution has been deepened by several new or newly clarified concepts. Specifically, the following four stand out in importance for the evolution of behavior. First is the realization that in the vast majority of cases natural selection takes place at the level of individuals and not groups.1 Thus, arguments that such-and-such structure, process, or behavior occurs “for the good of the species” are generally incorrect. This is a point that was clearly understood by Charles Darwin but for many biologists was only brought into sharp focus by George Williams’s Adaptation and Natural Selection, published in 1966. Second is the concept of inclusive fitness, which recognizes that copies of many of an animal’s genes reside in close relatives and that in certain circumstances fitness can be enhanced by seemingly altruistic acts extended to others.2 Third is the theory of parental investment, which has far-reaching implications for mating be-havior and the relationship between parents and young.3
The Unwritten Law
Authors: Conley Carolyn A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the 1870s, a Kentish woman who had been repeatedly beaten by her lover retaliated by blinding him with sulphuric acid. The judge sentenced her to five years in prison. In contrast, a man who put out the eyes of a woman who left him was sentenced to only four months after telling the judge that he `was regularly drove to do it from her aggravation’. Making innovative use of court and police records, Carolyn Conley has written a lively account of criminal justice in Victorian England. She examines the gap between the formal laws and the unwritten law of the community, as well as the ways in which judges, juries, and police officers acted as mediators between the two. The book analyses the treatment of lawbreakers according to class, gender, and community status, and in so doing presents a vivid portrait of standards of propriety and justice at the time.
The Fate of Liberty
Authors: Neely Mark E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There has been considerable controversy over the last century about Abraham Lincoln’s record on the Constitution and individual rights during the Civil War. Lincoln suspended Habeas Corpus during the war - the only time this basic political right has ever been suspended in American history. Neely first examines the whole range of Lincoln’s constitutional policies and, in particular, shows who was convicted and jailed for what crimes during the war. He puts this whole discussion into the political context of the time. The result is a mixed record but one that basically reflects well on Lincoln.
Low Tide for Liberty
Authors: Neely Mark E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
By the autumn of 1862, when President Lincoln announced the Emancipation Proclamation, the writ of habeas corpus remained technically secure in most of the North. It was officially suspended only around Florida, in St. Louis and near the railroad and telegraph lines of Missouri, and along a “military line” stretching from Washington, D.C., to Bangor, Maine. In fact, the writ of habeas corpus was a dead letter in many other areas of the North as well: in the seceded South, in much of the border states, and in some far-flung and carelessly governed territories.
International Productivity and Competitiveness: An Overview
Authors: Hickman Bert G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This book is about the determinants of productivity growth and competitiveness on an international scale. It deals with arguably the most important problems facing contemporary economies. In the United States, the rapid increase in our current-account deficit during the 1980s and our slow rate of productivity growth in comparison to other advanced economies raised the specter of declining competitiveness.
Involuntary Commitment of the Mentally Ill: Civil Liberties and Common Sense
Authors: Appelbaum Paul S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
On October 29, 1971, Alberta Lessard was picked up by two police officers in front of her house in West Allis, Wisconsin, and taken to her local mental health center. Once there, the officers completed a form requesting her “emergency detention for mental observation,” and she was admitted against her will. What led the officers to believe that she required hospitalization? Was she sitting calmly on her stoop, enjoying the evening breeze? Or was she pacing the street, cursing under her breath at the children who passed? To our regret, we do not know.
Right to Refuse Treatment with Medication: Consent, Coercion, and the Courts
Authors: Appelbaum Paul S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When Michael Nelson came to Boston State Hospital (BSH) in 1971 as a psychiatrist on its chronic service, he could see the sad history of state hospitals for the mentally ill etched on its stained facades. The historic facility, which first opened in 1839 as a municipal lunatic hospital, was transplanted to the fields of Mattapan in 1893. In those years, the growing city. Of Boston had not yet engulfed the farms that surrounded the hospital’s 232 acres of Hing grounds. Like its sister institutions of the era, BSH was designed to be as self-sufficient as possible, its patients employed as laborers in the farm fields, barns, and orchards developed on the property.
Models and Data Sources
Authors: Wilson Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The illustrations in §2 are drawn from several different industries but they share important features. In each case the price schedule is differentiated along one or more dimensions so that lower marginal and average prices are offered for larger quantities. These discounts stimulate demand and enhance efficiency, provided the net prices exceed marginal cost. For instance, EDF’s lower marginal prices, and prices differentiated by service times and conditions, provide more accurate signals to customers about marginal costs of supply. Compared to a single price applicable to all units, profits increase; or in a regulated industry, the firm’s revenue requirement can be met with greater net benefits for customers.
Priority Pricing
Authors: Wilson Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The fonnulation in previous chapters assumes that the finn can, at some cost, expand production to meet customers’ demands. In practice, however, the marginal cost of increasing supply may increase steeply as the finn’s capacity is exhausted, and indeed, some levels of demand may be too large to serve by any measures that can be taken in the short run. For this reason, the fonnulation must be interpreted as applying essentially to an environment in which demand and supply conditions are stable, and over a term long enough to adapt capacity to demand.
The Age of Reinterpretation
Authors: Woodward C Vann 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
With no intended disparagement for prevailing and recent types of revision, the present essay concerns itself almost exclu­sively with reinterpretations that are inspired by historical events and have little to do with new theories, new methods, or new dis­ciplines. The suggested opportunities for reinterpretation are, in fact, related to historical events so recent that nearly all of them have occurred since the summer of 1945. As responsible human beings we are rightly concerned first of all with the impact of these events upon the present and immediate future.
The Aging of America
Authors: Woodward C Vann 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Great American Birthday Party of 1976 is over. Visit­ing captains and kings have long since departed. A few be­lated revelers persist with scheduled ceremonials, but the main celebration is behind us and the anniversary year has ended. The time has come-as it inevitably does for all those of ad­vanced years who join in the celebration of their own birth­days-to admit of a certain ambiguity of feelings about what exactly was being celebrated. On such occasions survival surely justifies some self-congratulation-especially when one considers the alternative. The fact remains, however, that all existence is finite. And the question naturally arises, how much celebration and how many congratulations are acceptable over the approach of the inveitable.
Mary Chesnut in Search of Her Genre
Authors: Woodward C Vann 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Most Elementary and, I suppose, the most fundamental task of an editor is to discover, date, and authenticate the most reliable text of what he is editing and to bring that version to print as nearly as possible in the words and form the author intended. The task does not always turn out to be as simple as that sounds, as many editors have discovered. They may, in fact, in some cases find multiple versions of the text, each different from the other, yet all in the author’s hand, and be confronted with complex and difficult choices and decisions.
Strange Career Critics: Long May They Persevere
Authors: Woodward C Vann 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Without The Persistent Attention of Critics over the thirty-four years since its publication, The Strange Career of Jim Crow would have long since been forgotten. Lacking the demands for correction made by the flaws they discovered and the new findings they brought forth, I should have been hard put to justify the numerous revisions and new editions that have periodically helped revive interest in the subject. All along, of course, it has been the subject, rather than the book on the sub­ject, that has explained the protracted attention and interest. I am nevertheless profoundly indebted to the critics for keeping the book alive along with the subject. I very much hope they will persevere.
Institute Review
Authors: Schwartz Samuel M , Friedman Mischa E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The study sections in DRG are mistakenly thought by some to comprise the totality of NIH peer review activities. What is often overlooked is the very significant amount of peer review being carried out in the institutes. A few of the mechanisms (program projects, centers, contracts) reviewed in the institutes have received less than favorable acceptance by many in the scientific community because they are perceived to be a less sound way to support research than the ROI award program. Many of the institute reviews involve the most complex grant mechanisms, the most challenging review assignments for staff and reviewers, and result in the commit ment of substantial amounts of monies. Approximately 40 percent of NIH funds awarded for competing grant and cooperative agreement in FY 1990 were the result of reviews managed by the institutes. Table 9.1 should serve to highlight the size of the workload.
Introduction
Authors: Horwitz Morton J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The recent political crises over the appointments of judges Robert Bork and Clarence Thomas to the U. S. Supreme Court have once again risen to consciousness the question of whether and in what sense law is political. The appointments triggered political crises because they were widely understood to represent the culmination of a constitutional revolution initiated by the Reagan Administration. Like scientific revolutions, constitutional revolutions have been rare events in American history. The New Deal constitutional revolution of 1937 represented a fundamental shift in the constitutional relationship of the states to the federal government as well as of government to the economy. The constitutional legitimation of an interventionist and redistributionist federal government did not only reflect the political triumph of the New Deal. It also constituted the successful culmination of a generation of intellectual struggle against the legal foundations of the old order. The New Deal constitutional revolution thus represented a genuine paradigm shift, a fundamental overthrow of a system of legal consciousness that reached the apex of its development a century and a half after the ratification of the Constitution. Whether the Warren and Rehnquist courts will also come to be regarded as having produced constitutional revolutions will become clearer as time passes.
Legal Realism, The Bureaucratic State, and The Rule of Law
Authors: Horwitz Morton J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It was a triumphant note that James M. Landis struck as he delivered the 1938 Storrs Lecture at the Yale Law School. Just a year earlier, Landis had resigned from the chairmanship of the Securities and Exchange Commission to return to Harvard Law School as the youngest dean in its history. Now Landis would articulate the New Deal’s most penetrating and passionate defense of the dramatic growth in administrative regulation.
The Emergence of Corporate Groups
Authors: Blumberg Phillip I 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Limited liability triumphed in the United States at a time when corporations lacked the power to acquire and hold shares of other corporations unless expressly granted by special statute or charter provision. Corporate groups were virtually unknown. It was not until 1889-1893, about sixty years after Massachusetts had provided the climax to American acceptance of limited liability, when states, starting with New Jersey, began enacting statutes granting such powers to corporations generally. Thereafter, corporate groups of great size speedily emerged. The holding company and the corporate group replaced trusts as the favored structure for the expanding industrial concentration characterizing this rampant period of American capitalism. This chronology had great implications for the development of American corporation law.
Automation and Competency Requirements in Manufacturing: A Case Study
Authors: Hirschhorn Larry , Mokray Joan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Skills, know-how, education base, work ethic, knowledge, abilities, com pretence, empowerment, responsibility: the proliferation of articles with keywords such as these is symptomatic of a growing concern. Accompanies invest in automated equipment and increase the rate at which they introduce new products, they need workers who can solve production problems; analyse trends, quality and output; learn to control new machinery quickly; and communicate effectively with engineers and marketing people. What forces shape these new requirements? What helps workers meet them? What can managers do to stimulate the corresponding abilities?
Chapter II
Authors: Tenney Tabitha Gilman 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When Dorcasina arose, her features were lighted up with an unusual glow; and an uncommon degree of expression sparkled in her eyes. Her father observing it, as they sat at breakfast, told her, that by the pleasure which appeared in her countenance, he fancied her dreams had been agreeable. She blushed extremely at a consciousness of the cause; but made him no reply. The whole of that day she amused herself by forming ideas of the person of Lysander, and his first address when he should be introduced to her.
The Image of Peter the Great in Russian History and Thought
Authors: Riasanovsky Nicholas V 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The image of Peter the Great casts a long shadow in modern Russian thought and culture. As important to modern Russia as the French Revolution is to France and the Reformation is to Germany, the image of this militaristic ruler, founder of St Petersburg, and czar of all Russia from 1689-1725 has been central to Russian history, literature, and art since the early 1700s. Riasanovsky, one of the foremost historians of Russia, traces the development of this image from 1700 to the present. Drawing examples from Russian historical accounts, literature, folklore, and the arts, he shows how the use of the image of Peter has reflected the changing cultural and political values of the Russian people.
What Is This Book About?
Authors: Susskind Lawrence E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Suppose you were asked to serve on your nation’s delegation to an international conference charged with negotiating a global environmental treaty. There is an ever-increasing number of such negotiations on topics ranging from ozone depletion to ocean pollution, from preserving tropical forests to global warming. And, there are literally billions of stakeholders, including representatives of business and industry, environmental activist groups, and scientific organizations, all of whom insist on being consulted, if not actually included, in such negotiations. Hence, being invited to serve on such a delegation is not an outlandish premise.
The Weaknesses of the Existing Environmental Treaty-Making System
Authors: Susskind Lawrence E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The complex interactions and procedures by which global environmental agreements are formulated, ratified, and implemented are rarely thought of as a system. But these agreements are, in fact, governed by predictable sets of actors engaged in a relatively structured process of negotiation, constrained by formal and informal rules and customs. The “system,” such as it is, exists by default in many cases, and its weaknesses may not be apparent. Before the treaty-making process can be strengthened, we must understand the way this system operates.
The Need for a Better Balance Between Science and Politics
Authors: Susskind Lawrence E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Independent scientific investigations play a role in environmental treaty making, but they are intertwined with, not separate from, political considerations. Gareth Porter and Janet Brown, in their excellent textbook, Global Environmental Politics, suggest that global environmental negotiations involve four political processes, “issue definition, factfinding, bargaining, and regime strengthening.” Scientific investigations have been an integral part of each of these four processes, although when and how they are used could certainly be improved.
Psychiatry and Anti-Psychiatry in the United States
Authors: Dain Norman 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The growth of anti-psychiatric ideas and activism in the United States during the past thirty years is only the most recent and most extensive upsurge of religious and secular viewpoints largely formulated in the late nineteenth century and played out in different forms thereafter. The nature of anti-psychiatry and its periodic resurgence and decline is the subject of this essay.
Nixon, Ford, and Detente, 1969-1977
Authors: Powaski Ronald E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In his inaugural address on January 20, 1969, Richard Nixon declared that the United States was prepared to enter “an era of negotiation” with the communist world. 1 Considering his background as an ardent Cold Warrior, many were surprised by Nixon’s apparent eagerness to bury the hatchet with the communist world, but beneath the veneer of anticommunism was a core of realistic pragmatism. What mattered most to Nixon was the advancement of U.S. interests. If cooperation with a communist state served that purpose, he was prepared to modify his Cold War reputation.
Carter and the Decline of Detente, 1977-1981
Authors: Powaski Ronald E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When Jimmy Carter entered the White House in January 1977, he knew little about foreign affairs. He had been a nuclear engineer, a successful businessman, and governor of Georgia. His only significant experience with international relations came from serving on the Trilateral Commission, an organization committed to redirecting the emphasis of America’s foreign policy away from the communist world to Western Europe and Japan. After his election to the presidency in November 1976, Carter gave positions in his administration to many of the commissions’s members. Zbigniew Brzezinski, a Polish-born professor of political science and director of the Trilateral Commission, became national security adviser. Cyrus Vance, a Wall Street lawyer when he was not serving in government, was named secretary of state, and Harold Brown was appointed secretary of defense. Both had served on the commission.
Electronic hearth
Authors: Tichi Cecelia 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
We all talk about the “tube” or “box,” as if television were simply another appliance like the refrigerator or toaster oven. But Cecilia Tichi argues that TV is actually an environment—a pervasive screen-world that saturates almost every aspect of modern life. In Electronic Hearth, she looks at how that environment evolved, and how it, in turn, has shaped the American experience. Tichi explores almost fifty years of writing about television—in novels, cartoons, journalism, advertising, and critical books and articles—to define the role of television in the American consciousness. She examines early TV advertising to show how the industry tried to position the new device as not just a gadget but a prestigious new piece of furniture, a highly prized addition to the home. The television set, she writes, has emerged as a new electronic hearth—the center of family activity. John Updike described this “primitive appeal of the hearth” in Roger’s Version: “Television is—its irresistable charm—a fire. Entering an empty room, we turn it on, and a talking face flares into being.” Sitting in front of the TV, Americans exist in a safety zone, free from the hostility and violence of the outside world. She also discusses long-standing suspicions of TV viewing: its often solitary, almost autoerotic character, its supposed numbing of the minds and imagination of children, and assertions that watching television drugs the minds of Americans. Television has been seen as treacherous territory for public figures, from generals to presidents, where satire and broadcast journalism often deflate their authority. And the print culture of journalism and book publishing has waged a decades-long war of survival against it—only to see new TV generations embrace both the box and the book as a part of their cultural world. In today’s culture, she writes, we have become “teleconscious”—seeing, for example, real life being certified through television (“as seen on TV”), and television constantly ratified through its universal presence in art, movies, music, comic strips, fabric prints, and even references to TV on TV. Ranging far beyond the bounds of the broadcast industry, Tichi provides a history of contemporary American culture, a culture defined by the television environment. Intensively researched and insightfully written, The Electronic Hearth offers a new understanding of a critical, but much-maligned, aspect of modern life.
The Fictional Republic
Authors: Nackenoff Carol 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Investigating the persistence and place of the formulas of Horatio Alger in American politics, The Fictional Republic reassesses the Alger story in its Gilded Age context. Carol Nackenoff argues that Alger was a keen observer of the dislocations and economic pitfalls of the rapidly industrializing nation, and devised a set of symbols that addressed anxieties about power and identity. As classes were increasingly divided by wealth, life chances, residence space, and culture, Alger maintained that Americans could still belong to one estate. The story of the youth who faces threats to his virtue, power, independence, and identity stands as an allegory of the American Republic. Nackenoff examines how the Alger formula continued to shape political discourse in Reagan s America and beyond.
Pyogenic Biliary Tract and Hepatic Infections
Authors: Hirschmann Jan V 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The liver normally remains sterile, even though it is a major site for removing organisms from the systemic and portal circulations. Systemic bacteremia is a common, transient event that attends such daily activities as brushing the teeth; much less often it occurs as a complication of established infections. The incidence of asymptomatic portal bacteremia arising from the intestinal tract is unknown, but blood cultures from the portal vein at laparotomy for noninflammatory intraabdominal processes are sometimes positive.