bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Medieval Discourse of Crusade
Authors: Williams Robert A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the dawn of Renaissance Europe’s discoveries in the New World and conquests of the American Indian, Europeans already enjoyed the singular advantage of possessing a systematically elaborated legal discourse on colonization. This discourse, first successfully deployed during the medieval Crusades to the Holy Land, unquestioningly asserted that normatively divergent non-Christian peoples could rightfuliy be conquered and their lands could lawfully be confiscated by Christian Europeans enforcing their peculiar vision of a universally binding natural law.1
Women and the City
Authors: Deutsch Sarah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the 70 years between the Civil War and World War II, the women of Boston changed the city dramatically. From anti-spitting campaigns and demands for police mothers to patrol local parks, to calls for a decent wage and living quarters, women rich and poor, white and black, immigrant and native-born struggled to make a place for themselves in the city. Now, in Women of Boston, historian Sarah Deutsch tells this story for the first time, revealing how they changed not only the manners but also the physical layout of the modern city. Deutsch shows how the women of Boston turned the city from a place with no respectable public space for women, to a city where women sat on the City Council and met their beaux on the street corners. The book follows the efforts of working-class, middle-class, and elite matrons, working girls and “new women” as they struggled to shape the city in their own interests. And in fact they succeeded in breathtaking fashion, rearranging and redefining the moral geography of the city, and in so doing broadening the scope of their own opportunities. But Deutsch reveals that not all women shared equally in this new access to public space, and even those who did walk the streets with relative impunity and protested their wrongs in public, did so only through strategic and limited alliances with other women and with men. A penetrating new work by a brilliant young historian, Women and the City is the first book to analyse women’s role in shaping the modern city. It casts new light not only on urban history, but also on women’s domestic lives, women’s organizations, labor organizing, and city politics, and on the crucial connections between gender, space, and power.
Technology Transfer and the Technopolis
Authors: Rogers Everett M , Chen Ying-Chung Annie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The objective of this chapter is to identify the main lessons learned about the role of technology transfer in the rise of high tech centers that are emerging at various places in the world. A technopolis is a geographically concentrated high tech complex often characterized by collaborative R & D efforts between high tech industry and a research university or government-sponsored R & D institute, and by the presence of venture capital and entrepreneurial spin-off firms. A technopolis often contains a research park as the core of the university-industry collaboration.
Managing High Tech Processes: The Challenge of CAD/CAM
Authors: Adler Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A process technology revolution is underway in industry today: computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) technologies are being interconnected (CAD/CAM) and linked with management information systems (MIS), moving toward what is often called computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM) or what might be better termed the computer-integrated enterprise (CIE).
Isotopically Selective Counting of Atoms and Molecules Using Resonance Ionization Spectroscopy
Authors: Chen Chung H , Payne Marvin G , Hurst G Samuel , Kramer Steven D , Allman Steven L , Phillips Ronald C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Analytical chemists have dreamt of having an instrument with the following properties: (1) detection sensitivity that reaches the ultimate limit: single atom or single molecule detection, (2) high discrimination between various isotopes, and (3) very broad dynamic range. When the concentration of the desired species is low in a sample, the species can be individually counted. Further, a sample containing a high level of selected atoms or molecules can be measured in a very short period of time in an analog mode. In addition, (4) the time for analysis is short and (5) the instrument is inexpensive and easy to operate. At this time there are no instruments available that meet these five conditions.
Empirical Labor Economics
Authors: Devine Theresa J , Kiefer Nicholas M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is suitable for graduates taking courses in labour economics which use a search approach. The economics of search has become a part of the standard graduate curriculum and deals with the costs and benefits to individual workers - either employed or unemployed - of seeking a job with the highest possible pay. This book surveys the empirical literature on the economics of search in a systematic manner.
The .Absolute and Relative Joint Stability of Input-Output Production and Allocation Coefficients
Authors: Chen Chia-Yon , Rose Adam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An important variant of the standard input-output model has been developed by Ghosh (1958). In contrast to the fixed input requirements of the Leontief production function, Ghosh’s a/location ]Unctionapproach calls for fixed output, or sales, distributions across sectors. Rather than a demand-driven mode with fixed coefficients in relation to column sums, the new formulation is a supply-driven model with fixed coefficients in relation to row sums. Applications of the allocation model have been numerous. One set deals with the direct and indirect impacts of natural resource supply shortages (sec Davis and Salkin 1984; Giarratani, 1976). Another set of applications pertains to the calculation of Hirschman’s (1958) concept of forward linkages(see Bulmer-Thomas, 1982; Jones, 1976). Yet another pertains to the formulation of multiregional input-output models (sec Bon, 1984, 1988).
The Information Technology Platform
Authors: Madnick Stuart e. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The focus of this chapter is the shaded parts of the model shown in Figure 2-1. The information technology incorporated in the organization’s platform must be in balance with the organization’s structure and culture, processes, business and technology strategies, and human resources policies and practices. The organization, with its technology platform in place, must be in balance with its external environment-including the emerging external technology
Interfirm Competition and Collaboration
Authors: Rotemberg Julio j. , saloner garth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In terms of the 1990s model, this chapter focuses attention on the high lighted “forces” in Figure 4-1. This section discusses these changing pat terns of competition and collaboration from both the industry- and firm level viewpoints. Information technology has a unique characteristic that has the power to alter an industry’s competitiveness and the nature of interfirm rivalry. This characteristic is IT’s ability to create “interrelated ness” among firms, markets, and products. The drivers and consequences of interrelatedness are discussed here.
Plato’s Parmenides
Authors: Meinwald Constance C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book offers a controversial new solution to the famous puzzle of the so-called `gymnastic' half of Plato's Parmenides, the meaning of which has so far completely eluded understanding. Meinwald goes on to show that the Parmenides serves to introduce a metaphysics which has outgrown the problems commonly associated with the `Platonism' of the middle dialogues, providing a crucial bridge between those dialogues and the later works of Plato. `Simply stunning. [Meinwald's] interpretation of a difficult and crucial Platonic text is not just to be placed among others as one more excellent competitor. It supersedes the others.' Sandra Peterson, University of Minnesota
Experts In Uncertainty
Authors: Cooke Roger M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is an extensive survey and critical examination of the literature on the use of expert opinion in scientific inquiry and policy making. Cooke considers how expert opinion is being used today, how an expert’s uncertainty is or should be represented, how people do or should reason with uncertainty, how the quality and usefulness of expert opinion can be assessed, and how the views of several experts might be combined. He argues for the importance of developing practical models with a transparent mathematical foundation for the use of expert opinion in science, and presents three tested models. Detailed case studies illustrate how they can be applied to a diversity of real problems in engineering and planning.
Strategic Alignment: A Model for Organizational Transformation Through Information Technology
Authors: Henderson John C , Venkatraman N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As organizational transformation emerges as an important theme among both management scholars and practitioners, it is perhaps a truism that the organizations of the 1990s will be significantly different from those of the last few decades. While several factors have been postulated to influence and propel the organizational transformation process, as the chapters in this book attest, a major force lies in the recent developments and capabilities offered by information technology (IT)-namely, computers and communication technologies. This is mainly due to the acceleration of power and capabilities of these technologies with corresponding improvement in cost-performance ratio in recent years (Scott Morton, 1991). Over the last few years, several different arguments have been offered to highlight the potential of IT to influynce competitive characteristics (see, for instance, Keen, 1986; McFarlan, 1984; Parsons, 1983; Porter and Millar, 1985; Rockart and Scott Morton, 1984; Wiseman, 1985) as well as facilitate and shape business transformations, but there is a glaring lack of systematic frameworks to conceptualize the logic, scope, and patterns of organizational transformation that depend on IT. To help address this deficiency, this chapter develops and presents a conceptual model with a set of propositions and management implications.
Using Human Resources in Skill Formation: The Role of Training
Authors: Lynch Lisa M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As U.S. firms continue to face increasing international compet1t10n, deregulation, technological innovation, and changes in the demographic composition of the work force, they are being challenged to examine the skill formation process of their work force in order to increase productivity and remain competitive. Productivity growth in the United States in the 1970s and l980s lagged behind productivity growth in countries such as Japan, West Germany, Sweden, Italy, and the United Kingdom. There are many reasons cited for this (see Bailey and Chakrabarti, 1988, for a comprehensive survey), but given that labor accounts for at least 70 percent of total costs, if “we could figure out a way to make labor 10 percent more efficient . . . output per hour of work would rise by about 7 percent even with no increase in capital. Such an increase in labor productivity would soon pull investment along . . . and the transitory increase in productivity growth would be impressive” (Blinder, 1990, p. 2).
Systems Thinking and Organizational Learning: Acting Locally and Thinking Globally in the Organization of the Future
Authors: Senge Peter M , Sterman John D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Eroding competitiveness, declining productivity growth, and explosive technological, political, and environmental change form the familiar litany of problems that threaten traditional organizational structures and management practices. Organizations stressed by these pressures have worked to clarify their missions, visions, and values. Many seek to reorganize into leaner, more locally controlled, and market-responsive structures. Yet all too often the core operating (as opposed to espoused) policies guiding organizational behavior remain unchanged. Efforts to improve strategic management often founder because new strategies and structures threaten traditional habits, norms, and assumptions. The problem lies, in part, with failing to recognize the importance of prevailing mental models. New strategies are the outgrowth of new world views.
Creating the Learning Organization
Authors: Useem Michael , Kochan Thomas A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The process that resulted in this book was conceived as an inductive search for a new and more satisfactory model or theory of organizational change than the models inherited from prior generations of behavioral scientists. We were not disappointed. As the dialogue between researchers and managers included with each chapter demonstrates, the participants were impatient with most of the existing frameworks. Rational decision making, traditional design principles, power- and leadership-based models, shareholder- or financial market-driven change, organizational development, and the stakeholder view of the corporation all came in for criticism. None of these served as a comfortable metaphor for describing the challenges facing contemporary organizations for either the academics or the practitioners who participated.
The Potemkin Village
Authors: Fitzpatrick Sheila 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If the typical Russian village of the 1930s was hungry, drab, depopulated, and demoralized, there was another village, happy and prosperous, bustling with people, and enlivened by the cheerful sounds of the accordion and balalaika, that existed in imagination. I call this the Potemkin village, but it meant something more in Soviet life than a facade to impress visiting VIPs. The Potemkin village existed for the benefit of the educated Soviet public-even to some degree for the benefit of peasants. Like other socialist-realist representations of the Stalin period, the image of the New Soviet Village so lovingly created in newspapers, movies, political speeches, and official statistics was not life as it was, but life as good Soviet citizens hoped it was be-coming. The Potemkin village was a preview of the coming attractions of socialism.1 Many years later, a man of peasant origin who had begun a successful urban career in the 1930s recalled his deep distress when Stalin, discarding the socialist-realist metaphor that Soviet socialism was “under construction,” announced in 1936 that the building of socialism was essentially finished.
The Constitution as Political Structure
Authors: Redish Martin H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the last forty years both modern constitutional scholarship and Supreme Court constitutional doctrine have concentrated on the analysis of rights, while issues of constitutional law related to the structure of government have been largely ignored. The irony of this interpretive emphasis is that the Constitution itself contains relatively little dealing with rights. Rather, it is primarily a blueprint for the establishment of a complex form of federal-democratic structure. This work is the only scholarly attempt to emphasize the central role served by the structural portions of the Constitution. Redish argues that these structural values were designed to provide the foundation in which our rights-based system may flourish, and that judicial abandonment of these structural values threatens the very basis of American political theory.
Bakhtin and Beautiful Science: The Paradox of Cultural Relativity Revisited
Authors: Holquist Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At least some of the enormous success dialogism has experienced in the last few years can be explained by a coincidental surge of interest in cultural studies. The academic study of literature seems to go through periodic swings from inwardly looking formalisms of various kinds to different versions of outer-oriented studies of context, and back again. A rising tide of interest in ethnic studies, feminism, and neo-Marxism has been evident in key books and journals published during the last decade.
Banning Smoking: Compliance Without Enforcement
Authors: Kagan Robert A , Skolnick Jerome H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years, nineteen American states have enacted laws restricting smoking in government buildings and health facilities, bringing the total to forty-one states plus the District of Columbia. Several state laws demand protection for nonsmokers’ rights in private workplaces.1 An estimated 450 municipalities (five times as many as in 1986) have enacted ordinances restricting smoking in restaurants, stores, and offices. Thousands of private enterprises and organizations-including a majority of large corporations-have instituted no-smoking policies covering parts and sometimes all of their facilities. By federal regulation, one can no longer smoke on Greyhound buses or on any domestic airline flights. Smokers have been banned from the seats of the Oakland Coliseum, an open-air baseball park, as well from the domed arena of the Minnesota Twins and the University of Texas outdoor football
Health Insurance Policy And The Politics Of Tobacco
Authors: Schauffler Helen Halpin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What role should health insurers play in reducing tobacco use in our society? Are the goals of health insurance compatible with public-health objectives for health promotion and disease prevention? This chapter examines three policy options for health insurers to influence tobacco use. The first two policies target the behavior of individual policy holders and reflect the two basic functions of health insurance: the collection of premiums and the payment of claims for covered benefits. To influence tobacco use among their policy holders, health insurers can riskrate health-insurance premiums based on smoking status, in the form of discounts for nonsmokers or surcharges for smokers, or they can pay or reimburse for smoking-cessation services as covered benefits, such as physician counseling for smoking-cessation, participation in smoking-cessation programs, or use of smoking-cessation aids such as nicotine gum. A third policy option goes beyond these individualistic approaches, relying instead on the power of the healthinsurance industry to influence the development of public policy on tobacco.
Symbols And Smokers: Advertising, Health Messages, And Public Policy
Authors: Schudson Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is widely believed that Madison Avenue is enormously successful in persuading the public to buy what it wants to sell. This belief in the power of advertising is vigorously championed by the advertising industry as it awards itself prizes for creative advertising, as it promotes its services to prospective clients, and as ancillary firms in market research urge their expertise upon the advertising agencies themselves. Cultural critics who mistake the surface glitter of advertising for the heart of what makes a consumer society tick also encourage popular confidence in advertising’s efficacy. In the popular view, advertising has almost magical potency (Schudson 1991).
Understanding And Predicting Organizational Change
Authors: Huber George P , Sutcliffe Kathleen M , Miller C Chet , Glicke William H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, Huber, Sutcliffe, Miller, and Glick provide us with an encompassing analysis of the determinants of organizational change. This is an important contribution because organizational changes are of great and increasing importance. They affect organizational performance. They create new work tasks and new social relationships in the workplace. They create high workloads and stress levels for managers. The study reported here makes clear that the frequencies of different types of organizational changes are predictable, and it indicates which factors predict the frequencies of which types of change. Armed with this knowledge, managers can better prepare themselves, their employees, and their organizations for the consequences of change, to the benefit of all concerned. In contrast with individual prior studies, in this study the authors considered a variety of factors that might reasonably be thought to cause or constrain organizational change. They identified 24 such factors and were able to group them into five categories (which they called constructs): (1) characteristics of the organization’s environment, (2) characteristics of the organization’s performance, (3) characteristics of the organization’s top manager, (4) characteristics of the organization’s strategy, and (5) characteristics of the organization’s structure. After discussing how each factor might affect organizational change, the authors report the results of their longitudinal study of change in 119 diverse organizations.
Organizational Redesign As Improvisation
Authors: Weicke Karl E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, Weick challenges, and greatly enriches, our understanding of organizational design. Highlighting the dynamic and fluid nature of organizations, he calls for a perspective that emphasizes design as a verb rather than design as a noun, a perspective that acknowledges unpredictability rather than one that seeks and portrays stability. He goes further and reminds us that an organization’s design is what people believe it to be, that what people believe it to be reflects what they believe it was, that perceptions of what it was are therefore the basis for what people do, and that what people do in organizations is, in effect, the organization’s design.
Central Circulatory Adjustments To Dynamic Exercise
Authors: Rowell Loring B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes the basic hemodynamic adjustments to mild to severe dynamic exercise and, in particular, the basic mechanisms underlying them. Cardiac adjustments to chronic high loads (physical conditioning) are discussed also. These adjustments occur over a range that can be precisely defined by objectively determined maximal values. The concept of a maximum for cardiovascular function is developed in some detail. The primary focus is on how heart rate, stroke volume, and oxygen extraction increase and also on how ventricular and vascular pressures are maintained by physical or hemodynamic means. This includes a treatment of those nonreflex mechanical adjustments that counteract the flow dependent fall in cardiac filling pressures seen when cardiac output rises during rest. Except for the role of cardiac vagus and sympathetic nerves, neural and reflex control are covered in subsequent chapters. In addition to providing a summary and some basic background for the chapters that follow, new material is presented.
Arterial Baroreflexes, Central Command, And Muscle Chemoreflexes: A Synthesis
Authors: Rowell Loring B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The evidence presented in preceding chapters supports the idea that central command sets the basic patterns of effector activity at the beginning of exercise, as summarized in Figure 12-1. However, we still have the unsolved mystery regarding the causes of the rise in sympathetic nervous activity when heart rate approaches 100 beats mi-n t during dynamic exercise, as illustrated in Figure 11-6. Recall from Chapters IO and 11 that central command appears to raise cardiac output by withdrawal of vagal activity; it has minimal effect on the sympathetic nervous system. Based on the delayed onset of increased muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) and the rise in blood lactate levels during isometric contractions, the sympathetic nervous system could, in those settings, be activated by muscle chemoreflex, but there is no evidence yet to support the action of this chemoreflex during mild to moderately heavy dynamic exercise under normal, free-flow conditions.