bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Corrosion potential of steel bird shot in dogs
Authors: Bartels Kenneth E. , Stair E. L. , Cohen Rachael E. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Each year many dogs are accidentally or purposely wounded with shotguns. When lead pellets were used exclusively in the past, clinical problems from chronically embedded shot seldom developed except for rare cases of lead toxicosis. However, because expended lead shot ingested unintentionally by waterfowl and other avian species is fatal, the US Fish and Wildlife Service mandated exclusive use of steel shot for waterfowl hunting beginning in 1991.
To discover the effects of implanted steel shot in a biological system, in vitro and in vivo studies were performed. Severe surface corrosion was evident when steel shot was placed in physiologic saline solution and sterile canine plasma. Eight laboratory dogs were surgically implanted with sterile steel shot in various superficial locations for intervals of 2 to 26 weeks. Corrosion of implants and tissue inflammation was observed in all biopsy specimens examined.
It has been shown that steel shot embedded in tissues will corrode and result in a severe inflammatory response. If the accompanying inflammation is complicated by bacterial contamination, foreign body reactions resulting in infected, draining tracts could develop. Veterinarians and dog owners should be aware that treatment and prognosis for wounds caused by steel shot may differ from those for similar wounds caused by lead shot.
Clinical evaluation of 1% cyclosporine for topical treatment of keratoconjunctivitis sicca in dogs
Authors: Olivero Dennis K. , Davidson Michael G. , English Robert V. , Nasisse Mark P. , Jamieson Vivian E. , Gerig Thomas M. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (kcs) is a prevalent and often vision-threatening condition in dogs. In several reports, 2% cyclosporine (cyclosporin A, CsA) was described as effective in modulating the clinical signs of kcs. This study was designed to compare the efficacy of 1% CsA vs a placebo, using a randomized double-blind clinical trial. Topical administration of 1% CsA significantly improved Schirmer wetting values and subjective markers of corneal health as compared with the placebo. In the dogs treated with topical administration of 1% CsA, the clinical signs of kcs were improved in 81.8% of cases.
Early events in the immunopathogenesis of feline retrovirus infections
Authors: Tompkins Mary B. , Nelson Phillip D. , English Robert V. , Novotney Carol 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Feline leukemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) are lymphotropic retroviruses that cause a wide range of diseases in domestic cats. Although it is known that both viruses are capable of infecting T lymphocytes and that infected cats are lymphopenic, it was not known how infection with either virus might alter specific lymphocyte subpopulations. Using a panel of monoclonal antibodies to feline lymphocyte subpopulations, we examined, by use of flow cytometric analysis, lymphocyte changes in cats naturally infected with FeLV or fiv and explored the early stages in the immunopathogenesis of experimentally induced infection with these viruses. Both groups of naturally infected cats had T-cell lymphopenia. In the fiv-infected cats, the T-cell decrease was principally attributable to loss of CD4+ cells, whereas CD8+ and B-cell numbers remained normal. This led to inversion of the CD4+ to CD8+ ratio in these cats. In contrast, the T-cell lymphopenia in FeLV-infected cats resulted from decrease in CD4+ and CD8+ cells, which led to a CD4+ to CD8+ ratio within normal limits. Experimentally induced infection with these 2 viruses supported these findings. Infection with FIV induced early (10 weeks after infection), chronic inversion of the CD4+ to CD8+ ratio. In contrast, infection with FeLV did not alter CD4+ to CD8+ ratio in the first 20 weeks after infection.
Neoplasia associated with feline immunodeficiency virus infection in cats of Southern California
Authors: Hutson Christina A. , Rideout Bruce A. , Pedersen Niels C. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Between 1988 and 1991, feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) infection status was evaluated in 1,160 cats examined at an oncology referral and general practice in Los Angeles, California. Twenty-nine (2.5%) cats were fiv positive. Neoplasia was present in 18 of the 29 (62%) cats. Sampling for neoplasia was intentionally biased in the oncology referral group. However, 33% (6/18) of fiv-infected cats with neoplasia originated from the general practice. Three neoplastic processes were observed; myeloproliferative disease (mpd; 5/18), lymphoma (lsa; 5/18), and squamous cell carcinoma (scc; 7/18). One cat had lsa and scc.
Extranodal sites of lsa were common (66%) in fiv-infected cats. Sites of lsa were submandibular and mesenteric lymph nodes, liver, kidneys, periorbital area, and diffuse (heart, pancreas, bladder). Sites of scc were sublingual (n = 2), nasal planum (n = 3), nasal planum and eyelids (n = 1), and mandible (n = 2). Feline leukemia virus co-infection was observed in 17% (5/29) of fiv-infected cats. The fiv-infected cats with mpd were young (range, 8 months to 13 years; median, 4 years) and had short survival duration (2, 6, 21, 134, 249 days) even in response to aggressive treatment. The fiv-infected cats with lsa were older (median age, 8 years; range, 4 to 14 years) and survived 60 days if untreated. Cats administered chemotherapy survived 39, 45, 217, and 243 days; the latter 2 cats had partial remission of 2 months' duration. Older fiv-infected cats had scc (median age, 12 years; remission range, 7 to 16 years) because of more frequent association of both diseases in older cats with outdoor environment.
Lymphocytic-plasmacytic lymphadenopathy was seen in 10 necropsied fiv-infected cats (4 without neoplasia, 3 with lsa, 1 with scc, and 2 with mpd). Lymphadenopathy associated with fiv may develop in one lymph node, and lymphoma may develop in another lymph node. Clinically, fiv-induced lymphadenopathy may be confused with progressive lymphoma.
Comparative study of diagnostic testing for feline leukemia virus infection
Authors: Jacobson Richard H. , Lopez Noel A. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Results of commercially available diagnostic test kits and commercial laboratory test results were compared for ability to detect FeLV antigen. Results of the immunofluorescent antibody (ifa) test were compared with test kit elisa results and with results of a system in which samples were applied to an absorbent material, dried, sent to a laboratory, eluted, and assayed by a plate elisa. Test kits were generally highly sensitive and specific, compared with the ifa test performed at a commercial laboratory. Feline heterophile antibody, specific for mouse immunoglobulin, was detected in approximately 0.14 to 0.57% of the cat population. Test kits B, E, and D contain reagents that correct for antimouse antibodies. During 1989 and 1990, 2,229 feline serum samples were tested for FeLV antigen (gsa p27); positive elisa results were obtained for 204 (9%) of the samples. Results for 32 (1.4%) samples were interpreted as equivocal (color development slightly exceeded that of the negative control, but was much less than that of the positive control). Collectively, the data indicate that when testing serum or saliva, a negative test result may be a good predictor that a cat is not infected. In populations of cats in which FeLV prevalence is low, a positive test result may not be reliable and thus, a confirmatory test should be performed.
Efficacy and safety field trials of a recombinant DNA vaccine against feline leukemia virus infection
Authors: Clark Nancy , Kushner N.N. , Barrett C.B. , Kensil Charlotte R. , Salsbury D. , Cotter Susan 
Published: December 2023

Summary
A new recombinant gp70 vaccine was found to be safe and effective for prevention of infection by FeLV. The vaccine incorporates a unique purified saponin adjuvant with the recombinant antigen. Serious systemic reactions were not observed during the efficacy trial. Local reactions were transient and mild. More than 2,000 doses were administered to a cross section of household cats in a field safety trial. Only 1 cat had hypersensitivity reaction, which resolved. Among veterinarians who used the vaccine and the cat owners, the vaccine was judged satisfactory and safe.
After rigorous intraperitoneal challenge exposure without use of immunosuppressants, 100% of the controls in the efficacy trial became infected, 70% of which remained persistently infected with FeLV. Among vaccinates, 45% were never viremic and 40% cleared transient infection within 12 weeks after challenge exposure. Of the 20 vaccinated cats, 3 were persistently infected. Overall, 85% of cats vaccinated with this recombinant dna FeLV vaccine resisted persistent FeLV infection after stringent challenge exposure, which translates to preventable fraction of 78.6%.
Vaccination of cats experimentally infected with feline immunodeficiency virus, using a recombinant feline leukemia virus vaccine
Authors: Lehmann R. , Franchini M. , Aubert A. , Wolfensberger C. , Cronier J. , Lutz H. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
A group of 15 cats experimentally infected with a Swiss isolate of feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) and a group of 15 fiv-negative control cats were inoculated with an FeLV vaccine containing recombinant FeLV-envelope. High elisa antibody titer developed after vaccination in fiv-positive and fiv-negative cats. Vaccinated and nonvaccinated controls were later challenge exposed by intraperitoneal administration of virulent FeLV subtype A (Glasgow). Although 12 of 12 nonvaccinated controls became infected with FeLV (10 persistently, 2 transiently), only 1 of 18 vaccinated (9 fiv positive, 9 fiv negative) cats had persistent and 2 of 18 had transient viremia.
From these data and other observations, 2 conclusions were drawn: In the early phase of fiv infection, the immune system is not depressed appreciably, and therefore, cats may be successfully immunized; a recombinant FeLV vaccine was efficacious in protecting cats against intraperitoneal challenge exposure with FeLV.
Economic decision analysis model of a paratuberculosis test and cull program
Authors: Collins M. T. , Morgan I. R. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
A spreadsheet program was written to perform decision tree analysis for control of paratuberculosis (Johne's disease), when testing all adults in a herd and culling all animals with positive test results. The program incorporated diagnostic test sensitivity, specificity, and test cost with the cost or value of each of the 4 possible outcomes; true-positive, true-negative, false-positive, and false-negative test results. The program was designed to repeat the analysis for the independent variable pretest paratuberculosis prevalence (0 to 100%). Model output was graphed as profit or loss in dollars vs pretest prevalence. The threshold was defined as the pretest prevalence at which benefit-cost equaled zero. Reed-Frost disease modeling techniques were used to predict the number of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis-infected replacement heifers resulting from infected cows during a control program. Sensitivity analysis was performed on variables of the decision tree model; test sensitivity, specificity, test cost, and factors affecting the cost of paratuberculosis to a commercial dairy. A test and cull program was profitable when paratuberculosis caused ≥ 6% decrease in milk production if the pretest prevalence was > 6%, test sensitivity was 50%, test specificity was 98%, and the testing cost was $4/cow. Test specificities > 98% did not markedly affect the threshold for tests with a 50% sensitivity and costing $4/cow. Test sensitivity had minimal effect on the threshold. Using a diagnostic test with a 50% sensitivity and a 98% specificity as an example, test cost was shown to affect the threshold prevalence at which the test and cull program became profitable. Any test costing ≤ $8/ cow was roughly equivalent in profit threshold. Given the characteristics of most diagnostic tests for paratuberculosis in use today, and assuming that paratuberculosis causes at least a 6% decrease in milk production of cows, the decision analysis model suggested a test and cull program should be profitable when pretest paratuberculosis herd prevalence is > 5%.
Primary hyperparathyroidism in cats: Seven cases (1984-1989)
Authors: Kallet Andrew J. , Richter Keith P. , Feldman Edward C. , Brum Douglas E. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
The medical records of 7 hypercalcemic cats with primary hyperparathyroidism were evaluated. Mean age was 12.9 years, with ages ranging from 8 to 15 years; 5 were female; 5 were Siamese, and 2 were of mixed breed. The most common clinical signs detected by owners were anorexia and lethargy. A cervical mass was palpable in 4 cats. Serum calcium concentrations were 11.1 to 22.8 mg/dl, with a mean of 15.8 mg/dl calculated from each cat's highest preoperative value. The serum phosphorus concentration was low in 2 cats, within reference limits in 4, and slightly high in 1 cat. The bun concentration was > 60 mg/dl in 2 cats, 31 to 35 mg/dl in 2 cats, and < 30 mg/dl in 3 cats. Abnormalities were detected in serum alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase activities from 2 or 3 cats. Parathormone (pth) concentrations were measured in 2 cats before and after surgery. The preoperative pth concentration was within reference limits in 1 cat and was high in 1 cat. The pth concentrations were lower after surgery in both cats tested. A solitary parathyroid adenoma was surgically removed from 5 cats, bilateral parathyroid cystadenomas were surgically resected in 1 cat, and a parathyroid carcinoma was diagnosed at necropsy in 1 cat. None of the cats had clinical problems with hypocalcemia after surgery, although 2 cats developed hypocalcemia without tetany, one of which was controlled with oral administration of dihydrotachysterol and the other with oral administration of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D. All 5 of the cats that underwent removal of an adenoma were alive at least 240 days after surgery. Four of these 5 cats were normocalcemic at the last examination. The cat that had bilateral cystadenomas was lost to follow-up evaluation 110 days after surgery. One of the cats with a parathyroid adenoma was reevaluated 569 days after the first surgery. It was found to be hypercalcemic (21.5 mg/dl), subsequently died, and was identified as having a parathyroid adenoma and a parathyroid carcinoma on histologic evaluation of tissue removed from the neck at necropsy.
Pet populations in the catchment area of the Purdue Comparative Oncology Program
Authors: Lengerich Eugene J. , Teclaw Robert F. , Mendlein James M. , Mariolis Peter , Garbe Paul L. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Using a 1-stage random-digit dial telephone survey, we estimated the number of pet dogs and cats and cancer case ascertainment in the principal catchment area of an animal tumor registry in Indiana, the Purdue Comparative Oncology Program (PCOP). These findings will assist in the estimation of pet cancer incidence rates for the PCOP. The estimated canine and feline populations for Marion County were 144,039 (95% confidence interval, 121,555 to 166,523) and 94,998 (74,384 to 115,648), respectively. For Tippecanoe County (excluding university housing residences), the estimated canine population was 18,000 (14,445 to 21,555), whereas the estimated feline population was 17,165 (12,569 to 21,761). The estimated cancer case ascertainment was 88.3% (dogs, 92.5%; cats, 83.0%) with no statistically significant difference in the estimated ascertainment by county of residence or by species of pet. The amount that owners report themselves willing to pay for treatment of cancer in dogs or cats, however, differed in counties polled. This method's appropriateness for estimating pet populations in general and the validity of the data gathered were supported by response rate of 88.0% and by concurrence with census data for household characteristics previously documented to be associated with pet dog and cat ownership.
Patterns associated with season and facilities for atrophic rhinitis and pneumonia in slaughter swine
Authors: Cowart Ross P. , Boessen Christian R. , Kliebenstein James B. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Three slaughter checks were performed for each of 21 swine producers at 6-month intervals. Two slaughter checks were performed during the winter, and 1 slaughter check was performed during the summer. Lesions of atrophic rhinitis and pneumonia were evaluated during the slaughter checks. Two types of farrowing facilities and 4 types of grower/finisher facilities were used by the swine producers. Lesions of atrophic rhinitis and pneumonia were compared among seasons and among types of facilities.
Lesions of both atrophic rhinitis and pneumonia varied with season. Lesions of atrophic rhinitis were more severe among hogs slaughtered in the summer, whereas lesions of pneumonia were more severe among hogs slaughtered in the winter. Lesions of atrophic rhinitis were more severe in hogs farrowed in central, enclosed farrowing houses and finished in enclosed, mechanically ventilated buildings than in hogs farrowed individually in sow huts and finished on dirt lots. Knowledge of disease patterns associated with season and facilities is useful for assessment of herd health status and for implementation of control programs.
Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in raccoons
Authors: Dubey J. P. , Hamir A. N. , Hanlon C. A. , Rupprecht C. E. 
Published: December 2023

Summary:
Serum samples from 427 raccoons (93 from Pennsylvania, 45 from New Jersey, 72 from South Carolina, 68 from Virginia, 30 from Iowa, and 119 from Ohio) were evaluated for Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in dilutions of 1:25, 1:50, and 1:500. The distribution of T gondii antibody titers was < 1:25 for 212 raccoons (49.6%), 1:25 for 34 raccoons (7.9%), 1:50 for 117 raccoons (27.4%), and ≥ 1:500 for 64 raccoons (14.9%). Tissue cysts were seen in the liver, and tachyzoites were in the brain of a raccoon with abnormal neurologic signs and concurrent infection with canine distemper virus. Organisms in the liver were stained with anti-T gondii serum, and the raccoon had a T gondii titer of 1:160 in the agglutination test.
Validity of skin testing for diagnosis of food allergy in dogs
Authors: Kunkle Gail , Horner Stacy 
Published: December 2023

Summary
One hundred suspected allergic dogs were skin-tested with 9 food extracts, in addition to other inhalant and insect allergens. Forty-eight of the dogs had +2 or greater intradermal reactions to 1 or more food extracts at concentration of 1,000 protein nitrogen units/ml. Thirty of the food extract-positive dogs were fed a restrictive hypoallergenic diet. Of these 30 dogs, 3 improved, then allergy signs worsened when they were challenge-exposed with the original diet. Fifty-two dogs did not have skin test reactivity to any of the 9 food extracts. Of these 52 dogs, 35 were fed a restrictive diet. Six improved, then allergy signs worsened when dogs were challenge-exposed with the original diet. Skin-testing with selected allergenic food extracts was not useful in identifying food-sensitive dogs.
Trends in transfusion medicine in dogs at a veterinary school clinic: 315 cases (1986-1989)
Authors: Stone Elizabeth , Badner Donna , Cotter Susan M. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Transfusion practices in dogs treated at Tufts University Foster Hospital for Small Animals were monitored for 1 year before and 2 years after receipt (by the School) of a Transfusion Medicine Academic Award, a 5-year National Institutes of Health curriculum and career development grant. The most important changes observed were increased use of packed rbc instead of fresh whole blood for initial treatment of anemia and hemorrhage attributable to coagulopathies and surgery. In addition, increased use of plasma was part of the treatment of disseminated intravascular coagulation. Change was not observed in the use of plasma for dogs with hypoalbuminemia.
Evaluation of zones of iris hypoplasia in horses and ponies
Authors: Buyukmihci Nedim C. , MacMillan Alan , Scagliotti Randall H. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Mass-like lesions of the iris were evaluated in 15 horses or ponies of various ages and breeds. Breed or gender predilection was not found. These lesions were most often found in blue irides at the 12 o'clock region. Because the lesions transilluminated and changed shape rapidly with changes in pupillary size, they were hypothesized to be zones of iris hypoplasia. Histologic evaluation of one specimen supported this interpretation. The lesions were not associated with any other ocular or systemic abnormality.
Study of prostatic disease in dogs: 177 cases (1981-1986)
Authors: Krawiec Donald R. , Heflin Dena 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Historical and physical signs associated with prostatic disease diagnosed in dogs over a 5.5-year period were defined. One hundred seventy-seven male dogs were determined to have prostatic abnormality. Of the 177 dogs, 87 were determined to have specific prostatic disease. The most common prostatic disease identified in this study was bacterial prostatitis, followed by prostatic cyst, prostatic adenocarcinoma, and benign hyperplasia. The most common prostatic disease identified in neutered dogs was prostatic adenocarcinoma. Mean age at onset of prostatic disease was 8.9 years; statistically significant difference was not observed between age at onset of the various types of prostatic disease identified. Doberman Pinscher was the most common breed with prostate disease. Twenty-nine percent of dogs with a specifically identifiable prostatic disease had signs of systemic illness, 41% had signs of lower urinary tract disease, 28% had signs of gastrointestinal tract abnormalities, and 13% had signs of locomotor difficulty.
Effects of antibiotic prophylaxis on postoperative complications after rumenotomy in cattle
Authors: Haven Michelle L. , Wichtel Jeffrey J. , Bristol David G. , Fetrow John F. , Spears Jerry W. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
A single preoperative dose of antibiotic proved as effective as a preoperative and 7-day postoperative course in reducing complications following rumenotomy in cattle. Exploratory rumenotomy was performed on 29 healthy Angus steers, which were allotted to the following treatment groups: (1) no antibiotic therapy, (2) single-dose, preoperative, antibiotic prophylaxis, using potassium penicillin G, and (3) preoperative potassium penicillin G prophylaxis, followed by a 7-day postoperative course of procaine penicillin G. Steers receiving antibiotics had significantly greater postoperative feed intake, lower rectal temperatures, and fewer abscesses at the surgical site than those receiving no antibiotics. There was no significant difference between animals receiving a single preoperative dose of antibiotic and those treated for an additional 7 days after surgery. In human medicine, it is generally agreed that a single preoperative dose of antibiotic offers effective prophylaxis. There are few published reports on antimicrobial prophylaxis in the veterinary literature, particularly in regard to large animals. Considering USDA requirements for milk withholding times and withdrawal times prior to slaughter for food animals receiving antibiotics, the findings of this study have medical as well as economic value.