bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bacterial aetiology of non-resolving otitis media in South African children
Authors: Huebner Robin E. , Wasas Avril D. , Hockman Maurice , Klugman Keith P. 
Published: March 2003

Little is known of the aetiology, serotypes or susceptibility of the pathogens causing non-resolving otitis media in children receiving care from specialists in private practice in developed or in developing countries. Increased access to antibiotics in the community amongst children receiving such private care in South Africa may be anticipated to lead to levels of resistance similar to those found in countries with similar models of private practice, such as the United States. This study was conducted to determine the aetiology of non-resolving otitis media in South African children receiving private care and to determine the antimicrobial resistance patterns and serotypes of the bacterial isolates.Middle-ear fluid was cultured from 173 children aged two months to seven years with non-resolving acute otitis media accompanied by persistent pain or fever who were referred to otorhinolaryngologists for drainage of middle-ear fluid within 14 days of the start of symptoms. While 92 per cent of the children had recently received antibiotics and 54 per cent were currently receiving them, bacteria were isolated from 47 children (27 per cent). Streptococcus pneumoniae was the most common pathogen (35), followed by Haemophilus influenzae (nine), Staphylococcus aureus (six), Moraxella catarrhalis (two), Streptococcus pyogenes (two) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (one). Two isolates were identified in each of eight children. Antimicrobial resistance to one or more antibiotics was found in 33/35 (94 per cent) of the pneumococci isolated, with resistance to penicillin in 86 per cent, resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in 54 per cent and to erythromycin and clindamycin in 69 per cent and 57 per cent, respectively. The pneumococcal serotypes found were 19F (28 per cent), 14 (26 per cent), 23F (23 per cent), 6B (nine per cent), 19A (87 per cent), and four (three per cent). Children with a bacterial pathogen isolated were younger (mean age of 17 months) than children from whom no bacteria were isolated (mean age of 23 months; p = 0.03). Isolation of a pneumococcus was also significantly associated with younger age (mean = 16 months versus 22 months, p = 0.03), the presence of fever (OR = 2.15, p = 0.049), and having one or more prior episodes of otitis media within the six months before tympanocentesis (OR = 7.72, p = 0.03). Almost all pneumococci isolated from non-resolving acute otitis media in this community are antibiotic-resistant and should be considered especially in young children who have failed previous therapy and who have non-resolving pain or fever.
Mastoiditis in children
Authors: Khan Ikramullah , Shahzad Farrukh 
Published: March 2003

Fifty-two children with mastoiditis were treated at the Federal Government Services Hospital over a period of 15 years (from 1986 to 2000). The salient feature in these cases was the presence of a post-auricular swelling and mastoid abscess. Extensive cholesteatoma was seen in 80.7 per cent of cases and 19.3 per cent had granulations in the mastoid cavity. Significantly, all patients had a history of chronic ear discharge prior to abscess formation. These children belonged to poor communities, were malnourished and attended hospital in a state of emergency.The presentation and course of the disease confirms the aggressive and potentially serious nature of the pathology requiring early medical attention in order to avert impending complications. It appears that in our environment acute mastoiditis with abscess formation develops from chronic otitis media and the cholesteatoma. The surgical procedures conducted in these cases were radical and modified radical mastoidectomy.
Phenomenal characteristics of autobiographical memories for positive, negative, and neutral events
Authors: D'Argembeau Arnaud , Comblain Christine , Van der Linden Martial 
Published: March 2003

AbstractWe investigated memory qualities for positive, negative, and neutral autobiographical events. Participants recalled two personal experiences of each type and then rated their memories on several characteristics (e.g. sensorial and contextual details). They also reported whether they ‘see’ the events in their memories from their own perspective (‘field’ memories) or whether they ‘see’ the self engaged in the event as an observer would (‘observer’ memories). Positive memories contained more sensorial (visual, smell, taste) and contextual (location, time) details than both negative and neutral events, whereas negative and neutral memories did not differ on most dimensions. Positive and negative events were more often recollected with a field perspective than neutral events. Finally, participants were classified in four groups according to the repressive coping style framework. Emotional memories of repressors were not less detailed than those of the other groups. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Expert memory: the interaction of stimulus structure, attention, and expertise
Authors: Weber Nathan , Brewer Neil 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThis experiment focuses on the three‐way interaction between domain‐relevant structure, attention to domain‐relevant structure, and expertise in their effect on recall for field‐hockey information. It was predicted that experts' recall would decrease with the amount of domain‐relevant structure, but only when they were able to attend to the structure within the stimuli. Novices' recall was not predicted to vary with these factors. The study used a 3 × 2 × 2 mixed‐design with one between‐subjects factor, field hockey expertise (expert and novice), and two within‐subjects factors, domain‐relevant structure (high, moderate and low) and attention to structure (attending and non‐attending). Twenty‐four experts and 24 novices each listened to six audio‐taped scenarios (1 in each of the 6 structure × attention conditions) describing a sequence of field hockey play and recall was tested. The results demonstrated significant main effects for expertise, structure, and attention, and interactions of (a) structure and expertise, and (b) structure and attention. Importantly, the significant structure, attention, and expertise interaction provided the first direct empirical support for the constraint attunement hypothesis (Vicente and Wang, 1998) and for that aspect of the template theory (Gobet and Simon, 1996a,b). Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Eliciting and comparing false and recovered memories: an experimental approach
Authors: Smith Steven M. , Gleaves David H. , Pierce Benton H. , Williams Tara L. , Gilliland Todd R. , Gerkens David R. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractWe describe an experimental paradigm designed to elicit both recovered and false memories in the laboratory. All participants saw, on a video screen, three critical categorized lists of words mixed in randomly with eighteen filler categorized lists. Those in the blocking condition then had several paper‐and‐pencil tasks that involved only the 18 non‐critical filler lists. An uncued recall test was then given, asking participants to recall all the lists they originally saw on the video screen. Finally, there was a cued recall test that provided category cues for the three critical lists. Substantial memory blocking of critical lists on the uncued test and recovery on the cued recall test was observed in all three experiments. In Experiments 2 and 3, many false and recovered memories were elicited on the cued recall test by including cues for the three critical (forgotten) lists, plus cues for three lists that had never been presented. False memories were distinguishable from truly recovered memories in cued recall by ‘know’ versus ‘remember’ judgements, and by confidence ratings; accurately recovered memories were associated with higher confidence. False and recovered memories could not be discriminated based on recall latency. The results repeatedly show powerful effects of memory blocking and recovery. We also show that recovered and false memories can be elicited within a single experimental procedure, and there may be unique characteristics of each. Although we urge caution in generalizing to false and recovered memories of trauma, we suggest that variations of our comparative memory paradigm may be useful for learning about such phenomena. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Presentation modality effects in studying passages. Are mental images always effective?
Authors: De Beni Rossana , Moè Angelica 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe present research has tested the different efficacy of imagery‐based and verbally‐based strategies in the study of three passages presented orally or in written form. The first passage was a description rich in easily imagined details. The second was an abstract passage, easy to verbalize, but not to imagine. The third was the spatial description of a pathway which could be both imagined and verbalized. Experiment 1 compared participants who were instructed in the use of Imagery or verbal Rehearsal while in Experiment 2 participants had high or low imagery ability. A facilitating effect of oral presentation for Imagery and high‐imagery ability groups and of written presentation for Rehearsal and low imagery‐ability groups were hypothesized. Data confirmed this facilitating effect and showed that it was more evident for the easier‐to‐imagine passages. Results are discussed in a selective interference and working memory framework. Future implications and practical suggestions are given. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adapting communicative strategies to computer‐mediated communication: an analysis of task performance and dialogue structure
Authors: Newlands Alison , Anderson Anne H. , Mullin Jim 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThis study investigates how people adapt to text‐based computer‐mediated communication (CMC), specifically focusing on how novice users change their communicative strategies over time to achieve effective communication. Twenty pairs of university students completed three collaborative problem‐solving tasks (The Map Task; Brown et al., 1984), over a series of days. Their performance was compared with the results from spoken interactions, taken from the Human Communications Research Centre corpus of Map Task dialogues. Task performance by CMC participants was initially poorer when compared to the performance of spoken interlocutors, but improved as they gained experience of the CMC context. Detailed analysis of the process of communication, using dialogue measures and Conversational Games Analysis (Kowtko et al., 1992), shows that effective communication and collaboration was achieved by users of the CMC system after a relatively moderate amount of experience. Participants in the CMC context changed the way in which they gave instructions and interacted over time. They adopted a precise, highly specified style of giving directions which required little interpretation by addressees. This concise style of communication is rarely found in face‐to‐face or spoken interactions. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of feedback on the overestimated capacity to detect lies and the underestimated ability to tell lies
Authors: Elaad Eitan 
Published: March 2003

AbstractPeople tend to overestimate their capacity to detect lying in others and to underestimate their own ability to tell lies. These biases were demonstrated in a sample of 60 police officers. In a lie‐detection task, the officers evaluated their accuracy as high and were overconfident in their judgements. In fact, their performance was below chance level. Participants also received false feedback about their performance. When the feedback suggested that they had performed better than they thought, this further enhanced their perceived lie‐detection capacity and also increased their belief in their ability to conceal their own lies. When the feedback suggested they had performed worse than they thought, their ratings of both lie detection and their lie‐telling abilities were lowered. Results are discussed in terms of anchoring, availability, and the self‐assessment bias. On a practical level, the tendency of police interrogators to overestimate their ability to detect deception could change suspicion into certainty and increase the risk of a false confession. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inter‐racial contact and the own‐race bias for face recognition in South Africa and England
Authors: Wright Daniel B. , Boyd Catherine E. , Tredoux Colin G. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractOwn‐race bias, where people are more accurate recognizing faces of people from their own race than other races, can lead to misidentification and, in some cases, innocent people being convicted. This bias was explored in South Africa and England, using Black and White participants. People were shown several photographs of Black and White faces and were later asked if they had seen these faces (and several fillers). In addition, participants were given a questionnaire about inter‐racial contact. Cross‐race identification accuracy for Black participants was positively correlated with self‐reported inter‐racial contact. The confidence–accuracy relationship was strongest when making own‐race judgements. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cytogenetic and molecular characterization of a de novo 4q24qter duplication and correlation to the associated phenotype
Authors: Rinaldi R. , De Bernardo C. , Assumma M. , Grammatico B. , Buffone E. , Poscente M. , Grammatico P. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractWe report on a newborn with severe psychomotor retardation, minor anomalies, congenital heart defects, thumb and urogenital abnormalities. Cytogenetic analysis showed a 4q24qter duplication, never described before, as the result of a de novo t(4;14). The extension of the duplicated 4q region was defined by FISH using YAC probes. The breakpoint was localized between 106.3cM (YAC 800f2, D4S1572) and 111 cM (YAC 744e4, D4S1564). Comparing our patient with those previously reported in literature, we observed some features mature frequently reported in these patients: psychomotor retardation, retromicrognathia, low set and/or malformed ears and some more specific traits: congenital cardiac defects, hypoplastic thumb and urogenital abnormalities. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Geophysical investigation for mapping the archaeological features at Qantir, Sharqyia, Egypt
Authors: Abdallatif T. F. , Mousa S. E. , ElBassiony A. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractTwo geophysical methods were used for mapping the archaeological features at Qantir village: magnetic and resistivity surveys. The magnetic survey was carried out before the resistivity survey in order to evaluate the distribution of hidden archaeological features and cultural relics. It was conducted over an area of 120 × 100 m using a fluxgate gradiometer (Geoscan FM36) that measures the vertical gradient of the geomagnetic field. The readings were logged every 0.5 m along 20 m, zigzag traverses. The resultant data were processed and treated to produce a high‐quality magnetic image. The final magnetogram and graphical interpretation plot show the distribution of high and low magnetic features that reflect the buried archaeological and non‐archaeological features. Subsequently, a resistivity survey was carried out over interesting areas identified from the initial results of the magnetogram. Four Wenner profiles were also measured, named P1W, P2W, P3W and P4W. The minimum electrode spacing used through all the profiles was 1 m and the maximum electrode spacing varied from one profile to another according to its length. These data were used to construct four apparent resistivity pseudosections. A comparison between the magnetic vertical gradient profile and resistivity inverse models was performed in order to check the value of using the Wenner configuration in parallel with the gradiometer survey. The geophysical investigation mapped some archaeological features with a high probability of indicating the presence of storage and burial chambers, bisecting walls, ditches and streets. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Archaeogeophysical study on the site of Tell Toukh El‐Qaramous, Sharkia Governorate, East Nile Delta, Egypt
Authors: Ghazala H. , El‐Mahmoudi A. S. , Abdallatif T. F. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe archaeological site of Tell Toukh El‐Qaramous, which is located to the south of Abu Kebir, Sharkiya Governorate, was subjected to detailed geophysical studies using magnetic vertical gradient and geoelectric resistivity survey. The success of these surveys depends on the contrast in the physical properties between the dominant sedimentary deposits (clays and sands) and the buried archeological constructions. The area of study occupies about 80 acres at present. It was subjected firstly to a regional geophysical survey to discover the subsurface conditions above one of the most important military fortress that had been constructed to be vanguard of the eastern entry to Egypt during the Ptolemaic age (323–30 BC).Detailed gridded magnetic (0.5 m grid interval) and geoelectric resistivity surveys (2 m grid interval) were also carried out at a selected site of about 50 × 100 m according to the recommendations of the archaeologists who periodically carried out excavation of the archaeological remains. Such surveys could help mapping of the anomalous features that probably reflect the buried archaeological remains.The integrated results of the magnetic gradient images obtained as well as apparent resistivity maps for depths ranges from 1 to 5 m gave fascinating results. The results indicate that the Tell‐Toukh El‐Qaramous has been built on a buried sand gezira. Also, groups of ancients walls made of mud bricks and some interesting locations of archeological buried artefacts have been delineated. Both the magnetic and resistivity data supported each other and are in good agreement for the same locations of archeological interest. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The study and characterization of Emperor Traiano's Villa (Altopiani di Arcinazzo, Roma) using high‐resolution integrated geophysical surveys
Authors: Piro S. , Goodman D. , Nishimura Y. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractIn this work, the results of high‐resolution integrated geophysical surveys of the archaeological site of Traiano's Villa (Altopiani di Arcinazzo, Roma, Italy) are presented. The Villa of Roman Emperor Marco Ulpio Traino (AD 98–117) was built in Arcinazzo (Italy), approximately 55 km northeast of Rome. Today, the only remains left standing at the site are the public building entrances comprising a small portion of the entire site. Over 5 ha, adjacent to the entrance remains, had not been surveyed. As part of an ongoing study to rescue this national archaeological treasure, high‐resolution ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) surveys, using a submetre profile spacing, integrated with a gradiometric survey, were conducted. Amplitude GPR time‐slice analysis indicates that many structural foundations and walls of the villa are still well preserved below the surface. Time‐slices below 1.5 m in one area indicate two large mushroom shaped structures enclosed within a large building over 100 m in length. These structures are believed to be dipping pools within a larger structure believed to be the bathhouse to the villa. At the location west of the bathhouse a large oval shaped anomaly 45 m along its major axis was located. This subsurface structure is believed to be an oval garden pond or a swimming pool. Several other remnants of rectangular buildings coincident with the oval structure but much deeper were also imaged. Other structures include a long rectangular corridor that contains many square shaped rooms, which has been interpreted as a criptoporticus.The magnetic map, related to part of the area investigated, shows many dipole anomalies. These anomalies represent linear and semicircular structures of the villa. The magnetic results provide complementary information to the GPR survey that lines out walls and floors. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
GPR survey to understand the stratigraphy of the Roman Ships archaeological site (Pisa, Italy)
Authors: Carrozzo M. T. , Leucci G. , Negri S. , Nuzzo L. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractTwo surveys with ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) were carried out in June and December 2000 at the Roman Ships archaeological site (Pisa, Italy). Both surveys were undertaken at selected locations, placed on the plan of excavation (−5 m from the ground surface), using a GSSI Sir System2 incorporating 35, 100, 200 and 500 MHz centre‐frequency antennae. The main purpose of the two surveys was to test the value of radar in respect of penetration depth and, therefore, to reconstruct the geological stratigraphy, given the general not too favourable site conditions. The results showed that most of the GPR data acquired with the 35 MHz antenna were contaminated by strong reflections caused by above‐ground objects near the survey lines. In fact, the archaeological area is protected on every side by iron barriers, around 6 m high, in order to guarantee the stability of the walls and to contain the present shallow groundwater. Therefore, it is very important to recognize the reflections through air (surface scattering) and not to confuse them with the reflections from underground geological features. For this purpose higher frequency antennae, less prone to surface scattering problems, although allowing shallower penetration depths, also have been used. Their higher resolution permitted the identification of some anomalies probably related to shallow stratigraphical boundaries, as well as other anomalies probably attributable to archaeological features. Moreover, the numerous measurements carried out in the second survey to estimate the velocity of propagation of the electromagnetic waves in the ground, contributed to a better interpretation of the geology of the site. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Three target document range metrics for university web sites
Authors: Thelwall Mike , Wilkinson David 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThree new metrics are introduced that measure the range of use of a university Web site by its peers through different heuristics for counting links targeted at its pages. All three give results that correlate significantly with the research productivity of the target institution. The directory range model, which is based upon summing the number of distinct directories targeted by each other university, produces the most promising results of any link metric yet. Based upon an analysis of changes between models, it is suggested that range models measure essentially the same quantity as their predecessors but are less susceptible to spurious causes of multiple links and are therefore more robust.
Information as commodity and economic sector: Its emergence in the discourse of industrial classification
Authors: Malone Cheryl Knott , Elichirigoity Fernando 
Published: March 2003

AbstractIn a critical analysis of the recent development and deployment of the North American Industry Classification System, this article focuses on the discourse surrounding the creation of the system's “information” category. A close reading of the relevant government documents suggests that the category functions simultaneously to position information as a major sector of the economy and to organize data about information as a commodity. The discourse also points to the continuing complexities involved in conceptualizing information as a measurable object.