bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Twain: The Twinning Principle in Pudd’nhead Wilson
Authors: Weinstein Arnold 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A notoriously unsure judge of his own work, Mark Twain nonetheless recognized that the presence of the Italian twins, along with the embryonic romantic interest they kindle, constituted an undesirable tug of war in Pudd’nhead Wilson. Once he had discovered Sir Francis Galton’s Finger Prints, Twain seems to have decided that his book should center on the plot of the exchanged infants and the fortunes of Wilson, and that it would not accommodate the more exotic material involving the freakish twins. As to the love angle, the infatuation that Rowena feels for the dashing aristocrats, Twain’s reservations seem justified: love has no place in this fiction, and the passages devoted to its emergence are silly. Nonetheless, as every reader knows, Twain did not remove the twins. He merely “altered” them from the original Siamese version—a four-armed, two-headed creature on two legs—to the more usual variant: two separate young men who happen to be twins. And many readers have felt that Twain’s famous “obstetrical” efforts in sorting out his two stores (“I pulled one of the stories out by the roots, and left the other one —a kind of literary Caesarian operation”) made rather more of a mess than a success of these affairs, leaving odd reminders throughout the novel of the initial joint conception. 1 After all, the twins are still there, and they continue to disturb.
Robert Coover: Fiction as Fission
Authors: Weinstein Arnold 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Robert Coover’s work occupies a place of honor in what can now be seen as the American tradition of freedom of speech. His novels exhibit a dazzling, sometimes frantic experimentalism, and they offer, above all, a testament to language as imperialist design, language as not only protean but downright parasitic, not only capable of changing forms but intent on taking over, rivaling all forms of experience and cancerously invading them, adapting them to its own frequencies and modalities. It used to be that one believed in certain fences, certain limits and proprieties, so that the verbal —grand and aggrandizing though it might be—was nonetheless stationed in its own precincts, neither constituted nor equipped to “do” the things done in other fields: film and music and dance, but also, in some crucial sense, experiential realms such as sex and memory; that is, the novelist could write about these things, but one always knew the things themselves had their own different savor and integrity.
Dis-Membering and Re-Membering in Toni Morrison’s Beloved
Authors: Weinstein Arnold 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Toni Morrison’s novel Beloved serves as a virtual culmination to this study of freedom of speech in American literature. Her book on the trauma of slavery, endowed with the kind of searing power that we find in narratives that have come from survivors of the camps in our own age, rewrites a large chunk of our literary history, and she provides thereby a strange second look at much that we think we have seen.
Conclusion
Authors: Weinstein Arnold 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A colleague once confided that the central myth shared by all his students is their conviction that they are somebody, possessing a unique identity: a self. Whereas, he added, if there is anything we have learned in the past century, it is the extent to which we are products: of our culture, our genes, our family, our environment, our media, our signs. And who can deny it? Even to use the possessive pronoun “our” is highly misleading, since the salient fact common to culture, genes, family, environment, media, and signs is that they precede us, that they are the potent shaping forces, the veritable force field in which “we” are positioned, of which “we” are made.
The Quest for the Purpose/Life-Situation
Authors: Brodie Thomas L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nowhere does the emphasis on John ‘s Judaic background find clearer expression than in this opinion. On the basis of the way the gospel refers to the Jews, and particularly the way chapter 9 speaks of expulsion from the synagogue, J. L. Martyn (1968, 1978, 1979) has proposed that the fourth gospel is colored by a conflict with members of a Jewish synagogue. Christians were being forced out, and the gospel reflects the atmosphere of dividedness. W. Meeks (1972) has taken this further by proposing that the gospel in fact reflects a group which is sectarian. Schnackenberg (1:165-67) adds yet another dimension to the picture of division: while granting that the gospel retains some element of trying to speak positively to the Jews, he regards the evangelist ‘s basic attitude to the Jews as one of hostility. This view takes its cue not so much from chapter 9 as from earlier Samaria-related texts, especially from John 4:1-42 (cf. esp. Buchanan, Then, in the next major section, there is a partial investigation of the way in which a firmer foundation may be established-by tracing John ‘s mode of composition, specifically his use of sources (Part II: Towards Establishing a Partial Guide to History: John ‘s Composition [Use of Sources]). Finally a summary is given of the way in which the mode of composition effects the main aspects of the quest for history (Part III: The Quest Resumed: Initial Conclusions).
The Quest for Sources: The Central Problem
Authors: Brodie Thomas L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is generally agreed that the fourth gospel is based to a significant extent on some form of predecessor, an older document which contained a basic narrative concerning Jesus and which acted as a backbone or foundation for the present text. There is deep uncertainty however concerning the identity of that predecessor. Some would say that it was the gospel of Mark (cf. esp. Barrett, 42-54; 1974), others that it was the evangelist ‘s own first edition (cf. esp. Brown, xxxv), and still others that it was some form of a document which put a special emphasis on Jesus ‘ miracles or signs (the “signs source” or Gospel of Signs). Taken in isolation, Brown ‘s idea of an earlier edition is quite possible, but it remains vague, and it is part of a larger theory which, as Schnackenburg implied (1977, 23-24), is difficult to verify. Furthermore, as one begins to appreciate the unity of the text, such claims about processes of redaction seem unnecessary and inappropriate. The shape attributed to the signs source varies greatly. In particular there is not agreement as to whether it contained a passion narrative. Earlier researchers (e.g. Bultmann, Nicol, Schnackenburg), despite their considerable differences, generally contended that it did not (for references, see von Wahlde, 1989, 194-96; Becker, 112-13; Bois mard ‘s “Document C,” 1977, 16-19, is exceptional).
The Ancient Context: A World of Literary Transformation
Authors: Brodie Thomas L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The literary study of the NT has generally been carried out in a vacuum. NT introductions cover almost every significant aspect of ancient background-religion, philosophy, politics, economics, social setting, transport, language, and so on-but not literature. Modem literary critics apply a wide range of sophisticated and useful tools-but usually neglect the literary world of biblical times. There have indeed been important specialist studies: examinations, for in stance, of the way in which some extra-biblical literary device is found also in the NT. And, particularly in recent years, there have been significant contributions-for instance by David Aune (1987, 1988) and Fran cis Martin (1988)-towards setting the gospels and epistles against the background of similar-looking documents of the first century. But what is missing is a sense of the center, a sense of the way in which the greatest writers of the ancient world, Jewish and Greco Roman, set about composing their works, particularly a sense of the way in which they employed bold procedures of transformation. One hears perhaps of the editing process which is implied in some presentations of Wellhausen ‘s well-known documentary theory concerning the Pentateuch-but very little of the central dynamics through which many of the biblical texts were generated, interpreted, and rewritten.
A Test Case: John 9 as a Dramatization of the Vision Theme in Mark 8:11-9:8
Authors: Brodie Thomas L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before attempting to give an overall view of how John used Mark it is useful first to look closely at just one section of John, the story of the man born blind (chap. 9). It is an appropriate test case, for as well as being colorful, it seems to reflect the heart of the gospel: it is physically at the gospel ‘s center; and, as is suggested both by the work of Martyn (1979) and by further analysis, it appears to provide a window on what is going on in the gospel. The appropriateness of examining the story of the man born blind is heightened by the fact that it is one of the pillars of the idea of a signs source-at least insofar as it turns up in every formulation of the theory. The amount of it, which is said to have existed in the signs source, varies from author to author (cf. Becker, 115; Schnackenburg, 1:66; Boismard, 1977, 17; von Wahlde, 1989, 190-96; Fortna, 1988, 109): But what is missing is a sense of the center, a sense of the way in which the greatest writers of the ancient world, Jewish and Greco Roman, set about composing their works, particularly a sense of the way in which they employed bold procedures of transformation.
John’s Systematic Use of All of Mark
Authors: Brodie Thomas L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most essential clue to unravelling John’s way of using Mark is provided in broad terms by Brown (45): “One of John’s techniques is to show that themes occurring in one place in the Synoptics had a reality throughout the whole of Jesus ‘ ministry.” This observation was meant in a general way rather than as a statement that John actually used the synoptics, yet it encompasses a key insight: generally speaking, John does not reproduce the Markan episodes one by one; instead he divides them into aspects and disperses them so that they occur in a number of places. Elsewhere Brown (1961) has articulated this idea more clearly; he speaks of “incidents that are units in the synoptic gospels but dispersed in St. John.” An example of this procedure has already been seen in the reworking of the various episodes of Mark 8:11-9:8 (cf. John 9). John did not reproduce the Markan episodes one by one; instead he divided them according to varied aspects or viewpoints and then dispersed them throughout the chapter. Thus the actual healing, instead of being a single brief event (as in Mark 8:22-26) is referred to a number of times throughout the chapter. Likewise the Pharisees: instead of being initial background (cf. Mark 8:11-13) they are woven in and out of the whole story.
John’s Systematic Use of Ephesians
Authors: Brodie Thomas L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thus far John 17 has been linked, at least in passing, or through the appendices, with a wide variety of texts-the predeath prayer in Gethsemane (Mark 14:32-42; cf. Matt 26:36-46), the Our Father (Matt 6:9-13), the shepherdlike care for the little ones (Matt 18:10-14), the Zacchaeus incident (Luke 19:1-10), and Moses ‘ final discourse (Deut 29-30). But despite the apparently genuine contribution of each of these component parts, John’s climactic chapter appears to depend even more on yet another source-the epistle to the Ephesians. Ephesians is concerned with how Christ brings the fragmenting world back to God. It is as though God ‘s creation had come apart, riven by dark demonic sin, yet through an age-old plan of God-an eternal love, which comes front within God and which is manifested in Christ ‘s self giving-there is at work, even amid the world ‘s darkness, a greater force for unity. Through this unifying power-a power which shows itself in the holiness and unity of the church-Christ is bringing creation to a new fulness. This picture of God-as working through Christ to bring everything back to a greater unity-is central to John 17. When Jesus prays, his prayer implies a spiritual ascent which, even amid the world ‘s evil, draws people towards holiness (17:6-19) and thereby towards unityunity in God (17:20-26).
Questions About the Reality of the Johannine Community: Towards Seeing the Evangelist as Primarily an Integrated Member of the Larger World-Oriented Christian Community or Church
Authors: Brodie Thomas L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As seen earlier, there is considerable diversity in the various reconstructions of “the history of the Johannine community.” This does not mean that these reconstructions are without value. On the contrary, each captures some aspect of the gospel. Yet the diversity is sufficiently deep that it raises serious questions about the entire undertaking. The most basic question is whether such a community ever existed. Obviously the evangelist lived somewhere and presumably had some friends and acquaintances-but that does not constitute a distinct com munity. Two factors have contributed significantly to the idea of a community which was distinct: the fact that the fourth gospel is distinct-even to the point, some would say, of having an independent historical tradition and the general presupposition, going back especially to Gunkel (1901) and filtered through the early form-critics, that biblical narratives originate, not so much from individual writers, as from the complex workings of communities. These elements need to be examined. John is distinct in several ways, but most of all at the basic level of plot-the level which tells the story of Jesus. John’s story is independent. According to the well-known saying which is attributed to Clement of Alexandria, the fourth evangelist moved gospel
The Ideology of Expediency and Biblical Critique
Authors: Niditch Susan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his study of just and unjust wars, Michael Walzer points to William Tecumseh Sherman’s famous dictum, “War is hell” (1977:32–33; 204n.; 230; 265). This view of war implies that there is no use in contemplating codes or restrictions on the killing, certainly no point in fooling oneself that war can be fought nobly or ignobly, adhering to or ignoringjus in hello. The cause may well be just—surely Sherman believed in the survival of the union—but once war begins, the best one can do is to fight efficiently and pragmatically, to do, in short, whatever is necessary to win as decisively and quickly as possible. If civilians are killed along the way, so be it; if striking terror into the hearts of one’s enemy by barbarism is helpful to one’s goals, so be it. The particular rationalizations for killing implicit in the ban-as-sacrifice tradition, the ban as God’s justice,
Die Flambierte Frau: Sati in European Culture
Authors: Figueira Dorothy M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The German Romantic poet Karoline von Günderrode was a woman unlucky in matters of love. She lost Carl von Savigny to Cunegonde Brentano. Her affection for Clemens Brentano could not withstand his extravagant tastes. She then met Frederick Creuzer, a man noteworthy to historians of religion as the author of the light classic, Das Symbolik. He influenced Karoline intellectually, enlarging her knowledge and introducing her to Indian thought. Under Creuzer’s tutelege, Günderrode’s work was inspired by various themes from Indian mythology and philosophy. Works such as Die Erscheinung, Ein apokaliptisches Fragment, and the Geschichte eines Brahminen all express a vague longing for the Absolute, a belief in perfection of the soul through earthly denial, and the vision of death as a surrender to an Elemental Spirit. Not surprisingly, Karoline’s stimulating relationship with Creuzer developed into romance. Unfortunately, the Heidelberg philologist was already married to an older woman, whose wealth enabled him to pursue the life of a scholar.
Playing Along: America and the Rhetoric of Deceit
Authors: Bryant John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As a fusion of import and invention, America draws its identity from both foreign traditions and native forms. But more than just the site of cultural fusion, America is the pressure to include and expand. In adapting the tenets of amiability to the experiences of the New World, Americans tinkered with old forms to resolve their comic debate. But with the tall tale and its rhetoric of deceit, they created new forms altogether. The “pressure” was in containing divisive satire within a genial frame of humor so as to foster a national comic voice. On the surface of it, the national inclination seemed contrary to Melville’s individual aesthetic. Whereas the culture promoted the loud voices of local stereotypes—Yankee, frontiersman, and minstrel—Melville sought a voice of silence. But beyond regional characters was a more compatible humor that thrived on deceptive silences; it was the humor of the American tall tale itself, a narrative structure that trains democratic readers in the dangers of belief. No tradition of humor is richer in America than our affection for liars, for no other form of native humor so richly blends our conflicting desires for social subversion and communal integration. Lying was not exclusive to Amer ica, but because the frontier required its denizens to know deception, comic lying became a social and literary art for the nation. Similarly, art forms based on a rhetoric of deceit grew. Writers like Poe and T. B. Thorpe understood the moral effect that tall talk, tall tales, and narrative unreliability had in the democracy, and Melville also adopted the strategies of comic lying to add sting to his genial art. He saw, too, that it was a metaphysical imperative.
The Genial Misanthrope: Melville and the Cosmopolitan Ideal
Authors: Bryant John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The recent development of multiethnic approaches to literary analysis has excited new interest in an old question: What is an American? As for any immigrant nation, the answer necessarily evolves with every new repositioning of power among its peoples; accordingly, to be American is to be culturally unstable. America itself is not “One culture out of Many” but rather “One culture and Many.” Thus Amer icans, no matter how far removed in the generations from their initial immigrations, discover an identity in the fusion of their allegiance to an ethnic past with a desire for a transcultural attachment. The repose of self-worth in multiethnic life teeters on the fulcrum of a hyphen, whether to lose that hyphen or to wave it like a flag. In Melville’s day the problems of ethnicity were expressed primarily in the idiom of the cosmopolitan ideal, wherein all cultures, races, and creeds would be afforded equal footing. Established in late-eighteenth-century Europe, the ideal nevertheless had its best hope for fulfillment in early-nineteenth-century America, where achieving political and cultural coherence depended upon the harmonizing of factions. America was in potential if not full reality the ultimate cosmopolitical state.
Ishmael: Sounding the Repose of If
Authors: Bryant John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Moby-Dick is a tragedy staged within a comedy, and a drama contained by a meditation. Just as Ishmael projects Ahab out of himself, and Ahab projects the white whale, so does Ishmael’s redemptive geniality frame the demonic impulse that informs Ahab’s dramatic conflict with Moby Dick. This framing technique, which draws upon gothic and tall-tale formulas,1is most directly felt in the rhythmic alternations in the narrative between disintegration and coherence, the pulse of Ahab’s “unsmoothable … seam” (MD, 488) and counterpulse of Ishmael’s “one seamless whole” (492). With these alternating periods of tension and repose, we feel wrapped in the tides of the author’s unfolding consciousness, in which seamless vision and fracturing realities enact a circular discourse. For Ishmael that circu larity—and circles more than whiteness are the novel’s dominant symbol—is a comfort; for Ahab, despair. Melville gives the more solid beat in this rhythmic give-and-take to Ishmael’s repose, and finally this recurring comic beat is the narrative’s organizing principle.
Melville’s Comedy of Doubt
Authors: Bryant John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The reviews of Moby-Dick were mixed, and given the months of composition, Melville had every right to be discouraged. Still, he could take comfort that jour nalists were learning how to read him. What impressed them was Melville’s style. The reviewer for Graham’s captured the essence of Ishmael’s “careful disorder liness” (MD, 361) and genial desperation when he wrote that “the style is dashing, headlong, strewn with queer and quaint ingenuities moistened with humor, and is a capital specimen of deliberate and felicitous recklessness, in which a seeming helter-skelter movement is guided by real judgment.”1 Moby-Dick was also a “capital specimen” of a verbal picturesque. The reviewer for The Leader wrote, “The book is not a romance, nor a treatise on Cetology. It is something of both: a strange, wild work with the tangled overgrowth and luxuriant vegetation of American forests, not the trim orderliness of an English park” (D, 26). The Boston Evening Traveller summed up Melville’s mixed style in deliberately provocative words: It is “a sort of hermaphrodite craft” (D, 32), drawing upon the beautiful and the sublime, and yet occupying a middle ground distinct from either contributing “sex.” Melville walked Simms’s “Al Sirat,” the thin creative line between two aesthetic realms. His style was “strange,” said the National Intelligencer in Wash ington, in its “power to reach the sinuosities of a thought” (D, 68). All agreed Melville’s “moral chiaroscuro” had “charm.”2
The Tall Tale as Theme and Structure in Roughing It
Authors: Wonham Henry B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Frustrated with his urban existence in New York, Charles Stanley, the young hero of Emerson Bennett’s The Trapper’s Bride (1848), contemplates life on the western frontier. Like the tenderfooted narrator of Mark Twain’s Roughing It, Charles derives his initial impressions of western life from an exceedingly safe distance.
The Disembodied Yarn Spinner and the Reader of Huckleberry Finn
Authors: Wonham Henry B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Toward the end of “Old Times on the Mississippi,” Mark Twain explains that the river pilot of the 1840s and 1850s was to be envied because, unlike even a king, “his movements were entirely free.”The river pilot before the war was “an absolute monarch,” the one man on earth who answered to no higher authority, who was “absolute in sober truth and not by a fiction of words” (91).
Introduction: Studying Cognitive Processes in the Classroom
Authors: Penrose Ann M , Sitko Barbara M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Alan is speaking aloud into a tape recorder as he reads his task directions and begins to work. He hesitates not a bit in responding to this assignment. He reads the three-page article from beginning to end, pausing for comment after each sentence or two: “ah, it seems like the key clue” … “underline that” … “key dates.” Then he rereads the task directions, decides there are “two key issues here … the definition of a hurricane, the history,” and proceeds to write his paper by stringing together the facts he’d highlighted under these two headings. Alan churns this one out easily, pausing during the writing process only to complain about the tedium of the task and the poor quality of his own text: “this is a terrible intro” … “this is bad” … “this paper is not making too much sense” … “this is so trivial … I hate this … nothing to it.”