bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Government launching aid for the New Range, 1973-1975
Authors: Martin Campbell-Kelly 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Geoff Cross accepted the managing directorship of ICL in spring 1972, Tom Hudson and Arthur Humphreys did not over-emphasize ICL’s problems. The magnitude of the immediate problems only became apparent to Cross on the first day he took up office in early May.2 There were essentially four problems, which were interrelated; and all demanded immediate attention. First, ICL’s half-year results, to be announced the following month, were catastrophic. Second, there was a crisis of confidence, both within ICL and without, dating from the Economist articles of February 1971. Third, ICL was almost in suspended animation, awaiting a government decision on launching aid for the New Range. Fourth, ICL was being pressured to merge with an American computer company. The only really bright spot was that the computer recession was coming to an end, and the order books were beginning to fill up again, so that once the first-half results were announced, the worst of the 1970-71 downturn would be over.
The destructive potential of computer viruses
Authors: Louw Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A computer virus is a deliberately created set of instructions which is able to propagate itself through computer systems. Besides the ability to replicate, many viruses are able to do other things, mostly harmful. Some viruses display a message, some slow down the operation of computer systems, and some cause large-scale loss of data and programs. In fact, the variety of things that viruses can be programmed to do is practically endless. Computer virus attacks are not rare occurrences; they have been commonplace for a number of years. The US-based Computer Virus Industry Association documented virus attacks on nearly 90 000 personal computers in that country during 1988, and a 1991 Gallup survey revealed that 24 per cent of the UK’s 500 largest companies had suffered a computer virus attack in the preceding three years. In fact, these figures may well be underestimates. Many companies keep virus attacks quiet, fearing that such publicity could damage their reputations.
Introduction
Authors: Hahnle Reiner 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is, to the best of my knowledge, the first monograph exclusively devoted to automated theorem proving in many-valued* logics. There are several books on automated theorem proving, for instance Chang and Lee (1973), Wos et al. (1984), Bibel (1987), Wos (1988), Fitting (1990b), and even more on many-valued logic† (Rosser and Turquette, 1952; Ackermann, 1967; Rescher, 1969; Dunn and Epstein, 1977; Gottwald, 1989; Bole and Borowik, 1992). There are also books on automated theorem proving in other non-classical logics, for example, Wallen (1990). In general, the interest in theorem proving in various non-classical logics, triggered mainly by new applications in computer science,‡ has grown vastly in the last ten years. One can easily find dozens of references on theorem proving in intuitionistic, modal, linear, conditional, non-monotonic and temporal logic, but not so on theorem proving in many-valued logic.
Appendicularian distribution and zoogeography
Authors: Fenaux R , Bone Q , Deibel D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although a good deal is known of the broad outlines of appendicularian distribution in different oceans, only at a few favoured sites has sampling been sufficiently detailed, and carried on for long enough, to gain a reasonably ‘complete’ idea of their horizontal and vertical distribution over time. Sampling presents some difficulties, and much of the information from particular areas on the presence or absence of species and their abundance must be regarded as provisional only. Most of our knowledge of global appendicularian distribution has come from oceanographic expeditions during the 19th and 20th centuries, which means that each site (station) was usually sampled only once. The few studies that have achieved repeated sampling from the same station over time have shown marked seasonal qualitative variations in the catch, hence the absence of a particular species in a single sample should not be taken as absolute proof that that species is absent from the area. However this is not the only sampling difficulty. Due to size differences between species, and increase in size with age within species, the mesh size of the plankton nets used will influence the nature of the samples obtained, both qualitatively and quantitatively. A very clear example of the magnitude of this sampling bias was provided by Fenaux (1986b), who took simultaneous vertical samples in the Mediterranean with two nets of mesh size 200 and 53 μ,m. Many fewer specimens were caught by the net with the larger mesh, indeed, to agree with the catch of the 53 μ,m net, that of the 200 μ,m net had to be multiplied by a factor of 2.9 for Oikopleuridae and 4.6 for the smaller Fritillariidae. Another difficulty in sampling has been raised by recent interesting submersible and diver observations, which indicate that appendicularians may be extremely abundant in very thin layers only a few metres thick, and these layers may be patchy (Deibel et al., unpublished). All of these sampling problems, in particular the temporal and spatial inhomogeneity of appendicularian populations, means that most of the data we have on appendicularian distribution is incomplete.
The conservation of British butterflies
Authors: Warren Martin S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Britain’s butterflies have been documented since the mid-nineteenth century enabling the construction of detailed maps of their past and present distributions (Heath et al. 1984; Emmet and Heath 1989). Over this period many species have undergone considerable changes, with the majority contracting their ranges following local extinctions, and few species expanding their ranges (see summaries in Dennis 1977; Thomson 1980; Heath et al. 1984). However, there are major problems with interpreting the pattern of change recorded by the presence or absence data given in standard distribution maps. Firstly, the data-base itself has a very uneven geographic cover¬ age and the declines recorded are linked, to some extent, with the thoroughness Qf past and present recording. Thus, fewer declines have been detected in south-west England, Wales, and Scotland, partly because they are more remote, and so have been poorly recorded in the past. Secondly, the declines shown on distribution maps may be related to the original abundance of a species, or the number of colonies within each recording square. Thus, if the rate of decline was even across the country, extinc¬tions would be more apparent in regions where species were sparsely represented to begin with. For many species, these sparse regions occur in eastern Britain, and far higher densities have always been present in the south and west. There is ample evidence that declines have been very severe on a more local scale in traditionally rich butterfly counties such as Dorset (Thomas and Webb 1984), but these have not yet been reflected in obvious changes on distribution maps, especially when plotted at a scale of 10 km squares.
Sex ratio variation in polygynous ants
Authors: Boomsma Jacobus J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the interesting genetic conflicts between workers and queens in eusocial Hymenoptera concerns the allocation of resources to the female-and male-brood in the nest. This conflict was quantified by Trivers and Hare (1976) in a synthetic theoretical argument containing elements of sex ratio theory (Fisher 1958), kinship theory (Hamilton 1964, 1972), and parent-offspring conflict theory (Trivers 1974). They hypothesized that workers of eusocial species should capitalize on their asymmetry in relatedness towards the sexual brood by producing a female-biased sex investment ratio, whereas the fitness of the mother queen is maximized by an even sex ratio. The maximal bias expected under random mating was shown to be 3:1 and to apply to the case where colonies consist of one singly inseminated mother and full-sib worker daughters. In contrast to this relatedness-asymmetry interpretation of the sex ratios in monogynous ants, Trivers and Hare’s treatment of polygynous species’ sex ratios emphasized primarily the effect of reduced dispersal of gynes, which induces selection for male-biased sex ratios if nests recruit their own gynes as queens. Subsequent studies on polygynous Formica ants (Herbers 1979; Pamilo and Rosengren 1983, 1984; Rosengren and Pamilo 1986) revealed tremendous variation in the sex ratio of nests, both within and among populations. This reinforced a tendency either to emphasize ultimate factors other than worker kin selection for the explanation of these patterns, such as structured populations (Alexander and Sherman 1977), or to concentrate on proximate factors such as blastogenic caste determination (Schmidt 1974), or factors associated with physical and/or pheromonal queen control (Brian 1980).
Serial polygyny in the primitively eusocial wasp ropalidia marginata: implications for the evolution of sociality
Authors: Gadagkar Raghavendra , Chandrashekara Krishnappa , Chandran Swarnalatha , Bhagavan Seetha 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Social insects usually live in colonies comprising one or a small number of reproductive individuals and a few or large number of sterile individuals. In termites only, both sexes are represented among the reproductives as well as among the sterile workers. In other social insects, namely ants, bees, and wasps, males do not participate significantly in the social life of colonies, which involves primarily the fertile queens and sterile female workers (Wilson 1971). The haplodiploid genetic system found universally.
The history of the problem
Authors: Wood Albert E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The relationships of South American organisms involve several distinct problems regarding organisms emplaced in South America at quite different times. There is no a priori reason that they should have involved similar geographic relationships of faunas or similar types of migration routes. South American organisms may be divided into several categories (termed faunal strata by Simpson 1950). The explanation for the origin of one level is independent of that for the others.
Evolution of zygodons with emphasis on dentition1
Authors: Tobien Heinz 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Because of the structure of cheek dentition and the mandible, the zygodont mammutids represent a rather well-defined group among mammutids. (In this chapter and elsewhere in this volume, the common names ‘mastodon’, ‘zygodon’, and ‘mammutid’ are used only for members of the family Mammutidae. and the names ‘gomphothere’ and ‘bunodont gomphothere’ refer to members of the family Gomphotheriidae sensu lato. e.g. Gomphotherium. ‘Zygodont’ and ‘bunodont’, spelled with a ‘f, are used as adjectives.) Two genera represent the zygodont lineage in the Old World (Zygolophodon Vacek, 1877 of the middle Miocene, and Mammut Blumenbach, 1799 of the late Miocene, Pliocene, and Pleistocene epochs), and one genus in Africa (Eozygodon Tassy and Pickford, 1983 of the early Miocene). These three genera have been classified in the family Mammutidae (e.g. Tassy 1990a; Shoshani and Tassy, this volume, Chapter 34). The basic structural molar characters are already visible in the earliest members of Zygolophodon. In this chapter. I will focus on the European forms (Zygolophodon and Mammut); Eozygodon has been described and discussed by Tassy and Pickford (1983).
Gomphotheres and mammutids from the Iberian Peninsula
Authors: Mazo Ana v. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Remains of gomphotheres and mammutids are abundant in the Iberian Peninsula and are found within a temporal interval from middle Miocene (c. 18 Ma) to Villafranchian (c. 3 Ma; Table 14.1). Earlier studies of these proboscideans reflect, in Spain and Portugal, multiple genera, species, and varieties. In this study, the taxa considered valid include four gomphotheres and two mammutids. This chapter analyses the temporal distribution of these taxa in the Iberian Peninsula, based on the changes reflected by the incisors and cheek teeth of these mammals through time, taking as reference the biozonation of Neogene mammals proposed by Mein (1979, 1990; Table 14.1).
Classification
Authors: Pratt H Douglas , Jeffrey Jack , Conant Sheila 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most widely used taxonomy today is that of the AOU (1998), which has its roots in Pratt (1979a) via Berger (1981), with refinements based on numerous papers published subsequently on various subgroups. The classification of Hawaiian honeycreepers used in this book does not coincide exactly with any previous classification. Although relatively few of its distinctive features are novel, it can be regarded as a new overall revision based on a large body of recent research (see Chapter 4). I do not, however, regard it as the final word, but as the best classification for summarising current knowledge. Taxonomies that have been, and continue to be, controversial are discussed below.
Behaviour
Authors: Pratt H Douglas , Jeffrey Jack , Conant Sheila 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most Hawaiian honeycreepers on the main islands rarely go to the ground except to gather nesting material, so running and hopping are not common means of locomotion. However, ‘I’iwi (Fancy and Ralph 1998), ‘Apapane (Fancy and Ralph 1997), and ‘Akohekohe (Berlin and VanGelder 1999) often run over the nearly solid leafy surface of the ‘ohi’a canopy. Both drepanidines on Laysan walk and hop along the ground more than they fly (Fisher 1903).
The clear cutting system
Authors: Matthews John D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Under this system successive areas are clear felled and regenerated, most frequently by artificial means but sometimes naturally. As a general rule the coupe should be completely cleared, although pre-existing poles and saplings may be left if they occur in promising groups large enough to form self-contained crops. Under ordinary conditions, however, isolated poles and saplings should be removed, as these are likely to develop into branchy trees as well as interfere with the new crop.
The irregular shelterwood system
Authors: Matthews John D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The irregular shelterwood system may be defined as a system of successive regeneration fellings with a long and indefinite regeneration period, producing young crops of somewhat uneven-aged type. The system has several distinctive features. It is a ‘natural’ system based on characteristics of the indigenous forest types in the regions where it is practised. The object of sustained yield in quantity and quality of timber, whilst maintaining the capability of the sites, is achieved by varying the composition and structure of each stand so as to match differences in site characters. Although use of exotic species is not excluded preference is given to those native to the region.
Accessory systems
Authors: Matthews John D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The formation of two-storied high forest and high forest with reserves provide examples of accessory systems (Troup 1952, p. 133) because they may arise from various other systems and are not dependent on any particular form of regeneration. Two-storied high forest is composed of an upper and a lower storey of trees of seedling origin, growing in intimate mixture on the same site. Generally two species are involved, the upperstorey usually comprising a light-demander under which a shade-tolerant species can grow without being suppressed when introduced at a later date.
The Ancient World
Authors: Desmond Ray 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the time of the Greek geographer, Hecateus of Miletus, about 500 BC, until the Portuguese discovered the sea route around the Cape of Good Hope and across the Indian Ocean towards the close of the fifteenth century, European scholars knew India only as a land of legend and fantasy. Writers of the classical world perpetuated such myths as the sun appearing larger there than elsewhere in the world, that it was home to gold-digging ants and to barbarous tribes contorted by bizarre deformities such as men with canine heads or spider legs or with fingers that bent backwards with supple ease. India was loosely synonymous with Asia in general, and as late as the seventeenth century a writer explained to his readers that ‘by the name of India ... we comprehend all the tract between India ... on the west ... unto China eastwards’. Exotic plants with an eastern provenance were often indiscriminately called ‘Indian’.
Interrelationships between two families of multifunctional effectors: retinoids and TGF-β
Authors: Roberts Anita B , Glick Adam B , Sporn Michael B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has been recognized for quite some time that retinoids are important regulators of cell growth and differentiation. As early as 1925, Wolbach and Howe studied histological changes in tissues of vitamin A-deficient rats and suggested that there were important effects of retinoid status on both the differentiation and proliferation of cells. Later, Fell and Mellanby (1953) demonstrated that retinoids could control the phenotype of epithelial cells in tissue culture by showing that either retinol or retinyl acetate could induce keratinized embryonic chicken skin to begin secreting mucus and to elaborate ciliated cells; the opposite occurs in retinoid deficiency, where nasal or tracheal epithelia that are normally mucous-secreting and ciliated undergo a change to a squamous, keratinizing epithelium (Wolbach and Howe 1925). Approaching the problem somewhat differently, Lasnitzki (1955) demonstrated that the premalignant phenotype of mouse prostate glands that had been treated with the carcinogen 3-methyl cholanthrene could be altered by retinoid treatment in organ culture. The atypical cells were replaced by cells with more normal morphology, demonstrating that retinoids could suppress abnormal cellular differentiation that had been induced by a carcinogen and restore a more normal pattern of cellular differentiation. Collectively, these data underscore the importance of retinoids in the maintenance of epithelial homeostasis.
Parnassiaceae
Authors: Gornall R J , Al-Shammary K I A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to many taxonomists the family consists solely of Parnassia L., a genus of about 50 species of herbaceous perennials distributed throughout the north-temperate region, with a centre of diversity in the Himalaya. To this family is added by some the monotypic Lepuropetalon Elliott, an ephemeral species occurring in two widely separated areas: (1) southeastern USA and Mexico; and (2) central Chile, Argentina and Uruguay.
Bird Families of the World
Authors: Frith Clifford B , Frith Dawn W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The bowerbirds are confined to the great island of New Guinea and the island continent of Australia, and their immediately adjacent islands. They are medium-sized birds, omnivorous and largely solitary. They are unique in the avian world in that the males build elaborate ‘bowers’: structures of sticks, grasses or other plant stems on or close to the ground for display and courtship, often incorporating objects such as colourful fruits, flowers, feathers, bones, stones, shells, insect skeletons, and numerous other natural (and human-made) objects. The highly sophisticated building, decorating, collecting, arranging, thieving, singing, and courtship posturing and dancing by males is primarily to attract and impress females. As much of it is performed in the absence of females, however, some consider it possible that males may also enjoy such activities for their own sake. The bowers and the birds’ behaviour associated with them have been much studied by behavioural ecologists searching for evolutionary and ecological explanations of behavioural patterns. The authors’ aims include: (a) making the reader aware of the broader significance of bowerbirds to general biological studies and (b) providing references to key literature on theoretical issues. Part I contains general chapters on bowerbird evolution, behaviour, environment, demography, courtship patterns, breeding biology, and sexual selection. Part II follows with 21 species accounts, giving comprehensive information on the birds in their natural state, including distribution maps and sonographs. Complementing the species accounts are superb colour plates by Eustace Barnes, especially commissioned for this volume. The Bowerbirds, like its companions in the series, is an indispensable work of reference for everyone interested in birds.
Multiple mates: polygyny and cooperative polyandry
Authors: Ligon J David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The subject of polygyny has been a key topic in avian behavioural ecology for more than thirty years. Polygyny is identified by a mating association between one male and two or more females, with each female possessing its own nest and young. Why females would choose to mate with an already-paired male, when unmated males appear to be available, is a question that has fascinated many students of avian mating systems.
Health and morbidity: ethnomedical and epidemiological perspectives
Authors: Shell-Duncan Bettina , Shelley J Karen , Leslie Paul W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Multidisciplinary studies of human health in Turkana provide a unique opportunity to examine consequences of multiple stresses of pastoral existence in a harsh, arid, semi- desert environment, and to evaluate biobehavioral responses of the Turkana people. A comprehensive understanding of determinants of health and well-being among the Turkana necessitates analysis of relationships among a variety of factors, including nutrition, immunity, and infectious morbidity, within their socio-cultural and ecological context. The manner in which the Turkana perceive and act upon potential or existing threats to health influences their ability to mitigate environmental stress, and affects the distribution of disease stress within the population.
Allopolyploid speciation
Authors: Kobel Hans Rudolf 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since all but one of the Xenopus species are polyploid in various degrees, polyploidy should have resulted from relatively few and uncomplicated mechanisms that operated repeatedly in this genus. This contrasts with other vertebrates where polyploidy is rare and most often accompanied by an aberrant mode of reproduction. In both animals and plants, polyploid species are often of allopolyploid origin and there is evidence that this also applies to Xenopus. Conditions promoting bisexual allopolyploidy include (1) mixed populations that hybridize, (2) polyploidization in the germ line of hybrids, (3) compatibility of polyploidy with sex determination, and (4) reproductive success of polyploids equal to that of their parental species. Several of these requirements have been investigated in the laboratory. While male hybrids are sterile owing to univalent meiosis, female hybrids frequently produce unreduced eggs through premeiotic endoreduplication. When fertilized by spermatozoa of either parental species these develop into 3n females which again may produce unreduced eggs, giving rise to tetraploid backcross offspring of both sexes; the sex ratio depends on the species combination and on the temperature during sexual differentiation.
Mythology, harvesting and farming
Authors: Davies S J J F , Bamford Michael J , Loomes Danika 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ostriches are symbolised in the relics of ancient civilisations, Assyrian, Egyptian, Greek and Roman. Ostrich eggs were used as cups and vases in Mesopotamia 5000 years ago. The Romans have left evidence that ostriches were brought to Rome and ridden by the nobility. Many peoples in Africa and Asia Minor used ostrich feathers as a mark of rank amongst warriors. In Egypt the plumes were regarded as symbols of truth and justice and by the Somalis as a symbol of victory.