bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nonadiabatic charge transfer processes of oxygen on metal surfaces
Authors: Katz Gil , Zeiri Yehuda , Kosloff Ronnie 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe dynamics of charge transfer processes of oxygen on metal surfaces is reviewed. Two theoretical frameworks, the adiabatic and the nonadiabatic, are compared with experiment. The O2/Al system is chosen as a representative example. In the adiabatic approach there is no barrier to dissociation. This fact contradicts experimental observations of an increase of the dissociation probability with incident energy. In this study a nonadiabatic framework is formulated where the encounter takes place simultaneously on four electronic surfaces, each representing a different charged oxygen species. The dynamics, starting from an oxygen molecule in the gas phase, is followed by solving the multichannel time dependent Schrödinger equation. The transition from the diabatic to the adiabatic limit is explored by varying the nonadiabatic coupling terms. By so doing the dissociation probability dependence on incident energy changes from a strong monotonic increase in the diabatic case, to a flat dependence in the adiabatic case. The influence of electronic quenching is also studied, based on a numerical solution of the Liouville von Neumann equation. The dynamics subject to quenching shows a stronger initial dependence on incident kinetic energy leading to saturation. The general trend is quite similar to the dynamics without quenching.
Nonadiabatic pathways in the dissociative adsorption of simple molecules
Authors: Hasselbrink Eckart 
Published: May 2005

AbstractMolecular beams and laser spectrometry have been used to study nonadiabatic processes in the interaction of molecules with well‐characterized surfaces. The emission of exoelectrons and the formation of O− ions in the interaction of O2 molecules with a Cs(√3 x √3) structure on Ru(001) is studied as a function of translational energy, extending previously reported results. The interaction of O2 with an Al(111) surface exhibits an abstraction channel, which is predominant at translational energies smaller than 0.5 eV. In the interaction of NO2 with an Al(111) surface, the operation of an abstraction channel resulting in O(a) and NO(g) is observed. All three examples are interpreted to indicate the significance of early charge transfer channels in molecular dissociative adsorption processes. Delayed charge transfer may lead to nonadiabatic reaction routes in this scenario.
Acoustic and Trawl Surveys to Locate Eulachon Aggregations in the Lower Fraser River, British Columbia
Authors: Stables T. Brock , Perrin Chris J. , Rosenau Marvin L. 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
Coordinated acoustic and trawl surveys were performed to locate aggregations of adult eulachon Thaleichthys pacificus in the lower Fraser River, British Columbia, during spring 2001 and 2002. Aggregations were encountered in one portion of the study area in both years. They contained mature, spawning, and spent eulachon of both sexes, of which over 80% were spent males. These groups were 880–2,000 m long and averaged 117–140 m wide. Within them, mean fish density was 0.27–0.29 fish/m3 and species composition was 87–99% eulachon. They occurred in 6–8.5 m of water over substrate that was mainly sand with a small fraction of pea gravel. We did not determine whether these eulachon spawned in that area or had congregated there for another purpose, such as holding or migration. Other species occasionally encountered in appreciable numbers were juvenile pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha and chum salmon O. keta. Mean in situ target strengths of eulachon were −53.3 dB at 123 kHz and −50.3 dB at 208 kHz. Coordinated acoustics and trawling were effective for locating eulachon aggregations at low to moderate flows (river discharge of 3,200 m3/s or less), but were hampered by entrained debris during higher flows of spring runoff. Under suitable river conditions, the high resolution and rapid spatial coverage of this technique are apt for habitat preference studies and point source environmental assessments in large, turbid rivers.
Laboratory Studies on the Vulnerability of Young White Sturgeon to Predation
Authors: Gadomski Dena M. , Parsley Michael J. 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
Despite evidence of annual spawning by white sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus in rivers of the northwestern United States and Canada, in some years and locations little or no recruitment of age-0 white sturgeon has been observed. We examined the vulnerability of white sturgeon larvae and juveniles to predation to further understand possible causes of mortality. We were particularly interested in the vulnerability of older larvae and juveniles because at about 25 mm total length (TL) white sturgeon develop sharp dorsal and lateral scutes that may act as a morphological defense. In the laboratory, white sturgeon ranging from newly hatched larvae to about 170-mm TL juveniles were exposed to predatory fishes they might encounter in the natural environment. We found that channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus (mean TL = 464 mm) and northern pikeminnow Ptychocheilus oregonensis (mean TL = 472 mm) ate white sturgeon up to mean sizes of 121 and 134 mm TL, respectively. Conversely, similarly sized walleyes Sander vitreus ingested almost no white sturgeon, although juvenile walleyes (mean TL = 184 mm) ate white sturgeon up to 59 mm TL. The smallest predator we tested, prickly sculpins Cottus asper (mean TL = 126 mm), ate white sturgeon up to a mean TL of 50 mm. Our study demonstrated that predation is a likely cause of mortality of age-0 white sturgeon and may be contributing to the year-class failures that have been observed. In addition, the results from this study could be used to reduce the predation risk of artificially propagated white sturgeon released to augment declining populations since fish could be reared to sizes where their vulnerability is low.
Accuracy of Aerial Telemetry in Fisheries Studies
Authors: Roberts James J. , Rahel Frank J. 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
Radiotelemetry has become an important method for examining movement patterns of fishes. The use of aircraft allows transmitter-implanted fish to be tracked over long distances and in areas difficult to access on the ground. However, the accuracy of aerially determined locations can limit the types of conclusions one can draw about fish habitat use. We utilized aerial telemetry while studying the effects of irrigation canals on a population of cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarkii. To determine the accuracy of aerially determined locations, we used a method common in terrestrial studies whereby transmitters are placed at known locations and then located by a naïve pilot. These aerially determined locations were then compared with the known locations of transmitters to determine the mean error associated with aerial telemetry. In our study, we found that aerially acquired location errors ranged from 22 to 426 m and had a mean of 178 m. In a review of recent studies that used aerial telemetry, we found that 15 of 34 (44%) terrestrial studies but only 4 of 17 (24%) aquatic studies reported an estimate of the error associated with aerial telemetry locations. The overall mean location error of these studies was 158 m. We urge aquatic biologists to consider location errors when using aerial telemetry, especially when making inferences about fish habitat use or movement patterns.
PIT-Tag Detection System for Large-Diameter Juvenile Fish Bypass Pipes at Columbia River Basin Hydroelectric Dams
Authors: Axel G. A. , Prentice E. F. , Sandford B. P. 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
We developed a prototype detection system with increased reading range for passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags. The system eliminates the need to route juvenile salmonids to sampling and collection facilities for detection and allows fisheries management greater flexibility in safely bypassing juvenile salmonids at dams. This technology can be applied to PIT-tag studies elsewhere, especially those directed at recovery of threatened and endangered salmonid populations. The system exceeded the intended goal of 95% tag-reading efficiency and yielded reading efficiencies near 100% for the four antennas combined. In tests using juvenile steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss and subyearling Chinook salmon O. tshawytscha, the system worked as designed under a variety of release times and densities. Both direct and indirect methods were used to evaluate the system. The direct method used a known number of tagged fish released at a specific location and compared that number to the number of unique tag codes read. Using this method, over 98% reading efficiency was obtained under all test conditions. The indirect method relied upon a statistical comparison of reading performance between antennas during the juvenile migration season. This method showed that the system efficiency ranged between 99.5% and 100%.
Initial Predation of Stocked Fingerling Largemouth Bass in a Texas Reservoir and Implications for Improving Stocking Efficiency
Authors: Buckmeier David L. , Betsill Robert K. , Schlechte J. Warren 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
We assessed the importance of initial predation as a source of mortality of stocked fingerling Florida largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides floridanus (30–46 mm total length). Florida largemouth bass were tagged with coded wire tags and stocked (3,000 fish/site) at six sites in Elm Creek Embayment of O. H. Ivie Reservoir, Texas—the location of an earlier study in which the immediate mortality of stocked fish was found to be highly variable. Stocked fish were eaten by at least five species of predators that varied widely in size. Ninety-three percent of the stocked fish recovered from predator stomachs were consumed by juvenile and adult largemouth bass M. salmoides and smallmouth bass M. dolomieu. Assuming a capture efficiency of 8% for our predator sampling, losses of stocked fish to predation were as high as 27.5% within 12 h of stocking, and losses generally increased with predator density. In comparison, the mortality of stocked fish held in predator-free enclosures was only 3.5% at 84 h poststocking, indicating that mortality resulting from transport and other variables was low and similar among stocking sites (P = 0.17). This study suggests that predation was the primary factor affecting the poststocking survival of fingerling Florida largemouth bass, and we recommend that managers consider predator densities when selecting stocking sites. Future efforts should examine the relationships between predation and habitat variables such as habitat composition and habitat complexity. Additional research should evaluate alternative stocking strategies such as using larger fish and habituating stocked fish before release.
Effect of Baiting on Hoop Net Catch Rates of Endangered Humpback Chub
Authors: Stone Dennis M. 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
The effects of unbaited, scented (odor emitted by inaccessible hatchery feed), and baited (accessible feed) single-throated hoop nets on the catch rates of the federally endangered humpback chub Gila cypha (≥100 mm total length) were assessed in the Little Colorado River, Arizona, to determine how baiting affected the catch of these fish. Of a total of 1,297 unique humpback chub captured, 262 (20%) were caught in 179 unbaited nets, 330 (25%) in 179 scented nets, and 705 (54%) in 178 baited nets. Humpback chub retention in unbaited nets did not differ from a 50:50 chance event (P = 0.075) but probably peaked in baited nets where these fish were preoccupied with feeding (i.e., gorging themselves), which would explain the higher catch rates in baited than in scented or unbaited nets (P ≤ 0.001). Moreover, humpback chub catch rates were not significantly higher in scented than in unbaited nets (P = 0.779), which suggests that elevating both “fish attraction” and “fish retention” are essential to substantially increase their captures in these nets. However, scenting may still be a viable option when used in conjunction with passive gears possessing higher fish retention capabilities or to target species less prone to escape. The findings of this study should provide valuable insight to anyone wishing to optimize catch rates by baiting or scenting passive entrapment gear.
Chromium (VI) separation from aqueous solution using anion exchange membrane
Authors: Pugazhenthi G. , Kumar Anil 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe preparation is reported of a chemically modified crosslinked poly(methyl methacrylate–ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) (PMMA–EGDM) copolymer anion exchange ultrafiltration membrane on a macroporous clay support. This is obtained by nitrating a PMMA–EGDM membrane using NOx (a mixture of NO and NO2), which is further reduced to an amine group using hydrazine hydrate to form an anion‐exchange membrane (AEM). The membrane thus formed is characterized for its properties such as ion‐exchange capacity, membrane swelling, contact angle measurements, and membrane morphologies. The results show that the membrane becomes highly hydrophilic on the introduction of a charge and the separation experiments on the chromium (VI) salt solution show that the permeate flux (keeping the same rejection level of 90%) is considerably increased (by 100‐fold). The analysis of separation of Cr(VI) from its aqueous solution has been done by solving a two‐dimensional (in cylindrical coordinates) space‐charge model (SCM). A series solution of the nonlinear Poisson–Boltzmann equation has been generated, which leads to a considerable reduction in the computational time (from 15 h of batch time using the method reported earlier to 15 min for our method). The effective pore radius and wall potential of the unmodified and AEMs are evaluated by fitting the experimental data of the separation. The permeate flux calculated from this model matches well with the experimental values and a correlation is developed between the separation characteristic (rejection) and the wall charge developed by the chemical modification of the membrane. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2005
Pore diffusion simulation model of bimodal catalyst for Fischer‐Tropsch synthesis
Authors: Xu Bolian , Fan Yining , Zhang Yi , Tsubaki Noritatsu 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe Fischer‐Tropsch (FT) synthesis reaction was conducted using bimodal catalyst in a slurry phase reactor. The bimodal catalyst was prepared from a bimodal support which was tailor‐made by introducing SiO2 sol directly into the large pores of a SiO2 gel pellet The bimodal catalyst exhibited significantly higher activity in the slurry‐phase Fischer‐Tropsch synthesis than in other unimodal catalysts. The support with a large surface area allowed a highly dispersed cobalt particle, and its large pore size improved the diffusion of reactants and products. The diffusion of reactants inside the catalyst pores was simulated, and the effects of pore structure and pore size on catalytic performances were consistent with the simulation results. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2005
Does female dominance facilitate feeding priority in black‐and‐white ruffed lemurs (Varecia variegata) in southeastern Madagascar?
Authors: Overdorff Deborah J. , Erhart Elizabeth M. , Mutschler Thomas 
Published: May 2005

AbstractAlthough many Malagasy lemurs are thought to be female dominant and to have female feeding priority, to date the relationship between these behaviors has been rigorously established only in Lemur catta, and other ways that females might achieve feeding priority have not been examined closely. Erhart and Overdorff [International Journal of Primatology 20:927–940, 1999] suggested that one way female primates achieve feeding priority is to initiate and lead groups to food, thereby gaining access to the food first and positively influencing their food intake compared to other group members. Here we describe female dominance patterns and potential measures of feeding priority in two groups of black‐and‐white ruffed lemurs (Varecia variegata) that were observed over a 15‐month period in southeastern Madagascar. We predicted that the females would 1) be consistently dominant to males, 2) lead groups to food sources more often than males, and 3) have higher feeding rates compared to males when they arrived at food sources first. The results were dissimilar between the study groups. During the study, the oldest adult female in group 1 died. There was no evidence for female dominance in this group, and the remaining (likely natal) female did not lead the group more often, nor did she have a higher food intake than males. Group 1 dispersed shortly after the time frame reported here. In contrast, the resident female in group 2 was dominant to group males (based on agonistic interactions), led the group to food sources more often, and experienced a higher food intake when she arrived first at a food source. How these patterns vary over time and are influenced by the number of females in groups, group stability, food quality, and reproductive condition will be examined in future analyses. Am. J. Primatol. 66:7–22, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Environmental enrichment to address behavioral differences between wild and captive black‐and‐white ruffed lemurs (Varecia variegata)
Authors: Kerridge Frances J. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractI compared the behaviors of wild Varecia variegata living in a Malagasy rain forest with those of caged groups living in zoos in the United Kingdom in order to design environmental enrichment to encourage more natural behaviors. Comparisons were made between wild and captive animals in terms of activity budgets (instantaneously sampled at 1‐min intervals) and social and solitary behaviors, which were continuously recorded for focal individuals. I followed the same sampling protocol during behavioral enrichment experiments, with additional monitoring of the amount and type of food consumed, and with more detailed observations of feeding behavior. No significant differences were found in resting or moving between wild and captive V. variegata. However, captive V. variegata spent more time on self‐grooming and social behaviors, and less time feeding than wild V. variegata. There was also a lack of manual manipulation of food items. Behavioral enrichment experiments were carried out in which whole rather than chopped fruit was provided and presented in a more naturalistic manner. With this method of dietary presentation, manual manipulation of dietary items increased. Time spent feeding also increased significantly. Captive conservation breeding programs should not be wholly concerned with maintaining a diverse gene pool–they should also be concerned with conserving species‐typical behaviors, especially if they are to produce behaviorally intact captive animals that can be reintroduced to the wild with minimal training, financial resources, and loss of individuals. Am. J. Primatol. 66:71–84, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Virtual laboratory manual for microscopic anatomy
Authors: Michaels John E. , Allred Kelly , Bruns Christina , Lim Wan , Lowrie D.J. , Hedgren Wade 
Published: May 2005

AbstractUsing digital technology, we have assembled a virtual laboratory manual (VLM) that is a Web‐based copy of our traditional laboratory manual. The VLM is used to enhance traditional laboratory instruction in histology. For each reference in the VLM to either a histological slide or an electron micrograph (EM), hyperlinks are included that download digital images derived from the students' glass slide sets or scanned EMs. The VLM serves as an atlas of digital images for concurrent study of similar sections by light microscopy during laboratory sessions. In addition, students can review the images from the VLM at remote locations. We have encouraged continued use of light microscopes in laboratories by basing the majority of practical examination identifications on analysis of marked histological slides that require students to use their own microscopes. The VLM provides the convenience of a Web‐based resource with high‐quality images, yet allows retention of the many excellent traditional aspects of our course. An example of a VLM laboratory on epithelium is available online (http://users.von.uc.edu/michaeje/VLM‐Epithelium/exLab4.pdf). Anat Rec (Part B: New Anat) 284B:17–21, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A new way to teach an old topic: The cadaver‐based anatomy short course for high school students
Authors: Hubbard Christopher J. , Miller Jon S. , Olson Dan 
Published: May 2005

AbstractAn outreach program has been developed at the Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University (NIU), that offers an intensive short course in human gross anatomy to high school students and their teachers. Prior to the short course, the high school teachers attend a laboratory orientation, view the facilities, and then develop a syllabus suitable for the class needs. When the students arrive, they spend between 1 and 2 days rotating through five different work stations. Using their syllabus, they identify and learn the function of various structures on human cadavers and models. Evaluation and content testing of 143 students demonstrated a significant degree of enthusiasm and retention of the syllabus material at the end of the course. All teachers who participated in the program indicated that they wish to return the following year and new groups have already applied to attend. The results of the program demonstrate ways that universities can generate excitement about science and learning at the high school level. Anat Rec (Part B: New Anat) 284B:6–11, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Promoting graduate student interest and participation in human gross anatomy
Authors: Reeves Rustin E. , Sheedlo Harold J. , Roque Rouel S. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractFor many years, graduate students at the University of North Texas Health Science Center (UNTHSC) were reluctant to enroll in dissection‐based human gross anatomy courses. Furthermore, few graduate faculty mentors would allow their students to enroll in these courses. The significant amount of time allotted to courses such as anatomy and its effect on students' research programs have been identified by faculty as the primary reason for this lack of enthusiasm. For example, prior to 1999, graduate students taking human gross anatomy at UNTHSC registered for a 13‐semester credit hour (SCH) course that was offered only in the fall semester. In the last 5 years, the anatomy teaching faculty in the Department of Cell Biology and Genetics (CGEN) restructured the human gross anatomy course for graduate students. A series of small, compact anatomy courses, ranging from 3–7 SCHs, are now offered throughout the school year to replace the single anatomy course. The CGEN faculty designed courses based on single or multiple body systems that varied in length from a few weeks to an entire semester. This change was initiated with the implementation of a system‐based approach to anatomy instruction in our medical school curriculum and the elimination of our graduate anatomy course. With the development of six anatomy courses covering the entire human body, we have had a significant increase in graduate student participation. Moreover, the shorter duration of the courses has made them more appealing to graduate faculty mentors who want to keep graduate students focused on their research. Anat Rec (Part B: New Anat) 284B:12–16, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.