bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Therapeutic usefulness of Keishi-bukuryo-gan for diabetic nephropathy
Authors: Nakagawa Takako , Yokozawa Takako , Terasawa Katsutoshi , Nakanishi Kazuo 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
Keishi-bukuryo-gan is a traditional herbal medicine, which is used clinically as a vascular system disorder-eliminating drug. In this study, its effect on the progression of diabetic nephropathy in experimental rats was investigated. The diabetic nephropathy model used in this study shows functional and morphological changes of the kidney resembling those seen in patients with diabetic nephropathy. Increased proteinuria and serum urea nitrogen and creatinine levels and decreased creatinine clearance, which are important parameters of renal function, were observed in rats with diabetic nephropathy. Pathological examination of the kidney revealed diffuse, nodular and exudative lesions and arteriolar hyalinosis. The deterioration of renal function was ameliorated in rats treated with Keishi-bukuryo-gan for 15 weeks and these results agreed with the renal histological findings. In addition, metabolic abnormalities mediated by persistent hyperglycaemia (the glycation reaction, excessive polyol pathway activity, oxidative stress and lipid metabolic abnormalities) were also observed. However, Keishi-bukuryo-gan reduced accumulation of advanced glycation end products, determined by measuring fluorescence, and serum lipid peroxidation, triglyceride and total cholesterol levels dose-dependently. Thus, this study indicates the potential therapeutic usefulness of Keishi-bukuryogan for retarding the progression of renal damage and suggests that its beneficial effects were due to its ability to improve metabolic abnormalities associated with diabetes.
Erythromycin, an inhibitor of mitoribosomal protein biosynthesis, alters the amphotericin B susceptibility of Candida albicans
Authors: Geraghty Patrick , Kavanagh Kevin 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
Exposure of the yeast Candida albicans to the macrolide antibiotic erythromycin (C37H67NO13) results in elevated tolerance to the polyene antifungal amphotericin B. Erythromycin displays no fungistatic activity against C. albicans but inhibits the synthesis of cytochromes, particularly cytochrome aa3. Consequently there is a reduction in aerobic respiration by up to 90% when cells are exposed to 10 mg mL−1 erythromycin. Cellular ergosterol levels are also severely reduced. Erythromycin inhibits protein biosynthesis in ribosomes (mitoribosomes) located within the mitochondrion of the yeast cell, which results in a disruption of cytochrome biosynthesis with an adverse effect on respiration. The synthesis of ergosterol is oxygen dependent and consequently ergosterol levels are depleted in erythromycin-treated C. albicans. Ergosterol is the target for amphotericin B and since there is less of this sterol in erythromycin-treated cells, there is an increase in tolerance of the antifungal agent. Our work indicates that co-administration of erythromycin and amphotericin B to control bacterial and fungal infections, respectively, may inadvertently lead to an elevation in the tolerance of C. albicans for this antifungal agent.
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, nabumetone, prevents indometacin-induced gastric damage via inhibition of neutrophil functions
Authors: Ishiwata Yoshiro , Okamoto Masayuki , Yokochi Shoji , Hashimoto Hiroyuki , Nakamura Takashi , Miyachi Atsushi , Naito Yuji , Yoshikawa Toshikazu 
Published: March 2003

AbstractNabumetone is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). It works as a prodrug and is extensively metabolized to an active metabolite, 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid (6MNA). It is well known that neutrophil infiltration and activation are critical in the pathogenesis of NSAID-induced gastric injury, and nabumetone shows less incidence of gastrointestinal irritancy. We examined the effects of nabumetone on neutrophil activation and on indometacin-induced gastric damage. In the indometacin-induced gastric mucosal injury, rats were treated with indometacin and then nabumetone or 6MNA was orally administered. Nabumetone prevented gastric damage accompanied by the reduction of neutrophil infiltration into gastric mucosa, but such an effect was not observed with 6MNA. Nabumetone reduced the formyl methionyl leucyl phenylalanine (fMLP)-induced respiratory burst of human neutrophils to 30% of the control level in-vitro, but 6MNA did not. In addition, nabumetone prevented the fMLP-induced migration of neutrophils. Nabumetone did not inhibit O−2 generation in the xanthine-xanthine oxidase system. These results suggest that nabumetone prevents gastric damage induced by the active metabolite, 6MNA, via the suppression of neutrophil activation in gastric mucosa.
Possible involvement of peripheral serotonin 5-HT3 receptors in fluvoxamine-induced emesis in Suncus murinus
Authors: Fujiwara-Sawada Mina , Imanishi Taiichiro , Yoshida Akiko , Baba Jun 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors fluvoxamine and fluoxetine, as well as serotonin (5-HT), induced vomiting in Suncus murinus (a house musk shrew). Fluvoxamine- and fluoxetine-induced vomiting gradually decreased with their repeated administration. Vomiting induced by serotonin also decreased with repeated treatment with serotonin. In these shrews, fluvoxamine-induced vomiting was partially inhibited. Fluvoxamine might induce vomiting, at least partially, by indirectly activating peripheral 5-HT3 receptors, since serotonin has been reported to induce vomiting by activating peripheral 5-HT3 receptors and granisetron, a 5-HT3 antagonist, partially suppressed fluvoxamine-induced vomiting in our previous finding. In addition, fluvoxamine-induced vomiting was impaired more effectively using a step-wise dose-up schedule of fluvoxamine than a fixed high-dose schedule. Therefore, a careful dosing strategy starting with a low dose might be effective for avoiding emesis associated with the clinical use of fluvoxamine.
Supercritical fluid processing of proteins: lysozyme precipitation from aqueous solution
Authors: Moshashaée Saeed , Bisrat Mikael , Forbes Robert T , Quinn éilís Á , Nyqvist Håkan , York Peter 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
Aqueous solutions of hen egg lysozyme (3% w/v) were dispersed and precipitated by a homogenous mixture of supercritical carbon dioxide–ethanol using the Solution Enhanced Dispersion by Supercritical fluid (SEDS) process. The effects of different working conditions, such as temperature, pressure and the flow rates of the solution and ethanol, on the particle-formation process were studied. The morphology, particle size and size distribution and biological activity of the protein were determined. The precipitates were examined with high-sensitivity differential scanning calorimetry (HSDSC) and high-performance cation-exchange chromatography. Particle size measurements showed the precipitates to be aggregates with primary particles of size 1–5 μm. The similarity of HSDSC data for unprocessed and processed samples indicated that the different physical forces that stabilise the native form of lysozyme are unchanged after SEDS processing. From FT-Raman spectroscopic studies secondary structural changes were observed in certain SEDS-produced lysozyme, with most processed samples displaying a slightly more disordered secondary structure than the unprocessed sample. However, SEDS samples produced at 200 bar and 40 °C exhibited negligible disturbance. Thus the SEDS process utilising aqueous solution was able to bring about size reduction of lysozyme with minimal loss of biological activity.
Comparison of metabolic pharmacokinetics of baicalin and baicalein in rats
Authors: Lai Miao-Ying , Hsiu Su-Lan , Tsai Shang-Yuan , Hou Yu-Chi , Chao Pei-Dawn Lee 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
Baicalin and baicalein, a flavone glucuronide and its aglycone, are bioactive constituents of Scutellariae Radix with various beneficial activities. We have characterized and compared the metabolic pharmacokinetics of baicalin and baicalein in rats. Baicalein was administered intravenously and orally to rats, and baicalin was orally administered. An HPLC method was used to determine the concentration of baicalein before and after hydrolysis using β-glucuronidase/sulfatase. The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by using WINNONUN. Unpaired Student's t-test was used for statistical comparison. The result showed that after intravenous administration of baicalein, 75.7% of the dose was circulating as its conjugated metabolites. After oral administration of baicalein, absorption of baicalein itself was negligible, whereas the glucuronides/ sulfates of baicalein were predominant in the plasma. When compared with intravenous bolus administration with dose correction, the absolute absorption was 40%. When baicalin was administered orally, glucuronides and sulfates of baicalein were exclusively circulating in the plasma. The relative absorption for baicalin was 65% when compared with baicalein. Profound differences of serum profile and pharmacokinetics were observed between oral baicalein and baicalin. Baicalin demonstrated significantly later time to peak concentration (tmax) and lower peak serum concentration (Cmax) of baicalein conjugated metabolites than baicalein, indicating baicalin was absorbed more slowly and to a lesser extent than baicalein.
Sensitivity to β-adrenoceptor agonists of adipocytes from rats treated with an aqueous extract of Croton cajucara Benth
Authors: Grassi-Kassisse Dora Maria , Wolf-Nunes Valéria , Miotto Alexandre Marcucci , Farias-Silva Elisângela , Brito Alba Regina Monteiro Souza , Nunes Domingos Savio , Spadari-Bratfisch Regina Célia 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
Aqueous extracts of Croton cajucara bark are used in folk medicine to treat hepatic and gastrointestinal disorders and as a coadjuvant in weight-loss programs. We examined the effect of treating rats for 15 days with a 5% aqueous extract of C. cajucara on body weight and food intake. The epididymal adipose pads were removed and the lipolytic responses of isolated adipocytes to isoprenaline, noradrenaline (norepinephrine), BRL37344 and adrenaline (epinephrine) were analysed in the absence or presence of metoprolol or ICI118,551. Treated rats had a significantly lower weight gain than control rats, with no difference in food and liquid intake, epididymal fat-pad weight or basal glycerol release. The sensitivity of the lipolytic response to isoprenaline and adrenaline was significantly higher in adipocytes from treated rats. The sensitivity to noradrenaline or BRL37344 was unaltered. Metoprolol shifted the dose-response curves to noradrenaline to the right in adipocytes from control and treated rats; the dose-response curve to isoprenaline in adipocytes from control rats was also shifted to the right. In adipocytes from treated rats, the dose-response curve to isoprenaline was unaltered by metoprolol but was shifted to the right by ICI118,551, a β2-adrenoceptor antagonist. We conclude that in adipocytes from treated rats there is an increase in the lipolytic response to non-selective agonists (isoprenaline and adrenaline) mediated by β2-adrenoceptors, with no alteration in the responses mediated by β1-adrenoceptors (noradrenaline) or β3-adrenoceptors (BRL37344). This effect could increase the role of adrenaline as an endogenous stimulator of lipolysis.
The effect of food components on the absorption of P-gp substrates: a review
Authors: Deferme Sven , Augustijns Patrick 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
P-glycoprotein (P-gp), a well characterized efflux mechanism which is functionally expressed in the intestinal epithelium, constitutes, along with intestinal metabolism, an important part of the biochemical barrier function of the intestinal mucosa. This efflux carrier may be responsible for limiting the bioavailability of several drugs after oral intake. Recently, increasing attention is being paid to the interaction of dietary components with the intestinal absorption of drugs. This review focuses on the modulating capacity of food components on the intestinal absorption of P-gp substrates. The possible P-gp inhibitory effects of several dietary constituents are discussed. In addition, this review will also focus on the effect of several bioflavonoids on the P-gp-mediated efflux of drugs. As the role of P-gp (and other efflux carriers, including multidrug resistance-associated proteins and breast cancer resistance protein) in limiting the bioavailability of drugs becomes more clear, more research is required firstly to identify the effect of dietary compounds on these efflux carriers and secondly to reveal the clinical relevance of this interaction.
Physicochemical and Catalytic Properties of Vanadia/Titania Catalysts. IV. Catalytic Oxidation of o-Xylene
Authors: El-Nabarawy Th. , Alaya M.N. , Ahmed S.A. Sayed , Youssef A.M. 
Published: March 2003

Titania samples were prepared by precipitation at pH 3.0 (to provide ‘Ta’ samples) or at pH 9.0 (to provide ‘Tb’ samples). These materials were then impregnated with NH4VO3 to obtain vanadia/titania catalysts of different V2O5 content. These V2O5/TiO2 samples were subsequently calcined at 400°C or 600°C to obtain two series. The oxidation of o-xylene was undertaken at 250°C, 300°C or 350°C using a conventional flow apparatus at atmospheric pressure. The reaction products were detected and separated via a gas chromatograph fitted with a flame ionization detector. The chemical composition of the catalyst, the calcination temperature, the reaction mixture employed and the reaction temperature were among the variables considered. Catalysts calcined at 400°C were more active than those calcined at 600°C, thereby indicating that anatase was the proper titania phase for supporting oxidation catalysts. Titania samples precipitated at pH 3.0 were more effective as a support for vanadia than those precipitated at pH 9.0 despite the fact that they possessed lower surface areas. This demonstrated that surface area was not a determining factor in catalyst performance. The conversion of o-xylene to phthalic anhydride increased with increasing vanadia content in the catalysts employed and with increasing reaction temperature. Surface acidity was one factor amongst others contributing to the catalytic activity. It is thought that acid sites enhance the reduction of V5+ to lower oxidation states to provide the active oxidation sites. Mechanisms for the partial oxidation of o-xylene were advanced and explained.
Surface Flocculation as a New Tool for Controlling Adsorption Processes
Authors: Milichovský Miloslav , Češek Bretislav 
Published: March 2003

The dyeing of modified pulp, particularly with regard to the mechanism involved, was studied. The reaction mechanism for the modification of cellulose fibres in aqueous solution by cationic agents was also described. The results obtained were expressed in the form of adsorption isotherms. The capture of molecules, colloidal particles, etc. during the adsorption processes involving modified pulp could be explained by two possible mechanisms: (i) aggregation (coagulation or flocculation) in solution followed by adsorption and (ii) surface aggregation (coagulation or flocculation). Surface aggregation appeared to be the most likely for pulp with a low degree of modification. The typical Langmuir adsorption isotherm correlated the data obtained for unmodified pulp very well.
The adjustment of stock prices to Wall Street journal corrections
Authors: Helmuth John A. , Robin Ashok J. , Zdanowicz John S. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThis paper employs standard event study methodology to study the response of stock prices to relatively unanticipated events in the ‘Corrections and Amplifications’ section of the Wall Street Journal. Our results indicate that the market reaction to these corrections is statistically significant. We also find that the market fully adjusts to all new information on the day of the unanticipated Wall Street Journal correction. We find no discernible pattern of abnormal returns after the event day. The main implication of these findings is that researchers conducting event studies and using the Wall Street Journal Index for event dates, should screen their data for corrections.
Evidence for a large surface ablation zone in central East Antarctica during the last Ice Age
Authors: Siegert Martin J. , Hindmarsh Richard C. A. , Hamilton Gordon S. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractInternal isochronous ice sheet layers, recorded by airborne ice-penetrating radar, were measured along an ice flowline across a large (>1 km high) subglacial hill in the foreground of the Transantarctic Mountains. The layers, dated through an existing stratigraphic link with the Vostok ice core, converge with the ice surface as ice flows over the hill without noticeable change to their separation with each other or the ice base. A two-dimensional ice flow model that calculates isochrons and particle flowpaths and accounts for ice flow over the hill under steady-state conditions requires net ablation (via sublimation) over the stoss face for the predicted isochrons to match the measured internal layers. Satellite remote sensing data show no sign of exposed ancient ice at this site, however. Given the lack of exposed glacial ice, surface balance conditions must have changed recently from the net ablation that is predicted at this site for the last 85,000 years to accumulation.
The postglacial history of threePiceaspecies in New England, USA
Authors: Lindbladh Matts , Jacobson George L. , Schauffler Molly 
Published: March 2003

AbstractGiven the difficulty of separating the threePiceaspecies—P. glauca, P. mariana,andP. rubens(white, black, and red spruce)—in the pollen record, little is known about their unique histories in eastern North America following deglaciation. Here we report the first use of a classification tree analysis (CART) to distinguish pollen grains of these species. It was successfully applied to fossil pollen from eight sites in Maine and one in Massachusetts. We focused on the late glacial/early Holocene (14,000 to 8000 cal yr B.P.) and the late Holocene (1400 cal yr B.P. to present)—the two key periods since deglaciation whenPiceahas been abundant in the region. The result shows a shift from aPiceaforest ofP. glaucaandP. marianain the late glacial to a forest ofP. rubensandP. marianain the late Holocene. The small number ofP. rubensgrains identified from the late glacial/early Holocene samples (<5%) suggests that that species was either absent or rare at most of the sites. The occurrence and distribution of the three species do not reveal any geographic or temporal trend during late glacial time, but the data suggest that they were distributed in local patches on the landscape. The results of this study indicate that the recent population expansion ofPicea(1000 to 500 cal yr B.P.) was likely the first time since deglaciation thatP. rubenswas abundant in the region.
Homogenization of the Dirichlet problem for a system of quasilinear elliptic equations in a domain with fine-grained boundary
Authors: Sango Mamadou 
Published: March 2003

We study the Dirichlet problem for a system of nonlinear elliptic equations of Leray–Lions type in a sequence of domains

Ω(s)

,

s=1,2,…,

with fine-grained boundaries. Under appropriate structure conditions on the system and the geometry of

Ω(s)

, we prove that the sequence of solutions of the problem converges in suitable topologies to the solution of a limit problem which contains an additional term of capacity type. We construct the limit problem.

Résumé

Nous étudions le problème de Dirichlet pour un système d’équations non linéaires élliptiques de type Leray–Lions dans une suite de domaines

Ω(s)

,

s=1,2,…,

avec des frontières finement granulées. Sous des conditions de structure appropriées que nous imposons sur le système et sur la géometrie de

Ω(s)

, nous démontrons que la suite de solutions du problème tend dans des topologies appropriées vers la solution d’un problème limite qui contient un terme additionnel de type capacitaire. Nous construisons le problème limite.
Management of T3 N0 and T4 N0 Glottic Carcinomas: Results of a National Survey
Authors: Greene Ryan M. , Dewitt Adriane I. , Otto RANDAL A. 
Published: March 2003

OBJECTIVEA survey was undertaken to document the clinical management of T3 and T4 pure glottic primary carcinomas and the management of the N0 neck by otolaryngologists and radiation oncologists.STUDY DESIGN AND SETTINGThis study represents the results of a national survey of 250 otolaryngologists and 250 radiation oncologists regarding management of T3 N0 M0 and T4 N0 M0 glottic carcinomas.RESULTSOf the surveys sent, 208 completed questionnaires were received. Results of this survey suggest that 87% and 90% will treat the neck for a T3 N0 M0 and T4 N0 M0 glottic tumor, respectively, with a large number choosing to perform a radical neck dissection.CONCLUSIONSA significant percentage of otolaryngologists perform neck dissections in the management of T3 N0 M0 and T4 N0 M0 glottic carcinomas. Given the relatively low risk of occult metastasis, potentially high morbidity associated with overtreatment, and the lack of a well‐designed outcome study investigating treatment alternatives, a prospective randomized study is needed to address the issue.
The Effect of Capillary Ultrafiltration Probes on Skin Flap Edema
Authors: Odland Rick M. , Kizziar Ron , Rheuark Daryl , Simental Alfred 
Published: March 2003

OBJECTIVEEdema clearly has deleterious effects on the microcirculation and, consequently, cell viability. Prior work from this laboratory demonstrated that hyperosmolar microdialysis can reduce tissue edema, but this method is technically challenging. A new, simpler technique of microdialysis using capillary ultrafiltration probes (CUPs) has been studied to determine if CUP microdialysis is as effective in reducing tissue edema in the same animal model.METHODSTwenty‐four Sprague‐Dawley rats were studied using a modified McFarlane skin flap. Microdialysis was accomplished using a catheter constructed of four 4‐cm hollow fibers that were connected to polyethylene tubing. Catheters on the experimental side of the flap were attached to a vacuum manifold for 8 hours. The control side was treated in 2 ways. In group 1, catheters were placed but not applied to suction. In group 2, no catheters are placed on the control side. Tissue water content was determined by a biopsy‐drying technique.RESULTSTissue water content was significantly reduced (by paired t test) in both groups by a mean of 3.2 mL/100 g of wet tissue.CONCLUSIONCUP microdialysis reduced tissue water content as effectively as did hyperosmolar microdialysis, but in a simpler and therefore more cost‐effective method. The technique could be easily adapted for clinical application.