bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Breast carcinoma in men
Authors: Giordano Sharon H. , Cohen Deborah S. , Buzdar Aman U. , Perkins George , Hortobagyi Gabriel N. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDMale breast carcinoma is an uncommon disease, and most previous studies have been single‐institution series that were limited by extremely small sample sizes. The goals of the current study were to fill in the major gaps in knowledge regarding the incidence, presenting characteristics, prognostic factors, and survival rates of male breast carcinoma and to determine how breast carcinoma differs between men and women.METHODSData from the National Cancer Institute Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results 1973–1998 database were used. Age‐adjusted incidence rates were calculated. Characteristics of the patients and presenting tumors were compared between men and women. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine the effect of each variable on overall survival. Survival rates by disease stage were compared for men and women.RESULTSOver the years of the study, the incidence of male breast carcinoma increased significantly from 0.86 to 1.08 per 100,000 population (P < 0.001). Men had a higher median age at diagnosis (P < 0.001) and were more likely to have lymph node involvement (P < 0.001), a more advanced stage at diagnosis (P < 0.001), and tumors that were positive for estrogen receptor (ER) (P < 0.001) and progesterone receptor (PR) (P < 0.001). In multivariate analysis, larger tumor size and lymph node involvement were associated with shortened survival. Tumor grade and ER/PR status did not appear to independently influence survival. Relative survival rates by stage of disease for men and women were similar.CONCLUSIONSAlthough it remains a rare disease, the incidence of male breast carcinoma is increasing. Breast carcinoma in men has some epidemiologic and biologic differences from breast carcinoma in women. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Association of colonic and endometrial carcinomas in Portuguese families with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal carcinoma significantly increases the probability of detecting a pathogenic mutation in mismatch repair genes, primarily the MSH2 gene
Authors: Lage Pedro A. , Albuquerque Cristina , Sousa Rita G. , Cravo Marilia L. , Salazar Maria , Francisco Inês , Maia Lara , Claro Isabel , Suspiro Alexandra , Rodrigues Paula , Raposo Hélder , Fidalgo Paulo A. , Nobre‐Leitão Carlos 
Published: May 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDHereditary nonpolyposis colorectal carcinoma (HNPCC) significantly raises the risk of developing colorectal carcinoma (CRC) and other extracolonic tumors. It is defined by the Amsterdam Criteria and is associated with germline mutations in mismatch repair genes, primarily MLH1 and MSH2. The objectives of the current study were to evaluate the presence of CRC (Type I) and other extracolonic tumors (Type II) in families with HNPCC and to analyze the findings for correlations with germline mutations in the MLH1 and MSH2 genes.METHODSSeventy families with an HNPCC diagnosis were analyzed. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and direct sequencing were used for germline mutation analysis in the MLH1 and MSH2 genes.RESULTSForty‐three of 70 families (61%) presented with HNPCC Type II. In 21 of 30 families that had a complete genetic diagnosis, 16 pathogenic germline mutations (7 MLH1 mutations and 9 MSH2 mutations) and 5 mutations of unknown pathogenecity (all MLH1 mutations) were found. In the remaining nine families, no mutations were detected. Unequivocally pathogenic mutations were far more common in families with HNPCC Type II compared with families that had CRC only (P = 0.01). Families with endometrial carcinoma presented with the greatest probability of mutational detection (P = 0.005). MLH1 was only gene affected in families with HNPCC Type I, whereas mutations in both MLH1 and MSH2 were found in families with HNPCC Type II (P = 0.04). However, the MSH2 gene was more frequently involved in families with HNPCC in which endometrial carcinoma was present (P = 0.005).CONCLUSIONSCRC and endometrial carcinoma were associated with a greater probability of detecting pathogenic mutations in mismatch repair genes, with MSH2 involvement predominating. The results support specific mutational screening strategies, based on observed phenotypes, for families with HNPCC. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Postsurgical disparity in survival between African Americans and Caucasians with colonic adenocarcinoma
Authors: Alexander Dominik , Chatla Chakrapani , Funkhouser Ellen , Meleth Sreelatha , Grizzle William E. , Manne Upender 
Published: May 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDStudies of colorectal adenocarcinoma (CRC) indicate a higher mortality rate for African Americans compared with Caucasians in the United States. In the current study, the authors evaluated the racial differences in survival based on tumor location and pathologic stage between African‐American patients and Caucasian patients who underwent surgery alone for CRC.METHODSAll 199 African American patients and 292 randomly selected, non‐Hispanic Caucasian patients who underwent surgery between 1981 and 1993 for first primary sporadic CRC at the University of Alabama–Birmingham (Birmingham, AL) or an affiliated Veterans Affairs hospital were assessed for differences in survival. None of these patients received preoperative or postoperative neoadjuvant or adjuvant therapy. Survival curves were generated using the Kaplan–Meier method, and hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were estimated from Cox proportional hazards models, adjusting for demographic and tumor characteristics.RESULTSAfrican Americans were 1.67 (95% CI, 1.21–2.33) and 1.52 (95% CI, 1.12–2.07) times more likely to die of colonic adenocarcinoma (CAC) within 5 years and 10 years of surgery, respectively, compared with Caucasians. Racial differences in survival were observed among patients with Stage II, III, and IV CAC; however, the strongest and statistically significant association was observed among patients with Stage II CAC. There were no significant racial differences in survival in patients with rectal adenocarcinomas.CONCLUSIONSThe current findings suggest that the decreased overall survival at 5 years and 10 years postsurgery observed in African‐American patients with CAC may not be attributable to tumor stage at diagnosis or treatment but may be due to differences in other biologic or genetic characteristics between African‐American patients and Caucasian patients. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society
Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts: Experience in the oncology setting
Authors: Wallace Michael J. , Madoff David C. , Ahrar Kamran , Warneke Carla L. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDTransjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) placement has emerged as an effective and minimally invasive method of treating portal hypertension and its associated complications. To the authors' knowledge there is limited documentation of its use for percutaneous shunting in patients with hepatic and extrahepatic malignancies. The current study reports the authors' experience with TIPS in the oncology setting.METHODSThirty‐eight patients with cancer underwent TIPS procedures. Nineteen patients had a history of hepatic malignancy. All medical records and imaging studies were reviewed retrospectively. The indication for TIPS, the presence of malignancy, procedural details, complications, survival, and treatment success were assessed.RESULTSPrimary technical success was accomplished in 37 of 38 patients (97%) without technical procedure‐related complications. Hepatic encephalopathy occurred in 15 of 34 patients (44%), with 3 patients requiring shunt reduction. Premature shunt occlusion (< 30 days) occurred in 3 patients (8%). Recurrent hemorrhage occurred in 1 of 19 patients (5%), and ascites and hepatic hydrothorax resolved or improved subjectively in 9 of 12 patients (75%). Shunts traversed malignancy in 9 patients, and varying degrees of portal compromise were encountered in 12 patients (32%). The overall 30‐day and 90‐day survival rates were 84% and 60%, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference in 90‐day survival rates for patients who had ascites and hepatic hydrothorax indications (27%) compared with patients who had variceal and portal gastropathy indications (84%; P = 0.0075). In addition, the 90‐day survival rate was significantly lower in patients who had primary hepatic malignancies (36%) compared with the remainder of the study population (74%; P = 0.0077), and it was significantly lower in patients who had model for end‐stage liver disease (MELD) scores ≥ 12 (P = 0.0020).CONCLUSIONSTIPS was performed safely for patients with cancer without increasing rates of procedure‐related complications. However, some patients subgroups, such at those with malignancy and ascites, primary hepatic malignancy, or MELD scores ≥ 12, had the lowest 90‐day survival rates. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Differential expression of the mammalian homologue of fasciclin II during olfactory development in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Hamlin John A. , Fang Hengsheng , Schwob James E. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractDeveloping olfactory sensory neurons are guided to the glomeruli of the olfactory bulb by an increasingly stringent process that is influenced by expression of odorant receptors, cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), and other kinds of signaling cascades. A fundamental feature of the projection is the connecting of broad zones in the epithelium to broad zones in the bulb, also termed rhinotopy. One molecule that parallels and may aid neurons in establishing rhinotopy is the mammalian homologue of fasciclin II (OCAM/mamFas II; also known as RNCAM and NCAM‐2), an immunoglobulin superfamily CAM that is differentially expressed in the developing and mature olfactory epithelium (OE): Axons elaborated by ventral and lateral epithelium express the protein at high levels, whereas dorsomedial axons express little or no OCAM/mamFas II. Our investigation has demonstrated that OCAM/mamFas II is detectable early in the development of the rat OE. mRNA is evident on RT‐PCR and in situ hybridization by E12.5, and protein is apparent by immunohistochemistry by E13.5. By using a tissue culture system that separates ventral septal epithelium (OCAM/mamFas II‐positive) from dorsal (OCAM/mamFas II‐negative), we find that explants maintain protein expression levels in vitro that are characteristic of the phenotype at the original location in vivo. At least some neurons are born in culture, suggesting that any cues that direct differential expression are also maintained in vitro. Finally, high OCAM/mamFas II expression correlates with increased growth and fasciculation of olfactory axons in vitro. These data and the similarity between OCAM/mamFas II, on the one hand, and fasciclin II and NCAM, on the other, suggest that OCAM/mamFas II might play a role in growth and fasciculation of primary olfactory axons during development of the projection. J. Comp. Neurol. 474:438–452, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Marine Stewardship Council: A multi‐stakeholder approach to sustainable fishing
Authors: Cummins Alexia 
Published: May 2004

AbstractEstablished by WWF and Unilever in 1997, the Marine Stewardship Council is an example of a successful NGO–business partnership, independent since 1999. At a time when awareness of the general public on environmental issues and particularly overfishing is increasing, it offers an eco‐labelling programme designed to reward sustainable and well managed fisheries with a visible environmental endorsement. The MSC is the only international fisheries organization working to provide a market‐based incentive, encouraging consumers to make the best environmental choice in seafood, by setting a standard against which independent accredited certification bodies assess fisheries. It devotes time and attention to bringing a broad spectrum of stakeholders to the table, maintaining dialogue with all sectors. As more fisheries engage in the certification process, valuable lessons have been learnt on the importance of stakeholder input. Market leading supermarkets recognize that consumers expect retailers to make responsible purchasing decisions as part of their corporate social responsibility. As a key part of this they have become supporters of the MSC, enabling it to achieve the market exposure it requires to highlight the issue of overfishing and the need to ensure the sustainability of fish stocks around the world. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Strategies for sustainable development: use of a benchmarking tool to understand relative strengths and weaknesses and identify best practice
Authors: Hemming Christine , Pugh Shirley , Williams Geraint , Blackburn Deborah 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThis paper will describe the development and application of a methodology for assessing the progress being made by companies in addressing the challenges of sustainable development. The methodology is based on the identification of a number of attributes that provide indicators of progress in pursuit of sustainable development. Each attribute is then further described in terms of several key characteristics. Publicly available information from leading companies can then be analysed in terms of these attributes and characteristics and each company's relative progress can be assessed.The methodology has been applied to a number of leading companies. The companies were chosen to cover a range of different sectors and by reference to relevant indicators, including the Dow Jones Sustainability Index and the FTSE4Good. An initial study carried out in 2000 was repeated during 2002. The results can be used to identify the relative strengths and weaknesses of a particular company versus best practice in its sector and overall, and to show the progress that has been made by individual companies and by sectors between 2000 and 2002. The paper will present some illustrative results from the studies. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
The cement sustainability initiative – implementing change across a global industry
Authors: Klee Howard , Coles Elaine 
Published: May 2004

AbstractToday many companies are examining operations in the context of sustainable development. The Cement Sustainability Initiative (CSI) is a major initiative across an industry to fundamentally alter the way it operates. Established under the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD), the 10 founding companies produce more than one‐third of the world's cement. The industry is faced with increasingly strong legislative and stakeholder pressure, specifically regarding how to meet environmental and corporate social responsibilities. The companies wanted to understand what sustainable development really means for them. The project is one of the largest transformative projects ever to be initiated by an industry – an industry responding to change by instigating fundamental changes in the way it does business. It is an acknowledgement that the industry's licence to operate, competitiveness, profitability and long‐term survival are inextricably linked to meeting their environmental and corporate social responsibilities. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Dimorphic Alu element located between the TFIIH and CDSN genes within the major histocompatibility complex (vol. 24, issue 16, pp. 2740‐2748)
Authors: Dunn David S. , Inoko Hiditoshi , Kulski Jerzy K. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractNo abstracts.See original http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elps.200305524
Volatile oils from leaves and stem barks of Cedrela ﬁssilis (Meliaceae): chemical composition and antibacterial activities
Authors: Lago João Henrique G. , de Ávila Paulo , de Aquino Elvis M. , Moreno Paulo Roberto H. , Ohara Mitsuko T. , Limberger Renata P. , Apel Mirian A. , Henriques Amélia T. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe volatile oils from the leaves and stem barks of Cedrela ﬁssilis were submitted to GC–MS analysis and separation by adsorption chromatography. The fractions were analysed by GC, 1H‐ and 13C‐NMR as well as GC–MS. The major components found in the leaf oil were β‐caryophyllene (26.3%) and bicyclogermacrene (34.6%), while in the stem bark oil the major compounds were β‐bisabolene (10.9%) and globulol (10.9%). In an antibacterial assay, only the leaf oil was able to inhibit growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Eschorichia coli. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemical composition of the oil and supercritical CO2 extract of Schinus molle L.
Authors: Marongiu Bruno , Porcedda Alessandra Piras Silvia , Casu Rita , Pierucci Paola 
Published: May 2004

AbstractSupercritical carbon dioxide extraction allowed Schinus molle L. volatile oil to be obtained. Extraction conditions were as follows: pressure, 90 bar; temperature, 50 °C, carbon dioxide ﬂow, Φ = 1.0 kg/h. Waxes were entrapped in the ﬁrst separator set at 90 bar and ‐10 °C. The oil was recovered in the second separator, working at 15 bar and 10 °C. The main components were α‐phellandrene (26.5%), limonene + β‐phellandrene (21.0%), elemol (10.8%) and α‐eudesmol (6.1%). Comparison with the hydrodistilled oil (HD) did not reveal any large difference, whereas the signiﬁcant difference between the SFE and SD oils was the content of sesquiterpenes, which is higher in the SFE products. Collection of samples at different extraction times during supercritical extraction allowed changes of the oil composition to be monitored. Lighter compounds, as hydrocarbon monoterpenes, were extracted in shorter times than the heavier hydrocarbon and oxygenated sesquiterpenes. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Automatic unstructured surface mesh generation for complex configurations
Authors: Tremel Udo , Deister Frank , Hassan Oubay , Weatherill Nigel P. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractIn this paper a new object‐oriented (OO) approach is presented for automatic parallel advancing front based surface mesh generation and adaptive remeshing for complex configurations. Based on the ST++‐system the advantages of the OO design and implementation compared to the traditional structural approach are described. Algorithmic enhancements to the advancing front method are explained, enabling a robust NURBS based triangulation process directly on B‐rep CAD data. The message passing (MPI) parallelization strategy together with the achievable performance improvements are demonstrated. With the outlined parallel geometry analysis/rasterization a powerful method is described to derive automatically a well suited mesh size specification without any user‐interaction from scratch. The application of this method to a complex ‘real world’ example finishes this paper. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The haplotype runs test: The parent‐parent‐affected offspring trio design
Authors: Lange Ethan M. , Boehnke Michael 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe increasing availability of maps of dense polymorphic markers makes use of haplotype data in family‐based association analyses an attractive alternative to single marker association tests. We describe a novel class of statistics designed to test for an association between marker haplotypes and a qualitative trait using the parent‐parent‐affected‐offspring trio design. Our haplotype runs test (HRT) is based on consecutive allele‐sharing between pairs of haplotypes. We assign weights according to the relative frequencies of the alleles for which the two haplotypes match. Herein, we compare the HRT to the maximum‐identity‐length‐contrast (MILC) statistic, the single‐locus transmission/disequilibrium test (TDT), and the generalized test of transmission disequilibrium for haplotype data, as implemented in the software TRANSMIT, using both simulated data and published haplotype data from the recessive disorder ataxia‐telangiectasia. Our simulation results suggest that the HRT outperforms the MILC and that the HRT provides comparable power to the TDT and TRANSMIT when the number of distinct founder haplotypes with a disease susceptibility allele is small but substantially outperforms the TDT and TRANSMIT when the number of distinct founder haplotypes with a disease susceptibility allele is even of modest size. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The effect of MR scanner noise on auditory cortex activity using fMRI
Authors: Scarff Carrie J. , Dort Joseph C. , Eggermont Jos J. , Goodyear Bradley G. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractAuditory functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies are limited by the presence of noise produced by echo planar imaging (EPI). The current study quantifies the effect of MR scanner noise on psychophysical measures of the perception of loudness and on measures of tonotopy, the representation of auditory frequencies within the auditory cortex. Seven normal hearing adults were examined using tones of 5 different auditory frequencies (250, 500, 1,000, 2,000, 4,000 Hz) of equal loudness. Using an imaging protocol with peak MR scanner noise at 1,460 Hz, the perception of loudness and detectable fMRI activity in response to a 1‐kHz tone was less compared to other frequencies. When the imaging protocol was changed such that peak MR scanner noise occurred at 2,080 Hz, the perception of loudness and detectable fMRI activity in response to a 2‐kHz tone was less compared to other frequencies. The reduction in the measured fMRI activity for tones near scanner frequencies may be due to an inflated scanner‐induced baseline at those frequencies. In addition, fMRI activity decreased with increasing frequency, possibly due to the upward spread of masking of low‐frequency, high‐intensity tonal stimuli or the proximity of low‐frequency core and belt areas of the auditory cortex. These results demonstrate the direct effect of scanner noise and high‐intensity tonal stimuli on measurements of auditory cortex tonotopy. Hum. Brain Mapping 22:341–349, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Medicines and the drug control treaties: is buprenorphine for opioid addiction at risk of being lost?
Authors: Costa e Silva J. A. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractOver the past century, a worldwide system for the control of drugs with abuse potential has developed through the adoption of a series of international treaties. The important multilateral conventions currently in force are the United Nations Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961 (Single Convention), the United Nations Convention on Psychotropic Substances, 1971 (Psychotropic Convention) and the United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, 1988. From the beginning, the aim of these drug control treaties has been to control the abuse and trafficking of substances with abuse potential while assuring that the availability of these drugs for medical and scientific purposes is not unduly restricted.There is activity in the World Health Organization and the International Narcotics Control Board to determine whether the international control of buprenorphine, a partial mu‐opioid agonist used as an analgesic and for the treatment of opioid addiction, should be changed from the Psychotropic Convention to the Single Convention. This change would result in the classification and regulation of buprenorphine as a narcotic drug rather than a psychotropic substance. Such a move is unwarranted medically and scientifically and would provoke increased controls on buprenorphine that would fundamentally disrupt the medical practice of pain management and opioid replacement therapy around the world. The negative impact of inappropriate regulatory controls when licensed medicines come under such scrutiny are described. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.