bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
TISSUE CULTURE STUDIES ON BACTERIAL HYPERSENSITIVITY
Authors: Moen Johannes K. 
Published: June 2004

1. Plasmas from guinea pigs, chronically infected with group C hemolytic streptococci, neutralize the components of bacterial extract which exert a marked toxic action on hypersensitive cells in vitro.
2. The neutralizing capacity of these immune plasmas is relatively specific for the bacterial extract, and is not due to a variable nonspecific effect on normal or hypersensitive tissue cells.
3. A rough correlation between the agglutinin titer and the relative neutralizing capacity of immune plasma suggests that the latter may be a manifestation of antibody action.
4. The tolerance by guinea pigs of chronic hemolytic streptococcal lymphadenitis is explainable, at least in part, by the neutralizing capacity of their plasmas, since such soluble bacterial products as may be absorbed from infectious foci would probably be neutralized before they could exert a deleterious influence on the hypersensitive cells of the animals.
THE COAGULATION OF BLOOD BY SNAKE VENOMS AND ITS PHYSIOLOGIC SIGNIFICANCE
Authors: Eagle Harry 
Published: June 2004

Nine of the 17 venoms here tested were found capable of coagulating citrated blood or plasma. As has been believed by most workers in the field, 7 of these 9 coagulant venoms convert fibrinogen to an insoluble modification resembling fibrin (Bothrops atrox, Bothrops jararaca, Bothrops nummifera, Crotalus adamanteus, Crotalus horridus, Crotalus terrificus basiliscus, Crotalus terrificus terrificus). The optimum pH for this coagulation was determined for 3 of these, and was found in each case to be approximately pH 6.5, the same as that for the action of thrombin on fibrinogen. Unlike thrombin, however, the fibrinogen-coagulating activity of the venoms was unaffected by the antithrombin elaborated in the course of anaphylactic shock.
In addition to coagulating fibrinogen directly, 3 of these venoms (Bothrops atrox, Bothrops jararaca, and to a less extent, Crotalus terrificus basiliscus) acted on prothrombin to convert it to thrombin, without the necessary intervention of either calcium or platelets. Finally, 2 venoms (Notechis scutatus, and to a slight extent, a mixed Micrurus venom), which had no demonstrable effect on purified fibrinogen, nevertheless converted prothrombin to thrombin.
Unlike the reaction between the venoms and fibrinogen, this activation of prothrombin has no definite pH optimum, but takes place over a wide zone (pH 5.6–8.3). In the case of Bothrops atrox, there was some indication that the initial velocity of the reaction increased with increasing alkalinity, but that the amount of thrombin ultimately formed decreased. Extraordinarily minute quantities of some of these venoms sufficed to produce a demonstrable activation of prothrombin. Thus, the fer de lance (Bothrops atrox) venom was active in a 1:25,000,000 dilution, and that of the Australian tiger snake (Notechis scutatus) was active in a 1:4,000,000 dilution.
The thrombin formed was indistinguishable from that produced by the action of calcium + platelets on prothrombin. Like the latter type of thrombin, and unlike venoms which act directly on fibrinogen, thrombin formed from prothrombin by venom was inhibited by antithrombin.
Every one of the 9 non-coagulant venoms in this series destroyed prothrombin; and 5 of these destroyed fibrinogen as well. As is discussed in the text, there is reason to believe that these several properties of the venoms (coagulation and destruction of fibrinogen; activation and destruction of prothrombin) depend on the proteolytic enzymes which they were found to contain.
These observations lend further support to the thesis that, in the course of physiological coagulation, (a) calcium plus platelets (or tissue derivative) constitute an enzyme system which reacts with prothrombin to form thrombin, and which is thus analogous to trypsin and to several of the proteolytic venoms here discussed, and (b) the thrombin so formed is itself a proteolytic enzyme which, like papain and the majority of the coagulant and proteolytic snake venoms here studied, reacts with fibrinogen to form a fibrillar gel, fibrin.
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE PURIFIED SPREADING FACTOR FROM TESTICLE
Authors: Claude Albert , Duran-Reynals F. 
Published: June 2004

1. The factor responsible for the spreading property of testicle extracts was found to be soluble in water, in salt solution, and in acid media. It is relatively stable at high hydrogen ion concentrations, and it is not precipitated or inactivated by hydrochloric acid up to pH 2.0. The spreading substance is not soluble in acetone, ether, alcohol, chloroform, or pyridine. It is inactivated by crystalline trypsin and pepsin at the optimum pH of action of these enzymes. It is not attacked by a crystallized carboxypolypeptidase. The substance does not pass semipermeable membranes which retain proteins. The color tests for proteins are positive. At least 14.2 per cent of the fraction isolated is nitrogen. Taken together these properties are strong evidence that the testicular factor is a protein.
2. A method for the preparation of the spreading factor in relatively pure form is presented and discussed.
3. In addition to the spread, concentrated solutions of the testicular factor are shown to produce a condition of the skin having the characters of edema.
STUDIES ON HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE
Authors: Fothergill LeRoy D. , Dingle John H. , Chandler Caroline A. 
Published: June 2004

1. It has been shown that the ability of virulent S. influenzae to kill mice is enhanced by suspending the organism in mucin.
2. The occurrence of a true infection characterized by in vivo multiplication of the organism has been established.
3. The necessity for using a pure inbred strain of mice for this type of study has been confirmed.
4. The increase in mucin virulence of a strain of H. influenzae by repeated passage through mice has been shown.
5. The usefulness of this method in passive immunization studies has been demonstrated.
THE PROBABLE NATURE OF THE INFECTIOUS AGENT OF TRACHOMA
Authors: Julianelle L. A. , Harrison R. W. , Morris M. C. 
Published: June 2004

1. The infectious agent of trachoma can be freed from extraneous bacteria by passage through rabbit testicle.
2. The infectious agent multiplies little, if at all, during such passage, but in many instances retains its infectivity undiminished.
3. No specific changes occur in the rabbit testicle incidentally to the passage.
4. On rare occasion the trachoma agent may be freed from bacteria by intracerebral passage. The brain tissues show no specific reaction.
5. Filtration experiments with Seitz, Kramer, Berkefeld, and Elford filters confirm the general observation that the infectious agent is filterable with difficulty.
6. Tissue culture experiments, with tissues containing the infectious agent (conjunctiva, rabbit testicle, brain, etc.), conducted under a wide variety of conditions, proved uniformly unsuccessful in the cultivation of the agent.
7. The agent is inactivated by bile, AgNO3, phenol, cocaine, tartar emetic, and gentian violet. Its heat inactivation temperature is between 45° and 50°C., at a time interval of 15 minutes.
8. Attempts to preserve the infectious agent in glycerine were unsuccessful.
9. The accumulated evidence suggests that the infectious agent of trachoma is a virus.
INFECTIOUS CATARRH OF MICE
Authors: Nelson John B. 
Published: June 2004

Evidence is presented that the etiology of infectious murine catarrh is specifically referable to the coccobacilliform bodies. The disease was regularly produced in normal mice by the nasal instillation of primary tissue cultures. In the presence of the X bacillus, transfers of primary cultures were usually uninfective. Pure cultures, however, retained their pathogenicity through as many as 12 transfers.
The onset and progress of the experimental disease were somewhat retarded in comparison with the natural disease, but in general there was a close parallel. Mice injected with cultures did, however, show a significant decrease in the incidence of rhinitis. Transmission by direct contact was demonstrated in the presence of a rhinitis but not in its absence.
THE EFFECT OF THE BACTERIOLYTIC ENZYME OF PNEUMOCOCCUS UPON THE ANTIGENICITY OF ENCAPSULATED PNEUMOCOCCI
Authors: Dubos René J. 
Published: June 2004

1. Mice immunized with heat-killed cells of virulent pneumococci (Type I) which have been treated with active preparations of the bacteriolytic enzyme, develop a certain degree of type specific resistance to subsequent infection. This active immunity, however, appears to be due to the small amount of free acetyl polysaccharide present in the suspension of digested bacteria, and is always of a less pronounced degree than that obtained with intact heat-killed cells.
2. Virulent pneumococci killed by heat or iodine when subjected to the action of active preparations of the bacteriolytic enzyme lose the antigenic property of stimulating in rabbits the formation of precipitating antibodies for the type specific polysaccharide.
3. The enzyme prepared from S or R pneumococci, irrespective of type derivation, is equally effective against the capsular polysaccharide antigen of any specific type of this bacterial species.
4. The inactivation of the capsular polysaccharide antigen is observed when the cells are merely rendered Gram-negative, without being caused to undergo actual disintegration or lysis.
5. These observations emphasize the importance of minimizing the chances of alterations due to the action of cellular enzymes in the course of preparation of the cell suspension to be used as immunizing agents.
INFLUENCE OF HOST FACTORS ON NEUROINVASIVENESS OF VESICULAR STOMATITIS VIRUS
Authors: Sabin Albert B. , Olitsky Peter K. 
Published: June 2004

1. After intracerebral injection or nasal instillation of vesicular stomatitis virus in young or old mice, there was no evidence of a generalized, systemic or blood infection.
2. Within 1 hour after nasal instillation of as much as 100,000 M.C.L.D. in young or old mice, no virus (i.e., less than 60 to 70 M.C.L.D.) could be demonstrated in the nasal mucosa. 2 days later and thereafter virus was abundant in the nasal mucosa of young mice, while among old mice it remained undemonstrable in some and present in small amount in others.
3. Virus was not detected in the anterior rhinencephalon of young and old mice within a few minutes and 5 hours after nasal instillation, but was almost uniformly demonstrable in this region, although not in the rest of the brain, on the 2nd day. This indicated that the primary invasion of the brain occurred by the olfactory rather than the fifth nerve pathway.
4. The essential difference in the further pathogenesis of the disease between the young mice which succumb with encephalomyelitis (5th day) and the old mice which survive without showing clinical signs of brain involvement, is in the progression of the virus from the anterior rhinencephalon. In the young the rest of the brain is invaded, while in the old resistant mice it is not, the progression of virus being arrested somewhere in the anterior rhinencephalon.
5. Since minimal amounts of virus injected intracerebrally were shown to be disseminated quickly through the entire brain, killing old as well as young mice, it was clear that virus so inoculated must spread differently from that which reaches the brain by the olfactory pathway.
6. That the arrest of virus progression in the brains of certain old mice is the result of a preexisting, localized barrier, developed with age, and is not due to a rapidly acquired, specific, cerebral immunity was shown by the failure of old mice to resist an intracerebral injection of 1 to 10 M.C.L.D., 2, 3, 4, or 5 days after preliminary nasal instillation.
PROPERTIES OF THE CAUSATIVE AGENT OF A CHICKEN TUMOR
Authors: Claude Albert 
Published: June 2004

1. The agent causing Chicken Tumor I can be separated from the other constituents of the tumor filtrate by means of high speed centrifugation. The separation was practically complete when a filtrate of average viscosity (0.018 poise) was submitted to a centrifugal field of 14,000 times gravity for 2 hours.
2. Relative purification of the agent was obtained by means of differential centrifugation and washing in Tyrode's solution or in distilled water. The washed sediment gave opalescent solutions composed of minute particles of approximately, but not exactly, the same size. The dry weight of the active material separated by high speed centrifugation was 0.0008 mg. per cc. of filtrate, or about 1 part per 2800 parts of the total filtrate.
3. The tumor-producing activity of the washed sediment was significantly greater than that of the entire original filtrate. It is suggested that the gain in tumor-producing power was effected by the removal of an inhibiting factor, known to occur normally in chicken tumor extracts.
CHEMO-IMMUNOLOGICAL STUDIES ON CONJUGATED CARBOHYDRATE-PROTEINS
Authors: Goebel Walther F. , Hotchkiss Rollin D. 
Published: June 2004

1. Azoprotein antigens containing glucuronic and galacturonic acids give rise in rabbits to specific antibodies. The immune sera show no serological crossing with antigens containing glucose or galactose.
2. The galacturonic acid antigen reacts in antipneumococcus horse serum Type I in high dilutions.
3. Azoprotein antigens containing galacturonic acid, benzene sulfonic and carboxylic acids precipitate in antipneumococcus horse sera of various types but not in normal horse serum. The mechanism underlying these cross reactions is discussed.
THE PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE OF PROSTATIC AND VESICULAR TRANSPLANTS IN THE ANTERIOR CHAMBER OF THE EYE
Authors: Moore Robert A. , Melchionna Robert H. , Tolins S. H. , Rosenblum H. B. 
Published: June 2004

1. With a photographic method for the determination of the size of prostatic and vesicular transplants in the anterior chamber of the eye, it has been possible to follow continuously the response to an injection of a hormone.
2. The results may be briefly summarized as follows: (a) One injection of the gonadotropic substance of pregnancy urine produces a moderate increase in size; (b) subsequent injections of this same substance for a period of at least 3 months are without effect; (c) an alkaline extract of the whole anterior pituitary gland produces a similar increase; (d) all pituitary derivatives are ineffective in the castrated animal; (e) castration brings about a decrease in size that gradually loses velocity; (f) the male sex hormone produces a slight increase in intact, and a variable, at times conspicuous, increase in castrated animals; (g) the female sex hormone provokes a conspicuous increase in both intact and castrated animals; (h) the hormone of the corpus luteum has no effect; and (i) there is no evidence of synergism of the pituitary and male sex hormones nor of antagonism of the male and female sex hormones in adult rabbits.
SPREADING PROPERTIES OF LEECH EXTRACTS AND THE FORMATION OF LYMPH
Authors: Claude Albert 
Published: June 2004

1. The injection of leech extracts into the skin increases its permeability, as shown both by the spread of fluid and of foreign particles through the dermis. The spread is followed some hours after the injection by more or less edema of the subcutaneous tissue.
2. A preliminary study of the chemical properties of the leech spreading factor indicates a similarity with the spreading factor prepared from testicle.
3. Attempts to separate the leech spreading and anticoagulating factors showed that the two have practically the same distribution in the leech body, extracts from the separated head being the most active.
4. It is undetermined whether two distinct factors are responsible for the spreading and anticoagulating properties of leech extracts. A chemical similarity is suggested by the fact that agents which affect the activity of one factor have a parallel effect on the other.
5. The mechanism of the spread produced by leech extracts and by other spreading agents is discussed.
STUDIES ON PULMONARY EDEMA
Authors: Farber Sidney 
Published: June 2004

1. Bilateral cervical vagotomy in rabbits soon leads to death, usually within 8 to 24 hours.
2. Gradually increasing dyspnea, crises with expulsion of frothy, serous or sanguineous fluid from the mouth and nose, and terminal asphyxia are the important clinical features.
3. Postmortem examination reveals severe acute pulmonary edema and congestion, variable amounts of bronchopneumonia, and evidences of aspiration of food and secretions. This picture is similar to that found in the lungs in the bulbar form of poliomyelitis.
4. These changes are brought about by a combination of factors secondary to bilateral vagotomy: laryngeal paralysis (aspiration of food, slow asphyxia); loss of the vagal innervation of the lungs.
5. Laryngeal paralysis is not an essential factor in the production of severe pulmonary edema and death following bilateral cervical vagotomy.
6. To denote the pathogenesis of this type of edema, the term neuropathic pulmonary edema is employed.
VITAMIN C CONTENT OF MONKEY TISSUES IN EXPERIMENTAL POLIOMYELITIS
Authors: Jungeblut Claus W. , Feiner Rose R. 
Published: June 2004

1. The concentrations of reduced ascorbic acid present in the tissues of normal rhesus monkeys are of a magnitude in keeping with the values found for other animal species which are incapable of synthesizing vitamin C. These concentrations are subject to distinct increase by prolonged parenteral administration of ascorbic acid.
2. The amounts of vitamin C present in nervous tissue and the suprarenals of monkeys, paralyzed as the result of poliomyelitis infection, are slightly below the normal average when examined at the height of paralysis or in early convalescence. The figures show a tendency for a return to normal or slightly hypernormal levels concomitant with the progress of convalescence.
3. Vitamin C titrations of the tissues of monkeys which had received parenteral injections of ascorbic acid during the incubation period of poliomyelitic infection give different results according to whether such animals develop paralysis or survive without paralytic symptoms. In paralyzed C-treated monkeys the vitamin C levels are practically identical with those of normal C-prepared monkeys. Markedly higher values, however, are obtained with non-paralytic survivors in the early stages of their survival. As the period of survival lengthens normal figures prevail again.
4. The data are discussed in their relationship to the success or failure of vitamin C therapy in experimental poliomyelitis.
THE INFLUENCE OF PROLONGED, INTENSIVE PLASMAPHERESIS UPON THE ABILITY OF THE ORGANISM TO REGENERATE SERUM PROTEIN
Authors: Melnick Daniel , Cowgill George R. 
Published: June 2004

1. When the dog is subjected to quantitative plasmapheresis and fed appropriate "synthetic" artificial rations, it is possible to evaluate the ability of the organism to regenerate serum protein from both exogenous and endogenous sources. Approximately 44 per cent of the protein, casein, fed in excess of the minimal amount needed normally to meet the general nitrogen requirements, is utilized for the formation of new serum protein. Under our experimental conditions the dog can regenerate each week solely from endogenous sources approximately 0.6 gm. of this blood protein per kilo of optimal body weight. This is equivalent to about 21 per cent of the total amount of serum protein normally present in the plasma.
2. When the dog is fed an adequate protein diet and is subjected to a régime of prolonged intensive plasmapheresis (period of 16 consecutive weeks), no impairment in the ability of the organism to regenerate serum protein from either exogenous or endogenous sources occurs. Under our conditions of experimentation the dog appears to be able to form each week an amount of the blood protein approximately equal to that normally present in the plasma. Because of this remarkable ability of the normal organism to regenerate rapidly serum protein over a relatively long period of time, it seems that loss of protein alone in conditions of Bright's disease cannot be the etiologic agent responsible for the persistence of the hypoproteinemia. An additional factor, the "specific" ability of such individuals to regenerate serum protein, must be taken into consideration.
STUDIES ON THE RÔLE OF THE SPLEEN IN EXPERIMENTAL POLIOMYELITIS
Authors: Lennette Edwin H. 
Published: June 2004

1. No difference in susceptibility to infection between splenectomized and non-splenectomized monkeys was observed when virus was injected intravenously in large amounts.
2. In a small series of animals, the results suggested that splenectomy decreased resistance to amounts of virus subinfective for non-splenectomized monkeys.
3. Splenectomy subsequent to intravenous or intrasplenic inoculation of amounts of virus subinfective for non-splenectomized monkeys did not render the animals susceptible.
4. Following vascular injection, the virus accumulates in the spleen, where it can be detected 24 hours after inoculation, but not at 3 or 5 days.
5. Evidence that splenectomy interferes with antibody formation is presented and discussed.
6. We were unable to demonstrate virus in crude extracts of poliomyelitic spleens but were successful with perfused spleen extracts. This may be due to removal of a neutralizing factor.
7. Attempts to immunize test animals with virus present in poliomyelitic spleens were negative.
THE RELATION OF ALTERED LOCAL TISSUE REACTIVITY (SHWARTZMAN PHENOMENON) TO INFECTION AND INFLAMMATION
Authors: Moritz Alan R. 
Published: June 2004

Living B. aertrycke were effective in place of aertrycke filtrate as either the preparatory or the provocative injection in the production of a positive Shwartzman reaction.
When living B. aertrycke were injected subcutaneously a more severe inflammation resulted, organization was delayed, and more living organisms survived at the site of inoculation in rabbits that had received 24 hours later an intravenous injection of B. aertrycke filtrate than was the case in similarly infected rabbits that had not received a subsequent injection of bacterial filtrate.
When a local state of hypersusceptibility was created by the subcutaneous injection of B. aertrycke filtrate, the subsequent (24 hours) injection of living B. aertrycke led to the development at the site of subcutaneous preparation of a hemorrhagic necrosing inflammation in which the bacteria localized.
AN EPIZOOTIC DISEASE OF FERRETS CAUSED BY A FILTERABLE VIRUS
Authors: Slanetz C. A. , Smetana Hans 
Published: June 2004

1. An epizootic disease of ferrets with a very high case fatality rate is described.
2. By the use of suitable material the natural disease can be transmitted experimentally.
3. The primary causative agent of the disease is a filterable virus.
4. Secondary invasion by bacteria of the respiratory tract of infected animals frequently occurs. The most important secondary invader is hemolytic streptococcus.
5. There seems to be no immunological relationship between the virus of the ferret disease and the viruses of canine distemper and of human influenza.
6. Histologically the disease is characterized by cytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusion bodies in epithelial cells of many organs.
7. These inclusion bodies are indistinguishable from those occurring in canine distemper.