bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
American Genesis, American Captivity
Authors: Saillant John 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
A new racism arose in the early American republic that set aside the antislavery arguments of men and women who were, like Lemuel Haynes, rooted in eighteenth‐century modes of thought like Edwardsean theology and republican ideology. Haynes had always argued that blacks and whites must live harmoniously in an integrated society if Americans wished to be true to Calvinism and republicanism. In the early nineteenth century, many Americans became convinced that blacks and whites were so separate cognitively and physically that they could never coexist as equals. Haynes set himself against what he saw as divisive forces, including Universalism, a new Christian denomination led by Hosea Ballou. Haynes invoked as a standard for race relations the godly unity idealized in American Puritanism and expressed in early American texts such as the captivity narrative of Mary Rowlandson. In his last years, Haynes worked as an itinerant preacher but never held a reliable pulpit between his dismissal in 1818 from his Rutland, Vermont, church and his death in 1833 in Granville, Massachusetts.
Combining Efficiency With Equity: A Pragmatic Approach
Authors: Blanchard Odile , Criqui Patrick , Kitous Alban , Viguier Laurent 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The global public good of climate stabilization, pursued in the negotiations leading up to the Kyoto Protocol, provides a useful case study of the political problems that can arise in attempts to reconcile structural or procedural aspects of justice and fairness with aspects of efficiency in securing just and fair outcomes.
The Multilateral Trade Regime: A Global Public Good for All?
Authors: Mendoza Ronald U. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The structure of arrangements for multilateral trade has caused much controversy, as was witnessed by the WTO ministerial conference at Seattle in 1999 and on other occasions. Examines the problem through the lens of the global public goods concept. It suggests that to become a global public good in substance rather than merely in form, the multilateral trade regime requires adjustments to correct a distributional imbalance favouring developed countries at the expense of developing countries.
The Inconsistency of the Majority Justices With Their Previously Expressed Views
Authors: Dershowitz Alan M. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Aims to demonstrate that, during the (Bush vs Gore) US presidential election of 2000, by any reasonable standard of evaluation, the majority justices of the US Supreme Court failed to test the US constitutional system in ways that it had never been tested before, and did so not because of incompetence, but because of malice aforethought. Contrasts the prior decisions and writings of the particular majority justices with the opinions that they joined in this case; the dramatic discrepancies found raise troubling questions. Moves from this concrete evidence to a more speculative consideration of what may have motivated these inconsistencies. The different sections of the chapter look first at the decisions of Justice Antonin Scalia, Justice Sandra Day O’Connor, Justice Anthony Kennedy, Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist, and Justice Clarence Thomas. The following speculative sections first ask generally why each justice behaved as they did, and then go on to devote separate sections on the motives of each of the five justices.
St.Francis and His Audience
Authors: Wolf Kenneth Baxter 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Francis was the son of a prominent cloth merchant and as such his early life was spent immersed in burgher culture. When he decided to renounce his place in society and live a life of voluntary poverty, he constructed that life as the antithesis of the life of a wealthy burgher. As a result, his form of poverty quite naturally spoke to the particular spiritual needs of the urban elite. By providing his former peer group with a way of dealing with the guilt surrounding their mercantile lifestyles, he found himself elevated to a position of great popularity and influence. His sermons, in which he preached penance, encouraged burghers either to follow his example and become “perfectly poor” or to support him and his fellow friars as they tried to perfect their own poverty. The natural “fit” between Francis's new, postconversion lifestyle and the experiences of the other members of the urban elite paved the way for the cult of St. Francis to assume proportions that dwarfed the cults of the rest of the urban saints of his day.
The Intrinsic Value of Sense Pleasure and Pain
Authors: Rudebusch George 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
I interpret and defend Socrates’ account of sensate pleasure and pain. Lovers of sensations (in the Epicurean tradition) will find Socrates’ restriction of pleasure's value to modal (in particular, moral) activity incredible. Nevertheless, I argue (following the Stoic tradition) that the value sensations have, lies not in their being sensations but in their being activities. On my interpretation, the measuring skill of the value of pleasure is idealized Socratic cross‐examination or dialectic.
The Righteous Are Happy
Authors: Rudebusch George 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
At the end of Republic Book 1, Socrates leads Thrasymachus to the conclusion that unrighteousness is never more profitable than righteousness, by showing that the righteous are happy and the unrighteous miserable. This argument, although the cornerstone of Socratic ethics, has seemed laughable to many interpreters. I defend the argument.
Frame Dependence: The Second Theme
Authors: Shefrin Hersh 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
A frame is a description. Frame dependence means that people make decisions that are influenced by the manner in which the information is presented. Frame dependence manifests itself in the way that people form attitudes towards gains and losses. Many people make one decision if a problem is framed in terms of losses, but behave differently if the same problem is framed in terms of gains. An important reason for this behavior is loss aversion. Hedonic editing is the practice of choosing frames that are attractive relative to other frames. People with self‐control problems often use hedonic editing to help them deal with those problems. There is evidence that some investors use dividends in this way. Money illusion, the failure to factor in inflation or deflation correctly, provides another illustration of a framing issue.
Inefficient Markets: The Third Theme
Authors: Shefrin Hersh 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Markets are efficient when prices coincide with intrinsic value. Heuristic‐driven bias and frame dependence combine to render markets inefficient. Representativeness leads to the winner–loser effect, whereby investor overreaction causes prior long‐term winners to become future long‐term losers, and prior long‐term losers to become future short‐term winners. Conservatism leads security analysts to underreact to earnings surprises, thereby generating short‐term momentum in stock prices. Frame dependence leads investors to frame stock returns in terms of short horizons instead of long horizons. As a result, investors require a larger equity premium than they would if they framed returns using longer horizons. Prices can deviate from fundamental value for long periods, with excess volatility the result.
Trying to Predict the Market
Authors: Shefrin Hersh 
Published: October 2003

AbstractWall Street strategists are susceptible to gambler's fallacy. In general, four important behavioral elements affect the market predictions of investors: overconfidence, betting on trends, anchoring and adjustment, and salience. Although gambler's fallacy generally afflicts Wall Street strategists, it typically does not afflict individual investors and technical analysts—they succumb to other errors. This point leads to a discussion about some of the key illusions that most people have about randomness, and why these illusions bias their predictions. Inflation adds an additional element of confusion.
Corporate Takeovers and the Winner's Curse
Authors: Shefrin Hersh 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
There is general evidence that corporate executives exhibit hubris, that they are impressed with their own abilities. Since July 1996, the Financial Executives Institute and Duke University have been jointly surveying corporate executives on a quarterly basis. During the first two years of the survey, executives of companies whose stocks are publicly traded have consistently indicated that their companies were undervalued. Corporate decisions offer ample examples of heuristic‐driven bias and frame dependence. In this chapter, I discuss several: excessive optimism, the illusion of control, gambler's fallacy, and loss aversion—the tendency to throw good money after bad. However, the primary bias involved in corporate takeovers is hubris, because it leads to the phenomenon of winner's curse, where the acquiring firm overpays for the target. The chapter describes the takeover of computer maker NCR by American Telephone and Telegraph (AT&T).
The Passionate Life
Authors: Solomon Robert C. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The most virtuous life need not be the life of calm tranquility, peace of mind, and merely intellectual contemplation. There is also a good life to be had that is defined by emotions, by impassioned engagements and quests, by embracing affections, by constant striving, even frenzy, typified by insatiability and impossible passions. So, too, the virtues are not all about moderation. Not all passions are irrational, out of control, or “violent.” A life without passion would be a life barely worth living.
Content
Authors: Scruton Roger 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Develops a theory of expression that will incorporate the insights developed in Chs. 7–10, and also to the constraints laid down in Ch. 6. Understanding expression is likened to ’knowing what it's like’, which is in turn analysed in terms of a Wittgensteinian theory of first‐person awareness. Expression, so understood, is integral to the meaning and value of any work that possesses it, and can be fully understood only in the context of a theory of aesthetic value.
Mathematical Knowledge and Reliable Authority
Authors: Coady C. A. J. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
There is a common view that mathematical truths can be known only a priori, by intuition or grasping a proof, but the possibility of transmitting mathematical knowledge by testimony cuts against this view. This chapter discusses the tension between the common view and the realities of testimonial knowledge. It examines the attempts to show that mathematical knowledge cannot be conveyed by telling, and argues that they are unsuccessful.
Is an Aristotelian Philosophy of Mind Still Credible? (A Draft)
Authors: Burnyeat M. F. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This essay argues that the Putnam-Nussbaum thesis that modern functionalism is Aristotelian is false. It fails as an interpretation of Aristotle since it fails to notice that Aristotle’s conception of the material or physical side of the soul-body relation is one which no modern functionalist could share. The Putnam-Nussbaum thesis is examined within the context of the theory of perception. This involves the need to understand one of the most mysterious Aristotelian doctrines – the doctrine that in perception, the sense-organ assumes the sensible form of the object perceived without its matter.
Nous Poiētikos: Survey of Earlier Interpretations
Authors: Brentano Franz 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This essay explores Aristotle’s conception of the active intellect or nous poiētikos. The earliest, medieval, and most recent interpretations of this concept are discussed. It is argued that even Aristotle’s immediate disciples disagreed in their conception of the active intellect, nor was there any more unanimity in the Middle Ages. According to Trendelenburg, the difficulty of the Aristotelian doctrine lies in the fact that the nous is sometimes said to be so intimately connected with the other faculties of the soul that it appears to be incapable of existing without them. When it is viewed the highest nous, as nous poiētikos, it is separated from the rest of human nature and contrasted with it as something higher and its ruler.
What Does the Appeal to Use Do for the Theory of Meaning?
Authors: Dummett Michael 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Wittgenstein's notion of use, occurring in the slogan ’meaning is use’, comprised anything that could be counted as belonging to the rôle of the sentence in the language‐game. It included not only the communicatory function of an utterance of the sentence itself but also of an utterance of a complex sentence of which it was a constituent. This makes any feature of our linguistic practice that relates to the sentence affect its meaning. The source of this view lies in rejecting the Fregean distinction between sense and force.
Language and Communication
Authors: Dummett Michael 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
There is a contest between the view that the primary function of language is that of an instrument of communication and the view that it is that of a vehicle of thought. But such a dilemma is misconceived. The true opposition is between language as representation and language as activity. The representation picture of language is misleading in so far as it assumes that the representative power can be isolated from other features of language and that it consists in the speaker's being in the correct interior states. That would render understanding completely mysterious, and therefore, we should demand an outward manifestation of understanding expressed in linguistic exchange and other actions.
Mood, Force, and Convention
Authors: Dummett Michael 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Donald Davidson raised the issue of the link between mood, force, and convention. Because he does not make a distinction between the force of an utterance and the point of it, subsuming both under a general notion of use to which he put his utterance, Davidson attempts to delete any account of force from a theory of meaning, and associate it with the general procedure of divining someone else's intentions. This he cannot maintain, since, to grasp what it is for a sentence to carry a particular kind of force is to be master of a practice, of something that has to be learned and whose existence depends upon a common participation in it by the speakers of the language.
Frege and Husserl on Reference
Authors: Dummett Michael 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
David Bell argued in his book Husserl that Frege's notion of reference was realist, whereas Husserl's notion of reference in Logical Investigations was non‐realist. The suitable notion of reference should reconcile between extensional and intensional modes of speaking of the object. According to Husserl, intentional objects do not form an ontological category: to speak of them is to adopt the material mode of saying what, in the formal mode, relates to a singular term standing in an intensional context. Thus, Husserl's solution closely resembles Frege's, and both are essentially realist ones.
Could There Be Unicorns?
Authors: Dummett Michael 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Kripke argued that there might not have been unicorns: since unicorns are fictional species, they are necessarily fictional. There are three arguments aimed at showing the fictionality of unicorns, but all of them fail. There would be unicorns if there were a single species or genus of animals resembling the unicorns of pictures. This also serves as an instructive example of the failure of the accessibility relation between possible worlds to be both transitive and symmetrical.
Merleau‐Ponty
Authors: Crowther Paul 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Involves further development of the ideas from Merleau–Ponty broached in the previous chapter. Merleau–Ponty's account of the relation between perception and art is given a detailed exposition. It is then critically appraised and defended in a broader philosophical context. Particular attention is paid to the concept of style, and the significance of painting.
Sublimity and Postmodern Culture
Authors: Crowther Paul 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Explores the links made by Lyotard between postmodernism and the sublime in relation to the exhibition Les Immateriaux (curated by him in Paris, in 1985). Argues that the exhibition rightly identifies a sublimicism, which is a strong characteristic of postmodern sensibility. Offers an analysis of the ethics and politics of this sensibility.
Interpretationism
Authors: Child William 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Interpretation is the process of ascribing propositional attitudes to an individual on the basis of what she says and does. Interpretationism is the view (exemplified in the writings of Donald Davidson and Daniel Dennett) that we can gain an understanding of the nature of the mental by reflecting on the nature of interpretation. The chapter examines the arguments for and against holding (1) that the interpretation of propositional attitudes is inseparable from the interpretation of language, (2) that being interpretable as possessing a given attitude is a necessary condition for possessing it, and (3) that being interpretable as possessing an attitude is sufficient for possessing it. And it discusses whether interpretationists should claim that being interpretable as having thoughts is actually constitutive of having thoughts.
Vision and Experience: The Causal Theory and the Disjunctive Conception
Authors: Child William 
Published: October 2003

AbstractDefends the causal theory of vision and the disjunctive conception of visual experience and argues that they can be coherently combined. Reasons are given for accepting the causal theory of vision and the disjunctive conception of experience. Then, an objection (due to Paul Snowdon) is set out, according to which the disjunctive conception undermines the causal theory, either (1) because the disjunctive conception is incompatible with the idea that visual experiences are caused by the objects we see or (2) because the disjunctive conception removes the main motivation for accepting a causal theory. Against this objection, it is shown how a disjunctive conception of experience can be combined with the causal theory. And it is argued that, even if we accept the disjunctive conception, the causal theory is still needed in order to understand two features of experiences: why they occur and how they have the objective content they do.
On a Question of Frege's About Right‐Ordered Groups
Authors: Dummett Michael , Adeleke S. A. , Neumann P. M. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Concerns a problem posed, but not solved, by Frege in part III of his Grundgesetze. As a preliminary to defining ‘real number’, Frege attempts to analyse the notion of a quantitative domain (e.g. that of distances or of masses). He was unaware of the previous attempt of Otto Holder to do this; it is remarked how much weaker Frege's assumptions were in deriving theorems than Holder's. Frege deals with groups on which there is a right‐invariant semilinear ordering, although he does not use this terminology. He is uncertain whether it can be deduced that the ordering is also left‐invariant, and proves as much as possible without invoking the assumption that it is. The independence proof, due to Dr Peter Neumann, establishes that it could not be deduced.
Plato's Metaphysics of Structure
Authors: Harte Verity 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe role of structure as the proper object of Platonic science is placed within the context of the exploration of holistic models of knowledge and understanding, which has often been identified as a central feature of Plato's later works. The normativity of structure may also be seen to have an ethical dimension. Finally, there are some thoughts on the areas in which one might need to develop Plato's model for the modern age, including the model's rejection of unrestricted composition and its view that the parts of a whole are structure‐laden.
One Way to Read Hume
Authors: Craig Edward 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
In this chapter, Craig shows how the Image of God doctrine works as an interpretative tool. Applied to the philosophy of Hume, it helps to illuminate textual detail that would otherwise not be fully intelligible, and it modifies, sometimes reverses, the received view of his philosophy. Craig argues that, in combining a sceptical epistemology with a thoroughgoing naturalism, Hume aimed at nothing less than the destruction of the doctrine of the image of God, and substituted for it an anthropology which looked not to the divine but to the natural world for its methods and results. This claim is supported by detailed analyses of Hume’s epistemology, ontology, and philosophy of mind.
The Works of Man
Authors: Craig Edward 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Chapter 5 aims to understand the contemporary philosophical climate in terms of a dominant philosophy, and argues that it is found in the ‘Agency Theory’, or ‘Practice Ideal’: the thesis that we are the creators of our own environment and values, that the realities which we meet with are the works of man. Craig argues that from about 1780, ‘activity’, ‘practice’ and similar concepts began to come to the fore, and provided new solutions of metaphysical and epistemological problems. The idea was to some extent anticipated in writers of the eighteenth century: in Pascal’s famous wager on the existence of God the value of truth has receded, and considerations of what serves a certain purpose have come to regulate belief; Hume saw in our imagination, not in our reason, the governing, and essentially active, principle that supports our beliefs; finally Kant’s transcendental idealism not only provided the key concept of ‘the world as we experience it’ that incorporated both concepts and impressions, but amounted to the claim that the world of our experience is of our own making. But the real rise of the Agency Theory took place in the nineteenth century: Marx and Engels, rejecting both theistic and idealist metaphysics, set up a new ideal for man, who was to be the free architect and builder of his own social world, in virtue of his grasp of the laws governing society and the processes of social change; following Peirce, William James and other American Pragmatists argued that belief is primarily an instrument for the attainment of our goals, and that man is fully autonomous, his creations subject to no controls or standards other than those which he himself imposes; Nietzsche, the most vociferous champion of agency and creativity, affirmed the idea, and constructed his account of reality, truth, and knowledge, and his aspirations for man around it.
The Evolution of the Soul
Authors: Swinburne Richard 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Part 1 (Chs. 2–7) argues that mental events (consisting in the instantiation of mental properties – sensations, thoughts, purposes, desires, and beliefs) are distinct from physical events (such as brain events), although in causal interaction with them. Part 2 argues that these mental events consist in the instantiations of properties in immaterial substances, souls. A human being (and any higher animal) consists of two parts, the essential part – his soul, and a contingent part – his body. It is extremely unlikely that there could be a scientific explanation of the creation of souls. Humans are distinguished from the higher animals by an ability to reason logically, and by having moral awareness, free will, and an integrated system of beliefs and desires. Neither direct empirical evidence nor pure a priori philosophical argument can show what will happen to the soul after death. This could only be shown by some very general metaphysical system.