bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physiography, geology, and soils
Authors: Mitchell C W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Sudan forms a part of the extensive, flat, peneplained surface which dominates the whole of north-east Africa. It falls from about 800 m above sea level in the west and south to about 300 m on the Egyptian border and is defined by a ring of uplands. The physiography of the country is shown schematically in Fig. 1.1. In the north-east, the Red Sea Hills, composed of basement granites and metamorphosed sediments, rise to over 2000m. They form a sharply defined escarpment less than 50 km from the coast, which is the drainage divide between the Red Sea and the Nile. The locations of places mentioned in the text are shown in Fig. 1.2.
Agriculture in the national economy
Authors: Gurdon c. G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Agriculture plays a pivotal role in the economy, providing a livelihood for over 80 per cent of the population. Its share of the labour force is still over 60 per cent and its share of total exports is over 95 per cent. The country’s efforts to achieve economic progress and transformation are dependent on the performance of the agricultural sector and Sudanese industry is also almost entirely dependent on agriculture as a source of raw materials.
Agricultural marketing and pricing: a synopsis of current problems
Authors: Oesterdiekhoff P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The subject of agricultural marketing entered quite late into the discussion on planning and evaluation of development processes and projects. Although this deficiency had already been pointed out in the 1960s (Abbott 1967, p. 393, 1968, pp. 87-92; Jones 1972, pp. 18-19), the empirical research on agricultural markets is still excessively deficient—both in relation to other topics and in view of the political significance of the subject. It may well be that economic research was not prepared to turn towards agricultural marketing as long as the ‘classical’ tenet—that production is what matters (Abbott 1967, p. 393)—was pre-eminent.
National policies for agriculture
Authors: Wohlmuth K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The economic crisis which has been affecting the Sudan since 1977/8 is having a particular effect on the agricultural subsectors (irrigated agriculture, mechanized rain-fed farming, traditional rain-fed farming, livestockraising, and forestry) and also on the industrial sector of the country. These subsectors are suffering from the repercussions of the most severe economic crisis since Independence (1956), a crisis which is the result of unfavourable world market trends, over-ambitious development programmes in the 1970s, and a failure of policy reform at the macro- and sectoral-levels in the 1980s. The worsening balance of payments situation, the increasing indebtedness, the failure to come to terms with the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the banks and other donors, the decrease of official transfers from Sudanese workers abroad, the decreasing level of foreign aid, the increasing pressure on the Sudanese pound (£S), and the capital flight go parallel with unfavourable cotton marketing conditions and unstable internal political developments (Sudanow 1987a, b; Ottaway 1987).
Molecular evolution and quasi-species
Authors: Rowe Glenn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As our first model of a primitive biochemical system, we will examine a model originally proposed by Manfred Eigen in 1971, and developed further by Eigen in collaboration with Peter Schuster in 1977. The model assumes the existence of molecules of an indeterminate structure which have the ability to replicate themselves without the aid of catalysts. The reader may picture these molecules as DNA, but no details of the structure of the molecules arc assumed or specified in the mathematics.
Artificial life
Authors: Rowe Glenn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the problems in the study of the origin of life is that we have only one example of a biosystem to study. There may be other examples of life elsewhere in the universe (despite the negative findings of the Viking mission to Mars, scientists have not totally ruled out the possibility of life there) but, discounting some of the more inventive reports of UFOs, the only system available to us for direct study is that of which we arc a part.
The immune system
Authors: Rowe Glenn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The immune system is popularly conceived as the body’ s defence system which valiantly fights off attacks from hordes of parasites, such as bacteria and viruses. To a certain extent, this is true, but the immune system is much more than this. It is a complex cellular and molecular system which is capable of recognizing and eliminating virtually any substance which is foreign to the organism in which it resides, while at the same time ignoring cells and molecules produced by its own body. When one considers the enormous variety of molecules in both categories, foreign and ‘ self’, one begins to understand the sophistication of such a biochemical system.
The McCulloch–Pitts neural net
Authors: Rowe Glenn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the earliest purely theoretical treatments of a neural network was that of Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts (1943). The original paper is quite forbidding to the modern reader, since it uses the terminology of formal logic, something which is not often taught in undergraduate courses, even those in mathematics. Despite the abstract notation, however, the basic ideas in McCulloch and Pitts’ paper are quite simple. Considering the state of the art when the paper was published (long before the widespread use of computers to which we have become accustomed) its ideas are ahead of its time, and the paper deserves its reputation as one of the classic papers of theoretical biology.
The Golden Age Of Microbiology
Authors: Lax Alistair J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The last 25 years of the nineteenth century have been referred to as the ‘golden age of microbiology’. This is no exaggeration. The advances in microbiology at that time exceeded even the great leap in our understanding of bacteria that occurred during the late twentieth century. Infectious disease, not even an accepted concept in 1850, moved from dark religious superstitions to a science. In the process medical microbiology was invented and toxins were discovered. Indeed the latter half of the nineteenth century was a wonderful time for science in general.
A Broader View
Authors: Wilkins Maurice 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After the Lasker and Nobel awards, and my confidence that the Double Helix was soundly based, I felt freer to look around and consider the wider role of science in human life, and also to enjoy life more broadly, with Patricia and our growing family. With a scientific reputation, financial security and a supportive family, I could make some choices about where to concentrate my efforts in future.
The Meaning of Colour Terms and the Universals of Seeing
Authors: Wierzbicka Anna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Colour’ is not a universal human concept. It can of course be created in all human societies, just as the concepts ‘television’, ‘computer’, or ‘money’ can, but despite the rapidly increasing contact between human societies there are still many which have neither borrowed nor developed the concept of ‘colour’ (and of course there have been many more such societies in the past).
Outline of Hindi Grammar
Authors: Mcgregor R S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book has a twofold purpose: first to provide a concise presentation of the essential grammar of modern Hindi, with graded exercises, which brings beginners as quickly as possible to the point where they can read modern prose with profit; and secondly, to serve as reference for those consolidating their grasp of the language. It is therefore, of interest to students beginning courses in Hindi and those who have already learned some. People planning to visit India for business of pleasure will also find it useful, as colloquial vocabulary and style receive equally detailed attention as the more formal written style. The material is presented in roman transliteration as well as in the Indian script, so that the beginner can work through the book unimpeded by script problems, while still enjoying the advantage of contact with the script from the outset. Additions to the third edition include a new set of listening and reading exercises and grammatical index. Available for the first time there are two accompanying cassettes containing the complete Hindi text of the original and the new exercises. Revised and updated, available for the first time with accompanying cassettes.
Practical criticism
Authors: Lennard John , Luckhurst Mary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Drama is set in practical-criticism papers but response to seen or unseen extracts may also be required in period or genre papers, and is likely in all cases to be a timed exercise (one hour is common). Briefer needs for practical criticism arise in weekly, assessed, and open examination essays on dramatic topics, where time-pressure may be relaxed or replaced by a word-limit. Few students seem aware that a different writing-style is advisable in timed exams and word-limited essays, but when the need for verbal economy is paramount it helps to use active rather than passive constructions (‘When Laertes assails Hamlet’ not ‘When Hamlet is assailed by Laertes’), to cut introductory clauses (‘on the one/other hand’, ‘it may be argued that’, ‘it can be said that’), to restrict adjectives and adverbs, and to merge successive sentences with the same grammatical subject (‘Estragon says X and does Y.’ not ‘Estragon says X. Estragon does Y.’).
Hume’s System
Authors: Pears David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this book, Professor Pears examines the foundations of Hume's system as laid down in the first book of his Treatise, where his ideas are presented in their first fresh and undiluted form. The author steers a middle course between the two extreme views adopted in recent writings on Hume: that he relies exclusively on a theory of meaning, or that he relies exclusively on a theory of truth and evidence. Professor Pears argues that Hume's theory of ideas serves both functions, and he examines in detail its application to three difficult problems: causation, personal identity, and sense-perception. Hume's solutions are shown not to be theories which can be given a place in a standard classification of philosophical theories, but rather to depend upon a subtle form of naturalism not altogether unlike Wittgenstein's naturalism.
Space, Time, and Motion
Authors: Sklar Lawrence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The great philosophers of ancient Greece set themselves the problem of understanding what it is to have knowledge of the world. What, they asked, are the grounds and the limits of our ability to know what is really the case about the world around us? Not surprisingly, this enterprise of trying to distinguish genuine knowledge from mere opinion began with an examination of current beliefs of what could be considered by the ordinary rational person to constitute well-grounded knowledge.
Intermediate Logic
Authors: Bostock David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Intermediate Logic is an ideal text for anyone who has taken a first course in logic and is progressing to further study. It examines logical theory, rather than the applications of logic, and does not assume any specific technological grounding. The author introduces and explains each concept and term, ensuring that readers have a firm foundation for study. He provides a broad, deep understanding of logic by adopting and comparing a variety of different methods and approaches. In the first section, Bostock covers such fundamental notions as truth, validity, entailment, quantification, and decision procedures. Part two lays out a definitive introduction to four key logical tools or procedures: semantic tableaux, axiomatic proofs, natural deduction, and sequent calculi. The final section opens up new areas of existence and identity, concluding by moving from orthodox logic to examination of `free logic'. Intermediate Logic provides an ideal secondary course in logic for university students, and a bridge to advanced study of such subjects as model theory, proof theory, and other specialized areas of mathematical logic.
The Context, Aims, and Structure of Hume’s First ENQUIRY
Authors: Millican Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To interpret any philosopher’s work appropriately, it is important to understand the concerns that motivate him: unless we have some appreciation of what views he is opposing, and thus what points he is most concerned to prove, it can be hard to distinguish between those claims that are central to his philosophy and those that he merely took for granted because they were not at the time significantly in dispute.
Hume’s Sceptical Doubts Concerning Induction
Authors: Millican Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Section IV of Hume’s first Enquiry,entitled ‘Sceptical Doubts concerning the Operations of the Understanding’, contains the third and most extensive presentation of his massively influential argument concerning induction, the foundation stone of his philosophical system. However despite being one of the best known and most widely read texts in the entire canon of Western philosophy, the interpretation of this argument has been much debated, and there is still no established consensus even on the question of what exactly Hume is attempting to prove with it, let alone on the philosophical merits of his attempt.
Hume, Belief, and Personal Identity
Authors: Broackes Justin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hume in theTreatise was proud of his view of belief. ‘This act of the mind has never yet been explain’d by any philosopher’ (T 96-7 n.), he says early in the discussion; and he congratulates himself on the coherence of his views, ‘the agreement of these parts, and the necessity of one to explain another’ T 154). But in the Appendix, only twenty-one months later, he confesses to difficulties: ‘even when I think I understand the subject perfectly, I am at a loss for terms to express my meaning’ (App. 628). Famous for the second thoughts on personal identity, the Appendix actually takes more than twice as long modifying the theory of belief, admitting even an outright ‘error’ (App. 636). By the time of the Enquiry, another eight years on, Hume’s anxieties seem to have got the better of him altogether.
David Hume: Objects and Power
Authors: Strawso Galen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many people think that Hume holds a straightforward ‘regularity’ theory of causation, according to which causation is nothing more than regular succession or constant conjunction. ‘If Hume is right’, Saul Kripke says, then ‘even if God were to look at [two causally related] events, he would discern nothing relating them other than that one succeeds the other.’ ‘Hume’s conclusion’, according to Roger Woolhouse, is ‘that so far as the external objects which are causes and effects are concerned there is only constant conjunction’; so far as the ‘operations of natural bodies’ are concerned, ‘regularity and constant conjunction are all that exist’.
A New History of Western Philosophy
Authors: Kenny Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sir Anthony Kenny continues his magisterial new history of Western philosophy with a fascinating guide through more than a millennium of thought from 400 AD onwards, charting the story of philosophy from the founders of Christian and Islamic thought through to the Renaissance.The middle ages saw a great flourishing of philosophy, and the intellectual endeavour of the era reaches its climax in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, with the systems of the great schoolmen such as Thomas Aquinas and John Duns Scotus. Specially written for a broad popular readership, but serious and deep enough to offer a genuine understanding of the great philosophers, Kenny’s lucid and stimulating history will become the definitive work for anyone interested in the people and ideas that shaped the course of Western thought.
The Scholastic Resources for Descartes’s Concept of God as Causa Sui
Authors: Lee Richard a. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The debate between Caterus and Arnauld on one side and Descartes on the other about whether God is causa sui has been seen as marking the distinction between scholastic and modern thought. This debate, which arises initially out of an issue that is not even central to Descartes’s proof for the existence of God, has Descartes insisting that we must understand God as causa sui in the positive sense that God’s essence is something like an efficient cause of God’s existence, and Arnauld and Caterus, scholastic as they are, insisting that no philosopher holds such an incomprehensible position.
Review Essay Descartes’s Theory of Mind Desmond M. Clarke
Authors: Chene Dennis Des 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The physicist and physiologist have no reason to read Descartes. Descartes said that the solar system is filled with subtle matter moving in circular vortices. It isn’t. He said that the nexus of sensation and action in animals is the pineal gland. It isn’t. He said that matter is extension. It isn’t. His errors are not worth repeating; the truths of which he had some grasp are more accessibly and usably expressed elsewhere. Philosophers, of course, still read Descartes.
Socrates’ Demand For Definitions
Authors: Forster Michael N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this article I would like to o·er an interpretation of a central aspect of the philosophy of the historical Socrates: his demand for definitions of ethical terms. (A companion article to follow, ‘Socrates’ Profession of Ignorance’, will offer a closely interconnected interpretation of the historical Socrates’ profession of ignorance.) It is, of course, a vigorously disputed question whether we are in a position to arrive at conclusions about the historical Socrates at all, and if so by which methods.1 I shall sidestep that large and probably endless debate here.
Plato’ S Prometheanism
Authors: Thomas Christine J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Philebus ff b ·. is provocative. Socrates introduces a god-given method of enquiry and characterizes it as extremely diffcult to employ, but finer than any other mode of investigation. According to him, it is ‘a gift from the gods to humans . . . thrown down from the gods by some Prometheus together with the most dazzling fire’ (16 c 5–7); and ‘everything in every art that has ever been discovered has been brought to light because of this [πfντα γaρ oςα τEχνησEχOµενα aνηυρEθη πWπτε δa ταVτησφανερa γEγνε]’ (16 c 2–3).2 Although a healthy body of commentary has attempted to explicate the Promethean method, very little consensus has been reached about what exactly the gods’ gift consists in.
Developing your teaching role in a simulation centre
Authors: Glavin Ronnie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter aims to give an overview of the different roles of the teacher within the context of simulation-based teaching. It will overlap in content with some of the other chapters but that is inevitable in a chapter that intends to give a broad overview of this area. A chapter in a textbook can help make explicit some of the theory that underpins practice and can elaborate on the skills that are required for each of the roles described but there are limits as to how far reading about skills can take a learner. Very few people successfully learn to play musical instruments solely by reading about playing an instrument. They learn by practising under the guidance of a teacher who will fulfil many of the roles described in this chapter. The conditions are not so different for those who find themselves using simulation-based courses as a teaching tool. The best way to learn is to practice under the supervision of someone with greater expertise. I hope that this chapter will provide some assistance to those using simulation but no chapter can provide all of the solutions. Practice is based on theory and so I shall refer to theoretical models where relevant. However, the emphasis is on providing a framework and structure that someone new to simulation-based teaching can adapt to his or her own needs.
Problem-based learning for simulation in healthcare
Authors: Jones Russell W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By its very nature simulation in healthcare is replete with excellent opportunities for the effective use of problem-based learning (PBL).When appropriately applied PBL is an invaluable aid to teaching specific simulation related educational objectives (or outcomes). However, whereas PBL is a valuable asset for those involved in instructional design for simulation, PBL is not the optimal method for teaching all simulation sessions. Rather PBL is most suited to teach those objectives best taught when learning commences as a problem, query or question that learners need to solve(1). PBL goes beyond merely providing an opportunity to solve problems and, instead, makes problem solving the main reason for learning. Herein lies the power of PBL because the learner is required to solve specific problems while acquiring knowledge on how to solve similar problems(2). In this regard the value of PBL parallels the value of simulation in that both seek to equip learners with the ability to solve problems far beyond those encountered within a specific learning experience. Considering the variety and complexity of real problems that will be encountered by those involved in healthcare it may be argued that it is this ability which becomes of greatest benefit in professional life.
Simulation training programmes for rapid response or medical emergency teams
Authors: Hunt Elizabeth A , Mininni, Nicolette C , DeVita Michael A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Simulation has been used to analyse teamwork, find areas of deficiency, and to improve team performance in several different industries. Recently, simulation has been used to assess the skills of medical emergency teams (MET) and rapid response teams (RRT), as well as a tool to improve team performance. In this chapter we will describe a few examples of industries that have successfully used simulation as a key component for team training as a template for medical professionals to follow and expand upon, and then discuss how lessons learned have been and may be applied to MET and RRT.
Simulation in emergency medicine
Authors: Vozenilek John A , Patterson Mary D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Simulation-based exercises in emergency medicine tend to be brief and fast paced. This emulates the practice of emergency medicine (EM), where the focus is on making diagnoses and initial stabilizing interventions. This is not to say that EM simulations are simple. Those attempting to capture the essence of the practice of EM in the simulated environment quickly conclude that there are a remarkable variety of cases and training events that fall within the purview of the emergency specialist. Since improved patient care and patient safety are generally the goals of EM simulations, the recognition of internal and external factors that can optimize or degrade patient care are key. Simulations will often focus on required skills in multiple simultaneous patient management (including mass casualty exercises). For this reason, EM-based simulation centres are more likely to use a number of devices, rather than the classic model of the single simulation unit.