bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Robust Study of High-redshift Galaxies: Unsupervised Machine Learning for Characterizing Morphology with JWST up to z ∼ 8
Authors: Tohill C. , Bamford S. P. , Conselice C. J. , Ferreira L. , Harvey T. , Adams N. , Austin D. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Galaxy morphologies provide valuable insights into their formation processes, tracing the spatial distribution of ongoing star formation and encoding signatures of dynamical interactions. While such information has been extensively investigated at low redshift, it is crucial to develop a robust system for characterizing galaxy morphologies at earlier cosmic epochs. Relying solely on nomenclature established for low-redshift galaxies risks introducing biases that hinder our understanding of this new regime. In this paper, we employ variational autoencoders to perform feature extraction on galaxies at z > 2 using JWST/NIRCam data. Our sample comprises 6869 galaxies at z > 2, including 255 galaxies at z > 5, which have been detected in both the Cosmic Assembly Near-infrared Deep Extragalactic Legacy Survey Hubble Space Telescope fields and the Cosmic Evolution Early Release Science Survey done with JWST, ensuring reliable measurements of redshift, mass, and star formation rates. To address potential biases, we eliminate galaxy orientation and background sources prior to encoding the galaxy features, thereby constructing a physically meaningful feature space. We identify 11 distinct morphological classes that exhibit clear separation in various structural parameters, such as the concentration, asymmetry, and smoothness (CAS) metric and M
20, Sérsic indices, specific star formation rates, and axis ratios. We observe a decline in the presence of spheroidal-type galaxies with increasing redshift, indicating the dominance of disk-like galaxies in the early Universe. We demonstrate that conventional visual classification systems are inadequate for high-redshift morphology classification and advocate the need for a more detailed and refined classification scheme. Leveraging machine-extracted features, we propose a solution to this challenge and illustrate how our extracted clusters align with measured parameters, offering greater physical relevance compared to traditional methods.
Hemispheric Distribution of Halo Coronal Mass Ejection Source Locations
Authors: Zhang XiaoJuan , Deng LinHua , Deng Hui , Mei Ying , Wang Feng 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The hemispheric asymmetry of solar activity is one of the essential physical consequences of the interior dynamo process. However, the hemispheric distribution of halo coronal mass ejection (HCME) source locations has not been investigated in detail. Based on the HCME catalog identified from the Large Angle and Spectrometric Coronagraph Experiment on board the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory, we perform a hemispheric distribution analysis of the HCME source locations from 1996 April to 2022 June. The main results are as follows. (1) The HCME source locations are confined to the active region belt, and there is no “rush to the poles” phenomenon that is unique to large-scale magnetic activity. (2) The HCME source locations exhibit a general hemispheric asymmetry, and autoregressive moving-average model results show that the asymmetry of HCME source locations is significantly different from that of sunspot activity. (3) The hemispheric distribution of cycle 24 is different from that of cycle 23, potentially as a result of the heliospheric dynamic pressure having noticeably decreased after the polarity reversal of cycle 23. Our results contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the hemispheric asymmetry of energetic magnetic structures and give a new perspective on understanding the geoeffectiveness of HCMEs.
First Insights into the Applicability and Importance of Different 3D Magnetic Field Extrapolation Approaches for Studying the Preeruptive Conditions of Solar Active Regions
Authors: Korsós Marianna B. , Jarolim Robert , Erdélyi Robertus , Veronig Astrid M. , Morgan Huw , Zuccarello Francesca 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The three-dimensional (3D) coronal magnetic field has not yet been directly observed. However, for a better understanding and prediction of magnetically driven solar eruptions, 3D models of solar active regions are required. This work aims to provide insight into the significance of different extrapolation models for analyzing the preeruptive conditions of active regions with morphological parameters in 3D. Here, we employed potential field (PF), linear force-free field (LFFF), and nonlinear force-free field (NLFFF) models and a neural network-based method integrating observational data and NLFFF physics (NF2). The 3D coronal magnetic field structure of a “flaring” (AR11166) and “flare-quiet” (AR12645) active region, in terms of their flare productivity, is constructed via the four extrapolation methods. To analyze the evolution of the field, six prediction parameters were employed throughout, from the photosphere up to the base of the lower corona. First, we find that the evolution of the adopted morphological parameters exhibits similarity across the investigated time period when considering the four types of extrapolations. Second, all the parameters exhibited preeruptive conditions not only at the photosphere but also at higher altitudes in the case of active region (AR) 11166, while three out of the six proxies also exhibited preeruptive conditions in the case of AR12645. We conclude that: (i) the combined application of several different precursor parameters is important in the lower solar atmosphere to improve eruption predictions, and (ii) to gain a quick yet reliable insight into the preflare evolution of active regions in 3D, the PF and LFFF are acceptable; however, the NF2 method is likely the more suitable option.
An X-Ray Synchrotron Shell and a Pulsar: The Peculiar Supernova Remnant G32.4+0.1
Authors: Reynolds Stephen P. , Borkowski Kazimierz J. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
We present a deep Chandra observation of the shell supernova remnant (SNR) G32.4+0.1, whose featureless X-ray spectrum has led to its classification as an X-ray synchrotron-dominated SNR. We find a partial shell morphology whose outline is quite circular, with a radius of about 11 pc at an assumed distance of 11 kpc. Thermal and power-law spectral models for three relatively bright regions provided equally good fits, but the absence of spectral lines required ionization timescales from thermal fits that are inconsistent with the mean densities derived from emission measures. We thus confirm the nonthermal, i.e., synchrotron, origin of X-rays from G32.4+0.1. Shock velocities needed to accelerate electrons to the required TeV energies are ≳1000 km s−1, giving a remnant age ≲ 5000–9000 yr. There is no obvious X-ray counterpart to the radio pulsar PSR J1850−0026, but its position adjoins a region of X-ray emission whose spectrum is somewhat harder than that of other regions of the shell, and which may be a pulsar-wind nebula (PWN), though its spectrum is steeper than almost all known X-ray PWNe. The distance of the pulsar from the center of symmetry of the shell disfavors a birth in a supernova event at that location only a few thousand years before; either the pulsar (and putative PWN) are not associated with the shell SNR, requiring a coincidence of both position and (roughly) absorbing column density, or the SNR is much older, making the origin of nonthermal emission problematic.
The Potential of Weissella confusa K2 Isolated from Longan (Dimocarpus longan) Fruit as High Exopolysaccharide-Producing Strain
Authors: Ma'unatin Anik , Khoirumiyah Afifatul Fitri 
Published: February 2024

Isolation of Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) from various sources has previously been carried out to obtain strains that produce high of exopolysaccharide (EPS). Isolate K2, which was LAB isolated from longan (Dimocarpus longan) fruit, can produce EPS. This study aimed to identify isolate K2, and evaluated the effect of supplementation carbon sources (glucose, fructose, sucrose, and lactose) and pH of media (4, 5, 6, 7, and 8) on EPS production. Isolate K2 was identified as Weissella confusa molecularly based on 16S rDNA, the type of carbon source, and the pH of media had significant effects (P<0.05) on EPS production. W. confusa K2 produced EPS that was highest on media with the supplementation of sucrose as a carbon source and produced the lowest EPS on lactose. The amount of EPS produced by W. confusa K2 under alkaline was higher than under acidic, the highest EPS of 47.703 g/L at pH 8 and the lowest EPS at pH 4 of 1.858 g/L. The physical properties showed EPS has good solubility in water with the solubility and Water Holding Capacity (WHC) at 40.533% and 354% respectively. Based on Surface morphology of EPS with Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis, the surface structure of EPS was a porous polymer matrix. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR) results of EPS showed the presence of absorption bands as characteristic of carbohydrates, such as the presence of O-H, C-H, C=O, C=C, C-O-C groups, and glycosidic bonds.
PENGEMBANGAN WEB GOOGLE SITES PADA MATERI KALOR DAN PERPINDAHAN UNTUK MENINGKATAN KETERAMPILAN BERARGUMENTASI SISWA PADA PEMBELAJARAN IPA
Authors: Lestari Erika Ananda , Aristya Putra Pramudya Dwi , Wahyuni Diah 
Published: February 2024

This study aims to determine the validity, practicality, and effectiveness of Google Sites Web development on heat and displacement materials to improve junior high school students' argumentation skills. The data analysis technique used in this research has 3 tests. namely validity test, practicality test, and effectiveness test. The results of the validity test for Google Sites Web development with a validity percentage of 84% and were included the very valid category. The results of the practicality test reached an average of 93% overall and were included in the very high category. The results of the effectiveness test obtained an average N-gain score of 0.70 in the high category. Overall, the results of the research in the form of Web Google Sites conclude that they are feasible and valid to use as teaching materials in science learning to improve students' argumentation skills and suggestions can be given for future researchers to be used as guidelines in developing better and more perfect Google Web sites.AbstrakPenelitian yang telah dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui nilai validitas, kepraktisan, dan keefektifan pada produk yang dikembangkan. Penelitian ini berfokus pada pengembangan Web Google Sites pada materi kalor dan perpindahannya untuk meningkatan keterampilan berargumentasi siswa SMP. Teknik analisis data dalam pengembangan produk Web Google Sites dilakukan dalam 3 uji yaitu uji kevalidan, uji kepraktisan, dan uji efektivitas. Hasil uji validitas pengembangan Web Google Sites dengan presentase validitas 84% masuk kedalam kategori sangat valid. Hasil uji kepraktisan mencapai rata-rata 93% secara keseluruhan dan masuk kedalam kategori sangat tinggi Hasil uji efektivitas memperoleh nilai skor rata-rata N-gain sebesar 0,70 dengan kategori tinggi. Secara keseluruhan, hasil penelitian yang berupa Web Google Sites dapat disimpulkan layak dan valid digunakan sebagai bahan ajar dalam pembelajaran IPA untuk meningkatkan keterampilan berargumentasi siswa.
Welche sprachstrukturellen Faktoren beeinflussen die Großschreibung von Schüler*innen im Deutschen?
Authors: Rautenberg Iris , Wahl Stefan 
Published: February 2024

Die satzinterne Großschreibung im Deutschen stellt für viele Schreiber*innen eine große Herausforderung dar. Während schon seit geraumer Zeit der traditionell wortartbezogene Ansatz als Ursache für diese Rechtschreibprobleme diskutiert wird, standen sprachstrukturelle Faktoren, die die Großschreibleistung beeinflussen, bisher wenig im Fokus. In der hier vorgestellten Studie wird die Bedeutung syntaktischer und morphologischer Merkmale von Abstrakta für die Großschreibung systematisch untersucht. Dazu wurden 1024 Testsätze konstruiert, bei denen die morphologische Struktur der Testwörter systematisch variiert und deren syntaktischen Kontexte systematisch kombiniert wurden. Die Testsätze wurden auf acht vergleichbare Testversionen mit jeweils 128 Testsätzen verteilt und 168 Siebtklässler*innen vorgelegt. Die Ergebnisse der Varianzanalysen zeigen, dass sowohl syntaktische als auch morphologische Merkmale die Großschreibleistung beeinflussen: Die Nominalgruppenstruktur, das Vorhandensein nominaler Suffixe sowie die Pluralfähigkeit der Abstrakta haben einen Einfluss auf die Großschreibleistung von Schüler*innen im 7. Schuljahr.
Fetch the Bolt Cutters, We’ve Been in Here for Too Long
Authors: Angelica Smith Angelica 
Published: February 2024

Abstract:
The paper reviews the history of Nigerian Women's suppression. From an earlier focus on women's suppression in the histories of religion, marriage, and education, this work takes on more recent studies by analyzing spheres of political participation to reveal the historical imbalance of women in political positions. This historiography counters previous work by the scholar, acknowledging women's advocacy for participation in domains traditionally dominated by men. The work will consider how historians have studied women's participation with focuses on female political events like Igbo Women's Riots, female participation in the independence of Nigeria, and finally, women's suffrage. By analyzing women's participation in the Northern and Southern provinces of Nigeria side by side rather than together, we can see how women from each protectorate existed differently under patriarchal systems until their subsequent suffrage in 1976. This work aims to improve our knowledge of Nigerian women existing within the binds of male domination and the attempted acts of dismantling it.
Welcome
Authors: Jeffers Joshua 
Published: February 2024

Welcome to volume 14, issue 2 of The Toro Historical Review!
Congratulations to the authors:
Sylvia Duvenary, Daniella J. Enriquez, Christopher Garcia, Lauren Heib, Anthony Rojo, Francisco Sanchez, and Nicholas Velastegui.
And a special thank you to our editorial team who has worked hard to bring this issue to fruition. Thank you!
This issue features seven essays produced in upper-division history classes and represents remarkable achievements in undergraduate research, writing, and editing. Well done all!
The conquest of Guatemala: a Nahua and Kaqchikel conquest
Authors: Solares Jonathan 
Published: February 2024

Traditionally history has been narrated through a Eurocentric lens and has omitted indigenous perspectives about the Mexican conquests. When learning about the conquest, Iberians have been the main focus of the discussion. However, recent scholars have refocused their attention on indigenous sources that profoundly reshape the historical narrative. As Guatemalan myself, it was not until reading the book Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquests by Matthew Restall that I learned the contributions of indigenous people not only in the conquest of the Mexica Empire but also in the conquest of Guatemala. Acknowledges the contributions of indigenous groups in the conquest of Guatemala, a new approach started by anthropologist Florine G.L. Asselbergs in her book Conquered Conquistadors. This paper seeks to emphasize the agency of indigenous groups in the conquests of Mexico and Guatemala, as the story of their alliance is often ignored and their accomplishments forgotten, as the Iberians’ self-proclaimed superiority has marginalized native contributions.
The Effect of Variety Seeking, Dissatisfaction, and Service Quality Toward Brand Switching on Netflix Streaming Service
Authors: Felicia Ivana , Widyastuti  
Published: February 2024

Research Aims: This study aims to investigate the factors influencing brand switching behavior among streaming service subscribers in Indonesia, specifically focusing on the impact of consumer variety-seeking, dissatisfaction, and service quality on the decline of Netflix subscriptions.
Design/Methodology/Approach: Conducted as a quantitative research endeavor, this study employs multiple linear regression analysis through the utilization of SPSS software. The research sample comprises 220 former Netflix subscribers who have transitioned to other streaming services. By examining the relationships between consumer variety-seeking, dissatisfaction, service quality, and brand switching, the study seeks to provide a nuanced understanding of the dynamics influencing subscriber preferences in the competitive streaming landscape.
Research Findings: The findings of this study reveal compelling insights into the key drivers behind brand switching among streaming service subscribers in Indonesia. Consumer variety-seeking behavior, dissatisfaction with Netflix services, and perceived service quality emerge as significant factors contributing to the observed decline in Netflix subscriptions. The study underscores the importance of these variables in shaping consumer decisions and preferences in the increasingly competitive streaming market.
Theoretical Contribution/Originality: This research contributes to the existing literature by shedding light on the intricate interplay between consumer behavior and brand switching in the context of streaming services. The study's originality lies in its exploration of the unique factors, namely variety-seeking, dissatisfaction, and service quality, influencing the migration of subscribers from one platform to another. By uncovering these dynamics, the research provides valuable theoretical insights that can inform both academia and industry stakeholders, offering a deeper understanding of the challenges and opportunities within the evolving landscape of streaming services in Indonesia.
amontoado de disparates e frases pornográficas
Authors: Schulmeister Kuhn Mariana 
Published: February 2024

Entre o final do século XIX e o início do XX, o teatro de revista, um tipo de peça pertencente ao gênero do teatro ligeiro, tornou-se comum no Brasil. Apesar de prestigiadas pelas mais diversas classes sociais, estas produções sofriam severas críticas de indivíduos, que as viam como obras de baixa qualidade artística e. voltada para um público popular e pouco seletivo. O que se objetiva neste artigo é compreender quais eram as principais críticas divulgadas no Rio de Janeiro, em relação ao teatro de revista, nas primeiras décadas do século XX. Para tanto, serão utilizadas algumas publicações disponíveis na Revista de Theatro e Sport, entre os anos de 1909 e 1919.
ANALISIS YURIDIS PERAN POLRI DLAM PENYIDIKAN UNTUK PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM TERHADAP KORBAN TINDAK PIDANA PEMERKOSAAN WANITA DEWASA DAN ANAK (Analisis Qanun Aceh No. 6 Tahun 2014 Tentang Hukum Jinayat)
Authors: Maksum Maksum , Mukidi Mukidi , Akhyar Adil 
Published: February 2024

Pemerkosaan merupakan prilaku yang sangat menyimpang dilakukan oleh manusia yang sudah melewati batas-batas kemanusiaannya, bahkan melebihi sisi binatang sekalipun. Saat ini tindak pidana perkosaan merupakan kejahatan yang cukup mendapat perhatian di kalangan masyarakat. Adapun yang menjadi rumusan masalah dalam penelitian ini yakni bagaimana pengaturan penyidikan Polri terhadap korban tindak pidana pemerkosaan wanita dewasa menurut KUHP dan Qanun di Kepolisian, bagaimana bentuk perlindungan hukum terhadap korban tindak pidana pemeerkosaan untuk memenuhi hak-hak korban berdasarkan Qanun Aceh No. 6 Tahun 2014 Tentang Hukum Jinayat, bagaimana hambatan dalam penyidikan Polri terhadap korban pemerkosaan di kepolisian.Hasil penelitian yaitu bentuk perlindungan hukum terhadap korban tindak pidana perkosaan dalam penyidikan adalah dalam pemeriksaan terhadap korban aparat penegak hukum yang tergabung dalam sistem peradilan pidana mulai dari penyidik kepolisian, jaksa penuntut umum sampai kepada hakim pada saat pemeriksaan di persidangan masih memperlakukan korban tindak pidana pemerkosaan sebagai objek, bukan sebagai subjek yang harus didengar, dihormati, dan dilindungi hak-haknya secara hukum.Hambatan dalam penyidikan terhadap korban tindak pidana pemerkosaan di kepolisian adalah penyidik sulit menemukan keberadaan pelaku yang telah melarikan diri dan menjadi buronan
PENEGAKAN HUKUM TINDAK PIDANA TERORISME YANG DILAKUKAN OLEH OKNUM PRAJURIT TNI DALAM PERSPEKTIF SISTEM PERADILAN PIDANA
Authors: Miyas Miyas , Marzuki Marzuki , Mustamam Mustamam 
Published: February 2024

Tindak pidana terorisme tidak hanya melibatkan masyarakat sipil tetapi juga melibatkan oknum TNI seperti kasus menjual amunisi kepada gerakan Organisasi Papua Merdeka (OPM). Adapun yang menjadi rumusan masalah dalam penelitian Penelitian ini yakni bagaimana pengaturan hukum tindak pidana terorisme yang dilakukan oleh oknum prajurit TNI dalam perspektif sistem peradilan pidana, bagaimana penegakan hukum terhadap oknum anggota TNI yang melakukan terorisme,bagaimana hambatan penegakan hukum terhadap oknum anggota Tni yang melakaukan tindak pidana terorisme.Hasil penelitian yaitu hambatan penegakan hukum terhadap oknum anggota Tni yang melakaukan tindak pidana terorisme yaitu kepolisian selalu kesulitan dalam pencarian bukti-bukti awal, pemeriksaan kepada pelaku yang merasa dalam posisi benar, pelaku di duga mengalami gangguan kejiwaan, rendahnya pendidikan terhadap pelaku, serta sikap pelaku tindak pidana terorisme yang bersikeras tidak melakukan perbuatan terorisme.
PEMERIKSAAN SETEMPAT (DESCENTE) DALAM PEMBUKTIAN PERKARA PERDATA
Authors: Lubis Diana 
Published: February 2024

Tugas hakim dalam menyelesaikan perkara perdata, salah satunya adalah menyelidiki apakah hubungan hukum yang menjadi dasar gugatan benar-benar ada atau tidak. Penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif dengan menggunakan pendekatan yuridis normatif. Data dianalisis menggunakan analisis kualitatif atau dijabarkan dengan kalimat. Kekuatan pembuktian pemeriksaan setempat (descente) sebagai salah satu pendukung alat bukti dalam perkara perdata diperlukan karena yang menjadi objek sengketa tersebut adalah benda tidak bergerak yang tidak bisa diajukan atau dibawa ke dalam persidangan, maka dari itu dilakukan pemeriksaan setempat guna untuk mengetahui kejelasan dan kepastian tentang ukuran dan batas-batas objek sengketa guna memperkuat keyakinan hakim dalam memutus perkara tersebut. Maka dalam pembuktian pemeriksaan setempat ini harus didukung dengan alat bukti lain yang berupa bukti surat dan keterangan saksi-saksi yang diajukan oleh para pihak dalam persidangan yaitu dengan mencocokan bukti tertulis dengan letak tanah yang bersangkutan dengan saksi-saksi yang mendukung.
ANALISIS PROSEDUR PENERBITAN SERTIPIKAT TANAH PENGGANTI DISEBABKAN HILANGNYA SERTIPIKAT HAK MILIK ATAS TANAH ASLI SERTA AKIBAT HUKUMNYA (Studi Penelitian Di Kantor Pertanahan Kota Medan)
Authors: Haryono M. Trio , Lubis M Yamin , Mukidi Mukidi 
Published: February 2024

Kedudukan hukum dari penerbitan sertipikat tanah pengganti disebabkan hilangnya sertipikat hak milik atas tanah asli adalah sama halnya dengan perlindungan hukum terhadap pemegang sertipikat hak atas tanah yang pertama kali. Kekuatan hukum atas sertipikat pengganti mempunyai kekuatan hukum yang sama dengan sertipikat yang dinyatakan hilang. Prosedur penerbitan sertipikat tanah pengganti disebabkan hilangnya sertipikat hak milik atas tanah asli pada Kantor Pertanahan Kota Medan adalah berdasarkan Pasal 57 PP No. 24/1997. Kesimpulan dari tesis ini adalah Kehilangan atas sertipikat tanah, dapat diberikan sertipikat pengganti. Masyarakat yang kehilangan sertipikat tanahnya, dapat melapor permohonan penerbitan sertipikat pengganti kepada Badan Pertanahan Nasional/Kantor Pertanahan setempat, dengan memenuhi persyaratan yang ditentukan. Hambatan dalam pelaksanaan penerbitan sertipikat tanah pengganti disebabkan hilangnya sertipikat hak milik atas tanah adalah masih kurangnya pemahaman masyarakat terhadap prosedur pelaksanaan permohonan pengajuan penggantian sertipikat pengganti.