bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Social behavior of the Guianan cock‐of‐the‐rock (Rupicola rupicola) in captivity
Authors: Duce Susan , Brannian John 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe lek‐breeding Guianan cock‐of‐the‐rock, Rupicola rupicola, has been infrequently maintained in North American zoos in recent years. Successful captive breading has not been reported, although the closely related Rupicola peruviana has rarely reproduced in captivity. It has been suggested that male‐male competition may be important for stimulating mating behavior in lek‐breeding species [Alcock, 1979]. However, zoos have not typically housed multiple male cocks‐of‐the‐rock with females and successful breeding of R. peruviana has occurred with paris [Berry et al., 1982]. In the present study, 2.1 R. rupicola were maintained together in a free‐flight, naturalistic exhibit at the Kansas City Zoo. Male‐male and male‐female interactions were observed over an 8‐week period during the initial introduction. Based on comparisons with field studies, it was concluded that (1) one male quickly established dominance over the other male, (2) although establishment of well‐defined territorial leks was not observed, several major components of lek displays were seen, and (3) the femal showed no difference in her interactions with either male during the study period. Unfortunately, due to the untimely death of the birds, it could not be determined whether the observed behavior may have eventually led to successful mating.
Behavior of captive‐raised rattlesnakes (Crotalus enyo) as a function of rearing conditions
Authors: Marmie William , Kuhn Shane , Chiszar David 
Published: June 2005

AbstractTwo litters of rattlesnakes (Crotalus enyo; n = 6 per litter) were raised in large cages and small plastic boxes, respectively. No significant differences in exploration of a novel environment were observed between the litters, or between either of them and a group of wild‐caught C. enyo, suggesting that the common practice of rearing baby snakes in small cages has no debilitating consequences on these measures. In the absence of differences between the litters, the two samples were pooled and additional analyses revealed the existence of reliable individual variation. Experiment 2 compared the two litters and the wild‐caught snakes on measures of prey‐directed behavior. The two captive‐reared litters did not differ, but both exhibited lower levels of strike‐induced chemosensory searching than did wild‐caught snakes.
Comparison of an exact and a simulation method for calculating gene extinction probabilities in pedigrees
Authors: Thomas Alun 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA comparison is made between a much used simulation method, commonly called gene dropping, and the exact computational technique of peeling. These methods are illustrated using the problem of finding the distribution of the number of distinct ancestral genes surviving at an autosomal locus. Each method is used on several real zoo pedigrees, of varying size and complexity, and the results are compared. Gene dropping is found to be a good approximation to peeling, but for all but the most complex pedigrees surveyed, peeling is preferable. The relationship between heterozygosity and allelic variability is investigated.
Breeding program for the lesser kudu (Tragelaphus imberbis) in North America
Authors: Read Bruce , Vogt Dale , Houston E. W. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe lesser kudu (Tragelaphus imberbis) has been kept in North American zoological parks since 1930 but has never been a common species in collections. In 1987 this population totaled 28 animals: 15 males and 13 females. A pedigree evaluation in 1987 of the existing population indicated that eight effective founders and one potential founder were represented in the North American herd. Three new potential founders from European captive populations were added to the population in 1987 to increase the number of existing founder lines to 12 animals. As this species is not endangered or threatened in its native habitat, it is not a high priority to qualify for designation as an SSP species. Because of this, the institutions holding lesser kudu in North America decided to join informally and draft a breeding program to better manage this small captive population. This program was designed to minimize inbreeding and equalize genetic representation of founder animals to maximize genetic diversity. It requires a shift in management philosophy to establish stable groups of breeding females at participating institutions while rotating appropriate breeder males through these herds in a controlled manner to ensure minimization of inbreeding and maximization of genetic diversity. It is hoped that this program can serve as a model for the management of other small captive populations of non‐SSP species.
Dental care for a captive killer whale, Orcinus orca
Authors: Graham Mark S. , Dow Pierre R. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe crowns of several teeth of a captive killer whale, particularly on the mandible, were worn to the level of the pulp cavities by biting a cement structure in the pool. Food plugging partially vacant pulp cavities created intense vascularization, inflammation, and eventually a systemic focus for infection. This trauma correlated with an elevated white blood cell count. Haematology was restored to normal following regular care for the worn teeth. Patent drainage of the pulp cavity was maintained through routine brushing with a large‐scale toothbrush. Administration of antibiotics was not necessary in controlling the white blood cell count.
Urinary steroid evaluations to monitor ovarian function in exotic ungulates: VII. Urinary progesterone metabolites in the Equidae assessed by immunoassay
Authors: Kirkpatrick J. F. , Lasley B. L. , Shideler S. E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA direct enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for non‐specific urinary progesterone (Po) metabolites, utilizing a non‐specific monoclonal antibody against pregnanediol‐3‐glucuronide, was evaluated for the purpose of assessing luteal function in equids. Urinary pregnanediol‐3‐glucuronide (PdG) and immunoreactive PdG‐like conjugate (iPdG) concentrations, indexed by creatinine, were compared to plasma Po concentrations in non‐conceptive ovarian cycles through two ovulations in four mares. High‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) of urine from lutealphase mares and a pregnant zebra revealed an absence of significant concentrations of PdG and the presence of at least three immunoreactive compounds, all of which were more polar than PdG. The concentration of iPdG in the mare ranged from a nadir of approximately 3 ng/mg Cr at the time of ovulation to nearly 400 ng/mg Cr at the mid‐luteal‐phase peak and paralleled plasma Po concentrations. This non‐radiometric assay for iPdG permits the assessment of ovulation, luteal formation and function, and luteolysis in unprocessed urine samples from domestic mares. Data from a single zebra indicate this approach also will permit simplified and non‐invasive longitudinal studies of ovarian function among a wide range of Equidae.
Hand‐rearing, growth, and development of the red bird of paradise (Paradisaea rubra) at the New York Zoological Park
Authors: Worth Wendy , Hutchins Michael , Sheppard Christine , Bruning Donald , Gonzalez Joy , McNamara Tracy 
Published: June 2005

AbstractGrowth and development of six hand‐reared red bird of paradise chicks was documented at the New York Zoological Park from March 1988 to May 1989. A total of 16 eggs were laid, of which 10 were fertile. Clutches consisted of two eggs and the female left the next infrequently during incubation. Two chicks left in the nest were apparently victims of parental abuse. Eggs were subsequently removed from the nest after 10–14 days, candled, and if fertile, were artificially incubated. The average incubation period was 16.6 days. Newly hatched chicks were without down and their eyes remained closed until approximately 6 days of age. Hand‐reared chicks were maintained in Air Shield Infant Isolettes. The weight of newly hatched chicks was about 8 g, and the weight typically doubled during the first week. Ratios of food intake to body weight were highest between day 4 and 10. Pin feathers were visible on the wings after 4 days, and after 3 weeks, the chicks were fully feathered. Analysis of the diet revealed acceptable levels of iron, but vitamin A and E levels were higher than recommended for poultry chicks. This paper documents the first successful hand‐rearing of any species of birds of paradise from hatching to fledging.
Estrous synchronization in the gaur (Bos gaurus): Behavior and fertility to artificial insemination after prostaglandin treatment
Authors: Godfrey R. W. , Lunstra D. D. , French J. A. , Schwartz J. , Armstrong D. L. , Simmons L. G. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe gaur (Bos guarus) is an endangered species that is a wild ancestor of domestic cattle. This study was conducted to evaluate 1) the efficacy of prostaglandin F2α (PG) to synchronize estrus in gaur, 2) behavior of male and female gaur around estrus, and 3) fertility after artificial insemination (AI) at the PG‐induced estrus. Six female gaur were utilized, along with a vasectomized gaur bull used to aid in detecting estrus. All females were given two i.m. injections of PG (25 mg/injection) 11 days apart, and monitored for estrus for 120 hr (48 hr via chinball marks, followed by 72 hr continuous observation) after the second PG injection. Three of the six females were in estrus during the 120‐hr evaluation period. One female was in estrus prior to 48 hr after the second PG injection, and two females were observed in estrus during the 72‐hr continuous observation period. When a female was observed in estrus (standing to be mounted by the vasectomized bull), she was bred by AI at 12 and 24 hr after the onset of estrus. The four females not observed in estrus, including the one marked during the first 48 hr, were bred by AI at 80 and 92 hr after the second PG injection. Of the two gaur females observed in estrus, one female was first mated by the vasectomized bull at 77 hr and the second female was mated at 98 hr after PG. Both females exhibited very short durations of receptivity (less than 4 hr). The second female observed in estrus became pregnant after AI and gave birth to a healthy gaur calf after a 299‐day gestation. It appears that female gaur can be synchronized with PG techniques developed for domestic cattle. These data should provide useful information for programs studying and maintaining this endangered species and may have relevance for the cattle industry, since the gaur could provide a source of diverse ancestral genetic material.
Flamingo breeding: The role of group displays
Authors: Stevens Elizabeth Franke 
Published: June 2005

AbstractGroup displays in flamingos have been presumed to play a role in stimulating synchronous nesting and in facilitating pair formation. This study compares the group displays and breeding success of a captive flock of Caribbean flamingos (Phoenicopterus ruber ruber) at the National Zoological Park between 2 years: the frequency and synchrony of group displays were measured for a flock of 17 in 1988 and then again in 1989 after flock size was increased to 21. In 1989 the rate of occurrence of display activity increased 48%, the synchrony of group displays increased 100%, the frequency of mounts and copulations almost doubled, and for the first time in the flock's history two fertile eggs were produced. The use of sprinklers to simulate rain had no effect on the group displays. The amount of naturally occurring rainfall in 1989 was almost twice that in 1988. The increased frequency and synchrony of group displays could be attributed to increased flock size, change in sex ratio, addition of strange individuals, or increased rainfall. This study, however, provides evidence for a relationship between behavioral stimulation from group displays and components of breeding success in flamingos.
Report on captive hatches of California condors (Gymnogyps californianus): 1983–1990
Authors: Kuehler Cynthia M. , Sterner Donald J. , Jones Deborah S. , Usnik Rebecca L. , Kasielke Susie 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe California condor (Gymnogyps californianus) recovery plan entails increasing the reproductive rate via replacement‐clutch manipulation and artificial incubation of eggs. During the period from 1983 to 1990, 37 eggs have been artificially incubated; 32 of these were known to be fertile and 28 hatched (fertility: 86.5%; hatchability: 87.5%).
Plasma cortisol response of seawater‐adapted mummichogs (Fundulus heteroclitus) during deep MS‐222 anesthesia
Authors: Spotte Stephen , Bubucis Patricia M. , Anderson Gary 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAnesthetics are used to reduce stress in fishes during handling and transfer. However, deep anesthesia of seawater‐adapted mummichogs (Fundulus heteroclitus) results in a time‐related increase in plasma cortisol, indicating a primary (neuroendocrine) stress response. Groups of seven fish were bled within 1 to 12 min of exposure to the anesthetic MS‐222. Plasma cortisol rose more rapidly in fish removed from the MS‐222 solution immediately after 1 min and held between wet paper towels than in fish that remained immersed. The difference between methods was significant (P < 0.001) with variation restricted to the later sampling periods. Differences were not significant in fish sampled immediately after 1 min (P > 0.05).
A technique for obtaining early life history data in pouched marsupials
Authors: Roberts Miles , Kohn Frank 
Published: June 2005

AbstractEarly developmental and demographic events in many marsupials occur in the mother's pouch out of animal managers' sight. Because pouch examination is perceived as being stressful both to animal and handler, the pouch has proven to be a formidable physical and psychological barrier to the study of early life history events in marsupials in zoos. Demographic and developmental data such as litter size at birth, secondary sex ratios, infant mortality rates, and early rates of growth and development, normally considered essential information for the development of breeding programs, are therefore essentially unavailable for most zoo populations of marsupials. Here we describe a technique for the safe and non‐stressful examination of the pouches of small (< 2 kg) marsupials that enables the capture of such data. The technique, involving the use of transparent plastic tubes of slightly different diameters for restraining the animals and an otoscope for examining the pouch and its contents, has been very successfully applied to life history studies of four species at the National Zoological Park: Pseudocheirus peregrinus, Petaurus breviceps, Philander opossum, and Chironectes minimus.
Strike‐induced chemosensory searching in venomoid pit vipers at Hogle Zoo
Authors: Chiszar David , Smith Hobart M. , Glenn James L. , Straight Richard C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSix pit vipers with ligated and severed venom ducts were each observed twice. In the no‐strike trial a rodent was presented for 3 sec but held (on tongs) out of striking range. The strike trial began with a 3 sec presentation, but the prey item was then moved into striking range, and all snakes immediately struck and released the rodents. Prey were removed after no‐strike and strike presentations and the rate of tongue flicking was recorded for 30 min. Only strike presentations were followed by high rates of tongue flicking, which were indistinguishable from those seen in pit vipers with functioning venom apparatus. We conclude that venom injection is irrelevant for the causation of strike‐induced chemosensory searching.
Growth rate of 21 captive‐born, mother‐raised cheetah cubs
Authors: Wack Ray F. , Kramer Lynn W. , Cupps William , Currie Patricia 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis paper presents the growth rate of 21 clinically normal, mother‐raised. captive cheetah cubs from birth through 45 days of age. The development of a growth curve for healthy, mother‐raised cheetah cubs provides a diagnostic tool for individuals involved in cheetah propagation. Use of the curve may alert caretakers to problems early and thus help reduce the high neonatal mortality rate seen in captive‐born cheetah cubs.The growth curve was constructed using 21 (11 males and 10 females) captiveborn cheetah cubs from six litters (offspring of three unrelated adult males and three unrelated adult females) born at the Columbus Zoo from September 1985 through December 1989. Each cub was weighed to the nearest gram the morning after birth and approximately the same time every consecutive morning for 45 days. The mean weight the morning after birth was 463 g (range 385–542 g). The average litter size was 3.5 (range 2–4, n = 6). The daily weight gain was 40–50 g/cub/day.
Concentrations of progesterone, testosterone and estradiol‐17β in the serum during the estrous cycle of Asian elephants (Elephas maximus)
Authors: Taya K. , Komura H. , Kondoh M. , Ogawa Y. , Nakada K. , Watanabe G. , Sasamoto S. , Tanabe K. , Saito K. , Tajima H. , Narushima E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe levels of progesterone, testosterone and estradiol‐17β in serum samples from two female Asian elephants were measured for the period of 32 months from February 1987 to September 1989. Serum samples were collected weekly from unanesthetized elephants. Each elephant showed eight ovarian cycles in 32 months. Ovarian cycles, characterized by changes in concentrations of serum progesterone, averaged 16.8 ± 0.6 (mean ± SEM. n = 14) weeks in length. The changes in concentrations of testosterone in the serum showed a similar pattern to those of progesterone with a striking increase noted during the luteal phase. The highest levels of serum estradiol‐17β were noted when progesterone levels showed low basal values. These results suggest that estradiol‐17β may be an index of follicular maturation during the estrous cycle in Asian elephants, and that the ovaries of Asian elephants may produce testosterone in the luteal phase.
Female sexual behavior in the absence of male‐male competition in captive Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata)
Authors: Rendall Drew , Taylor Linda L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA captive group of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata). consisting of one adult male and three adult females, was observed for 88 hr during the 1988 mating season. We focused on the group's sexual activities because understanding how social dynamics affect reproductive behavior may enhance our ability to establish self‐sustaining captive populations. The adult male exhibited distinct preferences in copulation partners, although all females were receptive and cycled during the study period. The dominant female participated in the most copulations and successfully harassed and disrupted copulations between the male and the other females. The alpha female, therefore, actively constrained the formation of mating pairs. Further, the male did not consort with his year‐round female grooming partner. This female, the least dominant member of the group, engaged in the most autosexual and homosexual behavior. Birth season data show that only the dominant female bore offspring. This study emphasizes the influence of social dynamics on a group's reproductive potential and suggests an alternative means by which females can influence consort formation.
Primate puzzleboard: A simple environmental enrichment device for captive chimpanzees
Authors: Brent L. , Eichberg Jorg W. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAn environmental enrichment device was designed and evaluated for captive chimpanzees. The puzzleboard consisted of a 61‐cm, square piece of clear plastic with holes of various sizes drilled into the center. The puzzleboard was bolted to the roof of a chimpanzee enclosure. Flavored primate treats were arranged on top of the board, and the chimpanzee used a finger to manipulate the food across the board to be retrieved through the larger holes. The behavior and puzzle use of 29 chimpanzees housed in eight groups were evaluated while the device was empty and while filled with food. For each group, four 1‐hr scan samples were recorded for each condition. Data showed that an average of 40 min elapsed from the time the puzzleboard was filled to the last recorded contact by a subject. Mean individual use ranged from 4.8 to 23.8 min/hr. Female chimpanzees used the puzzle significantly more often than did males. Aggressive, affiliative, inactive, and self‐directed behaviors were significantly reduced when the puzzle was filled. In addition, the puzzleboard was inexpensive, sturdy, and easily constructed, mounted, and operated.
Gender determination by body weight and linear measurements in American and Chilean flamingos, previously surgically sexed: Within‐sex comparison to greater flamingo measurements
Authors: Richter Nadine A. , Bourne Godfrey R. , Diebold Edward N. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractGender was determined by laparoscopic visualization of the gonads for 38 adult American flamingos (Phoenicopterus ruber ruber L.) and 36 adult Chilean flamingos (P. chilensis L.). Concomitant body weight (kg) and linear measurements (mm) of the culmen (bill), tarsus (tarsometatarsus), middle toe, and wing were taken. Statistical comparisons of body weight and linear measurements for male vs. female were made for each species. Also, the same‐sex statistical comparisons were made between these two species, and between each of these two species and with data for greater flamingos (P. r. roseas L.) from a previous publication. As previously published for greater flamingos, an overlap between sexes existed in all measurements with males on average larger than females for both American and Chilean flamingos. However, Students' t‐test indicated a significant sexual difference for all measurements between males and females of each species except for culmen length in Chilean flamingos. Students' t‐test also indicated a significant difference when species were compared (Chilean vs. greater, and American vs. Chilean) and subspecies (American vs. greater) were compared for most of the 5 measurements. Thus, despite limitations imposed by between‐sex overlap, weights and linear measurements, especially tarsus, middle toe, and wing length, appear to be useful in determining an individual's gender when species or subspecies identification is considered.
Altricial and precocial mammals: A model of neural and muscular development
Authors: Grand Theodore I. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis model of growth offers a quantitative definition for altricial and precocial newborns, makes muscular strength a benchmark for locomotor independence, and discriminates related genera as well as genera across major taxonomic divides. The model contrasts four theoretical conditions of the neonate (I, small brain, weak musculature; II, small brain, strong musculature; III, large brain, weak musculature; IV, large brain, strong musculature) with species from three orders of placental mammal. Each species exhibits a distinct mother‐infant strategy from the altricial red panda cub (condition I) and the golden lion tamarin (condition III) to the precocial wildebeest calf (condition IV). The model proposes that early growth rates of brain and muscle correlate with nutrition, maternal effort during gestation and lactation, and parental care, whereas postnatal muscular growth correlates directly with adult body size and locomotor repertoire. An example of condition II (small brain, strong musculature) has not been found. This suggests that muscle does not grow in advance of the brain and that the brain acts as a pacemaker of growth. In order to increase our understanding of exotic species, noninvasive measures (body weight and length) and observations (opening of the eyes and ears, hair density, weaning, and the abilities to ther‐moregulate and to move) should be supplemented with analysis of the differential tissue and organ growth. In both theoretical and practical ways analysis of deceased individuals contributes to the understanding of all species.