bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interaction of the Vp3 Nuclear Localization Signal with the Importin α2/β Heterodimer Directs Nuclear Entry of Infecting Simian Virus 40
Authors: Nakanishi Akira , Shum Dorothy , Morioka Hiroshi , Otsuka Eiko , Kasamatsu Harumi 
Published: October 2002

ABSTRACT
For nuclear entry of large nucleoprotein complexes, it is thought that one key nuclear localization signal (NLS) of a protein component becomes exposed to mediate importin recognition. We show that the nuclear entry of simian virus 40 involves a dynamic interplay between two distinct interiorly situated capsid NLSs, the Vp1 NLS and the Vp3 NLS, and the selective exposure and importin recognition of the Vp3 NLS. The Vp3 NLS-null mutants assembled normally into virion-like particles (VLP) in mutant DNA-transfected cells. When used to infect a new host, the null VLP entered the cell normally but was impaired in viral DNA nuclear entry due to a lack of recognition by the importin α2/β heterodimer, leading to reduced viability. Both Vp3 and Vp1 NLSs directed importin interaction in vitro, but the Vp1 NLS, which overlaps the Vp1 DNA binding domain, did not bind importins in the presence of DNA. The results suggest that certain canonical NLSs within a nucleoprotein complex, such as the Vp1 NLS, can be masked from functioning by binding to the nucleic acid component and that the availability of an NLS that is not masked and can become exposed for importin binding, such as the Vp3 NLS, is a general feature of the nuclear entry of the nucleoprotein complexes, including those of other animal viruses.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Chemistry of Dimethyl Sulfide Derivatives of closo-B10H102-
Authors: Hall Heather D. , Ulrich Bradley D. , Kultyshev Roman G. , Liu Jianping , Liu Shengming , Meyers Edward A. , Gréau Sandra , Shore Sheldon G. 
Published: October 2002

The reaction of Cs2[B10H10] with DMSO in acid produces the disubstituted 1,10-, 1,6-, and 2,7(8)-isomers of (Me2S)2B10H8 as well as the monosubstituted [(Me2S)B10H9]- anion. Through a modified procedure, the trisubstituted compound 1,10-(Me2S)2-2-(MeS)B10H7 was prepared and characterized. The 1,10-(Me2S)2B10H8 isomer was converted to the enantiomers 2,7-(Me2S)2B10H8 and 2,8-(Me2S)2B10H8 which were separated on a chiral column. The 1,6-(Me2S)2B10H8 isomer was converted to a mixture of 1,10-(Me2S)2B10H8 and 2,3-(Me2S)2B10H8. These polyhedral rearrangements are believed to occur through the diamond-square-diamond mechanism. The 1,6- and 1,10-(Me2S)2B10H8 isomers were reduced with alkali metal in liquid ammonia to produce the dianions [1,6-(MeS)2B10H8]2- and [1,10-(MeS)2B10H8]2-, respectively. Sodium ethanethiolate was used for the reduction of [1-(Me2S)B10H9]- and 1,10-(Me2S)2B10H8 to form [1-(MeS)B10H9]2- and [1-(MeS)-10-(Me2S)B10H8]-, respectively. The structures of 1,10-(Me2S)2B10H8, 1,6-(Me2S)2B10H8, 2,8-(Me2S)2B10H8, 2,3-(Me2S)2B10H8, 1,10-(Me2S)2-2-(MeS)B10H7, [1-(MeS)-10-(Me2S)B10H8]-, and [1,6-(MeS)2B10H8]2- were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis.
Biochemical changes as a result of prolonged strenuous exercise
Authors: Warburton D E R , Welsh R C , Haykowsky M J , Taylor D A , Humen D P 
Published: October 2002

Objective: To briefly review biochemical changes that may result from prolonged strenuous exercise and to relate these changes to health risk.Methods: Medline and Sports Discus databases were searched for relevant articles. Additional articles were found using cross referencing and the authors' knowledge of the subject area.Results: Prolonged strenuous exercise may result in a series of biochemical changes that are of concern from a health point of view. Generally, these changes are benign, but some, especially hyponatraemia, are potentially life threatening occurrences.Conclusion: Doctors and athletes should be aware of the potentially adverse biochemical changes, especially hyponatraemia, that may result from prolonged strenuous exercise.
Increasing age and experience: are both protective against motorcycle injury? A case-control study
Authors: Mullin Bernadette , Jackson Rodney , Langley John , Norton Robyn 
Published: October 2002

Objectives—To assess the associations between age, experience, and motorcycle injury.Setting—Motorcycle riding on non-residential roads between 6 am and midnight over a three year period from February 1993 in Auckland, New Zealand.Methods—A population based case-control study was conducted. Cases were 490 motorcycle drivers involved in a crash and controls were 1518 drivers identified at random roadside surveys. Crash involvement was defined in terms of a motorcycle crash resulting in either a driver or pillion passenger being killed, hospitalised, or presenting to a public hospital emergency department with an injury severity score ≥5.Results—There was a strong and consistent relationship between increasing driver age and decreasing risk of moderate to fatal injury. In multivariate analyses, drivers older than 25 years had more than 50% lower risk than those aged from 15–19 years (odds ratio (OR) 0.46; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.26 to 0.81). In univariate analyses, a protective effect from riding more than five years compared with less than two years was observed. However, this protection was not sustained when driver age and other potential confounding variables were included in the analyses. Familiarity with the specific motorcycle was the only experience measure associated with a strong protective effect (OR (≥10 000 km experience) 0.52; 95% CI 0.35 to 0.79) in multivariate analyses.Conclusions—Current licensing regulations should continue to emphasise the importance of increased age and might consider restrictions that favour experience with a specific motorcycle.
Host and environment factors for exposure to poisons: a case-control study of preschool children in Thailand
Authors: Chatsantiprapa K , Chokkanapitak J , Pinpradit N 
Published: October 2002

Objective—To identify host and environment characteristics associated with poison exposure among preschool children in Thailand.Setting—A matched case-control study in 20 public hospitals in Khon Kaen province.Methods—Cases comprised 100 consecutive preschool children attending hospital between September 1997 and February 1999 because of reported exposure to a poison. Controls were three children matched by age, sex and area of residence to each case, who had never attended a hospital for this reason. Risk factors were elicited by interviewing the children's caregivers at their homes using a structured questionnaire and analyzed using conditional logistic regression.Results—Number of siblings, whether the child was “medicine eating” and “rushing to explore new objects”, the child's activities while the caregiver was working during the daytime, the child's distance from the caregiver while the caregiver was working, whether the child was taken to a non-agricultural worksite, and the number of used containers around the residence, were all statistically significant in univariate analyses. However, when all significant variables were included in a multivariate model, only “medicine eating” and the number of used containers around the residence remained statistically significant.Conclusion—Attention to “medicine eating” and used containers through increased supervision could be a protective factor against poison exposure for these children. To reduce risk, caregivers should not refer to medicines as foods and used containers should be systematically collected for disposal or recycling.
Risk factors for burns in children: crowding, poverty, and poor maternal education
Authors: Delgado J , Ramírez-Cardich M E , Gilman R H , Lavarello R , Dahodwala N , Bazán A , Rodríguez V , Cama R I , Tovar M , Lescano A 
Published: October 2002

Objective: To characterize the presentation of burns in children and risk factors associated with their occurrence in a developing country as a basis for future prevention programs.Design: Case-control study.Setting: Burn unit of the National Institute of Child Health (Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño) in Lima, Peru.Methods: A questionnaire was administered to all consenting guardians of children admitted to the burns (cases) and general medicine (controls) units during a period of 14 months. Guardians of patients were questioned regarding etiology of the injury, demographic and socioeconomic data.Results: 740 cases and controls were enrolled. Altogether 77.5% of the cases burns occurred in the patient's home, with 67.8% in the kitchen; 74% were due to scalding. Most involved children younger than 5 years. Lack of water supply (odds ratio (OR) 5.2, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.1 to 12.3), low income (OR 2.8, 95% CI 2.0 to 3.9), and crowding (OR 2.5, 95%CI 1.7 to 3.6) were associated with an increased risk. The presence of a living room (OR 0.6, 95% CI 0.4 to 0.8) and better maternal education (OR 0.6, 95% CI 0.5 to 0.9) were protective factors.Conclusions: To prevent burns interventions should be directed to low socioeconomic status groups; these interventions should be designed accordingly to local risk factors.
The Italian experience of a Pap test and speculoscopy based screening programme
Authors: Boselli F. , De Martis S. , Rivasi F. , Toni A. , Abbiati R. , Chiossi G. 
Published: October 2002

Objectives The main objective of the study was to evaluate if speculoscopy, a magnified chemiluminescent examination, combined with a Pap smear, could improve the detection of early cervical lesions compared with the Pap smear alone. Setting Pap tests and speculoscopies were performed in two family planning centres located in the surrounding areas of Modena. Colposcopic investigations and biopsies of the uterine cervix were performed in a second level centre (Gynaecological Prevention Centre of Modena Policlinico). Histological specimens were analysed at the Section of Pathological Anatomy of Modena Policlinico. Subjects The study population comprised 1000 women aged 25–64 years, invited to undergo a Pap smear every three years in accordance with the screening programme for cervical cancer started in Modena in 1997. Methods Midwives performed the Pap smear and speculoscopy in succession. Women with a positive Pap test and/or positive speculoscopy underwent colposcopy and, if colposcopic findings were positive, targeted punch biopsies were performed. Results A total of 1000 patients were subjected to cytology and speculoscopy examinations. Among these women, 10 had abnormal Pap smear findings whereas 144 had an abnormal speculoscopic pattern. Only three of 59 patients with a histological diagnosis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade I (CIN I)/human papillomavirus and only three of seven patients with CIN II/CIN III had a positive Pap test. Conclusions Speculoscopy combined with a Pap test can significantly increase the detection of cervical lesions when included in a screening programme.
Radiological review of interval cancers in an Australian mammographic screening programme
Authors: Amos A.F. , Kavanagh A.M. , Cawson J. ,   Radiology Quality Assurance Group of BreastScreen Victoria
Published: October 2002

Objectives To determine the proportion and features of invasive interval cancers that could be considered detectable at the time of the previous screen and the proportion of cases that could be classified as true intervals, false negatives, minimal signs, or radiographically occult lesions. Setting BreastScreen Victoria, the Victorian component of the BreastScreen Australia mammography screening programme. Methods Two separate review methodologies were adopted. Firstly a blinded review of interval, screen detected, and normal cases was undertaken, followed by a confirmation exercise to determine the proportion of invasive interval cancers that could be considered detectable at the time of the previous screen. Secondly, an unblinded review was performed to classify interval cases as true interval, false negative, minimal signs, or radiographically occult. Results From the blinded review, it was estimated that 38% of interval cases may be considered “potentially detectable” at the time of screening. Comparison of the characteristics of interval and screen detected cases indicates that interval cases are more likely to be smaller, equivocal, ill defined masses. In the unblinded exercise, 41% of interval cases were classified as false negatives and a further 16% as minimal signs, 33% true intervals, and 10% radiographically occult. Of the interval cancers considered potentially detectable at screening, 97% were classified as false negatives in the unblinded review. Conclusions This study highlights the importance of adopting staged review methods with both blinded and unblinded components. The blinded review and confirmation exercise allows the determination of the proportion of interval cases that could be considered potentially detectable at screening. The unblinded review provides an active important opportunity for professional development and review and a mechanism to link into the blinded review through further classification of interval cases.
Predictors of non-attendance for second round mammography in an Australian mammographic screening programme
Authors: O'Byrne A-M. , Kavanagh A.M. , Ugoni A. , Diver F. 
Published: October 2002

Objective To determine the socioeconomic, cultural, and clinical predictors of non-attendance for second round mammography. Design/participantsRetrospective cohort study of 121 889 women aged 50–69 years who attended for first mammography screening in the BreastScreen Victoria programme in 1995/1996 and who were recommended to be invited for routine biennial mammography. Women were considered to be non-attenders if they had not attended for rescreening within 27 months of their initial screening. Relative risk (RR) was used to compare categories for non-attendance for second screening, and a multivariate model was fitted to adjust for possible confounding. Setting BreastScreen Victoria, a population based mammographic screening programme, which offers free biennial mammography to all women 40 years and older. The programme specifically targets women aged 50–69 years. Results In the multivariate analysis, women from non-English speaking backgrounds were more likely not to attend for second round screening (RR ranged from 1.18 to 1.77). Indigenous women (RR 2.02, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.61 to 2.54) and women who reported either significant symptoms (RR 1.90, 95% CI 1.76 to 2.05) or other breast symptoms (RR 2.25, 95% CI 2.15 to 2.36) at the time of first round screening were also more likely not to attend for second round screening. Conclusions Women from non-English speaking backgrounds, indigenous women, and women who report symptoms at the time of first screening are more likely to not attend for second round screening. It is important to investigate why these women do not attend for second round screening so that services can be more appropriately tailored to their needs.
Results from the UK NHS breast screening programme 1994–1999
Authors: Blanks R.G. , Moss S.M. , Patnick J. 
Published: October 2002

Objective To present results from the NHS breast screening programme (NHSBSP) from 1994 through to 1999 and to examine the extent to which interim targets are being achieved. Methods Data were collated from all screening programmes in the UK on standard statistical returns. Performance of the screening programme was evaluated using calculated targets based on comparison with the Swedish two counties (STC) randomised controlled trial. Results In the early years of screening (1988–1993), the NHS programme was detecting more DCIS but considerably less invasive cancers than expected, based on the STC trial. Since the screening year 1993/94 (1 April to 31 March) the standardised detection ratio (SDR) measure of the detection of invasive cancers has increased by 36% from 0.83 to 1.13. The SDR has been greater than 1 since 1996/97 suggesting that the NHSBSP has only been screening as efficiently as the STC trial since this date. Uptake for screening has been relatively stable over time at approximately 75%. Conclusions The NHSBSP has made considerable advances in performance since its inception in 1988 and screening uptake and age standardised invasive cancer detection rates are (by 1999) well in excess of targets. The early years of screening were characterised by good uptake but a low sensitivity for the detection of invasive cancers. It is anticipated that the screening programme will have an increasing impact on breast cancer mortality, particularly in the 55–69 year age group over the coming years.
Is targeted early detection for melanoma feasible? Self assessments of risk and attitudes to screening
Authors: Eiser J.R. , Pendry L. , Greaves C.J. , Melia J. , Harland C. , Moss S. 
Published: October 2002

Objectives To study the feasibility of developing targeted screening for those at high risk of melanoma by examining how attitudes relate to (a) acceptance of an invitation for a free skin check and (b) self assessed and clinically assessed risk factors for developing cutaneous melanoma. Design A population based cross sectional survey. Setting A general practice with a broad mix of socioeconomic groups in one district health authority. Subjects A total of 1600 subjects aged 25–69 years stratified using the social deprivation score of wards were randomly selected from a population of 8000; 77% (1227) returned the questionnaire and 56% (896) attended for screening. Main outcome measuresQuestionnaire measures of confidence in own ability to self assess risk factors for melanoma, attitudes to seeking medical help for skin abnormalities, and self assessment of relative risk of developing melanoma. Results Clinic attenders were less confident in their ability to self assess risk factors (p<0.005), more favourable towards seeking help (p<0.001), and more pessimistic about developing melanoma (p<0.001) than non-attenders. Those from more affluent wards were more willing to seek help (p<0.001). Those clinically assessed as at higher risk were more pessimistic about developing melanoma (p<0.001) but clinical assessments were inconsistently related to help seeking attitudes and self assessment confidence. Conclusions Barriers to the uptake of screening included greater optimism about not developing melanoma, confidence in self assessment, and reluctance to seek professional help. Such reluctance was greater in more deprived social groups. Targeting screening at high risk groups cannot depend on self identification and self referral.
Results from 10 years of breast screening in Wales
Authors: Fielder H. , Rogers C. , Gower-Thomas K. , Monypenny I. , Dallimore N. , Brook D. , Greening S. 
Published: October 2002

Objective To present results from 10 years of breast screening in Wales, including rates of interval cancers. Setting All women aged 50–64 years in Wales; approximately 250 000 in each screening round. Methods Breast Test Wales (BTW) began mammographic screening in 1989 as part of the National Breast Screening Programme. Two view mammography was introduced at the inception of the Welsh programme for all prevalent screens. Single view mammography was subsequently performed for incident screens. Interval cancers were identified by matching details from the BTW administrative screening database with the BTW database of all incident breast cancers for residents in Wales. Results For the first and second round prevalent screens, the cancer detection rate was 8.6 per 1000 and 7.4 per 1000 screened, respectively. The interval cancer rates following round one were 4.9 per 10 000 in the first 12 months, 9.0 per 10 000 between 12 and 24 months, and 11.6 per 10 000 between 24 and 36 months after screening. For the second round incident screens the detection rate was 4.6 per 1000 and the standardised detection ratio was 0.89, but the interval cancer rates in the first year after incident screens were not statistically different from those following prevalent screens. There was no change in the proportion of invasive breast cancers which were <15 mm in diameter, or in the grades of invasive cancer between the first and second rounds, prevalent or incident screens. Conclusions Breast Test Wales has achieved the standards set by the National Health Service Breast Screening Programme. Taking two views at the prevalent screen gave high sensitivity and may have resulted in the low standardised detection ratio at subsequent incident screens.
Strategy linking several analytical methods of neonatal screening for sickle cell disease
Authors: Ducrocq R. , Pascaud O. , Bévier A. , Finet C. , Benkerrou M. , Elion J. 
Published: October 2002

Background The French national programme for the neonatal screening of sickle cell disease (SCD) was set up in 1995. This screening is targeted at newborn infants at risk. Over 5 years, 115 480 newborn infants were tested from 80 maternity departments from the northern part of the Paris area. 250 Patients with SCD were identified— that is, one in 462 newborn infants tested. Carriers for a haemoglobin (Hb) variant are frequent (5.34%). Some uncommon Hb variants were also identified, which gave rise to pitfalls to the testing when associated with HbS: HbKorle-Bu, HbHope, HbBougardirey-Mali, and HbLadésirade (4% of SS-like profiles). Objective An effective screening strategy was developed to avoid these false positive and false negative responses. Methods Isoelectric focusing (IEF), the method of primary screening, is rapid and inexpensive. Cation exchange high performance liquid chromatography (CE-HPLC), which is automated, fast, and quantitative was selected as a secondary method. Results IEF diagnosed normal profiles in 89% of the tested samples from newborn infants. CE-HPLC identified most of the common Hb variants by their retention time and the measure of HbA/HbS ratio, important for the differential diagnosis between an asymptomatic HbS carrier and an HbS/&bgr;+thal compound heterozygote. Furthermore, the high sensitivity of the CE-HPLC detected as little as 0.5% of a Hb variant. This avoided false negatives in samples from premature or transfused newborn infants. All samples with SS-like profiles were confirmed with a second CE-HPLC with another programme. A combination of these three methods confirmed the status of 99.7% of the samples from the tested newborn infants. Some cases required a reverse phase-HPLC method (for &ggr;-globin or &agr;-globin chain variants). Finally, some exceptional samples required confirmation by testing DNA extracted with G&uuml;thrie paper for a precise diagnosis. Conclusions This effective strategy combining several methods dramatically reduces the risk of errors. Many families are thus spared unnecessary worrying recalls. The only unavoidable cause of false positives remains the HbS/hereditary fetal Hb (HPFH).