bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dementia Care Mapping reconsidered: exploring the reliability and validity of the observational tool
Authors: Thornton A. , Hatton Chris , Tatham Alan 
Published: July 2004

AbstractBackgroundDementia Care Mapping (DCM) is a widely used observational method for evaluating the service quality provided to people with dementia. However, there is little evidence concerning its reliability and validity when used by routine care staff for whom it was designed.MethodThe study evaluated levels of inter‐observer agreement; The ability of the five‐minute time frame to reflect the ‘actual passing of time’; And the nature of the relationship between individual Well/Ill‐Being values (WIB) and dependency levels.Data collected using DCM and continuous time sampling (CTS) were compared. The methods were used in parallel where the CTS coder and the DCM mapper(s) observed the same participants.Observations were carried out with 64 people with dementia within a day hospital and a continuing care ward. Inter‐observer agreement was calculated across 20 participants.Dependency levels were measured using the Clifton Assessment Procedure for the Elderly (CAPE) (Pattie and Gilleard, 1979).ResultsLow levels of inter‐observer agreement were found where 11 of the 25 Behaviour Category codes and all six Well/Ill‐being Codes produced unacceptable kappas (<0.6).The Behaviour coding frame provided a meaningful picture of activities participants engaged in, but significantly underestimated participant levels of inactivity.A strong relationship was demonstrated between participants' WIB score and levels of dependency, thus DCM was unable to measure well‐/ill‐being as a separate construct from participants' levels of dependency.ConclusionsQuestions were raised regarding the reliability and validity of DCM as used by routine care staff. Possible reasons for this, and suggestions for amendments are made. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Regulation of CYP1A2 by histone deacetylase inhibitors in mouse hepatocytes
Authors: Jin Bohwan , Ryu Doug‐Young 
Published: July 2004

AbstractCytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) is constitutively expressed in the mouse liver, but the constitutive expression progressively declines to an undetectable level in isolated hepatocytes. In this study, CYP1A2 was induced in hepatocytes exposed to the histone deacetylase inhibitors trichostatin A (TSA) and sodium butyrate (SB), but only well after constitutive CYP1A2 expression was silenced. However, cotreatment with the arylhydrocarbon receptor (AhR) ligand 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin (TCDD) and either TSA or SB reduced the induction of CYP1A2 with the same time course as TSA or SB increased its induction. These results suggest that histone modification is involved in CYP1A2 regulation in hepatocytes through pathways that are independent of AhR. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 18:131–132, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20017
Characterization of Cd‐induced molecular events prior to cellular damage in primary rat hepatocytes in culture: Activation of the stress activated signal protein JNK and transcription factor AP‐1
Authors: Hsiao Chin‐ju J. , Stapleton Susan R. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe effect of Cadmium (Cd) on the expression of c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK), c‐jun, and activator protein‐1 (AP‐1) has been investigated. We previously reported that Cd causes cell damage as indicated by increases in the cytotoxic parameters, lactate dehydrogenase and lipid peroxidation, and this damage was mediated by decreases in cellular concentration of glutathione. In the present study, we investigate the molecular events involved prior to the Cd‐induced cellular toxicity and damage in primary rat hepatocytes. We propose that Cd, through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and prior to significant cellular damage, activates the stress activated signal protein JNK, regulates c‐jun expression, and promotes the binding of a redox sensitive transcription factor AP‐1. We show JNK activity and c‐jun mRNA level significantly increased at 1 h and AP‐1 DNA binding activity significantly enhanced at 3 h in the presence of 4 μM cadmium chloride. Blocking the Cd induction of JNK activity, c‐jun mRNA level, and AP‐1 binding activity using the antioxidants N‐acetyl cysteine (10 mM) or carnosol (0.5 μg/mL) suggests a role for ROS. Blocking JNK activity and c‐jun mRNA by SP600125 (20 μM), a JNK inhibitor, supports the role of JNK in transmission of signals induced by Cd. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 18:133–142, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20018
Evidence of hair loss after subacute exposure to 2‐chloroethyl ethyl sulfide, a mustard analog, and beneficial effects of N‐acetyl cysteine
Authors: Chatterjee Diptendu , Mukherjee Shyamali , Smith Milton G. , Das Salil K. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractMustard gas has been used as a vesicant chemical warfare agent. However, a suitable biomarker for monitoring mustard gas exposure is not known. We observed that the hairs of the guinea pigs exposed intratracheally to subacute doses of 2‐chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES), a mustard analog, came out very easily though there was no sign of skin lesions or skin damage. Also the hairs looked rough and dry and lost the shiny glaze. There was no recovery from this hair loss, though the animals never became hairless, following CEES exposure. Hairs were observed in this study both visually and with light microscopy. Treatment with N‐acetylcysteine (NAC) prior to CEES exposure could prevent the hair loss completely. Hence, sudden hair loss might be a good biomarker for subacute exposure of mustard gas to subjects at risks when the victims might have no other visible symptom of toxicity © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 18:150–153, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20020
Solvation forces on biomolecular structures: A comparison of explicit solvent and Poisson–Boltzmann models
Authors: Wagoner Jason , Baker Nathan A. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractContinuum electrostatics methods have become increasingly popular due to their ability to provide approximate descriptions of solvation energies and forces without expensive sampling required by explicit solvent models. In particular, the Poisson–Boltzmann equation (PBE) provides electrostatic potentials, solvation energies, and forces by modeling the solvent as a featureless, dielectric material, and the mobile ions as a continuous distribution of charge. Polar solvation forces and energies obtained from the PBE are often supplemented with simple solvent‐accessible surface area (SASA) models of nonpolar solvation. Given the recent development of methods that enable the use of PBE and SASA forces in molecular dynamics simulations, it is important to determine the ability of these implicit solvent models to accurately reproduce the solvation forces of more detailed explicit solvent simulations. In this article, we compare PBE and SASA solvation forces with explicit solvent forces for several snapshots from eight trajectories of static conformations of intestinal fatty acid binding protein. The results from this comparison show that current implementations of the PBE are capable of generating polar solvation forces that correlate well with explicit solvent forces but systematically overestimate the magnitude of the interaction. However, SASA‐based nonpolar forces are found to have no significant correlation with nonpolar explicit solvent forces. Nevertheless, due to the small magnitude of the nonpolar forces in the current system, a good correlation is still obtained for total solvation forces. The good correlation of implicit solvent forces with more detailed explicit solvent models is encouraging and implies that the systematic errors identified in these models could be corrected by appropriate parameterization of the force fields. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 25: 1623–1629, 2004
Processing of auditory information in insects
Authors: Hennig R.M. , Franz A. , Stumpner A. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractInsects exhibit an astonishing diversity in the design of their ears and the subsequent processing of information within their auditory pathways. The aim of this review is to summarize and compare the present concepts of auditory processing by relating behavioral performance to known neuronal mechanisms. We focus on three general aspects, that is frequency, directional, and temporal processing. The first part compares the capacity (in some insects high) for frequency analysis in the ear with the rather low specificity of tuning in interneurons by looking at Q10dB values and frequency dependent inhibition of interneurons. Since sharpening of frequency does not seem to be the prime task of a set of differently tuned receptors, alternative hypotheses are discussed. Moreover, the physiological correspondence between tonotopic projections of receptors and dendritic organization of interneurons is not in all cases strong. The second part is concerned with directional hearing and thus with the ability for angular resolution of insects. The present concepts, as derived from behavioral performances, for angular resolution versus lateralization and serial versus parallel processing of directional and pattern information can be traced to the thoracic level of neuronal processing. Contralateral inhibition, a mechanism for enhancing directional tuning, appears to be most effective in parallel pathways, whereas in serial processing it may have detrimental effects on pattern processing. The third part, after some considerations of signal analysis in the temporal domain, demonstrates that closely related species often use different combinations of temporal parameters in their recognition systems. On the thoracic level, analysis of temporal modulation functions and effects of inhibition on spiking patterns reveals relatively simple processing, whereas brain neurons may exhibit more complex properties. Microsc. Res. Tech. 63:351–374, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anatomical and molecular design of the Drosophila antenna as a flagellar auditory organ
Authors: Todi Sokol V. , Sharma Yashoda , Eberl Daniel F. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe molecular basis of hearing is less well understood than many other senses. However, recent studies in Drosophila have provided some important steps towards a molecular understanding of hearing. In this report, we summarize these findings and their implications on the relationship between hearing and touch. In Drosophila, hearing is accomplished by Johnston's Organ, a chordotonal organ containing over 150 scolopidia within the second antennal segment. We will discuss anatomical features of the antenna and how they contribute to the function of this flagellar auditory receptor. The effects of several mutants, identified through mutagenesis screens or as homologues of vertebrate auditory genes, will be summarized. Based on evidence gathered from these studies, we propose a speculative model for how the chordotonal organ might function. Microsc. Res. Tech. 63:388–399, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Psychophysics in insect hearing
Authors: Wyttenbach Robert A. , Farris Hamilton E. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractPsychophysics has much to offer the study of insect hearing. Not only is there a rich set of experimental methods to apply, there is a large body of experimental work on vertebrate hearing that can suggest topics for investigation and provide material for cross‐species comparisons. We present an overview of the methods of psychophysics, followed by specific examples of their use in insects. Topics covered include intensity discrimination, frequency analysis and discrimination, temporal integration and acuity, and localization. We conclude by pointing out additional areas of research suggested by the reviewed work and areas in which a psychophysical approach would be useful. Microsc. Res. Tech. 63:375–387, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Limit cycles, noise, and chaos in hearing
Authors: Stoop R. , Vyver J.‐J. V.D. , Kern A. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractBased on insight obtained from a newly developed cochlea model, we argue that noise‐driven limit cycles are the basic ingredient in the mammalian cochlea hearing process. For insect audition, we provide evidence in favor of the persistence of this principle. We emphasize the role of bifurcations for the emergence of broad‐range sound perception, both in the frequency and amplitude domain, and indicate that this crucially depends on the correct coupling between limit cycles. We review the limit‐cycle coupling universality, and outline how it can be used to encode information. Cortical noise is the microscopic basis for this encoding, whereas chaos emerges as the macroscopic expression of computation being done in the network. Large neuron firing variability is one possible consequence of the proposed mechanism that may apply to both vertebrate and insect hearing. Microsc. Res. Tech. 63:400–412, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparative analysis of masseter fiber architecture in tree‐gouging (Callithrix jacchus) and nongouging (Saguinus oedipus) callitrichids
Authors: Taylor Andrea B. , Vinyard Christopher J. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractCommon marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) and cotton‐top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) (Callitrichidae, Primates) share a broadly similar diet of fruits, insects, and tree exudates. Common marmosets, however, differ from tamarins by actively gouging trees with their anterior teeth to elicit tree exudate flow. During tree gouging, marmosets produce relatively large jaw gapes, but do not necessarily produce relatively large bite forces at the anterior teeth. We compared the fiber architecture of the masseter muscle in tree‐gouging Callithrix jacchus (n = 10) to nongouging Saguinus oedipus (n = 8) to determine whether the marmoset masseter facilitates producing these large gapes during tree gouging. We predict that the marmoset masseter has relatively longer fibers and, hence, greater potential muscle excursion (i.e., a greater range of motion through increased muscle stretch). Conversely, because of the expected trade‐off between excursion and force production in muscle architecture, we predict that the cotton‐top tamarin masseter has more pinnate fibers and increased physiological cross‐sectional area (PCSA) as compared to common marmosets. Likewise, the S. oedipus masseter is predicted to have a greater proportion of tendon relative to muscle fiber as compared to the common marmoset masseter. Common marmosets have absolutely and relatively longer masseter fibers than cotton‐top tamarins. Given that fiber length is directly proportional to muscle excursion and by extension contraction velocity, this result suggests that marmosets have masseters designed for relatively greater stretching and, hence, larger gapes. Conversely, the cotton‐top tamarin masseter has a greater angle of pinnation (but not significantly so), larger PCSA, and higher proportion of tendon. The significantly larger PCSA in the tamarin masseter suggests that their masseter has relatively greater force production capabilities as compared to marmosets. Collectively, these results suggest that the fiber architecture of the common marmoset masseter is part of a suite of features of the masticatory apparatus that facilitates the production of relatively large gapes during tree gouging. J. Morphol. 261:276–285, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development of the paired fins in the paddlefish, Polyodon spathula
Authors: Mabee Paula M. , Noordsy Michael 
Published: July 2004

AbstractIn Polyodon spathula, the pectoral fin radials, with the exception of the metapterygium, are derived from the decomposition of a single continuous cartilage fin plate that is continuous with the scapulocoracoid. This cartilage sheet develops two interior splits to form three precursor pieces, and these decompose in a predictable way to generate the propterygium and radials. The metapterygium is an extension of the scapulocoracoid that segments off of it during early development. To our knowledge, this has not been reported for acipenserids or other basal actinopterygians. In teleosts, the proximal radials also develop from the “break up” of an initially continuous paddle‐like sheet of cartilage along the posterior edge of the scapulocoracoid, and in Polypterus and sharks a similar pattern holds. Thus, the pattern observed in Polyodon may represent the basal developmental condition for the gnathostome pectoral fin. The process underlying development of the superficially similar cartilages of the pelvic and pectoral fins is different. In the pectoral fin, the metapterygium is segmented off of the scapulocoracoid and other radials form from the decomposition of the cartilage plate. In contrast, individual rod‐like basipterygial elements form in a close one‐to‐one correspondence with the middle radials of the pelvic fin, but later fuse to form an anterior element that is branched in appearance. To evaluate further claims of similarity among the pectoral and pelvic fin elements of various fishes, the course of the development of these structures must be observed. The pectoral fin and girdle in Polyodon ossifies in a different sequence than that proposed as ancestral (and highly conserved) for actinopterygians: the supracleithrum ossifies significantly before the cleithrum. The later ossification of the cleithrum in Polyodon may be related to the primary use of the caudal fin vs. the pectoral fins in their locomotion. J. Morphol. 261:334–344, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hydration Changes during Thermosensitive Association of a Block Copolymer Consisting of LCST and UCST Blocks
Authors: Maeda Yasushi , Mochiduki Hiroki , Ikeda Isao 
Published: July 2004

AbstractSummary: Thermosensitive association of a diblock copolymer consisting of poly(3‐dimethyl(methacryloyloxyethyl) ammonium propane sulfonate) (PdMMAEAPS), as an upper critical solution temperature (UCST) block, and poly(N,N‐diethylacrylamide) (PdEA), as a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) block, has been investigated by using IR spectroscopy. The ν(CO) and ν(SO) bands of the PdMMAEAPS block and the amide I band of PdEA block critically changed at the UCST and LCST, respectively, indicating that the segmental interaction of each block is altered at each transition.The double temperature responsiveness of a UCST block and LCST block containing diblock copolymer. Micelles form at temperatures both below the UCST and above the LCST of the blocks.magnified imageThe double temperature responsiveness of a UCST block and LCST block containing diblock copolymer. Micelles form at temperatures both below the UCST and above the LCST of the blocks.
Correlation between Conformational Parameters and Rheological Properties of Molten Syndiotactic Polypropylenes
Authors: Rojo Elena , Muñoz Maria Eugenia , Santamaría Anton , Peña Begoña 
Published: July 2004

AbstractSummary: New rheological results with molten polypropylenes of different degrees of syndiotacticity are presented. The temperature dependence of their dynamic viscoelastic functions is correlated with the characteristic ratio. Relaxation time and Newtonian viscosity values are plotted as a function of molecular weight. The very high values of both rheological parameters found for the most syndiotactic polypropylenes are explained considering the reptation model, which links conformational parameters with the viscoelastic response in the molten state.Disengagement or reptation time as a function of molecular weight.magnified imageDisengagement or reptation time as a function of molecular weight.
Stress responses of PML nuclear domains are ablated by ataxin‐1 and other nucleoprotein inclusions
Authors: Dovey Claire L , Varadaraj Archana , Wyllie Andrew H , Rich Tina 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe polyglutamine diseases are characterized by expansion of triplet CAG repeats that encode polyglutamine tracts in otherwise unrelated proteins. One plausible explanation for the neurodegeneration of these disorders proposes that inclusions of such proteins sequester other significant nuclear proteins in inactive form. The present study shows that PML protein is sequestered by inclusions of the pathogenic mutant form of the polyglutamine protein ataxin‐1 and that this sequestration removes from the nucleus the free 0.2–1 µm diameter PML nuclear domains (PML‐NDs), together with at least one of their many cargo proteins (Sp100). The present study demonstrates that this sequestration can be effected equally by another nuclear protein, RED, which lacks a polyglutamine tract, but expresses a polar zipper repeat. The sequestered PML‐NDs no longer respond to stress signals (heat shock or ionizing radiation) to which they are normally sensitive. In both cases, there is independent evidence that the cells initiate other responses to their injury (nuclear translocation of heat shock protein or generation of gamma‐H2AX‐rich nuclear foci, respectively). The data thus provide strong evidence that multiple species of nuclear inclusion functionally sequester PML‐NDs. This mechanism is likely to distort cellular responses to injury of many different types. Copyright © 2004 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Relative free energy of binding and binding mode calculations of HIV‐1 RT inhibitors based on dock‐MM‐PB/GS
Authors: Zhou Zhigang , Madura Jeffry D. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractTetrahydroimidazo‐[4,5,l‐jk][1,4]‐benzodiazepin‐2‐(1H)‐one (TIBO) derivatives are important nonnucleoside human immunodeficiency virus‐1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI). Several TIBO derivatives have shown high potency to inhibit reverse transcriptase (RT) and one (Tivirapine) has entered into clinical trials. The free energy of binding (FEB) is a numerical way to express the binding affinity of a ligand to its receptor and has been applied in screening candidates in rational drug design. In this work, the FEB of 42 TIBOs in RT was studied. Relative FEB is expressed in the form of a linear combination of vdW, electrostatic, solvation, and nonpolar solvation energy terms. The predicted FEB activity of the TIBOs studied has a good correlation (r2 = 0.8680, q2 = 0.8298) with respect to the experimental activity (pIC50). Based on the data reported here, the Finite Difference Poisson Boltzmann with a Gaussian Smooth Dielectric Constant Function method (PB/GS) solvation energy term is very important in predicting the binding affinity of TIBOs in RT. In summary, the Dock‐Molecular Mechanics (MM)‐PB/GS method is a promising technique in predicting ligand/receptor binding affinity and it can be used to screen relatively large sets of molecules in a reasonable amount of computer time. Proteins 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Critical Hamiltonians on one‐dimensional disordered lattices
Authors: Malyshev A. V. , Domínguez‐Adame F. , Malyshev V. A. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractWe focus on tight‐binding Hamiltonians on a regular one‐dimensional lattice with non‐random long‐range inter‐site coupling Jmn = J/|m−n|μ and random uncorrelated site energies. Within the model the localization‐delocalization transition occurs at one of the energy band edges provided 1 < μ < 3/2. Using the model we demonstrate that the ratio of the first two momenta of the participation number distribution for the critical states is a size invariant parameter at some value of the disorder magnitude Δc. We claim that the invariance manifests the transition. We find that Δc ≠ 0 at 1 < μ < 3/2, suggesting that the system undergoes the localization‐delocalization transition with respect to disorder magnitude. At μ ≥ 3/2, all states are localized. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)