bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
GUT Feelings about Amazonia: Potential Affinity and the Construction of Sociality
Authors: Castro Eduardo Viveiros de , Nacional Museu , Janeiro Rio de 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter draws the barest outline of what might be a ‘grand unified theory’ of Amazonian sociality-a GUT, as physicists say. The acronym is meant to be (self) ironic, and here doubly so. What follows is a clumsily packed excerpt of an essay in preparation, which was supposed to be my contribution for the present volume, but which became unmanageably long. The purpose of that essay is to account for some recent arguments about the socially constructed (in the phenomenal sense of the term) character of Amazonian modes of kinship relatedness. My point, in a nutshell, is that no province of human experience is (given as) entirely constructed; something must be (construed as) given. I take as my example a dichotomy central to Western kinship theory and practice, namely, the consanguinity/affinity distinction of Morganian fame, and argue that in Amazonia, it is affinity that stands as the given dimension of the cosmic relational matrix, while consanguinity falls within the scope of human action and intention.
Seed and Clone: The Symbolic and Social Significance of Bitter Manioc Cultivation
Authors: Rival Laura 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to the thesis Peter Rivière formulated in 1984, the political economy prevalent in indigenous Amazonia is a political economy, not of goods, but of people, characterized by the management of the productive and reproductive capacities of individuals considered to be means of production and scarce resources, in particular women. In the well-known essay on the processing of bitter manioc and gender politics he subsequently wrote in 1987, he further supported this thesis by comparing various bodies of ethnographic data, and concluded that societies presenting a predominantly masculine version of social reproduction tend to control women by confining them to the repetitive, laborious task of detoxifying bitter manioc and processing it daily into culinary products that are central to group identity.
Myth and Material Culture: Matis Blowguns, Palm Trees, and Ancestor Spirits
Authors: Erikson Philippe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his stimulating paper ‘Myth and Material Culture: Some Symbolic Interrelations’, Peter Rivière (1969b) discusses the complementary distribution of blowguns and hair tubes among several Carib and Arawak peoples of southern Guyana and northern Brazil. His aim is ‘to show that other aspects of the respective cultures can be correlated with the absence or presence of the blowgun’ (p. 153), and to try ‘to indicate that the acceptance or rejection of a particular item may reflect and be reflected in a wider set of ideas’ (p. 163). Rivière’s paper also stresses the symbolical link between body ornaments and weapons, especially blowguns and hair tubes, both of which are ‘not simply technical or aesthetic objects but also some sort of energy transformers’ (p. 157).
Itoto (Kanaima*) as Death and Anti-Structure
Authors: Colson Audrey Butt 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Kanaima, or Itoto, has been described in the literature as ‘secret killer’ and as ‘one who kills suddenly’. They are terms which refer to a complex set of beliefs, constituting a conceptual system within the society and culture of the two Carib-speaking peoples of the circum-Roraima region of the Guiana Highlands, the Kapong (Akawaio and Patamuna) and the Pemong (Arekuna, Kamarakoto, Taurepang, and Makushi), whose lands are the border areas of Brazil, Guyana, and Venezuela. The two terms are co-equivalent. Kanaima is a Pemong word, whilst Itoto (Idodo, Toto, Dodo) is used by the Akawaio.
Consciousness of Action and Self-Consciousness: A Cognitive Neuroscience Approach
Authors: Jeannerod Marc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The mutual relationships of action to consciousness are complex and far from unequivocal. We execute many of our daily actions unconsciously; conversely, we can consciously simulate or imagine actions we do not execute. This vast domain of research, motor cognition, is central to the study, not only of action itself (how it is planned, prepared, and finally executed), but also of how action contributes to the representations we build from objects and from other selves. In this chapter, I will use the broad term of representation to include the various internal states in relation to action. There could be better terms, with the advantage of greater precision, but with the disadvantage of losing continuity between different levels of functioning. Indeed, the term representation of an action can be used in its strong sense, to designate a mental state in relation to goals and desires, as well as in its weak sense, to indicate the ensemble of mechanisms that precede execution of a movement. Finally, it can also be accepted by biologists to designate the state of the neural network during a mental state related to action.
Experimental Approaches to Action
Authors: Prinz Wolfgang 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter has two sections, theoretical and experimental. In the first section I will discuss the relative merits of two broad views on human action, sensorimotor and ideomotor. Sensorimotor approaches treat action as re-action to stimulation. They date back to Cartesian physiology and are still predominant in both modern physiology and cognitive sciences. Ideomotor approaches emphasize the intentional and volitional basis of action. They date back to Lotze’s and James’s discussions of the anatomy of voluntary action and have since then fallen into oblivion. I will argue for reviving ideomotor theory and outline ways of combining it with sensorimotor theory within a novel framework. In the second section I will then discuss some recent experiments from our lab in an attempt to illustrate how human action can be studied under experimentally controlled conditions and how the interaction between the perceptual and the intentional basis of action can be analysed in both experimental and theoretical terms.
Dual Control and the Causal Theory of Action: The Case of Non-intentional Action
Authors: Perner Josef 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with how the causal theory of action (Davidson, 1963) in its extended version (Searle, 1983) can be combined with a model of dual control (Norman and Shallice, 1986) in order to distinguish intended actions from non-intended actions and those from mere movements or happenings. My specific focus is on accounting for the fact that one variety of intentional action, willed (controlled or voluntary) action, is part of a cluster of empirical phenomena while automatic actions belong to a different cluster. The former cluster comprises conscious awareness and attention, verbal justification, moral responsibility, executive control (tasks on which frontal lobe patients seem specifically impaired) with the self in charge, and so on, while the latter, surrounding automatic action, includes potential lack of conscious awareness, lack of verbal expressibility, reduced responsibility, and bypasses the control through the self.
Concepts of Justice
Authors: Raphael D D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Concepts of Justice D. D. Raphael gives a philosophical survey of the development of the idea of justice. While the framework is historical, the aim is philosophical analysis and criticism. Part I begins with 'Ancient Roots': justice in the Bible, in Aeschylus' Oresteia, in the philosophers Plato and Aristotle, and among jurists and theologians in the Middle Ages. Part II, 'Modern Shoots', deals with philosophers from Hobbes to Rawls, and others of the modern age. Some of the writings considered will be unfamiliar to many readers, who will find that eminence as a political theorist is neither a necessary nor sufficient condition of significant thought about justice. Part III, 'Historical Fruits', draws some conclusions from the whole survey, pinning down the notion of fairness, and asking why this notion embraces apparently disparate ideas, notably 'merit' and 'need'. The developing role of justice and the emergence of novel features during the last three centuries is also discussed. Raphael does not assume that the theories of philosophers must reflect the thought and usage of people generally: some do while others are idiosyncratic, and a number of philosophers neglect the usage of the concept in the context of law. While this book is not a comprehensive history, it is comprehensive in its scope.
Aeschylus’Oresteia:The Development of Justice
Authors: Raphael D D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Athenian tragic drama was the precursor of Athenian moral philosophy. It was not the same thing, and in so far as it served the same purpose it did not simply do that. Tragic drama had a religious significance, it celebrated a religious festival; and it also fulfilled an aesthetic function — if that can be distinguished, in ancient Athens, from a religious function. Still, part of the religious function is similar to a function of moral (including political) philosophy. I do not mean by this the preaching of moral doctrine, or at any rate preaching pure and simple; I mean rather the giving of expression to moral doctrine in a way that illuminates it. Moral and political philosophy is not moral or political preaching; it is the critical evaluation of moral and political beliefs by means of rational argument and by the clarifying ofconcepts. It, too, is the illumination of moral and political doctrine.
Aristotle
Authors: Raphael D D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aristotle’s thoughts about justice are given most systematically in Book V of theNicomachean Ethics.The treatment is not as clear as one would like. There is, first, the general obstacle presented by the form of Aristotle’s works as they have come down to us. The text is apparently a set of lecture notes or something similar, not a finished work written for publication. There are repetitions, insertions, omissions, and perhaps faulty arrangement of passages by early editors. Secondly, there are unnecessary obscurities introduced by Aristotle into this particular discussion. He has a general theory that each of the virtues is a mean between excess and defect, and he tries to apply this to his account of justice, where it does not fit at all well. He is also keen on subjecting his treatment to mathematical formulae whenever he can, and this too turns out to be unhelpful. Aristotle was, for his time, a very good scientist in the field of the life sciences, to which he made important contributions both by way of observation and by way of systematization. He was, in addition, a penetrating thinker on more general problems of theoretical physics (as that subject was seen in his day). His signal contributions to metaphysics and the philosophy of mind were greatly influenced by his scientific understanding. But he was not particularly gifted for mathematics and his would-be mathematical treatment of the concept of justice in theEthicshas been described as childish and excessively simple. It does not promote understanding or give one any additional insight into the notion of justice; it simply obscures the view.
G. W. Leibniz
Authors: Raphael D D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Leibniz discusses the concept of justice in a number of his writings, usually at no great length and simply repeating the essential features of his view with little in the way of argument. There is, however, one sustained essay on the topic,Meditationsurla notion commune de la justice,written about 1703 but not printed in his lifetime. The text is to be found in Georg Mallat,Rechtsphilosophisches aus Leibnizens ungredruckten Schriften;an English translation is provided by Patrick Riley inLeibniz: Political Writings.
Fairness
Authors: Raphael D D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What can be learned from my historical survey? It is of course a limited survey and calls for some caution. I said at the start that it would be selective and that the selection depended to some extent on what had happened to interest me. It has also been confined to the tradition of Western civilization with its roots in Judaeo-Christian religion and Graeco-Roman culture. Attention to other traditions might disclose major differences in concepts of justice or of something analogous to justice. Like many other people I have some sketchy acquaintance with Islamic tradition on penal process, and I have in the past read a few relevant anthropological books on tribal societies. Both in Islamic and in tribal thought one sees a resemblance to the idea of justice as it has appeared in the Western tradition, so that the omission of them from my survey may not be a great loss for the purpose of understanding justice. I cannot, however, entertain a similar consoling supposition about Buddhism or the other indigenous religions of Asia, since I know nothing of what they have to say on this topic. Still, it is pertinent to note that the main features of the Western tradition have acquired a near-universal acceptance in international law;and if we hope to discern a future trend from past history, the history of the Western tradition is the place to look for it.
Greek-Latin Philosophical Interaction
Authors: Ebbesen Sten 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In antiquity Europe was divided into a Greek and a Latin zone of influence. The limits of the Greek zone had been established about 300 Bc. In the eastern Mediterranean Greek was the language of all central and much local administration, and it functioned as a lingua franca for all sorts of purposes. The Roman conquest changed nothing in that regard: it just put a wafer-thin layer of Latin administration on top of the Greek, and after less than a millennium that thin layer had worn off. But in the West, which prior to the advent of the Roman legions had no international language of administration, commerce, and higher culture, Latin filled the vacuum and obtained the role that Greek had in the East.
Hellenic Philosophy in Byzantium and the Lonely Mission of Michael Psellos
Authors: Duffy John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In one of his books Cyril Mango makes the interesting observation that for the two centuries between 843 and c.1050 no additions were made to the Synodikon of Orthodoxy. The Synodikon, a major liturgical manifesto of the Byzantine Church, was first promulgated at the end of the iconoclasm controversy, one of the most serious cultural upheavals of the Middle Ages. ‘The Triumph of Orthodoxy’, as the outcome is known, celebrated originally in the church of Hagia Sophia, in Constantinople, in 843, some years later became established as an annual feast falling on the first Sunday of Lent. The celebration consisted of a solemn procession and liturgical service which included a reading of anathemas against heretics and enemies of true doctrine. By the second half of the eleventh century certain versions of the Synodikon began to feature condemnations of contemporary ‘enemies of the truth’. The most interesting instance is Michael Psellos’ former student, John Italos who became the unfortunate target of no less than twelve citations in the anathemas of the year 1082. Whatever the precise merits of the case, which is still a matter of some dispute, the proclaimed root of the charges against Italos was his dealings with ancient, that is, in Byzantine terminology, ‘Hellenic’ philosophy.
Plethon and Scholarios on Aristotle
Authors: Karamanolis George 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With Plethon and Scholarios the scenery for a heated philosophical debate was set. Scholarios’ student, Matthew Kamariotes, will write against Ple- thon, while Theodore Gazes will be equally critical of him. Plethon’s views also found support. Michael Apostoles responds to Gazes with a brief treatise in which he criticizes Aristotle’s views on substance. This prompted Gazes’ cousin, Andronikos Kallistos, to write in defence of Gazes, advocating Aristotle’s views against the criticisms of Plethon and Apostoles. The most ardent critic of Plethon, and admittedly the most bitter writer in the whole controversy, will be George Trapezountios (1395-1472/3) who writes a po- lemical work in which he praises Aristotle and vilifies Plato. Trapezountios was the first in the controversy to write in Latin. His work will open up the discussion to Westerners, and indeed several Italians will take part in it. A thorough reply to Trapezountios will come from Plethon’s friend and corres- pondent Bessarion, who had closely followed the development of this debate. Bessarion criticizes Trapezountios for his hostility to Plato but also attempts to approach the whole issue of the merits of the Platonic and Aristotelian philosophy, and how the two compare, in a scholarly way; he not only shows a far better knowledge of the ancient texts than anyone involved in the controversy that far, but also tries to be fair in his judgement. Though he himself was an ardent Platonist, Bessarion takes an intermediary position between Platonists and Aristotelians, arguing that the ancients used to see the philosophies of Plato and Aristotle as being largelv in accord.
Separations and the Discourse of Family Sacrifice
Authors: Buettner Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nearly all discussions of British family life in India from the mid-nineteenth to the mid-twentieth centuries stress how important most parents felt it was to send their children back to Britain for their education. Perceptions of the dangers that children were believed to face in India and that supposedly increased as they approached adolescence-including physically and culturally threatening contacts with India’s climate and indigenous and mixed-race populations, as discussed in previous chapters-acted in combination with Britain’s strong attractions as an environment for childrearing. Families whose livelihoods derived from imperial life and work reaffirmed a white, British status by demonstrating sufficient affluence to pay for children’s journeys to and school fees in Britain while simultaneously avoiding educational options in India that were racially and socially problematic.
Anaïs Nin, Fictionality and Femininity
Authors: Tookey Helen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Helen Tookey presents a new study of Anaïs Nin (1903-77), focusing both on the cultural and historical contexts in which her work was produced and received, and on the different versions of Nin herself — as a modernist, a woman writer, a public (and controversial) figure in the women's liberation movement, and as a set of conflicting and often extreme representations of femininity. The author shows how contextual feminist approaches shed light on Nin (who moved from Paris modernism of the 1930s to US second-wave feminism of the 1970s), and how this sheds light on key issues and conflicts within feminist thinking since the 1970s, particularly questions of identity, femininity, and psychoanalysis. Anaïs Nin: Fictionality and Femininity provides new readings of Nin through contemporary feminist approaches, using Nin to make an intervention into critical debates around modernism, feminism, and psychoanalysis, writing and identity, fictionality and femininity.
Sibling Ties
Authors: Caine Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sibling ties were of central importance to the Stracheys, as they were to all large Victorian and Edwardian families. Both Jane Grant and Richard Strachey came from large families and were extremely close to some of their siblings and the same thing was true of their own ten children. Jane made a point of encouraging the development of close ties amongst her children from their earliest years. She was particularly keen to establish brother and sister pairs amongst those children who were close in age, organizing shared holidays for these pairs, and expecting the girls always to take particular care of brothers who were sent away to school.
Truth Conditions and their Recognition
Authors: Barber Alex 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper is concerned with the relation between two attractive perspectives on meaning and truth conditions. The ﬁrst perspective takes the central goal of semantic theorizing to be the explicit statement of individual language users’ tacit knowledge of the clauses of a semantic theory.1 The second takes meaning to be inherited from the intentions that give rise to utterances.2 I hold that the two perspectives need each other more than is often acknowledged, for reasons that have not been recognized, and in a way that has consequences for both. Semantic knowledge is possible only if we have semantic intentions of a surprisingly strong kind, and these semantic intentions can be formed only by an agent with the appropriate semantic knowledge.
The Finished Artefact Fallacy: Acheulean Hand-axes and Language Origins
Authors: Davidson Iain 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Approaches to the study of the origins of language have three major sources of evidence: (1) from modern humans, including psychology and linguistics; (2) from modern non-human primates, including their communicative abilities; (3) from archaeology. This chapter is about the third of these-the archaeological evidence of what actually happened. Ten years ago, I outlined problems with the traditional framework of understanding stone tools (Davidson and Noble 1993; Gibson and Ingold 1993). In this chapter, I will return to issues I raised on that occasion and present more evidence and argument about Acheulean hand-axes.
The Roles of Expression and Representation in Language Evolution
Authors: Hurford James r. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This quotation makes a negative point and a positive point, given added emphasis above. The idea that language, and by implication much of its current complex structure, arose from pre-linguistic representational systems has attracted attention and not much criticism. A goal of evolutionary linguistics is to explain the origins of the structure found in language. It can be agreed that little of the distinctively complex structure of modern languages can be attributed to ancestry in animal communication systems.1 But how much of the complex structure of modern languages can be attributed to ancestry in pre-linguistic representational systems? Sampson (1997: 100) expressed a view opposed to Bickerton’s.
The Organization and Representation of Conceptual Knowledge in the Brain: Living Kinds and Artifacts
Authors: Mahon Bradford Z , Caramazza Alfonso 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we address some central issues in the organization and representation of conceptual knowledge in the human brain. The focus of our discussion will be on the organization and representation of conceptual knowledge of manipulable artifacts. However, the category ‘artifacts’ is only one semantic domain among others, for instance, ‘animals’, ‘fruit/vegetables’, and ‘con-specifics’. A discussion of how conceptual knowledge of artifacts is organized and represented will thus require consideration of the same issues with respect to other semantic categories.
A World Apart: How Concepts of the Constructed World Are Different in Representation and in Development
Authors: Keil Frank C , Greif Marissa L , Kerner Rebekkah S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most children are surrounded, from birth, by a world of things created by the people who live around them and by those who came before them. The very first act that infants perform on another object, that of nursing, is often on a bottle designed for that specific purpose.
A Divided Army: Military Castes and Factions
Authors: Balfour Sebastian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Through the Spanish Army of Africa rode a variety of military castes and factions whose composition and balance changed radically over the eighteen years of the colonial war.1 The castes could be broadly defined by the arm or branch of the military forces to which officers belonged but they were by no means hermetic. Factions, on the other hand, represented political or ideological divisions within or across the castes.