bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of nitrogen fertilisation on below‐ground carbon allocation in lettuce
Authors: Kuzyakov Y , Siniakina S V , Ruehlmann J , Domanski G , Stahr K 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe aims of this study were to investigate the effect of nitrogen (N) fertilisation on the below‐ground carbon (C) translocation by lettuce and the CO2 efflux from its rhizosphere. Two N fertilisation levels (80 and 160 kg N ha−1) and two growth stages (43 and 60 days) were tested. 14C pulse labelling of shoots followed by 14C monitoring in the soil, roots, microbial biomass and CO2 efflux from the soil was used to distinguish between root‐derived and soil organic matter‐derived C. The 14C allocation in the below‐ground plant parts was 1.5–4.6 times lower than in the leaves. The total quantity of C translocated into the soil was much lower than in the case of cereals and grasses, amounting to 120 and 160 kg C ha−1 for low and high N respectively. N fertilisation diminished the proportion of assimilated C translocated below ground. About 5–8% of the assimilated C was respired into the rhizosphere. Root‐derived CO2 (the sum of root respiration and rhizomicrobial respiration) represented about 15–60% of the total CO2 efflux from the planted soil. Two peaks were measured in the 14CO2 efflux: the first peak (4–5 h after labelling) was attributed to root respiration, whilst the second peak (12 h after labelling) was attributed to microbial respiration of exudates. Twelve days after labelling, 0.15–0.25% of the assimilated C was found in the microbial biomass. The higher microbial activity in the lettuce rhizosphere doubled the soil organic matter decomposition rate compared with unplanted soil.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Browning, polyphenol oxidase activity and headspace gas composition during storage of minimally processed pears using modified atmosphere packaging
Authors: Soliva‐Fortuny Robert C , Biosca‐Biosca Mireia , Grigelmo‐Miguel Nuria , Martín‐Belloso Olga 
Published: October 2002

AbstractModified atmosphere packaging was used to prevent browning of minimally processed Conference pears, thus extending their shelf‐life. Colour changes as well as PPO activity were strongly influenced by the package headspace gas composition, which was determined by the packaging conditions. The initial colour of minimally processed pears was preserved for several weeks under cold storage in plastic pouches of very low O2 permeability and an initial atmosphere of 100% N2. A fractional conversion kinetic model fitted the experimental browning data with high accuracy. Colour degradation (ΔE*) of minimally processed pears occurred exponentially (kΔE = 0.019–0.077 day−1) owing to changes in lightness (kL = 0.021–0.07 day−1). In contrast, PPO exhibited a linear increase in activity which could be related to the availability of O2 in the package headspace.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Consumption of raw and fried sardine (Clupea pilchardus) as protein source of diets: effects on iron metabolism in rats
Authors: Seiquer Isabel , Aspe Teresa , Pérez‐Granados Ana M , Navarro M Pilar 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe influence of fried fish consumption on dietary iron bioavailability in rats was studied. Sardines (Clupea pilchardus), raw and fried in olive oil, were used whole or defatted to prepare the samples. Five diets containing casein and the different samples as protein source were prepared. After in vitro digestion of the diets a greater proportion of soluble iron was found in the casein diet compared with the sardine diets. Five groups of rats were fed the diets over 28 days. Body weight and food intake were monitored weekly, and during days 21–28 an iron balance study was carried out. No significant differences were observed in food intake, body weight and protein efficiency ratio between groups. Absorbed and retained iron and apparent iron digestibility were higher in rats fed the sardine diets with respect to the control group, except in the whole fried sardine group. Metabolic efficiency and retention efficiency were increased in the four sardine groups. The frying process led to significant changes in the overall digestive and nutritive efficiency of dietary iron, which were different depending on whether the diets contained whole sardine or its protein. It was concluded that the consumption of sardines, whether raw or fried in olive oil, enhances dietary iron availability.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Determination of the betaine content of feed ingredients using high‐performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Chendrimada Thimmaiah P , Neto Manoel Garcia , Pesti Gene M , Davis Adam J , Bakalli Remzi I 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA series of studies was conducted to establish a methodology for the accurate and efficient determination of betaine in different feed ingredients. The final methodology involves an extraction step in which the feed sample is heated for 3 h in a methanolic KOH solution using a Goldfisch apparatus. Impurities are removed by the addition of activated charcoal and concentrated (36%) HCl. After centrifugation the extractant is passed through a strong cation exchange resin (Dowex 50W‐X12, H+). The betaine retained in the column is eluted with 1.5 N HCl. A 2 ml aliquot of the elute is air dried and reconstituted with 1 ml of deionised water. HPLC separation with a cation exchange column (Partisil SCX‐10) is used for the separation of betaine from other compounds. The mobile phase is kept constant at 50 mM KH2PO4 in water, and eluted compounds are detected by UV absorbance (200 nm). The flow rate is maintained at 1.5 ml min−1. This assay is very accurate over the range of betaine concentrations from 15 to 650 µg ml−1, with a lower detection limit in feeds of approximately 500 µg g−1 when 4 g of sample is extracted. Recovery assays done with standard betaine hydrochloride and hard red wheat resulted in a consistent recovery of 80%. Betaine content was quantified in several feed ingredients, including alfalfa (1.77 mg kg−1), wheat (3.96 mg kg−1), wheat middlings (4.98 mg kg−1) and poultry meal (0.77 mg kg−1). Betaine in corn and soybean meal was not detectable by this method, even when 16 g of sample was used (<125 mg kg−1). Betaine present in several feed ingredients should influence choline supplementation to animal feeds and may have implications for human health.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Insecticidal compounds from Evodia rutaecarpa against Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Miyazawa Mitsuo , Fujioka Jun , Ishikawa Yukio 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn the course of screening for novel naturally occurring insecticides from Chinese crude drugs, the MeOH extract of the fruits of Evodia rutaecarpa Benth was found to give insecticidal activity against larvae of Drosophila melanogaster Meigen. Three alkaloids, evodiamine (1), rutaecarpine (2) and rhetsinine (3), were isolated by bioassay‐guided fractionation of the extract. Insecticidal activity against larvae of D melanogaster was demonstrated; compounds 1 and 2 gave LC50 values of 0.30 and 0.28 µmol ml−1 diet respectively. Acute toxicity against adults of D melanogaster was also found; compound 2 had the most potent activity, with an LD50 value of 3.58 µg per adult. However, compound 3 had only weak activity in this study. Therefore compounds 1 and 2 were identified as insecticidal compounds from the fruits of E rutaecarpa. Compound 3 was obtained by the photoxidation of evodiamine. Investigation of the structure–activity relationship indicated the importance of the indoloquinazoline unit at the C‐14 position.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Rehabilitation of degraded sodic lands during a decade of Dalbergia sissoo plantation in Sultanpur District of Uttar Pradesh, India
Authors: Mishra A. , Sharma S. D. , Khan G. H. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe ameliorative effect of Dalbergia sissoo, planted on sodic land at Sultanpur (26° 10′–26° 40′N, 81° 45′–82° 30′E), India, in a tropical environment, was studied at 3, 6 and 9 years of age. The soil properties of the sites improved significantly, showing marked reduction in pH, electrical conductivity (EC) and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) and an increase in organic carbon, nitrogen and availability of nutrients in the soil. The significant reduction in Na ion was found in all the age groups. Results showed an improvement in the soil moisture regime due to increased infiltration rate (cm hr−1), soil permeability (cm2), water‐holding capacity, field capacity and pore space whereas, the bulk density decreased significantly after successive years of planting. The effect on soil attributes was confined to surface soil in the young plantation and deeper in older plantation. Therefore, the study clearly indicated that the sodic soil could be desodified by growing D. sissoo plantations on these degraded sites. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Selection of Leucaena species for afforestation and amelioration of sodic soils
Authors: Goel V. L. , Behl H. M. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractPerformance of three exotic species of Leucaena (L. diversifolia, L. shannonii and L. leucocephala) and one local selection of L. leucocephala was evaluated on sodic soil sites (pH 8.6–10.5) in order to select promising species for biomass production and reclamation of these soils. There were significant differences among three species with respect to their field survival (47.7–95.5 per cent), growth in terms of stem volume (40.8–118.6 m3 ha−1) and biomass production (24–70 Mg ha−1) after eight years of growth. L. leucocephala was rated as the most promising species irrespective of seed source, followed by L. shannonii. L. diversifolia could not perform well on these hostile soils. A definite improvement in physicochemical properties of soil particularly in surface layers (0–5 cm) was observed after eight years of plantations as compared to the same at uncultivated site. The soil pH and sodium content decreased followed by an increase in organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus content. However, efficiency of different species varied greatly to ameliorate these soils depending on quantity and quality of organic matter lying on the floor. L. leucocephala, irrespective of seed origin, showed greater promise for afforestation of sodic soils because of its potential to produce higher biomass per unit area and greater efficiency to ameliorate fertility status of these soils. The study revealed that matching of species to soil conditions is very important for a successful plantation programme and sustainable development of degraded soil sites. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mechanisms of shock wave induced endothelial cell injury
Authors: Sondén Anders , Svensson Bengt , Roman Nils , Brismar Bo , Palmblad Jan , Kjellström B. Thomas 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesMedical procedures, for example, laser angioplasty and extracorporeal lithotripsy as well as high‐energy trauma expose human tissues to shock waves (SWs) that may cause tissue injury. The mechanisms for this injury, often affecting blood vessel walls, are poorly understood. Here we sought to assess the role of two suggested factors, viz., cavitation or reactive oxygen species (ROS).Study Design/Materials and MethodsA laser driven flyer‐plate model was used to expose human umbilical cord vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) monolayers to SWs or to SWs plus cavitation (SWC). Cell injury was quantified with morphometry, trypan blue staining, and release of 51Cr from labeled HUVECs.ResultsHUVECs, exposed to SWs only, could not be distinguished from controls in morphological appearance or ability to exclude trypan blue. Yet, release of 51Cr, indicated a significant cell injury (P < 0.05). HUVEC cultures exposed to SWC, exhibited cell detachment and cell membrane damage detectable with trypan blue. Release of 51Cr was fourfold compared to SW samples (P < 0.01). Signs of cell injury were evident at 15 minutes and did not change over the next 4 hours. No protective effects of ROS scavengers were demonstrated.ConclusionsIndependent of ROS, SWC generated an immediate cell injury, which can explain, for example, vessel wall perturbation described in relation to SW treatments and trauma. Lasers Surg. Med. 31:233–241, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Endovenous laser photocoagulation (EVLP) for varicose veins
Authors: Chang Cheng‐Jen , Chua Jun‐Jin 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesUntreated varicose veins have significant morbidity and potential mortality. Treatment aims to relieve symptoms, improve appearance, and to prevent deterioration. Current therapeutic options include graduated compression stockings, sclerotherapy, ambulatory phlebectomy, surgical ligation, and stripping. Results of laser photocoagulation of vascular anomalies have been encouraging. Applying these concepts of laser–tissue interactions, we developed a new method of treatment for varicose veins of the lower extremities.Study Design/Materials and MethodsOne hundred and forty‐nine patients with 252 varicose greater saphenous veins underwent endovenous laser photocoagulation (EVLP) from January 1996 to January 2000. Subject's age ranged between 23 years 9 months and 80 years 7 months with a mean age of 50 years 8 months. There were 122 females and 27 males. Only patients with primary varicose veins and saphenofemoral reflux documented by Duplex ultrasound were treated. All patients received surgical ligation of the saphenofemoral junction (SFJ). EVLP was performed using the neodymium:yttrium–aluminium–garnet (Nd:YAG) (1,064 nm) laser, delivered with a 600 μm optical fiber. Laser power was set at 10 or 15 W, delivered with a pulse duration of 10 seconds. The outcome was compared before and after EVLP, based on the score of severity of the varicose veins by Hach's classification.ResultsThe range of total delivered energy is from 9,200 to 20,100 J. The entire procedure was completed in 95–175 minutes (mean 122.33 minutes) for bilateral procedures, and 65–100 minutes (mean 81.07 minutes) for unilateral procedures. The follow‐up period ranged from 12 to 28 months with a mean of 19 months. One hundred and forty‐one patients with 244 legs involved (96.8%) demonstrated remarkable improvement (P < 0.05). Common early complications of EVLP are: local paraesthesia of the treated area in 92 legs (36.5%), ecchymosis and dyschromia in 58 legs (23.0%), superficial burn injury in 12 legs (4.8%), superficial phlebitis in four legs (1.6%), and localized hematoma in two legs (0.8%) at 3 weeks post‐operatively. The final outcome showed no significant morbidity or mortality. All patients recovered completely.ConclusionsEVLP is a simple effective treatment modality for varicose veins. This less invasive method can minimize the complications of conventional surgery. Lasers Surg. Med. 31:257–262, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Possible physiological role of H19 RNA
Authors: Ayesh Suhail , Matouk Imad , Schneider Tamar , Ohana Patricia , Laster Morris , Al‐Sharef Wasif , de‐Groot Nathan , Hochberg Abraham 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe product of the imprinted oncofetal H19 gene is an untranslated RNA of unknown function. With the human cDNA Atlas microarray, we detected differentially expressed genes modulated by the presence of H19 RNA. Many of the genes that are upregulated by H19 RNA are known to contribute to the invasive, migratory, and angiogenic capacities of cells. Moreover, we provided experimental data indicating that whereas H19 RNA did not have any growth advantage for the cells when cultured in 10% fetal calf serum, it did confer an advantage when cells were cultured in serum‐poor medium. This observation can be explained in part by the inability of the H19‐expressing cells to induce the cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitor p57kip2 in response to serum stress. Our results favor the possible role of the H19 gene in promoting cancer progression, angiogenesis, and metastasis. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Abulia: A Delphi survey of British neurologists and psychiatrists
Authors: Vijayaraghavan Lavanya , Krishnamoorthy Ennapadam S. , Brown Richard G. , Trimble Michael R. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAbulia is the relatively uncommon yet debilitating lack of spontaneous, goal‐directed behaviour that is seen predominantly with lesions of the basal ganglia and the frontal lobes. We sought to confirm the existence of abulia as an entity recognized by clinicians, to generate a set of items characteristic of the condition, and to see how clinicians differentiate between overlapping disorders. The Delphi technique was used to survey consultant neurologists and psychiatrists at three hospitals in London. The study consisted of two phases: semi‐ structured interviews of a small group of neurologists and psychiatrists, followed by a survey of a larger group of consultants using postal questionnaires. Both neurologists and psychiatrists recognized abulia to be a distinct clinical entity but its status as a syndrome was unclear. Features such as difficulty in initiating and sustaining spontaneous movements and reduction in emotional responsiveness, spontaneous speech, and social interaction were identified as being characteristic of abulia. The information generated by this study may help to develop a working classification for disorders of diminished drive and motivation, and instruments for clinical assessment and decision making. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society
Systematic review of paramedical therapies for Parkinson's disease
Authors: Deane Katherine H.O. , Ellis‐Hill Caroline , Jones Diana , Whurr Renata , Ben‐Shlomo Yoav , Playford E. Diane , Clarke Carl E. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe evaluated the efficacy of physiotherapy, occupational therapy, and speech and language therapy in Parkinson's disease by synthesizing six Cochrane systematic reviews. All randomised, controlled trials examining the efficacy of a paramedical therapy versus control intervention and all those comparing the efficacy of two forms of active therapy in Parkinson's disease were included. Trials were identified by searching biomedical databases, reference lists, hand searching, and contacting investigators. The main outcome measures were quality of life, speech intelligibility, activities of daily living, and individual measures of motor and speech impairment. We identified 16 physiotherapy randomised controlled trials (399 patients), two occupational therapy trials (84 patients), and five speech and language therapy for dysarthria trials (154 patients). None of these studies examined nonpharmacological swallowing therapy for dysphagia. We were unable to perform meta‐analysis of the results because the trials used heterogeneous therapy methods and outcome measures. The trials also had marked methodological flaws that could have introduced bias. In summary, we failed to find conclusive evidence of benefit for any form of paramedical therapy sufficient to recommend them in routine clinical practice. However, this lack of evidence is not proof of a lack of effect. Further large pragmatic randomised controlled trials are required to determine the effectiveness of paramedical therapies in Parkinson's disease. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society
Intracortical excitability in the hand motor representation in hand dystonia and blepharospasm
Authors: Sommer Martin , Ruge Diane , Tergau Frithjof , Beuche Wolfgang , Altenmüller Eckart , Paulus Walter 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe sought to determine the activity of inhibiting and facilitating cortical circuits in areas surrounding a hand muscle motor representation in focal dystonia and in controls. In 15 patients with hand dystonia, 16 patients with blepharospasm, and age‐matched controls, we applied suprathreshold transcranial magnetic stimuli with a figure‐eight coil over the optimal representation of the relaxed abductor digiti minimi muscle of the dominant hand. Additional conditioning stimuli were given through a second figure‐eight coil that was held either above the test coil or 2 cm or 4 cm apart in the anterior, posterior, lateral, or medial direction. We measured intracortical excitability in each of the nine positions of the conditioning coil. Intracortical inhibition was reduced in both patient groups at all conditioning coil positions. With both coils centered, the intracortical facilitation did not differ between patients and controls. After shifting the conditioning coil, the intracortical facilitation tended to be less diminished in patients than in controls, this difference between patients and controls was significant for the anterior, posterior, and medial 4‐cm conditioning coil shift. Our results demonstrate decreased intracortical inhibition in the cortical hand muscle representation not only in patients with hand dystonia, but also in patients with blepharospasm. In addition, our findings in both patient groups show a trend toward a relatively increased intracortical facilitation in surrounding motor areas. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society
Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulus evoked potentials: Physiological and therapeutic implications
Authors: Baker Kenneth B. , Montgomery Erwin B. , Rezai Ali R. , Burgess Richard , Lüders Hans O. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe effect of subthalamic nucleus (STN) stimulation on cortical electroencephalographic activity was examined in 10 patients with Parkinson's disease and 4 patients with epilepsy. Evoked potentials were created by time‐locking electroencephalography to the onset of electrical stimulation delivered through the lead implanted in the STN of patients who had previously undergone deep brain stimulation (DBS) surgery. The effect of different patterns of stimulation on the evoked response, including single‐ and paired‐pulse as well as burst stimulation, was explored. Cortical evoked potentials to single pulses were observed with latencies as short as 1 to 2 msec after a single pulse of stimulation, with activity continuing, in some cases, for up to 400 msec. Paired‐pulse experiments revealed refractory periods on the order of 0.5 msec, suggesting that stimulation of axons contributed to the generation of at least some portion of the evoked potential waveform. Evoked potentials were also present in response to 100‐msec bursts of stimulation, with some evidence that the potential was initiated within the burst artifact. The potential implications of the types of responses observed as well as potential applications are discussed. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society
Secondary nonresponsiveness to new bulk botulinum toxin A (BCB2024)
Authors: Racette Brad A. , Stambuk Mikula , Perlmutter Joel S. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe report on a patient with cranio–cervical dystonia injected with the new, lower protein formulation of botulinum toxin A who developed secondary resistance to this toxin. Subsequent injections with botulinum toxin B provided substantial reduction of blepharospasm. This is the first reported case of secondary resistance to the new preparation of botulinum toxin A. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society