bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
lga972: a cross-platform application for optimizing LD studies using a genetic algorithm
Authors: Robles Jaime R. , van den Oord Edwin J. C. G. 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
Summary: lga972 is a user-friendly cross-platform application with a graphical interface for determining the design features of two-stage genetic linkage disequilibrium studies that minimize the genotyping burden.
Availability: lga972 is freely available at http://www.vipbg.vcu.edu/~edwin.
Supplementary information: Program instructions and more detailed technical information can be found in the manual that can also be downloaded from the aforementioned website.
Sacrificed or Spared? The Fate of Jephthah's Daughter in Early Modern Theological and Literary Texts
Authors: Linton Anna 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe story of Jephthah's rash vow to Yahweh and the subsequent sacrifice of his only daughter is told in the Old Testament book of Judges. Over the centuries the account has fascinated commentators: Jephthah's actions contradict biblical prohibitions of human sacrifice, yet he is named in Hebrews 11 as one of the great heroes of faith. This article examines the story's reception in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, focusing particularly on an argument which claims that the daughter was not killed, but merely dedicated to lifelong virginity. This argument was quickly co‐opted into a bitter controversy about the validity of vows and religious orders in the early years of the Reformation, yet literary workings of the story by such dramatists as George Buchanan, Jakob Balde and Christian Weise hold firmly to the idea that the daughter was slain. The reasons for this are analysed, and links are drawn with the literary treatment of that other sacrificed virgin, Iphigenia.
The Museal Path to Bildung: Collecting, Exhibiting and Exchange in Stifter's Der Nachsommer
Authors: McIsaac Peter M. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThis essay analyses salient dynamics of collecting and exhibiting in order to shed new light on the process of Bildung and the founding of a bourgeois family in the imaginary world of Der Nachsommer. The essay shows that learning to collect and exhibit scientific and aesthetic objects is the basis of identity formation in this text and propels the novel's protagonist Heinrich on his path to Bildung. The exchange mechanisms inherent in the novel's regime of collecting simultaneously promote male‐to‐male exchanges of art and women that cement family bonds, invest Heinrich's wife Natalie with value, and eventually allow Heinrich to join the ranks of his father and Risach, his mentor.
Salicylic acid inhibits jasmonic acid‐induced resistance of Arabidopsis thaliana to Spodoptera exigua
Authors: Cipollini D. , Enright S. , Traw M. B. , Bergelson J. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe role of salicylic acid (SA) in plant responses to pathogens has been well documented, but its direct and indirect effects on plant responses to insects are not so well understood. We examined the effects of SA, alone and in combination with jasmonic acid (JA), on the performance of the generalist herbivore, Spodoptera exigua, in wild‐type and mutant Arabidopsis thaliana genotypes that varied genetically in their ability to mount SA‐ and JA‐mediated defence responses. In one experiment, growth of S. exigua larvae was highest on the Wassilewskija wild‐type, intermediate on the Columbia wild‐type and the JA‐deficient fad mutant, and lowest on the nim1‐1 and jar1‐mutants, which are defective in the SA and JA pathways, respectively. Activity of guaiacol peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase, n‐acetylglucosaminidase, and trypsin inhibitor varied by genotype but did not correlate with insect performance. SA treatment increased growth of S. exigua larvae by ∼35% over all genotypes, but had no discernable effect on activities of the four defence proteins. In a second experiment, growth of S. exigua was highest across treatments on the cep1 mutant, a constitutive expressor of high SA levels and systemic acquired resistance, and lowest on the fad mutant, which is JA‐deficient. JA treatment generally increased activity of all four defence proteins, increased total glucosinolate levels and reduced insect growth by ∼25% over all genotypes. SA generally inhibited expression of JA‐induced resistance to S. exigua when both hormones were applied simultaneously. Across genotypes and treatments, larval mass was negatively correlated with the activity of trypsin inhibitor and polyphenoloxidase and with total glucosinolate levels, and insect damage was negatively correlated with the activity of polyphenoloxidase. SA had little effect on the induction of defence protein activity by JA. However, SA attenuated the induction of glucosinolates by JA and therefore may explain better the interactive effects of SA and JA on insect performance. This study illustrates that direct and indirect cross‐effects of SA on resistance to S. exigua can occur in A. thaliana. Effects of SA may be mediated through effects on plant defence chemistry or other aspects of the suitability of foliage for insect feeding and growth.
Unequal Access To Breast‐Conserving Surgery In Western Australia 1982–;2000
Authors: Hall Sonja E. , Holman C. D. J. , Hendrie Delia V. , Spilsbury Katrina 
Published: June 2004

Background:  The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of demographic, locational and social disadvantage and the possession of private health insurance in Western Australia on the likelihood of women with breast cancer receiving breast‐conserving surgery rather than mastectomy.Methods:  The WA Record Linkage Project was used to extract all hospital morbidity, cancer and death records of women with breast cancer in Western Australia from 1982 to 2000 inclusive. Comparisons between those receiving breast‐conserving surgery and mastectomy were made after adjustment for covariates in logistic regression.Results:  Younger women, especially those aged less than 60 years, and those with less comorbidity were more likely to receive breast‐conserving surgery (BCS). In lower socio‐economic groups, women were less likely to receive BCS (OR 0.73; 95% CI 0.60–;0.90). Women resident in rural areas tended to receive less BCS than those from metropolitan areas (OR 0.84; 95% CI 0.55–;1.29). Women treated in a rural hospital had a reduced likelihood of BCS (OR 0.74; 95% CI 0.61–;0.89). Treatment in a private hospital reduced the likelihood of BCS (OR 0.70; 95% CI 0.54–;0.90), while women with private health insurance were much more likely to receive BCS (OR 1.39; 95% CI 1.08–;1.79).Conclusion:  Several factors were found to affect the likelihood of women with breast cancer receiving breast‐conserving surgery, in particular, women from disadvantaged backgrounds were significantly less likely to receive breast‐conserving surgery than those from more privileged groups.
The informationist in Australia: a feasibility study
Authors: Sladek Ruth M. , Pinnock Carole , Phillips Paddy A. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractObjectives:  A clinical informationist could provide the best available published evidence in response to clinicians’ questions identified during the process of care. This study sought to assess the feasibility of an informationist service and to propose a model for its delivery in an Australian teaching hospital. Whilst similar services are increasing in the UK, with a long history in the USA, this is the first Australian study in an acute public hospital.Methods:  The views of 40/49 (82%) medical staff at the Daw Park Repatriation General Hospital, South Australia were canvassed using a questionnaire designed to address key issues relating to a proposed service.Results:  Doctors were receptive to its potential benefits, perceived it as relevant and likely to be used, and were interested in a pilot. They typically indicated a required response time of 24 h. They expressed limited concerns other than a likely high workload for such a service, and reported currently searching infrequently for evidence in response to clinical questions, citing time issues and unavailability of computers as current key barriers to pursuing clinical questions.Conclusions:  An informationist service is feasible. Results suggest that a pilot could be run in an area of acute medicine where questions about therapy and diagnosis are likely to proliferate, and the informationist should attend consultant ward rounds and clinical meetings, aiming to provide a response within 24 h.
Proteomics of Protein Secretion by
Bacillus subtilis
: Separating the “Secrets” of the Secretome
Authors: Tjalsma Harold , Antelmann Haike , Jongbloed Jan D.H. , Braun Peter G. , Darmon Elise , Dorenbos Ronald , Dubois Jean-Yves F. , Westers Helga , Zanen Geeske , Quax Wim J. , Kuipers Oscar P. , Bron Sierd , Hecker Michael , van Dijl Jan Maarten 
Published: June 2004

SUMMARY

Secretory proteins perform a variety of important“
remote-control” functions for bacterial survival in
the environment. The availability of complete genome sequences has
allowed us to make predictions about the composition of bacterial
machinery for protein secretion as well as the extracellular complement
of bacterial proteomes. Recently, the power of proteomics was
successfully employed to evaluate genome-based models of these
so-called secretomes. Progress in this field is well illustrated by the
proteomic analysis of protein secretion by the gram-positive bacterium
Bacillus subtilis
, for which ∼90 extracellular
proteins were identified. Analysis of these proteins disclosed various“
secrets of the secretome,” such as the residence of
cytoplasmic and predicted cell envelope proteins in the extracellular
proteome. This showed that genome-based predictions reflect only∼
50% of the actual composition of the extracellular
proteome of
B. subtilis
. Importantly, proteomics allowed the
first verification of the impact of individual secretion machinery
components on the total flow of proteins from the cytoplasm to the
extracellular environment. In conclusion, proteomics has yielded a
variety of novel leads for the analysis of protein traffic in
B.
subtilis
and other gram-positive bacteria. Ultimately, such leads
will serve to increase our understanding of virulence factor biogenesis
in gram-positive pathogens, which is likely to be of high medical
relevance.
RegB/RegA, a Highly Conserved Redox-Responding Global Two-Component Regulatory System
Authors: Elsen Sylvie , Swem Lee R. , Swem Danielle L. , Bauer Carl E. 
Published: June 2004

SUMMARY

The Reg regulon from
Rhodobacter capsulatus
and
Rhodobacter sphaeroides
encodes proteins involved in numerous energy-generating and energy-utilizing processes such as photosynthesis, carbon fixation, nitrogen fixation, hydrogen utilization, aerobic and anaerobic respiration, denitrification, electron transport, and aerotaxis. The redox signal that is detected by the membrane-bound sensor kinase, RegB, appears to originate from the aerobic respiratory chain, given that mutations in cytochrome
c
oxidase result in constitutive RegB autophosphorylation. Regulation of RegB autophosphorylation also involves a redox-active cysteine that is present in the cytosolic region of RegB. Both phosphorylated and unphosphorylated forms of the cognate response regulator RegA are capable of activating or repressing a variety of genes in the regulon. Highly conserved homologues of RegB and RegA have been found in a wide number of photosynthetic and nonphotosynthetic bacteria, with evidence suggesting that RegB/RegA plays a fundamental role in the transcription of redox-regulated genes in many bacterial species.
Infection and Invasion of Roots by Symbiotic, Nitrogen-Fixing Rhizobia during Nodulation of Temperate Legumes
Authors: Gage Daniel J. 
Published: June 2004

SUMMARY

Bacteria belonging to the genera
Rhizobium
,
Mesorhizobium
,
Sinorhizobium
,
Bradyrhizobium
, and
Azorhizobium
(collectively referred to as rhizobia) grow in the soil as free-living organisms but can also live as nitrogen-fixing symbionts inside root nodule cells of legume plants. The interactions between several rhizobial species and their host plants have become models for this type of nitrogen-fixing symbiosis. Temperate legumes such as alfalfa, pea, and vetch form indeterminate nodules that arise from root inner and middle cortical cells and grow out from the root via a persistent meristem. During the formation of functional indeterminate nodules, symbiotic bacteria must gain access to the interior of the host root. To get from the outside to the inside, rhizobia grow and divide in tubules called infection threads, which are composite structures derived from the two symbiotic partners. This review focuses on symbiotic infection and invasion during the formation of indeterminate nodules. It summarizes root hair growth, how root hair growth is influenced by rhizobial signaling molecules, infection of root hairs, infection thread extension down root hairs, infection thread growth into root tissue, and the plant and bacterial contributions necessary for infection thread formation and growth. The review also summarizes recent advances concerning the growth dynamics of rhizobial populations in infection threads.
Diversity in Chemotaxis Mechanisms among the Bacteria and Archaea
Authors: Szurmant Hendrik , Ordal George W. 
Published: June 2004

SUMMARYThe study of chemotaxis describes the cellular processes that control the movement of organisms toward favorable environments. In bacteria and archaea, motility is controlled by a two-component system involving a histidine kinase that senses the environment and a response regulator, a very common type of signal transduction in prokaryotes. Most insights into the processes involved have come from studies ofEscherichia coliover the last three decades. However, in the last 10 years, with the sequencing of many prokaryotic genomes, it has become clear thatE. colirepresents a streamlined example of bacterial chemotaxis. While general features of excitation remain conserved among bacteria and archaea, specific features, such as adaptational processes and hydrolysis of the intracellular signal CheY-P, are quite diverse. TheBacillus subtilischemotaxis system is considerably more complex and appears to be similar to the one that existed when the bacteria and archaea separated during evolution, so that understanding this mechanism should provide insight into the variety of mechanisms used today by the broad sweep of chemotactic bacteria and archaea. However, processes even beyond those used inE. coliandB. subtilishave been discovered in other organisms. This review emphasizes those used byB. subtilisand these other organisms but also gives an account of the mechanism inE. coli.
Diagnosing pulmonary embolism
Authors: Riedel M 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
Objective testing for pulmonary embolism is necessary, because clinical assessment alone is unreliable and the consequences of misdiagnosis are serious. No single test has ideal properties (100% sensitivity and specificity, no risk, low cost). Pulmonary angiography is regarded as the final arbiter but is ill suited for diagnosing a disease present in only a third of patients in whom it is suspected. Some tests are good for confirmation and some for exclusion of embolism; others are able to do both but are often non-diagnostic. For optimal efficiency, choice of the initial test should be guided by clinical assessment of the likelihood of embolism and by patient characteristics that may influence test accuracy. Standardised clinical estimates can be used to give a pre-test probability to assess, after appropriate objective testing, the post-test probability of embolism. Multidetector computed tomography can replace both scintigraphy and angiography for the exclusion and diagnosis of this disease and should now be considered the central imaging investigation in suspected pulmonary embolism.
Clues for the differential diagnosis of hypersensitivity pneumonitis as an expectant variant of diffuse parenchymal lung disease
Authors: Küpeli E , Karnak D , Kayacan O , Beder S 
Published: June 2004

AbstractHypersensitivity pneumonitis, also called extrinsic allergic alveolitis, a type of diffuse parenchymal lung disease (DPLD), is an immunologically mediated pulmonary disease induced by inhalation of various antigens. As data on the frequency of hypersensitivity pneumonitis are lacking in Turkey, a retrospective analyses was performed in 43 patients with DPLD, followed up over seven years. The objective was to discover cases fulfilling the diagnostic criteria for hypersensitivity pneumonitis, to determine the frequency and/or the new characteristics of the disease, and to pick up clues for differentiating it from other DPLDs. The four subjects with hypersensitivity pneumonitis (9%) who lived in an urban area were studied in detail. The most common symptoms were dry cough and dyspnoea. According to the symptom duration, clinical features, radiological and pathological findings, three were diagnosed with chronic and one with subacute hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Patients with hypersensitivity pneumonitis and those with DPLD were compared by means of age, sex, smoking status, symptom duration, haematology, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, peripheral cell count, spirometric parameters, blood gases, and diffusion capacity. No statistically significant difference was detected in these parameters except for forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC). In conclusion, patients with a history of antigen exposure, with mild symptoms such as dry cough and dyspnoea, and who have diffuse interstitial lung involvement on radiology should be carefully evaluated for hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Moreover, among other DPLDs, stable FEV1 or FVC values may be the clues for establishing the diagnosis of hypersensitivity pneumonitis. However, further studies are needed in larger series of patients.
Myocarditis as a prognostic indicator in systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Busteed S , Sparrow P , Molloy C , Molloy M G 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
Lupus myocarditis is a life threatening complication of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). A case of left ventricular failure secondary to myocarditis occurring in a patient with SLE is reported. Despite resolution of the cardiac failure with pulsed cyclophosphamide and steroids, she eventually died of non-cardiac complications 18 months later. The literature is also reviewed.
The Medical Society of London
Authors: Hunting P 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
The Medical Society of London was founded in 1773 by the Quaker physician and philanthropist, Dr John Coakley Lettsom, who was convinced that a combined membership of physicians, surgeons, and apothecaries would prove productive. His revolutionary idea met with success and the Society has provided a forum for all branches of the medical profession for the last 231 years. Situated at the heart of London’s medical community at Lettsom House, Chandos Street, near Cavendish Square, this is the oldest medical society in the United Kingdom.
Rat Aortic MCP-1 and Its Receptor CCR2 Increase With Age and Alter Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Function
Authors: Spinetti Gaia , Wang Mingyi , Monticone Robert , Zhang Jing , Zhao Di , Lakatta Edward G. 
Published: June 2004

Objective—With age, rat arterial walls thicken and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) exhibit enhanced migration and proliferation. Monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) affects these VSMC properties in vitro. Because arterial angiotensin II, which induces MCP-1 expression, increases with age, we hypothesized that aortic MCP-1 and its receptor CCR2 are also upregulated and affect VSMC properties.Methods and Results—Both MCP-1 and CCR2 mRNAs and proteins increased in old (30-month) versus young (8-month) F344×BN rat aortas in vivo. Cellular MCP-1 and CCR2 staining colocalized with that of α-smooth muscle actin in the thickened aortas of old rats and were expressed by early-passage VSMCs isolated from old aortas, which, relative to young VSMCs, exhibited increased invasion, and the age difference was abolished by vCCI, an inhibitor of CCR2 signaling. MCP-1 treatment of young VSMCs induced migration and increased their ability to invade a synthetic basement membrane. The MCP-1–dependent VSMC invasiveness was blocked by vCCI. After MCP-1 treatment, migration and invasion capacities of VSMCs from young aortas no longer differed from those of VSMCs isolated from older rats.Conclusions—Arterial wall and VSMC MCP-1/CCR2 increase with aging. MCP-1 enhances VSMC migration and invasion, and thus, MCP-1/CCR2 signaling may play a role in age-associated arterial remodeling.
Attenuation of Graft Arterial Disease by Manipulation of the LIGHT Pathway
Authors: Kosuge Hisanori , Suzuki Jun-ichi , Kakuta Tsunekazu , Haraguchi Go , Koga Noritaka , Futamatsu Hideki , Gotoh Ryo , Inobe Manabu , Isobe Mitsuaki , Uede Toshimitsu 
Published: June 2004

Objective—The tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily member LIGHT, which binds herpes virus entry mediator (HVEM) and lymphotoxin β receptor (LTβR), plays important roles in regulating the immune response. To clarify the mechanism underlying graft arterial disease (GAD), we investigated the role of the LIGHT pathway in the progression of GAD.Methods and Results—Hearts from Bm12 mice were transplanted into C57BL/6 (B/6) mice (class II mismatch). Recipients were injected intraperitoneally with HVEMIg (100 μg per treatment) every 7 days for 8 weeks. Treatment with HVEMIg significantly attenuated GAD (luminal occlusion=16.5±7.7% versus control allograft=62.6±12.1%,P<0.05), and significantly decreased intragraft IL-4, IL-6, and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) mRNA expression compared with controls. LTβR was expressed in smooth muscle cells (SMCs) with or without cytokine stimulation, whereas HVEM was detected in SMCs stimulated by IFN-γ. Coculture of SMCs with T cells after transplantation induced SMC proliferation, and addition of HVEMIg resulted in inhibition of SMC proliferation.Conclusions—These results indicate that the LIGHT pathway plays important roles in the regulation not only of T-cell activation but also of SMC proliferation. Blockade of the LIGHT pathway is a promising avenue for the prevention of GAD.
The Role of Mary as Co-recapitulator in St Irenaeus of Lyons
Authors:   Steenberg
Published: June 2004

AbstractIn this article, the author takes up the theme of Marian consideration in the thought of Irenaeus, long considered by many to have been exhaustively addressed by past scholarship. But there is yet ground to be covered: this study addresses the hitherto neglected theme of co-recapitulation as it applies to Mary in the Irenaean corpus. What to make of Irenaeus' assertions of an active, dynamic participation in the salvation process by the 'obedient virgin'? Arguing against the possibility that Irenaeus is driven primarily by aesthetic concerns, the author posits a reading of Irenaeus that finds in Mary's person an integral and essential component of a theologically coherent system of personal and social recapitulation.
NHC II,2 and the Oxyrhynchus Fragments (P.Oxy 1, 654, 655): Overlooked Evidence for a Syriac Gospel of Thomas
Authors: Perrin Nicholas 
Published: June 2004

AbstractWhereas it is generally assumed that the Gospel of Thomas was first composed in Greek, here the author finds evidence, confirming his earlier published thesis, that the well-known Nag Hammadi text was first set down in Syriac. On comparing divergences between the Greek witness to Thomas (P.Oxy 1, 654, 655) and the fuller Coptic version (NHC II,2), it is argued that each of these differences can be readily attributed to the texts' final reliance on a common Aramaic source. In most instances, the hypothesized shared source may be inferred to be of either western Aramaic or Syriac character, but in some cases, the evidence points decisively toward Syriac-speaking provenance. Consequently, the investigation sheds light not only on the relationship between the two extant witnesses of Thomas, but on its dating as well.