bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mostly Home Games
Authors: Mills Dorothy Seymour , Seymour Harold 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
in the 1920s and 1930s baseball ripened into a full-fledged feature of prison life, reaching the full season of its maturity. During that span no prison surpassed Sing Sing either in emphasis on baseball or in the prominence of its warden, Lewis Lawes, He came to Sing Sing seasoned by long familiarity with prison work. Born in Elmira in 1883 within a mile of the reformatory, where his father worked as a guard, he followed in the latter’s footsteps, becoming a guard at Clinton Prison in Dannemora. After service in the Army, there followed a succession of prison jobs.
More Diamonds For College Women
Authors: Mills Dorothy Seymour , Seymour Harold 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
today there is not a girls’ [college] that does not include in its curriculum a course in gymnastics and encourage or insist upon some sort of outdoor exercise,”; said Munsey’s Magazine in 1901. The writer might also have remarked on the trend toward sports instruction in such institutions, for even physical training instructors, notably Oberlin’s Delphine Hanna, Wellesley’s Lucille Eaton Hill, and the University of Chicago’s Gertrude Dudley, as well as reformer and social worker Frances Kellor, plumped for sports.
A Long, Rough Road Still to Travel
Authors: Mills Dorothy Seymour , Seymour Harold 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The so-called Progressive Era meant little or nothing to American Negroes. in the South Jim Crow legal segregation assured them of hardscrabble lives. The most uncouth, low-lived white ranked above any black. in the North Jim’s cousin James Crow confined blacks to a cramped and stunted existence. The legal segregation of the South and the customary discrimination of the North applied to all aspects of Afro-American life: housing, employment, travel, entertainment, and even burial. Blacks were restricted to certain theatre seats even in Harlem. Baseball parks introduced their own quixotic regulations. For instance, they assigned blacks separate ticket windows, entrances, seating sections, and exits in southern ball parks. in Atlanta, according to John A. Lucas and Ronald A. Smith, amateur baseball teams of different races could not even play within two blocks of each other.
James Buchanan: President-elect
Authors: Stampp Kenneth M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rarely has an American President entered the White House as superbly trained for his responsibilities as James Buchanan. Born in 1791 near Mercersburg, Pennsylvania, the son of a Scotch-Irish farmer and small merchant, Buchanan graduated from Dickinson College, read law, and in 1812 opened an office in Lancaster, launching what proved to be a highly successful and lucrative legal practice. Two years later he entered politics as a Federalist and served two terms in the state legislature.
The Federalist Program
Authors: Wood Gordon S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On September 21, 1789, ten days after Hamilton’s appointment as secretary of the treasury, the House of Representatives, stating that “an adequate provision for the public credit ” was a “matter of high importance to the national honor and prosperity, ” directed the treasury secretary to “prepare a plan for that purpose. “1 Hamilton was more than ready. Long before he became secretary of the treasury Hamilton had been thinking about the problem of the $79 million debt from the Revolutionary War. In 1790 the amount owed foreigners—the French and Spanish governments and Dutch bankers—was about $12 million, including the arrears of interest, and was easily calculated. The domestic debt, that is, the debt the states and the federal governments owed their own citizens, was another matter. It was made up of a bewildering array of bills, notes, and certificates issued by various agencies of both the Confederation and state governments. Of the domestic debt about $42 million was owed by the federal government; the various state governments owed an estimated $25 million.
Between Slavery and Freedom
Authors: Wood Gordon S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The greatest republican reform of the period was the anti-slavery movement. Of course, the Revolution freed only a fraction of the nearly half a million slaves in the colonies in 1776—and many modern historians have called the Revolution’s inability to free all the slaves its greatest failure. But the Revolution did accomplish a great deal: it created for the first time in American history the cultural atmosphere that made African American slavery abhorrent to many Americans.
Republican Religion
Authors: Wood Gordon S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cultivated gentlemen like Thomas Jefferson may have relied on the arts and sciences to help them interpret and reform the world, but that was not the case with most average Americans. Nearly all common and middling people in the early Republic still made sense of the world through religion. Devastating fires, destructive earthquakes, and bad harvests were acts of God and often considered punishments for a sinful people. As they had in the mid-eighteenth century, people still fell on their knees when struck by the grace of God. People prayed openly and often. They took religion seriously, talked about it, and habitually resorted to it in order to examine the state of their souls. Despite growing doubts of revelation and the spread of rationalism in the early Republic, most Americans remained deeply religious.
Republican Diplomacy
Authors: Wood Gordon S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The United States was born amidst a world at war. From 1792 to 1815, except for some brief armistices, Europe was torn apart by a ferocious struggle for dominance between revolutionary and later Napoleonic France and her many European enemies, especially Great Britain. It became the longest sustained global war in modern history. Before it was over, it had killed or maimed more than two million persons, overthrown numerous governments, and transformed boundaries throughout Europe. Fighting took place in nearly every part of Europe and in various regions of the world, including the Middle East, South Africa, the Indian Ocean, the West Indies, and Latin America. Almost every European country was involved at one time or another, either in alliance or at war with Britain or France.
Absolutism, Liberal Reform, and the Ideology of Preventive War: The Army between 1850 and 1914
Authors: Deak Istvan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was indeed a powerful and proud army that emerged from the revolutionary wars. In 1850, when Austria nearly went to war over Prussia’s occupation of the Principality of Hesse, the monarchy was able to mobilize a well-armed force of 450,000. The outnumbered Prussians backed down; they evacuated Hesse and signed the humiliating ‘Olmiitz Punctation.’
Life in the Regiment
Authors: Deak Istvan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Shortly before graduation, Military Academy students were allowed to indicate which regiment they wished to join, though their choice would not necessarily be accepted. In theory, the wishes of the foremost students were to be honored; in reality, much depended on the influence of fathers and relatives. It should be remembered that in the prereform period, students at the higher military schools constituted only a minority of those who would become officers, and that only this minority enjoyed the theoretical privilege of choosing. The others, whether enlisted men on the rise or cadets, had taken their oath as soldiers long ago and were already serving in a regiment. Our discussion here, however, will focus mainly on the post-1868 period, when, with the minor exception of reserve officers turned professional, all new career officers came from the academies or cadet schools. They had been sworn in only on graduation day: the academy students as full-fledged lieutenants and the cadet school students as ensigns.
Nobles and Near-Nobles in the Officer Corps
Authors: Deak Istvan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is hardly a more complex story than that of the nobility in the various Habsburg possessions. In some lands, such as Hungary, Transylvania, Croatia-Slavonia, and Galicia, nobles numbered historically in the tens of thousands or even in the hundreds of thousands. In pre-1848 Hungary, they made up about 5 percent of the population. In other provinces, they numbered only a few hundred or a few thousand. Some noble families predated the Habsburgs; most others were Habsburg creations, but socially it made a big difference, of course, whether one’s Adelsbrief (noble patent) dated from the sixteenth or the twentieth century.
Weapons: The h-bomb
Authors: Beisner Robert L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The reader will recall how the 1949 meeting of the Council of Foreign Ministers in Paris boosted Acheson’s optimism about his place in the administration and about the west’s edge over the Soviets. The optimism about the latter was short-lived, however, and as Acheson looked back two or three years, he could see grounds for serious worry. Four years since the British loan and now well into the working of the Marshall Plan, the economies of western Europe, especially Britain’s, still faltered in their paths toward recovery. The great Chinese nation had fallen into the hands of a disciple of Josef Stalin. NATO was a marvelous invention but still a shell as far as providing real defense for western Europe. Worst of all, the west could do almost nothing if the hundreds of thousands of Red Army artillery and infantrymen in the satellite states, backed by even more in the USSR, decided to attack westward.
At different ends of the triangle: domestic debates, european armies, british allies
Authors: Beisner Robert L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Doubts Abroad New sources of tension developing in 1950 and early 1951 raised the height of Acheson’s diplomatic hurdles. Disappointments in Korea and resentment at home of a Europe-first diplomacy brought a new spate of criticism, mostly from partisans of Chiang Kai-shek. A backlash in Europe, especially in France, resulted from concern about Washington’s MacArthurism-without-MacArthur, resentment of U.S. domination of the alliance, and anger at its relentless pressure to rearm. Truman and Acheson readily faced down the domestic challenge. Resistance to American leadership in Europe was more significant, proving again that cold war policies were made in all alliance capitals, not only Washington.
Bloody Dawn
Authors: Slaughter Thomas P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Christiana Riot occurred in Pennsylvania, near the Maryland border, in 1851. The Fugitive Slave Law, passed in 1850 as part of the famous Compromise of that year, granted the right of Southern slaveholders to recover and have returned to them runaway slaves, even if they had fled into territories in the North that were free of slavery. In this incident, four slaves escaped from the farm of Edward Gorsuch in Maryland and fled to Pennsylvania. When Gorsuch and a posse pursued them, a gun battle occurred in Christiana in which Gorsuch and several of his party were killed. The slaves subsequently escaped to Canada. The Pennsylvania courts refused to prosecute anyone involved in the riot on the slaves' side, nor were the courts prepared to enforce the Fugitive Slave Law. The Christiana Riot became a cause celebre, with the South denouncing the Pennsylvania courts and treating Gorsuch as a martyr. Slaughter sees the Riot as a key event leading to the Civil War, for it indicated that the nation was incapable of resolving disputes over slavery without resorting to force that eventually led to the sectional war. The book also puts the Riot in the context of the overt racism that existed in America, both north and south, in these pre-Civil War years.
Black Images In White Minds
Authors: Slaughter Thomas P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Relations Between People Of Different Races had changed in the North during the century preceding the escape of Edward Gorsuch’s slaves. The abolition of slavery was central to this process, and the influx of fugitive slaves put an additional strain on the tolerance of whites for the blacks who lived in their midst. By the time the runaways from Retreat Farm crossed the Susquehanna River in late 1849, Pennsylvania’s gradual emancipation law of 1780 had completed its work.1 In Lancaster County, there were 348 slaves in 1790, 178 a decade later, 55 in 1830, and 2 in 1840; the last one died only a few years before Ford, Buley, and the two Hammonds arrived. Even in 1790, free blacks outnumbered slaves in Lancaster’s population 545 to 348, and African­Americans represented about 2.5 percent (1.5 percent free, 1 percent slaves) of the county’s inhabitants. At its antebellum peak in 1850, the number of blacks reached 3,614 (about 3.7 percent of the county’s population). From there the number of African-Americans in Lancaster declined to 3,459 (just under 3 percent of county residents) ten years later as fear heightened by the Fugitive Slave Law drove hundreds to emigrate farther north to Canada.
Aftermath
Authors: Slaughter Thomas P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Day After The Christian A Riot was the hottest one in a very hot month. Thermometers in Philadelphia registered ninety-four degrees at 2 p.m. It was not only hot but also still incredibly dry; and September would be the driest month of the drought-plagued summer of 1851. The soil was parched; springs were unusually low; and the navigation of major rivers was, as one newspaper reported, “considerably impeded.” Mills, such as Castner Hanway’s, were forced to close part of the time for lack of water to propel the wheels. Farmers postponed sowing winter wheat and rye because of the lack of necessary moisture to germinate the seed, which would undoubtedly affect the size of next spring’s crop. Pastures, too, the newspapers reported, “have ceased to be green; wells that have not before been known to fail are dry, and cattle are driven several miles for water.” Leaves were falling prematurely; by the end of the month many trees were already bare. Worse yet, the heat of July and August was now replaced by conditions that were, for farmers, worse yet. September was a month of extremes, with records set for both high and low temperatures. Within the two-week period immediately following the riot, there was a swing of almost fifty degrees. Ice actually formed in some low-lying areas of the countryside.
Organized Charity, Social Workers, and the Homeless
Authors: Kusmer Kenneth L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If The Officials Of Villages In The North and West adopted a minimalist policy toward tramps and beggars in the late nineteenth century, the same cannot be said for the large urban charities that grappled with this problem. While rural dwellers were becoming more sympathetic to the homeless, urban social welfare specialists often remained antagonistic well into the twentieth century. Building on the foundation of similar societies like the AICP, the Charity Organization Society (COS) movement, founded in 1877, quickly took the lead in social welfare reform. COS leaders hoped to use modern, bureaucratic means to reduce poverty by re-creating an idealized sense of urban community where class lines were less rigid and where moral values—especially the quintessential Victorian virtue of work—were unquestioned. The tramp and the beggar were the very negation of the charity reformers’ cultural system, and charity professionals expended a great deal of time and energy attempting to combat them.
Brief Solution-Focused Therapy with Adoptive Families
Authors: Schaffer Judith , Lindstrom Christina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How can you choose the right therapy when problems arise with an adoptee? If you tum to the psychiatric, psychological, or social work literature, you’ll find that most accounts of therapeutic interventions with adoptees, largely theoretical in nature, focus on the intrapsychic life of the adoptee. These accounts fail, however, to distinguish between those difficulties that may be normal complications of adoption not requiring treatment, those that may be adoption related and require adoption-specific treatment, and those that are not adoption related, but require generic treatment.
The Managed Economy: Creating the Regulatory System
Authors: Schaffer Ronald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Of all the belligerents in the First World War, the United States was potentially the best suited for waging the kind of struggle the Great War turned out to be-an extended conflict in which economic might counted at least as much as military skill. America was then the foremost industrial and financial power, with resources that seemed endless. It had a highly developed transportation network, a newly reformed national banking sys tem, productive farms, armies of workers, and a large pool of managers experienced in mass production. Yet having devoted most of its energies since the Civil War to internal development, it was unprepared for rapid mobilization and as it tried to convert its economy for war suffered terrible dislocations.
Hard Times
Authors: Fitzpatrick Sheila 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I”Y Litvinov, wife of future Foreign Minister Maxim Litvinov, made a perceptive comment not long after her arrival in Russia in the hard times at the end of the Civil War. She had supposed, she wrote to a friend in England, that in revolutionary Russia “ideas” would be everything and that “things” would hardly count “because everyone would have what they wanted without superfluities.” But “when I walked about the streets of Moscow peering into ground-floor windows I saw the thinqs of Moscow huggermuggering in all the corners and realized that they had never been so important.” That insight is crucial for understanding everyday Soviet life in the l930s. Things mattered enormously in the Soviet Union in the 1930s for the simple reason that they were so hard to get.
Family Problems
Authors: Fitzpatrick Sheila 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The early 1930s were a period of great disruption and upheaval in Soviet society. Thus it is not surprising that the family was shaken too, just as it had been during the Civil War. Millions of men left home during collectivization; some kept in touch with their families in the village, others did not. Divorce was easy----one urban respondent in the Harvard Project remembered an “epidemic” of divorces at this time-and in any case there was no pressure to register marriages. The incredible difficulty of urban housing conditions forced families into miserably confined spaces and contributed to the high rate of desertion by husbands, especially after the birth of a child. Almost ten million women entered the labor market for the first time in the course of the 1930s and many of them ended up as the sole breadwinner for families that often consisted of a mother, one or nvo children, and the irreplaceable babushka (grandmother) who ran the household. The task of the woman breadwinner was not made easier by the fact that women tended to be clustered in low-skill, low-paying jobs.
Collecting Data About the Oldest Old: Problems and Procedures
Authors: Willard L. Rodgers , A. Regula Herzog 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is considerable speculation, and a more limited amount of supporting evidence, that some types of survey error are more likely to occur when surveying older respondents, particularly the oldest old, than when surveying younger respondents. Several reasons usually are cited for such possible errors, including health problems, sensory and cognitive impairments, and personality and motivational factors associated with age or cohort. Finally, many procedures were developed or modified in order to deal with those presumed problems. To learn more about what is known or speculated about the quality of data from the oldest old and what procedures are being used in surveys of the oldest old, we interviewed a number of investigators who have been actively involved in collecting data form this age group. (The list of investigators, developed in collaboration with the National Institute on Aging, included representatives of some of the major surveys of the aged, but was neither a systematic sample nor the universe of all survey researchers dealing with older adults. The list of investigators who reported on their experiences is included in the Appendix to this chapter.) The information from these interviews was combined with published reports to produce this chapter, which is intended as a working paper on cur rent practices and speculations in survey research on the oldest old. However, the document is not intended as a general review of survey errors and survey procedures; good recent reviews of a more general nature are provided by Bradburn (1983) and Groves (1989).
Mortality and Life Expectancy Changes Among the Oldest Old
Authors: Manton Kenneth G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The mortality of the oldest-old population (those aged 85 and over) has received considerable attention because large increases in life expectancy at very advanced ages have recently occurred in both the United States and other developed countries. These increases have occurred despite the expectation that mortality at advanced ages would be static relative to that at younger ages because of its closer proximity to what has typically been viewed as the probable biological limits to the human life span.
The Robust Oldest Old: Optimistic Perspectives for Increasing Healthy Life Expectancy
Authors: Suzman Richard M , Harris Tamara , Hadley Evan C , Kovar Mary Grace , Weindruch Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Images of the oldest old are predominantly of disability and frailty. The policy implications of the projected rapid growth of the oldest-old population have seemed unremittingly pessimistic. This reflects the expensive burden of chronic disability which in the oldest-old population often requires the everyday help of another person. Given the costs of this long-term care (LTC), research initially concentrated on de scribing both the levels of morbidity and disability that require everyday care and the trajectory of decline in functional ability. When the estimates of the burden of dis ability within the current oldest-old population generated by this research were combined with Bureau of the Census projections on the size of the oldest-old population, policy makers came to the seemingly inescapable conclusion that we must prepare for a dramatic and costly expansion of the long-term-care system.
The Changing Concept of the Ideal Physician
Authors: Cassell Eric J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
ONE DAY ABOUT ten years ago, I got a call from the Chief of Neurosurgery of an excellent upstate medical center to tell me about one of my patients who had fractured her skull in a skiing accident. He wanted to discuss not only her injury but also the behavior of her family and friends. She was unconscious and in danger of dying because of the swelling in her brain that followed the fracture. There was then no method of proven effectiveness for dealing with that common and life-threatening complication. Because her circumstance was so grave, he had proposed to her family that she be given a new and experimental treatment.
The Mysterious Relationship Between Doctor and Patient
Authors: Cassell Eric J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
SUFFERING IS PERSONAL and medicine is a personal profession-one doctor and one patient, each incomplete without the other. All medicine-all care and caregivers, all medical science and technology-rests on that special relationship, without which this book would be meaningless. Doctors could not know about sick persons or their diseases if not for this unique relationship because patients would not otherwise permit the invasion of their physical or personal privacy. Patients could not receive the extra margin of effort expected of physicians if it were not for their relationship. Current depictions of physician and patient as adversaries struggling over a commodity called medical care bear no relation to the actual care of sick persons because of this special connection.