bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Survey to estimate prevalence of Leptospira interrogans infection in mature cattle in the United States
Authors: Miller David A. , Wilson Mark A. , Beran George W. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
A total of 5,142 kidney tissue samples and 5,111 serum samples from mature cattle in 49 states and Puerto Rico were collected at slaughter. Age of cattle ranged from 1 to 16 years (mean, 6.6 years). Leptospires were isolated from 88 (1.7%) kidney tissues, and 2,493 (49%) sera contained antibodies against 1 or more of 12 Leptospira interrogans serovars. Leptospires were observed by immunofluorescence in 41 (0.8%) kidney tissues. Using agglutinin-absorption tests, 73 (83%) isolates were identified as serovar hardjo, 11 (12.5%) as serovar pomona, and 4 (4.5%) as serovar grippotyphosa. By use of restriction endonuclease analysis studies of chromosomal dna, all isolates differed from reference serovars but were identical to strains previously isolated from cattle or swine in the United States. Of the serovar hardjo isolates, 85% were identical to restriction endonuclease analysis type (genotype) hardjo-bovis A and 11 (15%) were identical to genotype hardjo-bovis B. Serovar pomona isolates were identical to genotypes kennewicki A (64%) or kennewicki B (36%), and serovar grippotyphosa isolates were identical to the RM 52 strain. Isolation rates were significantly (P < 0.001) higher for beef cattle than for dairy cattle and were higher (P < 0.001) for bulls than for cows. Combined culture and immunofluorescence results indicated that 2% of mature cattle were renal carriers of leptospires.
Investigation of sites of pseudorabies virus latency, using polymerase chain reaction
Authors: Wheeler J. Galeota , Osorio F. A. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Pseudorabies virus (prv) latency was investigated, using polymerase chain reaction (pcr). A pcr protocol was developed that specifically amplified a 217-base pair sequence within the gene encoding the essential glycoprotein gp50 of prv. Using this pcr procedure, the gp50 sequence was amplifed from tissues of pigs infected with various doses of prv (Becker strain). At postinoculation day 64, viral isolation was performed on nasal swab specimens and homogenates of tonsils and trigeminal nerve ganglia obtained from 11 prv-convalescent, seropositive pigs. Results were negative in all cases. By use of pcr, 11 of 11 pigs had prv-positive trigeminal nerve ganglia and brain stem, 10 of 11 pigs had prv-positive tonsils, and 9 of 11 pigs had prv-positive olfactory bulbs.
Dose response to butorphanol administered subcutaneously to increase visceral nociceptive threshold in dogs
Authors: Sawyer Donald C. , Rech Richard H. , Durham Robert A. , Adams Thomas , Richter Marlee A. , Striler Elaine L. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Butorphanol (0.025, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.8 mg/kg of body weight, and placebo) was given sc to 8 healthy unmedicated dogs to determine its efficacy for visceral analgesia, using a colonic balloon for minimal threshold nociceptor stimulation. Degree of sedation; systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressure; and pulse rate were recorded. The highest 3 dosages, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.8 mg/kg, were found to be most effective, with 0.8 mg/kg the only dosage that was significantly different from control responses at the 45-minute interval. Duration of analgesia ranged from 23 to 53 minutes for all 6 dosages and dosing durations were not significantly different from one another. Blood pressures did not change, but pulse rate was significantly decreased by 0.8 mg of butorphanol/kg. We concluded that butorphanol is an effective visceral analgesic of relatively short duration in the dog.
Morphologic characterization of conjunctiva-associated lymphoid tissue in chickens
Authors: Fix Andrew S. , Arp Lawrence H. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Conjunctiva-associated lymphoid tissue (calt) in the eyelids of chickens was studied by gross, histologic, and electron microscopic techniques. Structural features were characterized at 1 day of age and at posthatching week (phw) 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 16. Beginning at phw 1, prominent lymphoid nodules containing a heterogenous population of lymphocytes, lymphoblasts, and macrophages were first observed within conjunctival folds and fissures of the lower eyelid. Nodules contained germinal centers by phw 2 and plasma cells by phw 4. The epithelium associated with these nodules was flat, had short, irregular microvilli, contained intraepithelial lymphocytes, and lacked goblet cells. High endothelial venules were located at the base of lymphoid nodules and contained lymphocytes within and below the cuboidal endothelium. In the upper eyelid, calt was morphologically similar to lymphoid tissue in the lower eyelid, but nodules were smaller and more random, lacked association with epithelial folds and fissures, and were clustered around the opening of the nasolacrimal duct. By phw 12, calt was characterized by basal germinal centers outlined by collagenous stroma, suprafollicular plasma cells, columnar epithelium with goblet cells, and fewer intraepithelial lymphocytes. On the basis of these features, calt in chickens has morphologic characteristics similar to other components of the mucosal immune system and, therefore, may have a role in mucosal immunity.
Evaluation of epiglottic augmentation by use of polytetrafluoroethylene paste in horses
Authors: Tulleners Eric , Hamir Amir 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Epiglottic augmentation was evaluated in 7 horses, using 7 ml of polytetrafluoroethylene (polytef) paste injected submucosally on the ventral surface of the epiglottis. In 6 horses, an Arnold-Bruning intracordal injection syringe, specifically designed to inject polytef into paralyzed vocal folds in human beings, was used. At necropsy 60 days after surgery, group mean thickness measurement 20 mm from the epiglottic tip was 40% greater (P < 0.01) and, at the epiglottic attachment of the aryepiglottic fold, was 29% greater (P < 0.01) in the 6 polytefaugmented horses than in clinically normal nonsurgically treated controls. At necropsy, extensive epiglottic thickening was seen. This thickening was exclusively attributable to distention of submucosal areas in the ventral aspect of the epiglottis, with foreign body granulomata surrounded by fibrous connective tissue.
In 1 horse, polytef paste was injected by use of a disposable syringe and needle. Excess ventral epiglottic swelling and exposed epiglottic cartilage was seen during subsequent endoscopy. At necropsy 60 days after surgery, the epiglottic contour remained deformed and a large deep mucosal ulcer was observed at the injection site. Histologic examination revealed necrotizing suppurative inflammation that extended into the epiglottic cartilage.
Surgery was not technically difficult to perform through a laryngotomy, and all horses tolerated the procedure without apparent discomfort. Endoscopy performed after surgery revealed unremarkable and uniform response to the polytef paste in 4 horses, and in 3 horses, revealed excess swelling and inflammation of the ventral epiglottic tissue that resolved over time. Overdistention of the submucosal space with polytef may have accounted for the undesirable tissue responses that developed, including excess inflammation in the ventral epiglottic tissue in 3 horses, migration of polytef in 4 horses, and ventral mucosal ulceration in 3 horses.
Thickening of the ventral epiglottic surface that was readily apparent in all horses at necropsy could not be reliably distinguished endoscopically in conscious horses. Qualitative changes in epiglottic thickness and contour could be distinguished on lateral-view laryngeal radiographs; however, thickness measurements made from radiographs did not correlate accurately with actual thickness measurements made at necropsy.
Abnormal structure of the canine oncogene, related to the human c-yes-1 oncogene, in canine mammary tumor tissue
Authors: Miyoshi Noriaki , Tateyama Susumu , Ogawa Kandai , Yamaguchi Ryoji , Kuroda Haruto , Yasuda Nobuhiro , Shimizu Tsutomu 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Cellular oncogenes of genomic dna in 6 canine primary mammary tumors were screened by Southern blot analysis, using 7 oncogene probes. A canine genomic oncogene related to the human c-yes-1 oncogene was detected as abnormal bands in solid carcinoma genomic dna digested with EcoRI, HindIII, HindIII-EcoRI, or HindIII-BamHI. Comparison was made between other tumor specimens and control specimens obtained from 4 clinically normal dogs—1 mixed breed and 3 Shiba Inu dogs (the same breed as the dog from which the solid carcinoma was obtained). These abnormal bands were 0.1 to 1 kilobase shorter than the normal gene. However, digestion of genomic dna obtained from normal wbc of this dog also produced all of the abnormal bands as observed in digested dna from the solid carcinoma tissue.
Therefore, in this dog, the genomic dna of all somatic cells from the ontogenic stage still had the abnormal sequences related to the human c-yes-1 oncogene, and it is possible that this abnormal structure may have some role (eg, as an initiator) in tumorigenesis or the progression of this tumor.
Changes in the bovine teat canal during the nonlactating period and early lactation, as measured by teat canal impressions
Authors: Oldham E. R. , Eberhart R. J. , Lange A. L. , Bruso S. L. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Changes in dimensions of impressions of the lumen of the teat canals of 13 cows were examined at 17 intervals during the nonlactating period and early lactation. Impressions were made of teats of 2 diagonally opposed quarters of each cow, using dental impression material. Impression length was measured and cross sections of the impressions at the proximal (distal to Furstenburg rosette), distal (proximal to the teat orifice), and middle (midway between the 2), portions of the teat canal were prepared. Cross sections were photographed and enlarged, and circumference and area were determined by use of planimetry. Effects of making repeated impressions during the nonlactating period and early lactation on new infection rates and somatic cell counts were also assessed.
Mean length of teat canal impressions decreased between days 0 and 3 of involution and during the prepartum periods. Depending on the level from which they were taken, cross-sectional areas of impressions tended to increase or increased significantly during the period of involution and again in the prepartum period. Significant changes in cross-sectional area were not observed during early lactation. Changes in circumference of proximal, middle, and distal cross sections followed trends similar to area measurements, but were more variable and differences were less statistically significant. On the basis of our findings, we suggest that heightened susceptibility to new infection during mammary involution and the prepartum period may be attributable, in part, to changes in the patency of the teat canal. Making impressions repeatedly throughout the nonlactating period and early lactation did not affect the number of new intramammary infections.
Purification of the ninth component of the bovine complement cascade
Authors: Eisenschenk Frank Christopher , Houle Jeri J. , Hoffmann Edward M. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Conditions for purification of the ninth component of bovine complement (C9) were established. The conditions for binding and elution from diethylaminoethyl cellulose and hydroxylapatite were different than for human C9. Serum albumin, a frequent contaminant of bovine C9 preparations, was removed by chromatography on reactive-red agarose. The calculated molecular weight of bovine C9 was 66,000, and reduction with 2-mercaptoethanol affected its migration on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Some preparations of bovine C9 migrated as 2 bands when partially reduced, but extensively reduced preparations had a single band.
Pharmacokinetics of butorphanol tartrate in rabbits
Authors: Portnoy Lisa G. , Hustead David R. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The pharmacokinetic properties of butorphanol tartrate were determined in 7 rabbits after iv and sc injection (0.5 mg/kg of body weight). A 2-compartment model (biexponential) best represented the concentration vs time curve after iv injection. The half-life was calculated to be 1.64 hours via iv administration, whereas sc injection resulted in an elimination half-life of 3.16 hours.
Correlation of serum concentration of α1,-acid glycoprotein with lymphocyte blastogenesis and development of experimentally induced or naturally acquired hepatic abscesses in cattle
Authors: Motoi Yoshiko , Itoh Hiroshi , Tamura Keiji , Miyamoto Toru , Oohashi Tsutai , Nagasawa Shigeyoshi 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Changes in serum alpha1-acid glycoprotein (α1AG) concentration in cattle with hepatic abscesses were observed, and function of α1ag was evaluated, particularly its influence on cellular immune response. Test cattle (n = 4) were inoculated with Fusobacterium necrophorum, control cattle (n = 2) were inoculated with inactivated bacteria, and naturally affected cattle (n = 11) were found in a slaughterhouse.
Determination of α1ag was made by use of a single radial immunodiffusion method. The action on lymphocyte blastogenesis was determined by [3H]thymidine incorporation. Cultured lymphocytes from healthy cattle were treated with variable concentrations of α1ag purified from serum obtained from cattle with hepatic abscesses and suppression of blastogenesis stimulated by each of 3 mitogens was measured.
In cattle with experimentally induced abscesses, serum α1ag concentration increased for 7 to 10 days after F necrophorum inoculation, its change being parallel to that of sialic acid. High concentration of α1ag was found in naturally affected cattle and was highly correlated to sialic acid concentration. Suppression of lymphocyte blastogenesis in cattle with experimentally induced hepatic abscesses was highly correlated to serum α1ag concentration.
Nucleotide sequence of canine c-N-ras: Codons 1 to 71
Authors: Saunders K. A. , Madewell B. R. , Oreffo V. I. C. , Kraegel S. A. , Gumerlock P. H. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The c-N-ras gene has been implicated often in the genesis and/or progression of human leukemias. To our knowledge, the sequence of this gene in the dog has not been reported. Using a system of asymmetric reamplification of double-stranded polymerase chain reaction (pcr) products, we have sequenced normal canine c-N-ras mrna from position -26 to +213, including codons 12, 13, and 61, which are the sites where oncogenic mutations are most commonly observed. The canine c-N-ras sequence has close homology with the human sequence in this area; there were only 6 observed base differences in nucleotide sequence and none resulted in a change of the encoded amino acid. The results of this study set the stage for directed searches for c-N-ras mutations in experimentally induced and naturally acquired neoplasms of the dog.
Effect of monensin and supplemental hay on ruminal 3-methylindole formation in adult cows after abrupt change to lush pasture
Authors: Potchoiba Michael J. , Carlson James R. , Nocerini Mark R. , Breeze Roger G. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The effect of feeding monensin, with or without dry hay plus wilted forage, on ruminal formation of 3-methylindole (3MI) was investigated in pastured cattle. Eighty-two cows were allotted to 3 groups. Cows of group-1 served as controls and were given a daily energy supplement (1 kg/head) without monensin for 1 day before and for 7 days after being allowed access to lush pasture. Cows of groups 2 and 3 were given the same daily energy supplement, which also contained monensin (200 mg/kg of supplement). Cows of group 3 also were fed dry hay for 5 days before the start of the study and continued to be given supplemental hay for 4 days after being allowed access to lush pasture containing a layer of wilted forage. Ruminal 3MI and indole concentrations increased on day 1 after all groups were allowed access to lush pasture. By day 7, 3MI concentration in all cows had decreased to pregrazing concentration. Indole concentration did not reach pregrazing concentration until day 10 for cows of groups 1 and 2. Group-3 cows had pregrazing indole concentration on day 7. Ruminal indole concentration did not differ (P > 0.05) between groups 1 and 2. Ruminal indole concentration was lower (P < 0.01) in group-3 cows on all sample collection days, except day 10, compared with that in the other groups. Monensin reduced (P <0.01) 3MI formation on days 1 and 7 in group-2 cows, compared with group-1 cows. Group-3 cows had lower 3MI concentration than did group-1 cows (P <0.01) on days –1, 1, 4, and 7. Monensin, when fed with dry hay and wilted forage, reduced (P <0.01) 3MI formation on days 4 and 7 in group-3 cows, compared with cows that were only given monensin (group 2). Group-3 cows also had lower (P < 0.05) 3MI concentration, compared with group-2 cows on day 1. Results indicated that monensin reduced ruminal formation of 3MI. Feeding dry hay and wilted forage to cattle during the change to lush pasture resulted in further reduction in the amount of 3MI formed by ruminal microorganisms. To maximize the effectiveness of monensin in reducing 3MI formation, dry hay plus wilted forage should be fed to pastured cattle for at least 4 days after they are allowed access to lush pasture.
Definition of the gracilis musculocutaneous flap for distant transfer in cats
Authors: Gregory C. R. , Gourley I. M. , Snyder J. R. , Ilkiw J. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Dissection, injection, and surgical studies in feline cadavers and in anesthetized cats were conducted to determine the feasibility of using the gracilis muscle as the basis for a free musculocutaneous flap. The vascular pedicle of the flap consisted of the femoral artery and vein. Mean length (1.6 ± 0.2 cm) of the vascular pedicle and mean artery (1.33 ± 0.19 mm) and vein (2.55 ± 0.38 mm) diameters were satisfactory for microvascular transfer. Fluorometry revealed overlying cutaneous perfusion in the flaps on the basis of their muscle vascular pedicles. To ensure survival of the flap, the muscular branches of the femoral artery and vein supplying the gracilis muscle had to be carefully preserved during surgical elevation of the flap.
Relation among body condition score, milk production, and serum urea nitrogen and cholesterol concentrations in high-producing Holstein dairy cows in early lactation
Authors: Ruegg Pamela L. , Goodger William J. , Holmberg Charles A. , Weaver Leon D. , Huffman E. Michael 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Body condition scoring (using a 5-point scale with quarter-point divisions) was performed on 66 Holstein dairy cows that began their second or later lactation in August, September, or October 1988. Body condition was scored, beginning on postpartum day 4(± 1) and subsequently at postpartum days (± 1) 18, 32, 46, 60, 73, and 87. Blood samples were obtained on the same dates. Kilograms of milk produced per cow was measured daily. Body condition score and changes in body condition score were evaluated in relation to daily milk production, cumulative 80- day milk yield, and serum urea nitrogen and cholesterol concentrations.
Average daily milk production during week 1 was indicative of cumulative 80-day production, but not of 305- day milk yields. Cows that calved with body condition score ≥ 3.50 did not differ in average daily milk production, cumulative 80-day milk yield, or 305-day milk yield, compared with cows that calved with body condition score < 3.50. Cows that calved with body condition score ≥ 3.50 lost more condition than did cows that calved with body condition score < 3.50. Body condition score at calving and amount of body condition loss interacted with the rate of change in daily milk production.
Serum urea nitrogen concentration did not differ for cows grouped by cumulative 80-day milk production or for cows grouped by amount of condition loss. Serum cholesterol values were higher than previously reported values and increased directly with milk production. Serum cholesterol values were inversely related to condition loss, but changes in cholesterol concentration were not related to condition loss.
Adhesion of bacteria to the cecal mucosal surface of conventional and germ-free chickens infected with Eimeria tenella
Authors: Baba Eiichiroh , Wakeshima Hajime , Fukui Kazunori , Fukata Tsuneo , Arakawa Akira 
Published: January 2024

Summary
When Salmonella typhimurium and Clostridium perfringens were tested in conventional chickens, larger numbers of Styphimurium and C perfringens adhered to Eimeriatenella-infected ceca than to uninfected ceca. In germ-free chickens, Styphimurium and C perfringens adhered to the E tenella-infected cecal mucosa more than to the uninfected cecal mucosa, but fewer Bacteroides vulgatus and Bifidobacterium thermophilum adhered to the E tenella-infected ceca than to the uninfected ceca. Many bacteria adhered to the lesions caused by E tenella as observed by scanning electron microscopy. On the basis of our findings, we suggest that infection with E tenella upsets the balance of competitive adherence of bacteria, allowing more colonization of Styphimurium and C perfringens.
Effect of macrophages and in vitro infection with parainfluenza type 3 and respiratory syncytial viruses on the mitogenic response of bovine lymphocytes
Authors: Adair B. M. , Bradford H. E. L. , Mackie D. P. , McNulty M. S. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Bovine blood lymphocytes, depleted of macrophages by absorption on plasma-gelatin coated plastic flasks, followed by passage through Sephadex G-10 columns, failed to respond to pokeweed mitogen stimulation Adherent monocytes or alveolar macrophages added to purified lymphocyte preparations at 10% or less were able to restore the transformation response.
Exposure of alveolar macrophages or purified lymphocytes to 2 bovine respiratory syncytial virus strains for 24 hours substantially reduced the transformation response when mixed with uninfected lymphocytes or macrophages. Exposure of alveolar macrophages or purified lymphocytes to 2 bovine parainfluenza type 3 virus strains produced a similar reduction in activity after 48 hours. Heat inactivation of the viruses removed their inhibitory ability. Immunofluorescence studies revealed that both alveolar macrophages and lymphocytes were permissive for parainfluenza type 3 virus, whereas only a small number of alveolar macrophages and lymphocytes were infected with respiratory syncytial virus. The results suggest that both viruses are capable of adversely affecting the interaction between macrophages and lymphocytes, although the mechanisms by which this is achieved may be different.