bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Maximum capacities for adsorption of phenanthrene in the slowly and very slowly desorbing domains in nineteen soils and sediments
Authors: van den Heuvel Henny , Couriaut Thomas Le , McMullen Brian M. , Lozac'h Frédéric , van Noort Paul 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
The maximum amounts of phenanthrene that can be taken up in both the slowly desorbing domain and the very slowly desorbing domain of 19 soils and sediments were determined by measuring the desorption of phenanthrene added at high loadings associated with equilibrium concentrations in water close to the aqueous solubility of phenanthrene. For two soils and one sediment, literature values for Langmuir phenanthrene adsorption capacities were available. These values were almost equal to the sum of the maximum amounts taken up in the slowly and in the very slowly desorbing domain. For the other soils, the range of the sum of the maximum amounts in the slowly and very slowly desorbing domains was comparable to the range for literature values of Langmuir phenanthrene adsorption capacities for soils and sediments. Results suggested that the maximum amounts determined from the desorption studies were Langmuir adsorption capacities. The correlation of maximum capacities for adsorption in both the slow desorption domain as well as the very slow desorption domain with soot content was virtually absent. In contrast, the variation of maximum amounts of phenanthrene adsorbed in either the slowly or the very slowly desorbing domains was substantially reduced by normalization to the total organic carbon content of the soils and sediments. It is suggested that adsorption in the slowly and very slowly desorbing domain took place in organic matter derived material such as kerogen, charcoal, or char.
Salivary Actinomyces naeslundii Genospecies 2 and Lactobacillus casei Levels Predict Pregnancy Outcomes
Authors: Dasanayake Ananda P. , Li Yihong , Wiener Howard , Ruby John D. , Lee Men‐Jean 
Published: March 2005

Background: Gravida's poor periodontal health is emerging as a modifiable independent risk factor for preterm delivery and low birth weight.Methods: To test the hypothesis that oral bacteria other than periodontal pathogens are also associated with pregnancy outcomes, specific oral bacterial levels measured during pregnancy were evaluated in relation to gestational age and birth weight while controlling for demographic, medical, and dental variables. The study population consisted of 297 predominantly African‐ American women who were pregnant for the first time. The salivary bacterial levels evaluated were Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Streptococcus sanguinus, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Actinomyces naeslundii genospecies (gsp) 1 and 2, total streptococci, and total cultivable organisms.Results: For 1 unit increase in log10A. naeslundii gsp 2 levels, there was a 60 gm decrease in birth weight (β = −59.7 g; SE = 29.1; P = 0.04), and a 0.17 week decrease in gestational age (β = −0.17 wk; SE = 0.09; P = 0.05). In contrast, per 1 unit increase in log10L. casei levels, there was a 42 gm increase in birth weight (β = 42.2 g; SE = 19.3; P = 0.03), and a 0.13 week increase in gestational age (β = 0.13 week; SE = 0.06; P = 0.04).Conclusions: We conclude that other oral bacterial species can also be related to pregnancy outcomes in addition to previously reported periodontal pathogens. These organism levels may not only predict poor pregnancy outcomes, but also be used as modifiable risk factors in reducing prematurity and low birth weight. J Periodontol 2005;76:171‐177.
Non‐Surgical Periodontal Therapy of Shallow Gingival Recession Defects: Evaluation of the Restorative Capacity of Marginal Gingiva After 12 Months
Authors: Aimetti Mario , Romano Federica , Peccolo Daniela C. , Debernardi Cesare 
Published: March 2005

Background: There is a large amount of data on surgical root coverage procedures for the treatment of gingival recessions but no controlled clinical trials on the behavior of marginal gingiva following non‐surgical therapy. The aim of our study was to compare in terms of root coverage two different modalities of root surface treatment, root planing and polishing versus polishing alone, over a 12‐month period.Methods: The study was conducted in a split‐mouth design. Twenty‐four non‐smoking patients (14 females and 10 males, mean age 25.17 ± 4.03 years) with high levels of oral hygiene (full‐mouth plaque score <20%) and with two bilateral Class I buccal recessions up to 2 mm deep were selected for the study. In each patient one recession was randomly assigned to the test group and the contra‐lateral one to the control group. In the test group the exposed root surface was gently debrided and polished with mini curets and mini rubber cups, while the control group was polished only. The root surface instrumentation was repeated twice a month during the first 2 months and at 2‐month intervals over the next 10 months. Clinical measurements were taken at baseline and 12 months post‐therapy.Results: At baseline the mean recession depth in the test group was 1.64 ± 0.37 mm and in the control sites 1.43 ± 0.42 mm, which decreased at 12 months to 0.78 ± 0.60 mm and to 1.34 ± 0.45 mm, respectively. The difference between the two groups was significant (P <0.0001). No significant differences were observed in keratinized tissue width and probing depth improvements.Conclusions: The removal of microbial toxins from the exposed root surfaces by polishing prevents further progression of gingival recession; the reduction of root convexity by scaling and root planing promotes the coronal shift of the gingival margin. J Periodontol 2005;76:256‐261.
Correlation for the partition behavior of proteins in aqueous two‐phase systems: Effect of surface hydrophobicity and charge
Authors: Andrews B.A. , Schmidt A.S. , Asenjo J.A. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractCorrelations to describe the effect of surface hydrophobicity and charge of proteins with their partition coefficient in aqueous two‐phase systems were investigated. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 4000/phosphate, sulfate, citrate, and dextran systems in the presence of low (0.6% w/w) and high (8.8% w/w) levels of NaCl were selected for a systematic study of 12 proteins. The surface hydrophobicity of the proteins was measured by ammonium sulfate precipitation as the inverse of their solubility. The hydrophobicity values measured correlated well with the partition coefficients, K, obtained in the PEG/salt systems at high concentration of NaCl (r = 0.92–0.93). In PEG/citrate systems the partition coefficient correlated well with protein hydrophobicity at low and high concentrations of NaCl (r = 0.81 and 0.93, respectively). The PEG/citrate system also had a higher hydrophobic resolution than other systems to exploit differences in the protein's hydrophobicity. The surface charge and charge density of the proteins was determined over a range of pH (3–9) by electrophoretic titration curves; PEG/salt systems did not discriminate well between proteins of different charge or charge density. In the absence of NaCl, K decreased slightly with increased positive charge. At high NaCl concentration, K increased as a function of positive charge. This suggested that the PEG‐rich top phase became more negative as the concentration of NaCl in the systems increased and, therefore, attracted the positively charged proteins. The effect of charge was more important in PEG/dextran systems at low concentrations of NaCl. In the PEG/dextran systems at lower concentration of NaCl, molecular weight appeared to be the prime determinant of partition, whereas no clear effect of molecular weight could be found in PEG/salt systems. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Studies on epidermal growth factor receptor signaling in vertebrate limb patterning
Authors: Omi Minoru , Fisher Melanie , Maihle Nita J. , Dealy Caroline N. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) regulates multiple patterning events in Drosophila limb development, but its role in vertebrate limb morphogenesis has received little attention. The EGFR and several of its ligands are expressed in developing vertebrate limbs in manners consistent with potential patterning roles. To gain insight into functions of EGFR signaling in vertebrate limb development, we expressed a constitutively active EGFR in developing chick limbs in ovo. Expression of activated EGFR causes pre‐ and postaxial polydactyly, including mirror‐image–type digit duplication, likely due to induction of ectopic expression and/or modulation of genes involved in anterior–posterior (AP) patterning such as Sonic hedgehog (Shh), dHand, Patched (Ptc), Gli3, Hoxd13, Hoxd11, bone morphogenetic protein 2 (Bmp2), Gremlin, and FGF4. Activation of EGFR signaling dorsalizes the limb and alters expression of the dorsal–ventral (DV) patterning genes Wnt7a, Lmx, and En1. Ectopic and/or extended FGF8 expressing apical ectodermal ridges (AERs) are also seen. Interdigital regression is inhibited and the digits fail to separate, leading to syndactyly, likely due to antiapoptotic and pro‐proliferative effects of activated EGFR signaling on limb mesoderm, and/or attenuation of interdigital Bmp4 expression. These findings suggest potential roles for EGFR signaling in AP and DV patterning, AER formation, and cell survival during limb morphogenesis. Developmental Dynamics 233:288–300, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mechanical strain injury increases intracellular sodium and reverses Na+/Ca2+ exchange in cortical astrocytes
Authors: Floyd Candace L. , Gorin Fredric A. , Lyeth Bruce G. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractTraditionally, astrocytes have been considered less susceptible to injury than neurons. Yet, we have recently shown that astrocyte death precedes neuronal death in a rat model of traumatic brain injury (TBI) (Zhao et al.: Glia 44:140–152, 2003). A main mechanism hypothesized to contribute to cellular injury and death after TBI is elevated intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i). Since calcium regulation is also influenced by regulation of intracellular sodium ([Na+]i), we used an in vitro model of strain‐induced traumatic injury and live‐cell fluorescent digital imaging to investigate alterations in [Na+]i in cortical astrocytes after injury. Changes in [Na+]i, or [Ca2+]i were monitored after mechanical injury or L‐glutamate exposure by ratiometric imaging of sodium‐binding benzofuran isophthalate (SBFI‐AM), or Fura‐2‐AM, respectively. Mechanical strain injury or exogenous glutamate application produced increases in [Na+]i that were dependent on the severity of injury or concentration. Injury‐induced increases in [Na+]i were significantly reduced, but not completely eliminated, by inhibition of glutamate uptake by DL‐threo‐β‐benzyloxyaspartate (TBOA). Blockade of sodium‐dependent calcium influx through the sodium‐calcium exchanger with 2‐[2‐[4‐(4‐Nitrobenzyloxy)phenyl]ethyl]isothiourea mesylate (KB‐R7943) reduced [Ca2+]i after injury. KB‐R7943 also reduced astrocyte death after injury. These findings suggest that in astrocytes subjected to mechanical injury or glutamate excitotoxicity, increases in intracellular Na+ may be a critical component in the injury cascade and a therapeutic target for reduction of lasting deficits after traumatic brain injury. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The relationship of maternal attributes, resources, and perceptions of postpartum experiences to depression
Authors: Horowitz June Andrews , Damato Elizabeth G. , Duffy Mary E. , Solon Lori 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe relationships of maternal attributes, resources, and perceptions of the postpartum experience to postpartum depression (PPD) were examined. One hundred and forty‐three mothers completed measures of maternal attributes, resources, and perceptions of the postpartum experience, as well as depressed mood and clinical depression symptoms. Results from canonical correlation analysis revealed two patterns. Pattern 1: Women without history of depression, more emotional support from partners, higher parenting evaluation, lower centrality of the infant in the mother's thoughts and actions, and fewer life changes had lower depressed mood and fewer clinical depression symptoms than their counterparts. Pattern 2: Mothers without history of depression who were married, with higher financial stress, and lower parenting evaluation had higher depressed mood, but not more clinical depression symptoms. Maternal age, parity, time since delivery, income, and help from partner were unrelated to either depression indicator. These patterns suggest multiple paths to PPD, and the need for routine mental health assessment and exploration of women's perceptions of their postpartum experience. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 28:159–171, 2005
Health care and social service use among Chinese Immigrant elders
Authors: Aroian Karen J. , Wu Bei , Tran Thanh V. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractWe explored patterns and reasons for health and social service use among Chinese immigrant elders. Interviews were conducted with 27 Chinese immigrant elders, 11 adult care giving children, and 12 health and social service providers. Content analysis of these data indicated that participants across groups agreed that Chinese elders underutilize services because of problems related to language, transportation, cost, long waits for appointments, and because of cultural norms/values related to need for care, preference for self‐over professional care, fear, and distrust of western biomedicine, and the obligation to refrain from using formal services. These problems are complicated by geographical dispersion and dialect differences in the local Chinese immigrant community. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 28:95–105, 2005
Participation in clubs and groups from childhood to adolescence and its effects on attachment and self‐esteem
Authors: McGee Rob , Williams Sheila , Howden‐Chapman Philippa , Martin Jennifer , Kawachi Ichiro 
Published: March 2005

AbstractWe examined social participation in organized clubs and groups from childhood to adolescence in a sample of young people from Dunedin, New Zealand. Groups were broadly categorized as “sports” and “cultural/youth” groups. While the results indicated high levels of participation in childhood with a decline over the ensuing adolescent years, path analyses suggested strong continuities in participation over time. Both family “active‐recreational” orientation (ARO) and “intellectual‐cultural” orientation (ICO) predicted participation, and mediated the effects of disadvantage on participation. Participation was significantly related to adolescent attachment to parents, friends and school/workplace, as well as self‐perceived strengths, after controlling for early family disadvantage and social support, peer attachment and literacy. The effect of participation in adolescence is to widen the “social convoy” to which young people are exposed as well as strengthening relationships within that convoy.
Electoral Choice and the 2001 Campaign
Authors: Clarke Harold D. , Sanders David , Stewart Marianne C. , Whiteley Paul 
Published: March 2005

AbstractConsiders the impact of the 2001 election campaign. Contrary to what is commonly assumed about the function of election campaigns, data from the 2001 BES rolling campaign panel survey show that the 2001 campaign did little to mobilize political interest or partisanship. However, the local campaigns, conducted by party activists, contributed significantly to turnout and party choice. Analyses also indicate that tactical voting typically did not occur spontaneously but, rather, was driven by Liberal Democrat grassroots campaigning. More generally, campaigning by all of the major parties affected the vote shares that they received.
The Economy of Esteem
Authors: Brennan Geoffrey , Pettit Philip 
Published: March 2005

AbstractHowever much people want esteem, it is an untradeable commodity: there is no way that I can buy the good opinion of another or sell to others my good opinion of them. But though it is a non-tradable good, esteem is allocated in society according to systematic determinants; people’s performance, publicity and presentation relative to others will help fix how much esteem they enjoy and how much disesteem they avoid. The fact that it is subject to such determinants means in turn that rational individuals are bound to compete with one another, however tacitly, in the attempt to control those influences, increasing their chances of winning esteem and avoiding disesteem. And the fact that they all compete for esteem in this way shapes the environment in which they each pursue the good, setting relevant comparators and benchmarks, and determining the cost that a person must bear–the price that they must pay–for obtaining a given level of esteem in any domain of activity.Hidden in the multifarious interactions and exchanges of social life, then, there is a quiet force at work–a force as silent and powerful as gravity–which moulds the basic form of people’s relationships and associations. This force was more or less routinely invoked in the writings of classical theorists like Aristotle and Plato, Locke and Montesquieu, Mandeville and Hume and Madison. Sometimes it was invoked to explain why people behaved as they did, sometimes to identify initiatives whereby they might be persuaded to behave better. Although Adam Smith himself gave it great credence, however, the rise of economics proper coincided with a sudden decline in the attention devoted to the economy of esteem. What had been a topic of compelling interest for earlier authors fell into relative neglect throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. This book is designed to reverse the trend. It begins by outlining the psychology of esteem and the way the working of that psychology can give rise to an economy. It then shows how a variety of social patterns that are otherwise anomalous come to make a lot of sense within an economics of esteem. And it looks, finally, at the ways in which the economy of esteem may be reshaped so as to make for an improvement–by reference to received criteria–in overall social outcomes. While making connections with older patterns of social theorizing, it offers a novel orientation for contemporary thought about how society works and how it may be made to work. It puts the economy of esteem firmly on the agenda of economic and social science and of moral and political theory.
9 Publicity and Accepted Standards
Authors: Brennan Geoffrey , Pettit Philip 
Published: March 2005

AbstractOne possible effect of increased publicity for performance is on public perceptions of prevailing standards–and this effect will intensify or moderate esteem incentives. As a result, providers of information who wish to preserve high performance may have incentives to withhold certain kinds of information or to distort the information they do provide–and sometimes such withholding/distortion has desirable consequences. This complication may give rise to a certain kind of legitimate public hypocrisy. The normative implications of information provision are explored under the rubric of the ‘whistle-blower’s dilemma’.
11 Voluntary Associations
Authors: Brennan Geoffrey , Pettit Philip 
Published: March 2005

AbstractAlthough esteem cannot readily be the object of direct exchange, something rather like exchange can be secured in the economy of esteem via associations. By being ‘associated’ with B, A can earn ‘borrowed glory’ from B–and vice versa. The associations that so form may be very loose: all that is required is for the individuals to be associated in some esteem relevant way. The set of all Nobel Laureates is an association in this sense. An important feature of the advantages of association here is the presence of ‘economies of scale’ in publicity. One such scale effect relates to the ‘teleological paradox’: blowing the trumpet of a group of which I am a member is much less disestimable than blowing one’s own trumpet! But stronger forms of association–what we call ‘groups’–can serve the additional function of creating superior audiences for members. If the esteem of those highly esteemed is worth more, then high esteem individuals will tend to coalesce in ‘mutual admiration societies’. We discuss the optimal size and composition of groups and associations–emphasizing the hierarchical tendencies of the structure, that is, the most esteemed will tend to band together; then the next most esteemed; and so on. We suggest reasons why esteem groups and associations may be especially good at solving natural free-rider problems.
Conclusion: Co‐ordinating National Action in Brussels—a Comparative Perspective
Authors: Kassim Hussein , Peters B. Guy 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis concluding chapter addresses the main issues raised in the Introduction and presents the general findings that emerge from the country studies. It has three main aims. First, it puts forward three arguments on the basis of the national investigations of policy co-ordination at the European level, and comparisons of permanent representations: the first argument is that that all the member states have responded to the co-ordination need that arises from EU policy-making and most aspire to a careful crafting of policy, but that the nature of their response varies according to the prevailing national attitude to European integration, features of the national political and administrative opportunity structures, policy style, and available resources; the second argument is that, although there are some similarities between national arrangements with respect to some aspects of organization and core functions, there are also several very substantial differences—neither the ‘convergence hypothesis’ nor the ‘continuing divergence hypothesis’ outlined in the Introduction is confirmed by the case studies, but there is evidence that many of the factors identified by each are at work; the third argument is related to effectiveness—each set of national arrangements has its own particular strengths and weaknesses, but one common factor affecting performance is the efficiency of domestic co-ordination procedures. The second aim of the Conclusion is to consider the wider implications of the findings both for the functioning of the European Union as a system and for theorizing about the EU; with respect to the former, national arrangements in Brussels do little to overcome the problem of segmentation that characterizes the EU, but concerning the latter, the case studies suggest that the intergovernmentalist image is at odds with how national policy preferences are actually formed and the nature of the role played by the permanent representations; the alternative image approach outlined above, and described in the Introduction, offers a better guide on both counts. The third and final aim of the chapter is to compare national co-ordination practices at the domestic level with those found at the European level; the contention put forward is that the domestic co-ordination of EU policy is more effective than processes at the European level.
Paradoxical Emotion: OnSui GenerisEmotional Irrationality
Authors: de Sousa Ronald 
Published: March 2005

AbstractWeakness of will violates practical rationality; but may also be viewed as an epistemic failing. Conflicts between strategic and epistemic rationality suggest that we need a superordinate standard to arbitrate between them. Contends that such a standard is to be found at the axiological level, apprehended by emotions. Axiological rationality is sui generis, reducible to neither the strategic nor the epistemic. But, emotions are themselves capable of raising paradoxes and antinomies, particularly when the principles they embody involve temporality. They constitute an ultimate court of appeal, yet their biological origin allows little hope that these antinomies can be resolved.