bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kinetic model for nitrogen‐limited wine fermentations
Authors: Cramer Amanda C. , Vlassides Sophocles , Block David E. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractA physical and mathematical model for wine fermentation kinetics has been developed to predict sugar utilization curves based on experimental data from wine fermentations with various initial nitrogen and sugar concentrations in the juice. The model is based on: (1) yeast cell growth limited by nitrogen; (2) sugar utilization rates and ethanol production rates proportional solely to the number of viable cells; and (3) a death rate for cells proportional to alcohol content. All but one parameter in the model can be estimated from existing data. However, experiments to find this final parameter, a constant describing cell death, indicate that cell death may not be the critical factor in determining fermentation kinetics as cell viability remains significant until sugar utilization has ceased. The model, nevertheless, predicts a transition from normal to sluggish to stuck fermentations as initial nitrogen levels decrease. It also predicts that fermentations with high initial Brix levels may go to completion when supplemented with nitrogen in the form of ammonia. Therefore, we hypothesize that the model is valid but that ethanol causes the yeast cells to become inactive while remaining viable. Experimental verification of the model has been performed using flask‐scale experiments. The model has also been used to evaluate the possibility of using nitrogen or viable cell additions to avoid or correct problem (i.e., sluggish or stuck) fermentations. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 77: 49–60, 2002.
Comparison of biooxidation with carbon dioxide assimilation during bacterial growth on ferrous ion or elemental sulfur
Authors: Lizama H. M. , Zielinski P. A. , Kerby L. D. , Abraham C. C. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractBiomass and oxygen uptake activity profiles of a mixed bioleaching culture were studied and compared at various temperatures. Bacteria were grown on ferrous ion or elemental sulfur in a Micro‐Oxymax respirometer apparatus that allowed measurement of both oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide assimilation. Balanced growth was observed between 10°C and 35°C, with an optimum at 30°C, on both energy sources. No significant growth was observed at the lowest temperature used, 5°C, or at the highest temperature used, 40°C. The oxygen to carbon dioxide molar yield was 50:1 when growing on ferrous ion but only 17:1 when growing on elemental sulfur. Upon transfer from a sulfide ore to a new energy source, greater numbers in the inoculum reduced the duration of the lag phase. Lag phase duration was also reduced by proximity to the optimum growth temperature. A longer lag phase decreased the achievable growth rate of the cells exponentially, significantly affecting biooxidation activity. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 77: 111–117, 2002.
Protein modification during anti‐viral heat‐treatment bioprocessing of factor VIII concentrates, factor IX concentrates, and model proteins in the presence of sucrose
Authors: Smales C. Mark , Pepper Duncan S. , James David C. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractTo ensure the optimal safety of plasma derived and new generation recombinant proteins, heat treatment is customarily applied in the manufacturing of such biopharmaceuticals as a means of viral inactivation. In subjecting proteins to anti‐viral heat‐treatment it is necessary to use high concentrations of thermostabilizing excipients to prevent protein damage, and it is therefore imperative that the correct balance between bioprocessing conditions, maintenance of protein integrity and virus kill is found. In this study we have utilized model proteins (lysozyme, fetuin, and human serum albumin) and plasma‐derived therapeutic proteins (factor VIII and factor IX) to investigate the protein modifications that occur during anti‐viral heat treatment. Specifically, we investigated the relationship between bioprocessing conditions and the type and extent of protein modification under a variety of industrially relevant wet and lyophilized heat treatments using sucrose as a thermostabilizing agent. Heat treatment led to the formation of disulfide crosslinks and aggregates in proteins containing free cysteine residues. Terminal oligosaccharide sialic acid residues were hydrolyzed from the glycan moieties of glycoproteins during anti‐viral heat treatment. Heat treatment promoted sucrose hydrolysis to yield glucose and fructose, leading, in turn, to the glycation of lysine amino groups in those proteins containing di‐lysine motifs. During extended hear treatments, 1,2‐dicarbonyl type advanced glycation end‐products were also formed. Glycation‐type modifications were more prevalent in wet heat‐treated protein formulations. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 77: 37–48, 2002.
Why do we need children's participation? The importance of children's participation in changing the city
Authors: Tonucci Francesco , Rissotto Antonella 
Published: September 2002

AbstractAfter examining the characteristics of the degradation of the urban environment and the costs that this entails for the child's development, in particular as far as play experience and autonomous mobility are concerned, the article goes on to discuss the role of the children's contribution to the promotion of real and consistent change in the city. The reasons underlying the recent increase in the number of experiments of children's participation are examined together with the main characteristics of this strategy as a privileged access to knowledge concerning the needs of our younger citizens and as an innovative resource in solving the city's problems. It is shown how children's participation experiences can lead to the acquisition of a fresh sensitivity and competence by city administrators and technicians. An analysis is made of several proposals made by children in the course of participation experiments followed by the authors in cities in Italy and abroad during 10 year's of activities in the ‘The Children's City’ project. These proposals confirm the children's capacity to identify the city's problems as they emerge and to propose solutions that are often innovative or useful for all members of the population. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Children's citizenship and participation models: participation in planning urban spaces and children's councils
Authors: Alparone Francesca Romana , Rissotto Antonella 
Published: September 2002

AbstractParticipation represents a very important strategy for the sustainable development of cities and many governments have implemented a number of initiatives with this objective in mind. Of all the forms of children's involvement in changing the city, the present work takes into account two models of children's participation: Children's Councils and Participation in Planning. Special emphasis has been put on the description of the methods followed by a number of Italian cities in carrying out these initiatives. A description is given of the positive effects on the child's personal and social development and factors are seen to be relevant to success are discussed. It is argued that it is necessary to extend the cultural debate on the political and social significance of these experiences and to put in place additional procedures guaranteeing a functional collaborative relationship among all the parties concerned. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The influence of psychosocial and environmental factors on children's independent mobility and relationship to peer frequentation
Authors: Prezza Miretta , Pilloni Stefania , Morabito Carmela , Sersante Cinzia , Alparone Francesca Romana , Giuliani Maria Vittoria 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe first aim of this study was to investigate whether demographic characteristics of children (i.e. age, sex, birth order), mothers' psychosocial characteristics (i.e. fear of crime, neighbourhood relations, sense of community, perceived risk of traffic) and environmental factors (i.e. living in a new/old neighbourhood, in a building with a condominium courtyard, near a park or in a private street) influence the independent urban mobility of 7–12‐year‐old children. The second aim was to verify whether children who are more independent meet their peers more frequently for indoor and outdoor play. A semi‐structured interview, the Italian Sense of Community Scale and a Neighbourhood Relations scale were administered to 251 mothers living in Rome. The results indicated that more independent children are older, male, live in apartment buildings with courtyards, near parks and in new neighbourhoods. Also, their mothers have more neighbourhood relations. Regarding the second aim, it emerged that children who are more independent play more often with their peers, both indoors and outdoors. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sense of community and participation in urban contexts
Authors: Colombo Monica , Mosso Cristina , De Piccoli Norma 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThis paper questions the conceptions found in the principal theoretical approaches developed within psychological and social sciences to the problem of community and psychological sense of community. Some core assumptions that are recurrent in the various definitions of the concept of community are discussed. From these assumptions stem the idea of community as a sort of ideal‐type of the forms that social relationships may take and as a type of social collectivity characterized by a high degree of homogeneity and similarity. With reference to urban contexts, a more encompassing definition of community is needed so that the city may be regarded both as a local community and a local society. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neapolitan youth's sense of community and the problem of unemployment
Authors: Arcidiacono Caterina , Sommantico Massimiliano , Procentese Fortuna 
Published: September 2002

AbstractAfter a community diagnosis of Naples this paper focuses on Neapolitan youth's problems and resources in relation to unemployment. Thirty interviews with key people from the city and 15 focus groups at grass‐roots level were conducted. Data was analysed using the package QSR Nud.Ist. (Non‐numerical Unstructured Data‐Indexing Searching and Theorizing). One of the findings regards young people's strong connectedness to the city accompanied by feelings of impotence concerning their personal future and that of the community. Once the analysis had been concluded, participants and representatives of the city discussed the findings. The collected data were used for social planning at the level of institutions and associations, and served as a guide for action. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adolescents' sense of community and feeling of unsafety in the urban environment
Authors: Zani Bruna , Cicognani Elvira , Albanesi Cinzia 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe purpose of this research was to explore adolescents' feeling of unsafety associated with living in the urban context, their perceptions of the quality of social relations (social support from different persons) and sense of community, and the differences according to the size of the city and adolescent gender. A second aim was to analyse the antecedents of feeling of unsafety. In particular, we considered the influence of sense of community, perception of social support and personal involvement in negative experiences in the urban environment. A questionnaire was submitted to 823 adolescents aged 14 to 19 years (43.3% male and 56.7% female), living in cities of different sizes in north‐central Italy. Results show the presence of differences in feeling of unsafety and sense of community according to the size of the urban context and adolescent gender. Personal involvement in negative situations is a strong predictor of feeling of unsafety, whereas sense of community plays a limited role in reducing it. The picture concerning the effect of social support is mixed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of melatonin on oxidative status of rat brain, liver and kidney tissues under constant light exposure
Authors: Baydaş Giyasettin , Erçel Ergul , Canatan Halit , Dönder Emir , Akyol Ali 
Published: September 2002

AbstractAn enormous amount of data has been published in recent years demonstrating melatonin's defensive role against toxic free radicals. In the present study, we examined the role of melatonin as an antioxidant against the effect of continuous light exposure. Rats were divided into three groups. Control rats (group A) were kept under natural conditions whereas other group of rats (group B and C) were exposed to constant light for inhibition of melatonin secretion by the pineal gland. Group C rats also received melatonin via s.c. injection (1 mg kg− 1 body weight day− 1). At the end of experiment, all animals were sacrificied by decapitation, serum and tissue samples were removed for determination of malondialdehyde (MDA), a product of lipid peroxidation, conjugated dienes levels and glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px) activity levels. It was found that lipid peroxidation was increased in the rats which were exposed to constant light. Melatonin injection caused a decrease in lipid peroxidation, especially in the brain. In addition, melatonin application resulted in increased GSH‐Px activity, which has an antioxidant effect. Thus, melatonin is not only a direct scavenger of toxic radicals, but also stimulates the antioxidative enzyme GSH‐Px activity to detoxify hydroxyl radical produced by constant light exposure. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the self‐weighted alternating trilinear decomposition algorithm—the property of being insensitive to excess factors used in calculation
Authors: Chen Zeng‐Ping , Wu Hai‐Long , Yu Ru‐Qin 
Published: September 2002

AbstractPARAFAC is well known as an iterative trilinear decomposition method. In practice, an accurate estimation of the number of underlying factors is required; otherwise it is difficult to guarantee the chemical meaning of the results obtained. The absence of a versatile chemometric method for factor estimation has often caused problems for analysts. With the advent of ATLD followed by SWATLD, the above relatively strict constraint can be relaxed. Experiments have shown that the profiles of the underlying factors can be extracted by ATLD (Wu et al., J. Chemometrics 1998; 12: 1) and SWATLD (Chen et al., Chemometrics Intell. Lab. Syst. 2000; 52: 75) as long as the number of factors used in calculation is no less than the number of actual factors. In other words, an overestimation of the number of factors will not affect the obtainment of chemically meaningful results by SWATLD and ATLD. In this paper the authors provide some simple mathematical explanations of this valuable property of SWATLD. Along with these explanations, some other properties of SWATLD as well as some guidelines for designing new trilinear decomposition methods are also discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Target transform fitting: a new method for the non‐linear fitting of multivariate data with separable parameters
Authors: Jandanklang Porn , Maeder Marcel , Whitson Andrew C. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractData fitting is an important technique in chemistry. The number of parameters to be fitted is a most significant aspect: the larger the number, the more difficult the task. A unique combination of target factor analysis with non‐linear data fitting can result in complete or partial separation of the parameters, which can then be fitted independently. Thus, instead of one multiparameter fit, several fits are performed with only one or a few parameters. The procedure can also support model development. Applications in kinetics and chromatography are presented. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The PLS multivariate regression model: testing the significance of successive PLS components
Authors: Lazraq Aziz , Cléroux Robert 
Published: September 2002

AbstractIn this paper we write the PLS multivariate regression model in terms of a redundancy index and obtain some properties of the successive PLS components. We study their significance in the model and build tests of hypotheses to this effect. A stopping rule is given to obtain the right number of PLS components, and a numerical measure is defined to assess the overall quality of the PLS regression. Finally, an algorithm is given explicitly as it was coded in S‐Plus and is applied in some chosen examples. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improved calculation of the net analyte signal in inverse multivariate calibration
Authors: Ferré Joan , Brown Steven D. , Rius F. Xavier 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe net analyte signal (NAS) is the part of the measured signal that a calibration model relates to the property of interest (e.g. analyte concentration). Accurate values of the NAS are required in multivariate calibration to calculate analytical figures of merit such as sensitivity, selectivity, signal‐to‐noise ratio and limit of detection. This paper presents an improved version of the calculation method for the NAS in inverse models proposed by Lorber et al. (Anal. Chem. 1997; 69: 1620). Model coefficients and predictions calculated with the improved NAS are the same as those from the common equations of principal component regression (PCR) and partial least squares (PLS) regression. The necessary alterations to the calculations of sensitivity, selectivity and the pseudounivariate presentation of the model are also provided. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design and Analysis in Chemical Research, R. L. Tranter (ed.), Sheffield Academic Press, Sheffield, 2000, 558 pp, ISBN 1‐85075‐994‐4, $95·00
Authors: Heberger Karoly 
Published: September 2002

AbstractAnother book on chemometrics has appeared, and it is a good one! This is a multiauthored book, Volume 3 in the Sheffield Analytical Chemistry Series, edited by Roy Tranter. The chapters are written by experts in the respective fields. A short overview of the content of the chapters follows.
Deflation in multiblock PLS
Authors: Westerhuis Johan A. , Smilde Age K. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThis paper describes some of the deflation problems in multiblock PLS. Deflation of X using block scores leads to inferior prediction of Y. Deflation of X using super scores gives the same predictions as standard PLS with all variables in one large X‐block, but the information of the separate blocks gets mixed up owing to the deflation of X. If Y is deflated using the super score instead, these problems disappear. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exhaustive evolving factor analysis (E‐EFA)
Authors: Whitson Andrew C. , Maeder Marcel 
Published: September 2002

AbstractReliable information about concentration windows is crucial for many self‐modeling curve resolution (SMCR) methods. Algorithms based on evolving factor analysis (EFA)‐type methods enable the detection of the beginnings and endings of concentration profiles. Often this is sufficient to define concentration windows. However, under certain circumstances the connection of beginnings and endings is ambiguous, and wrong connection results in erroneous analysis. Systematic rank analysis of all possible submatrices of a matrix of data can result in unambiguous identification of the correct connectivity of beginnings and endings of concentration profiles. Steps are proposed which accelerate the calculations dramatically. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Calculation of maximum and minimum band boundaries of feasible solutions for species profiles obtained by multivariate curve resolution
Authors: Tauler R. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractA method for the calculation of maximum and minimum band boundaries of feasible solutions corresponding to the species profiles estimated by multivariate curve resolution is presented. The method is based on a non‐linear constrained optimization of an objective function defined by the ratio of the signal contribution of a particular species to the whole measured signal. Implementation of constraints such as normalization, closure, non‐negativity, unimodality and local rank/selectivity during the non‐linear optimization and their effect on the calculation of the feasible solutions are studied in detail. Calculation of the band boundaries is shown for different simulated and real two‐way data examples of increasing complexity. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wavelet hybrid direct standardization of near‐infrared multivariate calibrations
Authors: Tan Hu‐Wei , Brown Steven D. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractA novel standardization method called wavelet hybrid direct standardization (WHDS) is proposed. It is based on a new wavelet reconstruction algorithm in which approximation and detail spectra are reconstructed separately. Piecewise direct standardization (PDS) and direct standardization (DS) are used to correct the differences of original spectra by transforming the reconstructed approximation and detail spectra respectively. The proposed method is applied to near‐infrared data and its performance is compared with current methods. Result shows that, using the wavelet multi‐resolution technique and combining PDS and DS, the WHDS algorithm allows a more robust and reliable means for standardization when transfer standards are available. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An index formalism that generalizes the capabilities of matrix notation and algebra to n‐way arrays
Authors: Harshman Richard A. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe capabilities of matrix notation and algebra are generalized to n‐way arrays. The resulting language seems easy to use; all the capabilities of matrix notation are retained and most carry over naturally to the n‐way context. For example, one can multiply a three‐way array times a four‐way array to obtain a three‐way product. Many of the language's key characteristics are based on the rules of tensor notation and algebra. The most important example of this is probably the incorporation of subscript/index‐related information into both the names of array objects and the rules used to operate on them. Some topics that emerge are relatively unexplored, such as inverses of n‐way arrays; these might prove interesting for future theoretical study. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Statistical analysis of catalyst degradation in a semi‐continuous chemical production process
Authors: Kaskavelis Eleftherios , Martin Elaine , Jonathan Philip , Morris Julian 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe effect of decaying catalyst efficacy in a commercial‐scale, semi‐continuous petrochemical process was investigated. The objective was to gain a better understanding of process behaviour and its effect on production rate. The process includes a three‐stage reaction performed in fixed bed reactors. Each of the three reaction stages consists of a number of catalyst beds that are changed periodically to regenerate the catalyst. Product separation and reactant recycling are then performed in a series of distillation columns. In the absence of specific measurements of the catalyst properties, process operational data are used to assess catalyst decay. A number of statistical techniques were used to model production rate as a function of process operation, including information on short‐ and long‐term catalyst decay. It was found that ridge regression, partial least squares and stepwise selection multiple linear regression yielded similar predictive models. No additional benefit was found from the application of non‐linear partial least squares or Curds and Whey. Finally, through time series profiles of total daily production volume, corresponding to individual in‐service cycles of the different reaction stages, short‐term catalyst degradation was assessed. It was shown that by successively modelling the process as a sequence of batches corresponding to cycles of each reaction stage, considerable economic benefit could be realized by reducing the maximum cycle length in the third reaction stage. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.