bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative Student Movements in South Africa
Authors: Mangcu Xolela , Heffernan Anne K. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The emergence of the Black Consciousness Movement (BCM) in the 1960s led to a nationwide process of consciousness-raising in apartheid South Africa. It also fostered a long-standing political and philosophical discourse about how exactly the movement could bring about a democratic society. Competing political parties and organizations debated about violent versus nonviolent methods, and about the benefits and risks of collaborating with White anti-apartheid activists. This ideological conflict continued through the violent protests of the 1970s and 1980s, which claimed the life of BCM and South African Students Organization (SASO) founder Steven Biko, among others; through the formal democratic transition in the 1990s; and into the age of social media in the twenty-first century, when activists used BCM-inflected rhetoric to challenge a majority-Black government in the #RhodesMustFall and #FeesMustFall protests. Author Xolela Mangcu provides firsthand narratives of the early days of the movement (particularly in the introductory section) in which he was directly involved. Mangcu also analyzes the political activities from the perspectives of social movement theorists such as Sidney Tarrow. Coauthor Anne Heffernan adds historiographical context to each of the major phases of the student movement in South Africa, with both providing separate reflections in the concluding sections.
Methodological Diversity and Collective Intelligence
Authors: Page Scott E. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter covers how diverse models, methodologies, purposes, and perspectives can contribute to a more collectively intelligent political science. Collective intelligence exists when the discipline includes ensembles of research that outperform individual research efforts and when the discipline exhibits emergent functionalities. These functionalities include breadth and depth of understanding, out of sample predictability, and conceptual robustness. Diverse models, methods, purposes, and perspectives are necessary for collective intelligence, but diversity alone is not sufficient. Each of many diverse research efforts can be of high quality without the pieces being superadditive. For collective intelligence to arise, the diversity must either be assembled or arise from selective pressures that promote coherence as well as individual success. How does one measure the efficacy of political science? Each research effort must be of high quality but evaluating research in isolation ignores how those pieces fit together.
EMDR with Children and Adolescents
Authors: Beer Renée , de Roos Carlijn , Schubert Sarah J. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter introduces the section of this Handbook that is devoted to EMDR therapy with children and adolescents, starting with a synopsis of the accompanying chapters in this section. The chapter itself explains the context of working with this target-group, sketches the current state of empirical evidence for the efficacy of EMDR therapy for this group, and explicates some challenges lying ahead in the EMDR child and adolescent field. The chapter incorporates information about the potential impact of trauma for this population and clarifies why adaptations are necessary for attuning EMDR therapy to the needs of the child in relevant contexts, such as developmental phases and systemic contexts. The collective information provided in this section aims to illuminate our appeal that for therapists who want to treat children utilizing EMDR therapy, EMDR child and adolescent training is an essential foundation.
Adaptation to Discontinuous Nonroutine Events
Authors: Waller Mary J. , Salvador Rommel , Sutcliffe Kathleen M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Existing research suggests that when faced with discontinuous nonroutine events, individuals often perceive threat and typically respond to this threat with rigid, well-learned, dominant responses. In this chapter, the authors draw on work from two extant literatures to suggest that discontinuous nonroutine events actually generate not one single perceived threat, but instead the dual threats of control threat and meaning threat; further, the authors suggest that fear mediates the relationship between these perceived threats and subsequent adaptive and maladaptive responses. The authors discuss the implications of their dual-threat model for existing and future work on fear, sensemaking, and adaptation in organizations.
Lawmaking in the Conservative Movement
Authors: Kwall Roberta Rosenthal 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter outlines the lawmaking structure of Conservative Judaism with a focus on the movement’s Committee on Jewish Law and Standards, the primary body providing lawmaking guidance for Jews worldwide. It illustrates more specifically how Conservative Judaism’s distinct theological and lawmaking approach can impact its legal rulings by examining two representative decisions, both responding to significant changes in the lived reality of Jews. The first decision, issued in 1950, permitted driving to synagogue and a limited use of electricity on Shabbat. The second decision, written in 2020 during the onset of COVID-19 pandemic, concluded that it is permissible to stream services on Shabbat and other holy days subject to certain parameters. The chapter concludes by advocating for an approach that focuses on a norms-based ritual practice, even if such practice does not conform to a strict application of Jewish law. Given the composition of the movement, this approach represents the best future direction for a transmissible Conservative Judaism in light of today’s political and social realities.
Borges’s Self-Figuration Process in the Late Fiction (1970–1983)
Authors: Fishburn Evelyn 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Jorge Luis Borges was a notoriously shy individual in life yet paradoxically he inscribed himself prominently in his writings. The focus of this chapter is on the late fiction, an underrepresented corpus in traditional Borges studies, and its aim is to examine how the author’s need to depend on others to take down stories which he dictated from memory affected his literary persona. Its originality lies in the investigation’s approach which does not rely on known biographical accounts but on what has been coined as “biographemes”, meaning snippets of biographical information linked to the author without intending to be a complete portrayal. Mostly, these biographemes are transposed clues that are purposely and misleadingly disguised, such as opaque references to his illustrious ancestors, to other writers, or to fictional characters. An underlying concern is whether and the extent to which this self-figuration is authentic or is itself a subterfuge to mask greater unknowable complexities. The collections examined are El informe de Brodie [Doctor Brodie's Report] (1970) which relates tales of rivalry, violence, and bravado while El libro de arena [The Book of Sand] (1975) is thematically varied and includes “Ulrikke,” the only love story told from the female perspective, as well as “El congreso” [The Congress], described by the author as his most autobiographical story. La memoria de Shakespeare [Shakespeare's Memory] (1983) focuses on the complex relationship between life and its recollection seen from the shadow of death.
Technology and Economic and Social Rights
Authors: Land Molly K. , Barry Jack J. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Although the effects of new technologies on human rights have received considerable attention in recent years, this attention has focused nearly exclusively on civil and political rights. However, the problems that technologies pose are neither new nor limited to freedom of expression and privacy. Economic and social rights have been affected in profound ways by decades of experimentation with technological innovations. Using analytical tools from both human rights and science and technology studies, this chapter articulates a human rights-based approach to analyzing the effects of technology, and it applies that approach to historical and current examples of innovation deployed in the context of economic and social rights. The chapter argues that despite the promise that these innovations hold, their use has tended to divert resources away from system-level reforms and the social determinants of rights. This shift will only become more pronounced and less amenable to democratic control and accountability as states deploy new technologies such as artificial intelligence in meeting their obligations with respect to economic and social rights.
Sustaining Culture and Heritage in Kiribati
Authors: Kotarba-Morley Ania , Thomas Frank , Morley Mike W. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Sea level rise (SLR) and coastal inundation leave many heritage sites and places of cultural significance at risk of degradation, disconnection, and destruction. The potential loss of cultural heritage faced by Small Island Developing States in the Pacific requires immediate action. This chapter focuses on a case study from the remote Pacific archipelagos of Kiribati, located in the central Pacific Ocean. This Micronesian nation of thirty-three islands (thirty-two atolls and table reefs and one higher island, Banaba) has been subject to radical landscape change in recent years and will be severely affected by climate change in the very near future, potentially rendering it uninhabitable. Climate change has had the most tangible and significant impact on Pacific Island nations because SLR rapidly reduces the land mass of low-lying islands and contaminates freshwater reserves with saltwater intrusion. Scientists predict that most of the 112,000 inhabitants of Kiribati are likely to need relocation by 2050 when their home islands—continuously occupied for at least 2,000 years—will no longer be a viable habitat. De-rooting an entire nation and displacing it to a new geographic and cultural location due to climate change would be unprecedented. Archaeologists, historians, heritage experts, and Indigenous custodians of the land all need to be part of such a transition process early on to ensure the sustainability of cultural heritage and to address resettlement and humanitarian concerns. To assist in developing sustainable methods for preserving it for future generations, this chapter provides an overview of the threatened cultural heritage (both tangible and intangible) of Kiribati.
Islamism in Republican Turkey
Authors: Dalacoura Katerina 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The chapter discusses Islamism in republican Turkey and assesses its future in Turkey’s current social and political context. It argues that, if Islamism is understood as a political ideology that seeks to restructure the political process and, through it, to reform society according to Islamic principles, Islamism has been and will remain a movement of important but limited political appeal in republican Turkey. On the basis of this narrow definition, the chapter analyzes two strands of Islamism, the nationalist variety associated with Milli Görüş (National Outlook) and the ‘renewalist’ variety seeking to reform Islam through a re-reading of its foundational texts. Strands from conservative parties merged with elements of nationalist Islamism to constitute the Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi (Justice and Development Party), which has been in power in Turkey since 2002. Ultimately, Turkish Islamism may have opposed the republic, but it was also, inevitably, a product of its sociopolitical and legal context.
The Trajectory of Illiberal Backlash
Authors: Garrido Marco 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter traces the trajectory of illiberal backlash in the Philippines. Conceptually, it emphasizes the work of time in the formation of an illiberal disposition. It espouses an historically embedded explanation of illiberalism centered on the question of “why now?” rather than simply “why?” and accounts for dynamics such as sequence, buildup, and contingency. Empirically, it roots the Philippines’ illiberal turn in the serial failures of actually existing liberal democracy. Repeated failure has given rise to calls for “disciplining” democracy. Rodrigo Duterte was seen as a “strong leader” and the answer to such calls, hence his enormous popularity. Over the course of his administration, Filipinos have developed a taste for illiberal rule. The concluding section looks beyond this trajectory to examine another aspect of illiberal backlash: class power. Here I argue that the election of Ferdinand “Bongbong” Marcos III was partly driven by anti-elitist sentiment, and that, in general, attending to class dynamics can help us appreciate illiberalism’s counterhegemonic aspect.
Policing Assemblies and the Use of Force
Authors: Casey-Maslen Stuart 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The chapter addresses the standards and constraints that international law imposes on police use of force in connection with assemblies. Force may only be used when it is reasonably necessary in the circumstances and must not be disproportionate to the threat posed, for instance, by a violent individual during an assembly. Only weapons duly authorized for use may be deployed and each use of force must be justified and justifiable. Firearms may never be used to disperse an assembly. If private actors are involved in the policing of assemblies, the State remains responsible under international human rights law for abuses that may occur.
Assembly, Pluralism, and Identity
Authors: Inazu John 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The right of assembly is often viewed as a protection for expressive events like protests and demonstrations. Its scope, however, extends well beyond the gathering itself to the group that precedes the gathering. In fact, Article 20(1) of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights recognizes a singular ‘right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association’. This chapter argues that the connection between assembly and association is crucial to establishing the importance of assembly to pluralism and identity. It also criticizes US constitutional law for obscuring this connection. Protections for groups in the United States fall under a largely undeveloped right of association; meanwhile, protests are governed almost exclusively by free speech law. But severing the expressive gathering from the group that precedes the gathering ignores the interconnectedness between gathering and group, particularly when it comes to notions of pluralism and identity. While current US law sees gatherings principally as speech and groups principally as associations, a more robust understanding of gathering and group suggests that both properly fall within the right of assembly.
The Definition of Peaceful Assembly
Authors: Shany Yuval 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the manner in which two international human rights bodies have recently defined the term ‘peaceful assembly’ and thus the scope of protection afforded by the right to peacefully assembly. These are the Human Rights Committee, which dedicated a recent general comment—General Comment No. 37 (2020)—to the right to peaceful assembly, and the Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE/ODIHR) and European Commission for Democracy through Law (Venice Commission), which published an update to its Guidelines on Freedom of Peaceful Assembly in 2019. It will survey and analyze the positions adopted by the Human Rights Committee and ODIHR/Venice Commission on key aspects of the definition of the term ‘peaceful assembly’, and discuss the implications of the interpretative choices made by the Committee and ODIHR/Venice Commission, as far as they concern the scope of protection afforded to the right to peaceful assembly. The chapter starts by considering the relationship between the associative, expressive, and participatory components of the right to peaceful assembly, and moves on to describe specific interpretative choices relating to the purposeful gathering requirement, as well as specific issues relating to online assemblies and conditions for ‘peacefulness’.
Neo-Roman Liberty
Authors: Skinner Quentin 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
To speak of neo-Roman liberty is to refer to the claim that the concept of liberty needs to be contrasted with independence rather than with restraint, and thus with asking what counts as arbitrary power rather than what counts as interference. The first section outlines the classic statement of the neo-Roman view of freedom and slavery presented in the Digest of Roman law. Section 2 examines neo-Roman claims about dependence and enslavement, focusing on arguments about the plight of women and the colonized. Section 3 considers the attack on neo-Romanism that began to be widely mounted in the era of revolution at the end of the eighteenth century, when the contention that liberty consists simply in the absence of restraint first came to be generally accepted. The chapter concludes with a defence of neo-Roman liberty against the objections that continue to be raised against it.
Roman Republicanism
Authors: Atkins Jed W. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores Roman republicanism as a tradition of thought which views the res publica (republic) as the central unit of political life. This tradition emerges as thinkers such as Polybius, Sallust, Cicero, Livy, and Tacitus defend the sovereignty of the republic as the fundamental realm of political life against philosophical and ethical commitments that would devalue it. In articulating the case for the res publica and defending it against internal and external threats, whether from strains of thought within philosophical schools such as Epicureanism and Stoicism or from internal corruption, Roman ‘republican’ thinkers offered influential and often contrasting accounts of concepts such as the purpose of the res publica; the mixed constitution; freedom as non-domination; deliberative rhetoric as means of decision-making; republican virtues; and reflections on patriotism, empire, and just wars.
Dutch Republicanism
Authors: Weststeijn Arthur 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the development of republican practices and theories in the Dutch Republic from its rise in the 1580s to its demise around 1800. Focusing on the writings of, among others, Hugo Grotius, Pieter de la Court, and Baruch Spinoza, the chapter discusses the tensions between aristocratic and democratic interpretations of local autonomy, shared government, and collective forms of citizen rule. It relates how a commercial conception of republican citizenship resulted in a positive assessment of the amalgamation between self-interest and the common good. Analyzing the paradox between the propagation of republican liberty at home and the institution of chattel slavery abroad, the chapter shows how the rationalization of the Dutch domestic order went hand in hand with the rationalization of imperial rule. As a confederal republican polity that developed into a colonial empire, the case of the Dutch Republic reveals the intricate relationship between republicanism and empire.
English Republicanism
Authors: Hammersley Rachel 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores what can be gained from examining English republicanism over the longue durée from the seventeenth to the nineteenth centuries. It sets out the key principles of seventeenth-century English republicanism—government in the common good, a commitment to liberty, and popular sovereignty. It then identifies various issues that were matters of debate, including the form of government, virtue, and religion. Having set out the elements of seventeenth-century English republicanism, the chapter considers how these ideas were deployed and developed over the following two centuries. Ultimately, it presents an account of English republicanism as multifaceted rather than unified, emphasizing that debates frequently occurred between its leading advocates. At the same time, the chapter argues that there was a considerable degree of continuity over time in terms of both the key principles that were upheld and the matters of contention.
French Republicanism
Authors: Fontana Biancamaria 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Today France’s image is so strongly associated with her republican identity that it is easy to forget how in 1792 the country became a republic more by accident than by design. In 1789 most revolutionaries aimed at transforming France’s millennial monarchy into a constitutional regime; however, unforeseen circumstantial factors led to the liquidation of royalty and the establishment of a republican government. While they agreed on some basic principles—abolition of hereditary privileges, equality of rights, and sovereignty of the people—the revolutionaries held rather distant conceptions of the new republic: for some it must be founded upon wide democratic participation and social justice; for others it should be bourgeois, liberal, and based on property. In practice the resulting governments were often a compromise between these two approaches; however ideologically they remained radically opposed. Over two centuries and four republics later, the controversy over the true nature of the French Republic has not been settled and continues to inform contemporary political debates.
Republican Freedom in Choice, Person, and Society
Authors: Pettit Philip 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
By a characteristically republican account, a person is free in the exercise of a choice to the extent that no one else has the power, even the unexercised power, of interfering in that choice. The account makes good analytical sense, as rival accounts may also do, but its appeal primarily consists in its rich implications for the freedom of persons and the society as a whole. If people are to be equally free in this sense—if they are to enjoy equal freedom as non-domination—then the law must identify the basic liberties or choices of each and provide each with security against the domination of others in the exercise of those choices; by a traditional metric, it must enable citizens to be free persons, able to look one another in the eye without reason for fear of deference. But if they and their society are to count as free, republican freedom must also guard citizens against domination by those who make and impose law. Those in power must be constrained to make public decisions under a system of electoral and other controls that are sustained or applied by ordinary citizens, rather than enjoying discretionary or arbitrary power; intuitively, they must rule on the people’s terms.
What Can Quantitative and Formal Models Teach Us about Transitional Justice
Authors: Ang Milena , Nalepa Monika 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of using formal and quantitative models in the study of transitional justice. It focuses on lustration as a transitional justice mechanism that screens political elites for secret participation or collaboration with the ancien regime. We argue that formal models allow us to examine the consistency of theoretical mechanisms, while quantitative models offer the ability to test these mechanisms, and to warrant generalizations. The chapter also discusses the limitations associated with using either the formal or the quantitative approach alone, as well as the criticisms concerning the Empirical Implications of Theoretical Models (EITM) research program.