bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE PATHOLOGIC EFFECTS OF INTRAVENOUSLY ADMINISTERED SOLUBLE ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY COMPLEXES
Authors: McCluskey Robert T. , Benacerraf Baruj , Potter Jacobus L. , Miller Frederick 
Published: June 2004

The intravenous administration to mice of soluble antigen-antibody complexes in antigen excess resulted in a high incidence of glomerulonephritis and less frequently in endocarditis or arteritis. These lesions are present within 48 hours of the first of 3 injections and disappear within 2 weeks.
The same pathological changes were produced with complexes prepared from either rabbit or chicken antibody. In the case of rabbit antibody, the severity of the glomerulonephritis was greater with the ovalbumin antiovalbumin system than with the BSA system.
Anaphylaxis regularly occurred in mice given complexes prepared from rabbit antibody, but was not seen following administration of complexes prepared from chicken antibody.
Pretreatment with cortisone diminished the severity of the glomerulo-nephritis and resulted in accumulation of amorphous, eosinophilic material within glomerular capillaries in mice injected with antigen-antibody complexes.
The rabbit antibody used in these experiments failed to sensitize guinea pig skin to passive cutaneous anaphylaxis when injected in the form of soluble complexes. This indicates that these complexes do not dissociate to a detectable extent in vivo and thus favors the interpretation that complexes localize as such in the sites where tissue damage occurs.
Chicken anti-mouse erythrocyte antibody produced hemolysis of mouse red cells in the presence of mouse complement. In contrast to a similar rabbit anti-serum, the hemolytic activity of the chicken antibody with mouse complement was very slight. This suggests that complement does not play an important role in the pathogenesis of these experimental lesions.
ON THE ROLE OF RIBONUCLEIC ACID IN ANIMAL VIRUS SYNTHESIS
Authors: Tamm Igor , Bablanian Rostom 
Published: June 2004

Ribonuclease is a highly active inhibitor of vaccinia virus multiplication in vitro in the chorioallantoic membrane removed from embryonated chicken eggs. It is also a highly active inhibitor of pock formation by vaccinia and herpes simplex viruses on the chorioallantoic membrane in vivo. Marked inhibitory effects were obtained with 12.5 µg. of RNase. However, complete inhibition was not obtained with several hundred micrograms of the enzyme.
RNase caused no inactivation of the infectivity of vaccinia virus particles but it had a marked inhibitory effect on multiplication of this virus when administered many hours after infection of host cells had occurred. RNase also failed to inactivate the infectivity of herpes simplex virus particles.
The results obtained indicate that ribonucleic acid is necessary for the multiplication of two DNA-containing viruses; i.e., vaccinia and herpes simplex.
IMMUNOLOGIC PRODUCTION OF ANTIANGIOTENSIN
Authors: Deodhar Sharad D. 
Published: June 2004

The parenteral administration of benzoylangiotensin II-azo-BGG to rabbits produced an antiserum with antiangiotensin activity.
Antiangiotensin inhibited the biological action of p-aminobenzoylangiotensin II, valine5-angiotensin II (free acid form), isoleucine5-angiotensin II and valine5-angiotensin II (amide form), but it was totally inert towards angiotensin 1.
Antiangiotensin activity was distinguished from that of serum angiotensinase by the following observations: (a) an angiotensinase-free γ-globulin fraction contained antiangiotensin, (b) angiotensinase inactivated angiotensin II (both the amide and free acid forms) and angiotensin I in contrast to the remarkable specificity for angiotensin II exhibited by antiangiotensin.
Serological demonstration of antiangiotensin included: (a) a comparison of its precipitin reaction with the angiotensin BGG complex with the reaction with BGG alone, (b) the partial inhibition of the precipitin reaction with the angiotensin BGG complex by angiotensin II, (c) a precipitin reaction with a different angiotensin II protein complex (cat serum).
Angiotensin II administered parenterally as the free polypeptide was not antigenic.
PASSIVE TRANSFER OF TOLERANCE TO PYROGENICITY OF BACTERIAL ENDOTOXIN
Authors: Freedman Henry H. 
Published: June 2004

The typical febrile response of normal rabbits given bacterial endotoxin intravenously may be modified by prior administration of plasma or, less effectively, serum of endotoxin-tolerant donors. This altered response is characterized by disappearance of the second rise in fever and by a striking reduction in fever index. It thus resembles the course of fever shown by rabbits made tolerant to endotoxin by one or more previous daily doses. This transfer of tolerance by plasma or serum depends critically upon the manner in which tolerance is induced in the donors.
The plasma of donor rabbits made tolerant, then given an RES-blocking dose of carbon, still confers tolerance upon normal recipient rabbits. Such donors have lost their tolerance and are highly sensitive to endotoxin at the time their blood is taken.
The implications of these findings for endotoxin tolerance and for transfer of this phenomenon are discussed. The evidence is consistent with the hypothesis that both tolerance and its transfer are based upon RES function and are independent of antibody.
FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE BEHAVIOR OF STAPHYLOCOCCI WITHIN HUMAN LEUKOCYTES
Authors: Rogers David E. , Melly Marian Ann 
Published: June 2004

A specific serum factor was required for rapid phagocytosis of pathogenic staphylococci by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes when the ingestion process was studied in siliconed glass systems and the concentrations of staphylococci were maintained at low levels. In contrast to certain other microbes, the resistance to phagocytosis which characterized pathogenic staphylococci was relative, and phagocytosis was readily accomplished when large populations of staphylococci were present in the test system.
A factor promoting phagocytosis was present in eight of eight normal adult sera. In contrast, the sera of twenty-eight of thirty normal rabbits did not promote phagocytosis. Serum obtained from 2 rabbits maintained in the rabbit colony for several months acquired the ability to opsonize pathogenic staphylococci.
The phagocytosis-promoting factor was almost completely removed by prior absorption of test sera with the homologous strain. The factor was incompletely removed by absorption with heterologous strains of pathogenic staphylococci and was not significantly reduced by absorption with coagulase-negative staphylococci or unrelated microorganisms.
Present evidence suggests that the factor promoting phagocytosis is a thermostable opsonin. While the activity of heated serum could not be restored by the addition of small amounts of fresh serum or complement, the addition of large amounts of complement partially restored opsonic activity. Incubation of staphylococci in fresh serum prior to heat inactivation did not reduce subsequent phagocytosis, further suggesting the heat stability of the phagocytosis-promoting factor.
Preliminary studies correlating the presence of antistaphylococcal hemagglutinins and phagocytosis-promoting factor in certain sera suggest that the two factors were not necessarily related.
The phagocytosis of staphylococci in fresh human serum was inhibited by the addition of fresh or inactivated rabbit serum. Further studies on the nature of such inhibition are in progress.
Once ingestion was accomplished, coagulase-positive staphylococci consistently survived in significant numbers within the cytoplasm of human granulocytes. Coagulase-negative staphylococci appeared to be destroyed within the leukocyte and could not be recultured from the cytoplasm following 3 to 4 hours of intracellular residence.
STUDIES ON ANTIBODY FORMATION BY PERITONEAL EXUDATE CELLS IN VITRO
Authors: McKenna John M. , Stevens Kingsley M. 
Published: June 2004

Cells from peritoneal exudates of rabbits sacrificed 3 days after an intraperitoneal injection of sterile mineral oil were grown in tissue cultures in medium 199 (75 per cent); normal rabbit serum (25 per cent). Antibody produced by the cells was assayed by an hemagglutination technique in which the antigens used were adsorbed to formalinized tanned sheep erythrocytes. These sensitized cells agglutinate in the presence of antibody specific to the adsorbed antigen. It has been demonstrated that:
Peritoneal exudate cells produced hemagglutinating antibody to bovine gamma globulin (BGG) in a replicating tissue culture system for approximately 3 weeks when taken from animals given either primary or secondary injections of BGG. The mean hemagglutinating titer was 30 for the primary and 32 for the secondary systems. Since the other cell types did not persist, it is felt that monocytes were responsible for these results.
Monocytes taken from normal rabbits and exposed to either BGG or egg albumen (EA) in vitro produced titers of 28 for about 2 weeks.
Monocytes taken from rabbits given hyperimmunizing injections of BGG produced titers of 147 for about 1 week.
Endotoxin from Salmonella typhosa caused the monocytes to form antibody as if they had been taken from hyperimmunized rabbits. This was true both when the antigen was given in vivo together with the endotoxin as well as when the cells were exposed to antigen in vitro. The titers were 223 and 97, respectively.
Neither freshly harvested nor cultured monocytes were phagocytic for carbon particles or bacteria in vitro. Monocytes in tissue culture appeared to assume the morphology of fibroblasts, but did not stain with the characteristics of fibroblasts. The morphologic changes and staining characteristics of monocytes in tissue culture have been described.
The implications of these findings have been discussed and an attempt made to integrate them into general biological theory.
ON THE SIZE OF THE TOXIC PARTICLE PASSING THE INTESTINAL BARRIER IN BOTULISM
Authors: Heckly Robert J. , Hildebrand G. J. , Lamanna Carl 
Published: June 2004

On the basis of toxicity assays using partition centrifugation cells it was established that the sedimentation coefficient of type A botulinum toxin appearing in the lymph of orally poisoned rats was 7.9 x 10–18 cm. per dyne sec. with 95 per cent confidence limits of 4.4 to 11.4 x 10–13 cm. per dyne sec. This is a significantly lower value than that obtained for crystalline toxin but is well within the range of size for proteins.
Exposure of crystalline toxin for 2 hours to digestive processes in a section of the duodenum of living rats did not significantly reduce the sedimentation coefficient of the toxin. The S20 of crystalline toxin employed in the present study ranged between 12 and 21 with a mean value of 17.9.
While it was observed that both botulinum toxin and albumin sedimented from lymph in glycerol gradient tubes to essentially the same level no evidence was developed to indicate association between toxin in lymph and serum albumin. The electrophoretic mobility of toxin in lymph is like that of crystalline toxin and not albumin. Dialysis of toxic lymph against serum albumin does not result in the appearance of toxin in the dialysate.
INHIBITION OF LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE ACTIVITY FOLLOWING INJECTION OF PITUITARY EXTRACTS INTO RABBITS
Authors: Kellner Aaron , Hirsch Robert L. , Freeman Elizabeth B. 
Published: June 2004

Rabbits given a single subcutaneous injection of an alkaline extract of hog, bovine, or human anterior pituitary glands developed marked hyperlipemia within 12 to 24 hours. The injections in some instances were followed by sickening and death of the animal, though no anatomical changes responsible for these consequences could be determined. No such sequelae were observed in animals given much larger injections of comparable extracts made from other tissues.
An inhibitor to lipoprotein lipase appeared regularly in the serum of the injected animals in association with the hyperlipemia. The injection of heparin into such animals failed to result in the elaboration of clearing factor, and serum from these animals inhibited in vitro the hydrolysis of lipid emulsions by active lipoprotein lipase obtained from normal rabbits or human beings. The inhibitor was produced only in vitro by the pituitary extracts. It did not antagonize the anticoagulant action of heparin, and is probably a lipoprotein.
ALLOTYPY OF RABBIT SERUM PROTEINS
Authors: Oudin Jacques 
Published: June 2004

The relationships between six of the seven allotypes or families of allotypes (a, b, c, d, f, g) described in the preceding paper, have been studied from the standpoints of (1) their antigenic specificities, (2) their mutual influence on the limitation of their respective frequencies, and (3) their genetic control.
Although the six different allotypes (or families) react quite differently with the rabbit antisera, at least five of them react identically with a guinea pig antiserum. Therefore, a large portion of the antigenic specificity of these allotypes, distinct from their allotypic specificity, is uniform in all the individuals of the rabbit species and is termed for this reason "isotypic specificity."
In the early period of the rabbit's life, allotypes may be found in the serum, which are not determined by the genotype of the individual, but are directly transmitted by the mother. The allotypes of the antigenic species of globulin studied in this paper, which were synthesized by the young animal, did not appear in its serum before a certain period of time.
Allelic relationships between the genes which control allotypes were indicated by, (1) the absence of certain kinds of groupings of the allotypes, which limits the number of allotypic formulas in the population sample studied, (2) dosage effects, the concentration of certain allotypes (drawn from the penetration of the zones in gel tubes) being smaller in supposed heterozygotes than in supposed homozygotes, (3) the results of the analysis of the sera of a number of rabbits and of their parents.
Eight of the different antigenic substances studied in this paper (allotype e excluded) appear to be allotypic forms of what would have been considered to be a uniform protein antigen. They may be classified as follows: a first group which contains two allotypes b and d and a family of two allotypes c and c' apparently controlled by three allelic genes b c d, c and c' being controlled by the same gene; a second group which contains two allotypes a and f and a family g, g' apparently controlled by three allelic genes a f g. There are reasons to believe that this list is not complete, especially in the b c d group.
STUDIES ON INFECTION AND IMMUNITY IN EXPERIMENTAL TYPHOID FEVER
Authors: Edsall Geoffrey , Gaines Sidney , Landy Maurice , Tigertt W. D. , Sprinz Helmuth , Trapani R.-J. , Mandel Adrian D. , Benenson A. S. 
Published: June 2004

A disease resembling human typhoid fever has been induced by feeding live cultures of Salmonella typhosa to young chimpanzees, thus confirming the classical reports of Grünbaum and of Metchnikoff and Besredka.
Detailed clinical observations, results of stool and blood cultures, and serological studies have confirmed the impression that the disease produced in chimpanzees closely resembles the mild form of human typhoid fever frequently seen in childhood.
Gross and histologic examination of intestines, mesenteric lymph nodes, liver, spleen, and other organs of orally infected chimpanzees has demonstrated that the pathological findings are essentially indistinguishable from those seen in mild typhoid fever in man.
The clinical spectrum of disease seen in chimpanzees ranged from moderately severe illness, through transitory illness, to afebrile infection with or without bacteriemia (but invariably with an antibody response), occasionally leading to the development of persisting biliary infection and the carrier state. Thus the range of illness observed in chimpanzees resembled that seen in man, except that the severe and complicated forms of typhoid fever were not observed in the chimpanzee. A reason for this difference is proposed and discussed.
In contrast to the limitations imposed upon the interpretation of human epidemiologic observations, it has been possible to demonstrate in the chimpanzee that clinical variation in disease pattern from animal to animal may occur despite the administration of the same dose of the same bacterial strain simultaneously to an entire group of animals under study; in other words, variation in clinical pattern is dependent on inherent, non-specific host factors as well as on dose, strain or preceding state of immunity.
Variation in dose and in challenge strain of S. typhosa employed also appeared to have an effect upon the likelihood of producing febrile as against afebrile infection in chimpanzees. The dose required to produce clinical disease, even with the more virulent strain, was excessively large compared to what is believed to be the dose required to produce illness in man; the limitations of this assumption, and suggested explanations for the findings, are discussed.
The production of the spectrum of typhoid fever in the chimpanzee has made possible the study of basic problems in this disease which are not amenable to definitive study through the use of prevailing laboratory techniques.
THE PHAGOCYTOSIS AND INACTIVATION OF STAPHYLOCOCCI BY MACROPHAGES OF NORMAL RABBITS
Authors: Mackaness G. B. 
Published: June 2004

The phagocytosis and survival of staphylococci in the presence of rabbit macrophages has been studied quantitatively. The method permitted an independent measurement to be made of intracellular and extracellular bacteria during the course of phagocytosis. It was found that S. aureus was relatively resistant to phagocytosis. In the presence of specific immune serum, however, it was ingested at a rate comparable with that of S. albus in normal serum; under these conditions more than 90 per cent of bacteria of either strain were inactivated within 60 minutes. Since immune serum did not alter the susceptibility of S. aureus to inactivation within macrophages, it is concluded that S. aureus and S. albus are similar in respect to their ability to survive within macrophages.
The inactivation of staphylococci occurred more slowly, and a greater percentage survived incubation for 180 minutes, in macrophages than in polymorphonuclear leucocytes. Moreover, they retained their morphology for many hours within the former cell, but disappeared rapidly from the cytoplasm of granulocytes. It is suggested that the antibacterial mechanisms of the two cell types are fundamentally different.
When studied over a prolonged period the staphylococci which survived early inactivation within macrophages were observed to die slowly over many hours. When they were recovered from cells and exposed to fresh macrophages, however, they were ingested and inactivated as readily as bacteria of the original population. It is suggested, therefore, that the prolonged survival in vitro of some staphylococci is due to variation in the efficiency of the antibacterial mechanism of exudative mononuclear phagocytes.
A MECHANISM OF THE GLYCOGENOLYTIC ACTION OF BACTERIAL ENDOTOXIN
Authors: Sanford Jay P. , Barnett Jack A. , Gott Cora 
Published: June 2004

These experiments have demonstrated that liver glycogen may rise or fall after endotoxin administration, depending upon the antecedent diet and that total adrenalectomy followed by corticosteroid replacement abolishes the glycogenolytic effect of sublethal doses of endotoxin.
It is concluded that the derangements of carbohydrate metabolism observed following the administration of sublethal quantities of bacterial endotoxin represent, not a direct hepatotoxic effect of endotoxin, but rather the passive consequence of epinephrine release.
VITAMIN B12Co60 READILY PASSES THE PLACENTA INTO FETAL ORGANS AND NURSING PROVIDES B12 FROM MOTHER TO PUP
Authors: Woods W. D. , Hawkins W. B. , Whipple G. H. 
Published: June 2004

The placenta is permeable to B12Co60. Together with salts, sugar, amino acids, vitamins, and proteins, the B12 is contributed to the growing embryos from the mother's body stores. At birth, the placenta contains a liberal amount of B12, which the mother regains by ingestion of the placentas.
Nursing draws a liberal amount of B12Co60 from the mother's stores and contributes it to the body of the pups where it is absorbed and distributed in the various organs, much as noted when adult dogs are injected with B12Co60. A redistribution is noted as the months pass; but the high values in the heart, liver, and gastric mucosa persist, and the brain usually shows a slow increase.
Enterohepatic circulation of B12 may involve bile and enteric content plus hepatic, gastric, and pancreatic epithelial secretion. This type of body recycling of radioactive B12 is discussed but not proven.
High values of B12 in the heart, brain, gastric mucosa, and liver indicate that the vitamin is functionally active, not an inert fraction.
EFFECTS OF CHRONIC EXCESS SALT FEEDING
Authors: Dahl L. K. 
Published: June 2004

Among female rats and dogs which were fed excess salt for periods of about 1 and 4 years, respectively, elevations in plasma cholesterol concentrations were frequent and in some cases, quite marked.
Rats on a similar regimen for only 2 and 6 months had less frequent and significantly lesser elevations of cholesterol.
The lipid changes did not appear to be related primarily to increased blood pressure, kidney disease, differences in body weight or food consumption.
There is no present evidence which suggests that this phenomenon is related to atherogenesis although it was speculated that this was possible.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE CHAIN LENGTH OF GROUP A STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Ekstedt Richard D. , Stollerman Gene H. 
Published: June 2004

Group A streptococci which grew in long chains in the presence of homologous anti-M antibody were split into their original length by the addition of an excess of homologous M protein to the culture. The chain-splitting reaction showed temperature and pH optima (37°C., 7.5) and was completely inhibited at 0°C. or by heat-killing the long chains at 56°C. prior to the addition of M protein. Addition of sublethal doses of HgCl2, or of penicillin, inhibited the chain-splitting reaction. Pneumococci behaved in entirely comparable fashion to streptococci in similar experiments.
Virulent strains of streptococci formed the shortest chains when broth media was enriched with serum. The chain-shortening effect of serum enrichment of the media was most apparent with encapsulated strains and under cultural conditions that favored capsule formation. Loss of capsules by mutation or by unfavorable growth conditions resulted in increase in chain length. The activity of the chain-splitting mechanism seemed to be independent of M protein, however, since encapsulated M-negative variants also formed very short chain in serum-enriched media. The physical presence of the capsule was not essential for chain shortening since enzymatic removal of the capsule with hyaluronidase during growth did not affect chain length.
These results strongly suggest that chain-splitting of streptococci and pneumococci occurs by an active metabolic mechanism, presumably enzymatic, which is inhibited by the union of surface antigens with specific antibody.