bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction: a meditation upon misreading
Authors: Bloom Harold 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book offers instruction in the practical criticism of poetry, in how to read a poem, on the basis of the theory of poetry set forth in my earlier book, The Anxiety of Influence. Reading, as my title indicates, is a belated and all-but-impossible act, and if strong is always a misreading. Literary meaning tends to become more underdetermined even as literary language becomes more over-determined. Criticism may not always be an act of judging, but it is always an act of deciding, and what it tries to decide is meaning.
Like my earlier book, A Map of Misreading studies poetic influence, by which I continue not to mean the passing-on of images and ideas from earlier to later poets. Influence, as I conceive it, means that there are no texts, but only relationships between texts. These relationships depend upon a critical act, a misreading or misprision, that one poet performs upon another, and that does not differ in kind from the necessary critical acts performed by every strong reader upon every text he encounters. The influence-relation governs reading as it governs writing, and reading is therefore a miswriting just as writing is•a misreading. As literary history lengthens, all poetry necessarily becomes verse-criticism, just as all criticism becomes prose-poetry.
The belatedness of strong poetry
Authors: Bloom Harold 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is the larger subject of which the study of poetic influence is only a part? Of what impulse is the revisionary impulse engendered? Who speaks, most grandly, for the isolate Selfhood?
. . . who saw
When this creation was? remember’st thou
Thy making, while the Maker gave thee being?
We know no time when we were not as now;
Know none before us, self-begot, self-rais’d
By our own quick’ning power, when fatal course
Had circl’d his full Orb, the birth mature
Of this our native Heav’n, Ethereal Sons.
Our puissance is our own, our own right hand
Shall teach us highest deeds, by proof to try
Who is our equal. . . .
Milton and his precursors
Authors: Bloom Harold 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No poet compares to Milton in his intensity of self-consciousness as an artist and in his ability to overcome all negative consequences of such concern. Milton’s highly deliberate and knowingly ambitious program necessarily involved him in direct competition with Homer, Virgil, Lucretius, Ovid, Dante and Tasso, among other major precursors. More anxiously, it brought him very close to Spenser, whose actual influence on Paradise Lost is deeper, subtler and more extensive than scholarship so far has recognized. Most anxiously, the ultimate ambitions of Paradise Lost gave Milton the problem of expanding Scripture without distorting the Word of God.
A reader, thinking of Milton’s style, is very likely to recognize that style’s most distinctive characteristic as being the density of its allusiveness. Perhaps only Gray compares to Milton in this regard, and Gray is only a footnote, though an important and valuable one, to the Miltonic splendor.
Emerson and influence
Authors: Bloom Harold 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Wallace Stevens, closing It Must Change, the second part of Notes Toward a Supreme Fiction, proclaimed the “will to change, a necessitous And present way, a presentation” that brings about “the freshness of transformation.” But though this transformation “is ourselves,” the Seer of Hartford was too wily not to add a customary qualification:
Stevens died in 1955, and any suitable amours concerning various beginnings have been proposed since then. Pound, Eliot, Williams, Moore are gone, among other major figures; and Crane and Roethke were ended prematurely in a subsequent generation. Jarrell and Berryman, whose achievements were more equivocal, have taken on some of the curious lustre that attends the circumstances of such deaths. Contemporary American poetry is a more than usually elaborate panorama, replete with schools and p10grams, with followers enough for all, and readers available for only a few.
In the shadow of Emerson
Authors: Bloom Harold 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The central American poems are houses founded on the sea. This chapter examines three representative post-Emersonian poems: As I Ebb ‘ d with the Ocean of Life, Because I could not stop for Death—, The Auroras of Autumn, chosen because they are as strong as any written by the strongest of our poets: Whitman., Dickinson, Stevens. These poems and poets are Emersonian in a double sense. They follow the seer in his insistence upon poetic priority, the freshness of transformation, but also in his peculiar dialectic of asking the poet to be at once wholly individual and wholly part of the commonal. As ought by now to be clear, influence has little relation to overt attitudes. Whitman was a knowing Emersonian and said so; Dickinson and Stevens read Emerson and were equivocal in their knowing response, but their profound misprision of him is essential to nearly everything they wrote.
Developing Hospital Policy: The University of Wisconsin Experience
Authors: Fost Norman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the spring of 2000, about the same time that the Orange County Register published its articles critical of the rapidly growing field of procurement, processing, and sale of human tissue,the head of the University of Wisconsin Hospital organ procurement program was found to be working for a for-profit tissue procurement company without the knowledge of his employers. The local and national press coverage led the Wisconsin state legislature to schedule hearings on the matter. Consequently, the UW Hospital Ethics Committee was asked by the hospital’s administration to re view the issues and draft a hospital policy on tissue procurement. This chapter reviews the critical issues in that review. Although the commit tee was not charged with developing a consent form, our findings were reflected in a revised consent form that is included at the end of this book as Appendix D.
An Overview Of Focus Group Interviewing
Authors: Casey Mary Anne , Krueger Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Robert Merton, the sociologist who pioneered the approach, first wrote about focus groups in The Focused Interview (1956). Since the 1950s market researchers have used focus groups to search for ways to improve their products and market them to consumers. In the last 20 years government agencies, NGOs (nongovernmental organizations), universities, and nonprofit organizations have begun using findings from focus group interviews to help make decisions about their products and services. This chapter provides an overview of focus group interviewing as used in not-for-profit settings. It will outline the characteristics of focus group interviews and the stages/tasks involved in conducting a focus group study. This chapter also provides how-to advice on conducting these studies.
Problem Formulation, Conceptualization, And Theory Development
Authors: Chaiklin Harris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is common to think of theory, applied research, and practice as separate, distinct entities. While these three entities seem logically dissimilar, in practice the distinctions between them make no difference. It is also common to think of theory as the province of esoteric researchers whose work has little relation to what happens in the “real world.” This too is the stuff of myths, but it is an idea with a long history. In 1803 Immanuel Kant railed against anyone denying that theory is related to practice as “exposing himself as an ignoramus in his field” (Kant, 1974, pp. 41-42). Those who deny the need for theory emphasize the role of ideology in practice. On one side Halmos saw theory and practice as being locked in a necessary and mutually destructive conflict: “While sociology weakens the inspirational elements of professional experience and interpretation, the professional ideology of personal service weakens the positivistic authority of social science” (Halmos, 1971, p. 593). On the other side the Schwendingers see practitioners as corporate liberals who use therapy as a form of social control. According to them, this transforms Freud into an instrument of the corporate state: “With these models, political issues and behavior are regarded as problems of individual adjustment” (Schwendinger, Schwendinger, 1974, p. 347).
Applying For Research Grants: Step-by-Step Guidelines
Authors: Mowbray Carol T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Perhaps nothing strikes more terror in the hearts of new assistant professors, professionals in their first jobs, or even graduate students as being told that they must write a research grant application. Unfortunately, for individuals in these situations, who have limited or no research or evaluation experience, such demands are increasingly likely to occur. The reasons for this are multiple: In academia, faculty are now expected to get and maintain research funding from grants and contracts, starting at an early point in their careers (Ries, Leukefeld, 1998). In addition, budget cuts at universities and human service agencies have fueled constant searches for outside funding, especially for new initiatives. Finally, the push toward evidencebased practice has improved the climate for research on practice; in fact, a professor, clinician, or administrator who has developed an innovative service knows that getting recognition from his or her colleagues and from funding sources virtually requires several studies of the program’s efficacy and effectiveness.
Health Care Evidencebased Practice: A Product of Political and Cultural Times
Authors: Dziegielewski Sophia F , Roberts Albert R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We firmly believe that practice accountability through quality assurance measures and operational improvement, utilization of outcome measures, systematic research, and evidence-based practice will become the dominant challenge for all health care and human service professionals in the current decade. “Increasingly federal, state, and foundation funding sources will demand proof of the effectiveness of specific service interventions” (Austin, Roberts, 2002, p. 826) in health care and human service agencies. We predict that there will be intense pressures on professionals in mental health and substance abuse treatment managed care programs to document and measure quality of service, program, and client outcomes. Effectiveness and outcome data will come from rapid assessment measures, case observations, case records, and multiple methodologically rigorous, randomized clinical research trials in different settings (see Chapters 1, 2, 3, 18, 20, 21, 23, 24, and the chapters by Corcoran and Streiner).
Implementation Of Practice Guidelines And Evidence-Based Treatment: A Survey of Psychiatrists, Psychologists, and Social Workers
Authors: Mullen Edward J , Bacon William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Evidence-based practice and the associated use of practice guidelines have become important emphases in recent years within social work, psychology, and psychiatry (e.g., Gibbs, 2003; Weissman, Sanderson, 2001). These emphases stress practitioner use of methods that have been empirically demonstrated to be effective. This movement within the human service professions is a reaction to the widespread use of methods that have not been empirically tested, as well as the variability in practice of methods used.
Evidence-Based Practice And Manualized Treatment With Children
Authors: Okamoto Scott K , Lecroy Craig Winston 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In social work and allied disciplines, there has been a growing interest in identifying psychosocial treatments for children and adolescents that have demonstrated clinical efficacy and effectiveness. This chapter focuses on illustrating various treatments that have been shown through rigorous, controlled research to be efficacious for child and adolescent mental health problems. Additionally, this chapter focuses on recent literature that addresses the movement of these clinical research studies into the “real world,” or what has been described as transportability (Schoenwald, Hoagwood, 2001), diffusion of innovation (Henggler, Lee, 2002), or effectiveness (APA Task Force on Psychological Intervention Guidelines, 1995). While there has been much progress in identifying “what works” with children and adolescents, the issue of implementing these studies into practice remains a challenge for the field of child and adolescent therapy.
Measuring and evaluating effectiveness of Services for families and children
Authors: Usher Charles L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the past decade, growing concern about the effectiveness of services to families and children has manifested itself in several ways. Most obvious are attempts to define and measure outcomes and to address questions about the extent to which improved outcomes may be attributable, at least in part, to the receipt of particular services. This has led to demands for accountability and related efforts by policy makers and human service professionals to put into place systems to monitor outcomes and to assess service effectiveness. As discussions along these lines have intensified, subtler issues have emerged, such as the complex interplay between formal services and the informal supports provided by extended family and others in the community. The result is that while few of the thorny issues in this area are fully resolved, we have a much better appreciation of important issues that must be addressed.
Elements Of Consumer­Based Outcome Measurement
Authors: Snively Carol A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By informing the helper about how clients view their environment, subjective community quality measures can be useful tools for social work practitioners, especially mental health clinicians and community organizers. After defining relevant terms, this chapter provides a brief overview of community quality research. Research on the effect of community context on mental health outcomes is highlighted. Five measures of subjective community quality are then described. The chapter concludes with suggestions for instrument development and for using subjective community quality measures to improve clinical mental health and community practice outcomes.
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder And Trauma Assessment Scales
Authors: Bordnick Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mental health practitioners are often the first line of assessment for victims in crisis. Due to exposure to traumatic events, the initial screening and assessment can identify persons who warrant further evaluation for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Traumatic events are varied, but general categories include physical abuse, sexual assault, automobile accidents, workplace accidents, disasters (man-made and natural), and war. These events are ubiquitous; therefore, mental health practitioners need to develop a basic understanding of trauma and its associated symptoms in order to conduct valid clinical assessments. A key factor to consider is that early identification of traumatic stress and treatment can lead to the prevention of related physical and mental sequelae (Yarvis, Bordnick, 2003) (Figure 56.1). The type of traumatic event or time since exposure to the event may dictate different instruments and assessment techniques (e.g., difference between motor vehicle accident, rape, or war experience). In this chapter, general assessment strategies will be presented for mental health practitioners. The assessments described here assume that screening has indicated reasons to evaluate PTSD specifically and that adequate time for such an indepth evaluation is available.
Assessment Measures For Sexual Predators: Step-by-Step Guidelines
Authors: Glancy Graham , Regehr Cheryl 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As a result of recent legislative changes in both the United States and Canada regarding sexually violent predators (Glancy, Regehr, 2001; Zonona, 1999), mental health practitioners are increasingly being called upon to provide predictions regarding the future dangerousness of convicted sex offenders. Prediction of dangerousness based solely on clinical assessments for offenders of any kind and in particular sexual offenders, however, has proved to be remarkably inaccurate and to result in very low interrater reliability between professional assessors (Hilton, Simmons, 2001). Consequently, there has been considerable effort in the past decade to develop actuarial tools with the aim of improving predictive accuracy. Developers of the tools have reported favorable results in terms of predictive validity, but, nevertheless, considerable controversy exists about the place of actuarial testing in the assessment of sexual offenders (Zonona, 2000; Sreenivasan, Kirkish, Garrick, Wineberger, Phenixa, 2000). The original actuarial instruments focused exclusively on “static” or historical factors such as the age at first offence and the nature of violent offenses. The developers suggested that these tools for the prediction of dangerousness are accurate enough to be used in isolation and that adjunctive clinical assessments not only may fail to add to the predictive validity but in fact may be detrimental (Quinsey, Khanna,, Malcolm, 1998).
The Evaluation Of Training For Leaders Of Foster And Adoptive Parent Support Groups
Authors: Keenan Elizabeth King 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Numerous support groups for foster and adoptive parents currently exist in a New England state. Attendance tends to be uneven and inconsistent, and group member interaction in many support groups centers around airing problems without moving to a problem-solving or supportive stance. Support group leaders are employees of either a private nonprofit agency (the Connecticut Association of Foster and Adoptive Parents) or a public agency that provide services for foster and adoptive families. Administrators from both agencies report that many current leaders lack knowledge of group leadership skills to respond to these difficulties. Administrators thus decided that a once-monthly 9-month training for current group leaders would facilitate the development of their skills to increase attendance and improve the quality of the interaction at the foster and adoptive parent support group meetings.
Documenting Change In Addiction Treatment Systems: A Model for Evaluation and Examples of Its Use
Authors: Newman Dianna L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The original concept of professional development emphasized the training of specific knowledge and skills need to practice (Filby, 1995). In the 1980s, professional development began to focus on the improvement of professionals’ thinking and decision making in unfamiliar practice situations. In fact, an overview of the various models of professional development (Telelearning, Inc., 1999) indicates that most of the current models emphasize the importance of a link between theory and practice, incorporating collaborative reflection, and the development of skills and dispositions that will shape ongoing learning from experience (Elmore, Burney, 1997). Of major importance are professional development activities that incorporate the development of a clear sense of purpose, a shared vision, and the building of collaborative culture (Elmore, Burney, 1997). Thus, the elements of a holistic approach to professional development are thought to lead to the improvement of professional practice on a deeper and more lasting level than the more traditional skills-only approaches that focus on changing discrete parts of an organizational system rather than the system as a whole. Proponents of this approach believe that change in any complex organization or social system will be ineffective and short-lived, if the fact that systems have many interrelated parts and change in one of these demands attention to other parts is not taken into account (Schalock, Fredericks, Dalke,, Alberto, 1994).
Amplifying Performance Measurement Literacy: Reflections from the Appalachian Partnership for Welfare Reform
Authors: Longo Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 88 we introduced the Performance Blueprint, another illustration of which is presented here as Figure 89.1 for the reader’s convenience. As previously discussed, logic models have been identified throughout the literature on program evaluation and performance measurement as a helpful, albeit relatively limited, tool for better understanding, managing, and documenting the performance of programs and the investments that go into them. Properly used, the heuristic power of logic models is capable of granting all the program's stakeholders (i.e., benefactors, beneficiaries, designers, implementers, service providers, and so forth) a standing invitation to compare the program's actual performance with its projected, desired, or even potential performance. The Performance Blueprint, which we claim is an enhanced, nonlinear logic model, is incorporated into many of the products and services that the Appalachian Partnership for Welfare Reform (APWR) offered to the 29 Appalachian County Departments of Job and Family Services (CDJFS) and continues to offer to the Columbus-based Office of Family Stability within the Columbus-based Ohio Department of Job and Family Services (ODJFS).
Social Work Role In Disease Management
Authors: Claiborne Nancy , Vandenburgh Henry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After World War II, developed countries shifted their emphasis of health from the absence of disease to curing diseases and minimizing effects of diseases. The goals then became the attainment of more effective lives for patients and the preservation of physical functioning and well-being. This formulation introduced quality of care theory (Lohr, 1988), which expanded the goals of health care to encompass improvement in quality of life and the preservation of physical and mental functioning. Quality of care theory is composed of three subconcepts: (a) the structure (type of delivery system), (b) the process (technical competence of the provider and the patientprovider relationship), and (c) outcomes (end results) of care. Large geographic variations in numbers of medical procedures, unnecessary surgeries, and mortality statistics in the United States concerned both practitioners and health analysts. Inadequate reporting, poor data collection, limited numbers of valid, diagnosis-based instruments, and the lack of national standards greatly hindered attempts to adequately measure outcomes and thus define quality.
Food for Thought
Authors: Piantadosi Claude A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 5000 years of recorded history, nearly 500 major famines have been documented in various parts of the world. Even in the twenty-first century, about 1 million people starve to death worldwide every year. When one realizes how difficult it is to starve to death today, the magnitude of this tragedy becomes incomprehensible. The contrary view that almost 6 billion people are fed on the planet every day reminds us of the technological tour de force that is modern agriculture. Fewer than 1 in 6000 people starve to death each year in today’s world. However, the true consequences of human starvation and malnutrition are far larger and more insidious than is the body count. These include epidemics of related diseases, lost productivity, and loss of tolerance to environmental stress, particularly to heat and cold.