bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A good practice guide to the administration of substances and removal of blood, including routes and volumes
Authors: Diehl Karl‐Heinz , Hull Robin , Morton David , Pfister Rudolf , Rabemampianina Yvon , Smith David , Vidal Jean‐Marc , Vorstenbosch Cor Van De 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThis article is the result of an initiative between the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries Associations (EFPIA) and the European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM). Its objectives are to provide the researcher in the safety evaluation laboratory with an up‐to‐date, easy‐to‐use set of data sheets to aid in the study design process whilst at the same time affording maximum welfare considerations to the experimental animals.Although this article is targeted at researchers in the European Pharmaceutical Industry, it is considered that the principles underpinning the data sets and refinement proposals are equally applicable to all those who use these techniques on animals in their research, whether in research institutes, universities or other sectors of industry. The implications of this article may lead to discussion with regulators, such as those responsible for pharmacopoeial testing.There are numerous publications dealing with the administration of test substances and the removal of blood samples, and many laboratories also have their own ‘in‐house’ guidelines that have been developed by custom and practice over many years. Within European Union Directive 86/609EEC1 we have an obligation to refine experiments to cause the minimum amount of stress. We hope that this article will provide background data useful to those responsible for protocol design and review.This guide is based on peer‐reviewed publications whenever possible, but where this is not possible we have used ‘in‐house’ data and the experience of those on the working party (as well as helpful comments submitted by the industry) for a final opinion. The guide also addresses the continuing need to refine the techniques associated with the administration of substances and the withdrawal of blood, and suggests ways of doing so. Data‐sharing between laboratories should be encouraged to avoid duplication of animal work, as well as sharing practical skills concerning animal welfare and scientific problems caused by ‘overdosing’ in some way or another. The recommendations in this guide refer to the ‘normal’ animal, and special consideration is needed, for instance, during pregnancy and lactation. Interpretation of studies may be confounded when large volumes are administered or excessive sampling employed, particularly if anaesthetics are used. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Peptide models XXXI. Conformational properties of hydrophobic residues shaping the core of proteins. An ab initio study of N‐formyl‐L‐valinamide and N‐formyl‐L‐phenylalaninamide
Authors: Hudáky Péter , Jákli Imre , Császár Attila G. , Perczel András 
Published: September 2002

AbstractEmploying introductory (3‐21G RHF) and medium‐size (6‐311++G** B3LYP) ab initio calculations, complete conformational libraries, containing as many as 27 conformers, have been determined for diamide model systems incorporating the amino acids valine (Val) and phenylalanine (Phe). Conformational and energetic properties of these libraries were analyzed. For example, significant correlation was found between relative energies from 6‐311++G** B3LYP and single‐point B3LYP/6‐311++G**//RHF/3‐21G calculations. Comparison of populations of molecular conformations of hydrophobic aromatic and nonaromatic residues, based on their ab initiorelative energies, with their natural abundance indicates that, at least for the hydrophobic core of proteins, the conformations of Val (Ile, Leu) and Phe (Tyr, Trp) are controlled by the local energetic preferences of the respective amino acids. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Comput Chem 22: 732–751, 2001
Photocatalytic degradation for environmental applications – a review
Authors: Bhatkhande Dhananjay S , Pangarkar Vishwas G , Beenackers Anthony A C M 
Published: September 2002

AbstractPhotocatalysis is a rapidly expanding technology for wastewater treatment. In this review the chemical effects of various variables on the rate of degradation of different pollutants are discussed in detail. The effects of adsorption, temperature, intensity of light, pH, and the presence of anions, cations, etc have been specifically covered. A critical analysis of the available literature data has been made and some general conclusions have been drawn concerning the above mentioned effects. The need for more work on specific points has been brought out.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Color Doppler sonographic diagnosis of dissecting aneurysm of the superior mesenteric artery
Authors: Wadhwani Raju , Modhe Jagdish , Pandey Kaushal , Gujar Sachin , Sukthankar Rajan 
Published: September 2002

AbstractWe report a case of dissecting aneurysm of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) diagnosed on gray‐scale and color Doppler sonography and confirmed on angiography. Spontaneous dissection of the SMA is rare, and there are few reported cases of the color Doppler sonographic findings. Gray‐scale sonography revealed an aneurysmal dilatation of the SMA 3–4 cm from the SMA's origin, with an echogenic linear membrane (an intimal flap) within the aneurysm. Color Doppler sonography showed color flow within the aneurysm and showed that the intimal flap separated the aneurysm into 2 lumina. Spectral analysis revealed anterograde flow in the anterior (ie, true) lumen and retrograde flow in the posterior (ie, false) lumen. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 29:247–249, 2001.
Early carbonic anhydrase induction in the gills of the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus, during low salinity acclimation is independent of ornithine decarboxylase activity
Authors: Henry Raymond P. , Watts Stephen A. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractCarbonic anhydrase &lpar;CA&rpar; induction in the gills of the euryhaline blue crab, Callinectes sapidus, was measured in response to lowered environmental salinity. Simultaneous measurements of ornithine decarboxylase &lpar;ODC&rpar; activity were made in gills and nonbranchial tissues to determine whether ODC activity and the resultant synthesis of polyamines played a role in the initiation and regulation of CA induction. CA induction in the seventh gill pair &lpar;G7&rpar; was proportional to the decrease in ambient salinity, but activity in the third gill pair &lpar;G3&rpar; remained unchanged. Induction began by 24 hr after low salinity transfer, much earlier than previously reported, and peaked after 4 days. The magnitude of salinity change affected the magnitude of CA induction only, not the time course. A general cell volume regulatory response, as measured by the appearance of total ninhydrin&hyphen;positive substances &lpar;TNPS&rpar; in the hemolymph, was initiated within 4 hr of low salinity transfer and was complete by 24 hr post&hyphen;transfer. General cell swelling may be the initial signal in the pathway of CA induction. ODC activity in the gills of acclimated animals was not influenced by salinity. For crabs transferred from 35 to 25 ppt, ODC activity did not change significantly over the time course of acclimation. There was an early but transient increase in ODC activity in all tissues for crabs acclimated to 28 ppt and transferred to 15 ppt. Induction of ODC activity does not appear to be a precursor for CA induction; therefore, it does not appear that polyamines are substantially involved in the up&hyphen;regulation of transport enzyme activity in low salinity. ODC, and resultant polyamine synthesis, may, however, have a role in cell volume regulation. J. Exp. Zool. 289:350&ndash;358, 2001. &copy; 2001 Wiley&hyphen;Liss, Inc.
Spanning trees with many leaves
Authors: Ding Guoli , Johnson Thor , Seymour Paul 
Published: September 2002

AbstractWe show that if G is a simple connected graph with

and $|V(G)| \,\neq\,t+2$, then G has a spanning tree with > t leaves, and this is best possible. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Graph Theory 37: 189–197, 2001
Law tradition and institutional quality: some empirical evidence†
Authors: Chong Alberto , Zanforlin Luisa 
Published: September 2002

AbstractLaw tradition of a country is associated with its institutional quality. Countries with a French Civil code tradition display a negative link with bureaucratic development, lack of corruption, credibility of governments and others. Results are maintained even after controlling for regional and colonial variables and, in general, appear robust. Countries with a Common Law tradition show a positive relationship with institutional quality, though not as robust when testing a broad range of specifications. These results are consistent with the hypothesis of Scully, Posner and others, that link origin of laws and economic behaviour. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Actinomycin D Binding to Unstructured, Single‐stranded DNA
Authors: Yoo Hoon , Rill Randolph L. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractActinomycin D is an anticancer antibiotic best know for inhibiting transcription by binding double‐stranded DNA. Tight, sequence selective binding of actinomycin to single‐stranded DNA is also known, however, and is implicated in biological activities including inhibition of (−) strand transfer by HIV reverse transcriptase. Oligonucleotide d(GTTAACCATAG) is one of the rare single‐stranded DNAs that lack GC steps yet have high affinity for actinomycin. Oligonucleotide sequence and length requirements for drug binding were investigated by monitoring association of the fluorescent surrogate, 7‐aminoactinomycin D, to d(GTTAACCATAG) and 31 related oligomers. The TAG‐3′ terminal sequence was essential for high‐affinity binding, but was not sufficient. Five oligomers with TAG sequences on or near the 3′‐end had high affinity [Kd ≤ 200 nM (oligomer)]. A sixth oligomer, d(GTAACCATATG), had moderately lower affinity (Kd = 370 nM), and other homologous oligomers had much lower affinity. The minimum length sequence for tight binding of 7‐aminoactinomycin D was identified as only eight nucleotides, corresponding to d(AACCATAG). This octanucleotide is unstructured in the absence of actinomycin, and has the highest drug affinity of all oligomers examined (Kd = 125 nM). These studies show that high‐affinity binding of 7‐aminoactinomycin, and actinomycin D by extension, to single‐stranded DNA does not require pre‐existing secondary structure or any apparent propensity for secondary structure. It is proposed that actinomycin D binds to certain single‐stranded DNA sequences by an induced‐fit mechanism favored by participation of at least eight nucleotides, or the equivalent of four base pairs. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Abbreviations used:

AMD

actinomycin D

7AAMD

7‐aminoactinomycin D

dsDNA

double‐stranded DNA

ssDNA

single‐stranded DNA.
Autoantibody appearance in cytomegalovirus‐infected liver transplant recipients: Correlation with antigenemia
Authors: Varani Stefania , Muratori Luigi , De Ruvo Nicola , Vivarelli Marco , Lazzarotto Tiziana , Gabrielli Liliana , Bianchi Francesco B. , Bellusci Roberto , Landini Maria P. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe presence of anti‐endothelial cells (AECA), smooth muscle (SMA), antinuclear (ANA) and antimitochondrial (AMA) autoantibodies, and liver/kidney microsomal antibody type 1 (LKM1) was investigated retrospectively in sera of liver transplant patients and correlated with cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection as determined by the antigenemia test and with the appearance of acute or chronic allograft rejection. Indirect immunofluorescence analysis was carried out in sequential sera from 40 liver transplant patients. Ten out of 23 antigenemia‐positive and none of the antigenemia‐negative patients developed serum autoantibodies (P = 0.002, Fisher's exact test). Anti‐endothelial cell autoantibodies were found in nine cases and SMA in four patients. Antinuclear antibodies were detected in one otherwise autoantibody‐negative patient. All but one case of autoantibody positivity were observed in the high antigenemia group (P < 0.0001, Fisher's exact test). In all but one case, autoantibodies were detected in blood during the antigenemia phase and in most cases in coincidence with or after the antigenemia peak. Even though a statistically significant correlation was not found between autoantibody production and the development of acute or chronic allograft rejection, proportionally more acute rejection cases were observed in the autoantibody‐positive than in the autoantibody‐negative group. It has been speculated that CMV‐induced endothelial damage may be a potent antigenic stimulus, which leads to the production of anti‐endothelial cells autoantibodies. Anti‐endothelial cell autoantibodies may represent not only a marker of cell injury but also contribute to the progression of the inflammatory response leading to the exposure of tissue‐privileged self antigens and the induction of other autoantibodies such as SMA. J. Med. Virol. 66:56–62, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Influence of synoptic situations on the precipitation in Kraków (Poland)
Authors: Twardosz Robert , Niedźwiedź Tadeusz 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe impact of the synoptic situations on the occurrence of precipitation in Kraków is analysed. Daily records of precipitation from the period 1873–1999 were used, as well as the calendar of synoptic situations by T. Niedźwiedź. The study presents annual and long‐term variations of daily precipitation, frequency of the synoptic situations, and frequency of precipitation for particular situations. For the 21 types of synoptic situations, the following characteristics were defined: average daily precipitation and its effectiveness ratio, maximum precipitation and the probability of occurrence of days with or without precipitation. Most precipitation occurs during the advection of air masses from the west and during the cyclonic trough, which is related to high frequency of occurrence of such situations. From among 21 synoptic situations, the following ones are the most favourable for the development of abundant precipitation: northeastern cyclonic situation (NEc), north cyclonic situation (Nc), cyclonic trough (Bc) and centre of low pressure (Cc). Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society
Performance of statistical downscaling models in GCM validation and regional climate change estimates: application for Swedish precipitation
Authors: Busuioc Aristita , Chen Deliang , Hellström Cecilia 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThis study deals with an analysis of the performance of a general circulation model (GCM) (HadCM2) in reproducing the large‐scale circulation mechanisms controlling Swedish precipitation variability, and in estimating regional climate changes owing to increased CO2 concentration by using canonical correlation analysis (CCA). Seasonal precipitation amounts at 33 stations in Sweden over the period 1899–1990 are used. The large‐scale circulation is represented by sea level pressure (SLP) over the Atlantic–European region.The link between seasonal Swedish precipitation and large‐scale SLP variability is strong in all seasons, but especially in winter and autumn. For these two seasons, the link is a consequence of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) pattern. In winter, another important mechanism is related to a cyclonic/anticyclonic structure centred over southern Scandinavia. In the past century, this connection has remained almost unchanged in time for all seasons except spring. The downscaling model that is built on the basis of this link is skilful in all seasons, but especially so in winter and autumn. This observed link is only partially reproduced by the HadCM2 model, while large‐scale SLP variability is fairly well reproduced in all seasons. A concept about optimum statistical downscaling models for climate change purposes is proposed. The idea is related to the capability of the statistical downscaling model to reproduce low frequency variability, rather than having the highest skill in terms of explained variance. By using these downscaling models, it was found that grid point and downscaled climate signals are similar (increasing precipitation) in summer and autumn, while in winter, the amplitudes of the two signals are different. In spring, both signals show a slight increase in the northern and southern parts of Sweden. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society
Seasonal and interannual variability in atmospheric turbidity over South Africa
Authors: Power Helen C. , Willmott Cort J. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractAerosols affect climate by attenuating solar radiation and acting as cloud condensation nuclei. Despite their importance in the climate system, our understanding of the time‐space variability of aerosols is fragmentary. Measurements and reliable estimates of atmospheric turbidity—the total column amount of aerosol—are scarce in most countries and this is especially true in the Southern Hemisphere. Very little is known about the seasonal, interannual and spatial variability of aerosols over the southern half of the globe.In this paper, we estimate monthly averaged atmospheric turbidity from surface climate data at eight locations in South Africa, regardless of cloud cover. Findings include new estimates of turbidity trends and variability over South Africa. Seasonal trends are evident at many stations, although there is no consistent trend. Over recent decades, turbidity has generally been stable at six of the eight stations. Our methodology can be applied at any location where the requisite climate data are available and, therefore, holds promise for a more complete, and possibly global, climatology of aerosols. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society
Oxygen isotope and palaeotemperature records from six Greenland ice‐core stations: Camp Century, Dye‐3, GRIP, GISP2, Renland and NorthGRIP
Authors: Johnsen Sigfus J. , Dahl‐Jensen Dorthe , Gundestrup Niels , Steffensen Jørgen P. , Clausen Henrik B. , Miller Heinz , Masson‐Delmotte Valerie , Sveinbjörnsdottir Arny E. , White James 
Published: September 2002

AbstractOxygen isotope variations spanning the last glacial cycle and the Holocene derived from ice‐core records for six sites in Greenland (Camp Century, Dye‐3, GRIP, GISP2, Renland and NorthGRIP) show strong similarities. This suggests that the dominant influence on oxygen isotope variations reflected in the ice‐sheet records was regional climatic change. Differences in detail between the records probably reflect the effects of basal deformation in the ice as well as geographical gradients in atmospheric isotope ratios. Palaeotemperature estimates have been obtained from the records using three approaches: (i) inferences based on the measured relationship between mean annual δ18O of snow and of mean annual surface temperature over Greenland; (ii) modelled inversion of the borehole temperature profile constrained either by the dated isotopic profile, or (iii) by using Monte Carlo simulation techniques. The third of these approaches was adopted to reconstruct Holocene temperature variations for the Dye 3 and GRIP temperature profiles, which yields remarkably compatible results. A new record of Holocene isotope variations obtained from the NorthGRIP ice‐core matches the GRIP short‐term isotope record, and also shows similar long‐term trends to the Dye‐3 and GRIP inverted temperature data. The NorthGRIP isotope record reflects: (i) a generally stronger isotopic signal than is found in the GRIP record; (ii) several short‐lived temperature fluctuations during the first 1500 yr of the Holocene; (iii) a marked cold event at ca. 8.2 ka (the ‘8.2 ka event’); (iv) optimum temperatures for the Holocene between ca. 8.6 and 4.3 ka, a signal that is 0.6‰ stronger than for the GRIP profile; (v) a clear signal for the Little Ice Age; and (vi) a clear signal of climate warming during the last century. These data suggest that the NorthGRIP stable isotope record responded in a sensitive manner to temperature fluctuations during the Holocene. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimates of the efficiency of transfer of L‐histidine from blood to milk when it is the first‐limiting amino acid for secretion of milk protein in the dairy cow
Authors: Kim Chang‐Hyun , Choung Jai‐Jun , Chamberlain David G 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe efficiency of transfer of L‐histidine into milk protein was measured in two experiments in which L‐histidine was infused intravenously into dairy cows eating a basal diet of grass silage and a cereal‐based supplement containing feather meal. Both experiments used Latin square designs, and infusion periods lasted 10 days. In Experiment 1, histidine was infused alone at doses of 3, 6 and 9 g day−1. The output of milk protein increased up to the 6 g day−1 dose but fell back to the basal level when 9 g day−1 was infused. The efficiency of transfer was highest for the 6 g day−1 dose, for which the value was 0.38. In Experiment 2 the same three histidine doses as in Experiment 1 were used, but this time the histidine was accompanied by 8 g L‐methionine, 28 g L‐lysine and 2.5 g L‐tryptophan, to ensure that histidine remained first‐limiting over the whole dose range. The output of histidine in milk protein (Y) increased linearly with histidine dose (X) such that Y  = 0.431 X + 0.070 r  = 0.998; n  = 4, indicating an efficiency of transfer of 0.43.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Business travellers' perception of service quality: a prefatory study of two European city centre hotels
Authors: Callan Roger J. , Kyndt Gabrielle 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe business traveller contributes significantly to the turnover of the hotel industry and, with the globalisation of business, this sector shows signs of increasing growth. Service quality has now become one of the main factors used to gain competitive advantage, thus the industry must focus more specifically on the needs and expectations of its business customers. The aim of this paper is to focus on the business travel market and more specifically on the comparison of two hotels in two European cities, Brussels and Manchester. This area of research has not been attempted before and will provide an interesting comparison with findings in USA. A literature review identified the relevant attributes used to measure service quality, which were utilised to design a questionnaire, distributed to customers in a five star hotel in Manchester and in Brussels.The primary data obtained were then compared with the findings of other
researchers. The analysis indicated that Brussels scored the majority of the attributes more highly (many significantly) than did Manchester. This may be influenced by the international profile of the Brussels
respondents who tended to travel on
business more frequently than the
Manchester sample. The comparisons with the USA surveys found some inconsistencies that might be attributed to societal
differences.Copyright © 2001 John Wiley
& Sons, Ltd.