bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On‐line sample concentration techniques in capillary electrophoresis: Velocity gradient techniques and sample concentration techniques for biomolecules
Authors: Lin Cheng‐Huang , Kaneta Takashi 
Published: December 2004

AbstractMethods with a high sensitivity and high separation efficiency are goals in analytical separation techniques. On‐line sample concentration techniques in capillary electrophoresis (CE) separations have rapidly grown in popularity over the past few years because they achieve this goal. This review describes the methodology and theory associated with a number of different techniques, including electrokinetic and chromatographic methods. For small molecules, several on‐line concentration methods based on velocity gradient techniques are described, in which the electrophoretic velocities of the analyte molecules are manipulated by field amplification, sweeping, and isotachophoretic migration, resulting in the on‐line concentration of the analyte zones. In addition, the on‐line concentration methods for macromolecules are described, since the techniques used for macromolecules (DNAs and proteins), are different from those for small molecules, with respect to either mechanism or methodology. Recent studies relating to this topic are also discussed, including electrophoretic and chromatographic techniques on capillary or microchip.
Towards retrieval of forest cover density over snow from the Multi‐angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR)
Authors: Nolin Anne W. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractVegetation structure and density affect the dynamics of snow accumulation and ablation. Vegetation also affects our ability to estimate snow‐covered area accurately from satellite‐based sensors. The objective of this case study is to demonstrate how the angular pattern of reflectance from vegetation over snow can provide information on forest cover density. Imagery from the Multi‐angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer was acquired over north‐central Colorado on 15 February 2002. Angular reflectance data were extracted from a variety of image locations and were analysed in conjunction with a digital elevation model and maps of forest cover density and forest cover type. The Rahman–Pinty–Verstraete semi‐empirical parametric model was successfully used to simulate the angular patterns of reflectance. The model's k parameter, a measure of reflectance anisotropy, was used to characterize the angular signatures of selected pixels. Results show distinct patterns of anisotropic reflectance that depend on density and cover type. Non‐forested areas exhibit a bowl‐shaped pattern (k < 1·0) of reflectance versus viewing angle. Low‐density deciduous forests also have this bowl‐shaped reflectance pattern, but this changes as the density increases. Other forest cover types show transitional patterns between bowl and bell shapes and distinct bell‐shaped patterns (k > 1·0) for higher densities. However, the relationship between k and density does not hold for forest cover densities that approach 100%. For a density of 99%, the fir–spruce forest cover type has a distinct bowl shape and a k value of only 0·69. This is in agreement with previous work indicating that sub‐pixel homogeneity (whether because of sparse vegetation cover or extremely dense vegetation cover) will result in k < 1·0. This preliminary study indicates from a qualitative standpoint that multi‐angle reflectance data captures sub‐pixel‐scale information on forest cover density. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of a recombinant nucleocapsid protein‐based assay for Anti‐SARS‐CoV IgG detection
Authors: Chan Paul K.S. , Liu Esther Y.M. , Leung Danny T.M. , Cheung Jo L.K. , Ma C.H. , Tam Frankie C.H. , Hui Mamie , Tam John S. , Lim Pak Leong 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA high throughput accurate assay for anti‐SARS‐CoV IgG detection is needed for large‐scale epidemiological studies. The evaluation of a commercial recombinant nucleocapsid protein‐based microtitre plate enzyme immunoassay, ELISARS™ is described. The results on 150 sera from SARS patients and 450 sera from non‐SARS controls showed that this assay had a high level of sensitivity (96.2% for late serum samples) and specificity (97.8%). The performance and setup of this assay fulfills the requirement as a screening test for large‐scale studies. A vast majority of SARS patients developed antibodies against the nucleocapsid protein. In some patients (10/45), a high level of anti‐nucleocapsid antibody appeared very early in the course of the illness. In contrast, a minority (4 of 105 patients) never developed these antibodies. The implication of differences in antibody response to the nucleocapsid protein deserves further investigation. J. Med. Virol. 75:181–184, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantitative detection of hepatitis B surface antigen by chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay during lamivudine treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus carriers
Authors: Kohmoto Madoka , Enomoto Masaru , Tamori Akihiro , Habu Daiki , Takeda Tadashi , Kawada Norifumi , Sakaguchi Hiroki , Seki Shuichi , Shiomi Susumu , Nishiguchi Shuhei 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe usefulness of fully automated chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay (Architect HBsAg QT) for monitoring serum levels of hepatitis B virus (HBV) during antiviral therapy remains unclear. Using this assay, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was measured in 20 patients with chronic hepatitis B before and during lamivudine treatment. At the start of therapy, 12 patients had detectable hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) and 8 did not. The median serum HBV DNA level and HBsAg concentration (25th–75th centile) were 7.2 (6.1–7.8) log genome equivalents/ml and 3,932 (1,585–12,330) IU/ml, respectively. The HBsAg concentration was significantly higher in HBeAg positive than in HBeAg negative patients (P = 0.031). There was a significant correlation between the HBsAg concentration and HBV DNA level (r = 0.490, P = 0.027). The HBsAg concentration negatively correlated with patient age (r = −0.395, P = 0.085). After the start of lamivudine therapy, HBV DNA levels fell rapidly in all patients. Serum HBsAg concentrations also fell in most patients, but to a lesser extent. When drug‐resistant variants emerged, serum HBsAg usually increased before biochemical breakthrough. Although HBV DNA was elevated persistently after the emergence of drug‐resistant variants, the increase in HBsAg was transient. In some patients, the increase in HBsAg preceded the increase in HBV DNA. Monitoring of serum HBsAg concentrations with the use of Architect HBsAg QT, in addition to measurement of HBV DNA levels, is helpful for evaluating the response to lamivudine treatment and for the early detection of drug‐resistant strains. J. Med. Virol. 75:235–239, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Simple and accurate formulas for the physical dimensions of rectangular microstrip antennas with thin and thick substrates
Authors: Guney K. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractNew, very simple closed‐form formulas for calculating the patch length and width of electrically thin and thick rectangular microstrip antennas (MSAs) are presented. They are obtained by means of a curve‐fitting technique, and are useful for the computer‐aided design of microstrip antennas. The theoretical results obtained by using these new patch length and width formulas are in very good agreement with the experimental results available in the literature. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 44: 257–259, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20603
Investigation of high‐speed boundary‐layer transition by DNS
Authors: Stemmer Christian , Adams Nikolaus A. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractAn investigation of hypersonic boundary‐layer flow along a flat plate is being presented. The high Mach number investigated calls for the consideration of the chemical reactions and the change in thermodynamical properties for temperatures up to T = 6000 K. For the current investigation a test case at M = 20 and the atmospheric conditions at an altitude of H = 50 Km is chosen. The differences to the ideal‐gas result is demonstrated. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Simulation of flow and electrokinetic transport in a micro‐analysis‐system
Authors: Barz Dominik P. J. , Ehrhard Peter 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe aim of this work is the investigation of the flow and electrokinetic transport in a micro‐analysis‐system. A mathematical model for electroosmotic and electrophoretic phenomena is introduced in order to perform two‐dimensional, time‐dependent Finite Element simulations for an existing device. The model includes the feature of the flow field, the mass transfer, the external applied electric field and the involved chemistry. The results of the simulation are validated against experimental data and show good agreement. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Experimentelle und numerische Untersuchungen zur Wärmeübertragung in Scheinwerfern
Authors: Senin Stepan , Karcher Christian 
Published: December 2004

AbstractDie gekoppelte konvektive und radiative Wärmeübertragung in einem Scheinwerfermodell werden numerisch und experimentell untersucht. In einem vereinfachten Modellexperiment wird das Strömungsfeld mithilfe eines PIV‐Messverfahrens bestimmt. Bei den numerischen Untersuchungen wird das Modellexperiment mit dem kommerziellen Programm STAR‐CD dreidimensional simuliert. Es wird eine gute qualitative und quantitative Übereinstimmung zwischen Messergebnissen und der Vorhersagen der CFD‐Simulationen gefunden. Dadurch wird eine gesicherte Basis geschaffen, die für die Berechnung des Wärmetransports in der komplexen Geometrie eines modernen Automobilscheinwerfers herangezogen werden kann. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Forces acting on particles in separated wall‐bounded shear flow
Authors: Kubik A. , Kleiser L. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractTrajectories of solid particles in laminar and turbulent flow over a backward‐facing step (BFS) were numerically computed by integrating the equation of motion for particles. The various forces acting on the particles [5],[6] were calculated for a variety of flow Reynolds numbers and for different particle characteristics such as the Stokes number and the particle‐to‐fluid density ratio. The investigation was conducted for the distinct flow regimes of the BFS flow separately. Generally, the drag and gravitation were found to be the most significant forces. The lift and history force were the next most important, mostly two orders of magnitude smaller, but in some cases closing up to the other two in importance. The pressure and virtual mass effects were very small for the majority of cases. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Nonstationary fluid‐structure interaction vibrations in a parallelepipedtank
Authors: Gavrilova Elena 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA rigid rectangular parallelepiped tank is filled with a compressible and inviscid fluid as a part of one of its walls is a thin linearly elastic rectangular plate. The problem about the determination of the nonstationary vibrations of the received fluidstructure interaction system is considered. The Laplace transforms, the method of Bubnov‐Galerkin and the method of the crossed strips of G. Warburton are amalgamated to create some fast convergent method to investigate the dynamic behavior of the fluid‐structure interaction system under consideration in the cases of arbitrary supporting conditions of the plate. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A new simulation method for turbines in wake—applied to extreme response during operation
Authors: Thomsen Kenneth , Madsen Helge Aagaard 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe work focuses on prediction of load response for wind turbines operating in wind farms using a newly developed aeroelastic simulation method. The traditionally used concept is to adjust the free flow turbulence intensity to account for increased loads in wind farms—a methodology that might be suitable for fatigue load simulation. For extreme response during operation the success of this simplified approach depends significantly on the physical mechanism causing the extremes. If the physical mechanism creating increased loads in wake operation is different from an increased turbulence intensity, the resulting extremes might be erroneous. For blade loads the traditionally used simplified approach works better than for integrated rotor loads—where the instantaneous load gradient across the rotor disc is causing the extreme loads. In the article the new wake simulation approach is illustrated with flapwise blade loads and yaw loads as examples. In this method it is assumed that the wind speed deficit moves transversally depending on the free turbulence transversal components, and it is used as inflow for the actual turbine. It is shown that the new method simultaneously predicts power reduction and load response characteristics for these loads in wake conditions in good agreement with measurements. The results are compared with the traditionally used simplified method, and this approach seems conservative for some loads, e.g. the extreme blade moments, and non‐conservative for others, e.g. the extreme yaw moments. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification and characterization of coiled body‐like structures in pea (Pisum sativum L.)
Authors: Long Hong , Sun Haijing , Zeng Xianlu , Hao Shui , Jiao Mingda 
Published: December 2004

AbstractCoiled bodies (CBs) are nuclear organelles which were considered as “universal” nuclear structures in eukaryotic cells, but the formation and function of CBs, especially in plant cells, remained unclear. In this article we reported that CBs in meristematic cells of pea are oval to round obstacles in nucleus and in adjacent to nucleolus, often have the same electron density with nucleolus. We found that CBs could be stained by the rRNP preference staining method, but no rDNA was detected in the structure. Furthermore, our results of immunoelectron microscopy showed that several processing factors, include fibrillarin, U3 snoRNA and ITS1, were present in CB. It seems probable that CBs is derived structurally from nucleolus and act as transport, storage and processing subnucleolar organelles.
Clinical trials update from the Heart Failure Society of America: EMOTE, HERB‐CHF, BEST genetic sub‐study and RHYTHM‐ICD
Authors: Lalukota Krishna , Cleland John G.F. , Ingle Lee , Clark Andrew L. , Coletta Alison P. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThis article summarises key presentations relevant to the pathophysiology, prevention or treatment of heart failure, from the Heart Failure Society of America annual meeting held in Toronto, Canada. Data from the EnoxiMone in intravenous inOTropE‐dependent subjects (EMOTE) study suggest that the oral PDE‐3 inhibitor enoximone may be effective for weaning severe heart failure patients from intravenous inotropic therapy. Hawthorn Extract Randomised Blinded Trial in CHF (HERB‐CHF) failed to show a benefit of hawthorn extract added to conventional heart failure therapy. A genetic sub‐group analysis of the Blocker Evaluation of Survival Trial (BEST) study showed that bucindolol reduced mortality and hospitalisations in patients who were homozygous for the Arg389 variant of the β1 adrenoceptor. In the Resynchronisation Hemodynamic Treatment for Heart Failure Management (RHYTHM‐ICD) study, patients randomised to cardiac resynchronisation therapy (CRT) showed an improvement in symptoms and functional capacity compared to the control group.
Provision of catch advice taking account of non-stationarity in productivity of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in the Northwest Atlantic
Authors: Chaput G. , Legault C.M. , Reddin D.G. , Caron F. , Amiro P.G. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
The paper presents the data, the models, and the approach for the provision of management advice for a high seas mixed stock fishery on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). The approach incorporates observation errors, model uncertainty, and considers a possible shift in the productivity of Atlantic salmon. The risk analysis framework further incorporates uncertainty in the fishery harvest characteristics and presents the catch advice as probabilities of meeting or exceeding the conservation objectives relative to catch options. There is very strong evidence from the analyses that there has been a phase shift in productivity of Atlantic salmon of North American origin in the Northwest Atlantic. The change in productivity likely resulted from a change in marine survival which occurred in the early 1990s and has persisted to date. When the uncertainties in the input data are considered, the most parsimonious models suggest that there has been a shift in absolute abundance independent of variations in the spawner index contributing to the recruitment. There continues to be a large amount of uncertainty in the measures of abundance and population dynamics of Atlantic salmon. Uncertainty in the understanding of population dynamics does not necessarily equate to uncertainty in management advice. If model results suggest that spawning objectives are unattainable even when harvest rates are zero, then any harvest level will either accelerate the rate of decline if the model prediction is correct or diminish the probability of recovery if the model prediction is wrong.
Continuous supply of the neurotrophins BDNF and NT‐3 improve chick motor neuron survival in vivo
Authors: Gibbons Andrew , Wreford Nigel , Pankhurst Jacinta , Bailey Karen 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFollowing neurogenesis, motor neurons undergo a phase of large‐scale neuronal loss. During this period, the motor neurons are responsive to specific trophic factors for their survival. Several neurotrophic factors, including the neurotrophins BDNF and NT‐3, have survival effects although no single factor has been shown to support the survival of all motor neurons. It is unclear whether this is due to factor deprivation during the study or whether there are distinct neuronal subpopulations dependent on different factor requirements. In this study, we have used an expression system to supply a continuous source of BDNF and/or NT‐3 to the developing motor neurons in the chick. Continuous supply of BDNF resulted in the survival of 40% of the motor neurons normally lost between embryonic day 6 and embryonic day 10, whereas NT‐3 supported 36% of the motor neurons normally lost. In combination, BDNF and NT‐3 supported 62% of the motor neurons normally lost indicating that there is some redundancy in neurotrophin requirements. Our results show that a continuous supply of neurotrophins is more effective in promoting motor neuron survival than intermittent administration, particularly for NT‐3. However, even with continuous administration of both factors in combination we are unable to support all motor neurons that would normally undergo neuronal degeneration.
Cervical priming with sublingual misoprostol vs. 15‐methyl‐prostaglandin F2α prior to surgical abortion
Authors: Vimala N. , Mittal S. , Dadhwal V. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractObjectiveTo compare the efficacy and tolerability of sublingual misoprostol with those of intramuscular 15‐methyl‐prostaglandin F2α (15‐M‐PG F2α) for cervical dilation prior to vacuum aspiration (VA) in first‐trimester pregnancy termination.MethodsSixty pregnant women requesting pregnancy termination between the 9th and 12th week were randomized to receive 400 μg of sublingual misoprostol or an intramuscular injection of 125 μg of 15‐M‐PG F2α 2 h prior to vacuum aspiration. Baseline cervical dilation prior to vacuum aspiration was measured using Hegar's dilators. Other variables assessed included procedure duration, intraoperative blood loss, and associated adverse effects. Patient acceptability was assessed by questionnaires completed at the time of discharge from the hospital.ResultsMean cervical dilation at vacuum aspiration was significantly greater in the misoprostol group than in the 15‐M‐PG F2α group (8.8 vs. 7.6 mm; P<0.01), and preoperative adverse effects were significantly less frequent in the sublingual misoprostol group (P<0.05). However, procedure duration and intraoperative blood loss were similar in both groups. The acceptability rates were 93.3% in the sublingual misoprostol group and 76.6% in the 15‐M‐PG F2α group, respectively; however, 6.6% patients in the sublingual misoprostol group thought that the tablets had an unpleasant taste.ConclusionSublingual misoprostol appears to be an effective alternative to intramuscular 15‐M‐PG F2α for cervical dilation prior to vacuum aspiration in first trimester pregnancy. In addition, misoprostol is inexpensive and convenient to use and has higher patient acceptability rates.
Towards responsive vehicle supply: a simulation‐based investigation into automotive scheduling systems
Authors: Holweg Matthias , Disney Stephen M. , Hines Peter , Naim Mohamed M. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractVehicle supply has traditionally been based on forecast‐driven production, and a large fraction of cars has been sold from stock—a practice which incurs considerable cost in terms of stock holding and sales incentives. Derived from successes in other industries, the benefits of responsive supply systems capable of providing customized vehicles in short lead‐times have been pointed out. While the theoretical discussion of such ‘build‐to‐order’ (BTO) strategies is well advanced, the dynamic feasibility of implementing these concepts is far from understood. Using a simulation of a multi‐tier supply chain‐system, this paper investigates the impact of altering key aspects of the scheduling activities with the objective of determining the scope for potential improvements in responsiveness of the supply chain. The simulation results show that current vehicle supply systems are not capable of supporting BTO due to insufficient feedback between supply and demand, as well as due to the strong reliance on forecasting in the scheduling process. The paper concludes with a set of recommendations on how to improve current scheduling systems towards increasing the content of vehicles built to customer order.